cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A substantial proportion of cardiac Gs is not associated with the plasma membrane.

The precise interactions between the subunits of Gs, (α, β, γ) and the plasma membrane remain to be established. If αs is associated loosely with the inner membrane, is labile during activation, or is always present to some extent in the cytoplasm, then it should fractionate to the supernatant of a high-speed centrifugation. We identified abundant α, (52–66% of total cellular) in the supernatant fraction of right atrial and left ventricular membrane preparations of porcine heart as shown by two distinct measures of α, (immunoblotting and ADP ribosylation by cholera toxin). However, functional assays utilizing reconstitution of cardiac α, with cyc S49 membranes revealed that the supernatant fraction contained ∼16% of total cellular αs activity. The αs present in the supernatant fraction did not result from contamination by sarcolemmal membrane fragments. We conclude that traditional methods for quantifying α, which utilize only detergent extracts from high-speed pellets do not account for a sizable proportion of total cellular αs but that the majority of this population of cardiac αs may not be functional, at least with respect to adenylyl cyclase activation.
The time dependent Dirac-Frenkel-McLachlan variation of parameters: an NMR application.

The time dependent variation of parameters solution to the time dependent Schrodinger equation pioneered by Dirac, Frenkel, and McLachlan is described in terms useful for immediate application to complex time dependent problems in magnetic resonance. A benchmark comparison of the theory to one dimensional images and spin echo envelope signals in simple spatially varying magnetic fields with molecular diffusion is provided.
Double-heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell fabricated at 250°C with 12.9 % efficiency

Double-heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cells were fabricated at temperatures of <250°C using Si/organic and Si/metal-oxide heterojunctions, but no p-n junction in silicon. The first heterojunction, formed by spin-coating organic PEDOT:PSS on n-type silicon, functions as a front surface field that separates the photogenerated carriers and blocks electron dark-current while allowing hole photo-current to pass though. The second heterojunction, formed via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of titanium dioxide on n-type silicon, functions as a back surface field that reduces hole dark-current while allowing electron photocurrent to pass through. Compared to a single heterojunction solar cell with only a Si/PEDOT heterojunction, the double-heterojunction device is more efficient with a power conversion efficiency of 12.9% under AM1.5.
Quantitative retention of magmatic argon in a glassy basalt

Basalts erupted in deep waters commonly chill sufficiently rapidly to form a glass outer skin. Due to the rapid chilling and the high hydrostatic pressures, magma-ambient gases and in particular the rare gases may be trapped within this glass1–3. Several theoretical investigations have examined the relationship of the trapped 40Ar/36Ar ratio to the history of terrestrial degassing and formation of the atmosphere4–11. These measurements have not yet, however, answered the fundamental questions of whether the mantle 40Ar/36Ar ratio varies significantly either vertically within the Earth and/or from one geographic locality to another, or even whether a quantitative estimate of the magmatic concentration and isotopic ratio at any given location is in fact obtainable. This report deals with the last of these questions. Our data indicate that the answer is in the affirmative.
An interior point multiobjective programming approach for production planning with uncertain information

This paper describes a conceptually simple but practical business planning method to cope with uncertain information. The model is constructed by a set of possible scenarios and divided into multiple objective functions. Although the resulting model is more complex than traditional stochastic programs, we propose an efficient algorithm in order to offset the difficulties pertaining to the stochastic and multiobjective programming problems. The method provides a wider range of possible solutions. Then the decision maker selects the least conflicting solution among scenarios by incorporating any additional information regarding the problem. An interactive multiobjective programming approach based on a circumscribed ellipsoid interior point algorithm is proposed as an efficient method to solve the problem.
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA is Down-Regulated in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Dexamethasone: Differential Regulation by TGF-β

AbstractMacrophages are a source of cytokines driving repair. Wound macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent specific monocyte chemoattractant. Treatment of serum stimulated dermal fibroblasts with dexamethasone led to a dose dependent down-regulation of MCP-1 mRNA levels. Such an anti-inflammatory effect may partially explain the negative influence of glucocorticoid treatment on wound repair. Topical or parenteral treatment with TGF-β restores healing rates in glucocorticoid treated animals. Treatment of fibroblasts cultured in serum free media with TGF-β increased MCP-1 mRNA levels. TGF-β treatment of fibroblasts cultured in serum also partially overcame the dexamethasone mediated decrease in MCP-1 mRNA levels. In glucocorticoid treated animals TGF-β may stimulate repair by an indirect pro-inflammatory action following transcriptional up-regulation of MCP-1.
Delayed Germination and Flowering in Cucumbers

THE speed of germination and time of flowering are important characteristics in plant adaptation. In this communication we discuss some data bearing on the mechanism which controls these characteristics in cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L.
Momentum transfer in laser-cooled cesium by adiabatic passage in a light field.

We have observed transfer of momentum and ground state population in laser-cooled cesium by adiabatic following of a slowly evolving light field. In this new technique for mechanical manipulation of atoms, spontaneous emission is suppressed since the atoms evolve in a ``dark'' state that follows the light field. This means that the phase coherence of the atom is preserved so that this technique is useful in the realization of coherent atomic beam splitters and mirrors. Our experimental results are in good agreement with optical Bloch equation calculations.
Vinyl stearate monolayers for Langmuir-Blodgett film applications☆

The development of Langmuir-Blodgett films for applications generally exploits either organization or orientation or both in these extremely thin films. The final organization of built-up monolayers may be influenced appreciably by the choice of film deposition conditions. In this report we document the effects of some relevant environmental variables on the monolayer isotherms and monolayer stability of the vinyl ester, vinyl stearate. The effect of subphase temperature, barrier displacement rate and choice of casting solvent are addressed. Temperature was found to be the most dominant variable influencing the adsorption isotherm and monolayer stability. For barrier displacement rates over the range 1–7 cm min-1 there was little effect on the adsorption isotherm. Benzene (spreading coefficient, So/w(20 °C) = −7.58) when used as a casting solvent yields a more dramatic “liquid” to “solid” transition and a larger initial area per molecule for detection when compared with heptane (So/w(20 °C) = +1.47).
Advanced genetic tools for plant biotechnology

Basic research has provided a much better understanding of the genetic networks and regulatory hierarchies in plants. To meet the challenges of agriculture, we must be able to rapidly translate this knowledge into generating improved plants. Therefore, in this Review, we discuss advanced tools that are currently available for use in plant biotechnology to produce new products in plants and to generate plants with new functions. These tools include synthetic promoters, 'tunable' transcription factors, genome-editing tools and site-specific recombinases. We also review some tools with the potential to enable crop improvement, such as methods for the assembly and synthesis of large DNA molecules, plant transformation with linked multigenes and plant artificial chromosomes. These genetic technologies should be integrated to realize their potential for applications to pressing agricultural and environmental problems.
Normal CNS myelination in transgenic mice overexpressing MHC class I H-2L(d) in oligodendrocytes.

Abstract In demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, an upregulation of MHC class I expression is thought to contribute to oligodendrocyte/myelin damage. In order to investigate potential physiological consequences of upregulated MHC class I expression in oligodendrocytes, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress H-2L d under the control of the proteolipid protein (PLP) promoter (PLP-L d mice). We focused our studies on the MHC class I molecule H-2L d , because of its unique intracellular transport characteristics. In the CNS of PLP-L d mice, H-2L d was expressed by oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, H-2L d protein was transported to and expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes. Most importantly, this upregulation of MHC class I expression in the CNS of PLP-L d mice did not by itself result in a de- or dysmyelinating phenotype. These transgenic mice are likely to provide a unique and novel tool for the analysis of potential roles of MHC class I-mediated mechanisms in demyelinating pathologies.
Politics and Religion: Luther's Simplistic Imperative.

The encounter between the human mind and the outside world is the essence of speculation. The dramatic element in the encounter has been provided by man's assertion that mind is capable of comprehending and ordering the world about him. This same "epistemological presumptuousness," which we associate instinctively with the spectacular successes of the natural sciences, has also been implicit in the enterprise of political theory. Here, too, the claim is that the human intellect can understand all of the complex interrelationships of a political order. In some ways this claim is even more assertive than that of the natural scientist. The theorist seeks not only to analyze and explain certain phenomena, but to prescribe more satisfactory patterns. Given the complexity of the subject matter of politics and the finite character of the human mind, it is not surprising that the ideas of political theorists lend themselves to diverse interpretations at the hands of later commentators. Disagreement in interpretation, however, can take one of two forms: it may turn on a question concerning a particular idea, meaning, or emphasis; or it may find the interpreters taking diametrically opposed positions concerning the basic tendency of a given set of political ideas. An example of the first type would be the interpretation of Locke's theory of property. The second type, which is apt to be more embittered, is illustrated by the current controversy over Plato. The case of Luther also falls under this second category. One product of the remarkable renascence in Lutheran studies over the past halfcentury has been a wide disagreement over the political tendencies of Luther's ideas. One group has tended to identify Luther with the stirrings of democracy and individualism associated with the Reformation, while another has taken the opposite position that his ideas directly fostered state absolutism in politics and state control of churches.' Both groups have been inclined to stress different aspects of Luther's thought. The image of Luther the libertarian has been constructed mainly out of the materials of his religious ideas; Luther the absolutist has been fashioned primarily from his political writings.
Rapid anisotropic diffusion of lithium in electrochromic thin films based on the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure

Abstract The chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium in oxidized potassium hexatungstate and reduced hexagonal potassium tungsten bronze films was measured by the galvanostatic transient method. Two-dimensional anisotropic diffusion was found in the hexagonal hexatungstates, while no appreciable anisotropy was observed in samples with the potassium hexagonal tungsten bronze structure. The chemical diffusion coefficients along the c -axis in thin films of the tungstates K 0.33 WO 3.165 and K 0.3 WO 3.15 (about 6000 A thick) are about 10 −10 cm 2 /s, while those along the a -axis are about 10 −7 cm 2 /s. This latter value is about the same to those measured in a potassium hexagonal tungsten bronze single crystal of composition K 0.28 WO 3 which was grown electrochemically. It is most likely that the presence of the additional oxygen atoms in the tunnels within the hexatungstate structure is responsible for the large decrease in the rate of motion of lithium along the c -axis that leads to the anisotropy in the macroscopic diffusion coefficient in this crystal structure.
L-pipecolic acid metabolism in human liver: L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde oxidoreductase.

A soluble enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde to L-alpha-aminoadipic acid in the presence of NAD+ has been isolated and characterized from human liver. This enzyme L-alpha-aminoadipic delta-semialdehyde oxidoreductase has been found to be localized in the cytosol using subcellular fractionation and marker enzyme assays. The reaction product of this enzyme has been identified as L-alpha-aminoadipic acid by use of an amino acid analyzer and thin layer chromatography. The enzymatic reaction was irreversible and has a pH optimum of 8. The enzyme was stimulated by Mg2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+, and has a requirement of free -SH groups. The Km and Vmax values for its substrate L-alpha-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde were shown to be 181 microM and 71.4 pmol.min-1.mg-1, respectively, and for its coenzyme NAD+ to be 454 microM and 142.9 pmol.min-1.mg-1, respectively. The characteristics of the oxidoreductase obtained from the human liver and Pseudomonas putida were compared.
Undergraduate electromagnetics laboratory: An invaluable part of the learning process

A newly developed pair of undergraduate courses in applied electromagnetics (EM) has succeeded in transforming student attitudes towards EM from dread and avoidance to acceptance and appreciation. One concrete measure of this change is in the enrolment figures in follow-up courses in microwave circuits and microwave propagation-within one year, the enrolments have doubled in one of them and just about tripled in the other one. The new EM courses incorporate an integrative approach towards teaching EM phenomena; this includes a new text, a large number of class demonstrations, and a laboratory component consisting of nine laboratory exercises and a final team project. This paper focuses on design and content of the instructional laboratory and learning contribution it provides.
Advanced oxidation of phenolic compounds

Phenol degradation with a UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) was studied in a completely mixed, batch photolytic reactor. The UV irradiation source was a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that was axially centered and was immersed in the phenol solution. The effects of hydrogen peroxide dosage, initial phenol concentration, H2O2/phenol molar ratio, pH, and temperature have been investigated. The experimental results indicate that there is an optimum H2O2/phenol molar ratio in the range of 100–250. A sufficient amount of hydrogen peroxide was necessary, but a very high H2O2 concentration inhibited the photoxidation rate. The second-order reaction rate constants were inversely affected by the initial phenol concentration. No pH effect was observed in the pH range of 4–10. A detailed reaction mechanism was proposed. The reaction products include hydroquinones, benzoquinones, and aliphatic carboxylic acids with up to six carbon atoms. A kinetic model, which employs the pseudo-steady state assumption to estimate hydroxyl radical concentration and assumes constant pH was developed to predict phenol oxidation kinetics and product distribution.
Blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and coronary heart disease: observations in Malaysia.

Summary A study of patients with coronary heart disease and control subjects has been carried out in Malaysia. There were no significant differences in relative weights, blood pressures, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, platelet counts, and smoking habits. Skinfold thickness, fibrinogen and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the patients. Evidence of a greater coagulation activity and of a lesser fibrinolytic activity was found in the patients. The consistency of the direction of these differences and their relatively large magnitude may be due to the selection of control subjects with no family history of coronary heart disease, to the apparently lower frequency of atherosclerosis in control subjects in developing countries compared to Western countries and to dietary factors. The nature of the relationship between coagulation and fibrinolysis modifications on one hand and atherosclerosis and its complications on the other hand is not clear, and will be examined in groups of young people with different susceptibilities to coronary heart disease.
Conformal Radiation Therapy as Definitive Treatment of Stage I Non—Small-Cell Lung Cancer: University of California San Diego Experience

Abstract Purpose Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for patients with stage I non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is high likelihood of medical comorbidity in this patient population, requiring management by nonsurgical approaches. We report our experience using conventional and hypofractionated radiation therapy schedules with conformal approach. Patients and Methods Between 1991 and 2006, 108 patients with medically or otherwise inoperable stage T1/T2 N0 NSCLC were treated with curative radiation therapy alone at our institution. Patient characteristics were as follows: median age, 73 years (range, 37–86 years); male, 88/108 (81.5%); stage T2, 46/108 (42.6%), and histology/cytology, 91/108 (84.3%). Patients received a median total dose of 6500 cGy using median daily dose fractions of 250 cGy. The majority of patients were treated using hypofractionated schedules: daily dose fractions > 200 cGy, 79/108 (73.1%). The following outcomes were analyzed: local failure-free survival (LFFS; time to local failure or death from any cause), time to local or distal failure as first event, and overall survival (OS). Local failure was defined as an increase in size on imaging studies. Toxicities were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0. Results Median follow-up was 19.9 months (range, 4–138.9 months). Median LFFS was 20.8 months (95% CI, 15.1–24.3 months), and median OS was 20.9 months (95% CI, 17.1–27.2 months). Analysis of competing risks showed that, at 5 years, the probability of local failure as the first detected event was 17.1% (95% CI, 10.3–25.3%), the probability of distal failure as the first detected event was 17.9% (95% CI, 11–26.1%), and the probability of death without recording a failure was 50.7% (95% CI, 40.1–60.3%). Patients aged ≥ 70 years had higher probability of death without recording a failure within 5 years (55.5%; 95% CI, 41.7% −67.3%) than patients aged Conclusion Conformal radiation therapy is an effective and safe alternative to surgery for patients with stage I NSCLC. The results are limited because this is a single-institution observational study. Nevertheless, a large majority of patients remained free of local recurrence and without significant clinical toxicity.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Is Necessary for Lens Fiber Cell Differentiation and Survival

PURPOSE. To determine the mechanisms of action of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in lens cell differentiation and survival. METHODS. Primary quail lens cell cultures were treated at different stages of differentiation with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and expression of survival proteins and differentiation markers were determined by immunoblot analysis. The connection between PI3K regulation of lens differentiation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization was examined by fluorescent-phalloidin staining and Rac activity assay. Survival in the absence of PI3K signaling was examined by TUNEL and DAPI staining. Phosphorylation of the PI3K effector glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in the absence of PI3K signaling was induced with lithium chloride. RESULTS. Exposure to LY294002 blocked lens epithelial cell differentiation initiation. This result was linked to attenuation of Rac activity and inhibition of actin filament reorganization from stress fibers to cortical fibers, which has been shown to signal lens differentiation initiation. The survival of lens epithelial cells in the absence of PI3K signaling correlated with induction of numerous survival factors, including Bcl-2. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K signaling in differentiating lens fiber cells induced apoptosis by blocking inactivation of GSK3, showing that PI3K/GSK3 signaling has a protective role in the late stages of differentiation as nuclei and organelles are lost. CONCLUSIONS. PI3K signaling regulates lens cell differentiation initiation through its ability to signal reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton from stress fibers to cortical fibers. In differentiating lens fiber cells, PI3K has a protective function, signaling survival through inactivation of its downstream effector GSK3.
Heat transfer to particles in shear flow: Application in aseptic processing

Abstract Convective heat transfer coefficients at the fluid-particle interface were obtained for shear flow in a holding tube to simulate aseptic processing of particulate-containing liquid foods. The particles were made of polymethyl methacrylate and were suspended in a solution of glycerin in water. The particle temperatures were monitored by placing at the particle center a melting point indicator that changed color at a specific temperature. The fluid-particle heat transfer coefficient varied between 58·3 and 1301·3 W/m 2 K for Reynold numbers of 73·1 and 369·4, and increased with increasing flow rate and particle to tube diameter ratio. The solid fraction enhanced heat transfer between 80 and 200% when the solid fraction was changed to 3·22% from a single particle suspension. The density difference between the particle and fluid was found to influence significantly the residence time of the particles within the holding tube.
Multi-period job selection: planning work loads to maximize profit

We examine the profitability of job selection decisions over a number of periods when current orders exceed capacity with the objective of maximizing profit (per-job revenue net of processing costs, minus weighted lateness costs), and when rejecting a job will result in no future jobs from that customer. First we present an optimal dynamic programming algorithm, taking advantage of the structure of the problem to reduce the computational burden. Next we develop a number of myopic heuristics and run computational tests using the DP as benchmark for small problems and the best heuristic as benchmark for larger problems. We find one heuristic that produces near-optimal results for small problems, is tractable for larger problems, and requires the same information as the dynamic program (current and future orders), and another that produces good results using historical information. Our results have implications for when it is more or less worthwhile to expend resources to maintain past records and obtain future information about orders.
Hypothesis: Is viral transformation mediated by alterations in chromosomal proteins?

Abstract Efforts to clarify the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis have been hampered, no doubt, by the lack of understanding of the complex gene-regulatory processes in the eukaryotic genome. However, numerous investigators have produced enlightening information concerning potential generegulatory, nuclear phosphorylation reactions. In addition, equally interesting studies involving transforming viruses have revealed that some viral products responsible for transformation have an associated protein kinase activity. These similar biochemical processes may suggest how some transforming viruses could subvert normal gene-regulatory processes.
Quiver Algebras of Coverings and Twisted Tensor Products

Given a covering Γ of a quiver Δ, we show that the quiver algebra K[Γ] of Γ over a field K is a twisted tensor product of the quiver algebra of the fibre of the covering viewed as a trivial quiver and the quiver algebra K[Δ]. To make sense of this, we first extend the theory of twisted tensor products of algebras to include algebras without units.
Peroxidase variation in Robinia pseudoacacia roots

Abstract Investigation of multiple forms of peroxidase were made by slab starch gel electrophoresis of root extracts of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) roots. Thirty-seven trees representing dominant-stem forms ( R. p. var rectissima (L.) Raber) and typical forms ( R. p. var pseudoacacia ) from diverse habitats were sampled. Dominant-stem forms and typical forms exhibited very similar peroxidase patterns. Specific activity of peroxidase from extracts of the two forms showed no significant differences. The total average hypergeometric probability was 0.111. The overall per cent similarity was 88.9 and the average within a location was 95.9 and that among the locations was 84.3. One rapidly moving peroxidase band in samples from a single location was attributed to extensive locust borer attack.
The jargon of authenticity and the study of religion

This article is an analysis and critique of the jargon of authenticity that operates in both theological and humanistic studies of religion. The article argues that a form of myth making is at work in claims to such things as the 'deep meaning' of a text or even the supposedly essential, human nature all people are said to share. The article deploys its critique in a variety of sites, arguing that the discourse on authenticity-whether found in ethnic, nationalist, or hermeneutic traditions-is an all too common, socio-rhetorical technique used to construct a facade of homogenous group identity in the face of unpredictable, competing, and inevitably changeable historical situations and social interests. Instead of uncritically reproducing such discourses on authenticity, meaning, and personal experience-discourses that happen to be aligned with the scholar's political sympathies-the article argues that scholars of religion can study the 'natural history' of such mechanisms and discourses, illuminating the means whereby contingent, competing systems of credibility and meaning are established, reproduced, and contested.
Modelling polyhedral solids bounded by multi-curved parametric surfaces

Abstract Since the beginning of geometric modelling as a field of CAD a decade ago, the methods for interactive design of solid objects and interactive design of free-formed surfaces (of degree three and higher) were developed along parallel yet disjoint lines. One led to the development of techniques for representing and manipulating the shape of polyhedral solids bounded mostly by planes, while the other led to the development of techniques for the mathematical representation of curved surfaces, without paying attention to their combination into volumetric solids. Though the need for integrating solid object modelling with surface modelling for the design of such artefacts as machine parts, aircraft, cars and ships has been widely recognized, there is so far no single modelling system which provides such capabilities in a general way. An integrated solids modelling system for representing and manipulating polyhedral objects bounded by bicubic parametric surfaces is presented. Its basic capabilities include the representation of solids through a surface-based model, such that the surface underlying any face can be replaced by another surface that has been modelled independently. Other functionalities include scaling, rotation and translation of shapes and their pairwise combination into more complex shapes by means of spatial set operators.
AIRS science processing system (ASPS): a description of architecture and capabilities

This paper describes the architecture of the AIRS Science Processing System (SPS) used to process AIRS data.
Chemiluminescence and laser-induced fluorescence of NiF

We report the observation of chemiluminescence and laser-induced fluorescence of gas-phase NiF. The chemiluminescence was produced by the reaction of SF6 with the flowing afterglow of a dc discharge sputtering source of nickel atoms. A pulsed dye laser excited fluorescence in the wavelength region near 451.8 nm. Our data are consistent with a2Δ52 ground state for NiF.
Validity of spot urine samples as a surrogate measure of 24-hour porphyrin excretion rates. Evaluation of diurnal variations in porphyrin, mercury, and creatinine concentrations among subjects with very low occupational mercury exposure

Porphyrin, mercury, and creatinine levels in single-void urine specimens ("spot samples") were compared with calculated 24-hour urine concentrations among 146 (77 male and 69 female) practicing dentists who are participating in an ongoing study of urinary porphyrin changes as a biomarker of mercury body burden. All subjects had urinary mercury concentrations < or = 5 micrograms/L, a level comparable to that of the general US population and which is below that determined to be associated with mercury-induced changes in urinary porphyrin excretion rates. The results confirmed previous findings of no significant diurnal variation in any of the porphyrin levels normally found in urine or in total porphyrin levels combined among males but describe significant diurnal variations in most porphyrin levels as well as concentrations of total porphyrins combined among females. Similarly, no evidence of large diurnal variation in mercury excretion among males was apparent, whereas significant diurnal variation in the mercury excretion rate among females was found. Creatinine adjustment of porphyrin or mercury concentrations had no significant effect on these findings. Moreover, no evidence of diurnal variation in urinary creatinine excretion among either male or female subjects was obtained, despite substantial between-subject variability in this parameter. These results support the view that spot urine samples may be utilized to derive reasonably accurate estimates of 24-hour porphyrin and mercury excretion rates in male subjects. In contrast, time of day appears to be of considerably greater importance when spot samples are utilized as 24-hour estimates of either porphyrin or mercury excretion rates among females. Additionally, time of day may be an important consideration in studies involving serial (repeated) porphyrin or mercury measurements using spot urine samples, irrespective of gender distribution of study subjects.
Comparison of early injury to liver endoplasmic reticulum by halomethanes, hexachloroethane, benzene, toluene, bromobenzene, ethionine, thioacetamide and dimethylnitrosamine.

Abstract This study compares the effects in vivo of CH2Cl2, CH2Br2, CHCl3, CH2I2, CHBr3, CCl4, CHI3, CBr4, CI4, C2Cl6, C2HCl5, C6H6, C7H8, C6H5Br, ethionine, thioaeetamide and dimethylnitrosamine on the functions and composition of liver endoplasmic reticulum 2 hr after poisoning. Within the halomethane series, the effects on lipid diene conjugate content, oxidative demethylase, 14C-glycine incorporation into protein and glucose 6-phosphatase of liver microsomes and cell sap RNA content, increase with decreasing effective negative charge on the halogen atoms (ϵ), an indicator of increasing halomethane free radical reactivity (cf.B. P. Dailey, J. chem. Phys.33, 1641,1960). Peak toxic effect is reached following CCl4 and CHI3. Glycine incorporation into protein is also decreased 2 hr after thioacetamide and dimethylnitrosamine. After dimethylnitrosamine, suppression of protein synthesis is concomitant with increases in lipid diene conjugate content and cell sap RNA. C6H5Br and ethionine, both known hepatotoxins, do not effect microsomal composition and function at this time, nor do C6H6 or C7H8 both organic solvents with solubility properties similar to CCl4. The findings support the hypothesis that free radical halomethane metabolites injure the endoplasmic reticulum by reacting with and chemically altering its constituents. While dimethylnitrosamine may act similarly, thioaeetamide, bromobenzene and ethionine apparently do not.
Gliomatosis cerebri: treatment results with radiotherapy alone.

Background Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare primary brain tumor characterized by proliferation of neoplastic glial cells that typically involve multiple brain areas, with preservation of brain structures and sparing of neurons. The optimal therapeutic strategy is not well established. The impact of radiotherapy on survival in patients with GC remains undefined. Methods Between 1980 and 2001, 12 patients with GC were identified, representing less than 1% of all patients with primary brain neoplasms treated at the Cleveland Clinic. Results All 12 patients had brain biopsies between March 1986 and July 2001 (seven males, five females, with a median age of 53 years [range, 13-85 years]). Median Karnofsky performance status at the time of presentation was 70 (range, 40-90). Eight patients had low-grade gliomas and four patients had anaplastic astrocytomas. Eight patients received radiation treatment to the brain as the only treatment, and four received neither radiation nor chemotherapy. The median dose of megavoltage radiation was 55.4 Gy (range, 45-61.2 Gy). Of the eight patients who received brain radiotherapy, the clinical and radiologic follow-up findings improved in three patients, stabilized in three patients, and worsened in two patients. Median follow-up was 10.3 months (range, 1-55 months). The median survival for the eight patients who received brain radiotherapy was 11.4 months. The one- and two-year survival rates were 45% and 30%, respectively. Two of the eight patients who received radiotherapy were alive at the time of writing. The four patients who did not receive radiotherapy died of the disease at 0.6, 1.0, 1.9, and 2.4 months after diagnosis. Conclusions Gliomatosis cerebri is associated with poor survival. Although brain radiotherapy controlled or stabilized disease progression in most patients, the overall survival after brain radiotherapy alone was not satisfactory. More aggressive therapy may be needed.
A preliminary assessment of Martian wind regimes

Martian surface topography effects on mean wind from time independent and frictionless thermal wind equation solution for radiative-convective atmospheres at scaling analysis level
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor ameliorates DSS-induced experimental colitis.

Background Sargramostim, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor, stimulates cells of the intestinal innate immune system. Clinical trials show that Sargramostim induces clinical response and remission in patients with active Crohn's disease. To study the mechanism, we examined the effects of GM-CSF in the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis model. We hypothesized that GM-CSF may work through effects on dendritic cells (DCs).
Effects of voltages on cows over a complete lactation. 1. Milk yield and composition.

Abstract The effects of long-term voltage exposure on milk yield and composition was assessed. Forty cows in second to fifth lactation were used. Four groups of 10 Holstein cows were exposed to either 0, 1, 2, or 4V throughout an entire lactation. Each group was housed in a free-stall environment with bunk feed and water provided for ad libitum intake. Voltages (AC, 60Hz) were applied between waterers and a metal grid. Cows could not drink without placing their from hooves on the metal grid. Individual records were maintained for milk weights. milk fat, protein, and somatic cell counts. Average actual (7312, 8527, 6938, and 7725kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4V, respectively) milk weights for 305 d showed no significant differences between groups exposed or unexposed to voltage. Average actual milk yields for 305 d in the previous lactations were 8016, 8163, 7679, and 7876kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4V, respectively. Somatic cell counts, milk fat, and protein showed no significant differences between groups exposed or unexposed to voltage. Feed and water intakes were not affected by voltage.
Melanoma: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes

Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Although it is typically considered a pigmented lesion, the clinical presentation of melanoma can vary greatly. With increased efforts in screening and detection of early-stage melanoma, researchers and clinicians hope to improve clinical outcomes for patients with melanoma. Novel immunotherapies directed at specific molecular targets in the pathogenesis of melanoma usher in a new era of treatment of advanced melanoma.
Minimum directivity of multiple-beam antennas

The minimum directivity of a multiple-beam antenna is an important design parameter of the related communications system. This parameter is a function of the spacing between the feeds of a focusing device. In this communication it is shown that the minimum directivity can be optimized by the proper choice of feed spacing.
Sarcoma of the maxillary sinus in a patient with malignant melanoma: report of a case.

A patient with a level II malignant melanoma arising in a lentigo maligna later developed a spindle cell sarcoma of the maxillary sinus which proved fatal. Criteria for the reporting of multiple malignancies, incidence, and possible etiologies are discussed.
Geomorphic process fingerprints in submarine canyons

Abstract Submarine canyons are common features of continental margins worldwide. They are conduits that funnel vast quantities of sediment from the continents to the deep sea. Though it is known that submarine canyons form primarily from erosion induced by submarine sediment flows, we currently lack quantitative, empirically based expressions that describe the morphology of submarine canyon networks. Multibeam bathymetry data along the entire passive US Atlantic margin (USAM) and along the active central California margin near Monterey Bay provide an opportunity to examine the fine-scale morphology of 171 slope-sourced canyons. Log–log regression analyses of canyon thalweg gradient ( S ) versus up-canyon catchment area ( A ) are used to examine linkages between morphological domains and the generation and evolution of submarine sediment flows. For example, canyon reaches of the upper continental slope are characterized by steep, linear and/or convex longitudinal profiles, whereas reaches farther down canyon have distinctly concave longitudinal profiles. The transition between these geomorphic domains is inferred to represent the downslope transformation of debris flows into erosive, canyon-flushing turbidity flows. Over geologic timescales this process appears to leave behind a predictable geomorphic fingerprint that is dependent on the catchment area of the canyon head. Catchment area, in turn, may be a proxy for the volume of sediment released during geomorphically significant failures along the upper continental slope. Focused studies of slope-sourced submarine canyons may provide new insights into the relationships between fine-scale canyon morphology and down-canyon changes in sediment flow dynamics.
Differences in chemical composition and fibre digestion of rice straw with, and without, anhydrous ammonia from 53 rice varieties

The chemical composition and fibre digestion of straw from 53 rice varieties with, and without, ammonia treatment were determined. Four varieties were classified as tropical japonica, 41 as temperate japonica, six as indica, and two as intermediate. The results show a wide range of chemical composition among straws. Neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 56.6% for Basmati-370 to 68.6% for M-204 with a mean value of 62.7%. Acid-detergent fibre ranged from 33.6% for Basmati-370 to 43.2% for Italica Livorno with an average of 37.7%. Lignin averaged about 4% and nitrogen ranged from 0.44% for M-201 to 0.86% for Basmati-370. The mean ash content was 18.6% with a fairly constant contribution of 72% silica. Treating the rice straw with anhydrous ammonia increased the nitrogen content (p < 0.0001) on the average by 0.53% and increased the NDF digestion on an average by 24% (p < 0.0001). Composition differences did not reflect the parentage of the varieties and cannot be used directly in breeding programs.
Linear-stability analysis of immiscible displacement: Part 1-Simple basic flow profiles

The linear stability of immiscible, two-phase-flow displacement processes in porous media is examined. Multiphase-flow characteristics are included in the stability description through relative-permeability and capillary-pressure functions. A linear-stability analysis of the steady-state saturation and pressure distributions is carried out in terms of normal modes. The resulting linearized eigenvalue problems describing the early evolution of unstable modes show a certain similarity in the respective cases of negligible and non-negligible capillary effects to the Rayleigh and Orr-Sommerfeld equations governing the stability of unbounded shear flows. The stability of noncapillary displacement is first examined. Growth rates of the unstable modes as a function of the wavelength of instability are explicitly obtained for specific classes of initial total-mobility profiles. The Saffman-Taylor instability and layer instability follow directly as limiting cases of the initial-mobility profiles. The effect of capillarity on flow stability is examined next. Stability curves are obtained for step-saturation initial profiles. Both capillary pressure and a smooth initial-mobility profile exert a stabilizing influence on the flow displacement. The results find application in prediction of the onset of instability and description of the early stages of unstable growth in immiscible displacement.
Planning a computer network: The octopus experience

Abstract The author of this article is engaged in software design and implementation for the decade-old Octopus computer network. This network remains in a continual state of growth and change in a constant effort to take advantage of the most advanced hardware and software available from an ever-developing technology. Those planning a computer network or other complex computer system should benefit by considering the Octopus experience with regard to the needs of computer users, methods of design, network and operating system structure, security and privacy, the management of limited resources, and the advantages of locally generated hardware and software.
Initial experience with the coaxial dual-lumen Scepter C balloon catheter for endovascular management of cerebral vasospasm from subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background Post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Intra-arterial therapies including vasodilator administration and/or balloon angioplasty are used when medical management fails. The Scepter C is a newer dual coaxial lumen temporary occlusion balloon catheter used for the treatment of post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm. Objective To report our early experience with the use of Scepter C for the treatment of post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm. Methods We reviewed cases from two institutions where the Scepter C balloon catheter was used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm related to SAH. Results Seven patients were identified who underwent endovascular treatment with the Scepter C balloon catheter for treatment of SAH-related cerebral vasospasm. All patients had cerebral vasospasm that was refractory to medical management and it was technically feasible to use the catheter for this indication. Compared with larger double-lumen catheters, the Scepter C catheter was more trackable given the presence of a more steerable microwire. There were no complications or large vessel vasospasm recurrence after the procedure requiring repeat intra-arterial therapy. Conclusions Endovascular treatment for post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm is used when medical management fails or because of complications of medical therapies. With continuing advancements in the development of endovascular devices and techniques, more options are available for the management of cerebral vasospasm. Our initial experience with the dual coaxial lumen Scepter C occlusion balloon catheter demonstrates its feasibility in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
Could It Happen Here? Vaccine Risk Controversies And The Specter Of Derailment

Controversy over vaccine safety has achieved high visibility over the past decade. At the same time, however, levels of coverage for routinely recommended childhood vaccines in the United States are at their highest ever. We examine this apparent paradox. We consider the ways in which concerns over vaccine safety have emerged and diffused through the popular media, legislative hearings, and Internet-based activism. As a case study, we review the controversy over the alleged connection between autism and the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and consider why it had a dramatic effect on the vaccine’s acceptance in Great Britain but virtually none in the United States.
Microarray analysis revealing common and distinct functions of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling in endothelial cells

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumor suppressor that is highly expressed in endothelial cells nonetheless its role in endothelial cell biology remains elusive. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is an important cytokine associated with many inflammation-related diseases. We have previously demonstrated that TNFα induces PML protein accumulation. We hypothesized that PML may play a role in TNFα signaling pathway. To identify potential PML target genes and investigate the putative crosstalk between PML’s function and TNFα signaling in endothelial cells, we carried out a microarray analysis in human primary umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that PML and TNFα regulate common and distinct genes involved in a similar spectrum of biological processes, pathways and human diseases. More importantly, we found that PML is required for fine-tuning of TNFα-mediated immune and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, our data suggest that PML and TNFα synergistically regulate cell adhesion by engaging multiple molecular mechanisms. Our biological functional assays exemplified that adhesion of U937 human leukocytes to HUVECs is co-regulated by PML and TNFα signaling. Together, our study identified PML as an essential regulator of TNFα signaling by revealing the crosstalk between PML knockdown-mediated effects and TNFα-elicited signaling, thereby providing novel insights into TNFα signaling in endothelial cells.
Stent-Graft Treatment of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Lesions

Five patients with pseudoaneurysms of the carotid artery ( n = 4) and an arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery ( n = 1) were treated with stent-grafts. Commercially made devices were used in all but one of the patients. In four of the five patients, the pathology was successfully excluded. One patient had a small type-I endoleak. There were no immediate procedure-related complications or neurologic sequalae. All experienced immediate resolution of symptoms. One patient was lost to follow-up after discharge and another died 2 weeks after intervention. The remaining patients remained asymptomatic with patent stent-grafts after follow-up periods of 14, 16, and 46 months, respectively.