cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Commentary: Renal failure after cardiac transplantation: Of bravery, wisdom and honesty

The same story has been presented on teaching rounds for the past 20 years: “Mr B. is a 63-year-old who underwent cardiac transplant 6 years ago. He was transplanted for ischemic heart disease and his current comorbidities include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and progressive renal insufficiency.” At this point the temptation is to initiate an erudite discussion outlining the incidence of post-transplant renal dysfunction and its impact on outcomes. The brave clinician will implicate the immunosuppressive drugs in the etiology of renal dysfunction and attempt to summarize a complex literature that highlights the pathophysiology of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-induced nephrotoxicity. After all, the drugs must play an important role in the etiology, because the patient did not have significant antecedent renal dysfunction. The wise clinician will broaden the discussion to include other potential causes of renal insufficiency ranging from common comorbidities to peri-operative ischemic insults. The honest clinician will simply note that we actually have an inadequate understanding of the complex interactions of underlying disease processes, clinical events and post-transplant therapeutics in the development of one of the most common and important complications after cardiac transplantation. In a recent analysis of 69,321 recipients of non-renal solid-organ transplantation, 16% of patients developed renal dysfunction within 3 years, and nearly 30% of these patients required dialysis or renal transplantation. 1 Further, incident renal failure was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in mortality. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation demonstrated that significant renal functional impairment after cardiac transplantation occurs in 26% of recipients at 12 months and 30% at 5 years, and nearly 6.5% of the cardiac transplant patients require renal replacement therapy by 10 years. 2
Viral Recombinant Vaccines to the E6 and E7 Antigens of HPV-16

Most cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix are linked to persistent infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV), most notably HPV-16 or -18. Vaccine-induced immune responses to the HPV early antigens E6 and E7, which contribute to cell transformation and are thus expressed in these cervical cancers, could potentially eradicate malignant cells. We generated recombinant vaccines based on E1-deleted adenovirus human strain 5 or on vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen expressing either the E6 or E7 oncoproteins of HPV-16. The different vaccines were compared in two experimental mouse tumor models employing Balb/c or C57Bl/6 mice. Data presented here demonstrate that depending on the model either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells provide protection to tumor cell challenge, resulting in striking differences in the efficacy of the four vaccines under investigation.
Statistical treatment of endogonaceous spore counts

Spores of Endogonaceous fungi are spatially aggregated in soil, a fact only rarely recognized by researchers. Several examples from both field and laboratory conditions are presented that illustrate non-normal frequency distributions, with the negative binomial distribution often applicable. In experimental work, appropriate analysis of VAMF spore counts allows more sensitive detection of statistical differences than is possible with methods intended for normal distributions.
Magnetization direction switching in Fe/Cu(100) epitaxial films: Temperature and thickness dependence.

The magnetization direction switching is investigated in epitaxial Fe/Cu(100) films by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy. We follow the transition from perpendicular to in-plane magnetization with both increasing film thickness and varying temperature. No variation of magnetic moment with magnetization direction change is found. A perpendicular stripe domain configuration is identified which evolves from the low-temperature single-domain state during the reorientation phase transition.
Design and performance analysis of optoelectronic adaptive infinite-impulse response filters

Adaptive infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters can be used for a variety of digital communication and digital signal processing problems, such as, linear prediction, adaptive notch filtering, adaptive differential pulse code modulation, channel equalization, and adaptive array processing [1 ] . In such applications an adaptive IIR filter can provide a better performance than the standard adaptive FIR filters because hR filters can track both zeroes and poles. Also to achieve a specified level of performance an IIR filter requires fewer coefficients than the corresponding FIR filters [1]. Many types of optoelectronic adaptive FIR filters based on fiber optics or acousto optics have been developed over the last few years [2,3 ]. Design and fabrication of optoelectronic adaptive IIR signal processors is a goal of our research.
Increased blood pressure in the emergency department: pain, anxiety, or undiagnosed hypertension?

Study objective We determine the proportion of patients with increased emergency department (ED) blood pressure and no history of hypertension who have persistently increased blood pressure at home, describe characteristics associated with sustained blood pressure increase, and examine the relationship between pain and anxiety and the change in blood pressure after ED discharge. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. Patients with no history of hypertension and 2 blood pressure measurements of at least 140/90 mm Hg who were treated in an urban ED were enrolled, provided with home blood pressure monitors, and asked to take their blood pressure twice a day for 1 week. Outcome measures were increased mean home blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or greater), and correlations between ED anxiety (Spielberger State Anxiety Scale) or pain (10-point scale) and the change in blood pressure after discharge. Potential relevant predictors were recorded and a multivariate model was constructed to assess the relationship between these predictors and increased home blood pressure. Results 189 patients were enrolled and 156 returned the monitors and completed the protocol. Increased mean home blood pressure was present in 79 of 156 (51%) patients and was associated with older age and being black. Of patients with ED blood pressures meeting criteria for stage I hypertension, 6% had home blood pressures meeting stage II hypertension, 36% stage I, and 52% prehypertension, and 6% had normal blood pressure For patients with ED blood pressures meeting stage II criteria, the corresponding percentages were 28%, 31%, 33%, and 8%, respectively. The difference between home and ED systolic blood pressures was not associated with anxiety ( r =–.03; P =.69) and showed a slight association with pain in the opposite direction from what was expected ( r =.18; P =.03). Conclusion Patients without diagnosed hypertension and increased ED blood pressures often have persistently increased home blood pressures, which does not appear to be related to pain or anxiety in the ED.
DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTITATIVE HPTLC-DENSITOMETRY METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF FAKE AND SUBSTANDARD PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS FOLLOWING A MODEL APPROACH FOR TRANSFER OF TLC SCREENING METHODS: ALBENDAZOLE, AMODIAQUIN + ARTESUNATE, ACICLOVIR, AND AMOXICILLIN

A model procedure including sample and standard solution preparation, calibration curve establishment, assay of pharmaceutical products versus the label values, and validation of precision, accuracy, and sample peak purity and identification was applied for development of quantitative HPTLC-densitometry methods to be used in support of regulatory action against substandard and fake drugs. Methods for albendazole and amodiaquin + artesunate combined tablets were transferred from semiquantitative, visual TLC screening methods contained in an FDA Compendium developed by Kenyon and Layloff and GPHF Minilab manuals for use in countries with limited resources. A method for aciclovir was adapted from a previously published HPTLC method. The new methods involve use of a limited number of inexpensive and relatively innocuous solvents, EMD Millipore Premium Purity silica gel 60 F254 glass plates, automated standard and sample solution application with a CAMAG Linomat 4, and automated densitometry for detection, ide...
Efficient connectivity maintenance for mobile cellular peers in a P2PSIP-based overlay network

Because peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks are sell organizing, each peer is required to participate in overlay network maintenance operation. However, for a mobile cellular peer, participation in P2P network maintenance is challenging due to its limited battery life and mobility in cellular access networks. A mobile-initiated connectivity maintenance scheme is proposed for mobile cellular peers in a Peer-to-Peer Session Initiation Protocol (P2PSIP)-based overlay network. The proposed scheme not only enables a mobile peer to make efficient use of its wake-up time but also improves the operation efficiency of the underlying mobile cellular networks.
Use of lattice square designs in bioassays

The use of Lattice Square designs for estimating the relative potencies in a multiple bioassay is illustrated in this paper. The analysis is presented with and without recovery of inter-row and column information.
Selection Criteria for Academic Video Game Collections

Purpose – This article aims to discuss the relevance of building video game collections in academia to support research and learning on campus and to propose useful criteria for building video game collections in academic libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined collection development policies of selected academic libraries as well as research discussing the cultural, historical, and educational value of video games. The authors also examined video game playback devices, games and their packaging, and popular game web sites.Findings – The authors outline selection considerations for developing video game collections and propose the following criteria for selecting games: physical characteristics, teaching and learning principles present in the games, subject matter and content, and the cultural and historical value of a game.Originality/value – Establishing video games in libraries is not a new topic, but most discussions have been focused on public libraries or the entertainment value...
The Performance Of Selected Pipeline Couplings

Ten subsea mechanical pipeline couplings were tested experimentally under loading conditions of internal pressure, bending moment, and axial tension. Four were considered to pass the test; four failed by leakage around the coupling; and two by excessive deformation or separation of the coupling. The strain transition and the calculated stresses as the coupling is approached from a distance of one pipe diameter are in general agreement with thin-wall theory.
Sporozoites of rodent and simian malaria, purified by anion exchangers, retain their immunogenicity and infectivity.

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of rodent malaria, Plasmodium berghei, and simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, were partially separated from mosquito debris and microbial contaminants by passage of Anopheles material through a DEAE-cellulcse column. In addition to eliminating most of the contaminants (80–90%), this simple technic has made it possible to recover rapidly large numbers of viable sporozoites (55–75% yield), which have retained their infectivity, immunogenicity, and capacity to react with known antisera. Mice injected with varying doses of column-purified sporozoites (CS) of P. berghei produced infections which paralleled those seen in the controls. Total protection against challenge with a potentially lethal dose of viable sporozoites was acquired by mice inoculated twice with irradiated CS of P. berghei. CS of P. berghei and P. cynomolgi gave positive circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reactions, upon inoculation with the respective immune sera. The preservation of the surface antigens of CS was documented by immunofluorescence. It was shown that differences in elution behavior exist among sporozoites of certain species of Plasmodium as well as among sporozoites of the same species derived from different organs of the mosquito. These results may be attributed to differences in the surface charge of the sporozoites or conditions in sample media. Purified sporozoites obtained by the method described in this report provide an adequate source of parasites for a variety of in vitro studies.
RNA editing in the phosphoprotein gene of the human parainfluenza virus type 3

RNA editing of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) phosphoprotein (P) gene was found to occur for the accession of an alternate discontinuous cistron. Editing occurred within a purine-rich sequence (AAUUAAAAAAGGGGG) found at the mRNA nucleotides 791-805. This sequence resembles an HPIV3 consensus transcription termination sequence and is located at the 5'-end of the putative D protein coding sequences. Editing at an alternate site (AAUUGGAAAGGAAAGG), mRNA nucleotides 1121-1136, for accession of a conserved V cistron, which is present in a number of paramyxovirus P genes, was not found to occur in HPIV3. In contrast with many other paramyxoviruses, editing was indiscriminate with the insertion of 1-12 additional G residues not present in the gene template. RNA editing was found to occur in both in vivo (HPIV3 infected cells) and in vitro (purified nucleocapsid complexes) synthesized mRNAs. Further, the in vitro prepared mRNA was edited regardless of whether the nucleocapsid complexes were transcribed in the presence or absence of uninfected human lung carcinoma (HLC) cell lysates. These results support the notion that RNA editing appears to be exclusively a function of viral proteins.
Human chromosome–specific DNA libraries: Construction and availability

The goal of the National Laboratory Gene Library Project at the Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories is the production of chromosome–specific human gene libraries and their distribution to the scientific community for studies of the molecular biology of genes and chromosomes, and for the study and diagnosis of genetic disease. The specific aim of Phase I of the project is the production of complete digest (4 kb average insert size) libraries from each of the 24 human chromosomal types purified by flow sorting. The bacteriophage vector is Charon 21A, which has both Eco R1 and Hind III insertion sites accommodating human DNA fragments up to 9.1 kb in size. Each laboratory has undertaken production of a complete set of chromosome–specific libraries, Los Alamos with Eco R1 and Livermore with Hind III; most of this task has now been accomplished. Close to 1200 library aliquots have been sent to about 300 laboratories world–wide through February 1986, at which time repository and distribution functions were transferred to the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. Following Phase I, we will begin the construction of libraries with large inserts in a more ad vanced, recently developed bacteriophage vector (about 20 kb inserts) or in a cosmid vector (about 40 kb inserts), and with characteristics better suited to basic studies of gene structure and function.
Geographic Information Networks in American Indian Governments and Communities

This article describes advantages and disadvantages of federal government centralized geographic information networks and decentralized peer-to-peer geographic information networks as they pertain to North American Indian tribal governments and communities. Geographic information systems (GIS) are used by indigenous groups for natural resource management, land claims, water rights, and cultural revitalization activities on a global-scale. North American groups use GIS for the same reasons, but questions regarding culturally appropriate GIS, cross-cultural understandings of geographic knowledge, and cultural assimilation through Western digital technologies have been raised by scholars. Two network models are germane to American Indian government operations and community organizations. The first is a prescriptive top-down network emanating from federal government agencies. Federal agencies are responsible for the diffusion of nationwide GIS programs throughout indigenous communities in the United States. A second, potentially more inclusive model is a decentralized peer-to-peer network in which all nodes are responsible for the success of the network.
Forensicloud: An Architecture for Digital Forensic Analysis in the Cloud

The amount of data that must be processed in current digital forensic examinations continues to rise. Both the volume and diversity of data are obstacles to the timely completion of forensic investigations. Additionally, some law enforcement agencies do not have the resources to handle cases of even moderate size. To address these issues we have developed an architecture for a cloud-based distributed processing platform we have named Forensicloud. This architecture is designed to reduce the time taken to process digital evidence by leveraging the power of a high performance computing platform and by adapting existing tools to operate within this environment. Forensicloud’s Software and Infrastructure as a Service service models allow investigators to use remote virtual environments for investigating digital evidence. These environments allow investigators the ability to use licensed and unlicensed tools that they may not have had access to before and allows some of these tools to be run on computing clusters.
Columnar growth of CoSi2 on Si(111), Si(100) and Si(110) by molecular beam epitaxy

Codeposition of silicon and cobalt on heated silicon substrates in ratios several times the silicide stoichiometry is found to result in epitaxial columns of CoSi2 surrounded by a matrix of epitaxial silicon. For (111)-oriented wafers, nearly cylindrical columns are formed, where both columns and surrounding silicon are defect free, as deduced from transmission electron microscopy. Independent control of the column diameter and separation is possible, and diameters of 27-135 nm have been demonstrated.
Decision methods in the theory of ordinals

For an ordinal α, let RS(α), the restricted second order theory of [α, <], be the interpreted formalism containing the first order theory of [α, <] and quantification on monadic predicate variables, ranging over all subsets of α. For a cardinal γ, RS(α, γ) is like RS(α), except that the predicate variables are now restricted to range over subsets of α of cardinality less than γ. ω = ω 0 and ω 1 denote the first two infinite cardinals. In this note I will outline results concerning RS(α, ω 0), which were obtained in the Spring of 1964 (detailed proofs will appear in [8]), and the corresponding stronger results about RS(α, ω 1), which were obtained in the Fall of 1964.
In Vitro Biotransformation of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Channel Catfish Liver

The biotransformation of the dietary carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was examined in hepatic microsomal and cytosolic fractions from channel catfish, an aquatic species shown to be refractory to AFB1 toxicity and reported to be resistant to AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis. Catfish liver microsomes catalyzed the in vitro oxidation of AFB1 to the reactive AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) at high substrate concentrations (128 microM AFB1) but not at low substrate concentrations (16 microM AFB1) which were more representative of environmental exposure. A similar trend was observed for the production of the hydroxylated metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In contrast, hepatic microsomes prepared from rainbow trout, a species sensitive to AFB1 toxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis, activated AFB1 at 16 and 128 microM AFB1, with the rate of AFB1 epoxidation by trout microsomes exceeding that of catfish by more than sixfold. Treatment of channel catfish with 5,6-benzoflavone (beta NF, 20 mg/kg) resulted in a threefold increase in AFM1 formation but did not affect AFBO formation. AFB1 was rapidly reduced to aflatoxicol (AFL), a putative detoxification product of AFB1, at both low and high substrate concentrations. The rate of AFL production by channel catfish hepatic cytosol was 40- and 65-fold greater than observed for rainbow trout at 16 and 128 microM AFB1, respectively. Western blotting of catfish cytosols revealed the presence of a catfish cytosolic protein of approximately 25 kDa that displayed immunological cross-reactivity to rat GST Ya, but not to other rat or mouse alpha class GSTs with high AFBO-conjugating activity. Furthermore, catfish cytosolic GSTs did not catalyze the conjugation of AFBO with GSH. The results of these studies indicate that AFB1 is poorly oxidized by channel catfish microsomes, and suggest that the lack of microsomal AFB1 activation together with the rapid conversion of AFB1 to AFL contributes to the apparent resistance of channel catfish to AFB1 toxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis.
A constructive, incremental-learning network for mixture modeling and classification

Gaussian ARTMAP (GAM) is a supervised-learning adaptive resonance theory (ART) network that uses gaussian-defined receptive fields. Like other ART networks, GAM incrementally learns and constructs a representation of sufficient complexity to solve a problem it is trained on. GAM's representation is a gaussian mixture model of the input space, with learned mappings from the mixture components to output classes. We show a close relationship between GAM and the well-known expectation-maximization (EM) approach to mixture modeling. GAM outper forms an EM classification algorithm on three classification benchmarks, thereby demonstrating the advantage of the ART match criterion for regulating learning and the ARTMAP match tracking operation for incorporating environmental feedback in supervised learning situations.
Summarizing answer graphs induced by keyword queries

Keyword search has been popularly used to query graph data. Due to the lack of structure support, a keyword query might generate an excessive number of matches, referred to as "answer graphs", that could include different relationships among keywords. An ignored yet important task is to group and summarize answer graphs that share similar structures and contents for better query interpretation and result understanding. This paper studies the summarization problem for the answer graphs induced by a keyword query Q. (1) A notion of summary graph is proposed to characterize the summarization of answer graphs. Given Q and a set of answer graphs G, a summary graph preserves the relation of the keywords in Q by summarizing the paths connecting the keywords nodes in G. (2) A quality metric of summary graphs, called coverage ratio, is developed to measure information loss of summarization. (3) Based on the metric, a set of summarization problems are formulated, which aim to find minimized summary graphs with certain coverage ratio. (a) We show that the complexity of these summarization problems ranges from ptime to NP-complete. (b) We provide exact and heuristic summarization algorithms. (4) Using real-life and synthetic graphs, we experimentally verify the effectiveness and the efficiency of our techniques.
Bank capital regulation with and without state-contingent penalties A comment

Abstract This is a theoretical study of optimal bank regulation in the presence of governmentally provided deposit insurance. The regulator has two policy instruments, a capital requirement and ex-post taxation of bank profits. It is shown that imposing capital standards can frequently improve welfare. However, it is also shown that a combination of capital standards and ex-post taxation often does better than capital standard alone.
Effects of mammalian gonadotropins (FSH and LH) on the testes of the lizard Anolis carolinensis

Responses of the testis to mammalian FSH and LH were examined in the lizard Anolis carolinensis at different times of year and at different temperatures. Small amounts of FSH (0.1 mU/day) maintain testis weight and the accessory structures (epididymis and sex segment of kidney) and promote the development of new germ cells in surgically hypophysectomized lizards at 31° during the spring. Ovine LH has the same actions but much higher doses are required. With testosterone the rate of posthypophysectomy regression is reduced but no new germ cells develop. Both ovine FSH and LH stimulate spermatogenesis and interstitial cell activity in “physiologically” hypophysectomized Anolis at 31° in the fall. The development of accessory sexual structures requires a higher dose of gonadotropin than does complete spermatogenesis; only the early stages of spermatogenesis—up to the spermatid stage—occur with low doses of gonadotropin. Comparison of several preparations of ovine gonadotropins (from NIH and Papkoff) indicates that the potency of FSH is many hundred times greater than that of LH with regard to the stimulation of spermatogenesis and interstitial cell activity in the lizard. At 20°, the high doses of gonadotropin required to initiate the development of accessory sexual structures cause an abnormal—edematous—response in the germinal epithelium. Normal spermatogenic recrudescence at 20° is mimicked best by a relatively low dose of gonadotropin which does not promote interstitial cell activity. The observed thermal effects and differential dose sensitivity of various testicular responses suggest that annual cycles of spermatogenesis and interstitial cell activity in reptiles may result from variations in the level of a single gonadotropin (or gonadotropic-complex). A scheme is proposed whereby low temperatures suppress circulating gonadotropins so that only the early stages of spermatogenesis occur, while increased temperatures elevate gonadotropin production which leads to the development of accessory sexual structures and spermiation.
Using Rheology to Achieve Co-Extrusion of Cement-Based Materials with Graded Cellular Structures

Co-extrusion involves simultaneous extrusion of multiple layers and can be used to produce functionally graded materials whose layers have different properties. Rheological control is vital for successful co-extrusion. During extrusion, flow in the barrel and die land in a ram extruder should be plug-like, while the paste should be sheared and uniformly elongated in the die entry region. In the barrel of the extruder, the paste flow velocity field was inferred by direct observation of the paste left in the barrel, and evidence for plug flow in the barrel was seen only at low-extrudate velocities. In the die land, the Benbow nonlinear model was employed to assess the paste flow behavior, and plug flow was achieved only when the shear stress applied to the paste by the die land wall was smaller than its yield stress. For co-extrusion, a simple method using thin-walled tubes was found to be effective to prepare layered feedrods. Functionally graded cellular structures of cement-based materials were successfully co-extruded by using a low-extrudate velocity when the paste had decreasing shear viscosity from inner to outer layers.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA COLLOIDS ON THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

The influence of osmotic conditions on the gradient of capillary permeability disclosed by the distribution into mammalian muscle of vital dyes has been tested experimentally. The percentage of circulating blood proteins was increased in rabbits by the injection of compatible plasma, or of compatible serum concentrate obtained by means of a new method of ultrafiltration which has proved both rapid and effective. It was found that when this had been done and the circulatory conditions had stabilized themselves, the gradient of capillary permeability still existed, though its effective extent was less than under normal circumstances. When the percentage of circulating blood proteins was reduced, on the other hand, by repeated bleedings with return of the cells, either as such or suspended in the protein-free fluid obtained by dialysis of serum, the extent of the gradient of capillary permeability was broadened and dye passed out into the tissue more readily than usual from the capillary as a whole. In contrast to these findings injection of a very hypertonic dextrose solution during the period when dye was escaping had no perceptible effect on the gradient of capillary permeability. The observed phenomena cannot be explained by a flow of dye-stained fluid into or out of the blood vessels. The gradient of capillary permeability exists independently of osmotic conditions, though its extent can be markedly influenced by altering the amount of circulating blood proteins. A considerable proportion of the dye used to study the gradient is adsorbed upon these proteins, as subsidiary experiments have shown. This happening provides a sufficient cause for the differences observed in the extent of the gradient when the percentage of proteins is increased or diminished. The evidence like that of previous papers indicates that the cause for the gradient is to be found in a structural differentiation along the capillary, such that the barrier offered by its wall progressively diminishes on the way to the venule. Most current estimates of the effective osmotic pressure of the blood proteins fail to take into account the existence of local differences in permeability along the capillary.
823 PHARMACOKINETICS OF VINCRISTINE IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER

The pharmacokinetics of vincristine sulfate (VCR) have not been studied in children. Using a radioimmunoassay, VCR concentrations of serum and urine were measured in 4 children with malignancies (ages 5 to 16). Serum samples were obtained from 1 min. to 48 hrs. following intravenous bolus injections of VCR (2mg./M2, maximum dose 2.0mg.). Urine samples were obtained up to 90 hrs. following the injection of VCR. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by a non-linear regression program, NONLIN. A three compartmental open model fits the raw data better than a two compartmental model. The half-lives of the triphasic decay curves α, β, and γ were 2.4, 27.3, and 1620.0 min., respectively. The mean volume of distribution was 251.85 liters. First order rate constants (min−1) for distribution and/or elimination of VCR were K10=0.038, K12=0.133, K21=0.044, K13=0.119, K31=0.003. The total body clearance was 140.43 ml/min/1.73M2 while the ACU: was 28,588 (nM·min). Urinary excretion demonstrated a concentration of > 1.0 × 10−7M in the urine up to 78 hrs. following the injection. Up to 37% of the administered drug could be recovered in the urine by 90 hrs. The low elimination constant (K31) from poorly perfused tissues to plasma and a long biological half-life (27 hrs.) indicate a slow release of VCR from the body and may account for the neurotoxicity associated with this drug. (Supported in part by NIH grant CA 12197).
LOSS OF VIRUS BY FILTRATION THROUGH CHARCOAL.

Abstract Charcoal is useful for adsorption of normal plant components, mainly brown pigments, in plant virus purification. The method for removing the charcoal from the extract affects the final virus concentration very remarkably. Removal by filtration requires great care to avoid formation of thick pads of charcoal that can completely remove the virus. Centrifugation removes the charcoal and adsorbed pigments without removing virus.
Marginating Dendritic Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment Cross-present Tumor Antigens and Stably Engage Tumor-Specific T cells

The nature and site of tumor-antigen presentation to immune T cells by bone-marrow-derived cells within the tumor microenvironment remains unresolved. We generated a fluorescent mouse model of spontaneous immunoevasive breast cancer and identified a subset of myeloid cells with significant similarity to dendritic cells and macrophages that constitutively ingest tumor-derived proteins and present processed tumor antigens to reactive T cells. Using intravital live imaging, we determined that infiltrating tumor-specific T cells engage in long-lived interactions with these cells, proximal to the tumor. In vitro, these cells capture cytotoxic T cells in signaling-competent conjugates but do not support full activation or sustain cytolysis. The spatiotemporal dynamics revealed here implicate nonproductive interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells on the tumor margin.
A dual inheritance model of the human evolutionary process I: Basic postulates and a simple model

Human evolution presents special problems for Neo-Darwinian theory because a second system of inheritance, culture, is an important determinant of phenotype in our species. An elementary theory to explain how cultural inheritance affects the evolutionary process is developed from three basic postulates: (1) both genes and culture evolve by natural selection; (2) the reproductive fitness optimum as a function of phenotype is different for genes and culture because the rules of inheritance of the two systems are different; and (3) a genetic capacity for culture is assumed to be optimized by selection with respect to genetic fitness. The theory is formally a two-person variable sum game in which genes and culture compete to control phenotype, although the conservatively Neo-Darwinian capacity-for-culture assumption ensures that culture will benefit genotype. Simple mathematical models are used to deduce the general properties of equilibrium phenotypes. Results include the possibility that under some circumstances phenotype may be at the cultural rather than the genetic fitness optimum. Particularly if it is assumed that the capacity for culture is a general trait permitting many specific cultural ones, the culture capacity will be like a pleiotropic gene and many cultural traits are likely to be at the cultural optimum. The fact that in a majority of human societies, people bias their kinship behavior in ways unexpected from degree of genetic relatedness may be an example of the effect of selection on culture.
Traumatic brain injury down-regulates glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1 and GLAST) proteins in rat brain.

Abstract: Excess activation of NMDA receptors is felt to participate in secondary neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased extracellular glutamate is active in this process and may result from either increased release or decreased reuptake. The two high-affinity sodium-dependent glial transporters [glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)] mediate the bulk of glutamate transport. We studied the protein levels of GLT-1 and GLAST in the brains of rats after controlled cortical impact-induced TBI. With use of subtype-specific antibodies, GLT-1 and GLAST proteins were quantitated by immunoblotting in the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex at 2, 6, 24, 72, and 168 h after the injury. Sham-operated rats served as control. TBI resulted in a significant decrease in GLT-1 (by 20–45%; p < 0.05) and GLAST (by 30–50%; p < 0.05) protein levels between 6 and 72 h after the injury. d-[3H]Aspartate binding also decreased significantly (by 30–50%; p < 0.05) between 6 and 72 h after the injury. Decreased glial glutamate transporter function may contribute to the increased extracellular glutamate that may mediate the excitotoxic neuronal damage after TBI. This is a first report showing altered levels of glutamate transporter proteins after TBI.
SPOT Imagery and GIS in Support of Military Land Management.

Abstract Due to the nature and intensity of the activities occurring on many military training areas, management of those lands can be a complex problem. The US Army has adopted a standardized land condition and trend analysis approach to land management that incorporates the use of a geographic information system and satellite imagery. These tools are valuable for objective selection of field data collection sites, landcover classification, soil erosion prediction and estimation of military carrying capacity.
Amino acid transport in Neurospora crassa III. Acidic amino acid transport

Abstract Kinetic studies of uptake demonstrate the existence of an active transport system for d - and l -acidic amino acids in Neurospora crassa. This system, designated amino acid Transport System IV, has K m ' s for l -cysteic, l -aspartic and l -glutamic acids of 7, 13 and 16 μM, respectively. It has higher affinity for d -aspartic acid than for l -aspartic acid but lower affinity for d -glutamic than for l -glutamic acid. Transport System IV has low activity in growing mycelial pads but has higher activity in carbon-, nitrogen- or sulfur-starved pads. The characterization of Transport System IV appears to complete the outlining of the major amino acid transport systems in Neurospora. A comparison is made among the substrate affinities and regulation of several amino transport systems in Neurospora and in two other fungi.
Absence of phytochrome participation in chlorophyll synthesis in euglena.

There appear to be three phases in chlorophyll synthesis in Euglena (11). An initial, rapid conversion of a small pool of protochlorophyll(ide) to chlorophyll is followed by a short lag phase during which the protochlorophyll(ide) pool is replenished; the third phase is that of rapid and sustained chlorophyll synthesis. Since the initial pool of protochlorophyll(ide) is smaller than would be expected from an intermediate accumulating behind a dark-blocked step (11), Gassman and Bogorad (5) suggested that in vascular plants the concentration of its precursor, 8-amino levulinic acid, may be limiting, but there is no proof that ALA2 is limiting in Euglena. In higher plants, many workers (2, 4, 12) found that the enzymatic syn-
Origin of superionicity in the alkaline earth halides

Abstract Results of ab-initio equation-of-state calculations for CaF 2 and SrF 2 , based on Gordon-Kim pair potentials and the quasi-harmonic approximation, imply that superionicity in these materials originates from the softening of X 3 vibrations of the fluorite structure. The theory gives a reasonably accurate prediction of the equation-of-state of the normal phase, and, in addition, provides a natural explanation for why the anion sublattice disorders in the superionic phase. The relatively sharp transition in SrF 2 , compared to CaF 2 , seen in conductivity measurements, is predicted to be a consequence of a similarly sharp increase in volume at the transition temperature.
Collective Management of Satellite Clusters

Abstract : During this contract we carried out work in three areas relevant to the control of clusters of satellites: orbital analysis, cluster reconfiguration, and cluster control. We developed an approximate separation function, relatively simple to compute, to help predict the short-term behavior of the constellation. We applied optimization methods to develop low-fuel trajectories compatible with operational requirements and market-oriented programming to solve the cluster reconfiguration problem with minimal fuel usage. We also developed a guidance algorithm for the constellation in order to maintain operational formations while minimizing fuel consumption.
The divisions and classes of plants

In conclusion I wish to pay deserved tribute to two men for their outstanding contributions to the general system of plants during the twentieth century. Adolf Pascher’s extensive and critical work on the algae, culminating in a general system (1931), is the foundation and inspiration for all modern algological systems. Charles E. Bessey is usually remembered for his well known work on the phylogeny and classification of angiosperms, especially as expressed in papers published in 1897 and 1915. In a less known synopsis of the plant kingdom (1907) he discerned with considerable accuracy the classification of embryophytes which the subsequent accumulation of evidence has made necessary. As with Mendel’s peas, the scientific world was not yet ready, and I was surprised to find the present system so clearly foreshadowed in a paper more than half a century old.
Order-isomorphic η1-orderings in Cohen extensions

Abstract In this paper we prove that, in the Cohen extension (adding ℵ 2 -generic reals) of a model M of ZFC+CH containing a simplified ( ω 1 , 1 ) -morass, η 1 -orderings without endpoints having cardinality of the continuum, and satisfying specified technical conditions, are order-isomorphic. Furthermore, any order-isomorphism in M between countable subsets of the η 1 -orderings can be extended to an order-isomorphism between the η 1 -orderings in the Cohen extension of M . We use the simplified ( ω 1 , 1 ) -morass, and commutativity conditions with morass maps on terms in the forcing language, to extend countable partial functions on terms in the forcing language that are forced in all generic extensions to be order-preserving injections. This technique provides for the construction of functions in Cohen extensions adding ℵ 2 generic reals for which the only known arguments require transfinite constructions of order type no greater than ω 1 in models of ZFC+CH. The specific example presented in this paper is an extension of Tarski’s classic result that in models of ZFC+CH, η 1 -orderings are order-isomorphic.
Confronting psychology's power

Isaac Prilleltensky (this issue, pp. 116–136) seeks to make community psychology a more effective force for social justice. His discussion of psychopolitical validity raises a number of questions: How perfect must the theoretical framework be to usefully oppose unjust power? In what way is the notion of “psychopolitical validity” most useful? How might an analysis of power apply to community psychology's own institutions? Is redirecting community psychology the most effective way to bring about transformative social change, or is success more likely to come outside psychology? Might more research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of oppression and liberation help oppressors more than liberators? And how can critical psychologists move beyond critique to action? The proposed framework will help facilitate social change only if community psychology also changes itself. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speech-based cursor control using grids: modelling performance and comparisons with other solutions

Speech recognition can be a powerful tool for use in human – computer interaction, especially in situations where the user's hands are unavailable or otherwise engaged. Researchers have confirmed that existing mechanisms for speech-based cursor control are both slow and error prone. To address this, we evaluated two variations of a novel grid-based cursor controlled via speech recognition. One provides users with nine cursors that can be used to specify the desired location while the second, more traditional solution, provides a single cursor. Our results confirmed a speed/accuracy trade-off with a nine-cursor variant allowing for faster task completion times while the one-cursor version resulted in reduced error rates. Our solutions eliminated the effect of distance, and dramatically reduced the importance of target size as compared to previous speech-based cursor control mechanisms. The results are explored through a predictive model and comparisons with results from earlier studies.
Calcium channels: cellular roles and molecular mechanisms

An unexpected variety of different types of Ca2+ channels have been identified using molecular cloning and selective Ca2+ channel toxins. A main focus of current research in this field is to characterize these different channel types and the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ channels perform their basic activities of gating, selectivity and modulation. Recent advances demonstrate the roles of different types of Ca2+ channels in muscle and nerve, and provide hints about the structures involved in selectivity and gating.
Direct visualization of intestinal villi by high-resolution magnifying upper endoscopy: a validation study.

Background New generation videoendoscopes potentially may visualize duodenal villi. This study compared endoscopic findings with this type of instrument to the histopathologic evaluation of duodenal villi. Methods A total of 191 patients underwent upper endoscopy for the purpose of obtaining duodenal biopsy specimens. The findings were assessed independently by 3 experienced observers by using a commercially available, high-resolution, high-magnifying (×2) videoendoscope. The duodenal villous profile was determined by endoscopic magnification and by endoscopic magnification after filling the duodenum with water. With both endoscopic magnification and endoscopic magnification after filling the duodenum with water, villous patterns were scored as the following: definitely present, partially present, or definitely absent. Villous patterns also were histopathologically scored as the following: normal, partial villous pattern, or total villous atrophy. Results Interobserver variability was excellent (κ=0.93). The concordance between either endoscopic magnification or endoscopic magnification after filling the duodenum with water and histology was 100% for presence/absence of villi. The sensitivity, the specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values of endoscopic magnification for detection of any villous abnormality were 95%, 99%, 95%, and 99%, respectively; the respective values of endoscopic magnification after filling the duodenum with water were 95%, 98%, 92%, and 99%. Conclusions High-resolution magnifying upper endoscopy can reliably predict the presence or the absence of duodenal villi.
Prolonged hypoxia upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA expression in ovine fetal membranes and placenta

Abstract Objective: In ovine fetuses, 4 days of hypoxia resulted in a large increase in urine flow, without the development of polyhydramnios, which suggests that intramembranous absorption of the amniotic fluid was enhanced. Because vascular endothelial growth factor is speculated to be a regulator of intramembranous absorption through increases of membrane vascularity and fluid transport, we hypothesized that hypoxia upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in the fetal membranes. Study Design: Five near-term ovine fetuses that were subjected to 4 days of hypoxia and 5 age-matched time controls were studied. On day 4, the amnion, chorion, and placenta were collected for cellular localization and quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and for the determination of vascular endothelial growth factor molecular forms that were expressed. The data were analyzed statistically with the use of t tests and 2-factor analyses of variance. Results: Vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA was expressed in the fetal membranes localized to the amniotic epithelium and chorionic cytotrophoblast, and to the villous cytotrophoblast of the placenta. In hypoxic fetuses, vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA levels in these cell layers were significantly increased compared with the controls. Five vascular endothelial growth factor molecular forms were identified with vascular endothelial growth factor 164 being the most abundant form expressed. The pattern of expression of the forms was not altered by hypoxia. Conclusion: In the near-term ovine fetus, hypoxia induced vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA expression in the amnion, chorion, and placenta. This was associated with an increase in intramembranous absorption of amniotic fluid. We speculate that the increased intramembranous absorption was mediated by a vascular endothelial growth factor-induced increase in the transport of amniotic fluid into the fetal membranes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:303-10.)