cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential movement of methyl bromide through golf course greens

Abstract Methyl bromide (MeBr) is routinely used for soil sterilization and stored food preservation. There is increasing concern for the continued use of MeBr due to the influence of methane and MeBr on the ozone layer in addition to its high mammalian toxicity. MeBr is commonly used for sterilizing golf course greens during construction and renovation. The high water solubility of MeBr and bromide ion (Br) and the high infiltration rate of most golf course greens allows for potential movement of these analytes into drainage channels and ultimately into surface contained water systems. The objective of this research was to develop a sensitive and accurate method for quantifying MeBr and Br in aqueous soil leachate and to determine the potential for MeBr and Br transport through golf course greens following fumigation. A method for utilizing a purge and trap system coupled to a gas Chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (P&T/GC‐ECD) was developed for measuring MeBr. This system along wit...
Voyager photopolarimeter observations of Saturn and Titan

The Voyager 2 photopolarimeter experiment observed the intensity and polarization of scattered sunlight from the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan in the near-UV at 2640 A and in the near-IR at 7500 A. Measurements of Saturn's limb brightening and polarization at several phase angles up to 70 deg indicate that a significant optical depth of UV absorbers are present in the top 100 mbar of Saturn's atmosphere in the equatorial zone and north polar region, and possibly at other latitudes as well. UV absorbers are prominent in polar regions, suggesting that charged particle precipitation from the magnetosphere may be important in their formation. The whole-body polarization of Titan is strongly positive in both the UV and near IR. If spherical particles are responsible for the polarization, no single size distribution or refractive index can account for the polarization at both wavelengths. The model atmosphere proposed by Tomasko and Smith (1982), characterized by a gradient in particle size with altitude, seems capable of explaining the Voyager observations.
Cat exposure induces both intra- and extracellular Hsp72: the role of adrenal hormones.

Abstract Heat-shock proteins (Hsp) play an important role in stress physiology. Exposure to a variety of stressors will induce intracellular Hsp72, and this induction is believed to be beneficial for cell survival. In contrast, Hsp72 released during stress (extracellular Hsp72; eHsp72) activates pro-inflammatory responses. Clearly, physical stressors such as heat, cold, H2O2, intense exercise and tail shock will induce both intra- and extracellular Hsp72. The current study tested whether a psychological stressor, cat exposure, would also trigger this response. In addition, the potential role of adrenal hormones in the Hsp72 response was examined. Adult, male Sprague Dawley rats were either adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham operated. Ten days post-recovery, rats were exposed to either a cat with no physical contact or control procedures (n=5–6/group) for 2 h. Levels of intracellular Hsp72 were measured in the brain (frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, dorsal vagal complex) and pituitary (ELISA). Levels of eHsp72 (ELISA) and corticosterone (RIA) were measured from serum obtained at the end of the 2-h stress period. Rats that were exposed to a cat had elevated intracellular Hsp72 in hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex, and elevated eHsp72 and corticosterone in serum. Both the intra- and extracellular Hsp72 responses were blocked or attenuated by ADX. This study demonstrates that cat exposure can stimulate the Hsp72 response and that adrenal hormones contribute to this response.
Principles of proving concurrent programs in Gypsy

Concurrency in Gypsy is based on a unique, formal approach to specifying and proving systems of concurrent processes. The specification and proof methods are designed so that proofs of individual processes are totally independent, even when operating concurrently. These methods can be applied both to terminating and non-terminating processes, and the proof methods are well suited to automated verification aids. The basic principles of these methods and their interaction with the design of Gypsy are described.
Payload system development for high altitude balloon

A balloonSat weighs up to around 4 kg and soars up to reach altitudes of 100,000 feet or higher using a high altitude balloon with its diameter of 10 to 12 feet mostly, but costs only several hundred dollars. This altitude of the stratosphere provides harsh conditions of tough and significant scientific and engineering challenges. High-altitude balloons can carry small payloads to altitudes higher than 80,000 feet into the stratosphere, in which part of space the conditions and atmosphere are quite similar to those in low-Earth orbit, so as to call it as near-space. In this balloonSat project, the payload systems are developed based upon a cubic satellite, which is equipped with a 16-bit microcontroller; wireless 2.4 GHz modem that transmits signals well to a receiver on the ground consistently upon various cosmic radiation levels in the near-space; the 9-degree sensor that collects and transmits in real time during the whole flight. In the meantime to track the BalloonSat throughout the whole flight so as to recover it safely, the GPS and Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS) are deployed with the balloonSat.
Epidemiologic approaches to assessing human cancer risk from consuming aquatic food resources from chemically contaminated water.

Epidemiologic approaches to assessing human cancer risk from consuming fish from contaminated waters must confront the problems of long latency and rarity of the end point (cancer). The latency pro...
American Reformers Abroad: The Kemmerer Missions in South America, 1923–1931

To be an expert was to assume a position of special significance in public life during and following the Progressive Era in America. To be trained in scientific principles of medicine, sociology, public administration, or economics was to be prepared to develop the opportunities and promises of American life and to reform those institutions and ideas that hindered progress. Some attention has been drawn to the limited use by government of professional academic economists starting in the early years of the twentieth century. But the work of American economists as advisers has generally been neglected, especially in relation to the study of American foreign relations. Focussing upon the work of Edwin W. Kemmerer in the five Andean countries of South America between 1923 and 1931, this article is an attempt to indicate the possibilities for fruitful research into various dimensions of foreign economic advising.
Effects of shape and transfer degrees of freedom on sub-barrier fusion

Two studies of near and sub-barrier fusion have been carried out. In the first of these, fusion excitation functions and barrier distributions have been measured for 40Ca incident on prolate 192Os and oblate 194Pt. The influence of the shape of the target nucleus and the effect of a very positive Q-value transfer channel on the excitation functions and barrier distributions has been determined. A second study involves fusion measurements for 40Ca on a series of Ti isotopes. This series was chosen because the target deformation and transfer Q-value effects favour opposite ends of the isotopic series, in contrast to the behaviour for the well studied Sm isotopic series. The relative importance of shape and transfer channels in this isotopic series will be discussed. We will also present some comparisons of barrier distributions obtained from `elastic' excitation functions and from fusion excitation functions.
A virial coefficient interrelation for temperatures from about 1.0 to 2.7 times the critical temperature

Abstract An interrelation among the virial coefficients for temperatures between about 1.0 and 2.7 times the critical temperature is derived from the experimentally observed linearity of the temperature, T , versus the density, ρ , at constant K = ( Z − 1)/ ρ , where Z is the compressibility factor. This relates higher virial coefficients at a given T to the temperature dependence of the previous coefficients at that T . The experimental linearity of the constant- K (ISOK) lines is confirmed for nitrogen, from which accurate values of B and C , the second and third virial coefficients, are derived. The new interrelation is then used to find the fourth virial coefficient, D , for nitrogen in this T range (120–340 K). It is also shown that the Lennard–Jones 6,12 intermolecular potential does not obey this interrelation because its ISOK lines are not linear, and therefore it cannot represent the PρT behavior of nitrogen or other common gases.
Buckling of torispherical shells under internal pressure

Abstract : Buckling experiments were performed on a series of model torispherical bulkheads loaded by internal fluid pressure. Models were rigid polyvinyl-chloride with a base diameter of 10.5 inches. Parameters examined included thickness, central angle, and toroidal radius. Initial data obtained shows the critical buckling pressure to vary exponentially with thickness and almost linearly with central angle. The buckling pressure was also found to be very sensitive to change in toroidal radius. The use of rigid polyvinyl-chloride as a model material permitted economical fabrication of test bulkheads with very uniform thickness and uniform material properties throughout. (Author)
Amino acyl conjugates of nitrogen heterocycles as potential pharmacophores.

2-Methyl- and 4-methylpyridine and 2-methylquinoline are converted by benzotriazole-activated (Cbz)-protected amino acids into chiral potential novel pharmacophore aminoacyl conjugates (33−53%).
Comparing Three Approaches That Generate Bids for the Referendum Contingent Valuation Method

Abstract Two Monte Carlo willingness-to-pay (WTP) models were constructed to compare three approaches that generate bids for the referendum CVM. In the first model, WTP was normally distributed, and in the second, was lognormally distributed. The bid approaches were those of K. L. Boyle, M. P. Welsh, and R. C. Bishop, (Land Econom. 64, 94-98, 1988), J. C. Cooper (J. Environ. Econom. Management24, 25-40, 1993), and an ad hoc third approach. Some properties of these approaches were discussed. WTP estimates from the three approaches were compared to the true value. Results indicated that Boyle et al.′s approach was preferred, especially when variation in WTP was low. Estimates from the three approaches became more compatible as WTP variability and sample size increased.
The failure of elites

"The Failure of Elites" is unique as an in-depth study of an operative elite in a country undergoing substantial modernizing change while experiencing profound conflict, including armed insurgency and terrorism. The book combines a historical account of elite succession with an analysis of the social characteristics of incumbent elites. In particular, it describes the rise to power of a middle-sector elite, its subsequent fragmentation and loss of impetus toward reform, as well as diminished contact with the Venezuelan people. The author explores in detail the career lines and private lives of the elite, the structure of intraelite communications, and the ideologies and behavior of men who hold power. Each of these perspectives builds on distinctive types of data and on novel techniques appropriate to the particular analysis.Bonilla's study includes an examination of the more reticent and inaccessible power wielders--the military, proscribed parties, and the United States Community--as well as an appraisal of elite capacity to meet challenges emerging in the current decade. On a broader basis, the book raises serious questions as to the ability of democratic, reform-minded elites in countries like Venezuela to bring about the profound transformation needed to free such nations from poverty and social inequality.
New Method for Assigning Baryon Resonances to SU(3) Multiplets

SU(3) assignments for baryon resonances can be inferred from the relative phases of the resonant amplitudes in two-body inelastic channels. We give an application to ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}$ resonances in the channel ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Free boundary problems with surface tension conditions

Abstract In this paper we consider free boundary problems with a surface tension condition at the free boundary. The simplest of these problems is the classical Hele–Shaw problem which describes viscous flow between two parallel plates with small spacing. We shall consider models which describe tumor growth and are expressed by systems of PDEs. We shall also consider the Hele–Shaw problem constrained in a half-space.
Synthesis of 6'-deoxy-6'-fluorosucrose.

Abstract A facile synthesis of 6′-deoxy-6′-fluorosucrose has been developed. The title compound is available in six linear steps in 44% overall yield from commercially available sucrose. The synthesis involves rapid and convenient fluorination and deprotection conditions. This procedure would be very useful for the incorporation of radioactive [18F].
The ability of certain antimutagenic agents to prevent development of antibiotic resistance.

Resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents has now become a prominent fact of contemporary life. It is believed that poor patient compliance, e.g. interrupted or premature cessation of therapy; and misuse or abuse of antibiotics, e.g. wrong antibiotic or insufficient dose, play important roles in resistance development. We present evidence that, this form of resistance often stems from spontaneous mutations accompanied by the positive selecting pressure of the doses of antibiotics being between the MIC and MBC levels. A number of antimutagenic agents, e.g. green tea catechins, and other antioxidants, etc. are able to suppress the emergence of resistance. In many cases, these agents are capable of exerting these effects at doses which by themselves produce no visible effect on growth. In a number of cases antimutagenic substances capable of preventing resistance emergence are present in normal food stuffs. These effects are exerted against resistance to tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and the like. The implications of these laboratory findings for practical chemotherapy are discussed.
Reproducibility of linear and nonlinear input-output systems

A control system may be viewed as effecting a transformation, under fixed initial conditions, of the input, the control, to the output; the controls are to be chosen from a given family of functions, and consequently the outputs are members of a set of functions. This viewpoint may be extended in various ways. For example, the initial conditions may be allowed to vary within a given set. Alternatively, one may start with a set of possible outputs, and try to find one or more allowed controls and permissible initial conditions, which will yield the set of outputs. Put concretely, one can ask when a spacecraft, starting at one of a set of initial conditions, and “steered” by one of a set of prescribed controls, can be made to follow any one of a family of curves, with preassigned . velocity. This, roughly, is what is meant by “reproducibility.” Reproducibility has been studied extensively by a number of investigators [ 1-5, 10, 111. Here we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the reproducibility of linear time-varying, as well as time-invariant input-output systems, and
Comparative Immunological, Biological and Biophysical Behaviour of Meningopneumonitis Viral Antigenic Preparations

THE Psittacosis-LGV-Trachoma (PLT) group of viruses is mainly characterized by their complement-fixing (CF) activity1–5. We have recently reported multi-functional, that is, CF, precipitating and leuco-agglutinating meningo-pneumonitis viral MPV sub-units6. These immunological sub-units differ from those observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. They could easily be obtained by genetron extraction of the virus (FEM)6. We now wish to report immunological, biological and biophysical behaviour of FEM sub-units in comparison with several other antigenic preparations reported in the past.
On the essential work of fracture

Etude du travail specifique de la rupture dans les materiaux ductiles en utilisant des specimens, dans lesquels la taille de la zone plastique externe est proportionnelle au carre de la longueur du ligament initial
ICE-LAP3, a Novel Mammalian Homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans Cell Death Protein Ced-3 Is Activated during Fas- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis

Members of the ICE/ced-3 gene family have been implicated as components of the cell death pathway. Based on similarities with the structural prototype interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), family members are synthesized as proenzymes that are proteolytically processed to form active heterodimeric enzymes. In this report, we describe a novel member of this growing gene family, ICE-LAP3, which is closely related to the death effector Yama/CPP32/Apopain. Pro-ICE-LAP3 is a 35-kDa protein localized to the cytoplasm and expressed in a variety of tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of a truncated version of ICE-LAP3 (missing the pro-domain) induces apoptosis in MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. Importantly, upon receipt of a death stimulus, endogenous ICE-LAP3 is processed to its subunit forms, suggesting a physiological role in cell death. This is the first report to demonstrate processing of a native ICE/ced-3 family member during execution of the death program and the first description of the subcellular localization of an ICE/ced-3 family member.
One-Electron Reduction of Substituted Chlorinated Methanes as Determined from Ab Initio Electronic Structure Theory

Substituted chloromethyl radicals and anions are potential intermediates in the reduction of substituted chlorinated methanes (CHxCl3-xL, with L- = F-, OH-, SH-, NO3-, HCO3- and x = 0−3). Thermochemical properties, (298.15 K), S°(298.15 K,1 bar), and ΔGS(298.15 K, 1 bar), were calculated by using ab initio electronic structure methods for the substituted chloromethyl radicals and anions: CHyCl2-yL• and CHyCl2-yL-, for y = 0−2. In addition, thermochemical properties were calculated for the aldehyde, ClHCO, and the gem-chlorohydrin anions, CCl3O-, CHCl2O-, and CH2ClO-. The thermochemical properties of these additional compounds were calculated because the nitrate-substituted compounds, CHyCl2-y(NO3)• and CHyCl2-y(NO3)-, were not stable, with all levels of ab initio theory leading to highly dissociated complexes. On the basis of these thermochemical estimates, the overall reaction energetics (in the gas phase and aqueous phase) for several mechanisms of the first electron reduction of the substituted chlori...
Transient Filling of Sacrificially Etched Nanochannels by Capillarity

In this paper we present results of an experimental investigation that explores the transient filling of nanochannels due to capillarity. The nanochannels explored here were fabricated using sacrificial metal cores and were designed to mimic the parallel-plate channel geometry. Channels of heights ranging from 41 to 91 nm were utilized in the experimental program and both aluminum and chromium were utilized as the sacrificial metal from which the channels were formed. The filling dynamics of channels that were closed on one end were also explored. The data reveal that the channels fabricated with aluminum as the sacrificial core yield marked departure from expected behavior, with the apparent frictional constant significantly elevated above classical values. Potential reasons for the departure are discussed. Channels fabricated with chromium cores result in behavior that yields much less deviation from anticipated Stokes flow behavior. However, for these channels the meniscus speed is observed to vary markedly across the channels transverse width. Channels that are closed on one end yield behavior that is significantly different from the open-ended channel results. Here the meniscus becomes destabilized as it approaches the capped channel end and the trapped air becomes entrained by the liquid and dispersed without evidence of bubble existence.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Biomechanical factors in the progression of idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis is present when, in upright positions of the trunk, the spine curves to the side for unknown reasons. This paper reviews evidence concerning some biomechanical factors that might underlie the progression of such curves. The review concentrates on studies conducted in our laboratories. Arguments are made, based on biomechanical analyses and experiments, that progression occurs because of defects in the postural control system of the spine.
Identification of N-phenyl-N′-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-oxalamides as a new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors that prevent gp120 binding to CD4

We have identified two N-phenyl-N'-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-oxalamide analogs as a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry inhibitors that block the gp120-CD4 interaction, using database screening techniques. The lead compounds, NBD-556 and NBD-557, are small molecule organic compounds with drug-like properties. These compounds showed potent cell fusion and virus-cell fusion inhibitory activity at low micromolar levels. A systematic study showed that these compounds target viral entry by inhibiting the binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cellular receptor CD4 but did not inhibit reverse transcriptase, integrase, or protease, indicating that they do not target the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to inhibit HIV-1 infection. These compounds were equally potent inhibitors of both X4 and R5 viruses tested in CXCR4 and CCR5 expressing cell lines, respectively, indicating that their anti-HIV-1 activity is not dependent on the coreceptor tropism of the virus. A surface plasmon resonance study, which measures binding affinity, clearly demonstrated that these compounds bind to unliganded HIV-1 gp120 but not to the cellular receptor CD4. NBD-556 and NBD-557 were active against HIV-1 laboratory-adapted strains including an AZT-resistant strain and HIV-1 primary isolates, indicating that these compounds can potentially be further modified to become potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
Being-With Dying: Authenticity in End-of-Life Encounters

Families and their dying members have notably unmet needs. This is in large part due to health professionals being unprepared to be authentic (emotionally appropriate, purposive, and responsible) in end-of-life encounters. Martin Heidegger's interpretive phenomenology informed this study, providing background, structures, language, and metaphors to interpret narratives for patterns of authentic being-with dying among nurses who attend to dying. Semistructured interviews elicited tacit knowledge imbedded in the experiences of those nurses and showed how they comfort themselves in end-of-life situations. Patterns emerged in a presence of authentic being-with dying, which assisted persons in their transitions toward a peaceful death. Patterns are explicated in a 5-point framework, which paralleled Heidegger's structures of authentic being-toward-death.
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase of Candida utilis: purification and properties.

Abstract Fructose diphosphate aldolase has been purified from Candida utilis. The final product is homogeneous by several criteria and stable for several weeks in the presence of a reducing agent. The molecular weight from equilibrium sedimentation measurement is 67,500. The enzyme contains 1 mole of zinc per mole of enzyme and is activated by K+ ions; in these properties it resembles the enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is strongly inhibited by chelating agents such as EDTA, o-phenanthroline, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate; the reaction rates with these substrates are 2.5 and 0.08% of that with fructose 1,6-diphosphate, respectively. No evidence was obtained for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate with the Candida enzyme. Since transaldolase from C. utilis does form a Schiff base intermediate, this organism represents a case in which both types of enzyme are present.
An HWRF-based ensemble assessment of the land surface feedback on the post-landfall intensification of Tropical Storm Fay (2008)

While tropical cyclones (TCs) usually decay after landfall, Tropical Storm Fay (2008) initially developed a storm central eye over South Florida by anomalous intensi- fication overland. Unique to the Florida peninsula are Lake Okeechobee and the Ever- glades, which may have provided a surface feedback as the TC tracked near these features around the time of peak intensity. Analysis is done with the use of an ensemble model- based approach with the Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) version of the Hurricane WRF (HWRF) model using an outer domain and a storm-centered moving nest with 27- and 9-km grid spacing, respectively. Choice of land surface parameterization and small- scale surface features may influence TC structure, dictate the rate of TC decay, and even the anomalous intensification after landfall in model experiments. Results indicate that the HWRF model track and intensity forecasts are sensitive to three features in the model framework: land surface parameterization, initial boundary conditions, and the choice of planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme. Land surface parameterizations such as the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Slab and Noah land surface models (LSMs) dominate the changes in storm track, while initial conditions and PBL schemes cause the largest changes in the TC intensity overland. Land surface heterogeneity in
Multilevel versus isolated endovascular tibial interventions for critical limb ischemia

Objective Endovascular interventions for critical limb ischemia (CLI) continue to have variable reported results. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of disease level and distribution on the outcomes of tibial interventions. Methods A retrospective analysis of all tibial interventions done for CLI between 2006 and 2009 was performed. Outcomes of isolated tibial (group I) and multilevel interventions (group II) (femoropopliteal and tibial) were compared. Results Endovascular interventions were utilized to treat 136 limbs in 123 patients for CLI: 54 isolated tibial (85% tissue loss), and 82 multilevel (80% tissue loss). Mean age and baseline comorbidities were comparable. The mean ankle-brachial index (ABI) was significantly lower prior to intervention in group II (0.53 vs 0.74; P P = NS). Wound healing or improvement was achieved in 69% in group I and in 87% in group II ( P = .05). Mean overall follow-up was 12.6 ± 5.3 months. Time to healing was significantly longer in group I: 11.5 ± 8.8 months vs 7.7 ± 6.6 months ( P = .03). Limb salvage was achieved in 81% of group I and 95% of group II ( P = .05). The rate of reintervention was similar (13% vs 18%, P = NS), so was the rate of late surgical conversion (0% vs 6%; P = NS). Limb loss resulted from lack of conduit or initial target vessel for bypass and high-risk systemic comorbidities. Overall mortality rates were similar among both groups. An isolated tibial intervention was a predictor of limb loss at 1 year on multivariate analysis and resulted in a lower rate of limb salvage at 1 year compared with multilevel interventions. Additionally, despite comparable primary patency rates, there was improved secondary patency with multilevel interventions compared with the isolated tibial interventions. Predictors of limb loss in patients treated with isolated tibial intervention included multiple synchronous tibial revascularization ( P = .005) and advanced coronary artery disease requiring revascularization ( P = .005). Conclusions Adequate rates of limb salvage can be achieved in patients undergoing multilevel interventions for CLI, and improved patency is seen with multilevel compared to isolated tibial interventions. Patients with isolated tibial disease appear to have a higher incidence of limb loss secondary to poor initial pedal runoff, more extensive distal disease, and severe comorbidities precluding surgical bypass. Other therapeutic strategies should be considered in these patients, including primary amputation or pedal bypass when applicable.
VIOLENCE ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE

A series of brief office counseling interventions for the prevention and treatment of violence is reviewed in this article. Primary prevention strategies throughout the pediatric age span cover topics from gun storage to nonviolent handling of a potential street fight. Secondary prevention strategies deal with patients who have been injured by violence or patients who engage in street violence, weapon carrying, or dating violence.
Treatment of solid wastes with molten salt oxidation

Abstract Molten salt oxidation (MSO) is a robust thermal treatment process that can be used to oxidatively and efficiently destroy the organic constituents of mixed and hazardous wastes, and energetic materials [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] . An integrated pilot-scale MSO demonstration facility has been installed and operated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). This facility, which has been operational since December 1997, was built to demonstrate the capability of processing organic feed at a commercially useful scale (5–7 kg/h). The integrated MSO treatment train consists of several subsystems:a primary MSO processor (reaction vessel), an off-gas conditioning system, a salt recycle system, and a ceramic final forms immobilization system. The MSO/off-gas system began operations in December 1997, while the salt recycle system and the ceramic final forms immobilization system were activated in May 1998 and September 1998, respectively. During FY98, we have successfully conducted tests in the MSO facility on a variety of liquid and solid organic feeds: chlorinated solvents, tributyl phosphate/kerosene mixtures, PCB-contaminated waste oils and solvents, shredded booties and coveralls, plastic pellets, ion-exchange resins, activated carbon, several radioactive-spike organics, and two well-characterized low-level liquid mixed wastes. This paper presents the results from the operation of the integrated pilot-scale MSO system for the treatmentof several solid feeds including activated carbon, ion exchange resin, plastic pellets, and shredded booties and gloves.
SCHOOL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY CONSULTATION IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

The role of school psychologists with training in neuropsychology is examined within the context of multitiered models of service delivery and educational reform policies. An expanded role is suggested that builds on expertise in the assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders and extends to broader tiers through consultation practice. Changes in federal legislation to allow more flexible approaches toward assessment are viewed as a catalyst toward the integration of neuropsychological practice in school-based practice. As a set of priorities, recommendations are made for reforming assessment practice in schools, linking neuropsychological test results to academic treatment outcomes, and developing consultation practice with parents and teachers for early identification purposes and to integrate school-based services with community mental health services. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evolution of WRKY transcription factors

The availability of increasing numbers of sequenced genomes has necessitated a re-evaluation of the evolution of the WRKY transcription factor family. Modern day plants descended from a charophyte green alga that colonized the land between 430 and 470 million years ago. The first charophyte genome sequence from Klebsormidium flaccidum filled a gap in the available genome sequences in the plant kingdom between unicellular green algae that typically have 1-3 WRKY genes and mosses that contain 30-40. WRKY genes have been previously found in non-plant species but their occurrence has been difficult to explain. Only two WRKY genes are present in the Klebsormidium flaccidum genome and the presence of a Group IIb gene was unexpected because it had previously been thought that Group IIb WRKY genes first appeared in mosses. We found WRKY transcription factor genes outside of the plant lineage in some diplomonads, social amoebae, fungi incertae sedis, and amoebozoa. This patchy distribution suggests that lateral gene transfer is responsible. These lateral gene transfer events appear to pre-date the formation of the WRKY groups in flowering plants. Flowering plants contain proteins with domains typical for both resistance (R) proteins and WRKY transcription factors. R protein-WRKY genes have evolved numerous times in flowering plants, each type being restricted to specific flowering plant lineages. These chimeric proteins contain not only novel combinations of protein domains but also novel combinations and numbers of WRKY domains. Once formed, R protein WRKY genes may combine different components of signalling pathways that may either create new diversity in signalling or accelerate signalling by short circuiting signalling pathways. We propose that the evolution of WRKY transcription factors includes early lateral gene transfers to non-plant organisms and the occurrence of algal WRKY genes that have no counterparts in flowering plants. We propose two alternative hypotheses of WRKY gene evolution: The “Group I Hypothesis” sees all WRKY genes evolving from Group I C-terminal WRKY domains. The alternative “IIa + b Separate Hypothesis” sees Groups IIa and IIb evolving directly from a single domain algal gene separate from the Group I-derived lineage.
Attentional Control Buffers the Effect of Public Speaking Anxiety on Performance

We explored dispositional differences in the ability to self-regulate attentional processes in the domain of public speaking. Participants first completed measures of speech anxiety and attentional control. In a second session, participants prepared and performed a short speech. Fear of public speaking negatively impacted performance only for those low in attentional control. Thus, attentional control appears to act as a buffer that facilitates successful self-regulation despite performance anxiety.
Thermoelectric effects in decaying homogeneous magneto-gas turbulence

In the formulation of compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) (i.e., magneto‐gas dynamics), a ‘‘generalized Ohm’s law’’ is required. In particular, an electron pressure term and a ‘‘Hall effect’’ term may appear as non‐negligible additions to the Ohm’s law that is conventionally used for incompressible MHD. In ‘‘high‐beta’’ (i.e., relatively low magnetic energy) situations, the Hall term may be neglected (at least initially) but, as it turns out, the electron pressure term cannot be neglected. Here, three‐dimensional, high‐beta, homogeneous, decaying, magneto‐gas turbulence is examined with regard to this additional term. Through numerical simulation, it is found that ‘‘thermoelectric effects’’ are produced that significantly alter the evolution of the magnetic field and electric current strengths.
Relative accuracy and reproducibility of regional MRI brain volumes for point-counting methods☆

Abstract Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for the measurement of various neuroanatomical regions are of great interest in studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. Both manual and semiautomated methods have been developed. Manual methods include tracing and point counting. Point-counting methods are widely used in post-mortem and microscopy studies. Point counting has been well validated for these purposes. In this article, we report in a series of separate studies the accuracy and reproducibility of point-counting methods. Absolute accuracy was evaluated with a spherical phantom. Accuracy and time efficiency were subsequently assessed with an anatomically realistic phantom and various size grids. The point-counting method was also compared to a tracing method. Finally, the reproducibility of the point-counting method for the caudate and putamen was evaluated on four subjects in a test-retest experiment. These studies provide an estimate of the accuracy and time efficiency of point-counting methods. The test-retest reliability was also high for both caudate and putamen. Findings suggest that point counting is a reliable and efficient method for estimating volumes.
A sediment trap intercomparison study in the Santa Barbara Basin

Four sediment traps of radically different design were deployed in the Santa Barbara Basin for approximately 45 days. The measured fluxes ranged from 370 to 774 g m−2 yr−1 for the different designs. These values lie within flux measurements previously determined for the basin. Compared to the 25-year record (920 g m−2 yr−1), however, all fluxes determined in this experiment are somewhat low. Because this experiment was conducted during a general period of high storm activity and runoff, measurement of greater than average flux was expected. It is probable that the higher flux recorded by the sediments results from a significant input of detritus into the basin by near bottom transport. The chemical composition of trapped material was nearly identical in all four trap designs. The deep cone design, however, had a significantly lower Mn content. Since this trap was the only one in which reducing conditions were produced in the sample container, reduction and mobilization of manganese after collection is believed to have occurred. In spite of the very different designs tested, the factor of two agreement in flux determination and the compositional similarity of the material collected is encouraging for future attempts to directly measure the flux of particulates in the ocean.
Thinking inside the XBox: elements of information organization in video games

Video games are a novel and unique context in which numerous principles of information organization can be observed. In this poster, we explore the intersection of video games and formal information organization by examining several examples from popular video games. By doing so, we highlight some of the common organization principles that are applied in video game design, and perhaps discover new ways of organizing information objects and assess their application in real life contexts.
Fluorescence Microscopy Visualization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Carbon nanotube (CNT) based electronic, optical, chemical, and biological devices are in dire need of simple optical microscopy solutions, which can be utilized to image and manipulate CNTs in solution state, many times in biologically relevant aqueous environments. Here, we demonstrate fluorescence visualization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in aqueous solutions using simple light microscopes. For this purpose, stable SWNT dispersions of sodium-dodecyl-sulfonate (SDS) were prepared and mixed with CdSe−ZnS core−shell nanocrystals (quantum-dots (QDs)) functionalized by mercaptoacetic acid. QDs arrange themselves on the sidewalls of SWNTs by virtue of electrostatic interaction between zinc ions in their shell and electronegative oxygen atoms/anions in the sulfonate group of the surfactant, embodying the fluorescence visualization of SWNTs. Transmitted brightfield, SEM, and TEM images also provide clear indication of SWNT sidewalls decorated with these QDs. This visualization technique will facili...
Topical tacrolimus with custom trays in the treatment of severe oral chronic graft-versus-host disease refractory to a potent topical steroid therapy: a case report.

Background The authors present a case demonstrating the success of topical tacrolimus (TAC) therapy with custom trays in the treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). The 41-year-old male patient initially responded to topical steroid therapy (clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment) applied both topically and with flexible carrier trays, but later became refractory to this potent topical agent. Topical TAC therapy with flexible carrier trays and systemic prednisone therapy was initiated. Results The patient responded favorably with the change to topical TAC therapy with custom trays (and oral prednisone). His oral cGVHD lesions resolved within a period of 4 weeks. The improvement has remained stable at 14 months of follow-up. Clinical implications This is the first case reported with regard to the successful resolution of steroid recalcitrant cGVHD successfully treated with topical TAC with custom trays.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PHASE DISTRIBUTION IN AN ECCENTRIC ANNULUS

Abstract A novel new nonintrusive measurement technique, based on γ-ray scattering, has been developed and applied. In particular, the local fraction distribution has been measured for various air/water two-phase flow regimes in an eccentric annulus. A significant amount of lateral phase distribution was observed. Indeed, the gas was found to preferentially collect in the region of the test section having the largest gap. These data trends are in agreement with prior data taken with boiling fluid, and indicate that the lateral “void drift” forces are quite strong.
Calcium binding by the troponin complex, and the purification and properties of troponin A.

Abstract The percentage of tropomyosin and troponin in rabbit psoas muscle was estimated to be 4.2% and 5.6% of the myofibrillar protein, respectively. This suggests that on the thin filament there are two molecules of tropomyosin per 390 A, and probably two molecules of the troponin complex. Approximately 60% of the calcium bound by troponin was accounted for by the component which conferred the calcium sensitivity, troponin A. The binding data for troponin A indicated two classes of binding sites. The Scatchard plots were approximated by assuming that each class contained 4.8 sites/10 5 g protein and that the high affinity binding constant was equal to 5.4 · 10 6 M −1 and the low affinity constant was equal to 2 · 10 5 M −1 . Troponin A was purified by column chromatography and it was found that both the calcium binding ability and activity in the assays with troponin B were confined to one component. This was characterized by its high mobility on disc electrophoresis. The purified troponin A was roughly spherical, and had a molecular weight of approximately 18 500. It is unusual in that it contained a high proportion of phenylalanine relative to tyrosine. The excess of negatively charged amino acids would also suggest that at neutral pH it was a polyanion. On a weight basis the purified troponin A bound approximately 50% more calcium than the unpurified troponin A.
Single Cell Opto-Electro-Mechanical Probing: A Feasibility Study

Mechanical, electrical and chemical signals from the environment direct influence the physiological activities and health of a cell. While the existing trend is to study these signals separately in their respective domains, they are actually inherently coupled. Here we explore the feasibility and merits of a new instrument that can measure, for the first time, externally applied (or internally generated) forces and electrical impedance of a single cell in real time. The pico-Newton resolution micro-instrument (1 mm × 1 mm in size) will be readily compatible with conventional optical/fluorescence techniques for opto-electro-mechanical probing. Force sensing operation is unaffected by the electrical and chemical nature of cell environment and the bio-impedance measurement scheme can automatically compensate for any non-cell specific sources of error. Studies on the effects of mechanical, electrical and chemical signals with real-time opto-electro-mechanical cell characterization will impact diagnosis and cure for various diseases of the heart, skin, intestines, nerves, oncology, bones, lung — to name a few. Long-term contributions would be novel lab-on-a-chip type diagnostic/therapeutic/drug discovery tools to monitor the bio-impedance of a single cell with respect to external stimuli (toxin, drug).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Band 4.1 causes spectrin-actin gels to become thixiotropic

Abstract We show that spectrin tetramers from human red blood cells crosslink F-actin to form viscous solutions or gels both in the presence and absence of red cell membrane band 4.1. The viscosity of spectrin F-actin band 4.1 mixtures is Ca dependent, being maximal at ca 10 −7 M Ca and smaller at both higher and lower Ca. In the presence of band 4.1 spectrin F-actin gels repetitively recover their initial viscosity after shearing while in the absence of band 4.1 they do not. We conclude that band 4.1 may play an important role in maintaining the mechanical properties of the red cell membrane.
Fine structure of nerves in the regenerating limb of the newt Triturus.

The structural integrity of some tissues and the regeneration of extremities in some vertebrates depends upon the nervous system. To investigate the structure of nerves exhibiting trophic function, nerves in regenerating forelimbs of adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were studied with the electron microscope. Nerve fibers sprout from the transected axons, 2–3 days after amputation of the limb, and invade all portions of the blastema and epidermis in large numbers. Regenerating nerve fibers contain a greatly increased amount of smooth-surfaced channels of endoplasmic reticulum containing moderately dense material, an increased number of microtubules, and large (1000 A) membrane-bounded dense granules. The latter were not observed normally and could be distinguished from synaptic vesicles and dense-core vesicles thought to contain catechol amines. In larger nerves, the organelles are distributed in the peripheral axoplasm around a central zone containing neurofilaments. The relationship of the fine structural changes occurring during regeneration to the trophic action of nerves and the regeneration of nerve fibers is discussed. The tortuous membranous tubules of endoplasmic reticulum could serve as channels for the transport of substances, either trophic material or materials necessary for growth of the nerve, down the axon. Microtubules may play a role in the regulation of form of the growing axon and also be related to axoplasmic flow or migration of particles (e.g., granules) along their length. The large membrane-bounded dense granules appearing during regeneration resemble neurosecretory granules, which have been associated with regeneration in some invertebrates. These structures could, therefore, contain a trophic substance or hormone that is transported down the axon, released into the intercellular spaces, and controls subsequent regeneration of the limb.
Race and revocation: Is there a penalty for young, minority males?

Abstract To date, no published research has examined the role played by race and ethnicity in revocation decision-making, despite the fact that revocation of community supervision is a source of substantial admissions to prison. Using a large cohort of subjects sentenced to felony probation in a large south central state, we conduct main and indirect effects analyses to test the hypothesis that odds of revocation will be highest for those offenders who are young, male, black or Hispanic, and unemployed. Results coincide with outcomes of recent studies that focus on the interaction of race, age and gender: That harsher penalties attach to individuals who are young, male, and black. In most analyses, Hispanics fared no differently than whites. A further finding is the discounted value of employment for young black males, who received harsher treatment than unemployed white counterparts. The article identifies several directions for investigation of the low value assigned to employment by this group of offen...