cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPARISONS OF SERUM LEVELS OF KFRATAN SULFATE (KS) WITH HEIGHT IN AN OUTPATIENT PEDIATRIC POPULATION (GFNPFDS), CONSTITUTIONAL. GROWTH DELAY (CD), AND IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (JRA)

COMPARISONS OF SERUM LEVELS OF KFRATAN SULFATE (KS) WITH HEIGHT IN AN OUTPATIENT PEDIATRIC POPULATION (GFNPFDS), CONSTITUTIONAL. GROWTH DELAY (CD), AND IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (JRA)
Through a Glass Darkly: Advances in Understanding Breast Cancer Biology, 2000–2010

Our understanding of breast cancer as a clinical and biologic entity has been gaining granularity for several decades; in particular, the importance of hormone receptors and HER2 were realized long ago and have served as the impetus for therapeutic agents that have improved the cure rate of estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-positive breast cancer and the lives of thousands of women. The past decade brought even more understanding of the complexity of breast cancer biology through the development and clinical applications of array-based technologies for discovery and prognostication. We now realize that there are at least 5 intrinsic subtypes within breast cancer, at least one of which-the basal-like-currently lacks targeted therapies and is the most pressing therapeutic challenge for the next decade. We have several validated prognostic profiles that allow increased thoughtfulness in adjuvant decision making. With this understanding also comes the recognition that if breast cancer represents several biologically distinct entities, then breast cancer risk assessment and treatment must take this heterogeneity into account, which complicates trial design and interpretation. Despite therapeutic advances and the development of a number of targeted agents against hormone receptor signaling, HER2, and angiogenesis, we have significant challenges to overcome. These include the need for more tissue-based studies to allow us to understand the mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance within and across subtypes, and the need to revisit risk and prevention by subtype.
Personal Religiosity and Spirituality Associated with Social Work Practitioners' Use of Religious-Based Intervention Practices

Abstract Social workers (N = 221) in the Southeastern USA responded to survey questions measuring 3 outcome variables, attitude toward religion in social work, the appropriateness of 15 religious-based interventions, utilization of these practices, and 3 dimensions of spirituality: spiritual experiences (spirituality), religious practices (organized religiosity), and religious affiliation. Attitude was generally favorable, and more than half of the interventions were judged appropriate and utilized by over 50% of the respondents. Beyond identifying with no religion, which predicted lower outcome scores, high spirituality strongly predicted attitude and utilization, whereas extrinsic organized religiosity was unimportant. A process model utilizing path analysis suggested that personal spirituality increases utilization resulting in corresponding perceptions of appropriateness and attitude toward religion in practice. More research was recommended on (1) utilization prevalence in other and diverse samples, ...
Tangent linear and adjoint of “on-off” processes and their feasibility for use in 4-dimensional variational data assimilation

Problems in using the adjoint of moist physical processes that include “on-off” switches are analyzed via using both analytical examples and a numerical model. The analytic examples allow us to access such problems accurately since there exists the truth for both the model perturbation solution and the gradient of the cost function. The numerical model, which is the Penn State/NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model version 5 (MM5), is used to test the “on-off” problems in a real-data environment. The SESAME 10–11 April 1979 storm case is chosen for the MM5 simulation since the forecast is strongly affected by moist diabatic processes. Analysis based on idealized continuous examples shows that if (i) the moist physics contains “on-off” switches, (ii) these switches are retained in the assimilation model, (iii) the tangent linear model, (TLM) and adjoint model follow the same route as in the NLM for the basic state around which the linearization is carried out (a way of constructing the TLM and adjoint model of a discretized numerical model), a sufficient condition for such developed TLM and adjoint model is that the perturbation solution of the NLM or the tendency equation is continuous at switching points. Otherwise, the accuracy of the TLM and adjoint model depends on the relative magnitude of the jump caused by “on-off” processes with respect to other terms in the tendency equations. However, numerical experiments using a discretized model including cumulus parameterization show that such errors, if any, do not seem to impact the validity of the TLM and the adjoint model for use in rainfall assimilation. The presence of “on-off” switches increased the degree of the nonlinearity more than that of the loss of accuracy in TLM and adjoint model, the former makes the TLM solution different from the true perturbation solution after a few hours of model integration. Three 4DVAR experiments are carried out in order to test the performance of the minimization procedure using numerical models which possess different “on-off” properties. The 4DVAR experiments are carried out over a 3-h window in which the initial precipitation associated with the Wichita Falls tornado outbreak took place. Assimilation of the 3-h rainfall observation produces a close fit to the observed 3-h rainfall during the assimilation window. Combination of the 3-h rainfall with the wind, temperature, surface moisture, and precipitable water produces a significant improvement on the short-range rainfall prediction. The presence of the “bad behavior” of the Kuo scheme with convection being turned on and off every other time step does not cause the minimization to fail, and similar results are obtained as far as the convergence rate and improvement to the model forecast are concerned. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1997.00002.x
Lasing in a one-dimensional plasmonic crystal

We report on the experimental demonstration of laser based on one-dimensional plasmonic crystals. Plasmon radiation has been engineered to create subwavelength mode-volumes smaller than photonic crystals. The device operates with quasi-CW pumping at 77 Kelvin.
A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Defining Variables Sampling Plans for Finite Lots: Single Sampling for Exponential and Gaussian Processes

Abstract A decision-theoretic approach is used to derive a variables sampling plan applicable to finite lots. A sampling distribution is derived for a general manufacturing process, and one-sided acceptance regions are determined for the particular cases in which the manufacturing process is described by either a normal distribution or an exponential distribution. Comparisons show that for a given risk level, a substantial savings in sample sizes can be effected over those required by previously available procedures (hypergeometric plans or variables plans with an infinite lot assumption).
Policy implications of the innovation process in the U.S. food sector

Abstract A summary of the findings of a study of innovation among firms in the food sector (suppliers of equipment and packaging, and food processors) is presented. The methodology to incorporate national innovation policy concerns is discussed, including the analysis and impact of firm preferences for federal innovation incentives. Generally, it was found that government influence tends to discourage innovation in this sector, although there are notable exceptions. National science and technology policy recommendations included the following: (1) the most desirable actions are those that make more investment capital at a lower interest rate available to the sector. This would aid food processors in adopting equipment and packaging that would make them more productive and stimulate suppliers to innovate in these product categories. (By one source, suppliers account for more than half the significant innovations in this sector); (2) large food processor and large supplier firm size is a justifiable condition for innovation in the food sector; (3) national innovation policy would be more effective if informed by an increased awareness and understanding of the technology strategy formulation process at the firm level; (4) although tax incentives for innovation are preferred by the sector, the results of this study do not unambiguously inform innovation tax policy; (5) desirable regulatory reforms, especially in the areas that are extreme cost burdens to smaller firms, include the speed-up of the decision making process, and clarification and increased consistency of regulations (e.g., labeling); (6) dissemination of information on the innovation process is a desirable goal to be maintained by government; and (7) any government actions that foster supplier-food processor collaboration for innovating purposes would be desirable.
Selenium-sulfur analogs. 4. Synthesis and characterization of (±)-β-(2-amino-1,3-selenazol-4-yl)alanine

The novel amino acid (±)-β-(2-amino-1,3-selenazol-4-yl)alanine 4a was prepared from selenourea and 1,3-dichloropropan-2-one via a four-step synthetic sequence. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated a downfield chemical shift of δ 0.29 to 0.30 and δ 0.57 for the C5-proton of the protonated 2-amino-and 2-acetamido-1,3-selenazoles respectively compared with the analogous thiazoles. The infrared spectra of the selenazole and corresponding thiazole compounds were virtually identical.
Static and Dynamic Characterization of Some Tensegrity Modules

A set of procedures was presented for characterizing static and dynamic response of tensegrity modules. The procedures were applied to two tensegrity modules: a six-bar spherical module and a two-stage cylindrical module with three bars at each stage. The singular value decomposition of the initial equilibrium matrix revealed prestress and infinitesimal mechanism modes. The prestress stiffening effect of infinitesimal mechanism modes was found to be isotropic at each node. In the initial quasi-static loading, infinitesimal mechanisms exhibited soft response. As the deformation advanced, the stiffness of tensegirty modules increased almost quadratically with infinitesimal mechanism amplitudes. Modal analyses revealed that the lowest modes were those of infinitesimal mechanism modes and their natural frequencies were an order of magnitude smaller than those of higher deformation modes.
Computation of privacy-preserving prices in smart grids

Demand management through pricing is a modern approach that can improve the efficiency of modern power networks. However, computing optimal prices requires access to data that individuals consider private. We present a novel approach for computing prices while providing privacy guarantees under the differential privacy framework. Differentially private prices are computed through a distributed utility maximization problem with each individual perturbing their own utility function. Privacy concerning temporal localization and monitoring of an individual's activity is enforced in the process. The proposed scheme provides formal privacy guarantees and its performance-privacy trade-off is evaluated quantitatively.
Cloud implications… beyond technology The most important trend of the decade has barely started

Cloud computing is emerging as a major disruptive force for both IT vendors and users. It is still very early days, though, for what many rightfully consider to be the most important trend of decade. The next three years will see cloud computing mature rapidly as vendors and enterprises come to grip with the opportunities and challenges that it represents. As a result, IT organizations are changing how they are organized in terms of roles, skills and responsibilities. The new required skills will be very much in demand, and will likely stay that way for a while. Preparing the students of today, who will be the experts of the future, for this new era is a challenging task, but will have significant impact on the career of the students, as well as on Egypt's journey to be one of the top IT Outsourcing and Off shoring location globally.
Coherent Optical Pattern Recognition: A Review

Recent progress in coherent optical pattern recognition is reviewed. Emphasis is given to techniques for multiclass distortion-invariant pattern recognition. Real-time and practical architectures and algorithms are described, and recent results on extensive data bases are noted. Feature-extraction and correlation architectures are chosen as the two major approaches. The feature-extraction techniques considered include Fourier coefficients, chord distributions, and moments. The correlator approaches emphasize the use of synthetic discriminant functions to achieve multiclass distortion-invariant pattern recognition.
Signal Extraction from Chaotic Communications

This paper will consider the use of nonlinear dynamic (NLD) forecasting to extract messages from chaotic communication systems. Earlier work has shown that one-step prediction methods have sometimes been able to reveal the presence of hidden messages as well as the frequency content of the hidden messages. However, recovery of the actual hidden message usually involved filtering in the frequency domain. In this paper we show that it may be possible to extract the hidden message signal without filtering in the frequency domain. The approaches which will be discussed involve either the use of multi step predictions or a resumming process on the residuals after one-step prediction. For the multi step methods, two related approaches will be used. The first is primarily applicable to periodic signals, and will use the frequency information from one-step predictions to determine a block size to use for multi step predictions. The second will attempt dynamic detection of message signals using a windowed measure of the prediction error. For the resumming approach, it will be shown that even a lowest-order approximation can lead to faithful extraction of the hidden message signal for a ramping message signal that proved difficult in earlier work. These approaches will be applied to simple examples of communication schemes using signal masking and modulated chaos.
Increasing organ recovery from level I trauma centers: the in-house coordinator intervention.

Purpose—Daily presence of organ procurement organization staff in level I trauma centers combined with early family contact and interaction can increase donation rates.Methods—A successful in-house coordinator program already in place at 2 level I trauma centers in Houston was replicated in 6 other level I trauma centers in New York City, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Organ procurement organization staff were placed inside the 8 trauma centers to provide early family support in potential donor situations and day-to-day donation system management. Comparison data were obtained on 83 level I trauma centers nationally. Data from 1999 to 2000 were compared with data from 2001 to 2002.Results—Despite demographic differences, the 8 centers with in-house coordinators had higher consent rates (60% vs 53%) and conversion rates (55% vs 45%) than centers without them. Conversion of potential to actual donors was 22% higher in centers with in-house coordinators than in centers without them. Donation rates were affected b...
Reduced plant size of haploid African violets

Desirable size reduction in African violets may be achieved through anther culture, which results in haploid plants. Three anther-derived African violet,Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl., plants were about two-thirds the size of the parent plant after 2 yr. These haploids arose from the same anther after 6 wk in vitro. They all appeared identical, were slow growing in soil, and flowered after 18 months. The leaves showed a characteristic cupping when young but straightened out as they matured. After 2 yr in soil, chromosome counts varied among N=13, 14, and 15 in the anther-derived plants.
Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults

The interrelationships among early childhood victimisation, psychopathy and violence were examined in a sample of previously abused and neglected individuals (n = 652) and a matched control group (n = 489). Measures of psychopathy, assessed utilising Hare's Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), and violence (based on official arrest and self-report information) were included in a series of multivariate analyses. Victims of childhood abuse and/or neglect had significantly higher PCL-R scores than persons in a matched control group, despite controls for demographic characteristics and criminal history. PCL-R scores predicted official and self-reported violence. Childhood victimisation was a significant predictor of violence; however, when PCL-R scores were introduced, childhood victimisation was no longer significant. Findings demonstrate a clear connection between early childhood victimisation and psychopathy and suggest that the relationship between childhood victimisation and violence in some individuals may be mediated through psychopathy. A number of potential mechanisms are suggested to explain these linkages. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Binding of thyroid hormones in serum and liver cytosol of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.

Binding of thyroid hormones to proteins in tadpole serum and liver cytosol was studied using both equilibrium dialysis and dextran-coated charcoal techniques to separate bound and free hormone. Measured directly by equilibrium dialysis, approximately 1% of the total T3 or T4 in serum and less than 0.5% of the total T3 and T4 in cytosol (diluted 1:5 or 1: 10) were in the free form. Free T3 and T4 fractions were independent of hormone concentration between 10-10 and 10-6 M. Values for free hormone fractions determined by the charcoalbinding technique were much higher than those determined directly, and it was evident that this technique could not be used to measure free hormone fractions if any of the protein-hormone complexes dissociated very rapidly. Nevertheless, important information was obtained using the charcoal technique. It was found that both cytosol and serum contain a number of sets of sites that bind thyroid hormone, some of which are saturable. However, the affinity of the saturable sites for ...
Incorporating the Concept of Mindfulness in Informal Outdoor Education Settings

What do you do when your educational programs begin to lose some of their audience appeal? One tool to recapture your audience or simply to keep your existing ones engaged is introducing the mindfu...
Spectroscopic studies of the multiple binding modes of a trimethine-bridged cyanine dye with DNA.

The interaction between DNA and a benzothiazole-quinoline cyanine dye with a trimethine bridge (TO-PRO-3) results in the formation of three noncovalent complexes. Unbound TO-PRO-3 has an absorption maximum (λ m a x ) of 632 nm, while the bound dyes (with calf thymus DNA) have electronic transitions with λ m a x = 514 nm (complex I), 584 nm (complex II) and 642 nm (complex III). The blue shifts in the electronic transitions and the bisignate shape of the circular dichroism bands indicate that TO-PRO-3 aggregates with DNA. Complex I has a high dye:base pair stoichiometry, which does not depend on base sequence or base modifications. The bound dyes exhibit strong interdye coupling, based on studies with a short oligonucleotide and on enhanced resonance scattering. From thermal dissociation studies, the complex is weakly associated with DNA. Studies with poly(dGdC) 2 and poly(dldC) 2 and competitive binding with distamycin demonstrate that complex II is bound in the minor groove. This complex stabilizes the helix against dissociation. For complex III, the slightly red-shifted electronic transition and the stoichiometry are most consistent with intercalation. Using poly(dAdT) 2 , the complexes have the following dye mole fractions (X d y e ): X d y e = 0.65 (complex I), 0.425 (complex II) and 0.34 (complex III).
The incidence and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and posterior open bite in patients receiving mandibular advancement device therapy for obstructive sleep apnea

This study aims to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients receiving a mandibular advancement device (MAD) to treat obstructive sleep apnea using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). In addition, it also aims to assess the development of posterior open bite (POB). Data from 167 patients were evaluated at baseline, from 159 patients after 118 days (visit II), from 129 patients after 208 days (visit III), and from 85 patients after 413 days (visit IV). The presence of TMD symptoms was evaluated through a questionnaire. TMD signs were assessed using the RDC/TMD. Clinical evaluation assessed for the presence of POB. The prevalence of TMD was 33/167 (19.8 %) at baseline. After an initial decrease to 14.5 % on visit II, the prevalence increased to 19.4 % on visit III and finally demonstrated a decrease to 8.2 % on visit IV. The incidence of TMD was 10.6 % on visit II. This decreased on further visits and only two (1.9 %) patients developed TMD from visit III to visit IV. POB was found to develop with an average incidence of 6.1 % per visit. The prevalence of POB was 5.8 % on visit II, 9.4 % on visit III, and 17.9 % on visit IV. The use of MADs may lead to the development of TMD in a small number of patients. Nevertheless, these signs are most likely transient. Patients with pre-existing signs and symptoms of TMD do not experience significant exacerbation of those signs and symptoms with MAD use. Furthermore, these may actually decrease over time. POB was found to develop in 17.9 % of patients; however, only 28.6 % of these patients were aware of any bite changes.
PICASSO: an end-to-end image simulation tool for space and airborne imaging systems

The design of any modern imaging system is the end result of many trade studies, each seeking to optimize image quality within real world constraints such as cost, schedule and overall risk. Image chain analysis - the prediction of image quality from fundamental design parameters - is an important part of this design process. At The Aerospace Corporation we have been using a variety of image chain analysis tools for many years, the Parameterized Image Chain Analysis & Simulation SOftware (PICASSO) among them. In this paper we describe our PICASSO tool, showing how, starting with a high quality input image and hypothetical design descriptions representative of the current state of the art in commercial imaging satellites, PICASSO can generate standard metrics of image quality in support of the decision processes of designers and program managers alike.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genital ulcers caused by Epstein-Barr virus

In North America, the most common cause of vulvar ulcers is infection with herpes simplex virus. However, Epstein-Barr virus can also cause vulvar ulcers, and may be underrecognized. Unlike herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus is not necessarily sexually transmitted. Therefore, it is particularly important to include in the differential diagnosis of genital ulcers for patients for whom a diagnosis of a venereal infection has important psychosocial consequences. We report three cases of acute primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in which the presenting symptoms were vulvar ulceration.
Bob and carol and tess and ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.
A longitudinal study of functional change and mortality in the United States.

Studies of functional impairments in the U.S. elderly population have tended to rely on prevalence estimates from nationally representative health and institutional surveys. These prevalence estimates generally show higher rates of disability for females than males. Unfortunately, prevalence estimates can be misleading when one attempts to assess the risks of certain types of health event transitions for individuals. This study directly examined the individual transitions both into and out of functionally impaired states using longitudinal data from the 1982 and 1984 National Long Term Care Surveys (NLTCS). The data show that, even at very high levels of impairment, there are significant numbers of community residents who apparently manifest long-term improvement in functioning. The longitudinal data also show that the risks of becoming disabled are roughly the same for males and females. This suggests that sex differences in the national prevalence of disabilities arise from the greater longevity of females at any given level of age and functional impairment.
Oxygen Uptake during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

Total body oxygen uptake (O2) increases during the transition from machine-assisted ventilation to spontaneous breathing. Since the volume of oxygen consumed by the respiratory muscles must contribute to the increase in O2 (ΔO2), we explored whether ΔO2 and/or measurements of respiratory power output (RESP) provide clinically useful information in the evaluation of disease state and weaning decisions in patients with respiratory failure. We determined the metabolic, ventilatory, and hemodynamic responses of ten patients during weaning from controlled mechanical ventilation, and compared ΔO2 and RESP of patients without overt heart-lung disease (group 1) to that of patients with significant cardiopulmonary dysfunction and ventilator-dependent respiratory failure (group 2). We reasoned that for ΔO2 to be clinically useful, individual values must either clearly differ between groups, must be higher in patients with heart-lung disease, and/or correlate with weaning outcome and independent measurements of respiratory work. The O2 increased in nine of ten patients. The differences between the groups in the values of O2 (27 ml/min and 49 ml/min) and respiratory power (9.38 J/min and 11.99 J/min) were not significant. O2 and RESP were not correlated (r = 0.2), and neither predicted weaning outcome. We conclude that the sensitivity and specificity of O2 and RESP appear insufficient for evaluation of disease state and weaning decisions in individual patients. (Chest 1988; 94:1148-55)
Interleukin-2 and aging: Decreased interleukin-2 production in healthy older people does not correlate with reduced helper cell numbers or antibody response to influenza vaccine and is not corrected in vitro by Thymosin α1

The capacity of lymphocytes obtained from healthy young or old volunteers to produce interleukin-2 was measured and the results were compared with other measures of immune function. The in vitro effect of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production was also measured. Interleukin-2 was lower in lymphocytes from the elderly, and individuals with low production also had lower proliferative responses in vitro to phytohemagglutinin. These individuals did not have a reduced helper T-cell number, abnormal ratio of helper to suppressor T-cells or reduced antibody production in response to vaccine. Thymosin alpha 1 did not have a consistent effect on interleukin-2 production.
GrowthTracker: Diagnosing Unbounded Heap Growth in C++ Software

Unbounded growth of heap memory degrades performance and eventually causes program failure. Traditional memory leaks are the most commonly recognized, but not the only cause of this issue. Large software systems use many aggregate data structures that can grow arbitrarily, and application behavior that produces unbounded growth of these structures is common. This growth can remain undetected by both memory leak and staleness detection tools. In this paper, we present an approach for reliably identifying aggregate data structures that can grow without bound over the lifetime of a program. Our solution tracks all aggregates over the lifetime of the program and utilizes heuristics to identify non-convergent growth. Our diagnostic method continuously reduces false positives and false negatives during execution, producing more accurate reports for as long as it is allowed to continue execution. In addition, we present techniques to utilize this method in large, pre-existing C++ software without requiring extensive code modification. Our tool identified data structures with this issue in Google's Chrome web browser and Apple's Safari browser among others.
Nephrotic syndrome at 5 months: no definitive treatment or complications for 12 years

We describe a patient who developed nephrotic syndrome at 5 months, with extensive glomerular and tubular damage on biopsy. The patient was treated with diuretics and was asymptomatic for a decade despite unremitting proteinuria. A repeat biopsy at 13 years of age showed remarkable healing with histopathological features consistent with ”minimal change” nephrotic syndrome. This patient illustrates a favorable clinical outcome, without specific treatment, of nephrotic syndrome of long duration.
Modeling of unsteady and steady fluid flow, heat transfer and dispersion in porous media using unit cell scale

Abstract A unit cell scale computation of laminar steady and unsteady fluid flow and heat transfer is presented for a spatially periodic array of square rods representing two-dimensional isotropic or anisotropic porous media. In the model, a unit cell is taken as a representative elementary control volume and uniform heat flux boundary conditions are imposed on the solid–fluid interface. The governing equations are discretized by means of the finite volume approach; boundaries between adjacent cells are taken to be spatially periodic. Computations obtained using the SIMPLER algorithm, are made by varying the macroscopic flow direction from 0° to 90° relative to the unit cell, and varying the Reynolds number over the range 1–103 spanning the Darcian and the inertial flow regimes to construct a database of local flow and heat transfer resistances in terms of permeabilities, inertial coefficients, Nusselt numbers, and thermal dispersion coefficients. The resulting database is utilized in a system scale analysis of a serpentine heat exchanger, where these directional terms from the microscale analysis provide closure to the porous-continuum model.
Exploring Child Abuse Among Vietnamese Refugees

SUMMARY This exploratory pilot project sought to determine what one group of Southeast Asian refugees, the Vietnamese, perceived were areas of difficulty in their adjustment to the United States. Furthermore, based on factors correlated with the physical abuse of children, and on literature that states that child abuse is not culture-specific, this study sought to assess whether child abuse is prevalent among this population. Findings were inconsistent and suggested that common methods of identifying the occurrence of child abuse may not be valid in its assessment among populations that may fear the repercussions of admitting to the use of corporal punishment to discipline their children. Implications for research are discussed.
SeaFlow: A novel underway flow-cytometer for continuous observations of phytoplankton in the ocean

Current automated flow cytometers primarily target the dynamics of phytoplankton communities in coastal environments and lack the sensitivity to resolve the spatial distribution of Prochlorococcus, the smallest phytoplankton that dominates the open ocean. Here we present SeaFlow, a novel flow cytometer developed for continuous real-time observations of natural assemblages of small phytoplankton cells, including Prochlorococcus. Unlike other flow cytometers, SeaFlow does not use sheath fluid. Instead, a virtual-core is used to determine the position of a particle in the stream of seawater. By eliminating sheath fluid, SeaFlow can continuously sample the seawater stream directly from a ship's intake system. Image analysis is used to automatically align the laser with the optical system and then monitor and correct for drift. SeaFlow performs rapid quantification (up to 24,000 cells per second) of multidimensional characteristics of phytoplankton cells in the pico- to nanophytoplankton size range (0.5-20 µm) to analyze the equivalent of 480 traditional flow cytometry samples per day while on board a research vessel. Data analysis tools have been created to automatically cluster and count phytoplankton populations with geo-referenced data visualization. SeaFlow makes it possible to explore surface phytoplankton dynamics at a spatial scale ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. An example data set is presented from a 450-km long transect near the Hawaiian Islands with the continuous data aggregated in 3 min intervals.
Is that all there is? The concept of care and the dialectic of critique

Abstract Recognition of the usefulness of critical social analysis for gerontology has been increasing just as a range of new problems, ranging from globalization to the anti-aging movement, are posing fresh questions about ideology, legitimation and inequality for the study of aging. Such problems and questions represent the negative moment of critique in the theory–practice dialectic. As is generally true of critical theory, in critical gerontology it is rare to find research that reflects a positive movement toward emancipatory change. Yet gerontology is one of the fields that offers special opportunities for critiquing the status quo of aging and elders in society, envisioning new possibilities for aging and developing practices that produce positive change. This paper describes the movement of our own thinking and work, away from a primary focus on analysis and critique and toward an embrace of the possibilities of generating and sustaining change in organizational care settings. We argue that principles of critical developmental and social theory can be used to reframe the concept of care, and we describe briefly how the methodology of action research can be applied in efforts to create new opportunities and possibilities in the everyday experience of elders in long-term care. In our work, we are learning how a constructive theory–practice dialectic can be initiated when critical principles are applied to a practical and urgent domain — the domain of interpersonal care within long-term care institutions for elders.
Shortwave aerosol radiative forcing over cloud-free oceans from Terra: 1. Angular models for aerosols

[1] Using multiple satellite instruments, we demonstrate a new empirical method for obtaining shortwave (SW) aerosol angular distribution models (ADMs) over cloud-free oceans. We use nearly a year’s worth of multispectral Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to obtain aerosol properties within a Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES) footprint and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data to obtain near surface wind speed. The new aerosol ADMs are built as functions of near-surface ocean wind speed and MODIS aerosol optical depth at 0.55 m m( t0.55). Among the new features are ADMs as a function of the ratio of fine mode to total aerosol optical depth (h), which contains information on aerosol type, and the combination of the CERES rotation azimuth plane scan mode CERES data and MODIS aerosol products to characterize aerosol properties over glint regions. The instantaneous aerosol forcing efficiencies (SW flux per unit optical depth at t0.55) are 80.5, 63.1, and 73.0 Wm 2 , derived using the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and the current Terra ADMs, respectively. This study highlights the necessity for building empirical aerosol ADMs as a function of wind speed, t0.55 and h, and gives examples of newly constructed aerosol ADMs over cloud-free oceans. We conclude that an overall uncertainty of 10% will be introduced in the derived SW aerosol direct forcing over cloud-free oceans if the ADMs are constructed without considering aerosol darkening effect over glint regions and aerosol brightening over nonglint regions (like ERBE ADMs) or the variations in aerosol properties (like TRMM ADMs). In a companion paper (Zhang et al., 2005), these new ADMs are used to calculate the shortwave aerosol radiative forcing over the global oceans.
Demand interprocedural dataflow analysis

An exhaustive dataflow analysis algorithm associates with each point in a program a set of “dataflow facts” that are guaranteed to hold whenever that point is reached during program execution. By contrast, a demand dataflow analysis algorithm determines whether a single given dataflow fact holds at a single given point. This paper presents a new demand algorithm for interprocedural dataflow analysis. The new algorithm has three important properties: It provides precise (meet over all interprocedurally valid paths) solutions to a large class of problems. It has a polynomial worst-case cost for both a single demand and a sequence of all possible demands. The worst-case total cost of the sequence of all possible demands is no worse than the worst-case cost of a single run of the current best exhaustive algorithm.
Cutaneous corticosteroid-induced glaucoma

Corticoids play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory or immune-mediated skin diseases. Dermatologists traditionally avoid even short-term cutaneous corticosteroid (except hydrocortiso...
Tensor Splines for Interpolation and Approximation of DT-MRI With Applications to Segmentation of Isolated Rat Hippocampi

In this paper, we present novel algorithms for statistically robust interpolation and approximation of diffusion tensors-which are symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices-and use them in developing a significant extension to an existing probabilistic algorithm for scalar field segmentation, in order to segment diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) datasets. Using the Riemannian metric on the space of SPD matrices, we present a novel and robust higher order (cubic) continuous tensor product of -splines algorithm to approximate the SPD diffusion tensor fields. The resulting approximations are appropriately dubbed tensor splines. Next, we segment the diffusion tensor field by jointly estimating the label (assigned to each voxel) field, which is modeled by a Gauss Markov measure field (GMMF) and the parameters of each smooth tensor spline model representing the labeled regions. Results of interpolation, approximation, and segmentation are presented for synthetic data and real diffusion tensor fields from an isolated rat hippocampus, along with validation. We also present comparisons of our algorithms with existing methods and show significantly improved results in the presence of noise as well as outliers.
Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology

One way in which ancient rulers proclaimed their power over war captives and slaves was to inscribe their bodies with a distinctive mark of ownership. For instance, according to Herodotus, the Persian king Xerxes ordered “royal marks” inscribed on Theban soldiers who had deserted to his side. To cite an example closer to the world of Judaism, 3 Macc 2.29 reports that the Hellenistic ruler Ptolemy Philopator ordered an ivy-leaf shaped “mark of Dionysus” branded onto Jews. Generally speaking, the mark of circumcision served a very different social role in antiquity, serving in many (though not all) contexts as a sign distinguishing Jews from others. There is reason to believe, however, that circumcision too could serve as a “rite of domination” marking Jewish power over Gentile bodies. Several sources refer briefly to incidents during the second and first centuries BCE when Jewish rulers forcibly circumcised Gentile peoples after subduing them in battle.
Protein Structure Refinement by Iterative Fragment Exchange

Despite significant advancement of computational methods in protein structure prediction during the last decade, these techniques often cannot achieve allowable prediction accuracy to be applied in solving biological problems. Bringing these low-resolution predicted models to high-resolution structures close to their native state, called the protein structure refinement problem, however, has proven to be extremely challenging and a largely unsolved problem in the field of protein structure prediction. Here, we propose a new approach to protein structure refinement by iterative fragment exchange, called REFINEpro. The protocol first identifies the less conserved local regions in the initial model by consensus approach using ensemble of models produced for the same protein target. We call these regions problematic regions (PRs). The qualities of the PRs are then iteratively improved by exchanging better-modeled fragments corresponding to these PRs from structures in the ensemble. This method has been tested on benchmark datasets comprising of decoys generated through both template-based and ab-initio protein structure prediction methods and exhibits promising improvement over the initial models in both global and local model quality measures, indicating a new avenue to solve the protein structure refinement problem. REFINEpro web server is freely available at http://sysbio.rnet.missouri.edu/REFINEpro/.
On Improving Fault Diagnosis for Synchronous Sequential Circuits

The multiple observation times approach was proposed as a test generation approach for fault detection, and was shown to alleviate deficiencies of conventional test generators. In this work, the multiple observation times approach is applied to fault location. It is shown that the use of multiple observation times has the potential of significantly enhancing the resolution of a given test set. A definition of pass/fail diagnosis suitable for the multiple observation times approach is also given. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the approach and its advantages.
Calculation of bond dissociation energies for oxygen containing molecules by ab initio and density functional theory methods

Two ab initio (ROHF and MP2), one local (SVWN), four hybrid (BHandH, BHandHLYP, Becke3LYP, and Becke3P86), and two nonlocal (BLYP and BP86) density functional theory (DFT) methods are used for calculating the dissociation energies of molecules that contain H(SINGLE BOND)O, O(SINGLE BOND)O and O(SINGLE BOND)C bonds. The sensitivity to the basis set of the prediction of bond dissociation energies with DFT methods was tested with Becke3LYP on the H(SINGLE BOND)O dissociation energy of water. The 6–31 + G(d) methods are chosen as the smallest basis set which produces reasonable results. The calculated values for all other ab initio and DFT methods were performed with these basis sets and then compared with the experimental data. The suitability of DFT methods for computing reliable bond dissociation energies of oxygen containing molecules is discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rebound Pulmonary Hypertension After Inhalation of Nitric Oxide

Abstract Background . We describe the hemodynamic response to initiation and withdrawal of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in infants with pulmonary hypertension after surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Methods . Between January 1, 1992, and January 1, 1995, 20 patients underwent repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Nine patients had postoperative pulmonary hypertension and received a 15-minute trial of inhaled NO at 80 parts per million. Five of these patients received prolonged treatment with NO at 20 parts per million or less. Results . Mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 35.6 ± 2.4 to 23.7 ± 2.0 mm Hg (mean ± standard error of the mean) ( p = 0.008), and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 11.5 ± 2.0 to 6.4 ± 1.0 U · m 2 ( p = 0.03). After prolonged treatment with NO, pulmonary artery pressure increased transiently in all patients when NO was discontinued. Conclusions . After operative repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, inhaled NO selectively vasodilated all patients with pulmonary hypertension. Withdrawal of NO after prolonged inhalation was associated with transient rebound pulmonary hypertension that dissipated within 60 minutes. Appreciation of rebound pulmonary hypertension may have important implications for patients with pulmonary hypertensive disorders when interruption of NO inhalation is necessary or when withdrawal of NO is planned.
Measurement of Alternative Blood Flow in the Porcine Panniculus Carnosus Myocutaneous Flap

• The dependence of a transposed myocutaneous flap on its own vascular pedicle for survival is time-related. The number of days required to establish effective sustaining perfusion from the periphery was assessed. Based on flap perfusion with associated vascular compression as monitored by the laser Doppler and dermofluorometer, adequate perfusion levels occurred at days 7 to 10 in the pig panniculus carnosus myocutaneous flap. It was established that all flaps will survive independent of the vascular pedicle when the laser Doppler readings are above 40 mV and the dermofluorometric readings are above 20%. The establishment of this baseline information now allows for the investigation of pharmacologic manipulation of the blood flow to diminish the duration of dependence on the transposed vascular pedicle. ( Arch Otolaryngol 1985;111:598-600)
Dr. Liu et al. reply

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 50 - N° 12 - p. 1290-1291
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT UP: DEPOSING CHIEFS IN EARLY COLONIAL NATAL, 1847–58

This article examines three incidents in the history of early colonial Natal in which colonial forces under Secretary for Native Affairs Theophilus Shepstone attacked subject chiefs, deposed them and seized their herds. These incidents, which presaged the later conflict with Langalibalele, constituted in local African terms ‘eating up’, a practice whereby a chief confiscated the property of a subject convicted of conspiring against him through witchcraft. Close examination of these incidents shows how the early colonial state's rule over African subjects was inevitably imbued with African understandings of power and authority.
Effect of interleukin-10 on gene expression of osteoclastogenic regulatory molecules in the rat dental follicle

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the gene expression of osteoclastogenic regulatory molecules in rat dental follicle cells. Interleukin-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits alveolar bone resorption, but the molecular basis for this is unknown. Alveolar bone resorption is required for tooth eruption and the dental follicle functions to regulate the osteoclastogenesis needed for eruption. It does this by regulating its expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), and osteoprotegerin (OPG). In this study, dental follicle cells were treated with IL-10, and the effect on gene expression of CSF-1, RANKL, and OPG was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Interleukin-10 enhanced the expression of OPG and down-regulated the expression of RANKL and CSF-1. Laser capture microdissection was carried out to detect IL-10 gene expression in the dental follicle. Knockdown of the IL-10 gene expression in the follicle cells was accomplished using a short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting IL-10 mRNA. In these knockdowns, RANKL expression was increased and OPG expression was decreased. All of these results suggest that IL-10 inhibits bone resorption by up-regulating OPG expression while down-regulating expression of RANKL and CSF-1.