cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance and the Development of Scientific Practice: Designing the Mangle Into Science Instruction

This article addresses how we can develop learning environments that establish a need for scientific practices and provide a context for developing content knowledge through practice. It argues that Pickering's (1995) notion of “The Mangle of Practice” informs these efforts by focusing our attention on how resistance, or push-back from the world, destabilizes practices and ideas, creating a need to re-evaluate each in light of the other. I describe the design of science instruction for an elementary school classroom, showing how it built from attention to the mangle and established principles in the fields of education and the learning sciences. I then explore how three forms of activity emerged, were taken up by students, and developed as practices in the classroom community. Implications for the design of learning environments include attending to why students engage in practices and building resistances into students’ work to support the co-development of practices and content understandings.
GPS-Based Earthmoving for Construction

Advances in on-board machine computing, display, and wireless communication technology have revolutionized earthmoving in construction. Efficient construction operation demands that the right people have the right information at the right time. Caterpillar's Computer Aided Earthmoving System (CAES) meets this demand by providing real-time integration of planning and operations by providing the means to display plans to the machine operator immediately after they are created. CAES also turns the earthmoving machine into a survey instrument, which is used to continuously survey the terrain as the machine works. In addition to providing terrain data, other information, such as productivity and machine utilization, is available from the Caterpillar Computer Aided Earthmoving System.
Is There a Role for Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Canine Renal Disease

Dogs with spontaneous renal diseases frequently develop progressive uremia. After partial nephrectomy, a similar pattern of progressively declining renal function develops. This pattem may be attributed in part to the development of glomerular hypertension in remnant canine nephrons. Changes in the composition of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modify glomerular hemodynamics in normal rats and affect the chronic course of renal disease in partially nephrectomized rats. Thus, dietary PUFA supplementation might alter progressive canine nephropathies. However, the response of dogs with renal insufficiency to dietary manipulations frequently differs substantially from that of laboratory rodents, and the effects of dietary PUFA composition have been poorly characterized in dogs with chronic renal disease. Here we address the hypothesis that dietary PUFA supplementation may delay the progression of chronic renal insufficiency in dogs. In particular, dogs ingesting diets supplemented with (n-6) PUFA exhibited severe glomerular hypertension associated with rapidly progressive renal failure. In contrast, dietary supplementation with (n-3) PUFA prevented deterioration of the glomerular filtration rate and preserved renal structure. The results of these model studies demonstrate that dietary PUFA supplementation may alter renal hemodynamics and the long-term course of renal injury in dogs. Clinical trials to address the potential benefits of dietary (n-3) PUFA supplementation in a variety of spontaneous renal diseases seem warranted.
Commercial CFD Code Validation for Heavy-Vehicle External Aerodynamics Simulation

The issue of energy economy in transportation has grown beyond traditional concerns over environment, safety and health to include new concerns over national security and energy self-sufficiency. As part of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies’ Working Group on Aerodynamic Drag of Heavy Vehicles, Argonne National Laboratory is independently investigating the accuracy of aerodynamic drag predictions generated by commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software. In this validation study, computational predictions from two commercial CFD codes, Star-CD [1] and PowerFLOW [2], will be compared with detailed velocity, pressure and force balance data from experiments completed in the 7 ft. by 10 ft. wind tunnel at NASA Ames [3,4] using a Generic Conventional Model (GCM) that is representative of typical current-generation tractor-trailer geometries. This paper highlights results from evaluations of drag coefficient predictions using standard two-equation steady RANS turbulence models and logarithmic wall functions that were completed as part of the first phase of these studies.
The automated retrieval console (ARC): open source software for streamlining the process of natural language processing

Open source natural language processing (NLP) frameworks have made it easier for NLP developers and researchers to develop more reusable and modular components and to capitalize on the work of others. With the Automated Retrieval Console (ARC) we attempt to build upon this foundation by streamlining the many processes surrounding the development, evaluation, and deployment of natural language processing technologies. Toward this end, ARC offers graphical user interfaces to facilitate corpus import, reference set creation, annotation, and inter-annotator agreement calculation. To speed task-specific information extraction development, ARC combines NLP-generated features from UIMA pipelines with machine learning classifiers and calculates performance statistics against a reference set. We also use ARC to explore automated algorithm creation for specific information extraction tasks in an effort to reduce the need for custom code and rules development. We present a detailed description of the ideas implemented in this proof-of-concept and a brief overview of two empirical evaluations.
Respiration and osmoregulation of the estuarine crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould): effects of the herbicide, alachlor.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of a sudden decrease in salinity and exposure to sublethal concentrations of the herbicide, Alachlor, on osmoregulation and respiration of the crab, Rhithropanopens harrisii, were studied. 2. 2. Crabs were hyperosmotic regulators at salinities below 24 ppt and became hypoosmotic at higher salinities. Upon a salinity decrease from 20 to 1 ppt, crabs adjusted their haemolymph osmolality to a stable hyperosmotic level in 8 hr. Alachlor concentrations to 50 ppm did not affect this adjustment. 3. 3. A salinity decrease from 10 to Oppt elevated V o2 and the critical oxygen tension. This response was unaffected by Alachlor concentrations as high as 25 ppm.
A localization inequality for set functions

We prove the following theorem, which is an analog for discrete set functions of a geometric result of Lovasz and Simonovits. Given two real-valued set functions f1, f2 defined on the subsets of a finite set S satisfying, ΣX⊆S fi(X) ≥0 for i ∈ {1, 2}, there exists a positive multiplicative set function µ over S and two subsets A, B ⊆ S such that for i ∈ {1,2} µ(A)fi(A)+µ(B)fi(B)+µ(A∪B)fi(A∪ B) + µ(A ∩ B)fi (A∩B) ≥0. The Ahlswede-Daykin four function theorem can be deduced easily from this.
Immunocytochemical distribution of the brain glucose transporter (GLUT 1) in experimental gliosis

The present study has examined the immunocytochemical expression of the blood-brain barrier glucose transporter GLUT 1 as compared with GFAP in models of experimental gliosis. In neocortical grafts, gliosis was prominent at the graft-host interface mostly associated with blood vessels. Consecutive sections examined for anti-GLUT 1 showed that the protein was distributed in nearly an identical pattern to the anti-GFAP, staining fibrillar processes and all vessels and also appeared extracellularly. In stab wounds, GLUT 1 immunoexpression was similar to GFAP reactivity and stained injured vessels and glial-like processes that were reminiscent of astrocytic end-feet. Normal glial cells and processes in unaffected neuropil, however, were never stained. This report suggests that GLUT 1 protein may be upregulated in non-endothelial components, such as reactive astroglia or possibly microglia, that are associated with injured or angiogenic vessels.
In vitro metabolism of EPN and EPNO in susceptible and resistant strains of house flies

Abstract EPN is twice as toxic as EPNO to house flies from both the Diazinon-resistant strain and the susceptible strain. EPN and EPNO are also eight times more toxic to the susceptible than the resistant strain. This is due to the ability of the resistant strain to metabolize these compounds to a greater extent. Metabolism by the glutathione S -transferases present in the 100,000g supernatant is more extensive than that by the NADPH-dependent microsomal mixed-function oxidases. The glutathione S -transferases are the major route of metabolism for EPN and appear to be the principal mechanism conferring resistance. EPN was metabolized by the microsomal fraction via oxidative desulfuration to the oxygen analog, EPNO, and by oxidative dearylation to p -nitrophenol. EPNO was metabolized by the same system to p -nitrophenol and desethyl EPNO as well as to an unknown metabolite. The soluble fraction metabolized EPN to p -nitrophenol, S -( p -nitrophenyl)glutathione, O -ethyl phenylphosphonothioic acid, and S -( O -ethyl phenylphosphonothionyl)glutathione. The identification of the latter conjugate demonstrates a new type of metabolite of organophosphorus compounds. EPNO was metabolized by the soluble fraction to p -nitrophenol and S -( p -nitrophenyl)glutathione.
High-throughput cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition screening via cassette probe-dosing strategy: III. Validation of a direct injection/on-line guard cartridge extraction-tandem mass spectrometry method for CYP2C19 inhibition evaluation.

A new direct injection/on-line guard cartridge extraction-tandem mass spectrometry (DI/GCE-MS-MS) method has been validated for high-throughput evaluation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 inhibition potential using human hepatic microsomes and 96-well microtiter plates. Microsomal incubations were quenched with formic acid, centrifuged, and the resulting supernatants were injected for DI/GCE-MS-MS analysis. Due to the use of a C(18) guard cartridge (4x2.0 mm I.D.), this method exhibits several advantages such as little sample preparation, rapid on-line extraction, short analysis time (2.5 min), and minimal source contamination and performance deterioration. The DI/GCE-MS-MS method demonstrates an inter-day accuracy ranged from 0.3 to 2.4% with precision ranging from 2.0 to 3.0% for the quantification of 4-hydroxymephenytoin, a marker metabolite of S-mephenytoin mediated by CYP2C19, in microsomal incubations. The CYP2C19 inhibition assay has been validated using tranylcypromine as a known inhibitor of the isoform. The IC(50) value (43.5 microM) measured by the new method is in agreement with a reported literature value (approximately 30 microM).
Visitability surveillance, prevalence, and correlates in Florida

Abstract Background A primary means of social connection is visiting friends and families in their homes. Visitability is designing houses in a way that enables people to visit others' homes regardless of physical limitations or use of mobility assistive devices. Objective The goals of this study were to develop a set of questions about visitability that could be used for surveillance and to assess the prevalence and correlates of visitability features in Florida. Methods We added five questions to the 2011 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( n = 12,399 respondents) and used complementary log–log regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio of each visitability feature. Results The prevalence of visitability features in Florida homes was high for respondents with and without disabilities, though there was variation by visitability feature. A level entrance to the home and wide doorways were present in most respondents' homes (84.9% and 86.2%, respectively), while a main floor bathroom (59.6%) and a zero-step entrance (45.4%) were reported less commonly. People with a disability were less likely to report that their own home had doorways wide enough to accommodate a wheelchair compared to people without a disability (PR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.95). Visitability features were less common in households with lower income and also in trailers or mobile homes than in detached single-family homes. Conclusions The survey questions used in this study could be implemented in other states to measure and track visitability and monitor progress toward the Healthy People 2020 goal. Building or retro-fitting homes to include visitability features could increase the participation and inclusion of people with disabilities in community life.
Evidence for a single shallow hydrogen trap in hydrogen implanted graphite

Abstract Experimental ion-induced hydrogen release cross sections from W.R. Wampler and B.L. Doyle for 3000 eV C+, 1200 eV He+, and 600 eV He+ projectiles incident on graphite saturated by 300 eV D+ implantation are compared with cross sections calculated using the computer code TRIMRC. The comparison suggests that trap binding energies for hydrogen in the implanted region of graphite are significantly less than the currently accepted values of 2.3 eV to 4.3 eV. Data from the literature for isochronal anneal measurements versus temperature for implanted D, H and T release, and experimental D and H saturation concentrations as a function of implantation temperature are examined using a model with a single hydrogen trap energy and a recombination barrier to hydrogen release. All experimental data are found to be accurately described by the model. For recombination coefficient, K = K 0 T − 1 2 exp (−E K /k B T ) the isochronal anneal data yield a trap energy Eb ∼ 0.1 eV, and EK ∼ 0.7 eV with K 0 ∼ 0.38–1.2 × 10 −24 cm 4 (K) 1 2 /s . The saturation at implantation temperature data yield Eb ∼ 0.3 eV, Ek ∼ 0.35 eV, with K0 in the same range as for the isochronal anneal analysis. Additional calculations and experiments are suggested.
Identity in the Empathic Community: Alcoholics Anonymous as a Model Community for Storytelling and Change

This article reviews the dynamics of healing in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) through interviews with two women who are long-term members of the AA program. Donnel Stern’s relational psychoanalytic theory is used to describe how change might occur through the process of claiming one’s story and interpreting it through the structure of an empathic storytelling community. As the two women were recently married and locate their personal healing in the AA program, I consider how their alternative community influenced their coming to relationship. I conclude by imagining what the AA program might teach the Christian community, claiming that Christian congregations need to consciously and purposefully form relational and storytelling norms that foster an empathic listening environment.
Ethics in brain injury rehabilitation: existential choices among western cultural beliefs

The following issues in the practice of brain injury rehabilitation are explored: (1) validity of support for efficacy based on experience in clinical practice, (2) validity of support for efficacy based on research, (3) consumer protection, (4) qualifications and regulation of individual providers, (5) regulation of programme development and marketing. Ethical responses to these issues from each of three cultural belief systems (humanism, science and self-interest) are examined from a metaphilosophical perspective based on contemporary cognitive psychology and on philosophies of social constructionism and existentialism.
Atrophy and developmental abnormality in insects exposed to dodecyl alcohol.

Diluted dodecyl alcohol and a few related higher alcohols and fatty acid derivatives were found to produce unusual morphological and physiological effects on 6 species of insects, the most noteworthy effects being a progressive atrophy leading to loss of legs and other extremities. Insects used for these studies were the western drywood telmite, lncisitermes minor (Hagen); larvae of the furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte; the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.); nymphs of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.); larvae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal; and larvae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata (Parker). Routes of administration were absorption and ingestion from treated substrates, and vapor inhalation. Studies were made to determine ultimate effects and speed of action of each route of administration. In addition to atrophy other forms of abnormality were noted including albinism, wing deformation, impeded circulation of hemolymph, and in some cases sterility.
Qualification approaches and thermal cycle test results for CSP/BGA/FCBGA

Abstract Qualification of newly developed multifunctional electronic packages, e.g. system in a package (SIP), are becoming complex at the package level and even more at the assembly and system levels. After many years of data collection, just recently industry agreed to release an industry-wide specification for single die area array package assembly qualification. Probability risk assessment, being implemented by NASA for space flight missions, may be narrowed at the element level for advanced electronic systems and SIP, and further narrowed at the electronic subsystem level. This paper will review the key elements of an industry-wide specification recently published by the IPC (association connecting electronics industries). It will report on a few other unique qualification approaches that are currently being either implemented or developed for risk reduction in high reliability applications. Risk level assessment based 2-P, 3-P, and LogNormal distributions will be compared for plastic ball grid array (PBGA) and flip chip BGA (FCBGA). For this case, risks are compared using cycles-to-failures (CTFs) test results for temperature ranges of −30 to 100 °C and 0 to 100 °C (two profiles). In addition, CTFs up to 1,500 cycles in the range of −55 to 125 °C for a 784 I/O FCBGA (flip chip BGA, a 175 I/O FPBGA (fine pitch BGA)), and a 313 I/O PBGA (plastic BGA) are compared. Inspection results along with scanning electron microscopy and optical cross-sectional photos revealing damage and failure mechanisms are also included.
Another weapon against amyloid

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of those conditions that, like cancer in earlier generations, inspires particular terror among the general public. Therapeutic advances have lagged behind insights into genetics and pathophysiology, and although β-amyloid (Aβ), the product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, remains the leading suspect among proposed pathogenic factors, its causal role in AD has not been established with certainty. At present, patients with AD have access to two approved specific treatments, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the glutamate receptor antagonist memantine, neither of which is dramatically effective. Several experimental approaches are also under study, including Aβ vaccines, metal chelators, and derivatives of Congo red dye, which bind Aβ. In this issue of PNAS, Robert Messing and colleagues (1) report a finding that suggests a new strategy for stimulating the enzymatic breakdown of Aβ, which could produce benefit in AD. This strategy is based on the enzyme PKC, a serine/threonine kinase that catalyzes the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of protein substrates and is also a receptor for phorbol esters. Messing and colleagues (1) have been studying PKC for many years, especially the neurological effects of PKC isozymes. For example, one recent study (2) implicated neutrophil PKCδ in reperfusion injury after experimental stroke, consistent with work from Mochly-Rosen and colleagues (3) showing that a PKCδ inhibitor reduced infarct size. The present study (1) builds on previous findings that phorbol esters reduce Aβ levels … *E-mail: dgreenberg{at}buckinstitute.org
Direct inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis revealing antigonadal activity of neurohypophysial hormones

Vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones are known to have antidiuretic, vasopressor and oxytocic properties1,2. However, arginine-vasotocin (AVT), the most primitive of the neurohypophysial principles and one that has been reported to occur in the mammalian pineal gland3–7, also retards murine pubertal progression8–10 and canine testicular steroidogenesis11,12. Although AVT may exert its inhibitory effect in vivo by reducing the release of pituitary gonadotropins13,14, the possibility of a direct antigonadal action cannot be ruled out. Using a recently established primary culture system of rat testicular cells15, we now report that AVT as well as other naturally occurring neurohypophysial hormones can act independently of the hypothalamic–pituitary unit to exert a direct inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis in vitro. The observation that this inhibitory activity can be blocked by vasopressor-selective, but not oxytocic-selective antagonists, suggests that the antigonadal action of the neurohypophysial hormones is probably mediated by highly stereospecific testicular receptor sites. These findings constitute the first demonstration of a direct antigonadal activity of neurohypophysial hormones and may account, in part, for the previously recognized antireproductive activity of AVT. Future design of synthetic analogues of neurohypophysial hormones may lead to the development of new male contraceptive peptides capable of directly inhibiting Leydig cell androgen biosynthesis.
Targeted disruption of metallothionein I and II genes increases sensitivity to cadmium

We inactivated the mouse metallothionein (MT)-I and MT-II genes in embryonic stem cells and generated mice homozygous for these mutant alleles. These mice were viable and reproduced normally when reared under normal laboratory conditions. They were, however, more susceptible to hepatic poisoning by cadmium. This proves that these widely expressed MTs are not essential for development but that they do protect against cadmium toxicity. These mice provide a means for testing other proposed functions of MT in vivo.
Creatine kinase and uric acid: early warning for metabolic imbalance resulting from disorders of fatty acid oxidation.

In eight patients with disorders of fatty acid oxidation, analysis of uric acid and creatine kinase served as indicators of the underlying disorder in episodes of acute metabolic imbalance. Six patients had deficiency of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, one had long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and one very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. The most common presentation was with symptomatic hypoglycemia; there was one Reye-like presentation and one of rhabdomyolysis. The mechanism of the elevation of uric acid and creatine kinase appears to be the breakdown of tissue. Conclusion: it is concluded that uric acid and creatine kinase provide a useful alerting signal to the presence of a disorder of fatty acid oxidation. Maximal levels of uric acid in this series were 6.2–21.5 mg/dl and of creatine kinase 879–27,557 U/l.
Viscoelastic response (VisR) imaging for assessment of viscoelasticity in voigt materials

Viscoelastic response (VisR) imaging is presented as a new acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elastographic imaging method. Exploiting the Voigt model, VisR imaging estimates displacement in only the ARF region of excitation from one or two successive ARF impulses to estimate τσ, the relaxation time for constant stress. Double-push VisR τσ estimates were not statistically significantly different (p <; 0.02) from those of shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) or monitored steady-state excitation recovery (MSSER) ultrasound in six homogeneous viscoelastic tissue mimicking phantoms with elastic moduli ranging from 3.92 to 15.34 kPa and coefficients of viscosity ranging from 0.87 to 14.06 Pa·s. In two-dimensional imaging, double-push VisR τσ images discriminated a viscous spherical inclusion in a structured phantom with higher CNR over a larger axial range than single-push VisR or conventional acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) ultrasound. Finally, 2-D in vivo double-push VisR images in normal canine semitendinosus muscle were compared with spatially matched histochemistry to corroborate lower double-push VisR τσ values in highly collagenated connective tissue than in muscle, suggesting double-push VisR's in vivo relevance to diagnostic imaging, particularly in muscle. The key advantages and disadvantages to VisR, including lack of compensation for inertial terms, are discussed.
Interaction of a vortex ring with a piston vortex

Recent studies on vortex ring generation, e.g. Rosenfeld et al. (1998), have highlighted the subtle effect of generation geometry on the final properties of rings. Experimental generation of vortex rings often involves moving a piston through a tube, resulting in a vortex ring being generated at the tube exit. A generation geometry that has been cited as a standard consists of the tube exit mounted flush with a wall, with the piston stroke ending at the tube exit, Glezer (1988). We employ this geometry to investigate the effect of the vortex that forms in front of the advancing piston (piston vortex) on the primary vortex ring that is formed at the tube exit. It is shown that when the piston finishes its stroke flush with the wall, and hence forms an uninterrupted plane, the piston vortex is convected through the primary ring and then ingested into the primary vortex. The ingestion of the piston vortex results in an increased ring impulse and an altered trajectory, when compared to the case when the piston motion finishes inside the tube. As the Reynolds number of the experiments, based on the piston speed and piston diameter, is the order of 3000, transition to turbulence is observed during the self-induced translation phase of the ring motion. Compared to the case when the piston is stopped inside the tube, the vortex ring which has ingested the piston vortex transitions to turbulence at a significantly reduced distance from the orifice exit and suggests the transition map suggested by Glezer (1988) is under question. A secondary instability characterized by vorticity filaments with components in the axial and radial directions, is observed forming on the piston vortex. The structure of the instability appears to be similar to the streamwise vortex filaments that form in the braid regions of shear layers. This instability is subsequently ingested into the primary ring during the translation phase and may act to accelerate the growth of the Tsai–Widnall instability. It is suggested that the origin of the instability is Gortler in nature and the result of the unsteady wall jet nature of the boundary layer separating on the piston face.
Measuring the longitudinal performance of 3PL branch operations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the longitudinal efficiency of branch operations of a third party logistics (3PL) company for comparative performance measurement and internal benchmarking.Design/methodology/approach – Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used for measuring the performance of a branch of a 3PL company for 36 months using internal data.Findings – Despite increasing revenues, the branch suffers diminishing efficiencies in recent months. Indirect expenses are identified as a major source of inefficiency.Research limitations/implications – The 3PL company has over 600 branches. However, due to the availability of data and the regulation on information disclosure for publicly traded companies, this study includes information on only one branch.Originality/value – The contributions of this study include demonstrating a novel framework for internal benchmarking with longitudinal data, providing actionable managerial insights, and the use of internal data, which is not accessible t...
ThirdEye: a technique that enables multiple viewers to see different content on a single display screen

In this note, we present ThirdEye, a technique that enables multiple viewers to see different content on a single display screen as the same time.
Towards Low Cost Single-Mode Fibre Optic Components

The advantages of using fibre optic technology for communication are widely publicised. Proponents discuss at length the seemingly endless bandwidth potential, long distance capability, inherent security, future proofing through upgrades such as Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) etc. Competing technologies such as wireless will raise debate over infrastructure, conventional copper is entrenched for broadband broadcast distribution and the bandwidth of twisted pair solutions seems to continue to push upwards.
Technology and management in library and information services

(1997). Technology and management in library and information services. Serials Review: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 92-94.
Deficiency in the error propagation method for sensitivity analysis of free space material characterization

An important aspect in the development of any material characterization method is error analysis. As the necessity for non-destructive evaluation and quality assurance applications increase, free space material characterization methods along with error analysis of these methods will become imperative. A common approach for performing error analysis is the error propagation method. The error propagation method is a standard method to predict the amount of propagated uncertainty in an experimentally determined quantity. This paper demonstrates a deficiency in the error propagation method in predicting propagated error in the extracted permeability and permittivity of free space material characterization methods. The paper provides an overview of the error propagation method and demonstrates the deficiency through error analysis of a free space method entitled the dual polarization method.
Hydrogen broadened half-widths of ammonia

Abstract The hydrogen-broadened ammonia half-widths of 59 lines of the v1 + v2 and 21 lines of the v2 + v3 bands have been measured. The spectral resolution available for the measurements was
Les aventures de la littérature antillaise

Early French Caribbean writing was a pale reflection of French literature. This state of alienation later led some writers from the French Antilles to assert a new Caribbean identity as the basis of a literary renewal focused around their own values. Out of a pursuit of the Caribbean renaissance grew major works inspired by literary movements such as Negritude, Antillanite, Creolite and Diaspora that mirror the evolution of Caribbean identity from a state of subordination to one of independence and authenticity. From an historical perspective, this article analyzes the development of French Caribbean literature by dealing with ways in which its writers work in the colonial and post-colonial contexts to redefine their diverse humanity, culture and literature through the passionate quest for a modern native identity.
7- to 20-BeV/c π - +p and p+P Elastic Scattering and Regge Pole Predictions

This letter reports measurements of the elastic differential cross-section from 1 to 20 Bev/c incident momentum for p + p and 7 to 17 Bev/c for π- + p over the t range 0.2 to 1.0 (Bev/c)2, where t is the negative square of the Lorentz invariant four momentum transfer. This experiment is part of a program to study basic strong interactions in the energy range available at the Brookhaven AGS, i.e., approx. 10-20 Bev.
Aromatase Inhibitor Agents in Breast Cancer: Evolving Practices in Hormonal Therapy Treatment

Purpose/objectives To review the role of aromatase inhibitor agents with regard to current treatment strategies with hormonal therapy for women with breast cancer. Data sources Published articles and books. Data synthesis Hormonal therapy is an essential component of the treatment of most women with breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitor agents are becoming an integral part of treatment for women with metastatic breast cancer and recently have become much more prominent in the treatment of women with early-stage breast cancer. The exact role of these agents in adjuvant therapy of breast cancer, either sequentially with the "gold standard" tamoxifen or for the duration of therapy, has yet to be determined. Conclusions Recent studies with aromatase inhibitor agents are intriguing and suggest an improved side-effect profile and efficacy. The approval of these agents for the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer has led to a significant change in practice. Implications for nursing Breast cancer is an extremely common cancer in women, and oncology nurses take care of large numbers of patients with this disease. Oncology nurses need the most recent information so they can discuss aromatase inhibitor agents and therapy with their patients.
Increased dietary sodium enhances activation of neurons in the medullary cardiovascular pathway during acute sodium loading in the rat.

Abstract Increased sodium ingestion diminishes baroreflex-induced bradycardia in animals during acute sodium loading. These experiments studied effects of high sodium diet on activation of central nervous system sites associated with baroreflex activation and cardiovascular responses to hypernatremia during systemic sodium administration. Fos-like (Fos-Li) protein immunoreactivity was measured to estimate activation of neurons in the medullary baroreflex pathway (nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)), and in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) in male Sprague–Dawley rats consuming standard chow and either tap water (TAP) or isotonic saline (ISO) for 2–3 weeks. Fos-Li immunoreactivity in the PVN and SON was similar in rats consuming TAP and ISO infused with 0.6 M NaCl. However, there were significantly more Fos-Li positive cells in NTS and CVLM of animals consuming ISO and infused with 0.6 M NaCl than any other experimental group, while Fos-Li immunoreactivity was similar in the RVLM in all animals. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that activation of neurons in the NTS and CVLM was significantly enhanced by moderate sodium loading in animals consuming high dietary sodium. The increased basal activation of neurons in these medullary sites could account for decreased baroreflex-induced bradycardia observed during ingestion of a high salt diet and acute, moderate sodium loading.
The biosynthesis of milk-fat in the intact cow.

Abstract The behavior of the principal metabolites of the cow as precursors of milk-fat has been studied. This has been carried out by determining the specific activities of the various fat-constituents after the injection of the metabolites labelled with 14C. Significant fixation of carbon dioxide into the glycerol moiety was observed; that into fatty acids was almost neglible. Glucose is important in fat synthesis as a precursor of glycerol, but fatty acid synthesis from glucuse is on a very small scale. Acetate is the most potent precursor of fatty acids, but it is also a source of glycerol. The transfer of acetate carbon to glycerol appears to be by way of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, through both the incorporation of acetyl CoA and by carbon dioxide fixation. Propionate is unimportant in fatty acid synthesis, but the activity of glycerol following the injection of labelled propionate supports the view that propionate is the main carbohydrate precursor in the cow. Butyrate shows intermediate lipogenic and glycogenic functions. Formate is not a source of fatty acids in milk-fat, but does contribute some carbon to glycerol. The peak radio-activity in all of the fat-constituents was observed in the second milk-samples (taken at II hours), whereas for the casein and lactose it was in the first (3 hours after injection of the tracer).
Thermodynamic modeling of KCl + H2O and KCl + NaCl + H2O systems using electrolyte NRTL model

Abstract A comprehensive thermodynamic model based on electrolyte NRTL activity coefficient model is developed for KCl + H2O binary and KCl + NaCl + H2O ternary systems. To model KCl + H2O binary systems, we identify required binary interaction parameters for (K+Cl−):H2O pair by regressing experimental thermodynamic data including mean ionic activity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, vapor pressure, enthalpy, and heat capacity. To model KCl + NaCl + H2O ternary systems, we obtain required binary interaction parameters for (Na+Cl−):H2O pair from the literature and (K+Cl−):(Na+Cl−) pair by regressing available thermodynamic data including osmotic coefficient, vapor pressure, and solubility for KCl + NaCl + H2O ternary systems. The model accurately represents all thermodynamic properties with temperature from 273.15 to 473.15 K and electrolyte concentration up to saturation. This model should be useful for process modeling and simulation of aqueous electrolyte solutions involving KCl.
Implementing AI-ESTATE with prognostic extensions in Java

This paper is part of an ongoing effort to facilitate wider acceptance and further development of the IEEE Std 1232-2010 Standard for Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE). To that end, we describe a tool named SAPPHIRETM, which includes an implementation of AI-ESTATE in Java and a corresponding GUI tool that supports model creation and diagnostic inference of the standard's Bayes Network Model (BNM). In addition, we describe extensions to the BNM as well as additional reasoner services that allow for representation and inference over dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) for standards-based prognostics.
Accelerating College Knowledge: A Fiscal Analysis of a Targeted Early Commitment Pell Grant Program

The persistently low college attainment rates of youth from poor families are partly attributable to their uncertainty about college affordability. The current federal financial aid system does not provide specific information about college costs until just before college enrollment and the information is only available to students completing a complex application. Evidence suggests this late timing reduces their motivation and ability to adequately prepare for college. This paper evaluates the fiscal consequences of instead making an early commitment of the full Pell grant to eighth graders from needy families, using a simplified eligibility process. Analyses conducted using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics suggest the predicted costs are low relative to the benefits estimated using prior research findings. A simulation of the estimated fiscal effects indicates that Pell program costs would grow by approximately $1.5 billion annually and the benefits would exceed the costs by approximately $600 million.
Pioglitazone inhibits platelet function and potentiates the effects of aspirin: A prospective observation study

Abstract Background Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are agonists of PPARγ and exert beneficial metabolic effects in patients with diabetes. They may also affect platelet function. Objectives To characterize potential platelet inhibitory effect of pioglitazone alone and in the presence of aspirin. Methods 20 normal and 20 diabetic subjects were enrolled in a prospective study. On day 1, a blood sample was obtained at baseline and a second one after ingestion of 30mg of pioglitazone. PRP was prepared and platelet aggregation and release were evaluated using ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid as agonists. Subjects returned at 6–9days later after ingesting a single 81mg dose of aspirin and a third blood sample was obtained. The subjects then again ingested 30mg of pioglitazone and a fourth and final blood sample was obtained. Platelet aggregation and release were measured. PRP was incubated with thrombin to activate platelets, and the serum was separated and assayed for thromboxane B2, TGFβ and CD40L Results Pioglitazone alone did not affect aggregation with arachidonic acid. However, following ingestion of both aspirin and pioglitazone aggregation was significantly decreased compared to aspirin alone (P 2 release was 32,719±3,585pg/ml which was significantly reduced compared to baseline (42,075±4,479, P=0.0004). Pioglitazone also potentiated the inhibition of TXB 2 release by aspirin. Conclusion Pioglitazone inhibits platelet function and potentiates the inhibitory effects of aspirin.
Relation of Ruminal Parakeratosis Development to Volatile Fatty Acid Absorption

Abstract Gross and histological observations of rumen epithelium were made of four steers fed rations of alfalfa hay for 33 days and dehydrated alfalfa pellets for 56 days. The rumen epitheliums of all four steers appeared normal at the end of the period hay was fed. Changes occurring in the rumen epithelium after the steers were fed dehydrated alfalfa pellets varied from a hypertrophy and reddening of the papillae to severe keratinization and atrophy accompanied by sloughing of the papillae. Photomicrographs of the parakeratotic papillae indicated a relative thickenening of the stratum corneum, including the keratin layer, and a decrease in size of the stratum granulosum as compared to the normal-appearing papillae. Ruminal VFA absorption was estimated when the steers were fed alfalfa hay and at two different times when fed dehydrated alfalfa pellets. After 8 wks on the pelleted alfalfa, the ruminal VFA absorption of three of the steers averaged 46% less than when fed alfalfa hay. The other steer absorbed 12% more VFA after being fed pelleted alfalfa than when fed alfalfa hay. The amount of ruminal VFA absorption decreased with increasing severity of ruminal parakeratosis.
In Vitro Characterization of a Nineteenth-Century Therapy for Smallpox

In the nineteenth century, smallpox ravaged through the United States and Canada. At this time, a botanical preparation, derived from the carnivorous plant Sarracenia purpurea, was proclaimed as being a successful therapy for smallpox infections. The work described characterizes the antipoxvirus activity associated with this botanical extract against vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus and variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. Our work demonstrates the in vitro characterization of Sarracenia purpurea as the first effective inhibitor of poxvirus replication at the level of early viral transcription. With the renewed threat of poxvirus-related infections, our results indicate Sarracenia purpurea may act as another defensive measure against Orthopoxvirus infections.
Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) : use of a cluster-size threshold

The typical functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study presents a formidable problem of multiple statistical comparisons (i.e., > 10,000 in a 128 x 128 image). To protect against false positives, investigators have typically relied on decreasing the per pixel false positive probability. This approach incurs an inevitable loss of power to detect statistically significant activity. An alternative approach, which relies on the assumption that areas of true neural activity will tend to stimulate signal changes over contiguous pixels, is presented. If one knows the probability distribution of such cluster sizes as a function of per pixel false positive probability, one can use cluster-size thresholds independently to reject false positives. Both Monte Carlo simulations and fMRI studies of human subjects have been used to verify that this approach can improve statistical power by as much as fivefold over techniques that rely solely on adjusting per pixel false positive probabilities.
Structure, geochemistry and geochronology of a Penokean Lamprophyre Dike Swarm, Archean Wawa Terrane, Little Presque Isle, Michigan, USA

Abstract Two perpendicular ultramafic lamprophyre dikes on Little Presque Isle near Marquette, Michigan were studied to compare their intrusive magmatic fabric using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) with the strains preserved by mechanical twins in dike magmatic calcite (δ18O = −21.93, δ13C = −4.53) and dike-margin hydrothermal calcite (δ18O = −9.72, δ13C = −3.76) veins. Phlogopite from the lamprophyres yield an 40Ar–39Ar plateau age of 1877 Ma, and the lamprophyres intrude metadiabase dikes and the Compeau Creek gneiss (2691 ± 25 Ma; LA-ICPMS U–Pb on zircon), all of which is cross-cut by Keweenaw basaltic dikes and unconformably overlain by the undeformed Jacobsville Sandstone (Meso- to Neoproterozoic). The lamprophyre dikes strike east–west and north–south in this small (3 km2), complex outcrop. Analysis of mechanically twinned calcite in the E–W dike (n = 89 grains, 26.97% NEVs) reveals a sub-horizontal dike-acute shortening strain axis (N38°E, 15°). Strain analysis of the N–S dike (n = 107 grains, 22.43% NEVs) reveals a sub-horizontal and dike-parallel shortening strain axis (N17°E, 14°). Calcite veins from the margins of both lamprophyre dikes reveal a NE–SW sub-horizontal shortening, and both the lamprophyres and vein calcite preserve a vertical shortening strain overprint. Differential stress magnitudes for twinning the lamprophyre calcite and adjacent veins was −35 MPa. AMS analyses, used as a proxy for the primary magmatic flow direction, reveal a sub-horizontal and dike-parallel Kmax, with a dike-normal Kmin for the E–W dike. The N–S dike preserves a vertical Kmax and a dike-normal Kmin. Hysteresis studies on both dikes show that this anisotropy is carried by multi-domain ferromagnetic minerals. These lamprophyres preserve a complex, local intrusive fabric (AMS) that was unaltered by Penokean sub-horizontal shortening (∼SW–NE), or the younger, sub-vertical shortening strain overprint ∼200 km inboard of the unrestored Penokean margin. The twinning strain results are consistent with other Penokean finite strains but not with the strain fabrics of younger orogens (e.g., Yavapai, Mazatzal, Keweenaw-Grenville).
An Information-Theoretic Characterization of the Optimal Gradient Sensing Response of Cells

Many cellular systems rely on the ability to interpret spatial heterogeneities in chemoattractant concentration to direct cell migration. The accuracy of this process is limited by stochastic fluctuations in the concentration of the external signal and in the internal signaling components. Here we use information theory to determine the optimal scheme to detect the location of an external chemoattractant source in the presence of noise. We compute the minimum amount of mutual information needed between the chemoattractant gradient and the internal signal to achieve a prespecified chemotactic accuracy. We show that more accurate chemotaxis requires greater mutual information. We also demonstrate that a priori information can improve chemotaxis efficiency. We compare the optimal signaling schemes with existing experimental measurements and models of eukaryotic gradient sensing. Remarkably, there is good quantitative agreement between the optimal response when no a priori assumption is made about the location of the existing source, and the observed experimental response of unpolarized Dictyostelium discoideum cells. In contrast, the measured response of polarized D. discoideum cells matches closely the optimal scheme, assuming prior knowledge of the external gradient—for example, through prolonged chemotaxis in a given direction. Our results demonstrate that different observed classes of responses in cells (polarized and unpolarized) are optimal under varying information assumptions.
Computer graphics in undergraduate computational science education

Computer graphics is an important part of a working scientist's toolkit. The graphics may be provided by resources with the scientist's group or by capabilities of the toolkits that the scientist uses directly in his or her work. However, in order for the scientist to understand how computer graphics images represent models and what possibilities there are for this representation, and for the occasional time when the scientist may want to create a presentation that is beyond the capability of standard tools, it is important for the science student to understand the basic capabilities and processes of computer graphics. This paper outlines how a computational science program can give students the background they need to have this understanding.