cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2005 Presidential Address: Diabetes: past, present, and future.

One of my favorite authors is the English writer Charles Dickens. His novels captured the human spirit, while detailing life in England in the 1800s. In 1843, he published a book entitled “A Christmas Carol.” In it, Ebenezer Scrooge, a stingy man of business is visited by the ghost of his deceased partner, Jacob Marley. The purpose of the visit is to prepare Scrooge for the subsequent appearance of three spirits: the spirit of Christmas past, the spirit of Christmas present, and the spirit of Christmas yet to come. The first spirit provides Scrooge with a look back at his early days. The second spirit opens his eyes to the reality of the present. Finally, the third, and most ominous spirit, allows him a glimpse into his future. It is my goal today to use this approach to examine the epidemic of diabetes in the U.S. I will first remind you of where we were a generation ago; I will then focus on the situation today, and finally I will attempt to look into the future. The first spirit to visit Scrooge was the ghost of Christmas past, so let us begin there. In 1985, there were 6.4 million adults with diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. The cost of the disease that year (both direct and indirect) was 14 billion dollars. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) investment in diabetes research was only 189 million dollars. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), on the other hand, were collectively investing only 8.2 million dollars. By 1990, there were 6.7 million adults with diagnosed diabetes, but only four states had a prevalence >6%. Treatment options were limited. Five insulin preparations were available, including the newly approved human insulin. For the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the …
SU-GG-I-06: Characterization of True and False Positive Locations of Spiculated Lesions On Mammography

Purpose: We are developing a model‐based framework for the detection of spiculated masses on mammography, the current performance of which is 88% sensitivity with 2.7 false positives per image. The goal of this study is to identify features that uniquely characterize the true positive (TP) and false positive (FP) detections from this system.Method and Materials: A two alternative‐forced‐choice observer experiment was used. For each of the 47 cases of spiculated masses, the true lesion location and the highest‐ranked FP from the CAD were shown to the observer (radiologist). The observer was not told if he/she was looking at the true lesion location or FP and the order in which these were shown was random. The radiologist visually inspected these images to pick the one that corresponds to the true lesion location. We then compared this decision to the ground truth to analyze the TP and FP detections that were incorrectly determined by the radiologist.Results: The radiologist correctly identified the true lesion location and false positive for all 47 cases. These data suggest that the radiologist could easily dismiss the false positives marked by the CAD algorithm. Conclusion: While false positive detections remain a challenge with the current version of our model‐based framework for the detection of spiculated masses on mammography, this study implies that those false positives may be recognizable as such by the radiologists and suggests future directions for reducing the number of false positive marks.
Use of semi-empirical models for calculation of B terms in MCD spectra. Aromatic hydrocarbons: prediction of substituent and heteroatom effects from PPP model☆

Abstract Sign patterns in magnetic circular dichroic (MCD) spectra of derivatives and hetero analogs of uncharged alternant hydrocarbons (“soft MCD chromophores”) are determined by the nature and location of the substituent or heteroatoms in a simply predictable way, while those for derivatives and hetero analogs of charged alternant hydrocarbons and of non-alternant hydrocarbons (“hard MCD chromophores”) are characteristic of the parent chromophore.
Purification and characterization of kinin-forming acid protease from mouse fibroblasts L-929☆

Abstract Purification and further characterization was carried out on a kinin-forming acid protease isolated from a rodent fibroblast cell line L-929 grown in stationary cell culture (N. Back and R. Steger,[7]). The cells, cultured in minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and 0.4% lactalbumin, were homogenized, the homogenate dialyzed for 18 hr against 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 in 0.1 M NaCl and 1.0 mM EDTA, and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 45 min. The supernatant, which digested denatured hemoglobin at pH 4.0, was fractionated first on a G-200 Sephadex column. Kinin-forming activity, compared with that of the supernatant on an isolated perfused rat uterus preparation, was identified in fractions 25–40 when incubated for 24 hr at pH 4.0 with rat plasma kininogen substrate. The active fractions were pooled and purified further on a hydroxy-patite column. Treatment of the active fractions with 5 mM cysteine increased the activity 2-fold. Final purification was carried out on a DEAE-A50 Sephadex ion exchange column. The purification factor, compared to the initial supernatant, was 9.4 with a 13.8% yield and a specific activity of 2062.5 ng kinin per mg protein. Dialyzed and centrifuged rat plasma fractionated on a DEAE-A50 Sephadex column initially yielded two apparent kininogen species which resolved into a single major molecular species following passage through a G-100 Sephadex column. The purified enzyme and substrate preparations were used to establish the optimum kinin-forming activity at pH 3.8–4.0. The molecular weights of the enzyme and kininogen were estimated on a G-200 Sephadex column to be 38000–39000 and 115000 respectively. The amount of kinin formed was a function of incubation time and enzyme concentration. The acid protease activity was found localized primarily in the 10000 g supernatant cell fraction. The 500 g cell fraction also exhibited activity.
Electrides: From 1D Heisenberg Chains to 2D Pseudo-Metals†

Electrides are ionic compounds in which the cations are complexed by cryptands or crown ethers and the “anions” are trapped electrons. The crystal structures of five electrides are known and are similar to the corresponding alkalides (in which the anions are alkali metal anions) except that the anionic sites are “empty”. Theory and experiment strongly support a model in which the “excess” electrons are trapped in these anionic cavities and interact with each other through connecting channels, whose geometries vary significantly from one electride to another. Measurements of optical, alkali metal NMR, and EPR spectra, magnetic susceptibilities, and conductivities provide many data that can be correlated with the structures. Three electrides have essentially 1D chains of cavities connected by channels through which the electrons communicate, as indicated by magnetic susceptibilities that are well described by a 1D Heisenberg model. The electride, K+(cryptand[2.2.2])e- has a 2D array of cavities and channels...
Diphosphatoaluminate, a new complex anion, and the hydrates of its tetramethylammonium salt

Abstract The existence of a diphosphatoaluminate anion in aqueous solution has been established. Its tetramethylammonium salt has been isolated as the 10-hydrate. By carrying out dehydration experiments, evidence was found for the existence of the 4-, 2-, and 1·5 hydrates. The 4- and 1·5-hydrates have been prepared, whereas the 2-hydrate is unstable and dehydrates easily to the 1·5-hydrate.
Effects of the DBA/1Bg Y chromosome on testis weight and aggression.

Several behavioral, physiological, and morphological characteristics are influenced by the Y chromosome of mice. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the DBA/1 Y chromosome influences not only aggression, but also testis or other organ weights. At 50 days of age, the DBA/1 Y chromosome has a decremental effect on body weight, no effect on testis weight (uncorrected for body weight), a decremental effect on seminal vesicle weight (uncorrected for body weight), no effect on kidney weight (uncorrected for body weight), and an incremental effect on intermale aggression. In contrast, the CBA Y chromosome has no effect on body weight, a large decremental effect on testis weight, no effect on seminal vesicle weight, no effect on kidney weight, and an incremental effect on intermale aggression. Thus, there is not an invariant relationship for Y-chromosomal effects on body weight, testis weight, seminal vesicle weight, and intermale aggression.
Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 7 (7q‐) in an infant with multiple anomalies

An infant is reported with partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 7. She presented with hypertonia, seizures, feeding difficulty, and multiple congenital anomalies. The abnormalities include low-set dysplastic ears, hypoplastic orbital bones, upslanting and small palpebral fissures, prominent cheeks with a relatively large mouth, micrognathia, abnormal creases of the hands and a congenital heart defect. With age her hypotonia and feeding difficulty have improved. Her mother has no detectable chromosome abnormality.
High-speed imaging for direct-injection gasoline engine research and development

In recent years, new laser and camera technology have enabled the development of high-speed imaging diagnostics for measurements at frame rates commensurate with the time scales of turbulent mixing, combustion, and emission formation in internal combustion engines. The ability to study the evolution of in-cylinder flow, fuel/air mixing, ignition, and combustion within individual cycles and for many consecutive cycles provides new insights into the physics and chemistry of internal combustion engine performance. Data for model development and device development are obtained with unprecedented access to the identification of random events such as cycle to cycle variation and ignition instabilities. This paper summarizes high-speed diagnostics developments with a focus on application to spark-ignition direct-injection gasoline engines. A range of optical techniques is described along with examples of applications in research and near-production engines. Measurements of in-cylinder velocities were conducted with particle image velocimetry. The spray evolution was followed with Mie scattering. Quantitative fuel distributions were recorded with laser-induced fluorescence. Fuel impingement on surfaces was quantified with refractive index matching. Combined velocity and fuel measurements were used to study ignition reliability. Chemiluminescence techniques provided insights into the evolution of the spark plasma as well as the growing flame kernel. Chemiluminescence and black body radiation imaging yielded insights into the formation and oxidation of soot.
Simulation of Dynamic Effects of Vehicles on Pavement Using a 3D Interaction Model

The present study formulated a three-dimensional (3D) vehicle-pavement coupled model to simulate the pavement dynamic loads induced by the vehicle-pavement interaction where both the vehicle vibration and pavement deformation were considered. Based on this model, the effects of road surface conditions, vehicle parameters, and driving speed on pavement dynamic loads were analyzed. The impact factor, dynamic load coefficient, and frequency distribution of pavement loads were mainly concerned in this study. The simulated results indicated that under rough road conditions the dynamic loads of vehicles are significantly higher than the static loads. The developed methodology can be used to further study the vehicle-induced pavement response, and the loading information will be useful in analyzing vehicle-induced pavement damage.
A residual based test for the null hypothesis of cointegration

Abstract This paper proposes a residual based test for the null hypothesis of cointegration based on the recursive-estimates statistic. Limiting distributions of the test are derived under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. The test is semiparametric, using nonparametric estimates to correct the endogeneity and serial correlation. Critical values for these tests are calculated based on simulation experiments.
Some anthropological musings on Creolization

This paper traces the move of the concept of “creolization” from thediscipline of linguistics to those of anthropology and history during thesecond half of the twentieth century, focusing on its uses in New Worldslavery studies. Two positions are contrasted in recent studies of NorthAmerican slavery, those of African-Centrists and those of creolists, withthe first stressing the continued importance of African heritage andidentities in the New World and the second emphasizing the newness of theinstitutions that enslaved Africans and their descendants created in theAmericas. Several exemplary studies of creolization in different parts ofthe Americas are reviewed. The paper suggests that ideology and subjectposition often drive historical analyses and that only stricthistoricization will permit further advances in understanding the complexprocesses that we call “creolization.”
Chromatoid bodies in somatic cells of the planarian : observations on their behavior during mitosis

The behavior of somatic cell chromatoid bodies in the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala during mitosis has been studied by electron microscopy. The relatively undifferentiated beta (progenitor) cells are the only somatic cells containing chromatoid bodies and also are the only dividing somatic cells. Somatic cell chromatoid bodies are known to disappear as differentiation takes place and reappear when dedifferentiation occurs. Interphase and prophase beta cells have juxtanuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic chromatoid bodies. There is no ultrastructural evidence to suggest they are derived from formed nuclear material. During metaphase and anaphase, the chromatoid bodies are segregated from the chromosomes and adjacent cytoplasm by cups of double membranes. By the completion of telophase, the chromatoid body size and number immediately adjacent to the nucleus is markedly decreased and extremely large chromatoid bodies may be found further out in the cytoplasm. These findings are compared to the behavior of germ cell chromatoid bodies and discussed in terms of their possible significance and function.
The presence of high ornithine-urea cycle enzyme activity in the teleost Opsanus tau

Abstract 1. 1. Relatively high activities of all five of the ornithine-urea cycle enzymes were found in liver of the teleost Opsanus tau. 2. 2. The substrate and cofactor requirements of these enzymes appear to be the same as those of most other vertebrates. 3. 3. Concentrations of urea and ammonia in the blood of Opsanus tau are low, and the rate of urea excretion is low compared with the rate of ammonia excretion. 4. 4. Thus, there appears to be a lack of correlation between the levels of ornithine-urea cycle enzyme activity and the pattern of nitrogen excretion.
Benchtop monitoring of reaction progress via visual recognition with a handheld UV lamp: in situ monitoring of boronic acids in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.

Although boronic acids are widely used in metal-catalyzed reactions, it is difficult to assay their consumption. As such, we developed a reversible fluorescent sensor that is activated upon binding a boronic acid. The sensor can be used to monitor consumption of a boronic acid in Suzuki−Miyaura reactions. Importantly, only a standard handheld long-wave UV lamp (365 nm) is required and fluorescence is easily detectable with the naked eye without disturbing the reaction mixture.
Quantitative distribution of protein kinase C α, β, γ, and ϵ mRNAS in the hippocampus of control and nictitating membrane conditioned rabbits

Abstract We used oligonucleotide in situ hybridization and film autoradiography to quantitate the distributions of protein kinase C (PKC) α, β, γ, and ϵ mRNAs in subregions of rabbit hippocampus. Levels of each of the hippocampal PKC isozyme mRNAs and patterns of their regional distributions were remarkably invariant between individuals. Within stratum pyramidale, the highest levels of PKC α mRNA were in the CA2 region, while PKC β mRNA was maximally expressed in CA1, and PKC ϵ mRNA in CA3; PKC γ mRNA was abundantly expressed throughout Ammon's horn. Previous experiments employing quantitative autoradiography for [ 3 H]PDBU (Olds et al., Science , 245 (1989) 866–869) revealed an increase in membrane-bound PKC in the CA1 region of rabbit hippocampus up to 3 days following classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. We report here that there were no differences in levels of PKC α, β, γ, or ϵ mRNA between conditioned and control rabbits in any hippocampal region one day after training. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that PKC is post-translationally activated and translocated to the membrane during memory storage.
The geomagnetic variation in the upper atmosphere

Abstract A brief review is given of the development of models of the geomagnetic variation in the thermosphere and exosphere, including some recent models based mainly on satellite-borne gas analyzer measurements. One recent model, derived from ESRO4 data, is described in detail and compared with the model in CIRA72. The limitations of this model are discussed. The model in the MSIS comprehensive model is also examined briefly. There appears to be a serious error in the amplitude of the exospheric temperature increase predicted by the MSIS model.
Marshal pétain and french nationalism: The interwar years and vichy

(1992). Marshal petain and french nationalism: The interwar years and vichy. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 1-3, pp. 113-118.
Optically gated vacancy electrophoresis in microfluidic devices

Abstract Electrophoretic vacancy separations with optically gated injections are presented as an alternative method of performing separations in microfluidic devices. Vacancy electrophoretic separations of FITC-labeled amino acids have been performed over a separation distance of 0.9 cm at a field strength of 353 V/cm, with an injection every 8.0 s. For a series of 10 vacancy electrophoretic separations with 100-ms (177 pl) optically gated injections, the RSD for retention times was 0.17% and the RSD for peak height was 1.6%. The performance of optically gated vacancy electrophoresis has been quantitatively compared to the performance of standard optically gated electrophoresis for the same separation using the same microfluidic device and identical experimental conditions. For these separations, the overall performance of the two optically gated injection methods is similar. The resolution obtained with the electrophoretic vacancy separations was slightly lower (6–14%) than with the standard electrophoretic separations due to the larger injection volume for optically gated vacancy injection, using the same injection time.
Selective stimulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in uterine nuclei by estradiol-17β

Summary Nearest-neighbor nucleotides of UMP and base composition of P32-RNA synthesized by the uterine nuclei of castrated rats were altered by the injection of estradiol-17β. Actinomycin D in vivo minimized such differences. Administration of estradiol-17β to castrated rats selectively enhanced the in vitro synthesis by the uterine nuclei of RNA rich in guanine and adenine and poor in uracil and cytosine. Because of this differential synthesis of RNA in uterine nuclei, it would appear that estradiol-17β may exert some influence at the level of transcription.
Archimedes and the spirals: The heuristic background

Abstract In his work, The Method , Archimedes displays the heuristic technique by which he discovered many of his geometric theorems, but he offers there no examples of results from Spiral Lines . The present study argues that a number of theorems on spirals in Pappus' Collectio are based on early Archimedean treatments. It thus emerges that Archimedes' discoveries on the areas bound by spirals and on the properties of the tangents drawn to the spirals were based on ingenious constructions involving solid figures and curves. A comparison of Pappus' treatments with the Archimedean proofs reveals how a formal stricture against the use of solids in problems relating exclusively to plane figures induced radical modifications in the character of the early treatments.
Fused s‐triazino heterocycles. V. 1,3,4,6,9b‐Pentaazaphenalenes. Reactions of a carboxylic acid side chain

Procedures were developed to convert 4-(2-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene-5-yl)butanoic acid (Ia) and 3-(2-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene-5-yl)propanoic acid (IIa) to a series of esters and amides.
Elastodynamic near-tip fields for a crack propagating along the interface of two orthotropic solids

Abstract The elastodynamic stress field near a crack tip rapidly propagating along the interface between two dissimilar orthotropic elastic solids is solved numerically, for in-plane motion. The cartesian displacements are sought in the separated forms, r p U(θ) and r p V(θ) , r and θ being polar coordinates centered at the moving tip. This reduces the mathematical statement of the problem to two complex second-order linear ordinary differential equations for complex functions U(θ) and V(θ) . By means of the finite difference method, a matrix eigenvalue problem of the type ΣA ij (p)X j = 0 , is obtained where A ij (p) are polynomials of the complex variable p and X j , are complex unknowns. An iterative numerical scheme for determining Im(p) is developed and the roots p as well as angular stress and displacement distributions are calculated and plotted for various material combinations. Comparison with exact solutions for the case of dissimilar Isotropie solids indicates good accuracy of the numerical solution. The orthotropic nature of the materials is shown to have a significant effect on stress maximums.
Water control and the maintenance imperative: Evidence from Nepal

Abstract Six farmer-managed irrigation systems were examined and compared to three government-managed irrigation systems. Results from these studies indicate that the organizational capacity of farmers' water users' associations to directly manage and maintain the irrigation systems was the most important factor in achieving water control and productive irrigation systems. We have referred to this factor as the ‘maintenance imperative’. The effective water users' associations demonstrated that they were able to: (1) mobilize significant amounts of labor and money on a continuing basis for maintenance and operation, (2) resolve local conflicts over water, (3) allocate and distribute water equitably, (4) enforce rules, and (5) coordinate cropping patterns and planting dates to optimize the efficient use of available water. The farmer-managed systems displayed a large degree of farmer cooperation and satisfaction, even though most of the systems had substantial operation, maintenance, and cost problems.
ORGANIC/INORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY SPONTANEOUS POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYNYLPYRIDINE WITHIN MONTMORILLONITE

2-Ethynylpyridine was intercalated and polymerized spontaneously within several montmorillonites with different exchangeable cations. FT-IR and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy showed the formation of extensively conjugated polymers within the galleries of montmorillonite. The poly(2-ethynylpyridine) (P2EPy) liberated from montmorillonite has an absorption peak at 470 nm, while P2EPy from thermal polymerization in bulk absorbs at 370 nm, indicating a more extensively conjugated structure of the former. The rate of polymerization within montmorillonites increases in the following order: sodium montmorillonite < calcium montmorillonite < proton montmorillonite. X-ray data support the model of one layer of P2EPy inserted between the lamellae of the aluminosilicate with pyridine rings of the repeating unit oriented nearly perpendicularly to the surface of the lamellae. The intercalated P2EPy within the galleries of montmorillonite displayed an enhanced thermal stability. †Deceased.
A Virtual Product Development Platform for Tunnel Drilling Rigs

A virtual platform is developed to support the design of tunnel drilling rigs, which is used to drill holes in underground coalseam for gas drainage. Firstly, a three-layer framework of virtual platform is established, which includes the base layer, platform layer, and application layer to provide data, information and techniques respectively. A virtual design flow of drilling rigs is subsequently defined. Then three key techniques for the virtual design of drilling rigs is proposed, which are digital modelling, digital simulation and digital management. The first is used to support 3-D modelling, the second is used to analyze the dynamic performance, and the third is to manage the design data. Finally, a design case of ZDY6000LDA drilling rig is given to demonstrate the application of this platform.
Interrelationships among Calling Effort, Growth Rate, and Chorus Tenure in Bufo fowleri

Abstract A population of Fowler's toads, Bufo fowleri, was studied between 21 April and 20 June 1992 in Medford, NJ. I obtained records of body size, body temperature, and focal samples of calling activity from 126 males over two months of chorus activity. Assuming that vocalizing is energetically costly, my primary purpose was to investigate whether calling effort was correlated with body size, growth rate, or chorus tenure. In addition, given that the body temperature of calling males over the breeding season varied by more than 10 C, these data provided an opportunity to identify correlations among body temperature and measurements of calling behavior. I made focal observations of calling activity on 16 nights. Mean nightly calling efforts were relatively constant throughout the study (range 10.8–14.2 sec of vocalizing per minute) with only 4% of the variation in individual calling effort explained by body temperature. Individual calling effort was weakly positively correlated to body size. Males tende...
The Dynamic Organization of the Perinucleolar Compartment in the Cell Nucleus

The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a unique nuclear structure preferentially localized at the periphery of the nucleolus. Several small RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III (e.g., the Y RNAs, MRP RNA, and RNase P H1 RNA) and the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB; hnRNP I) have thus far been identified in the PNC (Ghetti, A., S. PinolRoma, W.M. Michael, C. Morandi, and G. Dreyfuss. 1992. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3671–3678; Matera, A.G., M.R. Frey, K. Margelot, and S.L. Wolin. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129:1181–1193; Lee, B., A.G. Matera, D.C. Ward, and J. Craft. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 11471–11476). In this report, we have further characterized this structure in both fixed and living cells. Detection of the PNC in a large number of human cancer and normal cells showed that PNCs are much more prevalent in cancer cells. Analysis through the cell cycle using immunolabeling with a monoclonal antibody, SH54, specifically recognizing PTB, demonstrated that the PNC dissociates at the beginning of mitosis and reforms at late telophase in the daughter nuclei. To visualize the PNC in living cells, a fusion protein between PTB and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was generated. Time lapse studies revealed that the size and shape of the PNC is dynamic over time. In addition, electron microscopic examination in optimally fixed cells revealed that the PNC is composed of multiple strands, each measuring ∼80–180 nm diam. Some of the strands are in direct contact with the surface of the nucleolus. Furthermore, analysis of the sequence requirement for targeting PTB to the PNC using a series of deletion mutants of the GFP–PTB fusion protein showed that at least three RRMs at either the COOH or NH2 terminus are required for the fusion protein to be targeted to the PNC. This finding suggests that RNA binding may be necessary for PTB to be localized in the PNC.
Le Parkour: Urban Street Culture and the Commoditization of Male Youth Expression

This article considers the global distribution and commoditization of an extreme sport, Le Parkour, which was popularized by working class Parisian teenagers from the marginalized suburban projects. It examines the transformation of a localized phenomenon associated with the subversive use of urban space into a globalized and dynamic cultural form practiced on the street, in films and theatrical productions and in on-line communities. The authors study the discourses surrounding le parkour -- the origin stories, myths, movements, and philosophies of practice that attract followers. Analysis of Le Parkour offers a unique vantage point from which to understand transnational cultural flows, the construction of hybridized identities and the commoditization of youth expression.
Recognizing mice, vegetables and hand printed characters based on implicit polynomials, invariants and Bayesian methods

The authors present a robust low-computational-cost system for recognizing freeform objects in 3-D range data or in 2-D curve data in the image plane. Objects are represented by implicit polynomials, i.e., 3-D algebraic surfaces or 2-D algebraic curves of degrees greater than two, and are recognized by computing and matching vectors of their algebraic invariants, which are functions of their coefficients that are invariant to translations, rotations, and general linear transformations. Implicit polynomials of fourth degree can represent complicated asymmetric free-form shapes. A design of Bayesian recognizers for these models and their invariants that results in low-computational-cost recognizers robust to noise, partial occlusion, and other perturbations of the data sets is considered. This work extends the work of D. Keren et al. (1992) by developing and using new invariants for 3-D surface polynomials and applying the Bayesian recognizer to operating on invariants. >
Motivations and potential monitoring effects of large shareholders

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to synthesize and evaluate the stream of research that links large shareholders to the production of shared corporate benefits.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is to review the literature with an emphasis on the development of findings.Findings – The presence of large shareholders is positive only if their incentives are aligned with other owners and they have the power to exert influence. The presence of large shareholders, even those whose interests are aligned with owners, does not always result in stronger governance structures.Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by the existing stream of literature and the completeness of our search process.Practical implications – A synthesis and evaluative summary of the research is presented that may be used by researchers, executives, and board members.Originality/value – From a research viewpoint, effective research designs should incorporate both incentive and power when assessing the mo...
Laser therapy for small breast cancers

Abstract Background: Widespread mammography has resulted in the increased detection of breast cancer Methods Fifty-four patients (50 invasive, 4 in-situ); 51 mass, 3 microcalcification; mean diameter 12 (5 to 23) mm were treated by a stereotactically guided 805 nm laser beam via a fiber in a 16G needle delivered to the cancer. One to 8 weeks later the coagulated lesions were surgically removed for pathologic evaluation. In 2 additional patients, the laser-treated tumors were not removed but were monitored by mammography, ultrasonography, and needle core biopsy. Results: None of the patients sustained any adverse effect. The average treatment time was 30 minutes. Pathology analysis revealed a 2.5 to 3.5 hemorrhagic ring surrounding the necrotic tumor. Under steady conditions, in two groups of 14 patients, 93% and 100% of the tumors showed complete destruction, with no residual cancer report. In the 2 unresected cases kept under surveillance for 6 to 24 months, the laser-treated tumors first showed shrinkage, followed by a 2 to 3 cm oil cyst. Fibrosis was demonstrated on needle core biopsies. Conclusions Laser energy delivered through a stereotactically guided needle appears to ablate mammographically detected breast cancer. A multicenter clinical trail is planned.
KFC Server: interactive forecasting of protein interaction hot spots

The KFC Server is a web-based implementation of the KFC (Knowledge-based FADE and Contacts) model—a machine learning approach for the prediction of binding hot spots, or the subset of residues that account for most of a protein interface’s binding free energy. The server facilitates the automated analysis of a user submitted protein–protein or protein–DNA interface and the visualization of its hot spot predictions. For each residue in the interface, the KFC Server characterizes its local structural environment, compares that environment to the environments of experimentally determined hot spots and predicts if the interface residue is a hot spot. After the computational analysis, the user can visualize the results using an interactive job viewer able to quickly highlight predicted hot spots and surrounding structural features within the protein structure. The KFC Server is accessible at http://kfc.mitchell-lab.org.
Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and BDE-99 in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species-specific differences in debromination.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 ± 1.9% vs 9.9 ± 1.1%) and snapping turtles (31.3 ± 1.6% vs 12.5 ± 1.4%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:393–400. © 2012 SETAC
Modeling and evaluating ecosystem in 1980s and 1990s for American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Gulf of Maine

The Gulf of Maine (GOM) ecosystem has been observed to experience large changes over the last several decades, switching from a groundfish dominated system to a system dominated by crustacean species such as the American lobster (Homarus americanus) and crabs. The objective of this study is to develop a lobster ecosystem model and to evaluate the changes in the GOM ecosystem for the American lobster between 1980s and 1990s. A massbalance ecosystem model was developed separately for the two time periods (1980s and 1990s) using Ecopath. The model includes 24 functional groups consisting of lobster, its key predator and prey species, and other ecologically important groups in the ecosystem such as zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus. Using the models developed we conducted a comparative analysis of trophic interactions and community structures of the GOM ecosystem for lobster in 1980s and 1990s. The balanced model suggests that the biomasses of shelled mollusk, crab, juvenile lobster, adult lobster, and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were doubled, tripled or even more than tripled, but the groundfish biomass decreased substantially from 1980s to 1990s. The study shows that the trophic structures of the lobster ecosystem in the 1980s are different from those in the 1990s with a decrease in top predator biomass and an increase in the biomass of lower trophic level organisms. The ecosystem in 1990s was found to be more mature than in 1980s. This study suggests a regime switch in the GOM from high trophic groundfish dominated system to low trophic crustacean species dominated system during 1980s–1990s.
Research on learning style: applications in the physics and engineering classrooms

Several approaches to teaching undergraduate physics and engineering students using both the Dunn and Dunn and the Kolb learning style models are discussed. The Dunn and Dunn learning style model is employed with nonmajors enrolled in introductory physics at American University and the Kolb learning style model is employed with freshman engineering students at Purdue University. The basic elements of these two learning style models are compared and contrasted. Teaching approaches that have been successful with these two distinctly different populations of students are shared. These approaches can easily be adapted for use by educators in other branches of computing as well as science, mathematics, engineering and technology education.
A plug and play approach for developing environmental models

The need for better collaboration among scientists and different existing environmental models makes it necessary to find efficient ways of using and reusing functionalities or services provided by third parties. New advances in software engineering can be successfully used to develop environmental models that use an enabling architecture for a ''plug and play'' approach. In this study, the Kraalingen crop simulation model was used to demonstrate the concept and feasibility of the ''plug and play'' architecture for crop simulation models. Strategy and AbstractFactory design patterns are used as the basis for the ''plug and play'' approach. In addition to design patterns, Java's reflection was used to dynamically instantiate the appropriate Strategy instance. This paper focuses only on the issues dealing with design and implementation of the ''plug and play'' architecture. This architecture was successfully tested using several components providing polymorphic behavior in the Kraalingen model. Components for obtaining weather data from different sources were plugged into the system without requiring changes to the code. This approach creates the necessary technical environment for scientists to focus on what they know the best, save time and effort and subsequently, increase the cross-disciplinary interaction for creating better models.
Growth of 1,3,5‐Triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) I. Anisotropic thermal expansion

Expansion of TATB is studied on a molecular level by means of x-ray crystallography. Continuous monitoring of the cell constants of TATB between 214 K and 377 K allows calculation of a volume change of +5.1% for this molecular system. Expansion of the pure material is almost exclusively a function of a 4% linear increase in the c axis (the perpendicular distance between sheets of hydrogen-bonded TATB). Calculated from these data, the volume coefficient of thermal expansion for crystalline TATB is 30.4 × 10−5 K−1. The structural features of crystalline TATB and its anisotropic thermal-expansion behaviour are compared with those of graphite and boron nitride. Two other crystalline products in the bulk TATB are either actual polymorphs of TATB or impurities.
High-speed CMOS circuits with parallel dynamic logic and speed-enhanced skewed static logic

In this paper, we describe parallel dynamic logic (PDL) which exhibits high speed without charge sharing problem. PDL uses only parallel-connected transistors for fast logic evaluation and is a good candidate for high-speed low-voltage operation. It has less back-bias effect compared to other logic styles, which use stacked transistors. Furthermore, PDL needs no signal ordering or tapering. PDL with speed-enhanced skewed static logic renders straightforward logic synthesis without the usual area penalty due to logic duplication. Our experimental results on two 32-bit carry lookahead adders using 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS technology show that PDL with speed-enhanced skewed static (SSS) look reduces the delay over clock-delayed(CD)-domino by 15%-27% and the power-delay product by 20%-37%.
S1P/S1P1 signaling stimulates cell migration and invasion in Wilms tumor.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important regulator of cellular functions via interaction with its receptors S1P1–5. To date, nothing is known about the S1P receptor expression and the effects of S1P signaling in Wilms tumor. In this study, we found ubiquitous expression of S1P receptors in Wilms tumor specimens and cell lines. We demonstrated that S1P1 acted as a promigratory modulator by employing S1P1 antagonist VPC44116, S1P1 siRNA and adenoviral transduction in Wilms tumor cells. Further, we clarified that S1P1-mediated migration occurred via Gi coupling and activation of PI3K and Rac1. In addition, S1P stimulated WiT49 cell invasion through S1P1/Gi signaling pathway. We consider that targeting S1P1 may be a point of therapeutic intervention in Wilms tumor.
Multiple brightenings of transient dayside auroral forms during oval expansions

Poleward moving transients have been proposed to be ionospheric signatures of plasma transfer events taking place at the dayside magnetopause. They are usually observed to brighten at the equatorward edge of the dayside auroral oval and fade as they move into the polar cap. This paper reports the observation of a new type of poleward moving dayside auroral transient which has several cycles of intensity variations. Observations of these transients show a series of intensifications in brightness along the arc or rayed band during poleward motion accompanied by a brightening in the auroral oval. As they reach their extreme poleward position they brighten and then fade from view. This brightening sequence may be explained by multiple reconnection of the magnetic flux tube associated with the transient. 24 refs., 5 figs.
Auditory evoked potentials reveal early perceptual effects of distal prosody on speech segmentation

Prosodic context several syllables prior (i.e., distal) to an ambiguous word boundary influences speech segmentation. To assess whether distal prosody influences early perceptual processing or later lexical competition, EEG was recorded while subjects listened to eight-syllable sequences with ambiguous word boundaries for the last four syllables (e.g., tie murder bee vs. timer derby). Pitch and duration of the first five syllables were manipulated to induce sequence segmentation with either a monosyllabic or disyllabic final word. Behavioural results confirmed a successful manipulation. Moreover, penultimate syllables (e.g., der) elicited a larger anterior positivity 200–500 ms after the onset for prosodic contexts predicted to induce word-initial perception of these syllables. Final syllables (e.g. bee) elicited a similar anterior positivity in the context predicted to induce word-initial perception of these syllables. Additionally, these final syllables elicited a larger positive-tonegative deflection (P1-N1) 60–120 ms after onset, and a larger N400. The finding that prosodic characteristics of speech several syllables prior to ambiguous word boundaries modulate both early and late event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by subsequent syllable onsets provides evidence that distal prosody influences early perceptual processing and later lexical competition.
Research of Networked Technical Services System Oriented Product Lifecycle

To solve a good many problems existing in traditional technical services model and improve quality and efficiency of technical service, shorten producing cycle of product, a new mode of technical service is presented, which is networked technical services oriented product lifecycle based on multi-agent technique, network technique and modern communications technique. Function and architecture of the networked technical services system are researched, uniform architecture of technical service agent is built up and quality evaluation of the networked technical services based on analytic hierarchy process is studied. Base on these works a prototype system of networked technical services is developed. Results of the system running prove correctness of theory and feasibility of technology.
Comparison of the Immunologic Response to Anthelmintic Treatment in Old Versus Middle-Aged Horses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether aged horses demonstrate statistically higher fecal egg counts (FECs) compared with middle-aged horses and to investigate systemic expression of proinflammatory cytokines in old and middle-aged horses treated with moxidectin compared with horses treated with pyrantel pamoate. Old horses (n = 21) and middle-aged horses (n = 19) were blocked by levels of inflammation and randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups: group 1 (n = 8) old treated with moxidectin gel; group 2 (n = 9) old treated with pyrantel pamoate paste; group 3 (n = 4) old receiving no treatment; group 4 (n = 8) middle-aged treated with moxidectin gel; group 5 (n = 7) middle-aged treated with pyrantel pamoate paste, and group 6 (n = 4) middle-aged receiving no treatment. Fecal samples were collected on day 0 and again 14 days after treatment to determine FECs and presence of Strongylus vulgaris by polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood was also collected on day 0 and again at days 3, 5, and 14 after deworming for inflammatory cytokine analysis, along with routine hematological analyses. Results indicated that old horses have significantly higher FEC than middle-aged adults. Fecal egg counts declined significantly after anthelmintic treatment in both age groups of horses. Inflammatory markers exhibited differences between age groups and by anthelmintic treatment. In summary, this study provided evidence of different inflammatory and immunologic reactions to anthelmintic treatment in old horses. Moreover, the higher FECs found in the old horse group may have practical implications for parasite management routines on farms with representation of this age group.
Universal scaling of density and momentum distributions in Lieb-Liniger gases

We present an exact numerical study of the scaling of density and momentum distribution functions of harmonically trapped one-dimensional bosons with repulsive contact interactions at zero and finite temperatures. We use path integral quantum Monte Carlo with worm updates in our calculations at finite interaction strengths, and the Bose-Fermi mapping in the Tonks-Girardeau regime. We discuss the homogeneous case and, within the local density approximation, use it to motivate the scaling in the presence of a harmonic trap. For the momentum distribution function, we pay special attention to the high momentum tails and their ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ asymptotic behavior.
The Minimal Important Difference in Borg Dyspnea Score in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Rationale: Despite therapeutic advances, pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a disease without a cure. Focusing on symptoms, such as dyspnea, is an important part of assessing response to therapy.Objectives: To determine the minimal important differences for the Borg dyspnea score and the Borg fatigue score in adult patients undergoing initial therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension.Methods: We studied 129 patients enrolled between 2003 and 2013 in the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Program registry at Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. We analyzed baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, 6-minute-walk test distance, and Borg dyspnea and fatigue scores at baseline and at follow up 3 months after initiation of pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. The minimal important differences for the Borg dyspnea and fatigue scores were determined using distributional and anchor-based methods, using 6-minute-walk test distance as the anchor.Measurements and Main Results: Most...