cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of infant ventilation methods performed by prehospital personnel.

By comparing mouth-to-mouth ventilation to other methods, we tested whether there are significant differences among infant mannequin ventilation methods performed by emergency medical technicians-paramedics (EMT-Ps). Fifty-nine participants were evaluated in the performance of six ventilation methods; methods studied were mouth-to-mouth; two mouth-to-mask devices; and infant, pediatric, and adult bag-valve-mask devices. By measuring each breath, the percentage of acceptable ventilations in predetermined ranges, 5 to 25 mL/kg or 10 to 20 mL/kg, was calculated. Methods were compared using repeat measures ANOVA testing. Correlation between ventilation performance and the experience of personnel was expressed as the Pearson correlation coefficient. There were no significant differences in performance between methods, except for inadequate ventilation with the Laerdal Pocket Mask ® ( P ® is an ineffective device for infant mannequin ventilation and should not be recommended for infant resuscitation.
The incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with primary bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The incidence, risk factors, time course, and impact on survival of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a large, population-based study of patients with bladder cancer have not been identified previously. METHODS: The California Cancer Registry was merged with the California Patient Discharge Data Set to determine the incidence of VTE in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer within a 6-year period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the risk factors for VTE and the effects of VTE on survival. RESULTS: Among 24,861 patients with bladder cancer, the 2-year incidence of VTE was 1.9%. The highest incidence of VTE occurred in the first 6 months regardless of age, sex, race, tumor stage, or histologic subtype. In a multivariate model, significant risk factors for the development of VTE included major surgery, advancing disease stage, and increasing number of comorbidities. Compared with the general population, the 1-year standardized incidence ratio for VTE in the bladder cancer cohort was 5.3 (95% confidence interval, 4.8-5.9). Among patients with bladder cancer, significant risk factors for death included advancing disease stage, increasing comorbidities, African-American race, nontransitional cell carcinoma histology, and the development of VTE. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with bladder cancer had a 1.9% 2-year incidence of VTE. Metastatic disease was the strongest predictor of both VTE and death. It was noteworthy that cancer-associated surgery was associated with a higher risk of VTE, which differed from the results reported from other studies in solid tumors. VTE was a significant predictor of death in the first 2 years. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
High-yield purification of small, single-stranded DNA.

Abstract Several simple methods that aid in the high-yield purification of small, single-stranded DNA are described. The methods rely initially on the silicone coating of laboratory ware with a particular brand of commercial silicone coating. The quantitative precipitation of DNA with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the fractionation of the DNA by molecular-sieve chromatography allowed purification based on length of the polynucleotide strands. For purification of density-labeled DNA, Cs 2 SO 4 isopycnic centrifugation and precipitation by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide gave good purification of the DNA of interest even at sizes as small as ∼200 nucleotides.
Object dependent properties of mirrors for PV applications studied under accelerated weathering protocols

Lifetime and degradation science (L&DS) has been implemented over the past two years to explore exposure protocols for accelerated weathering of back-surface aluminum mirrors for photovoltaic applications and to apprise PV developers of their implications. Using weathering protocols that induce degradation through heat, humidity, ultraviolet light and exposure to corrosive environments, a variety of degradation modes have been observed. In order to characterize changes in the object-dependent optical properties of these mirrors, a careful accounting of reflected, absorbed and scattered light was performed. Metrics for comparing the degradation observed in various sets of samples with different protective coatings were developed. These metrics can be used to track, correlate and predict performance of systems exposed in real-world conditions. Using a stress and response framework, observations of sample performance were made at multiple steps of exposure in order to monitor the progression of damage accumulation. This allows for correlation to outdoor exposure results and provides a pathway for system lifetime performance prediction. Acrylic back surface mirrors exposed to accelerated weathering protocols showed an increase in scatter, interfacial absorptance and a reduction in specularity. This L&DS approach to technology development allows for confidence when entering new markets and mitigates risks associated with premature failure due to improper material substitution.
Interactions of trifluoroethanol with [val5]angiotensin II.

Intermolecular 1H{19F} NOE experiments have been used to explore the interactions of trifluoroethanol (TFE) with the octapeptide hormone [val5]angiotensin II at temperatures from 5 to 25 °C. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that 40% trifluoroethanol has an influence on the conformations of the peptide, probably leading to β-structures. Diffusion experiments show that the mean hydrodynamic radius of the peptide in 40% trifluoroethanol−water is about 8 A, consistent with significant folding of the peptide in this medium. Distance constraints derived from intramolecular NOESY data along with observed vicinal coupling constants (3JCαHNH) were used to develop conformations consistent with available data. Assuming that intermolecular 1H{19F} NOEs are the result of diffusive encounters of TFE and peptide molecules, it is shown that no single conformation is consistent with the experimental values of the σHF cross-relaxation parameters. It is argued that the disagreements between observed and expected values o...
Critical processes affecting Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in the environment

Cryptosporidium are parasitic protozoans that cause gastrointestinal disease and represent a significant risk to public health. Cryptosporidium oocysts are prevalent in surface waters as a result of human, livestock and native animal faecal contamination. The resistance of oocysts to the concentrations of chlorine and monochloramine used to disinfect potable water increases the risk of waterborne transmission via drinking water. In addition to being resistant to commonly used disinfectants, it is thought that oocysts can persist in the environment and be readily mobilized by precipitation events. This paper will review the critical processes involved in the inactivation or removal of oocysts in the terrestrial and aquatic environments and consider how these processes will respond in the context of climate change.
Board control and ceo compensation

The board of directors has been identified as a key internal control mechanism for setting CEO compensation. Theory suggests that CEOs will attempt to circumvent board control in an effort to maximize salary. This hypothesis was tested using a sample of 193 firms in a cross-section of industries. Corporate governance literature was reviewed to develop a multiple indicator measure of board control. Although, as hypothesized, CEO salaries were greater in firms with lower levels of control, CEO compensation was not significantly related to firm size or profitability.
Fatty acids and oil content in white lupin seed as affected by production practices

Characteristics of the seed oil of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), a potential alternative winter crop in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, are not well established. Replicated experiments were conducted during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons with a determinate and an indeterminate cultivar to characterize oil and FA in lupin seed in relation to production practices. The experiments were planted in early October, late October, and mid-November using row spacings of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m at each planting time. Seeds from the planting date of early October had significantly (P 18∶2> 18∶3>16∶0>20∶1>22∶1>22∶0>18∶0>24∶0>20∶0. The saturated FA/unsaturated FA ratio in lupin oil was 0.14. White lupin seed contained higher contents of oil and FA than literature values for seed of navy, kidney, and pinto beans.
Facial divergence and mandibular crowding in treated subjects.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the relationships between facial divergence, vertical growth, and postretention mandibular crowding. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five white extraction patients were evaluated immediately posttreatment (15.4 years) and again 16.6 years later. Hyperdivergent subjects, subjects with open bite or severe deep bites were not evaluated. Changes in incisor irregularity and tooth-size arch-length discrepancies (TSALD) were evaluated and correlated with measures of divergence and skeletal growth. Results: Incisor irregularity increased 0.9 mm and TSALD increased 0.7 mm after treatment; 68% of the subjects had less than 3.5 mm incisor irregularity at postretention. Male patients showed significantly more growth than female patients did. Female patients, who were significantly more hyperdivergent than male patients, showed weak to moderately weak associations between posttreatment facial divergence and crowding. Female posttreatment changes in anterior face height, lower inc...
Modeling phosphorus flux in the sediments of Onondaga Lake : Insights on the timing of lake response and recovery

Abstract External (i.e. point source and tributary) phosphorus loads are an appropriate target for lake managers concerned with eutrophication control. However, internal loads associated with phosphorus that has accumulated in lake sediments can retard the response to reductions in external loading. This paper describes the development, calibration, confirmation and application of a model for phosphorus exchange at the sediment–water interface of a eutrophic, urban system, Onondaga Lake, New York. The model is based on the principles of mass balance and accommodates the delivery of labile particulate phosphorus to the sediment surface, diagenesis of that phosphorus within the sediment (conversion to the soluble form), redox-mediated adsorption and desorption, and diffusion and release of soluble phosphorus to the water column. Values for most model inputs and coefficients were determined through a suite of field and laboratory measurements and experimentation, establishing the credibility of the tool for site-specific application. The model was calibrated to measured sediment profiles of soluble and labile particulate phosphorus, limiting coefficient adjustment to experimentally defined bounds. The confirmation process included comparison of model-predicted and measured rates of sediment phosphorus release with no further coefficient adjustment. The model was then applied in the prediction of the sediment response to changes in the phosphorus content of sedimenting particulate matter, changes which would accompany reductions in external phosphorus loads to the lake. It is demonstrated that steady state rates of sediment phosphorus release, i.e. those in equilibrium with newly established rates of labile particulate phosphorus deposition, are achieved over a period of 19–26 years. These findings have important implications with respect to the natural recovery of eutrophic systems and will assist water quality managers in developing appropriate public expectations for the timing of lake restoration.
Halbquantitative Schwefelwasserstoffbestimmung in Wein

1. In Anlehnung an bekannte Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Blausaure mit einer Testfleckenmethode wurde zur Bestimmung von H2S in Wein ein halbquantitatives Bestimmungsverfahren entwickelt. Vorbereitungen und Gang einer solchen Bestimmung werden beschrieben. 2. Es wurde die Menge H2S zu ermitteln versucht, welche von Weinkostern geschmacklich bemerkt und als H2S erkannt wird. Es stellte sich heraus, das der allgemeine Schwellenwert zwischen 0,375 und 0,25 mg/l H2S liegt. 0,25 mg/l wird schon nicht von jedem Weinkoster richtig erkannt. Es gibt aber empfindliche Personen, die selbst einen Gehalt von nur 0,125 mg/l H2S noch bemerken und richtig ansprechen.
Growth and magnetic studies of epitaxial films of Fe, Co and Ni on Cu(100)/Si(100)

Abstract We have studied the growth of single-crystal films of fcc Cu(100) on freshly HF-etched Si(100) substrates at room temperature in a MBE deposition system. Using Cu(100) as a seed layer we have grown Fe, Co and Ni in the thickness range of 10–500A. X-ray diffraction, reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements confirm the epitaxial growth of Ni and Co on Cu(100) with fcc(100) structure whereas Fe grows with bcc(100) Pitsch orientation relationships.
Symmetry and optical spectra: a “silent” 1 : 2 Np(V)–oxydiacetate complex

The 1 : 2 Np(V)-oxydiacetate complex, NpO(2)(ODA)(2)(3-), identified by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry for the first time, is centrosymmetric around the Np atom so that the f-f transitions of Np(V) are forbidden, resulting in the "silence" of the absorption and diffuse reflectance spectra of this complex in solution and the solid state in the near-IR and visible regions.
RESULTS OF MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY IN ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE

Recent studies have refuted the benefit of thrombectomy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of STEMI patients undergoing thrombus aspiration in a real world setting. We retrospectively analyzed STEMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary
Quantifying an imagery system's performance with transformational mission data analysis

Traditionally, the performance of an imagery intelligence collection system is quantified by a satisfaction percentage. The mission satisfaction is the number of images collected divided by the number of images requested. This paradigm assumes the information needed is generated from the collected imagery data if the data is delivered on time to the consumer. As persistent surveillance requirements become more prominent, the time sequence of data collection is increasingly important. The satisfaction percentage is not wholly descriptive of a collection system's ability to complete persistent surveillance missions. A metric of imagery data utility that is dependent on the time sequence of data collected is necessary. Booz Allen Hamilton's transformational mission analysis focuses on additional metrics to characterize satisfaction of persistent surveillance requirements. Surveillance missions are based on a need to monitor an activity or event. The observables are animate, and may require a time sequence of images. For surveillance imagery data to be useful, the system must collect the data in required sequence and deliver the information in a timely fashion. Booz Allen defines a utility score to quantify system performance against persistent surveillance missions. The utility score includes the satisfaction percentage, but is sensitive to the time dependences of data. This paper outlines a transformational approach to mission analysis. The paper introduces examples of surveillance missions, and the limited value of satisfaction percentage. It defines data relationships between imagery system capabilities and surveillance missions. Finally, it computes the utility score, and quantifies the performance of an example collection system.
Biofilm Disrupting Technology for Orthopedic Implants: What's on the Horizon?

The use of orthopedic implants in joints has revolutionized the treatment of patients with many debilitating chronic musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis. However, the introduction of foreign material into the human body predisposes the body to infection. The treatment of these infections has become very complicated since the orthopedic implants serve as a surface for multiple species of bacteria to grow at a time into a resistant biofilm layer. This biofilm layer serves as a protectant for the bacterial colonies on the implant making them more resistant and difficult to eradicate when using standard antibiotic treatment. In some cases the use of antibiotics alone has even made the bacteria more resistant to treatment. (1-2) Thus, there has been surge in the creation of non-antibiotic anti-biofilm agents to help disrupt the biofilms on the orthopedic implants to help eliminate the infections. In this study we discuss infections of orthopedic implants in the shoulder then we review the main categories of anti-biofilm agents that have been used for the treatment of infections on orthopedic implants. Then we introduce some of the newer biofilm disrupting technology that has been studied in the past few years that may advance the treatment options for orthopedic implants in the future.
Mass Spectrometry–Based Protein Biomarker Discovery: Solving the Remaining Challenges to Reach the Promise of Clinical Benefit

Featured Article: Petricoin EF, Ardekani AM, Hitt BA, Levine PJ, Fusaro VA, Steinberg SM, et al. Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer. Lancet 2002;359:572–7.2 This report in The Lancet generated a great deal of excitement about the application of mass spectrometry (MS) to discover candidate protein biomarkers for early-stage ovarian cancer. MS-based serum/plasma biomarker profiling was launched in a flourish of optimism to meet the urgent need for biomarkers of early-stage cancer, a need that still exists today. Before 1998, very few investigators used MS (MALDI-TOF or electrospray ionization) to directly analyze blood, because serum was considered too complex and “dirty” for direct introduction into expensive and sophisticated MS research instruments. The door was opened to the use of MS for biomarker research in 1998 with SELDI, a new modification of MALDI-TOF technology. Researchers were immediately intrigued by the SELDI-TOF approach because body fluids could be applied directly to the chip surface and then analyzed to generate an ion fingerprint (1, 2). SELDI had relatively low resolution and could not …
Magnetic nanocomposites for environmental remediation

This article provides an overview of current research activities on the synthesis and applications of magnetic nanocomposites, especially highlights their potential environmental remediations such as heavy metal (Cr, As, Pd, Hg) removal. After a brief introduction of the emergency situation of heavy metal pollution all over the world and current techniques designed to deal with these situations, different synthetic methods to fabricate various types of magnetic nanocomposites will be reviewed. The focus is to reveal the advantages of magnetic nanocomposites as an efficient adsorbent which is able to reduce the heavy metal concentrations well below the EPA requirement. At the same time, the conventional process can be redesigned to be an economic and energetic one without using extra energy to recycle the adsorbent, which is desired for future. This review mainly deals with the heavy metal removal using magnetic nanocomposites, the adsorption behaviors of heavy metal ions on the surface of novel adsorbents are well investigated including the concentration effect of both contaminants and adsorbents, adsorption kinetics, solution pH effect with regards to real application.
Subclasses of vomeronasal receptor neurons : differential expression of G proteins (Giα2 and Goα) and segregated projections to the accessory olfactory bulb

Differential expression of G proteins (Gi alpha 2 and G(o alpha) and the separate central projections of Gi alpha 2- and G(o alpha)-immunoreactive (ir) vomeronasal receptor neurons were investigated in the mouse and rat using immunocytochemical methods. In the vomeronasal organ (VNO), receptor neurons with their cell bodies located in the middle layer (middle 1/3) of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium express Gi alpha 2. Axons of these Gi alpha 2-ir neurons can be followed from VNO to the anterior part, but not the posterior part, of the nerve-glomerular (N-GL) layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Another population of receptor neurons, which are located in the deep layer (basal 1/3) of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium, express G(o alpha), and axons of the G(o alpha)-ir neurons can be traced to the posterior part, but not the anterior part, of the N-GL layers of the AOB. The axons of the two subclasses of receptor neurons are intermingled near the VNO and become segregated as they enter the AOB. Removal of the AOB results in retrograde degeneration of both Gi alpha 2-ir and G(o alpha)-ir receptor neurons in the VNO. These results suggest that at least two subclasses of receptor neurons exist in the VNO: the Gi alpha 2-ir neurons in the middle layer and the G(o alpha)-ir neurons in the deep layer of the VNO. The Gi alpha 2-ir neurons in the middle layer of the VNO project to the anterior part of the AOB, while the G(o alpha)-ir neurons in the deep layer of the VNO project to the posterior half of the AOB. These results are similar to our previous observations in the gray short-tailed opossum, suggesting that the existence of at least two subclasses of receptor neurons in the vomeronasal epithelium with differential projections to the AOB is a conserved feature among mammals.
Bone histomorphometry in three females with Rett syndrome

Abstract The frequent occurrence of osteoporosis in Rett syndrome raises questions about the etiology of this finding. It is unknown whether there is any relationship between low bone mass and the underlying genetic disorder. We recently had an opportunity to study the status of bone remodeling by quantitative bone histomorphometry in three girls ages 9.75, 13.5, and 14 years, with typical Rett syndrome who required scoliosis surgery. Anterior iliac crest bone biopsies were performed 1–2 days after double labeling of the bone surfaces with tetracycline. Samples were processed for plastic embedding, sectioned, stained, and histomorphometry performed in the cancellous bone. The same observer performed all measurements. Bone volume was reduced, surface parameters of formation (osteoid surface) were normal while parameters of resorption (osteoclast surface and number) were decreased. The rate of bone formation was reduced in the first two girls but could not be measured in the third girl due to lack of double labeling. It may be that the slow rate of bone formation seen in each age group impedes the development and accumulation of peak bone mass and contributes to the decreased bone volume associated with Rett syndrome, although the data is limited. This is the first report to document decreased bone volume determined by quantitative bone histomorphometry in patients with Rett syndrome. With the recent identification of MECP2 mutations in Rett syndrome it is quite likely that genetic factors not only play a major role in brain development but may also influence other organ growth including bone formation.
A general approach for purifying proteins encoded by cloned genes without using a functional assay: isolation of the uvrA gene product from radiolabeled maxicells

The uvrA protein (UVRA) of E. coli has been extensively purified from a strain in which UVRA is overproduced and specifically labeled with 35S-methionine. This approximately 100-fold overproduction relative to normal strains is a result of having the uvrA gene present on a multicopy plasmid in a spr recA cell that makes defective lexA protein, the normal repressor of the uvrA gene, while the specific labeling of UVRA is done with maxicells. This approach facilitates the preparation of the protein since enzyme assays do not have to be carried out during the intermediate stages of purification. The purified UVRA binds to DNA and has ATPase activity but does not have intrinsic endonuclease activity. When added to extracts of uvrA- cells, the purified UVRA does promote the specific cutting of UV-irradiated DNA. Since this approach for working out rapid purification procedures by specifically labeling the proteins encoded by cloned genes does not require the use of a functional assay, it is a general one that can be applied to a wide variety of other gene products in addition to UVRA.
Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers

The steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in plasma were compared with concomitant concentrations in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained in intrapulmonary samples during bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage from 40 healthy, nonsmoking adult volunteers. Mean plasma clarithromycin, 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin, and azithromycin concentrations were similar to those previously reported. Clarithromycin was extensively concentrated in ELF (range of mean +/- standard deviation concentrations, 34.4 +/- 29.3 microg/ml at 4 h to 4.6 +/- 3.7 microg/ml at 24 h) and AM (480 +/- 533 microg/ml at 4 h to 99 +/- 50 microg/ml at 24 h). The concentrations of azithromycin in ELF were 1.01 +/- 0.45 microg/ml at 4 h to 1.22 +/- 0.59 microg/ml at 24 h, and those in AM were 42.7 +/- 28.7 microg/ml at 4 h to 41.7 +/- 12.1 microg/ml at 24 h. The concentrations of 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin in the AM ranged from 89.3 +/- 52.8 microg/ml at 4 h to 31.3 +/- 17.7 microg/ml at 24 h. During the period of 24 h after drug administration, azithromycin and clarithromycin achieved mean concentrations in ELF and AM higher than the concomitant concentrations in plasma.
An Introduction to Phylogenetically Based Statistical Methods, with a New Method for Confidence Intervals on Ancestral Values

Interspecific comparisons have played a prominent role in evolutionary biology at least since the time of Charles Darwin. Since 1985, the “comparative method” has been revitalized by new analytical techniques that use phylogenetic information and by increased availability of phytogenies (often from molecular data sets). Because species descend from common ancestors in a hierarchical fashion, related species tend to resemble each other (elephants look like elephants); therefore, cross-species data sets generally do not comprise independent and identically distributed data points. Phylogenetically based statistical methods attempt to account for this fact. Phylogenetic methods allow traditional topics in comparative and ecological physiology to be addressed with greater rigor, including the form of allometric relationships and whether physiological phenotypes vary predictably in relation to behavior, ecology or environmental characteristics, which provides evidence about adaptation. They can also address new topics, such as whether rates of physiological evolution have differed among lineages (clades), and where and when a phenotype first evolved. We present brief overviews of three phylogenetically based statistical methods: phylogenetically independent contrasts, Monte Carlo computer simulations to obtain null distributions of test statistics, and phylogenetic autocorrelation. In a new result, we show analytically how to use independent contrasts to estimate ancestral values and confidence intervals about them. These confidence intervals often exceed the range of variation observed among extant species, which points out the relatively great uncertainty inherent in such inferences. The use of phytogenies should become as common as the use of body size and scaling relationships in the analysis of physiological diversity.
Investigations of Ion Uptake by Tissue Slices II. The effect of 2,4‐diuitrophenol on the uptake of calcium hy potato slices

DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) has been found by a number of investigators to inhibit both anion and cation uptake in a variety of plant tissues (Arisz 1953, Hopkins 1956, Middleton 1955, Ordin and Jacobson 1955, Robertson et al. 1951, Russell and Ayland 1955). Following some preliminary investigations, Chasson and Levitt (1956) reported in a brief note that calcium uptake by potato slices was stimulated by the addition of DNP. Presented below are the results of a more thorough study of these initial observations.
Dual Stage Optical Label Switch using out-of-band wavelength and code optical properties

A method of generating circuits in an optical network is Optical Multiple Protocol Lamda Switching (OMP?S). For OMPλS, the wavelength of the optical carrier is used as an out-of-band label to route data through the network without requiring periodic conversion to the electrical state. Presented is a method of adding a second dimension of optical encoding, as an out-of-band label, to be used for routing data through a label-switched network. Combining wavelength and code multiplexing techniques generates an O3 circuit-switched network with a data capacity of up to 5.7 Tb/s on each point-to-point link in the network. The proposed architecture uses two stages to process and map labels for each bit transmitted through the network. The architecture for the Dual Stage Optical Label Switch (DSOLS) is presented.
Inter-Facility Transfer of Patient Information Before and After HIPAA Privacy Measures

Objectives The study objectives were (1) to test whether interfacility communication of health information at the time of patient transfer changed as a result of implementation of US privacy protection measures (HIPAA) in April 2003, and (2) to examine patient, transfer, and illness characteristics correlated with interfacility transfer document completion. Design Observational study. Participants and Setting Individuals transferred between a 514-bed urban nursing home and a 1171-bed academic hospital in New York City. Measurements Research staff reviewed medical records of patients transferred both ways between nursing home and hospital, examining interfacility transfer documents for 12 items important for continuity of care. Transfer document completeness equaled the percentage of items recorded and legible in transfer documents. Transfers were classified by direction (nursing home-to-hospital [NH-to-H] or hospital-to-nursing home [H-to-NH]), urgency (urgent or not), timing (weekday 9 am to 6 pm or other), and by whether they occurred before 12 am April 14, 2003 (pre-HIPAA), or after (post-HIPAA). Results Seventy-eight nursing home residents experienced 100 hospital admissions. NH-to-H transfer documents were more complete than H-to-NH documents (86.7% vs 69.0%; P = .002). There were no significant differences between content of transfer documents between pre- and post-HIPAA transfers in either direction of transfer, with and without controlling for patient and illness characteristics. Older age, female gender, dementia diagnosis, shorter duration of nursing home residence, and off-hours hospital transfer were associated with less complete NH-to-H transfer documents, and shorter hospital length of stay was associated with less complete H-to-NH transfer documents. Conclusion There was no change in written health information communicated during patient transfer between an urban nursing home and an academic hospital before and after HIPAA privacy protection measures were implemented. This suggests that the rule’s intent to not restrict the sharing of information needed to treat patients is being followed by providers at these sites in the situation of interfacility patient transfer.
Whither Armington Trade Models

The Armington trade model distinguishes commodities by country of origin, and import demand is determined in a separable two-step procedure. This framework has been applied to numerous international agricultural markets with the objective of modeling import demand. In addition, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models commonly employ the Armington formulation in the trade linkage equations. The purpose of this paper is to test the Armington assumptions of homotheticity and separability with data from the international cotton and wheat markets. Both parametric and nonparametric tests were performed, and the empirical results reject the Armington assumptions. This has important implications for international trade modeling and CGE modeling.
Cystic well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of six cases

Aims To present six cases of cystic well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus. Methods and results The patients were six men aged between 48 and 75 years (average: 61.5 years) who were symptomatic with chest pain, shortness of breath, and dyspnoea. Diagnostic imaging showed anterior mediastinal masses, and surgical resection was accomplished in all cases. Grossly, the tumours measured 40–90 mm in greatest diameter (average: 65 mm), and were described as ill-defined lesions with a prominent cystic component and focal areas of haemorrhage and necrosis. Histologically, they were characterized predominantly by their cystic architecture. The cyst walls were lined by squamous epithelium showing different degrees of cellular atypia. In focal, more solid areas, the tumours showed evidence of keratinization. By immunohistochemistry, tumour cells were positive for cytokeratin 5/6, p40, and Pax8. All tumours were staged as T1N0M0 according to the Weissferdt–Moran staging system. Clinical follow-up showed that four patients have remained alive and well after a period ranging from 1 to 2 years. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions The current cases highlight an uncommon growth pattern of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus that may cause diagnostic difficulty with mediastinoscopic biopsies.
Investigation of Arrhenius acceleration factor for integrated circuit early life failure region with several failure mechanisms

Use of the Arrhenius equation for analysis of burn-in and life test data has been called into question in recent years. Validity of the Arrhenius activation energy is asserted to be restricted to only one failure mechanism. Therefore, if multiple failure mechanisms apply to an integrated circuit type, the temperature acceleration factor must be complex. In this study a model is constructed using the Weibull distribution for the failure rate applicable when there are multiple failure mechanisms. In this model a different Arrhenius activation energy corresponds to each failure mechanism. It is shown that under conditions expected to be valid for most integrated circuits, an empirical effective Arrhenius activation energy can be computed that is valid for life test data taken under typical conditions to better than 10%. This provides some justification for the continued usage of a simple Arrhenius equation as an empirical model to analyze life test data.
Determinants of elephant distribution at Nazinga Game Ranch, Burkina Faso

We used seasonal ground total counts and remote sensing and GIS technology to relate elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) distribution at Nazinga Game Ranch to environmental and anthropogenic factors. Variables used in analyses were normalized difference vegetation index, elevation, stream density, density of poaching and human illegal activities, distance to dams, distance to rivers, distance to roads, and distance to poaching risk. Contrary to our expectation, road traffic did not disturb elephants. Strong negative relationships were documented between elephant abundance and stream density, distance to dams, and poaching density. Density of poaching and other human illegal activities explained 81%, vegetation greenness 6%, and stream density 3% of the variation in elephant density. Elephant distribution represented a survival strategy affected by poaching, food quality and abundance, and water availability.
A simulation system architecture for graph models

The paper describes a distributed modeling system architecture, designed to support various graph models of computation, including predicate/transition nets and colored Petri nets. To demonstrate the utility of the architecture, we describe an implementation for a specific graph model (one that is related to, but distinct from, Petri nets). The architecture provides for interactive editing and interpretation facilities employing a graphic point-and-select user interface. A user can define a model, then mark it with tokens and observe the operation of the net through real time animation. The model and the marking can be rapidly altered, even as an interpretation is in progress. The system also supports simultaneous use among multiple users, including concurrent editing and interpretation. Thus the system supports cooperative model design and interpretation by a group of designers at different nodes in a network of workstations.
Mitochondrial functions modulate neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and transcriptional responses to acute psychological stress

The experience of psychological stress triggers neuroendocrine, inflammatory, metabolic, and transcriptional perturbations that ultimately predispose to disease. However, the subcellular determinants of this integrated, multisystemic stress response have not been defined. Central to stress adaptation is cellular energetics, involving mitochondrial energy production and oxidative stress. We therefore hypothesized that abnormal mitochondrial functions would differentially modulate the organism’s multisystemic response to psychological stress. By mutating or deleting mitochondrial genes encoded in the mtDNA [NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] or nuclear DNA [adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT)], we selectively impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function, energy exchange, and mitochondrial redox balance in mice. The resulting impact on physiological reactivity and recovery from restraint stress were then characterized. We show that mitochondrial dysfunctions altered the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, sympathetic adrenal–medullary activation and catecholamine levels, the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, circulating metabolites, and hippocampal gene expression responses to stress. Each mitochondrial defect generated a distinct whole-body stress-response signature. These results demonstrate the role of mitochondrial energetics and redox balance as modulators of key pathophysiological perturbations previously linked to disease. This work establishes mitochondria as stress-response modulators, with implications for understanding the mechanisms of stress pathophysiology and mitochondrial diseases.
Beam-beam observations in the RHIC

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been in operation since 2000. Over the past decade, the luminosity in the polarized proton (p-p) operations has increased by more than one order of magnitude. The maximum total beam‐ beam tune shift with two collisions has reached 0.018. The beam‐beam interaction leads to large tune spread, emittance growth, and short beam and luminosity lifetimes. In this article, we review the beam‐beam observations during the previous RHIC p-p runs. The mechanism for particle loss is presented. The intra-beam scattering (IBS) contributions to emittance and bunch length growths are calculated and compared with the measurements. Finally, we will discuss current limits in the RHIC p-p operations and their solutions.
Search for Bs0→μ+μ− and B0→μ+μ− decays in CMS

Abstract The rare decays B s 0 → μ + μ − and B 0 → μ + μ − are potentially sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model as their branching fraction can be highly enhanced in new physics models. The CMS experiment at the LHC has already reported the studies of these rare decays in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV , corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb − 1 . In both decays, the number of observed events is consistent with the expectation from background plus Standard Model signal prediction. Results of the combination of the exclusion limits for two rare decays in different LHC experiments will also be presented.
Ethnomusicology and Music Education: Crossroads for knowing music, education, and culture

The influences of ethnomusicological theory and method on scholarly and practical aspects of music education will be considered here, as well as the nature of music education's impact on the scholarship and teaching by ethnomusicologists. An examination of books, monographs, journal articles, instructional materials, and conference proceedings is underway to determine ideas and practices of overlapping interest. The writings of John Blacking, Charles Keil, Bruno Nettl, Tim Rice, and the Seegers and the Lomaxes are among those scholars whose work is relevant to music education scholarship, and issues of mutual interest are emerging: cross-cultural perspectives of music cognition, the mind-body and music-dance dualities, children's music culture, the pedagogy of world music, and research approaches to the study of music, musical thought, and musical behavior. Following a description of the actual influences by each field on the other, discussion will shift to the potential of the fields to learn from one an...
Preservation and Renewal in Post-World War II Chicago

This essay analyzes how the critical, academic, and popular construction of the Chicago School narrative shaped the Chicago preservation and renewal movements in the 1950s and 1960s. Historically p...
Investigation of a Photonic Wall Pressure and Shear Stress Sensor

This paper presents the results of numerical experiments regarding the feasibility of a micro-photonic sensor for simultaneous measurement of the wall pressure and shear stress. The proposed sensor is based on the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of two microcylindrical optical resonators. Both resonators are embedded in a flexible polymeric slab. The external pressure and the shear stress acting on the surface of the slab lead to a change in the morphology of the resonators, therefore inducing a shift in their optical resonances. Numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of the geometry as well as the effect of the material properties on the induced optical mode shift. The results showed that the shear stress as well as the wall pressure can be measured simultaneously using the proposed sensor concept.
Imaging arterial thrombosis: comparison of technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antifibrin antibodies and indium-111-platelets.

UNLABELLED Imaging with the 99mTc-T2G1s monoclonal antifibrin antibody fragment (Fab') has demonstrated promise in the noninvasive detection of venous thrombi in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic arterial thrombi can also be detected by antifibrin antibody imaging. METHODS Eighteen subjects with chronic arterial thrombi were studied with planar and tomographic imaging at 0 to 24 hr postinjection of 99mTc-labeled T2G1s monoclonal antifibrin antibody fragment. Imaging with 111In-labeled platelets was also performed. Images were visually graded by two observers as 0, 1, 2 or 3 (no, faint, moderate or marked) uptake, and quantitative analysis of tomographic images was done in 13 subjects. RESULTS On visual analysis of planar images, 44% (8 of 18) of antifibrin patient studies were 1.0 or more and 66% (10 of 18) were judged negative compared with 94% (15 of 16) of platelet patient studies judged 1.0 or more and 6% (1 of 16) judged as negative (p < 0.01). Visual analysis of tomographic images was similar, with 61% (11 of 18) of antifibrin studies graded 1.0 or more compared with 100% (17 of 17) of platelet studies (p < 0.01). The tomographic target-to-background ratio was higher with platelets than with antifibrin antibody (2.5 +/- 1.4 versus 1.8 +/- 1.0, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the large-vessel chronic arterial thrombi studied, the results of 99mTc-labeled monoclonal T2G1s antifibrin Fab' imaging were positive in only one-half of the patients studied, significantly less than the findings with platelet imaging, which were positive in all subjects. The higher rate of positive images with labeled platelets than with labeled antifibrin antibodies may be largely due to thrombus age, with continued platelet deposition but little active fibrin deposition.
Mixed Fermentation of Rice Husk Power for Production of Feed Protein

Yeast strain A could utilize xylose but not produce alcohol, and they grew rapidly.The rice husk power treated with mildew was fermented with the yeast strain A broth.Saccharomyces cerevisiae preserved in the laboratory and Pachysolen tannophilus were usedas control bacteria.The protein content in the final fermentation products of the yeast strain A was 23.79%, which was 299.2% higher than that in the original rice husk powder (5.96%), 82.4% higher than that in the final fermentation products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(13.04%), and 13.8% higher than that in the final fermentation products of Pachysolen tannophilus(20.91%).
Surveillance of schistosoma japonicum-infected sentinel mice in key water regions of Hubei Province(2012-2013)

Objective To investigate the water infectivity of schistosome in key water regions of Hubei Province from2012 to 2013,and explore the role of the sentinel mouse technique on surveillance and forecast system for schistosomiasis.Methods Schistosome-endemic areas of the Yangtze River,the Hanbei River and the Fu River were chosen as the surveillance and forecast sites.The water infectivity was detected by using the sentinel mouse during the flood season(from May to June,from September to October).The infection status of people in the villages around the surveillance sites and the activities of human beings and domestic animals were surveyed.The emergency response mechanism was initiated when the areas with schistosomes were detected in water.Results Among the 10 surveillance sites of the Yangtze River system and the Hanbei River system in 2012,no site with infected sentinel mouse was found,the infection rate of mice was 0.Among the 12 surveillance sites of the Yangtze River system,the Hanbei River system and the Fu River system in 2013,1 site with infected sentinel mice was found,accounting for 8.33%.All the recovered mice were dissected:3 infected,with a total infection rate of 1.31%.Totally 7 adult worms were collected,with mean worm burden of 2.33 worms per infected mouse.The site with cercariae-infected water body started the emergency response and no epidemic occurred.Conclusion Detecting water infectivity based on the sentinel mouse technique can offer warning information promptly.This method is an important part of surveillance and forecast system for schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province.
Cloning and Characterization of Gene OsEL Related to the Midrib Development of Leaf in Rice

Rice( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world.Rice plant architecture is closely related to rice breeding and it also affects rice grain yield.Under cold or heat stress,gene OsEL( erect leaf,EL) was induced to a higher level,as revealed by microarray analysis using the GeneChip Rice Genome Array( Affymetrix).The sequence analysis showed that the protein encoded by OsEL contained the SUI1 domain which is the conservative domain of the translation initiation factor SUI1 family.Gene OsEL was cloned and sequenced.Its overexpression vector pCAMBIA1300-163-OsEL was constructed and transformed into rice variety Taibei 309 through the Agrobacterium-mediated method.The transgenic plants over-expressing OsEL showed erect leaves with thicker midribs than the wild type plants.The midribs of transgenic plants developed more air cavities and vasculars than those of the control.Gene OsEL is probably involved in the midrib development in rice by regulating cell proliferation of vascular.