cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of Selected Insecticides to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Its Natural Enemies

Laboratory bioassays were done to identify insecticides with differential toxicity to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), and associated parasites and predators. Fourteen insecticides were tested against adults of 3 species of parasites and against 3rd instars of 4 species of coccinellids. The insects were exposed to insecticide residues on inner surfaces of 20-ml glass vials. Ten insecticides were tested for contact and systemic toxicity against D. noxia adults. Among tested aphicides, acephate was the least toxic to both the parasites and the predators and showed a relatively high systemic toxicity to D. noxia . In contrast, malathion was highly toxic to both the parasites and predators and showed low toxicity to D. noxia . The selective toxicity of acephate to D. noxia suggests that this insecticide could be important for use in programs to manage D. noxia . The high selectivity of malathion against natural enemies suggests that this insecticide could be valuable in insecticidal check studies for investigating natural enemy efficacy.
Expert testimony in historical perspective

The ethical problems surrounding expert testimony depend directly on the historically specific relationship between science and scientists, on the one hand, and society on the other. In the seventeenth century, when modern experimental science was beginning to emerge, it drew upon legal experience to bolster its methodological arguments. In the eighteenth century, after the successes of Sir Isaac Newton, science gained in authority, and even in law courts the epistemological authority of science went unchallenged. In the nineteenth century, the more empirical sciences, such as chemistry and physics, entered the courts, and juries found the testimony of experimental chemists and physicists useful for their decisions. In the twentieth century, experimental psychology entered the courts. Pushed by Hugo Munsterburg, who saw in legal recognition a way of advancing psychology as a scientific profession, experimental psychology in the courtroom raised ethical problems at the beginning of the century that are still matters of controversy.
How stem cells get “turned on”

Recent research began to link autophagic processes to the functional integrity of certain stem cells. A novel study published in this issue of The EMBO Journal reports on autophagic flux as crucial checkpoint to meet the energy demands during muscle stem cell activation.
Competitive conversion of methylcyclohexane andn-octane. Variation of hydrogen partial pressure

The presence of added hydrogen does not significantly alter the relative conversion of methylcyclohexane andn-octane. The results for conversion at a total pressure of 0.1 mPa are consistent with a mechanism where chemisorption is irreversible and rate limiting even where the hydrogen partial pressure is 0.094 mPa.
Normal coordinate analysis of cis-1,4-polybutadiene

The fundamental vibrational frequencies of an isolated chain of cis-1,4-polybutadiene have been calculated. Infrared and polarized Raman data are used in the force constant refinement routine. The assignments of the vibrational frequencies are discussed in terms of the potential energy distribution.
Settlement delay as a sorting device

This paper examines the use of sorting by defendants as a strategy for lowering their overall costs of litigation. The effectiveness of this strategy relies on the defendant’s ability to bundle settlement offers with some other variable that is valued differently by plaintiffs. The example I examine in this paper is settlement delay. For example, if plaintiffs have different time costs of pursuing a case, then the defendant can induce those plaintiffs with higher time costs to accept lower settlement offers now, while promising higher offers at a later date. The analysis thus extends the basic asymmetric information model of settlement by allowing the defendant to dictate not only the dollar amount of the settlement offer, but also the time at which it will be paid, where the latter can range anywhere from the time the dispute arises up to the (fixed) date of the trial. The model uses standard self-selection techniques to derive the conditions under which sorting is profitable for the defendant. The analysis also contributes to the growing literature, both theoretical and empirical, that examines the factors affecting the timing of the settlement of legal disputes. Interest in this topic is motivated in part by a desire to find better policies for facilitating settlement, thereby reducing the social costs associated with delay. The first model to introduce time explicitly into the economic model of the settlement-trial decision was by Spier (1992). Her model showed that the highest probabilities of settlement are at the beginning and the end of the negotiation process, a pattern that is consistent with observations of the actual settlement process [Spier (1992), p. 93]. Fournier and Zuehlke (1996) developed an empirical model, loosely based on Spier’s theoretical framework, of the causes of settlement delay. They found that several of the comparative statics that arise from static models of settlement continue to hold in a
The fatty acid composition on three marine invertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. Comprehensive analyses of the fatty acids of lipid fractions from Pisaster ochraceus, Mitella polymers and Mytilus californianus were made by gas-liquid chromatography. 2. 2. The lipids of P. ochraceus contained 18–29 per cent of eicosaenoic acid. 3. 3. All fractions examined, except those from the hepatic caeca of P. ochraceus , had the high content (30–45 per cent) of C 20 and C 22 polyunsaturated acids expected for marine organisms.
Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: Personal predictors

Objective To investigate the relationship between early adolescent personal characteristics and the developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from early adolescence to adulthood. Design This study used a longitudinal design. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires administered by trained interviewers. Setting Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes in upstate New York. Participants Participants were drawn from a randomly selected cohort and were studied prospectively since 1975 (T1) at a mean age of 6 years. The follow-up data used for this study were collected at 6 time points when the participants were aged between 14 and 37 years in 1983 (T2), 1985-1986 (T3), 1992 (T4), 1997 (T5), 2002 (T6), and 2005-2006 (T7). Main Outcome Measures Developmental trajectories of marijuana use. Results Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The following 5 distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, increasing users, and chronic users. Chronic users compared with other groups studied (nonusers or experimenters, occasional users, quitters or decreasers, and increasing users) reported low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking. Conclusions Personal attributes of low self-control, externalizing behavior, and an orientation to sensation seeking have long-term predictive power for distinct trajectories of marijuana use over time. The importance of these findings for prevention and treatment programs is discussed.
A Dynamic Model for Electron Transport in DNA

A new model for the simulation of electron transport through duplex DNA is developed and applied to DNA segments of varying lengths consisting of a thymine and complementary adenine strand. The model for electron transport involves moving an excess electron from the 5‘ to the 3‘ end of the thymine strand by means of the fluctuating geometry of the thymines, using the molecular dynamics method coupled with N1-methylthymine vertical electron affinities calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory. The electron transport lifetimes calculated using this model follow the distance dependence of Jortner's incoherent multistep hopping theory (Jortner, J.; Bixon, M.; Langenbacher, T. Proc. Natl. Aad. Sci U.S.A. 1998, 95, 12759) and were found to decrease with temperature.
Implicit Numerical Integration for Periodic Solutions of Autonomous Nonlinear Systems

A change of variables that stabilizes numerical computations for periodic solutions of autonomous systems is derived. Computation of the period is decoupled from the rest of the problem for conservative systems of any order and for any second-order system. Numerical results are included for a second-order conservative system under a suddenly applied constant load. Near the critical load for the system, a small increment in load amplitude results in a large increase in amplitude of the response.
Abstract IA10: Tipping the balance from a procarcinogenic to anticancer response in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer remains a “death sentence”, with the poorest survival rates reported for solid tumors. Escalating this problem is the fact that pancreatic cancer is among the most resistant cancers to traditional forms of therapy. But in this new era of targeted therapies, there is reason to hope that significant progress will be made in the development of new treatments in the near future. Until recently, barriers to immunotherapy clinical successes for pancreatic cancer have been due to a lack of understanding of the immune pathways within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment that hinder successful immune responses. Recent advances in our understanding of its immunobiology has identified new targets for developing cancer specific vaccines and new targets for modulating the tumor microenvironment to allow more potent activation and improved access of vaccine induced immune responses. We are just learning that non-neoplastic cells, including cancer-associated myofibroblasts, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages, are hijacked by pre-invasive and invasive cancer cells to create a tolerogenic tumor microenvironment. Current research is focused on elucidating the mechanisms of this tolerogenic polarization within the tumor microenvironment with the goal of tipping the balance in favor of an anticancer immune response. With the recent advances in molecular technologies and the development of relevant pancreatic cancer mouse models, it is now within our reach to dissect the inhibitory pathways within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. This will in turn, lead to new therapeutic opportunities that will eliminate these barriers and convert this deadly cancer into a treatable disease. This presentation will provide new data in pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating mechanisms that convert procarcinogenic inflammatory responses into anticancer immunity. Citation Format: Elizabeth Jaffee. Tipping the balance from a procarcinogenic to anticancer response in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Y-Maze behavior after an analog of ACTH 4-9, evidence for an attentional alteration

Adult, male, Swiss-Webster mice were injected with either control solution or various doses of a long-acting analog of ACTH 4-9. The drug produced significant alterations in performance in an equiangular Y-maze. In comparison with control performance, both 25 and 50 μg/kg of drug produced a significant increase in repeated two-arm entries. This response pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that the drug produced a focusing of attention.
Treatment efficacy in behavioral pediatric sleep medicine

Behavioral interventions have been identified as the treatment of choice for many forms of pediatric sleep disturbance. We adopt criteria established by the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures (1996) to evaluate the literature base describing behavioral interventions for pediatric sleep disturbance. Three well-established interventions, one promising intervention and one probably efficacious intervention, have emerged for bedtime refusal and frequent nighttime awakenings. Only one intervention for sleep terrors and sleepwalking has sufficient empirical support to be considered promising. Behavioral interventions targeting circadian rhythm disorders (e.g., delayed sleep phase), nightmares and rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) have not been researched sufficiently to be considered empirically supported.
Fitness effects of a photosynthetic mutation across contrasting environments

To test the hypothesis that variation in photosynthesis can cause differences in fitness, we compared wild-type (WT) Amaranthus hybridus genotypes to those having a single-gene mutation (R) that affects photosynthetic rate. By using light and water treatments, we generated a range of differences between WT and R genotypes in photosynthetic rate, growth and reproduction at three developmental stages. In two cases photosynthetic differences were in the expected direction (WT > R), they did not differ in others, and in one case the R genotype had a higher rate than the WT. Across light and water treatments, higher rates of photosynthesis were related to increases in specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and stomatal conductance relative to the other genotype. Differences between genotypes in growth and allocation paralleled those in photosynthesis; in treatments where photosynthetic rate differed between the genotypes (high light), growth and reproduction did as well. In high light, the effects of genotype on fitness were indirect with high-water availability, but were direct with low-water availability. When photosynthetic rate did not differ between genotypes (low light), neither did growth and reproduction. These results demonstrate that variation in photosynthesis can cause differences in growth and reproduction. Furthermore, resource availability can moderate the ways in which selection operates on photosynthetic traits.
Elevated prefrontal myo-inositol and choline following breast cancer chemotherapy

Breast cancer survivors are at increased risk for cognitive dysfunction, which reduces quality of life. Neuroimaging studies provide critical insights regarding the mechanisms underlying these cognitive deficits as well as potential biologic targets for interventions. We measured several metabolite concentrations using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as cognitive performance in 19 female breast cancer survivors and 17 age-matched female controls. Women with breast cancer were all treated with chemotherapy. Results indicated significantly increased choline (Cho) and myo-inositol (mI) with correspondingly decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cho and NAA/mI ratios in the breast cancer group compared to controls. The breast cancer group reported reduced executive function and memory, and subjective memory ability was correlated with mI and Cho levels in both groups. These findings provide preliminary evidence of an altered metabolic profile that increases our understanding of neurobiologic status post-breast cancer and chemotherapy.
Effects of Advance Organizers on Preschool Children's Learning of Math Concepts.

Effects of advance organizer (AO) lessons, presenting high-order math concepts related to set building, matching within and between sets, and counting objects within sets-compared to a traditional ...
Nerve growth factor enhances the excitability of rat sensory neurons through activation of the atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKMζ

Our previous work showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the excitability of small-diameter capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons by activating the p75 neurotrophin receptor and releasing sphingolipid-derived second messengers. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were used to establish the signaling pathways whereby NGF augments action potential (AP) firing (i.e., sensitization). Inhibition of MEK1/2 (PD-98059), PLC (U-73122, neomycin), or conventional/novel isoforms of PKC (bisindolylmaleimide I) had no effect on the sensitization produced by NGF. Pretreatment with a membrane-permeable, myristoylated pseudosubstrate inhibitor of atypical PKCs (aPKCs: PKMζ, PKCζ, and PKCλ/ι) blocked the NGF-induced increase in AP firing. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) also blocked the sensitization produced by NGF. Isolated sensory neurons were also treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to PKCζ. Both Western blots and quantitative real-time PCR established that PKMζ, but neither full-length PKCζ nor PKCλ/ι, was significantly reduced after siRNA exposure. Treatment with these labeled siRNA prevented the NGF-induced enhancement of excitability. Furthermore, consistent with the high degree of catalytic homology for aPKCs, internal perfusion with active recombinant PKCζ or PKCι augmented excitability, recapitulating the sensitization produced by NGF. Internal perfusion with recombinant PKCζ suppressed the total potassium current and enhanced the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current. Pretreatment with the myristoylated pseudosubstrate inhibitor blocked the increased excitability produced by ceramide or internal perfusion with recombinant PKCζ. These results demonstrate that NGF leads to the activation of PKMζ that ultimately enhances the capacity of small-diameter capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons to fire APs through a PI3K-dependent signaling cascade.
Performance trends in high-end processors

Based on a first order cycle time model performance trends and limits are projected for both bipolar and CMOS processors. The key in identifying trends is the understanding of the pivotal factors at any given stage of technology progression. One such parameter is the physical area of the processor. In coming technologies there will be opposite demands placed on the system's area stemming from a need to reduce the proportion of interconnection capacitance and to send signals across the processor. Contrary to the usual perception, delays resulting from wiring capacitance decrease if processor area increases, while the minimization of signal travel times favors reducing area. The system size tradeoff in the case of bipolar processors is primarily determined by power density, while CMOS processor sizes are determined by wirability requirements. To achieve the full potential of CMOS, interconnections will have to be carefully planned. The performance limits of bipolar and room temperature CMOS uniprocessors are shown to be very similar. The highest performance technology on the horizon is liquid nitrogen temperature CMOS. Alternate technologies, based on III-V compound devices, or more exotic quantum structures, are not expected to play a role in future general-purpose high-end systems. >
Influence of Subgrid-Scale Heterogeneity in Leaf Area Index, Stomatal Resistance, and Soil Moisture on Grid-Scale Land–Atmosphere Interactions

Abstract The statistical representation of multiple land surfaces within a grid cell has received attention as a means to parameterize the nonlinear effects of subgrid-scale heterogeneity on land-atmosphere energy exchange. However, previous analyses have not identified the critical land-surface parameters to which energy exchanges are sensitive; the appropriate number of within-grid-cell classes for a particular parameter, or the effects of interactions among several parameters on the nonlinearity of energy exchanges. The analyses reported here used a land-surface scheme for climate models to examine the effects of subgrid variability in leaf area index, minimum and maximum stomatal resistances, and soil moisture on grid-scale fluxes. Comparisons between energy fluxes obtained using parameter values for the average of 100 subgrid points and the average fluxes for the 100 subgrid points showed minor differences for emitted infrared radiation and reflected solar radiation, but large differences for sensibl...
Interpersonal Contact and Racial Prejudice: a Comparative Study of American and Chinese Students*

The extent of the causal relation between interpersonal contact and racial prejudice is examined with emphasis on how this relation is intervened by the effects of family socioeconomic status. A cross-cultural, comparative study of American and Chinese students is attempted using a stereotype questionnaire adapted, with some modifications, from Katz and Braly's adjective list. The data indicate that (a) family socioeconomic status is significantly related to cross-national contact among both the Americans and Chinese, (b) increased contact does not linearly reduce prejudice for both the Americans and Chinese and (c) family socioeconomic status is, relatively speaking, more important than interpersonal contact in its relation to prejudice and significantly so in the American sample.
Early metabolic effects of sepsis in the preterm infant: Lactic acidosis and increased glucose requirement

The effects of sepsis on carbohydrate metabolism were studied in preteerm newborn infants (weight>1.2 kg, appropriate for gestational age) without maternal endocrine problems, who were being examined for infection. Plasma glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations were measured at initial evaluation and then every 8 hours for a total of 48 hours. Blood, urine, and spinal fluid were obtained for culture and countermmunoelectrophoresis. Dextrose was administered to each patient to maintain glucose levels in the normal range. Dextrose infusion rates were caiculated in milligrams per kilogram per minute. Of the 29 infants, 6 had sepsis (positive culture and counterimmunoelectrophoresis results). Infats with sepsis had significant elevations of plasma lactate concentration ( p p
On a class of stable, slightly geostrophic mean gyres

Abstract An integral theorem is proved which establishes the sufficient conditions for the stability with respect to small perturbations of inviscid and unforced, non-geostrophic, inertial, mean currents in a fluid comprised of homogeneous layers of different densities within an enclosed ocean basin. The derivation is by a generalization of a technique employed by Drazin and Howard (1966) and Blumen (1973). The relevance of such solutions to the mean sub-tropical ocean gyres may be that they represent stable reservoirs of mean energy and, as such, might serve as “building blocks” for the general circulation. Several examples are discussed which support this hypothesis.
The Impact of Experiential Avoidance on the Inference of Characters’ Emotions: Evidence for an Emotional Processing Bias

Experiential avoidance is a functional class of maladaptive strategies that contribute to the development and maintenance of psychopathology. Although previous research has demonstrated group differences in the interpretation of aversive stimuli, there is limited work on the influence of experiential avoidance during the online processing of emotion. An experimental design was used to investigate the influence of self-reported experiential avoidance during emotion processing by assessing emotion inferences during the comprehension of narratives that imply different emotions. Results suggest that experiential avoidance is partially characterized by an emotional information processing bias. Specifically, individuals reporting higher experiential avoidance scores exhibited a bias towards activating negative emotion inferences, whereas individuals reporting lower experiential avoidance scores exhibited a bias towards activating positive emotion inferences. Minimal emotional inference was observed for the non-bias affective valence. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of experiential avoidance as a cognitive vulnerability for psychopathology.
An experimental and theoretical study of porous radiant burner performance

We have studied experimentally the stability and heat transfer characteristics of lean premixed, methane-air flames embedded in a porous layer. The work is directly relevant to understanding the performance and operating behavior of porous radiant burners (PRB). Flame speed and radiant output data were obtained for different stoichiometries and flame locations in porous ceramic foam. The results indicate that stable combustion at elevated flame speeds can be maintained in two different spatial domains: one spanning the upstream half of the porous region and the other in a narrow region near the exit plane. The heat release and radiant output are also found to increase as the flame is shifted toward the middle of the porous layer. A one-dimensional laminar premixed flame model incorporating a radiatively participating inert porous medium was used to describe the test conditions. Calculations using a one-step reaction confirmed the observation of two stable flame regions. The predicted flame speeds and radiant output agree favorably with the experimental trends.
A New Keynesian model with heterogeneous expectations

Abstract Within a New Keynesian model, we incorporate bounded rationality at the individual agent level, and we determine restrictions on expectations operators sufficient to imply aggregate IS and AS relations of the same functional form as those under rationality. This result provides dual implications: the strong nature of the restrictions required to achieve aggregation serve as a caution to researchers—imposing heterogeneous expectations at an aggregate level may be ill-advised; on the other hand, accepting the necessary restrictions provides for tractable analysis of expectations heterogeneity. As an example, we consider a case where a fraction of agents are rational and the remainder are adaptive, and find specifications that are determinate under rationality may possess multiple equilibria in case of expectations heterogeneity.
Vygotsky Meets Technology: A Reinvention of Collaboration in the Early Childhood Mathematics Classroom

With the advent of Web 2.0, Vygotsky’s traditional role of the more knowledgeable other (MKO) has been transformed. This transformation shifts the power of a facilitator of learning from an elite group of MKOs to all students. Such a transformation possesses significant value in the early childhood mathematics classroom where collaboration is essential for student learning. This article reveals three distinct MKOs that have emerged from the WEB 2.0 expansion, and discusses three tools that usher collaboration and empower students in an early childhood mathematics classroom: Voki, VoiceThread, and Vodcasts.
Rank decomposition under combinatorial constraints

Abstract A matrix is subordinate to a bipartite graph if the graph has an edge corresponding to every position in which the matrix has a nonzero entry. Which graphs have the property that every rank k matrix subordinate to the graph can be expressed as the sum of k rank 1 matrices, each of which is also subordinate to the graph? It is classical that the complete bipartite graph has this property, and more recently it has been shown that the graphs of block triangular, not necessarily square, matrices have this property. We show that the bipartite chordal graphs constitute the full answer. This fact may then be used to show that the bipartite chordal graphs constitute a case of equality in the general inequality (minimum rank) ≤ (biclique cover number).
Private Goods and Public Bads.

(1975). Private Goods and Public Bads. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 45-49.
Calcium absorption responses to calcitriol in black and white premenopausal women

On the basis of recent findings that adult black women had similar calcium absorption but higher levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] than white women, we hypothesized that blacks have a gut resistance to the action of calcitriol. To test this, we studied 11 black [age, 32.4 +/- 5.7 (+/- SD) yr] and 12 white women (28.4 +/- 5.5 yr). The women were maintained on a constant 500-mg calcium diet for 4 weeks, and each received calcitriol (0.25 microgram) four times daily for the last 2 weeks. After 2 and 4 weeks, each subject had measurements of fractional 45Ca absorption index and blood and urine tests. At 2 weeks, the black women had similar calcium absorption indexes [18.7 +/- 1.9% (+/- SEM)/L vs. 20.0 +/- 1.8%/L; age adjusted], borderline higher 1,25-(OH)2D levels [95.7 +/- 6.4 (+/- SEM) vs. 78.2 +/- 6.2 pmol/L; P = 0.071; age adjusted], higher serum PTH levels, and lower urinary calcium excretion. Calcitriol therapy induced similar increments in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D levels in the two groups, but ...
Towards model-based current profile control at DIII-D

A key goal in control of an advanced tokamak (AT) discharge is to maintain safety factor (q) and pressure profiles that are compatible with both MHD stability at high toroidal beta and a high fraction of the self-generated bootstrap current. This will enable high fusion gain and non-inductive sustainment of the plasma current for steady-state operation. In this work we report progress towards enabling model-based active control of the current profile at DIII-D. Initial results on modeling-for-control and simulation of the dynamic evolution of the poloidal flux profile during and just following the ramp-up of the plasma current are presented. The magnetic diffusion equation is combined with empirical correlations obtained at DIII-D for the density, temperature and non-inductive current to introduce a simplified dynamic model describing the evolution of the poloidal flux, and therefore the q profile, during the inductive phase of the discharge. The physical model is rewritten in a control-oriented formulation and the control challenges asocciated with the problem are discussed.
INFORMATION PROCESSING SPEED OF CHILDREN WITH FRIEDREICH'S ATAXIA

SUMMARY Two children with Friedreich's ataxia and six controls matched for age and Verbal IQ were administered a measure of short-term memory scanning and tests of attention, memory, language and abstraction. The patients demonstrated a deficit in information processing speed, decreased sustained attention and variable memory performance. The findings suggest that a deficit in information processing speed occurs early in the clinical course of Friedreich's ataxia and progresses as neurological status deteriorates. RESUME Vitesse de traitement de l'information chez des enfants presentant une ataxie de Friedreich Une mesure de distribution de la memoire a court terme et des tests d'attention, de memoire, de langage d'abstraction ont ete effectues chez deux enfants presentant une ataxie de Friedreich et six controles apparies pour l'âge et le Q.1. verbal. Les patients presenterent un deficit en vitesse de traitement de l'information, une attention diminuee et une variation des performances de memoire. Ces donnees suggerent qu'un deficit de vitesse de traitement de l'information survient precocement au cours de l'evolution clinique de l'ataxie de Friedreich et s'accentue avec la deterioration de l'etat neurologique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Informationsverarbeitungszeit bei Kindern mil Friedreich'scher Ataxie Zwei Kinder mit Friedreich'scher Ataxie und sechs Kontrollen mit entsprechendem Alter und Verbal-IQ wurden hinsichtlich ihres Kurzzeitgedachtnisses untersucht und bekamen Tests zur Prufung der Aufmerksamkeit, des Gedachtnisses, der Sprache und der Abstraktionsfahigkeit. Die Patienten zeigten eine verminderte Informationsverarbeitungszeit, eine herabgesetzte Aufmerksamkeit und unterschiedliche Gedachtnisleistungen. Die Befunde verdeutlichen, das ein Nachlassen der Informationsverarbeitungszeit fruh im klinischen Verlauf der Friedreich'schen Ataxie auftritt und mit fortschreitender neurologischer Verschlechterung zunimmt. RESUMEN Velocidad del procesamiento de la information en nintos con ataxia de Friedreich A dos ninos con ataxia de Friedreich y a seis controles de la misma edad y con el mismo CI verbal se les administro una medicion de memoria a corto plazo y tests de atencion, memoria, lenguaje y abstraccion. Los pacientes mostraron un deficit de la velocidad de procesamiento de la informacion, una disminucion en el manteniento de la atencion, y una memoria variable. Los hallazgos sugieren que un deficit en la velocidad de procesamiento de la informacion tiene lugar precozmente en el curso clinico de la ataxia de Friedreich y progresa a medida que se deteriora el estado neurologico.
A δ13C-based carbon flux model for the hydrothermal vent chemoautotrophic symbiosis Riftia pachyptila predicts sizeable CO2 gradients at the host–symbiont interface

The chemoautotrophic symbiosis Riftia pachyptila has extremely 13C-enriched delta13C values. Neither isotopic discrimination by the RubisCO enzyme of their bacterial endosymbionts, nor the delta13C value of CO2 at their hydrothermal vent habitat, suffice to explain biomass delta13C values in this organism, which range from - 9 to - 16 per thousand. However, these 13C-enriched delta13C values are consistent with the presence of 13C-enriched CO2 within the symbiont cytoplasm. Such a 13C-enriched pool of CO2 is expected when the rate of CO2 fixation by RubisCO, which fixes 12CO2 more rapidly than 13CO2, approaches the rate of exchange between intracellular and extracellular CO2 pools. Rapid CO2 fixation rates will also generate concentration gradients between these two pools. In order to estimate the size of these concentration gradients, an equation was derived, which describes the delta13C of tubeworm biomass in terms of the size of the CO2 gradient between the hydrothermal vent environment and the symbiont cytoplasm. Using mass balance equations for CO2 exchange and fixation by the symbionts and the tubeworm host, this model predicts that a CO2 concentration gradient of up to 17-fold between the symbiont cytoplasm and the environment is sufficient to explain even the most 13C-enriched R. pachyptila biomass. This model illustrates how both physical and enzymatic factors can act to influence the delta13C of intracellular CO2, which, in turn, highlights the danger of assigning a carbon fixation pathway to an autotroph based solely on its biomass delta13C value.
Distribution of acetylenic thiophenes in the pectidinae

Abstract The distribution and quantitative significance of biosynthetically related di- and ter-thiophenes from 27 species representing seven genera of the Pectidinae (Heliantheae) was investigated by reverse-phase HPLC. Adenophyllum, Chrysactinia and Nicolletia , three previously unstudied genera, were found to contain thiophenes for the first time. Four derivatives, 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene ( 1 ), 5-(4-acetoxy-1-butenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene ( 2 ), 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene ( 3 ) and 2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene ( 4 ) were common constituents in most species of Adenophyllum, Chrysactinia, Dyssodia, Hymenatherum, Nicolletia and Porophyllum . One additional compound, 5-methyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene ( 5 ), was also present in extracts of Adenophyllum, Dyssodia and Hymenatherum , but was not detected in any other genus. Acetylenic thiophenes were not found in any of the 18 species of Pectis examined.
SPM: source privacy for mobile ad hoc networks

Source privacy plays a key role in communication infrastructure protection. It is a critical security requirement for many mission critical communications. This is especially true for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due to node mobility and lack of physical protection. Existing cryptosystem-based techniques and broadcasting-based techniques cannot be easily adapted to MANET because of their extensive cryptographic computation and/or large communication overhead. In this paper, we first propose a novel unconditionally secure source anonymous message authentication scheme (SAMAS). This scheme enables message sender to transmit messages without relying on any trusted third parties. While providing source privacy, the proposed scheme can also provide message content authenticity. We then propose a novel communication protocol for MANET that can ensure communication privacy for both message sender and message recipient. This protocol can also protect end-to-end routing privacy. Our security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure against various attacks. The theoretical analysis and simulation show that the proposed scheme is efficient and can provide high message delivery ratio. The proposed protocol can be used for critical infrastructure protection and secure file sharing in mobile ad hoc networks where dynamic groups can be formed.
Discordance between high non-HDL cholesterol and high LDL-cholesterol among US adults.

Background Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is recommended as the primary marker to guide lipid-lowering therapy, some data suggest non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) may better reflect coronary heart disease risk. Discordance between these measures has not been evaluated. Methods We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2010 (n = 4986) to examine the discordance between these lipid parameters. Elevated levels of non–HDL-C and LDL-C were defined by using the 2004 Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Results The prevalence of high non–HDL-C and LDL-C was 22.7% and 24.5%, respectively. Of participants with high non–HDL-C, 9.7% had normal LDL-C, whereas 15.7% of participants with high LDL-C had normal non–HDL-C. We estimate 3.9 million US adults had high non–HDL-C and normal LDL-C, whereas 6.8 million US adults had high LDL-C and normal non–HDL-C. Persons with high non–HDL-C and normal LDL-C were older, more likely to be men, Hispanic, and have impaired fasting glucose, diabetes metabolic syndrome, and more risk factors for coronary heart disease. Conclusions Substantial discordance exists between high non–HDL-C and high LDL-C among US adults. Reliance on either single measure could result in failure to classify cardiovascular heart disease risks appropriately.
Protein phosphatase-1 and -2a activities in cultured fetal chick neurons: differential regulation by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I

In this study, we examined the developmental expression and regulation by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) and protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) in cultured fetal chick neurons. Protein phosphatase activities were measured using 32P-labeled phosphorylase-a or 32P-labeled S6 kinase substrate peptide. In cell extracts from day 1-5 cultures, 40-45% of spontaneous protein phosphatase activity was due to PP-1. PP-2A accounted for the remaining 55-60% of enzyme activity. Spontaneous PP-1 activity increased by 100% in day 2 cultures and remained constant thereafter. PP-2A activity increased by 48% in day 2 cultures, with minimal increases in enzyme activity in later cultures. Under the assay conditions employed, at all times in culture a significant proportion (45-50%) of PP-1 was in an inactive form that could be reactivated by trypsin. PP-2A activity was not influenced by trypsin. Insulin stimulated neuronal PP-1 activity in day 4 and 5 cultures, but had no effect i...
Using extensive dynamic product lines for listening in on evolving demand

Abstract As companies rush into opening markets in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, and as suppliers everywhere introduce new products in existing markets, they need to decide which and how many versions of the product to offer at the time of market entry and how to change the product line over time. Given the heterogeneity of consumer preferences, the relative newness of the product in the market and/or the consumer's ability to choose from a variety of different versions, and the possibility of complex evolution of demand, traditional market research may not be a reliable guide to product-line design and management. A solution provided by Anirudh Dhebar is to use the product line itself to listen in on evolving demand. For the listening to be effective, the product line must be extensive and dynamic, and it must be based on a systematic experimentation process conducive to learning. The author warns that the product line should not be too extensive or too dynamic; that may inhibit learning and hurt market evolution.
Transepithelial projections from basal cells are luminal sensors in pseudostratified epithelia

Basal cells are by definition located on the basolateral side of several epithelia, and they have never been observed reaching the lumen. Using high-resolution 3D confocal imaging, we report that basal cells extend long and slender cytoplasmic projections that not only reach toward the lumen but can cross the tight junction barrier in some epithelia of the male reproductive and respiratory tracts. In this way, the basal cell plasma membrane is exposed to the luminal environment. In the epididymis, in which luminal acidification is crucial for sperm maturation and storage, these projections contain the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AGTR2). Activation of AGTR2 by luminal angiotensin II, increases proton secretion by adjacent clear cells, which are devoid of AGTR2. We propose a paradigm in which basal cells scan and sense the luminal environment of pseudostratified epithelia and modulate epithelial function by a mechanism involving crosstalk with other epithelial cells.
Impact of cumulative intravascular contrast exposure on renal function in patients with occlusive and aneurysmal vascular disease.

Objective Patients with occlusive or aneurysmal vascular disease are repeatedly exposed to intravascular (IV) contrast for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. We sought to determine the long-term impact of cumulative iodinated IV contrast exposure (CIVCE) on renal function; the latter was defined by means of National Kidney Foundation (NKF) criteria. Methods We performed a longitudinal study of consecutive patients without renal insufficiency at baseline (NFK stage I or II) who underwent interventions for arterial occlusive or aneurysmal disease. We collected detailed data on any IV iodinated contrast exposure (including diagnostic or therapeutic angiography, cardiac catheterization, IV pyelography, computed tomography with IV contrast, computed tomographic angiography); medication exposure throughout the observation period; comorbidities; and demographics. The primary end point was the development of renal failure (RF) (defined as NFK stage 4 or 5). Analysis was performed with the use of a shared frailty model with clustering at the patient level. Results Patients (n = 1274) had a mean follow-up of 5.8 (range, 2.2-14) years. In the multivariate model with RF as the dependent variable and after adjusting for the statistically significant covariates of baseline renal function (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; P P = .007), use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (HR, 0.63; P = .03), use of antiplatelets (HR, 0.5; P = .01), cumulative number of open vascular operations performed (HR, 1.2; P = .001), and congestive heart failure (HR, 3.2; P P P P = .035), total number of open operations (HR, 1.51; P P P Conclusions Cumulative IV contrast exposure is an independent predictor of RF and death in patients with occlusive and aneurysmal vascular disease.
ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN PLASMA, KIDNEY, LIVER, AND MUSCLE OF FIVE AVIAN SPECIES

Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in plasma, kidney, liver, and muscle from five species of captive birds. Few differences occurred in plasma activities between sexes but considerable differences occurred between species. All five enzymes were detected in each of the tissues sampled. Relative enzyme activities in liver, kidney, and muscle were similar for each species. CPK activitiy was much higher in muscle than in liver or kidney and, of the five enzymes studied, may be the best indicator of muscle damage. Most of the other enzymes were more evenly distributed among the three tissues, and no organ-specific enzyme could be identified for liver or kidney. Because of interspecific variations in plasma enzyme activities, it is important to establish baseline values for each species to ensure accurate interpretation of results.
Bollywood and neonationalism: The emergence of nativism as the norm in Indian conventional cinema

This article utilizes a transnational feminist perspective to examine the genre of Bollywood cinema and the representation of Indian citizens in the national narrative that it promotes. The author analyzes the resurgence of nationalisms among South Asians on diasporic shores and the role played by Indian and Pakistani cinema in stoking patriotic flames in its discourse of citizenship among the citizens of the postcolonial nation state. In particular it focuses on the questions, what kinds of imagined communities does Bollywood cinema as a whole promote? And to what extent does Hindutva play a central role in the construction of the imagined community?
Re2(CO)10-Promoted S-binding, C-S bond cleavage, and hydrogenation of benzothiophenes: Organometallic models for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophenes

In hydrodesulfurization model reactions of dinuclear metal complexes with thiophenes, we observe that ultraviolet photolysis of Re(2)(CO)(10) and benzothiophenes (BT) in hexanes solution produces the ring-opened BT complexes Re(2)(CO)(7)(mu-BT) (1a-d) (BT = benzothiophene (BT) 1a, 2-methylbenzothiophene (2-MeBT) 1b, 3-methylbenzothiophene (3-MeBT) 1c, and 3,5-dimethylbenzothiophene (3,5-Me(2)BT) 1d). The eta(1)(S)-bound BT complexes Re(2)(CO)(9)(eta(1)(S)-BT) (2a-d), prepared from Re(2)(CO)(9)(THF) and BT, are readily converted into 1a-d in good yields (40-60%) during UV photolysis in hexanes solution, which suggests that the eta(1)(S)-bound complexes 2a-d are precursors to 1a-d in the reactions of Re(2)(CO)(10) with BT. Irradiation of Re(2)(CO)(10) and 3,5-Me(2)BT with UV light in decane solution under an atmosphere of H(2) produces complex 1d and the partially hydrogenated BT complex Re(2)(CO)(7)(mu-3,5-Me(2)BT-H)(eta-H) (3d). Reactions of 1a with phosphines yield further ring-opened BT-Re complexes of the types Re(2)(CO)(7)(PMe(3))(3)(mu-BT) (4) and Re(2)(CO)(7)(PR(3))(2)(mu-BT) (R = Me (5), (i)Pr (6), Cy (7), and bis(diethylphosphino)ethane (8)). Structures of 1d, 2c, 3d, and 6, which demonstrate various bonding modes of benzothiophene and its C-S cleaved derivatives to two metal centers, were determined by X-ray crystallographic studies.
Similarities and differences between effects of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone in rats, with particular reference to hypertensogenic potency

Both 19-nordeoxycorticosterone and 19-norprogesterone are potent hypertensogens. This particularly interesting in the latter case, since the parent steroid is antimineralocorticoid and antihypertensive. The present experiment compared the ability of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone to cause hypertension in rats. Both steriods caused adrenal atrophy, nephromegaly, relative hypoproteinemia and increased hematocrit, but only testosterone provoked saline polydipsia, hypernatremia, hypertension, cardiomegaly and vascular lesions. It is evident that demethylation of testosterone at C10 completely destroys any effect on sodium metabolism or blood pressure, but leaves certain other pathophysiologic responses, including extreme adrenal atrophy, unimpaired. The hypertensogenic effect of testosterone has been attributed to its inhibitory effect on adrenal structure and function, the latter characterized by an induced enzymatic defect leading to increased secretion of deoxycorticosterone. This raises the intriguing question of whether, despite the comparable involution of the adrenal cortex, there are significant differences in adrenocortical enzymatic changes initiated by the respective androgens, which could account for their quiet different blood pressure effects.