cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of environmental attributes on intertidal community structure in glacial estuaries

Abstract High-latitude coastal environments are experiencing dramatic changes due to climate warming, specifically enhanced glacier melt is modulating downstream environmental conditions in coastal watersheds and altering biological processes. Here, we examine rocky intertidal community structure, recruitment of key organisms, and environmental correlates at nine watersheds in two regions (Kachemak Bay and Lynn Canal) that bookend the Gulf of Alaska. Each watershed was part of a gradient in each of the regions that spanned 0–60% glacial coverage. Percent glacial cover, biomass surveys, and recruitment of intertidal organisms, along with environmental monitoring of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, river discharge, turbidity, and nutrient loading were documented from April–September 2019 in each watershed. Biological community structure and variance were analyzed by taxa and by ecological group (i.e. primary producer, filter feeder, omnivore, grazer, predator) and then in relation to the local environmental gradients. In general, larger watersheds with more glacial coverage and river discharge resulted in more primary producers and less filter feeders. This pattern was more apparent in Kachemak Bay, the region with more oceanic influence, as compared to Lynn Canal, which is located within an inlet. In relation to specific environmental drivers, salinity was negatively correlated with primary producers, but positively associated with barnacle abundance. Additionally, turbidity was positively correlated with primary producer biomass, but negatively correlated with mussel abundance. In contrast, there was a positive relationship between mussel recruitment and discharge and turbidity. There was variability in within-ecological group response between regions that is speculated to be a response to local circulation and oceanic influences. Barnacles were the main filter feeder species driving patterns in the more saline regions located close to the open ocean, while mussels drove patterns in the other less oceanic regions. As glaciers recede, environmental conditions, such as salinity, will increase and turbidity will decrease, which may alter future intertidal community assemblages to be dominated by filter feeders.
Civil Law Lexicon: Sentencias

The term sentencia is a basic term in the civil law system, and therefore well understood to a person trained in that system. This is not necessarily true for the common law lawyer. Initially, the latter must resist the inclination to translate the term into sentence, i.e. the order of a common law criminal court imposing punishment on a convicted person. Additionally, the term, although semantically basic, is structurally complex because of its many derivatives and their respective meanings. Lastly, the common law lawyer must face a problem not peculiar to the legal profession, that is, the precise meaning of a term, in our case sentencia, in the different jurisdictions which comprise the Latin American legal mosaic. In this connection it is well to bear in mind a difference between the Spanish and English languages. The former has a predilection to modify the noun with a series of terms to give meaning to the precise thing being identified; the latter normally defines through the use of a specific noun.
The influence of social media engagement on TV program ratings

Today, television (TV) and social media are deeply intertwined. First, social media use by content producers significantly influences audience tune-in and therefore advertising revenues. Second, TV audience members frequently interact with each other about TV programs using social media. Third, audience members also often interact with program producers and thus indirectly with each other by taking actions in response to social media content posted by program producers. Social media has become an important marketing tool for TV content producers, and so it's important to understand how social media can be managed in order to influence on TV ratings. This article reports the design and the results of an initial study of whether the combination of TV content producer engagement on social media and unique engaged audiences can help predict TV ratings, and how each form of content affects the results. This article also reports on the time-variation in audience engagement for different categories of TV programs. The data set used in the analysis contains hundreds of program ratings and their corresponding social media engagement data. The study employed multiple regression analysis, principal component analysis and time series analysis. The analysis produced several interesting observations. First, an increase in links and a decrease in videos in social media posts by content producers is correlated with an increase in ratings. Second, the loyalty and interest expressed by audiences for Drama and Reality shows is more than that of Sports on social media, thus the pages of Drama and Reality shows on social media might be more efficient places to increase audience interest through social media than the pages of Sports.
Domain Stability in Immunoglobulin Light Chain Deposition Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter begins with a brief introduction to the general problem of protein deposition, with a review of possible molecular mechanisms. Subsequent sections describe results on the analysis of light chain aggregation and deposition in several forms of human disease and in Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression. The chapter reviews some general factors that play roles in the mechanism of amyloid deposition in vivo. Clearly, both physiological and molecular factors are important. The challenge has been and continues to be in defining how the relevant factors together control the timing, tissue location, and medical consequences of amyloid deposition. A major role for mutational effects on domain stability as a determinant of susceptibility to in vivo deposition of light chain V L domains is discussed. The potential importance of domain stability warrants a consideration here of the role of amino acid sequence in V L and light chain folding stability. Site directed mutagenesis and recombinant expression techniques can now be used, however, to make point mutants in the light chain or the V L domain to isolate and test suspected amyloidogenic mutations.
PERSONAL PRIVACY AND THE "1984" SYNDROME

I. IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON SOCIETy 754 A. Introduction... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 1. The Computer-Created Dossier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 2. The Concern for Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 B. Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 C. Need for Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Accumulation of inositol phosphates and cyclic AMP in guinea-pig cerebral cortical preparations. Effects of norepinephrine, histamine, carbamylcholine and 2-chloroadenosine.

Abstract Norepinephrine and serotonin augment by about 2-fold the accumulation of cyclic [3H]AMP elicited by 2-chloroadenosine in [3H]adenine-labeled guinea-pig cerebral cortical slices. Histamine causes a 3-fold augmentation. The first two agents have no effect on cyclic AMP alone, while histamine has only a small effect alone. The augmentation of the 2-chloroadenosine response appears to be mediated by α1-adrenergic, 5HT2-serotonergic and H2-histaminergic receptors. VIP-elicited accumulations of cyclic AMP are also augmented through stimulation of α1-adrenergic, 5HT2-serotonergic and H1-histaminergic receptors. Activation of these amine receptors also increases the turnover of phosphatidylinositols in [3H]inositol-labeled guinea pig cerebral cortical slices. Norepinephrine causes a 5-fold, serotonin a 1.2-fold, and histamine a 2.5-fold increase in accumulations of [3H]inositol phosphates. 2-Chloroadenosine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, baclofen, and somatostatin have no effect on phosphatidylinositol turnover, nor do the last two agents augment accumulations of cyclic AMP elicited by 2-chloroadenosine. The data suggest a possible relationship between turnover of phosphatidylinositol and the augmentations of the cyclic AMP accumulations elicited by biogenic amines in brain slices.
On peak-interpolation manifolds for (Ω) for convex domains in ℂ^{}

Let Ω be a bounded, weakly convex domain in C n , n > 2, having real-analytic boundary. A(Ω) is the algebra of all functions holomorphic in Ω and continuous up to the boundary. A submanifold M C ∂Ω is said to be complex-tangential if Tp(M) lies in the maximal complex subspace of T p (∂Ω) for each p E M. We show that for real-analytic submanifolds M C ∂Ω, if M is complex-tangential, then every compact subset of M is a peak-interpolation set for A(Ω).
Yeast Mutants That Produce a Novel Type of Ascus Containing Asci Instead of Spores

Tetraploid yeast cells lacking BFR1 or overexpressing an essential gene BBPl produce a novel type of ascus that contains asci instead of spores. We show here that the asci within an ascus likely arise because a /α spores undergo a second round of meiosis. Cells depleted of Bbplp or lacking Bfr1p are defective in a number of processes such as nuclear segregation, bud formation, cytokinesis and nuclear spindle formation. Furthermore, deletion of BFR1 or overexpression of BBP1 leads to an increase in cell ploidy, indicating that Bfr1p and Bbplp play roles in both the mitotic cell cycle and meiosis. Bfr1p and Bbp1p interact with each other in a two hybrid assay, further suggesting that they might form a complex important for cell cycle coordination.
Adapting Policies for a New Energy Future

In this article, we consider current global energy trends and provide an overview of major initiatives developed to promote diversity of energy supplies and efficiency and policies and regulations aimed at curbing emissions. We not only investigate some of the underlying challenges associated with comprehensive energy legislation but also acknowledge the impact of successful technology and policy deployment at local, state, and regional levels. We examine the growing linkages between energy and the environment within policy dialogs at these various jurisdictions and identify some lessons learned and best practices. The understanding that there is no one-size-fits-all model is clearly borne out by the prevailing trends in energy throughout the world. Fossil fuels, although nettlesome environmentally, retain an important near-term role overall. Shifts from coal to natural gas may add flexibility to the energy mix and prove beneficial to the environment in the short-to-medium term but must be complemented with longer-term strategies. In balancing a clean energy agenda with pragmatic realities, we explore the policy context for a diversity of energy sources falling within two primary subsets of energy use: stationary and nonstationary. We review sources and trends, discussing them in view of crosscutting themes including: efficiency, conservation, alternative technologies, and metrics for environmental and economic impacts. Lessons learned indicate that the integration of new sources with conventional ones must no longer occur in a vacuum but in a coordinated manner. Multistakeholder dialog, real-time data, and alignment of energy and climate policy objectives have become imperative. The suite of renewable energy options, although promising, must continue to overcome significant technological and financial barriers in order to compete in a subsidy-free marketplace and to assure energy security. As such, the pros and cons of regulatory mandates, tax mechanisms, predetermined tariffs, and other policy initiatives are highlighted. In the stepwise transition from higher carbon to lower carbon energy supplies, this article argues for the value of regional approaches and for better alignment among technological and policymaking communities. High impact energy advances and the policies that underpin them will be the ones that most fully optimize for positive impacts on energy security, the environment, and the economy. Keywords: energy policies; regulations; technology and advances; energy trends; economic and environmental considerations
Emerging drugs for hyperlipidemia.

Importance of the field: Elevated concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are associated with increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis, and morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). Lowering of LDL cholesterol leads to a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in individuals at risk for cardiovascular events and patients with established CHD. The mainstays of lipid lowering therapy today are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins); however, the residual risk of cardiovascular events amongst individuals treated with statins remains a major healthcare concern.Areas covered in this review: Emerging targets for lipid lowering therapy target pathways that regulate lipoprotein assembly, lipoprotein clearance and pro-atherogenic lipoprotein modification. These emerging drugs have novel mechanisms that include inhibition of lipoprotein assembly (antisense mRNA inhibitors of apolipoprotein B and microsomal transfer protein inhibitors), enhanced lipopr...
Nonequilibrium point defects and diffusion in silicon

Abstract Many surface and bulk processes generate or consume point defects in crystalline silicon. Some such processes that commonly occur in silicon device fabrications include impurity/dopant diffusion, thermal oxidation, thermal nitridation, silicidation, plasma treatment, ion implantation and oxygen precipitation. These processes can cause the concentrations of point defects to depart from their thermal equilibrium values. Nonequilibrium point defects can profoundly affect dopant diffusion. They may also engender extended defects, such as stacking faults and dislocations. Understanding of the causes and effects of nonequilibrium point defects is a prerequisite for the prediction and control of dopant diffusion in the fabrication of modern submicron devices. This report reviews technologically important processes that cause nonequilibrium point defects in silicon, and our current understanding of them.
Effects of phase-matching on high-order harmonic generation from aligned N 2

We have examined high-order harmonic generation from transiently aligned room-temperature ${\text{N}}_{2}$ molecules in a hollow-core waveguide. We identify alignment-dependent propagation effects which can mask the single-molecule response. In particular, we observe an intensity-dependent reversal in the harmonic efficiency from parallel to perpendicular alignment. The reversal can be attributed to the alignment dependence of the tunneling ionization rate and the concomitant modification of the phase-matching conditions due to the changes in the free-electron density in the fiber.
Block transitive Steiner systems with more than one point orbit

For all ‘reasonable’ finite t, k, and s, we construct a t-(ℵ0, k, 1) design and a group of automorphisms which is transitive on blocks and has s orbits on points. In particular, there is a 2-(ℵ0, 4, 1) design with a block-transitive group of automorphisms having two point orbits. This answers a question of P. J. Cameron and C. E. Praeger. The construction is presented in a purely combinatorial way, but is a by-product of a new way of looking at a model-theoretic construction of E. Hrushovski. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of a novel model of pancreatic fibrosis and acinar atrophy.

Significant fibrosis and acinar atrophy are characteristics of chronic pancreatitis; however, because of the lack of a reproducible model, early phases of these changes are poorly understood. We have developed a model of severe hyperstimulation and obstruction pancreatitis (SHOP) to better define the mechanisms of early pancreatic fibrogenesis. Sprague-Dawley rats were used and SHOP was induced by complete pancreatic duct obstruction and daily cerulein hyperstimulation (50 (μg/kg intraperitoneally). Animals were killed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Control animals underwent sham operation and received no cerulein. Pancreata were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin and sirius red (collagen-specific) staining and for hydroxyproline assay (measure of total collagen content). We found moderate amounts of edema and inflammation but minimal parenchymal necrosis. Significant loss of acinar cell mass was noted by 48 hours, and normal acinar cells were essentially absent by 96 hours. Tissue collagen content increased with time and large amounts of interstitial collagen were detected by 72 hours. In conclusion, SHOP is a novel model of early pancreatic fibrosis associated with minimal necrosis and a significant decrease in acinar cell mass, making it an ideal model to study the early cellular mechanisms of pancreatic fibrogenesis.
The PDMS as a focal point for distributed patient data.

Distributed data links are essential requirements for a successful patient data management, system (PDMS). These links funnel clinically needed data into bedside ICU workstations. We have constructed four data links which acquire most of the objective data required for direct patient care. Data from bedside monitors is acquired via a standard HP Signal Distribution Network. Urine volumes and core bladder temperatures are acquired over a link to 20 electronic urimeters. Clinical laboratory data is obtained over an HP General Purpose Data Link (GPDL) to a VAX 11/785 laboratory system. Blood gas data is obtained over a second GPDL link to a DEC 11/23 computer. The ICU staff is notified of incoming lab results with bedside video messages. Combined with automated calculations, these data links eliminate thousands of data entry keystrokes daily and allow the PDMS to serve as the focal point for real-time patient care.
A viral dermatitis of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis (Mitchill)

. A viral infection of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis (Mitchill), a squaliform shark, is described. The disease was found and observed in wild, laboratory-maintained and aquaria-displayed populations of smooth dogfish of the Woods Hole area of Massachusetts during a 2.5-year period. The disease was characterized by the progressive development of gross and microscopic herpes-like skin lesions. Electron microscopic examination revealed cellular pathology, viral replication and transport, and virions that conformed to those of herpesvirus infection. This study is the first report of a viral infection in elasmobranchs. The comparative pathology and implication for wild and captive shark populations is discussed.
Vardenafil: a novel type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor reduces myocardial infarct size following ischemia/reperfusion injury via opening of mitochondrial KATP channels in rabbits

cGMP and opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channel play an important role in preconditioning of the heart following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated the cardioprotective effect of vardenafil (VAR) (Levitra), a highly selective and biochemically potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) that enhances erectile function in men through up-regulation of cGMP. Rabbits were treated with VAR (0.014 mg/kg, iv) or volume-matched saline, 30 min prior to 30 min of sustained regional ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, 5 mg/kg, iv) or HMR 1098 (HMR, 3 mg/kg, iv), the respective blockers of mitochondrial or sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels were administered 10 min before I/R. Infarct size was measured by computer morphometry of tetrazolium stained sections. Vardenafil treatment caused decrease in mean arterial blood pressure from 93.5+/-2.6 to 82.2+/-1.5 mmHg and increase in heart rate from baseline value of 151+/-20 to 196+/-4.6 bpm (mean+/-standard error of mean (S.E.M.), P 0.05). Neither inhibitors of the K(ATP) channel influenced the infarct size in the control rabbits, as shown by infarct size of 34.9+/-1.1 and 33.3+/-1.4 in animals treated with 5-HD and HMR, respectively. For the first time, we demonstrate that VAR induces protective effect against I/R injury via opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. These results further support our hypothesis that the novel class of PDE-5 inhibitors induce protective effect in the ischemic heart, in addition to their well known clinical effects in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men.
The case of the misguided Squire

Three days of fog had finally disappeared, and the morning sun was shining brightly. It lifted the spirits of Holmes and me, who had sulked in our sitting rooms. It also put an end to the noisome chemical experiments that Holmes always turned to when unoccupied with a case. Holmes suggested we go out to lunch when Mrs. Hudson knocked on our door and informed us that we had an unexpected visitor. Holmes assented to see the visitor, and Mrs. Hudson ushered in a stately woman in her middle years. She introduced herself as Mrs. Agatha Fletcher from Braxton. She explained that Braxton was a small fishing and boating port east of London on the North Sea. Holmes made the necessary introduction of himself and me, and immediately inquired about the purpose of her visit. She was somewhat distraught, but explained her troubles in a concise manner. “It is my husband Alfred, who is known locally as the Squire, as his family owned most of the land north of the village and Fletchers have lived in the manse for over 200 years. Two days ago, a local young man, Aubrey Pound, was assaulted and received a heavy blow to the head, and he is now in hospital. He is recovering and can give only a sketchy description of his assailant. My husband was close to the place of the assault. It was in a part of the village that he never visits, and he cannot give a good reason why he walked there. He knows the area, for as a young man, he surveyed the whole region and knows it like the back of his hand. Because of his confusion and the nature of the crime, he is temporarily at the local constabulary and is held there until they can …
TU‐C‐350‐04: The Rationale and Realities of the CARE Bill

The Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility, and Excellence in Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy (CARE bill) was first introduced in the 106th Congress on September 26, 2000. Since that time, it has been introduced in all subsequent Congressional sessions including the current 110th Congress. The bills are now co‐sponsored by 122 US Representatives and 22 US Senators. The CARE bill directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish education and credentialing standards for all persons performing medical imaging, planning, and deliveringradiation therapy. Each individual State will be responsible for developing procedures to insure compliance with the federal regulations. The origin, history, and importance of the CARE bills will be discussed as well as AAPM's involvement with the Alliance in this legislative effort. Political realities that have been encountered during this process will be reviewed and suggested actions that members can take to help the CARE bill become law will be presented. Additional effort by the AAPM, the Alliance, and individual members after the CARE bill passage will be also be identified and discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand basic differences between certification, credentialing, registration, and licensure. 2. Understand the CARE bill and its importance to medical physicists. 3. Understand the current status of the CARE bill and actions that can be taken to help passage by Congress. 4. Understand the subsequent actions by members that will be required on a State government level.
Two numerical methods that converge to the method of least squares

Abstract For approximation problems involving residuals that are linear functions of the parameters, it is shown that the collocation approximation approaches the least-squares approximation if the collocation equations are premultiplied by the transposed matrix and the number of collocation points becomes infinite. A similar conclusion is derived for the partition method. An example suggests that these principles furnish practical alternatives to the method of least squares in some cases.
Syntheses of protoporphyrin‐IX regioselectively carbon‐13 labelled at the alpha‐vinyl carbons

A method for transformation of readily available beta-vinyl 99% carbon-13 enriched derivatives of protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester (3-5) into the less accessible alpha-vinyl labelled isomers (6-8) is described. The procedure involves thallium(III) promoted vinyl carbon rearrangement, and proceeds through 2,2-dimethoxyethyl (e.g. 10), formylmethyl (e.g. 11), 2-hydroxyethyl (e.g. 12) and 2-chloroethyl (e.g. 13) porphyrins; the rearranged vinyl groups are regenerated from 2-chloroethyl in the last step by treatment with base. No evidence of vinyl carbon scrambling in the sequence is observed, and spectroscopie data of the products are given.
Preoperative symptom evaluation and esophageal acid infusion predict response to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in gastroesophageal reflux patients who present with cough.

Background: Most patients with cough and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) improve on medical treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Nonresponders may be considered for antireftux surgery, but the selection of patients is difficult. Methods: We have performed laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications (LNF) in 677 patients. Of these patients, 81% have undergone 6-month follow-up assessment with 24-h pH testing, esophageal manometry, symptom scores, and quality-of-life scores. Results: LNF controlled heartburn in 93% and improved cough in 81%. Stepwise multiple regression showed that the preoperative cough score (r = 0.620, p <0.0001) and change in cough on and off PPI (r = 0.296, p = 0.0002) predicted improvement after surgery. A positive result on a randomized acid infusion test was associated with a greater improvement in cough after surgery (p = 0.0243). Conclusion: An acid infusion test and assessment of cough on and off PPI may be useful preoperative tools for the selection of patients with cough for LNF.
A petrogenetic model for the origin and compositional variation of the martian basaltic meteorites

The major element, trace element, and isotopic compositional ranges of the martian basaltic meteorite source regions have been modeled assuming that planetary differentiation resulted from crystallization of a magma ocean. The models are based on low to high pressure phase relationships estimated from experimental runs and estimates of the composition of silicate Mars from the literature. These models attempt to constrain the mechanisms by which the martian meteorites obtained their superchondritic CaO/Al2O3 ratios and their source regions obtained their parent/daughter ( 87 Rb/ 86 Sr, 147 Sm/ 144 Nd, and 176 Lu/ 177 Hf) ratios calculated from the initial Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic compositions of the meteorites. High pressure experiments suggest that majoritic garnet is the liquidus phase for Mars relevant compositions at or above 12 GPa. Early crystallization of this phase from a martian magma ocean yields a liquid characterized by an elevated CaO/Al2O3 ratio and a high Mg#. Olivine-pyroxene-garnet-dominated cumulates that crystallize subsequently will also be characterized by superchondritic CaO/Al2O3 ratios. Melting of these cumulates yields liquids with major element compositions that are similar to calculated parental melts of the martian meteorites. Furthermore, crystallization models demonstrate that some of these cumulates have parent/daughter ratios that are similar to those calculated for the most incompatible-element-depleted source region (i.e., that of the meteorite Queen Alexandra (QUE) 94201). The incompatible-element abundances of the most depleted (QUE 94201-like) source region have also been calculated and provide an estimate of the composition of depleted martian mantle. The incompatible-element pattern of depleted martian mantle calculated here is very similar to the pattern estimated for depleted Earth's mantle. Melting the depleted martian mantle composition reproduces the abundances of many incompatible elements in the parental melt of QUE 94201 (e.g., Ba, Th, K, P, Hf, Zr, and heavy rare earth elements) fairly well but does not reproduce the abundances of Rb, U, Ta and light rare earth elements. The source regions for meteorites such as Shergotty are successfully modeled as mixtures of depleted martian mantle and a late stage liquid trapped in the magma ocean cumulate pile. Melting of this hybrid source yields liquids with major element abundances and incompatible-element patterns that are very similar to the Shergotty bulk rock.
A geometric condition for smoothness between adjacent rational Bézier surfaces

Abstract In this article, the problems of visual continuity for rational Bezier surfaces are discussed. Concise conditions of first-order and second-order visual continuity for rational triangular Bezier surfaces and between rational triangular Bezier patches and rational rectangular Bezier patches are given. Meanwhile, the transformation formulae between rational triangular patches and rational rectangular patches are obtained.
Results for light pseudoscalars from three-flavor simulations

We compute pseudoscalar meson masses and decay constants in partially quenched QCD with three dynamical flavors of improved staggered quarks. Fitting the lattice data to staggered chiral perturbation theory (SχPT) forms and extrapolating in quark mass and lattice spacing, we find: f π = 129.5 ± 0.9 ± 3.5 MeV , f K = 156.6 ± 1.0 ± 3.6 MeV , and f K / f π = 1.210 ( 4 ) ( 13 ) . The value for f K / f π implies | V u s | = 0.2219 ( 26 ) . We also obtain m u / m d = 0.43 ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( 8 ) , or, with more input on electromagnetic (EM) effects from the continuum, m u / m d = 0.41 ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . Using the one-loop perturbative mass renormalization [Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 031504(R)], we determine mu and md in the MS scheme.
"Turning back the clock" on serial-stimulus sign tracking.

Two experiments examined the effects of a negative (setback) response contingency on key pecking engendered by a changing light-intensity stimulus clock (ramp stimulus) signaling fixed-time 30-s food deliveries. The response contingency specified that responses would immediately decrease the light-intensity value, and, because food was delivered only after the highest intensity value was presented, would delay food delivery by 1 s for each response. The first experiment examined the acquisition and maintenance of responding for a group trained with the contingency in effect and for a group trained on a response-independent schedule with the ramp stimulus prior to introduction of the contingency. The first group acquired low rates of key pecking, and, after considerable exposure to the contingency, those rates were reduced to low levels. The rates of responding for the second group were reduced very rapidly (within four to five trials) after introduction of the setback contingency. For both groups, rates of responding increased for all but 1 bird when the contingency was removed. A second experiment compared the separate effects of each part of the response contingency. One group was exposed only to the stimulus setback (stimulus only), and a second group was exposed only to the delay of the reinforcer (delay only). The stimulus-only group's rates of responding were immediately reduced to moderate levels, but for most of the birds, these rates recovered quickly when the contingency was removed. The delay-only groups's rates decreased after several trials, to very low levels, and recovery of responding took several sessions once the contingency was removed. The results suggest that (a) sign-tracking behavior elicited by an added clock stimulus may be reduced rapidly and persistently when a setback contingency is imposed, and (b) the success of the contingency is due both to response-dependent stimulus change and response-dependent alterations in the frequency of food delivery. The operation of the contingency is compared with the effects of secondary reinforcement and punishment procedures.
Prospects for prevention of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis; rational management of bronchopulmonary infections by penicillin aerosol therapy.

Summary The prospects for prevention of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis largelydepend on recognition and eradication of the initial bronchopulmonary infections at the earliest possible stage. Thus far, penicillin aerosol treatment seems the best available method for achieving the latter. It may be that more potent methods will be developed in the future. However, the most effective treatment cannot secure permanent cure, even in the mildest cases, if patients do not obtain the same attention after their recovery as given to patients with other fundamentally chronic diseases. The follow-up method used in rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, and the like should be applied also to children with potential bronchiectasis, in order to give undelayed treatment in the case of a relapse before it adds new damage to the respiratory system. The prognosis for arrest of definitely chronic cases by penicillin aerosol therapy alone is less favorable. Nevertheless, encouraging results have been obtained by this new method, even in children with pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Therefore, the hope seems to be justified that penicillin aerosol treatment, combined with other methods such as bronchoscopic aspiration of bronchial secretion and systematic postural drainage, may eventually lead to the arrest of the condition. Such therapeutic measures against the local disease must be supplemented by measures directed toward improvement of the general health. As in tuberculosis, a prolonged convalescence in healthful surroundings appears essential in all but the mildest cases. Most of all, it should be realized that this common and apparently communicableinfection is a public health problem. It is true that the condition has less spectacular features than certain other diseases which, although less common, attract wider attention. However, its often serious character and the great economic burden upon the individual and the community should be sufficient reasons for recognizing that here, too, possible prevention is a sounder approach than belated curative efforts. Since the disease is prevalent in poor families, chest clinics and public convalescence homes for nontuberculous pulmonary disease are needed. Finally, public, eglightenment about prophylactic measures and greater knowledge among the coming generation of physicians will give a strong impulse to individual efforts in the prevention of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis.
Mesangial deposition of type I collagen in human glomerulosclerosis

The presence of type I collagen in both diffuse and nodular diabetic glomerular lesions has been examined using immunohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques. At the ultrastructural level, banded collagen fibrils were observed in the mesangium in all cases of nodular (Kimmelstiel-Wilson) sclerosis and in 60% of the diffuse sclerotic lesions. Antibodies against type I collagen were localized in the fibrotic interstitium and the mesangium in all cases examined. Staining with type I collagen antibodies occurred in glomeruli with intact Bowman's capsules, and was predominantly localized to areas immediately adjacent to mesangial cells. In cases of focal sclerosis of nondiabetic origin, banded collagen fibrils and staining with anti-type I collagen antibody were observed in all cases in which the segmental lesion was presented in the specimen. The pattern of antibody localization in both the diabetic lesions and focal sclerosis differed from that obtained using anti-type IV (basement membrane) collagen antibodies. These results demonstrate that type I collagen is among the extracellular matrix components that comprise the sclerotic glomerular lesions of both diabetic and nondiabetic origin. Furthermore, the spatial localization of this collagen type suggests mesangial cell origin.
ESCAPE PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT AND INESCAPABLE US TRIALS

Several experiments have investigated the effect of delay of US termination on instrumental escape conditioning in infra-human Ss. In general, the results have indicated an inverse relationship between escape performance and the duration of delay imposed (Bell, Noah, & Davis, 1965; Fowler & Trapold, 1962; Hammond & Lambcrt, 1970; Woods & Feldman, 1966). One purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of delay of reinforcement on instrumental escape performance in human Ss. The aversive stirn~~lus event consisted of the temporary withdtawal of entertaining material. Bandura (1969, pp. 338-346) has cited several experimencs employing brief reinforcement withdrawal as the aversive event. In these studies, withdrawal of a positive reinforcer was shown to possess certaln of the functional properties of aversive stimuli such as shock and to funcrion analogously to these more common aversive stimuli. Recently Moffat and Miller (1970) reported that the temporary interruption of Bil: Cosby recordings was effective in establishing discrete-trial escape and avoidance responses in separate groups of college Ss. In the present experiment it was predicted that response latencies would vary directly as a function of the delay interval of the onset of entertaining material following an escape respocse. Considerable attention has been focused recently on the effects of prior in
The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism: Theory and Practice

Stephen Gardbaum argues that recent bills of rights in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia are an experiment in a new third way of organizing basic institutional arrangements in a democracy. This 'new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism' promises both an alternative to the conventional dichotomy of legislative versus judicial supremacy and innovative techniques for protecting rights. As such, it is an intriguing and important development in constitutional design of relevance to drafters of bills of rights everywhere. In developing the theory and exploring the practice of this new model, the book analyses its novelty and normative appeal as a third general model of constitutionalism before presenting individual and comparative assessments of the operational stability, distinctness and success of its different versions in the various jurisdictions. It closes by proposing a set of general and specific reforms aimed at enhancing these practical outcomes.
Lactic acid and volatile (C2-C6) fatty acid production in the fermentation and baking of tef (Eragrostis tef)

As practised domestically in Ethiopia, tef flour mixed with water was allowed to ferment by the action of the endogenous microflora to produce a sour dough prior to baking to produce injera, a pancake-like bread. Lactic and acetic acids were the major organic acids produced (90 %) with seven other volatile fatty acids (VFAs), propionic, isobutyric, n -butyric, isovaleric, n -valeric, isocaproic, n -caproic representing less than 5%. Baking reduced the proportion of acetic acid but not the other VFAs. Lactic and acetic acids are mainly responsible for the fall in pH during fermentation and for the sour taste of injera, whilst the VFAs are the main contributors to the characteristic flavour.
Fuel transient deformation

Abstract Cladding strains resulting from fuel-cladding mechanical interaction in a transient tested fresh fuel pin are assessed against laboratory measurements of high-temperature creep and hot pressing of mixed-oxide fuel pellets. A fuel pin containing nine different fuel sections with varying fuel pellet geometry and density was transiently tested in a MARK IIIA flowing sodium loop under conditions typical of a 1$/s overpower transient. Post-test cladding strain measurements indicated that the largest strains were generated by solid pellets with small gaps while large gap annular pellets generated the smallest strains. High-temperature creep and hot pressing tests on mixed-oxide fuel have been performed at temperatures up to 2600°C. The results indicate that at temperatures above 2300°C, an additional component of creep is operative; while the densification due to hot pressing was considerably less than expected by extrapolating the low-temperature behavior. Both the in- and out-of-reactor data suggest that fuel creep into the center void or hole of a fuel pin is a more effective means of reducing fuel-cladding stress than densification by hot pressing into fuel pellet porosity.
Relationship between effective-Hamiltonian and effective-Liouvillian dynamics

We report the results of a theoretical investigation of the formal relationship between effective-Hamiltonian and effective-Liouvillian dynamics. It is shown that there are some difficulties associated with the application of effective Hamiltonian dynamics to the modeling of spectral and temporal properties of quantum systems. More specifically, we provide a rigorous proof that effective-Liouvillian dynamics is not reducible to effective-Hamiltonian dynamics without discarding dynamical information about the interruption of certain phase coherences between the relevant and irrelevant parts of a system and the transfer of those phase coherences into phase coherences and excitations in the irrelevant part
Mechanistic insights into the events that lead to synergistic induction of interleukin 6 transcription upon activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inflammatory signaling.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is the ligand-activated transcription factor responsible for mediating the toxicological effects of dioxin and xenobiotic metabolism. However, recent evidence has implicated the AHR in additional, nonmetabolic physiological processes, including immune regulation. Certain tumor cells are largely nonresponsive to cytokine-mediated induction of the pro-survival cytokine interleukin (IL) 6. We have demonstrated that multiple nonresponsive tumor lines are able to undergo synergistic induction of IL6 following combinatorial treatment with IL1β and the AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Such data implicate the AHR in tumor expansion, although the mechanistic basis for the AHR-dependent synergistic induction of IL6 has not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that ligand-activated AHR is involved in priming the IL6 promoter through binding to nonconsensus dioxin response elements located upstream of the IL6 start site. Such binding appears to render the promoter more permissive to IL1β-induced binding of NF-κB components. The nature of the AHR-dependent increases in IL6 promoter transcriptional potential has been shown to involve a reorganization of repressive complexes as exemplified by the presence of HDAC1 and HDAC3. Dismissal of these HDACs correlates with post-translational modifications of promoter-bound NF-κB components in a time-dependent manner. Thus the AHR plays a role in derepressing the IL6 promoter, leading to synergistic IL6 expression in the presence of inflammatory signals. These observations may explain the association between enhanced expression of AHR and tumor aggressiveness. It is likely that AHR-mediated priming is not restricted to the IL6 promoter and may contribute to the expression of a variety of genes, which do not have consensus dioxin response elements.
Management of cardiac device-related infections: a review of protocol-driven care.

Abstract Background The prevalence of cardiac device-related infections (CDIs) has mirrored the unprecedented increase in device usage. CDIs are currently one of the leading indications for extraction. Despite this, there is limited data regarding the clinical trends, management and outcomes associated with this complication. Methods A review of a prospective registry of all patients undergoing device extraction between January 1, 2004, and June 15, 2009, at a single high-volume tertiary referral center was performed. Results A total of 506 consecutive patients were identified. From these, 350 patients were identified as having a CDI (205 ICD, 145 PPM). The mean age was 69.9±13.7. Although most patients presented clinically with signs of a pocket infection (PI) (42%), the most common final diagnosis was cardiac device infective endocarditis (CDIE) (57%). The two most common pathogens were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (27%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (23%); they accounted for 69% of all deaths. Cultures taken from pocket tissue as opposed to exudates displayed higher concordance with lead-tip cultures (56% and 31% respectively). The mean time from explantation to device reimplantation for PIs, bacteremia and CDIE was 6.7±4.7, 10.25±4.7 and 11.39±16.6days respectively. Conclusion CDIs are a serious complication associated with device usage. Diagnosis and management protocols for CDIs should feature transesophageal echocardiography; complete hardware extraction; broad-spectrum antibiotics that cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococci and cultures derived from lead-tips and preferably pocket tissue. Immediate device reimplantation is possible in noninfectious cases; several factors should be considered regarding reimplantation in cases involving CDIs.
Binding and Dissociation Kinetics of Wild-Type and Mutant Streptavidins on Mixed Biotin-Containing Alkylthiolate Monolayers

The kinetics of adsorption and competitive desorption of wild-type streptavidin (WT SA) and three genetically engineered mutants (S27A, N23E, and W120A) was studied at gold surfaces functionalized with mixed alkylthiolates, some terminated with biotin headgroups and the rest with oligo(ethylene oxide) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The saturation coverage of the protein varied strongly with surface biotin concentration (XBAT) and was independent of mutation (except at very low and very high XBAT, where a weak dependence was seen). Initial adsorption rates were nearly diffusion-limited except at extremely low XBAT, where the rate varied weakly between mutants in accordance with their differing strengths of binding to biotin. Initial sticking probabilities were estimated to be between ∼1−6 × 10-6 per collision with the surface. The adsorbed SA desorbs upon introduction of solution-phase biotin. For XBAT below 1%, the desorption rate constants of the SA variants closely follow their off-rate constant...
Binding between lipopolysaccharide and cecropin A.

Cecropin A (CA), a bioactive peptide, produced significant lethality toPantoea agglomerans (PA) at low concentrations. Significant mortality occurred immediately after addition of CA. Separate preincubations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the following bacteria: PA,Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli (EC), andSalmonella typhimurium with CA were performed prior to the bioassay. CA was also preincubated with diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL-A) from EC andS. minnesota (SM), trilinolein, palmitic, lauric and myristic acids (fatty acids contained in the lipid A of PA-LPS) and bovine brain gangliosides. Spectral analyses to determine the interaction between glycosphingolipids (sphingomyelin, bovine brain gangliosides, and galactocerebrosides) and CA were performed. Results showed that all types of LPS and DPL-A as well as the gangliosides studied blocked CA lethality to PA. The level of inhibition of CA antibacterial properties was dependent on LPS and DPL-A concentration. The individual fatty acids and trilinolein did not affect CA lethality to PA. Spectral studies showed complexation between CA and PA-LPS, both types of DPL-A, and the glycosphingolipids. Biological and chemical analyses confirm that CA binds to the diphosphoryl lipid A moiety of LPS.