cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexism predicts favorability of women in the 2020 democratic primary… and men?

Abstract Considerable research has examined the role of sexism and vote choice, especially within the context of the 2016 presidential election. These findings are clear, consistent, and unequivocal – sexism hurt Hillary Clinton at the ballot box. However, the 2020 presidential primary provides an opportunity to examine sexism's effects on candidate favorability among a broader range of candidates. Using data on candidate favorability from the 2019 VOTER survey, I find that sexism is unsurprisingly predictive of lower favorability of women running for the Democratic nomination. However, I also find that sexism influences support for men running for the nomination, in a way that is statistically indistinguishable from its effect on support for women. This effect persists even among only Democratic respondents.
Solid-State Circuit Breakers for D.C. Microgrid Applications

With the significant changes that the energy sector has been facing in the past decades, microgrids have become a reality. D.C. microgrids are considered to be more reliable and stable, which makes it preferred over A.C. systems. However, it still faces challenges in its operation, which makes it necessary for finding an alternative protection system. New technologies are being studied and developed for protections of low and high voltage D.C. systems, and circuit breakers made with semiconductors can be applied as they are found to be faster and more efficient than the traditional mechanical breakers. This paper presents the reviews of the current technology and some applications that have been studied in the field recently.
Comment on ``Fluctuation-dissipation considerations and damping models for ferromagnetic materials''

In a recent article [Phys. Rev. B 71, 224402 (2005)], Safonov and Bertram claim ``inconsistent'' results can occur when applying the ``Callen-Welton fluctuation dissipation theorem'' to magnetic systems with dissipation. This author strongly disputes these claims, and will show that the inconsistencies claimed by Safonov and Bertram stem solely from a failure to correctly complete a linear transformation of variables, and a concomitant invalid application of well known fluctuation dissipation relations. When used correctly, such fluctuation-dissipation relations will certainly apply to magnetic (or other) systems with dissipation.
Intimate Partner Violence Help-Seeking in the U.S. Transgender Survey.

Research finds that transgender survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) often face transphobia-related barriers to reaching help. Due partially to a dearth of larger datasets supporting multiv...
Mycobacterium chimaera Outbreak Management and Outcomes at a Large Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center

Abstract Background In 2012, a global outbreak of invasive Mycobacterium chimaera (M. chimaera) infection was identified in patients post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Investigations revealed the source to be heater-cooler unit (HCU) exhaust, with point-source contamination discovered at the LivaNova HCU manufacturing plant. We report our experience with affected HCUs at a high-volume pediatric cardiac surgery center in the United States. Methods A multi-disciplinary task force was established for outbreak management, including removing contaminated HCUs from service. Patients identified as exposed to affected HCUs were systematically contacted. A call center was created for patient/family inquiries, and symptomatic patients were assessed using an institutional triage protocol, including lab/culture data and infectious diseases consultation. Results CPB surgeries were performed in 4,276 patients (median age 2.1 years, range 0-48.4) between October 2010 and October 2016. Call center volume was highest in the first 6 weeks following patient notification, totaling 307 calls and yielding 70 clinical patient assessments. Presenting symptoms included fatigue (60%), fever (49%), night sweats (46%), myalgias (34%), and weight loss (24%). Among the 70 assessed patients, echocardiogram (n=30), cardiac CT (n=2), cardiac MRI (n=1), and pulmonary CT (n=1) did not reveal abnormalities suggestive of active infection. Infectious diseases consultation occurred in 23 (33%) patients. Acid fast bacilli blood cultures were obtained in 30 patients; all were negative. Conclusions Through a highly coordinated outreach effort, no patients have been found to have M. chimaera infection in the six years after exposure to contaminated HCUs. Ongoing vigilance for cases that may yet manifest is needed.
The Housing Costs Associated with School Quality in the United States, 2009-2018

In discussions of the barriers faced by the poor to accessing high-quality K-12 education, housing costs figure prominently. A common view is that housing costs more in school zones with higher quality schools. But is this view accurate? And if so, how much more does it cost? We investigate this question by relating two test-based school-level measures of educational quality, standardized test score levels and rates of student learning, with housing cost measures around the school based on homeownership, renting, or both. Our work contributes the first nationwide estimates of this relationship for rates of student learning, and to date the most comprehensive nationwide examination these associations for the levels of test scores. Using a model of choice, we justify our correlational analysis as reflecting the school quality cost curve faced by a household that strongly desires school quality at the expense of other amenities. We find that test score levels are strongly positively related to housing costs, and in particular exhibit a strongly convex (concave up) relationship when levels are measured in the conventional metric of student population standard deviations. Growth rates are significantly and approximately linearly positively associated with housing costs. We further examine the policy moderators of commuting zone average zoning restrictiveness and school choice intensity, finding that the cost curves are especially steeper in commuting zones with highly restrictive zoning. Finally, we compare our associations to the hedonics literature that estimates the effects of school quality on housing prices.
Using the Video Spectral Comparator in the Comparison of Carbon Copies and Carbon Paper Impressions

Provided with overwritten carbon paper images and one carbon copied document produced by the carbon paper, decipherment of the overwritten entries can be made. A technique using the Video Spectral Comparator with the Image Integration Comparator can reveal overwritten entries by storing and superimposing images of the carbon paper and carbon copied document.
Restaurant marketing strategies in the United States and Canada: a comparative study.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the similarities and differences in the marketing strategies implemented by family restaurants in Canada and the United States to meet the needs of their customers. A census of 101 restaurants in three contiguous regions of Quebec, Ontario and Northern New York was visited. Systematic observations using a detailed grid of variables were compiled for each establishment. More similarities than differences were found, indicating that similar marketing strategies could be used successfully by restaurants in the United States and Canada.
Power Series Approximations to the Null Distributions of Some Chi-Bar-Square Statistics

Some power series approximations to the exact null distribution of the chi-bar-square statistic for several testing situations are developed using the first four cumulants of the null distributions, and their performance is investigated numerically. The series expansions use Laguerre polynomials and the associated gamma densities. Chi-bar-square statistics arise when testing the homogeneity of normal means with the alternative restricted by a partial ordering against all alternatives. Approximations are provided for the case of a total order and a simple tree with equal, or nearly equal, sample sizes. The numerical investigations indicate the accuracy and usefulness of these approximations.
777 Maintenance Access Terminal and Side Displays

The Maintenance Access Terminal (MAT) and Side Display (SD) are powerful processing resources with high resolution liquid crystal displays, networked to other airplane systems with a fiber optic communication interface. They provide a common resource for night crew and maintenance personnel to access information from other airplane systems, such as initially the On-Board Maintenance System (OMS). The MAT/SD are designed as an open architecture, avionics ruggedized, 486 diskless workstations. They are designed for a single user, with sufficient processing power and memory to run third party application software. The MAT consists of a display/processor unit, which is identical to the Side Display, a cursor control device (trackball) and keyboard for user interface, a 3.5" floppy disk drive, and an optional hard disk drive. Each of these items are line replaceable modules that install into a MAT cabinet. This paper overviews the system development, design, and functionality of the 777 MAT/SD. >
SOI circuit design concepts

Market demand for microprocessor performance has motivated continued scaling of CMOS through a succession of lithography generations. Quantum mechanical limitations to continued scaling are becoming readily apparent. Partially Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator (PD-SOI) technology is emerging as a promising means of addressing these limitations. It also introduces additional design complexity which must be well understood. SOI Circuit Design Concepts first introduces the student or practicing engineer to SOI device physics and its fundamental idiosyncrasies. It then walks the reader through realizations of these mechanisms which are observed in common high-speed microprocessor designs. Rules of thumb and comparisons to conventional bulk CMOS are offered to guide implementation. SOI's ultimate advantage, however, may lie in the unique circuit topologies it supports; a number of these novel new approaches are described as well. SOI Circuit Design Concepts draws upon the latest industry literature as well as the firsthand experiences of its authors. It is an ideal introduction to the concepts of governing SOI use and provides a firm foundation for further study of this exciting new technology paradigm.
The city as interface, by Martijn de Waal

In The City as Interface, Martijn de Waal explores the implications of new media’s potential effects on city life, connecting urban theory to advancing technology. He overlays existing urban theory...
Un dispositivo para el control automático del cese de respuesta en el MECADOL-1: El SS NN SN - 482

This paper tiescribes the structure and functioning of a device (SS NN SN - 482) designed and mude to solve a control problem of the variable "end of answer" which appeared in an important research project on pain and on threshold of pain from an experimental perspective. The paper indicates some of the advantages which technological notions provide have for the experimental psychologist and it insists on the strict control of the variables as a characteristic of basic scientific work.
DNA and protein content of mouse sperm. Implications regarding sperm chromatin structure.

Abstract A variety of biochemical and histochemical techniques have been used to compare the composition of chromatin in sperm nuclei isolated from the epididymides of five mouse strains. The DNA content was determined by phosphorus analysis, deoxyribose analysis, absorption spectroscopy at 260 nm, and cytomorphometry following gallocyanine chrome alum staining. All four methods indicate that the mouse sperm nucleus contains approx. 3.3 pg DNA and that the DNA content does not vary significantly among the strains tested. Three different techniques, quantitative amino acid analysis, absorption spectroscopy at 230 nm, and sperm head density analysis in cesium chloride, were used to determine the protein content. Sperm nuclei from each strain of mouse were found to have a protein to DNA ratio of 0.9 and a chromatin protein content of 3 pg/nucleus. Comparisons of the basic proteins by disc gel electrophoresis demonstrate that the sperm nuclei contain only protamine and lack significant levels of somatic histones or transition proteins. The sperm from each strain contained both mouse protamine variants and the relative distribution of the two proteins did not appear to differ among strains. Using this information, we have been able to draw certain conclusions regarding DNA-protamine interactions and the mode of DNA packaging in the sperm nucleus. The most important of these is that the DNA in the mouse sperm nucleus cannot be packaged in nucleosomes. The protamines in sperm chromatin do not function as structural proteins, providing a subunit core around which the DNA is wrapped, but appear to completely neutralize the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA molecule, thereby minimizing the repulsion between neighboring segments of DNA and allowing it to be condensed into a biochemically inactive particle of genetic information.
Numerical Study of Flow Through 3x3 Multiswirler Arrays With Co and Counter Swirler Arrangements

A numerical study of turbulent flow through 3×3 multi swirler arrangement has been performed using the realizable k-e turbulence model on a grid with about 19 million points. All co and alternate co/counter swirler configurations comprised of radial-radial swirler with counter rotating vanes are analyzed. The offset distances of swirler exit from the base wall of confinement of 0.02D and 0.31D are considered where D is the diameter of swirler exit. For both arrangements, a strong jet is issued as the flow exits individual swirl cup. Recirculation is observed at the walls and between each swirl cup along with the formation of central toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ) at each individual swirler. It is observed that all co swirling arrangement has a stronger more compact individual CTRZ. On the other hand alternate co and counter arrangement produces more swirler-to-swirler interactions. When the offset between swirler exit and base wall of confinement is increased to 0.31D, longer but more compact CTRZ are formed at each swirler cup. The velocity gradient for 0.31D offset case is also higher than that of 0.02D. These differences in the flow field indicate better combustion performance, fuel breakup and flame anchoring for the higher offset case.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Space Bandwidth Requirements for Three-Dimensional Imagery

Four different methods for storing a three-dimensional image are examined. The efficiency of each method, expressed in terms of the space–bandwidth product of the stored data, is calculated.
Dithering digital ripple correlation control with digitally-assisted windowed sensing for solar photovoltaic MPPT

This work demonstrates the use of windowed current and voltage measurements for high accuracy PV maximum power point tracking using dithering digital ripple correlation control (DDRCC) at voltage and current levels typical of PV panels. Prior work has demonstrated that DDRCC can be used to obtain high tracking accuracy at fast speeds in low-power applications, however the measurement resolution required for DDRCC is non-trivial at typical panel power levels. In this work a circuit configuration is demonstrated which allows high resolution measurements using a basic microcontroller and analog circuitry. Using this technique, we experimentally demonstrate a 3.5X reduction in tracking error compared to conventional perturb and observe on the same hardware.
Is the Vroman effect of importance in the interaction of blood with artificial materials

The successive displacement of plasma proteins adsorbed to artificial surfaces (biomaterials) is well documented, mostly by specially designed experiments that stretch out the effect in time and space. Analysis of displacement has been focused principally on molecular events on the adsorbing surface. In this paper attention is directed rather to the antecedent transport phenomena necessary to deliver successive proteins to a surface. The different limitations on protein arrival fixed by the total quantity present and by the rates of transport of super-sufficient quantities are distinguished. The transport perspective is then used to ask, and partly answer, the question: Can protein displacement be responsible for patterns of thrombus formation and cellular adhesion that are seen on the blood-wetted surfaces of devices found in medical practice: artificial organs and vascular prostheses? Calculations and a small amount of preliminary data suggest that such patterns may form when blood is introduced into th...
Matrix and Impurity-Cluster Polarization in Ni-Pt and Ni-Pd Alloys

A study of hyperfine magnetic fields at nuclei of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ diffused as impurities in the transition-metal alloys Ni-Pt and Ni-Pd and at nuclei of $^{61}\mathrm{Ni}$ in the Ni-Pt system has been carried out using the M\"ossbauer-effect technique. The fields were measured as a function of composition and temperature on the atomically disordered alloys. The experimentally determined Curie temperatures ${T}_{C}$ and saturation hyperfine fields are presented for the entire composition range of each system. Analysis of the M\"ossbauer spectra of specific samples for various diffusion times of the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ traces gives clear indication of iron impurity clustering within the Ni-Pd and Ni-Pt alloy matrices. A simple phenomenological theory is presented in an attempt to explain the ${T}_{C}$ vs concentration dependence in these alloys.
Occupational issues of irritant contact dermatitis

Occupational irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), a non-immunological cutaneous inflammatory response to a workplace substance, comprises a major portion of occupational dermatoses in industrialized societies, resulting in considerable social and economic implications. The sheer morphological variety of ICD presents a diagnostic and classification challenge; ideotypes identified to date include acute, chronic and cumulative irritant dermatitis, delayed acute irritant dermatitis, irritant reaction, pustular irritant dermatitis, suberythematous irritation, sensory irritation, friction dermatitis and airborne dermatitis. Hand dermatitis is the most frequent manifestation of occupational ICD. This article reviews the various types of ICD, the epidemiological data available to date, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of ICD, emphasizing occupational issues.
High dose intravenous, but not low dose subcutaneous, insulin-like growth factor-I therapy induces sustained insulin sensitivity in severely resistant type I diabetes mellitus.

We have previously demonstrated weekly iv insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I; 500 micrograms/kg) bolus therapy to be effective in inducing sustained insulin sensitivity in a patient with type I diabetes mellitus and massive insulin resistance. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of daily sc IGF-I in the treatment of two severely insulin-resistant type I diabetic patients (requiring in excess of 3500 U insulin/day) compared to weekly iv IGF-I therapy. Prolonged insulin sensitivity was achieved in both patients after weekly 500 micrograms/kg iv bolus infusions of IGF-I, with sc insulin requirements falling to approximately 1 U/kg.day. Smaller iv doses (250 micrograms/kg) of IGF-I were ineffective in acutely lowering serum glucose or inducing sustained insulin sensitivity. However, even this smaller IGF-I dose resulted in acute symptomatic hypophosphatemia, which could be prevented by coadministration of potassium phosphate. With sc administered IGF-I (up to 10 mg twice daily), insuli...
Measuring the convexity of the cost function

Abstract In this paper I argue that, as might be expected, the initial assumption made about the cost function will influence the empirical results obtained regarding the convexity. I show that this expectation is supported empirically by estimating the parameters of two quadratic cost functions. The first is that function which has been traditionally used in the literature. The second is a simplified version of the quadratic cost function where the cost of changing the level of output is dropped since the evidence in the literature suggest that this variable has no significant effect on cost. Using physical product monthly data for 24 industries we find that the conclusion reached regarding the convexity of the cost function depends on the assumption we make regarding the cost function. I further find that the simplified function is consistent with the observed behavior of production and sales while the traditional cost function is inconsistent with that behavior.
Deoxyribunucleoside triphosphate pools in Neurospora crassa: effects of histadine and hydroxyurea

Abstract An effective HPLC method for detecting deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in hyphae from the fungus Neurospora crass has been developed. In rapidly growing cells the nucleotide levels vary from 11.8 pmoles/μg DNA for dGTP to 24.2 pmoles/μg DNA for dTTP. These levels fall by approximately one half in stationary-phase cultures but the ration of each pool to dGTP remains the same. The dNTP pools in conidia are at least 5-fold lower than in rapidly growing cells. The pool sizes are the same in static and shaking cultures. When the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, hydroxyurea (30 mM), is added to rapidly growing cultures, DNA synthesis is stopped and the dGTP pool is reduced by 39%, while the size of the other poolds remains the same. In the presence of 11 mM histadine, DNA synthesis is also stopped and the size of the dGTP pool reduced by 46% while the deoxypyrimidine pools are somewhat increased. This suggests that the toxicity of excess histidine in Neurospora may be due to its ability to interact with the ribonucleotide reductase, inactivating the enzyme. Histidine may react with free radical at the active sites, as does hydroxyurea.
Cinema, the (Digital) Machine of the Imaginary: Revisiting Edgar Morin in the Quest to Create a Theory of Cinema in the Digital Age

Digital image technology facilitates the production and distribution of images, and at the same time, instills doubt as to the integrity of those images. As a result, spectators today trust and doubt the image while still retaining a need to see a double of the world on screen. Edgar Morin’s work on cinema permits us to speak of cinema in the digital age because he recognizes that from its origins cinema has been a “mirror-machine” that reflects the spectator’s imaginary and practical relationship with images as experienced through new technologies. I will explore Morin and Christian Metz’s writings on cinema to analyze cinema’s foundational element : the ability to satisfy the besoin de cinema throughout changes in technology. Cinema persists as digital moving images because by evolving technologically it responds to the spectator’s need to see a double of the world on screen in order to negotiate the demands of society and personal desires.
Smith's Invisible Hand and Hegel's Cunning of Reason

The affinities of Smith′s invisible hand notion and Hegel′s cunning of reason are examined through a study of all the key locations in which the invisible hand and cunning of reason are introduced. Despite their differences in orientation and philosophy, both writers reach similar conclusions regarding the play of self‐interest and the emergence of the social good. Specifically, each requires a deus ex machina – Providence or Geist – to generate the necessary telosthat supplements their respective logical arguments concerning the concrete play of interest. At the same time, each view provides little to explain how individualism creates the greater social good, so that recourse in each argument to an extra‐social entity obscures the actual functioning of the social order. The common approaches of the two very different thinkers thus reflects on the general requirements and dilemmas of arguments concerning the social good and individual interest.
Instanton Analysis of Hysteresis in the Three-Dimensional Random-Field Ising Model

We study the magnetic hysteresis in the random-field Ising model in 3D. We discuss the disorder dependence of the coercive field Hc, and obtain an analytical description of the smooth part of the hysteresis below and above Hc, by identifying the disorder configurations (instantons) that are the most probable to trigger local avalanches. We estimate the critical disorder strength at which the hysteresis curve becomes continuous. From an instanton analysis at zero field we obtain a description of local two-level systems in the ferromagnetic phase.
The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton

Abstract The effects of changes in region-wide cropping patterns on insect pest populations have not been well studied. This paper reviews the empirical literature and develops a theoretical framework for these effects. Changes in regional cropping patterns do affect insect populations, and in at least one case, the presence of fence rows and thickets provide a net benefit to the nearby agro-ecosystem. Of the 17 studies reviewed here, 15 discuss cotton or wheat. With cotton, increased monoculture leads to increases in 13 pest populations and a decrease in two. With wheat, increases occurred in only three populations, while seven were not affected or decreased. Most of the insect populations that were not affected or decreased are multivoltine and oligophagous or polyphagous. All of the populations that increased are monophagous on the crop in the region in which they were studied. A higher proportion of the wheat fauna is multivoltine and oligophagous or polyphagous than the cotton fauna. This may explain the difference between the response of the wheat fauna and the cotton fauna to changes in the extent of monoculture. Additional factors may be insect vagility, host-finding ability, and the response of the predators and parasitoids.
Naked corals: Skeleton loss in Scleractinia

Stony corals, which form the framework for modern reefs, are classified as Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, and Hexacorallia) in reference to their external aragonitic skeletons. However, persistent notions, collectively known as the “naked coral” hypothesis, hold that the scleractinian skeleton does not define a natural group. Three main lines of evidence have suggested that some stony corals are more closely related to one or more of the soft-bodied hexacorallian groups than they are to other scleractinians: (i) morphological similarities; (ii) lack of phylogenetic resolution in molecular analyses of scleractinians; and (iii) discrepancy between the commencement of a diverse scleractinian fossil record at 240 million years ago (Ma) and a molecule-based origination of at least 300 Ma. No molecular evidence has been able to clearly reveal relationships at the base of a well supported clade composed of scleractinian lineages and the nonskeletonized Corallimorpharia. We present complete mitochondrial genome data that provide strong evidence that one clade of scleractinians is more closely related to Corallimorpharia than it is to a another clade of scleractinians. Thus, the scleractinian skeleton, which we estimate to have originated between 240 and 288 Ma, was likely lost in the ancestry of Corallimorpharia. We estimate that Corallimorpharia originated between 110 and 132 Ma during the late- to mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with high levels of oceanic CO2, which would have impacted aragonite solubility. Corallimorpharians escaped extinction from aragonite skeletal dissolution, but some modern stony corals may not have such fortunate fates under the pressure of increased anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean.
Differential lung ventilation in an infant using LMA and a long tracheal tube.

Summary This is a case report of differential lung ventilation in an infant using a conventional laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) and a commercially available longer paediatric tracheal tube. This 2-month-old infant had her left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia repaired on the sixth day of her life, and had been mechanically ventilated. The right middle lobe became grossly emphysematous and herniated into the left side of the chest, and the right lower lobe became totally atelectatic. A right middle lobe lobectomy was planned. To avoid hyperinflating the right middle lobe, and to expand the right lower lobe without providing a high airway pressure on the left lung, the dependent lung (i.e. left lung) was ventilated with an LMA, and the right lower lobe was expanded with a long tracheal tube inserted through the LMA via the swivel connector. This combination of a conventional LMA and a commercially available longer paediatric tracheal tube could be another way of providing differential ventilation in infants.
Measuring two-millimeter radiation with a prototype multiplexed TES receiver for ACT

The Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC) is sheduled for installation on the 6-meter Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) in 2007. MBAC will eventually contain three diffraction-limited, 1024-pixel, focal plane arrays of Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. We present instrument designs and results from optical and electrical measurements made with the MBAC prototype instrument, the Column Camera (CCam). Initial studies with CCam include measurements of the properties of TES detectors, the time-domain SQUID multiplexing readout system developed at NIST Boulder, the Cryoperm magnetic shielding, and preliminary optical measurements with the detectors. We also discuss the status of first light measurements with CCam mounted on a 1.5-meter telescope.
POSTNATAL CHANGES IN OXYGEN TRANSPORT: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARDIAC OUTPUT |[lpar]|CO|[rpar]|, O2 CONSUMPTION, AND O2 CARRYING CAPACITY |[lpar]|CAP|[rpar]|

CAP falls rapidly after birth with a concurrent increase in P50 (PO2 at 50% Hgb saturation, pH 7.4, pCO2 40 torr, 39° C). However, it is not known whether there is also an increase in CO to maintain O2 delivery to the tissues while CAP is low. To investigate this question we studied 7 lambs during the first 8 weeks after birth. Catheters were placed in the right atrium and carotid artery. We measured VO2, CAP, arterial and mixed venous O2 content and blood gases, Hgb, P50, 2,3-DPG, and fetal and adult Hgb in quiet unsedated lambs. CO was calculated from the Pick equation. Means ± SEM were: There was an increase in CO/kg and VO2/kg in all lambs during the first 1 to 2 weeks followed by a steady, parallel decline to near adult values. Both peaked prior to the nadir of the anemia; thus CO/kg was decreasing when CAP was at a minimum. A rising P50 contributed to maintaining relatively constant arteriovenous O2 content differences (AVDO2) despite changes in CAP. We conclude that variations in CO are not a result of a decreased CAP, but occur primarily in response to changing metabolic needs after birth.
Approximation of weighted type 0 languages by formal power series

Productions of formal grammars may be given coefficients from certain semirings. These coefficients induce weights for both derivations in the grammar and strings over the terminal alphabet. The weighted grammars can be characterized by sets of equations, which in turn can be used to iteratively generate polynomial approximations to the weighted language. In order to study the sequence of approximations, we introduce the notion of a derivation in top-down form as a formalization of the concept of a derivation which rewrites all antecedents contained in a sentential form simultaneously. The height of a derivation in top-down form is the number of times the sentential form is rewritten. Our main result consists in establishing the relationship between the sequence of approximations of a weighted language and the derivations of a given height. This result is established for grammars in what we call standard form , but is not restricted to those grammars. As a corollary to our work, we show that every recursively enumerable set in V * can be expressed as an intersection of V * with the homomorphic image of a context-free language.
Antiepileptic drug utilization in pediatric patients.

Summary: Children require larger relative doses of antiepileptic drugs than adults, and because of the greater patient-to-patient variability among children, an “average” dose is less likely to be correct for a given child. Newborns with convulsions initially have very slow drug elimination; as a group, they also have the widest range of pharmacokinetic values. After the first week of life, drug eliminating mechanisms mature and drug dosage requirements often increase dramatically. Thus in the first 6 weeks of life, intrapatient variation is a significant problem and frequent dosage changes are usually required. Thereafter a given child's kinetics are fairly stable. Infants 2 to 12 months old have the highest rates of drug clearance and often require relative doses that are 3 to 5 times larger than doses for adults. After infancy, relative dosage requirements progressively decline until adult values are reached by 10 to 15 years of age. Newborns, infants, and children, as well as adults, have nonlinear kinetics for phenytoin. Thus a wide range of apparent half-lives occur in children, depending on the phenytoin concentration and other factors. Because the kinetics of antiepileptic drugs are so highly variable in children, antiepileptic drug concentration measurements are an essential aspect of the contemporary treatment of children with epilepsy.
The pulmonary interstitial compartment and the mediator of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that a mediator of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is released into the pulmonary interstitial compartment. In six dogs, lymph from the main right thoracic duct was collected during systemic (bilateral) hyperoxia and hypoxia. In three of these dogs pulmonary lymph was additionally collected during one lung (unilateral) hypoxia but with systemic normoxemia. In six cats, pulmonary fluid exuded from the surface of the lung during bilateral hyperoxia and hypoxia was collected from excised perfused lungs which were made to weep the fluid by raising pulmonary vascular pressures. The pulmonary lymph and exuded lung surface fluid were tested on helically cut strips of pulmonary artery which had been shown to react to a standard serotonin stimulus. We found that lymph collected during bilateral and unilateral hypoxia in the dogs and exuded lung surface fluid collected during bilateral hypoxia in the cats caused vasoconstriction in the vessel strip. Dog lymph and cat lung surface fluid collected during hyperoxic conditions caused negligible effects on the vessel strips. We conclude that a vasoactive substance or substances is released into the pulmonary interstitial compartment during alveolar hypoxia and this may represent the mediator of HPV.
Does lymphovascular invasion predict regional nodal failure in breast cancer patients with zero to three positive lymph nodes treated with conserving surgery and radiotherapy? Implications for regional radiation.

Purpose To examine the relationship between lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and regional nodal failure (RNF) in breast cancer patients with zero to three positive nodes treated with breast-conservation therapy (BCT). Methods and Materials The records of 1,257 breast cancer patients with zero to three positive lymph nodes were reviewed. All patients were treated with BCT at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1980 to December 2003. Lymphovascular invasion was diagnosed by hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections and in some cases supported by immunohistochemical stains. Regional nodal failure was defined as recurrence in the ipsilateral supraclavicular, axillary, or internal mammary lymph nodes. Regional nodal failure was diagnosed by clinical and/or radiologic examination. Results The median follow-up was 8 years (range, 0.1–21 years). Lymphovascular invasion was present in 211 patients (17%). In univariate analysis, patients with LVI had a higher rate of RNF (3.32% vs. 1.15%; p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, only tumor size, grade, and local failure were significant predictors of RNF ( p = 0.049, 0.013, and 0.0001, respectively), whereas LVI did not show a significant relationship with RNF (hazard ratio=2.07; 95% CI, 0.8–5.5; p = 0.143). The presence of LVI in the T2/3 population did not increase the risk of RNF over that for those with no LVI ( p = 0.15). In addition, patients with Grade 3 tumors and positive LVI did not have a higher risk of RNF than those without LVI ( p = 0.96). Conclusion These results suggest that LVI can not be used as a sole indicator for regional nodal irradiation in breast cancer patients with zero to three positive lymph nodes treated with BCT.
Automatic detection of follicular regions in H&E images using iterative shape index.

Abstract Follicular Lymphoma (FL) accounts for 20–25% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. The first step in grading FL is identifying follicles. Our paper discusses a novel technique to segment follicular regions in H&E stained images. The method is based on three successive steps: (1) region-based segmentation, (2) iterative shape index (concavity index) calculation, (3) and recursive watershed. A novel aspect of this method is the use of iterative Concavity Index (CI) to control the follicular splitting process in recursive watershed. CI takes into consideration the convex hull of the object and the closest area surrounding it. The mean Zijbendos similarity index (ZSI) final segmentation score on fifteen cases was 78.33%, with a standard deviation of 2.83.
Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change

While the recent IR “narrative turn” has greatly improved our understanding of how narratives influence state policy choices, we need to deepen our understanding of how narratives explain policy change. If state “autobiographies” provide such powerful explanations of why states do what they do, how can they change their policies and practices? To understand the relationship between policy change and state narrative continuity, I build on existing scholarship on narrative analysis and ontological security to examine ways in which state autobiographical narratives are used by political actors to confront state insecurities. My principal argument is that at times of great crises and threats to multiple state securities (physical, social, and ontological), narratives are selectively activated to provide a cognitive bridge between policy change that resolves the physical security challenge, while also preserving state ontological security through offering autobiographical continuity, a sense of routine, familiarity, and calm. I illustrate the argument with an analysis of Serbia's changing foreign policy behavior regarding the disputed status of Kosovo.
Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Sublimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives

The vapor pressures of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heteroatom-containing PAH have been measured using the Knudsen effusion technique. Aromatic hydrocarbons examined included anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, naphthacene, perylene, pentacene, and coronene. Heteroatomic aromatic species examined included phenanthridine, perinaphthenone, 3-hydroxy-1-phenalen-1-one, benz[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione, 1,2-benzodiphenylene sulfide, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 6,11-dihydroxy-5,12-naphthacenedione. The measurements were all made in the solid sublimation regime, and enthalpies of sublimation were calculated from the Clausius−Clapeyron equation.
Lab-on-a-chip Applications Enabled by Acousto-opto-fluidics

In this work we discuss novel lab-on-a-chip applications such as liquid lens and on-chip cell detection and manipulation that are enabled by combining the principles of acoustics, optics, and microfluidics.
COWS’ MILK AS A POSSIBLE EXCRETORY SOURCE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-LIKE HORMONE

It has been shown that in human female pregnancies both the anterior pituitary-like hormone (AP-L) and the female ovarian hormone, oestrin, occur in abundant amounts both in the patient's urine and blood (1) (2) (3) (4). Even in non-pregnant women the presence of both hormones can be demonstrated in smaller amounts in the blood, and the ovarian follicular hormone in the urine (5). In pregnant mares both the AP-L hormone and the ovarian follicular hormone are found in the blood and urine, whereas in pregnant cows the follicular hormone is found in the urine but the AP-L hormone is absent from both blood and urine (6) (7). This absence has never been explained even though it would seem that the presence of both hormones is as essential in pregnancy and in menstrual control in cattle as in humans, since the processes are almost identical.
Timoshenko Beam Modeling for Parameter Estimation of NASA Mini-Mast Truss

In this paper a distributed parameter model for the estimation of modal characteristics of NASA Mini-Mast truss is proposed. A closed-form solution of the Timoshenko beam equation, for a uniform cantilevered beam with two concentrated masses, is derived so that the procedure and the computational effort for the estimation of modal characteristics are improved. A maximum likelihood estimator for the Timoshenko beam model is also developed. The resulting estimates from test data by using Timoshenko beam model are found to be comparable to those derived from other approaches.
The Weak-Link Approach: Quantum Chemical Studies of the Key Binuclear Synthetic Intermediates

Gradient-corrected density functional theory calculations have resulted in geometry-optimized structures for a series of six large dirhodium complexes that are important synthetic intermediates in the weak-link synthetic approach. Analysis of these computed structures and their electronic makeup (including natural localized molecular orbital (NLMO) bond order analysis, natural population analysis (NPA) atomic charges, atoms-in-molecules (AIM) calculations, single-point energy analysis, and calculated vibrational frequency analysis) has provided insight into subtle secondary ligand−ligand effects, which lead to product selection in the first step of this synthetic strategy toward supramolecular coordination complexes.
Antioxidants and the autoxidation of fats IV. Lecithin as an antioxidant

1. The commercial preparations known as “lecithin” have moderate antixoygenic action on refined cottonseed oil, little effect on lard, and none at all on lard-cod liver oil mixtures. 2. Commercial lecithins contain only small amounts of true lecithin. The antioxygenic agent in these preparations is cephalin. Purified lecithin is not an oxidation inhibitor, but purified cephalin is. 3. There is no quantitative relation between the amount of cephalin used and the prolongation of the induction period. 4. The particular portion of the cephalin molecule responsible for its antioxygenic action is probably the mono-basic phosphoric acid radicle.
Preferential repair of DNA damage on the transcribed strand of the human metallothionein genes requires RNA polymerase II.

Abstract To examine the possible role of transcription in directing repair of DNA damage in active genes, we compared repair of UV- and aflatoxin B1-induced damage on each strand of the human metallothionein (hMT) genes. Repair on the transcribed strand of an active hMT gene occurs at least 3 times faster than that on its nonstranscribed strand. Both strands of inactive genes and both strands of a regulatory region 5′ to an active are not repaired at this faster rate. Inducing higher levels of transcription with dexamethasone selectively increased the rate of repair on only the transcribed strand of the induced gene, while treatment of cells with α-aminitin eliminated the strand-selective repair. These results demonstrate that repair on the transcribed strand of a gene is independent of repair on the nontranscribed strand and that the transcriptional complex plays a role in directing repair to the transcribed strand of active genes.
On the activation of symbiotic gratification fantasies as an aid in the treatment of alcoholics.

Seventy-two alcoholics being treated at Veritas Villa were divided into an experimental and a control group. In addition to the regular treatment program both groups received four subliminal exposures of a verbal message in each of six sessions over a 2-week period. The messages were MOMMY AND I ARE ONE (experimental) and PEOPLE ARE WALKING (control), administered under double-blind conditions. In keeping with the main hypothesis, the experimental 5s were rated as significantly more involved in treatment. In addition, among the alcoholics who were more symptomatic to begin with, the MOMMY message, when contrasted with the control, lowered anxiety and depression, enhanced self-concept, and reduced alcohol consumption after a 3-month follow-up.
Respiration-independent displacement of protons from external anionic groups of mitochondria by alkali metal cations.

Abstract When mitochondria suspended in salt-free 0.25 M sucrose are mixed with solutions of an alkali metal salt such as NaCl, previously adjusted to the same pH, there is an immediate release of H+ to the medium, an equivalent binding of Na+, and a corresponding increase in the apparent titratable alkalinity of the mitochondria.This interaction is also given by K+ and other alkali metal cations.The acidification increases with cation concentration and initial pH of the medium.It is not directly influenced by electron transport inhibitors, by oligomycin or atractyloside, or by 2,4-dinitrophenol or gramicidin.The protonated groups involved are probably located on the surface of the membrane(s).
Electric Dipole Resonance and Echoes of Pr 3+ Ions

Electric dipole echoes of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions have been observed for dilutely substituted Pr in lanthanum trichloride, yttrium ethyl sulfate, and lanthanum magnesium double-nitrate crystals. Echo-interference studies of the electric field shifts and analyses of the related resonance line shapes have been made in double-nitrate crystals for the purpose of investigating the nature of the static zero-field splittings which give rise to the characteristic asymmetric absorption line shapes of these non-Kramers ions. It is shown that a random-strain model is not adequate to explain either the line shape or the echo measurements in detail, although many features of the echo null behavior are consistent with the existing interpretation of the origin of the line shape. The deformations which produce the zero-field splittings are shown to be static on the time scale of the echo-interference experiments. Attempts to modify the theory have not been successful in producing a mutually consistent explanation for both the small echo recoveries observed and the measured electric-dipole-resonance line shapes.
Adsorption of Calcium and Polyphosphates on Cotton Cellulose and Its Effect on Soil Deposition

This study was undertaken to define the role of polyphosphate builders in detergent , systems. Radiochemical methods were employed to trace polyphosphate and calcium reactions with cotton at various calcium to polyphosphate ratios. Cotton does not adsorb polyphosphate in the absence of polyvalent metal ions. The amount of calcium and polyphosphate adsorbed by, or deposited on, cotton during a 10-min. wash in hard water is dependent on the calcium-polyphosphate phase present. A heterogeneous (pre cipitate) phase results in considerable deposition of a calcium-polyphosphate salt, while little deposition or adsorption occurs in a homogeneous (solution) phase. Deposition of clay soil onto cotton is not influenced by the presence of insoluble calcium-polyphos phate salts. However, there appears to be a direct relationship between soil deposition and number of unsequestered or unprecipitated calcium ions remaining in the wash solu tion. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is relatively more efficient in achieving minimum...