cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PL02-01: Inflammation, stem cells and cancer

Many if not most gastrointestinal cancers arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, and examples include gastroesophageal reflux-induced esophageal adenocarcinoma, H. pylori-associated gastric cancer and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. We have utilized murine models of esophagitis (L2-IL-1β transgenic mice), gastritis (H/K-ATPase-IL-1β and Helicobacter felis infection) and colitis (AOM/DSS) to investigate the role of chronic inflammation in the development of malignancy. In models of chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, there is an early expansion of immature myeloid cells (IMC) followed later by increases in αSMA+ stromal fibroblasts (CAFs). The increase in IMC results from in part from an expansion of splenic progenitors/HSC, while the increased CAFs reflects an increase in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the preneoplastic tissue. Together, the amplification of myeloid progenitors and MSC-derived stromal cells results in an evolving cancer niche that contributes to expansion of gut progenitors. In the colon, these inflammatory signals can results in crypt fission and monoclonal conversion of intestinal crypt units. Thus, an early amplification of epithelial stem or progenitor cells appears to be a requirement for the development of neoplasia. Eliminating the early cancer niche, which appears to be needed for the initiation of tumors, appears to represent a potential strategy for cancer prevention. Citation Format: Timothy C. Wang. Inflammation, stem cells, and cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-01.
The Sulfur Amino Acid Activity in Soybean Meal and Corn Measured by Chick Growth

Abstract A basal diet containing a mixture of crystalline amino acids but devoid of methionine and cystine was used in growth assays designed to measure the total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and available methionine in soybean meal and in corn. Available cystine was determined by difference. The reference curve was established by supplementing the basal diet with graded amounts (6 levels) of dl -methionine. Test diets were supplemented with either four levels of soybean meal (25 to 39% of diet) or four levels of ground corn (20 to 50% of diet). The response of chicks fed the diets used to construct the standard curve was compared with that of chicks fed the test diets by regression analysis. Regression coefficients were used (slope-ratio technique) to calculate availability estimates for TSAA and methionine. Soybean meal was found to contain 0.572% of available methionine and 0.628% of available cystine (1.15% and 1.26% of soybean protein respectively). The available methionine in corn was 0.119% and the available cystine was 0.307% (1.3% and 3.4% of corn protein respectively).
Effects of environmental pattern on habitat preference analysis

Changes in study area boundaries can affect inferences of habitat use by wildlife. In environments with regular patterns of cover dispersion, tests show delineation of study area boundaries has no effect on statistical indication of habitat use. In environments in which cover types are arranged in an aggregated pattern, traditional statistical approaches may yield spurious results. We present an analytical approach using grid cells, which offers an alternative way to examine habitat use patterns by wildlife. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(3):681-685 An objective of wildlife studies using radio telemetry is to determine the habitat compo- nents important to wildlife. However, the in- vestigative approach often used in these studies has serious limitations that do not appear to be widely recognized. Our intent is to illustrate some of these limitations and suggest an alter- native that merits further exploration in habitat preference studies. The analysis of telemetry data involves clas-
Nature and distribution of Cambrian shell concentrations; evidence from the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States (California, Nevada, and Utah)

Shell concentrations (shell beds) are abundant and diverse in the Cambrian strata of the Basin and Range Province (California, Nevada, and Utah). These beds occur in many lithofacies and vary from mm-thick pavements composed exclusively of trilobites to well-developed composite beds, meters in thickness, composed of a variety of taxa. Overall, the physical dimensions, abundance, and diversity of shell accumulations increased from Early to Late Cambrian times in shallow-marine, mixed carbonate and siliciclastic facies. This temporal trend is likely controlled primarily by the diversification of trilobites and the appearance of new clades. A decrease in the abundance and an associated rapid increase in thickness offossil accumulations in the latest Cambrian is likely tied to lithologic changes associated with changes in accommodation space. Sedimentary rocks from inner detrital, carbonate platform, and outer detrital belts contain taphonomically and stratigraphically distinct suites of shell concentrations. Relatively thin storm-generated event concentrations are most common in the inner and outer detrital belts, whereas composite and condensed shell beds predominate in carbonate platform facies. The environmental variations in shell accumulations across the Cambrian shelf are controlled primarily by physical processes, such as storm events and current and/or wave agitation. The common association of shell beds with hiatal surfaces and meter-scale stratigraphic cycles indicates that many Cambrian trilobite-dominated shell beds can be used as key marker beds for stratigraphic analysis.
MR of ballistic materials : imaging artifacts and potential hazards

The most common ballistic materials available in the urban setting were studied for their MR effects on deflection force, rotation, heating, and imaging artifacts at 1.5 T to determine the potential efficacy and safety for imaging patients with ballistic injuries. The 28 missiles tested covered the range of bullet types and materials suggested by the Cleveland Police Department. The deflection force was measured by the New method. Rotation was evaluated 30 min after bullets had been placed in a 10% (weight per weight) ballistic gelatin designed to simulate brain tissue, with the long axis of the bullet placed parallel and perpendicular to the Z axis of the magnet. Heating was measured with alcohol thermometers by imaging for 1 hr alternatively with gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences (RF absorption = 0.033 and 0.326 w/kg respectively). Image artifacts on routine sequences were evaluated. All the steel-containing bullets except for the Winchester armor-piercing 38 caliber exhibited deflection. A nonsteel 7.38-mm Mauser also deflected. Deflection range was 514 to 15,504 dynes. Rotation occurred when the bullets were not parallel to the Z axis. Temperature changes were not significant. Deflecting projectiles resulted in obliteration of the image. The artifacts from other projectiles were small but varied by content. The artifact of the Winchester armor-piercing 38-caliber bullet was similar to those without steel. Bullets that contain steel or ferromagnetic contaminates such as nickel can be rotated within the MR unit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect on Functions of Liver and Kidney and Expression of Methylation in Mice with Subacute Cadmium Exposure

[Objective] To examine the effects on liver and kidney functions, DNA methylation, and the expression of demethylation enzyme 1(Tet1) in mice after sub acute exposure(4 weeks) to cadmium chloride. [Methods] Forty-eight SPF grade KM mice were randomly grouped into four groups: control(dd H2O), Cd Cl2 17.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 35 mg/kg groups. The mice were treated with cadmium chloride by gavage, once a day, five days a week, for four weeks. Then they were neutralized after CO2 anesthesia. Items to be measured included liver and kidney organ coefficients, blood routine and biochemical indicators, pathological examinations of liver and kidney tissue samples, whole genome DNA methylation levels, as well as Tet1 m RNA and protein expressions. [Results] The activity and mental state of mice were lower in the 35 mg/kg group. Significant differences in mice weights among all exposure durations and Cd Cl2 exposure doses were observed, and the interaction between exposure duration and dosage was confirmed(P 0.05). Compared with the control group, the liver weights and coefficients of the male mice in the 25 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg groups had significant differences(P 0.05). In female and male mice, the blood routine indicators such as white blood cell(WBC), blood platelet(PLT), and lymphocyte(LYM) had significant differences among all cadmium chloride exposed groups(P 0.05); in the male mice, WBC, PLT, LYM, and RBC had differences among all cadmium chloride exposed groups(P 0.05). Besides, as for the blood biochemical indicators, alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) of liver functions as well as uric acid(UA), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and creatinine(CR) of kidney functions showed significant differences between two mouse genders(P 0.05). The results of histopathologic analysis showed that liver and kidney pathological changes of male mice were found in the 25 mg/kg and the 35 mg/kg groups. The Tet1 protein and m RNA expression levels only in the male liver and kidney samples were obviously different among various dose groups(P 0.05). The results of pyrosequencing showed that the male mice had significant differences in methylation in kidney and liver among various dose groups(P 0.05), which were negatively correlated with Tel1 m RNA expression(r=-0.473, P 0.05; r=-0.134, P 0.05). [Conclusion] Subacute cadmium exposure could induce kidney and renal injury in mice, and show gender differences in expressions of whole genome methylation and demethylation enzyme Tet1. Tet1 could regulate the global methylation in liver and kidney of male mice.
ADHERENCE EVENTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

Infective endocarditis begins with adherence of microorganisms to cardiac tissues. These tissues have often been previously damaged, creating a thrombotic lesion consisting of platelets and fibrin. Circulating microorganisms localize to this lesion. The tissue specificity of endocarditis likely results from interactions between cell-surface determinants on the endocardium, platelet, and microorganism. Interference with these binding events may offer a means of modifying the course of the infection.
Renal assimilation of oligopeptides: physiological mechanisms and metabolic importance

Assimilation of systemic oligopeptides (di- and tripeptides) is largely a function of kidneys. The most specific and unique mechanism utilized for the performance of this renal function is transport, followed by intracellular hydrolysis and then release of constituent amino acids to the systemic circulation. Among tissues examined (liver, kidney, intestine, and muscle), kidney is the only tissue capable of accumulating dipeptides in concentrations that are greater than their plasma concentrations. Kidney also is the tissue with the highest cytoplasmic dipeptidase activity. Intracellular accumulation is mediated by two transporters (Pept-1 and Pept-2), both of which have been recently cloned. These transporters use dipeptides and tripeptides as substrates and rely on protons and membrane potential for their driving force. Pept-1 is a low-affinity, high-capacity transporter, and Pept-2 is a high-affinity, low-capacity transporter. The nutritional and metabolic regulation of renal assimilation of oligopeptides is suggested by the selective decrease in dipeptide balance across the kidneys of starved human subjects and by the insulin stimulation of dipeptide transport by a renal cell line. Peptiduria has been observed in a variety of diseases, but the mechanism, except in genetic diseases affecting hydrolysis of oligopeptides, is not known. Finally, the capacity for active transport of oligopeptides and peptidomimetic drugs enables kidneys to play major roles in nutritional and pharmacological therapies.
Use Segmentation of The Local Tv News Audience

Television News is one of the most used services by the American public, yet little information is available about the consumers of these services. This paper presents a use-segmentation model of the heavy, moderate, and light users of local television programs.
Competition in the comic frame: a burkean analysis of vintage sports car racing

Vintage racing cars are driving out of museums and onto race tracks. Using Burkean concepts, the authors argue that vintage racing is a comically framed critique of the value of competition. The comic dramas of vintage racing employ a repetitive psychology of form in offering equality as the preferable value.
The History and Mineralogy of a Revolutionary War Period Iron Mine, North Garden, Virginia

(1977). The History and Mineralogy of a Revolutionary War Period Iron Mine, North Garden, Virginia. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 360-366.
Impacts of the CARE for Teachers program on teachers’ social and emotional competence and classroom interactions

Understanding teachers’ stress is of critical importance to address the challenges in today’s educational climate. Growing numbers of teachers are reporting high levels of occupational stress, and high levels of teacher turnover are having a negative impact on education quality. Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE for Teachers) is a mindfulness-based professional development program designed to promote teachers’ social and emotional competence and improve the quality of classroom interactions. The efficacy of the program was assessed using a cluster randomized trial design involving 36 urban elementary schools and 224 teachers. The CARE for Teachers program involved 30 hr of in-person training in addition to intersession phone coaching. At both pre- and postintervention, teachers completed self-report measures and assessments of their participating students. Teachers’ classrooms were observed and coded using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). Analyses showed that CARE for Teachers had statistically significant direct positive effects on adaptive emotion regulation, mindfulness, psychological distress, and time urgency. CARE for Teachers also had a statistically significant positive effect on the emotional support domain of the CLASS. The present findings indicate that CARE for Teachers is an effective professional development both for promoting teachers’ social and emotional competence and increasing the quality of their classroom interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Salt Tectonics: Principles and Practice

Salt tectonics is the study of how and why salt structures evolve and the three-dimensional forms that result. A fascinating branch of geology in itself, salt tectonics is also vitally important to the petroleum industry. Covering the entire scale from the microscopic to the continental, this textbook is an unrivalled consolidation of all topics related to salt tectonics: evaporite deposition and flow, salt structures, salt systems, and practical applications. Coverage of the principles of salt tectonics is supported by more than 600 color illustrations, including 200 seismic images captured by state-of-the-art geophysical techniques and tectonic models from the Applied Geodynamics Laboratory at the University of Texas, Austin. These combine to provide a cohesive and wide-ranging insight into this extremely visual subject. This is the definitive practical handbook for professional geologists and geophysicists in the petroleum industry, an invaluable textbook for graduate students, and a reference textbook for researchers in various geoscience fields.
The Indian Microfinance Experience - Accomplishments and Challenges

Microfinance is gathering momentum to become a major force in India. The self-help group (SHG) model with bank lending to groups of (often) poor women without collateral has become an accepted part of rural finance. The paper discusses the state of SHG-based microfinance in India. With traditionally loss-making rural banks shifting their portfolio away from the rural poor in the post-reform period, SHG-based microfinance, nurtured and aided by NGOs, have become an important alternative to traditional lending in terms of reaching the poor without incurring a fortune in operating and monitoring costs. The government and NABARD have recognized this and have emphasized the SHG approach and working along with NGOs in its initiatives. Over half a million SHGs have been linked to banks over the years but a handful of states, mostly in South India, account for over three-fourth of this figure with Andhra Pradesh being an undisputed leader. In spite of the impressive figures, microfinance in India is still presently too small to create a massive impact in poverty alleviation, but if pursued with skill and opportunity development of the poor, it holds the promise to alter the socioeconomic face of the India's poor.
Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism in prokaryotes

Publisher Summary Bacteria are versatile tools for the study of metabolic pathways. This is especially true for the gram-negative Escherichia coli. These bacteria are easy to grow, and the growth conditions can be controlled and manipulated by the investigator. They are suitable for genetic manipulation and their genome sequence is available. E. coli is the most extensively studied bacterium, and the genes and enzymes of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism were first delineated using this organism. Phospholipid synthesis requires significant energy investment by the cell, and the advantages of maintaining fine control over the pathway are obvious. The pathway in most bacteria is catalyzed by a series of discrete proteins: the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis are cytosolic, while those of membrane phospholipid synthesis are mainly integral inner membrane proteins. The differences between the bacterial and mammalian enzymes offer attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. The enzymes of fatty acid synthesis are soluble proteins whose individual activities can be assayed in crude cell extracts or purified preparations. This is markedly different from the mammalian fatty acid synthase, a large multi-functional polypeptide with intermediates covalently attached.
Tumor-Directed Cellular Immunity in Malignant Melanoma and the Antigens That Evoke It

The stimulus to study host responses in patients with malignant melanoma is provided by the observation that the clinical course of this neoplasm is not as uniformly bad as was previously believed by the medical profession and the informed laity (Solzhenitsyn, 1968). In favorable groups of patients with small superficial tumors [< 0.76 mm by micrometric measurement (Breslow, 1970)], the cure rate may considerably exceed 50%. Even in patients with disease in the regional lymph nodes, between 20 and 36% (Cochran, 1969a; Gallery et al., 1982) will remain tumor-free 5 years after therapeutic lymphadenectomy. Prognosis can be, in fact, quite accurately quantified prospectively (Cochran, 1968; MacKie et al., 1972; Gallery et al., 1982). Some of the variability in prognosis is undoubtedly due to biological characteristics of the primary tumor such as thickness (Breslow, 1970) (which probably correlates with tumor volume and thus tumor-cell number), depth of invasion relative to anatomical landmarks of the skin (Clark, 1967; Cochran, 1969b), histogenetic pattern, mitotic rate, blood vascular or lymphatic invasion (McGovern et al., 1973), and number of regional nodes replaced by tumor (Gallery et al., 1982; Cochran, 1969a). It is highly probable that the manner in which the patient reacts to the developing tumor is also very relevant.
Digesting Genomic DNA of Rhizobia with Restriction Endonucleases

Like many other microorganisms, most, if not all, rhizobia have regions of their genomes that are highly variable. In parts of the rhizobial genome, certain DNA sequences tend to vary from species to species and strain to strain, but are stable for a strain. This variability may be seen when the purified genomic DNA of various species and strains of rhizobia are cleaved or digested into numerous small fragments by site-specific enzymes called restriction endonucleases. These enzymes make double-stranded breaks or cuts at specific recognition sequences in the DNA. The small linear DNA fragments that result from the digestion can be separated by electrophoresis according to their molecular size and it is often possible to recognize differences in the banding pattern by visual examination. The characteristic DNA banding pattern of each strain is its fingerprint and may be used in strain identification. In this experiment, the genomic DNA isolated and purified from selected rhizobia will be digested by three different restriction endonucleases prior to separation according to molecular size by horizontal gel electrophoresis.
Chapter 98 - Neurosyphilis

No portion of the central nervous system is immune to the ravages of syphilis. Infection by Treponema pallidum can affect the meninges, brain, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve roots, and cerebral and spinal blood vessels. As a consequence, the disease may present in diverse and, at times, diagnostically challenging fashions. Neurologic manifestations of syphilis may develop within months of the initial infection or, alternatively, take decades to appear. Although approximately one-third of individuals infected by T. pallidum display cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities suggestive of invasion of the central nervous system by the organism, only a fraction of these develop clinically significant neurologic manifestations. The features of neurosyphilis may be modified by the concomitant presence of immunosuppressive agents or conditions such as HIV/AIDS. The epidemiology of neurosyphilis has largely paralleled that of syphilis in general. A dramatic decline occurred by the early 1950s as a consequence of public health measures and the widespread use of antibiotics. The incidence had increased by the onset of the AIDS pandemic and has since corresponded with the adoption of safe sex practices. The CSF Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test remains the “gold standard” for diagnosis, but is not invariably positive. Penicillin remains the most effective and recommended therapy.
CHAPTER 3 – Population Model: Calibration and Validation

This chapter discusses population model. Synthesis began by grouping a balance equation with the dynamic forms to represent a generic population model. Calibration of the dynamic forms to represent a specific population is the next step in the synthesis process. Calibration is, perhaps, more of an art than a science, involving both choice of scheme and principle. Choice of calibration scheme varies with application, but most will fall into one of the three categories: simultaneous, serial, or a combination, which ispartial serial-solution followed by simultaneous solution of the remainder. Several schemes are illustrated for the population model. Choice of calibration principle depends on classification of the time series.
Developing Strategic Leaders for the 21st Century

Abstract : If America is to meet the multiple challenges of the 21st century, it is crucial that it develop a system that places the right people in the right places in government at the right moment. The nation critically needs civilian policy makers who can manage change and deal with the here and now. This monograph examines the development of career civilian leaders for strategic decision making in the national security policy process. Such development must include the recruitment of quality personnel, experiential learning through a series of positions of increasing responsibility, training for specific tasks or missions, and continuous education that considers both policy and process. Consequently, it requires people who are not only substantively qualified and knowledgeable regarding policy issues but who also possess the leadership abilities to direct large complex organizations. This analysis considers existing efforts in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the State Department, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to develop civilian leaders and provides appropriate recommendations for each. It also outlines the changes required to existing personnel management systems and development programs to create an effective cadre of civilian national security professionals for the policy process. These three departments were selected because they have traditionally had the primary role in the development of foreign and defense policy. The key actions required in a counterinsurgency involve "work we associate with civilian skill sets and even agencies -- but the uniformed military is often placed in the position of having to undertake such activities." Consequently, a rebalancing of roles between military and civilian leaders is required. This new security environment requires better qualified career civilian leaders to think in different patterns in order to accomplish these daunting tasks.
Cell-Cell Interactions in Solid Tumors — the Role of Cancer Stem Cells

It is increasingly argued that solid tumors follow a cellular hierarchy comparable to normal tissues, with so-called cancer stem cells on top of the hierarchy. In this model, cancer stem cells have the unique capability to initiate and propagate solid tumors. Non-stem cancer cells will form the bulk of the tumor population, but are by themselves incapable of giving rise to a continuously growing tumor. The two distinct phenotypes interact with one another and compete for common resources such as oxygen, nutrients, or available space. Single cell kinetics are parameterized with in vitro data and the interplay between cancer stem cells and their non-stem cancer cell counterpart is studied using two different modeling approaches: a cellular automaton model and a cellular Potts model. Simulations of tumor growth with both techniques reveal that cancer stem cell-driven solid tumors grow as conglomerates of self-metastases, suggesting a robust biological phenomenon. The growth rate of the tumor is dependent on the complex interplay of the underlying model parameters.
The Ineffable, the Individual, and the Intelligible: Peircean Reflections on the Innate Ingenuity of the Human Animal

Our embodied minds frame and act on hypotheses as spontaneously as our lungs inhale and exhale. The ceaseless rhythm involved in the inhalation and exhalation of breath might itself be taken as a metaphor for the framing and testing of hypotheses. The give-and-take of this physiological function exhibits what the semiotic function of human conjecture functionally is—a dialogue with the world, truly a give-and-take. In being semiotic, however, this function does not cease to be somatic; indeed, it is at once a semiotic, somatic, situated, and historical function. So, even our most causal, hence our most unreflective movements, embody our hypotheses—for example, our hand assuredly reaching for the handle of a door is guided by a conjecture, no less than that same organ frantically trying to clutch a limb as we are tumbling down a steep incline. Explicitly formulated and critically assessed hypotheses are the exceptions to the rule, whereas thoroughly tacit, irreducibly somatic conjectures define the rule in this case. Our movements are in effect conjectures. The space in which they take place is ineluctably a space of signs (an expression deliberately used to recall the use of “the space of reasons” by Wilfrid Sellars and other philosophers).
Synthesis of heteroaromatic trifluoromethyl ethers with trifluoromethyl triflate as the source of the trifluoromethoxy group

A series of nitrogen-heterocycles have been transformed to the corresponding trifluoromethyl or higher perfluoroalkyl ethers by reaction of the corresponding N-oxides with trifluoromethyl or higher perfluoroalkyl triflate. Trifluoromethyl triflate, which has generally been used as a precursor to [OCF3]−, is used here as a bifunctional reagent to render the heteroarene more electrophilic and to deliver the trifluoromethoxy group. This reagent was easily prepared on a large scale (>100 grams) and is stable in either pure form or as a stock solution. Applications and limitations of this method are reported.
LITERATURA E LIVRO DIDÁTICO NO BRASIL: A EXCLUSÃO DA LITERATURA DE AUTORIA INDÍGENA NO ENSINO MÉDIO

Este artigo aborda a memoria socio-historica e cultural construida por meio da leitura da literatura, destacando esta arte e uma das formas de expressao cultural que singularizam a historia de um povo e de uma nacao. Ao tratar desse tema, o estudo discute a contribuicao da literatura de autoria indigena como elemento crucial para a memoria social, historica e cultural do Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho e refletir sobre o ensino de literatura no Ensino Medio e a construcao de uma memoria sobre a cultura, a sociedade e a historia brasileira por meio da leitura de literaturas representativas dos povos brasileiros, apontando a ausencia sistematica das producoes literarias indigenas em materiais didaticos de literatura brasileira. Para desenvolver o estudo, sao adotados como referencial teorico o conceito de memoria socio-historica e perspectivas criticas sobre o ensino de literatura no Brasil e sobre a cultura indigena como tema obrigatorio no ensino basico brasileiro. Para a abordagem proposta, elegem-se como objeto de analise livros didaticos de Lingua Portuguesa e literatura adotados no Ensino Medio em escolas publicas brasileiras e disponibilizados pelo Programa Nacional do Livros Didatico (PNLD). Ao discutir a producao literaria brasileira pelo vies da historiografia, como propoem a maioria dos livros didaticos, nota-se um apagamento da autoria indigena nos materiais pedagogicos, o que compromete nao so a construcao de uma memoria social e cultural das letras brasileiras.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY: AXIOMATIC FORMULATION

This chapter discusses the axiomatic formulation of radiative transfer theory. The static transition relation for radiative measures is the most primitive form of the equation of transfer on a set level within a given optical medium. It is the radiative counterpart to the Chapman-Kolmogorov transition relation for probabilities in the abstract theory of stochastic processes. In this way, the axiomatic formulations are conceptually linked to the diffusion process formulations by Feller. Dynamic transition relations are distinguished from their static correspondents by the presence of time derivatives of the measure or density. The interaction principle can be used as an algebraic foundation for the multitude of invariant imbedding relations. A key tactic in converting a conclusion of the general axiomatic formulations into the discrete context is to replace every integral over the space by a finite sum over that space. The chapter describes axiomatic basis for the theory of polarized radiance.
58 An analysis of the quality of advanced care plan and DNACPR documentation prior to the introduction of the ReSPECT process

An Advanced Care Plan (ACP) allows discussion and documentation of patient preferences for their future medical care which is not limited to resuscitation only. Despite national guidance, there remains poor communication and inconsistent documentation of ACP and DNACPR decisions, potentially resulting in inappropriate treatment and hospital admissions for patients. ReSPECT (Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment) is a newly introduced emergency care plan which aims to help support advanced care discussions and record recommendations. We aimed to assess the quality of ACP and DNACPR documentation at a UK District General Hospital before introducing the ReSPECT form. Retrospective data was collected on all patients from two elderly care wards in March 2018 through case note review. Section headings on the ReSPECT form were used as the basis for collection. Data was also collected on ACP/DNAR decision communication on discharge documentation. 87 patients (52 male and 35 female). 25% (22) had ACP and 72% (63) had DNACPR agreed. Those with DNACPR, 79% (50) had discussion documented in clinical notes, and 57% (36) on discharge documentation. Those with ACP agreed, 68% (15) of discussions were documented in clinical notes, 95% (21) had ACP on discharge documentation completed by junior doctors. ACP and DNACPR decisions are individual to each patient and our initial data shows they are not always clearly documented. Interestingly, ACP decisions are found more on discharge summaries than recorded in medical notes. Discharge summaries are completed by junior doctors and therefore need support by clear senior decision making in the notes. This is currently missing for 27% of ACP decisions and highlights that discussions required for the ReSPECT process are not currently routinely documented. The ReSPECT form alongside web-based training was introduced in October 2018. The next step is to re-audit and assess its impact on documentation and communication.
Large θ 13 in a SUSY SU(5) × T ′ model

In the model based on SUSY SU(5) combined with the T′ family symmetry, it is shown [1, 2] that fermion mass hierarchy and mixing angles can be naturally generated in both lepton and quark sectors compatible with various experimental measurements. But the predicted value for the non-zero lepton mixing angle of $ {\theta_{13 }}\simeq {{{{\theta_c}}} \left/ {{3\sqrt{2}}} \right.} $ contradicts the recent experimental results from Daya Bay and RENO. We propose to introduce one more singlet flavon field in the neutrino sector, and with its additional contribution, we are able to generate the large mixing angle θ 13 ~ 8° − 10°. The analytical expressions of the mixing angles and neutrino masses with the additional flavon field are derived. Our numerical results show that a large region in the model parameter space is allowed for the normal hierarchy case, while a much smaller region is allowed for the inverted hierarchy case. In addition, the predicted value of the solar mixing angle is not affected by the additional singlet contribution. On the other hand, there exists a correlation between θ 13 value and θ 23 − π/4, as a result of the additional singlet contribution. We also make predictions for various other variables that can be potentially tested in the future neutrino experiments such as the Dirac CP phase, which is predicted to be in the range of δ ~ (195° − 200°), and the neutrinoless double beta decay matrix element, 〈m ββ 〉. One numerical example with the minimal χ 2 fit is presented, and the model predictions are consistent with all experimental results.
Material words: The aesthetic grammar of Toraja textiles, carvings, and ritual language:

This article examines the intersections between ritual speech, woodcarving, and painted sacred cloths among the Toraja of upland Sulawesi, Indonesia. The author argues that the longstanding divisio...
Overlying Suture Causes Chondrolysis in Surgical Treatment of Acute Bony Bankart Lesions

Objectives:Severe cartilage loss has been described in the setting of shallow anchor placement in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. There has been no previous investigation into the effects of cartila...
Commentary on “Robust Modeling in Cognitive Science: Misunderstanding the Goal of Modeling”

The article “Robust Modeling in Cognitive Science” (2019) by Lee et al. makes several recommendations about best practices for cognitive science modelers. Many of these are reasonable and will not be discussed in this commentary. I believe several other critically important recommendations either put too much emphasis on less important components of good practice, or are somewhat misguided, and suggest that these are distorted in part because they are based on a misunderstanding of, or a failure to take into account, the goals of modeling. This commentary will highlight those areas where I believe the recommendations for good modeling practice deserve refinement and change.
Internal plasticization of poly(vinyl) chloride using glutamic acid as a branched linker to incorporate four plasticizers per anchor point

Internal plasticization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using thermal azide‐alkyne Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition between azidized PVC and electron‐poor acetylenediamides incorporating a branched glutamic acid linker resulted in incorporation of four plasticizing moieties per attachment point on the polymer chain. A systematic study incorporating either alkyl or polyethylene glycol esters provided materials with varying degrees of plasticization, with depressed Tg values ranging from −1 °C to 62 °C. Three interesting trends were observed. First, Tg values of PVC bearing various internal plasticizers were shown to decrease with increasing chain length of the plasticizing ester. Second, branched internal plasticizers bearing triethylene glycol chains had lower Tg values compared to those with similar length long‐chain alkyl groups. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis of these internally plasticized PVC samples revealed that these branched internal plasticizers bearing alkyl chains are more thermally stable than similarity branched plasticizers bearing triethylene glycol units. These internal tetra‐plasticizers were synthesized and attached to PVC‐azide in three simple synthetic steps. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1821–1835
Development of copper powder paste for direct printing and soft mold casting

Abstract Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) of metals has enjoyed significant advancement. While the mainstream AM methods utilize high-energy power beams to melt metal powders, other low-cost alternatives are also being developed (e.g., direct ink printing). In this study, a copper powder-binder paste is developed, which is not only capable to be used for direct printing, but also to be cast using soft molds. Dense three-dimensional parts can be obtained by sintering green bodies. The electrical and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are evaluated by conductivity, hardness measurements and tensile tests, respectively. The results are comparable to other powder processed copper materials.
Placing Bundled Payments in Perspective: A Survey of the New England Ophthalmological Society.

OBJECTIVE To determine ophthalmologists' views on the Medicare bundled payment model for specialty physicians in the outpatient setting. DESIGN AND METHODS The New England Ophthalmology Society (NEOS) was emailed an anonymous survey. Views of bundled payments and demographic characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Of responding members, 72% (115/160) strongly opposed bundled payments; 68% (108/160) believed bundled payments will lead to financial losses, and the majority did not support including costs of prescription drugs (69%, 109/159) or preoperative (77%, 123/159) or postoperative complications (59%, 94/159) in the bundle. Respondents who held office in a medical society, were in private practice, solely billed for income, and had mostly conservative political views were significantly more likely to oppose bundling. CONCLUSION The majority of NEOS ophthalmologists were opposed to bundled payments. Personal beliefs and practice type may influence the level of ophthalmologist support of bundled payments.
Outcomes of catheter-directed thrombolysis vs. standard medical therapy in patients with acute submassive pulmonary embolism.

BackgroundCatheter-directed thrombolysis (CDL) is increasingly being used for the treatment of submassive and massive pulmonary embolism. Although this therapy has been shown to be effective at red...
Association of salvage cryoablation with decreased utilization of androgen deprivation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy.

358Background: Cryoablation is an established treatment for recurrent prostate cancer after primary radiotherapy, but outcomes data are mostly limited to uncontrolled case series. We assessed salva...
Exploring Morphological Effects on the Mechanics of Blended Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Extruded Fibers Fabricated Using Multilayer Coextrusion

Nanofibrous materials composed of polyesters play a key role in several technologically demanding fields, most notably that of biomedicine. A critical feature of polyesters is their ability to tune...
Myocarditis Associated With COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic, with affecting to-date over 23 million people and causing over 800,000 deaths around the globe. The major pathogenetic mechanisms include inflammation, vasoconstriction and thrombogenesis. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically manifests as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and exhibits radiographic evidence of bilateral pneumonic infiltrates. Recent meta-analyses have shown that myocardial injury, including viral myocarditis, is prevalent among infected patients, especially in patients requiring ICU level care. Diagnosis of viral myocarditis is multifactorial and involves detection of elevated cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic evidence of cardiomyopathy, in the absence of diseased coronary arteries. Endomyocardial biopsy with histopathologic examination provides definitive confirmation. We present a case of a previously healthy 52-year-old male who presented clinically with suspected myocarditis with new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and systolic dysfunction as a sequela of infection with SARS-CoV-2. In this report we highlight the clinical presentation of echocardiographic findings and proposed pathogenetic mechanisms of myocarditis associated with COVID-19 which has a varied presentation, ranging from clinically silent to life-threatening arrhythmias with hemodynamic compromise.
Prevention of High-Temperature Surface Degradation in SiMo Cast Irons by Cr and Al Alloying

High silicon molybdenum-alloyed cast irons (SiMo) with spherical graphite are widely used for cast thin-wall exhaust manifolds, worked in high-temperature oxidation environment; therefore, prevention of surface degradation during service is important for such common application. The base SiMo and two alloyed by 1 pct Cr and 3 pct Al cast irons were tested at high temperatures in air and a combustion atmosphere to study the microstructural processes of surface degradation. It was shown that surface degradation of SiMo cast irons involves several microstructural processes, including the formation of multilayered oxide scale and development of internal porosity, resulting in decarburization of graphite nodules. Monitoring weight change of the specimens and Leco C analysis were used for decoupling the rates of surface oxidation and metal matrix decarburization. SEM/EDX analysis was used to study the phase composition of scale and high-resolution TEM analysis was performed to determine the detailed information about the atomic structure of protection layers formed on scale/metal matrix interface. The results were used to qualify and link different surface degradation mechanisms. In the base SiMo cast iron, the protection efficiency of formed amorphous silica layers is limited by intensive decarburization at temperatures above 700 °C. It was shown that Cr and Al alloying prevents surface degradation and suppresses decarburization by developing thermally stable oxide films on metal-scale interface, thus allowed to increase a safe working temperature up to 800 °C in air and the combustion atmosphere.
Automated Capillary Isoelectric Focusing-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Qualitative and Quantitative Top-Down Proteomics

Top-down proteomics (TDP) aims to delineate proteomes in a proteoform-specific manner, which is vital for accurately understanding protein function in cellular processes. It requires high-capacity separation of proteoforms before mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF)-MS has been recognized as a useful tool for TDP in the 1990s because cIEF is capable of high-resolution separation of proteoforms. Previous cIEF-MS studies concentrated on measuring the protein's mass without MS/MS, impeding the confident proteoform identification in complex samples and the accurate localization of post-translational modifications on proteoforms. Herein, for the first time, we present automated cIEF-MS/MS-based TDP for large-scale delineation of proteoforms in complex proteomes. Single-shot cIEF-MS/MS identified 711 proteoforms from an Escherichia coli (E. coli) proteome consuming only nanograms of proteins. Coupling two-dimensional size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-cIEF to ESI-MS/MS enabled the identification of nearly 2000 proteoforms from the E. coli proteome. Label-free quantitative TDP of zebrafish male and female brains using SEC-cIEF-MS/MS quantified thousands of proteoforms and revealed sex-dependent proteoform profiles in brains. Particularly, we discovered several proteolytic proteoforms of pro-opiomelanocortin and prodynorphin with significantly higher abundance in male zebrafish brains as potential endogenous hormone proteoforms. Multilevel quantitative proteomics (TDP and bottom-up proteomics) of the brains revealed that the majority of proteoforms having statistically significant difference in abundance between genders showed no abundance difference at the protein group level. This work represents the first multilevel quantitative proteomics study of sexual dimorphism of the brain.
Commentary: Anterior Petrosal Approach for Enlarging Previously Radiated Recurrent Trigeminal Schwannoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Trigeminal nerve schwannomas (TNSs) are rare lesions that typically present with symptoms of trigeminal neuropathy or other cranial nerve palsies. These lesions classically have a dumbbell shape, with an anterior component within Meckel's cave and posterior component extending into the posterior fossa through the porus trigeminus. Surgical resection of TNSs can often be achieved via an extradural subtemporal approach to Meckel's cave without an anterior petrousectomy, even for tumors with a significant posterior fossa component, as the tumor often erodes a portion of the petrous apex.1 We present the case of a 53-yr-old female presenting to our institution with complete trigeminal neuropathy secondary to a right-sided, previously resected and radiated TNS. Serial imaging demonstrated an interval growth of significant residual tumor despite multiple adjuvant therapies, and, thus, the patient was recommended to undergo additional surgical resection. The lesion was approached through a right-sided subtemporal approach to Meckel's cave,2 with a plan to utilize an anterior petrousectomy only if difficulty resecting the posterior fossa component of the tumor was encountered. Intraoperatively, the posterior fossa component was found to be densely adherent to the adjacent brainstem, likely secondary to prior surgery and radiation therapy, and, thus, an anterior petrousectomy was performed. Postoperatively, the patient had stable trigeminal neuropathy without any new neurological deficits and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a gross total resection. In the accompanying video, we hope to demonstrate the steps and nuances of both the subtemporal approach to accessing Meckel's cave and anterior petrousectomy when employed for the resection of TNSs. The patient in question provided formal consent for the making of this video.