cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technique of Mitomycin C Instillation in the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors

The use of topical agents in the treatment and prophylaxis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is well described. Several physicians have reported the use of these materials in the upper urinary tract for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma. We present our treatment protocol using mitomycin C as topical therapy following endoscopic resection of superficial urothelial tumors of the renal pelvis or ureter. A total of 7 patients was treated during the last 4 years. No systemic side effects due to perfusion with mitomycin C occurred. We believe that our treatment method provides a safe means of delivering topical agents to the upper urinary tract and suggest its use when such treatment is believed to be necessary.
DEEDS NOT WORDS: AMERICAN SOCIAL JUSTICE MOVEMENTS AND WORLD WAR I

This essay investigates how the repressive wartime political and social environment in World War I encouraged three key American social justice movements to devise new tactics and strategies to advance their respective causes. For the African American civil rights, female suffrage, and civil liberties movements, the First World War unintentionally provided fresh opportunities for movement building, a process that included recruiting members, refining ideological messaging, devising innovative media strategies, negotiating with the government, and participating in nonviolent street demonstrations. World War I thus represented an important moment in the histories of all three movements. The constructive, rather than destructive, impact of the war on social justice movements proved significant in the short term (for the suffragist movement) and the long term (for the civil rights and civil liberties movements). Ultimately, considering these three movements collectively offers new insights into American war culture and the history of social movements.
Rise and shine: A treatment experiment testing a morning routine to decrease subjective sleep inertia in insomnia and bipolar disorder.

Abstract Sleep inertia involves decreased performance or disorientation upon waking that lasts several hours and impairs functioning. Though sleep inertia is common in insomnia and may interfere with treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) does not routinely include a component to address sleep inertia. The present study evaluates such a component, the RISE-UP routine, in CBTI for insomnia comorbid with bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that the RISE-UP routine would increase physical activity in the morning and reduce the duration and severity of self-reported sleep inertia. Sleep and sleep inertia were monitored in the week prior to and following the intervention with daily sleep diaries, actigraphy, and ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants were randomized to a bipolar-specific modification of CBT-I (CBTI-BP) with RISE-UP (N = 20) or a psychoeducation (PE) comparison condition (N = 20). The treatment experiment (RISE-UP vs PE) was completed in the first treatment session. RISE-UP reduced the duration and severity of self-reported sleep inertia, as measured by diary reports and by EMA ratings, and was rated as acceptable and credible. Compliance was high, and increases in morning activity levels were verified via actigraphy. Addressing morning sleep inertia via behavioral modifications upon waking may be a useful addition to CBTI.
Benefits and challenges of serial sports training risk assessment and counselling in kids: the T.R.A.C.K. randomised intervention study.

Background Published training recommendations exist for youth athletes aimed at reducing injury risk. No studies have assessed the impact of counselling interventions using training recommendations on risk of injury in young athletes. Objectives To determine if online training counselling regarding safe sport participation can reduce injury risk in youth athletes and to assess recommendation compliance, including barriers to compliance. Methods A multicentre randomised intervention trial was performed at two Midwestern academic institutions with expertise in treating young athletes. Enrolled subjects ages 8–17 completed a baseline risk assessment survey and were randomised to a control or intervention group. Both groups completed exposure surveys every 3 months for 1 year. The intervention group also received online training counselling on safe sport participation every 3 months. Training characteristics including training volume, degree of specialisation and adherence to recommendations were captured. Differences in self-reported injury between groups, compliance to recommendations and barriers to compliance were evaluated. Results At baseline, n=357 subjects were enrolled (n=172 control and n=185 intervention). Controls were nearly twice as likely to be injured during the intervention period after controlling for age, sex, baseline injury and level of specialisation. No improvement in recommendation compliance was detected among intervention subjects. Primary barriers to compliance were no prior knowledge of recommendations, personal choice and following coaches’ recommendations. Conclusions In this convenience sample of youth athletes, electronic training counselling surrounding safe sports participation was not determined to affect injury risk. Lack of knowledge and adherence to appropriate training recommendations is evident and barriers to compliance exist.
Structure of the zebrafish galectin-1-L2 and model of its interaction with the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) envelope glycoprotein

Galectins, highly conserved β-galactoside-binding lectins, have diverse regulatory roles in development and immune homeostasis and can mediate protective functions during microbial infection. In recent years, the role of galectins in viral infection has generated considerable interest. Studies on highly pathogenic viruses have provided invaluable insight into the participation of galectins in various stages of viral infection, including attachment and entry. Detailed mechanistic and structural aspects of these processes remain undetermined. To address some of these gaps in knowledge, we used Zebrafish as a model system to examine the role of galectins in infection by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a rhabdovirus that is responsible for significant losses in both farmed and wild salmonid fish. Like other rhabdoviruses, IHNV is characterized by an envelope consisting of trimers of a glycoprotein that display multiple N-linked oligosaccharides and play an integral role in viral infection by mediating the virus attachment and fusion. Zebrafish's proto-typical galectin Drgal1-L2 and the chimeric-type galectin Drgal3-L1 interact directly with the glycosylated envelope of IHNV, and significantly reduce viral attachment. In this study, we report the structure of the complex of Drgal1-L2 with N-acetyl-d-lactosamine at 2.0 A resolution. To gain structural insight into the inhibitory effect of these galectins on IHNV attachment to the zebrafish epithelial cells, we modeled Drgal3-L1 based on human galectin-3, as well as, the ectodomain of the IHNV glycoprotein. These models suggest mechanisms for which the binding of these galectins to the IHNV glycoprotein hinders with different potencies the viral attachment required for infection.
Abstract P113: The Primordial Prevention Project: Pilot Study of Disclosing Child’s Diabetes Genetic Risk Information

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children has risen dramatically. NHANES data of 12-19 years old showed a significant increase, from 9% to 23%, in pre-diabetes and diabetes from 1999-2008...
Optical Investigation of CdxZn1−xTe/ZnTe Superlattices at High Pressure

We have measured and analyzed the photoluminescence spectra from MBE grown CdxZn1−xTe/ZnTe strained layer superlattices under high pressure. In these superlattices, the electrons and heavy holes are confined in the CdxZn1−xTe layer (type I) while the light holes are confined in the ZnTe layer (type II). The low temperature photoluminescence is typically dominated by a strong feature due to the decay of the light-hole exciton, and weaker features due to the decay of the heavy-hole exciton and due to luminescence from an excited quantum well state. We report the pressure dependence of the photoluminescence up to 6.8 GPa. Our results are consistent with a small valence band offset between CdTe and ZnTe. We have measured the difference of the hydrostatic valence band deformation potentials.
Effect of Microstructure on Contact Angle and Corrosion of Ductile Iron: Iron-Graphite Composite.

Ductile iron samples with similar compositions and varying microstructures were uniformly abraded, and the effects of phase fractions (ferrite, pearlite, and graphite) on the apparent contact angle...
Transformative research methods: Research to nourish the spirit

Over the last two decades, an important contribution from the field of transpersonal psychology to research is the development of transformative research methods by Rosemarie Anderson and the late ...
Ecological and Archaeological Contexts

The rich and complex culture history of north coastal Peru is inextricably tied to the unique opportunities and constraints of the natural environment. This chapter delves into the complex ecological landscapes of the Central Andes and the northern north coast in particular. Against this backdrop, we then provide an in-depth overview of terrestrial and aquatic resources that were available to north coastal communities, including those locally available and those accessible by regional and extraregional exchange.
371 The association of the gut microbiota and clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancer

Background The gut microbiome is associated with the immune function of the host. No consensus has been reached regarding to the association between microbiota and the treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). This study is designed to explore the relationship between gut microbiome composition and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer treated with ICI. Methods Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. Fecal samples were collected at the baseline, 3 months after treatment and when disease progression was noted. To explore the gut microbiota as a potential predictive biomarker for immunotherapy, 16S ribosome RNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota profiles. Peripheral immunity parameters were determined by multicolor flow cytometry and cytokine array. Alpha-diversity of healthy individuals was used as a cut-off. Results When subgrouping patients into benefiter and non-benefiter according to the clinical response assessed, non-benefiter patients harbored lower alpha-diversity of gut microbiome at the baseline. Patients with low microbiome diversity had poor progression-free survival (HR=0.569, p=0.219) when compared to those with high diversity. Compositional difference was observed between the two groups as well with the enrichment of g_Fusicatenibacter in benefiters whereas f_Veillonellaceae enriched in non-benefiters. Analysis of immune responses using multicolor flow cytometry revealed that patients with a high diversity of gut microbiota had decreased CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in response to ICI. After ICI treatment the CD4/CD8 ratio of PBMCs was decreased in clinical benefiter. The serum MIF and CXCL12 levels were decreased in clinical benefiter. Conclusions Low alpha diversity of the gut microbiota is associated with poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancer. Further confirmation in the clinical trials is warranted. Acknowledgements The authors thank all the members of the Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, for their invaluable help. The study and data collection processes were funded by the grants to John WC Chang from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Grant No. CIRPG3H0061~2). Ethics Approval The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, approval number 201801261B0. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Fertility

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy that has been associated with impaired fertility. This chapter reviews the underlying pathophysiology of PCOS and the associated fertility barriers of the condition. Psychologic concerns, hypothalamic-pituitary, ovarian, and mitochondria dysfunction, obesity, and the role of vitamin D in PCOS are considered with respect to fertility. Lastly, pregnancy risk factors associated with PCOS are also reviewed.
Considerations for the Transportation of School Aged Children Amid the Coronavirus Pandemic

Abstract Close proximity seating and the distinctive anthropometric characteristics of young children introduce unique challenges when implementing control strategies to promote safe transportation on school buses. Though face coverings may become one of the most commonly used controls on mass transportation to reduce the spread of COVID-19, the lack of personal protective equipment specifically designed for young children requires further investigation into control strategies to potentially reduce the spread of COVID-19 among school bus passengers. The purpose of this paper is to identify potential concerns and countermeasures (immediate and long term) to be considered for the safe transportation of children amid the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis by taking into consideration the design of school bus cabins and the anthropometric characteristics of children. COVID-19 mitigation strategies concerning cabin design and busing operations are discussed to provide general recommendations for operating fleets while providing as safe and healthy a passenger environment as possible considering both practicality and cost-effectiveness. The risk of virus transmission among school bus passengers may be reduced by adhering to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, and additional bus specific considerations such as structured loading and unloading criteria, face coverings guidelines, incorporation of a bus monitor, and potential modifications/design changes for existing/future school buses. Several controls being used to protect passengers from virus transmission in other modes of mass transportation could also have the potential for immediate incorporation into school buses.
Disentangling the effects of climate change, landscape heterogeneity, and scale on phenological metrics

Phenology, the study of the timing of cyclical life history events and seasonal changes, is a fundamental aspect of how individual species, communities, and ecosystems will respond to climate change. Both biotic and abiotic phenological patterns are changing rapidly in response to changing seasonal temperatures and other climate-related drivers, and the consequences of these shifts for individual species and entire ecosystems are largely unknown. Landscape-scale simulations can address some of these needs for better predictions by demonstrating how phenology measures can vary with spatial and temporal grain of observations, and how phenological responses can vary with landscape heterogeneity and climate drivers. To explicitly examine the spatial and temporal scale-dependence of multiple phenology measures, we constructed simulated landscapes populated by virtual plant species with realistic phenologies and environmental sensitivities. This approach allowed us to examine phenology measures and environmental sensitivities along a continuum of spatial and temporal grains, while also controlling other aspects of sampling design. By relating measures of phenology calculated at a given spatiotemporal grain to average environmental conditions at that same grain size, we are able to determine observed environmental sensitivities for multiple phenological metrics at that spatial and temporal scale. We demonstrate that different phenological events change distinctly and predictably with spatial and temporal measurement scale, opening the way to incorporating scaling laws into predictions. Using plant flowering as our example, we identify that the timing of the beginnings or ends of an event (e.g., First Flower date, Last Flower date), can be especially sensitive to the spatial and temporal grain (or resolution) of observations. Our work provides an initial assessment of the role of observation scale in landscape phenology, and a general approach for incorporating scale-dependence into predictions of a variety of phenological time series. We thus set the stage for a new generation of empirical research in the field that builds off of multi-scale observations to understand how phenology across Earth9s ecosystems respond to environmental variability and change.
Do birthing options really exist

In this column, the author answers the question, “Is choosing to give birth naturally a realistic option in today's birth environment?” Women's choices of health care provider and place of birth are limited by the general belief that birth is safe only in the hospital and when managed by obstetric medicine. In the typical hospital environment, women rarely have access to the wide variety of comfort measures and the continuous emotional and physical support required to give birth naturally. Routine care practices further limit women's birthing options. The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services' document, the “Mother-Friendly Childbirth Initiative,” offers direction for creating birth environments that ensure options for women who choose to give birth naturally.
Miscellaneous Ada Subjects

This lesson disCusses misCellaneous issues related to Ada. This inCludes language-defined attributes, reCursion, effiCienCy, safety, software inspeCtions, and referenCes to some other Ada Capabilities.
Lymphopenia, hypoprolactinemia and lymphocyte depletion in pediatric multiple organ failure

Lymphopenia is associated with secondary infection, multiple organ failure (MOF) and death in adults. Lymphocyte apoptosis has been described in autopsies of adults dying of MOF. In experimental models, prolactin protects against lymphocyte apoptosis.
Everything on the Chip: A Hardware-Based Self-Contained Spatially-Structured Genetic Algorithm for Signal Processing

Evolutionary algorithms are useful optimization tools but are very time consuming to run. We present a self-contained FPGA-based implementation of a spatially-structured evolutionary algorithm that provides significant speedup over conventional serial processing in three ways: (a) eficient hardware-pipelined fitness evaluation of individuals, (b) evaluation of an entire population of individuals in parallel, and (c) elimination of slow off-chip communication. We demonstrate using the system to solve a non-trivial signal reconstruction problem using a non-linear digital filter on a Xilinx Virtex FPGA, and find a speedup factor of over 1000 compared to a C implementation of the same system. The general principles behind the system are very scalable, and as FPGAs become even larger in the future, similar systems will provide extremely large speedups over serial processing.
Photofragmentation and photodesorption of physisorbed surface molecules at 193 nm

This study probes the basic dynamics and energy transfer mechanisms by which laser-stimulated surface reactions proceed. We photofragment surface molecules by exciting internally repulsive states and analyze the velocities of fragments ejected away from the surface. We present a UHV study of photofragmentation CH3Br physisorbed on LiF.1 The expected Chemical, electronic, and optical inertness of LiF was desired for simplicity. Also recent resulta In another labora- tory2 showed a completely unexpected and poorly understood molecular photodesorption.
Management of heterogeneous and autonomous database systems

1. Multidatabase Systems: Past and Present--An Overview Athman Bouettaya Boualem Benatallah and Ahmed Elmagarmid 2. Local Autonomy and Its Effects on Multidatabase Systems Ahmed Elmagarmid, Weimn Du and Rafi Ahmed 3. Semantic Similarities between Objects in Multiple Databases Vipul Kashap and Amit Sheth 4. On the Resolution of Representational Diversity in Multidatabase Systems Joachim hammer and Dennis McLeod 5. Schema Integration: Past, Current and Future Sudha Ram and V. Rameshq 6. Schema and Language Translation B. Czejdo and L. Gruenwald 7. Multidatabase Languages Paolo Missier, Merek Rusinkiewicz and W. Jin 8. Interdependent Database Systems George Karabatis, Marek Rusinkiewicz and Amit Sheth 9. Correctness Criteria and Concurrency Control Panos K. Chrysanthis and Kithi Ramamritham 10. Transaction Management in Multidatabase Systems: Current Technologies and Formalisms Ken Barker and Ahmed Elmagarmid 11. Transaction-based Recovery Jari Veijalainen and Antoni Wolski
Modeling unsaturated flow and transport in the saprolite of fractured sedimentary rocks: Effects of periodic wetting and drying

[1] Whereas a number of unsaturated zone modeling studies have been conducted on dual-porosity systems where the matrix has low permeability, few have been conducted on systems where the matrix has relatively high permeability. In humid climates, in situ weathering of bedrock can form saprolite. Saprolite usually has high matrix porosity (and variable permeability) that is a reservoir for solute storage and can have relict fractures that transport solute rapidly. On the basis of a field investigation where natural chemical tracers were monitored at high resolution during storm events, a numerical model was created that simulated variably saturated transport in the saprolite. A series of simulations were performed to explore solute transport during cycles of wetting and drying. Modeling results indicated that the advective flux of solutes from the fractures into the matrix during wetting was greater than from the matrix back into the fractures during drying, resulting in a net storage of solutes in the matrix. We hypothesize that the amount of net solute storage in the matrix may increase as the frequency of wetting/drying cycles increases, up to an optimum frequency. At frequencies higher than the optimum, the amount of solute storage in the matrix may decrease because the system behaves more like a fully saturated system where diffusion is the dominant transport process between fractures and matrix. These conclusions have significant implications for such processes as remedial strategies for contaminants in the unsaturated zone, the application of fertilizers, and quantification of mineral weathering and dissolution rates.
Toward structural adaptivity

The concept of structural adaptivity is analyzed and the problems and methods of implementation are discussed. It is shown that the application of dynamic, graph computation models and various artificial-intelligence programming techniques, particularly declarative programming, can lead to the practical implementation of this novel system category. >
Immunohistochemistry in gynecologic pathology.

Abstract Although most diagnoses in gynecologic pathology are established through the examination of routine hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides, immunohistochemical studies can be of assistance in so...
Annual, Seasonal, and Interannual Variability of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in the Indian Ocean

Abstract This study investigated the accuracy and physical representation of air–sea surface heat flux estimates for the Indian Ocean on annual, seasonal, and interannual time scales. Six heat flux products were analyzed, including the newly developed latent and sensible heat fluxes from the Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Fluxes (OAFlux) project and net shortwave and longwave radiation results from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the heat flux analysis from the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis 1 (NCEP1) and reanalysis-2 (NCEP2) datasets, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational (ECMWF-OP) and 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) products. This paper presents the analysis of the six products in depicting the mean, the seasonal cycle, and the interannual variability of the net heat flux into the ocean. Two time series of in situ flux measurements, one taken from a 1-yr Arabian Sea Experim...
On the maximum genus of a graph

Abstract We define the maximum genus, γM(G), of a connected graph G to be the largest genus γ(N) for compact orientable 2-manifolds N in which G has a 2-cell imbedding. Several general results are established concerning the parameter γM(G), and the maximum genus of the complete graph Kn with n vertices is determined: γ M (K n ) = (n − 1)(n − 2) 4
Catastrophic Critical Point Detection Prediction(CCPDP) Software Protocol Development and Performance Evaluation for Homeland Security and Theater Missile Defense

The Catastrophic Critical Point Detection Prediction (CCPDP) Software Protocol theoretically determines eight catastophe theory equations and adaptation catastrophe theory equation critical points from sensor data mathematically modeled manifold angular perturbations and correlated Lagrangian delay equation critical points to enable sensor prediction of terrorist attempts to create catastrophic events. The detection by sensors of shoe bombers, copycat shoe bombers and hard and deeply buried targets containing explosives for homeland security and airborne laser components for theater missile defense will be enhanced by the CCPDP Software shape intelligence. The theoretical development of the catastrophe theory critical point detection is for Lagrangian delay equations and the eight catastrophe theory equations; fold, cusp, butterfly, swallowtail, hyperbolic umbilic, elliptic umbilic, parabolic umbilic, wigwam, and catastrophe theory adaptation equation critical points. The CCPDP Software Protocol provides immediate detection of the representation of catastrophe theory equation data from sensors to various protocol partitions of software dealing with catastrophic events
Fe/O Ratios in Interplanetary Shock Accelerated Particles

It is widely accepted that diffusive shock acceleration is an important process in the heliosphere, in particular in producing the energetic particles associated with interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections. In its simplest formulation shock acceleration is expected to accelerate ions with higher mass to charge ratios less efficiently than those with lower mass to charge. Thus it is anticipated that the Fe/O ratio in shock-accelerated ion populations will decrease with increasing energy above some energy. We examine the circumstances of five interplanetary shocks that have been reported to have associated populations in which Fe/O increases with increasing energy. In each event, the situation is complex, with particle contributions from other sources in addition to the shock. Furthermore, we show that the Fe/O ratio in shock-accelerated ions can decrease even when the shock is traveling through an Fe-rich ambient ion population. Thus, although shock acceleration of an Fe-rich suprathermal population has been proposed to explain large Fe-rich solar particle events, we find no support for this proposal in these observations.
Vision-Based Patient Body Tracking in Helical Tomotherapy

Radiation therapy using state-of-the-art helical tomotherapy treatment is largely automatic after the doctor creates the dosage plan. The system currently has no method to detect if the patient moves out of alignment during treatment, a capability that could improve treatment accuracy. This cross disciplinary project combines the fields of computer vision with medical physics. The creation of a minimally invasive, vision-based, total-body tracker that can interact with the helical tomotherapy system to detect when a patient becomes misaligned has been explored. The tolerances are tight, by measuring when the patient moves just 5mm out of alignment, the uncertainty in radiation dose delivery can be greatly reduced. A stereoscopic vision system uses infrared reflective markers to track the patient. Using these data points, boney structures, such as the head, can be tracked independently, providing roll, pitch, and yaw information about their pose. Initial results compared vision-based patient-positioning tolerances with those of traditional megavoltage CT-scans. Simulation-based results have explored the efficacy of tracking large portions of the patient’s body.
Direct voltammetry and catalysis with Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase, peroxidases, and catalase in lipid films.

Stable films of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and M. tuberculosis catalase−peroxidase (KatG), several peroxidases, myoglobin, and catalase showed reversible FeIII/FeII voltammetry on pyrolytic graphite electrodes and catalytic current for hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Amperometric responses for these films to H2O2 at 0 V are likely to contain significant contributions from catalytic reduction of oxygen produced during the catalytic cycles. Relative apparent turnover rates at pH 6 based on steady-state currents at 0 V versus SCE in the presence of H2O2 were in the order horseradish peroxidase > cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) > soybean peroxidase > myoglobin > KatG > catalase. Lower currents for the very efficient peroxide scavengers KatG and catalase may be related to the instability of their compounds I in the presence of H2O2. KatG catalyzed the electrochemical reduction of oxygen more efficiently than catalase and CcP but less efficiently than the other peroxidases. DMPC films incorporating glucose oxid...
Voltage-assisted asperity formation in styrene butadiene at room temperature: Cross-linking at the nanoscale

Nanoscale surface modification is reported for styrene butadiene rubber using an electrically biased conducting atomic force microscope tip. Under appropriate bias conditions, the local electric field magnitude is of the order of 10 8 ‐10 9 Vm 1 , which is sufficiently large to initiate cross-linking in the rubber. Peaklike surface features, surrounded by a circular trough and a raised ring, are created by careful and controlled retraction of the biased tip. The features’ aspect ratios can be controlled by modifying the tip retraction protocol, tip geometry, and bias voltage. Typical feature dimensions reported here vary from approximately 0.5‐10-nm high and up to several hundreds of nanometer in diameter. Although the temperature of the rubber is above the glass transition and the rubber is in a viscous state, the features are stable over a period of several days once created—which is believed to be due to cross-linking of the rubber during feature formation. Modeling of the electric field distribution in the vicinity of the tip is presented, which strongly supports the assertion that the resulting nonuniform electric field induces nanostructure formation and initiates cross-linking. A mechanism is proposed whereby source material is redistributed in the proximity of the tip/surface region to form the observed features.
Opiate antagonism reduces placentophagia and pup cleaning by parturient rats.

Abstract Since endogenous opiate mechanisms are activated during parturition, the present study examined in rats the effects of opiate antagonism on maternal care during and shortly after parturition. Endogenous opiate mechanisms were blocked in late pregnant rats by (1) naltrexone pellet implants (Experiment 1); (2) acute naloxone injections of 10 mg/kg (Experiment 2) or 0.1 mg/kg (Experiment 7); or (3) induction of opiate tolerance (Experiment 3). All methods resulted in a significant decrease in placentophagia and/or in cleaning pups of umbilical cords and birth fluids (Experiment 6). Other aspects of maternal care appeared relatively unaffected and 24 hr pup survival rates were lowered only by induction of morphine tolerance (probably via its effects on the young). In nonpregnant females, naloxone produced a small but significant decrease in placentophagia (Experiment 4) whereas morphine-tolerant nonpregnant females consumed placentas as readily as controls (Experiment 5). Thus the inhibition of placentophagia produced by opiate antagonism may be specific to conditions associated with parturition. These findings suggest that endogenous opiates support placenta eating and pup cleaning during and immediately after birth. Mediation may be via opiate effects on ingestive behavior, and/or via a reduction in the stress of parturition which otherwise can interfere with the female's ability to perform these tasks.
Short Wavelength 128 By 128 Focal Plane Arrays For Remote Sensing Applications

Short-wavelength (1-2.5-micron) 128x128 focal plane arrays have been fabricated and demonstrated with high pixel yields and dark-current-limited performance. The detector material is HgCdTe grown by LPE on a sapphire substrate which yields high-performance uniform detectors. The detector arrays were characterized at temperatures of 80-150 K; the peak quantum efficiency at 2.4 microns is 80 percent. The multiplexer is a Reticon FET switch with output amplifiers. It is noted that the long-term goal of this project is to develop a 150x1000 mosaicked focal plane for use in the HIRIS instrument on the Earth Observing System.
Inhibition of Complement Alternative Pathway Suppresses Experimental Autoimmune Anterior Uveitis by Modulating T Cell Responses

The objective of the current study was to delineate the pathway of complement activation that is crucial for the induction of experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU). We studied the development of EAAU in melanin-associated antigen (MAA)-sensitized Lewis rats treated with antibody against C4 or factor B. Control animals received isotype IgG control. Antibody against C4 had no effect on EAAU, and all of the animals developed EAAU similar to those injected with control IgG. In contrast, EAAU was completely inhibited in all MAA-sensitized Lewis rats injected with factor B antibody. Treatment with anti-factor B antibody resulted in suppression of ocular complement activation. Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes harvested from draining lymph nodes of donor animals treated with anti-factor B did not transfer EAAU to naive syngenic rats. Anti-factor B antibody inhibited the ability of MAA-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate (in vitro) in response to MAA in a dose-dependent manner. Level of TNF-α and IFN-γ decreased in the presence of anti-factor B. Collectively, our results provide the novel finding that complement activation via the alternative pathway contributes to intraocular inflammation in EAAU, and anti-factor B-mediated inhibition of EAAU is due to diminished antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to MAA. Our findings explain the interactions between the complement system and T cells that are critical for the induction of EAAU and may lead to the development of therapy for idiopathic anterior uveitis based on selective blockade of the alternative pathway.
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Methods in Engineering Education

The purpose of this research review is to open dialog about quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods in engineering education research. Our position is that no particular method is privileged over any other. Rather, the choice must be driven by the research questions. For each approach we offer a definition, aims, appropriate research questions, evaluation criteria, and examples from the Journal of Engineering Education. Then, we present empirical results from a prestigious international conference on engineering education research. Participants expressed disappointment in the low representation of qualitative studies; nonetheless, there appeared to be a strong preference for quantitative methods, particularly classroom-based experiments. Given the wide variety of issues still to be explored within engineering education, we expect that quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches will be essential in the future. We encourage readers to further investigate alternate research methods by accessing some of our sources and collaborating across education/social science and engineering disciplinary boundaries.
Risking Philosophy of Education

Teaching philosophy of education offers us a chance to apply the familiar Socratic dialectic to ourselves. But it is very seldom taught in this spirit, if taught at all. Perhaps we fear that such a course would be impossibly self-referential. This paper argues, however, that precisely this kind of self-reference could be its strength. I outline a course of this sort, based upon a number of iterations I have taught over the past few years. A range of different classroom styles are enacted and examined for their hidden assumptions about teaching, learning, and knowledge.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Multisource Feedback as a Leadership Development Tool for College Students

Undergraduate students (n = 144) completed the Socially Responsible Leadership Scale (SRLS), which measures leadership capacity within the framework of the Social Change Model (SCM) of Leadership Development. Observers (n = 374) who knew the students from a variety of contexts completed observer-report versions of the SRLS. The research was designed to measure differences in rating of capacity between student leaders and those who know and observe their behaviors. Mean observer scores were higher than self-reported scores for most capacities, with moderate to large effect sizes. Significant differences between self and observer interscale correlations and a high degree of subscale intercorrelations within observer-reports led to conducting an exploratory factor analysis of observer responses. A universal one-factor structure emerged that was different from the SCM model, suggesting observers make little distinction among separate leadership capacities in those they observe. Implications for leadership development and education programs are discussed including the benefit of rater training prior to the use of multisource feedback instruments, how the context in which students interact with observers affects feedback, and the need for further examination of other methods of determining effectiveness in conjunction with multisource feedback instruments.
Nanoparticle devices: Going with the electron flow

Electric currents can be steered by coupling the flow of electrons and ions in films of gold nanoparticles coated with ionic ligands.
Constructing national interests

While the concept of `the national interest' has long been central to theories of international politics, its analytical usefulness has also been seriously challenged. I argue that, to be useful in accounting for state action, this concept should be reconceptualized in constructivist terms. I begin with a brief discussion of the conventional, realist notion of the national interest, lodging two criticisms against it. Then, starting from Wendt's recent constructivist interventions, I provide a constructivist reconceputalization of `the national interest'. I argue that national interests are produced in the construction, through the dual mechanisms of articulation and interpellation, of representations of international politics. This process of national interest construction is illustrated with a sketch of the production of the US national interest during the so-called `Cuban missile crisis'.
Role of Milton Domains in the Calcium-Dependent Regulation of Mitochondrial Motility

The mammalian GRIF1 and OIP106, and the drosophila Milton are kinesin-binding proteins that form a complex with the Miro GTPase, an outer mitochondrial membrane EF-hand protein, to support the movement of mitochondria along the microtubules. Our study demonstrates that in H9c2 cells overexpressing OIP106 or GRIF1, the basal motility of mitochondria is increased, whereas the sensitivity to calcium-induced movement inhibition is decreased. To dissect the interaction between Milton, kinesin and Miro, three different Milton constructs were tested: Milton (1-450), the soluble domain of Milton; Milton (750-1116), lacking the kinesin heavy chain binding site and Milton (847-1116) that lacks additional ∼100 amino acid presumably containing part of the Miro binding site. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the overexpressed Milton (1-450) was cytoplasmic, whereas the other two Milton constructs showed mitochondrial localization. The basal mitochondrial motility was increased by Milton (750-1116) but was not altered by Milton (847-1116) or Milton (1-450). A plot of mitochondrial motility against slowly rising cytoplasmic [Ca2+] induced by thapsigargin (2μM), shows that overexpression of Milton (750-1116) significantly reduced the calcium sensitivity of mitochondrial motility reminiscent of OIP106 and GRIF1. By contrast, Milton (847-1116) or Milton (1-450) did not have any effect. The thapsigargin-induced cytoplasmic calcium signal was not affected by any of the Milton constructs. These data indicate that the C terminus of Milton is an important regulator of the mitochondria associated motors and is involved in conferring the calcium sensitivity from Miro to the motors. Milton 847-1116 is sufficient for the mitochondrial binding, whereas the 750-847 amino acids are critical for the control of calcium sensitivity of mitochondrial motility.
Splenic Artery Aneurysm Rupture: A Rare but Fatal Cause for Peripartum Collapse

Splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is the most common (60%) of all visceral artery aneurysms. The majority of these cases are asymptomatic, but the presentation of their rupture can vary from abdominal/chest pain to cardiovascular collapse (Sadat U, Dar O, Walsh S, Varty K. Splenic artery aneurysms in pregnancy-a systematic review. Int J Surg. 2008;6(3):261-265.). Although rare, the mortality associated with the rupture is as high as 25% (De Vries JE, Schattenkerk ME, Malt RA. Complications of splenic artery aneurysm other than intraperitoneal rupture. Surgery. 1982;91(2):200-204; Caillouette JC, Merchant EB: Ruptured splenic artery aneurysm in pregnancy. Twelfth reported case with maternal and fetal survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168(6 Pt 1):1810-1811) and increases to 75% among pregnant women with a concomitant fetal mortality of 95% (O'Grady JP, Day EJ, Toole AL, et al. Splenic artery aneurysm rupture in pregnancy. A review and case report. Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 50(5):627-630). Because of such high maternal and fetal mortality prompt management of SAAs is of utmost importance. We are presenting a case of a 35-year-old woman with a missed ruptured SAA who after an emergent cesarean section went into profound shock and was unable to be resuscitated. This case illustrates the importance of considering the diagnosis of SAA rupture in hemodynamically unstable peripartum females.
Estimation of Aniline Point Temperature of Pure Hydrocarbons: A Quantitative Structure−Property Relationship Approach

In the present work, a quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) study is performed to predict the aniline point temperature of pure hydrocarbon components. As a powerful tool, genetic algorithm-based multivariate linear regression (GA-MLR) is applied to select most statistically effective molecular descriptors on the aniline point temperature of pure hydrocarbon components. Also, a three-layer feed forward neural network (FFNN) is constructed to consider the nonlinear behavior of appearing molecular descriptors in GA-MLR result. The obtained results show that the constructed FFNN can accurately predict the aniline point temperature of pure hydrocarbon components.
GVHD protection? ThiNK iNKT cells

In this issue of Blood , Rubio et al report that posttransplant invariant NKT (iNKT) cell recovery is inversely correlated with the risk of developing GVHD after stem cell transplantation. 1
Clinical significance of monoclonal B cells in cerebrospinal fluid

Background Morphologically malignant lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are highly suggestive of central nervous system involvement by lymphoid malignancy. Although flow cytometry is increasingly used to detect a monoclonal B-cell population in the CSF, the significance of this finding in the absence of morphologically identifiable malignant cells is unknown. Methods We reviewed CSF flow cytometric results in 32 patients studied at a single institution over 5 years and identified patients who had monoclonal B-cells in the CSF. Clinical presentation and course were reviewed. Results Twelve patients had a monoclonal B-cell population in the CSF, but only three had clinical evidence of malignant CNS disease. Of the other nine patients, 4 had nonmalignant neurologic disease and five had a lymphoproliferative disorder: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 4) and mantle cell lymphoma (n = 1). In patients who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma, the monoclonal B-cell population was small and had an immunophenotype identical to that of circulating malignant B cells. None of these nine patients developed clinical evidence of malignant CNS involvement during follow-up. Conclusion In patients who have indolent B-cell malignancies, the presence of monoclonal B cells in the CSF may not be diagnostic of clinically significant CNS involvement by a lymphoid malignancy. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detailed compositional analysis of gas seepage at the National Carbon Storage Test Site, Teapot Dome, Wyoming, USA

Abstract A baseline determination of CO2 and CH4 fluxes and soil gas concentrations of CO2 and CH4 was made over the Teapot Dome oil field in the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3) in Wyoming, USA. This was done in anticipation of experimentation with CO2 sequestration in the Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone underlying the field at a depth of 1680 m. The baseline data were collected during the winter, 2004 in order to minimize near-surface biological activity in the soil profile. The baseline data were used to select anomalous locations that may be the result of seeping thermogenic gas, along with background locations. Five 10-m holes were drilled, 3 of which had anomalous gas microseepage, and 2 were characterized as “background.” These were equipped for nested gas sampling at depths of 10-, 5-, 3-, 2-, and 1-m depths. Methane concentrations as high as 170,000 ppmv (17%) were found, along with high concentrations of C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, and i-C4H10. Much smaller concentrations of C2H4 and C3H6 were observed indicating the beginning of hydrocarbon oxidation in the anomalous holes. The anomalous 10-m holes also had high concentrations of isotopically enriched CO2, indicating the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Concentrations of the gases decreased upward, as expected, indicating oxidation and transport into the atmosphere. The ancient source of the gases was confirmed by 14C determinations on CO2, with radiocarbon ages approaching 38 ka within 5 m of the surface. Modeling was used to analyze the distribution of hydrocarbons in the anomalous and background 10-m holes. Diffusion alone was not sufficient to account for the hydrocarbon concentration distributions, however the data could be fit with the addition of a consumptive reaction. First-order rate constants for methanotrophic oxidation were obtained by inverse modeling. High rates of oxidation were found, particularly near the surface in the anomalous 10-m holes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the process in the attenuation of CH4 microseepage. The results also demonstrate the importance of CH4 measurements in the planning of a monitoring and verification program for geological CO2 sequestration in sites with significant remaining hydrocarbons (i.e. spent oil reservoirs).