cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literature and the Late-Victorian Radical Press

Literature and the Late-Victorian Radical Press Abstract: Amidst a larger surge in the number of books and periodicals published in late- nineteenth-century Britain, a corresponding surge occurred in the radical press. This counter- cultural press that emerged at the fin de siecle sought to define itself in opposition to commercial print and the capitalist press, and was deeply antagonistic to existing political, economic, and print publishing structures. Literature flourished across this counter-public print sphere, and major authors of the day such as William Morris and George Bernard Shaw published fiction, poetry, and literary criticism within it. Until recently, this corner of late-Victorian print culture has been of interest principally to historians, but literary critics have begun to take more interest in the late-Victorian radical press and in the literary cultures of socialist newspapers and journals such as the Clarion and the New Age. Amidst a larger surge in the number of books and periodicals published in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, a corresponding surge occurred in the radical press: as Deian Hopkin calculates, several hundred periodicals representing a wide array of socialist perspectives were born, many to die soon after, in the decades surrounding the turn of the century (226). An independent infrastructure of radical presses, associated with various radical organizations and editors, emerged as an alternative means of periodical production apart from commercial, profit- oriented print. i Literature and literary discourse flourished across this counterpublic sphere, and major authors of the day published fiction, poetry, and journalism within it: in the 1880s, for example, William Morris spent five years editing and writing for the revolutionary paper Commonweal, while George Bernard Shaw cut his teeth as an author by serializing four novels in the socialist journals To-Day and Our Corner. Still, until recently, this corner of late-Victorian print culture has been of interest principally to historians, who have mined the radical archives in search of the origins of the socialist revival, the Labour Party, the internecine conflicts of the British left wing, and so on. ii In recent years, however, literary critics have begun to take more interest in the late-Victorian radical press and the rich literary history expressed within it; not only William Morris, but other major literary contributors, such as Edward Carpenter and Dollie
The effects of competition on publicly-owned firms: Evidence from the municipal electric industry in the U.S.

Abstract Previous studies have examined the effects of competition on privately-owned firms. This study examines the impact of competition on a sample of publicly-owned electric utilities operating in the U.S. during 1961–1980. Estimates from a translog variable cost function indicate that competitive firms had higher generating costs than monopolists, ceteris paribus. In addition, it appears that operating costs would fall significantly if a single monopolist were to replace two competitors in a given market.
Race-Related Correlates of Young Adults' Subjective Well-Being

We investigated how often young adults worry about race relationsand whether they perceive that white/black relations have beendeteriorating. We also explored the relationships betweenrace-related worry and pessimism, and subjective well-being. This study addressed the distribution of race-related worry andpessimism, and their relationship to subjective well-being innational probability samples of high school seniors completingself-administered questionnaires in 1996 and 1997 (n = 4,514). Nearly one-third of high school seniors often worry about racerelations, and about 20% perceive that contemporary white/blackrelations have been getting at least a little worse. Worryingoften about race relations and perceiving that race relationshave been getting worse were significantly associated withdiminished levels of life satisfaction and happiness. Theresults confirm that race-related worry and pessimism werecommon, and that they impact youth's affective and cognitivestates.
Some critical comments on visual presentation in word matching studies of phonetic symbolism.

The visual method of presentation in word matching studies of phonetic symbolism is judged inadequate because it is based on the tenuous assumption that the sound of a foreign word can be approximated from its spelling and because it permits matchings on the basis of factors other than the sound properties of the words. For these reasons, auditory presentation appears preferable. It is also suggested that foreign items should be repeated by the subject in order for articulatory components of the symbolism to be operative.
A monotonic digital calibration technique for pipelined data converters

A popular method of digital calibration for pipelined analog-to-digital converters was introduced by Karanicolas et al. (IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.28, pp.1207-1215, 1993). Although it is tolerant of comparator offset voltages, the algorithm occasionally generates digital correction factors that lead to missing or non-monotonic digital codes. In this paper, the probability of nonmonotonic performance is studied using behavioral simulations, and a calibration algorithm that assures monotonicity in the presence of arbitrary comparator offset voltages and amplifier nonlinearity is introduced.
Arguments for pseudo-resultative predicates

This paper addresses the compositionality puzzle presented by a class of ‘pseudo-resultative’ predicates, such as tight in the sentence She braided her hair tight. The analysis proposed reveals that the modification involved also provides insight into the nature of the lexical roots of verbs and their role in compositional semantics. Pseudo-resultative predicates superficially resemble resultative secondary predicates and resultative adverbs. However, it is shown that they do not modify any ‘word’ in the syntax. Rather, these predicates modify the root of the verb in a configuration which is licensed by the semantic type of the root and the structure of root creation verbs. The modification of such roots provides evidence that they are syntactically active, as proposed in the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993; Marantz 1997; Arad 2003). It is shown that the roots are syntactically well-behaved and can be modified just like other ‘larger’ constituents. Syntactic parallels between the root creation verbs which license pseudo-resultative predicates and other structures further provide evidence for a syntactic decomposition of these verbs whereby the object is related to the root in a prepositional structure in a manner reminiscent of proposals for other classes of verbs in Hale and Keyser (1993, 2002).
Use of the chromatographic method of analyzing the combustion products of oil

The Chromatographic method of analyzing the products of combustion of liquid and other fuels deserves wide use for studying heat units in the refractories industry.
Implications of neuropeptides in neurological diseases

Neuropeptides are sufficiently stable to allow valid radioimmunoassay of peptide concentrations in post-mortem human nervous tissue and in human cerebrospinal fluid. Studies have now documented abnormalities of peptide concentrations in degenerative diseases of the brain. Somatostatin concentration is reduced in the hippocampus and neocortex of patients dying with Alzheimer's type dementia. In Huntington's disease, there are reduced concentrations of substance P, met-enkephalin and cholecystokinin in the basal ganglia; in contrast the concentrations of somatostatin and TRH are increased. Immunocytochemical and experimental lesion studies are underway in an attempt to localize the peptide-containing cells affected by these disorders; and the potential role of alterations in neuropeptide function in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapy of these illnesses is of great interest. Although alterations of CSF peptide concentrations have been reported in a variety of human diseases, interpretation of these results requires knowledge of the origin and disposition of CSF peptides. Future research into the pathology of peptidergic systems will depend on the development of specific peptide antagonists to probe dynamic aspects of peptide function and on the application of the tools of molecular biology, such as specific mRNA assays, to human material.
Porosity and surface area of carbon black

Abstract This is a critical evaluation of the B.E.T. and Cumulative Surface Area techniques for measuring specific surface areas. The Cumulative Surface Area technique which calculates the surface areas for different pore size increments which can be displayed as a histogram is described briefly and the results obtained for different carbon blacks are discussed. With graphitized MPC carbon black which contains no pores of less than 20 A diameter, the agreement between the two techniques is good. With MPC which has some pores between 10 and 20 A, the nitrogen B.E.T. value is higher, but if the isotherm is corrected for nitrogen condensed in small pores, the recalculated B.E.T. value agrees with the Cumulative Surface Area value. With samples having some pores less than 10 A diameter, which is the case for most air-oxidized blacks, the agreement is poor. The nitrogen B.E.T. area is higher than the true value, and the Cumulative Surface Area is lower. This statement is supported by additional B.E.T. areas using neopentane, a large gas molecule, as the adsorbate.
Interactive computer surface graphic study of the binding of an antibody to the chromatin subunit.

Abstract The binding of an IgG molecule to a chromatin subunit has been simulated by the interactive computer surface graphics technique. This technique permits the facile display of the surface of macromolecules for which atomic co-ordinates are known. The computer generated projections reveal spatial relationship between the IgG and the nucleosome. Studies of these projections provide insights into the immunogenicity and antigenicity of the chromatin subunit. The concepts discussed are helpful in understanding the manner in which IgG molecules specific to DNA bases, chromosomal proteins, irradiated DNA and to chemical carcinogens bind to the genome.
A key-based coordination algorithm for dynamic readiness and repair service coordination

This paper describes an agent application for the coordination of air-craft repair, refit, refuel, and rearm teams in a dynamic setting. The paper also presents a new algorithm for dynamic distributed service team coordination and compares its performance to an optimal cen-tralized service team scheduler.
On The Use of Consensus: Prediction, Attribution and Evaluation

Subjects read about a psychology experiment on helping be havior. Consensus information was manipulated by presenting base rates for experimental helping behavior (high, low, or no base rate information) and by altering the described situation such that helping behavior was more or less expected of participants (high, medium, low or no implicit consensus). Base rate information influenced predic tions more than did implicit consensus information. However, implicit consensus but not base rates influenced causal attributions for non- helping behavior and evaluations of non-helpers. Implications of these results for the recent dispute concerning observers' use of consensus information were discussed.
100+ Gbps IPv6 packet forwarding on multi-core platforms

The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 addressing is gradually taking place with the exhaustion of IPv4 address space. This requires the network infrastructure to have the capability to process and route IPv6 packets. However, with the increased complexity of the lookup operation and storage requirements, performing IPv6 lookup at wire-speed is challenging. In this work, we propose a high-performance IPv6 lookup engine solution for multi-core platforms that deliver state-of-the-art line card throughput rates. In order to exploit the parallelism offered on modern multi-core platforms, we propose a routing table partitioning scheme that forms disjoint and balanced partitions, given a IPv6 routing table. These partitions are represented as range trees to perform the lookup operation. Due to the disjoint nature of the proposed partitioning scheme, the individual range trees are able to operate independently, improving the parallelism of the lookup engine. Our experimental results on state-of-the-art multi-core processors show that throughputs of 100+ Gbps can be achieved for 2 million entry IPv6 routing tables using the proposed scheme. Compared with existing literature, the proposed solution achieves 10× higher throughput and is on par with performance delivered by hardware IP lookup engines.
Policy and evaluation perspectives on traditional health practitioners in national health care systems.

Abstract After much resistance by physicians and health planners to traditional practitioners, international policy has recently shifted to support their inclusion in modern-sector health care programs. Governments in several dozen countries now utilize midwives in official health and family planning programs but, with only a few exceptions, continue to resist incorporating traditional healers into the national health care system. Bureaucratic and sociological reasons for this are discussed and recommendations are made for more balanced evaluation of the traditional practitioner components that have been developed in national and other health care systems.
First trimester chorionic villus sampling versus mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis--preliminary results of a controlled prospective trial.

This controlled prospective study assesses the relative risks of first trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS) versus mid-trimester gentic amniocentesis (GA). CVS subjects and amniocentesis controls were comparable with regard to several confounding variables which might influence the risk of pregnancy loss including maternal age, smoking, alcohol consumption, gestational age at study entry, and history of vaginal bleeding or poor prior reproductive outcome. The most common indication for prenatal diagnosis was advanced maternal age (n = 511). In this subgroup, spontaneous abortion (less than 24 weeks) occurred in 2.9 per cent of CVS subjects versus 4.3 per cent of amniocentesis controls. The sum of spontaneous and therapeutic abortions (less than 24 weeks) was identical (5.3 per cent) in both groups. Therefore, intervention in the CVS group (i.e., therapeutic abortion for cytogenetic abnormalities) did not influence the observed risk of pregnancy loss. Overall perinatal mortality rates were also similar in both groups. No significant differences were identified for a number of pregnancy outcome parameters including 5 min Apgar score, birth weight, body length, head circumference, gestational age at delivery, preterm delivery, fetal growth retardation, congenital malformations, and neonatal complications. Preliminary results of this controlled prospective study suggest that chorionic villus sampling carries a low and acceptable risk.
Validation of volatility models

In forecasting a financial time series, the mean prediction can be validated by direct comparison with the value of the series. However, the volatility or variance can only be validated by indirect means such as the likelihood function. Systematic errors in volatility prediction have an ‘economic value’ since volatility is a tradable quantity (e.g. in options and other derivatives) in addition to being a risk measure. We analyse the fidelity of the likelihood function as a means of training (in sample) and validating (out of sample) a volatility model. We report several cases where the likelihood function leads to an erroneous model. We correct for this error by scaling the volatility prediction using a predetermined factor that depends on the number of data points.
Characterization of concanavalin A precipitated proteins from early mouse embryos: a 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis study.

Concanavalin A (Con A), a plant lectin which binds to mannose-containing components, has been used to precipitate a specific class of proteins synthesized during preimplantation mouse embryogenesis. Total cellular protein was extracted from labeled embryos with Nonidet P40, reacted with Con A, and then exposed to rabbit antiserum directed against Con A. Immune complexes were precipitated with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. After washing, Con A-bound proteins were eluted with mannoside which released between 3 and 10% of the total radioactivity from unfertilized and fertilized eggs, 2-cell and 8-to 16-cell embryos, and late blastocysts. In control experiments, in which mannoside was added prior to the Con A, only 0.1–0.5% of the total radioactivity was eluted, indicating little release of proteins nonspecifically bound to the protein A-anti-Con A-Con A complex. When these precipitates were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, approximately 30–70 peptides in the defined periods of synthesis were detected in autoradiograms. To precipitate cell surface proteins, intact embryos were incubated in Con A and anti-Con A prior to extraction with Nonidet P40. Less than 1.0% of the total radioactivity was eluted with mannoside. A complex of three pairs of peptides was present in 2-cell and 8- to 16-cell embryos. The qualitative changes in two-dimensional gel patterns of Con A-binding proteins has provided a program of synthesis occurring during normal development for a specific class of proteins.
Argument as Professional Development: Impacting Teacher Knowledge and Beliefs About Science

Using a case study method, the experiences of a group of high school science teachers participating in a unique professional development method involving an argue-to-learn intervention were examined. The participants (N = 42) represented 25 different high schools from a large urban school district in the southwestern United States. Data sources included a multiple-choice science content test and artifacts from a capstone argument project. Findings indicate although it was intended for the curriculum to be a robust and sufficient collection of evidence, participant groups were more likely to use the Web to find unique evidence than to they were to use the provided materials. Content knowledge increased, but an issue with teacher conceptions of primary data was identified, as none of the participants chose to use any of their experimental results in their final arguments. The results of this study reinforce multiple calls for science curricula that engage students (including teachers as students) in the manipulation and questioning of authentic data as a means to better understanding complex socioscientific issues and the nature of science.
School Technology Leadership: An Empirical Investigation of Prevalence and Effect:

The general question addressed is what technology leadership attributes make what kind of difference in the success of various technology-related programs. First, this article has integrated the prescriptive literature on technology leadership with the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators (NETS-A) and then has operationalized technology leadership in terms of NETS-A. Data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing nationwide survey of more than 800 schools were used to examine technology leadership characteristics and their effect on indicators of technology outcomes. The findings confirm that although technology infrastructure is important, technology leadership is even more necessary for effective utilization of technology in schooling.
Statistical tests of group differences in ALSCAL-derived subject weights: some Monte Carlo results

Several techniques to test for group differences in weighted multidimensional scaling (MDS) subject weights have recently been proposed. The present study presents monte carlo results to evaluate the op erating characteristics of two of these with ALSCAL- derived subject weights. The first uses the analysis of angular variation (ANAVA) on raw subject weights. The second applies the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to the flattened subject weights generated by ALSCAL. The ANOVA on flattened weights was less affected by the presence of error and by distortions caused by ALSCAL'S normalization routine than was the ANAVA.
Evaluation of Potential Impacts on Great Lakes Water Resources Based on Climate Scenarios of Two GCMs

Abstract The results of general circulation model predictions of the effects of climate change from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (model CGCM1) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre (model HadCM2) have been used to derive potential impacts on the water resources of the Great Lakes basin. These impacts can influence the levels of the Great Lakes and the volumes of channel flow among them, thus affecting their value for interests such as riparians, shippers, recreational boaters, and natural ecosystems. On one hand, a hydrological modeling suite using input data from the CGCM1 predicts large drops in lake levels, up to a maximum of 1.38 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090. This is due to a combination of a decrease in precipitation and an increase in air temperature that leads to an increase in evaporation. On the other hand, using input from HadCM2, rises in lake levels are predicted, up to a maximum of 0.35 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090, due to increased precipitation and a reduced increase in air temperature. An interest satisfaction model shows sharp decreases in the satisfaction of the interests of commercial navigation, recreational boating, riparians, and hydropower due to lake level decreases. Most interest satisfaction scores are also reduced by lake level increases. Drastic reductions in ice cover also result from the temperature increases such that under the CGCM1 predictions, most of Lake Erie has 96% of its winters ice-free by 2090. Assessment is also made of impacts on the groundwater-dependent region of Lansing, Michigan.
Psychoanalytic practice and the religious patient: a current perspective.

Via a national survey and in-depth interviews, the author investigated training psychoanalysts' views on religion and spirituality and the impact of such views on their treatment practices. The training analysts surveyed described being appreciative of a patient's religious or spiritual worldview when it allowed for flexibility in its theological tenets or when it played a psychologically supportive role. In most instances, empathy for a suffering human being together with the desire to enter a patient's subjective field of experience overrode analysts' personal and professional biases vis-a-vis religious involvement, when these were present.
Transverse retubularized sigmoidovesicostomy continent urinary diversion to the umbilicus.

Purpose: The most widely used conduit when creating continent urinary diversion based on the Mitrofanoff principle has been appendicovesicostomy. However, appendix is not always available and it is increasingly used for the antegrade continence enema in situ appendix procedure. In 1993 the technique of transverse retubularization of the ileum to create a continent catheterizable conduit for an ileal reservoir was described and in 1997 this technique was studied in an animal model. Larger patients may need 2 ileal segments in series to bridge the distance between the umbilicus and bladder. To avoid using 2 segments we used transverse retubularized sigmoid colon to create a catheterizable sigmoidovesicostomy to the umbilicus.Methods and Methods: In 5 children 6 to 19 years old (mean age 15) with neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida a transverse retubularized sigmoidovesicostomy to the umbilicus was performed. In all patients an antegrade continence enema procedure was done for refractory constipatio...
Disordered Eating, Acculturation, and Treatment-Seeking in a Community Sample of Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White Women:

The purpose of this study was to examine disordered eating, acculturation, and treatment-seeking in a community sample of Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White women. Participants were 118 women with disordered eating (49 Hispanic, 21 Asian, 23 Black, and 25 White) and 118 healthy controls. Interviews were conducted to assess eating and weight-related behaviors, psychiatric symptoms, acculturation, and health care usage. Results indicated that the four ethnic groups were equally likely to present behavioral symptoms of bulimia, anorexia, or a binge-eating disorder. Hispanics were the most likely to use diuretics, and Black women were the most likely to use laxatives. Despite psychological distress among the eating disorder group, only a small percentage had received treatment during the past year; the eating disorder group was more likely than the controls to report that they had been denied treatment. More acculturated individuals were more likely to suffer from eating problems, and among the eating disorder group, less acculturated individuals were less likely to have received treatment.
DNA Content of Neurons in the Cat Hippocampus

The DNA content of individual cell nuclei of cat hippocampus has been measured by means of a scanning cytophotometric technique. The pyramidal cells are tetraploid, whereas the remaining cell types, which include glial cells, interneurons, and the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, are diploid. Nuclei of tetraploid pyramidal cells are significantly larger than those of diploid granule cells.
SETI and the two terrestrial cultures

Abstract At first glance, differences between SETI scientists and their critics from the humanities and social sciences might seem to illustrate C.P. Snow's famous thesis about the “two cultures”. However, upon examination it can be said that SETI is an unusual field where natural scientists from various disciplines, as well as a variety of humanists and social scientists, do come together to discuss common problems. Although specialists from the two groups may sometimes disagree fundamentally about SETI, they are at least talking to one another.
Object based similarity measure for breast medical image retrieval from data warehouse

In this paper, we propose a new binary pixel matching method to measure the similarity of two objects based on the overlapped areas in a data warehouse. In the proposed approach, suspicious objects are extracted as binary images that consist of background and foreground, which are compared based on counting overlapped pixels. Before measuring the exact similarity between two objects, we calculate a difference in the shape index, perform rotation normalization, then, estimate accurate similarity, if the difference in the shape index is less than 50%. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly improve both the accuracy of similarity measurement and the performance of computational speed, when compared with traditional content based image retrieval method approaches that measure the similarity based on contours.
Prospective evaluation of balloon-sheathed catheter US system.

Abstract Background: Catheter US probes must rely on luminal water to create images because they do not incorporate a water-filled balloon such as that used with a designated echoendoscope. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness and safety of a balloon sheath for the US catheter system. Methods: Catheter EUS was performed on 50 patients by using a 2.3 mm 12 MHz or 20 MHz catheter probe. Catheter EUS was used in 47 cases, and a newly developed water-filled balloon sheath was used in 41 cases. Both devices were used in 39 cases. Procedure time, depth of ultrasound penetration, and a subjective assessment of image quality and ease of use were recorded, along with TMN stage as applicable. Catheter EUS findings were confirmed with a standard radial scanning echoendoscopy (S-EUS) in 18 cases. Results: Catheter probe EUS (C-EUS) and catheter probe plus balloon (CB-EUS) imaging was obtained of 25 esophageal, 8 gastric, 4 rectal, 1 biliary, and 1 duodenal lesion. Time required for the ultrasound portion of the examination was identical with C-EUS and CB-EUS. Depth of penetration increased with CB-EUS with both the 12 MHz and 20 MHz probes ( p Conclusions: For esophageal lesions, CB-EUS improves images compared with C-EUS, and enhances depth of penetration without prolonging or encumbering the examination. CB-EUS offers no advantage over C-EUS in organs other than the esophagus. S-EUS, when possible, remains the preferred imaging modality for esophageal cancers because of the ability to image the celiac axis and other deep structures. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:758-63.)
Cells resembling hair cells in developing rat olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelia

A hitherto ignored microvillous cell type, distinct from microvillous supporting cells and other microvillous cell types, was encountered in olfactory and respiratory epithelia of nasal turbinates of rat fetuses, near the transition between these two epithelia. The apex of the cell resembles the apices of vestibular hair cells. The cell has a cone-shaped bundle of microvilli, resembling the complex bundle of hair-cell stereocilia, accompanied by a cilium. Therefore we called this cell type the nasal hair cell. Cilium and microvilli seemed adhered. Cell numbers were very low, up to about 5 per turbinate. The cell's appearance is precocious compared to that of olfactory receptor and supporting cells. Also, while the apices of olfactory receptor and supporting cells and of ciliated respiratory cells underwent major morphological maturation during the developmental period from embryonic day 16 to day 21, the apical structures of the nasal hair cell only changed marginally from embryonic day 16, when they were first seen, through to at least embryonic day 21. The cell's location and precociously mature appearance suggests that it plays a special role in the development of nasal epithelia.
Aqueous solution chemistry of dichloro[S-methylcysteine(N,S)]platinum(II) isomers and their hydrolysis products

Abstract Rate and equilibrium constants at 25 °C, pH ∼ 1, and ionic strength 0.10 for hydrolysis of the two non-equivalent chlorides of dichloro[S-methyl- l -cysteine( N , S )]platinum(II) isomers, denoted [PtCl 2 (SmecysH)], and the resultant chloro-aqua species have been determined by NMR, potentiometric, and spectrophotometric methods. Though hydrolysis constants, K h , for the two chlorides are similar (p K h = 4–5), the rate of hydrolysis of the chloride trans to coordinated S, k h = 3.4 × 10 −3 s −1 , is 2–3 orders of magnitude faster than the k h for the other chloride, 2.3 × 10 −6 s −1 , and for the cancer drug cisplatin, cis -[PtCl 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ], 5.2 × 10 −5 s −1 . Relative rates of hydrolysis determined under three different experimental conditions (pH ∼ 1 in 0.10 M HNO 3 , high pH in 0.10 M NaOH, and at low pH with Ag + assistance) are consistent: the Cl trans to S is 100–1000 times more labile than the Cl cis to S. Potentiometric and NMR methods were also used to estimate p K a values of all aqua species, which are comparable to values reported for corresponding aqua species derived from cisplatin.
Implementation of ISO 19906 for probabilistic assessment of global sea ice loads on offshore structures encountering first-year sea ice

Ice failure during ice-structure interactions is a complex process and the development and improvement of ice load models is challenging, in large part because of difficulties obtaining full-scale data and scaling issues when extrapolating from model test data. The ISO 19906 standard provides guidance for the calculation of design ice loads on offshore structures in Arctic and subarctic regions. This paper examines issues in implementing available formulae for probabilistically determining design ice loads from first-year ice on sloping and vertically-faced offshore structures. Methodologies suggested in ISO 19906 are applied to simulate structure interactions with ice floes and embedded ice ridges in subarctic regions, such as the Northern Caspian Sea and Baltic Sea where no multi-year ice is anticipated to contribute to design loads. In these regions design ice loads are determined by first-year ice, which is less severe than the ice loads that result from multi-year ice features in Arctic regions. When compared multi-year ice features, lower ice strength coefficients are appropriate for both first-year level ice and first-year ridges. Structure interactions with first-year ridges are modeled differently than with multi-year ridges. The keels of first-year ridges are not yet consolidated, so that a different model approach is required for keel failure than for the failure of fully consolidated multi-year ridges. Challenges in defining the required input data for the appropriate ISO 19906 formulae are discussed in this paper. Sensitivity analyses performed using the Sea Ice Loads Software (SILS), a Monte-Carlo type simulator developed by C-CORE for determining first and multi-year sea ice loads using probabilistic methods are also presented and discussed. Suggested ISO 19906 models of potential failure modes are implemented in SILS for first-year level ice and ridge interactions with different structure types. The sensitivity analyses compare design ice loads from ice impacts with different structures and for different ice loading scenarios, illustrating the influence of different model assumptions on calculated design loads.
A Very Low-Noise Single-Sideband Receiver for 200-260 GHz

A cryogenic Schottky diode mixer receiver has been built for the 230-GHz region with true single-sideband operation and a receiver noise temperature as low as 330 K. Local oscillator power is provided by a frequency tripler, with LO injection and sideband filtering accomplished through quasi-optical interferometers. The image sideband is terminated in a cryogenic load with an effective temperature of 33 K. The IF bandwidth is 600 MHz with nearly flat noise, and the RF band is nearly flat over 50 GHz using backshort tuning of the mixer.
Microcomputer software of interest to forecasters in comparative review: An update

In 1989 this journal published a comparative review of 104 microcomputer forecasting software programs.’ The pace of change being what it is in the software world, the passage of 5 years would seem to have created a mandate for an update. In addition to technological changes such as faster microprocessors, large RAM and the spread of the Windows software platform, there has been the inevitable “churning” of the marketplace which has led to the exit of some programs and companies and the entrance of others. The forecasting software world reviewed in this article is dramatically different from that of 1989. The software reviewed in 1989 were the products of 65 companies. This year’s review includes nearly the same number of programs, 103, but they are the products of fewer companies, only 57. Of the 65 companies of 1989, 43 are still in the sample, 13 could not be contacted, 6 no longer marketed a product of interest to forecasters, and 3 declined to participate. Therefore, this year’s paper contains the products of 14 new companies. Each of the programs has in common that it
Reimagining the Bibliography: Database of the Smokies

Recently, librarians have added new media and scholarly publishing to their portfolio of skills. While the bibliography is part of the traditional purview of librarians, databases are a new venture for librarians, capitalizing on the advent of open access and the availability of open source software. This article presents one such database, Database of the Smokies (DOTS), hosted by the University of Tennessee Libraries. The creation of DOTS required a new librarian skill set and an environment of collaboration between subject specialists and technical experts. To aid other librarians in the creation of databases, this article details the review process which led to the selection of Drupal as the platform and outlines the steps in the initial setup, workflow patterns, content development, crowdsourcing efforts, and publicity.
Field dependence of currents

Arguments are presented to show that in a theory with spin 4, vector and axial-vector fields, the vector current in general depends upon the axial-vector field also in addition to the dependence on the vector field. The exact dependence is worked out on quite general grounds. We point out, however, that there are in- consistencies in the approach in which use is made of the definition of field de- pendent current and the usual canonical commutation relations of vector and axial-vector fields.
Organic acids do not alter the cochlear effects of ethacrynic acid.

Abstract Previous studies have shown a reduction of the ototoxicity of furosemide in chinchillas pretreated with organic acid transport inhibitors. The current studies were designed to investigate whether such a protective effect could be observed in chinchillas receiving ethacrynic acid. Chinchillas weighing 400–600 g were injected with saline followed by ethacrynic acid 12.5 mg/kg i.v. (controls) or one of three organic acids (probenecid, penicillin G and or sodium salicylate) 50 mg/kg i.v., thirty minutes prior to ethacrynic acid injection (experimentais). Endocochlear potential (EP) and compound action potential of the eighth nerve (CAP) elicited by click stimuli were simultaneously monitored before and after injection in both groups. The mean change in EP and CAP findings are consistent with observations by other investigators of the actions of these loop diuretics in the isolated loop of Henle. In the latter tissues, the ‘ furosemide-like loop diuretics’ appear to have a different mechanism of action than does ethacrynic acid. It appears from the findings of the present study that the actions of furosemide and ethacrynic acid on the cochlea are by different mechanisms as well.
TURBULENT TRANSITION IN SOLAR SURGES

It has been suggested that a surge can be modelled as a jet travelling in a sheared magnetic field, and that the transition to turbulence of this “MHD tearing jet” can explain several key observed features. In this paper we present our preliminary results of the transition to turbulencevia secondary instabilities of the MHD tearing jet. Our results confirm that turbulent transition can decelerate the surge, with decay times which compare well with surge data. Furthermore, we find that the turbulent MHD tearing jet forms magnetic field-aligned velocity filaments similar to those often observed in the surge flow field.
Isolation and crystallographic characterization of a solid precipitate/intermediate in the preparation of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from nitrile in water.

The reactions of 2-, 3-, and 4-cyanopyridine with NaN3 in the presence of H2O and Lewis acid (ZnCl2) afford discrete monomer, (2-PTZ)2Zn(H2O)2 (1), 3D diamondoid-like network (3-PTZ)2Zn (2), and 2D...
Public administrators and policy analysis: beyond political science

This article proposes using an analytical techniques approach to teaching policy analysis in public administration programs. It is organized using questions raised by journalists: who, what, why, where, when, and how. Although most attention is devoted to the content of such an approach, the initial portion of the article provides a rationale for taking that approach. The initial portion of the article concludes with a rejoinder to those who might be tempted to dismiss the argument out of hand because the proposed view of policy analysis is not a political science one. It is desirable to go beyond a political science view of policy analysis in teaching public policy in public administration programs to a broader conception of policy analysis. Then, public policy can be fully integrated into public administration programs. The antithesis is heard in required statistics and research methods courses where students complain that the material is irrelevant to their degree programs and career goals when the use...
Stratospheric lidar profiles from Mauna Loa Observatory, winter 1985-1986

In the period from mid-November 1985 through April 1986 the stratospheric aerosol profiles determined by lidar observations at the Mauna Loa, Hawaii Observatory indicated a persistent sequence of profiles characteristic of stratospheric volcanic aerosols. Aerosol layers were observed in two general altitude ranges. A high layer between about 25 and 27 km was detected in late November 1985 and again in late February and late March 1986. A lower layer, generally located between 20 and 23 km was present from early December 1985 through April 1986. These layers appear to have been due to the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Columbia. On the basis of these lidar data the impact of this volcanic plume on direct solar irradiance at 694 nm in Hawaii was estimated to have been an average diminution of about 0.4 per cent during the period December 1985 through April 1986.
Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study

Soy isoflavones, structurally similar to endogenous estrogens, may affect breast cancer through both hormonally mediated and non-hormonally related mechanisms. Although the effects of soy are not well understood, some breast cancer survivors increase their soy intake post-diagnosis in attempt to improve their prognosis. Therefore, we examined the role of soy isoflavone intake and the risk of breast cancer recurrence by hormone receptor status, menopausal status, and tamoxifen therapy. A cohort of 1,954 female breast cancer survivors, diagnosed during 1997-2000, was prospectively followed for 6.31 years and 282 breast cancer recurrences were ascertained. Isoflavone intake was assessed by mailing modified Block and supplemental soy food frequency questionnaires to participants, on average 23 months post-diagnosis. Risk of breast cancer recurrence, measured by hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), was estimated using multivariable delayed entry Cox proportional hazards models. Suggestive trends for a reduced risk of cancer recurrence were observed with increasing quintiles of daidzein and glycetin intake compared to no intake among postmenopausal women (P for trend: P = 0.08 for daidzein, P = 0.06 for glycetin) and among tamoxifen users (P = 0.10 for daidzein, P = 0.05 for glycetin). Among postmenopausal women treated with tamoxifen, there was an approximately 60% reduction in breast cancer recurrence comparing the highest to the lowest daidzein intakes (>1,453 vs. <7.7 microg/day; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.21-0.79, P = 0.008). Soy isoflavones consumed at levels comparable to those in Asian populations may reduce the risk of cancer recurrence in women receiving tamoxifen therapy and moreover, appears not to interfere with tamoxifen efficacy. Further confirmation is required in other large prospective studies before recommendations regarding soy intake can be issued to breast cancer survivors.
Wind may have driven avalanches on Martian dunes

In the sand dunes in the north polar sand sea of Mars, sand avalanches that appear as wedge-shaped alcoves can be seen above fan-shaped deposits. The avalanches, which are typically several meters across, are currently actively forming, with new alcoves showing up in recent images taken in consecutive Mars years. Some scientists have proposed that these sand avalanches occur when frozen carbon dioxide (CO2) sublimates, triggering the downslope flow (mass wasting) of sand grains and rock that had been lying on top of the CO2 frost. However, Horgan and Bell now suggest that these alcoves may actually have been formed by wind-driven movement of sand, not by CO2 sublimation.
Neurologic markers of the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

This article describes the results of studies conducted to determine the usefulness of reflex changes as markers of disease severity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Standardized and quantified muscle stretch reflexes, cutaneous, reflexes, and developmental (primitive) reflexes were studied in normal older adults, in individuals with mild memory impairment, and in patients with AD, in all clinical severity stages as assessed with the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) procedure. Changes in frequency and intensity of these individual reflex variables, as well as of variables consisting of combinations of these individual reflexes, appeared to be sensitive indicators of the progression of AD. These neurological reflex variables showed high Pearson correlations with the GDS (.72), the MMSE (.74), and the FAST (.80). Standardized quantified neurological reflex measures are useful as noncognitive, education-independent, and culture-independent markers of the course of AD.
Nonstandard Methods for Upper Banach Density Problems

Abstract A general method is developed by using nonstandard analysis for formulating and proving a theorem about upper Banach density parallel to each theorem about Shnirel'man density or lower asymptotic density.
The Theory of Complex Spectra

Atomic multiplets are treated by wave mechanics, without using group theory. In part 1 Hund's scheme for multiplet classification is derived directly from theory. Part 2 is devoted to the computation of the energy distances between multiplets, and comparison of these distances with experiment in some typical examples. There is no treatment of the separations between the various terms of a multiplet, since that has been done elsewhere, but only between one multiplet and another. It is found that Hund's rule, that terms of large $L$ and $S$ values lie lowest, has no general significance; the present theory leads to the same results as the rule when it is obeyed experimentally, but many cases which were exceptions to that rule are in agreement with the theory. The method of calculation of multiplet distances is described in sufficient detail, with the necessary tables of coefficients, etc., so that further checks with experiment could easily be made.
Images in clinical medicine. Rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Figure 1. A 47-year-old woman presented with fatigue and worsening exertional dyspnea. Cardiac auscultation was remarkable for an irregularly irregular rhythm, a loud S1 and accentuated P2, an opening snap, and a III/IV decrescendo diastolic rumble at the apex. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed findings typical of rheumatic mitral stenosis. The mitral leaflets were pliable, with restricted mobility of the leaflet tips (open arrow, panel A), resulting in doming and a “hockey-stick” appearance of the anterior leaflet in diastole (solid arrow, panel A). There was no notable subvalvular thickening. Cross-sectional imaging of the stenotic orifice (Panel B) demonstrated thickening . . .