cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Natural Convection Experiments in an Enclosure

This paper presents an experimental investigation for the phenomenon of three-dimensi onal natural convection inside a rectangular cavity driven by a single vertical wall with a warm and a cold region. The warm and the cold regions on this wall were located side-by-side. The remaining walls are adiabatic. The experiments focus on the high Rayleigh number regime (3 x 109 < Ra < 5 x 10 10). Apart from the region near the vertical driving wall and along the adjoining top and bottom surfaces close to the driving wall, the temperature field is remarkably two-dimensional, linearly stratified in the vertical direction. The fluid in the remainder of the enclosure is practically stagnant. The flow, wherever it exists, is laminar except for two small local turbulent regions near the top and bottom corners of the driving wall. Heat transfer results are correlated by Nu = 0.031 x Ra0-324. The study is concluded with a scaling analysis which aims to explain in a fundamental sense the experimental findings. Nomenclature cp = specific heat, J/kg K f(Rd) = function of Rayleigh number, Eq. (19) g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2 H = height of the enclosure, m k = thermal conductivity, W/mK L = length of the enclosure, m Nu = Nusselt number, Eq. (1) P = pressure, N/m2 Pb — power dissipated by bottom heater, W pt = power dissipated by top heater, W Q = heat transfer rate, W, Eq. (1) Ra = Rayleigh number, Eq. (2) Tc = cold wall temperature, K TH = hot wall temperature, K AT = temperature difference between cold and hot walls, K u = vertical velocity component, m/s v = horizontal velocity component, m/s W — width of the enclosure, m x = vertical coordinate, m y = horizontal coordinate, m a = thermal diffusivity, m2/s f$ = coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion, K"1 dt = thermal boundary layer thickness, m v = kinematic viscosity, m2/s 0 = temperature scale of the core region, K (j) — temperature scale of the bottom layer of fluid, K p = density, kg/m3
The Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Interacts with MeCP2 and Nucleosomes through Separate Domains

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells express the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) involved in the regulation of host and viral gene expression and maintenance of the KSHV latent episome. Performance of these diverse functions involves a 7-amino-acid chromatin-binding motif (CBM) situated at the amino terminus of LANA that is capable of binding directly to nucleosomes. LANA interacts with additional chromatin components, including methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Here, we show that the carboxy-terminal DNA-binding/dimerization domain of LANA provides the principal interaction with MeCP2 but that this association is modulated by the CBM. Both domains are required for LANA to colocalize with MeCP2 at chromocenters, regions of extensive pericentric heterochromatin that can be imaged by fluorescence microscopy. Within MeCP2, the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) is the primary determinant for chromatin localization and acts together with the adjacent repression domains (the transcription repression domain [TRD] and the corepressor-interacting domain [CRID]) to redirect LANA to chromocenters. MeCP2 facilitates repression by LANA bound to the KSHV terminal repeats, a function that requires the MeCP2 C terminus in addition to the MBD and CRID/TRD. LANA and MeCP2 can also cooperate to stimulate transcription of the human E2F1 promoter, which lacks a LANA DNA-binding sequence, but this function requires both the N and C termini of LANA. The ability of LANA to establish multivalent interactions with histones and chromatin-binding proteins such as MeCP2 would enable LANA to direct regulatory complexes to specific chromosomal sites and thereby achieve stable reprogramming of cellular gene expression in latently infected cells.
Angiotensin receptor blockers and the cardiovascular continuum: what future is indicated by recent successes?

This editorial summarizes insights expressed at a recent symposium on angiotensin receptor blockers that is now published in this supplement. After a series of seminal trials in 2001 and 2002 in patients with such conditions as type 2 diabetes and renal insufficiency, heart-failure and hypertension with left-ventricular hypertrophy, we have evidence that these agents confer blood-pressure independent protective effects across the cardiovascular and renal continuum. Even so, blood-pressure control remains a key target of treatment and improving treatment compliance is a further priority. Forthcoming clinical trials with angiotensin receptor blockers in post-myocardial infarction patients and in high risk hypertension should give additional guidance in optimizing cardiovascular protection and prognosis. © 2003 The European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Segmentation of the Optic Disc in 3-D OCT Scans of the Optic Nerve Head

Glaucoma is the second leading ocular disease causing blindness due to gradual damage to the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss. Segmentations of the optic disc cup and neuroretinal rim can provide important parameters for detecting and tracking this disease. The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate a method that can automatically segment the optic disc cup and rim in spectral-domain 3-D OCT (SD-OCT) volumes. Four intraretinal surfaces were segmented using a fast multiscale 3-D graph search algorithm. After surface segmentation, the retina in each 3-D OCT scan was flattened to ensure a consistent optic nerve head shape. A set of 15 features, derived from the segmented intraretinal surfaces and voxel intensities in the SD-OCT volume, were used to train a classifier that can determine which A-scans in the OCT volume belong to the background, optic disc cup and rim. Finally, prior knowledge about the shapes of the cup and rim was incorporated into the system using a convex hull-based approach. Two glaucoma experts annotated the cup and rim area using planimetry, and the annotations of the first expert were used as the reference standard. A leave-one-subject-out experiment on 27 optic nerve head-centered OCT volumes (14 right eye scans and 13 left eye scans from 14 patients) was performed. Two different types of classification methods were compared, and experimental results showed that the best performing method had an unsigned error for the optic disc cup of 2.52 ? 0.87 pixels (0.076 ? 0.026 mm) and for the neuroretinal rim of 2.04 ? 0.86 pixels (0.061 ? 0.026 mm). The interobserver variability as indicated by the unsigned border positioning difference between the second expert observer and the reference standard was 2.54 ? 1.03 pixels (0.076 ? 0.031 mm for the optic disc cup and 2.14 ? 0.80 pixels (0.064 ? 0.024 mm for the neuroretinal rim. The unsigned error of the best performing method was not significantly different (p > 0.2) from the interobserver variability.
Intellectual property policy in the pharmaceutical sciences: the effect of inappropriate patents and market exclusivity extensions on the health care system.

Though patents are effective tools for promoting innovation and protecting intellectual property in the pharmaceutical sciences, there has been growing concern about 2 important ways that patents in this field can have a negative effect on patient care and the practice of medicine. First, inventors can seek and receive patents on pharmaceutical products or research tools that stretch the statutory requirements for patenting. Second, patent holders in the pharmaceutical market can used legal loopholes or aspects of the patent registration system to extend exclusivity for inventions beyond what was anticipated by the Patent Act or subsequent legislation. The monopoly control bestowed by such inappropriate patents or manipulation of the patent system can limit options available to patients, increase the cost of health care delivery, and make cooperative research more difficult. In response, several different government and market-based efforts have emerged to promote more equitable patent policy in health care that encourages dissemination of ideas while still supporting the development of innovative products.
Coordinating Business Cycles

We develop a quantitative theory of business cycles with coordination failures. Because of a standard aggregate demand externality, firms want to coordinate production. The presence of a non-convex capacity decision generates multiple equilibria under complete information. We use a global game approach to show that, under incomplete information, the multiplicity of equilibria disappears to give rise to a unique equilibrium with two stable steady states. The economy exhibits coordination traps: after a negative shock of sufficient size or duration, coordination on the good steady state is harder to achieve, leading to quasi-permanent recessions. In our calibration, the coordination channel improves on the neoclassical growth model in terms of business cycle asymmetries and skewness. The model also accounts for features of the 20072009 recession and its aftermath. Government spending is harmful in general as the coordination problem magnifies the crowding out. It can, however, increase welfare — without nominal rigidities — when the economy is about to transition to the bad steady state. Simple subsidies implement the efficient allocation.
Duration of earthquake fault motion in California

SUMMARY Duration of high frequency (5-25 Hz) radiation of energy from earthquake sources in California is consistent with the estimates of fault length and with dislocation velocity estimates of 2-3 km/sec. This duration can be described by an exponential function of magnitude for 2.5 < M < 7.5. It is related to the times it takes the dislocation to spread over the fault width (1/f2), and the fault length (- 1 / f, ), and to reach its ultimate amplitude (To). The results in this paper can be used to estimate the range of amplitudes and the duration of long period pulses of strong ground motion near faults, as these long period pulses can be related to the properties of high-frequency radiation from the source. Such pulses must be considered in the analyses of yielding structures, when the average peak acceleration of the pulse exceeds the yield resistance seismic coefficient of the structure.
Performance comparison of feature extraction algorithms for target detection and classification

This paper addresses the problem of target detection and classification, where the performance is often limited due to high rates of false alarm and classification error, possibly because of inadequacies in the underlying algorithms of feature extraction from sensory data and subsequent pattern classification. In this paper, a recently reported feature extraction algorithm, symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF), is investigated for target detection and classification by using unmanned ground sensors (UGS). In SDF, sensor time series data are first symbolized to construct probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) that, in turn, generate low-dimensional feature vectors. In this paper, the performance of SDF is compared with that of two commonly used feature extractors, namely Cepstrum and principal component analysis (PCA), for target detection and classification. Three different pattern classifiers have been employed to compare the performance of the three feature extractors for target detection and human/animal classification by UGS systems based on two sets of field data that consist of passive infrared (PIR) and seismic sensors. The results show consistently superior performance of SDF-based feature extraction over Cepstrum-based and PCA-based feature extraction in terms of successful detection, false alarm, and misclassification rates.
“A Clock So True”: The Chronometry of Virtue in Donne's “Obsequyes vpon the Lord Harrington”

AbstractThe most compelling portrayal of timekeeping technology in an English poem of the early seventeenth century is a long and complicated passage from John Donne's 1614 poem “Obsequyes vpon the Lord Harrington the last that dyed.” In this passage, Donne deploys clock and sundial images to critique the values of the religio‐political faction with which the deceased Lord Harington was associated, a group of courtiers and scholars strongly invested in the development of new technologies. Comparing human beings to timepieces in a conceit that plays upon the traditional iconography of Temperance, Donne challenges technological progressivism, promoting in its place a skeptical chronometry of virtue. Donne's conceit poses interpretive challenges that force readers to think analytically and critically about how technology—and in particular the technology of time‐measurement—is related to human goodness and well‐being. [T. M. D.]
Regulatable Ras Activity Is Critical for Proper Establishment and Maintenance of Polarity in Aspergillus fumigatus

Here we show that expression of a constitutively activated RasA allele, as the sole source of Ras activity, revealed novel Ras-induced phenotypes, including excessive vacuolar expansion and spontaneous lysis of hyphal compartments. These findings highlight the requirement for balanced Ras activity in the establishment and maintenance of polarized growth in filamentous fungi.
Why Do Child-Directed Interactions Support Imitative Learning in Young Children?

Child-directed cues support imitation of novel actions at 18 months, but not at two years of age. The current studies explore the mechanisms that underlie the propensity that children have to copy others at 18 months, and how the value of child-directed communication changes over development. We ask if attentional allocation accounts for children's failure to imitate observed actions at 18 months, and their success at two years of age, and we explore the informational value child-directed contexts may provide across ontogeny. Eighteen-month-old (Study 1) and two-year-old (Study 2) children viewed causally non-obvious actions performed by child-directed (Study 1 & 2), observed (Study 1 & 2), or non-interactive (Study 2) actors, and their visual attention and imitative behaviors were assessed. Results demonstrated that child-directed contexts supported imitative learning for 18-month-old children, independent of their effects on proximal attention. However, by two years of age, neither directness nor communication between social partners was a necessary condition for supporting social imitation. These findings suggest that developmental changes in children's propensity to extract information from observation cannot be accounted for by changes in children's interpretation of what counts as child-directed information, and are likely not due to changes in how children allocate attention to observed events.
Spectral Efficiency and Optimal Medium Access Control of Random Access Systems over Large Random Spreading CDMA

This paper analyzes the spectral efficiency as a function of medium access control (MAC) for large random spreading CDMA random access systems that employ a linear receiver. It is shown that located at higher than the physical layer, MAC along with spreading and power allocation can effectively perform spectral efficiency maximization and near-far mitigation.
An update on conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis

Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) was developed as a method of heteroduplex analysis to screen large multi-exon genes for sequence variation. The novelty of the method was in the use of a non-proprietary acrylamide gel matrix that used 1,4-bis (acrolyl) piperazine (BAP) as a cross linker with ethylene glycol and formamide as mildly denaturing solvents. The denaturing environment enhances the conformation polymorphism present in DNA heteroduplexes containing variations as small as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CSGE has also been adapted for use on a fluorescent platform (F-CSGE) that resulted in higher throughput and sensitivity. Variation in sensitivity of CSGE has been studied extensively. The results demonstrate that the nature of the mismatched base in a defined sequence context has the most profound effect on the conformation of the heteroduplex. Additionally, the size of the PCR product, as well as the location of the mismatch within the PCR product, are two important parameters that determine the resolution of the mismatch-containing heteroduplexes during CSGE. Like any other mutation scanning technique, CSGE can have limited resolution of two closely linked sequence variations. For specific genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2 where multiple SNPs are present in the coding sequence, each CSGE shift has to be sequenced to define the exact nature of the sequence change. In conclusion, CSGE scanning provides a powerful, cost-efficient way to scan genes with high sensitivity and specificity.
Placement Report: Political Science Ph.D.s and ABDs on the Job Market in 1997 *

t is of vital importance for the sustainability and growth of the discipline, and of great interest to those in the discipline, that political science doctoral students get jobs. For this reason, the American Political Science Association surveys all U.S. Ph.D.-granting political science departments regarding their placement classes' placement experiences and reports on the findings. This is a report on the responses of 105 departments (81% of all Ph.D. programs) to the 1997 placement survey. It presents a picture of what the members of this placement class looked like, how they were placed, how successful they were in getting jobs, and what made them more (or less) successful candidates.
Were multiple stressors a 'perfect storm' for northern Gulf of Mexico bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in 2011?

An unusual number of near term and neonatal bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) mortalities occurred in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) in 2011, during the first calving season after two well documented environmental perturbations; sustained cold weather in 2010 and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWHOS). Preceding the stranding event, large volumes of cold freshwater entered the nGOM due to unusually large snowmelt on the adjacent watershed, providing a third potential stressor. We consider the possibility that this extreme cold and freshwater event contributed to the pattern of perinatal dolphin strandings along the nGOM coast. During the 4-month period starting January 2011, 186 bottlenose dolphins, including 46% perinatal calves (nearly double the percentage for the same time period from 2003–2010) washed ashore from Louisiana to western Florida. Comparison of the frequency distribution of strandings to flow rates and water temperature at a monitoring buoy outside Mobile Bay, Alabama (the 4th largest freshwater drainage in the U.S.) and along the nGOM coast showed that dolphin strandings peaked in Julian weeks 5, 8, and 12 (February and March), following water temperature minima by 2–3 weeks. If dolphin condition was already poor due to depleted food resources, bacterial infection, or other factors, it is plausible that the spring freshet contributed to the timing and location of the unique stranding event in early 2011. These data provide strong observational evidence to assess links between the timing of the DWHOS, other local environmental stressors, and mortality of a top local predator. Targeted analyses of tissues from stranded dolphins will be essential to define a cause of death, and our findings highlight the importance of considering environmental data along with biological samples to interpret stranding patterns during and after an unusual mortality event.
The Incidence of Unethical Practices in Marketing Research: An Empirical Investigation:

The authros examine from the perspective of marketing professionals the incidence of unethical research practices and the influence of organizational factors as determinants of the incidence of unethical research practices. The results indicate some degree of indicence of unethical research practices, particularly of those involving respondents. In addition, the results suggest four organizational variables— extent of ethical problems within the organization, top management actions on ethics, organizational role, and industry category—as determinants of the incidence of unethical research partices.
A concept for tactical wide-area network hub management

Tactical wide-area network (WAN) management is concerned with the facilities to monitor and control the resources that provide high-quality tactical area communications services. Narrowly focused approaches have resulted in fielding of network control facilities (NCFs) dedicated to the individual management of a single family of tactical devices. These piecemeal approaches are now being recognized as architecturally inadequate solutions for the future integrated services tactical WAN. This paper describes an application of commercially developed network management techniques to the specific case of the tactical WAN. In particular, a concept is presented for a scalable super-agent, positioned at tactical WAN backbone hubs, called the Equipment Management Tool (EMT). It is a general approach, applicable to both existing and emerging tactical communications equipment. The purpose of the EMT is to provide an efficient, unified means of management access to hub resources. >
Corrosion Testing of Nickel and Titanium Alloys for Nuclear Waste Disposition

Abstract Extensive testing has been performed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL, Livermore, California) to determine the corrosion characteristics of nickel-based alloys such as A...
Mechanisms of Change in COMPASS Consultation for Students with Autism

More than a decade has passed since the National Research Council described the common elements of effective educational programs for young children with autism. Since that time, few studies have a...
Control of LEO satellite clusters

We discuss the application of the perceptive control theory to the control of satellites flying in formation. We present the algorithms used and discuss some of their properties.
On executives of financial institutions as outside directors

Abstract We find that the presence of commercial bankers on the board is positively related to aggregate firm debt. Separating by type of debt, the presence of commercial bankers on the board is positively related to short-term, long-term, and total bank debt. We also find that while the presence of unaffiliated commercial bankers on the board is positively related to bank borrowing, the presence of affiliated commercial bankers on the board is not. The results are consistent with the theory that commercial bankers supply bank debt market expertise, but not with the theory that they sit on boards to monitor lending relationships.
Self-sustaining non-repetitive activity in a large scale neuronal-level model of the hippocampal circuit

Introduction The mammalian hippocampus is involved in spatial representation and memory storage and retrieval, and much research is ongoing to elucidate the cellular and systemlevel mechanisms underlying these cognitive tasks. Modeling may be useful to link network-level activity patterns to the relevant features of hippocampal anatomy and electrophysiology. Investigating the effects of circuit connectivity requires simulations of a number of neurons close to real scale.
Influence of simultaneous targeting of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway and RANK/RANKL axis in osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone☆

article i nfo Metastasis to bone is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in advanced prostate cancer patients. Considering the complex reciprocal interactions between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, there is increasing interest in developing combination therapies targeting both the tumor growth and the bone microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the effect of simultaneous blockade of BMP pathway and RANK/RANKL axis in an osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone. We used a retroviral vector encoding noggin (RetroNoggin) to antagonize the effect of BMPs and RANK:Fc, which is a recombinant RANKL antagonist was used to inhibit RANK/RANKL axis. The tumor growth and bone loss were evaluated using plain radiographs, hind limb tumor measurements, micro PET/CT ( 18 FDG and 18 F-fluoride tracer), and histology. Tibias implanted with PC-3 cells developed pure osteolytic lesions at 2-weeks with progressive increase in cortical bone destruction at successive time points. Tibias implanted with PC-3 cells over expressing noggin (RetroNoggin) resulted in reduced tumor size and decreased bone loss compared to the implanted tibias in untreated control animals. RANK:Fc administration inhibited the formation of osteoclasts, delayed the development of osteolytic lesions, decreased bone loss and reduced tumor size in tibias implanted with PC-3 cells. The combination therapy with RANK:Fc and noggin over expression effectively delayed the radiographic development of osteolytic lesions, and decreased the bone loss and tumor burden compared to implanted tibias treated with noggin over expression alone. Furthermore, the animals treated with the combination strategy exhibited decreased bone loss (micro CT) and lower tumor burden (FDG micro PET) compared to animals treated with RANK:Fc alone. Combined blockade of RANK/RANKL axis and BMP pathway resulted in reduced tumor burden and decreased bone loss compared to inhibition of either individual pathway alone in osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone. These results suggest that simultaneous targeting of tumor cells and osteoclasts may be the most effective method of inhibiting the progression of established osteolytic metastatic lesions in vivo.
Oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration during the use of laryngeal mask airway in children.

Summary Background The laryngeal mask airway is increasingly used as an airway adjunct during general anesthesia. Although placement is generally simpler than an endotracheal tube, complete sealing of the airway may not occur, resulting in contamination of the oropharynx with anesthetic gases. Oropharyngeal oxygen enrichment may be one of the contributing factors predisposing to an airway fire during adenotonsillectomy. The current study prospectively assesses the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration during laryngeal mask airway use in infants and children. Methods Following the induction of general anesthesia and placement of a laryngeal mask airway, the oropharyngeal gas sample was obtained by placing a 14-gauge catheter attached to the gas sampling tube into the oropharynx above the laryngeal mask airway. The oropharyngeal concentration of the oxygen and the anesthetic agent were recorded for five breaths during both spontaneous ventilation (SV) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Results The study included 238 patients. The oropharyngeal concentration of sevoflurane was >50% of the inspired sevoflurane concentration during SV in 10 of 238 (4.2%) patients and during PPV in 135 of 238 (56.7%) patients. Similarly, during SV and PPV, the oropharyngeal oxygen concentration was >21% in 30 of 238 (12.6%) patients and in 188 of 238 (79%) patients, respectively. Significantly, we also noticed that the oropharyngeal oxygen concentration exceeded 50% in 5 of 238 (2.1%) patients during SV and in 139 of 238 patients (58.4%) patients during PPV. Conclusions With the use of a laryngeal mask airway and the administration of 100% oxygen, there was significant contamination of the oropharynx during both PPV and SV. The oropharyngeal concentration of oxygen was high enough to support combustion in a significant number of patients. The use of a laryngeal mask airway does not ensure sealing of the airway and may be one risk factor for an airway fire during adenotonsillectomy.
Integrin inside-out signaling and the immunological synapse

Integrins dynamically equilibrate between three conformational states on cell surfaces. A bent conformation has a closed headpiece. Two extended conformations contain either a closed or an open headpiece. Headpiece opening involves hybrid domain swing-out and a 70 A separation at the integrin knees, which is conveyed by allostery from the hybrid-proximal end of the βI domain to a 3 A rearrangement of the ligand-binding site at the opposite end of the βI domain. Both bent-closed and extended-closed integrins have low affinity, whereas extended-open integrin affinity is 10(3) to 10(4) higher. Integrin-mediated adhesion requires the extended-open conformation, which in physiological contexts is stabilized by post-ligand binding events. Integrins thus discriminate between substrate-bound and soluble ligands. Analysis of LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in the immunological synapse suggests that bond lifetimes are on the order of seconds, which is consistent with high affinity interactions subjected to cytoskeletal forces that increase the dissociation rate. LFA-1 βI domain antagonists abrogate function in the immunological synapse, further supporting a critical role for high affinity LFA-1.
Effect of deceleration on jet instability

An on-parallel analysis of time-oscillatory instability of conical jets reveals important features not found in prior studies. Flow deceleration significantly enhances the shearlayer instability for both swirl-free and swirling jets. In swirl-free jets, flow deceleration causes the axisymmetric instability (absent in the parallel approximation). The critical Reynolds number Rea fo rt his instability is an order of magnitude smaller than the critical Rea predicted before for the helical instability (where Rea = rva/ν, r is the distance from the jet source, va is the jet maximum velocity at a given r, and ν is the viscosity). Swirl, intensifying the divergence of streamlines, induces an additional, divergent instability (which occurs even in shear-free flows). For the swirl Reynolds number Res (circulation to viscosity ratio) exceeding 3, the critical Rea for the single-helix counter-rotating mode becomes smaller than those for axisymmetric and multi-helix modes. Since the critical Res is less than 10 for the near-axis jets, the boundary-layer approximation (used before) is invalid, as is Long’s Type II boundary-layer solution (whose stability has been extensively studied). Thus, the nonparallel character of jets strongly affects their stability. Our results, obtained in a far-field approximation allowing reduction of the linear stability problem to ordinary differential equations, are more valid for short wavelengths.
Plate-Tectonic Analysis of Shallow Seismicity: Apparent Boundary Width, Beta, Corner Magnitude, Coupled Lithosphere Thickness, and Coupling in Seven Tectonic Settings

A new plate model is used to analyze the mean seismicities of seven types of plate boundary (crb, continental rift boundary; ctf, continental transform fault; ccb, continental convergent boundary; osr, oceanic spreading ridge; otf, oceanic transform fault; ocb, oceanic convergent boundary; sub, subduction zone). We compare the platelike (nonorogen) regions of model PB2002 (Bird, 2003) with the centroid moment tensor (cmt) catalog to select apparent boundary half-widths and then assign 95% of shallow earthquakes to one of these settings. A tapered Gutenberg-Richter model of the frequency/moment relation is fit to the subcatalog for each setting by maximum likelihood. Best-fitting β values range from 0.53 to 0.92, but all 95% confidence ranges are consistent with a common value of 0.61–0.66. To better determine some corner magnitudes we expand the subcatalogs by (1) inclusion of orogens and (2) inclusion of years 1900–1975 from the catalog of Pacheco and Sykes (1992). Combining both earthquake statistics and the plate-tectonic constraint on moment rate, corner magnitudes include the following: crb, ![Graphic][1] ; ctf, ![Graphic][2] ; ccb, ![Graphic][3] ; ocb, ![Graphic][4] ; and sub, ![Graphic][5] . Coupled lithosphere thicknesses are found to be the following: crb, ![Graphic][6] ; ctf, ![Graphic][7] ; ccb, ![Graphic][8] ; osr, ![Graphic][9] for normal faulting and ![Graphic][10] for strike slip; otf, ![Graphic][11] , and ![Graphic][12] at low, medium, and high velocities; ocb, ![Graphic][13] ; and sub, ![Graphic][14] . In general, high coupling of subduction and continental plate boundaries suggests that here all seismic gaps are dangerous unless proven to be creeping. In general, low coupling within oceanic lithosphere suggests a different model of isolated seismic fault patches surrounded by large seismic gaps that may be permanent. Online Material : Global seismic subcatalogs of shallow earthquakes. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-8.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-9.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-10.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-11.gif [12]: /embed/inline-graphic-12.gif [13]: /embed/inline-graphic-13.gif [14]: /embed/inline-graphic-14.gif
Interfacial microfluidic processing of metal-organic framework hollow fiber membranes

Molecular sieving metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes have great potential for energy-efficient chemical separations, but a major hurdle is the lack of a scalable and inexpensive membrane fabrication mechanism. We describe a route for processing MOF membranes in polymeric hollow fibers, combining a two-solvent interfacial approach for positional control over membrane formation (at inner and outer surfaces, or in the bulk, of the fibers), a microfluidic approach to replenishment or recycling of reactants, and an in situ module for membrane fabrication and permeation. We fabricated continuous molecular sieving ZIF-8 membranes in single and multiple poly(amide-imide) hollow fibers, with H2/C3H8 and C3H6/C3H8 separation factors as high as 370 and 12, respectively. We also demonstrate positional control of the ZIF-8 films and characterize the contributions of membrane defects and lumen bypass.
Protective and resource factors in highand low-risk children: A comparison of children with unipolar, bipolar, medically ill, and normal mothers

This study distinguished between factors that were protective for children at high risk and those that were resources for children regardless of risk level and determined the generality of these factors across three different risk definitions: school-age children of mothers with (a) unipolar depression (n = 22), (b) bipolar disorder (n = 18), and (c) medical illness (n = 18), each compared to a low-risk control group (n = 38). Results were verified at a 1-year follow-up. Positive self-concept, academic success, social competence, and positive perceptions of the mothers were resource factors associated with lower diagnostic ratings for children in all risk groups. Maternal social competence and having a healthy father in the home were resource factors for maternal unipolar risk but, unexpectedly, were vulnerability factors for maternal bipolar risk. Children's friendships were protective for children of medically ill mothers; however, frequent contact with an adult friend was a risk factor for unipolar offspring. The latter finding suggests that such contact might be a consequence of poor parent-child relationships. Findings are discussed in terms of possible interventions for children at risk, and suggestions for additional research are offered.
Heights simulation and optimization of laser produced plasma EUV sources

Advanced lithography in the development of next generation computer chips are based on production of EUV and beyond EUV photon radiation. Plasma sources for these photons emission are created using laser beams irradiating solid or liquid matter in different configurations, i.e., plates, droplets, and jets. Optimizing laser produced plasma (LPP) devices includes maximizing conversion efficiency (CE) of laser energy to the EUV photons output, EUV source size to provide efficient photons collection by mirrors system, and protection of the optical system from damage by debris.
Evolving Standards of Evidentiary Review: Revising the Scope of Review

Recently, the Texas Supreme Court has embraced an important recapitulation of the scope of evidentiary review in cases governed by the preponderance of the evidence standard of review. A similar approach has been applied by the court to cases controlled by the clear and convincing evidence standard of review. This article explores and explains these important developments.
Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma Presenting with Visual Loss.

Context: Elderly patients with visual loss often have age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract as common causes of visual loss. Other less common etiologies should be considered, especially in those presenting with systemic associations. Case Report: The patient discussed in our review is an 80-year-old female, with a history of diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration who presented with a sudden deterioration of vision. While this was initially attributed to diabetic retinopathy, she was eventually noted to have a salmon patch lesion in her conjunctiva, diagnosed on biopsy to be a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: Because of the significant rate of disseminated disease among patients with lymphomas in the orbit that carries a worse prognosis, early diagnosis is essential to promote better overall survival of these patients. We describe here a patient diagnosed with conjunctival lymphoma associated with pronounced visual loss and review the literature on this subject.
Transient heat transfer from a solid sphere translating at low reynolds number

In this paper the heat transfer from a solid spherical particle translating at low Reynolds number is analytically examined for the limit of vanishing Peclet number. The temperature distribution within the solid sphere is treated as fully transient while the fluid phase is considered to be quasisteady. The temperature field in the dispersed phase is obtained by a singular perturbation expansion of the Acrivos-Taylor type. The time-dependence in the solid phase is handled by means of the Laplace transform. This approach allows the temperature and heat flux continuity conditions at the solid-liquid interface to be exactly satisfied. The solution in the time domain appears in the form of infinite series which have associated with them a set of eigenvalues for every order of the perturbation expansion. The Nusselt number to orderPe, however, depends only on the leading order eigenvalues. An analytical limit of the Nusselt number for large values of time is also obtained.
Reactivity of C2Cl6 and C2Cl4 Multilayers with Fe0 Atoms over FeO(111)

The interaction of Fe0 atoms with C2Cl6 and C2Cl4 multilayers over FeO(111) has been investigated using the “atom dropping” preparation technique and a combination of temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reactivity and reaction products are strongly dependent on the Fe0 coverage. On C2Cl6 multilayers, submonolayer Fe0 doses lead to high reactivity and primarily FeCl3 and C4Cl6, whereas multilayer Fe0 doses lead to the production of FeCl2 and C2Cl4 with much lower Fe0 reactivity. The data are consistent with a model where Fe atoms form intermediate species at low coverage, which consist of an Fe atom inserted into a C−Cl bond. When two Fe atoms react with C2Cl6, a different intermediate species is formed that produces the alternative reaction pathway and the formation of C2Cl4. Similar atom dropping experiments demonstrate that C2Cl4 is also reactive toward Fe0 atoms at low Fe0 dose, leading to the production of one FeCl2 molecule per C2Cl4 molecule reacted. At higher...
Pitching oscillation of a 65-degree delta wing in transonic vortex-breakdown flow

Computation of transonic flow around a 654egree sharp-edged, cropped delta wing undergoing a forced pitching oscillating is carried out using the unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes equations. The implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme is used with time-accurate stepping. A fine, 0 H grid of 125x 85 x 84 points in the wrap-around, normal and axial directions, respectively, is used. The wing mean angle of attack is 20" and the freestream Mach number and Reynolds number are 0.85 and 3 . 2 3 ~ lo6, respectively. The wing is forced to oscillate in pitch around an axis at the 0.25 root-chord station with an amplitude of 4" and a reduced frequency of a. The results for the initial conditions show a system of shock waves consisting of a ray shock under the primary vortex and a transverse terminating shock through which the primary vortex core experiences a breakdown. During the pitching oscillation, the terminating shock and vortex breakdown behind it oscillate. Moreover, the lift coefficient decreases as the angle of attack approaches its maximum value (shock moves upstream) and increases as the angle of attack approaches its minimum value (shock moves downstream).
Azoxystrobin, butralin, and flumetralin residues in flue-cured tobacco

As part of a continuous effort at North Carolina State University, research was conducted from 2007–2009 to establish the maximum expected pesticide residue on flue-cured tobacco that would result from a maximum labeled application rate and minimum preharvest interval of specific crop protection agents (CPAs). Residues of azoxystrobin, butralin, and flumetralin were measured on flue-cured tobacco over 6 environments in North Carolina during the research cycle. Butralin and flumetralin were applied via broadcast (BC) and downstalk (DS) application. Treatments were applied to tobacco grown on research stations near Clayton and Kinston, NC. Tobacco was managed according to NC Cooperative Extension Service recommendations and harvested 4 times by stalk position. Residues on cured leaf were quantified by Global Laboratory Services, Inc., in Wilson, NC. Data were analyzed and reported by individual year, location, CPA, and stalk position; with primings 1 and 2 represented in the lower stalk position, priming 3 ...
The influence of childhood welfare participation on adulthood substance use: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

ABSTRACTBackground: The associations between early life-socioeconomic status and health, specifically substance use, are well substantiated. The vulnerabilities associated with adversity in childhood, particularly poverty, can have a cumulative effect on an individual’s risk and resilience throughout the life course. While several studies substantiate the relationship between substance use and welfare participation, less known is the impact of and prevalence of behavioral health problems later in life among young adults who were welfare recipients before age 18. Objective: This article explores whether childhood welfare participation before the age of 18 years influences substance use until young adulthood (24–34 years). Methods: This study used Add Health data with sample sizes ranging from 12,042 to 12,324 respondents, and propensity score matching methods to balance the samples and account for selection bias. Matched data were then used to run a series of regression models. Results: Those who participa...
Periostin regulates fibrocyte function to promote myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis.

Periostin regulates fibrocyte function to promote myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis
Effects of fish meal and sodium bentonite on daily gain, wool growth, carcass characteristics, and ruminal and blood characteristics of lambs fed concentrate diets.

We evaluated the effects of replacing some soybean meal (SBM) protein with fish meal (FM) protein in diets adequate and slightly deficient in CP, with or without .75% sodium bentonite (NaB) on performance and ruminal and blood metabolites of individually fed Suffolk lambs. Diets were based on corn, SBM, and cottonseed hulls. In Exp. 1, five lambs were assigned to each of the three dietary treatments (11% CP with 3% FM, 13% CP with 0 or 3% FM). Lambs fed diets that contained 11% CP with 3% FM or 13% CP with 0% FM had similar DMI and ADG. Gain and feed efficiency were slightly improved (P = .18) by the 13% CP diet with 3% FM. In Exp. 2, 32 lambs were assigned to four dietary treatments (13.5% CP of DM) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (0 or 3% FM, and 0 or .75% NaB on an as-fed basis). The DMI and ADG were increased (P < .05) by FM and NaB supplementation. Interactions (P < .05) revealed that NaB increased DMI, ADG, gain per feed (g/kg of DMI), and plasma urea N concentration in the absence of FM but not in the presence of FM in the diet. Neither FM nor NaB influenced (P = .25) wool growth. Total ruminal VFA were increased (P < .06) by FM and NaB. Differences in mineral content of phalanx bone, liver, and kidney were small and may be related to the mineral content of diets and the effect of NaB on mineral solubilities. Similar DMI and ADG of lambs fed FM and NaB separately and in combination suggest that their beneficial effect is not additive.
The Various Metabolic Sources of Histone Acetylation

Glucose-derived acetyl-CoA levels directly impact histone acetylation, linking the energetic status of the cell to its epigenome. Two recent reports showed that other carbon sources can contribute to the acetyl-CoA pool used for histone acetylation, highlighting the metabolic plasticity that allows cells to respond to nutrient availability.
On Claiming Responsibility: Banksy’s Art as Counter-Narrative to the Bureaucratization of the Imagination

Examining the street artist Banksy’s use of 9/11 imagery, iconography, and discourse(s), this chapter begins with an examination of the notion of responsibility as a political and social reality that, in the wake of neoliberalism’s triumph, has been depoliticized. In the wake of 9/11, nationalistic narratives that discounted any American responsibility for the events of 9/11 continued this trend, if on another level. Using the work of Banksy as a starting point, Fragopoulos argues that certain aesthetic projects can help to remedy, reclaim, and repoliticize the concept of responsibility as one that fosters a sense of community and does not replicate the values of the free market, nationalist interests, and neoliberal ideology. Street art, and Banksy’s in particular, does this work by forcing the beholder to make a claim for its ownership and being.
Improvement of a Virtual Pivot for Minimally Invasive Surgery Simulators Using Haptic Augmentation

With rapid development of minimally invasive surgery, proficiency with intricate skills is becoming a greater concern. Consequently, the use of out-of-operating room training has increased significantly through employing high-fidelity and anatomically-correct graphics and haptic interfaces in virtual reality simulations. The effort in developing surgical simulators for generic minimally invasive procedures is still, however, suboptimal for many haptic implementations. A main aspect of such simulations is the pivoting behavior of the surgical tool realized using the haptic device. This paper investigates the limitation of a fully-virtual implementation of the pivot and the ability to augment haptic interfaces to achieve a natural representation of forces. The design and implementation of two surgical tool pivoting techniques are introduced. Furthermore, a phantom is constructed from synthesized components to be used to measure and reproduce realistic mechanical properties of the anatomical model and pivot behavior.