cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a novel promoter in the replication control region of plasmid R6K.

A novel source of transcription has been detected in the replication region of plasmid R6K by using fusions involving the galK reporter gene. The -35 and -10 consensus RNA polymerase binding sites were identified in the region overlapping the binding sites for the R6K-encoded replication protein pi. Transcription from this promoter, designated P2, is repressed in vivo by pi-protein levels that are inhibitory for replication. Promoter-down mutations in P2 induced in vitro by bisulfite mutagenesis result in a reduced copy number of a beta-replicon but not of a gamma-replicon. Implications of the role of P2 in R6K replication are discussed. Images
Adsorption of Typhus Rickettsiae to Ghosts of Sheep Erythrocytes

Rickettsia prowazeki will adsorb to ghosts derived from sheep erythrocytes by hypotonic lysis. Adsorption to ghosts, as to intact erythrocytes, is dependent on the metabolism of the rickettsiae. KCN and 0 C inhibit adsorption. Fluoride, while inhibiting hemolysis, has no effect on adsorption to ghosts or intact erythrocytes. The adsorption of rickettsiae to ghosts does not lead to lysis, in that fluorescent albumin can be retained by the ghost after adsorption. Both inside-out and right-side-out vesicles formed from the ghost are equally capable of adsorption, indicating that the receptor is stable during the process of vesiculation and is not localized to one aspect of the cell membrane. Adsorption to ghosts is slower and displays less affinity than to the intact erythrocyte. The ghost system will be useful in characterizing the membrane receptor for rickettsia and in establishing assays for adsorption to other cells.
Dilute nonisovalent (II-VI)-(III-V) semiconductor alloys: Monodoping, codoping, and cluster doping in ZnSe-GaAs

A dilute nonisovalent semiconductor alloy, made of a III-V semiconductor component (GaAs) mixed with a II-VI semiconductor (ZnSe), can be viewed as the doping of a host semiconductor with a lower (higher) valent cation and a higher (lower) valent anion. We have investigated different doping types, i.e., monodoping, triatomic codoping, and cluster doping, in the ZnSe-GaAs system using ab initio pseudopotential plane-wave calculations. We find the following: (i) The acceptor dopant clusters are stabilized in a chemical potential range different from that of the donor dopant clusters. This explains the experimental observation that a nonisovalent alloy has a distinct carrier polarity. (ii) Cluster doping, e.g., $(\mathrm{Zn}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}{)}^{3+}$ or $(\mathrm{Se}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{4}{)}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$ in GaAs, is predicted to be stable at extreme chemical potential limits, and also to contribute free carriers. (iii) Triatomic codoping is predicted to be thermodynamically unstable. (iv) Cluster doping produces shallower acceptor/donor levels than monodoping and triatomic codoping. (v) There is a strong attractive interaction between positively charged donors and negatively charged acceptors. Therefore, a high concentration of the charge-neutral dopant pairs exists in the alloy. This finding explains why free carriers in a nonisovalent alloy have a high mobility. (vi) Our results also explain the asymmetric dependence of the band gap on the alloy composition. Specifically, adding a small amount of Ga+As into ZnSe leads to a sharp drop in the band gap of the host crystal, whereas adding Zn+Se into GaAs does not change the band gap very much.
Monomeric internal vibrational effect on the excitation localization and transfer in a trimeric molecular complex

Abstract The classical electronic potential surfaces, based on combining one vibrational mode from each of the three monomers, are obtained for an excited trimeric molecular aggregate with C3 symmetry. The model takes into account the change of the nuclear equilibrium configurations as well as of the force constant for the electronically excited monomer, from those of the ground monomer. It is shown that the composite nuclear displacements show stable configurations, which are associated with preferential excitation localization in the individual monomers, for the lowest surface. Stable nuclear configurations are also found in the intermediate surface which imply excitation-delocalization between pairs of molecules.
Multiple Sp1 Binding Sites in the Cardiac/Slow Twitch Muscle Sarcoplamsic Reticulum Ca2⁺-ATPase Gene Promoter Are Required for Expression in Sol8 Muscle Cells (∗)

The rabbit cardiac/slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2⁺-ATPase (SERCA2) gene encodes a Ca2⁺ transport pump whose expression is regulated during skeletal and cardiac muscle development and in response to various pathophysiological and hormonal states. Employing transient transfection analyses in Sol8 muscle cells, we have identified two positive regulatory regions, one distal (−1810 base pair (bp) to −1110 bp) and one proximal (−284 bp to −72 bp), within the SERCA2 promoter. The proximal promoter region from −284 bp to −80 bp was shown to confer muscle-specific expression to a heterologous promoter in Sol8 cells. This region is highly GC-rich containing the consensus sequence for four Sp1 elements (GGGCGG) and three Sp1-like elements (GGGAGG). DNase I footprint analysis with Sol8 nuclear extracts and purified Sp1 protein showed the protection of the seven Sp1 binding sites. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis of the Sp1 consensus sites demonstrated that Sp1 sites are essential for the muscle-specific expression of the SERCA2 promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cotransfection of an Sp1 expression vector together with SERCA2-CAT constructs can up-regulate SERCA2 promoter activity. These results imply that the Sp1 transcription factor plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of SERCA2 within muscle cells.
Structure of self-field accelerated plasma flows

An analysis is presented of self-field accelerated quasi-one-dimensional plasma flows with zero axial current. When magnetic convection dominates over magnetic diffusion (large magnetic Reynolds number Rm\ inlet and exit current concentration layers occur, which are analyzed by asymptotic methods to zeroth order in l/Rm. Sonic passage is found in the inlet layer, which largely determines injector conditions. Near magnetosonic conditions prevail at throats or constant-area sections. Performance factors accounting for inlet convergence and nozzle divergence are derived by exploiting the smallness of pressure forces. The effect of finite magnetic Reynolds numbers is seen to be moderate down to Rm 3 for contoured channels, but to Rm s 10 for constant-area channels. Contouring is shown to be effective for control of current and dissipation concentrations.
Performance Results of Two Iterative Receivers for Distributed MIMO OFDM With Large Doppler Deviations

This paper studies a distributed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system with multiple quasi-synchronous users, where different users may transmit different numbers of parallel data streams. The distinction from most existing work is that the multipath channels for different users have significantly different Doppler scales. Such a setting with two single-transmitter users was first studied in a recent publication by Tu et al. (2010). This paper presents two iterative receivers, termed as multiuser detection (MUD)-based receivers and single-user detection (SUD)-based receivers. The MUD-based receiver adopts a frequency-domain-oversampling front end on each receive element, then performs joint channel estimation and multiuser data detection iteratively. The SUD-based receiver adopts conventional single-user processing modules, but adds a critical step of multiuser interference (MUI) cancellation, where the MUI reconstruction explicitly considers different resampling factors used by different users. Experimental data sets from the 2010 Mobile Acoustic Communications Experiment (MACE10, Martha's Vineyard, MA) and the 2008 Surface Processes and Acoustic Communications Experiment (SPACE08) are used to emulate a distributed OFDM system with different numbers of users and different numbers of data streams per user. Performance results in different settings validate the effectiveness of the proposed iterative receivers.
Training in culture: the case of aikido education and meaning-making outcomes in Japan and the United States

Abstract This study investigated whether a relationship existed between instructional style and points of emphasis in the training context of the martial art aikido and the perceptions which practitioners of aikido generated for aikido-related concepts. The findings were gathered within and compared across aikido training settings in two cultures — Japan and the United States. Analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data gathered for this investigation revealed several potent differences between the manner in which Japanese and American aikido practitioners represented their understandings of aikido-related concepts. Differences in the manner in which aikido practitioners in Japan and the United States represented their understandings of aikido reflected the teaching emphasis observed in the respective cultures. It was concluded that aikido instructors represented the values of their own culture in the context of aikido training, and thus served as important mediating forces influencing the meaning which practitioners generated for aikido. An additional finding revealed that in neither culture were participants able to accurately represent how practitioners in the “other” culture structured their understandings of aikido. It was reasoned that both cultural groups generated faulty perceptions of how the “other” group understood aikido because they utilized a similar pattern of projection, using their own meanings of aikido to represent the understandings of practitioners in the “other” cultural group.
Computational optimization problems in social interaction and empathic social emotion

Article accompanying a poster presentation for the 2014 Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting. This article discusses computational optimization problems in social interaction and empathic social emotion.
Hormone receptors in endometrial cancer.

Similarities between endometrial and mammary tissue as targets for ovarian hormones indicate that measurements of estradiol and progesterone receptor (RE and RP) levels may be as useful in endometrial cancer as they are in breast cancer for the prediction of responses to treatment with steroids and antiestrogens. Receptor levels cannot be inferred from the degree of differentiation of the endometrial tumors, although RP values are lower in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Current studies aim to relate RP levels to objective remissions of metastases after progestin therapy, and attempts are being made to increase RP with tamoxifen before treatment with progestins or assaying for RP. In vitro studies aim to elucidate fundamental problems related to the action of steroids on the tumors, e.g., mechanism by which receptors mediate the effects of pharmacologic doses of drugs, factors that regulate receptor levels, and homogeneity in the distribution of receptors in tumor cell populations.
Propagation of high-frequency surface plasmons on gold

Surface plasmon propagation on gold over 0.1 – 1.6 micrometer distances for plasmon energies in the range 1.6 – 3.5 eV was characterized. Surface plasmons were excited by an electron beam near a grating milled in the gold. The spectra of out-coupled radiation reveal increasingly strong propagation losses as surface plasmon energy increases above 2.8 eV, but little effect in the range 1.6 – 2.8 eV. These results are in partial agreement with theoretical expectations.
Association of Renal Injury with Increased Oxygen Free Radical Activity and Altered Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Chronic Experimental Hemosiderosis

Chronic iron (Fe) overload is associated with a marked increase in renal tissue iron content and injury. It is estimated that 10% of the American population carry the gene for hemochromatosis and 1% actually suffer from iron overload. The mechanism of iron overload-associated renal damage has not been fully elucidated. Iron can accelerate lipid peroxidation leading to organelle membrane dysfunction and subsequent cell injury/death. Iron-catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is responsible for initiating the peroxidatic reaction. We investigated the possible association of oxidative stress and its impact on nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in iron-overload-associated renal injury. Rats were randomized into Fe-loaded (given 0.5 g elemental iron/kg body weight as iron dextran; IV), Fe-depleted (given an iron-free diet for 20 weeks), and control groups. Renal histology, tissue expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS), renal tissue expression of nitrotyrosine, plasma, and renal tissue lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma and urinary NO metabolites (NOx) were examined. Iron overload was associated with mild proteinuria, tissue iron deposition together with significant glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Rare focal glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial changes were noted in normal controls. No renal lesions were observed in Fe-depleted rats. Iron deposits were seen in glomeruli, proximal tubules, and interstitium. The iron staining in the distal tubules was negligible. Both plasma and renal tissue MDA and renal tissue nitrotyrosine were increased significantly in Fe-loaded rats compared with control rats. In contrast, Fe-depleted animals showed a marked reduction in plasma and renal tissue MDA and nitrotyrosine together with significant elevation of urinary NOx excretion. In addition, iron-overload was associated with up-regulation of renal eNOS and iNOS expressions when compared with the control and Fe-depleted rats that showed comparable values. In conclusion, chronic iron overload resulted in iron deposition in the glomeruli and proximal tubules with various renal lesions and evidence of increased ROS activity, enhanced ROS-mediated inactivation, and sequestration of NO and compensatory up-regulation of renal eNOS and iNOS expressions. However, iron depletion was associated with reduced MDA and tissue nitrotyrosine abundance, increased urinary NOx excretion, normal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, and absence of renal injury. These findings point to the possible role of ROS in chronic iron overload-induced renal injury.
Measuring Cropland Change: A Cautionary Tale

Remotely sensed imagery has been used for decades to quantify the area, rates, and types of land use and land cover change (LULCC) from local to global scales. Common platforms used to capture data include satellite- and aerial-based sensors and cameras. Inseparable from those data are errors—misclassified pixels in sensor-based data or incorrect observations in aerial photographs—created by spectral confusion on the part of the sensor or by misclassifying the raw data during interpretation. Such errors, if not sufficiently explained or taken into consideration when reporting LULCC results, could lead to dubious conclusions. For this article, four commonly used and readily available data sets were analyzed to determine the amount of cropland change in South Dakota from circa 2006 to 2012. Two of the four data sets (the National Land Cover Dataset and the Cropland Data Layer) were created from satellite-based sensors, one was created from photographic data (from the National Agricultural Imaging Program), ...
Multiscale Analysis Including Strain Rate Dependency for Transient Response of Composite Laminated Shells

A multiscale micro-macro numerical procedure has been developed to model the transient responses of polymeric composite shell structures. A micromechanics model which accounts for the transverse shear stress effect, the effect of strain rate dependency, and the effect of inelasticity is used for analyzing the mechanical responses of the fiber and matrix constituents. The accuracy of the micromechanics model under transverse shear loading is verified by comparison with an existing procedure. A higher-order laminated shell theory is extended to capture the inelastic deformations of the composite shell and is implemented using the finite element technique. A detailed parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of geometry, ply stacking sequence, material models, and loading conditions on the transient response of laminated shell structures under impact loadings.
Intermetallic reactions in vacuum-deposited nickel and gold films on (111) silicon single crystals

Pure nickel and gold thin films were vacuum-deposited on (111) silicon single crystals. When Ni/Au/Si or Au/Ni/Si samples were heated to about 550° insitu, hexagonal or deformed hexagonal shaped crystallites were formed on the silicon substrates. The composition of these crystallites was determined by using x-ray diffraction, scanning elec-tron microscopy and scanning Auger microprobe methods. The crystallites were identified as NiSi2. The crystal-lites on the (111) silicon plane parallel to the surface appeared as regular hexagons while the inclined crystal-lites resembled trapezia. The results of Auger spectra and in-depth composition profiles for Ni, Au, and Si showed that the NiSi2 crystallites are islands in a matrix of Au-Si eutectic.
Dose- and time-dependent effects of narcotic analgesics on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat.

Rats were trained to bar-press in order to obtain electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle through chronically implanted electrodes. Dose-response and time-effect curves were determined for morphine (1.0–30 mg/kg), levorphanol (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg), methadone (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), meperidine (1.0–30 mg/kg), oxymorphone (0.03–1.0 mg/kg), and d-amphetamine (0.1–3.0 mg/kg). Dose-response and time-effect curves were also determined for morphine (1.0–30 mg/kg) in rats that had received multiple injections of morphine over a period of 3 days. All of the narcotic analgesics produced dose-related decreases in responding; the durations of these decreases were also dose-related. The relative potencies of the five narcotic analgesics with respect to the rate-decreasing effects for self-stimulation responding were: oxymorphone > levorphanol > methadone > morphine > meperidine. In morphine-tolerant rats the rate-decreasing effects of morphine on responding for self-stimulation were attenuated. These findings suggest that narcotic analgesics from diverse chemical families have a similar, predominantly depressant, effect on self-stimulation behavior and that the relative potencies of a series of narcotics for this effect are similar to those demonstrated for other properties of these drugs.
The relationship between granulomatous bowel disease and duodenal ulcer.

Of 122 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 15 had duodenal ulcer disease as well. Duodenal ulcers were present in 9 of 34 patients with Crohn's disease confined to small bowel, 3 of 24 with granulomatous ileocolitis and 3 of 64 with ulcerative colitis. The higher incidence of ulcers in Crohn's disease of both small and large bowel, analyzed either separately or together, was statistically significant compared to the ulcerative colitis group. Gastric analyses revealed no significant differences in gastric acid secretion among the three groups. There was no relation between extent and site of small bowel involvement and gastric acid secretion. The high incidence of ulcers in granulomatous bowel disease remains unexplained.
Microscopic relativistic nucleon-nucleus inelastic scattering

We formulate a microscopic relativistic treatment of nucleon-nucleus inelastic scattering. Both the continuum and bound state single nucleon wave functions are obtained by solving the Dirac equation with scalar and timelike vector potentials. The interaction which drives the transition is expressed in terms of invariant combinations of Dirac matrices. The structure of the resulting amplitudes is presented, and certain of their features, such as selection rules, are discussed.
An Integrative Approach to Treating Infidelity

Intimate emotional and sexual relationships outside of marriage or a committed relationship occur with high frequency in both community and, particularly, clinical populations. Infidelity is the most frequently cited cause of divorce and is described by couple therapists as among the most difficult problems to treat. In this article, the authors describe a three-stage model for helping couples move past an affair, including (a) dealing with the initial impact, (b) exploring contributing factors and finding meaning, and (c) reaching an informed decision about how to move on—whether together or apart. This intervention draws on the theoretical and empirical literature regarding traumatic response as well as interpersonal forgiveness and incorporates empirically supported interventions from both cognitive-behavioral and insight-oriented approaches to treating couple distress. Preliminary empirical findings support the efficacy of this affair-specific intervention.
Insulin signaling in the nervous system regulates ethanol intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster

The insulin signaling pathway regulates multiple physiological processes, including energy metabolism, organismal growth, aging and reproduction. Here we show that genetic manipulations in Drosophila melanogaster that impair the function of insulin-producing cells or of the insulin-receptor signaling pathway in the nervous system lead to increased sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of ethanol. These findings suggest a previously unknown role for this highly conserved pathway in regulating the behavioral responses to an addictive drug.
Rhodium(III) complexes as genotoxic agents: photochemical effects and their implications.

Abstract The genetic toxicology of coordination compounds of transition metals has been of considerable interest since the application of cis-platinum(II) to the therapy of solid tumors. The nature of reactions of such compounds with DNA is still unclear, despite intensive investigation. In this study, several coordination compounds of rhodium(III) were tested for DNA-damaging activity and mutagenicity in bacterial assays in an attempt to understand both the chemical species involved in interactions with DNA and any structural requirements for such interactions. For several complexes it appears that dissociation of a ligand from the complex precedes reactions with DNA. This conclusion stems from the finding that photosensitive complexes of rhodium(III) are often many times more toxic to repair-deficient bacterial strains of E. coli K12 when incubated in the light than when incubated in the dark. Similar responses were seen for mutagenicity in S. typhimurium strain TA100. However, reversion of strain TA102 was largely independent of light exposure. Comparisons between mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity revealed that the 3 activities measured sorted with some independence among the different compounds tested. Thus, the profiles for crosslink formation and/or generation of oxidative mutagens (mutagenicity in S. typhimurium strain TA102), mutagenicity in TA100 and DNA-damaging activity for the various groups of complexes showed many of the theoretically possible combinations of responses in the assays. It is possible, then, that there are different structural requirements for DNA-damaging activity and mutagenicity respectively. This may indicate that synthesis of coordination compounds with specific genotoxic properties is possible. Such syntheses may provide complexes for study of DNA-metal interactions and could, later, direct an approach to the design of new antitumor agents.
Quantitative studies of dorsal root ganglia and neuropathologic observations on spinal cords in familial dysautonomia

Abstract Intrauterine development and postnatal maintenance of dorsal root ganglion neurons are abnormal in familial dysautonomia, an autosomal recessive disorder associated with autonomic, motor and sensory deficits. Normally, dorsal root ganglion weight increases with age. This does not occur in the cervical plexus ganglia of dysautonomic patients. Neurons in dorsal root ganglia are found to be markedly diminished in the youngest patients and slow degeneration causes further depletion with age. Quantitative studies on C8 dorsal root ganglia show the normal neuron content to be between 42,500 and 53,600. In 3 patients with familial dysautonomia the range was 4,090–8,590 with the smallest number being in the oldest patient. Lateral root entry zones and Lissauer's tracts are severely depleted of axons. In older patients loss of dorsal column myelinated axons becomes evident and is first seen in lumbar fasciculus gracilis, cervical fasciculus cuneatus and interfascicular fasciculus. Temperature sensation is markedly impaired from infancy in familial dysautonomia. Loss of pain sensation is prominent and worsens with age. Vibration sense diminishes in adolescence and coordination of limb movements becomes poor in older patients. Neuron depletion in dorsal root ganglia and the progressive pattern of cord changes correlate well with these clinical observations.
Keynote Address: Medical telecommunications in a new era

Telecommunications in medicine is still in a primitive state. The system is not well organized and most elements are not connected in a viable manner. Several attempts have been made to create a total system including the development of health care programs for Indians using telecommunicatons the creation of the Emergency Medical system and the development of new methods of handling patient raecords.
Establishing baseline water quality for household wells within the Marcellus Shale gas region, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Abstract Flowback fluids associated with hydraulic fracturing shale gas extraction are a potential source of contamination for shallow aquifers. In the Marcellus Shale region of northeastern Pennsylvania, certified water tests have been used to establish baseline water chemistry of private drinking water wells. This study investigates whether a single, certified multiparameter water test is sufficient for establishing baseline water chemistry from which possible future contamination by flowback waters could be reliably recognized. We analyzed the water chemistry (major and minor inorganic elements and stable isotopic composition) of multiple samples collected from lake, spring, and well water from 35 houses around Fiddle Lake, Susquehanna County, PA that were collected over approximately a two-year period. Statistical models estimated variance of results within and between households and tested for significant differences between means of our repeated measurements and prior certified water tests. Overall, groundwater chemistry varies more spatially due to heterogeneity of minerals within the bedrock aquifer and due to varying inputs of road salt runoff from paved roads than it does temporally at a single location. For wells located within road salt-runoff zones, Na+ and Cl− concentrations, although elevated, are generally consistent through repeated measurements. High acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and base cation concentrations in well water sourced from mineral weathering reactions, and a uniform stable isotopic composition for well water, suggests long flowpaths for groundwater that dampen seasonal variability of most elements. Exceptions occur for two wells within road salt runoff zones that show the greatest range of concentrations for Na+ and Cl−, suggesting that these wells have a faster pathway to surficial recharge. Additionally, sampling protocols can induce variability for Fe, Mn, and Pb, making other elements identified in flowback fluids (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Mg, Na, Sr) more dependable indicators of contamination. Although there is general concordance between our repeated measurements and the certified test results, characterizing baseline chemistry is strengthened when results from multiple households are combined to establish regional upper baseline limits that will have a low probability of being exceeded by future samples unless conditions have changed.
HYDROCARBONS IN IRRADIATED BEEF AND METHYL OLEATE.

The presence of hydrocarbons among the volatile compounds in food products, particularly in irradiated meat, was first discovered by Merritt and his co-workers in 1959 (5,6). It is the purpose of this paper to focus wider attention on this significant discovery and to report briefly on new work which relates the formation of hydrocarbons in irradiated meat to lipids.
Heart murmurs simulated by arterial bruits in the neck

Abstract 1. 1. A systolic, ejection type of bruit is sometimes heard in the medial supraclavicular regions of healthy young persons. 2. 2. This bruit, when prominent, may transmit to the basal region of the heart and either simulate a systolic murmur or augment one already present. 3. 3. At times, the systolic murmur so produced may be Grade 3 in intensity and simulate an organic murmur. 4. 4. Persons who exhibit this phenomenon are often of slender body build and have ventricular rapid filling sounds, vigorous apical impulse, and venous hum.
Thermal Modeling in Support of the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks Project

NASA's Edison program is intending to launch a swarm of at least 8 small satellites in 2013. This swarm of 1.5U Cubesats, the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN) project, will demonstrate intra-swarm communications and multi-point in-situ space physics data acquisition. In support of the design and testing of the EDSN satellites, a geometrically accurate thermal model has been constructed. Due to the low duty cycle of most components, no significant overheating issues were found. The predicted mininum temperatures of the external antennas are low enough, however, that some mitigation may be in order. The development and application of the model will be discussed in detail.
Analysis of transients for binary mixture convection in cylindrical geometry

We present experimental results for early transients near the onset of convection of an ethanol-water mixture in cylindrical containers heated from below. The separation ratio of the mixture was $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.08,$ and the aspect ratios $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\equiv}r/d (r$ is the radius and d the height of the sample cell) of two different containers were 10.91 and 11.53. For this system the onset of convection occurs via a subcritical Hopf bifurcation to traveling waves. Beyond the bifurcation we found transient radially traveling waves whose amplitude grew in time. We decomposed the transient patterns into azimuthal modes of the form $\mathrm{cos}m\ensuremath{\theta}.$ The azimuthal symmetry of the pattern depended strongly on $\ensuremath{\Gamma}.$ For $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=10.91$ odd azimuthal modes were preferred, while for $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=11.53$ even modes dominated. We measured the spatial and temporal growth rates at various $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Delta}T/\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}1$ for different azimuthal modes and compared the results for the two aspect ratios. We found the temporal growth rates to be proportional to $\ensuremath{\epsilon},$ but the spatial growth rates were essentially independent of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}.$ Reflection coefficients deduced from the spatial growth rates agree with theory reasonably well. As convection evolved, the patterns collapsed onto one or more diameters, during which time higher-order azimuthal modes grew significantly in amplitude.
Developmental Delays in Preschool Children: Assessment over Time.

Abstract A 3‐year study yielded data on the characteristics and progress of preschool children with developmental delays of uncertain aetiology. Children were tested at six‐month intervals in their homes using standard developmental measures (Bayley, McCarthy, Gesell, Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development); additional information about children and families was gathered by personal interview. Findings support the use of standardized assessment techniques for determining developmental level of preschool delayed children. For the group as a whole there was stability of performance over time, but the rates of change varied according to child. Delays in developmental domains were frequently associated with social behavioural and adjustment problems. Some relationship was found between aetiology and rate of development. Analyses across time suggest that three assessments are needed before confident prediction can be made about developmental rate for individual children.
A new operating regime for electroplating the gold absorber on x-ray masks

Abstract A new technique for more repeatably and more controllably electroplating gold films for use as the absorber on x-ray masks is presented. Films electroplated from a gold-sulfite based bath containing high concentrations of thallium-based brightener possess low stresses (
Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence

Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008). Pp.399. $29.95/£28.95. Pb. ISBN 978-1558596507. Few peop...
Circuit and Physical Design Implementation of the Microprocessor Chip for the zEnterprise System

This paper describes the circuit and physical design features of the z196 processor chip, implemented in a 45 nm SOI technology. The chip contains 4 super-scalar, out-of-order processor cores, running at 5.2 GHz, on a die with an area of 512 mm2 containing an estimated 1.4 billion transistors. The core and chip design methodology and specific design features are presented, focusing on techniques used to enable high-frequency operation. In addition, chip power, IR drop, and supply noise are discussed, being key design focus areas. The chip's ground-breaking RAS features are also described, engineered for maximum reliability and system stability.
Epidemiologic study design for investigating respiratory health effects of complex air pollution mixtures.

Abstract Epidemiologic studies of the respiratory health effects of air pollution are intrinsically difficult because exposure is common, expected effects at concentrations found in developed countries are weak, random misclassification of exposure is common, and the respiratory health indicators have multiple etiologies. Exposures to air pollutants also are multidimensional, generally consisting of a mixture of gases and particles. In this paper, epidemiologic study designs are described, and their potential for evaluating effects of complex pollutant mixtures are discussed. Power to detect the independent effects of individual pollutants in a complex pollutant mixture or to measure their interactions is in general very weak unless the study is specifically designed to test such hypotheses. However, with innovative and creative design, the independent and joint effects of multiple pollutants should be estimable in epidemiologic studies.
Biological effects of gestational and lactational PCB exposure in neonatal and juvenile C57BL/6 mice

The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) immunotoxicity in the developing mouse. Adult female mice were dosed with three subcutaneous injections per week of 50 mg/kg Aroclor 1242 (A1242), Aroclor 1254 (A1254), or corn oil for 2 weeks and then mated with nondosed males. First-litter pups were sacrificed at 7 or 28 days of age. At both ages, the tissue concentration of PCB was significantly higher in both the A1242 and A1254 pups than in oil-treated controls. Seven-day-old pups exposed to A1242 or A1254 had significantly decreased splenic IL-2 production. Alterations in the percentages of T cell subsets compared to controls were observed in A1242-exposed pups; an increased spleen somatic index was noted only in A1254-exposed pups. Twenty-eight-day-old pups exposed to A1254 demonstrated a significant decrease in thymus somatic index, an increase in liver somatic index, a 25% decrease in total circulating T4, and decreased B cell percentages relative to their controls. Alteration in the percentages of CD3int T cells was observed in A1254-exposed 28-day-old pups. A significant increase in 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-benzoxyresorufin-O-dearylase (BROD) activity was measured at both ages in A1254-exposed pups and in A1242-exposed 28-day-old pups. These data confirm that during gestation and lactation A1242 and A1254 are transferred from dams to pups and that such exposure results in immune-related effects in neonatal (7-day-old) and juvenile (28-day-old) mice. Furthermore, A1254 exposure produces more frequent and pronounced effects than exposure to A1242.
Treatment Utilization and Unmet Treatment Need among Hispanics Following Brief Intervention

Background In a large randomized trial examining ethnic differences in response to a brief alcohol intervention following an alcohol-related injury, we showed that Hispanics, but not non-Hispanics, were more likely to reduce alcohol intake in comparison with treatment as usual (Addiction 105:62, 2010). The current study evaluates whether the observed improvements in drinking outcomes previously reported among Hispanics following brief intervention might be related to prior or subsequent treatment utilization. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of data collected in a randomized clinical trial that evaluated ethnic differences in the effect of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) on alcohol use among medical inpatients admitted for alcohol-related injury. For this study, statistical analyses were carried out to compare alcohol use, alcohol problems, treatment utilization, and unmet treatment need between Hispanic (n = 537) and non-Hispanic White (n = 668) inpatients. In addition, we examined the relationship between prior treatment utilization and unmet treatment need and alcohol use outcomes following brief intervention and the impact of brief intervention on subsequent treatment utilization and unmet treatment need. Results In comparison with non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics at baseline reported heavier drinking, more alcohol problems, greater unmet treatment need, and lower rates of treatment utilization. Among Hispanics, multilevel analyses showed that prior treatment utilization or unmet treatment need did not moderate the effect of BMI on alcohol outcomes. Furthermore, BMI did not significantly impact subsequent treatment utilization or unmet treatment need among Hispanics. Finally, treatment utilization and unmet treatment need at 6 months were not significant mediators between BMI and alcohol use outcomes at follow-up. Conclusions The benefits of brief intervention among Hispanics do not appear to be better explained by subsequent engagement in mutual help groups or formal substance abuse treatment. Prior history of treatment, regardless of the severity of alcohol problems, does not appear to influence the impact of brief intervention on alcohol use among Hispanics. These findings support prior results reporting the benefits of brief intervention among Hispanics and demonstrate that these improvements are not related to prior or subsequent treatment utilization.
Blue-green algae as a source of protein

Abstract Anabaena flos-aquae, an N-fixing and photosynthesising blue-green alga, was grown in defined liquid media. Although this organism grew well in autotrophic solution, it rendered a higher yield in a medium containing 1% glucose. A good procedure for extracting the protein from the cells was heating them in 3 n HCl at 95°C for 10 min, adjusting the pH to 11 with 3 n NaOH after cooling, letting them stand at room temperature for 1h, centrifuging out the debris and exposing the supernatant to 15,000 international lux of fluorescent lamp light for 10h. The treated solution contained 80% of the nitrogen of the cells and it had a pale yellow colour. The protein of the solution was further fractionated into a pH-4-insoluble fraction and an acetone-insoluble fraction. Both fractions were easily digested by pepsin in vitro and were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids. The amino acid scores of the fractions were 74 and 60, respectively.
How do experts update beliefs? Lessons from a non-market environment

Experts are regularly relied upon to provide their professional assessments in a wide array of markets (e.g., asset pricing, stock and bond ratings, expert witnesses, forecasting), which frequently have characteristics that may generate incentives for experts to provide biased analyses. I ask how experts update beliefs in a relatively simple environment with minimal market incentives. Using data from the Associated Press (AP) Top 25 Poll for college football I find that many standard sets of Bayesian beliefs are rejected by the data, and that experts, while using Bayes’ rule, may still be subject to similar biases as non-experts, including confirmatory bias and lagged signal response, which may be symptomatic of inattention, voter heterogeneity, and signal reassessment. In more complex environments, experts may have strong incentives to substantially deviate from Bayes’ rule, biasing expert predictions in unknown directions.
Malathion potentiation and inhibition of hydrolysis of various carboxylic esters by triorthotolyl phosphate (TOTP) in mice

Dose and time response relationships between triorthotolyl phosphate's (TOTP's) inhibition of liver carboxylesterase activity and its potentiation of malathion's anticholinesterase action in mice were studied. Both dose and time related conditions were discovered in which liver hydrolysis of diethyl succinate was completely inhibited by TOTP, but maximal potentiation of malathion was not observed under the same condition. Triacetin and methyl butyrate were included as carboxylesterase substrates in succeeding experiments. Considering these 3 substrates, TOTP's inhibition of liver triacetin hydrolysis was found to be most closely associated with the limiting conditions of TOTP pretreatment dose and time which resulted in potentiation of malathion's anticholinesterase action. Additional dose and time response studies showed that the degree of inhibition of hydrolysis of triacetin by livers from TOTP-pretreated mice was closely associated with both the degree of inhibition of liver hydrolysis of malathion and the degree of potentiation of malathion's anticholinesterase action in vivo. These experiments indicate that inhibition of liver hydrolysis of triacetin is a good indicator of conditions under which TOTP will potentiate malathion. Although inhibition of diethyl succinate and methyl butyrate hydrolysis was less specific for indicating conditions which result in malathion potentiation by TOTP, hydrolysis of these substrates was more sensitive than triacetin hydrolysis to inhibition by low doses of TOTP.
Mapping the effects of ApoE4, Age and Cognitive status on 18F-Florbetapir PET Measured Regional Cortical Patterns of Beta-amyloid Density and Growth

Abstract Background Although it is well known that many clinical and genetic factors have been associated with beta-amyloid deposition, few studies have examined the interactions of such factors across different stages of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Methods We used 18F-florbetapir F18 PET imaging to quantify neuritic beta-amyloid plaque density across four cortical regions in 602 elderly (55–94 years) subjects from the national ADNI biomarker study. The group comprised of 194 normal elderly, 212 early mild cognitive impairment [EMCI], 132 late mild cognitive impairment [LMCI], and 64 mild Alzheimer's (AD). Findings In a model incorporating multiple predictive factors, the effect of apolipoprotein E e4 and diagnosis was significant on all four cortical regions. The highest signals were seen in cingulate followed by frontal and parietal with lowest signals in temporal lobe (p Interpretation Neuritic amyloid plaque load across progressive clinical stages of AD varies strongly by ApoE4 genotype. These findings support the need for better pathology-based and supported diagnosis in routine practice. Our data also provides additional evidence for a temporal offset between amyloid deposition and clinically relevant symptoms.
Gibberellin A1 dwarfism and shoot elongation in higher plants

Evidence is presented to support the generalization that gibberellin A1 is the main ‘gibberellin hormone’ that is activeper se in the control of elongation growth in higher plants. The evidence is based on a combination of chemical and genetic studies using single gene mutants of maize, pea and rice.
Neocortical interneurons: functional diversity and clinical correlations

The cerebral cortex contains 2 types of neurons: principal (mostly pyramidal) neurons, which constitute approximately 80% of the total population, and local interneurons, which constitute approximately 20% of the total population, with some species variation. Pyramidal cells are excitatory glutamatergic neurons that participate in cortico-cortical connections or project to subcortical areas. Local interneurons utilize γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their primary neurotransmitter and participate in local circuits in the cerebral cortex. Normal sensory perception, attention, and planning and execution of behaviors depend on interactions among canonical neocortical circuits involving excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Cortical interneurons have a fundamental role in shaping cortical circuits and controlling neocortical network interactions. These interneurons form functionally distinct networks that are temporally coordinated by electrical coupling via gap junctions and establish GABAergic synapses not only with pyramidal neurons but also among each other. Via these interactions, GABAergic interneurons control the timing of pyramidal cell firing, generation of cortical rhythms, organization of sensory fields, and cortical plasticity. Impaired activity of neocortical inhibitory interneurons has been associated with several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, mental retardation, schizophrenia, and autism. There are many comprehensive reviews on GABAergic interneuron heterogeneity, development, plasticity, function in shaping cortical activity, and involvement in disease.1–13
How do Southern House Wrens Troglodytes aedon musculus achieve polygyny? An experimental approach

I designed two experiments to evaluate how polygyny is achieved in Southern House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon musculus) breeding in a south-temperate population. In the first experiment, I manipulated territory attractiveness by adding high quality nesting sites (nest-boxes) to 50% of monogamous territories (n = 24) and evaluated if males can attract a second female when defending high quality resources. In the second experiment, I simulated high male mortality early in the breeding season by removing 30 territorial males in plots where wrens had been breeding in nest-boxes (n = 47 territories). The first experiment did not induce polygyny: although females switched from breeding in tree cavities to nest-boxes when boxes were erected on their territory, none of the neighbouring females who did not receive a box moved to breed as a secondary female. The male removal experiment did induce polygyny: of 21 experimentally widowed females, 38% bred as secondary females of neighboring males—who expanded their territories in the absence of a defending male—and accepted polygyny even in the presence of neighbouring territories held by bachelor males. Secondary females mated to polygynous males were rarely helped by the male while feeding nestlings, but primary and secondary females overlapped very little in the use of space. Hence, females mated to polygynous males may share parental care disproportionally but not territorial resources. Female attachment to territories and exclusive use of space together with male’s expansion of territories to achieve polygyny suggests that Southern House Wrens engage in sublease polygyny.