cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Political Development, State-Building, and the “Security State”: Reviving a Research Agenda

Wars make states, as Charles Tilly has famously remarked, and states make wars.1 If true, the United States' current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the global "war on terror" should be causing a further building of the American state and a flurry of new scholarship on state-building. Curiously, this has not obtained. Instead, research on the American state has somewhat fallen out of favor in political science, even in the subfield of American Political Development (APD). Yet research on the American state and, in particular, on the "security state" (my term, which I shall explain below) is, I would argue, critical importance to the study of U.S. national politics and government. This in turn takes research on American Political Development back to Lasswell's concerns in "The Garrison State."2
A review of the 1997 collection development and management literature

This bibliographic essay reviews the English‐language collection development and management literature published in 1997. Selection, deselection, access as an alternative to ownership, collection evaluation, user studies, organization and staffing for collection development, serials collection management, and electronic resource collection management, among other topics, are included. The primary emphasis is on articles, books, and book chapters. More than 180 items are covered in the essay.
Hydroxylation of Potassium Acid Phthalate in Solution by Reaction with Vanadium (II) and Oxygen

A fluorescent product is formed when an aqueous solution of vanadium is reduced by zinc amalgam and reacted with an aqueous solution of potassium acid phthalate in the presence of oxygen. One of th...
Topological Aspects of String Theories

In previous work, a new action principle for strings and superstrings in arbitrary dimensions was developed. It led to a classification of strings similar to the classification of point particles as massive, massless and tachyonic. Topological aspects of four-dimensional strings were also investigated. In this paper this topological analysis is extended to all dimensions. It is shown that a string in general contains one or more θ parameters which are the analogues of the QCD θ parameter. The paper also contains a detailed sudy of the orbits in the adjoint representation of the connected Lorentz group SO(d, 1)0 for any d, the results of this analysis being important for our general formalism.
Affective recognition memory processing and event-related brain potentials

Recognition memory was examined for visual affective stimuli using behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERP) measures. Images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) that varied systematically in arousal level (low, high) and valence direction (unpleasant, pleasant) were first viewed passively. Then, during a response phase, the original images were intermixed with an equal number of new images and presented, and participants were instructed to press a button to indicate whether each stimulus picture was previously viewed (target) or new (foil). Participants were more sensitive to unpleasant- than to pleasant-valence stimuli and were biased to respond to high-arousal unpleasant stimuli as targets, whether the stimuli were previously viewed or new. Response times (RTs) to target stimuli were systematically affected by valence, whereas RTs to foil stimuli were influenced by arousal level. ERP component amplitudes were generally larger for high than for low arousal levels. The P300 (late positive component) amplitude was largest for high-arousal unpleasant target images. These and other amplitude effects suggest that high-arousal unpleasant stimuli engage a privileged memory-processing route during stimulus processing. Theoretical relationships between affective and memory processes are discussed.
Explicit supersymmetry breaking on boundaries of warped extra dimensions

Abstract Explicit supersymmetry breaking is studied in higher-dimensional theories by having boundaries respect only a subgroup of the bulk symmetry. If the boundary symmetry is the maximal subgroup allowed by the boundary conditions imposed on the fields, then the symmetry can be consistently gauged; otherwise gauging leads to an inconsistent theory. In a warped fifth dimension, an explicit breaking of all bulk supersymmetries by the boundaries is found to be inconsistent with gauging; unlike the case of flat 5D, complete supersymmetry breaking by boundary conditions is not consistent with supergravity. Despite this result, the low energy effective theory resulting from boundary supersymmetry breaking becomes consistent in the limit where gravity decouples, and such models are explored in the hope that some way of successfully incorporating gravity can be found. A warped constrained standard model leads to a theory with one Higgs boson with mass expected close to the experimental limit. A unified theory in a warped fifth dimension is studied with boundary breaking of both SU (5) gauge symmetry and supersymmetry. The usual supersymmetric prediction for gauge coupling unification holds even though the TeV spectrum is quite unlike the MSSM. Such a theory may unify matter and Higgs in the same SU (5) hypermultiplet.
Morphologic studies of the thymus in acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, and Cushing's syndrome

Abstract In the thymuses of patients dying with acromegaly or with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, there is a significant increase in the number of Hassall's corpuscles and in the diameter of the largest Hassall's corpuscle, when compared with normal controls (traumatic deaths). There were no statistically significant thymic changes in patients dying with adultonset diabetes mellitus or with Cushing's syndrome.
Getting to the table, kicking and screaming: Drafting an enforceable mediation provision

In the first of two parts, Lucy V. Katz, of Fairfield, Conn., lays out the current law on deal-time mediation provisions, ahead of next month's state-of-the-art sample clause
Recombination energy of N22

Abstract The recombination energy of N22+ has been computed using N22+, N22+ and N2 potential curves from the literature. Vibrational overlaps and energies liberated in the various N22+3∑−g,1∑g+, 3Πu, 1Πu → N2+(X2∑+g, A 2∑+g, A 2Πu, B2∑u+,C2∑u+) vibronic transitions have been computed and used as input for determination of the N2+ recombination energy.
Translational Regional Science, Input/Output Analysis and Community Engagement: New Perspectives for Closing the High Tech—Community Gap

In this paper we examine the key components of a relatively new trend in bio and life sciences—translational science—and ponder what is in it that may enhance application of regional science to real world problems. The key in "translational" is a new way of using scientific knowledge including input/output analysis in real world situations, i.e., translating the knowledge into practice so that it can be better understood, embraced and applied to create positive outcomes. We start with a question: what makes "translational" different from a traditional "applied research ?" Unlike a traditional application based on "we deliver—you decide," one of the core characteristics of translational science is achieving a better, more efficient communication between science and real world through an emphasis on two-way communication between science and community. We review similar approaches such as participatory action research (PAR), interactive research in social science (ISS) and the iterative research model—all of which argue for meaningful interactions between research scientists and practitioners. We than asked if there is a need for "translational" regional science and what will the overall improvements/benefits to regional science be. Building on a recently completed project we demonstrate "translation" of academic knowledge to community through community engagement. In particular, we focus on translating the outcomes of input/output modeling to practical application in regional economic development.
Pulmonary Function in Rheumatic Heart Disease and Its Relation to Exertional Dyspnea in Ambulatory Patients

Pulmonary and cardiocirculatory function were studied in 21 ambulatory patients with rheumatic heart disease. A pattern of pulmonary function was observed which deviated from normal to a degree insufficient to account for the exertional dyspnea of these patients. The pathogenesis of this symptom is, therefore, discussed in relation to the observed cardiocirculatory abnormalities which were often pronounced.
Sex differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and subfractions among young black adults.

The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein subfraction (HDL2 and HDL3) concentrations were examined in 170 young black adults. The women examined had significantly higher total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations than the men, i.e., 57.0 mg/dl vs 51.2 mg/dl, P less than 0.002. The increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among women represented a significant increase in both HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations. The sex differential could not be explained by body mass index, alcohol consumption, or physical activity. The determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for men appeared to be different than those for women.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MILK PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT INTAKE OR BODY NUTRIENT STORES IN LACTATING ADOLESCENTS. † 25

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MILK PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT INTAKE OR BODY NUTRIENT STORES IN LACTATING ADOLESCENTS. † 25
Binding kinetics of antigen by immobilized antibody: influence of reaction order and external diffusional limitations

The influence of reaction order and external mass transfer limitations on the binding kinetics of antigen in solution to antibody covalently or non-covalently attached to a cylindrical fiber-optic biosensor is presented. Both single-step and dual-step binding of antigen to antibody is considered. The rate of attachment of antigen to antibody is linear for all reaction orders in the time frame (100 min) considered. The rate of attainment of saturation levels of antigen in solution close to the surface is very rapid (within 20 min). An increase in the presence of mass transfer (denoted by a Damkohler number increase) decreases the saturation level of the antigen close to the surface, and the rate of antigen attachment to the antibody covalently or non-covalently bound on the surface for one-half, one, one and a half, and second-order reaction. As intuitively expected, an increase in the initial antigen concentration in solution increases the saturation level of the antigen close to the surface, and the rate of antigen attachment to the antibody covalently bound on the surface for all the reaction orders considered. Non-dimensional plots presented in the analysis help extend the analysis to different antigen-antibody systems. A decrease in the external diffusional limitations has an effect of decreasing the effect of reaction order on the saturation levels of antigen close to the surface and the rate of attachment of the antigen in solution to the antibody on the surface.
Feasibility study for SOFC-GT hybrid locomotive power part II. System packaging and operating route simulation

Abstract This work assesses the feasibility of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid power systems for use as the prime mover in freight locomotives. The available space in a diesel engine-powered locomotive is compared to that required for an SOFC-GT system, inclusive of fuel processing systems necessary for the SOFC-GT. The SOFC-GT space requirement is found to be similar to current diesel engines, without consideration of the electrical balance of plant. Preliminary design of the system layout within the locomotive is carried out for illustration. Recent advances in SOFC technology and implications of future improvements are discussed as well. A previously-developed FORTRAN model of an SOFC-GT system is then augmented to simulate the kinematics and power notching of a train and its locomotives. The operation of the SOFC-GT-powered train is investigated along a representative route in Southern California, with simulations presented for diesel reformate as well as natural gas reformate and hydrogen as fuels. Operational parameters and difficulties are explored as are comparisons of expected system performance to modern diesel engines. It is found that even in the diesel case, the SOFC-GT system provides significant savings in fuel and CO 2 emissions, making it an attractive option for the rail industry.
Simultaneous Measurement of Condensation and Thermal Accommodation Coefficients for Cloud Droplet Growth in Due Consideration of a New Moving Surface-Boundary Effect

Abstract A droplet growth theory that describes a new effect of vapor and temperature field shift due to the growth-based movement of droplet surface boundary (moving boundary effect) was derived and found to enhance the growth rate as a function of supersaturation (S − 1) and droplet radius (a) in second order. The theory plays the role of a missing link and resolves the gap that exists among the measured data; the high (S − 1) used was found to overestimate thermal accommodation and condensation coefficients, α and β. The theory provided the basis for bettering the measurement and correction for data analyzed without the moving boundary effect, and suggested the broadening effect in the droplet size spectrum by accelerating the growth on the larger end together with the growth slowdown effect of α, β on the smaller. Measurements employing a horizontal-flow thermal diffusion chamber and the Mie scattering method using a He–Ne laser for droplet size estimation at temperature T = 277 K, (S − 1) = 0.32%, a ...
The Art in Knowing a Landscape

The arts can contribute to an intimate, engaged experience of landscape, and this process can itself be construed as an art. Experiencing landscape through the arts and as an art, the art of environmental appreciation, offers a clearer understanding of landscape, of environment, and of art, as well as what it is to "know" in the context of environmental experience. This essay offers a new fabric for understanding the relation of art and landscape by combining a fresh understanding of four threads: art, environment, landscape, and knowing through appreciation. It shows how the loose-knit texture they form can be spread metaphorically over a particular landscape in such a way that the landscape will fill the fabric and the fabric integrate the landscape.
Molecular dynamics of associative memory hamiltonians for protein tertiary structure recognition

Abstract A class of associative memory Hamiltonians for protein tertiary recognition was recently introduced by us. By using a minimization scheme based on molecular dynamics with simulated annealing, we are able to improve and expand upon those initial results. For small proteins lower bound estimates of the Hamiltonians' capacity (the maximum size database for which the Hamiltonian has the ability to reproduce structures) are given; in addition, studies of the dependence of this capacity on various global parameters, such as the choice of sequence encodings, the rate of tolerable mutations in the sequence, and the range of active interactions, are reported. The introduction of the molecular dynamics procedure also permits estimates of the capacity for medium-sized proteins (125–200 residues) to be made. These results demonstrate that the capacity for the simplest realizations of the associative memory Hamiltonians grows as 0.5-0.7N, where N is the number of amino acid residues of the protein to be recalled.
PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in samples from various types of composting facilities in the United States

Abstract Composting is fast becoming a major tool for managing the solid waste stream in the United States. Samples from three types of composting facilities: yard waste, municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW plus sewage sludge (MSW/SS) have been analyzed for the presence of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, chlorophenols and chlorobenzenes. The occurrence of PCDDs and PCDFs, with relatively high levels of HpCDDs and OCDD, is attributed to two factors. First, pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing PCDD/F byproducts may enter the compost feedstock contaminating the final product. Second, high levels of PCP and other chlorophenols in MSW and MSW/SS composts may be converted via biological mechanisms to PCDDs and PCDFs, specifically HpCDDs and OCDD.
Abnormal trace metals in man: arsenic.

A survey of arsenic in the biosphere, involving analyses of substances by which man is exposed, has been made, using ashing at low temperatures and chemical methods. Arsenic was found in soils, most foods, many waters, almost all plants and plant products and in most animal tissues. Arsenic is ubiquitous in the biosphere, with a few exceptions. Data is included which show the amount of arsenic found in numerous foods, plants and plant products, as well as in mammalian tissues and fluids. Arsenic is examined as a biologic trace element according to the following criteria: ubiquity, presence in living things, atomic structure and biochemical actions, homeostasis, toxicity, arsenic in disease, mammalian metabolism, arsenic balance in man and arsenate as an essential trace element.
Revascularization of collaterals for hemodynamic stroke: insight on pathophysiology from the carotid occlusion surgery study.

Carotid atherosclerosis accounts for up to 15% of all strokes1 and approximately 15 000 to 20 000 have symptomatic carotid occlusions in the United States each year.2 Furthermore, recurrent ipsilateral stroke in unselected patients with carotid occlusion affects 2.1% to 3.8% on an annual basis.3–5 The pathophysiology of stroke due to atherosclerotic plaque of the internal carotid artery may be distinct once the stenotic or narrowed vessel progresses to occlusion. Various mechanisms for cerebral ischemia in carotid occlusion have been described, including downstream clot propagation and stump embolism6,7; however, impaired perfusion plays a major role, particularly once the distal stump of the occlusion develops mature endothelium. A combined effect of hypoperfusion and poor clearance of embolic material has also been described.8 Perfusion through collaterals to downstream territories of the brain is therefore pivotal. In fact, collaterals largely determine recurrence of symptomatic ischemia after hemodynamic stroke in carotid occlusion. The clinical observation of stereotypical events and those that occur with hypotension and initiation of antihypertensive agents, after a hot bath, or even with the upright position, support a hemodynamic process. Imaging reveals a hemodynamic pattern of ischemia with border zone infarcts as an initial presentation of carotid occlusion in 5% to 13% and in 44% to 72% of recurrent strokes.4,9 As perfusion pressure is reduced, cerebral blood flow determined by collaterals is maintained by dilatation of the resistance arterioles (Stage 1 hemodynamic impairment). Further reduction of perfusion pressure may exhaust this autoregulatory capacity and blood flow decreases proportionally to the perfusion pressure. Initially, increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) will maintain tissue metabolism (Stage 2 hemodynamic impairment). Thereafter, insufficient flow and oxygen delivery may result in energetic failure and infarction.10 The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS)11 provides …
Compactin inhibits insect HMG-CoA reductase and juvenile hormone biosynthesis

Abstract The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in homogenates of the corpora allata of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta , was competitively inhibited by compactin. The KI for the sodium salt form of compactin was 0.9 nM for the reductase from both male and female corpora allata. In intact female corpora allata juvenile hormone biosynthesis was also inhibited by approximately 50 percent at 10 nM compactin. Following injection with compactin, darkening of the cuticle, an indication of juvenile hormone deficiency, was observed in larvae after ecdysis from third to fourth instar. Hence, compactin shows potential as an inhibitor of insect growth and development.
COMPLETE-FUSION CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE REACTIONS OF HEAVY IONS WITH Cu, Ag, Au, AND Bi.

Mica track detectors were used to detect recoil nuclei from the reactions of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ projectiles with Cu, Ag, Au, and Bi targets. The observed track-length distributions and angular distributions together with detector-threshold information indicate that the observed recoils result from complete fusion of the target and projectile nuclei. The cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CF}}$ for the complete fusion mechanism is found to be well below the total-reaction cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ at the higher projectile energies. A sharp-cutoff model is employed to extract values of ${J}_{\mathrm{crit}}$, the maximum angular momentum of the compound nuclei formed in complete-fusion reactions. Using those values, complete-fusion cross sections are calculated as a function of the mass of the complete-fusion product for reactions induced by$\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$. Assuming only first-chance fission, the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}$ has been calculated for the system $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$+$^{16}\mathrm{O}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$^{213}\mathrm{Fr}$*.
High efficiency transformation of tall fescue with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Abstract An efficient genetic transformation system for tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), using Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated T-DNA delivery, is described. Seed-derived embryogenic calli were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring plasmids pTOK47 and pCAMBIA1301. Infected calli were selected at 250 mg L −1 hyg B and the regenerated plantlets at 50 mg L −1 . Using the protocol developed, 34% of the calli infected were hyg B resistant, and the overall plant transformation frequency (number of independently transformed plants over number of calli infected) was 8%. Stable integration of transgene into plant genome and GUS reporter gene expression were confirmed. Low transgene copies (1 or 2 as estimated) were observed in all the transgenic plants analyzed, and the transgene was transmitted to the progenies. Further experiments suggest an elevated 2,4-D concentration (5 mg L −1 ) used during callus culture and co-cultivation was partially attributable to the observed high transformation efficiency, while the inclusion of plasmid pTOK47 in Agrobacterium was not. The whole process from callus induction to transplanting green plantlets to the soil takes about six months, significantly shorter than the suspension culture approach often used in tall fescue transformation.
Supercritical fluid extraction of michellamines A and B from ancistrocladus korupensis leaves

Abstract Extraction of Michellamine A (MAA) and B (MAB) was achieved with 25% MeOH-modified CO 2 . Selective clean up of the sample with 10% MeOH-modified CO 2 prior to extraction of the target analytes using higher percentages of modifier was demonstrated. Increasing the dynamic extraction time from 30 min to 60 min, using 25% MeOH-modified CO 2 , increased extraction efficiency of MAB by 30% compared to conventional liquid-solid extraction (LSE). Also, addition of Myrtanol (0.1%) as an additive to the methanol increased extraction efficiency of MAB by more than 35% compared to LSE. Higher percentages of Myrtanol additive in the primary modifier did not affect the extraction efficiency of MAA or MAB from the leaves.
Determining the daily rainfall characteristics from the monthly rainfall totals in central and northeastern Thailand

In the tropics precipitation is the greatest expression of climatic variability and the attributes of daily rainfall are crucial in the risk assessment of climate conditions that may have damaging effect on agriculture. Although daily rainfall totals data accessibility is frequently limited, monthly rainfall data are more abundant in space and time in many developing countries including Thailand. The daily rainfall totals in the vicinity of four provinces of central and northeast Thailand (Lopburi, Chachoengsao, Buriram and Sisaket) are analyzed in order to establish their relationship to monthly rainfall totals. The study area is characterized by a high diversity of crops, thus there is no single criterion that can be set for what may constitute an agro-meteorological shock. Therefore probability distributions are established to describe as fully as possible potential levels of what might be considered meteorologic droughts or excess rainfalls. Daily rainfall is modeled as a Markov process involving transitions from wet and dry days and the representation of daily rainfall totals, all of which are expected to vary seasonally and spatially. The transition probabilities for consecutive days with rain or no rain were calculated for each month. The magnitudes of daily rainfalls are represented by the gamma distribution, parameters of which can be estimated simply from the mean and variance via the method of moments. Combining derived daily rainfall parameters provides a straightforward method of predicting the risk of agro-meteorological shock. The relationship between the observed monthly rainfall and the transition probabilities, mean and standard deviation of daily rainfall is examined using a deterministic approach, finding the most likely values of parameters of interest according to 6 different intervals of monthly rainfall totals. These probability expressions provide useful information on climatic shock occurrence likelihood on the basis of widely available, monthly rainfall data in Thailand and the flexible approach can be applied by various end-users.
US men discussing prostate-specific antigen tests with a physician.

PURPOSE Informed decision making is recommended for prostate cancer screening. I wanted to examine demographic and screening-related factors associated with men’s discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests with their physicians. METHODS I used data from 2,184 men aged 50 years and older who reported a screening prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test in the 2000 National Health Interview Survey cancer control supplement. The dependent variable was discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the test before it was conducted. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of tested men reported a discussion in relation to their most recent PSA test. Discussion was more common for African American men and those with a usual source of care, and when the physician initiated the testing. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of the patient-physician relationship were more central to the discussion of risks and benefits than were patient attributes. Future research should examine what role practice setting and the physician-patient relationship play in a discussion of PSA testing and how to facilitate active involvement of patients in decision making.
SnapShot: histone modifications

Histone proteins are decorated by a variety of protein posttranslational modifications called histone marks that modulate chromatin structure and function, contributing to the cellular gene expression program. This SnapShot summarizes the reported human, mouse, and rat histone marks, including recently identified lysine acylation marks.
Theoretical and Applied Issues in Defining Disability in Labor Market Research

The contribution of disability to labor market behavior is a subject of considerable attention. Notwithstanding this tremendous interest, a great deal of variation exists in the use of terms such a...
The moral emotions: A social–functionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt.

Recent research has highlighted the important role of emotion in moral judgment and decision making (Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, & Cohen, 2001; Haidt, 2001). What is less clear is whether distinctions should be drawn among specific moral emotions. Although some have argued for differences among anger, disgust, and contempt (Rozin, Lowery, Imada, & Haidt, 1999), others have suggested that these terms may describe a single undifferentiated emotional response to morally offensive behavior (Nabi, 2002). In this article, we take a social–functionalist perspective, which makes the prediction that these emotions should be differentiable both in antecedent appraisals and in consequent actions and judgments. Studies 1–3 tested and found support for our predictions concerning distinctions among antecedent appraisals, including (a) a more general role for disgust than has been previously been described, (b) an effect of self-relevance on anger but not other emotions, and (c) a role for contempt in judging incompetent actions. Studies 4 and 5 tested and found support for our specific predictions concerning functional outcomes, providing evidence that these emotions are associated with different consequences. Taken together, these studies support a social–functionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt and lay the foundation for future research on the negative interpersonal emotions.
The Prevalence of E-cigarette Use in a Sample of U.S. Air Force Recruits.

Introduction The prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing markedly in the general population. Yet, remarkably little research exists to examine these ongoing trends in at-risk populations, and nothing is known about the prevalence of e-cigarette use among military personnel. The purpose of the current study is to provide recent (2013–2014) data on the prevalence of regular e-cigarette use in a population of recruits prior to their entry into the U.S. military. Methods The study utilized a cross-sectional assessment of e-cigarette and other tobacco and nicotine–containing product (TNCP) use in 2013–2014 among 10,043 U.S. Air Force (USAF) recruits in Technical Training. Chi-square tests, the Cochran–Armitage test for trend, and logistic regression models tested differences and trends across time for e-cigarette use. Results The rate of e-cigarette use among recruits was 5.2%, which doubled (3% to 6.5%, p p Conclusions Rates of e-cigarette use are slightly higher in young USAF recruits than in the general population, and e-cigarette users are likely to be using other TNCPs in tandem. Although additional work is needed to understand the reasons for this concomitant use, this is a necessary first step to understanding e-cigarette use prevalence in military populations. Historic trends suggest that, like general populations, e-cigarette use is on the rise for those entering the USAF and should be monitored to inform future prevention programming.
The Symbolic-Interpretive Perspective on Group Dynamics:

A symbolic-interpretive perspective as applied to the study of groups is concerned with understanding how group members use symbols and the effects of symbol usage on individual, relational, and collective processes and outcomes, as well as the manner in which groups and group dynamics themselves are products of such symbolic activity. After reviewing philosophical, theoretical, and methodological foundations of a symbolic-interpretive perspective, we offer a conceptual model and review some representative research that illuminates the nature of symbolic predispositions, practices, processes, and products in groups. We conclude by discussing some of the strengths and challenges of studying group dynamics from a symbolic-interpretive perspective.
Measurement of local skeletal muscle blood flow in animals by the hydrogen electrode technique

The hydrogen (H2) electrode technique has been applied to the measurement of local skeletal muscle blood flow (LSMBF) in experimental animals (rats, rabbits, and monkeys). LSMBF was measured during resting and postexercise states, following epinephrine injections and during CO2 inhalation. Among the limited sites studied and/or measurements obtained, significant differences in LSMBF were found in only a few instances. During hypercapnia, LSMBF was found to be increased in some muscles in rats and monkeys. The present study demonstrates that the H2 electrode technique is a simple and reliable method for measuring resting and postexercise LSMBF in anesthetized animals. This method provides measurements at discrete loci, is easily reproducible, and causes little trauma.
Selenate-dependent anaerobic arsenite oxidation by a bacterium from Mono Lake, California.

those with nitrate (12 to 15 mol liter 1 h 1 ). A pure culture capable of selenate-dependent anaerobic arsenite oxidation (strain ML-SRAO) was isolated from Mono Lake water into a defined salts medium with selenate, arsenite, and yeast extract. This strain does not grow chemoautotrophically, but it catalyzes the oxidation of arsenite during growth on an organic carbon source with selenate. No arsenate was produced in pure cultures amended with arsenite and nitrate or oxygen, indicating that the process is selenate dependent. Experiments with washed cells in mineral medium demonstrated that the oxidation of arsenite is tightly coupled to the reduction of selenate. Strain ML-SRAO grows optimally on lactate with selenate or arsenate as the electron acceptor. The amino acid sequences deduced from the respiratory arsenate reductase gene (arrA) from strain ML-SRAO are highly similar (89 to 94%) to those from two previously isolated Mono Lake arsenate reducers. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ML-SRAO places it within the Bacillus RNA group 6 of gram-positive bacteria having low GC content.
Reducing Chronic Absenteeism: an Assessment of an Early Truancy Initiative

Chronic school absenteeism has been identified as a precursor to undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, school dropout, and juvenile delinquency. In spite of its effect on adolescent functioning, little research has been conducted to identify effective methods of truancy reduction, particularly among elementary-aged students. This article presents the assessment of an initiative developed to reduce truancy in three elementary schools. Findings suggest that the program was successful in substantially reducing absenteeism among those with chronic attendance problems. Implications for future programs targeting at-risk youth are discussed.
Cultural Constraints on Transfer of Technology Across Nations: Implications for Research in International and Comparative Management

Cultural variations across nations and organizational culture-based differences between organizations that are involved in the transfer of various kinds of technologies are considered two major factors that influence the success of transfer. Relevant contributions from cross-cultural studies on management and organizations are integrated into the literature on organizational culture and diffusion of innovations, and a conceptual model is developed. Implications for research in international and comparative management are discussed.
Optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) for an amplitude modulated communications link using solid-state lasers

Theoretical analysis is formulated for a solid state laser based optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) disturbed by shot noise, amplitude modulated noise, and frequency noise. The frequency noise spectral density of solid state lasers is modeled to contain a white component, a 1/f component, and a strong 1/f/sup 2/ component at the laser output. This model is verified and the spectral content of each component is measured using an open-loop RF frequency discriminator. The choice of loop filter is made by considering the frequency noise components, transient effects, and the loop damping factor /spl zeta/. The total phase error variance as a function of loop bandwidth is displayed for several values of carrier signal-to-noise ratio for the measured frequency noise spectrum. Optimal loop bandwidth is also calculated as a function of carrier signal-to-noise ratio. An OPLL experiment is performed, and measured phase error variance is compared with the theoretical predictions using the measured frequency noise spectrum. The results show that the measured phase error variance closely matches the theoretical predictions. >
Adaptive digital beamforming for super-resolution angle estimation in jamming

This paper describes a technique for maintaining angle super-resolution capability of multiple sources in jamming. This technique exploits flexibility provided by digital beamforming (DBF) array to form adaptive sub-arrays or adaptive beams in canceling jamming, followed by super-resolution processing for determining the number of sources and then estimating the corresponding directions-of-arrival (DOAs). In this arrangement, super-resolution capability in angle estimation of multiple sources can be maintained while jamming is canceled in the sub-array based or the beamspace based pre-processing stage.
Teaching Genocide through GIS: A Transformative Approach

The utilization of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and geobrowsers (Google Earth) have become increasingly prevalent in the study of genocide. These applications offer teachers and students the opportunity to analyze historical and contemporary genocidal acts from a critical geographic perspective in which the confluence of historical background, sociocultural perspective, and geospatial context further understanding. We provide three examples of Web-based tools and applications for exploring genocide through geography in a secondary social studies classroom. We then examine these tools through an instructional scaffold of transformative geography. In this practice piece, we propose that teachers and students move beyond the static, pejorative representations of geography to enact dynamic instruction that encourages discourse and social action.
Asymptotic BER Analysis of a SIMO Multiuser Diversity System

Multiuser diversity is a form of diversity that is inherent in wireless systems with more than one user. For single-best user selection, it becomes a scheme whereby the base station schedules transmission to and from the user with the best channel. Traditionally, this form of diversity is considered in conjunction with adaptive modulation, where the rate of transmission is adapted to the channel quality of the best user. In this paper, we consider a fixed modulation and analyze the asymptotic bit-error-rate performance for uplink systems for a large number of users using the theory of asymptotic order statistics. Moreover, we consider multiple antennas at the base station and show that antenna correlation, perhaps surprisingly, improves the bit error rate (BER) for a large number of users. Simulation results corroborate our analytical results.
Understanding selectivity of hard and soft metal cations within biological systems using the subvalence concept. I. Application to blood coagulation: direct cation-protein electronic effects vs. indirect interactions through water networks

Following a previous study by de Courcy et al. ((2009) Interdiscip. Sci. Comput. Life Sci. 1, 55-60), we demonstrate in this contribution, using quantum chemistry, that metal cations exhibit a specific topological signature in the electron localization of their density interacting with ligands according to its "soft" or "hard" character. Introducing the concept of metal cation subvalence, we show that a metal cation can split its outer-shell density (the so-called subvalent domains or basins) according to it capability to form a partly covalent bond involving charge transfer. Such behaviour is investigated by means of several quantum chemical interpretative methods encompasing the topological analysis of the Electron Localization Function (ELF) and Bader's Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and two energy decomposition analyses (EDA), namely the Restricted Variational Space (RVS) and Constrained Space Orbital Variations (CSOV) approaches. Further rationalization is performed by computing ELF and QTAIM local properties such as electrostatic distributed moments and local chemical descriptors such as condensed Fukui Functions and dual descriptors. These reactivity indexes are computed within the ELF topological analysis in addition to QTAIM offering access to non atomic reactivity local index, for example on lone pairs. We apply this "subvalence" concept to study the cation selectivity in enzymes involved in blood coagulation (GLA domains of three coagulation factors). We show that the calcium ions are clearly able to form partially covalent charge transfer networks between the subdomain of the metal ion and the carboxylate oxygen lone pairs whereas magnesium does not have such ability. Our analysis also explains the different role of two groups (high affinity and low affinity cation binding sites) present in GLA domains. If the presence of Ca(II) is mandatory in the central "high affinity" region to conserve a proper folding and a charge transfer network, external sites are better stabilised by Mg(II), rather than Ca(II), in agreement with experiment. The central role of discrete water molecules is also discussed in order to understand the stabilities of the observed X-rays structures of the Gla domain. Indeed, the presence of explicit water molecules generating indirect cation-protein interactions through water networks is shown to be able to reverse the observed electronic selectivity occuring when cations directly interact with the Gla domain without the need of water.
1.25 Impact of Bone Marrow Microenvironment on 93 Apoptotic Pathway Target mRNA Expression in CLL Cells

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was thought to arise due to dysregulated apoptosis rather than uncontrolled proliferation. Recent reports reveal that the CLL cell accumulation is not merely due to intrinsic defects in apoptosis, but in part due to extrinsic signals delivered by microenvironment. Although several entities within the bone marrow microenvironment have been unveiled, the critical components involved in CLL survival remain obscure. Previously, we showed that CLL primary cells co-cultured on MSCs (marrow stromal cells) are rescued from spontaneous apoptosis. At the molecular level, the mechanism of MSC-promoted CLL cell survival involves transcriptional as well as translational accumulation of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. In the present study, using microarray mRNA analysis, we investigated the essential apoptotic gene transcripts (n 93) that are involved in cell survival. Primary cells obtained from CLL patients (n 8) were co-cultured with MSC (Nktert, human stromal cell line that mimics bone marrow microenvironment) in a ratio of 100:1. At the end of incubation times(d1andd3),percentageapoptosisandmRNAmicroarrayof93 target genes were evaluated. When CLL lymphocytes were co-cultured on MSC for 6 days, the viability of CLL cells, measured by Annexin/PI staining, increased by 6-18% at d1 and d2 (n 16; p 0.001, two-tailed paired t-test) and 16-27% at d3-d6 of incubation (n 28, p 0.0001) compared to time matched controls. Next we investigated the effect of MSC on global transcription, there was a consistent increase in the global RNA synthesis (1.7 0.5 (d1, n 13, p 0.001) and 2.5 1.0 (d3, n 7, p 0.0084) fold change measured by uridine incorporation method). In order to evaluate changesinindividualtranscriptsundertheMSCmicroenvironment, we screened mRNAs using a ‘human apoptotic array micro fluidic card’ (93 targets) for d1 and d3 samples of controls and co-cultures from 8 CLL patients. Expression levels of mRNA were normalized using global normalization. Based on the functions and functional domains of target genes, the 93 genes were categorized into 7 groups and their response with respect to MSC microenvironment was elucidated. In a group that contained members ofBcl2family members, mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic members such as Bcl2l13 (MIL1), BAK1 and BIK decreased, while mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic, Bcl2, Bcl2A1 (BFL-1), Bcl-xl, and Mcl1 increased at d1 (1.36 0.32 [fold increase; mean standard deviation], p 0.0156; 1.64 0.58, p 0.0174; 2.27 0.97, p 0.04; 1.16 0.3,p 0.15 respectively). Among eight targets containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pro apoptotic APAF1 mRNA level significantly decreased at d1; however, pro-apoptotic NALP1 (Card7) mRNA levelsincreasedsignificantly(1.480.59,p0.05),suggestingthis gene may have an alternate function in the apoptosis pathway. Transcript levels of HIP1 and HIPPI1 of Huntington pathway, which generally function as pro-apoptotic members, increased significantly (1.68 0.68, p 0.038; 1.43 0.50, p 0.043) in the presence ofMSCs.Inaddition,NFKB-RELcomplexfamilymembersthatare
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate of NAD+ synthesis, protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), the rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis, and Sirt1, an NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). It remains unknown whether Nampt mediates the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), whether nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN, 500 mg/kg), a product of Nampt in the NAD+ salvage pathway, mimics the effect of IPC, or whether caloric restriction (CR) upregulates Nampt and protects the heart through a Sirt1-dependent mechanism. IPC upregulated Nampt protein, and the protective effect of IPC against ischemia (30 minutes) and reperfusion (24 hours) was attenuated at both early and late phases in Nampt +/− mice, suggesting that Nampt plays an essential role in mediating the protective effect of IPC. In order to mimic the effect of Nampt, NMN was administered by intraperitoneal injection. NMN significantly increased the level of NAD+ in the heart at baseline and prevented a decrease in NAD+ during ischemia. NMN protected the heart from I/R injury when it was applied once 30 minutes before ischemia or 4 times just before and during reperfusion, suggesting that exogenous NMN protects the heart from I/R injury in both ischemic and reperfusion phases. The protective effect of NMN was accompanied by decreases in acetylation of FoxO1, but it was not obvious in Sirt1 KO mice, suggesting that the effect of NMN is mediated through activation of Sirt1. Compared to control diet (90% calories), CR (60% calories for 6 weeks) in mice led to a significant reduction in I/R injury, accompanied by upregulation of Nampt. The protective effect of CR against I/R injury was not significant in cardiac-specific Sirt1 KO mice, suggesting that the protective effect of CR is in part mediated through the Nampt-Sirt1 pathway. In conclusion, exogenous application of NMN and CR protects the heart by both mimicking IPC and activating Sirt1.
Formalizing System Behavior for Evaluating a System Hang Detector

This paper presents an approach to formally verify the detection capability of a system hang detector. To achieve this goal, an abstract formal model of a typical Linux system is created to thoroughly exercise all execution scenarios that may lead to hangs. The goal is to expose cases (i.e., hang scenarios) that escape detection. Our system model abstracts the basic hardware (e.g., timer, hardware counter) and software (e.g., processes/threads) components present in the Linux system. The model enables: (i) capturing behavior of these components so as to depict execution scenarios that lead to hangs, and (ii) evaluating hang detection coverage. Explicit-state model checking is applied to reason about system behavior and uncover hang scenarios that escape detection. The results indicate that the proposed framework allows identification of corner cases of hang scenarios that escape detection and provides valuable insight to developers for enhancing detection mechanisms.