cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Miocene anatexis identified in the western syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya

Abstract Evidence for typical Himalayan Early to Middle Miocene anatexis has remained elusive in the Nanga Parbat massif in the western Himalaya of Pakistan; previous work has identified only young plutonism (10–1 Ma). New U–(Th)–Pb data from the Southern Chichi granite, a leucogranite in southern Nanga Parbat, reveal that crustal melting occurred during the Early Miocene. This largely undeformed, fine-grained pluton intrudes the Indian metasedimentary cover sequence adjacent to the Rupal shear, a major shear zone at Nanga Parbat. Th–Pb ion microprobe analyses of monazites from the Chichi granite yield ages between 22 Ma and 16 Ma, with the majority of analyses lying at 19–18 Ma. U/Pb zircon analyses yield ages which fall along a chord with a lower intercept age of 19 Ma. The zircons also contain an ∼1850 Ma inherited component. These data indicate that the Early Miocene anatexis that is ubiquitous in central portions of the Himalayan orogen, unreported anywhere in the NW Himalaya, also occurred in the western Himalayan syntaxis, and demonstrates that Nanga Parbat has a protracted melting history. A small granitic dike that cross-cuts the outer portion of the Rupal shear yields monazite ages between 22 Ma and 9 Ma, where the young ages correlate with high U concentrations. 40Ar–39Ar biotite ages from adjacent gneisses indicate cooling by 10 Ma, requiring significant displacement on this portion of the Rupal shear to be older than ∼10 Ma and possibly as old as ∼20 Ma.
Fall and Balance Outcomes After an Intervention to Promote Leg Strength, Balance, and Walking in People With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: “Feet First” Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Weight-bearing exercise has been discouraged for people with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy (DM+PN). However, people with diabetes mellitus and insensate feet have an increased risk of falling. Lower-extremity exercise and balance training reduce fall risk in some older adults. It is unknown whether those with neuropathy experience similar benefits. Objective As part of a study of the effects of weight-bearing exercise on foot ulceration in people with DM+PN, the effects of a lower-extremity exercise and walking intervention on balance, lower-extremity strength (force-generating capacity), and fall incidence were determined. Design The study was an observer-masked, 12-month randomized controlled trial. Setting Part 1 of the intervention took place in physical therapy offices, and part 2 took place in the community. Patients The participants were 79 people who were mostly sedentary, who had DM+PN, and who were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=38) or an intervention group (n=41). Intervention Part 1 included leg strengthening and balance exercises and a graduated, self-monitored walking program; part 2 included motivational telephone calls. Both groups received regular foot care, foot care education, and 8 sessions with a physical therapist. Measurements The measurements collected were strength, balance, and participant-reported falls for the year after enrollment. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for falls during follow-up. At 12 months, there was a small increase in the amount of time that participants in the intervention group could stand on 1 leg with their eyes closed. No other strength or balance measurements differed between the groups. Limitations The study was designed to detect differences in physical activity, not falls. The intensity of the intervention was insufficient to improve strength and balance in this population. Conclusions The training program had a minimal effect on participants' balance and lower-extremity strength. Increasing weight-bearing activity did not alter the rate of falling for participants in the intervention group relative to that for participants in the control group. People who are sedentary and who have DM+PN appear to be able to increase activity without increasing their rate of falling.
The impact of preoperative statin therapy on open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair outcomes.

ObjectivesThis study evaluated the utilization of preoperative statins and their impact on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing open or endovascular aortic repair.MethodsPatients ≥50 years of age with non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were identified in MedPAR files 2007–2008 utilizing ICD-9-CM codes. Preoperative statins use was identified using National Drug Codes in Part D. Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression modeling were performed.ResultsIn all, 19,323 patients were identified undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (14,602 endovascular aortic repair and 4721 open aortic repair); 9913 (50.3%) used statins before surgery. Bivariate analysis demonstrated lower rates of hospital, 30-, 90-day and 1-year mortality in patients with statins compared to those without statins after endovascular aortic repair (1.0% vs. 1.45%, p = 0.01; 1.51% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.0004; 3.05% vs. 4.66%, p < 0.0001; 7.91% vs. 11.56%, p < 0.0001, respectively). Mu...
SPOTTING THE SIGNS: FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS' RESPONSES TO BYSTANDER-THEMED RAPE PREVENTION POSTERS

This research evaluated whether exposure to “Know Your Power” posters promotes willingness to help others at risk, alone or in interaction with social self-identification. At the start of the academic year, posters were hung in two randomly selected residence halls. No posters were hung in a control hall. After 6 weeks, first-year undergraduate students (N = 95) reported their willingness to help others and their perceptions of the posters via an anonymous online survey. More students from the experimental than control halls noticed the posters; there were no other differences between students who did and did not notice the posters. Willingness to help others at risk was elevated among students exposed to posters at least once. This effect was marginally enhanced among students who perceived the posters as depicting familiar people and situations. Overall, results suggest that bystander-themed educational posters help promote community safety by encouraging bystander intervention. C
Multiphase LLC Series Resonant Converter for Microprocessor Voltage Regulation

In order to further reduce the power loss, and increase the computation speed, future micro-processors desires lower voltage, higher current, tighter voltage regulation, and faster transient from their voltage regulators. In the last decade, interleaved buck converters have been studied and used extensively for powering microprocessors. Due to their inherent limitations in current sharing, capacitor size, step down ratio, and energy flow pattern, it becomes very difficult for interleaved buck converters to keep up with the demands of the future microprocessors. In this paper, a new candidate, a multiphase LLC resonant converter is proposed, which features zero voltage switching for both inverter and rectifier switches; wide load range; limited frequency range; fast dynamic response; high efficiency; and automatic current sharing. These features ensure the proposed multiphase LLC resonant converter a good voltage regulator candidate for the next generation microprocessors. All theoretical analyses are verified by a 1 V 50 W prototype and its experimental results.
Do Minority-Owned Businesses Face a Spatial Barrier? Measuring Neighborhood-Level Economic Activity Differences in Philadelphia

This research takes a neighborhood-level geographic approach to analyzing the issue of minority-owned business access to economic opportunity. Disparity persists between the considerable number of minority-owned businesses and their meager impact on economies across the country. Agencies identifying barriers to full economic inclusion for these firms overlook geographic considerations. While the City of Philadelphia allots considerable resources to alleviating this disparity through its municipal set-aside program, its reports track these efforts mainly by ethnicity. The nonspatial emphasis of the reported data renders invisible neighborhood-level trends and geographic explanations for the disparity such as associating business size and activity to neighborhood context. Using geographic information systems analysis, this research finds neighborhood-level geographic inequity in the city contracts awarded to minority-owned professional services businesses in Philadelphia. The findings suggest that minority-owned businesses located in certain predominantly minority areas of Philadelphia possibly encounter a geographic disadvantage that limits them from connecting with economic activity. These businesses may face a spatial barrier to full economic inclusion.
Arguments for rejecting the sequential Bonferroni in ecological studies

Interpretation of results that include multiple statistical tests has been an issue of great concern for some time in the ecological literature. The basic problem is that when multiple tests are undertaken, each at the same significance level ( ), the probability of achieving at least one significant result is greater than that significance level (Zaykin et al. 2002). Therefore, there is an increased probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it would be inappropriate to do so. The typical solution to this problem has been lowering the values for the table (i.e. establishing a table-wide significance level) and therefore reducing the probability of a spurious result. Specifically, the most common procedure has been the application of the sequential Bonferroni adjustment (Holm 1979, Miller 1981, Rice 1989). Arguments in this essay address the problems of adjusting probability values for tables of multiple statistical tests, and more specifically argue for rejection of the sequential Bonferroni as a solution to this problem. Since the influential publication of Rice (1989), the sequential Bonferroni correction has become the primary method of addressing the problem of multiple statistical tests in ecological research. The sequential Bonferroni adjusts the table-wide p-value to keep it constant at 0.05, and subsequently reduces the probability of a spurious result. Although other methods exist for addressing tables of multiple statistical tests, the sequential Bonferroni has become the most commonly utilized process. However, this method has several flaws ranging from mathematical to logical to practical that argue for rejecting this method in ecological studies.
The Mobile Politics of Emotions and Social Movement in Oaxaca, Mexico

In light of recent debates between affect and emotions in geography, this article focuses on how the emotional landscape of spatial struggles in Oaxaca articulated people together, thereby generating solidarities and a collective sociality offering the potentiality of interconnection that geographers of affect emphasize. Through an analysis of a women's march, I demonstrate how social movements move people, mobilizing them both physically and emotionally, with effects that go beyond a movement's political demands. Engaging with how emotions do movement-building work means going beyond a focus on the relational construction of emotions and arguing instead for their collective agency, including their power to transform participants into activists. Highlighting the centrality of spatial struggles and emotions to the shifting, mobile politics of social movements brings into sharp relief the importance of a situated, historical analysis for theorists romanticizing the emancipatory possibilities of a revolutionary transnational articulation between social movements. Resumen Tomando en cuenta debates recientes entre afecto y emociones en geografia, este ensayo se enfoca en como el panorama emocional de la lucha social en Oaxaca articulo a la gente para unirse, generando asi solidaridades y una socializacion colectiva que ofrece la potencialidad de interconexion que los geografos de afectividad acentuan. A traves del analisis de una marcha de mujeres, demuestro como los movimientos sociales motivan a las gentes, movilizandolos tanto fisicamente como emocionalmente, con efectos que van mas alla de las demandas politicas de un movimiento. Ocupandonos en como las emociones hacen el trabajo de estructurar un movimiento significa ir mas alla de un enfoque en la construccion interpersonal de las emociones, argumentando en vez sobre su importancia colectiva, incluyendo su poder de convertir a los participantes en activistas. Subrayando la centralidad de las luchas espaciales y las emociones de la cambiante y movil politica de los movimientos sociales, hace destacar con un alivio perspicaz la importancia de un analisis historicamente situado para los teoricos que fantasean las posibilidades emancipadoras de una articulacion revolucionaria transnacional entre los movimientos sociales.
Legacies of the Past or New Institutions?: The Struggle Over Restitution in Hungary

In a case study of how claims of former owners for the return of nationalized assets were dealt with in Hungary, the explanatory power of theories emphasizing the importance of cultural “legacies” ...
Tree Seedling Establishment Under the Native Shrub, Asimina triloba

Abstract Both native and invasive species that form forest understory layers affect tree seedling establishment worldwide. We compared the density and survival of canopy tree seedlings under and outside patches of the native shrub, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Annonaceae) (pawpaw). We also conducted a manipulative experiment to determine whether above ground or below ground competition was more important in seedling growth and survival. Above ground competition was manipulated by tying back pawpaw stems and below ground competition by trenching the perimeter of the study plots. Overstory density (measured by a canopy densiometer) was greater under pawpaw than outside pawpaw. Tree seedling density was approximately three times greater outside pawpaw than under pawpaw over the range of sites. Seedlings under pawpaw were both younger and shorter than those outside of pawpaw. Survival varied by species. Acer saccharum seedlings were about one and a half times more likely to survive outside pawpaw than under pa...
Treatment and outcomes for epistaxis in children with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

Objectives/Hypothesis: To understand Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and provide insight to the management of epistaxis in children with this disease. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: All children diagnosed with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and treated for epistaxis at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota were identified and a retrospective chart review was performed. Outpatient charts, hospitalization records, and operative reports were reviewed from 1999 up to 2009 and appropriate data were extracted. The episodes of epistaxis, therapy used, complications, and success rates for controlling hemorrhage were noted. Results: Five children with a total of 63 clinical encounters for epistaxis were identified. Forty-seven encounters required hospitalization, close to half of which necessitated medical care in the intensive care unit. Nearly all encounters required infusion of hemostatic therapy with either single or multiple agents. Seventy-one procedures for life-threatening hemorrhage were performed. The most common (n = 24) intervention was administration of bovine collagen matrix, which was successful only half of the time (50%). Anterior and posterior nasal packing with or without hemostatic material completely resolved hemorrhage in 35% of the procedures. Conclusions: To date, no form of medical or surgical intervention in children with this condition has consistently demonstrated its ability resolve nasal hemorrhage. The role of the otolaryngologist is to control bleeding during major episodes of nasal hemorrhage that do not respond to medical management. These patients usually have remarkable improvement in the frequency and severity of epistaxis in adolescence and then require much less aggressive therapy. Laryngoscope, 120:2374–2377, 2010
Hydrophobic Determinants of α-Defensin Bactericidal Activity

Mammalian α-defensins are approximately 4- to 5-kDa broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides and abundant granule constituents of neutrophils and small intestinal Paneth cells. The bactericidal activities of amphipathic α-defensins depend in part on electropositive charge and on hydrophobic amino acids that enable membrane disruption by interactions with phospholipid acyl chains. Alignment of α-defensin primary structures identified conserved hydrophobic residues in the loop formed by the CysIII-CysV disulfide bond, and we have studied their role by testing the effects of mutagenesis on bactericidal activities. Mouse α-defensin 4 (Crp-4) and rhesus myeloid α-defensin 4 (RMAD-4) were selected for these studies, because they are highly bactericidal in vitro and have the same overall electropositive charge. Elimination of hydrophobicity by site-directed mutagenesis at those positions in Crp-4 attenuated bactericidal activity markedly. In contrast to native Crp-4, the (I23/F25/L26/G)-Crp-4 variant lacked bactericidal activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and did not permeabilize Escherichia coli ML35 cells as a result of removing aliphatic side chains by Gly substitutions. Ala replacements in (I23/F25/L26/A)-Crp-4 restored activity, evidence that hydrophobicity contributed by Ala methyl R-groups was sufficient for activity. In macaques, neutrophil α-defensin RMAD-6 is identical to RMAD-4, except for a F28S difference, and (F28S)-RMAD-4 mutagenesis attenuated RMAD-4 bactericidal activity and E. coli permeabilization. Interestingly, (R31/32D)-Crp-4 lacks activity in these assays despite the presence of the Ile23, Phe25, and Leu26 hydrophobic patch. We infer that electrostatic interactions between cationic α-defensin residues and negative charge on bacteria precede interactions between critical hydrophobic residue positions that mediate membrane disruption and bacterial cell killing.
A proposta educativa da Rede La Salle: processo constitutivo e pressupostos teórico-metodológicos

The educative proposal of La Salle Network: constitutive process and theoretical and methodological presuppositions Este artigo, decorrente de uma pesquisa-acao colaborativa, enfoca o processo de elaboracao da Proposta Educativa da Rede La Salle Brasil-Chile. Problematiza alguns pressupostos teorico-metodologicos presentes nesse processo, que foi mediado por uma equipe coordenadora e protagonizado pelos gestores e educadores das instituicoes educativas da rede. Uma ampla participacao foi assegurada por meio da aplicacao de questionarios, da realizacao de foruns e da organizacao de espacos de discussao. Na elaboracao do documento da Proposta Educativa, os conteudos foram categorizados em eixos tematicos, com a Tecnica de Analise de Conteudo. Destacamos, nesse processo de construcao, as contribuicoes da pesquisa-acao colaborativa como mobilizadora da cooperacao, da postura dialogica e da acao-reflexao. Palavras-chave: Proposta Educativa. Pesquisa-acao Colaborativa. Rede La Salle. Abstract This article derives from a collaborative action-research, and focuses the elaborative process of the Educative Proposal of the La Salle Brazil-Chile Network. It discusses some theoretical and methodological presuppositions that have been presented within that process. The research has been mediated by a group of coordinators and performed by managers and educators of the network’s educative institutions. A broad participation was assured by the application of questionnaires, by the proposition of discussion forums and the organization of spaces of discussion. At the elaboration of the Educative Proposal’s document, the contents were categorized into main themes through Content Analyzing Technique. Within this constructive process, we highlight the contributions of the collaborative action-research as a cooperation mobilizer of the dialogic arrangement and the reflective-action. Keywords: Educational Proposal. Collaborative action research. La Salle Network.
Structure and properties of oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts based on MoO3/Al2O3

Abstract The effects of MoOx structure on propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) rates and selectivity were examined on Al2O3-supported molybdenum oxide catalysts with a wide range of Mo surface density (0.4–12 Mo/nm2). X-ray diffraction and Raman, UV-visible, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies showed that the structure of dispersed molybdena depends strongly on the Mo surface density. Two-dimensional MoOx oligomers formed preferentially for Mo surface densities below 4 Mo/nm2. At higher surface densities, these MoOx oligomers coexist on Al2O3 surfaces with three-dimensional MoO3. UV-visible edge energies decrease with increasing Mo surface density, consistent with the growth of MoOx structures. The evolution of near-edge spectral features in the X-ray absorption spectra and the gradual appearance of a Mo–Mo scattering peak in the radial structure function confirmed the growth of MoOx domains with increasing surface density. ODH rates per Mo atom increased with increasing Mo surface density and reached a maximum value for samples with ∼4.5 Mo/nm2; this behavior reflects an increase in the reactivity of surface Mo species, because all MoOx species are exposed at domain surfaces in this surface density range. As also shown for VOx-based catalysts, turnover rates are higher on two-dimensional domains than on isolated monomers and they increase as the MoOx domain size increases. The rates of reduction of MoOx species in H2 or C3H8 were probed using kinetic and X-ray absorption methods; these reduction rates increased in parallel with ODH rates as the MoOx surface density increased, apparently as a result of the ability of larger domains to delocalize the higher electron density that accompanies the reduction process. As the surface density increased above 4.5 Mo/nm2, ODH rates (per Mo atom) decrease, as a result of the loss of accessibility caused by the formation of MoO3 crystallites. For these latter samples, the ODH rate per BET surface area approached a constant value as the surface density increased, because all exposed surfaces in these samples reside within two- or three-dimensional MoOx structures with similar reactivity. The ratio of rate constants for propane ODH and propane combustion reactions increased with increasing surface density and then remained constant for values above 5 Mo/nm2. These effects appear to reflect the tendency of Al–O–Mo species to adsorb alkoxide intermediates and favor their sequential oxidation to COx. Propene combustion rate constants also decreased relative to those for propane ODH as two-dimensional structures form with increasing Mo surface density.
Effect of p-chloroamphetamine on cerebral tryptophan-5-hydroxylase in vivo: a reexamination.

Abstract p-Chloroamphetamine (p-CA) (10 mg/kg i.p.) exerts two distinct effects: a short-term one lasting 48 hr and long-term one responsible for the progressive decrease in levels of serotonin (5-HT) and in hydroxylation of tryptophan. In two weeks there was a 40 per cent concurrent reduction in the hydroxylation of tryptophan, in the Vmax of tryptophan hydroxylase from brainstem, in the recovery of the total enzyme units, and in the turnover rate of 5-HT. None of these effects were observed after intraventricular injection of 200 μg of p-CA. The uptake of [3H]-5-HT by synaptosomal fractions from various areas of the brain at 3 and 14 days after p-CA treatment revealed marked impairment in the high affinity uptake. This did not occur 3 days after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine. These changes are interpreted as the outcome of neurotoxicity brought about by a metabolite of p-CA which would specifically affect the serotoninergic system. A hypothetical scheme for the biological synthesis of such a metabolite is given. The concept of irreversible inactivation of tryptophan hydroxylase by p-CA is inconsistent with experimental evidence.
Polyamines are important for attachment of IEC-6 cells to extracellular matrix

The inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, with alpha-difluoromethylornithine in IEC-6 cells (small intestinal crypt cell line) reduces cell migration by 70%, inhibits protein cross-linking, and affects the cytoskeletal assembly. The current study examines the effects of intracellular polyamine depletion on attachment of IEC-6 cells to different matrices. Polyamine deficiency inhibited cell attachment to plastic, laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and Matrigel by different extents. Intracellular putrescine restored attachment to all matrices. The presence of a specific inhibitor of protein cross-linking also inhibited attachment to laminin in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of cell attachment to plastic and Matrigel was correlated with the inhibition of cell migration. Immunofluorescence studies showed that polyamines are essential for the correct expression of the integrin subunit alpha 2 but not for the expression of the alpha 1-subunit. This study demonstrates that polyamines are important for cell attachment and expression of the integrin alpha 2 beta 1, a putative receptor for collagen and laminin. The impairment of protein cross-linking and the inhibition of the expression of cell surface receptors that bind extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may be part of the mechanism by which polyamine deficiency retards cell migration in the small intestine.
C5a‐stimulated human neutrophils use a subset of β2 integrins to support the adhesion‐dependent phase of superoxide production

Isolated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) responded to human C5a with an immediate, transient release of superoxide lasting from 0.5 to 5 min. This was followed by a second release of superoxide, which began at 10 min after addition of C5a, was sustained for more than 30 min, and required ICAM-1 immobilized in the wells. F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparations were used to dissect the role of individual beta2 integrins and to avoid the confounding effects of ligating Fc receptors. Anti-CD18 mAb treatment of the PMN had no effect on the immediate first phase but completely inhibited the second, adhesion-dependent phase of superoxide production. Anti-CR3 mAb only inhibited the adhesion phase of superoxide production partially, implying that other beta2 integrins were involved. A mixture of anti-CD11a, anti-CD11b, and anti-CD11c was not able to block superoxide production completely, suggesting a role for alphad/beta2. Surprisingly, blocking anti-LFA-1 mAb had no effect on superoxide production. Consistent with this observation, immobilized, purified ICAM-2, a specific counter-receptor for LFA-1, did not support the adhesion-dependent phase of-superoxide production. Thus, PMN treated with C5a used signals via CR3, P150/95, and alphad/beta2, but not LFA-1, to support superoxide production. LFA-1 has been shown by others to mediate most of the adhesion necessary for transendothelial migration in vivo. The inability of LFA-1 ligation to stimulate superoxide production may be an important means of preventing blood-vessel damage when PMN migrate across the endothelium.
And Some with a Fountain Pen: Mortgage Fraud, Securitization and the Subprime Bubble

Fraudulent subprime loans are a thread that runs through the collapse of the subprime bubble. Starting with a subprime loan to finance a foreclosure rescue scheme, the paper traces the thread of mortgage fraud from origination by lender MILA through securitization by Goldman Sachs. The thread in this account ends with the creation of the collateralized debt obligations (CDO) that facilitated bets against mortgage backed securities (MBS) and the housing market. Mortgage fraud is defined to include predatory lending, predatory borrowing and loans that could reasonably be expected to be unsustainable at origination. Minsky’s model of financial instability provides the link between unsustainable/fraudulent loans and the subprime bubble. MILA and New Century, the second largest subprime originator and a source of greater depth, both adopted the industry standard originate-to-distribute model. Their emphasis on speed of approval versus verification for no down payment, stated income loans contributed to the exponential growth in misrepresentation and fraud associated with 2006 vintage subprime loans, the proximate cause of the subprime bubble collapse in 2007. Both lenders continued to originate unsustainable loans for Goldman Sachs in the face of mounting investor demands that they repurchase these loans and both were bankrupt in early 2007. Goldman Sachs warned investors of increased risk as subprime lending standards deteriorated at these and other originators but allowed this fact to be obscured with the imprimatur of triple-A ratings. The loan pools that Goldman Sachs securitized in 2005-2007 and sold to investors lost 35 percent of their value by 2010. Losses from unsustainable/fraudulent subprime loan defaults were magnified by the synthetic collateralized debt obligations used to bet against the housing market. The magnitude of fraudulent loss was sufficient to collapse the subprime bubble and initiate the subsequent financial meltdown.
The influence of site and season on the gut and pallial fluid microbial communities of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia, Ostreidae): community-level physiological profiling and genetic structure

The microbial communities and overall health of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, have long been topics of interest due to the fundamental economic and ecological roles this species maintains. A broad scale characterization of the oyster microbiome over spatial and seasonal scales, however, has never been carried out. The primary goal of this study was to examine the factors mediating microbial communities of the gut and pallial fluid of C. virginica at three sites within the Long Island Sound estuary, with a focus on both genetic structure (T-RFLP) and physiological profiling (EcoPlates) of the microbiome. Results indicated that the genetic structure of microbial communities of oysters was minimally separated across sites, but was influenced by season. Although the microbial community structure was similar, the number of carbon sources utilized by these communities (richness) varied across site, season, and anatomical location within the host. Parameters including oyster condition index, Dermo disease, and ambient water temperature were measured to assess their influence on the oyster microbiome. Only water temperature was found to have a significant relationship with microbial community structure and richness. Results suggest that a core microbiome may exist within the eastern oyster, specifically for those populations that are not genetically distinct.
Including Hydrodynamic Interactions in Acicular Models of Magnetic Colloids

Recently, an efficient force multipole algorithm was described [1] for computing the hydrodynamic mobility matrix to arbitrary accuracy (up to a desired multipole order L), for an arbitrary number of finite size spherical particles, in an unbounded fluid or in a fluid bounded by a hard wall. This mobility algorithm takes into account the many-body, long-range, lubrication, and wall (for a bounded fluid) effects in the hydrodynamic interactions. The algorithm was used [2] to perform Stokesian dynamics (SD) simulations of colloidal sedimentation near a wall. It was also used in conjunction with a deposition algorithm [3] to perform SD simulations of irreversible deposition of colloidal particles onto a wall (substrate).
Are Black Girls Not Gifted? Race, Gender, and Resilience.

In this article we discuss the possible uses of NetLogo as an educational tool for High School and early-years undergraduate students. The paper is geared towards teachers from all disciplines that require students to problem solve, be quantitative and logical but want a project orientated platform to build or reinforce knowledge. The goal is to highlight possible ways to excite students who perceive themselves to be weak mathematically by non-traditional computer-based exercises. Here we choose a model of Toxoplasmosis gondii to demonstrate our ideas and show how scientific thinking and mathematical modeling can be used by the wider teaching community. Although these methods could be used for any age group or scholarly level, here we build our ideas around students who have seen high school algebra and may have studied one semester of differential calculus. Finally, we give some ideas of how NetLogo could be incorporated across the curriculum.
Erroneous Disclosure of Damaging Information: A Response to Professor Perlman

A lawyer's erroneous disclosure of damaging information to an adversary is a variation on the broader question of whether a lawyer should ever take advantage of an adversary lawyer's blunder. And the principal concern that lawyers have with doing so is that the lawyer who has committed the error may be subject to a malpractice action by his client if the client should find out about it. All of the other purported justifications for covering up for an adversary lawyer, to the prejudice of one's own client, are simply excuses for what George Bernard Shaw would call a conspiracy of professionals against the laity. There are widely-recognized, weighty reasons that strongly support the use of an erroneous disclosure for the benefit of one's client, and not to inform her adversary: the lawyer's fiduciary duty to her client, including the obligation of undivided loyalty; the lawyer's duty of client confidentiality; the lawyer's duty to communicate all material information to the client, and the duty to do so honestly; respect for the client's autonomy; and the contribution of the disclosed information to the search for truth.
Optical precursors in the singular and weak dispersion limits

The description of the precursor fields in a single-resonance Lorentz model dielectric is considered in the singular and weak dispersion limits. The singular dispersion limit is obtained as the damping approaches zero and the material dispersion becomes increasingly concentrated about the resonance frequency. The algebraic peak amplitude decay of the Brillouin precursor with propagation distance z0 then changes from a z 1/2 to a z 1/3 behavior. The weak dispersion limit is obtained as the material density decreases to zero. The material dispersion then becomes vanishingly small everywhere and the precursors become increasingly compressed in the space-time domain immediately following the speed-of-light point z,t=z,z/c. In order to circumvent the numerical difficulties introduced in this case, an approximate equivalence relation is derived that allows the propagated field evolution due to an ultrawideband signal to be calculated in an equivalent dispersive medium that is highly absorptive. © 2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 260.2030, 320.5550, 320.2250.
Island Evolution During Early Stages of Ion-Assisted Film Growth: Ge ON SiO 2

Microstructure evolution has been studied in the early stages of growth of polycrystalline Ge on SiO2 in ultrahigh vacuum by ion beam-assisted deposition, and has been systematically compared to conventional thermal film growth. Experimental results indicate that, at equivalent substrate coverages, films grown by ion beam-assisted deposition exhibit increased island density and decreased island size with respect to thermally-deposited films. The increased island density is not a result of an increased island nucleation rate associated with defects produced in the SiO2 substrate during ion beam-assisted deposition. Instead, a new model for ion beam-induced adatom desorption from islands is proposed to account for the increased island density and decreased island size.
In-Flight Wing Deformation Measurement System for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper presents a new method to measure wing deflections in flight for small UAVs. It employs a pair of high resolution stereo cameras and LED wing markers, as well as a small form factor computer for control and storage. Post-processing of all the data is done off-line. Accuracy benchmark tests are conducted. Finally, theoretical discussion of wing shape reconstruction is presented. The method employs numerical optimization by minimizing the difference between numerical geometrically nonlinear slender beam equations and observed markers points with associated uncertainties.
A New Species of Parathesis (Myrsinaceae) from Honduras

While preparing the treatment of Myrsinaceae for the Flora Mesoamericana a new species of Parathesis was discovered from Olancho, Honduras. Parathesis pipolyana is described and illustrated, and its phylogenetic relationships are discussed. RESUMEN. A1 preparar un tratamiento taxon6mico de la familia Myrsinaceae para Flora Mesoamericana, se descubrio una nueva especie perteneciente al genero Parathesis proveniente de Olancho, Honduras. Se describe e ilustra Parathesis pipolyana, y se discute su parentezeo.
Rumen Synthesis of the Vitamin B Complex on Natural Rations.

SummarySix members of the vitamin B complex in the rumen ingesta of a heifer fed a ration composed of natural feeds were determined. In most cases higher values were found in the rumen ingesta than in the ration fed. With the exception of flavin, variation of the amount of urea or protein in the grain mixture of the ration had little if any effect on the vitamin content of the ingesta.
Evaluation of a High-Pressure Washer for Postharvest Removal of California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) from Citrus Fruit

A device for removing California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), from citrus fruit as a post harvest treatment in the packinghouse was evaluated. The device subjects fruit to high-pressure water sprays that physically dislodge red scale from the fruit. Different pressures and different durations of treatment were compared for efficacy in removing red scale from navel oranges. The washer removed up to 98% of the scale on the fruit, and was equally effective in removing either live or dead scale. The primary economic damage of red scale on citrus is cosmetic injury caused by scale being present on the fruit, and the washer is an effective non chemical method for reducing this injury. Adoption of this commercially available device by the California citrus industry may increase the economic threshold for red scale.
Los Angeles student nurse study. Daily symptom reporting and photochemical oxidants.

Student nurses in Los Angeles completed daily symptom diaries throughout the period of their training. Average daily symptom rates were compared to daily pollutant data recorded at a nearby monitoring station. Eye discomfort, cough, and chest discomfort all increased with maximum hourly oxidant levels. Headache also increased when symptoms were adjusted for intercurrent morbidity. The relative increase of adjusted symptoms on highest oxidant days ( ≥ 0.40 ppm) ranged from 1.4 for headache to 6.1 for eye discomfort. Temperature, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide did not explain these associations. Nor were cigarette smoking, a history of allergies or bias in symptom reporting likely confounding factors. Headache and eye discomfort frequently interfere with work and personal habits. Excess cough and chest discomfort attributable to oxidant exposure may easily impose additional physiologic hardships upon high-risk population subgroups.
Comparison of Upper Three Gorges Flood Forecast Real-time Calibration Methods

Real-time calibration is a very effective method to improve the flood forecast precision. This paper adopts three methods for the upper Three Gorges flood forecast,i. e. error revising method,feedback simulation method,and Kalman revising method,each having its advantages as well as its disadvantages. The error revising method is very simple and practical,but the revised time is very short;the process of feedback simulation method is based on real flow,but it needs many real flow points;the result of Kalman revising method is better,but it is very complex,its parameters are difficult to determine. Finally,the methods are compared.
Marrow transplantation from donors other than HLA identical siblings.

As marrow transplantation has become the treatment of choice for many hematologic diseases, the lack of HLA- matched family donors has become a critical issue. With the advancement of histocompatibility testing technology, it has become possible to begin defining those genetic determinants that are important to a successful transplant, and begin exploring the use of related donors who are not fully HLA matched, and unrelated donors, HLA matched or not. Given the early encouraging data, it appears likely that a substantial number of patients will benefit from the use of such alternative donors.
Carbon-based tribofilms from lubricating oils

Moving mechanical interfaces are commonly lubricated and separated by a combination of fluid films and solid 'tribofilms', which together ensure easy slippage and long wear life. The efficacy of the fluid film is governed by the viscosity of the base oil in the lubricant; the efficacy of the solid tribofilm, which is produced as a result of sliding contact between moving parts, relies upon the effectiveness of the lubricant's anti-wear additive (typically zinc dialkyldithiophosphate). Minimizing friction and wear continues to be a challenge, and recent efforts have focused on enhancing the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of lubricants by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and ionic liquids. Here, we describe the in operando formation of carbon-based tribofilms via dissociative extraction from base-oil molecules on catalytically active, sliding nanometre-scale crystalline surfaces, enabling base oils to provide not only the fluid but also the solid tribofilm. We study nanocrystalline catalytic coatings composed of nitrides of either molybdenum or vanadium, containing either copper or nickel catalysts, respectively. Structurally, the resulting tribofilms are similar to diamond-like carbon. Ball-on-disk tests at contact pressures of 1.3 gigapascals reveal that these tribofilms nearly eliminate wear, and provide lower friction than tribofilms formed with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. Reactive and ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations show that the catalytic action of the coatings facilitates dehydrogenation of linear olefins in the lubricating oil and random scission of their carbon-carbon backbones; the products recombine to nucleate and grow a compact, amorphous lubricating tribofilm.
Widespread Use of Prescription Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Among U.S. Army Active Duty Soldiers.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There is a high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in the military, which would validate the widespread use of NSAIDs. This study determined the amount and specific types of NSAIDs being prescribed to U.S. Army active duty soldiers. Methods and Materials: This study was a quantitative study which utilized an existing database of de-identified data; therefore, institutional review board approval was not required. Data pertaining to NSAID prescriptions issued to active duty soldiers for fiscal years 2006, 2011, and 2014 were obtained from the Department of Defense Pharmacy Data Transactions Service data warehouse, which contains all outpatient prescriptions. The data include the number of soldiers receiving NSAID prescriptions (i.e., utilizers) as well as the number of prescriptions given for each specific NSAID. Results: In 2006, 2011, and 2014, the...
Bio-Inspired Multi-Functional Drug Transport Design Concept and Simulations

In this study, we developed a microdevice concept for drug/fluidic transport taking an inspiration from supramolecular motor found in biological cells. Specifically, idealized multi-functional design geometry (nozzle/diffuser/nozzle) was developed for (i) fluidic/particle transport; (ii) particle separation; and (iii) droplet generation. Several design simulations were conducted to demonstrate the working principles of the multi-functional device. The design simulations illustrate that the proposed design concept is feasible for multi-functionality. However, further experimentation and optimization studies are needed to fully evaluate the multifunctional device concept for multiple applications.
α-Amino Acid Rich Photophytonic Nanoparticles of Algal Origin Serendipitously Reveal Antimigratory Property against Cancer

Spheroidal nanoparticles of algal (“phytonic”) origin were synthesized and composed of carbonaceous architectures and surface-rich oxygenated functional groups. Nanoparticles were negatively charged and efficiently luminescent after ultraviolet-range excitation and called as “photophytonic” nanoparticles. A multitude of analytical techniques confirmed the rich profusion of hydroxyl, carboxylate, and amines at the nanoscale, while spectroscopic investigation indicated the presence of α-amines, a signature functionality present in amino acids. Confirmed via a series of biological assays, i.e., growth regression, antimigration, and protein-regression studies, photophytonic nanoparticles serendipitously revealed remarkable anticancer activity against various stages of breast cancer cells, barring the need for an encapsulated drug. We report that nanoparticles derived from algal biomass exhibit intrinsic antimigratory properties against cancer, likely due to the rich abundance of α-amino acids.
A Tale of Two Tribes: A Comparitive Analysis of the Removal of the Choctaw and Seminole Indians by the U.S. Government

She had written to Dr. Smith, Dr. Gwynn, clinics in Baltimore, and the federal government, but no one came to the aid of Amanda Blackwell. She was fighting an infectious battle for months that was impossible to win on her own. Her adversary was smallpox and her allies were sitting in the luxurious chairs during congressional sessions, indifferent to the face of death she saw everyday. As for Congress, its interest with those in Mississippi was of a separate concern. The process of removing the Indians, and their bodies, took longer than expected. Thus, legislatures knew the emigration deadline they debated previously would not be achieved. What was left of the Mississippi tribe that summer in 1832 still held the name "Choctaw" with pride—despite their massive loss of land and life. 1
Super-hierarchical Ni/porous-Ni/V2O5 nanocomposites

Hierarchical nanomaterials are of great interest due to their unique surface properties such as large surface area and high reactivity. In the present research, super-hierarchical (porous-) nickel hosted vanadium oxide (Ni/porous-Ni/V2O5) nanocomposite was fabricated using a simple, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly method. A nickel substrate was electrodeposited with vertical pores of ∼10 μm in diameter through hydrogen bubbles as “dynamic templates”. Two-dimensional V2O5 nanosheets were subsequently synthesized directly on the Ni/porous-Ni substrate surface using a hydrothermal method followed by annealing. Peony-like micro-configuration of V2O5 was found and crystallography was confirmed using high-resolution characterization. Further analysis indicated that the interface was formed between Ni (111) and V2O5 (100). The small lattice mismatch of 1.2% at the interface facilitated the 2D directional growth of V2O5 nanosheets on the Ni surface. The specific surface area and porosity of annealed Ni/porous-Ni/V2O5 nanocomposite was as high as 15.3 m2 g−1 and 55.1%. The advantage of the structure was found in the heat dissipation. Such super-hierarchical structure is anticipated to be used in applications such as coatings to improve cooling of macro- and micro-devices.