cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 associated brain/spinal cord lesions and leptomeningeal enhancement: A meta-analysis of the relationship to CSF SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We reviewed the literature to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who had neurological symptoms and had an MRI that showed (1) central nervous system (CNS) hyperintense lesions not attributed to ischemia and/or (2) leptomeningeal enhancement. We sought to determine if these findings were associated with a positive CSF severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS: We performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase from December 1, 2019 to November 18, 2020. CSF results were evaluated based on the presence/absence of (1) ≥ 1 CNS hyperintense lesion and (2) leptomeningeal enhancement. RESULTS: In 117 publications, we identified 193 patients with COVID-19 who had an MRI of the CNS and CSF testing. There were 125 (65%) patients with CNS hyperintense lesions. Patients with CNS hyperintense lesions were significantly more likely to have a positive CSF SARS-CoV-2 PCR (10% [9/87] vs. 0% [0/43], p = 0.029). Of 75 patients who had a contrast MRI, there were 20 (27%) patients who had leptomeningeal enhancement. Patients with leptomeningeal enhancement were significantly more likely to have a positive CSF SARS-CoV-2 PCR (25% [4/16] vs. 5% [2/42], p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The presence of CNS hyperintense lesions or leptomeningeal enhancement on neuroimaging from patients with COVID-19 is associated with increased likelihood of a positive CSF SARS-CoV-2 PCR. However, a positive CSF SARS-CoV-2 PCR is uncommon in patients with these neuroimaging findings, suggesting they are often related to other etiologies, such as inflammation, hypoxia, or ischemia.
Book Review: Nancy Levit and Allen Rostron, eds., Beyond One L: Stories About Finding Meaning and Making a Difference in Law, Reviewed by Stephanie Roberts Hartung

Scott Turow’s One L, the widely read account of his first year at Harvard Law School in 1975, is said to have “frightened, informed, and inspired a generation of lawyers-to-be”. Beyond One L: Stories About Finding Meaning and Making a Difference in Law, published nearly 45 years later, is billed as a “collection of stories taking a further look at the often dramatic and sometimes traumatic experience of embarking on the study of law”. While One L ostensibly described “universal truths” about law school in the 1970s, Beyond One L illustrates how dramatically the law school experience has changed since Turow arrived at Harvard as part of a first-year class that was overwhelmingly “male, white, and straight”. At the same time, Beyond One L’s collection of essays, which includes entries from several well-known figures in legal education, reminds us how many aspects of legal education remain the same.
Testing the competing life reinforcers model for substance use in reserve-dwelling First Nation youth.

PURPOSE North American Indigenous (NAI) communities often cite substance misuse as problematic in their communities. The Competing Life Reinforcers (CLRs) model suggests that when reinforcers are valued, important, and incompatible with substance use, they will be associated with less substance misuse. Three categories of CLRs were identified in our formative work and include the following: cultural, social, and extracurricular activities. The aims of the current study were to test the associations among valuing and availability of CLRs and NAI adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. METHODS Adolescents living in rural First Nation reserve communities (N = 106, 50.0% female) reported their substance use and perceived availability and valuing of CLRs (e.g., smudging and after school activities). FINDINGS Greater value placed on cultural reinforcers was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of past 3-month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.85, 95% CI[0.73, 0.98]). Greater value placed on social reinforcers was associated with lower likelihood of past 3-month drinking (OR = 0.94, 95% CI[0.89, 0.995]) and past-3 month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.94, 95% CI[0.88, 0.99]). Greater valuing extracurricular activities were associated with lower likelihood of past month marijuana use (OR = 0.84, 95% CI[0.72, 098]), past 3-month drinking (OR = 0.77, 95% CI[0.64, 0.92]), and past 3-month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.76, 95% CI[0.63, 0.92]). CONCLUSIONS CLRs may be protective against NAI adolescent substance use and may be useful targets for prevention and treatment for NAI adolescent substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Equivalence and Duality for Module Categories with Tilting and Cotilting for Rings

This book provides a unified approach to much of the theories of equivalence and duality between categories of modules that has transpired over the last 45 years. In particular, during the past dozen or so years many authors (including the authors of this book) have investigated relationships between categories of modules over a pair of rings that are induced by both covariant and contravariant representable functors, in particular by tilting and cotilting theories. By here collecting and unifying the basic results of these investigations with innovative and easily understandable proofs, the authors' aim is to provide an aid to further research in this central topic in abstract algebra, and a reference for all whose research lies in this field.
Interrelation between Structure – Magnetic Properties in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3

Differing anisotropic strain induced from the underlying substrates not only control the long-range structural symmetries in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 but also impact the magnetic properties of these epitaxial thin films. The two dominant structural distortions: oxygen octahedral tilts and epitaxial strain, however, have complex and non-intuitive effects on the splitting of the t2g states and consequently on magnetization.
Rating Marketing Faculties on the Basis of Editorial Review Board Memberships

This article presents an alternative approach to evaluating marketing faculties in colleges and universities throughout the United States. The authors have made this assessment on the basis of editorial review board memberships rather than the more traditional approach of counting the number of academic publications by faculty members. This evaluative technique, originally presented in the finance literature, provides an interesting contrast to existing studies.
Impact of wind turbine generator type in large-scale offshore wind farms on voltage regulation in distribution feeders

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) roadmap [1] is a 20% penetration of wind energy into the generation mix by 2030. Attaining this objective will help protect the environment and reduce fossil fuel dependency, thus improving energy security and independence. This paper discusses how the technology used in large scale offshore wind farms impacts voltage regulation in distribution feeders. Although the offshore wind farms are integrated into an interconnected power system through transmission lines, the system constraints can cause stability, resiliency and reliability issues. The major types of machine used in offshore wind farms are modeled using a generic model of General Electric (GE) wind machines. The transmission and distribution system models are based on the actual existing regional FirstEnergy/PJM power grid in Midwestern of United State. In addition, the impact of installing Static VAR Compensator (SVC) at Points of Interconnection (POI) on voltage regulation is investigated.
Low-complexity and high-performance multilevel coded modulation for the AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels

The multilevel coding method is a powerful technique for constructing bandwidth efficient modulation codes systematically with arbitrarily large distance parameters from Hamming distance component (block or convolutional) codes in conjunction with proper bitsto-signal mapping through signal-set partitioning. The multilevel modulation codes constructed by this method allow the use of multi-stage decoding procedures that provide good trade-off between performance and decoding complexity.
The effect of load model composition on N-1 contingency ranking

In order to have a reliable N-1 contingency ranking, the analysis must be based on the current power system topology. Load model composition plays a crucial role in the effects of particular contingencies; and this can change the ranked lists used by the Energy Management System. Modern devices such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) allow us to better predict the critical sensitivities in the system using distribution factors to measure the line flows. PMUs and other voltage measurement devices can also be used to estimate accurate load model parameters. Both strategies using online system measurements are investigated in this study to compute contingency rankings. The benefits and limitations of each method are discussed and compared to procedures used today.
Efficacy of monensin as a cattle feed additive against the face fly and horn fly.

Four groups of eight Hereford and Hereford crossbred steers were monitored for the efficacy of monensin as a feed additive against the face fly and horn fly. Groups were assigned randomly to 3-ha grass-clover pastures. Two groups were supplemented with 1.1 kg ground corn/head daily (untreated), while the remaining groups were given 1.1 kg ground corn containing 100 mg monensin for 14 d and 200 mg monensin/head daily for the remainder of the 112-d trial. Fresh feces were collected from four steers in each group and bioassayed with newly hatched face fly and horn fly larvae. Fly mortality occurred in the larval stages, and the bioassay for feces from cattle given monensin at 200 mg/head daily showed an average of 19.9 and 23.3% fewer (P less than .01) face fly and horn fly pupae, respectively, than were recovered from feces of the untreated cattle. Surviving face fly and horn fly pupae were smaller (P less than .01) than the untreated pupae.
Lattice Models and Cluster Expansions for the Prediction of Oxide Phase Diagrams and Defect Arrangements

First-principles quantum mechanics can be combined with a lattice model cluster expansion to predict the arrangement and configurational entropy of defects in concentrated solid solutions. We demonstrate that for the CaO-MgO system, the effective interactions in the cluster expansion can be computed accurately from first-principles. In systems in which substitutional disorder on the cation and anion sublattices is coupled through charge compensation, two coupled binary expansions can be used. This is applied to the Gd2O3-ZrO2 system. Even with the strong electrostatic contribution to the configurational energy, a short-range cluster expansion accurately models the energetics of these ionic materials.
Sub-20-fs pulse generation in the ultraviolet

Summary form only given. We report the generation of ultrashort ultraviolet (UV) pulses using nonresonant third-harmonic conversion of a 22-fs driving pulse in a gas. In order to generate ultrafast UV pulses via harmonic generation, it is preferable to use gases rather than crystals such as BBO (beta-barium borate). This is because complications such as finite phase-matching bandwidths and temporal walk-off, which place limits on the UV pulsewidth, can be avoided by using gases. For these experiments, a l-mJ pulse at a wavelength of 800 nm, and with a bandwidth of 38 nm, was focused in air and in various gases to generate the third-harmonic light. Conversion efficiencies of /spl sim/0.1 % from fundamental third-harmonic light were observed, thus generating /spl mu/J level UV pulses. Higher conversion efficiencies were observed in argon. We also observe 40 % higher output power in the third harmonic when the excitation pulse is negatively chirped to /spl sim/40 fs.
The general application of the spherical mean value method for image noise reduction

A spherical mean value (SMV) method was shown to reduce image noise significantly for magnetic field and temperature mapping. Here the SMV method is proposed as a general image-processing tool, applicable to a wide variety of scalar or vector physical quantities including static electromagnetic, current density, flow velocity, gravity, and temperature fields.
Microporous materials: Frameworks under pressure

A microporous substance that expands under external hydrostatic pressure is unexpected. Even more surprising is one that can retain its expanded volume after release of the pressure. A zeolite has been found to do just that.
Light energy conversion in Halobacterium halobium.

Halobacterium halobium carries out photophosphorylation. A rhodopsin-like protein, bacteriorhodopsin, located in the cell membrane mediates the first step in energy transduction, the conversion of light energy into a chemiosmotic gradient. After absorption of a photon, bacteriorhodopsin undergoes a series of fast reactions, returning to its original state in a few milliseconds. In continuous light it cycles continuously at 100 to 200 cps. During a cycle protons are taken up on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and released on the outer surface, thus generating a chemiosmotic gradient which can drive phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Oral deformities in tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: effects on grazing ability and growth

1. Tadpoles of the bullfrog (Ranacatesbeiana) collected in a coal ash deposition basin (contaminated with As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Se and other elements) and a downstream drainage swamp had a reduced number of labial teeth and deformations of labial papillae when compared with tadpoles from reference areas. Tadpoles from the coal ash-affected areas had 90% fewer teeth in anterior tooth row number 2 and 40% fewer teeth in posterior row number 1 than reference animals. In the deposition basins, drainage swamp and reference ponds, respectively, 96.2, 85.1 and 2.9% of tadpoles had oral deformities. 2. Tadpoles with deformities were less able to graze periphyton than were normal tadpoles, when tested in the laboratory. When presented with periphyton as a sole food source, tadpoles with deformed teeth had lower (negative) growth rates than those with normal teeth, which had slightly positive growth rates. When particulate food was also available, tadpoles grew well regardless of deformities. 3. It appears that the morphological deformities associated with this coal ash-polluted environment can have ecological ramifications for the affected organisms by limiting the type of food that can be consumed and the ability to grow when multiple food types are unavailable.
Numerical calculation of steady inviscid full potential compressible flow about wind turbine blades

An exact nonlinear mathematical model that accounts for three-dimensional cascade effects about the inner portions of the rotor blades and compressibility effects about the tip regions of the blades was derived. An artificially time dependent version was iteratively solved by a finite volume technique involving an artificial viscosity and a three-level consecutive mesh refinement. The exact boundary conditions were applied by generating a boundary conforming periodic computation mesh.
My Treatment Approach to the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis diagnosis and management represent a challenge for clinicians. The disguises of ischemia and acute infectious colitis continue to confound the diagnosis. The therapeutic options have remarkably expanded in the way of immunomodulators, biologics, or ileoanal pouch surgery, yet all carry potential considerable risks. These risks can confuse and impair patient acceptance, particularly elderly patients and men younger than 30 years. Predictors of outcome of medical and surgical therapy have improved but are far from complete. Nevertheless, therapies focused on the specific patient's condition continue to offer hope.
End‐plate acetylcholine receptor deficiency due to nonsense mutations in the ε subunit

We describe a congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with severe end-plate (EP) acetylcholine receptor (AChR) deficiency not associated with an EP myopathy, and with evidence of immature AChR, containing the gamma instead of the epsilon subunit (gamma-AChR) at the EPs. Molecular genetic analysis of AChR-subunit genes revealed two mutations in the epsilon-subunit gene: insertion of a thymine after epsilon nucleotide 1101 (epsilon 11O1insT) that generates a nonsense codon directly, and insertion of a guanine after epsilon nucleotide 1293 (epsilon 1293insG) that generates three missense codons followed by a nonsense codon. Each mutation predicts truncation of the epsilon subunit at the level of the long cytoplasmic loop, between the third (M3) and fourth (M4) membrane spanning domains. The propositus' asymptomatic son carries epsilon 1293G, indicating that the two mutations are heteroallelic. Expression of AChR harboring either mutation in human embryonic kidney (HEK) fibroblasts was markedly reduced. Single-channel activity recorded from HEK cells expressing epsilon 11O1insT-AChR was infrequent but resembled activity of wild-type AChR channels in amplitude and open duration. No channel activity could be recorded from HEK cells expressing epsilon 1293insG-AChR. Expression of gamma-AChR at the EPs may serve as the means of phenotypic rescue from potentially fatal nonsense mutations in the epsilon-subunit gene.
Comparison of High-Altitude Hypersonic Wake Flows of Slender and Blunt Bodies

The gas dynamic features of the laminar, near-wake flow behind slender and blunt hypersonic vehicles are studied using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Near-wake flows are characterized by features of low density, low Reynolds number, high temperature, thermal nonequilibrium, species separation, and recirculation. The impact of freestream number density and velocity on the near-wake flowfield is considered and compared for slender and blunt bodies. The near-wake structure postulated by theory and observed in numerical continuum calculations is also observed in the kinetic simulations, which are more accurate in the high-altitude, rarefied near-wake flow. The paper discusses the validation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo computational tool with experimental data for slender and blunt shapes and a previously published blunt direct simulation Monte Carlo geometry case. Then, the near-wake flows generated by a 10 deg slender cone and a 70 deg blunt body are analyzed. The near-wake flows behind slender and blunt bodies are similar in that the freestream Mach number has little impact on the near-wake flow structure and the recirculation length is not found to be related to the local Reynolds number. For both geometries, the base radius was found to be the characteristic length in the near-wake flow. Significant differences in the near-wake flow for the two geometries were observed in the spatial distribution of gas temperatures, the degree of chemical dissociation, and the sensitivity of recirculation length to freestream number density.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in oral and maxillofacial surgery

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a technique that is gaining great popularity in both surgical and nonsurgical specialties. Its accuracy, safety, and usefulness have been demonstrated repeatedly; however, its usefulness seems to have been overlooked by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. This technique has many advantages in the diagnosis of mass lesions, including ease of use, cost effectiveness, convenience, and accuracy. It lends itself well to oral and maxillofacial surgery.
The Other Lazarus in Crime and Punishment

At the edges of Dostoevsky's novelistic world or, perhaps more accurately, of the hero's awareness, one frequently encounters the bustle of the Russian people (narod). This is especially true of Crime and Punishment (Prestuplenie i nakazanie, 1866), where a multitude of tradespeople, artisans, prostitutes, and beggars enter and exit at the periphery of the murder story. One reason that we often read past them-aside from the obvious fact that our interest is riveted on Raskolnikov-is that they lack the self-consciousness that we tend to postulate as the defining attribute of significant characters.1 The hero may (or, as is more often the case, may not) absorb them into his inner deliberations, yet we are seldom privy to their thoughts and queries. Of course, the presence of the lower classes authenticates Dostoevsky's depiction of a squalid section of St. Petersburg and indicates that the humanitarian theme, which Belinsky had lauded twenty years earlier in Poor Folk (Bednye liudi, 1846), remains strong in Crime and Punishment.2 But the common people of Crime and Punishment do more than round out the picture of social reality: they have an important voice of their own. Unobtrusive allusions to folklore and popular belief, which are embedded in the speech and thoughts of major personages and in mini-stories that we can patch together from street scenes, convey the ethical values of the narod.3 The voice of the people runs counter to the rationalistic theories that Raskolnikov uses to justify the murder, and it is the voice that he must heed in order to be reintegrated into the human community.
The effect of perceived risk and victimization on plans to purchase a gun for self-protection

Abstract Purposes To determine if perceived risk of criminal victimization, and past criminal victimization experiences, increases the likelihood of a person owning a gun for self-protection, and to determine if defects in past research concerning the way gun ownership was measured had obscured such effects. Methods We analyzed data on over 2,500 U.S. adults, using different ways of measuring gun ownership, and also analyzed future plans (among persons who did not own a gun at the time of the survey) to acquire a gun for self-protection. The latter procedure avoids the causal order problem attributable to the possibility that acquiring a gun might affect victimization risks and perceived risks, as well as the reverse. Results The estimated effect of perceived risk and prior victimization changed from being nonsignificant when household gun ownership was the dependent variable (as in most prior research) to being increasingly strong, and statistically significant, when gun ownership of the individual respondent for defensive reasons was measured. Further, once the causal order issue was side-stepped, risk and victimization showed even stronger, significant positive effects on planning to get a gun. Conclusions Crime affects gun ownership, in addition to any effects that gun ownership may have on crime.
Technology and educational empowerment : Students' perspectives

As part of a two-year investigation of technological innovation in one secondary school, nine senior students participated in one-hour interviews that explored their perceptions of the proper role of technology in their schooling. Student responses were analyzed and compared to those of their teachers for similarities and differences in perceptions about desirable uses and goals for technology. Like their teachers, a majority preferred to adapt technology to support traditional, teacher-centered instruction. A minority valued technology as a facilitator of student-centered inquiry and appeared to differ from the majority in beliefs about schooling and in dispositional tolerances for uncertainty.
Issues and nonissues in the origins of language

This response clarifies the nature of reappropriation and the definition of language. It explicates the relationship between neural systems and language and between homology and evolutionary gradualism. Through a review of ape capacities in the realms of language and tool use, it distinguishes human language acquisition from nonhuman learning. Finally, it suggests the appropriate sorts of evidence on which to base further evolutionary arguments relevant to the origins of language.
THE USE OF MILLIPORE FILTERS IN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF CELL CULTURES AND VIRUSES

A technique is described for embedding tissue culture cells that have been adsorbed or grown on Millipore filters. The acetone used during the embedding process rendered the filters transparent so that specific areas or cells could be chosen with the aid of the light microscope. Lymphoblastoid cells processed on the filters possessed well-defined plasma membranes and microvilli which were rarely present in cells from parallel cultures that were prepared by pelleting in the centrifuge. Fibroblast cells grown on filters retained their elongated appearance, in contrast to the rounded cells in pelleted preparations. Millipore filters were also used as a means of embedding virus pellets for sectioning. Preparations containing as few as 4 x 108 virus particles were suitable for study by the filter technique. Crude tissue-culture harvests of vaccinia virus and purified preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia and adeno-satellite viruses were successfully examined.
Protoplast responses in the epidermis of Allium cepa induced by penetration by Botrytis allii

Penetration of Allium cepa epidermal cells (white, yellow, and red varieties) by Botrytis allii induced a response by host protoplasts in normal tissue which was not observed when penetrations were made in protoplast-free host cell walls. Callose and auto-fluorescing substances (possibly phenolic compounds) were located at the penetration sites only in normal host cells containing protoplasts. Lignin tests were negative. Halos were clearly visible in both types of tissue. Autofluorescence was observed at penetration sites in normal cells of all cultivars but general wall background autofluorescence was not observed in white onions. Autofluorescence was generally yellow green and when treated with ammonium hydroxide became green. Treatment with sodium hydroxide abolished autofluorescence. No attempt was made to isolate the autofluorescing material.
Bronchiolitis: Etiology and management

Bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in the first year of life. Viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus, are the principal causitive agents, although bacterial superinfection may occur in certain populations. Various therapeutic options, many of which are effective in asthma of older children, have been investigated for treatment of bronchiolitis in infancy. This report provides a critical review of available data on the etiology and treatment of bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Supplemental oxygen administration remains the mainstay of therapy for bronchiolitis. Available data suggest that certain infants may respond positively to inhaled β- or α-adrenergic agents, but these drugs have no effect on the rate of hospitalization or duration of illness. Corticosteroids, ipratropium, interferon, vitamin A, and respiratory syncytial virus hyperimmune globulin also seem to be ineffective. Whereas ribavirin may have minor beneficial effects, the cost of the drug precludes its use in virtually all circumstances.
Enhancing cellulose utilization for fuels and chemicals by genetic modification of plant cell wall architecture

Cellulose from plant biomass can serve as a sustainable feedstock for fuels, chemicals and polymers that are currently produced from petroleum. In order to enhance economic feasibility, the efficiency of cell wall deconstruction needs to be enhanced. With the use of genetic and biotechnological approaches cell wall composition can be modified in such a way that interactions between the major cell wall polymers—cellulose, hemicellulosic polysaccharides and lignin—are altered. Some of the resulting plants are compromised in their growth and development, but this may be caused in part by the plant's overcompensation for metabolic perturbances. In other cases novel structures have been introduced in the cell wall without negative effects. The first field studies with engineered bioenergy crops look promising, while detailed structural analyses of cellulose synthase offer new opportunities to modify cellulose itself.
Cation vibrations in inorganic oxide glasses

Abstract The vibrational frequencies of alkali metal cations in their equilibrium positions in borate, phosphate, germanate, silicate and vanadate alkali oxide glasses have been observed as cation mass dependent bands in the far-i.r. spectra of these vitreous systems.
Purification and Characterization of the Human γ-Secretase Activating Protein

Alzheimer's disease is a fatal neurological disorder that is a leading cause of death, with its prevalence increasing as the average life expectancy increases worldwide. There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutics for this disease. A newly described protein, the γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP), has been proposed to promote elevated levels of amyloid-β production, an activity that seems to be inhibited using the well-establish cancer drug, imatinib (Gleevec). Despite much interest in this protein, there has been little biochemical characterization of GSAP. Here we report protocols for the recombinant bacterial expression and purification of this potentially important protein. GSAP is expressed in inclusion bodies, which can be solubilized using harsh detergents or urea; however, traditional methods of refolding were not successful in generating soluble forms of the protein that contained well-ordered and homogeneous tertiary structure. However, GSAP could be solubilized in detergent micelle solutions, where it was seen to be largely α-helical but to adopt only heterogeneous tertiary structure. Under these same conditions, GSAP did not associate with either imatinib or the 99-residue transmembrane C-terminal domain of the amyloid precursor protein. These results highlight the challenges that will be faced in attempts to manipulate and characterize this protein.
Construction of bounded delay codes for discrete noiseless channels

Algorithms are described for constructing synchronous (fixed rate) codes for discrete noiseless channels where the constraints can be modeled by finite state machines. The methods yield two classes of codes with minimum delay or look-ahead.
Identification and characterization of conserved and variable regions in the neutralization vp2 gene of bluetongue virus

Abstract To determine the extent and nature of genetic variation among three serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV), the nucleotide sequences of the outer capsid gene (L2) encoding the neutralization antigen (VP2) of serotypes BTV-11 and BTV-17 were determined. The predicted amino acids of the two proteins were then compared with that of BTV10 (M. A. Purdy, H. Ghiasi, C. D. Rao, and P. Roy, 1985, J. Virol. 55, 826–830) . The results indicated that although the three genes were closely related (70% conserved), the variation is extensive in comparison to the gene encoding the inner capsid polypeptide, VP3, which is 98% conserved in these serotypes (H. Ghiasi, M. A. Purdy, and P. Roy, 1985, Virus Res. 3, 181–190) . Several regions with clustered amino acid substitution were identified. Based on predicted secondary structure and hydrophilicity, these variable regions represent potential antigenic sites. In contrast to the variable regions, other sequences and the overall VP2 structure (including cysteine, proline, and glycine residues) were highly conserved.
Public Opinion and Democratic Party Ownership of Prosperity The Political Legacy of the Great Depression, 1955-2013

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the question of party ownership of economic prosperity, which Petrocik argued was a performance issue subject to the flow of events over which administr...
Heavy fermion effects on longitudinal gauge boson scattering

Abstract Longitudinal gauge boson scattering can potentially be used to differentiate between different mechanisms of electroweak symmetry breaking; in particular between models with a heavy Higgs particle or with technicolor. The lowest order contribution to the scattering amplitude in an energy expansion (proportional to s ) is fixed by the SU(2) symmetry of the theory. The O( s 2 ) contributions, however, are quite sensitive to the symmetry breaking mechanism. Here we consider the one-loop radiative corrections due to heavy fermions on the energy expansion for longitudinal gauge boson scattering. We also present the effects of heavy fermions in the limit s ⪢ M H 2 , s ⪢ M t 2 , and comment on their effect on unitarity bounds for the Higgs boson mass.
Heat capacity from 5 to 300 K of α- and β-TiO, relative enthalpy to 1200 K, enthalpy of transition, and thermodynamic properties to 1265 K

The heat capacities of TiO(α) and TiO(β) were measured from 5 to 305 K by adiabatic calorimetry. High-temperature enthalpies up to 1192 K for TiO(α) were determined by copper-block drop calorimetry. The enthalpy of transition for TiO(α) to TiO(β) was determined by hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetry and by differential scanning calorimetry. The values at 298.15 K of Cpo, {So(T)−So(0)}, and −{Go(T)−Ho(0)}T are 39.89, 34.26, and 13.75 J·K−1 · mol−1 for TiO(α), 40.40, 35.75, and 14.65 J·K−1 · mol−1 for TiO(β). These thermodynamic functions are also calculated from 5 to 1265 K for TiO(α), and from 5 to 300 K for TiO(β). The enthalpy of transition from α to β at 298.15 K is 4.7 kJ · mol−1 and at 1265 K is 5.4 kJ · mol−1.
Inelastic response of primary reactor containment to high-energy excursions

Abstract The inelastic response of primary containment to a high-energy axisymmetric excursion is found by numerical techniques. First, the equation of state of inelastic behavior is discussed. Then the basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy are given in Eulerian coordinates. These equations are then transformed into Lagrangian cooridinates and the finite difference equations for numerical computation. Finally, the results of a sample problem calculation are given.
Control of Stochastic Systems with Markov Interrupted Observations

Linear discrete-time stochastic systems with abruptly changing parameters in the measurement mechanism are considered. The abrupt changes are modeled by a finite-state Markov chain. The multiple model partitioning approach is used to derive suboptimal control algorithms as the optimal solution is intractable. The proposed approach is illustrated by simulation examples.
Dietary intake profile of patients with schizophrenia.

Background. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has become a priority public health issue in the United States. Forty to 62% of people with schizophrenia are obese or overweight (1, 2). High morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia may be attributed to an unhealthy lifestyle such as poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and substance abuse (3). Obesity is associated with greater risk of developing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, death, and reduced quality of life compared with that found in the general population (4, 5). We performed a cross-sectional study evaluating the dietary intake of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder treated with atypical antipsychotic agents.Methods. Dietary intake of 88 patients from an urban community mental health clinic was measured using a four-day dietary record. Nutritional variables included total energy intake, fat, protein, carbohydrate, cholesterol, fiber, sucrose, folate, calcium, sodium, zinc, alcohol...
Feminist theory, audience analysis, and verbal and visual representation in a technical communication writing task

Drawing on gender theory and research and on audience theory and research, this essay suggests that although earlier studies would lead us to believe that women would be better at considering audience during a writing task, little difference exists between males and females as they constructed a verbal and visual set of instructions.
Bright End of the Galaxy Luminosity Function in Clusters

PEACH1 has presented an important new set of values of M1, the absolute magnitude of the first brightest member of a rich cluster of galaxies, derived from unpublished data of Sandage. The results show again the small spread found by Humason, Mayall and Sandage2, but Peach finds that the standard deviation of the new M1 values is smaller by a factor of 2.7 than the standard deviation computed from a statistical model3 based in part on the older data of ref. 2. Peach concludes that the statistical model is inadequate, that perhaps the magnitude of the brightest cluster member is fixed and given (within standard deviation 0.27 mag.) “independent of cluster richness or the luminosity function governing the fainter members”1.
An immunodiffusion activity stain for yeast histidinol dehydrogenase

Abstract A procedure is described for detecting enzymatically active yeast histidinol dehydrogenase-antibody complexes in immunodiffusion agar. The method employs a coupled dye system, consisting of a tetrazolium salt and a phenazine methosulfate intermediate, that produces an insoluble formazan and stains active precipitin lines red. The specificity of the reaction is indicated by its dependence on substrate and by its dependence on an intact HIS4C region, based on observations with mutant forms of the yeast HIS4 multifunctional protein.
The Depth Distribution of Certain Species of Fish in some of the Lakes of New York

(1932). The Depth Distribution of Certain Species of Fish in some of the Lakes of New York. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 331-335.
Benzyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid and some related compounds

A d-glucuronic acid derivative fully protected with hydrogenolyzable groups except at C-6 has been synthesized. Successive tritylation and benzoylation of benzyl β-d-glucopyranoside gave benzyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-trityl-β-d-glucopyranoside (1). The benzoyl groups in 1 were replaced with benzyl groups to give 2, and the trityl group was then removed by hydrolysis, giving benzyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (3). Oxidation of 3 with the Pfitzner-Moffatt reagent afforded the corresponding aldehyde (4), which was further oxidized, with iodine and methanolic potassium hydroxide, to the methyl ester 6. Alkaline hydrolysis of 6 gave the desired d-glucuronic acid derivative, benzyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (5). The conversion of 3 into 5 was also achieved, in a one-step process, through the use of chromium trioxide and dilute sulfuric acid in acetone. The ester, 6, was further characterized through the corresponding amide (8), and the steric accessibility of the carboxyl group in 5 was demonstrated through its conversion into the 2-naphthyl ester (7).
Dynamic Response of a Cam-Actuated Mechanism With Pneumatic Coupling

The dynamic characteristics of a cam-actuated system whose follower mass is coupled with a nonlinear pneumatic mechanism of hysteretic type are investigated using a lumped-parameter model. The dynamic response of the cam follower is obtained from the solution of the formulated system equation by the Krylov-Bogoliubov method of variation of parameters. The stability of the system is also investigated.
1987 Max Jakob Memorial Award Lecture: Dynamics and Stability of Thin Heated Liquid Films

This review covers the dynamics and tendency toward rupture of thin evaporating liquid films on a heated surface. Very large heat transfer coefficients can be obtained. The applications include various boiling heat transfer and film cooling devices. A relatively new area for study is heat transfer through ultrathin films, which are less than 100 nm in thickness, and hence subject to van der Waals and other long-range molecular forces. Some recent work employing lubrication theory to obtain an evolution equation for the growth of a surface wave is described. Earlier phenomenological work is briefly discussed, as well as the connection between forced-convection subcooled nucleate boiling and thin-film heat transfer.
On the structure of subrecursive degrees

Subrecursive degrees are partitions of computable (recursive) functions generated by strong reducibility orderings. Such reducibilities can be naturally characterized in terms of closure operations. Closure operations corresponding to standard reducibilities such as ''primitive recursive,'' etc., are computation time closed. It is shown that if the closure operation defining a strong reducibility satisfies certain axioms, then the partial ordering of the subrecursive degrees contains dense chains.
Gβγ subunits stimulate p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) through activation of PI3-kinase and Akt but act independently of Rac1/Cdc42

The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family is homologous to the yeast sterile 20 (Ste20) and regulates a wide variety of cellular responses, including cell morphology, proliferation, and survival. In this study we examined the activation of PAK1 by Gbetagamma subunits. Co-transfection of COS7 cells with Gbeta1gamma2 or Gbeta1gamma5 was sufficient to induce agonist-independent activation of PAK1. Expression of dominant/negative Rac, Cdc42, or Ras did not inhibit this Gbetagamma-dependent activation. Wortmannin, which inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity, and expression of a dominant/negative form of Akt were sufficient to abrogate the activation of PAK1 that was induced by Gbetagamma. These results reveal that stimulation of PAK1 by Gbetagamma can occur via a PI3-kinase and Akt pathway that does not require Rac1 or Cdc42.
Multiple Scattering in the Compton Effect

In the experimental study of the spectral distribution of x-radiation scattered by light elements it has always, up to the present, been assumed that multiple scattering could be neglected. Recent improvements in experimental technique however make it possible to suppose that multiple (especially double) scattering may now be detectable from large scattering bodies. Multiple scattering may (1) affect the breadth of the modified line, (2) change the structure of the modified line, (3) distort the background in such a way as to render measurements of shift unreliable. It is therefore valuable to analyze the effect of multiple scattering in case some of the recent mutually discordant experimental results may be explained and harmonized in this way. Assuming initially monochromatic radiation, scattering of any degree of multiplicity contributes a spectral band whose wave-length limits are here determined and discussed. The Breit, Compton, Jauncey formula taking polarization into account is adopted for the purposes of calculation of modified intensity. The results are thus fairly accurate for hard radiation scattered from very light elements. For softer radiation modified scattering at small scattering angles is greatly reduced below the values given by the Breit, Compton, Jauncey formula and unmodified scattering appears. The effect of this on the results of this paper is discussed in a qualitative way. The case of double scattering from a spherical scatterer is computed in complete detail and a formula for the ratio of double to single scattering is derived. Curves of the spectral distributions due to double scattering are shown. The dependence of the total doubly scattered intensity on the primary scattering angle is plotted. The natural width of the modified line is neglected throughout these calculations. Absorption in the scatterer is also neglected. The ratio of double to single scattering for a spherical scatterer observed under any given angle is proportional to the radius of the scatterer (neglecting absorption) and is given by Doubly scattered energy /Singly scattered energy =9/32σrR(θ) where σ is the linear scattering coefficient for the material of the scattering sphere, r the radius of the sphere, θ the angle under which single scattering occurs. R(θ) never differs greatly from 2.5. Triple scattering is negligible in comparison to single scattering. Twice modified doubly scattered radiation may contribute a faint asymmetric line or edge at the shifted position Δλ=2(h/mc)(1+cos1/2θ) For hard radiation when the Thompson formula (with Breit correction) applies with fair accuracy to modified scattering alone twice modified doubly scattered radiation contributes a spectral band of breadth 4(h/mc) cos1/2θ Once modified doubly scattered radiation may cause a slight broadening of the Compton line except in regions near θ=0 and θ=180°.
Measurements of rivulet flow between parallel vertical plates

Abstract The research presented considers laminar, fully-developed rivulet flow in the channel formed by two parallel vertical plates for flows intermediate between a lower limit of droplet flow and an upper limit where the rivulets meander. Although this regime is likely the most simple rivulet flow regime, it does not appear to have been previously investigated in detail. In an earlier paper, the authors derived relations to predict the terminal Reynolds number and non-dimensional width of the rivulet under the approximation that the width is large relative to the gap width of the plates (the spacing between the plates). The objective of the present study is to examine the limits of this simple treatment as the relative width becomes small, i.e., as the rivulets become narrow. Experiments were performed measuring rivulet widths and flow rates for gap widths ranging from 0.152 mm to 0.914 mm with water, light mineral oil, ethyl alcohol and water with a wetting agent. Predictions were found to agree well with the measurements for width-to-spacing ratios as low as unity and less. A numerical analysis shows that a plausible explanation of unexpected agreement for narrow rivulets is that the error in this one-dimensional assumption is approximately countered by the error in neglecting flow in the edge region. To account for curvature of the liquid–air interface at the edges, an additional geometric relationship was assumed; this approach also was found to be a good representation.
Comment: On the calculation of low lying resonances in dipolar molecules

Comments are presented on Krauss and Stevens 1’s configuration interaction calculations of the electronic structure of HCl−. In particular, the discrepancies between Goldstein et al2’s calculations and those of Krauss ans Stevens1 are discussed. (AIP)
The Immune Response to a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vector Is Independent of Particulate Antigen Secretion and Protein Turnover Rate

ABSTRACT Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a highly cytopathic virus being developed as a vaccine vector due to its ability to induce strong protective T cell and antibody responses after a single dose. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the potent immune responses elicited by VSV. We previously generated a VSV vector expressing the hepatitis B virus middle envelope surface glycoprotein (MS) that induces strong MS-specific T cell and antibody responses in mice. After synthesis in the cytoplasm, the MS protein translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it forms subviral particles that are secreted from the cell. To better understand the contributions of secreted and intracellular protein to the VSV-induced immune response, we produced a vector expressing a secretion-deficient MS mutant (MS C69A ) and compared the immunogenicity of this vector to that of the wild-type VSV-MS vector in mice. As expected, the MS C69A protein was not secreted from VSV-infected cells and displayed enhanced proteasome-mediated degradation. Surprisingly, despite these differences in intracellular protein processing, the T cell and antibody responses generated to MS C69A were comparable to those elicited by virus expressing wild-type MS protein. Therefore, when it is expressed from VSV, the immune responses to MS are independent of particulate antigen secretion and the turnover rate of cytoplasmic protein. These results are consistent with a model in which the immune responses to VSV are strongly influenced by the replication cycle of the vector and demonstrate that characteristics of the vector have the capacity to affect vaccine efficacy more than do the properties of the antigen itself.