cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal fluid migration and brine pool formation in the Red Sea: the Atlantis II Deep

Numerical heat and fluid flow simulations of the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea were conducted to investigate the development, migration, and discharge of hydrothermal fluids into a submarine depression and determine the conditions necessary to form a brine pool. High-salinity fluids are predicted to form by leaching Miocene evaporates, migrate and convect within young oceanic crust, and discharge onto the seafloor. Predicted fluid discharge temperatures (T max, 301 °C), discharge fluid velocities (V max, 0.09 m/s), and salinities (S max, 21 wt%) increase over time and reach values comparable to modern seafloor observations. Established convection patterns and discharge behavior are robust and are not greatly affected by geometry of rock property changes. Modeling results were used to calculate the minimum conditions for hydrothermal fluids from a developing hydrothermal system to mix with seawater, reverse buoyancy, and begin to form a brine pool in a submarine depression. Under conditions encountered on the seafloor (T, 25–300 °C; S, 5–25 wt%), fluid mixtures predicted to pond on the seafloor range from late in the mixing process (99 %) at low temperatures (T, 26 °C) to much earlier (36 % mixing) at higher temperatures (T, 94 °C). A model of brine pool evolution is proposed that describes the processes and conditions necessary to initiate brine pool formation and compares formation conditions with accumulated ore material in the Atlantis II Deep and other locations.
Key Features of Insulin Delivery Devices for Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2.0 Booth Survey

This article reports on a survey conducted at four diabetes-related annual conferences in 2017 and 2018 to obtain input from the medical community regarding the most important features of insulin delivery devices to address the unmet needs of people with type 2 diabetes who require basal/bolus insulin therapy. The overall patterns of responses compiled from 742 participating health care providers, each voting for three of eight proposed features of insulin delivery devices, were mostly similar numerically at each conference. The features garnering the top three percentages of votes (n = 2,226) averaged for all four conferences were tube-free patch (14.7%), reduced number of insulin injections (14.7%), and dose capture report (14.2%). Four other features received almost as many votes: flexible dosing (14.0%), patient lifestyle app (13.3%), wireless controller (12.7%), and interconnected glucose monitoring (12.6%). This survey provided valuable information that can aid the development of future insulin delivery devices.
Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease.

Mitochondria are signaling organelles that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and can dictate cell fate. Multiple mechanisms contribute to communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the cell. Recent evidence confers a new role for TCA cycle intermediates, generally thought to be important for biosynthetic purposes, as signaling molecules with functions controlling chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, the hypoxic response, and immunity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the abundance of different TCA cycle metabolites controls cellular function and fate in different contexts. We will focus on how these metabolites mediated signaling can affect physiology and disease. Mitochondrial metabolites contribute to more than biosynthesis, and it is clear that they influence multiple cellular functions in a variety of ways. Here, Martinez-Reyes and Chandel review key metabolites and describe their effects on processes involved in physiology and disease including chromatin dynamics, immunity, and hypoxia.
Sixteen Percent Solar-to-Hydrogen Efficiency Using a Power-Matched Alkaline Electrolyzer and a High Concentrated Solar Cell: Effect of Operating Parameters.

The effect of electrode area, electrolyte concentration, temperature, and light intensity (up to 218 sun) on PV electrolysis of water is studied using a high concentrated triple-junction (3-J) phot...
Effect of Medicaid Expansion on the Crowdfunding Behavior of Transgender Adolescents

While some states in the USA have increased access to medical transition through mandating the services’ inclusion in their Medicaid expansion and tying in policy mandating transition-related care in private insurance plans, other states have chosen not to. Along with other factors, this uneven expansion has encouraged transgender adolescents to turn to crowdfunding to raise money for transition-related care. This ecological descriptive study compared trends in states with a Medicaid expansion that included access to medical transition for transgender adolescents to those that did not, through the lens of crowdfunding practices used to pay for a variety of transition-related healthcare costs. There was a proportionally higher number of transgender people conducting crowdfunding campaigns in states where Medicaid does not mandate access to a standard set of procedures for transgender people under 18 (unmandated state) than states where Medicaid does mandate access to a standard set of procedures for transgender people under 18 (mandated state). In the total sample of 98 cases, 60% (n = 59) were from unmandated states, while 40% (n = 39) were from mandated states. A surprising finding of this study was the prevalence of campaigns from mandated states. While access barriers previously discussed in the literature can account a great deal of the campaigns, an individual’s ability to work healthcare systems to their advantage, termed savvy in this paper, may account for the other cases. Transgender adolescents may need special outreach to educate them about their ability to use Medicaid to pay for transition, and guidance through overcoming access barriers to do so. Healthcare navigators skilled in the needs of transitioning adolescents are a worthy avenue for future policy development and funding.
Removal of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Microcystins from Drinking Water by Electrocoagulation

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and microcystins are some of the well-known chemical contaminants in drinking water in the USA. Despite the availability of filtration technologies like ion-exchange resins, activated-carbon, and high-pressure membrane filters, these contaminants still remain widespread in the environment. In the present study, two innovative aspects of electrocoagulation techniques were tested, (a) cheap and easy-to-operate field-unit instead of hi-tech electrocoagulation and (b) reverse-polarity instead of conventional polarity, and applied to remove PFOA and microcystins from drinking water sources. The method presented here outperformed commercial activated-carbon filtration by nearly 40%. When the efficiency of electrocoagulation was examined in terms of voltage discharge, pH, and reverse-polarity, the results averaged 80% decontamination for individual treatment, while their combined effects produced 100% detoxification in 10–40 minutes, exceeding recently published results. The method shows great economic promise for water and wastewater treatment and chemical recycling.
Scattering Signatures of Normal versus Abnormal Livers with Support Vector Machine Classification.

Abstract Fifty years of research on the nature of backscatter from tissues has resulted in a number of promising diagnostic parameters. We recently introduced two analyses tied directly to the biophysics of ultrasound scattering: the H-scan, based on a matched filter approach to distinguishing scattering transfer functions, and the Burr distribution for quantification of speckle patterns. Together, these analyses can produce at least five parameters that are directly linked to the mathematics of ultrasound in tissue. These have been measured in vivo in 35 rat livers under normal conditions and after exposure to compounds that induce inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis in varying combinations. A classification technique, the support vector machine, is employed to determine clusters of the five parameters that are signatures of the different liver conditions. With the multiparametric measurement approach and determination of clusters, the different types of liver pathology can be discriminated with 94.6% accuracy.
Artificial Intelligence in Government: Potentials, Challenges, and the Future

The rapid advancement of AI technologies – machine learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) and other related technologies – has dramatically expanded the technological capacities of the government and the application of AI technologies in government has been accelerating into more substantial areas of the government functions. Often compared to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, AI technologies are expected to change our society in a fundamental way and this will create the need for the public sector to adapt and coordinate the broader social transformation around the new technology. At this important juncture, this paper explores the significance of AI technologies put on a broader spectrum of frontier technologies that have previously transformed our society and the public sector; examine its unique attributes, potentials, and applications for government services; investigate the landscape of the current use of AI technologies in government and discuss key challenges the new technology will pose to the government and how they may be addressed.
Fleeting Success: The Legacy of Honduras’ International Anti-Corruption Mission

In January 2016, the Honduran government of President Juan Orlando Hernandez signed an agreement with the Organization of American States (OAS) to create an international anti-corruption mission called the Mission in Support of the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras, known as “MACCIH.” During its four-year span, the Mission’s expert investigators worked in integrated teams with investigators and prosecutors from the Public Ministry (equivalent to the Attorney-General’s office) to indict 133 individuals in 15 criminal cases. Indictees included the former first lady, senior government officials, prominent businessmen, labor union representatives, and over two dozen current and former legislators. However, this experiment in international help with the rule of law enjoyed only fleeting success and closed in January 2020 as a result of concerted efforts by Honduran political and economic elites. This report draws conclusions about the legacy and lessons of MACCIH, analyzing the political, juridical, social, and institutional impact of the OAS Mission. The report considers the extent to which MACCIH has contributed to the fight against corruption and impunity. It assesses the Mission according to its mandate, but also seeks to understand its social and political significance for Honduran society. Finally, it analyzes MACCIH as an example of a particular type of tool of national and international decisionmakers – an international body created at the request of a national government to work in close collaboration with authorities and civil society in the realm of rule of law and anti-impunity.
Abstract 16124: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients With Hereditary Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis

Introduction: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with cardiac amyloidosis is controversial, with no clear guidelines for clinical decision-making.. The role of IC...
Decoupling of Mechanical and Transport Properties in Organogels via Solvent Variation

Organogels have recently been considered as materials for transdermal drug delivery media, wherein their transport and mechanical properties are among the most important considerations. Transport through organogels has only recently been investigated and findings highlight an inextricable link between gels’ transport and mechanical properties based upon the formulated polymer concentration. Here, organogels composed of styrenic triblock copolymer and different aliphatic mineral oils, each with a unique dynamic viscosity, are characterized in terms of their quasi-static uniaxial mechanical behavior and the internal diffusion of two unique solute penetrants. Mechanical testing results indicate that variation of mineral oil viscosity does not affect gel mechanical behavior. This likely stems from negligible changes in the interactions between mineral oils and the block copolymer, which leads to consistent crosslinked network structure and chain entanglement (at a fixed polymer concentration). Conversely, results from diffusion experiments highlight that two penetrants—oleic acid (OA) and aggregated aerosol-OT (AOT)—diffuse through gels at a rate inversely proportional to mineral oil viscosity. The inverse dependence is theoretically supported by the hydrodynamic model of solute diffusion through gels. Collectively, our results show that organogel solvent variation can be used as a design parameter to tailor solute transport through gels while maintaining fixed mechanical properties.
COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Discussion on Twitter: Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis.

Background: Vaccination is a cornerstone of the prevention of communicable infectious diseases; however, vaccines have traditionally met with public fear and hesitancy, and COVID-19 vaccines are no exception. Social media use has been demonstrated to play a role in the low acceptance of vaccines. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the topics and sentiments in the public COVID-19 vaccine–related discussion on social media and discern the salient changes in topics and sentiments over time to better understand the public perceptions, concerns, and emotions that may influence the achievement of herd immunity goals. Methods: Tweets were downloaded from a large-scale COVID-19 Twitter chatter data set from March 11, 2020, the day the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, to January 31, 2021. We used R software to clean the tweets and retain tweets that contained the keywords vaccination, vaccinations, vaccine, vaccines, immunization, vaccinate, and vaccinated. The final data set included in the analysis consisted of 1,499,421 unique tweets from 583,499 different users. We used R to perform latent Dirichlet allocation for topic modeling as well as sentiment and emotion analysis using the National Research Council of Canada Emotion Lexicon. Results: Topic modeling of tweets related to COVID-19 vaccines yielded 16 topics, which were grouped into 5 overarching themes. Opinions about vaccination (227,840/1,499,421 tweets, 15.2%) was the most tweeted topic and remained a highly discussed topic during the majority of the period of our examination. Vaccine progress around the world became the most discussed topic around August 11, 2020, when Russia approved the world’s first COVID-19 vaccine. With the advancement of vaccine administration, the topic of instruction on getting vaccines gradually became more salient and became the most discussed topic after the first week of January 2021. Weekly mean sentiment scores showed that despite fluctuations, the sentiment was increasingly positive in general. Emotion analysis further showed that trust was the most predominant emotion, followed by anticipation, fear, sadness, etc. The trust emotion reached its peak on November 9, 2020, when Pfizer announced that its vaccine is 90% effective. Conclusions: Public COVID-19 vaccine–related discussion on Twitter was largely driven by major events about COVID-19 vaccines and mirrored the active news topics in mainstream media. The discussion also demonstrated a global perspective. The increasingly positive sentiment around COVID-19 vaccines and the dominant emotion of trust shown in the social media discussion may imply higher acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines compared with previous vaccines.
Protein Docking in the Absence of Detailed Molecular Structures

The design of new computational procedures to predict molecular complexes is a fast developing area stimulated by the growing demands of researchers working in various fields of molecular biology and looking for more powerful tools for their investigations. The problem for molecular recognition (docking) approaches may be shortly formulated as following: how to match two molecules with known 3D structures in order to predict the configuration of their complex? In the general case, no additional prior knowledge on binding sites is assumed to be available.
Comparison of TRL calibration vs. 2x thru de-embedding methods

In this paper, TRL (Through-Reflect-Multiple Lines) and 2x thru de-embedding schemes of AFR (Automatic Fixture Removal) and SFD (Smart Fixture De-embedding) are compared from various perspectives: calibration fixture design, calibration / de-embedding procedure, and the measurement accuracy. Especially for the accuracy comparison, one of our test boards which support TRL calibration up to 40 GHz was used. In order to derive a valid conclusion, the calibration / de-embedding standards were thoroughly examined and calibration stability and de-embedding accuracy were tested. The comparison showed excellent correlation in IL, RL, NEXT and FEXT over the full frequency range of measurement, while the 2x thru de-embedding method significantly simplifies the de-embedding procedures.
Fishing lore: The construction of the “sportsman”

Abstract An ethnographic study of fishing in the Central San Joaquin Valley provides the pretext for a semiotic analysis of the “sportsman”. The relationship between social status and fishing styles defied cultural expectation in the study setting. Those ranked highest by socioeconomic measures approach fishing from a “naturalistic” point of view, while those at the bottom apply product-driven, mechanistic methods. The array of fishing equipment, techniques, and locations embodied a surface/depth opposition inherent in the sport itself. The separation of fish from fisherman provided the environment for a sign relationship between the material world of the fisherman and the fish. At the level of fishing practices, the primary opposition between surface and depth is reformulated so that what appears natural is in fact cultural and vise versa. The force of this sign relationship engenders the myth of the “sportsman” whose methods are seen to be “natural”, and, thus, preferred while those of other fishermen are commercial and profane.
Evidence for Chlorine Migration during Oxidation of 2-Chlorobiphenyl by a Type II Methanotroph

Axenic methanotrophic culture strain CSC1, which was derived from a mixed-culture aquifer sample, oxidized 2-chlorobiphenyl to a hydroxylated chlorobiphenyl intermediate identified as 2-hydroxy-3-chlorobiphenyl. Minor amounts of another hydroxylated chlorobiphenyl isomer, assumed to be the nonmigrated product 3-hydroxy-2-chlorobiphenyl, were found in axenic culture incubation extracts. The occurrence of chlorine migration during oxidation indicates that the metabolite is formed via a concerted oxidation mechanism involving an arene oxide, which rearranges spontaneously to the hydroxylated intermediate via an NIH shift mechanism.
Practising Public Scholarship: Experiences and Possibilities Beyond the Academy

Book review of Practising Public Scholarship: Experiences and Possibilities Beyond the Academy by Katharyne Mitchell (ed.)
On the sequential track correlation algorithm in a multisensor data fusion system

In this paper, sequential track correlation algorithm in a multisensor data fusion system is presented. It is well known that the state estimates obtained from a Kalman filter have correlated errors in time. While the innovations are white, this does not carry over to the state estimation errors. It should also be pointed out that the use of a sliding window for track-to-track association with the (appropriate) caveat that the distribution of the sum of chi-square variables over the window is only approximately chi-square distributed.
Factors Influencing Demand for a Producer-Owned Beef Retail Outlet

As the farm-to-retail price spread continues to grow, some cattle producers are beginning to consider integrating into the retail sector. Such a venture would require large investments in capital with uncertain return. This study seeks to determine the potential success of a stand-alone retail outlet selling “all natural” beef in an affluent area of Jackson, MS. Using choice-based conjoint analysis, demand for the new retail outlet is modeled as a function of the beef price at the store, distance of the store from consumers' homes, distance of the store from consumers' typical grocery store, and price of beef at substitute grocery stores. Simulation results suggest the proposed outlet could be a profitable venture, depending upon location and beef price.
Pulmonary Embolism Detection with Three-dimensional Ultrashort Echo Time MR Imaging: Experimental Study in Canines

In a canine model, free-breathing three-dimensional radial ultrashort echo time imaging of the lungs yields both higher accuracy for pulmonary embolism detection and significantly better image quality for small vessels and lung parenchyma than does breath-hold three-dimensional MR angiography.
Temporal Subspace Clustering for Human Motion Segmentation

Subspace clustering is an effective technique for segmenting data drawn from multiple subspaces. However, for time series data (e.g., human motion), exploiting temporal information is still a challenging problem. We propose a novel temporal subspace clustering (TSC) approach in this paper. We improve the subspace clustering technique from two aspects. First, a temporal Laplacian regularization is designed, which encodes the sequential relationships in time series data. Second, to obtain expressive codings, we learn a non-negative dictionary from data. An efficient optimization algorithm is presented to jointly learn the representation codings and dictionary. After constructing an affinity graph using the codings, multiple temporal segments can be grouped via spectral clustering. Experimental results on three action and gesture datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. In particular, TSC significantly improves the clustering accuracy, compared to the state-of-the-art subspace clustering methods.
Hepatitis C in Dialysis Patients

Patients on hemodialysis have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection compared with the general population. Several factors have been associated with an increased risk of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients, including number of blood transfusions, duration of hemodialysis, previous transplantation, intravenous drug abuse, male gender, and in-center hemodialysis. In addition, there is mounting evidence to suggest nosocomial transmission within hemodialysis units. Although the precise modes of transmission have not been identified, breakdown in standard infection control practices, physical proximity to an infected patient, and sharing of dialysis machines are possible causes. Nonetheless, at the present time, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend dedicated machines, patient isolation, or a ban on re-use in hemodialysis patients with HCV infection. Consequently, strict adherence to universal precautions and careful attention to hygiene are recommended to reduce the transmission of HCV in dialysis units.
Renal Organic Cation and Anion Transport: From Physiology to Genes

Transporter-mediated organic solute flux across the renal proximal tubule epithelium is an essential process for the elimination of metabolic waste products and xenobiotics. During chronic kidney disease or renal failure clearance of these compounds is reduced or lost and many elevate to toxic levels, triggering new pathologies. The solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family of transporters represents one pathway mediating the active renal secretion of such organic solutes and evidence is growing that dysfunction of these transporters may be a key factor in the initiation and/or progression of some disease states. Recent insights to SLC22 transporter function and chronic kidney disease, uremia, diabetes, creatinine clearance and blood pressure are discussed.
Deconvolving optical sensor image distortion using Hermite functions

Optical systems associated with imaging sensors and instruments typically distort the 'true' or object image, I(x), in a manner usually characterized by their point spread function (PSF). Determining I(x) from the measured image data, M(z), using the convolutional relation with the PSF is called deconvolution. This paper proposes what appears to be a new deconvolution technique by taking advantage of a remarkable coincidence. It is that for most optical systems of interest here the PSF is Gaussian, which is a zeroth order Hermite function. By expressing I(x) in an orthogonal representation using Hermite functions, which are to be distinguished from Hermite polynomials, the convolution integral can be evaluated exactly in analytical form, perhaps for the first time for the general case. This, in turn, leads to simple, precise linear relations between the coefficients of the Hermite representation of I(x) and that of M(x); while avoiding the common problem of division of noisy data by small quantities. The coefficients in those linear equations have precise values obtained from the nature of Hermite function interrelations rather than measured data. These values of I(x) may be more useful than M(x) as the initial iterate in the iteration techniques commonly used for deconvolution.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MESA 3-D calculations of armor penetration by projectiles with combined obliquity and yaw

Abstract We introduce and briefly describe MESA, a new 3-D Eulerian hydrodynamic code, developed specifically for simulations of armor and anti-armor systems. The code's current capabilities and its planned model improvements and additions are discussed. MESA models hydrodynamic flow and the dynamic deformation of solid materials. It uses simple elastic-perfectly plastic material strength models as well as models with thermal softening and strain and strainrate hardening. Future versions will incorporate advanced fracture models. It treats detonations in explosives using a programmed burn. The code's current capabilities are illustrated with simulations of experiments on yawed rods obliquely impacting armor plates at 1.29 km/s. With nominal elastic-perfectly plastic strength parameters MESA predicts well the experiment measurements of rod length, velocity deflection, and emergent yaw rates but underpredicts exit rod velocities. An artificial simulation of fracture indicates that fracture modeling would further improve agreement with experiment. The utility of MESA to treat hypervelocity impacts is demonstrated with simulations of a rod obliquely impacting a thin plate at 5 km/s. At this much higher impact velocity, hole sizes are much larger and material strength plays a minor role in hole size and rod deformation.
Atomistic Modeling of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Energy Storage Systems: Electrolyte Structuring

The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) forms as a result of side reactions between the electrolyte and electrode surfaces in Li-ion batteries and can adversely impact performance by impeding Li-ion ...
Many-body interactions in photo-excited lead iodide perovskite

Lead halide perovskite is emerging as a promising semiconductor material for thin film solar cells. Despite a large number of recent photophysical studies, the nature of photo-excitation in lead halide perovskite remains a subject of debate. Here we use transient absorption spectroscopy to re-examine lead halide perovskite thin films that have been reported to give very high solar cell efficiencies. We focus on many-body interactions that are manifested in (1) the transient Stark effect exerted by hot carriers on subsequent e–h pair generation; and (2) the Auger recombination due to three-body carrier–carrier interactions. These observations establish the dominance of free carriers from above band-gap excitation in lead halide perovskite. We also suggest the effective dynamic screening of charge carriers, likely due to orientational freedom of methylammonium cations in the perovskite lattice, and the presence of negligible charge carrier trapping in lead halide perovskite thin films grown in the presence of chloride precursors.
Color constancy in the nearly natural image. I. Asymmetric matches

Most empirical work on color constancy is based on simple laboratory models of natural viewing conditions. These typically consist of spots seen against uniform backgrounds or computer simulations of flat surfaces seen under spatially uniform illumination. We report measurements made under more natural viewing conditions. The experiments were conducted in a room where the illumination was under computer control. Observers used a projection colorimeter to set asymmetric color matches across a spatial illumination gradient. Observers' matches can be described by either of two simple models. One model posits gain control in one-specific pathways. This diagonal model may be linked to ideas about the action of early visual mechanisms. The other model posits that the observer estimates and corrects for changes in illumination but does so imperfectly. This equivalent illuminant model provides a link between human performance and computational models of color constancy.
Wide-band tracheids in leaves of genera in Aizoaceae: the systematic occurrence of a novel cell type and its implications for the monophyly of the subfamily Ruschioideae

Stem and leaf anatomical characters of succulent plants in families of the order Caryophyllales were examined to determine phylogenetic and evolutionary trends within these families. Wide-band tracheids, novel tracheids having wide secondary walls hypothesized to prevent cell collapse under water stress, were found in three families–Aizoaceae, Cactaceae, and Portulacaceae. Wide-band tracheids are hypothesized to be a unique adaptation to severe drought conditions prevalent in the areas of origin for these families. Species of 89 genera of Aizoaceae were examined for the occurrence of these tracheids. If present, wide-band tracheids occurred only in leaves. Of the five subfamilies examined, these tracheids were found only in the subfamily Ruschioideae, but not in the putative basal genera of the ruschioids. The presence of wide-band tracheids is an apomorphic character for genera of Ruschioideae with the exception of the basal genera, and also suggests that further characters are needed to understand the alliance of the Apatesia and Cleretum groups with other ruschioid groups.
Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes

Abstract Four experiments explored readers' mental models of described scenes. Environments were described from one of two perspectives, an internal perspective of an observer within the scene, surrounded by objects, or an external perspective of an observer outside the scence, with objects in front. Subjects read narratives describing a scene and were probed for locations of objects. In the general case, reaction times to identify objects were fastest for the head/feet (above/below) axis, then the front/back (front/behind) axis, and then the left/right axis, conforming to the spatial framework analysis which reflects people's conceptions of space based on typical interactions in space. For the internal spatial framework, readers were faster to questions of front than back, reflecting the perceptual and biological asymmetries that favor an observer's front. For the external spatial framework, all objects were in front of the observer and readers were equally fast to questions of front and behind. The difference between internal and external spatial framework reflects the different perceptual experience of observers in the two perspectives. The two variants of the spatial framework allowed us to infer readers' spatial perspective for narratives with unspecified perspectives.
Computer program classification

Costello: Much has been written about the information explosion and the problem of locating the latest and most meaningful information on a given subject. This panel will concentrate on an important subproblem in this field, namely, the classification schemes necessary to aid in the location of algorithms and/or programs that will perform a particular task on a particular machine.
Analyzing consumers' preferences towards GM food in southern Spain

In Europe, since the 1990s, food safety crises have heightened public concerns about and distrust towards the agro-food sector, making consumers wary of genetically modified (GM) foods. The application of gene technology to agricultural production has become a highly controversial scientific, political and social issue due to the uncertainty about the potential risks and benefits from GM food consumption. In this regard, public views influence consumers' demands and hence determine the future of this technology's development. Biotechnology proponents attribute the current consumer resistance to GM foods to the lack of tangible benefits for the consumers with higher functional properties. Thus, this paper estimates consumers' preferences regarding GM foods by simulating a market for GM functional cornflakes in southern Spain using the conjoint analysis method. Additionally, market segmentation was performed using a cluster analysis and the consumers' profile differences for each segment were identified. Th...
EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE DENSITY OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

It was established that by gamma irradiation of growing KCl crystals, a product was formed with an appreciably lower density than the reported value for melt crystals (1.984). The average density of the irradiated crystals was approximately 1.80 and not affected by dose or by whether the solution was stirred during irradiation. Similar controlled crystallizations without irradiation yield crystals with densities around 1.92. It was concluded that rapid diffusion-controlled crystallization will produce low-density KCl crystals containing appreciable voids filled with mother liquor. Irradiation is assumed to increase the rate of crystallization and/or lead to conditions favoring diffusion or mass-transfer control of the growth process. This results in higher void volumes and lower density crystals. (M.C.G.)
The Body in Sung Performance

: [commentary, Music and Sound, Music and Sound Interest Group, Zulu, gospel music, HIV, AIDS, South Africa, Southern Africa, jazz, North America, performance and festivals]
Delatisine, a novel diterpenoid alkaloid from Delphinium elatum L.

Abstract Chemical investigation of the seeds of Delphinium elatum L. resulted in the isolation of a new diterpenoid alkaloid delatisine whose structure (1) was established by 1H COSY, long range COSY, HETCOR, 2D nOe, fixed evolution HETCOR and selective INEPT nmr studies. The structure of the alkaloid was confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure determination.
Cloning of complementary DNA for GAP-43, a neuronal growth-related protein

GAP-43 is one of a small subset of cellular proteins selectively transported by a neuron to its terminals. Its enrichment in growth cones and its increased levels in developing or regenerating neurons suggest that it has an important role in neurite growth. A complementary DNA (cDNA) that encodes rat GAP-43 has been isolated to study its structural characteristics and regulation. The predicted molecular size is 24 kilodaltons, although its migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gels is anomalously retarded. Expression of GAP-43 is limited to the nervous system, where its levels are highest during periods of neurite outgrowth. Nerve growth factor or adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate induction of neurites from PC12 cells is accompanied by increased GAP-43 expression. GAP-43 RNA is easily detectable, although at diminished levels, in the adult rat nervous system. This regulation of GAP-43 is concordant with a role in growth-related processes of the neuron, processes that may continue in the mature animal.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF PNEUMONIC SPUTA

1. The average specific polysaccharide content of rusty or bloody sputa in Type III was 91 times greater than the average for Types I, II, VII, and VIII pneumonia. 2. Those Type III sputums which were classified as reticulated contained an average S concentration of 1,360 mg. per cent or 170 times more than the amount found in other types. 3. Those Type III sputa which were classified as non-reticulated contained an average S concentration of 45 mg. per cent or 5.5 times more than the amount found in other types. 4. The amount of specific polysaccharide in the sputa of patients with Type III pneumonia furnishes an index to the severity of the disease and an aid in prognosis.
Surgical repair of recurrent hiatal hernia

The surgical management results of recurrent hiatal hernia repair are unknown in the laparoscopic era. The experience of the senior authors (CJF) and (SKM) is reported herein. From 1993 to 2004, 52 patients underwent re-operative hiatal hernia surgery at our center. Preoperative symptoms were heartburn, chest pain, dysphagia, regurgitation and pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients had preoperative evaluation by upper endoscopy, pH-monitoring, esophagogram and manometry to assess the mechanism of failure. Pre- and postoperative symptoms were assessed utilizing a standardized questionnaire. Patients underwent laparoscopic repair (n=18), open laparotomy (n=6) and transthoracic surgery (n=28). Ninety-five percent follow-up was achieved with a mean follow-up of 34 months. Thirty-seven percent of patients encountered para-operative complications one of them died due to respiratory insufficiency. Five patients experienced a re-recurrent hernia. The symptom resolution was 65% for dysphagia, 68% for heartburn, 95% for chest pain and 79% for regurgitation. The overall patient satisfaction was 6.94 on a scale of 1-10. There was no significant difference in patient outcome when comparing the operative approaches or disease process. Surgical repair of recurrent hiatal hernias is safe and effective. Laparoscopic surgery is an appropriate alternative approach for recurrent hiatal hernia repair in selected patients.
‘Deny Yourself and Take up Your Cross’: John Calvin on the Christian Life

John Calvin's vision of the Christian life is guided by the fundamental insight that what distorts our lives more than anything else is our blind self-love. This self-love is the reason why we love to hear things that flatter us, and hate to hear things that truly reveal who we are. Our self-love also provides the driving engine behind our pride, ambition and arrogance, whereby we seek the meaning of our lives in power, wealth and honor, so that we may despise those we consider to be inferior to us. If we are to be transformed more and more into the image and likeness of God, so that we may at the end be united with God in eternal life, we must eradicate this blind self-love from our hearts. Although there is much in Calvin's vision of the Christian life that may strike us as odd or even as alien, it is hard to disagree with his insight that blind self-love is the primary reason our lives do not express the image and likeness of God.
Bonded dissimilar materials containing cracks parallel to the interface

Abstract The paper considers the plane problem of two bonded semi-infinite elastic media with different thermomechanical properties. One of the half planes contains a crack lying parallel to, and at an arbitrary distance from, the interface. The system of integral equations for the general problem is obtained. The equations are solved for three combinations of adjoining materials for the case of symmetric and anti-symmetric uniform tractions acting on the crack surfaces. The stress intensity factors and the angles for the maximum cleavage stress at the crack tip are obtained and presented as functions of crack-to-interface distance to half-crack length ratio.
Cross-covariance analysis of heat flow and seismic delay times for the earth

Abstract A correlation between heat flow,Q, and seismic delay time,Δt, is demonstrated by cross-covariance analysis. For worldwide data, an empirical relationshipQ(10−6cal/cm2 sec) = 0.69 Δt (sec) + 1.67 is proposed. Auto-covariance analyses ofQ andΔt show that the distribution of data forΔt is more biased than that ofQ.
An analysis of modularity in aspect oriented design

We present an analysis of modularity in aspect oriented design using the theory of modular design developed by Baldwin and Clark [10]. We use the three major elements of that theory, namely: i) Design Structure Matrix (DSM), an analysis and modeling tool; ii) Modular Operators, units of variations for design evolution; and iii) Net Options Value (NOV), a quantitative approach to evaluate design. We study the design evolution of a Web Services application where we observe the effects of applying aspect oriented modularization.Based on our analysis we get to the following three main conclusions. First, on the structural part, it is possible to apply the DSM to aspect oriented modularizations in a straightforward manner, i.e. without modifications to DSMs basic model. This shows that aspects can, in fact, be treated as modules of design. Second, the evolution of a design into including aspect modules uses the modular operators proposed by Baldwin and Clark, with a variant of the Inversion operator. This variant captures taking redundant, scattered information hidden in modules and moving it down or keeping it at the same level in the design hierarchy. Third, when calculating and comparing NOVs of the different designs of our application, we obtained higher NOV for the design with aspects than for the design without aspects. This shows that, under this theory of modularity, certain aspect oriented modularizations can add value to the design.
Target lifetimes in natural resource management

The relative degree of success of any intelligence gathering mission is a function of a number of limiting factors. Sensor design (resolution and sensitivity), platform stability, image interpreter skills, and the certainty about where to look both in the target area and in the resultant data are critical. These factors are either under the control of or are a part of the observer. Equally critical is the absolute time available to gain a position of vantage and to collect the emitted or reflected electromagnetic radiation associated with the target of interest. This is in part a function of how long the target is in a position to be observed. Target lifetime is that period of time during which data about a target may be collected. It is the time during which a target may be observed without statistically significant changes occurring in its character or location. In military intelligence, priority targets include such categories as weapon systems, troop numbers and strengths, staging areas, transportation systems, and obstacles to movement. In collecting data about natural resources, some interest in similar subjects is shared but others are added because the interest is in very complex ecosystems composed of a large number of targets. Some natural resource target lifetimes are identical to targets of military interest. Others are significantly different and range from those extremely brief, such as the few seconds required for a fire to ignite, up to 6000 years for the position of a Bristlecone pine tree. A critical evaluation of natural resource target attributes reveals both strong similarities and great differences between military targets of interest and those important in resource management. It appears that intelligence gathering efforts in natural resource management can build upon knowledge and principles about target lifetimes from military sources. However, mission planners must determine and consider the various lifetimes of targets unique in the area of natural resource management when planning airborne reconnaissance operations.
Ground impingement noise of supersonic jets from nozzles with various exit geometries

Aerodynamc and acoustic measurements of single and twin free and impinging jets were made for circular convergent and CD nozzles, rectangular CD nozzles, and D-shaped convergent nozzles. Measured shock cell lengths and screech tone frequencies compare well with existing theory. Noise due to jet impingement correlates on the basis of the nozzle-to-ground distance relative to the free jet shock structure, with the highest sound pressure levels generally due to jet impingement tones. All nozzle types experienced near-field OASPL of 160 dB at some nozzle-to-ground distances, including the CD nozzles operating at their design pressure. The effect of the second jet was to sometimes increase levels due to twin jet resonance and at other times reduce levels due either to suppression of the screech/impingement feedback process or more simply by acoustic interference of the noise produced by the two jets.
SEQUEL 2: a unified approach to data definition, manipulation, and control

SEQUEL 2 is a relational data language that provides a consistent, English keyword-oriented set of facilities for query, data definition, data manipulation, and datac ontrol. SEQUEL 2 may be used either as a stand-alone interface for nonspecialists in data processing or as a data sublanguage embedded in a host programming language for use by application programmers and data base administrators. This paper describes SEQUEL 2 and the means by which it is coupled to a host language.
Ploidy of Hybrid Grass Carp X Bighead Carp Determined by Flow Cytometry

Abstract Flow cytometry was used to identify polyploid fish by means of measuring deoxyribonucleic-acid fluorescence in erythrocytes. One polyploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and one polyploid bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys (=Aristichthys) nobilis were identified among 38 fish of each species. Ten hybrids identified as diploids on the basis of morphology were confirmed to be diploid. All hybrids identified as polyploid morphologically were indeed polyploid, but two of these were tetraploid rather than triploid. Received May 14, 1982 Accepted February 15, 1983
Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Subsaharan Africa: An Econometric Investigation:

A four equation - growth rate, defense burden, skilled labor rate, and investment rate - simultaneous model is used to investigate whether increased defense burden increases or decreases economic g...
Calibration of automatic network analysers

Network analysers are very complex instruments so it is important to define terms such as calibration to avoid confusion. The two dictionary definitions of calibration that can be applied to network analysers are 'to mark (a gauge) with a scale of readings' [1], and 'to correlate the readings of (an instrument, etc.) with a standard to find the calibre of' [1]. Unfortunately neither of these expressions defines the term calibration as it is applied to network analysers, instead they relate better to verification which is the process where the network analyser's measurements are compared with those performed in a higher level laboratory.
Cumulative sum (cusum) control schemes

Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) quality control schemes are becoming widely used i n industry because they are powerful, versatile, and easy to use. They cumulate recent process data to quickly detect out-of-control situations. They also serve as a powerful diagnostic tool. There are now more than 10,000 CUSUM control schemes in use daily in Du Pont. This paper describes design and implementation procedures for CUSUM control schemes with emphasison properties that are recorded as counts. The paper will describe recent developments which make CUSUM procedures more useful and more powerful. The recent developments described are: Fast Initial Response (FIR) CUSUM which gives extra sensitivity to out-of-control situations at start up or after a(possiblyin effective)control action. A Combined She whart-CUSUM which combines the key features of CUSUM schemes and She whart Schemes by adding She whart Control Limits to a CUSUM scheme. ROBUST CUSUM schemes which are no tunduly influenced by a few outliers or fliers occurrin...