cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing mathematics teacher educators’ written feedback to prospective teachers

Mathematics teacher educators’ (MTEs’) written feedback is an instantiation of teaching practice and provides information to support the developing understanding of prospective teachers (PTs), yet no research has been undertaken to characterize such feedback. Research on feedback forms, including written feedback, has focused on information provided to learners that draws attention to different components of their performances or understandings, such as elements of the task and processes used to complete it. While no models of feedback or feedback systems prescribe what feedback should contain, factors that researchers have identified as impacting performance or understanding under some conditions have been identified. To explore MTEs’ written feedback as an instantiation of practice and to characterize such feedback, we used a self-study methodology to analyze three MTEs’ written feedback to PTs regarding their responses to students, including the process of attending to and using learners’ mathematics in responses to written work. Findings showed MTEs used some practices described as effective feedback by building on to PTs’ feedback to mathematics-learners. Yet they also provided feedback described as less than effective, such as redirecting PTs to attend to elements in students’ work not addressed by the PTs but perceived by MTEs as important to address. In addition, findings illustrated that MTEs provided little feedback on PTs’ self-regulation. We argue that if MTEs’ written feedback is meant to serve as an instantiation of practice as well as provide information to PTs about their feedback practice, MTEs should explore their feedback so that the model provided operates as they intend.
Postsurgical Headaches and Their Management

In the past for patients undergoing craniotomies and craniectomies, headache was not identified as a significant complication of their procedure. However, there are a myriad of headache- and pain-related issues that arise in the post-craniotomy period. This pain can be acute pain or chronic pain. Acute pain arises in the postoperative period up to 2 months postsurgical intervention. Chronic pain occurs or persists 2 months after intervention and beyond. These headaches and pain syndromes are further subdivided by phenotype, type of surgery, and surgical approach. Focused management of acute postsurgical headaches can improve short-term outcomes and decrease analgesic-related ICU complications. Tailored therapy in chronic headache cases can improve quality of life. Chronic postsurgical headaches appear to mirror their nonsurgical counterparts in terms of therapy. It is important to recognize that these syndromes can arise in the postoperative period. There are a number of postsurgical syndromes associated with headaches that should be identified to facilitate treatment.
Procyonidae, Viverridae, Hyenidae, Herpestidae, Eupleridae, and Prionodontidae

Abstract This chapter covers the diseases and pathology of multiple taxonomic groups within the order Carnivora including Procyonidae several of the Feliformia carnivores. The overwhelming majority of knowledge about disease pathogenesis for these species is biased toward raccoons and concern for disease spread to humans and companion animals. Procyonids and feliform carnivores are ubiquitous in their environments and share habitat and environmental resources with other nondomestic and domestic carnivores and humans. As reservoirs for a number of important multispecies or zoonotic pathogens, surveys for pathogens that may be harbored or vectored by several of the species in this chapter, for example, raccoons (e.g., canine distemper virus, rabies, and leptospirosis) and civets (e.g., SARS coronavirus), have been active areas of investigation. Unfortunately, less research has focused on the potential effects of these pathogens on their hosts.
A branch and bound algorithm for dynamic resource allocation in population disease management

Abstract We embed an approximate dynamic program into a branch-and-bound framework to solve sequential resource allocation problems in population disease management. The proposed algorithm is capable of providing an optimality guarantee and getting bounds on the optimality gap of healthcare interventions. A numerical study on screening and treatment policy implementation for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection provides useful insights regarding HCV elimination for baby boomers.
Animated personalities: cartoon characters and stardom in American theatrical shorts: by David McGowan, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2019, 328 pp., $34.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4773-1744-0

Following the year-long worldwide celebration of Mickey Mouse’s ninetieth birthday, the publication of Animated Personalities: Cartoon Characters and Stardom in American Theatrical Shorts feels esp...
Scalable and Phosphine-Free Conversion of Alcohols to Carbon–Heteroatom Bonds through the Blue Light-Promoted Iodination Reaction

One of the fundamental and highly valuable transformations in organic chemistry is the nucleophilic substitution of alcohols. Traditionally, these reactions require strategies that employ stoichiometric hazardous reagents and are associated with difficulty in purification of the by-products. To overcome these challenges, here, we report a simple route toward the diverse conversion of alcohols via an SN2 pathway, in which blue light-promoted iodination is used to form alkyl iodide intermediates from simple unreactive alcohols. The scope of the process tolerates a range of nucleophiles to construct C–N, C–O, C–S, and C–C bonds. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that this method can be used for the preparation and late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, as highlighted by the syntheses of thiocarlide, butoxycaine, and pramoxine.
Physicochemical Characterization of Nedocromil Bivalent Metal Salt Hydrates. 3. Nedocromil Calcium

□ A crystalline pentahydrate and a crystalline 8/3 hydrate of nedocromil calcium (NC) were prepared. The relationships between these solid phases and the nature of the water interactions in their structures were studied through characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Karl Fischer titrimetry (KFT), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), ambient- or variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, water uptake at various relative humidities (RH), intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and solubility measurements. The solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate of the pentahydrate in water at 25 °C are ~ 17% greater than the corresponding values for the 8/3 hydrate, corresponding to a greater Gibbs free energy of only 380 J · mol− 1 (91 cal · mol − 1) for the pentahydrate. The results of DSC, TGA, and FTlR and SSNMR spectroscopy indicate that the water of hydration is more loosely bound in the pentahydrate than in the 8/3 hydrate. On increasing the temperature in open-pan DSC and TGA, the water in the pentahydrate is released in four steps (three steps in crimped pans), whereas the water in the 8/3 hydrate is released in three steps (three steps also in crimped pans). These three stepwise dehydrations are fundamentally explained by their different water environments in the crystal structure of the 8/3 hydrate, which was determined by single-crystal XRD [crystal data: triclinic, space group P1, a = 13.2381(3) Ǻ, b = 13.3650(2) Ǻ, c = 17.8224(2) Ǻ, α = 68.202- (1)°, β = 86.894(1)°, γ = 82.969(1)°, Z = 6]. The asymmetric unit contains three nedocromil anions and three calcium cations associated with eight water molecules. The nedocromil anions act as polyfunctional ligands to the Ca2 + ions, coordinating through both the carbonyl oxygen and the carboxylate oxygen atoms. The molecular conformations of the three nedocromil anions in the asymmetric unit are almost identical. However, the crystal structure contains two different calcium environments, one of which has the Ca2 + ion hydrated by four water molecules in the equatorial plane and by two carbonyl oxygens in its axial coordination sites. In the second environment, the Ca2 + ion has four carboxylate oxygen atoms in its equatorial plane and two water molecules in its axial coordination sites. Two of the carboxylate ligands are twisted out of the tricyclic ring, and the other two carboxylate ligands are nearly coplanar with the tricyclic ring. All of the eight water molecules in the 8/3 hydrate are linked to calcium and carboxylate ions and none are linked to other water molecules.
Investigation of time─temperature dependency of heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids

In this study, the time–temperature dependency of heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids was studied experimentally. The result shows the heat capacity enhancement is directly related to the time-dependent synthesis process. Various samples of a binary salt mixture of Li2CO3–K2CO3 doped with 1% Al2O3 were prepared by heating and cooling at different rates (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 °C min−1) along with the pure binary salt mixture. The samples were then tested for heat capacity using a differential scanning calorimeter. It was found that heat capacity enhancement in molten salt nanofluids depends on the heating and cooling rates during the synthesis. Recent studies have shown that the heat capacity enhancement observed could be due to the formation of dendritic structures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a pH variation method were employed to confirm the presence of dendritic nanostructures.
Relative efficiency of equal versus unequal cluster sizes in cluster randomized trials with a small number of clusters.

To calculate sample sizes in cluster randomized trials (CRTs), the cluster sizes are usually assumed to be identical across all clusters for simplicity. However, equal cluster sizes are not guarant...
Linear viscoelasticity and time-temperature-salt and other superpositions in polyelectrolyte coacervates

The linear viscoelasticity of coacervates formed by oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in the salt solution is reviewed, with a focus on time-temperature, time-salt, time-pH, and time-hydration superpositions, and on fundamental relaxation mechanisms. A variety of polyelectrolyte pairs are covered, showing the frequent, but not universal, success of the time-salt superposition. Master curves in many cases are similar to those for neutral polymers, including Rouse and reptation theories. However, in some cases, solidlike, as opposed to fluidlike, response is observed at low frequencies, especially at low salt concentrations. Some coacervates seem to fit “sticky diffusion” theory reasonably well, wherein relaxation is controlled by the breakage rate of ion pairs; the dependence of the “sticker” lifetime on salt concentration has been explored but is not well understood as yet. It is also possible that local relaxation is not controlled by breakage of ion pairs but by cooperative, “glassy,” relaxation of monomers, salt ions, and water molecules. Compilation and comparison of different datasets and suggested formulas for rheological time constants are presented, and some suggestions are given for future directions.
From Cedar Cemeteries to Marsh Lakes: a Case Study of Sea-Level Rise and Habitat Change in a Northeastern US Salt Marsh

Evidence for relative sea-level rise in the Mullica River-Great Bay, a relatively undisturbed watershed in southern New Jersey, stretches over hundreds of years. The increase in global sea-level rise in the region is enhanced by subsidence and results in rates that are approximately double the global average. In recent decades, the occurrence of “ghost forests,” standing dead forests, especially of the salt-intolerant Atlantic White Cedar, is becoming increasingly obvious as tidal inundation of salty waters increases further inland, especially in the upper portions of the Mullica River and its tributaries. Even older evidence of sea-level rise in the watershed is the subtidal and intertidal occurrence of “cedar cemeteries,” i.e., buried accumulations of Atlantic white cedar stumps and timbers that have been radiocarbon-dated from the fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries to as old as the fifth century. Some of these are being exposed as rising water extends intertidal creeks into adjacent wetlands and uncovers this rot-resistant wood. Sea-level rise is perhaps the most significant threat to the persistence of salt marshes over the coming century. Sea-level rise decreases salt marsh area by erosion at the marsh edge, drowning of the marsh surface, and the expansion of marsh pools into larger marsh “lakes.” In some instances, this loss of salt marshes is compensated for by expansion landward into ghost forests, but in this watershed and others, the expansion is by invasive plant species such as Phragmites australis, which is suboptimal habitat for fishes, crabs, and other invertebrates. The combination of a fast rate of sea-level rise in an area relatively free from recent human intervention makes the Mullica Valley watershed an ideal location to continue to evaluate the effects of sea-level rise on salt marsh ecosystems.
Motion Tracking of Polymer Metamaterials Under Shock Waves

A new algorithm to analyze X-ray movies generated by a synchrotron source is described. The algorithm is used to track the motion of polymer metamaterials under shock waves and to produce the velocity field of the dynamic scenes.
Examples of Global Analysis by Simple Cell Mapping

In the last five chapters the simple cell mappings are studied in their own right as transformations of an N-tuple of integers to an N-tuple of integers. In this chapter we use simple cell mappings as tools to investigate the global behavior of dynamical systems governed by point mappings and differential equations. We first review the center point method by which a simple cell mapping can be constructed for a point mapping or for an ordinary differential equation governing the system. Next, we discuss a special technique called compactification which allows us to construct a simple cell mapping over a finite set of cells S without introducing the concept of sink cell.
US-Russian Technical Exchanges on Radioactive Aerosol Monitoring

There have been a number of new developments in the sampling and monitoring of airborne radionuclides, which facilitate more accurate measurement of radionuclide concentrations, and better data interpretation. These new developments include software for predicting the dispersion of contaminants in the ambient air, software for evaluation of sampling systems that are used in stacks and ducts, hardware for sampling aerosols, and hardware for providing near-real-time data for both normal and accident situations. The DP-45 group of the US Department of Energy (DOE) is interested in initiating a program for technical exchanges between US and Russian scientists and engineers that will facilitate the transfer of this technology. Work to set the foundation for the exchanges is being co-funded by DOE and the Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium. It is the goal of this initial work to develop technical materials to document the US efforts in the air sampling and monitoring area. These materials, which will be translated into Russian, will provide guidance on sample collection using the new methodologies.
A constitutive representation for linear aging, environmental-dependent viscoelastic materials

This study is concerned with developing a constitutive law for aging and environmental-dependent materials. The development rests on the assumption that the mechanical properties of the aforementioned materials can be mathematically represented by a functional of the strain and environmental histories, and this functional depends on the present time and the time the material is created. This constitutive assumption leads to two equivalent integral forms of the constitutive law after asserting that the functional is linear in the strain history. The first form of the integral law contains a material response functional analogous to the creep and relaxation functions of classical linear viscoelasticity. The second integral law has the same basic mathematical form but the physical interpretation of the mechanical response functional is different. It is demonstrated that both forms of the aging law reduce to the same non-aging law which is the usual starting for an analysis of only environmental-dependent materials. In the Appendix an operator algebra is presented for convenience in manipulating the integral laws for aging materials.
Studies on Cytochrome c Peroxidase VIII. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LIGHT ABSORPTIONS OF THE ENZYME AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Light absorption spectra of cytochrome c peroxidase and its derivatives are measured between 23° and -190°. Spectra of the enzyme and its azide complex are found to be temperature-dependent, while those of Complex ES (a red peroxide compound) and of complexes of the enzyme with cyanide and fluoride appear temperature-independent. The spectrum of the enzyme at pH 7.0, which is a predominantly high spin type at 23°, changes to an essentially low spin type on cooling at -190°. This spectral transition of the frozen enzyme is found to take place in a relatively limited range of cryogenic temperature from -10° to -100°. Upon warming the frozen enzyme up from -190°, it is found that the α- and β-bands at 574 and 540 mµ (low spin type) disappear in a range from -100° to -30°, while the charge transfer bands at 500 and 640 mµ (high spin type) appear in a range from -60° to -10°.
Comparing the Social Service Utilization, Exposure to Violence, and Trauma Symptomology of Domestic Violence Female "Victims" and Female "Batterers"

Although some authors have suggested that women “batterers” may really be self-defending victims, to date, no research has been initiated to empirically support this assertion. This paper describes the design and outcomes of a research project that investigated the similarities and differences between women adjudicated as domestic violence “batterers” and women identified as domestic violence “victims.” Findings indicated group similarities in the areas of exposure to violence and social service utilization. Although both groups reported high levels of trauma symptomology, “victim” scores were significantly higher.
Therapeutic Implications of Cellular Heterogeneity and Plasticity in Breast Cancer

Cellular heterogeneity represents one of the greatest challenges in cancer therapeutics. In many malignancies, this heterogeneity is generated during tumor evolution through a combination of genetic alterations and epigenetic events that recapitulate normal developmental processes including stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Many, if not most, tumors display similar hierarchal organization, at the apex of which are "stem-like cells" that drive tumor growth, mediate metastasis, and contribute to treatment resistance. Using breast cancer as a model, we discuss how an improved understanding of tumor cellular heterogeneity and plasticity may lead to development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
Hedge Fund Portfolio Strategy Based on Performance Persistence and Portfolio Theory

This paper aims to analyze and develop systematic methods to construct funds of funds (FOF) products investing in Chinese hedge funds, with low risk, high return and high Sharpe Ratio, or other ideal characteristics required by investors. Using performance data of more than 600 hedge funds, we applied standard portfolio theory to design portfolios with optimized risk and return features. Tradable FOF products with low risk, high return and high Sharpe Ratio were described in detail, with outstanding performances confirmed by systematic backtest and robust tests. Collectively, our results offer a sound investing product based on Chinese hedge fund performance, and are valuable both as an independent product and as a major component in a more comprehensive portfolio.
The Trade-off between Family Size and Child Health in Rural Bangladesh

Most of the work testing the quantity–quality model has concentrated on the trade-off between family size and educational attainment. We argue that child health is a plausible measure of child quality that has not been fully explored in the empirical literature. Using data from the Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey, we estimate the effect of family size on child mortality and several measures of child health. Our results suggest that even in rural Bangladesh there is little evidence of a trade-off between child quantity and health.
Passive microwave techniques for geophysical sensing of the Earth from satellites

Passive microwave techniques for geophysical probing from aircraft and space have employed frequencies \sim 1-300 GHz and have yielded information about atmospheric temperature and composition profiles and about surface parameters such as sea state, ice and snow type and extent, soil moisture, etc. The initially scientific program is now evolving into various operational spacecraft observatory systems; this mini-review summarizes recent accomplishments and future opportunities.
The effects of self-disclosure and non self-disclosure of stuttering on listeners' perceptions of a person who stutters.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine listener perceptions of an adult male person who stutters (PWS) who did or did not disclose his stuttering. Ninety adults who do not stutter individually viewed one of three videotaped monologues produced by a male speaker with severe stuttering. In one monologue, 30 listeners heard the speaker disclose stuttering at the beginning and in another monologue, 30 listeners heard the speaker disclose stuttering at the end. A third group of 30 listeners viewed a monologue where no disclosure of stuttering occurred. After listeners viewed a monologue, they were asked to rate a set of six Likert scale statements and answer three open-ended questions. The results showed that only one of six Likert statements was significantly different across the three conditions. The only statement that was different was that the speaker was perceived to be significantly more friendly when disclosing stuttering at the end of the monologue than when not disclosing stuttering. There were no significant differences between the percentage of positive and negative comments made by listeners across the three conditions. Listeners’ comments to each open-ended question showed they were comfortable listening to stuttering with or without disclosure and slightly more than half of the listeners believed their perceptions of the speaker did not change when he disclosed stuttering. The results also showed that the speaker who disclosed stuttering at the beginning of the monologue received significantly more positive listener comments than when he disclosed stuttering at the end of the monologue. Results are discussed relative to comparisons with the Collins and Blood (1990) study, the clinical relevance of acknowledging stuttering as a component of treatment, and future research on the self-disclosure of stuttering. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe how different groups of listeners perceive and respond to two conditions of self-disclosure of stuttering and one condition involving non self-disclosure of stuttering; (2) summarize the range of listener responses to and benefits of self-disclosure of stuttering; and (3) describe the value of self-disclosure of stuttering for the listener and the speaker.
Americans’ Views of Health Care Costs, Access, and Quality

For more than two decades, polls have shown that Americans are dissatisfied with their current health care system. However, the public's views on how to change the current system are more conflicted than often suggested by individual poll results. At the same time, Americans are both dissatisfied with the current health care system and relatively satisfied with their own health care arrangements. As a result of the conflict between these views and the public's distrust of government, there often is a wide gap between the public's support for a set of principles concerning what needs to be done about the overall problems facing the nation's health care system and their support for specific policies designed to achieve those goals.
Reducing minors' access to tobacco: eight years' experience in Hawaii.

Objective. This paper reports the findings of annual Synar inspections to assess compliance with federal and state legislation to limit minors' access to tobacco products in Hawaii. We also report on factors associated with selling tobacco to minors for the most recent year of inspections (2003).Methods. Annual, random, unannounced inspections were conducted by minors (ages 14-17 years) over an 8-year period (1996-2003). Stores were randomly selected from a list of stores that sell tobacco products ill Hawaii.Results. There was a significant decrease in the percent of successful purchases made over the period from 1996 (44.5%) to 2003 (6.2%). Based on multivariate analyses, only two variables were associated with whether a successful purchase was made in 2003: whether the minor's identification or age was requested.Conclusion. Findings suggest that surveillance, education, and enforcement efforts in Hawaii have been successful at making substantial reductions in noncompliance rates. Even with the current low rate of sales to minors, failing to request the minor's identification or age was associated with making a successful purchase, while characteristics of the minor and retail environment were not. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Method for Estimating the Dielectric Constant of Natural Gas Mixtures

A method has been developed for calculating the static dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of fluid mixtures, with an emphasis on natural gas. The dielectric constant is calculated as a function of temperature, density, and composition; the density is calculated with a fundamental mixture equation of state. Theory-based correlations were developed for the dielectric constant of all significant components of natural gas, including not only light hydrocarbons but also gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. In many cases, these correlations took advantage of new, highly accurate data measured in cross capacitors. For mixtures, the pure-component values are combined as proposed by Harvey and Prausnitz; this produces better results than the traditional mixing rule.
Multiple infusions of CD20-targeted T cells and low-dose IL-2 after SCT for high-risk non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A pilot study

Multiple infusions of CD20-targeted T cells and low-dose IL-2 after SCT for high-risk non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A pilot study
Boundary and inertia effects on conjugate mixed convection heat transfer from a vertical plate fin in a high-porosity porous medium

Conjugate mixed convection heat transfer along a vertical plate fin embedded in a saturated high-porosity porous medium has been studied. A local non-similarity solution, up to the third level of truncation, has been obtained for convective flow in the porous medium. The effects of solid boundary and inertia forces which have been neglected in the Darcy flow model were taken into account. Results were obtained for Pr = 7, 20, 50, and other parameters in the range of 0 ⩽ Ω ⩽ 2.0 and 0 ⩽ Ncc ⩽ 2.0. For pure forced convection and low Ncc (nearly isothermal), the error resulting from omitting the boundary and inertia forces decreases with increasing downstream distance. For mixed convection flow the effects of boundary and inertia on local heat transfer coefficient and local heat flux become very significant at large values of Ncc, especially downstream.
MO-D-BRB-01: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Using Respiratory-Gated Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with Flattening Filter Free (FFF)

Purpose: To evaluate treatment‐plan quality and machine‐delivery fidelity of SBRT using newly available respiratory‐gated VMAT with FFF beams. Methods: Varian TrueBeam and Eclipse TPS systems were used for this study. Fifteen lung patients previously treated with SBRT using ungated 6MV WFF VMAT were selected. For each case, two gated SBRT VMAT plans with high dose rate FFF beams (1400 MU/min for 6 MV and 2400 MU/min for 10 MV) were created using the same constraints and isocenter as the original treatment plan. Each FFF plan was then delivered four times under different clinic‐relevant respiratory conditions: without gating, and with gating (25%–70% phase cycle) for three different respiration periods (3, 4.5 and 6 seconds). Three independent methods, using a ScandiDos Delta4 device, a 27x27 ion chamber array (PTW‐Seven29), and an adapted dose reconstruction technique based on delivery log‐files, were employed to evaluate dose delivered by TrueBeam. A variety of dosimetric metrics such as homogeneity, conformity and gamma indices were used to assess the plans and deliveries. Results: Compared with the WFF plans, average target homogeneity of FFF plans was slightly improved by 5.5% while the average target conformity remained the same. No significant difference was observed in dose to the PTV and OARs (lungs, trachea, spinal cord, heart, esophagus, and chest wall). The mean of total MUs of 6 MV FFF plans was higher than that of WFF plans (3523 vs. 3161), however, with no statistical significance (p=0.53). Delta4 and Seven29 measurements and dose reconstruction demonstrated that the VMAT FFF plans for SBRT were faithfully realized under any of the four clinic‐relevant delivery conditions, with high gamma‐index passing rates (99.2%–100%) and measured/reconstructed dosimetric endpoints and distributions essentially identical with original plans. Conclusions: Respiratory‐gated VMAT with high dose‐rate FFF beams provides a reliable means for SBRTtreatment of moving targets with high dosimetric fidelity.
Rate of Movement and Composition of Rapidly Transported Proteins in Regenerating Olfactory Nerve

In a previous study, three successive groups of regenerative fibers, growing initially at 5.8, 2.1, and 0.8 mm/day, were observed in the regenerating garfish olfactory nerve. In the present study, fast axonal transport in the most rapidly regenerating axons (phase I and II) has been examined. Rapid transport in phase I fibers occurs at a velocity of 208 +/- 9 mm/day at 23 degrees, a rate identical to that measured in intact nerves. This first phase of regenerating fibers represents only 3 to 5% of the original axonal population, but each fiber appears to contain 6 to 16 times more transported radioactivity than an axon in an intact nerve. Subcellular distribution of rapidly moving material in phase I and II fibers was closely related to the distribution obtained in intact nerves. Small but significant differences indicate a shift of the transported radioactivity from a heavier to a light axonal membranous fraction. This shift might be characteristic of the immature membrane of a growing axon. The polypeptide distribution of transported radioactivity was also very similar to that of a normal nerve, with most of the radioactivity associated with high-molecular-weight polypeptides.
Field, laboratory, and modeling investigation of the skin effect at wells with slotted casing, Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

Understanding and quantification of wellbore skin improves our ability to accurately measure or estimate hydrologic parameters with tests at wells such as pumping tests, flowmeter tests, and slug tests. This paper presents observations and results from a series of field, laboratory, and modeling tests which, together, explain the source of wellbore skin at wells at a research wellfield and which support estimation of skin thickness (ds) and skin hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Positive wellbore skin effects were recognized at wells in the shallow, unconfined, coarse-grained fluvial aquifer at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS). Well development efforts at the BHRS removed residual drilling fines but only marginally reduced the skin effect. Likely causes for the remaining wellbore skin effect were examined; partial clogging of screen slots with sand is consistent with field observations and can account for the magnitude of wellbore skin effect observed. We then use the WTAQ code (Barlow and Moench, 1999) with a redefinition of the term for delayed observation well response to include skin effects at observation wells (in addition to pumping wells) in order to analyze aquifer tests at the BHRS for average Ks values at individual wells. Systematic differences in Ks values are recognized in results at pumping (Ks_Q) and observation (Ks_obs) wells: larger values are seen at observation wells (average Ks_obsZ0.0023 cm/s) than pumping wells. Two possible causes are recognized for the occurrence of higher Ks values at observation wells than pumping wells: (1) flow diversion between aquifer layers on approach to a pumping well with positive skin; and (2) larger portion offlow passing through lower-K zones in the heterogeneous aquifer near the pumping well than the observation wells due to strongly radially convergent flow near the pumping well. For the wellaquifer system at the BHRS, modeling analyses of drawdown vs time at observation wells provide better Ks estimates than those from pumping wells. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
High-yielding macrocyclization conditions used in the synthesis of novel Sansalvamide A derivatives

Abstract Described are the syntheses of nine Sansalvamide A derivatives using new, high-yielding, in situ deprotection–cyclization conditions that are general for this series of macrocycles, 55% average for both steps. This is 10-fold greater than previously reported yields.
Syndromes of Thrombosis and Hypercoagulability: Congenital and Acquired Thrombophilias

This article stresses the common hereditary and acquired blood protein defects associated with thrombosis. The most common of the hereditary defects apear to be APC-R, SPS, antithrombin, protein C,...
Forecasting Impacts of a Hypolimnetic Wastewater Discharge on Lake Water Quality

ABSTRACT Water quality impacts of shifting the shoreline discharge of a major (3.5m3/s) domestic wastewater treatment faclity (METRO) on polluted, eutrophic Onondaga Lake, NY, to a deep-water location are evaluated with three mechanistic water quality models. Transport and mixing inputs for the simulations are specified from the output of a separate hydrothermal model (Owens and Effler 1996). Model simulations indicate, that by trapping enriched effluent in the lower layers, summertime concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and total ammonia (T-NH3) would decrease in the upper mixed layer (0 to 4.5 m depth interval). Further reductions in the concentrations of those constituents would be realized by reducing sediment release, through maintenance of oxia in the hypolimnion. However, the decreases that could be achieved with the prevailing METRO effluent characteristics would not result in substantial reductions in phytoplankton growth nor prevent violation of the T-NH3 standard. An extremely high degree o...
Modeling chip-evacuation forces in drilling for various flute geometries

In this paper, a chip-evacuation force model is presented to predict the torque and thrust required to evacuate the chips during drilling for various flute geometries. The model considers the chips in the flutes as granular solids and determines the chip-evacuation thrust and torque from the normal and lateral pressure distributions in the chips that fill the flutes. The model requires two coefficients of friction that are established via a calibration procedure. The critical depth for the process is determined by setting a threshold value on the chip-evacuation torque, which is based on the onset of chip-clogging. The effectiveness of the chip-evacuation force model in determining the chip-evacuation thrust and torque and predicting the critical depth has been assessed via a set of validation experiments using both standard and parabolic drills. The parabolic drill produced lower chip-evacuation forces and increased critical depths relative to the standard drill. While the standard drill has a modestly larger effective flute cross-sectional area for most of the flute length, the parabolic drill has a significantly smaller contact area between the chips and the flute surface, which is the main reason for the superior chip-evacuation performance of the parabolic drill.
Synthesis and Morphology Control of Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite for Chemical Sensing

Composites of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and polyaniline (PAni) were synthesized using different approaches. SWNT/PAni nanocomposite with controlled core/shell morphology was achieved. Our chemical sensing tests showed that such core/shell morphology resulted in superior sensor performance, with an increased sensitivity to acetone vapors, and a reversible detection of hydrazine vapors. The reversible detection of parts-per-billion concentrations of hydrazine offers promise for a portable solid-state detector that has potential application in aerospace.
Teaching Computational Linguistics to a Large, Diverse Student Body: Courses, Tools, and Interdepartmental Interaction

We describe course adaptation and development for teaching computational linguistics for the diverse body of undergraduate and graduate students the Department of Linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin. We also discuss classroom tools and teaching aids we have used and created, and we mention our efforts to develop a campus-wide computational linguistics program.
The Century Survey Galactic Halo Project. I. Stellar Spectral Analysis

The Century Survey Galactic Halo Project is a photometric and spectroscopic survey from which we select relatively blue stars (V-R < 0.30 mag) as probes of the Milky Way halo. The survey strip spans the range of Galactic latitude 35° < b < 88°, allowing us to study the nature of populations of stars and their systematic motions as a function of Galactic latitude. One of our primary goals is to use blue horizontal-branch stars to trace potential star streams in the halo, and to test the hierarchical model for the formation of the Galaxy. In this paper we discuss spectroscopy and multipassband photometry for a sample of 764 blue stars in the Century Survey region. Our sample consists predominantly of A- and F-type stars. We describe our techniques for determination of radial velocities, effective temperatures, metallicities, and surface gravities. Based on these measurements, we derive distance estimates by comparison with a set of calibrated isochrones. We devote special attention to the classification of blue horizontal-branch stars, and compare the results obtained from the application of the techniques of Kinman et al., Wilhelm et al., and Clewley et al. We identify 55 blue horizontal-branch stars. Our large sample of stars also uncovers a number of unusual objects, including three carbon-enhanced stars, a late B-type star located 0.8 kpc above the Galactic plane, and a DZ white dwarf.
Characteristics, mortality, and outcome of higher-birth weight infants who require intensive care

Abstract The improved outcome of small infants who have received intensive care is well documented; however, the mortality and morbidity of infants weighing ≥2500 gm who require intensive care have not been emphasized. During a 2-year period these infants accounted for 41% of admissions and 34% of all deaths in our nursery. The most common diagnoses were pulmonary disease (32%), asphyxia (22%), congenital anomalies (18%), infant of diabetic mother (10%), hematologic disease (9%), and infection (4%). Mortality was 11% with 50% of the deaths from lethal malformations, 26% from asphyxia, 13% from infection, and 11% from miscellaneous causes. One half of the deaths were potentially preventable. According to developmental follow-up, over 90% of the survivors were developing normally. Thus, while outcome for survivors is usually good, mortality remains excessively high. This large and understudied group of infants requires increased investigative emphasis.
On the size relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in sea urchin embryos

Abstract The approximate sizes of heterogeneous nuclear (HnRNA) and cytoplasmic RNA of sea urchin embryos were determined by DMSO density gradient centrifugation and acrylamide-formamide gel electrophoresis. The data suggest that the sizes of these molecules are smaller than those estimated under nondenaturing conditions. The size of most of the nuclear RNA ranges from 0.5 to 3 × 106 daltons, while that of the cytoplasmic RNA ranges from 0.1 to 2 × 106 daltons. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA of sea urchin embryos may have a minor fraction (5–10%) of very large species with molecular weights up to 4 to 5 × 106 daltons. The idea that the size of HnRNA may be larger in organisms higher on the evolutionary scale is discussed.
Activation of regulated actin by SH1-modified myosin subfragment 1.

The reactive SH1 (Cys-707) group of the myosin subfragment 1 (S1) has been used frequently as an attachment site for fluorescent and spin probes in solution and muscle fiber experiments. In this study we examined (i) the motor function of SH1 spin-labeled heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the in vitro motility assays and (ii) the effect of SH1-modified S1 on the motility of regulated actin, i.e., actin complexed with tropomyosin and troponin. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-iodacetamide (IASL), N-[[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]1-sulfo-5-naphthylamine (IAEDANS), and iodoacetamide (IAA) were used to selectively modify the SH1 group on S1; the SH1 group on HMM was labeled with IASL. In the in vitro motility assays, 10-20% of unregulated actin filaments moved at a speed of approximately 1 microm/s over a surface coated with 90-95% modified IASL-HMM. Actin sliding was not observed with 95-98% modified IASL-HMM. The sliding of regulated actin over unmodified HMM was activated by the addition of S1 modified with any of the SH1 reagents to the in vitro motility assay solutions; both the speeds and the percentage of the moving filaments increased at pCa 5, 7, and 8. To shed light on the activation of regulated actin sliding by SH1-modifed S1, acto-S1 ATPase and the binding to actin were determined for IASL-S1. While the binding affinities to actin were similar for IASL-S1 and unmodified S1 in the presence and absence of ADP and ATP, the Km and Vmax values were approximately 10-fold lower for the modified protein. It is concluded that the activation of regulated actin by SH1-modifed S1 facilitates the interaction of unmodified HMM heads with actin and thus can increase the sliding speeds and the percentage of regulated actin filaments that move in the in vitro motility assays.
Soil nitrogen cycling is resilient to invasive annuals following restoration of coastal sage scrub

Southern California coastal sage scrub (CSS) is highly invaded by Mediterranean annual grasses and undergoing extensive restoration efforts. Exotic plant invasion alters ecosystem structure and function through plant-soil feedbacks that can be detrimental to native plants. Assessments of CSS restoration have focused on aboveground plant communities, while belowground effects have received less attention. We examined CSS soil resilience following restoration of native CSS species using ecosystem property divergence in restorations from an invaded state as a measure of exotic plant impacts. We hypothesized that exotic annual plants compete with native species for nutrients and change nutrient cycling, and exotic plant removal and native plant restoration would allow soil recovery under native plant-soil inputs. Nitrogen (N) cycling was resilient but not resistant to vegetation changes. Exotic annual plants increased N mineralization and nitrification but did not affect total soil carbon (C) and N and extractable phosphorus. Extractable N was reduced in invaded plots, and immediately increased following weeding. These changes suggest that exotic plants are directly competing with native plants for N. Impacts to N cycling were reversible after exotic plants were removed and native shrubs reestablished, which may have important implications for recovery of other ecosystems invaded by annual grasses.
Computed tomography of a thrombosed left inferior vena cava

A case of transposed (left) inferior vena cava (IVC) with a normal suprarenal IVC visible on computed tomography (CT) is presented. There is concomitant recanalized thrombosis of the left IVC with venous collaterals present. Caval anomalies, differential diagnosis of a left IVC, and CT demonstration of thrombosis of major abdominal venous structures and associated venous collaterals are discussed.
Output performance and payback analysis of a residential photovoltaic system in Colorado

Cost of installation and ownership of a 9.66-kilowatt (kW) residential photovoltaic system is described, and the performance of this system over the past 3 years is shown. The system is located in Colorado at 40° latitude and consists of arrays on two structures. Two arrays are installed on a detached garage, and these are each composed of 18 Kyocera 130-W modules strung in series facing south at an angle of 40° above horizontal. Each 18-panel array feeds into a Xantrex/Schneider Electric 2.8-kW inverter. The other two arrays are installed on the house and face south at an angle of 30°. One of these arrays has twelve 205-W Kyocera panels in series, and the other is made up of twelve 210- Kyocera panels. Each of these arrays feeds into Xantrex/Schneider Electric 3.3-kW inverters. Although there are various shading issues from trees and utility poles and lines, the overall output resembles that which is expected from PVWatts, a solar estimate program. The array cost, which was offset by rebates from the utility company and federal tax credits, was $1.17 per watt. Considering measured system performance, the estimated payback time of the system is 9 years.
Transferrin binding by human lymphoblastoid cell lines and other transformed cells

Abstract Viable cells of 18 human cell lines, including 15 transformed cell lines of malignant and lymphoblastoid origin, were examined by an indirect immunofluorescence method for their ability to bind purified transferrin and transferrin in normal human serum. The specificity of the reaction was investigated by study of the binding reactions of several other serum proteins, including albumin, α-1-antitrypsin, and α-2-macroglobulin. Membrane binding of human transferrin was demonstrated in less than 5% of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cultured diploid fibroblasts, but in more than 80% of the cells from 13 of the transformed lines, and the data obtained indicated that this binding reaction reflected the presence of specific receptors for transferrin.
Magnetoresistance of copper

Abstract The magnetoresistance of copper has been measured at 297, 78 and 4.2°K. In a transverse field of 100 kG at room temperature, the resistance increased about 1 4 per cent and, within experimental error, was a quadratic function of the applied magnetic field. At the lower temperatures the field-dependence of the transverse magnetoresistance is considerably less than quadratic and approaches linearity at high fields. Considerable temperature-dependence for Kohler's rule was found. Saturation of the longitudinal magnetoresistance at high fields was observed at 4.2°K. The change in longitudinal resistance for saturation is of the order of the initial resistance in zero field and was found to be independent of temperature for the range 2.0–4.2°K and of measuring current for the range 0.1–2.0 A. The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal magnetoresistance of a specimen was found to be a linear function of the applied field. These new features of magnetoresistive behavior can serve to stimulate the development of an adequate theory of longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance.