cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Resurgence and Expansion of Tanganyika’s Judiciary, 1945–1958

This chapter explores post-war changes to the judiciary and structure of the court systems inside and outside of Tanganyika that enhanced the jurisdiction and stature of the colonial judiciary. The size and geographic reach of the professional judiciary expanded and the administration took the first steps towards integrating the dual court systems, giving colonial judges a role in deciding appeals from Native Courts. This chapter asserts that as the movement for independence in Tanganyika developed in the late 1950s, the administration turned to the judiciary for help in containing political activity and attempted to use the High Court and its judges to reframe the legacy of British colonial rule of the territory.
A Glimpse of Combinatorial Commutative Algebra

In this chapter we will discuss a profound connection between commutative rings and some combinatorial properties of simplicial complexes. The deepest and most interesting results in this area require a background in algebraic topology and homological algebra beyond the scope of this book.
Alkylation of flavins using methyl fluorosulfonate@@@ber die Alkylierung von Flavinen mit Fluorsulfonsuremethylester: Short communication@@@Kurze Mitteilung

A method for N3 methylation of flavins is described using methyl fluorosulfonate. The reaction proceeds through O alkylation of the carbonyls followed by an O to N rearrangement.
Simulation Processors and Their Collaboration for DEVS Models Integrated with Universal Coupling Specification.

We present a set of simulation processors and describe their temporal collaboration in support of the execution of models specified by an advanced Discrete Event Systems Specification (DEVS) formalism. Our formalism improves the existing parallel DEVS formalism by adopting the universal coupling mechanism. The mechanism enables coupled models to create, permute, and delete their couplings in a proactive or reactive manner. Each coupled model is a decomposable, constructive, multi-scale, discrete-event system that contains at least one component. Proposed simulation processors will allow exploration of spatiotemporal spaces generated from specified models. A simulation protocol is realized as a sequence of welldefined temporal interactions between those processors. It is expected that current modeling and simulation (M&S)-driven systems biology will be empowered by the new DEVS formalism and proposed simulation processors.
Transcription Factors in the Control of Tumor Development and Progression by TGF-β Signaling

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine that controls homeostasis and/or remodeling in many tissues, including most if not all epithelial tissues. These functions are mediated by the regulation of diverse cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, cell death or survival, cell migration and invasion, and cell differentiation. In human cancers TGF-β functions as a tumor suppressor in early stages, but converts into a tumor promoter in later stages of the disease. Understanding the molecular basis for this switch in TGF-β function is highly relevant, if TGF-β is to be exploited as a target in cancer therapy. Since most of the cellular TGF-β responses characterized to date are mediated by the transcriptional control of direct target genes of TGF-β signaling, this inevitably entails the analysis of the transcriptional mediators of TGF-β function in normal cells as well as tumor cells of different malign ant potential. This review will discuss some of the important transcriptional mediators involved, with emphasis on the mammary epithelium as an example of the complex role of TGF-β in regulating normal and tum origenic tissues.
Osteosarcoma: review of the past, impact on the future. The American experience.

Major advances have been achieved in the treatment of osteosarcoma with the discovery of several chemotherapeutic agents that were active in the disease. These agents comprise high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, Adriamycin, cisplatin, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. The agents were integrated into various regimens and administered in an effort to destroy silent pulmonary micrometastases which are considered to be present in at least 80% of patients at the time of diagnosis. Their efficacy in achieving this goal was realized and their use was further extended to the application of preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy to destroy the primary tumor and achieve safe surgical resections. Disease free survival was escalated from <20% prior to the introduction of effective chemotherapy to 55–75% and overall survival to 85%. Further, the opportunity to perform limb salvage was expanded to 80% of patients. Of interest also was an attempt in one series to treat the primary tumor exclusively with chemotherapy, and abrogation of surgery.
The Political Economy of IMF Voting Power and Quotas

We explore the governance structure of the International Monetary Fund, wherein voting power is explicitly tied to the size of member countries' financial contributions, known as quotas. By virtue of their large quotas, rich countries have the preponderance of voting power while developing countries are left to complain about a democratic deficit that leaves them with little influence over the IMF's policies and programs. We develop a model that recognizes the bifurcation of members into industrial-country creditors and developing-country borrowers and treats the IMF as an international government that provides collective insurance against balance-of-payments shocks. We show that when the rate at which the IMF taxes an economy (via quotas) to fund this co-insurance scheme has an impact on voting power, there is an incentive for rich countries to support subsidizing the risks of poor countries, even when the poor have substantial political power. To test the model, we estimate the covariates of actual IMF quotas (and quota shares) over time, giving attention to the role of cross-country inequality and the political ideology of domestic governments. As our model implies a conditional relationship between inequality and conservatism, we include an interaction term. We find that the impact of inequality is positive, as expected, and that this effect is smaller for conservative governments.
The Role of Idiotype and of Immunoglobulin in T-Cell Differentiation and Function

A great deal of attention has appropriately been directed to the role of genes encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in T-cell development, antigen recognition by T cells, and cell interactions involving T cells. However, it seems likely that not all T cells are under the influence of MHC-linked genes. Some T cells appear to be involved in recognition and regulation of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene products, or products of loci linked to the Igh genes. I have previously reviewed the characteristics of some of these cells in several different articles,(1–3) and I will not repeat those descriptions here. Rather, I would like to focus on the role of Ig and of idiotypic Ig in particular (Id) in T-cell maturation and function.
The Misery of the Embodied

Within Sinhalese religion, in both Buddhist doctrinal tradition and mythical traditions associated with village exorcism, women are treated metaphorically as vehicles for impermanence and sorrow. This consistent depiction of women may provide a link between the “great” and “little” traditions through a common metaphor that is expressed more or less concretely in different contexts.* Both practical and doctrinal Sinhalese Buddhism reveal the way in which certain philosophical assumptions about reproductive processes contribute to a negative image of women, and the elaboration of this image in mythology suggests some general questions about the relationship between mythical representations and women’s lives.
Prediction of DNA Repair Inhibitor Response in Short-Term Patient-Derived Ovarian Cancer Organoids

Based on genomic analysis, fifty percent of high grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSC) are predicted to have DNA repair defects. Whether this substantial subset of HGSCs actually have functional repair defects remains unknown. Here, we devise a platform for functionally profiling DNA repair in short-term patient-derived HGSC organoids. We tested 33 organoid cultures derived from 22 HGSC patients for defects in homologous recombination (HR) and replication fork protection. Regardless of DNA repair gene mutational status, a functional defect in HR in the organoids correlated with PARP inhibitor sensitivity. A functional defect in replication fork protection correlated with carboplatin and CHK1 and ATR inhibitor sensitivity. Our results indicate that a combination of genomic analysis and functional testing of organoids allows for the identification of targetable DNA damage repair defects. Larger numbers of patient-derived organoids must be analyzed to determine whether these assays can reproducibly predict patient response in the clinic.
The Hypothetical Impact of Accelerate Pheno on Time to Effective Therapy and Time to Definitive Therapy for Bloodstream Infections Due to Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli.

Strategies are needed to improve time to optimal therapy in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) due to resistant Gram-negative (GN) pathogens. Accelerate Pheno (ACC) can provide antimicrobial susceptibility results within 7 h of a positive culture and may more rapidly optimize therapy. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothetical impact of ACC on time to effective therapy (TTET) and time to definitive therapy (TTDT) among patients with BSI due to resistant GN pathogens. ACC was performed on resistant GN BSI isolates, and results were not available to clinicians in real time. A potential benefit of having ACC on TTET or TTDT was determined if modifications to antimicrobial regimens could have been made sooner with ACC. Comparisons on the impact of ACC in the presence or absence of testing by the Verigene Gram-negative blood culture test (Verigene GN-BC) were performed. Sixty-one patients with resistant GN BSI were evaluated. The median actual TTET and TTDT in the cohort were 25.9 h (interquartile range [IQR], 18.5, 42.1) and 47.6 h (IQR, 24.9, 79.6), respectively. Almost half of the patients had potential improvement in TTET and/or TTDT with ACC. In patients who would have had a benefit the median potential decreases in TTET and TTDT were 16.6 h (IQR, 5.5 to 30.6) and 29.8 h (IQR, 13.6 to 43), respectively. The largest potential improvements were seen in patients for whom Verigene results were not available. In conclusion, among patients with resistant GN BSI in a setting where other rapid diagnostic technologies are utilized, ACC results could have further improved TTET and TTDT.
The Relative Location of the Major Femoral Nerve Motor Branches in the Thigh.

In peripheral nerve surgery, repair of the femoral nerve (FN) requires identification of normal nerve elements both proximal and distal to the level of the injury. We identified FN branches to the sartorius (SRT) and quadriceps muscles in 16 embalmed specimens and calculated the length of each branch to its point of entry into its respective muscle. The SRT and rectus femoris (RF) muscles were mobilized but not transected to mimic the surgical approach. Ratios of the length of each motor branch as a unit of the total length of the thigh, defined as the FN at the inguinal ligament to the superior margin of the patella were also calculated. The proximal branch to RF spanned a ratio of .19 ± .11 (mean ± standard deviation) from the FN at the inguinal ligament to its endpoint. The ratio of the distal branch to the RF was .29 ± .08. The ratio of the proximal SRT branch was .20 ± .05. The distal branch to SRT was located at a ratio of .43 ± .11. The proximal branch to vastus lateralis (VL) was .26 ± .08. The distal branch to VL was .39 ± .07. The ratio of the motor branch to vastus intermedius (VI) was .30 ± .05. Lastly, the branch to vastus medialis (VM) was .55 ± .06. The motor branch to SRT frequently emerged as a bifurcation of itself and saphenous nerve within the adductor canal. Knowledge of the relative location of the motor branches of the FN in the thigh can be helpful to surgeons during the nerve exploration and repair.
Secondary Flows in Pipes

In Lecture 10 we have seen that steady rectilinear flow down a straight pipe is possible for a general incompressible fluid only for certain exceptional cross-sections, and for all cross-sections only for certain exceptional fluids. Both the Navier-Stokes fluid and the fluid of second grade are exceptional in this sense, since their viscometric functions satisfy the special relation (10.21). If a general fluid is forced by a pressure gradient down a pipe bounded by a cylindrical surface that is neither a pair of parallel planes nor a pair of coaxial circular cylinders, we expect that a steady flow be set up, but it cannot be rectilinear. The component of velocity normal to the generation of the cylindrical boundary is called a secondary flow.
Comparison of the prevalence, severity, and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in HIV-infected and uninfected people

Hepatic steatosis is prevalent in Western countries, but few studies have evaluated whether the frequency and severity of steatosis are greater in the setting of HIV infection. We compared the prevalence and severity of hepatic steatosis between HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected persons and identified factors associated with greater steatosis severity within both groups. We performed a cross-sectional study among participants without cardiovascular disease who participated in a substudy of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Hepatic steatosis was defined by noncontrast computed tomography (CT) liver-to-spleen (L/S) attenuation ratio < 1.0. Multivariable linear regression was used to: 1) evaluate the association between HIV infection and severity of hepatic steatosis, as measured by absolute liver attenuation, and 2) identify factors associated with greater severity of steatosis, by HIV status. Among 268 participants (median age, 55 years; 99% male; 79% black; 23% obese; 64% HIV+ [91% on antiretroviral therapy]), the overall prevalence of steatosis was 7.8% and was similar between HIV+ and uninfected individuals (13 [7.6%] versus 8 [8.2%], respectively; p = 0.85). Participants with HIV, the majority of whom received antiretroviral therapy, had a higher mean absolute liver attenuation (mean difference, 5.68 Hounsfield units; p < 0.001), correlating with lesser hepatic steatosis severity, compared to uninfected participants. After adjusting for covariates, only advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with greater severity of steatosis in HIV+ persons (p = 0.03) and uninfected individuals (p < 0.001). In this sample of participants without cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of hepatic steatosis by noncontrast abdominal CT was not different by HIV status. Increasing severity of steatosis was independently associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis in both groups.
Carrier-envelope phase sensitive photoemission from resonant and off-resonant plasmonic nanoparticles

The ability of metallic nanostructures to enhance and localize strong optical fields has made them attractive for investigations of strong-field physics in solid-state systems. Recent work along these lines has shown signatures of strong-field photoemission and electron re-scattering from metallic nano-tips [1-4] and plasmonic nanoparticles [5]. Additionally, carrier-envelope phase (CEP) effects, have been observed in the photoelectron energy spectra [2] and the total photoemission current from metallic nano-tips [4].
Influence of body condition score on carcass characteristics and subprimal yield from cull beef cows.

Mature beef cows (n = 83) were slaughtered to measure the influence of body condition score (BCS) on carcass characteristics and subprimal yields. All cows were weighed and assigned BCS, based on a 9-point scale, 24 h before slaughter. Cows were slaughtered, and, after a 48-h chilling period, quality and yield grade data were collected on the left side of each carcass. The right side was quartered, fabricated into primal cuts, and weighed. Each primal cut was further processed into boneless subprimal cuts, minor cuts, lean trim, fat, and bone. Cuts were progressively trimmed to 6.4 and 0 mm of external and visible seam fat. Weights were recorded at all stages of fabrication, and subprimal yields were calculated as a percentage of the chilled carcass weight. Live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, muscle:bone ratio, and numerical yield grade increased linearly (P = .0001) and predicted cutability and actual muscle-to-fat ratio decreased linearly (P = .0001) as BCS increased from 2 to 8. Carcasses from BCS-8 cows had the most (P<.05) marbling. The percentage of carcasses grading U.S. Utility, or higher, was 16.7, 20.0, 63.6, 43.3, 73.3, 100.0, and 100.0% for cows assigned a BCS of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. At 6.4 mm of fat trim, carcasses from BCS-5 cows had higher (P<.05) shoulder clod yields than carcasses from cows having a BCS of 6, 7, and 8. Carcasses of BCS-2 cows had lower (P<.05) strip loin yields than carcasses from BCS-3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 cows. Top sirloin butt yields were higher (P<.05) for carcasses of BCS-2, 3, 4, and 5 cows than those of BCS-6, 7, or 8 cows. Carcasses from BCS-7 and 8 cows had lower (P<.05) tenderloin and inside round yields than carcasses of BCS-5, or less, cows. At both fat-trim levels, carcasses from BCS-5 cows had higher (P<.05) eye of round yields than cows assigned BCS of 2, 7, or 8. When subprimal cuts were trimmed to 6.4 mm of visible fat, carcasses from BCS-5 cows had higher (P<.05) total lean product yields than cows assigned a BCS of 2, 4, 7, and 8. Regardless of fat trim, total fat yields increased (P = .0001) and total bone yields decreased (P = .0001) linearly as BCS increased from 2 to 8. Although carcasses from BCS-5 and 6 cows had the highest yields of lean product, cattle producers and packers may benefit most by marketing and(or) purchasing BCS-6 cows because a higher percentage of their carcasses had quality characteristics deemed desirable for fabrication into boneless subprimal cuts.
Prediction of Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Using Deep Learning with Integrative Imaging, Molecular and Demographic Data

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is widely used to reduce tumor size to make surgical excision manageable and to minimize distant metastasis. Assessing and accurately predicting pathological complete response is important in treatment planing for breast cancer patients. In this study, we propose a novel approach integrating 3D MRI imaging data, molecular data and demographic data using convolutional neural network to predict the likelihood of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. We take post-contrast T1-weighted 3D MRI images without the need of tumor segmentation, and incorporate molecular subtypes and demographic data. In our predictive model, MRI data and non-imaging data are convolved to inform each other through interactions, instead of a concatenation of multiple data type channels. This is achieved by channel-wise multiplication of the intermediate results of imaging and non-imaging data. We use a subset of curated data from the I-SPY-1 TRIAL of 112 patients with stage 2 or 3 breast cancer with breast tumors underwent standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our method yielded an accuracy of 0.83, AUC of 0.80, sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.88. Our model significantly outperforms models using imaging data only or traditional concatenation models. Our approach has the potential to aid physicians to identify patients who are likely to respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy at diagnosis or early treatment, thus facilitate treatment planning, treatment execution, or mid-treatment adjustment.
The Persuit of Happiness: notas desde el epicentro de la pandemia

Algunos meses atras, fabrique una mesa. Me tome el tiempo de lijar todas las imperfecciones, redondear las esquinas y vitrificar la superficie. Una vez acabada, la lleve a mi habitacion. Vivo en una casa vieja en uno de los barrios tradicionales de Denver. En sus mas de cien anos, esta casa ha tenido varias remodelaciones que la han dejado con algunos espacios peculiares. Uno de ellos es un recoveco largo y angosto que da a una pequena ventana en mi habitacion. Es lo suficientemente alto como para que yo pueda estar de pie ahi dentro, pero no mucho mas; tendra quizas dos metros de largo. Por anos no supe que hacer con el, hasta que decidi transformarlo en un rincon de escritura. A la mesa le anadi un pequeno librero y una lampara. El lugar era acogedor y, mas importante aun, uno de los pocos rincones en casa donde no habia conexion a Internet. Sin embargo, hago clases en una ciudad cercana, y entre obligaciones familiares y laborales, escasamente pase un dia en mi nuevo escritorio. Hasta que llego la pandemia.
Design of Hardware Trojans and its Impact on CPS Systems: A Comprehensive Survey

The ever-increasing demand for sophisticated cyber- physical systems (CPS), combined with the fabless model, led to vulnerability exploits in the IC supply chain, especially the insertion of hardware Trojans (HTs). The HTs are malicious modifications made to an authentic design to disrupt the functioning of the integrated circuits (ICs). In this work, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art HT designs focusing on the Trojan design, the risk level in the supply chain, and the targeted platform, followed by a discussion based on our observations. We categorize the HT designs based on the targeted platforms such as ML accelerators, IoT devices, FPGAs, ASICs, memory devices, CPU, and Cryptographic cores.
Pattern of the tumor metabolism differs between the primary cancer of the lung and the metastatic lymph nodes as determined by FDG-PET dual-time-point imaging

1602 Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess tumor metabolism pattern in the primary and the metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with primary lung cancer (PLCA) by using dual-time-point imaging with FDG-PET imaging. Methods: Thirty-two patients (17 male, 15 female, age 71 ±9) with PLCA and metastatic mediastinal LNs, at the time of the study, were included in this retrospective analysis. PLCA was proven by histopathological examination in all patients and metastatic mediastinal LN lesions were proven by histopathological examination and/or by clinical follow up. Computed tomography (CT) studies were available to confirm the site and the size of the lesions. All patients underwent 2 sequential PET scans (dual-time-point imaging) one at approximately 60 minutes and the other at approximately 90 minutes following the administration of FDG intravenously. The average percentage change in the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) between time point 1 and time point 2 was calculated for the PLCA and the LN lesions. The results were compared in the using t-Test. p Results: Thirty-one (97%) patients showed an increase in the SUVs over time in the PLCA lesions, and 1 (3%) showed no change. Twenty-six (81%) patients showed an increase in the SUVs over time in the LN lesions, and 6 (19%) showed no change. The percentage change in the SUVs from time point 1 to time point 2 (mean ± SD) for the PLCA was +20.7% ±12% (95% confidence interval (CI), 16.6-24.9%), and for the metastatic mediastinal LNs was +6.8% ±5% (95% CI, 5.1-8.5%) (p Conclusions: Based on this study, primary lung cancers accumulate FDG over time more than the metastatic lesions in the mediastinal LNs. Based on these data we speculate that, when the primary lung cancer metastasizes to the draining LN, it becomes metabolically less active compared to the primary site. This finding can be useful for staging and the management of patients with lung cancer. Also, such studies may improve our knowledge about the change in tumor biology according to the ambient environment.
Mangrove: enticing ordinary people onto the semantic web via instant gratification

Despite numerous efforts, the semantic web has yet to achieve widespread adoption. Recently, some researchers have argued that participation in the semantic web is too difficult for "ordinary" people, limiting its growth and popularity. In response, this paper introduces Mangrove, a system whose goal is to entice non-technical people to semantically annotate their existing HTML data. Mangrove seeks to alter the cost-benefit equation of authoring semantic content. To increase the benefit, Mangrove is designed to make semantic content instantly available to services that consume the content and yield immediate, tangible benefit to authors. To reduce the cost, Mangrove makes semantic authoring as painless as possible by transferring some of the burden of schema design, data cleaning, and data structuring from content authors to the programmers who create semantic services. We have designed and implemented a Mangrove prototype, built several semantic services for the system, and deployed those services in our department. This paper describes Mangrove's goals, presents the system architecture, and reports on our implementation and deployment experience. Overall, Mangrove demonstrates a concrete path for enabling and enticing non-technical people to enter the semantic web.
Immunological activity of cytochrome c. II. Localization of a major antigenic determinant of human cytochrome c.

Abstract Formation of antibodies to human cytochrome c was observed in nearly all rabbits immunized with the antigen incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant. About 30 to 40% of the antibodies failed to react with Macaca mulatta cytochrome c, which differs from the human protein only at Residue 58, where M. mulatta cytochrome c has a threonyl residue and the human protein has isoleucine. Only human and kangaroo cytochromes c, which have isoleucyl residues at this position, reacted with those antibodies which failed to combine with M. mulatta cytochrome c. In contrast, antibodies elicited in rabbits by M. mulatta cytochrome c reacted identically with M. mulatta and human cytochromes c. Thus, the presence of the hydrophobic isoleucine correlates with the occurrence of an immunogenic determinant, whereas in the absence of isoleucine, this region is immunogenically inert. Those antibodies to human cytochrome c which do combine with the M. mulatta protein reacted equally well with both proteins, indicating that the identity in amino acid sequence, outside the "isoleucine site," correlates with identity in antigenic structure. In contrast, some of the antigenic sites of kangaroo cytochrome c which interacted with antibody to human cytochrome c displayed a lower affinity for the antibody than corresponding sites on the human protein. The "isoleucine site," however, was found to be antigenically identical in the human and kangaroo proteins. The appearance of this isoleucine in human and kangaroo cytochromes c, and its importance in immunogenicity, emphasize the difficulties inherent in attempting to analyze evolutionary pathways through antigenic analysis.
Analytical Model of Scanning Laser Polarimetry for Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Assessment

PURPOSE, To develop a quantitative understanding of scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) assessment in glaucoma diagnosis and management. METHODS. The Mueller calculus was used to model the polarization optics of SLP. A birefringent retinal structure (RNFL or macula) was represented as a circularly symmetric linear retarder with a radial slow axis. The birefringent cornea and a corneal compensator within the SLP instrument were represented as fixed linear retarders. The model provided images of the radial retarder that were compared with retardance images obtained by SLP of the macula in eight normal subjects. Theoretical and experimental images were quantified with circular profiles around the center of the radial retarder or macula. Experimental retardance profiles were varied by tilting the subject's head to rotate the corneal axis. The SLP model was fit to the experimental profiles by nonlinear least-squares curve fitting. RESULTS. The combined retarder formed by the cornea and corneal compensator induced bow-tie patterns in images of the radial retarder. Macular SLP images exhibited similar patterns. Retardance profiles could be characterized by three parameters: modulation, mean, and axis. The SLP model fit the experimental profiles very well (r 2 = 0.8-0.9). CONCLUSIONS. The SLP model provided a quantitative framework within which to interpret SLP studies. Modulation-based parameters were generally more sensitive to retinal birefringence than mean-based parameters. Corneal birefringence is an important source of variance in SLP, especially for mean-based parameters. The theory developed for this study may guide improvements in clinical SLP.
The Effect of No2 AND SO2 alone and in Combination on the Productivity of Field-Grown Soybeans

Investigations of effects on plants from single pollutants are numerous and provide useful determinations of phytotoxicity levels; however, pollutants rarely occur alone, and field investigations of pollutant combinations are limited. Combustion processes which generate sulfur dioxide (SO2) usually produce a mixture of nitrogen oxides (NOX), as demonstrated by ambient air monitoring data. In order to determine the effects of pollutant combinations on crop plants, field investigations were conducted in 1980 and 1981 using soybeans (Glycine max L.) exposed to SO2 and NO2 alone and in combination, in the presence of ambient ozone (O3). Open-air field plots of soybeans were fumigated with SO2 and NO2 through a system of aluminum pipes suspended above the plant canopy, utilizing the ZAPS (Zonal Air Pollution System) design. After being released from the pipe, the pollutant gas concentrations decreased with distance downwind from the pipe as a result of normal turbulent dispersion. In both years of the study, the soybean plots were fumigated on 10 occasions during the pod-filling period for an average exposure time during fumigation of 3 hours. Mean concentrations during fumigation periods ranged from 0.13 to 0.42 ppm of SO2 and 0.06 to 0.40 ppm of NO2. Results from both years of the experiment indicated that fumigations with NO2 alone had no effect on seed yields. Exposures with SO2 alone had no effect on yields in 1980 and decreased yields up to 6% in 1981. Combinations of SO2 and NO2 had a synergistic effect both years of the study and resulted in yield decreases ranging from 9 to 25%.
Singular perturbation problems in a general smooth domain

The goal of this article is to study the boundary layer of a reaction-diffusion equation with a small viscosity in a general (curved), bounded and smooth domain in R, n 2. To the best of our knowledge, the classical expansion in the case of a bounded interval or of a channel is not valid for a general domain. Using the techniques of differential geometry, a new asymptotic expansion proposed in this article recovers the optimal convergence rate of the remainder at all orders.
On Exploiting Knowledge and Concept Use in Learning Theory

In the past fifteen years, various formal models of concept learning have successfully been employed to answer the question of what types of concepts can be efficiently inferred from examples. The answer appears to be “only simple ones”. Perhaps due to the ease of formal analanalysis, our investigations have focused on learning artificial, syntactically described concepts in “sterile” knowledge-free environments. We discuss analogous results from the literature on human concept learning (people don't do too well either), and review current theories as to how people are able to more effectively learn in the presence of background knowledge and the discovery of information via execution of tasks related to the concept acquisition process. We consider the formal modeling of such phenomena as an important challenge for learning theory.
Campbell penetration depth in Fe-based superconductors

v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LABUSCH PARAMETER AND CAMPBELL PENETRATION DEPTH 6 Introduction 6 Labusch parameter 7 Elastic moduli matrix 8 Campbell penetration depth 10 Critical current from Campbell penetration depth 13 Dependency of current in Campbell penetration depth 14 CHAPTER 3: TUNNEL-DIODE RESONATOR 17 Introduction 17 TDR circuit component 18 Magnetic penetration depth measurement 21 Background noise 26 CHAPTER 4: CAMPBELL PENETRATION DEPHT IN LiFeAs SUPERCONDUCTOR 30
The Arthritis Severity Quantitative Trait Loci Cia4 and Cia6 Regulate Neutrophil Migration into Inflammatory Sites and Levels of TNF-α and Nitric Oxide

Neutrophils are required for the development of arthritis, and their migration into the synovial tissue coincides with the onset of clinical disease. Synovial neutrophil numbers also correlate with rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and severity. We hypothesized that certain arthritis severity genes regulate disease via the regulation of neutrophil migration into the joint. This hypothesis was tested in the synovial-like air pouch model injected with carrageenan using arthritis-susceptible DA and arthritis-resistant F344 rats. DA had nearly 3-fold higher numbers of exudate neutrophils compared with F344 (p < 0.001). Five DA.F344(QTL) strains congenic for severity loci and protected from autoimmune arthritis were studied. Only DA.F344(Cia4) (chromosome 7) and DA.F344(Cia6) (chromosome 8) congenics had significantly lower exudate neutrophil counts compared with DA. TNF-alpha levels were 2.5-fold higher in DA exudates as compared with F344 exudates, and that difference was accounted for by the Cia4 locus. Exudate levels of NO, a known inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis, were higher in F344, compared with DA, and that difference was accounted for by Cia6. This is the first time that non-MHC autoimmune arthritis loci are found to regulate three central components of the innate immune response implicated in disease pathogenesis, namely neutrophil migration into an inflammatory site, as well as exudate levels of TNF-alpha and NO. These observations underscore the importance of identifying the Cia4 and Cia6 genes, and suggest that they should generate useful novel targets for development of new therapies.
Ethyl (1‐Phenylethylidene)Cyanoacetate

Ethyl (1-phenylethylidene)cyanoacetate product: Ethyl (1-phenylethylidene)cyanoacetate Keywords: condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations
Autonomous Unmanned Ground Robotic Vehicle Competition: an intelligent control challenge

Describes an Annual International Unmanned Ground Robotics Competition which was organized to encourage undergraduate and graduate students as well as faculty members to partake in the exciting field of intelligent control. The event challenges the participants to develop unmanned vehicles that can navigate around an outdoor obstacle course autonomously. It provides a stage for university students to demonstrate their capabilities and expertise in system integration and simultaneous application of several engineering and computer science disciplines.
Effects of Colicins E1 and K on Permeability to Magnesium and Cobaltous Ions

The energy-dependent exchange of intracellular Mg2+ with extracellular Mg2+ or Co2+ is inhibited by colicin E1 and, less strongly, by colicin K. Treatment with either colicin causes a net loss of intracellular Mg2+. This loss begins immediately in cells treated with colicin E1, but in colicin K-treated cells the onset of Mg2+ loss is delayed 1 to 10 min, depending upon the temperature and the multiplicity of colicin K. Both colicins differ from chemical inhibitors of energy-yielding metabolism; energy poisons block transport of Mg2+ and Co2+, but both colicins increase passive permeability to Mg2+ and Co2+. Inhibitors of energy-yielding metabolism (and of Mg2+ exchange) block the initiation of Mg2+ loss by either colicin, but do not stop colicin-promoted efflux once it has begun. Colicin E1 added before colicin K prevents the more rapid Mg2+ efflux characteristic of colicin K-treated cells. Quantitative comparisons of the effects of colicins E1 and K upon permeability to Mg2+ and Co2+ lead us to conclude that the two colicins are not identical in their mode of action.
Using Number Lines to Solve Math Word Problems: A Strategy for Students with Learning Disabilities.

Students with learning disabilities (LD) consistently struggle with word problem solving in mathematics classes. This difficulty has made curricular, state, and national tests particularly stressful, as word problem solving has become a predominant feature of such student performance assessments. Research suggests that students with LD perform poorly on word problem-solving items due primarily to deficits in problem representation. Therefore, it is imperative that teachers provide these students with supplemental problem-solving instruction that specifically targets the development of representational strategies. This article describes how one representational strategy, using number lines, can be used to model word problems as part of a comprehensive problem-solving intervention to improve the conceptual understanding of math word problems and, subsequently, the problem-solving performance of students with LD.
From Refutation to Verification

Model checking has won some industrial acceptance in debugging designs. Theorem proving and formal verification are less popular. An approach built around automated abstractions could integrate theorem proving with model checking in an acceptable way and provide a bridge between refutation and verification.
ESTIMATING INCIDENCE FROM AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE IN GLAUCOMA

A simple method is presented to estimate incidence from age-specific prevalence data for diseases that are irreversible and do not affect mortality risk. The application of the model is illustrated with data on primary open angle glaucoma.
Influence of attenuated lithosphere and sediment loading on flexure of the deep-water Magallanes retroarc foreland basin, Southern Andes

Flexural subsidence in foreland basins is controlled by applied loads—such as topography, water/sediment, and subcrustal forces—and the mechanical properties of the lithosphere. We investigate the controls on subsidence observed within the Upper Cretaceous Magallanes retroarc foreland basin of southern South America to evaluate the impact of lateral variations in flexural rigidity due to Late Jurassic extension. Conventional elastic models cannot explain the observed basin deflection and thick accumulation of deep-water Cenomanian-Turonian basin strata. However, models in which the lithosphere has been previously thinned and deflects under topographic and sedimentary loads successfully reproduce regional subsidence patterns. Results satisfy paleobathymetric observations in the Magallanes Basin and suggest that lithospheric thinning is necessary to produce both long-wavelength and deep subsidence during Late Cretaceous basin evolution. Results indicate that elastic thickness decreases westward from ~45–25 km in the distal foreland to ~37–15 km beneath the foredeep. These findings are consistent with a westward reduction in crustal thickness associated with the Jurassic extensional history of the Patagonian lithosphere. Our results also show that sediment loading exerts an important control on regional deflection patterns and promotes a wider region of subsidence and reduced forebulge uplift. We propose that lateral variations in mechanical properties and large sediment loads restrict depocenter migration and may cause the foredeep to remain fixed for prolonged periods of time. These findings confirm that loading of thinned lithosphere imposes different mechanical controls on the flexural profile and have potential implications for other retroarc foreland basins characterized by earlier extensional histories.
Phenolic Antioxidant Biosynthesis in Plants for Functional Food Application: Integration of Systems Biology and Biotechnological Approaches

We are applying a dynamic systems biology approach to the development of several phenolic phytochemicals in food-grade plants as ingredients for functional food applications. Phenolic antioxidant phytochemicals from food-grade plants will be an important part of a healthy diet in a global population that is projected to reach 9 billion in the next 50 years. Such phytochemicals are being targeted for designing conventional foods with added health benefits (functional foods). Such value-added foods are needed for dietary support to manage major oxidation-linked diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cognition diseases and cancer. Plants produce phenolic metabolites as a part of growth, developmental and stress-adaptation response. These stress and developmental-modulated phenolic phytochemicals can be targeted for the design of functional foods. In order to design consistent food-grade phytochemical profiles for safety and clinical relevancy, novel tissue culture and bioprocessing te...
Large Strain Mechanical Behavior of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Near the Glass Transition Temperature

The mechanical behavior of amorphous thermoplastics, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), strongly depends on temperature and strain rate. Understanding these dependencies is critical/or many polymer processing applications and, in particular, for those occurring near the glass transition temperature, such as hot embossing. In this study, the large strain mechanical behavior of PMMA is investigated using uniaxial compression tests at varying temperatures and strain rates. In this study we capture the temperature and rate of deformation dependence of PMMA, and results correlate well to previous experimental work found in the literature for similar temperatures and strain rates. A three-dimensional constitutive model previously used to describe the mechanical behavior of another amorphous polymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG), is applied to model the observed behavior of PMMA. A comparison with the experimental results reveals that the model is able to successfully capture the observed stress-strain behavior of PMMA, including the initial elastic modulus, flow stress, initial strain hardening, and final dramatic strain hardening behavior in uniaxial compression near the glass transition temperature.
The microanatomy of the compound eye of Munida irrasa (Decapoda: Galatheidae).

The compound eye of Munida irrasa differs in several respects from the typical decapod eye. The proximal pigment is found only in retinula cells. The eccentric cell is extremely large and expanded to fill the interstices of the crystalline tract area; thus, a typical “clear-zone” is absent. Six retinula cells course distally to screen two sides of the crystalline cone. There are approximately 12,500 ommatidia in each compound eye.
Leveling the Playing Field

Using a genetically malleable model system that allows direct comparisons between human and mouse cells, Weinberg and colleagues lay to rest any doubt that murine cells are more easily transformed than human cells, and additionally, find that there may be cell type constraints on transformation of human cells (Rangarajan et al., 2004).
Potentiation of Endothelial Cell Proliferation by Fibrin(ogen)-bound Fibroblast Growth Factor-2

Endothelial cell growth is stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and both adhesion and proliferation are modulated by interactions with fibrinogen and fibrin. Previous evidence indicates that FGF-2 binds specifically and with high affinity to fibrinogen and fibrin, suggesting that their effects on endothelial cells may be coordinated. In this study, we have, therefore, investigated the ability of FGF-2 bound to fibrinogen and fibrin to stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of FGF-2 with or without fibrinogen, and proliferation was assessed by microscopic examination of cultures, incorporation of [3H]thymidine and by cell counting. Cells cultured in the presence of both FGF-2 and fibrinogen proliferated more rapidly than those with FGF-2 alone and exhibited a decreased population doubling time. At concentrations of FGF-2 up to 150 ng/ml, there was greater endothelial cell proliferation in the presence of fibrinogen than in its absence with the most pronounced effect below 1 ng/ml. The maximum effect of fibrinogen was observed at a molar ratio of fibrinogen to FGF-2 of 2:1, corresponding to the maximum molar binding ratio. Endothelial cells proliferated when plated on fibrin or surface-immobilized fibrinogen with FGF-2, indicating that FGF-2 bound to surface-associated fibrin(ogen) retained activity. We conclude that fibrinogen- or fibrin-bound FGF-2 is able to support endothelial cell proliferation and that fibrinogen potentiates the proliferative capacity of FGF-2.
Interannual variation in global-scale net primary production: Testing model estimates

Testing estimates of year-to-year variation in global net primary production (NPP) poses some challenges. Large-scale, multiyear records of production are not readily available for natural systems but are for agricultural systems. We use records of agricultural yields at selected sites to test NPP estimates produced by CASA, a global-scale production model driven by both meteorological data and the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We also test estimates produced by the Miami model, which has underlain several analyses of biosphere response to interannual changes in climate. In addition, we test estimates against tree ring data for one boreal site for which data from both coniferous and deciduous species were available. The agricultural tests demonstrate that CASA can reasonably estimate interannual variation in production. The Miami model estimates variation more poorly. However, differences in NDVI-processing algorithms substantially affect CASA's estimates of interannual variation. Of the four versions tested, the FASIR NDVI most closely reproduced yield data and showed the least correlation with changes in equatorial crossing time of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites. One issue raised is the source of the positive trends evident in CASA's NDVI-based estimates of global NPP. The existence of these trends is consistent with potential stimulation of terrestrial production by factors such as CO2 enrichment, N fertilization, or temperature warming, but the magnitude of the global trends seen is significantly greater than suggested by constraints imposed by atmospheric fluxes.