cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Velocity–bed-form–texture patterns of meander bends in the lower Wabash River of Illinois and Indiana

Meander bends in the lower Wabash River of Illinois and Indiana display coherent patterns of current velocity, bed topography, lower-regime bed forms, and bed-material size. The upstream reach of a bend is a zone of transition from the reversed hydraulic and sedimentologic conditions of the preceding bend. A downstream shift of the cross-sectional maximum velocity magnitude from the inner (point-bar side) bank to the outer bank defines a transitional zone for velocity magnitude in each bend; in this zone, current velocities are strongest and dunes and sand waves most prominently developed at near-bankfull and higher flows. Similar translations of the cross-sectional maxima of depth, mean size of bed material, and dune height and a reversal in the orientation of spiral flow define a transitional zone for each of these four other parameters in each bend. A given meander bend at any stream discharge shows the following sequence of increasing length of transition zones: spiral flow, depth, velocity magnitude, mean size of bed material, and dune height. Downstream from each transitional zone in a bend, the normal asymmetrical cross-sectional distribution of each parameter defines a fully developed zone for that parameter. Only in the fully developed zone does each parameter increase from the inner bank to the outer bank, as implied in the standard facies models for meandering streams. In both sharply curved and gently curved bends, fully developed zones for bed-material size do not exist. Sharply curved bends do not contain fully developed zones for velocity magnitude, which in other bends show the strongest velocities and largest dunes at near-bankfull or lower flows, especially if the zone is bypassed by overland flow during higher stream discharges. Available data from laboratory channels and from other meandering streams suggest that the above patterns of velocity magnitude, spiral motion, and bed-material size characterize freely meandering streams. The transitional zones of sedimentary and hydraulic parameters and the variations of these parameters through different flows and dissimilar bend curvatures introduce significant complications to present depositional models of meandering streams.
Calibration of infrared satellite images using high altitude aircraft measurements

The use of infrared radiance measurements made from high altitude aircraft for satellite image validation is discussed. Selected examples are presented to illustrate the techniques and the potentials of such validation studies.
Diesel and Hybrids Don't Mix: Perceptions of the Interested Public and Actual Driving Behavior of New Car Owners

Hybrid gasoline—electric and fuel-efficient, low-emission diesels are becoming more popular as these technologies improve and fuel prices increase. In Europe, light-duty diesels are the technology of choice for many consumers ("good, clean, green fun"), while in the United States, diesels face significant regulatory certification hurdles. Moreover, U.S. consumers are more interested in hybrids as a solution for improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. The objective of this paper is to assess U.S. attitudes about hybrid and diesel technologies and behavior of those who purchase these technologies. With survey research, the attitudes of likely diesel and hybrid new car buyers are compared, and the actual driving behavior of new owners of diesels and hybrids is examined. Significant differences were found in both cases. Significant attitudinal differences exist across 20 questions spanning regulatory and environmental issues, with likely hybrid buyers being more environmentally concerned and wil...
Calculation of Horseshoe Vortex Flow Without Numerical Mixing

The usefulness of three-dimensional flow calculations has frequently been obscured by the numerical mixing present in the calculation methods. This paper describes a new method of forming the finite difference momentum equations. The new method results in well posed equations which introduce no numerical mixing. It may be used with orthogonal or non-orthogonal grids and with uniform or highly non-uniform grid spacing.The method is demonstrated by comparing it with upwind differencing on the calculation of a simple example. It is then used in an elliptic pressure-correction calculation procedure to calculate a leading edge horseshoe vortex about a Rankine half body. The results compare well with the experimental data presented in a companion paper.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Artificial infestation of corn with suspensions of corn earworm eggs.

Two field applications of 10 or more Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs at intervals of 0-10 days or a single application of at least 30 eggs produced damage to corn comparable to that produced by any method of larval infestation tested. Repeated applications were more important than number of eggs per application in producing results comparable to current larval infestation methods. Under low natural infestation, the percentage of infested cars was substantially increased by a single application of eggs, but was still less than the artificial larval infestation. Differences among hybirds in their response to levels of infestation were attributed largely to a greater percentage of escapes (ears that escaped damage) for certain hybrids, because the interaction between hybrids and infestation levels disappeared when infestation percentages among hybrids were uniform. The effect of timing or number of applications was quite constant among hybrids when the number of escapes was not a factor. Practical aspects of substituting egg-infestation for the conventional method of larval infestation are discussed.
THE CONCEPT OF A CRITICAL REALIGNMENT, ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR, AND POLITICAL CHANGE

The realignment perspective has exerted an enormous amount of influence on thinking about American politics, but recently it has fallen into disfavor. As a theory of political change, this dissatisfaction is warranted. However, in rejecting the realignment perspective, scholars risk losing a valuable concept, the notion of a critical realignment. My thesis is that, properly defined, the concept of a critical realignment can be a powerful tool in the study of electoral behavior and an important component of a broader theory of political change. This thesis derives from an analysis of presidential elections between 1828 and 1984. This analysis provides dramatic evidence for the proposition that critical realignments are important electoral phenomena. The evidence is equally clear, however, that critical realignments are subnational phenomena that vary considerably in form, not the majestic national movements some believed them to be. The analyses reported here reveal broadly based electoral eruptions of 40 to 50 points that endure for decades.
Nursing Specialty Certification and Nursing-Sensitive Patient Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit

BACKGROUND To the public and to individual nurses, certification usually means expert, high-quality, competent nursing care. Little research, however, has yielded results that support, or refute, any differences in clinical practice between certified and noncertified nurses. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the proportion of certified nurses on a unit is associated with the rate of nurse-sensitive patient outcomes. METHODS A nonexperimental, correlational, descriptive design was used to anonymously survey 866 nurses working in 25 intensive care units in Southeast Michigan. The Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II was used to measure workplace empowerment, and an additional question was asked about certification status. Outcome data were simultaneously collected on 3 nurse-sensitive patient outcomes: (1) rate of central line catheter-associated blood stream infection, (2) rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and (3) prevalence of pressure ulcers. Data were aggregated and analyzed at the unit level. RESULTS No significant relationship was found between the proportion of certified nurses on a unit and patients' outcomes. The association between nurses' perception of overall work-place empowerment and certification, however, was positive and statistically significant (r=.397, P=.05). CONCLUSIONS Although a link between certification and nurse-sensitive outcomes was not established, the association between workplace empowerment and the proportion of certified nurses on a unit underscores the importance of organizational factors in the promotion of nursing certification.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Reductive Elimination of C−H Bonds from (μ-H)3Ru3(μ3-CX)(CO)9 Revisited: CO Associative, CO Independent, or CO Dissociative?

The kinetics of the isomerizations of (μ-H)3Ru3(μ3-CCO2Me)(CO)9 to (μ-H)2Ru3(μ3-η2-CHCO2Me)(CO)9 and of (μ-H)3Ru3(μ3-CSEt)(CO)9 to (μ-H)Ru3(μ3-η2-CH2SEt)(CO)9, including the measurements of activat...
An experimental computer program for hypothesis selection

An algorithm for finding the characterization of a class of objects on the basis of a randomly ordered sequence of labeled individual objects—some members of the class, some not—is described. The class is characterized as a disjunction of terms, each term being a conjunction of attributes. “All red, round objects or all square, small objects” is an example. Mechanisms based on this algorithm are described in terms of such properties as the amount of storage available for recording instances and the number of instances which had to be examined until the class was first guessed.
Pull-push heuristic for robot cyclic walk-path development in flexible manufacturing cells

Abstract This research examines the robot scheduling problem of flexible manufacturing cells. The robot loads jobs into machines, unloads jobs from machines, and transports jobs between machines. A structure is devised to analyze the robot's activities. Two greedy scheduling rules—pull and push—are defined and analyzed. A pull-push heuristic is then devised and evaluated.
Pattern Hit-and-Run for sampling efficiently on polytopes

Abstract Pattern Hit-and-Run (PHR) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler for a target distribution that was originally designed for general sets embedded in a box. A specific set of interest to many applications is a polytope intersected with discrete or mixed continuous/discrete lattices. PHR requires an acceptance/rejection mechanism along a bidirectional walk to guarantee feasibility. We remove this inefficiency by utilizing the linearity of the constraints defining the polytope, so each iteration of PHR can be efficiently implemented even though the variables are allowed to be integer valued. Moreover, PHR converges to a uniform distribution in polynomial time for a class of discrete polytopes.
Extremism in the Defense of Moderation: A Response to My Critics

Democratic governments draw and redraw their electoral districts to secure the electoral fortunes of individual representatives and party domination in the legislature. Although the practice was named the Gerry-mander in the early nineteenth century, it was predated by the related practice in England of letting representatives from "rotten boroughs" stand long after a borough's population had been depleted. In the United States it is only since the 1960s that population equality between districts has been required, and with this requirement gerrymandering has proliferated. With the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965, gerrymanders were extended to race as well as party. The partisan implications have been marginal; since African Americans in the United States are close to perfectly associated with one party, gerrymandering by race has the effect of being a gerrymander by party. Despite the regularity with which this process takes place, and the cynical and crass manipulation that regularly accompanies the process, the debate surrounding this institution oscillates between how to draw the lines more fairly, or whether to move to a different voting system altogether. The real question, though, can be isolated from either of these two options: is using territorial constituencies justifiable regardless of what voting system is used? The argument in The Concept of Constituency was meant to unsettle our thinking about these matters: territorial electoral constituencies have become such a habit of mind we
Fabrication of nanometer-scale conducting silicon wires with a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract We report the fabrication of nanometer-scale conducting silicon wires by the STM-induced modification of a passivated silicon (100) surface followed by a selective liquid etch. The modified surface layer is a thin oxide a few monolayers thick which acts as a mask against subsequent liquid etching of the unmodified regions of the silicon surface. Silicon wires as narrow as 30 nm have been fabricated with this technique. More complicated patterns can be written by selectively pulsing the STM bias to a suitable writing voltage pixel-by-pixel during a low-bias (hence non-exposing) scan. The maximum pattern size is limited by the range of the piezoscanners, which for our system is in excess of 100 μm. Conducting silicon wires between contact pads were fabricated on a silicon layer on top of a buried insulating layer of SiO 2 formed by oxygen implantation and subsequent anneal (SIMOX). Backgating of these structures can drive them either into accumulation or inversion, thus allowing independent control of their conductance and carrier type. The techniques described here allow the simple, easy, and reliable fabrication of nanometer-scale devices using relatively inexpensive and widely available equipment.
Prolonged delirium after quetiapine overdose

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent increasingly used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in pediatric patients. Few published data exist concerning quetiapine's effects in therapeutic settings or short-term overdose in pediatric and adolescent populations. In this report, we describe a 15-year-old adolescent girl who experienced continued delirium 5 days after an overdose of quetiapine, trazodone, and clonidine. The patient initially presented with sedation and stable vital signs. After 3 days of gradual improvement, she experienced episodes of delirium coinciding with an increase in resting heart rate. On the basis of suspicion for quetiapine-associated antimuscarinic effects, the patient was administered intravenously with physostigmine on the fifth day after ingestion. Treatment resulted in a brief resolution of symptoms. Serum quetiapine levels measured 1 day and 5 days after ingestion were 3400 and 4800 ng/mL, respectively. The use of physostigmine and interpretation of serum levels are discussed further.
Colonoscopic-assisted laparoscopic colectomy

One of the technical difficulties during laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted resection of the right, transverse, and left colon is the mobilization of the splenic and hepatic flexures. We present a simple technique of colonoscopic traction of the splenic or hepatic flexure. This technique enables good exposure and facilitates dissection while laparoscopic mobilization of these segments of the colon is performed.
Fine-Scale Anisotropy of the Microwave Background: an Upper Limit at a = 3.5 Millimeters

Using the 36-foot NRAO telescope at lambda = 3.5 mm, an upper limit of 0.0043 deg K was set, with 90 percent confidence, on the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background. The angular scale of the measurement was ~80 deg . If discrete sources produce all of the microwave background, their number must exceed~0.35 Mpc-3.
Immediate Placement of an Endosseous Root‐Form Implant in an HIV‐Positive Patient: Report of a Case

Use of combination antiretroviral therapy regimens, including a protease inhibitor, has greatly improved the survival and systemic health of HIV-positive patients. Due to the esthetic requirements of the patient in this case report, placement of an endosseous implant into a fresh extraction site, restored with a single crown, was the treatment of choice. The implant and restoration are functioning well 18 months after placement of the fixture. J Periodontol 1998;69:1167–1171.
Update on the activities of the National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation

The efforts to form a laboratory accreditation cooperation in the United States and North America are described, including activities of the Laboratory Accreditation Working Group and the interim board of the National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation. The vision, mission, and guiding principles developed by the two groups are presented, along with the operational documents, such as bylaws, the recognition document, guidance documents and the quality manual drafted by the interim board.
A Chick Growth Factor in Cow Manure III. Its Occurrence in Eggs.

Abstract If the chick growth factor in cow manure is supplied in the diet of hens, it is transmitted by them to their eggs and hence to their chicks (Rubin and Bird, 1946). The present note is a report of some preliminary experiments to determine the distribution of the growth factor of cow manure in hens’ eggs. Hens were fed diets #311 or #312 which were described in a previous report (Bird, et al. 1946). Diet #311 was deficient in the growth factor and diet #312 contained an ample quantity of it. Eggs laid by these hens and certain fractions prepared from the eggs were assayed for their content of the growth factor by feeding to growing chickens as supplements to the basal diet used in previously reported experiments (Rubin, et al. 1946). Groups of twelve cross-bred chicks were used. All of them were fed the basal diet for two weeks . . .
Experimental analysis of fluid mechanical energy losses in aortic valve stenosis: Importance of pressure recovery

Current methods for assessing the severity of aortic stenosis depend primarily on measures of maximum systolic pressure drop at the aortic valve orifice and related calculations such as valve area. It is becoming increasingly obvious, however, that the impact of the obstruction on the left ventricle is equally important in assessing its severity and could potentially be influenced by geometric factors of the valve, causing variable degrees of downstream pressure recovery. The goal of this study was to develop a method for measuring fluid mechanical energy losses in aortic stenosis that could then be directly related to the hemodynamic load placed on the left ventricle. A control volume form of conservation of energy was theoretically analyzed and modified for application to aortic valve stenosis measurements.In vitro physiological pulsatile flow experiments were conducted with different types of aortic stenosis models, including a venturi meter, a nozzle, and 21-mm Medtronic-Hall tilting disc and St. Jude bileaflet mechanical valves. The energy loss created by each model was measured for a wide range of experimental conditions, simulating physiological variation. In all cases, there was more energy lost for the nozzle (mean=0.27 J) than for any other model for a given stroke volume. The two prosthetic valves generated approximately the same energy losses (mean=0.18 J), which were not statistically different, whereas the venturi meter had the lowest energy loss for all conditions (mean=0.037 J). Energy loss correlated poorly with orifice pressure drop (r 2=0.34) but correlated well with recovered pressure drop (r 2=0.94). However, when the valves were considered separately, orifice and recovered pressure drop were both strongly correlated with energy loss (r 2=0.99, 0.96). The results show that recovered pressure drop, not orfice pressure drop, is directly related to the energy loss that determines pump work and therefore is a more accurate measure of the hemodynamic significance of aortic stenosis.
Nanotechnology courses for general education

Interdisciplinary faculty from Physics, Biology and Electrical and Computer Engineering, (ECE) have created a sequence of three stand-alone 300-level general education lecture courses in nanotechnology with one supporting laboratory course, with the support of National Science Foundation funding through the nanotechnology Undergraduate Education initiative. These three lecture courses can be taken by non-majors as science courses for General Education credit and are tailored to support interaction between STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and non-STEM students, who will take them together. The ECE and Biology courses have each run once and course feedback and analyses are summarized here.
Bile acids and cytokines inhibit the human cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase gene via the JNK/c‐jun pathway in human liver cells

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway is suppressed by bile acids and inflammatory cytokines. Bile acids are known to induce inflammatory cytokines to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway that inhibits CYP7A1 gene transcription. c-Jun has been postulated to mediate bile acid inhibition of CYP7A1. However, the c-Jun target involved in the regulation of CYP7A1 is unknown. Human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were used as models to study chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) regulation of human CYP7A1 gene expression via real-time polymerase chain reaction, reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunocipitation (ChIP) assays. IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced CYP7A1 but induced c-Jun messenger RNA expression in human primary hepatocytes. IL-1beta inhibited human CYP7A1 reporter activity via the HNF4 alpha binding site. A JNK-specific inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1 beta on HNF4 alpha expression and CYP7A1 reporter activity. c-Jun inhibited HNF4 alpha and PPARgamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) coactivation of CYP7A1 reporter activity, whereas a dominant negative c-Jun did not. Co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP assays revealed that IL-1 beta and CDCA reduced HNF4 alpha bound to the CYP7A1 chromatin, and that c-Jun interacted with HNF4 alpha and blocked HNF4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the CYP7A1 chromatin. In conclusion, IL-1 beta and CDCA inhibit HNF4 alpha but induce c-Jun, which in turn blocks HNF 4 alpha recruitment of PGC-1 alpha to the CYP7A1 chromatin and results in inhibition of CYP7A1 gene transcription. The JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway inhibits bile acid synthesis and protects hepatocytes against the toxic effect of inflammatory agents.
Foamy gland adenocarcinoma of the prostate: incidence, Gleason grade, and early clinical outcome

Foamy gland carcinoma is a variant of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma characterized by abundant foamy cytoplasm and often pyknotic nuclei. Limited data exist regarding outcome and the clinicopathologic attributes of this variant. We screened 477 radical prostatectomies for foamy gland carcinoma to determine the incidence, amount, and Gleason grade/score of foamy gland carcinoma within the prostate. Time until prostate-specific antigen biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy was compared for both foamy and control/nonfoamy cases. For validation of incidence, Gleason grade, and pathologic stage, a second series of 100 consecutive radical prostatectomies was screened for foamy gland carcinoma. Foamy gland carcinoma was found in 69 (14.5%) of 477 cases. The median Gleason score of the foamy component was 7, which was not significantly different from the Gleason score of the nonfoamy component within those cases or the 408 nonfoamy cases. The most common Gleason score was 7 (44/69). There was no difference between foamy gland and nonfoamy gland cases in recurrence rate (23% versus 22%) or the average time to prostate-specific antigen recurrence (130 versus 151 months). In the second series, foamy gland carcinoma was found in 23% of cases and had a median Gleason score of 7; and the most common Gleason score was 7 (11/23). Foamy gland carcinoma exists in a significant subset of prostatic carcinomas. This variant does not appear to harbor a different prognosis compared with usual acinar adenocarcinoma, but diagnostic recognition of foamy gland carcinoma is important because there is a Gleason grade 4 element in the majority of cases.
Photopatterning of cross-linkable epoxide-functionalized block copolymers and dual-tone nanostructure development for fabrication across the nano- and microscales

The self-assembly of block copolymers in thin films provides an attractive approach to patterning 5-100 nm structures. Cross-linking and photopatterning of the self-assembled block copolymer morphologies provide further opportunities to structure such materials for lithographic applications, and to also enhance the thermal, chemical, or mechanical stability of such nanostructures to achieve robust templates for subsequent fabrication processes. Here, model lamellar-forming diblock copolymers of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) with an epoxide functionality are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. We demonstrate that self-assembly and cross-linking of the reactive block copolymer materials in thin films can be decoupled into distinct, controlled process steps using solvent annealing and thermal treatment/ultraviolet exposure, respectively. Conventional optical lithography approaches can also be applied to the cross-linkable block copolymer materials in thin films and enable simultaneous structure formation across scales-micrometer scale patterns achieved by photolithography and nanostructures via self-assembly of the block copolymer. Such materials and processes are thus shown to be capable of self-assembling distinct block copolymers (e.g., lamellae of significantly different periodicity) in adjacent regions of a continuous thin film.
Relationship of childhood behavior disorders to weight gain from childhood into adulthood.

Objective Obesity and behavior disorders are important conditions that affect the health of children and adolescents; some evidence suggests that they are associated. However, these relationships have not been studied longitudinally from childhood to adulthood. We investigated childhood to adulthood weight change associated with attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study in which 655 individuals observed before age 16.6 years, and assessed in 1983 (when aged 9.1 to 16.6 years), 1985–1986 (when 11.1 to 20.8 years), 1991–1994 (when 16.6 to 26.9 years), and 2001–2003 (when 27.7 to 38.3 years). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder (collectively, "disruptive disorders") were assessed by trained interviewers who used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. We evaluated the association of disruptive disorders (assessed when youth were Results Female subjects with disruptive disorders were estimated, at all ages, to have mean BMI z scores 0.23 (95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.44) units higher than female subjects without disruptive disorders. Male subjects with disruptive disorders were estimated, at all ages, to have mean BMI z scores 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.39) units higher than male subjects without disruptive disorders. For male and female subjects, annual BMI z-score change was statistically unrelated to disruptive disorder history. Conclusions Disruptive disorders were associated with elevated weight status that was maintained from childhood into adulthood. These findings suggest that associations between behavior disorders and increased weight begin early in childhood and may have lifelong health effects.
Regional Flood Estimations in Red River Using L -Moment-Based Index-Flood and Bulletin 17B Procedures

L -moment-based index-flood method (LMIF) is used in a regional flood frequency analysis of the Red River of the North basin. The results are appraised with respect to the traditional methods based on the 1982 Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data (Bulletin 17B) procedure. The L -moments approach detects the necessity of subdividing the basin into three main homogeneous hydrologic regions through hierarchical clustering techniques, regionalization, distribution fittings, and simulations. Each region has a unique index-flood growth curve. The dominant distributions include the Pearson Type III, the generalized Pareto, and the generalized extreme value. For a certain number of gauged sites, the quantiles obtained by the LMIF differ significantly from those obtained by pursuing the Bulletin 17B-regression procedures. Generally, the latter gives lower quantiles for most sites. Overall, the LMIF is effective in identifying homogeneous regions, coherent in statistical distribution fitting, and free from ...
Lift Distributions for Minimum Induced Drag with Generalized Bending Moment Constraints

The previous works of Prandtl, Jones, and Klein and Viswanathan addressed the problem of determining the lift distribution that minimizes induced drag for a given lift and specified bending moment. In these formulations, bending moment is considered to be a surrogate for wing weight. These classical methods require the bending constraints to be imposed at the same lift coefficient at which drag is minimized. In practice, however, it is commonly desired to minimize drag at a representative cruise lift coefficient while imposing the bending constraints at a limiting structural load condition, such as a maneuver lift coefficient. This paper presents an approach to extend the classical methods by allowing the bending constraints to be imposed at different lift coefficients than that at which induced drag is minimized. An example for a wing planform similar to that of a Boeing 737 shows that the penalty for optimizing induced drag at the maneuver lift coefficient as implied in the classical methods results in ...
Active and passive properties of the rabbit corneal endothelium

Abstract Some of the physiological properties of rabbit corneal endothelium were investigated by studying: (a) fluid transport; (b) osmotic water flow; (c) electrical potential difference; and (d) electrical impedance, all of them across the endothelial layer; (e) biochemical parameters (ATP level and Na++K+-activated ATPase activity) of endothelial cells, and (f) morphological (light and electronmicroscopic) appearance of the endothelium. Several experimental manipulations which decreased or a bolished fluid transport (total replacement of 43 m m bicarbonate by Cl, of 5 m m K by Na and of 150 m m Na by Li; treatment with 5 × 10−5 m ouabain and with 20 μ/ml cytochalasin B) also decreased or abolished the electrical potential difference. The electrical resistance of fresh preparations was 41 ± 5 Ωcm2 ( s.e.m. , n = 14; range: 16–81 Ωcm2); scraping off the endothelium and treating it with Ca-free media decreased the resistance to that of the supporting stromal layer (3–10 Ωcm2) Cytochalasin B (20 μg/ml) markedly decreased the resistance, while ouabain did not affect it. Omission of all metabolites normally present in the perfusion medium (reduced glutathione, adenosine, and glucose) decreased the endothelial ATP level markedly, while addition of reduced glutathione spared ATP from depletion. Since the transport ceased even in the presence of near normal ATP levels and (Na++K+)-activated ATPase activity, other yet undefined factors are also probably involved in pump function. Osmotically induced water flows across the endothelium were not linear but followed a square root function of the driving force. Cytochalasin B induced profound changes in the shape of the endothelial cells, causing some of them to clump together. The values of electrical resistance, capacitance and water flows experimentally measured agree reasonably well with the numerical values calculated from a model. The results are consistent with the possibility that the fluid transport across the endothelium would be due to an electrogenic ionic pump, and that the intercellular spaces and their gap junctions would constitute the dominant “shunt” pathway for water and electrolytes.
Ferret Odor as a Processive Stress Model in Rats: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Endocrine Evidence

Predator odors have been shown to elicit stress responses in rats. The present studies assessed the use of domestic ferret odor as a processive stress model. Plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin hormone levels were higher after 30 min of exposure to ferret odor (fur/skin) but not control odors, ferret feces, urine, or anal gland secretions. Behavioral differences were also found between ferret and the control odors as tested in a defensive withdrawal paradigm. In addition, c-fos messenger RNA expression in several brain areas previously associated with processive stress was significantly higher in ferret odor-exposed rat brains than in control odor-exposed brains. These results suggest that ferret odor produces a reliable unconditioned stress response and may be useful as a processive stress model.
HYMENOMONAS CORONATA SP. NOV., A NEW COCCOLITHOPHORID FROM THE TEXAS COAST1,2

SUMMARY A new species of Hymenomonas (H. coronata) has been isolated from the Texas coast, grown in axenic culture, and examined by both light and electron microscopy. Certain cultural and ultrastructural observations are presented. This alga has several haptophycean characteristics, although a definite haptonema has not been observed. Similarities to other members of the genus are evident, such us type and shape of coccoliths and pyrenoid-chloroplast morphology.
Isolation of a developmentally regulated lectin from chick embryo

Abstract A lectin is isolated from the microsomal fraction of chick embryo kidney after initial extraction with 1 M urea and 0.3 M lactose. To exhibit hemagglutination activity, the lectin in the microsomal fraction requires prior activation by solublization with deoxycholate or by treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin or phospholipase c. The lectin is partially purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography about 200 fold from the microsomal fraction. The lectin binds strongly to de-sialated embryonic carbohydrates and shows low affinity toward glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine, as judged by the inhibition of hemagglutination. Comparison of the lectin activity from kidneys of embryos at different ages shows that the lectin is developmentally regulated.
Nonparametric varying-coefficient models for the analysis of longitudinal data

Summary Longitudinal methods have been widely used in biomedicine and epidemiology to study the patterns of time-varying variables, such as disease progression or trends of health status. Data sets of longitudinal studies usually involve repeatedly measured outcomes and covariates on a set of randomly chosen subjects over time. An important goal of statistical analyses is to evaluate the effects of the covariates, which may or may not depend on time, on the outcomes of interest. Because fully parametric models may be subject to model misspecification and completely unstructured nonparametric models may suffer from the drawbacks of "curse of dimensionality", the varying-coefficient models are a class of structural nonparametric models which are particularly useful in longitudinal analyses. In this article, we present several important nonparametric estimation and inference methods for this class of models, demonstrate the advantages, limitations and practical implementations of these methods in different longitudinal settings, and discuss some potential directions of further research in this area. Applications of these methods are illustrated through two epidemiological examples.
Structural Basis of Ligand Activation in a Cyclic Nucleotide Regulated Potassium Channel

Here we describe the initial functional characterization of a cyclic nucleotide regulated ion channel from the bacterium Mesorhizobium loti and present two structures of its cyclic nucleotide binding domain, with and without cAMP. The domains are organized as dimers with the interface formed by the linker regions that connect the nucleotide binding pocket to the pore domain. Together, structural and functional data suggest the domains form two dimers on the cytoplasmic face of the channel. We propose a model for gating in which ligand binding alters the structural relationship within a dimer, directly affecting the position of the adjacent transmembrane helices.
Desensitization procedure employing eternal inhibition

Abstract The phenomenon of external inhibition, was first observed by Pavlov. Its clinical application has been rarely reported in the literature. The present report is of a case of phobia treated by external inhibition.
Regulatory Contradictions: The Political Determinants of Labor Market Inequality in Korea and Japan

Growing labor market inequality in Korea and Japan is often blamed on increased trade competition with China, the information technology revolution, and aging populations. This study shows that labor market inequality is not simply driven by such structural changes but by the nature of the ways in which new labor market regulations were created and the resulting regulatory contradictions. Although its state-centric strategies designed new labor market regulation favoring marginal workers, the Korean government failed to resolve labor market inequality. This is because the government's new regulatory goal was not backed by sufficient policy resources or adequately coordinated with other policy areas. Conversely, Japanese authorities prioritized the employment stability of regular workers on the basis of consensus among labor and business groups and the government. However, this narrow goal continues to inhibit progress in closing the gap of labor market inequality.
Path analyses of selection

Identifying the targets and causal mechanisms of phenotypic selection in natural populations remains an important challenge for evolutionary biologists. Path analysis is a statistical modeling approach that may aid in meeting this challenge. We describe several types of path model that are relevant to the analysis of selection, and review some recent empirical studies that apply path models to issues in pollination biology, phenotypic integration and selection on morphometric and ontogenetic traits. Path analysis may play two roles in the analysis of selection: first, as an exploratory analysis suggesting possible targets of selection, which are then tested by direct experimentation; and second, as a means of evaluating the relative importance of different causal pathways of selection, once the likely targets of selection have been established.
Wind-driven response of the northern indian ocean to climate extremes

Abstract Composites of Florida State University winds (1970–99) for four different climate scenarios are used to force an Indian Ocean model. In addition to the mean climatology, the cases include La Nina, El Nino, and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). The differences in upper-ocean water mass exchanges between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are investigated and show that, during El Nino and IOD years, the average clockwise Indian Ocean circulation is intensified, while it is weakened during La Nina years. As a consequence, high-salinity water export from the Arabian Sea into the Bay of Bengal is enhanced during El Nino and IOD years, while transport of low-salinity waters from the Bay of Bengal into the Arabian Sea is enhanced during La Nina years. This provides a venue for interannual salinity variations in the northern Indian Ocean.
Laser-Assisted Milling of Silicon Nitride Ceramics

Laser-assisted machining (LAM) has shown its potential to significantly reduce fabrication costs and improve product quality for advanced ceramic materials. While extensive studies have been conducted on laser-assisted turning (LAT) of various ceramics, few attempts have been made to extend LAM to milling operations. In this paper, a transient, three-dimensional thermal model is developed for laser-assisted milling (LAML) and verified by surface temperature measurements with an infrared camera. LAML experiments designed by the model are successfully conducted on silicon nitride ceramics using TiAIN coated carbide end mills. The promising experimental results, including good surface roughness and acceptable tool wear, show the validation of applying the thermal model to design LAML processes and the feasibility of employing LAML to advanced ceramics.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Disappearance of Opioidergic Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Postmenopausal Women

In postmenopausal women, the administration of β-endorphin in repeated pulses (1–2.5 mg) at 1- to 2-h intervals or constant infusion (1 mg/h) for 3–6 h elicited the prompt release of PRL without concomitant change in LH levels. Infusion of an opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone (1.6 mg/h), for 6–7 h also had no effect on LH levels. Since substantial evidence indicates that endogneous opioid peptides exert an inhibitory role on GnRH-LH secretion and that the functional activity of opiate receptors appears to be ovarian steroid dependent, the present observation suggests that the hypersecretion of gonadotropin in the absence of ovarian steroid feedback may, in part, be causally related to a reduced opioid inhibition of GnRH-LH release.
Structure and Composition of Bismuth Nanowire Arrays

Arrays of nanowires have attracted considerable recent attention due to their unique electronic and optical properties. While much effort has been directed at fabricating arrays and measuring their properties, much less has been done to characterize these materials. Understanding the structure and composition of the constituents in these arrays is crucial in order to control their properties. In this work, arrays with wire diameters from 35-90nm were fabricated by pressure injecting liquid bismuth into porous alumina templates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) were used to characterize the arrays.
Nanomechanical Property and Nanowear Measurements for Sub-10-nm Thick Films in Magnetic Storage

In the magnetic storage industry, thin film carbon overcoats play a critical role in reducing magnetic and physical spacing between the recording slider and the rotating disk so that the information stored per unit area is maximized. Thin film carbon overcoats have been improved such that they exhibit higher hardness with lower thickness of few nanometers and still being able to perform reliably. In this paper, nanoindentation and nanoscratch techniques to measure nanomechanical properties, namely hardness, elastic modulus and shear strength of thin solid films were presented along with a recently developed high resolution force transducer. Nanowear behavior characterization techniques were also examined and were applied to commercially available magnetic disks to characterize their wear behavior. It was shown that the properties and wear behavior of sub-10-nm thick film carbon overcoats were reliably measured. These techniques could be applied to different thin solid films on substrates, and they are not restricted to magnetic storage systems.
Helicos single molecule sequencing: unique capabilities and importance for molecular diagnostics

Background Helicos Single Molecule Sequencing provides a unique view of genome biology through direct sequencing of cellular nucleic acids in an unbiased manner, providing both quantitative and accurate sequence information. The simple sample preparation involves no ligation or PCR amplification, allowing direct sequencing of targeted DNA or RNA molecules. DNA and RNA can be directly hybridized to the flow cell, eliminating many intermediary steps that can introduce sample loss or bias. From these methods, a diverse array of applications have been successfully demonstrated on the HeliScope Sequencer. For example, human genome sequencing for accurate variant detection; multiplexing of DNA for targeted resequencing; copy number variation studies from both fresh tumor tissue and formalinfixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples; RNA-seq studies demonstrating the unexplored biology that exists in the transcriptome; small RNA studies leading to the identification of new classes of RNAs [1]; and the direct capture and sequencing of nucleic acid from as few as 400 cells with the end goal of single cell measurements [2]. Current efforts now focus on applying these unique attributes to develop novel substrate for molecular diagnostic tests.
Evaluation of gonadotropin responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone in girls with idiopathic hypopituitarism

We hypothesized that prepubertal girls with gonadotropin deficiency would produce less follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in response to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) than would gonadotropin-sufficient children. To test this hypothesis, we performed 103 GnRH tests serially in 21 children who had idiopathic hypopituitarism with growth hormone deficiency. We tried to predict whether puberty would occur in the 17 girls with bone ages of 8 years or less. Of these 17 girls, 4 failed to have spontaneous secondary sexual characteristics by age 16 1/2 years, and 12 had spontaneous complete pubertal development. One girl had incomplete pubertal maturation with partial gonadotropin deficiency; her results were combined with those of the girls who had no spontaneous pubertal development. With increasing bone age, the girls with complete pubertal development had a decrease in the increment of FSH released in response to GnRH, although basal gonadotropin concentrations did not change. For GnRH tests performed at bone ages of 8 years or less, basal luteinizing hormone (LH) values did not differ between girls with complete puberty and those with absent or incomplete puberty. However, basal FSH and the incremental response of LH and FSH to GnRH were greater in those with complete puberty. Only two girls with prepubertal bone ages at the time of testing, who subsequently had complete puberty, had incremental FSH responses to GnRH that were less than 5 IU/L. Individual incremental LH responses to GnRH did not discriminate well between groups. None of the girls with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency, either originally or subsequently, had spontaneous puberty, but 4 of 12 girls with thyrotropin deficiency, either originally or subsequently, had complete puberty. We conclude that a significant increase in GnRH-stimulated FSH suggests that spontaneous pubertal development will occur in girls with idiopathic hypopituitarism. However, a low FSH response to GnRH may not be diagnostic of gonadotropin deficiency.
On the Existence of Equilibrium for Abstract Economies

Abstract In this paper, several existence theorems for abstract economies have been established, They are natural modifications (strict generalizations when strategy spaces are metrizable) of the main results of Yannelis and Prabhakar [23], Tulcea [22], and Ding, Kim, and Tan [10] for infinite-dimensional casas. For the finite-dimensional case, we show that the topological conditions on correspondences in Shafer and Sonnenschein′s result [20] can be much weaker. Along the proofs, several propositions are established, which are of independent interest. We also show that many existence results in fixed point theory, maximization theory, and generalized quasi-variational inequalities can be encompassed.
Electrical Conductivity of Coal Slag

The electrical conductivity of natural and synthetic slags (containing 14 to 36 wt% Fe) was measured from 1200 to 1700 K at O2 pressures from 1 to 2×10−6 atm. The conductivity is relatively high (∼10−2Ω−1 cm−1 at 1700 K) and stems from the transfer of electrons between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Anomalies in the conductivity around 1600 K are the result of devitrification of the glass samples.