cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual pattern perception: a multidimensional analysis of development of children's reading skills.

Summary.-This study was designed to assess the extent to which there are visual pattern processing deficits which are relared to differential reading skill of young children. Discrimination problems were constructed using visual patterns with features known to be processed differentially by the central nervous system based upon neurophysiological data. Analysis of variance and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze the discrimination latencies of kindergarten rhrough third grade children (12 per grade) who were classified either as good or poor readers. The results show that there are no patternspecific effects which discriminate good from poor readers. Rather, good readers process all patterns more efficiently than do poor readers, and efficiency improves with age for all readers studied. This suggests that the locus of the reading deficit occurs at levels in the nervous system beyond where pattern-feature processing occurs. A convergence of research concerned with the neurophysiology of pattern vision, the psychophysics of pattern vision, and how people learn to read is possible through studying the nature of "What is processed" when reading occurs. This convergence becomes apparent primarily because more sophisticated models of the reading process have been developed. The research reported herein was not designed to test in a critical way the predictions of any one such model. However, the model proposed by LaBerge and Samuels (1974) serves to illustrate the point well. All information-processing models must make assumptions about the nature of the stimulus information which is analyzed as a basis for translating information from the page into meaningful higher order units. In the case of LaBerge and Samuels' model, at the elementary level of learning graphemic codes it is assumed that spatial information is analyzed by specialized feature detectors which are sensitive co elemental components of printed matter. Their model is concerned with much more, including the process by which pattern features are organized into higher order units. The point of emphasis here, however, is that their basic assumption is well founded in research data from both the neurophysiological and psychophysical literacure. From the neurophysiology of pattern vision of infrahuman subjects, the existence of populations of specialized pattern-feature analyzers is well escablished. Starting with the pioneering work of Hartline (1938) through the early pattern vision work of Lettvin, Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts ( 1959)
Phylogenetic evidence for tertiary interactions in 16S-like ribosomal RNA

Major efforts are underway to elucidate the spatial distribution of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) in the ribosome. An especially informative approach is the identification of likely base-base tertiary interactions within the RNA by phylogenetic comparison. Herein evidence is presented for three heretofore unrecognized candidate tertiary interactions, G506/C525, C779/G803 and A994/U1380 (1) in 16S-like rRNAs. This brings to eight the number of such interactions that are strongly supported by phylogenetic evidence. The three newly identified interactions further define the folding within domains II and III of 16S-like rRNA. No interactions have yet been found that would serve to orient the domains relative to one another.
A Reduced-Form Approach to Behavioral Public Finance

Research in behavioral public finance has blossomed in recent years, producing diverse empirical and theoretical insights. This article develops a single framework with which to understand these advances. Rather than drawing out the consequences of specific psychological assumptions, the framework takes a reduced-form approach to behavioral modeling. It emphasizes the difference between decision and experienced utility that underlies most behavioral models. We use this framework to examine the behavioral implications for canonical public finance problems involving the provision of social insurance, commodity taxation, and correcting externalities. We show how deeper principles undergird much work in this area and that many insights are not specific to a single psychological assumption.
Assessing the severity of keratitis sicca with videokeratoscopic indices.

Abstract Purpose To determine the correlation between the regularity indices of the Tomey TMS-2N computerized videokeratoscopy (CVK) instrument (Tomey, Waltham, MA) with conventional measures of dry eye symptoms and disease. Design A retrospective, clinic-based, case-control study. Participants A total of 16 eyes of 16 asymptomatic normal subjects and 74 eyes of 74 patients with reports of ocular irritation. Methods Corneal surface regularity and potential visual acuity indices of the Tomey TMS-2N CVK instrument were evaluated in patients with ocular irritation symptoms and in normal subjects. Main outcome measures The surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI), potential visual acuity index (PVA), and irregular astigmatism index (IAI) of the Tomey TMS-2N were compared between normal and dry-eye patients. Severity of dry-eye symptoms was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Schirmer 1 test (without anesthesia), biomicroscopic meibomian gland evaluation with a composite severity score (MGD score), fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. The correlations between CVK indices of the Tomey TMS-2N and the symptom severity score, Schirmer 1 test, MGD score, TBUT, and corneal fluorescein staining score were studied. Results Dry-eye patients had greater mean symptom severity scores, lower Schirmer 1 test scores, greater MGD scores, more rapid TBUT, and greater total corneal fluorescein staining scores ( P P = 0.0017), 0.30 ± 0.15 (normal) versus 0.90 ± 1.09 (dry) for the SAI ( P = 0.0321), and 0.42 ± 0.28 (normal) versus 0.56 ± 0.24 (dry) for the IAI ( P = 0.0321). The PVA index was significantly lower in the dry-eye patients (0.89 ± 0.13) than normal eyes (0.68 ± 0.23; P = 0.0008). The SRI, SAI, and IAI were positively correlated with total and central corneal fluorescein staining scores ( P P = 0.012) compared with younger patients, whereas no age effect was noted in the dry-eye patients. The SRI and PVA index showed better correlation with symptoms of blurred vision than the best-corrected visual acuity. Conclusions Patients with ocular irritation have an irregular corneal surface that may contribute to their irritation and visual symptoms. Because of their high sensitivity and specificity, the regularity indices of the Tomey TMS-2N have the potential to be used as objective diagnostic indices for dry eye, as well as a means to evaluate the severity of this disease.
Effects of Parental Divorce and Memories of Family Problems on Relationships between Adult Children and their Parents

We examined adult child-parent relations by childhood family structure and memories of family problems. Relative to those who grew up in two-parent families, adult children of divorce perceive both relationships with mothers and fathers to be of lower quality, although the magnitude of effects is generally two or three times greater for fathers. We find these effects to be significant for positive features of father-child relations, whereby adult children of divorce report feeling significantly less loved and less listened to by their fathers. While in most cases part of the effect of parental divorce on relationship quality can be explained by memories of parental marital conflict or other family problems, there is one exception. Even controlling for memories of family problems, we find adult children of divorce have significantly less contact with their parents than adults from two-parent families. We also examine data about parental surrogates.
Signal recovery from random projections

Can we recover a signal f ∈R N from a small number of linear measurements? A series of recent papers developed a collection of results showing that it is surprisingly possible to reconstruct certain types of signals accurately from limited measurements. In a nutshell, suppose that f is compressible in the sense that it is well-approximated by a linear combination of M vectors taken from a known basis Ψ. Then not knowing anything in advance about the signal, f can (very nearly) be recovered from about M log N generic nonadaptive measurements only. The recovery procedure is concrete and consists in solving a simple convex optimization program. In this paper, we show that these ideas are of practical significance. Inspired by theoretical developments, we propose a series of practical recovery procedures and test them on a series of signals and images which are known to be well approximated in wavelet bases. We demonstrate that it is empirically possible to recover an object from about 3 M -5 M projections onto generically chosen vectors with an accuracy which is as good as that obtained by the ideal M -term wavelet approximation. We briefly discuss possible implications in the areas of data compression and medical imaging.
Logic-based models in systems biology: a predictive and parameter-free network analysis method

Highly complex molecular networks, which play fundamental roles in almost all cellular processes, are known to be dysregulated in a number of diseases, most notably in cancer. As a consequence, there is a critical need to develop practical methodologies for constructing and analysing molecular networks at a systems level. Mathematical models built with continuous differential equations are an ideal methodology because they can provide a detailed picture of a network's dynamics. To be predictive, however, differential equation models require that numerous parameters be known a priori and this information is almost never available. An alternative dynamical approach is the use of discrete logic-based models that can provide a good approximation of the qualitative behaviour of a biochemical system without the burden of a large parameter space. Despite their advantages, there remains significant resistance to the use of logic-based models in biology. Here, we address some common concerns and provide a brief tutorial on the use of logic-based models, which we motivate with biological examples.
Energy Accumulation and Emanation at Low Latitudes. Part II: Nonlinear Response to Strong Episodic Equatorial Forcing

Abstract A fully nonlinear model is used to reexamine the impact of a zonally varying basic state on the propagation characteristics of latitudinally equatorially trapped modes. Linear studies have shown that such modes are longitudinally trapped in regions of negative stretching deformation of the equatorial time-mean zonal flow (i.e., where Ux < 0) forming “accumulation” regions of wave action flux. Furthermore, the accumulation regions tend to act as local emanation regions to the extratropics. These physical communications between the tropics and extratropics are referred to as fast teleconnections due to their rapidity (periods of days to weeks) compared to the much slower climatological differences in the mean states such as occur between El Nino and La Nina. The latter form of communication between low and high latitudes, which is induced by very low frequency SST changes, is referred to as a slow teleconnection. It is generally found that accumulation and emanation regions are present in the nonli...
Vancomycin Combined With Clindamycin for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin-Structure Infections

Background Acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSIs) are common causes of hospital admissions. These infections are often caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; therefore, vancomycin remains a commonly used therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare hospital length of stay (LOS) in patients treated with vancomycin monotherapy vs combination therapy with clindamycin for ABSSSIs. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 269 patients admitted with ABSSSIs to a 941-bed hospital in northern Alabama. Patients who received either vancomycin monotherapy or vancomycin in combination with clindamycin were included. The primary outcome was hospital LOS; secondary outcomes included 90-day readmission rate and the impact of the following on the primary outcome: organisms cultured, presence of abscess, incision and debridement (ID P = .034). Among the entire population, significantly fewer patients in the combination group were readmitted within 90 days (5.3% vs 15.3%; P = .006; odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% CI [1.35 to 7.66]). The 90-day readmission rates were significantly lower among patients with abscesses as well (2.0% vs 24.3%; P = .0001; OR, 14.6; 95% CI [2.98 to 71.37]). Conclusions Combination therapy with vancomycin and clindamycin was associated with decreased hospital LOS for patients with an abscess. The 90-day hospital readmission rates for those with ABSSSIs may be reduced when combination therapy is utilized. A larger, prospective, multicentered study is needed to validate these findings.
Abstract 253: Modeling of Pathologic Hypertophy with Cardiac Microtissues

Introduction: Pathological myocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast activation are key features of myocardial remodeling in hypertension and heart failure. Crosstalk between myocytes and fibroblasts contributes to the structural, mechanical, and electrical remodeling involved in various forms of heart failure. Replicating these responses in traditional 2D cell culture conditions has proven difficult. In this study, we utilized a novel platform to examine the cellular crosstalk and biological processes that underlie functional and structural changes in the 3D engineered tissues when exposed to pathological factors. We hypothesized that engineered cardiac tissues can report structural and functional responses to pathologic biochemical stimuli. Methods: These studies employ microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) templates to engineer arrays of 3D cardiac microtissues (CMT). Cantilevers within templates provide physiologically-relevant biomechanical loading to the CMTs, promote the appropriate organization of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, and report active and passive force generation in real time. Data was collected using fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Results: CMTs in a controlled mechanical environment demonstrate mechanical and structural changes within 24 hours of exposure to a cocktail of factors involved in maladaptive remodeling, including Transforming Growth Factor-β, Endothelin-1, and Angiotensin II. Analysis of 40 microtissues revealed that the percent change in passive tension was 45% higher (16.4 ± 10.3% vs. 61.1 ± 11.8%, p Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the CMT model can be used to study and dissect the dynamics of pathological hypertrophy. Ongoing experiments are examining the distinct contributions of the pathologic growth factors, the relative contributions of fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes to the pathologic growth response, and the interactions between biomechanical and humoral inputs.
A, B, See... in 3D: A Workbook to Improve 3-D Visualization Skills

Abstract The workbook provides over 100 3D visualization exercises challenging the student to create three dimensions from two. It is a powerful and effective way to help engineering and architecture educators teach spatial visualization. Most of the 3-D visualization exercises currently being used by students in Design and Graphics classes present the objects in isometric views already in 3-D, asking the viewer to create multiple views, fold patterns, manipulate, reflect, or rotate them. The exercises presenting the objects in incomplete multiview projections asking the students to add missing lines use mostly real 3D objects that are more easily recognizable to help the student correlate 2D with 3D. This workbook uses a different approach. Each view of the solid represents a letter of the alphabet. The letters are by definition 2D representations and when they are combined to create a 3D object, visualizing it becomes quite a challenge. This workbook is intended for Engineering, Architecture, and Art st...
Electrode Kinetics of Porous La0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Ga0.2O3-δ

LSCGO (La0.5Sr0.5Co0.2Ga0.2O3−δ) was selected and synthesized as a cathode material for gallate-based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). In the present paper, the electrode polarization behavior of LSCGO was studied under various pO2 and temperature conditions by a two-probe ac impedance method. A symmetric electrochemical cell: pO2, LSCGOILSGMOILSCGO, pO2, where the composition of the electrolyte LSGMO is La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.85Mg0.15O3−δ, was used in the study. Below 600°C, only semicircles due to bulk and grain boundary contributions were observed. In temperature range 700-800°C, however, a depressed and asymmetric semicircle was found in the low frequency regime (1 mHz to 1000 Hz). This low frequency feature in the impedance spectra is attributed to the electrode polarization process and can be fitted to the well-known Gerischer impedance equation. The resulting fitting parameters are used to derive surface exchange and bulk diffusion coefficients.
FRI0390 DUKE-3: A 15-week open-label trial of pegloticase in refractory gout including patients with solid organ transplant or prior pegloticase treatment

Background A subset of patients develops refractory gout (RG) characterized by ongoing disease manifestations and inability to control serum urate (SUA) with conventional therapy. Pegloticase (PL) reduces SUA and improves signs and symptoms of RG, and was recently approved in the US 1 . Subjects with solid organ transplants or with prior use of PL were not eligible for enrollment in pivotal clinical trials. Objectives To assess the urate lowering response, improvement in clinical outcomes and safety of short term administration of PL in patients with RG; including patients with solid organ transplant or prior PL treatment. Methods 30 patients with RG were enrolled in an open label trial of PL 8 mg administered IV every 3 weeks for 5 doses. The trial was conducted under a sponsor investigator IND (11274) from the USFDA. Outcome measures included: reduction in plasma urate (PUA), plasma uricase activity, assessment of adverse events (AE), improvement in clinical outcomes of swollen and tender joint counts, tophus burden, and patient reported outcomes. Results 30 subjects received at least one dose of PL (22M/8F, mean age 57Y, mean BMI 31.5, tophi in 28/30). 7 subjects had a solid organ transplant (5 renal, 2 renal/pancreas). 3 subjects received PL in prior Phase 1 or 2 trials. 21 subjects completed the trial, and 7 withdrew due to adverse events. Sustained PUA response (mean 3 subjects: exacerbation of chronic gouty arthritis (5), nausea (5), and hypertension (4). Serious AEs occurred in 5 patients: infusion reactions (2), death (1), GI bleed (1) and bowel perforation (1). Improvement in clinical outcome measures of tophus burden, swollen joint counts, and patient reported outcomes were observed in some patients after 5 doses of PL. Conclusions PL 8 mg every 3 weeks led to rapid and sustained reduction in PUA levels in 16/30 patients with RG; similar to response rates observed in Phase 3 clinical trials. PL effectively controlled PUA in 5/7 organ transplant patients, a difficult to treat gout population. Patients with a remote history of transient response to PL remained transient responders upon re-exposure to PL. Clinical responses to PL treatment were observed in some patients after just 15 weeks of treatment. The safety of PL was comparable to that observed in larger Phase 3 studies. References Sundy JS, et al. JAMA. 2011 Aug 17;306(7):711-20. Disclosure of Interest J. Sundy Shareholder of: Academic Partners for Medical Education, General Electric, Grant/Research support from: Ardea Biosciences, Pharmos, Metabolex, Consultant for: Ardea Biosciences, Pharmos, Novartis, BioCryst, Savient Pharmaceuticals, N. Gansen: None Declared, S. Kelly: None Declared, E. Scarlett: None Declared, D. Jaggers: None Declared, M. Hershfield Consultant for: Savient Pharmaceuticals
Technological research and design of intelligent photoelectric detection circuit

This paper analyzes the deficiencies of the current intelligent photoelectric detection circuit,gives the definition of intelligent photoelectric detection and its corresponding structure diagram,describes the performance carefully,studies the function of every part intensively.Then the intelligent photoelectric detection circuit based on photodiode has been designed which has achieved the function this paper has mentioned.It has an important directive function for the intelligent photoelectric detection technology.
Research on T cell immunity and change of cytokines in Kawasaki disease

Objective This study expored the changes of T cell function and some cytokines in KD.Methods Serum samples were collected from 52 patients with KD,30 normal healthy subjects,and 42 febrile control subjects,respectively.The serum levels of CD3,CD4 and CD8 positive T cell was detected by flow cytometry.Cytokines,including MIF,IL-6,TNF-α and IL-1β were assayed by ELISA.Results The absolute counts of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells had no obvious changes while the absolute counts of CD8+ T cells decreased in KD during the acute stage,and the level of CD4/CD8 increased observably.There was a significant increase in the serum levels of MIF,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the acute stage of KD compared with those in the subacute stage(P0.01) and normal controls(P0.001),and febrile controls(p = 0.01).And there was also a correlation between the serum levels of MIF and IL-6 in patents with KD,especially in the acute stage(r=0.87,P=0.017).Conclusion There was a activation of peripheral blood T cells immune function,especially the increasing level of CD4/CD8 at the acute stage in KD,this lead to the secretion of a lot of cytokines,such as MIF,IL-6,TNF-α and IL-1β,these cytokines were involved in the pathology and pathogenesis cause of KD.
A New Paradigm of an Open Distributed Language Resource Infrastructure: The Case of Computational Lexicons.

The need of ever growing language resources calls for us to propose and promote a change in the overall model of how to build, maintain and share Language Resources (LRs). A new paradigm is required, under the form of an open, distributed and collaborative language infrastructure, based on open content interoperability standards. Existing experience in LR development proves that such a challenge can be tackled only by pursuing on the organisational side a truly interdisciplinary and cooperative approach, and by establishing on the technical side a highly advanced environment for the representation and acquisition of linguistic information, open to the reuse and interchange of linguistic data. In this paper we explore the idea of this new paradigm for language resources applied to the case of computational lexicons.
Some Psychological Aspects of the Actual Development of Symbolic Thinking

In the preceding chapters there has been mention of different levels of awareness in connection with symbolism and it appears, in view of the involvement of different levels of awareness in the actual development of symbolic thinking, desirable to clarify what is meant by ‘awareness’ in the present study.
Seeing through Civic Engagement among Chinese and American College Students

Civic engagement is becoming more and more popular among college students, both in the U.S. and in China. This study explores the similarities and differences in civic engagement attitudes and behavior of college students in both the U.S. and China. Three hundred and seventy college students from both countries participated in an online survey with measures of cultural values and of civic engagement attitudes and behaviors. There are significant findings in the study. Data were gathered to determine whether participants’ national cultures or cultural values would predict their civic engagement attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, hypotheses and research questions focused on the relationship among nationality, culture values, and civic engagement attitudes and behaviors. Also which group of participants have higher score in both civic engagement behavior and attitude, and why. Lastly, the findings have important implications for our understanding individualism and collectivism as these relate to national cultures. It also yields practical implications for college teachers and administrators who want to illustrate or want to improve civic engagement either in or outside the class for students.
A Contemporary Explanation of the Law’s Construction of Reality

In this chapter, I will provide a contemporary explanation of how the law may instill practical and theoretical concepts in its adherents. In particular, I will show that the law shapes a person’s mental processes and provides both theoretical and practical concepts which a person uses in his or her daily living through two mechanisms, namely (1) by creating social categories through which a person comes to understand the world and (2) by integrating those concepts into a person’s understanding of the world through their influencing daily behavior and in shaping a person’s habits so as to be in line with legal norms.
Challenges of Assessing Collaborative Problem Solving

An assessment of Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) proficiency was developed by an expert group for the PISA 2015 international evaluation of student skills and knowledge. The assessment framework defined CPS skills by crossing three major CPS competencies with four problem solving processes that were adopted from PISA 2012 Complex Problem Solving to form a matrix of 12 specific skills. The three CPS competencies are (1) establishing and maintaining shared understanding, (2) taking appropriate action, and (3) establishing and maintaining team organization. For the assessment, computer-based agents provide the means to assess students by varying group composition and discourse across multiple collaborative situations within a short period of time. Student proficiency is then measured by the extent to which students respond to requests and initiate actions or communications to advance the group goals. This chapter identifies considerations and challenges in the design of a collaborative problem solving assessment for large-scale testing.
Principles of Large Scale Numerical Weather Prediction

The motion of the atmosphere, when treated from the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, is governed by Newton’s law of motion relating the acceleration to the forces, the thermodynamic law relating the rate of change of internal energy to the rate of heating, the principle of conservation of mass, the thermodynamic state relations, detailed mathematical formulations of the forces and rates of heating, and, finally, appropriate conditions at the boundaries of the particular mathematical model of the atmosphere being considered. Implied in this statement already is a recognition that we limit our attention to an approximate model of the real “atmosphere”. For example, at very high altitudes the mean free path and time interval between molecular collisions becomes large enough that the quasi-equilibrium assumptions of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics break down. As other examples of the limitation of our meteorological viewpoint we may cite on the one hand our neglect of the interaction between the “atmosphere” and its extension to interplanetary space, and on the other hand our ignoring of the exchange of dry air across the air-ground and air-ocean interface, which we shall treat as impervious to the flow of dry air. These somewhat trite examples are cited only to show immediately that we admit to a simplified atmospheric model ; in fact, however, the practical analysis of large-scale atmospheric motions at the present state of hydrodynamical theory forces approximations upon dynamical meteorologists which have a much greater effect on the accuracy of the results than do the somewhat esoteric examples mentioned above.
Down regulation of glutathione and glutamate cysteine ligase in the inflammatory response of macrophages.

Glutathione (GSH) plays critical roles in the inflammatory response by acting as the master substrate for antioxidant enzymes and an important anti-inflammatory agent. In the early phase of the inflammatory response of macrophages, GSH content is decreased due to the down regulation of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC). In the current study we investigated the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon. In human THP1-differentiated macrophages, GCLC mRNA had a half-life of 4 h under basal conditions, and it was significantly reduced to less than 2 h upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting an increased decay of GCLC mRNA in the inflammatory response. The half-life of GCLC protein was >10 h under basal conditions, and upon LPS exposure the degradation rate of GCLC protein was significantly increased. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK but not the proteasome inhibitor MG132, prevented the down regulation of GCLC protein caused by LPS. Both caspase inhibitor Z-LEVD-FMK and siRNA of caspase-5 abrogated LPS-induced degradation of GCLC protein. In addition, supplement with γ-GC, the GCLC product, efficiently restored GSH content and suppressed the induction of NF-κB activity by LPS. In conclusion, these data suggest that GCLC down-regulation in the inflammatory response of macrophages is mediated through both increased mRNA decay and caspase-5-mediated GCLC protein degradation, and γ-GC is an efficient agent to restore GSH and regulate the inflammatory response.
Organometallic Chemistry at the Interface with Biology

Abstract We will review various perspectives of our bioorganometallic chemistry studies that included reactions of organotin compounds with cytochrome P450 enzymes, and their Mn/Fe porphyrin biomimics to provide regioselective C-OH compounds; reactions of a Cp*Rh tris aqua dicationic complex, [Cp*Rh(H2O)3](OTf)2, with nucleobases/NAD+, as a function of pH; supramolecular Cp*Rh-nucleobase complexes in host-guest chemistry in water; chemoselective reduction of NAD+ biomimetics with an in situ formed [Cp*Rh(bpy)H](OTf) to provide 1,4-NADH biomimetic co-factors, in tandem with HLADH enzymatic catalysis for stereoselective reductions of achiral ketones to chiral S-alcohols, as well as oxidation reactions with mutant cytochrome P450 enzymes; synthesis, DFT mechanism, and bioassays of organorhodium-hydroxytamoxifen complexes as potential breast cancer pharmaceuticals; and synthesis and bioactivity of Cp*Rh-tyrosine selective G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Peptide complexes, including molecular docking studies of the [(η6-Cp*Rh-Tyr1)-Leu-Enkephalin]2+ complex to the X-ray crystallographic defined, µ-, ∂-, and κ−Opioid receptors.
The FDA-Approved Breast Cancer HER2 Evaluation Kit (HercepTest; Dako) May Miss Some HER2-Positive Breast Cancers

OBJECTIVES Accurate evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer is critical. METHODS HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests were performed on 52 cases using a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved kit (HercepTest, FDA kit) and a laboratory-developed test (LDT) with the HercepTest antibody and a Leica Bond automated stainer. RESULTS By FISH, 22 were HER2 positive, 29 were negative, and one was equivocal. Of the 22 HER2 FISH-positive cases, five were negative by the FDA kit and none by LDT. The five discrepant cases were retested using the same FDA kit in another Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory, and all five cases were still negative. None of the 29 HER2 FISH-negative cases were positive by the FDA kit or LDT. The overall IHC-FISH concordance rate was 90.4% for the FDA kit and 100% for the LDT. CONCLUSIONS The FDA kit may miss some HER2-positive cases. The LDT has a higher sensitivity and a higher concordance rate with FISH results.
Indifference of potato anther culture to colchicine and genetic similarity among anther-derived monoploid regenerants determined by RAPD analysis

Effects of colchicine on androgenesis of diploid potato (Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk.) and ploidy of anther-derived plants were examined in three experiments. In the first, no significant difference was found for mean embryos per anther of an interspecific potato clone after application of five colchicine treatments (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg l-1) for 24 h to freshly excised anthers containing late uninucleate microspores. The same colchicine treatments were applied to six hybrid potato families in the second experiment. Families differed for number of embryos per anther and embryo regeneration frequency; however, androgenic response did not differ significantly among colchicine treatments. The 312 regenerated plants included 233 (75%) monoploids. The third experiment examined durations (0, 90 s vacuum infiltration, 24, 48 and 72 h) of high colchicine treatment (200 mg l-1) on anther culture of seedlings representing one family. Mean embryos per anther, though not statistically significant, ranged from 0.96 to 1.90 for 48 h colchicine and 90 s vacuum infiltration, respectively. There were 126 plants regenerated of which 62% were monoploid. Frequency of monoploid plants regenerated from colchicine treatments did not differ significantly. RAPD analysis was conducted on 26 anther-derived monoploids of one family, based on common flasks of origin. The 13 decamer primers revealed 54 polymorphic loci. These were used to characterize the monoploids genetically. From one flask, two pairs of monoploids among six examined were genetically indistinguishable. Examination of a second and third flask revealed, six of seven and three of seven monoploids that were genetically indistinguishable. These data suggest the regeneration of genetic clones within flasks and may indicate the occurrence of secondary embryogenesis during anther culture.
Absorption of X-rays in the interstellar medium

The X-ray photoabsorption cross sections (per hydrogen atom) of interstellar clouds and the intercloud medium are calculated separately, taking into account abundance evolution, self-blanketing by grains, molecule formation, and ionization structure. A reference cross section describing a neutral monatomic gas of elements in solar abundances is computed for purposes of comparison, the cross section of the intercloud medium is calculated by assuming that 15% of the hydrogen is ionized, and the cross section of the clouds is computed for the cases where all hydrogen is in either molecular or atomic form. A comparison of the reference cross section with the others shows that a cross section is increased relative to the reference if abundances are enhanced or if molecular hydrogen exists and is decreased if atoms exist in grains or if hydrogen is ionized. It is noted that the total cross section will be a linear combination of the cross sections of the clouds and the intercloud medium and can reflect the characteristics of a particular line of sight.
mm-Wave Device Optimization

As was mentioned in the previous chapter, device performance in mm-Wave frequencies is deeply under the influence of layout parasitics. Apart from the urge for layout dependent models, as was pointed out before, this has another important consequence: Unlike low frequency circuit design in which the device design is absolutely in the realm of process engineers, here the circuit designer could- and should- alter the device performance by changing the device layout [1, 3]. This enables the designer to layout the device based on the performance metric which is more important in any specific application. It might be astounding in the first look how much the device layout could vary certain device parameters. f max , for instance, which is an indicator of the speed of the transistor, have been reported for a similar process, CMOS 90 nm, from 80 GHz to up to 300 GHz mainly due to differences in layout [2, 8].
Detection of ultrasound-modulated photons and enhancement with ultrasound microbubbles

In vivo acousto-optic imaging promises to provide optical contrast at superior ultrasound spatial resolution. The main challenge is to detect ultrasound-modulated photons in the overwhelming presence of un-modulated photons. We have demonstrated in vitro detection of ultrasound-modulated photons with a variety of detection methods. Furthermore, we have detected ultrasound-modulated fluorescence offering potential for acousto-optic molecular imaging. Moreover, we have demonstrated the use of ultrasound microbubbles to significantly enhance the acousto-optic signal at the ultrasound frequency with the additional generation of higher order harmonic frequencies. Here the results from our various detection methods, ultrasound-modulated fluorescence, and enhancement with microbubbles are presented.
Lovász, Vectors, Graphs and Codes

A family of high-degree triangle-free pseudo-random Cayley graphs has been constructed in (Alon, Electro J Combin 1(R12):8, 1994 [2]), motivated by a geometric question of Lovasz. These graphs turned out to be useful in tackling a variety of additional extremal problems in Graph Theory and Coding Theory. Here we describe the graphs and their applications, and mention several intriguing related open problems. This is mainly a survey, but it contains several new results as well. One of these is a construction showing that the Lovasz \(\theta \)-function of a graph cannot be bounded by any function of its Shannon capacity.
Transmembrane Cu(I) P-type ATPase pumps are electrogenic uniporters

Cu(i) P-type ATPases are transmembrane primary active ion pumps that catalyze the extrusion of copper ions across cellular membranes. Their activity is critical in controlling copper levels in all kingdoms of life. Biochemical and structural characterization established the structural framework by which Cu-pumps perform their function. However, the details of the overall mechanism of transport (uniporter vs. cotransporter) and electrogenicity still remain elusive. In this work, we developed a platform to reconstitute the model Cu(i)-pump from E. coli (EcCopA) in artificial lipid bilayer small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) to quantitatively characterize the metal substrate, putative counter-ions and charge translocation. By encapsulating in the liposome lumen fluorescence detector probes (CTAP-3, pyranine and oxonol VI) responsive to diverse stimuli (Cu(i), pH and membrane potential), we correlated substrate, secondary-ion translocation and charge movement events in EcCopA proteoliposomes. This platform centered on multiple fluorescence reporters allowed study of the mechanism and translocation kinetic parameters in real-time for wild-type EcCopA and inactive mutants. The maximal initial Cu(i) transport rate of 165 nmol Cu(i) mg-1 min-1 and KM, Cu(I) = 0.15 ± 0.07 μM was determined with this analysis. We reveal that Cu(i) pumps are primary-active uniporters and electrogenic. The Cu(i) translocation cycle does not require proton counter-transport resulting in electrogenic generation of transmembrane potential upon translocation of one Cu(i) per ATP hydrolysis cycle. Thus, mechanistic differences between Cu(i) pumps and other better characterized P-type ATPases are discussed. The platform opens the venue to study translocation events and mechanisms of transport in other transition metal P-type ATPase pumps.
Age of Migration and Cognitive Function Among Older Latinos in the United States.

Background Age of migration has been shown to have a robust association with Latino immigrant health outcomes; however, the relationship between timing of migration and cognition is less understood. Objective To examine associations between race/ethnicity, nativity, age of migration, and cognitive aging among US-born (USB) non-Latino Whites (NLW) and USB and foreign-born Latinos 50 years and older. Methods We used longitudinal biennial data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2014) to fit generalized linear and linear latent growth curve models for: 1) global cognition (Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TICS-M); 2) memory and attention subdomains of TICS-M; and 3) cognitive dysfunction. We also tested for sex modifications. Results In age and sex adjusted models, all Latino subgroups, independent of nativity and age of migration, had lower global and domain-specific cognitive scores and higher propensity of cognitive impairment classification compared to USB-NLWs. Differences between USB Latinos, but not other Latino subgroups, and USB-NLWs remained after full covariate adjustment. Latinas, independent of nativity or age of migration, had poorer cognitive scores relative to NLW females. Differences between all Latinos and USB-NLWs were principally expressed at baseline. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and age of migration grouping was not associated with slope (nor explained variance) of cognitive decline. Conclusion Older US-born Latinos, regardless of sex exhibit poorer cognitive function than older USB-NLWs and foreign-born Latinos. Social determinants that differentially affect cognitive function, particularly those that compensate for education and sex differences among US-born Latinos and foreign-born Latinos, require further exploration.
Optimal Promises: An Examination of Airlines and Beyond

Providers in many markets make promises about the performance (quality) of a service (product) that can only be assessed after purchase. Sellers face a tradeoff whenever they provide such a promise: A better promise (1) increases demand today, but (2) reduces the likelihood of achieving the promised performance (quality) level, which reduces future demand. We present a simple model of optimal promised performance (quality), highlighting the central role of these tradeoffs. We empirically examine determinants of airline schedule times through the lens of our model. Using data on flight schedules and on-time performance (OTP) over 26 years, we examine how changes in time, competition, and prevalence of connecting passengers alter the marginal impact of schedule time and on-time performance on demand, and ultimately the schedule times (promises) airlines choose. We find that the marginal impact of schedule time on demand is less negative, and the marginal impact of OTP on demand is more negative: over time, with greater competition, and with more connecting passengers. Lastly, we show that schedule times increase over time, with greater competition, and with more connecting passengers – as our model predicts. Taken together, our analysis provides an economic rationale for observed differences in airline promises through schedule times, as well as a sensible framework that can be applied to predict and possibly respond to promises observed in airlines and potentially other markets.
A Virtual Reality Framework for Human-Virtual Crowd Interaction Studies

In this paper we developed a generic framework for authoring virtual crowds with minimal effort. Our intention is to providing to the virtual reality community a framework that allows easy to author virtual crowd scenarios that can be used for human-crowd interaction studies. From previous studies we have conducted, we realized the need of such a framework as it facilitates quicker setup and testing as well as standardizes the measurements and the interaction with virtual crowds. The framework includes assets with realistic human models, and configurations for crowd behavior composition.
MicroPET evidence for a hypersensitive neuroinflammatory profile of gp120 mouse model of HIV

Despite increased survivability for people living with HIV (PLWH), HIV-related cognitive and behavioral abnormalities persist. Determining the biological mechanism(s) underlying these abnormalities is critical to minimize the long-term impact of HIV. Human positron emission tomography (PET) studies reveal that PLWH exhibit higher neuroinflammation, which may contribute to cognitive and behavioral problems. PLWH are hypersensitive to environmental insults that drive elevated inflammatory profiles. Gp120 is an envelope glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope which enables HIV virus entry into a cell and contributes to HIV-related neurotoxicity. Gp120 overexpression in mice enables delineating its impact, including on neuroinflammation. In vivo evidence for gp120 transgenic (Tg) mice exhibiting neuroinflammation has yet to be determined. Here, we conducted microPET imaging in male gp120 Tg and wildtype mice, using the radiotracer [(18)F]FEPPA which binds to the translocator protein expressed by activated microglial and serves as a marker of neuroinflammation. Imaging was performed at baseline and 24 hours after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg), endotoxin that triggers an immune response. Gp120 Tg mice exhibited elevated [(18F)]FEPPA in response to LPS vs. wildtype mice throughout the brain including dorsal and ventral striata, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, but not prefrontal cortex. Gp120 Tg mice are hypersensitive to environmental inflammatory insults, consistent with PLWH, measurable in vivo. It remains to-be-determined whether this heightened sensitivity is connected to the behavioral abnormalities of these mice or is sensitive to antiretroviral or other treatments.
Implementing a Case Management Modeling and Notation (CMMN) System using a Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) compliant repository

This paper describes how a Case Management Modeling and Notation (CMMN) implementation can use Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) to implement the CMMN information model. The interaction between CMMN and CMIS is described in detail, and two implementation alternatives are presented. An integration alternative where any external CMIS repository is used. This alternative is useful to process technology vendors looking to integrate with CMIS compliant repositories. An embedded alternative where a CMIS repository is embedded within the CMMN engine. This alternative is useful to content management vendors implementing CMMN. In both alternatives a CMIS folder is used as the case le containing the case instance data. The CMIS repository can also be used to store the CMMN models to take advantage of CMIS versioning and meta-data. Extensive Java pseudocode is provided as an example of how a CMMN implementation can use a CMIS repository to implement the CMMN information model. No extensions to CMIS are needed, and only minor extensions to CMMN are proposed.
Comparison of interfacial partitioning tracer test and high-resolution microtomography measurements of fluid-fluid interfacial areas for an ideal porous medium

[1] Fluid-fluid interfacial area for porous media systems can be measured with the aqueous phase interfacial partitioning tracer test (IPTT) method or with high-resolution microtomography. The results of prior studies have shown that interfacial areas measured with the IPTT method are larger than values measured with microtomography. The observed disparity has been hypothesized to result from the impact of porous medium surface roughness on film-associated interfacial area, wherein the influence of surface roughness is characterized to some extent by the IPTT method but not by microtomography due to resolution constraints. This hypothesis was tested by using the two methods to measure interfacial area between an organic immiscible liquid and water for an ideal glass beads medium that has no measurable surface roughness. The tracer tests yielded a mean interfacial area of 2.8 (±5 cm−1), while microtomography produced an interfacial area of 2.7 (±2 cm−1). Maximum specific interfacial areas, equivalent to areas normalized by nonwetting fluid volume, were calculated and compared to measures of the specific solid surface area. The normalized interfacial areas were similar to the specific solid surface area calculated using the smooth sphere assumption and to the specific solid surface area measured using the N2/Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. The results presented herein indicate that both the IPTT and microtomography methods provide robust characterization of fluid-fluid interfacial area and that they are comparable in the absence of the impact of surface roughness.