cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak convergence of Markov-modulated random sequences

This work is concerned with weak convergence of non-Markov random processes modulated by a Markov chain. The motivation of our study stems from a wide variety of applications in actuarial science, communication networks, production planning, manufacturing and financial engineering. Owing to various modelling considerations, the modulating Markov chain often has a large state space. Aiming at reduction of computational complexity, a two-time-scale formulation is used. Under this setup, the Markov chain belongs to the class of nearly completely decomposable class, where the state space is split into several subspaces. Within each subspace, the transitions of the Markov chain varies rapidly, and among different subspaces, the Markov chain moves relatively infrequently. Aggregating all the states of the Markov chain in each subspace to a single super state leads to a new process. It is shown that under such aggregation schemes, a suitably scaled random sequence converges to a switching diffusion process.
A coupled Navier–Stokes/Vortex–Panel solver for the numerical analysis of wind turbines

Abstract The present paper introduces a coupled Navier–Stokes/Vortex–Panel solver for the computational study of incompressible high Reynolds number flow around horizontal axis wind turbines. The Navier–Stokes solver is confined to the near-field around one wind turbine blade; the Vortex–Panel method accounts for the far-field of a two-bladed rotor. A robust coupling between both methods is achieved through the spanwise distribution of bound circulation determined by Stokes’ theorem. The coupled solver reduces both artificial dissipation and computational cost compared to a full-domain Navier–Stokes analysis. Results obtained for inviscid and attached viscous flow around an optimal wind turbine blade are compared to a vortex model based on strip theory. Good agreement is found between both models that serves as a validation of the coupled solver for future applications to wind turbines.
Diabetic dyslipidemia : Basic mechanisms underlying the common hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels

Elevated levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol are very common in patients with diabetes, particularly NIDDM. Although regulation of the plasma concentrations of VLDL, the major TG-rich lipoprotein is extremely complex, it is clear from in vivo kinetic studies that increased rates of secretion of VLDL into plasma is almost uniformly present in patients with NIDDM and hypertriglyceridemia. Recent studies at the cellular level indicate that increased fatty acid flux to the liver, also common in NIDDM (and other insulin-resistant states associated with elevated plasma TG levels), will stimulate the assembly and secretion of apoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins by targeting apoB for secretion rather than intracellular degradation. Increased rates of secretion of VLDL into plasma appears to drive the exchange of TG from these lipoproteins for HDL cholesteryl ester. This exchange, which occurs in plasma, is facilitated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and generates a TG-enriched HDL that is a substrate for either hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase. When the TG in HDL is hydrolyzed, the resultant particle is smaller, and this appears to affect the binding of the major HDL protein, apoA-I. ApoA-I dissociates from the smaller, lipid-poor HDL, and the free apoA-I (molecular weight 28,000) can be filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney and most likely is degraded in renal tubular cells after reabsorption. Thus, increased free fatty acid transport in plasma, a common abnormality in insulin-resistant states, may be the underlying driving force for the two common lipid abnormalities seen in diabetes.
Nano-soldering of magnetically aligned three-dimensional nanowire networks

It is extremely challenging to fabricate 3D integrated nanostructures and hybrid nanoelectronic devices. In this paper, we report a simple and efficient method to simultaneously assemble and solder nanowires into ordered 3D and electrically conductive nanowire networks. Nano-solders such as tin were fabricated onto both ends of multi-segmented nanowires by a template-assisted electrodeposition method. These nanowires were then self-assembled and soldered into large-scale 3D network structures by magnetic field assisted assembly in a liquid medium with a high boiling point. The formation of junctions/interconnects between the nanowires and the scale of the assembly were dependent on the solder reflow temperature and the strength of the magnetic field. The size of the assembled nanowire networks ranged from tens of microns to millimeters. The electrical characteristics of the 3D nanowire networks were measured by regular current-voltage (I-V) measurements using a probe station with micropositioners. Nano-solders, when combined with assembling techniques, can be used to efficiently connect and join nanowires with low contact resistance, which are very well suited for sensor integration as well as nanoelectronic device fabrication.
Analysis of EB support saddles and forces between modules during assembly.

As the EB Tile Calorimeter is constructed, the support saddles and the modules will be subjected to different forces, stresses, and deflections than when completely assembled. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the forces, stresses, and deflections acting on the support saddles and modules at various stages of assembly.
Ultra-high-stability two-stage superfluorescent fibre sources for fibre optic gyroscopes

A two-stage ultra-high-stability Er/sup 3+/-doped superfluorescent fibre source for fibre optic gyroscopes is presented. Versatile tunability of the output characteristics against fibre length and pump conditions enables minimisation of all temperature-induced instabilities.
Fish rhabdoviruses: morphology and ultrastructure of North American salmonid isolates.

The morphology and ultrastructure of three North American salmonid pathogens, Oregon sockeye salmon, chinook salmon and infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses, were examined by thin sectioning and negative staining after growth in fathead minnow cells at 10 ° C. The viruses matured at the plasma membrane of these cells. They were approximately 170 nm in length, 70 nm in width and had internal striations with a periodicity of 5.5nm. They were rounded on one end and planar on the other (i.e., bullet shaped). By morphological criteria, these viruses are rhabdoviruses with dimensions and ultrastructural features similar to vesicular stomatitis virus.
Frontiers in the management of retinoblastoma.

Purpose To provide an overview of the current clinical management of retinoblastoma by discussing the trends in the categorization, treatment, and recent advances in molecular diagnostics as well as therapy for retinoblastoma. Design Literature review and commentary. Methods Selected articles from the medical literature and the authors' clinical and research experience were reviewed critically. Results Retinoblastoma has evolved from a deadly childhood cancer to a largely curable cancer within the past 40 years. Current treatment strategies aim to salvage the eye and provide the best visual outcome possible. Using the international classification system to stratify intraocular retinoblastoma into treatment groups, the multicenter Children's Oncology Group treatment protocols use 2- to 3-drug chemoreduction with focal consolidative therapy for most categories of disease. Furthermore, collaborative efforts are being directed toward a better understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships in retinoblastoma that will be useful in the multidisciplinary management of this disease. Molecular targeting therapy is emerging as a potential strategy to individualize therapy. Finally, improvements in local drug delivery methods and vehicles are providing solutions for the problem of systemic toxicity from existing chemotherapy regimens. Conclusions The management of retinoblastoma has become a prototype for other ophthalmic diseases and systemic cancers in which genetic information and molecular targets are being used to design more elegant treatment strategies.
Immunomodulatory effects of high-dose and low-dose interferon α2b in patients with high-risk resected melanoma: The E2690 Laboratory Corollary of Intergroup Adjuvant Trial E1690

BACKGROUND The clinical antitumor activity of recombinant interferon α2b (IFNα2b) has been well documented in patients with advanced and high-risk melanoma; however, its mechanism of action remains conjectural. Trial E2690 evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of IFNα2b in vivo during treatment at high doses (the HDI arm; n = 51 patients) and at low doses (the LDI arm; n = 54 patients) in relation to standard observation (OBS; n = 43 patients). METHODS This study evaluated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) for phenotypic markers and cytotoxic functions at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months in the HDI arm, the LDI arm, and the OBS arm and examined correlations between changes observed in PBLs or in tumors with regard to treatment dosage and disease outcome. Tumor biopsy samples were studied for response to IFNα2b at a range of concentrations in vitro. RESULTS Baseline blood phenotypic and functional assays did not predict disease outcome; however, modulation of these immunologic assays by IFNα2b treatment was observed and was associated with IFNα2b dosage. Tumor cell class II major histocompatibility antigen expression (human leukocyte/lymphocyte antigen DR) and adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1) were modulated by exposure to IFNα2b in a dose dependent manner. Blood natural killer (NK) cell function, T-cell function, and subset distribution were modulated early by patients in the HDI arm and later by patients in the LDI arm. None of the variables tested in these studies predicted recurrence free survival. The numbers of patients studied were smaller than may be needed to detect potentially clinically significant changes. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate changes in immunologic parameters associated with IFNα2b treatment and dosage that may account for some of the differences in the clinical efficacy of this modality. The current results also suggest the need for further study of newer molecular intermediates of IFNα2b and T-cell response to specific antigens of melanoma. Cancer 2002;95:1101–12. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10775
Hirano bodies in health and disease

Recent findings shed light on the physiological function of enigmatic structures called Hirano bodies, which were first described more than 30 years ago.
Surface step configurations under strain: kinetics and step-step interactions

Abstract Strain is an important ingredient in the physics of surfaces as has been shown in experiments with thin films and alloys. It is desirable to have strain as an externally applied and continuous variable. We have studied the effect of strain by loading a cantilevered bar and observing the effects on the surface with both LEED and the STM. On the Si(100) surface, strain produces a reversible asymmetry in the relative population of the 2 × 1 and 1 × 2 domains. This requires the motion of monatomic steps which are the domain boundaries. The effect is driven by the relaxation of the energy associated with a long-range strain field extending into the bulk due to the anisotropy of the intrinsic stress tensor of the two reconstructed domains. It is similar to magnetic domain structures reducing the magnetic field energy. These long-range strain fields have important consequences for a number of surface phenomena. Here we first report experiments on the terrace width distributions which gives information about the effective step-step interactions. Then we report experiments on the kinetics of the step migration which gives information about surface diffusion.
Segmental and crosslink point motion in networks

13C- and 31P-NMR spin lattice relaxation in the rotating frame have been measured on a series of networks prepared from monodisperse and deliberately bimodal poly(propylene glycols) (PPG) crosslinked with tris(4-isocyanatophenyl) thiophosphate. The T1pC minima correspond to loss maxima in the DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Testing) measured at 10Hz. The T1pP minima fall at higher temperatures than those of T1pC for the same network indicating that these crosslinks lag the segments in frequency of motion at a given temperature. The carbon relaxation is biphasic below Tg of the segments indicating two relaxation domains which we assign to bulklike PPG segments and PPG segments proximal to he crosslink. Lineshape analysis by a diffusional model indicates crosslink reorientation is not isotropic until well above Tg. Relaxation and lineshapes for the bimodal networks indicate that junctions are not uniformly plasticized by the segments.
SYNCHRONIZATION IN ARRAYS OF CHAOTIC CIRCUITS COUPLED VIA DYNAMIC COUPLING ELEMENTS

We study synchronization in arrays of chaotic circuits which are coupled via dynamic coupling elements which can themselves possess chaotic dynamics. We express the synchronization conditions in terms of properties of the underlying hypergraphs and present a result which suggests that under suitable conditions, the more connected the hypergraph is, the easier it is to synchronize the array. The special case of an array of two chaotic circuits is considered. We show that in some cases not all chaotic circuits are synchronized with each other, but clusters are formed in which circuits within a cluster are synchronized to each other.
Study of freshly deposited metallic particles on MgO crystal surfaces by scanning reflection electron microscopy

Abstract In the newly developed specimen chamber of the VG-HB5 STEM microscope, a fresh monolayer of metallic film can be deposited on the MgO surfaces, and the surface phenomena are studied by the SREM technique. Approximately 6 A Pd film has been deposited on the heated MgO surfaces (Ts = 250°C). It seems that reactions have taken place between the Pd film and the MgO surfaces. SREM observations show that the surface fringes, formed by the Pd particles of ∼ 10 A in diameter. have a periodicity of ∼ 25 A which is equivalent to the periodicity of the periodic array of the MgO surface steps. The beam-induced crystallization of (001)NiO and reduction of (011)Ni from the in-situ-deposited Ni film are reported. After exposure to air and UHV annealing, the only particles observed have 20–30 A in diameter and appear sitting along the edge of the big surface steps. The pattern shows (001)R45° orientation and ∼ 4.58 A lattice parameter, but the particle formation is unknown. The NiO particles of ∼ 5 A are resolved in the SREM images. Nanodiffraction is used to characterize the microstructure of individual particles on the surface regions of less than 10 A in diameter.
An analysis of observability-constrained Kalman Filtering for vision-aided navigation

Significant improvements in the accuracy of navigation state estimation have been previously demonstrated through the fusion of inertial measurement unit (IMU) and visual sensor data in both GPS-denied and GPS-enabled scenarios. Despite this improved navigation state accuracy, several significant hurdles remain before widespread acceptance of vision-aided navigation can be achieved. One significant bottleneck is the lack of accurate information about the performance of the vision-aided navigation algorithms. Many vision-aided navigation algorithms are implemented using some form of the Kalman Filter, thereby returning a covariance estimate that should correspond with the accuracy of the current navigation estimate. Unfortunately, a well known problem with the Kalman Filter is that its covariance estimates are inconsistent, i.e. the Kalman Filter estimates of uncertainty are significantly smaller than the true uncertainty achieved by the Kalman Filter. Recently a set of papers has introduced the concept of “observability-constrained” Kalman filtering that helps solve the consistency problem. In this paper, we apply the observability-constrained Kalman Filter to a vision-aided navigation problem and analyze its results. Significantly more accurate state and uncertainty estimates are achieved using the observability-constrained Kalman Filter. Unfortunately, the it is still not consistent, so a comparison with a batch, bundle adjustment approach is also performed to verify the possibility of consistent uncertainty estimation.
Protein turnover in tissues of the fetal rat after prolonged maternal malnutrition.

ABSTRACT: Protein turnover in fetal diaphragm, heart, liver, and brain was determined at 21 days gestation in fetal rats whose mothers had received a protein-restricted diet (6% protein) throughout gestation. This diet resulted in severe combined protein-calorie malnutrition. Fetal body weight was significantly decreased at days 19–22 gestation versus controls (27% protein diet) when pregnant animals were protein-restricted (e.g. 40% decrease in body weight at day 22 gestation versus controls). Protein synthesis was determined by intravenous injection of “massive” amounts of [3H]phenylalanine to pregnant animals and measuring free and protein-bound specific radioactivities in fetal tissues. Rate constants for protein degradation were calculated by subtracting fractional growth rate from protein synthesis. Fractional protein synthesis was reduced in diaphragm (0.26 versus 0.41 days-1), heart (0.41 versus 0.52 days-1), and liver (0.35 versus 0.89 days-1) in fetuses from malnourished mothers relative to controls. Similarly, fractional protein degradation was decreased in these fetal tissues – diaphragm (0.03 versus 0.06 days-1), heart (0.14 versus 0.18 days-1), and liver (0.25 versus 0.80 days-1). Reduced protein accretion during maternal malnutrition in these fetal tissues is secondary to decreased protein synthesis out of proportion to the concurrent reduction in protein degradation. Protein synthesis and degradation in fetal brain from malnourished mothers were not altered versus controls. These effects of malnutrition on protein turnover in fetal tissues throughout pregnancy in the rat correspond closely with the effect of protein restriction in young adult rats and the effect of protein-calorie malnutrition on whole body protein turnover in human infants.
MODELING IMPACTS OF BIOENERGY MARKETS ON NONINDUSTRIAL PRIVATE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The potential impacts of bioenergy markets on slash pine plantation management on nonindustrial pri- vate forestlands in the southeastern United States were ana- lyzed. We developed an integrated Black-Scholes and modified Hartman model to achieve this task. The risk of damage from catastrophic natural disturbances such as wildfires and pest outbreaks associated with the exclusion/incorporation of thin- nings and variation in timber salvage rates was also included. Three scenario sets were considered: status quo or no thin- ning scenario, thinning scenario for pulpwood, and thinning scenario for bioenergy at differing levels of risk and salvage. The results indicated that the incorporation of thinnings ei- ther for pulpwood or bioenergy increases the forestland value regardless of the risk when the salvage value of the stand is 0.8. When the two thinning scenarios were compared, the land expectation value for the thinning scenario for bioenergy was greater at any level of risk compared with the thinning sce- nario for pulpwood, averaging a difference of 11.5% and 11.7% for salvageable portions of 0.8 and 0, respectively.
On the theory of aggregation

Abstract Kenneth Arrow's famous General Possibility Theorem, which describes logical restrictions on the possible ways of aggregating individuals' preference orderings into a social preference ordering, is extended and proved in general for aggregation procedures on arbitrary domains.
Quantification of human and embodied energy of improved water provided by source and household interventions

This study quantifies and compares the total embodied energy of the water produced by eight interventions – four household-level and four water source-level – used in Mali, West Africa. Total embodied energy measures the energy required to produce, install, and operate an intervention that provides or treats water over its life. This includes energy embodied in materials and human energy expended by users. Human energy, often assumed to be negligible in these types of analyses, was quantified using physical activity ratios. Embodied energy of materials was determined using the best available national economic input/output-based models. The embodied energy of water boiled with fuelwood was determined to be more than two orders of magnitude larger than water produced by any other intervention. Other interventions producing water with the largest embodied energies were the solar pump, India Mark II handpump, and the clay ceramic filter, all of which had large material energy components. The interventions with the lowest embodied energies required minimal material inputs and larger human energy inputs to collect and transport water (i.e., the improved well, rope pump, biosand filter, and household chlorination.). Results suggest there is no clear relationship between total embodied energy and the scale of an intervention (i.e., household- or source-level). However, human energy, often assumed to contribute a negligible amount to total embodied energy, was shown to be significant to all eight interventions, contributing over 90% of total embodied energy for four interventions. When the human energy was disaggregated by traditional gender roles, women performed over 99% of the labor associated with seven of the eight interventions. This has significant implications for gender equality, and underscores the importance of human energy in understanding the social impacts of drinking water interventions.
Long-term treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in asthmatic children with special reference to growth.

Thirty-one children, 19 boys and 12 girls, aged 3.4--10.8 years, with severe perennial bronchial asthma were treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) for 16-40 months. The dose was initially 400 micrograms a day and was gradually reduced to the lowest level giving control of symptoms. Earlier steroid or ACTH-treatment in six children was stopped during the BDA-treatment. At the start of the treatment the mean deviation of height compared with normal values for Swedish children was -0.10 s.d. for the boys and -0.51 s.d. for the girls. At the end of the observation period the deviation was -0.22 s.d. and -0.58 s.d., respectively. The increase in deviation was not significant. Bone age was also slightly retarded before beclomethasone treatment but this deviation was not accentuated during the observation period. It is concluded that treatment with BDA does not retard growth or skeletal maturation in children. The number of acute admissions to hospital was reduced by more than 50% during the first year of treatment.
Gas-Chromatographic Method for the Halothane Metabolites, Trifluoroacetic Acid and Bromide, in Biological Fluids

A simple and rapid method is presented for the quantitative determination of bromide and trifluoroacetlc acid in urine, plasma or serum. The biological-fluid Is treated with dimethyl sulfate in an acidic medium, resulting in thi~ formation of the methyl estei; of trifluoroacetic acid and methyl bromide. The volatile derivatives are then isolated from the samples via a head-space technique, separated and resolved by gas chromotography, and detected by flame ionization. Detection of the two metabolites Is:linear within the sample concentrations studied. The method is reproducible and applicable to the determination of the two metabolites in biological fluids in the 0.1-10 mM concentration range. The method is comparable to previous techniques but is less time consuming, and both bromide and trifluoroacetic acid can be determined simultaneously. Preliminary pharmacological studies of: urine: and blood metabolite "levels in rats and human patients anesthetized with halothane agree with existing results determined by other methods. In addition, the results indicate that bromide concentrations in human blood remain elevated for a much longer period of time than those in rat blood. head-space GC technique with flame-ionization detection (FID). The method does not require extraction, separation, sample transfer, lyophilization or other isolation procedures which would result in losses of the two metabolites.
Teleost fish osmoregulation: what have we learned since August Krogh, Homer Smith, and Ancel Keys

In the 1930s, August Krogh, Homer Smith, and Ancel Keys knew that teleost fishes were hyperosmotic to fresh water and hyposmotic to seawater, and, therefore, they were potentially salt depleted and dehydrated, respectively. Their seminal studies demonstrated that freshwater teleosts extract NaCl from the environment, while marine teleosts ingest seawater, absorb intestinal water by absorbing NaCl, and excrete the excess salt via gill transport mechanisms. During the past 70 years, their research descendents have used chemical, radioisotopic, pharmacological, cellular, and molecular techniques to further characterize the gill transport mechanisms and begin to study the signaling molecules that modulate these processes. The cellular site for these transport pathways was first described by Keys and is now known as the mitochondrion-rich cell (MRC). The model for NaCl secretion by the marine MRC is well supported, but the model for NaCl uptake by freshwater MRC is more unsettled. Importantly, these ionic uptake mechanisms also appear to be expressed in the marine gill MRC, for acid-base regulation. A large suite of potential endocrine control mechanisms have been identified, and recent evidence suggests that paracrines such as endothelin, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins might also control MRC function.
Mapping the osteocytic cell response to fluid flow using RNA-Seq

Bone adaptation to mechanical loading is regulated via signal transduction by mechano-sensing osteocytes. Mineral-embedded osteocytes experience strain-induced interstitial fluid flow and fluid shear stress, and broad shifts in gene expression are key components in the signaling pathways that regulate bone turnover. RNA sequencing analysis, or RNA-Seq, enables more complete characterization of mechano-responsive transcriptome regulation than previously possible. We hypothesized that RNA-Seq of osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells reveals both expected and novel gene transcript regulation in cells previously fluid flowed and analyzed using gene microarrays. MLO-Y4 cells were flowed for 2h with 1Pa oscillating fluid shear stress and post-incubated 2h. RNA-Seq of original samples detected 55 fluid flow-regulated gene transcripts (p-corrected 1.5-fold or decreased <0.67-fold whereas 10 of 55 met this cut-off by microarray. Analyses were complimentary in patterns of regulation, though only 6 transcripts were significant in both RNA-Seq and microarray analyses: Cxcl5, Cxcl1, Zc3h12a, Ereg, Slc2a1, and Egln1. As part of a broad inflammatory response inferred by gene ontology analyses, we again observed greatest up-regulation of inflammatory C-X-C motif chemokines, and newly implicated HIF-1α and AMPK signaling pathways. Importantly, we detected both expected fluid flow-sensitive transcripts (e.g. Nos2 [iNOS], Ptgs2 [COX-2], Ccl7) and transcripts not previously identified as flow-sensitive, e.g. Ccl2. We found RNA-Seq advantageous over microarrays because of its greater dynamic range and ability to analyze unbiased estimation of gene expression, informing our understanding of osteocyte signaling.
Effects of terrestrial pollutants on insect parasitoids

Parasitoids are important organisms in the regulation of insect herbivores in natural, urban, and agricultural ecosystems. The impact of pollutants acting on parasitoids has not been extensively reviewed. This prompted us to propose a falsifiable null hypothesis (pollutants have no effects on parasitoids) and two alternative hypotheses (pollution negatively or positively affects parasitoids) to assess in the available literature the effects of pollutants acting on parasitoids. We found 26 studies examining 39 biological systems that met our criteria for inclusion. Of these studies, 18 of the 39 biological systems (46.2%) supported the null hypothesis while 18 (46.2%) supported the first alternative hypothesis in which pollutants exhibited negative effects on parasitoids. Only a small percentage of the studies (7.6%, 3 of 39) supported the second alternative hypothesis suggesting that pollutants had positive effects on parasitoids. We provide a synthesis of the available data by pollution type, summarize trends for different pollutants, and suggest future areas of research.
Wind and Water Tunnel Measurements of Parachute Suspension Line

This experiment was conducted to support recent efforts by the US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM), Natick Soldier Center, to characterize drag on the parachute’s many systems. These efforts included testing off-theshelf 600 lb flat Dacron suspension line and scaled rigid models made to resemble the actual line. This experiment served to confirm vortex shedding behavior and identify possible mechanisms driving flow-induced vibrations of the line. The Dacron models, with rectangular cross sections, were tested in a wind tunnel at 49, 73, and 90 fps, with tensions of 10, 38, and 55 lb, and at angles of attack of 90° and 70°. At these speeds, the Strouhal numbers varied between 0.14 and 0.23 for the 90° configuration, and the 70° set-up showed results between 0.15 and 0.25. Seven of 90 wind tunnel tests presented low-frequency, highamplitude, self-induced oscillations in both angles of attack. Data collected from the free response of pluck tests found the fundamental frequency of the lines in the wind tunnel had average values of 38 Hz and 73 Hz for 10 lb and 38 lb tension, respectively. Shedding and vibration data do not support vortex shedding as the dominant phenomenon driving the selfinduced oscillations, but does fit predictions for gallop/flutter. Flow visualization from the water tunnel revealed the fluid profile is susceptible to small changes in incidence angle, resulting in asymmetric boundary layer separation and shear layer vortices which provide the potential for gallop or possibly stall-flutter.
Of Nuclear Missiles and Love Objects: The Humiliated Fury of Kevin Jones

This article reports the case of a young military police officer who murdered his fiancee. The dominant wisdom is that men kill their female partners as an expression of their power and control or because their power and control is ebbing. Employing a sociological imagination and Avery Gordon’s notion of haunting, the author draws on feminist and social psychological discourses to highlight the contextual importance of the power relations of gender and the central role of shame and humiliated fury in the killing. The contextual importance of power relations and the central role of shame and humiliated fury constitute necessary but not sufficient conditions for the commission of intimate-partner homicide because such killings also involve inexplicable forces. The author discusses some of the practical and theoretical implications of the findings.
Intraoperative, real-time 3-D digitizer for neurosurgical treatment and planning

Summary form only given. An easy-to-use interface has been developed that allows real-time image localization and 3-D volume data set reformatting for use with computed-tomography (CT) and magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) images. As the basis for an intraoperative armless and frameless means of head stereotaxis, the surgeon uses a 3-D digitizer and an ultrasonic neurowand intraoperatively to register fiducials located on a patient's head with image voxels stored in a workstation. Once this registration step is performed, the tip of the wand can be located in both the image and patient coordinate systems. In near real-time, coronal, sagittal, and axial sections (triplanar display) of the patient's anatomy located by the wand are displayed on a graphics workstation. The neurowand has been used to chart and record the positions of scalp and intradural electroencephalography electrodes in 3-D MRI volume data sets. Three-dimensional rendering of these data reveals the precise location of the electrodes with respect to the gyral and sulcal anatomy of the brain. >
A binuclear Zn(II)–Zn(II) complex from a 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide-derived Schiff base for selective detection of pyrophosphate

A hydroxybenzohydrazide-based Schiff base ligand was conveniently synthesized. Upon addition of Zn2+ cations, the ligand exhibited a high tendency to form a binuclear structure with a 2 : 2 ligand-to-zinc ratio, which was accompanied by a large fluorescence turn-on (λem = 507 nm, ϕfl ≈ 0.28). The reactivity of the zinc complex was examined using different phosphate anions, which reveals a higher response to acid pyrophosphate anions. Detailed spectroscopic studies show that the pyrophosphate response is based on the ligand displacement mechanism.
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the infant testis: case report with ultrastructural observations.

This report describes the light-microscopic and ultrastructural features of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor of infant testis. Microscopic examination revealed a macrofollicular pattern simulating the preovulatory Graafian follicle and the juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Ultrastructure confirmed three cell types: granulosa, theca interna, and externa, with occasional luteinized cells lacking crystalloids of Reinke. Charcot-Bottcher crystalloids1#3 were not detected, though rare cells contained a complex arrangement of filaments. An ultrastructural comparison was carried out with infant testes (2 cases), preovulatory Graafian follicle (1 case), juvenile granulosa cell tumor of ovary,4,5 adult granulosa cell tumor of ovary,6#9 and adult Sertoli cell tumor of testis10,11 and ovary.1,12#14 Ultrastructural similarities were noted between the present case and primitive Sertoli cells, preovulatory granulosa cells, and juvenile granulosa cell tumor of ovary. This may reflect the common histogenesis of ...
TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE UPPER END OF THE HUMERUS

1. The frequency and types of deformity common in fractures of the proximal end of the humerus are tabulated according to Kocher's classification, which should be revived in the interest of accuracy and clinical usefulness. 2. Anatomical factors leading to the production of the low subtubercular fractures peculiar to the first decade of life are discussed. These fractures deserve recognition as a separate type peculiar to this age group. 3. The fact that epiphyseal separation of the proximal humeral epiphysis occurs during the second decade in life is emphasized and factors giving rise to it are discussed. 4. By the use of a phantom model the qualitative action of the muscles of the shoulder joint can be studied and expressed in graphic form. 5. The phantom model is of service in a study of methods of fracture reduction and enables one to determine graphically and by the use of motion pictures anatomical factors that are of value in clinical application. 6. The assumption that in fractures of the upper end of the humerus one must dress the long fragment in line with the short fragment, over which one has no control, is erroneous. One has control of the short fragment by virtue of the long head of the biceps bridging the fragments, and the remaining untorn periosteum. 7. It is emphasized that, when the arm is abducted, the pull of the adductor muscles makes approximation difficult to obtain and still more difficult to preserve. Clinical experience bears this out. 8. Accurate approximation can be obtained and maintained by downward traction, a fact demonstrated on the phantom model and by clinical experience. The integrity of the long head of the biceps tendon is necessary for the use of this method. 9. A simple method of reduction under local anaesthesia for fractures of the upper end of the humerus is described. This method makes possible the use of ambulatory treatment without splinting. 10. By adequate after-care function is restored almost as soon as bony union is complete; and a painless, useful joint is regained.
Global and regional path planners for integrated planning and navigation: Research Articles

This paper presents a hierarchical strategy for field mobile robots that incorporates path planning at different ranges. At the top layer is a global path planner that utilizes gross terrain characteristics, such as hills and valleys, to determine globally safe paths through the rough terrain. This information is then passed via waypoints to a regional layer that plans appropriate navigation paths using regional terrain characteristics. The global and regional path planners share the same map information, but at different ranges. The motion recommendations from the regional layer are then combined with those of the reactive navigation layer to provide reactive control for the mobile robot. Details of the global and regional path planners are discussed, and simulation and experimental results are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secretome identification of immune cell factors mediating metastatic cell homing

Metastatic cell homing is a complex process mediated in part by diffusible factors secreted from immune cells found at a pre-metastatic niche. We report on connecting secretomics and TRanscriptional Activity CEll aRray (TRACER) data to identify functional paracrine interactions between immune cells and metastatic cells as novel mediators of homing. Metastatic breast cancer mouse models were used to generate a diseased splenocyte conditioned media (D-SCM) containing immune cell secreted factors. MDA-MB-231 metastatic cell activity including cell invasion, migration, transendothelial migration, and proliferation were increased in D-SCM relative to control media. Our D-SCM secretome analysis yielded 144 secreted factor candidates that contribute to increased metastatic cell activity. The functional mediators of homing were identified using MetaCore software to determine interactions between the immune cell secretome and the TRACER-identified active transcription factors within metastatic cells. Among the 5 candidate homing factors identified, haptoglobin was selected and validated in vitro and in vivo as a key mediator of homing. Our studies demonstrate a novel systems biology approach to identify functional signaling factors associated with a cellular phenotype, which provides an enabling tool that complements large-scale protein identification provided by proteomics.
Decreased expression of phospholipase C-beta 2 isozyme in human platelets with impaired function.

Platelets from a patient with a mild inherited bleeding disorder and abnormal platelet aggregation and secretion show reduced generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, and phosphorylation of pleckstrin in response to several G protein mediated agonists, suggesting a possible defect at the level of phospholipase C (PLC) activation (see accompanying report). A procedure was developed that allows quantitation of platelet PLC isozymes. After fractionation of platelet extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography, 7 out of 10 known PLC isoforms were detected by immunoblot analysis. The amount of these isoforms in normal platelets decreased in the order PLC- gamma 2 > PLC-beta 2 > PLC-beta 3 > PLC-beta 1 > PLC-gamma 1 > PLC- delta 1 > PLC-beta 4. Compared with normal platelets, platelets from the patient contained approximately one-third the amount of PLC-beta 2, whereas PLC-beta 4 was increased threefold. These results suggest that the impaired platelet function in the patient in response to multiple G protein mediated agonists is attributable to a deficiency of PLC-beta 2. They document for the first time a specific PLC isozyme deficiency in human platelets and provide an unique opportunity to understand the role of different PLC isozymes in normal platelet function.
Recent Developments in High-Strength Stainless Steels for Corrosion Mitigation in Prestressed Concrete

The utilization of stainless steels for corrosion mitigation in prestressed concrete is a topic that has received little attention in the literature. Previous work conducted on high-strength stainless steels has shown that austenitic SAE 316 provides adequate resistance to pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). Austenitic SAE 304 was found to be susceptible to pitting corrosion and EAC. Duplex type 2205 has shown exceptional mechanical properties with high resistance to pitting corrosion and EAC. Recent research on these and other alloys including transitioning to the field portends their potential application as corrosion-resistant prestressing reinforcements in concrete structures.
Multiphoton quantum interference at a beam splitter and the approach to Heisenberg-limited interferometry

We study multiphoton quantum-interference effects at a beam splitter and its connection to the prospect of attaining interferometric phase-shift measurements with noise levels below the standard quantum limit. Specifically, we consider the mixing of the most classical states of light coherent states with the most nonclassical states of light number states at a 50 : 50 beam splitter. Multiphoton quantum-interference effects from mixing photon-number states of small photon numbers with coherent states of arbitrary amplitudes are dramatic even at the level of a single photon. For input vacuum and coherent states, the joint photon-number distribution after the beam splitter is unimodal, a product of Poisson distributions for each of the output modes but with the input of a single photon, the original distribution is symmetrically bifurcated into a bimodal distribution. With a two-photon-number state mixed with a coherent state, a trimodal distribution is obtained, etc. The obtained distributions are shown to be structured so as to be conducive for approaching Heisenberg-limited sensitivities in photon-number parity-based interferometry. We show that mixing a coherent state with even a single photon results in a significant reduction in noise over that of the shot-noise limit. Finally, based on the results of mixing coherent light with single photons, we consider the mixing coherent light with the squeezed vacuum and the squeezed one-photon states and find the latter yields higher sensitivity in phase-shift measurements for the same squeeze parameter owing to the absence of the vacuum state.
Abstract 2875: Ceramide suffocates cancer cells to death: Regulation of mitophagy by ceramide signaling

Sphingolipid ceramide is a bioeffector molecule involved in the regulation of cell death. Endogenous ceramides contain different fatty acid chain lengths varying between C12-C26-ceramides. Ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1) selectively regulates the generation of C18-ceramide, which is down-regulated in the majority of tumors obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Reconstitution of C18-ceramide generation using a tetracycline inducible vector system for stable expression of CerS1 inhibits the growth of HNSCC cells and xenografts in culture and SCID mice, respectively. In this study, our goal was to determine mechanisms by which CerS1/C18-ceramide inhibits HNSCC tumor growth. Data revealed that reconstitution of C18-ceramide generation by wt-CerS1 induction, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, induces autophagy as detected by various techniques in HNSCC cells. Interestingly, soft agar studies showed that CerS1/C18-ceramide induction inhibits HNSCC cell growth, which is prevented by addition of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. In addition, knockdown of Atg3 and Atg7 in HNSCC cells protected against cell death induced by exogenous addition of the C18-ceramide therapeutic analog, C18-pyridinium-ceramide (C18-Pyr-Cer). Additionally, Atg5-/- MEFs showed resistance to cell death when compared to wild type MEFs upon C18-Pyr-Cer exposure. Taken together these results suggest that autophagy is required for cell death. Electron microscopy showed that addition of C18-Pyr-Cer to UM-SCC-22A cells induced autophagosome formation and fusion with mitochondria. Mechanistically, our studies showed that CerS1/C18-ceramide-induced cell death/inhibition of tumor growth are mediated by mitochondrial damage and inhibition of respiration via induction of mitophagy. Inducible expression of CerS1/C18-ceramide and C18-Pyr-Cer treatment resulted in significant decreases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. Furthermore, live and fixed cell imaging with mitochondrial markers MitoTracker Red colocalized with lysosomal marker LysoTracker Red upon C18-Pyr-Cer treatment and CerS1/C18-ceramide induction indicating mitochondrial fusion with lysosomes. Conversely, ceramide-mediated mitophagy was inhibited using LC3B siRNA, suggesting that mitochondria might be targeted to autophagosomes by ceramide signaling. In conclusion, we provide novel evidence here which suggest that C18-ceramide targets autophagosomes to mitochondria (mitophagy), which results in the modulation of respiration/oxygen consumption, leading to HNSCC growth inhibition and tumor suppression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2875. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2875
Surf localism in Costa Rica: exploring territoriality among Costa Rican and foreign resident surfers

ABSTRACTThis study examines the phenomenon of surf localism among local Costa Rican and foreign resident surfers in Pavones, Costa Rica, a well-known surf break considered the second longest left-breaking wave in the world. A multidisciplinary territoriality framework is used to explore the ways in which surfers expressed ownership, defined boundaries and regulated behavior in the surf break. Using an ethnographic approach, the first author engaged in participant observation in the surf and the community. She also conducted interviews with Costa Rican residents, resident foreigners and tourists. The findings indicate a number of differences between Costa Rican surfers and resident foreigners with regard to ownership, boundary definition and regulating behavior. Costa Rican surfers felt a greater sense of ownership for the surf break, but were less likely to start verbal or physical conflicts with other surfers than resident foreigners. Resident foreigners indicated feeling a right to the surf break, more ...