cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-catalyzed Lactonization of α2,8-Linked Oligo/Polysialic Acids Studied by High Performance Anion-exchange Chromatography

Recent studies from many laboratories revealed remarkable structural, distributional, and functional diversities of oligo/polysialic acids (OSA/PSA) that exist in organisms ranging from bacteria to man. These diversities are further complicated by the fact that OSA/PSA spontaneously form lactones under even mildly acidic conditions. By using high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with nitrate eluents, we found that lactonization of alpha2,8-linked OSA/PSA (oligo/poly-Neu5Ac, oligo/poly-Neu5Gc and oligo/poly-KDN) proceeds readily, and the lactonization process displays three discrete stages. The initial stage is characterized by limited lactonization occurring between two internal sialic acid residues, reflected by a regular pattern of lactone peaks interdigitated with non-lactonized peaks on HPAEC. In the middle stage, multiple lactonized species are formed from a molecule with a given degree of polymerization (DP), in which the maximum number of lactone rings formed equals DP minus 2. At the final stage, completely lactonized species become the major components, resulting in drastic changes in the physicochemical properties of the sample. Interestingly, the smallest lactonizable OSA are tetramer, trimer, and dimer at the initial, middle, and final stages, respectively. At any of the stages, OSA/PSA of higher DP lactonize more rapidly, but all the lactone rings rapidly open up when exposed to mild alkali. Lactonized OSA/PSA are resistant to both enzyme- and acid-catalyzed glycosidic bond cleavage. The latter fact was utilized to obtain more high DP oligo/poly(alpha2,8-Neu5Gc) chains from a polysialoglycoprotein. Our results should be useful in preparation, storage, and analysis of OSA/PSA. Possible biological significance and bioengineering potentials of lactonization are discussed.
Acoustic Propagation Through Clustered Bubble Clouds

One of the underlying assumptions in the effective medium theory describing the propagation of acoustic waves through bubble clouds is that the probability of an individual bubble being located at some position in space is independent of the locations of other bubbles. However, bubbles within naturally occurring clouds may be influenced by the dynamics of the fluids in which they are entrained so that they become preferentially concentrated, or clustered, leading to statistical dependence in their positions. For bubble clouds in which the important scattering terms include those with interactions between at least two bubbles, statistical dependence between bubble positions leads to a reduction in the attenuation of the coherent acoustic pressure field from that which would be predicted for a nonclustered bubble cloud. Bubble clustering can be accommodated in effective medium theories using correlation functions describing the relationship between the positions of the bubbles. For double scattering, the two-bubble correlation (i.e., the pair correlation function) must be used, for triple scattering, the three bubble correlation must be used, and so on. In contrast to the three attenuation of the coherent field, making the assumption of independent bubble positions leads to an underestimate of the incoherent field. Both the coherent and incoherent acoustic fields for bubble clouds exhibiting correlated bubble positions are explored in this paper with the use of numerical simulations.
Predictors and Subsequent Decisions of Physical Therapy and Nursing Students to Work With Geriatric Clients: An Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action

Background and Purpose. In this study, the the0 y-based model of Ajzen and Fishbein was used to identify factors that injluencephysical therapist and registered nurse (RN) students' intentions toward working with elderly individuals. A follow-up identtjied actual job selection. Subjects. Accredited physical therapist and RN education programs in the Northwest and California were surveyed. Two hundred one students responded; 1 76 survey questionnaires were usable. Methods. A survey instrument was developed based on Ajzen and Fishbein's theoy-based model to assess student intention to work with elderly individuals and factors influencing this intention. Graduates were later contacted to determine whether job selection matched intention. Results. For all students, factors injluencing intention were student attitudes and student perceptions regarding their families' eapectations about the student working with elderly persons. Intention had a positive correlation with job selection. Conclusion and Discussion. Important underlying beliefs injluencing student attitudes, which could be emphasized in academia, include the advantages of getting to know elderly patients and their families and having pleasant patients to work with. Faculty are encouraged to positively reinforce these beliefs throughout the curricula. Results of this study support using a theoy-based model to identify predictors of job selection among physical therapist and RN graduates. [Dunkle SE, Hyde RS. Predictors and subsequent decisions of physical therapy and nursing students to work with geriatric clients: an application of the Theoy of Reasoned Action. Phys Ther. 1995; 75.614-620J
‘Do they not have rational souls?’: consolidation and sovereignty in digital new worlds

'Prepare to die' ads for the video game series Dark Souls warn, and indeed the series is known for its punishing, hard core gameplay that promises gamers failure over and over again. Notorious and ...
Religious Freedom Deserves More than Neutrality: The Constitutional Argument for Nonpreferential Favoritism of Religion

Religious Freedom Deserves More Than Neutrality: The Constitutional Argument for Nonpreferential Favoritism of Religion examines the neutrality approach that the Supreme Court has been steadily adopting in its First Amendment religion clause cases. The appeal of neutrality lies in its elimination of discriminatory treatment imposed on religious speech and on religious organizations seeking to participate in public programs. However, beneath its veneer of fairness and simplicity, the neutrality doctrine carries its own handicaps. These handicaps are analyzed in the enclosed article, as are the historical foundations of the First Amendment which bear directly on the constitutional validity of a neutrality interpretation of the religion clauses. After providing a critique of the neutrality doctrine, my article offers its own model of the religion clauses, and particularly the Establishment Clause. This model relies heavily on the historical record, with the outlines of the model found in the writings and speeches of the Framers, including James Madison. Under this model, legislatures should be able to show favoritism toward religion in general, especially when such favoritism is aimed at accommodating religious exercise. A constraint on this freedom is that all religious sects and groups must be treated equally. The First Amendment, it is argued, inherently favors religion over nonreligion.
Issues and Trends in Publishing Behavioral Science: A Quarrelsome Crew Struggling with a Disintegrating Boat on a Stormy Sea

Changes in societies and communication technologies are forcing universities and related post-secondary institutions to change quite significantly. Some of these institutions face threats to their existence; many institutions will have to adopt new structures and find new rationales to attract students and faculty. Universities have long relied on academic publishers to provide evaluations of research quality via editorial review, but the publishing industry has gone through tremendous changes and no longer resembles the industry that once provided these evaluations. Neither publishers nor universities have found a clear path toward future relationships. A central issue for researchers is their inability to agree about the quality of research. This disagreement arises partly from the complexity of research and research reports and partly from humans’ limitations, and it creates great ambiguity for editorial reviews and personnel reviews. Recognizing the unreliability of evaluations, however, can free researchers to take more control over their professional lives and can make science work better.
Extent of renal vein invasion influences prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Objective To compare oncological outcomes for segmental vs main renal vein invasion (RVI) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients Methods Patients undergoing extirpative surgery for RCC at our institution between 2003 and 2013 were stratified into five groups according to clinical stage: T2 (n = 135), T3a with fat invasion (n = 185), T3a with segmental RVI (n = 87), T3a with main RVI (n = 64) and T3b (n = 40). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox regression were performed to determine the impact of segmental RVI on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Harrell's c index was used to compare the prognostic accuracy of current and proposed staging models. Results At a median follow-up of 37 months, both RFS and CSS were significantly worse for patients with main RVI as compared with segmental RVI (P = 0.03 and P = 0.009, respectively). On multivariable analysis, main RVI had inferior RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–4.4; P = 0.03] and CSS (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–9.9; P = 0.02) compared with segmental RVI. Sub-stratifying T3a disease by separating segmental and main RVI improved prognostic accuracy compared with the current staging system for CSS (c indices 0.66 vs 0.59) and RFS (0.70 vs 0.60). Conclusions Main RVI is independently associated with worse RFS and CSS than segmental RVI. These findings may have significance for patient counselling and future staging guidelines.
Thoracoscopic-Assisted Ventriculo-Azygous Shunt Placement for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is one of the most frequent neurosurgical procedures across the world and can be challenging in select patients who fail standard distal drainage sites. OBJECTIVE To present the case of a woman after failing peritoneal, pleural, and atrial distal drainage sites who underwent a thoracoscopic-assisted ventriculo-azygous vein shunt placement. METHODS A 32-year-old woman presented to our hospital with long-standing history of hydrocephalus and shunt dependence. She had failed peritoneal and atrial shunts secondary to infection, scarring, and clot formation. At presentation, she had a pleural shunt in place and developed a large pleural effusion with shortness of breath. RESULTS She was taken to the operating room where a thoracoscopic-assisted ventriculo-azygous vein shunt was placed through a mini-thoracotomy. Postoperatively, she has not required a shunt revision in >2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION When other distal sites fail, our case report illustrates a novel surgical technique capable of being performed through a multidisciplinary approach.
Well‐Defined Models for the Elusive Dinuclear Intermediates of the Pauson–Khand Reaction

The mechanism of the Pauson-Khand reaction has attracted significant interest due to the unusual dinuclear nature of the Co2 (CO)x active site. Experimental and computational data have indicated that the intermediates following the initial Co2 (CO)6 (alkyne) complex are thermodynamically unstable and do not build up in appreciable concentrations during the course of the reaction. As a consequence, the key steps that control the scope of viable substrates and various aspects of selectivity have remained largely uncharacterized. Herein, a direct experimental investigation of the dinuclear metallacycle-forming step of the Pauson-Khand reaction is reported. These studies capitalize on well-defined d(9) -d(9) dinickel complexes supported by a naphthyridine-diimine (NDI) pincer ligand as functional surrogates of Co2 (CO)8 .
Effects of Insulin and IGF-I on Vascular Smooth Muscle Glucose and Cation Metabolism

Data is accumulating indicating that impaired insulin action predisposes to increased vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone, the hallmark of hypertension associated with diabetes. During the last several years, it has been established that VSM is an insulin-sensitive tissue like skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Investigators have shown that insulin regulates VSM intracellular cation metabolism through attenuating effects on inward calcium (Ca 2+ ) currents and by direct effects on VSM cells (VSMCs) Na + , K + -ATPase pump expression and activity and that insulin and IGF-I stimulate glucose uptake in VSMCs. Furthermore, recent data suggest that IGF-I, like insulin, attenuates cytosolic calcium [Ca 2+ ] i transients and vasoconstrictive responses. IGF-I, like insulin, also stimulates the production of nitric oxide from both the endothelium and VSMCs. IGF-I and insulin are structurally related, share receptors, and have similar postreceptor actions. Unlike insulin, which must transverse the endothelium before acting on VSMCs in vivo, IGF-I is synthesized by VSMCs. Thus, it is likely that IGF-I has more relevance than insulin in regulating physiological parameters in VSMCs.
Armyworms in Southern Minnesota

Outbreaks of the Alfalfa webworm ( Loxostege commixtalis Walker), Wheat head armyworm ( Neleucania albilinea Hubner), Spotted cutworm ( Agrotis c-nigrum L.) and the Armyworm (Cirphis unipuncta Haworth) occurred in Southern Minnesota in 1932. It was found that the infestations of the Armyworm appeared first in winter rye on peat soil and that later they migrated to other crops. Elimination of winter rye as a crop on peat soil, pasturing winter rye in fall and spring, close observation of rye fields in May and early June to discover Armyworms if present, and the use of poison bran mash are suggested as control measures.
Identification Method of Local Dynamic Parameters Based on FEM

Based on the finite element theory,an theory equation which can be adapted to identify parameters of stiffness and damping was derived by harmonic balance method. The equation was solved by in the form of trigonometric function( sine,cosine) and plural respectively. A typical rotor system case was simulated to check the supporting stiffness and damping of subsystems. The results show that both kinds of forms can identify boundary parameter accurately and reliably. But the forms of sine and cosine expansions are so complicated after derivation that it is unfit for identification of the system nonlinear characteristics. The form of plural expansion can simplify the process of calculation and deduction,and it can well identify both the linear solution and nonlinear solution with higher precision. This study can provide theoretical reference for design and vibration analysis of such systems.
Lightning protection of AC 1 000 kV UHV transmission line

The Lightning performance of UHV transmission line was presented by using program LLPP. The study results of shield performance for overhead ground line of UHV transmission line were put forward, and some improving methods were recommended. The study results of lightning back flashover for the UHV transmission line were also presented in this paper . The operating experience of other UHV overhead transmission lines showed that UHV lines have certain lightning stroke tripout rate, the reason for which is shielding failure according to the primary analysis. The higher tower height and larger system voltage may be important factors. In design of shielding angles, the tension tower and the corner tower also should be specialized, making sure they have lesser shielding angles. For mountainous areas, because of the influence of landform, especially hilltop and gorge, shielding angles may be negative angle, which needs further research to ensure the great lightning performance of UHV overhead transmission lines in China . The higher insulation level of UHV overhead transmission lines makes the stronger lightning performance against back flashover of lines.
Slab-coupled optical sensor fabrication using side-polished Panda fibers

A new device structure used for slab-coupled optical sensor (SCOS) technology was developed to fabricate electric field sensors. This new device structure replaces the D-fiber used in traditional SCOS technology with a side-polished Panda fiber. Unlike the D-fiber SCOS, the Panda fiber SCOS is made from commercially available materials and is simpler to fabricate. The Panda SCOS interfaces easier with lab equipment and exhibits ∼3 dB less loss at link points than the D-fiber SCOS. The optical system for the D-fiber is bandwidth limited by a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) used to amplify to the electric signal. The Panda SCOS exhibits less loss than the D-fiber and, as a result, does not require as high a gain setting on the TIA, which results in an overall higher bandwidth range. Results show that the Panda sensor also achieves comparable sensitivity results to the D-fiber SCOS. Although the Panda SCOS is not as sensitive as other side-polished fiber electric field sensors, it can be fabricated much easier because the fabrication process does not require special alignment techniques, and it is made from commercially available materials.
Novel allele-specific quantification methods reveal no effects of adult onset CAG repeats on HTT mRNA and protein levels

Huntington's disease (HD) reflects dominant consequences of a CAG repeat expansion mutation in HTT. Expanded CAG repeat size is the primary determinant of age at onset and age at death in HD. Although HD pathogenesis is driven by the expanded CAG repeat, whether the mutation influences the expression levels of mRNA and protein from the disease allele is not clear due to the lack of sensitive allele-specific quantification methods and the presence of confounding factors. To determine the impact of CAG expansion at the molecular level, we have developed novel allele-specific HTT mRNA and protein quantification methods based on principles of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and targeted MS/MS parallel reaction monitoring, respectively. These assays, exhibiting high levels of specificity and sensitivity, were designed to distinguish allelic products based upon expressed polymorphic variants in HTT, including rs149 109 767. To control for other cis-haplotype variations, we applied allele-specific quantification assays to a panel of HD lymphoblastoid cell lines, each carrying the major European disease haplotype (i.e. hap.01) on the mutant chromosome. We found that steady state levels of HTT mRNA and protein were not associated with expanded CAG repeat length. Rather, the products of mutant and normal alleles, both mRNA and protein, were balanced, thereby arguing that a cis-regulatory effect of the expanded CAG repeat is not a critical component of the underlying mechanism of HD. These robust allele-specific assays could prove valuable for monitoring the impact of allele-specific gene silencing strategies currently being explored as therapeutic interventions in HD.
Active Share and the Three Pillars of Active Management: Skill, Conviction, and Opportunity

This article relates Active Share to the fund manager’s individual stock-picking skill, conviction, and opportunity. I propose a new formula for Active Share that emphasizes that a fund’s Active Share is reduced only through overlapping holdings with its benchmark. I show why and how to adjust the expense ratio for the level of Active Share and the cost of investing in the benchmark. I conclude that Active Share matters for the performance of actively managed funds. Investors should not pay (too) much for low–Active Share funds, which generally underperform. But there is no evidence that high–Active Share funds as a group have underperformed, and patient managers with high Active Share have been quite successful.
Expedient synthesis of bisabolenol stink bug pheromones via stereodefined cyclohex-2-enones

Abstract We recently synthesized all stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol and 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, including three stink bug pheromones, via a rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of trimethylaluminum to diastereomeric mixtures of cyclohex-2-enones. However, yields of trans isomers were low, and scaling reactions using expensive catalysts were cumbersome. Now we describe a new synthesis of bisabolenol stink bug pheromones via ( S )- and ( R )-4-(( R )-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-enones prepared by enantioselective Michael additions of methyl vinyl ketone to ( S )- and ( R )-citronellals and lithium hydroxide monohydrate-catalyzed stereoselective cyclizations of intermediate ketoaldehydes. Addition of methyllithium to these enones provided cis - and trans -1,10-bisaboladien-3-ols, which were separated by chromatography on silica and further converted to 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ols. Thus, we developed more convenient syntheses of pheromones of the rice stink bug, the harlequin bug, and brown marmorated stink bug.
Impact of starting material (fresh versus cryopreserved marrow) on mesenchymal stem cell culture.

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) continue to be investigated in multiple clinical trials as potential therapy for different disorders. There is ongoing controversy surrounding the clinical use of cryopreserved versus fresh MSCs. However, little is known about how cryopreservation affects marrow as starting material. The growth kinetics of MSC cultures derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow were compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Data were reviewed on the growth kinetics of MSCs derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow of nine donors. Marrow harvested from each donor was separated into four aliquots (one fresh and three cryopreserved for culture). Data on the date of mononuclear cell cryopreservation/thaw, MSC counts at Passages 1 and 2, MSC doubling, MSC fold expansion, viability (of mononuclear cells and final MSCs), and on flow cytometry markers of mononuclear cells and final MSCs were analyzed for the fresh and cryopreserved marrow groups. RESULTS In total, 21 MSC lots (seven fresh and 14 cryopreserved) were obtained. The average age of cryopreserved mononuclear cell product was 295 days (range, 18-1241 days). There were no significant differences between MSC numbers at Passage 1 (p = 0.1), final MSC numbers (p = 0.5), MSC doubling (p = 0.7), or MSC fold expansion (p = 0.7). A significant difference was observed in viability by flow cytometry for both mononuclear cells (p = 0.002) and final MSCs (p = 0.009), with higher viability in the fresh marrow group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that MSCs derived from cryopreserved marrow have the same growth characteristics as fresh marrow–derived MSCs. Further studies are needed to explore potential differences in clinical efficacy.
Development of the Statoacoustic System of Amphibians

The amphibian ear undergoes considerable structural and functional changes across metamorphosis, guided by many of the same molecular factors that underlie induction and morphogenesis in other vertebrates. Inner ear morphogenesis is complete before metamorphic climax, but the eight sensory organs follow separate timetables. The saccule segregates from the common macula and differentiates prior to the utricle and semicircular canals. The lagena, the amphibian papilla, and the basilar papilla are the last organs to differentiate. After metamorphosis, continued development is indexed by increases in sizes of the sensory epithelia, in hair cell numbers, and in numbers of myelinated eighth nerve axons. Middle ear pathways are not complete until after metamorphic climax. Neural processing in the central auditory and vestibular nuclei in tadpoles reflects the state of development of the saccule and the middle ear system. Vestibular-guided behaviors are present throughout larval development, but auditory-evoked behaviors have not been documented in tadpoles.
Emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of malignant rhabdoid tumors.

Introduction: Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor (MRT) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy primarily affecting infants and young children. The most common anatomic locations are the central nervous sy...
Estimation of local modeling error and goal-oriented adaptive modeling of heterogeneous materials: Part II: a computational environment for adaptive modeling of heterogeneous elastic solids

This paper addresses a classical and largely unsolved problem: given a structural component constructed of a heterogeneous elastic material that is in equilibrium under the action of applied loads, determine local micromechanical features of its response (e.g., local stresses and displacements in or around phase boundaries or in inclusions) to an arbitrary preset level of accuracy, it being understood that the microstructure is a priori unknown, may be randomly distributed, may exist at multiple spatial scales, and may contain millions, even billions, of microscale components. The approach described in this work begins with a mathematical abstraction of this problem in which the material body is modeled as an elastic solid with highly variable, possibly randomly distributed, elastic properties. Information on the actual character of the microstructure of given material bodies is determined by computerized tomography (CT) imaging. A procedure is given for determining the effective material properties from imaging data, using either deterministic or stochastic methods. An algorithm is then described for determining local quantities of interest, such as average stresses on inclusion boundaries, to arbitrary accuracy relative to the fine-scale model. A new computational environment for implementing such analyses is presented which employs parallel, adaptive, hp finite element methods, CT interfaces, automatic meshing procedures, and, effectively, adaptive modeling schemes. Within the basic premises on which the approach is based, results of any specified accuracy can be obtained, independently of the number of microscale components and constituents. The results of several numerical experiments are presented.
The Effects of Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases on Disorders of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis involves the orderly production of millions of blood cells per second from a small number of essential bone marrow cells termed hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Ethanol suppresses normal hematopoiesis resulting in leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia and may also predispose to the development of diseases such as myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute leukemia. Currently the exact mechanisms by which ethanol perturbs hematopoiesis are unclear. The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene family plays a major role in the metabolism of reactive aldehydes derived from ethanol in the liver and other organs. At least one of the ALDH isoforms, ALDH1A1, is expressed at high levels in HSCs in humans, mice, and other organisms. Recent data indicate that ALDH1A1 and possibly other ALDH isoforms may metabolize reactive aldehydes in HSCs and other hematopoietic cells as they do in the liver and elsewhere. In addition, loss of these ALDHs leads to perturbation of a variety of cell processes that may predispose HSCs to disorders in growth and leukemic transformation. From these findings, we suggest a hypothesis that the cytopenias and possible increased risk of MDS and acute leukemia in heavy alcohol users is due to polymorphisms in genes responsible for metabolism of alcohol derived reactive aldehydes and repair of their DNA adducts in HSCs and other hematopoietic cells. In the article, we will summarize the biological properties of hematopoietic cells and diseases related to ethanol consumption, discuss molecular characteristics of ethanol metabolism, and describe a model to explain how ethanol derived reactive aldehydes may promote HSC damage.
Bone Health in Women

Bone health is critical to overall health and quality of life. Although genetic factors play a key role in bone formation, there are several external factors that can be modified to preserve bone health. Diet, exercise, menstrual irregularities, medications, disease states, weight, and environmental factors can all affect fracture risk. Osteoporosis is characterized by decrease in bone mass and microarchitectural changes in the bone that increases fracture risk. Screening for osteoporosis may help facilitate treatment before fractures occur. Preventing fractures needs patient and physician understanding of bone health to improve and requires a team effort.
The land has voice: understanding the land tenure - sustainable tourism development nexus in Micronesia.

Externally-generated prescriptions for development continue to be imposed on Pacific Island societies. Frequently lost in this process is provision for the idiosyncratic localized realities of the ...
Improving First-Year Engineering Students’ Design and Teamwork Skills

In this paper, we introduced design education concepts to a first-year engineering course. The new content was added to an existing project to help students make more informed decisions in their project. The project was a team-based project in which students were asked to build a wind turbine. Students were supposed to design and build the turbine structure. Before students started building the structure, they were introduced to the design concepts and engaged in in-class activities including concept generation and concept reduction. Students perceptions of the usefulness of the new content/lecture was overall positive. There were no significant differences between the two weeks of activities based on the student response. The most frequent positive comments were related to group activities. Students also liked clear instructions and sketching of the design. Positive student feedback was more frequent than negative ones, indicating they do not agree on the negative aspects of the lectures/activities. One of the frequent negative feedback was related to busy PowerPoint slides.
Proton Chemical Shift and Dipolar Spectra of Cluster Hydrides

Structured proton NMR dipolar lineshapes for the compounds H2Os3(CO)10, H4Os4(CO)12, and H4Ru4(CO)12 are reported and interpreted in terms of an analytical calculation for four dipolar-coupled spin 1/2 nuclei. Chemical shift tensors for the metal-bridging protons are reported and discussed.
SaYoPillow: A Blockchain-Enabled, Privacy-Assured Framework for Stress Detection, Prediction and Control Considering Sleeping Habits in the IoMT.

Considering today's lifestyle, people just sleep forgetting the benefits it provides to the human body. The reasons for not having a productive sleep could be many. Smart-Yoga Pillow (SaYoPillow) is envisioned as a device that may help in recognizing the importance of a good quality sleep to alleviate stress while establishing a measurable relationship between stress and sleeping habits. A system that analyzes the sleeping habits by continuously monitoring the physiological changes that occur during rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages of sleep is proposed in the current work. In addition to the physiological parameter changes, factors such as sleep duration, snoring range, eye movement, and limb movements are also monitored. The SaYoPillow system is processed at the edge level with the storage being at the cloud. Not having to compromise the user's privacy, SaYoPillow proposes secure data transmission for both uploading and retrieving, and secure storage and communications as an attempt to reduce malicious attacks on healthcare. A user interface is provided for the user to control data accessibility and visibility. SaYoPillow has 96% accuracy which is close to other existing research works. However, SaYoPillow is the only work with security features as well as only work that considers sleeping habits for stress.
Nonlinear Propagation in Optical Fibers With Gain Saturation and Gain Dispersion

There have been many developments in nonlinear propagation models in the past few decades. Especially, a form of such model has been developed to allow a standard ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver to be directly used for its solution. But such a model currently does not consider gain saturation and wavelength-dependent gain, which are very important in high-pulse-energy lasers. In this work, the directly-ODE-integrable nonlinear propagation equation is extended to include gain saturation and gain dispersion, which is then used to study maximum pulse energy limited by amplified spontaneous emission and minimum pulse width limited by gain narrowing in ultrafast fiber lasers in order to demonstrate these new capabilities.
Self-similarity and growth in Birkhoff sums for the golden rotation

We study Birkhoff sums with at the golden mean rotation number with continued fraction pn/qn. The summation of such quantities with logarithmic singularity is motivated by critical KAM phenomena (Knill and Lesieutre 2010 Complex Anal. Operator Theory 10.1007/s11785-010-0064-7) and because shows that g is the harmonic conjugate to the piecewise linear case studied by Hecke. We relate the boundedness of log averaged Birkhoff sums Sk/log(k) and the convergence of with the existence of an experimentally established limit function on [0, 1] which satisfies a functional equation f(α) + α2 f = β with a monotone function β. The limit can be expressed in terms of f.
Cerebral Vasculopathy and Spinal Arachnoiditis: Two Rare Complications of Ventriculitis Post Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

This report describes a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by ventriculitis and subsequent delayed cerebral vasospasm, severe chronic spinal arachnoiditis, and Froin syndrome. A 60-year-old woman presented with diffuse aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and underwent successful coil embolization of ruptured left anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. Her course was complicated by bacterial ventriculitis and acute hydrocephalus necessitating ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. She returned ten weeks later with recurrent headaches; CT angiography showed diffuse cerebral vasospasm. Spine magnetic resonance imaging ordered due to concern for mass or other obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid obstruction based on lumbar puncture results showed leptomeningeal enhancement with loculated cerebrospinal fluid collections along the spinal canal concerning for spinal arachnoiditis and septal adhesions. Lumbar puncture was consistent with Froin syndrome. She was treated with calcium-channel blockers. Follow up imaging showed resolution of vasospasm, but progression of the arachnoiditis. No surgical intervention was pursued as the patient had no symptoms concerning myelopathy. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and ventriculitis may lead to delayed reversible vasculopathy as well as arachnoiditis, with "dry tap" and Froin-like syndrome picture. Workup should be initiated in patients who develop persistent headaches or myelopathic changes to investigate these possibilities.
Social Inequality and the Future of US Life Expectancy

Despite decades of progress, the future of life expectancy in the United States is uncertain due to widening socioeconomic disparities in mortality, continued disparities in mortality across racial...
Estimating the E¤ect of the Age Distribution on Cyclical Output Volatility Across the United States

I exploit the variation in demographic change across the United States to estimate the relationship between the age distribution in the population and the magnitude of cyclical output volatility. According to panel regression estimates the relative supply of young workers, or youth share, has a statistically signi cant e¤ect on the volatility of state-by-state gross domestic product. Moreover, changes to the age distribution can account for up to 58% of the recent reduction in business cycle uctuations, indicating a critical link between the youth share and output volatility.
Early Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive and Adaptive Outcomes at the Transition to Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Gray Matter Development Across Five Scan Waves.

Abstract Background Early low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poor outcomes in childhood, many of which endure into adulthood. It is critical to determine how early low SES relates to trajectories of brain development and whether these mediate relationships to poor outcomes. We use data from a unique 17-year longitudinal study with five waves of structural brain imaging to prospectively examine relationships between preschool SES and cognitive, social, academic, and psychiatric outcomes in early adulthood. Methods Children (n = 216, 50% female, 47.2% non-White) were recruited from a study of early onset depression and followed approximately annually. Family income-to-needs ratios (SES) were assessed when children were ages 3 to 5 years. Volumes of cortical gray and white matter and subcortical gray matter collected across five scan waves were processed using the FreeSurfer Longitudinal pipeline. When youth were ages 16+ years, cognitive function was assessed using the NIH Toolbox, and psychiatric diagnoses, high-risk behaviors, educational function, and social function were assessed using clinician administered and parent/youth report measures. Results Lower preschool SES related to worse cognitive, high-risk, educational, and social outcomes (|standardized B| = 0.20–0.31, p values Conclusions These novel longitudinal data underscore the key role of brain development in understanding the long-lasting relations of early low SES to outcomes in children.
Reconceptualizing urban heat island: Beyond the urban-rural dichotomy

Abstract Past decades have seen drastically increasing research effort and progress on the study of the phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI). Despite its simplicity, this convenient concept has promoted significant advances in scientific research and policy making processes in the urban environmental community. Nevertheless, the oversimplification and inadequacy of the urban-rural dichotomy, inherited in the UHI concept, is increasingly manifest today along the continuously expanding frontier that admits and addresses newly emergent challenges in the globally urbanized world. In this study, we conduct a holistic and in-depth survey of the urban-rural dichotomy intrinsic to the definition of UHI, from theoretical, technical, and practical perspectives. In addition, in the light of recent research advances, we urge to radically reconceptualize UHI by proposing a novel paradigm by treating the total urban environment as a complex dynamic system. The new framework broadens the frontier of conventional urban environmental study by utilizing advanced techniques of complex systems and data sciences, including complex network theory, machine learning techniques, causal inference, etc. The reconceptualization of UHI is also expected to foster decision making and urban planning, and to avoid the one-sidedness of the singular and often too exclusive aim of heat mitigation.
William James, Sciences of Mind, and Anti-Imperial Discourse

In the past few decades, the humanities and social sciences have developed new methods of reorienting their conceptual frameworks in a “world without frontiers.” In this book, Bernadette M. Baker offers an innovative approach to rethinking sciences of mind as they formed at the turn of the twentieth century, via the concerns that have emerged at the turn of the twenty-first. The less-visited texts of Harvard philosopher and psychologist William James provide a window into contemporary debates over principles of toleration, anti-imperial discourse, and the nature of ethics. Baker revisits Jamesian approaches to the formation of scientific objects including the child mind, exceptional mental states, and the ghost to explore the possibilities and limits of social scientific thought dedicated to mind development and discipline formation around the construct of the West.
Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Statute of Limitations: The Need for Consistent Application of the Delayed Discovery Rule

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Courts Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Evidence Commons, Juveniles Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legislation Commons, Litigation Commons, Psychology and Psychiatry Commons, Remedies Commons, Sexuality and the Law Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, and the Torts Commons
Studies on Trypsin: I. The Anticoagulant Action of Trypsin

Summary 1. Intravenous injection of large doses of trypsin given rapidly to dogs is romptly followed by a marked prolongation in clotting time and a depression in Ac-globulin concentration, plasma antithrombin, fibrinogen and prothrombin levels. 2. Antithrombin levels are initially depressed for 18 hours, followed by a secondary rise in titer lasting 27 hours.
The Mirror Exercise - A Quick and Easy Method to Begin Discussing Race, Gender, Ethnicity, Age and Other Differences with Your Students

Becoming a competent attorney is a journey that requires law students to face numerous challenges. For a legal skills professor, a major step in the process is helping students become conscious of who they are and how others perceive them. There is a widespread tendency in law schools around the country to avoid frank discussions about race, gender, age, class and ethnicity, even though in reality people habitually use those characteristics to make judgments about others. The fear of being considered racist or classist forces educators into a “conspiracy of silence” about these topics. It is imperative that students in skills courses learn to acknowledge and discuss issues of diversity openly and honestly in order to be prepared to deal with juries, clients, judges, witnesses and adversaries once they are in practice. This article is provides an exercise, called the Mirror Exercise, which can be used by clinical and legal skills professors to penetrate the silence and help their students acknowledge and discuss their differences and similarities and how they will affect their practice of law.
Immune cytolysis of human tumor cells mediated by xenogeneic "immune" ribonucleic acid: implications for immunotherapy.

Abstract Normal human lymphocytes were converted into “killer cells”, specifically cytotoxic to human tumor cells, by xenogeneic “immune” ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from the lymphoid organs of sheep or guinea pigs immunized with the particular human tumor being studied. This cytotoxicity was not seen when normal human lymphocytes were not treated with RNA or were incubated with RNA extracted from lymphoid organs of sheep or guinea pigs immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant only or with “immune” RNA previously inactivated by treatment with ribonuclease. Although the immune cytolysis of the tumor cells could not be shown to be mediated by immune responses to tumor-specific antigens alone because of factors inherent in the experimental system, the mechanics for studying the mediation of immune responses to human tumor antigens by xenogeneic “immune” RNA are outlined. The immunotherapy of gynecologic neoplasms is reviewed, and the applicability of “immune” RNA to the immunotherapy of gynecologic malignancies is discussed.
Model Refinement and Damage Location for Intelligent Structures

Intelligent Structural Systems (ISS) are structures which integrate control and computational subsystems into a single structural entity. Ideally, an ISS would adapt its dynamic characteristics to meet performance objectives at any instant. Therefore, ISS have a tremendous potential for a wide range of structural applications in which efficient integrated systems are necessary, from large space structures to low noise emission submarines. To realize this potential, however, advances are needed in several technical areas, including development of embedded sensors/actuators, algorithms for control/adaptation, techniques for health monitoring and integrated approaches for system design.
Redefining the manufacturing enterprise through information technology

This chapter identifies the profound impact of modern information technology on the manufacturing industry. Advanced manufacturing technologies, coupled with organization-wide information systems infrastructures, have offered manufacturing firms tremendous opportunities for sustainable competitive advantages. To fully realize the new technologies' strategic benefits, however, manufacturing management must both abandon traditional industrial mindsets and redesign manufacturing systems for maximum enterprise integration. Technology is, after all, merely an enabling factor. It requires other corresponding organizational changes to reach its full potential. We, the authors, also introduce current research ideas in the areas of information technology and of manufacturing strategic management.
Body phosphorus mobilization and deposition during lactation in dairy cows.

Summary Dairy cow bone phosphorus (P) mobilization and deposition and their influence on P requirements were studied over the lactation cycle. Thirty Holsteins received a common diet during the dry period and one of the following three dietary treatments that varied in P percentage during the subsequent lactation (44 weeks): (i) 0.36 throughout (constant P, 0.36-0.36-0.36), (ii) 0.36 for 30 weeks then 0.29 for 14 weeks (P changed once, 0.36-0.36-0.29), and (iii) 0.43 for 10 weeks, 0.36 for 20 weeks, and 0.29 for 14 weeks (P changed twice, 0.43-0.36-0.29). Six P balance studies were conducted during the experiment, including one during the dry period and five along lactation, based on P intake, faecal P, urinary P and milk P, when appropriate. Blood samples were taken during balance to analyse bone formation (osteocalcin) and resorption (pyridinoline) marker concentrations and rib biopsies performed to determine bone P content. Phosphorus balance was negative during weeks −4 to −1 relative to lactation for all groups and remained negative for cows fed 0.36% P during weeks 1–5, but showed a positive value for cows that received 0.43% P. The balance was close to zero for all groups at weeks 19–23 and showed a clear retention during weeks 38–42; by the end of lactation, cows re-stored most of the P mobilized earlier. The pattern in P balance was consistent with changes in blood bone metabolism marker concentrations, rib bone P content, and faecal and urinary P concentrations over the experiment, indicating that cows, irrespective of the dietary P treatments received, mobilized P from bone during the late dry period when fed a low-Ca diet and early lactation, and re-stored P in late lactation. This dynamic of P metabolism can have important implications for dietary P requirements and ration formulations.
B Lymphocytes as Antigen-Presenting Cells for CD4+ T Cell Priming In Vivo

The contribution of B lymphocytes as APCs for CD4+ T cell priming remains controversial, based on findings that B cells cannot provide the requisite ligating and costimulatory signals for naive T cells to be activated. In the current study, we have examined Ag-specific T:B cell collaboration under circumstances in which B cells take up Ag through Ig receptors in vivo. This results in their activation and an ability to effectively stimulate naive CD4+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this work was to establish some of the key molecular interactions, as well as kinetics, between Ag-specific T and B cells that enable this priming to take place. Our approach was to amplify the starting pools of both Ag-specific T and B cell populations in vivo to track directly the events during initial T:B cell collaborations. We show that the induction of optimal levels of T cell priming to a protein Ag requires the involvement of Ag-specific B cells. The interaction that results between Ag-specific T and B cells prevents the down-modulation of B7 costimulatory molecules usually observed in the absence of appropriate T cells. Moreover, this prevention in down-modulation is independent of CD40:CD40 ligand contact. Finally, we present data suggesting that once Ag-specific T and B cells interact, there is a rapid (1-2-h) down-regulation of antigenic complexes on the surface of the B lymphocytes, possibly to prevent them from engaging other T cells in the vicinity and therefore focus the initial interaction.