cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lay attribution of personal problems and psychological help-seeking

This paper proposes and tests a theory based on social comparison processes, causal attribution and the arousal phenomenon to account for interpretation of normal, temporary emotional problems as arising from within. It is suggested that individuals with a repertoire of psychiatric-psychological labels with which to interpret unusual feelings will attribute those feelings as arising from their disposition rather than the environment, and that dispositional attribution of discomfort will be positively related to psychological help-seeking. Results based on a systematic random sample of 300 undergraduates indicate (1) a minimal, but consistent, tendency for individuals with greater psychiatric contact and sophistication to interpret personal problems as dispositional; (2) a consistent tendency for dispositional interpretation of problems to be associated with use of psychiatric and psychological services; and (3) a positive association between psychiatric contact and sophistication and use of psychiatric and psychological services. It is concluded that lay attribution of personal problems can result in both under and over estimation of the utility of mental health professionals. Inaccurate interpretation of emotions may prompt one to seek unneeded treatment or avoid needed treatment.
Ablation of ATJ Graphite at High Temperatures

Results of an extensive experimental program on the ablation of ATJ graphite in air at surface pressures of 0.3 to 4.4 atm and surface temperatures of 2570 to 4030 K are presented. The measured mass-loss rates are correlated with surface temperature, pressure, and effective nose radius. The results are compared with several equilibrium thermochemical ablation theories which differ basically in the chemical species that are considered and in the thermodynamic properties assigned to these species. All the theories predict about the same mass-loss rate in the diffusion-controlled oxidation regime and are in good agreement with the experimental results. At higher temperatures, however, the experimental and theoretical results do not agree. At temperatures above 3700 K, the experimental mass-loss rate becomes independent of pressure and an exponential function of temperature. A comparison of the high-temperature results with the theories indicates that all the theories, except the one based on the thermodynamic properties from the JANAF tables, are invalid because they overpredict the mass-loss rate. On the other hand, the theory based on the JANAF properties underpredicts the measured mass-loss rate by a factor of three at 4000 K. At least a portion of this difference between experiment and theory is attributed to particulate mass loss which is visually observed.
Travel medicine problems encountered in emergency departments.

Travelers are likely to seek medical care in the emergency department (ED) before departure on an international trip for evaluation of acute reactions to travel vaccines, and after return from travel for fever, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions. Returned travelers with symptoms are often anxious because they have been warned about possible fatal consequences of untreated malaria, because they feel ill and weak from diarrhea or respiratory illness acquired during travel and are unable to return to work, or because they have observed individuals with severe advanced stages of exotic tropical diseases during their travels and fear for the worst in themselves. 15 This article reviews some of the common illnesses and conditions prompting traveling patients to seek emergency care in the United States.
Evaluation of Bone Cement Failure Criteria With Applications to the Acetabular Region

A Strain energy density (SED) criterion based on a fracture mechanics approach was used to assess the possible failure of acetabular bone cement after total hip replacement. Stress distributions in the cement at the bone-cement interface were calculated using two-dimensional finite element analyses. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of bone cement reduces the risk of cement fracture. The addition of a metal backing to the polyethylene cup and retention of the subchondral bone further reduces the risk of failure. The SED criterion was found to predict the same critical regions as zones of possible cement failure as the von Mises' criterion. Although either criterion can be used for predicting failure in this acetabular analysis both criteria are excessively conservative in predicting failure in regions where high principal compressive stresses are present. Further development of cement failure criteria are indicated.
Nonparametric estimation of the variogram and its spectrum

In the study of intrinsically stationary spatial processes, a new nonparametric variogram estimator is proposed through its spectral representation. The methodology is based on estimation of the variogram's spectrum by solving a regularized inverse problem through quadratic programming. The estimated variogram is guaranteed to be conditionally negative-definite. Simulation shows that our estimator is flexible and generally has smaller mean integrated squared error than the parametric estimator under model misspecification. Our methodology is applied to a spatial dataset of decadal temperature changes. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Computers in Medicine: Augmenting Medical Care in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Illnesses

• The use of computers to aid care for chronically ill pediatric patients is a relatively new concept. We are currently using Filemaker II software and a Macintosh Plus computer to augment overall patient care in children with chronic diseases, such as spina bifida, cerebral palsy, neuromuscular diseases, head injury, and spinal cord injury. This is a computerized medical record with a clinical database for dissemination of information to multidisciplinary team members, generating letters to private health care providers, displaying telephone messages, and assisting inpatient care. Advances in computer technology will provide future applications to aid health care providers in caring for patients with chronic illnesses. (AJDC. 1989;143:1021-1023)
Insertion of the Al Atom into Alkyl Ethers: Semiempirical SCF MO and Matrix Isolation ESR Study

The insertion process of the Al atom into trimethylene oxide (TMO) and that into dimethyl ether (DME) were examined by a semiempirical SCF molecular orbital method (AMI) and by matrix isolation ESR spectroscopy. The MO study revealed the three step process: (1) an approach of the Al atom toward the ethereal oxygen along the C 2 v axis of the molecule driven by a favorable overlap between the aluminum SOMO (the 3p z orbital) and the LUMO of the molecule of A 1 symmetry, (2) formation of the Al-O dative bond with concurrent scission of one of the C-O bonds, and (3) completion of the process by the three-electron bonding scheme between the unpaired electron on the alkyl terminus and the lone pair electrons on Al. The MO study also revealed that the process would be spontaneous for the Al/TMO system, but for the Al/DME system, there existed a barrier of ∼8 kcal/mol for the onset of the methyl group cleavage from the dative complex Al:O(CH 3 ) 2 , The MO study also revealed that, in the Al/DME case, the insertion product CH 3 -Al-O-CH 3 of the cis conformation was initially formed but it might readily convert to the more stable trans form. The ESR study revealed that the Al atom insertion into TMO occurred spontaneously. Well-resolved spectra of the expected insertion radical CH 2 -Al-O-CH 2 -CH 2 were observed. In the case of DME, the ESR study revealed the presence of both the intermediate dative complex and the final insertion product in the as-prepared matrix. When the matrix was subsequently irradiated with red light (λ = 700 ′ 50 nm), the dative complex resumed the process and converted to the insertion product. The insertion radicals of both the cis and trans forms were observed in the argon system, but only the more stable trans radical was observed in the neon system.
Optimal placement of distributed sensors against moving targets

This article addresses the problem of deploying a sparse network of sensors for surveillance of moving targets. The sensor networks of interest consist of sensors which perform independent binary detection on a target, and report detections to a central node for fusion. An optimization framework is developed for placement of sensors within a bounded search region, given sensor performance characteristics, prior information on anticipated target characteristics, and a distributed detection criteria. Individual sensor performance is represented parametrically as are priors on target dynamics. Several numerical examples are included that illustrate the utility of the optimization approach.
Substance abuse professionals' attitudes regarding harm reduction versus traditional interventions for injecting drug users

Investigations of attitudes regarding harm reduction have usually assessed the acceptance of specific interventions, but investigators have rarely compared the ratings of harm reduction interventions to the ratings of traditional interventions or tested whether the perceived value of harm reduction interventions varies as a function of client characteristics. Therefore, using a vignette describing an injecting drug user, we tested whether clinical administrators of substance abuse treatment agencies and licensed chemical dependency counselors rated the beneficence (on a 7-point scale from “Extremely Harmful” to “Extremely Beneficial”) of injection-related harm reduction interventions (e.g., cleaning needles with bleach, muscling, non-injecting routes of administration) differently from the beneficence of traditional treatment interventions (e.g., self-help group, individual and group counseling), and whether client gender and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status impacted such ratings. In Study One, a...
Occurrence of hopperburn resistance and susceptibility in the potato

In making a study of the behavior of new and old potato varieties to hopperburn injury, it has been found that, in general, the early-maturing varieties are more susceptible than the late-maturing varieties. The hopperburn tolerance exhibited by the two recently introduced varieties, Houma and Katahdin may readily account, in part, for the heat and drought resistance attributed by various investigators to these two new varieties.
Acoustic cardiographic indices of transmyocardial ischemia during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: Transmyocardial ischemia is manifested as ST-segment elevation (STE). We examined acoustic cardiographic indices of STE that occur during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: Of 83 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 25 underwent PCI, including 5 who developed STE. Continuous 12-lead ECG and computerized acoustic cardiographic heart sound analysis were performed during PCI. Intensities of the heart sounds (S1 to S4), diastolic time (from S2 to S1), and systolic time intervals (S1 to S2) were recorded.Results: As STE increased, there was no change in heart rate or systolic time. Contractility decreased, with an increase in S3 intensity and a reduction in S1/S2 ratio. Left ventricular stiffness increased, reflected by an increase in S4 intensity.Conclusions: As transmyocardial ischemia worsened during progressive STE, acoustic cardiographic indices reflected impaired contractility and increased ventricular stiffness. In particular, the S4 was most predictive of increasing degr...
A test of the expected homogeneity of simulator performance.

Abstract Simulator control groups are usually assumed to simulate unanimously and successfully any behavior which is under voluntary control. This assumption was found not to hold true for 2 simulator groups whose performances on various voluntary behaviors were more variable than those of a susceptible group. Simulators failed to simulate an average of 2.5 behaviors of 9 employed in both preliminary and experimental phases of the study. Possible reasons for lack of simulator reliability and its implications for use of simulating controls are discussed.
Particle-aided chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) of silicon carbide composites

Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) is a hard, oxidation-resistant material which has been used extensively in electronic and structural applications. It has exceptional erosion resistance and hardness, but its brittle nature limits its application as a high-temperature engineering material. Several composites of SiC have been produced in an attempt to further improve its properties. This paper deals with the production of SiC and several of its composites by a technique called particle-aided chemical vapor deposition (PACVD). This technique makes use of the deposition of fine particles of a chosen material onto the substrate in addition to normal CVD from the vapor phase. Previous studies have shown that a significant increase in overall growth rate can be achieved by particle and chemical codeposition. In this study PACVD was successfully applied for the production of SiC TiB 2 , SiC Si 3 N 4 , and SiC B 4 C composites. Hardness and fracture toughness of these films proved better than those of normal CVD-SiC films. The study also deals with theoretical aspects of PACVD. The reactor environment is modeled and the gas flow and temperature distribution determined for different reactor conditions. The movement of fine particles in these nonisothermal flow fields is followed and their deposition onto the substrate is predicted. A random sphere model of simultaneous particle and vapor deposition (RASSPVDN) is used to predict the enhancement in overall growth rate possible under different conditions. It was found that a dramatic enhancement in growth rate is possible, but that this can lead to undesirable levels of porosity in the resulting deposits.
Supporting Pascal programming with an on-line template library and case studies

Abstract We propose a template library as a good representation of programming knowledge, and programming case studies as part of an effective context for illustrating design skills and strategies for utilizing this knowledge. In this project, we devised an on-line network of Pascal programming templates called a template library, and tested it with subjects (classified as novice, intermediate, and expert Pascal programmers) both as a stand alone resource and in conjunction with programming case studies. We investigated three questions using these tools: 1) How do subjects organize templates? 2) How well can subjects understand and locate templates in the template library? 3) Does the template library help subjects reuse templates to solve new problems? Results suggest that the template representations helped subjects remember and reuse information, and that subjects gained deeper understandings if the representation was introduced in the context of a programming case study.
THE MARKET FOR TRANSPORTATION-LAND USE INTEGRATION: DO DEVELOPERS WANT SMARTER GROWTH THAN REGULATIONS ALLOW?

Transportation and land use research of the past decade has focused in large part on the question of whether manipulating land uses in the direction of “smart growth” alternatives can reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or otherwise improve travel behavior. Yet the notion of “manipulating” land uses implies that the alternative is somehow self-organized or market-based. This view appears to underestimate the extent to which current planning interventions in the United States – largely focused on lowering development densities, mandating ample road and parking designs, and separating land uses – impose an auto-oriented template on most new development. Rather than a market failure, the paucity of “smart growth” alternatives may be a planning failure – the result of municipal regulatory exclusion. This problem definition would shift the burden of proof for policy reform, as uncertainty in travel-behavior benefits would hardly justify the continuation of exclusionary regulations. If municipal regulations in fact constrain alternatives to low-density, auto-oriented development, one would expect developers to perceive unsatisfied market interest in such development. This article studies, through a national survey (676 respondents), US developers' perceptions of the market for pedestrian-and transit-oriented development forms. Overall, respondents perceive considerable market interest in alternative development forms, but believe that there is inadequate supply of such alternatives relative to market demand. Developer-respondents attribute this gap between supply and demand principally to local government regulation. When asked how the relaxation of these regulations would affect their product, majorities of developers indicated that such liberalization would lead them to develop in a denser and more mixed-use fashion, particularly in close-in suburban locales. Results are interpreted in favor land-policy reform based on the expansion of choice in transportation and land use. This view contrasts with a more prevalent approach which conditions policy interventions on scientific evidence of travel-behavior modification.
Vanadium and Niobium Hexadinitrogen and Hexacarbonyl Complexes: Electron-Spin-Resonance Spectra at 4 K

Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been applied to vanadium, niobium (and tantalum) complexes with N2 and CO in the corresponding pure solid matrixes at 4 K. Except for V(CO)6, none has previously been studied by ESR. For these d,5 S = 1/2, radicals, g values and hyperfine parameters (51V, 93Nb nuclei) are obtained and interpreted in terms of axial molecules, distorted from octahedral symmetry by Jahn−Teller effects. There are significant differences with previous work, and the new metal hyperfine data in the two types of complexes are informative.
Couple dynamics and attributions when one partner has an acquired hearing loss: implications for couple therapy.

We discuss the communication difficulties that many couples face when one partner has a hearing loss. We also discuss the role of attribution theory in understanding the marital distress of these couples. Finally, we offer interventions to support better communication between couples facing the challenges of hearing loss.
System and Package Level Thermal Optimization of Power Amplifier Modules With Application in Wireless Communication

Increased functionality of microelectronic packages for commercial applications leads to the necessity of identifying packaging solutions with high standards for thermal performance, during its functioning lifetime as well as during various test conditions. A detailed numerical analysis examines the thermal characteristics of a power amplifier module for time division multiple access (TDMA), using commercially available software. The increasing trend in power levels and densities leads to the need of design thermal optimization, either at module level or system level. Under specific test conditions, the thermal performance of the module degrades gradually; therefore, alternative test designs are investigated for thermal performance optimization. Initial study focuses on assessing the thermal performance of a baseline design. The peak temperature reaches 144°C, about 60°C temperature increase over the reference temperature. The peak temperature value is below the limit of 150°C. Further investigation focuses on several systems level designs, by incorporating individual test contactors between the DUT and load board or with conductive elastomers or pedestal solid ground slug for thermal performance enhancement. The peak temperatures are calculated in this case for the system being exposed to the ambient at 85°C. The results indicate that the test design with solid ground slug provides the best thermal performance, ∼ 5% better than the other designs. The small difference between the first two designs (with individual contactors and separate solid ground slug with conductive elastomer) resides in the fact that the elastomer has a small thickness (0.25mm), thus a low thermal resistance (based on thermal conductivity greater than 1W/mK), with minimal impact on the overall thermal performance of the TDMA under current test conditions. The temperature difference between the top section of the contactor designs with the CBC pin/copper block/pedestal is small; in spite of this, the high temperature reached by the individual CBC pins induces possible failures in the elastomer. The designs with pedestal and solid ground slugs have a notable advantage over the design with individual contactors, due to no moving parts within the elastomer, being more robust. The peak temperature reached by the module under the best/worst testing scenarios varies by ∼ 4–5%.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Inhibition- and acceptor-reaction studies of streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases with 3-deoxysucrose, 3-deoxy-3-fluorosucrose, and α-dallopyranosyl β-d-fructofuranoside

Abstract Three new sucrose analogs modified at C-3 have been studied as inhibitors and substrates for the glucosyltransferases (glucansucrases) of Steptococcus mutans 6715. Although none of the analogs were found to be substrates for polymer synthesis with either the soluble-polysaccharide producing enzyme, GTF-S, or the insoluble-polysaccharide producing enzyme, GTF-I, 3-deoxysucrose and 3-deoxy-3-fluorosucrose were able to donate glycosyl residues for acceptor reactions with both enzymes. Modification at C-3 considerably decreased the binding at the active site of both enzymes, since all of the analogs had inhibition constants at least one order of magnitude greater than the K m value for sucrose.
Student Interest, Grading Leniency, and Teacher Ratings: A Conceptual Analysis.

Abstract This study explored the extent to which student interest and grading leniency were predictive of teacher ratings. Unlike other teacher rating research, however, this study measured student interest at the beginning and end of seven sections of two courses; further, grading leniency was explicitly defined and measured, not inferred from expected grade and workload. Data indicate that precourse interest was positively associated with expected grade, but was not predictive of ratings, nor did it moderate the expected grade–rating association. Rather, interest change was positively associated with expected grade and predictive of ratings. Further, interest change and grading leniency provided incremental variance in ratings, beyond that provided by expected grade.
Giant peptic ulcer: a surgical or medical disease?

Abstract Background: Medical management of giant peptic ulcers has traditionally been associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates, dictating the need for surgical intervention. Methods: To determine if recent advances in therapy has reduced the number of patients who require surgical procedures, we reviewed the medical records of all patients with peptic ulcers of 2 cm or more at our institution from January 1991 to August 1996. Results: We identified 75 patients with giant ulcers who were followed for a mean duration of 36 months. Sixty-three patients (84%) were managed without operation with a good outcome, documented by healing on repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or resolution of symptoms. Medical management included treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, stopping nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and potent acid suppression. Endoscopic intervention to control bleeding was successful in 7 patients (9%), and 2 patients (3%) were treated successfully with angiographic embolization. Only 12 patients (16%) required surgical intervention: 6 as the result of bleeding, 2 as the result of perforation, 1 as the result of obstruction, and 3 with intractable disease. Conclusions: In this series of patients with giant peptic ulcers, most patients (84%) were managed without surgical treatment. Our data suggest that improvements in medical therapy have obviated the need for eventual surgical intervention in most patients with giant ulcers. (Surgery 1999:126:474-8.)
Interorganizational Linkages and Influence Over Decision Making

The article examines the linkages between 46 human service agencies and their local United Way organization to determine the extent to which an agency's dependence on United Way for scarce resource...
Groups over time

Researchers in the area of group support systems have recently begun to conduct studies of groups using technology working over time on common tasks. Few of these studies take place with real groups in organizations, where groups work on a single task over time, and where tasks have consequences. Few of these studies investigate models of group development and process other than Tuckman's unitary sequence model from 1965. The authors summarize what work has been done in the area of group support system groups over time, what has not been done and why and where we should go from here.
CANCELING QUADRATIC DIVERGENCES IN A CLASS OF TWO-HIGGS-DOUBLET MODELS

The Newton–Wu conditions for the cancellation of quadratic divergences in a class of two-Higgs-doublet models are analyzed as to how they may be satisfied with a typical extension of the Standard Model of particle interactions.
Presentation of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Iliac Artery Pseudoaneurysm Rupture☆☆☆★

We present a case of acute flank and groin pain resulting from a ruptured left iliac artery with pseudoaneurysm in a patient with previously undiagnosed Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). EDS is an uncommon, heterogeneous disease of abnormal collagen production with potentially fatal sequelae. The nine major types of EDS have varying clinical manifestations and degrees of severity. Type IV EDS is of special concern in that it is frequently associated with life-threatening vascular complications such as arterial aneurysm formation with rupture and dissection. EDS should be suspected in young people with vascular complications, recurrent joint dislocations, or fragile skin. In patients with known EDS, abdominal, flank, or pelvic pain should be investigated promptly to rule out life-threatening complications involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, or gravid uterus.
USING CROP YIELD AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RELATIONS FOR REGIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT ESTIMATION1

: Values of dry biomass of corn, sugarcane, sorghum, rice, taro, millet, cotton, cowpeas, soybeans, and velvet beans as related to the evapotranspiration (ET) were studied. The linear regression model was sufficiently accurate to establish the crop dry biomass and ET relations. A water-use efficiency index (WUE), which is defined as the additional crop dry biomass per unit ET, is used in this study. The WUE were grouped into high, medium, and low categories. The WUE varied from greater than 35 kg ha-1/mm for the high category, between 15 and 35 kg ha-1/mm for the medium category, and less than 15 kg ha-1/mm for the low category. Application of the established model to the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida, showed that the regional El can be predicted from the known regional crop yields. The crop yield and ET relations could be used as a potential tool to improve water resources planning and management practices for crop production.
Association of Unlike Molecules through Hydrogen Bonds

IN donor solvents, such as acetone and dioxan, the position of the OH fundamental of water, alcohols, or phenol depends upon the solvent so as to indicate hydrogen bond formation between the solute and the solvent1. Using CH3OD, I have extended the work on alcohol mixtures to include new solvents, many of which absorb in the 3 μ region and hence cannot be studied with ordinary alcohol. Most of the amines apparently form very strong hydrogen bonds with an OH or an OD group—that is, in general they produce longer shifts in the OD band than do oxygenated solvents like ethers and esters.
Macular pigment density measured by autofluorescence spectrometry: comparison with reflectometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry.

We present a technique for estimating the density of the human macular pigment noninvasively that takes advantage of the autofluorescence of lipofuscin, which is normally present in the human retinal pigment epithelium. By measuring the intensity of fluorescence at 710 nm, where macular pigment has essentially zero absorption, and stimulating the fluorescence with two wavelengths, one well absorbed by macular pigment and the other minimally absorbed by macular pigment, we can make accurate single-pass measurements of the macular pigment density. We used the technique to measure macular pigment density in a group of 159 subjects with normal retinal status ranging in age between 15 and 80 years. Average macular pigment density was 0.48 ± 0.16 density unit (D.U.) for a 2°-diameter test field. We show that these estimates are highly correlated with reflectometric (mean: 0.23±0.07 D.U.) and psychophysical (mean: 0.37±0.26 D.U.; obtained by heterochromatic flicker photometry) estimates of macular pigment in the same subjects, despite the fact that systematic differences in the estimated density exist between techniques. Repeat measurements over both short- and long-time intervals indicate that the autofluorescence technique is reproducible: The mean absolute difference between estimates was less than 0.05 D.U., superior to the reproducibility obtained by reflectometry and flicker photometry. To understand the systematic differences between density estimates obtained from the different methods, we analyzed the underlying assumptions of each technique. Specifically, we looked at the effect of self-screening by visual pigment, the effect of changes in optical property of the deeper retinal layers, including the role of retinal pigmented epithelium melanin, and the role of secondary fluorophores and reflectors in the anterior layers of the retina.
Congruent Multidimensional Scaling Results Obtained Using the Halo-Model and the Stone-Coles Method-Model

Comparability of results from the Micko and Stone-Coles approaches to judgmental data is discussed.
A Brief Response, in Anticipation of Further Debate

Engels, Friedrich. 1969. Anti-Duhring [Herr Eugen Duhring’s Revolution in Science]. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Goldfi eld, Mike, and Mel Rothenberg. 1989. The Myth of Capitalism Reborn. xxxx: xxxxxx. Laibman, David. 2009. “The Western Left, the Soviet Union, and Marxism.” Science & Society, 73:4 (October), 540–553. Lenin, V. I. 1961. What Is to Be Done? Collected Works, Vol. 5. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Sassoon, A. S. 1980. Gramsci’s Politics. New York: St. Martins Press. van der Linden, Marcel. 2007. Western Marxism and the Soviet Union: A Survey of Critical Theories and Debates Since 1917. Leiden, Amsterdam/London: Brill.
Lack of effect of somatostatin on epinephrine-stimulated glucose production in the dog.

Abstract The effects of somatostatin on epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose production were assessed in the conscious overnight fasted dog. Glucose production was measured using a primed constant infusion of 3-3H-glucose. Two experiments were performed on each of four animals, each experiment consisting of a tracer equilibration period (80 minutes), a control period (40 minutes), and a test period (180 minutes). In the first experiment, epinephrine was infused at 0.08 μg/kg/min during the test period so that the plasma concentration rose from 138 ± 4 to 727 ± 109 pg/mL. In the second experiment two weeks later, epinephrine was again infused (112 ± 17 to 727 ± 148 pg/mL) but with somatostatin (0.8 μg/kg/min) and intraportal replacement amounts of insulin and glucagon. The pancreatic hormones were administered in such a way as to mimic the insulin and glucagon levels observed during epinephrine infusion in the first experiment. In the first experiment, epinephrine caused changes in insulin and glucagon levels at five minutes of plus 9 ± 1 μU/mL and minus 1 ± 3 pg/mL, respectively, and averaged plus 6 ± 2 μU/mL and minus 9 ± 5 pg/mL over the first hour. Glucose production peaked at 15 minutes (increment of 0.83 ± 0.24 mg/kg/min) and increased by an average of 0.38 ± 0.12 mg/kg/min in the first hour. In the second experiment, intraportal replacement of insulin and glucagon during epinephrine infusion resulted in changes in insulin and glucagon levels at five minutes of plus 8 ± 3 μU/mL and plus 2 ± 2 pg/mL, respectively, and averaged plus 4 ± 2 μU/mL and minus 7 ± 6 pg/mL over the first hour. Glucose production peaked at 15 minutes (increment of 0.63 ± 0.13 mg/kg/min) and increased by an average of 0.40 ± 0.11 mg/kg/min in the first hour. In conclusion, somatostatin at the dose employed had no significant effect on epinephrine-stimulated glucose production in the overnight fasted conscious dog.
Recanalization of Occluded Peripheral Vessels with Use of a Bare Nd-YAG Laser Beam:

Laser angioplasty using a bare Nd-Yag laser beam was used on 25 occluded vessels. Sixty-six percent of the vessels were successfully recanalized (GI), and this resulted in a higher increase in ankle brachial index (0.23 vs 0.07, p<.01) than in nonsuccessful cases (GII). The length of occlusion (14 and 16 cm) and length lased (11 and 11 cm) were not significantly different between GI and GII, respectively. Three perforations and five incomplete recanalizations resulted in no major morbidity to GII patients. Sixty percent (9/15) of lesions longer than 15 cm were recanalized compared with 78 % (7/9) of lesions shorter than 15 cm. Vessel calcifications were less commonly seen in GI than in GII (50% vs 100%, p< .05) . All noncalcified vessels were successfully recanalized. The authors con clude that Nd-Yag laser angioplasty is a safe and effective procedure in selected patients.
Biased behaviors: towards understanding vulnerability and resilience factors in addictions.

Despite advances in treatment development, addictions remain prevalent and costly conditions. Understanding the neurobiological factors underlying addictions holds significant promise in developing improved treatments for people with addictions [1]. Similarly important is the investigation of groups demonstrating vulnerability and resilience to the development of addictions as findings from these studies may be used to guide prevention interventions.
Closed-form supervised dimensionality reduction with generalized linear models

We propose a family of supervised dimensionality reduction (SDR) algorithms that combine feature extraction (dimensionality reduction) with learning a predictive model in a unified optimization framework, using data- and class-appropriate generalized linear models (GLMs), and handling both classification and regression problems. Our approach uses simple closed-form update rules and is provably convergent. Promising empirical results are demonstrated on a variety of high-dimensional datasets.
Observations of the Van Allen radiation regions during August and September 1959: 5. Visual auroras, high‐altitude X‐ray bursts, and simultaneous satellite observations

Observations of Van Allen radiation regions by Explorer VI satellite - visual auroras, high altitude X-ray bursts, and simultaneous satellite observations during magnetic storms
Individual parathyroid cells exhibit cyclic secretion of parathyroid hormone and chromogranin-A (as measured by a novel sequential hemolytic plaque assay).

PTH and chromogranin-A (CgA) are the two major proteins secreted from the parathyroid gland. We investigated the secretory patterns of CgA and PTH using a sequential reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA). The RHPA allows detection of hormone secretion from individual cells after a secretory stimulus. For the sequential RHPA, bovine parathyroid cells were mixed with protein-A-conjugated ovine erythrocytes (oRBC). Antiserum, either anti-PTH or anti-CgA, was added under optimal secretory conditions. The addition of complement caused lysis of oRBC surrounding hormone-secreting cells. In this stage (stage 1), individual cells were identified and indexed as secreting or nonsecreting cells. For stage 2, a new lawn of oRBC was established, and a second RHPA was performed on the same population of cells, allowing for the detection of secretory patterns. In the single stage RHPA, about three fourths of the cells formed CgA plaques compared to only about half that formed PTH plaques, suggesting that CgA and PTH are ...
A quick screening test of biomaterials by means of chick embryo techniques

Many types of materials are being used as biomaterials, and there is a continuing search for more and better materials for specific pur poses. In this investigation, a new method was employed in screening materials in an effort to cut costs, save time, and have a worthwhile indication of the prospect of a new material. Samples of twenty gauge wires of stainless steel 316, stainless steel 304, Titanium 40, Vitallium, and copper were introduced into leg or wing muscles of 18-day-old chick embryos. This was accomplished by opening the egg shell with a dental drill, implanting the material, and reclosing the shell. The chicks were allowed to hatch and were later sacrificed after eleven days, giving a total implant time of 14 days. This time period allowed for the acute inflammation that occurred during wound healing to subside. The sections were retrieved, embedded in epon 812, sectioned with a diamond saw, and histologically evaluated. Copper was used for the negative control and showed the greatest adverse tissue response. Titanium 40 showed almost no response and stainless steel 316 showed very little. Stainless steel 304 exhibited a somewhat greater response than the stainless steel 316. All of the materials except wrought Vitallium used in this experiment gave predicted results.
Atom position coding in a matching pursuit based video coder

In this paper, we propose a new scheme for position coding of the atoms within the Matching Pursuit algorithm as applied to the displaced frame difference (DFD) in a hybrid video encoder. We exploit the spatial and temporal coherence of the positions of the atoms in the DFD: the atoms tend to cluster in regions where the motion prediction fails. The location of these regions is correlated over time. We use a block-based technique in which the number of atoms inside each block is coded differentially with respect to the same block in the previous frame. The atom positions inside each block are coded using the previously proposed NumberSplit algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach on a number of video sequences.
Using a Visual Preference Survey in Transit Design

In what may be the first application of visual preference methods to transit facilities, transit users, nonusers, and professionals were (a) shown a series of paired slides of bus stops, (b) asked to choose the stop from each pair at which they would prefer to wait, and (c) asked to rate each stop chosen as a place to wait. Subsequent analyses showed that transit-oriented design features most affecting both choices and ratings are (a) a bus shelter at the stop, (b) trees along the street leading to the stop, (c) a vertical curb at the stop, (d) the setback of the stop from the street edge, and (e) a continuous sidewalk leading to the stop. Such surveys may help transit planners choose the best transit stop locations and devote limited financial resources to the most promising transit stop amenities.
A method to infer past surface mass balance and topography from internal layers in martian polar layered deposits

Internal layers in ice masses can be detected with ice-penetrating radar. In a flowing ice mass, each horizon represents a past surface that has been subsequently buried by accumulation, and strained by ice flow. These layers retain information about relative spatial patterns of accumulation and ablation (mass balance). Internal layers are necessary to accurately infer mass-balance patterns because the ice-surface shape only weakly reflects spatial variations in mass balance. Additional rate-controlling information, such as the layer age, the ice temperature, or the ice-grain sizes and ice-crystal fabric, can be used to infer the absolute rate of mass balance. To infer mass balance from the shapes of internal layers, we solve an inverse problem. The solution to the inverse problem is the best set or sets of unknown boundary conditions or initial conditions that, when used in our calculation of ice-surface elevation and internal-layer shape, generate appropriate predictions of observations that are available. We also show that internal layers can be used to infer martian paleo-surface topography from a past era of ice flow, even though the topography may have been largely altered by subsequent erosion. We have successfully inferred accumulation rates and surface topography from internal layers in Antarctica. Using synthetic data, we demonstrate the ability of this method to solve the corresponding inverse problem to infer accumulation and ablation rates, as well as the surface topography, for martian ice. If past ice flow has affected the shapes of martian internal layers, this method is necessary to infer the spatial pattern and rate of mass balance.
A lesser evil: prophylactic mastectomy for women at high risk for breast cancer.

TheidentificationoftheBRCA1andBRCA2genemutationswas amilestoneinthefighttoeradicatebreastcancer.Wehopedwewould soonbeabletopreventnotonlyhereditarybreastandovariancancers (HBOC), but sporadic tumors as well. In this struggle, unfortunately, victories are rarely as sweeping as they first appear. It has been more than 10 years since genetic tests for HBOC became commercially available. A recent analysis of surveillance for women with familial breast cancer in Norway and the United Kingdom revealed that, once diagnosed with apparently early-stage breast cancer, BRCA2 carriers and women who tested negative for BRCA mutations had 5-year survival rates of 96% and 90% respectively, compared with only 70% for women carrying BRCA1 mutations. 1 Howcanweimprovepreventionforwomenathighriskofbreast cancer? Surveillance can be enhanced by use of magnetic resonance imaging of the breasts. 2 Tamoxifen also reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers and the risk of contralateral second primaries in both BRCA2 and BRCA1 carriers, 2 but the intervention that most effectively prevents breast cancer is bilateral prophylactic mastectomy(BPM). 2,3 Bilateralprophylacticoophorectomybeforeage40 and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy also reduce breast cancer risk substantially. Womenwhoaremutationcarriersorhavefamilialcancerarefar morelikelytohavebilateralprophylacticoophorectomythanBPM. 2,3 At-risk women in the United States have one of the highest BPM rates (36%), with such surgery much less frequent among European women. 2 Factors predictive of choosing BPM include having a sister who had breast cancer, 4 being a BRCA1/2 mutation carrier, havingapersonalhistoryofbreastcancer,beingyoungeratthetimeof surgery than women who choose surveillance, and having high anxiety and exaggerated perceptions about risk of breast cancer. 5 Women with young children may choose BPM to maximize their chances of long-term survival. 6
Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family.

In order to recognize a monophyletic taxonomy for Leiognathidae based on unique features of the bacterially mediated light-organ system, we describe a new sexually-dimorphic genus of elongate, shallow-bodied ponyfishes within the tribe Equulitini, which itself is recovered within the subfamily Gazzinae. Photolateralis, new genus, is unique among ponyfishes in possessing a translucent mid-lateral flank stripe, which depending on the species, may be either a composite “stripe” comprised of numerous independent translucent windows (P. stercorarius and P. moretoniensis), or a continuous translucent lateral stripe (P. antongil). This translucent lateral stripe is either lacking entirely in females, or is considerably less well developed. In contrast, males in its sister taxon, Equulites, are characterized by the presence of an expansive, triangular, translucent lateral flank patch that also exhibits species-specific morphology. Internally, in Photolateralis the light organ system is characterized by a moderately enlarged, donut-shaped, and conspicuously spotted light organ in males that extends only slightly posteriorly into the gas bladder. In contrast, in members of Equulites the dorsolateral lobes of the light organ in males are greatly enlarged, heavily pigmented, and extend posteriorly well into the gas bladder. In addition, internally male members of Photolateralis exhibit lateral clearing of the silvery gas bladder lining posteriorly, corresponding in extent to the external translucent lateral stripe or windows on the flank. Including the new genus described herein, we now recognize 10 monophyletic genera of extant ponyfishes.
Dynamic constraints and database evolution

A simple extension of the relational model is introduced to study the effects of dynamic constraints on database evolution. Both static and dynamic constraints are used in conjunction with this "dynamic" extension of the relational model. The static constraints considered here are functional dependencies (fd's). The dynamic constraints involve global updates and are restricted to certain analogs of fd's, called "dynamic" fd's. The results concern the interaction between the static and dynamic constraints. The effect of the past history of the database on the static constraints is investigated using the notions of age and age-closure. The connection between the static constraints and the future evolution of the database is described through the notions of survivability and survivability-closure.
Murine Vaginal Colonization Model for Investigating Asymptomatic Mucosal Carriage of Streptococcus pyogenes

While many virulence factors promoting Streptococcus pyogenes invasive disease have been described, specific streptococcal factors and host properties influencing asymptomatic mucosal carriage remain uncertain. To address the need for a refined model of prolonged S. pyogenes asymptomatic mucosal colonization, we have adapted a preestrogenized murine vaginal colonization model for S. pyogenes. In this model, derivatives of strains HSC5, SF370, JRS4, NZ131, and MEW123 established a reproducible, asymptomatic colonization of the vaginal mucosa over a period of typically 3 to 4 weeks' duration at a relatively high colonization efficiency. Prior treatment with estradiol prolonged streptococcal colonization and was associated with reduced inflammation in the colonized vaginal epithelium as well as a decreased leukocyte presence in vaginal fluid compared to the levels of inflammation and leukocyte presence in non-estradiol-treated control mice. The utility of our model for investigating S. pyogenes factors contributing to mucosal carriage was verified, as a mutant with a mutation in the transcriptional regulator catabolite control protein A (CcpA) demonstrated significant impairment in vaginal colonization. An assessment of in vivo transcriptional activity in the CcpA− strain for several known CcpA-regulated genes identified significantly elevated transcription of lactate oxidase (lctO) correlating with excessive generation of hydrogen peroxide to self-lethal levels. Deletion of lctO did not impair colonization, but deletion of lctO in a CcpA− strain prolonged carriage, exceeding even that of the wild-type strain. Thus, while LctO is not essential for vaginal colonization, its dysregulation is deleterious, highlighting the critical role of CcpA in promoting mucosal colonization. The vaginal colonization model should prove effective for future analyses of S. pyogenes mucosal colonization.