cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open, Hybrid, and Endovascular Treatment for Aortic Coarctation and Postrepair Aneurysm in Adolescents and Adults

Background Open, hybrid, and endovascular procedures are used for grown-up patients with aortic coarctation and complications after repair, an expanding population. We sought to characterize patients and procedures, assess early and late outcomes, and describe indications to guide treatment of these complex patients. Methods Between May 1999 and January 2011, 110 patients underwent open (n = 40), hybrid (n = 11), or endovascular (n = 59) repair of coarctation (n = 43), recurrent aortic coarctation (n = 42), or postrepair aneurysm (n = 25). Mean age was 38 ± 14 years. Sixty-eight had previous repairs (median 27 years earlier; range, 1 to 50). Twenty-two had prior cardiovascular operations other than coarctation and 50% had bicuspid valve. Fifty-nine concomitant procedures were performed in 45 patients (40%). Data were from the prospective database, chart review, and Social Security Death Index. Results Technical success was achieved in 100%, with no hospital deaths, no strokes, and no paraplegia. Complications were uncommon and included respiratory failure (n = 2, 1.8%), and temporary renal failure (n = 2, 1.8%). Twenty-two patients required reinterventions, but half of those were planned. There was no difference in occurrence of unplanned reintervention between approaches (endovascular 12%, hybrid 18%, open 12.5%). Length of stay was 4.8 ± 4.8 days. Transcoarct gradient fell from 37.6 ± 18 mm Hg preoperatively to 7.0 ± 6.9 mm Hg in coarctation patients. Postrepair aneurysm patients had no late ruptures, and maximum diameter shrunk from 5.9 ± 1.3 cm preoperatively to 4.8 ± 1.3 cm. Estimated survival at 1, 5, and 8 years was 95%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. Conclusions Coarctation, recurrent coarctation, and postrepair aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm in adolescent and adult patients can be safely and effectively managed with open, hybrid, or endovascular techniques. Optimal results are achievable in this complex population of patients with a multimodality approach tailored to surgical indication and anatomy. All survivors of coarctation repair require lifelong surveillance.
Redefining `Race' in North America

This article explores the changing form of white and black racial categories in North America. It argues that this transformation is being shaped by several, relatively distinct tendencies; including anti-immigrant sentiments, anti-black racism and the identity politics of racialized populations. The discussion focuses on two aspects of this transformation. First, the identity politics of Afro-Caribbean populations is used to illustrate how immigrant experiences contest and complicate the process of black racialization; second, the racialization of Latino populations is used to illustrate how normative definitions of whiteness are being redefined. The conclusion uses these examples to discuss the need for explanations of racial stratification that can account for multiple nodes of inclusion and exclusion.
Numerical and experimental investigation of the role of flexibility in flapping wing flight

†The role of flexibility in flapping wing flight is explored using dynamically-scaled experiments and numerical simulations. To limit the dimension of the parameter space, the target of study is a two-dimensional two-component wing connected by a hinge with a torsional spring. The motion of the lead body is prescribed with flapping kinematics, while the trailing body motion is passive. Experiments are conducted in a water tank, enabling flow visualization with suspended particles. Numerical simulations rely on the viscous vortex particle method (VVPM) for coupled fluid-body dynamics. In both the experiments and the computations, the behavior of the wing is characterized by monitoring the evolution of the hinge angle, with favorable agreement between them. Flow structures are identified and compared for representative cases. Analysis of lift force and energy consumption from numerical simulations indicates that wing flexibility can improve wing performance when measured in terms of energy spent per unit lift.
The analysis of elementary and middle school students′ nutritional status of Dongtou County from 2006 to 2008

Objective:To provide a scientific basis to develop interventions,learn and master the nutritional status of children and adolescents in Dongtou county.Methods:Analyze the three years′ statistics of students′ medical information from 3 monitoring points on Dongtou schools between 2006 to 2008.Results:Primary and secondary school students′ malnourished rate was 29.76%,obese rate was 5.24%,and overweight rate was 0.40%.Malnourished rate of secondary schools were larger than primary school;obese rate of secondary school were less than primary schools;girls′ malnourished rate larger than boys′ and there was an upward trend in obesity detected rate year by year.Conclusion:Malnutrition and obesity of students was coexisting;various interventions should carry out actively.
Anxiety disorders, comorbid substance abuse, and benzodiazepine discontinuation: implications for treatment.

Comorbidity among various disorders complicates research and practice. Comorbidity among emotional disorders and substance use disorders is a particularly thorny problem due to the dearth of relevant clinical research. This chapter reviews what is known about the comorbidity of substance use and anxiety disorders and presents recent data collected in the context of comorbid anxiety and mood disorders that may have implications for the relationship of anxiety and substance use disorders. The specific case of the relationship of benzodiazepine use to successful outcome of psychosocial treatments and recent developments in successful psychosocial strategies for discontinuing benzodiazepines in anxious patients may provide important information for future studies. This chapter begins with a brief review of data on the co-occurrence of substance use and anxiety disorders.
Model for Thermally Sustained Pressure Oscillations Associated with Liquid Helium

In the operation of systems associated with liquid helium, many workers have observed thermally sustained pressure oscillations [2,4,5,7,8,11,16,17]. These oscillations cause pressure fluctuations and a vastly increased heat leak to the low-temperature region. The geometry of such systems is generally as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Consequences of Brand Hate

This chapter discusses consequences of brand hate. It discusses potential consumer responses in light of the consumer complaining, negative Word-of-Mouth (WOM), and consumer boycotting literatures. The changes in consumer responses with the Internet technology and what it means for brand hate is also broadly discussed. The chapter provides classifications about potential consumer responses in both attitudinal and behavioral levels. Potential brand damages and anti-branding and brand hate reflections and their impact on individual and social level consumer behaviors. Finally, the chapter also discusses consumer illegal and unethical behaviors as reflection of their brand hate also discussed with the newly developing literature.
SparkText: Biomedical Text Mining on Big Data Framework.

Background Many new biomedical research articles are published every day, accumulating rich information, such as genetic variants, genes, diseases, and treatments. Rapid yet accurate text mining on large-scale scientific literature can discover novel knowledge to better understand human diseases and to improve the quality of disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Results In this study, we designed and developed an efficient text mining framework called SparkText on a Big Data infrastructure, which is composed of Apache Spark data streaming and machine learning methods, combined with a Cassandra NoSQL database. To demonstrate its performance for classifying cancer types, we extracted information (e.g., breast, prostate, and lung cancers) from tens of thousands of articles downloaded from PubMed, and then employed Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression to build prediction models to mine the articles. The accuracy of predicting a cancer type by SVM using the 29,437 full-text articles was 93.81%. While competing text-mining tools took more than 11 hours, SparkText mined the dataset in approximately 6 minutes. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential for mining large-scale scientific articles on a Big Data infrastructure, with real-time update from new articles published daily. SparkText can be extended to other areas of biomedical research.
BMET-15TUMOR CELL FREE DNA IN CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID REFLECTS TREATMENT RESPONSE IN LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASIS

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) from brain tumor patients contains tumor cell free DNA (cfDNA), which may provide a non-invasive and routinely accessible method to obtain tumor genomic information. This "liquid biopsy" method would prove considerably less morbid compared to an open removal of tumor tissue from the brain. The opportunities of cfDNA in CSF have not been systematically studied in CSF, particularly in relation to how metastatic brain tumor cfDNA may respond to intrathecal therapy. METHODS: A patient with metastatic melanoma underwent serial lumbar punctures upon development of leptomeningeal metastases. CSF was obtained for research purposes through an informed consent, IRB approved protocol. The primary melanoma tumor was known to have a BRAF mutation 1799T > A (V600E). cfDNA was isolated from the CSF, and sequenced to confirm the presence of this same tumor-specific BRAF mutation. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) quantified the mutant DNA amount and fraction in CSF. RESULTS: The total tumor DNA and mutant DNA fraction in CSF decreased as the patient responded to radiation therapy, correlating with a decrease in his previously debilitating symptoms. When the patient was asymptomatic, the mutant tumor DNA fraction was likewise undetectable. When the patient's symptoms recurred, the tumor cellular and cell free DNA mutation fraction was also elevated, similar to prior pre-treatment levels. CONCLUSION: Tumor cellular and cfDNA was found in CSF from a cancer patient with leptomeningeal metastases. Both the mutant fraction and total copies of mutant DNA corresponded with the patient's response to radiation therapy. This non-invasive method may provide a powerful tool for identifying and monitoring the genetic fingerprint of brain metastases.
Scalar implicatures in non-monotonic environments

Scalar implicatures (SIs) have been traditionally analyzed as pragmatic inferences that arise after semantic computation. Recent studies, however, have presented various challenges to this classic analysis; for instance, it has been claimed that SIs can be interpreted within the scope of various semantic operators. These observations motivate a grammatical analysis of SIs: SIs are derived during or before semantic computation. Among various kinds of evidence for the grammati- cal approach to SIs, especially convincing one is SIs embedded in non-monotonic (NM) environments, which post-semantic analyses have difficulty deriving. This paper introduces a new example of NM operators that allow the SI-embedding in their scope, and I thereby provide further empirical support for the grammatical analysis. On the other hand, I will also show that not all NM operators behave in the same way with respect to SI-embedding. It will turn out that Strawson non- monotonicity is required to embed SIs in the negative component of NM envi- ronments; i.e. SI-embedding is unavailable if the NMity can be decomposed into monotonic assertion and monotonic presupposition.
Zero forcing propagation time on oriented graphs

Abstract Zero forcing is an iterative coloring procedure on a graph that starts by initially coloring vertices white and blue and then repeatedly applies the following rule: if any blue vertex has a unique (out-)neighbor that is colored white, then that neighbor is forced to change color from white to blue. An initial set of blue vertices that can force the entire graph to blue is called a zero forcing set. In this paper we consider the minimum number of iterations needed for this color change rule to color all of the vertices blue, also known as the propagation time, for oriented graphs. We produce oriented graphs with both high and low propagation times, consider the possible propagation times for the orientations of a fixed graph, and look at balancing the size of a zero forcing set and the propagation time.
Retrospective Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Belatacept with Thymoglobulin Induction and Maintenance Everolimus: A Single Center Clinical Experience

Belatacept use has been constrained by higher rates of acute rejection. We hypothesized that belatacept with low dose rATG and initial mycophenolate maintenance with conversion to everolimus at 1 month post-transplant ± corticosteroids would improve efficacy and maintain safety. Retrospective single center analysis of the first 44 low immunologic risk kidney transplant recipients treated with this regimen. The cohort was 59% male, mean age at transplant of 57 years. Diabetes was the most common cause of ESRD (39%). The mean 1 year eGFR was 61.4 (SD 18.4) mL/min/1.73 m2. There were 5 acute cellular rejections (11.4%) and occurred in patients who had changed from everolimus to mycophenolate mofetil due to side effects. 32% developed BK viremia and 12% developed CMV viremia. There were no cases of PTLD. A novel belatacept regimen with rATG induction and maintenance everolimus demonstrated a low acute rejection rate and maintained an excellent 1-year eGFR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Assessing the Safety of Craniotomy for Resection of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis.

Background: Unlike many other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, the surgical management of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) is traditionally limited by diagnostic biopsy. Studies that predate the use of modern neurosurgical techniques have reported a prohibitive operative morbidity for this surgery. These early experiences have dictated the non-surgical management of PCNSL, whereas resection for cytoreduction is a mainstay of treatment in other CNS malignancies. Recent studies have suggested that craniotomy with the goal of cytoreduction might be associated with a favorable overall and progression-free survival for some patients with PCNSL. To challenge the traditional non-surgical paradigm, it is essential to first investigate the safety of resection for PCNSL. Methods: To determine the operative morbidity of resection for this disease, we performed a population-based assessment of complications using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 1998-2013 for biopsies and open craniotomies for PCNSL and other brain tumors. Results: Among 95 patients who underwent biopsy and 34 patients who underwent craniotomy, we found no significant difference in complication rates between craniotomy for resection and biopsy procedures for PCNSL (23.16% vs. 20.59%). The types of complications differ between diagnoses, with the PCNSL cohort suffering mainly medical complications and the non-PCNSL cohort suffering mainly from neurological complications. Conclusions: These findings support the safety of craniotomies in PCNSL, and help provide a rationale for future prospective studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of resection for this disease.
Rehabilitation of Speech and Swallow

Sustained improvements in surgical technique now allow safe resection of JP with minimal mortality. Yet a major cause of morbidity remains the cranial nerve deficits resulting from both tumor growth and surgical extirpation [1]. These impairments may dramatically influence multiple defining elements of the human condition: vision, hearing, speech, and deglutition. Recovery may be incomplete and often requires a prolonged period of rehabilitation. When multiple cranial nerves are affected, the effects on overall quality of life can be devastating. While those deficits produced by tumor growth generally occur progressively over many months, the acute postsurgical deficit is not nearly as well tolerated.
Numerical solution of degenerate stochastic Kawarada equations via a semi-discretized approach

Abstract The numerical solution of a highly nonlinear two-dimensional degenerate stochastic Kawarada equation is investigated. A semi-discretized approximation in space is comprised on arbitrary nonuniform grids. Exponential splitting strategies are then applied to advance solutions of the semi-discretized scheme over adaptive grids in time. It is shown that key quenching solution features including the positivity and monotonicity are well preserved under modest restrictions. The numerical stability of the underlying splitting method is also maintained without any additional restriction. Computational experiments are provided to not only illustrate our results, but also provide further insights into the global nonlinear convergence of the numerical solution.
Nodofascicular/Nodoventricular Accessory Pathway

Nodofascicular (NF) and nodoventricular (NV) pathways comprise the fibers that were originally described by Mahaim and Benatt. These pathways arise from the AV node and can be inserted in the fascicles of (right or left bundle branch) or directly in the ventricular myocardium. They can participate as the antegrade or retrograde limb of a reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) involving the His-Purkinje system. The tachycardia may display AV dissociation since the atrium is not part of the circuit. The tachycardia can be either antidromic or orthodromic.
Play and Concept Development in Infants and Young Children with Severe Visual Impairments: A Constructivist View:

Infants and young children who are severely visually impaired from birth show consistent delays in concept development, compared to their sighted peers. This article focuses on the impact of severe...
Invisible production spaces in metropolitan areas: uncovering micro-urban manufacturing in the case of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract Manufacturing in metropolitan areas has been drastically transformed. This case study of Sao Paulo, Brazil contributes new insights to debates about urban economies by shedding light on micro-urban manufacturing – an activity that, despite its pervasiveness, is usually left out of planning theory and discourses. First, I broadly frame this debate by retracing the relationship between economic activity and urban development in the historical making of Sao Paulo. Second, I analyze micro-manufacturing as a segment within the broader context of manufacturing, highlighting its relevance, ubiquity, and resilience. Next, I examine micro-manufacturing activities by themselves and point out at their heterogeneity. Finally, I describe the emergence of two unique geographies of micro-urban manufacturing in the city.
Forty-five common rater errors in medical and health professions education

Minimizing the influence of rater errors is a persistent and considerable challenge for educators in the medical and health professions. This article presents a list of 45 common rater errors that assessors and evaluators should be cognizant of while rating performance assessments. Readers are encouraged to examine each rater error type, reflect on the extent to which s/he has previously committed each error, and identify strategies for mitigating and preventing errors in future performance assessment scenarios.
An Absorbing Radio Frequency Shield to Reduce RF Heating Induced by Deep Brain Stimulator During 1.5-T MRI

In this paper, an absorbing radio frequency shield (ARFS) is developed to reduce the radio frequency (RF)-induced heating for active implantable medical device (AIMD) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using the ARFS, the strength of the incident electric field within the shielded region is significantly decreased, and subsequently the induced temperature rises near the tip of AIMD. Both numerical and experimental studies show that the proposed design of ARFS can effectively reduce the temperature rise induced by an AIMD and can mitigate the MRI RF heating risks for patients with AIMDs.
How Marketing Managers Use Market Segmentation: An Exploratory Study

Much of the previous market segmentation research has focused on methods of positioning total markets into segments and rarely on how marketing managers actually use market segmentation in practice. In contrast, this article first discusses the organizational environment in which marketing managers make segmentation decisions. Then it describes results of a survey of marketing managers about the segmentation variables they use, the criteria they choose to form segments and to select target market segments, and different marketing actions used to reach different segments. Suggestions are made for future research.
Are All Forecasts Made Equal? Conditioning Models on Fit to Improve Accuracy

We present a parsimonious method of improving forecasts and show that fit, the discrepancy between model forecasts and realized values, is persistent for individual stocks. Conditioning on fit prof...
Abstract IA26: Liquid biopsy in precision pathology: Plasma and beyond!

Launched in 2006, The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA) aimed at systematically exploring the entire spectrum of genomic changes involved in human cancer. This year, the colossal effort culminated with the analysis of 11,000 cases across 33 tumor types. The comprehensive multiparametric (i.e., genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic) analysis has yielded staggering datasets characterizing the molecular underpinning of human cancer types. This resulted in robust molecular classifications for common malignancies. A shared functional categorization of molecular alterations across tumor types has emerged, which offers a multitude of druggable targets. As the list of actionable genetic alterations in solid and hematologic malignancies continue to grow, molecular diagnostic applications are rapidly penetrating the daily practice of the pathologist in an unparalleled pace. “Precision pathology” is now an integral part of the practice of “precision oncology.” Despite initial response, patients receiving targeted therapy will develop resistance due to clonal evolution and the acquired survival advantage of nonresponsive tumor clones. As a result, treated patients are increasingly subjected to longitudinal surveillance for clonal evolution in search of new targets. The need for repeated tumor sampling for surveillance is driving the search for dynamic noninvasive tumor sampling methods. Non-tissue-based sampling methods (liquid biopsy) offer easy repeated access to tumor material in cancer patient body fluids for genomic analysis. Compared to traditional tissue biopsies, liquid biopsies also offer the advantage of “global” analysis of the often heterogeneous tumor genomic landscape both within primary and metastatic sites. The promise of liquid biopsy assays has fueled billions of dollars of investment from major biotechnology players. The current seminar will discuss the principles of liquid biopsy technology. Challenges facing the applications of plasma and urine-based liquid biopsy techniques in precision pathology will be highlighted. Citation Format: George J. Netto. Liquid biopsy in precision pathology: Plasma and beyond! [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr IA26.
Lake superior sedimentary diatom profiles from the Medieval Climate Anomaly and twentieth century suggest recent assemblage changes reflect novel environmental conditions

We examined diatom assemblages in a sediment core from Lake Superior (Canada/USA) that spans the interval ~ 500–1350 CE and includes the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), 950–1250 CE. We sought to determine whether diatom assemblages responded to climate change during that warm, dry period. From 500 to 1350 CE, diatom assemblages were dominated by Lindavia ocellata and Lindavia comensis and there were no significant changes in the diatom community during the MCA. In another core from Lake Superior, which spans the period ~ 1815–2010 CE, we documented significant changes in diatom assemblages, which began ca. 1940. We used recently established relationships between planktonic diatom taxa and climate and lake physicochemical variables from monitoring data, to assess the drivers of change in diatom assemblages during the past century. Results from the two cores suggest that multiple environmental drivers, including both climate change and human-mediated influences on nutrient cycling, led to shifts in recent diatom communities in Lake Superior. The lack of change in diatom assemblages during the MCA supports the conclusion that environmental changes in Lake Superior during the past century are novel and were driven largely by human activities.
A critical review on life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects

Abstract Life cycle analysis (LCA) of algal biodiesel production process can provide a quantitative measure for its sustainability. In this paper, the published LCA studies of algae biodiesel processes are reviewed, demonstrating there are few comprehensive studies covering the complete process; therefore, outcomes can be inconclusive. The variability in algae type, reactor type and conditions, and other factors will impact LCA outcomes. However, the lack of a systematic framework for LCAs applied to the algae biodiesel process is also a factor in the variable LCA outcomes. Factors such as system boundaries, temporal units, choice of allocation, land use, and biogenic carbon source have to be redefined; and other variables such as infrastructure construction, systematic maintenance, transportation, and waste management need to be considered in the LCA strategy. Critically, the economic burden associated with both upstream and downstream processes should also be included in the LCA approach. Future studies could focus on process design, optimization, and intensification. This review paper offers a comprehensive and critical literature review of the LCA and sustainability assessment for the entire algal biodiesel process, which can benefit relevant future studies.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale 25-Item Version in El Salvador

The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale, 25-Item Version (RCADS-25) is a well-known, brief self-report measure of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. As part of an initiative to institute school-based screening for psychopathology, this study conducted a psychometric examination of the Spanish form of this measure in El Salvador in a sample of 1296 3rd- through 12th-graders (mean age = 12.73 (SD = 2.67); 55.2% female; 100% Latinx). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the previously established two-factor structure comprising Anxiety and Depression subscales provided a strong fit for the data. Additionally, measurement invariance analyses by gender demonstrated scalar (strong) invariance, indicating that patterns of responses did not differ on the basis of this variable. This finding is particularly useful in making direct comparisons of symptom levels between boys and girls in future studies involving Central American youth. Norms derived from the current sample are presented and the utility of invariance study in cross-cultural research is highlighted. The findings are also contextualized in comparison to the broader literature examining the various forms of the RCADS in global populations, which indicates a robust, broadly useful measure for capturing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
CRISPR-based knockin mutagenesis of the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1; optimization of strategies for multi-allelic proteins in cancer cells

Abstract Precise genome engineering of living cells has been revolutionized by the introduction of the highly specific and easily programmable properties of CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This has greatly accelerated research into human health and has facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutics. CRISPR-Cas9 is most widely employed for its ability to inactivate, or knockout, specific genes, but can be also used to introduce subtle site-specific substitutions of DNA sequences that can lead to changes in the amino acid composition of proteins. Despite the proven success of CRISPR-based knockin strategies of genes in typical diploid cells (i.e. cells containing two sets of chromosomes), precise editing of cancer cells, that typically have unstable genomes and multiple copies of chromosomes, is more challenging and not adequately addressed in the literature. Herein we detail our methodology for replacing endogenous proteins with intended knockin mutants in polyploid cancer cells and discuss our experimental design, screening strategy, and facile allele-frequency estimation methodology. As proof of principle, we performed genome editing of specific amino acids within the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1, a critical component of estrogen and androgen receptor signaling, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We confirm proper levels of mutant FOXA1 protein expression and intended amino acids substitutions via western blotting and mass spectrometry. In addition, we show that mutant allele-frequency estimation is easily achieved by TOPO cloning combined with allele-specific PCR, which we later confirmed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Typically, there are 4 - 5 copies (alleles) of FOXA1 in breast cancer cells making the editing of this protein inherently challenging. As a result, most studies that focus on FOXA1 mutants rely on ectopic overexpression of FOXA1 from a plasmid. Therefore, we provide an optimized methodology for replacing endogenous wildtype FOXA1 with precise knockin mutants to enable the systematic analysis of its molecular mechanisms within the appropriate physiological context.
Characteristics of Technology Adoption by Older Adults with Visual Disabilities

As technology is advancing, a great number of people with disabilities try out and adopt various mainstream and assistive technologies. However, there has been less attention paid to older adults w...
The Appeal of State Attorneys General in a Federal System: (Review of Paul Nolette, Federalism on Trial: State Attorneys General and National Policymaking in Contemporary America)

From Florida’s partial success in dismantling the Affordable Care Act in the Health Care Cases to Maryland’s recent claim that President Trump is violating the Foreign and Domestic Emoluments Clauses, states through their AGs are mobilizing to accomplish in the courts what Congress and the president cannot or will not do in the ordinary policymaking process. While this appears to be a recent spillover of today’s polarized politics into the courts, Paul Nolette traces the causes back nearly a half century in his rich account of the rise of AGs, Federalism on Trial. Nolette, a lawyer and assistant professor of political science at Marquette University, explains how “state litigation’s status as an increasingly powerful aspect of national policymaking is a product of the peculiar structure of new social policy regimes constructed by state and federal lawmakers in the 1960s and 1970s” (p. 3). Nolette’s most powerful criticisms go to the processes of political accountability rather than the substance of policy outcomes. “As AGs become more aggressive in using litigation to achieve policy goals in the name of the state,” he argues, “it has become more difficult for voters to know who to hold responsible for these policy decisions” (p. 212). AGs stand at the intersection of several systems of checks and balances. They can counter the federal legislature, executive, and judiciary, or side with one branch against the others. Meanwhile they face a similar separation of powers, often including a division of executive power with the governor, within their states. Each branch, federal and state, legislative, executive, and judicial, is more or less answerable to the electorate. As these checks and balances solve some accountability problems, they create others. Given these accountability problems across the system, does the power of AGs in contemporary policymaking help the system work better on balance? Regardless of whether one agrees with Nolette’s answer, Federalism on Trial goes a long way toward framing the question.
Innovating for the Future: Understanding Organizational Culture in Changing Cambodia

This case study takes place in the Cambodia country office of an international NGO (nongovernmental organization). During a 3-month culture study in this Southeast Asian country, employees and senior leaders sought to better understand their current organizational culture in light of a forthcoming global strategic planning process. Through interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), the current and aspired culture is diagnosed and priority gaps are identified. The implications for workplace innovation are discussed and recommendations for practice are offered.
Compact X-ray laser amplifier in the "Water Window".

Abstract Spectroscopy and microscopy in the so-called “water-window” is a holy grail of modern molecular biology. A pulsed source of coherent X-rays within this spectral window, falling between 2.3 nm and 4.4 nm, provides a unique tool for time-resolved imaging of bio-systems in their naturally water-rich state. Within this spectral range, water is mostly transparent, while proteins are mostly opaque. This results in a high-contrast image on the sub-cellular level. Here we present, for the first time, generation of a very high gain of G≈ 60/cm in He-like CV ions via transitions to the ground state at 4.03 nm in a table-top device.
Amnesiac Bodies of Curricula: Dialogues on Indigeneity, Refusal, and Being

This paper engages in a significant dialogue with Dr. Ligia Lopez Lopez regarding her book The Making of Indigeniety, Curriculum History, and the Limits of Diversity. Thinking through questions of identity, historical amnesia, and linguistic possibilities, this paper thinks with Lopez about the possibilities and challenges of qualitative research aimed at disrupting the normalized violence that is nested within educational research as it explores indigenous ways of being, knowing, and doing.
Pyopneumothorax from coinfection by Trichomonas tenax and Geotrichum capitatum in a child from China: a case report.

Trichomonas tenax may appear in the oral cavity of humans due to poor dentition or oral hygiene. Pyopneumothorax is a serious complication of lower respiratory tract infections that very rarely can be caused by a trichomonad species in predisposed individuals. We report a rare case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus. We describe a 16-year-old patient with cerebral palsy who presented with severe pyopneumothorax. T. tenax was identified by microscopic examination of the pleural effusion and next-generation sequencing. We also identified Geotrichum capitatum in the pleural effusion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures. Treatment with voriconazole and metronidazole successfully eliminated these pathogens and relieved the clinical symptoms. A literature review indicated this is the first reported case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus. The rarity of pyopneumothorax caused by T. tenax coinfection with a fungus should not be overlooked in the clinic. These patients should be and treated in a timely manner.
The Imagined Industry

Media studies scholars have long examined media industries’ fascination with audiences, detailing industries’ incessant work to define, locate, and measure media consumers. If audiences prove elusive and alluring for media, it is important to recognize that audiences often just as keenly seek media industries, looking to understand and influence such arbiters of culture. I argue that how audiences and users conceive of media industries’ members and norms and the viability of various ways to engage (with) them constitutes an “imagined industry.” Imagined industries are consequential and inextricably linked to audience practices. This article articulates, deploys, and argues for an imagined industry framework for revealing results and implications that reflect the complexities of media systems in the digital age. I demonstrate the framework’s ability to disaggregate imagined industries from larger media systems and illustrate its utility through the results of empirical case study research on two contemporary online activist-audience groups. Findings from the case study show that the imagined industry is useful in augmenting both active audience and institutional approaches to the study of media.
Effects of antioxidant capacity on micronucleus induction by cigarette smoke in mammalian cells

Abstract We have compared micronucleus (MN) induction by cigarette smoke in the L5178Y, TK6, and CHL/IU cell lines. The test sample was total particulate matter of 3R4F reference cigarette smoke, suspended in DMSO. After 3-h treatment, with or without a rat liver S9 metabolic activation system, followed by 24-h recovery, dose-dependent MN increases were seen in all cell lines. However, CHL/IU and TK6 cells were more resistant than L5178Y cells (comparison by Benchmark Doses with PROAST software). 3R4F smoke generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, we explored the relationship between the sensitivities to 3R4F smoke and the antioxidant capacities of the cell lines. While the total antioxidant capacities were not significantly different among the cell lines, cellular glutathione (GSH) was higher in CHL/IU cells than in L5178Y cells. Pretreatment of CHL/IU cells with a GSH precursor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), reduced the genotoxicity/cytotoxicity of 3R4F, whereas an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), enhanced it. The effects of NAC and BSO were also seen after treatment with allyl isothiocyanate, a ROS-generating chemical, but not with mitomycin C, a ROS-independent genotoxicant. Pretreatment with NAC increased cellular thiol levels. From the present results, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke differs among these cell lines in a manner that may be related to their antioxidant thiol levels.
Secularism, the Rule of Law, and 'Shari'a Courts': An Ethnographic Examination of a Constitutional Controversy

This article both closely examines, and situates broadly, a constitutional dispute instigated in 2005 by a private attorney, Vishwa Lochan Madan, in the Supreme Court of India. Mr. Madan’s 2005 petition to the Supreme Court aimed to completely shut down a network of non-state Muslim dispute resolution service providers — or, what has been crudely and imprecisely referred to in a number of jurisdictions as a system of “shari‘a courts” or “Muslim courts” — that has been operating in India for many years now. This (still unresolved) petition was dramatic, but so were the events instigating it, namely the “adjudication” by non-state Muslim legal actors of a number of alleged rapes of married Muslim women by their fathers-in-law. The welfare of Muslim women was not the only concern of Mr. Madan’s petition, however; this petition also spoke broadly of the ways in which the existence of non-state Muslim dispute resolution service providers undermines liberal constitutional values, such as “secularism” and “the rule of law.”The methodological approach deployed in this article takes inspiration from Kim Lane Scheppele’s observation as to the need for more of what she terms “constitutional ethnography.” As Scheppele describes it, constitutional ethnography provides a particular lens on constitutionalism because it “does not ask about the big correlations between the specifics of constitutional design and the effectiveness of specific institutions but instead looks to the logics of particular contexts as a way of illuminating complex interrelationships among political, legal, historical, social, economic, and cultural elements.” Following Scheppele’s description of a constitutional ethnographic methodology, this article looks to all of the elements Scheppele identifies (e.g., political, legal, cultural) with the goal of illuminating the multiple logics operative within a particular constitutional context (i.e., India), as well as a particular dispute in that context concerning the meaning of liberal constitutional values.
Coping with a first heart attack : a group treatment model for low-income anglo, black, and hispanic patients

The stressful effects of both poverty and racism contribute to the fact that heart disease is a leading cause of death for poor and minority populations. In spite of this, there is an absence of reported psychosocial interventions with these vulnerable populations. This paper describes a structured group treatment model based on cognitive-behavioral interventions for lower SES Anglo, Black, and Hispanic patients who have had a heart attack. The rationale for using this approach is developed through a review of the literature, and the treatment strategy is described in some detail.
The relationship between self‐leadership and personality: A comparison of hierarchical factor structures

This study examined the relationship between self‐leadership and personality through an analysis and comparison of hierarchical factor structures. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine several competing models combining the hierarchical factor structures of self‐leadership and personality. Model fit increased significantly through a progression of models that reflected increasingly greater distinction between self‐leadership skill dimensions and key personality traits. The best fitting model consisted of a hierarchical factor structure with three first‐order self‐leadership factors, three first‐order personality factors, and two correlated second‐order factors. Unexpectedly, the general second‐order factors of self‐leadership and personality were statistically indistinguishable. Nevertheless, these results seem to provide some initial evidence that self‐leadership dimensions are distinct from, yet related to, certain key personality traits. The implications of these results for future self‐leadership research and practice are discussed.
Data structures using Pascal

1. Introduction to Data Structures. 2. The Stack. 3. Recursion. 4. Queues and Lists. 5. Pascal List Processing. 6. Trees. 7. Sorting. 8. Searching. 9. Graphs and their Applications. 10. Storage Management. Appendices.
Carotenoids and Cancer

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, although patterns of cancer, like dietary patterns, are highly variable across regions and countries with different degrees of economic development [1]. Observed associations between dietary patterns and cancer mortality and morbidity have led to hypotheses about cause and effect relationships, which have subsequently been examined more specifically in laboratory studies of biological activities of dietary constituents, case-control and cohort studies within populations, and clinical trials. Food provides nutrients and numerous other bioactive compounds, many of which have been linked specifically to cellular and molecular events and activities that have been identified in the development and progression of cancer [2,3].
Increasing the Level of Abstraction in Traditional Functional Languages by Using Compile-time Reflection

Abstraction is the key to reuse in software technology. Traditional functional languages support greater levels of abstraction than imperative languages, yet cannot express certain new kinds of abstraction recently identified. In this paper we report on a simple technique we call Compile-time Reflection and show how this technique can be added to traditional functional languages by the addition of an explicit user programmable phase distinction in their compilation. This distinction implements the 2-level λ-Calculus of Nielson and Nielson[11], and supports the algebraic approach to programming exemplified in the Squigol school of programming, all in a traditional functional language.
Membrane hyperpolarization is a mechanism of endothelium-dependent cerebral vasodilation

Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced hyperpolarization of cerebral arteries requires a functional endothelium. The hyperpolarization is reversed by potassium-channel blockers. The goal of this study was to determine whether the hyperpolarization is causally related to endothelium-dependent dilation of isolated cerebral arteries. ACh hyperpolarized rabbit middle cerebral arteries by up to 19 mV. The hyperpolarizations were sustained and did not occur in arteries without endothelial cells or in the presence of potassium-channel inhibitors (3 x 10(-6) M glibenclamide or 5 x 10(-5) M BaCl2). ACh-induced dilator responses were inhibited but not abolished by glibenclamide or BaCl2. Methylene blue also inhibited the dilator responses, and a combination of glibenclamide or BaCl2 and methylene blue greatly diminished the dilation. Nitric oxide relaxed but did not hyperpolarize the vascular smooth muscle cells, and BaCl2 had no effect on the nitric oxide-induced relaxations. These data indicate that the overall cerebral arterial dilator response to ACh is determined by the combined effects of membrane hyperpolarization, which closes voltage-dependent calcium channels, and the actions of a second endothelial factor, probably endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
Two proposals to measure antineutrinos: At the Braidwood (USA) and the Daya Bay (PRC) reactors

Abstract This paper discusses two proposed experiments to measure the unknown neutrino mixing angle, θ 13 , with high precision, sin 2 2 θ 13 ≤ 0.01 . These experiments would search for a reduction in the flux as a function of distance, and for changes in the energy spectrum, of the antineutrinos emitted by nuclear power reactors (a) at the Braidwood reactor in Illinois in the USA, and (b) at the Daya Bay reactor near Shenzhen, China. A key common feature of these experiments is that they would use multiple identical antineutrino detectors placed at different distances from the reactor. Taking the ratio of the neutrino signals from these multiple detectors should lead to high sensitivity by cancelling out many of the systematic errors.
SU‐FF‐T‐66: A Technique for Cone‐Beam CT‐Guided Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To develop and assess a technique using cone‐beam CT(CBCT) to localize treatment targets for stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).Material and Methods: Patients selected for SBRT had 3‐D or 4‐D CT simulation with immobilization. GTV, CTV, ITV, and PTV were identified for treatment planning. Intensity‐modulated radiation beams, multiple 3‐D conformal beams, or dynamic conformal shaped arcs were designed (physician preference) and delivered using a Varian 21EX with 120‐leaf MLC. Pre‐treatment CBCTimages (acquired over sixty seconds) were registered to the planning CT based on target soft tissue and bony structures. After the physician confirmed the potential deviations of the treatment target, the couch was automatically shifted for positioning correction. Radiographicimages (kV, MV or CBCT) were taken before and after beam delivery to assess for potential intra‐fraction motion. Results: Five patients with lung, liver, and spine lesions received 18 fractions (all 3 fractions except one 6 fractions) using this technique. Pre‐treatment CBCTimages were successfully obtained for 17 fractions. Compared to traditional 2D matching using bony structures (tumor are usually not visible), use of CBCT, which is essentially imaging ITV, is able to correct target deviation from 1 mm to 15 mm with an average of 5 mm. The comparison on pre‐treatment and post‐treatment radiographicimages demonstrated an average 2 mm deviation (ranging from 0–4 mm), suggesting that better immobilization might further improve the positioning accuracy. Typical total “in‐room” times for the patients are about 1 hour. Conclusion: CBCT‐guided SBRT is reasonable and allows for alignment based on 3‐D anatomical information prior to treatment. Partially supported by a Varian research grant.