cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of sunitinib in mouse plasma, brain tumor and normal brain using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic application

Abstract The primary challenge associated with the development of an assay method for the determination of drug concentrations in relatively small amount of mouse plasma and tissue samples is to improve extraction efficiency and detection sensitivity. In this work, a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based method combined with protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction techniques was developed for the determination of sunitinib in mouse plasma, brain tumor and normal brain tissue, respectively. The instrument was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive ion mode. A good linear relationship with coefficients of determination ≥0.99 was achieved over the concentration ranges of 1.37–1000 ng/mL for plasma and 4.12–1000 ng/g for the normal brain and brain tumor. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for sunitinib in mouse plasma, brain tumor and normal brain tissue are 1.37 ng/mL, 4.12 ng/g and 4.12 ng/g, respectively. The reproducibility of the LC–MS/MS method is reliable, with the intra- and inter-day precision being less than 15% and accuracy within ±15%. The established method was successfully applied to the characterization of sunitinib disposition in the brain and brain tumor as well as its systemic pharmacokinetics in a murine orthotopic glioma model.
Training for improvisation in emergency management: opportunities and limits for information technology

Skill in improvising enables emergency management personnel to make creative decisions under time constraint, even when risks are high. It therefore complements skill in plan-following, which is particularly appropriate when the current emergency is similar to a past one. This paper develops recommendations on how to use Information Technology (IT) in the design of training programmes for improvisation in emergency management. It identifies and describes key training outcomes and techniques, and provides an assessment of how training platforms can be used to support achieving the training outcomes. It therefore provides an agenda for new training methods and guidelines on how IT may best be used in executing this agenda.
New capacity sets for the hedging point strategy

We consider the hierarchical production planning model introduced by Gershwin. In the hedging point strategy, we present some refinements of the capacity sets that ensure consistency of the decomposition
Teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract Teleconnections are calculated from monthly mean anomalies of sea level pressure and 500 mb geopotential height for the Southern Hemisphere (10–90°S) for five-month winter and summer seasons. The monthly means were calculated from Australian analyses for the period from June 1972 to November 1980. Zonally averaged anomalies at both sea level and 500 mb display an out-of-phase relation between low and high latitudes and in midlatitudes are negatively correlated with anomalies in the subtropics and polar regions. In winter a striking zonal wavenumber 3 pattern is found over the Southern Ocean. Anomalies in 500 mb geopotential heights at (50°S, 95°E), (58°S, 150°W) and (38°S, 15°W) exhibit strong positive correlations while showing weaker negative correlations with heights over Antarctica and in low latitudes. A similar pattern appears in sea level pressure. In summer anomalies in 500 mb geopotential height over the three subtropical continents appear to occur out of phase with anomalies over the su...
Computation of Jupiter interior models from gravitational inversion theory

Spacecraft measurements of Jupiter have provided the mass, standard pressure level radius, rotation law, internal mass distribution multipole moments, and internal composition and temperature distribution constraints, for the present implementation of a method for deriving planetary interior models that exactly satisfy a set of N gravitational constraints by means of appropriate iteration. The models are not forced to fit the more indirectly derived constraints, which are instead used as conistency checks. In the case of an He mass fraction in the envelope Y of 0.2, the inferred pressure at a mass density of about 0.2 g/cu cm is about a factor of 2 higher than would be indicated by experimental H compression data in the relevant pressure range of 100,000 to one million bar. The inferred pressure distribution is in better agreement with the shock data for a nominal Y value of 0.3 + or - 0.05.
Solubility and complexing of Ni in the system NiO-H2O-HCl

Abstract The solubility of bunsenite (NiO) in Cl-bearing fluids in the range of 450°–700°C, 1–2 kbar was determined using the Ag + AgCl acid buffer technique. Based on the results of the experiments, it is concluded that the associated NiCl 0 2 complex is the dominant Ni species in the fluid over the entire temperature-pressure range investigated. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the reaction NiO ( s ) + 2 HCl 0 ( aq ) = NiCl 0 2 ( aq ) + H 2 O is given by log K = −4.17(±0.55) + 4629(±464)/ T ( K ) at 1 kbar, and log K = −4.75(±0.91) + 5933(±756)/ T ( K ) at 2 kbar. The calculated difference in standard state Gibbs free energy of formation between NiCl 0 2 and 2HCl 0 in kcal is G 0 ( NiCl 0 2 ) − 2 G 0 ( HCl 0 ) = −20.77(±2.22) + 0.03264(±0.0026) T ( K ), at 1 kbar and G 0 ( NiCl 0 2 ) − 2 G 0 ( HCl 0 ) = −25.01(±1.35) + 0.03264(±0.0016) T ( K ) at 2 kbar. Comparison of the solubilities of Ni end-member minerals with those of Ca, Mn, Fe, and Mg indicates that nickel minerals generally are the least soluble at a given temperature and pressure. The relatively low solubility of Ni end-member minerals, combined with the relatively low concentration of Ni in most rocks, should result in a quite low mobility of Ni in hydrothermal fluids.
Statistical intermediate structures in compound nucleus reactions

Abstract A study of the 12 C + 12 C and 16 O + 16 O elastic scattering reactions is made in terms of a general stochastic theory of nuclear excitation functions. It is shown that a general understanding of the cross section and a quantitive description of the position and widths of the structures observed is achieved in these terms. Calculations of average elastic widths for the relevant angular momenta are presented and compared with data.
81 Unfair treatment and hypertension prevalence in the ypsilanti everyday stress (Yes) Health study

Abstract PURPOSE: A large amount of research focuses on socioeconomic status (SES) to explain racial disparities in hypertension. But, little research has focused on associations between hypertension and the amount of exposure to or type of unfair treatment as an explanation for these disparities. We hypothesize that an association exists between prevalent hypertension and total exposure to unfair treatment in employment, housing, education, the legal system, and/or other service situations. METHODS: The YES Health Study is a pilot study of 98 Black and White adults, from low and middle SES neighborhoods, designed to examine macro and micro factors in the etiology and course of physical and mental health using quantitative and qualitative data. We modeled associations between hypertension and total exposure to unfair treatment in each of the five domains listed above, using full and race-stratified models, with adjustment for sex, age, neuroticism, education, and income. RESULTS: In the full model, we found no racial differences in hypertension, but a borderline significant association between hypertension and ⩾3 occurrences of unfair treatment in dealing with the police or courts vs. none (OR = 3.72, p = 0.056). In the race-stratified models, hypertension was not significantly associated with lifelong exposure to unfair treatment among White or Black adults, except for an association with ⩾3 occurrences of unfair treatment in employment vs. none for White adults (OR = 17.66, p = 0.022). White adults with lower education and Black adults older in age were also at significantly increased risk of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Hypertension was not associated with unfair treatment in the full model or for Black adults; however, our analysis was limited to acute stressors. Future research on the relationship between hypertension and unfair treatment should evaluate the extent to which unfair treatment is perceived as race-attributed and should examine the role of chronic stressors.
Scented Males and Choosy Females : Does Male Odor Influence Female Mate Choice in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly?

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), displays a lek mating system characterized by a high level of female discrimination among potential mates. The basis of female choice is not understood, but recent studies indicate that male exposure to the aroma of certain plant structures or essential oils may increase mating success. In particular, exposure to the aroma of ginger root oil (GRO) enhances male mating frequency, and several sterile-male release programs against C. capitata have incorporated ‘aromatherapy’ (large-scale exposure of pre-release insects to GRO) to increase the effectiveness of control efforts. We investigated the mechanism underlying female preference for GRO-exposed males. Two sets of experiments were conducted. In the first, we monitored female attraction to (1) freshly killed flies, or (2) paper discs that contained hexane extracts from varying treatments. In these tests, females were sighted more often (1) near GRO-exposed than non-exposed males (even when the males were visually concealed) and (2) near extracts from GRO-exposed than non-exposed males. These findings suggest a ‘perfume effect’, whereby female mate choice is mediated by olfactory differences. In the second set, we compared (1) mate choice between intact females and females from which both antennae had been surgically removed, and (2) mating success between intact males and males from which both antennae had been surgically removed before GRO exposure. Intact females preferred GRO-exposed males, whereas females lacking both antennae rarely mated and showed no preference between GRO-exposed and non-exposed males. In the opposite treatment (intact females but surgically altered males), GRO-exposed males lacking both antennae mated as frequently as GRO-exposed intact males. These data suggest that female choice was dependent on olfactory perception of male odor but that male mating success did not depend on olfactory perception of GRO aroma, suggesting, in turn, that GRO conferred a mating advantage through an external phenomenon (possibly alteration of cuticular scent) rather than through internal processing (pheromone synthesis).
Synthesis of a fluorescent 2'3'-dideoxycytosine analog, tCdd.

Abstract The pathway leading to the preparation of a novel tricyclic 2′3′-dideoxycytosine analog, tCdd ( 1 ) is reported. A protected 2′3′-dideoxyribose prepared from l -glutamic acid was coupled to a silylated fluorescent base to yield a mixture of the α- and β-anomers of the 2′3′-dideoxyribonucleoside of 1,3-diaza-2-oxophenothiazine, tCdd ( 1 ). The fluorescent base analog retains a high fluorescence emission over a large pH range and should be useful in a variety of probe applications.
Identification of lucerne stem cell wall traits related to in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility

Abstract Genetic improvement of forage digestibility, especially utilizing marker assisted selection and recombinant DNA techniques, requires identification of specific biochemical traits and associated genes that impact digestibility. We undertook a study to identify cell wall (CW) traits of lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) stems that were consistently and strongly correlated with in vitro neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility, a measurement that has been shown to correlate with animal performance. Spring and summer harvested lucerne stem material, for 2 years, from 24 individual plants in each of two germplasm sources were analyzed for 16 and 96 h in vitro NDF digestibility, and cell wall concentration and composition (monosaccharide constituents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin; and Klason lignin (KL)) by the Uppsala dietary fibre method using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for the relationships among these cell wall traits and with in vitro NDF digestibility. Concentrations of the pectin monosaccharide components were all negatively correlated ( r =−0.73 to −0.94) with total cell wall concentration. In contrast, the three most abundant cell wall components glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl) and Klason lignin were not correlated, or only weakly positively correlated ( r r =−0.60 to −0.94) with both 16 and 96 h in vitro NDF digestibility. In contrast, Klason lignin concentration was only marginally correlated ( r r =−0.71 to −0.74) with 96 h in vitro NDF digestibility. This is consistent with previous reports which show that lignin affects potential extent of digestion, but not rate. Cell wall glucose and xylose concentrations were inconsistently correlated with fibre digestibility. The monosaccharide components of pectin were consistently positively correlated ( r =0.54–0.90) with in vitro NDF digestibility, except for 96 h in vitro NDF digestibility of spring harvested stems. Growth environment (year) and germplasm source had only minor impacts on the preceding correlation patterns, whereas spring versus summer harvests accounted for the inconsistencies observed among correlations for cell wall traits. The results of this study indicate that genetic improvement of fibre digestibility of lucerne stems should target genes that reduce total cell wall concentration, perhaps by reducing the rate of xylem tissue deposition during maturation, and reduce Klason lignin and increase pectin concentrations in the cell wall to improve potential extent and rate of fibre digestibility, respectively.
Dietary Considerations in HIV and AIDS

Nutritional evaluation and counseling are important aspects of the overall care of patients with HIV and AIDS. While certain groups of patients, such as those with opportunistic infection and significant weight loss, malabsorption, or any medical condition affecting dietary intake or metabolism, should be referred to a physician nutrition specialist or registered dietician for evaluation and treatment, general nutritional care of other patients may be effectively accomplished in the setting of the primary care or infectious disease clinic. This article presents evidence from observational trials concerning the energy and protein needs of patients with HIV and AIDS, outlines the roles of various micronutrients in immune functioning, and summarizes data from observational studies concerning relationships between HIV infection and micronutrient status. The possible role of dietary and supplemental omega three fatty acids in AIDS is discussed as well. Provisional recommendations for levels of energy, protein, and micronutrient intakes based on epidemiological data and risk of toxicity are given, and tables of high energy and protein snacks and foods high in various micronutrients are supplied to assist clinical implementation of these recommendations.
A preliminary review of a pilot curriculum to teach open surgical skills during general surgery residency with initial feedback.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study is to provide a preliminary review of a pilot curriculum to teach open surgical skills during general surgery residency and obtain initial feedback. Data source The general surgery residency program introduced an open surgical skills training curriculum in 2009. The skills sessions are undertaken under the guidance of the faculty. An annual survey was distributed to the residents and faculty to obtain their feedback. Conclusions A total of 50 sessions were conducted over the last 2 years. Ninety-five percent of the residents perceived this educational activity to be above average to exceptional with nearly 70% rating it as exceptional. Sixty-three percent of the faculty perceived it as above average to exceptional, with nearly 40% rating it as exceptional. The open surgical skills training curriculum was rated as the most educational activity in the program by residents and faculty alike.
Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) responds to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in its lumen (ER stress) by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways - cumulatively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Together, at least three mechanistically distinct arms of the UPR regulate the expression of numerous genes that function within the secretory pathway but also affect broad aspects of cell fate and the metabolism of proteins, amino acids and lipids. The arms of the UPR are integrated to provide a response that remodels the secretory apparatus and aligns cellular physiology to the demands imposed by ER stress.
Optimization of Nickel-Zinc Microbatteries for Hybrid Powered Microsensor Systems

Nickel-zinc microbatteries have been constructed for use in wireless microsensors and similar microsystems. A high power density is required for the batteries to meet the size and power requirements of these systems. A mathematical model of the side-by-side nickel-zinc cell was developed and used to increase the power density cell geometry by optimizing. Simulations showed that energy density could be increased slightly and power density almost doubled through changes in geometry. Testing of cells fabricated with the optimized geometry showed increases in capacity and power consistent with the simulations. Power densities of 140 mW/cm 2 were observed for these cells. These power levels are sufficient to meet the projected needs of many autonomous microsystems including remote microsensors.
Stool Bacteriomic Profiling in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Purpose: Diarrhea occurs in approximately half of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) receiving vascular endothelial growth factor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKIs). We evaluated the relationship between VEGF-TKI-related diarrhea and stool microbiota. Experimental Design: Stool samples were collected from 20 mRCC patients receiving VEGF-TKIs. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize the stool bacteriomic profiling of patients. Assay validation with Salmonella typhimurium spike-in experiments suggested greatest speciation with use of the V5 region. Results: Higher levels of Bacteroides spp and lower levels of Prevotella spp were found in patients with diarrhea. In addition, patients receiving VEGF-TKIs with mRCC appeared to have less relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp as compared to previous reports based on healthy subjects. Conclusions: We have thus demonstrated interplay between microbiota and VEGF-TKI induced diarrhea. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the potential causative role of pre-existing dysbiosis in VEGF-TKI related diarrhea.
Distribution and Half-life of 131I-Labeled Parathyroid Hormone in the Rat1

The half-life and volume of distribution of radioiodinated parathyroid hormone was measured in normal and parathyroidectomized rats. The labeled hormone was detected in plasma by modified paper electrophoresis and further identified by reaction with specific antiparathyroid hormone antibody. The half-life of the labeled hormone was 22.3 min in normal rats, 24.3 min in parathyroidectomized rats and 27.6 min in parathyroidectomized rats given excess carrier parathyixnd hormone. The volumes of distribution for the hormone in the 3 groups were 36.4, 27.0 and 28.6% of the body weight, respectively. The data obtained support the conclusion, derived from physiological experiments, that circulating parathyroid hormone is rapidly destroyed. (Endocrinology 77: 198, 1965)
A Survey of Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis for Real-Time Java

As real-time systems become more prevalent, there is a need to guarantee that these increasingly complex systems perform as designed. One technique involves a static analysis to place an upper bound on worst-case execution time (WCET). Other techniques aim for new architectures and algorithms that reduce the WCET. At the same time, there is a growing interest in using Java for real-time systems. Several WCET analysis prototypes for Java have been created, and more are under development. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of research that combines WCET analysis with the Java domain. We begin by explaining the importance of WCET analysis and why it is so difficult to perform adequately. We then examine the features that make Java an attractive platform for WCET analysis, as well as the new challenges it brings. Finally, we provide a survey of prior work on this subject, organized as a simple one-level taxonomy.
PERIODICAL LITERATURE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

A study of problems of documentation in Electrical Engineering is being carried out at the Vail Library of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This paper reports some of the preliminary progress. The periodicals used by electrical engineers have been studied by analysing the footnote references in six key journals for a year. A list of 308 source journals ranked in relative usefulness by the number of reference citations is given. One measure of the useful life of a paper is the time interval between publication of the paper and its citations as a reference. Fifty per cent. of the references analysed were less than 4 years old and only 5 per cent. of the total references were more than 25 years old. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 20,000 papers of interest to electrical engineers published each year. The total number of such papers published since 1900 is estimated to be of the order of 250,000 to 500,000. Literature searching is aided by a number of abstract and reference publications. The possibility of mechanizing a portion of a library's activities by microfilm abstract machines of the Bush ‘Rapid Selector’ type is now being studied.
The diameters of the graphs of semirings

Let be a family of sets, {F a |α∈Λ}. By the graph G of the system , we mean the graph whose set of vertices is and in which the vertices F β ∈, are adjacent (that is, are joined by an edge) if and only if F α ≠ F β and F α ∩ F β □, where □denotes the empty set.
Junior: a robot for outdoor container nurseries

Production of nursery crops in the US is accomplished in container- and field-growing conditions, with propagation and seedling-rearing carried out in greenhouses. The USDA, NASA and the ANLA have collaborated to develop an automated in-field container-handling system for reducing dependence on foreign labor while also increasing productivity. A prototype system was developed at CMU, capable of automatically lifting and conveying plants from. the ground (in a variety of regular patterns) onto trailers, and vice-versa. The system is capable of handling a vast array of container-designs from different manufacturers, and spans the size-range from #1 to #3 (approximate equivalence to US gallons). The system is designed to handle 35, 000 containers per 8-hour day with one to two operators. Field-trials currently underway has shown the system to reliably handle 29, 000 #1 containers per 8-hour day with less than a 3% failure-rate. Testing in various growth-zones and surfaces is underway, with commercialization efforts in Europe/US.
Student and resident perspectives on professionalism: beliefs, challenges, and suggested teaching strategies

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the views of medical students and residents regarding the practice of professionalism, their perceived challenges, and ideas for the development of a new curriculum in medical professionalism. taught, and strategies to teach professionalism from the learners' perspective. Learners perceived that the values of professionalism are often disconnected from the reality evidenced in clinical training due to a myriad of personal and contextual challenges. Conclusions: Residents and students need help in negotiat- ing some of the challenges to medical professionalism that are encountered in clinical settings. We recommend a learner's centered model of curriculum development in medical professionalism that takes into consideration perceived challenges and strategies for modeling and reinforcing medical professionalism.
Upper limb ischemia after vascular access surgery: differential diagnosis and management.

Hand ischemia following placement of upper limb arterio-venous accesses for dialysis may result in debilitating complications and contribute to morbidity and mortality on dialysis. Two distinct clinical variants of hand ichemia are recognized: vascular steal syndrome, in which a spectrum of severity of ischemic changes affect all tissues of the hand; and ischemic monomelic neuropathy, where ischemia is confined to the nerves of the hand. Early diagnosis and treatment of these complications (often including closure of the access) is imperative to prevent hand paralysis, and digital or hand amputation.
Building Trustworthy Semantic Webs

Recent developments in information systems technologies have resulted in computerizing many applications in various business areas. Data has become a critical resource in many organizations, and therefore, efficient access to data, sharing the data, extracting information from the data, and making use of the information has become an urgent need. As a result, there have been many efforts on not only integrating the various data sources scattered across several sites, but extracting information from these databases in the form of patterns and trends has also become important. These data sources may be databases managed by database management systems, or they could be data warehoused in a repository from multiple data sources.
Performance of (CoPC)/sub n/ catalyst in active lithium-thionyl chloride cells

An experimental study was conducted with anode limited D size cells to characterize the performance of an active lithium-thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl/sub 2/) system using the polymeric cobalt phthalocyanine, (CoPC)/sub n/, catalyst in carbon cathodes. The author describes the results of this experiment with respect to initial voltage delays, operating voltages, and capacities. The effectiveness of the preconditioning methods evolved to alleviate passivation effects on storage are also discussed. The results clearly demonstrated the superior high rate capability of cells with the catalyst. The catalyst did not adversely impact the performance of cells after active storage for up to 6 months, while retaining its beneficial influences. >
Contribution of a 28-kilodalton membrane protein to the virulence of Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract A Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) membrane protein with a molecular mass of 28 kDa bound polyclonal antisera raised against a highly purified Hib fimbrial subunit. We cloned the gene encoding this protein and found that the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. DNA sequence analysis identified an 843-bp open reading frame which predicted a 26.78-kDa protein with an amino-terminal signal sequence and a mature protein with 70% similarity to the 28-kDa lipoprotein of E. coli (F. Yu, S. Inouye, and M. Inouye, J. Biol. Chem. 261:2284, 1986). Colony blot hybridization analysis with an intergenic probe of the cloned gene demonstrated that 29 of 32 H. influenzae strains hybridize with this gene. Insertion of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene into the open reading frame inactivated expression of the 28-kDa protein in E. coli. Isogenic Hib strains were derived by marker exchange mutagenesis to generate mutants which no longer expressed the 28-kDa protein as recognized with Western immunoblot analysis. There was no difference in the rate of nasopharyngeal colonization of infant rats or monkeys by the isogenic mutants which lacked the 28-kDa protein compared with colonization by the wild-type strain. In contrast, the frequency of invasion and density of bacteremia in infant rats caused by the isogenic mutants were reduced relative to those caused by the wild-type Hib strain. We conclude that this 28-kDa outer membrane protein aids transepithelial invasion of type b strains but is not essential.
LSdiff: a program differencing tool to identify systematic structural differences

Program differencing tools such as GNU diff identify individual differences but do not determine how those differences are related to each other. For example, an extract superclass refactoring on several subclasses will be represented by diff as a scattered collection of line additions and deletions which must be manually pieced together. In our previous work, we developed LSdiff, a novel program differencing technique that automatically identifies systematic structural differences as logic rules. This paper presents an LSdiff Eclipse plug-in that provides a summary of systematic structural differences along with textual differences within an Eclipse integrated development environment. This plugin provides several additional features to allow developers to interpret LSdiff rules easily, to select the abstraction level of program differencing analysis, and to reduce its running time through incremental program analysis.
Error Behavior Comparison of Multiple Computing Systems: A Case Study Using Linux on Pentium, Solaris on SPARC, and AIX on POWER

This paper presents an approach to conducting experimental studies for the characterization and comparison of the error behavior in different computing systems. The proposed approach is applied to characterize and compare the error behavior of three commercial systems (Linux 2.6 on Pentium 4, Solaris 10 on UltraSPARC IIIi, and AIX 5.3 on POWER 5) under hardware transient faults. The data is obtained by conducting extensive fault injection into kernel code, kernel stack, and system registers with the NFTAPE framework while running the Apache Web server as a workload. The error behavior comparison shows that the Linux system has the highest average crash latency, the Solaris system has the highest hang rate, and the AIX system has the lowest error sensitivity and the least amount of crashes in the more severe categories.
Flow and Leisure

Leisure has eluded definition by social scientists despite decades of theory, research, and applied work on the topic. According to one analysis (Primeau LA, Am J Occup Ther 50:569–577, 1996), there are three prominent ways of defining leisure; as: (a) the residual time available outside of productive and maintenance activity (sometimes simply described as non-work time); (b) the set of activities that people identify as leisure pursuits in a culture, and (c) a positive experiential state whose essence is the experience of being freely chosen and intrinsically rewarding. Each definition has limitations and the lack of consensus has been a challenge for the field of leisure science.
Evaluation of Endosseous Metal Implant Sites in Rhesus Monkeys: With Special Reference to Fluorescence Microscopy to Study the in vivo Distribution of Newly-Forming Bone

Endosseous metal implants were placed in the maxilla and mandible of eight Rhesus monkeys. Following placement, three compounds, tetracycline hydrochloride, 2,4-bis[N,N′-di(carbomethyl)-aminomethyl] fluorescein (DCAF), and Alizarin Red S, were administered i.v. at 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively, in dosages of 25 mg/kg body weight. Following sacrifice, the tissues were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and phosphate buffer, embedded in paraplast and undecalcified sections 6–8 μ cut on the Jung's Model “K” microtome. Sections were viewed under a fluorescent microscope (Fluorolume) at 365 mμ equipped with a Schott BG-12 exciter filter and a Schott GG-9 yellow-green barrier filter. Each marker used fluoresced a characteristic color: tetracycline, a golden yellow; DCAF, a bright green; and Alizarin Red S, an orange-red. The healing pattern of bone associated with the implant crypt followed a predictable series of events. The fluorescent distribution of the vital dyes illustrated the sequential stages of healing at 3 ...
Modulation of N-Type Ca2+ Channels by Intracellular pH in Chick Sensory Neurons

Modulation of N-type Ca2+ channels by intracellular pH in chick sensory neurons. Both physiological and pathological neuronal events, many of which elevate intracellular [Ca2+], can produce changes...
Climate, Inequality, and the Need for Reframing Climate Policy:

Humans are on the precipice of dangerous climate change. In this lecture, I discuss the importance of inequality in climate solutions and the ways in which the framing of climate change has impeded action to mitigate emissions. I critique the standard formulation of a tradeoff between well-being and environmental protection. I argue for the need to reframe climate action as a positive good and discuss the impact of the Great Recession on climate discourse in the United States. I review recent history on de-coupling and argue for new approaches to climate policy, such as cap-and-dividend and the use of productivity growth to reduce hours of work and by extension emissions.
Chemoselective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds on AlPO4 supported Rh catalysts

Highly chemoselective reduction of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (Ph−CH=CH−COR, E isomer) is obtained by using Rh/AlPO4 catalysts. The reactions carried out in liquid-phase under low hydrogen pressure (0.55 MPa) and at 298 K were found to be highly selective towards the formation of the conjugate reduction product (the saturated compound). In no cases could any appreciable amount of allylic or saturated alcohol be detected.
Reconstruction of Sentence Clusters at the Paragraph Level from Scrambled Discourse Using Feedback

Summary.-Subjects reconstructed paragraphs from scrambled passagcs There were two passages of 240 and 400 words and three conditions (read-only, reconstruct with no feedback, and reconstruct with feedback). The major dependent measures were recall of idea units, recognition of original sentences, and concordance with the original sentence in paragraph clusters. Analysis of variance yielded (1) higher recall for idea units of the shorter passage and reconstruct-no feedback condition, (2) higher recognition of original sentences for the reconstruct-no feedback condition, and (3) greater concordance for the shorter passage. Generally speaking, feedback seemed to intrude into the reconstruction process, and greater concordance did not directly lead to improved comprehension. This paper reports one in a series of experiments concerned with the synthesis of meaning from text in an instructional context. Specifically, scrambled discourse is reconstructed with feedback, and comprehension is assessed through recall of idea units and recognition of original sentences as compared to paraphrases. In addition, we have investigated the relation between the sequential order of the reconstituted text and the original (i.e., concordance) with comprehension. The focus of this research lies in both the importance of passage structure as well as the effectiveness of instructional assistance. Our basic assumption was that the correspondence between structural form and semantic encoding were reasonably high (Langer, Keenan, & Medosch-Schonbeck, 1986). Our work has not dealt with the mechanics of processing discourse per se but with the instructional problems associated with feedback and processing text. Traditionally, these areas have not been related in any systematic manner. The extraction of meaning from language has concerned scholars in various disciplines (Britton & Black, 1985; Just & Carpenter, 1987; van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983). Textual properties that have been investigated include content and structure (Thorndyke, 1977) and referential coherence (Kintsch, 1974). We chose initially to investigate sentence order because text reconstruction from randomly ordered discourse is a process and so amenable to instructional influences. The instructional assistance provided is feedback, which is perceived as an effective instructional adjunct under most circumstances. Feedback is usually defined as any assistance or information
System-level post-optimization of Delta---Sigma modulators using finite difference stochastic approximation

Traditional methods for system-level design of Delta---Sigma (źΣ) modulators typically assume linear modeling of the modulator, in which quantization noise is modeled as additive independent white noise. But it is well known that the źΣ modulator is a non-linear system and linear modeling is only an approximation. Also, circuit-level non-idealities, which may greatly change the modulator behavior, are typically neglected at system-level design. As a result, system-level modulator designs obtained from traditional methods may not be realistically optimal. This paper presents a system-level post-optimization method for źΣ modulators so that modulator designs initially obtained from traditional methods are post-optimized considering non-linear and non-ideal characteristics of źΣ modulators including both quantization noise and circuit-level non-idealities. The post-optimization algorithm is based on Finite Difference Stochastic Approximation due to the stochastic nature of modeling of some circuit-level non-idealities in system-level design. During the post-optimization run, each candidate design is simulated for performance measures and stability has always been a must constraint. Results on two źΣ modulators have shown that post-optimized modulator designs outperform the original designs from traditional methods.
Review: Rem Koolhaas: A Kind of Architect by Markus Heidingsfelder and Min Tesch

Markus Heidingsfelder and Min Tesch, directors. Rem Koolhaas: A Kind of Architect . Arthouse Films, New York, 2010, DVD, 97 mins., $19.95, http://www.arthousefilms online.com During the past decade, it became clear that the postmodern belief in the death of the author as a narrative construct was greatly exaggerated. As architects realized the marketing value of the authorial persona—labeled the “starchitect” by the media culture of a boom economy—the critical and historiographical tools of recent disciplinary accounts of architectural practice after World War II have become increasingly divorced from the public representation of architects and their practice.1 Still, the same architects who have marketed themselves as brands and their work as singular objects for public consumption have proven willing, within the profession, to acknowledge the team effort required to produce such brands and objects.2 In retrospect, the death of the author failed to predict the brand value of what Michel Foucault has called the “author-function” in a globalized market for architectural products.3 Rem Koolhaas: A Kind of Architect , a film by Markus Heidingsfelder and Min Tesch, examines the consequences of this discursive split as it applies to the work of a single firm, the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, and its principal, Rem Koolhaas. An office like OMA would seem to be especially relevant to a broader assessment of the celebrity culture of the starchitect. No recent practice has more effectively exploited the tensions inherent in this image construction, in which the aura of singular authorship is required as a public mask over the contingent nature of practice. S, M, L, XL famously declared itself dedicated to making “disclosures about the conditions under which architecture is now produced,” an expose confirmed by the introductory sequence to the book, in which photographs of office detritus are overlaid with charts of OMA’s workforce, turnover, income, and expenditure.4 Given OMA’s exploitation of both mystifying and demystifying rhetoric about the nature of architectural practice, however, …
Remarks on the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model

The authors study in detail the quantum mechanical model of $N$ Majorana fermions with random interactions of a few fermions at a time (Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model) in the large $N$ limit. At low energies, the system is strongly interacting and an emergent conformal symmetry develops. Performing technical calculations, the authors elucidate a number of properties of the model near the conformal point.
Recombinant Adenovirus in Neurobiology

Recombinant adenoviruses have been extensively applied in basic research and gene therapy. Recently, there is an increase in neurobiological studies using recombinant adenovirus technology to manipulate gene expression in neurological systems. Recombinant adenovirus technology provides a useful tool for investigating the function of a gene of interest, neurocircuitries and the delivery of genes for therapy. In order to take full advantage of this technique, it is important to understand the strategies for the design and application of the virus. The goal of this chapter is to provide a practical protocol on the application of recombinant adenovirus for neurobiological studies. A simplifi ed recombinant adenoviral system, AdEasy, will be applied to generate recombinant adenoviruses for the expression and knockdown of the gene of interest. We discuss the construction of vectors for gene expression and siRNAs, the generation of adenoviral recombinants, and the production of high-titer adenovirus. Furthermore, a procedure for injection of the adenovirus using a stereotaxic apparatus is discussed.
The Use of Science in Collaborative Management of Marine Environments

ABSTRACTCollaboration has become a common alternative to traditional top-down approaches to environmental management and conservation. One critique of collaborative processes is that science is not sufficiently linked to conservation actions. To better understand how science is used in collaborative decisions, we asked how the use of science is affected by the structure of collaborative processes, paying specific attention to the role of explanatory variables such as stakeholder engagement, how information is gathered, and how decisions are made. Case survey methods (a form of systematic review) were used to analyze 30 case studies of collaborative management of marine, estuarine, and coastal systems across the United States. We found that increased stakeholder participation (i.e., two-way flow of information between parties), face-to-face communication among stakeholders, increased contribution of information from academic stakeholders, careful consideration and selection of participants (e.g., stakehold...
Making and gaming in signal processing classes

Signal processing, communication systems, and estimation and detection theory are important concepts in electrical engineering, and are taught in most graduate and upper-level undergraduate electrical engineering programs. Students often struggle with the abstract concepts of signals, however, largely because the courses are very theoretical. Traditionally, these theoretical courses are delivered in a lecture-based format which provides little opportunity for students to attain a concrete understanding of signals. Occasionally, signals courses have an associated lab, but they often rely heavily on numerical simulations, which leaves students struggling. In this paper we lay out an active learning framework for engaging students using the “tinkering” concept used in the emerging maker movement and the idea of “gamification.” We present baseline data, course structure, activity lists, and details of a specific activity.
Representing subgrid convective initiation in the Community Earth System Model

A widely recognized issue found in most Earth system models is that of convective precipitation being triggered too early during the day over land, often resulting in persistent light rainfall. In an effort to address this issue, a model-consistent sub-grid convective trigger is demonstrated in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Sub-grid convective initiation is achieved by first calculating a convective threshold within the Community Atmosphere Model (version 5.3). The convective threshold is then passed to each sub-grid land cover type within the Community Land Model (version 4.0) and convection is considered to be active if the convective threshold is exceeded and the convective available potential energy (CAPE) exceeds 70 J kg−1 (the default trigger). In total, three simulations are performed 1) a control (CTL) with the default CAPE trigger, 2) a simulation with the default CAPE trigger as well as the sub-grid trigger (HCF Trigger) applied over land and ocean and 3) a simulation the same as the HCF Trigger but only applied over land (HCF Land). By including this sub-grid trigger, convective onset time is delayed by 1-4 hours; however, the time of peak precipitation is unchanged. This diurnal shift improves the number of hours the deep convective scheme is invoked from more than 75% to less than 50%, alleviating the over-activity problem. The delayed onset time of deep convection allows for greater CAPE accumulation and a greater proportion of precipitation generated outside the convective scheme. More CAPE consequently produces an overall increase in intense precipitation events.
Integration of Thought and Action: Arm Weights Facilitate Search Accuracy in 24-Month-Old Children

Search errors are common in cognitive tasks with infants and toddlers, and these errors reveal important insights to the development of competence and performance. Riviere and Lecuyer (2008, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 100, 1) demonstrated that 29-month-olds typically make an error during a search task involving invisible displacement. However, performance improves significantly when children wear weighted wrist bands while doing the task. To investigate this phenomenon further, we tested 24-month-old children in an identical search task (N = 35). Half the children wore weighted wrist bands, and the rest were in a no-weight condition. To test how far this phenomenon generalizes, we also tested the same children in a second search task where they needed to find a ball that had rolled behind one of four doors. The results showed that children in the no-weight condition replicated previous findings of poor performance on both search tasks. Unlike 29-month-olds, the 24-month-olds in the weighted condition did not immediately show improvement on the search tasks. However, after an initial search attempt, children wearing weights performed significantly better than chance. The findings shed new light on the interplay between thought and action.