cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Chlorine Dioxide for Controlling Microorganisms During the Handling and Storage of Fresh Cucumbers

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was very effective in killing microorganisms in waters used for handling cucumbers. It was at least 10 times more effective than chlorine or acidified solutions of stabilized chlorine dioxide (Anthium Dioxcide, International Chemicals, Clark, NJ). Model systems indicated that feeding rates of 20-35 ppm/hr were adequate to maintain effective and detectable residues of ClO2 in both washing and hydrocooler waters. However, holding cucumbers in water with even high concentrations (100 ppm) of ClO2 failed to (a) significantly reduce populations of microbes found in blended samples, (b) influence the initiation of a natural lactic acid fermentation after brining the cucumbers, or (c) delay the development of visible microbial growth during storage of cucumbers.
Carrier dynamics in self-organized quantum dots and their application to long-wavelength sources and detectors

Carrier dynamics in self-organized quantum dots have been studied using temperature-dependent differential transmission spectroscopy and room temperature high-frequency electrical impedance measurements on quantum dot lasers. These results suggest the existence of a long relaxation time (∼100 ps) for the excited state carriers at higher temperatures with the dominant scattering mechanism being electron hole scattering, The long relaxation time is exploited to realize far-infrared sources and detectors based on intersubband transitions in quantum dots. Quantum dot detectors with large detectivity (D * = (9-10)×10 9 cm Hz 1 2 /W) and responsivity (R = 100 mA/W) have been reported at T = 40 K. A unique unipolar intersubband quantum dot laser (13.3 μm) has also been reported at T = 283 K. using the long intersubband relaxation time and the short interband recombination time to achieve population inversion between the ground and the excited states.
The Use of Partial Discharge and Impulse Voltage Testing in the Evaluation of Interturn Insulation Failure of Large Motors

Several 13.2 kV, 21,000 HP synchronous motors failed as a result of interturn insulation breakdown. Investigation of motor failures indicated that the cause was related to high magnitude, steep fronted surge waves (References 1 and 2). Partial discharge (corona) related failures were discounted without any actual measurements. To confirm the validity of the previous investigation, partial discharge testing was conducted on four new 21,000 HP motors and on one failed 21,000 HP motor. Additionally, surge impulse testing was performed on the failed motor to assess interturn insulation endurance. This paper presents the results of above tests. It is concluded that failure of motors could not be caused by corona, Confirmation of previous investigation results indicated that partial discharge testing can be used as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of interturn insulation of large motor.
Joint two-view information for computerized detection of microcalcifications on mammograms

We are developing new techniques to improve the accuracy of computerized microcalcification detection by using the joint two-view information on craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral-oblique (MLO) views. After cluster candidates were detected using a single-view detection technique, candidates on CC and MLO views were paired using their radial distances from the nipple. Candidate pairs were classified with a similarity classifier that used the joint information from both views. Each cluster candidate was also characterized by its single-view features. The outputs of the similarity classifier and the single-view classifier were fused and the cluster candidate was classified as a true microcalcification cluster or a false-positive (FP) using the fused two-view information. A data set of 116 pairs of mammograms containing microcalcification clusters and 203 pairs of normal images from the University of South Florida (USF) public database was used for training the two-view detection algorithm. The trained method was tested on an independent test set of 167 pairs of mammograms, which contained 71 normal pairs and 96 pairs with microcalcification clusters collected at the University of Michigan (UM). The similarity classifier had a very low FP rate for the test set at low and medium levels of sensitivity. However, the highest mammogram-based sensitivity that could be reached by the similarity classifier was 69%. The single-view classifier had a higher FP rate compared to the similarity classifier, but it could reach a maximum mammogram-based sensitivity of 93%. The fusion method combined the scores of these two classifiers so that the number of FPs was substantially reduced at relatively low and medium sensitivities, and a relatively high maximum sensitivity was maintained. For the malignant microcalcification clusters, at a mammogram-based sensitivity of 80%, the FP rates were 0.18 and 0.35 with the two-view fusion and single-view detection methods, respectively. When the training and test sets were switched, a similar improvement was obtained, except that both the fusion and single-view detection methods had superior test performances on the USF data set than those on the UM data set. Our results indicate that correspondence of cluster candidates on two different views provides valuable additional information for distinguishing FPs from true microcalcification clusters.
Effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-induced hyperthyroidism on iodothyronine metabolism in the rat: evidence for tissue differences in metabolic responses.

We studied the effect of T3-induced hyperthyroidism on the outer ring (5′ or 3′) monodeiodination of T4 (to T3) and 3′,5′-diiodothyronine [3′,5′-T2; to 3′-monoiodothyronine (3′-T1)] and on the inner ring (3 or 5) monodeiodination of 3,5-T2 (to 3-T1) by various rat tissues. Weight-matched pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either saline or T3 (20 μg/ 100 g BW daily) ip for 3 days. The metabolism of the iodothyronines was studied on day 4 in homogenates of the tissues in the presence of 25 tnM dithiothreitol. Hyperthyroidism was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in T4 to T3 monodeiodinating activity in the liver (mean, 95%), kidney (mean, 60%), and heart (mean, 153%), but not in skeletal muscle, small intestine, spleen, testis, cerebral cortex, or cerebellum. The monodeiodinating activity converting 3′,5′-T2 to 3′-T1 was greatly increased (P < 0.05) in the heart (mean, 750%), spleen (mean, 462%), and skeletal muscle (mean, 167%), but not in liver, kidney, small intestine, testis, c...
Shipboard measurements of atmospheric oxygen using a vacuum-ultraviolet absorption technique

We have developed an instrument for making continuous, field-based, part-per-million (ppm) level measurements of atmospheric oxygen concentration, and have implemented it on research cruises in the equatorial Pacific and Southern Oceans. The instrument detects changes in oxygen by the absorption of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation as it passes through a flowing gas stream, and has a precision comparable to existing laboratory techniques. Here we describe the VUV instrument and present atmospheric O 2 and CO 2 data collected from the NOAA ship Ka'imimoana in the equatorial Pacific during April and May of 1998, and from the NSF ship Lawrence M. Gould in the Southern Ocean during October 1998. These data represent the first field-based measurements of atmospheric O 2 , and significant additions to the O 2 datasets in these regions. Our boreal-springtime equatorial measurements reveal significant short-term variations in atmospheric O 2 , resulting from variations in atmospheric mixing relative to the strong interhemispheric gradient. Our austral-springtime Southern Ocean observations confirm the low O 2 concentrations seen in flask samples from this region, allow the separate identification of oceanic and industrial influences on CO 2 , and provide evidence of a Southern Ocean source for CO 2 at this time of year. These shipboard VUV observations do not provide any evidence to support coupled ocean–atmosphere model predictions of a large decreasing atmospheric O 2 gradient between equatorial and high-southern latitudes. DOI: 10.1046/j.1435-6935.2003.00075.x
Interactive 3D visual retrieval for art history education

This paper describes partially the architecture and the salient characteristics of a larger visual information retrieval (IR) project for Humanities purposes. The system uses a novel form of interaction for retrieval, sustainable, interactive exploration of retrieval sets, and the types of relationships that are germane to the use of the images, beyond what IR systems typically supply. There are gaps between the expression of a query and the retrieval set and the end-user's ability to establish significance for the set members. The paper sketches the architecture, interaction, and collection metadata created in response to a survey of art history student and instructors' educational needs. It is argued that a 3D model provides visually-oriented people with a way to comprehend large datasets and, through the interactive control panel and additional graphics, identify facets of value by experts in the field and for local needs.
Studies on Certain Filtrable Viruses. IV. Immunogenic Properties of Fowl Pox Virus Prepared from the Entire Embryo

Abstract IN CONNECTION with studies on fowl pox immunization at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, an effort has been made to obtain information regarding the distribution of fowl pox virus in the inoculated developing chick embryo. The high concentration of virus in the chorioallantois has been widely recognized, while the distribution of virus in other parts of the embryo has attracted little attention. It is the purpose of this paper to record preliminary observations on the distribution of fowl pox virus in the various parts of the developing embryo and to call attention to the possible value of chick embryo tissues other than chorioallantois as a source of virus. DISTRIBUTION OF FOWL POX VIRUS IN EMBRYO To ascertain the approximate distribution of fowl pox virus in different parts of the developing chick embryo, the virus was inoculated onto the chorioallantois of 10 to 12-day embryos by a modification of Burnet’s (1936) . . .
Neandertal Archaeology—Implications for Our Origins

This article identifies key aspects of the metaphysical paradigms under which European Paleolithic archaeological research is conducted and contrasts the anthropological approaches typical of anglophone New World workers with those of the "his- tory-like" natural science-based traditions of Latin Europe. Because the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe is thought by many to correspond to the biological replacement of Neandertals by modern humans over the ten millennia bracketing 40 kyr B.P., generalizations about the archaeological transition invoked in support of biological replacement are examined and are found to lack empirical support. Patterns in lithic technology, typology, raw material variability, reduction strategies, blank frequencies, bone and antler technologies, Paleolithic art, subsistence strategies, and settlement patterns all indicate a temporal-spatial mosaic of changing monitors of human adaptation over the transition interval that cannot be reconciled with any construal of a relatively abrupt and complete biological replacement. [Key words: conceptual frameworks, research traditions, archaeological systematic, Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition, Neandertals, adaptation]
Air Carrier Deicing: Human Factors Approach for Building Redundancy and Commonality in Standard Operating Procedures

Winter operations have long posed unique problems for the aviation community. According to Federal Aviation Regulations, no pilot may take off in an aircraft that has ice, snow, or frost adhering to the surface. This "clean aircraft concept" is difficult, if not impossible, for the pilots to assess from inside the aircraft. Equipment is in development to furnish the flight deck with icing information; however, these devices are not widely available and in many cases require costly retrofits. Pilots, unable to assess their aircraft's external condition, often choose to return for additional deicing, necessitating the use of more glycol, thus jeopardizing the environment with additional glycol runoff entering the storm water system. A procedure has been developed to give the flight deck the necessary critical information concerning the state of the aircraft just before departure, providing a support system for pilot go/no-go decisions, increasing safety, and decreasing environmental hazards with reduced gly...
A State-Space Forecasting Approach to Optimal Intertemporal Cross-Hedging

Cross-commodity hedging between fishmeal and soybean meal is investigated. The approach uses successively updated out-of-sample forecasts to approximate subjective price expectations, and forecast error variance-covariance matrices to measure risk. Forecasts are generated by state-space models of vector-valued time series. In a stationary environment, uncertainty reduces to the difference between the historical autocovariance of the random process and the variance-covariance of out-of-sample forecasts. Results indicate that weakly risk-averse agents can increase average marketing returns within acceptable risk levels by combining information from price forecasting models with an appropriate hedging strategy.
Impact of Upper Layer Adaptation on End-to-end Delay Management in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A good amount of research has been developed to support QoS issues in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks, such as QoS routing, MAC layer QoS support, and cross-layer QoS design. However, QoS solution at upper layers for real-time multimedia applications is overlooked. This paper investigates impact of the adaptation mechanisms at application layer and middleware layer on end-to-end delay management. Upper layer adaptation is a localized method with small overhead, and the adaptation mechanism is hardware independent. The application layer adaptor is to dynamically change the requirement levels based on end-to-end QoS measurement. The middleware adaptor is to dynamically adjust the service classes for applications by feedback control theory. We use real IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network environment to evaluate the impact of upper layer adaptation, and conclude that the upper layer adaptation for end-to-end delay is efficient in many scenarios, but it is not enough for contention scenarios, where lower layer scheduling should be adopted.
A proof that euler missed: evaluating ζ(2) the easy way

R. Apery [1] was the first to prove the irrationality of $$\zeta \left( 3 \right) = \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{1}{{{n^3}}}} $$ (4.1) .
Information intermediaries for emergency preparedness and response: A case study from public health

Information intermediaries play a critical role in information supply chains for emergency preparedness. Yet, their responsibilities have not been adequately examined in the literature. Using a state public health department as an exemplar, we explore the roles and challenges experienced by one intermediary organization as it faced the unique challenges of deploying a public health emergency preparedness system. We further discuss the influence of stakeholder participation and commitment, inter-organizational collaboration, issues related to organizational structure and resources, and the challenges specific to developing and institutionalizing an IT system for emergency preparedness. Based on the public health case, a set of propositions focused on trust, coordination, information sharing and incentive alignment are developed to illustrate the role of information intermediaries.
Chemical alteration of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon induced by exposure to vacuum ultraviolet radiation and comparison with exposure to hyperthermal atomic oxygen

The chemical alteration of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon by vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV) (115–400 nm) has been examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The initial F/C atom ratio of 1.98 decreases to 1.65 after a 2-h exposure. The F/C atom ratio is further reduced to a steady-state value of 1.60 after a 74-h exposure. The high-resolution XPS C1s data indicate that new chemical states of carbon form as F is removed and that the relative amounts of these states depend on the F content of the near-surface region. The states are most likely due to C bonded only to one F atom, C bonded only to other C atoms, and C that has lost a pair of electrons through the emission of F−. The exposure of the VUV-damaged surface to research-grade O2 results in the chemisorption of a very small amount of O, and this indicates that large quantities of reactive sites are not formed during the chemical erosion by VUV. Further exposure to VUV removes this chemisorbed oxygen. A comparison of the XPS data indicates that the mechanisms of chemical alteration by VUV radiation and hyperthermal (∼5 eV) atomic oxygen are different, as expected, because the excitation sources are quite different. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 552–561, 2005
Disease-Specific Self-Efficacy in Spasmodic Dysphonia Patients

ObjectiveSelf-efficacy (SE) is an optimistic self-belief that one can perform a novel task. This concept involves empowerment, self-esteem, and adaptation to a stressful situation. SE is a strong predictor of health behaviors. Our objectives were to study SE in spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and to develop a disease-specific SE-SD scale.Study DesignProspective study.SettingAcademic hospital.Subject and MethodsDisease-specific SE-SD items were developed with laryngologists, speech pathologists, and SD patients. These items, General SE Scale, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), were administered to SD patients who presented for botulinum toxin injections.ResultsOne hundred forty-five SD patients (mean age 59.5 ± 13.6 years) had a general SE score (Cronbach’s α = 0.894) of 33.4 ± 5.2 out of 40. This was negatively correlated with HADS-A (r = −0.42, P < 0.001) and HADS-D (r = −0.42, P < .001), but not correla...
Testing for neglected nonlinearity in time series models: a comparison of neural network methods and alternative tests

In this paper a new test, the neural network test for neglected nonlinearity, is compared with the Keenan test, the Tsay test, the White dynamic information matrix test, the McLeod-Li test, the Ramsey RESET test, the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman test, and the Bispectrum test. The neural network test is based on the approximating ability of neural network modeling techniques recently developed by cognitive scientists. This test is a Lagrange multiplier test that statistically determines whether adding 'hidden units' to the linear network would be advantageous. The performance of the tests is compared using a variety of non-linear artificial series including bilinear, threshold autoregressive, and nonlinear moving average models, and the tests are applied to actual economic time series. The relative performance of the neural network test is encouraging. Our results suggest that it can play a valuable role in evaluating model adequacy. The neural network test has proper size and good power, and many of the economic series tested exhibit potential nonlinearities.
Photoacclimation of Light Harvesting Systems in Eukaryotic Algae

Photoacclimation is a suite of phenotypically expressed, developmentally independent, reversible physiological feedback responses to short-term (minutes to days) variations in spectral irradiance. These responses are observed in all eukaryotic algal taxa and involve alterations in the optical absorption cross section, the effective absorption cross section, and the rate of electron transfer from water to a terminal acceptor (e.g., carbon dioxide or nitrate). In this chapter, we review the primary physical processes in aquatic ecosystems that provided selection pressure for photoacclimation responses. These processes include the passage of clouds across the sky, vertical mixing, and diel variability in incident solar irradiance. The physiological responses to variations in the spectral irradiance are transduced via the redox state of intersystem electron transport components, especially plastoquinone. In a ‘nested’ series, responses include state transitions, alterations in the xanthophylls, and net synthesis/degradation of light harvesting complexes. The three processes have different time constants and dynamic ranges, but all result in alterations of the effective absorption cross section of photochemistry, such that light absorption and electron transport are balanced. The balance between light absorption and electron transport optimizes (not maximizes) photosynthesis under a very wide range of light conditions found in natural aquatic ecosystems.
Price Cap Regulation and Declining Demand

PCR originated in the late 1970s in the USA with a new regulatory scheme for Michigan Bell that replaced tradition cost-of-service regulation (COS). It gathered considerable momentum in the 1980s, with its adaption for AT&T following the Divestiture of the Regional Bell Operating Companies in 1984. PCR’s momentum continued with the privatization of the utilities in the UK. All of the newly privatized utilities were subject to PCR, not only telecommunications, but also electricity, gas, and water.
Human Milk Analysis Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Background: The composition of human milk is known to vary with length of gestation, stage of lactation, and other factors. Human milk contains all nutrients required for infant health but requires fortification to meet the needs of low-birth-weight infants. Without a known nutrient profile of the mother’s milk or donor milk fed to a baby, the composition of the fortified product is only an estimate. Human milk analysis has the potential to improve the nutrition care of high-risk newborns by increasing the information about human milk composition. Equipment to analyze human milk is available, and the technology is rapidly evolving. This pilot study compares mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to reference laboratory milk analysis. Methods: After obtaining informed consent, we collected human milk samples from mothers of infants weighing <2 kg at birth. Duplicate samples were analyzed for macronutrients by MIR and by reference laboratory analysis including Kjeldahl for protein, Mojonnier for fat, and high-pres...
Modeling Microgravity and Normal Gravity Opposed Flame Spread over Polymer/Glass Composites

Experimental data of opposed -flow flame spread obtained both in microgravity and normal gravity is used to validate the predictions of an analytical model for opposed -flow flame spread r ate. The model is based on a balance between heat -transfer controlled flame spread and kinetically controlled flame spread. The model predicts that the flame spread rate increases with opposed flow velocity, reaches a maximum, then decreases until extincti on. The fuels examined are thermally thick polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polypropylene glass fiber composite (PPG). The microgravity flame spread experiments were conducted on NASA’s KC -135 research aircraft in the Forced Ignition and Flame Spread Test (FIST) at opposed -flow velocities lower than can be achieved in ground -based tests due to buoyancy -induced flow. In order to apply the analytical model to predict the experimental data, four model parameters need to be calibrated. Once this is done, excel lent agreement between the model and the data is achieved. The model predicts that for some conditions and fuels, flame spread in microgravity occurs in the heat transfer dominated regime subject to low velocity flow while that in normal gravity in the kin etically controlled regime. Consequently, there is a maximum in the flame spread rate at velocities lower than those generated by buoyancy in normal gravity. These results, which are supported by the experimental measurements, are relevant for fire safety in spacecraft since ground bas ed tests may under predict microgravity flame spread rates of materials intended for use on spacecraft.
Functional capabilities of molecular network components controlling the mammalian G1/S cell cycle phase transition.

The molecular interactions implicated in the mammalian G1/S cell cycle phase transition comprise a highly non-linear network which can produce seemingly paradoxical results and make intuitive interpretations unreliable. A new approach to this problem is presented, consisting of (1) a convention of unambiguous reaction diagrams, (2) a convenient computer simulation method, and (3) a quasi-evolutionary method of probing the functional capabilities of simplified components of the network. Simulations were carried out for a sequence of hypothetical primordial systems, beginning with the simplest plausibly functional system. The complexity of the system was then increased in small steps, such that functionality was added at each step. The results suggested new functional concepts: (1) Rb-family proteins could store E2F in a manner analogous to the way a condenser stores electric charge, and, upon phosphorylation, release a large wave of active E2F; (2) excessive or premature cyclin-dependent kinase activities could paradoxically impair E2F activity during the G1/S transition period. The results show how network simulations, carried out by means of the methods described, can assist in the design and interpretation of experiments probing the control of the G1/S phase transition.
High-stage bladder cancer: Bladder preservation or reconstruction?

The availability of potentially effective systemic chemotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and the functional improvements afforded by new methods of urinary diversion have both contributed to significant changes in the treatment of high-stage bladder cancer. The clinician must decide at the beginning of therapy whether to use a bladder-preservation or bladder-reconstruction approach. The decision may be based on survival or on quality of life--two different goals that require different studies. When multiple types of treatments are combined, cumulative toxicity must be examined carefully.
Real-time risk assessment on equipment failure outage of distribution network

The real-time risk assessment on the equipment failure outage of distribution network may improve the power supply reliability and reduce the outage loss. A risk assessment model is proposed for it,which contains the equipment failure rate and the equipment failure outage impact degree. The failure rate considers the real-time system factors and the environmental factors while the impact degree considers four indexes:load loss,electricity loss,power outage user-hours and weighted power outage users. The realtime risk assessment on equipment failure outage is implemented for a distribution network,verifying the correctness and real-time performance of the proposed method.
Price-Controls in Jewish Law

Previous scholarship has explored whether the halakhah (Jewish law) of ona'ah (fraud) constitutes a price-control. However, less attention has been paid to the similar law of hayyei nefesh (essential foodstuffs) – also known as hafka'at she'arim (profiteering). Nor has criticism been directed towards arbitrary price-controls imposed by the corporate, democratic Jewish community. This essay argues that while ona'ah is not a price-control, hayyei nefesh / hafka'at she'arim is one. Economic theory demonstrates that like all price-controls, hayyei nefesh / hafka'at she'arim and corporate communal price-controls are both self-defeating because the means conflict with the ends sought. The conflict between religion and science is therefore not limited to cosmology and biology, but may include economics as well.
On Statistical Identification of Important Input Variables to Large Codes

The objective of ''statistical screening'' is to determine the effective input variables that contribute most to the total variation or uncertainty of the output of a complex computer code. This is accomplished by performing a relatively small number of computer runs with the code and performing statistical analyses on the results. There are two fundamentally different classes of statistical methods available, one based on overdetermined, the other on underdetermined, systems of equations. The basic features of both are described and compared, and a number of critical issues are discussed. Reference is made to a computer code system incorporating both methods and applied to numerical and physical problems.
Trajectory optimization in radiotherapy using sectioning (TORUS).

Purpose A challenging problem in trajectory optimization for radiotherapy is properly handling the synchronization of the medical accelerators dynamic delivery. The initial coarse sampling of control points implemented in a Progressive Resolution Optimization type approach (VMAT) routinely results in MLC aperture forming contention issues as the sampling resolution increases. This work presents an approach to optimize continuous, beam-on radiation trajectories through exploration of the anatomical topology present in the patient and formation of a novel dual-metric graph optimization problem. Methods This work presents a new perspective on trajectory optimization in radiotherapy using the concept of sectioning (TORUS). TORUS avoids degradation of 3D dose optimization quality by mapping the connectedness of target regions from the BEV perspective throughout the space of deliverable coordinates. This connectedness information is then incorporated into a graph optimization problem to define ideal trajectories. The unique usage of two distance functions in this graph optimization permits the TORUS algorithm to generate efficient dynamic trajectories for delivery while maximizing the angular flux through all PTV voxels. 3D dose optimization is performed for trajectories using a commercial TPS progressive resolution optimizer. Results The TORUS algorithm is applied to three example treatments: chest wall, scalp, and the TG-119 C-shape phantom. When static collimator coplanar trajectories are generated for the chest wall and scalp cases, the TORUS trajectories are found to outperform both 7 field IMRT and 2 arc VMAT plans in delivery time, organ at risk sparing, conformality, and homogeneity. For the TG-119 phantom, when static couch and collimator non-coplanar trajectories are optimized, TORUS trajectories have superior sparing of the central core avoidance with shorter delivery times, with similar dose conformality and homogeneity. Conclusions The TORUS algorithm is able to automatically generate trajectories having improved plan quality and delivery time over standard IMRT and VMAT treatments. TORUS offers an exciting and promising avenue forward toward increasing dynamic capabilities in radiation delivery.
Health monitoring with matrix regressor based adaptive observers

Electro-Hydraulic Systems (EHS) are widely used in aerospace industry. Prognostics and timely fault diagnostics of EHS can significantly reduce the manufacturing and maintenance of parts in an aircraft. In this paper, a fault detection and diagnostics procedure for electro-hydraulic actuators is presented. The approach is based on using adaptive observers and on-line parameter identification. Instead of traditional approaches of identifying all model parameters in a single step, we proposed a two-step identification to significantly improve the convergence rate. We used a model of electro-hydraulic actuator including a two-stage servo-valve. We showed the limitations of the current practice for fault detection, and the improvements gained using the proposed Matrix Regressor Adaptive Observer (MRAO) approach.
Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry of Subpopulations Selected by Fluorescence Microscopy

Specific subpopulations in a heterogeneous collection of cells, for example, cancer stem cells in a tumor, are often associated with biological or medical conditions. Fluorescence microscopy, based on biomarkers labeled with fluorescent probes, is a widely used technique for the visualization and selection of such cells. Phenotypic differences for these subpopulations at the molecular level can be identified by their untargeted analysis by single-cell mass spectrometry (MS). Here, we combine capillary microsampling MS with fluorescence microscopy for the analysis of metabolite and lipid levels in single cells to discern the heterogeneity of subpopulations corresponding to mitotic stages. The distributions of ATP, reduced glutathione (GSH), and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine (UDP-HexNAc) levels in mitosis reveal the presence of 2–3 underlying subpopulations. Cellular energy is found to be higher in metaphase compared to prometaphase and slightly declines in anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The [GTP]/[GDP] rat...
Mortality Among Veterans and Non-veterans: Does Type of Health Care Coverage Matter?

Recent studies examine veteran status differences in mortality, but none consider heterogeneity in military-veteran health care coverage. We use data from the 1997–2009 (2011) National Health Interview Survey-Linked Mortality Files (N = 624,610) to estimate Cox regression models of the association between veteran status and mortality taking into account the type of military-veteran health care coverage and sex/gender. Descriptive analyses provide further evidence that veterans who only use Veterans Affairs (VA) health care services are a distinctly disadvantaged subpopulation with substantially increased mortality risk. Results from multivariate analyses confirm a veteran mortality disadvantage, reveal that this disadvantage varies by type of military-veteran health coverage, and demonstrate that the disadvantage is largely but not totally explained by demographic, socioeconomic, and health status differences between groups. Results further indicate that the veteran mortality disadvantage is most pronounced among male veterans who only use VA health care or who have no military-veteran health coverage, respectively, relative to male non-veterans with no military-veteran health care coverage. There is a mortality disadvantage among female veterans who have no military-veteran health care coverage, and a mortality advantage among female non-veterans with military-veteran health care coverage, relative to female non-veterans with no military-veteran health care. Based on these findings, we argue that in order to fully understand veteran status differences in morbidity and mortality, future studies must move beyond the analysis of veteran- and VA-only samples, and should take into account variable connections of subpopulations to the military, resultant differences in types of health care coverage, and sex/gender.
Deception, harm, and expectations of pain.

In response to the national opioid epidemic—42,000 Americans died from opioid overdoses in 2016 alone (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017)—clinicians have been urged to reduce unnecess...
APPROPRIATENESS OF TROPONIN TESTING IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Troponin levels are routinely ordered within emergency departments (EDs) for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. It has been suggested that much of this testing is ordered inappropriately leading to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. To our knowledge there has been no published study from
Between the Lines: Measuring Areal Displacement in Line Simplification

Abstract. Quantitative measures of error are needed to complement subjective characterization of shape characteristics in the assessment of line simplication algorithms. Areal displacement is one of six metrics recommended for this purpose by McMaster in 1986. However, previous cartographers have failed to notice semantic ambiguities that obfuscate its meaning. This paper discusses semantic and computational aspects of areal displacement. Three distinct semantic definitions are identified. A simple definition derived from topological enclosure is shown to produce unintuitive results in certain regularly encountered situations. A more intuitively valid measure of areal displacement as a dynamic process is captured by the topological concept of minimum homotopy area, but robust, practical and efficient computation remains an active area of research. A third definition, referred to as shift displacement, is proposed that derives from the perspective of external regions that “shift sides” during the transformation of a line to its simplified form. A simple yet robust and computationally efficient algorithm is presented for computing displacement under the proposed definition.
Are coworkers getting into the act? An examination of emotion regulation in coworker exchanges

Research on emotional labor-the process through which employees enact emotion regulation (i.e., surface and deep acting) to alter their emotional displays-has predominately focused on service-based exchanges between employees and customers where emotions are commoditized for wage. Yet, recent research has begun to focus on the outcomes of employees engaging in emotion regulation, and surface acting in particular, with coworkers. Given that coworker interactions are qualitatively distinct from those with customers, we build on the emotional labor and emotion regulation literatures to understand why such acts of emotion regulation occur in coworker-based exchanges, and whether there are well-being and social capital costs and/or benefits for doing so. Across 3 complementary studies spanning over 2,500 full-time employees, we adopt a person-centered approach and demonstrate that four distinct profiles of emotion regulation emerge in coworker exchanges: deep actors, nonactors, low actors, and regulators. Further, our results suggest that certain employees are driven to regulate their emotions with coworkers for prosocial reasons (deep actors), whereas others are more driven by impression management motives (regulators). Our results also suggest that while nonactors and deep actors similarly incur well-being benefits (i.e., lower emotional exhaustion and felt inauthenticity), deep actors alone experience social capital gains in the form of higher receipt of help from coworkers, as well as increased goal progress and trust in their coworkers. Combined, our research delineates the motives that drive emotion regulation with coworkers and identifies when such regulatory efforts yield social capital gains for employees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Development and demonstration of metalinguistic awareness in adult ESL learners with emergent literacy

Many U.S. adult schools currently aim to create academic and career pathways by implementing higher order thinking and metalinguistic application in their ESL curriculum. However, this ‘ability to ...
Development and characterization of infectious clones of two strains of Usutu virus

Usutu virus (USUV; genus Flavivirus; family Flaviviridae) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense RNA virus that is currently causing significant die-offs in numerous bird species throughout Europe and has caused infections in humans. Currently, there are no molecular clones for USUV, hence, hindering studies on the pathogenesis and transmission of USUV. Here, we demonstrate the development and characterization of infectious clones for two modern strains of USUV isolated from Europe and Africa. We show that the infectious clone-derived viruses replicated similarly to the parental strains in mammalian and insect cells. Additionally, we observed similar levels of replication and disease in two mouse models. These clones will aid the study of USUV infection, transmission, diagnostics, and vaccines.
Clinical Outcomes of Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Massive, Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review Comparing Acellular Dermal Allograft and Autograft Fascia Lata.

Purpose To investigate clinical outcomes after superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) for the treatment of massive and/or irreparable rotator cuff tears treated with either allograft or autograft. Methods Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in April 2020 a systematic review was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Clinical studies were assessed for patient-reported outcomes and range of motion, comparing dermal allografts to fascia lata autografts, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results A total of 16 clinical studies involving 598 patients (606 shoulders) were included for data analysis, with a weighted mean follow-up of 36.9 months (range 12 to 60). Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores decreased from 4.0 to 6.9 mm preoperatively to 0 to 2.5 mm postoperatively. American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons score increased from 20.3 to 54.5 preoperatively to 73.7 to 97.0 postoperatively. Forward flexion increased from 27.0° to 142.7° preoperatively to 134.5° to 167.0° postoperatively. External rotation increased from 13.2° to 41.0° preoperatively to 30.0° to 59.0° postoperatively. Acromiohumeral distance increased from 3.4 to 7.1 mm preoperatively to 6.0 to 9.7 mm postoperatively. The total rates of complications, graft failure, and revision surgery were 5.6%, 13.9%, and 6.9%, respectively. Conclusions Irrespective of tissue source, SCR serves as a reasonable joint-preserving option for massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears, with favorable short- to midterm improvements in patient-reported outcomes and range of motion. Level of Evidence IV, systematic review of level III and IV studies.
Mutagenesis of the Ammonium Transporter AcAmt Reveals a Reproductive Role and a Novel Ammonia-Sensing Mechanism in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors of malaria and rely on olfactory cues for host seeking in which ammonia derived from human sweat plays an essential role. To investigate the function of the Anopheles coluzzii ammonium transporter (AcAmt) in the mosquito olfactory system, we generated an AcAmt null mutant line using CRISPR/Cas9. AcAmt-/- mutants displayed a series of novel phenotypes compared with wild-type mosquitoes including significantly lower insemination rates during mating and increased mortality during eclosion. Furthermore, AcAmt-/- males showed significantly lower sugar consumption while AcAmt-/- females and pupae displayed significantly higher ammonia levels than their wild-type counterparts. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous studies in Drosophila that revealed that the mutation of the ammonium transporter (DmAmt) induces a dramatic reduction of ammonia responses in antennal coeloconic sensilla, no significant differences were observed across a range of peripheral sensory neuron responses to ammonia and other odorants between wild-type and AcAmt-/- females. Taken together, these data support the existence of a unique ammonia-sensing mechanism in mosquitoes and that the ammonium transporter may be an important molecular target for vector control.
Fish consumption and awareness of fish advisories among Burmese refugees: A respondent-driven sampling study in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Abstract Background Since 2000, more than 6000 Burmese refugees were resettled in Wisconsin. The Burmese diet is traditionally rich in fish and fish products, and studies show that Burmese refugees continue to rely on local waterbodies for food. Given that Wisconsin has five Areas of Concern (AOC) that are severely affected by pollution, long-term exposure to contaminants in sport-caught fish is a health concern. To better understand fish consumption among Burmese refugees, we conducted a biomonitoring study in Milwaukee. The present study examined Burmese refugees’ fish consumption habits and awareness of fish advisories. Methods We used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) methodology to recruit Burmese refugees in Milwaukee. RDS Analysis Tool 7.1 was used to obtain adjusted population estimates for demographic characteristics, fish consumption habits, and awareness of fish advisories. Homophily and equilibrium were investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of RDS in recruitment. Results Initiated by five active seeds, we recruited 103 respondents to participate in the study. Respondents had a strong preference to recruit those with the same ethnicity (Homophily-score: 0.614 to 0.699) and a relatively weak preference to recruit those with the same sex (Homophily-score: 0.188 to 0.222) to participate in our study. The majority (72.5%) of respondents were women of childbearing age (WCBA). Most (68.5%) had 8th grade or less education. Regarding sportfish consumption per month in the last year, 30.6% reported eating 1–3 meals and 21.2% reported eating more than 3 meals. When asked about purchased fish consumption per month, 26.3% reported eating 1–3 meals. The overwhelming majority were not aware of safe-eating sportfish guidelines for Wisconsin (88.3%) or Milwaukee waterbodies (96.6%). Conclusions RDS is an effective methodology to recruit hard-to-reach populations, such as the Burmese surveyed in this study. High percentages of WCBA eating potentially contaminated sportfish meals, low awareness of consumption advisories, and limited economic resources make the Burmese population more likely to be exposed to contaminants. Health education efforts should be focused in this vulnerable population, particularly among Burmese WCBA.
Counting People With Inclusion Body Myositis.

Over the last several decades, ≈12 publications (table) and several reviews1-3 have addressed a difficult question to answer: how many people have inclusion body myositis (IBM)? IBM is one of several autoimmune muscle diseases collectively referred to as inflammatory myopathies. Two other forms of inflammatory myopathy, dermatomyositis and polymyositis (PM), were described in the 1880s and 1890s,4,5 but the first clinical case series of IBM was published almost a century later, in 1978,6 more than a decade after the first epidemiologic studies of PM had been published.7 Most patients with IBM had previously been diagnosed as having PM or some other disorder. Because our ability to count depends on our ability to diagnose, counting patients with IBM has been especially difficult over the last ≈40 years. Advances in IBM awareness and diagnostic tools, especially improvement in physical examination, have been generally assumed to result in better ascertainment and an apparent increasing prevalence of IBM over the last 2 decades.
Noise-Enhanced Unsupervised Link Prediction

Link prediction has attracted attention from multiple research areas. Although several – mostly unsupervised – link prediction methods have been proposed, improving them is still under study. In several fields of science, noise is used as an advantage to improve information processing, inspiring us to also investigate noise enhancement in link prediction. In this research, we study link prediction from a data preprocessing point of view by introducing a noise-enhanced link prediction framework that improves the links predicted by current link prediction heuristics. The framework proposes three noise methods to help predict better links. Theoretical explanation and extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show that our framework helps improve current link prediction methods.
Beyond the Guidelines: Treatment of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Cystic Fibrosis.

Objective:To review the available literature addressing alternative allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) treatment options for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).Data Sources:A literature...