cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and test of a novel solar imaging payload for small satellites

FalconSAT-7 (FS-7), a 3U CubeSat solar telescope, is the first-ever on-orbit demonstration of a lightweight deployable membrane primary optic that is twice the size of the host spacecraft. The telescope payload consists of the deployment structure, optical, electronic subsystems and occupying 1.5 U, while the rest of the volume is used for the bus, including satellite power, control, communications with the ground, etc. The deployment subsystem provides membrane deployment, positioning and tension with high precision for proper imaging, while the optical subsystem includes secondary optics with a camera to record images of the Sun at H-alpha. The electronics subsystem is used to control the primary optics deployment, focusing, image storage and transfer to the bus etc. We conducted an end-to-end flight optical subsystem test and a series of tests of the corrosion of the photon sieve due to atomic oxygen. The flight model build will be completed by October 2015with a launch date set for September 2016.
Management of Patients with a Genetic Variant of Unknown Significance.

Accurate risk assessment of developing cancer often includes genetic testing for germline mutations, which has clinical and treatment implications for the patient and his or her family members. When a mutation is detected, aggressive measures for cancer prevention and detection are often implemented. Depending on the gene or genes tested, a variable percentage of patients will receive a test report stating that a variant of unknown significance (VUS) has been detected. This means that a change in the genetic sequence has occurred, but whether the change is associated with an increased risk of cancer or another disease is unclear or unknown. The results are confusing and noninformative. Oncology nurses will undoubtedly encounter patients with a VUS; consequently, they need to understand the controversies and ambiguities that surround these test results. Resources that may be offered by healthcare providers and aid in patient understanding of VUS results are available (see Figure 1).
Enhancing native defect sensitivity for EUV actinic blank inspection: optimized pupil engineering and photon noise study

In this paper, we discuss the impact of optimized pupil engineering and photon noise on native defect sensitivity in EUV actinic blank inspection. Native defects include phase-dominated defects, absorber defects, and defects with a combination of phase and absorption behavior. First, we extend the idea of the Zernike phase contrast (ZPC) method and study the impact of optimum phase shift in the pupil plane on native defect sensitivity, showing a 23% signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement compare to bright field (BF) for a phase defect with 20% absorption. We also describe the possibility to increase target defect SNR on target defect sizes at the price of losing the sensitivity on smaller (non-critical) defects. Moreover, we show the advantage of the optimized phase contrast (OZPC) method over BF EUV actinic blank inspection. A single focus scan from OZPC has better inspection efficiency over BF. Second, we make a detailed comparison between the phase contrast with apodization (AZPC) method and dark field (DF) method based on defect sensitivity in the presence of both photon shot noise and camera noise. Performance is compared for a variety of photon levels, mask roughness conditions, and combinations of defect phase and absorption.
Lead Exposure Level of Workers in A Metallurgical Plant

[Objective]To understand the lead exposure levels of workers engaged in a smelting process..[Methods]Peripheral venous blood 5 ml and morning urine 100 ml of 155 workers with lead exposure and 56 people without lead exposure were collected for blood and urine lead level test.The results were analyzed by SPSS 10.0.[Results]The levels of blood lead and urine lead were both higher than those of control group(P 0.05).[Conclusion]Lead exposure levels of workers are relatively high in this metallurgical plant.
Evaluation of teaching effectiveness of clinical epidemiology for an army Doctor postgraduate

Objective To understand epidemiological knowledge of Doctor postgraduate students and learn the teaching effectiveness of clinical epidemiology,serving as a reference for improving the teaching method.Methods Questionnaire was adopted to investigate the students' basic knowledge before the first lecture and after the last lecture.Questionnaire was full of ten same multiple-choice questions in the first and second investigation.It got one point when the answer was right as well as the wrong answer with nothing.The full mark was 10 scores.There were four levels:do not know much(0-2 points);some certain understanding(3-5 points);basic grasping(6-7 points);mastering(8-10 points).Results After epidemiological class,the same problems before and after teaching were significant differences in accuracy(P 0.05).The accuracy of investigation after teaching was getting significantly improved.According to the data,the percent of Doctor postgraduate students who got the right answers(under in 5 points) of problems was 56.1%.After teaching,the percent of correct number(from 8 to 10 points) was 90.7%.Then the Doctor postgraduate students were divided into the full-time and part-time students.The fact showed that accuracy of teaching which was significant difference(P 0.01) before first investigation changed into no differences(P 0.05) after second investigation in the question of number 6 and 9.The same time,the fourth question changed into significant difference(P 0.01) after the second investigation.Conclusion Before the teaching class,Doctor postgraduates have insufficient and defect of the knowledge.After the class of clinical epidemiology,they get significantly to consolidate and strengthen the knowledge points.At the same time,the analysis of some problems provides the basis and the suggestion to solve the knowledge loopholes and improve the effects of teaching.
Key Problems and Solutions of Wind Power Accommodation

Bulk scale wind power integration into the grid will breed new problems and challenges to power system operation and security.Based on the analysis of the wind power developmental characteristics in China and the experience of western countries,the paper summarizes the key factors which impact on wind power integration,including system regulation capability,transmission capability,technical performance of wind power,wind power dispatch levels,etc.Then some measures are proposed to improve wind power integration in China,such as reinforcement of peaking power and grid construction,breakthrough in key technologies of wind power integration and operation,and improvement of supporting policies and measures for wind power development.
Moving to greater exchange rate flexibility : operational aspects based on lessons from detailed country experiences

Many countries have moved towards more flexible exchange rate regimes over the last decade to take advantage of greater monetary policy autonomy and flexibility in responding to external shocks. Some reluctance to let go of pegged exchange rates persists, however, despite the benefits of flexibility. The institutional and operational requirements needed to support a floating exchange rate, as well as difficulties in assessing the right time and manner to exit, tend to be additional factors in this reluctance. This volume presents the concrete steps taken by a number of countries in transition to greater exchange rate flexibility and elaborates on the operational ingredients that proved helpful in promoting successful and durable transitions. It attempts to provide a better understanding (and hence a "road map") of how these various operational ingredients were established and coordinated, how their implementation interacted with macro and other conditions, and how they contributed to the smoothness of each transition.
Remaining in a situationally aggressive relationship: The role of relationship self‐efficacy

Relationship self-efficacy (RSE) is the belief that one can resolve relationship conflicts, and it may lead victims of situational violence to remain in their relationships because they expect to minimize subsequent violence. Indeed, a longitudinal study of two samples of college students demonstrated that RSE moderates the effects of victimization on relationship dissolution; intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization was positively associated with dissolution among intimates low in RSE but was unassociated with dissolution among intimates high in RSE. Interestingly, although RSE was negatively associated with dissolution among victims, it was associated with experiencing less subsequent IPV in one sample. Ultimately, whether victims' RSE is adaptive may depend on the extent to which any minimization of conflicts eliminates violence.
Harmonic and Subharmonic Function Theory on the Hyperbolic Ball

This comprehensive monograph is ideal for established researchers in the field and also graduate students who wish to learn more about the subject. The text is made accessible to a broad audience as it does not require any knowledge of Lie groups and only a limited knowledge of differential geometry. The author's primary emphasis is on potential theory on the hyperbolic ball, but many other relevant results for the hyperbolic upper half-space are included both in the text and in the end-of-chapter exercises. These exercises expand on the topics covered in the chapter and involve routine computations and inequalities not included in the text. The book also includes some open problems, which may be a source for potential research projects.
Soluble klotho binds monosialoganglioside to regulate membrane microdomains and growth factor signaling

Soluble klotho, the shed ectodomain of the antiaging membrane protein α-klotho, is a pleiotropic endocrine/paracrine factor with no known receptors and poorly understood mechanism of action. Soluble klotho down-regulates growth factor-driven PI3K signaling, contributing to extension of lifespan, cardioprotection, and tumor inhibition. Here we show that soluble klotho binds membrane lipid rafts. Klotho binding to rafts alters lipid organization, decreases membrane's propensity to form large ordered domains for endocytosis, and down-regulates raft-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling. We identify α2-3-sialyllactose present in the glycan of monosialogangliosides as targets of soluble klotho. α2-3-Sialyllactose is a common motif of glycans. To explain why klotho preferentially targets lipid rafts we show that clustering of gangliosides in lipid rafts is important. In vivo, raft-dependent PI3K signaling is up-regulated in klotho-deficient mouse hearts vs. wild-type hearts. Our results identify ganglioside-enriched lipid rafts to be receptors that mediate soluble klotho regulation of PI3K signaling. Targeting sialic acids may be a general mechanism for pleiotropic actions of soluble klotho.
β-Lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, attenuates ethanol intake and increases glial glutamate transporters expression in alcohol preferring rats

Studies from our laboratory showed that upregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT) expression with ceftriaxone, β-lactam antibiotic, in the brain was associated with attenuation of ethanol consumption. In this study, we tested clavulanic acid, which is another β-lactam compound with negligible antimicrobial activity, on ethanol consumption and expression of GLT-1, xCT and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in male alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Clavulanic acid has the central β-lactam pharmacophore that is critical for the upregulation of GLT-1 and xCT expression. We found that clavulanic acid, at 5mg/kg (i.p.) dose, significantly attenuated ethanol consumption and ethanol preference in P rats as compared to vehicle-treated group. This effect was associated with a significant increase in water intake in clavulanic acid treated group. Importantly, we found that clavulanic acid increased the expression of GLT-1 and xCT in nucleus accumbens. However, there was no effect of clavulanic acid on GLAST expression in the nucleus accumbens. Clavulanic acid treatment did not upregulate the expression of GLT-1, xCT and GLAST in prefrontal cortex. These findings revealed that clavulanic acid at 20-40 fold lower dose than ceftriaxone can attenuate ethanol consumption, in part through upregulation of GLT-1 and xCT expression in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, we suggest that clavulanic acid might be used as an alternative option to ceftriaxone to attenuate ethanol drinking behavior.
N400 Response Indexes Word Learning from Linguistic Context in Children

ABSTRACTWord learning from linguistic context is essential for vocabulary growth from grade school onward; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying successful word learning in children. Current methods for studying word learning development require children to identify the meaning of the word after each exposure, a method that interacts with the act of learning. In this study, school-aged children (11–14 years) performed a word learning task as their EEG was recorded. The word learning task required children to identify the meaning of new words presented in sentence triplets that either provided enough context to support word learning or did not provide a supportive context. Children displayed a significant attenuation of the N400 for words for which they identified meanings compared to those for which they were unable to identify meanings. Additionally, the N400 to the final presentation of learned words paralleled that of a known real word. These results indicate that the same mechanisms...
Abstract 18977: High Fat Diet Enriched With Saturated Fat Increases Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice

Background: It is known that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces atherosclerosis in animal models, underscoring an important role of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Our recent in vitro studies showed...
Self-congruity theory in consumer behavior: A little history

AbstractI revisit my Journal of Business Research (JBR) article published in 1985 that has garnered many citations. As such, I discuss the concept of self-congruity and the stream of research that ...
Dual MAPK/CDK Targeting in Melanoma: New Approaches, New Challenges.

Summary: Dual MAPK and CDK4/6 targeting is an emerging strategy in melanoma, but toxicity and acquired resistance are limitations. In this issue, two groups (Teh and colleagues and Romano and colleagues) show that therapeutic resistance mechanisms converge on the PI3K pathway, and inhibition of this pathway9s mediators can overcome this resistance. Cancer Discov; 8(5); 532–3. ©2018 AACR. See related article by Romano et al., p. 556. See related article by Teh et al., p. 568.
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy-Implications for Therapies.

The interactions between nutrition and metabolism and skeletal muscle have long been known. Muscle is the major metabolic organ—it consumes more calories than other organs—and therefore, there is a clear need to discuss these interactions and provide some direction for future research areas regarding muscle pathologies. In addition, new experiments and manuscripts continually reveal additional highly intricate, reciprocal interactions between metabolism and muscle. These reciprocal interactions include exercise, age, sex, diet, and pathologies including atrophy, hypoxia, obesity, diabetes, and muscle myopathies. Central to this review are the metabolic changes that occur in the skeletal muscle cells of muscular dystrophy patients and mouse models. Many of these metabolic changes are pathogenic (inappropriate body mass changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and increased Ca2+) and others are compensatory (increased phosphorylated AMP activated protein kinase (pAMPK), increased slow fiber numbers, and increased utrophin). Therefore, reversing or enhancing these changes with therapies will aid the patients. The multiple therapeutic targets to reverse or enhance the metabolic pathways will be discussed. Among the therapeutic targets are increasing pAMPK, utrophin, mitochondrial number and slow fiber characteristics, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Because new data reveals many additional intricate levels of interactions, new questions are rapidly arising. How does muscular dystrophy alter metabolism, and are the changes compensatory or pathogenic? How does metabolism affect muscular dystrophy? Of course, the most profound question is whether clinicians can therapeutically target nutrition and metabolism for muscular dystrophy patient benefit? Obtaining the answers to these questions will greatly aid patients with muscular dystrophy.
Thrips obscuratus: A Pest of Stonefruit in New Zealand

The polyphagous, flower-inhabiting New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus is endemic to New Zealand and is an important pest of stonefruit. In spring, feeding by adults and larvae on nectarine ovaries and small fruits results in irregularly shaped blocks of russet, fine scar lines, and fruit distortion. T. obscuratus infests nectarines and peaches at harvest when adults feed and oviposit on the fruit. Feeding damage on mature fruit is usually minor; the main economic concern is contamination of export fruit. Adults and larvae are found throughout the year where host plant flowers are available, but in stonefruit orchards in Canterbury, NZ, thrips numbers peak in midsummer. There is no reproductive diapause so continuous generations can occur. Natural enemies do not appear to have a significant impact on population size. Attributes of T. obscuratus associated with opportunism pose challenging problems for pest management especially during fruit harvest.
Effect of mercurial compounds on structure-linked latency of lysosomal hydrolases

1. A partially purified lysosomal preparation was obtained from adult mouse livers by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of a large-granule fraction. 2. This lysosome-enriched subfraction was contaminated approx. 10% by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and malate dehydrogenase. 3. Free acid phosphohydrolase and β-glucuronidase contributed less than 10% of the total (Triton X-100-solubilized) activity in contrast with approx. 30% free N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase when assayed in an iso-osmotic incubation system. 4. Exposure of the lysosomal preparation to inorganic Hg2+ ions and organic mercurials (p-chloromercuribenzoate, phenylmercuric acetate) induced an irreversible loss of structure-linked latency with resulting enzyme activation. 5. Maximal activation was related to log [Hg2+] and pH. The response was all-or-none for individual particles; the dose–response curve portrayed the variation in particle resistance within the lysosomal population. 6. l-Cysteine and GSH totally prevented Hg2+ ion-induced hydrolase activation. Ascorbate provided approx. 50% protection. 7. The three lysosomal hydrolases were differentially activated at constant [Hg2+], suggesting a different pattern of binding, unique for each enzyme studied.
Measuring the performance of electronic government services

The World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet have streamlined government information, products, and services. Electronic government now includes on-line filing of documents, notification of entitlements, permits, registration, and disaster relief. This paper addresses the question, can a marketing model be used by Federal and state agencies to improve the content and value of electronic services to the public? Six Federal and state e-service programs were analyzed--the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US Mint, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the US Postal Service (USPS), and the e-State-government systems of California and New Jersey. Five marketing indicators were used--consumer awareness, popularity, contact efficiency, conversion, and retention. Awareness deals with the number of visitors to a site. Popularity refers to the rank of the site. Contact efficiency indicates site usability and content. Conversion refers to customer satisfaction, transactions and time on the site. Retention deals with customer loyalty. Web traffic reports and customer surveys were used as proxies to analyze and compare a sample of Federal and state e-service agencies. The results support the use of a marketing framework in organizing and evaluating these sites. The case studies demonstrate how statistical and survey data were combined for a robust assessment of the e-services.
Status of Maglev: Opportunities in Cryogenics and Superconductivity

A program to develop a prototype of a magnetically levitated (maglev) high-speed-ground-transportation system has been announced by the U.S. administration. This paper reviews the development of maglev and steel-wheel-on-steel-rail trains and examines the unique right-of-way requirements for these systems. The basic principles of maglev are discussed, highlighting U.S. efforts in this field. Japanese and German maglev systems and four recently designed U.S. systems are discussed. Five of these systems use superconducting magnets. The trend in the demand for intercity transportation capacity is reviewed, and the need for maglev to supplement or replace short-haul aircraft is discussed in terms of its competitiveness in travel time, capacity to transport large numbers of passengers, and environmental considerations, including energy, emissions, land use, and noise. The unusual consideration that the superconducting magnets should be sacrificed, if necessary, to permit the vehicle to stop safely is discussed, and various design and development issues related to the cryogenics and superconductivity in the system are listed.
The US EEZ Program: Information and Technology Needs

In 1983 the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) initiated a program to characterize the seafloor of the US Exclusive Economic Zone. In the first 5 years of the program over 1,500,000 square nautical miles of the EEZ have been mapped with the GLORIA sidescan sonar system to identify major seafloor features. Results of these surveys are available as atlases and in digital form for advanced image processing.
PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS COMO COMPONENTE CURRICULAR: ESTRATÉGIAS APLICADAS AO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM INFORMÁTICA A DISTÂNCIA DO INSTITUTO FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

O texto discute, sob a forma de um relato reflexivo, a experiencia do trabalho docente realizada na disciplina Observacao e Reflexao do Trabalho Escolar, no Curso de Licenciatura de Informatica a distância, do Instituto Federal do Espirito Santo. Buscamos contextualizar o referido curso, sua metodologia de trabalho e a dinâmica do planejamento da disciplina de teor pratico – Observacao e Reflexao do Trabalho Escolar, evidenciando seu processo de construcao no ambiente virtual e analisando a avaliacao feita pelos alunos. A discussao teorica relaciona Formacao de professores, a modalidade EAD e o trabalho docente. Apresentamos uma pesquisa-acao de abordagem qualitativa. Foram utilizadas para a construcao dos dados, as informacoes do Sistema Academico, o material didatico-pedagogico, impresso e virtual, da disciplina, o projeto politico pedagogico do curso e as postagens dos alunos nas atividades de avaliacao da disciplina no ambiente Moodle no periodo de 2011. Os dados apontam a aprovacao dos alunos em relacao ao planejamento e a dinâmica da disciplina. Consideramos que a investigacao pode contribuir para a reflexao do trabalho docente e a reelaboracao dos cursos de licenciatura da instituicao. Palavras-chave: Licenciatura de Informatica a distância. Trabalho docente. Pratica.
Asynchronous One-Level and Two-Level Domain Decomposition Solvers

Parallel implementations of linear iterative solvers generally alternate between phases of data exchange and phases of local computation. Increasingly large problem sizes on more heterogeneous systems make load balancing and network layout very challenging tasks. In particular, global communication patterns such as inner products become increasingly limiting at scale. We explore the use of asynchronous communication based on one-sided MPI primitives in a multitude of domain decomposition solvers. In particular, a scalable asynchronous two-level method is presented. We discuss practical issues encountered in the development of a scalable solver and show experimental results obtained on state-of-the-art supercomputer systems that illustrate the benefits of asynchronous solvers in load balanced as well as load imbalanced scenarios. Using the novel method, we can observe speed-ups of up to 4x over its classical synchronous equivalent.
“Two Chinas”: Social Equity, Social Policies, and the Urban-Rural Divide in China

Zhou and Zhu offer an overview of how the concept of social equity has evolved in Chinese social policies since 1949. Social equity was once at the heart of China’s command economy. When China started market economic reforms in the 1980s, social equity gave way to economic efficiency. Despite the changing priorities given to social equity, persistent social inequity exists between the urban and rural areas, which resulted in “two Chinas” in many social policy areas like health care, education, and social welfare. The authors attribute this phenomenon to economic and institutional factors in China. The economic factors associated with industrialization drive China to give greater weight to economic efficiency than social equity, and institutional factors enable China to enact policies favorable to particular groups.
The salience of intimate partner violence to coping and social support for intimate partners of people with addictions.

Intimate partners of people with addictions experience significant strain, which coping and social support may reduce. They are also at increased risk for intimate partner violence (IPV: violence/a...
Interpersonal attitudes toward cross-ethnic peers in diverse middle schools: Implications for intergroup attitudes:

To gain insights into whether schools striving to improve intergroup dynamics should curb disliking or facilitate liking across students of different ethnic groups, the current study examines the a...
Brainstem Volumetric Integrity in Preclinical and Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease.

Background Neuropathological studies have suggested the tau pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) originates in brainstem nuclei, but no studies to date have quantified brainstem volumes in clinical populations with biomarker-confirmed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to AD or determined the value of brainstem volumetrics in predicting dementia. Objective The present study examined whether MRI-based brainstem volumes differ among cognitively normal older adults and those with MCI or dementia due to AD and whether preclinical brainstem volumes predict future progression to dementia. Methods Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants (N = 1,629) underwent baseline MRI scanning with variable clinical follow-up (6-120 months). Region of interest and voxel-based morphometric methods assessed brainstem volume differences among cognitively normal (n = 814), MCI (n = 542), and AD (n = 273) participants, as well as subsets of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker-confirmed MCI (n = 203) and AD (n = 160) participants. Results MCI and AD cases showed smaller midbrain volumes relative to cognitively normal participants when normalizing to whole brainstem volume, and showed smaller midbrain, locus coeruleus, pons, and whole brainstem volumes when normalizing to total intracranial volume. Cognitively normal individuals who later progressed to AD dementia diagnosis exhibited smaller baseline midbrain volumes than individuals who did not develop dementia, and voxel-wise analyses revealed specific volumetric reduction of the locus coeruleus. Conclusion Findings are consistent with neuropathological observations of early AD-related pathology in brainstem nuclei and further suggest the clinical relevance of brainstem substructural volumes in preclinical and prodromal AD.
Communication: a post-discipline: by S. Waisbord, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2019, 171 pp., $22.95 (cloth), $64.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1509520091

The field of communication is characterized in large part by a barely-contained eclecticism that has often been thought to undermine the field’s claims to legitimacy. Communication scholars wrestle...
Rhythmic pixel regions: multi-resolution visual sensing system towards high-precision visual computing at low power

High spatiotemporal resolution can offer high precision for vision applications, which is particularly useful to capture the nuances of visual features, such as for augmented reality. Unfortunately, capturing and processing high spatiotemporal visual frames generates energy-expensive memory traffic. On the other hand, low resolution frames can reduce pixel memory throughput, but reduce also the opportunities of high-precision visual sensing. However, our intuition is that not all parts of the scene need to be captured at a uniform resolution. Selectively and opportunistically reducing resolution for different regions of image frames can yield high-precision visual computing at energy-efficient memory data rates. To this end, we develop a visual sensing pipeline architecture that flexibly allows application developers to dynamically adapt the spatial resolution and update rate of different "rhythmic pixel regions" in the scene. We develop a system that ingests pixel streams from commercial image sensors with their standard raster-scan pixel read-out patterns, but only encodes relevant pixels prior to storing them in the memory. We also present streaming hardware to decode the stored rhythmic pixel region stream into traditional frame-based representations to feed into standard computer vision algorithms. We integrate our encoding and decoding hardware modules into existing video pipelines. On top of this, we develop runtime support allowing developers to flexibly specify the region labels. Evaluating our system on a Xilinx FPGA platform over three vision workloads shows 43-64% reduction in interface traffic and memory footprint, while providing controllable task accuracy.
2-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE FREE NETWORK

Abstract. This paper attempts to quantify geometric considerations in observations and observe trends in solutions to free network solutions. The method of investigation will be utilizing 2D observations to determine how each measurement affects the overall solution and the location of the observations relative to the other nodes. A local reference system will be determined using the Gauss-Markov model with constraints by fixing the largest range observation to the y-axis to give a relative orientation. Further solutions will be calculated by fixing additional points to generate multiple least squares solutions relative to the local reference system. The resulting final points will be modeled using the Gauss-mixture model and compared to a simulated dataset generated by adding random error to the observations. Different weight matrices will be tested to demonstrate the effect on the overall solution. These methods were chosen because of prior experimentation by different research groups studying geometric considerations for UAS and ground surveying conditions. The major contribution will be the trends observed in the modeling and the correlation of the fixed local solutions to the geometry of the points.
Regulatory Reactivity in FDA's Approval of the Alzheimer's Disease Drug Aducanumab (Aduhelm)

On June 7, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved aducanumab, a therapy for the treatment of Alzeihmer’s disease sponsored by Biogen and set to be commercialized under the brand name Aduhelm. Aduhelm was the first treatment for Alzeihmer’s approved by the FDA since 2003. Yet, the approval of Aduhelm has generated widespread controversy and concern rather than celebration, as public health experts question both the validity of the approval process and the likely benefits of the resulting drug. Although much of the current debate is focused on the unique features of this particular drug and the consequences of its approval, we suggest that the approval can be best understood within a more general framework of what we define as regulatory reactivity that increasingly characterizes decision making by the FDA. Understanding this case as the result of regulatory reactivity can be used to isolate areas of regulatory weakness and support targeted institutional reforms. We conclude with some proposals for addressing reactivity both in the context of Aduhelm and beyond.
Development of pH indicators from nanofibers containing microalgal pigment for monitoring of food quality

Abstract The objective of the study was to develop pH indicator membranes from polymeric nanofibers with phycocyanin and to evaluate the irreversibility of the system. The polymeric solutions were prepared with 13% (w/v) polycaprolactone (PCL) and 6% (w/v) poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), with varying phycocyanin concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/v) phycocyanin with chloroform and distilled water (8:2) as the solvent. The electrospinning technique was used to form polymeric nanofibers. PCL/PEO nanofibers developed with 2% (w/v) of phycocyanin presented a smaller average diameter (875 nm) when compared to the membranes produced with 0.5 and 1% (w/v) of the pigment. Through the thermal analysis, events associated with the elimination of volatiles, free water, and bound water were observed. The phycocyanin encapsulation efficiency in PCL/PEO nanofibers with 0.5, 1, and 2% (w/v) phycocyanin was 97.7, 97.8, and 91.7%, respectively. The nanofibers with the addition of 1 and 2% (w/v) of microalgal pigment showed slightly hydrophobic characteristics (contact angle>90.0°). The nanofibers of 13% PCL and 6% PEO with 2% (w/v) phycocyanin when tested in pH buffers ranging from 3 to 4 and 5–6 showed color variation values ≥ 8.5. Thus, PCL/PEO nanofibers containing 2% (w/v) phycocyanin become a promising alternative as indicators in packaging to monitor the viability of food.
Effects of Ag Atomic Segregation from Different Planes on the Size-Dependent Melting of Ag–Pd Clusters

This paper studies the effects of Ag atomic segregation from the inner (100) or (111) planes on the melting of Ag–Pd clusters with different sizes by a molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that Ag segregation leads to the atomic energy decreases with increasing the temperature. Furthermore, the effect of the (100) segregation is larger than that of the (111) segregation. Meanwhile, the influence of segregation on the energy decreases with increasing the cluster size. The melting points of the clusters without segregation are the largest, followed by the clusters with a (111) and (100) segregation.
What if they are not weld-able?

Received: 25 May 2012 Abstract Accepted: 18 August 2012 Many light metals, such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, are promised to provide significant weight reduction for automobiles. However, the difficulties in welding these metals seriously hinder their large-scale applications. A new, hybrid mechanical joining process is proposed to avoid the inherited metallurgical complications in welding. By spinning and pressing a solid rivet into the metals, a joint is formed with the locking from the rivet, a stirred/mixed zone around the rivet, and solid bonding at the faying interface. This riveting process combines the actions of friction-stir welding in which metals of different sheets are mechanically mixed, and self-piercing riveting process which embeds a rivet in the sheets. Experiments have shown that such a friction-stir riveting process can produce joints of comparable strength to those created by other joining means, and can be applied to difficult-to-weld metals and dissimilar metals, such as aluminum-to-aluminum, magnesium-to-magnesium, and aluminum-to-magnesium.
Active Geophysical Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using EM Methods

Abstract Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) technology has been successfully established as an effective tool for offshore hydrocarbon (HC) exploration. In this paper we consider another application of the MCSEM method for HC reservoir monitoring. We demonstrate that EM methods can be successfully used for the monitoring of production wells in connection with the enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons. We have developed a powerful new EM modeling technique based on the integral equation method with an inhomogeneous background conductivity (IE IBC). This new method, and the corresponding computer software, make it possible to model the EM response over a realistic complex model of a sea-bottom HC reservoir. The numerical modeling results demonstrate that the MCSEM method has the ability to map changes in resistivity caused by the production of hydrocarbons over time. In addition, the EM data help to visualize changes in the location of the oil-water contact within a reservoir. This result opens the possibility for practical application of the EM method in HC reservoir monitoring.
The Future of Mathematical Text: A Proposal for a New Internet Hypertext for Mathematics

The Internet has transformed the practice of mathematical writing, and mathematical texts of all kinds are moving online. But the fundamental change to come in mathematical publication is not just moving print forms to electronic documents, but recreating mathematics in a new architecture: a hypertext that reflects the deep unity and universality of mathematics, that can grow and diversify as mathematics changes. It is argued that hypertext is a natural representation of mathematical thought, with its deep interconnection of ideas, the need for constant revision, and the multiplicity of viewpoints. The design of a hypertext must take into account how mathematics is structured and how it is understood: its internal consistency, the need for preparation and review, and the importance of strong tool support for reading and writing text. A high-level design is proposed, combining structured and network hypertext, with a simple link and editorial structure, and design issues concerning language representation, medium- and high-level structure, editorial policy, administration, and technology are examined. A hypertext of sufficient quality and usability will powerfully influence how mathematics is taught, communicated and used, in the classroom, in the workplace and in research. This change in how the Internet is used is not primarily technical: it is the extension of current technology towards a new goal. Gaps and weaknesses of the design are discussed, as well as possible solutions, and a plan to implement the hypertext on the Web is developed.
Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience: Evidence from Limited-Access Roadways

This paper investigates the hypothesis that houses located in proximity of limited-access roadways exhibit a resilience to price decline during and after exogenous market downturns. Using a quasi-experimental design, we look for empirical evidence of price differentials before, during, and after construction and operation of network improvements. Using a spatial-autoregressive difference-in-difference estimator with spatial disturbances, we find evidence of price resilience in the aftermath of the real estate bubble affecting the local and state economy. Single-family homes exhibit a price premium ranging from 4.6 to 5.2 percent over their controls. These premium differentials are realized four to five years after the facilities’ opening and following the U.S. real estate market downturn. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by providing a quasi-experimental approach to select comparable parcels for spatial hedonic regression.
Leptin keeps working, even in obesity.

The concept of leptin resistance posits that elevated endogenous leptin fails to decrease food intake in obese animals due to diminished leptin signaling. In this issue, Ottaway et al. (2015) use leptin antagonists to reveal persistence (or even elevation) of endogenous leptin signaling and physiologic action in diet-induced obesity.
A Problem with the Evidence Base.

Surgeons' relationships with their patients differ substantially from the relationships that form between patients and physicians in other specialties. Charles Bosk, an ethnographer of surgeons, wr...
The Luria–Delbrück protocol is still the most practical

It is theoretically appealing to determine microbial mutation rates by counting mutant cells in two successive generations. However, major experimental difficulties have been largely ignored, causing unreliable estimates of mutation rates to be unwittingly accepted. Counting mutant cells twice in the same liquid culture incurs appreciable errors that are difficult to quantify; maintaining synchronous cell growth for 25 or more generations is an equally daunting laboratory feat.
Relationship of free intracellular calcium to the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica.

Abstract Entamoeba histolytica adherence and destruction of host cells is required for in vivo pathogenicity; amebic in vitro adherence is mediated by a galactose- or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable surface lectin (Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin). Free intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) was measured in living amebae and target cells during amebic cytolysis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by utilizing the Ca2+ probe Fura-2 and computer-enhanced digitized microscopy. Motile E. histolytica trophozoites had oscillatory increases in [Ca2+]i in head or tail regions; however, there was no increase in regional or total amebic [Ca2+]i upon contact with a target CHO cell. Target CHO cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils demonstrated marked irreversible increases in [Ca2+]i within 30 to 300 s following contact by an ameba (P less than 0.01); increased [Ca2+]i preceded the occurrence of nonspecific surface membrane permeability and death of the target cell. Target CHO cells contiguous on a monolayer to a cell contacted by an ameba experienced a rapid but reversible rise in [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) and were not killed. Galactose (40 mg/ml) totally abrogated the rise in target CHO cell [Ca2+]i that followed contact by amebae (P less than 0.01); immunoaffinity-purified amebic Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin (0.25 micrograms/ml) induced a rapid and reversible rise in CHO cell [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) which was inhibited by galactose. Amebic [Ca2+]i was not elevated following parasite adherence to target cells; a rapid and substantial rise in target cell [Ca2+]i occurred which was mediated, at least in part, by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of the parasite and led to the death of target cells.
Discrete species of activated oxygen yield different cytochrome P450 heme adducts from aldehydes.

Aldehydes are known to inactivate cytochrome P450 in the reconstituted enzyme system containing NADPH and NADPH−cytochrome P450 reductase under aerobic conditions in a mechanism-based reaction involving heme adduct formation [Raner, G. M., Chiang, E. W., Vaz, A. D. N., and Coon, M. J. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 4895−4902]. In the study presented here, artificial oxidants were used to examine the mechanism of aldehyde activation by purified P450 2B4 in the absence of the usual O2-reducing system, and the adducts that were formed were isolated and characterized. With hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, 3-phenylpropionaldehyde gives an adduct with a mass corresponding to that of native heme modified by a phenylethyl group, presumably arising from the reaction of a peroxy−iron species with the aldehyde to give a peroxyhemiacetal, which upon deformylation yields the alkyl radical. NMR analysis indicated that the substitution is specifically at the γ-meso position. In contrast, with m-chloroperbenzoic acid as the ox...
Ruminant Digestion without Roughage

Summary Digestion trials were conducted with Holstein heifers that had been fed for 18 months on a ration devoid of roughage, and with a second group receiving the same diet plus paper pulp. The effect of fine grinding on digestibility was also investigated. Except for crude fiber, which was 32 per cent lower, the digestibility of a ration consisting entirely of concentrates was not significantly below the calculated value for the same mixture fed with roughage. The addition of paper pulp to the concentrate diet, so that the fiber content of the ration was equivalent to that of one containing equal parts of concentrates and alfalfa hay, increased the apparent digestibility of the crude fiber. The digestibility of the other nutrients did not appear to be significantly altered. It is not to be concluded that the addition of paper pulp enhanced the digestibility of the fiber contained in the concentrates. The higher value found for fiber in the paper-pulp ration may be explained by the fact that the fiber of paper pulp, as shown by other investigators, is more highly digestible than that of either roughage or concentrates. Fine grinding appeared only to lower significantly the digestibility of the crude fiber of the concentration ration.
Evidence for synaptic apoptosis

Increasing evidence indicates that neurons die by apoptosis, an active form of cell death involving a relatively stereotyped series of biochemical changes that culminate in nuclear fragmentation, in many different developmental and pathophysiological settings. In contrast to most other cell types, neurons have elaborate morphologies with complex neuritic arbors that often extend great distances from the cell body. Neuronal death signals are likely to be activated at remote synaptic sites and, indeed, overactivation of glutamate receptors and underactivation of trophic factor receptors are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We now report that biochemical changes consistent with apoptosis are engaged locally in synapses. Exposure of cortical synaptosomes to staurosporine and Fe2+ resulted in loss of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, caspase activation, and mitochondrial alterations (membrane depolarization, calcium overload, and oxyradical accumulation) characteristic of apoptosis. The caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization in synaptosomes. Studies of the effects of cytosolic extracts from synaptosomes exposed to apoptotic insults, on isolated nuclei, showed that signals capable of inducing nuclear apoptosis are generated locally in synapses. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to staurosporine and glutamate resulted in caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in dendrites, and zVAD-fmk prevented the membrane depolarization. Glutamate-induced increases in caspase activity were first observed in dendrites and later in the cell body, and focal application of glutamate to individual dendrites resulted in local activation of caspases. Collectively, the data demonstrate that apoptotic biochemical cascades can be activated locally in synapses and dendrites and suggest a role for such local apoptotic signals in synapse loss and neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders that involve excessive activation of glutamate receptors.
Sensitivity and Consistency of Affymetrix GeneChip Normalization Methods

Many algorithms that calculate expression values from raw probe level data in Affymetrix GeneChips use a set of predetermined arrays for normalization. In this paper we analyze the sensitivity and consistency of expression values to the set of samples used for normalization. Our fundamental assumption is that expression levels of individual genes should strongly correlate with themselves as we vary the size and composition of the normalization set. We call this property "consistency". We varied the size and composition of the normalization set for publicly available Affymetrix GeneChip Microarrays and found that some normalization methods were consistent while others were highly inconsistent. It is fundamentally important for researchers to be aware of the consistency of the normalization methods they use while conducting microarray data analysis.