cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primates on the Menu: Direct and Indirect Effects of Predation on Primate Communities

Predation has almost certainly driven morphological, behavioral, and cognitive changes in primates throughout their evolution. However, the extent to which predation has affected the coexistence of primates within ecosystems has rarely been examined. Recent evidence of “top-down” and indirect effects of top predators on ecological systems suggests that the effect of predation as a structuring mechanism for primate communities should be reconsidered. I review direct and indirect effects of predation on communities and suggest how these may have shaped aspects of primate communities, particularly species richness. I also include preliminary analyses of mammalian prey communities across biogeographic regions to investigate the possible effects of shared predation on primate communities. Keystone predation in which a shared predator feeding on competing consumers facilitates the coexistence of multiple consumer species could theoretically affect the species richness of primate communities. Results from my preliminary analyses show that sites with fewer preferred alternative mammalian prey species had communities with more primate species in Africa and the Neotropics, but not in Asia or Madagascar, where preferred alternative prey did not differ between sites and where primate species made up larger percentages of prey communities. These results suggest that predation pressure on the mammal communities in Africa and the Neotropics may indirectly affect competitive relationships, potentially reducing competitive exclusion. Further research that includes details of prey abundance, rates of predation in specific communities, and human effects on predators and prey in each region is needed to understand better the impact of predators on primate communities.
Temporalspatial patterns of expression of metallothionein-I and -III and other stress related genes in rat brain after kainic acid-induced seizures.

Abstract Kainic acid-induced seizures in the rat brain cause severe brain damage that is thought to result, in part, from oxidative stress. In this study, we examine the consequences of systemic administration of kainic acid on expression of several genes that encode proteins thought to play roles in protection from oxidative stress, including metallothionein-1, and -III. Kainic acid causes an increase in metallothionein-I and heme oxygenase-1 mRNAs, as well as an increase in c-fos, heat shock protein-70, and interleukin-1 β mRNAs. The induction of these mRNAs is seizure dependent, and is greater in brain areas with extensive damage (e.g. piriform cortex) than in areas with minimal damage (e.g. frontal cortex and cerebellum). In contrast, little or no change in mRNA for metallothionein-III, manganese superoxide dismutase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase ya subunit or glutathione peroxidase occur. The prolonged and robust concordant induction of the metallothionein-I and heme oxygenase-1 genes may reflect the oxidative stress produced by kainic acid-induced seizures. In addition, the induction of inter-leukin-1β gene expression suggests an inflammatory response in brain regions damaged by kainic acid-induced seizures. Delineating the regulation of genes associated with oxidative and inflammatory responses can contribute to a fuller understanding of seizures and associated brain damage.
Stochastic modeling of second order reactions using a moment propagation method

The traditional methods for solving the chemical master equation are based on Monte Carlo methods, such as the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) and its accelerated versions. Methods for modeling biochemical networks based on moment propagation are a relatively unexplored area. In a prior paper, we addressed first-order reactions and presented a new method for propagating the first two moments of the probability distributions of the number of molecules over time. In this paper we extend this method to second order reactions and demonstrate its performance on some simple networks.
Isolation and characterization of hydroxylamine-induced mutations in the Erwinia herbicola ice nucleation gene that selectively reduce warm temperature ice nucleation activity.

Summary Cells of ice nucleation active bacterial species catalyse ice formation over the temperature range of -2 to -12°C. Current models of ice nucleus structure associate the size of ice nucleation protein aggregates with the temperature at which they catalyse ice formation. To better define the structural features of ice nucleation proteins responsible for the functional heterogeneity of ice nuclei within a genetically homogeneous collection of cells we used in vitro chemical mutagenesis to isolate mutants with reduced ability to nucleate ice at warm assay temperatures but which retain normal or near normal nucleation activity at cold temperatures (WIND, i.e. warm ice nucleus-deficient mutants). Nearly half of the mutants obtained after hydroxylamine mutagenesis of the iceE gene from Erwinia herbicola had this phenotype. The phenotypes and location of lesions on the genetic map of iceE were determined for a number of mutants. All WIND mutations were restricted to the portion of iceE encoding the repetitive region of the poty peptide. DNA sequencing of two WIND mutants revealed single nucleotide substitutions changing a conserved serine or glycine residue to phenylalanine and serine, respectively. The implications of these findings in structure/function models for the ice nucleation protein are discussed.
Detection of o-dihydroxy phenolic compounds

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the detection of o-dihydroxy compounds. Compounds possessing an o-dihydroxy group are spotted on filter paper and will develop a dark color when sprayed first with methanolic phloroglucinol and then sprayed with dilute alkali. The test appears to be very selective, and no exceptions have been noticed in the compounds tested, nor have interfering substances been detected. Model compounds of interest in lignin chemistry and numerous flavonoid compounds have been tested.
Simple theories for simple metals: Face-dependent surface energies and work functions

Abstract The stabilized jellium model, which preserves the simplicity of ordinary jellium while accounting for discrete-ion effects in an average way, provides an “intrinsic” surface energy and work function for each metal, determined by the mean valence electron density of the bulk. The liquid drop model asserts a dependence of the surface energy and work function on the atomic corrugation of the exposed crystal face. Together, these models are shown to make simple, quantitative predictions in good agreement with the results of all-electron calculations by Skriver and Rosengaard. Also discussed are the surface stress and the location of the image plane for stabilized jellium.
THE MECHANISM OF HYPERAMMONEMIA IN CITRULLINEMIA

The hyperammonemia which occurs in patients with enzyme deficiencies of the urea cycle, apart from carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiency, is unexplained. In CPS deficiency, ammonium (NH4 +) is a substrate for the reaction and thus it accumulates. In argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency accumulation of citrulline (cit) is readily explained but accumulation of NH4 + is not because although the ornithine transcarbamylase reaction is reversible the CPS reaction is irreversible and not product inhibited. The relationship between plasma levels of NH4+ and other urea precursors was explored in a case of neonatal onset citrullinemia during 2-1/2 months of management with protein restriction and dietary supplements of nitrogen free analogues of essential amino acids. When plasma cit was 2 mM or less, hyperammonemia was not observed. At higher cit levels, NH4+ rose with cit (r=.65, p<.01). Significant positive correlations were also seen between plasma NH4+ and glutamine (gln) (r=.71, p<.01), NH4+ and glutamate (r=.58, p<.01), and NH4+ and alanine (r=.37, p<.01). The two amino adds giving the best prediction of NH4+ concentration were gln and cit: [NH4]=-20+(.327±.52) [gln]+ (.012±.001) [cit]; (r=.71, F=85.47, d.f.=71). Orotic aciduria occurred only when hyperammonemia was present. These findings suggest that hyperammonemia is a consequence of accumulation of cit, leading in turn to accumulation of carbamyl phosphate which constantly decomposes, releasing ammonium.
The role of the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone in supplying barium and226Ra to the Bay of Bengal

The Ganges-Brahmaputra river system is ranked fourth among world rivers as a source of freshwater to the oceans and is believed to supply more sediment to the ocean than any other; 1.5 × 1012 kg/yr (Milliman and Meade, 1983). Barium and226Ra are typically enriched in waters where sediment-laden rivers enter the ocean. As such, the Ganges-Brahmaputra is likely to produce globally significant barium and226Ra fluxes to the ocean. Water samples for barium and226Ra were collected within four major channels of the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone during a period of low sediment and freshwater discharge. The data suggest that, in addition to suspended sediments supplied directly from rivers, river sediments deposited during high discharge in mangroves and on islands are desorbing barium and226Ra to seawater. The release of barium and226Ra from these sediment deposits is out-of-phase with the direct supply of sediments from the rivers. Estimates of the annual fluxes of barium and226Ra from the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone were also derived. The fluxes of barium and226Ra are 5.3 × 108 mol barium/yr and 9.5 × 1014 dpm radium/yr. The first silicate and phosphate mixing profiles for this system are reported.
Effects of polonium-210 on determination of atmospheric gross alpha-radioactivity

Ingrowth and decay of210Po on air filters used for gross alpha-determination can lead to errors in estimation of long-lived airborne radioactivity. Interferences are present to some degree in all samples and change with time, making the gross alpha-technique quantitatively invalid. However, since the degree of equilibrium between210Po and its parent210Pb can be calculated at any time after filter collection, it should be possible to use the gross alpha-method to estimate past atmospheric concentrations of210Pb. Measurements on filters after elapsed times of up to 15 years show that such determinations are feasible.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Nutritive Value of Soymilk Protein Fed to Weanling Rats

SUMMARY The effect of heating soymilk at 93 and 121°C for varying periods was evaluated in weanling rats. Also determined were trypsin inhibitor retention and available lysine values. Cooking soymilk 1–6 hr at 93 °C had no adverse effect on protein efficiency, growth, or available lysine. With cooking for 32 min at 121°C in contrast, there was a definite decline in protein efficiency ratio, and an indication that available lysine was declining. The drop in available lysine was greater after the soymilk had been heated 40 min at 121°C. The results indicate that the protein efficiency ratio of heat-processed soymilk is dependent upon both time and temperature of treatment. Also evaluated was the effect of spray-drying temperature and drying method on the nutritional quality of soymilk. The results indicate that an inlet temperature of 277°C or higher causes a drop in the utilization of soymilk protein, with a concurrent drop in the available lysine. Various methods of drying (spray, vacuum roll, atmospheric roll, and freeze) soymilk did not alter the nutritional quality of the protein to any great extent, although the data obtained for the freeze-dried soymilk did show a slightly lower growth rate and PER value. Available lysine data obtained for the heat-processed soymilk appear to be a better indication of protein quality in overheated soymilk than in underheated samples. The percentage of trypsin inhibitor retained, on the other hand, appears to be a good criterion for underheated but not for overheated soymilk samples.
Satgraphs and independent domination: part 1

A graph G is called a satgraph if there exists a partition A ∪ B = V(G) such that • A induces a clique [possibly, A = 0], • B induces a matching [i.e., G(B) is a 1-regular subgraph, possibly, B = 0], and • there are no triangles (a, b, b'), where a ∈ A and b, b' ∈ B.We also introduce the hereditary closure of IAJ, denoted by HIAJ [hereditary satgraphs]. The class HIAJ contains split graphs. In turn, HIAJ is contained in the class of all (1, 2)-split graphs [A. Gyarfas, Generalized split graphs and Ramsey numbers, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 81 (2) (1998) 255-261], the latter being still not characterized. We characterize satgraphs in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs.There exist close connections between satgraphs and the satisfiability problem [SAT]. In fact, SAT is linear-time equivalent to finding the independent domination number in the corresponding satgraph. It follows that the independent domination problem is NP-complete for the hereditary satgraphs. In particular, it is NP-complete for perfect graphs.
Epidermoid tumor of the fourth ventricle: Use of metrizamide-computed tomography

This report describes two cases of epidermoid tumor of the fourth ventricle diagnosed with metrizamide computed tomography. They both presented as a low-density lesion in the region of the fourth ventricle on computed tomography. They did not show any enhancement after intravenous injection of contrast medium and had no hydrocephalus. Metrizamide-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated the irregular fourth-ventricular filling defect characteristic of epidermoid tumors.
A Characterization of Vertex Algebras Associated to Even Lattices

Abstract We give a characterization of vertex algebras associated to even lattices by classifying a certain class of simple vertex algebras.
The Role of Intracellular Calcium Signals in Inflammatory Responses of Polarised Cystic Fibrosis Human Airway Epithelia

Hyperinflammatory host responses to bacterial infection have been postulated to be a key step in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Previous studies have indicated that the CF airway epithelium itself contributes to the hyperinflammation of CF airways via an excessive inflammatory response to bacterial infection. However, it has been controversial whether the hyperinflammation of CF epithelia results from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and/or is a consequence of persistent airways infection. Recent studies have demonstrated that intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) signals consequent to activation of apical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by pro-inflammatory mediators are increased in CF airway epithelia. Because of the relationship between Ca2+i mobilisation and inflammatory responses, the mechanism for the increased Ca2+i signals in CF was investigated and found to result from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store expansion. The ER Ca2+ store expansion imparts a hyperinflammatory phenotype to chronically infected airway epithelia as a result of the larger Ca2+i mobilisation coupled to an excessive inflammatory response following GPCR activation. The ER expansion is not dependent on ER retention of misfolded DeltaF508 CFTR, but reflects an epithelial response acquired following persistent luminal airway infection. With respect to the mechanism of ER expansion in CF, the current view is that chronic airway epithelial infection triggers an unfolded protein response as a result of the increased flux of newly synthesised inflammatory mediators and defensive factors into the ER compartment. This unfolded protein response is coupled to X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) mRNA splicing and transcription of genes associated with the expansion of the protein-folding capacity of the ER (e.g. increases in ER chaperones and ER membranes). These studies have revealed a novel adaptive response in chronically infected airway epithelia, where the increased protein secretory capacity serves to promote epithelial homeostasis by increasing both the secretory and the reparative capacity of the cell. In addition, the increased ER-derived Ca2+i signaling allows the epithelia to amplify its inflammatory responses to infectious agents and exogenous toxicants. This review is devoted to a discussion of these recent findings and their implication for Ca2+i-dependent hyperinflammatory responses in CF airways.
Evaluating Nucleus Effect on the Cell Mechanical Behavior

The mechanical behaviors of cells are closely related to cell biological functions, which are typically studied using the continuum and homogeneous cell model. The associated parameters in these models are determined from experiments, e.g. AFM indentation. In these studies, the effect of nucleus is not explicit studied and thus not clear. In the current study, the indentation behavior of cell with an explicit nucleus is investigated using numerical simulations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Restriction of the spread of epileptic discharges in cats by means of Bragg peak, intracranial irradiation.

Abstract Adult male cats with a single epileptic focus receive neon ion Bragg peak radiation at the Bevalac at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Bragg peak radiation is doposited in a thin disc of brain tissue beneath an epileptogenic focus produced with alumina cream. Paroxysmal electroencephalograms (EEGs) from the occipital cortex of cats confirm the bioelectric changes in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Distant spread of seizure activity occurs when the cells in the cortical focus fire a series of relatively simultaneous spikes at high frequency with sufficient intensity to develop self-sustained discharges in remote brain areas. The development of a “mirror focus” in the EEG records in the contralateral cortex gives a measure of the distances paroxysmal discharges spread. Interhemispheric responses (IHR) that travel from the alumina-treated cortex via the corpus callosum to the contralateral cortex are a second measure of pathways over which paroxysmal discharges spread. In cat studies Bragg peak radiation is positioned beneath the epileptic cortical focus. Various heavy ion doses are employed to test whether an absorbed dose per cat is sufficient to block the transmission of epileptic activity as a function of the post-irradiation time. The relationship between neon ion dose and the post-irradiation time for the loss of IHR is a measure of the physiological dissociation of the epileptic brain tissue from the remainder of the brain. The loss of the “mirror focus” in EEG records agrees with the IHR findings.
Social norms and core outcomes in a sharecropping economy

This paper employs Greenberg'sTheory of Social Situations to explain the variation of sharecropping contracts across economies as a function of social norms that satisfy von Neumann-Morgenstern stability. We demonstrate that equal division and core outcomes are jointly possible when bargaining is unrestricted. By contrast, when the landlord acts as a monopsonist, core outcomes are the only possible social norm. In addition, if the presence of an outside wage is recognized, core and equal division norms may coincide.
Responsive brush layers: from tailored gradients to reversibly assembled nanoparticles

We present a condensed overview of the recent developments of novel responsive thin polymer films from end-tethered chains (polymer brushes), which are different from conventional, uniform, and planar brush layers. For this discussion, we selected two types of recently introduced surface layers: binary brush layers with variable chemical composition forming a controllable gradient of composition and properties in a selected direction and brush layers either grafted directly to inorganic nanoparticles to form hybrid core–shell structures or combined with inorganic nanoparticles embedded into this layer. Unlike traditional brush layers, such a design brings a novel set of responsive surface properties allowing for capillary-driven microfluidic motion, combinatorial-like multiplexing response, reversible aggregation and dis-assembly of nanoparticles, fabrication of ultrahydrophobic coatings, and switchable mass transport across interfaces.
Contributions to Change in the Input‐Output Model: The Search for Inverse Important Coefficients

The relationship between changes in input-output structural coefficients and changes in the coefficients of the Leontief inverse is explained in a calculus-based framework. Knowledge of this relationship is essential for understanding how structural changes in one sector are transmitted across the economy, and is useful in forming updates to I-O tables given limited information. Empirically, we identify those coefficients likely to be the most important in causing inverse changes. We find that a selective and systematic updating procedure can lead to accurate updates without the need for complete data.
Gravity over Coronae and Chasmata on Venus

The global spherical harmonic model of Venus' gravity field MGNP60FSAAP, with horizontal resolution of about 600 km, shows that most coronae have little or no signature in the gravity field. Nevertheless, some coronae and some segments of chasmata are associated with distinct positive gravity anomalies. No corona has been found to have a negative gravity anomaly. The spatial coincidence of the gravity highs over four closely spaced 300- to 400-km-diameter coronae in Eastern Eistla Regio with the structures themselves is remarkable and argues for a near-surface or lithospheric origin of the gravity signals over such relatively small features. Apparent depths of compensation (ADCs) of the prominent gravity anomalies at Artemis, Latona, and Heng-o Coronae are about 150 to 200 km. The geoid/topography ratios (GTRs) at Artemis, Latona, and Heng-o Coronae lie in the range 32 to 35 m/km. The large ADCs and GTRs of Artemis, Latona, and Heng-o Coronae are consistent with topographically related gravity and a thick Venus lithosphere or shallowly compensated topography and deep positive mass anomalies due to subduction of underthrusting at these coronae. At arcuate segments of Hecate and Parga Chasmata ADCs are about 125 to 150 km, while those at Fauta Corona, four coronae in Eastern Eistla Regio, and an arcuate segment of Wester Parga Chasmata are about 75 km. The GTRs at Fauta Corona, the four coronae in eastern Eistla Regio, and the accurate segments of Hecate, Parga, and Western Parga Chasmata are about 12 to 21 m/km. By analogy with gravity anomalies of similar horizontal scale (600 km-several thousand kilometers) on the concave sides of terrestrial subduction zone arcs, which are due in large part to subducted lithosphere, it is inferred that the gravity anomalies on Venus are consistent with retrograde subduction at Artemis Chasma, along the northern and southern margins of Latona Coronam, and elsewhere along Parga and Hecate Chasmata.
Convincing people to go green: managing strategic action by minimising political talk

At a time when the US public is deeply divided over how to address climate change, I investigate the way environmentally conscious actors attempt to recruit people to change their lifestyles and become more environmentally responsible. I draw on data from 45 interviews and participant observation with voluntary simplifiers, religious environmentalists, and green homeowners. Aware of the public’s aversion to discussing contentious issues such as climate change, informants focus on changing practices while downplaying political ideas and engagements. This is part of a pragmatic lifestyle change strategy which unites several persuasive techniques that include tailoring appeals to particular audiences, making ‘I feel’ statements, being role models, highlighting financial rewards such as the ‘win–win’ proposition, and the rare environmental appeal. I discuss how informants manipulate the lack of public political talk to their advantage in order to reach a wider audience. In this case, avoiding politics is not ...
Cognition in Brain Tumor Patients

As effective treatment interventions have increased survival rates, there has been greater awareness that many brain tumor patients experience cognitive dysfunction despite adequate disease control. Cognitive difficulties often have an impact on quality of life and interfere with the patient’s ability to function at premorbid levels. A review of the literature indicates that whole-brain radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy results in more pronounced cognitive dysfunction than either partial radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. Antiepileptic drugs and corticosteroids may also disrupt cognitive functioning. The cognitive domains suggested to be sensitive to treatment-induced cognitive dysfunction include attention and executive functions, memory, and psychomotor speed. Recent studies have proposed guidelines for the neuropsychological assessment of brain tumor patients and emphasized the importance of including sensitive measures in future clinical trials. This approach will increase our understanding of the incidence of cognitive dysfunction in this population and provide relevant information about therapy-related neurotoxicity.
Specific solvation effects on the structures and properties of Watson–Crick and reverse Watson–Crick isocytosine–cytosine and guanine–cytosine base pairs: a theoretical ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio quantum chemical studies were performed for the standard and most favorable reverse Watson–Crick isocytosine–cytosine (iCC) and guanine–cytosine (GC) complexes in the gas phase and in a water solution. Full geometry optimizations at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level with the 6-31G(d) basis set without any constraints on the planarity of these complexes were carried out. The water solution was modeled by explicit inclusion of a different number of water molecules, which creates the first hydration shell around these base pairs. Single point calculations were also performed at the correlated MP2/6-31G(d) level. The interaction and solvation energies were corrected for the basis set superposition error. It was shown that both the base pairs considered, possessed similar molecular properties in the gas phase. The presence of the N9-H group in guanine causes changes in the structure of the first hydration shell around the RWC GC base pair compared to the RWC iCC pair.
High-rate deposition of titanium silicides under high gas flow rate by chemical vapour deposition

Titanium silicides are well known as intermetallic compounds having excellent heat resistance and high hardness. However, it is difficult to fabricate the compounds using the powder sintering method to produce the strong bonding force between atoms characteristic of the compounds. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) has been a useful method of fabricating a series of intermetallic compounds. In many CVD processes, thermal CVD without plasma is known as a thermally equilibrated process. Therefore, it is possible to predict the deposited phases by means of previous thermodynamic calculations. Many studies have been reported on titanium silicides. Wahl et al. reported the deposition of Ti-Si compounds from the Ti -S i -H-C1 system [1]. Other studies have considered the T i S i C H C 1 system. Most of these have reported both the synthesis and the thermodynamic calculations for a variety of composites consisting of Ti-Si-C, and compared the experimental results with the calculations [2-8]. These reports mention the rare case in which non-equilibrium phases deposit, even in the thermal CVD process. The fabrication of TiC-SiC composites performed by Stinton et al. [2] included the deposition of TiSi2 phase, which was not predicted by the thermodynamic calculation. Similarly, Goto and Hirai [3, 4] suggested that the difference in the deposited phase between the experiments and the calculations might be caused by kinetic restriction. However, detailed kinetic studies, such as deposition rate, have not been reported. In the research reported here, we found a high rate deposition of titanium silicides, which were non-equilibrium phases in a CVD system, under high gas flow rate. Fig. 1 shows the CVD apparatus. TiCI4, SiC14, CH 4 and H2 were used as source materials. The L
Life expectancy and the value of early detection

This paper presents a model of the benefits and costs of early detection of asymptomatic disease as they vary by age. The benefits of early detection tend toward zero as the risk of death from competing causes increases. Costs per detected case also decline with age, assuming that disease incidence rises with age, but are always strictly positive. On balance, there is always an age limit beyond which the costs associated with early detection outweigh the benefits. Application of the model to prostate cancer screening suggests that early detection above age 70 or so is not cost-effective.
Biosynthesis of cardiolipin in the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

Abstract An enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidyl glycerol to cardiolipin (diphosphatidyl glycerol) has been found to reside solely in the membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus . This enzyme has been tentatively designated as “cardiolipin synthetase”, since its reaction mechanism has not been defined. It appears to synthesize one molecule of cardiolipin from two molecules of phosphatidyl glycerol and the conversion has been followed by using an assay employing 32 P-labelled phosphatidyl glycerol as the only added substrate. Higher than 90% conversion of phosphatidyl glycerol to cardiolipin has been achieved with isolated membranes as the enzyme source and by stimulation with Triton X-100. A low-density, small particle fraction bearing “cardiolipin synthetase” activity has been released from whole membranes. Such preparations exhibit activity in the absence of detergent and are devoid of phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase activity found in whole membranes. In contrast to several other phospholipid synthesizing enzymes reported 1–4 , the synthesis of cardiolipin by this enzyme(s) is not dependent upon added Mg 2+ or K + . Cardiolipin synthesis proceeds in the absence of detectable CDP-diglyceride and without significant degradation of phosphatidyl glycerol to phosphatidic acid.
SUGGESTIONS ON REBUILDING CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING ON ECONOMICS

A question hangs over the authoritative status of what has come to be called Catholic Social Teaching. The recent publication of the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church gives added point to this question. This paper sketches the elements that should inform a genuinely authoritative Catholic teaching on this subject, based on the foundational principles of Catholic moral theology. The most recent encyclical in this area, Benedict XVI's Caritas in Veritate, is analysed.
Transverse inelastic form factors in 12C from a continuum model

Abstract The transverse inelastic form factors in 12C, which appear in electron excitation of the giant resonance continuum states, were investigated. Using a particle-hole model the Jπ = 1− form factor was calculated assuming the particle lies in the continuum. It was found that as momentum transfer increases the peak of the resonance shifts in energy. The integrated form factor was calculated and showed the characteristic dip with increasing momentum transfer. In addition, it was found to be roughly 70% of that calculated using bound state wave functions for the excited states.
Size, Motion, and Function of the SecY Translocon Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Virtual Probes

We report a hybrid, coarse-grained and atomistic, molecular dynamics simulation study of the size, motion, and function of the SecY protein-conducting channel. Growing and pushing virtual soft ball constructs through the pore of SecY, we mimic the push-through of polypeptides, performed cotranslationally by the ribosome and posttranslationally by the SecA ATPase. Forced lateral opening of a ''front gate'' between transmembrane helices is also induced by the passage of the virtual probes, with implications for the membrane insertion of peptides. We conclude that the SecY channel can stretch to allow passage of peptides with transversal sizes of ;16 A ˚ . The observed motion of a transmembrane helical ''plug'' controlling the closed and open states of the channel is consistent with experimental results and confirms previous hypotheses. Additionally, the ''hinge'' region for front gate opening is observed to be highly mobile as postulated. Both the forced dilation of a ''ring'' of residues at the middle of the pore and the lateral opening of the front gate are shown to induce plug displacement, but neither accomplish a full-extent motion of the plug to the back of the channel. For probes whose passage does not destroy the resilience of the SecY, both lateral exit and full translocation are observed, despite the fact that applied forces were always in the direction along the pore axis. Lateral exit is accompanied by front gate opening and slight plug displacement, whereas full translocation is accompanied by large plug displacement but no apparent lateral opening. Simulations also reveal that dilating the pore ring is a more effective way to destabilize the plug than intercalation of a cylinder-like probe at the front gate. Based on the simulations, the existence of a family of diverse open states is proposed.
Animal models of external traumatic wound infections.

Background: Despite advances in traumatic wound care and management, infections remain a leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and economic disruption in millions of wound patients around the world. Animal models have become standard tools for studying a wide array of external traumatic wound infections and testing new antimicrobial strategies.Methods: This review covers experimental infections in animal models of surgical wounds, skin abrasions, burns, lacerations, excisional wounds, and open fractures.Results: Animal models of external traumatic wound infections reported by different investigators vary in animal species used, microorganism strains, the number of microorganisms applied, the size of the wounds, and, for burn infections, the length of time the heated object or liquid is in contact with the skin.Conclusions: As antibiotic resistance continues to increase, more new antimicrobial approaches are urgently needed. These should be tested using standard protocols for infections in external trauma...
Using mobile apps to support novice programming students

The ubiquity of mobile devices and the advancement in mobile technology have enabled teaching and learning to occur outside of traditional teaching spaces. Learning can now occur anytime and anywhere. In this project the authors created and used two mobile apps to support the learning needs of novice programming students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Initial results from surveys and tests indicated positive impact on student learning and engagement.
Thermal Solution Maps: A Strategy for Thermal Design of Three-Dimensional Packages

Three-dimensional (3D) packages are of considerable interest at the present time as a means for heterogeneous high-performance integration of disparate digital, analog, optical, and MEMS technologies. However, their design is challenged by several issues, including the appropriate choice of thermal solution to be used in the 3D stack. Suboptimal placement of heat sources/sinks leads to hot spots, which are detrimental to package reliability. The broad goals of this study are to determine the appropriate cost and reliability-constrained heat-sinking solutions through an optimal placement of spatially distributed energy transporting elements. The heat-sinking solutions considered in this study include microchannels, and thermal vias. We conduct a microchannel analysis to develop a reduced model of the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the microchannel. We also develop optimization techniques and tools for thermal solution design of three-dimensional packages. We use a nonuniform "real-life " microprocessor power map for the illustration of the procedure. We subsequently obtain the optimal size and location of the thermal vias and microchannels in a 3D stack by minimizing a proposed multi-objective criteria. Finally, we develop and illustrate the notion of design maps that would guide the designers in the selection of appropriate thermal solution technologies for 3D packages.
Sediment copper bioavailability to freshwater snails in south Florida: risk implications for the Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)

Many properties being acquired as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) are heavily contaminated with copper. Estimated copper bioaccumulation in the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) has led to the prediction of risk to the Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) at some CERP projects. Field study results presented in this paper examine the relationship between copper levels in sediments, snails, and other biota. Copper concentrations in all biota (snails, aquatic vascular plants, and periphyton) were strongly correlated with those in sediments. No correlation with water copper concentrations was evident. Mean copper concentrations in snails ranged from 23.9 mg/kg at the reference site to 732 mg/kg at a high copper site. Calculated biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 36.7 to 7.0 over the range of copper levels in sediments. BSAFs were highest at low copper levels in sediments and declined sharply as copper levels in sediment increased. Risk for the snail kite is discussed in light of the results of this study.
Electro-optic performance of a PDLC film utilizing dual-frequency addressing

Several different types of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) systems have been developed in recent years. The transmission characteristics of each type depend on the materials used, the method of construction, and the addressing technique used to drive the system. Greater control over the transmittance response as a function of time is important for many display operations. The effect of using dual-frequency addressing and pulsed mode dual frequency addressing in controlling the transmittance response of one type of PDLC film has been investigated. The results suggest that the gray scale inconsistency as well as the hysteresis effect can be reduced by utilizing the frequency dependence of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effects of Elicitation Aids, Knowledge, and Problem Content on Option Quantity and Quality

Abstract A critical step in the process of structuring a problem is the generation of alternative options. If an acceptable alternative is undiscovered, the option that is ultimately chosen may be suboptimal. In this study, we examined the effects of presented objectives as an elicitation aid, knowledge of the problem solver, and problem content on option quantity and quality. Quality was defined as the extent to which an option resolved conflicting facets of the problem. For a sexual harassment problem, participants generated more options when two conflicting objectives were presented one at a time than when the same two objectives were presented simultaneously or not at all. For an employee compensation problem, participants generated more high quality options when one objective at a time was presented than when no objectives were presented. Overall, participants tended to generate fewer high quality options to the emotionally involving harassment problem. In addition, there were strong effects for knowledge on both option quantity and quality. The results highlight the importance of understanding the outcomes associated with specific structuring techniques as well as the conditions under which the techniques are likely to be effective.
Some effects of reward schedule and confinement duration upon patterning and resistance to extinction in the rat

Forty-four rats were used to study the effects of reward schedule (partial reward vs partial delay of reward) and duration of delay-box confinement (0 sec vs 60 sec) on runway acquisition and extinction. Three trials per day were given in a RXR order where the R was an immediate reward trial and the X was either nonreward (PR groups) or delayed reward (PD groups). The appropriate confinement was imposed on the X trial for both the PR and PD groups. Patterned running (slow speeds on the X trial and fast speeds on the R trials) developed during acquisition and continued during extinction. Patterned running was a function of both schedule (with PR running slower on the X trial than PD) and confinement (with long confinements resulting in slower speeds on the X trial). Resistance to extinction was greater for PR than for PD, and delay-box confinement increased resistance to extinction in PD but decreased resistance to extinction in PR. These results were discussed in terms of current theories of resistance to extinction.
High-end microprocessors

The problems associated with technology developments, packaging, chip and system characteristics for next generation high-end microprocessors now beginning to appear on the market will be explored in this session.
Diagnostic utility of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology for identifying psychogenic non-epileptic events

The Structured Interview of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) is a self-report instrument that asks patients whether they experience atypical or implausible symptoms. The instrument has not been evaluated in an epilepsy population, and the potential for it to accurately distinguish between patients with psychogenic non-epileptic events (PNEE) and epileptic event groups has not been established. The SIMS was administered to patients in long-term video-EEG monitoring of these patients, 91 with PNEE and 29 with epilepsy were included in this study. Structured Interview of Malingered Symptomatology total scores as well as neurological and affective subscales were found to be predictors of group membership. Sensitivity and specificity across several different base rates of PNEE as well as maximum level likelihood ratios are presented. The findings not only demonstrate the utility of marked score elevations in differentiating PNEE from epilepsy but also point to considerable caution in interpreting mild elevations. Implications for the utility of this instrument in epilepsy evaluations are discussed.
Threshold events in spring discharge: Evidence from sediment and continuous water level measurement

Summary In September 2004, three major hurricanes, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne, traveled up the eastern United States from the Gulf Coast bringing large amounts of rain to Central Pennsylvania. Monitoring equipment in place at Arch Spring, Blair County, PA captured the effects of these storms on the karstic spring flow. Together these storms revealed a quantitative limit for the carrying capacity of the conduit system. Ivan was a much more devastating storm to the area because rain fell on ground already saturated by Frances, but the net stage increase at the spring was greater during the earlier Frances storm, a 74 cm stage increase versus a 54 cm increase. Storm water not transported through the Arch Spring system was diverted into surface channels during these storms. Suspended sediment collected by an automatic sampler during Frances reveals another threshold crossed. Concurrent with increasing stage and high conductance water, maximum sediment concentrations (933 mg/L) exceed previous fluxes by up to an order of magnitude. The timing of the sediment pulse indicates that high sediment concentrations occur not only when the storm water reaches the spring, but also when stored water is being flushed out of the karst spring system. Sediment previously deposited in the conduit system is flushed only when adequate flows occur, indicating that sediment transport in karst is marked by thresholds and is a strongly non-linear process.
An environmentally stable, electrical conducting polymer prepared from a conjugated, processable acetylenic monomer

The synthesis, properties, and polymerization of an acetylene terminated monomer are described. The monomer melts and is thermally polymerized at 150°C and then at 300°C in an air environment. From the liquid stage, the monomer can be fabricated into moldings, castings, and prepregs. As initially cured, the polymer is an insulator. By further thermal processing at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere, conductivity can be controllably introduced into the polymer; for example, at 600°C a conductivity of 3.3 (Ω-cm)−1 is obtained. Exposure of these conductive polymers to either boiling water for 1000 h or temperatures 100°C below their maximum process temperature (400–500°C) for 500–800 h did not produce any significant change in conductivity.
Repeal of the Sustainable Growth Rate: an overview for surgeons.

Abstract Background The Medicare sustainable growth rate (SGR) formula is used to control Medicare spending on physician services. Under the current SGR formula, physicians face an almost 24% cut to the Medicare fee schedule on April 1, 2015. The US House Way & Means and Energy & Commerce Committees and the Senate Finance Committee released jointly proposed legislation to permanently repeal the SGR, and transition Medicare physician payment to a value-based payment method. This review summarizes the key components of the proposed legislation, and discusses some of the political challenges ahead. Data sources House Committees on Energy & Commerce and Ways & Means, and the Senate Committee on Finance staff write-ups. Conclusions Physician Medicare reimbursement will move from a volume-based model to a value-based model over the next decade. Surgeons should remain engaged with the political process to ensure repeal of the SGR.
Boronic acid substituted viologen based optical sugar sensors: modulated quenching with viologen as a method for monosaccharide detection

Abstract In our search for an optical glucose sensor we have found that the combination of pyranine 1 and a boronic acid substituted benzyl viologen (o-BBV, 2 ) signals monosaccharides in the range of 0–1800 mg/dL. The quenching ability of o-BBV is modulated upon sugar binding, which in turn alters the fluorescence of pyranine. The system utilizes a dye that is active in the visible spectrum, operates in aqueous solution at pH 7.4, and is highly sensitive to glucose in the physiological range.
Effect of gibberellic acid and 2,4-D on water hyacinths

Abstract Combinations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were evaluated to determine if GA3 increased the effectiveness of 2,4-D on water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) under field conditions. Bulbous-leaved water hyacinths were grown outdoors in north Florida in 70-1 containers during the 1980–1982 growing seasons with combinations of GA3 at 0, 23.5, 47.0, 94.0 and 188 g ha−1 and 2,4-D at 0, 0.28, 0.56 1.12 and 2.24 kg ha−1. Significant increases in the effectiveness of 2,4-D in combination with GA3 were observed at lower rates of 2,4-D. However, these increases appeared to be additive since regression analysis revealed no significant interaction or synergism between GA3 and 2,4-D at any level.
Cooperative activation in cardiac muscle: impact of sarcomere length.

This study was undertaken to determine the impact of sarcomere length (SL) on the level of cooperative activation of the cardiac myofilament at physiological [Mg2+]. Active force development was me...