cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES OCCURRING IN TRICHINELLA- INFECTED RATS PRIOR TO LARVIPOSITION AND MIGRATION.

Abstract Two experiments were designed to determine the onset, duration, and some of the characteristics of electrocardiographic changes in rats infected with known numbers of Trichinella spiralis larvae. Prolongation of the T wave occurred as early as the first day after infection, at a time which antidates larviposition and migration of second generation larvae. The T wave change persisted at least 47 days. The abnormality was no longer present on day 75 after infection.
Comparative analysis of direct plant regeneration from immature leaf whorl and floral explants for three elite US sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. hybrids) genotypes

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is an important commodity field crop in tropical and subtropical countries providing sugar and biofuel feedstock and occupying a critical and strategic position in the global economy. This study was conducted to evaluate, compare, and optimize a rapid direct regeneration tissue culture system from immature leaf whorl and pre-emergent floral explants for three elite US sugarcane genotypes: CP84-1198, CP88-1762, and CP89-2143. Direct regeneration of adventitious shoot buds from the immature leaf roll explants and subsequent elongation and rooting of shoot buds was successfully obtained on modified Murashige and Skoog salt medium supplemented with 5 mg l–1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg l−1 kinetin. Significant genotype-specific differences in the morphogenetic potential of leaf roll explants were discernible with the explant developmental stage (explant position along the leaf roll axis) and orientation during in vitro culture. The highest number of shoots was regenerated from CP88-1762, followed by CP89-2143 and CP84-1198 from explants closest to the meristem that were oriented horizontally (CP88-1762) or vertically (CP89-2143 and CP84-1198) on the culture medium. Immature inflorescence-derived explants from all three genotypes when cultured on the above medium for 2 wk rapidly produced shoots, followed by rooting on medium supplemented with 4 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid. The regeneration protocols yielded robust rooted plantlets from immature leaf roll explants within 4 to 6 wk, which were readily acclimatized under greenhouse conditions.
Immunization of the A/Jax Mouse with Irradiated Cells of its Indigenous Tumour, Sarcoma I

ONE of the transplantable tumours widely used in investigations of tumour immunology is Sarcoma I (SaI), a tumour that originated in 1947 in a mouse of the Strong A strain that had been treated with dibenzanthracene1. We, as well as others, have maintained the tumour by transplantation in mice of the A/Jax strain, a sub-line of the Strong A strain, and utilize animals of this strain as the susceptible host in various experiments. Since any immunological response, even though it may be insufficient to cause rejection of the tumour, may influence the results of experiments with this tumour-host system, it appeared desirable to determine whether an immunological response to SaI occurs in the A/Jax mouse. From work of others it appeared that the possibility of an antigenic disparity between the tumour and the A/Jax mouse is favoured by the likelihood of genetic change in the mouse or the tumour during the prolonged period of transplantation and by the fact that the tumour was induced by dibenzanthracene2,3.
The effect of low doses of carp hypophysial homogenate and some steroid hormones on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) oocyte maturation in vitro

Abstract Studies on the in vitro incubation of carp oocytes have shown that low doses (10.0–50.0 μg/ml of medium) of carp hypophysial homogenate (c.h.h.) do not induce complete maturation. Steroid hormones at 1 μg/ml used alone stimulate only a percentage of oocytes to reach full maturation. Low doses of carp hypophysial homogenate (added to the culture at the beginning of incubation) and steroid hormones (added 6 h later) induce maturation in over 40% of oocytes. The highest percentage of mature oocytes was obtained in the cultures to which were added carp hypophysial homogenate at 30–40 μg/ml of medium and 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone (17α20βP) (1 μg/ml of medium) 6h later. The results are discussed in connection with their application in artificial spawning of carp.
Field Testing of Lunar Access and Navigation Device (LAND)

A laser radar system has been constructed. It is based on a commercial PC with digitizer, pulse delay instrument, National Instruments IO card and an optical head from a previous laser radar program. The laser radar was mounted on a gyro stabilized gimbal on the nose of a helicopter and flown in the Mojave Desert in September 2006. The collected data will be used to test algorithms for future precision lunar landers, which may be utilizing a laser radar as the primary landing sensor. This paper will describe the laser radar and PC based acquisition system used for the data collection, and provide an overview of the supporting test sensors and architecture. Preliminary data collected during the helicopter field testing will also be presented.
Blood Typing Simplified

SummaryA simple, rapid blood-typing test is described which requires a minimum of equipment, gives clear cut reactions and a very low percentage of error. It is especially useful for typing large groups because of the impossibility of mislabelling the bloods. It is so simple that blood typing can be made a home or office procedure.
Dental imaging using laminar optical tomography and micro CT

Dental lesions located in the pulp are quite difficult to identify based on anatomical contrast, and, hence, to diagnose using traditional imaging methods such as dental CT. However, such lesions could lead to functional and/or molecular optical contrast. Herein, we report on the preliminary investigation of using Laminar Optical Tomography (LOT) to image the pulp and root canals in teeth. LOT is a non-contact, high resolution, molecular and functional mesoscopic optical imaging modality. To investigate the potential of LOT for dental imaging, we injected an optical dye into ex vivo teeth samples and imaged them using LOT and micro-CT simultaneously. A rigid image registration between the LOT and micro-CT reconstruction was obtained, validating the potential of LOT to image molecular optical contrast deep in the teeth with accuracy, non-invasively. We demonstrate that LOT can retrieve the 3D bio-distribution of molecular probes at depths up to 2mm with a resolution of several hundred microns in teeth.
Project EASE: a study to test a psychosocial model of epilepsy medication management

The purpose of this study was to test a psychosocial model of medication self-management among people with epilepsy. This model was based primarily on social cognitive theory and included personal (self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, stigma, and depressive symptoms), social (social support), and provider (patient satisfaction and desire for control) variables. Participants for the study were enrolled at research sites in Atlanta, Georgia, and Boston, Massachusetts and completed computer-based assessments that included measures of the study variables listed above. The mean age of the 317 participants was 43.3 years; about 50% were female, and 81%white. Self-efficacy and patient satisfaction explained the most variance in medication management. Social support was related to self-efficacy; stigma to self-efficacy and depressive symptoms; and self-efficacy to outcome expectations and depressive symptoms. Findings reinforce that medication-taking behavior is affected by a complex set of interactions among psychosocial variables.
Outgrowth by fin motor axons in wildtype and a finless mutant of the Japanese medaka fish

The outgrowth of motor axons to the developing pectoral fin of the Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) was investigated both in wildtype embryos and in the pectoral finless (pl) mutants in which adults are missing pectoral fins. Late in embryogenesis the pectoral fin is a simple limb which contains two antagonist muscles which are innervated by presumptive motor neurons from the first four spinal segments (S1–4). The pectoral fin develops from a fin bud located in S1 and S2 centered on the border between S1 and S2 and, as with other limbs, one of the earliest signs of differentiation is the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). By the time the AER is well formed the growth cones of the presumptive motor neurons have reached the base of the fin bud and formed a plexus by extending toward the fin bud upon emergence from the spinal cord. This is especially evident on the ventral surface of the metamerically arranged axial muscles. For example, growth cones from S2 extend in a diagonal direction (both anterior and lateral) towards the fin bud. One hypothesis which can account for the pattern of motor outgrowth is that growth cones are attracted to the base of the fin bud, perhaps via a long distance cue. This hypothesis was tested by examining outgrowth of segmental nerves in pl embryos in which the fin buds arrest early in development following the initial appearance of the AER. In pl, nerves from S1–4 converged to form a plexus at the base of the abnormal fin bud, but the pattern of outgrowth varied from wildtype in a way consistent with a diminished capacity of the fin bud to attract segmental nerves to it.
Regulation of aromatase in estrogen-producing cells

Human adipose stromal cells in monolayer culture aromatize androstenedione to estrone. The rate of aromatization is stimulated 20- to 30-fold by glucocorticoids when fetal calf serum is present in the culture medium and by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the absence of serum. The action of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to stimulate aromatase activity is potentiated markedly by phorbol esters and inhibited by growth factors, such as EGF. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying this multifactorial regulation, we have prepared polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for aromatase cytochrome P-450. By use of these antibodies it was demonstrated that the action of these various factors to regulate aromatase activity was caused by alterations in the rate of synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450, whereas the synthesis of the reductase component of the aromatase enzyme complex was relatively unaffected. The changes in the rate of synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450 were, in turn, reflective of changes in the levels of translatable mRNA specific for this protein. In order to analyze the levels of aromatase cytochrome P-450 mRNA directly, we have isolated a cloned cDNA insert complementary to the mRNA encoding aromatase cytochrome P-450, by screening a lambda gt 11 human placental cDNA library utilizing the polyclonal anti-aromatase P-450 IgG. Use of this cDNA probe in Northern analysis of RNA extracted from human adipose stromal cells revealed that the changes in translatable mRNA resulting from incubation of the cells with the various regulatory factors were due to changes in the absolute levels of mRNA encoding this protein.
The San Dimas Experimental Forest

In several previous meetings of the South Pacific Division of the Union, various reports concerning the San Dimas Experimental Forest were presented but were not subsequently submitted for publication. The present paper is therefore in the nature of a description of the project and a progress report of accomplishments to date. (Data included in this paper were tabulated and summarized by workers on WPA Project 765-07-3-1.) The San Dimas Experimental Forest is situated on the south front of the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Glendora, California, within the boundaries of the Angeles National Forest. It has a gross area of approximately 17,000 acres, including the drainage-basins of Big Dalton and San Dimas Creeks tributary to the San Gabriel River. The Experimental Forest was established in 1933 as a branch of the California Forest ana Range Experiment Station of the United States Forest Service and comprises the principal field-unit of a comprehensive research program in the field of watershed-management (forest-influences) in the California region. The objectives of the research program as it applies to the San Dimas Forest are twofold: (1) To study the influence of the chaparral vegetation, soils, geological structure, and other factors upon the yield of usable water; (2) to develop methods of managing or treating the chaparral watersheds to obtain a maximum yield of usable water with a minimum of damaging erosion.
The Market for Confederate Cotton Bonds

Abstract This article investigates the determinants of Confederate cotton bond prices during the American Civil War. Specifically, this study examines the more than doubling of cotton bond prices between December 1863 and September 1864, even after critical defeats of Southern armies at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in the summer of 1863. A vector autoregression analysis of the war debt prices indicates that an increase in the price of cotton can largely account for the large upward movement in cotton bond prices during this period. The ability to convert the war bonds into cotton provided investors insurance that hedged against war risk.
Development of a robotic standard addition method

Abstract A robot has been interfaced with an expert system to run a standard additions procedure. The “brains” of the expert system instruct the “hands” of the robot as to the number of additions required to construct an acceptable response curve for the experimental conditions. The conditions and the success or failure of the procedure are archived for reference. It was determined that systematic errors can be accommodated in the intelligent-robot system.
A multicell threshold Cherenkov counter

In this paper we describe a gas-filled multicell threshold Cherenkov counter used in the charm search experiment E743 at Fermilab. The counter had 68 cells each consisting of a focusing mirror and a phototube equipped with a Winston light collecting cone. The radiator gas was pure nitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure giving thresholds for pions, kaons and protons at 5.7, 20.1 and 38.0 GeV/c, respectively. Through careful design and alignment we achieved a yield of 18 photoelectrons for a v = c particle over a mean radiator length of 2.3 m (N0 = 130).
Chemoselective surface attachment of antimicrobial peptides and its effects on interfacial behavior

Peptide-based biological recognition elements are valuable tools for detection in biodefense systems. The utilization of such biomolecules for detection purposes relies on the ability to immobilize them on the surface of a detection platform in a predictable and reliable manner that facilitates target binding. Numerous immobilization methods have been used to improve the performance of peptide-based biosensors; however, the molecular details of how surface attachment affects structure and activity require further investigation to establish general approaches for obtaining consistent sensor surfaces. This has been largely due to the lack of analytical techniques. Using surface spectroscopy techniques, we examined the secondary structure of peptides tethered to solid support. Different tethering parameters were investigated by substituting a cysteine residue to the N-terminus or C-terminus in cationic antimicrobial peptides, and its effects on antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria, E. coli. Spectroscopic analysis showed that surface immobilization drives transition of peptides secondary structures, resulting in different interfacial behaviors that may influence the secondary structure of the peptides once they interact with the bacterial cells. We have begun to gain insight into how surface attachment may have direct implications for peptide presentation and function and is an important advance in preparing a robust sensing interface.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Kendomycin Exploiting a Petasis−Ferrier Rearrangement/Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis Synthetic Strategy

The total synthesis of (−)-kendomycin (1), a novel macrocyclic polyketide with antibacterial and antitumor activity, was achieved in 21 steps (longest linear sequence) exploiting an effective Petasis−Ferrier union/rearrangement tactic to construct the tetrahydropyran ring, a ring-closing metathesis to generate the macrocycle, and a biomimetic quinone−methide−lactol assembly.
Personal constructs as indicators of cultural values

This study extended research exploring the values embedded in organization members’ interpersonal constructs. The values unmasked allow for increased understanding of an organization's culture. At the child care center studied, key values included consideration for others, personability, and integrity. Values unique to the organization (such as assertiveness) were highly ranked, suggesting the connection of individual values to an organization's culture. Personal constructs were found to reveal personal values, which grouped together indicated organizational values.
Renal excretion of pseudo-cross-linked human, porcine and bovine hemoglobins.

Abstract The present experiments were done to determine plasma retention, urinary excretion, and acute renal effects of bolus administration (20 mg/100 g), of hemoglobins (human, bovine and porcine) whose tetrameric structure was stabilized by a pseudo-cross-link between the β-chains. Standard renal clearance studies showed that these preparations had no immediate adverse effects on GFR or ERPF, however, urine flow and electrolyte excretion commonly increased. Plasma disapperance curves best fit a double-exponential and showed components with half-times of 28 ± 3 and 257 ± 43 min. A variable fraction, 57 ± 6%, appeared in the urine, in phase with the early-fast component of plasma disappearance. This in vivo finding of extensive urinary excretion conflicted with sedimentation velocity analysis of these preparations which indicated a homogenous preparation with mean molecular weight of a stable and therefore, unfilterable tetramer. It appears that the glomerular filter selects for permeant species not easily detected by sedimentation velocity analysis. The different species may reflect the presence, within the PXLs of conformational-slow-equilibria among isomeric forms with different degrees of filterability. In conclusion: It is important, useful and simple to determine urinary excretion as a means to ascertain molecular stability in vivo.
DADTA VI: A minicomputer-based video control system for the analysis of behavioral and electrophysiological data

A computer-automated testing apparatus for monkey and human subjects is described. This dual-computer system generates programmable color video displays and permits on-line collection of behavioral and electrophysiological data. Video displays are generated by an Apple II minicomputer linked via a serial transmission port to a general-purpose laboratory computer (DEC PDP-11/34). Control of event sequences is determined by serial interaction between the two computers. Software (programs) for the collection and analysis of event-related brain potentials data is described, and the experimental and clinical applications of this DADTA VI (Discrimination apparatus for discrete-trial analysis, Version 6) for neuropsychology are discussed.
Generation of radial striations on particulate coated magnetic disks

In the manufacture of particulate magnetic disks using an air barrier coater to prevent solvent evaporation, and which allows thin (less than 750nm) films to be obtained, radial striations occur in the coating during the high velocity spin-off step. The radial striations are a function of the shear modulus of the coating, the spin-off velocity and the fluid (gas) turbulence at the coating/fluid interface. Experiments showed that this phenomenon corresponds in mechanism to the phenomenon observed by Hansen and Hunston in their studies on the interaction of turbulent boundary layers with compliant surfaces. Hansen and Hunston derived an expression to describe the onset of the radial striation formation. This expression can approximately describe the phenomenon which occurs on particulate magnetic disks.
Improvements of numerical weather predictions using a new AVHRR green vegetation fraction dataset

This study aims to analyze impacts of the NESDIS new product of green vegetation fraction (GVF) data on simulated surface air temperature and surface fluxes over the continental United States (CONUS) using the Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM) core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) system, i.e. WRF-NMM, coupled with the Noah land surface model (LSM). The new global 0.144 by 0.144 degree GVF dataset is an AVHHR-based, near real-time weekly dataset starting from 1982. It has better quality and a higher temporal resolution than the old monthly GVF dataset that is currently used in the NOAA operational numerical weather prediction models. The new weekly climatology GVF data shows a higher percentage of greenness fraction over most US areas than the old dataset, with the largest differences by 20-40% over the southeast U.S., the northern Middle West, and the west coast of California in summer. We have performed some case studies over CONUS during July 2006. In general, using the new GVF data cools predicted surface temperature over most regions compared to the old data, with the largest cooling over regions with the largest GVF increase. The latent heat increases significantly over most areas while the sensible heat decreases slightly. These results are physically consistent as more of the net radiation is dissipated in form of latent heat via enhanced evapotranspiration in response to increasing vegetation cover. Compared with observations, the new GVF application reduces the WRF-NMM 2-m surface air temperature warm biases, 2-m relative humidity negative biases, and their RMSEs.
SU‐E‐J‐224: Multimodality Segmentation of Head and Neck Tumors

Purpose: Develop an algorithm that is able to automatically segment tumor volume in Head and Neck cancer by integrating information from CT, PET and MR imaging simultaneously. Methods: Twenty three patients that were recruited under an adaptive radiotherapy protocol had MR, CT and PET/CT scans within 2 months prior to start of radiotherapy. The patients had unresectable disease and were treated either with chemoradiotherapy or radiation therapy alone. Using the Velocity software, the PET/CT and MR (T1 weighted+contrast) scans were registered to the planning CT using deformable and rigid registration respectively. The PET and MR images were then resampled according to the registration to match the planning CT. The resampled images, together with the planning CT, were fed into a multi-channel segmentation algorithm, which is based on Gaussian mixture models and solved with the expectation-maximization algorithm and Markov random fields. A rectangular region of interest (ROI) was manually placed to identify the tumor area and facilitate the segmentation process. The auto-segmented tumor contours were compared with the gross tumor volume (GTV) manually defined by the physician. The volume difference and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between the manual and autosegmented GTV contours were calculated as the quantitative evaluation metrics. Results: The multimodality segmentation algorithm was applied to all 23 patients. The volumes of the auto-segmented GTV ranged from 18.4cc to 32.8cc. The average (range) volume difference between the manual and auto-segmented GTV was −42% (−32.8%–63.8%). The average DSC value was 0.62, ranging from 0.39 to 0.78. Conclusion: An algorithm for the automated definition of tumor volume using multiple imaging modalities simultaneously was successfully developed and implemented for Head and Neck cancer. This development along with more accurate registration algorithms can aid physicians in the efforts to interpret the multitude of imaging information available in radiotherapy today. This project was supported by a grant by Varian Medical Systems.
Setting up general purpose CD-ROM workstations

Libraries need to provide general purpose CD‐ROM workstations to make the large numbers of publications distributed on CD‐ROM disks available to the public. Setting up and maintaining those workstations can be greatly simplified by standardizing the hardware and software used on all workstation PCs; by organizing software on the hard disk using subdirectories; and by using utility programs, DOS batch files, and a shell program. Organization of the search software for the numerous Bureau of the Census CD‐ROM disks is used as an example. The article is intended for users of IBM‐compatible PCs. While the general principles should be readily understandable to anyone, a knowledge of DOS is required for a thorough understanding of the article. The shell program PreCursor and the hypertext program PC‐Browse are discussed.
How often is adjacent segment disease reported? A systematic review of prospective studies comparing total disc arthoplasty versus ACDF

Abstract After a systematic review, six prospective studies comparing TDR versus ACDF were selected. These studies had between 2–5 years follow-up and reported revisions due to adjacent segment disease. The concern for adjacent segment disease (ASD) has led to the development of motion-preserving technologies such as total disc arthoplasty (TDA). However, numerous studies comparing ACDF versus TDA do not report the number of patients who develop symptoms attributable to an adjacent level or the number of revisions that occur at an adjacent level. Often the follow-up period is limited as well. A systematic review of IDE and non-IDE trials was performed using PubMed and Cochrane Libraries. These databases were thoroughly searched for prospective randomized studies comparing ACDF and TDR. Specifically, studies reporting clinical outcomes and symptomatic ASD with at least 2 years of follow-up were selected. Six studies met the inclusion criteria and are discussed in the review. Pooling data from six prospective studies, the overall sample size at baseline was 1586 (ACDF = 777, TDA=809) and at final follow-up was 1110, giving an overall follow-up of 70%. Of 1586 surgically treated patients, 51 (3.2%, ACDF=30, TDA=21) required revision surgery at an adjacent level at 2–5 years of follow-up. There was no data available on the incidence of ASD or the number of patients with ASD treated non-operatively. There has not been a study to date that has demonstrated a difference in the rate of ASD for ACDF versus TDR. There is a paucity of data from prospective studies regarding the incidence of ASD and the proportion of patients who go on to require further surgical intervention. Prospective studies should continue to focus on excellent patient follow-up and accurate assessment of patient symptoms as ASD has been under reported in prospective studies.
Chloroplast biogenesis, XXVII. Detection of novel chlorophyll and chlorophyll precursors in higher plants.

In etiolated higher plants, chlorophylls a and b are formed from protochlorophyllide and its divinyl analog via; a) light induced conversion to distinct chlorophyllide a species, b) dark esterification to distinct chlorophyll a species. Each pair is distinguishable by the Soret excitation maxima in ether at 77K.
EFFECTS OF EXPLORATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND THE RETAINED TECHNICAL VALUE OF INNOVATION

As organizational success becomes increasingly tied to the generation of new technologies and the continuous improvement of existing technologies, numerous questions arise regarding the management of knowledge in ways that maximize the technical value of the resulting innovations. Scholars and practitioners alike need to gain a better understanding of not only how knowledge can be applied to the generation of technically valuable innovations, but also how that value can be captured and retained by the innovating organization itself. Using patent-based measures across 117 innovations in the inkjet printing field over the last two decades of the twentieth century, the research described in this study investigates the relationships among selected components of intellectual capital, different knowledge exploration (i.e., search and selection) strategies, and the retained technical value of organizationally generated innovations.
Bifunctional anchors connecting carbon nanotubes to metal electrodes for improved nanoelectronics.

We show that the electrical and mechanical properties of the metal electrodes to the side walls of carbon nanotubes or graphene sheets can be dramatically improved through incorporation of (−CON−) and (−COO−) bifunctional molecular anchors. Thus for Pt, the (−CON−) anchor has a contact resistance 60 times lower than that of the simple nonanchored contact, while providing a much stronger mechanical linkage between the carbon and platinum metal contact. This should be useful for applications such as electronics, fuel cell catalysts, and spintronics.
Bargaining for a New Car: The Knowledgeable versus the Naive Consumer

Summary.-A field experiment was conducted on the use of bargaining strategies for a new car. Confederates (3 men, 5 women) behaved as either knowledgeable or naive consumers in obtaining an initial price offer on a new Ford Mustang. In the knowledgeable consumer condition, confederates carried a price guide and asked the salesperson for a price offer on a Mustang with a specific sec of options. In the naive consumer condition, the confederates did not carry a price guide and they asked the salesperson to review the available options. Each confederate obtained three price offers in each condition. As predicted, the prices obtained in the knowledgeable consumer condition were significantly lower than in the naive consumer condition. Some time ago Cialdini, Bickman, and Cacioppo (1979) pointed out that social psychologists had been remiss in conducting research of value to consumers. In response to this criticism, they conducted a field experiment on the use of bargaining strategies for a new car. The results of their study showed that rejection of a salesperson's price offer on one car would result in lower initial price offers on a different model car (Cialdini, et al., 1979). In accordance with Cialdini, et al.'s call for more consumer-oriented research, the present study was designed to explore another strategy of use to consumers in bargaining for a new car. The unstated rules of negotiation for a new car indicate that the consumer should expect car dealers to offer a higher initial price for a car than the price they actually expect to obtain. This is a presumably pr~fitable practice given the laboratory research which shows that extreme initial offers in bargaining result in more favorable outcomes for the individuals who make such offers (Yukl, 1974). Given these findings, it appears advantageous for the consumer to obtain as low an initial offer from a car salesperson as possible. One means of doing so was tested in this study by having confederates behave as either a knowledgeable or naive consumer in obtaining an initial price offer on a new car. It was predicted that the knowledgeable confederates would obtain more favorable offers.
Reversal of malignancy by the adenovirus E1a gene

Tumor suppressor genes such as Rb and p53 usually kill tumor cells when overexpressed ectopically. This is a consequence of their normal cell cycle regulatory functions. By contrast, the E1a gene of adenovirus, a common cold virus, converts tumor cells into viable normal cells. This has advantages for investigation and control of cancer. In particular, E1a is a master programmer of the epithelial phenotype. This provides a new tool for understanding the molecular basis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and how it goes awry in cancer cells. Furthermore, epithelial cells are sensitive to a form of apoptosis — ‘anoikis’ — that is induced by detachment from extracellular matrix. This property confers strict anchorage-dependence. Transcriptional programming, by E1a or the formation of cell-cell junctional complexes, programs epithelial cells to be sensitive to anoikis.
Phosphorylation and subcellular location of α-L-fucosidase in Iymphoid cells from patients with I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy

Mannose 6-phosphate is a recognition marker used by many newly made acid hydrolases for their transport to lysosomes. Previously, we investigated the incorporation of 32Pi into alpha-L-fucosidase of lymphoid cell lines from a healthy individual (control) and an I-cell disease patient [DiCioccio and Miller, Glycobiology, 1, 595-604 (1991)]. Phosphoserine was found in immunoprecipitable alpha-L-fucosidase of both control and I-cell lymphoid cells, but mannose 6-phosphate was identified only in enzyme of control cells. Extension of this investigation to lymphoid cultures of a pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy patient also identified only phosphoserine in alpha-L-fucosidase. Using [3H]mannose instead of 32Pi, the precise identification of mannose 6-phosphate in alpha-L-fucosidase of control cells, and its absence in alpha-L-fucosidase of I-cell and pseudo-Hurler cells, was established. The stoichiometry of phosphorylation of alpha-L-fucosidase in I-cell, pseudo-Hurler and control lymphoid cells was 3, 4 and 10 mol Pi/mol enzyme, respectively. alpha-L-Fucosidase was located in lysosomes isolated from control, I-cell and pseudo-Hurler lymphoid cells by subcellular fractionation on Percoll density gradients. Both I-cell and pseudo-Hurler lymphoid cells displayed normal intralysosomal activity of alpha-L-fucosidase despite lack of the mannose 6-phosphate marker. Thus, I-cell and pseudo-Hurler lymphoid cells must possess a mannose 6-phosphate-independent mechanism for directing alpha-L-fucosidase to lysosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two-Way Mirror: Technology-Rich K-8 and Teacher Education Programs.

ABSTRACT Teacher education programs must continue to find greater parallels between the experiences provided to teacher candidates and what is occurring in classrooms. In this article, we describe technology use in schools, our courses, and our students' field experiences. Specifically, we describe the results of our efforts to mirror our teacher education program with what is technologically happening in schools. By modeling technology integration in our course work (based on what we observed in schools) and by collaborating with technology-rich classrooms and teachers, we found that teacher candidates became natural users of technology in their student teaching. We also found a need to continue seeking support and resources to provide adequate access to technology, as well as the opportunity to apply what is learned. As teacher educators, we must continue to consider the role that technology plays as we strive to best prepare teachers for 21st-century learning environments.
1D and 2D photonic crystals for thermophotovoltaic applications

This paper explores the optical characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PhC) as spectral control components for use in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems. 1D PhC are used as optical filters while 2D PhC are used as selective thermal emitters. A Si/SiO2 1D PhC is fabricated using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The measurement and characterization of this structure is presented. A 2D hexagonal PhC of periodic holes is fabricated using interference litography and reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Our results predict that a TPV system utilizing a 2D PhC selective emitter and 1D Si/SiO2 PhC optical filter promises significant performance improvements over conventional TPV system architectures.
The volunteer's folly and socio-economic man: Some thoughts on altruism, rationality, and community

Abstract Altruistic volunteers are either not truly altruistic or not rational, according to traditional economic analysis. They are not altruistic if they volunteer to receive a utility benefit, and they are not rational if they choose to volunteer when monetary contribution would be more efficient. Economic man is a fool to volunteer. However, socio-economic man is shrewder. Socio-economic man is moderately deontological, path-dependent, nonmonetary, nonrationally motivated, and community-minded. This paper explores corresponding elements of socio-economic rationality that allow for rational, altruistic volunteers. The five elements around which I structure this paper are: 1) nonconsequentialist reasons; 2) constitutive choices; 3) pricelessness; 4) nonrational motivation; and 5) community preference production.
Therapeutic implications of the TGF-β system

This review considers the various roles of the TGF-β system in mammary carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and cellular responses to therapeutic measures. The paradigm that has evolved from the work of many investigators suggests that loss of tumor cell responsiveness to the effects of TGF-β can result in a crucial shift in the net effect of TGF-β within the context of the tumor-host interaction. Principal elements of host-tumor interactions in which this shift may play out, including immune suppression, angiogenesis, and modification of the surrounding extracellular matrix by tumor cells, are potentially amenable to manipulation. Additional effects of TGF-β, such as suggested by reports of its ability to alter the drug resistance of tumor cells and the drug sensitivity of normal tissues, suggest that appropriate molecular intervention designed to affect the TGF-β system might constitute an effective therapeutic strategy.
Zooplankton of lower Narragansett Bay, 1972–1973

From January 1972 through December 1973 weekly zooplankton samples were taken in lower Narragansett Bay in connection with a phytoplankton study. Fifty percent (by numbers) of the zooplankton were calanoid copepods, the dominant species beingAcartia clausi. In 1973, individuals of summer-fall zooplankton species were much more numerous than in 1972, butAcartia clausi, the dominant winter-spring species, was equally abundant both years. Release of grazing pressure by zooplankton did not appear to trigger the winter-spring flowering of 1973, but a definite relationship was seen between ctenophores, herbivorous zooplankton and phytoplankton in the summer and fall of 1973. Moderate numbers of zooplankton were present in the winter around the time of the phytoplankton bloom, but the major peaks of biomass and numbers occurred in the spring when water temperatures were on the increase. Zooplankton biomass dropped to near zero in late summer and fall.
A comparative database of group I intron structures

We have created a database of comparatively derived group I intron secondary structure diagrams. This collection currently contains a broad sampling of phylogenetically and structurally similar and diverse structures from over 200 publicly available intron sequences. As more group I introns are sequenced and added to the database, we anticipate minor refinements in these secondary structure diagrams. These diagrams are directly accessible by computer as well as from the authors.
Immobilized enzymes: Electrokinetic effects on reaction rates under external diffusion.

The rates of reactions catalyzed by enzymes immobilized on a nonporous solid surface have been computed employing a Nernst film model. The Nernst-Planck equations for the transport of the charged substrate and product species in the film and the Poisson equation for the distribution of electrical potential are solved numerically with the appropriate boundary conditions. The electrical charge at the surface is assumed to arise from the dissociation equilibria of the acidic and basic surface groups of the enzyme. The pH at the surface affects both the surface charge as well as the intrinsic kinetics of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Factors which determine the pH at the surface include the pH in the bulk solution and the release of H+ ions in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The latter causes a lowering of pH at the surface, causing the reaction rate to differ from that computed assuming an equilibrium distribution of electrical potential. Another kind of nonequilibrium contribution is caused by unequal charges or diffusivities of the substrate and products, which results in a diffusion potential being set up. Two moduli are introduced to evaluate the significance of the reaction-generated lowering of pH and the diffusion potential effect. The effect of changing various parameters, e.g., reaction rate constant, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, etc., on the overall reaction rate are studied.
Increased-bandwidth, meandering vibration energy harvester

This paper details how a distributed proof mass can be used to achieve an increased operational bandwidth in a low-frequency, meandering piezoelectric vibration energy harvester. The fabricated device features two closely spaced resonant modes at 33 Hz and 43.3 Hz with measured RMS output powers of 107.3 µW and 74.9 µW, respectively, at a peak acceleration magnitude of 0.2 g. The output power of this system remains above 25 µW in the frequency band from 32.3 Hz up to 45 Hz. The increased bandwidth is enabled by the unique frequency response characteristics of the coupled system.
The GLN3 gene product is required for transcriptional activation of allantoin system gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We show that mutation at the GLN3 locus results in decreased steady-state levels of DAL7, DUR1,2, CAR1, and URA3 mRNAs derived from cultures grown in the presence of inducer. Basal levels of these RNA species, however, were not significantly affected by a gln3 mutation. The GLN3 product appears to affect gene expression in two ways. The pleiotropic requirement of GLN3 for induced gene expression probably derives from the need of the GLN3 product for inducer uptake into the cell and its loss in gln3 mutants. We also demonstrate that transcriptional activation, mediated by the DAL5 and DAL7 upstream activation sequences, requires a functional GLN3 gene product. This observation identified transcriptional activation as the most likely point of GLN3 participation in the expression of allantoin system genes.
Tyk2 Negatively Regulates Adaptive Th1 Immunity by Mediating IL-10 Signaling and Promoting IFN-γ-Dependent IL-10 Reactivation

The Jak, Tyk2, is activated in response to IL-12 and IFN-αβ and promotes IFN-γ production by Th1-type CD4 cells. Mice deficient in Tyk2 function have been previously shown to be resistant to autoimmune arthritis and septic shock but are acutely susceptible to opportunistic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii . In this study, we show that Tyk2, in addition to mediating the biological effects of IL-12 and IFN-αβ, is an important regulator for the signaling and expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. In the absence of Tyk2, Ag-reactive CD4 cells exhibit impaired IL-10 synthesis following rechallenge of T. gondii vaccine-primed mice. The impaired IL-10 reactivation leads to unopposed antimicrobial effector mechanisms which results in a paradoxically superior protection of immune Tyk2 −/− mice against virulent T. gondii challenge. We further demonstrate that Tyk2 indirectly controls CD4 IL-10 reactivation by signaling for maximal IFN-γ secretion. The unexpected role of IFN-γ in mediating IL-10 reactivation by Th1 cells provides compelling evidence that conditions driving Th1 responses establish a negative feedback loop, which will ultimately lead to its autoregulation. Thus, Tyk2 can be viewed as a dual-function Jak, mediating both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses.
A Discourse on Impact Evaluation: A Model and its Application to a Literacy Intervention in Ghana

Evaluation of the impact of a social intervention is complex. A social intervention cannot be designed as an invariant input for un-mixed and singular results. Agents and conditions of implementation confound outcomes. But evaluators of impact in search of certainties have often focused on direct and more immediate outputs. When intermediate and long-term outcomes are studied, the focus is on the concrete and the measurable. The discourse on impact evaluation presented here includes a model and methodology for the evaluation of impact. The model as elaborated posits three categories of impact: (1) impact by design– outputs resulting directly and immediately from the intervention; (2) impact by interaction– outcomes arising from interactivity with concurrent interventions by other agents; and (3) impact by emergence– unimagined outcomes emerging from the original intervention through its interactions with other interventions and its interfaces with historical and cultural processes in place but not easily ...
Vasculitis Causing Complete Occlusion of Aorta.

A 14-year-old boy presented with several months of intermittent abdominal pain andnon-bloodydiarrhea. He endorsed a 10 kg weight loss in the past year and lower limb claudication. Previously, he had been treated for an unprovoked deep venous thrombosis of uncertain etiology of the left common femoral vein. On physical exam, he had moderate pallor, digital clubbing, oral ulcers, and tender red plaques on his forehead and legs. Pulse was absent below the left popliteal artery and was decreased in the right leg. Laboratory investigations revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia (Hb 8.1 g/dL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 90 mm/ h, andC-reactive protein 29mg/dL. Because systemic vasculitis syndromes were being considered, biopsy of the skin lesions was obtained, which showed necrotizing vasculitis involving subcutaneous small and medium-sized vessels (Figure 1; available at www.jpeds.com). Magnetic resonance angiogram revealed complete occlusion of the aorta below the renal arteries (Figure 2; available at www.jpeds.com), mural thickening of the aortic wall, and collateral vascularization of the lower extremities (Figure 3). An extensive infectious
Observability of discrete event systems

Using a nondeterministic state model for a discrete event process the problem of determining the current state of the system from a sequence of past events and state observations is examined. Conditions under which it is possible to truck the state of the process with sufficient accuracy to implement a given feedback control are determined.
Characterization of New Formalin-Detoxified Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxoids

Antigenicities of several formalin-detoxified botulinum neurotoxin preparations were measured by inhibition and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunogenicity was studied in mice. The toxoids were derived primarily from the serotype A 150-kDa neurotoxin protein, while one toxoid was derived from the naturally occurring 900-kDa toxin-hemagglutinin complex. Antigenicity was severely compromised in two commercially available toxoids. A variety of new toxoids were synthesized in-house by optimizing formaldehyde reaction conditions. Three of the resulting toxoids were found to be antigenically identical to the native toxin, as measured by inhibition ELISA, in spite of showing a reduction of toxicity by more than 100,000-fold. Sandwich ELISAs indicated that the in-house toxoids were two- to threefold less antigenic than the neurotoxin compared to commercial toxoids, which were about 100-fold less antigenic. Mice were immunized twice, on day 0 and day 14. By day 28, relatively high toxin-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were detected in animals that had received any of the in-house toxoids, with greater than 99% being IgG1 and the remainder being IgG2. These immunized mice remained asymptomatic after being challenged with 50 to 1,000,000 50% lethal dose (LD50) units of the 900-kDa neurotoxin. In contrast, animals immunized with several different batches of commercially available toxoids did not develop measurable toxin-specific antibody titers. However, these mice survived neurotoxin challenges with 2 LD50 units but died when challenged with 6 LD50 units. Neutralizing titers measured from pools of sera generated with the in-house toxoid preparations ranged from 2.5 to 5 U/ml. In terms of predicting immunogenicity, inhibition ELISAs comparing each formalin toxoid to the parent toxin provided good insight for screening the new toxoids as well as for estimating their relative in vivo potencies. Inhibition ELISA data indicate that those toxoids that most closely resemble the native toxin are highly immunogenic and protective. The superior quality of these new toxoids makes them useful tools for continued use in ELISA development and for antitoxin production.