cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Students Use the Course Syllabus

Current literature says little about how students use a course syllabus. We surveyed students regarding how frequently they consulted their General Psychology syllabus and other syllabi, what they looked for, and where they kept them. All 112 students responding prior to midterm and 91 of the 93 students responding six weeks later reported they still had their syllabus. Almost half of the students in the first administration looked at their syllabus less than two hours before class. Six weeks later, nearly half of the students looked at the syllabus the day prior. Students looked most frequently at whether there was a quiz scheduled that day, the topic of the day’s class, what they should read for class, and what homework was assigned. Results contradict faculty lore that students lose or do not look at their syllabi, though students may not use the syllabus in ways faculty might expect.
Reciprocity and Environmental Obligations

Reciprocity—put most generally—is the idea of actions-in-return that are not founded in voluntary agreements or contracts. Understood in this way, reciprocity can be one-on-one: the return of a kindness or the exchange of presents. But it need not be: pitching in to do one’s share of cooking for a potluck supper, cleaning up the local park, or contributing to the local public radio station. Here, the idea of reciprocity is doing one’s part to produce a common good, when—and especially because— others are doing theirs. The moral contribution of reciprocity in such cases is that pitching in rests not only on the idea of fair shares coupled with the recognition that the desired outcome will not be produced if too many fail to contribute, but also on the fact that others are doing their part. Free riders fail to do their fair shares, but this is not the full moral story. In addition, free riders let others down by failing to respond in return to the good efforts that others are making. Reciprocity in this sense has played a major role in contemporary bioethics discussions of pandemic planning. The most influential statement of the ethics of pandemic planning takes reciprocity to be a fundamental value, requiring that “society support those who face a disproportionate burden in protecting the public good.” Echoing the Canadian national anthem, the reciprocity of Stand on Guard for Thee includes not only compensation and protection for health care workers who take significant risks, as well as their families, but also responsiveness to people who are quarantined or otherwise limited in their activities in order to protect others. In addition, Stand on Guard
Studies of pulmonary hypertension. VII. Hemodynamic effects of acute hypoxia in patients with mitral stenosis.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of hypoxia have been studied in normal subjects and in patients with various cardiopulmonary diseases by many investigators. 1–6 In most normal subjects during hypoxia the pulmonary artery pressure rises significantly, the cardiac output increases or does not change, the heart rate is more rapid, and the pulmonary “capillary” pressure is unaltered. Total pulmonary and pulmonary vascular resistances increase and the systemic artery pressure and peripheral vascular resistance decline. The number of patients with mitral stenosis studied under similar conditions is still small. 3–5 It is the purpose of this report to describe the hemodynamic effects of breathing low oxygen concentrations in twenty-four such patients and to analyze the pulmonary pressure and the flow relationships during acute hypoxia and recovery.
Local housing and service decisions: Planning for aging adults in rural communities

Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify factors associated with local housing and service decisions that support aging adults in rural communities. These decisions represent de factostrategies that affect the quality of life of older residents and their ability to age in place. Data were collected from 951 informants in 134 Midwest rural communities. Analyses were undertaken to identify the role of community characteristics in predicting the availability of a group of housing options and support services. Findings support the notion that the community context is important to the delivery of key housing and service needs. Population size, proportion of community residents 65 years and older, and housing planning processes promoted gains in housing and services.
Realtime widely distributed instrumentation systems

In the future, real-time, on-line instrument systems connected by wide area networks will be the norm for scientific, medical, and similar data generating systems, because the associated human community, the instruments, and the resources required for data processing are increasingly distributed. The modern instrument environment is characterized by steadily increasing quantities and rates of data, together with the remote interaction of the humans and hardware. This environment gives rise to the need for a variety of capabilities: dynamically schedulable resources, easily administered and enforced use-conditions and access control for all elements, systems designed to adapt to varying conditions in the distributed environment, automated approaches to managing the data streams, automated control and guidance systems that facilitate remote (in time, space, and scale) operations, and a myriad of reservation and scheduling capabilities for all of the resources involved. Brokered construction of these systems will probably also be necessary in order to reduce the capital investment needed for instrument systems that only operate with small duty cycles, but which require large storage and computing capacity while operating. When the instrument is connected directly to the network, architectural considerations for systems that deal with real-time distributed data sources include high-speed network based data caches and associated distributed processing for on-line data analysis, real-time cataloguing of the original and processed data based on provided or derived metadata, transparent and distributed security mechanisms that control access to the data and the system elements by a distributed user community, as well as maintaining the internal integrity of the distributed system, and mechanisms for standardized monitoring and management of every component and communication path in order to detect “congestion” of all forms and provide information that allows the distributed system to adapt. This chapter describes some of the architectural and implementation issues based on examples of high performance, real-time, on-line systems that illustrate the above points. The examples include a media-rich, remote collaboration environment, an on-line medical imaging system that collects, processes, and catalogues tens of gigabytes per day in a metropolitan area network, a high data-rate, high volume data collection system, and remote operation based on a semi-autonomous control system. Also discussed are several supporting middleware services, including a distributed-parallel network data cache (whose internal architecture also illustrates many of the points mentioned above), agent-based monitoring and distributed system management, and a public-key cryptography infrastructure based access control system.
New Analytical Solutions for Dye Diffusion Equations

The two- and three-dimensional, unsteady-state, convective-diffusive partial differential equations describing the concentration distribution of a tracer dye released as an instantaneous source (line or point, respectively) and subject to the no-flux boundary conditions at the river bottom and surface (two-dimensional) and banks (three-dimensional) have been derived analytically using integral transform methods. Previous efforts at analytical dye modeling have assumed infinite geometry in all dimensions thus avoiding the complicating second type (no-flux) boundary conditions at the river bottom, surface, and banks. In the present study, the river was considered finite in the vertical and lateral directions, the dye source location was made arbitrary, and to the writer's knowledge the results represent the first two- and three-dimensional analytical solutions of tracer modeling to appear in the literature which include the boundary effects of the river. The solutions will have particular application in the calculation of turbulent diffusion coefficients in two and three dimensions, which for the first time will analytically include any significant effects of the river boundaries.
Improving the Efficiency of Course Bidding at Business Schools: Field and Laboratory Studies

Registrars' offices at most universities face the daunting task of allocating course seats to students. Since demand exceeds supply for many courses, course allocation needs to be done equitably and efficiently. Many schools use bidding systems where student bids are used both to infer preferences over courses and to determine student priorities for courses. However, this dual role of bids can result in course allocations not being market outcomes and unnecessary efficiency loss, which can potentially be avoided with the use of an appropriate market mechanism. We report the result of field and laboratory studies that compare a typical course bidding mechanism with the alternate Gale-Shapley Pareto-dominant market mechanism. Results from the field study (conducted at the Ross School of Business, University of Michigan) suggest that using the latter could vastly improve efficiency of course allocation systems while facilitating market outcomes. Laboratory experiments with greater design control confirm the superior efficiency of the Gale-Shapley mechanism. The paper tests theory which has important practical implications since it has the potential to affect the learning experience of very large numbers of students enrolled in educational institutions.
The influence of mental attitudes in childbearing

Abstract This paper deals with a study of emotional factors affecting pregnancy and labor. The study began last fall in the clinic of Sloane Hospital and is a cooperative effort of the Departments of Obstetrics and Psychiatry. One object of this work has been to investigate the importance of emotional factors as a cause for difficult labors in physically normal women. It is based on the hypothesis that the emotional attitudes and conflicts of civilized women are an important element in making their labors long and severe. We hope to learn whether this hypothesis is correct and, if it is, what can be done to correct the situation. An equally important purpose may appear of less interest to the obstetricians. It should not, for our work already suggests that they may be the mental hygienists of the future. For reasons to be discussed later, the period of the first pregnancy appears to offer a unique opportunity for actual mental hygiene. Our second objective has been to investigate this possibility. The work to date has amounted to but little more than a survey of the situation and no conclusive results are yet available. Professor Cheney suggested, however, that a preliminary report be made now, to include something of the events and reasoning which led to the work being undertaken. He seemed to feel that the obstetricians, as a result of their special studies and experience, would be interested in the conception and gestation of a brain child.
East Austin Stories Exchange: facilitating 'empathy' for differing perspectives

The East Austin Stories Exchange is a web-based platform where junior high and high school students can share personal films about their community and empathize with the perspectives presented in other students' films. The goal of the project is to foster students' ability to incorporate perspectives different than one's own into a developing worldview. This poster presentation will present our needs assessment, design solutions, and demonstrate the Exchange's functionality.
The Constitutional Rights of Corporations Revisited: Social and Political Expression and the Corporation after First National Bank V. Bellotti

The Supreme Court has addressed only a few occasions the extent to which corporations enjoy those constitutional rights so fundamental to private citizens. In this article Professor O'Kelley discusses the inherent difficulty in applying familiar constitutional principles to corporations and examines those cases in which the Supreme Court has either extended or denied to corporations various constitutional rights. Finding that two underlying conceptual doctrines -- the Field rational and the associational rationale -- have guided the Court in previous decisions in this area, he then applies these doctrines in an analysis of the recent Supreme Court decision in First National Bank v. Bellotti. He argues that although the Court reached the correct result, the reasoning of the various opinions was seriously flawed. Finally, he applies the two doctrines in an examination of the constitutionality of the corporate campaign contribution and expenditure limitations of the Federal Election Campaign Act demonstrating how future cases involving corporate claims of first amendment protection should be analyzed. He concludes that if the statute is properly construed and the two doctrines correctly applied, the limitations on corporate campaign contributions and expenditures should withstand constitutional challenge.
Gradient boosting for sequence alignment

Sequence alignment is a common subtask in many applications such as genetic matching and music information retrieval. Crucial to the performance of any sequence alignment algorithm is an accurate model of the reward of transforming one sequence into another. Using this model, we can find the optimal alignment of two sequences or perform query-based selection from a database of target sequences with a dynamic programming approach. In this paper, we describe a new algorithm to learn the reward models from positive and negative examples of matching sequences. We develop a gradient boosting approach that reduces sequence learning to a series of standard function approximation problems that can be solved by any function approximator. A key advantage of this approach is that it is able to induce complex features using function approximation rather than relying on the user to predefine such features. Our experiments on synthetic data and a fairly complex real-world music retrieval domain demonstrate that our approach can achieve better accuracy and faster learning compared to a state-of-the-art structured SVM approach.
Sweetness and Spice: Tax Issues for Foodies

ABSTRACT: A food blog and a catering business provide an issue-rich context in which students examine tax issues involving individuals, a partnership, and a single owner LLC. The case illustrates how advances in technology and social media occur without the issuance of directly applicable tax guidance, thus introducing students to uncertainty in interpreting the tax law and providing professional advice. The goals of the case are to increase students' (1) abilities to identify tax issues for individuals and small home-based businesses, (2) tax research proficiency, (3) written communication skills, (4) technical knowledge, and (5) experience in tax planning. The case helps students develop four of the core competencies expressed in the AICPA's (2012) CPA Vision Project, including improving students' abilities to interpret converging information, think strategically and critically, communicate effectively, and adeptly use technology. Student responses to a posttest questionnaire indicate that the case hel...
Teaching human facial modeling through plaster face casting

As 3D student skills progress, sooner or later they begin work on accurately proportioned human models. While caricature design is often very forgiving in its realization, human designs need to be very close to "right on." This presents a tremendous challenge for 3D animation students, many of whom have had limited anatomy training.The traditional solution to source material has been to provide photographic references. The standard front and side shots provide a good starting point for students to work from but provide no information on appropriate polygon topology or details such as the curvature of the head between the eye and the temple. Yet, it is impractical to get a live model to provide 3D reference by sitting next to the student as he or she models. The difficulty of finding a good 3D reference for students to work from becomes the challenge.At the University of the Incarnate Word, we have begun using a traditional method of face casting. Traditionally, this technique is used to create plaster masks or molds upon which prosthetics can be constructed. The mold is reusable and can be constructed from plaster or even lighter cements.
Effect of the form of dietary fat and the concentration of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal and total tract endogenous losses and apparent and true digestibility of fat by growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to de- termine the effect of the form of dietary fat (extracted or intact fat) and of dietary NDF on ileal and total tract endogenous losses of fat (ELF), on apparent ileal (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat, and on true ileal (TID) and true total tract digest- ibility (TTTD) of fat in growing pigs. A cornstarch- based basal diet that contained 1.27% fat was prepared and 3 diets were formulated by adding 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0% extracted fat (corn oil) to the basal diet at the expense of cornstarch. Three additional diets were formulated by adding 3.1, 6.2, or 9.3% Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corp., North Tonawanda, NY) to the diet con- taining 4.0% corn oil at the expense of cornstarch. The remaining 4 diets were prepared by adding whole corn germ meal to the diet at the expense of defatted corn germ meal to contain 3.0, 6.0, or 9.0% intact fat. Solka- Floc was also included in this diet at the expense of cornstarch in an attempt to keep NDF constant. Eleven barrows (initial average BW of 38.1 ± 1.3 kg) were fit- ted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, allotted to the 11 diets in an 11 × 11 Latin square design, and fed the diets at 3 times the energy requirement for mainte- nance. Increasing dietary extracted fat increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001) the AID and ATTD of fat. Increasing dietary intact fat also increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) the AID and ATTD of fat. The average apparent digestibility of extracted fat (81.9%) was greater (P < 0.001) than that of intact fat (63.2%). Estimates of ELF were smaller (P < 0.05) for extracted fat than for intact fat at the end of the ileum and over the entire intestinal tract, but the TID (93.8%) and TTTD (94.2%) of extracted fat were greater (P < 0.05) than the TID (78.6%) and TTTD (84.1%) of intact fat. Increasing dietary extracted fat had no effects on the TID and TTTD of fat, but increasing dietary intact fat resulted in a quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) in the TTTD of fat. Increasing dietary NDF had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the ATTD of fat but did not influ- ence the AID, TID, and TTTD of fat. In conclusion, extracted fat induces a smaller amount of ELF and has a greater apparent and true digestibility than intact fat at the end of the ileum and over the entire intestinal tract. Purified NDF has little influence on apparent and true digestibility of fat.
Versatile Catalysts for the Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl and Vinyl Halides and Triflates under Mild Conditions

Through the use of Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu)3 as a catalyst, a wide range of aryl and vinyl halides, including chlorides, undergo Suzuki cross-coupling with arylboronic acids in very good yield, typically at room temperature; through use of Pd(OAc)2/PCy3, a diverse array of aryl and vinyl triflates react cleanly at room temperature. Together, these two catalyst systems cover a broad spectrum of commonly encountered substrates for Suzuki couplings. Furthermore, they display novel reactivity patterns, such as the selective cross-coupling by Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu)3 of an aryl chloride in preference to an aryl triflate, and they can be used at low loading, even for reactions of aryl chlorides. Preliminary mechanistic work indicates that a palladium monophosphine complex is the active catalyst in the cross-coupling of aryl halides.
Characterization of SIS Receivers Using a Digital Spectrometer

Fourier transform based digital spectrometers, which offer wide instantaneous bandwidth and high spectral resolution, are widely used in SIS receiver systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that a digital spectrometer connected to the output of an SIS receiver can be used to probe the standing wave structure in the optics between the SIS mixer and a terminating input load. It can be shown that this standing wave induces ripples in the output power spectrum of the mixer, the amplitude of which depends on the product of the voltage reflection coefficients of the load and the mixer. This relation can be exploited to derive the input reflection coefficient of the SIS mixer as well as its sideband ratio. Both the theory and experimental details will be presented.
Prostate cells express two isoforms of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 with different affinities for fibroblast growth factor-2.

Background Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) mRNA can be alternatively spliced to generate isoforms containing (FGFR1α) or lacking (FGFR1β) the first immunoglobulin-like domain. We examined which isoforms are expressed by cultured prostate cells, their affinities for FGF-2, and the effect of heparin on FGF-2 binding. Methods FGFR1 isoform expression was examined by RT-PCR. FGFR1α and FGFR1β were expressed in CHO cells mutant in heparan sulfate synthesis, and their affinities for FGF-2, FGF-1, FGF-4, and FGF-6 were determined in the presence and absence of heparin. Results FGFR1α was expressed in luminal epithelial cells, whereas FGFR1β was expressed in basal epithelial and smooth muscle cells. FGFR1β bound FGF-2 with three–fourfold higher affinity than FGFR1α both in the presence and absence of heparin. Heparin increased affinity of both receptor isoforms for FGF-2 approximately four–fivefold. Conclusions Prostate smooth muscle and basal epithelial cells are likely to be more sensitive than luminal epithelial cells to the low concentrations of FGFs present in vivo. Prostate © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The preparation and structure of bis(tri-p-tolylphosphine)(azobenzene)nickel(0), Ni[P(C6H4CH3)3]2[(C6H5NNC6H5]

Abstract The compound, bis(tri- p -tolylphosphine)(azobenzene)nickel(0), Ni[P(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 [C 6 H 5 NNC 6 H 5 ], has been prepared by the reaction of tri- p -tolylphosphine and azobenzene with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) in hexane. The structure of the complex has been determined at room temperature from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to a final R factor on F of 6.6% based on 3516 observations above background. The material crystallizes in the triclinic space group C 1 i - P 1 , with two molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 12.448(11), b = 17.671(20), c = 12.226(13) A, α 95.79(5). β 118.34(3), 97.14(4)°. The Ni atom has trigonal coordinationif the azoben- zene is regarded as a monodentate ligand. The inner coordination sphere is essentially planar, with the two nitrogen atoms equidistant from the metal atom. The structure is compared with that of Ni[(CH 3 ) 3 CNC] 2 [C 6 H 5 NNC 6 H 5 ], a similar complex studied earlier in this laboratory. Observed differences in the coordinated azobenzenes have been related to observed spectral differences.
Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, its gene expression and receptor activity: relation to circulating corticosterone in adrenalectomized rats

Previous evidence has suggested a possible relationship between the adrenal steroid, corticosterone (CORT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain. To provide a more systematic analysis of this interaction, the present study employed a variety of techniques, including in sity hybridization to measure NPY gene expression, radioimmunoassay to examine peptide levels and radioligand [125I]peptide YY (PYY) binding for analysis of peptide receptors. The results show that adrenalectomy (ADX), which caused a decline in CORT to levels 10 μg% strongly potentiate NPY gene expression, peptide content and radioligand binding. These and other findings suggest that this CORT-NPY interaction in the hypothalamus occurs physiologically under conditions, e.g., at the onset of the active feeding cycle, when circulating CORT normally rises.
Microtubule Stabilization in Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy

Increased microtubule density, for which microtubule stabilization is one potential mechanism, causes contractile dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy. After microtubule assembly, α-tubulin undergoes two, likely sequential, time-dependent posttranslational changes: reversible carboxy-terminal detyrosination (Tyr-tubulin ↔ Glu-tubulin) and then irreversible deglutamination (Glu-tubulin → Δ2-tubulin), such that Glu- and Δ2-tubulin are markers for long-lived, stable microtubules. Therefore, we generated antibodies for Tyr-, Glu-, and Δ2-tubulin and used them for staining of right and left ventricular cardiocytes from control cats and cats with right ventricular hypertrophy. Tyr- tubulin microtubule staining was equal in right and left ventricular cardiocytes of control cats, but Glu-tubulin and Δ2-tubulin staining were insignificant, i.e., the microtubules were labile. However, Glu- and Δ2-tubulin were conspicuous in microtubules of right ventricular cardiocytes from pressure overloaded cats, i.e., the microtubules were stable. This finding was confirmed in terms of increased microtubule drug and cold stability in the hypertrophied cells. In further studies, we found an increase in a microtubule binding protein, microtubule-associated protein 4, on both mRNA and protein levels in pressure-hypertrophied myocardium. Thus, microtubule stabilization, likely facilitated by binding of a microtubule-associated protein, may be a mechanism for the increased microtubule density characteristic of pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy.
From Research to Practice and Back: The Animation Tutor Project

The Animation TutorTM is a curriculum project that uses software to supplement instruction in courses such as intermediate algebra. Its purpose is to ground mathematical reasoning in concrete experiences through the use of interactive animation and the virtual manipulation of objects. This article summarizes how the project has progressed from research to practice and back. The first section shows how research helped implement six instructional objectives: emphasize interactivity with reflection, integrate multiple representations, reduce cognitive load, facilitate transfer, replace ineffective static images with animated images, and provide domain-specific knowledge. The last section illustrates the reciprocal nature of research and practice by describing how formative evaluations of the Animation TutorTM program led to laboratory studies aimed at improving instructional materials and student strategies.
USING FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS FOR HIGH-SPEED REAL-TIME SIMULATION

Some applications of real-time simulation now require frame times that are shorter in duration than can be delivered by traditional methods such as real-time versions of Linux (RT-Linux). RT-Linux can be satisfactory for frames as short as 10μS, but there is now a need, for example in the simulation of power-electronic systems, for frame times as short as 1 μS or even less. Techniques based on the interfacing of digital signal processors (DSPs) to a Windows PC have achieved a 2 μS frame time for a typical power electronics application and less than 1 μS is shown to be possible using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Combining these high-speed techniques with simulations of the rest of the system necessitates the use of multi-rate techniques. Software tools, interfacing issues, and system architecture for a high-speed, real-time, distributed, multi-rate (HRDM) simulator are discussed.
Room-temperature semiconductors and scintillators for planetary instruments

Abstract Room temperature semiconductors introduce some exciting potential for use in instruments designed for planetary measurements. It is important, however, to consider carefully the different types of measurement environments. In some cases room temperature semiconductors provide significant advantages over scintillators, while in some cases scintillators still have advantages over room temperature semiconductors. A number of instrumentation applications for detecting X-rays and gamma rays are considered. By focusing on the physical properties of both types of detectors, it is possible to better understand how each type of detector can best be used for measurements from satellites and directly on planetary bodies.
Quantitative studies of the ocular response to norepinephrine.

Abstract The responses of the iris and intraocular pressure of conscious rabbits to norepinephrine (NE) given either topically or intravitreally have been determined. The dose-response curves for pupil dilatation and for decreased intraocular pressure occurring within 6 hr of the intravitreal administration of NE were similar and could be antagonized by prior intravenous injections of the α-adrenergic antagonists phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine. There were, however, marked differences in the time of onset and in the duration of the pupillary and pressure responses. A prolonged decrease in intraocular pressure, lasting more than 5 days, followed the intravitreal injection of NE. This prolonged pressure response could not be reversed by either phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine. Topical administration of solutions of NE caused pressure decrease and pupil dilatation which were dose dependent. However, due to the relative impermeability of the corneal epithelium to NE the pupillary and pressure responses were quantitatively less than those induced by intravitreal injection.
Accuracy of Complex Finite Elements

1.2xKr 3 <£<2.0xl( T3 2.2 x 103 m2sec~1 < v < 4.4 x 103 m2sec~1 These values for the Gemini VI data are higher than those of Zimmerman.4 Constancy of /? and v throughout the wake region is implicit in these calculations. The Reynolds number for these island-generated vortex streets has values within the range
Controllability characterization of linear ensemble systems

In this paper, we study the control of the class of time-invariant linear ensemble systems, whose natural dynamics vary linearly with the system parameter. This class of ensemble control systems arises from practical engineering and physical applications, such as transport of quantum atoms and steering of uncertain harmonic systems. We, in particular, consider the ensemble systems with strictly positive or negative parameter values and derive explicit necessary and sufficient controllability conditions, which are easy to be checked. Our derivation is based on the notion of polynomial approximation, where the elements of the reachable set are represented in polynomials of the system parameter and used to approximate the desired state of interest. In addition, we highlight the role of the spectra of the system matrices play in the determination of ensemble controllability. Illustrative examples with numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the tractability of the developed controllability conditions.
Parent Mindfulness and Child Outcome: The Roles of Parent Depressive Symptoms and Parenting.

The purpose of this study was to examine pathways in a model which proposed associations among parent mindfulness, parent depressive symptoms, two types of parenting, and child problem behavior. Participants' data were from the baseline assessment of a NIMH-sponsored family-group cognitive-behavioral intervention program for the prevention of child and adolescent depression (Compas et al., 2009). Participants consisted of 145 mothers and 17 fathers (mean age = 41.89 yrs, SD = 7.73) with a history of depression and 211 children (106 males) (mean age = 11.49 yrs, SD = 2.00). Analyses showed that (a) positive parenting appears to play a significant role in helping explain how parent depressive symptoms relate to child externalizing problems and (b) mindfulness is related to child internalizing and externalizing problems; however, the intervening constructs examined did not appear to help explain the mindfulness-child problem behavior associations. Suggestions for future research on parent mindfulness and child problem outcome are described.
Early pliocene alpine glaciation in antarctica: terrestrial versus tidewater glaciers in wright valley

. Alpine glacier deposits in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica have been interpreted to indicate that early Pliocene climate in that region was not warmer than it is today. Correlation of these alpine-glacier till sheets to marine deposits that contain evidence consistent with warmer-than-present climate has been used to constrain the age of both deposits, preclude the warm interpretation of the marine evidence, and constrain mountain uplift as determined from the marine deposit. We tested the interpretation that, in the early Pliocene, the alpine glaciers in Wright Valley terminated in a fjord and, thereby, constrain the age, temperature, and depth of the fjord. We did this by mapping the surficial geology in this region using the newly available microtopography based on the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technique. Stratigraphic issues like these need to be resolved in order to quantify early Pliocene climate in Antarctica and contribute to understanding warm global-climate dynamics. We found that the Pliocene Alpine-IIIA (A-IIIA), A-IIIB and A-IV drift sheets were more likely deposited from terrestrial alpine-glacier lobes than glaciers terminating either at tidewater or with a floating appendage. The principal evidence is the occurrence of moraine fragments well below the minimum elevation of the early Pliocene fjord surface, and moraine arrangement in arcs indicative of arcuate glacier fronts without flairing near the proposed shoreline. Our A-IIIA till is more widespread in the proglacial areas of the five alpine glaciers examined than previously proposed. We propose that the existing distribution of A-IIIB till reflects glaciers even less extensive than today rather than truncation at a hypothetical fjord surface. Additionally, the A-IV moraine remnants outline glaciers that were significantly larger than those associated with A-III moraines. If we are correct, the age of the A-III till, 3.4 ± 0.1 Ma at maximum, does not constrain the age of the Prospect fjord episode which can be closer to 5.5 ± 0.4 Ma as previously inferred. Moreover, if the alpine tills are not as old as the Prospect fjord episode, the polar paleoclimatic interpretation from those tills does not preclude the high temperature (0–3°C) and reduced salinity previously inferred for the Prospect fjord. However, if alpine glacier extent was not limited by Prospect fjord surface elevation, then paleoclimate during the A-IIIA, A-IIIB, and A-IV glacial episodes can be quantitatively reconstructed. The Prospect fjord might have been deep, not shallow, and, hence, mountain uplift might be greater than currently thought which would explain minimal alpine-glacier erosion into the valley sides.
Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. V. Morphology of brainstem afferents and general discussion

Brainstem neurons that project to the optic tectum of the eastern garter snake were identified by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The distribution and morphology of tectal afferent axons from the thalamus, pretectum, nucleus isthmi, and midbrain reticular formation were then studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Diencephalic projections to the tectum arise from the ventral lateral geniculate complex ipsilaterally and the ventrolateral nucleus, suprapeduncular nucleus, and nucleus of the ventral supraoptic decussation bilaterally. Three pretectal groups (the lentiform thalamic nucleus, the lentiform mesencephalic-pretectal complex and the geniculate pretectal nucleus) give rise to heavy, bilateral tectal projections. Small neurons in nucleus isthmi and large reticular neurons in nucleus lateralis profundus mesencephali also give rise to bilateral projections. Caudal to the tectum, projections arise bilaterally from the pontine and medullary tegmentum, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the posterior colliculus, and the sensory trigeminal nucleus. A small contralateral projection arises from the medial vestibular complex. Tectal afferents from the thalamus, pretectum, nucleus isthmi, and midbrain reticular formation had characteristic morphologies and laminar distributions within the tectum. However, these afferents fall into two groups based on their spatial organization. Afferents from the thalamus and nucleus isthmi arise from small neurons with spatially restricted, highly branched dendritic trees. Their axons terminate in single, highly branched and bouton-rich arbors about 100 micron in diameter. By contrast, afferents from the midbrain reticular formation and the pretectum arise from large neurons with long, radiate, and sparsely branched dendritic trees. Their axons course parallel to the tectal surface and emit numerous collateral branches that are distributed widely through the mediolateral and rostrocaudal extent of either the central or superficial gray layers. Each collateral bears several small, spatially disjunct clusters of boutons.
Strain-dependent variations in number of midbrain dopaminergic neurones.

THE activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme catalysing the initial and presumed rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA), varies over a twofold range in the brains of different strains of inbred mice1. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these strain-dependent differences in enzyme activity remain to be established1,2.
Fate of famoxadone in the environment

The fate of famoxadone [Famoxate®, 3-anilino-5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione] in the aquatic and soil environment was examined. It was found to be relatively stable at pH 5, but hydrolysed rapidly in pH 7 and 9 buffer solutions. Primary hydrolytic degradation reactions included the opening of the oxazolidinedione ring and the cleavage of the oxazolidinedione-aminophenyl linkage. The compound degraded rapidly in soil by both hydrolytic and microbial action. In addition to the generation of [ 14 C] carbon dioxide and unextractable bound residues, hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions occurred to yield multiple degradation products. Nitration of famoxadone at the 2- or 4-phenylamino position was observed as a novel non-biological degradation reaction of famoxadone in soil. Degradation in aqueous solution (pH 5) and on soil surfaces was accelerated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Famoxadone exhibited negligible soil mobility potential, and its primary degradation products were also shown to dissipate rapidly in the environment.
Chinese genealogical research: coordination and resource-sharing with a global perspective

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Chinese genealogical research in the United States with major emphasis on coordination and resource sharing with a global perspective, especially between the United States and China. It starts with an overview of Chinese genealogical and immigration history and provides an introduction to current trends in Chinese American genealogical research. The paper proceeds with discussions on various research barriers while doing research on the Chinese genealogical collections. The major section of this paper contains strategies for resource sharing and cooperative collection development in Chinese genealogies and offers recommendations for the cooperation and resource sharing of Chinese genealogical materials in the United States and China. The paper concludes with concerns on administrative responsibilities and recommendations for the future on implementation issues. A bibliography of suggested readings from books, articles, and Web resources is offered at the end of this paper for further consultation and research.
A multilevel approach to modeling human cognition

Although we agree with Newell and Anderson & Lebiere (A&L) that a unified theory of cognition is needed to advance cognitive science, we disagree on how to achieve it. A hybrid system can score high in the Newell Test but may not offer a veridical and coherent theory of cognition. A multilevel approach, involving theories at both psychological and brain levels, is suggested.
Molecular architecture of a sodium channel S6 helix: radial tuning of the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 activation gate.

Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are membrane proteins that consist of 24 transmembrane segments organized into four homologous domains and are essential for action potential generation and propagation. Although the S6 helices of NaV channels line the ion-conducting pore and participate in channel activation, their functional architecture is incompletely understood. Our recent studies show that a naturally occurring in-frame deletion mutation (Del-L955) of NaV1.7 channel, identified in individuals with a severe inherited pain syndrome (inherited erythromelalgia) causes a substantial hyperpolarizing shift of channel activation. Here we took advantage of this deletion mutation to understand the role of the S6 helix in the channel activation. Based on the recently published structure of a bacterial NaV channel (NaVAb), we modeled the WT and Del-L955 channel. Our structural model showed that Del-L955 twists the DII/S6 helix, shifting location and radial orientation of the activation gate residue (Phe960). Hypothesizing that these structural changes produce the shift of channel activation of Del-L955 channels, we restored a phenylalanine in wild-type orientation by mutating Ser961 (Del-L955/S961F), correcting activation by ∼10 mV. Correction of the displaced Phe960 (F960S) together with introduction of the rescuing activation gate residue (S961F) produced an additional ∼6-mV restoration of activation of the mutant channel. A simple point mutation in the absence of a twist (L955A) did not produce a radial shift and did not hyperpolarize activation. Our results demonstrate the functional importance of radial tuning of the sodium channel S6 helix for the channel activation.
Re-creating Eden: Land Use, Environment, and Society in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia (review)

Emmanuel Krieke. Re-creating Eden: Land Use, Environment, and Society in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2004. xi + 293 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $99.94. Cloth. $29.95. Paper. Re-creating Eden is a masterful work. Simply stated, the book maps the migrations of Ovambo speakers though different environments and territories, surveying the causes for the movements, the adaptations to and interventions in different environments, and the resulting social transformations. But nothing about this project is simple. It encompasses two territories, a buffer zone, three colonial administrations, three sections of the floodplain, and at least a half dozen separate polities, all over the better part of a century. Kreike adds another layer, a web of references to analogous developments elsewhere in colonial Africa, to place his own work in a comparative context. The book draws upon religious language, the story-line moving from Eden's creation to apocalypse to re-creation. The emphasis, however, is on the ways that Ovambo speakers created domesticated spaces out of wilderness after a period of environmental trauma in the early twentieth century. To do this, Krieke builds on other historians' understandings of colonial annexation as environmental cataclysm and of African environmental initiative, but in his study the creation of environments is specifically historicized to a degree seldom before seen. The introduction makes the point that the subject merits detailed consideration by discussing the historiography of colonial conquest and reconstruction in its aftermath. The endnotes are half again as long as the chapter itself, and authoritatively connect this history to many, many others. It also introduces the two key terms in the book, oshilongo (domesticated landscapes) and ofuka (wilderness). Yet the etymological review (4) meant to explicate the meaning of these words to Ovambo speakers is perhaps too brief to support the use of these foreign terms, rather than their English equivalents, throughout the book. The precolonial baseline to this history is that the earliest known Ovambo landscapes were creations of humans who domesticated the territories by digging wells, planting trees, hunting wild animals, and importing cattle. "Eden," however, only fits the landscape, not the human society inhabiting it. Even before colonial annexation, inhabitants suffered violence and extractions, and they abandoned some settlements. Colonial annexation, with rinderpest, World War I, and famine in its wake, further depleted the oshilongo on the northern floodplain of inhabitants. …
A finite element formulation for thermal stress analysis. Part II: Finite element formulation

Abstract This paper deals with the application of the finite element method to the variational principle derived in Part I of this series. The basic finite element approach is used to construct two element models, one represented by a linear approximation of the displacements, and the other represented by a higher order approximation of the displacements. An application of the derived formulation for the two element models is given for the problem of induced thermal stresses in a medium which is subjected to temperature changes of its boundary surface. Results obtained for this problem are for both cases of coupled and uncpupled thermomechanical behavior and they are compared with existing results of analytical solutions.