cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluctuations in Two Component Interacting Bose–Einstein Condensate

The problem of particle number fluctuations in Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in the canonical ensemble is a subject of long-standing interest [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Recently, such a problem received growing attention due to possibility of measuring fluctuations in experiments with BEC of trapped atoms [15]. In the canonical ensemble, the total number of particles N is fixed, but the system can exchange energy with an external thermal reservoir at temperature T. Due to the constraint on particle number an analytical treatment of fluctuations is highly nontrivial.
Online Career and Technical Education in the Community College

ABSTRACTVery little empirical research has been conducted about online career and technical education (CTE). Despite the continuing enrollment growth in online education (Lokken, 2016) and the national emphasis on CTE as a means of boosting the economy (D’Amico, Morgan, Katsinas, & Friedel, 2014), relatively little is understood about the scope and impact of online CTE at the community college. In this article, I briefly summarize existing empirical literature about online CTE.
Factors Predicting Civic Engagement Among Older Adult Nursing Home Residents

ABSTRACTThis study examined civic engagement participation among older adult nursing home residents and determined resident characteristics that predict group membership, resident council participation, informal volunteering, and voting. Residents (N = 139) answered questions from standardized surveys during in-person interviews. The most common civic engagement activity was membership in social/community groups. Logistic regression results showed that emotional well-being and social support predict group membership and resident council participation. Age and activities of daily living predict volunteering. Study findings suggest that community groups could utilize residents in their efforts, and that future research should determine supports and adaptations for increasing civic engagement among residents.
Kupffer cell subsets differ between young and aged murine livers.

The immune system, and in particular macrophages, are heavily implicated in wound healing, response to infection, and cancer progression, all of which are linked to mortality in the elderly population. Recently, it has been shown that tissue-resident macrophages from spleen and peritoneum become dysfunctional with aging, likely due to the aged microenvironment. The liver contains approximately 80% of total mammalian tissue-resident macrophages, known as Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells can be divided into two F4/80 + macrophage subsets: CD68 + and CD11b + cells, which have different origins and functions. Currently, it is unclear how these macrophage subsets are affected by aging. We sought to characterize differences in the Kupffer cell compartment from young (8–10 week) and aged (18–20 month) C57/Bl6 mice using immunofluorescent staining on tissue sections and flow cytometry. Preliminary histological analyses showed that the area of F4/80 + staining did not differ between young and aged mice. Interestingly the area of CD68 + staining was significantly higher in the aged murine livers. In addition, the area of CD32 + staining, which marks both endothelial cells and macrophage precursors, was significantly greater in aged mice, consistent with previous reports of blood vessel thickening in aged livers. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed differences in the macrophage subsets between young and aged murine livers. In addition, functional changes in phagocytosis were noted with aging, suggesting dysfunction of innate abilities. Characterizing the differences in the subsets of tissue-resident macrophages during aging will increase our understanding of age-related pathologies that will aid in the design of therapies in the future.
Masters Program Colon Pathway: Robotic Low Anterior Resection

Minimally invasive colorectal surgery offers many advantages to the patient as well as the surgeon. Despite this, its acceptance and use for low anterior resection (LAR) has been quite limited. Since 2010, much has been published regarding the safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted low anterior resection (RobLAR), including comparisons to open low anterior resection (OpenLAR) and laparoscopic-assisted low anterior resection (LapLAR). This chapter will review current data regarding LapLAR and RobLAR and compare outcomes using the two technologies. The surgeon’s learning curve for RobLAR will be discussed and guidance provided to safely and efficiently develop expertise in this procedure. Preoperative planning, operating room logistics, patient positioning, and port placement will be described in detail. Also provided are helpful information regarding instrumentation, intraoperative techniques, alternative approaches, and troubleshooting. Finally, the author’s own experience will be presented, including postoperative complications and oncologic outcomes.
Chronic Neural Stimulation

In Chap. 2, I described the use of microfabricated magnetic substrate and magnetic nanoparticles for acute neural stimulation. Here, I explain how we employ the same tool for chronic magnetic stimulation for modulation of mechano-sensitive ion channel expression.
IgE-mediated anaphylactic degranulation of isolated human skin mast cells

Isolated human skin mast cells (HSMC) were prepared and cultured overnight before functional and electron microscopic studies. Mast cell suspensions were examined after stimulation with anti-IgE to produce anaphylactic degranulation or examined in buffer-incubated controls. Histamine release was measured in replicate samples. Control, isolated HSMC studied by electron microscopy were well preserved and fully granulated. Although all granule patterns reported for human mast cells were found, crystal granules were the most prevalent, as is true for HSMC in situ. Individual mast cells containing both crystal and scroll granules occurred. Lipid bodies were rare, as in HSMC in situ. Control, isolated mast cells did not express granule changes associated with either piecemeal degranulation or recovery during wound healing in situ; nor were morphologic changes of anaphylactic degranulation present. Spontaneous histamine release was 0% in control samples. Anaphylactic degranulation of isolated HSMC was accompanied by 24% maximum histamine release and characteristically showed extrusion of altered, membrane-free granules through multiple pores in the plasma membrane to the exterior of the cell. Other morphologic aspects of anaphylactic degranulation, as expressed in isolated human lung mast cells, were also present. These events included granule swelling, fusion, alteration of matrix contents, degranulation channel formation, pore formation, and shedding of granules, membranes, and surface processes. The ultrastructural morphology of isolated HSMC and their IgE-mediated degranulation shows some differences from similar studies of isolated human lung mast cells and of human lung and gut mast cells in biopsy samples. These differences include crystal granules as the predominant granule pattern, minor numbers of lipid bodies, and extrusion of granules during anaphylactic degranulation as characteristic for HSMC. By contrast, isolated human lung and gut mast cells have more scroll granules and particle granules, respectively, and more lipid bodies. In isolated human lung mast cells, anaphylactic degranulation is almost exclusively an intracellular fusion event characterized by the formation of complex degranulation channels within which altered granule matrix materials solubilize. In addition to morphologic differences between mast cells of skin, lung, or gut origin, functional differences have also been reported among mast cells of these organs. The ultrastructural morphology of isolated HSMC is identical to that of skin mast cells in biopsy samples, thereby validating the usefulness of this new source of HSMC for correlative functional and morphologic studies.
Agent-Based Simulations for Disaster Decision Support

Abstract Agent-based simulation is a potentially useful tool to examine and understand how observed social entities respond efficiently to interventions for defense against sudden and destructive events. Agents can be coded as objects with properties (e.g., age, gender) to mimic the behavior patterns of individuals during an emergency. In this paper, I discuss the potential application of agent-based models on decision making related to evacuation plan. Specifically, I focus on using such models to learn how at-risk populations interact with each other and respond to interventions during evacuation, so that scenarios can be built to study how interventions might optimize evacuation process.
Compositional Domain Structure of Lipid Membranes

During the past few years it has become evident that the molecular constituents of biological membranes are not randomly organized within the bilayer matrix and that many of their physical and functional properties are sensitive to the particular way in which lipid and protein molecules are distributed within the bilayer (Taylor et al., 1971; Shimshick and McConnell, 1973; Hui and Parsons, 1975; Fishman and Brady, 1976; Papahadjopoulos et al., 1976; van Dijck et al.,1978; Thompson, 1978; Correa-Freire et al., 1979). There are various types of ordered molecular arrangements, ranging from nonspecific aggregation or lateral phase separation processes to highly specific molecular interactions leading to the formation of complex structural patterns (Satir, 1976; Lee, 1977; Caspar et al., 1977; Makowski et al., 1977; Wallace and Engelman, 1978). In general, the lateral distribution of molecules in a lipid bilayer is dictated by the energetics of the interactions between the various components and as such is susceptible of being altered by changes in temperature, pH, ionic strength, concentration of ligand molecules, or other physicochemical variables (Wallace and Engelman, 1978; Pearson et al.,1979). The compositional domain structure of lipid membranes has been investigated by direct visualization using electron microscopy (Caspar et al.,1977; Pearson et al., 1979; Hui, 1981) or by appropriately transforming spectroscopic and physicochemical data into the parameters describing the lateral organization of the membrane (von Dreele, 1978; Wolber and Hudson, 1979; Klausner et al.,1980; Kleinfeld and Solomon, 1982). Recently we have developed a system of Monte Carlo calculations (see Binder, 1979, for a review on Monte Carlo methods) that allows us to generate with the computer lipid and protein distributions and to relate these distributions with various physical and functional properties of the mambrane (Freire and Snyder, 1980a,b, 1982; Snyder and Freire, 1980).
Holomorphy in Multicomplex Spaces

In this paper we extend our research on bicomplex holomorphy and on the existence of bicomplex differential operators to the nested space of multicomplex numbers.S pecifically, we will discuss the different sets of idempotent representations for multicomplex numbers and we will use them to develop a theory of holomorphic and multicomplex analytic functions.
Einsatz von Timesharing Systemen als Arbeitsmittel in der Arbeitsvorbereitung eines Rechenzentrums

Die Bedeutung der Timesharing Systeme hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Ihr Anwendungsspektrum ist immer mehr erweitert worden. Der Timesharingbetrieb stellt eine kommunikationsorientierte Methode fur die Benutzung einer EDV-Anlage dar. Jeder Benutzer eines Timesharing-Systems hat die Moglichkeit, Daten in das System einzugeben und sie zu verandern. Dabei sollen keine unzumutbaren Wartezeiten entstehen. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Timesharingsysteme liegt darin, mehreren Benutzern einen schnelleren und bequemeren Zugang zur EDV-Anlage zu verschaffen, als dies bei der Stapelverarbeitung moglich ist. Dabei teilen sich die Benutzer nach einem festgelegten Steuerungs-Mechanismus (time slicing) die Resourcen der EDV-Anlage.
Systemic-Caused Iatrogenic Behavioral Health Disability and Contradiction Between Diagnostic Systems

Many laws, such as the American Disability Act (ADA), the American Disability Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) were meant to aid those individuals who have impairment in functioning. The ADA and ADAAA were designed to help individuals with impairment in functioning to continue to work. HIPAA was meant to make insurance portable so that if an individual left a job, then she/he would not be without insurance. However, unintentional consequences have arisen from these laws that may negatively impact on the individual’s ability to continue to work.
Regulating risks within complex sociotechnical systems: Evidence from critical infrastructure cybersecurity standards

One of the first empirical studies of the effects of mandatory cybersecurity regulations for critical infrastructure.
Replication of annulus fibrosus through fabrication and characterization of polyurethane and cellulose nanocrystal composite scaffolds

This study sought to obtain a simple scaffold for annulus fibrosus (AF) repair or replacement using a combination of polyurethane (PU) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Composites cont...
The Method of Random Contractors and Its Applications to Random Nonlinear Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the method of random contractors and its applications to random nonlinear equations. Random operator equations often arise in the formulation of mathematical models in the biological, engineering, and physical sciences, and such equations are frequently nonlinear by the nature of the problems. Therefore, the development of very general techniques for solving random nonlinear operator equations has been an active area of mathematical and probabilistic research over the past two decades. The chapter reviews the results on random contractors and their applications to highlight the existence, uniqueness, measurability, and approximation of solutions to random nonlinear operator equations. It presents basic definitions concerning random operators, random solutions to random operator equations, and some special spaces of functions that are useful in the study of random operator equations.
Maternal low protein diet leads to placental angiogenic compensation via dysregulated M1/M2 macrophages and TNFα expression in Sprague‐Dawley rats

A maternal low-protein (LP) diet results in low birth weight, increased offspring rapid adipose tissue catch-up growth, adult obesity, and insulin resistance in Sprague-Dawley rats. The placenta pl...
A Case Series Representing Dissections in the Abdominal Aorta and Common Carotid Arteries

Dissections have the potential to occur in a variety of segments throughout the vascular tree. More than 95% of aortic dissections begin within a few centimeters of the aortic valve in the ascendin...
Ethical and Regulatory Concerns About Direct-to-Consumer Brain Stimulation for Athletic Enhancement.

We offer critical analyses and ethical concerns relating to direct-to-consumer (DTC) athletic enhancement in response to “Dimensions of Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Neurotechnologies” by Karola Kreit...
The relative importance of competition to contagion: evidence from the digital currency market

How does the valuation change of an industry leader influence its competitors? Does it induce a competitive effect or a contagion effect? What are the driving forces of such influences? We attempted to answer these questions within digital currency markets. We found that both close and distant competitors against an industry leader experience high competitive effects, while moderate competitors experience high contagion effects. Next, we empirically demonstrated how this U-shaped pattern reduces to a linear relationship depending on the industry concentration. Lastly, we identified eight distinct information categories from a social media platform of the industry leader and compared the influence of the eight information categories on the industry leader’s competitors. Our analysis suggests that the relative importance of the competitive effect to the contagion effect in the industry depends on the category of the information.
CRISPR interference to interrogate genes that control biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens

Bacterial biofilm formation involves signaling and regulatory pathways that control the transition from motile to sessile lifestyle, production of extracellular polymeric matrix, and maturation of the biofilm 3D structure. Biofilms are extensively studied because of their importance in biomedical, ecological and industrial settings. Gene inactivation is a powerful approach for functional studies but it is often labor intensive, limiting systematic gene surveys to the most tractable bacterial hosts. Here, we adapted the CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system for use in diverse strain isolates of P. fluorescens, SBW25, WH6 and Pf0-1. We found that CRISPRi is applicable to study complex phenotypes such as cell morphology, motility and biofilm formation over extended periods of time. In SBW25, CRISPRi-mediated silencing of genes encoding the GacA/S two-component system and regulatory proteins associated with the cylic di-GMP signaling messenger produced swarming and biofilm phenotypes similar to those obtained after gene inactivation. Combined with detailed confocal microscopy of biofilms, our study also revealed novel phenotypes associated with extracellular matrix biosynthesis as well as the potent inhibition of SBW25 biofilm formation mediated by the PFLU1114 operon. We conclude that CRISPRi is a reliable and scalable approach to investigate gene networks in the diverse P. fluorescens group.
Perceptions of social support for weight loss among patients in primary care.

Abstract This study examined primary care patients’ experiences with support for weight loss efforts. Adult patients (N = 106) were recruited through primary care clinics and completed an electronic survey pertaining to their weight loss efforts. The majority (76%) received support from their existing social network (e.g., family members, professionals); 59% had used apps and
Measuring Lung Vessel Tree Growth During Development in Pediatric Patients

Premature babies are often put on respirators due to their lack of lung development and functionality. However, there is not much data that specifically pinpoints when it is safe to take a child off a respirator. Therefore, the main focus question is: how does the pulmonary vasculature develop as the child grows and can we determine the exact time-point to take him/her off a respirator. In this study, Chest CT scans were retrospectively gathered from pediatric patients at different follow-up times from the UF Shands Pulmonary Care Pediatric Center from 2005-2012. In-house software built upon the NIH ImageJ platform was used to count blood vessels as a function of size in each patient’s lungs. Nine datasets were analyzed from subjects 1 week to 22 years of age. It was observed that the number of vessels increased as a patient aged however the data points were spread greatly, preventing our being able to make additional inferences. Limitations of this initial work include that often patients were scanned only in instances of lung infections which hinders the assessment of lung vasculature; the number of repeated scans per patient was low; and the image slice thickness and in-plane pixel resolution varied across scans, which affects vessels count. Future extensions of this work include selecting a larger cohort of subjects with multiple follow-ups and similar imaging parameters, along with an age-matched control group.
Noteworthy Collections: The First Occurrences of Chevreulia acuminata (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) in North America

Chevreulia acuminata is reported for the first time in North America from recent collections in the southeastern United States. Populations from Lee County, Alabama, and one in Troup County, Georgia, were found growing in lawns or grassy areas along with other weeds. Photographs and a description of C. acuminata are provided.
Time-Dependent Aerodynamic Loads on Single and Tandem Stores in a Supersonic Cavity

To understand time-dependent aerodynamic loads on single and tandem (fore/aft) slender cylinders translated out into the supersonic freestream from a cavity at Mach 1.5, the normal force and pitchi...
East Austin Oaks: The Limits of Participatory Planning in the Space Age:

In the fall of 1968, just after the passage of the Fair Housing Act and before astronauts would first orbit the moon, President Johnson launched a housing design competition meant to apply space-ag...
9 – Disorders of white blood cells

Publisher Summary The total white blood cell count is valuable guide in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various childhood illnesses. This chapter discusses the various disorders of white blood cells. Some of the major disorders of white blood cells caused by leukocytes are leukopenia, neutropenia, monocytosis and monocytopenia, basophilia, and neutrophilia. The causes, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatments are also discussed. Two major disorders of leukocyte function are leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I and leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II. Normal mean eosinophil count in the circulating blood is 400/mm3. The clonal and nonclonal causes of eosinophils are allergic disorders, immunologic disorders, skin disorders, parasitic infestation, hematologic disorders, irradiation, and gastrointestinal disorders. Familial eosinophilia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Chronic infectious mononucleosis is used for patients who have chronic and relapsing illness and fatigue, myalgia, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, mild pharyngitis, and intermittent fever, and absence of known predisposing cause or chronic illness. The antiviral drugs, intravenous immunoglobulin, chemotherapy, and anti CD20 are commonly used for the treatment.
OH-Initiated Reactions of para-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part II. Kinetic Analysis.

Monolignols are precursor units and primary products of lignin pyrolysis. The currently available global (lumped) and semidetailed kinetic models, however, are lacking the comprehensive decompositi...
Labor market polarization in Britain and Germany: A cross-national comparison using longitudinal household data

Abstract Since the 1980s, the share of employment for mid-wage occupations in many advanced countries has decreased while wages for the same occupations have declined relative to the top and bottom of the distribution. The hypothesized explanation of this employment and wage polarization is a phenomenon called Routine-Biased Technical Change (RBTC), wherein new machines and computers substitute for workers in mid-wage occupations that have a high content of routine tasks. Taking advantage of panel data for Britain and Germany, this study follows the work of Cortes (2016) and examines the occupational mobility of workers between occupations that vary in the intensity of routine tasks. Among workers in routine occupations, higher unobserved skills are positively related to switching to higher-paid, non-routine cognitive occupations, while those who have lower levels of unobserved skills are more likely to move to lower-paid, non-cognitive manual occupations. This occupational mobility has resulted in faster future wage growth for all job switchers relative to those who stayed in the routine occupations. The wage polarization found in the British labor market resembles that observed in the US by Cortes (2016) in that routine workers transit down to manual jobs and upwards to cognitive jobs. However, in Germany, which is characterized by different educational and labor market institutions, most workers move from routine occupations to more highly compensated cognitive ones in the face of automation.
Distinct recruitment of feed-forward and recurrent pathways across higher-order areas of mouse visual cortex

Abstract Cortical visual processing transforms features of the external world into increasingly complex and specialized neuronal representations. These transformations arise in part through target-specific routing of information; however, within-area computations may also contribute to area-specific function. Here, we sought to determine whether higher-order visual cortical areas LM, AL, PM, and AM have specialized anatomical and physiological properties by using a combination of whole-cell recordings and optogenetic stimulation of V1 axons in vitro. We discovered area-specific differences in the strength of recruitment of interneurons through feed-forward and recurrent pathways, as well as differences in cell-intrinsic properties and interneuron densities. These differences were most striking when comparing across medial and lateral areas, suggesting that these areas have distinct profiles for net excitability and integration of V1 inputs. Thus, cortical areas are not defined simply by the information they receive, but also by area-specific circuit properties that enable specialized filtering of these inputs.
Wisconsin’s Legal Tradition

Speaking for everyone at the Law School, I want to thank Mrs. Mary Virginia Brazeau for the generous gift of the professorship. I also want to thank my colleagues for nominating me for this great honor.
Four-Parameter Point-Interaction in 1-D Quantum Systems

We construct a four-parameter point-interaction for a non-relativistic particle moving on a line as the limit of a short range interaction with range tending toward zero. For particular choices of the parameters, we can obtain a delta-interaction or the so-called delta'-interaction. The Hamiltonian corresponding to the four-parameter point-interaction is shown to correspond to the four-parameter self-adjoint Hamiltonian of the free particle moving on the line with the origin excluded.
A multi-modal machine learning approach towards predicting patient readmission

Healthcare costs that can be attributed to unplanned readmissions are staggeringly high and negatively impact health and wellness of patients. In the United States, hospital systems and care providers have strong financial motivations to reduce readmissions in accordance with several government guidelines. One of the critical steps to reducing readmissions is to recognize the factors that lead to readmission and correspondingly identify at-risk patients based on these factors. The availability of large volumes of electronic health care records make it possible to develop and deploy automated machine learning models that can predict unplanned readmissions and pinpoint the most important factors of readmission risk. While hospital readmission is an undesirable outcome for any patient, it is more so for medically frail patients. Here, we develop and compare four machine learning models (Random Forest, XGBoost, CatBoost, and Logistic Regression) for predicting 30-day unplanned readmission for patients deemed frail (Age $\geq$ 50). Variables that indicate frailty, comorbidities, high risk medication use, demographic, hospital and insurance were incorporated in the models for prediction of unplanned 30-day readmission. Our findings indicate that CatBoost outperforms the other three models (AUC 0.80) and prior work in this area. We find that constructs of frailty, certain categories of high risk medications, and comorbidity are all strong predictors of readmission for elderly patients.
Retrospective review of patients treated for cyclic vomiting syndrome with topiramate.

BACKGROUND Practice guidelines recommend topiramate as second-line treatment for the prevention of moderate-severe cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) in adults. However, data are limited to small studies in children. AIM To characterise the response to topiramate as prophylactic therapy in adults with CVS. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of patients with CVS. Clinical characteristics, number of CVS episodes, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalisations the year before and after initiating topiramate were recorded. Response was defined as a global improvement in symptoms or >50% reduction in the number of CVS episodes, ED visits or hospitalisations. RESULTS Sixty-five percent (88/136) of patients responded to topiramate in an intent-to-treat analysis. There was a significant decrease in the annual number of CVS episodes (18.1 vs 6.2, P < 0.0001), CVS-related ED visits (4.3 vs 1.6, P = 0.0029), and CVS-related hospitalisations (2.0 vs 1.0, P = 0.035). Logistic regression revealed that higher doses of topiramate, longer use of topiramate (≥12 months) and topiramate as monotherapy were associated with a response to treatment. Anxiety was associated with non-response to topiramate. Fifty-five percent of patients experienced side effects, and 32% discontinued the medication as a result. The most common side effects were cognitive impairment (13%), fatigue (11%) and paresthesia (10%). This represented a refractory group with topiramate being initiated in patients (92%) who had failed treatment with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). CONCLUSIONS Topiramate may be an effective second-line prophylaxis for patients with moderate-severe CVS, but its use is limited by side effects. Efforts to develop better-tolerated therapies for CVS are warranted.
Concurrent Morbidity Between Physical and Mental Illness: An Epidemiologic Examination

Two broad research traditions have examined the relationship between physical and mental illness: epidemiologic surveys and clinical studies (Houpt, Orleans, George, et al., 1979; 1980). Epidemiologic surveys typically are based on community samples, obtain data about both physical and mental illness from respondents’ self-reports, and measure both physical and mental illness in terms of symptom counts or degree of functional impairment. Clinical studies typically are based on the patient population of a single health service setting, rely upon patient charts for information about physical and mental illness, and emphasize diagnosis rather than impairment.
From “temp‐to‐perm”

Following the notable growth of temporary employment, a series of incentives were approved by the Spanish Government to promote both the hiring of workers on a permanent basis and the conversion of contracts from temporary to permanent employment. Nonetheless, hiring and dismissal cost reductions have had a small impact. This paper examines the determinants of Spanish employers’ reliance on temporary workers and their “temp‐to‐perm” conversions. Approved wage and dismissal cost reductions for permanent workers promote the hiring of permanent workers but have virtually no impact on contract conversions, which primarily respond to employers’ flexibility needs and unions’ pressures for increased employment stability.
Biosynthesis of Mustard Oil Glucosides

Apart from certain amino acids none of the nitrogenous intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of mustard oil glucosides have, untl now, been determined. Results consistent with the hypothesis — amino acids aldehyde oximes mustard oil glucosides — are presented for glucotropaeolin and gluconasturtin. Administration of dl-[2-14C]phenylalanine and [1-14C]phenylacetaldehyde oxime to Tropaeolum majus L. shoots resulted in a greater incorporation of the tracer from the latter into the aglycone moiety of glucotropaeolin; incorporation of 14C from phenylacetaldehyde oxime into the aglycone was without randomization. Radioactive phenylacetaldehyde oxime was isolated from T. majus shoots which were fed dl-[2-14C]phenylalanine. The extent of conversion of 14C into the aglycone of gluconasturtin was similar when 3-phenyl[1-14C]propionaldehyde oxime and dl-2-amino-4-phenyl[2-14C]butyric acid were fed to Nasturtium officinale R. Br. There was no randomization of labelled carbon in gluconasturtin aglycone derived from 3-phenylpropionaldehyde oxime.
THE DESIGN OF PASSENGER CAR CAST ALUMINUM WHEELS

Permanent mold cast aluminum wheels have been widely used as original equipment on passenger cars for a number of years. Testing and field experience together with manufacturing and plant processing experience has resulted in the development of a number of recommended design practices which are outlined in this paper. Methods used to test that design requirements have been met will be presented. Basic wheel designs, rigid and flexible, will be discussed together with the currently used mounting face configurations. Detail design features such as rim contour, nut boss, valve hole, hub pilot, mounting face and window openings will be reviewed. Future design and manufacturing trends will be discussed.
Carcinosarcoma of accessory salivary gland: First report of a case

Abstract 1. 1. The more common malignant tumors of salivary gland origin have been briefly discussed. 2. 2. What is thought to be the first reported case of a carcinosarcoma of salivary gland origin has been presented, with a discussion of this tumor.
Orbiting deep space relay station study. Volume 2: Conceptual design

The Orbiting Deep Space Relay Station conceptual design is described. The baseline for implementation cost and schedule estimates is also described.
What is the role of the larynx in adult obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine the current body of literature supporting the role of the larynx in adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Data Sources PubMed. Methods PubMed search using medical subject headings “larynx” and “obstructive sleep apnea.” Original articles in English related to adult patients were initially included, and the bibliographies of pertinent articles were hand-searched for additional articles. Results A total of 17 articles were included in the review in the following subgroups: neuromuscular role of larynx (n = 3), anatomic contribution of larynx to OSA (n = 7), and special populations (n = 7). The sensory component of the superior laryngeal nerve plays a critical role in airway patency during sleep, and patients with OSA have increased endolaryngeal sensory thresholds compared to controls. Primary epiglottic obstruction in the hypopharynx represents 15% of patients with OSA unable to tolerate continuous positive airway pressure. Head and neck cancer and multiple system atrophy are two entities with high rates of OSA due in part to laryngeal abnormalities. Conclusions The endolarynx warrants consideration in the pathophysiology of OSA, particularly as it relates to sensory dysfunction and epiglottic obstruction. Patients with head and neck cancer of the laryngopharynx are at significant risk of OSA. Further research is needed to better understand and heighten awareness of the intimate role that the larynx may play in OSA. Laryngoscope, 124:1029–1034, 2014
Using a reflection framework to guide teachers’ video analysis of their science teaching practice

This multiple case study examined four elementary teachers use of a reflection framework for analyzing video of their science teaching practice. Open coding was used to analyze the data. Cross-case comparison was used to compare each participant's case and identify similarities and differences. The introduction of a reflection framework supported the participants in developing more detailed explanations of their science teaching practice. While the participants were able to engage in the reflective cycle, they did not always thoroughly address the framework prompts. Findings illustrate the need for frameworks to support teachers' reflective practice.
Investigation of diamond C(111) (2 × 1) surface exposed to hydrogen and hydrocarbon species using second-harmonic generation and sum frequency generation

Abstract It has become increasingly apparent that basic information regarding the interaction of the relevant gaseous species at the diamond surface is important for a better understanding of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The non-linear phenomena of second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG) have the potential of probing the surface in situ during diamond CVD. We have initiated a program of investigating the low index planes of the diamond single crystal using conventional surface science techniques in conjunction with SHG and SFG measurements. As a first step in this effort, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) temperature-programmed desorption have been used to study the interactions of H and CHx species with the reconstructed diamond C(111) (2 × 1) surface. It is found that a very small quantity of chemisorbed H atoms (0.05 ML (monolayer) or less) can induce the (2 × 1)-to-(1 × 1) phase transformation and uphold the sp3 structure up to nearly 1400 K. SHG measurements during the exposure of the surface to hydrogen showed direct correlation with observations by LEED and AES. The vibrational spectrum of the surface hydrogen is obtained using IR visible SFG. On a fully relaxed (1 × 1) surface a single sharp peak at about 2830 cm−1 is observed which can be identified as the CH stretching mode from H on top sites. The SFG spectrum after exposure of the (2 × 1) surface to methane through a hot filament shows the dominant adsorbed species to be the methyl group.
Photoinitiated Charge Transport through π-Stacked Electron Conduits in Supramolecular Ordered Assemblies of Donor−Acceptor Triads

Photochemical electron donor−acceptor triads having an aminopyrene primary donor (APy) and a p-diaminobenzene secondary donor (DAB) attached to either one or both imide nitrogen atoms of a perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) electron acceptor were prepared to give DAB-APy-PDI and DAB-APy-PDI-APy-DAB. In toluene, both triads are monomeric, but in methylcyclohexane, they self-assemble into ordered helical heptamers and hexamers, respectively, in which the PDI molecules are π-stacked in a columnar fashion, as evidenced by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Photoexcitation of these supramolecular assemblies results in rapid formation of DAB+•−PDI−• spin-polarized radical ion pairs having spin−spin dipolar interactions, which show that the average distance between the two radical ions is much larger in the assemblies (31 A) than it is in their monomeric building blocks (23 A). This work demonstrates that electron hopping through the π-stacked PDI molecules is fast enough to compete effectively with...
Applications of column liquid chromatography to inorganic analysis in agricultural research

Plants absorb their nutrients from soil as inorganic species. Therefore, inorganic assay is of utmost importance in agricultural research. Liquid column chromatography has developed into a powerful analytical tool for inorganic assay during the last two decades. Speed of analysis, simultaneous analysis of several species, low detection limits, high precision, small sample requirements, high reliability, versatility, automation and reasonable cost are some of the reasons for its popularity. New developments in column chemistries and engineering and more sophisticated hardware has been continually expanding its scope. This paper describes the applications of this technology in agricultural research.
Prospective study of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator and risk of stroke

Few haematological or lipid risk factors have been identified for stroke, by contrast with coronary heart disease. To find out whether a marker of endogenous fibrinolytic function might be associated with stroke risk, we measured tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen concentrations in baseline plasma samples from 88 healthy participants in the Physicians' Health Study who subsequently had first-ever strokes (71 thromboembolic, 12 haemorrhagic, 5 indeterminate) and from 471 participants who remained free of cardiovascular disease during 5 years of follow-up (controls). Mean baseline tPA concentrations were significantly higher among men who later had strokes than in the controls (11.14 [SE 0.80] vs 9.59 [0.27] ng/mL, p = 0.03). The difference was largely due to an excess of abnormally high values among stroke cases. The age-adjusted relative risk for stroke among men with baseline tPA concentrations above the 95th percentile of the control distribution was 3.51 (95% CI 1.72-7.17, p = 0.0006) for total stroke and 3.89 (1.83-8.26, p = 0.0004) for thromboembolic stroke. These findings did not change substantially in analyses that also controlled for stroke risk factors (high blood pressure, body-mass index, smoking, presence of diabetes, and parental history of myocardial infarction) or the plasma lipid profile. This prospective study shows that high concentrations of tPA antigen among apparently healthy men are independently associated with high risks of future stroke, especially thromboembolic stroke. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the endogenous fibrinolytic system occurs years in advance of arterial vascular occlusion.
Augmented Glenoid Component for Bone Deficiency in Shoulder Arthroplasty

Asymmetric posterior glenoid wear caused by degenerative glenohumeral arthritis can be addressed by several techniques during total shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the midterm outcome of a posterior augmented glenoid component to determine the clinical and radiographic outcome, including complications and the need for revision surgery. Between 1995 and 1999, 13 patients (14 shoulders) underwent a shoulder arthroplasty with an augmented glenoid component to treat posterior glenoid bone deficiency. All 14 shoulders had advanced osteoarthritis. The minimum followup for these 13 patients was 2 years (mean, 5 years; range, 2–8 years). The mean age of these patients was 66 years at the time of surgery (range, 52–78 years). The mean active elevation was 160° (range, 120°–180°) and external rotation was 56° (range, 30°–90°). According to a modified Neer result rating system, 36% of patients had an excellent result, 50% a satisfactory result, and 14% an unsatisfactory result. Our results suggest patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty with an asymmetric glenoid component for osteoarthritis achieve satisfactory mid-term pain relief and improvement in function; however, instability is not always corrected. The advantage of this component seems marginal, and its use has been discontinued.
NICMOS: Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer

NICMOS (the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) is a mature concept for adding near infrared capabilities to the Hubble Space Telescope that are fully corrected for spherical aberration. As shown in Section 3.1, NICMOS exceeds the infrared J and H band sensitivity and spatial resolution capabilities of both present and planned ground based facilities. The investigations discussed here utilize these unique capabilities for scientific investigations and are only possible with NICMOS.
Tangent modulus tensor in plasticity under finite strain

The tangent modulus tensor, denoted as\(\mathfrak{D}\), plays a central role in finite element simulation of nonlinear applications such as metalforming. Using Kronecker product notation, compact expressions for\(\mathfrak{D}\) have been derived in Refs. [1]–[3] for hyperelastic materials with reference to the Lagrangian configuration. In the current investigation, the corresponding expression is derived for materials experiencing finite strain due to plastic flow, starting from yield and flow relations referred to the current configuration. Issues posed by the decomposition into elastic and plastic strains and by the objective stress flux are addressed. Associated and non-associated models are accommodated, as is “plastic incompressibility”. A constitutive inequality with uniqueness implications is formulated which extends the condition for “stability in the small” to finite strain. Modifications of\(\mathfrak{D}\) are presented which accommodate kinematic hardening. As an illustration,\(\mathfrak{D}\) is presented for finite torsion of a shaft, comprised of a steel described by a von Mises yield function with isotropic hardening.
The interaction of rate and history-dependent effects and its significance for slow cyclic inelastic analysis at elevated temperature☆

Abstract Life prediction for creep and low-cycle fatigue interaction and the analysis of ratcheting phenomena are of great importance in the design of future high-temperature nuclear reactors. These problems involve slow cyclic load application, inelastic deformation, and are inherently nonlinear. Fortunately, finite element computer programs with their time following and nonlinear capabilities are now available for the efficient solution of these complicated problems. The task is now to ensure that a proper representation of the material deformation behavior, the constitutive equation, is used in these computer programs. A systematic study of structural metal deformation behavior in slow cyclic laboratory tests such as cyclic creep, cyclic relaxation, low-cycle fatigue with and without hold-time showed that rate and history dependence interact. A few examples of such interactions are given in this paper. It is further shown that constitutive equations based on the additive use of elastic, plastic, and creep strains are not capable of reproducing these interaction phenomena on principal grounds. New inelastic constitutive equations for metals must be developed and some presently pursued approaches are discussed briefly.
The paracellular pathway in toad urinary bladder: permselectivity and kinetics of opening.

Determination of serosa-to-mucosa fluxes of Na, K, and Cl yields information about the properties of the shunt pathway in toad urinary bladder. We show that measurement of these fluxes at 30-sec intervals following an abrupt increase in mucosal osmolality yields evidence on the rate of opening of the path and of its permselectivity. The relationship between the fluxes of any pair of these ions indicates that the shunt is paracellular both before and after the increase in conductance effected by hyperosmolality and that the transepithelial PD affects the permselectivity properties (at 0 mV,PK/PNa/PCl= 1∶0.71∶0.57; at +25 mV,PK/PNa/PCl=1∶0.71∶0.99). The relationship between any of the fluxes and the total transepithelial conductance is linear and yields an estimate of cellular conductance (the intercept of this regression on the conductance axis) which is in accord with that measured electrically. These studies provide information on tight junction permeability to nonelectrolytes, as well. Finally, they provide new information about the role of the shunt path as a controlling influence on transepithelial sodium transport and raise the possibility that, in both leaky and tight epithelia, differences in transepithelial conductance from tissue to tissue, organ to organ, and species to species may be due, in the absence of edge damage, to changes in conductance of the paracellular pathway.
From Phenotype to Genotype: Exploring Middle School Students' Understanding of Genetic Inheritance in a Web-Based Environment

Research shows that students face challenges as they learn about genetic inheritance. The challenges could emanate from the fact that genetic inheritance involves unseen processes at different organizational levels. We explored students' understanding of heredity and related concepts such as cells and reproduction using a Web-based Science Inquiry Environment (WISE) curriculum unit that was developed to help middle school students learn about genetic inheritance. Our findings suggest that students made significant gains from pretest to posttest. However, despite overall gains, some students struggled to explain the importance of mitotic and meiotic divisions in transferring genetic information.
Agreeing (or Not) on How to Describe Spinal Stenosis: Expanding a Narrow Mindset

The lack of consensus around quantitative measurements does not mean that measuring is a useless exercise, nor does the good consensus around several qualitative measures mean that they are reliable and accurate indicators of clinical symptoms or predictors of therapeutic outcomes.