cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational structure and national activities of the United States in support of the ITER engineering design activities

Efforts in the United States (US) on ITER are nationwide. Within the US, the government agency responsible for the ITER Engineering Design Activities (EDA) is the Department of Energy (DOE). All ITER funds are provided by the US Government through DOE. Within the DOE, the Office of Fusion Energy (OFE) is organizationally responsible to carry out the ITER activities under the acting direction of Warren Marton, Director, ITER and Technology Division.
Open environment for image processing and software development

The main goal of the Khoros software project is to create and provide an integrated software development environment for information processing and data visualization. The Khoros software system is now being used as a foundation to improve productivity and promote software reuse in a wide variety of application domain. A powerful feature of the Khoros system is the high-level, abstract visual language that can be employed to significantly boost the productivity of the researcher. Central to the Khoros system is the need for a consistent yet flexible user interface development system that provides cohesiveness to the vast number of programs that make up the Khoros system. Automated tools assist in maintenance as well as development of programs. The software structure that embodies this system provides for extensibility and portability, and allows for easy tailoring to target specific application domains and processing environments. First, an overview of the Khoros software environment is given. Then this paper presents the abstract applications programmer interface, API, the data services that are provided in Khoros to support it, and the Khoros visualization and image file format. The authors contend that Khoros is an excellent environment for the exploration and implementation of imaging standards.
Proposed fiber-optic acoustical probe.

An optical fiber whose end face is polished to an angle θ close to the critical angle θc is proposed as an acoustical detector probe. Since θc can be tuned by optical material dispersion of the glass fiber to bring θc close to θ, probe sensitivity can be controlled. Also, tuning would allow the probe to be either phase or amplitude modulated by the acoustical wave, depending on whether θc were tuned to greater than or less than the incident angle θ.
An energy transfer equilibrium between two identical copies of a ribosome-bound fluorescent transfer RNA analogue: implications for the possible structure of codon-anticodon complexes.

Abstract When yeast tRNA Pf Phe , a derivative of tRNA Phe in which proflavine replaces the Y base, is bound simultaneously to both the peptidyl and aminoacyl sites of a 70 S Escherichia coli ribosome, there is a rapid mutual energy transfer between the two bound tRNAs. Analysis of this energy transfer yields an upper limit for the proflavine-proflavine distance of 20 A. It also allows an unequivocal measurement of the emission spectrum of tRNA Pf Phe bound at the aminoacyl site. In the presence of message this spectrum is very different from that seen in the peptidyl site, implying that in the two sites the hypermodified bases exist in significantly different environments. The rapid energy transfer leads to some loss of fluorescence anisotropy. This can be analyzed to obtain an estimate of the angle between the two proflavines: 28 ° ± 10 ° or 152 ° ± 10 °. Taken together all of these results place severe constraints on possible models of codon-anticodon complexes. The mutual energy transfer seen and analyzed on the ribosome is a convenient aspect of fluorescence spectroscopy, and it is one that should see broad application where multiple copies of a fluorescent ligand interact on a macromolecular substrate.
The fate of planktonic primary production1

The carbon dynamics of phytoplankton communities in six different lakes were investigated. In each lake carbon-specific rates of production (b) and loss (d) were highly correlated and closely balanced through most of the year. As a result carbon-specific growth rates were usually very low and carbon standing crop was relatively stable between sampling dates. Major fluctuations in algal biomass occurred only when the production-loss balance was significantly perturbed. The frequency of these perturbations and the seasonal variability of b and d differed between lakes. The most consistent pattern was found in the low altitude lakes of the temperate zone, where b and d were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Values were also low during the spring and fall mixing periods when perturbations in the production-loss balance caused major peaks in carbon standing crop. The fate of primary production varied significantly between lakes. In most of the lakes considered the majority of carbon fixation was consumed in metabolic processes. However, in Lake Wingra a large part of the production was apparently lost through grazing and sedimentation. Differences in the average values of b, d, and % metabolic loss between lakes appeared to depend on the combined loss rate due to sinking and grazing. These results suggest a general pattern of carbon dynamics similar to that found in steady state continuous cultures.
E0/E2 and E2/M1 multipole mixing amplitudes of γ-transitions in 192Pt

Abstract Angular correlation measurements of conversion electrons and γ-rays in 192 Pt following the decay of 192 Ir (74 d) have been made. In particular, the 296 keV e − -316 keV γ correlation was measured in order that the electric monopole admixture in the 296 keV transition could be determined. The results of the angular correlation coefficients measured here and the ratio of K-shell to L III shell conversion electrons measured by others are: −0.09 q λ q λ − -γ and γ-γ cascades and the derived multipole mixing ratios are tabulated and compared with other recent measurements and with the predictions of the Kumar-Baranger nuclear model.
Using phase resetting to predict 1:1 and 2:2 locking in two neuron networks in which firing order is not always preserved

Our goal is to understand how nearly synchronous modes arise in heterogenous networks of neurons. In heterogenous networks, instead of exact synchrony, nearly synchronous modes arise, which include both 1:1 and 2:2 phase-locked modes. Existence and stability criteria for 2:2 phase-locked modes in reciprocally coupled two neuron circuits were derived based on the open loop phase resetting curve (PRC) without the assumption of weak coupling. The PRC for each component neuron was generated using the change in synaptic conductance produced by a presynaptic action potential as the perturbation. Separate derivations were required for modes in which the firing order is preserved and for those in which it alternates. Networks composed of two model neurons coupled by reciprocal inhibition were examined to test the predictions. The parameter regimes in which both types of nearly synchronous modes are exhibited were accurately predicted both qualitatively and quantitatively provided that the synaptic time constant is short with respect to the period and that the effect of second order resetting is considered. In contrast, PRC methods based on weak coupling could not predict 2:2 modes and did not predict the 1:1 modes with the level of accuracy achieved by the strong coupling methods. The strong coupling prediction methods provide insight into what manipulations promote near-synchrony in a two neuron network and may also have predictive value for larger networks, which can also manifest changes in firing order. We also identify a novel route by which synchrony is lost in mildly heterogenous networks.
Thermal physics: Quantum interference heats up

A thermal effect predicted more than 40 years ago was nearly forgotten, while a related phenomenon stole the limelight. Now experimentally verified, the effect could spur the development of heat-controlling devices. See Letter p.401 When two superconductors are connected by a weak link, they form a 'Josephson junction', in which the electrical current crossing the junction is determined by the quantum phase difference between the two superconductors. Such structures form the basis of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), widely used for the measurement of small magnetic fields. Nearly 50 years ago, Kazumi Maki and Allan Griffin predicted a thermal analogue of the Josephson junction. Now Francesco Giazotto and Maria Jose Martinez-Perez have realized such a device, in which the flow of heat between the superconductors is also dependent on the quantum phase difference. This effect could potentially be harnessed for the manipulation of heat in solid-state nanocircuits.
Structural studies on bovine milk galactosyl transferase: effects of pH and denaturants on structure and activity

Abstract The pH and denaturant stability of bovine milk galactosyl transferase was studied with particular reference both to aspects of published isolation procedures (acid casein precipitation) and to experiments probing the accessibility of reactive thiol groups. As monitored by catalytic activity or fluorescence spectroscopy, the enzyme undergoes an irreversible inactivation and concomitant structure change below pH 5.0, which is extremely rapid below pH 4.4. At catalytic pH (7.5) the enzyme inactivates (unfolds) at ∼ 5 m urea, 2.0 m guanidine hydrochloride and 0.6 m m sodium dodecyl sulphate. The latter detergent apparently binds near Trp residues, as evidenced by a large (>10 nm) blue shift. Extreme caution should be taken in any (acid) casein precipitation steps.
Joint Determination of Current Classroom Performance and Additional Economics Classes: A Binary/Continuous Model

Students in DEEP high schools are found to score higher on the Test of Economic Literacy but are less likely to want another course in economics than students who are not in DEEP schools.
THE ADMISSIBLE CONTENTS OF VISUAL EXPERIENCE

My purpose is to take a close look at the nature of visual content. I discuss the view that visual experiences have only existential contents, the view that visual experiences have either singular or gappy contents, and the view that visual experiences have multiple contents. I also consider a proposal about visual content inspired by Kaplan's well known theory of indexicals. I draw out some consequences of my discussion for the thesis of intentionalism with respect to the phenomenal character of visual experience.
Elites and Death in Vietnam and Other U.S. Wars: A Research Note

Research on class bias in military service has focused on service and death among the economically disadvantaged during the Vietnam War. This study uses the war records of elite colleges to examine elite participation in five major wars. Significant differences in elite participation across wars are found, with lower rates during the Civil, Korean, and Vietnam Wars and higher rates during the World Wars. The similarities between Korea and Vietnam indicate that political unrest related to the Vietnam War was not the sole cause of low levels of elite participation. Changes in the size and structure of the post-World War II military are hypothesized as alternative causal factors.
Targeting Biological Sensing with Commercial SERS Substrates

There is an increasing need for rapid and accurate detection, identification, and quantification of chemical, biological, and energetic hazards in many fields of interest. To meet these challenges, researchers are combining spectroscopy with nanoscale platforms to create technologies that offer viable and novel solutions for today's sensing needs. One technology that has gained increasing popularity to meet these needs is surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). For ideal SERS sensing, commercially available uniform and reproducible nanoscale surface demonstrating high sensitivity are desirable. If these surfaces can be modified for the selective sensing of hazard materials, an ideal sensor platform for dynamic in field measurements can be imagined. In this proceedings paper, preliminary efforts towards the characterization and application of commercially available next generation Klarite substrates will be demonstrated and efforts towards selective sensing will be discussed.
Regeneration of rodent small intestine tissue following implantation of scaffolds seeded with a novel source of smooth muscle cells.

Aims: To apply an organ regeneration platform technology of autologous smooth muscle cell/biomaterial combination products, previously demonstrated to be successful for urinary tissue regeneration, to the regeneration of the small intestine. Materials & methods: Patch and tubular constructs were implanted in rodent small intestines and histologically evaluated over a time course for evidence of regeneration of the laminarly organized neo-mucosa and muscle layers. Results: Laminarly organized neo-mucosa and muscle layer bundles are demonstrated as early as 8 weeks postimplantation. Conclusion: An organ regeneration technology platform of autologous smooth muscle cell/biomaterial combination products can be extended to the regeneration of the small intestine.
Fibreglass-reinforced lead composites

Abstract Fibreglass/lead composites have been produced by infiltrating fibreglass tapes and roving with molten lead. Infiltration of the fibreglass strands by the lead is excellent, although the lead tends not to fill in large voids or crevices between strands. Typical composites contain 84 weight % lead or 46 volume % fibres. Room temperature tensile strengths of the composites average approximately 200 MN/m 2 , although strengths as high as 315 MN/m 2 are reported. Nearly all of the strength is derived from the glass fibres and is thus, for a given number of fibres, independent of lead content of the composite. Potential uses for fibreglass/lead composites are presented.
Modeling pool-like gas flames of propane

Abstract Turbulent, buoyant pool-like propane flames with heat release rates of 15.8, 22.9 and 37.9 kW are numerically modeled. The model assumes a parabolic flow field, α κ–ϵ turbulence model, and an eddy-dissipation concept for the interaction of the chemistry and turbulence. Radiative heat transfer is incorporated by the flux model with the absorption and emission coefficients evaluated using a temperature-weighted gray gas model. Predictions are made for the flame shapes, axial velocity, axial mean temperature and various scalar properties along the centerline, the radial distribution of temperature and velocity at various axial heights, and the air entrainment behavior. The overall agreement between the predicted and experimental flame behavior is seen to be good; however, the radial expansion of the flame is underestimated in the combustion zone.
Correlation between the Free Energy of a Channel-Forming Voltage-Gated Peptide and the Spontaneous Curvature of Bilayer Lipids†

The aqueous-membrane partitioning of alamethicin, a voltage-gated channel-forming peptide, was measured as a function of the membrane spontaneous curvature. EPR spectroscopy was used to measure the partitioning of the peptide in lipid compositions formed from dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and varied percentages of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyl (DOPE-Me), or dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-N,N-dimethyl (DOPE-Me2). When the mole fraction of DOPE in mixtures of DOPC/DOPE is increased the binding of alamethicin decreases, and the increase in binding free energy is found to be linearly dependent upon the mole fraction of DOPE in the mixture. Addition of DOPE-Me or DOPE-Me2 also increases the binding free energy, except that the effect is reduced relative to that of DOPE. The free-energy increase per mole fraction of DOPE was found to be 1400 cal/mol, whereas for DOPE-Me and DOPE-Me2 the free-energy changes were 980 and 630 cal/mol, respectively. When the free-energy changes for alamethicin binding are compared with the previously determined spontaneous curvatures for mixtures of DOPC/DOPE and DOPC/DOPE-Me, the free energy of binding is found to be linearly dependent upon the spontaneous curvature of the bilayer lipids. The effects of membrane lipid unsaturation on the partitioning of alamethicin were also measured and are qualitatively consistent with this conclusion. The sensitivity to spontaneous curvature and the cooperativity that is seen in the binding curves for alamethicin are postulated to be a result of a localized thinning of the bilayer promoted by this peptide.
Material anisotropy effects on stress intensity factors and the effective elastic compliance

Abstract Analytical expressions are developed for studying the influence of material anisotropy on stress intensity factors and the effective compliance of cracked planar solids. The method is based on a crack interaction analysis in which tractions represented by polynomial series are superimposed to satisfy the crack boundary conditions. By varying two anisotropy parameters which are ratios of certain combinations of the matrix compliance components, it is shown that the sensitivity of the stress intensity factors to anisotropy variation is related to the fracture mode, the crack interaction mode, i.e. amplification or shielding, and the anisotropy itself. Also, the anisotropy variation has a non-uniform impact on the effective compliance components, and the sensitivity of any one component to the variation is a function of the anisotropy parameters.
Localization of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-1 to the Endoplasmic-Reticulum and Nuclear-Envelope Is Independent of Its C-Terminal Tetrapeptide-Ptel

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H (PGH) synthases 1 and 2 are both membrane-associated proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope. The carboxyl terminal tetrapeptides of PGH synthases 1 and 2 are of the form -P/STEL. These sequences are similar to the -KDEL retention signal sequence characteristic of many proteins localized to the ER. To determine if the -PTEL sequence (residues 597-600) functions as an ER retention signal for ovine PGH synthase-1, we prepared and analyzed five mutants (L600N, L600R, L600V, E599Q, and delta 597), all having modifications that would be expected to alter the subcellular location of PGH synthase-1 if the -PTEL sequence were involved in ER targeting. Native ovine PGH synthase-1 and each of the five mutants were subcloned into the pSVT7 expression vector and were expressed transiently in cos-1 cells. The L600N, L600R, E599Q, and delta 597 mutants retained both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Moreover, when subjected to immunocytofluorescent staining, cos-1 cells expressing native and mutant enzymes showed similar patterns of fluorescence corresponding to ER and nuclear envelope localization. Finally, culture media bathing cos-1 cells transfected with native or mutant PGH synthases were tested for secreted PGH synthase-1 protein by Western blotting, but no PGH synthase-1 was detected in any of the culture media. Our results demonstrate that mutations in the C-terminal sequence-PTEL do not change the subcellular location of ovine PGH synthase-1. Thus, targeting of PGH synthase-1 to the ER can occur independent of its -PTEL sequence.
Did elevated atmospheric CO2alter soil mineral weathering?: an analysis of 5-year soil water chemistry data at Duke FACE study

A principal driver of biogeochemical weathering of the Earth's crust is soil CO2, produced mainly by plant roots and soil heterotrophs, a water-soluble gas that forms carbonic acid which reacts with soil minerals via cation exchange and mineral dissolution. We examined effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (ambient + 200 ppmv) in a young pine forest on belowground carbonic acid chemistry of soil water. Soil water was collected every 2–3 weeks over a 5-year period from O horizons and at 15, 70, and 200 cm in mineral soils at the Duke free air CO2 enrichment facility located in a warm temperate climate in North Carolina, USA. Concentrations of major ions were volume-weighted and statistically analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Experimental interest was placed on interactive effects of CO2 treatment and time: to test effects of gradually increasing CO2 in deep soil horizons where CO2 is highest in concentration, and to protect against inherent plot-to-plot differences in soil water chemistry being interpreted as responses to CO2 treatments. Although significant time-dependent interactive effects were reported for soil CO2, interactive effects were not significant for soil water constituents. These data, combined with limited pretreatment sampling of soil water chemistry and recently determined large heterogeneity in soil solid chemistry at this site, indicate that CO2-weathering response is smaller than the more-than-doubling of weathering reported previously and that increases in weathering are masked by in situ soil heterogeneity. Although the hypothesis that elevated CO2 increases cation leaching and weathering dissolution is supported in laboratory experiments and field studies, quantifying the stimulation of chemical weathering by elevated atmospheric CO2 remains to be tested rigorously in the field.
A note on using the lot-sizing index for comparing discrete lot-sizing techniques

In a study comparing the part-period-balancing (PPB) and minimum-cost-per-period (MCP) lot-sizing techniques, Blackburn and Millen [ 1, 21 found the lot-sizing index (LSI) to be a good predictor of cost performance. The lot-sizing index is defined as: LSI = S/(hn) (1) where S = setup cost, h = holding cost per period, and D = average demand per period. Various values of S and h, with b set at either 100 or 200, were used to compare PPB and MCP over 40 LSI values. Results were reported for 19 LSI values: .4, 5, .7, .9, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.6, 3.5, 4.6, 5.5, 6.5, 7.4, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 20.0. The choice of LSI values is apparently arbitrary and seems intended to span the range from small to large values. The purpose of this note is to discuss a few important issues that should be considered when using the lot-sizing index for comparing discrete lot-sizing techniques. First, it is shown that a relation exists between LSI and the economic order period (EOP). It is concluded from this relationship that Blackburn and Millen’s choice of LSI values includes too many small values and also that values greater than 20 may be appropriate for most studies. In addition, Blackburn and Millen’s comparison of PPB and MCP cost performance is used to illustrate that EOP may be useful for clarifying the relative performance of techniques.
A reassessment of the rupture characteristics of oceanic transform earthquakes

[1] We investigate the long-period source spectra of oceanic transform earthquakes and find that previously proposed slow rupture components can be explained as artifacts generated by the modeling procedure. We use low-frequency (≤20 mHz) Rayleigh and Love waves to calculate the amplitude spectra of five earthquakes on the Romanche and Chain transform faults in the equatorial mid-Atlantic Ocean. We find that errors and approximations in the centroid depth, focal mechanism, and earth structure at the source have significant effects on the shape of the source spectra. If global catalog values and an average crustal model are assumed, the spectra exhibit apparent anomalous energy at long periods which has previously been interpreted as a result of slow rupture. We recalculate the source spectra using precise, independently determined depths and moment tensors and a more realistic oceanic crustal structure in the source region. The resulting source spectra are flat at long periods with no indication of anomalous long-period energy. Our results imply that oceanic transform earthquakes do not commonly have detectable slow rupture components.
Biogenesis of plasma lipoproteins in rat hepatoma McA-RH7777: importance of diffusion-mediated events during cell growth.

Cultured McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cells actively synthesize and secrete plasma lipoproteins. However, synthesis of [14C]triglyceride declines monotonically throughout the early growth period and remains low in postconfluent cultures; and net secretion of [14C]triglyceride is 10-fold more efficient in logarithmically growing cultures than in postconfluent cultures. Secretion of apolipoproteins associated with very low density and low density lipoproteins is selectively reduced in postconfluent cultures. The temporal reductions in [14C]triglyceride production are related more strongly to increasing cell concentration (cells/cm3 medium) than to increasing cell density (cells/cm2 growth surface). We have allowed cells to grow either retained within small circular corrals or unrestricted in culture dishes. When seeded at equal density (104 cells/cm2) but at one-fifth the cell concentration, corralled cells synthesize twice as much [14C]triglyceride per cell after 2 and 4 d, and are 10 times as efficient in [14C]triglyceride secretion by 6 d of growth, as noncorralled cells. When seeded at equal cell concentration (105 cells/dish) but at 5 times the cell density, corralled cells are only 20% less efficient at [14C]triglyceride synthesis and secretion than noncorralled cells. Conditioned medium depresses synthesis and secretion efficiency of [14C]triglyceride. Orotic acid exposure also inhibits synthesis of [14C]triglyceride and secretion of certain [35S]apolipoproteins in early cultures, but it has no significant effect on late cultures. We conclude that diffusion-mediated events are important regulators of triglyceride and apolipoprotein production in growing rat hepatoma cells, but that events associated with formation of cell-to-cell contacts play a minor role in regulation of plasma lipoprotein biogenesis.
Carbon cycling in primary production bottle incubations: inferences from grazing experiments and photosynthetic studies using and in the Arabian Sea

Abstract Estimates of photosynthesis based on the incorporation of 14 C -labeled inorganic carbon into particulate carbon were compared to estimates of gross photosynthesis based on net O 2 production and the production of 18 O 2 from H 2 18 O during the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (US JGOFS) Arabian Sea process cruises. For samples incubated below the surface and at optical depths 14 C uptake : gross photosynthesis ratio averaged 0.45±0.1. This result is in accord with theoretical considerations of the combined effects of the Mehler reaction, photorespiration, dark respiration, excretion, and grazing effects on the two estimates of photosynthesis. The 14 C uptake : gross photosynthesis ratio was distinctly higher (0.62) for samples incubated at the surface. This result is likely due to UV light effects, since the O 2 and 14 C incubations were done in quartz and polysulfone bottles, respectively. The 14 C uptake : gross photosynthesis ratio was lower (0.31) for bottles incubated at optical depths>3. This result probably reflects an increase in the ratio of dark respiration to net photosynthesis in the vicinity of the compensation light level.
Homocysteine and hypertension in persons with spinal cord injury

Cross-sectional analysis of a convenience sample of locally recruited participants, including both patients and volunteers. To determine whether there is an association between plasma homocysteine and hypertension in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Spinal Cord Injury Service of the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Medical Center (California, United States of America). The incidence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and the presence of metabolic syndrome were determined in 168 individuals with SCI (mean age 50.2±12.8 years). Fasting lipids, insulin, glucose, plasma homocysteine, and anthropometric data was gathered for each subject. Blood pressure values (P<0.001) and mean arterial pressure (P<0.05) increased with higher plasma homocysteine levels. Homocysteine values were also significantly greater among individuals with hypertension compared with those who were normotensive or prehypertensive (P<0.0001). There was an inverse relationship between plasma homocysteine levels and glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow (P<0.05). Plasma homocysteine levels are elevated in persons with SCI who have hypertension and inversely related to renal function, which suggests that renal dysfunction may be a link between homocysteine and hypertension in persons with SCI. Funded by the VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Merit Review Grant #B2549R.
Tip60 Interacts with Human Interleukin-9 Receptor α-Chain

Abstract Interleukin-9 (IL-9) exerts its pleiotropic effects through the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) complex that consists of the ligand specific IL-9R α-chain, and the IL-2R γ-chain. In this study, we used a modified yeast two-hybrid system to isolate cDNAs encoding proteins that interact with the intracellular domain of the human IL-9R α-chain (hIL-9Rα). We have identified Tip60, an HIV-1 Tat transcription cofactor, as an hIL-9Rα interacting protein. The interaction between hIL-9Rα and Tip60 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization studies. This is the first demonstration that Tip60 associates with a membrane receptor. We also mapped amino acids 411–423 in hIL-9Rα and amino acids 100–147 in Tip60 to be important for interaction. Interestingly, the region in hIL-9α that binds Tip60 is adjacent to the site previously shown to interact with Stat3. Tip60 binds HIV-Tat and mediates Tat-dependent transactivation possibly through its histone acetyltransferase activity. Our results therefore suggest that Tip60 may act as a cofactor of Stat3 or as an adaptor protein for molecules that are important for IL-9 signaling.
SSEP and F-wave studies in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and F-wave responses were compared after tibial (PTN) and median (MN) nerve stimulation in patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP). Nineteen patients were evaluated within 2 weeks of AIDP onset. Each had F-wave and PTN-SSEP studies; 18 had MN-SSEP studies. Ten patients had absent or prolonged MN-SSEP latencies, whereas 16 had abnormal MN F-wave studies. Seventeen patients had an abnormal PTN-SSEP while 12 had abnormal PTN F waves. Every patient with an abnormal MN-SSEP also had an abnormal PTN-SSEP. The most common PTN-SSEP findings were an absent or prolonged latency of N8 or N22. All patients had either an abnormal MN F wave or PTN-SSEP.
Sensing fuel properties with thermal microsensors

We report on measurements of combustion-relevant fuel properties for on-line, feedforward control with small, rugged and fully compensated microsensor-based systems. Such silicon microstructure sensor systems have been demonstrated to determine gaseous and liquid fuel properties such as stoichiometric oxygen demand, octane number, heating value, density and other properties of interest. The measurement approach consists of a three-step process: (1) Measurement of changes in electrical quantities when the sensing elements come in contact with the fluid, (2) Conversion of these quantities into primary sensor outputs, yi, such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, temperature and pressure, and (3) Correlation between these and the properties of interest, Y(yi). By coupling this property sensor to an equally rugged and small thermal flow microsensor, millisecond-range response time signals of mass or volume flow, or stoichiometric oxygen demand rate are provided for feed-forward control, without exposing any sensor to harsh exhaust gas environments. Having presented results with gaseous fuels elsewhere, we update these here but concentrate on the determination of octane and cetane number of liquid fuels. Analysis results show that the correlations between these combustion performance properties and physical fuel properties are as good as the ones between octane and critical compression ratio or between cetane and ignition delay. However, all those correlations appear to be limited presently by the accuracy or at least consistency of available data, which are needed for calibration of the sensor system. In checking the temperature dependence of one of the correlations for octane, we found the system output to shift by 15% when using hexadecane as a reference fuel, but only by 1% with iso-octane as reference, for a 10 degree(s)C shift in temperature.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Matrix isolation infrared and density functional theoretical studies of cryogenic reactions of silicon atoms with dimethyl ether and methanol: new route to generation and stabilization of transient silanones

Abstract Silicon atoms, produced by vaporization of silicon at temperatures 1450–1650°C from a graphite cell, were co-condensed with dimethyl ether or methanol and a large excess of argon onto a polished copper substrate cooled down to 15 K. The deposited solid matrixes were studied by reflection-transmission IR spectroscopy. Structural identification of the reactive intermediates, formed during co-condensation and subsequent photoirradiation of the primary products, and vibrational analysis of their spectra have been accomplished by comparison with the previously reported IR features for silylene CH 3 OSiCH 3 ( 2 ) (G. Maier, H.P. Reisenauer, K. Schottler, U. Wessolek-Kraus, J. Organomet. Chem. 366 (1989) 25), silanones (CH 3 ) 2 SiO ( 3 ) (V.N. Khabashesku, Z.A. Kerzina, A.K. Maltsev, O.M. Nefedov, J. Organomet. Chem. 347 (1988) 277) and CH 3 (H)SiO ( 9 ) (R. Withnall, L. Andrews, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 (1986) 8118), and with the density functional theory B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculated harmonic frequencies and infrared intensities for complexes Si⋯O(CH 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) and Si⋯O(CH 3 )H ( 7 ), silylenes ( 2 ), CH 3 OSiH ( 6 ), CH 3 SiOH ( 8 ), silanones ( 3 ) and ( 9 ), and 1-methyl-2-oxa-1-silirane ( 4 ) and oxasilirane ( 10 ). The step-wise mechanisms for the formation of the products 1 – 10 were suggested with the help of theoretical modeling based on DFT calculations of reaction dynamics of Si( 1 D) atoms with CH 3 OCH 3 and CH 3 OH. The directly observed formation of silanones ( 3 ) and ( 9 ) in the detectable by a standard IR spectrometer quantities suggests that the studied reactions can be utilized as a new route for generation and physical stabilization of transient silanones.
Resonantly-pumped Er3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser for remote CO2 monitoring

Laser performance of resonantly-pumped Er3+-doped Y2O3 ceramic laser for remote DIAL CO2 monitoring is reported. Slope efficiency of 64.6% and output power of over 9.3 W have been achieved with this eyesafe, 1.6-μm, CW laser in a cryogenically cooled operation regime despite the marginal optical quality of currently available laser gain material.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of small-cell carcinoma of the parotid

Small-cell carcinomas arise uncommonly in extrapulmonary sites and are rare primary neoplasms in the salivary glands. We report on the aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical findings of a small-cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in an 81-yr-old man.
Patterns of tumor colony development over time in soft‐agar culture

Human tumors were cultured by the two-layer soft-agar technique and the time course of tumor colony development was evaluated during periods of up to 6 weeks in culture. All colony counting was performed with an automated tumor colony counter (Omnicon; Bausch and Lomb, Inc, Rochester, NY, USA). This instrument provided colony counts per culture plate in six size categories from greater than 60 microns diameter colonies to greater than 149 microns diameter colonies. Six to 24 culture plates were used for each "growth curve", generally 24. Control (non-drug-treated) cultures were obtained from 117 tumors, of which 25 also provided enough cells to allow evaluation of the time course of colony development after exposure to cytostatic agents. The development of colonies in non-drug-treated plates usually demonstrated a lag phase, a logarithmic growth phase to maximum colony development and a subsequent deterioration of colonies. In spite of clumps seeded into the agar, real colony growth could be recognized by frequent colony counting of culture dishes, although the temporal patterns of growth were sometimes different if pure single-cell suspensions were compared with suspensions containing clumps from the same tumor. Drug pre-incubation caused changes in the temporal pattern of colony growth as well as in the total number of colonies. Some cultures showed drug sensitivity when evaluated at certain time points while evaluation at later time points showed only borderline drug effect or none at all. The potential utility of tumor colony growth curves in the clinical applications of tumor colony cultures is discussed.
On bases, finite dimensional decompositions and weaker structures in Banach spaces

This is an investigation of the connections between bases and weaker structures in Banach spaces and their duals. It is proved, e.g., thatX has a basis ifX* does, and that ifX has a basis, thenX* has a basis provided thatX* is separable and satisfies Grothendieck’s approximation property; analogous results are obtained concerning π-structures and finite dimensional Schauder decompositions. The basic results are then applied to show that every separableℒ p space has a basis.
Localization of protection-eliciting epitopes on PspA of Streptococcus pneumoniae between amino acid residues 192 and 260

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae that can elicit a protective antibody response. The pspA gene of strain Rx1 encodes a 65 kDa molecule composed of 588 amino acids. The N-terminal 288 amino acids are highly charged, and predict an alpha-helical coiled-coil protein structure. All monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PspA, obtained by screening against whole pneumococci, bind to the alpha-helical region of PspA, suggesting that this region is surface exposed. The C-terminal 217 amino acids of PspA contain the surface anchor of PspA and does not appear to be alpha-helical. In the middle of the molecule is a proline-rich region that is thought to traverse the cell wall. In this study we have mapped the immunogenic epitopes detected by 9 MAbs that were made against strain Rx1 PspA. Five of the MAb also react with the PspA of mouse virulent strain WU2. All epitopes were found in one of two portions of the alpha-helical region. One comprised the first 115 amino acids, and the other was within amino acids 192 and 260. The five MAbs that recognize WU2 PspA, but not the remaining four MAbs, were protective against strain WU2. The epitopes detected by four of the five protective MAbs mapped to region 192 to 260 of Rx1 PspA. The existence of protective epitopes in this region was confirmed by demonstrating that mice immunized with the cloned fragment containing these residues were protected from fatal infection with WU2. Since amino acids 192 to 260 are in the region of PspA anticipated to be adjacent to the cell wall, and probably well covered by capsule, the means by which antibodies to the region lead to protection is not obvious.
Karyotypic analysis of normal human amnion cells in the recovery phase

Abstract Two lines of human amnion cells in the recovery phase as defined previously [3] were subjected to chromosomal analysis. About 80% of the cells in metaphase which were studied were diploid in number. Karyotypic analysis failed to reveal visible chromosomal abnormality. We have therefore concluded that detectable chromosomal abnormality is not a necessary prerequisite for human amnion cells to enter into the recovery phase.
Parallel programming with object assemblies

We present Chorus, a high-level parallel programming model suitable for irregular, heap-manipulating applications like mesh refinement and epidemic simulations, and JChorus, an implementation of the model on top of Java. One goal of Chorus is to express the dynamic and instance-dependent patterns of memory access that are common in typical irregular applications. Its other focus is locality of effects: the property that in many of the same applications, typical imperative commands only affect small, local regions in the shared heap.Chorus addresses dynamism and locality through the unifying abstraction of an object assembly: a local region in a shared data structure equipped with a short-lived, speculative thread of control. The thread of control in an assembly can only access objects within the assembly. While objects can migrate from assembly to assembly, such migration is local--i.e., objects only move from one assembly to a neighboring one--and does not lead to aliasing. Programming primitives include a merge operation, by which an assembly merges with an adjacent assembly, and a split operation, which splits an assembly into smaller ones. Our abstractions are race and deadlock-free, and inherently data-centric.We demonstrate that Chorus and JChorus allow natural programming of several important applications exhibiting irregular data-parallelism. We also present an implementation of JChorus based on a many-to-one mapping of assemblies to lower-level threads, and report on preliminary performance numbers.
Problem Contexts for Thinking about Equality: An Additional Resource

Teacher: What do you think the equal sign means? Student 1: I think it means like what's the next number of the addition problem. Student 2: It means the sum. Student 3: It tells what the number is...
The Effects of Pt Doping on the Structure and Visible Light Photoactivity of Titania Nanotubes

Platinum-doped titania nanotubes were prepared by a hydrothermal technique to produce visible light activated catalysts. Pt loading, however, also affected the morphology of the titania nanotubes. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) results reveal that up to 1 mol % loading Pt-doped titania retains its nanotubular structure, but at 2 and 4 mol % Pt the nanotubes collapse to a nanopowder. High-angle annular dark field STEM images show that the Pt nanoparticles have diameters of !2-5 nm and are uniformly distributed on the nanotube surface. Pt doping enhances the photoactivity of titania nanotubes in visible light for the photooxidation of acetaldehyde. Titania nanotubes doped with 0.5 mol % Pt show the maximum visible light photoactivity with a decay rate constant nearly 7 order of magnitude (0.0034 min -1 )g reater than commercially available P25 titania (0.0005 min -1 ). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to probe the mechanism by which Pt-doping alters the structure and function of the titania nanotubes. EPR spectra revealed that undercoordinated sites and oxygen deficiency on the surface of the titania nanotube are created in synthesis (calcination in hydrogen atmosphere). These surface features interact with the Pt centers to alter the optical, electronic, and chemical behavior of the titania nanotube. These results also suggest the potential for practical applications such as incorporating Pt-doped titania nanotubes with commercially available light sources for indoor air purification.
Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. VII. Pleistocene Trichechus manatus linnaeus, 1758

Abstract All known Pleistocene fossils of manatees from North America are conspecific with the living West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus. However, those of late Pleistocene (late Rancholabrean) age differ from all modern manatees, and are here assigned to a new subspecies, T. m. bakerorum. In contrast, early Pleistocene manatees from the late early Irvingtonian Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna, Florida, do not clearly differ from modern West Indian manatees and are here referred to T. manatus, subspecies indeterminate. I hypothesize that warm intervals during the Quaternary allowed manatees from the Caribbean (represented today by the Antillean subspecies, T. m. manatus) to disperse northward into the United States. Ecological barriers (cool winters on the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, deep water and strong currents in the Straits of Florida) then impeded genetic contact with Caribbean populations and permitted evolution of endemic North American forms (T. m. bakerorum and the living Florida manatee, T....
Augmenting the web with accountability

Given the ubiquity of data on the web, and the lack of usage restriction enforcement mechanisms, stories of personal, creative and other kinds of data misuses are on the rise. There should be both sociological and technological mechanisms that facilitate accountability on the web that would prevent such data misuses. Sociological mechanisms appeal to the data consumer's self-interest in adhering to the data provider's desires. This involves a system of rewards such as recognition and financial incentives, and deterrents such as prohibitions by laws for any violations and social pressure. Bur there is no well-defined technological mechanism for the discovery of accountability or the lack of it on the web. As part of my PhD thesis I propose a solution to this problem by designing a web protocol called HTTPA (Accountable HTTP). This protocol will enable data consumers and data producers to agree to specific usage restrictions, preserve the provenance of data transferred from a web server to a client and back to another web server, and more importantly provide a mechanism to derive an `audit trail' for the data reuse with the help of a trusted intermediary called a `Provenance Tracker Network'.
A family of counterexamples in ergodic theory

LetTα be the translationx↦x+α (mod 1) of [0, 1), α irrational. LetT be the Lebesgue measure-preserving automorphism ofX=[0, 3/2) defined byTx = x + 1 forx∈[0, 1/2),Tx=Tα(x−1) forx∈[1,3/2) andTx = Tαx forx∈[1/2, 1), i.e.T isTα with a tower of height one built over [0, 1/2). If α is poorly approximable by rationals (there does not exist {pn/qn} with |α−pn/qn|=o(qn−2)) and λ is a measure onXk all of whose one-dimensional marginals are Lebesgue and which is ⊗i − 1kT1 invariant and ergodic (l>0) then λ is a product of off-diagonal measures. This property suffices for many purposes of counterexample construction. A connection is established with the POD (proximal orbit dense) condition in topological dynamics.
Long-Term Results of Common/External Iliac Vein Reconstruction Using Internal Jugular Vein: A Case Report

This case report gives the long-term outcome of a patient undergoing reconstruction of the iliac vein with internal jugular vein interposition graft following trauma. A 51-year- old woman sustained a gunshot wound at the confluence of the right common, internal, and external iliac veins as well as injuries to the small and large bowel. The internal iliac vein was ligated and the external and common iliac vein was reconstructed with inter position internal jugular vein graft. The internal jugular vein was chosen because of the fecal contamination due to the enteric injuries and the equivalent size and endothelial ized surface of the conduit. The internal jugular vein interposition graft has maintained long-term patency. The patient has been followed for six years with no development of leg swelling or chronic venous valvular insufficiency.
ON ENTIRE SOLUTIONS OF FERMAT TYPE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

We shall consider Fermat type partial differential equations in Cn, and give description and classification for entire solutions of the equations.