cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polycrystalline Silicon Availability for Photovoltaic and Semiconductor Industries

Markets, applications, and production techniques for Siemens process-produced polycrystalline silicon are surveyed. It is noted that as of 1982 a total of six Si materials suppliers were servicing a worldwide total of over 1000 manufacturers of Si-based devices. Besides solar cells, the Si wafers are employed for thyristors, rectifiers, bipolar power transistors, and discrete components for control systems. An estimated 3890 metric tons of semiconductor-grade polycrystalline Si will be used in 1982, and 6200 metric tons by 1985. Although the amount is expected to nearly triple between 1982-89, research is being carried out on the formation of thin films and ribbons for solar cells, thereby eliminating the waste produced in slicing Czolchralski-grown crystals. The free-world Si production in 1982 is estimated to be 3050 metric tons. Various new technologies for the formation of polycrystalline Si at lower costs and with less waste are considered. New entries into the industrial Si formation field are projected to produce a 2000 metric ton excess by 1988.
Are there local room effects on hepatic tumors in male mice? an examination of the NTP eugenol study

The NTP mouse bioassay on eugenol shows an increase in proliferative hepatic tumors, primarily carcinoma, in the low-dose males, but not the high dose. Examination of the data indicates that the increase in hepatic tumors is concentrated in the first 5 of the 10 contiguous cages on this low dose. Since cages were located systematically, the increase in tumors at the low dose appears to be due to some local room effect and not eugenol treatment.
Spanish experience with German psychology prior to World War I

An increase in interest for German scientific psychology followed the rise of liberalism in late nineteenth-century Spain. This paper deals with Spanish scholars' endeavors to participate in German psychology: It outlines the intellectual and institutional background of Spanish preoccupation with German philosophy and psychology, and deals with the personal experience and testimony of two Spanish philosophers, Eloy Luis Andre and Juan Vicente Viqueira Lopez, who traveled to Leipzig, Berlin, and Gottingen between 1909 and 1914 to gain firsthand experience in the nascent science of psychology in Germany at that time.
Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends

Cultural heritage is one of the most important and ubiquitous tourism resources in the world, and heritage tourism is one of the most salient forms of tourism today. Many places look to the built environment or other forms of heritage for their socio-economic development through tourism. The development implications of heritage tourism are well established in the research literature. This paper describes the role of cultural heritage in social and economic development and examines several emerging trends in the field of heritage tourism that have salient bearings on destination development. These include the heritage tourism market, heritagization of the everyday past, the value of authenticity, branding heritage places, the spread of cultural routes, intersections between heritage and other forms of tourism, and the heritagization of non-traditional heritage spaces.
Controlling stimulated coherent spectroscopy and microscopy by a position-dependent phase.

We study the role of geometry-dependent phase shifts of the optical electric field in stimulated coherent spectroscopy, a special class of heterodyne optical spectroscopy techniques. We generalize the theoretical description of stimulated spectroscopy to include spatial phase effects, and study the measured material response for several representative excitation and detection configurations. Using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy as an example, we show that different components of the material response are measured by varying the position of the object in focus. We discuss the implications of the position-dependent phase in stimulated coherent microscopy and point out a detection configuration in which its effects are minimized.
Resist DoS attacks in UMTS-WLAN

Wireless network is more vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks than wired one. In this paper we propose two methods to resist DoS attacks in UMTS-WLAN network, one is active and the other is passive. These two are complementary to each other. In active DoS defense method, a mobile terminal generates an authorized anonymous ID (AAI) using its true ID such as IP address, MAC address, PIN code, or asymmetric key, and substitutes its true ID with the authorized anonymous ID. The mobile terminal may be authenticated by the UMTS-WLAN, however its true ID is anonymous to intending attackers. This method can be used to isolate de-authenticating/disassociating DoS attackers, spoofing power-save DoS attacker, etc. In passive DoS defense method, we propose a trace back scheme. We use covert channels in the header of mobile IP packets to trace back the malicious nodes by embedding some address information of intermediate nodes, and recovering the embedded information by the victim. After the victim successfully traces the attacking paths from malicious nodes, it can segregate the malicious nodes and protect itself. This method can be used to resist DoS attacks of mass-produced junk message congestions.
A Study on Using Rubrics and Citation Analysis to Measure the Quality of Doctoral Dissertation Reference Lists from Traditional and Nontraditional Institutions

ABSTRACT This study used citation analysis in conjunction with a subjective rubric with five criteria deemed valid by a majority of committee chairs at the writers' institution to assess the quality of 144 dissertation reference lists from a non-traditional program. Criteria included the breadth of resources; the depth of the literature review as shown through the citing of critical historical and theoretical works; depth as demonstrated through the scholarliness of citations chosen; currency; and relevancy. The results were then compared with citations from 59 dissertation reference lists purposively selected from a list of 10 traditional institutions. This social-constructive theory-based approach ascertained that there was no statistically significant difference between traditional or non-traditional scores for any criteria except breadth of resources which measures the number and variety of citation sources. In contrast, the constructivist theoretical approach establishes statistically significant dif...
GABAergic synapses in the goldfish retina: an autoradiographic study of 3H-muscimol and 3H-GABA binding.

The localization of synaptic receptor sites for gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in the goldfish retina was studied by light microscopic (LM) and electron microscopic autoradiography (EM-ARG) of 3H-muscimol and 3H-GABA binding. Sodium-independent binding of both 3H-muscimol and 3H-GABA was localized to a uniform band throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) by LM-ARG of cryostat sections incubated in these compounds. No binding was observed over the outer plexiform layer. This binding pattern differs from the uptake pattern of 3H-GABA in the IPL, which shows very heavy labeling in the most proximal IPL and little labeling throughout the rest of the IPL. Statistical analysis of EM-ARGs of 3H-muscimol labeling in the IPL suggests that only amacrine synapses bind 3H-muscimol (i.e., make GABAergic synapses). Labeled amacrine-to-amacrine synapses are mostly concentrated in the 20-80% levels of the IPL, whereas amacrine-to-bipolar synapses are concentrated at about the 70-90% depth. Maximal 3H-GABA uptake, however, occurs at the 90-100% depth. This difference in the location of GABAergic synaptic binding and GABAergic uptake leads to the conclusion that the density of uptake label provides little information about the density of synaptic contacts. Thus, in order to localize GABAergic interactions, synaptic binding rather than neuronal uptake appears to provide the more appropriate description.
Integrated and optical device applications and novel processing for polymers

We describe some two and three dimensional nanophotonic Structures formed by soft lithography and illustrate their use in microfluidics, sensing and other areas.
An Appraisal of Barrier Agents in the Reduction of Adhesion Formation Following Surgery

ABSTRACT Reduction of pelvic adhesion formation and reformation represents a major challenge for the reproductive pelvic surgeon. Recently developed barrier methods appear promising, offering the a...
Paper electrophoretic analysis of b12 binding in human gastric juice

Abstract Gaussian curve analysis of [ 60 Co] B12 binders within the paper electrophoretic partition of 13 acid- and pepsin-containing gastric juices from normal subjects and patients with gastric hypersecretion revealed the presence of two main B12-binding areas on the anodic side of the electropherogram. The more centrally located binder was designated the “primary” and the more negatively charged one “secondary” B12 binder. No correlation was found between the B12-binding capacity of the “primary” or “secondary” binders and the total concentration of proteins or carbohydrates in the electrophoretically resolved area underlying the binding. In anacid gastric juices of 24 patients with pernicious anemia or histamine-fast anacidity without pernicious anemia, the “primary” binder was either low or absent, and the “secondary” binder was always absent. However, another B12-binding area, close to the “secondary” binder, and of intermediate mobility was present here, which is designated here as the “tertiary intermediate binder”.
Axisymmetric vibrations of finite heterogeneous cylindrical shells

Abstract The frequency spectrum for axisymmetric motion of thin layered cylindrical shells of finite length is studied, both numerically and analytically. In the neighborhood of the axisymmetric radial frequency, the influence of mode coupling due to traction-free ends, and the effects of large deviations from material and geometric symmetry in layer arrangement about the mid surface of the shell wall, are determined. Approximate analytical solutions are found for certain discrete frequencies at which the governing transcendental characteristic equation becomes either degenerate or is considerably simplified.
Comparison of femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca block for analgesia following reconstructive knee surgery in adolescents

Abstract Study Objective To compare the femoral nerve block with the fascia iliaca block for postoperative analgesia in adolescents undergoing reconstructive knee surgery. Design Randomized, single-blinded study. Setting Full-service pediatric medical center. Patients 23 ASA physical status I and II patients, aged 8 to 16 years, undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. Interventions Patients received either fascia iliaca or femoral nerve block prior to reconstructive surgery. Measurements Pain scores by visual analog scale (VAS; 0-10) and morphine use were routinely recorded through to discharge from the hospital. Pain scores were assessed on days 1 and 2 at home post-discharge. Main results There was no difference between the femoral nerve block and the fascia iliaca nerve block in VAS pain scores or postoperative morphine consumption. Conclusion Either the femoral nerve block or the fascia iliaca block, followed by patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, provides efficacious analgesia for adolescents undergoing ACL reconstruction.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Kobalt(II)‐Fluoridhydrate und Kobalt(II)‐Hydroxidfluoride

The existence of the title compds. was shown by x-ray examns., and by chem. analyses. Co2+ hydroxyfluoride (I) is of the type of [Zn(OH)F]. I exists also in another form with a rutile structure. The existence of CoF2.2H2O is probable. 17 references.
High-Performance Focal Plane Array Based on InAs–GaSb Superlattices With a 10- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ Cutoff Wavelength

We report on the demonstration of a focal plane array based on Type-II InAs-GaSb superlattices grown on n-type GaSb substrate with a 50% cutoff wavelength at 10 mum. The surface leakage occurring after flip-chip bonding and underfill in the Type-II devices was suppressed using a double heterostructure design. The R0A of diodes passivated with SiO2 was 23 Omegamiddotcm2 after underfill. A focal plane array hybridized to an Indigo readout integrated circuit demonstrated a noise equivalent temperature difference of 33 mK at 81 K, with an integration time of 0.23 ms.
The Art Of Probability

Probability * Introduction * Models in General * The Frequency Approach Rejected * The Single Event Model * Symmetry as the Measure of Probability * Independence * Subsets of a Sample Space * Conditional Probability * Randomness * Critique of the Model Some Mathematical Tools * Permutations * Combinations * The Binomial DistributionBernoulli Trials * Random Variables, Mean and the Expected Value * The Variance * The Generating Function * The Weak Law of Large Numbers * The Statistical Assignment of Probability * The Representation of Information Methods for Solving Problems * The Five Methods * The Total Sample Space and Fair Games * Enumeration * Historical Approach * Recursive Approach * Recursive Approach * The Method of Random Variables * Critique of the Notion of a Fair Game * Bernoulli Evaluation * Robustness * InclusionExclusion Principle Countably Infinite Sample Spaces * Introduction * Bernoulli Trials * On the Strategy to be Adopted * State Diagrams * Generating Functions of State Diagrams * Expanding a Rational Generating Function * Checking the Solution * Paradoxes Continuous Sample Spaces * A Philosophy of the Real Number System * Some First Examples * Some Paradoxes * The Normal Distribution * The Distribution of Numbers * Convergence to the Reciprocal Distribution * Random Times * Dead Times * Poisson Distribution in Time * Queing Theorem * Birth and Death Systems * Summary Uniform Probability Assignments Maximum Entropy * What is Entropy? * Shannons Entropy * Some Mathematical Properties of the Entropy Function * Some Simple Applications * The Maximum Entropy Principle Models of Probability * General Remarks * Maximum Likelihood in a Binary Choice * Von Mises Probability * The Mathematical Approach * The Statistical Approach * When The Mean Does Not Exist * Probability as an Extension of Logic * Di Finetti * Subjective Probability * Fuzzy Probability * Probability in Science * Complex Probability Some Limit Theorems * The Biomial Approximation for the case p=1/2 * Approximation by the Normal Distribution * Another Derivation of the Normal Distribution * Random Times * The Zipf Distribution * Summary An Essay on Simulation
Intra-Group Communication and Leader Choice

(1956). Intra-Group Communication and Leader Choice. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 133-138.
An improved model for loudness coding during auditory adaptation

A comparison of loudness adaptation measured at four baseline intensities and at test values 10 and 20 dB above the baseline intensities revealed an orderly decline. The magnitude of the decline in loudness adaptation with the increasing difference between the test values and the baseline was shown to agree with earlier theories. A method for closely estimating the change in loudness adaptation is presented in convenient graphic form and in algebraic equations.ResumeNous avons, pour quatre intensites de base, compare les valeurs d'adaptation de la sonie pour des intensites de test: 1) egales a l'intensite de base; 2) superieures de 10 dB a l'intensite de base et 3) superieures de 20 dB a l'intensite de base. Nous avons observe une diminution reguliere de la valeur de l'adaptation avec l'augmentation de l'ecart entre les intensites de test et les intensites de base, en accord avec les theories emises par Hood [1950], Small [1963] et Stevens [1956]. Nous presentons une methode sous forme graphique et algebr...
Neonatal Appendectomy Impairs Mucosal Immunity in Rabbits

We compared the effects of neonatal appendectomy in rabbits on total Ig and antigen (Ag)-specific Ig levels in the serum and gut, and on plasma cell numbers in the small intestine in response to intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intraduodenal (i.d.) immunizations with ovalbumin (OVA). Animals were sacrificed after 9 weeks. Antibodies (Abs) in the duodenum were collected and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while plasma cells were quantified by double immunofluorescent staining. Appendectomy markedly reduced total intestinal IgA (P < 0.0006), IgM (P < 0.003), and IgG (P < 0.05) relative to controls, whereas total serum Ig levels were not lowered significantly. Moreover, appendectomy nearly ablated OVA-specific IgA (P < 0.007) in the gut and severely depleted OVA-specific IgG in the gut (P < 0.03) and serum (P < 0.007). The sharp decreases in total IgA and anti-OVA IgA were paralleled by decreases in total IgA+ plasma cells (P < 0.0005) and OVA-reactive IgA+ plasma cells (P < 0.05). These results support a major role of the rabbit appendix in seeding the intestinal lamina propria with plasma cell precursors, especially those producing IgA.
Use of incomplete decomposition of the coefficient matrix in solving linear equations

Matrix incomplete decompositions are widely and successfully used in iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations. We have found that one can also solve systems of linear equations directly by using an incomplete LU decomposition of the coefficient matrix. In some special cases, the proposed method not only leads to great savings in storage space but also improves the computational efficiency; for example, when solving large systems of linear equations with banded shifted coefficient matrices. Some interesting tested subroutines are also given.
Morphological study of the innervation pattern of the rabbit sinoatrial node.

The pattern of sinoatrial (SA) node innervations in rabbit was elucidated using a newly developed highly reproducible cholinesterase/silver impregnation staining procedure which made it possible to delineate large nerves, fine processes, and ganglion cells. The SA node and dominant pacemaker sites were identified by microelectrode recording. A generalized pattern of innnervation was recognized, which includes a large ganglionic complex inferior to the SA node; two or more moderately large nerves traversing the SA node parallel to the crista terminalis; nerves entering the intercaval region from the septum, the superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava to impinge on the SA node; and a fine network of nerve processes, which was particularly dense in the SA node. From the location and distribution of the nerves and ganglionic branches, it can be inferred that the neural network in the intercaval region is capable of performing complex modulatory and integrative functions among the structures within this region.
Land degradation and sustainability of agricultural growth: some economic concepts and evidence from selected developing countries

Abstract In many developing countries, a large proportion of the population resides and works in rural areas. Agriculture is the dominant sector in rural areas and has the greatest concentration of poverty: landless workers, small tenant farmers, and small farm owners. Thus, any development strategy that is directed towards increasing employment and alleviating a country's hunger must concentrate on sustainable agricultural growth. Historically, economic development, in most countries, has been based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly land resources — in large part because these resources have been undervalued by private markets and political systems. Soil erosion and land degradation have been serious worldwide. Due to reasons such as high population pressure on land, and limited fossil energy supplies, land degradation is more serious in the developing world. Empirical studies show that soil erosion and degradation of agricultural land not only decrease land productivity but that they can also result in major downstream or off-site damage (e.g. reduction of hydroelectric production) which may be several times that of on-site damage. An earlier analysis identified the factors that determine the agricultural production growth rate in 28 developing countries. This study involved statistical estimation of an aggregate agricultural growth function based on cross-country data. The overall results showed that price distortions in the economy and land degradation had statistically significant negative impacts while the change in arable and permanent land was positively related to the growth of agricultural production and food production in 28 developing countries from 1971 to 1980. These results emphasize the importance of ‘getting prices right’ and implementation of sustainable land and water management practices if future growth in food and agricultural output is to be realized and sustained in developing countries.
Appreciation and Criticism of Reichenbach’s Meta-Ethics: Achilles’ Heel of the System?

Non-cognitivism in ethics is strictly entailed by Reichenbach’s epistemology. Having settled for a functional conception of knowledge, with prediction as the one and only function or purpose of knowledge, Reichenbach was committed to ethical non-cognitivism, i.e. to the view that there is no normative or prescriptive knowledge, that there are no moral truths, that moral judgements are neither true nor false.
Three-Mask Fabrication and Optimized Design of First-Level Free-Standing Interconnect for Microelectronics Application

Advances in compliant off-chip interconnects have achieved great strides. G-Helix, an electroplated compliant chip-to-substrate interconnect has the potential for accomplishing low-cost, easy-to-fabricate, wafer-level packaging. In this work, the design, fabrication, optimization and reliability of the G-Helix compliant off-chip interconnects have been studied. A three-mask process was used to successfully fabricate the free-standing G-Helix compliant interconnect. The mechanical compliance and the electrical parasitics were studied through numerical and analytical models. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to maximize the mechanical compliance and minimize the electrical parasitics as well as the stresses induced in the interconnect. It is also seen through the models that an array of interconnects will be able to withstand the die and the heat-sink weight without plastically yielding. Also, the G-Helix interconnect assembly on organic printed circuit board using lead-free solder will be able to withstand more than 1000 accelerated thermal cycles without the need for an underfill.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effects of septal damage and ovariectomy on feeding, drinking and body weight.

Abstract GEISELMAN, P. J. AND C. R. ALMLI. Effects of septal damage and ovariectomy on feeding, drinking and body weight. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3 (5) 457–466, 1978.—Septal destruction and ovariectomy each influenced food intake and body weight differentially. Animals sustaining septal damage ingested significantly more food than the other groups, and septal hyperphagia persisted for as long as 109 days. Ovarian hyperphagia did not occur under conditions of constant illumination. Septal destruction exerted essentially no effect on body weight, while ovariectomy substantially increased body weight. Sequential surgical manipulations provided further evidence that the ovaries and the septum influence food intake and body weight via independent mechanisms. Results indicated that the septal and ovarian effects on water intake are not mediated via independent mechanisms. Septal and ovarian hyperdipsia were found to be very robust effects occurring regardless of the lighting regimen. It was further demonstrated that ovarian hyperdipsia is not secondary to food intake but rather is primary hyperdipsia.
High Oradient Superconducting Cavities for Storage Rings

Superconducting (SC) cavities for use in electron storage rings have advanced to the point where several laboratories are making definite plans to use them on a large scale. Laboratory tests of multi-cell SC cavities, including input and higher-order-mode (HOM) couplers, have yielded accelerating fields up to 15.3 MeV/m (CW). Reasons for the improved performance are discussed. Since the 1983 International Accelerator Conference in August, 1983, four SC cavities have been tested in storage rings. The cavities have yielded accelerating gradients up to 6.5 MeV/m, in excess of the frequently-quoted objective of 5 MeV/m. In addition, the average gradient obtained in these four tests was 4 MeV/m, almost twice the average obtained in the four cavities tested in storage rings during 1982 - 1983.
Oxidation behavior of soot generated from the combustion of methyl 2-butenoate in a co-flow diffusion flame

Abstract In this study, soots generated from the combustion of methyl 2-butenoate (M2B) and n-pentane (PEN) in laminar co-flow diffusion flames were analyzed via various analytical techniques to investigate the impact of fuel-bound oxygen in fatty acid esters on soot oxidation behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis of the soot samples collected from the diffusion flames showed that M2B soot exhibited only slightly higher oxidative reactivity than PEN soot, indicating that the fuel-bound oxygen in M2B may not enhance soot oxidative reactivity to any significant extent under well-defined diffusion flame tests. Furthermore, structural analysis was performed for both M2B soot and PEN soot by applying X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Overall, structural analysis via different analytical techniques consistently showed that there is no significant difference in structural arrangement between M2B soot and PEN soot, which is in agreement with the lack of a notable difference in reactivity between M2B soot and PEN soot observed from the temperature-programmed oxidation experiments. In addition, XPS analysis was performed on the unreacted M2B soot and PEN soot. It was observed that both soots have very similar surface O/C ratio (∼0.11), implying that it is unlikely that there are any appreciable amounts of fuel-bound oxygen from M2B present in the M2B-derived soot. Overall, the experimental results obtained from this study suggest that fuel-bound oxygen in the ester moiety of a fatty acid ester has no significant impact on enhancing soot oxidative reactivity.
Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D

The phenoxy herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used to control the growth of weeds and broadleaf plants. We convened a panel of 13 scientists to weigh the evidence on the hu...
The Dependence of the Air Blast Arc Characteristics on Electrode Position

The effect of the position of the upstream electrode on the characteristics of the air blast arc in a converging-diverging nozzle is investigated using a simple one-dimensional model. It is found that altering the upstream electrode position affects the pressure gradient between the electrode and the nozzle throat. The pressure gradient in this region determines to a large extent the arc area contraction rate as the arc current decreases to zero and, therefore, the interruption capability of the arc after current zero. Moreover, the upstream electrode position affects the arc diameter in the steady and transient states throughout the whole arc length. It is found that radial turbulent cooling need not be incorporated into the model to explain the experimental results. However, turbulent radial cooling, if present, is found to enhance the interruption capability of the arc by a large factor.
Diode laser-induced infrared fluorescence of water vapour

Infrared laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of water vapour was investigated for its potential as a spatially resolved gasdynamic diagnostic. A cw diode laser operating near 1392 nm was scanned across a single absorption transition in the ν1 + ν3 band of H2O in a static cell, and the resulting fluorescence signal was collected near 2.7 µm (both ν1 and ν3 bands). Experiments were conducted at low pressure in pure water vapour and mixtures of water vapour and N2 using a 20 mW laser in a double-pass arrangement. A simple analytical model was developed to relate LIF intensity to gas properties as a function of laser power. The spectrally resolved, single-line excitation spectrum was fitted with a Voigt profile, allowing inference of the water vapour temperature from the Doppler-broadened component of the measured fluorescence lineshape. A two-line excitation scheme was also investigated as a means of measuring temperature with reduced measurement time. From these initial measurements, we estimate that a practical sensor for atmospheric pressure applications would require a minimum of 1–2 W of laser power for two-line, fixed-wavelength temperature measurements and a minimum of about 70 W of power for scanned-wavelength measurements.
Reaction times and error rates for "same"-"different" judgments of multidimensional stimull'

Each S indicated whether two successively presented rows of letters were “same” or “different.” Reaction times of the “different” response seemed to indicate that S examined the stimulus letters in a serial, self-terminating manner. However, the reaction times of the “same” response were not consistent with this model. Consequently, it was proposed that S employs simultaneously two distinct processes for comparing stimuli. One process would generate the “different” responses; the other process would generate the “same” responses. Most false “same” responses occurred when the two rows of letters differed minimally. Thus, the false “same” responses appear to result from a failure to detect the difference between the two stimuli. However, when S made a false “same” response, he was aware that he had done so. Therefore, it was suggested that only one of the two comparison processes failed to detect the stimulus difference.
Turnover of rat-liver mitochondria.

Abstract The turnover rate of four components of rat-liver mitochondria (insoluble and soluble protein, lipid and cytochrome c ) labeled with [ 35 S]methionine and [ 14 C]acetate was the same within experimental error. The data suggest that mitochondria are broken down as a unit with a half-life of 10.3 days.
Kinetics of the Reaction between Acetylperoxy and Ethylperoxy Radicals

Time-resolved ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is used to investigate the reaction between CH3C(O)O2 and C2H5O2 at 130 Torr total pressure and over the 220−440-K temperature range. Deconvolution of the UV spectra yields concentration versus time profiles for the acetylperoxy radical and for the C2H5O2 + CH3O2 composite. The analysis of these data over short times, during which CH3C(O)O2 radicals are present, yields a temperature-dependent rate constant of k1 = ( ) × 10-13e(1070 ± 200)/T cm3 s-1 for the title reaction. The subsequent long-time decay of the ethylperoxy radicals that remain, after the reaction with CH3C(O)O2 is complete, is faster than when acetaldehyde and, therefore, acetylperoxy radicals are not present. The secondary chemistry that potentially contributes to this decay is discussed.
Time-resolved detection of the one- and two-photon excited fluorescence of single molecules of a folding enhanced green fluorescent protein

We use time-resolved single molecule fluorescence detection (MSMD) to investigate the fluorescence dynamics of a mutant of the wild-type Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria , the folding enhanced GFP (FEGFP). The folding enhanced GFP is a novel and robust variant designed for in vivo high-throughput screening of protein expression levels. This variant shows increased thermal stability and the ability to retain its fluorescence when fused to poorly folding proteins. Here we apply one- (OPE) and two- (TPE) photon excitation on freely diffusing FEGFP molecules. Under OPE, single FEGFP molecules undergo fluorescence flickering in the time scale of μs and tens of μs due to triplet formation and ground-state protonation-deprotonation, respectively. OPE fluorescence lifetimes of single FEGFP molecules show evidence for the presence of different emitting species, the I and B forms of FEGFP chromophore. TPE single FEGFP molecules flicker in fluorescence in the time scale of μs due to singlet-triplet transitions of the chromophore. Two-photon excitation of single FEGFP molecules results in the creation of a photoconverted species with a fluorescence lifetime of 2.5 ns, a species which is bright enough to be detected at the single molecule level. Our results indicate FEGFP is a promising fusion reporter for intracellular applications when using OPE and TPE microscopy with single molecule sensitivity.
Controlling charge transport in blue organic light-emitting devices by chemical functionalization of host materials

We report the photophysical characterization, computational results, and device properties for ambipolar phosphine oxide-based host materials that were chemically functionalized to control the charge transport. We study the effects of structural modifications of phosphine oxide hosts on the charge balance in the emissive zone of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Significant changes in charge transport within the emissive layer are observed upon introduction of functional groups, such as pyridine and carbazole, into the organic phosphine oxide host structure. We demonstrate that rational design of host materials allows for the control of charge balance in the emissive zone of OLEDs.
Sensory characteristics and relative sweetness of tagatose and other sweeteners.

Abstract: The present study investigated the sensory characteristics and relative sweetness of tagatose, an emerging natural low-calorie sweetener with various functional properties, compared to other sweeteners (sucrose, sucralose, erythritol, rebaudioside A), over a wide range of sweetness commonly found in foods and beverages (3% to 20% sucrose [w/v]). A total of 34 subjects evaluated aqueous solutions of the 5 sweeteners for the perceived intensities of sweetness, bitterness, astringency, chemical-like sensations, and sweet aftertaste, using the general version of the Labeled Magnitude Scale. The relationship between the physical concentrations of the sweeteners and their perceived sweetness (that is, psychophysical functions) was derived to quantify the relative sweetness and potency of the sweeteners. The results suggest that tagatose elicits a sweet taste without undesirable qualities (bitterness, astringency, chemical-like sensations). Out of the 5 sweeteners tested, rebaudioside A was the only sweetener with notable bitterness and chemical-like sensations, which became progressively intense with increasing concentration (P 1), whereas the high-potency sweeteners (sucralose, rebaudioside A) yielded much flatter sweetness functions (slopes < 1). Because the sweetness of tagatose and sucrose grew at near-identical rates (slope = 1.41 and 1.40, respectively), tagatose produced about the same relative sweetness to sucrose across the concentrations tested. However, the relative sweetness of other sweeteners to sucrose was highly concentration dependent. Consequently, sweetness potencies of other sweeteners varied across the concentrations tested, ranging from 0.50 to 0.78 for erythritol, 220 to 1900 for sucralose, and 300 to 440 for rebaudioside A, while tagatose was estimated to be approximately 0.90 times as potent as sucrose irrespective of concentration. Practical Application: The present study investigated the sensory characteristics and relative sweetness of tagatose, an emerging natural low-calorie sweetener, compared to other sweeteners. Study results suggest that tagatose elicits a sweet taste without undesirable qualities over a wide range of concentrations. Tagatose produced about the same relative sweetness to sucrose across the concentrations tested, while the relative sweetness of other sweeteners was highly concentration dependent. The present data provide a general guideline when considering the use of tagatose and other sweeteners in foods and beverages.
Factors Influencing Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines in Appalachian Women Participating in a Mobile Mammography Program

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the characteristics (demographic, access to care, health-related behavioral, self and family medical history, psychosocial) of women age 40 years and above who participated in a mobile mammography screening program conducted throughout West Virginia (WV) to determine the factors influencing their self-reported adherence to mammography screening guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Andersen Behavioral Model of Healthcare Utilization framework to determine the factors associated with adherence to mammography screening guidelines in these women. Of the 686 women included in the analysis, 46.2% reported having had a mammogram in the past 2 years. Bivariate analyses showed predisposing factors such as older age and unemployed status, visit to a obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) in the past year (an enabling factor) and need-related factors such as having a family history of breast cancer (BC), having had breast problems in the past, having had breast biopsy in the past, having had a Pap test in past 2 years, and having had all the screenings for cholesterol, blood glucose, bone mineral density and high blood pressure in past 2 years to be significant predictors of self-reported adherence to mammography guidelines. In the final model, being above 50 years (OR = 2.132), being morbidly obese (OR = 2.358), having BC-related events and low knowledge about mammography were significant predictors of self-reported adherence. Breast cancer related events seem to be associated with mammography screening adherence in this rural Appalachian population. Increasing adherence to mammography screening may require targeted, community-based educational interventions that precede and complement visits by the mobile mammography unit.
Japanese-Style American Management: Primary Relations and Social Organization

Management methods that are said to make American companies “Japanese in style” are examined. The notion that Japanese organizational performance can be duplicated by adopting Japanese management methods is disputed. It is suggested that management methods operate through their influence on the nature of the employee-organization relationship. Since this relationship is influenced by many factors other than management methods, it is suggested that a more productive approach to enhance organizational effectiveness would focus on the employee-organization relationship. An empirical investigation reveals that employee emotional well-being and the employee-organization relationship are associated; no relationship between management methods and employee emotional well-being was found.
Mechanisms of graphyne-enabled cholesterol extraction from protein clusters

The health risk associated with high cholesterol levels in the human body has motivated intensive efforts to lower them by using specialized drugs. However, little research has been performed utilizing nanomaterials to remove extra cholesterol from living tissues. Graphyne, a 2D lattice of sp2- and sp1-hybridized carbons similar to graphene, possesses great potential for cholesterol extraction from cell membranes due to its distinct porous structure and outstanding surface adhesion. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations to explore pathways for cholesterol removal from protein clusters by using graphyne as a promising vehicle. We first demonstrate the adhesive strength between a single cholesterol molecule and different types of pristine graphyne, which provides the foundation for the graphyne–cholesterol interaction and the dynamic cholesterol removal process within a protein cluster. The sp1-hybridized carbons in graphynes are potentially more reactive than the sp2-hybridized carbons in graphene, which bestows graphynes with a remarkable affinity for cholesterol molecules. Simulation results show that graphynes with more sp1-hybridized carbon linkers can extract more cholesterol molecules than those with fewer linkers. The movement rate of graphyne across the protein cluster also plays an important role in determining the amount of removed cholesterol molecules from the system of interest. The hybrid structure of graphyne with cholesterol molecules in its partial pores also possesses outstanding adhesive strength, showing better cholesterol removal performance than pristine graphyne. These findings open up a promising avenue to exploit the capability of graphyne for biomedical applications.
Molecular Medicine: A Spin-off From the Helix

IN THE 40 years that have passed since the publication of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick, 1 remarkable new DNA technology has emerged that has prompted the Human Genome Initiative at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and ushered in the era of molecular medicine. Crick made additional contributions to our understanding of the genetic code, which was elucidated in the 1960s, 2 and now devotes attention to the study of developmental biology of the central nervous system at the Salk Institute. Watson continues to make contributions to the field of genetics such as training scientists at Harvard and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories (developing CSHL to modern preeminence) and serving as a visionary leader of the NIH Human Genome Initiative. The scientific community is fortunate to have the continued leadership of Watson and Crick. In this article, it is my objective to review technological developments in biochemical
Climate Change and Occupational Safety and Health: Establishing a Preliminary Framework

The relationship between global climate change and occupational safety and health has not been extensively characterized. To begin such an effort, it may be useful to develop a framework for identi...
Surface indentation and fluid intake generated by the polymer matrix of Bacillus subtilis biofilms

Bacterial biofilms are highly structured, surface associated bacteria colonies held together by a cell-generated polymer network known as EPS (extracellular polymeric substance). This polymer network assists in adhesion to surfaces and generates spreading forces as colonies grow over time. In the laboratory and in nature, biofilms often grow at the interface between air and an elastic, semi-permeable nutrient source. As this type of biofilm increases in volume, an accommodating compression of its substrate may arise, potentially driven by the osmotic pressure exerted by the EPS against the substrate surface. Here we study Bacillus subtilis biofilm force generation by measuring the magnitude and rate of deformation imposed by colonies against the agar-nutrient slabs on which they grow. We find that the elastic stress stored in deformed agar is orders of magnitude larger than the drag stress associated with pulling fluid through the agar matrix. The stress exerted by the biofilm is nearly the same as the osmotic pressure generated by the EPS, and mutant colonies incapable of producing EPS exert much lower levels of stress. The fluid flow rate into B. subtilis biofilms suggest that EPS generated pressure provides some metabolic benefit as colonies expand in volume. These results reveal that long-term biofouling and colony expansion may be tied to the hydraulic permeability and elasticity of the surfaces that biofilms colonize.
Attributional Styles and Academic Achievement in University Students: A Longitudinal Investigation

Although a number of previous studies have examined the relation between attributional styles and academic achievement, they have yielded contradictory results. This study sought to further examine the relation between attributional styles assessed during the freshman year and academic achievement over the entire college career. Results suggest that, among students who tend to make internal or stable attributions for negative life events, those with low levels of academic ability (i.e., low SAT scores) receive lower cumulative GPAs while in college than do those with high levels of academic ability (i.e., high SAT scores). In contrast, the GPAs of students who tend to make external or unstable attributions for negative life events appeared to be relatively unaffected by their level of academic ability.
Transmission properties of spark preionization radiation in rare-gas halide laser gas mixes

A charge collection apparatus was used to measure photocharge yields and transmission properties of light emitted from a spark preionizer discharge through various rare-gas halide laser gas mixes as well as through their component gas mixes. The data indicates that for HCl partial pressure (p) and photon path length (d) pd products /spl ges/100 Torr-cm, a narrow transmission window (114-124 nm) for preionization of XeCl and KrCl lasers occurs. In contrast, fluorine based rare-gas halide laser gas mixes were largely transparent over a critical 100-150 nm spectral window responsible for preionization. The role of gaseous impurities, two photon ionization processes, the photoelectric effect, passivation and air contamination on the photocharge signal and light transmission are described.
Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin

The presettlement tree cover (1831–33) of 3 townships in a southern Wisconsin landscape was analyzed using original survey records. Four forest types were identified: closed forest, open forest, savanna, and prairie. Comparisons of vegetation types and landscape pattern were made between the east and west sides of the Pecatonica River, which bisects the landscape and could have acted as a natural fire barrier. West of the river, presettlement tree species richness and diversity were lower and trees were smaller in diameter and less dense than to the east. The major vegetation types to the west were prairie (42% of landscape) and savanna (40%), both fire-susceptible types. Prairie was more common on gentle slopes than on other landforms. To the east, the landscape was 70% forested (closed plus open forest). Here, prairie was more frequent on steep dry sites. These vegetation differences, including the contrasting landscape placement of prairie, are attributed to distinct site characteristics and to disturbance (fire) regimes, with the west likely having more frequent fires. In terms of the four vegetation types, the east landscape was more homogeneous, being dominated by closed forest (50%). West of the Pecatonica River, the landscape was more heterogeneous because of the high proportion of both prairie and savanna; however, in terms of flammability of vegetation, the west was essentially homogeneous (82% prairie plus savanna).