cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convolution Estimates and Model Surfaces of Low Codimension

For k≥d/2 we give examples of measures on k-surfaces in ℝ d . These measures satisfy convolution estimates which are nearly optimal.
Immigration, assimilation and growth.

This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
Caching trust rather than content

Caching, one of the oldest ideas in computer science, often improves performance and sometimes improves availability [1, 3]. Previous uses of caching have focused on data content. It is the presence of a local copy of data that reduces access latency and masks server or network failures. This position paper puts forth the idea that it can sometimes be useful to merely cache knowledge sufficient to recognize valid data. In other words, we do not have a local copy of a data item, but possess a substitute that allows us to verify the content of that item if it is offered to us by an untrusted source. We refer to this concept as caching trust.Mobile computing is a champion application domain for this concept. Wearable and handheld computers are constantly under pressure to be smaller and lighter. However, the potential volume of data that is accessible to such devices over a wireless network keeps growing. Something has to give. In this case, it is the assumption that all data of potential interest can be hoarded on the mobile client [1, 2, 6]. In other words, such clients have to be prepared to cope with cache misses during normal use. If they are able to cache trust, then any untrusted site in the fixed infrastructure can be used to stage data for servicing cache misses --- one does not have to go back to a distant server, nor does one have to compromise security. The following scenario explores this in more detail.
Asymmetric line shapes for weak transitions in strong standing-wave fields.

We have observed the resonance line shape for a very weak atomic transition excited when an atomic beam intersects a strong standing-wave laser field. The line shape has a dramatic intensity-dependent distortion which is Doppler free and independent of the excitation rate. We have calculated the line shape predicted by optical Bloch equations that include a spatially varying ac Stark shift, and find good agreement with our experimental results.
Template rotation curves for disk galaxies

A homogeneous sample of ~2200 low-redshift disk galaxies with both high sensitivity long-slit optical spectroscopy and detailed I-band photometry is used to construct average, or template, rotation curves in separate luminosity classes, spanning six magnitudes in I-band luminosity. The template rotation curves are expressed as functions both of exponential disk scale lengths rd and of optical radii Ropt, and extend out to 4.5rd-6.5rd, depending on the luminosity bin. The two parameterizations yield slightly different results beyond Ropt, because galaxies whose Hα emission can be traced to larger extents in the disks are typically of higher optical surface brightness and are characterized by larger values of Ropt/rd. By either parameterization, these template rotation curves show no convincing evidence of velocity decline within the spatial scales over which they are sampled, even in the case of the most luminous systems. In contrast to some previous expectations, the fastest rotators (most luminous galaxies) have, on average, rotation curves that are flat or mildly rising beyond the optical radius, implying that the dark matter halo makes an important contribution to the kinematics also in these systems. The template rotation curves and the derived functional fits provide quantitative constraints for studies of the structure and evolution of disk galaxies, which aim at reproducing the internal kinematics properties of disks at the present cosmological epoch.
A SIMULATION-BASED PREVIEW OF EXTREMELY SCALED DOUBLE-GATE CMOS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

This paper gives a simulation-based preview of device-design issues and performance of extremely scaled DG CMOS. A suite of simulation tools, including a 2D numerical device simulator, a 1D numerical Poisson-Schrodinger solver, and a generic, physics/process-based DG MOSFET compact model in Spice, is applied to both asymmetrical-and symmetrical-gate DG CMOS devices and circuits to provide physical insight at the device and circuit levels. The results give added motivation as well as preliminary guidance for the development of DG CMOS.
Supply-Side Sushi: Commodity, Market, and the Global City

Urban anthropology has been simultaneously challenged and transformed as forces of globalization—variously defined in economic, political, social, and cultural terms—have been theorized as "de-territorializing" many social processes and trends formerly regarded as characteristic of urban places. Against a seemingly dis-placed cityscape of global flows of capital, commerce, commodity, and culture, this paper examines the reconfiguration of spatially and temporally dispersed relationships among labor, commodities, and cultural influence within an international seafood trade that centers on Tokyo's Tsukiji seafood market, and the local specificity of both market and place within a globalized urban setting. [Tokyo, markets, food culture, globalization]
Synthesis, Resolution, and Determination of Absolute Configuration of a Vaulted 2,2‘-Binaphthol and a Vaulted 3,3‘-Biphenanthrol (VAPOL)

Two methods for the synthesis of vaulted biaryls were developed involving the reactions of carbene complexes with alkynes and the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes. The final step in the synthesis of 3,3‘-diphenyl-[2,2‘-binaphthalene]-1,1‘-diol (39) and 2,2‘-diphenyl-[3,3‘-biphenanthrene]-4,4‘-diol (47) (VAPOL) was phenol coupling of the 3-phenyl-1-naphthol (14) and the 2-phenyl-4-phenanthrol (28), respectively. The naphthol 14 could be prepared from the thermolysis of phenylacetyl chloride in the presence of phenylacetylene or from the benzannulation of the pentacarbonyl(phenylmethoxymethylene)chromium(0) (15) with phenylacetylene which upon an acetylative workup gives O-acetyl-4-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthol (16). The reductive cleavage of the acetoxy group in 16 was unexpectedly affected by aluminum chloride and ethanethiol which were used to cleave the methyl ether. In a similar manner, the phenanthrol 28 could either be prepared from the 1-naphthylacetyl chloride (30) or pentacarbonyl(1-naphthylmethoxym...
Squaring the Circle and Cubing the Sphere: Circular and Spherical Copulas.

Do there exist circular and spherical copulas in ℝd? That is, do there exist circularly symmetric distributions on the unit disk in ℝ2 and spherically symmetric distributions on the unit ball in ℝd, d ≥ 3, whose one-dimensional marginal distributions are uniform? The answer is yes for d = 2 and 3, where the circular and spherical copulas are unique and can be determined explicitly, but no for d ≥ 4. A one-parameter family of elliptical bivariate copulas is obtained from the unique circular copula in ℝ2 by oblique coordinate transformations. Copulas obtained by a non-linear transformation of a uniform distribution on the unit ball in ℝd are also described, and determined explicitly for d = 2.
The Deployment of Curved Closed Tubes

A critical review ofprevious work on the unfurling of helically curved tubes (Greschik et al., 1994, 1996) is conducted, which leads to the proposition of a continuous and smooth deployment concept akin to the Collapsible Tube Mast (Aguirre, 1985) for curved tubes. This involves the collapse of the cross section and the subsequent roll-up of its halves one upon the other onto a storage drum. The concept's applicability to closed tubes is investigated and a method for the alleviation of the deleterious membrane strains in the stowed state is proposed.
Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income

The authors examine the distributional implications of selective compliance in sample surveys, whereby households with different incomes are not equally likely to participate. They discuss poverty and inequality measurement implications for monotonically decreasing and inverted-U compliance-income relationships. The authors demonstrate that the latent income effect on the probability of compliance can be estimated from information on response rates across geographic areas. On implementing the method on the Current Population Survey for the United States, they find that the compliance probability falls monotonically as income rises. Correcting for non-response appreciably increases mean income and inequality, but has only a small impact on poverty incidence up to poverty lines common in the United States.
The Legal Dilemma of Guantánamo Detainees from Bush to Obama

The stage for the Guantanamo detainees’ commission proceedings was set by the interplay between the Executive’s detention powers and the Judiciary’s habeas powers. The Bush administration turned to Congress to provide less than what was required by the court, instead of the minimum deemed necessary to comply with each decision, or to explore another legal argument for not complying. This article examines how the law for the Guantanamo detainees has been shaped by the US courts and by Congress. The article begins by observing the guidelines issued by the Supreme Court for compliance with the constitutional and humanitarian law requirements, and the status of the law which set the stage for the landmark decision in Boumediene v. Bush. It then turns to the line of cases in the D.C. Circuit that have defined the parameters of habeas proceedings and further examines President Obama’s 2011 Order and the review procedure it set for the Guantanamo Bay detainees. The article concludes with a reflection on the torture policy of the Bush administration and the future of military commissions.
Rounding of pumice clasts during transport: field measurements and laboratory studies

Volcanic clasts in many pyroclastic density current deposits are notably more round than their counterparts in corresponding fall deposits. This increase in roundness and sphericity reflects different degrees of comminution, abrasion and breakup during transport. We performed experimental measurements to determine an empirical relationship between particle shape and mass loss caused by particle–particle interactions. We consider, as examples, pumice from four volcanoes: Medicine Lake, California; Lassen, California; Taupo, New Zealand; Mount St Helens, Washington. We find that average sample roundness reaches a maximum value once particles lose between 15% and 60% of their mass. The most texturally homogeneous clasts (Taupo) become the most round. Crystal-rich pumice abrades more slowly than crystal-free pumice of similar density. Abrasion rates also decrease with time as particles become less angular. We compare our experimental measurements with the shapes of clasts in one of the May 18, 1980 pyroclastic density current units at Mount St Helens, deposited 4–8 km from the vent. The measured roundness of these clasts is close to the experimentally determined maximum value. For a much smaller deposit from the 1915 Lassen eruption, clast roundness is closer to the value for pumice in fall deposits and suggests that only a few volume percent of material was removed from large clasts. In neither field deposit do we see a significant change in roundness with increasing distance from the vent. We suggest that this trend is recorded because much of the rounding and ash production occur in proximal regions where the density currents are the most energetic. As a result, all clasts that are deposited have experienced similar amounts of comminution in the proximal region, and similar amounts of abrasion as they settle through the dense, near-bed region prior to final deposition.
Is prolactin secreted ectopically

Abstract The ectopic secretion of prolactin by neoplasms has been reported only rarely although in one preliminary report it has been found to be present commonly in tumor extracts. To ascertain whether this is due to a true rarity of prolactin-secreting tumors or to the fact that prolactin hypersecretion causes few notable clinical symptoms in patients with cancer, we measured prolactin levels by radioimmunoassay in the serums of 215 patients who had a variety of malignancies. Prolactin levels were elevated (> 25 ng/ml) in 15 patients. In 12 of these 15 patients, the elevations could be explained by the use of phenothiazine or opiates, or prior irradiation to the chest wall or head. Additional serum samples showed clearly normal prolactin levels in one of the patients. Of the entire series of 215 patients, therefore, only two patients (1 percent) had modestly elevated prolactin levels without having known causes for hyperprolactinemia: one patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (prolactin 34.1 ng/ml) and one patient with breast cancer (prolactin 45.4 ng/ml). Even in these two patients the hyperprolactinemia could as likely be due to stimulation of afferent nerves in the chest wall as to ectopic secretion by the tumors. There is no clear evidence in our study or in the literature that prolactin is secreted ectopically; this is in sharp contrast to many studies showing the high frequencies of the ectopic secretion of a number of other hormones. Why this is so is unknown.
The reduced form: A simple approach to inference with weak instruments

Abstract In this paper, we show that conventional heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust inference procedures based on the reduced form provide tests and confidence intervals for structural parameters that are valid when instruments are strongly or weakly correlated to the endogenous variables.
III-V Heterostructure Devices For Integrated Optics

A review is given of recent progress in the development of integrated optical circuits involving the AlGa1-XAs/GaAs double heterostructure system. Various devices utilizing periodic corrugations or gratings are described briefly, whereas alternate attempts to fabricate optical circuits by wet chemical etching are discussed in more detail. The current trend to explore other III-V compounds is considered, with emphasis on the quaternary system GaxIn1-xPYAs1-y. Lattice matching of this quaternary to InP results in long wavelength emission, suitable for use with present optical fibers. A number of reasons are also given for increased investigation of this quaternary lattice-matched to GaAs.
Effect of Ligand Exchange on the Stability and Optical Properties of CdSe Quantum Dots

A new post-synthesis heat/ligand-exchange treatment on CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots that allows fine-tuning the quantum dots size without losing important properties (e.g. photoluminescence) is presented. The careful control of parameters such as the reaction temperature, the quantum dot to alkyl-amine ligand mole ratio and the solvent volume is shown to provide tunable size reduction of the nanocrystals. This size reduction phenomenon provides new insights into the surface chemistry and stability of nanocrystals and can serve as a platform for designing, controlling and processing nanomaterials with tailored properties.
Asymmetric Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Amino Boronate Esters from N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Aldimines

A general and efficient new method for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha-amino boronate esters has been developed. The key step is the Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron to N-tert-butanesulfinyl aldimines, which proceeds in good yields (52-88%) and with very high diastereoselectivities (>96:2) for a variety of aldimine substrates. This method was applied to an efficient synthesis of bortezomib, a potent alpha-amino boronic acid inhibitor of the proteasome that is in clinical use for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.
Fractionization of the military context

Every subject is said to have both an inside and an outside. Its outside has to do with the relationships between the subject and matters external to it; while its inside is concerned with the subject's own internal dynamics. My talk concerns the dynamics of information in today's institutions with specific reference to the problems of command and control. Thus I shall leave questions concerned with the relation of command to strategy and the nature of future wars to my colleagues who are well prepared, as I am not, to discuss them.
Micro-CT imaging of Randall’s plaques

Micro-computed tomographic imaging (micro-CT) provides unprecedented information on stone structure and mineral composition. High-resolution micro-CT even allows visualization of the lumens of tubule and/or vessels within Randall’s plaque, on stones or in papillary biopsies, thus giving a non-destructive way to study these sites of stone adhesion. This paper also shows an example of a stone growing on a different anchoring mechanism: a mineral plug within the lumen of a Bellini duct (BD plug). Micro-CT shows striking structural differences between stones that have grown on Randall’s plaque and those that have grown on BD plugs. Thus, Randall’s plaque can be distinguished by micro-CT, and this non-destructive method shows great promise in helping to elucidate the different mechanisms by which small stones are retained in the kidney during the development of nephrolithiasis.
Perspective on “Theoretical interpretation of 1–2 asymmetric induction. The importance of antiperiplanarity”

This paper describes how Anh and Eisenstein’s publication in 1977 solved a classic problem in organic stereochemistry and simultaneously provided the impetus and a model for the use of quantum mechanics to understand a wide range of organic chemical phenomena in a style accessible to experimental chemists.
Age- and maturity-related changes in body composition during adolescence into adulthood: the fels longitudinal study

We examined patterns of change in body composition from 8 to 20 yrs of age and the effects of rate of maturation on these patterns using serial data for total body fat (TBF). There is a continual increase, but a declining rate of change with age in TBF. For %BF the same pattern as for TBF exists for females, but for males the pattern of change in percentage body fat (%BF) reflects the concurrent changes in fat free mass (FFM). For FFM, there is an increase in females that slows at older ages, but in males there is a continual rapid increase until young adulthood. There is marked tracking for body composition persisting from childhood to adulthood. At the same age, rapidly maturing children have significantly larger TBF, %BF and FFM than slowly maturing children.
Nanoscale Zippers in the Crystalline Solid. Structural Variations in the Giant Magnetocaloric Material Gd5Si1.5Ge2.5

The magnetocaloric material Gd5Si1.5Ge2.5 has been synthesized and its crystal structures at 292 and 163 K are reported from single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. At room temperature, ortho...
Variable Stars in the Field of the Globular Cluster NGC 3201

We report on the discovery and analysis of 14 short-period variable stars in the field of the southern globular cluster NGC 3201, located within roughly 2 mag on either side of the main-sequence turnoff. Eleven of these variable stars are eclipsing binaries, one is an RR Lyrae, and two are thus far unclassified systems. Among the eclipsing binary stars, nine are of the W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) type, one an Algol (EA) system, and one a detached system. Using spectroscopic follow-up observations, as well as analysis of the variables' locations in the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster, we find that only one variable star (a W UMa type blue straggler) is actually a member of NGC 3201. We present the phased photometry light curves for all the variable star systems, as well as their locations in the field of view and in the color-magnitude diagram.
Disc-shaped IPMC for use in energy harvesting

Conventionally, energy harvesting from IPMC is studied in the bender configuration. However, for energy harvesting from uncontrolled or multi-directional vibration, there is a need to produce 2-D and/or 3-D energy harvester. This paper discusses the use of IPMC for energy harvesting using disc-shaped IPMCs. Making disc imparts more flexibility to the sample and enables energy harvesting from all around the perimeter of the disc without increase in size. Disc-shaped IPMCs were prepared from Nafion granules using a hot press method. The manufactured discs are flexible and suitable for bending not only along the diameter but also side ways. The sample was vibrated along the diameter at 1Hz, 0.25 inch displacement using a TIRA shaker for the testing.
The Democratic Peace is Not Democratic: On Behalf of Rawls’ Decent Societies

In The Law of Peoples, John Rawls defends the claim that ‘decent’ societies (non-liberal, non-democratic constitutional republics) deserve full and good standing in the international community. His defense of decent societies consists of two main arguments. First, he argues that the basic human right to political participation does not imply a right to democratic political institutions. This argument has been thoroughly discussed by commentators. Second, he argues that decent societies, if admitted to the international community, would pose no special threat to the stability of that community. This argument has largely been ignored. My aim in this article is to analyze this second argument, which I call the ‘peace argument’.
Mesophases of soft-sphere aggregates

Soft spheres interacting via a hard core and a range of attractive and repulsive ‘soft-shoulder’ potentials self-assemble into clusters forming a variety of mesophases. We combine a mean-field theory developed from a lattice model with a level surface analysis of the periodic structures of soft-sphere aggregates to study stable morphologies for all clustering potentials. We develop a systematic approach to the thermodynamics of mesophase assembly in the low-temperature, strong-segregation and predict a generic sequence of phases including lamella, hexagonal-columnar and body-center cubic phases, as well as the associated inverse structures. We discuss the finite temperature corrections to strong segregation theory in terms of Sommerfeld-like expansion and how these corrections affect the thermodynamic stability of bicontinuous mesophase structures, such as gyroid. Finally, we explore the opposite limit of weakly-segregated particles, and predict the generic stability of a bicontinuous cluster morphology within the mean-field phase diagram.
Coordination and valence of europium in [Eu(α-2-As2W17O61)2]17- and [Eu(W5O18)2]9-

Abstract Europium L3 edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroelectrochemistry was used to determine the valence of europium in [Eu(α-2-As2W17O61)2]17− and [Eu(W5O18)2]9−. Dilute solutions of these anions in aqueous supporting electrolytes were examined at ambient temperature and at extreme potentials. In situ XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) data revealed that Eu is trivalent in both [Eu(α-2-As2W17O61)2]17− and [Eu(W5O18)2]9− at rest potential. Furthermore, it was not reduced to Eu2+ by constant-potential bulk electrolysis at significantly reducing potentials under the electrochemical conditions used herein. These results stand in obvious contrast to the redox behavior of [EuP5W30O110]12−, in which Eu3+ is reduced to Eu2+ under similar electrochemical conditions.
What should be taught in Intermediate Macroeconomics

A lack of consensus remains on what should form the theoretical core of the undergraduate intermediate macroeconomic course. In determining how to deal with the Keynesian/classical divide, instructors must decide whether to follow the modern approach of building macroeconomic relationships from micro foundations, or to use the traditional approach based on aggregate models of the macroeconomy. In this article, the authors discuss the advantages and shortcomings of each approach in the context of course objectives. Because there is significant heterogeneity in textbook coverage, the authors summarize some of the approaches taken in current intermediate-level textbooks, which should serve as a useful starting point for new instructors. The authors also discuss how each approach can be extended to analyze the recent recession in the United States.
Mechanism of atmospheric photooxidation of aromatics: A theoretical study

The mechanisms of atmospheric photooxidation of aromatic compounds are of seminal importance in the chemistry of the urban and regional atmosphere. It has been difficult to experimentally account for the full spectrum of oxidation products in laboratory studies. In an effort to fully elucidate the atmospheric reaction pathways for the aromatic−OH reaction, we have conducted theoretical calculations on aromatic intermediates. Energies have been determined for these intermediates by using semiempirical UHF/PM3 geometry optimizations combined with ab initio calculations using density functional theory (DFT). A hybrid DFT model, the Becke3 parameter function with the nonlocal correlation function of Lee, Yang, and Parr, was used in conjunction with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set to study the intermediate structures. Full mechanisms for the OH-initiated photooxidation of toluene, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and m-ethyltoluene are developed. The lowest energy intermediates have been determined, and pr...
The chemistry of pentavalent organobismuth reagents. Part 14. Recent advances in the copper-catalyzed phenylation of amines☆

Abstract A reinvestigation of the copper-mediated phenylation of amines by Biv reagents is reported. The influence of the ligands bound to bismuth and the basicity of the amines have been examined. These results, combined with our previous observations, led to the development of a new system for the quantitative phenylation of selected hindered aliphatic and aromatic amines.
Monopolistic security design in finance economies

The purpose of this paper is to analyze endogenous asset innovation by an entrepreneurial exchange owner in a general equilibrium model of incomplete security markets with financial transaction fees. A monopolistic market maker has the technology to introduce a new option into the economy and charge investors proportional transaction fees if they trade on the exchange. The market maker's objective is to choose the security and transaction fee that maximize revenues when opening the exchange. A computational analysis of this problem is necessary since there are no interesting models with closed-form solutions. We compute the price and welfare effects of the option introduction.
Stability Tests for One, Two, and Multidimensional Linear Systems

The paper reviews analytical stability tests for 1-dimensional linear systems since the early tests of E.J. Routh in his famous Adams Prize essay of 1877. The historical background of Routh's stability test and criterion, as well as Fuller's conjecture on its simplification, will be mentioned. In the historical review, the works of Hermite, Sylvester, Maxwell and others as related to the stability problem are also discussed. This review provides the context for a discussion of recent stability tests obtained for 2-dimensional and multidimensional linear systems. These tests are described and their computational complexity discussed in detail. In addition, the applications of stability testing to the study of 2- and multidimensional digital filters, numerical analysis of stiff-differential equations, realisation of mixed lumped- and distributed parameter systems, and the design of output feedback systems will be briefly mentioned. Comments on future research in this area conclude the review.
Components for the Telstar project

The Telstar project required a variety of components and structures of high reliability. The program for obtaining these components was essentially that originated for submarine cable devices, in which designs of proven integrity were manufactured under controlled conditions, screened and aged to remove defectives, and then life tested and certified using techniques for selecting the most stable components. This program summary illustrates in principle the techniques described in detail in the body of this components section of the issue
China's economic transition and the new legal origins literature

Abstract Recent years have seen the emergence of a new body of scholarship addressing relationships between national legal systems and various aspects of economic performance and governance. Using sophisticated statistical techniques, this new “legal origins” literature seeks to establish relationships between formal legal categories, such as the Common law/Civil law dichotomy, and national economic and political outcomes. As a seemingly self-conscious attempt to bring about a paradigm shift in the study of law, politics, and economic development, this literature deserves close scrutiny. This paper examines the new literature from two perspectives; first, through the lens of jurisprudence and comparative legal history, and second, through the lens of China's experience with legal reform and economic development. Based on this examination, the paper argues that the literature's ultimate scientific value may be undermined by its reliance on overly formalistic variables, and that its scientific veneer overlays a familiar set of political values and policy prescriptions. Finally, with respect to the challenges facing China it is not clear that the literature offers great new insights.
Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History

Abstract Different types of molecules are discussed in relation to their fitness for providing the basis for a molecular phylogeny. Best fit are the “semantides”, i.e. the different types of macromolecules that carry the genetic information or a very extensive translation thereof. The fact that more than one coding triplet may code for a given amino acid residue in a polypeptide leads to the notion of “isosemantic substitutions” in genic and messenger polynucleotides. Such substitutions lead to differences in nucleotide sequence that are not expressed by differences in amino acid sequence. Some possible consequences of isosemanticism are discussed.
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents and Beyond

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique based on the detection of nuclear spin reorientations in a magnetic field. MRI provides high spatial resolution and soft-tissue contrast in anatomical images, and a large penetration depth; however, it is relatively insensitive and typically relies on large doses of administered contrast agents to give adequate contrast between normal and diseased tissues. This review covers the development of nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) as novel MRI contrast agents. NMOFs not only provide an effective vehicle for delivering large amounts of paramagnetic metal centers but also exhibit enhanced per-metal-based relaxivity relative to clinically used small-molecule contrast agents. The in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of these agents has also been demonstrated. The potential of NMOFs as contrast agents for other imaging modalities, such as optical imaging (OI) and X-ray computed tomography (CT), and as chemical and biological sensors is also discussed.
Heliospheric magnetic field 1835-2009

[1] We use recently acquired geomagnetic archival data to extend our long-term reconstruction of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) strength. The 1835–2009 HMF series is based on an updated and substantiated InterDiurnal Variability (IDV) series from 1872 onwards and on Bartels' extension, by proxy, of his u-series from 1835 to 1871. The new IDV series, termed IDV09, has excellent agreement (R2 = 0.98; RMS = 0.3 nT) with the earlier IDV05 series, and also with the negative component of Love's extended (to 1905) Dst series (R2 = 0.91). Of greatest importance to the community, in an area of research that has been contentious, comparison of the extended HMF series with other recent reconstructions of solar wind B for the last ∼100 years yields a strong consensus between series based on geomagnetic data. Differences exist from ∼1900–1910 but they are far smaller than the previous disagreement for this key interval of low solar wind B values which closely resembles current solar activity. Equally encouraging, a discrepancy with an HMF reconstruction based on 10Be data for the first half of the 20th century has largely been removed by a revised 10Be-based reconstruction published after we submitted this paper, although a remaining discrepancy for the years ∼1885–1905 will need to be resolved.
Microdiffraction's contribution to microcharacterization

Abstract In characterizing materials on the microscopic scale, we are interested in the morphology, the chemistry (including composition) and the structure of the sample. In the transmission electron microscope, the morphology is given by normal imaging, the chemistry is obtained from X-ray and energy-loss spectroscopies, and the structure from either high resolution imaging or diffraction or both. Microdiffraction provides the following information on crystalline samples: unit cell, symmetry, sample thickness, phase identification and strain. It also has potential for the characterization of defects and disordered systems. There is rapid progress towards the establishment of a routine method for the determination of atomic positions.
Multivariable Bilinear Vehicle Control Using Steering and Individual Wheel Torques

The focus of this paper is the stabilization of vehicle motion to a prescribed path while integrating an increased subset of vehicle inputs than was previously attempted. The integration of the steering inputs and the wheel torque inputs is achieved within the context of bilinear feedback control. The bilinear terms in the model formulation are used to describe the effect of wheel steer angles on the effective moment arm associated with brake or drive torques applied at the relevant wheels. The wheel torques may assume both positive or negative values. A nonlinear state feedback controller which attempts to minimize a quadratic performance index is developed and simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the vehicle in an AHS lane tracking scenario. The simulations are performed on a previously developed nonlinear vehicle model.
Variational formulation of the Gardner's restacking algorithm

Abstract The incompressibility of the phase flow of Hamiltonian wave-plasma interactions restricts the class of realizable wave-driven transformations of the particle distribution. After the interaction, the distribution remains composed of the original phase-space elements, or local densities, which are only rearranged (“restacked”) by the wave. A variational formalism is developed to study the corresponding limitations on the energy and momentum transfer. A case of particular interest is a toroidal plasma immersed in a dc magnetic field. The restacking algorithm by Gardner [Phys. Fluids 6 (1963) 839] is formulated precisely. The minimum energy state for a plasma with a given current is determined.
Selling to Socially Responsible Consumers: Competition and The Private Provision of Public Goods

We model firms as competing for socially responsible consumers by linking the provision of a public good (environmentally friendly or socially responsible activities) to sales of their private goods. In many cases, too little of the public good is provided, but under certain conditions, competition leads to excessive provision. Further, there is generally a trade-off between more efficient provision of the private and the public good. Our results indicate that the level of private provision of the public good varies inversely with the competitiveness of the private-good market and that the types of public goods provided are biased toward those for which consumers have high participation value.
Small molecule somatostatin receptor subtype-2 antagonists.

Abstract The first potent small molecule sst2 antagonists are reported. Altering known sst2 agonist molecules yielded compounds with high sst2 binding affinity and full antagonist activity. Compound 7a, for example, displaced somatostatin binding to the sst2 receptor with an IC50=2.9 nM and antagonized somatostatin action with an IC50=29 nM.
Contingent valuation analysis of willingness to pay to reduce childhood obesity

Several recent surveys have asked Americans whether they support policies to reduce childhood obesity. There is reason for skepticism of such surveys because people are not confronted with the tax costs of such policies when they are asked whether they support them. This paper uses contingent valuation (CV), a method frequently used to estimate people's willingness to pay (WTP) for goods or services not transacted in markets, applied to unique survey data from New York State to estimate the willingness to pay to reduce childhood obesity. The willingness to pay data correlate in predictable ways with respondent characteristics. The mean WTP for a 50% reduction in childhood obesity is $46.41 (95% CI: $33.45, $59.15), which implies a total WTP by New York State residents of $690.6 million (95% CI: $497.7, $880.15), which is less than that implied by previous surveys that did not use CV methods but greater than current spending on policies to reduce childhood obesity and greater than the estimated savings in external costs. The findings provide policymakers with useful information about taxpayers' support for, and preferred budget for, anti-obesity policies.
Scaling of hybrid-electric vehicle powertrain components for Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation enables experimental study of prototype hardware systems or control algorithms via real time interaction between physical hardware and virtual simulations. As a result, this method is a particularly valuable tool for hybrid vehicle powertrain analysis. In the case where novel or prototype hardware is being examined, it is often necessary to scale the signals in and out of the prototype system in order to represent production-sized components. This scaling process is often done in an ad-hoc manner. In this work, a formal method is presented that derives appropriate input/output signal conditioning to correctly scale electric vehicle components, particularly the following subsystems: electric motor and battery pack.
Universal homotopy theories

Abstract Begin with a small category C . The goal of this short note is to point out that there is such a thing as a “universal model category built from C .” We describe applications of this to the study of homotopy colimits, the Dwyer–Kan theory of framings, sheaf theory, and the homotopy theory of schemes.
An improved practical synthesis of protected α-amino selenocarboxylates and its application to the synthesis of N-(α-aminoacyl)sulfonamides

An improved practical synthetic method was developed for the preparation of selenocarboxylates of amino acids through the reaction of the corresponding activated esters with sodium hydrogen selenide in alcoholic or aqueous medium. The protected α-amino selenocarboxylates reacted readily with sulfonyl azide to form N-(α-aminoacyl)sulfonamides in high yields. The commonly used protecting groups in amino acid and peptide chemistries are well tolerated under these reaction conditions. No protecting groups are needed for the side chains of Arg, Met, Ser, Tyr, and Trp.
Sales Contracts and Production Uncertainty

The paper examines production under common uncertainty where sales contracts specify penalties for under- or over-production. We locate a trade-off between high productivity and the incurrence of penalties, and identify work incentives appropriate for different cases.
Electroweak symmetry breaking as a consequence of compact dimensions

Abstract It has been shown recently that the Higgs doublet may be composite, with the left-handed top-bottom doublet and a new right-handed anti-quark as constituents bound by some four-quark operators with non-perturbative coefficients. I show that these operators are naturally induced if there are extra spatial dimensions with a compactification scale in the multi-TeV range. The Higgs compositeness is due mainly to the Kaluza–Klein modes of the gluons, while flavor symmetry breaking may be provided by various fields propagating in the compact dimensions. I comment briefly on the embedding of this scenario in string theory.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RIBE PROGRAM

We survey problems, results, ideas, and recent progress in the Ribe program. The goal of this research program, which is motivated by a classical rigidity theorem of Martin Ribe, is to obtain structural results for metric spaces that are inspired by the local theory of Banach spaces. We also present examples of applications of the Ribe program to several areas, including group theory, theoretical computer science, and probability theory.
Simulating travel reliability

We present a simulation model designed to determine the impact on congestion of policies for dealing with travel time uncertainty. The model combines a supply side model of congestion delay with a discrete choice econometric demand model that predicts scheduling choices for morning commute trips. The supply model describes congestion technology and exogenously specifies the probability, severity, and duration of non-recurrent events. From these, given traffic volumes, a distribution of travel times is generated, from which a mean, a standard deviation, and a probability of arriving late are calculated. The demand model uses these outputs from the supply model as independent variables and choices are forecast using sample enumeration and a synthetic sample of work start times and free flow travel times. The process is iterated until a stable congestion pattern is achieved. We report on the components of expected cost and the average travel delay for selected simulations.
Plasma processing for integrated circuits

The steady advance of integrated circuit technology is one of the most remarkable technology trends in this era of technological revolution. For example, the 64-k memory chips of the early 1980s are now being replaced by 4-M and even 16-M chips. This trend is expected to continue with chips at the giga-bit level being available in a decade. The needs for ultraviolet and then X-ray lithography to define the submicron features needed for these larger, denser chips have been widely discussed. However, in parallel, the equipment (referred to as tools in the industry) and related processes to carry out the deposition and etching steps needed to actually produce devices in the tenth-micron range also require significant development. This paper summarizes present and anticipated contributions of magnetic fusion plasma theory and diagnostics and plasma production technology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the development of integrated circuit production technology. The discussion is introduced with a review of past technology evolution and of the present economic context for manufacturing.
Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact Models for Various Mechanical Properties

This work uses the finite element technique to model the elasto-plastic deformation of a hemisphere contacting a rigid flat for various material properties typical of aluminum, bronze, copper, titanium and malleable cast iron. Additionally, this work conducted parametric FEM tests on a generic material in which the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are varied independently while the yield strength is held constant. A larger spectrum of material properties are covered in this work than in most previous works. The results are compared to two previously formulated elasto-plastic models simulating the deformation of a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat. Both of the previously formulated models use carbon steel mechanical properties to arrive at empirical formulations implied to pertain to various materials. While both models considered several carbon steels with varying yield strengths, they did not test materials with varying Poisson’s ratio or elastic modulus. The previously generated elasto-plastic models give fairly good predictions when compared to the FEM results for various material properties from the current work, except that one model produces more accurate predictions overall, especially at large deformations where other models neglect important trends due to decreases in “hardness” with increasing deformation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Evolution of Israel's Military Expenditures: 1960-1983

While previous studies of defense spending in developed and less-developed countries have thus far treated defense expenditures, arms transfers, and military aid separately, this study combines and integrates these components into a single model of defense spending. A mathematical, simulation model of Israeli defense spending since 1960 is developed, its parameters estimated using data from official Israeli sources, and its empirical fit evaluated via the dynamic trajectory fitting technique. Over two-thirds of the variance in each of these components is captured by the model. Israeli military expenditures were found to be influenced by security concerns as reflected in the arms race with the Arabs and war involvement and by political and economic variables such as elections, inflation, and military aid. Moreover, the study reveals a strong feedback that permits the domestic budget, military imports and military aid to influence one another jointly.
Deterministic parallel list ranking

In this paper we describe a simple parallel algorithm for list ranking. The algorithm is deterministic and runs inO(logn) time on an EREW PRAM withn/logn processors. The algorithm matches the performance of the Cole-Vishkin [CV3] algorithm but is simple and has reasonable constant factors.
Human engineering environments for the aged.

Abstract Human engineering is generally concerned with the design of human tasks, systems, and environments so that people can work and live safely, comfortably, and effectively. As a product of World War II, human engineering has until recently been primarily concerned with military and aerospace systems. Lately, however, the field has been focussing on broader societal problems. Many human engineering principles can easily be generalized to cover the design of certain features of environments for the aged. However, the most effective use of human engineering in this area will require research to supply better information about the aged, their needs, capacities and limitations
Quantum computation of zeta functions of curves

We exhibit a quantum algorithm for determining the zeta function of a genus g curve over a finite field Fq, which is polynomial in g and log(q) This amounts to giving an algorithm to produce provably random elements of the class group of a curve, plus a recipe for recovering a Well polynomial from enough of its cyclic resultants. The latter effectivizes a result of Fried in a restricted setting.
Fertility, income distribution, and economic growth: theory and cross-country evidence.

Abstract The theoretical analysis demonstrates that due to borrowing constraints countries with smaller average family size and with more equal distribution of income attain higher per-worker (per-capita) output. The empirical analysis shows that the combined effect of fertility and income distribution is substantial in explaining per-worker (per-capita) output and growth performance across countries. In particular, the negative effect of the labor force (or population) growth rate on economic growth, suggested by the neoclassical growth model, is shown to be insignificant, whereas that of the family size as suggested by the current paper is shown to be significant.