cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of MET receptor tyrosine kinase in non-small cell lung cancer and clinical development of targeted anti-MET agents.

A better understanding of the pathophysiology and evolution of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has identified a number of molecular targets and spurred development of novel targeted therapeutic agents. The MET receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are implicated in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in a broad spectrum of human cancers, including NSCLC. Amplification of MET has been reported in approximately 5%–22% of lung tumors with acquired resistance to small-molecule inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Resistance to EGFR inhibitors is likely mediated through downstream activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase /AKT pathway. Simultaneous treatment of resistant tumors with a MET inhibitor plus an EGFR inhibitor can abrogate activation of downstream effectors of cell growth, proliferation, and survival, thereby overcoming acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Development and preclinical testing of multiple agents targeting the HGF–MET pathway, including monoclonal antibodies targeting HGF or the MET receptor and small-molecule inhibitors of the MET tyrosine kinase, have confirmed the crucial role of this pathway in NSCLC. Several agents are now in phase III clinical development for the treatment of NSCLC. This review summarizes the role of MET in the pathophysiology of NSCLC and in acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and provides an update on progress in the clinical development of inhibitors of MET for treatment of NSCLC.
3D memory stacking for fast checkpointing/restore applications

As technology scales, modern massive parallel processing (MPP) systems are facing large system overhead caused by high failure rates. To provide the system-level fault tolerance, the traditional in-disk checkpointing/restart schemes are usually adopted by periodically dumping system states and memory contents to hard disk drives (HDDs). When errors occur, the system can be restored by reading checkpoints from HDDs. The low bandwidth and slow speed of HDDs are now becoming the major bottleneck for the MPP system performance. Consequently, novel checkpointing schemes are need to facilitate the move from Petascale computing to Exascale computing. We have proposed a 3D memory stacking method [1] that leverage the massive number of TSVs between memory layers to help high-bandwidth checkpointing/restore. To validate the proposed scheme, we design a 2-layer TSV-based SRAM/SRAM 3D-stacked chip to mimic the high-bandwidth and fast data transfer from one memory layer to another memory layer, so that the inmemory checkpointing/restartrestore scheme can be enabled for the future exascale computing. The capacity of each SRAM layer is 1Mbit. Each layer contains 64 banks, with each bank contains 256 words and the word length is 64-bit. The final footprint including I/O pad is 2.9mm×2mm. The SRAM dies were taped out in GlobalFoundries using its 130nm low power process, and the 3D stacking was done by using Tezzaron's TSV technology. The prototyping chip can perform checkpointing/restart at the speed of 4K/cycle with 1Ghz clock.
The June Surprises: Balls, Strikes, and the Fog of War

At first, few constitutional experts took seriously the argument that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act exceeded Congress's power under the commerce clause. The highly political opinions of two federal district judges - carefully chosen by challenging plaintiffs - of no particular distinction did not shake that confidence that the act was constitutional. This disdain for the challengers' arguments was only confirmed when the act was upheld by two highly respected conservative court of appeals judges in two separate circuits. But after the hostile, even mocking questioning of the government's advocate in the Supreme Court by the five Republican-appointed justices, the expectation was that the act would indeed be struck down on that ground. So it came as no surprise when the five opined the act did indeed exceed Congress's commerce clause power. But it came as a great surprise when Chief Justice John Roberts, joined by the four Democrat-appointed justices, ruled that the act could be sustained as an exercise of Congress's taxing power - a ground urged by the government almost as an afterthought. It was further surprising, even shocking, that Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito not only wrote a joint opinion on the commerce clause virtually identical to that of their chief, but that in writing it they did not refer to or even acknowledge his opinion. Finally surprising was the fact that Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer joined the chief in holding that aspects of the act's Medicaid expansion were unconstitutional. This essay ponders and tries to unravel some of these puzzles.
Explanatory Models of Self-Understanding in Adolescents Born With Spina Bifida

The author used phenomenological (interpretive) ethnography to uncover how living with physical disability shapes self-understanding (identity) in adolescents born with spina bifida. She conducted multiple in-depth interviews with 11 late-stage adolescents (ages 18 to 24 years). Analysis of their narrative accounts illustrated differences with respect to how study participants understand and experience physical disability and its attached meanings in relation to self-understanding. Study participants took up (claimed) disability in three primary ways: identity as overcoming disability, identity as objectifying disability, and identity as integrating disability. These informal explanatory models of self-understanding were fluid, not static, mirroring identity development in youth. Findings suggest that individuals born with physical disability confer explanatory meaning to their disability that occurs within a background of deeply held, taken-for-granted assumptions, meanings, and practices from local and larger sociopolitical contexts. These informal explanatory models offer insight into positive disability identity.
Two-Dimensional Spectra in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

One-dimensional spectra are frequently used to relate features of measured and simulated meteorological field variables in the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), but two-dimensional spectra can provide more reliable scale information than one-dimensional spectra. Here a method is presented for obtaining two-dimensional spectra from one-dimensional spectra, and it includes examples using data from large-eddy simulations and field measurements in the ABL.
The Cosine Two Theta Quadrupole Magnets for the Jefferson Lab Super High Momentum Spectrometer

The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV/c upgrade involves building a new 12 GeV/c spectrometer for JLAB's Hall C called the super high momentum spectrometer (SHMS). This device achieves 4.5 mStr acceptance at bend angles for 5.5 to 40 by using five magnetic elements in a DQQQD configuration. The Q1 quadrupole is described elsewhere in this conference and is an evolution of a cold iron magnet used previously for the existing JLAB 7.5 GeV/c high momentum spectrometer (HMS). The pair of identical cosine two theta quads are an entirely new design with a large 60 cm warm bore and 13 T/m gradient. These 5 T Quads provide focusing for particles from 1 to 12 GeV/c and have an integral gradient strength of 23.5 (T/m)m. The magnetic design, including multipole strengths, will be presented. The quadrupole cold mass uses a stainless steel shrink fit force collar, titanium keys and a copper stabilized superconductor consisting of a 36 strand surplus SSC outer cable wave soldered to a copper extruded substrate. This combination provides for a very conservative magnet that can be assembled with little or no tooling and a high degree of stability. The force collar mechanical analysis will be presented as well as details of the magnet cryostat.
Comparing U.S. and Japanese corporate-level operating performance using financial statement data

This study uses financial statement data restated to a similar reporting basis to compare the operating performance of U.S. and Japanese companies, identifying possible strategic and environmental explanations for the differences observed. Comparisons are made for U.S. and Japanese samples as a whole, for groups of Japanese firms (keiretsu v. nonkeiretsu), and for 11 industries. The results show that neither country appears to generate systematically higher profit margins, but that U.S. firms turnover assets other than inventory more quickly and therefore have higher rates of return on assets. More intensive examination of these results suggests that environmental factors, such as cultural or structural differences, are the primary causes of the observed differences in the data analyzed.
Domain-wall pinning at inhomogeneities of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry

The coercivity of cellular Sm-Co based permanent magnets is investigated by model calculations. The grain boundaries responsible for the pinning coercivity are modeled as planar inhomogeneities with arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. The calculation yields a physically transparent integral equation for the pinning energy, whose derivative is the pinning force. The theory rationalizes experimental data on a semiquantitative level, but without adjustable parameters, and bridges the gap between smooth concentration gradients and abrupt interfaces. Explicit results are obtained for sinusoidal profiles, for very thin grain boundaries, and for profiles intermediate between attractive and repulsive pinning. The corrections predicted by the present model elucidate the occurrence of coercivity when the main and grain-boundary phases have the same wall energy.
Was Einstein Wrong on Quantum Physics

Einstein is considered by many as the father of quantum physics in some sense. Yet there is an unshakable view that he was wrong on quantum physics. Although it may be a subject of considerable debate, the core of his allegedly wrong demurral was the insistence on finding an objective reality underlying the manifestly bizarre behavior of quantum objects. The uncanny wave-particle duality of a quantum particle is a prime example. In view of the latest developments, particularly in quantum field theory, objections of Einstein are substantially corroborated. Careful investigation suggests that a travelling quantum particle is a holistic wave packet consisting of an assemblage of irregular disturbances in quantum fields. It acts as a particle because only the totality of all the disturbances in the wave packet yields the energy momentum with the mass of a particle, along with its other conserved quantities such as charge and spin. Thus the wave function representing a particle is not just a fictitious mathematical construct but embodies a reality of nature as asserted by Einstein.
Ionic Regulation of Growth in Normal and Tumor Cells

That cellular growth is regulated by intracellular ions such as Na, K, Mg, Ca and H stems from several lines of evidence. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis or EDS gives us the potential to study the relationship between ionic content and growth in cells with carefully characterized growth kinetics. The EDS technique can measure the content of several ions simultaneously at a subcellular level. EDS can be applied both to cells in culture or in vivo. This technique, as with other techniques does not give data on the free or the bound state of the ions measured. EDS has been used to measure elemental concentration differences between rapidly and slowly dividing cell populations and to measure differences between tumor and their non-tumor counterpart cells. We find that increased intracellular Na is related to rapid cell proliferation but show that increased Na is more dramatically related to oncogenesis than to mitogenesis. Our recent results from the injection of amiloride (a drug which blocks the passive influx of Na into mitotically activated mammalian cells) into tumorous mice, indicates that the intranuclear concentration of Na, but not Mg or K is correlated to the proliferative activity of rapidly dividing duodenal crypt enterocytes and also to rapidly proliferating H6 hepatoma cells in mice. That Na but no other ion measured changed in parallel with cell proliferative activity implicates Na in the regulation of cell replication. This finding does not rule out H or other unmeasured ions in the ionic regulation of cell proliferation.
Using Simpson's Rule to Approximate Sums of Infinite Series

(1997). Using Simpson's Rule to Approximate Sums of Infinite Series. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 368-376.
The transplacental passage of fetal leukocytes into the maternal blood.

SummaryThe sex chromosome was used as a marker to detect leakage of fetal cells through the placenta into the maternal circulation during the course of, and after pregnancy. PHA–stimulated peripheral blood cultures from healthy pregnant and post–partum women were used for this study.Twelve of 14 women, with male cells in their peripheral blood, gave birth to male babies. The cultures of six women, who bore male infants, were examined pre and post partum. None of them revealed male cells prior to delivery but five of them had male cells after delivery. Male karyotypes could be detected in the maternal blood for as long as six months after delivery. Our results indicate that the fetal leukocytes can traverse the placenta and enter the maternal circulation more readily at two time periods. One occurs during the first trimester; and the other, immediately following delivery. The passage of these cells may be important in the immunologic phenomena of parity related to paternally derived transplantation antigen...
Pollen morphology of selected Camelineae (Brassicaceae)

ABSTRACTThe tribe Camelineae (Brassicaceae) contains eight genera: Arabidopsis, Camelina, Capsella, Catolobus, Chrysochamela, Neslia, Noccidium and Pseudoarabidopsis. Little is known about pollen morphology in these taxa, and this limits research on gene flow, aerobiology, reproductive biology, systematics and palaeobotany. In this study, pollen from 13 taxa representing all of the genera in the tribe Camelineae were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of pollen size in Camelina (mean 26.4 µm) and Arabidopsis (mean 30.4 µm) showed that these genera contain taxa with relatively large pollen that could be classified as medium-sized pollen. The largest pollen were from Camelina microcarpa (mean 37.6 µm) and C. sativa (mean 35.6 µm). Conversely, Pseudoarabidopsis had the smallest pollen (mean 18.4 µm) in the Camelineae. Capsella bursa-pastoris was distinct in the tribe in having tectum discontinuities. Catolobus and Neslia shared a similar pollen shape that tended to be subsphe...
Kinetics of aqueous iron(3) complexation by desferrioxamine B.

Light absorbance stopped-flow rate measurements have been made of the formation of a complex between iron(III) and desferrioxamine B in 0.1 M ionic strength, acidic, aqueous solution at and below 36°. The over-all second-order rate constant for the reaction iron(III) + desferrioxamine B → 1:1 complex is k2 = 2.5 x 103 M-1 sec-1 at pH 3.92 and 36°. This is of the same order of magnitude as previously reported rate constants for aqueous iron(III) complexation by various ligands. The over-all second-order rate constant for the same reaction in blood plasma for pH values ranging from 4.1 to 7.1 at 36° is the same as in aqueous solution to within experimental error. Thus, at physiological pH and temperatures the actual complexation reaction is sufficiently rapid that one may expect this ligand attached to a polymeric substrate to remove excess iron from blood more rapidly than the blood can be circulated in an extracorporeal cleansing device.
The Odyssey of Reading Ulysses

In his quest for meaning, the fictionalized Joyce — the speaker and writer of the events within the imagined world — becomes an Odysseus figure within the novel. While Odysseus goes from place to place, Joyce goes from style to style. By temporarily assigning characters to a position of marginality, Joyce is calling attention to himself as creative presence and showing how the imagined world is dependent upon his language. Moreover, he is implying that, because the modern, urban post-Christian world lacks order and coherence, his modern epic must not only be somewhat incomplete and inconclusive, but must present indeterminate and ambiguous passages to the reader.
Individual, peer, and school effects on math achievement and high school dropout

This study examines different levels of influence on an individual. We wanted to determine whether individual, peers, or school factors influenced high school dropout. The current study used data from two waves, collected two years apart, from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS, 2002). Analyses in this study were limited to participants who gave valid responses to the variables of interest. A total of 8,531 respondents were included in this study. Both individual and peer factors influenced high school dropout. Peer dropout had the strongest influence on high school dropout. Potential areas of prevention efforts that would aid in the deterrence of high school dropout are discussed.
Numerical Study of Quantum Hall Bilayers at Total Filling ν T =1 : A New Phase at Intermediate Layer Distances

We study the phase diagram of quantum Hall bilayer systems with total filing ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=1/2+1/2$ of the lowest Landau level as a function of layer distances $d$. Based on numerical exact diagonalization calculations, we obtain three distinct phases, including an exciton superfluid phase with spontaneous interlayer coherence at small $d$, a composite Fermi liquid at large $d$, and an intermediate phase for $1.1ld/{l}_{B}l1.8$ (${l}_{B}$ is the magnetic length). The transition from the exciton superfluid to the intermediate phase is identified by (i) a dramatic change in the Berry curvature of the ground state under twisted boundary conditions on the two layers and (ii) an energy level crossing of the first excited state. The transition from the intermediate phase to the composite Fermi liquid is identified by the vanishing of the exciton superfluid stiffness. Furthermore, from our finite-size study, the energy cost of transferring one electron between the layers shows an even-odd effect and possibly extrapolates to a finite value in the thermodynamic limit, indicating the enhanced intralayer correlation. Our identification of an intermediate phase and its distinctive features shed new light on the theoretical understanding of the quantum Hall bilayer system at total filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=1$.
Quantitative EEG Metrics Differ Between Outcome Groups and Change Over the First 72 h in Comatose Cardiac Arrest Patients.

Forty to sixty-six percent of patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest remain comatose, and historic outcome predictors are unreliable. Quantitative spectral analysis of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) may differ between patients with good and poor outcomes. Consecutive patients with post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischemic coma undergoing cEEG were enrolled. Spectral analysis was conducted on artifact-free contiguous 5-min cEEG epochs from each hour. Whole band (1–30 Hz), delta (δ, 1–4 Hz), theta (θ, 4–8 Hz), alpha (α, 8–13 Hz), beta (β, 13–30 Hz), α/δ power ratio, percent suppression, and variability were calculated and correlated with outcome. Graphical patterns of quantitative EEG (qEEG) were described and categorized as correlating with outcome. Clinical outcome was dichotomized, with good neurologic outcome being consciousness recovery. Ten subjects with a mean age = 50 yrs (range = 18–65) were analyzed. There were significant differences in total power (3.50 [3.30–4.06] vs. 0.68 [0.52–1.02], p = 0.01), alpha power (1.39 [0.66–1.79] vs 0.27 [0.17–0.48], p < 0.05), delta power (2.78 [2.21–3.01] vs 0.55 [0.38–0.83], p = 0.01), percent suppression (0.66 [0.02–2.42] vs 73.4 [48.0–97.5], p = 0.01), and multiple measures of variability between good and poor outcome patients (all values median [IQR], good vs. poor). qEEG patterns with high or increasing power or large power variability were associated with good outcome (n = 6). Patterns with consistently low or decreasing power or minimal power variability were associated with poor outcome (n = 4). These preliminary results suggest qEEG metrics correlate with outcome. In some patients, qEEG patterns change over the first three days post-arrest.
Reusable poly(allylamine)-based solid materials for carbon dioxide capture under continuous flow of ambient air

ABSTRACTPoly(allylamine) (PAA) is prepared via free-radical polymerization and physically impregnated on fumed silica at various amine loadings. The PAA-silica composites were found to have significant potential as trace carbon dioxide adsorbents under ambient conditions. The sorbent materials are shown to have high adsorption capacities with desirable adsorption-desorption characteristics. The effects of temperature and humidity on adsorption capacity and kinetics were studied at near-ambient conditions. Sorbent regenerative ability was confirmed within around 8% change following subsequent adsorption-desorption cycles and thermogravimetric analysis.
How Observers Assess Women Who Cry in Professional Work Contexts

Using qualitative methods, we examined how observers assessed professional women when they cried at work. Our findings showed that, in four common but stressful professional work situations, observ...
Nutrition for the Patient with Advanced Liver Disease

Managing nutrition in individuals with advanced liver disease is an integral part of their care and can significantly impact their morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review study is to focus on the etiology of malnutrition in end-stage liver disease, screening and assessment methods of these individuals, and providing evidenced-based recommendations on the proper nutritional interventions. The etiology of malnutrition in advanced liver disease is multifactorial but can be described as the effects of a chronic catabolic illness accompanied by decreased food intake. In order to determine the necessary steps of intervention, adequate screening for malnutrition much first be conducted. Assessment for malnutrition should include a review of biochemical markers, a diet history, and a physical assessment including subjective global assessment, handgrip strength, anthropometric measures, and body composition testing. Interventions for these individuals range from diet education to enteral/parenteral feedings, depending on the degree of malnutrition. All patients diagnosed with advanced liver disease should have their nutrition status promptly assessed. Once assessed, they should be educated by a registered dietitian nutritionist to help better their quality of life and to prevent any nutrition-related medical complications. As their disease progresses and their condition worsens, they should be continually evaluated for treatment plan adjustments as needed.
Temporal codes in on-chip interconnects

Dynamic power consumption associated with signal toggles over long distance wires accounts for a significant portion of on-chip interconnect power. Improving dynamic energy efficiency in highly capacitive interconnects can be achieved by reducing the toggle rates associated with data communication. Temporal coding schemes facilitate bounded activity factors by encoding information as placement of signal toggles in time and can thereby improve the energy efficiency of data communication by encoding multiple bits per toggle. We introduce two temporal protocol variants designed for traversal of the crossbars in on-chip networks. These protocols reduce peak power without loss of bandwidth and achieve energy efficient on-chip communication in high capacitance long distance interconnects. Extending these energy savings to a multi-hop mesh topology is achieved by router implementations equipped with bypassing mechanisms that elide per hop reencoding overheads. We demonstrate a four bit per transition temporal protocol with up to 75% communication energy reduction that can be achieved over a baseline serial bit stream protocol.
Edge-Oriented Graphene on Carbon Nanofiber for High-Frequency Supercapacitors.

High-frequency supercapacitors are being studied with the aim to replace the bulky electrolytic capacitors for current ripple filtering and other functions used in power systems. Here, 3D edge-oriented graphene (EOG) was grown encircling carbon nanofiber (CNF) framework to form a highly conductive electrode with a large surface area. Such EOG/CNF electrodes were tested in aqueous and organic electrolytes for high-frequency supercapacitor development. For the aqueous and the organic cell, the characteristic frequency at − 45° phase angle was found to be as high as 22 and 8.5 kHz, respectively. At 120 Hz, the electrode capacitance density was 0.37 and 0.16 mF cm−2 for the two cells. In particular, the 3 V high-frequency organic cell was successfully tested as filtering capacitor used in AC/DC converter, suggesting the promising potential of this technology for compact power supply design and other applications.
Detroit Institute of Arts and Toledo Museum of Art v. Ullin

In Detroit Institute of Arts v. Ullin and Toledo Museum of Art v. Ullin, heirs of Martha Nathan claimed that in 1938, shortly after fleeing Germany for France, she had sold paintings by Gauguin and van Gogh under duress to a group of dealers in Paris, which were later acquired by the Detroit and Toledo museums. This chapter examines the adjudication of these cases, which the courts decided in favor of the museums on the grounds that relevant statutes of limitations had expired.
There is still nothing better than quality play experiences for young children's learning and development: building the foundation for inquiry in our educational practices

Teachers face a growing call for implementing inquiry-based teaching and learning in a current pedagogical environment that contradicts this through educational practices that silo content, dissemi...
Singlet Fission in Covalent Terrylenediimide Dimers: Probing the Nature of the Multiexciton State Using Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process that involves absorption of a photon by two electronically interacting chromophores to produce a singlet exciton state, 1(S1S0), followed by rapid formation of two triplet excitons if the singlet exciton energy is about twice that of the triplet exciton. The initial formation of the multiexciton correlated triplet pair state, 1(T1T1), is thought to involve the agency of charge transfer (CT) states. The dynamics of these electronic states were studied in a covalent slip-stacked terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) dimer in which the conformation of two TDI molecules is determined by a xanthene spacer (XanTDI2). Femtosecond mid-infrared (fsIR) spectroscopy shows that the multiexciton 1(T1T1) state has absorptions characteristic of the T1 state in the carbonyl stretch region of the IR spectrum, in addition to IR absorptions specific to the CT state in the C═C stretch region. The simultaneous presence of CT and triplet state features in both high dielectr...
Teaching Compliance with Experimentally Managed Self-Instructions Can Accomplish Reversal Shifts

An adult with mild mental retardation was asked to perform a complex visual sorting task according to instructed features. First, she was taught to name the six objects to be shown in a set of pictures (bird, strawberry, dog, turtle, glass, and cake). Then she was taught to comply with a series of instructions (e.g., “Put all the birds here, and the others there”) as she sorted through a deck of 15 pictures, 5 of which had the feature just specified. This was repeated for three of the six features (the other three were saved for subsequent generalization tests). Each time a new object was specified constituted a reversal shift of the previous problem. At first, the participant failed these shifts. Then a relevant self-instruction was invoked by asking, “What are you looking for?” She always answered correctly (e.g., “Birds go here”), but still failed to sort correctly. Then she was given feedback pointing out that she had not acted on what she told herself; she continued to fail. Then she was taught that telling herself what she was looking for led immediately to only the five pictures she cited, so that her verbal response would be linked to the target feature. Thereafter, she not only self-instructed correctly, but also sorted accordingly, even with new untaught problems. And thereafter, when she was told not to self-instruct, she sorted incorrectly; and when she was again told to self-instruct, she resumed sorting accurately.
Return-to-Play Decisions in Athletes with Cardiac Conditions: Guidelines and Considerations

Clinicians who treat the more than 20 million competitive and recreational athletes in the USA are confronted by a variety of return-to-play (RTP) decisions [1, 2]. The main objective of these decisions is to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) during sports participation, while allowing all individuals to experience the benefits of exercise and physical activity.
The Constitutional Validity of Military Commissions

This essay defends the constitutional validity of the Military Order issued by President Bush on November 13, 2001, which authorizes the establishment of military commissions to try certain non-citizens involved in terrorism. The essay begins by describing the ways in which military commissions have been used throughout U.S. history. It then explains why President Bush had statutory authority to issue the Military Order, and why he probably also had independent constitutional authority to do so as Commander in Chief. Although the Order was not preceded by a congressional declaration of war, the essay argues that such a declaration is not constitutionally required in order for the President to exercise his constitutional or statutory war powers, including his power to establish military commissions. Finally, the essay argues that the September 11 terrorist attacks, to which the Order was a response, violate the laws of war and therefore fall within the jurisdiction of military commissions.
Innovations in Transcatheter Valve Technology: What the Next Five Years Hold

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis in patients at intermediate or greater risk for surgery. Future indications may include low-risk patients, asymptomatic patients, bicuspid valves, moderate aortic stenosis, and pure native aortic valve regurgitation. Key hurdles to overcome include pacemaker risk, vascular injury, paravalvular regurgitation, coronary artery reaccess, durability, and embolic risk. New valve designs include synthetic polymeric valves that may allow for greater durability, in addition to advances in terms of precise positioning and repositioning to reduce the complication rate.
Liberty, Equality and Taxation: Wine in the French Revolution*

AbstractThis article analyzes the debate surrounding indirect taxes on wine during the French Revolution. These taxes produced much revenue for the state, but were also the target of much popular f...
Philanthropy and Economic Development: New Roles and Strategies:

Philanthropic investments in economic development—including grants, technical assistance, program-related investments, policy advocacy, and civic leadership—have increased during the past decades. ...
A numerical modelling study of the physical mechanisms causing radiation to accelerate tropical cyclogenesisand cause diurnal cycles

Abstract. Numerical modeling studies indicate that radiative forcing can significantly accelerate tropical cyclogenesis. The primary mechanism appears to be nocturnal differential radiative forcing between a developing tropical disturbance and its relatively clear-sky surroundings. This generates weak ascent in the system core, which promotes enhanced convective activity. The goal of this study is to examine this hypothesis in more detail and in doing so shed light on the particular physical mechanisms that are responsible for the accelerated development of the system. In order to clarify the effects of radiation the radiative forcing occurring in a full physics simulation is imposed as a forcing term on the thermodynamic equation in a simulation without microphysics, surface fluxes or radiation included. This gives insight into the radiatively induced circulations and the resultant changes to the temperature and moisture profiles in the system core that can influence convective development. Simulations with separate environment and core radiative forcings support the hypothesis that differential radiative forcing due to nocturnal longwave cooling in the environment is the main factor responsible for accelerating the rate of tropical cyclogenesis. Simple idealized cloud experiments indicate that both cooling and moistening caused by the induced ascent significantly influence convective development, with the cooling having the largest impact. Diurnal cycles of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), outgoing longwave radiation, deep convection and upper level outflows are examined and their relation to the radiative forcing is discussed.
An MS in CS for non-CS Majors: Moving to Increase Diversity of Thought and Demographics in CS

We have created, piloted and are growing the Align program, a Master of Science in Computer Science (MS in CS) for post-secondary graduates who did not major in CS. Our goal is to create a pathway to CS for all students, with particular attention to women and underrepresented minorities. Indeed, women represent 57% and underrepresented minorities represent 25% of all bachelor's recipients in the U.S., but only 19.5% and 12.6% of CS graduates, respectively. If we can fill this opportunity gap, we will satisfy a major economic need and address an issue of social equity and inclusion. In this paper, we present our "Bridge'' curriculum, which is a two-semester preparation for students to then join the traditional MS in CS students in master's-level classes. We describe co-curricular activities designed to help students succeed in the program. We present our empirical findings around enrollment, demographics, retention and job outcomes. Among our findings is that Align students outperform our traditional MS in CS students in grade point average. To date we have graduated 137 students and 827 are enrolled.
Characterization of the developing facial and hypoglossal motor systems in the neonatal Brazilian opossum

vi CHAPTER ONE. GENERAL INTRODUCTION I Literature Review 3 Dissertation Organization 10 CHAPTER TWO. CHARACTERIZATION AND ONTOGENY OF SYNAPSEASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN THE DEVELOPING FACIAL AND HYPOGLOSSAL MOTOR NUCLEI OF THE BRAZILIAN OPOSSUM BRAIN 11 Abstract 1
Chapter 6 – Authentication

Publisher Summary Many security rulebases do not have the need for individual user rights, and work with Hosts, Gateways, Networks, Groups, Ranges, and Servers. However, both for security and for tracking purposes one might need to integrate authentication with the security policy. With authentication, Check Point NGX's features are greatly expanded and complement already strong security with the ability to implement security on a per user basis. Check Point NGX works based on the information it has to permit or deny a connection. The firewall has no knowledge of which user is logged into a Microsoft Active Directory, or if a user is moving among different machines. To be able to authenticate a particular user that is crossing the firewall, it needs additional information to match the user and the connection. The main topic of this chapter addresses the best way to authenticate users so they can access privileged resources. There have not been many changes between how authentication works in NG with Application Intelligence and how it works in NGX. The issue of which users can authenticate is addressed. Check Point NGX is flexible enough to authenticate users created in various sources, databases, or external directory servers. Further, the different types of authentication that NGX allows, which are called User, Session, and Client Authentication are examined. These authentication schemes are for unencrypted authentication.
Understanding Users’ Relationship with Voice Assistants and How It Affects Privacy Concerns and Information Disclosure Behavior

It is important to understand users’ relationship with technology, particularly considering the large data breaches and privacy concerns that have been plaguing users in the recent years. The CASA paradigm examines individuals’ social responses to technology which are triggered by cues in the interface. Emerging technology like voice assistants or conversational assistants are becoming more human-like, thus warranting a closer examination of the psychological mechanisms underlying users’ interaction with technology. Current research examining privacy concerns does not separate the agent (i.e. voice assistant like Siri or Alexa) and the device through which users interact with the agent (i.e. smartphone or smart speaker). This is important to consider as the cues triggering social responses could be different for the agent and the device, thereby having different effects on information disclosure behavior and privacy concerns. This paper aims to distinguish between the different psychological mechanisms underlying users’ interaction with the agent and the device, and examine how this distinction affects privacy concerns and information disclosure behavior.
Palliative Care Referral Patterns for Adolescent and Young Adult Patients at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Palliative care (PC) serves a valuable role throughout the disease trajectory for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) living with cancer. A 3-year retrospective chart review was performed to charac...
Cytomorphologic features of thyroid disease in patients with DICER1 mutations: A report of cytology–histopathology correlation in 7 patients

Background Germline and somatic mutations of DICER1 have been identified in various types of neoplastic lesions, with germline DICER1 mutation being linked to autosomal dominant hereditary pleiotropic tumor syndrome (DICER1 syndrome). Patients with DICER1 syndrome are at increased risk of developing thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. The goal of this study was to identify diagnostic cytologic features in thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples from patients with DICER1 mutation. Methods Cytology cases of thyroid FNA from 7 patients with DICER1 mutation were identified. Clinical, imaging, cytomorphologic, and molecular data were analyzed. Results Cytologic preparations from reviewed cases showed thyroid lesions of follicular derivation with scant colloid, moderate cellularity, uniform follicular cells with round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli arranged in small crowded groups and microfollicles. Follicular neoplasm was diagnosed in 4 cases and follicular lesion of undetermined significance in 3 cases, based on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Histopathological analysis of thyroid tissue confirmed neoplastic process in 6 out of 7 cases: follicular carcinoma (FC, 3 cases), papillary thyroid carcinoma (2 cases), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC, 1 case). Genetic studies identified 3 different somatic variants of DICER1 gene, including transcript consequence c.5428G>T, which was detected in FC and PDTC (and has been described previously in multinodular goiter). Conclusion DICER1 mutation in all analyzed patients was identified as a result of thyroid FNA evaluation, emphasizing the critical role of FNA in the screening of patients with thyroid nodules, proper diagnosis of thyroid disease, and monitoring of patients with DICER1 mutation.
Standard Procedures for Native CZE-MS of Proteins and Protein Complexes up to 800 kDa

Abstract Native mass spectrometry (nMS) is a rapidly growing method for the characterization of large proteins and protein complexes, preserving “native” non-covalent inter- and intramolecular interactions. Direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer represents the standard approach for conducting nMS experiments. Alternatively, CZE can be performed under native conditions, providing high separation performance while consuming trace amounts of sample material. Here, we provide standard operating procedures for acquiring high quality data using CZE in native mode coupled online to various Orbitrap mass spectrometers via a commercial sheathless interface, covering a wide range of analytes from 30 – 800 kDa. Using a standard protein mix, the influence of various CZE method parameters were evaluated, such as BGE/conductive liquid composition and separation voltage. Additionally, a universal approach for the optimization of fragmentation settings in the context of protein subunit and metalloenzyme characterization is discussed in detail for model analytes. A short section is dedicated to troubleshooting of the nCZE-MS setup. This study is aimed to help normalize nCZE-MS practices to enhance the CE community and provide a resource for production of reproducible and high-quality data.
Rapid Saturation–Diffusion Method to Determine Cation- and Anion-Exchange Capacities in Soil

Soils have long been recognized for electrostatic retention of anions as well as cations, although this property is usually characterized by measuring cation- but not anion-exchange capacity. A tec...
Methods for the Detection of Gasotransmitters

The discovery of gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), represents great milestones in biology. Both the discovery and related study of these gasotransmitters have benefited from selective and sensitive detection methods. This chapter has briefly reviewed and compared the methods used for the detection and determination of these three gasotransmitters. For NO, the detection methods include small molecule organic chemoprobes, transition metal-based probes, capillary electrophoresis (CE), NO-selective electrodes, and protein-based probes. For H2S, the detection methods include chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), reaction-based spectrophotometric methods such as fluorescent chemoprobes and electrochemical methods. CO detection in biological systems mainly focuses on measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturation. Methods such as spectrophotometric methods, GC, and electrochemical methods are used in this field.
The Relationship of Age with the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Scale in a Large Sample of Adults

Background: The historical focus on autism as a childhood disorder means that evidence regarding autism in adulthood lags significantly behind research in other age groups. Emerging studies on the ...
Universal masking to control healthcare-associated transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

OBJECTIVES: To assess extent of a healthcare-associated outbreak of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to evaluate the effectiveness of infection control measures, including universal masking. DESIGN: Outbreak investigation including 4 large-scale point-prevalence surveys. SETTING: Integrated VA healthcare system with 2 facilities and 330 beds. PARTICIPANTS: Index patient and 250 exposed patients and staff. METHODS: We identified exposed patients and staff and classified them as probable and confirmed cases based on symptoms and testing. We performed a field investigation and an assessment of patient and staff interactions to develop probable transmission routes. Infection prevention interventions included droplet and contact precautions, employee quarantine, and universal masking with medical and cloth face masks. We conducted 4 point-prevalence surveys of patient and staff subsets using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Among 250 potentially exposed patients and staff, 14 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified. Patient roommates and staff with prolonged patient contact were most likely to be infected. The last potential date of transmission from staff to patient was day 22, the day universal masking was implemented. Subsequent point-prevalence surveys in 126 patients and 234 staff identified 0 patient cases and 5 staff cases of COVID-19, without evidence of healthcare-associated transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Universal masking with medical face masks was effective in preventing further spread of SARS-CoV-2 in our facility in conjunction with other traditional infection prevention measures.
TP53 Null Mutations Identify Lung Cancer Cell Lines with Highest Sensitivity to the Nontaxane Microtubule Inhibitor Eribulin.

The nontaxane microtubule inhibitor eribulin is an approved therapeutic for metastatic breast cancer and liposarcoma. Eribulin was previously tested in unselected patients with lung cancer and yielded a modest objective response rate of ∼5%–12%. Because lung cancers represent diverse histologies and driving oncogenic mutations, we postulated that eribulin may exhibit properties of a precision oncology agent with a previously undefined specificity for a molecularly distinct subset of lung cancers. Herein, we screened a panel of 44 non–small cell and small-cell lung cancer cell lines for in vitro growth sensitivity to eribulin. The results revealed a greater than 15,000-fold range in eribulin sensitivity (IC50 = 0.005–89 nM) among the cell lines that was not correlated with their sensitivity to the taxane-based inhibitor paclitaxel. The quartile of cell lines exhibiting the lowest eribulin IC50 values was not enriched for specific histologies, epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation, or specific oncogene drivers but was significantly enriched for nonsense/frameshift TP53 mutations and low-TP53 mRNA but not missense TP53 mutations. By comparison, the mutation status of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, STK11, and KEAP1 was not associated with eribulin sensitivity. Finally, the highest eribulin IC50 quartile (>1 nM) exhibited significantly elevated mRNA expression of the drug pump, ATP binding cassette B1, defined resistance mechanism to eribulin, and paclitaxel. The findings support further investigations into basic mechanisms by which complete lack of TP53 function regulates anticancer activity of eribulin and the potential utility of TP53 null phenotypes distinct from TP53 missense mutations as a biomarker of response in patients with lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Distinct from precision oncology agents that are matched to cancers bearing oncogenically activated versions of their targets, microtubule inhibitors, such as eribulin, are deployed in an unselected manner. The results in this study demonstrate that lung cancer cell lines exhibiting the highest sensitivity to eribulin bear TP53 null phenotypes, supporting a rationale to consider the status of this tumor suppressor in the clinical setting.