cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Galactic M Dwarf Flare Rate

M dwarfs are known to flare on timescales from minutes to hours, with flux increases of several magnitudes in the blue/near-UV. These frequent, powerful events, which are caused by magnetic reconnection, will have a strong observational signature in large, time-domain surveys. The radiation and particle fluxes from flares may also exert a significant influence on the atmospheres of orbiting planets, and affect their habitability. We present a statistical model of flaring M dwarfs in the Galaxy that allows us to predict the observed flare rate along a given line of sight for a particular survey depth and cadence. The parameters that enter the model are the Galactic structure, the distribution of magnetically active and inactive M dwarfs, and the flare frequency distribution (FFD) of both populations. The FFD is a function of spectral type, activity, and Galactic height. Although inactive M dwarfs make up the majority of stars in a magnitude-limited survey, the FFD of inactive stars is very poorly constrained. We have organized a flare monitoring campaign comprising hundreds of hours of new observations from both the ground and space to better constrain flare rates. Incorporating the new observations into our model provides more accurate predictions of stellar variability caused by flares on M dwarfs. We pay particular attention to the likelihood of flares appearing as optical transients (i.e., host star not seen in quiescent data).
A Physically-Based Low-Order Model for Aggregate Air Conditioner Loads

A low-order probabilistic model describing large signal behavior of aggregate air conditioner (A/C) loads is presented. The model demonstrates that severe load oscillations can occur for large signal disturbances (outages). The sensitivity of the large signal behavior to the driving stochastic processes (e.g., outdoor temperature) is demonstrated. The approximations involved in the model allow easy computation of the model parameters.
The Mathematics of Global Change

This paper is a descriptive and preliminary report on recent efforts to address two questions: 1) Can school mathematics be used to enhance our students' ability to understand their changing world? and 2) What role might computer technology play in this regard? After recounting some of the mathematical tools that led to a better understanding of celestial change, an analogous approach is used to address terrestrial change here on earth. This involves an incisive look at Fibonacci's rabbit problem and leads to the consideration of “a Copernican metaphor,” one in which efforts to address environmental issues are related to the transition from a geocentric to heliocentric model of the solar system.
Metalloflavoprotein models. The crystal structure of bis(riboflavin) bis(cupric perchlorate) dodecahydrate.

Abstract An orange crystalline copper(II) perchlorate complex of riboflavin, a possible model for enzymic metal-flavin interactions, has been prepared and characterized by x-ray techniques. The crystals are triclinic, with symmetry P1; unit cell constants are a = 7.701 (2) A (figures in parentheses following numerical values are standard deviations in the least significant digits cited), b = 11.230 (3) A, c = 17.336 (4) A, α = 101.85 (2)°, β = 96.41 (2)°, γ = 89.90 (2)°, Z = 1, ρobs = 1.70 g per cm3, ρcalc = 1.701 g per cm3 for 2 Cu-(CIO4)2·2C17H20N4O6·12H2O per unit cell. The crystal structure, refined by use of 3636 counter-measured reflections, gives an R factor of 7.9%. There are 2 independent riboflavin molecules and 2 independent Cu(II) ions in each cell. One riboflavin (RFa) is bound to both copper ions, to Cu(1) via O(4) and N(5) at distances of 2.00 (2) and 2.43 (2) A, and to Cu(2) via O(5'), O(4'), and O(2) with distances of 2.30 (2), 1.97 (2), and 2.49 (2) A. The other riboflavin (RFb) is bound to only one copper, Cu(1), via O(4) and N(5) with lengths 2.00 (2) and 2.39 (2) A. A water, H2O(3) is hydrogen-bonded to O(2) of RFb. These results confirm the existence of two separate chelate sites, N(1)-O(2) and O(4)-N(5), in the flavoquinoid system and offer further evidence that both these chelate sites will nearly always be occupied by positive ions or dipoles. Supporting an earlier prediction, both ribityl groups are in an approximate C(2')-C(5') extended planar conformation with O(2') pointing over the secondary chelate site in RFb. However, the copper in the secondary site of RFa alters the relationship of the chain to the ring skeleton, by producing an approximate 180° rotation about the N(10)-C(1') bond. This change permits O(4') to hydrogen bond with N(1), and O(4') and O(5') to coordinate to copper. Water molecules complete distorted octahedral coordination shells about both copper ions.
Phenylalanine tRNA synthetase from Drosophila melanogaster: I. l-Phenylalanine activation optima for pH, temperature and Mg2+ estimation of molecular weight

Abstract 1. 1. Some properties of phenylalanine tRNA synthetase from wild type Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been investigated. The optimal phenylalanine-dependent PP1-ATP exchange activity occurs over a wide range of pH (6.5–8.5) and Mg 2+ ATP concentrations (10:1 to 30:1) but exhibits a narrow temperature optimum (37°). 2. 2. According to its behavior on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column, the molecular weight for Drosophila phenylalanine tRNA synthetase was estimated to be close to 200 000. However, the enzyme sediments with a value of 8.4 S in a sucrose density gradient which, when compared to Escherichia coli and yeast phenylalanine tRNA synthetases, gives an average molecular weight value of 181 000. By comparison, Drosophila leucine tRNA synthetase ( l -leucine:tRNA ligase (AMP), EC 6.1.1.4) was estimated to have a molecular weight of 75 000 as judged by its behavior on Sephadex G-200.
Polyribosomes in Azotobacter vinelandii: I. Isolation, characterization and distribution of ribosomes, polyribosomes and subunits in logarithmically growing Azotobacter

Abstract 1. 1. This report details the procedural requirements for preparing cell-free extracts rich in polyribosomes from Azotobacter vinelandii . This enabled us to demonstrate the occurrence of polyribosomes in Azotobacter and to devise methods for their resolution and isolation. Azotobacter was used in this study since it is readily disrupted by osmotic shock; the gentlest mode of cell breakage available. When certain parameters are followed (the use of log-phase cells, rapidly halting cell metabolism, gentle handling of lysates, sedimentation through exponential sucrose density gradients, the use of flow cells in which remixing is minimized and the maintenance of low temperatures through all procedures) cell extracts containing up to 80–90 % polyribosomes of the total ribosomal population result. Individual polyribosome size classes ranging up to the octamers can be fractionated and separated from their nearest neighbors. Larger size classes are resolved partially among themselves. This was confirmed by extensive electron microscopic studies of material from the various fractions obtained upon density-gradient centrifugation of Azotobacter extracts. 2. 2. The physical and chemical properties of these isolated ribosomes and polyribosomes were then studied. The polyribosomes are ribonuclease sensitive, deoxyribonuclease insensitive, exhibit Mg 2+ dependency for structural integrity, are extremely fragile and have sedimentation coefficients similar to those of other bacteria.
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Effects on High Latitude Ionospheric Convection

A description of the dayside ionospheric convection geometry is obtained from the study of satellite and ground-based radar data. The most dramatic differences in the convection signature are seen when comparing cases for northward-and southward-directed interplanetary magnetic fields. When the IMF has a southward component it is found that for a normal garden hose orientation a dayside merging region exists on the morning side of local noon for both signs of By. The location of the merging region depends on the orientation of the IMF in the X-Y plane. The convection pattern is then characterized by a circular convection cell partially surrounded by a crescent-shaped convection cell. These cells occupy the dawn- and dusksides respectively for By>0 and reverse their positions for By 0. These cells are displaced a little to the dusk- or dawnsides respectively of the noon- midnight meridian. Evidence exists for additional convection driven by viscous interaction in all cases. The relationships between the observed ionosphere convection and plasma flow in the magnetosphere are discussed.
Lexical and articulatory interactions in children’s language production

Traditional models of adult language processing and production include two levels of representation: lexical and sublexical. The current study examines the influence of the inclusion of a lexical representation (i.e., a visual referent and/or object function) on the stability of articulation as well as on phonetic accuracy and variability in typically developing children and children with specific language impairment (SLI). A word learning paradigm was developed so that we could compare children’s production with and without lexical representation. The variability and accuracy of productions were examined using speech kinematics as well as traditional phonetic accuracy measures. Results showed that phonetic forms with lexical representation were produced with more articulatory stability than phonetic forms without lexical representation. Using more traditional transcription measures, a paired lexical referent generally did not influence segmental accuracy (percent consonant correct and type token ratio). These results suggest that lexical and articulatory levels of representation are not completely independent. Implications for models of language production are discussed.
The Meaning of Organizational Learning A Meta-Paradigm Perspective

This conceptual article focuses on organizational learning (OL), which is broadly defined as a learning process within organizations that involves the interaction of individual and collective (group, organizational, and inter-organizational) levels of analysis and leads to achieving organizations’ goals. This article explores a largely uncharted route of looking at OL through the lenses of several research paradigms and developing a meta-paradigm framework of this construct. The meta-paradigm framework accounts for the complexity of OL, as well as connections between its levels of analysis that have not been explained in the literature. The meta-paradigm framework of OL includes the definition of organization, the definition of OL, its ontology and epistemology, as well as its implications for human resource development (HRD) research and practice.
A test application scheme for embedded full-scan circuits to reduce testing costs

The authors present a method to reduce test storage and test application time for stored-pattern testing in embedded full-scan circuits, without compromising the fault coverage. A combination of stored-pattern and built-in test is proposed to reduce the test storage and test application time by shifting output patterns back to the inputs of the circuit (similar to circular BIST), using the output responses of the circuit as additional test patterns. The circuit operates in such an autonomous mode as long as new faults can be detected. Externally applied, or stored, patterns are used to initialize the autonomous test application phase to maximize the fault coverage each phase achieves, and minimize the number of phases required. >
The effect of carbon dioxide partial pressure on metal transport in low-temperature hydrothermal systems

Abstract Experiments were conducted to test whether changes in CO 2 partial pressure could have significant effects on the mobility of base metals in low-temperature hydrothermal systems. The results show that CO 2 increases the metal content of aqueous fluids, pore water and sedimentary brine, and associated oil. Complexation processes are probably responsible for the increases observed in the aqueous fluids. Other processes, such as viscosity changes, possible reactions, and selective extraction of metal-bearing organics by CO 2 , may be responsible for the effects observed in the oil tested. In experiments with pure ZnS in water and in one sedimentary brine, acid hydrolysis and bicarbonate complexing do not explain satisfactorily the observed ZnS solubilities. The experimental results suggest the possibility of additional, or stronger than previously believed, complexing reactions involving carbon dioxide. Another possibility is a complexing mechanism involving reduced sulfur, carbonate and metal together as a single species. Such complexes (thiocarbonates) are of potential interest for the transport of metals in reduced sulfur-bearing hydrothermal fluids. The stability of thiocarbonate complexes is known to be pressure controlled, and this particular property could be of importance for the genesis of metal sulfide deposits. These species should be characterized in future studies. Under hydrothermal conditions, in fluids bearing reduced sulfur, CO 2 -induced metal transport might be considered a significant alternative to chloro complexing.
Food Industry Structure and Performance

The reason for concern with the structure of the food system is the belief-based on theory and experience-that the competitive structure of an industry impacts significantly on its performance. This is not to say we are concerned with structure alone. On the contrary, the ultimate purpose for examining industrial organization is concern with industry performance. In a capitalistic economy operated within a system of democratic institutions, citizens have a right to establish the rules governing private enterprise to insure that it serves the public interest. It is therefore inevitable and appropriate that public policies evolve to control those with private economic power.
Contested Commodities At Both Ends Of Life: Buying And Selling Gametes, Embryos, And Body Tissues

This essay examines the increasing commodification of the body with respect to tissues, games, and embryos. Such commodifcation contributes to a diminishing sense of human personhood on an individual level, even as it erodes commitments to human flourishing at the societal level. After the case for social harm resulting from the increasing commodification of the body is made, the question becomes whether that harm is best remedied by following any of three approaches by which government traditionally seeks to promote the flourishing of its citizens. The author concludes that it is not, and that what is needed is a pragmatic and somewhat casuistic approach to the regulation of contested commodities--that which legal scholar Margaret Jane Radin calls "incomplete commodification."
Investigation on electronically conductive additives to improve positive active material utilization in lead-acid batteries

Abstract In order to adapt lead-acid batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles, its specific energy must be improved. Specific energy is greatly dependant on active material utilization. In this study, we improve active material utilization in positive electrodes by the addition of electronically conductive additives. Titanium silicide particles (
Observations of a Subtropical Cold Front in a Region of Complex Terrain

Abstract The passage of shallow cold fronts during the late spring and early summer months over the island of Taiwan is often accompanied by heavy rainfall and occasional flash flood episodes. Previous studies have emphasized the weak baroclinicity of these fronts and their possible modification by fluxes from the air-sea interface. In this study a cold frontal passage in the vicinity of Taiwan is analyzed using data gathered during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX) on 8 June 1987. At the northern extent of the TAMEX network the cold front was shallow (1–2 km deep) and moderately baroclinic with 5°-7°C temperature contrasts at the surface. A Doppler radar cross section of radial velocity reveals a structure similar to that of a density current at the leading edge of the shallow front. The postfrontal air man was substantially modified by oceanic heat fluxes as it moved southward over the warm ocean waters. This led to a 60%–70% decrease in the temperature contrast across the front between ocean...
Progress in alloy development in the fusion materials program

Abstract This paper describes the various alloy paths of the Alloy Development for Irradiation Performance (ADIP) program for the U.S. Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) effort. In particular, the progress in and underlying reasons for alloy development of the Path A (Austenitic Stainless Steel) alloys are highlighted, because we have considerable data on these in a variety of reactor irradiation environments. These results at least indicate that microstructural management of helium will be important in resisting property degradation in the first wall, such as swelling and embrittlement. Because alloy development is less advanced for the other alloy paths, some general principles for alloy development are extended from Path A to the other paths.
Academic career selection and retention in radiation oncology: the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy experience.

Purpose: The United States healthcare system has witnessed declining reimbursement and increasing documentation requirements for longer than 10 years. These have decreased the time available to academic faculty for teaching and mentorship. The impact of these changes on the career choices of residents is unknown. The purpose of this report was to determine whether changes have occurred during the past decade in the proportion of radiation oncology trainees from a single institution entering and staying in academic medicine. Methods and Materials: We performed a review of the resident employment experience of Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy residents graduating during 13 recent consecutive years (n = 48 residents). The outcomes analyzed were the initial selection of an academic vs. nonacademic career and career changes during the first 3 years after graduation. Results: Of the 48 residents, 65% pursued an academic career immediately after graduation, and 44% remained in academics at the last follow-up, after a median of 6 years. A later graduation year was associated with a decrease in the proportion of graduates immediately entering academic medicine (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.94). However, the retention rate at 3 years of those who did immediately enter academics increased with a later graduation year (p = 0.03). Conclusion: During a period marked by notable changes in the academic healthcare environment, the proportion of graduating Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy residents pursuing academic careers has been declining; however, despite this decline, the retention rates in academia have increased.
“Let Me Tell You About My Job”: Exploring the Terrain of Emotion in the Workplace

Because of the rapid growth in literature on emotion and communication in organizations and the many disciplinary homes of this work, scholars use many conceptualizations of emotion in the workplace. In this article, the authors map the terrain of emotion and communication in the workplace. They first review extant literature and argue for five types of organizational emotion: emotional labor (inauthentic emotion in interaction with customers and clients), emotional work (authentic emotion in interaction customers and clients), emotion with work (emotion stemming from interaction with coworkers), emotion at work (emotion from nonwork sources experienced in the work-place), and emotion toward work (emotions in which work is the target of the feeling). They then explore these types of emotion through an analysis of workplace narratives from the books Working (Terkel, 1972) and Gig (Bowe, Bowe, & Streeter, 2000). Themes that characterize workplace emotion are considered, and directions for future research ar...
Moving BITnet users from one operating system to another: problems & solutions

In 1984 the University of Cincinnati joined BITnet with the addition of a leased telephone line from a machine running MVS to the Ohio State University in Columbus. In 1985, when a machine running VM/CMS became the primary BITnet link, there was not a big conversion problem because few people were using MVS for BITnet access. In early 1989, when the decision was made to phase out VM/CMS service, many faculty and staff members had gotten used to the mailers available under VM/CMS and were unenthusiastic (to say the least) about leaving the environment in which they were comfortable. The installation of JNET software on a VAX 6240 gave users an alternate way to access the network, but still they balked at having to learn a new operating system and mailer.This paper will discuss the users' concerns when major changes occur in their way of computing, and the strategies our Consulting Staff at the University of Cincinnati discovered to facilitate moving users from one operating system to another.
Regulatory T cells and transcription factors: gatekeepers in allergic inflammation

Antigen-provoked polarization of CD4+ T cells along the Th1 pathway is often associated with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, whereas extreme skewing of the response toward a Th2 phenotype has been linked to atopy and allergic diseases. Intense interest in the underlying molecular mechanisms that control polarization has revealed a contingent of regulatory transcription factors, which not only help to define these pathways but also suggest potential sites for interventional tactics. Moreover, the recent identification of transcription factors specifically associated with CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T-cells provides new clues regarding manipulation of this population in pursuit of directed immune regulation. Continued unraveling of the pathways underlying the development of deleterious immune responses and their control will guide new avenues of investigation and intervention.
Determination coulometrique d'alcaloides et de sels de bases organiques apres precipitation sous forme de tetraphenylborates

Resume Une micromethode coulometrique de determination de sels de bases organiques et d'alcaloides est decrite. Ceux-ci sont prealablement precipites par le tetraphenyl-borate de sodium et le tetraphenylborate combine est determine coulometriquement a l'aide de l'ion argent electrogenere. Onze composes sont doses avec une precision tres satisfaisante.
Analyzing the contribution of aerosols to an observed increase in direct normal irradiance in Oregon

[1] Annual average total irradiance increases by 1–2% per decade at three monitoring stations in Oregon over the period from 1980 to 2007. Direct normal irradiance measurements increase by 5% per decade over the same time period. The measurements show no sign of a dimming before 1990. The impact of high concentrations of stratospheric aerosols following the volcanic eruptions of El Chichon and Mount Pinatubo are clearly seen in the measurements. Removing these years from the annual average all-sky time series reduces the trends in both total and direct normal irradiance. Clear-sky periods from this long direct normal time series are used in conjunction with radiative transfer calculations to test whether part of the increase could be caused by anthropogenic aerosols. All three sites show relatively low clear-sky measurements before the eruption of El Chichon in 1982, suggesting higher aerosol loads during this period. After removing the periods most strongly impacted by volcanic eruptions, two of the sites show statistically significant increases in clear-sky direct normal irradiance from 1987 to 2007. Radiative transfer calculations of the impact of volcanic aerosols and tropospheric water vapor indicate that only about 20% of that clear-sky increase between background aerosol periods before and after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo can be explained by these two factors. Thus a statistically significant clear-sky trend remains between 1987 and 2007 that is consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the increase in surface irradiance could be caused by a reduction of anthropogenic aerosols.
Adaptive active imaging system based on radiation focusing for extended targets

An adaptive system for active imaging and radiation focusing on extended rough-surfaced objects in the presence of phase distortions was experimentally demonstrated. This technique is based on the use of two laser beams having different wavelengths, here a He-Ne and Argon laser. The Argon laser beam was used for adaptive radiation focusing on the rough target surface. The second laser beam served for target active imaging. The imaging system included the same wavefront correctors used for the radiation focusing system. For adaptive control of the wavefront correctors, a gradient technique based on a radiation focusing quality criterion optimization was applied. Statistical properties of the speckle field scattered by the target surface were used as the radiation focusing quality metric. To measure this criterion a single photodiode with a simple signal analysis method was employed. Adaptive correction was implemented with a nine electrode bimorph mirror and a liquid crystal spatial phase modulator having 127 individually addressed hexagonal liquid crystal cells.
Spatial Divisions and Fertility in India

The Indian subcontinent can be divided into four geographical divisions. In this paper, we characterize three of the four divisions; the Northern Plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the Northern Mountains or the Himalayan as regions with dissimilar climatic and physical resources. It is argued that human adaptations to these variations would be varied by differences in social organization of production and consumption resulting in differences in fertility differences across the three divisions. We found significant differences in the median age at motherhood as well as in the total family size. The effects of the three selected fertility determinants, age at marriage, years of woman's education, and level of child loss on family size also varied significantly across the three divisions. There is considerable homogeneity with respect to fertility levels within the zones considered in this study.
The effect of light intensity on predator and prey behaviour in cyprinid fish: Factors that influence prey risk

Light intensity has been hypothesized to play a major role in determining the timing and outcomes of predator-prey interactions in aquatic systems. Prey risk is often minimal in bright light and increases at low light levels. This study investigated four possible predator and prey behaviours that relate light intensity to predation rates, using two species of cyprinid fish: Rhinichthys atratulus as prey and adult Semotilus atromaculatus as predators. I investigated the following four light-related behaviours: prey schooling behaviour, predator activity patterns, detection of predators and evasive responses by prey, and the defensive use of structure in the habitat by prey. The results of this study indicate that prey risk is closely related to predatory activity; aggregating by prey and early detection of predators may play secondary roles.
Contrast-induced nephropathy and risk of acute kidney injury and mortality after cardiac operations.

Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a predictor of long-term morbidity and mortality. We assessed whether patients in whom CIN developed at diagnostic coronary angiography also had an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and higher mortality after cardiac operations. Methods We evaluated 949 patients who underwent cardiac procedures at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Center from 2004 to 2010. CIN was defined as a rise in the serum creatinine (SCr) level to ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline within 5 days after angiography. Outcomes were operative mortality and postoperative AKI using the Acute Injury Network and Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage (RIFLE) definitions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for the VA mortality risk score was performed to assess the effect of CIN on postoperative mortality. Results Of the 949 patients, 62 (6.5%) experienced CIN after coronary angiography. Short (30-day) and long-term postoperative mortality was higher in patients who experienced CIN versus those who did not (6.5% versus 1.2% and 23% versus 10%, respectively; both p p = 0.02). CIN was also associated with increased risk of postoperative AKI according to the Acute Kidney Network and RIFLE definitions ( p Conclusions The development of CIN at diagnostic angiography is an independent predictor of postoperative AKI and mortality after cardiac procedures.
Localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the guinea-pig lateral superior olivary complex that project to the cochlea

Abstract Olivocochlear fibers have been demonstrated to have acetylcholinesterase-positive staining both in brainstem and cochlea. Olivocochlear fibres in the cochlea have also been determined to contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. In this study, we first determined the source of Olivocochlear fibers in the guinea-pig using horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin in retrograde transport studies. These cells were then examined for enkephalin-like immunoreactivity followed by acetylcholinesterase staining on the same sections to determine which cells and fibers showed staining for both. It was found that cells in the guinea-pig lateral superior olive that project to the cochlea have both enkephalin-like immunoreact ive staining and acetylcholinesterase-positive staining. Cells in other areas giving rise to Olivocochlear fibers showed only acetylcholinesterase staining. These results suggest that there is co-localization of enkephalin and acetylcholine in a population of Olivocochlear cells and fibers.
Highly enantioselective HPLC separations using the covalently bonded macrocyclic antibiotic, ristocetin A, chiral stationary phase

The macrocyclic glycopeptide, ristocetin A, was covalently bonded to a silica gel support and evaluated as a liquid chromatographic (LC) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Over 230 racemates were resolved in either the reversed-phase mode, the normal-phase mode, or the polar-organic mode. The retention behavior and selectivity of this CSP were examined in each mode. Optimization of separations on this column is discussed. The ristocetin A CSP appeared to be complimentary to other glycopeptide CSPs (i.e., vancomycin and teicoplanin). Column stability was excellent. The CSP was not irreversibly altered when going from one mobile phase mode to another. Chirality 10:434–483, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Panic Disorder and Migraine: Comorbidity, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications

A growing body of literature suggests that comorbid anxiety disorders are more common and more prognostically relevant among migraine sufferers than comorbid depression. Panic disorder (PD) appears to be more strongly associated with migraine than most other anxiety disorders. PD and migraine are both chronic diseases with episodic manifestations, involving significant functional impairment and shared symptoms during attacks, interictal anxiety concerning future attacks, and an absence of identifiable secondary pathology. A meta-analysis of high-quality epidemiologic study data from 1990 to 2012 indicates that the odds of PD are 3.76 times greater among individuals with migraine than those without. This association remains significant even after controlling for demographic variables and comorbid depression. Other less-rigorous community and clinical studies confirm these findings. The highest rates of PD are found among migraine with aura patients and those presenting to specialty clinics. Presence of PD is associated with greater negative impact of migraine, including more frequent attacks, increased disability, and risk for chronification and medication overuse. The mechanisms underlying this common comorbidity are poorly understood, but both pathophysiological (eg, serotonergic dysfunction, hormonal influences, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and psychological (eg, interoceptive conditioning, fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, avoidance behavior) factors are implicated. Means of assessing comorbid PD among treatment-seeking migraineurs are reviewed, including verbal screening for core PD symptoms, ruling out medical conditions with panic-like features, and administering validated self-report measures. Finally, evidence-based strategies for both pharmacologic and behavioral management are outlined. The first-line migraine prophylactics are not indicated for PD, and the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors used to treat PD are not efficacious for migraine; thus, separate agents are often required to address each condition. Core components of behavioral treatments for PD are reviewed, and their integration into clinical headache practice is discussed.
Mercury: Surface Features Observed during Radar Studies.

Radar studies of Mercury have shown the presence of several large, rough surface features and of one smooth area.
The Marburg Virus VP24 Protein Interacts with Keap1 to Activate the Cytoprotective Antioxidant Response Pathway.

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase specificity factor that targets transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) for ubiquitination and degradation. Disrupting Keap1-Nrf2 interaction stabilizes Nrf2, resulting in Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs), and transcription of cytoprotective genes. Marburg virus (MARV) is a zoonotic pathogen that likely uses bats as reservoir hosts. We demonstrate that MARV protein VP24 (mVP24) binds the Kelch domain of either human or bat Keap1. This binding is of high affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry and activates Nrf2. Modeling based on the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) VP24 (eVP24) structure identified in mVP24 an acidic loop (K-loop) critical for Keap1 interaction. Transfer of the K-loop to eVP24, which otherwise does not bind Keap1, confers Keap1 binding and Nrf2 activation, and infection by MARV, but not EBOV, activates ARE gene expression. Therefore, MARV targets Keap1 to activate Nrf2-induced cytoprotective responses during infection.
Area determination in fractal surfaces of Pt and Pt-Ru catalysts for methanol oxidation

Abstract The surface areas of Pt and Pt–Ru alloys have been estimated by a fractal technique. Fractal measurements were made using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), which measures the surface corrugations. This STM-based fractal technique is offered as an alternative to gas adsorption technique for area estimation. The usefulness of the fractal approach to area calculation in the Pt–Ru alloy, where the hydrogen adsorption technique cannot be used, is demonstrated using the kinetics of methanol oxidation.
Histology of a heifer placentome after interspecies transfer of a gaur embryo.

Abstract Histological examination of a single placentome recovered from a Holstein heifer ( Bos taurus ) after delivery of a dead 9.5-mo-old gaur ( Bos gaurus ) calf revealed failure of proper development of the chorioallantoic villi after interspecies embryo transfer. Macroscopically, the placentome appeared normal in size, its surface was rough, and on crosssection, the penetration of the villi was irregular and very different from the homogeneous penetration in developed cow placentomes. Microscopically, the heifer caruncle had an extensive system of maternal crypts but the villi failed to branch completely and entered only about one half of the available crypt spaces. The epithelial lining of the maternal crypts in the heifer placentome was nearly missing, which was rather unusual for a species of the genus Bos . The overall picture suggested a decreased feto-maternal compatibility, resulting in poor development of the utero-placental contact, retarded fetal growth, and ultimate fetal death.
Postural responses in the cat to unexpected rotations of the supporting surface: evidence for a centrally generated synergic organization.

Postural reactions to disruptions of stance are rapid and automatic in both quadrupeds and bipeds. Current evidence suggests that these postural responses are generated by the central nervous system as patterns involving muscle synergies. This study attempted to test this hypothesis of a centrally generated postural mechanism by determining whether the same postural response could be evoked in the freely-standing cat under two different biomechanical conditions. The present work is an extension of previous experiments in which the stance of cats was perturbed by a horizontal translation of the supporting surface in the anterior and posterior directions (Rushmer et al. 1983). We now tested whether simple rotation of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal (M-P) joints that mimics the digit rotation occurring during platform translation, was sufficient to evoke the translation postural response. The rotational perturbations were biomechanically different from translations in that the rotation did not cause displacement of the centre of mass of the animal, nor did it result in any significant movement about any but the M-P joints. Even so, rotational perturbations did evoke the appropriate translational muscle synergies in all four animals. Both plantar flexion rotation and headward translation activated the posterior hindlimb synergy (which included gluteus medius, semitendinosus and lateral gastrocnemius). Similarly, dorsiflexion rotation and tailward translation both activated the same anterior hindlimb synergy (iliopsoas, vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior) together with the forelimb synergy. The postural responses elicited by rotational perturbations were biomechanically inappropriate, and caused the animal to displace its own centre of mass away from the stable, control position. The most striking finding was that the group of muscles in which the medium latency postural response was evoked was different than the group from which short latency reflex responses were elicited. These data support the hypothesis that postural reactions are not merely reflex responses to local sensory inputs associated with the perturbation but, instead, represent a centrally generated response, with the muscle synergy being the controlled unit.
Migrations of California Gray Whales Tracked by Oxygen-18 Variations in Their Epizoic Barnacles

Barnacles attached to the California gray whale have oxygen isotope compositions that serve as a record of changing ocean temperatures as the whale migrates between arctic and subtropical waters. The isotopic values for the barnacles can be used to track whale migrations and to reconstruct the recent movements of beached whales. The method may be useful for tracing the movements of other animals, living or fossil, and for reconstructing the voyages of ancient ships.
A mechanism for inhibition in visual search

Observers can use explicit foreknowledge of a feature of an upcoming target to guide search. However, little is known about observers' use of explicit foreknowledge that a specific feature will not match the upcoming target. In a series of experiments, we presented observers with either “ignore” cues that validly indicated the color of a nontarget item (rather than the color of the target item) in the upcoming display, or “neutral” cues. Surprisingly, observers unable to use “ignore” cues to speed search; instead, knowing the color of a nontarget item on the upcoming display slowed search. This cost for “ignore” cues compared to neutral cues was consistent across several experiments using several different types of “ignore” cues. We conclude that observers are unable to explicitly avoid selecting items appearing in to-be-ignored colors. Instead, we propose observers use a strategy of immediately selecting the irrelevant item in order to subsequently inhibit it.
Health Care Providers' Reports of Perceived Stigma Associated with HIV and AIDS in Rural and Urban Communities

Over 1,500 rural and urban providers in Alaska and New Mexico responded to our survey assessing their perceptions of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. Findings indicated that providers perceive HIV/AIDS as highly stigmatized and stigmatized more than other physical and mental illnesses. Perceptions of HIV/AIDS stigma varied across community sizes, with highest levels in rural communities and lower levels in urban, small urban, and small rural communities. Across communities, behavioral health care providers reported perceptions of greater stigma associated with HIV, AIDS, and other illnesses than did physical health care providers. Increased stigma in rural communities exacerbates health care disparities faced by rural residents and underscores the need for research on reducing stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.
Effects of transverse heat transfer on normal zone propagation in metal-clad high temperature superconductor coil tape☆

Abstract The effects of transverse heat transfer on the dynamic evolution of the normal zone in a composite tape made of YBCO superconductor with silver cladding as stabilizer are examined numerically. The numerical model solves the conjugate two-dimensional transient heat equation coupled with current sharing between clearly segregated superconductor and stabilizer. Heat removal in the transverse direction is characterized by a heat conductance imposed on the stabilizer's outer surface. The computational results indicate that the present tape configuration is intrinsically much more stable against a pulse disturbance that its counterparts with volume-averaged material properties and treated one-dimensionally. Conventional one-dimensional analyses for magnet stability have been demonstrated to be too conservative in many respects. The normal zone propagation characteristics and the detailed distribution of heat generation in the composite depend strongly on both the transverse heat transfer and the magnitude of operating current. Ohmic heating in the stabilizer can be very significant, especially for cases with low heat conductance and/or large operating current.
Evaluation of Initial Telomere Length and Changes after Transplantation in Adult Double-Unit Cord Blood Transplant Recipients.

Abstract Cord blood (CB) leukocytes have inherent telomere length (TL) variation, and CB hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can maintain high telomerase levels preventing telomere attrition in vitro. We evaluated TL changes in 13 adult double-unit CB transplant (CBT) recipients. In the 26 units, we observed a marked variation in CB TL at thaw (median, 9.99 kilobases [kb]; range, 6.85 to 13.5). All 13 patients engrafted. Of 11 engrafting with 1 unit, there was no correlation between unit dominance and TL (mean dominant unit TL, 8.84 kb ± 1.76; mean nonengrafting unit TL, 10.3 kb ± 1.81; P = .77). Serial measurements of TL up to 1 year after CBT demonstrated an overall mean 3.04 kb ± .16 TL decrease with only 1 patient exhibiting telomere maintenance. In summary, initial TL does not predict CB unit dominance. Moreover, our analysis suggests neonatal hematopoiesis makes a transition to an HSC characterized by changes in average TL and potentially low telomerase asymmetric cell division in adult CBT recipients. Further investigation of alterations in telomere length and its clinical implications after transplantation of this observation are indicated.
One-step gene disruption by cotransformation to isolate double auxotrophs in Candida albicans

The Candida albicans LEU2 gene was disrupted by substituting lambda DNA for a small deletion within the LEU2 gene. Cotransformation with a selectable URA3 ARS vector was used to introduce a linear fragment containing the disruption into the genome of a C. albicans ura3 deletion mutant. Cotransformants containing the lambda DNA were identified by colony hybridization and the URA3 plasmid was subsequently cured. Leu2 disrupted heterozygotes were detected by Southern hybridization and one disruptant was subsequently treated with UV irradiation. Only one leu2 ura3 mutant (SGY-484) was isolated out of 11,000 mutagenized cells. SGY-484 was transformed to Leu+ with either the C. albicans or Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU2 gene. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that the mutant is not homozygous for the disruption; the leu2 mutation reverts and is most likely a point mutation. Unexpectedly, an ade2 ura3 mutant was isolated from the same mutagenesis.
A scanning electron-microscopic study of in vitro abrasion of mammalian tooth enamel under compressive loads

Abstract Microscopic tooth-wear (microwear) patterns can be an important tool for assessing modes and rates of abrasive tooth wear, but their analysis and interpretation is complicated by the fact that microwear is influenced by many factors. Three of these factors were here tested under conditions of compressive loading: (1) species differences in enamel structure, (2) abrasive particle size and (3) magnitude of force. Teeth of four species ( Homo sapiens, Lemur fulvus, Ovis aries and Crocodylus rhombifer ) were abraded in vitro using three sizes of abrasive silicon-carbide grit (average diameters 73, 23 and 14 μm), at two loads (50 and 100 kg). Microwear features were assessed by scanning electron microscopy of lightly etched enamel surfaces and epoxy replicas. Microwear pits (length: width
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Implementing Evidence-Based Mental Health Practices and Performance Measures in Massachusetts

In September 2005, a one day educational forum on implementing evidence-based mental health practices and performance measures in Massachusetts was held at Brandeis University. Factors for successful implementation are reviewed. Papers in this issue cover theory, concrete actions, and best practices that will aid policy makers, providers, and consumers in improving their behavioral health services.
Solid-State Electrodes for Multichannel Multiplexed Intracortical Neuronal Recording

Thin-film arrays of extracellular recording electrodes have been developed for use in studies of information processing in neural structures and eventual use in closed-loop control of neural prostheses. These probes consist of a silicon substrate which supports an array of thin-film conductors. The conductors are insulated above and below with deposited dielectrics. The electrode sites are defined by openings in the upper dielectric layer and are inlaid with gold to form low-impedance recording surfaces. The probes are typically 15 pim in thickness with shank widths as narrow as 20 ?m. The probe fabrication process is compatible with the inclusion of signal processing circuitry directly on the probe substrate. A 12 channel on-chip signal processor design with per-channel gain of 100, bandwidth of 100 Hz-6 kHz, multiplexed output, and recording-site impedance check capability is described. The probes have adequate strength to penetrate the gerbil pia-arachnoid layer and have recorded single neuron activity of over 500 ?V peak-to-peak from tip, side, and mid-carrier sites. Signal-to-noise ratios as high as 10:1 have been achieved. An equivalent circuit model for the conducting leads, the recording site, and the electrode-electrolyte interface is described. Development of biocompatible insulation and encapsulation materials for long-term implantation of active probes is underway.