cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of function all over again.

In this special issue of NeuroImage, five leading groups of investigators of human brain function have addressed a key issue of cerebral cortical functional organization, an issue that has been raised and settled in different ways at different times in the history of the brain sciences. The pendulum has swung from localization in the time of Gall and Spurzheim through Fritsch and Hitzig to equipotentiality in the time of Lashley. What is notable about the five sets of studies in this special issue is their focus on both localization issues in the prefrontal cortex and the interaction between noninvasive studies in humans and experimental research at the cellular level traditionally carried out in nonhuman primates. The cooperation between these fields is an extremely positive development providing stimulation and challenge for both fields. Studies in nonhuman primate models benefit from a testing ground for extrapolating findings and theories to the human condition. And conversely, cellular neurophysiology can provide an experimental testing ground for theories of human cognition based on patterns of areal activation under manipulated behavioral conditions. Indeed, the articles in this issue have been forthright
Electrochemical digital etching in inert electrolyte: Reordering of ion-bombarded Pd(100) by chemisorbed-iodine-catalyzed dissolution

The anodic dissolution of an extensively disordered (ion bombarded) Pd(100) single-crystal surface in inert (halide-free) H2SO4 solution, catalyzed by a single adsorbed layer of iodine, has been found to generate a well-ordered Pd(100)-c(2 × 2)-I adlattice; reductive desorption of the adsorbed iodine yields the clean and ordered Pd(100) surface. Experimental measurements were based upon a combination of linear-sweep voltammetry, potential-step coulometry, low-energy electron diffraction, and Auger electron spectroscopy. This dissolution-reordering phenomenon is unique since the process occurs in the absence of bulk corrosive reagents, and only if a monolayer of chemisorbed iodine is present. This process may be viewed analogously to electrochemical digital etching except that bulk material is not needed to replenish the adsorbed iodine that activates the surface, and the dissolution is not immediately terminated upon regeneration of the ordered interface.
Possible control of lymphocyte growth at the level of ribosome assembly.

LYMPHOCYTES stimulated to enlarge into proliferating blast cells by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) typify growing mammalian cells in that they continuously produce cytoplasmic ribosomes1,2.
Power Delivery System: Sufficiency, Efficiency, and Stability

This paper defines the three important aspects of power integrity (PI), sufficiency, efficiency, and stability; and presents how the power delivery system (PDS) can be designed, modeled, analyzed, and verified in a CAD environment.
Role of the Midbody Matrix in Cytokinesis: RNAi and Genetic Rescue Analysis of the Mammalian Motor Protein CHO1

CHO1 is a kinesin-like motor protein essential for cytokinesis in mammalian cells. To analyze how CHO1 functions, we established RNAi and genetic rescue assays. CHO1-depleted cells reached a late stage of cytokinesis but fused back to form binucleate cells because of the absence of the midbody matrix in the middle of the intercellular bridge. Expression of exogenous CHO1 restored the formation of the midbody matrix and rescued cytokinesis in siRNA-treated cells. By analyzing phenotypes rescued with different constructs, it was shown that both motor and stalk domains function in midbody formation, whereas the tail is essential for completion of cytokinesis after the midbody matrix has formed. During the terminal stage of cytokinesis, different subregions of the tail play distinctive roles in stabilizing the midbody matrix and maintaining an association between the midbody and cell cortex. These results demonstrate that CHO1 consists of functionally differentiated subregions that act in concert to ensure complete cell separation.
Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population–based twin sample

Background. Genetic and environmental influences on broadly-defined anorexia nervosa (AN) syndrome were examined in a population-based twin sample. Methods. AN syndrome was assessed in 672 female 17 year-old twins using structured interviews and a self-report questionnaire. Results. Twenty-six probands with AN syndrome were identified. Biometrical model-fitting analyses indicated that genetic and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 74% and 26% of the variance in AN syndrome, respectively. Conclusions. Findings support previous research indicating significant genetic and non-shared environmental influences on AN syndromes.
Gopher Tortoise Ecology in Coastal Upland and Beach Dune Habitats in Northeast Florida

Abstract Considered a keystone species in the southeastern US coastal plain, gopher tortoises occupy a variety of upland habitat types. Although upland pine-dominated habitats have received much attention, few studies have examined tortoises in nearby coastal beach dune habitats. To examine the distribution and abundance of gopher tortoises in northeast Florida coastal habitats, comprehensive burrow surveys were conducted 3 times during the last 8 yrs on 2 separate gopher tortoise populations near St. Augustine, Florida. The objectives for these surveys were to 1) examine changes in population size and structure in representative upland and coastal dune habitats and 2) describe the response of gopher tortoises to land management practices (i.e., prescribed fire). Total burrow density within the upland population remained stable over the 3 surveys (0.68 burrows/ha in 2005, 0.66 burrows/ha in 2007, and 0.64 burrows/ha in 2011). Burrow densities in the burned areas of the upland habitat increased in areas th...
Na,K pump stimulation by intracellular Na in isolated, intact sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Regulation of the Na,K pump in intact cells is strongly associated with the level of intracellular Na+. Experiments were carried out on intact, isolated sheep Purkinje strands at 37 degrees C. Membrane potential (Vm) was measured by an open-tipped glass electrode and intracellular Na+ activity (aNai) was calculated from the voltage difference between an Na+-selective microelectrode (ETH 227) and Vm. In some experiments, intracellular potassium (aiK) or chloride (aCli) was measured by a third separate microelectrode. Strands were loaded by Na,K pump inhibition produced by K+ removal and by increasing Na+ leak by removing Mg++ and lowering free Ca++ to 10(-8) M. Equilibrium with outside levels of Na+ was reached within 30-60 min. During sequential addition of 6 mM Mg++ and reduction of Na+ to 2.4 mM, the cells maintained a stable aNai ranging between 25 and 90 mM and Vm was -30.8 +/- 2.2 mV. The Na,K pump was reactivated with 30 mM Rb+ or K+. Vm increased over 50-60 s to -77.4 +/- 5.9 mV with Rb+ activation and to -66.0 +/- 7.7 mV with K+ activation. aiNa decreased in both cases to 0.5 +/- 0.2 mM in 5-15 min. The maximum rate of aiNa decline (maximum delta aNai/delta t) was the same with K+ and Rb+ at concentrations greater than 20 mM. The response was abolished by 10(-5) M acetylstrophantidin. Maximum delta aNai/delta t was independent of outside Na+, while aKi was negatively correlated with aNai (aKi = 88.4 - 0.86.aNai). aCli decreased by at most 3 mM during reactivation, which indicates that volume changes did not seriously affect aNai. This model provided a functional isolation of the Na,K pump, so that the relation between the pump rate (delta aNai/delta t) and aiNa could be examined. A Hill plot allowed calculation of Vmax ranging from 5.5 to 27 mM/min, which on average is equal to 25 pmol.cm-2.s-1.K 0.5 was 10.5 +/- 0.6 mM (the aNai that gives delta aNai/delta t = Vmax/2) and n equaled 1.94 +/- 0.13 (the Hill coefficient). These values were not different with K+ or Rb+ as an external activator. The number of ouabain-binding sites equaled 400 pmol.g-1, giving a maximum Na+ turnover of 300 s-1. The Na,K pump in intact Purkinje strands exhibited typical sigmoidal saturation kinetics with regard to aNai as described by the equation upsilon/Vmax = aNai(1.94)/(95.2 + aNai(1.94)). The maximum sensitivity of the Na,K pump to aiNa occurred at approximately 6 mM.
The twisted tensor L-function of GSp(4)

The author gives an integral representation for the twisted tensor L-function of a cuspidal, globally generic automorphic representation of GSp4 over a quadratic extension E of a number field F with trivial central character. He proves the Euler product factorization of the global integral; computes the unramified L-factor via explicit branching from GL4 to Sp4 and shows it is equal to the normalized unramified local integral; and proves the absolute convergence and nonvanishing of all local integrals.
Low cost indoor location management system using infrared leds and Wii Remote Controller

Many applications in wireless sensor networks can benefit from position information. However, existing accurate solutions for indoor environments are costly. RF based approaches are not suitable for some indoor environments such as factory floors where heavy machinery can cause interference. In this paper, we propose a low cost and simple location management system using the Wii Remote Controller and infrared leds. Proposed solution is motivated by the need to find the location of a mobile robot used for data collection in a wireless sensor network. In proposed scheme, Wii Remote Controller is placed on the mobile robot pointing upward and several IR leds are placed on the ceiling. Proposed scheme uses the resources efficiently and can cover a large area using a single Wii Remote Controller and multiple IR leds. Proposed scheme is easy to implement and requires minimal bandwith for location management.
Lesions of the mammillary body region severely disrupt the cortical head direction, but not place cell signal.

The rat limbic system contains a variety of location (place and grid) cells and directional (head direction; HD) cells, thought to be critical for navigation. The HD cells can be found throughout many portions of the hippocampal formation, as well as additional lim- bic cortical and subcortical regions. These HD-containing regions are generally strongly interconnected anatomically. Earlier work, along with theoretical considerations, suggest that despite the ubiquitous presence of HD cells, there may be a single region which is critical for the initial formation of this HD signal. Specifically, it has been suggested that the critical HD cell network resides in a reciprocal loop formed by the interconnected lateral mammillary nucleus and dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden. Unlike the HD cells, place cells have not been observed in subcortical structures. They are, however, found in various forms throughout much of the hippocampal formation. Theoretical accounts of the place cells suggest that they are partly dependent on a path inte- gration process which is, in turn, dependent on the HD cells. According to the above reasoning, lesions of the mammillary bodies should com- pletely eliminate both HD and place/grid cells in the hippocampal for- mation. Here, we tested for both HD and place cell activity in various hippocampal formation sub regions following lesions of the mammillary bodies. We found that these lesions caused nearly complete elimination of the HD cell signal, but left the place cell signal largely intact. Our interpretation of these findings is somewhat limited by the fact that we did not provide a thorough test of the path integration abilities of the post lesion place cells. These findings pose a challenge for current theo- retical accounts of place and grid cells. They also help to explain the role played by the mammillary bodies in spatial learning and memory. V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Downlink scheduling with guarantees on the probability of short-term throughput

We consider the problem of scheduling multiple transmissions on the downlink of a wireless network with performance guarantees in the form of the probabilities that short term throughputs exceed user specified thresholds. Many interactive data applications have some degree of a latency requirement, and measure performance by throughput over a relatively short time interval. We refer to the fraction of time such user throughput reaches a predefined rate threshold or higher as tail probability. The problem is formulated as maximizing the minimum ratio of tail probability to the user specified probability threshold. We present necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the case in which the time interval of interest is consistent with the time scale of channel variation. An online algorithm is proposed which can achieve the optimality. For the case in which the time interval of interest is large compared to the time scale of channel variation, we develop an online algorithm which attempts to maximize the minimum normalized tail probability by taking the advantage of channel variation over users and over time. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance than other algorithms such as the proportional fair algorithm and the Max C/I algorithm.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER1) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor ZD1839 (Iressa) Inhibits HER2/neu (erbB2)-overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

Aberrrant signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR (HER1, erbB1)] and/or HER2/neu tyrosine kinases is present in a cohort of breast carcinomas. Because HER2 is constitutively phosphorylated in some breast tumors, we speculated that, in these cancers, transmodulation of HER2 may occur via EGFR signaling. To test this possibility, we examined the effect of EGFR-specific kinase inhibitors against the HER2-overexpressing human breast tumor lines BT-474, SKBR-3, MDA-361, and MDA-453. ZD1839 (Iressa) is an ATP-mimetic that inhibits the purified EGFR and HER2 kinases in vitro with an IC50 of 0.033 and >3.7 μm, respectively. The specificity of ZD1839 against EGFR was confirmed in Rat1 fibroblasts transfected with EGFR or HER2 chimeric receptors activated by synthetic ligands without the interference of endogenous receptors. Treatment of all breast cancer cell lines (except MDA-453) with 1 μm ZD1839 almost completely eliminated HER2 phosphorylation. In contrast, the incorporation of [γ-32P]ATP in vitro onto HER2 receptors isolated from BT-474 cells was unaffected by 1 μm ZD1839. EGFR is expressed by BT-474, SKBR-3, and MDA-361 but not by MDA-453 cells, suggesting that ZD1839-mediated inhibition of the EGFR kinase explained the inhibition of HER2 phosphorylation in vivo . In SKBR-3 cells, ZD1839 exhibited a greater growth-inhibitory effect than Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody against the HER2 ectodomain. In both SKBR-3 and BT-474 cells, treatment with ZD1839 plus Herceptin induced a greater apoptotic effect than either inhibitor alone. Finally, ZD1839 completely prevented growth of BT-474 xenografts established in nude mice and enhanced the antitumor effect of Herceptin. These data imply that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors will be effective against HER2-overexpressing breast tumor cells that also express EGFR and support their use in combination with HER2 antibodies, such as Herceptin, against mammary carcinomas with high levels of the HER2 proto-oncogene.
Dream Rebound: The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams

People spent 5 min before sleep at home writing their stream of thought as they suppressed thoughts of a target person, thought of the person, or wrote freely after mentioning the person. These presleep references generally prompted people to report increased dreaming about the person. However, suppression instructions were particularly likely to have this influence, increasing dreaming about the person as measured both by participants' self-ratings of their dreams and by raters' coding of mentions of the person in written dream reports. This effect was observed regardless of emotional attraction to the person.
New York City Offender Ages How Variable Over Time

This research note contrasts 19th- and 20th-century New York City age- and gender-specific offender rates. Earlier work has established that there is a peakedness in age-specific offending between 20 and 30, whereas more recent data show a much younger high offending rate. In sharp contrast, the 19th-century New York data show a relatively flat distribution from the early 20s onward. This suggests that the current age rates are a new phenomenon and that young offenders are a separate, nontraditional group, overlaid onto the more traditional age groups.
Use of Intelligent Techniques for Analysis of Faults and Protective Relay Operations

Analysis of faults and protective relay operations is crucial for understanding the fault clearing sequences. Today, this analysis is performed off line and mostly through manual inspection of different data records captured by digital protective relays (DPRs), digital fault recorders (DFRs), Sequence of Events Recorders (SERs), and other substation IEDs. This paper introduces several tools developed for automated analysis of faults and protective relay operations. The tools are implemented using intelligent techniques based on synchronized sampling, expert systems, neural networks, and fuzzy logic.
Mathematical Modeling of Storage Battery and Fuel-Cell

This paper presents an analytical approach for the development of a lumped parameter circuit model and dynamic models, representing the storage battery and the fuel cell. The approach is based on the properties of a conducting continuum coupled with thermodynamic reasoning.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering from bilayers of polystyrene, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A, poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), and poly(4‐styrene sulfonate)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been observed from thin films of polystyrene (PS), diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PVP) deposited on silver island films Degradation of the polymers occurred rapidly during laser irradiation and was accompanied by the appearance of strong bands near 1375 and 1575 cm-1. These bands were attributed to the formation of graphite-like species by the silver-catalyzed thermal oxidation of the polymers induced by localized laser heating of the substrate. When the thin films of PS, DGEBA, or PVP were overcoated with much thicker films of a second polymer such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), the degradation was greatly reduced, and excellent SERS spectra of the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films were obtained. Overlayers reduced degradation within the first films deposited on silver island films by restricting the availability of oxygen at the interface to its solubility in the overlayer polymer or by altering the adsorption of oxygen onto the substrate. SERS was observed for the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films and the PSS overlayers when the films were deposited from relatively dilute solutions. When the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films were deposited from more concentrated solutions, SERS was not observed from the PSS overlayers. It was suggested that most of the SERS was due to a short-range, charge-transfer mechanism associated with sites of atomic scale roughness and that SERS was observed from the overlayer when the first film failed to occupy all of the sites.
Parallelization of the nanoscale device simulator nanoMOS-2.0 using a 100 nodes linux cluster

A state of the art linux cluster is used for quantum simulations of nanoscale devices. The simulator, nanoMOS-2.0 was modified to speed up the energy integration by distributing the energy grid over several processors. An 88% speed-up was achieved using the Parallel Matlab Interface (PMI). A detailed scattering model was also implemented using the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) toolkit under Matlab. Near-linear scaling was obtained, allowing self-consistent simulations to be performed in a day using 40 processors instead of a predicted 40 days on a single processor machine. The simulator can be accessed through the nanoHUB, (http://www.nanohub.purdue.edu) which uses the network computing platform, PUNCH, which interoperates with the cluster through the Portable Batch System (PBS).
Income Inequality and Policy Responsiveness

The growing concern about economic inequality leads to a similar concern about political inequality. This article explores the seeming contradiction between the literature pointing to inequality in political representation in the United States and the literature showing that public policy does tend to represent public opinion in general. Low-income voters are much less likely to vote or to be politically knowledgeable than high-income voters, which limits their influence and creates an upper-income bias to effective public opinion. Considerable research suggests that low-income voters' opinions count for even less than would be implied by their low participation rate, a matter that should continue to be the subject of research. Seemingly contrary to any upper-income bias to policy making, major legislation usually moves policy in the direction favored by low-income voters (e.g., redistribution, government programs). Upper-income voters and interest groups, however, are able to slow the pace of liberal change.
A discrete-continuous algorithm for molecular energy minimization

A parallel algorithm for minimizing molecular energy potential functions is applied to the case of pure Lennard-Jones (LJ) clusters. The algorithm demonstrates the combination of discrete, lattice-based optimization with continuous optimization (relaxation) techniques. The suggested approach is not restricted to the LJ potential and is aimed at problems in which the potential of interest may be significantly more costly than the LJ. The intended audience includes researchers interested in practical computational problems involving minimum energy cluster conformation, such as may arise in catalysis, and those interested in algorithm development. The advantage of the algorithm is that the time required to find the minimum-energy structure for a relatively large cluster reduces to that of an interactive session. The current parallel implementation is capable of determining the best-known previously published binding energies for n >
Lightweight People Counting and Localizing for Easily Deployable Indoors WSNs

We describe a lightweight method for counting and localizing people using camera sensor networks. The algorithm makes use of a motion histogram to detect people based on motion and size criteria. The motion histogram is an averaged shifted histogram that estimates the distribution of people in a room given the above-threshold pixels in a frame-differenced ldquomotionrdquo image. The algorithm provides good detection rates at low computational complexity. In this paper, we describe the details of our design and experimentally determine suitable parameters for the proposed histogram. The resulting histogram and counting algorithm are implemented and tested on a network of iMote2 sensor nodes. Our implementation on sensor nodes uses a custom sensor board with a commercial off-the-shelf camera, but the motion histogram is designed to easily adapt to ultralow-power address-event motion imagers.
African-Derived Genetic Polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 Mediate Risk for Autoimmunity

The TNF α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) is an ubiquitin-modifying enzyme and an essential negative regulator of inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have implicated the TNFAIP3 locus in susceptibility to autoimmune disorders in European cohorts, including rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two nonsynonymous coding polymorphisms in the deubiquitinating (DUB) domain of TNFAIP3: F127C, which is in high-linkage disequilibrium with reported SLE-risk variants, and A125V, which has not been previously studied. We conducted a case–control study in African-American SLE patients using these coding variants, along with tagging polymorphisms in TNFAIP3, and identified a novel African-derived risk haplotype that is distinct from previously reported risk variants (odds ratio = 1.6, p = 0.006). In addition, a rare protective haplotype was defined by A125V (odds ratio = 0.31, p = 0.027). Although A125V was associated with protection from SLE, surprisingly the same allele was associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. We tested the functional activity of nonsynonymous coding polymorphisms within TNFAIP3, and found that the A125V coding-change variant alters the DUB activity of the protein. Finally, we used computer modeling to depict how the A125V amino acid change in TNFAIP3 may affect the three-dimensional structure of the DUB domain to a greater extent than F127C. This is the first report of an association between TNFAIP3 polymorphisms and autoimmunity in African-Americans.
High-resolution CT findings suggest a developmental abnormality underlying superior canal dehiscence syndrome.

Objective--Patients with superior canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome experience vertigo and oscillopsia with loud sounds and/or stimuli that result in changes in middle ear or intracranial pressure. Findings on temporal bone CT were analyzed to determine if a developmental abnormality is associated with the syndrome. Material and methods--Temporal bone CT scans [0.5 mm collimation and projections into the superior semicircular canal (SC) plane] were used to compare the bone overlying the SC in patients with SCD syndrome (20 unilateral, 7 bilateral) and in 88 patients without SCD syndrome who had undergone temporal bone CT for evaluation of other otologic disorders (controls). Results--The thickness of bone overlying the SC in the controls measured 0.67±0.38 mm (mean±SD). For individual control subjects, the thickness of bone on one side was correlated with that on the other side (r=0.43; p<0.0001). The thickness of bone overlying the SC on the intact side in patients with unilateral dehiscence measured 0....
Heidegger’s Experience with Language

This study explores the following dimensions of Heidegger’s hermeneutics of language: the uniqueness and significance of his lifelong concern with the nature, origin, and “place” of language in human destiny and culture (1); his sustained experience with language as the discernment of what is ownmost (Wesen) to language, of “what” and “how” language really is or can be (2); the transition from metaphysical, representational, and instrumentalized (objectified) view of language to the be-ing-historical understanding of language as the coming of be-ing, of the phenomenon and essential sway of “to be,” into the word (3); the hermeneutic lessons entailed in his experience with (rediscovery and liberation of) language, that is, its contribution to the recognition of the disclosive power of language, to the understanding of the interplay between language (speaking) and thought (thinking), between ratio and oratio, to the interpretation of texts, to the openness of attunement to the spoken and written word (4).
Real-time Quantitative PCR Arrays for Virally-associated Cancers.

Virally-associated cancers are unique in that their origin is typically well defined and suitable to genomic analysis on a smaller scale. We recently reported the transcription profile of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) using a real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) array. This review explores the advantages and limitations of such an approach as well as the possibilities of extending PCR-based profiling to human cancers. Since real-time QPCR records a truly quantitative transcription profile, this technology will improve statistical analysis and solidify clinical decision-making. One quarter to one third of human cancers are associated with infectious agents (1). Generally, prolonged exposure of a particular microorganism leads to chronic inflammation, tissue remodeling and eventual neoplastic transformation. Such is the case in Heliobacter pylori-induced ulcers and gastric carcinoma. Chronic inflammation activates signaling pathways, such as the p53 pathway, that have traditionally been associated with spontaneous or virally-induced cancers (2). In most virally-associated cancers, for instance human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer, intracellular expression of the viral oncogenes alters these cellular signaling pathways (3). Viral gene products interfere with the host cells' ability to respond to genotypic or environmental stress, leading-eventually-to cell autonomous transformation. During the initial stages of tumor progression, clearance of virally-infected cells by the immune system or inhibition of viral oncogenes may stop the progression to a fully transformed cancer cell. This rationale
Operation analysis of digital control based MHz totem-pole PFC with GaN device

This paper presents an accurate analytical model to calculate the control switch on-time of voltage mode galliumnitride (GaN) devices based MHz critical conduction mode (CRM) power factor correction (PFC) rectifier. The purpose of this model is for digital control implementation of the GaN-based MHz PFC. By making the average input current equal to the sinusoidal reference current in the whole line cycle, the calculated on-time can be applied in voltage-mode-based CRM PFC, to achieve low input current distortion and high power factor. The model considers the resonance between inductor and switch parasitic capacitor, which improves its accuracy at MHz switching frequency range. In addition, this model is applicable when zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) extension is applied.
Treatment Utility of Postpartum Antibiotics in Chorioamnionitis Study.

Objective To determine if postpartum antibiotics are necessary for patients with chorioamnionitis after a cesarean delivery (CD). Study Design Multicenter randomized controlled trial. Laboring patients with singleton gestations and chorioamnionitis who underwent CD were eligible. Patients were treated with ampicillin and gentamicin per standard protocol, then given clindamycin prior to skin incision. Patients were randomized to either postpartum antibiotic prophylaxis or no treatment following delivery. The primary outcome was the rate of endometritis. Assuming a 30% risk of endometritis in patients with chorioamnionitis who undergo CD, 119 patients per arm would be required to detect a 50% decrease in endometritis. Results The trial was stopped for futility following a planned interim analysis after 80 patients were randomized. There was no difference in the rate of the primary outcome between the two groups (9.8 vs. 7.7%, relative risk [RR]: 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30, 5.31). A meta-analysis comparing post-CD antibiotics versus no treatment did not find a statistically significant difference between the groups (16.7 vs. 12.0%, pooled RR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.72, 2.84). Conclusion Additional postpartum antibiotics do not decrease the rate of endometritis in patients with chorioamnionitis who undergo CD. The current preoperative antibiotic regimen including clindamycin should remain the standard of care in these patients.
Effect of laparotomy on respiratory muscle activation pattern.

Muscular tone of the abdominal wall is important in maintaining transdiaphragmatic pressures and its loss can lead to decreased lung volumes. Patients who are status postlaparotomy are at risk of developing atelectasis. The compensatory role of respiratory muscle activity in postlaparotomy is not well studied. Normally, inspiratory muscles are active during inspiration and passive during expiration to allow for lung recoil. However, electrical activities of the inspiratory muscles continue during early expiratory phase to prevent rapid loss of lung volume. This activity is known as post-inspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA). In this study, we hypothesized that laparotomy will elicit an increase in PIIA, which is enhanced by respiratory chemical loading. Experiments were conducted in cats under three different conditions: intact abdomen (n = 3), open abdomen (n = 10), and post abdominal closure (n = 10) during eupnea and hypercapnia (10% CO2). Electromyography (EMG) activities of the diaphragm and parasternal muscles were recorded and peak EMG amplitude, PIIA time, and area under the curve were measured. Intraesophageal pressure was also obtained. PIIA was significantly higher under open abdominal conditions in comparison to intact abdomen during eupnea. Our data indicates that PIIA is increased during open abdomen and may be an important compensatory mechanism for altered respiratory mechanics induced by laparotomy. Also, PIIA remained elevated after abdominal closure. However, under hypercapnia, PIIA was significantly higher during intact abdomen in comparison to open abdomen, which is thought to be due to respiratory muscle compensation under chemical loading.
Subjective Concomitants of Motion Sickness: Quantifying Rotation-induced Illness in Squirrel Monkeys

It has been suggested by numerous researchers that the development of conditioned food aversion (CFA) in experimental animals represents the presence of a subjective state of illness. Squirrel monkeys with proven susceptibility to rotation-induced vomiting were given surgical bilateral labyrinthectomies, a procedure known to abolish signs and symptoms of motion sickness in human beings. Postoperatively, labyrinthectomized monkeys neither vomited nor revealed any reduction in food consumption when exposed to provocative rotation. Other samples of monkeys known to be refractory to horizontal rotation and to sinusoidal vertical motion also exhibited little tendency to acquire a conditioned aversion to banana. But monkeys who had sham operations and those who revealed weak-to-strong signs of motion sickness exhibited a marked CFA (significant reduction in food intake). The strength of CFA was much greater when elicited in the test vehicle when compared with response in the home cage. The findings are interpre...
MB-20EVALUATING THE ONCOGENIC POTENTIAL OF TSC1/2 MUTATIONS AND EFFICACY OF MTOR INHIBITORS IN HIGH RISK PEDIATRIC MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Molecular profiling recently enabled the classification of medulloblastoma into four distinct subgroups, of which Group 3 patients have the worst prognosis. To identify targetable molecular vulnerabilities in Group 3 medulloblastoma, we utilized a high-throughput kinase inhibitor screening assay against the Group 3-like medulloblastoma cell line D341. Comparing inhibitor sensitivities of D341 to other medulloblastoma cell lines, >400 primary leukemia samples and >100 established human cancer cell lines, we found pronounced susceptibility to inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway as reflected by nanomolar IC50 values. We found this sensitivity to be biochemically correlated with increased phospho-MTOR as well as phosphorylation of MTOR effectors in the D341 cells when compared to the medulloblastoma cell lines exhibiting weaker or no MTOR inhibitor sensitivity. Exposure of D341 cells to the FDA-approved MTOR inhibitor everolimus resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in MTOR pathway activation and increase in cell death markers. Exome sequencing of D341 revealed a TSC2 A415V point mutation, which we found has significantly diminished TSC1-interaction potential in a heterologous expression system. Loss-of-function of the TSC1:TSC2 A415V complex concomitantly increased activation of the MTOR pathway. In silico mining of previously published exome sequencing data from primary patient samples unveils a subset of medulloblastoma tumors harboring TSC1 and TSC2 mutations in regions predicted to result in loss of function. We tested the functional consequence of these mutations using a heterologous model system and found they resulted in loss of the TSC1:TSC2 complex. Taken together, these findings corroborate that a subset of high risk medulloblastoma patients may have functionally relevant mutations in the MTOR pathway leading to oncogenic addiction to the pathway and susceptibility to MTOR inhibitors. In vitro response to an FDA-approved MTOR inhibitor may suggest a potentially promising adjunct treatment for a subgroup of medulloblastoma patients.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Root-Absorbed 14C-Monitor in Loblolly Pine Seedlings

14C-Monitor® ( O,S dimethyl phosphoroamidithioate) was readily absorbed by the roots of 55- and 155-day-old Pinus taeda L. seedlings and translocated to the needles within 6 hours of continuous uptake. Vermiculite-grown seedlings absorbed a significantly greater percentage of the radioactive Monitor than nutrient solution-grown seedlings. The high water content of the nutrient-grown seedlings probably accounted for the difference in the rate of absorption. In addition to Monitor, O, S dimethyl thiophosphoric acid and two radioactive unknowns were detected. Biossay of seedlings with pales weevils, Hylobius Pales (Herbst), indicated that Monitor was present in the needles in insecticidally active quantities following 6 hours of treatment.
RadWorks Storm Shelter Design for Solar Particle Event Shielding

In order to enable long-duration human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit, the risks associated with exposure of astronaut crews to space radiation must be mitigated with practical and affordable solutions. The space radiation environment beyond the magnetosphere is primarily a combination of two types of radiation: galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE). While mitigating GCR exposure remains an open issue, reducing astronaut exposure to SPEs is achievable through material shielding because they are made up primarily of medium-energy protons. In order to ensure astronaut safety for long durations beyond low-Earth orbit, SPE radiation exposure must be mitigated. However, the increasingly demanding spacecraft propulsive performance for these ambitious missions requires minimal mass and volume radiation shielding solutions which leverage available multi-functional habitat structures and logistics as much as possible. This paper describes the efforts of NASA's RadWorks Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Project to design minimal mass SPE radiation shelter concepts leveraging available resources. Discussion items include a description of the shelter trade space, the prioritization process used to identify the four primary shelter concepts chosen for maturation, a summary of each concept's design features, a description of the radiation analysis process, and an assessment of the parasitic mass of each concept.
Selective Primary Health Care: Strategies for Control of Disease in the Developing World. XX. Typhoid Fever

The incidence of typhoid fever remains unacceptably high in developing countries. Because Salmonella typhi is disseminated by carriers, there is an urgent need to increase the rate of detection of carriers and to decrease the risk they pose to their communities. In urban areas where sewage disposal is lacking or inadequate, public water supplies are contaminated and typhoid fever is common. The contamination of food by carriers is the second commonest route of infection. Water purification processes lead to a rapid decline in the incidence of the disease; thus, many developing countries hope to develop pure water supplies for all citizens by the end of this century. Until this important public health goal is achieved, the use of vaccine, especially in children, could cause a significant decrease in the incidence of typhoid fever. A new oral attenuated vaccine promises to be effective and safe.
A SECOND HETEROTHALLIC ASPERGILLUS

SUMMARY A new heterothallic fungus, Neosartorya fennelliae (asexual state: Aspergillus fennelliae), was isolated from the eyeballs of laboratory rabbits. The conidial and ascosporic states resemble those of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). The strains occur in two mating types, A and a, of an allelic pair. Although interspecific crossing does not occur with any known members of the N. fischeri group, stimulation of the growth of N. fischeri var. glaber by the new species was observed. The fungus survives in mouse tissue for several weeks without evidence of multiplication. Heterothallism in the genus Aspergillus was first reported by Kwon, Fennell, and Raper (1) in A. heterothallicus. The ascosporic state of this fungus was later transferred to the genus Emericella as E. heterothallica (Kwon, Fennell & Raper) Malloch & Cain (7). A second heterothallic species of Aspergillus was isolated from the eyeballs of laboratory rabbits by one of the authors (K-C) in April, 1972. Morphological characteristics of the asexual and sexual fruiting structures place the new species in the A. fischeri series (11), for which Malloch and Cain have established the new generic name Neosartorya (8). This paper provides a description of the species, observations on ascocarp formation, proof of heterothallism, and a discussion of the relationship of the new species to the other species of Neosartorya.
Programmable Shunt Settings Change After iPad2 Exposure

Strahle J, Selzer B, Muraszko KM, et al. Programmable shunt valve affected by exposure to a tablet computer. J Neurosurg Pediatr.. 2012; 10( 2): 118- 120; doi: 10.3171/2012.3.PEDS1211[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] To determine the effect of magnetic field exposure from a tablet computer on programmable shunt valves used in treating children with hydrocephalus, investigators at the University of Michigan measured the magnetic field strength near the Apple iPad2 and iPad2 Smart Cover (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA) at distances between 0 cm and 100 cm. In an in vitro assessment, programmable valves were also exposed to the iPad2 device at distances of 10 cm … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.stitle%253DJ%2BNeurosurg%2BPediatr%26rft.aulast%253DStrahle%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D118%26rft.epage%253D120%26rft.atitle%253DProgrammable%2Bshunt%2Bvalve%2Baffected%2Bby%2Bexposure%2Bto%2Ba%2Btablet%2Bcomputer.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.3171%252F2012.3.PEDS1211%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22734456%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.3171/2012.3.PEDS1211&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22734456&link_type=MED&atom=%2Faapgrand%2F28%2F6%2F68.atom
Archaeology and the MOOC: Massive, open, online, and opportunistic:

In 2013, Brown University launched Archaeology’s Dirty Little Secrets, a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) that, in its two iterations to date, has reached a global audience of some 30,000 people. We first discuss course design, content, assessment practices, and metrics of success within the context provided by other digital archaeological endeavors, as well as reviewing the composition of the online audience. Drawing on this experience, in the second part of the article we explore various opportunities for public outreach and engagement made possible by this platform, not least the potential participatory role of a new online community in archaeological activity and advocacy.
Conservation Beyond Park Boundaries: The Impact of Buffer Zones on Deforestation and Mining Concessions in the Peruvian Amazon.

Many researchers have tested whether protected areas save tropical forest, but generally focus on parks and reserves, management units that have internationally recognized standing and clear objectives. Buffer zones have received considerably less attention because of their ambiguous rules and often informal status. Although buffer zones are frequently dismissed as ineffective, they warrant attention given the need for landscape-level approaches to conservation and their prevalence around the world—in Peru, buffer zones cover >10 % of the country. This study examines the effectiveness of buffer zones in the Peruvian Amazon to (a) prevent deforestation and (b) limit the extent of mining concessions. We employ covariate matching to determine the impact of 13 buffer zones on deforestation and mining concessions from 2007 to 2012. Despite variation between sites, these 13 buffer zones have prevented ~320 km2 of forest loss within their borders during the study period and ~1739 km2 of mining concessions, an outcome associated with the special approval process for granting formal concessions in these areas. However, a closer look at the buffer zone around the Tambopata National Reserve reveals the difficulties of controlling illegal and informal activities. According to interviews with NGO employees, government officials, and community leaders, enforcement of conservation is limited by uncertain institutional responsibilities, inadequate budgets, and corruption, although formal and community-based efforts to block illicit mining are on the rise. Landscape-level conservation not only requires clear legal protocol for addressing large-scale, formal extractive activities, but there must also be strategies and coordination to combat illegal activities.
Cold Tolerance of Hybrid Rice Liangyou 456 and Shanyou 456 Combined from Restorer Line R456 of Special Plant Type

It was tested to two new hybrids rice Liangyou 456 (mated from two line system male sterile 555S and restorer R456) and Shanyou 456 (mated from three line system male sterile Zhengshan 97A and restorer 456) in the provincial hybrid rice trial at 6 different areas of Guizhou. The autumn cold weather always occurred at the rice heading period in 3 high altitude sites especially at Guiyang site and it affect the seed setting rate and yield of some rice varieties. However, the seed setting rate and yield of Shanyou 456 (with seed setting rate 70. 07% and yield 7687. 95kg/ha) and Liang you 456 (with seed setting rate 75. 3% and yield 7357kg/ha) were higher than CK Shanyou 63 (with seed setting rate 64.3% and yield 4818kg/ha). It indicated that these two new hybrids were cold tolerant certainly.
Preschool Education in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present, and Future

Despite differences in specific teaching styles, nations around the world are united in the belief that early education is essential for preparing children for success throughout their school life and beyond. This tenet is as applicable to the Saudi Arabian early childhood education (ECE) system as it is anywhere else. Yet, little is actually known about preschool in Saudi Arabia, especially beyond the Arabic-speaking world. How might the Saudi system be similar or different from the ECE systems of other countries? How might social, cultural, and economic factors uniquely influence preschools in the Kingdom? Specifically, how might the teachings of Islam, an integral aspect of Saudi culture, be integrated into ECE? And what are the future possibilities for this system, which has experienced so much growth in the last 50 years? Drawing on articles and books on the modern preschool situation in Saudi Arabia, translated from Arabic to English by the first author, this article presents an overview of one of t...
Interpersonal Communication Ethics

Interpersonal communication ethics, an area of study emerging at the intersection of social scientific research and communication ethics scholarship, addresses issues that arise when people are faced with decisions about whether, and how to, communicate messages that are likely to have a significant influence on others and can be judged according to some standard of right and wrong. Because interpersonal communication has a significant influence on human well-being, interpersonal communication ethics is an essential area of study for students and scholars of interpersonal communication. Keywords: communication skills; ethics; interpersonal communication; narrative; relational communication