cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planet Finder Options III

Schemes for interferometers to observe systems of planets orbiting their star, and to obtain the spectra of these planets are in a state of concept development. The simplest of these schemes use four telescopes either in a diamond shaped or linear configuration. These preliminary designs are used as a basis to explore solutions to the problems that will be encountered in the development of focal plane instrumentation.
Implementation of Digital Subtraction Angiography with a Synchrotron X-Ray Beam

The intense synchrotron radiation produced by wiggler magnets at electron storage rings provides a new source of x-rays highly suited to iodine K-edge digital subtraction angiography. The monochromaticity and tunability provide maximum sensitivity to intraarterial iodine and virtually eliminate contrast due to soft tissue and bone. Visualization of arteries, in particular the coronary arteries, by peripheral venous injection is possible. A system design, based on tests already performed, is presented.
Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race

Abstract Although the outcomes of race categorization have been studied in detail, the temporal dynamics of real-time processing of race remain elusive. We measured participants’ hand movements en route to one of two race-category alternatives by recording the streaming x, y coordinates of the computer mouse. Study 1 showed that, when categorizing White and Black computer-generated faces that featurally overlapped with the opposite race, mouse trajectories showed a continuous spatial attraction toward the opposite category. Moreover, these race-atypical White and Black targets induced spatial attraction effects that had different temporal signatures. Study 2 showed that, when categorizing real faces that varied along a continuum of racial ambiguity, graded increases in ambiguity led to corresponding increases in trajectories’ attraction to the opposite category and trajectories’ movement complexity. These studies provide evidence for temporally dynamic competition across perceptions of race, where simultaneously and partially-active race categories continuously evolve into single categorical outcomes over time. Moreover, the findings show how different social category cues may exert different dynamic patterns of influence over the real-time processing that culminates in categorizations of others.
Explanatory powers of the fractional antedating response mechanism.

The fractional antedating response mechanism is used by Spence to explain the fact that rats can anticipate the consequences of their responses and can make choices based on these anticipations. The present paper examines the logic of this explanation, shows the kinds of assumptions required by it, and derives an experimental test of this explanation. This derivation assumes that fractional eating reactions in black and in white boxes are different reactions. While this assumption is not required to explain Kendler's experiment or Spence's paradigm, it is required to explain the latent learning and reasoning phenomena in many other experiments. As a consequence, the negative results of the experiment reported in this paper suggest either that the fractional reaction explanation is false, or that it is trivial in the sense that it is appropriate only to those latent learning phenomena where the alternative consequences are distinguished by different consummatory responses.
Investigation of Rules for Dealing With Outliers in Small Samples from the Normal Distribution: I: Estimation of the Mean

The performance of three rules for dealing with outliers in small samples of size n from the normal distribution N(μ, σ2) are investigated when the primary objective of sampling is to obtain an accurate estimate of μ. It is assumed that at most one observation in the sample may be biased, arising from either N(μ + aσ, σ2) or N(r, (1 + b)σ2). Performance of each rule is measured in terms of “Protection”, the fractional decrease in the Mean Square Error (MSE) obtained by using the rule when a biased observation actually is present in the sample. Although numerical results have been obtained for n ≤ 10 when σ2 is known, computational difficulties have prevented evaluation of protections when σ2 is unknown except when n = 3.
Learning Disabled Children's Understanding of Social Interactions of Peers

Judgments of children who have manifested social problems—physically aggressive and learning disabled boys—were compared with judgements of children whose behavior was more appropriate. Inner—city children viewed videotapes of similar children engaging in friendly, fighting or horseplay interactions. Approximately half the children in each group heard verbal descriptions of the same events rather than observing them on videotape. No differences were found between aggressive boys and non-aggressive boys, suggesting that aggressive perceivers do not necessarily “project” their own characteristics onto others. However, learning disabled boys both aggressive and non-aggressive, found all scenes more unfriendly. Differences in responses to videotapes and to verbal descriptions alone suggest that conclusions about social perceptions obtained from one mode of stimulus presentation may not generalize to other modes or to life situations.
Evaluation of a revised in-hospital trauma activation protocol according to clinical outcome for patients with major trauma

Summary Purpose Timely trauma care is crucial, especially for severely injured patients. We developed a set of criteria based on physiological changes, anatomic regions injured, and trauma mechanisms in our hospital to identify these patients. This study was performed to examine whether or not our revised activation protocol was strictly followed, and to identify areas of deficiency for ongoing quality improvement. The impact of the activation protocol on clinical outcome was also examined. Methods We reviewed demographic data, mechanisms of injury, trauma scores, and outcome for all trauma patients admitted to a Level I trauma center in southern Taiwan between October 2010 and October 2011. All trauma protocol activation (TPA) decisions were subjected to careful scrutiny. Clinical outcomes for TPA patients and for non-TPA patients who fulfilled the activation criteria were compared. We also analyzed data for patients who did not meet our activation criteria but were found on subsequent work-up to have an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16. Results During Phase I of the study there were 2988 trauma admissions. The overall accuracy for TPA was 95.9%. Among 281 TPA patients, only 181 (64.4%) fulfilled the activation criteria. Among 204 patients who met the activation criteria, the protocol was not activated for 23 (11.3%). After we redesigned the computer program to prompt triage nurses and re-educated healthcare personnel, the false TPA and non-TPA rates improved to 14.6% and 2.8%, respectively, during Phase II of the study. There were 187 patients who did not meet our activation criteria and had ISS ≥ 16. TPA patients had a significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit than non-TPA patients. However, there were no significant differences in ISS, mortality, or admission days. Some 120 patients had a significant brain injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale–Head ≥2) and only 76% of them presented with signs or symptoms suggesting head trauma. These patients were older and had a lower ISS compared to brain-injured TPA patients. Conclusion The study shows that our TPA criteria are easy to follow and have a high accuracy rate. For patients with ISS ≥16 who did not meet our TPA criteria, escape was mainly due to head trauma. Additional factors besides GCS scores should be incorporated in the protocol to identify patients with significant head trauma.
Circumcision--a continuing enigma.

SYNOPSIS The results of 200 circumcisions are presented, together with a discussion of the indications and subsequent complications. A review of the literature suggests that many of the traditional indications remain unproven. In the light of this study, and other surveys which indicate the hazards of the operation, it is suggested that circumcision should be confined to those with a genuine medical indication.
Monte carlo simulations of peptide solvation

To increase our understanding of peptide–water interactions, we are simulating the behavior of water molecules in the intermolecular channels of [Phe4Val6]antamanide dododecahydrate crystals. There is good overall agreement between the positions predicted using two alternative potential functions and those that have been observed by x-ray diffraction. Detailed differences between the predictions for the two potential functions are discussed.
Copolarized and depolarized backscattering enhancement of random discrete scatterers of large size based on second-order ladder and cyclical theory

Recently, backscattering enhancement has been observed in the depolarized component of scattering from a sparse concentration of large discrete scatterers. In this paper we study the backscattering enhancement of the copolarized return and depolarized return from a random distribution of scatterers of large size by summing the first- and second-order ladder terms and the second-order cyclical term of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. It is shown that the ladder terms give a minimum for the depolarized component in the backscattering direction. Thus the cyclical term must be included since this term contributes directly to a maximum of the depolarized component in the backscattering direction. The Mie scattering amplitude function is used to compute both the copolarized and the cross-polarized enhancements for a sparse distribution of scatterers. These results are compared with calculations based on the second-order transport theory. The copolarized enhancements for both cases agree favorably, however the transport theory does not give a depolarized enhancement. On the other hand, the second-order ladder and cyclical theory is shown to give a depolarized enhancement. It also gives a reasonable comparison with experimental data for the case of a slab medium that consists of a sparse distribution of dielectric spheres with average ka of 298 and optical thickness of 1.98.
Rate of nuclear ribonucleic acid turnover in sea urchin embryos.

Abstract RNA synthesis in the developing sea urchin embryo was characterized by following the incorporation of [ 3 H]guanosine into guanosine triphosphate and the 2′-3′ guanosine monophosphate of hydrolyzed RNA. The amount of guanosine monophosphate in the total RNA which became radioactive was calculated (for a 10-min period), and the turnover values range from 0.7% for a mid-cleavage stage to about 1.3% for the pluteus larva. The rate of RNA synthesis per genome actually decreased as development proceeded, for the rate of cell replication exceeded the increase in RNA synthesis per embryo. The kinetics of labeling of RNA showed that initial incorporation rates were not maintained, and it is probable that a substantial amount of newly made RNA is unstable. Autoradiograms showed that prior to gastrulation much of the newly made RNA remained restricted to the nucleus for at least two hours. It is proposed that labile nuclear RNA is quantitatively an important part of the RNA synthesized during early development.
Electronic pair correlation in atoms and molecules

Accurate methods for computing energies and electronic properties of atoms and molecules have been derived from direct treatment of localized pairs of electrons. The conceptual development and implementation of such methods is reviewed.
Preclinical pharmacology of bizelesin, a potent bifunctional analog of the DNA-binding antibiotic CC-1065.

Bizelesin (NSC-615291), a potent, bifunctional analog of the cyclopropylpyrroloindole antitumor antibiotics CC-1065 and adozelesin, has been selected by the National Cancer Institute for evaluation as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. All three compounds bind to and alkylate DNA at the N-3 position of adenine in a sequence-selective manner. Bizelesin is unique among the analogs with bifunctional alkylating capability due to two chloromethyl moieties that are converted to the cyclopropyl alkylating species that interact with DNA. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and an L1210 cell bioassay were developed for bizelesin and subsequently applied to stability and murine pharmacokinetics studies. Following 48 h of incubation with L1210 cells the 50% growth-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of bizelesin, adozelesin, and CC-1065 were 2.3, 3.4, and 88.1 pM, respectively. Bizelesin was stable in organic solvents but was less stable in aqueous solutions, with the half-life values obtained in buffers at pH 4, 7, and 10 being 9.6, 2.1, and <1 h, respectively. By HPLC analysis, bizelesin degradation was associated with the appearance of two peaks, the mono- and dicyclopropyl derivatives formed by base-catalyzed intramolecular alkylation of the chloromethyl groups. Bizelesin and the dicyclopropyl derivative were equipotent in the L1210 cell bioassay. Following i.v. administration of bizelesin (15 μg/kg) to male CD2F1 mice, the plasma elimination of cytotoxic activity determined with the bioassay was described by a two compartment open model; the α-phase (t1/2α) and β-phase (t1/2β) half-lives, steady-state volume of distribution (VSS), and total body clearance (ClTB) were 3.5 min, 7.3 h, 7,641 ml/kg, and 16.3 ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. The systemic drug exposure following i. p. administration was at least 10 times lower than that resulting from i. v. infusion. Following i. v. or i. p. administration the recovery of material in urine was <0.1% of the delivered dose.
Urinary excretion kinetics for evaluation of drug absorption. II. Constant, rate-limited release of tetracycline after ingestion by humans.

In in vivo absorption studies in humans of a composition of tetracycline and mucic acid, it was found that absorption was rate-limited by the in vivo dissolution rate of this composition when it was administered as thin pellets whose surface area could be assumed to have remained constant after ingestion. The rate-limiting in vivo dissolution rate was calculated to be about 2 mg. tetracycline as the hydrochloride per sq. cm. of composition per hour.
Optimizing the diagnostic power with gastric emptying scintigraphy at multiple time points.

Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy (GES) at intervals over 4 hours after a standardized radio-labeled meal is commonly regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing gastroparesis. The objectives of this study were: 1) to investigate the best time point and the best combination of multiple time points for diagnosing gastroparesis with repeated GES measures, and 2) to contrast and cross-validate Fisher's Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), a rank based Distribution Free (DF) approach, and the Classification And Regression Tree (CART) model. A total of 320 patients with GES measures at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hour (h) after a standard meal using a standardized method were retrospectively collected. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the rate of false classification through jackknife cross-validation were used for model comparison. Due to strong correlation and an abnormality in data distribution, no substantial improvement in diagnostic power was found with the best linear combination by LDA approach even with data transformation. With DF method, the linear combination of 4-h and 3-h increased the Area Under the Curve (AUC) and decreased the number of false classifications (0.87; 15.0%) over individual time points (0.83, 0.82; 15.6%, 25.3%, for 4-h and 3-h, respectively) at a higher sensitivity level (sensitivity = 0.9). The CART model using 4 hourly GES measurements along with patient's age was the most accurate diagnostic tool (AUC = 0.88, false classification = 13.8%). Patients having a 4-h gastric retention value >10% were 5 times more likely to have gastroparesis (179/207 = 86.5%) than those with ≤10% (18/113 = 15.9%). With a mixed group of patients either referred with suspected gastroparesis or investigated for other reasons, the CART model is more robust than the LDA and DF approaches, capable of accommodating covariate effects and can be generalized for cross institutional applications, but could be unstable if sample size is limited.
Preparation of n-type semiconducting polymer nanoarrays by covalent synthesis followed by crystallization

In situ covalent synthesis followed by solution crystallization of the n-type semiconducting polymer derived from perylenediimide-bridged silsesquioxanes (PDIB-SSQ) yielded 1D-nanoarrays of 40–100 nm widths and up to 80 μm lengths. Morphologies and dimensions of nanostructures resulting from different base concentrations were characterized by SEM, fluorescence optical microscopy, SAXS, elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF-MS, and absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. As revealed by SAXS, the nanostructures are composed of crystalline unit cells with cell parameters of d[001] = 24.8 A and d[100] = 10.3 with multiple π–π stacking distances ranging from 4.71 to 2.57 A. The ordering in polymer nanoarrays is favoured by the π–π interactions between the cofacially arranged PDI cores, resulting closely packed polymer arrays with the d-spacing ranging from 3.67 A to 3.24 A. The spectroscopic traces of nanoarrays in solution resembled that of the monomer except the slightly red shifted features of the emission spectrum associated with π–π stacking of polymer chains in aggregated form. Thin film emission spectra followed the similar spectral pattern with a noticeable shoulder corresponds to cofacial π–π interactions. The excited state lifetimes of aggregated polymer nanoarrays in both solution and solid phase were nearly identical. The electrical characterization of thin films made from polymer nanoarrays shows typical semiconducting behaviour with the electrical conductivity of 0.48 × 10−3 S cm−1. The covalent synthesis followed by solution-based crystallization of PDIB-SSQ reported herein provides a new synthesis path to make ordered-crystalline semiconducting polymer nanoarrays and ultimately a benefit for better understanding of their role in organic electronics.
Umbilical artery catheters and blood flow velocities in the superior mesenteric artery: effect of insertion, removal, aspiration, and bolus infusion.

Purpose We studied whether umbilical artery catheters (UACs) affect blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of neonates. Methods Noninvasive duplex pulsed Doppler sonography was used to measure peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and mean flow velocity in the SMA. The resistance index and pulsatility index were calculated from these data. Thirty-two infants weighing 450–2,520 g at birth were enrolled in the study. Gestational age at birth was 24–37 weeks. Eighteen infants were studied before and after UAC insertion. Twenty infants were studied before and after UAC removal. Eleven infants with UACs were studied before and during aspiration of blood from the UAC and during bolus infusion of 5% dextrose solution into the UAC. Data were compared before and after UAC insertion; before and after UAC removal; and before and during aspiration and during bolus infusion. Results Blood flow velocities and vascular resistance were similar in all comparisons except for increases in end-diastolic and mean velocities after UAC insertion. Conclusions Insertion and removal of UACs, aspiration of blood from UACs, and bolus infusion of fluids into UACs do not diminish blood flow velocity or increase vascular resistance in the SMA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound26: 73–77, 1998.
Central distribution of octavolateral afferents and efferents in a teleost (Mormyridae).

The central distribution of afferents from individual eighth nerve branches (N VIII) and mechanical lateral line end organs in mormyrid fish are described. Afferents were labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) placed on the cut ends of the different N VIII branches and the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves. Descending, tangential, and magnocellular nuclei receive input almost exclusively from the utriculus and canals. Nucleus octavius receives afferents from the lateral line nerves and all N VIII branches, with one part receiving exclusive and bilateral input from the sacculus. Afferents from both lateral line nerves and all N VIII branches, except the sacculus, end in eminentia granularis. Afferents from each of the two lateral line nerves and from each of the three otolith branches of N VIII end in different regions of the anterior lateral line lobe, with some areas of overlap. Behavioral studies in other families of fish indicate that the utriculus and canals are critical for postural control, whereas the sacculus and possibly the lagena are concerned with hearing. Such findings, together with the results of this study, suggest that mormyrids and perhaps other fish possess separate auditory and vestibular centers within the octavolateral area. The HRP method also shows the cell bodies and axons of octavolateral efferents. N VIII and lateral line efferents arise from a common nucleus, and the central course of their axons parallels that of facial motoneurons. Axons of efferent cells divide to supply two or more branches of N VIII and some axons supply both lateral line and N VIII end organs.
Future Nonaudit Service Fees and Audit Quality

Prior to the Sarbanes�Oxley Act of 2002, audit partners experienced economic pressure to grow revenue from the sale of nonaudit services to their audit clients. To an auditor who is highly rewarded for revenue generation and growth, nonaudit services may represent a particularly strengthened economic bond with the client. Prior research shows that, in general, nonaudit service fees received in the current period do not impair audit quality. We examine a different setting. We propose that auditor independence can become impaired, and audit quality compromised, when clients that currently purchase relatively low amounts of nonaudit services, increase their purchases of nonaudit services from the auditor in the subsequent period. We test our prediction in the context of earnings management as a proxy for audit quality, measured by (a) performance-adjusted discretionary accruals and (b) classification shifting of core expenses. Our results indicate that prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, rewards to the auditor in the form of future additional nonaudit service fees from current-year high fee-growth-opportunity clients adversely affects audit quality. This effect is particularly strong among companies with powerful incentives to manage earnings. Our findings indicate that regulators should consider the multiperiod nature of the client�auditor relationship when contemplating policies that restrict nonaudit services, as well as the overall environment in which audit partners operate. This might include partner compensation arrangements that put pressure on audit partners to focus on increasing revenue at the expense of audit quality.
Factor XII-independent cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen by prekallikrein and inhibition by C1 inhibitor.

Background Bradykinin formation typically requires interaction of Factor XII, prekallikrein (PK), and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) with negatively charged exogenous initiators or cell-surface proteins. Approximately 85% of plasma PK circulates as a complex with HK. Nonenzymatic cell-derived initiators, such as heat shock protein 90, can activate the HK-PK complex to generate kallikrein, bradykinin, and cleaved HK, even in the absence of Factor XII. Objective We sought to determine whether PK, without activation to kallikrein, can digest HK to release bradykinin. Methods Kallikrein was measured by using a chromogenic assay, and bradykinin levels were determined by ELISA. Cleavage of PK and HK were assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Results Cleavage of HK by PK is demonstrated without any conversion of PK to kallikrein. HK cleavage by PK is distinguished from that of kallikrein by the following: (1) stoichiometric activation of HK by PK with release of bradykinin proportional to the PK input; (2) inhibition of PK cleavage of HK by corn trypsin inhibitor, which has no effect on kallikrein; and (3) inhibition of PK cleavage of HK by a peptide derived from HK, which inhibits binding of PK to HK. The same peptide has no effect on kallikrein activation of HK. C1 inhibitor (C1INH), the major control protein of the plasma bradykinin-forming cascade, inhibits PK cleavage of HK. Conclusion PK is an enzyme that can cleave HK to release bradykinin, and this reaction is inhibited by C1INH. This might account, in part, for circulating bradykinin levels and initiation of kinin formation in C1INH deficiency.
Interaction of a model skin surface lipid with a modified triglyceride

A study of the interaction between a model skin surface lipid (SSL) and an oil base skin softener (G2) was made by comparing the phase behavior of these substances in combination with the water/triethanolamine: oleic acid (1:1 wt ratio) system. A principle feature of the water/G2/triethanolamine:oleic acid (TEA:OL) system was the formation of a lamellar liquid crystal region that incorporated an average of 40% G2 over the 10–45% water range. The phase behavior of the water/SSL/TEA:OL system demonstrated only over a 4–9% water range. At greater than 5% SSL, there is the complete absence of single phase regions above 10’% water.
X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator with two-spiral corrugated Bragg reflector

Backward wave oscillators are typically known to radiate in the TM01 mode. A two-spiral corrugated Bragg reflector has been used downstream of the cathode in an X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) to radiate a TEn mode at the output. Simple analytical formulas were used to design the basic parameters of the Bragg reflector, which were later optimized numerically since there is no exact closed form solution for the electromagnetic fields within a periodic waveguide structure or cavity. The fully electromagnetic, fully relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) code MAGIC was used to simulate the problem. The RBWO was driven by a voltage pulse that has a half sine wave-like shape, 460 kV amplitude, and FWHM duration of 12 ns. A uniform static magnetic field of 1.9 T was applied throughout the simulation volume. With these parameters a microwave power of 330 MW at a frequency of 9.9 GHz in a clean TEn mode pattern was detected at the output.
Use of formal and informal sources of mental health care among older African-American public-housing residents.

Background. Elderly residents of public housing have high rates of psychiatric disorders, but most of those in need of care do not use any mental health service. This study examines the use of formal and alternative informal sources of mental health care in a sample of elderly African-American public-housing residents.Method. Data from an epidemiological survey of six Baltimore public-housing developments for the elderly (weighted N=818) were analysed to examine the utilization of mental health services by older African-American residents. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine correlates of using formal and informal sources by those needing mental health care.Results. Thirty-five per cent of subjects needed mental health care. Less than half (47%) of those in need received any mental health care in the previous 6 months. Residents in need were more likely to use formal (38·5%) than informal sources (18·6%) for care. The strongest correlates of using formal providers were substance use disorder (OR=15·62), Medicare insurance (OR=10·31) and psychological distress (OR=10·27). The strongest correlates of using informal sources were perceiving little or no support from religious/spiritual beliefs (OR=21·65), cognitive disorder (OR=19·71) and having a confidant (OR=15·07).Conclusions. Contrary to elderly African-Americans in general, those in public housing rely more on formal than informal sources for mental health problems. Nevertheless, both sources fail to fill the gap between need and met need. Interventions to increase identification, referral and treatment of elderly public-housing residents in need should target general medical providers and clergy and include assertive outreach by mental health specialists.
Augmented methamphetamine-induced overflow of striatal dopamine 1 day after GDNF administration.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can attenuate the dopamine (DA)-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine (METH) when given 1 day prior to the METH. The neurotoxic effects of METH may be due, in part, to sustained increases in extracellular levels of DA. It is therefore possible that GDNF may be altering the effects of METH by influencing extracellular levels of DA during the METH treatment. The purpose of the present study was to determine if GDNF has effects on extracellular levels of DA in the striatum by 24-h post-administration. GDNF (10 μg in 2 μl vehicle) or vehicle was injected into the right striatum or substantia nigra of anesthetized male rats. The next day the animals were anesthetized again and dialysis probes were positioned in both the right and left striata and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Following the collection of baseline samples the rats were administered METH (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The METH injections dramatically increased extracellular DA levels on both sides of the brain. However, levels on the GDNF injected side were significantly greater than levels on the contralateral side. Basal levels of DA were not significantly different between the two sides, but levels of DA metabolites were elevated on the GDNF side. Post-mortem tissue levels of DA metabolites, but not DA, were also elevated in the striatum and substantia nigra. These results indicate that GDNF has significant effects on DA neuron functioning within 24 h of administration and that GDNF can augment DA overflow while inhibiting the neurotoxic effects of METH.
Bipedicled axial cross-lip flap for correction of major vermilion deficiency after cleft lip repair.

Abstract Vermilion irregularities are common secondary deformities after cleft lip repair. Particularly severe in bilateral clefts, vermilion deficiency attracts considerable attention and detracts from an otherwise excellent lip repair. Minor and moderate vermilion deficits can be corrected with upper lip advancement, rotation flaps, tongue flaps, or grafts. Major defects defy correction with local flaps, because of an absolute shortage of upper-lip tissue. A technique is described for correction of large absolute tissue deficits of the upper-lip vermilion using a bipedicled lower to upper cross-lip visor flap. A lower lip wet vermilion/mucosal flap is based bilaterally near the commissures on the coronary arteries and transferred to a releasing incision at the wet/dry vermilion border of the upper lip. The commissural pedicies are divided and inset at a second stage 10 days later to complete the transfer. The procedure provides ample bulk and lining for major upper-lip vermilion augmentation and tubercl...
Cognitive performance and cognitive style

This is the third in a series of "India Studies". It investigated within Piaget and Witkin's theories: (1) the relationships among cognitive performance and cognitive style and predictive possibilities; and (2) performance differences by sex, school, grade, and income.The Sample consisted of 92 boys and girls of ages 12-15 years studying in private and government schools in Delhi, India; 47 children in grades 5-7, and 45 in grades 8-10; and 28, 35, and 29 children in the three income levels respectively.Assessment measures were: Liquid Conservation, Islands, Goat-Lion, Hanoi Tower, Rabbits (Piagetian); Block Design (WISC-R); Paper Cutting, and Memory Design (Stanford-Binet); and Children's Embedded Figures Test.Data were analyzed by correlational analyses, varimax and oblique factor analyses, multiple regression, and two-way ANOVA: grade (2)Xincome (3).Cognitive style correlated significantly with cognitive performance and proved to be a good predictor. Factor analysis showed a common underlying construct...
Comparative distribution and fate of I131-labeled thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Gross and Leblond (1951 a, b) first demonstrated a substance in tissues (unknown 1) which, on the basis of subsequent studies (Gross and Pitt-Rivers 1953 a) apparently was 3,5,3′L-triiodothyronine. Metabolic effects of this material have been investigated in animals, and in normal and myxedematous humans (Asper, Selenkow and Plamondon, 1953, Gross and Pitt-Rivers, 1953 b, Heming and Holtkamp, 1953, Lerman, 1953, Rail et al., 1953, Rawson et al., 1953, and Starr and Liebhold-Schueck, 1953 a & b.). In the athyreotic individual, L-triiodothyrone has been shown to be from 3.5 to 10 times as calorigenic as L-thyroxine in the first few days of therapy. It can produce an increase in metabolic activity in a remarkably short time, effecting clinical improvement within four to six hours (Asper, Selenkow and Plamondon, 1953) in contrast to the delayed metabolic effect and prolonged action of thyroxine. Until labeling of thyroxine with I131 was accomplished (Joliot et al., 1944)
Peripheral arterial and venous responses to acetylstrophanthidin in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The peripheral arterial and venous responses to rapidly active acetylstrophanthidin (rather than the much slower digitalis) were studied in patients with acute myocardial infarction without congestive heart failure. In eight control patients placebo did not change mean blood pressure (BP), calf blood flow (CBF), calf vascular resistance (CVR), or calf venous volume (CVV). Seventeen patients received 10 mg IV acetylstrophanthidin. In these patients BP increased 5.3%, CBF decreased 18.2%, and CVR increased 29.2%. Venous capacitance was not changed. Acetylstrophanthidin induced no significant change in cardiac output, systemic vascular, resistance, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or right atrial pressure. In patients with acute myocardial infarction not complicated by congestive heart failure, digitalis may promote limb vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure, but it does not adversely affect cardiac function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 736–743; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.230
THE MORPHOLOGY OF CUBICULOSPORUM KORONICARPIS GEN. ET SP. NOV., REPRESENTING A NEW FAMILY IN THE GIGARTINALES (RHODOPHYTA)

The red alga Cubiculosporuim koronicarpis gen. et sp. nov. is described from material collected during 1968 in the Philippines. The species differs substantially in regard to its carposporophyte development from other red algae in the order Gigartinales, and a new family is created based on its unique combination of reproductive features. A single, short, connecting filament is formed between the fertilized carpogonium and a nearby auxiliary cell. The latter produces several ramifying gonimoblast filaments towards the interior of the thallus. No fusion cell is formed and the gonimoblast filaments grow inward among the cells of the central axis, form secondary connections to them, and give rise to outwardly directed carposporangial filaments that develop within peripheral chambers formed between elongating inner cortical cells. The alga is a low, clump-forming species of well-washed intertidal reef platforms at the one Philippine locality where it has been found. There it contributed a uniform but very minor amount to the wet weight of the standing crops that were studied during two separate seasons of the year.
Neurogenic Stunned Myocardium Associated with Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

Introduction Neurogenic stunned myocardium is characterized by transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is characterized by transient vasogenic subcortical edema without infarction. Both syndromes are hypothesized to result from sympathetic dysregulation. We report a case of neurogenic-stunned myocardium and RPLS occurring simultaneously in a patient.
Attenuating the defeminization of the neonatal rat brain: Mechanisms of action of cyproterone acetate, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17,-dione and a synthetic progestin, R5020

Abstract Although defeminization of the rat brain appears to depend significantly on the conversion of testosterone (T) to estradiol (E2), the antiandrogenic steroid cyproterone acetate (CA) is able to attenuate defeminization. In order to study the mechanism of action of CA on brain sexual differentiation, newborn male rats were given subcutaneous injections of this steroid on postnatal Days 2–6. When castrated on Day 70 and given estrogen and progesterone, these CA-treated males displayed elevated lordosis quotients (LQ) compared to controls. CA-treated neonatal males were also examined at the end of the drug treatment to ascertain the mechanism of drug action: (1) Serum T levels were normal; (2) Brain cell nuclear estrogen receptor occupation, estimated by an exchange assay, was reduced by ≈ 30% in the brains of the CA-treated males, although the ability of exogenous E2 to occupy these brain estrogen receptors was not reduced. Other work has demonstrated a weak competitive effect of cyproterone on aromatization, and thus cyproterone acetate may have interfered with the conversion of T to E2 CA also has progestogenic activity, and 5-mm capsules of a potent synthetic progestin, R5020, given to newborn male rats on Days 2–6, are shown to elevate the LQ after postnatal Day 70 to the same extent as CA. However, R5020 did not reduce estrogen receptor occupation in the neonatal male rat brain and was without effect on serum T levels in the neonatal male. Because of the implied role of T-derived estrogens in defeminization, an experiment was conducted showing that the defeminizing action of estradiol benzoate given to 3-day-old female rat pups is attenuated by the antiestrogen, CI628, and not by the potent inhibitor of aromatization, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD). This result complements previous experiments showing that both ATD and CI628 attenuate the defeminization produced by T. Taken together, the results lend further support to a pivotal role for aromatization and for estrogen-receptor interactions in the defeminizing effects of T. The actions of progestins such as CA and R5020 in attenuating defeminization are discussed in relation to the recent demonstration of progestin receptors in the neonatal rat brain. It is concluded that CA may act by a combination of actions, both by inhibiting aromatization and by acting as a progestin.
Abstract 3699: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce apoptosis in normal human small airway epithelial cells through proteasome-mediated Mcl-1 protein degradation

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging as the major building blocks in nanotechnology thanks to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, widespread application of CNTs, including single- and multi-walled (SWCNTs and MWCNT), has resulted in increased public concern regarding potential toxicities from occupational or environmental exposures to CNTs. Recently, both SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been observed to exhibit pulmonary toxicities. To better understand CNT-related pulmonary toxicities, the present in vitro study used normal human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC), which constitute a primary target of respiratory exposure to CNTs, as a model to investigate cell death effects of either SWCNTs or MWCNTs. We observed that, at 24 h after exposure, greater than 5 μg/cm2 MWCNT, but not SWCNT, induced a significant dose-dependent cell death in primary cultured SAEC cells as assayed by WST-1. The cell death was accompanied by DNA damage, as indicated by the appearance of sub G0/G1 cells in a flow cytometry assay, and protein cleavages for PARP, caspases 3, 7 and 9, as revealed by Western blotting. It was further observed that the pro-apotpotic activities of MWCNT were reduced by caspase specific inhibitors, demonstrating that MWCNT, but not SWCNT, can induce a caspase-dependent apoptosis in SAEC cells. To understand regulation of the MWCNT-induced apoptosis, we then examined expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and found that only Mcl-1 was significantly reduced in protein level by MWCNT, but not SWCNT, and such reduction was blocked by proteasome inhibitor MG132. Furthermore, it was found that reduction of Mcl-1 protein expression through Mcl-1 siRNA enhanced sensitivity of SAEC cells to MWCNT-induced apoptosis, suggesting that proteasome-mediated Mcl-1 protein degradation contributes to MWCNT-induced apoptosis. This study reveals a difference in cell death effects on normal human SAEC cells between SWCNT and MWCNT. It also provides new insights into understanding of the MWCNT-induced pulmonary toxicity. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3699.
Disruptive behavior in preschool children: distinguishing normal misbehavior from markers of current and later childhood conduct disorder.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate which disruptive behaviors in preschool were normative and transient vs markers of conduct disorder, as well as which disruptive behaviors predicted the persistence of conduct disorder into school age. STUDY DESIGN: Data from a longitudinal study of preschool children were used to investigate disruptive behaviors. Caregivers of preschoolers ages 3.0-5.11 years (n = 273) were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment to derive the following diagnostic groups: conduct disorder, externalizing disorder without conduct disorder, internalizing disorder without externalizing disorder, and healthy. At school age, participants were again assessed via an age-appropriate diagnostic interview. Logistic and linear regression with pairwise group comparisons was used to investigate clinical markers of preschool conduct disorder and predictors of school age conduct disorder. RESULTS: Losing one's temper, low-intensity destruction of property, and low-intensity deceitfulness/stealing in the preschool period were found in both healthy and disordered groups. In contrast, high-intensity argument/defiant behavior, both low- and high-intensity aggression to people/animals, high-intensity destruction of property, high-intensity deceitfulness/stealing, and high-intensity peer problems were markers of preschool conduct disorder and predictors of school age conduct disorder. Inappropriate sexual behavior was not a marker for preschool conduct disorder but was a predictor of school age conduct disorder. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a guide for primary care clinicians to help identify preschoolers with clinical conduct disorder and those who are at risk for persistent conduct disorder in childhood. Preschoolers displaying these symptoms should be targeted for mental health assessment. Language: en
Infant feeding and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review new studies and directions regarding infant feeding and HIV-1 transmission. RECENT FINDINGS With antiretroviral drugs and shortened breastfeeding, breast milk HIV-1 transmission risk can be decreased from 16 to less than 5%. In the context of peripartum antiretroviral drugs/short breastfeeding, replacement feeding provides negligible benefit in decreasing the risk of HIV-1/death in contrast to previous studies of no antiretroviral drugs/unlimited breastfeeding in which it offered benefit. One study noted a high risk of infant HIV-1 or death (>/=17%) after 4 months, with no difference in risk in infants with shortened breastfeeding versus indefinite breastfeeding. This study suggests that shortened breastfeeding needs caution in implementation. Other African studies have noted minimal risk of HIV-1 or death (< 2%) after shortened breastfeeding, underscoring the heterogeneity of infant survival in different settings and the potential to improve infant survival. SUMMARY Antiretroviral drugs and shortened breastfeeding markedly decrease breastfeeding HIV-1 transmission, shifting the balance to make replacement feeding less beneficial. In some settings shortened breastfeeding poses similar risks as replacement feeding and provides no infant health benefit compared with extended breastfeeding. Programmes aimed at decreasing infant HIV-1 need to do so in the context of promoting infant survival. Strengthening systems to promote infant health is critical.
An Overview of Problematic Eating and Food-Related Behavior Among Foster Children: Definitions, Etiology, and Intervention

Although several studies have identified problematic eating and food-related behaviors (e.g., Bulimia Nervosa, hoarding, obesity) as significant concerns among children in foster care, there is little evidence-based guidance on how practitioners may appropriately identify and treat children with these concerns. The current review describes the scope of eating and food-related difficulties among foster children, discusses potential etiological factors associated with these behaviors, reviews prevention and intervention strategies, and highlights implications for future research. All of these topics are aimed toward child welfare workers who are likely to encounter these eating patterns in practice. In addition to addressing problematic behaviors, this review also incorporates strategies for the promotion of healthy nutrition among families in the welfare system.
Ethics and the Law in Emergency Medicine

When ethical issues arise in emergency medical practice, many emergency physicians turn to the law for answers. Although knowing when and how the law applies to emergency medicine is important, the law is only one factor to consider among many factors. Additionally, the law may not be applicable or may not be clear, or the ethical considerations may seem to conflict with legal aspects of emergency medical treatment. Situations where ethics and the law may seem to be in conflict in emergency medicine are described and analyzed in this article, and recommendations are offered. In general, when facing ethical dilemmas in emergency medical practice, the emergency physician should take into account the ethical considerations before turning to the legal considerations.
The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI): Infrared Detection and Characterization of Exozodiacal Dust to Super-Earths, A Progress Report

The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI) is a structurally connected infrared space interferometer with 0.5 m diameter telescopes on a 12.5 m baseline, and is passively cooled to approx.60K. The FKSI operates in the thermal infrared from 3-8 microns in a nulling (or starlight suppressing) mode for the detection and characterization of exoplanets, debris disks, extrasolar zodiacal dust levels. The FKSI will have the highest angular resolution of any infrared space instrument ever made with its nominal resolution of 40 mas at a 5 micron center wavelength. This resolution exceeds that of Spitzer by a factor of 38 and JWST by a factor of 5. The FKSI mission is conceived as a "probe class" or "mid-sized" strategic mission that utilizes technology advances from flagship projects like JWST, SIM, Spitzer, and the technology programs of TPF-I/Darwin. During the past year we began investigating an enhanced version of FKSI with 1-2 m diameter telescopes, passively cooled to 40K, on a 20-m baseline, with a sunshade giving a +/- 45 degree Field-of-Regard. This enhanced design is capable of detecting and characterizing the atmospheres of many 2 Earth-radius super-Earths and a few Earth-twins. We will report progress on the design of the enhanced mission concept and current status of the technologies needed for this mission.