cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of ATPase kinetics in malignant tumors.

The estimation of tumor growth rate is generally made on the basis of tumor histology, its site of origin, and sequential radiographic or caliper measurements of its dimensions. There are currently no techniques capable of measuring the expected growth rate non-invasively, serially and prospectively. An assay, able to measure the growth rate of a partially or fully treated tumor would be of obvious potential advantage for optimizing therapy. We propose the use of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetization transfer techniques for non-invasive and continuous estimation of tumor growth kinetics. Specifically, the rate of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) synthesis can be quantitatively measured in vivo using 31P-NMR (1–4), and thus it is possible to accurately measure the metabolic rate of a tumor. Since higher energy consumption rates in tumors are likely to correlate with more rapid proliferation and growth (5–9), 31P magnetization transfer NMR should give an indirect indication of tumor growth rate. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential for 31P-NMR magnetization transfer experiments, measuring the kinetics of the reactions catalyzed by ATPase and creatine kinase to indirectly detect the decrease in growth rate which occurs in tumors of larger size.
Thermodynamics of Cottrell atmospheres tested by atomistic simulations

Abstract Solute atoms can segregate to elastically deformed lattice regions around a dislocation and form an equilibrium distribution called the Cottrell atmosphere. We compare two approaches to describe Cottrell atmospheres. In the Eshelby theory, the solid solution is represented by a composite material obtained by insertion of misfitting elastic spheres (solute atoms) into an elastic matrix (solvent). The theory proposed by Larche and Cahn (LC) treats the solution as an elastic continuum and describes elasto-chemical equilibrium using the concept of open-system elastic coefficients. The two theories are based on significantly different concepts and diverge in some of their predictions, particularly regarding the existence of screening of dislocation stress fields by atmospheres. To evaluate predictive capabilities of the two theories, we perform atomistic computer simulations of Al segregation on a dislocation in Ni. The results confirm the existence of hydrostatic stress screening in good agreement with the LC theory. The composition field is also in much better agreement with the LC prediction than with the Eshelby theory. However, the simulations confirm the logarithmic divergence of the total amount of solute segregation as expected from the Eshelby theory, whereas the LC theory predicts the total segregation to be zero. Several other aspects of the two theories are analyzed. Possible non-linear extensions of the LC theory are outlined.
The Question of Class

There can be no historical materialism without a theory of class. Asserting that history is made by human actors, historical materialism explicitly rejects the view which prevailed in nineteenth-century historical writing that ascribed the making of history either to individuals (Roosevelt, Stalin, Napoleon, etc.) or to the objectification of great ideas. In place of these idealist theories, Marx held that it was classes — groups located in a definite relation to the ownership and control of the means of production — whose mutual and antagonistic relations constituted history and social structure. Marx’s famous formulation, “history is the history of class struggles,” refused to situate social causality outside the power of humans over their own fate. Even Marx’s invocation that we cannot make history “as we please” but are constrained by the conditions that we find already in existence cannot obviate the central importance he attached to the capacity of humans to determine their own future.
Using Comics to Communicate About Health: An Introduction to the Symposium on Visual Narratives and Graphic Medicine.

Health communication practitioners and researchers benefit from investigating novel methods for conveying information to a variety of relevant audiences (i.e., the public, health care professionals...
Implementing Simulation Training for New Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Abstract New critical care nurses struggle with knowledge application and low self-confidence. Internship programs are helpful; however, data on their effect on critical thinking and knowledge application are scarce. The use of high-fidelity simulation training is effective at improving provider learning and confidence. This article describes the design and implementation of a simulation training program for a nursing internship program in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit. The use of an educational framework to guide the process is also presented. Although it can be a time- and resource-intense effort, creating a custom program is effective in the training of new nurses.
The College System as a Culture of Care

In America, the college system is little known and generally misunderstood. Perhaps that is in part because in American society the almost universal reference to our post-secondary education is ‘going to college,’ despite the fact that most students attend university. At Rice University, when we are asked what our college system is, the easiest response is to refer to Hogwarts, because virtually everyone knows and understands the Houses from J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series.
A Systematic Review of Voice Therapy: What "Effectiveness" Really Implies.

Summary Introduction Behavioral voice therapy guided by a speech-language pathologist is recommended as the main treatment approach for many kinds of voice disorders. Encouraging evidence regard of good outcomes from voice therapy has been found in two previous reviews on broad patient populations. However, no definitive conclusion on the effectiveness of direct voice therapy can be drawn from these reviews due to limitations of the included studies. Aims To review recent literature on voice therapy; to provide clinicians with a list of evidence-based voice therapy techniques; to incorporate the therapy components in a physiologically based model; to assess the limitations and progress achieved in the recent research on voice therapy. Methods A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL. A similar strategy was used in all three databases to highlight the concepts of “therapy” and “voice disorders.” Only randomized controlled trials were included in the review. Results Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria, covering five categories of voice disorders (functional, Parkinson induced, GERD induced, presbyphonia, unilateral vocal fold paresis) and seven specific behavioral voice therapy approaches. Statistically significant improvements were found postintervention on at least one outcome variable in all but one study. Clinical significance of the results was rarely discussed. Discrepancies in reported outcome measures were found across studies, making comparisons between interventions challenging. Conclusion Behavioral voice therapy generally leads to significant improvements in voice outcomes, but further research considering clinical meaningfulness of the results are needed to establish what is really meant by the term “effectiveness” when it comes to voice therapy.
Geometric Triple Systems with Base Z and Z n

In this paper we discuss triple systems whose elements come from an abelian group G. Every triple of elements with the same sum in G will correspond to three collinear points in the projective plane. We will show that the set of all points in such a triple system must lie on a cubic curve γ which we call the envelope of the system. We will determine the number and location of equivalent triple systems which have the same cubic envelope. These results will be used to determine exactly which finite abelian groups can be used to construct a geometric triple system.
Abstract TP299: The Feasibility of the Aldrete-FAST Screening Tool to Detect Stroke in the Post Cardiac Catheterization Setting: FAST-PC Study

Introduction: Peri-procedural cardiac catheterization related stroke (CRS) remains a feared complication. Risk estimates reach 7% but vary widely by institution and operator experience. Given the volume (>2 million/yr in US), the impact of CRS is substantial. Evidence-based data on diagnosis/treatment are lacking for these patients despite being ideal targets for acute stroke treatment. Many CRS go undetected due to a lack of a standardized assessment tool. Hypothesis: A novel screening tool will be feasible to perform and effective in standardizing rapid diagnosis of CRS. Methods: Two validated tools form the basis of this screen 1) Aldrete score: 10-pt scale used in anesthesia cases to assess activity, respiration, circulation, consciousness and color 2)FAST screen designed to reliably diagnose stroke in Results: 906 patients were enrolled over 7 months. Mean age was 64.9±13.6; 65% male. 727 cases completed 100% of Aldrete-FAST (80.2%, 95% CI: 77.5% - 82.8%). High dose Midazolam (>2mg) was associated with completion of Aldrete-FAST (P 200mcg had no association (30 patients). 748 maintained the sheath (88.0%, 95%CI: 85.6%-90.1%). There was no association between age, sex or access site location (femoral, radial or both) on outcomes. Conclusions: This single-center prospective study demonstrates that the Aldrete-FAST score is a simple, safe screening tool with excellent feasibility to evaluate for CRS. No association between age, sex or access site implies generalizability. We found an interaction with sedation as midazolam and fentanyl had an inverse relationship regarding successful completion of the score. Further study is warranted to determine the optimal anesthesia for high risk patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Implementing a Virtual Health Telemedicine Program in a Community Setting

Aurora Health Care in eastern Wisconsin has a clinical genetics program driven by genetic counselors in the cancer/adult and prenatal genetics settings. In 2015, the workforce shortage of genetic counselors left us with 4 open positions for genetic counselors that we were unable to fill. We explored many models of alternative service delivery, and determined virtual health (VH) via telemedicine to be the best option for our system. Historically, telemedicine technologies have been used to provide access to healthcare services to patients in remote areas. We, however, were struggling to find genetics counselors to staff both our remote clinics and urban clinics. To solve this problem, we recruited genetic counselors from across the country to work remotely from their current home or home office utilizing VH to staff our clinics. We then created clinical workflows and an implementation process of virtual health for 9 prenatal and cancer clinics across the eastern Wisconsin footprint of our healthcare system over the course of 12 months. Here we provide our experience and process in establishing a VH program in order to help other institutions that have been affected by the workforce shortage of clinical genetics professionals.
The Accessibility Needs of Students with Disabilities: Special Considerations for Instruction and Assessment

In this chapter, we will discuss the distinct needs of students with learning differences and strategies to truly increase their access to effective instruction and testing. Over 6 million American students between the ages of 3 and 21 years receive special education services (National Center for Education Statistics [NCES]. Alternate assessments for students with disabilities. Retrieved from https://nceo.info/Resources/publications/TopicAreas/AlternateAssessments/altAssessFA Q.htm, 2016). Each of these students is entitled to a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act [IDEA], 20 U.S.C. § 1400, 2004), which means, to the extent possible, students with disabilities should be educated in general education classrooms with peers who do not have disabilities. These students present a unique set of considerations for ensuring access to high-quality instruction and assessing their learning and growth.
A History of Nineteenth-Century American Women’s Poetry, edited by Jennifer Putzi and Alexandra Socarides: Cambridge UP, 2017.

With the late recovery of nineteenth-century American women’s poetry in the late twentieth century (compared to the scholarly attention women’s fiction has received), any endeavor to account for th...
External validation of change formulae in neuropsychology with neuroimaging biomarkers: A methodological recommendation and preliminary clinical data.

OBJECTIVE Within neuropsychology, a number of mathematical formulae (e.g. reliable change index, standardized regression based) have been used to determine if change across time has reliably occurred. When these formulae have been compared, they often produce different results, but 'different' results do not necessarily indicate which formulae are 'best.' The current study sought to further our understanding of change formulae by comparing them to clinically relevant external criteria (amyloid deposition and hippocampal volume). METHOD In a sample of 25 older adults with varying levels of cognitive intactness, participants were tested twice across one week with a brief cognitive battery. Seven different change scores were calculated for each participant. An amyloid PET scan (to get a composite of amyloid deposition) and an MRI (to get hippocampal volume) were also obtained. RESULTS Deviation-based change formulae (e.g. simple discrepancy score, reliable change index with or without correction for practice effects) were all identical in their relationship to the two neuroimaging biomarkers, and all were non-significant. Conversely, regression-based change formulae (e.g. simple and complex indices) showed stronger relationships to amyloid deposition and hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the need for external validation of the various change formulae used by neuropsychologists in clinical settings and research projects. The findings also preliminarily suggest that regression-based change formulae may be more relevant than deviation-based change formulae in this context.
Ecstasy and Empathy: Some Venerable Elders and New Directions

This chapter will give an overview on some writers who have been more sympathetic towards states of religious ecstasy, and who developed models as ways to understand them. These include Rudolf Otto, William James, Carl Jung, Paul Tillich, and Mircea Eliade. We shall also look at some theories of ecstasy deprivation which have affected modern ideas of addiction, and discuss the work of such humanistic and transpersonal psychologists as Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof, and Ken Wilber. The chapter will also describe therapeutic research on ecstatic states, by psychiatrists Roland Griffiths and Michael Mitheofer. The modern diagnostic manual for psychiatry, the DSM-V, also has some relevant ideas about how we should understand religious and mystical states. This chapter will include, suggestions for future study of these experiences.
GEOMETRICAL DERIVATIVES OF FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES

Response functions and susceptibilities through third order have been developed. Geometrical derivatives relevant for Raman- and hyper-Raman spectroscopy are obtained. The derivatives of one- and two- photon transition matrix elements are derived. Direct MCSCF techniques can be invoked to calculate the derivatives.
The Clinical Aspects of Memory Disorders

It is well known to even fledgling clinical neuropsychologists that memory disorders are ubiquitous after brain damage and that standardized tests exist for documenting the presence and severity of these memory deficits. Severe impairments in the learning of new information and in the recall of public and personal events from the remote past occur after head trauma, long-term alcohol abuse, strokes, encephalitis, bilateral ECT, and as an early sign of progressive dementing illnesses. Tests such as the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Benton Visual Retention have proven valuable, but not perfect, tools for the assessment of these problems.
Why adoptees search: motives and more.

As both adoptee and psychiatrist, the author brings a double-barreled observation to the issue of search.
Carbon and nitrogen productivity during spring in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean along the GO-SHIP IO9N transect

Abstract There is limited biogeochemical rate data from the oligotrophic central Indian Ocean, but it is known that there are geographical gradients in the physical and chemical conditions that may lead to unique biogeochemical regimes. As participants on a GO-SHIP repeat hydrography cruise, a transect was completed in spring of 2016 from 28 °S to 18 °N in the Indian Ocean, roughly along the 95 °E meridion. Cell count samples (phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria) analyzed by flow cytometry, and samples for carbon and nitrogen productivity incubations, assessed by stable isotopic tracers, were obtained from 20 m at approximately every other degree of latitude. Microbial cell counts by flow cytometry indicate that Prochlorococcus was the principal autotroph, but with increasing contributions of Synechococcus around the equator. Large eukaryotes (> 20 μm), imaged using FlowCAM, were generally absent or in very low abundance (
Bullous Rash, Fever and Conjunctivitis in a Haitian Male

Case Report A previously healthy 11-year-old Haitian male presented with four days of tactile fevers, three days of dry cough, fatigue, and anorexia, and two days of pharyngitis and rash. Multiple painful, pruritic blisters appeared first on the lips and mouth and progressed down his arms and legs. He was prescribed azithromycin on day one of illness and was also taking ibuprofen. Initial examination was significant for temperature of 101.5° F, blood pressure of 127/77 mmHg and heart rate of 140 beats per minute. He had bilateral conjunctival injection with yellowish drainage and cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy. There were multiple clusters of …
Identifying unreliable predictions in clinical risk models.

The ability to identify patients who are likely to have an adverse outcome is an essential component of good clinical care. Therefore, predictive risk stratification models play an important role in clinical decision making. Determining whether a given predictive model is suitable for clinical use usually involves evaluating the model’s performance on large patient datasets using standard statistical measures of success (e.g., accuracy, discriminatory ability). However, as these metrics correspond to averages over patients who have a range of different characteristics, it is difficult to discern whether an individual prediction on a given patient should be trusted using these measures alone. In this paper, we introduce a new method for identifying patient subgroups where a predictive model is expected to be poor, thereby highlighting when a given prediction is misleading and should not be trusted. The resulting “unreliability score” can be computed for any clinical risk model and is suitable in the setting of large class imbalance, a situation often encountered in healthcare settings. Using data from more than 40,000 patients in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE), we demonstrate that patients with high unreliability scores form a subgroup in which the predictive model has both decreased accuracy and decreased discriminatory ability.
Analyzing the Evidence: Are Multiclass Mutual Funds the Right Choice?

One of the largest changes in the mutual fund industry in the past 25 years has been the introduction of multiple-class mutual funds. This article discusses the history of this development, outlines the basic structure of such funds, and provides a survey of empirical research regarding the structure. Evidence indicates that the Securities and Exchange Commission’s initial concerns regarding multiclass funds were warranted, as the majority of empirical evidence suggests that multiclass funds are fraught with agency problems. Investors and advisors must understand the nuances of multiclass funds when investing, because evidence indicates that the expenses associated with such funds are substantial, and these funds may have lower-quality governance. TOPICS:Financial crises and financial market history, mutual fund performance Key Findings • This article surveys existing literature on multiple-class mutual funds to inform professional advisers and investors of existing agency problems. Ultimately, the article aims to promote investor protection regarding the structure. • This article documents that multiple-class mutual funds expose investors to higher expenses than single-class mutual funds while potentially having lower governance quality. • This article details the role the Securities and Exchange Commission played in establishing multiple-class mutual funds (via rule 18f-3) and summarizes concerns that the Commission initially had regarding the structure.
Reflexiones generales sobre la justicia constitucional en Costa Rica

Cuenta la Leyenda que hace unos treinta anos, en la recepcion de la flamante Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Costa Rica fue presentada una hoja de papel arrancada de un cuaderno escolar en la que alguien habia escrito, con letra infantil: Quiero estar con mi hermanito; y la Sala Constitucional tramito la hoja de cuaderno como un recurso de amparo, cuyo actor era un escolar a quien el Patronato Nacional de la Infancia habia separado de su hermano menor; y la Sala Constitucional acogio el recurso de amparo, y dispuso la reunion de los hermanos.
The 3-His Metal Coordination Site Promotes the Coupling of Oxygen Activation to Cysteine Oxidation in Cysteine Dioxygenase.

Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) structurally resembles cupin enzymes that use a 3-His/1-Glu coordination scheme. However, the glutamate ligand is substituted with a cysteine (Cys93) residue, which forms...
Patient reported outcomes in older breast cancer survivors.

12072Background: The majority of breast cancer patients are age 66 years or older at diagnosis, yet little is known about the symptom burden of older breast cancer survivors. Methods: Using the sam...
Nearly Quantum-Limited Josephson-Junction Frequency-Comb Synthesizer

While coherently driven Kerr microcavities have rapidly matured as a platform for frequency-comb formation, such microresonators generally possess weak Kerr coefficients; consequently, triggering comb generation requires millions of photons to be circulating inside the cavity. This suppresses the role of quantum fluctuations in the dynamics of the comb. In this paper, we realize a minimal version of coherently driven Kerr-mediated microwave-frequency combs in the circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architecture, where the fluctuations of the quantum vacuum are the primary limitation on comb coherence. We achieve a comb phase coherence of up to 35 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$, approaching the theoretical device quantum limit of 55 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ and vastly longer than the inherent lifetimes of the modes, of 13 ns. The ability within cQED to engineer stronger nonlinearities than optical microresonators, together with operation at cryogenic temperatures, and the excellent agreement of comb dynamics with quantum theory indicates a promising platform for the study of complex dynamics of quantum nonlinear systems.
Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece

1. Greek dress and dress theory 2. Bodies in ancient Greece 3. Body modification 4. Garments 5. Accessories 6. The body as dress 7. Social contexts of dress.
Collaborative Graphic Rendering for Improving Visual Experience

Handheld devices such as UMPC, though convenient, bear weakness of size constraint for display. To mitigate such a problem and enhance user experience for owners of small devices, in this paper we design a collaborative rendering platform. When running game graphic applications at a handheld, the generated OpenGL graphic commands are intercepted and then delivered to a device with a larger display. The graphics are rendered and displayed at that device. The performance of the collaborative rendering platform is determined by graphic computing resources and network bandwidth. Analysis and simulation prove that other than providing a better display, the collaborative system can improve game experience also by increasing frame rates. In particular, at a low computing cost, a further collaboration between GPUs of collaborators can improve frame rate by eliminating the negative impact from network delay on applications that require GPU feedback.
Bush’s Brain (No, Not Karl Rove): How Bush’s Psyche Shaped His Decision Making

‎We summarize the most systematic work on George W. Bush's psyche. SAT scores and other available measures indicate that Bush has ‎sufficient intelligence to serve as president. Yet the best studies, in which raters evaluate ‎statements without being aware of their source, suggest that Bush lacks integrative complexity ‎and thus views issues without nuance. The leading personality ‎theory (the “5-Factor Model”), as measured by the NEO Personality Inventory, suggests that ‎Bush is highly extroverted but not very agreeable or conscientious. He also scores low on ‎‎“Openness to Experience." Similarly, using the Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria, Bush fits the “Outgoing,” “Dominant (Controlling),” and “Dauntless” personality ‎patterns, which together constitute a style given to lack of reflection, superficiality, and ‎impulsivity. When compared to other presidents, Bush most closely resembles Jackson, Reagan, ‎and Harding, but is very unlike his father, George H.W. Bush. ‎We apply these findings to discussions of President Bush's decision-making in the ‎cases of his most notable success, education reform, and his most notable failure, the Iraq war. ‎We argue that Bush's psychological predispositions were particularly noteworthy in the latter, in ‎part because greater presidential power in foreign policy magnifies the impacts of leader personality.‎
Trace transition metal-catalyzed reactions in the microsomal metabolism of alkyl hydrazines to carbon-centered free radicals.

Radical production from alkyl hydrazines (i.e. phenelzine and benzylhydrazine) in rat liver microsomes has been proposed to occur via cytochrome P-450-catalyzed one-electron oxidation followed by beta-scission of an alkyl radical. In microsomes treated with phenelzine (2-phenylethylhydrazine), NADPH, and the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN), the 4-POBN/2-phenylethyl radical adduct was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The addition of catalase and superoxide dismutase resulted in a 28.5 and 24% decrease in radical production, respectively. The concentration of the 4-POBN/2-phenylethyl radical adduct decreased significantly in the presence of metal chelators, i.e. EDTA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), or deferoxamine mesylate. When phenelzine was incubated with deferoxamine mesylate-washed microsomes and NADPH in Chelex-treated incubation buffer, no significant radical adduct formation was detected. Addition of iron-chelator complexes (either Fe(3+)-DTPA or Fe(3+)-EDTA) greatly stimulated production of the 4-POBN/2-phenylethyl radical adduct in this system. These results show that the 2-phenylethyl radical produced from phenelzine in a microsomal system arises via a trace transition metal-catalyzed reaction. This reaction may occur through oxidation of phenelzine by the hydroxyl radical, which has also been spin-trapped with 4-POBN in this system.
Fundamentals of image processing in light microscopy.

Publisher Summary Image processing is routinely used by a wide range of individuals who have access to digital cameras and computers. Judicious choice of image-processing routines can greatly enhance an image and can extract features that are not otherwise possible. When applying digital manipulations to an image, it is imperative to understand the routines that are being employed and to make use of well-designed standards when testing them out. With the advent of high-speed digital detectors and computers, near real-time processing involving moderately complicated routines is now possible.
Citizenship in a Federal System

This paper explores the ways in which citizenships are defined and regulated in federations. After introducing the subject by describing the debate over the meaning of national and sub-national sovereignties in an age of globalism, the paper discusses the internal, centripetal forces that may impel nation-states to federalize power, devolving it downward to sub-national units and thereby altering the nature and significance of citizenship. It next develops the political, constitutional, sociological, and psychological meanings of citizenship and the policy instruments through which different polities may instantiate these meanings, including federalism. The paper then analyzes how federalism affects citizenship by focusing on four aspects of a federation that shape citizenship's meaning in that polity: (1) the polity's historical and political origins; (2) its social diversity; (3) its distribution of powers between the national and sub-national levels, and among the latter; and (4) the rights and duties it accords to citizens of each level. This analysis draws on the federal systems in Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, the U.S., and, to a lesser extent, Belgium. The paper concludes by reporting on the recent, unexpected renaissance of America's dual sovereignty form of federalism.
Bayesian Nonparametrics: Nonparametric Bayes applications to biostatistics

This chapter provides a brief review and motivation for the use of nonparametric Bayes methods in biostatistical applications. Clearly, the nonparametric Bayes biostatistical literature is increasingly vast, and it is not possible to present properly or even mention most of the approaches that have been proposed. Instead, the focus here is entirely on methods utilizing random probability measures, with the emphasis on a few approaches that seem particularly useful in addressing the considerable challenges faced in modern biostatistical research. In addition, the emphasis will be entirely on practical applications-motivated considerations, with the goal of moving the reader towards implementing related approaches for their own data. Readers interested in the theoretical motivation, which is certainly a fascinating area in itself, are referred to the cited papers and to Chapters 1–4. Introduction Biomedical research has clearly evolved at a dramatic rate in the past decade, with improvements in technology leading to a fundamental shift in the way in which data are collected and analyzed. Before this paradigm shift, studies were most commonly designed to be simple and to focus on relationships among a few variables of primary interest. For example, in a clinical trial, patients may be randomized to receive either the drug or placebo, with the analysis focusing on a comparison of means between the two groups. However, with emerging biotechnology tools, scientists are increasingly interested in studying how patients vary in their response to drug therapies, and what factors predict this variability.
Dual-band quadrifilar helix antenna

Resonant quadrifilar helix antennas are widely used on hand-held receivers for GPS (Global Positioning System) and for some mobile communication systems. The paper investigates a quadrifilar helix antenna over a ground plane and with trap loading. A model of this antenna was built to operate at two frequency bands, 1227 MHz and 1575 MHz, with more than 2% bandwidth in each band. The four wires of the helix were created using narrow copper strips on a flexible mylar sheet that is then rolled into a cylinder to form the helix. The trap circuit is placed across the gap in each strip. To obtain anti-resonance at the higher frequency, the trap circuit values are 6.8 nH and 1.5 pF. The four arms of the helix are attached to a base plate whose diameter is chosen to reflect the energy from the helix while still maintaining coverage for angles just below the horizon, a cardioid pattern. Examples of the right-hand circular polarization elevation plane patterns measured at those two frequencies are shown. The input match for the antenna is illustrated by an overlay of the reflection coefficients at the input to each of the four arms of the helix.
A critical evaluation of real-time ultrasonography for the study of gallbladder volume and contraction

Abstract Methods for investigating the physiology of the gallbladder in intact man are generally limited by their inconvenience and hazards, which include repeated exposure of the patient to radiation, nasoduodenal intubation, and complicated or time-consuming chemical techniques. We have carefully evaluated real-time ultrasonography for measuring gallbladder volume and contraction. We determined the validity and accuracy of ultrasound in assessing gallbladder volume and emptying in response to a stimulus. Gallbladder volume, calculated from sonography by a method which assumes gallbladder volume is equal to the sum of a series of cylinders, was 0.95 (SD = 0.01) times the true volume of bile instilled into a human gallbladder in vitro. With a rubber balloon model, containing small volumes (3–17 ml), the true volumes were overestimated by ~17% (0.5–3.1 ml). The intra- and interobserver variation in measurement of gallbladder size was usually within 10%. In 16 subjects we compared the fasting gallbladder volumes and response to a standard liquid meal on 2 successive days. The coefficients of variation in fasting volume, maximum percent emptied after meal-stimulated contraction, residual volume, and rate constant of emptying were 15.0, 12.8, 25.3, and 23.8%, respectively. In 15 consecutive subjects gallbladder volume was determined simultaneously by oral cholecystography and by real-time ultrasonography. Using the sum of cylinders technique, ultrasound volumes were 1.03 (SD = 0.11) times the cholecystogram volumes. We conclude that real-time ultrasonography is a simple, accurate, noninvasive and potentially valuable means of studying gallbladder size and emptying in intact man.
Phenotypic states become increasingly sensitive to perturbations near a bifurcation in a synthetic gene network

All organisms need to be able to react to the challenges thrown at them by their changing environment. Yeast, bacteria and other microbes have networks of genes that can give rise to many different traits and characteristics, which can also be referred to as phenotypes. A change in the environment can alter the activities' of the genes so that the microbes display a different phenotype. The point at which a small change in the environment can lead to a sudden switch in the phenotype is called a ‘critical transition’. An individual microbe's history can influence the phenotype that it presents. However, it is not clear how microbes ‘remember’ their history, or how fluctuations in the environment might cause the microbe to lose the ability to store this memory and present a different phenotype instead. Here, Axelrod et al. studied phenotype memory in yeast cells grown in the laboratory. The experiments used cells that had been genetically modified to glow red in the presence of a molecule called anhydrotetracycline (or ATc) and to glow green in the absence of the molecule. Axelrod et al. examined what effect altering the levels of this molecule would have on the phenotype produced by the cells. First, the cells were grown with no ATc present for several generations so that the cells glowed green. Next, Axelrod et al. added different amounts of ATc were added. For moderate levels of ATc the cells continued to glow green, illustrating that they ‘remembered’ their prior growth condition. However, cells exposed to higher levels of ATc lost this memory and changed color. Next, Axelrod et al. carried out further experiments on cells exposed to ATc levels that were close to, or further away from the critical transition. At high levels of ATc (that is, close to the critical transition), many cells switched from green to red when exposed to high temperatures, salt and other changes in the environment. On the other hand, very few of the cells grown in low levels of ATc—and therefore further away from the critical transition—changed color in response to the same fluctuations in their environment. These finding reveal that phenotype memory is less stable when yeast experience fluctuations in their environment close to a critical transition. Future work will seek to find out how salt or high temperatures can abolish phenotype memory.
Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas

Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are being identified at an increasing frequency largely due to the increased use of abdominal cross-sectional imaging. These neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with various genetic alterations, molecular features, and risks of malignancy. Despite the use of high-resolution radiographic studies, endoscopic evaluation, cyst fluid analysis, and novel molecular diagnostics, many of these lesions remain difficult to classify without operative resection. These diagnostic challenges are coupled with an improving but limited understanding of the natural history of these neoplasms. Treatment of pancreatic cystic neoplasms therefore remains controversial but consists largely of a selective tumor-specific approach to surgical resection. Future research remains necessary to better discriminate the biological behavior of these tumors in order to more appropriately select patients for operative intervention.
The Impact of Health Reform on Job Mobility: Evidence from Massachusetts

This paper estimates the impact of the implementation of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform on job mobility. Theoretically, the effect is ambiguous, as the public health insurance expansion and l...
Structural decomposition and new algebraic method for large-scale systems

The interconnections of subsystems are structurally decomposed and the stability of the overall large-scale system is then investigated, based on these decompositions. With these formulations, the decentralized control design for the interconnected subsystems can be treated as an algebraic problem. The architecture is then extended to solve the decentralized estimation and stabilization problem. The emphasis here is to propose a new method for the qualitative analysis and design of large-scale systems. The advantage lies in its feasibility for a computer-aided control system design (CACSD) set-up.
Whence Consumer Loyalty

Both practitioners and academics understand that consumer loyalty and satisfaction are linked inextricably. They also understand that this relation is asymmetric. Although loyal consumers are most ...
Conceptual change in science and in science education

There is substantial evidence that traditional instructional methods have not been successful in helping students to ‘restructure’ their commonsense conceptions and learn the conceptual structures of scientific theories. This paper argues that the nature of the changes and the kinds of reasoning required in a major conceptual restructuring of a representation of a domain are fundamentally the same in the discovery and in the learning processes. Understanding conceptual change as it occurs in science and in learning science will require the development of a common cognitive model of conceptual change. The historical construction of an inertial representation of motion is examined and the potential instructional implications of the case are explored.
A technique for the evaluation of the contributions of knee structures to knee mechanics in the knee that has a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament

A technique to quantify the restraining action of specific knee structures during anterior/posterior (A/P) tibial displacement tests in the goat knee that has a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is described. Joint specimens were mounted in an instrumented test stand to measure both the forces on, and resulting translations of, the tibia in the A/P direction. The intact grafted knee was tested first, after which structures were sequentially cut or removed, or both, and the test was repeated. The ACL graft remained intact in the joint during this process; therefore, subsequent axial failure testing was possible. Analysis of the resulting force-displacement curves allowed the percentage contribution and anterior joint stiffness to be determined for each structure at a fixed anterior displacement in 12 goat knees 6 months after ACL allografting. The allografts were found to provide about 56% of the total restraining force, more than any other structure examined. Studies of this kind will be important in the documentation of the changing role of an autograft or allograft in a reconstructed knee over time.
An angular spectrum representation approach to the Goos-Hänchen shift

The reflection of a beam of light at a plane interface is treated using the angular spectrum representation. The Goos-Hanchen shift is found to be proportional to the first derivative of the phase of the reflectance. The second derivative of the phase gives rise to a shift of the reflected beam along its direction of propagation. This new shift, called a focal shift, is different from the extra propagation distance of the beam predicted on the basis of a ray model for total internal reflection. Expressions are presented for the Goos-Hanchen and focal shifts for both s and p polarization.
Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in the kidney of immature and mature male rats

Abstract 1. 1. Specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone to cytosol and the activation of bound hormone-receptor complexes were studied in the kidney of immature (3-week) and mature (26-week) Long-Evans male rats. 2. 2. The concentration of specific binding sites was significantly higher (25%) in the kidney of immature rats as compared with mature, while dissociation constants (Kd) remain unaltered at both ages. 3. 3. Heat activation (25°C for 45 min) significantly enhanced the binding of [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose and purified nuclei at both ages to the same extent. Cross-mixing experiments (i.e. binding of activated cytosol from mature rats to nuclei of immature and vice versa) gave similar results to the non-mixed groups. 4. 4. Ca2+ activation (0°C for 45 min with 20 mM Ca2+) also enhanced the nuclear and DNA-cellulose binding at both ages but to a greater magnitude in immature rats. 5. 5. Differences in the number of specific binding sites and some of the physicochemical properties of kidney glucocorticoid receptors presented here between immature and mature rats may underlie the functional changes in tissue response with age.
Hematological and Biochemical Laboratory Values in Older Cardiovascular Health Study Participants

OBJECTIVE: To define reference hematologic and biochemical lab values in older individuals. DESIGN: Randomly selected, age- and gender-stratified participants. SETTING: Visits by participants to four research clinics. PATIENTS: A total of 5201 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, an observational study of older Medicare-eligible individuals living at home. MEASUREMENT: Information about health status, previous illness, and medication use was obtained from participants and/or their MDs. This information was used to define a healthy subset of the population. Blood samples were obtained for Cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, fasting and 2-hour postload glucose and insulin, fibrinogen, factors VII and VIII, potassium, creatinine, albumin, uric acid, white blood count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet count. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for age group and/or gender for all mean values. Many tests were significantly different from the generally accepted reference ranges used in clinical laboratories. CONCLUSIONS: In some situations accepted laboratory norms for the general population can not be extrapolated to older adults. There are implications for both research and clinical practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:855–859, 1995.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from unmanaged colonies and swarms in the United States.

To study the genetic diversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) from unmanaged colonies in the United States, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA COI–COII region. From the 530 to 1,230 bp amplicon, we observed 23 haplotypes from 247 samples collected from 12 states, representing three of the four A. mellifera lineages known to have been imported into the United States (C, M, and O). Six of the 13 C lineage haplotypes were not found in previous queen breeder studies in the United States. The O lineage accounted for 9% of unmanaged colonies which have not yet been reported in queen breeder studies. The M lineage accounted for a larger portion of unmanaged samples (7%) than queen breeder samples (3%). Based on our mitochondrial DNA data, the genetic diversity of unmanaged honey bees in the United States differs significantly from that of queen breeder populations (p < 0.00001). The detection of genetically distinct maternal lineages of unmanaged honey bees suggests that these haplotypes may have existed outside the managed honey bee population for a long period.
Diagnostician's Digit: A Repercussion of Percussion

Percussion, described by Dr Leopold Auenbrugger in 1761, has long been a tool used by the physician as a technique in the art of physical diagnosis.1One method, bimanual indirect or mediate, is done by placing the left long finger on the body surface to be percussed to serve as a pleximeter. The area about the distal interphalangeal joint is struck a sharp blow with the tip of the flexed right long finger, the plexor.2 An octogenarian physician, a practicing internist, graduated from medical school in 1936 and has been using the art of digital percussion for more than 62 years, including his time as a medical student. The posttraumatic hyperpigmentation with central hypopigmentation and atrophic changes are a result of innumerable repetitions of the technique of bimanual indirect percussion. The physician first noticed the lesion more than 5 years ago. A similar lesion does not exist on
On the contribution of a limited region to the global energy budget

Energy budget equations applicable to any limited atmospheric region are developed employing the concept of available potential energy. These equations contain, in addition to the customary generation, conversion, and dissipation terms, expressions for the boundary fluxes. Utilizing Lorenz's definition of available potential energy, the energetics of the limited region are defined as the contribution that the region makes to the global energy budget. This allows one to examine energy processes in a limited region in terms of their relation to the energetics of the general circulation. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00432.x
Scaling theory in modern VLSI

Discusses the scaling rules for VLSI that pertain to the total wire length and the clock speed. The analysis indicates that the total wire length is not increasing as rapidly as standard scaling theory would indicate. This results from over-scaling of the cell size reduction from one generation to the next (as predicted by Moore [1975]). However, the total wire length is still increasing at a rate that will cause significant power dissipation in the interconnects and indicates the need for new locally interconnected architectures. Moreover, the over-scaling of cell size reduction also raises the possible limitations that arise as the cell size is reduced faster than the gate length. We also discussed the effects of scaling on on-die clock speed. While gate-array clock speeds are scaling slower than the scaling rules would predict (a problem for large multi-chip architectures), clock speeds in modern VLSI chips track the scaling rule quite accurately.