cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated time-varying electromagnetic devices for ultra-wide band nonreciprocity

Traditional passives operate in a time-invariant manner and are subject to the fundamental limit of reciprocity unless magnetic material is involved. A new class of electromagnetic devices that are operating in a time-varying fashion is introduced. These time-varying devices may be implemented on semiconductor platforms with their time-dependent property enforced through parametric modulation or high speed switching. It will be demonstrated through addition of the new time dimension the reciprocity can be lifted. Two novel circulators, one with the time-varying transmission line and the other sequentially switched delay line (SSDL) are proposed and demonstrated on-chip. Potential new applications such a full-duplex radios and tunable RF front-ends may be developed with these novel device concepts.
The Business of Terrorism

The development of terrorists ready to engage in an attack is a long process, from recruitment through training and often including payments to family members for those killed in a suicide attack. Feeding, arming and providing the high level technical capacity to run a terrorist organization is not cheap. Paying-off officials can prove expensive. An analysis of counter-terrorist threat finance points out these other costs of maintaining a terrorist organization: travel; communications; purchase of weapons and material; maintenance of safe houses and safe havens; payment of bribes; transport and purchase of vehicles; purchasing forged identification and travel documents; intelligence gathering; and media time/advertising are significant.
Novel Lipid Mediators and Resolution Mechanisms in Acute Inflammation: To Resolve or Not?

Because inflammation is appreciated as a unifying basis of many widely occurring diseases, the mechanisms involved in its natural resolution are of considerable interest. Using contained, self-limited inflammatory exudates and a systems approach, novel lipid-derived mediators and pathways were uncovered in the resolution of inflammatory exudates. These new families of local mediators control both the duration and magnitude of acute inflammation as well as the return of the site to homeostasis in the process of catabasis. This new genus of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) includes essential fatty acid–derived lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and, most recently, maresins. These families were named based on their unique structures and potent stereoselective actions. The temporally initiated biosynthesis of SPM and their direct impact on leukocyte trafficking and macrophage-directed clearance mechanisms provide clear evidence that resolution is an active, programmed response at the tissue level. Moreover, SPM that possess anti-inflammatory (ie, limiting PMN infiltration) and proresolving (enhance macrophage uptake and clearance of apoptotic PMN and microbial particles) actions as well as stimulating mucosal antimicrobial responses demonstrate that anti-inflammation and proresolution are different responses of the host and novel defining properties of these molecules. The mapping of new resolution circuits has opened the possibility for understanding mechanisms that lead from acute to chronic inflammation, or to the resolution thereof, as well as to potential, resolution-based immunopharmacological therapies.
Pyrolysis of Tobacco Extracts

In discussing the role of pyrolysis in tobacco research, we shall attempt to review briefly the past history of pyrolysis experiments in smoking and health related studies, and to present in some greater detail data obtained from several representative pyrolyses of tobacco leaf extracts.
A Roadmap to Survivorship: Optimizing Survivorship Care Plans for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors.

Purpose: Young adult cancer patients have complex medical and psychosocial needs throughout treatment. Once treatment ends, few young adult cancer survivors (YACS) receive adequate survivorship car...
Synthetic Data Generation for Deep Learning of Underwater Disparity Estimation

In this paper, we present a new methodology to generate synthetic data for training a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate depth maps directly from stereo images of underwater scenes. The proposed method projects real underwater images onto landscapes of randomized heights in a 3D rendering framework. This procedure provides a synthetic stereo image pair and the corresponding depth map of the scene, which are used to train a disparity estimation DNN. Through this process, we learn to match the underwater feature space using supervised learning without the need to capture extensive real underwater depth maps for ground truth. In our results, we demonstrate improved accuracy of reconstruction compared to traditional computer vision feature matching methods and state-of-the-art DNNs trained on synthetic terrestrial data.
Tantalum Isocyanide Complexes: TaI(CNDipp) 6 (Dipp Is 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) and Ionic [Ta(CNDipp) 7][Ta(CNDipp) 6], a Formal Disproportionation Product of the 17-electron Ta 0 Metalloradical Ta(CNDipp) 6

Treatment of tetraethylammonium hexacarbonyltantalate, [Et4N][Ta(CO)6], with 1.1 equivalents of molecular iodine (I2) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 200 K, followed by the addition of 6.0 equivalents of 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide (CNDipp) and slow warming to 293 K over a 24 h period gave the tantalum(I) iodide derivative hexakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide-κC)iodidotantalum(I), [TaI(C13H17N)6] or TaI(CNDipp)6, 1. Recrystallization of this substance from pentane provided deep-red nearly black parallelepipeds of the product, which was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Addition of 1 in THF at 200 K to a suspension of an excess (5.8 equivalents) of caesium graphite (CsC8), followed by warming, filtration, and solvent removal, afforded a dark-green oily solid of unknown composition, from which several red-brown rhombohedral plates of the ditantalum salt heptakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide-κC)tantalum hexakis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide-κC)tantalate, [Ta(C13H17N)7][Ta(C13H17N)6] or [Ta(CNDipp)7][Ta(CNDipp)6], 2, were harvested. Salt 2 is a unique substance, as it is the only known example of a salt containing a homoleptic cation, [MLx]+, and a homoleptic anion, [MLy]-, with the same transition metal and π-acceptor ligand L. In solution, 2 undergoes full comproportionation to afford the recently reported 17-electron paramagnetic zerovalent tantalum complex Ta(CNDipp)6, the only known isolable TaL6 complex of Ta0.
Photoacoustic Imaging for Assessing Flow-Mediated Oxygenation for Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)is a common cardiovascular disease that afflicts a large population worldwide. Reduced blood flow to the limbs leads to tissue ischemia and tissue hypoxia. Oxygen-dependent light absorption properties of hemoglobin enable photoacoustics to image tissue oxygenation. The goal of this study is to develop a photoacoustic imaging (PAI)technique for diagnosis and monitoring of PAD. The studies were performed in a mouse model where each animal was scanned bilaterally with a pulsed laser at optical wavelengths of 750 nm and 850 nm. The photoacoustic signals generated by the two-wavelength irradiation was unmixed to generate a parametric map of estimated oxygen saturation. The parametric map was superimposed in color on grayscale ultrasound images. Transient limb ischemia was induced by tying off the hind limb between the external iliac and femoral arteries for five minutes. PAI was performed before, during, and after tie-off. Oxygen saturation (sO2)of femoral muscles was measured before, during, and post occlusion. Marked reduction in oxygenation during occlusion was observed followed by hyper-oxygenation which exceeded the preocclusion baseline value during post-occlusion. The excess oxygenation above the baseline was transient, gradually returning to the baseline over time as the muscle returned to its normal hemodynamic state. In conclusion, this study reports a novel approach using photoacoustic imaging to observe tissue oxygenation modulation in response to stress-induced ischemia. The observation of hyper-oxygenation following stress release due to endothelium-mediated dilation of the microvasculature has not been previously reported from using photoacoustics, which could serve as a novel approach for assessing endothelial dysfunction noninvasively in PAD patients.
Toward Secure, Reliable, and Energy Efficient Phase-change Main Memory with MACE

The emerging generation of cloud computing systems demand high-performance, energy efficiency, and dense, high-bandwidth memory. An emerging concern is in-memory encryption to protect data in these environments. New memory technologies, such as phase-change memory (PCM), have been proposed to improve storage density and energy efficiency, with a near DRAM performance, while suffering from endurance challenges. Industry leaders like Intel and Microsoft have established AES-XTS encryption as the de facto standard to provide the required information security in nonvolatile memories like PCM. The energy and endurance challenges of PCM are exacerbated when AES-XTS encryption is applied. To address these challenges, we present MACE, a technique to improve the energy-efficiency and lifetime of PCM in a server environment using AESXTS encryption. Additionally, we propose an architecture for MACE called WINDU which leverages in-memory, lightweight compression to reduce the auxiliary storage overhead of MACE, securing up to a 2.6 $\times$ lifetime improvement beyond existing techniques with the same area overhead. We also propose LARS, a new cradle-to-grave energy evaluation framework that considers system lifetime. Using LARS, we provide a holistic analysis of MACE and WINDU, demonstrating how the 15% mean reduction in dynamic energy and lifetime improvements inform system design and memory selection.
Integrated silicon photonics for high-volume data center applications

The rapid growth in data center traffic is driving the need for increased performance and overall bandwidth of networking equipment, including optical interfaces and Ethernet switches, which are based on pluggable transceivers today. But looking just a few years ahead, bandwidth scalability challenges are looming in terms of density, cost, and power; challenges that require tighter integration of optics and networking silicon. This paper reviews the motivation for integration, the enabling technology elements, and discusses how advanced packaging and Silicon Photonics enable higher density, reduced power per bit, and ultimately the continued scalability of network bandwidth and performance.
Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence, recurrence, and antibody levels: Associations with cadmium and lead exposures in the general United States population.

Background The ubiquitous metals cadmium and lead are immunotoxic, but little is known about their relations to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a widespread herpesvirus. Although CMV infections are mostly asymptomatic, congenital infections are a leading cause of birth defects. In otherwise healthy individuals, there is also some evidence linking subclinical reactivations to accelerated age-related declines in immune function and chronic disease. Methods Our objective was to evaluate associations of blood cadmium and lead biomarkers with CMV infection in a representative sample of the United States population. In seropositive individuals, we also examined associations with CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels and suspected CMV recurrences. Using cross-sectional data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, we fit multivariable survey-weighted regression models accounting for potential confounding by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and stratifying by age group to allow for heterogeneity. CMV recurrences were defined according to (1) the presence of either CMV-specific immunoglobulin M in sera or CMV viral DNA in urine, and (2) high CMV-specific IgG avidity. Results We observed null associations for blood cadmium. Increasing blood lead quartiles were related to CMV seropositivity and higher CMV IgG levels (both Ptrend < 0.01), but not CMV recurrence, only among individuals who were 20-29 years of age. Conclusion Blood cadmium levels do not appear to be related to immunological markers of CMV infections. The possibility that lead exposures increase the risk of CMV infection and impair immune control of the virus in young adults was suggested. Prospective studies are needed to confirm.
Efficient Register Renaming Architectures for 8-bit AES Datapath at 0.55 pJ/bit in 16-nm FinFET

Small-footprint implementations of the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm are of interest in resource-constrained applications like Internet of Things (IoT). Symmetries in AES allow the datapath to be scaled down to the S-Box width of 8 bits, but the ShiftRows operation leads to a potential data hazard that must be avoided. The common method for resolving the ShiftRows hazard wastes power by moving data through a sequence of pipelined registers. We present in this article a novel 8-bit AES architecture that solves data movement inefficiencies by renaming registers and saves clock power with a single state update per AES round. We then extend register renaming to include microarchitectural randomization to mitigate susceptibility to side-channel attacks, which are a concern especially for low power implementations of AES. We fabricate and evaluate our designs in a commercial 16-nm FinFET technology. Testchip measurements show that the register renaming architecture encrypts data at 0.55 pJ/bit at nominal voltage, a $2.2\times $ improvement over a state-of-the-art reference 8-bit design implemented in the same technology. Side-channel evaluation indicates that the randomized variant of register renaming significantly reduces vulnerability to differential power analysis (DPA).
A Probabilistic Approach to Driver Assistance for Delay Reduction at Congested Highway Lane Drops

Abstract This paper proposes an onboard advance warning system based on a probabilistic prediction model that advises vehicles on when to change lanes for an upcoming lane drop. Using several traffic- and driver-related parameters such as the distribution of inter-vehicle headway distances, the prediction model calculates the likelihood of utilizing one or multiple lane changes to successfully reach a target position on the road. When approaching a lane drop, the onboard system projects current vehicle conditions into the future and uses the model to continuously estimate the success probability of changing lanes before reaching the lane-end, and advises the driver or autonomous vehicle to start a lane changing maneuver when that probability drops below a certain threshold. In a simulation case study, the proposed system was used on a segment of the I-81 interstate highway with two lane drops – transitioning from four lanes to two lanes – to advise vehicles on avoiding the lane drops. The results indicate that the proposed system can reduce average delay by up to 50% and maximum delay by up to 33%, depending on traffic flow and the ratio of vehicles equipped with the advance warning system.
Toward Human-like Teleoperated Robot Motion: Performance and Perception of a Choreography-inspired Method in Static and Dynamic Tasks for Rapid Pose Selection of Articulated Robots

In some applications, operators may want to create fluid, human-like motion on a remotely-operated robot, for example, a device used for remote telepresence. This paper examines two methods of controlling the pose of a Baxter robot via an Xbox One controller. The first method is a joint- by-joint (JBJ) method in which one joint of each limb is specified in sequence. The second method of control, named Robot Choreography Center (RCC), utilizes choreographic abstractions in order to simultaneously move multiple joints of the limb of the robot in a predictable manner. Thirty-eight users were asked to perform four tasks with each method. Success rate and duration of successfully completed tasks were used to analyze the performances of the participants. Analysis of the preferences of the users found that the joint-by-joint (JBJ) method was considered to be more precise, easier to use, safer, and more articulate, while the choreography-inspired (RCC) method of control was perceived as faster, more fluid, and more expressive. Moreover, performance data found that while both methods of control were over 80% successful for the two static tasks, the RCC method was an average of 11.85% more successful for the two more difficult, dynamic tasks. Future work will leverage this framework to investigate ideas of fluidity, expressivity, and human-likeness in robotic motion through online user studies with larger participant pools.
Do Patients Regret Having Received Systemic Treatment for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Evaluation

BACKGROUND Thousands of patients annually receive treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but little is known about their views on the decision to receive that treatment, or regret. This trial prospectively evaluated the incidence of regret and whether baseline characteristics, patient decision-making parameters, or clinical progress early in the treatment course predicts regret. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients receiving systemic treatment for advanced NSCLC completed every 3-week patient reported outcome (PRO) assessment using the electronic Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (eLCSS-QL), including the 3-Item Global Index (3-IGI; assessing overall distress, activities, and quality of life [QL]). A prespecified secondary aim was to determine the frequency of regret evaluated at 3 months after starting treatment. Patients were randomized to usual care or enhanced care (which included use of the DecisionKEYS decision aid). RESULTS Of 164 patients entered, 160 received treatment and 142 were evaluable for regret. In total, 11.5% of patients and 9% of their supporters expressed regret. Baseline characteristics did not predict regret; regret was rarely expressed by those who had a less than 20% decline or improvement in the 3-IGI PRO score after two treatment cycles. In contrast, when asked if they would make the same decision again, only 1% not having a 20% 3-IGI decline expressed regret, versus 14% with a 3-IGI decline (p = .01). CONCLUSION The majority of patients having regret were identified early using the PRO 3-IGI of the eLCSS-QL measure. Identifying patients at risk for regret allows for interventions, including frank discussions of progress and goals early in the treatment course, which could address regret in patients and their supporters. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This report documents prospectively, for the first time, the incidence of treatment-related regret in patients with advanced lung cancer and outlines that risk of regret is associated with patient-determined worsening health status early in the course of treatment. Identifying patients at risk for regret early in treatment (before the third cycle of treatment) appears to be crucial. Counseling at that time should include a discussion of consideration of treatment change and the reason for this change.
De-Escalation of Local-Regional Therapy for Older Breast Cancer Patients

Over the past decade, prospective clinical trials and retrospective data have changed clinical guidelines for the treatment of older patients, most notably those patients with early, hormone receptor-positive, clinically node-negative breast cancer. Here is a comprehensive review of the literature supporting de-escalation of local-regional therapy in older patients with breast cancer. The de-escalation of treatment in elderly patients includes minimizing surgical interventions and adjuvant radiation therapy. Current Choosing Wisely® guidelines recommend considering the omission of surgical staging of the axilla in patients ≥ 70 with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Primary endocrine therapy may be a suitable option for older patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and short life-expectancy. The long-term results of the CALGB 9343 clinical trial reveal that radiotherapy omission is not associated with a survival benefit in patients ≥ 70 with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive, node-negative breast cancer, who receive 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy. The results of the RAPID trial support that shorter courses of radiation therapy are non-inferior to standard therapy and may be of significant value to older patients who require radiation. In addition, intraoperative radiotherapy may be useful in older patients with mobility issues who have higher-risk tumors and the current TARGIT-E aims to assess IORT in patients ≥ 70 with hormone receptor-positive tumors. Select older patients with breast cancer may benefit from the omission of axillary staging, less aggressive breast surgery, and shorter courses or total omission of radiation therapy. Current studies aim to continue to define the appropriate criteria for which older patients can benefit from de-escalation of local-regional therapy.
Application of Synchronous Condensers for Enhanced Resilience of a Renewable Energy dominated Electric Grid

The extensive integration of renewable sources of energy has caused the number of conventional power plants to go down. This in turn causes a reduction of the system resilience, i.e. the ability of a system to recover from a fault. Synchronous condensers, when included in the grid, contribute to the fault current and provide voltage support thereby enhancing dynamic voltage recovery. This article summarizes the capacity of a synchronous condenser, when connected to the power grid with wind or solar power plants to compensate for reactive power compensation and injection of active power at their point of common coupling. A case, based on a local distribution network, is developed on a 33kV transmission line that feeds into several inductive loads. Simulations are performed in PSIM to display the enhancement of system stability and reduction in power losses while supplying reactive power by activating synchronous condensers to the grid with given practical grid rules.
Anticoagulation in ECMO patients: an overview

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of cardiorespiratory support, and is being increasingly used to support refractory heart and respiratory failure. It involves draining blood from the vascular system, which is then circulated outside the body by a mechanical pump and then later reinfused back into the circulation. The blood that is circulated outside the body comes in contact with a large surface area of non-endothelial biosurface. This exposure leads to a pro-thrombotic state, and hence anticoagulation is required. Unfractionated heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulation in most ECMO centers, but it does require close monitoring. Despite the advances made, hemostasis remains a challenge for physicians who manage patients on ECMO.
Terrorism and Gender in Eye in the Sky and Zero Dark Thirty: Women and Girls on the War Front in Contemporary Cinema

In this chapter, Karen A. Ritzenhoff analyzes the question of modern warfare and “collateral damage”, especially when children are involved, in Eye in the Sky (2015) and Zero Dark Thirty (2012). These two war films both feature a prominent female lead making crucial decisions in the fight against international terrorism. Ritzenhoff argues that new technologies seamlessly used in this global war theatre add to the allure of the warzone action movie. In addition, she explains that these technologies render the hyper-masculinity of earlier war films redundant and that women can now assume a central role of masterminding counter terrorist attacks through the use of cyber-warfare.
Center Volume Impacts Readmissions and Mortality after Congenital Cardiac Surgery.

Objective To characterize the relationship between surgical volume and postoperative outcomes in congenital heart surgery, we used a national cohort to assess the costs, readmissions, and complications in children undergoing cardiac operations. Study design The Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to identify pediatric patients (≤18 years) undergoing congenital cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2017. Hospitals were categorized based on deciles and tertiles of annual caseload with high-volume categorized as the highest tertile of volume. Multivariable regression models adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics were used to study the impact of volume on 30-day nonelective readmission, mortality, home discharge, and resource use. Results Of an estimated 69 448 hospitalizations included for analysis, 56 672 (82%) occurred at high-volume centers. After adjustment for key clinical factors, each decile increase in volume was associated with a 25% relative decrease in the odds of mortality, a 14% decrease in the odds of nonhome discharge, and a 4% relative decrease in the likelihood of 30-day nonelective readmission. After risk adjustment, each incremental increase in volume decile was associated with a one-half-day decrease in the hospital length of stay, but did not alter costs of the index hospitalization. However, after including all readmissions within 30 days of the index discharge, high-volume centers were associated with significantly lower costs compared with low-volume hospitals. Conclusions Increased congenital cardiac surgery volume is associated with improved mortality, reduced duration of hospitalization, 30-day readmissions, and resource use. These findings demonstrate the inverse relationship between hospital volume and resource use and may have implications for the centralization of care for congenital cardiac surgery.
Finding Healthcare Support in Online Communities: An Exploration of the Evolution and Efficacy of Virtual Support Groups

With the advent of social media technologies, debate continues to swirl around the ability of these technologies to either connect or isolate. Healthcare support communities represent an especially vulnerable population who can potentially gain most significantly from the ability to connect via online social support groups. This paper reviews current literature on the efficacy of online social support groups, with a particular interest in 3-D online social virtual worlds. The literature reveals the importance of social support in general; of finding support online in these mediated environments; and the strengths and weaknesses in the current technologies that offer virtual healthcare support groups. Characteristics of social virtual worlds including persistence, anonymity, 24/7 access to individuals globally, and virtual embodiment reveal powerful potential to build support online. For example, individuals with disabilities, chronic illness, or mental illness may not have physical or social resources necessary to get to face-to-face support groups yet the literature also finds that they may find meaningful support in avatar form. Finally, the literature also frequently cites the growing need for a clear understanding of user privacy, informed consent, intellectual property and ethics in research in this arena. As cost and access to healthcare and social support may become more challenging, access to support online is becoming more mainstream with tremendous opportunity, especially for individuals whose lives are limited by chronic illness or disability.
Influence of voltage feed-forward control on small-signal stability of grid-tied inverters

In balanced three-phase systems, source impedance and load admittance matrices in the synchronous rotating (d-q) frame can be used to determine system small-signal stability based on the Generalized Nyquist stability Criterion (GNC). For grid-tied inverters, voltage feed-forward control (VFFC) is widely used due to its fast transient dynamics. Through modeling the d-q frame admittances of three-phase grid-tied inverters with voltage feed-forward control, this paper illustrates instability mechanism and proposes some possible solutions. Simulation and experimental results verify the analysis.
Ground states of molecules: Part XLII. Vibrational frequencies of isotopically-substituted molecules calculated using MINDO/3 force constants

Abstract The MINDO/3 method is used to calculate vibrational frequencies for ethylene, water and methylamine and their isotopic derivatives. The calculated 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, and 18 O vibrational shifts are in good agreement with the observed values, which suggests the method can be applied with confidence to the calculation of equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects in chemical reactions.
Chronic cytomegalovirus infection and inflammation are associated with prevalent frailty in community-dwelling older women.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between asymptomatic chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the frailty syndrome and to assess whether inflammation modifies this association. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Women's Health and Aging Study I & II, Baltimore, Maryland. Participants: Seven hundred twenty-four community-dwelling women aged 70 to 79 with baseline measures of CMV, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and frailty status. Measurements: CMV serology and IL-6 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Frailty status was based on previously validated criteria: unintentional weight loss, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow walking speed, and low level of activity. Frail women had three or more of the five components, prefrail women had one or two components, and women who were not frail had none of the components. Multinomial logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Eighty-seven percent of women were CMV seropositive, an indication of chronic infection. CMV was associated with prevalent frailty, adjusting for age, smoking history, elevated body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure (CMV frail adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.2, P=.03; CMV prefrail AOR=1.5, P=.18). IL-6 interacted with CMV, significantly increasing the magnitude of this association (CMV positive and low IL-6 frail AOR=1.5, P=.53; CMV positive and high IL-6 frail AOR=20.3, P=.007; CMV positive and low IL-6 prefrail AOR=0.9, P=.73; CMV positive and high IL-6 prefrail AOR=5.5, P=.001). Conclusion: Chronic CMV infection is associated with prevalent frailty, a state with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults; inflammation enhances this effect. Further prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship between CMV, inflammation, and frailty.
Growing Fixed With Age: Lay Theories of Malleability Are Target Age-Specific

Beliefs about whether people can change ("lay theories" of malleability) are known to have wide-ranging effects on social motivation, cognition, and judgment. Yet rather than holding an overarching belief that people can or cannot change, perceivers may hold independent beliefs about whether different people are malleable-that is, lay theories may be target-specific. Seven studies demonstrate that lay theories are target-specific with respect to age: Perceivers hold distinct, uncorrelated lay theories of people at different ages, and younger targets are considered to be more malleable than older targets. Both forms of target-specificity are consequential, as target age-specific lay theories predict policy support for learning-based senior services and the rehabilitation of old and young drug users. The implications of target age-specific lay theories for a number of psychological processes, the social psychology of aging, and theoretical frameworks of malleability beliefs are discussed.
Mg isotopic heterogeneity, Al-Mg isochrons, and canonical ^(26)Al/^(27)Al in the early solar system

There is variability in the Mg isotopic composition that is a reflection of the widespread heterogeneity in the isotopic composition of the elements in the solar system at approximately 100 ppm. Measurements on a single calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) gave a good correlation of ^(26)Mg/^(24)Mg with ^(27)Al/^(24)Mg, yielding an isochron corresponding to an initial (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)_o = (5.27 ± 0.18) × 10^(−5) and an initial (^(26)Mg/^(24)Mg)_o = −0.127 ± 0.032‰ relative to the standard. This isochron is parallel to that obtained by Jacobsen et al. (2008), but is distinctively offset. This demonstrates that there are different initial Mg isotopic compositions in different samples with the same ^(26)Al/^(27)Al. No inference about uniformity/heterogeneity of ^(26)Al/^(27)Al on a macro scale can be based on the initial (^(26)Mg/^(24)Mg)_o values. Different values of ^(26)Al/^(27)Al for samples representing the same point in time would prove heterogeneity of ^(26)Al/^(27)Al. The important issue is whether the bulk solar inventory of ^(26)Al/^(27)Al was approximately 5 × 10^(−5) at some point in the early solar system. We discuss ultra refractory phases of solar type oxygen isotope composition with ^(26)Al/^(27)Al from approximately 5 × 10^(−5) to below 0.2 × 10^(−5). We argue that the real issues are: intrinsic heterogeneity in the parent cloud; mechanism and timing for the later production of ^(16)O-poor material; and the relationship to earlier formed ^(16)O-rich material in the disk. ^(26)Al-free refractories can be produced at a later time by late infall, if there is an adequate heat source, or from original heterogeneities in the placental molecular cloud from which the solar system formed.
Effect of soil water content on wild oat (Avena fatua) seed mortality and seedling emergence

Abstract Field experiments were established in fall 1999 and 2000 near Huntley, MT, to determine the effects of soil water content on wild oat seed mortality and seedling emergence. Four supplemental irrigation treatments were implemented from June through September to establish plots with varying soil water content. Wild oat seed mortality during the summer increased linearly as soil water content increased. For seed banks established in 1999 (1999SB), seed mortality increased, on average, from 36 to 55% in 2000, and 15 to 55% in 2001 as soil water content increased from 6 to 24%. For seed banks established in 2000 (2000SB), seed mortality increased, on average, from 38 to 88% in 2001 and 53 to 79% in 2002 as soil water content increased from 6 to 24%. Increasing soil water content likely increased the activity of microorganisms that cause mortality in wild oat seeds. The increasing seed mortality rates (due to increasing soil water content) resulted in greater annual declines of wild oat seed banks and ...
Overview of: “Assessing the Extent and Sources of NCAA Rule Infractions: A National Self‐Report Study of Student‐Athletes”

Research Summary Although the popular and academic media often proclaim that rule violations are widespread in college athletics, research assessing the true prevalence and causes of such infractions is in short supply. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a national survey that asked a random sample of male student-athletes at Division I basketball and football programs about such infractions (n = 648). The results revealed that although six in ten student-athletes did not commit any infractions in the recruitment process, seven in ten respondents reported breaking NCAA rules while in college. Most violations, however, were relatively minor and involved amenities that would enhance the student-athletes’ quality of life (free meals, cash payments less than $20). In contrast, serious violations—such as free cars, substantial financial allocations, and academic fraud—were rare, although they did exist. The multivariate analysis revealed that infractions were higher among student-athletes who were highly recruited; who associated with fellow athletes that transgressed NCAA rules or saw nothing inappropriate about breaking these regulations; who personally embraced values defining rule violations as acceptable; who did not have close relationships with their parents; and, in particular, who had a general propensity to be involved in deviant behavior. In contrast, infractions were statistically unrelated to a variety of factors, including most notably economic deprivation, organizational context, and threats of sanctions. A potentially disquieting finding is that a quarter of the respondents admitted to gambling on sporting events, with a small percentage reporting placing bets on games in which they played and three respondents stating that they had “received money from a gambler for not playing well.” Policy Implications The findings suggest that NCAA infractions have diverse causes and are likely to be an ongoing reality of major college athletics. Such infractions are unlikely to be diminished either by proposals to compensate student-athletes financially or by efforts to punish them more harshly. Instead, a more profitable approach would be to establish programs that (1) intervene with student-athletes at risk for misconduct and (2) that seek to transform “deviant learning environments” that encourage rule infractions by using positive and innovative means to persuade student-athletes that NCAA rules are legitimate and should be followed.
Differences in one's own and one's partner's perceptions of social skills as a function of attachment style

Two studies focused on attachment‐style differences in people's social skills. Study 1 had a sample of 237 students who completed questionnaires assessing their own attachment styles and social skills (based on Riggio's six dimensions of social skill). Study 2, which focused on partner‐reports, used data from 258 couples to determine whether people's perceptions of a partner's social skill would vary based on the partner's self‐reported attachment style. The results revealed attachment‐style differences in various social skills across self‐and partner‐reports; however, these differences were generally less robust for partner‐reports. Differences in self‐reported social skill were consistent with Bartholomew's two‐factor conceptualization of attachment. Dismissive and fearful individuals rated themselves as relatively antisocial and unexpressive, in line with their negative models of others; preoccupied and fearful individuals rated themselves as overly sensitive, in line with their negative models of self...
Magnetic excitations in YBa2Cu3O6+x and Cr

Abstract A brief sketch is given of the inelastic neutron scattering technique with triple axis spectrometers. Then we discuss in some detail the magnetic excitations in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x , Rossat-Mignod's speciality, and those in Cr. These two antiferomagnets are common only in the special aspect of their magnetic interaction, namely, a very steep magnon dispersion slope of nearly 1000 meV. We demonstrate how the scattering technique developed in one field (high T c ) helped in understanding the entirely different type of magnetism in Cr.
Venous thromboembolism in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective. To determine the incidence, time-course, and risk factors associated with the development of thromboembolism (VTE) in a population-based study of women with ovarian cancer. Methods. Using the California Cancer Registry, cases diagnosed with ovarian cancer for a 6-year period were identified. These cases were linked with the California Patient Discharge Data Set to determine the incidence of VTE. Proportional hazards modeling was performed to analyze the strength of specified risk factors to predict development of VTE or death within 2 years. Results. Among 13,031 cases with ovarian cancer, 5.2% were diagnosed with a VTE event within 24 months after diagnosis. The cumulative incidence varied from 1.4% among women with local stage disease to 6.7% among women with advanced disease. The person-time incidence rate of VTE decreased over time, with the highest rate noted during the first 3 months. In a multivariate model, significant risk factors for VTE included advancing age, increasing number of chronic comorbid conditions, more advanced cancer stage, invasive histology, and absence of any major surgery. For all stages of cancer, development of VTE within 2 years was a significant risk factor for decreased survival, and the magnitude of the risk was greatest among the cases diagnosed with localized disease (HR 4.7, 95% CI: 2.3–9.5). Conclusions. VTE occurred in a significant proportion of ovarian cancer patients and adversely impacted survival, particularly among cases with local or regional stage cancer.
A profile of the citizen crime prevention activist

By comparing a sample of Neighborhood Watch leaders with a sample of nonparticipants from the same small town/rural areas in the United States, this study developed a profile of the crime prevention activist. Activists were found more likely than nonactivists to be older, white, married, and higher in socioeconomic status, but there were no differences between the groups in terms of sex ratio and employment status. Activists also tended to have more voluntary association memberships, which bind them to their communities. While they were found not to differ significantly from nonactivists in regard to their experience with, fear of, and individual reaction to crime, they were found more likely to perceive crime as increasing, the source of the crime threat as outside their neighborhoods, and police performance as good. Based on these differences, it was concluded that activists perceived crime more as an abstract potential threat by outsiders than as a reality, and that their deterrence activities did not involve any special motivation that differed from other neighborhood efforts to preserve neighborhood stability and solidarity.
Measurements in the marine boundary layer near a coastal front

Measurements taken from aboard ship and from nearby fixed sites during a March 1985 research cruise near Cape Hatteras document some interesting boundary layer features of the coastal front which have been largely unexplored. The front, although commonly associated with the development of coastal cyclones is nevertheless shallow and often difficult to detect due to the scarcity of routinely available observations offshore. During the particular case described, the coastal front, undetected by routine analyses, divides air masses of quite different character. To the east of the surface wind shift line a warm, statically unstable boundary layer is associated with strong fluxes of latent heat from the sea surface. To the west, however, the boundary layer is cold and stable with negligible air-sea heat exchange. A low-level jet in the frontal zone carries the warm moist air westward toward eastern North Carolina. Subsequent moderate precipitation and cyclone passage may be associated with the frontal boundary.
Hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with impaired nitric oxide synthase activity in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects.

Abstract Objective: In vitro studies suggest that adiponectin plays an important role in nitric oxide (NO) generation. We studied the relationship between plasma adiponectin and skeletal muscle nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. Methods: We determined NOS activity in skeletal muscle of 7 T2DM and 8 nondiabetic control subjects under basal conditions and after a 4-h euglycemic insulin (80 mU/m2 · min) clamp. Results: Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) (5.2 ± 0.4 vs. 9.0 ± 0.9 mg/kg-min, P < 0.01) and basal NOS activity (107 ± 45 vs. 459 ± 100 pmol/min-mg protein, P < 0.05) were reduced in T2DM versus controls. In response to hyperinsulinemia, NOS activity increased approximately two-fold in controls (757 ± 244, P < 0.05 vs basal) but failed to increase in T2DM (105 ± 38, P < 0.01 vs. T2DM). Basal NOS protein content was similar in controls and T2DM and did not change following insulin. Plasma adiponectin was decreased in T2DM (4.5 ± 0.8 vs. 7.0 ± 1.0 μg/mL, P < 0...
Evaluating regional changes on the basis of local expectations: a visualization dilemma

Abstract Effective management of the large-scale environment demands visualization tools working at both large and small scale, displaying abstract processes in the landscape as well as concrete depictions of expected outcomes. Visualizations must be demonstrably accurate and valid, but they must also possess the realism and immediacy to move users to effect changes. This paper advocates a visualization equivalent of ‘think globally, act locally’. Visualization tools must be able to incorporate and represent detailed changes at a local level within the framework of coarse-grained data sets.
A parallel method for fast and practical high-order Newton interpolation

We present parallel algorithms for the computation and evaluation of interpolating polynomials. The algorithms use parallel prefix techniques for the calculation of divided differences in the Newton representation of the interpolating polynomial. Forn+1 given input pairs, the proposed interpolation algorithm requires only 2 [log(n+1)]+2 parallel arithmetic steps and circuit sizeO(n 2), reducing the best known circuit size for parallel interpolation by a factor of logn. The algorithm for the computation of the divided differences is shown to be numerically stable and does not require equidistant points, precomputation, or the fast Fourier transform. We report on numerical experiments comparing this with other serial and parallel algorithms. The experiments indicate that the method can be very useful for very high-order interpolation, which is made possible for special sets of interpolation nodes.
Percutaneous Mitral Repair: Patient Selection, Results, and Future Directions

Percutaneous heart valve therapies are rapidly changing our approach to valvular heart diseases. Currently, mitral valve surgery is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation. However surgery, because of its inherent risks, is not applicable to all patients, particularly for the elderly with comorbidities. Catheter-based mitral repair systems offer a new option to those high-risk patients. The edge-to-edge repair using the MitraClip device (Evalve, Menlo Park, CA), simulating the surgical Alfieri stitch via percutaneous approach proved to be a safe and feasible technique. This article discusses the currently available data for the MitraClip transcatheter mitral repair system.
Protein digestibility of hydrolyzed hog hair meal for pigs

Thirty-six crossbred castrated male and female pigs, initially averaging 76.2 kg, were used in a nitrogen balance study to determine apparent digestible protein, apparent net protein utilization and apparent biological values of hydrolyzed hog hair (HHH) meal for pigs. The HHH meal contained 93.4% crude protein and 22.6 MJ per kg of gross energy. Digestibility of protein was linearly decreased (P < 0.01) as HHH meal was substituted for 25 and 50% of the maize and soya bean meal protein in a basal diet fortified with minerals and vitamins and containing 14% crude protein. There was a trend for apparent net protein utilization values to decrease and apparent biological values to increase as HHH meal was substituted. Assuming linearity, nitrogen utilization values (%) calculated by difference for HHH meal were: apparent digestible protein, 74.7 ± 1.6; apparent net protein utilization, 44.0 ± 3.4; apparent biological value, 57.2 ± 3.7.
High resolution size analysis of nanoparticles and ions

Abstract A Vienna-type Differential Mobility Analyzer of near-optimal length fitted with a sheath air flow laminarizer is run at Reynolds numbers up to 5000, yielding record resolutions for nanoparticles. Full peak widths at half height of 2.7% are found at a mobility diameter below 2 nm (molecular ions of tetraoctyl ammonium). Particles with diameters as small as 1 nm may therefore be classified in this device with resolutions higher than previously attainable with much larger non-diffusing particles.