cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two LED Light Bulbs to a Dimmable CFL and their Effects on Broiler Chicken Growth, Stress, and Fear

The poultry industry is currently undergoing a shift to alternative lighting sources as incandescent lights become less available. While LED and CFL bulbs both have associated increased energy savings, they may affect the bird's growth and well-being differently as they output different light spectrums. To determine how different LED bulbs and a CFL bulb affected broiler performance, behavior, stress, and overall well-being, we conducted an experiment using Cobb broiler chickens (N=360). A NextGen LED bulb (NextGen), a Once Innovations LED bulb (Once), and a dimmable CFL (CFL) were used, all of which had different spectral outputs. Growth and feed conversion, several stress measures, fear tests, organ characteristics, and animal welfare assessment parameters were collected to determine how each light type affected animal well-being. LED treatments had shorter (P 0.05) were seen in the other fear tests. The Once treatment resulted in lower composite physical asymmetry, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and basal plasma corticosterone concentrations compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Differences were observed in some organ measures; notably in the eye dimensions of the Once treatment. The Once treatment also had lower (P<0.05) plumage, hock, and footpad scores when compared to CFL treatment, while the Nextgen treatment had lower (P<0.05) plumage and hock scores than the CFL treatment but no difference between the two was seen in foot pad scores. Weight at the end of the growout was not affected by bulb type, however, both LED treatments had increased feed conversion (P<0.05). These results indicate that LEDs can result in better well-being and feed conversion when compared to CFLs. It is also notable that the LEDs did not have the same effects and this is likely due to the spectrum of light each creates. LEDs were shown to improve production and well-being of broiler chickens compared to CFLs.
Intravenous self-administration of pentobarbital and ethanol in rats.

Abstract Rats provided with unlimited access to intravenous doses of ethanol (30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 mg/kg/infusion) failed to initiate and maintain lever pressing that resulted in ethanol delivery. When pentobarbital (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) was substituted for ethanol, lever pressing increased. There were three indications of the positive reinforcing effects of pentobarbital: (1) a greater number of lever presses occurred when pentobarbital was response-contingent than when saline was available (2) a greater number of responses were made on the pentobarbital lever than on a control “activity” lever; and (3) systematic changes in lever pressing were a function of pentobarbital dose (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg/infusion). Sequential substitution of ethanol (30, 90, 360 mg/kg/infusion) for pentobarbital failed to maintain lever pressing. However, access to combinations of ethanol (1, 3, 10, 30, 60 mg/kg/infusion) and a nonreinforcing dose of pentobarbital (0.125 or 0.25 mg/kg/infusion) did maintain lever pressing. As the dose of ethanol increased, the daily number of infusion first increased then decreased. Following a history of self-administration of ethanol-pentobarbital combinations, a retest of ethanol alone (10 or 30 mg/kg/infusions) followed by pentobarbital alone (0.125 or 0.25 mg/kg/infusion) failed to maintain lever pressing.
Linear boundary value problems for normally solvable operator equations in a Banach space

We consider linear boundary value problems for operator equations with generalized-invertible operator in a Banach or Hilbert space. We obtain solvability conditions for such problems and indicate the structure of their solutions. We construct a generalized Green operator and analyze its properties and the relationship with a generalized inverse operator of the linear boundary value problem. The suggested approach is illustrated in detail by an example.
Antibody response to synthetic encephalitogenic peptide.

Abstract Tryptophan-peptide (Trp-peptide) which represents amino acids Phe-Ser-Trp-Gly-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gln-Lys of bovine central myelin basic protein (MBP) was chemically synthesized according to Merrifield's procedure. This synthetic nonapeptide induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs and rabbits. Antisera to Trp-peptide were raised in chickens and rabbits using Trp-peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin or polymerized alanine-lysine with water soluble 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. Antibody activity was assayed by agarose gel double diffusion. The antisera react with both conjugates and partially cross-react with the respective carriers. The Trp-peptide-specific antibody precipitin line can be inhibited by incubation with excess free Trp-peptide. These antisera do not react with histone, which precludes nonspecific precipitation due to interaction between highly charged proteins. However, these antisera do react with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide-treated MBP. Inasmuch as this chemical reaction modifies tryptophan, it seems unlikely that tryptophan is involved in the antigenic determinant. Fractionation of chicken antisera by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-200 column suggests that the antibody activity is associated with the first, IgM-like fraction, but not with the second fraction composed of lower molecular weight immunoglobulin.
Taste bud distribution and regional responsiveness on the anterior tongue of the rat

Abstract It has been shown that over 50% of the taste buds in fungiform papillae of the rat are located on the tongue tip. The half on the tip were isolated from the half on the mid-region for chemical stimulation while the summated response of the whole chorda tympani nerve was recorded. The tip grave responses which were 70–90% of the response to stimulation of the entire tongue, while the mid-region elicited responses which were 40–50% of the entire tongue responses. This result was consistent whether the stimulus was NaCl, HCl, or sucrose which shows that responsiveness to these 3 stimulus compounds is found in the same relative proportion within either region of the tongue. The density of papillae per unit of surface area on the tip is over 2.5 times greater than on the mid-region, so the greater responsiveness of the tip may be due to more potent lateral interaction among single taste bud inputs than on the mid-region.
Measurement of laboratory and ambient aerosols with temperature and humidity controlled nephelometry

Abstract The relationships between fine particle light scattering extinction coefficient, relative humidity and temperature can be used to quantify sulfate mass concentration and composition for laboratory generated and ambient aerosols. This measurement involves the use of an integrating nephelometer as well as a system for controlling the temperature and relative humidity of the air directly upstream of the nephelometer. Recent improvements in the control of these variables has subsequently enhanced our ability to detect the presence of sulfate compounds in complex atmospheric mixtures. Measurements at two urban sites (Seattle, WA and Riverside, CA) indicate the presence of fine presence of fine particle sulfate compounds mixed with more volatile compounds. Measurements at a ‘background’ site (Ozette Lake, WA) indicate a mixture of acidic sulfate compounds with compounds that are less volatile than (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 .
Exploring Beliefs about Using Systems Engineering to Capture Contracts

Abstract When contracts require that complex systems be engineered, systems engineering often leads the technical activities on proposals. Decision makers in organizations have beliefs gained from trial-and-error experiences about how to use systems engineering on proposals to capture contracts. This paper explores a set of these beliefs. Each belief is formalized into a hypothesis so it can be empirically evaluated. Analysis results from a survey designed to identify critical success factors on proposals are analyzed to evaluate each hypothesis. The survey research is discussed, including the survey content, how the survey was created and administered, the process for analyzing survey results and threats to validity related to the survey. The survey data is used to draw conclusions about each hypothesis and belief.
Past climate changes and ecophysiological responses recorded in the isotope ratios of saguaro cactus spines.

The stable isotope composition of spines produced serially from the apex of columnar cacti has the potential to be used as a record of changes in climate and physiology. To investigate this potential, we measured the δ18O, δ13C and F14C values of spines from a long-lived columnar cactus, saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea). To determine plant age, we collected spines at 11 different heights along one rib from the stem apex (3.77 m height) to the base of a naturally occurring saguaro. Fractions of modern carbon (F14C) ranged from 0.9679 to 1.5537, which is consistent with ages between 1950 and 2004. We observed a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.997) between the F14C age of spines and the age of spines determined from direct and repeated height measurements taken on this individual over the past 37 years. A series of 96 spines collected from this individual had δ18O values ranging from 38‰ to 50‰ [Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW)] and δ13C values from −11.5‰ to −8.5‰ [Vienna Peedee belemnite (VPDB)]. The δ18O and δ13C values of spines were positively correlated (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001) and showed near-annual oscillations over the ∼15-year record. This pattern suggests that seasonal periods of reduced evaporative demand or greater precipitation input may correspond to increased daytime CO2 uptake. The lowest δ18O and δ13C values of spines observed occurred during the 1983 and 1993 El Nino years, suggesting that the stable isotope composition recorded in spine tissue may serve as a proxy for these climate events. We compared empirical models and data from potted experimental cacti to validate these observations and test our hypotheses. The isotopic records presented here are the first ever reported from a chronosequence of cactus spines and demonstrate that tissues of columnar cacti, and potentially other long-lived succulents, may contain a record of past physiological and climatic variation.
Amphetamine modulates excitatory neurotransmission through endocytosis of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 in dopamine neurons.

Summary Amphetamines modify the brain and alter behavior through mechanisms generally attributed to their ability to regulate extracellular dopamine concentrations. However, the actions of amphetamine are also linked to adaptations in glutamatergic signaling. We report here that when amphetamine enters dopamine neurons through the dopamine transporter, it stimulates endocytosis of an excitatory amino acid transporter, EAAT3, in dopamine neurons. Consistent with this decrease in surface EAAT3, amphetamine potentiates excitatory synaptic responses in dopamine neurons. We also show that the process of internalization is dynamin- and Rho-mediated and requires a unique sequence in the cytosolic C terminus of EAAT3. Introduction of a peptide based on this motif into dopamine neurons blocks the effects of amphetamine on EAAT3 internalization and its action on excitatory responses. These data indicate that the internalization of EAAT3 triggered by amphetamine increases glutamatergic signaling and thus contributes to the effects of amphetamine on neurotransmission.
Histological patterns of locoregional recurrence in Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Background: Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as an aggressive variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma based in part on its propensity to metastasize regionally and recur locally. The curren...
Child care as family support: caregiving practices across child care providers

Abstract The child care needs of working parents have gained considerable attention in recent policy and research discussions. There is growing interest in understanding caregiving practices across child care types (centers and preschools, family child care homes, and kith and kin care). In particular, child care providers are increasingly considered sources of family support beyond the direct care of children. Yet there has been limited conceptual or empirical study to help understand such an expanded role for child care providers. This paper presents a conceptual framework for explaining the caregiving practices of child care providers, with particular attention to providers serving low-income families and communities. It elaborates three factors posited to shape the child care and family support roles of providers: the child care setting; the provider's level of professionalism; and the provider's motivations and values regarding child care work. The rationale for the model draws on theoretical and empirical work in the early childhood, professionalism, and caregiving and carework literatures.
Integrability, conformal symmetry, and noncritical virasoro algebras

Abstract We discuss the relation between integrability and conformal symmetry in the context of a unitary c = 1 lattice Virasoro algebra for the noncritical eight-vertex model. The lattice algebra is related to the critical conformal algebra by a modular transformation in spectral parameter (rapidity) space. Virasoro generators for massive free fermions are explicitly constructed in terms of integrals of local densities and a connection with higher conservation laws is exhibited. Comparing the Verma module states of the noncritical algebra with the Bethe ansatz states, we discuss a connection between the FQS discrete sequence and the bound state spectrum of the eight-vertex/massive-Thirring/sine-Gordon model
Non-local Nature of Habituation in a Rotifer and Protozoan

HABITUATION, defined as a “waning of a response as a result of repeated stimulation”1, can be considered to be a form of learning if fatigue, injury and local sensory adaptation can be ruled out. This is the case when an organism shows the same behaviour response to a different or more intense stimulus after habituation. The usual way to ascertain whether there is local sensory adaptation is by recording electrically the relevant sensory pathways; this is often quite difficult, either because the nerves are too small or are too numerous to record from. It is possible to design behavioural experiments to test for non-local habituation; among the invertebrates1, however, this is only possessed by planarians2.
The future of computers and the teaching of engineering design

I would like to begin with a list of some of the things that are happening today in the arena of engineering design and how it is to be taught.
Decompositions of manifolds

Introduction Preliminaries The shrinkability criterion Cell-like decompositions of absolute neighborhood retracts The cell-like approximation theorem Shrinkable decompositions Nonshrinkable decompositions Applications to manifolds References Index.
Optical properties of porous GaAs

Abstract The optical properties of porous GaAs formed electrochemically on n- and p-type GaAs in HCl electrolyte are reported. The porous structure comprises GaAs crystallites ranging in size from micrometers to nanometers and under certain chemical conditions other transparent crystallites of As 2 O 3 and Ga 2 O 3 form. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements at 295 K reveal an “infrared” PL at ∼840 nm and a “green” PL at ∼ 540 nm, which could easily be seen by the naked eye in some samples. The infrared and green PL peak wavelength and intensity varied from sample to sample consistent with an assignment to quantum confinement effects in GaAs micro- and nanocrystallites, respectively.
Inhibition of Transplant Coronary Arteriosclerosis in Rabbits by Chronic Estradiol Treatment Is Associated With Abolition of MHC Class II Antigen Expression

Background Accelerated coronary arteriosclerosis is a major complication in long-term survivors of cardiac transplantation. Estrogen prevents transplant arteriosclerosis in experimental cardiac and...
Interest rates, inflation and the value of growth options

A company's investment opportunities are analogous to options, and options react differently to interest rate changes than other types of assets. We examine growth option sensitivity to inflation-induced changes in interest rates using a binomial model. We find that growth options are generally less sensitive to these rate changes than assets in place, but contrary to the usual call option intuition, the value of growth options frequently decreases as interest rates increase. The magnitude (and sign) of their interest sensitivity depends critically on how much of those changes in expected inflation rates can be flowed through" to changes in the project's nominal cash flows.
Study of the size effects and friction conditions in microextrusion - Part II: Size effect in dynamic friction for brass-steel pairs

In this paper, the results of experiments conducted to investigate the friction coefficient existing at a brass-steel interface are presented. The research discussed here is the second of a two-part study on the size effects in friction conditions that exist during microextrusion. In the regime of dimensions of the order of a few hundred microns, these size effects tend to play a significant role in affecting the characteristics of microforming processes. Experimental results presented in the previous companion paper have already shown that the friction conditions obtained from comparisons of experimental results and numerical models show a size effect related to the overall dimensions of the extruded part, assuming material response is homogeneous. Another interesting observation was made when extrusion experiments were performed to produce submillimeter sized pins. It was noted that pins fabricated from large grain-size material 211 m showed a tendency to curve, whereas those fabricated from billets having a small grain size 32 m, did not show this tendency. In order to further investigate these phenomena, it was necessary to segregate the individual influences of material response and interfacial behavior on the microextrusion process, and therefore, a series of frictional experiments was conducted using a stored-energy Kolsky bar. The advantage of the Kolsky bar method is that it provides a direct measurement of the existing interfacial conditions and does not depend on material deformation behavior like other methods to measure friction. The method also provides both static and dynamic coefficients of friction, and these values could prove relevant for microextrusion tests performed at high strain rates. Tests were conducted using brass samples of a small grain size 32 m and a large grain size 211 m at low contact pressure 22 MPa and high contact pressure 250 MPa to see whether there was any change in the friction conditions due to these parameters. Another parameter that was varied was the area of contact. Static and dynamic coefficients of friction are reported for all the cases. The main conclusion of these experiments was that the friction coefficient did not show any significant dependence on the material grain size, interface pressure, or area of contact. DOI: 10.1115/1.2738131
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Synthetic Peptides Using Derivatization with 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate

A series of synthetic prothrombin leader sequences (ANKGFLEEX), each having a different C-terminal amino acid, was derivatized with the novel fluorescent-derivatizing agent 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and analyzed by HPLC. Essentially quantitative yields of derivatized peptides could be routinely obtained with a fast, simple derivatizing procedure. The response was linear over a concentration range of 0.176 to 88.0 nM. Peptides labeled with this highly sensitive derivatizing agent exhibited a mass detection limit in the femtomole range and a concentration detection limit in the picomolar range. Amino acid content of hydrolyzed peptides was carried out using the same reagent in order to evaluate the amino acid composition and to detect any deletion sequences.
The objective assessment of lifetime cumulative ultraviolet exposure for determining melanoma risk

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation has commonly been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma. The measurement of UV exposure in humans, however, has proved challenging. Despite the general appreciation that an objective metric for individual UV exposure is needed to properly assess melanoma risk, little attention has been given to the issue of accuracy of UV exposure measurement. The present research utilized a GIS based historical UV exposure model (for which the accuracy of exposure estimates is known) and examined, in the case-control setting, the relative importance of UV exposure compared to self-reported time spent outdoors, in melanoma risk. UV estimates were coupled with residential histories of 820 representative melanoma cases among non-Hispanic white residents under 65 years of age from Los Angeles County and for 877 controls matched to cases by age, sex, race, and neighborhood of residence, to calculate the cumulative lifetime UV exposure and average annual UV exposure. For historical measures, when the participants resided outside the US, we also calculated UV estimates. While there was no increased risk of melanoma associated with self-reported time spent outdoors, the association between annual average UV exposure based on residential history and melanoma risk was substantial, as was the association between cumulative UV exposure based on residential history and melanoma. The time spent in outdoor activities appeared to have no significant effect on melanoma risk in any age strata, however, when adjusted for UV exposure based on residential history, time spent outdoors during young age significantly increased risk for melanoma. While there was some attenuation of risk when we excluded data from people resident overseas (as all other studies we are aware of have done), this did not significantly impact subsequent risk estimates of UV exposure on melanoma.
The Use of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers in the Treatment of Angina and Hypertension

During the past decade, beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents have proved to be valuable assets in our therapeutic armamentarium for management of both angina pectoris and essential hypertension.In ischemic heart disease, these agents reduce myocardial oxygen require ments by decreasing the force of myocardial contraction and by reducing heart rate. Consequently, decreased blood supply to portions of the myocardium is tolerated better.1 The beta-blockers are effective in reducing the frequency and severity of episodes of angina pectoris and in extending exercise tolerance. If needed, additional benefit may be gained by adding long-acting nitrates, or calcium-channel blockers or both.2
Varisim: A new machine method for orthogonal rotation

The derivative of Kaiser's Varimax criterion, if set to zero, yields a set of equations which are quite similar to those obtained for a least-squares problem of the “Procrustes” type. This similarity suggested an iterative technique for orthogonal rotation, dubbed “Varisim,” which was programmed for the IBM 7094 in FORTRAN. An empirical comparison between Varimax and Varisim, which was based on a number of data sets taken from the literature yielded three major results so far: (i) Varisim is slower than Varimax, roughly by a factor of 3, (ii) Varisim yields factors which in general contribute more evenly to the common test variance than Varimax factors, and which (iii) line up more closely with oblique configurations obtained with Binormamin than Varimax factors.
The False Choice between Universalism and Religion/Culture

I seek to engage the authors in a deeper interrogation of their claims, particularly that societies can mitigate the evolutionary legacy of patriarchy by limiting the influence of religious/cultural enclaves and instead promoting universalism, as exemplified in CEDAW and international law. I challenge and politicize this alleged “choice” between universalism and cultural/religious enclaves/relativism, as it ultimately rests on a series of too-easy dichotomies (secular/religious, western/nonwestern) that may inadvertently stymie collaborative attempts between “western” and “non-western” feminists to challenge inequitable family law and gender violence. Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen (2011) do offer critiques of western states. They are careful to point out nuances, subtleties, and complexities with their concept of religious/cultural enclaves. They also convincingly broaden the concept of gender equality beyond formal political rights to the kind of social, legal, and economic justice encapsulated in equitable family law and freedom from violence. And, they provoke an examination of why and how gender equality and gender violence are linked. But I suggest that their empirical research might have better traction by taking seriously two problematic implications of championing the “universal” as necessarily progressive: the failure to recognize patriarchy as part of universalism; and the inattention to why and how religious/cultural enclaves are patriarchal.
Epidemiology of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. children

The epidemiology of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. children is poorly characterized. We analyzed the incidence, mortality, and characteristics of primary hepatic malignancies in U.S. residents less than 20 years of age. Fatal primary hepatic malignancies in persons less than 20 years of age, between 1979 and 1996, were identified using the multiple-cause-of-death database (National Center for Health Statistics). Histologically confirmed primary hepatic malignancies occurring between 1973 and 1997 were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Between 1979 and 1996, 918 primary hepatic malignancy deaths (average, 0.7/1,000,000/year) were reported nationally among persons less than 20 years of age; rates were higher among Asians and among foreign-born children. Between 1973 and 1997, 271 primary hepatic malignancy cases were reported to SEER among persons less than 20 years of age, of which 184 (67%) and 83 (31%) were hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Among children less than 5 years of age, hepatoblastoma accounted for 91% of primary hepatic malignancy cases, whereas among those 15 to 19 years of age, hepatocellular carcinoma accounted for 87% of cases. Five-year survival for hepatoblastoma was 52%, compared with 18% for hepatocellular carcinoma. In the SEER sites, between 1973 and 1977 and 1993 and 1997, hepatoblastoma rates increased (0.6 to 1.2/1,000,000, respectively), while hepatocellular carcinoma rates decreased (0.45 to 0.29/1,000,000, respectively). In conclusion, histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma was reported in children less than 5 years of age, also, where hepatoblastoma is the predominant primary hepatic malignancy. Hepatocellular carcinoma has worse survival rates than hepatoblastoma, and its incidence has not increased. Better maintenance of databases may provide information about associated factors behind this unexpected occurrence.
Development of a simple pungency indicator test for onions

Long-day yellow onions differing in pungency were used to compare methods for appraisal of pungency. Pyruvate, an established indicator of pungency for Allium species, was determined by the lactate dehydrogenase and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods. Thiosulfinate content, another indicator of pungency, was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the absorbance at 515 nm after reaction with N-ethylmaleimide. Significant correlation (R2 = 0.871) existed between thiosulfinate content and pyruvate concentration. In addition, a modified N-ethylmaleimide reaction was used to develop a simple pungency indicator test which adequately detected differences between bulbs. The color produced by this method was analyzed using a HunterLab reflectance colorimeter. The Hunter a value and saturation index (C) correlated with both thiosulfinate content and pyruvate concentration (R2 = 0.735–0.860). The procedure described provides the potential for screening of pungency of large numbers of Allium samples.
The enthalpies of formation and high-temperature thermodynamic functions of As4S4 and As2S3

Abstract The energies of combusion of β-As 4 S 4 and vitreous As 2 S 3 in fluorine were measured in a bomb calorimeter. High-temperature enthalpy increments were also determined by drop calorimetry. The standard enthalpies of formation ΔH f o (298.15 K), were found to be −(134.6±6.7) kJ mol −1 and −(69.6 ± 4.2) kJ mol −1 for β-As 4 S 4 and vitreous As 2 S 3 , respectively. Based on the measured results and data from the literature, the thermodynamic properties of the minerals realgar, α-As 4 S 4 , and orpiment, As 2 S 3 (c) were derived. For realgar at 298.15 K, ΔH f o = −(138.1 ± 6.7) kJ mol −1 , ΔS f o = −(22.3 ± 3.1) J K −1 mol −1 , and ΔG f o = −(131.5 ± 6.8) kJ mol −1 are recommended and, for orpiment at 298.15 K, ΔH f o = −(91.6 ± 4.8) kJ mol −1 , ΔS f o = −(3.1 ± 4.3) J K −1 mol −1 , and ΔG f o = −(90.7 ± 5.0) kJ mol −1 .
Liver Nuclear Protein Phosphorylation in Vivo and the Effect of Triiodothyronine

The incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate (32Pi) into rat liver proteins was studied in vivo in normal animals, hypothyroid animals, and hypothyroid animals given 1–15 μg T3/l00 g BW, 3–14 h before sacrifice. Cytosol and nuclei were separated by differential centrifugation, and nuclear globulins, histones, and nonhistone proteins were recovered by extraction procedures. All of the data were corrected for the individual specific activities of the perchloric acid (PCA)-soluble cytosol inorganic phosphate pool and, in some assays, for specific activity of the organic phosphate pool. When studied 90 min after iv administration of 300 μCi 32Pi, the incorporation of isotope was reduced in all of the protein fractions by 15–35% in hypothyroid animals compared to that in normal controls. T3 administration induced a progressive increase in 32Pi incorporation into proteins. The increase was statistically significant 6 h after T3 injection. One microgram of T3 per 100 g BW, administered 6 h before sacrifice, induced ...
Cadmium-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation, DNA strand breaks and antioxidant enzyme activities in lymphoblastoid cells

The effect of cadmium ion (Cd) and ascorbic acid (Asc) on the induction of oxidative DNA damage and on the activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated in human lymphoblastoid cells (AHH-1 TK+/±). Cd at low concentrations of 5–35 μM induced the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and caused nuclear DNA strand breaks. The formation both of 8-OHdG and of DNA strand breaks was dose-dependent at the low Cd concentration; both parameters were linearly correlated with each other (R = 0.932 and P = 0.0209). 8-OHdG formation by Cd plateaued at a Cd concentration of 50 μM. Asc also induced 8-OHdG formation, but it had no synergistic effect with Cd on the formation of 8-OHdG or DNA strand breaks. Cd at the concentration of 50 μM induced the nuclear activity of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, Cd caused a decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and an increase in concentration of the oxidized form (GSSG). While Asc had no observable effect on SOD activity, it did increase nuclear catalase activity in cells. This effect on catalase was synergistic with that of Cd. The linear correlation between 8-OHdG and DNA strand breaks induced by Cd at the lower Cd concentrations (≤50 μM), suggested that the extent of formation of DNA strand breaks induced by Cd may be offset by their induction of the formation of 8-OHdG and antioxidant enzyme activities.
Generalized predictive control algorithm of a simplified ground vehicle suspension system

This paper discusses research conducted by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) - Vehicle Technology Directorate (VTD) on advanced suspension control. ARL-VTD has conducted research on advanced suspe...
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic evidence for the existence of two conformations of the bacteriorhodopsin primary photoproduct at low temperature.

Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin at low temperature reveals at least two stable forms of bacteriorhodopsin570 and the K photoproduct. In the case of bacteriorhodopsin570, warming from 81 to 135 K causes a reduction in absorption of several chromophore vibrations, but not the C=N stretching mode. These changes are consistent with a reorientation of the chromophore which leaves the angle of the C=N bond unchanged relative to the membrane plane. In the case of the K intermediate, two different forms can be isolated at 135 K on the basis of wavelength-dependent photoalteration. One form is identical to the low temperature K630 species, whereas a second blue-shifted form is present only above 135 K. This new form exhibits a 985 cm−1 peak in the hydrogen-out-of-plane bending region, which is similar to a reported room-temperature resonance Raman spectrum of K. Temperature-dependent changes in the conformation of the protein involving possible alterations in peptide hydrogen bonding are also detected.
Failure Analysis on Strain Clamp on 220kV Transmission Line

Failure analysis on a strain clamp cracking on 220kV transmission line was carried out based on results of macro-observation, mechanical property examination and EDAX analysis. It is concluded that the main reason of the clamp failure lies in incomplete surface cleaning during wire crimping that cause large current flowing through steel cores, heating them and reduced their strength. In addition, oxidation due to residue water for insufficient baking also contributes to the failure. Finally suggestions were put forward.
A Schematic-Theoretic View of Problem Solving and Development of Algebraic Thinking.

This study explored the problem-solving schemas developed by 7th-grade pre-algebra students as they participated in a teaching experiment that was designed to help students develop effective schemas for solving algebraic problem situations involving contexts of (1) growth and change and (2) size and shape. This article describes the qualities and types of schemas that students developed through examples of problems used to develop schemas, examples of students' reasoning and writing, and excerpts from student interviews. Findings from the study indicated that there is a link between the type of generalizations students construct and the schemas they are forming. By using these schemas students recognize, extend, and generalize patterns and quantitative relationships both verbally and symbolically.
Computing reduced equations for robotic systems with constraints and symmetries

Develops easily computable methods for deriving the reduced equations for mechanical systems with Lie group symmetries. These types of systems occur frequently in robotics, and are found generically in robotic locomotion, wheeled mobile robots, and satellites or underwater vehicles with robotic arms. Results are presented for two important cases: (1) the unconstrained case, for both body and spatial representations; and (2) the constrained (mixed kinematic and dynamic) case. In each case, the dynamic equations for these nonholonomic mechanical systems are given, and illustrated by the appropriate calculations for an example system. A primary result of the paper is to show that the spectrum of possible constraints-ranging from no constraints to fully constrained systems-can be expressed within a single unifying principle for calculating the reduced equations. In this process, the structure of the reduced Lagrangian directly reveals two useful components in the reduction process, namely the local forms of the locked inertia tensor and the mechanical connection. Finally, it is shown that the reduced dynamics decouple from any explicit dependence on the group configuration variables.
Influenza B-induced refractory cardiogenic shock: a case report

Background An association between influenza A viruses and myocarditis was noted during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Since then, the link between the influenza B virus and fulminant myocarditis or cardiogenic shock has been rarely reported.
An Application of Bowen Family Systems Theory

While nurse practitioners initially work with the identified patient, Murray Bowen maintains it is the reciprocal functioning of all the members of the family which contributes to the emotional intensity of the patient. The emotional symptoms of an individual are an expression of the emotional symptoms of the family, which are often embedded in patterns of behaviors from past generations. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate understanding Bowen's theoretical concepts of family systems theory and apply these concepts to a family in therapy.
Assembly Integrity of Coaxial Rigid Parts Positioned by Congruent Conical Pilots. Part 1: R-R End Conditions

Congruent conical pilots can be used to configure the contacting surfaces of coaxially assembled rigid cylindrical parts where assembly integrity is obtained by an axial clamping load and where externally applied constraints occur only at the ends of the assembly. The relative motion for mating parts is developed for parts of arbitrary length. A method for optimal geometric design of the pilots is presented for the special conditions that all the parts be of the same length and that the assembly contain the minimum number of parts permissible for instability to occur. Application of the optimal design method achieves the maximum stability in the presence of a lateral destabilizing load. For each part dimension, the optimal value is at a domain limit.
Transition metal atomic multiplet states through the lens of single-reference coupled-cluster and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster methods

Transition metal atoms require a correct description of quasi-degeneracy and spin states, which lead to many closely lying multiplets. Before embarking on the theoretical description of transition metal complexes, the problems encountered in the atoms should be shown to be amenable to a chosen ab initio electronic structure method. It is usually thought that multi-reference methods should be a necessity for the correct description of transition metal multiplets. To the contrary, this paper explores the use of single-reference coupled-cluster theory in most of its manifestations. These include a variety of orbital choices from variationally optimal restricted open-shell references, to Brueckner orbital references, fractionally occupied references, quasi-restricted Hartree–Fock and other choices. In addition, the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method for target multiplet states is considered. Relativistic corrections are obtained from a Douglas–Kroll–Hess fifthorder approximation which is found to be superior to effective core potentials, although there is little coupling between the relativistic effects and electron correlation.
Recurrent Group B Streptococcal Infections: Report of Three Cases

The group B streptococcus has become a leading cause of neonatal infection. Despite the increasing incidence of this infection, recurrence in the same patient is extremely uncommon. This report describes three infants with proved recurrent group B streptococcal disease. All patients were treated with benzylpenicillin for at least 10 days, but, after a symptom-free interval, each developed symptoms again. Whether the illness in these patients represents a relapse or a true reinfection is difficult to determine. Various possibilities are discussed. The development of a recurrent infection indicates that presently recommended therapy may be inadequate in certain instances. Comments about epidemiology, clinical picture, antibiotic sensitivity studies, and immunity are made along with speculations about possible approaches to treatment and prevention of this infection.
Bird Mercury Concentrations Change Rapidly as Chicks Age: Toxicological Risk is Highest at Hatching and Fledging

Toxicological risk of methylmercury exposure to juvenile birds is complex due to the highly transient nature of mercury concentrations as chicks age. We examined total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in blood, liver, kidney, muscle, and feathers of 111 Forster’s tern (Sterna forsteri), 69 black-necked stilt (Himantopus mexicanus), and 43 American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) chicks as they aged from hatching through postfledging at wetlands that had either low or high mercury contamination in San Francisco Bay, California. For each waterbird species, internal tissue, and wetland, total mercury and methylmercury concentrations changed rapidly as chicks aged and exhibited a quadratic, U-shaped pattern from hatching through postfledging. Mercury concentrations were highest immediately after hatching, due to maternally deposited mercury in eggs, then rapidly declined as chicks aged and diluted their mercury body burden through growth in size and mercury depuration into growing feathers. Mercury c...
Pulsed angiolytic laser treatment of ectasias and varices in singers.

Objectives:Varices and ectasias in singers are typically the result of phonotraumatic shearing stresses and/or collision forces on the microcirculation within the superficial lamina propria. These lesions can be debilitating in performing vocalists because of the effect of recurrent hemorrhage and/or as a contributing factor to the morbidity of other mass lesions such as polyps, nodules, and cysts. Phonomicrosurgical treatment of performers is understandably approached with great trepidation, as the vocal liability of surgically disturbing the superficial lamina propria and epithelium must be balanced with the inherent detrimental vocal effect(s) of the lesion(s). Pulsed angiolytic lasers that emit radiation at high absorbance peaks of oxyhemoglobin were examined to determine whether they were an efficacious treatment approach for ectasias and varices based on these lasers' mechanisms of action and prior experience in phonomicrosurgery.Methods:A prospective trial was done in 39 patients (40 procedures in ...
The substrate reaction mechanism of class III anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase

The substrate mechanism of class III anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase has been studied using quantum chemical methods. The study is based on the previously suggested mechanism for the aerobic class I enzyme, together with the recently determined X-ray structure of the anaerobic enzyme. The initial steps are similar in the mechanisms of these enzymes, but for the suggested rate-limiting steps there are key differences. In the class I enzyme, the 3 ' -keto group of the substrate is protonated in a step involving formation of a sulfur-sulfur bond between two cysteines, One of these cysteines is not present in the anaerobic enzyme. Instead, carbon dioxide is formed in this step from formate, which is present as a cofactor. In line with previous suggestions from experimental observations, the formate first forms a formyl radical. The next step, where the formyl radical protonates the 3 ' -keto group of the substrate, is suggested to be rate limiting with a calculated total barrier of 19.9 kcal/mol, in reasonable agreement with the experimental rate-limiting barrier of 17 kcal/mol. Zero-point and entropy effects are found to be quite significant in lowering the barrier. The mechanism for the entire cycle is discussed in relation to known experimental facts.
Quantifying Flow-Dependent Changes in Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon Rearing Habitat Using Two-Dimensional Spatially Explicit Modeling

Abstract We used an analysis based on a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the amount of rearing habitat and stranding area for subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River at steady-state flows ranging from 1,416 to 11,328 m3/s. High-resolution river channel bathymetry was used in conjunction with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to estimate water velocities, depths, and lateral slopes throughout our 33-km study area. To relate the probability of fish presence in nearshore habitats to measures of physical habitat, we developed a logistic regression model from point electrofishing data. We only considered variables that were compatible with a GIS and therefore excluded other variables known to be important to juvenile salmonids. Water velocity and lateral slope were the only two variables included in our final model. The amount of available rearing habitat generally decreased as flow increased, with the greatest decreases occurring b...
The case for research in decision support systems

Abstract The ‘Physical Symbol System Hypothesis’ proposed by Newell and Simon states that any system capable of manipulating a set of symbols is also capable of intelligent action. Newell and Simon assert that this hypothesis forms the basis for research in artificial intelligence (AI). The belief is that computers are just as capable of intelligent action as are humans. This paper argues that the basis for research in decision support systems (DSS) contrasts sharply with that of AI in that DSS research assumes that a man-machine symbiosis is capable of a higher level of intelligent action than either man or machine operating independently.
A nullspace analysis of the nuclear norm heuristic for rank minimization

The problem of minimizing the rank of a matrix subject to linear equality constraints arises in applications in machine learning, dimensionality reduction, and control theory, and is known to be NP-hard. A popular heuristic minimizes the nuclear norm (sum of the singular values) of the matrix instead of the rank, and was recently shown to give an exact solution in several scenarios. In this paper, we present a new analysis for this heuristic based on a property of the nullspace of the operator defining the constraints, called the spherical section property. We give conditions for the exact recovery of all matrices up to a certain rank, and show that these conditions hold with high probability for operators generated from random Gaussian ensembles. Our analysis provides simpler proofs than existing isometry-based methods, as well as robust recovery results when the matrix is not exactly low-rank.
Neutral solitons in polyacetylene: Implications of the ENDOR results

Abstract We demonstrate that the ENDOR results on polyacetylene are consistent with the soliton model, and that ENDOR data measure the size of the chain segment over which a soliton diffuses. The existence of two discrete sites is a confirmation of the qualitative feature of the soliton gap state wave-function which has amplitude only on alternate sites. The observation of negative spin density (rather than zero) on the second kind of site requires that the model be expanded to include the electron-electron Coulomb interaction which leads to the observed negative exchange polarization.