cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPERFEIÇÕES DE MERCADO EM ECONOMIA ESPACIAL: ALGUNS RESULTADOS EXPERIMENTAIS II

^lpt^aA economia brasileira, com diferencas significativas na distribuicao da atividade economica entre suas regioes, converte-se num desafio para os modelos que adotam uma estrutura de mercado perfeitamente competitiva. Este documento utiliza um modelo de equilibrio geral computavel interregional da economia brasileira para analisar os impactos a longo prazo que resultam de mudancas na estrutura de transporte e de economias de escala sobre os niveis de bem-estar regional e nacional. Em particular, a estrutura de custos do transporte se modela explicitamente como uma margem enquanto as economias de escala se introduzem para tratar de capturar a estrutura de concorrencia imperfeita da economia brasileira e alguns dos impactos potenciais das relacoes centro-periferia que se encontram em sua estrutura de producao. Este trabalho complementa um estudo previo de Haddad e Hewings (2005) que se centrou nas implicacoes a curto prazo de experimentos similares.^les^aLa economia brasilena, con diferencias significativas en la distribucion de la actividad economica entre sus regiones, se convierte en un desafio para los modelos que adoptan una estructura de mercado perfectamente competitiva. Este documento utiliza un modelo de equilibrio general computable interregional de la economia brasilena para analizar los impactos de largo plazo que resultan de cambios en la estructura de transporte y de economias escala sobre los niveles de bienestar regional y nacional. En particular, la estructura de costos del transporte se modela explicitamente como un margen mientras que las economias de escala se introducen para tratar de capturar la estructura de competencia imperfecta de la economia brasilena y algunos de los impactos potenciales de las relaciones centro-periferia que se encuentran en su estructura de produccion. Este trabajo complementa un estudio previo de Haddad y Hewings (2005) que se centro en las implicaciones a corto plazo de experimentos similares.^len^aThe Brazilian economy, with significant differences in the distribution of economic activity across regions, presents a challenge to models that adopt a perfectly competitive market structure. This paper employs an interregional CGE model of the Brazilian economy to explore the long-run impacts of positing changes in transportation structure and scale economies on regional and national welfare. In particular, the transportation cost structure is modeled explicitly as a margin rather than in an iceberg form; scale economies are addressed as a way to mimic the imperfectly competitive structure of the Brazilian economy and to capture some of the potential impacts of core-periphery relationships in production structure. This paper complements a previous study by Haddad and Hewings (2005) that focused on the short-run implications of similar experiments.
Indicators of success should be sensitive to compositional failures: reply to Suganuma and Durigan

Species composition is a fundamental attribute of restored ecosystems, but it was excluded from a recent set of indicators of restoration success recommended for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Suganuma and Durigan (2015) write off species composition as “unpredictable,” but their analysis did not account for key compositional predictors, like site history and restoration technique. The result is a framework for evaluating restoration success that is insensitive to common restoration failures—including poor ecosystem functioning and lack of resilience.
Rêve Général Illimité? The Role of Creative Protest in Transforming the Dynamics of Space and Time During the 2012 Quebec Student Strike

In the spring of 2012, students in Quebec went on strike against a proposed 75% increase in university tuition and the further privatization of education that it signaled. The strike lasted 6 months and repeatedly mobilized hundreds of thousands of students and supporters in collective action. Emphasizing the “broader dreams of a student movement now sparking the popular imagination”, some activists began calling for a “reve general illimite” (unlimited general dream). This article brings together scholarship on creative tactics and the role of space in protest to analyze a range of imaginative and affective interventions as well as the debates that emerged concerning their role within the movement. I argue that creative tactics intervened in how space and time were constructed by altering the relationships amongst private and public space. As a result, responsibilities were redistributed and time typically consecrated to the pursuit of private ends was redeployed during the Quebec student strike, broadening participation and generating public spaces where care was collectivized. Resume Au printemps de 2012, les etudiants du Quebec se sont mis en greve contre une proposition visant a augmenter de 75% des frais de scolarite universitaire et contre la privatisation de l'education. La greve a dure six mois et, a plusieurs reprises, a mobilise des centaines de milliers d'etudiants et de partisans de l'action collective. Soulignant les «reves plus larges d'un mouvement etudiant qui stimule desormais l'imagination populaire», certains militants ont commence a appeler au «reve general illimite». Cet article croise le savoir sur les tactiques creatives et le savoir academique sur le role de l'espace dans la protestation, afin d'analyser une serie d'interventions creatives et affectives, ainsi que les debats qui ont emerge au sujet de leur role au sein du mouvement. J'avance l'idee selon laquelle les tactiques creatives ont influence la maniere dont l'espace et le temps se sont construits en modifiant les relations entre espace prive et espace public. En consequence, les responsabilites ont ete redistribuees et le temps, generalement consacre a la recherche a fins privees, a ete redeploye au cours de la greve etudiante au Quebec, elargissant la participation communautaire et generant des espaces d'attention mutuelle et d'entraide.
Identification of noradrenergic nerve terminals immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rat kidney.

Cryostat-and vibratome-cut sections of rat kidneys were singly or doubly labeled to visualize immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase (THI), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBHI), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIPI), and neuropeptide Y (NPYI). Rats were perfusion fixed with 2-4% paraformaldehyde with or without 0.15% picric acid and rinsed in buffer for 18-48 hr. Single antigens were labeled with horseradish per-oxidase in vibratome sections, whereas cryostat sections were used to label one antigen with perox-idase and another with a fluorophore in the same tissue section. A dense plexus of DBHI noradren-ergic nerves innervates the renal arterial tree, and such nerves innervate the interlobar veins and renal calyx as well. Immunoreactive NPY is colocal-ized in most of these nerves, but some intrarenal noradrenergic nerves do not contain NPY but do contain VIP immunoreactivity. The distribution of NPYI nerves resembles that of DBHI nerves, whereas most perivascular noradrenergic nerves immunoreactive for VIP innervate selected arcuate and interlobular arteries. A small population of nonadrenergic, VIPI nerves innervates the renal calyx.
Quantitative analysis using sputtered neutrals in a secondary ion microanalyser

Abstract We have developed a technique for quantitative analysis of major element levels (> 1%) in a high-sensitivity secondary ion mass spectrometer by gas-phase ionization of sputtered neutral atoms. The neutrals are ionized by impact of primary Ar + ions. Doubly-charged gas-phase ions are sampled, to ease the problem of rejecting the intense flux of directly-sputtered singly-charged secondary ions. Analytical results for AlGaAs and TaSi sample sets of varying composition are comparable in accuracy with electron microprobe and Rutherford backscattering analyses.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND VASCULAR DISEASE: POSSIBLE ROLE OF HYDROXYACIDS IN ITS GENESIS

Studies to date have not elucidated the cause(s) for diabetic neovascular proliferation. We report that a metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA), 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15HETE) is present in vessels, plays a role in neovascularization, and is ↑in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). When human umbilical arterial microsomes were incubated with 14C AA, besides the cyclooxygenase products, three hydroxyacids were observed. Two of the HPLC purified metabolites were confirmed by G.C-MS to be 11HETE and 15HETE We next evaluated the production of these hydroxyacids in umbilical arteries from 12 control neonates and 16 IDM. Incubation of 1 mg total membrane protein with 14C AA for 10' generated 322±152 (1SD) pmol total HETES and 81±24 pmol 15HETE in controls. Total HETE production in the IDM was ↑ to 478±190 (p<0.05), while the ↑ in production of 15HETE was of even greater magnitude (122±40;p < 0.005). Finally, we evaluated the effect of 15HETE on a crucial aspect of angiogenesis i.e. endothelial cell migration using a modified Boyden chamber (Nature 288:483). Upper wells contained fetal bovine aortic endothelium in MEM-10, while lower wells contained the potential migration modulators. Control MEM 10 or AA caused no migration. Bovine retinal extract, a known potent migration stimulator, ↑ migration by 269±10%. 15HETE ↑ migration by 115±28%. Previous studies in the IDM have shown that neonatal platelet AA metabolism at birth accurately reflects maternal platelet function. Our study, using vascular tissue obtained from the diabetic milieu, demonstrates a potential role for 15HETE in the pathogenesis of diabetic neovascular proliferative disease.
Microstructural and superconductive studies of Ag-YBa2Cu3O7−x composites

Composites of Ag-YBa2Cu3O7−x were synthesized and carefully characterized for crystal structure and microstructure by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, and EDAX techniques in order to investigate the effect of Ag additions on the superconducting properties of 123 compounds. The a.c. susceptibility data show thatT c (onset) of 123+Ag composites vary between 90.2 and 91.8 K. TheJ c values we measured for 123 material without silver were in the range of earlier reported values for the pure 123 material. Whereas there is a relatively small increase in the critical current for the YBCO/Ag2O ratio of 3, the variation of the grain size of the composites shows that theseJ c changes are due to slight variations in the grain size rather than any dramatic effect of Ag inclusions as speculated earlier.
Similarities in the Clinical Characteristics Related to Alcohol Dependence in Two Populations

This report evaluates whether the characteristics associated with alcohol abuse and dependence are similar in two groups of men despite their enrollment in different research projects and the resulting differences in education and related background variables. Data regarding demographic and substance use characteristics and problems were gathered using similar research instruments from the 15-year follow-up of 108 highly educated DSM-III-R alcohol-dependent men from the San Diego Prospective Study (Group 1) and 306 similarly diagnosed men with lower education from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) (Group 2). Both groups of alcoholics reported high rates of alcohol-related problems, a similar maximum number of drinks per day, and similar proportions of drug use/non-use, although Group 1 subjects were less likely to report alcohol withdrawal and items associated with loss of control. Thus, teachers and clinicians may be able to generalize their knowledge and experience across diff...
Optimization for Heating, Cooling and Lighting Load in Building Façade Design

Abstract The objective of this article is to provide a methodology for optimizing building facade with respect to the triple objectives of heating, cooling and lighting load, therefore to achieve the minimum annual energy cost. The variables to optimize are the dimension of window grid and the depth of shading system. Energy load is computed using building performance simulation program (TRNSYS). A criterion of daylight was calculated using the Radiance lighting simulation engine. The criterion is defined as the integrated time when the illuminance is above a threshold of 500 lux. When the threshold is below 500 lux, then artificial light is required. The variables have antagonistic effects on the objectives: window grid dimension and shading depth may have opposite effects on annual energy cost, by increasing indoor solar heat gain and daylight during winter time and leading to overheating problems during summer time. Therefore, a methodology is proposed to find the optimal solutions for the total energy demand. An optimization method - genetic algorithm, was performed in order to find the optimal facade design variables leading to the lowest annual energy cost. This method was applied to a single office room. The result shows that genetic algorithm could save time when looking for the optimal solutions with antagonistic objectives and would help architects to make early-design-stage decisions.
Exposure to pesticides increases levels of uPA and uPAR in pre-malignant human prostate cells.

Abstract Pesticides are associated with prostate carcinogenesis and mortality; however, their exact mechanisms of action are poorly defined. We have used a transformed but non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial line to determine the effect of common herbicides and insecticides on expression of urokinase and its receptor, uPAR. The herbicide Roundup and insecticides Lorsban and Warrior induced uPA while Lorsban and Warrior also induced uPAR. Furthermore, a combination of Roundup + Lorsban or Roundup + Warrior produced greater increases in uPA and uPAR than when agents were used alone. Both active and “inactive” chemicals within these pesticides are important for the effects observed as the neat chemicals alone failed to induce uPA and were less potent inducers of uPAR. Thus, specific pesticide formulations, especially when combined, can increase uPA and uPAR expression in vitro in transformed prostate epithelial cells.
A multiphasic health screening of three southern Californian Indian reservations.

Abstract A multi-phasic health screening study on 96 Indians from southern California reservations is reported. Blood samples were run through a sequential multiple analyzer to determine 12 biochemical levels. Complete blood counts and urinalyses were performed and preliminary nutritional data were collected. Twelve elevated levels of true glucose, 16 abnormal lactic dehydrogenase, 4 alkaline phosphatases and 3 total bilirubins were found. A high rate of eosinophilia, a slight leucocytosis, and a significant degree of urinary tract infections is reported. Nutritional data revealed an absence of Vitamin C in the diet, plus an excessive commitment to starches with a correspondingly high degree of obesity.
Clonal dominance of select subsets of viral kirsten ras +‐transformed 3T3 cells during tumor progression

Long-term culturing of viral Kirsten-ras-oncogene (v-Ki-ras)-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells (KiMSV) selectively enriches for cells which have deleted the viral oncogene. In contrast, v-Ki-ras in vivo is amplified and expression increased in all late-stage tumors and lung metastases relative to late-passage KiMSV cells being injected. The nature and significance of these selection processes, in terms of the v-Ki-ras gene, have been explored using genetically-tagged cells, as have the properties of v-Ki-ras- revertant subclones. Inoculation of KiMSV late-passage cells (containing less than 5% v-Ki-ras+ cells) into nude mice, generated primary and lung metastatic tumors with the v-Ki-ras gene at increased dosage in all tumors and their single-cell clones, isolated at both early and late stages of tumor development; this demonstrates early and specific in vivo selection for v-Ki-ras+ cells in both induction and progression of tumors in this system. v-Ki-ras- revertant subclones, isolated from late-passage KiMSV cells and inoculated individually into athymic nude mice, yielded tumors for only 1 of the 4 revertants, with no evidence for v-Ki-ras sequences in these tumor cells, thereby revealing a v-Ki-ras-independent mechanism for tumor formation in a small subset of revertant cells. Mixtures of the 4 subclones yielded tumors in all animals, although at a much longer latent period than observed with v-Ki-ras+ cells. Experiments with mixtures of v-Ki-ras- revertant cells and pSV2neo0tagged/v-Ki-ras+ cells (both complex NeoR cell mixtures and individual NeoR clones tested) at various cell ratios revealed clonal variability among v-Ki-ras+ cells for dominance during tumor formation. Moreover, the complex NeoR cell mixtures yielded both primary and metastatic tumors with simplified patterns of pSV2neo integration sites, suggesting that secondary genetic or epigenetic events, in addition to v-Ki-ras, contribute to the tumor-progressing phenotype. These experiments taken together demonstrate (a) clone-specific early selection of distinct v-Ki-ras+ cells amongst themselves and over v-Ki-ras- cells in both induction and progression of tumors, (b) reduced tumorigenic competence of v-Ki-ras- revertant cells, with a small subset displaying a v-Ki-ras-independent mechanism for tumor formation in this BALB/c 3T3 system, and (c) the significance of additional genetic or epigenetic events for tumor-progressing competence in unique subsets of v-Ki-ras+ cells.
Supercritical fluid extraction of synthetic organochlorine compounds in submerged aquatic plants

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide was used to extract nine synthetic organochlorine compounds (SOCs) from tissues of the aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata in an off-line supercritical fluid extraction configuration. Lyophilized plant tissues (50 to 100 mg) were fortified with the SOCs at a level of 5 to 10 mg/kg and subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at 50°C and 38 MPa for 15 min. Mass recoveries of the SOCs amended to plant tissues averaged between 89 and 109%. When Florisil was present in the outlet end of the extraction vessel for the purpose of direct in-line clean-up during supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, mass recoveries of the amended SOCs were markedly lower for four of the nine analytes.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci in Small Animals

Staphylococcal antimicrobial resistance presents an emerging challenge for both human and veterinary medical professionals. Infections associated with methicillin- and multidrug-resistant staphylococci are increasingly encountered by veterinarians and are frequently associated with empiric therapeutic failures and limited systemic antimicrobial options. This article addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in common staphylococcal pathogens and implications for clinical practice, including indications for culture and susceptibility testing, rational antimicrobial selection, and potential for zoonotic transmission.
The activity of aminotransferases in human placenta in early pregnancy

Abstract The activities of various aminotransferases in homogenates of human placental tissue derived from early pregnancy were studied. Trace activities of aminotransferases of glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, whereas marked activities of aminotransferases of asparatate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, and alanine were found.
Genetic isolation and physical characterization of pAgK84, the plasmid responsible for agrocin 84 production

Abstract The plasmid responsible for agrocin 84 biosynthesis by Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 has been genetically isolated free from any opine-catabolic plasmids. This was accomplished by mobilizing the agrocin plasmid, pAgK84, into a Ti plasmid-free A. tumefaciens strain, A136. The mobilizing element, pAt84a, was then cured from such a transconjugant by cultivation at 37 °C. Derivatives of strain A136 harboring both plasmids or pAgK84 only produce agrocin 84. The agrocin plasmid isolated from these strains is indistinguishable by restriction endonuclease analysis from that in strain K84. A physical map of pAgK84 has been constructed with respect to six restriction endonucleases. The plasmid is cut only once by Xba I and twice by Hpa I. Hybridization analysis shows that pAgK84 is closely related to pAtBo542a, a 25-Mdal plasmid from a virulent, agrocinogenic A. tumefaciens strain of European origin. Similar analyses indicate, however, that pAgK84 shows no detectable homology to octopine or nopaline-type Agrobacterium plasmids.
High temperature materials for thin-film thermocouples on silicon wafers

Abstract We have developed an instrumented calibration wafer for radiometric temperature measurements in rapid thermal processing (RTP) tools for semiconductor processing. The instrumented wafers have sputter deposited thin-film thermocouples to minimize the thermal disturbance of the wafer by the sensors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) calibration wafer also employs platinum–palladium wire thermocouples to achieve a combined standard uncertainty of 0.4°C in the temperature measurement of the thin-film thermocouple junction at 900°C. The high temperatures of the wafer has required the development of new thin-film material systems. We have reported the results of our testing and characterization of sputtered platinum, palladium, rhodium, and iridium thin films using titanium bond coats on thermally oxidized silicon wafers. Depth profiling with secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to determine the diffusion profiles from the metal film to the silicon after heat treatments as high as 1000°C. Electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to follow the reactions and the deterioration of the thermoelectric films. In addition, performance tests up to 1000°C in the NIST RTP test bed were used to determine the stability of the material systems. Failure mechanisms and limitations of the thin-film thermocouple materials have been discussed with data on hysteresis and drift in thermometry performance. The results of our evaluations indicated that Rh/Ir thin-film thermocouples have the best properties for wafer temperatures above 900°C.
Preconditioners for distance matrix algorithms

A recent gradient algorithm in nonlinear optimization uses a novel idea that avoids line searches. This so-called spectral gradient algorithm works well when the spectrum of the Hessian of the function to be minimized has a small range or is clustered. In this article, we find a general preconditioning method for this algorithm. The preconditioning method is applied to the stress function, which arises in many applications of distance geometry, from statistics to finding molecular conformations. The Hessian of stress is shown to have a nice block structure. This structure yields a preconditioner which decreases the amount of computation needed to minimize stress by the spectral gradient algorithm. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A wideband monolithic GaAs IC amplifier

A monolithic GaAs IC wideband amplifier with a 26dB voltage gain and bandwidth of 5MHz- 3GHz, on a 650μ × 420μ chip, will be described.
Reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint using a temporalis graft with or without simultaneous orthognathic surgery

Abstract Purpose: This article reports the outcome of free temporalis fascia and muscle graft (TFG) reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with and without simultaneous Orthognathic surgery (SOS). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients (45 joints) were evaluated retrospectively. Group 1 consisted of 17 patients (16 women 1 man) and 30 joints. Fifteen (88%) patients had sagittal split ramus osteotomies (SSRO); 8 (53%) of these patients also had Le Fort I osteotomies, and 2 patients (12%) had only Le Fort I osteotomies with TFG. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients (15 joints) who received only TFG and no SOS. Results: Group 1 had 9 patients (53%) with an incisal opening greater than 35 mm, 11 joints (37%) with greater than 6 mm lateral excursive movement, and 11 patients (65%) were asymptomatic postoperatively. Average follow-up was 57.4 months (range, 23 to 69 months). Group 2 had eight patients (67%) with an incisal opening greater than 35 mm, six joints (40%) with greater than 6 mm lateral excursive movement, and seven patients (58%) were asymptomatic postoperatively. Average follow-up was 55.1 months (range, 48 to 64 months). Conclusion: TFG with and without SOS produced similar treatment outcomes in comparing groups 1 and 2. No significant differences were observed for the number of patients with an incisal opening > 35 mm (P = .703), lateral excursion > 6 mm (P = 1.00), and successful elimination of pain (P = 1.00), even though group 2 had a significantly greater number of patients (P
Parallel discrete memoryless interference channels under strong interference: Separability and capacity region results

Capacity regions and separability results are obtained for several classes of parallel discrete memoryless interference channels with strong interference. In addition, a new class of discrete memoryless interference channels under very strong interference is defined which does not belong to any existing classes.
Foraging, predation hazard and patch use in grey squirrels

Abstract Two patches of food, one large and one small, were placed at equal distances from protective cover. Grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, responded to the difference in food quantity, so that aggregation sizes matched predictions based on relative patch size, as well as those based on feeding rates within patches. The large patch was then moved farther from cover, where the probability of predation per unit foraging time should be greater. Aggregation sizes in the large patch decreased significantly, and overcrowding in the small patch resulted in reduced average feeding rates. The experiment was next repeated with the amount of food in each patch doubled. Increased distance to cover again resulted in decreased aggregation sizes in the larger patch, but average feeding rates did not decline in the small groups that were observed. Squirrels responded to relative, but not necessarily absolute, differences in food availability. When patches differed in both food availability and the hazard of predation, each attribute exerted a significant effect on the pattern of patch use.
Analysis of Periodicity Termination in Phononic Crystals

While resonant propagation modes are non-existent within band gaps in infinite periodic structures, it is possible for anomalous band-gap resonances to appear in finite periodic structures. We establish two criteria for the characterization of band-gap resonances and propose approaches for their elimination. By considering flexural periodic beams, we show that as the number of unit-cells is increased the vibration response corresponding to band-gap resonances (1) does not shift in frequency, and (2) drops in amplitude. Both these outcomes are not exhibited by regular pass-band resonances, nor by resonances in finite homogenous beams when the length is changed. Our conclusions stem from predictions based on Timoshenko beam theory coupled with matching experimental observations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Osmoregulation in the aquatic urodeles Amphiuma means (the Congo eel) and Siren lacertina (the myd eel). Effects of vasotocin

Abstract Vasotocin injected into the aquatic urodeles Siren lacertina and Amphiuma means results in water retention (about 4% body weight). Bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana respond much more strongly (13% body weight for 10 times less vasotocin). In the urodeles this response is the result of an antidiuresis, water transfer across the skin and urinary bladder being unchanged. The urodeles take up water, principally across the skin (there is little drinking), and this is excreted as a dilute ( 2 O) urine containing little sodium. Sodium reabsorption from the urine is aided by active transport from the urinary bladder (inhibited by ouabain and amiloride), but neither vasotocin nor aldosterone altered this.
Health promotores' perceptions of their communities' health needs, knowledge, and resource needs in rural Nicaragua.

Objectives This study was conducted to determine rural Nicaraguan health promotores' perceptions of their community's health problems, their self-identified learning needs, and resource needs. Despite the valuable contributions of promotores, there is limited research regarding unpaid volunteer promotores' perceptions of their needs in providing care to remote communities. Design and Sample A qualitative descriptive study of 13 unpaid, volunteer promotores in Waslala, Nicaragua, was conducted. Measures Data were collected during individual interviews with seven promotores and two focus groups with 13 promotores. Data were analyzed by reading verbatim transcripts repeatedly and establishing general themes. Promotores confirmed the findings. Results Waslalan promotores described a synergy of traditional folk health beliefs and natural practices along with use of modern medications while working to meet the health needs of their communities. Without much formal training, the promotores used public health strategies to influence health behaviors and address health disparities in the communities they serve. Serving their communities and God were their motivation in their work. Conclusions Recommendations include supporting efforts to meet promotores' needs regarding community health education with messages from community leaders and nurses, finding methods to financially compensate promotores, and including promotores in health program planning and evaluation.
Foetoneonatal oestradiol-binding protein in mouse brain cytosol is alpha foetoprotein.

BRAIN cytosol from foetal and neonatal rodents contains high concentrations of an oestradiol-binding protein (foetoneonatal oestradiol-binding protein or FEBP) with properties distinctly different from those of adult oestrogen receptors with respect to sedimentation rate, binding specificity and affinity for oestradiol1–3; FEBP declines to undetectable levels by about 22 d in rat brain cytosol1,2. Sexual differentiation of the rodent brain, which normally occurs under the influence of testicular secretions between birth and about 10 d, can also be brought about by injection of oestradiol benzoate into neonatal female or castrated male rodents4. This observation has led to the idea that FEBP protects the developing brain against the effects of maternal oestrogens5. It has been suggested that FEBP in rats is α foetoprotein (AFP)6, a circulating foetal protein known to bind oestradiol7–9. Here we present evidence which points strongly to the identity of mouse FEBP and AFP. This includes a comparison of the binding properties of FEBP with those of purified mouse AFP, correlation of the postnatal disappearance of FEBP with measurements of AFP in brain cytosol and removal of oestradiol-binding activity from brain cytosol using anti-mouse AFP antibodies.
Time course of the inflammatory and oxidative stress response to pulmonary infection in mice

The pathophysiological response to pulmonary infection includes a surge of proinflammatory cytokines and excessive production of nitric oxide (NO), but the time changes are not sufficiently defined. The current study was designed to assess the time course of proinflammatory cytokines and NO production in a murine model of pulmonary infection. The injury was induced by intranasal administration of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.2 × 10(7) colony-forming units) in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. The animals were euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours postinjury. Additional mice received sham injury (0 hours; control). Lung tissue and plasma samples were harvested at the respective time points. The injury induced an early increase in interleukin (IL)-1 β protein in lung tissue that persisted during the entire study period with a peak at the 9-hour time point. The increases in TNF-α and IL-6 proteins in lung tissue were less intense, but showed a peak about 9 hours postinjury. The plasma levels of IL-1 β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α protein were not elevated during the experimental period, but only an increase in plasma levels of IL-6 plasma protein was detected. These findings compensate for the limitations of previous experiments with similar infection models and improve the understanding of pathophysiologic alterations in response to pulmonary infection. In addition, the identification of the time changes of the described pathogenetic factors may enhance the timing of innovate therapeutic approaches in future experiments.
Additional observations on the communications systems of hermit crabs.

Summary The aggressive interactions of two species of hermit crabs were measured quantitatively. The behaviour of populations of Pagurus bonairensis in Curacao, N.A. and Miami, Florida were compared and found to be very similar. The behaviour of Clibanarius vittatus was found to be similar to that of the closely related C. cubensis . Reduction of the size variability of groups of C. vittatus resulted in an increase in the amount of information transferred per display, the number of displays per aggressive interaction and the information transferred per individual per interaction.
Partial purification and properties of ethanolamine kinase from spinach leaf.

Abstract Ethanolamine kinase was purified 60-fold by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, freeze-thawing, and gel filtration from a 100,000g supernatant from spinach leaf. The 100,00g supernatant preparation was stable for weeks, but the partially purified preparation lost half of the ethanolamine kinase activity in 10–14 days at 0–4 °C or −20 °C. A molecular weight of 110,000 was estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The reaction required ethanolamine (Km, 42 μ m ), MgATP (Km, 63 μ m ), and free magnesium ions. The enzyme was inhibited by MgATP, with an apparent Ki of 6.7 m m . Ethanolamine kinase was inhibited by calcium (in the presence of magnesium) and o-phenanthroline. EDTA above 0.9 m m inhibited the formation of phosphorylethanolamine and EGTA stimulated at low concentrations (0.4-0.9 m m ) and inhibited at 1.8 m m . Ethanolamine kinase was inhibited by monomethylethanolamine and dimethylethanolamine, but not by choline (5 m m ). The ethanolamine kinase and choline kinase activities of the 100,000g supernatant preparation could be separated by gel electrophoresis
Estimates of primary implant power using an intraocular lens table

Intraocular lens (IOL) power data have been compiled in tabular format as a function of axial length measurements, corneal powers, and desired refractive errors. The table is presented to assist the clinician in performing IOL power estimates and as an independent source for checking preoperative IOL power calculations. Ophthalmologists who do not own a personal computer will find the lens power table a valuable adjunct to their present repertoire of analytical skills.
Potentially conflicting selective forces that shape the vls antigenic variation system in Borrelia burgdorferi

Changing environmental conditions present an evolutionary challenge for all organisms. The environment of microbial pathogens, including the adaptive immune responses of the infected host, changes rapidly and is lethal to the pathogen lineages that cannot quickly adapt. The dynamic immune environment creates strong selective pressures favoring microbial pathogen lineages with antigenic variation systems that maximize the antigenic divergence among expressed antigenic variants. However, divergence among expressed antigens may be constrained by other molecular features such as the efficient expression of functional proteins. We computationally examined potential conflicting selection pressures on antigenic variation systems using the vls antigenic variation system in Borrelia burgdorferi as a model system. The vls system alters the sequence of the expressed antigen by recombining gene fragments from unexpressed but divergent ‘cassettes’ into the expression site, vlsE. The in silico analysis of natural and altered cassettes from seven lineages in the B. burgdorferi sensu lato species complex revealed that sites that are polymorphic among unexpressed cassettes, as well as the insertion/deletion mutations, are organized to maximize divergence among the expressed antigens within the constraints of translational ability and high translational efficiency. This study provides empirical evidence that conflicting selection pressures on antigenic variation systems can limit the potential antigenic divergence in order to maintain proper molecular function.
Fourth Diffraction Limited Storage Ring (DLSR) Workshop

The Fourth Diffraction Limited Storage Ring (DLSR) Workshop was held at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source from November 19 to 21, 2014. The three-day meeting was attended by 120 participants from 22 different institutions. Local organizers of the workshop were Lahsen Assoufid, Herman Cease, Glenn Decker, Kathy Harkay, Dean Haeffner, Dennis Mills, Connie Vanni, and Diane Wilkinson (all Advanced Photon Source). The workshop website is http://dlsr-workshop-2014.aps.anl.gov/.
Fluorescent heterogeneities in turbid media: limits for detection, characterization, and comparison with absorption

The fundamental limits for detection and characterization of fluorescent (phosphorescent) inhomogeneities embedded in tissuelike highly scattering turbid media are investigated. The absorption and fluorescence contrast introduced by exogenous fluorophores are also compared. Both analyses are based on practical signal-to-noise ratio considerations. For an object with fivefold fluorophore concentration and lifetime contrast with respect to the background tissue, we find the smallest detectable fluorescent object at 3-cm depth in tissuelike turbid media to be ~0.25 cm in radius, whereas the smallest characterizable object size is ~0.75 cm in radius, given a model with 1% amplitude and 0.5 degrees phase noise. We also find that, for fluorescence extinction coefficients epsilon </= 0.5 x 10(5) cm(-1) M(-1), the fluorescence measurement mode is superior to the absorption mode for detecting an inhomogeneity. The optimal choice of modulation frequency for the frequency-domain fluorescence measurements is also discussed.
Complete Genome Sequencing of Mosquito and Human Isolates of Ngari Virus

Ngari virus (NRIV) is a recently described, naturally occurring reassortant between two other orthobunyaviruses, Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and Batai virus (BATV). Intriguingly, this reassortment was associated with the acquisition of heightened virulence, although the molecular basis for this is not understood. Here we report the first complete genome sequences of Ngari virus. We include five isolates from various geographical locations, as well as samples isolated from both mosquitos and human cases. Based on an analysis of these sequence data, NRIVs are clearly genetically distinct from all known BUNV and BATV strains but are very closely related to one another regardless of their source.
First-principles determination of the Σ = 13 {510} symmetric tilt boundary structure in silicon and germanium

We have examined a variety of structures for the {510} symmetric tilt boundary in Si and Ge, using tight-binding and first-principles calculations. These calculations show that the observed structure in Si is the lowest-energy structure, despite the fact that it is more complicated than what is necessary to preserve fourfold coordination. Contrary to calculations using a Tersoff potential, first-principles calculations show that the energy depends strongly upon the structure. A recently developed tight-binding model for Si produces results in very good agreement with the first-principles calculations. Electronic density of states calculations based upon this model show no evidence of midgap states and little evidence of electronic states localized to the grain boundary.
Phenogenetics of the eyeless-dominant mutant f Drosophila melanogaster. I. Development of the lethal larvae.

The causal mechanisms underlying the lethality of the eyD lethal homozygotes of D. melanogaster were studied. The phenocritical phase occurred at the onset of metamorphosis. Non-pupating larvae remained in the third instar for periods of time ranging up to 120 hours after their normal sibs had pupated. By this time they had either died as arrested third instar larvae or else underwent a delayed pupation and then died. No “fourth instar” larvae were observed. Those lethals that did pupate died at a mean gonadal developmental age of 20–36 hours. A distinctive syndrome of morphological abnormalities, characteristic of an aphasic development, was found in the non-eclosed pupae. Paraldehyde fuchsin staining of normal and lethal animals has indicated that the release of the neurosecretory substances in the lethals may be delayed for at least 36 hours following pupation. Injection of approximately 0.07 μg of α-ecdysone enabled 94% of the non-pupating larvae, arrested at the third instar for 72–84 hours after their normal sibs had pupated, to resume development and enter the prepupal or pupal stages. It is suggested that the eyD mutation most likely exerts its lethal effect by adversely affecting the ecdysone titer, thereby creating a hormonal imbalance with manifold effects on the developmental process.
Recent Articles on English Working-Class History

English labor and working-class history increasingly is becoming a respectable occupation for middle-class historians, and much of the recent work reflects middle-class bias and assumptions. One clear indication of this is the use of middle-class terminology. Much of the work noticed here – and some of it is very good – is about “the lower class.” A “lower class” can be identified only from a middle-class perspective; in the 1830s and 1840s, working people contemptuously rejected terms such as “lower classes” and “humbler classes”, insisting instead that they be referred to as the working or industrious class. Middle-class men anxious for working-class support learned the lesson quickly; historians are proving more insensitive over a century later.
Pigeons’ FI behavior following signaled reinforcement duration

Six pigeons were shifted to a two-component (constant and variable reinforcement magnitude) multiple schedule following fixed-interval (FI) training to a constant magnitude. In the variable component, cues associated with the smaller of two reinforcement levels eventually controlled longer pausing and lower overall response rates. In the constant component, five of six subjects’ performance evidenced direct relationships between preceding reinforcement and pausing that appeared early and persisted through training. Largest differences in response distribution in the constant component occurred primarily in the middle portions of the FI. It was concluded that pause differences due to preceding reinforcement magnitude persist for a sustained period in a setting in which cued magnitude is contrasted in close temporal proximity.
PATARA: Solid-State Neutron Detector Readout Electronics with Pole-Zero and Complex Shaping and Gated Baseline Restorer for the SNS

A prototype neutron detector array has been developed for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The High Efficiency Neutron Detector Array (HENDA) will be the highest spatial resolution neutron detecting linear array available anywhere. The front-end electronics have been developed on a prototype chip, Patara, from a TSMC 0.35-micron fabrication. The Patara chip is a 16-channel preamp/shaper/blr for high-efficiency solid-state neutron detectors. It features a regulated cascode preamplifier with adjustable gain, digitally adjustable leakage current compensation and active feedback reset network with matching pole/zero cancellation network, and an input pulse polarity adjustment. The shaper has a five-pole semi-Gaussian response utilizing two pairs of current-input complex-conjugate poles with gated baseline restoration. The system dissipates 3.7 mW/channel. Measurements indicate an overall gain of 9.7 mV/fC and 5.65 mV/fC for full- and half-gain settings, 270 nanosecond full-width half-maximum (FWHM) output, and 550 RMS electrons input noise for a 5 pF detector capacitance.
Extraction of cotton leaf enzymes with borate

Abstract Extracts of cotton leaves made with borate contain more total protein and more protein species, and exhibit greater enzyme activity than extracts made with insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone. Borate forms soluble complexes with phenolics which otherwise coprecipitate with proteins during extraction. Because of the wide reactivity of borate, and the high solubility of its complexes, extracted protein must be thoroughly isolated from the extraction medium before reliable data on enzyme activities can be obtained.
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AT THREE INLAND WATER SITES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SENTINEL ECOSYSTEMS

In the sentinel-site approach to monitoring ecological resources, relatively small numbers of locations are chosen for intensive study, each location being selected to represent a certain, preferably large, class of ecosystems. This paper examines long-term studies at three inland aquatic ecosystems in California that, although never intended as sentinel sites, nevertheless illustrate the challenges posed by sentinel-site networks. The main mechanisms of interannual variability in primary productivity or producers are described for Castle Lake, Lake Tahoe, and northern San Francisco Bay. The external forces behind the variability include climate (in the form of both snowfall and total precipitation), fishing intensity, anthropogenic nitrogen emissions, spring weather systems, intrinsic population cycles, forest fires, water diversions, and invasions of exotics. Each mechanism is associated with certain critical ecosystem features (such as hydraulic residence time) that condition a responsiveness to one or a combination of these external forces (such as precipitation); these critical features are identified for each mechanism. Three demanding conditions must be fulfilled in order for a sentinel site to function with regard to a given stressor: (1) some subset of the network must encounter the stressor; (2) at least some sites in the subset must have the critical features that cause responsiveness to that stressor; and (3) the background variability at those sites must not disguise the response to the stressor of interest. In practice, reliable extrapolation from sentinel-site networks to regional trends appears to be beyond our ecological understanding at the present time.
Neutrons and antimony: measurement, interpretation and evaluation ☆

Abstract New experimental results for the elastic and inelastic scattering of ≈4→10 MeV neutrons from elemental antimony are presented. The differential measurements are made at ≈40 scattering angles and at incident neutron-energy intervals of ≈0.5 MeV. These results, those previously reported from this laboratory, and as found in the literature, are interpreted using spherical optical-statistical and dispersive-optical models, direct vibrational processes, isospin and shell effects are discussed. The results are used to construct comprehensive 121Sb and 123Sb neutronic evaluations in the ENDF/B-6 formats.
Finite element modeling of micromachined MEMS photon devices

The technology of microelectronics that has evolved over the past half century is one of great power and sophistication and can now be extended to many applications (MEMS and MOEMS) other than electronics. An interesting application of MEMS quantum devices is the detection of electromagnetic radiation. The operation principle of MEMS quantum devices is based on the photoinduced stress in semiconductors, and the photon detection results from the measurement of the photoinduced bending. These devices can be described as micromechanical photon detectors. In this work, we have developed a technique for simulating electronic stresses using finite element analysis. We have used our technique to model the response of micromechanical photon devices to external stimuli and compared these results with experimental data. Material properties, geometry, and bimaterial design play an important role in the performance of micromechanical photon detectors. We have modeled these effects using finite element analysis and included the effects of bimaterial thickness coating, effective length of the device, width, and thickness.