cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germination Response Patterns during Dormancy Loss in Achenes of Six Perennial Asteraceae from Texas, USA :

When subjected to simulated habitat temperatures, achenes of six perennial Asteraceae from southcentral Texas came out of dormancy during summer. In the early stages of dormancy loss, achenes of Erigeron modestus, Gaillardia suavis and Hymenoxys scaposa germinated (to ≥ 10%) in light at 12/12 hr daily thermoperiods of 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C and those of Pinaropappus roseus at 15/6 and 20/10°C. After additional dormancy loss, achenes of these four species also germinated at 30/15 and 35/20°C. Achenes of these four species had a Type 1 germination response pattern, which heretofore has not been reported in perennial Asteraceae. Achenes of Chaptalia nutans first germinated (to ≥ 10%) at 20/10 and 25/15°C and those of Hymenopappus scabiosaeus at 20/10°C, but with further loss of dormancy achenes of both species also germinated at 15/6, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Thus, achenes of these two species had a Type 3 pattern. This is the first report of perennials in any family with a Type 3 response pattern whose seeds come out of dormancy during summer. Presence of annual and perennial Asteraceae with Type 2 in temperate eastern North America and annual and perennial Asteraceae with Type 1 in southcentral Texas causes us to conclude that climate is more important than the type of life cycle in determining the type of germination response pattern.
Medical and surgical survival in Coronary artery disease in the 1980s

The survival of 1,657 patients with angiographically proved Coronary artery disease (CAD) was studied for 4 years (mean 2.0 ± 1.2) during the 1980s to examine the prognostic importance of multiple clinical variables. One hundred of the 1,049 medically treated patients (9.5%) and 31 of the 608 surgically treated patients (5.1%) died. Multivariate analyses revealed that the strongest prognostic variables for survival in the medical group were indexes of left ventricular function (p
Responses of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to controlled chemical stimulation.

A new method is described for studying the behavioral responses of nematodes to controlled chemical stimulation. The worm is held by the tail with a suction pipet. Behavior is recorded by an array of light sensors connected to a multichannel recorder. Several types of behavior can be detected in addition to the normal backward propagating waves of about 2 Hz that propel untethered worms forward. The most dramatic of these is the reversal bout, consisting of forward propagating waves of about 0.7 Hz, that propel untethered worms backward. The latter waves are easily distinguished from the former by the large amplitude motion caused by the fact that they contain a sharper bend at the tail. This technique was used to demonstrate that a purely temporal change in chemical stimulation can cause a large change in the probability of occurrrence of a reversal bout. These altered probabilities adapt back to the basal level in about one minute. Increased probabilities adapt faster than decreased. Stronger stimulation causes slower adaptation. Since the reversal bout is associated with changes in direction of locomotion, these observations suggest that klinokinesis with adaptation plays a role in the movement of nematodes in chemical gradients.
A baculovirus mutant defective in PKIP, a protein which interacts with a virus-encoded protein kinase.

We have found that a temperature-sensitive mutant of the baculovirus AcMNPV, tsB97, is defective in PKIP, the product of ORF24 which was previously found to interact with and stimulate the activity of a virus-encoded protein kinase, PK-1. The mutant lacks the ability to form plaques and occlusion bodies at the nonpermissive temperature. The mutant displays several properties which suggest a defect in the latter half of the late phase of infection; these properties include a delay in the shutoff of host protein synthesis, the presence of aberrant electron-dense bodies associated with the virogenic stroma, and the production of few, if any, progeny budded virus. A study of the expression of selected late genes showed no difference in the timing or level of transcription or translation of most late genes. However, elevated levels of the late 6.9K protein, a protamine-like protein, were observed in mutant-infected cells at 24 h postinfection, suggesting a defect in the regulation of this protein. Two polypeptides, 40 and 6 kDa, exhibited considerably higher levels of steady-state phosphorylation in wt-infected cells versus tsB97-infected cells at 24 h p.i. and could be candidates for PK-1/PKIP-mediated phosphorylation. The tsB97 mutant also displayed a severe defect in very late gene transcription which accounts for its inability to form occlusion bodies. The effect of PKIP on very late gene transcription may be a secondary effect of the block in the late phase of infection. PKIP showed no ability to transactivate expression from a very late promoter in transient expression assays.
Luminous extranuclear star formation in the interacting galaxy Arp 118 - NGC 1143/44

The interacting system Arp 118 (NGC 1143/44) has been observed at infrared and radio wavelengths. The interaction has produced a pair of distorted loops and several luminous radio and infrared sources in NGC 1144 which emit a total power of 2.5 x 10 to the 11th lunar masses, 80 percent of which is reradiated in the thermal infrared. Remarkably, the present observations reveal that much of the midinfrared emission originates in an extra-nuclear star-forming region. Arp 118 has many of the same characteristics as the well-studied interacting system Arp 299 (NGC 3690), including luminous extranuclear activity; the main difference between the two systems is that the nuclei of NGC 1143/44 are much less luminous at 10 microns than their counterparts in NGC 3690.
The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer

Although the important influence of a woman's reproductive history on her risk of breast cancer is widely recognized, it is not clear whether this is wholly accounted for by the age at her first full-term pregnancy, or whether there are additional, independent influences of breastfeeding or number of children. To examine the respective contributions to the risk of breast cancer of these reproductive factors, we used logistic regression methods to analyze data from a multicenter case-control study, the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Included in the analysis were 4599 women, 20-55 years of age, identified as having an initial diagnosis of breast cancer by one of eight collaborating population-based cancer registries. The 4536 controls were women of similar ages selected by random dialing of households with telephones in the same eight areas. As expected, age at first full-term pregnancy exerted a strong influence on the risk of breast cancer. However, after it and other potentially confounding factors had been controlled for, parity and duration of breastfeeding also had a strong influence on the risk of breast cancer. Compared with women of parity one, women of parity seven or greater had an adjusted relative risk of breast cancer of 0.59 (95% CL, 0.44-0.79). Compared with parous women who never breastfed, women who had breastfed for 25 months or more had an adjusted relative risk of 0.67 (0.52-0.85). These results do not support the supposed preeminent importance of age at first full-term pregnancy among the reproductive determinants of breast carcinogenesis. Resolution of this issue may have important implications for elucidating hormonal influences on breast cancer and for projecting future trends in the disease.
Transforming time-varying multivariable systems into block companion canonical forms

Abstract The problem of transforming a class of linear time-varying continuous time systems into controllable and observable block companion canonical forms is considered. In terms of system block controllability (observability) matrix, this paper generalizes the results of Shieh et al. [3] and provides systematic and straightforward algorithms for obtaining block companion canonical forms. An example is provided to illustrate this transformation technique.
Incident and recurrent major depressive disorder and coronary artery disease severity in acute coronary syndrome patients

There is recent evidence that acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with first time incident major depressive disorder (MDD) and those with recurrent MDD represent different subtypes among individuals with ACS and comorbid depression. However, few studies have examined whether or not these subtypes differ in coronary artery disease (CAD) severity. We assessed whether those with incident MDD (in-hospital MDD and negative for history of MDD) or recurrent MDD (in-hospital MDD and a positive history of MDD) differ in angiographically documented CAD severity. Within 1 week of admission for ACS, 88 patients completed a clinical interview to assess current and past diagnosis of MDD. CAD severity was assessed in all patients by coronary angiography. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that neither in-hospital MDD status, nor history of MDD were significant predictors of CAD severity, but the interaction term between in-hospital MDD status and history of MDD was a significant predictor of CAD severity, after controlling for age, sex and ethnicity. Follow-up analyses showed that patients with first time, incident MDD had significantly more severe CAD compared to patients with recurrent MDD (p = 0.043). To conclude, our study adds to the growing evidence that patients with incident MDD should be considered as a clinically distinct subtype from those with recurrent MDD. Possible mechanisms for differing CAD severity by angiogram between these two subtypes are proposed and implications for prognosis and treatment are discussed.
Resolving Radial Composition Gradients in Polarized Confocal Raman Spectra of Individual 3C-SiC Nanowires

Silicon carbide nanowires are being actively pursued as components for nanoelectromechanical sensors, nanocatalytic elements, and nano-optical circuits able to operate in harsh environment, high temperature, and high power applications. The effect of geometric confinement and polarization anisotropy in confocal Raman spectroscopy has been employed to detect axial and radial composition information in individual nanowires. Polarization anisotropy causes a significant increase in signal from the surface layer (relative to bulk), and combined with the increased surface-to-volume ratio at the nanoscale, it allows for the direct characterization of bulk and surface defects.
Nuclear Transmutations of the Lithium Isotopes

Yield curves have been obtained for eight of the more important reactions of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ produced by proton and deuteron bombardment in the energy range from 200 to 1000 kev. Each curve was obtained with an accuracy of about five percent, and a set of intercomparisons served to determine the relative yields between the different reactions within 20 percent. A special set of observations on a single reaction then gave the absolute yield for all the reactions within a factor of about three. An investigation was made of the reactions involved in the formation and decay of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$, the mass of which was found to be 8.02499\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00020. The range-distribution of the delayed alpha-particles from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$ was measured and the interpretation of this distribution is discussed. Observations on the reaction ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}+n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{He}}^{4}+{\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ gave a value of 4.97 Mev for the reaction energy as compared to a value of 4.56 Mev derived from the masses involved. No evidence could be obtained for the production of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$ by the process ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}+n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$. Measurements of the energies of the neutrons produced by deuteron bombardment of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ indicated that ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ is formed by the reaction ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}+{\mathrm{D}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Be}}^{7}+n$. Further experiments showed that ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ is radioactive and is converted to ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ by $K$-electron capture. It was found that this process is followed by gamma-ray emission in roughly ten percent of the transitions.
Tourism as consciousness of struggle: Cultural representations of Taiwan

This study examines depictions of Taiwan in a variety of discourses about tourism. Taiwan's depictions tend to one side or the other of the traditional‐modern continuum and are undergirded by assumptions of political power, particularly that of claiming the right to represent the cultural Other.
Model of Exchange-Inversion Magnetization

A thermodynamic theory is given of a class of magnetic crystals which transform from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic states as the temperature is varied. Applications are suggested to ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}\mathrm{Sb}$ and to crystals having the nickel arsenide type structure. It is shown that the exchange magnetoelastic energy is often important in such transformations and leads to an additional interaction energy of the form ${({\mathrm{S}}_{A}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{S}}_{B})}^{2}$ in the effective spin Hamiltonian. It is suggested that one of the exchange constants goes linearly through zero near a critical value of some lattice coordinate characterizing the transition. There are important differences in the behavior of compact and noncompact antiferromagnetic lattices, under the assumption of nearest-neighbor interactions between sublattices. A triangular array is treated, such as might arise in crystal structures of the NiAs type.
WHAT’S EMPIRE GOT TO DO WITH IT? THE DERIVATION OF AMERICA’S FOREIGN POLICY

ABSTRACT The common claim that American foreign policy is “imperial” is contradicted by the fact that the actual, definable historical empires have characteristically exercised formal, as well as decisive, control over their peripheral dependencies—properties that the keenest analysts do not ascribe to the geopolitical system that has been constructed by the United States. Why, then, the ascription of “empire” to the United States? One reason is to condemn American foreign policy by linking it to the unjust, destructive, and self‐destructive tendencies that are held to be inherent in a nation’s quest for, and maintenance of, “empire.” The variant of this anti‐imperial thesis that has been the special province of certain conservatives and libertarians appropriates the “empire” thesis to invent non‐security motives for American foreign policies, and correspondingly to denigrate security threats to the United States. Yet—ironically—as with the more characteristic left‐wing anti‐imperialism, the conservative‐...
The effect of review on student ability and test efficiency for computerized adaptive tests

The effect of reviewing items and altering responses on the efficiency of computerized adap tive tests and the resultant ability estimates of examinees were explored. 220 students were ran domly assigned to a review condition; their test instructions indicated that each item must be answered when presented, but that the responses could be reviewed and altered at the end of the test. A sample of 492 students did not have the opportunity to review and alter responses. Within the review condition, examinee ability estimates before and after review were correlated .98. The average efficiency of the test was decreased by 1% after review. Approximately 32% of the examinees improved their ability estimates after review, but did not change their pass/fail status. Disallowing review on adaptive tests administered under these rules is not supported by these data.
Some ultrastructural and cytochemical features of fiber populations in the soleus muscle.

The soleus muscle is widely used in biochemical and physiological investigations as an example of a slow-twitch red muscle, and it has been assumed, for the most part, that it consists of a homogeneous population of either red or intermediate fibers. In the present study, the cytological composition of this muscle was examined in four commonly studied species, namely the rat, guinea pig, rabbit and cat. Using the form and distribution of mitochondria as the principal criteria for identification, two distinct types of muscle fibers can be recognized in the soleus of the guinea pig and rabbit as well as the rat. The soleus muscle is therefore not homogeneous in either species. Preliminary observations suggest that the soleus of the cat is likewise not homogeneous. In addition, although the fibers resemble red and intermediate fibers in other skeletal muscles, the resemblance is only superficial. In the two fiber types of the rat and guinea pig soleus, the Z line is characteristically wide, and therefore, based on this criterion, the fibers are not equivalent to either the red or intermediate fibers of other muscles.
‘Relative Ignorance’: Lingua and linguaggio in Gramsci's concept of a formative aesthetic as a concern for power

This essay looks at the relationship between formative aesthetics, language and the historical anticipation that begins with Antonio Gramsci's discussion of Kant's idea of noumenon. In Gramsci both education (as formazione) and aesthetics stem from a concern for power in terms of the hegemonic relations that are inherent to history as a political horizon. The title cites Gramci's suggestion that Kant's noumenon should be read as a proviso set apart by a ‘relative ignorance’ of reality [‘relativa ignoranza’ della realta] to be resolved by a future science. Yet far from another epistemological layering, a future science must also resolve those hegemonic relations of power that emerge from formation as a political act figured in the agonistic character of language as lingua and linguaggio. Further down the lane of our ‘relative ignorance’ we are confronted by a Post‐Taylorist condition that precludes any false hopes of a reversal of society's educational, economic and political misfortunes. Yet, while Post‐T...
Automated utility assessment of global health

The objective of this study was to characterize the performance of an automated utility assessment instrument for measuring preferences for overall health. The study population consisted of 83 subjects recruited from the cafeteria of a large tertiary care hospital. We assessed utilities for current health relative to perfect health and death using the rating scale, time tradeoff and standard gamble metrics. To validate the instrument, we compared utilities with the General Health subscale of the SF-36 Health Survey instrument, satisfaction with current health, and degree of bother due to current health. We evaluated interview failure rate based on irrational orderings of two practice assessments (monocular and binocular blindness) or inability to complete the interview. As expected, utility for overall health was statistically significantly associated with the General Health subscale score and measures of satisfaction with current health and degree of bother. There is substantial variation in utilities among patients with similarly severe overall health, and substantial overlap in utilities among subjects with different levels of overall health. The failure rate in the study was acceptable (9.6%). Automated assessment of utility for overall health provides a feasible means for estimating individual preferences.
Pneumonia in the Solid Organ Transplant Patient

As the field of solid organ transplantation has grown, so has the importance of infectious complications in this select group of patients. Chronic immunosuppression compromises the natural host defenses that typically prevent lower respiratory tract infections and makes the solid organ transplant recipient especially susceptible to pneumonia. Evaluation of pneumonia in this population differs owing to the potential for opportunistic infections. Lung transplant recipients are particularly susceptible to pneumonia and pose unique diagnostic dilemmas. An understanding of the time line for the different key pathogens after transplantation aids the initial evaluation and management.
Surrendering the Keys: A Doctor Tries to Get an Impaired Elderly Patient to Stop Driving

In the interest of public safety, the author argues for a vastly improved policy framework to help get dangerous older drivers off the road.
A Brief Commentary on “Notes on a Catholic Vision of Pluralism”

May I first of all express my appreciation for Father Leavitt’s rich and wide-ranging paper. As a systematic theologian I am grateful for his historical survey of Catholic attitudes toward pluralism, for his assessment of the grounds provided by Vatican II for affirming and qualifying pluralism, and for his view of contemporary pluralism and Catholic thought.
A Comparative Study of Lectin Affinity Based Plant N-Glycoproteome Profiling Using Tomato Fruit as a Model

Lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) can provide a valuable front-end enrichment strategy for the study of N-glycoproteins and has been used to characterize a broad range eukaryotic N-glycoproteomes. Moreover, studies with mammalian systems have suggested that the use of multiple lectins with different affinities can be particularly effective. A multi-lectin approach has also been reported to provide a significant benefit for the analysis of plant N-glycoproteins; however, it has yet to be determined whether certain lectins, or combinations of lectins are optimal for plant N-glycoproteome profiling; or whether specific lectins show preferential association with particular N-glycosylation sites or N-glycan structures. We describe here a comparative study of three mannose-binding lectins, concanavalin A, snowdrop lectin, and lentil lectin, to profile the N-glycoproteome of mature green stage tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit pericarp. Through coupling lectin affinity chromatography with a shotgun proteomics strategy, we identified 448 putative N-glycoproteins, whereas a parallel lectin affinity chromatography plus hydrophilic interaction chromatography analysis revealed 318 putative N-glycosylation sites on 230 N-glycoproteins, of which 100 overlapped with the shotgun analysis, as well as 17 N-glycan structures. The use of multiple lectins substantially increased N-glycoproteome coverage and although there were no discernible differences in the structures of N-glycans, or the charge, isoelectric point (pI) or hydrophobicity of the glycopeptides that differentially bound to each lectin, differences were observed in the amino acid frequency at the −1 and +1 subsites of the N-glycosylation sites. We also demonstrated an alternative and complementary in planta recombinant expression strategy, followed by affinity MS analysis, to identify the putative N-glycan structures of glycoproteins whose abundance is too low to be readily determined by a shotgun approach, and/or combined with deglycosylation for predicted deamidated sites, using a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase inhibitor protein as an example.
Validation Sequence Optimization: A Theoretical Approach

The need to validate large amounts of data with the help of the domain expert arises naturally in many data-intensive applications, including data mining, data stream, and database-related applications. This paper presents a general validation approach that generalizes different expert-driven validation methods developed for specialized validation problems. In particular, we model the validation process as a sequence of validation operators, explore various properties of such sequences, and present theoretical results that provide for better understanding of the validation process. We also address the problem of selecting the best validation sequence among the class of equivalent sequence permutations. We demonstrate that this optimization problem is NP-hard and present two heuristic algorithms for improving validation sequences.
Kinetics of Tempol for Prevention of Xerostomia Following Head and Neck Irradiation in a Mouse Model

Purpose: Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat the majority of patients with head and neck cancers. Salivary glands in the radiation field are dramatically affected by this procedure. The purpose of this study was to examine pharmacokinetic characteristics of the stable nitroxide 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- N -oxyl (tempol) with respect to radioprotection of the salivary glands. Experimental Design: To evaluate the effect of different doses and times of administration, the heads of C3H mice were exposed to a single irradiation dose of 15 Gy, with i.p. tempol injection. To analyze other routes of administration, we injected 275 mg/kg tempol by an i.m., i.v., or s.c. route, 10 minutes before irradiation. We also tested whether oral administration of tempol in a topical form (either in a mouthwash or gel) provided any salivary gland protection. Results: Tempol treatment (137.5 or 275 mg/kg, i.p., 10 minutes before irradiation) significantly reduced irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction (∼50-60%). I.v. or s.c. administration of tempol also showed significant radioprotection, whereas i.m. administration proved to be ineffective. Topical use of tempol, either as a mouthwash or gel, also was radioprotective. Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that tempol is a promising candidate for clinical application to protect salivary glands in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.
SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE IN CARBOXYLIC ACID MEDIA. A REVIEW OF THE SYNTHETIC UTILITY OF ACYLOXYBOROHYDRIDES

(1985). SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE IN CARBOXYLIC ACID MEDIA. A REVIEW OF THE SYNTHETIC UTILITY OF ACYLOXYBOROHYDRIDES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 17, No. 4-5, pp. 317-384.
Evaluation of a drug prevention program for young high risk students.

This article provides results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of a multifaceted drug prevention program for high-risk elementary and younger junior high school students. Participants were selected for the program by public school teachers and guidance counselors. These students participated in a series of meetings where they practiced skills to help them effectively handle pressures to use drugs. Researchers evaluated changes in participants' levels of knowledge about drugs, attitudes about drug use, and self-concept. Results indicate that young high-risk students will benefit from multifaceted drug prevention programs that teach life skills.
Local functional descriptors for surface comparison based binding prediction

Molecular recognition in proteins occurs due to appropriate arrangements of physical, chemical, and geometric properties of an atomic surface. Similar surface regions should create similar binding interfaces. Effective methods for comparing surface regions can be used in identifying similar regions, and to predict interactions without regard to the underlying structural scaffold that creates the surface. We present a new descriptor for protein functional surfaces and algorithms for using these descriptors to compare protein surface regions to identify ligand binding interfaces. Our approach uses descriptors of local regions of the surface, and assembles collections of matches to compare larger regions. Our approach uses a variety of physical, chemical, and geometric properties, adaptively weighting these properties as appropriate for different regions of the interface. Our approach builds a classifier based on a training corpus of examples of binding sites of the target ligand. The constructed classifiers can be applied to a query protein providing a probability for each position on the protein that the position is part of a binding interface. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on a number of benchmarks, demonstrating performance that is comparable to the state-of-the-art, with an approach with more generality than these prior methods. Local functional descriptors offer a new method for protein surface comparison that is sufficiently flexible to serve in a variety of applications.
PHYLOGENETIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF HANTAVIRUS STRAINS IN EASTERN AND WESTERN PARAGUAY

Recently, we reported the discovery of several potential rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in western (Holochilus chacarius) and eastern Paraguay (Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, and O. nigripes). Comparisons of the hantavirus S- and M-segments amplified from these four rodents revealed significant differences from each another and from other South American hantaviruses. The ALP strain from the semiarid Chaco ecoregion clustered with Leguna Negra and Rio Mamore (LN/RM), whereas the BMJ-NEB strain from the more humid lower Chaco ecoregion formed a clade with Oran and Bermejo. The other two strains, AAI and IP37/38, were distinct from known hantaviruses. With respect to the S-segment sequence, AAI from eastern Paraguay formed a clade with ALP/LN/RM, but its M-segment clustered with Pergamino and Maciel, suggesting a possible reassortment. AAI was found in areas experiencing rapid land cover fragmentation and change within the Interior Atlantic Forest. IP37/38 did not show any strong association with any of the known hantavirus strains.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE PREDICTION

Commercial and general aviation aircraft continue to encounter unexpected turbulence that is hazardous to aircraft and passengers. Accurate one to six hour forecasts of moderate or greater turbulence in a three-dimensional airspace are needed by the aviation community, but unfortunately, the small scale nature of the turbulence and the large scale nature of the existing meteorological observational network has not to date allowed turbulence forecasts with an acceptable high probability of detection and low probability of false alarm, especially in clear air at upper levels, This paper discusses efforts ongoing at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to integrate new observation techniques with various turbulence forecasting algorithms. The observation techniques allow timely nowcasts and provides quantitative data for forecast verifications. The forecasting technique uses fuzzy logic to merge many turbulence forecast indices together, taking into account known regions of validity (in terms of time and space, and also in terms of the details of the synoptic environment) of the various component algorithms, and weights each component accordingly to determine the final forecast. 1. Background
Ozone-driven daytime formation of secondary organic aerosol containing carboxylic acid groups and alkane groups

Abstract. Carboxylic acids are present in substantial quantities in atmospheric particles, and they play an important role in the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles. During measurements in coastal California in the summer of 2009, carboxylic acid functional groups were exclusively associated with a fossil fuel combustion factor derived from factor analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements and closely correlated with oxygenated organic factors from aerosol mass spectrometry measurements. The high fraction of acid groups and the high ratio of oxygen to carbon in this factor suggest that this factor is composed of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products of combustion emissions from the upwind industrial region (the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach). Another indication of the photochemically-driven secondary formation of this combustion-emitted organic mass (OM) was the daytime increase in the concentrations of acid groups and the combustion factors. This daytime increase closely tracked the O 3 mixing ratio with a correlation coefficient of 0.7, indicating O 3 was closely associated with the SOA maximum and thus likely the oxidant that resulted in acid group formation. Using a pseudo-Lagrangian framework to interpret this daytime increase of carboxylic acid groups and the combustion factors, we estimate that the carboxylic acid groups formed in a 12-h daytime period of one day ("Today's SOA") accounted for 25–33 % of the measured carboxylic acid group mass, while the remaining 67–75 % (of the carboxylic acid group mass) was likely formed 1–3 days previously (the "Background SOA"). A similar estimate of the daytime increase in the combustion factors suggests that "Today's SOA" and the "Background SOA" respectively contributed 25–50 % and 50–75 % of the combustion factor (the "Total SOA"), for a "Total SOA" contribution to the OM of 60 % for the project average. Further, size-resolved spectrometric and spectroscopic characterization of the particle OM indicate that the majority of the OM formed by condensation of gas-phase oxidation products. This unique set of measurements and methods to quantify and characterize photochemically and ozone-linked carboxylic acid group formation provide independent and consistent assessments of the secondary fraction of OM, which could result from second generation products of the oxidation of gas-phase alkane (molecules).
Attention/vigilance in schizophrenia: Performance results from a large multi-site study of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS)

Attention/vigilance impairments are present in individuals with schizophrenia across psychotic and remitted states and in their first-degree relatives. An important question is whether deficits in attention/vigilance can be consistently and reliably measured across sites varying in many participant demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics, as needed for large-scale genetic studies of endophenotypes. We examined Continuous Performance Test (CPT) data from phase 2 of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-2), the largest-scale assessment of cognitive and psychophysiological endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia. The CPT data from 2251 participants from five sites were examined. A perceptual-load vigilance task (the Degraded Stimulus CPT or DS-CPT) and a memory-load vigilance task (CPT-Identical Pairs or CPT-IP) were utilized. Schizophrenia patients performed more poorly than healthy comparison subjects (HCS) across sites, despite significant site differences in participant age, sex, education, and racial distribution. Patient-HCS differences in signal/noise discrimination (d') in the DS-CPT varied significantly across sites, but averaged a medium effect size. CPT-IP performance showed large patient-HCS differences across sites. Poor CPT performance was independent of or weakly correlated with symptom severity, but was significantly associated with lower educational achievement and functional capacity. Current smoking was associated with poorer CPT-IP d'. Patients taking both atypical and typical antipsychotic medication performed more poorly than those on no or atypical antipsychotic medications, likely reflecting their greater severity of illness. We conclude that CPT deficits in schizophrenia can be reliably detected across sites, are relatively independent of current symptom severity, and are related to functional capacity.
Distinct behavioral phenotypes in novel "fast" kindling-susceptible and "slow" kindling-resistant rat strains selected by stimulation of the hippocampal perforant path.

Kindling is a phenomenon of activity-dependent neural circuit plasticity induced by repeated seizures that results in progressive permanent increases in susceptibility to epilepsy. As the permanent structural and functional modifications induced by kindling include a diverse range of molecular, cellular, and functional alterations in neural circuits, it is of interest to determine if genetic background associated with seizure-induced plasticity might also influence plasticity in neural circuitry underlying other behaviors. Outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and bred for ~15 generations for "fast' or "slow" rates of kindling development in response to stimulation of the perforant path input to the hippocampus. After 7-8 generations of selection and breeding, consistent phenotypes of "fast" and "slow" kindling rates were observed. By the 15th generation "fast" kindling rats referred to as Perforant Path Kindling Susceptible (PPKS) rats demonstrated a kindling rate of 10.7 ± 1.1 afterdischarges (ADs) to the milestone of the first secondary generalized (Class V) seizure, which differed significantly from "slow" kindling Perforant Path Kindling Resistant (PPKR) rats requiring 25.5 ± 2.0 ADs, and outbred SD rats requiring 16.8 ± 2.5 ADs (p<0.001, ANOVA). Seizure-naive adult PPKS and PPKR rats from offspring of this generation and age-matched adult outbred SD rats were compared in validated behavioral measures including the open field test as a measure of exploratory activity, the Morris water maze as a measure of hippocampal spatial memory, and fear conditioning as a behavioral paradigm of associative fear learning. The PPKS ("fast" kindling) strain with increased susceptibility to seizure-induced plasticity demonstrated statistically significant increases in motor exploratory activity in the open field test and reduced spatial learning the Morris water maze, but demonstrated normal fear conditioned learning comparable to outbred SD rats and the "slow" kindling-resistant PPKR strain. These results confirm that selection and breeding on the basis of responses to repeated pathway activation by stimulation can produce enduring modification of genetic background influencing behavior. These observations also suggest that genetic background underlying susceptibility or resistance to seizure-induced plasticity in hippocampal circuitry also differentially influences distinct behaviors and learning that depend on circuitry activated by the kindling selection process, and may have implications for associations between epilepsy, comorbid behavioral conditions, and cognition.
A small multigene hydroxyproline- O -galactosyltransferase family functions in arabinogalactan-protein glycosylation, growth and development in Arabidopsis

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous components of cell walls throughout the plant kingdom and are extensively post translationally modified by conversion of proline to hydroxyproline (Hyp) and by addition of arabinogalactan polysaccharides (AG) to Hyp residues. AGPs are implicated to function in various aspects of plant growth and development, but the functional contributions of AGP glycans remain to be elucidated. Hyp glycosylation is initiated by the action of a set of Hyp-O-galactosyltransferase (Hyp-O-GALT) enzymes that remain to be fully characterized. Three members of the GT31 family (GALT3-At3g06440, GALT4-At1g27120, and GALT6-At5g62620) were identified as Hyp-O-GALT genes by heterologous expression in tobacco leaf epidermal cells and examined along with two previously characterized Hyp-O-GALT genes, GALT2 and GALT5. Transcript profiling by real-time PCR of these five Hyp-O-GALTs revealed overlapping but distinct expression patterns. Transiently expressed GALT3, GALT4 and GALT6 fluorescent protein fusions were localized within Golgi vesicles. Biochemical analysis of knock-out mutants for the five Hyp-O-GALT genes revealed significant reductions in both AGP-specific Hyp-O-GALT activity and β-Gal-Yariv precipitable AGPs. Further phenotypic analysis of these mutants demonstrated reduced root hair growth, reduced seed coat mucilage, reduced seed set, and accelerated leaf senescence. The mutants also displayed several conditional phenotypes, including impaired root growth, and defective anisotropic growth of root tips under salt stress, as well as less sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of β-Gal-Yariv reagent in roots and pollen tubes. This study provides evidence that all five Hyp-O-GALT genes encode enzymes that catalyze the initial steps of AGP galactosylation and that AGP glycans play essential roles in both vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
Background motion, clutter, and the impact on virtual object motion perception in augmented reality

Background motion and visual clutter are present in almost all augmented reality applications. However, there is minimal prior work that has investigated the effects that background motion and clutter (e.g., a busy city street) can have on the perception of virtual object motion in augmented reality. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment in which participants' perceptions of changes in overlaid virtual object velocity were tested with several levels of background motion, background clutter, virtual object motion, and virtual object clutter. Our experiment offers a novel approach to assessing virtual object motion perception and gives new insights into the impact that background clutter and motion has on perception in augmented reality.
(Invited) Investigations into the Formation of Germanene Using Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (E-ALD)

This paper will discuss possible formation of germanene electrochemically. Germanene should be a single layer allotrope of Ge. The techniques of in-situ electrochemical STM (EC-STM), voltammetry, coulometry, and micro-Raman have been used to investigate the electrochemical formation of germanene. Studies on Au(111) show that the initial deposition of Ge is kinetically slow and somewhat unstable, whereas the self-limited layer of Ge is stable and shows atomic distances of about 0.44 nm ± 0.02 nm. Micro-Raman was performed on Ge nanofilms, but only displayed a shift near 290 cm^(-1) in one area. Given the STM results, it appears that the coherence of the germanene domains will need to be increased in order to more consistently produce the Raman signal. The data presented suggest that germanene has been formed electrochemically, although only as a minority species.
Light-Enhanced Catalysis by Pyridoxal Phosphate Dependent Aspartate Aminotransferase

The mechanisms of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes require substrates to form covalent "external aldimine" intermediates, which absorb light strongly between 410 and 430 nm. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) is a prototypical PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate with oxalacetate and glutamate. From kinetic isotope effects studies, it is known that deprotonation of the aspartate external aldimine C(α)-H bond to give a carbanionic quinonoid intermediate is partially rate limiting in the thermal AAT reaction. We show that excitation of the 430-nm external aldimine absorption band increases the steady-state catalytic activity of AAT, which is attributed to the photoenhancement of C(α)-H deprotonation on the basis of studies with Schiff bases in solution. Blue light (250 mW) illumination gives an observed 2.3-fold rate enhancement for WT AAT activity, a 530-fold enhancement for the inactive K258A mutant, and a 58600-fold enhancement for the PLP-Asp Schiff base in water. These different levels of enhancement correlate with the intrinsic reactivities of the C(α)-H bond in the different environments, with the less reactive Schiff bases exhibiting greater enhancement. Time-resolved spectroscopy, ranging from femtoseconds to minutes, was used to investigate the nature of the photoactivation of C(α)-H bond cleavage in PLP-amino acid Schiff bases both in water and bound to AAT. Unlike the thermal pathway, the photoactivation pathway involves a triplet state with a C(α)-H pK(a) that is estimated to be between 11 and 19 units lower than the ground state for the PLP-Val Schiff base in water.
Is Difficulty with Balance Different from Difficulty Walking in Parkinson's Disease? (P06.047)

Objective: To determine whether difficulty with balance is different from difficulty walking and whether one or the other is more likely to result in falls. Background Patients with Parkinson9s disease (PD) suffer from disorders of balance and walking. Usually, the difficulty walking responds to anti-PD drugs and deep brain stimulation (DBS) but the balance difficulty may not. There is a need to develop a means of distinguishing one from the other to facilitate treatment. Design/Methods: Balance was studied using the self-administered Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) question in 102 PD patients. The results were compared with those of the self-administered walking and balance question from the Experiences of Daily Living (EDL ) of the revised Unified Parkinson9s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and with the UPDRS subtests of postural stability (PS), and the “pull test” - a test of balance. T-tests and/or chi-square tests were used to compare the appropriate variables. Results: Fifty-five of 102 patients reported difficulty on the BNI question and 64 patients reported difficulty on the UPDRS question. The patients who reported difficulty on either question had a significantly longer duration of PD and a higher UPDRS motor score. Of the patients who reported difficulty on the BNI question, 74.5% had a PS score ≥ 2 and 25.4% had at least 3 falls per month. Of the patients who reported difficulty on the UPDRS question, only 59.4 % had a PS score ≥ 2 and only 10.9% had at least 3 falls per month. Conclusions: The BNI balance question is better able to detect balance difficulty and falls than the walking and balance question on the UPDRS. The BNI question will be useful in evaluating patients before (and after) pharmacological and surgical procedures that impact balance. Disclosure: Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krishnamurthi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Santiago has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhall has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Pharmacuticals as a speaker. Dr. Moguel-Cobos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sadreddin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Husain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Salins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhanani has nothing to disclose.
Eosinophilic Pelger-Huët anomaly with myeloproliferative disorder.

Two patients with eosinophilia, leukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytosis had decreased nuclear segmentation in their circulating eosinophils. This acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly was not seen in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils of these patients. Histochemical and electron microscopic examination of the morphologically abnormal cells confirmed their eosinophilic nature.
Research and development on expert system of continue casting slab quality justification

Using industry producing experimental data as samples, together with the actual middle and thick slab factory's actual producing conditions and the controlling requirements of middle and thick slab hot sending and hot packaging, and taken the surface longitudinal cracks as an example, applying expert system'sdeveloping thoughts,the paper sets up the knowledge base of continue casting slab quality defects;u-tilizing positive reasoning system, does outline justification reasoning and decisions on continue casting slab,and gives relative defects happening reason explanation, adopting VC6. 0 to build up the HMI, Databaseof Oracle, completing system's outline debugging. The system can have higher justification accuracy, (more than 92. 2%),and lower ignoring justification rate(less than 10%). This is a good preparation for the online debugging and producing.
The Radiographic Approach to Injuries of the Prostatomembranous Urethra in Children

AbstractWe favor initial non-operative treatment (suprapubic cystostomy drainage only) for prostatomembranous urethral injuries in children and adolescents. Non-operative treatment usually results in uncomplicated strictures that can be corrected by a 1-stage transperineal or transpubic operation 4 to 6 months later. A hands-off diagnostic approach, which relies on excretory urography and retrograde injection urethrography to demonstrate partial and complete tears, eliminates the need for blind passage of catheters, an invasive procedure that may lead to complicated strictures unsuitable for a 1-stage repair. If a 1-stage repair is planned it is necessary to determine the length of the stricture, whether there are local complications and whether the anterior urethra can be widely mobilized. The radiographic techniques used to plan a corrective operation and to evaluate the results are described.