cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two approaches to natural kinds

Philosophical treatments of natural kinds are embedded in two distinct projects. I call these the philosophy of science approach and the philosophy of language approach. Each is characterized by its own set of philosophical questions, concerns, and assumptions. The kinds studied in the philosophy of science approach are projectible categories that can ground inductive inferences and scientific explanation. The kinds studied in the philosophy of language approach are the referential objects of a special linguistic category—natural kind terms—thought to refer directly. Philosophers may hope for a unified account addresses both sets of concerns. This paper argues that this cannot be done successfully. No single account can satisfy both the semantic objectives of the philosophy of language approach and the explanatory projects of the philosophy of science approach. After analyzing where the tensions arise, I make recommendations about assumptions and projects that are best abandoned, those that should be retained, and those that should go their separate ways. I also recommend adopting the disambiguating terminology of “scientific kinds” and “natural kinds” for the different notions of kinds developed in these different approaches.
Comparison of Long-term CIDR-based Estrous Synchronization Protocols on Estrous Response and Pregnancy Rates in Postpartum Beef Cows

Estrous synchronization and artificial insemination allow beef producers to maximize genetic improvement in their operations. However, many beef producers have been reluctant to incorporate this technology into their program due to the management requirements it entails. Therefore, any improvements to decrease time and/or labor inputs may increase the use of such technology. The CIDR-Select protocol is an effective method of synchronizing estrus in beef cows. This protocol involves 14 days treatment with a CIDR progesterone insert, GnRH treatment 12 days after CIDR removal, and treatment with prostaglandin F2alpha seven days after GnRH. The entire protocol requires over 33 days, from initial CIDR insertion to detection of estrus and insemination. Reducing the interval from CIDR removal to GnRH treatment would shorten the protocol and potentially make it more attractive for use by producers, providing effectiveness was maintained. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the estrous response and subsequent fertility of postpartum beef cows following synchronization utilizing the CIDR-Select protocol, in which the interval from CIDR removal to GnRH treatment was reduced from 12 to two days.
CRIMES AND OFFENSES Controlled Substances: Provide Procedures for the Seizure and Disposition of Forfeited Property; Provide for Liens on Property Subject to Forfeiture; Provide for Distribution of Forfeited Property and the Proceeds from Such Property

The Act declares that certain items are contraband, and that no property rights exist as to those items. The Act provides for the seizure of property subject to forfeiture and for the filing of a lien for forfeiture upon the initiation of any civil or criminal proceeding under this article, as well as upon seizure. The Act provides procedures for forfeiture and the conditions required for the filing of a temporary restraining order against property subject to forfeiture. The Act provides for the evidence to be admissible at hearings and determinations made subject to forfeiture, as well as for inferences and rebuttable presumptions. The Act provides that forfeited property vests in the State at the time of conduct giving rise to the forfeiture. The Act provides for the disposition, sale, or destruction of property forfeited, and provides for the distribution and use of property and proceeds of forfeited property.
Biomaterials: Considerations for Endovascular Devices

Continued evolution of catheter-based technology has expanded applications of endovascular therapy for the treatment of cardiac and peripheral vascular diseases. Research and development advances have affected metal, textile, and polymer biomaterials and have facilitated refinements in design and construction of endovascular devices. As a result, the performance of these devices has improved, complications have been reduced, and the uses of minimally invasive applications have expanded. This chapter reviews the biomaterial properties and design characteristics of existing guidewires, angioplasty balloons and catheters, and metallic intravascular stents and filters with reference to their implementation and function. Design and biomaterial considerations for newer endoluminal grafts and their applications are also discussed.
Abstract 3750: Targeting PD-L1 sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Platinum-based chemotherapy agents such as Cisplatin (CDDP) are commonly used as first-line treatment for several types of human cancers including ovarian, lung, testicular, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Unfortunately, CDDP monotherapy is often ineffective due to inherent or acquired tumor resistance to therapy, also known as chemoresistance. This contributes to a need for the administration of larger, more toxic doses, as well as failure of chemotherapy and tumor recurrence. Despite the clinical significance of chemoresistance, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon are not completely understood. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a membrane-bound glycoprotein responsible for modulating the immunological response through the induction of T-Cell anergy and apoptosis, has been shown to be overexpressed in many cancers, including HNSCC. While PD-L1 overexpression has been directly related to the immunoevasion of cancer cells allowing for tumor progression, recent reports suggest that PD-L1 also plays an important role in the tumor response to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy independent of its immune function. The present study investigates the role of PD-L1 in response to CDDP in HNSCC. In vitro experiments were performed using four well-characterized human HNSCC cell lines. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot were conducted to determine the baseline and post-CDDP-treatment PD-L1 gene expression. The results demonstrated that PD-L1 mRNA transcription and protein expression are upregulated in response to CDDP, suggesting that PD-L1 is involved in the chemoresponse. Conversely, knockdown of PD-L1 using siRNA resulted in chemosensitization of HNSCC cells to CDDP. Together, these findings implicate PD-L1 in the CDDP-chemoresponse in HNSCC. In conclusion, we propose a role for PD-L1 that is distinct from the classic immunoevasion pathway. Our findings demonstrate that disruption of this protein leads to increased sensitivity of HNSCC cells to CDDP, suggesting a potential combination therapeutic strategy for patients with CDDP-resistant HNSCC. Citation Format: Peter Qiao, Shayanne A. Lajud, Danish A. Nagda, Nobuaki Tanaka, Alyssa Civantos, Bert W. O'Malley, Daqing Li. Targeting PD-L1 sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3750. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3750
The (un)predictability of primaries with many candidates: Simulation evidence *

It is common to describe the dynamic processes that generateoutcomes in U.S. primaries as ``unstable'' or ``unpredictable''. In fact, the way we choose candidates may amount to alottery. This paper uses a simulation approach, assuming10,000 voters who vote according to a naive, deterministicproximity rule, but who choose party affiliationprobabilistically. The voters of each party then must choose between twosets of ten randomly chosen candidates, in ``closed'' primaries.Finally, the winners of the two nominations compete in thegeneral election, in which independent voters also participate.The key result of the simulations reported here isthe complete unpredictability of the outcomes of a sequence ofprimaries: the winner of the primary, or the party's nominee,varied as much as two standard deviations from the medianpartisan voter. The reason is that the median, or any othermeasure of the center of the distribution of voters, isof little value in predicting the outcome of multicandidateelections. These results suggest that who runs may havemore to do with who wins than any other consideration. If more than two parties or candidates are expected, then thevote-maximizing position is not close to your opponents, butwell away from them. (Tullock, 1967: 55).
Differential gene expression in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) challenged with the fusiform rust fungus, Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme

Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme is the pathogen that incites fusiform rust disease of southern pine species. To date, a number of host resistance genes have been mapped. Although genomic mapping studies have provided valuable information on the genetic basis of disease interactions in this pine-rust pathosystem, the interaction at the molecular level is poorly understood. To further our understanding of this interaction, we implemented a microarray study to examine the differential expression of genes in pathogenchallenged progeny of a full-sib loblolly pine family known to be segregating at a single dominant resistance gene (Fr1). Statistical analyses revealed shifts in gene expression that may reflect discrete stages of gall development.
A Layered Architecture for Supporting Objects in a Relational System: A Performance Study

O-Raid uses a layered approach to provide support for objects on top of a distributed relational database system called Raid. In this paper, we present experiments conducted on O-Raid to measure overheads in supporting objects through a layered implementation in various phases of query execution: method execution, subobject referencing, and format translation. The experimentation involves the comparison of the performance of 001 benchmark queries on objects with the equivalent queries on relations in the underlying Raid. We show that the cost of swizzling disk data to memory structures and vice versa accounts for at most additional 10% overheads.
Bayesian Method of Moments (BMOM) Analysis of Mean and Regression Models

A Bayesian method of moments/instrumental variable (BMOM/IV) approach is developed and applied in the analysis of the important mean and multiple regression models. Given a single set of data, it is shown how to obtain posterior and predictive moments without the use of likelihood functions, prior densities and Bayes’ Theorem. The posterior and predictive moments, based on a few relatively weak assumptions, are then used to obtain maximum entropy densities for parameters, realized error terms and future values of variables. Posterior means for parameters and realized error terms are shown to be equal to certain well known estimates and rationalized in terms of quadratic loss functions. Conditional maxent posterior densities for means and regression coefficients given scale parameters are in the normal form while scale parameters’ maxent densities are in the exponential form. Marginal densities for individual regression coefficients, realized error terms and future values are in the Laplace or double-exponential form with heavier tails than normal densities with the same means and variances. It is concluded that these results will be very useful, particularly when there is difficulty in formulating appropriate likelihood functions and prior densities needed in traditional maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches.
Microfabricated Patch-Clamp Array for Neural Mems Applications

Microfabricated patch clamping devices comprising planar arrays of individually addressable nozzles, fluidic channels and electrodes have been developed. Patch clamp based electrophysiological techniques are among the most widespread methods in neurophysiology and are used to address a broad range of cellular physiology and quantitative biological questions. Among the limitations of the technique are the difficulty of obtaining multiple patches on connected cells or on the same cell, limited stability of patches, and constraints on chemical and optical access to the patched membrane. The parallel array device will enable the formation of multiple seals simultaneously. The structure facilitates visualization of the interior of the patched membrane during electrical recording, as well as delivery of chemicals. The microfabrication technique gives precise control over the capacitive and resistive characteristics of the electrode channels, as well as the flow resistance, which are important factors in patch clamp recording. The device is fabricated using an SOI wafer and Deep Reactive Ion Etching to create an array of cylindrical nozzles, each of which has a core of silicon dioxide and interior walls of silicon nitride. Vertical channel segments and plumbing holes are fabricated by deep reactive ion etching through the wafer. Important electrical properties of the device were characterized, and patch clamping was attempted.
3-D electron microscopy and incomplete angular coverage: a restoration scheme based on projections onto convex sets

The author treats the problem of calculating the 3-D structure of a biological specimen from its images obtained in a transmission electron microscope. In general, this process is accomplished by tilting the specimen inside the microscope, collecting the tilted images, and using these data as input to a 3-D reconstruction algorithm. However there is an unavoidable limit for the maximum tilt angle that can be achieved. Methods to recover the missing information are thus fundamentally needed. The author presents an approach based on projections onto convex sets (POCS) as it has been applied to a subviral particle, and comments on the obtained results. >
A brief history of early computational electromagnetics at the Ohio state university ElectroScience Laboratory

This paper will survey the history of computational electromagnetics (CEM) at The Ohio State University Electroscience Laboratory (ESL) prior to 1990. By computational electromagnetics, it is meant a numerical technique in which the unknown currents or fields are expanded in terms of N basis functions, and the unknown coefficients in the expansion are found as the solution of a matrix equation Prior to 1990, virtually all of the CEM work at the ESL was with the Method of Moments (MM), and thus this article will focus solely on the MM.
Inhibitors of methionyl-tRNA synthetase have potent activity against Giardia intestinalis trophozoites

The methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) is a novel drug target for the protozoan pathogen Giardia intestinalis. This protist contains a single MetRS that is distinct from the human cytoplasmic MetRS. A panel of MetRS inhibitors was tested against recombinant Giardia MetRS, Giardia trophozoites, and mammalian cell lines. The best compounds inhibited trophozoite growth at 500 nM (metronidazole did so at ∼5,000 nM) and had low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, indicating excellent potential for further development as anti-Giardia drugs.
Immunologic Methods for the Identification of Cell Types. II. Expression of Normal Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cell Antigens in Mammary Neoplasia

Mouse mammary epithelial (MME) cell antigens were cell type-specific and were retained, to a large extent, by MME cells after neoplastic transformation. These MME cell antigens were expressed in mammary tumors of BALB/c, C3H, GRS/A, RIII, and Is/Bi mice tested and were not expressed in tumors whose normal counterpart was other than mammary tissue. They were not dependent on cell culture conditions or on the presence of murine mammary tumor virus; therefore, they can be used in an ubiquitous cell type marker for MME cells in both normal and neoplastic tissues.
Somatics in the Dance Studio: Embodying Feminist/Democratic Pedagogy

ABSTRACT Since the 1970s, somatics have increasingly become a part of the dance training landscape. Although the psychophysical benefits seem sufficient in themselves to warrant inclusion in dance, this article explores another possible outcome of embracing somatic pedagogical principles, a change that affects not what is taught in a dance class, but how dance is taught. Although much of contemporary educational philosophy has moved away from the traditional authoritarian model, authoritarian practices still pervade Western concert dance to the detriment of the field (Lakes 2005, 16). To move forward as an art form, there is a need to “transform … our pedagogical outlooks” (Fortin 1998, 67). This article seeks to illuminate common threads between somatic and feminist/democratic teaching to further the discourse on pedagogical practices in dance. The author also traces the impact of incorporating somatic principles in her teaching and her resultant evolution away from traditional methods toward a more egal...
Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of myeloma and other cancers

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is induced in response to cellular stress and stabilizes client proteins involved in cell cycle control and proliferative/anti-apoptotic signalling. HSP90 is overexpressed in a range of cancers, and may contribute to tumour cell survival by stabilizing aberrant signalling proteins and by interfering with apoptosis. Tanespimycin, an HSP90 inhibitor, reduces tumour cell survival in vitro. In multiple myeloma (MM), HSP90 inhibition affects multiple client proteins that contribute to tumour cell survival, including the IGF1 receptor and the IL-6 receptor, and elements of the PI3/Akt, STAT3, and MAPK signalling pathways. HSP90 inhibition also abrogates the protective effect of bone marrow stromal cells and inhibits angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Tanespimycin acts synergistically with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in MM cells and tumour explants, possibly reducing their ability to resist bortezomib-induced stress to the endoplasmic reticulum. The combination of tanespimycin and bortezomib has demonstrated significant and durable responses with acceptable toxicity in a phase I/II study in patients with relapsed and relapsed/refractory MM. HSP90 inhibition is a promising strategy in MM especially in combination with bortezomib; additional studies will further evaluate optimal dosings of candidate drugs and schedules, as well as confirm efficacy in comparative phase III trials.
Influence of microstructure and chemical composition on proton exchange membrane properties of sulfonated–fluorinated, hydrophilic–hydrophobic multiblock copolymers

Abstract Nanophase separated ionic-hydrophobic block copolymers have shown promise as proton exchange membranes than random copolymers. A series of multiblock copolymers composed of alternating segments of fully disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and highly fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s were evaluated for their potential as proton exchange membranes. Block length and chemical composition were the two major structural variables influencing the properties. Significantly, higher water and proton transport properties were observed for the higher block length materials. Water uptake was controlled by controlling the ratio between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic block lengths. These ion containing multiblock copolymers showed promise as some of the more selective PEMs in terms of achieving both high proton conductivity and low water uptake. Detailed structure–property relationships are provided in the paper.
β-Adrenoceptors on duodenal mucosal cells mediate venous serotonin release

We have previously documented predominant intraluminal release of serotonin (5-HT) following activation of muscarinic receptors on enterochromaffin cells. Gronstad et al. reported that portal venous release of 5-HT in response to vagal stimulation was mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 5-HT release induced by the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, is mediated by enteric nerves or is a direct action at the enterochromaffin cell level. We mounted rabbit duodenal mucosal sheets stripped of muscularis in modified Ussing chambers and measured release of 5-HT in response to 10(-5) M isoproterenol, in the presence and absence of the neural conduction blocker tetrotoxin, 10(-6) M. Serotonin was measured in the buffer bathing the mucosal and submucosal surfaces by HPLC. In the presence of isoproterenol, total (mucosal and submucosal) 5-HT release (21.0 +/- 4.9 ng/cm2/45 min) was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that in untreated controls (7.8 +/- 2.7 ng/cm2/45 min); release was predominantly toward the submucosal surface. In the presence of tetrodotoxin alone, net 5-HT release was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased to 12.8 +/- 2.8 ng/cm2/45 min. In tetrodotoxin-treated mucosa, isoproterenol increased 5-HT release to 28.6 +/- 5.3 ng/cm2/45 min which was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than that with tetrodotoxin alone. Since 5-HT release was increased even in the presence of neural blockade, these results suggest that activation of beta-adrenergic receptors on or near enterochromaffin cells induces release of 5-HT predominantly toward the submucosal surface.
Hip joint position modulates volitional knee extensor muscle activity after stroke

Evidence from animal and human models has demonstrated the importance of hip proprioceptors and vestibular inputs in modulating lower-extremity muscle activity through reflex pathways. Comprehension of the role of these sensory inputs following stroke may be important in understanding pathological muscle activity during functional activities. We therefore examined the influence of both hip and head/trunk position on volitional quadriceps activity in chronic stroke and control subjects. With the knee held at 60 degrees, maximal voluntary isometric quadriceps contractions were elicited with trunk orientation (head position) and hip angle systematically positioned at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. Integrated electromyographic activity from the quadriceps was compared between groups and conditions. Vasti activity in the stroke group was greater in a seated upright posture (hip flexed) than supine (hip neutral). Controlling for vestibular input, the stroke group demonstrated greater quadriceps activity (VL and RF) with a neutral hip compared to flexion. Such findings may have implications for understanding inappropriate muscle activity during walking after stroke, as hip extension occurs immediately prior to toe off, when inappropriate quadriceps activity is commonly observed.
Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is an ancient surgical procedure that was first described in the Rig Veda over 3,000 years ago.1 Indications for tracheostomy remained unclear until the 1850s when it was advocated as a treatment for upper airway obstruction due to diphtheria.2 However, operative mortality remained high. In 1909, Chevalier Jackson, the father of modern tracheostomy, refined the open tracheostomy technique that is still used today. During the 1940s polio epidemics, the need for improved pulmonary hygiene resulted in a resurgence of tracheostomy.3 This period was followed by a third wave of interest in the 1960s following the birth of modern ICUs and the widespread adoption of positive pressure ventilation.
Feshbach resonance and coherent molecular beam generation in a matter waveguide

Abstract We consider the application of Feshbach resonance on the conversion of the coherent atom beam into the coherent molecular beam in a waveguide geometric configuration. We study the conditions under which the optimal conversion takes place in the steady-state operation. We present the analytical formulas for determining the optimal rate and spatial period of conversion under both arbitrary and simple situations. Results pertinent to the Feshbach resonance of sodium atoms at the threshold magnetic field B 0 =85.3 mT are both given and discussed.
Prevention of allergic disorders.

Allergic disease produces substantial pediatric morbidity and individual dysfunction, making its mechanisms an appropriate target for clarification and preventive strategies. Disease expression seems to reflect a constellation of determinants that controls IgE production variably, affects specific function of target organs, and determines exposure to putative allergens. Bases for the two former factors are being defined rapidly and appear to be controlled genetically. Therefore, although stronger eugenic motivation will be required to exploit even present information for effective prevention, parental phenotypes can provide a rough indication of post-conceptive risk. Despite many divergent data, current evidence fails to support the value of gestational strategies undertaken to prevent allergic disease in the newborn; however, this risk apparently may be reduced by avoiding postnatal allergens. The protection afforded seems to be allergen-specific rather than somehow serving to abate "the allergic tendency." Evidence increasingly is persuasive that sensitization to pollens, foods, and possibly other agents is prone to occur in the first 6 to 12 months of life. Strategies that exclude potent food allergens from the diets of high-risk infants appear to reduce the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, but seem far less able to influence respiratory symptoms. Efforts to limit exposure to potent inhalant allergens (eg, dust mites, animal "danders") are now also feasible and offer quite effective secondary and, perhaps, primary prevention. Trials of these strategies and clarification of other domestic contaminant effects on child health offer "homely" but valid and potentially useful approaches to reducing the impact of allergic disease.
Compacted channel routing with via placement restrictions

Abstract We study in this paper the channel routing problem when there are restrictions on the placement of via holes. We show how to produce routing solutions that contain no horizontally adjacent vias and a close to minimum number of vertically and diagonally adjacent vias. Such solutions lead to compaction that will reduce total routing area.
Expression profiling of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the rat retina

This study profiled the expression of the family of GABAA receptor beta-subunits in the adult rat retina. Using a combination of reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with gene-specific primers, the expression of mRNAs encoding the beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 subunits was first examined in the intact retina and then in separated retinal nuclear layers. However, it was found that a critical analysis had to be carried out at the level of the single cell in order to resolve the differential patterns of expression among the retinal cell types. When cells were isolated and identified following acute dissociation, RT-PCR revealed that individual rod photoreceptor cells expressed consistently the beta 1 and beta 2 messages while the bipolar cells expressed the beta 1 and beta 3 messages. Ganglion cells displayed considerable variability in beta-subunit expression, perhaps reflecting their functional and morphological heterogeneity in the retina. In contrast, the nonneuronal Mueller cells did not express any of the beta-subunit messages. These results indicate that the expression of GABAA receptor subunits is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, as the expression of other families of GABAA receptor subunits are profiled and the patterns of subunit assembly are better understood, our results raise the possibility that GABAA receptors with different subunit compositions can be expected to be coexpressed within a single retinal neuron.
Chemical shifts of the coalesced hydroxy proton magnetic resonance signal and departures from ideality in aqueous alcohol mixtures. I. The tert-butanol-water system

Maximum downfield chemical shifts of the coalesced hydroxy proton signal, relative to that predicted for an ideal solution, occurred at tert-butanol concentrations for which thermodynamic properties suggest the highest degree of water structuring. Shifts in the opposite direction reached extreme values near the azeotropic composition of the tert-butanol-water system.
Sequence Analysis of LRPPRC and Its SEC1 Domain Interaction Partners Suggests Roles in Cytoskeletal Organization, Vesicular Trafficking, Nucleocytosolic Shuttling and Chromosome Activity

Abstract LRPPRC (originally called LRP130) is an intracellular, 130-kD, leucine-rich protein that copurifies with the fibroblast growth factor receptor from liver cell extracts and has been detected in diverse multiprotein complexes from the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. Here we report results of a sequence homology analysis of LRPPRC and its SEC1 domain interactive partners. We found that 23 copies of tandem repeats that are similar to pentatricopeptide, tetratricopeptide, and huntingtin-elongation A subunit-TOR repeats characterize the LRPPRC sequence. The amino terminus exhibits multiple copies of leucine-rich nuclear transport signals followed by ENTH, DUF28, and SEC1 homology domains. We used the SEC1 domain to trap interactive partners expressed from a human liver cDNA library. Interactive C19ORF5 (XP_038600) exhibited a strong homology to microtubule-associated proteins and a potential arginine-rich mRNA binding motif. UXT (XP_033860) exhibited α-helical properties homologous to the actin-associated spectrin repeat and L/I heptad repeats in mobile transcription factors. C6ORF34 (XP_004305) was homologous to the non-DNA-binding carboxy terminus of the Escherichia coli Rob transcription factor. CECR2 (AAK15343) exhibited a transcription factor AT-hook motif next to two bromodomains and a homology to guanylatebinding protein-1. Together these features suggest a regulatory role of LRPPRC and its SEC1 domain-interactive partners in integration of cytoskeletal networks with vesicular trafficking, nucleocytosolic shuttling, transcription, chromosome remodeling, and cytokinesis.
Modulation of jaw muscle spindle afferent activity following intramuscular injections with hypertonic saline.

Abstract Transient noxious chemical stimulation of small diameter muscle afferents modulates jaw movement-related responses of caudal brainstem neurons. While it is likely that the effect is mediated from the spindle afferents in the mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes) via the caudally projecting Probst's tract, the mechanisms of pain induced modulations of jaw muscle spindle afferents is not known. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that jaw muscle nociceptors gain access to muscle spindle afferents in the same muscle via central mechanisms and alter their sensitivity. Thirty-five neurons recorded from the Vmes were characterized as muscle spindle afferents based on their responses to passive jaw movements, muscle palpation, and electrical stimulation of the masseter nerve. Each cell was tested by injecting a small volume (250 μl) of either 5% hypertonic and/or isotonic saline into the receptor-bearing muscle. Twenty-nine units were tested with 5% hypertonic saline, of which 79% (23/29) showed significant modulation of mean firing rates (MFRs) during one or more phases of ramp-and-hold movements. Among the muscle spindle primary-like units ( n =12), MFRs of 4 units were facilitated, five reduced, two showed mixed responses and one unchanged. In secondary-like units ( n =17), MFRs of 9 were facilitated, three reduced and five unchanged. Thirteen units were tested with isotonic saline, of which 77% showed no significant changes of MFRs. Further analysis revealed that the hypertonic saline not only affected the overall output of muscle spindle afferents, but also increased the variability of firing and altered the relationship between afferent signal and muscle length. These results demonstrated that activation of muscle nociceptors significantly affects proprioceptive properties of jaw muscle spindles via central neural mechanisms. The changes can have deleterious effects on oral motor function as well as kinesthetic sensibility.
Characterization and use of radio frequency plasma‐activated natural polymers

A group of natural materials having anhydroglucose units linked by glycosidic bonds, as well as other related compounds, were irradiated with plasmas generated by a radio frequency field (13.56 MHz). Reactive sites created were characterized by electron spin resonance, chemiluminescence, infrared, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The free radicals are related to the number of glycosidic bonds, and their decays result in chemiluminescence. In the absence of moisture and oxygen, however, the radicals are stable. During plasma irradiation, carbonyl groups as well as free radicals are formed on surfaces, and the atom ratio of oxygen to carbon on surfaces increases. Within the reactor, thin films of polymers can be deposited on cotton fabrics by allowing the monomer to enter the reactor above the fabric that is in a horizontal position downstream from the external electrodes.
LIPOSOMAL ENCAPSULATION OF β‐GALACTOSIDASE: COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF ENCAPSULATION AND IN VITRO LACTOSE DIGESTIBILITY

β-Galactosidase from Aspergillus flavus was encapsulated in liposomes by dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) and reverse-phase evaporation vesicle (REV) preparative methods involving different membrane compositions. Method of preparation influenced both encapsulation efficiency and rate of enzyme inactivation significantly (p < 0.05), apparently due to membrane composition differences in the resulting liposomes. Mean encapsulation efficiencies in DRV and REV liposomes were 18.3 and 27.6%, respectively. Corresponding values for enzyme inactivation were 13.5 and 28.0%. When suspended in milk at refrigeration temperature for 20 days, DRV liposomes hydrolyzed 65% of the laciose while REV liposomes hydrolyzed only 20% of the lactose, indicating better protection of lactose from β-galactosidase by REV liposomes in milk. Total enzyme activity in milk, however, was not influenced by the method used. Both DRV and REV liposomes digested up to 50% of lactose in milk under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Results indicated that the stability of lactose in milk is better with REV liposomes than that with DRV liposomes.
Resonant-energy relaxation of terahertz-driven two-dimensional electron gases

We present experimental studies of energy loss from quasi-two-dimensional electron gases that are driven to a nonequilibrium steady state by intense, ultrahigh-frequency fields. For the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs heterostructures studied, longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon emission dominates energy loss across the previously unexplored frequency range from 0.2 to 3.5 THz, at moderate electron temperatures. We find an unexpected resonance in the absorbed power that is consistent with an increase near 0.5 THz in either the net LO phonon emission rate, or in the high-frequency mobility.
Structure and optical properties of diamondlike carbon synthesized by plasma immersion ion processing

Hard and transparent diamondlike carbon (DLC) films have been prepared on room-temperature substrates by using a C{sub 2}H{sub 2}{endash}Ar plasma immersion ion processing (PIIP) method. The optical properties of the DLC films with different thicknesses deposited on PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), silicon wafers, and glass plates were systematically examined. It was found that careful control of substrate bias voltage was needed for favorable growth of DLC films with low atomic hydrogen content, high hardness and wear resistance, and excellent optical properties. The resultant DLC films exhibited a low friction coefficient, high optical gap energy, and very high optical transmittance both in infrared and visible light ranges. The study confirmed that C{sub 2}H{sub 2}{endash}Ar PIIP with low negative bias voltages and suitable C{sub 2}H{sub 2}/Ar gas ratios can produce optically transparent and hard DLC films on optical materials. {copyright} {ital 1999 Materials Research Society.}
Electrode displacement strain imaging of thermally‐ablated liver tissue in an in vivo animal model

Purpose: Percutaneous thermal ablation is increasingly being used to destroy hepatic tumorsin situ. The success of ablative techniques is highly dependent on adequate ablation zone monitoring, and ultrasound-based strain imaging could become a convenient and cost-effective means to delineate ablation zone boundaries. This study investigates in vivo electrode displacement-based strain imaging for monitoring hepatic ablation procedures that are difficult to perform with conventional elastography. Methods: In our method, minute displacements (less than a millimeter) are applied to the unconstrained end of the ablation electrode, resulting in localized tissue deformation within the ablation zone that provides the mechanical stimuli required for strain imaging. This article presents electrode displacement strain images of radiofrequency ablation zones created in porcine liver in vivo (n=13). Results: Cross-sectional area measurements from strain images of these ablation zones were obtained using manual and automated segmentation. Area measurements from strain images were highly correlated with areas measured on histopathology images, quantitated using linear regression (R=0.894, P<0.001 and R=0.828, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: This study further demonstrates that electrode displacement elastography is capable of providing high-contrast images using widely available commercial ultrasound systems which may potentially be used to assess the extent of thermal ablation zones.
Suppression of scintillations and beam wandering in free space gigabit rate optical communication based on spectral encoding of a partially coherent beam

A new concept of a free-space, high-speed optical communication (FSOC) system based on spectral encoding of radiation from a broadband pulsed laser is developed. It is known that the intensity fluctuations of a partially coherent beam in combination with a time-averaging photodetector leads to a significant scintillation reduction with the corresponding improvement of the bit error rate by several orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, the time-averaging method cannot be applied directly to gigabit data rate communication. The main limitation of this method is related to the requirement that the correlation time between different spatially coherent spots be shorter than the response time of the photodetector. We propose to extend the technique of scintillation suppression, based on time averaging of a partially coherent beam, to gigabit data rate FSOC. In our approach, information is encoded in the form of amplitude modulation of the spectral components of the laser pulse which has a broad spectrum. To examine the intensity fluctuations of a partially coherent beam under the conditions of strong turbulence, we developed an asymptotic method for solution of the kinetic equation for the photon distribution function. We show that, for long distances, scintillations and beam wandering can be significantly suppressed.
High-resolution solid-state NMR of carbon bonded to deuterium

13C CP-MASS NMR spectra at 1.32 and 4.7 T of solid α-d-glucose-1-d1 are presented. The resonance of C1 carbon, directly bonded to deuterium, is split into an asymmetric doublet by the scalar and residual dipolar coupling between the deuterium and the carbon. Comparison of experimental and simulated spectra demonstrates that the sign of the deuterium quadrupole coupling constant is positive.
An integrated proteomics analysis of bone tissues in response to mechanical stimulation

Bone cells can sense physical forces and convert mechanical stimulation conditions into biochemical signals that lead to expression of mechanically sensitive genes and proteins. However, it is still poorly understood how genes and proteins in bone cells are orchestrated to respond to mechanical stimulations. In this research, we applied integrated proteomics, statistical, and network biology techniques to study proteome-level changes to bone tissue cells in response to two different conditions, normal loading and fatigue loading. We harvested ulna midshafts and isolated proteins from the control, loaded, and fatigue loaded Rats. Using a label-free liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) experimental proteomics technique, we derived a comprehensive list of 1,058 proteins that are differentially expressed among normal loading, fatigue loading, and controls. By carefully developing protein selection filters and statistical models, we were able to identify 42 proteins representing 21 Rat genes that were significantly associated with bone cells' response to quantitative changes between normal loading and fatigue loading conditions. We further applied network biology techniques by building a fatigue loading activated protein-protein interaction subnetwork involving 9 of the human-homolog counterpart of the 21 rat genes in a large connected network component. Our study shows that the combination of decreased anti-apoptotic factor, Raf1, and increased pro-apoptotic factor, PDCD8, results in significant increase in the number of apoptotic osteocytes following fatigue loading. We believe controlling osteoblast differentiation/proliferation and osteocyte apoptosis could be promising directions for developing future therapeutic solutions for related bone diseases.
Mechanisms of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions Associated with Ritonavir‐Enhanced Tipranavir

Tipranavir is a nonpeptidic protease inhibitor that has activity against human immunodeficiency virus strains resistant to multiple protease inhibitors. Tipranavir 500 mg is coadministered with ritonavir 200 mg. Tipranavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and, when combined with ritonavir in vitro, causes inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A in addition to induction of glucuronidase and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein. As a result, drug-drug interactions between tipranavir-ritonavir and other coadministered drugs are a concern. In addition to interactions with other antiretrovirals, tipranavir-ritonavir interactions with antifungals, antimycobacterials, oral contraceptives, statins, and antidiarrheals have been specifically evaluated. For other drugs such as antiarrhythmics, antihistamines, ergot derivatives, selective serotonin receptor agonists (or triptans), gastrointestinal motility agents, erectile dysfunction agents, and calcium channel blockers, interactions can be predicted based on studies with other ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors and what is known about tipranavir-ritonavir CYP and P-glycoprotein utilization. The highly complex nature of drug interactions dictates that cautious prescribing should occur with narrow-therapeutic-index drugs that have not been specifically studied. Thus, the known interaction potential of tipranavir-ritonavir is reported, and in vitro and in vivo data are provided to assist clinicians in predicting interactions not yet studied. As more clinical interaction data are generated, better insight will be gained into the specific mechanisms of interactions with tipranavir-ritonavir.
On the beattie-landsberg theory of interband auger recombination in semiconductors

Abstract It is shown that the conventional picture of the interband Auger recombination, as presented in the Beattie-Landsberg theory, is inadequate in a fundamental way. In that picture, the recombination arises from direct and pairwise energy and momentum transfer to single-particle excitations occuring through screened matrix elements. The role played by the collective electronic density fluctuations is clarified, and the enhancement of the recombination rate, due to plasmon emission, in heavily doped narrow-gap semiconductors is calculated within the context of the theory we develop in this work.
Management of Infectious Complications in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients

Solid-organ transplantation (SOT) has seen marked improvements in survival and rejection rates,1 but infection remains a common post-transplant complication and a major cause of death.2 This review focuses on the risks of developing infection after SOT, common pathogens encountered in SOT recipients (SOTRs), and management of the infections. Preventive strategies are also discussed. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 90 2, 333–342. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.90
Important Sources of Variation in Milk Flavor

Abstract Milk flavor scores and the incidences of several flavors were analyzed to determine the relative importance of environmental and genetic sources of variation. Several environmental factors were important. The stage of lactation had significant effects on flavor score and on feed and salty flavor incidences. Also, it accounted for 8% of the variation in oxidized and metallic flavor occurrence. The first 45 days of lactation was the most susceptible stage for development of undesirable flavors. The year-season of sampling contributed significantly to all flavor characteristics and caused more than one-third of the variance in flavor score and cowy flavor. The importance of year-season effects was attributed to the confounding of year-seasons with differences in summer and winter management practices. Only small differences were introduced by the cow's age at calving and the judges who tasted the milk. The repeatability of a cow's mean flavor score was .75 when the milk was scored monthly over a ten-month lactation by four judges. An analysis for genetic effects showed that genetic improvement of milk flavor would require a rigorous selection program which would probably reduce the progress in improving milk yield. Hence, we suggest that the effort to improve milk flavor characteristics be devoted to correcting environmental conditions causing inferior flavors.
Characterization of immobilized DNA on sulfur-passivated InAs surfaces

The immobilization of DNA on passivated n-type InAs (100) surfaces has been studied using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The benefits of sulfur passivation using ammonium sulfide solution ((NH4)2S) for DNA immobilization were examined. The XPS/UPS data carried out on non-functionalized and functionalized surfaces demonstrate that the DNA probes reacted with the sulfur-passivated InAs surface. The XPS data in combination with fluorescently-tagged DNA indicate that the sulfur passivation process leads to a higher and more uniform attachment of DNA over the surface compared to non-sulfur-passivated InAs surfaces. The XPS data obtained immediately after sulfur passivation clearly observes In-S bonding, with little or no As-S. In addition, the XPS spectra of As 3d core-levels immediately after sulfur passivation shows that there is a negligible amount of As-Ox, but the peak become considerable after exposure to the aqueous DNA probe solution. The increase in As-Ox is likely due to the presence of non-sulfur bonded As atoms present on the surface. The presence of sulfur on the surface does lead to the high areal density of attached ssDNA. This system forms the basis of a DNA sensing system. While chemically passivating the surface against oxidation and facilitating probe attachment, the changes in Fermi level position were also monitored by UPS. UPS spectra show that the Fermi level of a clean InAs surface is located ~0.6 eV above the valence band maximum. The changes in electronic states induced by sulfur passivation and the pinning of EF are discussed.
Leptoceletes Green (1952) a Replacement Name for Celetes Newman (1838) [Not Celetes SchÖnherr (1836)] (Coleoptera: Lycidae, Curculionidae)

Celetes Newman is found to be a junior homonym of Celetes Schonherr and Leptoceletes Green is proposed as a replacement name for it (new synonymy, status, and sense). This results in the following new combinations: Leptoceletes basalis (LeConte), Leptoceletes burchelli (Bourgeois), Leptoceletes dehiscens (Green), Leptoceletes leo (Zaragoza), Leptoceletes pallidus (Green), Leptoceletes subtilis (Kleine).