cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous reactions : III. Evidence for an alkoxide induced 1,2-hydride shift from silicon to carbon under heterogeneous gas/solid phase reaction

Abstract The interaction of solid alkoxide bases with chloromethyldialkylsilanes leads to the formation of products which may be formulated as arising via a 1,2-hydride shift from silicon to carbon. Other mechanisms for the formation of the rearranged product are considered and evidence for an intramolecular process is presented. The syntheses of chloromethyldimethyldeuteriosilane, chloromethyldiethylsilane and t-butoxydiethylmethylsilane are described.
Construction of structured LDPC codes for AWGN and binary erasure channels

An algebraic method for constructing structured regular and irregular LDPC codes with girth at least six is presented. The parity check matrices of the proposed codes are arrays of permutation matrices obtained by decomposing Euclidean geometries. Masking is applied to the resultant parity check matrices to yield codes with various degree distributions. The proposed codes perform well over AWGN channels and binary erasure channels when decoded iteratively.
A Review of “Living L'Arche: Stories of Compassion, Love, and Disability”: Kevin S. Reimer (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2009). x + 184 pp. Hardcover, $26.95, ISBN 978-0-8146-3299-4

The L'Arche communities provide care for people with disabilities, the core members, and lessons in compassion for the assistants who come to be with the core members for various lengths of time. T...
Politics Out of Place: Black Women, Racialization, and the Politics of Resistance

This paper documents how twenty-nine contemporary African American female grassroots activists in Newark resist the intersecting effects of racialized poverty, homophobia, and misogyny through reconfiguring the political landscapes of urban space. Building upon recent theorizations of race and power developed by black feminist geographers including Katherine McKittrick (2006) Carole Boyce Davies (1994) and Ruth Wilson Gilmore (2002), I argue that black women create geographies of resistance that undermine structural intersectionality — convergent systems of race, class, sexual and gender domination — in Newark. Using an interpretivist approach to data collection and analysis of semi-structured interviews and fieldwork conducted between 2005-2010, I develop a loose typography of black women’s contemporary resistance politics that includes: (1) The politics of homemaking, (2) The politics of selling-in, and (3) The politics of reclamation. I argue that resistance politics are deeply spatialized and rooted in the politics of collective memory. I show how resistance politics are realized through the intentional creation of social space in which activists revise and reformulate narratives of black political resistance. Black women a make direct linkages between past and current realities of black social deprivation and urban despair — they unearth, invoke, re-enact, and, most importantly, re-envision historic legacies of struggle against injustice to withstand the new wave of urban poverty, unemployment, and disaffection brought on by the “Great Recession.”
Change detection in evolving computer networks: Changes in densification and diameter over time

Large-scale attacks on computer networks usually cause abrupt changes in network traffic, which makes change detection an integral part of attack detection especially in large communication networks. Such changes in traffic can be defined in terms of sudden absence of key nodes or edges, or the addition of new nodes and edges to the network. These are micro level changes. This on the other hand may lead to changes at the macro level of the network such as changes in the density and diameter of the network that describe connectivity between nodes as well as flow of information within the network. Our assumption is that, changes in the behavior of such key nodes in a network translates into changes in the overall structure of the network since these key nodes represent the major chunk of communication in the network. In this study, we focus on detecting changes at the network-level where we sample the network and select key subgraphs associated to central nodes. Our objective is to study selected network-level properties because they provide a bigger picture of underlying events in the network.
Risk factors for restricting back pain in older persons.

Objectives To identify risk factors for back pain leading to restricted activity (restricting back pain) in older persons.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL POLYGONAL REGIONS

Abstract The Helmholtz equation together with associated boundary conditions can be solved using a dipole distribution on the boundary of any region of interest. If the region has corners, the distribution satisfies a singular integral equation. In this paper numerical techniques for the solution of this equation which take into account the analytic properties of the solution are discussed. Although a complete error analysis has not been developed, some indicators of the errors generated are considered. The technique is illustrated by comparing the numerical solution of the eigenvalue problem associated with various two-dimensional polygonal regions with exact solutions. Numerical solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation are also obtained. A method for eliminating difficulties arising from nearby singularities is also implemented, and sample results given.
An Apprenticeship for Life in Common: Jean Jaurès on Social Democracy and the Modern Republic

The standard story of republican thought stops around the end of the eighteenth century, and contemporary republican political theory based on that story—for example, the work of Philip Pettit—is ill-equipped to confront problems that have appeared in the era of capitalism. Republican theory can benefit from attention to the emergence of social democracy in the early twentieth century, and to the role of republican ideas in that emergence. Jean Jaures, perhaps the most prominent exponent of social democracy at that time, drew on the republican tradition to defend a concept of justice that combines commitment to non-domination with worry about modern loneliness, and he derived from the republican tradition a defense of reformist political methods against their revolutionary critics. He suggests the usefulness of left political thought to republicanism, and of republicanism to thinkers on the left.
Locking of the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint due to a chronic osteochondral fracture fragment of the metacarpal head: a case report

Locking of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is a rarely reported condition in the English literature, although cases of locking are probably not rare. A locked MCP joint of the finger is characterized by loss of full extension of the MCP joint with no loss of flexion [22, 24, 27, 28]. The affected finger is painful and cannot be fully extended either actively or passively and, thus, appears “fallen” compared with the other fingers, which can all be completely extended. A locked thumb MCP joint exhibits a mild hyperextension deformity with loss of flexion at the joint [19, 25]. Most cases of locking have been related to impingement of normal gliding of the volar plate or the accessory collateral ligament on either an osteophyte or bony prominence on the metacarpal condyle head [2, 4, 12, 22, 24], but intra-articular fracture of the metacarpal head [30], sesamoid entrapment [4, 5, 9, 13, 18, 23, 32–35], first dorsal interosseous muscle [8], loose bodies [17], and chondroma [7, 37] have also been reported. A locked MCP joint due to a chronic osteochondral fracture fragment from the metacarpal head has only been reported once previously [30], although two other cases have resulted iatrogenically from closed manipulation [21, 24].
Hand-Made in Iowa: Organizing the Web Along the Lincoln Highway

Although established to facilitate access to significant Internet resources through the use of these and other established library organizational methods, CyberStacks(sm) (http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/) has also served as a vehicle for exploring alternative approaches to managing and accessing Net resources. These investigations have included a study of other projects that have applied standard library practices to Web organization, a review of various methods of 'automated categorization' of Net resources, and an extensive survey of Information Visualization technologies and their potential application for enhancing access and use of Web and non-Web documents.
Kinetics of island growth for a model of H/Fe

Abstract We analyze the kinetics of domain growth for a Hamiltonian which models the formation of ordered monolayers of H on a (110) surface of Fe. Monte Carlo simulations using particle exchange dynamics have been used to study the unstable growth of domains for coverages θ = 0.5 (for which the stable phase is (2 × 1)) and θ = 0.666 (for which the stable phase is (3 × 1)). In the former case, the ground state degeneracy is p = 2 and the average domain size follows an Allen-Cahn power law with an exponent x = 1 2 . In the latter case we find a much slower growth due to interface diffusion. However, we cannot characterize this growth by a simple power law behavior for the time regime investigated. There are also some indications that the growth in this phase could be anisotropic.
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Brain Functioning in Older Adults

Few studies have examined the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on cognitive performance and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI) in older adults. The current study examines blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in older adults and younger adults during the sustained attention (GO) and response inhibition (NOGO) portions of a GO-NOGO cognitive task following 36 hr of total sleep deprivation. No significant performance differences were observed between the groups on the behavioral outcome measures of total hits and false alarms. Neuroimaging results, however, revealed a significant interaction between age-group and sleep-deprivation status. Specifically, older adults showed greater BOLD activation as compared to younger adults after 36 hours total sleep deprivation in brain regions typically associated with attention and inhibitory processes. These results suggest in order for older adults to perform the GO-NOGO task effectively after sleep deprivation, they rely on compensatory recruitment of brain regions that aide in the maintenance of cognitive performance.
On Newton-Wigner localization and superluminal propagation speeds

We study the acausal behavior of free massive relativistic particles, as predicted by the Newton-Wigner position operator. The main result is an upper bound for the probability of superluminal propagation speeds. This bound implies the detection probability of acausal events is vanishingly small under present laboratory conditions.
The application of GaAlAs lasers to high-resolution liquid-crystal projection displays

In this review we describe a high-resolution liquid-crystal (LC) display that uses multiple GaAlAs lasers to write on the LC cell. Arrays of high-powered lasers were needed to meet the writing speed requirements of the display. A fiber optic delivery system was developed to allow high-resolution, multi-spot writing on the cell, regardless of the laser configuration used. The fiexibility and unconstrained length of the fiber optics also permitted simplification in the design of the scanner system which moved the optical beams over the LC cell. Because of the proximity of the injection laser's wavelength to the visible spectrum used in the display projection system and because of divergence of the beams in the optical delivery system, a reflective LC cell was designed. Almost total absorption of the GaAlAs laser beam was achieved. This paper discusses the thermal and optical properties of the cell and their effect on the writing characteristics and the quality of the projected image (contrast and brightness). An off-axis projection system, which was designed for use with the reflective cell, creates a high-resolution image on the screen.
Adverse Effects of Trichothiodystrophy DNA Repair and Transcription Gene Abnormalities on Human Fetal Development

The effects of DNA repair and transcription genes in human prenatal life have never been studied. Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare (affected frequency of 10^-6^) recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and in transcription. Based on our clinical observations, we conducted a genetic epidemiologic study to investigate gestational outcomes associated with TTD. We compared pregnancies resulting in TTD-affected offspring (N=24) with respect to abnormalities in their antenatal and neonatal periods to pregnancies resulting in their unaffected siblings (N=18), accounting for correlation, and to population reference values. Significantly higher incidence of several severe gestational complications was noted in TTD-affected pregnancies. Gestational complications were noted in nearly all pregnancies resulting in TTD-affected offspring with XPD and TTDN1, but not TTD-A, gene mutations. Abnormal placental development may explain the constellation of observed complications; therefore, we hypothesize that some TTD genes play an important role in normal placental and fetal development. We investigated this hypothesis by analyzing the expression patterns of TTD genes. Expression of TTDA was strongly negatively correlated (r=-0.7,P<0.0001) with gestational age, while XPD, XPB and TTDN1 were consistently expressed from 14 to 40 weeks gestation. *Conclusion:* Our results indicate an important role for XPD, XPB and TTDN1 gene products during normal human placental and fetal development.
Experimental Test of a Time-Temperature Formulation of the Uncertainty Principle Via Nanoparticle Fluorescence

The uncertainty in the measured fluorescence decay lifetimes of 30 nm particles of YAG:Cc was used to evaluate the predictions of a novel form of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle suggested by de Sabbata and Sivaram, ΔT Δt ≥ h/k. The worst-case uncertainty in temperature of ≈ 4.5 °K (as derived from the relationship between temperature and lifetime) and the measured uncertainty in decay lifetime, ≈ 0.45 ns, yielded an “internal” estimate of ΔT Δt = 2.0 × 10−9 °K s, which is ≈ 263 times larger than ħ/k = 7.6 × 10−12 °K s. An “external” estimate of ΔT Δt = 4.5 × 1011 °K s (which is = 6 times ħ/k) is derived from the independently measured uncertainty in the temperature of the sample and the experimentally determined uncertainty in lifetime. These results could be low by a factor of 5.6 if signal averaging must be taken into account. If valid, the findings are consistent with the predictions of this version of the uncertainty principle and they imply the existence of a type of “thermal quantum limit.”
Biostratigraphic correlation of Pleistocene marine deposits and sea levels, Atlantic coastal plain of the southeastern United States

Abstract Marine ostracodes from 50 localities were studied to determine the age and elevation of Pleistocene sea levels in the Atlantic coastal plain from Maryland to northern Florida. Using ostracode taxon and concurrent ranges, published planktic biostratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and radiometric data, ostracode assemblage zones representing early (1.8-1.0 my), middle (0.7-0.4 my), and late (0.3-0.01 my) Pleistocene deposition were recognized and used as a basis for correlation. Ostracode biofacies signifying lagoonal, oyster bank, estuarine, open sound, and inner sublittoral environments provided estimated ranges of paleodepths for each locality. From these data the following minimum and maximum Pleistocene sea-level estimates were determined for the southeastern coastal plain: late Pleistocene, 2–10 m from Maryland to northern Florida; middle Pleistocene, 6–15 m in northern South Carolina; early Pleistocene, 4–22 m in central North Carolina, 13–35 m in southern North Carolina, and 6–27 m in South Carolina. Climatically induced glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations adequately account for the late Pleistocene sea-level data, but other factors, possibly differential crustal uplift, may have complicated the early Pleistocene record.
Efficacy of omalizumab in asthmatic patients with IgE levels above 700 IU/mL: a retrospective study

Abstract Background Omalizumab is approved for patients with poorly controlled asthma with serum IgE levels between 30 and 700 IU/mL and positive test results for perennial allergens. Its efficacy in patients with IgE levels greater than 700 IU/mL is unclear. Objective To evaluate the response of asthmatic patients treated with omalizumab with IgE levels greater than 700 IU/mL. Methods Asthmatic patients treated with omalizumab for 6 months or longer with elevated IgE levels were evaluated retrospectively. Emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, corticosteroid bursts, and Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores were recorded for a period of 6 months before and after treatment. Results Twenty-six patients with an IgE level greater than 700 IU/mL (group 1) were matched by age, sex, and severity of asthma to patients with an IgE of 30 to 700 IU/mL (group 2). The mean numbers of ED visits before and after treatment were 0.96 vs 0.23 ( P = .008) in group 1 and 0.65 vs 015 ( P = .02) in group 2. Both group 1 and group 2 had an improvement in asthma control based on the mean ACT score before and after treatment (15.6 vs 18.9 [ P = .02] and 15.4 vs 19 [ P = .006], respectively). There was also a significant reduction in the frequency of systemic corticosteroid use during the 6 months before and after treatment (2.58 vs 0.96 [ P P Conclusion Omalizumab was as effective in reducing ED visits, controlling asthma symptoms, and reducing the need for systemic corticosteroids in patients with IgE levels greater than 700 IU/mL compared with patients with levels of 30 to 700 IU/mL.
Wound-Healing Perspectives

Wound-healing in the skin is a complex orchestration of cellular processes, which has been perfected throughout the eons of phylogeny. It has so many coordinated biologic processes invoked both simultaneously and in a regulated orderly fashion that it has been likened to a recapitulation of gestation. Part of the problem with studying wound healing is in analyzing the processes independently and then seeing how they fit together and influence each other. This article discusses selected and recent scientific observations that have given insight into the biology of human skin wound healing. The article then discusses selected clinical advances that are based less on evidence-based observation and more on what works in practice and promotes wound healing.
Sex hormone binding globulin and transcortin in human and baboon males.

TeBG and transcortin were identified in serum from adult male baboons. TeBG values were higher than the TeBG concentration in adult men. The relative competitive abilities of three natural steroids, a synthetic androgen and two synthetic estrogens, for binding sites on TeBG occupied by radioactive DHT were compared. At a 10-fold molar excess, using both baboon and human TeBG, DHT and T were the most effective competitors; E2 was intermediate and DES a very poor one. Using gel filtration, the transcortin concentrations (mg/L) in two baboons were 16.8 and 27.4; the normal range for men is 23-45. The serum transcortin value of a third baboon, determined by equilibrium dialysis, was 0.41 μM/L (21.5 mg/L). Competition studies, using both techniques, showed that progesterone has a slightly higher affinity for baboon transcortin than Cortisol and that a synthetic progestin does not bind to transcortin. Plasma binding capacity for synthetic steroids should be tested before they are used for studies on specific ti...
Defects in GaP film grown on Si(211) by molecular beam epitaxy

Galium phosphorus films grown on (211 )Si by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated using a transmission electron microscope. The main defects observed in the alloy were of misfit dislocations, stacking faults, and microtwins. The misfit dislocations are of the 60° type with Burgers vectors of a /2 ‹110›, and the stacking faults are intrinsic in nature and bounded by Shockley partials and stair-rod partial dislocations. The habit planes of these defect structures were found to depend solely on the crystalline growth orientation with respect to the substrate orientation. A possible mechanism of the formation and growth of these misfit defects has been proposed for the present growth orientation.
Monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte toxic oxygen metabolite production in multiple sclerosis

Lipid-laden macrophages, which are predominantly derived from blood monocytes, are present at sites of active multiple sclerosis demyelination and are assumed to be involved in the demyelinating process. These inflammatory cells produce a variety of toxic oxygen metabolites which can mediate host tissue destruction. We measured production of two oxygen metabolites by monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in MS patients and controls. Stimulated monocytes produced significantly more hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and chemiluminescence in the MS group than controls. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte, an inflammatory cell that appears to contribute little to MS demyelination, did not demonstrate increased production of toxic oxygen metabolites in the MS patients as compared to controls. These results suggest that blood monocytes in MS patients are primed to produce increased amounts of cytotoxic oxygen metabolities when exposed to inflammatory stimuli.
Resolving non-uniqueness in design feature histories

Nearly all major commercial computer-aided design systems have adopted a feature-based design approach to solid modeling. Models are created via a sequence of operations which apply design features to incremental versions of a design model. Even surfacing, free-form surface shaping, and deformation operations are internally represented in modeling systems as features in a “history tree” that generates the final design. Much in the same manner that Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) trees for an individual model can be non-unique, these design feature histories for solid models might be ordered in a number of ways and still result in the same final geometry and topology. We formulate this problem symbolically and present geometric reasoning techniques to generate a canonical form for certain classes of design feature histories. We define this representation as a Model Dependency Graph (MDG) and show how it can be used as a basis for developing techniques for managing databases of solid models. Using the MDG, we introduce algorithms that can assess the similarity of solid models based on design features. We believe these techniques can be used to build intelligent CAD knowledgebases and to identify meaningful part families from large sets of designs. Lastly, we describe experimental results and performance metrics for our approach.
Fourier-transform imaging spectrometer with a single toroidal optic

The design of an imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer that uses a Sagnac interferometer and a single toroidal optic is described.
Polymorphisms in the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene do not affect bone mineral density in white men or women

Introduction Peak bone mineral density (BMD) achieved during adulthood is a major determinant of osteoporotic fracture in later life. Although environmental factors affect peak BMD, it is a highly heritable trait. Recently, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was reported as a susceptibility gene for osteoporotic fractures and low BMD in Icelandic and Danish populations.
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC IONS ON THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF NERVES.

1. The effect of osmotic pressure on the nerve resting potential of frog sciatic nerve is in accordance with the assumption of a membrane potential; increased osmotic pressure raises, decreased osmotic pressure lowers the potential. 2. The potential of crab nerves is affected by organic and inorganic cations in the approximate series: Rb > K = diamylamine > dibutylamine > guanidine > tetraethylamine > diethylamine = dimethylamine > dipropylamine > tetramethylamine = choline = Na = Li. 3. The response of the potential to the series of dialkylamines (first decrease, then increase of response ascending in the series) is best understood by the assumption that the nerve membrane is a porous structure. 4. With respect to these salts as well as to other organic cations the dried collodion membrane as a model of a porous membrane shows a striking parallelism to the nerve membrane. 5. Both inorganic and organic anions (NO3, SCN, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, pyruvate) have a definite, if slight, effect in raising the potential of crab nerves. This effect of anions indicates that the nerve membrane is not completely anion impermeable. 6. The effect of organic ions is, with certain restrictions, reversible. Its possible relation to the resting potential and to the after potentials of the electrical disturbance is discussed. 7. The response of the myelinated sciatic nerve of the frog and of the non-myelinated nerve of the spider crab show considerable agreement. There are some definite differences which are, however, not necessarily due to differences of the cell membranes involved, but may be ascribed to the difference of ionic conditions in Ringer and sea water.
The Use of Spontaneous Ventilation with Constant-Positive Airway Pressure in the Treatment of Salt Water Near Drowning

Constant-positive airway pressure with spontaneous ventilation was successfully used in treatment of a patient who had suffered near-drowning in salt water. The patient was able to maintain adequate respiratory mechanics, although oxygenation without end-expiratory pressure was severely impaired. The rapid improvement in arterial oxygenation obviated the need for mechanical ventilation in this patient. It is suggested that the simplest modality of effective therapy should be used in such patients.
Earthflows in Franciscan melange, Van Duzen River basin, California

Large earthflows are a significant source of sediment in the highly sheared and easily eroded Franciscan melange of the northern California Coast Ranges. They are active during the winter wet season, and their movement averages 2.4 to 4.0 m/yr. Fluvial sediment yield from the gullied and broken earthflow surface is about equal to sediment yield by mass movement. Indirect evidence suggests that changes in vegetation cover due to grazing beginning in the nineteenth century may have increased the rate of earthflow movement.
NMR determination of the B substitutional site in UBe 13-x B x

We report $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{10}\mathrm{B}$, and $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ NMR measurements in U(Be,B${)}_{13}$ which show an exclusive substitution site for the boron dopant into the m3 or cubic site of the ${\mathrm{UBe}}_{13}$ lattice.
Updating Clinical Practice Guidelines: How Do We Stay Current?

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are created to address quality improvement opportunities for all clinicians, optimize patient care, promote effective diagnosis and therapy, and reduce harmful or unnecessary variations in patient care. Tremendous resources are invested in creating CPGs we can trust. Once a guideline is created, however, how is it maintained to reflect the most up-to-date clinical evidence? This article reviews protocols for reviewing and maintaining CPGs with particular attention to the protocols established by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.
Arctic energy opportunitites: Perspectives on U.S. resources and development

The Arctic is one of the last energy frontiers, yet one with the greatest of opportunities -- opportunities for massive new sources of energy, opportunities for imaginative technology, and opportunities for research cooperation. This paper presents the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) perspective on Arctic energy opportunities, the resources, development plans, and technical barriers. The paper outlines major U.S. policy areas and the Arctic programs of DOE and other U.S. agencies which are pursuing Arctic energy issues. Arctic energy development opportunities, particularly in the context of supportive research and cooperative efforts, are also discussed. These efforts, and enhanced international cooperation, may help solve Arctic development problems in a more efficient and timely way.
Large-area crop mapping using time-series MODIS 250 m NDVI data: An assessment for the U.S. Central Great Plains

Abstract Improved and up-to-date land use/land cover (LULC) data sets that classify specific crop types and associated land use practices are needed over intensively cropped regions such as the U.S. Central Great Plains, to support science and policy applications focused on understanding the role and response of the agricultural sector to environmental change issues. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) holds considerable promise for detailed, large-area crop-related LULC mapping in this region given its global coverage, unique combination of spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions, and the cost-free status of its data. The objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of time-series MODIS 250 m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for large-area crop-related LULC mapping over the U.S. Central Great Plains. A hierarchical crop mapping protocol, which applied a decision tree classifier to multi-temporal NDVI data collected over the growing season, was tested for the state of Kansas. The hierarchical classification approach produced a series of four crop-related LULC maps that progressively classified: 1) crop/non-crop, 2) general crop types (alfalfa, summer crops, winter wheat, and fallow), 3) specific summer crop types (corn, sorghum, and soybeans), and 4) irrigated/non-irrigated crops. A series of quantitative and qualitative assessments were made at the state and sub-state levels to evaluate the overall map quality and highlight areas of misclassification for each map. The series of MODIS NDVI-derived crop maps generally had classification accuracies greater than 80%. Overall accuracies ranged from 94% for the general crop map to 84% for the summer crop map. The state-level crop patterns classified in the maps were consistent with the general cropping patterns across Kansas. The classified crop areas were usually within 1–5% of the USDA reported crop area for most classes. Sub-state comparisons found the areal discrepancies for most classes to be relatively minor throughout the state. In eastern Kansas, some small cropland areas could not be resolved at MODIS' 250 m resolution and led to an underclassification of cropland in the crop/non-crop map, which was propagated to the subsequent crop classifications. Notable regional areal differences in crop area were also found for a few selected crop classes and locations that were related to climate factors (i.e., omission of marginal, dryland cropped areas and the underclassification of irrigated crops in western Kansas), localized precipitation patterns (overclassification of irrigated crops in northeast Kansas), and specific cropping practices (double cropping in southeast Kansas).
Constantinopolitan Women in Chrysostom's Circle

L'A. etudie le role des femmes dans la vie de Jean Chrysostome et dans la vie de l'Eglise de Constantinople entre 398 et 407. Il utilise les travaux de Clark, Liebeschuetz, Broc et Delmaire pour les informations trouvees dans les lettres, sermons et autres sources de Jean Chrysostome. Il presente tout d'abord ces femmes : Olympias, Eudoxia, Eugraphia, Castricia et Marsa qui appartiennent a la haute societe. A la fin du 4e siecle, les femmes riches ont permit au clerge d'entrer dans la vie politique de Constantinople et d'acceder a l'empereur. Les eveques, grâce a la richesse et a l'hospitalite de ces femmes, pouvaient se rendre dans la capitale et y rester le temps de presenter leur vue et d'influencer le peuple. Elles constituaient une ressource economique pour le clerge tout en leur permettant de rester independant.
Posterior cervical interspinous compression wiring and fusion for mid to low cervical spinal injuries

A technique of posterior cervical interspinous compression wiring and fusion, which offers significant immediate stability, is presented. Its efficacy in 50 consecutive cases illustrates its utility. The technique involves the passage of an interspinous cerclage wire. Rather than placement of onlay laminar and facet grafts, a split-thickness tricortical iliac-crest graft is compressed against the involved medial laminae and spinous processes bilaterally. These grafts are held in place by a compression wire, which encircles the grafts and thus sandwiches the spinous processes between them. This virtually ensures subsequent bone fusion and offers substantial acute stability. The compression wire offers an added advantage of encircling the cerclage wire, thus pulling it dorsally. This significantly diminishes translational mobility at the unstable segment. It also minimizes hyperextension at the unstable segment via medial compression of the grafts into the interspinous space. The fusion of a minimal number of spinal segments is emphasized. This substantially diminishes the chance of flexible kyphosis and degenerative changes, both above and below the fusion site. A three- or four-level fusion was performed in only 11 patients. The remaining 39 patients underwent two-level fusion. A solid bone fusion was achieved in all cases, with a follow-up period of at least 6 months. In one patient, the spinous process fractured, necessitating an anterior fusion procedure. The technique presented here appears to acutely offer a very stable construct and, in addition, is a simple and straightforward procedure for the treatment of the unstable cervical spine.
Spray forming and co-injection of particulate reinforced TiAl/TiB2 composites

Abstract An intermetallic matrix composite TiAl/TiB 2 was spray formed with co-injection using an induction skull melting/spray forming technique. The volume percentage of reinforcement in the spray formed materials is approximately 35%. The microstructure of the spray formed composite is characterized by fine grained, equiaxed fully lamellar structures, with an average linear grain size of approximately 40 μm. The distribution of TiB 2 in the composite exhibits a layered morphology. On the basis of experimental observations of TiB 2 distribution in oversprayed powders and related numerical analysis, this phenomenon was attributed to the segregation of TiB 2 particles to the exterior region of the droplets and the subsequent deformation of the droplets along the direction normal to the substrate during impingement. Numerical analysis suggests that the most likely approach to improve the homogeneity of the distribution of TiB 2 in the deposit is to decrease the co-injector/atomizer distance.
Aspartate 142 Is Involved in Both Hydrolase and Dehydrogenase Catalytic Centers of 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalyzes conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate in either a dehydrogenase or hydrolase reaction. The hydrolase reaction occurs in a 310-residue amino-terminal domain of FDH (N(t)-FDH), whereas the dehydrogenase reaction requires the full-length enzyme. N(t)-FDH shares some sequence identity with several 10-formyltetrahydrofolate-utilizing enzymes. All these enzymes have a strictly conserved aspartate, which is Asp(142) in the case of N(t)-FDH. Replacement of the aspartate with alanine, asparagine, glutamate, or glutamine in N(t)-FDH resulted in complete loss of hydrolase activity. All the mutants, however, were able to bind folate, although with lower affinity than wild-type N(t)-FDH. Six other aspartate residues located near the conserved Asp(142) were substituted with an alanine, and these substitutions did not result in any significant changes in the hydrolase activity. The expressed D142A mutant of the full-length enzyme completely lost both hydrolase and dehydrogenase activities. This study shows that Asp(142) is an essential residue in the enzyme mechanism for both the hydrolase and dehydrogenase reactions of FDH, suggesting that either the two catalytic centers of FDH are overlapped or the dehydrogenase reaction occurs within the hydrolase catalytic center.
New approach for generating and (de)multiplexing OAM modes in a fiber coupler consisting of a central ring and four external cores

We propose a fiber coupler to generate up to ten orbital angular momentum modes, which can be generated with 20-dB extinction ratio and mode purity of >99% using a 2-mm-long fiber. The fiber design can be extended to enable all-fiber spatial mode (de)multiplexing.
Investigation of the Equivalence of the Axiom of Choice and Zorn’s Lemma from the Viewpoint of the Hierarchy of Types

It is a well known fact that Zermelo’s Axiom of Choice and Zorn’s Lemma are equivalent logical assumptions. However, an investigation from the viewpoint of the hierarchy of types reveals a complication in the nature of this equivalence. In a type-theoretical formalism both postulates enter as spectra (ZA α ) and (ZL α ) of formulas, where ZA α is Zermelo’s Axiom and ZL α is Zorn’s Lemma stated for variables of a fixed type α. The complication has its origin in the fact that, although the formula ZA α implies ZL α , in order to deduce ZA α it seems to be necessary to assert Zorn’s Lemma ZL α for a type β which is higher than α. In other words, we don’t know a proof assuring the equivalence of the two formulas ZA α and ZL α . Therefore the equivalence of Zermelo’s Axiom and Zorn’s Lemma has to be understood in the sense that the assertion of the formulas ZA α for all types α implies every one of the formulas ZL β and conversely the assertion of the spectrum of formulas (ZL α ) implies every one of the formulas ZA β .
Binge consumption of ethanol during pregnancy leads to significant developmental delay of mouse embryonic brain

ABSTRACT Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can be severely detrimental to the development of the brain in fetuses. This study explores the usage of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to the study the effects of maternal consumption of ethanol on brain development in mouse fetu ses. On gestational day 14.5 , fetuses were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. A swept-source OCT (SSOCT) system was used to acquire 3D images of the brain of ethanol-exposed and control fetuses. The volume of right and left brain ventricles were measured and used to compare between ethanol-exposed and cont rol fetuses. A total of 5 fetuses were used for each of the two groups. The average volumes of the right and left ventricles were measured to be 0.35 and 0.15 mm 3 for ethanol-exposed and control fetuses, respectively. The results demonstrated that there is an alcohol-induced developmental delay in mouse fetal brains. Keywords: alcohol exposure, mouse embryo brain, ve ntricle volume, OCT, ultrasound imaging
Conservation of globin messenger RNA in rabbit reticulocyte monoribosomes after sodium fluoride treatment.

Abstract Following NaF treatment of rabbit reticulocytes, polyribosomes dissociate to monoribosomes with concomitant cessation of protein synthesis. mRNA was isolated from different fractions of the cell before and after NaF treatment and quantitated by assay for globin synthesis in a cell-free system prepared from Krebs ascites tumor cells. mRNA activity present in polyribosomes of control cells was recovered quantitatively from monoribosomes following NaF treatment. On removal of NaF, polyribosomes reform with mRNA activity similar to that of control cells. During polyribosome dissociation, no significant amount of mRNA is recovered from ribosomal subunits, the supernatant fraction or is lost by degradation.
Is spyware an Internet nuisance or public menace

Recent media attention to spyware [2, 5, 7, 8] has brought to light the blunt intrusion into individual privacy and the uncertain hidden cost of free access to Internet sites, along with freeware and shareware. Most spyware programs belong to the more benign category of adware that delivers targeted pop-up ads based on a user's Web surfing habits. The more malicious type of spyware tracks each keystroke of the user and sends that information to its proprietors. Such information could be used for legitimate data mining purposes or it could be abused by others for identity theft and financial crimes.
Gottron's Papules Exhibit Dermal Accumulation of CD44 Variant 7 (CD44v7) and Its Binding Partner Osteopontin: A Unique Molecular Signature

The accumulated mucin in non-Gottron's dermatomyositis (DM) lesions is primarily chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S), which is immunomodulatory in vitro. Gottron's papules are a particularly resistant manifestation of DM that often persist after other lesions have resolved with therapy. We examined non-Gottron's DM lesions and Gottron's papule skin biopsies for C4S, CD44 variant 7 (CD44v7), a chondroitin sulfate-binding isoform causally implicated in autoimmunity, and osteopontin (OPN), a CD44v7 ligand implicated in chronic inflammation. Gottron's papule dermis contained more C4S and CD44v7 than non-Gottron's lesions. Normal skin showed less CD44v7 over joints relative to Gottron's lesions. All DM dermis had increased OPN compared with healthy skin. Mechanically stretching cultured fibroblasts for 6 hours induced CD44v7 mRNA and protein, whereas IFN-γ treatment induced OPN mRNA and protein. OPN alone did not induce CD44v7, but stretching dermal fibroblasts in the presence of OPN increased human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) monocyte binding, which is blunted by anti-CD44v7 blocking antibody. C4S, CD44v7, and OPN are three molecules uniquely present in Gottron's papules that contribute to inflammation individually and in association with one another. We propose that stretch-induced CD44v7 over joints, in concert with dysregulated OPN levels in the skin of DM patients, increases local inflammatory cell recruitment and contributes to the pathogenesis and resistance of Gottron's papules.
How does background information improve memory for text content

In two experiments, we investigated whether reading background information benefits memory for text content by influencing the amount of content encoded or the organization of the encoded content. In Experiment 1, half of the participants read background information about the issues to be discussed in the text material, whereas half did not. All the participants were then tested for free recall and cued recall of text content. Free recall was greater for individuals who read issue information than for those who did not. The groups did not differ on cued recall, suggesting that background information did not facilitate the encoding of more text content. Measures of representational organization indicated that increased recall in the issue information group resulted from better organization of content in memory. Experiment 2 extended these findings, using background information about text sources, and demonstrated that the efficacy of background information depends on the semantic relationship between that information and text content.
Diffuse scattering from the liquid-vapor interfaces of dilute Bi:Ga, Tl:Ga, and Pb:Ga alloys

As part of a study of the in-plane wave-vector $({q}_{xy})$ dependence of the effective Hamiltonian for the liquid-vapor interface, $H(q)$, the wave-vector dependences of diffuse x-ray scattering from the liquid-vapor interfaces of dilute alloys of Bi in Ga, Tl in Ga, and Pb in Ga have been measured. In these dilute alloys the solute component segregates as a monolayer that forms the outermost stratum of the liquid-vapor interfaces, and the density distribution along the normal to the interface is stratified. Over the temperature ranges that the alloy interfaces were studied, the Tl and Pb monolayers exhibit both crystalline and liquid phases while the Bi monolayer is always liquid. The diffuse scattering from the liquid-vapor interfaces of these alloys displays interesting differences with that from the liquid-vapor interface of pure Ga. The presence of a segregated monolayer of solute in the liquid-vapor interface of the alloy appears to slightly suppress the fluctuations in an intermediate wave-vector range in a fashion that preserves the validity of the macroscopic capillary wave model to smaller wavelengths than in pure liquid Ga, and there is an increase in diffuse scattering when the Tl and Pb monolayers melt. The surface intrinsic roughness from fitting the wave-vector dependence of surface tension is 5.0 pm for the $\mathrm{Tl}:\mathrm{Ga}$ alloy and 1.4 pm for the $\mathrm{Bi}:\mathrm{Ga}$ alloy. Also, a mode of excitation that contributes to diffuse scattering from the liquid-vapor interface of Pb in Ga, but does not contribute to diffuse scattering from the liquid-vapor interface of Ga, has been identified. It is proposed that this mode corresponds to the separation of the Pb and Ga layers in the regime $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\leqslant}{q}_{xy}\ensuremath{\leqslant}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Thymoglobulin, CYA and mycophenolate mofetil as GVHD prophylaxis for reduced-intensity unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation: beneficial effect seen on chronic GVHD.

Thymoglobulin, CYA and mycophenolate mofetil as GVHD prophylaxis for reduced-intensity unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation: beneficial effect seen on chronic GVHD
Temporal multiscale approach for nanocarrier motion with simultaneous adhesion and hydrodynamic interactions in targeted drug delivery

We present a fluctuating hydrodynamics approach and a hybrid approach combining fluctuating hydrodynamics with generalized Langevin dynamics to resolve the motion of a nanocarrier when subject to both hydrodynamic interactions and adhesive interactions. Specifically, using these approaches, we compute equilibrium probability distributions at constant temperature as well as velocity autocorrelation functions of the nanocarrier subject to thermal motion in a quiescent Newtonian fluid medium, when tethered by a harmonic spring force mimicking a tether due to a single receptor-ligand bond. We demonstrate that the thermal equipartition of translation, rotation, and spring degrees of freedom are preserved by our formalism while simultaneously resolving the nature of the hydrodynamic correlations. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of mean force (or free energy density) along a specified reaction coordinate to facilitate extensive conformational sampling of the nanocarrier motion. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with analytical results and Monte Carlo simulations, thereby validating our methodologies. The frameworks we have presented provide a comprehensive platform for temporal multiscale modeling of hydrodynamic and microscopic interactions mediating nanocarrier motion and adhesion in vascular targeted drug delivery.
Hydration of cyanopyridine to nicotinamide by whole cell nitrile hydratase

3-cyanopyridine was hydrated to nicotinamide by whole cells ofBrevibacterium R-312 containing nitrile hydratase. Cells used for kinetic studies had an initial activity of 0.30 mg nicotinamide/mg cells(dry)-min and storage half-lives (pH 8) of approximately 100 days, 10 days, 5 days and less than 1 day at 4°C, 10°C, 25°C, and 30°C respectively. Temperature and pH maxima were 35°C and 8.0, respectively. Fermentations gave a maximum total hydratase activity of 1.25 mg nicotinamide/min, but at this maximum the amidase activity was unacceptably high (25% of the hydratase activity): nicotinamide was converted too rapidly to nicotinic acid. But systematic fermentation studies (7 1) showed that harvesting at mid-log phase (18–20 h) prior to the attainment of maximum total activity gave reasonably high levels of hydratase (0.3 mg nicotinamide/mg cells-min) and acceptable levels of amidase (0.03 mg nicotinic acid/mg cells-min).