cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epicardial HIF signaling regulates vascular precursor cell invasion into the myocardium

Abstract During cardiogenesis, a subset of epicardial cells undergoes epithelial–mesenchymal-transition (EMT) and the resulting epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) contribute to the formation of coronary vessels. Our previous data showed hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression at specific sites within the epicardium and support a link between hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and the patterning of coronary vasculogenesis. To better understand the autocrine role of HIFs in the epicardium, we transduced adenovirus mediated expression of constitutively active HIF-1α (AdcaHIF1α) into the embryonic avian epicardium where the vascular precursors reside. We found that introducing caHIF1α into the epicardial mesothelium prevented EPDCs from proper migration into the myocardium. In vitro collagen gel assays and ex vivo organ culture data further confirmed that infection with AdcaHIF1α impaired the ability of EPDCs to invade. However, the proficiency of epicardial cells to undergo EMT was enhanced while the movement of EPDCs within the sub-epicardium and their differentiation into smooth muscle cells were not disrupted by caHIF1α. We also showed that the transcript level of Flt-1 (VEGFR1), which can act as a VEGF signaling inhibitor, increased several fold after introducing caHIF1α into epicardial cells. Blocking the activation of the VEGF pathway in epicardial cells recapitulated the inhibition of EPDC invasion. These results suggest that caHIF1α mediated up-regulation of Flt-1, which blocks the activation of the VEGF pathway, is responsible for the inhibition of EPDC myocardial migration. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that HIF signaling potentially regulates the degree of epicardial EMT and the extent of EPDC migration into the myocardium, both of which are likely critical in patterning the coronary vasculature during early cardiac vasculogenesis. These signals could explain why the larger coronaries appear and remain on the epicardial surface.
LYMPHATIC TRANSPORT OF BETA-GLUCURONIDASE DURING HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

PROGRESSIVE autolysis of visceral cells is a feature of experimentally produced shock in animals. This death of individual cells is associated with disruption of sub-cellular cytoplasmic particles (lysosomes) with release and activation of degradative enzymes1,2. Intra- and extracellular components may become substrates for these circulating enzymes as metabolic acidosis and hypoxia damage other tissues.
Camera-based Forward Collision and lane departure warning systems using SVM

This paper presents a unique camera-based Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Lane Departure Warning (LDW) system to improve the safety of road vehicle transportation. The video used in the algorithm is captured by an in-car camera. Initially, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is applied to the first frame of the video to locate the moving vehicle of interest in front of the host vehicle. Following this step, two separate warning systems, namely FCW and LDW are designed. For the FCW, the Time to Collision (TTC) is determined through the scale change method, and the FCW system will be activated when TTC is less than a predefined threshold value. For the LDW system, the lane position information is analyzed and the warning is triggered if there is a lane departure without the use of blinkers. The proposed camera based system can provide advantages over the traditional radar/laser based warning systems, in which both the LDW and the FCW information cannot be provided with the same system. Furthermore, the proposed system provides additional flexibility at a lower cost.
Finite element buckling analysis of homogeneous and sandwich plates

Finite element buckling analyses of plates are performed by means of quardrilateral elements having 12 degrees-of-freedom. It is found that if the plate is capable of appreciable transverse shear deformation, initial-stress stiffness matrices that represent the lateral dispalcement by cubic polynomials do not yield convergence to correct results. An initial-stress stiffness that works satisfactorily for both homogeneous and sandwich plates is formulated. A Fortran listing of the associated subroutine is provided.
Communication and agricultural development: The case of the Medfly program in México

This study examined the causes of the negative attitudes held by farmers and peasants against the Medfly Program in southern Mexico, and described the communication strategies developed to cope with the problem. The study was composed of three phases: field study, message and media development, and field follow‐up. The first phase involved unstructured interviewing (dialogue) and observation. The reasons for resenting the Medfly Program were a lack of a well‐oriented communication strategy, the rate of change taking place in the area, the area's special geographical position, and the idiosyncrasy of its people. In the second phase of this study messages were developed for a communication campaign based on the outlook and information needs of these people. Both interpersonal and mass media channels were utilized. In the third phase the communication material was pretested among 125 farmers so as to assure the messages were properly understood. The strategy was to re‐educate the people in the area in regard...
The antiviral agent 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone interferes with assembly and maturation of herpes simplex virus

Antiviral drug screening and exploratory mechanistic work identified 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone as a lead inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication, one without a primary effect on either HSV DNA or late viral protein synthesis (Antivir. Res. 45 (2000) 123). In this report, drug effects on viral DNA cleavage and packaging, HSV capsid production and virion morphogenesis in infected Vero cells were studied systematically in order to better localize the sensitive stage of the replication cycle. Maturation of replicating HSV DNA and virion production at late times were inhibited in the same dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that the drug might directly inhibit the cleavage and packaging processes. Based on density centrifugation analysis however, this possibility appears unlikely because overproduction of neither A- or B-capsids occurred upon drug treatment. Interestingly, similar studies coupled with either Western immunoblot or ultrastructural analysis showed that B-capsids with apparent normal protein composition accumulated at reduced levels (maximally about two- to three-fold) in drug-treated cells. Limited attempts to isolate drug-resistant viral mutants using standard approaches proved unsuccessful. In summery, 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone inhibits one or more steps of HSV assembly since treatment results in reduced levels of capsids (particularly B-type) and reduced levels of encapsidated DNA. The action of the acridone derivative is an unusual one, with distinctive features when compared to a recently reported class of HSV encapsidation inhibitor and to the late replication defects of relevant viral mutants.
Fast and effective characterization for classification and similarity searches of 2D and 3D spatial region data

We propose a method for characterizing spatial region data. The method efficiently constructs a k-dimensional feature vector using concentric spheres in 3D (circles in 2D) radiating out of a region's center of mass. These signatures capture structural and internal volume properties. We evaluate our approach by performing experiments on classification and similarity searches, using artificial and real datasets. To generate artificial regions we introduce a region growth model. Similarity searches on artificial data demonstrate that our technique, although straightforward, compares favorably to mathematical morphology, while being two orders of magnitude faster. Experiments with real datasets show its effectiveness and general applicability.
Compromise: An effective approach for the design of damage tolerant structural systems

Abstract In this paper, a general multiple objective formulation of the Compromise Decision Support Problem is applied to the design of damage tolerant structural systems. Damage tolerant design of structural systems is discussed in general and a design methodology is developed. A structure designed with damage tolerant considerations will have the capability to resist several levels of failure. To support the design methodology, a mathematical template for the design of a damage tolerant structural system is detailed. The basis for the template is the compromise decision support problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the formulation is demonstrated through the solution of a 13-bar truss. The results of the solutions are examined and insights are noted and discussed. The emphasis, however, is on the method and its capabilities and not on the utility of the final 13-bar truss design.
Parallelizing Mallat algorithm for 2-D wavelet transforms

Abstract An optimized parallelization of Mallat algorithm for the 2-D orthogonal wavelet transform is obtained by modifying a particular algorithm for 2-D convolutions. This scheme is suitable for implementing 2-D wavelet transforms on mesh, pyramid, and hypercube networks.
Humorous Relations: Attentiveness, pleasure and risk

AbstractThis article focuses on the structures of humor and joke telling that require particular kinds of attentiveness and particular relationships between speaker and audience, or more specifically, between classmates. First, I will analyze the pedagogical and relational preconditions that are necessary for humor to work. If humor is to work well, the person engaging in humor needs to gauge their interlocutors carefully. I discuss, too, the kinds of listening necessary for listening for the joke, including attentiveness to complex possibilities for meaning. This attentiveness to complexity is linked to curiosity and a willingness to be startled, two qualities that are central to the risk and pleasure of learning discussed by Socrates and Maria Lugones. Examining the place of risk in Socrates’ teaching and the place of serious play in Maria Lugones’ discussion of difference, I suggest that humor can help to illuminate complicities and invite more robust interactions with difference, creating pleasurable ...
Rehabilitation of a child with a split cord malformation and hemimeningomyelocele.

PURPOSE The purpose of this case report is to recount the rehabilitation progress of a child with a hemimeningomyelocele and to clarify terminology used to describe this condition. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS A young girl with a diagnosis of a hemimeningomyelocele, involving the left hemicord only, at the level of the seventh to the ninth thoracic vertebrae, was followed from two and a half months until seven years of age. Deciphering the medical record was a challenge because clinicians involved in the case used different terminology to describe the split cord malformation. The authors had to review the literature about split cord malformations to interpret the medical record. The child also had a severe kyphoscoliosis and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (Arnold-Chiari II deformity). The child was followed by an orthopedist and a neurosurgeon. She participated in an early intervention program that included physical therapy. Her clinical course did not follow that anticipated for a child with a meningomyelocele at the seventh through ninth thoracic vertebrae. Standing and ambulation typically are goals for children with thoracic-level lesions, primarily for exercise and for movement within the home or classroom. However, by four years of age this child was able to ambulate on even and uneven surfaces using a single-quad cane. She exhibited a normal gait pattern in the right lower extremity during ambulation. Additionally, functional movement in the left lower extremity during ambulation occurred without the use of an ankle-foot orthosis. CONCLUSIONS The rehabilitation progress of this child was atypical of that seen in a child with a meningomyelocele at the level of the seventh through ninth thoracic vertebrae. Because of her split cord malformation, she retained normal function in the right lower extremity although function was impaired in the left lower extremity.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of In0.65Ga0.35 As quantum wells on GaAs substrates for 1.5 μm exciton resonance

Abstract A novel approach of growing high quality In 0.65 Ga 0.35 As multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with Al 0.33 Ga 0.67 As barriers on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is reported for optical devices operating near 1.5 μm at room temperature. Operation at 1.5 μm requires InGaAs QWs with very large lattice mismatch to the GaAs substrates (4.7% in this study). The best quality MQWs were achieved by adding one monolayer of GaAs smoothing layers with growth interruptions at the interfaces of both sides of the InGaAs wells and by growing at a very low temperature (280∘C) compared to the buffer layers and typical InGaAs layer growth temperatures (450∘C). The MQW region was grown on a linearly-graded InGaAs buffer layer with a 10% / μm grading rate which was fully relaxed, very smooth, and completely defect-free at the top region. This sample showed a sharp exciton peak near 1.5 μm at room temperature. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), four crystal X-ray diffractometry, and optical absorption measurement were used to characterize the MQW structures.
Approximate state estimation for linear systems with quantized data

Considers the problem of sequential state estimation of discrete-time processes based on quantized measurements. An approximate minimum variance estimator algorithm that recursively updates the state estimate and its error covariance and closely approximates the exact minimum variance estimator is derived. The results of Monte-Carlo simulation are presented and the performance of the algorithm is compared to that of a Kalman filter in which the quantization error is approximated by an additive white Gaussian measurement noise.
Neuronal plasticity and recovery of function in a polyclad flatworm.

NEURONAL recovery of function, although well known in the lower metazoa, has received comparatively little attention or critical investigation. We have been able to demonstrate not only recovery of function but also the recruitment of pathways mediating aspects of feeding behaviour in the marine polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola. Unlike some freshwater planarians which regenerate lost parts readily and may even grow new brains, polyclads have limited powers of regeneration and the brain seems to be essential for any repair which takes place1. Three aspects of feeding behaviour were utilised in this study. When a normal intact flatworm is presented with food (dead adult brine shrimp) at its posterior laterial margin, that part of the margin in contact with the food is extended and grips the shrimp. This local response is followed by an ipsilateral turning and contraction which brings the anterior margin in contact with the food which it grips and then passes the shrimp towards the midventral mouth. After feeding on two or three shrimp, the worms are satiated and no longer respond to the presence of food. Both turning and satiation are altered when the brain is removed. Decerebrate animals do not turn, the local response is prolonged, and the food is passed directly to the mouth where it is swallowed. After the stomach is filled the worms continue to collect food which is piled under the mouth. This localised feeding response (LFR) continues to occur as long as food is presented. The presence of the brain is necessary to inhibit the LFR as well as to initiate turning and satiation.
Answer to the Letter to the Editor of F. Lucas et al. concerning “Outcome of thoracolumbar burst fractures treated with indirect reduction and fixation without fusion” by Huilin Yang, Jin-Hui Shi, Molly Ebraheim, Xiaochen Liu, Joseph Konrad, Ibrahim Husain, Tian-Si Tang, Jiayong Liu. Eur Spine J. Published online 8 August 2010

We would like to thank Drs. Emery and Lucas for their interest in our paper: Outcome of Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures Treated with Indirect Reduction and Fixation without Fusion, and for bringing up some interesting points. We do agree that disc degeneration and disc injury occurs at vertebral levels adjacent to the injury level after implantation removal but without any clinical consequences. There are many factors associated with disc space changes. Agreeably, disc changes are due to adaptations to the new mechanical conditions of the vertebral column, but we do believe other factors have a role in the change of disc space height such as the non-physical effects of indirect reduction. Normally, the discs bear weight, but with indirect reduction the discs are stress shielded. Thus, diffusion, the primary means of delivering nutrition to the disc is decreased, because a normal amount of stress is needed for diffusion to occur [1]. In vitro studies of cultured disc cells have shown that abnormal pressures can influence the cells’ production of polyglycoside, collagen and mRNA expression, as well as increase catabolism and disc degeneration [2, 3]. Additionally, reduction of the fractured bone simply allows for the healing of the bone but does not allow for a similar type of biologic repair to a damaged disc. Thus, indirect reduction provides no means of facilitating repair to an injured disc and when the hardware is removed normal weight bearing and range of motion causes degeneration to occur rapidly. Again, we would like to thank Drs. Emery and Lucas for their interesting points regarding the changes in disc space height and we do believe further investigation into that topic is necessary.
Solid modeling: current status and research directions

The March 1982 issue of IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications was devoted to solid modeling. The lead article in that issuel summarized the history of the field and its status as of late 1981; this article is an update to the 1982 article. Here, we shall note the proliferation of commercial systems over the past two years, discuss changes in system organization, and summarize applications support. We shall also survey work aimed at enhancing the geometric coverage, the applications coverage, and the performance of solid modeling systems. Research is progressing swiftly on several fronts, and it is virtually certain that late-1980s solid modelers will be markedly more powerful than those available now.
Extended access to methamphetamine self-administration affects sensorimotor gating in rats

Disturbed information processing observed in neuropsychiatric disorders is reflected by deficient sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR). Long-term, higher dose methamphetamine (METH) abuse patterns are associated with cognitive impairments, mania and/or schizophrenia-like psychosis. The present study investigated in rats METH-induced impairment of sensorimotor gating using an intravenous self-administration (IVSA) escalating dose procedure. In this procedure, rats escalated drug intake during weekly extended access periods to METH IVSA (1, 3, and 6h), where PPI was assessed after each access period and thus at various times of drug exposure. Despite increased drug intake over the course of extended access to METH, disruption of sensorimotor gating was only seen after the access period of 6h. The data suggest that METH-induced impairment of sensorimotor gating in IVSA-tasks is rather attributed to continuous and higher dose exposure than to actual amounts of drug present at the time of testing. IVSA procedures, comprising stepwise stimulant escalation may serve as a useful translational model in rats that approximate important aspects of human abuse pattern in the context of stimulant-induced cognitive and behavioral deficits.
Paramedic versus nurse crews in the helicopter transport of trauma patients.

Abstract Introduction: A wide variety of opinions exist about using paramedics on flight teams, most of which have not been substantiated by research findings. This study was conducted to explore the outcomes of patients transported by helicopter crews that consisted of either two nurses or a nurse and a paramedic. Methods: Using data from the New York State Trauma Registry and prehospital care reports, a retrospective comparison was made between the outcomes of 1193 air medical patients transported either by crews consisting of two nurses (N/N) or a nurse and a paramedic (N/P). The sample included blunt and penetrating trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score greater than or equal to 9 and who were older than 16 years. Results: The findings indicate the percentages of patients who lived, died, or were discharged home or to rehabilitation were similar for N/P and N/N groups. Using TRISS methodology and the Z statistic, no statistically significant difference was found in observed versus predicted mortality for both groups (P Conclusion: No significant diffeerence existed in patient outcomes between N/P and N/N crews.
Substrate range of benzylsuccinate synthase from Azoarcus sp. strain T

Benzylsuccinate synthase, which catalyzes the anaerobic addition of the methyl carbon of toluene to fumarate, has recently been reported in several denitrifying and sulfate-reducing, toluene-degrading bacteria. In substrate range studies with partially purified benzylsuccinate synthase from denitrifying Azoarcus sp. strain T, benzylsuccinate analogs were observed as a result of fumarate addition to the following toluene surrogates: xylenes, monofluorotoluenes, benzaldehyde, and 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene (but not 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene or methylcyclohexane). Benzylsuccinate was also observed as a result of toluene addition to maleate, but no products were observed from assays with toluene and either crotonate or trans-glutaconate. Toluene-maleate addition, like toluene-fumarate addition, resulted in highly stereospecific formation of the (+)-benzylsuccinic acid enantiomer [(R)-2-benzyl-3-carboxypropionic acid]. The previously reported finding that the methyl H atom abstracted from toluene is retained in the succinyl moiety of benzylsuccinate was found to apply to several toluene surrogates. The implications of these observations for the mechanism of benzylsuccinate synthase will be discussed.
A Critique of Exchange Rate Treatment in Agricultural Trade Models

The recent theoretical and empirical literature on the role of exchange rates in agricultural prices and trade is reviewed. Specifically, alternative specifications of the exchange rate in excess demand functions are considered. Results show that the specification most common in recent theoretical and empirical work is unnecessarily restrictive and may bias the resulting analysis. Several less restrictive specifications for empirical research are suggested.
Uniqueness results for Emden-Fowler boundary value problems

The third type can be reduced to (BC2) by using a reflection. We will not consider the case of two Neumann conditions. We shall refer to the boundary value problems consisting of (1.1) and one of the above boundary conditions as (BVPl), (BVP2), and (BVP3), respectively. The question studied in this paper is the uniqueness of the (positive) solution, assuming its existence. Recently, there has been considerable interest in this problem in connection with the study of radially symmetric ground state solutions of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation either in an annulus or outside a ball. Symmetry reduces the partial differential equation in question to an ordinary differential equation of the Lane-Emden type. A well-known change of variable then transforms it into the Emden-Fowler form. The resulting equation usually involves a singularity at the origin t = 0. An additional singularity arises when the domain is unbounded; in this case, b = co and the boundary condition at this “endpoint” is replaced by lim,,, u(t) = 0. The classical Emden equation is the following special case of (1.1):
Predictors of Hemoglobin A1c in a National Sample of Nondiabetic Children The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is related to glucose metabolism in diabetic and nondiabetic persons. Analysis of factors related to HbA1c may help researchers to better identify children with an increased likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, the authors investigated predictors of HbA1c percentage among 1,700 Mexican-American, 1,787 African-American, and 1,441 non-Hispanic White young people aged 4-17.0 years who were free of diabetes and were examined in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). HbA1c was positively related to age and body mass index (p = 0.065 and p = 0.008, respectively) and negatively related to an indicator of socioeconomic status, the poverty income ratio (p = 0.008). African Americans and Mexican Americans had higher mean HbA1 c percentages than non-Hispanic Whites after data were controlled for age, sex, body mass index, maternal body mass index, and poverty income ratio. While some inconsistencies emerged, HbA1 c was generally associated with other known risk factors for type 2 diabetes in young people. This report provides representative data on HbA1c percentage among nondiabetic children. However, further investigation will be needed to better understand the utility of HbA1c and its relation to type 2 diabetes in youth.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reductive Elimination Chemistry of Three-Coordinate Arylpalladium Amido Complexes

Four three-coordinate arylpalladium amido complexes with a single hindered phosphine were isolated and structurally characterized. Each possessed a T-shaped geometry. Several of these complexes possessed true three-coordinate structures that lacked any additional coordination by ligand C−H bonds. All of the three-coordinate complexes underwent reductive elimination to form the corresponding triarylamine. A comparison of the rate of reaction of the three-coordinate compounds demonstrated that the rate of elimination from the pentaphenylferrocenyl di-tert-butylphosphine complex were the fastest. A comparison of the rates of reactions between three-coordinate and four-coordinate complexes showed that the rates were much faster from the three-coordinate complexes.
Legalizing adaptation: water law in a changing climate 1

Adaptation to climate change will play a critical role in water management in the coming decades, necessitating reform of the legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks that govern water allocation, use, and quality to integrate adaptive water management. Legal and regulatory tools can also facilitate adaptive responses. This article provides an overview of the ways in which water laws, regulations, and institutions will need to be rethought and reformulated and offers some thoughts on the future of governing for adaptation in the water sector.
Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of renal glomeruli from mice exhibiting murine lupus erythematosus

Abstract Pathologic changes in renal glomeruli of mice with systemic murine lupus erythematosus were quantified using microfluorophotometry. Cryostat sections were taken from kidneys of affected mice, stained with fluorescein-conjugated anti-mouse immunogloulin, and the extent of immune complex glomerulonephritis was determined. A subjective microscopic examination procedure, which has been used previously, was compared with quantitative microfluorophotometry and a close correlation between the results using each of the two methods was found. Since the microfluorometric procedure measures the total fluorescence per glomerulus, subjective microscopy must estimate that same quantity in a linear fashion. The present advance in measuring capability indicates good potential for rapid, quantitative measurements for further studies on systemic lupus erythematosus, and on other tissue sections stained with fluorescent antibodies.
Pathogenicity of mollicutes for insects: Possible use in biological control

Summary Acholeplasmas, spiroplasmas and other non-helical sterol-requiring mycoplasmas of unknown phylogenetic affinity inhabit insects. Of these, only spiroplasmas are known to be pathogenic. Group I-2 spiroplasmas, or Spiroplasma apis, especially in combination with other organisms, reduce honey-bee longevity. Plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms are often found intracellularly in insects. Spiroplasmas are found predominantly in the gut lumen or haemolymph (or both) of their insect hosts. Pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is usually altered by extended passage in unusual hosts, in only one of two alternate hosts, or in culture media. Enhancement of experimental pathogenicity may occur with extended cultural passages, but maintenance of natural pathogenicity must be accomplished by continuous exposure to the usual host. Recent data provide new information on the ecology of pathogenicity. Spiroplasmas from unique habitats also tend to be unique. Spiroplasmas isolated from flowers appear to be adapted to insect species that frequent floral surfaces. Group IV spiroplasmas have been isolated from members of 4 holometabolous insect orders (including Lepidoptera), all of which visit flowers. Social or predatory insects, or insects with an «aggregation phase in their life histories, also appear to be prone to spiroplasma infection. Some insect species which harbor spiroplasmas also carry infections of other mollicutes, some of which involve the haemolymph. Appearance of spiroplasmas in adult insects in nature is strongly affected by seasonality. Extensive tests of the host ranges of the new insect mollicutes will be required before their suitability for biological control can be evaluated.
Endochronic Representation of Cyclic Creep and Relaxation of Metals

In this paper we have used the endochronic theory of plasticity to model one of the most complex phenomena of mechanical behavior of materials, that of cyclic creep and relaxation. We have shown that the theory provides a consistent analytical representation for the observed behavior of metals under conditions of cyclic deformation. This we have done using a simple form of the theory. In particular the hereditary response of the materials has been represented by two heredity functions, E(z) and ν(z). It was found that in the case of copper E(z) may be approximated by a single exponential term while ν(z) is approximately constant in the range of interest.
Principal components analysis of therapeutic orientations of doctoral programs in clinical psychology.

A principal components analysis was conducted on a data set that consisted of ratings of therapeutic orientations reported by directors of clinical psychology training programs in 96 clinical psychology programs in the U.S. Two principal components emerged, which contrasted (1) behavioral vs. psychoanalytic approaches and (2) humanistic vs. conditioning approaches. A plotting of factor scores revealed relatively clear separation among programs primarily identified with either behavioral or psychoanalytic/humanistic approaches. The majority of training programs, however, clustered around the midpoint on both underlying factor dimensions, an indication of the adoption of multiple approaches in training.
7.5.2 RAPID PROCESS DESIGN A SYSTEM ENGINEERING DESIGN METHOD

A rapid method has been developed for the design of computing system capabilities and/or human work flow activities. This design method is call Rapid Process Design (RPD) and is based on the definition of processes and not requirements. This design originally was developed for use as a preliminary design tool supporting the Definition Phase for system development programs using the Rapid Development Methodology (RDM) [1]. The RPD method allows for quick design of automated computing processes for immediate computing system capability deliveries. A key element of RPD is the definition of a process and its associated conditions and constraints. The process definition can be used to support evaluation and testing of a delivered computing system capability or human work flow.
Spectrum of Pulmonary Sequestration

Bronchopulmonary sequestration was diagnosed in 17 patients ranging in age from newborn to 64 years. The sequestration was intralobar in 14 patients and extralobar in 3. The spectrum of symptoms could be divided into three patterns: no symptoms (6 patients), respiratory problems (8 patients), and cardiovascular problems (3 patients). Cardiovascular problems usually manifest themselves in the first few weeks or months of life and often have a respiratory component. In older patients the sequestration is first manifested by recurrent pulmonary infections or, if it remains uninfected, an asymptomatic density on chest roentgenogram. The definitive diagnostic study is arteriography. Operative treatment for the intralobar variety consists of segmental resection or, if the inflammatory process is more extensive, lobectomy. An extralobar sequestration may simply be excised.
Dielectric properties of KH2PO4, BaTiO3, PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3 and TlCl between 0.015 and 10 K

The small-signal ac permittivities (e) of single crystal samples of KDP, BaTiO3, and TlCl, and of a ceramic sample of PZT 65/35 have been measured as a function of temperature between 0.015 and 10 K. For KDP and PZT 65/35, e increases essentially linearly with temperature in this range, with d In e/dT = 0.95 ± 0.15 × 10-3 K-1 and 1.81 ± 0.02 × 10-3 K-1, respectively. For BaTiO3 linear behavior is observed only between 1.5 and 4.5 K, with d In e/dT = 9.4 × 10-4 K-1. PZT 65/35 exhibits positive deviation from this apparent linear behavior between 0.1 and 1.5 K, while BaTiO3 shows a negative deviation in this range. Both PZT 65/35 and BaTiO3 have a minimum in e below 0.1 K and an associated change in the dielectric loss factor that depends on the frequency and amplitude of the ac signal. No temperature dependence of e was observed below 3 K for TlCl. Potential applications of these materials at low temperatures are discussed.
Evolutionary social psychology: Prospects and pitfalls

The principles of evolutionary psychology and the traditional assumptions of social psychology are highly compatible. Both disciplines trace observed behavioral variability to situational variability. Both assume that psychological mechanisms sensitive to social information are central to causal accounts of social behavior. Questions about the origins and functions of these psychological mechanisms are indispensable for understanding social behavior. Evolutionary psychology provides conceptual tools for addressing these questions. Several pitfalls must be avoided by practitioners of evolutionary social psychology. Specifically, we must jettison notions of genetic determinism and behavioral unmodifiability, eliminate false dichotomies between “genetic” and “learned,” and place cross-cultural variability in a sensible theoretical context. Attending to the reliable phenomena discovered by traditional social psychology and the conceptual frameworks provided by modern evolutionary psychology will produce the most informed evolutionary social psychology.
Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: the next generation.

Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare disorder in which affected children have a decreased sensitivity of their respiratory centers to hypercarbia and hypoxia, as well as evidence for generalized autonomic nervous system dysfunction. A genetic origin has long been hypothesized for CCHS. Previous reports of the syndrome among twins, siblings, and half siblings, as well as an established association with Hirschsprung disease and neural crest tumors support this genetic hypothesis. Here, we present the first reported offspring born to four women diagnosed with idiopathic CCHS. Their children display a spectrum of abnormalities with one child being diagnosed with CCHS, one child with recurrent apparent life threatening events, one infant born prematurely with severe chronic lung disease and diminished ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide, and one infant who is apparently healthy with no clinical manifestations suggestive of disordered respiratory control to date. Two and potentially three of these patients illustrate transmission of altered respiratory control by CCHS patients into the next generation, furthering the evidence that CCHS is part of a broadly based inherited syndrome of autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
RNA-Silencing Enzymes Pol IV and Pol V in Maize: More than one Flavor?

There are some puzzling genetic phenomena in nature that have kept geneticists busily searching for clues for decades. Among genetics' X-files are cases in which alleles of the same gene have the same sequence but very different functional states. Gene behaviors of this sort fall under the heading of “epigenetic phenomena.” Traits attributable to epigenetically altered alleles (epialleles) are often not transmitted between generations as independent, immutable characters, according to the rules that Mendel worked out with his garden peas. Instead, there are cases where alleles can change state if and when they find themselves in the same nucleus as epialleles that are locked into a different functional state. This is the case in paramutation, which describes the situation whereby a silent, paramutagenic allele can influence the expression of an active, paramutable allele of the same gene when the two alleles are exposed to one another within the same genome [1]. The silent allele, which is defined as being paramutagenic, somehow transfers its silent state to the other allele, causing that previously active allele to become silenced, too. Most interestingly, the previously active allele is now stably altered in such a way that it can retain the silenced state through meiosis and future generations. Moreover, the newly silenced allele is paramutagenic itself and will silence compatible paramutable alleles. All of this happens without any changes in the nucleotide sequence at the affected locus. This unusual allelic behavior is the genic analogue of the shape-shifting that occurs among proteins that can convert to a prion state and then cause other proteins of identical amino acid sequence to acquire the altered conformation [2],[3]. How alleles can influence one another to acquire or maintain a paramutated or paramutagenic state is not yet known. However, in this issue of PLoS Genetics, two interesting papers from the Hollick (Stonaker et al. [4]) and Chandler (Sidorenko et al. [5]) laboratories provide further evidence that paramutation in maize has an RNA basis. Specifically, the studies suggest that multiple alternative subunits of the plant-specific multi-subunit RNA polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V, first discovered in Arabidopsis [6],[7], might assemble into Pol IV or Pol V sub-types that have different roles in paramutation and gene silencing.
Galactic Abundance Gradients from Infrared Fine-Structure Lines in Compact H II Regions

We present new observations of the [S III] 19 μm, [O III] 52 and 88 μm, and [N III] 57 μm lines toward 18 compact and ultracompact (UC) H II regions. These data were combined with data from the literature and high-resolution radio continuum maps to construct detailed statistical equilibrium and ionization equilibrium models of 34 compact H II regions located at galactocentric distances (DG) 0-12 kpc. Our models simultaneously fitted the observed IR fine-structure lines and high-resolution radio continuum maps. Abundance gradients are found of the form [S/H] = (-4.45 ± 0.04) - (0.063 ± 0.006) DG (kpc), [N/H] = (-3.58 ± 0.04) - (0.072 ± 0.006) DG (kpc), and [O/H] = (-2.85 ± 0.06) - (0.064 ± 0.009) DG (kpc), and we derive Te = (4560 ± 220) + (390 ± 40) DG (kpc). The Te gradient is consistent with the Te gradient determined independently via radio recombination lines (Afflerbach et al.). We observe no dependence of S/O, N/O, or Teff on DG. Gradients in N++/O++ and O++/S++ are observed in the sense of increasing ionization with increasing DG. This is entirely consistent with the decreased line blanketing with increasing DG required by the above abundance gradients. All three gradients are best fitted by a linear dependence on DG. The abundances are consistent with production of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen by primary nucleosynthesis. Comparison with abundances in other galaxies implies a Hubble type between Sab and Sb for our Galaxy and an unbarred or mixed galactic structure (Vila-Costas & Edmunds). Our derived Teff is 2000-10,000 K lower than Teff expected from ZAMS stars of the same Lyman continuum flux (Panagia; Vacca et al.), probably owing to uncertainties in the UV flux of stellar models for E ≥ 35.1 eV, uncertainties in the luminosity-Teff calibration, and/or ionization of H II regions by multiple stars in some sources.
Can cosmic neutrinos be detected by bremsstrahlung from a metal

We examine the proposal of Loeb and Starkman to detect cosmic-background neutrinos by coherent bremsstrahlung from electrons in a neutral metal. We show that the positive ions in the metal exert a restoring force which suppresses the radiation by {similar to}10{sup {minus}20}.
Origins of the Geosynclinal Borderland theory

Charles Schuchert developed the geosynclinal concept ofHall andDana into a paleogeographic model of North America which included “borderlands” on the oceanic side of each geosyncline. These lands were the source of thick clastic sediments which accumulated in the geosynclines. As early as 1841 H. D.Rogers inferred a southeastern source for clastic sediments in the Appalachian Mountains.Hall (1859) proposed that folded mountains form only where sediments have accumulated to great thickness in narrow bands along the margin of continents. Dana named such belts “geosynclinals”. He advocated a theory of continental growth by accretion of rocks around a primitive nucleus. In 1890 he recognized Archaean protaxes east of the Appalachians, west of the Rocky Mountains, and probably in the Cascade-Sierra Nevada range. C. D. Walcott showed Dana's Archaean highlands on maps which related the thickness of Cambrian deposits to times of submergence. H. S.Williams named the eastern land Appalachia in 1897. Details for other periods were mapped by B. Willis and by A. W. Grabau in 1909, neither of whom showed any western borderland. A series of maps for short time intervals bySchuchert (1910) show numerous positive areas including a large Cascadia west of the Cordilleran trough. Faunal relationships implied that the Appalachain geosyncline was largely isolated from the Atlantic Ocean during the Paleozoic. In 1923Schuchert insisted that geosynclines were part of the continent, not ocean margins nor mediterraneans, and that the sediments implied borderlands that had repeatedly been elevated and eroded.
Leishmanial superoxide dismutase: a possible target for chemotherapy.

Abstract Leishmania tropica promastigotes stimulate macrophages to produce activated oxygen as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Exogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibit this by 95%, implying that both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are generated. Whereas leishmania have undetectable levels of catalase, and very little glutathione peroxidase, they have relatively high amcunts of superoxide dismutase (23 units/mg protein). The leishmanial superoxide dismutase is cyanide-insensitive but azide- and peroxide-sensitive, suggesting that the enzyme may be iron-containing. Furthermore, the leishmanial superoxide dismutase is insensitive to diethyldithiocarbamate, which inhibits vertebrate enzymes. Thus, leishmania may contain a superoxide dismutase which is different from its host's enzyme. A specific inhibitor of this enzyme might serve as an antileishmanial agent.
Motor control of orientation to prey by the waterstrider, Gerris remigis

1. Orientation to prey by the waterstrider Gerris remigis has been examined with the aid of motion pictures and electromyography. 2. Localization of prey occurs in a series of discrete turning movements. The angular component of each turn, toward a target, is correlated with the angular deviation of the source of ripples from the longitudinal body axis (Figs. 2 and 3). 3. The leg movements during turning are graded as a fuction of the turn produced. The two mesothoracic legs and the metathoracic leg ipsilateral to the target are most intimately involved in producing the torque during a turn (Fig. 5). 4. Myograms from the large mesothoracic muscles confirm the results of the filmed analysis. The phase of firing of motor neurons innervating three large mesothoracic muscles depend on the angular deviation of the target (Figs. 7-11).
ROLE OF FREE BILE ACIDS IN ACQUIRED MONOSACCHARIDE INTOLERANCE (AMI)

Glucose malabsorption has been produced in experimental animals fed free bile acids. For this reason it is important to investigate the role of duodenal free bile acid concentrations in infants with AMI. Four subjects who manifested dehydrating diarrhea with acid stools and free fecal glucose in response to a 5 % glucose electrolyte mix were studied. They were compared to 5 infants with Acute non-pathogenic Diarrhea (AD). Duodenal samples were processed by gas-liquid chromatography for free and conjugated bile acids. Glucose absorption was studied by infusing a 10 % solution with 1 % PEG through a double lumen tube in the jejunum. Samples were recovered at 15 minutes intervals from a 30 cm. distal site. Total unconjugated bile acids (μg/ml) were 20.1 ± 8 in normal controls, 58.4 ± 27 in infants with AD and 319 ± 134 in AMI. A linear correlation exists between the concentration of free bile acids of the intestinal fluid and glucose transport ratef (r = 0.79 ). These observations support the role of altered bile acid metabolism in acquired glucose malabsorption. Work supported by: David Underwood Trust, NASA Contract 90059. NTH RR 00188, Mead Johnson Laboratories and AMA Goldberger Fellowship.
Recent advances in microdevices for transportation industry

Advances in emerging technologies of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology, especially relating to the applications, constitute one of the most challenging tasks in today's micromechanics and nanomechanics. In addition to design, analysis, and fabrication capabilities, this task also requires advanced test methodologies for determination of functional characteristics of devices produced to enable verification/validation of their operation, as well as refinement and optimization of specific designs. In particular, development of microdevices requires sophisticated tools, especially as these devices apply to transportation industry because of stringent safety and reliability requirements. These tools can be categorized as analytical, computational, and experimental. Solutions using the tools from any one category alone do not usually provide necessary information on MEMS, and extensive merging, or hybridization, of the tools from different categories is used. One of the approaches employed in this development of structures of contemporary interest is based on a combined use of the analytical, computational, and experimental solutions methodology. Development of this methodology was made possible by recent advances in optoelectronic methodology, which was coupled with the state-of-the-art computational methods, to offer a considerable promise for effective development of various designs. This approach facilitates characterization of dynamic and thermomechanical behavior of the individual components, their packages, and other complex material structures.In this paper, recent advances in optoelectronic methodology for microscale measurements are described and their use is illustrated with representative examples.