cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of apatite structures via topological data analysis: a framework for a ‘Materials Barcode’ representation of structure maps

This paper introduces the use of topological data analysis (TDA) as an unsupervised machine learning tool to uncover classification criteria in complex inorganic crystal chemistries. Using the apatite chemistry as a template, we track through the use of persistent homology the topological connectivity of input crystal chemistry descriptors on defining similarity between different stoichiometries of apatites. It is shown that TDA automatically identifies a hierarchical classification scheme within apatites based on the commonality of the number of discrete coordination polyhedra that constitute the structural building units common among the compounds. This information is presented in the form of a visualization scheme of a barcode of homology classifications, where the persistence of similarity between compounds is tracked. Unlike traditional perspectives of structure maps, this new "Materials Barcode" schema serves as an automated exploratory machine learning tool that can uncover structural associations from crystal chemistry databases, as well as to achieve a more nuanced insight into what defines similarity among homologous compounds.
Regulatory effects of comprehensive psychological intervention on adverse emotions and immune status of cervical cancer patients during the perioperative period.

Objective: To compare and evaluate the regulatory effects of comprehensive psychological intervention on adverse emotions and immune status of cervical cancer patients during the perioperative period. Methods: A total of 109 cervical cancer patients admitted to our hospital were selected and divided into the conventional group (n=54) and the comprehensive group (n=55). The conventional group received conventional nursing intervention, while the comprehensive group received comprehensive psychological and conventional nursing intervention. The adverse emotions, social support degrees, level of hope, sleep quality, immune functions and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: On Day 10 after surgery, the comprehensive group had lower scores of hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety (HADS-A), and hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression (HADS-D), higher scores of social support rating scale (SSRS), intimate relationship, positive attitude, and attitude for actions, a higher excellent and good rate of social support degree (92.73% vs 75.93%), a lower Cortisol (Cor) level, and a higher level of interleukin-2 (IL-2) than the conventional group (P < 0.05). On Days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 after surgery, the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) in the comprehensive group were lower than those in the conventional group (P < 0.05). The overall degree of nursing satisfaction in comprehensive group (94.55%) was higher than that in the conventional group (79.63%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Comprehensive psychological intervention can remarkably improve the negative emotions, social support degree, level of hope, sleep quality, immune functions, and satisfaction of cervical cancer patients receiving conventional nursing intervention during the perioperative period.
Hybrid Bonding Interconnect for Advanced Heterogeneously Integrated Processors

Die stacking enables significant performance leaps in computing capability and memory/processor integration. Conventional die stacking uses solder interconnects which suffer from several scaling limitations. A new die to die interconnect technology, hybrid bonding, removes many of these limitations and allows several order of magnitude improvements in die-to-die connection density. In this paper, we provide an overview of hybrid bonding technology and its capabilities in the context of high-performance computing applications. The basic process & benefits of hybrid bonding vs. conventional solder interconnect are discussed. The signal integrity and power reduction benefits of hybrid bonding for several types of die-to-die interconnects are shown. We demonstrate that hybrid bonding can decrease the interconnect parasitics & correspondingly reduce the interconnect power by more than 5X. The design, manufacturing & assembly steps of our test chips and some of the fabrication results are also discussed.
Human Papillomavirus-Associated Sexual Risks Among High School Students in the U.S.: Does Sexual Orientation Play a Role?

We examined the association between sexual orientation and human papillomavirus (HPV)-related risky sexual behaviors among high school students in the U.S. We used the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a three-stage cluster sample, nationally representative, cross-sectional study. Participants were sexually active students (Grades 9–12) in public, private, and Catholic schools in 50 states and the District of Columbia (n = 5,958). Sexual orientation dimensions were: sexual self-identity (heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and not sure) and sex of sexual contacts. HPV-associated risky sexual risk behaviors selected a priori were early sexual debut (≤ 12 or ≥ 13 years old) and number of lifetime partners (≥ 2 or ≥ 4). Separate multiple logistic regression analyses estimated association between sexual orientation and sex of sexual contacts, and HPV-associated risky sexual behaviors. Among the 5,958 high school students, a quarter had ≥ 4, and two-thirds had ≥ 2 sexual partners. Students who self-identified as bisexual (aOR = 2.43, 99% CI 1.19–4.98) or “not sure” (aOR = 4.56, 99% CI 2.54–8.17) were more likely to have sexual debut before 13 years. Similarly, students whose sexual contacts were adolescent females who had sex with females and males were more likely to have sexual debut before they turned 13 years of age (aOR = 3.46, 99% CI 1.83–6.48), or had ≥ 4 sexual partners (aOR = 2.66, 99% CI 1.74–4.08), or had ≥ 2 sexual partners (aOR = 3.09, 99% CI 1.91–5.00). In conclusion, HPV-associated risky sexual behavior is prevalent among high school students, especially sexual minorities. Interventions tailored to this population could increase HPV vaccine uptake and prevent future HPV-associated cancers and other negative outcomes.
Impact of Tibial Bypass Conduit on Long-Term Amputation-Free Survival and Primary Patency in the Vascular Quality Initiative

ABSTRACT Background Much research remains focused on tibial bypass conduit selection. We sought to describe long-term amputation-free survival (AFS) and primary patency (PP) of patients undergoing tibial bypass by conduit type and configuration across several permutations in the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Methods Patients in the VQI registry undergoing elective first-time femoral- or popliteal-to-tibial bypass for occlusive disease involving rest pain or tissue loss were identified. Prior ipsilateral infrainguinal bypass or concomitant procedures were excluded. Outcomes of interest included patient AFS at 22 months and PP at 1 year (defined as freedom from revision, thrombectomy, or graft occlusion). Results A total of 4,192 bypasses were identified. The majority utilized Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) (76.2%), followed by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (10.6%), non-autologous biologic (NABC) (6.5%), composite (3.3%), arm vein (2.8%), and Small Saphenous Vein (SSV) (0.6%). Compared to all prosthetic and composite bypasses, vein grafts had the best AFS (76.4%, p Conclusions Single-segment vein bypass was only marginally the most optimal conduit. Surprisingly, there may be more equipoise among conduit types, particularly in the absence of adequate GSV. Prosthetic grafts overall may not be as disadvantaged in the long term as initially thought, especially when compared to arm vein, as PWC did not significantly differ in primary patency. Similarly, a composite conduit may not impact long-term outcomes. These data suggest that conduit choice may not impact outcomes to the degree previously thought and that other factors may have a greater impact than presumed, especially in conduit limited situations.
Examination of date tampering on Abraham Lincoln's pardon of Patrick Murphy, RG 153 entry 15, case MM761 (ARC identifier: 1839980)

Abstract On January 26, 2011, the Pardon of Patrick Murphy, a document in the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Record Group 153 (RG 153) Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Army), was submitted to conservation for examination. The record was examined with special focus on the handwritten “1865” to the left of Abraham Lincoln's signature. All analysis techniques were non-sampling, non-invasive, and non-damaging as retaining the integrity of cultural heritage is very similar to the forensic handling of evidence. Microscopy, transmitted light, Ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the ink used to write the “5”, in the April 14, 1865 date is different from the remaining text written by Lincoln and these analytical forensic-inspired techniques allowed scientists and conservators to “set the record straight” about the modern forged “5” for future generations of researchers.
Ascending cholinergic pathways: functional organization and implications for disease models.

Publisher Summary Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to exert profound modulatory effects on information processing in the brain. For example, experimental blockade of cholinergic transmission can lead to defects in memory and cognitive function, and loss of cerebral cholinergic innervation occurs in Alzheimer's disease. This latter cholinergic deficit contributes, at least in part, to the dementia seen in Alzheimer's patients. The development of antibodies to choline acetyltrarfsferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for ACh, allowed for specific visualization of cholinergic neurons and immunohistochemical studies have revealed two major ascending cholinergic systems that are likely to mediate the behavioral effects of ACh: the magnocellular basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmental cholinergic groups. More recently, the availability of molecular probes to visualize neuronal populations expressing ChAT mRNA have confirmed the identity of these cell groups, as well as other major cholinergic neuronal populations in the nervous system. This chapter describes the current level of understanding concerning the functional organization of the ascending cholinergic pathways cited above, as well as addressing some issues relating to the identification of trophic mechanisms that support the viability of the basal forebrain system. This latter topic bears special relevance to cholinergic dysfunction in disease and is considered in more detail in elsewhere in this volume. While the present focus is on ascending cholinergic pathways, it is important to bear in mind that these pathways represent part of a larger group of so-called diffuse ascending systems, including dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic and histaminergic transmitter systems. All of these pathways exert important modulatory effects on information processing in the nervous system and are likely to interact significantly with one another.
Trauma of the Abdomen and Pelvis II

Computed tomography (CT) is the established method for the imaging evaluation of traumatic injury to the abdomen and pelvis. This role has been galvanized in the era of multidetector CT (MDCT) because of the greater speed and flexibility afforded by this modality. MDCT can now image the head, entire spine and torso, often in less time than would be typical for obtaining a standard three-view radiographic trauma series (portable chest, lateral C-spine and AP pelvis). When coupled with its accuracy for detecting multisystem injuries, CT has become the indispensable means by which prompt diagnosis and triage is undertaken for the stable trauma patient. Additionally, the high quality image data sets now obtained from MDCT permit the routine use of post processing techniques such as multiplanar reformation (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP) and three-dimensional (3D) image display for improving evaluation and communication of diagnostic results.
Ocular parameters in a captive colony of fruit bats

Objectives To establish normal reference ranges of ocular parameters including phenol read thread, palpebral fissure length, horizontal and vertical corneal diameter, upright and hanging intraocular pressure (IOP) and to report ophthalmic examination findings of the anterior segment and lens, in a population of captive fruit bats. Animals studied Eyes of 30 bats of three species were included in this study: 10 (5 males, 5 females) Malayan Flying Foxes (Pteropus vampyrus), 10 (5 males, 5 females) Little Golden-mantled Flying Foxes (Pteropus pumilus), and 10 (4 males, 6 females) Island Flying Foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus). Results The most common ophthalmic examination findings included iris-iris persistent pupillary membranes (83%), nuclear sclerosis (56.7%), prominent arterial circle (40%), iridal hyperpigmented foci (30%), pupillary margin cysts (27%), and third eyelid defects (20%). The mean, among all species for: phenol red thread was 20.23 ± 1.28 mm/15 s both eyes (OU); palpebral fissure length was 13.34 ± 0.33 mm for OU; for horizontal corneal diameter was 10.72 ± 0.32 mm for OU; for vertical corneal diameter was 9.90 ± 0.30 mm for OU; for the hanging intraocular pressures was 19.38 ± 0.77 mmHg for OU; for upright IOP was 13.95 ± 0.60 mmHg for OU. Measurements for the individual species groups and eyes were also calculated. Conclusions Results revealed the IOP of bats in a hanging position were significantly higher than the IOP of bats in an upright position. The size of the bat, between the species, affected palpebral fissure length, horizontal corneal diameter, and vertical corneal diameter. Information about the ocular structures and normal ophthalmic parameters for the Pteropus species is crucial for species protection because of dependence on vision for survival.
Construction of a quantum repeater with linear optics

We study the mechanism and complexity of an efficient quantum repeater, employing double-photon guns, for long-distance optical quantum communication. The guns create polarization-entangled photon pairs on demand. One such source might be a semiconducter quantum dot, which has the distinct advantage over parametric down-conversion that the probability of creating a photon pair is close to 1, while the probability of creating multiple pairs vanishes. The swapping and purifying components are implemented by polarizing beam splitters and probabilistic optical controlled-NOT gates. We also show that the bottleneck in the efficiency of this repeater is due to detector losses.
Characterization of supercoiled nucleoprotein complexes released from detergent-treated vaccinia virions.

Abstract Treatment of vaccinia virions with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the absence of reducing agents resulted in the release of subviral particles termed "subnucleoids," which contained viral DNA in combination with four polypeptides with molecular weights of 90,000, 68,000, 58,000 and 10,000. Biochemical and electron microscopic studies showed that viral DNA in combination with these polypeptides was maintained in a superhelical configuration. When subnucleoids were "fixed" with glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde and then examined by electron microscopy, spherical particles were observed, in which the supercoiled DNA was folded into globular structures that were 20 to 60 nm in diameter and were interconnected by DNA-protein fibers resembling the nucleosome structures described for eucaryotic chromatin.
(Dis) locating the I of the Yo in Julia Álvarez's Yo and Mario Vargas Llosa's La fiesta del Chivo

Latina/Latino literature offers a continual dislocation of time, space, and perspective, fostered by the Hispanic and U.S. cultures they represent. A study of Latina/Latino works also helps to analyze other literatures written outside of a writer’s country of origin about transnational or global topics. These are textual concerns external to the writer’s national sphere, where other cultures interact and play a fundamental role in dismantling the work’s complexity. Such an approach is necessary given the increased numbers of exiles and immigrants, who, for economic and political reasons, have been dislocated from their country of origin and have been forced to reside abroad. In Julia Alvarez’s “Homecoming,” the poetic voice returns to the Dominican Republic to attend her cousin’s wedding to a “burnt face Minnesotan.” The poetic voice travels to a familiar environment, one that she knew as a child. However she observes it from a different perspective, not as a Dominican but as one who is closer to the culture of her adopted country. The time spent in the United States has caused the poetic voice to distance herself from the Dominican culture, and view it as the other. In essence, her new positionality resembles more closely the one assumed by anthropologists who study native societies, but rely on their own culture to understand and contextualize the one under observation. “Homecoming” is about a return to a familiar past, but it is also about the two cultures the poetic voice embraces, the original one, of her early childhood, and the adopted one, of her present Vermont surroundings. In the poem, the cultures are represented in binary terms:
Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies

Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies. Edited by W. David Kingery. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. +260 pp. Illustrated, figures, charts.
Pinning Down the Constitution: An Interactive Way to Teach Congress's Power, Federalism, and Constitutional Interpretation

“Pin-the-Tail- on-the-Constitution” is a mini-simulation devolved to harness the benefits of problem-based learning while pushing past the barriers that typically prevent implementation of active learning. This learning activity has been conducted in twenty-three classes over the past four years. The simulation teaches multiple themes commonly included in a variety of courses on American politics such as federalism, congressional powers, the role of the federal courts, and the commerce clause. There are no complicated roles for students to learn or adopt, and the activity can be completed in less than a full class session even if little pre-activity preparation time is provided. This limited prep provides necessary time for other teaching and logistical requirements during the class session while providing ample time for debriefing and set up for the activity. This paper (1) sufficiently describes the simulation to allow immediate adoption by instructors teaching a variety of American politics courses; (2) explains the process of devising a mini-simulation, thus providing a narrative to help instructors devise their own mini-simulations; and (3) reports on student survey data that indicates a dramatic increase in student knowledge and understanding from participation in this activity.
Identifying Mechanisms of Homeostatic Signaling in Fibroblast Differentiation

Fibroblasts play an important role in the wound-healing process by generating extracellular matrix (ECM) and undergoing differentiation into myofibroblasts, but these cells can also be involved in pathologic remodeling of tissue. Nascent ECM provides a substrate for re-epithelialization to occur, restoring damaged tissue to a functional state. Dysregulation of this process can result in fibrosis--stiffening and scarring of the tissue. Current treatments cannot halt or reverse this process. The molecular mechanisms underlying fibrotic dysregulation are poorly understood, providing an untapped pool of potential therapeutic targets. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and adhesion signaling are involved in inducing fibroblast differentiation into α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expressing myofibroblasts, while prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) has been shown to antagonize TGF-β signaling; however, the temporal and mechanistic details of this relationship have not yet been fully characterized. We measured αSMA, a marker of fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation, as a function of: TGF-β1 receptor-ligand complex internalization, PGE₂ binding, and adhesion signaling and developed a mathematical model capturing the molecular mechanisms of fibroblast differentiation. Using our model, we predict the following: Periodic dosing with PGE₂ temporarily renders fibroblasts incapable of differentiation and refractory to additional TGF-β1 stimulation; conversely, periodic dosing with TGF-β1 in the presence of PGE₂ induces a reduced signal response that can be further inhibited by the addition of more PGE₂. Controlled fibroblast differentiation is necessary for effective wound healing; however, excessive accumulation of αSMA-expressing myofibroblasts can result in fibrosis. Homeostasis of αSMA in our model requires a balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. Sensitivity analysis predicts that PGE₂ availability, TGF-β1 availability, and the rate of TGF-β1 receptor recycling each highly influence the rates of αSMA production. With this model, we are able to demonstrate that regulation of both TGF-β1 and PGE₂ signaling levels is essential for preventing fibroblast dysregulation.
The Vibrio cholerae Flagellar Regulatory Hierarchy Controls Expression of Virulence Factors

Vibrio cholerae is a motile bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, and motility has been hypothesized to be inversely regulated with virulence. We examined the transcription profiles of V. cholerae strains containing mutations in flagellar regulatory genes (rpoN, flrA, flrC, and fliA) by utilizing whole-genome microarrays. Results revealed that flagellar transcription is organized into a four-tiered hierarchy. Additionally, genes with proven or putative roles in virulence (e.g., ctx, tcp, hemolysin, and type VI secretion genes) were upregulated in flagellar regulatory mutants, which was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Flagellar regulatory mutants exhibit increased hemolysis of human erythrocytes, which was due to increased transcription of the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh). The flagellar regulatory system positively regulates transcription of a diguanylate cyclase, CdgD, which in turn regulates transcription of a novel hemagglutinin (frhA) that mediates adherence to chitin and epithelial cells and enhances biofilm formation and intestinal colonization in infant mice. Our results demonstrate that the flagellar regulatory system modulates the expression of nonflagellar genes, with induction of an adhesin that facilitates colonization within the intestine and repression of virulence factors maximally induced following colonization. These results suggest that the flagellar regulatory hierarchy facilitates correct spatiotemporal expression patterns for optimal V. cholerae colonization and disease progression.
Neural stem cells express RET, produce nitric oxide, and survive transplantation in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Background & Aims: Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) has been shown to be successful in a variety of experimental models of nongastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of NSC transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for neuronal replacement in disorders of the enteric nervous system. Methods: Central nervous system-derived NSC (CNS-NSC) were obtained from the subventricular zone of rat brain (E17). Expression of RET, GFRα1, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was assessed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Nitric oxide (NO) production was assessed using the NO-sensitive fluorescent indicator DAF-2. CNS-NSC (labeled with CM-DiI) were transplanted into the pylorus of mice and fluorescent double-labeling immunostaining for βIII-tubulin or PGP 9.5 and nNOS was performed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after transplantation. Results: Our results show that CNS-NSC express both the receptors (RET and GFRα1) for the enteric neurotrophin, GDNF; GDNF, in turn, induces expansion of the RET-expressing CNS-NSC population. Furthermore, CNS-NSC express nNOS and produce NO in vitro. When transplanted into the gut, CNS-NSC differentiate into neurons, continue to express nNOS and survive at least 8 weeks. Conclusions: We conclude that transplantation of CNS-NSC bears promise as a potential cellular replacement strategy for enteric neurons. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;121:757-766
The Spatial Consequences of Bureaucratic Decisionmaking

The research tests the proposition that risk aversion is a basic goal of bureaucratic decisionmaking within the Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAGP) and that this type of behavior influences the spatial distribution of UDAGP grants. The results demonstrate that risk aversion is evident and that it tends to divert funds away from those cities with high distress. Political accommodation is shown to be evident in cases where bureaucrats are faced with high-risk projects. This accommodation influences the spatial distribution of UDAGP funds.
A Model of Wave Amplitude Vacillation

Abstract A model of wave-mean-field interaction in a baroclinic flow is formulated for the case where the ratio of the current width L to the Rossby deformation radius R is large for waves whose zonal wavelength is O(R). In this limit sufficient simplifications occur in the dynamical problem for the wave evolution to allow the examination of the wave amplitude behavior at larger effective supercritically than in previous weakly nonlinear theories. The model is shown, however, to contain within it the earlier theories. Detailed numerical calculations with the model predict amplitude vacillation for fairly large values of the ratio E½/Ro, where E is the Ekman number and Ro the Possby number. Examination of the wave amplitude as a function of L/R shows that the velocity of the perturbations remains of the same order as the mean, although the total available potential energy of the mean exceeds its kinetic energy by a factor of L2/R2.
Organizational Virtual Communities:Exploring Motivations Behind Online Panel Participation

One type of virtual community that has emerged prominently within the commercially-driven marketing research industry is the online panel. Online panels are opt-in, informed consent, privacy-protected subject pools recruited for Web-based research. Unlike virtual communities forged from interpersonal motivations, online panels represent a community of participants who have agreed to provide information at regular intervals over a period of time. This study presents and tests a theoretical framework governed by the functional theory of attitude that serves to explain motivations for online panel participation. Analysis of data from a survey administered to an online panel (N=1,822) indicates that a person's attitude toward joining an online panel will vary by his or her source of motivation, and that an online panel is capable of evoking a sense of community despite the lack of social interaction among members.
Retail entrepreneurial values in a bicultural community: Cultural and economic contentions and negotiation

Abstract Economic activity is universal yet the objectives of entrepreneurship are culture-specific in that the entrepreneur cannot be separated from the cultural context. The purpose of this research was to understand the structural differences between the Old Order Amish and their non-Amish counterpart as they conduct entrepreneurial activity in a bi-cultural rural setting. Eleven months of field research uncovered distinct differences between the two groups with regard to three conceptual themes: responsibility, cooperation and competition, and success. Amish entrepreneurs often find themselves in a state of negotiation between contradictory values of their own cultural system and those of the dominant world. The economic behavior of non-Amish entrepreneurs, on the other hand, is steeped in notions of individual gain found in the free market system. In an increasingly multicultural world, understanding the role of culture in economic life becomes critical if cultural groups are to conduct business in the same marketplace.
The appearance and nature of color

Soulevant la question de la nature de la propriete que nous attribuons aux objets physiques dans le contexte de l'experience visuelle de la couleur, l'A. examine l'idee de revelation proposee par M. Johnston, d'une part, et montre que la position subjectiviste de P. A. Boghossian et J. D. Velleman, ainsi que la position impressionniste de C. McGinn, presupposent une telle notion. Examinant la relation entre l'apparence et la nature de la couleur dans le cadre du debat opposant le realisme au physicalisme, et l'impressionnisme au dispositionnalisme, l'A. conclut au rejet de la contrainte epistemique radicale que consitue la revelation
International accounting harmonization

(1995). International accounting harmonization. European Accounting Review: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 235-247.
Anuria from candida pyelonephritis and obstructing fungal balls

A premature newborn male required intensive care and prolonged antibiotic therapy for respiratory distress. Acute renal failure developed from bilateral obstructive candida pyelonephritis complicating systemic Candida albicans infection. Necropsy also revealed organizing subarachnoid hematoma and granulomatous candida meningoencephalitis.
The justice and injustice of life events

An experiment employing a sample (N=280) of undergraduates from an urban university was designed to test the general hypothesis that the perception of justice and injustice in life events depends upon the relationship between two variables that are part of the stimulus situation : the valence of the person being observed (good or bad), and the valence of the outcome experienced by that person (positive or negative). The findings from both qualitative (analysis of spontaneous comments) and quantitative scale ratings supported the prediction that justice and injustice perceptions depend respectively on whether the signs of the person-outcome valences are the same or different. Two perceptual biases were revealed by the analysis. The first was a positive outcome bias : respondents rated as more just outcomes that were positive regardless of the goodness or badness of the person in the life event. The second was a justice bias : respondents in both measures found the just life events to be more just than unjust life events to be unjust. Finally the more religious respondents perceived the life events as more just regardless of the patterns of person-outcome valences than did the less religious, suggesting a third, religiosity bias. A number of theoretical implications and questions for future research were discussed, including the quantification of the hypothesis and its cross-cultural generality.
The long arm of climate change: societal teleconnections and the future of climate change impacts studies.

“Societal teleconnections” – analogous to physical teleconnections such as El Nino – are human-created linkages that link activities, trends, and disruptions across large distances, such that locations spatially separated from the locus of an event can experience a variety of impacts from it nevertheless. In the climate change context, such societal teleconnections add a layer of risk that is currently neither fully appreciated in most impacts or vulnerability assessments nor in on-the-ground adaptation planning. Conceptually, societal teleconnections arise from the interactions among actors, and the institutions that guide their actions, affecting the movement of various substances through different structures and processes. Empirically, they arise out of societal interactions, including globalization, to create, amplify, and sometimes attenuate climate change vulnerabilities and impacts in regions far from those where a climatic extreme or change occurs. This paper introduces a simple but systematic way to conceptualize societal teleconnections and then highlights and explores eight unique but interrelated types of societal teleconnections with selected examples: (1) trade and economic exchange, (2) insurance and reinsurance, (3) energy systems, (4) food systems; (5) human health, (6) population migration, (7) communication, and (8) strategic alliances and military interactions. The paper encourages further research to better understand the causal chains behind socially teleconnected impacts, and to identify ways to routinely integrate their consideration in impacts/vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning to limit the risk of costly impacts.
Tracking Rotation during Leukocyte Rolling Reveals Asymmetric Adhesion Properties

Leukocytes are responsible for fighting infections in the body. When injuries occur, selectin molecules are expressed on the surface of nearby blood vessel walls. These selectin molecules transiently adhere to leukocytes flowing in the bloodstream and capture them, leading to leukocyte rolling towards the injury site. Rolling adhesion is critical for leukocytes to locate injury sites and to activate various signaling pathways for subsequent transmigration and chemotaxis.Individual adhesion components involved in rolling adhesion, such as adhesion molecules and membrane tethers have been characterized. However, models incorporating these properties are still unable to describe fully the rolling behavior. Current models assume uniformly distributed adhesion properties on cell surfaces due to the lack of measurements quantifying this distribution. Here, we determined experimentally the spatial distribution of adhesive properties on leukocyte surfaces. We used dark-field imaging and particle tracking techniques to extract not only the translational but also the rotational motion of a single rolling cell. The additional rotational information allows us to map precisely the whole cell motion and adhesion properties to a particular cell orientation. We find that the adhesion properties of the leukocyte surface are far from homogenous, with large, localized patches on the cell surface exhibiting strong or weak adhesive properties. This finding provides new insight into leukocyte adhesion properties, such as the asymmetric distribution of receptor and microvilli on rolling cells, and could lead to better modeling of rolling adhesion.
Experimentally induced degenerative joint lesions following partial meniscectomy in the rabbit.

Degenerative lesions characterized by osteochondrophyte spur formation and cartilage degeneration were induced by partial meniscectomy in the rabbit knee. Cartilage degenerative lesions included ulceration, fissure and cyst formation, and diminished concentration of matrix proteinpolysaccharide. Proliferation of chondrocytes represented efforts at repair. Osteophytes increased in size with time. Changes resembled certain components of degenerative joint disease. The partial meniscectorny animal may be useful in studies of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, pathology and treatment.
Application of a Fractional-Step Method to Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

A numerical method for computing three-dimensional, time-dependent incompressible flows is presented. The method is based on a fractional-step, or time-splitting, scheme in conjunction with the approximate-factorization technique. It is shown that the use of velocity boundary conditions for the intermediate velocity field can lead to inconsistent numerical solutions. Appropriate boundary conditions for the intermediate velocity field are derived and tested. Numerical solutions for flows inside a driven cavity and over a backward-facing step are presented and compared with experimental data and other numerical results.
The systematics of clarkia bottae, C. Cylindrica, and a related new species, C. Rostrata

Populations ofClarkia cylindrica andC. bottae were studied in the field and in the garden. Seed from which the garden progenies were grown was collected in the wild. Experimental crosses were made between and within taxa. Fertility and chromosome pairing were observed in the hybrids. A maternal influence on seed set was found in crosses between C.cylindrica andC. bottae. Two taxa are described as new:Clarkia rostrata andC. cylindrica ssp.clavicarpa.
Wealth, Race, and Mortality*

Objective. We explore, first, whether wealth relates to mortality risk independent of income and education, and second, whether wealth closes the black-white gap in U.S. adult mortality while controlling for other socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors. Methods. We employ the Cox proportional hazards models on data from the 1992 wave of the Health and Retirement Study linked to deaths through 1998, to analyze pre-retirement adult mortality in the United States. Results. The findings suggest that broader measures of SES, including wealth, are significant for understanding adult mortality. Further, vastly lower asset holdings among blacks, compared to whites, not only affects their financial wellbeing but also their survival prospects. Conclusions. Research and social policies that aim to understand and close health disparities in the United States may be poorly conceived if they ignore the impact of wealth on premature adult mortality. Material disadvantage remains a pressing social and political issue in the United States, not only because it shapes the daily life chances and experiences of individuals, but also because it leads directly to premature mortality (Kitagawa and Hauser, 1973; Rogers, Hummer, and Nam, 2000). Prior research on the links between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality have found, first, that broader dimensions of socioeconomic wellbeing link to health and mortality independent of employment, income, and education, and second, that alternate indicators are quite important when understanding mortality as individuals age (Krueger et al., 2000; Robert and House, 1996). We expand on these two bodies of literature to clarify the relationship between wealth and mortality within a recent, nationally representative prospective sample of individuals aged 51 to 61.
Subsistence change, landscape use, and changing site elevation at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Dordogne of southwestern France

The dramatic topography of the Dordogne Valley region of southwestern France has long been recognized as an influence on prehistoric human settlement and subsistence patterns. Previous research on late Pleistocene settlement patterns in this region implies that, as cold-adapted higher-ranked resources became scarce in the lowlands, site location in the Dordogne and adjacent river valleys should shift towards higher-elevation areas during the period from 18,000 to 6500 years BP. This study employs a GIS-based analysis to evaluate the changing settlement patterns in the Dordogne region at this time. While no significant changes in elevation were found during this period, site elevation variance does appear to increase significantly between the Magdalenian and the Sauveterrian. Explanations for this finding are explored using zooarchaeological data from Moulin du Roc, one of the sites in the data set. Results suggest that the Magdalenian period in the Dordogne may not have been as resource-rich as is often assumed.
AcOLeDMAP and BnOLeDMAP: Conformationally Restricted Nucleophilic Catalysts for Enantioselective Rearrangement of Indolyl Acetates and Carbonates

The rate of indolyl O- to C-acetyl or carboxyl rearrangement is accelerated by the electron-withdrawing N-diphenylacetyl group (DPA) using the conformationally restricted chiral catalysts AcOLeDMAP (12b) and BnOLeDMAP (13b). Highly enantioselective conversion to quaternary C-acetylated and C-carboxylated oxindoles is observed, even for substrates containing branched substituents. The rearrangement of the carboxylate substrates 19 occurs with complementary enantiofacial selectivity using catalyst 13b compared to the acetyl migrations of 16 catalyzed by 12b. Access to N-unsubstituted oxindoles is demonstrated by DPA cleavage with Et2NH.
Trapping of Ar on well ordered Ar, Kr, and Xe overlayers on Pt(111) at 30 K

The dynamics of Ar trapping on Ar, Kr, and Xe covered Pt(1 1 1) were investigated using supersonic molecular beam techniques at a surface temperature of 30 K. The initial trapping probability of Ar on the clean surface decreases from 0.8 to 0 as the normal incident energy is increased from 1.75 to 28 kJ mol−1, and scales with normal incident energy (ETcos2θ), indicating a smooth gas–surface potential [A.F. Carisson R.J. Madix, submitted for publication]. In contrast, the trapping probability on the Ar, Kr and Xe saturated surfaces decreases from 0.9 to only 0.3 in the same energy range and is nearly independent of the angle of incidence. The relative trapping probability on the Ar and Xe covered surfaces is in general accord with the relative energy exchange expected from the simple Baule model, but the trapping probability on the Kr covered surface appears further enhanced by potential corrugation. Experimental results for Ar trapping on Pt(1 1 1)–Ar are in qualitative agreement with a recoil effect predicted by Head-Gordon and Tully for Ar trapping on Ar covered Ru(0 0 1) [Surf. Sci. 268 (1992) 113]. At high incident energies on the gas covered Pt(1 1 1) surface, the adsorption probability is nearly independent of angle of incidence between 0° and 30°, but it then increases rapidly between 30° and 60°. Similar effects are observed for Ar trapping on Pt(1 1 1) saturated by Kr and Xe. The dependence of the trapping probability on coverage is quantitatively described by the modified Kisliuk model [J. Chem. Phys. 92 (1990) 1397; J. Phys. Chem. 95 (1991) 2461], which allows for an extrinsic precursor to adsorption as well as a direct channel. The probability of Ar trapping increases with Ar uptake to different degrees on the Ar, Kr and Xe covered surfaces.
Imaging of total calcium in urediospore germlings of Uromyces by ion microscopy.

Calcium has been implicated in growth and appressorium formation of urediospore germlings of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus. Using ion microscopy, a mass spectrometry-based imaging technique, intracellular stores of calcium were analyzed by direct imaging of total calcium in frozen freeze-dried germlings. Calcium concentration was calculated by ratioing and spatially registering (40)Ca to (12)C signals. Intracellular distributions of total potassium, sodium, magnesium, and carbon were similarly imaged in the same germlings for a direct comparison of their localizations to total calcium. Calcium was remarkably heterogeneous with highest concentrations (2 to 10 mM) in the mid-region of the germling between the nuclei and the apex. A similar distribution of Ca(2+) (assessed using Fluo-3) was also noted sequestered in organelles in live germlings. Distributions of remaining elements (K, Na, Mg, and C) were mostly homogeneous throughout the cytoplasm and nuclei of the fungal cell. The K/Na ratio ranged from 17 to 31.
Atomization and vaporization characteristics of airblast fuel injection inside a venturi tube

This paper describes the experimental and numerical characterization of the capillary fuel injection, atomization, dispersion, and vaporization of liquid fuel in a coflowing air stream inside a single venturi tube. The experimental techniques used are all laser-based. Phase Doppler analyzer was used to characterize the atomization and vaporization process. Planar laser-induced fluorescence visualizations give good qualitative picture of the fuel droplet and vapor distribution. Limited quantitative capabilities of the technique are also demonstrated. A modified version of the KIVA-II was used to simulate the entire spray process, including breakup and vaporization. The advantage of venturi nozzle is demonstrated in terms of better atomization, more uniform F/A distribution, and less pressure drop. Multidimensional spray calculations can be used as a design tool only if care is taken for the proper breakup model, and wall impingement process.
Matrix elements of vertex operators of the deformed W A n -algebra and the Harish-Chandra solutions to Macdonald's difference equations

In this paper we prove that certain matrix elements of vertex operators of the deformed W A n -algebra satisfy Macdonald's difference equations and form a natural (n + 1)!-dimensional space of solutions. These solutions are the analogues of the Harish-Chandra solutions of the radial parts of the Laplace-Casimir operators on noncompact Riemannian symmetric spaces G/K with prescribed asymptotic behavior. We obtain formulas for analytic continuation of our Harish-Chandra type solutions as a consequence of braiding properties (obtained earlier by Y. Asai, M. Jimbo, T. Miwa, and Y. Pugay) of certain vertex operators of the deformed W A n -algebra.
Should Elective Repair of Intrathoracic Stomach be Encouraged

Given our aging population, patients with an intrathoracic stomach are an increasing clinical problem. The timing of repair remains controversial, and most reports do not delineate morbidity of emergent presentation. The aim of the study was to compare the morbidity and mortality of elective and emergent repair. Study population consisted of 127 patients retrospectively reviewed undergoing repair of intrathoracic stomach from 2000 to 2006. Repair was elective in 104 and emergent in 23 patients. Outcome measures included postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients presenting acutely were older (79 vs. 65 years, p < 0.0001) and had higher prevalence of at least one cardiopulmonary comorbidity (57% vs. 21%, p = 0.0014). They suffered greater mortality (22% vs. 1%, p = 0.0007), major (30% vs. 3%, p = 0.0003), and minor (43% vs. 19%, p = 0.0269) complications compared to elective repair. On multivariate analysis, emergent repair was a predictor of in-hospital mortality, major complications, readmission to intensive care unit, return to operating room, and length of stay. Emergent surgical repair of intrathoracic stomach was associated with markedly higher mortality and morbidity than elective repair. Although patients undergoing urgent surgery were older and had more comorbidities than those having an elective procedure, these data suggest that elective repair should be considered in patients with suitable surgical risk.
Supercritical fluid extraction: metals as complexes

Abstract Metal species in solid and liquid materials can be extracted by supercritical CO2-containing organic ligands. This SFE technique converts charged metal species into neutral metal complexes which become soluble in CO2. The efficiency of metal extraction using the in situ chelation-SFE method depends on a number of factors including (1) stability and solubility of ligand, (2) solubility of metal chelate, (3) water and pH, (4) temperature and pressure, (5) chemical form of metal species, and (6) matrix. Several different types of chelating agents including dithiocarbamates, β-diketones, organophosphorus reagents and macrocyclic compounds have been tested for their ability to extract heavy metals, lanthanides, and actinides from different sample matrices. With proper selection of ligands, separation of organic and inorganic metal species may be achieved using this SFE technique. Metal species extracted by the SFE method probably represent the leachable metals present in solid matrices.
Apparent Loss-of-Function Mutant GPCRs Revealed as Constitutively Desensitized Receptors†

The DRY motif is a triplet amino acid sequence (aspartic acid, arginine, and tyrosine) that is highly conserved in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, we have shown that a molecular determinant for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the vasopressin receptor with a substitution at the DRY motif arginine (V2R R137H), is a constitutively desensitized receptor that is unable to couple to G proteins due to its constitutive association with β-arrestin [Barak, L. S. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 93−98]. Additionally, the mutant receptors are localized in endocytic vesicles, identical to wild-type receptors stimulated with agonist. In this study, we asked whether the constitutively desensitized phenotype observed in the V2R R137H represents a general paradigm that may be extended to other GPCRs. We show that arginine substitutions in the DRY motifs of the α1B adrenergic receptor (α1B-AR) and angiotensin II type 1A receptor (AT1AR) result in receptors that are uncoupled from G proteins, associat...