cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Factorial Estimation

Through the use of a “predictor-corrector” equation an experimenter may quickly determine the least squares estimates of all the coefficients in a polynomial model after the conclusion of each run, given that an initial set of orthogonal estimates of the coefficients is available. The analysis of variance may similarly be constructed at the conclusion of each added run. The predictor-corrector equation is subject to mild restrictions which are fully met in the usual application of the 2 k and 2 k–p factorial designs. Adaptation of the predictor-corrector equation to the case of complimentary blocks of two runs each is described. Examples are given.
Lanthanide hexaborides. I. Heat capacities and some thermophysical properties of LaB 6, NdB6 , and GdB 6at temperatures from 5 K to 350 K

Abstract Heat-capacity measurements made on zone-refined rods of LaB 6 , NdB 6 , and GdB 6 revealed no anomalies in diamagnetic LaB 6 , but paramagnetic NdB 6 showed a cooperative λ -type transition associated with antiferromagnetic ordering near T / K = (8.4 ± 0.2) with Δ trs S o / R = (1.39 ± 0.06) and a GdB 6 a similar appearing λ -transition at T / K = (15.7 ± 0.3) and Δ trs S o / R = (2.08 ± 0.04). The heat capacity ( C p / R ), entropy { S o ( T ) − S o (0) / R }, and Gibbs energy { G o ( T ) − H o (0)} / RT for LaB 6 are (11.66 ± 0.03), (9.999 ± 0.03), and (4.376 ± 0.03) at T = 298.15 K. Corresponding values for NdB 6 are 11.92, 12.445, 6.335 and for GdB 6 are 15.98, 13.274, and 8.955.
Meta-analysis of detection of respiratory events during procedural sedation.

The use of procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) has increased in frequency and scope, including emergent settings inside and outside the hospital. Although end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) monitoring is routinely used during general anesthesia to monitor ventilatory status, this is not the case for PSA. Pulse oximetry and visual inspection, both with inherent limitations, represent the current standards of care for monitoring ventilatory status during PSA. EtCO2 monitoring may be a preferable method for detecting alveolar hypoventilation and preventing hypoxemia during PSA but is not widely used in this setting. Our study objective was to determine whether capnography in addition to standard monitoring improved detection of respiratory events compared with standard monitoring alone.
Reflections on the Need for Continued Research on Writing.

A focused scientific research effort on writing research and its relationship to language development and reading is needed to address the writing and broader literacy needs of today’s and tomorrow’s learners and workers. In the United States, as well as in many other nations, research on writing has been neglected in relation to the emphasis on reading and oral language more generally. The authors argue first for why there is a need for this refocused effort, what should be focused on, and how as a field we should consider moving forward and addressing this imperative. In addressing the why, the authors argue that need is not limited to a particular age or developmental range but rather is broad-based, beginning with our youngest learners and continuing through those transitioning into post-secondary and the workplace. The clear message is that the picture is surprisingly similar across age ranges with a demonstrated need beginning with those coming from less advantaged backgrounds into formal education to the majority of students transitioning from twelfth grade into the workplace or post secondary settings. The authors suggest next steps for research addressing both what and how: what areas of science are areas of high need and how the field may consider moving forward to address these needs. Interdisciplinary research on writing is needed that addresses and integrates cognitive, biological, and social-cultural traditions, contributions, and methods.
Polyhedral functions and multiparametric linear programming

In a linear programming problem with a vector parameter appearing on the right-hand side, the minimum value of the objective is a polyhedral function of this parameter. We show how different characterizations of a polyhedral function correspond to different ways of solving the right-hand side multiparameteric linear programming problem.
Towards Universal Screening for Colon Cancer: A Cheap, Reliable, Noninvasive Test Using Gene Expression Analysis of Rectal Swabs

Though colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US, it is entirely preventable through early screening to detect and remove adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopy has long been regarded as the “gold standard” but is expensive, invasive, and uncomfortable, and only about half those considered at risk for colon cancer currently submit to colonoscopy or to less reliable alternatives such as fecal occult blood test. Here we describe the use of gene expression analysis to detect altered expression of certain genes associated with not only colon cancer but also polyps. The analysis can be performed on rectal swabs, with specimens provided in a routine doctor's office visit. The existence of this cheap and simple test, together with an active program to encourage individuals to submit to screening, could help eradicate colon cancer.
Temporal changes in nitrogen adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Temporal evolution of N 2 adsorption (77 K) properties of as-produced and purified single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) samples is described here. The N 2 adsorption isotherms are used to characterize the samples’ surface areas and porosities. The as-produced samples demonstrate a temporal increase in surface area and pore volumes for up to 16 months. The purified samples, however, reached their stable values of surface area and pore volumes within four to seven months. N 2 adsorption capacity of the purified SWNTs also increased when the fresh samples were subjected to thermal pre-processing, with diminishing changes in adsorption capacity with increased age. These observations indicate that the freshly prepared SWNTs, both as-produced and purified, were in an unstable state with their porosity changing with increasing sample age and thermal treatments. It is hypothesized that SWNTs undergo slow but progressive changes in their surface chemistry which causes their N 2 adsorption properties to change over several months.
R&D productivity: A global multi-industry comparison

Abstract This study considers the productivity of R&D expenditures on an international and multi-industry basis. Using 1992 data reported by Business Week on 117 companies in the United States, Europe, and Japan, we examined two measures of innovative output, patents and impact-adjusted patents, in relationship to R&D spending. Our results clearly show a decreasing returns to scale of R&D expenditure. Although this pattern holds true regardless of industry or global region, the level of return and rate of decreasing returns vary by both industry and international region.
A Comparison of the WPPSI-R and WPPSI with HIGH-IQ Children

Eighty 4-to 6-year-old children expected to be highly intelligent were administered the WPPSI and the WPPSI-R in counterbalanced order. Overall, findings from this study of high-IQ preschoolers rep...
Land reform and farm sector restructuring in the former socialist countries in Europe

Land reform in former socialist countries is proceeding along the dual track of restitution to former owners and distribution to users. Privatisation of land is accompanied by restructuring of large-scale farm enterprises, where all the production assets and facilities accumulated during the collectivist era. Despite an impressive growth in the number of private farmers and the complete dismantling of collectives in some countries, farmers are not rushing to establish independent farms on private land. The majority prefer to remain in some sort of a collective, where they can combine the benefits of private production with the supportive framework of a larger cooperative organisation. The farming structure is developing toward a mixture of small family farms, larger multi-family or commercial units, and looser cooperatives and farmers' associations emerging from large-scale socialised farms. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.
The treatment of late age onset psychoses with electroconvulsive therapy

The authors describe the clinical course and the brain imaging findings of six patients with late age onset psychoses who were treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In all five patients who failed to respond to ECT, one or more structural brain changes (lateral ventricular enlargement and/or subcortical structural changes) were observed. In addition, all six patients developed an interictal ECT-induced delirium. Consistent with previous ECT-induced delirium studies, caudate hyperintensities were present in the three patients who received brain MRI scans. The potential clinical correlates of structural brain changes in LAOP patients will be described, along with proposed areas of future research.
Implicit flux-split algorithm to calculate hypersonic flowfields in chemical equilibrium

An implicit, finite-difference, shock-capturing algorithm that calculates inviscid, hypersonic flows in chemical equilibrium is presented. The flux vectors and flux Jacobians are differenced using a first-order, flux-split technique. The equilibrium composition of the gas is determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy at every node point. The code is validated by comparing results over an axisymmetric hemisphere against previously published results. The algorithm is also applied to more practical configurations. The accuracy, stability, and versatility of the algorithm have been promising.
Net spontaneous magnetisation in the dilute ising antiferromagnet Fe.46Zn.54F2

Abstract Low field do magnetisation measurements reveal the existence of a net spontaneous magnetisation in the antiferromagnetic ground state. Its temperature dependence is that of the order parameter. It is ascribed to the onset of strains which induce inequivalent sublattice moments.
Surgical management of cervical myelopathy: indications and techniques for surgical corpectomy.

Abstract Background There are a variety of surgical treatments for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Purpose Review the indications and techniques for multilevel cervical corpectomy in the treatment of CSM. Conclusion Cervical corpectomy is effective and relatively safe for the treatment of a variety of diseases of the cervical spine. Indications, surgical considerations, operative positioning, surgical method, and complications avoidance are discussed as a guide to effectively performing this procedure.
Effects of N‐ and C‐terminal addition of oligolysines or native loop residues on the biophysical properties of transmembrane domain peptides from a G‐protein coupled receptor

Transmembrane domains (TMDs) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have very low water solubility and often aggregate during purification and biophysical investigations. To circumvent this problem many laboratories add oligolysines to the N -a ndC-termini of peptides that correspond to a TMD. To systematically evaluate the effect of the oligolysines on the biophysical properties of a TMD we synthesized 21 peptides corresponding to either the second (TPIFIINQVSLFLIILHSALYFKY) or sixth (SFHILLIMSSQSLLVPSIIFILAYSLK) TMD of Ste2p, a GPCR from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Added to the termini of these peptides were either Lysn (n = 1,2,3) or the corresponding native loop residues. The biophysical properties of the peptides were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in trifluoroethanol-water mixtures, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles and dimyristoylphosphocholine (DMPC)-dimyristoylphosphoglycerol (DMPG) vesicles, and by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) in DMPC/DMPG multilayers. The results show that the conformation assumed depends on the number of lysine residues and the sequence of the TMD. Identical peptides with native or an equal number of lysine residues exhibited different biophysical properties and structural tendencies. Copyright  2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley &S ons, Ltd.
Durability and damage tolerance control plans for U.S. Air Force aircraft

A set of disciplined, integrated procedures involving a number of a contractor's functional organizations is necessary if the requirements for a durable and damage-tolerant structure are to be met. To this end, the Air Force requires that Durability and Damage Tolerance Control Plans (DADTCPs) be developed and implemented during aircraft development and manufacturing. DADTCPs define all tasks necessary to ensure that the final product meets the Air Force durability and damage tolerance requirements. Various aspects of DADTCPs will be discussed in this paper. The foundation for a generalized model outlining the tasks in a DADTCP will be presented. Examples from existing DADTCPs will be used to illustrate elements of the generalized model.
Influence of Glyphosate (N-(Phosphonomethyl)Glycine) on Performance and Selected Parameters in Broilers,

Abstract Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), Roundup, 3 the herbicide formulation of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, was fed to male and female broiler chickens at 0, 60.8, 608, and 6080 ppm from 1 day to 21 days of age. Parameters measured were body weights, bone weights and lengths, bone ash, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and calcium to phosphorus ratios of tibiotarsus bones. There were no consistent significant differences among the control, 60.8, or 608 ppm groups in any of the parameters measured. The addition of glyphosate to feed at the highest dose level (6080 ppm) reduced body weight approximately 50% in both sexes as early as 7 days of age, and this reduction continued for the rest of the experiment. The highest dose level increased the calcium and magnesium content of the tibiotarsus bones.
Helper activity of natural killer cells during the dendritic cell-mediated induction of melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells

Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to mediate important immunoregulatory "helper" functions in addition to their cytolytic activity. In particular, NK cells are capable of preventing maturation-related dendritic cell (DC) "exhaustion," inducing the development of "type-1 polarized" mature DCs (DC1) with an enhanced ability to produce interleukin (IL)-12p70, a factor essential for type-1 immunity and effective anticancer responses. Here we show that the NK cell-mediated type-1 polarization of DCs can be applied in the context of patients with advanced cancer to enhance the efficacy of DCs in inducing tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. NK cells isolated from patients with late-stage (stage III and IV) melanoma responded with high interferon-γ production and the induction of type-1-polarized DCs on exposure to defined combinations of stimulatory agents, including interferon-α and IL-18. The resulting DCs showed strongly-enhanced IL-12p70 production on subsequent T-cell interaction compared with immature DCs (average of 19-fold enhancement) and nonpolarized IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-6/PGE(2)-matured "standard" DCs (average of 215-fold enhancement). Additional inclusion of polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid during NK-DC cocultures optimized the expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR on the resulting (NK)DC1, increased their CCR7-mediated migratory responsiveness to the lymph node-associated chemokine CCL21, and further enhanced their IL-12-producing capacity. When compared in vitro with immature DCs and nonpolarized standard DCs, (NK)DC1 were superior in inducing functional melanoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of recognizing multiple melanoma-associated antigens and killing melanoma cells. These results indicate that the helper function of NK cells can be used in clinical settings to improve the effectiveness of DC-based cancer vaccines.
A 55 kDa plasma membrane‐associated polypeptide is involved in β‐1,3‐glucan synthase activity in pea tissue

Abstract By glycerol gradient centrifugation of a detergent-solubilized plasma membrane fraction from pea tissue, we find a polypeptide of 55 kDa that copurifies with β-1,3-glucan synthase activity. An antiserum against this polypeptide adsorbs glucan synthase activity and the 55 kDa polypeptide from digitonin-solubilized plasma membrane. These results indicate that the 55 kDA polypeptide is involved in pea β-1,3-glucan synthase activity.
Rethinking central pattern generators: A general approach

Abstract Central pattern generators (CPGs) have traditionally been modeled as sets of coupled bistable oscillators (Marder and Calabrese, Physiol. Rev. 76(3) (1996) 687–717). We present a framework for constructing models which avoid the shortcomings of these traditional models, while remaining biologically plausible. We demonstrate our approach by generating a novel model of lamprey locomotion. However, we suggest that the methods presented here can be more generally applied to modeling any neural system which produces and controls dynamic patterns of forces.
What causes stress in information system professionals

Job stress can lead to burnout and turnover, costing IT organizations countless dollars in replacement costs, and making methods for measuring and minimizing stress a business benefit.
Cell formation: the need for an integrated solution of the subproblems

Abstract Cellular manufacturing is a viable option in many manufacturing systems. There are various subproblems in the design of a cellular manufacturing system. These are machine group and part family formation, machine duplication, intracell layout and intercell layout. The only comprehensive design strategy that attempts to address all of these is production flow analysis. However, this technique is a sequential strategy where the subproblems mentioned above are assumed nested within each other and are solved in a forward pass with no feedback. This is a satisfactory approach only in cases where the part families are relatively disjoint and machine groups are formed without constraints on machine duplication to eliminate intercell flow. The presence of bottleneck machines and parts renders the problem considerably more complex, as the subproblems influence each other substantially. This paper presents an integrated framework for solving these subproblems by generating a limited set of feasible alternat...
Social Capital and the Integration of Zimbabwean Immigrants in the United States

Increasing diversity among contemporary immigrants to the United States requires social workers to constantly update their understanding of who constitutes the new immigrant population and what the...
A New Approach for Plant Proteomics Characterization of Chloroplast Proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana by Top-down Mass Spectrometry

A recently developed methodology for the characterization of complex proteomes, top-down Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), is applied for the first time to a plant proteome, that of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Of the 3000 proteins predicted by the genome sequence, 97 were recently identified in two separate "bottom-up" mass spectrometry studies in which the proteins were purified and digested and in which the mass spectrometry-measured mass values of the resulting peptides matched against those expected from the DNA-predicted proteins. In the top-down approach applied here, molecular ions from a protein mixture are purified, weighed exactly (+/-1 Da), and fragmented in the FTMS. Of the 22 molecular weight values found in three isolated mixtures, 7 were chosen, and their primary structures were fully characterized; in only one case was the bottom-up structure in full agreement. The top-down technique is not only efficient for identification of the DNA-predicted precursors, such as that of a protein present as a 5% mixture component, but also for characterization of the primary structure of the final protein. For two proteins the previously predicted cleavage site for loss of the signal peptide was found to be incorrect. Two 27-kDa proteins are fully characterized, although they are found to differ by only 12 residues and 6 Da in mass in a 3:1 ratio; the bottom-up studies did not distinguish these proteins. Direct tandem mass spectrometry dissociation of two 15-kDa molecular ions showed >90% sequence similarity, whereas three-stage mass spectrometry traced their +14-Da molecular mass discrepancies to an unusual N-methylation on the N-terminal amino group; the bottom-up approach identified only one precursor protein. The high potential of the top-down FTMS approach for characterization as well as identification of complex plant proteomes should provide a real incentive for its further automation.
Elevation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Dependent Signaling in Human Papillomavirus-infected Laryngeal Papillomas

Laryngeal papillomas are benign tumors caused by human papillomaviruses types 6 and 11. This study addressed alterations in levels of signal transduction from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in papillomas and cultured papilloma cells compared to normal tissue and cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated to a greater extent, phosphotyrosine was more abundant, and EGFR was overexpressed in laryngeal papillomas compared to normal laryngeal epithelium by Western blot analysis. The EGFR was 3 times more abundant in cultured papilloma cells than in normal laryngeal cells by Scatchard analysis and Western blot, without gene amplification or an increase in steady-state levels of mRNA. Following stimulation with EGF, a significant portion of the EGFR was recycled to the surface in papilloma cells, whereas in normal cells, it was not. Tyrosine kinase activity and activation of MAPK was more responsive to epidermal growth factor stimulation in papilloma cells than in uninfected primary laryngeal cells. PD153035, a specific inhibitor of the EGFR, and an EGFR-specific antibody that blocks ligand binding completely abrogated basal MAPK activation by endogenous ligands in laryngeal papilloma cells. These results demonstrated that infection of laryngeal epithelium by low-risk human papillomaviruses elevates the EGFR by posttranslational mechanisms, increasing its responsiveness to ligand-mediated activation. They also showed that MAPK activation in laryngeal papillomas depends upon ligand-mediated EGFR stimulation.
Inheriting the Narratives of Dementia: A Collaborative Tale of a Daughter and Mother

This collaborative tale of a daughter and mother offers multiple stories of the two matriarchs in our family, our relationships with them, and the lessons we take from our narrative lives about how we are to be as family members, and how we are to be as family aging with dementia. Our narrative inheritance of dementia leaves us to uncover and interpret family narratives as we author our own future with dementia as caregivers to one another. The stories we tell provide us insight into the manner in which themes of loss, denial, anxiety, appearance, and care complexly weave through our experiences with dementia in the family offering both theoretical and practical implications for the study of family narratives of illness.
Nationality and children's drawings — pictures ‘about Scotland’ by primary school children in Edinburgh, Scotland and Syracuse, New York State

Abstract The way that children perceive and understand places and locations is an area of geographical research that had an intermittent history until the 1990s saw a sustained interest in ‘children's geographies’. Here I build upon these studies and those of spatial cognition, developmental psychology, constructions of nation and nationality, by asking children to draw pictures about a nation. I review this methodology and analyse drawings collected from work with children in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Syracuse, New York State. I obtained 127 pictures ‘about Scotland’ drawn by six to nine year olds. These drawings reveal a range of stereotypical images of Scotland that are learned, both nationally and internationally, by this early age. They also suggest that knowledge and experience of Scotland varies by school district in each location and that these children often intertwine personal and national narratives when representing Scotland.
Fade compensation in QPRS mobile radio modems

It is shown that a spectral efficiency of about 2 b/s/Hz, compared to 1.6 b/s/Hz of the new cellular standard pi /4-QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), could be achieved with a proposed pilot-symbol-assisted class-IV quadrature partial-response signalling scheme (QPRS) in fast-fading mobile radio channels. The information bits are multiplexed with a pseudorandom pilot sequence which is used for coherent detection. The MLSE (maximum likelihood sequence estimation)-type receiver improves the performance in multipath fading channels. This scheme is evaluated in terms of spectral and power efficiency and its ability to eliminate the Doppler-shift-caused error floor of relatively low-bit-rate digital mobile radio. Digital and analog channel sounding techniques for fade compensation in class-IV partial-response modems are compared. In a slow-fading mobile channel, the digital fade compensated scheme is within 2 dB of the ideal coherent QPRS. >
Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Bone Loss in Young Male Patients Who Have Seizures

Background Long-term antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy is a known risk factor for bone loss and fractures. Vitamin D deficiency is frequently cited as a cause for bone loss in patients who have seizures. Objective To determine whether men who have seizures, but who are otherwise healthy, suffer substantial bone loss in the hip while taking AEDs. Patients and Methods We prospectively examined femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 81 consecutive men, aged between 25 and 54 years old (mean age, 45 years), who were attending an outpatient seizure clinic. Low BMD values were analyzed for known risk factors for bone loss. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were repeated in 54 patients, 12 to 29 months later (mean, 19 months), to assess the rate of change in BMD over time. Results Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that age ( P P P Conclusions Long-term AED therapy in young male patients who have seizures causes significant bone loss at the hip in the absence of vitamin D deficiency. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanning of the hip is useful in identifying patients who are particularly susceptible to rapid bone loss while taking AEDs.
Mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated reversal of inhibition of Cl(-)/HCO(-)(3) exchange during chronic ileitis.

In the normal ileum, coupled NaCl absorption occurs via the dual operation of Na+/H+ and Cl−/ HCO 3 − exchange on the brush-border membrane (BBM) of villus cells. In a rabbit model of chronic small...
Dynamics-based motion de-blurring for a PZT-driven, compliant camera orientation mechanism

This paper proposes a method for removing motion blur from images captured by a fast-moving robot eye. Existing image techniques focused on recovering blurry images due to camera shake with long exposure time. In addition, previous studies relied solely on properties of the images or used external sensors to estimate a blur kernel, or point spread function PSF. This paper focuses on estimating a latent image from the blur images taken by the robotic camera orientation system. A PZT-driven, compliant camera orientation system was employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Discrete switching commands were given to the robotic system to create a rapid point-to-point motion while suppressing the vibration with a faster response. The blurry images were obtained when the robotic system created a rapid point-to-point motion, like human saccadic motion. This paper proposes a method for estimating the PSF in knowledge of system dynamics and input commands, resulting in a faster estimation. The proposed method was investigated under various motion conditions using the single-degree-of-freedom camera orientation system to verify the effectiveness and was compared with other approaches quantitatively and qualitatively. The experiment results show that overall the performance metric of the proposed method was 27.77% better than conventional methods. The computation time of the proposed method was 50 times faster than that of conventional methods.
Flow Visualization in a Linear Turbine Cascade of High Performance Turbine Blades

Multiple smoke wires are used to investigate the secondary flow near the endwall of a plane cascade with blade shapes used in high-performance turbine stages. The wires are positioned parallel to the endwall and ahead of the cascade, within and outside the endwall boundary layer. The traces of the smoke generated by the wires are visualized with a laser light sheet illuminating various cross sections around the cascade. During the experiment, a periodically fluctuating horseshoe vortex system of varying number of vortices is observed near the leading edge of the cascade. A series of photographs and video tapes was taken in the cascade to trace these vortices. The development and evolution of the horseshoe vortex and the passage vortex are clearly resolved in the photographs. The interation between the suction side leg of the horseshoe vortex and the passage vortex is also observed in the experiment. A vortex induced by the passage vortex, starting about one-fourth of the curvilinear distance along the blade on the suction surface, is also found. This vortex stays close to the suction surface and above the passage vortex in the laminar flow region on the blade. From this flow visualization, a model describing the secondary flows in a cascade is proposed and compared with previous published models. Some naphthalene mass transfer results from a blade near an endwall are cited and compared with the current model. The flows inferred from the two techniques are in good agreement.
Lexical Access via an Orthographic Code? The Basic Orthographic Syllabic Structure (BOSS) Reconsidered.

Three lexical decision experiments tested the claim by M. Taft (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1979, 18, 21–39) that lexical access is based on a word's Basic Orthographic Syllabic Structure (BOSS). Experiment 1 failed to replicate Taft's finding that lexical decisions were faster to monomorphemic words split at their BOSS boundary than those split at their Vocalic Center Group (VCG) boundary. In Experiments 2 and 3, preview of a word's BOSS for monomorphemic words produced no faster lexical decision than preview of the initial VCG. There was therefore no evidence that the BOSS is a word's unique lexical access entry. The results of Experiment 3, which employed polymorphemic words, suggested that morphemic units are more likely to be access codes than purely orthographic units.
BioDEAL: Biological data-evidence-annotation linkage system

The size of publication databases in biomedicine (e.g., PubMed, MEDLINE) are growing rapidly every year, as are public databases of experimental biological data and annotations derived from the data. Publications often contain evidence that confirms or disproves annotations such as putative protein functions, however, it is increasingly difficult for biologists to identify and process published evidence due to the volume of papers and the lack of a systematic approach to associate published evidence with experimental data and annotations. NLP tools can help address the growing divide by providing automatic high-throughput detection of simple terms in publication text. However, NLP tools are not mature enough to identify complex terms, relationships, or events. In this paper we present BioDEAL, a community evidence annotation system that introduces a feedback loop into the database-publication cycle to allow scientists to connect data-driven biological concepts to publications.
A spike based 3D imager chip using a mixed mode encoding readout

Spike based imagers commonly use either time-to-first spike (TTFS) or spike rate encoding exclusively. In this paper we discuss the benefits of using a mixed-mode encoding scheme backed by theoretical analysis and SPICE simulations. The mixed-mode readout uses both TTFS and spike rate information to estimate the illumination for each pixel, which lessens the maximum spike rate and timing clock speeds required for a given level of accuracy. We intend to test this methodology on a generic spike based imager chip we have designed and submitted for fabrication in a 0.13μm 3D SOI CMOS process. The imager is capable of both TTFS and spike rate encoding and should allow us to fully validate our theory.
SUR1 L0 and Kir6.2 M0 can Partner in KATP Gating: Evidences from Diabetogenic Mutations

Neonatal diabetes (ND) mutations in different domains of either KATP subunit overactivate KATP via different mechanisms. Mutations in the ABC core of SUR1 augment its Mg-nucleotide-dependent stimulation of Kir6.2. Mutations at the putative ATP site of Kir6.2 supposedly compromise the inhibitory nucleotide binding. Mutations at the putative gate reportedly stabilize its open state. Many ND mutations map to the putative L0 helix preceding the SUR1 core and to the M0 (‘slide’) helix of Kir6.2. We discovered that L0 controls spontaneous bursting and introduced a model in which L0 and M0 partner in KATP gating (Babenko & Bryan 2003). The model predicted that ND mutations in either amphipathic helix at the membrane-cytosol interface hyperactivate KATP by altering its intrinsic gating kinetics. Here we tested the idea. We compared the effects of severe ND mutations in the middle of either interface helix on spontaneous single-channel kinetics, ATP-inhibition, and Mg-nucleotide stimulation of KATP. We found that each of these mutations decreases the rate of burst termination while increasing the rate of burst initiation, thereby reducing the availability of the closed state with the lowest Kd for inhibitory ligands. This mechanism attenuates ATP inhibition but not Mg-nucleotide stimulation, thereby hyperactivating KATP in vivo, and uncouples sulfonylurea binding from Kir6.2 closure. Thus, in support of our model, perturbing either interface helix disrupts SUR1/Kir6.2 inhibitory coupling. Affinity photolabeling with I-azidoglibenclamide indicated that none of the ND mutations altered the proximity of L0 to M0. But each of these mutations changed the helical hydrophobic moment, implying that rotation of either helix along its axis disrupts L0/M0 interactions. We propose that the two interface helices have been optimized to interact and slide together to stabilize the long-lived closed state of SUR1/Kir6.2 complex.
Mixing in viscous liquids

Detailed data are reported for blend time and turnover time with a 17-in. impeller operating in an 18-in. diameter tank. Above 1,500 centipoises, viscosity had no effect on blend time at constant speed. Blend time was inversely proportional to speed. The inner flight of a helical impeller is of value when blending pseudoplastic fluids but has no effect on blend time with Newtonian fluids. The ratio of blend time to turnover time is given, as well as the effect of several different helical impeller geometry variables.
Superplumes or plume clusters

It is proposed that the broad, seismically slow, mantle structures under Africa and the Pacific, often identified as superplumes, are instead spatial clusters of smaller plumes. Seismic data, including ScS-S differential travel time residuals and tomographic inversions using ScS-S and deep turning S data, show the breakup of so-called superplume regions into smaller structures. For example, the superplume under Africa is clearly formed by at least two and possibly three distinct plumes while the superplume under the Pacific consists of at least six smaller plumes. Enhanced seismic resolution may reveal even smaller-scale structures in the superplume regions. Dynamical considerations argue for the plausibility of superplume regions being clusters of smaller plumes whose heads might have merged into a large region of hot and buoyant material. Alternatively, the superplumes may simply be large, passively upwelling regions that are seismically distinct. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fracture behavior of a self-healing, toughened epoxy adhesive

A self-healing, toughened epoxy adhesive is demonstrated based on a commercial structural adhesive film. Self-healing is achieved via embedded microcapsules containing dicyclopentadiene monomer and solid particles of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)-benzylidine ruthenium (IV) dichloride (Grubbs’) catalyst. Recovery of fracture toughness is assessed through fracture testing of width tapered double cantilever beam (WTDCB) specimens. Healing efficiencies as high as 58% were achieved for 6.6 wt% DCPD microcapsules and 10 mg Grubbs’ catalyst. However, virgin fracture toughness is reduced with the addition of ca. 117 mm diameter microcapsules as a result of suppression of the damage zone as revealed by transmission optical micrographs. The uniform dispersal of microcapsules throughout a rubber toughened epoxy adhesive formulated using EPON 828, piperidine and CTBN alleviated the suppression effect and demonstrated retention of virgin fracture toughness of adhesives.
Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California

EQUINE herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an economically important pathogen affecting horses and exerts its major impact by inducing abortion storms or sporadic abortions in pregnant mares, early neonatal death in foals and respiratory disease in young horses (Ostlund 1993). Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of EHV-1 infection but can cause devastating losses during outbreaks on individual farms or boarding stables (Lunn and others 2009). The factors determining whether horses develop EHM after EHV-1 infection are poorly understood. It has been proposed that the magnitude of cell-associated viremia is an important factor for the development of EHM because infection with the DNApol D752 neuropathogenic strain leads to a higher magnitude and duration of viremia (Goodman and others 2007, Allen 2008). Although all breeds of horses are susceptible to the neurologic form of EHV-1 infection, the authors are unaware of reports of neurologic EHV-1 clinically affecting donkeys and mules. However, donkeys and mules have shown seroconversion indicating infection with EHV-1 while in contact with affected horses during outbreaks (Pursell and others 1979, Franklin and others 1985). Furthermore, donkeys and mules returning from a show were thought to be responsible for dissemination of EHV-1 and propagation of multiple outbreaks of EHM in California in 1984 (P. E. Hughes, personal communication). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mules as possible silent shedders during an outbreak of EHM occurring at a packing station in northern California. In early September of 2011, an EHV-1 outbreak with several neurologic horses occurred at a packing station located in the eastern Sierra of California. The station housed approximately 180 horses and mules at the time of the outbreak. The animals were kept in two large pens with shared feed and water troughs. All animals were moved to …
Spatio-temporal object recognition using variational learning of an infinite statistical model

In this paper we present a sophisticated variational Bayes framework for learning infinite Beta-Liouville mixture models. A key feature of the proposed framework is that the appropriate mixture model complexity can be discovered automatically from the data to cluster as part of the inference procedure. Another important advantage is that the whole inference process itself is analytically tractable with closed-form solutions. Moreover, the problems of over-fitting and under-fitting are also prevented thanks to the nonparametric Bayesian nature of the proposed framework. The effectiveness of our statistical framework is investigated on two challenging motion recognition tasks including hand gesture and human activity recognition.
The political construction of space satellite technology

Whatfactors determine the nature and pace of technological development? The literature on social construction of technology and actor-network theory suggests that assembling "coalitions" of support and conveying a certain "rhetoric" of technology are important to moving technology forward They are especially crucial strategies for advocates of large-scale, government-supported technologies. These strategies are illuminated by cases of U.S. space satellite development: meteorological satellites, land satellites, and the Earth Observation System.
Simulation of TES focality using common and novel electrode configurations

A computational study of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is presented using a concentric spheres human head model. Induced electric field distributions are calculated in the model using the finite element method. We simulated a range of electrode configuration geometries including: 1) stimulation with remote scalp electrodes, 2) adjacent electrodes, 3) belt electrodes, and two novel electrode designs: 4) tripolar, and 5) concentric ring. The overall goal of our study is to compute the induced electric field during TES with different electrode geometries in order to determine the optimum configurations to target specific regions of the brain. The "remote bipolar" is comparable with currently commonly used TES configurations and resulted in diffuse activation. The novel "tripolar" electrode required the lowest amount of injected current density. The use of the novel "concentric ring" electrode resulted in optimal focality, at the expense of increased total injected current.
The role of prefrontal cortex in psychopathy

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by remorseless and impulsive antisocial behavior. Given the significant societal costs of the recidivistic criminal activity associated with the disorder, there is a pressing need for more effective treatment strategies, and hence, a better understanding of the psychobiological mechanisms underlying the disorder. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is likely to play an important role in psychopathy. In particular, the ventromedial and anterior cingulate sectors of PFC are theorized to mediate a number of social and affective decision-making functions that appear to be disrupted in psychopathy. This article provides a critical summary of human neuroimaging data implicating prefrontal dysfunction in psychopathy. A growing body of evidence associates psychopathy with structural and functional abnormalities in ventromedial PFC and anterior cingulate cortex. Although this burgeoning field still faces a number of methodological challenges and outstanding questions that will need to be resolved by future studies, the research to date has established a link between psychopathy and PFC.
Shame, Anger, and Love in Collective Action: Emotional Consequences of Suicide Protest in South Korea, 1991

Recent scholarship has revived the notion that collective action is subject to both rational and emotional processes and that any account that fails to examine emotional dynamics risks a fundamental misunderstanding of the dynamics of collective action. Yet few studies have theorized the mechanisms through which emotions enable collective action. Without a proper identification of such mechanisms, any attempt to "bring emotions back" risks failing to address the complex but critical relationship between emotions and rational action and reverting to the classic "overly emotional" accounts of collective action. This article develops an emotions theory of preference formation by which emotions provide a commitment mechanism for activism by altering the salience hierarchy of personal identities and preferences. To bring empirical evidence to bear upon the theory, I examine the testimonials written by some visitors to the grave of Park Sung Hee, who cremated herself in South Korea in 1991.
Avoidance of Fiber Is Associated With Greater Risk of Crohn’s Disease Flare in a 6-Month Period

Background & Aims Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have been associated with an abnormal mucosal response to the gastrointestinal microbiota. Although dietary fiber affects the gastrointestinal microbiota, there is limited information on the role of fiber on IBD activity. We investigated factors associated with fiber consumption and whether it was associated with flares in patients with IBD. Methods We collected a completed 26-item dietary survey from 1619 participants in the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America Partners Internet cohort (Crohn's disease, 1130; ulcerative colitis/indeterminate colitis, 489). Eligible individuals were in remission based on disease activity index at baseline and completed a follow-up survey 6 months later. Fiber and whole grain consumption were categorized into quartiles and deciles. Disease flare at 6 months was defined as a disease activity index score exceeding remission cutoff values, and/or an IBD-related surgical procedure or hospitalization since baseline. Results Participants with longer duration of disease, past history of surgery, and past IBD hospitalization ate less fiber. The risks for disease flare differed by disease type. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of fiber consumption, participants with Crohn's disease in the highest quartile were less likely to have a flare (adjusted odds ratios [OR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–0.90). Participants with Crohn's disease who reported that they did not avoid high-fiber foods were ∼40% less likely to have a disease flare than those who avoided high-fiber foods (adjusted OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43–0.81). There was no association between fiber intake and flares in patients with ulcerative colitis (adjusted OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.92–3.60). Conclusions Intake of dietary fiber is associated with reduced disease flares in patients with Crohn's disease, but not UC. Recommendations to limit dietary fiber should be re-evaluated.
Altered brain energetics induces mitochondrial fission arrest in Alzheimer's Disease.

Altered brain metabolism is associated with progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Mitochondria respond to bioenergetic changes by continuous fission and fusion. To account for three dimensional architecture of the brain tissue and organelles, we applied 3-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) reconstruction to visualize mitochondrial structure in the brain tissue from patients and mouse models of AD. We identified a previously unknown mitochondrial fission arrest phenotype that results in elongated interconnected organelles, “mitochondria-on-a-string” (MOAS). Our data suggest that MOAS formation may occur at the final stages of fission process and was not associated with altered translocation of activated dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) to mitochondria but with reduced GTPase activity. Since MOAS formation was also observed in the brain tissue of wild-type mice in response to hypoxia or during chronological aging, fission arrest may represent fundamental compensatory adaptation to bioenergetic stress providing protection against mitophagy that may preserve residual mitochondrial function. The discovery of novel mitochondrial phenotype that occurs in the brain tissue in response to energetic stress accurately detected only using 3D EM reconstruction argues for a major role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating neuronal survival.