cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accounting for the Unity of Experience in Dilthey, Rickert, Bradley and Ward

I. The history of philosophy differs from other kinds of history mainly in its attempts to understand historical change exclusively through the examination and evaluation of philosophical arguments. Of course, nobody writing the history of philosophy is likely to deny that philosophical arguments are given by people and that the context and aspirations of the philosopher will shape her arguments. Despite this concession it remains common practice to ignore such contributions in the reconstruction of a historical figure’s philosophical views. Reflecting an extreme version of this approach, Scott Soames has recently written in response to criticism of his Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century, if progress [in philosophy] is to be made, there must at some point emerge a clear demarcation between genuine accomplishments that need to be assimilated by later practitioners, and other work that can be forgotten, disregarded, or left to those whose interest is not in the subject itself, but in history for its own sake. The aim of my volumes was to contribute to making that demarcation (Soames 2006, 655).
Hepatic changes in advanced schistosomiasis.

Summary Changes characteristic of focal postneerotic cirrhosis and of active chronic hepatitis were found in high incidence among 17 cases of advanced hepatic schistosomiasis. Focal cirrhotic changes may have been induced by repeated ischemic insults tolerated f or a long time, and by "piecemeal necrosis", possibly an expression of a chronic immunologic response, either to schistosomal antigens or to liver cell breakdown products, or to both.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Coexpressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells with .alpha.(2,6)-Sialyltransferase Contains NeuAc.alpha.(2,6)Gal.beta.(1,4)Glc-N-AcR Linkages

Genetic alteration of the set of oligosaccharide biosynthesis enzymes expressed in a genetically engineered host cell line is a plausible strategy for manipulating the oligosaccharides on a cloned glycoprotein coexpressed in that cell line. This hypothesis was verified for the particular case of sialylation of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expressed by an engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. The gene for rat liver beta-galactoside alpha(2,6)-sialyltransferase (2,6-ST) was cloned behind the MMTV promoter in the vector pMSG and transfected into a tPA-expressing CHO cell line. Selected and screened transfectants exhibited significantly greater surface fluorescence than controls in flow cytometric analyses of cells labeled with Sambacus nigra agglutinin (SNA)-biotin and streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin; SNA specifically binds to NeuAc alpha(2,6)Gal beta(1,4)Glc-N-AcR linkages, which are synthesized by 2,6-ST and which are not normally found on CHO cells. SNA blots of partially purified tPA from the culture supernatant demonstrated that tPA synthesized in the 2,6-ST transfectants possessed terminal NeuAc alpha(2,6)Gal beta(1,4)Glc-N-AcR linkages, while tPA from the original recombinant CHO cell line did not. Besides possibly allowing the production of glycoproteins in cell culture with glycosylation more closely resembling that in humans, extensions of this strategy have the potential to tailor the pharmacokinetics, targeting, and antigenic properties of cloned glycoproteins.
Re/collections: From Books to Blogs

This study considers the contemporary post-literacy moment and its kinship to the historical change from Anglo-Saxon orality to English literacy, by suggesting a parallel between the scholarship of Walter Ong and the new media scholar Lev Manovich. Their perspectives on communication and textuality inform the conversation about how contemporary first-year writers make meaning. Student writers exhibit remix as a kind of new orality, some sequel to literacy. This notion speaks to the students’ orientation as digital composers, for whom the written word has been displaced as the primary way to present knowledge. Primary data is drawn from student invention blogs.
Graduate education: the Ph.D. glut

[Two years ago the author was elected by the Washington State University faculty to a three-year term as a faculty representative to a Graduate Studies Committee charged “to examine and evaluate proposed changes in the policy of the Graduate School.” After his experiences and considerable study, the author says he feels compelled to express his observations and opinions to his fellow members of the Association for Computing Machinery.]
Proteasome overload is a common stress factor in multiple forms of inherited retinal degeneration

Inherited retinal degenerations, caused by mutations in over 100 individual genes, affect approximately 2 million people worldwide. Many of the underlying mutations cause protein misfolding or mistargeting in affected photoreceptors. This places an increased burden on the protein folding and degradation machinery, which may trigger cell death. We analyzed how these cellular functions are affected in degenerating rods of the transducin γ-subunit (Gγ1) knockout mouse. These rods produce large amounts of transducin β-subunit (Gβ1), which cannot fold without Gγ1 and undergoes intracellular proteolysis instead of forming a transducin βγ-subunit complex. Our data revealed that the most critical pathobiological factor leading to photoreceptor cell death in these animals is insufficient capacity of proteasomes to process abnormally large amounts of misfolded protein. A decrease in the Gβ1 production in Gγ1 knockout rods resulted in a significant reduction in proteasomal overload and caused a striking reversal of photoreceptor degeneration. We further demonstrated that a similar proteasomal overload takes place in photoreceptors of other mutant mice where retinal degeneration has been ascribed to protein mistargeting or misfolding, but not in mice whose photoreceptor degenerate as a result of abnormal phototransduction. These results establish the prominence of proteasomal insufficiency across multiple degenerative diseases of the retina, thereby positioning proteasomes as a promising therapeutic target for treating these debilitating conditions.
Kinetics of the electron-transfer process Bu-naphthalenide − + Bu-naphthalene → exchange and its comparison to analogous intramolecular exchanges

Abstract Kinetics of intermolecular electron-transfer, n -butyl-α-naphthalenide − + n -butyl-α-naphthyl, were investigated in HMPA over a range of temperatures. By matching the ESR spectra with those of (α-naphthalenide) − -(CH 2 ) j - (α-naphthyl), the frequency of intramolecular collisions was determined.
Evaluation of social services in a HOPE VI housing development: resident and staff perceptions of successes and barriers

Abstract This paper presents the results of a formative evaluation of social services programming conducted at a HOPE VI housing development in Boston. In the paper we describe the implementation of the program, the utilization of services by residents, resident satisfaction, and early outcome data. Based on these data we discuss the successes and barriers of the program thus far. Several data collection methods were used in the evaluation: a longitudinal random survey of households, group interviews with residents, in-person interviews with staff, interviews with representatives of provider agencies, and the development of a client data base. The findings reported in this paper are primarily from the resident survey. Key findings from the resident group interviews and staff interviews are also included. As a whole, the findings suggest success in terms of residents' knowledge and use of services, and high levels of satisfaction with the services provided and the community as a whole. Continuing challenges to service delivery and client outcome attainment include long-standing barriers to employment (e.g. low levels of education) and resident uncertainty regarding changes in the community and the role of the social services program.
Singlet exciton fission photovoltaics.

Singlet exciton fission, a process that generates two excitons from a single photon, is perhaps the most efficient of the various multiexciton-generation processes studied to date, offering the potential to increase the efficiency of solar devices. But its unique characteristic, splitting a photogenerated singlet exciton into two dark triplet states, means that the empty absorption region between the singlet and triplet excitons must be filled by adding another material that captures low-energy photons. This has required the development of specialized device architectures.In this Account, we review work to develop devices that harness the theoretical benefits of singlet exciton fission. First, we discuss singlet fission in the archetypal material, pentacene. Pentacene-based photovoltaic devices typically show high external and internal quantum efficiencies. They have enabled researchers to characterize fission, including yield and the impact of competing loss processes, within functional devices. We revie...
Intestinal obstruction: Results of treatment with the use of intestinal intubation

The mortality rate from intestinal obstruction has been appreciably decreased in this hospital during the past 1r/2 years. The greatest factor contributing to this decrease has been the use of the Miller-Abbott tube.
Effect of vitamin B12 on motility and palmella formation in a marine flagellate under biothermal stress.

Effect of Vitamin B12 on Motility and Palmella Formation in a Marine Flagellate under Biothermal Stress
The question of the intermediate state P+Chl-in bacterial photosynthesis

Abstract In bacterial photosynthesis it has been proposed that an electron is transferred from the excited singlet state (P∗) of theprimary electron donor first to a bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecule, generating a P + Chl charge-transfer state, and that BChl - subsequently (4–7 ps) transfers an electron to a bacteriopheophytin molecule. Here we review the evidence for and against the intermediacy of P + BChl - and present picosecond transient absorption and kinetic data that bear on this point. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence that P + BChl is a kinetically or spectrally resolved intermediary state in the charge separation process.
Supercritical speed stability of the trivial equilibrium of an axially-moving string on an elastic foundation

The stability of an axially-moving string supported by a discrete or distributed elastic foundation is examined analytically. Particular attention is directed at the distribution of the critical speeds and identifying the divergence instability of the trivial equilibrium. The elastically supported string shows unique stability behavior that is considerably different from unsupported axially-moving string. In particular, any elastic foundation (discrete or distributed) leads to multiple critical speeds and a single region of divergence instability above the first critical speed, whereas the unsupported string has one critical speed and is stable at all supercritical speeds. Additionally, the elastically supported string critical speeds are bounded above, and the maximum critical speed is the upper bound of the divergent speed region. The analysis draws on the self-adjoint eigenvalue problem for the critical speeds and a perturbation analysis about the critical speeds. Neither numerical solution nor spatial discretization, which can produce substantially incorrect results, are required. The system falls in the class of dispersive gyroscopic continua, and its behavior provides a useful comparison for general gyroscopic systems. The analytical findings also serve as a benchmark for approximate methods applied to gyroscopic continua.
The Interaction of Race, Poverty, and CKD

Poverty is highly prevalent in the United States, disproportionately affects minorities, and is inextricably linked to poor health outcomes including cardiovascular disease,1 incidence of type 2 diabetes,2 obesity,3 hypertension,4 and death.5,6 In 2008, nearly 40 million Americans lived at or below the poverty level. This reflected an increase for whites and most racial and ethnic minorities but not for African Americans, although African Americans continue to suffer the highest poverty level in the United States at 24.7%.7 Poverty or low socioeconomic status (SES) incorporates 3 major determinants of health: health care access, environmental exposure, and health behavior,8 all of which contribute to health care disparities directly and indirectly through a multitude of mechanisms, including decreased access to preventive and ongoing medical care, lack of healthy food choices, higher rates of hypertension and diabetes, and poorer social and physical environments.8-11 Although neighborhood and individual poverty have been associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal disease12-15 (ESRD, defined as kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplant), data for the association of poverty with earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been variable.
Introduction: Development strategies across the public-private divide

Abstract Recent movement toward more comprehensive institutional perspectives on development has been stimulated by two distinct challenges to narrow development theories. Theorists of “social capital” have highlighted the degree to which norms of trust and the interpersonal networks on which they are based constitute economic assets. Revisionist theories of the “East Asian Miracle” have emphasized the central role of public institutions in capitalist development. This introduction and the articles that follow attempt to bring these two disparate traditions together by examining the potentially positive role of relations which join state and civil society in shared developmental projects.
Zymosan priming protects rats against pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

To determine whether zymosan priming protects rats against oxygen toxicity. 37 rats were used with 6 treatment groups. 11 received zymosan priming (3 daily i. v. injections with 15 mg zymosan and 2 days rest) before 52 h exposure to either normobaric hyperoxia (ZP group, 5 rats) or air (ZPA group, 6 rats)]. Two other groups received saline (Saline group, 9 rats) or zymosan by i. p. injection (Zip group, 6 rats) before hyperoxia. A fifth group received a non-priming (NP) treatment with zymosan before hyperoxia (ZNP group, 6 rats, single i. v. injection) and a final group received no treatment (Air group, 5 rats). Pleural effusions and lung injury were then assessed. Saline, Zip or ZNP rats developed massive, proteinaceous pleural effusions indicative of oxygen toxicity while ZP rats did not (0.02 ± 0.01 ml). The ratios of effusion protein to plasma protein concentration and wet/dry lung weight were also significantly reduced in ZP rats following hyperoxia. Zymosan priming protects rats against pulmonary oxygen toxicity.
Optimal fixture design for drilling through deformable plate workpieces part I: model formulation

This is the first part of two manuscripts that address the development of scientifically based methodologies that use finite element methods and optimization algorithms to design optimal fixturing layouts for the drilling process. Part I focuses on the problem formulation and Part II discusses the results. The fixturing problem formulation is posed as a constrained optimization problem, in which the physical fixture constraints define the domain, and the desired fixturing characteristics are optimized in accordance with a selected objective function. The optimal fixturing model developed includes a material removal strategy that enables one to calculate the shape and dimensions of the machined hole surface. The boundary value problem associated with the optimal fixturing simulations is first formulated. Five different objective functions capable of describing various geometrical aspects of the machined hole have been developed and tested. These functions evaluate the square differences between the simulated and nominal radii and diameter values, minimize the maximum values of the latter quantities, and minimize the deviations of the drilled surface from a perfect cylinder.
Determination of isopropyl peroxydicarbonate decomposition rate constant using EPR

The decomposition rate constant, kd, of isopropyl peroxydicarbonate in toluene at 23.3°C was determined using electron paramagnetic resonance techniques (EPR). Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to monitor the formation of radicals. Because DPPH has a strong absorption spectrum on the EPR, the accuracy of measuring small changes in the indicator concentration should be greater than measuring small concentrations of primary radicals. A value for kd of 4.5 × 10−7 sec−1 was obtained. This is in good agreement with previously published values.
Factors and Extensions of Full Shifts.

Let ∑A be an irreducible shift of finite type with entropy logn. Then ∑A is a continuous extension of the fulln-shift. Also, if ∑A is a continuous factor of the fulln-shift, then it is shift equivalent to the fulln-shift.
Celiac artery compression syndrome: a radiological finding without clinical symptoms?:

The aim of the paper is to determine the incidence of celiac artery compression (CAC) based on computed tomography (CT) scan and correlate the findings to the clinical presentation of patients presenting for CT scan in a hospital. Abdominal CT scans of patients were reviewed between September 2010 and November 2010. CAC was diagnosed if the celiac axis appeared to have a hook or U-shaped appearance with stenosis. The medical records of the patients were reviewed for gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea), as well as food fear and weight loss. Patients with CAC had lower incidence of symptoms compared with those without CAC (42.1 versus 65.3%, P = 0.042). A total of 450 patients were evaluated. In the end, 284 had both complete medical records and CT scans. The mean age for all patients was 51.3 ± 1.2 years. There were 124 men (42.6%) and 160 (57.4%) women. Nineteen (6.7%) patients had radiological evidence of CAC. CAC is not an uncommon CT finding in patients presenting for CT scan.
ATTACHMENT: A RECONSIDERATION OF ITS HETEROGENEITY AND CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

The concept of attachment is discussed with respect to the search for explanations of social-developmental phenomena. A distinction between explanation and description is predicated as useful when applied to assessing the ecological validity and predictive utility of research on attachment. It is concluded that, while the concept has had heuristic value, it is naturally constrained in the contributions it can make as an explanation of social development.
The physics and mechanics of fibre-reinforced brittle matrix composites

This review compiles knowledge about the mechanical and structural performance of brittle matrix composites. The overall philosophy recognizes the need for models that allow efficient interpolation between experimental results, as the constituents and the fibre architecture are varied. This approach is necessary because empirical methods are prohibitively expensive. Moreover, the field is not yet mature, though evolving rapidly. Consequently, an attempt is made to provide a framework into which models could be inserted, and then validated by means of an efficient experimental matrix. The most comprehensive available models and the status of experimental assessments are reviewed. The phenomena given emphasis include: the stress/strain behaviour in tension and shear, the ultimate tensile strength and notch sensitivity, fatigue, stress corrosion and creep.
Interactions between 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate and nucleoside 5′-monophosphates in aqueous solution

Hydrophobic binding of 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate (DSS) to guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) and cytidine 5′-monophosphate (5′-CMP) results in an upfield shift of the 1H NMR trimethylsilyl resonances with respect to an internal reference tetramethy lammonium ion. The nature of the nucleotide-DSS interaction and the stability of the resulting complexes have been studied. The magntiude of the effect is dependent on the nature and extent of the self-association of the nucleotide and the nucleotide concentration. For nucleotides which self-associate non-cooperatively to form disordered base stacks, such as Li2(5′-GMP) and M2(5′-CMP), where M = Li+, Na+, K+ and Rb+, the formation of 2 : 1 complexes (nucleotide to DSS molar ratio) has been proposed. Apparent equilibrium constants for the 2 : 1 complexes are 0.44 M−2 for Li2(5′-GMP) at 2 °C and an average value of 0.30 M-2 for M2(5′-CMP) at 1 °C. For the Na+ and Rb+ salts of 5′-GMP, which form strongly associated, ordered self-aggregates, the interaction between DSS and 5′-GMP is considerably reduced owing to the inability of DSS to compete effectively with the self-aggregation process.
Use of urine organic acids method for the analysis of gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB): importance of urease in eliminating urea interference.

To the Editor:We read the letter to the Editor, “Laboratory Diagnosis of 1,4-BD and GHB Overdose by Routine Urine Organic Acid Analysis” by Quang et al. (1) with great interest and applaud their fi...
Reconstruction and feature selection for desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy imagery

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) provides a highly sensitive imaging technique for differentiating normal and cancerous tissue at the molecular level. This can be very useful, especially under intra-operative conditions where the surgeon has to make crucial decision about the tumor boundary. In such situations, the time it takes for imaging and data analysis becomes a critical factor. Therefore, in this work we utilize compressive sensing to perform the sparse sampling of the tissue, which halves the scanning time. Furthermore, sparse feature selection is performed, which not only reduces the dimension of data from about 10 4 to less than 50, and thus significantly shortens the analysis time. This procedure also identifies biochemically important molecules for further pathological analysis. The methods are validated on brain and breast tumor data sets.
Predictive Value of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Treated by Bevacizumab-Based Therapy.

Background:Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are involved in cancer dissemination and are an independent prognostic factor in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Antiangiogenic, bevacizumab-based chemotherapy improves response rate and progression free survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), without impact on overall survival. Preclinical data suggest the possibility of increased metastatic potential of tumor cells pretreated by anti-angiogenic therapy (Ebos et al. Cancer Cell 2009,15: 232–9). The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of CTC in MBC patients treated by bevacizumab-based therapy.Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 48 MBC treated with bevacizumab combined chemotherapy regimens and 46 patients treated with chemotherapy alone between January 2004 and December 2008 at M.D.Anderson Cancer Center. CTCs were detected and enumerated before patients started therapy using the CellSearch™ system (Veridex, LLC, NJ, USA). Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the date of CTC measurement, estimated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method, and compared between groups with the log-rank test.Results: At a median follow up of 10.1 months (range: 1-26 months), 22 patients (45.8%) had died. The estimated medians of PFS in bevacizumab-treated patients were 8.1 vs. 5.2 months (p = 0.42) in patients with baseline Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3013.
DNA transfection of mammalian skeletal muscles using in vivo electroporation.

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, β2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and α-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. α1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.
Improving Minnesota's Stratified Ramp Control Strategy

Minnesota's most recent stratified zone ramp metering (SZM) strategy, the successor of the ZONE metering algorithm, has been deployed in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area since late 2002. The SZM strategy is intended to maximize freeway throughput while keeping ramp waiting times below a predetermined threshold. Preliminary evaluation results confirmed the overall effectiveness of the SZM strategy but also revealed that the freeway performance was compromised by the restrictive maximum ramp waiting constraint. Consequently, improvements were sought. These focus on a better determination of the minimum release rate for each ramp and its integration with the overall SZM strategy. Both the current and the enhanced SZM strategies are tested in two freeway sites under various demand scenarios through a state-of-the-art microscopic simulator. The simulation results indicate that the enhanced SZM strategy is effective for delaying and decreasing the freeway congestion and results in smoother freeway traffic flow com...
Impact of pregnancy on abacavir pharmacokinetics.

Objective: To describe abacavir pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum; physiological changes during pregnancy are known to affect antiretroviral drug disposition. Design: The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1026s study is an on-going, prospective, non-blinded pharmacokinetic study of pregnant women receiving one or more antiretroviral drugs for routine clinical care, including a cohort receiving abacavir 300 mg twice daily. Methods: Serial plasma samples (predose, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postdose) obtained antepartum (30–36 weeks of gestation) and again postpartum (6–12 weeks after delivery) were assayed for abacavir concentration by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Antepartum evaluations were available for 25 women [mean age, 28.6 years (SD, 6); mean third-trimester weight 92 kg (SD, 35.4); and race/ethnicity 52% black, 28% Hispanic, 16% white, 4% Asian], with geometric mean abacavir area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of 5.9 mg·h/l [90% confidence interval (CI), 5.2–6.8] and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1.9 mg/l (90% CI, 1.6–2.2). Seventeen women completed postpartum sampling, and the ratios of antepartum to postpartum AUC and Cmax were 1.04 (90% CI, 0.91–1.18) and 0.79 (90% CI, 0.65–0.98), respectively. Conclusions: Abacavir AUC during pregnancy was similar to that at 6–12 weeks postpartum and to that for non-pregnant historical controls (5.8 mg·h/l). Consequently, pregnancy does not appear to affect overall abacavir exposure significantly or to necessitate dose adjustments.
People, capability and competitive success

Lists reasons why traditional sources of competitive success are less effective and explains why companies should concentrate on inimitable characteristics, such as organizational culture and capability. Discusses managing workforces effectively, directing people investments, and provides examples of success. Lists several action points and potential barriers, before detailing implementation.
TH-C-AUD A-01: A Systematic Analysis of Errors and Uncertainties in Partial Breast Irradiation Using the MammoSite Balloon Catheter

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate systematic and random errors associated with HDR brachytherapytreatment delivery of partial breast irradiation with a MammoSite Balloon. The impact of these errors on the actual delivered dose was studied. Method and Materials: The effect of respiratory motion, balloon contrast concentration and intra‐observer variability on accuracy of applicator delineation were investigated. Additionally, the consequence of variability of target delineation and dose matrix voxel size was considered in relationship to target coverage. Lastly, an analysis of 15 patients treated with the MammoSite was performed to simulate the effect of allowed source position uncertainty for each fraction. Results: Respiratory motion resulted in an under‐estimation of the balloon volume of 8% and 18% for computed tomography and cone‐beam computed tomography, respectively. The coverage was assessed based on the volume of the target receiving 95% of the prescribed dose (V95). On average, balloon volume underestimation combined with the daily ±1.0mm source position uncertainty degraded the coverage from an initial 96.3% to 91.7% over the course of 10 fractions. Additionally, a 3mm difference between the true tip of the applicator and its delineated position resulted in a decrease in coverage from 96.3% to 92.6% and from 98.7% to 79.3%, for a small and a large balloon, respectively. Conclusion: Current treatment protocols require that 90% of the target volume receives 90% of the prescription dose. Our findings suggest that significantly higher dosimetric coverage goals are necessary to compensate for the identified errors inherent in balloon based brachytherapydose delivery. This will insure that the expected degradation of the actual dose delivered from the planned dose, as a consequence of random and systematic uncertainties, does not fall below an acceptable threshold.
Study on Volumetric Tool Wear Measurement Using Image Processing

This paper presents a method of measuring the volumetric tool wear by use of the image processing technique. A single CCD camera based stereo vision system is built to acquire the image pair. The crater wear’s boundary of the cutting tool is then detected, and then the 3D volumetric shape of the worn region on the rake face is reconstructed through the developed image matching algorithms, and the crater’s volume and depth is estimated. A Matlab software system is developed to perform image acquisition, calibration, image rectification, image adjustment, stereo matching, crater’s depth estimation, and the representation of the volumetric tool wear. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified through experiments.
Encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes for contrast ultrasound imaging and targeted drug delivery

Micron- to nanometer-sized ultrasound agents, like encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes, are being developed for diagnostic imaging and ultrasound mediated drug/gene delivery. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art of the mathematical models of the acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast microbubbles. We also present a review of the in vitro experimental characterization of the acoustic properties of microbubble based contrast agents undertaken in our laboratory. The hierarchical two-pronged approach of modeling contrast agents we developed is demonstrated for a lipid coated (Sonazoid $$^\mathrm{TM})$$ TM ) and a polymer shelled (poly D-L-lactic acid) contrast microbubbles. The acoustic and drug release properties of the newly developed echogenic liposomes are discussed for their use as simultaneous imaging and drug/gene delivery agents. Although echogenicity is conclusively demonstrated in experiments, its physical mechanisms remain uncertain. Addressing questions raised here will accelerate further development and eventual clinical approval of these novel technologies.
Development of the aging cell surface: variation in the distribution of intramembrane particles with progressive age of human diploid fibroblasts.

Cell membranes of early and late passage human embryo fibroblasts were freeze-fractured and the distribution of intramembrane particles was compared using statistical methods. Aged cells do not exhibit dramatic differences in total numbers of intramembrane particles when compared to younger cells. However, significant alterations develop with age between the distribution of particles on P and E fracture faces. Younger cells exhibit more particles on their P faces than corresponding membrane halves from older cells. In contrast, the E fracture faces of aged cells have significantly more particles than do corresponding surfaces of younger cell membranes. The observations suggest that properties of membrane fluidity may change with increased cellular age.
Phase resetting analysis of high potassium epileptiform activity in CA3 region of the rat hippocampus.

The theory of phase resetting can reveal important information about the dynamic behavior of a periodic system when a single brief stimulus is applied to that system at the appropriate time. Phase resetting studies have revealed the existence in some biological systems of a vulnerable stimulus window generating desynchronization and suppression of the activity. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a "singular" stimulus could annihilate this activity. Perfusion with the high-K solution produced synchronous, quasi-periodic population bursts with inter-burst interval of ~0.8–1.5 seconds. A single 0.1 ms duration anodic pulse of programmable delay and magnitude was applied to the somatic layer of the CA3 pyramidal cells. Three types of phase-resetting behavior were observed: (1) Weak resetting with little or no effect on the timing of the subsequent burst, (2) Strong resetting where the applied current pulse delayed the next event by one time period, (3) Singular behavior where the applied pulse partially or completely suppressed the subsequent bursting. The singular stimulus parameter window, however, was very narrow making it difficult to generate the singular behavior reliably. Nevertheless, the results indicate that singularities exist for high potassium neural activity and that a well timed pulse applied with the right amplitude can suppress this activity. This study suggests that phase resetting of a population of neurons is possible for quasi-periodic interictal activity and similar techniques could be applied to the control of epileptic seizures.
Anatomical origin of pressure-related ventricular ectopic rhythms

In order to determine the origin of pressure-related ectopic rhythms, the main arteries were clamped in 11 anesthetized dogs, or the arteries or veins were transfused, while on or off metaraminol. The epicardial right atrial electrogram, the intracavity electrograms and the pressure of the two ventricles were recorded. Sinus rhythm was associated with 64/64 (100%) of the control periods off metaraminol, but only 19/50 (38%) of the clamping of the main arteries (P << 0.0005). In 14/27 aortic clampings ectopic beats appeared from the left ventricle and in 13/27 from the right one. In 4/23 clampings of the pulmonary artery ectopic beats appeared from the left ventricle and in 15/23 from the right one (P < 0.05). Sinus rhythm was associated with significantly lower left ventricular systolic pressure than any ventricular arrhythmia. The left ventricular systolic pressure associated with ectopic rhythms from the left ventricle was significantly (P < 0.005) higher than that associated with those from the right ventricle. The right ventricular systolic pressure during sinus rhythm was significantly (P < 0.005) lower than that during ectopic rhythm from any ventricle. It is concluded that a rise in the pressure of one ventricle tends to cause ventricular ectopic rhythms originating predominantly, but not exclusively, from this ventricle. The origin of ventricular ectopic rhythms from the right ventricle does not preclude that the arrhythmia may respond favorably to lowering of the systemic pressure.
Theory of electronically phased coherent beam combination without a reference beam

The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time.
Respiratory inflammatory responses among occupants of a water-damaged office building.

UNLABELLED The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for evaluation of a water-damaged office building which housed approximately 1300 employees. Workers reported respiratory conditions that they perceived to be building related. We hypothesized that these symptoms were associated with airways inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed airways inflammation in employees using exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO). In September 2001, a health questionnaire was offered to all employees. Based on this questionnaire, NIOSH invited 356 symptomatic and asymptomatic employees to participate in a medical survey. In June 2002, these employees were offered questionnaire, spirometry, methacholine challenge test, allergen skin prick testing, EBC and FENO. FENO or EBC were completed by 239 participants. As smoking is highly related to the measurements that we used in this study, we included only the 207 current non-smokers in the analyses. EBC interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, but not nitrite, were significantly higher among workers with respiratory symptoms and in the physician-diagnosed asthmatic group. Of the analyses assessed, EBC IL-8 showed the most significant relationship with a number of symptoms and physician-diagnosed asthma. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Implementation of exhaled breath condensate and exhaled nitric oxide in indoor air quality problems.
The bionomics and relative prevalence of Anopheles species with respect to the transmission of Plasmodium to man in western Ethiopia.

An 18-month survey was performed of the anopheline mosquito fauna in the provincial town of Gambela, in a lowland savanna of western Ethiopia. The relative abundance and seasonal distribution of anthropophilic Anopheles species were remarkably similar to those reported for West African savanna regions. The climate, it should be noted, also was similar in both areas. All-night human bait captures and collections of indoor-resting forms suggested that, numerically, An. wellcomei was the most prevalent species, followed by An. funestus, An. gambiae, An. pharoensis, An. nili , and An. ziemanni ; each (except An. gambiae and An. fiunestus ) demonstrated strong exophilic resting behavior. The physiological condition of indoor resting An. funestus and An. gambiae suggested a deficit of pregravid and gravid forms, and significant temporal heterogeneity in the proportions of these relative to the totals. Less than expected frequencies of gravid females point to incipient outdoor resting behavior. Biting cycles of Anopheles are described. Month-specific sporozoite rates are given and their dynamics discussed. Maximum infection rates were observed late in wet seasons and minimum infection rates in the dry season. Mean annual sporozoite rates were 1.87% among An. gambiae , 1.23% for An. funestus , and 1.29% in An. nili . Estimated monthly man-biting densities of each of the 3 malaria vector species, multiplied by their sporozoite rates, suggested that risk to the average human inhabitant of acquiring malaria infection was greatest in the months of Sept.-Nov. The total numbers of potentially infective bites received by the average person was 10–12 per year in Gambela town and about 10 times these values in the smaller villages nearby.
Growth and biochemical composition of the diatom Chaetoceros cf. wighamii brightwell under different temperature, salinity and carbon dioxide levels. I. Protein, carbohydrates and lipids

Abstract The marine diatom Chaetoceros cf. wighamii has been investigated for its potential use as food in mariculture. In this work, we investigated temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C), salinity (25 and 35) and carbon dioxide addition (air and air + CO 2 ) effects on growth and biochemical composition of C. cf. wighamii, under laboratory conditions. C. cf. wighamii growth and biomass was primarily affected by carbon dioxide addition and to a lesser extent by temperature and salinity. In general, lipid and carbohydrate content were higher at lower temperatures (20 and 25 °C) while protein was unaffected. Carbon dioxide addition increased protein and lowered carbohydrates, but had no effect on lipid content. Carbohydrates were enhanced while lipids and protein decreased at the highest salinity (35). These results should be taken into consideration when evaluating the nutritional value of this microalga for marine invertebrate larvae.
Electrospun Nanofibers of Blends of Conjugated Polymers: Morphology, Optical Properties, and Field-Effect Transistors

Electrospun nanofibers of two series of binary blends of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH−PPV) with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PHT) and with poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) were prepared, and their morphology and optical and electrical properties were characterized. Morphological and photophysical studies showed that the phase-separated domains in MEH−PPV/PHT nanofibers (30−50 nm) are much smaller as compared to blend thin films (100−150 nm), and efficient energy transfer was observed in these blend nanofibers. The MEH−PPV/PFO blend nanofibers had cocontinuous or core−shell structures, and significant energy transfer was absent in these blend nanofibers as compared to bulk thin films. Field-effect transistors based on MEH−PPV/PHT blend nanofibers showed exponential dependence of hole mobility on blend composition. The hole mobility decreased from 1 × 10-4 cm2/(V s) in 20 wt % MEH−PPV blend nanofibers to 5 × 10-6 cm2/(V s) at 70 wt %. If corrected for the reduced chann...
METEORITICAL AND OTHER GREAT‐CIRCLE PROBLEMS*

In this paper, which is really a continuation of two previously published papers, the following great-circle problems are solved: (1) to find the coordinates of the poles of a great circle: third and analytic method; (2) to find the coordinates of the common nodes of two given great circles: second and analytic method; (3) to find the equation of the great circle passing thru a given point in a given direction with respect to the meridian passing thru that point; (4) to find the inclination of a great circle to the equator, and the angular distance of a given point on the great circle from the given nearer equatorial node of the great circle; (5) to find the length of the projection of a given arc of a given great circle on the equator; (6) to find the equation of the great circle passing thru a given point and making a given acute angle with a given great circle; (7) to find the longitude of the equatorial node nearer to the midpoint of the arc of the great circle passing thru two given points; the inclination of the great circle to the equator; and the angular distance between the two given points; (8) to find (a) the angle between the meridian, and (b) that between the parallel of latitude passing thru a given point on a given great circle, and the great circle; and (9) to find the maximum difference between the hypotenuse and a side of a spherical right triangle, inclined to each other at a given angle, as they vary in length from 0° to 90°. Special cases of six of the forenamed nine problems—i.e., nos. (1), (2), (4), (5), (6), and (9)—which are encountered in either meteoric or spherical astronomy, likewise are discussed. In an addendum, several errata in §13 of the second paper on great-circle problems are corrected.
Analysis of bat wings for morphing

The morphing of wings from three different bat species is studied using an extension of the Weissinger method. To understand how camber affects performance factors such as lift and lift to drag ratio, XFOIL is used to study thin (3% thickness to chord ratio) airfoils at a low Reynolds number of 100,000. The maximum camber of 9% yielded the largest lift coefficient, and a mid-range camber of 7% yielded the largest lift to drag ratio. Correlations between bat wing morphology and flight characteristics are covered, and the three bat wing planforms chosen represent various combinations of morphological components and different flight modes. The wings are studied using the extended Weissinger method in an "unmorphed" configuration using a thin, symmetric airfoil across the span of the wing through angles of attack of 0°-15°. The wings are then run in the Weissinger method at angles of attack of -2° to 12° in a "morphed" configuration modeled after bat wings seen in flight, where the camber of the airfoils comprising the wings is varied along the span and a twist distribution along the span is introduced. The morphed wing configurations increase the lift coefficient over 1000% from the unmorphed configuration and increase the lift to drag ratio over 175%. The results of the three different species correlate well with their flight in nature.
Heterogeneity in youth depressive symptom trajectories: social stratification and implications for young adult physical health.

Abstract Purpose The first objective of this study was to investigate young adult physical health implications of adolescent depressive symptom trajectories. The second objective was to investigate the social stratification of adolescent depressive symptom trajectories. Methods Data came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The analysis included the identification of depressive symptom trajectory groups. These four groups were then compared in terms of socioeconomic characteristics and change in physical health problems, from adolescence to young adulthood. Results Youth in the chronically high, increasing, and decreasing depressive symptoms groups showed significantly higher increases in physical health problems and poorer socioeconomic characteristics than did the consistently low group. Conclusions The associations of adolescent depressive symptom trajectory groups with changes in physical health provide evidence for the etiological processes through which depression influences physical health. Differing socioeconomic characteristics of depressive symptom trajectory groups suggest social stratification of trajectories.