cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cartesian Modes and The Simplicity of Mind

Malebranche argues that we lack a clear idea of the mind because we cannot, even in principle, derive all the possible modes of mind solely from the idea of thought. But we can, in principle, derive all the possible modes of body from the idea of extension. Therefore, there is epistemic asymmetry between our ideas of mind and body. I offer a defense of Descartes whereby he can assert that we have a clear idea of mind despite this asymmetry. I argue that he can do this by distinguishing the simplicity of mind from the divisibility of body.
Spatial equilibrium with local public goods: Urban land rent, optimal city size and the Tiebout hypothesis

Abstract This paper extends the standard model of urban land rent to consider the spatial equilibrium conditions in a local public goods market as hypothesized by Charles M. Tiebout. An analysis is made of the spatial dimensions of public goods, their degree of ‘localness’ and their impact on land values. It is shown that the optimal population size of the community (Tiebout's sixth assumption) is simultaneously derived with the optimal supply of local public goods and local taxes. It is also shown that land rent is a poor output indicator of Tiebout's equilibrium conditions and that the capitalization assumption is not the appropriate test for his hypothesis.
Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Common-pool Resource Industries

Excess capacity poses one of the most pressingproblems that arise when industries exploitcommon-pool natural resources. It entailsover-investment in the capital stock andexcessive use of variable inputs, and placesadditional exploitation pressures on theresource stocks. Confusion persists over theappropriate definition and measurement ofcapacity and capacity utilization for theseindustries. But understanding capacity and itsmeasurement is necessary to properly design acapacity management program. This paperaddresses these issues by overviewing theconceptual and theoretical bases for capacityand capacity utilization measurement,identifying specific problems for common-poolresources, outlining alternative methodologiesfor their measurement, and illustrating the useof these definitions and measurement methods ina fisheries case study.
Thermal infrared imaging of Comet Halley

Thermal infrared images (λ = 10.8, 12.8 and 19.2 μm) of comet P/Halley were obtained on 1986 March 28.7, 29.7 and 30.7 UT using the NASA-MSFC 20-pixel bolometer array at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. A preliminary analysis of the observations shows the following results: (1) the presence of spatial structure indicative of dust ejection occurring mainly on the sunward side of the nucleus; (2) a dust coma deficient in large particles (radius ≳ 100 μm) compared with that of comet P/Giacobini-Zinner; (3) temporal variability which is consistent with an extrapolation of a quasi-sinusoidal lightcurve observed by IUE on 1986 March 23, 24, and 25; (4) a maximum, at the nuclear condensation, of the color temperature and the strength of the silicate emission feature.
Scoring Large‐Scale Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry Datasets with MiST

High-throughput Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments can identify a large number of protein interactions, but only a fraction of these interactions are biologically relevant. Here, we describe a comprehensive computational strategy to process raw AP-MS data, perform quality controls, and prioritize biologically relevant bait-prey pairs in a set of replicated AP-MS experiments with Mass spectrometry interaction STatistics (MiST). The MiST score is a linear combination of prey quantity (abundance), abundance invariability across repeated experiments (reproducibility), and prey uniqueness relative to other baits (specificity). We describe how to run the full MiST analysis pipeline in an R environment and discuss a number of configurable options that allow the lay user to convert any large-scale AP-MS data into an interpretable, biologically relevant protein-protein interaction network.
British Rule and Tribal Revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar*

British colonial rule in India precipitated a period of intense rebellion among the country's indigenous groups. Most tribal conflicts occurred in the British provinces, and many historians have documented how a host of colonial policies gave rise to widespread rural unrest and violence. In the post-independence period, many of the colonial-era policies that had caused revolt were not reformed, and tribal conflict continued in the form of the Naxalite insurgency. This article considers why the princely state of Bastar has continuously been a major centre of tribal conflict in India. Why has this small and remote kingdom, which never came under direct British rule, suffered so much bloodshed? Using extensive archival material, this article highlights two key findings: first, that Bastar experienced high levels of British intervention during the colonial period, which constituted the primary cause of tribal violence in the state; and second, that the post-independence Indian government has not reformed colonial policies in this region, ensuring a continuation and escalation of tribal conflict through the modern Naxalite movement.
Incidental Thyroid Nodules Detected on Thoracic Contrast-Enhanced CT in the Pediatric Population: Prevalence and Outcomes

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and outcomes of incidental thyroid nodules detected on thoracic contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) in the pediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We used our hospital information system to retrospectively identify all consecutive pediatric patients (< 21 years old) with newly detected thyroid nodules reported on thoracic CECT performed between January 2006 and January 2013. The study population was categorized into two groups: patients with (group 1) and without (group 2) an available follow-up thyroid ultrasound study. Two pediatric radiologists systematically reviewed the CT studies, available follow-up thyroid ultrasound studies, and outcomes of patients meeting the inclusion criteria. For patients without an available follow-up ultrasound study (group 2), the duration of clinical follow-up was also evaluated. If a biopsy was performed, the pathologic diagnosis was correlated with the imaging findings. RESULTS. The study population co...
Fractional step methods applied to a chemotaxis model

A fractional step numerical method is developed for the nonlinear partial differential equations arising in chemotaxis models, which include density-dependent diffusion terms for chemotaxis, as well as reaction and Fickian diffusion terms. We take the novel approach of viewing the chemotaxis term as an advection term which is possible in the context of fractional steps. This method is applied to pattern formation problems in bacterial growth and shown to give good results. High-resolution methods capable of capturing steep gradients (from CLAWPACK) are used for the advection step, while the A-stable and L-stable TR-BDF2 method is used for the diffusion step. A numerical instability that is seen with other diffusion methods is analyzed and eliminated.
Long-Term Disabilities and College Education

This study focuses on the labor market consequences of long-term disability status for persons who have had the opportunity to receive both a university education and rehabilitation services. The sample matches persons with functional limitations with a similar sample of university graduates without these limitations. Our results indicate a small salary gap that appears to be correlated with the negative opinions held by the general population about persons with these disabilities.
Justice Climate and Peer Justice Climate: A Closer Look

We provide an empirical examination of peer justice climate, defined as team-level judgments of the fairness with which coworkers generally treat one another, and justice climate, defined as team-l...
MEAN-FIELD THEORY FOR QUANTUM GAUGE GLASSES

We develop a new field theory for the quantum gauge glass with infinite-range interaction. We include disorder in both the coupling strengths and the site energies. This model is closely related to XY magnets and bosons in random media. For properly chosen distributions of the site disorder we find two distinct regions, a "Weak" and a "Strong" Glass, dominated by long-range and local fluctuations, respectively. Strikingly, at the Strong Glass transition the non-linear susceptibility does not diverge.
Stability of X chromosomal inactivation in human somatic cells.

Using human somatic cell/mouse cell hybrids, no evidence for reactivation of the silent X chromosome in human somatic cells has been obtained.
Experimental Bounds on the Coupling Strength of Torsion Potentials

We examine the experimental implications of a recent suggestion by Kaempffer that the coupling strength G' for a propagating torsion potential need not be the same as the Newtonian gravitational coupling strength G. We allow the torsion potential to transform either as a six-tensor, or as a pseudoscalar. In neutrino-electron and neutrino-nucleon scattering, we find that pseudoscalar exchange does not contribute, while exchange of the six-tensor closely simulates exchange of a Z/sup 0/. Agreement of data with Weinberg-Salam neutral current theory is preserved if 4..pi..G'<0.14G/sub F/c/sup 2//h/sup 2/, where G/sub F/ is the Fermi ..mu.. decay constant. If we demand that emission of torsion quanta not destroy the energy balance in helium-burning stars, we get a much stronger bound 4..pi..G'<5 x 10/sup -19/G/sub F/c/sup 2//h/sup 2/. This bound applies to both cases, pseudoscalar as well as six-tensor. It may be rewritten G'<1/(1.5 x 10/sup 12/ GeV)/sup 2/ in natural units. For comparison, G=1/(1.2 x 10/sup 19/ GeV)/sup 2/.
Rayleigh scattering by microparticle surface-enhanced density fluctuations in a fluid

Abstract We examine Rayleigh scattering of electromagnetic radiation by microparticle-induced density fluctuations in a fluid. These fluctuations are created by irradiating the microparticle with a high intensity pump beam which is resonant with one of the particle's plasma modes. Resonant excitation of this mode gives rise to significant spatial variation of the pump field which generates an enhanced electrostrictive pressure on the fluid. In turn, this pressure induces fluid density fluctuations which can be examined by elastic scattering of weak probe radiation.
Spin-echo envelope modulation study of La F 3 : Nd 3 +

A pulsed-electron-spin-resonance experiment has been performed on a single crystal of lanthanum trifluoride containing 0.1 molar per cent of neodymium impurity. The purpose of the experiment was to measure the superhyperfine coupling between the magnetic moments of the ligand fluorine nuclei and the magnetic moment of the $4f$ electronic spin belonging to the neodymium ion. The experiment employed the technique of spin-echo envelope modulation. Modulation envelopes were obtained at five orientations of the laboratory magnetic field. The interaction parameters were determined by comparing the experimentally derived modulation envelopes with the computed theoretical modulation curves. Under the assumption that all of the near nuclei interact with equal strengths, it was found that the isotropic interaction parameter $A=\ensuremath{-}1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ MHz and that the dipole-dipole or anisotropic parameter $D=4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ MHz. The negative value of $A$ implies that the $4f$ electronic spin in the vicinity of the ligands is parallel to the net spin of the neodymium ion. The value of $D$ that was measured is greater than what would be expected if the interaction were purely of the classical point-dipole type. Therefore, some covalent bonding involving neodymium $f$ orbitals and fluorine $p$ orbitals must be present.
Adrenal medulla gangliosides. A comparative study of some mammals.

1. 1. Gangliosides were isolated from the adrenal medulla of man, horse, ox, sheep and swine. 2. 2. Yields of ganglioside-bound sialic acids were found by GLC analysis to be approx 150 μg/g fresh tissue for all species studied. 3. 3. The distribution between the two common sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) varied considerably. For porcine and bovine mixtures NGNA accounted for approx 60% of ganglioside-bound sialic acids, whereas no NGNA was detected in the human mixture. 4. 4. The thin layer chromatogram of the bovine mixture shows a predominance of hematosides over slower-migrating “brain-type” gangliosides. In the porcine mixture, however, slower-migrating gangliosides predominate.
Implementation of ant clustering algorithm for IR imagery in wind turbine applications

Interaction of avian with turbines has become an important public policy issue, so identification and quantification of avian at turbine sites is crucial.
The joint distribution of the number of occurrences of two interrelated Poisson processes

Abstract The focus of this paper is the distribution for the number of occurrences of two independent but interrelated Poisson processes, to be named the joint imputed Poisson distribution. From its inception, the research was motivated by a problem facing the electric power industry. Power surges, which are observable, represent occurrences of the imputing process. Circuit breaker breakdowns, which cannot be seen taking place, constitute occurrences of the imputed process. Though not observable, at each occurrence of the imputing process, knowledge about the imputed process is obtained. Occurrences of the imputed process are revealed only as the result of periodic inspection, or with far greater cost at the subsequent occurrence of the imputing process. A comprehensive treatment of the joint imputed Poisson distribution for the number of occurrences of the two processes over a fixed time period was presented by Cuffe. Because these probabilistic results had to be derived from first principles, a lengthy, rigorous mathematical exposition is not appropriate in this forum. Rather, we concentrate here on a presentation of results with only highlights of their proofs.
Effect of aqueous composition on the freeze-thaw stability of emulsions

Abstract The freeze-thaw induced coalescence of sodium caseinate stabilized n -hexadecane emulsions was investigated as a function of added protein (0–2 wt.%), fat (0–40 wt.%) and aqueous sugar (0–2 wt.% sucrose, maltose, glucose, corn syrup solids) contents. For all variables there was a critical dependence on aqueous phase composition. Emulsions were stable to small decreases in aqueous protein or sugar content to a critical point below which the extent of destabilization increased linearly. We hypothesize the stability of frozen emulsions depends on the mechanical capacity of the lamellae separating them to resist the pressure of the growing ice phase. Sugar serves to reduce the amount of ice (as measured by differential scanning calorimetry) and hence the pressure, while aqueous protein reinforces the lamellae.
Muscarinic receptors and mucus secretion in swine tracheal epithelium: effects of subacute organophosphate treatment.

Abstract This swine trachea study was undertaken to examine the effects of nerve agents on mucus gland cell function. Subacute treatment of swine with soman, sarin, and VX inhibits acetylcholinesterase and leads to down-regulation of muscarinic receptors in tracheal submucosal gland cells. Muscarinic receptor density in isolated cells as determined by [3H]QNB binding was reduced by 60–65% and that measured using [3H]NMS was decreased by 65–73%. Subacute treatment of swine for 7 days with soman and VX caused a small, significant increase in the fraction of receptors with high affinity for carbachol. The decrease in receptor density was accompanied by a decrease in acetylcholine-induced mucus secretion. The decrease in mucus secretion was not due to a decrease in the ability of the cells to produce or release mucus since cross-tolerance did not develop to methoxamine-induced mucus secretion. Therefore, we conclude that in mucus gland cells tolerance development can be linked functionally to muscarinic receptor loss.
Hemangiopericytoma of the Lacrimal Sac

Abstract Hemangiopericytomas of the orbit are rare tumors with low malignancy potential. To the authors' knowledge, only three previous cases of these tumors occurring in the lacrimal sac have been reported. The authors report a fourth case. Follow-up was obtained on the first reported case, and the patient in that case had a recurrence after 15 years. These tumors should be totally excised and followed for long periods of time.
Boundary Spanners and Self-Monitoring: An Extended View

Boundary spanners have a unique organizational role which includes receiving and transmitting information across organization-environment interfaces. As a result, the self-monitoring (ability to perceive social cues and adjust behaviors to fit the situation) of boundary spanners may affect their performance and role perceptions. Data from a two-sample investigation of boundary spanners suggest that self-monitoring is not related to objective indicators of performance or role conflict but is positively associated with role ambiguity. Moreover, these results were not contingent on boundary spanners' job tenure.
Composites get smart

Abstract Intrinsically smart structural composites are multifunctional structural materials which can perform functions such as sensing strain, stress, damage or temperature; thermoelectric energy generation; EMI shielding; electric current rectification; and vibration reduction. These capabilities are rendered by the use of materials science concepts to enhance functionality without compromising structural properties. They are not achieved by the embedding of devices in the structure. Intrinsically smart structural composites have been attained in cement-matrix composites containing short electrically conducting fibers and in polymer-matrix composites with continuous carbon fibers. Cement-matrix composites are important for infrastructure, while polymer-matrix composites are useful for lightweight structures. Smart structures are important because of their relevance to hazard mitigation, structural vibration control, structural health monitoring, transportation engineering, thermal control, and energy saving. Research on smart structures has emphasized the incorporation of various devices in a structure for providing sensing, energy dissipation, actuation, control or other functions. Work on smart composites has focused on the incorporation of a functional material or device in a matrix material for enhancing the smartness or durability, while that on smart materials has studied materials (e.g. piezoelectric) used for making relevant devices. However, relatively little attention has been given to the development of structural materials (e.g. concrete and composites) that are inherently able to provide some of the smart functions, so that the need for embedded or attached devices is reduced or eliminated, thereby lowering cost, enhancing durability, increasing the smart volume, and minimizing mechanical property degradation (which usually occurs in the case of embedded devices).
Structure, magnetism, and adhesion at Cr/Fe interfaces from density functional theory

Abstract Properties of the Cr(1 0 0)/Fe(1 0 0) and Cr(1 1 0)/Fe(1 1 0) interfaces are investigated with spin-polarized density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA) for electron exchange and correlation. Contrary to earlier predictions for a monolayer of Cr on bulk Fe, we find intermixing of Cr and Fe at the interface of thick films to be endothermic; hence here we focus on characterizing abrupt, unalloyed interfaces. The ideal work of adhesion for both the (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) abrupt interfaces is predicted to be ∼5.4 J/m 2 . We propose that this anomalously strong adhesion between heterogeneous interfaces is derived from significant spin correlations and d–d bonding at the interface.
Rigel: an architecture and scalable programming interface for a 1000-core accelerator

This paper considers Rigel, a programmable accelerator architecture for a broad class of data- and task-parallel computation. Rigel comprises 1000+ hierarchically-organized cores that use a fine-grained, dynamically scheduled single-program, multiple-data (SPMD) execution model. Rigel's low-level programming interface adopts a single global address space model where parallel work is expressed in a task-centric, bulk-synchronized manner using minimal hardware support. Compared to existing accelerators, which contain domain-specific hardware, specialized memories, and/or restrictive programming models, Rigel is more flexible and provides a straightforward target for a broader set of applications.We perform a design analysis of Rigel to quantify the compute density and power efficiency of our initial design. We find that Rigel can achieve a density of over 8 single-precision GFLOPS/mm2 in 45nm, which is comparable to high-end GPUs scaled to 45nm. We perform experimental analysis on several applications ported to the Rigel low-level programming interface. We examine scalability issues related to work distribution, synchronization, and load-balancing for 1000-core accelerators using software techniques and minimal specialized hardware support. We find that while it is important to support fast task distribution and barrier operations, these operations can be implemented without specialized hardware using flexible hardware primitives.
Variational formulation of high performance finite elements: Parametrized variational principles

High performance elements are simple finite elements constructed to deliver engineering accuracy with coarse arbitrary grids. This is part of a series on the variational basis of high-performance elements, with emphasis on those constructed with the free formulation (FF) and assumed natural strain (ANS) methods. Parametrized variational principles that provide a foundation for the FF and ANS methods, as well as for a combination of both are presented.
Advances in pharmacotherapy of small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by early metastatic dissemination and responsiveness to initial therapy. The incidence of SCLC has been declining over the past two decades. Limited-stage SCLC is a potentially curable disease with long-term survival of ∼ 20% when treated with platinum-based chemotherapy plus concurrent thoracic radiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation. For patients with extensive-stage SCLC, survival can be increased with combination platinum-based chemotherapy, but the disease remains incurable.Areas covered: This review looks at the current advances in pharmacotherapy for SCLC.Expert opinion: Many chemotherapeutic strategies and newer cytotoxic agents have been evaluated in SCLC, and some had promising activity in early clinical trials. However, none have demonstrated consistent improvements in outcome over standard platinum-based treatment. Similarly, although many potential molecular targets have been identified in preclinical...
The formation of MgZnO luminescent ceramics

MgxZn1−xO is a promising alloy system with UV-tunable bandgap. The alloy can have the hexagonal or cubic structure depending on the composition x and growth conditions. We present studies of the optical and material properties of Mg0.1Zn0.9O and Mg0.6Zn0.4O sintered ceramics. The rationale for choosing these compositions is that alloys of both the wurtzite and the cubic phases, respectively, can be investigated. To study the alloying dynamics for the optimization of light emission, the properties as a function of annealing temperature in the range of 600–1,100 °C were investigated via micro-photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction, and imaging techniques. For the Mg0.1Zn0.9O it was found that a threshold temperature of ~900 °C is required in order to initiate the formation of the solid solution with the wurtzite structure. At the elevated temperature regime, the photoluminescence energy for this ceramic sample shifted from 3.25 to 3.5 eV, while the ceramic retained the wurtzite structure. The Mg0.6Zn0.4O was found to have a sequence of phases: initially the alloy formed with the wurtzite structure, and then a transition into the NaCl cubic structure took place. Similar to the Mg0.1Zn0.9O, a threshold temperature of ~900 °C was required in order to initiate the alloying process. At that temperature regime an alloy was formed with the wurtzite structure, and its photoluminescence energy was ~3.25 eV. At ~1,100 °C the alloy was found to undergo a phase transition from wurtzite to cubic structure. The photoluminescence energy at that temperature was considerably shifted into the UV-range of 4 eV.
New Therapies for Non-cardiac Chest Pain

After excluding a cardiac cause, potent anti-reflux therapy should be administered to patients with non-cardiac chest pain since gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common underlying mechanism of this disorder. If GERD is an unlikely cause of patient’s symptoms, an esophageal motor disorder should be excluded. Spastic motility disorders can be treated with a smooth muscle relaxant (such as calcium channel blocker, nitrate, or phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors). Alternatively, spastic motility disorders may respond to anti-spasmodics, pain modulators, botulinum toxin injection into the distal esophagus, and/or surgery. Patients with functional chest pain have recently seen an expanded treatment armamentarium including medications such as trazadone, tricyclic anti-depressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, pregabalin, and/or ramelteon.
Recanalization of totally occluded iliac and adjacent venous segments.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report our experience with percutaneous recanalization of totally occluded iliac veins and inferior vena cava. Material and Methods: Recanalization of the iliac vein was performed in 38 limbs. In nine limbs, recanalization of the inferior vena cava was also necessary (two with filter). In 28 of 38 limbs, the stent was extended below the groin crease into the common femoral vein segment. Large-caliber (14 or 16 mm for iliac vein) flexible self-expanding stents were used. Stents were routinely extended for a short distance into the inferior vena cava to forestall development of iliocaval stenosis. Intravascular ultrasound scan was a valuable tool in the procedure. The median length of the recanalized segment was long (22 cm), and multiple stents (median, n=3) were necessary in most patients. Forty-five percent of the patients had coagulation abnormalities. Results: No morbidity or mortality was seen. Actuarial primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates of the stents at 24 months were 49%, 62%, and 76%, respectively. Median pain level decreased significantly (level 4 to level 0; P Conclusion: Percutaneous recanalization of the occluded iliac vein with stent placement appears to be successful in the short term, with good patency, significant symptom resolution, and minimal morbidity. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:903-11.)
Molecular Model of Drag Reduction by Polymer Solutes

TOMS1 has shown that in turbulent flow above the critical Reynolds number the drag is substantially reduced by adding a small amount of high polymer solute to the liquid2–14. In some cases, there is also a remarkable shift of the onset of turbulence to higher Reynolds number15,16 with a corresponding reduction of drag. Typical drag reductions of over 50 per cent have been achieved in pipes, on immersed moving bodies and on ship hulls by the addition of 20 p.p.m. by weight of ‘Polyox WSR 301’, which is an unbranched polyethylene oxide of approximate molecular weight 4 × 106. Larger doses of polymer solute produce little additional effect. A minor effect of this type—about 4 per cent drag reduction—can also be achieved by the addition of a relatively large amount of very fine sand17–19.
Informational versus Controlling Verbal Rewards

The experiment was designed to test Deci's (1975) informational/controlling analysis with verbal rewards and to assess the joint effects of type of verbal reward and level of surveillance. Compared to a no-reward control, the informational verbal reward enhanced interest in task engagement, but the controlling verbal reward did not. Regardless of type of reward, task interest decreased in linear fashion as surveillance was increased from low to medium to high.
The Ionization of Argon and Neon by Neutral Argon Beams.

As a result of the discovery of Kallmann and Rosen [1,2] that the probability of charge transfer is very great for gas ions moving in a gas of their own molecular or atomic species, the possibility of obtaining an atomic beam of high intensity is at once indicated. Since the charge transfer itself takes place without altering the translatory energy of the moving ion, the translatory energy of the formed neutrals will equal that of the ions in case the ion is not scattered, or only slightly scattered. This fact has been utilized to produce beams of neutral argon atoms for the purpose of this investigation.
Diminishing returns to administrative controls and the emergence of the unofficial economy: a framework of analysis and applications to Ukraine

Economic liberalization Daniel Kaufmann This paper (written in May, 1994) presents a fresh perspective on underemphasized issues of liberalization in the Ukraine. The paper constructs an index of the intensity of administrative controls, and concludes that by the Summer of 1994 the Ukrainian economy was only minimally liberalized. This level of liberalization was almost the same as at the time of independence in late 1991. In addition to the prevalence of vested interests and economic ‘myths’, I attribute the persistence and proliferation in central administrative controls over the economy to the inconsistency between fiscal and monetary policies. The need for fiscal restraint has not been understood by policy-makers, and monetary stringency that is inconsistent with budgetary laxity is not sustainable beyond a few months. By default, administrative controls are used as macroeconomic remedies. I hypothesize that beyond a certain point, as the intensity of administrative controls over the official economy continues to increase, the actual administrative control of the state over the overall economy declines in reality. This ‘inverted-U shape’ relationship comes from agents shifting their economic transactions from the official economy to the underground economy as direct controls are increasingly placed on the former. The initiation of a bold programme of economic liberalization is the key to stopping the movement out of the official economy and regaining the confidence of the unofficial economy. Market liberalization must be implemented in order for the macroeconomic stabilization, privatization and social protection programmes to succeed. It will reduce the demands for budget subsidies and soft credits, and restore growth to the economy. Such principles have been grasped by the Kuchma administration that came to power in August 1994. A comprehensive reform programme, including liberalization of foreign trade, foreign exchange and prices has been initiated.
An Autonomic Reliability Improvement System for Cyber-Physical Systems

System reliability is a fundamental requirement of cyber-physical systems. Unreliable systems can lead to disruption of service, financial cost and even loss of human life. Typical cyber-physical systems are designed to process large amounts of data, employ software as a system component, run online continuously and retain an operator-in-the-loop because of human judgment and accountability requirements for safety-critical systems. This paper describes a data-centric runtime monitoring system named ARIS (Autonomic Reliability Improvement System) for improving the reliability of these types of cyber-physical systems. ARIS employs automated online evaluation, working in parallel with the cyber-physical system to continuously conduct automated evaluation at multiple stages in the system workflow and provide real-time feedback for reliability improvement. This approach enables effective evaluation of data from cyber-physical systems. For example, abnormal input and output data can be detected and flagged through data quality analysis. As a result, alerts can be sent to the operator-in-the-loop, who can then take actions and make changes to the system based on these alerts in order to achieve minimal system downtime and higher system reliability. We have implemented ARIS in a large commercial building cyber-physical system in New York City, and our experiment has shown that it is effective and efficient in improving building system reliability.
Pollen viability, vigor, and competitive ability in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)

To determine how the capability of pollen is affected by lengthy exposure to field conditions, we obtained pollen samples (from Erythronium grandiflorum) that were fresh (from newly dehisced anthers) or aged, from 6 to 24 hr. Without pretreating the collected grains, we compared their abilities 1) to retain viability, as indicated by the Heslop-Harrison fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) test; 2) to retain germinability, as indicated by pollen-tube growth in vitro on Brewbaker-Kwack medium; 3) to sire seeds when used as a pollen donor on recipient flowers in the field; and 4) to sire seeds competitively when mixed with another donor pollen in competitive pollinations. FCR scores declined drastically with pollen age. Germinability typically declined with age, but less drastically; the correlation between FCR and germinability ranged from strong to nil in different trials. The sharp decline in FCR was probably due to nonlethal, reversible desiccation. Seed-siring success, both in competitive and noncompetitive trials, bore no relation to pollen age or to germinability. Any loss in seed-siring ability in E. grandiflorum pollen over 24 hr is apparently overwhelmed by other sources of variation. The lack of correlation between seed-siring ability and FCR or germinability scores means that those tests should not be used to estimate overall pollen competence in this species. They should be so used in other species only if experiments have demonstrated their greater reliability. Pollen grains are small, delicate organisms. Their ability to carry out their functions may be compromised by environmental stresses, with various implications for ecological and evolutionary questions. Assessing the general importance of pollenr viability is complicated, however, by definitional and technical confusion. How do we mea
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample may contain inaccurate data for carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) contains information from discharge abstracts submitted by hundreds of community hospitals across the United States, and it frequently has been used as a resource for population-based research comparing the safety of carotid artery stenting (CAS) to that of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, at least two findings from the NIS dataset seem open to question. First, several NIS studies have indicated that more than 90% of CEAs and CAS procedures now are being done in asymptomatic patients, a figure that substantially exceeds the prevalence of asymptomatic patients that has been reported elsewhere. Second, these studies also have suggested that the periprocedural stroke rate for CEA and CAS is lower at community hospitals contributing to the NIS than it was in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs Stenting Trial (CREST), even though the surgeons and interventionalists participating in CREST were stringently selected according to their previous experience and results. Neither of these two findings seems to pass the test of face validity. Furthermore, some unexpectedly low stroke-to-death (STD) ratios are present in the NIS data, especially for CAS. These issues may be related to poor documentation of preprocedural symptoms and periprocedural strokes in the medical records and to subsequent coding errors in the hospital discharge abstracts on which the NIS is based.
Venture capital-financed innovation and technological change in the USA

Abstract Venture capital has transformed the innovation process in the US. Venture capitalists provide funds and assist in the formation of new high technology business. They actively cultivate networks comprised of financial institutions, universities, large corporations, entrepreneurial companies and other organizations. These networks and the information flow at their disposal enable them to reduce many of the risks associated with new enterprise formation and thus to overcome many of the barriers that hold back innovation. Venture capital-financed innovation is a “new model” of innovation which goes beyond both classical entrepreneurship and corporate-based innovation. Venture capitalists forge important linkages among a variety of organizations which are important to the innovation process and act as “technological gatekeepers” accelerating the process of technological change. The venture capital industry is organized in a series of relatively self-contained complexes — technology-oriented, financial-oriented and hybrid — which play distinct roles in the process of venture capital-financed innovation. While venture capital catalyzes technological change, it also generates costs, most notably the disruption of established research organizations and the establishment of strong incentives for “breakthroughs” as opposed to other types of innovation.
Characteristics and Occurrence of Phenolic Phytochemicals

Abstract Phenolic phytochemicals are the largest category of phyto-chemicals and the most widely distributed in the plant kingdom. The 3 most important groups of dietary phenolics are flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyphenols. Flavonoids are the largest group of plant phenols and the most studied. Phenolic acids form a diverse group that includes the widely distributed hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids. Phenolic polymers, commonly known as tannins, are compounds of high molecular weight that are divided into 2 classes: hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Quantification of food phenolics is just beginning, and preliminary results indicate high variability, even within a given food. Phenolics are biologically active compounds that may possess some disease-preventive properties. Evidence for their ability to prevent cancer or heart disease is preliminary and conflicting. The health benefits of phytochemicals have been reported in the popular press, and the public will come to dietitians for answers to their questions about phytochemicals. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99:213-218 .
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XXIX. Hydrophobic bonding to dihydrofolic reductase. II. On the mode of phenyl binding of 1-aryl-4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazines†

The inhibition of dihydrofolic reductase by twenty appropriately 1-substituted-4, 6-diamino-1, 2 - dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-s-triazines were compared in order to shed light on the mode of phenyl binding of 1-aryl-1,2-dihydro-s-triazines. When the 1-phenyl group was substituted by a cationic group at the 4-position or an anionic group at either the 3- or 4-position, a large loss in affinity by the enzyme for the resultant inhibitor was noted. This loss in affinity is best explained by the concept that the 1-aryl group complexes with a hydrophobic region on the enzyme and that the hydrophobic region repels any aryl group bearing either a positively or negatively charged group. p-Substituents coplanar with the 1-aryl group caused a steric interaction with the enzyme resulting in considerable loss in binding to this enzyme isolated from pigeon liver; this steric effect was considerably less in the m-position. Inductive effects of 1-phenyl substituents on a possible charge-transfer complex of the 1-aryl group or on the binding ability of the 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-s-triazine ring system could not be correlated with the Hammett sigma-values; therefore these effects were considered to be of minor importance.
Analysis of Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Patterns

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns are used to identify features of semicrystalline polymers composed of alternating lamellar crystals and amorphous regions. Provided that lamellae are wide and flat, the structure is a one-dimensional stack with an average period L established by distributions of crystal thickness H(y) and amorphous thickness h(z) and with crystallinity α = [ybar]/[xbar], where average crystal thickness is [ybar], and average long period is [xbar]. The one-dimensional intensity I 1(s 1) gives LB , while the one-dimensional correlation function γ1(r) and the one-dimensional interface distribution function g 1(r) also provide measures of periodicity r * and r 3, respectively. Obvious features of γ1(r) and g 1(r) also permit estimation of crystallinity, designated αγ and α g respectively. I 1(s 1), γ1(r) and g 1(r) are calculated for models having symmetric and positively skewed distributions H(y) and h(z) and for stacks of finite height N[xbar]. For all conditions, it is found tha...
Frequency and age-dependent auditory evoked potential thresholds in infants

Abstract Auditory evoked-potential thresholds to 0.5, 4.0 and 10.0 kHz tone pips were measured in 40 normal infants 2–28 wks old and 14 normal hearing adults. Thresholds to 500 Hz tone pips were based upon the steady-state, 40 Hz. evoked potential. Thresholds to 4.0 and 10.0 kHz tone pips were based upon the brainstem response. Stimulus intensity was varied in 5-dB steps for threshold search. The greatest difference between infant and adult thresholds occurred at 4.0 kHz. The magnitude of this difference decreased with age; however, differences were still significant up to 28 wks of age. No significant differences were seen at 500 Hz. To the 10.0 kHz stimulus only the youngest (2–4 wk) infants had thresholds that were significantly higher than adults. The reasons proposed to explain these results are complex interactions between immaturity of the conductive mechanism, brainstem pathways, and possibly the cochlea.
The impact of rural mutual health care on health status: evaluation of a social experiment in rural China

Despite widespread efforts to expand health insurance in developing countries, there is scant evidence as to whether doing so actually improves people's health. This paper aims to fill this gap by evaluating the impact of Rural Mutual Health Care (RMHC), a community-based health insurance scheme, on enrollees' health outcomes. RMHC is a social experiment that was conducted in one of China's western provinces from 2003 to 2006. The RMHC experiment adopted a pre–post treatment-control study design. This study used panel data collected in 2002, 1 year prior to the intervention, and followed up in 2005, 2 years after the intervention, both in the intervention and control sites. We measured health status using both a 5-point Categorical Rating Scale and the EQ-5D instruments. The estimation method used here is difference-in-difference combined propensity score matching. The results show that RMHC has a positive effect on the health status of participants. Among the five dimensions of EQ-5D, RMHC significantly reduces pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression for the general population, and has a positive impact on mobility and usual activity for those over 55-years old. Our study provides useful policy information on the development of health insurance in developing countries, and also identifies areas where further research is needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of intracranial and extracranial chordomas with CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery.

Abstract Chordomas are rare, malignant bone tumors of the axial skeleton, occurring particularly at the cranial base or in the sacro-coccygeal region. Although slow growing, chordomas are locally aggressive and challenging to treat. We evaluate the outcomes of skull base and spinal chordomas in 20 patients treated with CyberKnife (CK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) between 1994 and 2010 at Stanford Hospital. There were 12 males and eight females (10–78 years; median age: 51.5 years). Eleven patients received CK as primary adjuvant therapy and nine patients received CK for multiple recurrences. The average tumor volume treated was 16.1 cm 3 (2.4–45.9 cm 3 ), with a mean marginal dose of 32.5 Gy (18–50 Gy). Median follow-up was 34 months (2–131 months). Overall, tumor control was achieved in 11 patients (55%), with eight patients showing tumor size reduction. However, nine patients showed progression and eventually succumbed to the disease (mean time from CK to death was 26.3 months). Of the patients treated with CK as the primary adjuvant therapy, 81.8% had stable or improved outcomes. Only 28.6% of those treated with CK for recurrences had stable or improved outcomes. The overall Kaplan–Meyer survival at five years from the first CK treatment was 52.5%. Moderate tumor control rates can be achieved with few complications with CK SRS. Poor control is associated with complex multiple surgical resections, long delay between initial resection and CK therapy, and recurrently aggressive disease uncontrolled by prior radiation.
Measurement of the linking number change in transcribing chromatin

The in vivo-initiated, transcribing simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromosome was analyzed to determine its DNA linking number change, i.e. the difference between the linking number of the minichromosomal DNA and that of relaxed bare DNA. As part of this measurement, the linking number change due to the in vivo-initiated RNA polymerase II was determined, the first time a value for this quantity has been reported. The topological contribution of the polymerase was combined with values determined for constrained and non-constrained linking number contributions from the native transcription complex chromatin to yield the linking number change for the complex. The linking number change of the native non-transcribed SV40 minichromosome was independently determined and was found to be virtually the same as that for the chromatin of the transcription complex. This indicates that there is little difference between the two structures. The plausibility of several current models for the contribution of chromatin structure to transcription regulation is discussed in light of this finding.
Instantaneous directivity in jet noise by multipole decomposition

Noise generated by nearly axisymmetric vortex pairing in an excited low Mach number jet was studied experimentally as a prototypical jet noise source using a three-dimensional microphone array. The measured time-dependent sound field was decomposed into its multipole components using general linear regression techniques. Although the vortex interactions were very nearly axisymmetric and thus a nearly axisymmetric lateral quadrupole sound field was expected, the sound field was found to have large departures from axisymmetry. This acoustic sensitivity to symmetry breaking in the vorticity field was also shown in calculations using numerial vortex models and vortex sound theory. The directivity of the far-field sound gets smeared out in the time averaged data due to the tilting of the quadrupoles; this emphasizes the need for studying the jet sound pressure fiels in four dimensions (x, t) to better understand the mechanisms of noise generation