cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microvolt and millivolt molecular tunnelling spectroscopy by neutron scattering

Abstract Recent improvements in the energy resolution of incoherent inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy allow spectra in the region 0.5 μeV (micro electron volts) [0.004 cm −1 ] to 50 meV (milli electron volts) [400 cm −1 ] to be measured with a resolution batter than 10% = ΔE /E. In this range tunnelling splittings of the librational grounds fates of molecules in molecular crystals, adsorbed on surfaces and intercalated in layer structures have been observed and provide a sensitive test of models for the rotational potential. The spectra for the CH 3 , group in solid CH 3 -CC-CC-CH 3 ; CH 4 adsorbed on graphite and H 2 intercalated in C 24 C s are taken as examples. Two quite different types of temperature dependence for the tunnelling splittings are seen as well as temperature dependent line widths. As yet there is no satisfactory theoretical model to explain the phenomena which are related to effects seen in low temperature proton transfer kinetics.
Temporal Stability of Y–Ba–Cu–O Nano Josephson Junctions from Ion Irradiation

We investigate the temporal stability of YBa2Cu3 O7-δ Josephson junctions created by ion irradiation through a nanoscale implant mask fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. A comparison of current-voltage characteristics measured for junctions after fabrication and eight years of storage at room temperature show a slight decrease in critical current and increase in normal state resistance consistent with broadening of the weak link from diffusion of defects. Shapiro step measurements performed eight years after fabrication reveal that device uniformity is maintained and is strong evidence that these devices have excellent temporal stability for applications.
Opto-Mechanical Modal Spectroscopy of a Micron-Scale On-Chip Resonator at >1GHz Frequency

>1GHz optically-induced vibrations are demonstrated in an on-chip micron-scaled device in which radiation pressure of a (CW) optical input pushes the structure to mechanically oscillate. Many mechanical eigen-modes are investigated.
Gated Cardiac Scanning Using Limited-Angle Image Reconstruction Technique and Information in the Neighboring Phases

It is known that there are gaps in scan angle in gated cardiac scanning due to lack of synchronization between heart beat and CT machine rotation. The missing projections in these gaps result in artifacts in the reconstructed images. In a previous paper an iterative limited-angle reconstruction technique was employed to fill in the missing projections to remove the artifacts. It was found there that the root-mean-square errors of the limited-angle images were reduced to a level comparable to those of reconstructions using complete-angle information. In the present paper the results are further improved by using the scans of a neighboring portion of the cardiac cycle as a first estimate of the missing scans in the phase of interest when initializing the iterations. Such a modification provides a better starting point for the iterations.
Targeting neovascularization in GVHD

In this issue of Blood, Leonhardt et al report that neovascularization during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is regulated by av integrins and the micro RNA miR-100.
Global environmental changes preceding the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Early-late Maastrichtian transition

Stable carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope data from Maastrichtian planktic and benthic foraminifera from southern high-latitude Ocean Drilling Program Sites 690, 750, and 761 reveal major changes in climate and ocean chemistry during the early to late Maastrichtian transition, some 4 to 6 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The δ18O results suggest accelerated cooling, resulting in the lowest marine temperatures of the Late Cretaceous. The late Maastrichtian rise in the seawater 87Sr/86Sr ratio begins at the time of this change and suggests increased rates of continental weathering and/or runoff. The δ13C values show a negative shift of ∼0.5‰ followed by a positive shift of ∼1‰. These δ13C fluctuations may reflect change in deep water chemistry with cooling, variation in reduced carbon storage in coastal areas caused by eustatic sea-level fluctuation, and increased surface-water productivity. These findings contradict the common representation of stable and climatically equable environmental conditions in the latest Cretaceous before the K-T boundary event.
A simple method for the crystallization of beef liver crotonase

Abstract A very simple method for crystallizing crotonase from small or large batches of beef liver is described which is based on the finding that the second crystalline beef liver protein of Dounce and Sumner (Dounce, A. L. and Sumner, J. B. (1938) J. Biol. chem. 124, 418–451) is crotonase. Dioxane is used for extracting and crystallizing the enzyme. Identification of the crystalline liver protein as crotonase is based on its crotonase activity, sedimentation constant, electrophoretic properties, amino acid analysis, methods of recrystallization, and crystalline form.
An Exponentially Fitted Adams Method of Numerical Integration

(27) The results presented are purely kinematic. They hold for optimal maneuvers for which motion of the reference body axis, with respect to an inertial frame, is decribed by Euler parameters, including certain cases of flexible bodies, multiple rigid bodies, etc. The results neither depend on the form of Euler's equations nor on the performance index, as long as the Euler parameters do not appear in them.
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Studies of Hydrolytic Degradation Kinetics at the Surface of Poly(glycolic acid)

This paper presents a new approach for studying the hydrolytic degradation kinetics of biodegradable polymers using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS). In this study, in vitro hydrolytic degradation of polyglycolic acid (PGA) has been carried out at 37 °C in aqueous saline buffer solutions of different pH values. The molecular weight distribution of hydrolysis products was obtained from the ToF SIMS spectra. The average molecular weight of the hydrolysis products calculated from the ToF SIMS spectra is a function of hydrolysis time. Hydrolysis kinetics equations for PGA based on solid/liquid heterogeneous reaction conditions are established. A good linear relationship was obtained using this kinetics equation. The reaction rates observed in this study generally agree with observations reported in the literature. Kinetics constants for the hydrolytic degradation of PGA at different pH values have been obtained. This new approach demonstrates that ToF SIMS can be a powerful and fast t...
Dispersion of SiO2-based nanocomposites with high performance liquid chromatography

Core−shell structured Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite has been synthesized by a cyclohexane/Igepal/water reverse micelle system. The spherical nanocomposite particles were washed and concentrated with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to remove the surfactant added during synthesis. Spherical SiO2 micrometer-scale particles were packed in the HPLC column as a stationary phase for the washing and dispersing of Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite particles. Surface modification of Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite particles and SiO2 microspheres with silane coupling agent enhanced the surface charge of the particles and improved the efficiency of washing with HPLC. Well-dispersed Ag/SiO2 stable suspensions were successfully attained in ethanol/water mixed solvents after HPLC washing. The state of dispersion for the Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite suspension was systematically assessed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and spin coat/atomic force microscope (AFM) analyses. The mechanism of the ena...
Enhancing Effect of Calcium Ions on Transport of Cholesterol from Aqueous Sodium Taurocholate-Lecithin Micellar Phase to Oil Phase

Experiments on the influence of calcium ions upon the transport of cholesterol from bile salt-lecithin micelles into an oil phase were carried out using previously developed methods. As the calcium-ion concentration is increased, the sterol transport rate increases until a limiting maximum rate is reached at around a 0.03 M concentration of calcium ions. This limiting rate corresponds to an interfacial barrier permeability coefficient, P, of about 1 × 10−6 cm/sec, which is 35–40 times larger than that obtained in the absence of calcium. These results are consistent with the interfacial barrier-controlled mechanism in which the bile salt-lecithin micelle is involved in the rate-determining step at the aqueous-lipid interface.
Long-Lived Mesoconvective Vortices and Their Environment. Part I: Observations from the Central United States during the 1998 Warm Season

Abstract Observations from the modernized United States National Weather Service (NWS) data network are used to assess the frequency and general characteristics of midtropospheric cyclonic vortices (MCVs) generated by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Results from the 1998 convective season (15 May–15 September) over the central United States suggest that long-lived MCVs, which persist after the dissipation of the initiating MCS, are more common than previously documented. These MCVs occur in weaker ambient vertical shear (both in the lower troposphere and through a nominal vortex layer) than MCSs from which no detectable MCVs are spawned. An important aspect of MCVs is that they may focus subsequent convective development within long-lived discontinuous heavy precipitation episodes. Subsequent deep convection is observed in the vicinity of MCVs in slightly greater than 1/2 of the MCV cases. This subsequent convection occurs in thermodynamic environments of moderate-to-large convective available potent...
THE ENGLISH INQUISITION: CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT AND ECCLESIASTICAL LAW IN THE 1590s

This article examines the relationship between religious debate and constitutional conflict in the 1590s, focusing on the status of ecclesiastical law and the right of the church courts to impose ex officio oaths upon English subjects. It argues that Richard Cosin, a client of Archbishop Whitgift and the leading apologist for the government's use of ex officio oaths, used the issue to make a series of aggressive and controversial assertions of state power. These theoretical claims did not involve sovereignty or the powers of the monarch – the issues usually addressed by historians of political thought – but rather the much more theologically charged question of the line between public authority and private conscience. As such, Cosin and his supporters transformed the raw materials of conformity and anti-puritanism into a view of the state and its coercive powers that seemed to threaten both the common law and the Elizabethan regime's own claims that it did not make ‘windows into men's souls’.
Electron Microscopical Analyses of the Distribution of Oily Soils On Fabrics After Laundering: a Review

An electron microscopical method was developed to study the penetration and location of residual oily soil on fiber surfaces and in the fiber structure. Unsaturated oils, commonly found in human se...
Iridium satellites help map electrical currents in space

The satellite constellation of Iridium LLC, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999 after it failed to win enough business for its commercial satellite communications services, is still orbiting at an altitude of about 780 kilometers. Now, however, the satellites are helping to write a new chapter in understanding space weather. Magnetometers onboard each of the system's 66 polar-orbiting satellites are working in conjunction with the high-frequency, multinational Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, or SuperDARN, to provide the first continuous measurements of electrical currents between Earth's upper atmosphere and space. These tools also are generating the first global maps of electrical power flowing into the polar upper atmosphere.
Network Beamforming with Channel Means and Covariances at Relays

This paper is on beamforming in networks whose relays know the channel means and covariances. The question we answer is: To optimize the network performance, how much power should each relay use? Instead of the widely used aggregate relay power constraint, we use the more practical assumption that each relay has a separate power constraint. We generalize the distributed space-time coding scheme so that each relay can adapt its transmit power according to the channel information. For two-relay networks, we analytically solve the relay power control problem at high transmit powers using the pairwise error probability (PEP) minimization. Simulation shows that appropriate relay power control can largely improve the reliability, especially when the qualities of relay paths are far apart.
On discriminating a TATA-box from putative TATA boxes: a case study using plant genome

Prediction of a promoter is one of the many active areas of bioinformatics. The outcome of a promoter detection algorithm is directly or indirectly influenced by the success of identifying the location of a TATA box in a promoter sequence. A profiling technique is very often used to find putative TATA boxes, but discriminating a TATA box from putative TATA boxes is still a challenging problem. In this work, we formulate the problem and provide solutions using both a linear and a non linear classifiers.
The Application of a High Speed Computer to the Definition and Solution of the Vehicular Traffic Problem

After an examination of the methodology used by the operations researcher, it becomes clear that the mathematical model is central to this methodology. It therefore becomes of interest to examine mathematical models. The latter are classified into analytic and numerical, as well as into deterministic or stochastic. Attention is then centered on the numerical stochastic model. The use of a computer in this connection is explored and the resulting model is discussed from the standpoint of operations-research methodology---all in connection with the vehicular traffic problem. Conclusions are drawn concerning the estimated usefulness of such a model in the future.
MATERIAL PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS USING INDENTATION AND FEM

Mechanical properties of materials in small-scale applications, such as thin coatings, are often different from those of bulk materials due to the difference in the manufacturing process. Indentation has been a convenient tool to study the mechanical properties in such applications. In this paper, a numerical technique is proposed that can identify the mechanical properties by minimizing the difference between the results from indentation experiments and those from finite element analysis. First, two response surfaces are constructed for loading and unloading curves from the indentation experiment of a gold film on the silicon substrate. Unessential coefficients of the response surface are then removed based on the test statistics. Different from the traditional methods of identification, the tip geometry of the indenter is included because its uncertainty significantly affects the results. In order to validate the accuracy and stability of the method, the sensitivity of the identified material properties with respect to each coefficient is analyzed.
Towards thermodynamics of elastic electric conductors

Abstract We discuss some problems of equilibrium shapes and possible morphological patterns of crystalline deformable conductors. To this end we propose a master system describing quasistatic evolution of shapes of such conductors owing to rearrangement of their material particles. The driving force of the evolution is the diminishing of the total energy of the system consisting of the elastic, electrostatic and surface energies. The proposed master system is based on the assumption that the characteristic time scale of establishing equilibrium with respect to rearrangement of materials particles is much greater than the time scales of establishing equilibrium with respect to mechanical and electrostatic degrees of freedom. The proposed system is based on principles and notions of the exact nonlinear continuum mechanics in the Eulerian description. We use the exact master system to derive an explicit formula of increment or decrement in the growth of small disturbances of an isotropic, uniformly stressed ...
Supraphysiological concentrations of 5-aminolevulinic acid dimerize in solution to produce superoxide radical anions via a protonated dihydropyrazine intermediate.

Abstract 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the committed biological precursor to porphyrins. At supraphysiological concentrations ALA can dimerize to form 3,6-dihydropyrazine-2,5-dipropanoic acid (DHPY), which transfers electrons to XTT in a reaction that does not require metal ions and is specifically inhibited by superoxide dismutase. The formation of DHPY from ALA follows dimerization kinetics with a pK of 7.8 ± 0.1. At pH 11.2, DHPY is relatively stable, but when the pH is dropped to 6.0 rapid conversion to 2,5-(β-carboxyethyl)pyrazine occurs via an intermediate with an absorption maximum of 370 nm. Formation of this intermediate is pH-dependent with a pK of 6.0 ± 0.1. These data indicate that ALA dimerizes to produce superoxide from a protonated form of DHPY. The significance of these results with respect to the concentrations of ALA used in photodynamic therapy, and the increased incidence of liver cancer in acute intermittent porphyria, is discussed.
BER of Adaptive Arrays in AWGN Channel

A system model is presented of adaptive arrays with trellis coded modulation (TCM) to investigate the bit-error-rate (BER) of a wireless system in a co-channel interference environment. Adaptive arrays with different geometries, uniform circular array (UCA), uniform rectangular array (URA) and UCA with center element (UCA-CE), are implemented with the least mean square (LMS) algorithm to combat interference at the same frequency. The wireless systems are investigated in well-separated signals and random direction signals scenarios with additive white Gaussian noise. The URA and UCA-CE have faster convergence and their BERs, in some cases, are slightly influenced by the number of interferers. However, although the UCA converges slowly and its performance degrades as the number of interferers increases, it generally has the best BER. The recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is also investigated. It achieves much better performance than the LMS algorithm when the training sequences are short. However, the optimum BERs attained by these two algorithms are the same.
Noise Characterization of an Injection-Locked COEO With Long-Term Stabilization

Extensive noise analysis is presented of a semiconductor-based coupled opto-electronic oscillator using continuous-wave optical injection for the generation of an optical frequency comb with 10.24 GHz spacing. The suppression of unwanted optical axial mode groups arising from the harmonic nature of mode locking is achieved via gain competition. Amplitude noise measurements show a marked reduction in noise due to optical injection for multiple injection powers. Supermode noise spur suppression is shown to be greater than 15 dB in absolute phase noise measurements, taken using the frequency discriminator technique. Allan deviation measurements are also shown for both the free-running and injection-locked states.
RELATING RESOURCES TO A PROBABILISTIC MEASURE OF SPACE USE: FOREST FRAGMENTS AND STELLER'S JAYS

Many analytical techniques that assess resource selection focus on individual relocation points as the sample unit and classify resources as either used or available. Commonly, the relative use of each resource is quantified as the number of observations in each resource class or the proportional occurrence of a resource within a home range. We believe that a more accurate estimate can be summarized by a utilization distribution (UD). We present an analytical approach that explicitly incorporates a probabilistic measure of use, as defined by the UD. We used animal relocation points and fixed-kernel techniques to determine a UD within a home range. We related this probabilistic measure of use to categorical and continuous resource variables using multiple regression. Regression errors accounted for spatial autocorrelation so that the significance of regression coefficients could be appraised for each animal and averaged across animals. This allowed us to quantify the individualistic nature of resource sele...
Third World School Quality Current Collapse, Future Potential

Eager to boost literacy, economic growth, and national institutions, Third World governments and international aid agencies have greatly expanded schooling since the 1950s. Enrollments have quintupled since the late ‘50s, from 100 million children to now more than 500 million. The sharp economic decline felt over the past decade throughout the developing world, however, has led to deep cuts in education budgets. Child populations are doubling every 20 years in many countries. Popular demand for primary schooling, as manifest in enrollment rates, continues to skyrocket. This conflict between ever-rising enrollments and falling resources is severely eroding school quality. We detail and illustrate this collapse of educational quality, calling on North American educators to recognize this quiet crisis and to contribute to its remedy. In addition, we map out a strategy for attacking the problem, drawing on the growing body of Third World research and new initiatives coming from international organizations.
Radiocarbon dating of glacial dust layers and soils at Kilimanjaro’s Northern Ice Field

As the African climate history recorded in Kilimanjaro’s Northern Ice Field (NIF) is rapidly lost, the age of the glacier remains disputed. Current age estimates from ice core data and glacial dynamics modeling disagree by an order of magnitude (11,700 vs ~1000 years old). We present radiocarbon dates of glacial dust and proximal soil samples collected from in and around the edge of the NIF that support the hypothesis that the peripheral portions of the NIF glacier are younger and more dynamic than the center. Samples of a dust-rich ice layer, 1.5 m above the base at the edge of the ~40 m high glacier ice cliff were found to be 1600–790 years old. These dates agree with the prediction of significant growth and shrinkage in glacial coverage over the last millennium. The variation in radiocarbon ages likely arises from heterogeneity in the summit volcanic soils, the main source of the dust recovered from the glacier, and cryoconite microbial activity. Sediment samples of a supraglacial pond had modern radiocarbon ages, further demonstrating the impact of cryoconite microbial communities on radiocarbon measurements of glacial samples. After accounting for the variability in the sample ages and the effects of microbial activity, we contend that the lower (i.e. younger) limit of the radiocarbon age range is the most reliable assessment of the age of the ice in which it was trapped.
Staurosporine Inhibits Frequency-Dependent Myofilament Desensitization in Intact Rabbit Cardiac Trabeculae

Myofilament calcium sensitivity decreases with frequency in intact healthy rabbit trabeculae and associates with Troponin I and Myosin light chain-2 phosphorylation. We here tested whether serine-threonine kinase activity is primarily responsible for this frequency-dependent modulations of myofilament calcium sensitivity. Right ventricular trabeculae were isolated from New Zealand White rabbit hearts and iontophoretically loaded with bis-fura-2. Twitch force-calcium relationships and steady state force-calcium relationships were measured at frequencies of 1 and 4&#x2009;Hz at 37&#x2009;&#xb0;C. Staurosporine (100&#x2009;nM), a nonspecific serine-threonine kinase inhibitor, or vehicle (DMSO) was included in the superfusion solution before and during the contractures. Staurosporine had no frequency-dependent effect on force development, kinetics, calcium transient amplitude, or rate of calcium transient decline. The shift in the pCa50 of the force-calcium relationship was significant from at 1&#x2009;Hz versus at 4&#x2009;Hz under control conditions (vehicle, ) but not in presence of staurosporine ( at 1&#x2009;Hz versus at 4&#x2009;Hz, ). Phosphoprotein analysis (Pro-Q Diamond stain) confirmed that staurosporine significantly blunted the frequency-dependent phosphorylation at Troponin I and Myosin light chain-2. We conclude that frequency-dependent modulation of calcium sensitivity is mediated through a kinase-specific effect involving phosphorylation of myofilament proteins.
Evaluation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in experimentally inoculated sheep and determination of Anaplasma spp seroprevalence in 8 free-ranging sheep flocks in California and Oregon.

Objective—To evaluate disease progression in sheep experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and determine the Anaplasma spp seroprevalence in sheep in free-ranging flocks in the Sierra Nevada foothills and Oregon Coast Range. Animals—10 mature ewes seronegative for Anaplasma spp and 251 sheep from 8 flocks. Procedures—10 ewes received 1 of 3 treatments: A phagocytophilum Webster strain (n = 4), A phagocytophilum MRK strain (4), or human promyelocytic leukemia cells (control treatment [2]). Sheep were monitored for signs of clinical disease, and blood samples were obtained for serologic and PCR assay evaluation intermittently for 48 days. From a subsample of sheep from each of 8 free-ranging flocks, blood samples were obtained to determine Anaplasma spp seroprevalence. Results—Sheep inoculated with A phagocytophilum developed subclinical or mild disease, whereas sheep inoculated with the control treatment did not develop any signs of disease. Only 2 ewes seroconverted; both had received the...
Equalisation of semiconductor diode laser frequency modulation with a passive network

An equalisation network has been developed that improves the direct frequency modulation performance of GaAlAs semiconductor diode lasers. At modulation frequencies below 10 MHz, thermal modulation of the diode laser active region causes an enhanced frequency modulation response. A passive network has been developed which shapes the injection current modulation waveform to suppress the low-frequency enhancement.
Burn Everything British but Their Coal: The Anglo-Irish Economic War of the 1930s

The Anglo-Irish Economic War of 1932 to 1938 was eventually settled on terms highly favorable to the Irish. This article uses a computational general equilibrium model of the interwar Irish economy to argue that the welfare costs of the war were not so great as has been thought, and that the dispute helped de Valera electorally. These considerations help explain the eventual Irish “victory” in the Economic War.
Respiratory support in spinal muscular atrophy type I: a survey of physician practices and attitudes.

Objective. To determine whether there is variability in the attitudes and practices of physicians regarding treatment of respiratory failure in children with spinal muscular atrophy type I (SMA type I) and, if so, whether this variation is associated with professional training. Methods. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey mailed to a randomly selected subset of the Child Neurology Society, pediatric members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and to the membership of the Pediatric Interest Section of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. A scenario of a child with SMA type I in respiratory distress was followed by questions that explored practices and attitudes regarding mechanical ventilation. Results. Fifty-seven percent of intensivists (75 of 132), 39% physiatrists (61 of 155), and 34% of neurologists (61 of 155) responded. Specialists differed as to whether they offered and/or recommended respiratory support to patients with SMA type I. Intensivists were less likely to offer and recommend tracheostomy than physiatrists. Intensivists were also significantly less likely than physiatrists to agree with statements supporting the ethical necessity of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and intubation in the setting of an acute respiratory illness, and NIMV and tracheostomy in the setting of chronic respiratory failure. Although parallel differences were found between physiatrists and neurologists regarding their attitudes toward mechanical ventilation, no significant differences were detected between intensivists and neurologists. Finally, physicians who reported that a high percentage of their patients with SMA type I received “comfort care only” also tended to view mechanical ventilation, ie, use of NIMV for chronic respiratory failure, use of intubation for an acute respiratory infection, and use of tracheostomy for chronic respiratory failure as an unreasonable intervention in most circumstances. Conclusions. We found a wide variation in physician practice regarding the mechanical ventilation of patients with SMA type I. This study suggests a wide variation not only in what is recommended but also in what is actually offered to families of these children. Furthermore, the study suggests that physician training and attitudes affect recommendations regarding mechanical ventilation and ultimately family decision making.
A Long-Term Comparison of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Abundance and Size Structure in Their Historical Range in Idaho

Abstract We compared estimates of population abundance and size structure for Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri obtained by electrofishing 77 stream segments across southeastern Idaho in the 1980s and again in 1999–2000 to test whether populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout had changed. Sites sampled in the 1980s were relocated in 1999–2000 by using maps and photographs or by finding original site-boundary stakes, so that the same reach of stream was sampled during both periods. Abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout longer than 10 cm did not change, averaging 41 fish/100 m of stream during both the 1980s and 1999–2000. The proportion of the total catch of trout composed of Yellowstone cutthroat trout also did not change, averaging 82% in the 1980s and 78% in 1999–2000. At the 48 sites where size structure could be estimated for both periods, the proportion of Yellowstone cutthroat trout that were 10–20 cm long declined slightly (74% versus 66%), but the change was due entirel...
Reduced Order Model and Decoupled Control Architecture for Two Manipulators Holding a Rigid Object

A dynamical model and a control architecture are developed for the closed chain motion of two N-joint manipulators holding a rigid object in a three-dimensional workspace. Dynamic and kinematic constraints are determined and combined with the equations of motion of the manipulators to obtain a dynamical model of the entire system in the joint space. Reduced order equations of motion and a functional relation for the generalized contact forces are derived. The problem of solving the reduced order model for the forward and inverse dynamics is discussed. Control laws are determined for the reduced order model so as to decouple the force and position (velocity) controlled degrees of freedom (DOF). A simulation example is presented to illustrate the approach.
Theory of Wolf-Rayet Spectra

From the time of their discovery in 1867, Wolf-Rayet stars have been objects of great interest for theoretical astrophysicists. Their spectra, dominated by extremely wide emission lines, set them apart from the run-of-the-mill stars. Moreover, the classic assumptions that have enabled accurate model atmospheres to be constructed for hot main sequence stars: hydrostatic equilibrium, radiative equilibrium, local thermodynamic equilibrium, and negligible curvature effects, are probably all violated in Wolf-Rayet stars. As early as 1894, Scheiner proposed that an enormous gaseous envelope (of unknown composition) surrounds the absorbing atmosphere, and produces bright lines in the spectrum by supplying to the slit of the spectroscope a greater quantity of light than the star’s photosphere, in spite of the higher temperature of the photosphere.
Trilayer Tunnel Selectors for Memristor Memory Cells

An integrated memory cell with a mem-ristor and a trilayer crested barrier selector, showing repeatable nonlinear current-voltage switching loops is presented. The fully atomic-layer-deposited TaN1+x /Ta2 O5 /TaN1+x crested barrier selector yields a large nonlinearity (>10(4) ), high endurance (>10(8) ), low variability, and low temperature dependence.
Effective field theory models for nonviolent information transfer from black holes

Transfer of quantum information from the interior of a black hole to its atmosphere is described, in models based on effective field theory. This description illustrates that such transfer need not be violent to the semiclassical geometry or to infalling observers, and in particular can avoid producing a singular horizon or ``firewall''. One can specifically quantify the rate of information transfer and show that a rate necessary to unitarize black hole evaporation produces a relatively mild modification to the stress tensor near the horizon. In an exterior description of the transfer, the new interactions responsible for it are approximated by ``effective sources'' acting on fields in the black hole atmosphere. If the necessary interactions couple to general modes in the black hole atmosphere, one also finds a straightforward mechanism for information transfer rates to increase when a black hole is mined, avoiding paradoxical behavior. Correspondence limits are discussed, in the presence of such new interactions, for both small black holes and large ones; the near-horizon description of the latter is approximately that of Rindler space.
Interview with Celia Hoyles

The following interview with Celia Hoyles was conducted in September 2010. Dr. Celia Hoyles is Professor of Mathematics at the University of London’s Institute of Education and Director of the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics in U.K. Her research interests encompass the use of technology in mathematics education as well as mathematical reasoning and generalization, and mathematics skills in workplaces.
Congressional Elections: Some Puzzling Contradictions

The 1974 election was a disaster for the Republican party. Republicans suffered a net loss of 43 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, reducing their share to less than one third. The nationwide vote for Republican congressional candidates-41.1 percent-was the lowest for any party in this century. The party's misfortune was pervasive; state-level election returns were, if anything, worse. Prior to the election, Republicans held 41 percent of the seats in the state legislatures across the country; afterward, only 32 percent. The net result was that Democrats captured control of both state houses in 37 states, up from 28, while Republican-controlled states dropped from 16 to 4. The election left only 13 Republican governors.
Effects of Film Morphology and Surface Chemistry on the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

The effects of film morphology and surface termination on the direct electron transfer of horse heart cytochrome c on boron-doped ultrananocrystalline (B-UNCD) and microcrystalline (B-MCD) diamond thin-film electrodes were investigated. Quasi-reversible, diffusion-controlled cyclic voltammetric responses were observed on oxygen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.015), but not hydrogen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.02) diamond thin films. The effect of the surface termination was the same for both the nanostructured B-UNCD film with sp2-bonded carbon atoms in the grain boundaries and the well faceted B-MCD film with micron-sized grains and largely devoid of sp2 carbon. Stable cyclic voltammetric i-E curves were recorded with cycling for both oxygen-terminated films indicating the absence of protein denaturation and electrode fouling. The peak currents increased linearly with the square root of the scan rate and the protein concentration; both indicative of a reaction rate limited by semi-infinite linear diffusion of the protein. Similar heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants were observed for oxygen-terminated B-UNCD (3.48 (± 1.25) × 10-3 cm/s) and B-MCD films (2.38 (± 0.72) × 10-3 cm/s). The results clearly reveal that the oxygen-terminated surface is more active for electron-transfer with this soluble redox protein than is the hydrogen-terminated surface. The film morphology does not influence the diffusion-controlled response of the redox protein.
Finding Difficult-to-Disambiguate Words: Towards an Efficient Workflow to Implement Word Sense Disambiguation

In the biomedical and clinical domain, valuable information is frequently represented in free-text documents. Natural language processing (NLP) is a powerful tool that can extract structured information from theses documents. Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a critical component in an NLP pipeline that increases the accuracy of the extracted information. However, WSD is expensive to apply for all known ambiguous words. Given limited time and resources, one practical strategy is to prioritize easy-to-disambiguate words and efficiently maximize the coverage of disambiguation. To aid prioritization efforts, we studied two quantitative indicators that are associated with how easy/difficult it is to disambiguate any given word.
Inhibition of β-catenin signaling protects against CTGF-induced alveolar and vascular pathology in neonatal mouse lung

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common and serious chronic lung disease of premature infants. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an important role in tissue development and remodeling. We have previously shown that targeted overexpression of CTGF in alveolar type II epithelial cells results in BPD-like pathology and activates β-catenin in neonatal mice. Utilizing this transgenic mouse model and ICG001, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of β-catenin, we tested the hypothesis that β-catenin signaling mediates the effects of CTGF in the neonatal lung. Newborn CTGF mice and control littermates received ICG001 (10 mg/kg/dose) or placebo (dimethyl sulfoxide, equal volume) by daily i.p. injection from postnatal day 5 to 15. Alveolarization, vascular development, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) were analyzed. Administration of ICG001 significantly downregulated expression of cyclin D1, collagen 1a1, and fibronectin, which are the known target genes of β-catenin signaling in CTGF lungs. Inhibition of β-catenin signaling improved alveolar and vascular development and decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling. More importantly, the improved vascular development and vascular remodeling led to a decrease in PH. β-Catenin signaling mediates the autocrine and paracrine effects of CTGF in the neonatal lung. Inhibition of CTGF-β-catenin signaling may provide a novel therapy for BPD.
Interpretation of The a-Si:H DLTS and ICTS Experimental Data

The isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) data of a-Si:H is consistently analyzed in terms of a relaxation function with a fractional exponential time decay of the form φ(t)=exp[−(t/τ*)λ] with λ≅0.8. The anomalous variation of the effective relaxation time τ* (and hence that of the attempt-to-escape frequency ν* and the capture cross section σ* observed by Okushi and coworkers) with energy and temperature is shown to follow an additional prediction of the time dependent relaxation rate coupling model developed by Ngai and coworkers for relaxations in many complex systems. A modified energy scale is extended from the ICTS analysis which brings its electronic density of states structure in closer agreement with results obtained by DLTS experiments.
Defining and validating a short form Montreal Cognitive Assessment (s-MoCA) for use in neurodegenerative disease

Introduction Screening for cognitive deficits is essential in neurodegenerative disease. Screening tests, such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), are easily administered, correlate with neuropsychological performance and demonstrate diagnostic utility. Yet, administration time is too long for many clinical settings. Methods Item response theory and computerised adaptive testing simulation were employed to establish an abbreviated MoCA in 1850 well-characterised community-dwelling individuals with and without neurodegenerative disease. Results 8 MoCA items with high item discrimination and appropriate difficulty were identified for use in a short form (s-MoCA). The s-MoCA was highly correlated with the original MoCA, showed robust diagnostic classification and cross-validation procedures substantiated these items. Discussion Early detection of cognitive impairment is an important clinical and public health concern, but administration of screening measures is limited by time constraints in demanding clinical settings. Here, we provide as-MoCA that is valid across neurological disorders and can be administered in approximately 5 min.
COFFEE USE PRIOR TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RESTUDIED: HEAVIER INTAKE MAY INCREASE THE RISK

Because of conflicting evidence about the relation of coffee use to coronary artery disease, the authors conducted a new cohort study of hospitalizations among 101,774 white persons and black persons admitted to Kaiser Permanente hospitals in northern California in 1978-1986. In analyses controlled for eight covariates, use of coffee was associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction (p = 0.0002). Compared with nondrinkers of coffee, the following relative risks (RRs) were found: at 1-3 cups/day, RR = 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.42); at 4-6 cups/day, RR = 1.42 (CI 1.10-1.84), p = 0.007; and at greater than 6 cups/day, RR = 1.41 (CI 1.00-1.99), p = 0.05. The relation remained significant when also controlled for blood cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure, and adiposity, singly or combined. Tea use was unrelated to myocardial infarction; neither coffee nor tea was related to other coronary diagnoses. Although causality remains unestablished and uncertainty remains, the authors conclude that 1) these data suggest a weak independent relation of coffee use to acute myocardial infarction, not mediated by an effect on blood cholesterol; and 2) persons at risk of myocardial infarction should consider limitation of coffee intake to less than 4 cups/day.
Detecting Botnets Using a Collaborative Situational-aware IDPS

Botnet attacks turn susceptible victim computers into bots that perform various malicious activities while under the control of a botmaster. Some examples of the damage they cause include denial of service, click fraud, spamware, and phishing. These attacks can vary in the type of architecture and communication protocol used, which might be modified during the botnet lifespan. Intrusion detection and prevention systems are one way to safeguard the cyber-physical systems we use, but they have difficulty detecting new or modified attacks, including botnets. Only known attacks whose signatures have been identified and stored in some form can be discovered by most of these systems. Also, traditional IDPSs are point-based solutions incapable of utilizing information from multiple data sources and have difficulty discovering new or more complex attacks. To address these issues, we are developing a semantic approach to intrusion detection that uses a variety of sensors collaboratively. Leveraging information from these heterogeneous sources leads to a more robust, situational-aware IDPS that is better equipped to detect complicated attacks such as botnets.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Mouse Brain Atlas and Its Applications

In this chapter, we introduce modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based mouse brain atlases. Although unable to match the resolution and specificity of their histology-based counterparts, MRI-based mouse brain atlases feature higher anatomical fidelity and can facilitate high-throughput computer-assisted analysis of certain brain phenotypes. This chapter discusses several technical aspects of MRI-based mouse brain atlases, which are important to understand the usefulness as well as limitations of existing atlases. We focus on a novel MRI technique, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which provides rich tissue contrasts and is uniquely suited for studying white matter structures and immature mouse brains. The chapter then demonstrates several applications of MRI-based mouse brain atlases in anatomical phenotyping and guiding stereotaxic operations.
Nature’s Haunted House: ‘Called Back’

‘Nature is a Haunted House — but Art — a House that tries to be haunted’, the poet wrote to Higginson in 1876 (L459a). As mentioned earlier, she had informed her Preceptor that ‘the “supernatural,” was only the Natural, disclosed — ’; that ‘Not “Revelation” — ’tis — that waits,/but our unfurnished eyes — ’ (L280) An intense awareness of the relationship between the supernatural and the natural pervades Dickinson’s poetry. She found in Higginson a sympathetic friend and a kindred spirit; he was her Preceptor — and he was also an ardent advocate of Christian Spiritualism, a movement that swept America and England in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. In 1853 Nathaniel Parker Willis claimed that there were forty thousand believers in New York alone and the widespread anguish that accompanied the carnage of the war spurred its popularity; in 1867 Emma Hardinge Britten announced that one-fourth of the population of the United States had adopted spiritualism as their creed.1 However exaggerated this estimate, the spiritualist movement could identify many distinguished writers among its ranks — and Thomas Wentworth Higginson was an influential presence among them.2
The Neurological Predictor Scale: A predictive tool for long-term core cognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood brain tumors.

Objective Prior research has demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS) in relation to intelligence and adaptive functioning in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. To extend these findings, this study examined the relationship between the NPS and core neurocognitive skills hypothesized to underlie broad outcome measures of IQ and adaptive functioning. Method Sixty-one adulthood survivors of childhood brain cancers (Mage = 24 years, SD = 6) on average 16 years after diagnosis completed neuropsychological assessments examining attention (Wechsler Memory Scale Digit Span Forward), processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), and working memory (Auditory Consonant Trigrams). The medical information necessary to compute the NPS was extracted from a thorough medical record review. Results The NPS score significantly predicted processing speed (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05) and working memory (R2 = 0.15, P < .05) outcomes over and above each individual risk factor. NPS was significantly associated with attention outcomes after covarying for age (R2 = 0.13, P < 0.05) over and above each risk factor except presence of hormone deficiency, hydrocephalus, and chemotherapy. These three variables were not significantly associated with attention outcomes in this sample. Conclusions Our findings suggest that survivors with more treatments and neurological sequelae experience greater deficits in working memory, processing speed, and attention. Further, the NPS affords the ability to predict how cumulative neurological factors impact core cognitive outcomes many years after initial diagnosis.
Exploring the Dimensionality of Trauma-Informed Care: Implications for Theory and Practice

ABSTRACTThe current study expands research on trauma-informed care by exploring the theoretical model proposed by Harris and Fallot (2001). In previous research the dimensions of trauma-informed care were found to have large correlations, suggesting that the dimensions may share an underlying dimension. This assumption was tested in the current study through administering the trauma-informed climate scale to six human service agencies (N = 641) and assessing the instrument’s dimensionality using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that Harris and Fallot’s dimensions are unique but strongly related, sharing an underlying dimension. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.