cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Uterus: Increased Risk of Subsequent or Concurrent Development of Breast Carcinoma

Abstract Objective. Some women with endometrial cancer may be at increased risk for developing breast cancer. The histologic type of endometrial cancer associated with synchronous or subsequent breast cancer has not been clearly established. Our purpose was to determine if a certain histologic type of endometrial cancer was associated with an increased risk of synchronous or subsequent breast cancer. Methods. The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics tumor registry was queried to ascertain all patients with the diagnosis of uterine cancer from January 1, 1983, to December 31, 1994. Statistics were performed utilizing SPSS for Windows version 9.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), including Student's t tests and χ 2 tests. Results. Five hundred ninety-two patients had endometrial adenocarcinoma during the study period. Five hundred thirty-six women had endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 23 women had papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC), 21 women had adenosquamous carcinoma, 10 women had clear-cell carcinoma, and 1 woman each had mucinous or squamous carcinoma. Twelve patients had previously been diagnosed with breast carcinomas. Twenty-five patients were diagnosed with breast cancer either concurrently or subsequent to their diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Synchronous or subsequent breast cancers developed in 3.2% of patients with endometrioid carcinoma and in 25% of patients with UPSC ( P Conclusion. Patients with UPSC have an increased risk of development of breast cancer as compared to patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus.
Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: natural history and management.

Abstract Background Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a life-threatening condition with a poorly understood natural history. Methods A retrospective review of five patients with CHAOS between 1997 and 2002 was performed. Results All fetuses had large echogenic lungs, dilated airways, inverted diaphragms, and massive ascites. One fetus with a laryngeal cyst was terminated at 22 weeks. A twin fetus with findings suggestive of a tracheal web had progressive hydrops, which led to fetal demise. The remaining 3 patients delivered via the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure survived. The first patient tolerated progressive hydrops for 12 weeks in utero. He had tracheal atresia but underwent laryngotracheoplasty successfully. He is the first long-term CHAOS survivor and is speaking at 5 years of age. The 2 patients with relatively stable lung volumes prenatally have laryngeal atresia with a pinpoint posterior laryngeal fistula. Their postnatal clinical courses were much more benign than the first survivor. Conclusions The prenatal natural history and postnatal course of CHAOS depends on whether the airway obstruction is complete. The EXIT procedure offers the potential for salvage of this otherwise lethal condition. Hydrops may be well tolerated prenatally for weeks with potential resolution if airway fistulization is present.
Coarsening Simulations of Two-Dimensional Islands on Solid Surfaces

Using simulations, we have studied the coarsening of an ensemble of atom-high two-dimensional islands on a square lattice. The parameters are chosen to represent metal-on-metal homogeneous epitaxy. We study first the elementary processes controlling coarsening: the evaporation of atoms from islands of various sizes and the migration of these islands due to material transport along their edges. The information obtained from these preliminary studies is used to produce a very efficient simulation of coarsening. This allows us to study how coarsening modifies the number of islands, the distribution of their sizes, and the positions of the islands on the surface.
Short-lived isotopes in central chemical control of ventilation

Central chemical ventilatory drive is dependent on electrolyte and acid-base status of brain ECF, as well as the interaction between H+ metabolism and CO2 fixation and metabolism of amino acid neurotransmitters-GABA and glutamate. In the anesthetized dogs, using the short-lived positron emitting isotope of carbon (11C) either in the form of molecular CO2 or as HCO3- injected intraarterially it was demonstrated that there is first pass uptake of 16% of HCO3- from blood into brain and 86% uptake of molecular CO2, thus indicating that the brain-blood barrier is permeable to HCO3-, but that HCO3- content in the CNS is regulated as a function of dissociation of strong ions such as Cl- and Na+. Relationship between CO2 fixation and brain glutamine was studied with intraarterial injection of 13N-ammonia and its turnover into glutamine when PCO2 was increased. Ammonia turnover into glutamine was increased by a factor of 2 when PaCO2 was increased by 35 torr, and this rise in glutamine was linearly related to the rise in CSF [HCO3-]. Glutamine is then converted into the active neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. Thus, the short-lived isotopes allow for assessment of the interaction of biochemical events in the CNS in the central respiratory drive.
Consumer awareness and quality perceptions: a case for Sonoma County wines

The general hypothesis of this study is that the core wine consumer in the USA is not influenced by American Viticulture Area (AVA) (appellations) designation in deciding about wine quality above and beyond the geopolitical region designation (such as Sonoma County). Most wine consumers have higher awareness of the larger geopolitical region than the AVA's within that region. The case of Sonoma County, California, is used to investigate this question because legislation was recently enacted to ensure that the “Sonoma County” designation to be printed on all wine produced there. The authors assert that this “conjunctive labeling” will improve competitiveness. A national sample of 409 US wine consumers answer the call for more research on a national level.
Screening for disruptive behavior syndromes in children: The application of latent class analyses and implications for prevention programs

The predictive accuracy of classifying children at risk for disruptive disorders through latent class analyses (LCA) was evaluated. Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 (T. M. Achenbach, 1991) items, reflecting symptoms of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Menial Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) defined disruptive disorders, alone and in combination with other child and familial risk factors, were used to predict children's risk for disruptive disorder. Predictive accuracy reached a positive predictive value of 69%. Children incorrectly classified (false positive and false negative) were compared with correctly classified children (true positive and true negative) on risk factors in the family context to test whether the screening procedure could be improved through a multiple-gating procedure. The differences in familial context factors between these children were limited, and no clear indications were found on how to use familial context factors to improve the screening procedure after the initial classification by LCA.
Characterization and Purification of the Mammalian COP9 Complex, a Conserved Nuclear Regulator Initially Identified as a Repressor of Photomorphogenesis in Higher Plants

The COP9 complex has been identified as a repressor of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Here we demonstrate that the COP9 complex is also present in mammals. Specific antibodies were generated against human counterparts of the Arabidopsis COP9 and COP11, the two known subunits of plant COP9 complex. Using these antibodies, we showed that indeed mammalian COP9 and COP11, also known as GPS1, could be coimmuno-precipitated using either of the two specific antibodies, definitively confirming that they are physically part of the same complex. Further, the mammalian COP9 and COP11/GPS1 were cofractionated in the same large molecular weight fractions of about 500 kDa and were absent from the monomeric fractions. The mammalian COP9 complex was present in all organs examined but abundances vary. Indirect immunofluorescence studies suggested that the mammalian COP9 complex is largely nuclear localized. Both conventional biochemical and affinity purifications of the COP9 complex from pig spleen indicated that the mammalian COP9 complex consists of eight distinct subunits. These findings indicate that mammals also have a COP9 complex with conserved molecular composition and biochemical and cellular properties similar to the higher plant counterpart.
Endoscopic band ligation for closure of GI perforations in a porcine animal model (with video)

Background GI perforations occur rarely during endoscopy but have life-threatening implications. Objective To evaluate endoscopic band ligation (EBL) for closure of acute GI perforations by using a porcine model. Design Investigator-initiated interventional pilot study by using an in vivo porcine model. Setting Tertiary-care institution. Subjects Ten domestic pigs. Intervention Each animal underwent a single endoscopic procedure, with creation of a single GI lumen perforation. Perforations of 10 to 20 mm were created in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon. EBL was used for closure. Fourteen days later, the pigs were killed, microbial cultures were obtained, and histologic review was done. Main Outcome Measurements Immediate and delayed endoscopic closure of the perforation site, evidence of clinical peritonitis during the 14-day follow-up. Results Ten pigs completed the protocol and survived without clinical peritonitis during the 14-day follow-up. Endoscopic closure of a 15-mm esophageal perforation failed, thus, no attempt was made to close a 20-mm esophageal perforation. Closure of all other perforations was successful. At necropsy, fibrinous peritonitis was suspected in one animal with a 10-mm duodenal perforation. Chronic inflammation and fibroplasia at the perforation sites were the most common histologic findings. Limitations The applicability of widespread use in humans remains unknown despite successful case reports in the medical literature. Conclusion EBL can be used successfully to close 10 to 20 mm perforations within normal stomach, duodenum, and colon and can prevent clinically relevant intra-abdominal infections. However, for esophageal perforations, closure may be limited to small (≤10 mm), iatrogenic perforations.
Defect structure in perovskite titanates

Abstract Recent results have been obtained on the defect chemistry of perovskite ferroelectrics and have been applied to polarization fatigue in thin film ferroelectric memories, in other words the loss of switchable polarization after repeated switching cycles. Recent evidence indicates that this effect is caused by the pinning of domain walls by charged point defects, and that both electronic and ionic species are involved.
Metabolism of Folic Acid in Man

Folate is present in food primarily in reduced polyglutamate form. In the process of absorption, folate must be deconjugated. A significant precentage of folate is converted to the main transport and storage form (methylfolate) in the process of absorption. Adequate assessment of ability of a given agent to interfere with human folate metabolism requires evaluation of possible interference not only with intracellular use of folate but also ability to interfere with absorption of folate from food, bile folate excretion and reabsorption, and folate transport, distribution, cellular uptake, and release from cells. Evidence to date indicates that trimethoprim (TMP) reduces use of folate by normal human cells by the same mechanism as its action against invading organisms, i.e., by blocking dihydrofolate reductase. The therapeutic index of the drug (i.e., toxicity to invading organisms/toxicity to host cells) may be relatively narrow when the host cells are deficient in folate, resulting in megaloblastosis, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Evidence so far suggests that the sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) part of TMP-SMZ therapy does not substantially damage folate metabolism in the host, although it may have occasional toxic effects, not currently known to be related to folate metabolism, on various organ systems.
Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant

Purpose of reviewThe relationship between infection, the inflammatory response and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants is slowly being elucidated. The developing brain, particularly the periventricular white matter, is vulnerable to cytotoxic and hypoxic/ischemic injury, which plac
Contact-genetic linguistics: toward a contact-based theory of language change

Abstract This paper introduces a theory of language descent based on an interplay between inheritance and contact mechanisms of language transmission. The proposed approach emphasizes the alternation between periods of gradual and rapid change in the history of languages, with the assumption that during both types of periods, change is due to language contact, with a differing agency of change and a different predominant mode of transmission (to L1 or L2 learners). Rooted in the diachronic aspects of language change, and incorporating recent advances in sociolinguistic typology and the typology of language-contact phenomena, the theory also contributes to our understanding of the concept of genetic relatedness.
Interactive image-guided hepatic surgery

While laparoscopes are used for numerous minimally invasive procedures, minimally invasive liver resection and ablation occur infrequently. the paucity of cases is due to limited field of view and difficulty in determination of tumor location and margins under video guidance. By merging minimally invasive surgery with interactive, image-guided surgery, we hope to make laparoscopic liver procedures feasible. In previous work, we described methods for tracking an endoscope accurately in patient space and registration between endoscopic image space and physical space using the direct linear transformation (DLT). We have now developed a PC-based software system to display up to four 512 Χ 512 images indicating current surgical position using an active optical tracking system. We have used this system in several open liver cases and believe that a surface-based registration technique can be used to register physical space to tomographic space after liver mobilization. For preliminary phantom liver studies, our registration error is approximately 2.0mm. The surface-based registration technique will allow better localization of non-visible liver tumors, more accurate probe placement for ablation procedures, and more accurate margin determination for open surgical liver cases. The surface-based registration technique will allow better localization of non-visible liver tumors, more accurate probe placement for ablation procedures, and more accurate margin determination for open surgical liver cases. The surface-based/DLT registration methods, in combination with the video display and tracked endoscope, will hopefully make laparoscopic liver cryoablation and resection procedures feasible.
The Kinesin-1 Tail Binds to Microtubules in a Manner Similar to Tau

The kinesin-1 molecular motor contains two microtubule binding sites: an ATP-dependent site in the head domain and an ATP-independent site in the tail domain. In this work we show that the tail binds to microtubules with a sub-micromolar affinity, and that binding is mediated largely by electrostatic interactions. The tail binds to a site on microtubules that is distinct from the head domain binding-site but overlaps with the binding-site of the microtubule associated protein (MAP) tau. Tail binding also stimulates the assembly and promotes the stability of microtubule filaments in a manner similar but not identical to tau. The tail's microtubule binding-site is in close proximity to its regulatory and cargo-binding regions, which suggests that the tail-microtubule interaction described in this work may prove to play an important role in the activity and regulation of the kinesin-1 motor in the cell.
Information concepts and pairwise comparison matrices

We present recent results on how information (or entropy) based measures can be used by a decision maker who is utilizing a pairwise comparison methodology. We use these measures to assess judgment accuracy and to decide when to stop the process of pairwise comparisons. We introduce some information indices and illustrate their use in the Analytic Hierarchy Process model of decision making. We discuss how to measure the information content of redundant judgments, and investigate the relationship between information and degree of redundancy.
The Determination of the Compatibility of Metals through Static Friction Tests

Static friction coefficients were measured for pairs consisting of 20 elemental metals. The 210 friction values were compared against the metallurgical compatibility ratings of the corresponding two phase alloy systems. Soft metals gave higher friction than harder metals, and at the same hardness level there was a steady trend to lower friction in going from like, to compatible, to intermediate, and then to incompatible combinations. The results are interpreted in terms of the surface energy model of friction, and used to derive values for the surface energy of adhesion of metal combinations in terms of their compatibility rating. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 13–15, 1970
Further considerations on the determination of laminar flame speeds with the counterflow twin-flame technique

The accuracy of the laminar flame speed determination by using the counterflow twin-flame techniquehas been computationally and experimentally examined in light of the recent understanding that linear extrapolation of the reference upstream velocity to zero strain rate would yield a value higher than that of the laminar flame speed, and that such an overestimate can be reduced by using either lower strain rates and/or larger nozzle separation distances. A systematic evaluation of the above concepts has been conducted and verified for the ultralean hydrogen/air flames, which have relatively large Karlovitz numbers, even for small strain rates, because of their very small laminar flame speeds. Consequently, the significantly higher values of the previous experimentally measured flame speeds, as compared with the independently calculated laminar flame speeds, can now be attributed to the use of nozzle separation distances that were not sufficiently large and/or strain rates that were not sufficiently small. Thus, by using lower strain rates and larger nozzle separation distances, the experimentally and computationally redetermined values of these ultralean hydrogen/air flames agree well with the calculated laminar flame speeds. The laminar flame speeds of methane/air and propane/air mixtures have also been experimentally redetermined over extensive ranges of the equivalence ratio and are found to be slightly lower than the previously reported experimental values.
First-principles calculation of the equation-of-state, stability, and polar optic modes of CaSiO3 perovskite

We report the results of a first-principles LAPW calculation of the equation-of-state, dynamic stability, and infrared-active transverse optic vibrational mode frequencies of CaSiO3 perovskite. A Birch-Murnaghan fit to the computed energy-volume relation of the cubic phase yields values of Vo=45.62 A³, Ko=227 GPa, and Ko′=4.29 for the thermally-corrected equation-of-state parameters. These values are in excellent agreement with recent quasi-hydrostatic compression data to 10 GPa, but significantly differ from values derived from higher pressure non-hydrostatic compression data. We calculate the volume dependence of the infrared-active TO mode frequencies using a frozen-phonon approach. The lowest frequency ferroic mode is predicted to occur near 228 cm−1 at ambient pressure and displays classic soft-mode behavior in the tensile regime, in quantitative agreement with earlier molecular and lattice dynamical calculations, based on empirical potentials. These established a link between the low frequency ferroic mode and the thermally activated crystalline-amorphous transition in a model CaSiO3 perovskite system. Our present calculations also reveal that the static cubic perovskite structure is unstable with respect to small octahedral rotations, corresponding to Brillouin zone edge dynamical instabilities, at ambient pressure and throughout the pressure range of the lower mantle. We speculate that coupling of the low frequency ferroic mode with octahedral tilting modes and strain lower the activation energy for the crystalline-amorphous transition.
A review of selected sociobiological principles: Application to hominid evolution

This paper is a continuation of the analysis of hominid social structure and its effect on human evolution, centering on the influence of intergroup structure. Using sociobiological theory and comparative ethology, it was determined that hominid groups were probably fairly intolerant of each other, with meetings characterized by mostly limited conflict, with occasional episodes of co-operation or avoidance depending upon the situation. The effect of weapons was examined using game theory, a computer simulation and the idea of the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). The influence of weapons on the hominid groups' ESS was to shift it toward a much more war-like character, with greatly increased levels of intergroup conflict. This new level of conflict led to a positive feedback system, where conflict selected for greater intelligence, which created better weapons, which then increased selection for conflict and so on. Conflict also selected for a stronger social structure and larger groups. As the hominid groups increased in size and genetic heterogenity, the selective force of intergroup conflict decreased and eventually the positive feedback system was halted. Larger groups also created a pre-adaptation for monogamy by increasing the number of subordinates who could mate (they would be monogamous) and thus the proportion of genes contributed by monogamy to the next generation.
Comment on "Approximate Calculation of Vortex Trajectories of Slender Bodies at Incidence"

Brief discussions of previous investigations in the aerospace sciences and technical comments on papers published in the AIAA Journal are presented in this special department. Entries must be restricted to a maximum of WOO words, or the equivalent of one Journal page including formulas and figures. A discussion will be published as quickly as possible after receipt of the manuscript. Neither the AIAA nor its editors are responsible for the opinions expressed by the correspondents. Authors will be invited to reply promptly.
Interaction of Kinetin and Various Inhibitors in the Growth of Soybean Tissue

The growth of kinetin-requiring soybean callus was inhibited by the purine analogs 2,6-diaminopnrine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine. The purine analog 6-mercaptopnrine and the antibiotic puromycin were not effective as inhibitors at the concentrations employed. Reversal of the inhibition was attempted by raising the kinetin concentration. Kinetin did not reverse the inhibition due to 2,6-dianiinopurine but it did lessen to some extent the inhibition due to 8-azagnanine. It is suggested the kinetin affects RNA metabolism.
A simple method of preparing myosin from porcine aortae.

Abstract A simple method for preparing myosin from porcine aortae is described. The procedure yields a highly pure myosin devoid of any obvious contaminants, such as tropomyosin and actin. The proteolysis of the heavy chain, frequently observed in the earlier procedures, is greatly minimized by the use of several protease inhibitors and by reducing the purification time. The precedure therefore can be used to isolate and purify myosin from porcine aortae for studies where the purity and integrity of the heavy chain are highly desirable.
Preparing Physical Educators for the Role of Physical Activity Director.

(2009). Preparing Physical Educators for the Role of Physical Activity Director. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 24-29.
Experience Using the 168/E Microprocessor for off-Line Data Analysis

The 168/E is a SLAC developed microprocessor which emulates the IBM 360/370 computers with an execution speed of about one half of a IBM 370/168. These processors are used in parallel for the track finding and geometry programs of the LASS spectrometer. The system is controlled by a PDP-11 minicomputer via a three port interface which we call the Bermuda Triangle. The tape handling and downloading is controlled by one of SLAC's IBM computers via a SLAC built interface between the PDP-11 and an IBM channel. Initially, there will be a system of 6 168/E's which should be able to give six times the production capacity than can be attained by running production jobs on the SLAC Triplex system. The cost of the system, including the channel interface, is $120,000 and yet it yields the equivalent computer power of 3 IBM 370/168's. Hence, this system is an extremely cost-effective method for off-line data analysis.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 237

Abstract Nuclear structure information from decay and reaction experiments pertaining to nuclei with mass number A = 237 is compiled, evaluated, and compared with theory where possible. The level schemes which seem best in the light of the data and theoretical ideas available at this time are presented and discussed. Arguments for spin, parity, and Nilsson state assignments for the levels are given. The adopted level and decay properties are based on data received prior to March 1971.
Dimensional salience and speeded sorting of orientation by kindergarten and fourth-grade children.

Abstract Perceptual sensitivity and cognitive processing hypotheses relating to orientation perception in kindergarten and fourth-grade children were tested. Assessment of dimensional salience for orientation and form revealed that subjects at both grade levels identified geometric figures as being alike on the basis of form regardless of orientation condition. The effects of dimensional salience and orientation condition on speeded sorting were then investigated. Kindergarten results supported the cognitive processing prediction that orientation sorting times would vary as a function of orientation condition, but no differences were obtained for the fourth-grade subjects. In addition, the results indicated a substantial improvement in kindergarten performance when sorting on the basis of form as compared with orientation. Dimensional salience had much less effect on fourthgrade sorting times.
Impact of the Knudsen number and mass-transfer expression on multi-phase kinetic modeling

Abstract Three different mass-transfer expressions are employed within the Model of Aerosol, Gas, and Interfacial Chemistry (MAGIC) to study gas-phase molecular chlorine and bromine production from NaCl and NaBr aerosols, respectively. Simulations of chamber experiments are performed in which NaCl aerosols react with gas-phase ozone in the presence of UV light, in order to identify the importance of the Knudsen number and mass-transfer expression in systems with varying contributions from gas-phase, aqueous-phase, and interfacial chemistry. In the case of NaBr aerosols, simulations are performed of both dark and photolytic conditions. A range of Knudsen numbers spanning the continuum, transition and free-molecular regimes is studied. Particle size is varied over three orders of magnitude, and particle concentration is changed to keep either (a) total aerosol volume or (b) total aerosol surface area constant. When total aerosol volume is constant, the total amount of surface area available for interfacial reaction increases linearly with Knudsen number. Consequently peak gas-phase Cl2 and Br2 concentrations increase by two orders of magnitude from the continuum regime to the free-molecular regime. When total aerosol surface area is constant, total aerosol volume is inversely proportional to Knudsen number, with lesser volume being available at higher Knudsen numbers. Consequently Cl− depletion in the kinetic regime leads to most gas-phase Cl2 being produced in the transition regime. Gas-phase Br2 concentration trends are determined by aqueous-phase reaction mechanisms, leading to a monotonic decrease in production with Knudsen number. At all Knudsen numbers, more gas-phase bromine is produced in the photolytic case than in the dark case, the difference being significant in the transition regime. Results of this study suggest that halogen production is insensitive to the mass-transfer expression used in the simulations.
Radial artery cannulation guided by Doppler ultrasound

A technique to enhance difficult percutaneous radial artery cannulations using Doppler ultrasound is described. A series of 12 patients (nine hypotensive and three normotensive patients with poorly palpable or absent radial pulses) was assembled and the radial arteries were cannulated using standard intravenous catheters and a hand-held Doppler ultrasound device. Localization and cannulation of the arteries was facilitated by noting the characteristic sounds using the Doppler. Eleven of the 12 patients had successful cannulation of the radial artery. In one case the artery was localized but the catheter could not be advanced. No complications were encountered. It was concluded that the use of a common Doppler ultrasound on selected patients with poor peripheral pulses may facilitate percutaneous radial artery cannulations and minimize the number of catheter punctures before successful placement.
Pulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a grave infection which affects chiefly premature or debilitated babies below the age of 4 months. The disease occurs occasionally in older infants and is rarely seen in children and adults in whom disorders or therapeutic measures which impair body defenses are often obvious predisposing factors. The parasite, presumably a protozoon, seems to be of low virulence, and clinically manifest disease at any age appears to be primarily a manifestation of lowered host resistance. It is suggested that the unique age incidence of the infection in the newborn reflects a deficiency of an unknown, age-related host factor.
Fragmentation of silicon microclusters: A molecular-dynamics study

A detailed molecular-dynamics (MD) study has been performed to (i) enumerate ground-state and finite-temperature structures and (ii) investigate the nature of fragmentation for Si/sub N/ clusters (N = 2--14), using the Stillinger-Weber three-body interaction potential. We investigate all underlying mechanically stable structures visited by the system in the equilibrium state. Results indicate that the presence of magic numbers, unusually stable finite-temperature clusters Si/sub 4/, Si/sub 6/, and Si/sub 10/ as determined by the photofragmentation experiment of Bloomfield, Freeman, and Brown is dependent upon the topology and energetics of high-energy bound structures rather than upon the structure and ground-state energies at zero temperature.
Applications of Group Theory

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate with examples taken from the literature the usefulness of group theory in solving problems of molecular structure. In many cases the spectroscopic method of determining molecular structure is far from unequivocal. However, at the least, very important inferences can be drawn by means of this method. As always, it remains for the experimenter to substantiate his conclusions by using a more conclusive method—perhaps X-ray, electron, or neutron diffraction techniques. The importance of the spectroscopic method is readily apparent, however, where the situation is such that diffraction techniques are not possible.
Bioinformatics challenges for personalized medicine

Motivation: Widespread availability of low-cost, full genome sequencing will introduce new challenges for bioinformatics. Results: This review outlines recent developments in sequencing technologies and genome analysis methods for application in personalized medicine. New methods are needed in four areas to realize the potential of personalized medicine: (i) processing large-scale robust genomic data; (ii) interpreting the functional effect and the impact of genomic variation; (iii) integrating systems data to relate complex genetic interactions with phenotypes; and (iv) translating these discoveries into medical practice. Contact: russ.altman@stanford.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Increasing the Capacity of an Isolated Merge by Metering Its On-Ramp

Abstract Measurements taken downstream of freeway/on-ramp merges have previously shown that discharge flow diminishes when a merge becomes an isolated bottleneck. By means of observation and experiment, we show here that metering an on-ramp can recover the higher discharge flow at a merge and thereby increase the merge capacity. Detailed observations were collected at a single merge using video. These data revealed that the reductions in discharge flow are triggered by a queue that forms near the merge in the freeway shoulder lane and then spreads laterally, as drivers change lanes to maneuver around slow traffic. Our experiments show that once restrictive metering mitigated this shoulder lane queue, high outflows often returned to the median lane. High merge outflows could be restored in all freeway lanes by then relaxing the metering rate so that inflows from the on-ramp increased. Although outflows recovered in this fashion were not sustained for periods greater than 13 min, the findings are the first real evidence that ramp metering can favorably affect the capacity of an isolated merge. Furthermore, these findings point to control strategies that might generate higher outflows for more prolonged periods and increase merge capacity even more. Finally, the findings uncover details of merge operation that are essential for developing realistic theories of merging traffic.
A colony inhibition (CI) technique for demonstration of tumor cell destruction by lymphoid cells in vitro.

A colony inhibition technique is described which was used to demonstrate that immune lymphocytes have a destructive effect on cultivated tumor target cells, if the target cells contain H-2 isoantigens or tumor-specific antigens foreign to the lymphocytes. Untreated allogeneic lymphocytes and lymphoma cells, added to the target cells together with phytohemagglutinin, were also effective in reducing the number of colonies formed.
Radioimmunotherapy strategies for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Radioimmunotherapy offers an exciting new therapeutic modality for patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, considerable debate exists regarding the optimal dose and administration schedule for radioimmunoconjugates. Myelosuppression has been the dose-limiting toxicity of most clinical trials employing radiolabeled antibodies, and this complication has generated both high-dose and low-dose treatment strategies. 'Low-dose' strategies are nonmyeloablative and rely upon repetitive infusions to effectively eradicate tumor masses. Trials incorporating low-dose radioimmunotherapy have documented high response rates, though the durability of these responses remains unclear. The most encouraging nonmyeloablative studies have documented objective responses in 70%-80% of patients, complete responses in 30%-50% of patients, minimal toxicity, and a median response duration of 12 months. In contrast, high-dose trials performed in conjunction with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have demonstrated objective responses in 95% of patients, complete responses in 85% of patients, with a progression-free survival of 62% and an overall survival of 93% with a median follow-up of two years. Toxicities are considerably higher than those reported with nonmyeloablative regimens, but are modest compared to conventional marrow transplant conditioning regimens incorporating total body irradiation (TBI). Ongoing trials integrating high-dose radioimmunotherapy with high-dose chemotherapy in an autologous transplantation setting are testing the hypothesis that targeted radiotherapy plus chemotherapy will provide increased efficacy and diminished toxicity as compared to nonspecific external beam TBI-containing regimens.
Comparison of measurements with simplified vector Preisach model computations

A simplified vector Preisach model is used to compute the magnetization of anisotropic media using Preisach parameters identified along the principle axes of the media. A "cobweb" array approach is used to discretize the Preisach planes. A comparison is made of computed magnetization from the model with measured magnetization from a vibrating sample magnetometer.
Development of intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on type 1 pili.

Summary Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, the predominant causative agent of urinary tract infections, use type 1 pili to bind and invade bladder epithelial cells. Upon entry, the bacteria rapidly replicate and enter a complex developmental pathway ultimately forming intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), a niche with biofilm-like properties protected from innate defences and antibiotics. Paradoxically, bacteria within IBCs produce type 1 pili, an organelle thought only to be an extracellular colonization factor. Thus, we investigated the function of type 1 pili in IBC development. The cystitis isolate, UTI89, was geneti- cally manipulated for conditional fim expression under control of the tet promoter. In this strain, UTI89- tetR/Ptet fim, piliation is constitutively inhibited by the tetracycline repressor, TetR. Repression is relieved by anhydrotetracycline (AHT) treatment. UTI89-tetR/ Ptet fim and the isogenic control strain, UTI89-tetR, grown in the presence of AHT, colonized the bladder and invaded the superficial umbrella cells at similar levels at early times in a murine model of infection. However, after invasion UTI89-tetR/Ptet fim became non-piliated and was unable to form typical IBCs com- prised of tightly packed, coccoid-shaped bacteria in contrast to the control strain, UTI89-tetR. Thus, this work changes the extracellular colonization func- tional paradigm of pili by demonstrating their intrac- ellular role in biofilm formation.
Induction of hypervascularity without leakage or inflammation in transgenic mice overexpressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) transactivates genes required for energy metabolism and tissue perfusion and is necessary for embryonic development and tumor explant growth. HIF-1alpha is overexpressed during carcinogenesis, myocardial infarction, and wound healing; however, the biological consequences of HIF-1alpha overexpression are unknown. Here, transgenic mice expressing constitutively active HIF-1alpha in epidermis displayed a 66% increase in dermal capillaries, a 13-fold elevation of total vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and a six- to ninefold induction of each VEGF isoform. Despite marked induction of hypervascularity, HIF-1alpha did not induce edema, inflammation, or vascular leakage, phenotypes developing in transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF cDNA in skin. Remarkably, blood vessel leakage resistance induced by HIF-1alpha overexpression was not caused by up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 or angiopoietin-2. Hypervascularity induced by HIF-1alpha could improve therapy of tissue ischemia.
Effect of low temperature on surface plasmon polaritons in silver films

We have studied the effect of low temperature on the surface plasmon polariton loss and DC resistivity in silver films. We infer that a sizable loss reduction can be obtained in films of higher quality.
2‐Isopropoxyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane

[61676-62-8] C9H19BO3 (MW 186.06) InChI = 1S/C9H19BO3/c1-7(2)11-10-12-8(3,4)9(5,6)13-10/h7H,1-6H3 InChIKey = MRWWWZLJWNIEEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent primarily used as an electrophilic boron source in the formation of pinacol boronic esters) Physical Data: bp 180–185 °C, d 0.912 g mL−1 at 25 °C. Solubility: soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons. Form Supplied in: colorless oil; widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.18 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 4.31 (sept, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H); NMR (25 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.0, 24.3, 66.9, 82.0.1 Purification: may be distilled at atmospheric pressure under N2. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 2-isopropoxyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane is air stable in liquid form. Reacts with water. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Flammable. Handle in a fume hood. Store under N2 to prevent hydrolysis.
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation

The tradition of classifying cases of speciation into discrete geographic categories (allopatric, parapatric and sympatric) fuelled decades of fruitful research and debate. Not surprisingly, as the science has become more sophisticated, this simplistic taxonomy has become increasingly obsolete. Geographic patterns are now reasonably well understood. Sister species are rarely sympatric, implying that sympatric speciation, it its most general sense, is rare. However, sympatric speciation, even in its most restricted population genetic sense, is possible. Several case studies have demonstrated that divergence has occurred in nature without geographic barriers to gene flow. Obviously, different sets of criteria for sympatric speciation will lead to different numbers of qualifying cases. But changing the rules of nomenclature to make ‘sympatric speciation’ more or less common does not constitute scientific progress. Advances in the study of speciation have come from studies of the processes that constrain or promote divergence, and how they are affected by geography.
Sex-specific adult dispersal and its selective consequences in the brown anole, Anolis sagrei

1. Dispersal behaviour is a potentially risky life-history strategy that can impact habitat use as well as competition over territories and mates. 2. I studied natural selection on dispersal behaviour over the course of four breeding seasons in a Bahamian population of brown anoles (Anolis sagrei). 3. Both males and females showed extremely high site fidelity over the course of each reproductive season. Movement distance in males was negatively correlated with body size at first capture in spring (small males dispersed further). Moreover, differences in body size between dispersing males and the body size of the male territory residents that they replaced were correlated with the distance that males dispersed. Relatively larger males dispersed shorter distances compared with relatively smaller males. There was no relationship between dispersal distance and body size in females. However, females were more likely to disperse away from areas of low female density and into areas of higher female density, and female dispersal distances were negatively correlated with the number of female neighbours at the site of capture in spring (before dispersal). 4. These data suggest that, whereas male dispersal is driven by inter-male competition, female dispersal is more likely related to variation in territory quality. 5. Natural selection acted on dispersal distance in conjunction with male, but not female body size. Although smaller males were the more likely to disperse, these males paid a high cost in terms of viability indicating that dispersal is a potentially risky strategy.
Contour Map Registration Using Fourier Descriptors of Gradient Codes

To estimate the position of a subpicture P1 (with unknown angular misaligment) in a contour map P2, a method based on Fourier descriptors of multidirectional gradient codes is suggested. It is assumed that P2 is characterized by a set of magnitudes at equally spaceddiscrete points over a rectangular area; and P1 is described by a set of magnitudes at discrete points on directional axes emanated from a point with magnitude c*. Using the measurements of P1, the multidirectional gradient or successive-gradient codes and their Fourier descriptors are generated. A contour map for P2 having c* as one of the isopleth values is then obtained. For each point on all c*-isopleths, a two-level classifier, utilizing information derived from the Fourier descriptors and the phase correlation function, is used to estimate the possible location of P1 in P2. Simulation has indicated that in many cases the angular misalignment and the position of P1 with respect to P2 can be determined.
Coupled-protein functionality for energy conversion in biomimetic systems

In nature, proteins commonly function as energy transducing machinery, converting solar energy to chemical or electrical energy. In its natural forward reaction, cytochrome c oxidase accepts an electron from cytochrome c to form water from the translocation of protons to combine with oxygen. We have shown that by coupling cytochrome c oxidase with bacteriorhodopsin, a light-dependent proton pump, in a biomimetic triblock copolymer membrane, we can partially reverse cytochrome c oxidase activity to serve as an electron donor to oxidized cytochrome c. We have demonstrated nanoampere-range current switching in response to exposure to light
Uniform High-Current Cathodes Using Massive Arrays of Si Field Emitters Individually Controlled by Vertical Si Ungated FETs—Part 1: Device Design and Simulation

In this paper, we report the design and simulation of electron sources composed of arrays of Si field emitters (FEs) that are individually ballasted by a current source. Each FE is fabricated on top of a vertical ungated field-effect transistor (FET), a two-terminal device based on a very-high-aspect-ratio Si column. The ungated FET takes advantage of the velocity saturation of electrons in silicon, the high aspect ratio of the ungated FET, and the doping concentration of the semiconductor to achieve current-source-like behavior. The proposed technology can be used to implement cathodes capable of reliable uniform and high current emission.
NO PLIF Study of Hypersonic Transition Over a Discrete Hemispherical Roughness Element

Nitric oxide (NO) planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) has been use to investigate the hypersonic flow over a flat plate with and without a 2-mm (0.08-in) radius hemispherical trip. In the absence of the trip, for all angles of attack and two different Reynolds numbers, the flow was observed to be laminar and mostly steady. Boundary layer thicknesses based on the observed PLIF intensity were measured and compared with a CFD computation, showing agreement. The PLIF boundary layer thickness remained constant while the NO flowrate was varied by a factor of 3, indicating non-perturbative seeding of NO. With the hemispherical trip in place, the flow was observed to be laminar but unsteady at the shallowest angle of attack and lowest Reynolds number and appeared vigorously turbulent at the steepest angle of attack and highest Reynolds number. Laminar corkscrew-shaped vortices oriented in the streamwise direction were frequently observed to transition the flow to more turbulent structures.