cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of a portal film contrast enhancement technique.

A study was conducted to evaluate the subjective improvement in portal film image quality resulting from the contact copy contrast enhancement technique which was introduced six years ago. Five observers were asked to identify and orient polyvinyl chloride cylinder images on both original and contrast‐enhanced portal films taken with a 10‐MeV linear accelerator. Fixed reviewing periods (T) were alloted of 20, 40, and 60 s as well as unlimited viewing time in order to increase the clinical relevance of this comparison. A scoring system and a probability representation were used to compare the original and enhanced films as a function of T. The results show a substantial increase in object detectability for the enhanced films at the short viewing times (T=20, 40, and 60 s). For longer times (T greater than or equal to 80 s) the object detectability for enhanced and original films is not statistically different.
Psychotherapy for intractable inflammatory dermatoses

Abstract Background: Most patients with infalmmatory dermatoses respond to conventional treatment. Recalcitrance may indicate underlying emontinal factors after infection, contact allergy, and noncompliance have been ruled out. Psychiatric treatment has been reported to be effective. Objective: The purpose was to determine whether insight-oriented psychotherapy, by effecting lasting change, would provide long-term cutaneous and psychiatric improvement. Methods: On the basis of emotional distress attributed to a recalcitrant inflammatory dermatosis, four patients were referred for psychiatric evaluation. The effect of adding insight-oriented psychotherapy as the only change in the treatment regimen of each patient was studied. Each patient served as his or her own control. Results: In each patient clearing of the previously recalcitrant dermatosis accopanied psychiatric improvement Conclusion: In selected cases of recalcitrant inflammatory dermatoses, insight-oriented psychotherapy may provide lasting cutaneous improvement and improved life adjustment and psychologic well-being.
Enteric Nervous System in the Small Intestine: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

The digestive system is endowed with its own, local nervous system, referred to as the enteric nervous system (ENS). Given the varied functions of small intestine, its ENS has developed individualized characteristics relating to motility, secretion, digestion, and inflammation. The ENS regulates the major enteric processes such as immune response, detecting nutrients, motility, microvascular circulation, intestinal barrier function, and epithelial secretion of fluids, ions, and bioactive peptides. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the signaling pathways in this complex system and how they work. In this article, we focus on recent advances that have led to new insights into small intestinal ENS function and the development of new therapies.
A Matrigel-based tube formation assay to assess the vasculogenic activity of tumor cells.

Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial cells in vitro1-5. However, recently growing evidence has shown that this assay is not limited to test vascular behavior for endothelial cells. Instead, it also has been used to test the ability of a number of tumor cells to develop a vascular phenotype6-8. This capability was consistent with their vasculogenic behavior identified in xenotransplanted animals, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM)9. There is a multitude of evidence demonstrating that tumor cell-mediated VM plays a vital role in the tumor development, independent of endothelial cell angiogenesis6, 10-13. For example, tumor cells were found to participate in the blood perfused, vascular channel formation in tissue samples from melanoma and glioblastoma patients8, 10, 11. Here, we described this tubular network assay as a useful tool in evaluation of vasculogenic activity of tumor cells. We found that some tumor cell lines such as melanoma B16F1 cells, glioblastoma U87 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells are able to form vascular tubules; but some do not such as colon cancer HCT116 cells. Furthermore, this vascular phenotype is dependent on cell numbers plated on the Matrigel. Therefore, this assay may serve as powerful utility to screen the vascular potential of a variety of cell types including vascular cells, tumor cells as well as other cells.
Eclosion hormone-stimulated cGMP levels in the central nervous system of Manduca sexta : inhibition by lipid metabolism blockers, increase in inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and further evidence against the involvement of nitric oxide

Previous studies have shown that the neuropeptide, eclosion hormone, stimulates a nitric oxide-independent increase in the levels of cGMP in the nervous system of Manduca sexta. By contrast, recent results in Bombyx mori suggest that eclosion hormone increases cGMP via the production of nitric oxide. In view of these conflicting results we have carried out additional studies to test whether nitric oxide is involved in this process in Manduca. Evidence presented here supports our earlier observations that in Manduca the eclosion hormone-stimulated increase in cGMP is nitric oxide-and carbon monoxide-independent. In addition, we show that a wide variety of inhibitors of lipid metabolism block the eclosion hormone-stimulated cGMP increase. This supports the hypothesis that the activation of the guanylate cyclase is mediated by a lipid messenger. We also show that eclosion hormone stimulates an increase in the levels of inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate. The time-course of this increase is consistent with the hypothesis that eclosion hormone stimulation of a phospholipase C is an early event in the cascade that results in an increase in cGMP. Receptor-mediated lipid hydrolysis is often mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Experiments using pertussis toxin show that the eclosion hormone-stimulated increase in cGMP is not mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Measurements of a supersonic velocity in a nitrogen flow using inverse Raman spectroscopy

Results are presented for supersonic molecular flow-velocity measurements using inverse Raman spectroscopy. The flow velocity, temperature, and density of flowing N2 molecules are measured because of potential wind-tunnel applications. Uncertainties of less than 5% are found for the velocity measurements, while the uncertainties are about 10% for the temperature and density measurements. The laser probe is stabilized by using I2 fluorescence, and I2 saturated absorption is utilized to provide an absolute frequency reference. Differential detection techniques are employed to reduce detection noise.
Degradation of yarns recovered from soft-armor targets subjected to multiple ballistic impacts

Abstract Post ballistic impact residual yarn mechanical properties were analyzed from two different as-received shoot packs composed solely of AuTx yarn possessing the 2/2 twill weave structure, one being impacted by 9-mm projectiles and the other by 2-grain projectiles. It was found that yarn mechanical properties from both shoot packs yielded similar results, regardless of yarn orientation, ply location, or penetrator size, which indicates that ballistic damage in the packets is very localized, producing little damage to the neighboring yarns. Mechanical properties of these woven, ballistically impacted, and then extracted yarns were compared to as-received native spooled AuTx yarn yielding a slight reduction in tensile strength, an increase in failure strain, and a reduction in elastic modulus, thereby yielding little variation in yarn toughness.
Demonstrating and eliminating the aggregation effect in physical skill tasks

Confidence judgments can be elicited in multiple ways. One of these procedures is to provide confidence judgments regarding each of a number of cases (individual judgments). A second procedure is to provide confidence judgments about a set of items (an aggregate judgment). Much research has demonstrated an aggregation effect—that individual judgments are more confident than aggregate judgments—within the cognitive knowledge domain. However, this effect has not previously been investigated with physical performance skill tasks. In three experiments, participants gave individual and aggregate judgments regarding the number of successful tosses they would make in either a ring toss, ping-pong toss, or basketball toss task. In keeping with the aggregation effect, individual judgments were more confident than were aggregate judgments of success. Additionally, we eliminated the aggregation effect in Experiments 2 and 3 by employing a case-specific base rate manipulation. Consistent with previous research with cognitive tasks, these results suggest that individual confidence judgments for physical skill tasks are determined primarily by characteristics associated with the individual case to be judged, whereas aggregate confidence judgments are determined by a more general evaluation of one's ability in the domain. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Tinnitus among US Adults

BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is common; however, few risk factors for tinnitus are known. METHODS: We examined cross-sectional relations between several potential risk factors and self-reported tinnitus in 14,178 participants in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, a nationally representative database. We calculated the prevalence of any and frequent (at least daily) tinnitus in the overall US population and among subgroups. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. RESULTS: Approximately 50 million US adults reported having any tinnitus, and 16 million US adults reported having frequent tinnitus in the past year. The prevalence of frequent tinnitus increased with increasing age, peaking at 14.3% between 60 and 69 years of age. Non-Hispanic whites had higher odds of frequent tinnitus compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Hypertension and former smoking were associated with an increase in odds of frequent tinnitus. Loud leisure-time, firearm, and occupational noise exposure also were associated with increased odds of frequent tinnitus. Among participants who had an audiogram, frequent tinnitus was associated with low-mid frequency (OR 2.37; 95% CI, 1.76-3.21) and high frequency (OR 3.00; 95% CI, 1.78-5.04) hearing impairment. Among participants who were tested for mental health conditions, frequent tinnitus was associated with generalized anxiety disorder (OR 6.07; 95% CI, 2.33-15.78) but not major depressive disorder (OR 1.58; 95% CI, 0.54-4.62). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of frequent tinnitus is highest among older adults, non-Hispanic whites, former smokers, and adults with hypertension, hearing impairment, loud noise exposure, or generalized anxiety disorder. Prospective studies of risk factors for tinnitus are needed.
Conserved mechanism of dorsoventral axis determination in equal-cleaving spiralians.

Abstract Many members of the spiralian phyla (i.e., annelids, echiurans, vestimentiferans, molluscs, sipunculids, nemerteans, polyclad turbellarians, gnathostomulids, mesozoans) exhibit early, equal cleavage divisions. In the case of the equal-cleaving molluscs, animal–vegetal inductive interactions between the derivatives of the first quartet micromeres and the vegetal macromeres specify which macromere becomes the 3D cell during the interval between fifth and sixth cleavage. The 3D macromere serves as a dorsal organizer and gives rise to the 4d mesentoblast. Even though it has been argued that this situation represents the ancestral condition among the Spiralia, these inductive events have only been documented in equal-cleaving molluscs. Embryos of the nemertean Cerebratulus lacteus also undergo equal, spiral cleavage, and the fate map of these embryos is similar to that of other spiralians. The role of animal first quartet micromeres in the establishment of the dorsal (D) cell quadrant was examined in C. lacteus by removing specific combinations of micromeres at the eight-cell stage. To follow the development of various cell quadrants, one quadrant was labeled with DiI at the four-cell stage, and specific first quartet micromeres were removed from discrete positions relative to the location of the labeled quadrant. The results indicate that the first quartet is required for normal development, as removal of all four micromeres prevented dorsoventral axis formation. In most cases, when either one or two adjacent first quartet micromeres were removed from one side of the embryo, the cell quadrant on the opposite side, with its macromere centered under the greatest number of the remaining animal micromeres, ultimately became the D quadrant. Twins containing duplicated dorsoventral axes were generated by removal of two opposing first quartet micromeres. Thus, any cell quadrant can become the D quadrant, and the dorsoventral axis is established after the eight-cell stage. While it is not yet clear exactly when key inductive interactions take place that establish the D quadrant in C. lacteus , contacts between the progeny of animal micromeres and vegetal macromeres are established during the interval between the fifth and sixth round of cleavage divisions (i.e., 32- to 64-cell stages). These findings argue that this mechanism of cell and axis determination has been conserved among equal-cleaving spiralians.
Face facts: An unbidden role for features in communication

Physiognomic or facial structure influence was investigated with regard to perceived facial expression. Subjects saw nine drawings, three of which had been altered for eyebrow characteristics, three for lip characteristics, and three for differing face shapes. Subjects rated the faces within each feature variation group as differing significantly on exhibited facial expression, even though the physiognomic structure of only one feature had been varied. Statistically, heavy eyebrows and a narrow face shape had the most effect on perceived facial expression. Physiognomic change alone led to different perceptions of exhibited facial expression. Implications for human interaction and personality development are discussed.
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF THE PEDIATRIC GYNECOLOGIC PATIENT

Summary A rational approach to the diagnosis and management of gynecologic problems in young females depends heavily upon the results of laboratory examinations. Properly selected tests are indispensable in the investigation of sexual ambiguity, certain types of developmental anomalies, sexual precocity, infections, and neoplasms, Many of these can be carried out on an outpatient basis. The more sophisticated, highly specialized techniques, although less frequently required, are performed in an increasing number of centers and all have been made generally available.
Clinical evaluation of a new resilient denture liner. Part 1: Compliance and color evaluation.

Purpose A new experimental resilient denture liner (MPDS-SL; Lai Laboratories, Burnsville, MN) and Molloplast-B (Buffalo Dental Manufacturing, Syosset, NY) were clinically evaluated for compliance and color change over a 1-year period. Materials and Methods In this crossover study, each of 20 patients had 2 dentures fabricated with long-term, silicone-based resilient liners, 1 denture with Molloplast-B and the other with MPDS-SL. Each denture was used for 6 months, during which time each patient kept a journal detailing his or her use and cleaning regimen. The 2 materials were assessed for compliance and color at the beginning of the study and again after 3 months and 6 months of use. Compliance was determined by applying a 3-lb force to the surface of the material following a square-wave pattern, using a closed-loop servohydraulic testing system. The force and position values were recorded using a storage oscilloscope. Compliance was measured at 3 locations on each denture and analyzed using data-acquisition software. Images of the dentures were captured using a zoom stereomicroscope with a charge-coupled video camera and image analysis software. The color was measured at 3 locations on each denture; RGB and L* a* b* were calculated. Results Compliance increased from baseline to 3 months and from 3 months to 6 months for almost all locations on both materials. Molloplast-B and MPDS-SL differed in average change in compliance at 6 months; the average change in compliance from baseline to 6 months was 453 (standard error, 46) for Molloplast-B and 284 (standard error, 46) for MPDS-SL (p= 0.019). For both materials, color changed significantly from baseline to 3 months and from baseline to 6 months (p <0.01). MPDS-SL changed significantly less than Molloplast-B from baseline to 6 months for R (p= 0.039), G (p= 0.037), B (p= 0.005), and L* (p= 0.042). Conclusion For both materials, compliance increased over 6 months of wear. The color change for MPDS-SL was considerably less significant than that for Molloplast-B.
Laser induced fluorescence line narrowing in iodine

Abstract A complementary technique to Lamb dip absorption spectroscopy in gases is described which allows observation of homogeneous linewidths in fluorescence. Hyperline spectra of iodine excited by a single mode argon laser beam at 5145 A are presented for the 43-13 and 43-11 bands at 5970 and 5830 A respectively.
Discrete event simulation of fuel transfer strategies for defueling a nuclear reactor

Fuelhandling and condition ing activities for the decommissioning of the Experimental Breeder Reactor Il are being performed at Argonne National Laboratory. Discrete event simulation and optimization techniques are being investigated to plan, supervise and perform these activities in such a way that productivity can be improved. The idea is to characterize this operation as a collec tion of interconnected serving cells, and then apply operational research tech niques to identify appropriate planning schedules for the given scenarios. This paper describes an application of discrete event simulation to evaluate fuel transfer strategies and identify optimal solutions among distributed resources.
Hepatic Structural Correlates of Liver Fibrosis: A Morphometric Analysis'

Liver fibrosis is an important feature of many liver diseases, and the assessment of fibrosis is essential for diagnosis and prognosis. Liver needle biopsy, however, tends to sample preferentially the soft parenchyma, which poorly reflects the true extent of fibrosis. Therefore, we have searched for capsule and parenchymal features that are correlated with the fibrosis. To test for these correlations, we used a morphometric analysis of a rat model of liver fibrosis. We demonstrated that, of the variables examined, capsule thickness was the best correlate of liver fibrosis. Our results also showed that there were parenchymal structures that underwent changes that were well-correlated with the development of fibrosis in the liver. These changes were identified as increases in hepatocyte nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. These facts suggest that, at least in a rat model of fibrosis, capsule thickness is a useful parameter by which to assess liver fibrosis and that specific and apparently adaptive parenchymal changes are well-correlated to fibrosis.
Identity Integration and Indecisiveness

We all belong to and identify with many social groups, but individual differences exist in how we manage the relationships between our multiple social identities. This paper examines the relationship between individual differences in identity integration (II) – perceptions of one’s multiple social identities as compatible versus in conflict – and indecisiveness. Study 1 found that those with low II (or those who generally perceive their identities to be in conflict) were more indecisive, even while controlling for trait-level anxiety. Study 2 replicated the finding across trait-like, behavioral, and affective measures of indecisiveness, and across different decision-making tasks. Studies 3a and 3b demonstrated that II between specific identities (II between different cultural identities among biculturals; II between work and family identities among working professionals with families) predicts indecisiveness only in tasks relevant to those identities. Study 4 extended these findings to employees of a mult...
Production of feedstock chemicals

Renewable raw materials may be converted by biological means to feedstocks for the chemical industry. Glucose from cornstarch is the current choice as a substrate, although advances may enable the use of less expensive lignocellulosic materals. The production of oxychemicals and their derivatives from renewable resources could amount to about 100 billion pounds annually, or about half of the U.S. production of organic chemicals. Ethanol produced by fermentation is now cost-competitive with industral ethanol produced from fossil fuel. Biological routes to other oxychemicals exist and are expected to be important in the future. Several product recovery methods may be used, but new energy-conserving methods will be needed to make the engineering-biology combinations economical.
An algorithm to maximize the agreement between partitions

Given the marginal description of two partitionsC andY of the same set, an index of agreement between the two partitions is given by the number of pairs appearing together in an equivalence class in both partitions. LetC be fixed andY an unknown partition represented by its marginal description. We consider the following problem: finding the distribution of objects (conditioned by the marginal description ofY) which maximizes the agreement betweenC andY. We discuss some approaches that have proposed, and we obtain a heuristic procedure from the solution of a linear transportation problem.
Design and thermal modeling of radially configured nuclear waste packages

Abstract A series of radial design configurations for packaging nuclear wastes are described. These radial arrangements for used nuclear fuel assemblies in containers are effective techniques for packaging significantly more radioactive waste in the available internal container volume. The radial package designs can be applied to packaging the nuclear waste for permanent storage at the Yucca Mountain (YM) repository. The radially configured containers will have high degree of structural strength and will be efficient in transferring heat from the waste form to the package surface due to the minimization of internal gaps. Radial configurations are reported for packaging the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) used fuel assemblies. These configurations can be varied for co-packaging the colder, i.e. vitrified high level waste (HLW), canisters. Details of the geometry and the materials selected are discussed. Thermal analysis of the radial designs was conducted which confirm the feasibility of the designs demonstrating that no over-heating occurs in the contained nuclear waste in spite of the significantly extra amount of waste. The larger amount of packaged waste per container coupled with efficient heat transfer characteristics of these designs favor hotter and drier conditions for container surfaces in the YM emplacement drifts.
Acute severe tricuspid regurgitation presenting as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)

ACUTE SEVERE TRICUSPID REGURGITATION PRESENTING AS FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE (FHF): 431 Ramon Rullan;Lawton Shick;Savant Mehta; American Journal of Gastroenterology
What Science Offers Teachers of Reading

Although educators may teach well without knowledge of scientific research, students obtain greater benefits from knowledgeable teachers who ensure that scientific research is incorporated into their instruction. In this paper, scientific findings and practical implications are compared and some suggestions to close the gap between science and practice are provided. In this article we examine what science offers general and special educators who teach reading. We review some well-established scientific findings about reading and their practical implications, not only for children with reading disabilities, but for other children as well. In addition, we consider some broader ways that science may be useful to educators. We conclude with some suggestions for individual teachers interested in becoming more familiar with scientific research on reading.
Monkey-adapted HIV-1 highlights in vivo significance of restriction factors

HIV-1 was isolated 31 years ago, yet models for studying HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo are still lacking. Recent experiments using an HIV-1 strain engineered to replicate in macaques recapitulate several important features of human AIDS, and provide insight into the genetics of cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogenic retroviruses.
Effects of exposure to noise on ion movement in guinea pig cochlea

Abstract Healthy guinea pigs were exposed to broad band noise at levels between 95 and 115 dBA for 7 days. A significant decrease of the sound-induced cochlear responses, together with a substantial increase of the endocochlear potential, was observed in guinea pigs exposed to noise at 105 or 115 dBA. Microsamples of the endolymph obtained from these guinea pigs showed a significant increase of K+ and Cl− concentrations and a decrease of Na+ concentration, when compared with those form control animals. The K+, Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the perilymph were not markedly affected by noise exposure. When the perilymphatic space was perfused with artificial perilymph containing 43K, 22Na or 36Cl, the uptake of radiotracers into the endolymph showed a single exponential function of the perfusion time. When compared with rate constants in normal animals, the value of rate constant for K+ was significantly decreased in animals exposed to noise. These results indicate that ionic permeability changes of the endolymph—perilymph barrier are a significant factor in the physiological mechanisms underlying noise-induced hearing loss.
Antibody-Directed Natural Cytotoxicity Results in Enhanced Killing of HIV gp120-Coated CEMNKRCells

Abstract Cellular cytotoxicity may be an important defense in the control of HIV progression. In the present study antibodies were attached to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by exposing them to polyethylene glycol and phthalate oil in the presence of HIV human hyperimmune IVIG (HIVIG). The attachment procedure is known as “franking” and the resultant cytotoxicity is termed “antibody-directed.” The majority of the cells that are franked with attached HIVIG are CD16 + (Fcγ RIII), placing them in the natural killer cell population. Franking increased the cytotoxicity of PBMC from both healthy controls and HIV-seropositive patients approximately fourfold compared to conventional antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity using CEM cells coated with HIV gp120 antigen as targets. Use of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies for franking was less efficient than polyclonal HIVIG. The HIVIG-franked PBMC suppressed p24 production of in vitro HIV IIIb -infected human PBMC. The ability of HIVIG to enhance and direct cytotoxicity to HIV targets may suggest a new therapeutic approach to HIV control.
Combinatorial Sublinear-Time Fourier Algorithms

We study the problem of estimating the best k term Fourier representation for a given frequency sparse signal (i.e., vector) A of length N≫k. More explicitly, we investigate how to deterministically identify k of the largest magnitude frequencies of $\hat{\mathbf{A}}$, and estimate their coefficients, in polynomial(k,log N) time. Randomized sublinear-time algorithms which have a small (controllable) probability of failure for each processed signal exist for solving this problem (Gilbert et al. in ACM STOC, pp. 152–161, 2002; Proceedings of SPIE Wavelets XI, 2005). In this paper we develop the first known deterministic sublinear-time sparse Fourier Transform algorithm which is guaranteed to produce accurate results. As an added bonus, a simple relaxation of our deterministic Fourier result leads to a new Monte Carlo Fourier algorithm with similar runtime/sampling bounds to the current best randomized Fourier method (Gilbert et al. in Proceedings of SPIE Wavelets XI, 2005). Finally, the Fourier algorithm we develop here implies a simpler optimized version of the deterministic compressed sensing method previously developed in (Iwen in Proc. of ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA’08), 2008).
The role of parietal cortex during sustained visual spatial attention

The control of spatial attention-shifting attention between visual field locations or sustaining attention to one location-involves the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. Within the parietal cortex, shifting attention has been linked to the superior parietal lobule; however, the neural substrates associated with sustained attention are still unknown. In the present fMRI study, we aimed to identify generalized control regions associated with sustained attention using two different protocols. The motion protocol alternated between periods of moving or stationary dots, and the flicker protocol alternated between periods of flickering or stationary checkerboards (each period lasted 14 s). During moving and flickering periods, the behavioral task alternated between sustained attention and perception. A region-of-interest analysis confirmed that the motion but not flicker protocol produced attention effects-greater activity associated with sustained attention than perception-in motion processing region MT+. A whole brain conjunction analysis identified regions commonly associated with sustained attention for both protocols, which included the right intraparietal sulcus (BA 7/40), the right middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/46), the right superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), the right insula (BA 13), and the left cerebellum. Coupled with previous results, the present findings suggest a functional-anatomic organization of parietal cortex where shifts in attention are mediated by superior regions and sustained attention is mediated by more lateral regions.
An overview of recent advances in retrodirective antenna arrays

An overview of the progress made in the RDA field has been presented. The reflect-type architecture that is perhaps most useful for communication purposes is likely to be the phase-conjugating Pon array; this architecture is capable of handling nonuniform wavefronts though it suffers from a large path loss. To correct the path loss issue associated with reflect type arrays, RDAs based on phase- and power-detection were developed. The power-detecting array offers the advantage that it may be readily miniaturized, as well as adding the benefit of measuring the direction of arrival. Phase-detecting/phase-shifting architectures were found to be ideal if phase detectors were used between adjacent element pairs, as the extra phase information permitted retrodirecting nonuniform wavefronts. The next steps in RDA development involve reducing their size, while optimizing the efficiency of the components that make up their hardware.
Dynamics of mechanical systems with Coulomb friction, stiction, impact and constraint addition-deletion—III Spatial systems

Abstract The general theory and computational algorithms presented in Part I of this paper are implemented for spatial systems. A spatial Cartesian generalized coordinate formulation is used to obtain the explicit form of equations and transformations that are derived in Part I. Algorithms are implemented in the DADS 3D Computer Code, which is used to solve examples in this part of the paper.
Comparison of density functional theory predictions of gas-phase deprotonation data

The SVWN, BVWN, BP86, BLYP, BPW91, B3P86, B3LYP, B3PW91, B1LYP, mPW1PW, and PBE1PBE density functionals, as implemented in Gaussian 98 and Gaussian 03, were used to calculate G 0 and H 0 values for 17 deprotonation reactions where the experimental values are accurately known. The PBE1PBE and B3P86 functionals are shown to compute results with accuracy comparable to more computationally intensive compound model chemistries. A rationale for the relative performance of various functionals is explored. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 105: 580 -587, 2005
Organized Camping: A Historical Perspective

Organized camping has been part of the fabric of American culture for more than 150 years. Today, organized camps serve more than 11 million youth annually, a significant departure from the first camps that were created to address the challenges of urban living during the Industrial Revolution. This article provides a brief historical perspective of organized camp and its evolution.
Biochemical and hormonal correlates of dominance and social behavior in all-male groups of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

This study examined the relationship between dominance rank and several physiological and behavioral measures in stable, captive, all-male squirrel monkey groups. Four groups, each containing three males, were observed for 12 weeks during the breeding season. Relative dominance ranking among males in each group was based on the direction of agonistic behaviors displayed. For each subject, whole blood serotonin (WBS), plasma testosterone (T), and cortisol (C) were sampled 4 to 6 times over the course of the study. Samples were separated by 1- to 2-week intervals. Each group had a stable linear dominance hierarchy. WBS had small intraanimal variance and was positively related to dominance rank. In contrast, T and C were highly variable within subjects and were unrelated to dominance rank. Among alpha males, concentrations of T and C were positively correlated, and WBS and C were negatively correlated. The effect of dominance rank on the relationship between within-animal fluctuations in WBS, T, and C and behavior was also assessed. In dominant, but not subordinate subjects, intraanimal fluctuations in WBS correlated with agonistic behavior initiated, and fluctuations in C and T correlated with huddling. In beta and gamma males, C was related to agonism received, and in gamma males to food stealing received. Dominance status also affected endocrine response to the stress of capture but not the rate of sneezing. Sneezing was positively correlated with T concentrations irrespective of dominance rank. These results extend the association between WBS and dominance rank previously reported in Old World monkeys to a New World monkey species, support previous suggestions that mean T and C titers are not reflective of dominance rank in well-established groups, and indicate that dominance rank affects adrenocortical response to the stress associated with capture and anesthesia.
Immunohistochemistry of affected tissue may guide cGVHD treatment decisions

Chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) myositis is a rare complication of hematopoietic SCT, for which the pathogenesis and optimal therapy are unclear. We performed immunohistochemistry on muscle biopsies from pediatric cGVHD myositis and typical cases of autoimmune dermatomyositis and polymyositis. The immunostaining pattern of cGVHD myositis was distinct from that of typical cases of autoimmunity. There was a high proportion of CD20+ and CD68+ cells, and the best therapeutic response was achieved with rituximab (anti-CD20). These results suggest that cGVHD myositis may be mediated by different leukocytes than similar autoimmune diseases and that treatment may be optimized by targeting the specific cellular infiltrates identified in affected tissue.
Design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with pyrrolidinones and oxazolidinones as novel P1'-ligands to enhance backbone-binding interactions with protease: synthesis, biological evaluation, and protein-ligand X-ray studies.

Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors are described. In an effort to enhance interactions with protease backbone atoms, we have incorporated stereochemically defined methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and methyl oxazolidinone as the P1′-ligands. These ligands are designed to interact with Gly-27′ carbonyl and Arg-8 side chain in the S1′-subsite of the HIV protease. We have investigated the potential of these ligands in combination with our previously developed bis-tetrahydrofuran (bis-THF) and cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran (Cp-THF) as the P2-ligands. Inhibitor 19b with a (R)-aminomethyl-2-pyrrolidinone and a Cp-THF was shown to be the most potent compound. This inhibitor maintained near full potency against multi-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 variants. A high resolution protein−ligand X-ray crystal structure of 19b-bound HIV-1 protease revealed that the P1′-pyrrolidinone heterocycle and the P2-Cp-ligand are involved in several critical interactions wi...
Dendritic Protein Synthesis, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory

Considerable evidence suggests that the formation of long-term memories requires a critical period of new protein synthesis. Recently, the notion that some of these newly synthesized proteins originate through local translation in neuronal dendrites has gained some traction. Here, we review the experimental support for this idea and highlight some of the key questions outstanding in this area.
Say It With Candy: The Power of Framing Tax Increases as Items

ABSTRACTFraming tax increases as frequent purchases appears to be a popular message strategy to generate donations and elicit support for policies. We test whether this strategy is effective at obtaining support for tax increases through two survey experiments. Results demonstrate that this message strategy—framing tax increases in terms of items—is more effective than stating the increase in terms of a yearly or weekly amount. This strategy appears to be effective when the amount of a tax increase is framed as a hedonic item and appears to be particularly effective as the tax amount requested increases and among those uninvolved with the issue under consideration.
Computational aerodynamics methodology for the aerospace plane

Abstract The aerodynamic design of the Aerospace Plane encompasses a wide range of computational fluid dynamics regimes: low speed to hypersonic velocities; perfect and real gas; internal and external flows; complex geometry; shock waves, boundary layers, and their interactions; turbulence and transition. An outline of two approaches that provide a unified treatment of all these regimes of interest is presented. The first approach uses the USA-series (Unified Solution Algorithms) of codes. Here, a TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) upwing formulation is used in a finite-volume multi-zone structured-grid framework along with a host of useful implicit solution methodologies such as approximate factorization and relaxation. Time- and space-marching are effectively combined. An integrated perfect and real gas capability (including equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemistry) is available. Zero-, one- and two-equation formulations incorporating a special backflow model provide a very useful turbulence modeling capability. Closely coupled grid generation and very general user specifiable boundary conditions complete the picture. This approach has been extensively used. The second approach is based on (a) accuracies of second order and higher, (b) geometry flexibility including structured and unstructured grids, and (c) fully automatic mesh generation. This emerging approach promises to be very powerful.
An immunocytochemical study of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene products in Drosophila.

We have mapped protein expression of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene in Drosophila with polyclonal antisera against three small peptides whose sequences were derived from the Drosophila proFMRFamide precursor. One antiserum was affinity-purified and extensively characterized. The enriched antibodies labeled 15–21 bilaterally symmetric pairs of neurons in a pattern that corresponded very closely to the pattern of in situ hybridization that was determined previously (Schneider et al. [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 304:608–622; O'Brien et al. [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 304:623–638). The other antisera produced complementary results. These findings suggest that the antisera specifically label cells that express the FMRFamide gene. In larvae we consistently observed strong staining in identified interneurons and neuroendocrine cells, and moderate to weak staining in neurons of unknown function. The adult pattern of expression included both larval neurons whose immunoreactivity persisted through metamorphosis and adult-specific neurons. During metamorphosis, we observed transient staining in a small number of neurons and in specific neuropil regions that included the central body, the protocerebral bridge, and the optic ganglia. Based on these morphological features, we suggest that the FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in Drosophila play a number of functional roles, perhaps affecting both physiological and developmental phenomena. Such roles include general modulation throughout all post-embryonic stages, via the blood, and also more stage- and region-specific modulation within the CNS. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
[3H]Doxepin interactions with histamine H1-receptors and other sites in guinea pig and rat brain homogenates

[3H]Doxepin, a tricyclic antidepressant, binds to brain homogenates with two saturable components. The high affinity component, with a dissociation constant (KD) of 0.26 nM, is associated with histamine H1-receptors. This high affinity binding shows stereospecificity in that d-chlorpheniramine is 100 times more potent than the pharmacologically less active l-isomer. Its drug specificity and regional variation closely parallel those exhibited by [3H]mepyramine binding. The drug specificity of the low affinity component is distinct from that of histamine H1-receptors, with no stereospecificity for chlorpheniramine isomers. Furthermore, all the H1-histamine antagonists tested display micromolar potency at the low-affinity doxepin sites but nanomolar potency at the high-affinity doxepin sites associated with a physiological histamine H1-receptor. The drug specificity of the low affinity site does not correspond to that of any known neurotransmitter receptor. Tricyclic antidepressants display IC50 values of 30-600 nM for the inhibition of [3H]doxepin binding to the low-affinity component with most values in the 0.1-0.3 microM affinity range.
Covalency in f-element complexes

Abstract The presence of covalency in complexes of the 4f and 5f elements has been a source of intense research and controversy. In addition to academic interest in this debate, there is an industrial motivation for better understanding of bonding in f-element complexes due to the need to separate trivalent trans-plutonium elements from trivalent lanthanide fission products in advanced nuclear fuel cycles. This review discusses the key evidence for covalency in f-element bonds derived from structural, spectroscopic and theoretical studies of some selected classes of molecules, including octahedral hexahalides, linear actinyl and organometallic sandwich complexes. This evidence is supplemented by a discussion of covalency, including the possibility of both overlap and near-degeneracy driven covalency and the need to quantify their relative contributions in actinide metal–ligand bonds.
Experimental Assessment of Naphthalene Formation Mechanisms in Non-Premixed Flames

Concentration profiles of stable hydrocarbons were measured along the centerline of several antisymmetric co-flowing methane/air non-prcmixed flames whose fuels were doped with 2500 to 1900 ppm of benzene, toluene, elhylbenzene. styrene. and phenylacctylene. The results indicate that the H-abstraction/C2H2,-addition mechanism proposed by Frenklach and co-workers was responsible for the naphthalene formed in the undoped, benzene-, styrene-, and phenylacetylene-doped flames. However, a second source of naphthalene, possibly a reaction between benzyl and propargyl radicals, was important in the toluene- and ethylbenzene-doped flames. Soot volume fractions were also measured in each flame; the maximum values correlated well with the maximum naphthalene concentrations, indicating that naphthalene formation is the critical soot formation step for these fuel mixtures containing one-ring compounds.
Monstrous Thoughts and the Moral Identity Thesis

We often find ourselves deep in moral conversations about artworks in which we willfully subject them to moral evaluation. We claim that the endorsement of racism in Birth of a Nation is repugnant, that the presentation of virtue as vice in Justine is deplorable, and that the disavowal of extreme aestheticism in The Picture of Dorian Gray is morally praiseworthy. Our tendency to subject artworks to moral evaluation raises other questions: How should we as audience members respond to such artworks? What are the moral constraints, if any, that limit the kinds of attitudes that we should take toward artworks? In ‘‘The Ethical Criticism of Art,’’ Berys Gaut provides what looks like a promising answer to these questions. Roughly, he claims that we should not respond negatively to a morally positive scene, and vice versa. For our purposes, such responses come under the general heading of intentional attitudes. In virtue of being intentional, all intentional attitudes are object directed. They are about something. In virtue of being attitudes, they involve taking an evaluative stance, however we are to make sense of this, toward the intentional object. Desires, emotions, and evaluative judgments are examples of intentional attitudes. Unlike moods, emotions are object directed. A fear is fear of something or
Development of a detection system for ferric pseudobactin using monoclonal antibodies

Certain root-colonizing fluorescent pseudomonads have been shown to promote plant growth and prevent plant disease in part through the production of siderophores. However, these favorable results have not been reproduced consistently from the laboratory to the greenhouse or from the greenhouse to the field. In some circumstances siderophores appear to play no role in disease prevention. In order to understand the dynamics of competition for iron in the rhizosphere it is essential that the localization and concentration of siderophores produced by both biocontrol agents and plant pathogens be determined. We have produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to ferric pseudobactin, the siderophore of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas B10. Three IgG1 MAbs cross-react with certain ferric pseudobactins but not with others. A competitive ELISA has been developed to detect and quantify ferric pseudobactin.
Event screening for the Chandra X-Ray Observatory High-Resolution Camera (HRC)

The Chandra X-ray Observatory High Resolution Camera is an improved version of similar MicrochannelPlate (MCP) based detectors that were previously used on the Einstein and ROSAT X-ray observatories.The HRC consists of two detectors in a common housing, and sharing some processing electronics. Onlyone detector operates at a time. The HRC-I is a 100mm x 100mm device that is used for wide field ofview imaging with sub-arcsecond angular resolution. The HRC-S is a 300mm x 30mm device that is usedto readout the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS) providing very high spectralresolution. The main differences from previous missions are the larger format MCP's, radioisotope freeMCP glass, and an active Cosmic Ray anti-coincidence shield. Event processing in the HRC is limited todigitizing selected signals from the readout device and transmitting these to the ground. As a result, it ispossible to examine and screen the data during processing. Algorithms have been developed to identifynon-X-ray events thereby reducing the detector background. Event screening can also detect and filterout "bad" events that might otherwise degrade image quality.Keywords: X-Ray Detector, MCP, Digital Processing