cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5125: Functional genomic strategies to identify oncogenes in breast cancer

During the process of tumorigenesis and tumor progression cancer cells acquire an array of genetic alterations. The theory of oncogene addiction proposes that a small portion of these alterations generate driver oncogenes that are critical for maintaining the transformed phenotype. Strong support for this theory comes from the identification and subsequent therapeutic targeting of individual driver oncogenes that has resulted in significant clinical responses. However, in solid tumors that contain multiple driver oncogenes, these responses are not durable and it is therefore likely that multiple oncogenes will need to be identified and targeted in these tumors in order to reverse the transformed phenotype and effect durable clinical responses. Identifying multiple driver oncogenes among the large number of mutated/amplified genes that are present in most solid tumors is a nontrivial task that will require novel approaches. In this study, we have developed an approach that combines exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, expression analysis and genome-wide, RNAi-based functional screening to identify driver oncogenes that are functioning in individual cell lines derived from human tumors. In a pilot study using this approach we have shown that of the 583 amplified genes in the SUM225 breast cancer cell line only 45 are hits in the RNAi-based functional screen. Similarly, of the 806 genes that are mutated in this cell line only 26 are hits in the RNAi-based functional screen. Interestingly, the SMPD3 gene that was both amplified and a hit in the functional screen also contained a point mutation and this point mutation was present in another HER2 positive breast cancer cell line, SUM190. The identification of SMPD3 as a likely driver oncogene in the SUM225 and SUM190 cell lines highlights the power of an approach that combines sequence and copy number data with functional screening to identify driver oncogenes. Future analysis will incorporate expression data to further refine this approach. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5125. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5125
Severely Aggressive Children Receiving Stimulant Medication Versus Stimulant and Risperidone: 12-Month Follow-Up of the TOSCA Trial

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate 52-week clinical outcomes of children with co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior disorder, and serious physical aggression who participated in a prospective, longitudinal study that began with a controlled, 9-week clinical trial comparing the relative efficacy of parent training + stimulant medication + placebo (Basic; n = 84) versus parent training + stimulant + risperidone (Augmented; n = 84). Method Almost two-thirds (n = 108; 64%) of families in the 9-week study participated in week 52 follow-ups (Basic, n = 55; Augmented, n = 53) and were representative of the initial study sample. The assessment battery included caregiver and clinician ratings and laboratory tests. Results Only 43% of participants in the Augmented group and 36% in the Basic group still adhered to their assigned regimen (not significant [NS]); 23% of those in the Augmented group and 11% in the Basic group were taking no medication (NS). Both randomized groups improved baseline to follow-up, but the 3 primary parent-reported behavioral outcomes showed no significant between-group differences. Exploratory analyses indicated that participants in the Augmented group (65%) were more likely ( p = .02) to have a Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) severity score of 1 to 3 (i.e., normal to mildly ill) at follow-up than those in the Basic group (42%). Parents rated 45% of children as impaired often or very often from ADHD, noncompliant, or aggressive behavior. The Augmented group had elevated prolactin levels, and the Basic group had decreased weight over time. Findings were generally similar whether groups were defined by randomized assignment or follow-up treatment status. Conclusion Both treatment strategies were associated with clinical improvement at follow-up, and primary behavioral outcomes did not differ significantly. Many children evidenced lingering mental health concerns, suggesting the need for additional research into more effective interventions. Clinical trial registration information —Treatment of Severe Childhood Aggression (the TOSCA Study); http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00796302
Comparing feasibility for primary method of shock calibration with different shock exciters

Comparison of calibration results is an effective method to confirm the consistency among different devices and methods,the feasibility of primary method of shock calibration using different shock devices was introduced here.According to ISO16063-13,the principles of two typical shock exciters based on rigid body impact and Hopkinson bar and their shock pulse shapes were presented.Comparison of the results of an accelerometer calibrated with the two exciters was made,and then the difference of the results and its cause were analyzed.Finally,an effective way for comparison of shock calibration results with different shock exciters was proposed.It provided a reference for shock comparison among regional and international shock communities.
Coverslip mounted-immersion cycled in situ RT-PCR for the localization of mRNA in tissue sections

An improved method was developed for in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and localize mRNA in tissue sections. The coverslip mounted-immersion cycled (COSMIC) in situ RT-PCR technique combines the advantages of solution-phase PCR with the tissue immobilization necessary for in situ analysis. The tissue specimen is mounted on an AES-silane-coated coverslip, excess glass is removed and the sample is immersed in reaction mixture in a PCR tube and subjected to thermal cycling. Processing the section on the coverslip is efficient, the thin glass withstands the high temperature cycling and the tissue adheres securely through the process. The specimen is fully exposed to the reagents, and is heated uniformly and accurately according to temperatures programmed into the thermal cycler. An application is described for the detection and localization of the mRNA for surfactant protein A (SP-A) in fetal rat lung tissue.
Fosphenytoin in Infants and Children

The pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of fosphenytoin in children from 1 day to 16 years old and the data available from 78 patients in two multicenter studies are reviewed from the Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
Fate and risk of atrazine and sulfentrazone to nontarget species at an agriculture site.

The present study evaluated the risk associated with the application and co-occurrence of 2 herbicides, atrazine and sulfentrazone, applied to a 32-ha corn and soybean rotational field. Field concentrations of the compounds were measured in soil, runoff water, and groundwater, with peak mean atrazine and sulfentrazone concentrations found in the soil (144 ng/g dry wt, and 318 ng/g dry wt, respectively). Individual and mixture laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of atrazine and sulfentrazone on the survival of Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, the germination of Lactuca sativa, and the growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapita and Lemna minor. Pseudokirchneriella subcapita and L. minor were the most susceptible species tested, and the effects on growth of the herbicides in mixtures best fit an independent action model. Risk quotients and margin of safety of 10% (MOS10) values were used to estimate risk and were calculated using runoff water concentrations. The MOS10 values were more sensitive than risk quotients in estimating risk. The MOS10 value for sulfentrazone runoff water concentration effects on P. subcapita was 7.8, and for L. minor was 1.1, with MOS10 values < 1 indicating potential risk. Overall, the environmentally relevant concentrations fell below the effect concentrations; therefore, atrazine and sulfentrazone posed little to no risk to the nontarget species tested. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1301-1310. © 2016 SETAC.
Children’s comprehension of two types of syntactic ambiguity

This study asks whether children accept both interpretations of ambiguous sentences with contexts supporting each option. Twenty-six 3- to 5-year-old English-speaking children and a control group of 30 English-speaking adults participated in a truth value judgment task. As a step towards evaluating the complexity of syntactic ambiguity, the materials included prepositional phrase ambiguities (e.g., The boy saw the girl with binoculars.) and reduced relative clause ambiguities (e.g., The boy saw the girl using a magnifying glass.). Children generally accepted both interpretations of such ambiguities. This suggests that children this age have not only mastered the syntactic configurations associated with these ambiguities, but they can appropriately assign multiple possible structural analyses to an individual expression. Children did reject more interpretations than adults. This may be due to differences in the developing parser and the adult parser.
Expression of Heterologous Sigma Factor Expands the Searchable Space for Biofuel Tolerance Mechanisms

Microorganisms can produce hydrocarbons that can serve as replacements or additions to conventional liquid fuels for use in the transportation sector. However, a common problem in the microbial synthesis of biofuels is that these compounds often have toxic effects on the cell. In this study, we focused on mitigating the toxicity of the biojet fuel precursor pinene on Escherichia coli. We used genomic DNA from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which has innate solvent-tolerance properties, to create transgenic libraries in an E. coli host. We exposed cells containing the library to pinene, selecting for genes that improved tolerance. Importantly, we found that expressing the sigma factor RpoD from P. putida greatly expanded the diversity of tolerance genes recovered. With low expression of rpoDP.putida, we isolated a single pinene tolerance gene; with increased expression of the sigma factor our selection experiments returned multiple distinct tolerance mechanisms, including some that have been previously documen...
A 5-level flying capacitor multi-level converter with integrated auxiliary power supply and start-up

This paper presents a 5-level Flying Capacitor Multi-Level (FCML) converter with an integrated auxiliary power converter to supply power to the controller and gate drive circuitry. The auxiliary power converter is sourced from within the FCML converter at a naturally occurring low voltage node, reducing the voltage rating requirements by 75% and thus the size of the auxiliary converter. The auxiliary load current drawn from the FCML converter induces an imbalance in the flying capacitors, which is detrimental to the capacitor and switch ratings if left unchecked. To compensate for this imbalance, an active balancing method is proposed that adjusts the phase and duty cycle of the traditional Phase-Shifted Pulse-Width Modulated (PSPWM) control signals. The active balancing requires a single capacitor voltage measurement, no additional components and proportional control. A start-up circuit is proposed to power the auxiliary power supply and soft-start the FCML converter. Experimental results have been demonstrated with an experimental prototype resulting in excellent flying capacitor balancing and FCML start-up.
Integrating Movement in the Language Arts

This chapter includes some of the benefits of incorporating movement into the language arts curriculum. The authors offer several activities aligned to the five significant language arts areas or strands represented in both the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) national standards and Common Core Standards that effectively integrate movement into language arts to benefit both student learning and physical activity. The language arts strands included in this chapter are: reading, writing, oral and written conventions, research, and listening and speaking.
Evaluation of palatability and muscle composition of novel value-added beef cuts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscle profile of novel added-value beef cuts including the caudal tip of the M. infraspinatus (Bonanza Cut; TIP) and M. subscapularis (SUB) and two traditional sirloin steak cuts, M. gluteus medius (top sirloin; GLM) and M. rectus femoris (sirloin tip; REC). Samples were subjected to Warner-Braztler Shear Force (WBSF), sensory, cooking loss, and proximate analysis. The muscle TIP had superior values of subjective tenderness, juiciness, and slight off-flavor intensity when compared to all other muscles. The TIP and SUB were similar in WBSF. Cooking loss and moisture values of raw samples were lowest for TIP. Results suggest that TIP can provide enhanced eating experience for consumers and improved marketability for the meat industry.
Discrete diffusion Lyman α radiative transfer

Due to its accuracy and generality, Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) has emerged as the prevalent method for Ly$\alpha$ radiative transfer in arbitrary geometries. The standard MCRT encounters a significant efficiency barrier in the high optical depth, diffusion regime. Multiple acceleration schemes have been developed to improve the efficiency of MCRT but the noise from photon packet discretization remains a challenge. The discrete diffusion Monte Carlo (DDMC) scheme has been successfully applied in state-of-the-art radiation hydrodynamics (RHD) simulations. Still, the established framework is not optimal for resonant line transfer. Inspired by the DDMC paradigm, we present a novel extension to resonant DDMC (rDDMC) in which diffusion in space and frequency are treated on equal footing. We explore the robustness of our new method and demonstrate a level of performance that justifies incorporating the method into existing Ly$\alpha$ codes. We present computational speedups of $\sim 10^2$-$10^6$ relative to contemporary MCRT implementations with schemes that skip scattering in the core of the line profile. This is because the rDDMC runtime scales with the spatial and frequency resolution rather than the number of scatterings - the latter is typically $\propto \tau_0$ for static media, or $\propto (a \tau_0)^{2/3}$ with core-skipping. We anticipate new frontiers in which on-the-fly Ly$\alpha$ radiative transfer calculations are feasible in 3D RHD. More generally, rDDMC is transferable to any computationally demanding problem amenable to a Fokker-Planck approximation of frequency redistribution.
Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis

Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OS-CS) is a specific bone dysplasia manifested by hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge, frontal bossing, large head, hypoplastic maxilla, palate anomalies, chronic otitis media, hearing deficits, nasal obstruction, and neurological changes of deafness, facial palsy, ophthalmoplegia, and mental retardation. We will review the clinical and radiologic findings in a new patient from birth to 20 years; this is believed to be the thirty-fifth patient reported. OS-CS is 2.5 times more common in females and occurs as an autosomal dominant condition or a sporadic dominant mutation with patients presenting for evaluation from the newborn period to the fifth decade. Skeletal abnormalities are distinctive including sclerosis of the skull base and calvarium, linear striated densities in the long bones and pelvis, and poor development of the mastoid and sinus air cells. Radionuclide bone scans with SPECT indicated in our patient increased bone turnover which was supported by biochemical findings of increased pyridinoline excretion. The major complications are due to constriction of essential foramina at the skull base. The condition is not life-threatening but can produce disability.
Abstract 19000: Shear Stress Responsive PKCe Modulates Mitochondrial Redox State With an Implication in Vascular Repair

Pulsatile (PSS) versus oscillatory (OSS) shear stress differentially modulates mechano-signal transduction with implications in atheroprotection and atherogenesis. In response to ischemia and reperfusion injury, Protein Kinase C isoform epsilon (PKCe) signaling in mitochondria confers cardioprotection. It is unknown whether PKCe was shear stress responsive via endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling with an implication in vascular endothelial repair. Both PSS (time-averaged shear stress (τave) = 25 dyne/cm2 at 1 Hz for 4 hr) and OSS (τave= 0.1±3 dyne/cm2 at 1 Hz for 4 hr) up-regulated PKCe mRNA by 1.7±0.2-fold and 1.5±0.1-fold in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), respectively, and protein expression by 1.5±0.1-fold and by 1.4±0.1-fold, respectively, which were inhibited in the presence of VEGFR-inhibitor, Cediranib (p
Dessert Mixes (Non-Dairy) and Gelatine

About two-thirds of the 50,000,000 or more pounds of gelatin produced in this country goes into edible gelatin. Over half of this goes into gelatin desserts, primarily as dry mixes. This use generally requires gelatin of a high gel strength, blended with sugar, an organic acid, flavor and color. An appropriate specification for gelatin used for this purpose is that included in the Federal specification for dessert powders and gelatin.1 This calls for a “high quality”, edible ground gelatin of not more than 13% moisture content. It shall be free of preservatives or bleaches, and its hot solution shall be clear, and light colored.
A probabilistic generalization of the Riemann zeta function

There is an old problem that asks for the probability that two integers chosen at random are relatively prime. The informal solution goes as follows.
The use of a rigid instrument prior to stentless valve implantation facilitates correct alignment of the prosthesis and native aortic valve apparatus.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY When correctly seated in the aortic position, stentless valves are associated with a relatively low transvalvular gradient. This leads to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and long-term survival. The alleged complexity of stentless valve implantation has led to a preference for stented/mechanical prostheses. Here, the use of a rigid instrument to prevent technical complications after stentless valve implantation was investigated. METHODS Aortic valve replacement was performed in 75 patients (44 males, 31 females; mean age 72 years; range: 33-89 years) using the Toronto Stentless Porcine Valve (TSPV). Among patients, 37% had coronary artery bypass grafting and 3% mitral valve replacement. Valve size was either 23-25 mm (65%) or 21 mm (35%) and determined by sinotubular junction diameter. A rigid instrument was designed that mimics actual valve shape and accounted for valve dimensional variations and asymmetries on a size-by-size basis. The instrument was used to mark the site of the inflow and outflow suture lines and to determine orientation of the muscle bar on the prosthetic valve. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used to monitor all patients. RESULTS The mean intraoperative mean systolic peak pressure gradient (all valves) was 18.35 +/- 9.41 mmHg; there were no paravalvular leaks. Among patients, 22% had central trace aortic insufficiency, and one patient developed renal failure that required hemodialysis. There were no cerebral vascular accidents/infections, but one perioperative myocardial infarction occurred. There were four postoperative deaths, but none was valve-related. CONCLUSION Routine use of the instrument may avoid many risks during TSPV implantation. The device permits the surgeon to accommodate variation in the angle between the coronary ostia, as well as in the distance between these ostia and the native annulus.
Vanadium Oxide Aerogels: Enhanced Energy Storage in Nanostructured Materials

Aerogels constitute a unique class of nanostructured materials. They possess a three-dimensional network of nanometer-sized solid particles within a continuous mesoporous volume. The materials have low density and high surface area and only recently have they begun to be explored as electrochemically active materials. This chapter reviews the importance of aerogel nanoarchitecture in achieving high-performance electrochemical properties. Results obtained with vanadium oxide aerogels are highlighted as these materials exhibit a number of desirable characteristics for secondary lithium batteries.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Europa Clipper's Propulsion Subsystem

The Europa Clipper spacecraft recently transitioned from concept development into its preliminary design phase. Given its Flagship Mission status, the Europa Clipper mission is one of NASA's top priorities, and as such, a comprehensive set of analyses will be implemented throughout the spacecraft's lifecycle to ensure mission success. This paper focuses on the propulsion subsystem, which is one of the major elements in the Europa Clipper spacecraft. Our main goal is to describe an approach to develop a quantitative probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) by utilizing Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Given the early phase in the design process, this work is still a work in progress; however, engineering assumptions have been made to develop the models. Those assumptions will be reviewed and revised as the spacecraft progresses though its lifecycle. This is one of the papers that will capture the design, development, and integration of the Europa Clipper spacecraft in the context of reliability and risk assessment methodologies.
Healthy Choice: The Effect of Simplified Point-of-Sale Nutritional Information on Consumer Food Choice Behavior

AbstractGrocery retailers are joining the fray against obesity by offering a wide range of health and wellness programs at the point of sale. However, the success of such programs in promoting healthy choices remains an open question. The authors examine the effectiveness of a growing health and wellness initiative: a simplified nutrition scoring system. They present a conceptual framework that predicts the effect of such a scoring system on shoppers’ food decisions and their sensitivity to price and promotion, as well as the moderating influence of category-level factors. Using a large-scale quasi experiment and panel data across eight product categories for more than 535,000 members of a grocery chain’s frequent shopper program, the authors demonstrate that the point-of-sale nutrition scoring system helped consumers make healthier food choices, such that they switched to higher-scoring products in the postrollout period. The results also reveal that shoppers became less price sensitive and more promotio...
High strain rate mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V octet lattice structures additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM)

Abstract Dynamic mechanical response of additively manufactured 12 mm × 8 mm size octet lattice structures of Ti-6Al-4V was investigated. Cylindrical specimens composed of a single unit cell of 36 trusses and 13 nodes sandwiched between two support plates were built using selective laser melting. The radius of the trusses was incrementally varied from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The interior of the trusses and nodes examined using electron microscope was found to be fully densified with no porosity of other defects and demonstrated a uniform microstructure throughout the lattice composed of acicular martensitic needles. High strain rate compression of these lattices was conducted using split-Hopkinson pressure bar at a displacement rate of 7500 mm/s corresponding an effective strain rate of ~ 1000 s−1. The peak compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of the lattices were found to vary almost linearly with relative density of the cell, which increased proportional to the square of the truss radius. Specific strength and absorption however were found to be significantly higher in the lattice with smallest truss radius. The dynamic compression was recorded using a high speed camera at 100,000 fps capture rate and provided insight into the deformation processes: the initial elastic wave loading, the inertia driven continued loading followed by relaxation for elastic strain recovery. These mechanisms which significantly diversified with the truss radius are presented.
Paragonite contents of coexisting, but texturally different, muscovites from pelitic schists of the Puzzle Mountain area, maine

Partial electron microprobe analyses of muscovite from 32 Puzzle Mountain (Maine) meta pelites reveal that paragonite (Pg) content systematically decreases from the lower sillimanite zone Q-sz) to the upper sillimanite zone (usz) whereas TiO, content increases. The average mole percent Pg in either muscovite megacrysts or pseudomorphs after staurolite is 21.6 (rsz) and 18.3 (usz); groundmass muscovites average 21.7 (Lsz) and 18.6 (usz), Weight percent TiO, in these muscovites averages 0.61 (rsz psuedomorphs),0.62 (tsz groundmass), and 0.75 (for usz pseudomorphs as well as groundmass). The virtual identity in Pg and TiO, contents for the groundmass and the pseudomorph muscovite in each metamorphic environment supports Guidotti's (1968) suggestion that muscovite pseudomorphs after staurolite are equilibrium features of prograde metamorphism.
The Rigidity of $$\mathbb {S}^3 \times \mathbb {R}$$ S 3 × R Under Ancient Ricci Flow

In this paper we generalize the neck-stability theorem of Kleiner–Lott (Acta Math 219: 65–134, 2014) to a special class of four-dimensional nonnegatively curved Type I $$\kappa $$ -solutions, namely, those whose asymptotic shrinkers are the standard cylinder $$\mathbb {S}^3\times \mathbb {R}$$ . We use this stability result to prove a rigidity theorem: if a four-dimensional Type I $$\kappa $$ -solution with nonnegative curvature operator has the standard cylinder $$\mathbb {S}^3\times \mathbb {R}$$ as its asymptotic shrinker, then it is exactly the cylinder with its standard shrinking metric.
Correction: cis or trans with class II diterpene cyclases.

Correction for ‘cis or trans with class II diterpene cyclases’ by Meirong Jia, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 15, 3158–3160.
Moving forward to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: How do we secure sustainable investments for family planning?

Evidence demonstrates how rights-based family planning (FP) brings transformational benefits to women, families, communities and countries. Investing in FP is not only a human rights issue, but also a key catalytic factor for countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable and equitable access to FP has a tremendous socioeconomic impact and boosts synergistic efforts to reduce poverty, achieve food security and improved nutrition, save lives and improve health and well-being, improve women’s and girls’ education, advance gender equality and empowerment, mitigate the effects of access to water and sanitation, reduce the impact on health of climate change, and contribute to economic growth and social inclusion. Nevertheless, while the benefits are realized across many other sectors, the burden of financing for FP is born predominantly by the health sector. Although there have been several attempts to integrate FP into other sectors’ initiatives, the results have not yet been fully systematized or scaled up. This open letter calls for a new approach to broaden the attention of different sectors to invest in FP as a catalytic intervention to achieve the SDGs. Using the UNFPA Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Financing for Family Planning , we will highlight elements to be considered by development actors in shaping national, regional and global actions. By exploring new funding sources and mechanisms to increase investments in FP, maximizing efficiency, and overall, revamping FP beyond the health sector, we intend to expand the reach of the discussions across non-traditional actors, underscoring the need to increase efforts towards guaranteeing universal health access for all as a main contributor to achieve the 2030 agenda. Further, we will detail experiences of how UNFPA and development partners have incorporated innovative approaches to secure sustainable financing for FP at the national level providing concrete examples on how to proceed in this area.
Calciphylaxis due to metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma.

A 70-year-old man with history of metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma was presented to the hospital with a painful left lower extremity ulcer which started around 3 months prior to presentation. He was treated with antibiotics for cellulitis on multiple occasions with no improvement in his symptoms. On initial laboratory evaluation, he was found to have acute kidney injury and a normal calcium level. The patient underwent a skin biopsy and was found to have cellulitis and calciphylaxis of small-sized and medium-sized vessels. Since the patient did not have any underlying risk factors of calciphylaxis, the most likely cause of his calciphylaxis was thought to be his underlying malignancy. Physicians should keep this differential in mind while treating non-healing ulcers in such patients since they are at higher risk of superimposed infections and usually require aggressive wound care.
Brain Metastases from Lung Tumors

Lung cancer is the most common primary cancer to metastasize to the brain, and brain metastases in this group of patients are responsible for an increasing burden of disease. Divided into two broad histologic categories, non-small-cell (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancers (SCLC), brain metastases affect both groups of patients. Among patients with SCLC, a more aggressive disease course is thought to be responsible for 10% of patients having brain metastases on presentation, with an increasing incidence owing to improved CNS imaging. Among patients with NSCLC, the time course of the disease presentation is varied, and 10–30% of patients will have brain metastases during their disease course, with an increasing incidence largely due to more effective primary tumor control. The treatment landscape for primary and metastatic lung cancer is rapidly evolving, with improved understanding of the molecular alterations driving these tumors and targeted therapies against these molecular alterations becoming approved for clinical use. In addition, immunotherapies in the form of checkpoint inhibitors have shown significant promise in treating lung cancer and metastatic disease and, for certain subsets of patients, are first-line therapy. In this chapter, we focus on the developing and evolving role of these therapies and review associated evidence for the treatment of brain metastases from lung cancers.
Toward a typology for negotiating layered identities: An oppositional discourse analysis of girls’ youth sport

This study documents how participants in an all-female youth sport organization negotiate oppositional discourses of identity. Employing Fairhurst and Putnam’s (2019) integrative method of organiza...
Lesion Imaging and Target Detection in Multiple Scattering (LITMUS) Media

We present an ultrasound algorithm [lesion imaging and target detection in multiple scattering (LITMUS)] suited to image lesions (hypoechoic) or targets (hyperechoic) in highly complex structures. In such media, standard ultrasound imaging techniques fail to detect lesions or targets due to aberrations and the loss of linearity between propagation distance and propagation time, caused by multiple scattering of ultrasound waves. The present algorithm (LITMUS) has the capability to predict the location as well as the size of such lesions/targets by using the multiple scattered ultrasound signals to its advantage. In this experimental and computational study, we use an ultrasound linear array. Lesions/targets are embedded at varying depths inside multiple scattering media with varying density of scatterers. In the simulations, plastic scatterers are used as the source of multiple scattering in a propagation medium (water). In the experiments, melamine sponges are used, with air alveoli as the scattering source. For multiple locations along the transducer, the incoherent backscattered intensity of the backscattered signals is extracted and the linear growth of the diffusive halo over time is tracked. Sudden changes in this growth indicate the presence of a region with reduced heterogeneity, indicative of the presence of a lesion/target. This methodology is combined with a depression detection algorithm to predict the size and location of the lesion/targets with high fidelity, despite the presence of strong heterogeneity and multiple scattering.
Online Survey of Driver Comprehension of the Flashing Yellow Arrow for Right-Turn Signal Indications

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an online survey of licensed driver comprehension of the right-turn signal displays with a focus on the flashing yellow arrow (FYA) and also including the...
Modifiable factors associated with anxiety in persons with dementia: An integrative review

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this integrative review was to examine factors related to the presence of anxiety in person with dementia (PWD) and to identify potentially modifiable factors among them. Methods An integrative review was conducted using PsycINFO, CINAHL, AgeLine, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. Among 1856 studies identified, 27 studies were included. Results A number of modifiable factors associated with anxiety were identified. Individual level factors included pain, physical health, physical functioning, fatigue, sleep disturbance, disclosure of diagnosis, embarrassment about memory problems, separation from caregivers, views about oneself and others, social rejection, social isolation, and interactions with others. Caregiver factors associated with anxiety in PWD included caregiver stress, caregiver's negative reactions towards the behavioral problems of PWD, and competence about caregiving. Conclusion The results of this review can be used to identify potential targets for interventions to reduce for anxiety in persons with dementia.
The American Welfare State: How We Spend Nearly $1 Trillion a Year Fighting Poverty--And Fail

News that the poverty rate has risen to 15.1 percent of Americans, the highest level in nearly a decade, has set off a predictable round of calls for increased government spending on social welfare programs. Yet this year the federal government will spend more than $668 billion on at least 126 different programs to fight poverty. And that does not even begin to count welfare spending by state and local governments, which adds $284 billion to that figure. In total, the United States spends nearly $1 trillion every year to fight poverty. That amounts to $20,610 for every poor person in America, or $61,830 per poor family of three. Welfare spending increased significantly under President George W. Bush and has exploded under President Barack Obama. In fact, since President Obama took office, federal welfare spending has increased by 41 percent, more than $193 billion per year. Despite this government largess, more than 46 million Americans continue to live in poverty. Despite nearly $15 trillion in total welfare spending since Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in 1964, the poverty rate is perilously close to where we began more than 40 years ago. Clearly we are doing something wrong. Throwing money at the problem has neither reduced poverty nor made the poor self-sufficient. It is time to reevaluate our approach to fighting poverty. We should focus less on making poverty more comfortable and more on creating the prosperity that will get people out of poverty.
Language Matters: Patients' Preferred Terms for Discussing Obesity and Disordered Eating with Health Care Providers After Bariatric Surgery.

OBJECTIVE Patients who seek or undergo bariatric surgery are likely to experience pervasive societal biases regarding weight and eating behaviors in the health care system. This cross-sectional study examined patient preferences for desired weight- and eating-related terms for health care providers among individuals with loss-of-control eating after bariatric surgery. METHODS A total of 114 of 140 adults who underwent bariatric surgery approximately 1.5 years prior and were in the follow-up stage of a controlled treatment trial testing behavioral treatments completed language preference measures. RESULTS Of the 11 terms used to describe weight, only 2 were viewed neutrally, weight and BMI. All other terms, including obesity, were rated negatively, and many were rated extremely negatively. Fatness was the least desirable term. Of the 18 terms used to describe loss-of-control eating, one ("ate until uncomfortably full") was rated positively, and several were rated neutrally. On average, none of the weight or loss-of-control eating terms was rated as "desirable" or "very desirable." Analyses revealed few gender and racial differences in language preferences. CONCLUSIONS Many weight-related and loss-of-control eating terms are viewed as undesirable. Health care providers should begin with neutrally rated terms and ask patients about their language preferences when speaking with individuals before/after bariatric surgery to improve patient-centered care and reduce perceived weight bias.
Ad hoc hybrid synaptic junctions to detect nerve stimulation and its application to detect onset of diabetic polyneuropathy

Abstract We report a minimally invasive, synaptic transistor-based construct to monitor in vivo neuronal activity via a longitudinal study in mice and use depolarization time from measured data to predict the onset of polyneuropathy. The synaptic transistor is a three-terminal device in which ionic coupling between pre- and post-synaptic electrodes provides a framework for sensing low-power (sub μW) and high-bandwidth (0.1–0.5 kHz) ionic currents. A validated first principles-based approach is discussed to demonstrate the significance of this sensing framework and we introduce a metric, referred to as synaptic efficiency to quantify structural and functional properties of the electrodes in sensing. The application of this framework for in vivo neuronal sensing requires a post-synaptic electrode and its reference electrode and the tissue becomes the pre-synaptic signal. The ionic coupling resembles axo-axonic junction and hence we refer to this framework as an ad hoc synaptic junction. We demonstrate that this arrangement can be applied to measure excitability of sciatic nerves due to a stimulation of the footpad in cohorts of m+/db and db/db mice for detecting loss in sensitivity and onset of polyneuropathy. The signal attributes were subsequently integrated with machine learning-based framework to identify the probability of polyneuropathy and to detect the onset of diabetic polyneuropathy.
Therapeutic Opportunities Involving Cellular Oncogenes

Cellular oncogenes were originally discovered approximately two decades ago. Today there are approximately 60 known cellular oncogenes, but of these known oncogenes, still very little is understood about their molecular mechanisms of action in the transformation process. Regardless, cellular oncogenes have significantly contributed to cancer diagnosis, detection of minimal residual disease, disease prognosis, and potentially in the development of novel selective therapies. In examining the therapeutic opportunities targeting cellular oncogenes, it is important to make the distinction between qualitative and quantitative mechanisms of activation in the transformation process.
Six Scandals: Why We Need Consumer Protection Laws Instead of Just Markets

Markets are powerful mechanisms for serving consumers. Some critics of regulation have suggested that markets also provide consumer protection: for example, Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman said “Consumers don’t have to be hemmed in by rules and regulations. They’re protected by the market itself.” This article’s first goal is to test the claim that the market provides consumer protection by examining several recent incidents in which companies mistreated consumers and then exploring whether consumers stopped patronizing the companies, which would deter misconduct. The issue also has normative implications because if markets consistently protected consumers, society would need fewer regulations and regulators, as Friedman suggested. The article’s second goal is to begin construction of a theory on when the market does or does not protect consumers. The article finds a more nuanced situation than Friedman and other critics theorized. In some instances, businesses’ sales actually increased after their misconduct became public, despite the fact that, in at least two cases, consumers had told pollsters they would avoid patronizing the company. Even when companies suffered declines in sales after their misbehavior became public, the scandals became known only because of laws and those who enforce them, suggesting that it is the very rules that Friedman decried that led to a market response. Though it is impossible to know what would have happened if the problematic conduct had not occurred, the evidence suggests that markets alone are often not enough to protect consumers, or at least that markets are not a reliable consumer protection mechanism.
The Conception of Application of Computer Virtual Reality Technology in Sports Training

In recent years, with the rapid development of the economy and the rapid progress of science and technology, computer technology has also made great progress, and the computing power of the computer has been improved unprecedentedly. The progress of computer technology has also brought technological innovation and new human-computer interaction experience, and a large number of frontier technology has emerged in the field of computer. Virtual reality technology is one of the outstanding representatives. At present, virtual reality technology has been applied in many industries and has played an important role. Athletic sports will also be promoted by the spirit of "science and technology to serve the Olympic Games" of the State Sports Administration. Among them, all kinds of advanced sports science and technology, including virtual reality technology, will also penetrate the daily training and scientific research of competitive sports, and provide scientific and technological support for coaches and athletes in various sports to create better results. Therefore, this paper will focus on the advantages of virtual reality technology, and study the possibility of combining virtual reality technology with the training of many competitive sports events. So as to promote the development of the physical education industry, bring fundamental changes, and promote the progress of sports in China.
SrvfRegNet: Elastic Function Registration Using Deep Neural Networks

Registering functions (curves) using time warpings (re-parameterizations) is central to many computer vision and shape analysis solutions. While traditional registration methods minimize penalized-${\mathbb{L}^2}$ norm, the elastic Riemannian metric and square-root velocity functions (SRVFs) have resulted in significant improvements in terms of theory and practical performance. This solution uses the dynamic programming algorithm to minimize the ${\mathbb{L}^2}$ norm between SRVFs of given functions. However, the computational cost of this elastic dynamic programming framework – O(nT2k) – where T is the number of time samples along curves, n is the number of curves, and k < T is a parameter – limits its use in applications involving big data. This paper introduces a deep-learning approach, named SRVF Registration Net or SrvfRegNet to overcome these limitations. SrvfRegNet architecture trains by optimizing the elastic metric-based objective function on the training data and then applies this trained network to the test data to perform fast registration. In case the training and the test data are from different classes, it generalizes to the test data using transfer learning, i.e., retraining of only the last few layers of the network. It achieves the state-of-the-art alignment performance albeit at much reduced computational cost. We demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of this framework using several standard curve datasets.
Hypoxic training methods for improving endurance exercise performance

Abstract Endurance athletic performance is highly related to a number of factors that can be altered through altitude and hypoxic training including increases in erythrocyte volume, maximal aerobic exercise capacity, capillary density, and economy. Physiological adaptations in response to acute and chronic exposure to hypoxic environments are well documented and range from short-term detrimental effects to longer-term adaptations that can improve performance at altitude and in sea-level competitions. Many altitude and hypoxic training protocols have been developed, employing various combinations of living and training at sea-level, low, moderate, and high altitudes and utilizing natural and artificial altitudes, with varying degrees of effectiveness. Several factors have been identified that are associated with individual responses to hypoxic training, and techniques for identifying those athletes most likely to benefit from hypoxic training continue to be investigated. Exposure to sufficiently high altitude (2000–3000 m) for more than 12 h/day, while training at lower altitudes, for a minimum of 21 days is recommended. Timing of altitude training related to competition remains under debate, although general recommendations can be considered.
Justice in the 20th Century

"Justice in the 20th Century" has as many meanings as there are moral and social philosophies,' and academic opinion ranges over the entire spectrum. Some sophisticates think "justice" is only the symbol of an irrational hope whose function is to arouse the emotions of creatures addicted to self-deception, while at the opposite extreme are the contemporary adherents of classical natural law realism. In view of the general abandonment and criticism in contemporary moral philosophy of emotive positivism, its invalidity will be assumed in this discussion; accordingly, it will also be assumed that "justice" is a meaningful term. But instead of the currently popular linguistic analysis of the uses of that term, the present approach will be focused on specific problems; and while it is believed that 20th century justice is unique in some ways, any analysis of justice must deal with such traditional ideas as equality, desert and responsibility. At the same time, if that is done realistically, it must be "relevant," as the saying goes, to 20th century conditions and problems. Because they are frequently variations of one of Kant's versions of the categorical imperative, most philosophical discussions of justice are carried on at a very high level of abstraction; they culminate in very broad generalizations remote from the practical problems of 20th century justice. Accordingly, an effort will be made to present a more pointed analysis. If high-level abstraction is the Scylla of any venture on the tortuous path to the elucidation of "justice in the 20th century," its Charybdis is the easy reward of applause for an oration on human rights.
Dessler, Jimenez, Klein, and Nenes Receive 2012 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Response

I am honored and humbled to receive the 2012 Ascent Award from AGU. Not so long ago, I remember being amazed by the energy, excitement, and rigor that I witnessed at my first AGU Fall Meeting in 1999. I have been lucky to participate in a period of rapid learning about the composition and sources of aerosols at a time when science is increasingly collaborative. There is still much to be learned in this and related fields to have confidence in our predictions of climate forcing and air quality, and I look forward to many more collaborations and AGU Fall Meetings during the second half of my career.