cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated clinical experience with concurrent problem-based learning is associated with improved clinical reasoning among physical therapy students in the United States

Clinical reasoning (CR) is a key learning domain for physical therapy educators and core skill for entry level practitioners. Integrated clinical experiences (ICE) and problem-based learning (PBL) are each reported to improve interpersonal and social domains, while promoting knowledge acquisition and clinical reasoning. Unfortunately, studies monitoring CR during ICE with concurrent PBL in physical therapy education are sparse. We hypothesize that an ICE with concurrent PBL is associated with increased self-reported CR in third year student physical therapists (PTs) in the United States. The Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning (SACRR) survey was administered to 42 student PTs at the beginning, and end of their third and final year of didactic training. Between pretest and posttest analyses, participants completed a faculty-led ICE and PBL coursework for 16 weeks. The SACRR overall and 26 individual item scores were examined. Wilcoxon ranked-signed test and paired t-test were used with statistical significance accepted at P< 0.05. Significant improvements observed in SACRR overall score (P< 0.001), including six of the 26 survey items centered around decision-making based on experience and evidence as well as self-reflection and reasoning. An ICE with PBL is associated with increased self-assessed CR and reflection in third year student PTs in the United States. Monitoring the impact of curricular design on CR may improve educators' ability to improve cognitive and psychomotor skills, with a call for increased explicit use of theoretical frameworks and teaching techniques for coping with uncertainty to enhance entry level training.
Wind-driven water level fluctuations drive marsh edge erosion variability in microtidal coastal bays.

Abstract Marsh shorelines are retreating rapidly in coastal Louisiana, largely driven by wind waves attacking the marsh edge. The amount of wave power hitting the marsh is a major predictor for marsh retreat rates; however, marsh erodibility (erosion rate per unit of wave power) has a large spatial variability. Identifying the causes of this variability is essential to obtain more reliable predictions and to optimize marsh protection strategies. Here we investigate marsh edge erosion in a small (~3 km2) bay within Barataria Bay, LA, USA. Long-term (~140 years) erosion data and short term (~1 year) field measurements show that, for the same wave power, north-facing marsh edges erode twice as fast as south-facing marsh edges. A possible explanation might reside in the peculiar hydrodynamics of coastal Louisiana, where northerly winds are associated with low water levels and southerly winds are associated with high water levels. This causes south-facing shores to experience high water levels when being impacted by waves and north-facing shore to experience low water levels when being impacted by waves, which could subsequently affect marsh edge erosion in three different ways. First, south-facing shores experience a higher frequency of wave overshooting, which limits the ability of waves to cause erosion. Second, north-facing shores experience a higher frequency of waves impacting the highly erodible soil below the root mat, thus undercutting the marsh. Third, south-facing marsh edges have a higher elevation and a higher soil shear strength in the root layer (0–20 cm depth), likely because these shores receive more sediment during wave events. These three processes were combined into a single empirical correction to represent effective marsh erodibility and the correction was used in a 2D model of marsh edge retreat. The model accurately predicts marsh edge erosion and can be used to determine whether historical marsh loss was due to edge erosion or to other processes, such as ponding or drowning.
Sequential formation of different layers of dystrophic neurites in Alzheimer's brains

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques in which dystrophic neurites (DNs) are typical constituents. We recently showed that DNs labeled by antibodies to the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein reticulon-3 (RTN3) are enriched with clustered tubular ER. However, multi-vesicle bodies are also found in DNs, suggesting that different populations of DNs exist in brains of AD patients. To understand how different DNs evolve to surround core amyloid plaques, we monitored the growth of DNs in AD mouse brains (5xFAD and APP/PS1ΔE9 mice) by multiple approaches, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM). We discovered that a pre-autophagosome protein ATG9A was enriched in DNs when a plaque was just beginning to develop. ATG9A-positive DNs were often closer to the core amyloid plaque, whereas RTN3 immunoreactive DNs were mostly located in the outer layers of ATG9A-positive DNs. Proteins such as RAB7 and LC3 appeared in DNs at later stages during plaque growth, likely accumulated as a part of large autophagy vesicles, and were distributed relatively furthest from the core amyloid plaque. Reconstructing the 3D structure of different morphologies of DNs revealed that DNs in AD mouse brains were constituted in three layers that are distinct by enriching different types of vesicles, as validated by immune-EM methods. Collectively, our results provide the first evidence that DNs evolve from dysfunctions of pre-autophagosomes, tubular ER, mature autophagosomes, and the ubiquitin proteasome system during plaque growth.
24-GHz Injection-Locked Frequency Tripler With Third-Harmonic Quadrature Phase Generator

This paper presents a quadrature injection-locked frequency tripler (ILFT) adopting third-harmonic phase shifters for quadrature signal injection at the third-harmonic band. Two capacitively degenerated differential transconductor pairs inject quadrature currents to the main I/Q $LC$ tanks. The degeneration networks are optimally designed to create quadrature injection signals at the third harmonic of injection signal. The presented third-harmonically quadrature phasing technique increases an injection-locking range effectively with the minimizing injection signal loss compared with prior conventional injection techniques employing phase shifters at the fundamental frequency. The proposed ILFT is implemented in 130-nm CMOS technology. The measured injection-locking range is 3.3% (~800 MHz) at the 23.6-GHz center frequency with 0-dBm input injection power. The locking range of the proposed ILFT is twice wider than that of prior state-of-the-art ILFTs adopting single differential signal injections or polyphase filter-based quadrature signal injections. The proposed ILFT consumes 10.4 mW, and the chip size is $0.5\times0.25$ mm2 without pads.
Multidimensional behavioral profiling of internet-of-things in edge networks

The last decade has witnessed research advances and wide deployment of Internet-of-things (IoT) in smart homes and connected industry. However, the recent spate of cyber attacks exploiting the vulnerabilities and insufficient security management of IoT devices have created serious challenges for securing IoT devices and applications. As a first step towards understanding and mitigating diverse security threats of IoT devices, this paper develops a measurement framework to automatically collect network traffic of IoT devices in edge networks, and build multidimensional behavioral profiles of these devices which characterize who, when, what, and why on the behavioral patterns of IoT devices based on continuously collected traffic data. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first effort to shed light on the IP-spatial, temporal, and cloud service patterns of IoT devices in edge networks, and to explore these multidimensional behavioral fingerprints for IoT device classification, anomaly traffic detection, and network security monitoring for millions of vulnerable and resource-constrained IoT devices on the Internet.
Communication between native and non-native speakers

For decades, research in speech communication has ask how an individual perceives and produces speech. However, most prior research has used an idealized, monolingual speaker-listener as its model, which is not the norm in our globalizing world. Real-world situation of communication between native and non-native speakers can result in challenges for successful communication. However, the sources of those miscommunications are not well-understood. While many studies have directly examined how a learner acquires a second language, only in the last decade has research expanded rapidly on how a native listener might improve their ability to understand non-native speech. An understanding of the communication between native and non-native speakers is required to truly understand the processes that underlying speech communication, broadly. In this talk, I address issues of communication between native and non-native speakers in their capacities as speakers and listeners. Specifically, I describe the current state of knowledge about how non-native speakers understand and produce speech in their second (or third) language, how native speakers understand non-native speech, and how both parties can improve their abilities at these tasks. This line of inquiry has implications for both practical goals of improving communication outcomes and theoretical understanding of speech perception and production.For decades, research in speech communication has ask how an individual perceives and produces speech. However, most prior research has used an idealized, monolingual speaker-listener as its model, which is not the norm in our globalizing world. Real-world situation of communication between native and non-native speakers can result in challenges for successful communication. However, the sources of those miscommunications are not well-understood. While many studies have directly examined how a learner acquires a second language, only in the last decade has research expanded rapidly on how a native listener might improve their ability to understand non-native speech. An understanding of the communication between native and non-native speakers is required to truly understand the processes that underlying speech communication, broadly. In this talk, I address issues of communication between native and non-native speakers in their capacities as speakers and listeners. Specifically, I describe the current stat...
Assessment of Clients in Pretreatment Planning

Pretreatment planning is an essential element in psychotherapy. Constraints imposed by managed care, efficiency of treatment/cost-effectiveness issues, and increased likelihood of change and increased magnitude of change are obvious justifications for the provision of individualized and comprehensive pretreatment assessment. Relatedly, quality pretreatment assessment is essential for accurate patient–treatment matching. In this vein, systematic treatment selection (STS), prescriptive psychotherapy (PT), and systematic treatment (ST) are variants of an overriding empirically supported model of patient–treatment matching. More specifically, STS, PT, and ST employ accurate, comprehensive pretreatment assessment to help guide the clinician in the selection and matching of specific psychotherapeutic strategies and principles. These research-informed strategies and principles of change, selected based on pretreatment data, efficiently and effectively address the unique treatment needs of the patient and their presenting problem(s).
Dynamic Control of Pressure Drop Oscillation in a Microchannel Cooling System

AbstractWhile microchannel evaporator based cooling systems are efficient in removing high heat fluxes they are prone to the instability mechanism called pressure drop oscillation. The instability ...
Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery

Although ultrasound-based drug delivery has only seen limited clinical use for transdermal drug delivery, there has been considerable momentum in research aimed at using ultrasound for a wide variety of medical applications. Ultrasound-mediated gene therapy using sonoporation and targeted delivery has progressed from in vitro proof-of-concept studies to produce biological effects in angiogenesis and diabetes studies. These techniques have also been used for cancer therapy, thrombolysis, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier in animal models. It is also worth noting that ultrasound can facilitate targeted drug delivery through thermal means, in addition to the mechanisms associated with cavitation. Ultrasound hyperthermia can be used to target thermally sensitive drug-carrying liposomes or to induce gene expression through localized heat shock response.
Novel multi-dimensional heteronuclear NMR techniques for the study of 13C-O-acetylated oligosaccharides: expanding the dimensions for carbohydrate structures.

Complex carbohydrates have critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes is essential in the development of novel oligosaccharide-based therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, obtaining detailed structural information for larger oligosaccharides (>10 residues) can be exceedingly difficult, especially where the amount of sample available is limited. Here we demonstrate the application of 13 C O-acetylation in combination with novel NMR experiments to obtain much of the information required to characterize the primary structure of oligosaccharides. (H)CMeCOH-HEHAHA and H(CMe)COH-HEHAHA experiments are presented that use heteronuclear Hartmann–Hahn transfer to correlate the acetyl groups with sugar ring protons in peracetylated oligosaccharides. The in-phase, pure absorption nature of the correlation peaks in these experiments allows measurement of both chemical shifts and, importantly, 1H-1H coupling constants that are used to define the stereochemistry of the sugar ring. The (HCMe)COH and (HCMe)COH-RELAY experiments provide additional methods for obtaining chemical shift assignments for larger oligosaccharides to define the sites of glycosidic linkages from the patterns of acetylation.
Evaluating the spread of costoclavicular brachial plexus block: An anatomical study

Background and objectives The costoclavicular brachial plexus block is performed deep and posterior to the midpoint of the clavicle. There are limited data evaluating the spread of the costoclavicular brachial plexus block. We performed a cadaveric study to evaluate the spread of injectate after a costoclavicular brachial plexus block. Methods Five ultrasound-guided costoclavicular block injections were performed with 20 mL of 0.1% methylene blue. The brachial plexus and its branches were dissected from the level of C4 to the lower axilla. The extent of dye spread was recorded including spread to the phrenic nerve, suprascapular nerve, roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches of the brachial plexus. Results The dye extended cephalad to the level of the cricoid cartilage in two of the five injections; three injections had dye extending 0.75 cm, 1.5 cm and 2 cm caudad to the level of the cricoid cartilage, respectively. The C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots were stained in all injections. The dye did not extend cephalad to the C5 and C6 nerve roots. All trunks, cords and divisions of the brachial plexus were stained, as was the suprascapular nerve. There was no spread of dye to the phrenic nerve in any of the specimens. Conclusions This cadaveric study demonstrates that ultrasound-guided injection in the costoclavicular space spreads cephalad to the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular space, consistently reaching the suprascapular nerve and all trunks and cords of the brachial plexus, while sparing the phrenic nerve.
Reliability and Replicability of Implicit and Explicit Reinforcement Learning Paradigms in People With Psychotic Disorders.

BACKGROUND Motivational deficits in people with psychosis may be a result of impairments in reinforcement learning (RL). Therefore, behavioral paradigms that can accurately measure these impairments and their change over time are essential. METHODS We examined the reliability and replicability of 2 RL paradigms (1 implicit and 1 explicit, each with positive and negative reinforcement components) given at 2 time points to healthy controls (n = 75), and people with bipolar disorder (n = 62), schizoaffective disorder (n = 60), and schizophrenia (n = 68). RESULTS Internal consistency was acceptable (mean α = 0.78 ± 0.15), but test-retest reliability was fair to low (mean intraclass correlation = 0.33 ± 0.25) for both implicit and explicit RL. There were no clear effects of practice for these tasks. Largely, performance on these tasks shows intact implicit and impaired explicit RL in psychosis. Symptom presentation did not relate to performance in any robust way. CONCLUSIONS Our findings replicate previous literature showing spared implicit RL and impaired explicit reinforcement in psychosis. This suggests typical basal ganglia dopamine release, but atypical recruitment of the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. However, we found that these tasks have only fair to low test-retest reliability and thus may not be useful for assessing change over time in clinical trials.
Do common metrics add value? Perspectives from NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium hubs.

Introduction: The Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium, a network of academic health care institutions with CTSA hubs, is charged with improving the national clinical and translational research enterprise. The CTSA Consortium and the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences implemented the Common Metrics Initiative comprised of standardized metrics and a shared performance improvement framework. This article summarizes hubs’ perspectives on its value during the initial implementation. Methods: The value was assessed across 58 hubs. Survey items assessed change in perceived ability to manage performance and advance clinical and translational science. Semi-structured interviews elicited hubs’ perspectives on meaningfulness and value-added of the Common Metrics Initiative and hubs’ recommendations. Results: Hubs considered their abilities to manage performance to have improved, but there was no change in perceived ability to advance clinical and translational science. The initiative added value by providing a formal structured process, enabling strategic conversations, facilitating improvements in processes, providing an external impetus for improvement, and providing justification for funds invested. Hubs were concerned about the usefulness of the metrics chosen and whether the value-added was sufficient relative to the effort required. Hubs recommended useful benchmarking, disseminating best practices and promoting peer-to-peer learning, and expanding the use of data to inform the initiative. Conclusions: Implementing Common Metrics and a performance improvement framework yielded concrete short-term benefits, but concerns about usefulness remained, particularly considering the effort required. The Common Metrics Initiative should focus on facilitating cross-hub collaboration around metrics that address high-priority impact areas for individual hubs and the Consortium.
“Justifying Warfare: Saint Augustine and Sri Aurobindo”

Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was one of the most influential Western Christian theologians. Sri Aurobindo Ghose (1872–1950) was a political revolutionary and later a spiritual master with a worldwide reputation. Augustine and Aurobindo were very different religiously and politically, but on the issue of justifying warfare, there are remarkable parallels between them. To begin, pragmatic considerations formed the core of most of their arguments. Furthermore, they buttressed their core points with considerations from the religious domain. These included discussing the inward disposition of the warrior, countering ethical reservations about fighting, and mentioning possible, spiritual benefits from warfare. Yet, in spite of the parallels, the two men would have found little to agree on, as their approaches to both governance and religion were very different. Augustine’s approach was statist whereas Aurobindo’s was revolutionary.
Bacterial Community Patterns in the Agaricus bisporus Cultivation System, from Compost Raw Materials to Mushroom Caps.

Different from other fungal species that can be largely cultivated in ‘axenic conditions’ using plant material (e.g., species of Lentinula and Pleurotus in ‘sterile’ straw-based substrate), the commercial Agaricus bisporus cultivation system relies heavily on ecological relationships with a broad range of microorganisms present in the system (compost and casing). Since the A. bisporus cultivation system consists of a microbial manipulation process, it is important to know the microbial community dynamics during the entire cultivation cycle to design further studies and/or crop management strategies to optimize this system. To capture the bacterial community ‘flow’ from compost raw materials to the casing to the formation and maturation of mushroom caps, community snapshots were generated by direct DNA recovery (amplicon sequencing). The ‘bacterial community flow’ revealed that compost, casing and mushrooms represent different niches for bacteria present in the cultivation system, but at the same time, a bacterial exchange between microenvironments can occur for a portion of the community. Within each microenvironment, compost showed intense bacterial populational dynamics, probably due to the environmental changes imposed by composting conditions. In casing, the colonization of A. bisporus appeared, to reshape the native bacterial community which later, with some other members present in compost, becomes the core community in mushroom caps. The current bacterial survey along with previous results provides more cues of specific bacteria groups that can be in association with A. bisporus development and health.
Metalloprotein catalysis: structural and mechanistic insights into oxidoreductases from neutron protein crystallography

Metalloproteins catalyze a range of reactions, with enhanced chemical functionality due to their metal cofactor. The reaction mechanisms of metalloproteins have been experimentally characterized by spectroscopy, macromolecular crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. An important caveat in structural studies of metalloproteins remains the artefacts that can be introduced by radiation damage. Photoreduction, radiolysis and ionization deriving from the electromagnetic beam used to probe the structure complicate structural and mechanistic interpretation. Neutron protein diffraction remains the only structural probe that leaves protein samples devoid of radiation damage, even when data are collected at room temperature. Additionally, neutron protein crystallography provides information on the positions of light atoms such as hydrogen and deuterium, allowing the characterization of protonation states and hydrogen-bonding networks. Neutron protein crystallo­graphy has further been used in conjunction with experimental and computational techniques to gain insight into the structures and reaction mechanisms of several transition-state metal oxidoreductases with iron, copper and manganese cofactors. Here, the contribution of neutron protein crystallo­graphy towards elucidating the reaction mechanism of metalloproteins is reviewed.
What a Difference Density Makes in Defining the Boundaries of Industrial Markets

It is common in ranking various types of economic activity by state to find certain physically large states at or near the top of the list when, in actuality some contiguous groups of small states are much more important. The purpose in writing this paper is to show the differences. This is important because marketing effort is frequently allocated on the basis of these absolute figures when, in reality, density measures are more useful.
Criminalizing the Problem of Unexplained Wealth: Illicit Enrichment Offenses and Human Rights Violations

This Article argues that despite the benefits of illicit enrichment for thwarting corruption, this offense violates fundamental human rights of the accused and therefore must be replaced by alternate enforcement mechanisms. Part I demonstrates how illicit enrichment surfaced as a mechanism to thwart global corruption and explores the pervasiveness of such corruption, the human rights infringements it causes, and the difficulties governments face in prosecuting corruption offenses. Part II provides a critical examination of the offense of illicit enrichment by investigating its background and history, dissecting its procedural and substantive elements, and detailing its widespread adoption. Using a human rights-oriented approach, Part III criticizes the offense for violating several fundamental rights of the accused. It illustrates how the offense impinges upon the presumption of innocence, the right to silence, and the privilege against self-incrimination. Part IV discusses alternative measures that combat the underlying issue of unexplainable wealth of public officials while also respecting the rights of the accused.
William Van Watson and the Queering of Italian Studies

La mia indipendenza, che e la mia forza,implica la solitudine, che e la mia debolezza.— Pier Paolo Pasolini1These words from Pasolini provide a fitting beginning to an article celebrating the life ...
Architecture of a Multimedia Information System for Content-Based Retrieval

This paper describes a multimedia information system (MIS) that bridges the gap between the low level multimedia signal and high level semantic information which is useful in retrieving the data. We first describe the functionality expected of information systems and the types of data the system must manipulate. We then describe a four tiered data model for mapping between the signal and the semantics, and an architecture which integrates databases, knowledge bases, and vision systems to support the data model. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges to be addressed in underlying architecture to support the development of multimedia information systems.
Public Health Issues in Disaster Management

Public health issues are critical elements of disaster management, especially large-scale disasters where the essential public health infrastructure and social protections are destroyed or compromised. Public health consequences usually lead to indirect, preventable, or excess mortality. If basic prevention and preparedness responsibilities are not met, indirect consequences may exceed the direct consequences, especially in war, post-conflict situations, and large-scale natural and man-made disasters. Keywords: international agencies; human security; medicine; pandemics; public health
Cognitive Style and Its Effect on the Stages of Programming.

AbstractComputer programming has separate and distinct phases: problem representation, program design, coding, and debugging. It may be that certain cognitive styles and personality traits affect some stages of programming but not others. The purpose of this article is (a) to present a model that suggests the cognitive style and personality traits that are likely to affect programming stages and (b) to empirically investigate one portion of that model. An investigation of 192 college students reveals that the correlation between field-dependence/field-independence and design is significantly higher than the correlation between field-dependence/field-independence and coding, hence empirically validating a portion of a model.
Relief of YY1-induced transcriptional repression by protein-protein interaction with the nucleolar phosphoprotein B23.

Previous studies have shown that the transcription factor YY1 can both activate and repress transcription of many mammalian genes (reviewed by Hahn (Hahn, S. (1992) Curr. Biol. 2, 152-154)). Given the diverse effects of the YY1 protein, it seems likely that its function depends on interaction with other cellular factors. We have used the yeast two-hybrid system to isolate mouse cDNAs encoding proteins capable of directly binding to YY1. Sequence analysis of one clone revealed it had an open reading frame with the potential to code for a protein nearly identical to the previously published mouse nucleolar phosphoprotein B23. The YY1.B23 complex is specific, and occurs in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of the B23 protein can reverse the transcriptional repression exerted by YY1. These results suggest a role for a nucleolar protein as a component in transcription and provide a possible mechanism for transcriptional regulation by YY1.
Asparagine stimulates piglet intestinal Cl- secretion by a mechanism requiring a submucosal glutamate receptor and nitric oxide.

Amino acids are potential components of oral rehydration solutions for infants, which could combine with glucose to further stimulate intestinal Na+ and water absorption. L-Glutamine, the principal fuel of the intestine, stimulates neutral NaCl absorption and enhances enterocyte DNA synthesis, but is unstable in solution. L-Asparagine (ASN), a more stable amino acid with similar structure to L-glutamine, also stimulates enterocyte proliferation. We determined the effects of ASN on electrolyte transport across piglet jejunum in Ussing chambers. Mucosal but not serosal ASN produced electrogenic Cl- secretion (delta JClnet = -1.8 +/- 0.3 microEq/cm2.hr-1). ASN, when added at 0.1 to 30 mM, increased short-circuit current in a dose-dependent manner with a K1/2 of approximately 5 mM and maximal effect at approximately 10 mM. The stimulation of Cl- secretion by ASN was blocked by pretreatment with serosal tetrodotoxin and bumetanide and was inhibited by preincubation with capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) or substance P. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with the structural analog of L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, reduced ASN-stimulated secretion by > 70%. Additionally, serosal 6-cyanonitro-quinoxaline 2-3-dione, which is a nonspecific blocker of neural non-N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, fully inhibited the ASN response (IC50 = 10(-6) M). Inhibition was specific for neurally mediated secretion. We found no inhibition of ASN-stimulated secretion by atropine, ketanserin, indomethacin or L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (specific for NMDA receptors). When compared to ASN, L-glutamate was a weaker stimulator of jejunal Cl- secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Intraarterial thrombolysis for thromboemboli associated with endovascular aneurysm coiling. Report of five cases.

With the rapidly developing applications of GDC endovascular aneurysm embolization, the recognition and treatment of potential intra-procedural complications is crucial to reducing the morbidity and mortality of this procedure. Thromboembolic complications occur with an incidence of 2-11 % with endovascular aneurysm coiling. We describe five cases in which the intraarterial use of thrombolytics was applied to disrupt a fresh clot and recanalize the occluded vessels with variable angiographic and clinical success. Five cases are presented in which thromboembolic complications occurred during or shortly after GDC endovascular aneurysm occlusion. The complication was recognized while depositing coils in two cases, on post-embolization angiogram in one, and a few hours following embolization in two cases in which a new neurologic deficit developed in the ICU. In those cases recognized while the microcatheter was near the aneurysm site, immediate thrombolysis was performed at the site of occlusion. The patients who developed a new neurologic deficit were returned to the endovascular suite and the site of occlusion was noted to be distal to the coiled aneurysm. Clot disruption was performed with the microcatheter before delivering intraarterial thrombolytics. Thromboembolic complications of GDC aneurysm embolization are fortunately rare and can be managed with delivery of thrombolytic therapy at the site of occlusion. Intraarterial thrombolysis of fresh clot caused by GDC aneurysm occlusion can successfully open the occluded vessels but not without serious risk of hemorrhage.
'What did you say'?: understanding conversational breakdowns in children with speech and language impairments.

The study examined the types of mistakes children make during conversations with a familiar partner. The current investigation differs from previous studies because it asked what it is about the language of children with specific language impairment and phonological disorder (SLI:PD) that causes mothers to ask for clarification. Videotaped interactions were coded with the Breakdown Coding System to describe breakdowns. Not surprisingly, results indicated that children with SLI:PD were more difficult to understand than peers because of phonological errors and reduced intelligibility, supporting long-held beliefs about the functional impact of phonological impairments. Less predictable, however, was the finding that when children with SLI:PD were intelligible, mothers had more difficulty understanding them because of ambiguous utterances and underspecified pronouns, or because of semantically inappropriate or inaccurate information. Implications are discussed, and breakdown descriptions are presented as a useful supplement to current assessment methods and intervention planning.
Characterization of a recessive-lethal amber suppressor strain of Salmonella typhimurium by in vitro synthesis of T4 lysozyme

Abstract The RNA-dependent synthesis of T4 lysozyme in vitro has been used to characterize a recessive-lethal amber suppressor (sup-amber) strain of Salmonella typhimurium. T4 lysozyme is synthesized by 30000 × g supernatant extracts of S. typhimurium in the presence of RNA from Escherichia coli Su− cells infected with T4B (T4 wild-type). RNA from E. coli Su− cells infected with T4 lysozyme gene amber mutants directs the synthesis of T4 lysozyme in extracts of sup-amber cells, or in extracts of Su− cells of E. coli or S. typhimurium supplemented with tRNA from the sup-amber strain.
Keeping Moral Space Open New Images of Ethics Consulting

The moral expertise of clinical ethicists is not a question of mastering codelike theories and lawlike principles. Rather, ethicists are architects of moral space within the health care setting, as well as mediators in the conversations taking place within that space.
Multiple excitatory receptor types on individual olfactory neurons: implications for coding of mixtures in the spiny lobster.

The aim of our paper was to investigate whether single olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus functionally express more than one type of receptor, examine the consequences of this on coding of mixtures, and compare principles of odorant mixture coding by spiny lobsters with that by the channel catfish, which has been studied extensively using the same experimental and analytical procedures (Caprio et al. 1989; Kang and Caprio 1991). We examined responses of individual taurine-sensitive ORNs to binary mixtures of excitatory compounds, either competitive agonists (taurine, β-alanine, hypotaurine) or non-competitive agonists (taurine, l-glutamate, ammonium chloride, adenosine-5′-monophosphate). Responses to mixtures were compared to two indices: mixture discrimination index (MDI) and independent component index (ICI). Binary mixtures of competitive agonists had MDI values close to 1.0, as expected for competitors. Mixtures of non-competitive agonists had ICI values averaging 0.83, indicating the effects of the components are not independent. We conclude that individual olfactory cells of spiny lobsters can express more than one type of receptor mediating excitation, one of which typically has a much higher density or affinity, and that spiny lobster and catfish olfactory cells encode mixtures of two excitatory agonists using similar rules.
Endogenous norepinephrine regulates blood flow to the intact rat tibia

The goal of our study was to determine if endogenous norepinephrine (NE) has a role in the regulation of basal blood flow to intact bone. The experimental plan was to measure bone blood flow before and after pharmacological blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors. A significant increase in blood flow after receptor blockade would suggest that endogenous norepinephrine exerts a tonic constrictor effect on the vessels supplying blood to the bone. Mature, male rats were anesthetized with Inactin. Arterial blood pressure and left tibia blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry) were measured. A cannula was inserted into the right iliac artery and advanced to the aortic bifurcation to deliver drugs into the left hindlimb circulation, including the left tibia vasculature. Bolus injection of norepinephrine caused a dose-dependent decrease in bone blood flow (30-40%). Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors with phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine attenuated by more than 50% the norepinephrine-induced decrease in bone blood flow. In separate rats that had not received exogenous norepinephrine, injection of phentolamine alone decreased bone vascular resistance by 34+/-3%. Similarly, phenoxybenzamine decreased resistance by 25+/-4%. These results are consistent with the conclusion that alpha-adrenergic receptors mediate a significant constriction of blood vessels which participate in the partial control of basal blood flow to the intact rat tibia.
Control of chemical reactions in the vicinity of hyperbolic metamaterials and metallic surfaces

We show that photo-oxidation of organic semiconducting films can be controlled by geometry and composition of metallic and metal/dielectric substrates, in agreement with increase of the chemical reaction rate by the density of photonic states.
A Label-Free Integrated Optics Biosensor by Diffraction Grating Coupler

Biosensors are analytical devices to detect biological reactions. Fluorescence labeling is the most widely used method. Labeling free methods are desired in some cases because it can save the time and effort of the labeling step and provide real-time observation for the reactions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Numerical study of the thermodynamics of clinoatacamite

We study the thermodynamic properties of the clinoatacamite compound, Cu${}_{2}$(OH)${}_{3}$Cl, by considering several approximate models. They include the Heisenberg model on (i) the uniform pyrochlore lattice, (ii) a very anisotropic pyrochlore lattice, and (iii) a kagome lattice weakly coupled to spins that sit on a triangular lattice. We utilize the exact diagonalization of small clusters with periodic boundary conditions and implement a numerical linked-cluster expansion approach for quantum lattice models with reduced symmetries, which allows us to solve model (iii) in the thermodynamic limit. We find a very good agreement between the experimental uniform susceptibility and the numerical results for models (ii) and (iii), which suggests a weak ferromagnetic coupling between the kagome and triangular layers in clinoatacamite. We also study thermodynamic properties in a geometrical transition between a planar pyrochlore lattice and the kagome lattice.
Bacteremia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver

Infections are frequent in patients with liver cirrhosis, as their defenses against infectious agents are altered. But bacteremia occurring in cirrhotic patients has seldom been reported in the literature. From 1981 to 1986, we collected 197 cases with 228 episodes of bacteremia for this retrospective study. The incidence of bacteremia in cirrhotic patients was 8.8%; no significant difference was noted between cirrhotic patients with variant etiologies of HBV(+), HBV(-) and alcohol. But the incidence increased with the severity of the disease (1%, 4.8%, 17.1% in Child's A, B, C groups, respectively). Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant microorganisms of bacteremia (75.6%). Among them, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas hydrophilia were the three most commonly detected microorganisms. Gram-positive bacterias were detected in 21.2% of patients with bacteremia, with predominance of the Streptococcus group and Staphylococcus aureus. In about 26.3% of cases the infectious sources were the same by bacteria cultures as from blood. The most common sources were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia and biliary tree infection. In cirrhotic patients with and without bacteremia, the mortality rate increased significantly in the bacteremia group (54.8% vs 23.2%, P less than 0.05). By Child's classification, the mortality of patients with classes B and C increased significantly after onset of bacteremia. There was no significant difference in mortality between bacteremic patients in the HBV(+), HBV(-) and alcohol groups. In conclusion, bacteremia is a severe complication of liver cirrhosis and a sign of a poor prognosis.
The influence of the surface electric field on water ionization: a two step dissociative ionization and desorption mechanism for water ion cluster emission from a platinum field emitter tip

Abstract Water ionization and desorption of protonated water clusters in high electric fields were studied on a Pt emitter tip in ultrahigh vacuum. Ramped field desorption (RFD) experiments were carried out at 109 and 145 K. As the tip potential was linearly ramped, crystalline ice adsorbed at low temperatures (145 K) was ionized and emitted from the tip as protonated water clusters H+(H2O)n. Emitted ions were mass resolved using a Wien filter for n up to 7. The onset of ionization occurred at a higher field for the 109 K RFDs (0.44 V A−1) than for the 145 K RFDs (0.32 V A−1). All observed ions for each temperature were observed simultaneously in the onset flash. However, clusters n=2 and 3, which were dominant at 109 K, were not observed at 145 K. These results, coupled with previous low temperature (109–150 K) ice field desorption data, and higher temperature (170–300 K) field adsorbed ion emission data, suggest a two step dissociative ionization/desorption mechanism in which the strongly temperature dependent, dissociative ionization event determines emission onset at low temperatures, while the field dependent, ion emission event determines emission onset at higher temperatures. In addition, local enhancement of the ionization event was observed by directly imaging ion cluster emission using field ion microscopy.
Description Of Fixed-Pattern Noise In CCD's Using The Spatial Power Spectrum

Description of Fixed-Pattern Noise in CCD's Using the Spatial Power SpectrumG.D. Boreman, P.L. HeronUniversity of Central Florida, Electrical Engineering DepartmentOrlando, Florida 32816AbstractCharacterization of fixed-pattern noise is an important aspect in evaluating the performance of a staring array. The usual method of quantifying the effect of this artifact on the image is to state the variance of the pixel levels. However, this implicitly assumes that the fixed-pattern noise is spatially "white", that is, it has an equal effect at all spatial frequencies of interest. Usually, fixed-pattern noise has a nonrandom spatial distribution, which violates the assumption of white noise. A more complete characterization is provided by the spatial power spectrum of the fixed-pattern noise. This descriptor quantifies the effect of fixed-pattern noise on image data, both in terms of its frequency content, as well as its magnitude. Consideration of the noise spectrum is seen to yield additional insight into the nature of the fixed-pattern noise present on the array.IntroductionFixed-pattern noise is a generic term used to describe the variations in gain and offset levels observed over an array of detector elements, such as a CCD. Variation of offset levels is an additive noise, and is discernible even with no flux incident upon the array. Variation of gain (responsivity) is a multiplicative effect, which varies with the amount of scene flux.Such detector non-uniformity can be a severe problem, especially in the infrared , where images are of inherently low contrast to begin with. Fixed-pattern noisecan be partially corrected for digitally, but for large array sizes, such a correctionrepresents a large number of addition and multiplication operations 2 .This paper will concentrate on the characterization of fixed-pattern noise artifacts by means of the spatial power spectrum. It will be seen that the spatial noise on the array is non-white, and that additional insight is gained into the effect of the noise at the different spatial frequencies of interest. This additional insight would be useful in the intercomparison of various arrays or correction algorithms, and as a frequency-domain viewpoint on the performance of the CCD array as a processor of optical signals.Mathematical foundationsThe usual means of characterizing fixed-pattern noise is by specifying thevariance, a 2 , of the pixel levels.z z \ I(x.,y.) - M 1
The ups and downs of Tax and histones in adult T-cell leukemogenesis.

Paul Laybourn Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 1870 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA Tel.: +1 970 491 5100; Fax: +1 970 491 0494; paul.laybourn@colostate.edu ‘HTLV-1 infection has been demonstrated to reduce core histone and linker histone protein levels by 20–40%, which would necessarily result in lower nucleosome density and produce similar effects as global loss of imprinting (DNA hypomethylation).’
Modeling the behavior of metallic fast reactor fuels during extended transients

Abstract Passive safety features in metal-fueled reactors utilizing the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) fuel system make it possible to avoid core damage for extended time periods even when automatic scram systems fail to operate or heat removal systems are severely degraded. The time scale for these transients are intermediate between those that have traditionally been analyzed in fast reactor safety assessments and those of normal operation. Consequently, it has been necessary to validate models and computer codes (FPIN2 and LIFE-METAL) for application to this intermediate time regime. Results from out-of-reactor Whole Pin Furnace tests are being used for this purpose. Pretest predictions for tests FM-1 through FM-6 have been performed and calculations have been compared with the experimental measurements.
Dark matter axions revisited

We study for what specific values of the theoretical parameters the axion can form the totality of cold dark matter. We examine the allowed axion parameter region in the light of recent data collected by the WMAP5 mission plus baryon acoustic oscillations and supernovae, and assume an inflationary scenario and standard cosmology. We also upgrade the treatment of anharmonicities in the axion potential, which we find important in certain cases. If the Peccei-Quinn symmetry is restored after inflation, we recover the usual relation between axion mass and density, so that an axion mass ${m}_{a}=(85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$ makes the axion 100% of the cold dark matter. If the Peccei-Quinn symmetry is broken during inflation, the axion can instead be 100% of the cold dark matter for ${m}_{a}l15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$ provided a specific value of the initial misalignment angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{i}$ is chosen in correspondence to a given value of its mass ${m}_{a}$. Large values of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking scale correspond to small, perhaps uncomfortably small, values of the initial misalignment angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{i}$.
Maximum torque per ampere control of switched reluctance motors

This paper investigates the maximum torque per Ampere (MTPA) control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) via optimization of the current waveform. The MTPA problem is redefined using the SRM model and a generic current profile. Theoretical derivation of the optimal current excitation is presented. Finite element simulations are conducted to validate the optimal current waveforms which are obtained from theoretical derivation.