cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 15 Staggered price and wage setting in macroeconomics

Abstract This chapter reviews the role of temporary price and wage rigidities in explaining of the dynamic relationship between money, real output, and inflation. The key properties to be explained are that monetary shocks have persistent, but not permanent, effects on real output, and that the correlation between current output and inflation is positive for leads of inflation and negative for lags of inflation. The paper begins with a short empirical guide to price- and wage-setting behavior in market economies. It then compares alternative price- and wage-setting theories and argues that staggered contracts models continue to provide the most satisfactory match with the key macroeconomic facts. It then examines the microeconomic foundations of staggered contracts models and reviews some of their extensions and applications. Research in this area has been very active in the 1990s with a remarkable number of studies using, estimating, or testing models of staggered price and wage setting. A new generation of econometric models incorporating staggered price and wage setting with rational expectations has been built. Researchers have begun to incorporate staggered wage and price setting into real business cycle models. Close links have been discovered between the parameters of people's utility functions and the parameters of staggered price- and wage-setting equations. There is now a debate about whether standard calibrations of utility functions prevent staggered price models, at least those with frequent price changes, from explaining long persistence of real output. A theme of the paper is that the advent of rational expectations in the 1970s led to models of price and wage rigidities which were more amenable to empirical testing than earlier models, and this is one reason for the recent controversies and debates. There is much to be discovered from these debates and from the future research they stimulate.
Ultradian Growth Oscillations in Organs: Physiological Signal or Noise?

This review examines ultradian oscillatory growth in the multicellular organs of vascular plants. My objective is to derive insight about the underlying physiological processes powering expansion. If the process of diffuse growth is inherently oscillatory, then it is reasonable to expect entrainment of these cellular oscillators across a tissue and the emergence of coherent macroscopic growth oscillations. After reviewing studies of circumnutation and linear growth, it appears that such entrainment is rare or weak. I argue that rather than reflecting the existence of an inherent oscillation in the process of diffuse growth, the regular ultradian movements of plant organs, when they occur, reflect successive responses to mechanical perturbation.
Spectral algorithms for learning and clustering

Roughly speaking, spectral algorithms are methods that rely on the principal components (typically singular values and singular vectors) of an input matrix (or graph). The spectrum of a matrix captures many interesting properties in surprising ways. Spectral methods are already used for unsupervised learning, image segmentation, to improve precision and recall in databases and broadly for information retrieval. The common component of these methods is the subspace of a small number of singular vectors of the data, by means of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We describe SVD from a geometric perspective and then focus on its central role in efficient algorithms for (a) the classical problem of "learning" a mixture of Gaussians in Rn and (b) clustering a set of objects from pairwise similarities.
Putting Fathers Back in the Picture: Parental Activities and Children's Adult Outcomes

SUMMARY Drawing on over a quarter of a century of Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, this paper examines links between childhood home environment (as reported by fathers during those childhood years) and children's outcomes in early adulthood. The emphasis is on the role of fathers and the unique contribution of their activities and characteristics to children's development, measured in terms of the children's completed schooling, wage rates, and nonmarital childbearing in early adulthood. The paper shows that fathers' abilities add substantial predictive power to models based on maternal characteristics. Fathers' church attendance and the precautionary actions of parents are also strong predictors of children's adult outcomes, although differentially so for sons and daughters.
End user development of digital collection mash-ups: A survey to assess the suitability of current infrastructure

Purpose – This paper aims to elucidate the value of opening up digital collections for end‐user development of mash‐ups and to evaluate the suitability of libraries' infrastructure for this purpose.Design/methodology/approach – The author surveyed ARL members' digital collection platforms to assess the terms of use statements and options for programmatic access.Findings – The findings show that 17 per cent of the institutions surveyed offer some means for mashing up digital collections, and that, while more than half the collections surveyed have some form of terms of use or rights statements, they were not written to support this type of use case.Research limitations/implications – Results of the research suggest that a mashable digital collection service is feasible for most libraries.Originality/value – This paper will be of interest to librarians who are considering providing application programming interface (API) access to their digital collections.
Annuity markets and benefit design in multi-pillar pension schemes : experience and lessons from four Latin American countries

A growing number of countries have introduced mandatory defined contribution schemes. As these schemes mature, their success will increasingly depend on how well they translate accumulated funds into a stream of retirement income. Successful reforms will rely on a well regulated, and competitive insurance sector. They will strike a balance between individual preferences, and public policy objectives, such as providing a reasonable amount of longevity insurance. This paper describes the benefit stage in four Latin American countries, and presents preliminary evidence on their emerging annuities markets. We find that these markets are less transparent than they should be, and that supervision is less strict than during the accumulation period. Annuities markets will grow dramatically in the coming decades as the reforms mature. Growth depends on policy variables, such as the use of recognition bonds, as well as initial conditions. The markets in Peru and Colombia, will be much smaller than those in Chile and Argentina, in both absolute, and relative terms. The immaturity of the schemes, and temporarily limited flow of new pensioners, should be viewed as a window of opportunity for improving supervision, increasing transparency, and educating workers.
EVALUATION OF THE SOUNDING ROD METHOD FOR SAMPLING COARSE RIVERBED SEDIMENTS IN NON-WADEABLE STREAMS AND RIVERS

The substrate of fluvial systems is regularly characterized as part of a larger physical habitat assessment. These measures are instrumental in meeting the regulatory responsibilities of bioassessment and monitoring programs, and essential to monitoring restoration and rehabilitation success. We describe and validate a commonly used technique for broadly categorizing, and thus characterizing, the substrate in non-wadeable streams and rivers called the sounding rod method. In brief, a rod, often hollow, is used to probe the substrate of non-wadeable systems to characterize the substrate. We tested the viability of this method on three different systems by comparing estimated particle class and direct particle measurements. Our results indicate that substrates can adequately be defined into six broad classes (fine-particle sediment, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder and bedrock) based on size using the sounding rod. Estimated classes were significantly positively correlated to measured classes (τ = 0.83, p < 0.001), and estimates of size class and direct measurements of size were not from significantly different distributions (χ2 0.05,9 = 569.51, p < 0.001). Further, there were significant differences between each category (H = 243.5, 3 d.f., p < 0.001). Although our results affirm that actual substrate class size can be directly inferred from estimated data, it should be noted that soft sediments <200 mm were not always detected. This finding should be carefully considered with individual study objective. Overall, the sounding rod method can be learned quickly, and it is a low-cost and time-efficient method for substrate classification. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Toward Scenario Adaptation for Learning

This paper presents a methodology for automatically customizing a scenario to suit a learner's abilities, needs, or goals. Training scenarios are often utilized to give learners hands-on experience with real-life problem solving tasks. The customization of scenarios has the potential to improve learning gains within these domains. We present initial steps toward an intelligent technology called a Scenario Adaptor that employs a partial order planning formalism to reason about learning objectives and causality, and we discuss how the Scenario Adaptor may add or delete learning objectives from a scenario.
Comparison of the effects of 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin and of Org 6582, a related chloroamphetamine analog, on brain serotonin metabolism in rats

Abstract Org 6582 and 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin can be viewed as p-chloroamphetamine analogs having rigid conformation. Because p-chloroamphetamine exerts multiple actions on brain serotonin neurons, we compared the effect of these rigid analogs on certain parameters of brain serotonin metabolism in rats to determine the extent of dissociation of these multiple actions. 6-Chloro-2-aminotetralin resembled p-chloroamphetamine in lowering brain levels of tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in rat brain, though its effects were less than those of p-chloroam-phetamine and were short-lasting in contrast to the permanent neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine. Org 6582 did not lower tryptophan hydroxylase or serotonin levels in rat brain; its lowering of 5-HIAA levels can be attributed to its inhibition of serotonin re-uptake. In vitro, Org 6582 was a slightly stronger inhibitor of serotonin uptake than was 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin but a distinctly weaker inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Inhibition of uptake into serotonin neurons in vivo was evaluated by measuring the ability of 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin and of Org 6582 to antagonize the neurotoxic effects (lowering of serotonin levels or lowering of serotonin uptake) produced by p-chloroamphetamine. In these experiments, Org 6582 but not 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin was a potent inhibitor of uptake into serotonin neurons in vivo, in agreement with the findings of Goodlet et al. [I. Goodlet, S. E. Mireylees and M. F. Sugrue, Br.J. Pharmac.56, 367P (1976)] and of Sugrue et al. [M. F. Sugrue, I. Goodlet and S. E. Mireylees, Eur.J. Pharmac.40, 121 (1976)] on Org 6582.
Non-P450 aldehyde oxidizing enzymes: the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily.

Background: Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules. While several non-P450 enzyme systems participate in their metabolism, one of the most important is the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily, composed of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes that catalyze aldehyde oxidation. Objective: This article presents a review of what is currently known about each member of the human ALDH superfamily including the pathophysiological significance of these enzymes. Methods: Relevant literature involving all members of the human ALDH family was extensively reviewed, with the primary focus on recent and novel findings. Conclusion: To date, 19 ALDH genes have been identified in the human genome and mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, type II hyperprolinemia, γ-hydroxybutyric aciduria and pyridoxine-dependent seizures. ALDH enzymes also play important roles in embryogenesis and development, neurotransmissi...
Wound Care Nursing: Professional Issues and Opportunities

As the field of wound care advances and seeks validity as a distinctive healthcare specialty, it becomes imperative to define practice competencies for all related professionals in the arena. As such, the myriad nurses practicing wound care in settings across the continuum should be understood for their unique contribution to the wound care team. Furthermore, the hierarchy of wound care nursing with varying levels of licensure, certification, and scope of practice can be clarified to delineate leadership and reimbursement issues to meet current health care challenges. A review of the role of nursing in wound care from a historical and evolutionary perspective helps to characterize the trend towards advanced practice nursing in the wound care specialty.
Management of pests on wheat and other cereal crops with an IPM program

(1994). Management of pests on wheat and other cereal crops with an IPM program. Food Reviews International: Vol. 10, Integrated Pest Management, pp. 159-175.
Surgeon Volume and Elective Resection for Colon Cancer: An Analysis of Outcomes and Use of Laparoscopy

BACKGROUND: Surgeon volume may be an important predictor of quality and cost outcomes. We evaluated the association between surgeon volume and quality and cost of surgical care in patients with colon cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Weperformedaretrospectivestudyofpatientswhounderwentresectionforcoloncancer,using data from the University HealthSystem Consortium from 2008 to 2011. Outcomes evaluated included use of laparoscopy, ICU admission, postoperative complications, length of stay, and total direct hospital costs by surgeon volume. Surgeon volume was categorized according to high (HVS), medium (MVS), and low (LVS) average annual volumes. RESULTS: Atotalof17,749patientswereincludedinthisstudy.Theaverageageofthecohortwas65yearsand 51%ofpatientswerefemale.Afteradjustmentforpotentialconfounders,comparedwithLVS,HVS and MVS were more likely to use laparoscopy (HVS, odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% CI 1.15, 1.39; MVS,OR1.1695%CI1.65,1.26).Postoperativecomplicationsweresignificantlylowerinpatients operated on by HVS than LVS (OR 0.77 95% CI 0.76, 0.91). The HVS patients were less likely to require reoperation than those in the LVS group (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.53, 0.92) Total direct costs were $927 (95% CI -$1,567 to -$287) lower in the HVS group compared with the LVS group. CONCLUSIONS: Higher quality, lower cost care was achieved by HVS in patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer. An assessment of differences in processes of care by surgeon volume may help further define the mechanism for this observed association. (J Am Coll Surg 2014;218:1223e1230. � 2014 by the American College of Surgeons)
Artists versus Nonartists: Rorschach Determinants and Artistic Creativity

Summary A clear differentiation between artists and nonartists was found in both formal quantitative and informal qualitative analyses. The results of the present study lend statistical support to the discriminatory power of the Rorschach in identifying artistic creativity. Artists and nonartists were carefully matched as to sex, age, verbal intelligence and education. The Rorschach Group Method was utilized to compare the two groups on all formal scoring categories of both the Klopfer and Beck systems. In addition to formal scoring, possible discriminating aspects in the verbalization of responses were analyzed qualitatively.
Viscous shear stress reduction by a second layer of slippage liquid for contact recording

In this paper we theoretically study a new concept of reducing the shear stress at the slider/disk interface for contact recording design by a second layer of liquid sandwiched between the slider and the PFPE lubricant. Our results show that a very thin layer of liquid with a much lower viscosity than that of PFPE is able to reduce the shear stress by a few orders of magnitude. Slight slippage of the second liquid at the slider surface further reduces the shear stress by a few times.
Information sharing and security in dynamic coalitions

Today, information sharing is critical to almost every institution. There is no more critical need for information sharing than during an international crisis, when international coalitions dynamically form. In the event of a crisis, whether it is humanitarian relief, natural disaster, combat operations, or terrorist incidents, international coalitions have an immediate need for information. These coalitions are formed with international cooperation, where each participating country offers whatever resources it can muster to support the given crisis. These situations can occur suddenly, simultaneously, and without warning. Often times, participants are coalition partners in one crisis and adversaries in another, raising difficult security issues with respect to information sharing. Our specific interest is in the Dynamic Coalition Problem (DCP), with an emphasis on the information sharing and security risks when coalitions are formed in response to a crisis. This paper defines the DCP and explores its intricate, challenging, and complex information and resource sharing, and security issues, utilizing real-world situations, which are drawn from a military domain.
Is Europe an Optimum Currency Area? Evidence on the Magnitude and Asymmetry of Common and Country-Specific Shocks in 20 European Countries

This paper asks whether Europe is an optimum currency area. Economic theory suggests that a common currency is more likely to be beneficial if coun try-specific shocks are mild and symmetric, whereas in the presence of major asymmetric shocks, floating exchange rates are more likely to be stabilizing. Using annual data from the 1950-1990 period, real output fluctuations of 20 European countries (the 15 current members of the European Union, and 5 prospective members) are decomposed into common and country-specific shocks. The decomposition reveals that country-specific shocks in Europe (and the European Union) are both large and asymmetric. These results imply that a common European currency (despite its political attractiveness and poten tial credibility gains) will have very few stabilization benefits. (JEL Classified tion: E42, F36, F42)
The CDC7 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a phosphoprotein that contains protein kinase activity.

Abstract The CDC7 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be involved in the G1/S-phase transition and/or in the initiation of mitotic DNA synthesis. The CDC7 gene has two in-frame AUG codons as possible translation start sites, which would produce 58- and 56-kDa proteins, respectively. Both p58 and p56 derived from recombinant plasmids complement the temperature-sensitive growth defect of the cdc7-1 allele. To determine the biochemical function of the CDC7 protein, the CDC7 gene was cloned and polyclonal antibodies were produced against the CDC7 protein. CDC7 immune complexes prepared from yeast with these antibodies phosphorylate histone H1. Kinase activity is thermolabile in strains carrying the cdc7-1 temperature-sensitive mutant allele and is elevated greater than 10-fold in strains carrying plasmids overexpressing either p56 or p58, confirming that the kinase in the immunoprecipitates is the CDC7 gene product. In addition, we show that CDC7 is a phosphoprotein itself. Indirect immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionation show that the CDC7 protein is present at relatively high concentrations in the nucleus compared with the cytoplasm, suggesting that nuclear proteins may be substrates for the CDC7 protein.
Female Offenders in Child Sexual Abuse Cases: A National Picture

Female sexual offenders are significantly underrepresented in the literature. Largely due to a failure of our society to recognize women as offenders, we allow them to avoid detection, prosecution, and interventions like tracking, registration, or mandated treatment. This could be partially due to differences that exist in their offending behaviors, victim profiles, and personal characteristics that set them apart from male offenders, to whom our systems have become more attuned. This article features an examination of virtually every substantiated child sexual abuse case reported to child protective services in the United States for 2010. Findings detail observed differences between male and female offenders on multiple domains and affirm female sexual offenders to be distinctly different from their male counterparts.
A method for extracting the zero-field splitting tensor from EPR rotation data for S=1 paramagnetic centers

Abstract A calculational method is presented for extracting the D tensor and the g tensor from EPR rotation data and a powder spectrum for paramagnetic centers with S = 3 2 . The method uses resonant magnetic field plots which give the magnetic field values of the EPR transitions versus the orientation of the D tensor in the external magnetic field. These are calculated by an exact diagonalization of the spin Hamiltonian for anisotropic D tensors of various sizes relative to the electron Zeeman term. No initial knowledge of the principal axes directions is required.
Social phobia, avoidant personality disorder and atypical depression: co-occurrence and clinical implications.

Background. Increasing attention has been directed in recent years to the detection and treatment of psychiatric co-morbidity among depressed individuals. The overlap of social phobia (SP) and avoidant personality disorder (APD) has been well recognized and a relationship between these disorders and depression has been suggested.Methods. The pattern and clinical implications of co-morbidity of SP and APD with major depressive disorder (MDD), diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria, were studied among 243 out-patients presenting with depression.Results. Overall, 26·7% of adults in our sample with MDD met criteria for SP and 28·4% for APD. Almost two-thirds of depressed adults meeting criteria for social phobia or avoidant personality disorder met criteria for both (SP+APD). Depressed adults who met criteria for both SP+APD exhibited a significantly higher proportion of atypical depression (54·8%) compared with those with neither SP nor APD (31·1%). Among depressed patients, the co-occurrence of SP with APD was also associated with an earlier age of onset of MDD, a greater number of co-morbid Axis I diagnoses, and greater impairment of social adjustment and assertiveness.Conclusions. Results confirm the overlap of SP and APD in a depressed population and the high prevalence of these disorders in MDD. They suggest that depressed individuals with both SP and APD but not SP alone are at particularly high risk for atypical depression and for social dysfunction in excess of that caused by a current major depression.
Crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the catalytic subunit of the ATP-dependent arsenite pump encoded by the Escherichia coli plasmid R773.

The arsenical resistance (ars) operon of the Escherichia coli plasmid R773 encodes a system for the active extrusion from cells of the toxic oxyanions arsenite (AsIIIO_{2}^{-}) and antimonite (SbIIIO_{2}^{-}) via an ATP-driven pump. The arsA and arsB genes of the operon encode the catalytic subunit (ATPase) and the membrane subunit of the pump, respectively. The arsC gene codes for a reductase that converts arsenate (AsVO_{4}^{3-}) to arsenite, thus extending bacterial resistance to the pentavalent state of arsenic. Crystals diffracting beyond 2.0 A were obtained for the catalytic subunit of the pump (ArsA). These crystals belong to space group I222, with unit-cell parameters a ≃ 73, b ≃ 76, c ≃ 223 A. A single molecule of ArsA, composed of two homologous halves, occupies the asymmetric unit of the I222 crystals with a predicted solvent content of 46%. Self-rotation function analysis suggests, however, that ArsA adopts a molecular packing corresponding to point group 422. One possible explanation of this result is that the two homologous halves of ArsA are related by a twofold axis of local symmetry and that the two halves of a `pseudo'-tetramer are related by a crystallographic twofold axis.
INSULIN-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE LACTOPEROXIDASE-CATALYZED RADIOIODINATION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS OF THE TOAD BLADDER EPITHELIUM

Insulin-stimulated sodium transport in the toad urinary bladder consists of two components, a brief element of rapid onset that is independent of protein synthesis, and a sustained increase, slower in onset, that is dependent upon RNA and protein synthesis. The mucosal epithelium of the toad bladder was labeled bv lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination (125I) following 15 min and 3 h exposure to insulin. The membranes of “mitochondriarich” and “granular” mucosal cells from these tissues were analyzed by electrophoresis in SDS-urea. Compared to untreated tissues, membranes of “granular” mucosal cells from tissues exposed to insulin for 15 min contained a band (M =15,000) with significantly increased labeling. Bladders exposed to insulin for 3 h showed no consistent increase in labeling. These data suggest that there are differences in the conformation of apical membrane proteins during the two phases of hormone-induced sodium transport. The technique may also offer an opportunity to identify “effector” ...
Power scaling of Ti:Sapphire amplifiers: Design of a high average power Temto-Petawatt laser

A large-aperture high-average-power gas-cooled Ti:sapphire slab pumped by the Mercury laser is the final amplifier in a chirped pulse amplification chain capable of producing a compressed peak power >1 petawatt and peak intensity >1023 W/cm2.
Mass Action at the Single-Molecule Level

We developed a system to reversibly encapsulate small numbers of molecules in an array of nanofabricated "dimples". This system enables highly parallel, long-term, and attachment-free studies of molecular dynamics via single-molecule fluorescence. In studies of bimolecular reactions of small numbers of confined molecules, we see phenomena that, while expected from basic statistical mechanics, are not observed in bulk chemistry. Statistical fluctuations in the occupancy of sealed reaction chambers lead to steady-state fluctuations in reaction equilibria and rates. These phenomena are likely to be important whenever reactions happen in confined geometries.
Synthesis and characterization of silica‐graft‐polystyrene hybrid nanoparticles: Effect of constraint on the glass‐transition temperature of spherical polymer brushes

The effect of the chain constraint on the glass-transition temperature of polystyrene (pS) was studied in the context of polymer tethering to curved surfaces. The synthesis and characterization of silica-graft-polystyrene (SiO2-g-pS) hybrid nanoparticles is reported. Silica nanoparticles possessing covalently bound pS chains were prepared by the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene from functionalized colloidal surfaces. These hybrid nanoparticles serve as interesting examples of spherical polymer brushes, as a high density of grafted pS was achieved on the inorganic colloid. The confirmation of a brushlike extension of immobilized chains in a good solvent was obtained with dynamic light scattering in toluene of SiO2-g-pS colloids possessing various molar masses of tethered pS. The solid-state morphology of SiO2-g-pS ultrathin films was assessed with transmission electron microscopy, and this confirmed that the silica colloids were well-dispersed in a matrix of the tethered polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the effects of tethering and chain immobilization on the glass-transition temperature of pS. The measured glass-transition temperature of annealed bulk films of the hybrid nanoparticles was elevated with respect to the value for pure bulk pS. The enhancements ranged from 13 to 2 K for SiO2-g-pS brushes possessing tethered pS with number-average molecular weights of 5230 and 32,670 g/mol, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2667–2676, 2002
An attempt to explain the differences between the upper and lower halves of the striate cortical map of the cat's field of view

Cowey and Rolls have shown that the magnification factor with which the retina is imaged onto the striate cortex is proportional to visual acuity. Schwartz has used this to derive how visual peripheral acuity in the human varies with distance from the fovea, in good agreement with experiment. The same reasoning applied to the map of the lower half of the field of view as imaged onto the striate cortex of the cat indicates that the cat fixating a point up to about 100 cm in front of him sees the foreground portion of the horizontal surface on which he is standing approximately uniformly blurred.
Designing antimicrobial peptides with weighted finite-state transducers

The design of novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is an important problem given the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. However, the large size of the sequence search space, combined with the time required to experimentally test or simulate AMPs at the molecular level makes computational approaches based on sequence analysis attractive. We propose a method for designing novel AMPs based on learning from n-gram counts of classes of amino acid residues, and then using weighted finite-state machines to produce sequences that incorporate those features that are strongly associated with AMP sequences. Finite-state machines are able to generate sequences that include desired n-gram features. We use this approach to generate candidate novel AMPs, which we test using third-party prediction servers. We demonstrate that our framework is capable of producing large numbers of novel peptide sequences that share features with known antimicrobial peptides.
A Wealth and Status-Based Model of Residential Segregation

We extend the classic “Schelling model” (1971 1978) to incorporate the wealth and status of agents and the desirability and affordability of residences. We analyze the effects of 1) the degree of the status-wealth correlation, and 2) the extent to which the wealth of residents shapes the affordability of residences, on levels of status and wealth segregation. Both factors generally exert a positive effect on both forms of segregation and interact to produce higher levels of segregation. The greater the correlation between status and wealth, the more the agents tend to segregate, either due to choice (for the wealthy and high status) or exclusion (for the poor and low status). We also find that housing price endogeneity is a precondition for status segregation.
A sensitive competency assay for concanavalin A binding.

Abstract A standardized assay method has been developed for assessing the binding capacity of derivitized concanavalin A (con A). The method takes advantage of the fact that concanavalin A binds to Sephadex G-75 in an α-methyl- d -mannopyranoside-inhibitable manner. Using this binding assay we have found that α-methyl- d -mannopyranoside inhibition of [125I]concanavalin A to Sephadex is greater than 95%. In addition, this sugar is able to remove more than 99% of [125I]concanavalin A previously bound to Sephadex. Competition studies will allow the use of this procedure to characterize any con A sample under the exact conditions used for cell-binding studies.
Lung function in children following empyema.

• Spirometry was performed and response to exercise was measured in 15 children following recovery from empyema to evaluate the impact of pleural infection on subsequent lung function. Seven children underwent chest tube drainage; eight did not. The two groups were similar in age (mean±SD, 6±5 years), sex distribution, bacterial pathogen—producing empyema, and age at follow-up evaluation (12±5 years). Only one child reported recurrent respiratory symptoms. No child had restrictive spirometric changes (total lung capacity, 80%; vital capacity, 80% predicted) but seven of 15 had a reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( ( AJDC . 1990;144:1337-1342)
A redescription of two species of Ilyarachna (Asellota: Janiroidea) from off California (Crustacea: Isopoda)

Two species of the deep-sea asellote genus Ilyarachna have been described from off California, I. acarina and I. profunda. This paper expands the original descriptions based on a re-examination of the types and new material. Both species are re-illustrated.
The Identity and Function of Ugaritic Shaʿtiqatu: A Divinely Made Apotropaic Figure

This study explores the identity and function of the mostly unnoticed figure of Shaʿtiqatu, a creature who plays a pivotal role in the story of the Ugaritic King Kirta. The exploration of this under appreciated figure is situated in the context of Ugaritic apotropea and within the better documented Mesopotamian cultural backdrop. A counterpart article provides the philological and epigraphic analysis to the Shaʿtiqatu Narrative found in ktu 1.16.5.10–1.16.6.14.1
Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Fuel and Emission Reduction

Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) is an active research area. Much of the past research focused on one aspect of hybrid vehicle performance–fuel economy. While fuel economy is important for HEVs, reduction of emissions is another major performance of interest, due to ever-tightening emission regulations. Minimization of fuel consumption may have a trickle-down effect but does not guarantee reduced emissions. In fact, over-zealous pursuit of fuel consumption reduction may compromise emission. This paper investigates the emissions formation mechanism, develops an emission model that predicts tail-pipe emissions, and formulates a supervisory control problem of emissions reduction. The Dynamic Programming (DP) technique is employed to solve the optimal control problem of parallel HEVs for both emission reduction and fuel economy. The DP solution of the optimal control problem shows that tail-pipe emissions could be significantly reduced with negligible loss of fuel economy.Copyright © 2008 by ASME and General Motors
Collective troubles: Transforming neoliberalism through interactions with nonhumans

Abstract During ethnographic fieldwork conducted at a National Wildlife Refuge in the United States I observed numerous instances in which staff members were adjusting to neoliberal policies and the actions of nonhumans as they went about trying to manipulate the Refuge environment. In addition to illustrating the impacts of neoliberal policies for (non)human beings at the Refuge, in this discussion I develop the concept of collective troubles to highlight how interactions with inorganic materials, plants, and animals complicated and transformed the everyday practices of staff—including how they experienced and implemented a neoliberal shutdown and budget cut. Drawing from scholars that have focused on how nonhumans affect political-economic processes more generally, I make an important contribution to the neoliberalisation of nature literature by illustrating how nonhumans have the capacity to continually affect the manner in which such policies are experienced and implemented in addition to and in accordance with the historical, political, cultural, and institutional specificities of place. Beyond illustrating the empirical and analytic implications of these findings, I contribute to the important process of overcoming the humanist focus in political-ecology and related disciplines.
Technology investment, bargaining, and international environmental agreements

If countries are to engage in international environmental cooperation, they must bargain over the distribution of gains. When future bargaining over pollution abatement is expected, how should a country decide on public technology investments to reduce the domestic cost of pollution abatement? I find that while countries tend to underinvest because they fail to internalize the global benefits of new technology, the magnitude of the problem depends on a country’s bargaining power. Powerful countries underinvest less frequently, because they expect to reap most of the global benefits from new technology in the international negotiations. I also investigate the effectiveness of a simple reciprocal technology agreement. I find that it can help solve the underinvestment problem, and this beneficial effect is particularly pronounced in the case of powerful countries. These findings imply that changing the bargaining protocol on climate change to the benefit of powerful countries may help secure the necessary technology investments.
Cup products and group extensions

Let G be a finitely generated group and let R be a commutative ring, regarded as a G -module with G acting trivially. We shall determine when the cup product of two elements of H 1 (G, R) is zero. Our method will use the interpretation of H 2 (G, R) as extensions of G by R . This will give an alternative demonstration of results of Hillman and Wurfel.
Ritualistic Formulae In Greek Dramatic Texts

Ritualistic formulae and acts pervade the political, legal, societal and religious life of the ancient world. In many instances there are striking similarities between the formulae of the Greco-Roman world and those of the Near East. Often illumination exists from one to the other. Here I wish to notice a few passages in Greek drama where I think such illumination is possible.
On the cutting edge: post-translational modifications in cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis represents the final stage in the cell cycle, in which two daughter cells, each with their complement of the duplicated genome, physically separate. At the core of this process sits highly conserved machinery responsible for specifying the plane of division, building a contractile apparatus and ultimately cleaving cells in two. Although the ‘parts list' of contributing proteins has been well described, mechanisms by which these parts are spatially and temporally regulated are only beginning to be understood. With advancements in biochemical and proteomic analyses, recent work has uncovered multiple new roles for post-translational modifications in the regulation of cytokinesis. Here, we review these latest findings and interpret our current understanding of cytokinesis in light of relevant modifications.
Dual-Pump Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for Simultaneous Pressure/Temperature Measurement

A new dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature is discussed. For these measurements the wavelengths of the two pump lasers and the Stokes laser are selected so that the vibrational and pure rotational spectra of nitrogen are simultaneously acquired. Because collisional narrowing is an important effect for the vibrational spectrum but not for the isolated pure rotational lines, the relative intensities of the vibrational and pure rotational spectra change markedly as the pressure changes. Consequently, pressure as well as temperature can be determined from the spectral shape of the dual-pump CARS spectrum. The pressure measurement capability of the technique was demonstrated in a roomtemperature gas cell at pressures ranging from 0.1 to 20 atm. The pressures determined from averaged dual-pump CARS spectra are in good agreement with pressure transducer measurements over this entire pressure range, with an average absolute error of less than 8%. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurements were also performed along the centerline of an underexpanded jet. Results agreed well with theoretical predictions. Single-laser-shot pressure and temperature measurements are discussed.
When Race and Gender Collide: Social and Cultural Capital's Influence on the Academic Achievement of African American and Latino Males

This study regressed undergraduate grades on background traits, pre-college variables, and measures of sociocultural capital for nationally representative samples of African American and Latino male undergraduates using data from the NCES’s National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88/00). Results suggest that African American and Latino males differ significantly on measures of social and cultural capital, thereby challenging normative assumptions that all racial/ethnic minorities are equal. Additionally, achievement prior to college matters most for Latino males while African American males reap significant benefits from their socioeconomic standing and involvement during college. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are highlighted.
Validation of the H2S method to detect bacteria of fecal origin by cultured and molecular methods.

Using biochemical and molecular methods, this research determined whether or not the H2S test did correctly identify sewage-contaminated waters by being the first to use culturing and molecular methods to identify the types and numbers of fecal indicator organisms, pathogens, and other microbes present in sewage samples with positive H2S test results. For the culture-based method, samples were analyzed for the presence of fecal bacteria by spread plating the sewage sample onto differential and selective media for Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli, sulfite-reducing clostridia, H2S-producing bacteria, and Salmonella/Shigella spp. The isolates were then: (1) tested to determine whether they were H2S-producing organisms and (2) identified to the genus and species level using biochemical methods. The molecular method used to characterize the microbial populations of select samples was terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. These experiments on sewage provided evidence that positive H2S tests consistently contained fecal bacteria and pathogens. There were strong relationships of agreement between the organisms identified by both methods tested. This study is an important advance in microbial water quality detection since it is focused on the evaluation of a novel, low-cost, water microbiology test that has the potential to provide millions of people worldwide access to water quality detection technology. Of prime consideration in evaluating water quality tests is the determination of the test’s accuracy and specificity, and this article is a fundamental step in providing that information.
Localization and structural analysis of the ribosomal RNA operons of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Abstract We have identified, cloned and sequenced the three ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons (rrn) present in the facultative photoheterotroph Rhodobacter sphaeroides. DNA sequence analysis has identified the 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNAs, two tRNAs (ile and ala) in the spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNAs, and an f-met tRNA immediately following the 5S rRNA gene of all three operons. Physical mapping, genetic analysis, and Southern hybridization data indicate that rrnA is contained on a large chromosome and rrnB and rrnC are contained on a second smaller chromosome. These findings are discussed in relation to the origins of diploidy.
Tracking cell proliferation using the far red fluorescent dye SNARF-1.

Background: The [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and staining of living cells with fluorescent dyes like carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) have evolved as valuable methods for studying T cell responses. To assess proliferation of cells already labeled by FITC, CFSE, GFP, or other “green” molecules or to simultaneously track two otherwise indistinguishable cell populations in mixed cell cultures, it would be desirable to have a dye with distinct fluorescent properties for this application. Methods: We analyzed the dilution of the far red fluorescent dye SNARF-1 in proliferating cells by flow cytometric analysis. The results were compared with the CFSE dilution technique as well as the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Results: Staining of primary human lymphocytes revealed that SNARF-1 labeling was equivalent to CFSE for estimating proportions of proliferating cells in stimulated cell cultures and yielded results comparable to [3H]thymidine incorporation. We showed that SNARF-1 offers the possibility to simultaneously analyze the proliferation of phenotypically indistinguishable subsets of hematopoietic cells and can also be used to track uniformly proliferating, non hematopoietic cells like HEK293. Conclusions: In summary, we have demonstrated that labeling of cells with SNARF-1 allows for estimating cell proliferation of cells of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Silicon and zinc telluride nanoparticles synthesized by low energy density pulsed laser ablation into ambient gases

The size distributions of Si and ZnTe nanoparticles produced by low energy density ArF (193 nm) pulsed laser ablation into ambient gases were measured as a function of the gas pressure, {ital P}, and target-substrate separation, D{sub ts}. For both Si and ZnTe, the largest nanoparticles were found closest to the ablation target, and the mean nanoparticle size {ital decreased} with increasing D{sub ts}. For Si ablation into He, the mean nanoparticle diameter did not increase monotonically with gas pressure but reached a maximum near Pthinsp=thinsp6 Torr. High resolution Z-contrast transmission electron microscopy and energy loss spectroscopy revealed that ZnTe nanoparticles consist of a crystalline core surrounded by an amorphous ZnO shell; growth defects and surface steps are clearly visible in the crystalline core. A pronounced narrowing of the ZnTe nanocrystal size distribution with increasing D{sub ts} also was found. The results demonstrate that the size of laser-ablated nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the molecular weight and pressure of an ambient gas and that nanometer-scale particles can be synthesized. Larger aggregates of both ZnTe and Si having a {open_quotes}flakelike{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}weblike{close_quotes} structure were formed at the higher ambient gas pressures; for ZnTe these appear to be open agglomerates ofmore » much smaller ({approximately}10 nm) particles. {copyright} {ital 1999 Materials Research Society.}« less
Statistical Properties of Wave-Current Force

It is known that when a wave encounters a current, its characteristics change; if the current is in the direction of wave propagation, the wave amplitude decreases and its length increases; but if the current opposes the wave, the wave steepens and shortens. These changes are due to the interactions between current and wave. In this paper, the influence of current and wave-current interactions on the statistical properties of fluid force on an element of a cylinder in a random fluid field is studied analytically. The quantities investigated are the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and probability function of the fluid force with and without wave-current interactions considered. Results are computed numerically and presented graphically. It is shown that the presence of even a moderate current can affect both the probability measures and probability structure of fluid force to an appreciable extent and causes fluid force to deviate further from Gaussian, especially in adverse current and when wave-current interactions are considered.
Analysis of fatty acid mixtures: comparison of two "absolute" methods of determination.

Abstract We have applied a method using an internal standard to the determination of absolute quantities of fatty acids; these quantities are more fundamental than the relative or percentage values usually obtainable by gas-liquid chromatography. The use of weight units allows direct comparison of different samples, and removes the dependence of individual values on the values of all the other components produced by the use of percentages. Use of the internal standard gives data comparable with those of older methods, but is applicable to much smaller samples. In addition to its speed and convenience it corrects automatically for small errors in manipulation during preparation of the samples for analysis; in particular, this method automatically corrects for the unknown losses which occur during injection of a sample into the gas-liquid chromatography apparatus. The internal standard method is particularly useful for samples which are too small for independent measurement of the weight of total fatty acid.