cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing construct validity evidence of the Daily Experiences of Pleasure, Productivity and Restoration Profile

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to further assess the psychometric properties of the PPR Profile, a newly developed tool which assesses people's experiences of pleasure, productivity, and restoration in the occupational context of their time use. The relationships between mean pleasure, productivity and restoration scores, a global indicator of occupational experience and measures of meaning in life, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction were examined using data from students (n=266) from a western university in the United States. Relationships were examined using multiple regression models. Validity evidence of the PPR Profile based on relationship to other variables was found. Daily mean pleasure and daily mean productivity were statistically significant predictors of a global assessment of occupational experience, meaning in life, positive affect, and life satisfaction. When controlling for global occupational experience, pleasure helped explain positive and negative affect and sati...
Cyolane and cytrolane performance against pea aphids on alfalfa in two climatically different localities.

Cyolane® (cyclic ethylene P, P -diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate) and Cytrolane® (cyclic propylene P, P diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate) were evaluated against Acyrothosiphon pisum (Harris) on alfalfa in 2 climatically different localities in Wyoming. Rates of ½ 1, and 2 pounds active ingredient per acre were used. At Torrington, even the lowest rate of Cyolane or Cytrolane gave 2 weeks’ protection. At Laramie the highest rates of these insecticides were effective for only 7 days.
The Disarticulation of the Self in Nietzsche

The function of Nietzsche in our present intellectual life is a salient ex ample of the continued vitality of the nineteenth-century in the thought of to day. In Germany, in France, in Italy, and in the United States new work of editing and commentary has made Nietzsche a current force. The monumen tal Colli-Montinari edition, which includes many of Nietzsche's hitherto un published notebooks and drafts, is the most conspicuous evidence of this on the textual side. This edition will make available in German, French, Italian, and Japanese versions a far more complete and accurate Nietzsche than we have had. Mention should also be made of the new English translations by Walter Kaufmann. These have made good versions of most of Nietzsche's books available to those with no German, though the Kaufmann translations are far less complete than the Colli-Montinari edition. On the side of com mentary, the bibliography of new work on Nietzscheis enormous. Two col lective volumes may be mentioned. They indicate at least a sketch map of this rugged terrain: The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation, edited and introduced by David D. Allison, and Nietzsche Aujourd'hui]1 The new work appropriates Nietzsche for present purposes. Ideas which may seem especially characteristic of the literature and philosophy of our own day are found to have been already worked out by Nietzsche in his own way. These would include linguistic, artistic, historical, social, and psychological concepts. Among these is Nietzsche's systematic putting in question of the idea that the self is a substantial and integral entity. D?mystification of the idea of fixed, substantial selfhood has been one of the subjects of nineteenth and twentieth-century thought generally. This is true in spite of the dependence of such movements as phenomenology and ex istentialism on the idea of the ego, "transcendental" or otherwise. After Nietzsche and Freud, however, it would seem difficult to take the existence of the self as an a priori firmly established. Even earlier, Cervantes, Sterne, and Diderot among novelists, for example, had already in one way or another put the existence of the self in question. Moreover, neither Husserl nor Heideg ger, as a matter of fact, hold to an idea of the self in the sense of an original and originating ego. Husserlian intentionality is by no means the same as in tention in the sense of "I intend to do so and so." Nor is it a matter here of social or historical forces which endanger or alienate the self assumed to be there already, according to an outmoded reading of "modernism." In ques
Holosystolic versus mid-late systolic mitral regurgitation: Differences in characteristics and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing exercise echocardiography

Purpose: Significant mitral regurgitation (MR) may be holosystolic (HS) or mid-late systolic (MLS) in duration; with differences in volumetric impact on left ventricle. We sought to assess long-term outcomes of patients with myxomatous MR undergoing exercise echocardiography (execho), based on MLS vs HS MR. Methods: We included 609 consecutive patients (59±14 years, 67% men) with ≥3+ myxomatous MR undergoing execho. MLS MR was defined as late MR in systole, relative to valve opening spikes (and/or QRS complex) on continuous-wave Doppler images, while HS MR occurred throughout systole. Clinical data was recorded. Composite events of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, & admission for heart failure were recorded. Results: There were 51 primary events during 6±3 years of follow up (398 MV surgeries, 0% operative mortality). Comparative and outcome results are summarized in the table. View this table: Table 1 Conclusion: In patients with ≥3+ myxomatous MR undergoing execho, holosystolic MR (despite shorter time to surgery), atrial fibrillation/flutter and lower achieved % age & gender predicted metabolic equivalents were associated with worse outcomes.
Biotype L, Ninth Biotype of the Hessian Fly

Biotype L of Mayetiola destructor (Say) was isolated from a greenhouse population of Biotype D by both progeny and single egg selection. Biotype L is able to survive and infest cultivars having the Ribeiro (H5 gene) source of resistance at 15–21°C. Though these cultivars are resistant to the 8 previously known biotypes, the number of possible biotypes is now 16. Size of puparia (length) of Biotype L is comparable to that of puparia in susceptible cultivars. Additionally, size on ‘Abe’ wheat decreased as the number of puparia per plant increased.
Dependence of Pressure Losses on Angle of Attack for Flow Through Perforated Plates

We have measured the dependence of pressure losses on angle of attacks in pipe flow through a set of seven perforated metal plates. Pressure losses were measured in air flow at temperature and pressure about 24°C and 736 mm Hg. The nominal pipe diameter is 3.5″ resulting an internal pipe diameter of 90.17 mm. Specifically, the plates differ in type of metal, thickness, hole size, and hole spacing. Using a pipe-flow apparatus in which the angle of attacks for the plate was set at either, 0°, or 45°, or 22.5°, we measured the pressure losses over speeds ranging up to approximately 30 m/s. Generally, the pressure loss increases linearly with the square of the air speed; and, in this context, the ratio of pressure loss to air speed squared represents a classical loss coefficient, K, for perforated plates. For a specific air speed, the magnitude of the loss coefficients positively with the ratio of the distance between hole centers to the hole diameter, s/D. The geometric effects associated with changing the angle of attack are complex, and a single dimensionless ratio such as s/D provides insufficient information to describes this effect. However, the measurements do indicate that the loss coefficient K depends on the ratio, s/D, raised to a power of approximately 4.8. Flow visualization may provide some more insight into the specific physical phenomena responsible for these pressure losses.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A conversation with Bernie Mayer

Bernie Mayer, Ph.D., author of four books related to conflict engagement joined Bryan Hanson, Michael Miller, and William Leggio to discuss the relationship between a leader’s ability to transform complex environments and the leader’s capacity to engage constructively with conflict. Throughout the interview, Dr. Mayer shared concepts from his two most recent books, Staying with Conflict and The Conflict Paradox. Among the many important takeaways for current and aspiring leaders, Dr. Mayer emphasized the importance of: recognizing the enduring nature of conflict, the roots to the conflict that emerges within organizations, the influence cultural and power dynamics have on conflict, and the understanding that conflict is actually healthy for an organization. The video of this interview can be found at, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psxIoPRBx3Y
Significantly enhanced reactivities of the nucleophilic substitution reactions induced by microwaves in ionic liquids

The reaction rate of nucleophilic substitution can be dramatically enhanced by microwave irradiation using the ionic liquid[Bmim]BF4/ethyl acetate as the mixed solvent.Nucleophilic reagents (aniline,thiophenol) can react with ethoxymethylene isopropylidene malonate to give corresponding products in 5～10 min in good yields.
UHF RFID Reader for Asset Management of Electric Intelligent Meters

A novel UHF RFID(Ultrahigh Frequency Radio Frequency Identification) reader is developed for the asset management of electric intelligent meters.An improved directional coupler method is considered to solve the problem of reader carrier leakage,and the FH-Q select(Frequency Hopping based Q select) anti-collision algorithm is proposed.The isolation of directional coupler is increased by port mismatch and the power of antenna reflector is reduced by adaptive network in order to decrease the carrier leakage and improve reading efficiency.The interference is prevented by frequency hopping in FH-Q select algorithm on the basis of optimizing the general DFSA(Dynamic Frame Slotted ALOHA) so as to solve the problem of multi-label collisions and quick batch identification under the complex electromagnetic environment.
G3 - MODEL A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL OUTPUT OF A SOLAR COLLECTION SYSTEM ON A DAILY BASIS

ABSTRACT We present a very simple model able to predict the thermal output of a solar collection subsystem on a daily basis. It needs only six input data for the characterization of the solar radiation, the system and the load. It can be used by hand as well as by computer. Its validation against existing data is very satisfactory.
Physician response to patient request for unnecessary care.

Objectives Evaluating unnecessary US medical practices, and the strategies that reduce them, are increasingly recognized as crucial to healthcare financing sustainability. Provider factors are known to affect unnecessary medical practices, yet little is known about how physician responses to patient requests for unnecessary care affect these practices. Among primary care physicians (PCPs), we investigated 2 types of unnecessary medical practices triggered by patient requests: a) unnecessary specialty referrals and b) prescriptions for brand-name drugs when generic alternatives are available. Study design and methods We used data from a survey of a nationally representative sample of 840 US PCPs in 2009. Response rates for family practice (n = 274), internal medicine (n = 257), and pediatrics (n = 309) were 67.5%, 60.8%, and 72.7%, respectively. Results In response to patient requests, 51.9% of PCPs reported making unnecessary specialty referrals and 38.7% prescribed brand-name drugs. Family physicians (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% CI, 1.77-4.34) and internal medicine physicians (OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.87-7.06) were more likely than pediatricians to prescribe brand-name drugs. PCP specialty was similarly associated with unnecessary referrals. Other predictors of acquiescence to patient requests included interactions with drug/device representatives, more years of clinical experience, seeing fewer safety net patients, and solo/2-person practice organizations. Area-level Medicare spending was not associated with the 2 unnecessary practices. Conclusions Many PCPs reported acquiescing to patient requests for unnecessary care. Provider and organizational factors predicted this behavior. Policies aimed at reducing such practice could improve care quality and lower cost. Patient and physician incentives that can potentially reduce unnecessary medical practices warrant exploration.
Congruence of spatial organization of tactile projections to granule cell and Purkinje cell layers of cerebellar hemispheres of the albino rat: vertical organization of cerebellar cortex

1. We compared the spatial pattern of shortest latency somatosensory (tactile) projections to the Purkinje cell (PC) layer and to the underlying granule cell (GC) layer in tactile areas of rat cere...
Phylogeny of adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates

T requirement of self-defense in the ongoing struggle for survival led to the evolution of complex immune systems. About 500 million years ago two types of adaptive immune systems (AIS) arose in vertebrates which featured migratory populations of lymphocytes that express a diverse repertoire of recognition receptors. Jawed vertebrates somatically diversify the repertoire of immunoglobulin-domain based B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments and somatic hypermutation, whereas an alternative AIS of jawless vartibrates (lamprey and hagfish) is based on variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) which diversify through recombinatorial usage of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) cassettes in VLR assembly. Three VLR genes have been identified; the VLRB gene is expressed by B-like lymphocytes, while VLRA and VLRC are expressed by two different lineages of T-like cells which in some ways resemble thymus-derived αβ and γδ T cells lymphocytes of jawed vertebrates. Analysis of the genomic organization of VLRA/VLRC has revealed shared usage of genomic donor cassettes during VLRA and VLRC assembly somewhat analogous to the shared usage of variable gene segments during TCRA/TCRD locus rearrangement in jawed vertebrates. The recent availability of the lamprey genome sequence may contribute to the reconstruction of VLR phylogeny and insight into how the adaptive immune function evolved in the context of well developed innate immunity. Sabyasachi Das, J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 2013, 4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2153-0602.S1.002
Effect of bovine pericardial extracellular matrix scaffold niche on seeded human mesenchymal stem cell function

Numerous studies have focused on generation of unfixed bovine pericardium (BP) extracellular matrix (ECM) for clinical application. However, the extent to which maintenance of native ECM niche is capable of directing behavior of repopulating cells remains relatively unexplored. By exploiting the sidedness of BP scaffolds (i.e., serous or fibrous surface), this study aims to determine the effect of ECM niche preservation on cellular repopulation using different scaffold generation methods. BP underwent either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) decellularization or stepwise, solubilization-based antigen removal using amidosulfobetaine-14 (ASB-14). SDS scaffolds were toxic to repopulating human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct surface ultrastructure of ASB-14 scaffolds based on native BP sidedness. Basement membrane structures on the serous side stimulated hMSC cell monolayer formation, whereas fibrous side facilitated cell penetration into scaffold. Additionally, serous side seeding significantly increased hMSC adhesion and proliferation rate compared to the fibrous side. Furthermore, scaffold ECM niche stimulated sidedness dependent differential hMSC human leukocyte antigen expression, angiogenic and inflammatory cytokine secretion. This work demonstrates that ECM scaffold preparation method and preservation of BP side-based niches critically affects in vitro cell growth patterns and behavior, which has implications for use of such ECM biomaterials in clinical practice.
Low-Dose Administration of Recombinant IL-2 Following T Cell Depleted Bone Marrow Transplantaion Induces Expansion of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Vivo.

Abstract Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a key role in controlling immune responses following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In murine models, infusion of purified CD4+CD25+ Treg at the time of transplant is sufficient to prevent acute GVHD. In humans, development of acute as well as chronic GVHD has been associated with reduced numbers of Treg following allogeneic HSCT, suggesting that defective reconstitution of this functional cell type can contribute to exacerbation of alloimmune responses. Based on these results, adoptive cellular therapy using purified and in vitro expanded populations of Treg has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to correct chronic GVHD. Treg are mainly characterized by the constitutive expression of the IL-2 receptor ? chain, CD25 and proliferate in response to IL-2 in vitro. In vivo, the effects of IL-2 on Treg populations are unknown. To examine this question we quantified changes in Treg in 9 patients with CML who previously received low dose IL-2 following allogeneic HSCT. Patients enrolled in this protocol received a daily intravenous infusion of 2 X 105 U IL-2/m2 for 3 months, starting 3 months after CD6 depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). No patient developed GVHD following IL-2 administration and overall toxicity was minimal. The predominant immunologic effect of IL-2 reported in the initial study was a marked increase in NK cell populations characterized as CD3-CD16+CD56+ as well as total CD56+ cells. In this retrospective analysis we investigated populations of CD4+CD25+ T cells before and 1 to 2 months after the beginning IL-2 treatment. Using RNA extracted from patient PBMC we also assessed the level of expression of the specific transcription factor FOXP3 by quantitative PCR as an alternate marker of Treg in vivo. As initially reported, all 9 patients showed a marked increase in CD3-CD56+ cells 1 to 2 months post IL-2 administration. In contrast, the percent of CD3+ T cells were either unchanged or slightly decreased. The percent of CD4+CD25+ cells within the CD3+ T cell population increased during IL-2 treatment (median: 5.8 pre IL-2 vs 7.6 post IL-2, p-value=0.02). Likewise, FOXP3 expression in the CD3+ population showed 5 to 19 fold increase in 8 of 9 patients during this period (median: 3817 AU pre IL-2 vs. 18924 AU post IL-2, p-value=0.055). These results indicate that administration of low dose IL-2 can augment Treg cells in vivo as reflected by increased ratio of CD4+CD25+/CD3+ T cells as well as higher levels of FOXP3 expression. These studies suggest that prolonged treatment with low dose IL-2 can effectively expand CD4+CD25+ Treg in vivo. This represents a novel strategy for expanding regulatory T cells in vivo and may be useful alone or in conjunction with adoptive cellular therapy with Treg.
Coding to reduce the interference to carrier ratio of OFDM signals

In this paper, we propose a simple approach to reduce the sensitivity of OFDM system to the carrier frequency offset (CFO). The main idea is to choose a well-known channel code and to rotate each coordinate by a fixed phase shift such that the maximum inter-carrier interference (ICI) taken over all sub-carriers is minimized. This approach is based on a geometric interpretation of the peak interference to carrier ratio (PICR) of OFDM signals. Simulation results show that a reduction in PICR of 7 dB can be easily achieved. Furthermore, we addressed the fundamental limit of the proposed technique by providing both an exact and an approximate lower bound of PICR of phase-shifted binary codes. The bounds are applied to some codes: non-redundant binary code, BCH codes, and Reed-Muller codes. Simulation results demonstrated that phase-shift designs approach lower bounds and are resilient to CFO change.
Haem a, cytochrome c and total protein turnover in mitochondria from rat heart and liver

Haem a and cytochrome c were isotopically labelled in mitochondria from rat heart and liver after injection of δ-amino[2,3-3H2]laevulate, a specific haem precursor. [guanido-14C]Arginine or l-[4,5-3H2]leucine were used to label mitochondrial proteins. Half-lives were measured from biological decay in vivo and were similar (5.5–6.2 days) for haem a, cytochrome c and [14C]arginine-labelled proteins. Labelling of hepatic mitochondrial proteins with [3H2]leucine resulted in a prolonged apparent half-life.
The role of Discs Large Homolog 1 phosphorylation in translating TCR signal strength into discrete CTL functions (P1168)

In cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers signaling pathways that culminate in cytokine production and cytotoxic killing. TCR signal strength is linked to CTL function with low signal triggering cytotoxicity while high signal leads to both cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Scaffold protein Dlg1 (Discs Large Homolog 1) is a key point of control downstream of the TCR that coordinates both cytokine production and cytotoxic functional output. However, the molecular mechanism by which Dlg1 regulates cytokine production and cytotoxicity in response to TCR signal strength remains elusive. We report that Dlgh1 is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to TCR stimulation, and that phosphorylation is a key step in Dlg1-mediated activation of the alternative p38 pathway and downstream cytokine gene expression. We demonstrate that Dlg1 phosphorylation is mediated by Dlg1-associated Lck, not Zap70; and that Dlg1 Tyr222 is a major site of TCR-induced phosphorylation. Importantly, T cells expressing Dlg1 with a tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation (Y222F) show a defect in TCR-induced activation of the alternative p38 pathway, activation of NFAT and transcriptional upregulation of TNFα and IFNγ genes, but not the transcriptional upregulation of the granzyme B gene or CTL degranulation. These data position Dlg1 phosphorylation as a molecular switch allowing selective activation of p38-dependent events in response to the strength of the TCR signal.
Influence of turbine blade leading edge shape on film cooling with cylindrical holes

Abstract Influence of turbine blade leading edge shape, gill film, and coolant-to-mainstream density ratio and blowing ratio on film cooling with cylindrical holes has been experimentally studied using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Three leading edge models are selected including a semi cylinder of radius R = 38.1 mm, elliptical leading edges of major radius 1.5R & 2.0R with an after body. Each leading edge model has three rows of film cooling holes with 15 holes each at fixed pitch of 4 hole-diameter and located along the stagnation line (0°) and at ±30°, respectively. Additional two rows of gill holes are located at ±60° (measured from inside surface). Internal impingement cooling geometry has been used while keeping the impingement hole plate at fixed distance of 31.7 mm from the stagnation line in all three leading edge models. Two configurations, with gill film holes ON and OFF are tested separately and the effects of coolant-to-mainstream density ratios (DR = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) with three different blowing ratios (M = 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) are investigated. Experiments were conducted in a suction type low-speed wind-tunnel facility at Reynolds number of 102,446 based on the mainstream velocity and leading edge diameter. The mainstream turbulence intensity near the leading edge model is about 7%. Results indicate that 1.5R leading edge model has relatively better performance over others and gill film holes benefit to achieve improved coverage with higher overall film effectiveness. Additionally, to understand the flow physics, computational simulations for 1.0R leading edge model for DR = 1.5 and 2.0 at M = 1.0 are also performed using realizable k-ɛ turbulence model for both gill film holes ON and OFF.
Stigma und Teilung

Zwei eng miteinander verwobene Trends haben das Gesicht der westeuropaischen Stadte im Laufe der vergangenen beiden Dekaden verandert: Erstens, der unerwartete Wiederanstieg verschiedener Formen von Ungleichheit in Verbindung mit der Herausbildung neuer Formen soziookonomischer Marginalitat, von denen weithin angenommen wird, sie hatten eine unverkennbar „ethnische“ Komponente und fuhrten zu Prozessen raumlicher Segregation und offentlicher Unruhe (von welchen sie dann wiederum verstarkt wurden). Zweitens, das Aufkommen und die Verbreitung rassialisierender Ideologien und xenophobischer Spannungen als Folge anhaltender und zunehmender Arbeitslosigkeit bei dauerhafter Ansiedlung migrantischer Bevolkerungsgruppen, die bislang als „Zugvogel“ gegolten haben, die die feste Absicht hatten, wieder in ihre Herkunftsgesellschaft zuruckzukehren (Castles 1984; Hadjimichalis/Sadler 1996).
Designs with Factors at Three Levels

Sometimes, we wish to examine the impact of a factor at three levels rather than at two levels as discussed in previous chapters. For example, to determine the differences in quality among three suppliers, one would consider the factor “supplier” at three levels. However, for factors whose levels are measured on a numerical scale, there is a major and conceptually-different reason to use three levels: to be able to study not only the linear impact of the factor on the response (which is all that can be done when studying a factor that has only two levels), but also the nonlinear impact. The basic analysis-of-variance technique treats the levels of a factor as categorical, whether they actually are or not. One (although not the only) logical and useful way to orthogonally break down the sum of squares associated with a numerical factor is to decompose it into a linear effect and a quadratic effect (for a factor with three numerical levels), a linear effect, a quadratic effect, and a cubic effect (for a factor with four numerical levels), and so forth.
Rehabilitation of the Physically Challenged Athlete

This article reviews the scope, importance, and benefits of participation in sporting activities for the physically challenged athlete. Epidemiologic trends regarding injury patterns and incidence are investigated. Pain control, stretching and range of motion guidelines, strength training considerations, proprioception in sport-specific training, and maintenance of aerobic conditioning, all of which are general rehabilitation principles for the physically chalenged athlete, are discussed. Unique considerations for the physically challenged athlete, including sport requirements, equipment considerations, biomechanics, and training principles are delineated.
TCT-576 Long-Term Outcome Of Patients With Recurrent Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis

Drug-eluting stents (DES) represent a revolutionary advance in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by reducing in-stent restenosis (ISR). Target vessel revascularization (TVR) to treat ISR after an initial DES procedure is required in <10% of cases and is usually managed by a second PCI
2109: Interleukin 4-induced protein 1 as a biomarker and treatment option in multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall objective of this proposal is to establish and modulate the inflammatory profile of individuals across the spectrum of multiple sclerosis (MS), with a focus on determining the potential of interleukin 4-induced protein 1 (IL4I1) as a possible marker of progression and modulator of inflammation in human blood samples. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The proposed experimental approach involves isolating plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals across the spectrum of MS phenotypes, and analyzing these samples primarily by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Specifically, study groups include: (1) actively relapsing-remitting MS (a-RRMS), (2) non-actively relapsing-remitting MS (n-RRMS), (3) non-active secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), (4) other autoimmune diseases (OAD), (5) healthy controls (HC). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect that IL4I1 treatment increases regulatory cytokine (eg, IL10, TGFb) expression while decreasing Th1 and Th17-derived cytokines (IFNg, IL17), as well as increasing relative composition of regulatory cells (Th2, Treg, M2) as compared with Th1, Th17, M1 (aim 1). Preliminary data on healthy control cells support this prediction. Our central hypothesis is that IL4I1 level indicates the body’s ability to repair itself. As such, we anticipate that all MS groups are deficient in IL4I1, to varying degrees, such that HC>n-RRMS>a-RRMS>SPMS. HC have full repair capacity. RRMS>SPMS as remission indicates existent repair capacity, which is lost in SPMS. n-RRMS>a-RRMS since both, as RRMS, capable of repair response, but a-RRMS triggered this response more recently in response to more recent relapse. In all groups, we expect IL4I-treatment to mitigate inflammation (aim 2). Finally, we expect that H2O2 production by IL4I1 is a key player in IL4I1 function, and that H2O2 will preferentially induce oxidative stress to pro-inflammatory subsets of PBCMs (aim 3). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: MS is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that, with an average age of onset of 34, afflicts over 2.3 million individuals worldwide during many of the most productive years of their lives. The pathogenesis of MS, which involves autoimmune destruction of myelin, is poorly understood. Accurate biomarkers, which could predict disease progression, are yet to be identified and would provide valuable information to patients and their treating clinicians. Likewise, effective treatments are few and in high demand. IL4I1 is a promising candidate for both roles.
Visualizing Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. Statistical Atlases: A Case Study in Charting and Mapping the Other(s)

This study examines the visual representation of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. Statistical Atlases from 1874 to1925. Compilers of the Atlases used a variety of visual strategies to facilitate rhet...
FDG PET Imaging of Brain Tumors

Brain tumor imaging with FDG PET or FDG PET CT is often difficult to interpret, due to several limiting factors, including high background FDG uptake in the brain parenchyma especially the cerebral/cerebellar cortices and basal ganglia, the heterogeneity of primary and metastatic brain tumors with widely variable FDG uptake, and the altered brain and tumor glucose metabolic activity due to posttreatment changes (Chen, J Nucl Med 48(9):1468–1481, 2007; Demetriades et al., Surgeon 12(3):148–157, 2014; Hustinx and Fosse, PET Clin 5(2):185–197, 2010). Nevertheless, as shown in this chapter, FDG PET could provide unique tumor metabolic features that may guide accurate biopsy of brain tumors with uneven metabolic activity, help differentiate tumor recurrence from post-radiation necrosis, and facilitate pre-surgical brain tumor grading and treatment planning (Chen, J Nucl Med 48(9):1468–1481, 2007). Due to the overall suboptimal detection sensitivity of FDG PET, correlation of suspicious FDG PET findings with diagnostic brain MRI and/or CT is always recommended. Presented in this chapter are highly selected cases showing the value and limitation of FDG PET imaging in the evaluation of primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), primary and secondary central nerve system (CNS) lymphomas, ganglioglioma, leptomeningeal melanoma, and metastatic lung and breast cancers to the brain.
PANOPLY: A computational method for identification of promising drugs for a patient based on multidimensional data

The majority of cancer patients receive treatments that are minimally informed by omics data. Our goal was to develop a precision medicine computational framework (PANOPLY: Precision cancer genomic report: single sample inventory) to identify and prioritize drug targets and cancer therapy regimens. The PANOPLY approach integrates clinical data with germline and somatic features obtained from multi-omics platforms, and apply machine learning, and network analysis approaches in the context of the individual patient and matched controls. The PANOPLY employs multiple steps including i) selection of matched controls, ii) preprocessing of data and identification of driver mutations and altered genes in the patient, iii) identification of suitable drugs using the driver-gene network and random forest analysis, and iv) a multi-omics case report of the patient with prioritization of anti-cancer drugs. The PANOPLY framework can be executed on a stand-alone virtual machine and is also available for download as an R package. We applied PANOPLY to multiple publicly accessible multi-omics tumor datasets with survival data available. We also applied the method to an institutional breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy study which collected clinical and genomic data as well as patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to investigate the prioritization offered by PANOPLY. We found that that the prioritized drug, olaparib, was more effective than placebo at treating the tumor in the chemotherapy resistant PDX model (P < 0.05). Further studies are ongoing to determine the efficacy of PANOPLY using additional PDXs. In summary, PANOPLY prioritizes drugs based on both clinical and multi-omics data, and it can aid oncologists in their decision-making for therapy in the individual patient.
Science planning and scheduling of the James Webb Space Telescope

With the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope planned for the fall of 2021, the Space Telescope Science Institute continues preparation of the planning and scheduling ground system. After a series of Science Operations Rehearsals, we have confirmed that the Proposal Planning System is ready for ingest of the JWST Early Release Science, Guaranteed Time Observations, calibrations, and the Cycle 1 Guest Observer science programs. The Proposal Planning System consists of multiple sub-components; here, we focus on three of them: the Visit Planning System, the Visit Scheduling System, and the Observation Plan Generation System.
The Effect of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Use in Trauma Patients on Mortality and Length of Stay.

BackgroundThough many trauma patients are on anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy (AAT), there are few generalizable data on the risks for these patients. The purpose of this study was to analyz...
Ships over Troubled Waters: Examining Naval Development in Asia:

What accounts for the growth of naval power in Asia, and are we witnessing a new naval arms race? Through a unique quantitative assessment of naval development in Asia, I show that economic and geo...
Joint venture: An exploratory case study of academic libraries’ collaborations with career centers

At Texas A&M University, business librarians have formed a partnership with the institutional career center which has given librarians the opportunity to share how business resources can be used in...
Excuses, excuses

Justifications and excuses are defenses that exculpate. They are therefore much more like each other than like such defenses as diplomatic immunity, which does not exculpate. But they exculpate in different ways, and it has proven difficult to agree on just what that difference consists in. In this paper I take a step back from justification and excuse as concepts in criminal law, and look at the concepts as they arise in everyday life. To keep the task manageable, I focus primarily on excuses and excusing activities, distinguishing them from justifications as well as from other close relatives, in particular, forgiving and pardoning. I draw upon J.L. Austin’s classic “A Plea for Excuses,” but expand on his account, suggesting that we offer excuses for reasons besides those he mentions. My hope is that my examination of excuses and excusing activities will help us rethink our views on just how justifications and excuses differ, views which often are worked out without much attention to how these concepts function in everyday life and to the connection between offers of excuses and justifications and the “rules of civility.”
License or Liberty: Public Health and Medical Licensure's Movers and Motives, 1870s to the 1910s

A profoundly important step in political development is the licensing of professions as quasi-public agencies of societal and especially economic governance. Medical licensing of the 1870s onward ranks as about the most important step in America’s move away from Jacksonian libertarianism toward a progressive social and political order. Social, political, and medical historians have paid little attention to the American medical licensure movement’s leaders and their motives, leaving other scholars to surmise and theorize about why licensing emerged in the 1870s. A near-hegemonic view holds that medical licensing was the work of state medical societies desiring to reduce the supply of physicians and thus prop up their incomes. Public regarding motives were at best secondary, and arguments about them were, supposedly, often subterfuge to hide real intent. An investigation of key figures in ten states behind their early medical practice acts and later improvements from the 1870s onward drastically undermines the pecuniary motive argument. Practically all were public health missionaries. Many were wealthy, and some were not even active medical practitioners. State medical societies only sometimes played a role, and often they were led by the public health missionaries who expected preventive action to reduce, not increase doctors’ incomes. In addition to the paternalistic motive of protecting citizens from unschooled and dangerous healers, they saw licensed physicians as de facto and real civil servants needed for the modern state, among other things, collecting quality vital statistics for tracking and researching disease, staffing public health departments for preventive measures, educating the public on hygiene, and more. Perversely, the initial laws triggered the formation of numerous, low-quality private for-profit medical schools because most laws required no more than a medical degree from a state chartered medical college. The licensure reform movement thus expanded to include reform of medical education, prompting progressive medical reformers and politicians to bring states into the regulation of medical education.
Risk Score Using Demographic and Clinical Risk Factors Predicts Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Risk in a U.S. Population.

Screening for gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) may lead to early gastric cancer detection. We developed and validated a pre-endoscopy risk prediction model for detection of GIM based on patient-level risk factors in a U.S. population. We used data from 423 GIM cases and 1796 controls from a cross-sectional study among primary care and endoscopy clinic patients at the Houston VA. We developed the model using backwards stepwise regression and assessed discrimination using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). The model was internally validated using cross-validation and bootstrapping. The final expanded model was compared to a model including H. pylori infection alone and a baseline model including remaining terms without H. pylori. Male sex, older age, non-white race/ethnicity, smoking status, and H. pylori were associated with GIM risk. The expanded model including these terms had AUROC 0.73 (95%CI 0.71–0.76) for predicting GIM and AUROC 0.82 (95%CI 0.79–0.86) for extensive GIM. This model discriminated better than a model including only H. pylori (AUROC 0.66; 95%CI 0.63–0.68) and the baseline model (AUROC 0.67; 95%CI 0.64–0.70). The expanded model performed similarly among primary care (AUROC 0.75) and endoscopy (AUROC 0.73) patients. The expanded model showed sufficient internal validity (cross-validation AUROC 0.72) with little evidence of over-fitting. We develop and validate a non-invasive risk model for GIM detection in a U.S. population that included terms for sex, age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and H. pylori infection. Validated risk models would identify individuals with GIM who should be referred for endoscopic screening.
Cam and Follower Mechanism

A cam and follower mechanism is analyzed. Same kinematic results are obtained with an equivalent mechanism. The differential method is used for velocity analysis.
Supply Chain Outsourcing

The article discusses the outsourcing of manufacturing/production/assembly, procurement/sourcing, logistics, and product design/development. Since the outsourcing of any of these supply chain activities is a special instance of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), readers should first review the BPO article in this encyclopedia. Keywords: outsourcing; supply chain management; manufacturing; production; product design; procurement; sourcing; logistics; make-versus-buy
Powerdomains, Powerstructures and Fairness

We introduce the framework of powerstructures for comparing models of non-determinism and concurrency, and we show that in this context the Plotkin powerdomain plot(D) [6] naturally occurs as a quotient of a refined and generalized player model ipf (D), following Moschovakis [2, 3]. On the other hand, Plotkin's domains for countable non-determinism plotω(D) [7] are not comparable with these structures, as they cannot be realized concretely in the powerset of D.
Nucleotide Accumulation Induced in Staphylococcus aureus by Glycine

Strominger, Jack L. (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.), and Claire H. Birge. Nucleotide accumulation induced in Staphylococcus aureus by glycine. J. Bacteriol. 89: 1124–1127. 1965.—High concentrations of glycine induce accumulation of four uridine nucleotides in Staphylococcus aureus . Investigations of their structure suggest that these compounds are uridine diphosphate (UDP)-acetylmuramic acid, UDP-acetylmuramyl-gly-d-glu-l-lys, UDP-acetylmuramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys and UDP-acetylmuramyl-gly-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-ala. The mechanism by which glycine may induce uridine nucleotide accumulation and protoplast formation is discussed. Images
Conjoint Couple's Treatment for Intimate Partner Violence: Controversy and Promise

Abstract Despite lingering concerns in the field about the wisdom of seeing couples conjointly when there has been Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), the research literature and clinical practice experience both indicate that this approach can be safe and effective for at least some couples. In this paper, we briefly review the existing outcome research on Couple's treatment for IPV and then suggest best clinical practices for this work. Best practices, in our view, include seeing Couple's treatment of IPV as a clinical specialty necessitating specific training, working as part of a coordinated community response to IPV, modification of the structure of therapy to increase safety, as well as careful screening of couples and on-going assessment of the propriety of conjoint treatment.
Mutational analysis of the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Biochemical characterization of temperature-sensitive RIP1- mutations.

Abstract Although the function of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein is generally understood, little is known of how the structure of this protein supports its mechanistic role in electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex. To better understand the structural basis of iron-sulfur protein function, we have undertaken a mutational analysis of the gene encoding this protein and initially isolated five temperature-sensitive iron-sulfur protein mutants (Beckmann, J. D., Ljungdahl, P. O., and Trumpower, B. L. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 3713-3722). Each of the five ts-rip1- mutants exhibited pleiotropic effects. Although the mutant iron-sulfur proteins manifest several in vitro phenotypes in common, each exhibited unique characteristics. All of the ts-rip1- mutations resulted in membranes with decreased ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activities and decreased thermostability compared to membranes containing wild type iron-sulfur protein. All of the mutations conferred slight but significant resistance to the respiratory inhibitor myxothiazol, and one mutant was hypersensitive to inhibition by UHDBT, a structural analog of ubiquinone. In addition, one of the mutations completely blocks post-translational processing of the iron-sulfur protein, leading to accumulation of pre-iron-sulfur protein in mitochondrial membranes at nonpermissive temperatures. Finally, a mutation 12-amino acid residues away from the carboxyl terminus (203S) results in an extremely unstable protein. This region of the protein may be essential in blocking degradation of pre-iron-sulfur protein by cytoplasmic proteases as the protein is imported into the mitochondria, or may be a "degradation signal," which tags the iron-sulfur protein for turnover.
Assembling Genomic DNA Sequences with PHRAP

The PHRAP assembly program provides rapid comparison, alignment, and assembly of large sets of DNA sequences. PHRAP compares sequences by searching for pairs of perfectly matching "words" or sequence regions that meet certain criteria. If a match is found, PHRAP then tries to extend the alignment into overlapping sections called contigs. PHRAP uses quality values produced by the PHRED basecaller to strike a balance between tolerance of discrepancies and prevention of stacking repeat sequences. The PHRAP assembly algorithm is generally used as part of the PHRED/PHRAP/Consed software suite for sequence analysis. This unit presents instructions for basic usage of the PHRAP assembler, including preparation of the input files (Support Protocols 1 and 2) and explanation of output files (Basic Protocols 1 and 2). Several command line options for changing the PHRAP assembly parameters are also discussed (Basic Protocol 3).
Systems and control education: a drug infusion case study

A continuous drug infusion case study has been developed for use in dynamics and control courses. We have used the case study to reinforce identification and control techniques developed throughout the course, and to illustrate system-specific problems that arise in drug infusion control.
Indication, management, and outcome of brachycephalic dogs requiring mechanical ventilation.

Objectives – To evaluate the frequency, and need for mechanical ventilation (MV) in a population of brachycephalic dogs (BD) compared with non-BD. Also, to describe the pre-MV abnormalities, ventilator settings used, the cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring results and complications encountered in the same BD population. In addition, we sought to identify factors associated with successful weaning and describe outcomes of BD requiring MV. Design – Retrospective observational study (1990–2008). Setting – University Small Animal Teaching Hospital. Animals – Fifteen BD managed with MV. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Signalment, indication for MV, ventilator settings, arterial blood gas values, duration of MV, complications, and outcome were recorded for each patient enrolled in study. BD were more likely to receive MV than non-BD (P=0.036). Out of the 15 dogs that fulfilled the inclusion criteria 7 (47%) underwent MV for impending respiratory fatigue, 6 (40%) for hypoxemia and 2 for hypercapnea. The most common underlying disease was aspiration pneumonia. Duration of MV ranged from 2 to 240 hours (median 15 hours). Seven patients were weaned (47%). Seven dogs had a temporary tracheostomy tube and 5 of them (71%) were weaned. Dogs that were weaned had a significantly greater preweaning trial PaO2/FiO2 ratio than those that were not (359 ± 92 versus 210 ± 57 mm Hg, P=0.025). No significant difference for weaning success between dogs with and those without a tracheostomy was detected (P=0.132). The discharge rate was 27% (all from the respiratory fatigue group). Conclusion – Among all dogs admitted to ICU, BD were more likely to receive MV than non-BD. Aspiration pneumonia was frequently identified as the underlying cause of respiratory compromise. The survival rate for BD undergoing MV was not markedly different from previous studies. Weaning of BD from MV may be facilitated by employing preemptive strategies such as performing tracheostomy tube placements.