cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Algorithm for Floorplan Design

We present in this paper a new algorithm for floorplan design using the method of simulated annealing. The major contributions of the paper are: 1. A new representation of floorplans (normalized Polish expressions) which enables us to carry out the neighborhood search effectively. 2. A simultaneous minimization of area and total interconnection length in the final solution. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm performs well in many test problems.
Spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity.

A central goal in ecology is to understand the spatial scaling of biodiversity. Patterns in the spatial distribution of organisms provide important clues about the underlying mechanisms that structure ecological communities and are central to setting conservation priorities. Although microorganisms comprise much of Earth’s biodiversity, little is known about their biodiversity scaling relationships relative to that for plants and animals. Here, we discuss current knowledge of microbial diversity at local and global scales. We focus on three spatial patterns: the distance–decay relationship (how community composition changes with geographic distance), the taxa–area relationship, and the local: global taxa richness ratio. Recent empirical analyses of these patterns for microorganisms suggest that there are biodiversity scaling rules common to all forms of life.
Mechanical control of tissue-engineered bone

Bone is a load-bearing tissue and physical forces play key roles in the development and maintenance of its structure. Mechanical cues can stimulate the expression of an osteogenic phenotype, enhance matrix and mineral deposition, and influence tissue organization to improve the functional outcome of engineered bone grafts. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the effects of biophysical forces on the bone formation properties of osteoprogenitor cells. The application of physiologically relevant stimuli to tissue-engineered bone may be determined through observation and understanding of forces to which osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes are exposed in native bone. Subsequently, these cues may be parameterized and their effects studied in well-defined in vitro systems. The osteo-inductive effects of three specific mechanical cues - shear stress, substrate rigidity, and nanotopography - on cells cultured in monolayer or in three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds in vitro are reviewed. Additionally, we address the time-dependent effects of mechanical cues on vascular infiltration and de novo bone formation in acellular scaffolds implanted into load-bearing sites in vivo. Recent studies employing cutting-edge advances in biomaterial fabrication and bioreactor design have provided key insights into the role of mechanical cues on cellular fate and tissue properties of engineered bone grafts. By providing mechanistic understanding, future studies may go beyond empirical approaches to rational design of engineering systems to control tissue development.
Grounding words in perception and action: computational insights

We use words to communicate about things and kinds of things, their properties, relations and actions. Researchers are now creating robotic and simulated systems that ground language in machine perception and action, mirroring human abilities. A new kind of computational model is emerging from this work that bridges the symbolic realm of language with the physical realm of real-world referents. It explains aspects of context-dependent shifts of word meaning that cannot easily be explained by purely symbolic models. An exciting implication for cognitive modeling is the use of grounded systems to ‘step into the shoes’ of humans by directly processing first-personperspective sensory data, providing a new methodology for testing various hypotheses of situated communication and learning.
MECHANISM OF THE AUGMENTING ACTION OF MINERAL OIL ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION TISSUE REACTIONS AND ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO DYSENTERY VACCINE IN SALINE, AND IN SALINE—LANOLIN—MINERAL OIL EMULSION

A comparative study was made in rabbits of antibody production and tissue changes following the injection into the foot pads, of saline in Falba and mineral oil emulsion, of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner in saline, and of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae in saline in Falba-mineral oil emulsion. It was found that antibody production was greatly prolonged by the emulsification in oil. While with antigen in saline the serum titers began to fall 9 days after injection and disappeared somewhere between the 3rd and 6th months, with antigen in paraffin oil they began to drop only after 14 days, and were still high after 10 months, when the experiment was ended. The toxic effects of the antigen were greatly reduced by the emulsification in oil. A subcutaneous dose of 1.5 mg. of antigen in saline caused mesenchymal reactions in lung, liver, and spleen as well as toxic degeneration and sometimes necrosis of the liver whereas eight times as much of the antigen in oil produced no systemic lesions. Oil drops remained detectable in the foot pad until the end of the experiment. Bacteria remained visible in the oil for 1 week or more, but with saline they disappeared within 1 day. The latter observation shows that retention of antigen at the site of injection is at least one of the mechanisms of prolongation of antibody formation by paraffin oil. The tissue reaction in the foot pad to antigen in oil was largely one of suppuration with the production of persisting mononuclear granulomata whereas after antigen in saline it was chiefly one of catarrhal inflammation, subsiding within a month. The changes in the regional lymph nodes were essentially those of lymphatic hyperplasia with the production of numerous lymphocytes and large active secondary nodules, the macrophages remaining subsidiary. The lymphocytic reaction in the lymph nodes closely paralleled the antibody response but the monocytic reaction at the site of injection was not correlated with this response; in fact, in the antigen in oil experiments the monocytic reaction reached its height after the peak of antibody production. The tissue changes observed in the various experiments were consistent with the finding previously reported from this laboratory, that the lymphocyte is concerned in antibody formation.
Aging brain microenvironment decreases hippocampal neurogenesis through Wnt‐mediated survivin signaling

Accumulating evidence suggests that adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the controlled and continued proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). With age, neurogenesis decreases through mechanisms that remain unclear but are believed to involve changes in the NPC microenvironment. Here, we provide evidence that NPC proliferation in the adult brain is in part regulated by astrocytes via Wnt signaling and that this cellular cross-talk is modified in the aging brain, leading to decreased proliferation of NPCs. Furthermore, we show that astrocytes regulate the NPC cell cycle by acting on the expression levels of survivin, a known mitotic regulator. Among cell cycle genes found down-regulated in aged NPCs, survivin was the only one that restored NPC proliferation in the aged brain. Our results provide a mechanism for the gradual loss of neurogenesis in the brain associated with aging and suggest that targeted modulation of survivin expression directly or through Wnt signaling could be used to stimulate adult neurogenesis.
Some Observations on Robust Estimation

Abstract Let Tj be a reasonable estimator (for example, a minimum mean square error estimator) of the parameter θ of the family Dj of distributions, j = 1, 2, …, m. An estimator T, which is a weighted mean of T 1, T s, …, Tm , is found that has the same asymptotic distribution as that of Tj , when the sample comes from Dj , j = 1, 2, …, m. Here the weights are functions of the sample items. Empirical evidence is given which indicates that T is satisfactory for small sample sizes. It is proved that if Tj and the weight Wj are odd location and even location-free statistics, respectively, j = 1, 2, …, m, then T = ΣWiTi , where ΣWi = 1, is an unbiased estimator of the center of every symmetric distribution, provided certain expectations exist. This is useful in the construction of the weight function Wj.
Concussion in sports: postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance.

Abstract Context: Evidence suggests that athletes engaging in high-intensity activities after concussion have more difficulties with cognitive recovery. Objective: To examine the role postinjury ac...
Doing Culture with Girls Like Me: Why Trying on Gender and Intersectionality Matters

Gendering is not a one-size-fits-all process. Girls try on gender. In particular, girls – conditioned to value connections – search their cultural surroundings for ‘girls like me’ to answer the weighty question, Who am I? However, girls are not simply passive beneficiaries of culture, but actively construct their gendered selves by engaging in or ‘doing’ culture; girls activate certain features salient to their experiences. This paper examines how race, ethnicity, and class arbitrate girls’ gendered identities, emphasizing the concept trying on gender to capture the intersectional and experimental character of these processes. As girls try on gender –a local and culturally specific endeavor – they engage in a fluid, multifaceted, and sometimes tentative gendering process. Cross-over literature by and for girls lends empirical support to how girls accomplish this multi-constructed sense of self. The article concludes with implications for studies of girls, including a cautionary note about overemphasis on individualistic agency.
Relation of the metabolic syndrome to quantity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Although metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, its association with the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerotic plaques is not well described. To assess this relation, multidetector computed tomography–based patterns of coronary plaque were assessed in 77 patients enrolled in the ROMICAT study (age 54 ± 12 years; 79% Caucasians, and 36% women) and compared betwen those who did (n = 35; 45%) and did not (n = 42; 55%) have MS. The presence of any, calcified, and noncalcified plaque was significantly higher in patients with than without MS (91%, 74%, and 77% vs 46%, 45%, and 40% segments with plaque, respectively; all p
Fast parallel sorting under LogP: experience with the CM-5

In this paper, we analyze four parallel sorting algorithms (bitonic, column, radix, and sample sort) with the LogP model. LogP characterizes the performance of modern parallel machines with a small set of parameters: the communication latency (L), overhead (o), bandwidth (g), and the number of processors (P). We develop implementations of these algorithms in Split-C, a parallel extension to C, and compare the performance predicted by LogP to actual performance on a CM-5 of 32 to 512 processors for a range of problem sizes. We evaluate the robustness of the algorithms by varying the distribution and ordering of the key values. We also briefly examine the sensitivity of the algorithms to the communication parameters. We show that the LogP model is a valuable guide in the development of parallel algorithms and a good predictor of implementation performance. The model encourages the use of data layouts which minimize communication and balanced communication schedules which avoid contention. With an empirical model of local processor performance, LogP predictions closely match observed execution times on uniformly distributed keys across a broad range of problem and machine sizes. We find that communication performance is oblivious to the distribution of the key values, whereas the local processor performance is not; some communication phases are sensitive to the ordering of keys due to contention. Finally, our analysis shows that overhead is the most critical communication parameter in the sorting algorithms.
Distributed Real-Time Optimization Across Airborne Networks

Airborne networks are special types of mobile ad hoc wireless networks that can be used on aerospace vehicles to enhance situational awareness, motion coordination, and operational efficiency. This is achieved through the exchange of state information in a timely, reliable, and secure fashion. Airborne networks are becoming an essential part of the commercial air transportation industry. Other applications include UAVS for military surveillance and attack missions, and crop monitoring for the agricultural industry. While airborne networks can greatly facilitate decentralized flight coordination among the multiple vehicles, the decision making process for this coordination must be made across the networks dynamically and is necessarily distributed in nature. Each vehicle plans its own trajectory to optimize a private performance index subject to its private constraints, and at the same time, seeks to optimize a certain common objective subject to the requirements of flight coordination and common constraints. In this paper, we study this problem by considering the decentralized and dynamic flight planning of multiple UAVs in a real-time sense. In particular, we examine the effect of time delays occurring during the iterative solution process, and discuss the tradeoff of different strategies for implementing decentralized trajectory optimization in real-time.
Induction of B cell responses upon experimental infection of neonatal calves with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

The objective of this study was to determine if experimental infection of neonatal calves with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis would invoke changes in the percentages of total B cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and of subpopulations of B cells as determined by CD5, CD25, and CD45RO markers during a 12-month period. Experimental infection groups included control (noninfected), oral (infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain K-10), oral/DXM (pretreatment with dexamethasone before oral inoculation), i.p. (intraperitoneal inoculation), and oral/M (oral inoculation with mucosal scrapings from a cow with clinical disease) groups. Over the course of the study, the percentages of total B cells in nonstimulated and antigen-stimulated cell cultures increased for oral and i.p. group calves, with the highest percentages noted at 3 and 6 months. Oral/M group calves had increased percentages of activated B cells, as determined by CD5 dim and CD5 bright markers, at 9 and 12 months. Experimental infection by all methods resulted in increased expression of CD25 and CD45RO B cells early in the study, but the most significant results were observed at 12 months for oral/DXM and oral/M group calves. Immunoblot analyses with a whole-cell sonicate of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis demonstrated the most reactivity with sera from i.p. group calves and the least reactivity with sera from oral group calves. Further evidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibody responses in the i.p. group calves was demonstrated using the ethanol vortex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EvELISA) method. In summary, an induction of B cell responses was noted after experimental infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, with differences in responses noted according to the method of experimental inoculation.
Open Moral Communities and the Myth of the Armchair Theorist

How can planning theory be simultaneously expansive and manageable? By adapting Mandelbaum’s Open Moral Communities, this article argues that myths like the armchair theorist help to enlarge the scope of planning by connecting diverse communities of scholars. The moral imperative ensures that myths remain myths.
Bipolarity of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Genome

Accumulating evidence indicates that eukaryotic genes tend to belong in two distinct categories that we will call class I and class II. Class I genes do not contain a TATA box in their promoter, and have low expression variability both at the single cell level (in constant environment) and at the population level (in changing environmental conditions). In contrast, class II genes contain a TATA box in their promoter, and tend to have pronounced expression variability both at the single cell level (in constant environment) and at the population level (in changing environmental conditions). Here we show that the positioning and regulation of class I and class II genes is strikingly different in the large-scale transcriptional regulatory (TR) network of S. cerevisiae. We also show that class I and class II genes differ dramatically in several properties, including gene expression variability at diverse time scales and population sizes, mutational variance, gene essentiality and subcellular localization. This dichotomy might indicate that evolution placed different genes in different locations within the cell and within the TR network, according to some fundamental principles that govern cellular information processing and survival in a changing environment.
Dimensions of meaning

The representation of documents and queries as vectors in a high-dimensional space is well-established in information retrieval. The author proposes that the semantics of words and contexts in a text be represented as vectors. The dimensions of the space are words and the initial vectors are determined by the words occurring close to the entity to be represented, which implies that the space has several thousand dimensions (words). This makes the vector representations (which are dense) too cumbersome to use directly. Therefore, dimensionality reduction by means of a singular value decomposition is employed. The author analyzes the structure of the vector representations and applies them to word sense disambiguation and thesaurus induction. >
Photogrammetric Recession Measurements of Ablative Materials in the NASA Ames Sixty-Megawatt Arcjet

The photogrammetric recession measurement (PRM) technique has been applied in several tests of ablative thermal-protection system materials in the 60-MW arcjet at NASA Ames Research Center. This paper presents selected results from those tests to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of the technique.
Pregnancy after bariatric surgery.

Approximately 83 percent of bariatric surgery patients are women, and many are of childbearing age. Pregnancy should not be attempted until weight loss and nutritional intake have stabilized. Care providers should pay careful attention to the nutritional status of the mother, fetus and neonate and test the mother for gestational diabetes.
Use of transcriptomics in understanding mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important clinical issue and a serious public health risk. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is critical for clinical diagnosis and management of different ADRs. Toxicogenomics can reveal impacts on biological pathways and processes that had not previously been considered to be involved in a drug response. Mechanistic hypotheses can be generated that can then be experimentally tested using the full arsenal of pharmacology, toxicology, molecular biology and genetics. Recent transcriptomic studies on drug-induced toxicity, which have provided valuable mechanistic insights into various ADRs, have been reviewed with a focus on nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Related issues have been discussed, including extrapolation of mechanistic findings from experimental model systems to humans using blood as a surrogate tissue for organ damage and comparative systems biology approaches.
Approximating the phase response curves of square wave bursting neurons

Background The phase response curve (PRC) measures the response of an oscillator to the timing of stimulus and here we construct and study the PRC of the bursting PD neuron of the STG in the crab, Cancer borealis. For bursting neurons whose oscillation is composed of an active phase of fast spiking activity and a silent phase, the response is determined by the change in timing of the start of the active phase after the stimulus. PRCs prove useful, when trying to predict the output of neural networks. We compare experimental results with numerical simulations of a Morris-Lecar type bursting model. We see, for instance, that in both cases, the PRCs saturate with large amplitude perturbations. Our new method is to reconstruct the PRC of the active phase by measuring the changes in the timings of the spikes in the active phase when the stimulus occurs while ignoring the effect of the stimulus in the silent phase. This approach should prove insightful in describfrom Seventeenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2008 Portland, OR, USA. 19–24 July 2008
Estimation of cortical connectivity from E/MEG using nonlinear state-space models

We present the problem of estimating cortical connectivity between different regions of the cortex from scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data as system identification of a nonlinear state-space model. The state equation is based on a nonlinear multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model with radial basis function (RBF) kernels. The RBF kernels capture the nonlinear dynamics of the cortical signals and provide a framework for measuring interactions between cortical regions of interest (ROIs) based on the definition of Granger causality. The observation equation relates the cortical signals associated with each ROI to the observed E/MEG data using a set of parsimonious spatial bases to represent spatially extended cortical sources. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is derived to obtain maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the nonlinear state-space model parameters directly from the observed data. We show that this integrated approach for measuring cortical connectivity performs significantly better than the conventional decoupled approach in which cortical signals are first estimated by solving the inverse problem followed by fitting a MVAR model.
Petrography of Lower Cretaceous sandstones on Spitsbergen

The sandstone petrography of sample suites from four sites spanning the Rurikfjellet (Hauterivian) to Carolinefjellet (Aptian–Albian) formations in central Spitsbergen was investigated. The sandstones show a distinct stepwise shift in composition from quartz arenites to sublitharenites and lithic arenites, typically within the upper part of the Helvetiafjellet Formation. This shift is related to the introduction of 10 - 25 % (grain %) plagioclase grains and volcanic lithics, and a notable increase in basement and sedimentary lithics. Quartz grain character also changes, and grain shapes become more varied. The shift is also associated with the transgressive arrival of marine sediments in the area, and the introduction of sands from the east-northeast by shore-parallel transport. Regional regression and subsequent transgression, and the change in sandstone composition is attributed to the development of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province in the region. The relative constancy of sand composition and volume of volcanic detritus within the Carolinefjellet Formation suggests long term (≈ 20 M) stability of the sediment system and a large volcanic source area, consistent with LIP (Large Igneous Province) derivation, along with signifi cant exposure of basement rocks. Sample spacing and sediment recycling and mixing do not allow detection of events that would have changed sandstone composition that were less than ≈ 1 M duration. Preservation of signifi cant amounts of plagioclase in a sediment-starved shelf can be explained by relatively cold climatic conditions.
Striking the 'Rights' Balance Among Private Incentives and Public Fair Uses in the United States and China

Any economically efficient intellectual property rights system must contain a balance between the required creativity and innovation needed to obtain the intellectual property rights and the economic investment needed to obtain that level of creativity. Most intellectual property rights systems are uniform across all industries. However, this results in inefficiencies in certain industries that may need more or less intellectual property rights protection than others. Governments that attempt to correct the inefficiencies can create long-term consequences in the quality or quantity of new creative works. On one hand, granting more intellectual property rights to certain industries may result in spoilage of IP assets. However, curtailing intellectual property rights and excusing fair use may impair economic incentive to create new IP. This is the balancing that both the United States and China must recognize when attempting to correct and adjust their intellectual property systems.
Stabilization of Retinol with γ-Cyclodextrin

s- and γ-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds of retinol were prepared under nitrogen atmosphere by known methods. Generally a molar ratio of 2: 1 (CD:retinol) was found. Comparative storage studies of different complexes and physical mixtures with lactose were performed using day light and UV radiation. The best stabilization was obtained using γ-cyclodextrin which leads to new potential uses for γ-CD also in health care applications.
Atg12–Atg3 coordinates basal autophagy, endolysosomal trafficking and exosome release

We recently identified an interaction between Atg12-Atg3, a complex between 2 core autophagy regulators, and the ESCRT-associated protein Pdcd6ip (programmed cell death 6 interacting protein, commonly known as Alix), which coordinately regulates basal autophagy, late endosome-to-lysosome trafficking, and exosome release. Because these processes all serve fundamental roles in cancer progression and therapy, Atg12-Atg3 may be an attractive anticancer target.
Impacts of dispersal on rapid adaptation and dynamic stability of Daphnia in fluctuating environments

Prior ecological research has shown that spatial processes can enhance the temporal stability of populations in fluctuating environments. Less explored is the effect of dispersal on rapid adaptation and its concomitant impact on population dynamics. For asexually reproducing populations, theory predicts that dispersal in fluctuating environments can facilitate asynchrony among clones and enhance stability by reducing temporal variability of total population abundance. This effect is predicted when clones exhibit heritable variation in environmental optima and when fluctuations occur asynchronously among patches. We tested this in the field using artificial ponds and metapopulations composed of a diverse assemblage of Daphnia pulex clones. We directly manipulated dispersal presence/absence and environmental fluctuations in the form of nutrient pulses. Consistent with predictions, dispersal enhanced temporal asynchrony among clones in the presence of nutrient pulses; this in turn stabilized population dynamics. This effect only emerged when patches experienced spatially asynchronous nutrient pulses (dispersal had no effect when patches were synchronously pulsed). Clonal asynchrony was driven by strong positive selection for a single clone that exhibited a performance advantage under conditions of low resource availability. Our work highlights the importance of dispersal as a driver of eco-evolutionary dynamics and population stability in variable environments.
Phrenic Nerve Pacing—An Alternative to Positive Pressure Ventilation: The Required Nursing Care

Phrenic nerve pacing as a method of ventilation was first recognized in 1783. For years, this technique was not used because of the lack of practical technology. Interest in phrenic nerve pacing was renewed in the 1960s with the development of a radio frequency transmission system. Applicable to a limited patient population, phrenic nerve pacing has several benefits over positive-pressure ventilation. Benefits include greater patient mobility, verbal articulation, less mechanical noise, and breathing by natural negative-pressure. This article provides information for nurses who care for patients ventilated by phrenic nerve pacing.
Reactions of adenosine 5'phosphorimidazolide with adenosine analogs on a polyuridylic acid template.

Abstract We have studied the reactions between adenosine 5′-phosphorimidazolide and various adenosine analogs on a poly(U) template. The nucleosides were adenosine (I), 2′-deoxyadenosine (II), 3′-deoxyadenosine (III), 2′- O -methyladenosine (IV), 3′- O -methyladenosine (V), 9-β- d -xylofuranosyladenine (VI), and 9-β- d -arabinofuranosyladenine (VII). We find that the various analogs form triple helices with poly(U) which are of comparable stability, but that only the β-riboside takes part in an efficient template-directed condensation.
Ball-of-yarn conformation of a linear gradient copolymer in a homopolymer melt

The conformation of a linear gradient copolymer chain in a homopolymer melt is investigated using theory and numerical solutions of self-consistent field equations. In the limit of large comonomer immiscibility and chain length, it is found that the copolymer collapses into a globule with monomers self-assembled into a “ball-of-yarn” conformation. The spatial heterogeneity of monomers within the globule is in striking contrast to the “tadpole” conformation of a collapsed symmetric diblock copolymer and the disordered globular state of a collapsed homopolymer or random copolymer. By simple free energy calculations, we find that the same thermodynamic factors which drive a melt of linear gradient copolymers to self-assemble into lamellar microphases in the strong-segregation regime act to drive a single copolymer to self-assemble its own monomers into the yarn ball conformation when in a homopolymer melt with which it is immiscible. Moreover, by considering self-assembly of monomers within the globule of a ...
A Microstructural Study of Iron Carbides Formed by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (50-800 nm thick)

Thin mirror-like iron carbide films were prepared by introducing iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)5] and hydrogen [H2] into a glow discharge. The deposition temperatures were varied from 200–500°C. The iron to carbon ratios of the resulting films were controlled by adjusting the gas flow ratios. The microstructure and phase transformations occurring in these films were studied before and after annealing at 400°C for four hrs. Characterization techniques used included x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, Auger spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. X-ray diffraction data of plasma-deposited films on glass substrates maintained at 400°C showed the presence of only Fe3C. However, the x-ray diffraction data of films on carbon coated glass, and transmission electron microscopy selected area diffraction patterns of films on carbon coated copper grids indicated the presence of a second phase, the closely related metastable Fe7C3 as well as small amounts of Fe3O4. Atomic force microscopy of crystallites on the surface of films deposited at 400°C and annealed at 400°C for four hours revealed a periodic structure of oblate spheroids. The measured spacings and angle, when compared to projected models of high reticular density planes, suggested the surface to have a structure corresponding to that of bulk Fe3C or Fe7C3. However the data were not of sufficient quality to unambiguously determine such.
Spin-assisted covalent bond mechanism in “charge-ordering” perovskite oxides

First-principles density functional calculations on the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in perovskite CaFeO${}_{3}$ point to local ferromagnetic coupling as the microscopic origin for the electronic ``charge order'' transition. Our atomic, electronic, and magnetic structure analyses reveal that the MIT results from a spin-assisted covalent bonding mechanism between the O 2$p$ and Fe 3$d$ states with anisotropic Fe-O bonds and negligible intersite Fe-Fe charge transfer. We suggest that control of the lattice distortions, which mediate the covalent bond formation, in oxides containing late transition-metal row cations in high valence states provides a platform to tailor electronic transitions.
Studies on Acholic Cachexia IV. Relation of Biliary Diversion to Duodenal Ulcer Formation.

The occurrence of peptic ulcer of the duodenum after the exclusion of bile has been noted with a wide variation in frequency and the factors concerned are not clearly understood. Kapsinow and Harvey,1 using a cholecystnephrostomy, produced ulcer in 17 out of 43 animals. Bollman and Mann2 by simply ligating the common ducts produced ulceration in about 60%. In the experiments of Berg and Jobling3 in which a Rous type of fistula was used, ulcers resulted in 13 of 23. Kim and Ivy report 10% ulcers in one series4 in which the common duct was tied, but 60% in cases of Rous fistula.Besides the obvious acid factor, there is considerable evidence that other influences are at work. Ivy has suggested that the mechanical irritation of the tubing near the duodenum may be important. On the other hand Elman has seen but few ulcers resulting from bile fistula alone. Our own experience has been that simple duct ligature alone caused ulceration in numbers about one-half the rate usually suggested (60%), but that a very hi...
Using the Fact that Wetting Is Contact Line Dependent

Two series of experiments, both involving contact line pinning, are reported that were designed using the contact line perspective of wetting and require this perspective to explain the observed re...
Re-booting the Library: Adapting to Graduate Medical Education’s New Accreditation System (NAS)

Graduate medical education is undergoing changes in accreditation requirements. These revisions involve each residency’s curriculum and clinical competencies. Hospital libraries need to be aware of...
Influence of turbine governor parameters on power system damping

The mathematical models of turbine governor are established and simplified for the stability calculation of power system.The frequency domain analysis and time domain simulation indicate that different parameter configurations of turbine governor have different influences on power system,increasing or decreasing its damping.The magnification change has no influence on boundary frequency while the nonlinearity of damping,time constant and pure time delay are its main influencing factors.The impact of turbine governor on the damping characteristic of power system can be determined by the sign and magnitude of the added damping coefficient.The boundary frequency is the main criterion to evaluate the damping characteristic of governor.When the oscillation frequency is close to the boundary frequency,the added damping coefficient is nearly 0 and the impact of turbine governor on system can be ignored,otherwise,it should be considered.The results of slight disturbance analysis and time-domain simulation for three-machine nine-bus system verify the correctness of theoretical analysis.
Analysis of thermal cycling stress on semiconductor devices of the Modular Multilevel Converter for drive applications

Thermal cycling stress is one of the most potential factors challenging the reliability/lifetime of semiconductor devices and cause of their failures. This paper analyzes and investigates the impacts of various control strategies on thermal cycling stress of the semiconductor devices of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for drive applications. Various control strategies based on injecting a common-mode voltage and a circulating current are investigated and their impacts on power loss distribution and thermal cycling of the semiconductor devices of the MMC-based drive systems are evaluated. Simulation results in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment are presented to evaluate the accuracy of the analysis and impacts of three control strategies on power losses and thermal distribution of semiconductor devices of the MMC-based drive system.
Remote Health Monitoring Outcome Success Prediction Using Baseline and First Month Intervention Data

Remote health monitoring (RHM) systems are becoming more widely adopted by clinicians and hospitals to remotely monitor and communicate with patients while optimizing clinician time, decreasing hospital costs, and improving quality of care. In the Women's heart health study (WHHS), we developed Wanda-cardiovascular disease (CVD), where participants received healthy lifestyle education followed by six months of technology support and reinforcement. Wanda-CVD is a smartphone-based RHM system designed to assist participants in reducing identified CVD risk factors through wireless coaching using feedback and prompts as social support. Many participants benefitted from this RHM system. In response to the variance in participants’ success, we developed a framework to identify classification schemes that predicted successful and unsuccessful participants. We analyzed both contextual baseline features and data from the first month of intervention such as activity, blood pressure, and questionnaire responses transmitted through the smartphone. A prediction tool can aid clinicians and scientists in identifying participants who may optimally benefit from the RHM system. Targeting therapies could potentially save healthcare costs, clinician, and participant time and resources. Our classification scheme yields RHM outcome success predictions with an F-measure of 91.9%, and identifies behaviors during the first month of intervention that help determine outcome success. We also show an improvement in prediction by using intervention-based smartphone data. Results from the WHHS study demonstrates that factors such as the variation in first month intervention response to the consumption of nuts, beans, and seeds in the diet help predict patient RHM protocol outcome success in a group of young Black women ages 25–45.
Rapid Detection of Microorgansims Using Microwaves

In this paper, we discuss the development of a novel method of bacteria detection using a microwave resonant cavity. The approach is rapid, on the order of minutes, and provides an alternative to the slower fluorescence-based assay currently used with culture-based biochips.
The Central Dogma

The first thing we learn in molecular biology class is the central dogma, presented with almost religious fervor: DNA begets RNA begets protein. Then, we’re all properly mortified when we learn of the heretical ways that viruses corrupt this natural flow of information, building RNA from RNA or, even worse, DNA from RNA. The reverence we feel is well founded; when we look at the molecular machines of the central dogma, we are looking at the heart of what keeps us alive, and structural science is revealing that these molecular machines are truly wonders of the subcellular world.
Science and the Emergence of SETI

At this point in our exploration, it should be fairly clear that I see the rise of SETI as a product of the confluence of cultural and technological innovations that developed from the Enlightenment onward and generated in Europeans, Americans, and eventually many others, the capacity to imagine a universe populated by non-human intelligent species with whom we might be able to communicate. Post-Enlightenment people were not, as noted earlier in the book, the first to think about such things. The Greeks imagined a universe in which it seemed likely that other civilizations could exist and the follower of Democritus, Metrodorus of Chios, in the fourth century BCE, was able to write of an infinite universe populated with other species: “To consider the Earth as the only populated world in infinite space is as absurd as to assert that in an entire field sown with millet, only one grain will grow.”
The Galileo affair

In June 1609 Galileo Galilei heard about an optical instrument invented in Holland the year before, consisting of an arrangement of lenses that magnified images three to four times. Despite not having a prototype in his possession, he was soon able to duplicate the instrument, mostly by trial and error. He was also able to increase its magnifying power first to nine, then to 20, and, by the end of the year, to 30. Moreover, rather than merely exploiting the instrument for practical applications on Earth, he started using it to make systematic observations of the heavens to learn new truths about the universe.
Light sheet microscopes: Novel imaging toolbox for visualizing life’s processes

Capturing dynamic processes in live samples is a nontrivial task in biological imaging. Although fluorescence provides high specificity and contrast compared to other light microscopy techniques, the photophysical principles of this method can have a harmful effect on the sample. Current advances in light sheet microscopy have created a novel imaging toolbox that allows for rapid acquisition of high-resolution fluorescent images with minimal perturbation of the processes of interest. Each unique design has its own advantages and limitations. In this review, we describe several cutting edge light sheet microscopes and their optimal applications.
Demarcation and The Created Controversy

The problem of demarcation continues to attract attention, in part because solutions are perceived to have enormous social significance. The civic motivation, however, I argue is in tension with the heterogeneity of the sciences. Philosophers of science would be better employed reflecting on the features, causes, and consequences, of created, scientific controversies. These arise when relevant experts are in broad agreement about what conclusions can sensibly be drawn from available evidence, but the public perceives an expert community deeply divided and conclusions that are plagued by profound and systemic uncertainty. In the second part of the paper I explore this concept further.
Induction of ovulation in the postpartum rhesus monkey: factors determining success in obtaining primate luteal tissue.

Ovulation induction in the postpartum rhesus monkey was attempted with the use of purified human pituitary gonadotropins for assessment of (1) whether this procedure could be used to provide a source of luteal tissue; (2) the extent of ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropic stimulation; (3) factors that might facilitate ovulation induction during the peurperium; and (4) factors that might be a contributory cause of induction failure. Twenty rhesus monkeys were treated with purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH) twice daily, beginning on days 0, 10, or 20 postpartum, with or without prior administration of bromocriptine. Laparotomies were performed during the midluteal phase. Ovaries were examined, and all corpora lutea were removed. Neither the day of beginning the gonadotropin treatment nor bromocriptine administration had a significant effect on the success rate of ovulation induction, which averaged 60% overall. Inductions begun during July had a significantly (P
B10 Cell Frequencies and Suppressive Capacity in Myasthenia Gravis Are Associated with Disease Severity.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell dependent, B cell mediated disease. The mechanisms for loss of self-tolerance in this disease are not well understood, and recently described regulatory B cell (Breg) subsets have not been thoroughly investigated. B10 cells are a subset of Bregs identified by the production of the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). B10 cells are known to strongly inhibit B- and T-cell inflammatory responses in animal models and are implicated in human autoimmunity. In this study, we examined quantitative and qualitative aspects of B10 cells in acetylcholine receptor autoantibody positive MG (AChR-MG) patients and healthy controls. We observed reduced B10 cell frequencies in AChR-MG patients, which inversely correlated with disease severity. Disease severity also affected the function of B10 cells, as B10 cells in the moderate/severe group of MG patients were less effective in suppressing CD4 T-cell proliferation. These results suggest that B10 cell frequencies may be a useful biomarker of disease severity, and therapeutics designed to restore B10 cell frequencies could hold promise as a treatment for this disease through restoration of self-tolerance.
Violence against Women as a Translocal Category in the Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

DOI: 10.12957/dep.2017.28032 Abstract Understanding that legal categories are created and shaped through a process that is not only juridical, but also social and political, this paper offers an overview of the category ‘violence against women’ in the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. By doing a critical in-depth analysis of the most relevant cases for the category’s development, besides relying on information gathered through interviews conducted with the Courts’ lawyers, the paper suggests that the category is a translocal one, in the sense that its content has been determined through a complex interaction between transnational formulations and local variables. Keywords : Inter-American Court of Human Rights; violence against women; jurisprudential development. Resumo Entendendo que as categorias juridicas sao criadas e moldadas por um processo que e nao apenas juridico, mas tambem social e politico, este artigo oferece uma visao global da categoria ‘violencia contra as mulheres’ na jurisprudencia da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Valendo-se de uma analise critica aprofundada dos casos mais relevantes para o desenvolvimento da categoria, alem de informacao obtida por meio de entrevistas conduzidas com advogados e advogadas da Corte, o artigo sugere que a categoria e translocal, no sentido de que o seu conteudo e determinado por meio uma complexa interacao entre formulacoes transnacionais e variaveis locais. Palavras-chave : Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos; violencia contra a mulher; desenvolvimento jurisprudencial.
On the use of Animals in Psychological Research

This paper briefly examines some of the inconsistencies and distortions associated with Bowd’s (1980) opposition to psychological research on animals. By examining the vast amount of neglected animal suffering which occurs as a consequence of human existence, coupled with the potential benefits of animal research, we argue that the efforts of many animal rights advocates are misconstrued and misdirected. Moreover, the evolution of moral and ethical behavior in man may be such that it is not applicable to other species. While we do not condone needless suffering in animals and would welcome the suggestion of viable alternatives, we argue that there is far more of a moral imperative to continue to do animal research than to abandon it.
Chapter 2 – Cross sections

The chapter describes particle interaction and cross section. The derivation of a cross section from nonrelativistic perturbation theory is presented in the chapter. It is postulated that there was an infinite sea of negative energy state that was all filled up so that positive energy particles would not collapse into it. The answer to this problem is to let the positive energy solutions be particles and the negative energy solutions be antiparticles. It is found that a negative energy electron moves backward in time to the vertex where it scatters with a virtual photon and then propagates forward in time. In the case of a secondary beam, produced by proton acting on an intermediate target, the actual particle that interacts may not be completely clear because the secondary beam is an admixture of several particles. The relationship between the total cross section and the imaginary part of the forward scattering amplitude is known as the optical theorem. The quark model, hadron–hadron interactions, and parton distribution functions are also elaborated in the chapter.