cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In and out of employment: Effects in panel and life-history data

Abstract Longitudinal data collected through panel studies or life-history surveys represent a rich source for analysing movements in the labour market over the life-course. However, concerns arise over the proper design to collect these data reliably. This paper addresses the substantive issue related to the determinants of movements in the labour market tackling the methodological concerns referring the reliability of different survey designs (prospective versus retrospective) for that purpose. The focus, in particular, is on the extent to which the survey design can affect the results of the analysis of mechanisms underlying labour markets dynamics. Using discrete-time event history models, the effects of factors possibly affecting labour market transitions using prospective and retrospective surveys are estimated and compared (the German Socio-Economic Panel and the German Life-History Study). Overall, few differences are found across surveys. Such differences are mainly in effect sizes and rarely in their directions. The most significant differences are found in the effects of human capital investments. In some cases, familial responsibilities connected with marriage and children also show different effects. However, results confirm that career investments and disinvestments protect from exiting and hinder re-entry, respectively. Familial responsibilities hamper employment participation for women, while increasing it for men. No clear evidence of temporal connections in recalling between work and family spheres are found. The paper contributes to raising the awareness of the pros and cons of different types of surveys collecting longitudinal data.
Aluminium Toxicity in Roots: An Investigation of Spatial Sensitivity and the Role of the Root Cap

The primary symptom of aluminium (Al) toxicity in higher plants is inhibition of root growth. In this study, we investigated the spatial sensitivity of maize (Zea mays L.) roots to Al. A divided-chamber technique indicated that only exposure of the terminal 10 to 15 mm of the root to Al resulted in inhibition of growth. Application of Al to all but this apical region of the root had little or no effect on growth for 24 h and caused minimal damage to the root tissue. Small agar blocks infused with Al were then applied to discrete areas of the apex of maize roots to determine which section (root cap, meristem or elongation zone) was more important to Al-induced inhibition of growth
Determination of free amino groups in proteins by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

Abstract A sensitive method to determine the free amino groups in proteins is presented that makes use of the reagent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The relationship between absorbance and concentration (up to 1 mg/ml) was linear and the color was developed under more gentle conditions than with the ninhydrin method. It was found that sodium dodecyl sulfate was bound to some of the ϵ-amino groups of lysine in bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, and human γ-globulin and rendered the involved amino groups unreactive toward TNBS. Partial reaction of 4 M potassium thiocyanate at 40°C for 2 hr with the free amino groups in bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, human γ-globulin, and lactalysate was demonstrated by this method. The method was useful to study the reaction of the free amino groups of bovine serum albumin with formaldehyde.
Determining maximum payloads for cooperating robots under time-optimal control

Abstract This work presents an algorithm which evaluates the dynamic performance limit of a cooperating robotic system using movements planned for minimum time. Minimum-time movements characteristically require that a set of motors in the robot be driven at their maximum torque throughout the motion. These movements are limited by the combination of motor performance, mechanical advantage of the kinematic chain, and the location of the start and goal positions. By increasing the payload for a motion until a minimum-time solution is no longer feasible the payload limit of the system for the associated path is obtained. To illustrate the algorithm a detailed analysis of a robotic arm developed at Odetics Inc. is presented. The analysis includes numerical results for cooperating Odetics robotic arms using their maximum payload under time-optimal control. Furthermore, the maximum payload for the cooperating robotic system to perform the same motion with a 1 sec time constraint is determined.
A neural network‐based nonlinear filter for image enhancement

This paper explores a novel neural network-based nonlinear filter that has the ability to remove mixed noises and sharpen the edges in noise-corrupted digital images. The noise is assumed to be a mixture of both Gaussian and impulse types. Initially, a nonlinear filter is used to reduce the noise. The smoothed image is then combined with the output of an edge detector using a synthesizer to provide the effect of noise reducing and edge sharpening. The smoother and synthesizer are designed by using layered neural networks. Simulation results show that the proposed filter can effectively remove the mixed Guassian and impulsive noises and sharpen the edges. It can adapt itself to the various noise environments by learning during the training process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 56–62, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10009
Boundary element methods in three-dimensional thermoelasticity

Abstract A boundary element method is developed for the solution of time-dependent problems in three-dimensional thermoelasticity. The time domain, boundary-only formulation represents the first of its kind for quasistatic analysis, which by definition considers transient heat conduction, but ignores the effects of inertia. By eliminating the need for volume discretization, the method becomes an attractive alternative to finite element analysis for this class of problems. Additionally, because an exact Green's function is used in the interior, steep thermal gradients can be captured much more readily than with standard domain-based methods. The presentation includes details of the fundamental solution, a derivation of the boundary integral equations, and an overview of a general purpose numerical implementation. This implementation permits the solution of large, multiregion problems with arbitrary geometry and boundary conditions. Several examples are included to validate the proposed method, as well as to highlight its usefulness.
DNA and polyribosome-like structures in lysates of mitochondria of Drosophila melanogaster

Mitochondria from Drosophila melanogaster are osmotically ruptured when egg chambers are prepared for electron microscopy. Short (2 to 30 μm) clusters of polyribosome-like structures can be observed adjacent to the mitochondria. We infer that these represent mitochondrial polyribosomes associated with mitochondrial DNA. Identification of these structures was based on purification of ribosomes, negative staining of mitochondrial cristae, and disruption of the polyribosomes and DNA by RNAase and DNAase. Ribonuclease treatment of disrupted mitochondria reveals filaments with the approximate contour length and diameter (25 A) of mitochondrial DNA, except for a short (1 to 2 μm) region with a filament diameter of about 90A. Also apparent were 200 A granules on the 25-A regions of the filaments. Several interpretations of these granules are discussed, including the hypothesis that each represents the proximal ribosome of a polyribosome removed by the RNAase. These techniques offer further possibilities for analysis of mitochondrial DNA and its relation to RNA and protein synthesis.
Throughput maximization in wireless powered communication networks with energy saving

This paper considers a time division multiple access scenario where a wireless access point transmits to a group of users which harvest the energy and then use this energy to transmit back to the access point. Past approaches have found the optimal time allocation to maximize sum throughput under the assumption that the users must use all of their harvested power in each block of the “harvest-then-transmit” protocol. This paper considers optimal time and energy allocation to maximize the sum throughput for the case when the nodes can save energy for later blocks. To maximize the sum throughput over a finite horizon, the initial optimization problem is separated into two sub-problems and finally can be formulated into a standard box-constrained optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently. A tight upper bound is derived by relaxing the energy harvesting causality. Simulation results are also provided to demonstrate the “harvest-then-transmit” protocol with energy saving provides improved sum throughput increasing with the number of transmission blocks.
Review of Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2/neu Immunohistochemistry Impacts on Treatment for a Small Subset of Breast Cancer Patients Transferring Care to Another Institution

Context.—Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu studies are variably submitted for pathology review but are influential in treatment choices for breast cancer patients se...
A VPI-based combinational IP core module-based mixed level serial fault simulation and test generation methodology

In this paper we are presenting a test methodology for performing module-bused mixed level fault simulation and test generation on System-on-Chip (SOC) combinational Intellectual Property (IP) cores for which both a pre-synthesis behavioral description and a post-synthesis netlist is available but in an analyzer output intermediate format not readable by core integraters. We use the Verilog Procedural Interface (VPI) to access and perform serial fault simulation on a pre-compiled core available as a mixed behavioral structural level design. We also use VPI to prepare a testbench environment for performing random pattern test generation. The simulation time results of applying this VPI-based test methodology on ISCAS85 Verilog benchmarks are also presented and compared to the flat (non-mixed level) version the proposed VPI-based environment.
Testis temperature, infertility, and the varicocele paradox.

Abstract The author presents arguments which favor elevated temperature of the testis and adnexae as an important factor in patients with poor semen seen in varicocele and “idiopathic” infertility. This appears to be primarily the result of disturbed thermoregulation due to internal spermatic vein retrograde blood flow. Elevated testis temperature without varicocele may be present in as high as 54 per cent of all patients with “idiopathic” infertility. The prevailing theory in the United States is that the varicocele's bilateral effect is due to a substance noxious to spermatogenesis which is carried to both testes by retrograde internal spermatic vein blood flow and via crossover to the contralateral testis. A review of the published evidence for the crossover does not confirm its presence in the deep circulation of the contralateral testis, but rather its restriction to the superficial contralateral scrotal venous drainage. A simpler explanation for the bilateral effect of varicocele on spermatogenesis and sperm maturation by the epididymis is a gradient to the contralateral testis from the affected testis which results in demonstrable elevated temperature in both.
Exploring children's vulnerability to climate change and their role in advancing climate change adaptation in East Asia and the Pacific☆

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the climate change trends and their potential effects on children in East Asia and the Pacific that appeared in studies covering five countries that were commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund. The purpose of the studies was to analyse children's specific vulnerabilities to climate change that need to be taken into account in policy development. Scientific research indicates that existing vulnerabilities are likely to be exacerbated by continued climate change. Because children have unique perspectives of their environment, they can be important actors in enhancing community capacity to address climate-related risks. In the UNICEF research, children noted a range of experiences, ranging from livelihood insecurity in Mongolia to threats of sea level rising in the Pacific Islands to massive flooding of their neighbourhoods in the Philippines and crop failures in Indonesia. Involving children in the design of policy, and designing climate change policies with children's rights in mind, are essential to creating policies that do not have unintended negative consequences.
MetabR: an R script for linear model analysis of quantitative metabolomic data

Background: Metabolomics is an emerging high-throughput approach to systems biology, but data analysis tools are lacking compared to other systems level disciplines such as transcriptomics and proteomics. Metabolomic data analysis requires a normalization step to remove systematic effects of confounding variables on metabolite measurements. Current tools may not correctly normalize every metabolite when the relationships between each metabolite quantity and fixed-effect confounding variables are different, or for the effects of random-effect confounding variables. Linear mixed models, an established methodology in the microarray literature, offer a standardized and flexible approach for removing the effects of fixed- and random-effect confounding variables from metabolomic data. Findings: Here we present a simple menu-driven program, “MetabR”, designed to aid researchers with no programming background in statistical analysis of metabolomic data. Written in the open-source statistical programming language R, MetabR implements linear mixed models to normalize metabolomic data and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test treatment differences. MetabR exports normalized data, checks statistical model assumptions, identifies differentially abundant metabolites, and produces output files to help with data interpretation. Example data are provided to illustrate normalization for common confounding variables and to demonstrate the utility of the MetabR program. Conclusions: We developed MetabR as a simple and user-friendly tool for implementing linear mixed model-based normalization and statistical analysis of targeted metabolomic data, which helps to fill a lack of available data analysis tools in this field. The program, user guide, example data, and any future news or updates related to the program may be found at http://metabr.r-forge.r-project.org/.
Bacterial deoxyribonuclease production and its possible influence on mastitis detection.

Abstract Various hemolytic streptococci, hemolytic staphylococci, and micrococci were tested for production of deoxyribonuclease (DNase). In general, beta-hemolytic pathogenic streptococci of human origin produced highest concentrations of DNase. However, some beta-hemolytic bovine strains were also highly productive. Alpha-hemolytic strains produced a maximum of 7.6 units/milliliter. None of the staphylococci or micrococci produced detectable DNase. The possibility of correlating DNase production with pathogenicity of the organism is suggested. Addition of DNase to milk abolished the California Mastitis Test (CMT) reaction only after leucocytes had been disrupted by the surface active agent. Possible effects of bacterial DNase production in milk on mastitis screening tests such as the CMT are discussed.
Agonist-dependent signaling by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors is regulated by association with lipid domains

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), mGluR1 and mGluR5, play critical functions in forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and synapse remodeling in physiological and pathological states. Importantly, in animal models of fragile X syndrome, group I mGluR activity is abnormally enhanced, a dysfunction that may partly underlie cognitive deficits in the condition. Lipid rafts are cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that are thought to form transient signaling platforms for ligand-activated receptors. Many G protein-coupled receptors, including group I mGluRs, are present in lipid rafts, but the mechanisms underlying recruitment to these membrane domains remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that mGluR1 recruitment to lipid rafts is enhanced by agonist binding and is supported at least in part by an intact cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif in the receptor. Substitutions of critical residues in the motif reduce mGluR1 association with lipid rafts and agonist-induced, mGluR1-dependent activation of extracellular-signal-activated kinase1/2 MAP kinase (ERK-MAPK). We find that alteration of membrane cholesterol content or perturbation of lipid rafts regulates agonist-dependent activation of ERK-MAPK by group I mGluRs, suggesting a potential function for cholesterol as a positive allosteric modulator of receptor function(s). Together, these findings suggest that drugs that alter membrane cholesterol levels or directed to the receptor-cholesterol interface could be employed to modulate abnormal group I mGluR activity in neuropsychiatric conditions, including fragile X syndrome.
Burst detection in water distribution system using the extended Kalman filter

Abstract A water distribution system burst from a pipe rupture results in water loss and disruptions of customer service. Numerous methods, including Statistical Process Control, time series modeling, and pattern recognition, have been applied to detect bursts. However, system changes its boundary conditions such as the set of operating pumps and valve closures greatly complicating the detection problem. Thus, to date applications have been limited to the network supplied by gravity or under constant boundary conditions. This study seeks to overcome these limitation using the Kalman filter method to estimate the system state and detect bursts.
Soil bacteria as selective biological control agents of winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat

Abstract Many winter annual grass weeds, such as downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica Host.), are difficult to control selectively in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the central and western US. The difficulty is due partially to a lack of selective chemical herbicides. Bacteria were isolated from soil and plant roots and evaluated for inhibition of germination and root and shoot growth of both weeds and wheat. Laboratory bioassays identified 162, 202, and 129 isolates that inhibited root growth of downy brome, Japanese brome (B. japonicus Thunb. ex. Murr.), and jointed goatgrass, respectively. Nine isolates inhibited downy brome shoot and root growth in soil in pot studies. In a field study established in the fall of 1990 under adverse environmental conditions (high temperature/low moisture), application of two isolates increased winter wheat yields as compared to untreated wheat (P = 0.10).
An intuitive design pattern for sequentially estimating parameters of a 2k factorial experiment with active confounding avoidance and least treatment combinations

2^k Full factorial designs may be prohibitively expensive when the number of factors k is large. The most popular technique developed to reduce the number of treatment combinations is the fractional factorial design; confounding in estimating the model parameters naturally results in various resolution and aberration levels. While very useful, these resolution levels may not satisfy experimenters' requirements for estimatibility and cost reduction. For example, while Resolution V ensures a common requirement that no two-factor interactions are confounded, it also imposes an often undesired restriction that a main effect cannot be confounded with a three-factor interaction, which may very well be non-existent or negligible. We propose a new concept of ''active confounding avoidance'' whose goal is to identify, for any given set of parameters, a set of treatment combinations such that estimates of the parameters are not confounded with one another. We show that the ''least-treatment-combinations'' methods developed for identifying a minimal set of m treatment combinations for a 2^k model with only m non-zero parameters achieve this goal. We then propose a simple design pattern that achieves active confounding avoidance for parameters spanning from all main effects up to all i-factor interactions, for all i=1, 2, ..., k, all with the least number of treatment combinations. The pattern also specifies how treatment combinations should be sequenced for experimentation according to a parameter sequence of decreasing magnitude possibly specified by the experimenter based on prior knowledge. The former sequence is optimal in that the experimentation can stop whenever the current model is deemed adequate and experiments already conducted could be considered necessary.
Physical Education as a Prerequisite for the Possibility of Human Virtue

AbstractThis article examines the role of physical education in the process of moral education, and argues that physical education is a necessary prerequisite for the possibility of human virtue. This discussion is divided into four parts. First, I examine the nature of morality and moral decision-making. Drawing on the moral theories presented by Plato, Aristotle and Kant, I argue that morality is connected with reason and the attainment of objectively good goals. Second, I examine the role of moral education in helping individuals to cultivate a virtuous character state. I outline the approaches to moral education taken by Plato, Aristotle and Kant—dialectic, dogmatic and catechistic—and examine the ability of each approach to develop the appropriate moral disposition within individuals. Third, I examine the cultivation of this disposition by considering the connection between virtue and happiness and the possibility of producing an individual who is both virtuous and happy through moral education. Four...
Studies on the alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus. I. Ultracentrifugal analysis.

Abstract The kinetics of the alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been followed by ultracentrifugal analysis and viscometry, and some of the products were characterized chemically and electrophoretically. The discrete, sharp boundaries observed in the ultracentrifuge indicate the existence of relatively homogeneous components of size intermediate between that of TMV and the smallest degradation product which has a molecular weight of the order of 105. The character of the reaction changes markedly between 0 and 25 °C., and different products were obtained at the two temperatures. Contrary to the interpretation of similar studies by other workers, it was shown that some of the intermediates and even some of the final products are the result not of degradation of larger components but rather of aggregation of smaller degradation products. Only two components of the many that were observed are apparently true degradation products. One of these is a protein with molecular weight of about 105 and the other is a nucleoprotein rodlike particle of length about 1 3 that of TMV. The free nucleic acid liberated during the degradation was not characterized. From these studies it is suggested that the virus possesses some structural features differentiating 1 3 of a given particle from the remaining 2 3 . A mechanism of degradation is proposed in which the protein units are stripped rapidly from one end of a virus particle until 2 3 of the particle is disrupted. In this way the relatively stable nucleoprotein particle, 1 3 the size of the virus, is presumably produced. Some particles with the sedimentation and electrophoretic characteristics of TMV are completely resistant to degradation under the same conditions which lead to the breakdown of the bulk of the virus.
DNA repeat rearrangements mediated by DnaK-dependent replication fork repair

We propose that rearrangements between short tandem repeated sequences occur by errors made during a replication fork repair pathway involving a replication template switch. We provide evidence here that the DnaK chaperone of E. coli controls this template switch repair process. Mutants in dnaK are sensitive to replication fork damage and exhibit high expression of the SOS response, indicative of repair deficiency. Deletion and expansion of tandem repeats that occur by replication misalignment ("slippage") are also DnaK dependent. Because mutations in dnaX encoding the gamma and tau subunits of DNA polymerase III mimic dnaK phenotypes and are genetically epistatic, we propose that the DnaKJ chaperone remodels the replisome to facilitate repair. The fork remains largely intact because PriA or PriC restart proteins are not required. We also suggest that the poorly defined RAD6-RAD18-RAD5 mechanism of postreplication repair in eukaryotes occurs by an analogous mechanism to the DnaK template-switch pathway in prokaryotes.
Outer Stability of Spirals in Excitable Media

The stability of a steadily rotating spiral solution in the outer scaling region of an excitable medium is calculated. The spiral is shown to be stable, suggesting that the transition to meandering is due to a core region instability. The consequences of the coupling of perturbations in the core to the outer region are shown to be consistent with numerical studies.
Culturing objects to achieve efficient implementations and entity interactions in object-oriented programming

We describe a mechanism for improving the performance of object-oriented programs that make use of "large" objects by creating those objects with efficient implementations for the operations they must support. We call this process objectculture. Objectculture is based on a set of extensions to the standard object-oriented programming model. The extended model is upwardly compatible with the model on which most commonly used object-oriented programming languages are based, including C++ and Smalltalk-80. We briefly characterize the way we are culturing objects within the C++ object-oriented programming model.
Effect of annealing on nanostructured Fe Networks

Contiguous nanostructured Fe network structures sputter deposited on a porous template (nanochannel alumina) have been shown to have a high coercivity due to shape anisotropy. When these networks are vacuum annealed, even at modest temperatures, there is a significant improvement in their in-plane coercivities. The shape of the annealed coercivity vs. thickness plot is a function of the substrate geometry. The maximum coercivity obtained through annealing is /spl sim/1390 Oe and appears to be an absolute maximum. The topology of these networks when viewed by a scanning electron microscope undergoes morphological changes perpendicular to the plane of the network upon annealing. The annealed structures have the appearance of a modified "chain of spheres", or a mesh of spheres.
1 T − T a S 2 charge-density-wave metal-insulator transition and Fermi-surface modification observed by photoemission

A metal-to-insulator transition is observed using angle-resolved photoemission at the $1{T}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{T}_{3}$ phase transition of Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ at $T\ensuremath{\sim}200$ K: a 0.125-eV band gap, $d$ subbands, and Fermi-surface modifications occur. High-resolution (0.15-eV) Ta $4f$ core-level spectra from $1{T}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ exhibit a charge-density-wave-induced splitting (0.73 eV) with only two narrow lines (0.25 eV full width) having an area ratio 0.70 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.04, which is irreconcilable with current models that give three lines with a 6:6:1 intensity ratio.
Stabilization of supercritical transferred-electron amplifiers

A general approach is given to the problem of stabilizing impedances that are stable under constant-current conditions but unstable under constant-voltage conditions. This approach is then applied to the problem of stabilizing supercritical GaAs amplifiers.
Advantages and pitfalls of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in detecting locally residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.

Introduction This prospective study was designed to elucidate the advantages and pitfalls of 18F-FDG PET in detecting locally residual/recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in comparison with MRI.
Structures of a series of [4-RC6H4CH(OR′)2]Cr(CO)3 complexes: Evidence against a favored carbonyl orientation in (para-disubstituted arene)chromium tricarbonyl compounds

Abstract The structures of eight (para-substituted benzaldehyde dialkylacetal)chromium tricarbonyl complexes [4-RC6H4CH (OR′)2]Cr(CO)3 (R = Me2N, Cl, Me3Si, CF3; R′ = Me, Et) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. For [4-Me2NC,H4CH(OMe)2]Cr(CO)3 (1), triclinic, P 1 , T = 291 K, a = 6.725 (2) A, b = 7.228 (3) A, c = 16.021 (8) A, a, = 81.38 (4)°, β = 87.86 (3)°, γ = 87.77 (3)°, Z = 2; for [4-Me2N C6H4CH(OEt)2]Cr(CO)3 (2), monoclinic, P21/n, T = 123 K, a = 10.905 (7) A, b = 15.670 (9) A, c = 11.158 (9) A, c = 116.61 (7)°, Z 4; for [4-ClC6H4CH(OMe)2]Cr(CO)3 (3), monoclinic, P21/n, T = 293 K, a = 9.896 (3) A, b = 12.872 (4) A, c = 11.336 (4) A, β = 108.21 (3)°, Z = 4; for [4-ClC6H4-CH(OEt) 2]Cr(CO)3 (4), triclinic, p 1 , T = 293 K, a = 8.305 (3) A, b = 9.999 (2) A, a = 106.71 (2)°, β = 101.66 (3)°, γ = 110.27 (3)°, Z = 2; for [4-Me3SiC6H4CH(OEt)2]Cr(CO) 3 (5), triclinic, P 1 , T = 293 K, a = 6.933 (2) A, b = 11.709 (3) A, c = 12.071 (5) A, a = 112.57 (3)°, β = 94.32 (3)°, γ = 100.52 (2)°, Z = 2; for [4-Me3SiC6H4CH(OEt)2]Cr(CO)3 (6), monoclinic, P21/c, T = 292 K, a = 11.823 (3) A, b = 12.926 (4) A, c = 14.608 (9) A, β 113.03 (3)°, Z = 4; for [4-F3CC6H4CH(OMe)2]Cr(CO)3 (7), monoclinic, P21/n, T = 293 K, a = 6.756 (3) A, b = 10.300 (3) A, c 21.112 (6) A, β = 95.18 (3)°, Z = 4; for [4-F3CC6H4CH(OEt) 2]Cr(CO)3 (8), monoclinic, C2/c, T = 123 K, a = 18.992 (5) A, b 14.065 (4) A, c = 13.232 (4) A, β = 110.53 (3)°, Z = 8. Compounds 1/2 exhibit an eclipsed carbonyl orientation, presumably owing to the presence of the strongly donating dimethylamino substituent. Compounds 3/4 exhibit a staggered arrangement, possibly reflecting electronic similarity between the chloro and acetal groups, or dominance of steric effects in conformation determination. Intriguingly, compounds 5/6 exhibit different geometries, as do 7/ 8, which by their nature do not appear to relate either to steric or electronic effects. It is proposed that more subtle factors, such as crystal packing forces, dictate the carbonyl orientation in these cases, suggesting that a priori prediction of the conformation is often unjustified.
Nuclear magnetic moments in the hybrid quark-hadron model

Abstract A model (HQHM) of quark deconfinement at short distances, and baryon and pion degrees of freedom at large distances, has been shown to give a good representation of few-nucleon systems up to momentum transfers of about 1 GeV/c. This model is extended to complex nuclei. In a detailed HQH shell model calculation the magnetic dipole moments of mediummass closed shell ±1 nuclei are shown to be in good agreement with experiment, even with a sizable probability of six-quark matter. Preliminary calculations of M1 transitions give damping in the direction indicated by experiment.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT MULTILEVEL SELECTION IN THE GREAT LAKES SEA ROCKET

Multilevel natural selection has been demonstrated in natural plant populations, but the ecological conditions that influence the strength of different levels of selection are poorly known empirically. One of the factors most likely to influence the relative strength of individual and group selection is density. If density determines the intensity of interactions among neighbors, one expects that individual selection may be strong at low density but that group selection would be strongest at high density. This study characterized how density influences multilevel selection on size in the Great Lakes sea rocket (Cakile edentula). Plants were grown at three different densities in the field, and multilevel natural selection on plant size was estimated. As predicted, only individual selection was detected at the lowest density, but group selection was detected at higher densities. Surprisingly, group selection was strongest not at the highest density, but at intermediate density, where it opposed individual selection; shorter, heavier individuals growing in groups of tall, light plants had the highest fitness. At the highest density, the effect of neighbor phenotype on reproduction differed between central and peripheral group members, leading to no overall group selection detected at high density. The observation that group selection was more prevalent at higher density than at the lowest density supports the general prediction that more intense interactions among group members can lead to stronger group selection. However, the strength and direction of group selection changed unpredictably with increasing density and spatial placement. This result emphasizes the need for spatially explicit investigations of how interactions among individuals influence patterns of multilevel selection in plant populations.
Molecular Dynamics of CYP2D6 Polymorphisms in the Absence and Presence of a Mechanism-Based Inactivator Reveals Changes in Local Flexibility and Dominant Substrate Access Channels

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) represent an important enzyme superfamily involved in metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous small molecules. CYP2D6 is responsible for ,15% of CYP-mediated drug metabolism and exhibits large phenotypic diversity within CYPs with over 100 different allelic variants. Many of these variants lead to functional changes in enzyme activity and substrate selectivity. Herein, a molecular dynamics comparative analysis of four different variants of CYP2D6 was performed. The comparative analysis included simulations with and without SCH 66712, a ligand that is also a mechanism-based inactivator, in order to investigate the possible structural basis of CYP2D6 inactivation. Analysis of protein stability highlighted significantly altered flexibility in both proximal and distal residues from the variant residues. In the absence of SCH 66712, *34, *17-2, and *17-3 displayed more flexibility than *1, and *53 displayed more rigidity. SCH 66712 binding reversed flexibility in *17-2 and *17-3, through *53 remained largely rigid. Throughout simulations with docked SCH 66712, ligand orientation within the heme-binding pocket was consistent with previously identified sites of metabolism and measured binding energies. Subsequent tunnel analysis of substrate access, egress, and solvent channels displayed varied bottle-neck radii. Taken together, our results indicate that SCH 66712 should inactivate these allelic variants, although varied flexibility and substrate binding-pocket accessibility may alter its interaction abilities.
Selective priming to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), not TLR2, ligands by P. acnes involves up-regulation of MD-2 in mice.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which shares downstream signaling pathways with TLR2. We investigated the roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)–primed, LPS-induced liver damage using selective TLR ligands. Stock LPS induced interleukin 8 in both TLR4- and TLR2-expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Purified LPS (TLR4 ligand) activated HEK/TLR4 cells, while peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid (TLR2 ligands) activated HEK/TLR2 cells, respectively. In mice, P. acnes priming resulted in increased liver messenger RNA (mRNA) and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 12, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) by both stock LPS and purified LPS challenges compared with nonprimed controls. In contrast, P. acnes failed to sensitize to TLR2 ligands (peptidoglycan + lipoteichoic acid). In the liver, P. acnes–priming was associated with up-regulation of TLR4 and MD-2 proteins, and subsequent LPS challenge further increased MD-2 and CD14 mRNA levels. The lack of sensitization to TLR2 ligands by P. acnes correlated with no increase in hepatic TLR1 or TLR6 mRNA. In vitro, P. acnes pretreatment desensitized RAW macrophages to a secondary stimulation via both TLR2 and TLR4. However, IFN-γ could selectively prevent desensitization to TLR4 but not to TLR2 ligands. Furthermore, P. acnes induced production of IFN-γ in vivo as well as in isolated splenocytes. In vitro, P. acnes–primed Hepa 1-6 hepatocytes but not RAW macrophages produced increased MD-2 and CD14 mRNA levels after an LPS challenge. In conclusion, P. acnes priming to selective TLR4-mediated liver injury is associated with up-regulation of TLR4 and MD-2 and is likely to involve IFN-γ and prevent TLR4 desensitization by P. acnes. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;40:555–564.)
Evoked response stability in Trace alternant

Abstract 1.1. Summed visual evoked responses (VER) to flash and summed auditory responses (AER) to click were recorded repeatedly during quiescent sleep characterized by trace alternant in seven randomly chosen neonates. Latencies of typical peaks and peak-to-peak amplitudes were measured. 2.2. Latencies of N 1 and P 2 of both the VER and the AER in an individual child, stimulated with randomly repeated light or sound stimuli of the same intensity, did not differ on consecutive summing. 3.3. The difference between VERs and AERs when samples were limited to the low voltage background EEG activity, or to periods of high voltage bursts, did not reach statistical significance. 4.4. The application of evoked response electroencephalography in the immediate neonatal period is encouraged by the stability of the P 2 latencies of both VER and AER during the trace alternant pattern.
Authoring graphics-rich and interactive documents in CGLIB: a constraint-based graphics library

CGLIB is a high-level graphics library for B-Prolog, a constraint logic programming system. The library provides primitives for creating and manipulating graphical objects and a set of constraints including non-overlap, grid, table, and tree constraints that facilitates the specification of the layouts of objects. The library adopts a construct called action rules available in B-Prolog for creating agents and programming interactions among agents or between agents and the user. The library is a fully working system implemented in B-Prolog, Java and C. It can be used in many areas such as drawing editors, interactive user interfaces, document authoring, animation, information visualization, intelligent agents, and games. The high-level abstraction of the library and the use of constraints and action rules in the specification of layouts and behaviors can significantly enhance the productivity of the development of graphics. We demonstrate through several examples the effectiveness of the library as a tool for developing graphics-rich and interactive user interfaces.
Impact of HIV-1 infection and pregnancy on maternal health: comparison between perinatally and behaviorally infected young women.

Background The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has resulted in improved survival and quality of life for individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There is, as expected, a growing population of perinatally HIV-infected women who are, have been, or will become pregnant. We describe a large cohort of perinatally infected women, compare it with a similar age-matched behaviorally HIV-infected group, and examine factors affecting maternal and infant health.
The uses of synchrotron radiation sources for elemental and chemical microanalysis

Abstract Synchrotron radiation sources offer important features for the analysis of a material. Among these features is the ability to determine both the elemental composition of the material and the chemical state of its elements. For microscopic analysis synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobes now offer spatial resolutions of 10 μm with minimum detection limits in the 1–10 ppm range depending on the nature of the sample and the synchrotron source used. This paper describes the properties of synchrotron radiation and their importance for elemental analysis, existing synchrotron facilities and those under construction that are optimum for SXRF microanalysis, and a number of applications including the high energy excitation of the K lines of heavy elements, microtomography, and XANES and EXAFS spectroscopies.
Maybe A “Knowledge Culture” Isn't Always so Important after All!

Abstract THE PREVAILING WISDOM, AND a common “best practice,” of knowledge management (KM) is that a primary determinant of success in getting people to submit their most valuable personal knowledge to a repository is the existence of a “knowledge culture” in the organization.
Minority stress, substance use, and intimate partner violence among sexual minority women

Abstract Compared to the research literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) in heterosexual relationships, our understanding of IPV among sexual minority women (SMW) lags far behind. This paper reviews the literature regarding the prevalence of IPV among SMW and discusses disparities between SMW and heterosexual women. Methodological issues in this area are also discussed. Moreover, we review associations among substance use, sexual minority stress, and IPV in this population. Finally, potential protective factors, such as social and community support, identity, mastery, and coping, are examined. As researchers and clinicians work to improve the health of SMW it is important to consider the associations among relationship violence, substance use, and minority stress. Moreover, it is essential to understand what factors may promote adjustment among SMW.
tert-Buyldiphenylsilylethyl ("TBDPSE"): a practical protecting group for phenols.

A new protection group for phenols, the 2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)ethyl (TBDPSE) group, has been prepared and investigated. Protection of a variety of substituted phenols proceeds in good to excellent yield. The group is stable to mild acid, base, hydrogenolysis conditions, and lithium/halogen exchange on the protected phenol. Removal is achieved with strong acid or standard fluoride treatment.
Cyclic and blending strategies for using nonsaline and saline waters for irrigation

Large quantities of saline water frequently exist in irrigated areas of the world. Various strategies have been proposed to use these saline waters. Blending involves mixing saline water with good quality water to an acceptable salinity and then using this water to irrigate crops. The cyclic strategy uses waters of various salinities separately either during one season or in a crop rotation as a function of the crop's salt tolerance. A multi-seasonal transient state model, known as the modified van Genuchten-Hanks model, was used to investigate the effects of cyclic or blending application of irrigation waters of two salinity levels on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and on a corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop rotation. Simulated alfalfa yields were similar for the cyclic and blending strategies that applied the same amount of salt and water. The cyclic strategy produced higher simulated yields of salt-sensitive corn than the blending strategy, whereas the simulated salt-tolerant cotton yield was not affected by the two strategies. The beneficial effects of the cyclic strategy on corn production decreased under deficit irrigation.
Surface mining control

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-87,91 Statute, pp. 445–523) sets forth stringent rules for environmental protection and surface restoration of surface mining areas. However, a recent National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report (Surface mining of non-coal minerals: A study of mineral mining from the perspective of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977) indicates the only coal and a few other special types of surface mine are amenable to the act's provisions. In many instances existing technology is inadequate, and efforts to develop appropriate technology would be ‘extremely difficult and not…beneficial.’
Utilization of vacant terminals for improved over-the-cell channel routing

The WISER algorithm for over-the-cell channel routing in the standard cell design style using the two-layer routing model is presented. The novelty of this approach lies in the use of vacant terminals for over-the-cell routing. Longest paths in the vertical constraint graph and channel density are considered as a basis for choosing nets to route over the rows of standard cells. WISER has been implemented and tested on several benchmarks, including PRIMARY1 and Deutsch's difficult example. The experimental results show that WISER reduces the channel height by an average of 29%, as compared to conventional channel routers, and 15%, as compared to existing over-the-cell routers. In addition, it reduces the total number of vias per routing by 32%. >
Trends in Major Entry Site Complications from Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the Dynamic Registry)

Several factors contribute to the risk of percutaneous coronary intervention–related major entry site (MES) complications. We sought to examine the trends in MES among unselected patients during the stent era. Data from the Dynamic Registry including 5 distinct recruitment waves from 1997 to 2006 (n = 10,932) were used to assess baseline characteristics and MES among consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. MES was defined as bleeding requiring transfusion, pseudoaneurysm, arterial thrombosis or dissection, vascular complication requiring surgery, or retroperitoneal bleed. Uncomplicated hematomas were not included. Several trends were observed in baseline characteristics including an increase from wave 1 to wave 5 in body mass index >30 kg/m 2 (30.2% to 40.4%), renal disease (3.5% to 9.1%), diabetes (28.0% to 34.1%), and hypertension (59.4% to 78%; p trend trend = 0.01) and MES requiring transfusion (2.0% to 0.74%, p trend
Probing excitation/ionization processes in millisecond-pulsed glow discharges in argon through the addition of nitrogen

The addition of N to a millisecond-pulsed glow discharge (PGD) allows diagnostic measurements of the PGD but 2 is found to drastically influence the transient signals arising from the argon and sputtered analyte atoms. Penning excitation between metastable argon atoms and ground state nitrogen molecules and charge transfer between argon ions and the added nitrogen reduce the degree of ionization of sputtered atoms during the power-on, plateau, period by a factor of ;10 (at 1% N by vol.). The added nitrogen affects sputtered atom emission signals less at this time 2 because electron excitation dominates the excitation of these species. Upon power termination, afterpeak, the added nitrogen prevents plasma recombination in two major mechanisms: (i) the nitrogen reduces the number of argon ions available for recombination in the afterpeak; and (ii) vibrationally excited states of nitrogen slow the thermalization of electrons thereby decreasing recombination efficiency. The argon ion population contributes significantly to the afterpeak increase in the number of metastable argon atoms. These atoms are essential for the afterpeak ionization of sputtered atoms. Judicious selection of the nitrogen partial pressure can tune the delay time of afterpeak ionization y recombination by up to 200 ms. This could be particularly beneficial for time-resolved optical or mass spectrometric analyses. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
On probabilistic switch-level simulation for asynchronous circuits

The delay information useful in asynchronous circuits is not the same as in synchronous circuits. Rather than using the worst case delay, usually computed by a critical path analysis, the average case delay over a set of input assignments is a more relevant parameter for an asynchronous system. The authors present a novel, probability-propagation based algorithm to comput the average case switch-level delays. They discuss an implementation of this algorithm which is built on top of RNL, an event-driven switch-level simulator. This implementation takes the same order of time that RNL takes to simulate for one input assignment for determining the average case delays. >