cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I Tax activates I-κB kinase by inhibiting I-κB kinase-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A

Abstract I-κB kinase (IKK) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates I-κBα and I-κBβ and targets them for polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. IKK consists of two highly related catalytic subunits, α and β, and a regulatory γ subunit, which becomes activated after serine phosphorylation of the activation loops of the catalytic domains. The human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type-I trans-activator, Tax, has been shown to interact directly with IKKγ and activates IKK via a mechanism not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that IKK binds serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and via a tripartite protein-protein interaction, Tax, IKKγ, and PP2A form a stable ternary complex.In vitro, PP2A down-regulates active IKK prepared from Tax-producing MT4 cells. In the presence of Tax, however, the ability of PP2A to inactivate IKK is diminished. Despite their interaction with IKKγ, PP2A-interaction-defective Tax mutants failed to activate NF-κB. Our data support the notion that IKKγ-associated PP2A is responsible for the rapid deactivation of IKK, and inhibition of PP2A by Tax in the context of IKK·PP2A·Tax ternary complex leads to constitutive IKK and NF-κB activation.
Sensitization to cocaine after a single intra-cerebral injection of orphanin FQ/nociceptin.

Abstract Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) has been shown to modulate mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission. Repeated administration of OFQ/N into the ventral tegmental area results in a sensitized locomotor response to subsequent peripheral cocaine administration. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential for OFQ/N to produce a sensitized locomotor response to cocaine after a single intra-VTA administration and to determine if this effect of OFQ/N extrapolates to other points along the mesolimbic or nigrostriatal dopaminergic axes. Bilateral administration of OFQ/N (30 μg/side) into the VTA on day 1 to male Sprague–Dawley rats resulted in an enhanced locomotor response to cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p) administered on day 2. However, OFQ/N (3, 10 and 30 μg per side) administered on day 2, 5 mins prior to the administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p), in animals treated with aCSF or OFQ/N on day 1, similarly blocked the action of cocaine, suggesting that the sensitized response was not due to tolerance to the effect of endogenously released OFQ/N. The administration of OFQ/N into the substantia nigra or nucleus accumbens failed to produce a significant sensitized response to a cocaine challenge 24 h later. A significant increase in cocaine stimulated locomotor response on day 2 was observed after injection of OFQ/N into the striatum on day 1. These results demonstrate the ability of a single intra-VTA or intra-striatal administration of OFQ/N to produce increases in the sensitivity to cocaine and may indicate a role for endogenous OFQ/N systems in regulating responses to psychostimulant drugs.
Near Valve Flows and Potential Blood Damage During Closure of a Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve

Blood damage and thrombosis are major complications that are commonly seen in patients with implanted mechanical heart valves. For this in vitro study, we isolated the closing phase of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve to study near valve fluid velocities and stresses. By manipulating the valve housing, we gained optical access to a previously inaccessible region of the flow. Laser Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry were used to characterize the flow regime and help to identify the key design characteristics responsible for high shear and rotational flow. Impact of the closing mechanical leaflet with its rigid housing produced the highest fluid stresses observed during the cardiac cycle. Mean velocities as high as 2.4 m/s were observed at the initial valve impact. The velocities measured at the leaflet tip resulted in sustained shear rates in the range of 1500-3500 s(-1), with peak values on the order of 11,000-23,000 s(-1). Using velocity maps, we identified regurgitation zones near the valve tip and through the central orifice of the valve. Entrained flow from the transvalvular jets and flow shed off the leaflet tip during closure combined to generate a dominant vortex posterior to both leaflets after each valve closing cycle. The strength of the peripheral vortex peaked within 2 ms of the initial impact of the leaflet with the housing and rapidly dissipated thereafter, whereas the vortex near the central orifice continued to grow during the rebound phase of the valve. Rebound of the leaflets played a secondary role in sustaining closure-induced vortices.
Performance of a lightweight GFRP composite bridge deck in positive and negative bending regions

Abstract This paper presents results from an experimental and analytical study of a newly developed lightweight composite bridge deck system composed of pultruded trapezoidal GFRP tubes and outer wrap. Panels with different grout materials and grouting patterns were evaluated and compared in terms of flexural stiffness. Two-span tests were performed on non-grouted and epoxy grouted panels to simulate a multi-girder bridge configuration and to evaluate their structural behavior in both positive and negative bending regions. Test results showed that the epoxy grouted panel meets the AASHTO deflection requirement (L/800) and performed well under service loads. An analytical model was developed to predict the load–deflection response of grouted and non-grouted panels at incremental load steps, even beyond the uncracked stage. The proposed model shows that shear deformation must be considered in order to accurately predict the behavior of GFRP panels in multi-girder bridges.
In pursuit of α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation: Carbon analogs of (−)-cytisine

The preparation and biological activity of analogs of (-)-cytisine, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, are discussed. All-carbon-containing phenyl ring replacements of the pyridone ring system, generated via Heck cyclization protocols, exhibited weaker affinity and lower efficacy partial agonist profiles relative to (-)-cytisine. In vivo, selected compounds exhibit lower efficacy partial agonist profiles than that of (-)-cytisine.
The Ethics of Motivational Interviewing Revisited

In two separate commentaries, Withers and Seager offer constructive critiques of “The Ethics of Motivational Intervention.” It is difficult to render ethical judgments regarding a method apart from the goals and contexts within which it is to be applied. A clearer and transtheoretical understanding of the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of motivational interviewing may better inform future discussions of these ethical concerns that pertain to psychotherapy more generally.
Enhancing Antitumor Efficacy of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Through Constitutive CD40L Expression

Adoptive cell therapy with genetically modified T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a promising therapy for patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, CAR-modified T cells (CAR T cells) have mostly failed in patients with solid tumors or low-grade B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia with bulky lymph node involvement. Herein, we enhance the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells through the constitutive expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154). T cells genetically modified to constitutively express CD40L (CD40L-modified T cells) demonstrated increased proliferation and secretion of proinflammatory TH1 cytokines. Further, CD40L-modified T cells augmented the immunogenicity of CD40+ tumor cells by the upregulated surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), adhesion molecules (CD54, CD58, and CD70), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules (Class I and HLA-DR), and the Fas-death receptor (CD95). Additionally, CD40L-modified T cells induced maturation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Finally, tumor-targeted CD19-specific CAR/CD40L T cells exhibited increased cytotoxicity against CD40+ tumors and extended the survival of tumor-bearing mice in a xenotransplant model of CD19+ systemic lymphoma. This preclinical data supports the clinical application of CAR T cells additionally modified to constitutively express CD40L with anticipated enhanced antitumor efficacy.
Breakup of 8 B at sub-Coulomb energies

Energy distributions for outgoing ${}^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ fragments from breakup of ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ on a ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ target have been measured at an incident energy of 25.75 MeV, which is below the Coulomb barrier. The data are compared with coupled-channels calculations that include higher-order couplings in the continuum.
Note on Interference Fringes from Thin Windows

The transmittance of a liquid sample interposed in a beam at normal incidence, between windows of equal thickness which produce interference fringes, is related to the values of the experimental transmittance measured at the interference maxima and minima.
Occurrence of endodermis with a casparian strip in stem and leaf

It is well known that an endodermis with casparian strip always occurs in roots, but few people are aware that it also occurs in stems and leaves of some vascular plants. The rather sparse literature on endodermis in aerial organs was last included in a review in 1943. The present compilation, which does not consider hydathodes, nectaries, or other secretory structures, emphasizes distribution of cauline and foliar endodermis with casparian strip. It occurs unevenly among major taxa: quite common in rhizomes and leaves among pteridophyte groups, with exceptions; absent in gymnosperm stems but found in leaves at least among some conifers; in stems of at least 30 mostly herbaceous angiosperm families, but far less common in leaves, where it is mostly reported from petioles. Etiolation can induce casparian strips in stems and petioles of some herbaceous plants, but results from leaf blades are questionable. There are recent reports of an endodermis with casparian strip in leaves of both woody and herbaceous taxa. The physiological function, if any, of a casparian strip in aerial organs remains unknown.
The Role of GATA, CArG, E-box, and a Novel Element in the Regulation of Cardiac Expression of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Gene *

The cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) is the principal Ca2+ efflux mechanism in cardiocytes. The exchanger is up-regulated in both cardiac hypertrophy and failure. In this report, we identify the cis-acting elements that control cardiac expression and α-adrenergic up-regulation of the exchanger gene. Deletion analysis revealed that a minimal cardiac promoter fragment from −184 to +172 is sufficient for cardiac expression and α-adrenergic stimulation. Mutational analysis revealed that both the CArG element at −80 and the GATA element at −50 were required for cardiac expression. Gel mobility shift assay supershift analysis demonstrated that the serum response factor binds to the CArG element and GATA-4 binds to the GATA element. Point mutations in the −172 E-box demonstrated that it was required for α-adrenergic induction. In addition, deletion analysis revealed one or more enhancer elements in the first intron (+103 to +134) that are essential for phenylephrine up-regulation but bear no homology to any known transcription element. Therefore, this work demonstrates that SRF and GATA-4 are critical for NCX1 expression in neonatal cardiomyocytes and that the −172 E-box in addition to a novel enhancer element(s) are required for phenylephrine up-regulation of NCX1 and may mediate its hypertrophic up-regulation.
EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON DNA REPLICATION IN VITRO

Chromium is an environmentally significant human carcinogen with complicated metabolism and an unknown mechanism of mutagenesis. Chromium(VI) is taken up by cells as the chromate anion and is reduc...
Toward more sensitive mobile phones

Although cell phones are extremely useful, they can be annoying and distracting to owners and others nearby. We describe sensing techniques intended to help make mobile phones more polite and less distracting. For example, our phone's ringing quiets as soon as the user responds to an incoming call, and the ring mutes if the user glances at the caller ID and decides not to answer. We also eliminate the need to press a TALK button to answer an incoming call by recognizing if the user picks up the phone and listens to it.
Home-school token economies: Bridging the communication gap

School token economy systems are being employed with a variety of children in a variety of settings. Although their utility has been proven, additional benefits accrue when home-school token systems are used. These benefits are discussed, as well as the steps necessary towards implementation of these systems. Two case studies of elementary children are shared as practical examples of implementing home-school token economy systems.
TURNOUT IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS

Turnout in municipal elections is even lower than that in presidential elections. Yet the problem has been largely ignored by academicians. In recent years, there have been court challenges under the 1982 Voting Rights Act to majority vote and other than single-member districting provisions as requirements that are believed to dilute the political impact of minorities. The present analysis presents an overview of our knowledge to date, relating electoral districting and majority vote arrangements to black patterns of participation. It reviews the available literature, traces the associations that exist, identifies the problems in data collection and analysis that are present and sets forth a propositional inventory and set of conclusions that can serve as the basis for future research. The analysis incorporates original data and insights from the author's research and from cities in which he has served as a consultant.
Voting Intention and the Complexity of Political Images: A Pilot Study

To determine whether voting intention affected the development and formation of political candidates' images, an hypothesis was tested: voting intention would influence a voter to engage in a diffe...
Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: XXXII. Localization of constitutionally amplified KRAS sequences to Chinese hamster chromosomes X and Y by in situ hybridization.

The KRASgene is constitutionally amplified in the Chinese hamster. We have mapped the amplified sequences by in situ hybridization to two major sites on the X and Y chromosomes, Xq4 and Yp2. No autosomal site was detected despite a search under relaxed hybridization conditions. KRASDNA is amplified about 50-fold compared to a human cell line known to have a diploid number of KRASsequences, whereas mRNA expression is 5- to 10-fold lower than in normal human cells. While mRNA expression levels do not necessarily parallel gene copy number, the low expression level strongly suggests that the amplified sequences are transcriptionally silent. It is suggested that the amplified sequences arose from the original KRASgene on chromosome 8 and that the KRASsequences on the Y chromosome arose by X-Y recombination.
Pattern, Growth, and Control

Systems biology seeks not only to discover the machinery of life but to understand how such machinery is used for control, i.e., for regulation that achieves or maintains a desired, useful end. This sort of goal-directed, engineering-centered approach also has deep historical roots in developmental biology. Not surprisingly, developmental biology is currently enjoying an influx of ideas and methods from systems biology. This Review highlights current efforts to elucidate design principles underlying the engineering objectives of robustness, precision, and scaling as they relate to the developmental control of growth and pattern formation. Examples from vertebrate and invertebrate development are used to illustrate general lessons, including the value of integral feedback in achieving set-point control; the usefulness of self-organizing behavior; the importance of recognizing and appropriately handling noise; and the absence of "free lunch." By illuminating such principles, systems biology is helping to create a functional framework within which to make sense of the mechanistic complexity of organismal development.
In vivo Applications of Diffuse Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy

This contribution reviews some of the concepts of diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy of tissue, and presents some in vivo applications to the human breast (optical mammography) and brain (functional near-infrared imaging).
Working With and Conducting Research Among American Indian Families

Acquiring and using cultural competence in service delivery or research is a process in which the service provider or researcher must acknowledge cultural differences, develop awareness of personal cultural values, understand cross-cultural interactions, learn the family's culture, and adapt the program or research project to fit the culture. Recently, American Indian communities have begun to assume a major role in the control of service delivery and research efforts in their communities due to their special status as sovereign nations and their efforts to protect the cultural integrity of the program or research. This article will outline and offer insight into the cultural, historical, social, and spiritual issues that must be learned prior to and when conducting service or program delivery or research among American Indian communities.
FLUORINE IN STONE METEORITES

Abstract The fluorine content of stony meteorites was measured by F 18 produced by an activation technique. Different classes of chondrites, enstatite, ‘ordinary’ and pigeonite-Wiik Class III, contain amounts of fluorine, 238, 121 and 66 ppm respectively that in a sense reflect their state of oxidation. In general, the fluorine concentration within a class of stone meteorites is fairly constant. The enstatite chondrite, Hvittis, seems to be an exception. Two Ca-rich and one Ca-poor achondrites contain about 63 and 11 ppm F, respectively. An atomic abundance of 1.6 × 10 3 atoms F/10 6 atoms Si postulated by Stress and Urey (1956) was confirmed.
Plasma-enhanced photoemission detection: a new method for real-time surface monitoring during plasma processing

A technique for characterization of semiconductor surfaces during plasma exposure, plasma-enhanced photoemission (PEP) detection, which is compatible with plasma process conditions and is sensitive to surface electric properties, is described. Technique parameters of RF power, laser power, and laser synchronization with the RF cycle are characterized. The PEP technique is used in real time to study the effects of plasma processing on the electronic properties of doped silicon surfaces. During exposure to sputtering or reactive etching plasma, significant differences are noted between n- and p-type Si and between the use of low and high laser power. Results are interpreted using a band-bending model and the influence of surface or defect states induced by ion bombardment during process exposure. >
BRUSH BORDER LACTASE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY DURING LACTATION

Although lactase activity in adult rats is believed to be low, we have found it to be elevated during lactation. Our study relates lactase activity measured enzymatically and histochemically with immunological and morphological changes in the jejunum of lactating, pregnant, and nongravid adult rats, suckling and weanling pups. Jejunal sections were collected for light and fluorescent microscopy. Villus measurements were made on H&E sections using Jandel Video Analysis. Lactase was demonstrated by histochemistry and immunofluorescence (IF). Fluorescent intensity was graded 0-4+. Lactase specific activity (SA) (μmol/min/g protein) was performed using scraped, homogenized mucosal membranes. Histochemically, lactase was present in all animals. Our results show that during 1) weaning, lactase activity decreases independently of changes in villous morphology, 2) early lactation, both villous length (+57%) and lactase SA (+30%) increase, and 3) late lactation, lactase SA decreases to adult values independent of villus length.
Bergman metrics and geodesics in the space of Kähler metrics on toric varieties

A guiding principle in Kahler geometry is that the infinite dimensional sym- metric space H of Kahler metrics in a fixed Kahler class on a polarized projective Kahler manifold M should be well approximated by finite dimensional submanifolds Bk ⊂ H of Bergman metrics of height k (Yau, Tian, Donaldson). The Bergman metric spaces are sym- metric spaces of type GC/G where G = U(dk +1) for certain dk. This article establishes the basic estimates for Bergman approximations for geometric families of toric Kahler manifolds. The approximation results are applied to the endpoint problem for geodesics of H, which are solutions of a homogeneous complex Monge-Ampere equation in A × X, where A ⊂ C is an annulus. Donaldson, Arezzo-Tian and Phong-Sturm raised the question whether H- geodesics with fixed endpoints can be approximated by geodesics of Bk. Phong-Sturm proved weak C 0 -convergence of Bergman to Monge-Ampere geodesics on a general Kahler manifold. Our approximation results show that one has C 2 (A × X) convergence in the case of toric Kahler metrics, extending our earlier result on CP 1 . In subsequent papers, the techniques of this article are applied to approximations for harmonic maps into H, to test configuration geodesic rays and to the smooth initial value problem.
Synthesis of a new class of Mo-Fe-S clusters containing the MoS2Fe2 unit

Abstract A new synthetic route to Mo-Fe-S clusters related to nitrogenase has been developed, in which the bridging sulfides originate with the iron reagent (rather than with MoS2−4, as is the case for other known Mo-Fe-S clusters). This route produces clusters containing the novel Mo(μ3-S)2Fe2 structural unit, which is only the third known type of such a cluster (in addition to those containing the “linear” MoS2Fe and “cubane” MoFe3S4 units). Reaction of the [Fe2S2(CO)6]2− dianion with MoCl5 has been found to produce at least four new clusters, including two Fe-S carbonyl clusters and two novel Mo-Fe-S clusters, including I. Complex I, isolated as the Ph4As+ salt, has been identified as the [MoOFe5S6(CO)12]2− dianion by a single-crystal structure determination: space group P21/n, monoclinic, Z = 4; a = 14.127(6) A, b = 17.818(5) A, c = 26.802(18) A, β = 94.51(2)°, V = 6726 A3; current R = 8.9%, Rw = 9.4%; 2768 unique data with F2 > 3σ(F2). Complex I can also be prepared in higher yield from the reaction of MoOCl3·2THF with excess [Fe2S2(CO)6]2− or [Fe4S4(CO)12]2−.
Kinematic, Thermodynamic, and Visual Structure of Low-Reflectivity Microbursts

Abstract On 9 July 1987, a series of low-reflectivity microbursts were studied over Colorado using dual-Doppler analyses, cloud photogrammetry, and in situ measurements collected by aircraft. These types of wind-shear events are particularly hazardous to the aviation community since the parent cloud and pendant virga shafts appear innocuous. The microburst downdrafts are shown to develop at the location where the virga shafts are, visually, the lowest and opaque. As the downdraft intensifies, sublimation and evaporation (to a smaller extent) rapidly deplete the hydrometeors and result in a shift of the axis of maximum negative vertical velocities into a relatively low reflectivity and transparent region of the virga shafts. Comparisons with weak downdrafts or null null cases reveal that the maximum radar reflectivities within the parent clouds for the two cases are comparable; however, the microburst storm consistently exhibits a larger horizontal area encompassed by the 10-dBZ contour at midlevels prior ...
SU-E-T-541: A Clinical Approach to Account for the Attenuation of Varian Exact IGRT Couch Top for Spine Stereotatic Radiosurgery Patients

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop an approach to account for the attenuation of Varian Exact IGRT couch top for spine cancer patients in spine stereotatic radiosurgery. Methods: Varian Exact IGRT couch which has carbon fiber plates sandwiched with a plastic foam core was used for this study. Transmission of 6MV x‐rays through the couch was measured at various oblique beam angles. Based on the measured values, we modeled the couch top as a stored organ in Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS) for spine stereotatic radiosurgery (SSRS) patients. A planner can load the virtual couch top and override the density when designing a treatment plan to account for the couch attenuation explicitly. The dosimetric impact of the couch top on DVHs was investigated in 3 representative patients. Results: At normal incidence, percentage of the attenuation of the Exact IGRT couch for a 6MV beam was measured to be 2.40% and 2.68% for field size of and , respectively. The attenuation was found to be gantry angle dependent, with maximum attenuation 3.90% at 120° for field size of and 4.25% at 130° for , respectively. By using a fixed density of 1.05 within the thin carbon fiber layers, the calculated attenuation for the virtual couch top were 2.38% and 2.94% for field, 4.15%, and 4.57% for field, respectively, which agreed well with the measurement. Without considering the couch attenuation, the average loss of target coverage was 7.1% in three representative cases we analyzed. Conclusions: The attenuation of Varian Exact IGRT Couch Top should not be ignored when using the couch top for SSRS patients. A clinical approach was developed to account for the attenuation. A calibrated virtual couch model can be used to account for the attenuation in the treatment planning process.
Cetuximab in combination therapy: from bench to clinic

Cetuximab, a chimeric IgG(1) monoclonal antibody directed against the ligand-binding domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor, offers a paradigm for the combination of molecularly targeted therapies with cytotoxic agents. In preclinical models, the addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy or radiation therapy enhances antitumor activity. Proposed mechanisms include reducing tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and DNA repair capacity; increasing apoptosis; and inducing cell cycle arrest at treatment-sensitive points. These effects may enhance and restore tumor sensitivity to cytotoxic therapies. In clinical trials, the addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy improves outcomes of patients who had previously failed such agents, as illustrated in irinotecan-resistant and oxaliplatin-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. As initial therapy, the addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy extends survival in colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer. Combining cetuximab with radiation therapy extends survival in locally advanced head and neck cancer. As predictive biomarkers are identified, it may become possible to select patients most likely to benefit from such combinations.
Quenched disorder in tethered membranes.

We study the effect of quenched disorder of tethered membranes using both analytic and numerical methods. Disorder is introduced via a random spontaneous curvature and random preferred metric. The presence of impurity-induced spontaneous curvature is found to stiffen the log-wavelength bending rigidity, stabilizing a new disordered flat phase at temperature T=0. This new phase, like that of pure membranes at T>0, is characterised by anomalous statistical and elastic properties. Since its origin is purely mechanical, it can, in principle, be constructed from an appropriate array of macroscopic springs
Hybrid myocardial revascularization: An integrated approach to coronary revascularization†

Coronary artery bypass surgery is beneficial in patients with complex coronary artery disease. The longevity of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) placed to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery (LIMA-LAD) is between 92-99% at 15 years, and contributes substantially to the survival advantage in patients treated with surgical revascularization. The long-term patency of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), commonly used (>95%) in surgical revascularization procedures, is less well-established, with up to 26% of SVGs failing in the first year. In selected patients, particularly in those patients with vessels poorly suited to SVGs, hybrid myocardial revascularization (HMR) has been used, combining a minimally invasive approach to the LIMA-LAD with drug-eluting stent placement of the non-LAD vessels. The advantages and disadvantages of hybrid myocardial revascularization are reviewed in this report.
The anatomy of tubercles: A corrosion study in a fresh water estuary†

The structure and mineralogy of corrosion products formed on carbon steel coupons exposed in Duluth Superior Harbor (DSH, USA), were investigated and compared with corrosion products on similar substrata from other locations. Corrosion products in DSH form within a few months each year and are removed by ice scour and reform. The corrosion products formed in DSH are tubercles with an outer surface, an inner shell of magnetite, and a core of iron(III) oxyhydroxides, goethite, and lepidocrocite, in association with stalks produced by bacteria. In general, the tubercles formed in DSH are similar in morphology and mineralogy to corrosion products described for carbon steel and cast iron exposed to treated waters in decades-old drinking water and cooling water systems. DSH tubercles are unique in several structural details. DSH tubercles increase areal coverage of the substratum by consolidation of tubercles. Furthermore, the core material extends into the pit and is an exact replica of the pit profile.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome in severely neutropenic children.

It has been suggested that polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are required for the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated the occurrence of ARDS with acute respiratory failure in 30 children with severe neutropenia (<500 PMNs/mm3) who met the clinical diagnostic criteria for ARDS and in whom postmortem histopathology findings were available within 7 days of the onset of ARDS. In 26 patients the histopathology was consistent with ARDS. In 12/26 children no white blood cells (WBC) were found in the lung tissue, 10/26 had moderate infiltration of mononuclear cells, 2/26 had massive tumor cell infiltration, and in 2/26 PMNs were found. Thus, in at least 22/26 patients ARDS developed without neutrophilic infiltration of the lungs. The maximum active lung infection rate was found to be 69% (18/26) by endotracheal and post mortem lung cultures and histology. Thus 5/26 children had ARDS without any WBC in the lung tissue. We conclude, as have other studies in adults that the absence of PMNs does not protect children from the development of ARDS and that the mechanism which involves PMNs is probably only one of several pathways for diffuse alveolar damage, some of which is neutrophil-independent. Pediatr Pulmonol 1990; 8:104-108.
Performance of a virtual memory: some experimental results

This paper reports the results of simulation experiment of a model of a virtual memory computer. The model consists of three major subsystems: Program Behavior, Memory Allocation and Secondary Storage. By adapting existing models of these subsystems an overall model for the computer operation is developed and its performance is tested for various design alternatives. The results are reported for different paging devices, levels of multiprogramming, job mixes, memory allocation scheme, page service scheduling and page replacement rate.
Hybrid technique for propagation and scattering from random medium containing random distribution of particles

On the basis of the angular spectrum representation of stochastic, statistically stationary scalar fields, the Rytov's perturbation technique for propagation in weakly fluctuating media and the first Born approximation for weak scattering, we develop a technique for transmission of stochastic fields through turbulence containing randomly distributed particles. Results for transmission of the deterministic (laser) field may be obtained from our general results as a limiting case. We show how our technique can be applied specifically for the atmospheric turbulence, but in general can also be of interest for propagation in oceanic turbulence and biological tissues.
War, Peace, and the Invisible Hand: Positive Political Externalities of Economic Globalization

Studies of signaling in international relations reveal how punishing bluffing ex post through domestic audience costs or opposition groups facilitates credible ex ante communication among states and reduces the impetus toward war. Global integration of economic markets may also reduce uncertainty by making talk costly ex ante. Autonomous global capital can respond dramatically to political crises. To the degree that globalization forces leaders to choose between pursuing competitive political goals and maintaining economic stability, it reveals the intensity of leaders’ preferences, reducing the need for military contests as a method of identifying mutually acceptable bargains. Asymmetric integration can dampen the pacific effects of globalization, but asymmetry does not in itself exacerbate dispute behavior. We present the theory and offer preliminary corroborative tests of implications of the argument on postwar militarized disputes.
Prevention of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression by Targeted Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity With Batimastat-Loaded Nanoparticles

Rationale:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)–mediated extracellular matrix destruction is the major cause of development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Systemic treatments of MMP inhibitors have shown effectiveness in animal models, but it did not translate to clinical success either because of low doses used or systemic side effects of MMP inhibitors. We propose a targeted nanoparticle (NP)–based delivery of MMP inhibitor at low doses to the abdominal aortic aneurysms site. Such therapy will be an attractive option for preventing expansion of aneurysms in patients without systemic side effects. Objective:Our previous study showed that poly(d,l-lactide) NPs conjugated with an antielastin antibody could be targeted to the site of an aneurysm in a rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In the study reported here, we tested whether such targeted NPs could deliver the MMP inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) to the site of an aneurysm and prevent aneurysmal growth. Methods and Results:Poly(d,l-lactide...
The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance

There are several factors that influence the level of professional achievement. First and foremost, extensive experience of activities in a domain is necessary to reach very high levels of performance. Extensive experience in a domain does not, however, invariably lead to expert levels of achievement. When individuals are first introduced to a professional domain after completing their basic training and formal education, they often work as apprentices and are supervised by more-experienced professionals as they accomplish their work-related responsibilities. After months of experience, they typically attain an acceptable level of proficiency, and with longer experience, often years, they are able to work as independent professionals. At that time most professionals reach a stable, average level of performance, and then they maintain this pedestrian level for the rest of their careers. In contrast, some continue to improve and eventually reach the highest levels of professional mastery. Traditionally, individual differences in the performance of professionals have been explained by an account given by Galton (1869/1979, see Ericsson, 2003a, for a description). According to this view, every healthy person will improve initially through experience, but these improvements are eventually limited by innate factors that cannot be changed through training; hence attainable performance is constrained by one's basic endowments, such as abilities, mental capacities, and innate talents. This general view also explains age-related declines in professional achievement, owing to the inevitable degradation of general capacities and processes with age (see also Krampe & Charness, Chapter 40).
Thiodiglycol hydrolysis and oxidation in sub- and supercritical water

Abstract Hydrolysis and oxidation of thiodiglycol [(HOC 2 H 4 ) 2 S] were examined over temperatures ranging from 100 to 525°C at a pressure of approximately 250 bar. Two different organic feed systems were used. One method employed the preheating of a thiodiglycol solution in water, and a second method delivered pure thiodiglycol metered from a syringe pump through a cooled nozzle into the mixing tee of the reactor. Under supercritical conditions ( T =400 to 525°C and P =250 bar), thiodiglycol degradation occurred rapidly with and without oxidant. Additional experiments were performed at subcritical temperatures from 100 to 360°C to further explore hydrolysis degradation. A series of subcritical batch reactions were employed to define hydrolysis kinetic parameters. Reaction products identified included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid, thioxane, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and elemental sulfur.
Exercise performance in children and adolescents after the Ross procedure.

OBJECTIVES The Ross procedure is increasingly utilized in the treatment of aortic valvar disease in children and adolescents. Our purpose was to compare pre- and post-operative exercise state in this population. METHODS We included patients who underwent the Ross procedure at our institution between January, 1995, and December, 2003, and in whom we had performed pre- and post-operative exercise stress tests. We used a ramp bicycle protocol to measure consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide. Cardiac output was estimated from effective pulmonary blood flow by the helium acetylene re-breathing technique. RESULTS We studied 26 patients, having a median age at surgery of 15.7 years, with a range from 7.5 to 24.1 years. The primary indication for surgery in two-thirds was combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency. Median time from the operation to the post-operative exercise stress test was 17.4 months, with a range from 6.7 to 30.2 months. There was a trend toward lower maximal consumption of oxygen after the procedure, at 36.3 plus or minus 7.6 millilitres per kilogram per minute (83.9% predicted) as opposed to 38.6 plus or minus 8.4 millilitres per kilogram per minute (88.5% predicted, p equal to 0.06). Patients after the procedure, however, had significantly increased adiposity, so that there was no difference in maximal consumption of oxygen indexed to ideal body weight before and after the operation. In 20 of the patients, aerobic capacity improved or was stable after the operation. There was no post-operative chronotropic impairment. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients following the Ross procedure, exercise performance is stable and within the normal range of a healthy age and sex matched population, despite sedentary lifestyles and increased adiposity.
The Impact of TV Program Involvement on Program Attitudes and Subsequent Exposure

The primary criterion in evaluating TV programs is Nielsen ratings, that is, viewer exposure to TV programs. An important issue in media analysis is whether qualitative criteria should be used in addition to exposure. The assumption in using Nielsen ratings is that past exposure is the best predictor of future exposure. This is a reasonable assumption, but a recent analysis has concluded that program attitudes are at least as closely related to future Nielsen ratings as past ratings (Assael and Poltrack, forthcoming.) The conclusion of this study was that qualitative criteria should be used in the up-front negotiations in evaluating programs in addition to Nielsen ratings.
Experience with an Operational Associative Processor

Abstract : A space object position prediction program was implemented on the STARAN associative array processor (AP) installed at the Rome Air Development Center (RADC), New York. This document outlines the experience gained from this task. A section is devoted to an analysis of the time and effort required to implement the program. Emphasis is given to the program design and array layout phase. Systematic (i.e., independent of the specific program) and application- related capabilities and limitations are discussed. An analysis of the RADCAP system from a user's viewpoint is also presented. The latter part of the paper deals with recommendations for an approved STARAN system (hardware and software) and an improved host computer interface.
To Learn Or Not To Learn: The Effect Of Educational Technology On Learning In Accounting Courses

Student preferences for interactive educational technology tools are explored in the context of accounting classes. A research study shows that students receive benefits from these active learning tools, and the tools can be used to enhance the educational experience of students while lessening the burden on instructors.
On-chip non-reciprocal components based on angular-momentum biasing

Ferromagnetic media have dominated the nonreciprocal device industry for a long time, but cost, weight, and integration limitations have led researchers in recent years to seek alternative solutions. Among the different magnet-less concepts proposed to date to realize on-chip non-reciprocity, the idea of using angular momentum to replace the magnetic bias has been shown to provide unprecedented levels of isolation and nonreciprocal response, with advantages in terms of tunability, linearity and low-noise response. Here, we present the recent advances on this class of microwave components, and propose a lumped-element circulator with optimized performance based on this concept. Furthermore, we study the linear properties of the component, and propose approaches for improving them.
Cyclic 3′,5′-AMP Causes ADAM1/ADAM2 to Rapidly Diffuse Within the Plasma Membrane of Guinea Pig Sperm

Because sperm cannot synthesize new proteins as they journey to the egg, they use multiple mechanisms to modify the activity of existing proteins, including changes in the diffusion coefficient of some membrane proteins. Previously, we showed that during capacitation the guinea pig heterodimeric membrane protein ADAM1/ADAM2 (fertilin) transforms from a stationary state to one of rapid diffusion within the lipid bilayer. The cause for this biophysical change, however, was unknown. In this study we examined whether an increase in cAMP, such as occurs during capacitation, could trigger this change. We incubated guinea pig cauda sperm with the membrane-permeable cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor papaverine and first tested for indications of capacitation. We observed hypermotility and acrosome-reaction competence. We then used fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) to measure the lateral mobility of ADAM1/ADAM2 after the db-cAMP treatment. We observed that db-cAMP caused roughly a 12-fold increase in lateral mobility of ADAM1/ADAM2, yielding diffusion similar to that observed for sperm capacitated in vitro. When we repeated the FRAP on testicular sperm incubated in db-cAMP, we found only a modest increase in lateral mobility of ADAM1/ADAM2, which underwent little redistribution. Interestingly, testicular sperm also cannot be induced to undergo capacitation. Together, the data suggest that the release of ADAM1/ADAM2 from its diffusion constraints results from a cAMP-induced signaling pathway that, like others of capacitation, is established during epididymal sperm maturation.
The State and the Formation of a Middle Class: a Chilean Example

Although analysts have written extensively on social classes in Latin America, they have failed, both conceptually and empirically, to deal with the middle class. Most do not regard it as a social class because it has no consistent and definable relationship to a mode of production. Often "middle strata" are defined by occupational criteria as nonmanual labor groups (Stavenhagen, 1968), viewed as social categories with distinct economic and political interests. Much of the analysis of the middle strata has centered on showing their diversity and their ties to and dependency on the ruling capitalist class (Leeds, 1965; Sunkel, 1965). These studies have failed to explain why the middle class has so often been a major political actor and how the class struggle shapes its patently contradictory behavior. They have also failed to identify the historical processes that have produced its dependency on the capitalist class or to reconcile this dependency with its self-identification as a middle class (Johnson, 1958). The middle class has a phenomenological reality that needs to be accounted for.
Revisiting Some Well-Worn Truths

Through personal experience, the author reestablishes the value of some principles that are basic to the practice of rehabilitation counseling. The challenges they pose for both rehabilitation consumers and providers are exemplified, and ways of truly embracing them are recommended.
A moving window parameter adaptive control system for the F-8 DFBW aircraft

This paper describes the moving window parameter adaptive control system developed for the NASA F8-DFBW aircraft. The control system employs a parameter identification process that, iteratively, adjusts parameters of a model of the aircraft motions in a batch-processing manner so that responses generated from the model fit the outputs of sensors stored in a finite record referred to as the moving window. Tests are made on the validity of the parameter estimates before using the parameters in an on-line design process. The on-line design process is an algebraic mapping of the parameters of the model into primary control system feedback and feedforward gains. The mapping was selected to satisfy specific flying quality characteristics over the range of parameter variations expected. Results are presented from simulation studies on the identification algorithm made during the development of the system. Also, results from the F8-DFBW project simulation at the NASA langley Research Center are presented that indicate the overall performance of the control system in meeting the flying quality objectives of the design.
Association of a sperm-specific protein with the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase in Heliothis: Implications for sterility of H. virescens × H. subflexa backcross hybrids

Abstract Evidence is presented that a mitochondrial protein that displays a species-specific net charge in the Heliothis spp complex is associated with subunits of the F1-ATPase. The expression of this 63 kd polypeptide, p63, was restricted to sperm and its developmental pattern of synthesis and accumulation paralleled that of the putative β-subunit of the F1-ATPase complex. Comparisons of the enzyme from fertile Heliothis virescens and sterile (H. virescens × H. subflexa) backcross hybrid males revealed two differences. First, the specific activity of the F1-ATPase isolated from sterile males was half that of preparations from fertile males; and second, the p63 protein was bound less tightly to the complex in backcross sperm. The implications of these findings in relation to both the identification of the cause of backcross male sterility and prospects for future research are discussed.
Three Characteristics of Effective Teachers.

This article discusses three characteristics that are often associated with successful music educators. The three characteristics discussed include nonverbal communication, teacher self-efficacy, and servant leadership. Although there is no magical combination of characteristics that will produce an effective music teacher, these three attributes have been shown to positively affect the effectiveness of the teacher and may provide current and future music educators some ideas and information that may be applied to their own teaching.