cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapy for Nonvenereal Treponematoses: Review of the Efficacy of Penicillin and Consideration of Alternatives

Penicillin therapy has been a crucial element in public health programs for control of nonvenereal treponematoses. The recommendations made by the World Health Organization on penicillin therapy and the literature substantiating the effectiveness of penicillin therapy are reviewed. In mass public health programs, the recommended penicillin regimen can confidently be used. Although penicillin is the drug of choice for all treponemal infections, some individuals will be allergic to this drug. For these persons tetracyclines are the most thoroughly evaluated alternative antimicrobial agent and seem highly effective. However, further comparative evaluations of various tetracycline regimens are needed if tetracyclines are required by more than the occasional individual. The long-acting tetracyclines may be particularly appropriate in minimizing problems of compliance. Penicillin was established as an effective treatment for treponematoses in the 1940s. Subsequent laboratory experiments, controlled clinical trials, and public health programs all underscored the effectiveness of penicillin in the therapy for nonvenereal treponemal infections. On the basis of these observations, various expert groups have recommended penicillin as the drug of choice for the treatment of treponematoses [1-4]. In this article these recommendations are reviewed and supporting information on penicillin from both control programs and clinical trials is examined. Allergy to penicillin may be more common today than in the 1950s and 1960s, since it is possible that populations suffering from nonvenereal treponematoses have had more exposure to penicillin today than during the era before mass treatment campaigns. Therapeutic alternatives for penicillin-allergic individuals with nonvenereal treponematoses have not been recommended. Information related to the effectiveness of potential alternatives is reviewed, and agents for further consideration and possible study are proposed.
Microdebriders used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: secondary analysis and validation of a new tissue model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To validate a previously reported in vitro tissue model for microdebrider comparison and determine which microdebrider, tissue type, blade type, and suction strength is most efficient. Specifically, the goal of the secondary analysis is to expand on the results of the preliminary analy-sis by increasing the sample size, and introduce an aspiration efficiency score (AES) to facilitate microdebrider comparison. Study Design: Prospective randomized comparison. Methods: A prospective randomized comparison of the Diego Powered Dissector and XPS 3000 Powered ENT System was conducted using a soft tissue and a firm tissue model. In addition to evaluating tissue aspiration with straight and angled blades, clogging rates and clearance times were measured. Both standard wall suction and liposuction were used. Basic statistical analysis, a one-way analysis of variance, and a post hoc Student's t test were performed to compare outcomes. Results: With standard wall suction, the microdebriders were equivalent for the overall microdebrider comparison. For the “head to head” comparison with standard wall suction, the devices were also equivalent when using the straight blades, but the XPS 3000 aspirated more tissue when using the angled blades. With liposuction, the XPS 3000 and liposuction independently aspirated more tissue but clogged more often compared with the Diego PD and regular suction. The aspiration efficiency of soft tissue (oysters) and straight blades was superior compared with firm tissue (scallops) and angled blades. For the “head to head” comparison with liposuction, the XPS 3000 aspirated more tissue regardless of tissue type, but the Diego PD clogged less with firm tissue (scallops). Overall, the AES favored the XPS 3000, soft tissue (oysters), straight blades, and liposuction. Conclusion: Our tissue model represents a reliable and reproducible means of microdebrider comparison. Statistically significant differences between the Diego PD and XPS 3000, as well as between tissue types, blade types, and suction strengths, are reported. Using these results, microdebrider manufacturers can adopt similar tissue models, expand on the current AES, and include other commercially available microdebrider devices to test and report product performance to the consumer. Perhaps an optimal open to closed ratio or liposuction pressure can be determined that yields the greatest tissue aspiration with the fewest number of clogs.
Chiral symmetry breaking in bosonized lattice QCD

Abstract The bosonization of lattice fermions using Jordan-Wigner transformations is discussed. Dynamical fermion fields appear in the resulting formalism as Potts-like spin degrees of freedom. Various methods of simulating such theories are discussed. When applied to QCD, preliminary indications are that the expected chiral breaking is found in the chiral limit.
Scattering and absorption losses in optical waveguides

The attenuation of an optical guided wave can be ascribed mainly to two mechanisms: surface scattering and bulk absorption. Scattering losses have been an impediment in the development of active integrated optical devices. Measurements of attenuation coefficients at 6328A in ZnO films grown epitaxially by chemical vapor deposition on sapphire substrate will be presented. After polishing the films, losses as low as ∼ 1 db/cm have been observed for low order modes.
An Examination of Dependence Power, Father Involvement, and Judgments About Violence in an At-Risk Community Sample of Mothers

Individuals sometimes remain in dysfunctional, and even violent, relationships due to a perceived dependence on a partner. We examined the influence of dependence power judgments (defined by a combined assessment of mother commitment, perceived father commitment, and perceived father alternatives) in a community sample of mothers potentially bound to a relationship with the father of her child. We also considered the influence of perceived father involvement in the child’s life on judgments related to dependence power. Using a survey design with a sample of 100 mothers (age: 16-43, M = 29.16, SD = 7.17 years old) enrolled in a local Early Head Start/Head Start program, we observed that a mother’s perceived father involvement was positively associated with judgments of her dependence power. Furthermore, we observed that her assessment of dependence power was negatively associated with her tolerance for both physical and psychological violence as well as the use of destructive child discipline tactics.
Quark coalescence and elliptic flow of charm hadrons

Elliptic flow of charm hadrons is investigated based on the quark coalescence model. Due to the large difference between the charm quark and light quark masses, hadrons containing both light and charm quarks show a qualitatively different ${v}_{2}({p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})$ from hadrons containing only light quarks. Simple relations are proposed to infer quark elliptic flow from those of hadrons. The effects of the finite momentum spread of hadron wave functions are also studied, and are found to be small for charm hadrons.
Philosophical Methodology, Technologies, and the Transformation of Knowledge

There are many methodological approaches employed by scholars working within the general area of the philosophy of technology. This methodological richness is rightly the cause of a certain degree of pride felt by many members of The Society for Philosophy and Technology. For we clearly work hard at encouraging and maintaining a form of methodological pluralism that has evaded the mainstream American philosophical community. Philosophical provincialism also seems to threaten productive interchange between divergent points of view on the Continent as well, witness the almost total breakdown of communication between the so-called postmodernists and analytical philosophers
Induced release and metabolism of arachidonic acid from myeloid cells by purified colony-stimulating factor.

The in vitro incubation of cells from turpentine-induced rat myeloid hyperplastic marrow and peritoneal monocyte/macrophage with 14C-arachidonic acid resulted in the incorporation of the radiolabel into the particulate phospholipids. Challenge of the radiolabeled cells with a highly purified type I CSF (CSF I) from human pancreatic carcinoma cells in continuous culture resulted in the hydrolysis and release of the 14C-arachidonic acid from the cellular phospholipids. The simultaneous challenge of the prelabeled cells with CSF-I and its specific antibody (anti-CSF-I antibody) inhibited the CSF-I induced hydrolysis of 14C-arachidonic acid from the cells. These results confer a specificity on the CSF-I induced release of arachidonic acid from the cellular phospholipids. Our data also demonstrated that the 14C-arachidonic acid released from the cellular phospholipids was further transformed into products of the cyclooxygenation and lipoxygenation pathways by cellular enzyme systems in both populations of cells. Interestingly, our data also indicate that the challenge of the granulocytic hyperplastic marrow cells and the monocyte/macrophage cells with purified CSF-I resulted in a higher generation of lipoxygenase products in the predominantly granulocytic cell population than in the population rich in monocyte/macrophage cells. The biological significance of this observation remains to be further explored. Thus, the CSF-I-induced release of cellular arachidonic acid explains, at least in part, the presence of prostaglandins and other metabolites of arachidonic acid that are found in the media of hemopoietic cells incubated with a variety of CSF preparations.
First Report of Association of Mucor circinelloides on Noni (Morinda citrifolia) in Hawaii.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a popular medicinal plant found in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. The fruit and juice extracts have properties that are reportedly therapeutic for diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer (1,4). In our studies on noni juice produced from fruit collected from the Kohala and Puna districts of the island of Hawaii from 2008 to 2010, Mucor circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides was isolated from 85% of 157 juice samples and observed with up to 75% incidence on fruit surfaces during fermentation processing in glass jars. Fungal growth, appearing 14 to 21 days in storage at 22°C, was pale yellow to tan brown and was associated with wounded surfaces. Single-spore strains, KN 06-2 (2006; ripe fruit puree) and KN 08-08 (2008; fermented juice; CBS 124110), identified by Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures by molecular methods were 97.3% similar in internal transcribed spacer sequence to the type strain (CBS 195.68). M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides...
De-MetaST-BLAST: a tool for the validation of degenerate primer sets and data mining of publicly available metagenomes.

Development and use of primer sets to amplify nucleic acid sequences of interest is fundamental to studies spanning many life science disciplines. As such, the validation of primer sets is essential. Several computer programs have been created to aid in the initial selection of primer sequences that may or may not require multiple nucleotide combinations (i.e., degeneracies). Conversely, validation of primer specificity has remained largely unchanged for several decades, and there are currently few available programs that allows for an evaluation of primers containing degenerate nucleotide bases. To alleviate this gap, we developed the program De-MetaST that performs an in silico amplification using user defined nucleotide sequence dataset(s) and primer sequences that may contain degenerate bases. The program returns an output file that contains the in silico amplicons. When De-MetaST is paired with NCBI’s BLAST (De-MetaST-BLAST), the program also returns the top 10 nr NCBI database hits for each recovered in silico amplicon. While the original motivation for development of this search tool was degenerate primer validation using the wealth of nucleotide sequences available in environmental metagenome and metatranscriptome databases, this search tool has potential utility in many data mining applications.
Effect of organic chemicals on growth and reproduction in the marine red alga Champia Parvula

A previously developed static-renewal toxicity test was used to test the effect of 10 organic chemicals on the growth and reproduction of the marine red alga Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey. The test measured vegetative growth, formation of tetrasporangia (site of meiosis — asexual spore production) and production of cystocarps (evidence of sexual reproduction). The procedure was used to test the effects of one ketone (isophorone), two volatile hydrocarbons (benzene and naphthalene), three phenols (phenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and four chlorinated hydrocarbons (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, endosulfan, pentachloroethane and toxaphene). Chronic values were determined for vegetative growth and formation of reproductive structures based on statistically significant decreases from control levels. Absence of reproductive structures was also used to determine chronic values. No endpoint was consistently more sensitive than any other, and the ranking of the compounds from most to least toxic was similar regardless of the endpoint used. The results of these tests indicate that the Champia test is often as sensitive or more so than the most sensitive aquatic animal test and is almost always more sensitive than microalgae tests, demonstrating the importance of conducting chronic tests with the previously overlooked macroalgae. The test is easily conducted, sensitive and reproducible.
The winged-helix/forkhead protein myocyte nuclear factor β (MNF-β) forms a co-repressor complex with mammalian Sin3B

Winged-helix/forkhead proteins regulate developmental events in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, but biochemical functions that establish a mechanism of action have been defined for only a few members of this extensive gene family. Here we demonstrate that MNF (myocyte nuclear factor)-beta, a winged-helix protein expressed selectively and transiently in myogenic precursor cells of the heart and skeletal muscles, collaborates with proteins of the mammalian Sin3 (mSin3) family to repress transcription. Mutated forms of MNF-beta that fail to bind mSin3 are defective in transcriptional repression and in negative growth regulation, an overexpression phenotype revealed in oncogenic transformation assays. These data extend the known repertoire of transcription factors with which mSin3 proteins can function as co-repressors to include members of the winged-helix gene family. Transcriptional repression by MNF-beta-mSin3 complexes may contribute to the co-ordination of cellular proliferation and terminal differentiation of myogenic precursor cells.
Computational analysis of four human adenovirus type 4 genomes reveals molecular evolution through two interspecies recombination events

Computational analysis of human adenovirus type 4 (HAdV-E4), a pathogen that is the only HAdV member of species E, provides insights into its zoonotic origin and molecular adaptation. Its genome encodes a domain of the major capsid protein, hexon, from HAdV-B16 recombined into the genome chassis of a simian adenovirus. Genomes of two recent field strains provide a clue to its adaptation to the new host: recombination of a NF-I binding site motif, which is required for efficient viral replication, from another HAdV genome. This motif is absent in the chimpanzee adenoviruses and the HAdV-E4 prototype, but is conserved amongst other HAdVs. This is the first report of an interspecies recombination event for HAdVs, and the first documentation of a lateral partial gene transfer from a chimpanzee AdV. The potential for such recombination events are important when considering chimpanzee adenoviruses as candidate gene delivery vectors for human patients.
The transfer function of the cochlea.

A sinusoidal signal is generally considered the simplest auditory signal. It is, indeed, a simple signal. However, it does not follow that a complex analysing device, like the cochlea, should treat a simple signal in a simple way. Indeed, a simple signal may appear to be complex when viewed from the standpoint of the device considered. Such an observation becomes cogent when one is attempting to discover the analysing capabilities of a device such as the cochlea, which appears designed to handle signals more complex than a sinusoid or multiple sinusoids.
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale I: spleen, liver, and kidney, validation based on the National Trauma Data Bank.

Background This study attempts to validate the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Organ Injury Scale (OIS) for spleen, liver, and kidney injuries using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Study Design All NTDB entries with Abbreviated Injury Scale codes for spleen, liver, and kidney were classified by OIS grade. Injuries were stratified either as an isolated intraabdominal organ injury or in combination with other abdominal injuries. Isolated abdominal solid organ injuries were additionally stratified by presence of severe head injury and survival past 24 hours. The patients in each grading category were analyzed for mortality, operative rate, hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, and charges incurred. Results There were 54,148 NTDB entries (2.7%) with Abbreviated Injury Scale–coded injuries to the spleen, liver, or kidney. In 35,897, this was an isolated abdominal solid organ injury. For patients in which the solid organ in question was not the sole abdominal injury, a statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in mortality, organ-specific operative rate, and hospital charges was associated with increasing OIS grade; the exception was grade VI hepatic injuries. Hospital and ICU lengths of stay did not show substantial increase with increasing OIS grade. When isolated organ injuries were examined, there were statistically significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in all outcomes variables corresponding with increasing OIS grade. Severe head injury appears to influence mortality, but none of the other outcomes variables. Patients with other intraabdominal injuries had comparable quantitative outcomes results with the isolated abdominal organ injury groups for all OIS grades. Conclusions This study validates and quantifies outcomes reflective of increasing injury severity associated with increasing OIS grades for specific solid organ injuries alone, and in combination with other abdominal injuries.
Sol-gel modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices with high electroosmotic mobilities and hydrophilic channel wall characteristics.

Using a sol−gel method, we have fabricated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchips with SiO2 particles homogeneously distributed within the PDMS polymer matrix. These particles are ∼10 nm in diameter. To fabricate such devices, PDMS (Sylgard 184) was cast against SU-8 molds. After curing, the chips were carefully removed from the mold and sealed against flat, cured pieces of PDMS to form enclosed channel manifolds. These chips were then solvated in tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), causing them to expand. Subsequently, the chips were placed in an aqueous solution containing 2.8% ethylamine and heated to form nanometer-sized SiO2 particles within the cross-linked PDMS polymer. The water contact angle for the PDMS−SiO2 chips was ∼90.2° compared to a water contact angle for Sylgard 184 of ∼108.5°. More importantly, the SiO2 modified PDMS chips showed no rhodamine B absorption after 4 h, indicating a substantially more hydrophilic and nonabsorptive surface than native PDMS. Initial electroosmotic mobilities (...
VLA observations of narrow-band decimetric burst emission

The Very Large Array was used to observe a multiply-impulsive solar radio burst at several wavelengths near 20 cm. The observations indicate that the impulsive emission was nearly 100% circularly polarized and originated in small regions of ∼ 10″–20″ in size. For one of the impulsive spikes, we find evidence of narrow-band emission that could be attributed to an electron-cyclotron maser. The radio data are also compared with soft X-ray data and interpreted in light of a model in which the coronal plasma is heated by maser burst emission.
Recommendations for enhancing clinical trials education: a review of the literature.

This study aims to apply the evidence-based practice (EBP) process to determine the factors that influence patients’ understanding of, participation in, and satisfaction with clinical trials, the informed consent process, and treatment decisions and to make recommendations for improving clinical trials education. Beginning with evidence retrieval, the authors identified key search terms and searched MEDLINE—Ovid, MEDLINE—PubMed, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature to identify articles published between July 2001 and July 2006 that highlighted clinical trials education. The articles were reviewed for clinical trials patient education information, clinician methods of communicating clinical trial information to patients, and patient satisfaction with the clinical trials process, including the informed consent process. As a result, practice changes were recommended for the patient/family, staff/community, and institution. From the literature review, 81 articles were identified. Recurring themes included decision-making, patient education, staff education, and pediatrics. Most articles focused on methods and strategies aimed at improving education at the patient/family, staff/community, and institutional levels. The issues surrounding clinical trial education are complex due to multiple variables interfering with poor patient understanding of, participation in, and satisfaction with clinical trial treatment decisions. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that clinicians involved in educating patients, families, staff, and communities about clinical trials have an awareness of and understanding for very complex issues.
Combined Effect of Reduced Band Number and Increased Bandwidth on Shallow Water Remote Sensing: The Case of WorldView 2

WorldView 2 (WV2), launched in September 2009, is a satellite with hyperspatial resolution ( $\sim$ 0.5–2 m) capability for Earth surface observation. It has eight spectral bands with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio to cover the visible-to-near-infrared (V–NIR) domain, thus providing a great potential for remote sensing of coastal ecosystem, in particular, the aquatic environments with shallow bottoms (e.g., coral reefs and seagrass beds). Traditionally, it requires $\sim$ 15 spectral bands in the V–NIR domain for reliable analytical retrieval of bottom properties (e.g., bathymetry) from remotely observed radiance spectrum. Data from WV2, however, have eight bands, and the width of each band is quite wide ( $\sim$ 50 nm or more). Thus, the spectral configuration of WV2 is far from optimal for spectral remote sensing of various complex shallow environments, and it is important and necessary to know how such a band setting affects the reliability of remote-sensing retrievals. Here, we applied a hyperspectral optimization scheme [hyperspectral optimization processing exemplar (HOPE)] to a simulated shallow-bottom data set (sandy bottom) and compared retrievals from both hyperspectral and WV2 spectral settings. Retrieved results suggest that, for bottom contribution making up 40% or more of the measured signal, the depths derived from both hyperspectral and WV2 settings are generally consistent for waters shallower than 5 m. However, depths derived with WV2 setting have greater uncertainty and, in general, are shallower than those derived from the hyperspectral setting, particularly for waters deeper than 10 m. Options to produce higher confident properties from such band settings are discussed.
Magnetorheological fluid shock absorbers for off-highway high-payload vehicles

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a controllable, semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) fluid shock absorber. This is a new design that is tailored for structures and ground vehicles that undergo a wide range of dynamic loading including the capability for passive, load-specific, individual rebound and compression characteristics. The specific application for testing and proof-of-concept is the AM General HMMWV (High Mobility, Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle). The new MR shock absorber emulates stock, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) shock absorber behavior in passive mode (i.e., zero-field) and provides a wide range of controllable damping force above (and below, if needed) zero- field damping levels.
Mutagenesis in murine spermatogonia by MOPP therapy.

Male mice were given mechlorethamine (2.0 mg/kg) followed immediately or 1, 2, 4, or 8 h later by procarbazine (100 mg/kg) and vincristine (0.67 mg/kg) in a protocol that simulated the drugs and dosages used in a single cycle of clinical MOPP therapy. Seven weeks later and continuing for the next five weeks, the mice were mated to females and the dominant lethal mutant frequencies determined in their offspring by an in vitro assay. Significant (Student's t-test, p < 0.05) mutant frequencies were detected when the interval between drug administration was between 2 and 8 h. In another series of experiments, mice were injected with these drugs using a 4-h interval between mechlorethamine and the vincristine and procarbazine (MOPP), two cycles of MOPP separated by one week, one cycle of MOPP and 2.0 Gy x-radiation separated by one week, or 2.0 Gy x-radiation alone. When each group was assayed for its dominant lethal mutant frequency, all were found to have similar, highly significant (0.001 < p < 0.005) induction. Together these data suggest that stable mutagenic lesions are induced in spermatogonial stem cells by both x-radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs and the frequency with which they are produced can be approximated by a single treatment. Clinical strategies to minimize genetic effects should concentrate on the sequence and timing of drug admnistration on those days when the drugs are administered in combination.
Phytochrome controlled adhesion of mung bean root tips to glass : a detailed characterization of the phenomenon.

Various parameters of the Tanada effect (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 59: 376–380. 1968) have been defined. This phenomenon, in which root tips of Phaseolus aureus L. adhere to a negatively charged glass surface when they are irradiated with 660 nm (red) light and release under 730 nm (far-red) light, has been characterized as follows. Secondary roots, whether etiolated or light grown exhibit photoreversible adhesion. Primary roots do not. Tips from 6–8 mm secondary roots exhibit the best response to red light, whereas tips from 3 mm roots respond best to far-red light. Red light saturetes the adhesion system at about 50 μ W/cm2xnm and far-red light, release system at about 150 u W/cm2 xnm. The adhesion effect begins to show escape from far-red reversibility within 60–90 seconds, an observation quite different from other “typical” long term de- etiolation effects. In addition, root tips irradiated with red light begin to release spontaneously in the dark after 10 min, and have nearly completed release after 50 min. Tips irradiated with continuous red light show gradual release after 15 minutes of exposure. Whether these data indicate an extremely rapid dark reversion of Pfr to Pr or decay of Pfr under continuous red light is not known at this time. In order to study tip adhesion and release, the glass beaker surface may be negatively charged with thiocyanate (SCN-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), citrate (C6H5O73-), oxalate (C2O42-) or glutamine (C5H8NO4-). Benzoate (C7H5O2-) and acetate (CH3COO-) were found to be relatively ineffective for red light adhesion, however when citrate and oxalate were used release was inhibited. This was apparently due to a chelation of Ca2+since release began immediately as excess Ca+2 was added to the bathing solution. Substitution of GTP, ITP, UTP, or CTP for ATP resulted in only 20 to 40% adhesion and release for GTP, ITP and UTP, CTP showed normal adhesion kinetics under red light but very slow release kinetics under far-red light. The effects of red and far-red light in the numbers of secondary roots are that red light inhibits root initiation while far-red light partially reverses the red light effect.
Environmental factors implicated in the causation of adverse pregnancy outcome

Adverse pregnancy outcome from environmental factors may include congenital anomalies, increased risk for miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, and still birth. Apart from adverse pregnancy outcome, there may be effects on the other reproductive functions, like menstrual disorders and infertility. Environmental factors which have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome include smoking, video display terminals, anesthetic gases, antineoplastic drugs, and exposure to lead, selenium, and inorganic mercury. Among these, cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been the leading environmental factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy continues to be a significant public health concern. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight (<2500 g). Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to give birth to low-birth weight infants. Similarly, air pollution, pesticide exposure, and stress have also been associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. This review gives an overview of the importance of environmental factors in adverse pregnancy outcome.
Understanding of Vibration Stress Relief with Computation Modeling

A finite element model was developed to predict weld residual stress and simulate the vibratory stress relief. Both resonant and nonresonant vibration stress relief were studied to better understand the mechanism of vibration stress relief. The effect of process parameters, vibration amplitude and frequency, of vibration stress relief on weld residual stress reduction was investigated with the developed model. It was found that both resonant and nonresonant vibration stress relief can relieve weld residual stresses. For the nonresonant vibration, the stress reduction strongly depends on the vibration’s amplitude. For the resonant vibration, the vibration’s frequency is essential to stress relief. The vibration’s frequency should be close to the structure’s natural frequency for the desired vibration mode.
Economics, Ideology, and Ethnicity: The Struggle Between the, United Farm Workers Union and The Nisei Farmers League

The different dimensions of ethnicity in an inter-ethnic group conflict are explored in this study of the struggle between the predominantly Mexican American United Farm Workers Union and the Japanese American initiated Nisei Farmers League. Our central thesis is that although the economic/situational dimension of ethnicity plays the dominant role in generating the causes and consequences of the conflict between the farm workers and the growers, the interpretive dimension of ethnicity also plays a significant role in the processes of resource mobilization within the respective ethnic groups as well as generating intra-ethnic group conflict and “crosspressures” on individual ethnic group members.
Pentylenetetrazol: Posttraining injection facilitates discrimination learning in rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) given immediate posttraining injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) exhibited improved acquisition of difficult discrimination-learning problems (Experiment 2) but not of easy problems (Experiment 1). Optimal facilitation occurred at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. In two further experiments, the interval between training and the injection of 10 mg/kg of PTZ was varied and optimal facilitation occurred at the 15-min interval. At the 30-min interval, facilitation was absent and error rates were as high as the saline controls, but at the 60-min interval a lower error rate was again seen. All findings were remarkably similar to those previously reported in mice, suggesting a common mechanism for the effect of PTZ on simple discrimination learning in both species. Through the use of the monkey, the potential enhancement of more complex learning by drugs is now accessible to investigation.
Ethical Tensions and Dilemmas Experienced in a Northern Ugandan Social Work Internship

This article explores the ethical tensions and dilemmas that arose for 2 U.S. social work students during an 8-month international clinical internship in northern Uganda. These students encountered cultural differences related to issues of confidentiality, autonomy, and self-determination. Student experiences were analyzed using the cultural orientation framework of collectivism. A strategy for reflecting on ethical dilemmas that arose is presented involving identification and exploration of the ethical dilemma, reflection on the dilemma in the context of culture and socioeconomic factors, development of culturally responsive and ethical interventions, and continued review and reflection. Such exploration of culturally based value differences is needed to increase social work students' cultural competence.
Quantum diffusion of ortho-hydrogen pairs in solid para-hydrogen

The hopping frequencies of nearest neighbor pairs of ortho-hydrogen impurities in solid para-hydrogen due to resonant conversion processes are calculated. The observed differences in the quantum diffusion of in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) pairs are attributed to the different orientations of the rotational wave functions of the pairs relative to the hexagonal axis of the host crystal and to the splitting of the ground-state level of OP pairs. The ratio of the hopping frequencies of OP and IP pairs is found to be strongly temperature dependent and at very low temperatures the OP pairs are predicted to become immobile, in agreement with recent experimental results that the decay rates of OP and IP pairs are in the ratio 1:3.
Solid state deuteron NMR studies of polyamidoamine dendrimer salts. 1. Structure and hydrogen bonding

Temperature dependent deuteron quadrupole echo line shapes are reported for integer generations, G = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, of polyamidoammonium chloride salts. The spectra are characteristic of amorphous materials undergoing broad glass transitions between 25 and 65 °C. Adequate fits of roomtemperature line shapes were obtained by assuming Gaussian distributions of hydrogen bond lengths for interior R 2 ND...O and R 3 ND + ...Cl - deuterons in the dendrimer spacers and Gaussian distributions of librational cone angles for motion of the C 3v axes of terminal RND 3 + groups. The estimated average hydrogen bond lengths at both types of interior site are 2.2 ± 0.15 A, independent of generation number. For G = 2 the spectra obtained upon anion substitution of Cl - by Br - demonstrate that both types of hydrogen bonding are counterion dependent. In the temperature range from -30 to 60 °C the decreases in quadrupole coupling constants and increases in observed asymmetry parameters at the interior sites are ascribed to effects of planar libration. In the dendrimer interior the average amplitude of planar libration increases with temperature and decreases with increasing generation. Thermal energy is dissipated in counterion mobility for low generations and in mobility of the dendrimer spacers for high generations. In addition to 3-fold rotation, asymmetric cone libration is required to explain the observed temperature dependent asymmetry parameters of terminal ND 3 + groups. For both low- and high-generation dendrimers the terminal groups buried in the interior exhibit smaller average librational amplitudes than those of generation 3.
Small Wins: Perceptual Focus, Efficacy, and Cooperation in a Stage‐Conjunctive Social Dilemma1

A multi-stage social dilemma was used to explore the notion that focusing on part rather than all of a complex problem would affect self-efficacy and action. In two experiments subjects considered a multi-stage game asking them to invest an initial sum of money in hopes of earning a larger bonus to be paid if provision points were met at all stages (a “stage-conjunctive” task). Results indicated that under most conditions considered, presentation of the whole problem encouraged cooperation. The opposite pattern occurred when group members were asked to complete very demanding stages first. We suggest that these results depend strongly on the stage-conjunctive nature of our task.
Interleukin-15 as a potential regulator of the innate immune response

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a newly-discovered cytokine that is produced by activated monocytes early in the course of the innate immune response. IL-15 is able to bind to components of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) despite the fact that it has no sequence homology with IL-2. IL-15 stimulates human natural killer cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production and can substitute for IL-2 under most conditions. In vitro studies indicate that monocyte-derived IL-15 may be an important determinant of IFN-gamma production by NK cells. In addition, IL-15 is able to promote the survival of natural killer cells under serum-free conditions. The IL-15 receptor is a heterotrimeric complex which is composed of the IL-2R beta and gamma chains in combination with a unique alpha chain (IL-15 alpha). The IL-15R alpha chain has strong sequence homology to the IL-2R alpha chain and confers high affinity binding to the IL-15R. In contrast to IL-2, transcript for IL-15 and IL-15 alpha is expressed in a number of tissues and indicates that IL-15 may be an important ligand for cells that express components of the IL-2R.
Paleoecologic Implications of Late Paleozoic Faunal Assemblages in Western United States: ABSTRACT

Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of interfingering marine and non-marine Late Paleozoic rocks in a End_Page 548------------------------------ small area near McCoy, Colorado, and in a large region in east-central Nevada indicate that at least eight major marine and paralic faunal assemblages occur in rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. The eight recognized major faunal groups are: textulariid, fusulinid, coral, productid-Composita, chonetid, Heteralosia, Nuculana, and Euphemites faunas. The textulariid, fusulinid, coral, productid-Composita, and chonetid faunas required a salinity close to 35^pmil. The textulariid fauna probably lived at a depth of 50-70 m. and perhaps deeper; fusulinid fauna, 20-50 m.; and coral fauna, 10-30 m. The productid-Composita and chonetid faunas both may have lived at a depth of 4-10 m., but they had different energy requirements. The Heteralosia, Nuculana, and Euphemites faunas occupied very hallow-water environments with salinities different from 35^pmil. Overlap of faunas appears to have been a more common occurrence in the Colorado area than in Nevada because a greater inclination of the sea floor in Colorado allowed maximum development of different faunas to take place in areas close enough together to permit considerable faunal mixing. Geographic distribution of contemporaneous faunas indicates that inclination of the Colorado sea floor generally was about 10 m./km., whereas the inclination of the Nevada sea floor generally was about 1 m./km. End_of_Article - Last_Page 549------------
Thromboxane A2 receptor-specific antagonism in hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

Using a thromboxane A2 receptor-specific antagonist, SQ 30,741, this study was undertaken to define the role of thromboxane A2 in postischemic myocardial reperfusion injury and in the heparin-protamine reaction. Eighteen heparinized (300 units/kg) sheep were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after complete instrumentation, cooled to 28 degrees C, and had their aortas crossclamped for 1 hour. They were then rewarmed to 36 degrees C and weaned from CPB without inotropic support. Control sheep (n = 6) received a saline infusion throughout the procedure. Bolus animals (n = 6) received 5 mg/kg of SQ 30,741 at 5 minutes after discontinuation of CPB and before protamine sulfate administration. Infusion animals (n = 6) received an SQ 30,741 bolus of 5 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 5 mg.kg-1 hr-1 of SQ 30,741 initiated before CPB. All animals received 5 mg/kg of protamine sulfate over a 15-second period 15 minutes after being weaned from CPB. Control animals exhibited significantly decreased global myocardial function after the 1-hour ischemic interval. Further significant functional decline and increase in pulmonary pressure occurred after protamine sulfate administration. Bolus animals experienced a similar postischemic injury, but had no further decrease in function following protamine infusion. Infusion animals had significantly improved global myocardial function after bypass compared with both other groups and were also protected from the deleterious effects of protamine sulfate administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 3252: Divergence of activin and TGFβ-induced SMAD-independent signaling in colon cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Activin and TGFβ are members of the TGFβ superfamily with growth suppressive and pro-migratory properties. While growth suppressive SMAD 2/3/4 signaling is shared, we have evidence of diverging SMAD-independent migratory signaling involving the CDK inhibitor p21. Here, we dissect the participation of respective mitogenic pathways in activin and TGFβ-specific SMAD-independent signaling in colon cancer. Methods: Colon cancer cell lines with and without SMAD4 were assessed for SMAD, PI3K and MEK pathway influences on activin or TGFβ signaling and associated effects using pharmacologic inhibition, knock-down, co-immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and functional assays of migration. Results: Irrespective of SMAD4 status, activin-induced migration was PI3K-dependent and associated with PI3K-induced p21 downregulation, while TGFβ-induced migration was MEK1/2-dependent. Activin but not TGFβ lead to colocalization of ACVR1, ACVR2's primary binding partner, with p85, the regulatory subunit of PI3K, in an ACVR1-dependent SMAD-independent manner. Further, activin-induced p21 downregulation was PI3K dependent and associated with proteasomal degradation, while TGFβ stabilized p21 via MEK/ERK. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation of p21 lead to a decrease in migration with activin implicating p21 downregulation in activin-induced migration but not in TGFβ-induced migration. Conclusion: Activin and TGFβ diverge in their pro-migratory SMAD-independent signaling in colon cancer affecting distinct targets to include p21 and employing diverse mitogenic signals. Dissecting ligand-specific functions in colon cancer may be exploited for risk stratification or therapeutic intervention in the near future. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3252. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3252
Lefort as Phenomenologist of the Political

I propose to view Lefort’s work from within the phenomenological tradition, whose watchword, as you know, is back to the things themselves and whose “principle of all principles” is to accept the given to the extent that it is given. I ask myself what is the phenomenon that Lefort spent his life describing and interpreting. I will claim that it was the becoming anonymous of political power, the process by which power comes to be disjoined from the person, the body, of the prince. There are three moments within Lefort’s reflection, each associated with a philosophical interlocutor: first, there is Marx, then there is Machiavelli, and finally there is Merleau-Ponty. Later in the chapter I will evoke the process by which a society attempts to reconnect power to a determinate element of the real; this, according to Lefort, is totalitarianism. I will end the paper with a few more personal reflections on Lefort.
Psychology of the Scientist: XIII. Scientific and Religious Experiences Distinguished by Their ‘Affect’

This paper describes responses to a questionnaire about religious and scientific experiences by 26 graduate students in the sciences and 26 students in a theological seminary. There are two principal findings. First, experiences which are interpreted in a religious way are assigned higher polarity scores (taken as a measure of affect) on a modified form of Osgood's semantic differential than are experiences which are interpreted scientifically. Second, experiences which are interpreted religiously are assigned more positive evaluative scores than are experiences which are interpreted scientifically.
Macroscopic continuum analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous materials containing a heat source

Abstract The paper briefly outlines a development of the transport equations which describes simultaneous heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous materials when a heat source is embedded in the medium. A macroscopic continuum mechanics approach is adopted to derive the coupled continuity, momentum and energy equations. Hydrodynamic laws such as Darcy's law and the Darcy-Buckingham theorem are utilized to simplify the continuity and momentum equations of fluid flow. Migration of liquid due to surface tension effects is modeled in the analysis. The effects of phase change on the heat transfer are also included in the energy equation. The resulting equations reported in this paper are found to agree with equations obtained by other researchers who used volume averaging techniques to study similar phenomena in unsaturated porous materials.
Synthetic organic toxicants in Lake Superior

Numerous synthetic organic toxicants have been reported in Lake Superior in the past quarter century although relatively few industrial centers are located on its shores. The chemicals enter the lake primarily through atmospheric deposition via transport from regional and distant sources. This contribution discusses research issues regarding the processes by which the chemicals enter and exit the lake, their in-lake cycling and bioaccumulation, and recently reported potential toxicological effects. Research issues that remain for historically important synthetic organic toxicants are discussed as well as those of emerging chemicals of concern. Although concentrations of some historically important toxicants are decreasing in Lake Superior's waters through volatilization and sedimentation and burial, abiotic and biotic in-lake cycling opens routes of entry into the lake's lower food web, contributing to concentrations in fish that warrant consumption advisories in certain cases. Concentrations of some non-...
Effect of expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

It has previously been demonstrated that baculovirus infection of the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-9 (Sf-9) and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (Tn-5B1-4) insect cell lines leads to oxidative stress as measured by protein and membrane lipid oxidation and that this oxidative damage contributes to cell death. As a result of these findings, it was hypothesized that baculovirus infection stimulates superoxide radical (O 2 ·— synthesis in the mitochondria and that the resulting O 2 ·— accumulation overwhelms the cells’ antioxidant defenses. We investigated the ability of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression (which reduces O 2 ·— to H2O2) to overcome the oxidative damage caused by baculovirus infection. It was found that MnSOD expression significantly reduced oxidative damage in baculovirus-infected Tn-5B1-4 cells but had no significant effect on oxidative damage in baculovirus-infected Sf-9 cells. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that O 2 ·— accumulation in the mitochondria is at least partially responsible for the oxidative damage resulting from the baculovirus infection of insect cells.