cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New And Upper Level Political Science Course Preparations: A Discussion Of Challenges And Opportunities At The Teaching-Oriented Institution

Designing and executing a new upper level political science course preparation can be a daunting task, especially when dealing with some of the challenges in the context of teaching-oriented institutions of higher learning. In this paper, I conduct an examination of both the challenges and the opportunities that can be afforded by environmental factors associated with teaching-oriented colleges and universities. I base some of this information on my experience of preparing and executing a new upper level political science course preparation in the fall of 2009. First, I briefly examine some of the challenges that instructors are likely to encounter in smaller college environments when executing new upper level course preparations. Next, I discuss some potential advantages and opportunities that various elements of a teaching-oriented environment can offer instructors who are faced with new upper level course preparations. Finally, I explore how instructors can maximize their chances of experiencing the benefits while avoiding some of the drawbacks of preparing new upper level courses in the teaching institution environment. A closer examination of the advantages and opportunities associated with executing new upper level course preparations at relatively small teaching institutions will help instructors develop awareness of more effective ways to design courses so that both instructor effectiveness and student learning can be maximized.
Laser Imaging and Velocimetry of Cathode-Spot-Ejected Ceramic Powder

Velocimetry of ceramic particles ejected via cathode spot eruption on the surface of a biased electrode in the presence of a low-density plasma has been carried out. Witness plate measurements indicated the rate of powder removal to be greater than 3.0 mg/s. An expanded laser beam and fast frame-rate camera were used to perform laser-illuminated particle imaging velocimetry measurements. The velocity distribution for 45- μm-diameter ceramic particles was found to range between 0.2 and 1.5 m/s in the plane of view as they are ejected from the electrode surface. Nonuniform powder ejection in the horizontal plane is shown to be related to the presence of an applied magnetic field.
Employing Introductory Statistics Students at ‘Stats Dairy’

Summary To combat students' fear of statistics I employ my students at a fictional company, Stats Dairy, run by cows. Almost all examples used in the class notes, exercises, humour and exams use data ‘collected’ from this company.
The Divine Fire Crosses the Atlantic Ocean

There is a story to the effect that a mutual friend introduced the young Franz Schubert to the aging and deaf Beethoven. The former showed him some sheets of music. Beethoven perused them carefully and then said, “Young man, you possess the Divine Fire.” The Divine Fire—what a glorious term! According to Greek mythology, Prometheus stole it from the gods and gave it to mankind to provide it knowledge and wisdom, an act for which he was severely punished. Of all the forms which the Divine Fire can take, and the great forms of artistic achievement are one, there has been none more important than the gift mankind has received through the development of basic science. Today, the torch that represents that aspect of the Divine Fire bums brightly in North America. How did the transition across the Atlantic ocean take place? Did it come with the initial colonists or was it a much slower and more laborious process? The facts make it clear the second route was followed. The divine fire did not glow brightly at first. Many dedicated scientists had to struggle before recognition finally came.
Going Green with Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Stewardship means finding ways to make thing better and more efficient for all including the environment. One of the ways the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) are doing this is by moving forward into the Millennium by using alternative fuels, clean up the air, save energy and removes our country’s dependence on other countries for petroleum production. The DOE and EPA introduced alternatives to this problem via media outlet and their websites about going green with the introduction of alternative fuel vehicles (ATVs) and a mandate on how to comply with the new guidelines. Municipalities and other entities with centrally fueled vehicles must be informed about the incentives and regulatory mandates enacted under the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) and the 1992 Energy Policy Act (EPAct). Argonne, 2010; Environmental Protection Agency, 2010; Birkland, 2000; Liautaub, 1997) Municipalities and other entities that own or have ten or more vehicles in their fleets for daily occupations must comply with the program requirements. The EPACT was passed down to the DOE as a mandate the requirements for municipalities and other entities with ten or more vehicles in their fleets Responsible with a “Gross Vehicle Weight of 8500 pounds” or more compliance requirements for converting to an alternative fuel program to save.
Lipids in viruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
The Meaning of Capital in the Twenty-First Century

America is on a path towards a level of both wealth and income inequality unparalleled in recorded history. Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century summarizes and conveys the work of Piketty and many co-authors, over many decades, looking at the structure of income and wealth inequality across many nations and centuries. This review essay builds on Piketty’s ambitions as well as his data, in order to put forth a better solution: one that accepts and even embraces the facts of unequal ownership of capital, but changes the social meaning of those facts to avoid the social harms that follow from unfettered private party capitalism. A progressive spending tax does not simply take capital away from the wealthy. It allows the rich to keep and manage their wealth, as they have shown the ability and temperament to do so. But it curtails their ability to spend their capital on themselves and their luxurious wants. The social distinction of holding wealth can continue; the progressive spending tax makes this state of affairs work to the common utility.
Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with azlocillin in an in-vitro capillary model

An in-vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to study the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with azlocillin. Ciprofloxacin alone produced excellent bactericidal activity against highly susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Against a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin in clinically achievable dosing schedules produced a rapid bactericidal effect, but bacterial regrowth occurred. Azlocillin in combination with ciprofloxacin produced a rapid bacterial kill and regrowth was prevented. Further consideration of the clinical role of this combination is warranted.
Experimentally-Based Aeroservoelastic System Identification and Feedforward Control of Flexible Flapping Wings

The dynamics of a flapping-wing vehicle are inherently aeroservoelastic since the interaction of aerodynamics and structural dynamics are critical to performance and will be altered by any control effectors. These dynamics have been shown to exhibit nonlinear behaviors in the time-frequency domain for a variety of wings. A model of the flapping wing as a function of each control effector may be formulated. These models capture the nonlinear behavior and are a basis from which to compute the deflection in response to any control command. This paper generates a model of the aeroservoelastic dynamics for a flexible flapping wing. A feedforward controller is designed which determines the input flapping amplitude and flapping frequency considering some desired flapping profile and the experimental model. The values of the control effectors are input into the flapping model thereby tracking the deflections of a desired flapping profile.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-ORDER COMPACT ALGORITHM FOR AEROACOUSTICS EMPLOYING PML ABSORBING BOUNDARIES

A finite-differe nce method for solving the twodimensional linearized Euler equations in terms of the acoustic variables is described. The far-field boundary conditions are approximated by the perfectly-matched-layer (PML) equations, which simulate an absorbing layer surrounding the interior of the computational domain. The spatial derivatives are represented by high-order compact differences, while the four-stage Runge-Kutta method is used to integrate the equations forward in time. Several benchmark problems have been computed with this technique, including propagation of a linear wave, and convection of acoustic and vortical disturbances in a uniform flow. The results obtained with fourth-order, sixth-order and eighth-order compact difference methods are presented. The compact method gives high resolution on a relatively small difference stencil. Progression from the fourth-order to the sixth-order and eighth-order schemes is straightforwa rd. The PML approximation worked well in suppressing nonphysical reflections at the boundaries of the domain. The boundary error can be controlled or eliminated by increasing the width of the absorbing PML layer.
Repolarization Heterogeneity: Beyond the QT Interval

Research over the past 2 decades has suggested that significant differences exist in the action potentials of endocardial, epicardial, and mid‐myocardial (M) cells that comprise the ventricular myocardium. Relative differences in the time course of repolarization of these 3 cell types, referred to
Epidemiological investigation of syphilis among employees in food industry and public places in Chengde City from 2010-2012

[Objective]To understand the situation of syphilis infection among employees in food industry and public places in Chengde City,learn about the risk factors related to the spread of syphilis,evaluate the effect of the intervention measures,and provide the basis for carrying out the health education and behavior intervention in this population. [Methods]The syphilis detection was performed among employees who have received the physical examination in Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2010 to December 2012,and the data were statistically analyzed.[Results]A total of 37 631 employees were detected during 2010-2012,and 101 were positive for syphilis with a positive rate of 0. 268%,which included 27 cases of dominant syphilis and 74 case of latent syphilis. The annual positive rate of syphilis decreased gradually,but the difference was not statistically significant( χ2= 0. 055,P 0. 05). The detection rate of latent syphilis increased year by year,and the difference was statistically significant( χ2= 4. 787,P 0. 05). There were 45 male patients and 56 female patients,and there was no statistically significant difference in the infection rate between males and females( χ2= 0. 006 04,P 0. 05). The number of latent syphilis in males was greater than that in females,and the difference in the constituent ratio was statistically significant( χ2= 5. 177,P 0. 05). The patients with syphilis were mainly people aged 18-40 years old,who were in the sexual activity period,and people with low educational level,while the differences were statistically significant( χ2= 10. 269,χ2= 6. 328,P 0. 05).[Conclusion]The infection rate of syphilis shows a descending trend among employees in food industry and public places in Chengde City,which indicates that the comprehensive intervention among employees in public places plays an important role in syphilis prevention and control. As for the syphilis classification,the latent syphilis accounts for greater proportion,and it is increasing gradually. The further work should focus on the missing cases among patients who have already known they get the disease and the screening of latent syphilis by using reagents of high sensitivity and strong specificity.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIUM ANITRATUM IN SECRETIONS OF PULMONARY ORIGIN.

In recent years Bacterium anitratum, a short, Gram-negative, bi-polar staining rod, has been reported with increasing frequency from patients with infectious disease. This organism which is probably an ubiquitous opportunist occasionally seems to produce severe infection. Evidence of the possible severity of pulmonary infection caused by B. anitratum is presented by Glick and associates and by Gardner and colleagues. Unpublished observations at this hospital on 15 patients with respiratory disease suggest that the isolation of this bacillus from sputum is of clinical significance, e.g., pure cultures of the organism were obtained from 2 patients with chronic lung abscesses.
Novel Aspects of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Function in Streptomyces.

Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is a 3′–5′-exoribnuclease that is found in most bacteria and in some eukaryotic organelles. The enzyme plays a key role in RNA decay in these systems. PNPase structure and function have been studied extensively in Escherichia coli, but there are several important aspects of PNPase function in Streptomyces that differ from what is observed in E. coli and other bacterial genera. This review highlights several of those differences: (1) the organization and expression of the PNPase gene in Streptomyces; (2) the possible function of PNPase as an RNA 3′-polyribonucleotide polymerase in Streptomyces; (3) the function of PNPase as both an exoribonuclease and as an RNA 3′-polyribonucleotide polymerase in Streptomyces; (4) the function of (p)ppGpp as a PNPase effector in Streptomyces. The review concludes with a consideration of a number of unanswered questions regarding the function of Streptomyces PNPase, which can be examined experimentally.
Collaborations between Lawyers and New Legal Professionals: A Path to Increase Access to Justice and Protect Clients

This article explores the ongoing challenge of access to affordable legal services for civil matters. Part I introduces the idea that there are a variety of innovations that could be made to improve the public’s access to justice, but this essay pays particular attention to the various relationships between advanced practice registered nurses and physicians as a possible template for associations between lawyers and other legal professionals. Part II examines the challenges to accessing justice in the current legal market. Part III discusses the rise of alternative legal professionals to serve the unmet legal market demands. Part IV looks at advanced practice register nurses as a model for the legal professions innovations with new categories of legal professionals. Finally, Part V explores models for the delivery of legal services in light of the rise of alternative legal professionals.
What’s Right, and What’s Wrong, with “What is Wrong with the West’s Economies?” by Edmund Phelps

Since the 1970’s American workers who lack a college education have fared poorly in the labor market, as their compensation has fallen in both absolute and relative terms. In “What is Wrong with the West’s Economies”, Edmund Phelps attributes these adverse developments to a significant decline in productivity growth, which in turns results from a stagnation in innovation, entrepreneurial spirit, and in economic thought. In this essay I point to a number of problems with Phelps’ diagnosis, which include a tendency to overstate the dynamism of the past and to underestimate current gains in productivity. It is not declining productivity growth, but rather ongoing gains in productivity—and, more specifically, the nature and source of these productivity gains—that accounts for the worsening condition of those at the bottom of the labor market.
High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Is Elevated Systemically in Persons with Acute or Chronic Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Inflammation in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has been proposed to promote damage acutely and oppose functional recovery chronically. However, we do not yet understand the signals that initiate or prolong inflammation in persons with SCI. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a potent systemic inflammatory cytokine—or damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP)—studied in a variety of clinical settings. It is elevated in pre-clinical models of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), where it promotes secondary injury, and strategies that block HMGB1 improve functional recovery. To investigate the potential translational relevance of these observations, we measured HMGB1 in plasma from adults with acute (≤ 1 week post-SCI, n = 16) or chronic (≥ 1 year post-SCI, n = 47) SCI. Plasma from uninjured persons (n = 51) served as controls for comparison. In persons with acute SCI, average HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated within 0–3 days post-injury (6.00 ± 1.8 ng/mL, mean ± standard error ...
Application of time-reversal-based processing techniques to enhance detection of GPR targets

Abstract In this paper we analyze the performance of time-reversal (TR) techniques in conjunction with various Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) pre-processing methods aimed at improving detection of subsurface targets. TR techniques were first developed for ultrasound applications and, by exploiting the invariance of the wave equation under time reversal, can yield features such as superresolution and statistical stability. The TR method was examined here using both synthetic and actual GPR field data under four different pre-processing strategies on the raw data, namely: mean background removal, eigenvalue background removal, a sliding-window space-frequency technique, and a noise-robust spatial differentiator along the scan direction. Depending on the acquisition mode, it was possible to determine with good precision the position and depth of the studied targets as well as, in some cases, to differentiate the targets from nearby clutter such as localized geological anomalies. The proposed methodology has the potential to be useful when applied to GPR data for the detection of buried targets.
STAT3, HIF-1, glucose addiction and Warburg effect

Oncogenes as the center of cancer research focused attention 30 years ago on signal transduction especially tyrosine phosphorylation. Discovery that the Jun oncoprotein was a site-specific DNA binding protein demanded a connection of signaling abnormalities with transcriptional control [1]. The cytokine responsive Jak-STAT pathway, discovered through studying α-interferon activation of STATs 1 and 2 by the Jak tyrosine kinases (Tyk2, Jak1, Jak2) was soon broadened to include the other five STATs [2]. The first description of STAT3 in 1994 [3] raised suspicion in the direction of cancer because IL-6 and EGF, already recognized to have cancer connections, were the originally recognized ligands that activated the STAT3 homodimer.
B. F. Skinner and P.W. Bridgman: The Frustration of a Wahlverwandtschaft

The psychologist-philosopher B.F. Skinner and the physicist-philosopher P.W. Bridgman, both dedicated empiricists, initially entered into an intellectual relationship that seemed destined to be warm and fruitful. Yet, it ended up unfulfilled. Since I am now perhaps one of the few who knew both men as colleagues for many years, I might be able to throw some unique light on their interaction, and on what I consider to be one of the missed opportunities in the history of ideas.
Lipin proteins and glycerolipid metabolism: Roles at the ER membrane and beyond.

The regulation of glycerolipid biosynthesis is critical for homeostasis of cellular lipid stores and membranes. Here we review the role of lipin phosphatidic acid phosphatase enzymes in glycerolipid synthesis. Lipin proteins are unique among glycerolipid biosynthetic enzymes in their ability to transit among cellular membranes, rather than remain membrane tethered. We focus on the mechanisms that underlie lipin protein interactions with membranes and the versatile roles of lipins in several organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, endolysosomes, lipid droplets, and nucleus. We also review the corresponding physiological roles of lipins, which have been uncovered by the study of genetic lipin deficiencies. We propose that the growing body of knowledge concerning the biochemical and cellular activities of lipin proteins will be valuable for understanding the physiological functions of lipin proteins in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escriba.
U.S. Army rapid force projection initative (RFPI)

The Rapid Force Projection Initiative Technology Program is a major Science and Technology program which will evaluate and demonstrate advanced technology products for early entry force application. The RFPI melds a system of multispectral forward sensors (Hunters), robust command, control and communications (C3), and advanced weapons (Standoff Killers) into an integrated force which is effective and survivable against heavy armor. The RFPI serves as a conduit to insert Science and Technology products into the U.S. Army, drawing upon the resources of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command battle Labs and extensive troop involvement during technology evaluation and demonstration, which acts to assure rapid acceptance of new solutions for light forces. This paper summarizes these efforts.
Assessing the Roles of Fire Frequency and Precipitation in Determining Woody Plant Expansion in Central U.S. Grasslands

Woody plant expansion into grasslands and savannas is occurring and accelerating worldwide and often impacts ecosystem processes. Understanding and predicting the environmental and ecological impacts of encroachment has led to a variety of methodologies for assessing its onset, transition, and stability, generally relying on dynamical systems approaches. Here, we continue this general line of investigation to facilitate the understanding of the roles of precipitation frequency and intensity and fire frequency on the conversion of grasslands to woody dominated systems focusing on the central United States. A low-dimensional model with stochastic precipitation and fire disturbance is introduced to examine the complex interactions between precipitation and fire as mechanisms that may suppress or facilitate increases in woody cover. By using Lyapunov exponents, we are able to ascertain the relative control exerted on woody encroachment through these mechanisms. Our results indicate that precipitation frequency is a more important control on woody encroachment than the intensity of individual precipitation events. Fire, however, exerts a much more dominant impact on the limitation of encroachment over the range of precipitation variability considered here. These results indicate that fire management may be an effective strategy to slow the onset of woody species into grasslands. While climate change might predict a reduced potential for woody encroachment in the near future, these results indicate a reduction in woody fraction may be unlikely when considering anthropogenic fire suppression.
Introduction: The Eighteenth Century and the Middle Ages

political thought is often seen in classical terms, symbolized by George Washington in a toga as Cincinnatus. Washington was not, however, Cincinnatus but a great landowner. The toga masked his status as the use of classical references by the revolutionaries masked the medieval roots of their political thought. This book returns to the imperial school of colonial history, emphasizing the medieval background of the revolutionary generation. Charles Andrews observed, “we find it hard to comprehend why in dealing with our colonial history we should need to know anything about the rules of feudal law that appear to be nothing but fossils from a bygone age.” Nevertheless, he argued, historians have to understand something of that law if they are “properly to interpret life in the American colonies ….”
Pulling guesses up by their bootstraps.

Multiple guesses from one individual, like guesses from a crowd, yield a better estimate when averaged. How far can such solipsistic polling take us in real, high-stakes settings? Now 1.2 million incentivized, real-world guesses show just how much people can improve their judgements by reconsidering their own estimates.
Urie Bronfenbrenner: Toward an Evolutionary Ecological Systems Theory

Through his Bioecological Systems Theory, Urie Bronfenbrenner emphasized school, parish, neighborhood, and other aspects of what behavioral geneticists now call the extra-familial environment. Bronfenbrenner incorporated even the economy, government, and culture into his developmental scheme, knowing that these macrostructural realities trickle-down to influence more local systems, if not the child directly. As recounted in this chapter, life history theorists have extended ecological systems theory such that it incorporates natural ecological systems, not limited to temperature, humidity, parasite prevalence, resource availability, and population density. An evolutionary view of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory then clarifies the extent and direction of influences, while also adding a basement layer of natural ecology that constrains all other levels of influence.
Transcription Factors in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory

The formation of long-term synaptic plasticity and long-term memory requires transcription, which occurs by means of transcription factors. These are proteins that bind to the promoter elements upstream of genes and either facilitate or inhibit their expression. Multiple evidence based on correlative changes in expression, genetic mutations, and targeted molecular inhibition of gene expression have helped shed light on the role of transcription in both synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we will provide a brief overview of this experimental work. It emerged that several families of transcription factors, including cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), early growth response (Egr), activating protein 1 (AP-1), and Rel, play a critical role in both processes. Thus, it appears that patterns of transcription regulation may represent the molecular signatures of long-term synaptic changes and memory formation.
Pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder: present recommendations and future prospects.

In selecting and adapting medications to treat the specific clinical features of a patient with bipolar disorder (BPD) over time, a foundation strategy is to have good working knowledge of up-to-date practice guidelines. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Guidelines has the reasoned advantage of weighing safety/tolerability as high as efficacy. Most successful treatments for BPD start to separate from placebo within 1 week; most differences between regimens occur within the first 4 weeks. This observation extrapolates to a strategy of discontinuing or adding a second drug for symptoms unimproved within 1 month of treatment initiation. The weight of evidence argues against starting treatment with combination regimens, despite evidence that over time most patients do receive combination drug regimens and appear to tolerate them well. The current design paradigm for adjunctive trials generally strongly weights trials in favor of the sponsor drug.
Minimally Invasive Single-Position Lateral Interbody Fusion With Robotic Bilateral Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Lateral interbody fusion has distinct advantages over traditional posterior approaches. When adjunctive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation is required, placement from the lateral decubitus position theoretically increases safety and improves operative efficiency by obviating the need for repositioning. However, safe cannulation of the contralateral, down-side pedicles remains technically challenging and often prohibitive. In this video, we present the case of a 59-yr-old man with refractory back pain and bilateral lower extremity radiculopathy that was worse on the left than right side. The patient provided written informed consent before undergoing treatment. We performed minimally invasive single-position lateral interbody fusion with robotic (ExcelsiusGPS, Globus Medical Inc, Audubon, Pennsylvania) bilateral percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of asymmetric disc degeneration, dynamic instability, and left paracentral disc herniation with corresponding stenosis at the L3-4 level. A left-sided minimally invasive transpsoas lateral interbody graft was placed with fluoroscopic guidance. Without changing the position of the patient or breaking the sterile field, an intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography image was obtained for navigational screw placement with stereotactic trackers in the iliac spine. Screw trajectories were planned using the robotic navigation software and were placed percutaneously in the bilateral L3 and L4 pedicles using the robotic arm. Concomitant lateral fluoroscopy may be used if desired to ensure the fidelity of the robotic guidance. The patient recovered well postoperatively and was discharged home within 36 h, without complication. Single-position lateral interbody fusion and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation can be accomplished using robotic-assisted navigation and pedicle screw placement. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute.
Influence of a Pre-organized N-Donor Group on the Coordination of Trivalent Actinides and Lanthanides by an Aminopolycarboxylate Complexant

The thermodynamic influence of a pre-organized N-donor group on the coordination of trivalent actinides and lanthanides by an aqueous aminopolycarboxylate complexant has been investigated. The synthesized reagent, N-2-methylpicolinate-ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (EDTA-Mpic), resembles ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) with a single acetate pendant arm replaced by a 6-carboxypyridin-2-ylmethyl group. The rigid N-donor picolinate functionality has a profound impact on ligand protonation and trivalent f element complexation equilibria, as demonstrated by potentiometric, spectroscopic, and liquid/liquid metal-partitioning studies as well as by molecular dynamics calculations. Relative to diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N'',N''-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), the ability to preferentially bind trivalent actinides over trivalent lanthanides was moderately lowered due to the presence of the N-(6-carboxypyridin-2-ylmethyl) substituent. The structural modification substantially amplifies the total ligand acidity of EDTA-Mpic. As a result the complexant sustains the metal complexation and efficient An3+ /Ln3+ differentiation in aqueous mixtures of unprecedented acidity for this class of reagents.
Potential jumps at transport bottlenecks cause instability of nominally ionic solid electrolytes in electrochemical cells

Abstract Normal operations of electrochemical devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOEC) and lithium ion batteries (LIB) sometimes fail because of unexpected formation of internal phases. These phases include oxygen bubbles at grain boundaries inside the zirconia electrolyte of SOEC, isolated Li metal islands inside the (garnet type) Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte of all-solid-state LIB, and similar Na metal islands inside the Na-beta-alumina and NASICON electrolytes of Na-S batteries. Remarkably, although the devices can operate in both polarities, the propensity for failure depends on the polarity. Here we explain these and other phenomena in nominally ionic solid electrolytes and mixed-conducting electrodes in simple thermodynamic and kinetic terms: the unexpected internal phases are caused by a large potential jump that is needed to push a constant ion or electron flow through its internal transport bottleneck. Definite rules for internal phase formation including its polarity dependence are formulated to help predict and mitigate it, which leads to microstructural instability, efficiency deterioration and breakdown.
Introduction to Logic Programming

Logic Programming is a style of programming in which programs take the form of sets of sentences in the language of Symbolic Logic. Over the years, there has been growing interest in Logic Programming due to applications in deductive databases, automated worksheets, Enterprise Management (business rules), Computational Law, and General Game Playing. This book introduces Logic Programming theory, current technology, and popular applications. In this volume, we take an innovative, model-theoretic approach to logic programming. We begin with the fundamental notion of datasets, i.e., sets of ground atoms. Given this fundamental notion, we introduce views, i.e., virtual relations; and we define classical logic programs as sets of view definitions, written using traditional Prolog-like notation but with semantics given in terms of datasets rather than implementation. We then introduce actions, i.e., additions and deletions of ground atoms; and we define dynamic logic programs as sets of action definitions. In addition to the printed book, there is an online version of the text with an interpreter and a compiler for the language used in the text and an integrated development environment for use in developing and deploying practical logic programs. "This is a book for the 21st century: presenting an elegant and innovative perspective on logic programming. Unlike other texts, it takes datasets as a fundamental notion, thereby bridging the gap between programming languages and knowledge representation languages; and it treats updates on an equal footing with datasets, leading to a sound and practical treatment of action and change." – Bob Kowalski, Professor Emeritus, Imperial College London "In a world where Deep Learning and Python are the talk of the day, this book is a remarkable development. It introduces the reader to the fundamentals of traditional Logic Programming and makes clear the benefits of using the technology to create runnable specifications for complex systems." – Son Cao Tran, Professor in Computer Science, New Mexico State University "Excellent introduction to the fundamentals of Logic Programming. The book is well-written and well-structured. Concepts are explained clearly and the gradually increasing complexity of exercises makes it so that one can understand easy notions quickly before moving on to more difficult ideas." – George Younger, student, Stanford University
Crop growth, hydrology, and water quality dynamics in agricultural fields across the Western Lake Erie Basin: Multi-site verification of the Nutrient Tracking Tool (NTT)

Agricultural field- and watershed-scale water quality models are used to assess the potential impact of management practices to reduce nutrient and sediment exports. However, observed data are often not available to calibrate and verify these models. Three years of data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service's 12 paired edge-of-field sites in northwest Ohio were used to calibrate and validate the Nutrient Tracking Tool. The goal of this study was to identify a single optimal parameter set for the Nutrient Tracking Tool in simulating annual crop yields, water balance, and nutrient loads across the Western Lake Erie Basin. A multi-site and multi-objective auto-calibration subroutine was developed in R to perform model calibration across the edge-of-field sites. The statistical metrics and evaluation criteria used in comparing the simulated results with the observed data were: Cohen's D Effect Size (Cohen's D < 0.20) and Percent bias (PBIAS ± 10% for crop yields, subsurface (tile) discharge, and surface runoff and ± 25% for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and nitrate‑nitrogen (nitrate-N) in tile discharge, and DRP, particulate phosphorus, and nitrate-N in surface runoff). In both calibration and validation, the Cohen's D and PBIAS for annual crop yields, tile discharge, surface runoff, DRP, particulate P, and nitrate-N showed that the average simulated results were similar to the average observed values for each variable. The calibrated model simulated well the annual averages of crop yields, flows, and nutrient losses across fields. The tile drainage and phosphorus transport subroutines in the Nutrient Tracking Tool should be further improved to better simulate the dynamics of discharge and phosphorus transport through subsurface drainage. Stakeholders can use the verified model to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation practices in improving the water quality across the Western Lake Erie Basin.
Beer cans: A guide for the archaeologist

Beer cans are potentially useful as tools for dating later components in historical sites, and for determining the time of intrusion into prehistoric sites. Changes in major and minor design features are sufficiently documented to yield age estimates accurate to within five years of production. Even in cases of poor can preservation, general trends in shape and construction should provide an estimate accurate to within a decade. This article details both morphological and stylistic changes for the purpose of providing a basic guide to the dating of beer cans.
A Review of the Species of the Genus Xestocephalus Found in Colombia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Xestocephalinae), with the Description of 40 New Species

The species of the genus Xestocephalus found in Colombia are reviewed. There are 12 species that were previously described, and 40 new species included in this study. A key to the species now known for Colombia is included.
Bayesian Revision of the Folsom Age Range Using IntCal20

Folsom is an early Paleoindian archaeological tradition found in the North American West. Here we report new AMS radiocarbon dates for the Barger Gulch and Lindenmeier sites in Colorado along with ...
Experimental Study and Analysis of Meteorological and Wavefront Profile for Terrestrial Free Space Optical Communication Link at Lat.10.66° and Long.79.05°

In this paper, experimental investigation of terrestrial free space optical communication (TFSOC) at latitude 10.66° and longitude 79.05° under different weather is proposed. Optical signal intensity fluctuations, optical path length, meteorological parameters and wavefront profile study have been measured over a range of visibility (m), temperature (°C), pressure (kPA), relative humidity (%) and wind speed (ms−1) variations. Strhel ratio (SR), bit error rate (BER) and atmospheric turbulence strength (Cn2) are taken into account for the performance analysis of TFSOC link and necessary results are presented.
Stuck with Tourism: Space, Power, and Labor in Contemporary Yucatán

Tourism in the Greater Caribbean region stands at a dire inflection point in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic’s massive disruption of travel as well as the spate of hurricanes barreling across the...
Human Factors and Organizational Issues in Health Informatics: Innovations and Opportunities.

Objective: Human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) frameworks and methods are becoming embedded in the health informatics community. There is now broad recognition that health informatics tools must account for the diverse needs, characteristics, and abilities of end users, as well as their context of use. The objective of this review is to synthesize the current nature and scope of HF/E integration into the health informatics community. Methods: Because the focus of this synthesis is on understanding the current integration of the HF/E and health informatics research communities, we manually reviewed all manuscripts published in primary HF/E and health informatics journals during 2020. Results: HF/E-focused health informatics studies included in this synthesis focused heavily on EHR customizations, specifically clinical decision support customizations and customized data displays, and on mobile health innovations. While HF/E methods aimed to jointly improve end user safety, performance, and satisfaction, most HF/E-focused health informatics studies measured only end user satisfaction. Conclusion: HF/E-focused health informatics researchers need to identify and communicate methodological standards specific to health informatics, to better synthesize findings across resource intensive HF/E-focused health informatics studies. Important gaps in the HF/E design and evaluation process should be addressed in future work, including support for technology development platforms and training programs so that health informatics designers are as diverse as end users.
Micromachined Sensors for Advanced Microsystems

The automotive systems of today and tomorrow are requiring an increasing number of features and programmable functions as well as the ability to intelligently communicate. Automotive represents one of the largest segments of sensor applications, and is the most aggressive at achieving price and performance optimisation while also requiring high quality, high reliability robust solutions. This paper describes the next generation of automotive safety systems sensors which bring together surface micromachining processes and submicron CMOS circuitry with advanced high-voltage bipolar power DMOS FET electronics technology. The “satellite” sensor or peripheral sensor is used to detect side- impact events and forward crush zone crash severity. These sensors will be used as an example of advanced automotive system requirements and the trade-offs needed at the sensor to system interface.
Stress and Oppressed Social Category Membership

Publisher Summary Stress, an extreme condition of psychological strain, is often a result of prejudice or discrimination that an individual; as a part of a cultural, sexual, or racial minority; may face in everyday life. This chapter illustrates the conceptual and empirical linkage of prejudice and discrimination to such stressful conditions. As society and its approach toward races have evolved, the studies outlined here have been based on “oppressed groups” determined as per the 20th century American socio-cultural context. To understand stress due to prejudice, it is imperative to analyze the occurrence of daily events in the life of an individual that may lead to prejudice or discrimination. Here, it should also be noted that events that stand out as stressors for oppressed groups may not necessarily have the same impact on non-oppressed groups. Understanding the psychological traditions basis, the Lazarus and Folkman models also help in understanding stress in relation to appraisal. Research has shown that various life events produce stress in women more easily as compared to men. Another perspective on stress highlights that stress can be categorized as an “organismic response.”
PRIVATIZATION OF THE AESTHETIC REALM: THE BELL-SENNET THESIS

A sociological analysis of the arts in modern society can focus on the changing nature of either th artist-audience relationship, aesthetic content, or aesthetic experience. Within the past year, two works have been written which offer very similar and parallel interpretations of such changes. Bell (1976) and Sennett (1977) both claim that in recent decades there has been a privatization of the aesthetic realm. Each is more concerned with the culture and world-view of modern society in general, but the arts are seen as being particularly supportive of this trend. Our first aim is to' present the central organizing thread in these two formulations; namely, the"privatization" of modern consciousness. Second, we will discuss such a general process as it applies to the aes thetic realm in modern society. Third, we offer a general analytical critique of the Bell-Sennett position.
Designing Motorcycles via the Web: Improved Aesthetics and Consumer Preference

The purpose of this research was to examine how manipulation of the aesthetic appeal of a motorcycle’s image on a web page might elucidate trends in consumer preference. To this end, website visitors were encouraged to reconfigure a blueprint of motorcycle to make it more appealing. These alterations to its confirmation were analyzed to identify patterns of preference that were then compared to the marketplace in general. It was observed that aesthetic preferences recognized by the design method were similar to trends within the motorcycle building/buying public.
An integrating factor to find the canonical variables of a class of wave equations

A method to facilitate the determination of canonical variables of the one-dimensional wave equation in nonhomogeneous media is presented. In order to solve the second-order hyperbolic partial differential equation a transformation from the independent real variables x and y to two canonical variables is used. A method is presented which shows a way of determining a solution when the wave-speed function /spl sigma/(x,y) meets certain requirements on continuity, and the function u(x,y) meets certain integrability requirements. The method depends on finding an integrating factor, f(x,y). >
Understanding Inter-rater Disagreement: A Mixed Methods Approach

In an experiment to investigate cognitive skill differences between clinicians and lay persons, eight individuals in each group were asked to determine if an explicit concept existed in an ambulatory encounter note (a simple task) or if the concept could be inferred from the same note (a complex task). Subjects answered questions, highlighted text used to answer each question, and commented on their reasoning for selecting specific text. Quantitative results were mixed for expert vs. non-expert task performance on simple vs. complex tasks. Qualitative analysis revealed that data ambiguity obscured quantifiable skill differences between groups. In addition, this analysis offered new insight into whether a concept identification task is simple or complex. We present this case study to demonstrate the value of mixed method approaches to task-based performance study design and evaluation. We discuss the results in terms of their implications for evaluating meaningful use of technologies.
Offshore Pipeline Leak Detection with PSLs

Pressure safety low alarms (PSLs) have been required as a means of pipeline leak detection. PSLs are typically located on the export riser and on each boarding riser of intermediate platforms. The PSL is intended to shut in the production in the event of a pipeline leak. Historical production and leak event data suggest that PSL alarms may not function as expected in all operating situations. The US Minerals Management Service (MMS) commissioned a study to determine PSL operation as a function of produced fluids, line characteristics and other factors. This paper summarizes the findings of this study. The results of this study demonstrate situations in which PSLs can function as prescribed and situations in which PSLs may prove unreliable. The results of this study are significant because offshore pipelines are typically the greatest source of offshore pollution.Copyright © 2003 by ASME