cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovations in Technology: Social Media and Mobile Technology in the Care of Adolescents with Asthma

This literature review analyzed technological interventions in the adolescent asthmatic population. A PubMed search was performed with terms of asthma, adolescents, social media, Internet, website, mobile phone, text messaging, SMS, Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and Technology during a 2.5-year period and identified 64 abstracts. Three studies fulfilled the criteria for adolescent intervention using Internet-based sites but did not provide evidence for effectiveness. Two studies focused on mobile technology. One study included text message reminders for controller medication use in asthma patients. Perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of use of text messages were high, but there was no improvement in asthma control. The literature search did not find any studies exploring the use of smartphone applications or social media services. Current studies of technology use in adolescents with asthma do not provide consistent evidence of effectiveness. The positive attitude toward use of social media or mobile technology opens the possibility for future studies to further explore the potential benefits of such interventions.
Effects of A23187 in cultures containing only rat Schwann cells and sensory neurons.

Serum from approximately 40% of patients with the acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) selectively destroys myelin and myelin-related Schwann cells in cultures containing only rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. To determine if the effects of GBS serum on myelin and myelin-related Schwann cells could be mediated through elevations in the intracellular concentration of calcium ions, we compared the effects of cytotoxic serum to A23187, a divalent cation ionophore. Both myelin- and nonmyelin-related Schwann cells were killed along with neurons in the presence of A23187 and extracellular calcium ions. Myelin sheaths also underwent vesicular disruption. The ultrastructural appearance of myelin and myelin-related Schwann cell lysis caused by A23187 were essentially identical to damage produced by GBS serum. These observations suggest that GBS serum factors might damage myelin and myelin-related Schwann cells in culture by an increase in myelin-related Schwann cell permeability to extracellular calcium ions. In contrast, A23187 causes necrosis of Schwann cells and neurons as well as myelin lysis by a nonselective increase in membrane permeability to extracellular calcium ions.
Phase I study of mitomycin C and menadione in advanced solid tumors

A phase I study of mitomycin C with menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, a vitamin K analogue which lowers intracellular pools of reduced glutathione) was designed as an approach to overcoming tumor cell resistance to alkylating agent chemotherapy. Patients with refractory solid tumors (n=51) were treated with a 48-h continuous intravenous infusion of menadione followed by a bolus intravenous dose of mitomycin C at the completion of the menadione infusion. Initial menadione doses of 8.0 and 4.0 g/m2 over 48 h were associated with hemolysis, so subsequent dose levels of menadione ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 g/m2 with mitomycin C from 5 to 20 mg/m2. All three patients treated with menadione at 8.0 g/m2 and the single patient treated at 4.0 g/m2 with mitomycin C at 5 mg/m2 developed clinically significant hemolysis despite the presence of red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Subsequently, a revised escalation scheme for menadione was used, and all patients tolerated menadione doses of 1–2.5 g/m2 over 48 h with mitomycin C doses up to 20 mg/m2. Since the 3.0 g/m2 dose of menadione was associated with mild hemolysis in three of four patients, the maximum tolerated dose of menadione was established at 2.5 g/m2. All of the mitomycin dose levels were tolerated without unexpected toxicities attributable to the combination. Prolonged infusions of menadione at doses which have been associated with lowering of intracellular glutathione pools in short-term exposure are limited by dose-dependent hemolysis, probably due to depletion of erythrocyte glutathione by menadione-related redox cycling. There was no detectable deleterious effect of pre-exposure to menadione on mitomycin C tolerance. We recommend a combination of menadione at 2.5 g/m2 as a continuous intravenous infusion and mitomycin C at 15 mg/m2 for further study in solid tumors for which treatment with single-agent mitomycin C is appropriate.
The Conserved Asparagine and Arginine Are Essential for Catalysis of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase

Abstract Mammalian adenylyl cyclases have two homologous cytoplasmic domains (C1 and C2), and both domains are required for the high enzymatic activity. Mutational and genetic analyses of type I and soluble adenylyl cyclases suggest that the C2 domain is catalytically active and the C1 domain is not; the role of the C1 domain is to promote the catalytic activity of the C2 domain. Two amino acid residues, Asn-1025 and Arg-1029 of type II adenylyl cyclase, are conserved among the C2 domains, but not among the C1 domains, of adenylyl cyclases with 12 putative transmembrane helices. Mutations at each amino acid residue alone result in a 30–100-fold reduction in K cat of adenylyl cyclase. However, the same mutations do not affect theK m for ATP, the half-maximal concentration (EC50) for the C2 domain of type II adenylyl cyclase to associate with the C1 domain of type I adenylyl cyclase and achieve maximal enzyme activity, or the EC50for forskolin to maximally activate enzyme activity with or without Gsα. This indicates that the mutations at these two residues do not cause gross structural alteration. Thus, these two conserved amino acid residues appear to be crucial for catalysis, and their absence from the C1 domains may account for its lack of catalytic activity. Mutations at both amino acid residues together result in a 3,000-fold reduction in K cat of adenylyl cyclase, suggesting that these two residues have additive effects in catalysis. A second site suppressor of the Asn-1025 to Ser mutant protein has been isolated. This suppressor has 17-fold higher activity than the mutant and has a Pro-1015 to Ser mutation.
Calibration and Statistical Inference

Abstract This article presents an elementary statistical model from which inferences in the form of probability statements are drawn. These are compared with the inferences derived from the corresponding classical and Bayesian models of the same phenomenon. The example concerns a measuring device, and the problem of calibration is discussed. The method of analysis extends to a wide range of common statistical applications, notably those described by multivariate and linear regression models.
Site names and their meanings in the Garden of Solitary Enjoyment

Abstract For many centuries Chinese landscape enthusiasts have given poetic names to rock formations, streams, waterfalls, mountain peaks, and caves.1 Even today a visitor to China is impressed by the labels, written on plaques, stelae, or rock faces, without which no scenic spot is complete (figure 1).2 In Chinese gardens also, inscriptions identifying sites or views are ubiquitous (figure 2). Although it probably is as ancient as the art of gardening itself, the custom of naming sites in gardens acquired unprecedented importance in the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127). During this period gardening flourished as never before in China among men known as shidaifu—scholar-officials who staffed the Chinese empire's civil service bureaucracy. As their poems, essays, and miscellaneous writings make clear, these men attached great significance to the names given to the structures and scenic highlights in their gardens. The essay that follows discusses the practice of selecting site names reflected in these writ...
Differences between the intracellular polypeptides of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus

MEASLES virus is thought to be responsible for the rare childhood disease subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)1–4, which is a slowly progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system occurring several years after an acute episode of measles. The physical and serological characteristics of SSPE virions isolated following cocultivation of infected brain cells bears a striking similarity to conventional measles virus1,2. Some SSPE strains, however, have been found to differ from measles virus in biological properties and RNA homologies5–10. There is also a report comparing the polypeptides of measles and SSPE virions in which an aberrant migration of the M polypeptide was noted11. Unfortunately, no polypeptide profiles were presented and better documentation of the finding has not been published. Several theories have been advanced to explain the mechanism by which measles virus can persist and produce SSPE. These include an abnormal host immune response to a measles virus infection, a second viral agent acting in coinfection with a measles-like virus, and a mutation of the parental measles virus12,13. In order to gain further insight into the nature of SSPE, we have compared the intracellular polypeptides of five SSPE isolates with those of measles virus.
Investigation of Interligand Electron Transfer in Polypyridyl Complexes of Os(II) Using Femtosecond Polarization Anisotropy Methods: Examination of Os(bpy)32+ and Os(bpy)2(mab)2+

Femtosecond pump−probe polarization anisotropy measurements are used to investigate the interligand electron transfer (ILET) dynamics in two polypyridyl Os(II) complexes following photoexcitation to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state. The two complexes studied are Os(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) and a mixed-ligand analogue, Os(bpy)2(mab)2+, where mab is a mono-amide functionalized bipyridine ligand. In acetonitrile, the bpy → bpy ILET time is 8.7 ps in Os(bpy)32+ and the bpy → mab ILET is 1.5 ps in Os(bpy)2(mab)2+. A solvent dependence study reveals that the ligand−ligand electron-transfer time (in both complexes) scales with the reorganization time of the solvent, suggesting that ILET in these complexes occurs in the adiabatic limit. An analysis of the anisotropy amplitudes for the excited-state absorption in Os(bpy)32+ may provide evidence for the formation of a delocalized (or partially delocalized) excited state produced by optical excitation.
Role of endocytic inhibitory drugs on internalization of amyloidogenic light chains by cardiac fibroblasts.

Amyloidosis is a disease of protein misfolding that ultimately impairs organ function. Previously, we demonstrated that amyloidogenic light chains (κ1, λ6, and λ3 subtypes), internalized by cardiac fibroblasts, enhanced sulfation of secreted glycosaminoglycans. In this study, we investigated the inter-nalization and cellular trafficking of urinary immunoglobulin light chains into cardiac fibroblasts. We demonstrate that these light chains have the ability to form annular rings in solution. Internalization was assessed by incubating cells in the presence of light chain conjugated to Oregon Green 488 followed by monitoring with live cell confocal imaging. The rate of light chain internalization was reduced by treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin but not filipin. Amyloid light chain did co-localize with dextran-Texas Red. Once internalized, the light chains were detected in lysosomes and then secreted into the extracellular medium. The light chain detected in the cell lysate and medium possessed a lower hydrophobic species. Nocodazole, a microtubule inhibitor, did not disperse aggregates. In addition, internalization and retention of the light chain proteins was altered in the presence of the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. These results indicate that the cell internalizes light chain by a fluid phase endocytosis, which is then modified and ultimately compro-mises the cell.
Rumination, fear, and cortisol: An in vivo study of interpersonal transgressions.

The authors sought to examine whether rumination about psychologically painful, though nontraumatic, interpersonal transgressions is associated with increased salivary cortisol. They measured salivary cortisol, rumination about a transgression, fear and anger regarding the transgressor, perceived painfulness of the transgression, and positive and negative mood in 115 undergraduates who had experienced an interpersonal transgression during the previous 7 days. They obtained measurements on as many as 5 occasions separated by approximately 14 days each. On occasions when participants reported that they had been ruminating to a degree that was greater than was typical for them, they had higher levels of salivary cortisol than was typical for them. The rumination- cortisol association appeared to be mediated by fear of the transgressor. Rumination about even moderately painful but nontraumatic life events and associated emotions are related to biological changes that may subserve social goals such as avoiding social threats. Items from the rumination scale are appended.
An experimental study of the population and evolutionary dynamics of Vibrio cholerae O1 and the bacteriophage JSF4

Studies of Vibrio cholerae in the environment and infected patients suggest that the waning of cholera outbreaks is associated with rise in the density of lytic bacteriophage. In accordance with mathematical models, there are seemingly realistic conditions where phage predation could be responsible for declines in the incidence of cholera. Here, we present the results of experiments with the El Tor strain of V. cholerae (N16961) and a naturally occurring lytic phage (JSF4), exploring the validity of the main premise of this model: that phage predation limits the density of V. cholerae populations. At one level, the results of our experiments are inconsistent with this hypothesis. JSF4-resistant V. cholerae evolve within a short time following their confrontation with these viruses and their populations become limited by resources rather than phage predation. At a larger scale, however, the results of our experiments are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that bacteriophage modulate outbreaks of cholera. We postulate that the resistant bacteria that evolved play an insignificant role in the ecology or pathogenicity of V. cholerae. Relative to the phage-sensitive cells from whence they are derived, the evolved JSF4-resistant V. cholerae have fitness costs and other characters that are likely to impair their ability to compete with the sensitive cells in their natural habitat and may be avirulent in human hosts. The results of this in vitro study make predictions that can be tested in natural populations of V. cholerae and cholera-infected patients.
The distribution of viral blips observed in HIV-1 infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy frequently have the level of HIV-1 RNA detectable in plasma driven below the lower limit of detection of current assays, 50 copies ml−1. Patients may continue to exhibit viral loads (VLs) below the assay limit for years, yet on some occasions the VL may be above the limit of detection. Whether these ‘blips’ in VL are simply assay errors or are indicative of intermittent episodes of increased viral replication is of great clinical concern. By analyzing the occurrence of viral blips in 123 treated HIV-infected patients, we show that patients do not share a common probability distribution of blip amplitude and thus reject the hypothesis that blips are solely due to assay variation.
Adapting application execution in CMPs using helper threads

In parallel to the changes in both the architecture domain-the move toward chip multiprocessors (CMPs)-and the application domain-the move toward increasingly data-intensive workloads-issues such as performance, energy efficiency and CPU availability are becoming increasingly critical. The CPU availability can change dynamically due to several reasons such as thermal overload, increase in transient errors, or operating system scheduling. An important question in this context is how to adapt, in a CMP, the execution of a given application to CPU availability change at runtime. Our paper studies this problem, targeting the energy-delay product (EDP) as the main metric to optimize. We first discuss that, in adapting the application execution to the varying CPU availability, one needs to consider the number of CPUs to use, the number of application threads to accommodate and the voltage/frequency levels to employ (if the CMP has this capability). We then propose to use helper threads to adapt the application execution to CPU availability change in general with the goal of minimizing the EDP. The helper thread runs parallel to the application execution threads and tries to determine the ideal number of CPUs, threads and voltage/frequency levels to employ at any given point in execution. We illustrate this idea using four applications (Fast Fourier Transform, MultiGrid, LU decomposition and Conjugate Gradient) under different execution scenarios. The results collected through our experiments are very promising and indicate that significant EDP reductions are possible using helper threads. For example, we achieved up to 66.3%, 83.3%, 91.2%, and 94.2% savings in EDP when adjusting all the parameters properly in applications FFT, MG, LU, and CG, respectively. We also discuss how our approach can be extended to address multi-programmed workloads.
A composite thin vacuum window for the CLAS photon tagger at Jefferson lab

The construction of a thin vacuum window, currently in use on the CLAS photon tagging system at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, is described. A layer of woven Kevlar cloth supports a much thinner membrane of aluminized Mylar. Notable features of this particular window include its overall length (9.6 m), and the fact that the entire load is supported by the epoxy seal with no mechanical clamping around the edges. Results from a diverse program of materials testing, including a clear dependence of leak rate on relative humidity, are also reported.
Non-Connective Linear Cartograms for Mapping Traffic Conditions

Cartograms have the advantage of bringing a greater visual impact to map readers. Geographic locations or spatial relationships of objects are intentionally modified to suit the attributes pertaining to objects. In area cartograms, it is the size of the object that is intentionally modified, while in linear cartograms it is the length or direction that is intentionally modified. Traffic conditions in urban transportation networks are very dynamic phenomenon as they change through time. During highly congested hours, travel speeds are low, and travel times are long, and vice versa. In previous studies, traffic conditions were visualized by color and width of road segments. In this paper, non-connective linear cartograms are introduced as a way to represent traffic conditions. Non-connective linear cartograms are linear cartograms that do not show the connectivity between line segments. Lengths of road segments are modified to represent a specific theme in traffic conditions. When the length of road segments represents the congestion level, longer segments indicate higher congestion levels, meaning near road maximum capacity. When the length of the segments represents the travel speed, longer segments indicate higher travel speed and, therefore, shorter travel time. When the length of the segments represents the travel time, longer segments indicate longer travel time, and therefore lower travel speed. In the non-connective linear cartograms, lengths of line segments are not limited to the physical length of represented road segments. The flexibility of adjusting it makes length of line segment a visual variable just like color and width of line segment. All three visual variables work together to create dramatic visual effects and attract greater attention from readers.
Results of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and the effect of chemotherapy.

Background. Radical cystectomy continues to be one of the primary modalities of treatment for locally advanced bladder cancer. However, long-term survival after cystectomy has improved only marginally in the last decade, and still, nearly half of the patients die from the disease within 5 years. Adjuvant treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy have been used, but a clear advantage has not been demonstrated. Methods. The authors reviewed 130 patients who underwent radical cystectomy by the same surgeon as treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Morbidity, postoperative mortality, overall survival time, and accuracy of clinical staging as well as the effect of perioperative chemotherapy were evaluated. Results. The overall actuarial survival rate at 2, 5, and 10 years was 80%, 53%, and 45%, respectively. The survival rate based on T-classification at 5 years was 82%, 65%, and 28% for less than pT2, pT2, and greater than pT2, respectively. Regional lymph node status had a significant effect on survival. The 5-year survival rate for all patients with negative nodes was 65%, whereas patients with positive nodes had a 18% 5-year survival rate. The overall clinical staging error was 61.5%, with 41.5% of the cancers understaged. Of the patients with cTis, 60% were found to be of greater extent than pT1 tumors. No apparent survival advantage was noted for those patients who received perioperative chemotherapy when compared with patients who were followed conservatively or received chemotherapy upon relapse. These results, however, are not conclusive because this was an observation study and the number of patients was limited. Conclusions. Only a modest improvement in survival time after radical cystectomy has been observed in the last decade, despite the use of adjuvant treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy. The pathologic (pT) classification is the most accurate prognostic indicator. Clinical errors in classification are common and impair the evaluation of neoadjuvant treatments. A high incidence of invasive tumors of greater extent than pT1 was found among patients with clinical cTis; this supports an aggressive approach when these patients do not respond promptly to intravesical chemotherapy. Prospective randomized studies are needed to evaluate objectively the benefit of perioperative adjuvant treatment in locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Proximity voting in the 2010 U.S. House elections

Utilizing data that allows for the placement of both of the candidates running and voters on the same ideological scale, I model proximity voting in the 2010 House elections. I demonstrate that though the literature predominantly emphasizes partisanship and incumbency, relative distance from the candidates also plays a significant role in the voting decision. Additionally, I show that these proximity effects are conditional upon the type of candidate running and the individual's partisan attachment. In total, these results show that while the rates of partisan voting and incumbent victory are high in House elections, voters do consider ideological proximity and can punish candidates who take positions that are too far out of line.
Interlaminar crack problems of a laminated anisotropic medium

Abstract The interlaminar crack problems of a fiber-reinforced composite laminate under a state of generalized plane deformation are studied within the theory of anisotropic elasticity. The crack is considered to be embedded within a matrix interlaminar region of the laminate. Based on the Fourier integral transform technique and the stiffness matrix formulation, the current mixed boundary value problem is reduced to solving a system of Cauchy-type singular integral equations of the first kind. Within the context of linear fracture mechanics, the stress intensity factors are then defined in terms of the solutions of the corresponding integral equations. Numerical results are obtained for in-plane normal (mode I), in-plane shear (mode II), and anti-plane shear (mode III) crack surface loadings. Under each loading, the effects of layer fiber orientation and crack location on both the major and coupling stress intensity factors are illustrated.
Pouting sublinguals: enlarged salivary glands in myxoedema

Enlarged salivary glands are common in patients with hypothyroidism but this finding is not widely appreciated. Although chronic painless enlargement of the salivary glands was reported in papers published 50-60 years ago, mainly in German, it is not mentioned in current textbooks on the thyroid. Along with the parotids, the submandibular and especially the sublingual glands may be quite enlarged, and the enlargement can be a useful clue to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. The gland enlargement regresses at least partly after thyroid replacement therapy.
Selective Destruction of Nitric Oxide Synthase Neurons with Quisqualate Reduces Damage after Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Neonatal Rat

ABSTRACT: The vulnerability of the developing CNS to hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) differs from that of the mature brain and is due in part to release of nitric oxide (NO) from parenchymal neurons. If NO is important in the generation of excitotoxic injury after H-I in the developing CNS, then selective destruction of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) cells before H-I should lessen the injury seen after the insult. Using low dose quisqualic acid (QA) injected into neonatal (postnatal d 7) parietal cortex, the nNOS neurons were eliminated while sparing other neuronal and glial populations as ascertained by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, nNOS immunocytochemistry, and Nissl counterstain. Animals subjected to focal ischemia followed by global hypoxia 24 h after the intracortical injection of QA had more viable cortex remaining than vehicle-injected animals (83.4 ± 4.3% versus 62.7 ± 8.3%) and lower injury severity represented by less neuronal loss and gliosis. Intracortical injections of QA without H-I resulted in minimal cell loss at the injection site with elimination of nNOS neurons throughout the parietal cortex. Microglial and astrocytic proliferation was seen in areas damaged by H-I 3 wk after injury and clearly marked infarcted areas. Prevention or elimination of NO production from nNOS cells can prevent much of the delayed neuronal necrosis seen after H-I in the developing CNS.
Hydrogen distribution in high stability a-Si:H prepared by the hot wire technique

One of the biggest problems for the widespread use of a-Si:H based solar cells is the so-called Staebler-Wronski effect (SWE). In this work the microstructures of 2--3 hydrogen at.% hot-wire CVD a-Si:H films were characterized by {sup 1}H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Significant differences were found between the hydrogen distribution in these samples and that in conventional plasma-enhanced CVD samples. Among other things, the broad resonance line in the hot-wire a-Si:H is 50 kHz wide, which is much broader than that observed 25--35 kHz in PECVD a-Si:H films. Moreover, a 0.5 kHz resonance absorption hole width due to intrinsic dipolar interactions is obtained using the hole-burning technique. Surprisingly, approximately 90% of the hydrogen atoms give rise to the 50 kHz line and only a very small percentage of the hydrogen atoms give rise to the much narrower resonance line.
Workers' Compensation “Reforms,” Choice of Medical Care Provider, and Reported Workplace Injuries

In the 1990s, many states passed workers' compensation laws to control cost growth. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we determine the impact of these laws on the frequency of reported workplace injuries. In response to restrictions that make it more difficult to file claims, reported days-away-from-work injuries decline, accounting for between 7.0% and 9.4% of the dramatic fall in their frequency in 1991–1997. At the same time, these filing disincentives appear to account for 6.8% of the increase in cases with only restricted work activity, although the evidence is weaker for these injuries. Restricting workers' choice of medical care provider did not appear to reduce the frequency of cases in any nonfatal injury category.
Computer-aided methods for redesigning the stabilized pitch control system of a semi-active terminal homing missile

Abstract An unstable pitch control system of a terminal homing missile was formerly stabilized using a high order stabilization filter that was realized using active elements. A new dominant-data matching method is presented to redesign the high-order stabilization filter for obtaining reduced-order filters. As a result, the implementation cost is reduced and the reliability increased. An algebraic method is also applied to improve the performance of the redesigned pitch control system. In addition, the proposed dominant-data matching method can be applied to determine a reduced-order model of a high-order system. Unlike most existing model reduction methods, the reduced-order model has the exact assigned frequency-domain specifications of the original system. Computer-aided design methods can also be applied to design general control systems.
Transient Performance of Induction Motors

IT has been the usual practice to solve induction-motor transient problems either on the basis of the familiar steadystate equivalent circuit or by calculations which require simplifying assumptions. These methods neglect important factors determining the performance. This paper shows the necessity of considering for many practical problems the electrical and mechanical transient phenomena simultaneously.
Infiltrator angioplasty balloon catheter : A device for combined angioplasty and intramural site-specific treatment

Objectives: We describe a new angioplasty device (Infiltrator Angioplasty Balloon Catheter; IABC) with intramural drug delivery capability. The conventional balloon part of the device, when inflated, dilates the vessel or has three rows of longitudinally mounted infiltrator nipples to penetrate the tunica media. Through an independent infiltrator port and nipples, drugs can be infiltrated directly into the vessel wall. Methods The device was tested in 117 normal coronary arteries of 58 farm pigs. Results (1) The infiltration procedure does not damage the vessel angiographically or histologically. At the infiltration site, the endothelial layer and the internal elastic lamina has a controlled interruption, and the infiltrated fluid is distributed among the medial layers, causing a mild focal edema and medial thickening (1.8 times on average). (2) Rhodamine tracer is circularly and evenly distributed through the whole width of the vessel wall within 10 min after infiltration. (3) Two weeks after the infiltration procedure, the medial layer reveals mild local thickening and remodeling without luminal narrowing. (4) Of the intramurally infiltrated Tcm99-labeled surfurcolloid, 83.8% is detectable at 5 min after the delivery procedure by gamma camera. (5) The IABC, if oversized, is able to achieve angiographic dilatation in normal pig coronary arteries, causing histologic damage similar to or less than that induced by conventional balloon dilatation. Conclusions The IABC can deliver fluid-phase substances directly into the vessel wall with microliter accuracy and with 90% efficiency without significant acute and subacute damage to the vessel wall. It is also suitable for combined dilatation and local drug delivery. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 41:333–341, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Physiology of Accommodation in the Eye of the Bird

Abstract This paper, from the Physiological Laboratory of Stanford University, reviews previous discussions of this subject, gives an account of the parts concerned in accommodation, and reaches the conclusion that in birds this is accomplished by movement of the refracting media along the axis of vision, rather than by changing the curvature of the surfaces. In this it resembles focussing with the camera, rather than focussing with the human eye.
Density functional theory studies of acetylene hydrogenation on clean, vinylidene- and ethylidyne-covered Pt(111) surfaces

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for acetylene hydrogenation on clean, vinylidene CCH 2 -covered (0.25 ML) and ethylidyne CCH 3 -covered (0.25 ML) Pt(1 1 1) surfaces were performed to probe the reaction mechanism and evaluate energetic changes due to high hydrocarbon coverage. A comparison between the reaction energetics on the clean and pre-covered surfaces shows that high coverage trends are similar for vinylidene and ethylidyne species: surface hydrocarbon species and hydrogen are destabilized by up to 150 and 30 kJ/mol, respectively. Unsaturated, multiply-bonded species are destabilized more than species forming fewer bonds with the surface. Activation energies are not affected, unless the spatial formation of a transition state is hindered or a reactant is significantly distorted. In these cases, activation barriers can be different by up to 50 kJ/mol and the relative significance of parallel steps may change. For example, CH 2 CH 2 formation is hindered at high coverage and the relative propensity of CHCH 2 for forming either CH 2 CH 2 or CHCH 3 is reversed. The calculations confirm that vinylidene CCH 2 and ethylidyne CCH 3 are spectator species in the overall reactions of ethylene and ethane formation. However, at the evaluated surface coverage of 0.25 ML, these spectator species may undergo hydrogen disproportionation with other hydrocarbon fragments, serving as a hydrogen reservoir and providing lower-energy pathways. As a result, the predicted energetics for acetylene hydrogenation at high coverage are affected by not only the extent of destabilization of active species and their transition states, but also by the relative stability of spectator species and their possible participation in disproportionation reactions.
Implementing a Standardized Home Chemotherapy Spill Kit: A Nurse-Led Interprofessional Approach to Best Practice

Chemotherapy administration in the home setting poses risks to patients, caregivers, and the environment, particularly in the event of spills. Although the response to chemotherapy spills in the hospital setting is vigorous and includes standard disposal practices for contaminated items, the management of spills in the home setting may vary. A standardized method for managing chemotherapy spills at home that includes education and distribution of spill cleanup materials is imperative to reduce these risks.
Interactive design of urban spaces using geometrical and behavioral modeling

The main contribution of our work is in closing the loop between behavioral and geometrical modeling of cities. Editing of urban design variables is performed intuitively and visually using a graphical user interface. Any design variable can be constrained or changed. The design process uses an iterative dynamical system for reaching equilibrium: a state where the demands of behavioral modeling match those of geometrical modeling. 3D models are generated in a few seconds and conform to plausible urban behavior and urban geometry. Our framework includes an interactive agent-based behavioral modeling system as well as adaptive geometry generation algorithms. We demonstrate interactive and incremental design and editing for synthetic urban spaces spanning over 200 square kilometers.
Thermodynamic measurements of Fe-Rh alloys.

FeRh undergoes an unusual antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic (AFM-FM) transition just above room temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{AFM}g\mathrm{FM}}$) that can be tuned or even completely suppressed with small changes in composition. The underlying temperature-dependent entropy difference between the competing AFM and FM states that drives this transition is measured by specific heat as a function of temperature from 2 to 380 K on two nearly equiatomic epitaxial Fe-Rh films, one with a ferromagnetic ground state (Fe-rich) and the other with an antiferromagnetic ground state (Rh-rich). The FM state shows an excess heat capacity near 100 K associated with magnetic excitations that are not present in the AFM state. The integrated entropy and enthalpy differences between the two alloys up to ${T}_{\mathrm{AFM}g\mathrm{FM}}$ agree with the previously measured entropy of the transition ($\ensuremath{\Delta}S=17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{K}$) and yield a $T=0$ energy difference of $3.4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{g}$, consistent with literature calculations and experimental data; this agreement supports the use of the Fe-rich FM sample as a proxy for the (unstable) FM state of the AFM Rh-rich sample. From the low-temperature specific heat, along with sound velocity and photoemission measurements, the lattice contribution to the difference ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{S}_{\mathrm{latt}}=\ensuremath{-}33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{K}$) and electronic contribution ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{S}_{\mathrm{el}}=8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{K}$) to the difference in entropy are calculated, from which the excess heat capacity in the FM phase and the resulting entropy difference are shown to be dominated by magnetic fluctuations ($\ensuremath{\Delta}{S}_{\mathrm{mag}}=43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{K}$). The excess magnetic heat capacity is dominated by the magnetic heat capacity of the FM phase, which can be fit to a Schottky-like anomaly with an energy splitting of $16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$ and a multiplicity of 1 per unit cell.
Diagnostic Fusion for Time-Triggered Automotive Networks

Modern vehicles with semi-autonomous (driver-assistance systems) and autonomous capabilities require sophisticated on-board and off-board diagnostics for safe operation, and to reduce unnecessary component replacements at the service garage. We present a diagnostic approach that strategically fuses different sources of instrumentation available in a time-triggered automotive network (Flex Ray) for vehicle control, and learns patterns or signatures of different faults. These patterns ease the classification of faults during runtime or in the service garage. We evaluate our approach through fault-injection experiments on an automotive test bench, and demonstrate that by fusing different sources of instrumentation we can diagnose protocol-level and physical faults with over 98% accuracy. We also show that our approach is applicable across different network topologies.
Error Sensitivity of Fluorodeoxyglucose Method for Measurement of Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Glucose

The fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) method for the measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (LCMRGlc) employs typical values of the FDG transport rate constants that have been obtained by kinetic measurements on an appropriate control group. Discrepancies between the true values of the rate constants in tissue and the typical values used in the operational equation of the FDG method will introduce error in the estimate of LCMRGlc. Computer simulations were used to evaluate the accuracy of the FDG method in cases where (1) the tissue LCMRGlc deviates greatly from the normal values (e.g., stroke) or (2) the tissue LCMRGlc changes during the experiment (e.g., epileptic seizure). The effects of the magnitude and duration of metabolic changes were studied. The rsults indicate that if tissue LCMRGlc differs greatly from the normal value, the error in the estimated LCMRGlc at a scan time of 60 min is less than 20% of the difference between the true and normal values. In the non-steady-state cases, the es...
Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration in Acute Renal Failure

This extensive review describes the settings for continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and attempts to compare it to traditional dialysis therapies for acute renal failure. In addition hemodynamic stability, membrane biocompatibility, nutrition, fluid and solute removal, operational characteristics, anticoagulation, replacement so­ lutions, drug removal, complications, and trouble shooting during CAVH are all discussed in detail. The cost of CAVH v dialysis is equal. CAVH is probably the renal replacement therapy of choice for hemodynamically unstable patients with acute renal failure and contraindications to peritoneal dialysis.
Critical exponent of percolation conductivity by finite-size scaling

Calculates the critical exponent of percolation conductivity t for two- and three-dimensional networks by using a finite-size scaling technique. In two dimensions the authors obtain t=1.264+or-0.054, in excellent agreement with the recent transfer-matrix calculation of Derrida and Vannimenus (t=1.28+or-0.03, 1982). In three dimensions the finite-size scaling technique yields t=1.87+or-0.04, in very good agreement with the available experimental data as well as the series expansion estimate of Fisch and Harris (t=1.95+or-0.03, 1977). The results lend support to the recent conjecture of Alexander and Orbach (1982) that relates t to the correlation length exponent v and the percolation probability exponent beta .
Enhanced Biosynthesis of Coagulation Factor VIII through Diminished Engagement of the Unfolded Protein Response

Human and porcine coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) display a biosynthetic efficiency differential that is being exploited for the development of new protein and gene transfer-based therapies for hemophilia A. The cellular and/or molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon have yet to be uncovered, although it has been temporally localized to post-translational biosynthetic steps. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular adaptation to structurally distinct (e.g. misfolded) or excess protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to be induced by heterologous expression of recombinant human fVIII. Therefore, it is plausible that the biosynthetic differential between human and porcine fVIII results from differential UPR activation. In the current study, UPR induction was examined in the context of ongoing fVIII expression. UPR activation was greater during human fVIII expression when compared with porcine fVIII expression as determined by ER response element (ERSE)-luciferase reporter activity, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing, and immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) up-regulation. Immunofluorescence microscopy of fVIII expressing cells revealed that human fVIII was notably absent in the Golgi apparatus, confirming that endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport is rate-limiting. In contrast, a significant proportion of porcine fVIII was localized to the Golgi indicating efficient transit through the secretory pathway. Overexpression of BiP, an integral UPR protein, reduced the secretion of human fVIII by 50%, but had no effect on porcine fVIII biosynthesis. In contrast, expression of BiP shRNA increased human fVIII expression levels. The current data support the model of differential engagement of UPR by human and porcine fVIII as a non-traditional mechanism for regulation of gene product biosynthesis.
Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, vibrational assignment and normal coordinate analysis of methyltrifluoromethyldiselenide and bis(trifluoromethyl)diselenide

Abstract The IR and Raman (3500-35 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid methyltrifluoromethyldiselenide, CH 3 SeSeCF 3 , and bis (trifluoromethyl)diselenide, (CF 3 ) 2 Se 2 , have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the neat liquids have been obtained and qualitative depolarization values have been measured. These data are interpreted, for both molecules, on the basis that the CSeSeC dihedral angle is approximately 90° and only a single conformer is present in all three physical states for both molecules. Vibrational assignments are proposed which nare supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing modified valence force fields to obtain the frequencies for the normal modes and potential energy distributions. The SeSe skeletal torsions for methyltrifluoromethyldiselenide and bis (trifluoromethyl)diselenide have been observed at 69.5 and 49.5 cm −1 , respectively, in both the Raman and far-IR spectra of the gas. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some related molecules.
John Corigliano's "Symphony No. 1" as a Communicative Medium for the AIDS Crisis.

This study examines the communicative potential of music void of lyrical content. Specifically, John Corigliano's Grammy award winning “Symphony No. 1” is analyzed to explicate its communicative value for the AIDS crisis. This essay contends that music void of lyrical content can serve as, or contribute to, an argument by functioning as a form of enthymeme. Based on this study, musical works can communicate nondiscursively as enthymemes when they are associated with a previously articulated premise, when they serve to embellish that message with emotional expression, and when they are delivered to a sympathetic audience.
A note on the time series which is the product of two stationary time series

Abstract The time series […, x -1 y -1 , x 0 y 0 , x 1 y 1 ,…]> which is the product of two stationary time series x t and y t is studied. Such sequences arise in the study of nonlinear time series, censored time series, amplitude modulated time series, time series with random parameters, and time series with missing observations. The mean and autocovariance function of the product sequence are derived.
Anisotropy in fracture behavior of thin A1 7075-T651 plates

Abstract The objective of this study was to relate, if possible, the anisotropy in fracture resistance with the anisotropy in elastic properties of thin (6.38 mm) plates of aluminum alloy 7075-T651. Fracture resistances, as characterized by fracture toughness KQ associated with the plane-stress condition, were measured in L-T, L + 30, L + 60 and T-L orientations. These tests revealed a significant anisotropy in KQ values with the KQ in the T-L orientation being 20.6% smaller than KQ in the L-T orientation. Tension tests revealed anisotropy in the elastic properties (elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio) too, with the Poisson ratio in the longitudinal direction being 2.68% larger than in the transverse direction. The Strain-Energy-Density (SED) and the Maximum-Tangential-Stress (MTS) criteria were used to correlate the anisotropy in elastic properties with fracture resistance. Calculations, based on the SED and MTS criteria, showed that the anisotropy in elastic properties was inadequate to explain the large anisotropy in KQ values.
A Method for Viewing the Germinal Vesicle in Oocytes of Commercial Catfishes

Abstract Position of the germinal vesicle is a key indicator of stage of oocyte maturation, and thus it is a valuable assessment tool in studies of the reproductive biology of fishes. The germinal vesicle of untreated oocytes of commercially reared catfish species cannot be seen because oocytes of these species are opaque. However, submerging them in a bath of Serra's fixative (ethanol, formalin, and glacial acetic acid mixed 6:3:1 by volume) effectively cleared oocytes of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris collected during the spawning season and readily permitted viewing of the germinal vesicle. The time to clear oocytes that were 3.0 mm or more in diameter ranged from 16 to 30 min (mean, 24 min). Oocytes usually became opaque several minutes after they were cleared, but there was ample time to determine positions of germinal vesicles within the oocytes. Oocytes can be extracted, sealed in a vial for at least 2 h, and then cleared in t...