cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Awareness of Air Pollution and Health Threats : Challenges and Opportunities for Communication Strategies To Improve Environmental Health Literacy

Accurate, timely information can be a powerful tool to mitigate harmful effects of air pollution. While national guidelines for environmental risk communication - based on risk and crisis communication principles - exist, little is known how these are operationalized, nor about the effectiveness of existing communication efforts. Moreover, a growing literature on environmental health literacy suggests that communication about environmental risks must move beyond individual behavior education to empower communities to mobilize to reduce environmental threats. This study aimed to identify and critically evaluate public sources of information about the causes and controllability of air pollution and its health effects, and potential disparities in information reach and utility. The case study triangulated data from three sources: Systematic analysis of the public information environment, interviews with regional expert stakeholders, and interviews with community residents. Three themes emerged: 1) Lack of clarity about responsibility for communicating about air quality (information sources), 2) Existing air quality communication strategies lack critical information including risk mitigation behaviors and long-term health impacts (information quality), and 3) Existing air quality communications fail to reach vulnerable populations (information reach). This study demonstrates that air quality communication is lacking yet crucially needed. Information about air pollution and health risks focuses on individual risk behaviors but is disseminated using channels that are unlikely to reach the most vulnerable populations. We discuss opportunities to improve the reach and impact of communication of air quality health risks, an increasingly important global priority, situating our argument within a critical environmental health literacy perspective.
A noninvasive prognostic biomarker for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Very small nuclear circulating tumor cells.

179Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have arisen as a contemporary biomarker for prostate cancer (PC). A subgroup of PC CTCs, with particularly small nuclei ( < 8.54 μm), were found to be ...
Universal Cash and Crime

We estimate the effects of universal cash transfers on crime from Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend, an annual lump-sum payment to all Alaska residents. We find a 14% increase in substance-abuse inc...
Flood awareness among college students in flash flood alley: a case study of Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, USA

Texas State University (TXST) in San Marcos, Texas is in one of the most flood prone regions of the U.S. due to the synergistic combination of extreme precipitation intensities, low infiltration su...
Oral Versus Intravenous Acetaminophen within an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocol in Colorectal Surgery.

BACKGROUND Multimodal pain management within enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols is designed to decrease opioid use, promote mobilization, and decrease postoperative complications. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of intravenous (IV) versus oral (PO) acetaminophen within an established ERAS protocol in colorectal surgery. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective observational study. SETTING This research took place within an established perioperative colorectal surgery protocol. METHODS A total of 91 consecutive elective colorectal resections performed according to an ERAS protocol using only IV acetaminophen (IV group) were compared with 84 consecutive resections performed using one dose of IV acetaminophen followed by subsequent administration of oral acetaminophen (PO group). Our multimodal pain management strategy also included transverse abdominis plane blocks, celecoxib, and ketorolac medications for both groups. Opioid requirements, maximum and average daily pain scores by the Visual Analog Scale, and postoperative outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS There were no differences in maximum or average pain scores on postoperative days 0-3 or at time of discharge between IV and PO groups. Compared with the IV acetaminophen only group, the PO group received significantly more perioperative opioids through 72 hours postoperatively (68.8 oral morphine equivalents [OME] IV group vs. 93.7 OME PO group; P < 0.0001), were more likely to require opioid patient-controlled analgesia (8.9% IV group vs. 46.4% PO group; P < 0.0001), and were more likely to experience postoperative nausea and vomiting (33.0% IV group vs. 48.8% PO group; P = 0.0449). LIMITATIONS Significant limitations include the studies' retrospective nature and that it was performed at a single institution. CONCLUSIONS Restriction of IV acetaminophen within an ERAS protocol in colorectal surgery was associated with increased opioid use, greater need for opioid patient-controlled analgesia, and increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. IV acetaminophen may be superior to oral acetaminophen in the early postoperative setting. KEY WORDS Perioperative pain management, enhanced recovery after surgery, acetaminophen, multimodal pain control, nonopioid.
Simulation of Flexural Dynamics of a Slender Ship undergoing Heave and Pitch

A simulation model for the flexural dynamics of a slender ship undergoing heave and pitch in regular waves is presented. The heave and pitch motions are found from the strip theory of Gerritsma and Beukelman [1] which is known to be experimentally validated. It is assumed that the ship structure is sufficiently stiff so that bending deformations do not significantly alter the wave field and hence the hydrodynamic loads determined from the strip theory may be used as inputs to the flexural model. The flexural dynamics is modeled by applying the hydrodynamic loads to a lumped-mass beam model and the equations of motion are formulated using the methods of Kane and Levinson [2]. The flexural model can capture large deformation behavior and is tested by demonstrating convergence to a known analytic solution. The model is easily implemented and may be used to evaluate time histories of bending moment responses to waves as well as to slamming events if the slamming load is known or estimated. Some typical results are presented.
Achieving optimal attenuation in acoustic waveguides with 3D printed Helmholtz resonators

A double root, commonly referred to as an exceptional point (EP), for modal frequencies in a 2D or 3D waveguide can exhibit optimal attenuation rates over a relatively broad frequency range. The key to the phenomenon is that the wall impedance is such that modes coalesce at a complex-valued frequency. In this talk we consider a novel approach to feasibly achieve the aforementioned wall impedance with the use of simple resonators, which can be shown to exhibit mode coalescence at distinct frequencies when treated as a unit cell component of a larger metasurface. Numerical results of several unit cell designs are given to test the boundaries on the following constraints: realizable resonator dimensions, scale separation, and target attenuation goals. To validate the analytical work, experimental setups consisting of additively manufactured Helmholtz resonators incorporated onto a custom-made impedance tube are tested. The dependence of printed resonator quality on theoretical inertial, loss, and stiffness values are discussed in tandem with printing repeatability. Simulated finite element model results will be used as comparative backdrops with the numerical and experimental results. Work supported by NSF.
Multiple Arterial Vascular Anomalies in the Periorbital, Paranasal, and Intracranial Spaces Treated With Systemic Bevacizumab.

ABSTRACT Arteriovenous malformations of the orbit are rare congenital hamartomas defined by a direct connection between the arterial and venous systems without an intervening capillary bed. Treatment can be challenging, as these lesions are anatomically complex, often involve multiple locations, and have a tendency to recur. A multidisciplinary approach is typically required, involving endovascular and surgical teams. The authors present a case of a 33-year-old man with a complex, recurrent orbital arteriovenous malformations in the context of wider head and neck vascular anomaly syndrome involving the paranasal sinuses, deep facial tissues, and intracranial spaces. The complex and evolving clinical manifestations of this disease are presented with emphasis on the interdependence of the anomalies and biologic management strategies.
Multi-scale Pan-cancer Integrative Analyses Identify the STAT3-VSIR Axis as a key Immunosuppressive Mechanism in Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose VSIR is a novel immune checkpoint protein whose expression on tumor cells across cancers remains largely uncharacterized. Here we purposed to decode the pan-cancer biologic and clinical significance of VSIR over-expression in the tumor compartment. Experimental design We performed multi-omics integrative analyses of 9735 tumor samples to identify cancers with non-leukocytic expression of VSIR (VSIR-High), followed by association with overall survival and immune cell infiltration levels. Orthogonal assessments of VSIR protein expression and lymphocytic infiltration were performed using Quantitative immunofluorescence. Results Integrative modeling identified a subset of cancer types as being enriched for VSIR-High tumors. VSIR-High tumors were associated with significantly poorer overall survival in immunogenic Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma (SA) and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). QIF assessments in an independent validation cohort confirmed over-expression of VSIR as being associated with poorer overall survival within immunogenic Oral Cavity SCC. VSIR over-expression was associated with lower CD4 Helper T-cell infiltration in both Ovarian SA and Oral Cavity SCC, but did not impact CD8 T-cell infiltration. VSIR over-expressing tumors in both cancer types exhibited significantly higher STAT3 signaling activity. Pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 signaling resulted in dose-dependent reduction of VSIR expression in Ovarian SA & Oral Cavity SCC cells. Conclusions The STAT3-VSIR axis is a potentially significant immuno-modulatory mechanism in oral cavity and ovarian cancers, whose activation is associated with poorer survival and an immune microenvironment marked by decreased CD4 helper T-cell activity. The role of VSIR as a tumor-intrinsic modulator of resistance to immunotherapy warrants further exploration.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Attention Profiles and Simulated Driving Performance

This study examined whether attention profiles from a computerized test battery relate to simulated driving performance. Five attention abilities were examined in the study: sustained, divided, selective, switching, and scanning. Participants completed eight tasks in a computer-based test battery and four driving scenarios designed to tap the same attention abilities. Physiological measures were collected during the test battery and the driving scenarios. Principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation extracted seven components from the test battery, including the five proposed abilities along with speed and orienting components. Component scores were used as predictors of simulated driving performance in stepwise regressions and explained a significant proportion of variance (ranging from 7% - 26%) for most measures of driving performance. The speed, visual search, and divided attention components appeared as significant predictors more often than did the sustained, switching, orienting, and selective components. When physiological measures were added to the regressions, they explained additional variance beyond that explained by the component scores, but there was no consistent relation between simulated driving performance and any particular physiological measure.
History of Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is usually described as that domain of biology that seeks explanations in terms of the structure and function of molecules of the cell and sometimes of the whole organism. It has developed from a tradition that borrowed significant paradigms from early twentieth century physics and incorporated some areas of biochemistry and genetics. Keywords: gene; protein; nucleic acid; biophysics; X-ray diffraction; bacteria
Multipurpose Medium for Use with Pseudomonas Species

A medium is described which can be used to detect starch hydrolysis, gelatinase production, and denitrification by pseudomonads.
Relatedness of Strains of Xanthomonas fragariae by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, DNA-DNA Reassociation, and Fatty Acid Analyses†

The levels of relatedness of strains of Xanthomonas fragariae collected over several years from locations in Canada and the United States were compared by determining fatty acid methyl ester profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, and DNA-DNA reassociation values. Based on qualitative and quantitative differences in fatty acid profiles, the strains were divided into nine groups and four groups by the MIDI “10% rule” and unweighted pair analysis, respectively. Restriction analysis of genomic DNA by PFGE with two endonucleases (XbaI and SpeI) revealed four distinct profiles. When a third endonuclease (VspI) was used, one group was divided into three subgroups. The profile of the American Type Culture Collection type strain differed from the profile of every other strain of X. fragariae. Considerable diversity was observed within X. fragariae, although the majority of the strains represented a clonal population. The four groups based on fatty acid profiles were similar to the four groups based on RFLP, but neither method related groups to the geographic origins of the strains. The DNA-DNA reassociation values were high for representative strains, providing evidence that all of the strains belong to the same species.
Strong Absorption-Line Systems at Low Redshift: MgII and Damped LYα

We detail a powerful indirect method for the study of damped Lyα systems (DLAs) at low redshift. We increase the probability of finding a low-redshift DLA to nearly 50% by targeting QSOs that are known to have strong low-redshift Mg II and Fe II absorption lines in their spectra. We are using Sloan Digital Sky Survey QSO spectra complemented by a survey we are conducting at the MMT to study the metal-line systems. The Hubble Space Telescope is being used to confirm low-redshift DLAs. In addition, we are imaging low-redshift DLA galaxies with several ground-based telescopes to directly study their environments.
Magnetotail structure of the giant magnetospheres: Implications of the viscous interaction with the solar wind

[1] The internal sources of plasma in the giant magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn affect magnetospheric dynamics in terms of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and auroral current systems, as well as the interaction with the solar wind. The radial transport of plasma at Jupiter is well constrained to vary between 300 kg/s and 1200 kg/s over timescales of 20–60 days. Saturn's neutral-dominated inner magnetosphere has presented a challenge for determining the radial mass transport rates with values ranging between 20 kg/s and 280 kg/s over timescales of 20–80 days. We present an estimate of the radial mass transport rates associated with magnetospheric plasma production for Jupiter and Saturn, assuming that magnetospheric plasma loss (equal to the plasma source) can be treated as mass pickup by the solar wind. That is, the magnetospheric plasma is assumed to be at rest with respect to the solar wind, analogous to cometary mass loading of the solar wind flow. This Alfvenic coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere suggests mass loading rates of 500–1500 kg/s for Jupiter and 20–50 kg/s for Saturn, consistent with observations and physical chemistry models. We discuss implications for magnetotail structure by considering the contribution of the viscous interaction of the solar wind with the giant magnetospheres. We suggest that a significant portion of the magnetotail structure can be attributed to this viscous interaction.
Just One Wish for the Study of Human Development

If you had just one wish for the study of human development, what would it be? How would it advance the field? And what would it take for your vision to be realized? This was the charge given to 28 scholars who come from different disciplines and fields, and who study different periods of the life course. In this article, Richard A. Settersten, Jr. and Megan McClelland, the issue’s editors, provide an overview of the contributors’ wishes, organized into seven thematic areas: (1) conceptual advances; (2) systems, levels, and contexts; (3) individual differences; (4) methodological advances; (5) harnessing science for human welfare and social justice; (6) underexplored life course dynamics; and (7) interdisciplinary collaboration and playing well with others.
Die Bestimmung von Vanadin- und Arsensäure und von Vanadin- und Antimonsäure nebeneinander

In der vorliegenden Arheit ist gezeigt worden, dass Vanadin- und Arsensaure und Vanadin- und Antimonsaure nebeneinander gut bestimmt werden konnen nach einem Verfahren, das basiert ist auf der verschiedenen Reduktionswirkung von Wein- oder Oxalsaure und Schwefeldioxyd, wobei die Oxydation immer in alkalischer Losung durch Jod stattfindet.
Optimization of indium tin oxide by pulsed DC power on single junction amorphous silicon solar cells

Abstract We investigated the optimal deposition conditions of a thin indium tin oxide (ITO) film on an amorphous silicon (a-Si) single-junction solar cell using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Thin ITO films were deposited while power, deposition time, pressure, gas flow and temperature were varied to find such conditions. The efficiency of a-Si solar cells with ITO films was 6.65% at the optimal conditions — a pulsed DC power of 40 W, a deposition time of 460 s, a pressure of 0.53 Pa, gas flow of 16 sccm and 151 °C. On the other hand, an a-SiGe tandem solar cell with the ITO films made at the optimal conditions yields an efficiency of 7.20%. We have also examined the surface morphology of ITO coated a-Si solar cells, using atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, a change in power does not alter the surface morphology at small length scales, whereas at large scales, the lower power sample had a lower surface roughness than the samples made with higher powers. We also find that for the range of deposition conditions examined, the value of the roughness exponent does not change with α ≃ 2/3 and a thin layer of ITO does not modify the surface morphology significantly.
Non-Darcian Convection in Cylindrical Packed Beds

Non-Darcian transport describes the nonuniform flow and thermal anomaliesoften found in flow through packed beds. These effects include the high-flow-rate inertial pressure loss, near-wall porosity variation, solid-boundary shear, and thermal dispersion. Inclusion of these effects significantly alters the velocity and temperature profiles from those predicted by models using uniform or Darcian flow. In this paper, the non-Darcian formulation is used to predict the heat transfer rates for cylindrical packed beds such as chemical reactors. Traditional analyses of chemical reactors assume slug flow and must include a temperature-slip boundary condition to predict the measured temperature profiles. The present analysis predicts similar temperature variations by allowing the velocity and diffusivity to vary across the bed. The results agree with experimental relations needed in conventional reactor models.
Pliocene hominid mandibles from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia: 1974–1977 collections

The Pliocene hominid mandibles of A. afarensis from Hadar, Ethiopia are described anatomically.
Microparticles and Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for DNA Vaccines

DNA vaccines, also referred to as genetic vaccines, are generating significant preclinical and clinical interest. It has been proven that the expression of an antigen or antigens from plasmid DNA (pDNA) may elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, DNA vaccines may have potential as new vaccines for important pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and malaria. However, the clinical results using "naked" pDNA have been disappointing in the breadth and depth of the immune response and the relatively high doses of pDNA needed to elicit a response. Clinical trials with the gene gun have been promising, but it is unclear whether this technology will be commercially viable. As a result, there exists a clear need for new vaccine delivery systems that can be administered at low doses to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses. One promising approach is the development of microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for DNA vaccines. In this review, the application of microparticles and nanoparticles as DNA vaccine delivery systems will be critically reviewed with a primary focus on those systems that have generated in vivo immune responses.
Optimization of the finite element mesh for the solution of fracture problems

Abstract A study is presented concerning the effect of mesh geometry upon the accuracy of finite element solutions for fracture problems. Suggestions are given for the determination of the optimum mesh for several types of problems using linear displacement and quadratic displacement quadrilateral demonstrated that merely using smaller elements will not necessarily improve solution accuracy.
Recent trends in Sri Lankan Buddhism

The South Asian island of Sri Lanka continues to be an important field site for the study of contemporary Buddhism. Numerous scholars in the field of religion base their arguments about the modern rise of Buddhist revivalism and fundamentalism on ethnographic data from Sri Lanka's long tradition of Theravāda Buddhism. This article, based on fieldwork in Colombo during summer 2002, serves to update previous knowledge on Sri Lankan Buddhism by reporting on newer developments in this religious tradition. I argue that many of the recent trends in Sri Lankan Buddhism are linked in part to broader political and economic realities observed in the island today.
Myths as a vehicle for transforming organizations

Explores how myths represent reality in the minds of organizational members of what the organization was, is, and can be. Applies the construct of a mythograph to trace the past transformation journey of the studied organization, which provides a context for envisioning the future journey. Illustrates how a typical modern organization can be stuck in a reductionistic model. Closes with the discussion on how evolution of organizational consciousness is fundamental to organizational transformation that is made possible by using myths as a vehicle.
Darwinism between Kant and Haeckel.

This paper attempts to describe and evaluate the major proponents of evolutionary thought in nineteenth-century German Protestantism. It shows that the soil was well prepared for Darwin's ideas, many of his theses having been advocated in Germany prior to the publication of his Origin of Species. While the mainstream of evolutionary thought in Germany was quite antireligious in terms of the established religion, evolutionists still admitted to being at a loss to explain the relationship between the own self and matter. The author concludes that we cannot choose between Kant or Hegel, the main philosophical mentors of German nineteenth-century evolutionists, but must learn from both. Such a venture would meet the hope of Haeckel to bridge the dichotomy between dualism and monism through a comprehensive
Effects of nitrogen and carbon ion implantation on devitrification of silica glasses

Abstract The effects of nitrogen and carbon ion implantation on devitrification of stoichiometric and oxygen deficient silica glasses were investigated. Linear crystal growth was observed in stoichiometric silica glass and was not affected by ion implantation. Parabolic crystal growth was observed in oxygen-deficient glasses, which was retarded by ion implantation, with the rate of crystal growth retardation being greater for nitrogen implantation than for carbon implantation. Activation energy for parabolic rate constant for crystal growth was about ∼ 105 kcal/mol. When the oxygen-deficient silica glasses were hydrated, their crystal growth became linear and the activation energies were smaller. The reduction in activation energy by hydration was approximately equal to the activation energy for water diffusion in silica. It is suggested that nitrogen ion implantation decreased the crystal growth rate in the oxygen-deficient glasses by forming an oxynitride layer, which is an effective water diffusion barrier.
Defective Cross-Presentation of Viral Antigens in GILT-Free Mice

Gamma-interferon–inducible lysosomal thiolreductase (GILT) promotes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II–restricted presentation of exogenous antigens containing disulfide bonds. Here, we show that GILT also facilitates MHC class I–restricted recognition of such antigens by CD8 + T cells, or cross-presentation. GILT is essential for cross-presentation of a CD8 + T cell epitope of glycoprotein B (gB) from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) but not for its presentation by infected cells. Initiation of the gB-specific CD8 + T cell response during HSV-1 infection, or cross-priming, is highly GILT-dependent, as is initiation of the response to the envelope glycoproteins of influenza A virus. Efficient cross-presentation of disulfide-rich antigens requires a complex pathway involving GILT-mediated reduction, unfolding, and partial proteolysis, followed by translocation into the cytosol for proteasomal processing.
Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of β-D-3′-Azido-2′,3′-unsaturated Nucleosides and β-D-3′-Azido-3′-deoxyribofuranosylnucleosides

Since the discovery of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there has been a growing interest for the synthesis of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'dideoxynucleosides with electron withdrawing groups on the sugar moiety. Here we described an efficient method for the synthesis of such nucleoside analogs bearing structural features of both AZT and d4T The key intermediate, 3-azido-1,2-bis-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-D-ribofuranose, 5 was synthesized from commercially available D-xylose in five steps, from which a series of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were synthesized in high yields. The resultant protected nucleosides were converted to target nucleosides using appropriate chemical modifications. The final nucleosides were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents.
Effects of clonidine on the lumbar sympathetic pathways to the large intestine and urinary bladder of the cat.

Abstract The effects of clonidine onn lumbar sympathetic outflow to the colon and urinaary bladder were examined by recording drug-induced changes in spontaneous postganglionic firing and spinal viscero-sympathetic reflexes in the lumbar colonic and hypogastric nerves of the cat. Clonidine in doses between 2–40 μg/kg produced a dose dependent depression of spontaneous and evoked discharges in efferents of the hypogastric nerve but did not alter activity in the lumbar colonic nerves. Clonidine also reduced arterial blood pressure and spontaneous firing in the renal nerves. These data coupled with previous observations in this laboratory indicate that spinal sympathetic pathways can exhibit a considerable variation in the sensitivity to the depressant actions of clonidine. This variation in sensitivity may reflect the relative importance of noradrenergic inhibitory mechanisms in the respective pathways.
Synthesis and processing of ceramic–metal composites by reactive metal penetration

Abstract Molten aluminum reduces and penetrates silicate ceramics to produce a metal–ceramic composite which yields an Al 2 O 3 skeleton infiltrated with a solidified Al–Si alloy. Penetration experiments have been used to study the influence of p (O 2 ), temperature and substrate composition on penetration kinetics and composite microstructure. The limiting kinetic step for Al penetration is the chemical reaction between Al and the ceramic. For dense substrates the maximum reaction rates are observed between 1000–1200°C and are independent of p (O 2 ). For porous substrates it is necessary to reach a critical temperature or p (O 2 ), before infiltration starts. Increasing the Si concentration in the molten Al results in the reduction of the reaction rates.
Lossless strip-to-slot waveguide transformer.

We present a highly efficient integratable waveguide transformer that is capable of converting Gaussian-like waveguide modes to much more complicated non-Gaussian-like slot-waveguide modes, and vice versa. The structure consists of several pairs of complementary tapers capable of making this mode conversion virtually lossless. The capability of extremely low-loss mode transformation between these two classes of waveguides has been demonstrated by means of single- and double-slot transformers. Our simulation has shown that the total transformation losses are less than 0.01 and 0.02 dB per transformer, respectively, and can be easily achieved, with a total device length of less than 100 μm.
The Utility of Follow-up Testing After Curative Cancer Therapy: A Critical Review and Economic Analysis

OBJECTIVE To review (1) basic principles of follow-up in patients who are in complete remission following curative therapy for cancer; (2) evaluate the available data on follow-up strategies for testicular cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, and prostate cancer; and (3) analyze the cost of follow-up strategies. METHODS The English language literature was reviewed utilizing MEDLINE headings for the specific malignancies and the text word "follow-up." Bibliographies of relevant articles also were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on prospective, randomized trials of large retrospective studies in which all patients who potentially could have been evaluated were accounted. The cost of various testing strategies were analyzed utilizing data from the Health Care Finance Administration. DATA SYNTHESIS Proper follow-up strategies should take into account patterns and time course of recurrence and should be obtained of detection of recurrence would allow meaningful therapeutic intervention. Testing also should be directed at early detection of malignant and nonmalignant complications known to be associated with the primary disease. Testicular cancer is a "model" malignancy in that sensitive tests for recurrence are available and early detection of recurrence allows for potentially curative therapy. CONCLUSIONS According to the currently available literature, repetitive follow-up laboratory and radiologic testing, except for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, does not detect the vast majority of cancer relapses, nor does it result in a greater chance of cure or prolonged survival. The majority of recurrences at all disease sites will first be recognized as symptomatic changes in the patient's condition or alterations in the physical examination. A limited panel of blood tests and radiographic studies to detect recurrences, metachronous disease, and complications of therapy (malignant and nonmalignant), will suffice for most cancers. Though data are limited, this more restrictive policy of follow-up testing does not appear to adversely impact patient quality of life and result in dramatic cost of savings to the health care system.
Microscopic Chemical Imaging with Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometric chemical images of surfaces were obtained using a laser desorption/laser postionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Using a single laser to both desorb and ionize surface species results in a large variability in the ion signal as the laser is rastered from spot to spot on the surface. The variation is greatly reduced when the detected species are photoionized desorbed neutrals rather than ions produced directly by the desorption laser. A Schwarzschild microscope mounted outside of the vacuum chamber is used to focus the desorption laser on the sample. Ion dispersion and detection are accomplished by a simple time-of-flight mass analyzer. The spatial resolution of the system is on the order of 1 μm. The design and use of the imaging laser microprobe mass spectrometer are presented, along with images of organic and inorganic surfaces.
Geomydoecus (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) from Pappogeomys and Zygogeomys pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) in central Mexico.

Descriptions and illustrations are given for 13 previously described species and subspecies of Geomydoecus and four new subspecies: G. mexicanus Price and Emerson type host: Pappogeomys merriami saccharalis (Nelson and Goldman)), G. perotensis perotensis Price and Emerson (type host: P. m. estor (Merriam)), G. p. irolonis Price and Emerson type host: P. m. irolonis (Nelson and Goldman)), G. traubi Price and Emerson (type host: P. m. merriami (Thomas)), G. fulvescens Price and Emerson (type host: P. m. fulvescens Merriam)), G. coronadoi coronadoi Barrera, n. status (type host: P. m. estor), G. c. submerriami , n. ssp. (type host: P. m. merriami ), G. c. saccharalis , n. ssp. (type host: P. m. saccharalis ), G. merriami Price and Emerson (type host: P. tylorhinus planiceps (Merriam)), G. veracruzensis Price and Emerson (type host: P. m. fulvescens), G. polydentatus polydentatus Price and Emerson, n. status (type host: P. zinseri (Goldman)), G. p. angustirostris , n. ssp. (type host: P. t. angustirostris (Merriam)), G. mcgregori Price and Emerson (type host: P. fumosus (Merriam)), G. wernecki wernecki Price and Emerson, n. status (type host: P. zinseri ), G. w. planiceps , n. ssp. (type host: P. t. planiceps), G. alcorni Price and Emerson type host: P. alcorni Russell), and G. trichopi Price and Emerson (type host: Zygogeomys trichopus trichopus Merriam).
Double-labeling of rat α-motoneurons for cytochrome oxidase and retrogradely transported [3H]WGA

In this study, we have demonstrated the co-localization of a retrograde tracer and the reaction product of an oxidative enzyme within the same neurons in the same spinal cord section, using [3H]wheat germ agglutinin and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. This approach allows unequivocal identification of the α-motoneurons innervating specific muscles. We have determined that there is a positive correlation between the distribution of cytochrome oxidase reactivity in α-motoneurons and the muscles that they innervate. The degree of cytochrome oxidase reactivity within the labeled α-motoneurons appears to be independent of spinal cord level and cell size.
Budget share demographic translation and the aggregate almost ideal demand system

Abstract This paper introduces budget share demographic translation in the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and explores its implications for aggregation over consuming units. It os shown that, under certain conditions, the joint distribution of expenditure and demographic characteristics plays an explicit role in the aggregate AIDS. Empirical evidence, based on Italian data, is provided and the implied expenditure pattern for a number of combinations of expenditures and household characteristics derived from the estimated aggregate AIDS. The empirical results suggest that the usual rejection of the homogeneity restriction in aggregate demand systems might have to do with the improper treatment of the aggregation issue.
Evidence for a Dystrophin Missense Mutation as a Cause of X-Linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLCM) has previously been shown to be due to mutations in the dystrophin gene, which is located at Xp21. Mutations in the 5′ portion of the gene, including the muscle promoter, exon 1, and the exon 1–intron 1 splice site, have been reported previously. The purpose of this study was to analyze the originally described family with XLCM (and others) for dystrophin mutations. Methods and Results Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify genomic DNA, and reverse-transcriptase PCR amplified cDNA from RNA obtained from heart and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Primers to the muscle promoter, brain promoter, and Purkinje cell promoter were designed, in addition to the exon 1 to exon 14 regions of dystrophin. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used for mutation detection, and DNA sequencing defined the mutation. Protein modeling was used for amino acid and secondary structure analysis. A missense mutation in exon 9 at nucleotide 1043 was identified...
Two fast photodiodes for use in pulse radiolysis

Abstract In this paper we describe the characteristics of two photodiodes which make them very useful for pulse radiolysis studies. These detectors are the EG & G SHS-100 Si photodiode and the Barnes room temperature A-100 InAs photodiode. The former has a linear output up to at least 6·5 mA, has a 0–98% response time ≌ 15 ns and is distinguished from Si photodiodes previously described by having no detectable slow component to its response. The 0–98% response time of the A-100 photodiode and the circuit developed for it is about 60 ns, and it also shows no detectable slow response component. The output of the A-100 is linear up to at least 2 mA, and we have used it for absorption measurements between 450 and 3200 nm.
Contributions of prolonged contingent and noncontingent cocaine exposure to enhanced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

Recent evidence suggests that prolonged cocaine self-administration produces escalation in drug-seeking behavior in rats analogous to the increased intake patterns observed in cocaine-dependent individuals. However, the contributions of prolonged access to cocaine taking vs the pharmacologic effects of the consequent increased cocaine exposure on escalation of drug-seeking behaviors have not been investigated. The present study assessed the effects of these two factors on maintenance of cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.2 mg/i.v. infusion; FR1) for 1 h per day for 10 sessions followed by short access (1 h/day), contingent long access (6 h/day), or noncontingent long access (1 h contingent + 5 h of yoked cocaine infusions/day; i.e., short access + yoked) to cocaine for 14 daily sessions. All rats underwent extinction training and were subsequently tested for the ability of cocaine-paired cues or a cocaine-priming injection (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) to reinstate extinguished cocaine seeking. Rats in all groups maintained stable responding for cocaine reinforcement and subsequently showed significant reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Conditioned-cued reinstatement was enhanced after the contingent long access and short access + yoked cocaine exposure relative to short access cocaine exposure. Conversely, cocaine-primed reinstatement was enhanced after contingent long-access cocaine exposure relative to the other two conditions. Enhanced drug seeking produced by prolonged daily cocaine self-administration is due to a combination of behavioral and pharmacological factors. Specifically, conditioned-cued reinstatement is enhanced by increased cocaine intake and cocaine-primed reinstatement is enhanced by increased cocaine taking.
Characterization of intermediates in the uncoating of vaccinia virus DNA.

Abstract The fate of parental vaccinia virions in mouse L fibroblasts was studied. Four particulate subviral intermediates of uncoating were detected and were partially characterized. SVC (subviral component) 1 had the “mulberry” appearance of virions and possessed the same polypeptide complement, but sedimented slightly slower. SVC2 resembled, but was not identical with, cores prepared in vitro . It possessed 18 of the 30 virion polypeptides, which differed from those present in cores principally by including both glycopolypeptides. Like cores, it exhibited DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Morphologically, it resembled cores surrounded by a layer of surface spikes 100 A long and 50 A in diameter, which probably consisted largely of the glycopolypeptides. SVC3 contained very little if any DNA and contained most but not all of the polypeptides also present in SVC2; it probably corresponded to the empty “shell” of SVC2 which remained after DNA had been liberated. SVC4 contained few if any vaccinia polypeptides; its DNA was still partially resistant to deoxyribonuclease. Eventually all vaccinia DNA was converted to a form which was completely digestible by this enzyme. In the presence of cycloheximide SVC2 accumulated and persisted in cells for at least 6 hours, by which time more than 90% of parental virus had been completely uncoated under normal conditions of infection.
Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals.

This study used non-invasive pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the maximum fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm) of two Hawaiian scleractinian coral species exposed to short-term sedimentation stress. Beach sand or harbor mud was applied to coral fragments in a flow-through aquarium system for 0–45 h, and changes in Fv/Fm were measured as a function of sediment type and length of exposure. Corals were monitored for up to 90 h to document recovery after sediment removal. Sediment deposition significantly decreased Fv/Fm in both species and was a function of sediment type and time. Corals that received sediment for 30 h or more had the greatest reduction in yield and exhibited little recovery over the course of the experiment. Harbor mud caused a greater reduction in Porites lobata yield than beach sand, whereas both sediment types had equally deleterious effects on Montipora capitata. Colony morphology and sediment type were important factors in determining yield reduction—P. lobata minimized damage from coarse sand grains by passive sediment rejection or accumulation in depressions in the skeleton, and fluorescence yield decreased most in corals exposed to sticky harbor mud or in colonies with flattened morphologies. Species-specific differences could not be tested due to differences in colony morphology and surface area.
Kin selection, kin avoidance and correlated strategies

Kin selection of correlated strategies is examined for both weak and strong altruism under simple haploid inheritance. While kin assortment enhances the range of evolutionary stability for (strongly altruistic) correlated strategies (defined herein), kin avoidance is possible under a weakly altruistic correlated strategy. When social competition induces role assignments of variable fitness, group mates may ‘prefer’ association with non-relatives. Even when group life is mandatory, an individual may accept the risk of abandonment (and reproductive death) rather then associate with kin: a competitive superior may behave altruistically by permitting competitively inferior kin to emigrate. Thus, kin selection and social competition are not necessarily mutually supportive processes within groups. I conclude by interpreting dominance as a strongly altruistic correlated strategy in two social hymenopteran contexts.
Context and Variation in Koya Kinship Terminology1

The analysis of kinship terminologies has traditionally operated only with the genealogical denotata of the nominal stems of kin terms, with little reference to the social and linguistic contexts in which kin terms are used. Such analysis has usually resulted in the delineation of a single, unitary structure. Problems of variation are seldom systematically accounted for; one reason for this failure is that an explanation of it requires information on the social and linguistic environments as well. Focusing on variation indicates that there is no single, unitary structure of kin terms defined solely on the basis of genealogical components. This implies that typological analysis or formal analysis based on genealogical criteria alone is apt to obscure important data. It also indicates that the traditional “genealogical method” is an inadequate field method—if the ethnographic aim is to predict “who will be called what.”
Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on N fertilization in grain sorghum and soybean

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns about global changes to the environment. One area of global change that has not been fully addressed is the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on agriculture production inputs. Elevated CO2 concentration alterations of plant growth and C:N ratios may modify C and N cycling in soil and N fertility. This study was conducted to examine the effects of legume, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and non-legume, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) carbon dioxide-enriched agro-ecosystems on N soil fertility in a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults). The study was a split-plot design replicated three times with crop species (soybean and grain sorghum) as the main plots and CO2 concentration (ambient and twice ambient) as subplots using open top field chambers. Fertilizer application was made with 15 N-depleted NH4NO3 to act as a fertilizer tracer. Elevated CO2 increased total biomass production in all 3 years of both grain sorghum (average 30%) and soybean (average 40%). With soybean, while no impact on the plant C:N ratio was observed, the total N content was greatly increased (average 29%) due to increased atmospheric N2 fixation with elevated CO2 concentration. With grain sorghum, the total N uptake was not affected, but the C:N ratio was markedly increased (average 31%) by elevated CO2. No impact of elevated CO2 level was observed for fertilizer N in grain sorghum. The results from this study indicated that while elevated CO2 may enhance crop production and change N status in plant tissue, changes to soil N fertilizer application practices may not be needed. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fungal Infections: Their Diagnosis and Treatment in Transplant Recipients

Systemic fungal infections typically occur in individuals who are seriously ill with recognized risk factors such as those frequently found in transplant recipients. Unfortunately, they are often diagnosed late, when the efficacy of the available treatments is low, often less than 50%, and the cost in terms of lives lost, hospital length of stay, and total hospital costs is substantially increased. The application of antifungal therapies associated with reported efficacy rates greater than 50% are those used prophylactically. When used prophylactically, these infections are reduced in greater than 95% of the expected cases. The choice of a prophylactic agent should be based upon its ease of administration, lack of adverse effects, reduced likelihood of potential drug interactions, and its efficacy in patients with established risk factors and comorbid disease processes that include renal, hepatic, and chronic pulmonary disease. The indications for the use of currently available antifungal agents, their adverse effects, drug interactions, ease of dosing, and applicability in patients with preexisting disease states, and especially in liver transplant recipients, are presented in this paper.
Comments on 'Spacetime ray tracing for animation' by A.S. Glassner

The commenter observes that the impression given by the author of the above-mention paper (ibid., vol.8, no.2, p.60-70, Mar. 1988) that modeling space and time using 4-D recursive division is a novel idea is inaccurate and cites four references to back his statement. He otherwise regards the article as valuable. >