cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of transesterification in the multistep “prehydrolysis” sol/gel synthesis of aluminum-rich aluminosilicate gels

Using a prehydrolysis technique, transparent gels with very high aluminum content can be achieved with the use of isopropanol. Here 13C, 27Al, 29Si and 17O NMR at various stages of preparation show that when the aluminum added exceeds the number that silanols can fully protect, the excess aluminum alkoxide groups readily undergo transesterification with isopropanol. The aluminum isopropoxide (Al–OPri) groups thus formed are shown to be sufficiently stable that attack by water is impeded, thus allowing the remaining silicon alkoxide groups to hydrolyze and condense to form a homogeneous gel.
Sex Differences in Molecular Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in the Hippocampus

The possibility that mechanisms of synaptic modulation differ between males and females has far-reaching implications for understanding brain disorders that vary between the sexes. We found recently that 17β-estradiol (E2) acutely suppresses GABAergic inhibition in the hippocampus of female rats through a sex-specific estrogen receptor α (ERα), mGluR, and endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism. Here, we define the intracellular signaling that links ERα, mGluRs, and endocannabinoids in females and identify where in this pathway males and females differ. Using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recording and biochemical analyses in hippocampal slices from young adult rats, we show that E2 acutely suppresses inhibition in females through mGluR1 stimulation of phospholipase C, leading to inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) generation, activation of the IP 3 receptor (IP 3 R), and postsynaptic endocannabinoid release, likely of anandamide. Analysis of sex differences in this pathway showed that E2 stimulates a much greater increase in IP 3 levels in females than males, whereas the group I mGluR agonist DHPG increases IP 3 levels equivalently in each sex. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that ERα–mGluR1 and mGluR1–IP 3 R complexes exist in both sexes but are regulated by E2 only in females. Independently of E2, a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, which blocks breakdown of anandamide, suppressed >50% of inhibitory synapses in females with no effect in males, indicating tonic endocannabinoid release in females that is absent in males. Together, these studies demonstrate sex differences in both E2-dependent and E2-independent regulation of the endocannabinoid system and suggest that manipulation of endocannabinoids in vivo could affect physiological and behavioral responses differently in each sex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many brain disorders vary between the sexes, yet the degree to which this variation arises from differential experience versus intrinsic biological sex differences is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate intrinsic sex differences in molecular regulation of a key neuromodulatory system, the endocannabinoid system, in the hippocampus. Endocannabinoids are involved in diverse aspects of physiology and behavior that involve the hippocampus, including cognitive and motivational state, responses to stress, and neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Our finding that molecular regulation of the endocannabinoid system differs between the sexes suggests mechanisms through which experiences or therapeutics that engage endocannabinoids could affect males and females differently.
Mom, Let Me Play More Computer Games: They Improve My Mental Rotation Skills

This study investigated how 3-D and 2-D computer game practice and delivery as well as individual differences affect performance on two tests of mental rotation (Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test and Card Rotation Test). Sixty-one US undergraduates from the Midwest completed 4 h of either massed or distributed practice. While computer game practice improved mental rotation scores in general, women’s gains were significantly greater than men’s, and the most significant gains were accomplished when practice was massed. High mathematical ability, gender, and type of practice significantly predicted improvement scores. The findings suggest that even very minimal computer game practice may improve performance on mental rotation tasks.
Finding structure in audio for music information retrieval

This paper presents a brief overview of recent approaches to two problems in music information retrieval: query by example and automated source separation. It describes the challenges inherent in musical query by example and the systems that take very different approaches to the problem. The paper also explores approaches to source separation in a musical context, focusing on systems that take distinct approaches to the problem. Finally, it comments about the future directions for digital signal processing (DSP) research in the context of music information retrieval.
Functional Synergy between Antimicrobial Peptoids and Peptides against Gram-Negative Bacteria

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are integral components of innate immunity and are typically found in combinations with which they can synergize for broader spectrum or more potent activity. Previously, we reported peptoid mimics of AMPs with potent and selective antimicrobial activity. Using checkerboard assays, we demonstrate that peptoids and AMPs can interact synergistically, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices as low as 0.16. These results strongly suggest that antimicrobial peptoids and peptides are functionally and mechanistically analogous.
The Tuberculin Skin Test: A Useful Screen for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Regions with a Low Prevalence of Tuberculosis?

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;43:1552-4 ? 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. 1058-4838/2006/4312-0004$15.00 idemiologic factors besides the decrease in rates of TB. In developed countries, the low rates of M. tuberculosis infection and, in some, the cessation of vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guerin have left children more susceptible to symptomatic NTM infection because of a lack of collateral
Design and applications of a chemical sensor compatible with autonomous ocean-sampling networks

Autonomous ocean-sampling networks (AOSN) are under development to provide detailed descriptions of the ocean's physical and chemical characteristics. Such networks require sensors capable of adaptive observations within dynamic geophysical and geochemical fields. We have developed a high-sensitivity spectrophotometric chemical sensor (SEAS) consistent with AOSN requirements. In this work, we describe the configurations and capabilities of SEAS and its potential role in an automated sampling network.
Linking Business Processes and Transaction Cycles

Information technology enables companies to move from functional‐managed, cycle‐based organizations to process‐managed organizations. Despite this change, business classes continue to be organized along functional lines and do not provide an overall, integrating framework (Walker and Ainsworth 2001). As a result, students may not understand business processes and the relationship between business processes and accounting transaction cycles. This paper presents a tutorial for a fictitious pizza delivery company to help students understand business processes and link them with accounting transaction cycles. Designed for a first semester accounting information system class, this comprehensive tutorial covers data flow diagrams; flowcharts; and resources, events, and agents (REA) modeling. The tutorial includes review questions and exercises. Teaching notes and solutions follow the tutorial section.
Pros, cons, and costs of INFUSE in spinal surgery.

Background: INFUSE (recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 [rhBMP-2]; Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA) is approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) only for use with the lumbar tapered fusion device (LT Cage; Medtronic) to perform single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIF: L2–S1 levels). INFUSE, however, is widely utilized in an “off-label” capacity for anterior and/or posterior cervical, thoracic, and lumbar surgery. Nevertheless, Medicare and other insurance companies, are now increasingly denying reimbursement (average cost of a “large” INFUSE to the hospital without overhead $5000–6000) to hospitals for INFUSE when utilized “off-label.” Methods: This commentary looks at several representative studies citing the cons associated with utilizing INFUSE in spinal surgery, contraindications, complications, and cost factors. Results: There are multiple cons of utilizing INFUSE in an “off-label” capacity for spinal surgery. Direct contraindications include pregnancy, allergy to titanium, allergy to bovine type I collagen or rhBMP-2, infection, tumor, liver or kidney disease, immunosuppression (e.g., lupus, HIV/AIDS); contraindications are also seen in those receiving radiation, chemotherapy, or steroids. Reported complications include exuberant/ectopic bone formation, paralysis (cord, nerve damage), dural tears, bowel–bladder and sexual dysfunction, respiratory failure, inflammation of adjacent tissues, fetal developmental complications, scar, excessive bleeding, and even death. Complications are so prevalent in the anterior cervical spine, that many surgeons no longer use it in this region. Similarly, INFUSE complications and indications for posterior lumbar interbody fusions (PLIFs) and transforaminal interbody lumbar fusions (TLIFs) should also be reexamined. Conclusions: More surgeons need to question the safety, efficacy, and appropri ate “off-label” use of INFUSE in all spine surgeries.
Participatory Action Research in Practice A Case Study in Addressing Domestic Violence in Nine Cultural Communities

Participatory action research (PAR) is increasingly recognized as a viable approach to developing relationships with communities and working closely with them to address complex public health problems. In the case of domestic violence research, where ensuring the safety of women participants who are battered is paramount, participatory approaches to research that include advocates and women who are battered in research design, implementation, analysis, and dissemination are critical to successful and mutually beneficial projects. This article presents a case study of a PAR project that conducted formative qualitative research on domestic violence in nine ethnic and sexual minority communities. The article describes the specific ways in which a PAR approach was operationalized and discusses in detail how community participation shaped various stages of the research. Furthermore, specific actions that resulted from the research project are reported.
A Numerical Example of the Practical Use of Dummy Variables

Although the use of dummy variables in regression analysis is quite common, the implications of alternative models for incorporating dummy variables are not generally understood. References dealing with the use of dummy variables are numerous but scattered in the literature. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, using numerical examples, the implications and interrelationships among various models which incorporate dummy variables. Five separate models are considered.
A simulation testbed for investigation of tandem AGV systems

A tandem, one vehicle per loop, approach to Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) guide path design has been proposed as a more efficient and flexible alternative to traditional AGV system design. The tandem design can substantially simplify the design task while providing even further flexibility for changes in production system layout and operation. Tandem guide paths, however, have potential disadvantages because vehicle break-down, or even scheduled maintenance of vehicles, results in loop inaccessibility. Previous work comparing the efficacy of traditional guide path configurations and tandem loop configurations provided only limited flexibility for experimentation. A tandem AGV system simulation testbed has been developed to facilitate investigation and analysis of a variety of loop reconfiguration strategies and algorithms. A particular focus of our current investigations is the concept of Real-Time Loop Reconfiguration (RTLR), a means of responding to single vehicle failures in tandem AGV systems. The RTLR can solve the potential loop inaccessibility problem and also enhance the flexibility of the overall AGV system design. Results from initial studies used to verify the correct operation of the testbed are presented, and a brief outline of future applications for the tandem loop reconfiguration model are discussed.
Autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy: Moving towards a comprehensive approach to treatment

The biological and phenotypic heterogeneity of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy presents a significant challenge to the development of effective treatment protocols. There is no single treatment or treatment protocol for children with ASD or epilepsy. Children with co-occurring ASD and epilepsy should undergo a comprehensive assessment that includes investigation of underlying biological etiologies as well assessment of cognitive, language, affective, social and behavioral function prior to initiating treatment. The comprehensive treatment of children with ASD is based on a combination of therapeutic psychosocial interventions in combination with pharmacological agents. A process-oriented approach to assessment and intervention allows careful analysis of the child's response to treatment such that treatment protocols may be revised secondary to any changes in developmental trajectory of the child with ASD and epilepsy. The possibility of developing pharmacological interventions that target both ASD and epilepsy awaits definitive evidence. The best hope for good developmental outcomes in children with ASD and epilepsy is early recognition and comprehensive treatment of both the ASD and epilepsy.
Venting and leaking of methane from shale gas development: response to Cathles et al.

In April 2011, we published the first comprehensive analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shale gas obtained by hydraulic fracturing, with a focus on methane emissions. Our analysis was challenged by Cathles et al. (2012). Here, we respond to those criticisms. We stand by our approach and findings. The latest EPA estimate for methane emissions from shale gas falls within the range of our estimates but not those of Cathles et al. which are substantially lower. Cathles et al. believe the focus should be just on electricity generation, and the global warming potential of methane should be considered only on a 100-year time scale. Our analysis covered both electricity (30% of US usage) and heat generation (the largest usage), and we evaluated both 20- and 100-year integrated time frames for methane. Both time frames are important, but the decadal scale is critical, given the urgent need to avoid climate-system tipping points. Using all available information and the latest climate science, we conclude that for most uses, the GHG footprint of shale gas is greater than that of other fossil fuels on time scales of up to 100 years. When used to generate electricity, the shale-gas footprint is still significantly greater than that of coal at decadal time scales but is less at the century scale. We reiterate our conclusion from our April 2011 paper that shale gas is not a suitable bridge fuel for the 21st Century.
α-Adducin polymorphism associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes: Results from GENEtic Substudy of the INternational VErapamil SR-trandolapril STudy (INVEST-GENES)

Background The α-adducin ( ADD1 ) Gly460Trp polymorphism has been associated with hypertension and response to diuretic therapy, but controversy exists. Methods The present study was conducted to prospectively investigate the relationship among the ADD1 Gly460Trp polymorphism, diuretic use, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes among 5,979 patients with hypertensive coronary artery disease, who participated in the INVEST and provided genomic DNA. The primary outcome was defined as the first occurrence of nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or all-cause death. Secondary outcomes were the components of the primary outcome. Ancestry informative markers were used to control for population stratification. Results In blacks, ADD1 variant carriers were at higher risk for a primary outcome event than wild-type homozygotes (adjusted hazard ratio 2.62, 95% CI 1.23-5.58, P = .012), with a similar trend in whites and Hispanics, albeit a smaller magnitude of effect (adjusted hazard ratio 1.43, 0.86-2.39 in Hispanics; 1.24, 0.90-1.71 in whites). Secondary outcome analysis showed that the all-cause death was driving the differences in primary outcomes by genotype. There was no interaction between the ADD1 polymorphism and diuretic use for either primary outcome or secondary outcomes. Conclusions In hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, black ADD1 variant carriers showed a 2.6-fold excess risk for a primary outcome event and an 8-fold increase risk of death. White and Hispanic ADD1 variant carriers showed an increased but nonsignificant excess risk. However, the effect of diuretic use on risk of cardiovascular outcomes did not vary by ADD1 carrier status.
Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Violence

In addition to being involved in organized criminal activities, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs have a history of extreme violence. This violence knows no boundaries as they attack, maim, and kill each other, rival gangs, and others who come into contact with them. This chapter provides a chronology of violence by one percent bikers throughout the world.
Dear Senator Dodd: Don't Repeal NSMIA: It Will Hurt Small Businesses and the Economy

As presently proposed, Section 926 of the Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010 (the Act) amends the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (NSMIA) in a manner that effectively permits states and state securities administrators once again to exercise authority over securities offerings under Rule 506 of Regulation D. Enacting Section 926 into law will hobble the legitimate capital formation efforts of our small domestic businesses. The Section will increase significantly and unnecessarily the costs of raising capital for small domestic businesses B a vital part of our national economy B by saddling them with expensive, unnecessary, and multiple regulatory regimes. Indeed, if enacted into law, the impact of the Section will be precisely contrary to one of the principal purposes of the regulatory reform in the Act, which is to ensure the flow of capital to small domestic businesses and thus provide fuel for the recovery from our recent economic crisis. At the same time, Section 926 will provide no meaningful protection for investors from the sharp practices that caused our recent financial crisis. Presently, investors in small business offerings under federal Rule 506 are protected by tough state and federal antifraud provisions, each carrying significant civil liabilities and criminal penalties. Rule 506 also requires all investors to be either: (a) "accredited"; or (b) sophisticated and provided with the same information that they would receive in a registered offering. In many cases, therefore, investors in Rule 506 offerings actually are accorded more protection than investors in registered offerings. As a result, subjecting Rule 506 offerings by small businesses to fifty additional state registration regimes B which will be the impact of Section 926 B adds no meaningful protection to investors. It only raises transaction costs on small business capital formation, and does so in a disproportionate, unfair and inefficient manner.
Progress in International Politics: A Liberal Constructivist Approach to International Change

Responding to recent calls to apply constructivism to normative theory, I present a normative/empirical hybrid theory of progress that applies both liberal cosmopolitan and constructivist lenses to social change and collective identity formation. Normatively, I contend that global collective identity formation is desirable due to its positive effects on the collective action problem, distributional conflict, and social instability. Additionally, I propose that the principles underpinning procedural liberalism offer a pragmatic approach to collective identity construction that appreciates the pluralism evident in the international community. Empirically, I explicate the theoretical connection between procedurally liberal institutions and collective identity formation, and address the self-reinforcing nature of procedural liberalism that has driven its ongoing proliferation from the domestic to the global (via the international). This suggests that the ongoing 'liberal turn' in international politics that began nearly two centuries ago represents progress to the extent to which it promotes collective identity formation at the international and, eventually, global levels.
The right people in the wrong places: Executive founders and the survival of their ventures

We theorize an entrepreneurial paradox in which the forces that underlie the selection of executives into new venture leadership teams can also inhibit the survival of those individuals’ ventures. ...
Quantitative trait loci identified for blood chemistry components of an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress

Heat stress in poultry results in considerable economic losses and is a concern for both animal health and welfare. Physiological changes occur during periods of heat stress, including changes in blood chemistry components. A highly advanced intercross line, created from a broiler (heat susceptible) by Fayoumi (heat resistant) cross, was exposed to daily heat cycles for seven days starting at 22 days of age. Blood components measured pre-heat treatment and on the seventh day of heat treatment included pH, pCO2, pO2, base excess, HCO3, TCO2, K, Na, ionized Ca, hematocrit, hemoglobin, sO2, and glucose. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these traits and their calculated changes was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a 600 K SNP panel. There were significant increases in pH, base excess, HCO3, TCO2, ionized Ca, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sO2, and significant decreases in pCO2 and glucose after 7 days of heat treatment. Heritabilities ranged from 0.01-0.21 for pre-heat measurements, 0.01-0.23 for measurements taken during heat, and 0.00-0.10 for the calculated change due to heat treatment. All blood components were highly correlated within measurement days, but not correlated between measurement days. The GWAS revealed 61 QTL for all traits, located on GGA (Gallus gallus chromosome) 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12–14, 17, 18, 21–28, and Z. A functional analysis of the genes in these QTL regions identified the Angiopoietin pathway as significant. The QTL that co-localized for three or more traits were on GGA10, 22, 26, 28, and Z and revealed candidate genes for birds’ response to heat stress. The results of this study contribute to our knowledge of levels and heritabilities of several blood components of chickens under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Most components responded to heat treatment. Mapped QTL may serve as markers for genomic selection to enhance heat tolerance in poultry. The Angiopoietin pathway is likely involved in the response to heat stress in chickens. Several candidate genes were identified, giving additional insight into potential mechanisms of physiologic response to high ambient temperatures.
Quantification of regional platelet and calcium deposition on pericardial tissue valve prostheses in calves and effect of hydroxyethylene diphosphonate.

Mitral valves were replaced with 25 mm bovine pericardial tissue valve prostheses (Ionescu-Shiley) in 45 calves (23 controls and 22 treated daily with hydroxyethylene diphosphonate). Before being killed 1, 14, 30, and 90 days later, the calves received 111In-labeled autologous platelets intravenously. Regional variations in platelet deposition were measured by a new technique. Thrombus was noted early on the flexion zone of the valve; with time it increased on the free edge and central zone. Platelet deposition was initially high on the flexion zone, attachment zone, sewing ring, and perivalvular tissue but decreased with time. Hydroxyethylene diphosphonate treatment tended to decrease platelet deposition in all zones. Calcium content was high in thrombus and increased in all zones with time, in both groups, but the deposition was less in the group treated with hydroxyethylene diphosphonate. Collagenous tissue and adherent thrombus appear to provide nucleation sites for calcification.
Production of gamma (immune) interferon by a permanent human T-lymphocyte cell line.

Gamma (immune, type II) interferon is an antiviral and immunoregulatory glycoprotein usually obtained from mitogen- or antigeninduced peripheral blood or splenic mononuclear cells. A human “helper-inducer” T-lymphocyte cell line (Mo) is an inducible source of gamma interferon. Mo gamma interferon has been biochem ically characterized and partially purified, and resembles the gamma interferon species derived from normal cell sources.
Non-equiproportional dynamics with compound technologies: productions

In Chapters III, IV and V, we have developed a general theoretical framework which has been applied to economic issues on the bases of two assumptions: a) there were no dynamics and accumulation, i.e. the study was limited to static one-period analysis and comparative statics; b) there was no technical progress.
Culture as Resistance

In this chapter, I discuss representations of “Mexican-Americanness” in the USA. I compare theories of mexicanidad and identity written during the Mexican Revolution with the Mexican-Americanness recreated by Chicana/o autobiographies. These works depict the Mexican-American experience as a space in between and across cultures, but they also place the struggle for culture (as an “unfamiliar” element) within the definition of family itself.
A comparison of foamy and lentiviral vector genotoxicity in SCID-repopulating cells shows foamy vectors are less prone to clonal dominance

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy using retroviral vectors has immense potential, but vector-mediated genotoxicity limits use in the clinic. Lentiviral vectors are less genotoxic than gammaretroviral vectors and have become the vector of choice in clinical trials. Foamy retroviral vectors have a promising integration profile and are less prone to read-through transcription than gammaretroviral or lentiviral vectors. Here, we directly compared the safety and efficacy of foamy vectors to lentiviral vectors in human CD34+ repopulating cells in immunodeficient mice. To increase their genotoxic potential, foamy and lentiviral vectors with identical transgene cassettes with a known genotoxic spleen focus forming virus promoter were used. Both vectors resulted in efficient marking in vivo and a total of 825 foamy and 460 lentiviral vector unique integration sites were recovered in repopulating cells 19 weeks after transplantation. Foamy vector proviruses were observed less often near RefSeq gene and proto-oncogene transcription start sites than lentiviral vectors. The foamy vector group were also more polyclonal with fewer dominant clones (two out of six mice) than the lentiviral vector group (eight out of eight mice), and only lentiviral vectors had integrants near known proto-oncogenes in dominant clones. Our data further support the relative safety of foamy vectors for HSC gene therapy.
Signatures of vibronic coupling in two-dimensional electronic-vibrational and vibrational-electronic spectroscopies

Two-Dimensional Electronic-Vibrational (2D EV) spectroscopy and Two-Dimensional Vibrational-Electronic (2D VE) spectroscopy are new coherent four-wave mixing spectroscopies that utilize both electronically resonant and vibrationally resonant field-matter interactions to elucidate couplings between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. A system Hamiltonian is developed here to lay a foundation for interpreting the 2D EV and 2D VE signals that arise from a vibronically coupled molecular system in the condensed phase. A molecular system consisting of one anharmonic vibration and two electronic states is modeled. Equilibrium displacement of the vibrational coordinate and vibrational frequency shifts upon excitation to the first electronic excited state are included in our Hamiltonian through linear and quadratic vibronic coupling terms. We explicitly consider the nuclear dependence of the electronic transition dipole moment and demonstrate that these spectroscopies are sensitive to non-Condon effects. A series of simulations of 2D EV and 2D VE spectra obtained by varying parameters of the system, system-bath, and interaction Hamiltonians demonstrate that one of the following conditions must be met to observe signals: (1) non-zero linear and/or quadratic vibronic coupling in the electronic excited state, (2) vibrational-coordinate dependence of the electronic transition dipole moment, or (3) electronic-state-dependent vibrational dephasing dynamics. We explore how these vibronic interactions are manifested in the positions, amplitudes, and line shapes of the peaks in 2D EV and 2D VE spectroscopies.
Hearts transplanted after circulatory death in children: Analysis of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation registry.

We aimed to describe worldwide DCD HT experience in children using the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry. The Registry was queried for primary HT performed in children (2005-2014). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess survival for recipients grouped by DCD or DBD hearts. Recipient characteristics were compared between DCD and DBD and between survivors and non-survivors of DCD HT. Among 3877 pediatric HT performed, 21 (0.5%) were DCD. DCD 1-year survival was 61% vs 91% DBD, P < .01. DCD recipients were more often supported by ECMO pre-HT (24% vs 6%, P < .001) and more often receiving inhaled nitric oxide (10% vs 0.6%, P < .001) compared to DBD. Older DCD recipients had significantly lower 1-year survival of 57% vs 93% for DBD, P < .01. Survival for infant DCD recipients was not statistically different to DBD recipients (survival 62% at 1 year and 62% at 5 years for DCD vs 85% at 1 year and 77% at 5 years for DBD, P = .15). Recipients of DCD HT who died were more often supported by ECMO pre-HT (56% non-survivors vs 0% survivors, P = .004) and receiving mechanical ventilation (44% vs 0%, P = .012). DCD HT is uncommon in children. DCD-independent factors in recipients may have contributed to worse survival as DCD recipients who died were more often supported by ECMO and mechanical ventilation. More research is needed to identify donor factors and recipient factors that contribute to mortality after DCD HT.
Data from fitting Gaussian process models to various data sets using eight Gaussian process software packages.

Abstract This data article provides the summary data from tests comparing various Gaussian process software packages. Each spreadsheet represents a single function or type of function using a particular input sample size. In each spreadsheet, a row gives the results for a particular replication using a single package. Within each spreadsheet there are the results from eight Gaussian process model-fitting packages on five replicates of the surface. There is also one spreadsheet comparing the results from two packages performing stochastic kriging. These data enable comparisons between the packages to determine which package will give users the best results.
Validation of automated hardwood lumber grading system

Abstract Grading is one of the most vital steps in the hardwood lumber manufacturing process. For over one hundred years, hardwood lumber in North America has been graded by specially trained lumber inspectors using the National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Rules for the Inspection of Hardwood Lumber. With technology improving over time, the status quo of lumber grading is again being challenged. This paper outlines an automated lumber grading study using a Microtec Goldeneye 300 Multi-Sensor Quality Scanner™. The scanner is equipped with color cameras, dot-grid and profile lasers and an x-ray sensor to locate and classify defects at a speed of 980 linear feet per minute. The material studied was rough, kiln dried hardwood lumber of nine different commercial species. Over 1000 boards from each species were graded with the scanner and verified by a NHLA-trained human lumber inspector. This paper reviews the performance of the scanner and highlights its accuracy by species and individual grades within that species. Across the entire volume of boards scanned, the automated grading system was 99.50% on-value and 92.22% on-grade accurate.
Recent advances in site-selective functionalization of carbohydrates mediated by organocatalysts

Abstract As one of the four fundamental building blocks of life, carbohydrates assume varied and expansive roles in biological contexts. More in-depth understanding of carbohydrates and their interactions, however, is often restricted by our inability to synthesize and subsequently functionalize them in a site-selective manner. This review will summarize recent advances in the site-selective functionalization of carbohydrates using organocatalysts, including achiral catalysts, chiral nucleophilic bases, chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes, and chiral phosphoric acids, with an emphasis on the catalytic nature in each case. As in many endeavors, taking an alternative approach can often lead to success, and selected examples of these achievements will be highlighted as well.
Planning C2 pedicle screw placement with multiplanar reformatted cervical spine computed tomography

Object: Careful preoperative planning with thin-slice computed tomography (CT) scan is useful for hardware placement at C2. Prior studies have shown considerable variability in the proportion of C2 vertebrae considered safe for pedicle screw placement, depending on the imaging technique used. Our work sought to more carefully define that proportion using a refined imaging technique on a large number of submillimeter CT scans. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 150 submillimeter cervical spine studies randomly selected from CT scans performed at a Level 1 trauma center. OsiriX™ image analysis software was used to propagate a 5-mm cylinder through the plane of the pedicle on paracoronal reformatted CT scans. Hounsfield unit attenuation was used to determine whether the cylinder violated the pedicle. Binomial data were generated to determine the proportion of pedicles that would allow safe screw placement. Results: We analyzed 300 pedicles in 150 patients. Using a standard C2 pedicle starting point, 32% of pedicles were breached by the 5-mm diameter cylinder. When screw trajectory was adjusted by moving the cylinder to fit the pedicle isthmus, establishing an optimized starting point, only 14% of pedicles were breached. Average pedicle length was 27.3 mm for screws that would have crossed the isthmus versus 13.2 mm for screws that would have stopped short due to potential breach. Conclusions: Findings of the current work suggest that preoperative imaging analysis or navigation can be useful adjuncts when anatomical variants are present.
Small Nerves, Big Problems: A Comprehensive Patient Guide to Small Fiber Neuropathy

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disease in which damage has occurred to the small nerve fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord. It is experienced by each patient differently, making it diffi...
Management of the B2 Glenoid in Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis

The Walch B2 glenoid is characterized by a biconcave glenoid deformity, acquired glenoid retroversion, and posterior humeral head subluxation. Surgical reconstruction of the B2 glenoid remains a challenge. Surgical management options include arthroscopic debridement, hemiarthroplasty, anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty with eccentric reaming, bone grafting or augmented glenoid implants, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Multiple factors dictate the optimal surgical management strategy.. This article describes each of these techniques and presents the current available literature in an effort to guide evidence-based decisions in the surgical management of the B2 glenoid deformity.
Unifying ecosystem resistance, resilience, and recovery from extreme stress into a single statistical framework

Natural communities and ecosystems are currently experiencing unprecedented rates of environmental and biotic change. While gradual shifts in average conditions, such as rising mean air temperatures, can significantly alter ecosystem function, ecologists recently acknowledged that the most damaging consequences of global change will probably emanate from both a higher prevalence and increased intensity of extreme climatic stress events. Given the potential ecological and societal ramifications of more frequent disturbances, it is imperative that we identify which ecosystems are most vulnerable to global change by accurately quantifying ecosystem responses to extreme stress. Unfortunately, the lack of a standardized method for estimating ecosystem sensitivity to drought makes drawing general conclusions difficult. There is a need for estimates of resistance/resilience/legacy effects that are free of observation error, not biased by stochasticity in production or rainfall, and standardizes stress magnitude among many disparate ecosystems relative to normal interannual variability. Here, I propose a statistical framework that estimates all three components of ecosystem response to stress using standardized language (resistance, resilience, recovery, and legacy effects) while resolving all of the issues described above. Coupling autoregressive time series with exogenous predictors (ARX) models with impulse response functions (IRFs) allows researchers to statistically subject all ecosystems to similar levels of stress, estimate legacy effects, and obtain a standardized estimate of ecosystem resistance and resilience to drought free from observation error and stochastic processes inherent in raw data. This method will enable researchers to rigorously compare resistance and resilience among locations using long-term time series, thereby improving our knowledge of ecosystem responses to extreme stress.
Assessment of Efficacy of Systemic Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma

The prognosis of patients with stage IV melanoma is improving through the use of molecularly targeted therapy that inhibits the activity of the BRAF protein and the use of immunotherapies that block regulatory checkpoints. Interval performance of imaging studies is needed to determine treatment efficacy. Traditionally, enlargement of a metastasis or the development of new lesions would signify tumor progression and insufficient treatment efficacy. Immunotherapy can cause immune cells to infiltrate tumors leading to initial enlargement of metastases on imaging termed pseudo-progression. This chapter reviews advances in systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma and novel strategies to monitor for efficacy in the context of immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapy.
Sequential analysis of 43 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: clinical correlations with cytogenetic, histologic, immunophenotyping, and molecular studies.

Few reports correlating specific cytogenetic abnormalities with distinct subtypes of lymphoma have performed serial studies at diagnosis and at tumor recurrence or progression. In our file of 325 cytogenetically analyzed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients studied over the past decade, 43 had serial biopsies, 39 of whom had at least two successful preparations; of the 43, nine had one and 32 had two or more cytogenetically abnormal specimens. In this study, we correlated cytogenetic, histopathologic, molecular, and clinical parameters. Patients with low-grade lymphomas were as likely as patients with intermediate- or high-grade lymphomas to acquire new chromosomal abnormalities with time (16 of 23 patients as compared with 7 of 16; P2 = .11, chi 2 test). In four patients, originally diagnosed indolent disease progressed to aggressive disease; all had t(14;18), all gained additional chromosomal abnormalities with disease progression, and three of the four expressed abnormalities associated with disease progression and/or short survival: der(18), +7, and/or +12. Cytogenetic results from early disease were compared with those obtained later in disease: in the t(14;18) group, the most common abnormalities were +7 (eight patients) and der(18) (five patients), both seen later in disease. The most common abnormalities in patients without t(14;18) were 6q deletions; they were seen in both early and late disease and were associated with significantly shorter survivals (P2 = .0014) compared with all patients without 6q deletions. Secondary chromosomal abnormalities, observed after at least one previous abnormal study, were seen in 19 of 22 t(14;18) patients and in 11 of 21 patients without t(14;18) and were associated with a poor survival (P2 = .13) compared with patients without any secondary chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosome 1 abnormalities were seen in almost half of the patients and were observed in initial specimens and early in disease as well as late in disease and as secondary abnormalities; 1q involvement was more frequent than 1p (15 versus eight patients) and was significantly associated with poor survival only in patients with intermediate-/high- grade disease; the most common breakpoints were 1q21-q22 (nine patients) and 1p36 (six patients). Breakpoints at 2q21 and 3q27-q29 were limited to patients with t(14;18) and were almost exclusively secondary in nature. Molecular studies in 24 of our patients showed discrepancies with the cytogenetic results in only three patients: two had t(14;18) but no molecular rearrangements while two patients had no visible t(14;18) but were positive for major breakpoint region (MBR) rearrangement. The presence of MBR or minor breakpoint cluster (MCR) rearrangement had no apparent effect on survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prevention of Recurrence After Recovery From a Major Depressive Episode With Antidepressant Medication Alone or in Combination With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Phase 2 of a 2-Phase Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Antidepressant medication (ADM) maintenance treatment is associated with the prevention of depressive recurrence in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment is associated with recurrence prevention remains unclear. Objective To determine the effects of combining CBT with ADM on the prevention of depressive recurrence when ADMs are withdrawn or maintained after recovery in patients with MDD. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 292 adult outpatients with chronic or recurrent MDD who participated in the second phase of a 2-phase trial. Participants had recovered in the first phase of the trial receiving ADM, either alone or in combination with CBT. The trial was conducted in research clinics in 3 university medical centers in the United States. Patients in phase 2 were randomized to receive maintenance of or withdrawal from ADM and were followed up for 3 years. The first and last patients entered phase 2 in August 2003 and October 2009, respectively. The last patient completed phase 2 in August 2012. Data were analyzed from December 2013 to December 2018. Interventions Maintenance of or withdrawal from treatment with ADM. Main Outcomes and Measures Recurrence of an MDD episode using longitudinal interval follow-up evaluations; sustained recovery across both phases. Results A total of 292 participants (171 women, 121 men; mean [SD] age 45.1 [12.9] years) were included in analyses of depressive recurrence. Maintenance ADM yielded lower rates of recurrence compared with ADM withdrawal regardless of whether patients had achieved recovery in phase 1 with ADM alone (48.5% vs 74.8%;z = −3.16;P = .002; number needed to treat [NNT], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8-7.0) or ADM plus CBT (48.5% vs 76.7%;z = −3.49;P Conclusions and Relevance Maintenance ADM treatment, but not previous exposure to CBT, was associated with reduced rates of depressive recurrence. In previous studies, when CBT has been provided without ADM, CBT has shown a preventive effect on depressive relapse. Whether CBT also has a preventive effect on depressive recurrence, or if adding ADM interferes with any such preventive effect, remains unclear. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov identifier:NCT00057577
Electret: An Entirely New Approach of Solving Partial Discharge Caused by Triple Points, Sharp Edges, Bubbles, and Airgaps

For the vast majority of applications that involve medium-to-high-voltage operation, partial discharge (PD) has been a chronic issue that causes accelerated dielectric material aging and device failure. Nowadays, with the increasing power density of various medium-to-high-voltage applications, the dielectric challenges introduced by PD are increasing. However, the elimination of PD has been considered virtually impossible due to manufacturing defects that are unavoidable. In this paper, we introduce an entirely new approach that utilizes electrets as a solution to the dielectric challenges caused by PD. Here, we theoretically show that the incorporation of electret layers substantially reduces the undesired high electric fields that promote PD activities. The results suggest that high electric field around sharp edges, triple points, airgaps, and bubbles can be reduced substantially either by controlling the distance between an electret layer and a high-field surface or by tailoring the surface charge density of the electret layers. The required distance and surface charge density for electric field mitigation are theoretically derived and confirmed by finite element analysis. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed method by applying it to laminated structures, in which triple points, airgaps, and bubbles exist. We also report practical considerations and limitations associated to the proposed use of electrets as a solution to PD. The long-term goal of the research is providing enhanced resiliency to the emerging technologies that involve higher electric field and higher power density.
Carrier Density Modulation in PbSe Quantum Dot Films via In-Solution Ligand Exchange

In-solution ligand exchange of PbSe QDs is used to examine the effect of capping ligand on the carrier density of PbSe QD films. Results show that carrier density can be modulated by a factor of 5 by choice of ligand without any additional post deposition treatments. Proper fabrication and measurement conditions for calculating carrier densities from C-V measurements using a sandwich structure on P-doped Si/SiO2/Al2O3/QD/Au structure capacitance devices are outlined. Combining carrier density results with field-effect-transistor measurements, promising ligands which display lower carrier densities without having a significant drop off in carrier mobility are identified as candidates for photodetection purposes.