cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound-induced seizures in serotonin 5-HT2c receptor mutant mice.

The epilepsies are a heterogeneous collection of seizure disorders with a lifetime expectancy risk rate of 2–4%1. A convergence of evidence indicates that heritable factors contribute significantly to seizure susceptibility2,3. Genetically epilepsy-prone rodent strains have been frequently used to examine the effect of genetic factors on seizure susceptibility. The most extensively studied of these have been strains that are susceptible to sound-induced convulsions (audiogenic seizures, or AGSs). Early observations of the AGS phenomenon were made in the laboratory of Dr. Ivan Pavlov; in the course of appetite-conditioning experiments in mice, the loud bell used to signal food presentation unexpectedly produced seizures in some animals4. In 1947, DBA/2 (D2) mice were found to exhibit a genetic susceptibility to AGSs stimulated by a doorbell mounted in an iron tub5. Since this discovery, AGSs have been among the most intensively studied phenotypes in behavioural genetics6,7. Although several genetic loci confer susceptibility to AGSs, the corresponding genes have not been cloned. We report that null mutant mice lacking serotonin 5-HT2C receptors are extremely susceptible to AGSs. The onset of susceptibility is between two and three months of age, with complete penetrance in adult animals. AGS-induced immediate early gene expression indicates that AGSs are subcortical phenomena in auditory circuits. This AGS syndrome is the first produced by a known genetic defect; it provides a robust model for the examination of serotoninergic mechanisms in epilepsy.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION NATIONALLY INSPIRED PROGRAMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This paper examines situations in which local governments are called upon to cooperate with each other in implementing national programs. Classic notions of incrementalism are used to explain the a...
Fathers with Infants: Knowledge and Involvement in Relation to Psychosocial Functioning and Religion

Des peres venant du nord de l'etat de Utah et du sud de l'etat d'ldaho aux Etats-Unis (N = 132), dont les familles etaient candidates pour un programme d'Education Precoce, ont repondu a des questions d'entretien sur leurs connaissances en matiere de developpement infantile, leur degre de participation a la vie de leurs propres enfants, leurs fonctionnement psychosocial, et d'autres renseignements d'ordre contextuel. De par la predominance de la culture Mormone dans cette region, des groupes religieux ont ete compares. Pour a la fois les peres mormons et les peres non-mormons, les connaissances etaient liees a un sentiment de controler leurs vies et la participation etait liee au fait d'etre moins deprime et d'utiliser davantage de ressources communautaires de soutien. Les connaissances des peres mormons etaient liees au soutien spirituel, a l'activite religieuse, et l'education. Leur participation etait liee au soutien informel, a une ambivalence superieure dans les relations intimes, et a moins d'heures de travail. Les connaissances de peres non-mormons etaient liees a moins de depression, et a moins d'ambivalence et a moins de resistance dans les relations intimes. Leur participation etait liee a des sentiments de maitrise, de soutien spirituel et a moins de resistance dans les relations intimes. Les peres non-mormons qui savaient plus de choses sur les nourrissons etaient aussi plus impliques dans la vie de leurs bebes. Ces differences entre les groupes religieux sont discutees en relation avec les messages implicites et explicites sur les roles parentaux de la theologie et de la culture mormone.
Simulation of Permafrost Thaw Behavior at Prudhoe Bay

Drilling and production operations at Prudhoe Bay cause thawing of the permafrost that is present to approximately 1850 feet below the ground surface. When wells are shut in, the thawed zone in the permafrost begins to refreeze. An understanding of heat transfer effects in the wellbore and in the permafrost during drilling, production and freezeback is required for proper design both of casing strings and of the surface facilities that will process the produced fluids. Equations are presented for transient heat flow within a wellbore and the formation around it. The computational scheme employs a finite difference representation of the flowing stream (a mixture of oil, gas and water) together with a variational method which follows two dimensional, unsteady-state heat conduction with a change of phase in the permafrost. Calculated temperatures agree well with measurements taken both in the wellbore and in the permafrost during field tests at Prudhoe Bay. Production-thaw predictions are presented for a typical Prudhoe well with three different insulation methods.
Light-dependent pH gradients are generated in liposomes containing ferrocyanide.

Ferrocyanide solutions absorb light energy in a photochemical reaction that causes cyanide radicals to be lost from the iron complex. Because cyanide is a weak acid (pKa = 9.2), at pH ranges between 6 and 9 it associates with protons, thereby causing the pH of its solutions to increase. The pH change is proportional to the photon flux and concentration of ferrocyanide. For instance, the pH of an unbuffered 1.0 mM potassium ferrocyanide solution increases from 6 to 9 within seconds after illumination. We have encapsulated ferrocyanide in liposomes, and demonstrated that light-dependent pH gradients were readily produced, alkaline inside. This preparation offers a convenient system for generating pH gradients across lipid bilayer membranes. It also provides a useful model for simulating primitive bioenergetic systems relevant to light energy transduction by early forms of life.
Significance of first degree heart block (prolonged P-R interval) in bifascicular block

To test the hypothesis that first degree heart block in the presence of a QRS pattern of bifascicular block is related to conduction delay in the remaining fasclcle, we reviewed the His bundle records of 63 patients with a pattern of bifascicular block and compared the H-V intervals of the 41 patients without first degree heart block with those of the 22 patients with P-R prolongation. The following conclusions were drawn from analysis of our cases and those studied and reported by others: (1) In the presence of first degree heart block a significant number of these patients will have a normal H-V interval. (2) More than 50 percent of patients with a pattern of left or right bundle branch block and right axis deviation have a prolonged H-V interval regardless of the P-R interval, and the correlation of P-R and H-V prolongation is not statistically significant (P > 0.05 and < 0.1). (3) In patients with a pattern of right bundle branch block and left axis deviation, the presence of P-R prolongation suggests abnormality of the H-V interval (P < 0.005), although 30 percent of the patients with this finding will have a normal H-V interval and the H-V interval cannot be predicted in individual patients. (4) His bundle electrography is essential to determine accurately the presence of trifascicular block in individual patients whether the P-R interval is normal or prolonged.
Rehabilitation of a Bulimic Patient Using Endosteal Implants

This article describes the dental rehabilitation of a bulimic patient using endosteal implants. Although the patient, a 31-year-old woman with a long history of bulimia nervosa, had been receiving medical and psychological treatment, the condition was not completely controlled. Clinical examination revealed multiple crowns with extensive cervical caries. The prognosis for all remaining teeth was poor. After extractions, implant therapy was implemented to provide support for fixed prostheses. After the implants were uncovered and during provisional therapy, the peri-implant tissue exhibited inflammation and lack of keratinized tissue requiring additional periodontal procedures before definitive restorations could be placed. Because of the difficulty in managing the peri-implant tissue during the many phases of implant therapy, treatment was challenging. One year after treatment, the patient's low self-esteem had improved substantially and her restorations provided satisfactory esthetics and function.
Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Diarrheal Risk in Household Drinking Water: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Current guidelines recommend the use of Escherichia coli (EC) or thermotolerant (“fecal”) coliforms (FC) as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. Despite their broad use as measures of water quality, there remains limited evidence for an association between EC or FC and diarrheal illness: a previous review found no evidence for a link between diarrhea and these indicators in household drinking water. Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to update the results of the previous review with newly available evidence, to explore differences between EC and FC indicators, and to assess the quality of available evidence. Methods We searched major databases using broad terms for household water quality and diarrhea. We extracted study characteristics and relative risks (RR) from relevant studies. We pooled RRs using random effects models with inverse variance weighting, and used standard methods to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias. Results We identified 20 relevant studies; 14 studies provided extractable results for meta-analysis. When combining all studies, we found no association between EC or FC and diarrhea (RR 1.26 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.63]). When analyzing EC and FC separately, we found evidence for an association between diarrhea and EC (RR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37, 1.74]) but not FC (RR: 1.07 [95% CI: 0.79, 1.45]). Across all studies, we identified several elements of study design and reporting (e.g., timing of outcome and exposure measurement, accounting for correlated outcomes) that could be improved upon in future studies that evaluate the association between drinking water contamination and health. Conclusions Our findings, based on a review of the published literature, suggest that these two coliform groups have different associations with diarrhea in household drinking water. Our results support the use of EC as a fecal indicator in household drinking water.
Observation of SASE and amplified seed of the DUV-FEL at BNL

Abstract The Deep Ultra Violet FEL (DUV-FEL) experiment is being commissioned in the Source Development Laboratory at NSLS in Brookhaven National Laboratory. The goal of the project is to produce coherent radiation below 100 nm wavelength using High-Gain Harmonic Generation utilizing a seed laser. As a first step of this experiment, self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) has been achieved at 400 and 266 nm with electron beam energies at 140 and 171.7 MeV. As an intermediate stage of the experiment, direct seeding with the 266 nm laser also has been accomplished. We report the measurements of the SASE and direct seeding. We measure the FEL properties for various electron beam conditions and discuss the performance of the FEL.
Hybrid adaptive wavelet-based CAD method for mass detection

The theoretical basis for an adaptive multiresolution and multiorientation wavelet transform methods for image preprocessing is described for improved CAD performance in breast cancer screening using digital maniinography. The method is an extension of an earlier method reported that uses fixed parameters for the multiorientation wavelet transforms. Simulation results are described to demonstrate the importance of using higher order transforms. The computed FROC results are summarized for the previously reported non-adaptive methods, compare well to that reported in the literature, to demonstrate the potential improvement if adaptive methods are used.
Patterns in reaction–diffusion systems generated by global alternation of dynamics

Abstract We recently proposed a mechanism for inducing a Turing instability by alternation of reaction–diffusion dynamics each of which is pattern-free. Herein we shed light on the question of which particular switching schemes produce that instability and which do not. We also consider a particular reaction–diffusion model to illustrate the mechanism.
Project selection for student involvement in humanitarian FOSS

Student involvement in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) holds the potential to support a wide range software engineering education topics from requirements to design to testing and more. In addition, participation in a FOSS project exposes students to large, complex software projects and real-world development teams and environments like those that they will typically see after graduation. However, identifying a project appropriate for student involvement can be a difficult task. There are a huge number of possible FOSS projects with a wide range of sizes, complexity, and domains. The presenters of this workshop have developed an approach to FOSS project identification [1] which is based on several years of experience with student participation in FOSS projects. The approach is based on humanitarian FOSS (HFOSS) as those projects have been shown to motivate students [2]. During the workshop, key criteria for evaluating a FOSS project will be presented, along with a rubric. This workshop will interactively walk participants through the process of identifying and evaluating a project appropriate for their classes based on the criteria and rubric.
TESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MULTIPLE CORRELATIONS

The procedure for testing differences between multiple correlations that is suggested in textbooks on applied statistics is limited to the case where a single group of individuals has been observed and the two multiple correlations to be contrasted are based on two sets of predictor variables, S1 and S2, such that S2 is a proper subset of S1. In this paper, four new statistical procedures are proposed that can be applied in other commonly occurring situations. A significance test is described that can be utilized when the multiple correlations to be contrasted are calculated in two independent samples. In this case, the predictor sets S1 and S2 can have any relationship to each other: S1 can be a proper subset of S2, or vice versa; S1 and S2 can be mutually exclusive; or the two sets can intersect, with each set having one or more predictors unique to itself. This test is suitable for both small sample and large sample applications. A large sample significance test is proposed for the case where the multiple correlations to be contrasted are calculated either in one sample or in two samples in which individuals are matched on a one-to-one basis. As in the independent groups case, the predictor sets S1 and S2 can have any relationship to each other. Following a brief discussion of unbiased estimation of squared multiple correlations, two procedures for constructing approximate confidence limits for the population difference between two squared multiple correlations are presented. These procedures are closely related to the significance tests described earlier.
Quicrine fluorescence of testicular tumors

Abstract Testicular tumors were studied by quinacrine hydrochloride fluorescence. All of them showed the presence of a Y chromosome. More tumors should be studied, paticularly testicular teratomas, to determine their origin.
Organic heterojunctions of layered perylene and phthalocyanine dyes: characterization with UV-photoelectron spectroscopy and luminescence quenching

We present here the characterization of organic/organic′ heterojunctions created from either of two perylene dyes, perylenetetracarboxylicdianhydride (PTCDA) or the bisimide derivative perylenetetracarboxylicdianhydride-N,N′-bis (butyl)imide (C4-PTCDI), and two chloro-metallated donor phthalocyanines (ClAlPc or ClInPc). The perylene dyes were selected to create thin films with the core of the perylene dye parallel to the substrate plane (PTCDA) or nearly vertical to the substrate plane, with layer planes defined by the butyl substituents (C4-PTCDI). We compare the frontier orbital offsets revealed by UV-photoelectron spectroscopy, and quenching of luminescence of the perylene dyes, as a function of Pc coverage. The ionization potentials (IPs) of the Pc layers, the degree to which interface dipoles are formed at the Pc/perylene dye interface, and the degree of quenching of the perylene luminescence are affected by the structure of the Pc/perylene interface. Pc/PTCDA heterojunctions show significant interface dipoles and higher IPs for the first-deposited Pc layers compared to Pc/C4-PTCDI heterojunctions, which show negligible interface dipoles and lower overall IP values for initial Pc layers. Luminescence of the selectively excited perylene layers is quenched by the addition of even submonolayer coverages of Pc. This quenching process occurs as a result of both energy transfer (perylene to Pc) and charge transfer (Pc to perylene). Luminescence from monomeric and aggregated ClAlPc and ClInPc monolayers is seen on C4-PTCDI films, whereas only luminescence from the aggregated forms of these Pcs is seen on PTCDA films. These studies reveal aspects of organic heterojunction energetics which may have important implications for organic solar cell design.
Growing ion holes as the cause of auroral double layers

The nonlinear ion-hole instability is proposed as the cause of intermittent double layers observed in the auroral particle acceleration region. A novel feature of the instability is its occurance in plasma that is stable to linear ion acoustic waves. A growing ion-hole has a double layer potential structure. We demonstrate here that nonlinear hole instability is consistent with S3-3 and Viking satellite data. Instability thresholds, as well as characteristic double layer amplitudes, potential drops, speeds, and scale sizes are calculated. The inadequacy of conventional linear instability models in explaining the data is discussed.
Estimating the value of a new transit option

Abstract The research presented here argues that identifying the impacts of rail transit on property values is not possible without estimates of both price gradients to transit stations as well as overall property value trends in transit neighborhoods. The latter may highlight a number of secondary impacts of rail transit on nuisance elements such as crime and parking as well as targeted public and private investment along rail-transit corridors. In order to estimate neighborhood property values, one must establish relevant control neighborhoods. In the case of Charlotte, North Carolina, the public planning and funding process provides information on proposed light rail-transit (LRT) corridors that were ultimately not selected as the first alignment in Charlotte's light rail transit system in 2000. Estimation incorporates a difference-in-difference estimator across a range of hedonic models. Preferred estimates highlight that LRT provides a neighborhood impact of 4.0% for single-family properties and 11.3% for condominiums sold within 1 mile of LRT stations. No neighborhood impacts are realized for commercial properties and estimated price gradients provide insignificant impacts across a number of models. Results suggest that LRT investment may be used more as an economic development tool for specific neighborhoods rather than a transportation amenity in cities like Charlotte, which contain sparser development patterns.
Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular function in children with pulmonary hypertension.

Although described in adults, it remains unclear whether ventricular dysfunction exists in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHN). The goal of this study was to identify differences in echocardiographic indices of ventricular function among pediatric PHN patients. From 2009 to 2011, pediatric PHN patients with normal intracardiac anatomy and age-matched controls (1:3 ratio) were enrolled in this retrospective case–control study. Diagnosis of PHN was based on tricuspid regurgitation velocity or septal position estimating right-ventricular (RV) pressure >50 % systemic. Measures of RV and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, including tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the mitral annulus (MA) and tricuspid annulus (TA), were compared. Enrollees included 25 PHN patients and 75 age-matched controls (mean age 7.5 years [range 1 day to 19 years]). Parameters of RV systolic and diastolic function were worse in PHN patients. Compared with controls, PHN patients had significantly decreased tricuspid valve inflow ratio, decreased TA TDI early diastolic velocities, decreased systolic velocities, increased tricuspid E/E’ ratio (all p < 0.01) and increased myocardial performance index. In an age-stratified analysis, TDI measures in PHN patients <1 year of age were similar to controls, whereas differences in TA TDI velocities and MA TDI velocities were noted in patients ≥1 year of age. Abnormalities in Doppler echocardiographic indices of ventricular systolic and diastolic function were identified in pediatric PHN patients and were more prominent with older age. These indices are promising for serial noninvasive monitoring of disease severity, but further correlation with catheterization-derived measures is needed.
Vacuum-metal-deposition and columnar-thin-film techniques implemented in the same apparatus

Abstract Thin-film-deposition techniques used to develop latent fingerprints are continuously maturing. Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) is a commonly used technique in which thin films of gold and zinc are sequentially deposited on a latent fingerprint in a low-pressure chamber. An emerging technique entails the conformal deposition of a columnar thin film (CTF) on a latent fingerprint in a low-pressure chamber. Although specialized apparatus exist for both techniques, we have determined that the VMD technique can be easily implemented in the CTF apparatus. Use of the same apparatus for both of those fingerprint-development techniques can reduce capital costs, process-development time, and provide impetus for field-ready apparatuses.
Under Pressure: Stromal Fibroblasts Change Their Ways

In this issue of Cell, Hill et al. (2005) demonstrate in a mouse model of prostate cancer that the tumor cells can initiate and promote expansion of stromal fibroblasts that lack the tumor-suppressor protein p53 through a paracrine mechanism. This results in selection of highly proliferative fibroblasts associated with the carcinoma that further promote tumor progression.
Clinicians' panel management self-efficacy to support their patients' smoking cessation and hypertension control needs.

Panel management, a set of tools and processes for proactively caring for patient populations, has potential to reduce morbidity and improve outcomes between office visits. We examined primary care staff’s self-efficacy in implementing panel management, its correlates, and an intervention’s impact on this self-efficacy. Primary care teams at two Veterans Health Administration (VA) hospitals were assigned to control or intervention conditions. Staff were surveyed at baseline and post-intervention, with a random subset interviewed post-intervention. Panel management self-efficacy was higher among staff participating in the panel management intervention. Self-efficacy was significantly correlated with sufficient training, aspects of team member interaction, and frequency of panel management use. Panel management self-efficacy was modest among primary care staff at two VA hospitals. Team level interventions may improve primary care staff’s confidence in practicing panel management, with this greater confidence related to greater team involvement with, and use of panel management.
Evidence of surface softening in polymers and their nanocomposites as determined by spontaneous particle embedment

In the present work, we report results from particle embedment experiments which give the surface modulus of neat epoxy, epoxy/POSS composites and polystyrene films. The embedment of the particles was determined from atomic force microscope measurements and the modulus estimated from the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts (JKR) model. The work of adhesion between submicron particle and the polymer surface was used as the driving force for particle embedment. For neat epoxy, epoxy/POSS composite systems and PS films, the surface modulus value was found softer than the macroscopic glassy modulus. The maximum embedment depth obtained for all surfaces was low enough so that it did not cause plastic deformation on the surface. The maximum stress values on all surfaces induced by the particle embedment were estimated to verify the expected response to be close to the linear regime.
Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis Infections in the United States, 1985-1991

The spread of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States was tracked to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures. Isolation rates and information regarding outbreaks of S. enteritidis from 1985 through 1991 were determined by reports to the national Salmonella surveillance system and through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system. From 1985 through 1991, 380 outbreaks were reported involving 13,056 ill persons and 50 deaths. The proportion of Northeast outbreaks fell from 81% in 1985 to 55% in 1991 as the number of outbreaks in other areas increased. Grade A shell eggs were implicated in 82% of outbreaks. Case-fatality rates in nursing homes and hospitals were 70 times higher than in other settings. Cultures of environmental or animal specimens from all farms tested yielded S. enteritidis. Eggborne S. enteritidis infections are a major public health problem. Preventive measures, including educating consumers about proper handling of eggs, using pasteurized eggs, and controlling infections on egg farms, may stem the impact of this disease.
Biofiltration of n‐hexane in the presence of benzene vapors

BACKGROUND: Degrading hydrophobic volatile organic compounds in biofilters is very challenging. Previous research in our laboratories examined the degradation of hydrophobic contaminants by several methods including changing the empty bed resident time, utilization of surfactants and change of the microorganism consortium. As n-hexane is considered relatively soluble in benzene and alongside benzene is more soluble in water, it was anticipated that a mixture of both volatile organic compounds fed to a trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs) would lead to an improved performance of n-hexane degradation. RESULTS: The ratio of benzene:n-hexane studied was 2: 1 byvolume, corresponding to a concentration ratio of 3: 1, respectively. The TBAB was operated at pH 4 to provide favorable conditions for fungi growth. The effects of changing loading rates ranging from 20 to 80 g m -3 h -1 on the biofilter performance, acclimation period, and removal profile along biofilter depth, nitrogen consumption and CO 2 production were studied under continuous loading operation conditions and compared to previous data of TBABs degrading single feed of benzene and n-hexane separately. CONCLUSIONS: Results have shown that the degradation of n-hexane is significantly impacted by the presence of benzene; however, the degradation of benzene was not impacted to the same extent as n-hexane.
The Cooperative Movement in Nicaragua: Empowerment and Accompaniment of Severely Disadvantaged Peasants

This article is based on over seven months of participant observation in an agricultural cooperative in Nicaragua in 1989, a literature review and interviews in other coops. The article presents an overview of the broader grassroots movement of Nicaraguan cooperative formation (over 3300 agricultural coops were formed in the 1980s). This movement was affected by the coop participants, as they struggled for control, and in turn affected the national social and economic situation. The coops and the broader national coop movement are shown to be empowering of the participants. However, while some factors enhanced the possibility of empowerment, other complex interrelated factors impeded its development. Autocratic leadership was prevalent, intermingled with apprehension about leadership and fears of failure. Outside service providers, although seemingly helpful, also impeded empowerment through subtle condescension and distance. The most effective mutual exchange occurred when outsiders integrated as insiders. Lessons are drawn for service to the grassroots coop movement through “accompaniment” or processes of participant action research.
THE TOXICITY OF GONYAULAX MONILATA HOWELL TO MUGIL CEPHALUS

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of in vitro cultures of the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax monilata Howell, on fishes. Results indicate that the organism produced a substance (s) toxic to fishes and that the toxicity of the medium is increased if the dinoflagellate cytolyses.
Plate Tectonic History of the Arctic: ABSTRACT

The Arctic Ocean represents the last great challenge in establishing the broad outlines of the histories of the present oceans of the earth. The rotation of the Lomonosov Ridge away from the Barents Shelf during the Cenozoic is well established, and a unique present relationship has been demonstrated between the Gakkel Ridge and the Poloussnoye graben system. Earlier history of the Arctic is poorly known, but a possible and testable scenario involves rifting of the North Slope Alaska-Chukotsk block (NSAC) from the Canadian Arctic Islands during the Early Cretaceous and rifting of the New Siberian block (NSB) along strike on the same margin a little later. Both NSAC and NSB were involved, after rapid rotation, in the assembly of northeastern Asia with such other blocks as Greater Japan" (much of Kyushu, Honshu, Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Sikhote Alin, Kamchatka, and Koryak) and Omolon. During earlier Mesozoic, Permian, and Carboniferous times, NSB and NSAC occupied one Atlantic-type margin of the triangular Boreal embayment of the Pacific, while the Verkhoyansk Atlantic-type margin of Siberia (with the prominent Vilyuy rift embayment) occupied the other. These 2 rifted margins, which are now caught up respectively in the Brooks Range-South Anyui-Sviatory Nos suture zone and the Sette Daban-Chirskiy suture zone, had formed during the Late Devonian close to the site of and shortly after the Innuitian suturing event between Siberia and North America. End_of_Article - Last_Page 241------------
Time course of the aging of the high affinity L-glutamate transporter in rat cortical synaptosomes.

Initial velocities of cortical synaptosomal glutamate uptake are measured as a function of both glutamate and sodium concentration in 10- and 18-month old animals and compared to previous results from 2- and 30-month old animals. As a percentage of 2-month values, mean velocity of uptake falls to 87% in the 10-month group and to 79% in the 18-month group, with no further change between 18 and 30 months. The data give minimal best fit to the same model for interaction of carrier with glutamate and sodium as found previously for 2- and 30-month old animals. Thus the basic mechanisms involved in transport do not change with age. However, the kinetic parameters which describe the transporter do change with age, the primary changes being in those parameters reflective of the transport capacity of the carrier. Va, apparent maximal velocity of uptake, declines most rapidly between 2 and 30 months, continues to decline rapidly between 10 and 18 months, and then declines slowly between 18 and 30 months. Jm, rate of uptake at infinite sodium concentration, declines most rapidly between 2 and 10 months, with a much slower decline between 10 and 30 months. Kt, apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, changes but little with age; at 30 months, Kt is only 6–11% less than at 2 months. Although the total change is only 9–10%, there appears to be a slow, steady decline in KNa, the sodium concentration giving an uptake equal to Jm/2, between 2 and 30 months of age.
Stability and analysis of eicosanoids and docosanoids in tissue culture media

Abstract Bioactive lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute an important set of lipid mediators with diverse homeostatic and pathophysiological activities. The role of bioactive lipids in inflammation, active resolution of inflammation, reproduction, cardiovascular biology, chronic diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders is an active area of research. Other than the few clinically used eicosanoids such as prostaglandin F 2 α, prostacyclin, and prostaglandin E 2 , little is known about the stability of a majority of the bioactive lipids in aqueous solutions despite their extensive use under in vitro experimental conditions. The present study evaluated the stability of eicosanoids and docosanoids as well as their parent polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue culture media with respect to incubation time, temperature, and composition of the media using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC–MS. The results provide a comprehensive and valuable data set on the stability of these bioactive lipid mediators to guide in vitro experimentation.
Carbon chemistry of Luna 16 and Luna 20 samples

Luna 16 and Luna 20 samples were analyzed for volatilizable species using vacuum pyrolysis to 1400 C. The major gaseous products evolved (ranging from 10-650 micrograms/g) were H2O, CO, CO2, N2 and CH4. Minor components (all less than 10 micrograms/g) included NH3, HCN, NO, SO2, H2S, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and higher hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, and the polymeric contaminants Teflon and silicone oil. The total carbon and nitrogen contents (micrograms/g) for these sieved samples were: Luna 16 - C 418, N 134 and Luna 20 - C 380, N 80.
Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox

Approximately 50% of the US population received smallpox vaccinations before routine immunization ceased in 1972 for civilians and in 1990 for military personnel. Several studies have shown long-term immunity after smallpox vaccination, but skepticism remains as to whether this will translate into full protection against the onset of orthopoxvirus-induced disease. The US monkeypox outbreak of 2003 provided the opportunity to examine this issue. Using independent and internally validated diagnostic approaches with ≥95% sensitivity and ≥90% specificity for detecting clinical monkeypox infection, we identified three previously unreported cases of monkeypox in preimmune individuals at 13, 29 and 48 years after smallpox vaccination. These individuals were unaware that they had been infected because they were spared any recognizable disease symptoms. Together, this shows that the US monkeypox outbreak was larger than previously realized and, more importantly, shows that cross-protective antiviral immunity against West African monkeypox can potentially be maintained for decades after smallpox vaccination.
Efficacy of selective mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid agonists in canine septic shock

Background Corticosteroid regimens that stimulate both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid pathways consistently reverse vasopressor-dependent hypotension in septic shock, but have variable effects on survival.
Generation of superfluid vortex turbulence by high-amplitude second sound in 4 He

High-amplitude second sound in superfluid4He is used to generate vortex turbulence. By the use of a novel resonator designed to avoid nonlinear effects, a steady-state ac counterflow field is produced with amplitudes high enough to generate the turbulent state. The transition to the turbulent state shows hysteresis similar to that observed in dc superflow measurements. Critical velocities were measured as a function of both temperature and frequency. The frequency dependence agrees with the predictions of dynamic scaling theory, and the temperature dependence is the same as that observed in dc counterflow experiments.
Effect of ciprofibrate on the activation and oxidation of very long chain fatty acids.

The effect of ciprofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug, was examined in the metabolism of palmitic (C16:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids in rat liver. Ciprofibrate is a peroxisomal proliferating drug which increases the number of peroxisomes. The palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity in peroxisomes, mitochondria and microsomes from ciprofibrate treated liver was 3.2, 1.9 and 1.5-fold higher respectively and the activity for oxidation of palmitic acid in peroxisomes and mitochondria was 8.5 and 2.3-fold higher respectively. Similarly, ciprofibrate had a higher effect on the metabolism of lignoceric acid. Treatment with ciprofibrate increased lignoceroyl-CoA ligase activity in peroxisomes, mitochondria and microsomes by 5.3, 3.3 and 2.3-fold respectively and that of oxidation of lignoceric acid was increased in peroxisomes and mitochondria by 13.4 and 2.3-fold respectively. The peroxisomal rates of oxidation of palmitic acid (8.5-fold) and lignoceric acid (13.4-fold) were increased to a different degree by ciprofibrate treatment. This differential effect of ciprofibrate suggests that different enzymes may be responsible for the oxidation of fatty acids of different chain length, at least at one or more step(s) of the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation pathway.
Learning with detachment: Reply to Maher

Reponse de l'auteur a l'article de Maher (1987) portant sur la causalite dans la logique de la decision
The role of macropores and multi-resolution soil survey datasets for distributed surface–subsurface flow modeling

Distributed watershed-scale modeling is often used as a framework for exploring the heterogeneity of runoff response and hydrologic performance of the catchment. The objective of this study is to apply this framework to characterizing the impacts of soil hydraulic properties at multiple scales on moisture storage and distributed runoff generation in a forested catchment. The physics-based and fully-coupled Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) is employed to test a priori and field-measured properties in the modeling of watershed hydrology. PIHM includes an approximate representation of macropore flow that preserves the water holding capacity of the soil matrix while still allowing rapid flow through the macroporous soil under wet conditions. Both phenomena are critical to the overall hydrologic performance of the catchment. Soils data at different scales were identified: Case I STATSGO soils data (uniform or single soil type), Case II STATSGO soils data with macropore effect, and Case III field-based hydropedologic experiment revised distributed soil hydraulic properties and macropore property estimation. Our results showed that the Case I had difficulties in simulating the timing and peakflow of the runoff responses. Case II performed satisfactorily for peakflow at the outlet and internal weir locations. The distributed soils data in Case III demonstrated the model ability of predicting groundwater levels. The analysis suggests the important role of macropore flow to setting the threshold for recharge and runoff response, while still preserving the water holding capability of the soil and plant water availability. The spatial variability in soil hydraulic properties represented by Case III introduces an additional improvement in distributed catchment flow modeling, especially as it relates to subsurface lateral flow. Comparison of the three cases suggests the value of high-resolution soil survey mapping combined with a macropore parameterization can improve distributed watershed models.
RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS TO THE SOLAR NEUTRINO COUNTING RATE IN THE GALLIUM DETECTOR

We calculate radiative corrections to the flux from various solar neutrino processes and to the counting rate of neutrinos in the gallium solar detector. 9 refs., 1 tab.
A Single-Amino-Acid Substitution in the P2 Domain of VP1 of Murine Norovirus Is Sufficient for Escape from Antibody Neutralization

Noroviruses cause epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and the number of reported outbreaks is increasing. Human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture. However, murine norovirus (MNV) replicates in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and thus provides a tractable model to investigate norovirus interactions with host cells. Epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the human norovirus strains Norwalk virus and Snow Mountain virus (SMV) identified regions in the P domain of major capsid protein VP1 important for interactions with putative cellular receptors. To determine if there was a relationship between domains of MNV VP1 and VP1 of human norovirus strains involved in cell binding, epitope mapping by phage display was performed with an MNV-1-neutralizing MAb, A6.2.1. A consensus peptide, GWWEDHGQL, was derived from 20 third-round phage clones. A synthetic peptide containing this sequence and constrained through a disulfide linkage reacted strongly with the A6.2.1 MAb, whereas the linear sequence did not. Four residues in the A6.2.1-selected peptide, G327, G333, Q334, and L335, aligned with amino acid residues in the P2 domain of MNV-1 VP1. This sequence is immediately adjacent to the epitope recognized by anti-SMV MAb 61.21. Neutralization escape mutants selected with MAb A6.2.1 contained a leucine-to-phenylalanine substitution at position 386 in the P2 domain. The predicted location of these residues on VP1 suggests that the phage peptide and the mutation in the neutralization-resistant viruses may be in close proximity to each other and to residues reported to be important for carbohydrate binding to VP1 of human norovirus strains.
Asymptotic form of the longitudinal correlation function for isotropic homogeneous turbulence

An asymptotic form is derived for the longitudinal correlation function for isotropic homogeneous turbulence in an incompressible fluid governed by the Navier-Stokes equation. The result is obtained from an analysis of the algebraic-differential structure of the two-point correlation tensor contained in the complex-valued Fourier transform of the probability measure over the turbulence ensemble, which reveals that the Hopf characteristic functional (the complex-valued Fourier transform of the probability measure) satisfies the Fourier interference inequality. Consequences of the expression obtained, in which the correlation function is a positive definite function of the inverse cube of the spatial coordinate as it approaches infinity, are shown to include the nonexistence of the Loitsianskii invariant, and the solution is shown to be consistent with empirical formulas.
Yellow rain — a palynological analysis

Yellow rain, purported to be an agent of toxin warfare in South-East Asia, contains a high percentage of pollen. Analysis of this pollen in yellow rain samples suggests that they are the faeces of honey bees.
A comparison between the pseudomeasurement and extended Kalman observers

The class of nonlinear measurements that can be transformed into a linear function of the state where the coefficient matrix is a nonlinear function of the observation are called pseudomeasurements. The dynamic system is assumed to be linear. If the system is observable, then by processing the pseudomeasurements by a linear observer structure (PMO), the estimation errors are shown to converge to zero. This structure is contrasted with the extended Kalman observer (EKO) which processes these same measurements but in their original nonlinear form. To compare the PMO with the EKO, the bearings-only problem associated with homing missile guidance problem (which is an important member of the pseudomeasurement class) is used. By algebraic manipulations the EKO is reduced to the PMO structure but with different resulting gains. New gains for the EKO are determined by modifying the update formula for the "error variance" propagation in accordance with the PMO algorithm. A simulation of the homing missile problem in two dimensions shows that the PMO and the EKO using the modified gains reduce all initial estimation errors rapidly toward zero and with very similar responses. In contrast, the original EKO has a far more sluggish and markedly different response.
An analysis of strain localization in a shear layer under thermally coupled dynamic conditions. Part 1: Continuum thermoplastic models

The analyses presented in Part 1 of this work have shown the ill-posedness of the governing equations for a shear layer governed by a coupled thermomechanical continuum model with strain softening. Finite element solutions of the problem have been shown to exhibit a pathological mesh-size dependence in this case, as a consequence of the aforementioned ill-posedness. The lack of a localized dissipative mechanism has been traced back to the origin of these difficulties. We consider in this paper the incorporation of such localized dissipative mechanism in the form of a cohesive law along a discontinuity of the displacements, the so-called strong discontinuity. A coupled thermomechanical model of these discontinuities is formulated involving a continuous temperature field. The discontinuity of the heat flow (i.e. the derivative of the temperature) accommodates the presence of the localized dissipation associated to the thermomechanical cohesive law. In this context, we obtain the exact solution of a problem of wave propagation in the shear layer when the response of the bulk of the layer is elastic. The physical nature of the solution, in contrast with the solutions obtained in Part 1 for continuum models, illustrates the regularizing effect of these localized models, showing in particular the continuous dependence of the solution on the material parameters. Furthermore, we obtain the exact solution of the problem involving a regularized discontinuity in a domain of finite length. This analysis allows to gain a full understanding of the properties of finite element approximations of the problem. Several numerical simulations are presented in this context corroborating the conclusions drawn from the analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate from adenosine in mouse thymocytes

Abstract The effect of adenosine on the mouse thymocyte adenylate cyclase-adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) system was examined. Adenosine, like prostaglandin E1, can cause 5-fold or greater increases in thymocyte cyclic AMP content in the presence but not in the absence of certain cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Two non-methylxanthine inhibitors potentiated the prostaglandin E1 and adenosine responses, while methylxanthines selectively inhibited the adenosine response. Adenosine increased cyclic AMP content significantly wihtin 1 min and was maximal by 10 to 20 min with approx. 2 and 10 μM adenosine being minimal and half-maximal effective doses, respectively. Combinations of prostaglandin E1, isoproterenol and adenosine were near additive and not synergistic. Of the adenosine analogues tested, only 2-chloro- and 2-fluoroadenosine significantly increased cyclic AMP. Thymocytes prelabeled with [14C] adenine exhibited dramatic increases in cyclic [14C]AMP 10 min after addition of adenosine or prostaglandin E1 which corresponded to simultaneously determined increases in total cyclic AMP. Using [14C]adenosine, the percent of total cyclic AMP increase due to adenosine was only 16%. Adenosine was also shown to elicit a 40% increase in particulate thymocyte adenylate cyclase activity. Therefore, the increased content of cyclic AMP seen in mouse thymocytes after incubation with adenosine was due primarily to stimulation of adenylate cyclase and only partially to conversion of adenosine to cyclic AMP. The increased cellular content of cyclic AMP may be, in part, responsible for various immunosuppressive effects of adenosine.