cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coparenting Among Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Couples: Associations With Adopted Children's Outcomes

Coparenting is associated with child behavior in families with heterosexual parents, but less is known about coparenting among lesbian- and gay-parent families. Associations were studied among self-reported divisions of labor, coparenting observations, and child adjustment (Mage = 3 years) among 104 adoptive families headed by lesbian, gay, or heterosexual couples. Lesbian and gay couples reported sharing child care, whereas heterosexual couples reported specialization (i.e., mothers did more child care than fathers). Observations confirmed this pattern—lesbian and gay parents participated more equally than heterosexual parents during family interaction. Lesbian couples showed the most supportive and least undermining behavior, whereas gay couples showed the least supportive behavior, and heterosexual couples the most undermining behavior. Overall, supportive coparenting was associated with better child adjustment.
Increases in light and intermittent smoking among Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites.

Author(s): Blanco, Lyzette; Nydegger, Liesl A; Sakuma, Kari-Lyn K; Tong, Elisa K; White, Martha M; Trinidad, Dennis R | Abstract: IntroductionAsian Americans are the fastest growing immigrant group in the United States and are more likely to be light and intermittent smokers (LITS) compared with non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). LITS experience adverse health effects related to smoking. Previous research has aggregated Asian American ethnic groups, masking important differences between groups. We sought to compare LITS rates among Asian American subgroups before and after the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with NHWs in California utilizing data from the California Tobacco Surveys (CTS).MethodsWe combined 1990, 1992, and 1996 CTS (pre-MSA) and the 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2008 CTS (post-MSA) to examine changes in LITS (l10 cigarettes/day or not smoking daily). Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Korean ethnic groups were compared with NHWs.ResultsPre-MSA logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, education level, language spoken at home, and use of other tobacco products found that Chinese (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.19, 5.21), Filipinos (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.73, 4.63), Japanese (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.22, 3.27), and Koreans (OR = 3.22, 95% CI = 2.06, 5.03) were significantly more likely to be LITS compared with NHWs. Post-MSA, all Asian American subgroups experienced an increase in LITS (11.7%-37.8%); however, only Chinese (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.16, 4.13) and Filipinos (OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 2.26, 4.91) remained significantly more likely to be LITS compared with NHWs.ConclusionsOur results highlight the need for tobacco control efforts that address the growing group of LITS among Asian Americans and NHWs.
Single Parenthood and the Double Standard

In the 1950s, when unmarried men and women became parents, the double standard stigmatized women more than men. With the rise in egalitarianism and approval of sex outside of marriage, however, attitudes may have changed so that people view unmarried parenthood by men and women similarly or even stigmatize men. This paper contributes to studies of single parenthood by examining acceptance of unmarried parenthood for men versus women. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (1992– 1994), we show that there is somewhat greater acceptance of single mothers than single fathers, and women are more accepting than men of single mothers. There is some indication that there may be greater approval over time, given that younger individuals and those who experienced family disruption as children are more accepting of single parenthood. However, there is great variation in attitudes by race, religious participation, and region.
Participation Patterns Among Mexican-American Parents Enrolled in a Universal Intervention and Their Association with Child Externalizing Outcomes

This study used growth mixture modeling to examine attendance trajectories among 292 Mexican–American primary female caregivers enrolled in a universal preventive intervention and the effects of health beliefs, participation intentions, cultural influences, and intervention group cohesion on trajectory group membership as well as trajectory group differences on a distal outcome, immediate posttest teacher report of child externalizing (T2). Results supported four trajectory groups—early terminators (ET), mid-program terminators (MPT), low-risk persistent attenders (LRPA), and high-risk persistent attenders (HRPA). Compared with LRPAs, caregivers classified as HRPAs had weaker familism values, less parenting efficacy, and higher externalizing children with lower GPAs. Caregivers in the two persistent attender groups reported strong group cohesion and providers rated these caregivers as having strong participation intentions. Children of caregivers in the LRPA group had the lowest T2 child externalizing. Children of caregivers in the MPT group had lower T2 externalizing than did those of the ET group, suggesting partial intervention dosage can benefit families. Despite high levels of attendance, children of caregivers in the HRPA had the highest T2 externalizing, suggesting this high-risk group needed either more intensive services or a longer period for parents to implement program skills to evidence change in child externalizing.
Etsrp/Etv2 Is Directly Regulated by Foxc1a/b in the Zebrafish Angioblast

Rationale:Endothelial cells are developmentally derived from angioblasts specified in the mesodermal germ cell layer. The transcription factor etsrp/etv2 is at the top of the known genetic hierarchy for angioblast development. The transcriptional events that induce etsrp expression and angioblast specification are not well understood. Objective:We generated etsrp:gfp transgenic zebrafish and used them to identify regulatory regions and transcription factors critical for etsrp expression and angioblast specification from mesoderm. Methods and Results:To investigate the mechanisms that initiate angioblast cell transcription during embryogenesis, we have performed promoter analysis of the etsrp locus in zebrafish. We describe three enhancer elements sufficient for endothelial gene expression when place in front of a heterologous promoter. The deletion of all 3 regulatory regions led to a near complete loss of endothelial expression from the etsrp promoter. One of the enhancers, located 2.3 kb upstream of ets...
Northern Diamondback Terrapin Occurrence, Movement, and Nesting Activity Along a Salt Marsh Access Road

ABSTRACT Northern diamondback terrapins, Malaclemys terrapin terrapin, were tagged with passive integrated transponder tags to mark them and monitor their activity along a road through salt marsh habitat in Tuckerton, New Jersey. A mark-recapture study was conducted to evaluate terrapin movements, nesting frequency, and nest site fidelity. During sampling periods throughout 2 nesting seasons (2004–2005), 300 adult females were tagged. Ninety-two recaptures were made of 54 individual terrapins, with most recaptures (81.5%) occurring within a season (range = 1–45 days, mean = 7.5 days). Some recaptures (18.5%) occurred the following year. Some females crossed the road multiple times during nesting, and nearly half searched for a site within 50 m of the area where they were initially tagged. Nest site selections of all multiple nesters (within and among seasons) varied greatly from approximately 4–1307 m (mean internesting distance = 202.75 m), yet 39% were recaptured within 50 m of their initial tagging loc...
Organization and Control

A more descriptive title for this article might have been “control in organizations and the organization of control.” For one, it reports on a current attempt [3] at developing a mathematical theory of organization in which the use of feedback and of other concepts taken from control theory seems inevitable. And conversely the article speculates on whether or not some of the ideas that are coming out of this organization theory might not be useful also to control theory. Points of contact seem to exist already in the field of hierarchical control [7] and in human factors considerations recently discussed by Rijnsdorp [9].
Resistance Brazing of Alumina Ceramic to Titanium Using Pure Gold

Pure gold brazing of 96% alumina ceramic with CP titanium using electrical resistance heating has been analyzed. Wetting studies of gold with different refractory metals and titanium were performed. HTCC alumina ceramic was metalized with a 500 nm Nb layer yielding hermetic joints having leak rate of the order of 1.6 × 10−8 atm-cc/ sec. Adhesion strength was tested using nanoscratch testing using a nanoindentor on 100 nm Nb on polished alumina.
Endurance and Rest for Work with Concentration and Attention

Although determination of the proper fatigue allowance is of interest, job design is more important so fatigue effects are reduced. Avoid paced work. Night work and repetitive work—especially for socially isolated workers—seems to cause fatigue. Short breaks often seems better than long breaks occasionally. Passive rest is not as good as working and active rest.
Students' Self-Concepts and Perceived Behaviors and Their Relationship with Professors' Perceived Behaviors

Summary.-In an earlier study Parish in 1788 found that children's perceived hateful behaviors of their parents were associated with diminished self-concepts of their college-age children. In the present study, students' perceptions of hateful behaviors by professors likewise were associated with diminished self-concepts of their college students (r = .18) as well as how hatefully these students acted toward their professors (r= ,391. Finally, how hatefully students acted toward their professors was also significantly related to how negatively they perceived themselves (i.e., developed a low selfconcept) (r= .17). Explanations and possible implications of these findings are discussed. In 1988 Parish introduced the hve/Hate Checklist as a way to assess perceptions of how "lovingly" or "hatefully" people interact with one another. In that study, for example, perceived hateful actions of parents (i.e., both mothers and fathers) were significantly related to their children's (i.e., college students') diminished self-concepts. This significant correlation seems meaningful since, according to Raschke and Raschke (1979), children's self-concepts are likely to be diminished when conflict prevails between parents. But if earlier conflict between parents is associated with diminished selfconcepts among their college-aged children, one might also examine another adult source of authority (e.g., college professors) to ascertain whether a similar correlation prevails. More specifically, could perceived "hateful" behaviors of professors also be related to diminished self-concepts of students, as well as more "hateful" behaviors of students toward their professors, and tangentially, could students' diminished self-concepts also be related to their use of "hateful" behaviors toward their professors? Method.-In the present study 143 college students, enrolled at a large midwestern university, voluntarily participated. These students were either surveyed during a class period of a human development course or during tutoring sessions for an introduction to sociology course. Demographically speaking, this group of students could be classified three ways, i.e., there were 40 men and 103 women; 130 were European-American students and 12 were African-American students; 12 were athletes and 131 nonathletes. Each student completed two forms of the Love/Hate Checklist (Parish, 1988b) and one form of the Personal Attribute Inventory (Parish, Bryant, &
Heat-shock-stimulated transepithelial daunomycin secretion by flounder renal proximal tubule primary cultures.

Primary monolayer cultures of winter flounder renal proximal tubule epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers were used to characterize transepithelial transport of daunomycin (Dau). Control tissues performed active net secretion of Dau (0.064 +/- 0.027 nmol.cm-2.h-1). Mild heat shock (5 degrees C elevation for 6-8 h followed by return to normal temperature) almost doubled Dau secretion (0.114 +/- 0.026 nmol.cm-2.h-1). This response was inhibited approximately 40% by addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Dau secretion was inhibited by verapamil, vinblastine, cyclosporin A, and to a lesser degree by the organic cation, tetraethylammonium. In addition, tetraethylammonium secretion was inhibited by vinblastine. Dau secretion was not inhibited by the organic anion, p-aminohippurate, and p-aminohippurate secretion was not inhibited by vinblastine. The transepithelial reabsorptive flux of Dau and the electrical characteristics of the tissues, including rheogenic glucose transport, were unaffected by any of the above treatments. Reaction of tissues with a monoclonal antibody to P-glycoprotein (C219) revealed the presence of this transporter on only apical microvilli. The data indicate that flounder possess an active mechanism for the renal excretion of Dau that is stimulated by mild heat shock. This mechanism is distinct from organic anion, but not organic cation, transport and has characteristics consistent with transport by an apical P-glycoprotein.
Cramer Rao Lower Bound for Blind Timing Offset Estimation of a Two-Channel Time-Interleaved A/D Converter

This paper discusses the statistical efficiency of a blind calibration method presented in [1] for estimating the timing offset between branches of a two-channel time-interleaved analog to digital converter (ADC). For a slighly oversampled signal, this method transforms the calibration problem into a conventional adaptive time-delay estimation problem by lowpass filtering the ADC ouputs. To evaluate the optimality of this approach, two Cramer Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) are derived. The first is applicable to all blind calibration algorithms, and the second to methods that rely on low-pass filtered ADC outputs. Since the time-delay estimation method is asymptotically efficient with respect to its CRLB at high SNR, its efficiency for the orginal calibration problem depends on whether the two CRLBS are close to each other. For a wideband WGN input, we obtain a condition expressed in terms of the ADC resolution and signal oversampling factor that ensures that the two CRLBs are near each other. Numerical simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the calibration method of [1] for an ADC SNR of 70dB and oversampling factor of 15%.
Closed-form analytical solutions of transient heat conduction in hollow composite cylinders with any number of layers

Abstract Conventional analytical methods for transient heat conduction solutions, due to complicated derivations and formidable calculations, have been limited to composite bodies with two or three layers. Developed in this work is a new analytical solution method for transient heat conduction in hollow composite cylinders with an arbitrary number of layers and subject to general boundary conditions. In this method, a distributed transfer function formulation gives an s-domain solution of a composite cylinder and inverse Laplace transform of the s-domain solution via a newly derived residue formula yields the transient solution of the cylinder in an explicit and closed form. Unlike conventional analytical methods, the proposed method does not require different derivations for different cylinder configurations (such as number of layers, boundary conditions and thermal resistance at layer interfaces). Because it only involves two-by-two matrices in the solution process, the proposed method is highly efficient in computation, as demonstrated in numerical examples.
Abstract 020: A Mitochondrial Renin-Angiotensin System: Internalization of Angiotensinogen

There is compelling evidence for actions of an intracellular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in various cell organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and the mitochondria (Mito). Indeed, angiotensin (Ang) AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes were functionally linked to Mito respiration and nitric oxide production, respectively in a previous study. Since elucidation of mitochondrial pathways for expression of RAS protein components as well as Ang II or Ang-(1-7) is equivocal at this time, we undertook a biochemical analysis of the Mito RAS from adult male sheep kidney. Cortical Mito were isolated by differential centrifugation and a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Purified Mito were co-enriched in the voltage-dependent anion channel, an outer Mito membrane marker as well as ATP synthase, an inner membrane marker. Angiotensinogen (Aogen; 55 kDa) was detected in Mito extracts by an Aogen antibody to an internal sequence of the protein, but not with an antibody directed against the Ang I N-terminus. Two different renin antibodies identified a major 35 kDa protein band in the isolated Mito. Using the Ang I-directed Aogen antibody, active renin was confirmed by hydrolysis of Aogen that was abolished by aliskiren; however, trypsin exposure did not increase renin activity in the Mito. A pro-renin receptor (PRR) antibody failed to identify proteins in three Mito preparations, but revealed a prominent band in renal cortical membranes that corresponds to the size of PRR. Angiotensin peptides were quantified by three direct RIAs; the Mito content of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher as compared to Ang I [23 ± 8 and 58 ± 17 vs. 2 ± 1 fmol/mg protein; p<0.01, n=3]. Additionally, both neprilysin and thimet oligopeptidase activities that processed Ang I to Ang-(1-7) were evident. Finally, cortical Mito internalized radiolabeled Aogen at a rate of 33 ± 9 fmol/min/mg protein (n=3) at 37°C. The subsequent analysis of the labeled Mito by SDS-gel fractionation revealed a predominant radioactive band of 55 kDa for Aogen. Collectively, our data suggest that the internalization of Aogen and subsequent processing by active renin may yield des-[Ang I]-Aogen and the active peptides Ang II and Ang-(1-7) that may potentially contribute to mitochondrial function within the kidney.
Practice Dissemination: Public Speaking

The foundational idea of behavior analysis is that behavior is a function of environmental circumstances, past and present. It is the most powerful idea ever invented by mankind for understanding, knowing, and approaching human behavior, especially problem behavior. Yet the idea itself is not well known, understood, or used. In other words, it has not been disseminated widely or well. The chapters of this book focus on how to improve this state of affairs. This chapter recommends mastering, or at least becoming more competent at, the front of the room, a very powerful locus for disseminating information. As I have previously asserted mastering it can turn a commoner into a king, a middling man into a mayor, or a group of disorganized, dispirited people into an energized force marching into battle. More specific to this book, it can also transform you into a powerful disseminator. In this paper I define what I mean by the front and I supply 25 suggestions for improving your performance while you are there. My specific intent is to improve your performance in front of audiences and my general intent is to improve your function as an ambassador for our field.
Transfer Matters: Forward to the Special Issue on Transfer:

Transfer has a long history that parallels the evolution of community colleges in the United States. Research on transfer has focused extensively on policies and processes that operate under the au...
Master’s Program Bariatric Pathway: Revision of Adjustable Gastric Band

Initial enthusiasm in the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has waned due to lower weight loss compared to other bariatric surgeries. Patients may also develop other complications such as band prolapse, band erosion, dysphagia, and port malfunction. Long-term obstruction may lead to esophageal dilation and dysmotility. Treatment options in patients with complications after LAGB include revision, band removal, or conversion to another bariatric procedure. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch with biliopancreatic diversion have been described to be options for conversion.
KINETICS OF DNA SYNTHESIS AND CELL PROLIFERATION IN LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION: WORKSHOP REVIEW

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a summary of the workshop organized successively at the Third European Immunology Meeting (Copenhagen, August 23–26, 1976) and at the Eleventh Leukocyte Culture Conference . The workshop addressed the following topics: (1) culture circumstances that best promote lymphocyte transformation and proliferation, (2) kinetics of proliferation in response to antigens and mitogens, (3) the reliable quantitative assay methods for in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and (4) solid information that exists on three categories of lymphocyte DNA with unusual or apparently specific characteristics. This chapter reviews various studies on this subject into context. The workshop focused on two highly relevant aspects of the lymphocyte response to stimulation, namely, initiation and termination of proliferation.
CHAPTER 35 – Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease

Atherosclerosis, the combined end-result of genetic modi- fiers, environmental factors, and spontaneous cellular-molecular events, selectively affects medium- and large-sized elastic and muscular arteries (Fig. 35-1). The coronary location of atherosclerosis results in its major clinical manifestation: coronary artery disease (CAD).1-5 Atherosclerosis represents the premier human epidemic which emerged between the second and third millennia, an epidemic that affects all industrialized countries and is expanding worldwide. 6-10 Aging defines the advancement of atherosclerosis, both phenotypically and clinically. Men and women in their second and third decades of life contain early, preclinical lesions of atherosclerosis (fatty streaks), whereas most individuals in their seventh and eighth decades have advanced, complex atherosclerotic plaques (Fig. 35-2A and B).11-17 Atherosclerosis can propagate uniformly across the arterial tree, usually starting within the distal (infrarenal) abdominal aorta, or can evolve in a mosaic fashion, with predilection for certain locations, such as coronary and extracranial vessels.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia

Insomnia is a common disorder causing difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, with associated daytime impairment. A multitude of medications have been used to treat insomnia including benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, a melatonin receptor agonist, sedating antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and over-the-counter substances. These medicines vary in efficacy and side effect profile. Factors that need to be considered when deciding upon which drug to use include symptom pattern, cost, past treatment responses, comorbid conditions, and drug interactions. Research supports the efficacy of benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, and ramelteon; however, more studies need to be done to assess the usefulness of other classes of medication, long-term usage of hypnotics and the combination of drugs from various classes of medication.
Robotic Heller Myotomy

Achalasia is a relatively uncommon primary motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by incomplete or absent relaxation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES). Early definitive treatment is essential to prevent potential complications of the disease as well as improve patients’ quality of life. Treatment is always palliative and is aimed to decrease the outflow obstruction at the level of the LES. Heller esophageal myotomy has been considered the gold standard in the surgical management of achalasia. A minimally invasive approach offers better results in terms of minimal post operative pain, shorter hospital stay, shorter disability, lower cost, and a better cosmetic result compared to the open approach. Some of the pitfalls associated with laparoscopic Heller myotomy such as the effect of previous failed endoscopic treatments and the risk for esophageal perforation have been overcome with the emergence of robotic surgery. Several factors of robotic surgery including tremor elimination, freedom of movements, steadiness and 3-D visualization that provides a careful and more precise dissection of muscle fibers has helped ensure better safety and superior results. We have applied this technology for the treatment of esophageal achalasia with encouraging patient outcomes and no esophageal perforation. This chapter illustrates our current technique for Robotic Assisted Heller Myotomy and some of the common pearls and pitfalls.
Risk of Prolonged Opioid Use Among Opioid-Naïve Patients After Common Shoulder Arthroscopy Procedures.

Background:Opioid-related morbidity and mortality are major public health concerns, and the risk of long-term opioid use after shoulder arthroscopy is not well defined.Hypothesis:Substance abuse di...
Clastic pipes and mud volcanism across Mars: Terrestrial analog evidence of past martian groundwater and subsurface fluid mobilization

Abstract Clastic pipes are cylindrical injection features that vertically crosscut bedding with sharp contacts. Terrestrial pipes have cylindrical morphologies, massive or radially graded interiors, and raised outer rims. Increased grain size and subsequent cementation along the more porous edges makes the rims more resistant to weathering. Pipes have crosscutting relationships with other pipes due to multiple formation events or migrating eruption centers, and are associated with other soft-sediment deformation features. Terrestrial clastic pipes form via liquefaction and fluidization, which require a near-surface groundwater system to initiate (i.e., sand-sized sediments must be saturated for pipes to form). Clastic pipes (cm to 1000+ m diameters) occur on Mars across multiple time periods and terrains and are recognized in both rover and orbital imagery. A conical or cylindrical geometry and massive interior/core characterize these features. The pipes on Mars show various geomorphic expressions and are classified into five types by the presence or absence of a raised outer rim, or a central pit. These types are interpreted to represent the erosional evolution of pipes at different stages from their initial surface eruptive structures to their weathered remnants (eroded conical hills). Martian pipes formed via fluidization as evidenced by: 1) raised outer rims possibly indicating textural differences along the pipe edges from traction interactions of fluid-suspended sediment; 2) crosscutting relationships with other pipes suggesting reactivated fluidization pathways or migrating eruptive vents; and 3) close spatial association between pipes and other features thought to form by soft-sediment deformation (e.g., contorted bedding). Integration of terrestrial analog data with the Mars observations provides evidence for past Martian groundwater and subsurface fluid mobilization.
Pathologic tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated the prognostic significance of pathologic tumor response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of significant pathologic response to NAT in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC), and association of NAT regimen and other clinico-pathologic characteristics with pathologic response. Methods Patients with BRPC who underwent NAT and pancreatic resection between January 2012 and June 2017 were included. Pathologic response was assessed on a qualitative scale based on the College of American Pathologists grading system. Demographics and baseline characteristics, oncologic treatment, pathology, and survival outcomes were compared. Results Seventy-one patients were included for analysis. Four patients had complete pathologic responses (tumor regression score 0), 12 patients had marked responses (score 1), 42 had moderate responses (score 2), and 13 had minimal responses (score 3). Patients with complete or marked responses were more likely to have received neoadjuvant gemcitabine chemoradiation (62.5%, 38.1%, and 23.1% of the complete/marked, moderate, and minimal response groups, respectively; P = 0.04). Of the complete/marked, moderate, and minimal response groups, margins were negative in 75.0%, 78.6%, and 46.2% (P = 0.16); node negative disease was observed in 87.5%, 54.8%, and 15.4% (P Conclusions A more pronounced pathologic tumor response to NAT in BRPC is correlated with node negative disease, but was not associated with a statistically significant survival benefit in this study.
Generating a Daily Bill of Materials at Level of Development 400 Using the Smallest Workface Boundary

AbstractObservations and sample tests at five construction sites showed that the time required for generating a daily bill of materials (BOM) is within the range of 12–68 min. However, 20 foremen i...
Teacher Beliefs and Pedagogical Practices of Integrating Multimodality into First-Year Composition

Abstract The study intends to provide insights into First-year Composition (FYC) instructors’ beliefs and practices of integrating multimodal writing into the curriculum. Of particular interest is how the beliefs are translated into practices and how such process is mediated by various factors. The study was conducted with nine graduate teaching assistants at one of the largest public universities in the United States. Data were collected through online surveys, face-to-face interviews, and teaching materials. The study has identified four categories of pedagogical agendas on teaching multimodal writing. In addition, teachers generally lack the coping mechanism against students’ negative affective responses, even if such attitudes were acknowledged as an impediment to learning. We find that different aspects of the belief system have a reciprocal and profound impact on teaching practices and that the supportive institutional culture serves as a positive factor. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and professional development.
Cellobiose as a Model Carbohydrate for Predicting Solubilities in Nonaqueous Solvents

The use of nonaqueous solvents for conversion of biomass molecules into platform chemicals and fuels is hindered by a lack of solubility data and models. Accordingly, the solubility of the model ca...
Design of heterogeneous structured Al alloys with wide processing window for laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Required microstructural attributes of an alloy vary with structural applications. The microstructural fine-tuning capability of laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) enables application specific manufacture of the components. Such manufacture with L-PBF AM requires alloys that exhibit wide processing window and are amenable to multiple deformation mechanisms. However, high hot cracking susceptibility of Al alloys poses a barrier to such printability-performance synergy. In this work we show that an integration of, a) grain refinement through heterogeneous nucleation, and b) eutectic solidification, leads to crack-free parts at wide range of process parameters, microstructural heterogeneity, and hierarchy in the Al-Ni-Ti-Zr alloy. Such an integration targets hot cracking at multiple stages of solidification in L-PBF as opposed to the contemporary alloy design strategies that target hot-cracking at only specific stages of solidification. The Al-Ni-Ti-Zr alloy exhibits excellent printability and a high as-built tensile performance. Due to the wide processing window and amenability to multiple deformation mechanisms, the alloy microstructure and subsequently the performance, can be fine-tuned. Such strategy opens the gateway for application-specific manufacture of Al alloys with L-PBF AM and establishes a fundamental shift in current methodologies for design of these alloys for L-PBF AM.
Positive Correlation Between Candida auris Skin-Colonization Burden and Environmental Contamination at a Ventilator-Capable Skilled Nursing Facility in Chicago.

BACKGROUND Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast that contaminates healthcare environments causing healthcare-associated outbreaks. The mechanisms facilitating contamination are not established. METHODS C. auris was quantified in residents' bilateral axillary/inguinal composite skin swabs and environmental samples during a point-prevalence survey at a ventilator-capable skilled-nursing facility (vSNF A) with documented high colonization prevalence. Environmental samples were collected from all doorknobs, windowsills and handrails of each bed in 12 rooms. C. auris concentrations were measured using culture and C. auris-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) The relationship between C. auris concentrations in residents' swabs and associated environmental samples were evaluated using Kendall's tau-b (τ b) correlation coefficient. RESULTS C. auris was detected in 70/100 tested environmental samples and 31/57 tested resident skin swabs. The mean C. auris concentration in skin swabs was 1.22 × 105 cells/mL by culture and 1.08 × 106 cells/mL by qPCR. C. auris was detected on all handrails of beds occupied by colonized residents, as well as 10/24 doorknobs and 9/12 windowsills. A positive correlation was identified between the concentrations of C. auris in skin swabs and associated handrail samples based on culture (τ b = 0.54, P = .0004) and qPCR (τ b = 0.66, P = 3.83e-6). Two uncolonized residents resided in beds contaminated with C. auris. CONCLUSIONS Colonized residents can have high C. auris burdens on their skin, which was positively related with contamination of their surrounding healthcare environment. These findings underscore the importance of hand hygiene, transmission-based precautions, and particularly environmental disinfection in preventing spread in healthcare facilities.
"Doing History" in the Olden Days, 1970s-1990s

Academically trained as a historian and then hired as an IBM salesperson in the 1970s, James Cortada spent many years working to define the scope of the emerging history of computing field. As an IBM employee, Cortada began his writing career with almost exclusive access to the IBM Archives. This article describes his experiences with the IBM Archives, the archives of other major industry leaders (such as Burroughs and NCR), and the still active pioneers in the computer industry during this period.
The Challenge of Correcting Volume Overload in Hospitalized Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure

Large databases obtained in the past decade from registries and clinical trials have allowed a better characterization of the clinical profile of patients admitted to hospitals for decompensated heart failure (DHF) ([1–3][1]). This new information has clearly recognized fluid overload and
History as Death and Living Ghosts: The Mislaid Memories of Saint Katharine Drexel

This essay challenges how modernist conceptions of traditional historical research methods have restricted Saint Katharine Drexel’s narrative from interrogation and dialogue about how religion, race, gender, region, and class can intersect to create educational opportunity. Using microhistorical analysis, this research reconsiders definitions of identity, religion, and place in the South and specifically New Orleans in the early twentieth century. By deeply exploring Drexel’s experiences in the founding of Xavier University in New Orleans through a micro lens, the author welcomes the presence of living ghosts who can provide valuable information about how to persevere through social, racial, and economic unrest to work for social justice.
Selection of HIV replication inhibitors: chemistry and biology.

Publisher Summary There is a great need to find new drugs and treatment strategies. Available HIV drugs inhibit two key enzymes of the virus, reverse transcriptase and protease. Given the pathogenesis of HIV mutants capable of resisting triple-drug therapies, the identification of drugs that target HIV proteins, other than reverse transcriptase and protease, is a high priority for the development of new drugs. HIV-1 is a complex retrovirus that encodes six regulatory proteins, including Tat and Rev, essential for viral replication. Inhibition of Tat and Rev function provides attractive targets for new antiviral therapies. The Tat protein is a potent transcriptional activator of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter element. A regulatory element between +1 and +60 in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, which is capable of forming a stable stem-loop structure designated trans-activation responsive (TAR), is critical for Tat function. The Tat protein functions as a transcriptional activator, whereas Rev acts as a sequence-specific nuclear RNA export factor. Rev is involved in efficient nuclear export, and hence expression of the various incompletely spliced viral transcripts. The target RNA sequence required for Rev function is called the Rev response element (RRE) and is located within the env reading flame. Additional screening of microbial fermentation extracts was carried out to identify more potent Rev—RRE binding inhibitors. An extract of the fungal solid fermentation culture of Epicoccum nigrum WC47880 was found to inhibit the binding of Rev—RRE. The axis contains two positively acting elements, the Rev protein and its RNA target sequence, the RRE. Scattered throughout the HIV genome in the genes coding for virion structural proteins are CRSs (constitutive repressor sequences) that act in cis to constitutively down-regulate the expression of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain them. Rev binds to the RRE as a multimer. Evidence indicates that the Rev protein, through its nuclear export signal (NES), binds exportin/CRM1 and Ran guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cooperatively when it is bound to the RRE-containing RNA.
Modeling of Interconnect Parasitics

With continual scaling of CMOS technology, the parasitics of backend-of-the-line (BEOL) interconnect (i.e., wire resistance and capacitance) become increasingly important to circuit performance [1, 2]. In order to match the shrinking pitch of transistors on the silicon substrate, local metal wires need to be narrower and closer, leading to the dramatic increase in the coupling capacitance and RC delay [1]. To overcome this barrier and enhance circuit speed, many technology advances have been made in sub-65 nm CMOS technology. Traditional Al/SiO2 technology is replaced by Cu/low-k inter-layer dielectric (ILD) that helps reduce metal resistance and improve the reliability under the electromigration effect (Fig. 6.1). However, the integration of Cu into the CMOS process requires a special diffusion barrier to prevent the rapid diffusion of Cu through ILDs, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
Plackett–Burman experimental design to facilitate syntactic foam development

The use of an eight-experiment Plackett–Burman method can assess six experimental variables and eight responses in a polysiloxane-glass microsphere syntactic foam. The approach aims to decrease the time required to develop a tunable polymer composite by identifying a reduced set of variables and responses suitable for future predictive modeling. The statistical design assesses the main effects of mixing process parameters, polymer matrix composition, microsphere density and volume loading, and the blending of two grades of microspheres, using a dummy factor in statistical calculations. Responses cover rheological, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The cure accelerator content of the polymer matrix and the volume loading of the microspheres have the largest effects on foam properties. These factors are the most suitable for controlling the gel point of the curing foam, and the density of the cured foam. The mixing parameters introduce widespread variability and therefore should be fixed at effective levels during follow-up testing. Some responses may require greater contrast in microsphere-related factors. Compared to other possible statistical approaches, the run economy of the Plackett–Burman method makes it a valuable tool for rapidly characterizing new foams. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42892.
Isolation of a Type 1 Avian Adenovirus (CELO) Mutant Which Was Nonpathogenic for the Chicken Embryo.

Abstract A mutant isolated from plaque purified type 1 avian adenovirus (CELO) differed from the parent virus in embryo pathogenicity and in plaque size.
The symmetric hypernets-design and analysis

K. Hwang and J. Ghosh (1987) proposed an interconnection network called a hypernet which has a constant node degree and is easily expandable. However, its component count increases unsymmetrically with the increase in size. The authors propose a topology called a symmetric hypernet which grows symmetrically with the increase in dimension and hierarchical level. Symmetric hypernets have two types of physical nodes, the processing nodes (PEs) which perform data processing tasks only and PE/IO nodes which perform both data processing and input/output tasks. Symmetric hypernets are a good alternative to hypercube topology for constructing moderate size parallel machines. They have slightly more internal links than the hypernets suggested by Hwang and Ghosh but have a relatively small diameter for moderate size networks, better reliability, smaller overall average distance and overall normalized average distance, better fault tolerance, more alternative paths between any two nodes, and low traffic density. Simple addressing rules resulted in a simple and efficient mapping algorithm. The PE/IO nodes are placed uniformly in the network and have separate and predefined addresses. Location of the PE nodes and PE/IO nodes is predetermined, which results in simple and efficient VLSI design. Network expansion is very gradual and uniform. >
Intestinal absorption of vitamin A from aqueous and oily menstruum.

Oral intake of vitamin A in aqueous dispersions produces a significantly higher rise of the blood vitamin A level than in oily menstruum. This was considered evidence of improved in test inal absorption, especially since after intake of the aqueous preparation, the fecal excretion of vitamin A appeared reduced and the storage in the liver increased. The use of aqueous preparations appeared especially superior in improving the response to vitamin A in patients with liver or celiac disease. This suggested the direct observations of the intestinal absorption of vitamin A in aqueous and oily solution in rats by fluorescence microcopy.
Controversies in the management of glomus tumors of the temporal bone

Abstract Glomus tumors of the temporal bone are histologically benign neoplasms with destructive potential related to their patterns of growth and extension. Understanding these routes of invasion assists the otolaryngologist head and neck surgeon in predicting cranial neuropathies and planning surgical approaches. The low incidence of these tumors makes comparison between different modes of treatment difficult. This article presents the surgical approaches used in resection of glomus tympanicum and jugulare tumors. Data from recent long-term follow-up series of patients treated with external beam radiation therapy, either primarily or following subtotal resection of glomus tumors, are also reviewed. Final selection of a therapeutic approach must be individualized as there are no universally agreed on criteria for choosing among the options.
A new resistive sea for diode array vidicons

A new kind of resistive sea for silicon diode arrays has been developed. It is an electronically conducting glass that can be r-f sputtered reproducibly to give the desired combination of resistance and thickness. Since the resistivity can be varied over a wide range (103to 1014ohm-cm) the thickness can be chosen independently of the sheet resistivity. Furthermore, the material can be baked at a temperature of 300°C without degrading tube performance. Data on the processing and performance of the material will be presented.
Response to: “A Graphic Reanalysis of the NINDS Trial”

When performed correctly, graphical display of clinical trial data can provide useful additional insights regarding treatments that statistically demonstrate benefit, like fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, in their article graphically analyzing the two NINDS TPA Trials, Drs. Hoffman and Schriger depart from best practices appropriate for the visual display of quantitative information.1 All 13 of the charts in their main paper fail to graphically take into account the the ordinal, non-interval nature of the NIH Stroke Scale’s, functional significance and the skewed population distribution. For example, improving from an NIHSS score of 31 to 21 barely affects patient disability, while going from an NIHSS score of 11 to 1 results in a dramatic improvement in daily functioning, although both are a 10 point lowering. Giving lower range score changes equal visual weighting to upper range score changes is misleading. Moreover, NIHSS score values of 32 to 41 are virtually impossible for any patient to obtain at entry and 90 days and were almost completely absent in the data. So showing a scale range from 0 to 42 or −42 to 42 compresses the true clinical response range and treatment effect as the range is 35% too large (42/31=1.35). Compounding these graphical issues, the NIHSS change scales in figures 1b, 2b. 3b, 4b, and 5b, are between two to twenty times the range achievable by individual patients, severely compressing the apparent treatment effect and giving the appearance of an effect too small to be of clinical importance. Several methods exist that are appropriate to the graphical depiction of scales with ordinal functional values and skewed population distributions, including charting normalized gain and loss and charting clinically relevant ordinal categories. Graphical analysis of the NIHSS and delta NIHSS scores in the two NINDS-TPA trials, when conducted in this proper manner, delineate large magnitude treatment benefits of under 3 hour fibrinolytic therapy in acute stroke.2 Try as they might, for more than a decade, the anti-treatment contrarians have not been able to find a legitimate fault, statistically or now graphically, with the original two NINDS TPA trials. Multiple analyses of the data have shown benefit, including individual excellent outcome binary endpoints, combination of excellent outcomes by global statistic (the prespecified primary analysis), entry-severity adjusted endpoint analysis,3 and now appropriate graphical depictions of change in NIHSS score. Moreover, the results of these two trials are confirmed by under 3 hour and 3–4.5 hour data from multiple other trials of TPA that enrolled patients in these time windows.4 Emergency physicians and neurologists, working together as partners for patient benefit in acute stroke centers and regional stroke systems of care worldwide,5 can be reassured that that they are delivering substantial benefits to patients when providing under three hour fibrinolytic therapy, figuratively, as well as literally.
Systolic Arrays For Eigenvalue Computation

There are many cases, both in signal and in image processing applications, where the eigenvalues and vectors of particular matrix operators are required. Furthermore, in many situations, on a particular matrix operator, there is an a priori information available. Most eigenvalue algorithms do not utilize all the available information. In this paper, the use of the Lie algebra of matrix operators is suggested for systolic array eigenvector and value computation. After a brief survey of the relevant Lie algebra for such computation, a number of possible Lie signal processing algebra examples are presented.