cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic exposure modifies platelet morphology and function in vitro

Abstract Samples of human platelet rich plasma (PRP) exposed to 1 MHz ultrasonic irradiation contained more cellular debris than their controls, indicating that a small population of the cells had been disrupted, possibly by some form of cavitation-like activity. The surviving cells appeared undamaged under the electron microscope and functioned as well as their controls in forming a platelet thrombus when tested immediately after the ultrasonic exposure but not after a 30 min incubation at 22°C. Parallel studies showed that incubation of control platelets with substances released from damaged or disrupted platelets could mimic the changes seen in incubated samples which had previously been exposed to ultrasound.
Estimation of dynamic petrophysical properties of water-bearing sands invaded with oil-base mud from the interpretation of multiple borehole geophysical measurements

ABSTRACTNonmiscible fluid displacement without salt exchange takes place when oil-base mud (OBM) invades connate water-saturated rocks. This is a favorable condition for the estimation of dynamic petrophysical properties, including saturation-dependent capillary pressure. We developed and successfully tested a new method to estimate porosity, fluid saturation, permeability, capillary pressure, and relative permeability of water-bearing sands invaded with OBM from multiple borehole geophysical measurements. The estimation method simulates the process of mud-filtrate invasion to calculate the corresponding radial distribution of water saturation. Porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, and relative permeability are iteratively adjusted in the simulation of invasion until density, photoelectric factor, neutron porosity, and apparent resistivity logs are accurately reproduced with numerical simulations that honor the postinvasion radial distribution of water saturation. Examples of application include oil...
Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis

The Arctic water cycle has experienced an unprecedented degree of change which may have planetary-scale impacts. The year 2007 in particular not only was unique in terms of minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean but also was a record breaking year for Eurasian river inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Over the observational period from 1936 to 2006, the mean annual river discharge for the six largest Russian rivers was 1796 km3 y−1, with the previous record high being 2080 km3 y−1, in 2002. The year 2007 showed a massive flux of fresh water from these six drainage basins of 2254 km3 y−1. We investigated the hydroclimatological conditions for such extreme river discharge and found that while that year's flow was unusually high, the overall spatial patterns were consistent with the hydroclimatic trends since 1980, indicating that 2007 was not an aberration but a part of the general trend. We wanted to extend our hydroclimatological analysis of river discharge anomalies to seasonal and monthly time steps; however, there were limits to such analyses due to the direct human impact on the river systems. Using reconstructions of the naturalized hydrographs over the Yenisey basin we defined the limits to analysis due to the effect of reservoirs on river discharge. For annual time steps the trends are less impacted by dam construction, whereas for seasonal and monthly time steps these data are confounded by the two sources of change, and the climate change signals were overwhelmed by the human-induced river impoundments. We offer two solutions to this problem; first, we recommend wider use of algorithms to 'naturalize' the river discharge data and, second, we suggest the identification of a network of existing and stable river monitoring sites to be used for climate change analysis.
A novel high-sensitive miniaturized optical system for fluorescence detection

This paper presents a novel, high sensitive and miniaturized fluorescence detection system which integrated a LED light source, all necessary optical components and a photodiode with preamplifier into one package about 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm especially for the applications of lab-on-a-chip, portable bio-detection system and point-of-care diagnostic system. The prototype has been tested using the fluorescence dye 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) dissolved into solvent DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) and diluted with DI water as the testing solution samples. Resolution approximation method is accepted to evaluate the sensitivity. The testing results prove a remarkable sensitivity at pico-scale molar, around 1.08 pM/L, which should meet the most of bio-detection requirements. This cost-effective detection system can be widely integrated to the portable device and system for fluorescent detection in biological, chemical, medical, point-of-care applications.
Comprehending Childhood Bereavement by Parental Suicide: A Critical Review of Research on Outcomes, Grief Processes, and Interventions

The experience of bereavement by parental suicide is not well understood, as evidenced by the lack of empirically supported interventions for this underserved population. This article reviews quantitative and qualitative research on the psychopathological outcomes and thematic characteristics of childhood and adolescent suicide survivorship and moderating variables such as life stressors, stigma, the manner of communication about the suicide, and the surviving parent's functioning. The authors outline several approaches to intervention and address conceptual and methodological challenges within the field. With the ultimate goal of efficacious intervention, recommendations for future priorities and the use of unconventional research methods are offered.
Absence of DNA Polymerase η Reveals Targeting of C Mutations on the Nontranscribed Strand in Immunoglobulin Switch Regions

Activation-induced cytosine deaminase preferentially deaminates C in DNA on the nontranscribed strand in vitro, which theoretically should produce a large increase in mutations of C during hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. However, a bias for C mutations has not been observed among the mutations in variable genes. Therefore, we examined mutations in the μ and γ switch regions, which can form stable secondary structures, to look for C mutations. To further simplify the pattern, mutations were studied in the absence of DNA polymerase (pol) η, which may produce substitutions of nucleotides downstream of C. DNA from lymphocytes of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) disease, whose polymerase η is defective, had the same frequency of switching to all four γ isotypes and hypermutation in μ-γ switch sites (0.5% mutations per basepair) as control subjects. There were fewer mutations of A and T bases in the XP-V clones, similar to variable gene mutations from these patients, which confirms that polymerase η produces substitutions opposite A and T. Most importantly, the absence of polymerase η revealed an increase in C mutations on the nontranscribed strand. This data shows for the first time that C is preferentially mutated in vivo and pol η generates hypermutation in the μ and γ switch regions.
Sociological theory: Looking forward

A brief model of the rise, salience, criticism, and relative decline of theoretical perspec tives in sociology is sketched, citing the dominance of sociological positivism in the early part of the twentieth century as an example. Classical evolutionary theory and structural-functionalism are also mentioned as illustrations. Viewing the contemporary theoretical scene, the author sees a kind of peaceful pluralism as a visible motif, and some modest signs of integrative or synthetic theoretical activity on the horizon.
On nonlinear dynamic analysis using substructuring and mode superposition

Abstract The solution of nonlinear dynamic equilibrium equations using mode superposition and substructuring is studied. The objective is to design schemes that in some analyses can significantly decrease the computational effort involved when compared to a complete direct integration solution. Specific schemes for mode superposition analysis and substructuring are proposed. These techniques have been implemented in ADINA. The results of a few sample analyses are presented and recommendations are given on the use of these procedures in practical analysis.
External knowledge acquisition and innovation: the role of supply chain network-oriented flexibility and organisational awareness

In today’s dynamic business environment, building flexibility into product innovation has become increasingly important. Applying an absorptive capacity lens, this paper develops and empirically tests an integrative model linking external knowledge acquisition (EKA) with supply chain and product innovation flexibilities, and examines the moderating effect of organisational awareness (OA) (a form of individual knowledge base) on these constructs. It is one of a select few papers that explores the effect of both internal capability and external knowledge on innovation flexibility, and discusses both supply chain and human resource development implications. Results indicate that supply chain network flexibility and information spanning flexibility play a mediating role between EKA and product innovation flexibility (PIF), illustrating the importance of flexible supply chain networks and information distribution structures in facilitating the transformation of external knowledge into innovation. The study pro...
Baseline Sensitivity of Didymella bryoniae to Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil and Field Efficacy of these Fungicides Against Isolates Resistant to Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid.

To prevent yield reductions from gummy stem blight, fungicides often must be applied to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Didymella bryoniae, the ascomycete fungus that causes gummy stem blight, is resistant to thiophanate-methyl, quinone-outside inhibitors (QoI), boscalid, and penthiopyrad. In place of these fungicides, premixtures of cyprodinil and fludioxonil (Switch 62.5WG) or cyprodinil and difenoconazole (Inspire Super 2.82SC) are used. The objectives of this study were to examine baseline isolates of D. bryoniae for sensitivity to cyprodinil and fludioxonil and to determine the efficacy of cyprodinil-fludioxonil and cyprodinil-difenoconazole against isolates resistant to QoI fungicides and boscalid. Colony diameters of 146 isolates of D. bryoniae collected in South Carolina and other U.S. states prior to 2008 were measured on glucose minimal medium amended with cyprodinil or fludioxonil. Mean effective concentration values that reduced relative colony diameter by 50% were...
Molecular Systematics and Historical Biogeography of the Missouri Saddled Darter Etheostoma tetrazonum (Actinopterygii: Percidae)

Abstract The Missouri saddled darter, Etheostoma tetrazonum, is endemic to the state of Missouri where it inhabits medium to large creeks and streams in the Ozark region. Two morphologically distinct forms of the species have been identified on the basis of color pattern in breeding males, one form restricted to the Meramec River drainage and another found in the Gasconade, Osage, and Moreau River drainages. Given the rather striking differences in color pattern, a molecular character set was assembled to determine the extent of genetic variation between these two forms and whether additional drainage specific patterns of divergence were present. Complete cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences were obtained from 36 individuals of E. tetrazonum representing 13 populations from throughout its range. Phylogenetic analysis of these data resulted in two, well-supported monophyletic groups within E. tetrazonum: one consisting of individuals from the Meramec River drainage and the other consisting of individuals from th...
Effect of Selected Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Phosphorus Sustainability in Sterile and Non‐sterile Soils in the Harran Plain in South Anatolia

Abstract The Southeastern Anatolian Project (SAP, Turkish acronym GAP) is the largest irrigation and development project of Turkey covering about two million ha cultivated land. A number of field experiments in the region with different crops including maize, wheat, and cotton, have repeatedly shown that increased applications of phosphorus (P) fertilizers (i.e., from 0 kg P2O5 ha−1 up to 200 kg P2O5 ha−1) do not lead to any effects on crop yield in soils with low plant available P concentration. The aim of the research was to determine the potential effect of indigenous mycorrhiza and selected mycorrhiza species on plant growth and nutrient uptake under sterile and non‐sterile soil conditions. The preliminary results led us to study the effect of indigenous mycorrhizae potential on the growth of plants and P nutrition in a representative soil from the GAP under greenhouse conditions. Using inoculation of three different mycorrhizae species (Glomus caledonium, G. etunicatum, and G. mossea) maize plants we...
Adventive Vertebrates and Historical Ecology in the Pre-Columbian Neotropics

The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere (ca. AD 1500) is generally used as a convenient reference point for signaling the early appearance of invasive faunas. Although use of this date embraces an implicit belief in benign landscape management by pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas, substantial evidence for the anthropogenic movement of domesticated, wild, and synanthropic vertebrates throughout the Neotropics suggests that it may be an exaggerated and erroneous reference point for the aims of ecological restoration and biological conservation.
The late pollen actins are essential for normal male and female development in Arabidopsis.

In angiosperms the late pollen actins (LPAs) are strongly expressed in mature pollen and pollen tubes and at much lower levels in ovules. Four Arabidopsis lines with homozygous knockout mutations in the four individual LPA genes displayed normal flowers, pollen, and seed set. However, when all four LPAs were silenced simultaneously with a single RNA interference (RNAi) construct targeting the 3′UTR of each mRNA, obvious reproductive defects were observed. Western analysis of various Late Pollen actin RNA interference (LPRi) epialleles showed total LPA protein and RNA expression levels were knocked down from 0% to 95% compared to wild-type levels. Reciprocal crosses with the RNAi lines demonstrated that lowered LPA expression was associated with defects in both male and female fertility. Strong epialleles showed significant reductions in normal silique and seed production and were nearly sterile. Dissection of the siliques from moderate LPRi epialleles revealed many unfertilized ovules, increased numbers of aborted seeds, and decreased numbers of healthy seeds. Microscopic analysis of LPRi pollen indicated that the pollen shape and size were normal, but pollen germinated poorly. While multiple LPA genes may have some functional redundancy, the combined expression of multiple LPA genes appears essential to normal male and female reproductive development.
Clinical and Molecular diagnosis of Nager syndrome in a preterm Infant (27 week gestation) – A case report

An 800-gram male baby was bom as product of twin 27-week gestation by emergency C-section due to fetal distress. The first male baby was phenotypically normal and required little resuscitation. The second baby has multiple congenital anomalies including triangular face, down slanting palbebral fissures, cleft palate, small low set posterior rotated ears with preauricuiar and buccal skin tags, absent thumbs, elbow contractures and by X-ray showed radioulnar synostosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed horse-shoe kidney with grade I hydronephrosis, which later complicated by bilateral renal calculi. Echochardiogram showed PDA, which was treated medically. The baby required ventilatory support due to severe tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia, and tracheostomy was done before extubation. Due to gastro-oesphageal reflux, the baby was fed by D-tube feeding through the period of hospitalization till G-tube was placed with fundoplication. Pathology study of the placenta showed that it is diamniotic, dichorionic placenta. The baby did not pass BAER test, with suggestion of mild to moderate bilateral deafness. Karyotype showed normal 46, XY male for the proband and his twin brother. A chromosome breakage study was doneto rule out Fanconi syndrome and it was negative. A FISH study using ZFP37 probe, which has been mapped on 9q32 and is expressed in several human tissues including fetal cartilage and could be linked to Nager's syndrome, is in progress. DNA sequencing mutation study of that ZFP37 in our patient will also be explored.
X-Ray Photoemission Cross-Section Modulation in Diamond, Silicon, Germanium, Methane, Silane, and Germane

The high-resolution x-ray-photoemission-spectroscopy (XPS) valence-band spectrum from a cleaved natural-diamond single crystal is reported. The absence of extrinsic structure allows a reliable comparison with band theory. The XPS molecular-orbital spectra of methane, silane, and germane are also given. The modulation of photoelectric cross sections in the valence bands of diamond, Si, and Ge are discussed and compared with atomic XPS cross sections derived from the spectra of C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, Si${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, and Ge${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$.
Shedding light on the Hawthorne studies

The Hawthorne Studies on social influences in the workplace have weathered decades of scholarly attack. Hawthorne critics have generally misunderstood or misrepresented the modest ideological and methodological presumptions of this pioneering research, which was intended to generate, not verify, hypotheses. This article reviews the decades of controversy within the historical context of the discipline of organizational behaviour. Original research records, and recent interviews with the actual study participants support the validity and importance of the original research reports.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a powerful tool for the study of carbohydrates in aqueous solutions

FT-IR spectral investigations on carbohydrates were undertaken in aqueous media in order to facilitate the assignments of vibrational bands. For pure anomeric forms of glucose, FT-IR spectra obtained as a function of time revealed many changes in spectral content, providing new information about anomer characteristic bands in aqueous media. It was also found that fructose, which is known to undergo complex mutarotation, exhibits two types of spectral changes, whereas glucose, which undergoes simple mutarotation, shows a single type of spectral change. Thus FT-IR spectral investigations in aqueous carbohydrates should be able to distinguish between simple and complex mutarotation cases. As a vibrational spectroscopic technique, the importance of FT-IR spectroscopy is further emphasized by showing that Raman spectroscopy is not sensitive enough to reveal the structural changes of carbohydrates in aqueous media.
Diel Feeding, Daily Food Intake, and Daphnia Consumption by Age-0 Gizzard Shad in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Young gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum can have dramatic effects on ecosystem structure because their high consumptive demand can eliminate crustacean zooplankton populations. The objective of this study was to examine diel feeding chronology of age-0 gizzard shad (25–89 mm total length), as well as their daily ration and consumption of Daphnia spp., in Oneida Lake during 1991 and 1992. Gastric evacuation titres, treasured experimentally, were faster for fish fed continuously (0.8–1.8 h) than for fish fed single meals of zooplankton (4.0–7.2 h) and were influenced by fish size. In Oneida Lake, young gizzard shad exhibited a diel feeding cycle; gut fullness gradually increased to a maximum during 1100–1900 hours and declined during the night. Juvenile gizzard shad shifted from a diet of exclusively zooplankton in July to a combination of zooplankton, algae, and detritus in August. Estimates of total daily ration ranged from 1.2 to 21.3% of wet body weight, and total daily ration of young gizzard s...
Electron micrographic investigations of C-phycocyanin.

Abstract C-Phycocyanin extracted from the blue-green alga Plectonema calothricoides was investigated with the electron microscope and the contrasting technique. Potassium phosphotungstate and uranyl acetate were used as contrast agents. Round structures with a central hole were evident and were interpreted as being the hexamer structure postulated from independent physical studies. Higher magnification demonstrated the hexamer to indeed consist of six globular monomer units. The morphology of the monomer unit and a possible trimer unit are also discussed.
Global phase structure of the restricted isosceles three-body problem with positive energy

We study a restricted three-body problem with special symmetries: the restricted isosceles three-body problem. For positive energy the energy manifold is partially compactified by adding boundary manifolds corresponding to infinity and triple collision. We use a new set of coordinates which are a variation on the McGehee coordinates of celestial mechanics. These boundary manifolds are used to study the global phase structure of this gradational system. The orbits are classified by intersection number, that is the number of times the infinitesimal body cross the line of syzygy before escaping to infinity
ELECTRON ESCAPE FROM NEGATIVELY CHARGED VORTEX RINGS INCIDENT ON THE FREE SURFACE OF He II.

Abstract It is porposed that an electron tunnels into the vapor from the electronic bubble trapped on the vortex ring. A measurement of the electron energy in the vapor yields the ground state energy of the electronic bubble.
Prognostic significance of valvular regurgitation in patients with infective endocarditis

Purpose Doppler ultrasound is a sensitive modality for detecting and quantitating valvular regurgitation in patients with infective endocarditis. Because valvular regurgitation leads to heart failure, we evaluated the prognostic significance of Doppler-detected valvular regurgitation in patients with endocarditis who had not yet developed clinical heart failure. Patients and methods We reviewed the medical records of 65 patients with a clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis from May 1985 to March 1990. A total of 49 patients were included in the study: 33 patients with native valve endocarditis and 16 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. The initial Doppler echocardiogram was examined in these patients to determine the presence and degree of valvular regurgitation. RESULTS: Significant (moderate to severe) valvular regurgitation was detected in 23 (47%) patients. The presence or absence of significant valvular regurgitation did not predict the development of congestive heart failure, the need for surgery, or death (p = NS). The development of congestive heart failure was significantly associated with the need for surgery (p Conclusion We conclude that the detection of significant valvular regurgitation in patients with infective endocarditis who have not yet developed heart failure is not predictive of future complications nor does the absence of significant valvular regurgitation identify a group of patients with a more favorable prognosis. In our series, patients who developed congestive heart failure had a significantly higher incidence of surgery and death. Therefore, decisions regarding clinical management in patients with infective endocarditis should not be made solely on the presence or absence of echocardiographically detected valvular regurgitation.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE UTERUS AND ITS TISSUE CONTENTS IN LATE GESTATION: A COMPARISON OF SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS USING TWO DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

The oxygen consumption (ml./kg/min) of the pregnant uterus and its contents has been estimated in near term ewes by two methods based on different assumptions and techniques: (1) by equating it with the decrease in the oxygen consumption of the ewe which followed occlusion of the uterine circulation, and (2) as the product of the (A-V)O2 across the uterus and the rate (ml./kg/min) of uterine blood flow estimated by the diffusion equilibrium method. The results obtained by these two methods are in good agreement. The mean value obtained by each method was 9·2 ml./kg/min.
EFFECT OF TIME OF REDUCTION OF RENAL MASS ON DEVELOPMENT OF ADRENAL-REGENERATION HYPERTENSION.

Summary1. Salt-treated, uninephrecto-mized-adrenalectomized and contralaterally adrenal enucleated female rats in which those operative steps are performed shortly after weaning (zero time) show a higher mean terminal blood pressure and greater enlargement of heart, kidney, brain and spleen than do similar rats that are operated on 2 weeks after zero time. 2. Performance of the uni-nephrectomy 2 weeks after uniadrenalectomy and adrenal enucleation results in significantly lower terminal mean blood pressure and correspondingly lower lesion severity indices. This suggests that the enucleation step proper is the crucial operation in bringing about the full severity of the hypertensive syndrome. 3. Uninephrectomy and uniadrenalectomy on day zero and contralateral enucleation of the compensatorily-hypertrophied adrenal 2 weeks later results in mean terminal blood pressure and lesion severity indices comparable to those rats in which these operations are carried out at zero time. Blood pressure only rises steep...
Formal institutions and foreign direct investment

This study examines the impact of formal institutions on foreign direct investment. First, the quality (strength or weakness) of formal institutions in host countries is analyzed. Second, the absolute differences in the quality of formal institutions between the host and home countries are examined. The results show that (1) strong formal institutions in host countries positively influence FDI flows and (2) the larger the institutional distance between the home and host country, the lesser the FDI inflows. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dying Well in Corrections: Why Should We Care?

Why should anyone care how convicts die? For some, humane treatment is the right thing to do, but others feel criminals deserve whatever happens. American courts have affirmed society's responsibility to provide a community level of care for prisoners. Many challenges confronting corrections in delivering end-of-life care are similar to those facing the nation's health care system. Chronically ill and infirm elderly patients often feel imprisoned by their diseases, disability, and confinement within medical institutions. Prison hospices represent a constructive development. The staff and inmate volunteers who work in them have important lessons to teach our contemporary society.
Response of cells of human origin, normal and malignant, to acute and low dose rate irradiation☆☆☆

Abstract Dose response curves were obtained for normal human fibroblasts and for several cell lines derived from human tumors, including melanomas and an osteosarcoma. Most of the tumor lines are similar in radiosensitivity to the normal fibroblasts, except for the melanoma lines, which are significantly more resistant. The two melanoma lines differ, one being much more radioresistant than the other. Potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) has been studied in these cell lines as well. The extent of PLDR does not appear to correlate with radioresistance; for example, the most resistant melanoma line shows very little repair of PLD. In addition, the normal fibroblasts repair PLD at least as well as any of the tumor derived lines, which casts doubts on the wisdom of introducing into clinical practice inhibitors of PLD until a clear differential between normal tissues and tumors has been demonstrated in vivo . Low dose-rate studies with normal human fibroblasts indicate a smaller dose-rate effect than for most established cell lines of rodent origin. Indeed, in the human cells studied, the effect of sublethal damage repair is quantitatively similar to the repair of potentially lethal damage. Dose response curves for acute and protracted exposures have been obtained for cells derived from patients with cancer-prone syndromes including ataxia telangiectasin (AT) and Bloom's syndrome. Both cell tines are much more radiosensitive than normal human fibroblasts; the AT cells show a dose-rate effect, while Bloom's syndrome cells do not.
Entropy and specific heat of superfluid helium at the lambda point

Abstract The critical change in the entropy is calculated. As experimental tests, the theory predicts anomalous dispersion of second sound in bulk HeII and a logarithmic dependence of the specific heat of a HeII film upon its thickness.
Longitudinal measurements of bone density and biochemical indices in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism.

A large number of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism today do not undergo parathyroidectomy. In this prospective study, we evaluated the effect of untreated disease on biochemical and bone densitometric indices. In 66 patients, seven annual measurements showed no change in serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH, vitamin D, or alkaline phosphatase; in urinary calcium, hydroxyproline or hydroxypyridinium cross-link excretion; or lumbar spine, femoral neck, and radial bone mineral density. The subset of postmenopausal women also showed no change in biochemical indices or bone density at any of the three sites. Twenty-four patients met guidelines for surgery as established by the NIH Consensus Conference, 1990. They differed from those who did not meet these guidelines only by being younger (50 +/- 3 vs. 62 +/- 2 yr; P = 0.0005) and by having higher urinary calcium excretion [7.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/L (310 +/- 37 vs. 215 +/- 14 mg/g creatinine); P < 0.01]. No longitudinal changes in biochemical profil...
Development and Validation of a Positive Youth Development Measure The Bridge-Positive Youth Development

Objective:Positive Youth Development (PYD) is a resilience-based framework that accentuates positive traits in youth. PYD constructs are characteristics that are hypothesized to promote healthy dev...
Laser-Focused Atomic Deposition

The ability to fabricate nanometer-sized structures that are stable in air has the potential to contribute significantly to the advancement of new nanotechnologies and our understanding of nanoscale systems. Laser light can be used to control the motion of atoms on a nanoscopic scale. Chromium atoms were focused by a standing-wave laser field as they deposited onto a silicon substrate. The resulting nanostructure consisted of a series of narrow lines covering 0.4 millimeter by 1 millimeter. Atomic force microscopy measurements showed a line width of 65 +/- 6 nanometers, a spacing of 212.78 nanometers, and a height of 34 +/-+ 10 nanometers. The observed line widths and shapes are compared with the predictions of a semiclassical atom optical model.
Molecular cloning and analysis of the gene encoding the NADH oxidase from Streptococcus faecalis 10C1 : comparison with NADH peroxidase and the flavoprotein disulfide reductases

The gene encoding the streptococcal flavoprotein NADH oxidase (NOXase), which catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2-->2H2O, has been cloned and sequenced from the genome of Streptococcus (Enterococcus) faecalis 10C1 (ATCC 11700). The deduced NOXase protein sequence corresponds to a molecular mass of 48.9 kDa and contains three previously sequenced cysteinyl peptides obtained with the purified enzyme. In Escherichia coli, the expressed nox gene produced a catalytically active product, which retained its immunoreactivity to affinity-purified NOXase antisera. Alignment of the NOXase protein sequence with that of streptococcal NADH peroxidase (NPXase) revealed that the proteins are 44% identical. Among the most highly conserved segments is a sequence containing Cys42; this residue is known to exist as a stabilized cysteine-sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) in NPXase and serves as the non-flavin redox center. In addition, three previously identified NPXase segments, known to be involved in FAD and NAD(P)-binding in other pyridine nucleotide-linked flavoprotein oxidoreductases, are strongly conserved in NOXase. Overall, the extensive homology observed between NOXase and NPXase suggests that the monomer chain fold of the oxidase closely resembles that of the peroxidase. Both sequences share limited but significant homology to those of glutathione reductase and other members of the flavoprotein disulfide reductase family. These and other considerations suggest that these two unusual streptococcal flavoproteins constitute a distinct class of FAD-dependent oxidoreductases, the flavoprotein peroxide reductases, easily contrasted with enzymes such as glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase.
Considerations on study designs using the extreme sibpairs methods under multilocus oligogenic models.

Several issues pertinent to study designs employing extreme sibpairs (ESP) methods to detect complex oligogenic quantitative trait loci (QTL) are investigated in the setting of genome-wide multipoint scans. We demonstrate that when stringent alpha-levels are imposed (e.g., alpha = 0.00022 as recommended by Landers and Kruglyak), the power to detect a susceptibility locus could drop from 83.6% under a one-locus model down to a hopeless 22.8% under a two-locus model of the same heritability h(2) = 0.5 and gene frequency (p = 0.1). We introduce the notion of joint power that is the power to detect linkage to at least one location over a given panel of markers across a genomic region and describe the effect of several design factors on such joint power in a multipoint scan. Moreover, power of analysis conditional on the IBD sharings of ESPs at a known/detected locus is examined and shown to increase substantively (to 93.3% under the previous two-locus model) in detecting novel trait loci. We conclude that with such remedies, the ESP design continues to be a relatively powerful design for mapping oligogenic QTL. However, when the effect of individual contributing loci becomes less tractable, especially when their contributions are "asymmetric," deliberation on balancing two types of statistical errors and a careful examination of possible contributions from multiple genetic factors and/or interaction effects are a must in designing an efficient study.
Differential Effects of Multiple Interventions in an Organization

An organization development effort spanning several years in one organization is reexamined in order to assess the differential effects of interventions. The findings illustrate how organizational change efforts can have different effects upon different groups within an organization. Significant differences among hierarchical levels of the organization are found in satisfaction with several aspects of the work environment, the most important finding being the relatively low levels of satisfaction among supervisory and technical workers. Supporting clinical data identify the lack of an integrated change program, the failure to adequately structure supervisors into change activities, and problems in the management of participation as possible sources of the differential effects. Recommendations for the design of interventions are made, and the conclusion is reached that there is a need for the application of more systemic models of change combined with more comprehensive measurement of the effects of interv...
Survivability and applicability in database constraints: temporal boundary to data integrity scenarios

Modern database systems manage very large volume of database constraints. The cost spent in changing constraints is quite expensive because most of integrity requirements have dynamic specifications from applications domain with irregular and intermittent changes. The constraints maintenance can be motivated to scenarios changes that reach the integrity conditions of applications. In these changes, time is a main dimension to represent the boundary of integrity satisfiability in constraints. This article proposes a temporal modelling of variability characteristics in database constraints (survivability and applicability) to represent the time (instant or interval) effectively and efficiently when assertions must be used to enforce the data integrity.
FLEXIBLE MULTIFUNCTION INSTRUMENT FOR AUTOMATED NONWOVEN WEB STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

We have developed analysis tools to characterize nonwoven web structures based on image analysis techniques. Six analysis modules we previously reported are integrated into one automated instrument system. In this paper, we discuss hardware and software designs used to achieve instrument flexibility, automated operation, and multifunctional analysis capability. We hope this discussion will be useful to other people interested in textile instrument development and automated testing.
Combined Use of Geoelectric Sounding and Profiling to Quantify Aquifer Protection Properties

Evolving environmental regulations have increased the need for defining the protective properties of geologic layers. Of particular significance is the need for defining vertical times-of-travel (TOT) through aquitards located above municipal water supply wellfields. Surface geoelectrics provide an inexpensive field measurement method that can be used to quantitatively define protective properties. Protective layer longitudinal unit conductance squared (S2) can be theoretically related to TOT using material relationships between resistivity and hydraulic conductivity divided by porosity (K/n). In an example presented for a municipal wellfield, it was possible to utilize a limited number of geoelectric soundings to establish relationships between S of a conductive protective layer and apparent resistivities measured at individual electrode spacings, providing a method to estimate S with profiling. In this case, longitudinal unit conductance (S) was the geoelectrically equivalent parameter of the protective layer. The use of combined sounding and profiling data in the wellfield area resulted in an overall reduction in the kriging estimation error of S for the protective clay layer and a larger area of coverage over what was obtained with soundings alone.
Development of normalized curves for the international growth reference: historical and technical considerations

The World Health Organization recommended in 1978 that the National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control growth reference curves be used as an international growth reference. To permit the expression of growth in terms of standard deviations, CDC developed growth curves from the observed data that approximate normal distributions. Because of significant skewness, standard deviations for weight-for-age and weight-for-height were calculated separately for distributions below and above the median. Standard deviations below the median were calculated from the 5th, 10th, 25th, and 50th observed percentiles while those above the median were based on the 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th observed percentiles. Height-for-age distributions did not show significant skewness, thus, the standard deviations were calculated based on all six of the above observed percentiles. The normalized reference curves provide a highly useful data base that permits the standardized comparison of anthropometric data from different populations.
Entropy Estimate for $k$-Monotone Functions via Small Ball Probability of Integrated Brownian Motions

Metric entropy of the class of probability distribution functions on $[0,1]$ with a $k$-monotone density is studied through its connection with the small ball probability of $k$-times integrated Brownian motions.
The Hollywood Curriculum: who is the ‘good’ teacher?

ABSTRACT In this article 26 motion pictures (distributed widely in the USA over the past 60 years) are analysed to construct a theory of curriculum in the movies. Hollywood's ‘ideal’ teachers are defined as those who share a set of character traits found consistently in these films, traits that cut across traditional film genres and remain intact throughout the eras studied. Those ‘good’ teachers in the movies also operate from a distinctive curricular approach identified as ‘broadly aesthetic‐ethical‐political’, a term explored in the context of Huebner's five value frameworks of curricular thought.
A storage and indexing framework for p2p systems

We present a modularized storage and indexing framework that cleanly separates the functional components of a P2P system, enabling us to tailor the P2P infrastructure to the specific needs of various Internet applications eat, without having to devise completely new storage management and index structures for each application.
Transcriptome Analysis of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR-LuxI Regulon

The Vibrio fischeri quorum-sensing signal N-3-oxohexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL) activates expression of the seven-gene luminescence operon. We used microarrays to unveil 18 additional 3OC6-HSL-controlled genes, 3 of which had been identified by other means previously. We show most of these genes are regulated by the 3OC6-HSL-responsive transcriptional regulator LuxR directly. This demonstrates that V. fischeri quorum sensing regulates a substantial number of genes other than those involved in light production.
Porcine Skin Flow‐Through Diffusion Cell System

Porcine Skin Flow-Through Diffusion Cell System (Ronald E. Baynes, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina). Porcine skin can be used in a diffusion cell apparatus to study the rate and extent of absorption of topically applied chemicals through the skin. Although the skin of a number of animals can be used in this system, that of the pig most closely approximates human skin anatomically and physiologically.
The Role of fnx1, a Fission Yeast Multidrug Resistance Protein, in the Transition of Cells to a Quiescent G0 State

Most microorganisms live in conditions of nutrient limitation in their natural habitats. When exposed to these conditions they respond with physiological and morphological changes that enable them to survive. To obtain insights into the molecular mechanisms of this response a systematic genetic screen was performed to identify genes that when overexpressed can induce a starvation-like response in the yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. One gene that meets these criteria, fnx1+, induces, transcriptionally correlates with, and is required for the entry into the quiescent G0 state that is normally induced by nitrogen starvation. fnx1+ encodes a protein with sequence similarity to the proton-driven plasma membrane transporters from the multidrug resistance group of the major facilitator superfamily of proteins. We propose that fnx1+ plays a role in the entry into G0, possibly by facilitating the release of a signaling substance into the environment as a means of cell-to-cell communication.
Endovascular treatment of arterio-ureteral fistulae with covered stents: Case series and review of the literature

Arterio-ureteral fistulae are abnormal connections between an artery and the ureter and carry a high mortality. We present two cases of arterio-ureteral fistulae that presented with life-threatening hematuria. Both patients were treated with endovascular covered stent placement.
The Aural Perception of Similarity in Nontraditional Chords Related by Octave Equivalence

The purpose of this study was to determine the aural significance of the octave-equivalence I assumption, which is essential to the notion of “pitch class.” To address this question, the author developed a series of 22 experimental items, each consisting of two pairs of nontraditional chords presented harmonically. The two chords of one of the pairs in each item contained the same pitch classes, with each pitch class in the second chord of that pair in a different octave than it had been in the first chord. The two chords in the other pair did not have identical pitch classes. These chord pairs (A, A1) and (A, B) were constructed so that a given chord (A) would be compared alternately with two other chords (A1 and B). The subjects were to judge which pair sounded more alike. The items included chords ranging in size from three to nine pitches. The number of new pitches in Chord B was also treated as a variable in the experiment.An Apple IIe, equipped with three ALF MC16 Music Cards, presented a random ord...
The design and results of an underwater paging system

The electronic diver paging system (EDPS) is a system designed to fill a niche between currently existing underwater communication products. The EDPS allows the convenience of modern day electronics, but the system costs much less than vocal communication products. It provides both a notification signal, indicating that the receiving diver should look at the transmitting diver, and a distress signal for life threatening situations.
The American school of IPE

ABSTRACT This paper uses the results of the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) project: a multi-year study of the international relations (IR) field in order to discern the major characteristics of international political economy scholarship in the United States today. It finds that, like Benjamin Cohen's depiction of the American school, IPE in the United States is increasingly positivist, quantitative, and liberal in orientation. It employs data from a journal article database that tracks trends in publication patterns. It also analyzes data from two surveys of IR scholars in the United States and Canada that were conducted in the fall of 2006.
A review of design issues in rehabilitation robotics with reference to North American research

Since rehabilitation robotics is a small field, progress toward useful devices will be faster if research groups are cognizant of the successes and failures that have been made in the past. The authors review past and present work, focusing on projects in North America (a companion paper in this issue reviews work in Europe), and attempts to identify the key features that have led to the success or failure of devices. Of particular note is the reliance in the past on position controlled robots, as these were the available level of technology. Lack of exemplar products has made it difficult for researchers to identify the needs and expectations that a person with a physical disability might have of a rehabilitation robot. This situation is changing rapidly and the field can now benefit from "consumer in the loop" research and design methods. >
Colon Cancer Survival Rates With the New American Joint Committee on Cancer Sixth Edition Staging

Background: The recently revised American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) sixth edition cancer staging system increased the stratification within colon cancer stages II and III defined by the AJCC fifth edition system. Using nationally representative Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, we compared survival rates associated with colon cancer stages defined according to both AJCC systems. Methods: Using SEER data (from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2000), we identified 119 363 patients with colon adenocarcinoma and included all patients in two analyses by stages defined by AJCC fifth and sixth edition systems. Tumors were stratified by SEER’s “extent of disease” and “number of positive [lymph] nodes” coding schemes. Kaplan‐Meier analyses were used to compare overall and stage-specific 5-year survival. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Overall 5-year survival was 65.2%. According to stages defined by the AJCC fifth edition system, 5-year stage-specific survivals were 93.2% for stage I, 82.5% for stage II, 59.5% for stage III, and 8.1% for stage IV. According to stages defined by the AJCC sixth edition system, 5-year stage-specific survivals were 93.2% for stage I, 84.7% for stage IIa, 72.2% for stage IIb, 83.4% for stage IIIa, 64.1% for stage IIIb, 44.3% for stage IIIc, and 8.1% for stage IV. Under the sixth edition system, 5-year survival was statistically significantly better for patients with stage IIIa colon cancer (83.4%) than for patients with stage IIb disease (72.2%) (P<.001). Conclusions: The AJCC sixth edition system for colon cancer stratifies survival more distinctly than the fifth edition system by providing more substages. The association of stage IIIa colon cancer with statistically significantly better survival than stage IIb in the new system may reflect current clinical practice, in which stage III patients receive chemotherapy but stage II patients generally do not. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1420 ‐5]