cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional steady state hydrodynamic analysis of gas—solids flow in vertical pneumatic conveying systems

Abstract Pneumatic conveying, as a mode of solid particles transportation, is widely used in the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, gas processing and food processing industries. Within the last decade, there has been increasing demand for an optimized utilization of this technology, particularly in the energy conversion processes. Such optimized utilization of this technology requires good understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior of gas-solids mixture flow in pipes and the capability to predict such behavior. Empirical correlations have been developed in the literature for predicting some of the more commonly sought design variables such as pressure drop. Most of such correlations were developed using one-dimensionally based experimental data. Apart from being limited to the data-base used in developing them, they ignore the effect of radial non-uniformity of the basic variables such as solid velocity, void fraction, etc. More recent experimentations confirm this non-radial uniformity of such important design variables as solid velocity and solid concentration. We present a two-dimensional steady state two-phase hydrodynamic model to describe upward co-current pneumatic conveying of solid particles in vertical pipe. The model incorporates viscous dissipation terms in both the gas phase and the particulate phase. Numerical solution was obtained using the numerical method of lines. The predicted system variables and their distributions under different operating conditions agree with the observed behavior of the system reported in the literature. The predicted solid velocity profiles using this model agree reasonably well with available experimental data.
Phase II, parallel-design study of preoperative combined modality therapy and the matrix metalloprotease (mmp) inhibitor prinomastat in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma

Purpose: This randomized phase II, parallel-design study evaluated preoperative combined modality therapy and the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor prinomastat in patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the esophagus that were stage II or greater. The objectives of the trial were to determine pathologic complete response rate (pCR), overall response rate, progression-free survival, pattern of disease relapse, and two-year and overall survival. Patients and Methods: Preoperative staging included computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, and, when feasible, laparoscopy. Eligible patients were randomized to preoperative prinomastat or placebo, plus continuous infusion 5-FU, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and concurrent radiotherapy. Esophagectomy was performed on day 71. Adjuvant paclitaxel and prinomastat were available to all study patients. Results: Between August 2000 and June 2001, 15 of a planned 78 patients were randomized into the trial. One patient after randomization withdrew consent. Fourteen patients, 7 in each arm, completed preoperative treatment and surgery. pCR was achieved in 5 patients; 1/ 7 prinomastat and 4/ 7 placebo. Disease improvement was achieved in 7 patients; 5 /7 prinomastat and 2 /7 placebo. At a median follow-up of 28 months, 7 patients (2 prinomastat, 5 placebo) are alive with no evidence of disease. The primary prinomastat related toxicity was moderate to severe musculoskeletal toxicity interfering with daily function. This toxicity was managed with treatment rest, dose reduction, or discontinuation. Five patients (3 prinomastat and 2 placebo) had life-threatening thrombo-embolic events, which led to early evaluation of safety and efficacy, and subsequent termination of the study. Conclusions: All patients, regardless of treatment arm, were able to successfully undergo neoadjuvant combined modality therapy and esophagectomy. However, early closure of the study due to unexpected thrombo-embolic events precluded any conclusions regarding clinical activity of prinomastat in locally advanced esophageal cancer patients.
Attenuation of daunorubicin-augmented microsomal lipid peroxidation and oxygen consumption by calcium channel antagonists

Abstract Daunorubicin (20 μM) stimulated NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation about 2-fold over control values and enhanced the rate of oxygen utilization by microsomes. The calcium channel blockers tested inhibited daunorubicin-augmented lipid peroxidation and O2 consumption to varying degrees. Inhibition of daunorubicin-stimulated lipid peroxidation was found to be dose dependent; the IC50 (drug concentration producing 50% inhibition of lipid peroxidation) values for verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem were approximately 150 μM, 200 μM, and 600 μM respectively. Our in vitro studies suggest that calcium channel antagonists may modulate the free radical-mediated, cardiotoxic effects of daunorubicin.
An extended range generic immunoassay for total human therapeutic antibodies in preclinical pharmacokinetic studies

Bioanalytical support of discovery programs for human monoclonal antibody therapies involves quantitation by immunoassay. Historically, preclinical samples have been analyzed by the traditional Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). We investigated transferring our generic ELISA for quantitating human IgG constructs in preclinical serum samples to an automated microfluidics immunoassay platform based on nanoscale streptavidin bead columns. Transfer of our immunoassay to the automated platform resulted in not only the anticipated reduction in analysts' time required for manual manipulation (ELISA) but also a substantial increase in the dynamic range of the immunoassay. The generic nature and wide dynamic range of this automated microcolumn immunoassay permit bioanalytical support of novel therapeutic candidates without the need to develop new, specific assay reagents and minimize the chances that sample reassays will be required due to out of range concentration results. Improved process efficiencies and enhanced workflow during the analysis of preclinical PK samples that enable high throughput assessment of a human monoclonal antibody lead in early discovery programs.
Space Environment Effects On Spacecraft Surface Materials

A review is given of the effect of the space environment on the external surfaces of satellites. The early development of thermal control materials in the 1960's and the 1970's is summarized. Selected recent results, based on flight experiments from the SCATHA satellite (P78-2) of the Space Test Program and the Space Shuttle, are reviewed along with Laboratory experiments designed to understand the often unexpected results of the flight experiments. The topics include long-term stability of thermal control materials, contamination, spacecraft charging, and the effect of oxygen atoms on materials. Several areas of future research are proposed.
Fester, A candidate allorecognition receptor from a primitive chordate

Histocompatibility in the primitive chordate, Botryllus schlosseri, is controlled by a single, highly polymorphic locus, the FuHC. By taking a forward genetic approach, we have identified a locus encoded near the FuHC, called fester, which is polymorphic, polygenic, and inherited in distinct haplotypes. Somatic diversification occurs through extensive alternative splicing, with each individual expressing a unique repertoire of splice forms, both membrane bound and potentially secreted, all expressed in tissues intimately associated with histocompatibility. Functional studies, via both siRNA-mediated knockdown and direct blocking by monoclonal antibodies raised against fester, were able to disrupt predicted histocompatibility outcomes. The genetic and somatic diversity, coupled to the expression and functional data, suggests that fester is a receptor involved in histocompatibility.
Impact of inert organic nitrate formation on ground-level ozone in a regional air quality model using the carbon bond mechanism 4

A regional air quality model is used to assess the impact of inert organic nitrate formation on ground-level ozone in the eastern United States during summer. The chemical mechanism used is the Carbon Bond Mechanism 4 (CBM4), which is widely used by regulatory agencies in the United States in air quality modeling applications. Recently, modifications were made to the reaction mechanism involving the organic peroxy radicals which form inert organic nitrates without a critical scientific review of the effects of these changes. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the simulated large-scale distribution of ground-level ozone is extremely sensitive to these mechanism changes. Inclusion of radical-radical reactions involving the organic peroxy radicals suppresses inert organic nitrate formation, and leads to significant increases in nitrogen oxide levels over large parts of the model domain. As a consequence of increased rates of ozone photochemical production, ozone mixing ratios are enhanced by as much 10–25 ppbv when these additional radical termination pathways are considered in the model.
Revisiting the identification of canonical splice isoforms through integration of functional genomics and proteomics evidence

Canonical isoforms in different databases have been defined as the most prevalent, most conserved, most expressed, longest, or the one with the clearest description of domains or posttranslational modifications. In this article, we revisit these definitions of canonical isoforms based on functional genomics and proteomics evidence, focusing on mouse data. We report a novel functional relationship network-based approach for identifying the highest connected isoforms (HCIs). We show that 46% of these HCIs are not the longest transcripts. In addition, this approach revealed many genes that have more than one highly connected isoforms. Averaged across 175 RNA-seq datasets covering diverse tissues and conditions, 65% of the HCIs show higher expression levels than nonhighest connected isoforms at the transcript level. At the protein level, these HCIs highly overlap with the expressed splice variants, based on proteomic data from eight different normal tissues. These results suggest that a more confident definition of canonical isoforms can be made through integration of multiple lines of evidence, including HCIs defined by biological processes and pathways, expression prevalence at the transcript level, and relative or absolute abundance at the protein level. This integrative proteogenomics approach can successfully identify principal isoforms that are responsible for the canonical functions of genes.
Adaptive force generation for precision-grip lifting by a spectral timing model of the cerebellum

We modeled adaptive generation of precision grip forces during object lifting. The model presented adjusts reactive and anticipatory grip forces to a level just above that needed to stabilize lifted objects in the hand. The model obeys principles of cerebellar structure and function by using slip sensations as error signals to adapt phasic motor commands to tonic force generators associated with output synergies controlling grip aperture. The learned phasic commands are weight- and texture-dependent. Simulations of the new circuit model reproduce key aspects of experimental observations of force application. Over learning trials, the onset of grip force buildup comes to lead the load force buildup, and the rate-of-rise of grip force, but not load force, scales inversely with the friction of the object.
Motion coherency rules are form-cue invariant

Object features can be made manifest by differences in a variety of physical attributes or figural cues. In this study we provide evidence that motion signals arising from different figural cues can be combined to produce a percept of a coherently moving (heterogeneous-cue) pattern. Moreover, as is true for homogeneous-cue patterns, similarity along the dimensions of contrast (we introduce the idea of contrast equivalence) and spatial frequency determines whether coherent motion is perceived. These results are in accordance with recent physiological evidence demonstrating that directional selectivity of many neurons in cortical visual area MT is invariant over changes in the figural cue that defines the moving stimulus ("form-cue invariance").
Vulvar Metastasis of an Early-Stage Well-Differentiated Endometrial Cancer After Minimally Invasive Surgery

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy, often manifesting as early-stage well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma associated with a high likelihood of long-term recurrence-free survival. Minimally invasive surgery for surgical staging of endometrial lesions is now routinely practiced, with laparoscopy the preferred surgical approach at many cancer centers. Recurrence or metastasis of early-stage well-differentiated endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma is uncommon, and may occur due to iatrogenic microscopic seeding of malignant cells during surgery, as suggested by previous reports of cancer metastasis to port sites after minimally invasive surgery, laparotomy incisions after open surgery, or intraperitoneal spread after hysteroscopy or uterine manipulation. Herein we report the only described case of isolated vulvar metastasis of an early-stage FIGO stage IB well-differentiated (histologic grade 1) endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma after minimally invasive surgery for surgical staging. The patient had recurrent endometrioid adenocarcinoma metastasis at the vulva 8 months after robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy and surgical staging with specimen removal through the vagina. In selected cases, we suggest that use of a specimen bag during removal of the uterus through the vagina may limit seeding of malignant cells during minimally invasive surgery to treat cancer.
A protamine-like domain in basic adenovirus core protein.

Abstract The amino acids sequence of an extremely basic domain of the adenovirus core protein VII has been determined. The unique distribution of basic amino acids in this domain is homologous to the sperm specific protein protamine. The significance of this region in viral DNA condensation and packaging is discussed.
Left atrial volume: a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction

Background— After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diastolic function assessed by Doppler echocardiography provides important prognostic information that is incremental to systolic function. However, Doppler variables are affected by multiple factors and may change rapidly. In contrast, left atrial (LA) volume is less influenced by acute changes and reflects subacute or chronic diastolic function. This may be of importance when one assesses risk in patients with AMI. Methods and Results— Three hundred fourteen patients with AMI who had a transthoracic echocardiogram with assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and measurement of LA volume during admission were identified. The LA volume was corrected for body surface area, and the population was divided according to LA volume index of 32 mL/m2 (2 SDs above normal). LA volume index was >32 mL/m2 in 142 (45%). The primary study end point was all-cause mortality. During follow-up of 15 (range 0 to 33) months, 46 patients (15%) di...
Alternative visions for citizenship practice in an environmental justice dispute

Abstract. This paper explores the way in which multiple discourses of citizenship inflect environmental justice activism. A case study of a siting conflict in St James Parish, Louisiana (US) highlights that different citizen subjectivities and socio-spatial relations are imagined within alternative traditions of citizenship. The paper works through several moments in the St James controversy to illustrate the implications of each of these traditions for struggle over environmental justice. It is argued that in borrowing from both liberal and communitarian traditions, the activists at the centre of this case were fostering a hybridised conception of citizenship that helped them to negotiate the spatial tensions inherent in the idea of environmental justice.
The incidence of malignant non-carcinomas of the female breast

Objective: Demographic and tumor characteristics of all malignant non-carcinomas of the breast, including the lymphomas and myelomas, are the focus of this investigation.
Neurotoxicity of Aβ amyloid protein in vitro is not altered by calcium channel blockade

Abstract In cortical cultures, Aβ protein destabilizes calcium homeostasis, but direct neurotoxicity of Aβ is not observed. In hippocampal cultures, we and others find treatment with Aβ protein decreases neuronal survival, but the mechanism of neurotoxicity is unknown. We have used low-density, serum-free cultures of hippocampal neurons to determine whether the neurotoxicity of Aβ protein in vitro can be altered by voltage- or ligand-gated calcium channel antagonists or cyclic nucleotides. In these cultures, neither ω-conotoxin, nifedipine, verapamil, APV, nor MK-801 altered the survival of neurons exposed to synthetic Aβ 1–40. The N-channel antagonist diltiazem decreased Aβ 1–40 toxicity repeatedly, but slightly, perhaps by indirectly contributing to increased neuronal viability. Treatment of cultures with dibutyryl cAMP, 8-bromo cAMP, dibutyryl cGMP, and 8-bromo cGMP also failed to alter Aβ toxicity. Thus, the toxicity of beta protein in low-density hippocampal cultures was not directly altered either by calcium channel blockers or by the addition of cyclic nucleotides.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Neuroprotective against Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Envelope Proteins

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive patients in the late phase of infection develop AIDS dementia complex, an array of neurological complications that include extrapyramidal symptoms, cognitive impairments, and psychiatric disturbances. Brains of these patients exhibit brain injury. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) has been suggested to be a causal agent of neuronal loss; however, several strains of gp120 exist during the infection and the relative neurotoxic potential of each strain is presently unknown. Using cultured cerebellar granule neurons, we determined whether two strains of gp120, gp120IIIB and gp120BaL, which bind to CXCR4 and CCR5 chemokine receptors, respectively, induce cell death. Apoptotic cell death and activated caspase-3 were evident within a few hours in neurons exposed to low nanomolar concentrations of either gp120IIIB or gp120BaL. However, the neurotoxic effect of gp120IIIB was more rapid and occurred at lower concentrations than that of gp120BaL, suggesting that cerebellar granule cells may be more sensitive to apoptotic signals activated by the CXCR4 receptor. The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to block neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, we examined whether BDNF protects against both strains of gp120. Preexposure of cerebellar granule cells to BDNF prior to both gp120s decreased apoptosis and consequently enhanced their survival. These findings underlie the rationale for exploring the ability of BDNF to reduce HIV-1-mediated neuronal cell death in vivo.
Characterising relict cryogenic macrostructures in mid‐latitude areas of the USA with three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has considerable potential for the detection and identification of sediment-filled wedges and relict polygonal patterns in mid-latitude areas. Relict cryogenic macrostructures have been described previously both within and outside the maximum extent of the Late Wisconsinan glacial border in many regions of the USA. The features were formed under climatic conditions associated with permafrost and periglacial conditions and provide evidence of climate change. In this study, buried relict cryogenic macrostructures were identified with GPR. On some two-dimensional GPR (2D GPR) records, boundaries with the host materials are indistinguishable or blurred resulting in the features being overlooked, misinterpreted and/or imprecisely delineated. Three-dimensional GPR (3D GPR) was able to delineate buried networks of sediment-filled wedges and provided more meaningful information than 2D radar records. When supplemented with adequate ground-truth observations, GPR offers considerable potential for imaging, interpreting and mapping near-surface cryogenic macrostructures in former periglacial environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
15N NMR relaxation studies of free and inhibitor-bound 4- oxalocrotonate tautomerase: Backbone dynamics and entropy changes of an enzyme upon inhibitor binding

The solution secondary structure of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT), a 41 kDa homohexamer with 62 residues per subunit, consists of an alpha-helix, two beta-strands, a beta-hairpin, two loops, two turns, and a C-terminal coil [Stivers et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5, 729-741]. The general base, proline-1, as well as the two loops and the beta-hairpin have been shown to comprise the active site [Stivers et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 814-823]. The backbone dynamics of both the free enzyme and its complex with a substrate analog have been studied by 1H-detected 15N relaxation rates and NOE determinations at 500 and 600 MHz. Analysis of the data using the model-free formalism showed that the nanosecond to picosecond motion of 53 of the 60 backbone 15N-H vectors was highly restricted with a mean order parameter mean value of S2 = 0.87 +/- 0.03. The lowest backbone mobility (S2 > 0.90) is found in the beta 1-strand, loop 2, and turn 2. Greater backbone mobility is found in the active site (0.5 or = 4 x 10(6) M-1 s-1) and/or catalysis (kcat = 10(3) s-1).
Quantitative Measurement of Molecular Diffusion Coefficients by NMR Spectroscopy

An offset-independent adiabatic inversion pulse is used in the diffusion experiment to uniformly excite a sample region that is sufficiently long to ignore the ending effects, yet is short enough to have a homogeneous RF field and to represent the pulsed field gradient with a linear approximation. Under these conditions, the diffusion decay of the peak intensity appears to be Gaussian as a function of the effective gradient field ge as if all the molecules inside the selected region experienced the same ge. Quantitative measurement of molecular diffusion coefficients is therefore made possible.
Carcinoid Heart Disease

A53-year-old Indian man developed watery diarrhea. He was treated for inflammatory bowel disease without improvement. Three months before admission, he developed lower extremity edema, which progressed to include massive scrotal edema as well as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. An ECG (Fig 1⇓) and chest radiograph (Fig 2⇓) were performed. An upper gastrointestinal series and small bowel series were unrevealing. An abdominal computed tomography scan demonstrated the presence of multiple liver masses (Fig 3⇓). A percutaneous fine-needle liver biopsy was performed and yielded the cells seen in Fig 4⇓. A 24-hour urine collection for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was markedly elevated at 871 μmol/d (normal, <200 μmol/d). Echocardiographic findings are summarized in Figs 5⇓ and 6⇓. Based on our findings (Figs 1 through …
Population pharmacokinetics of procainamide from routine clinical data.

Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data collected from patients receiving procainamide were analysed to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters. 116 plasma concentration determinations for procainamide and 14 timed urine collections for the drug and its major metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were obtained from 39 patients, mostly males. The data were analysed using NONMEM, a computer program designed for population pharmacokinetic analysis that allows pooling of data from many individuals. Estimates of the influence of weight, height, renal function, and the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) on the renal clearance (CLR), acetylation clearance (CLA), miscellaneous metabolic clearance (CLO), and volume of distribution (Vd) of procainamide were obtained. The mean (SE) CLR, CLA, CLO and Vd for procainamide in a 70kg patient with normal renal function were estimated to be 14.4 (2.3) L/h, 10.1 (1.7) L/h, 1.2 (1.3) L/h, and 136.0 (20.0) L, respectively. These pharmacokinetic parameters vary linearly with bodyweight; height adds no information if weight is known. The presence of CHF has no significant effect on either CLO or Vd, but reduces CLA and CLR by 11% (p < 0.01). Even after adjustments for CHF, renal function and weight, the total clearance and Vd of procainamide vary unpredictably among individuals, with a coefficient of variation between 30 and 40%, and < 50%, respectively.
Uracil glycol deoxynucleoside triphosphate is a better substrate for DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment than thymine glycol deoxynucleoside triphosphate.

A major stable oxidation product of DNA cytosine is 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrouracil (Ug). Ug can be formed directly in DNA or in the cellular nucleotide pools by deamination of the unstable primary product, cytosine glycol. Here, we synthesized dUgTP and showed that dUgTP was incorporated in place of dTTP and was a much better substrate for the model enzyme DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment lacking proofreading activity, Kf (exo-), than deoxythymidine glycol triphosphate (dTgTP). The relative efficiency for dUgTP insertion opposite A was 10 times higher than for dTgTP; however, the extension of a primer with 3‘ dUg was about 100 times more efficient than the extension of a primer with 3‘ dTg. At the insertion step, the differences in Vmax appeared to be responsible since the apparent Kms for dUgTP and dTgTP were about the same. In contrast, both the apparent Km and Vmax for elongation of dUg were markedly different from those of dTg. Molecular modeling was performed with both Tg and Ug and provides a ratio...
THE NON-ABELIAN TENSOR PRODUCT OF FINITE GROUPS IS FINITE: A HOMOLOGY-FREE PROOF

In this note, we give a homology-free proof that the non-abelian tensor product of two finite groups is finite. In addition, we provide an explicit proof that the non-abelian tensor product of two finite p -groups is a finite p -group.
Two polymerizable derivatives of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid).

A versatile strategy for the synthesis of polymerizable derivatives of the redox-active indicator dye 2,2‘-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) is reported. Two products are shown to illustrate how the final step in the synthetic strategy can be used to alter the physical properties of the product. Both products were characterized spectroscopically and electrochemically. The hydrophilic monomer (sABTS) was polymerized, and the utility of this polymer (polyABTS) is demonstrated in the context of bioelectrocatalysis.
The mitochondrial environment is required for activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc

Steroidogenesis is initiated by the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by mitochondrial cytochrome P450scc [cholesterol, reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving); EC 1.14.15.6]. Several subsequent steroidal conversions occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the last step in the production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids again occurs in the mitochondria. Although cellular compartmentalization of steroidogenic enzymes appears to be a feature of all steroidogenic pathways, some reports indicate that cholesterol can be converted to pregnenolone outside the mitochondria. To investigate whether P450scc can function outside the mitochondria, we constructed vectors producing P450scc and various fusion enzymes of P450scc with electron-transport proteins and directed their expression to either the ER or the mitochondria. Whether targeted to mitochondria or to the ER, plasmid vectors encoding P450scc and fusion proteins of P450scc with either mitochondrial or microsomal electron-transport proteins produced immunodetectable protein. When expressed in mitochondria, all of these constructions converted 22-hydroxycholesterol to pregnenolone, but when expressed in the ER none of them produced pregnenolone. These results show that P450scc can function only in the mitochondria. Furthermore, it appears to be the mitochondrial environment that is required, rather than the specific mitochondrial electron-transport intermediates.
The synthesis of 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid esters by rhodium(I)-catalysed conjugate addition of organoboron reagents

A practical route to 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid esters is developed. The key step involves the rhodium(I)-catalysed conjugate addition of an organoboron reagent to an α,β-unsaturated alkene. Elaboration of one conjugate addition product to give a novel spiroazetidine ring system is also described.
Sixty years of neurological surgery.

I first became interested in neurological surgery during my freshman year as a medical student at the University of Iowa in 1923. During a neuroanatomy course in which we used a textbook written by Stephen Walter Ranson, I became intrigued with the way he posed problems of lesion localization in the nervous system. My interest grew during the following summer when I had the opportunity to work with a general surgeon, John O'Keefe, who allowed me to study his patients with neurological disorders. When I returned to Iowa City that autumn I went directly to the professor of psychiatry and neuropathology, Samuel T. Orton, and told him of my desire to pursue a career in neurological surgery. He advised me first to learn more about the pathology of the nervous system—a wise recommendation. To begin, I studied a newly published book on gliomas of the nervous system, written by Percival
Assignment games, chromatic number, and exchange theory

The exchange networks that social psychologists have studied can usefully be represented as game theoretic 2‐sided assignment games. Conceiving of these networks as 2‐sided assignment games opens up the possibility of studying N‐sided assignment games and games without cores. 2‐sided assignment games are special in that they always have cores, stable solutions in which every individual and subgroup behave rationally. The implicit assignment of positions to categories of an N‐sided assignment game is related to coloring a graph. The color classes form sets of positions with potentially related interests. Color equivalence is compared to structural, regular, automorphic, and ecological positional equivalence.
Localism as a first step toward symbolic representation

Page argues convincingly for several important properties of localist representations in connectionist models of cognition. I argue that another important property of localist representations is that they serve as the starting point for connectionist representations of symbolic (relational) structures because they express meaningful properties independent of one another and their relations.
An Exact Formula for the Move-to-Front Rule for Self-Organizing Lists

A collection of items (e.g., books), each with an associated weight (or popularity), is arranged in a row. At each unit of time an item is removed with probability proportional to its weight and replaced at the left end of the row. Thismove-to-front rule gives a Markov chain on permutations often known as theTsetlin library. We derive an exact and tractable formula for the probability of any permutation after any number of moves. From the formula we read off previously studied quantities of interest associated with the chain, such as the stationary distribution and eigenvalues. Measuring discrepancy from stationarity by separation, we use the formula to find the initial arrangement giving the slowest convergence to stationarity. The time to stationarity in this case is a convolution of geometric random variables which we analyze for three natural choices of weights. We also assess the time required for an important functional, namely, expected search cost, to approach its stationary value.
Effects of fine powder addition on the sludge unit of a chemical wastewater

Equilibrium powdered activated carbon (PAC) concentrations of 20, 160, and 280 mg/L in bench-scale activated sludge units treating cellulose acetate processing wastewater were found to enhance substrate removal. The mean improved COD removal was 20 percent. The apparent mechanism of enhanced substrate removal was the stimulation of greater biomass growth. PAC addition increased the oxygen uptake rate (OUR), the observed cell yield coefficient (Yobs) and the pseudo-first order substrate removal coefficient (Kb), of the activated sludge system, which was operated at a temperature of 18°C and at a mean cell residence time (MCRT) of 14 days. The addition of PAC also improved the sludge settleability, but this resulted in higher effluent SS concentration because zone settling velocity (ZSV) was the primary factor affecting effluent SS.
Morena pedagogy: Latina educators and Latina youth in urban schools

Despite the fact that Latinas are the fastest-growing minority in the USA, their histories, experiences, cultures and languages are systematically devalued within US schools. Moreover, little research provides rich and thorough descriptions of how race and gender intersect to influence schooling for Latina students. This study prioritises the narratives of Latina teachers to illustrate how race and gender impact the schooling experiences of Latina youth. The Latina teachers contend that racio-sexual oppression is alive and well in urban schools. To mediate and oppose these acts of oppression, the teachers and I provide three points of departure to develop a raced and gendered pedagogical framework for Latina students.
Teaching computer graphics without raster-level algorithms

Classical computer graphics textbooks (e.g. [1-4]) introduce the field by covering the details of raster-level algorithms. Many computer graphics educators have long recognized that depending on students’ backgrounds and needs (e.g. major vs non-major) [5,6] alternate approaches may be more appropriate [7-8]. With the recent advances in the field, advent of powerful hardware, and sophisticated APIs, the field of computer graphics has become much larger and richer. As educators, we must make tough decisions about what to include in a one semester/quarter class. This panel presents three distinct approaches to teaching introductory Computer Graphics without covering raster-level algorithms. These approaches are suitable for a wide-range of students with different backgrounds and needs. To ensure neutrality and balanced of viewpoints, the panel also discusses the merits of teaching raster-level algorithms and situations where the classical approach better aligns with and serves students’ needs.
An improved synthesis of [1H]-isoindolin-1-one-3-carboxylic acid

Preparation of the title compound in one operation from commercially available phthalaldehydic acid in 34% yield is described.
What Can Be Learned From a Laboratory Model of Conceptual Change? Descriptive Findings and Methodological Issues

The problem of how people process novel and unexpected information—deep learning (Ohlsson in Deep learning: how the mind overrides experience. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011)—is central to several fields of research, including creativity, belief revision, and conceptual change. Researchers have not converged on a single theory for conceptual change, nor has any one theory been decisively falsified. One contributing reason is the difficulty of collecting informative data in this field. We propose that the commonly used methodologies of historical analysis, classroom interventions, and developmental studies, although indispensible, can be supplemented with studies of laboratory models of conceptual change. We introduce re-categorization, an experimental paradigm in which learners transition from one definition of a categorical concept to another, incompatible definition of the same concept, a simple form of conceptual change. We describe a re-categorization experiment, report some descriptive findings pertaining to the effects of category complexity, the temporal unfolding of learning, and the nature of the learner’s final knowledge state. We end with a brief discussion of ways in which the re-categorization model can be improved.
Physical aging of layered glassy polymer films via gas permeability tracking

The physical aging of polymers in confined environments has been an area of intensive study in recent times. The rate of physical aging in thin films of many polymers used in gas separation membranes is dependent on film thickness and accelerated relative to bulk. In this study, the physical aging of polymer films with alternating glassy polysulfone and rubbery polyolefin layers was monitored by measuring the gas permeability of O2 and N2 as a function of aging time at 35 � C. The alternating layer structures were formed by a melt co-extrusion process. The polysulfone layers have thicknesses ranging from 185 to 400 nm, and the overall thicknesses of the films are on the order of 80e120 mm. The aging of freestanding thin films of polysulfone is rapid and exhibits clear thickness dependence, whereas the aging of multilayered films was observed to be similar to bulk and showed no dependence on layer thickness. At 1000 h of aging time, a 400 nm freestanding PSF film decreased in O2 permeability by 35%, whereas on average the bulk and multilayered films only experienced a decline of 10e15%. A slight increase in O2/N2 selectivity for the multilayered films was observed over the course of aging.
Turning cross sections into a panel: A simple procedure for ecological inference

Abstract The unavailability of panel data has often frustrated researchers trying to analyze patterns of change over time. This paper outlines an inference procedure designed to estimate the interior cells of a transition table, based on two cross-sectional data sets. The procedure begins with estimates produced by the “method of bounds,”, but progressively narrows these estimates on the basis of simple and conservative yet powerful assumptions. For the presidential popularity illustration used throughout the presentation, the estimates given by the procedure prove extremely precise and accurate.
Resisting the Impositional Potential of Student Voice Work: Lessons for liberatory educational research from poststructuralist feminist critiques of critical pedagogy

Early 21st-century cautions regarding student voice work in educational research echo in striking ways some poststructuralist feminist critiques of critical pedagogies that proliferated in the early 1990s. Both warn against totalizing, undifferentiated notions of and responses to oppressed, marginalized, and/or disempowered individuals or groups while sharing a commitment to the encouragement of critical analyses of existing social conditions (within and beyond classrooms) and the advocacy of changing dominant arrangements of power and participation. In this article, I explore how conceptions of and cautions regarding two key foci of liberatory efforts—identity and voice—throw into relief the impositional potential of those efforts. I offer the conceptual framework provided by “translation” to support a rethinking of students’ and researchers’ identities, roles, and participation in educational research as one of many necessarily ongoing efforts to resist the impositional potential of student voice work.
Sputtered film characteristics evaluated through designed experiments

Summary form only given. The film properties from a sputtering system utilizing separately cryopumped chambers for loading, etching, heating, and deposition were evaluated using designed experiments. This system provided unique aluminum-silicon doped films in response to traditional processing setpoints used in batch or even closed-coupled, single-wafer-deposited, common vacuum systems. Due to this and process constraints, 12 film properties were characterized as a function of three key inputs utilizing the designed experimental approach. The reason for altering the standard film was to achieve a transparent metal film that would be equal in all other aspects to the current metal film. This would allow the use of either the new sputter system or the one being used now without any change in processing the film through the photoresist and etch process flows. >
Insulating effect of coals and organic rich shales: implications for topography-driven fluid flow, heat transport, and genesis of ore deposits in the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau

ABSTRACT Sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter, such as coal and carbonaceous shales, are characterized by remarkably low thermal conductivities in the range of 0.2–1.0 W m−1 °C−1, lower by a factor of 2 or more than other common rock types. As a result of this natural insulating effect, temperature gradients in organic rich, fine-grained sediments may become elevated even with a typical continental basal heat flow of 60 mW m−2. Underlying rocks will attain higher temperatures and higher thermal maturities than would otherwise occur. A two-dimensional finite element model of fluid flow and heat transport has been used to study the insulating effect of low thermal conductivity carbonaceous sediments in an uplifted foreland basin. Topography-driven recharge is assumed to be the major driving force for regional groundwater flow. Our model section cuts through the Arkoma Basin to Ozark Plateau and terminates near the Missouri River, west of St. Louis. Fluid inclusions, organic maturation, and fission track evidence show that large areas of upper Cambrian rocks in southern Missouri have experienced high temperatures (100–140 °C) at shallow depths (< 1.5 km). Low thermal conductivity sediments, such as coal and organic rich mudstone were deposited over the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau, as well as most of the mid-continent of North America, during the Late Palaeozoic. Much of these Late Palaeozoic sediments were subsequently removed by erosion. Our model results are consistent with high temperatures (100–130 °C) in the groundwater discharge region at shallow depths (< 1.5 km) even with a typical continental basal heat flow of 60 mW m−2. Higher heat energy retention in basin sediments and underlying basement rocks prior to basin-scale fluid flow and higher rates of advective heat transport along basal aquifers owing to lower fluid viscosity (more efficient heat transport) contribute to higher temperatures in the discharge region. Thermal insulation by organic rich sediments which traps heat transported by upward fluid advection is the dominant mechanism for elevated temperatures in the discharge region. This suggests localized formation of ore deposits within a basin-scale fluid flow system may be caused by the juxtaposition of upward fluid discharge with overlying areas of insulating organic rich sediments. The additional temperature increment contributed to underlying rocks by this insulating effect may help to explain anomalous thermal maturity of the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau, reducing the need to call upon excessive burial or high basal heat flow (80–100 mW m−2) in the past. After subsequent uplift and erosion remove the insulating carbonaceous layer, the model slowly returns to a normal geothermal gradient of about 30 °C km−1.
Detecting active channels in an asynchronous DS-CDMA multiuser receiver

Nearly all the work in multiuser detection for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-DCMA) assumes that the active channels are known. Previous attempts to solve the active channel detection problem assume short codes and use subspace methods that treat the multiple access interference (MAI) as noise. We consider forward link IS-95 asynchronous long code multiuser receivers and design an active channel detector that estimates the MAI as an intermediate step. The resulting algorithm subsumes multiuser detection in that we estimate symbols, amplitudes, and active channels jointly. The detector iteratively estimates and removes the MAI using an approach combining order statistics and constant false alarm rate thresholds on mixture densities. The performance of the new detector is compared to a conventional active channel detector which uses only the matched filter sufficient statistic. The new detector provides much higher probability of detection as a function of both capacity (number of active users) and SNR for cases of uniform and geometric power distributions. The new detector is shown to achieve nearly perfect probability of detection even in the near-far case with a moderately loaded system and just a few symbols.
Attenuation of Phytochrome A and B Signaling Pathways by the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock

In higher plants, environmental cues such as light signals are integrated with circadian clock signals to control precisely the daily rhythms observed for many biological functions. We have used a fusion of the promoter of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene, CAB2, with firefly luciferase (cab2::luc) to monitor the detailed kinetics of transcription in response to photoreceptor activation in Arabidopsis. Using this marker in phototransduction and circadian-dysfunctional mutants, we studied how signals from phytochrome and the circadian clock are integrated for the regulation of CAB2 transcription. Results from these mutant studies demonstrate that similar expression features, namely, the acute and circadian responses, are present in both etiolated and green seedlings and that the acute and circadian responses are genetically separable. We also demonstrate that persistent Pfr signaling occurs in red light-pulsed etiolated seedlings, which suggests that the circadian clock antagonizes Pfr-mediated signal transduction. Based on these genetic studies, we propose a model for the regulation of CAB2 transcription in which individual photoreceptors and phototransduction components have been assigned to specific pathways for the regulation of discrete kinetic components of the CAB2 expression pattern.
A new RF front-end and frequency synthesizer architecture for 3.1-10.6 GHz MB-OFDM UWB receivers

In this paper, an RF front-end and frequency synthesizer architecture is presented that targets a 3.1-10.6 GHz, low-cost, low-complexity, low power consumption, fully integrated receiver with minimum off-chip components for multiband OFDM ultrawideband (MB-OFDM UWB) systems. This paper provides an insight on how to determine the requirements, address design trade-offs and derive receiver specifications. A thorough study on out-of-band blockers reveals a few design trade-offs when implementing a UWB receiver with full frequency coverage. This observation leads to a front-end combining a wideband balun with a single-ended LNA that allows highest degree of on-chip integration. In addition, by exploiting the inherent relationship among band center frequencies, a new frequency synthesis scheme is proposed to generate all 14 MB-OFDM UWB bands with minimum number of mixing steps
Vibrational Stark Effects of Nitriles II. Physical Origins of Stark Effects from Experiment and Perturbation Models

Vibrational Stark effects, which are the effects of electric fields on vibrational spectra, were measured previously for the C−N stretch mode of several small nitriles, yielding difference dipole moments, difference polarizabilities, and transition polarizabilities for each species [Andrews, S. S.; Boxer, S. G. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 11 853]. This paper explains the physical origins of the observed Stark effects using two theoretical models and, in the process, computes several molecular parameters for each nitrile. A model with a single vibrational mode, developed with perturbation theory, is found to explain most of the experimental Stark effects. Because it cannot account for coupling between modes, which is ubiquitous and important for resonant vibrations and for combination mode absorption, another model is developed which considers multiple vibrational modes and three spatial degrees of freedom. It is found that difference dipole moments arise from a combination of mechanical anharmonicity and ...