cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjective well-being: implications for medical rehabilitation outcomes and models of disablement.

Research regarding the subjective well-being (i.e., subjective quality of life as a whole) of persons with physical disabilities is considered from conceptual and methodologic perspectives. Relevant measurement scales, both single- and multiple-item, are reviewed, with special attention to measures-of-life satisfaction. Evidence about variables associated with subjective well-being is reviewed, based on studies of (1) people in general, (2) people with a variety of different disabling conditions and (3) persons with multiple sclerosis, stroke or spinal cord injury. Needed theoretic and empiric developments are discussed, including elaboration of the subjective aspects of impairments, disabilities and handicaps.
Enhancing engineering mechanics statics instruction using manipulative truss models

Enhancing a student's ability to mentally visualize and intuitively assess foundational concepts in engineering mechanics - statics can create a significant advantage for students in their pre-professional engineering courses. Concepts such as forces and moments often prove to be challenging for students lacking hands-on mechanical experience or those who are visual and kinesthetic learners. Showing students these “intangible” mechanics principles is not an easy task and usually requires proactive measures to improve learning. In an effort to improve visualization and tactile learning in a college mechanics - statics course, hands-on and visual truss models were developed based on the concept of physical manipulatives. Mathematics instructors use manipulative models to help students identify different mathematical concepts. These models not only allow the students to see and feel different objects but also to manipulate the objects to form a concrete representation of the concept. Furthermore, manipulative models help students visualize, feel, and analyze the behavior of the material being manipulated. This study examines the relationship between the use of a physical model of a truss and the students' framing of information during task interpretation to successfully attain conceptual understanding about truss analysis.
Chaos in a Spacecraft Attitude Maneuver Due to Time-Periodic Perturbations

We use Melnikov’s method to study the chaotic dynamics of an attitude transition maneuver of a torque-free rigid body in going from minor axis spin to major axis spin under the influence of small damping. The chaotic motion is due to the formation of Smale horseshoes which are caused by the oscillation of small subbodies inside the satellite. The equations of motion are derived and then transformed into a form suitable for the application of Melnikov’s method. An analytical criterion for chaotic motion is derived in terms of the system parameters. This criterion is evaluated for its significance to the design of artificial satellites.
Bivariate Factorizations via Galois Theory, with Application to Exceptional Polynomials

Abstract We present a method for factoring polynomials of the shape f ( X ) − f ( Y ), where f is a univariate polynomial over a field k . We then apply this method in the case when f is a member of the infinite family of exceptional polynomials we discovered jointly with H. Lenstra in 1995; factoring f ( X ) − f ( Y ) in this case was posed as a problem by S. Cohen shortly after the discovery of these polynomials.
Harvest of sustainability: Recent books on environmental management

Sustainable Environmental Management. Edited by Kerry Turner. London: Pinter, 1988. Pp.ix + 292. £27.50. ISBN 1 85293 003 9. The Theory of Environmental Policy. 2nd ed. By William Baumol and Wallace Oates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp.x+ 299. £35. ISBN 0 521 32224 3. Deforestation: Social Dynamics in Watersheds and Mountain Ecosystems. Edited by J. Ives and D. Pitt. London: Routledge, 1988. Pp.xiii + 247. £35. ISBN 0 415 00456 X Elevage et developpement au Niger. By Brigitte Thebaud. Geneva: ILO, 1988. Pp.xiv + 147. SFr 15. ISBN 92 2 205605 1. Primary Resources and Energy in the Third World. By John Soussan. London: Routledge, 1988. Pp.vi + 114. £5.95. ISBN 0 415 00672 4. Ecology and Development in the Third World. By Avijit Gupta. London: Routledge, 1988. Pp.vii + 80. £5.95. ISBN 0 415 00673 2. International Environmental Diplomacy. Edited by John E. Carroll. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp.299. £35. ISBN 0 521 33437 3.
System-level design for test of fully differential analog circuits

Several designs for test techniques for fully differential circuits have recently been proposed. These techniques are based on the inherent data encoding, the fully differential analog code (FDAC), present in differential circuits. These techniques have not previously been verified experimentally. In this paper, we report results from a fabricated test chip which incorporates design for test structures. The test chip is a fully differential fifth-order filter, and was fabricated on a 2-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The test techniques implemented are derived from a system-level technique developed earlier. The test chip contains fault injection circuitry to emulate faults. Our results demonstrate that the FDAC is a viable design for test technique for analog circuits.
Turbulence in argon shock waves

Abstract Irregular density fluctuations with turbulent-like behaviors are found in ionizing shock fronts produced by our arc driven shock tube. We use electric probes as the primary diagnostic. Spectral analyses show statistical patterns which seem frozen-in and characterizable by a dominant mode and its harmonics.
Discontinuing nasal steroids might lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma

Background Topical, intraocular, oral, and parenteral steroids might increase intraocular pressure (IOP), but little is known regarding the effect of nasal steroid spray. Objective We sought to examine the effect of discontinuing nasal steroid sprays on IOP in patients with glaucoma. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients with glaucoma using nasal steroids was performed. Averaged IOP for each pair of eyes was determined for presteroid use, steroid use, and 2 consecutive poststeroid use (poststeroid 1 and poststeroid 2) examinations. Results Twenty-four eyes of 12 patients taking nasal steroids were identified. The mean IOP for each pair of eyes was 15.4 ± 4.3 mm Hg (range, 9-23.5 mm Hg) for the presteroid use examination, 18.0 ± 3.8 mm Hg (range, 12-24.5 mm Hg) for the steroid use examination, 14.5 ± 3.3 mm Hg (range, 9.5-20 mm Hg) for poststeroid use examination 1, and 14.8 ± 3.4 mm Hg (range, 95-22.0 mm Hg) for poststeroid use examination 2. Eleven patients experienced decreased averaged IOP at poststeroid use examination 1 after steroid discontinuation at a mean of 35 ± 14 days and continued to maintain this decrease on the poststeroid use examination 2 visit at a mean of 191 ± 150 days. A significant increase between presteroid and steroid use examination IOPs ( P = .007) and a significant decrease between steroid use and both poststeroid use 1 ( P P = .011) examination IOPs were observed. No significant difference between presteroid use and either poststeroid use examination IOPs ( P = 1.00) was found. Many patients met their target pressures and were able to avoid or delay additional glaucoma therapy. Conclusion A significant reduction in IOP occurred with nasal steroid discontinuation in patients with glaucoma. Nasal steroids might contribute to IOP increase, and inquiry as to whether a patient has glaucoma before medication initiation is warranted.
Spatial Calibration of Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity below an Estuary

The finite-difference model MODFLOW was used to model the flow of meteoric groundwater discharge (MGWD) into the Indian River Lagoon (IRL). The model was calibrated by four methods: (1) estimation of the root-mean-squared error (RMSE); (2) estimation of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) index; (3) testing the null hypothesis by the two-sided test; and (4) visual comparisons. The statistics for the first three methods were obtained by comparing model-predicted and measured freshwater hydraulic head nodal values at 14 measurement points. Visual comparisons were made by comparing model-predicted and measured freshwater hydraulic head equipotential lines below the entire IRL over a domain approximately 2 km wide. Model validation confirmed that calibration by visual comparison was very accurate. The annual MGWD values obtained by the statistical calibration techniques were compared with the visual calibration results. Acceptable calibration with RMSE values ranging from 0.18–0.31 m underpredicted or overpre...
Global boundary value problems for nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales

We consider nonlinear boundary value problems for dynamic equations on time scales. We study nonlinear dynamic equations subject to global boundary conditions. Criteria are provided for the solvability of such problems. In the case of weak nonlinearities, we also examine the dependence of the solution on parameters.
Thermotransport of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium, niobium, and tantalum

A new high-precision technique has been used to investigate thermotransport of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Thermotransport of both isotopes was toward the cold end of the sample, and the redistribution of solute increased with increasing atomic mass of the host metal. In each metal, the heat of transport was greater for deuterium than for hydrogen. Thermotransport decreased as the temperature increased in tantalum and niobium, but temperature dependence in vanadium was of the order of the measuremental uncertainty. Heats of transport for hydrogen in vanadium, niobium, and tantalum were 1.4, 11.9, and 28.5 kJ/mol, respectively, and corresponding values for deuterium were 4.8, 18.0, and 34.8 kJ/mol.
Assessing the Application of a Geographic Presence-Only Model for Land Suitability Mapping

Recent advances in ecological modeling have focused on novel methods for characterizing the environment that use presence-only data and machine-learning algorithms to predict the likelihood of species occurrence. These novel methods may have great potential for land suitability applications in the developing world where detailed land cover information is often unavailable or incomplete. This paper assesses the adaptation and application of the presence-only geographic species distribution model, MaxEnt, for agricultural crop suitability mapping in a rural Thailand where lowland paddy rice and upland field crops predominant. To assess this modeling approach, three independent crop presence datasets were used including a social-demographic survey of farm households, a remote sensing classification of land use/land cover, and ground control points, used for geodetic and thematic reference that vary in their geographic distribution and sample size. Disparate environmental data were integrated to characterize environmental settings across Nang Rong District, a region of approximately 1,300 sq. km in size. Results indicate that the MaxEnt model is capable of modeling crop suitability for upland and lowland crops, including rice varieties, although model results varied between datasets due to the high sensitivity of the model to the distribution of observed crop locations in geographic and environmental space. Accuracy assessments indicate that model outcomes were influenced by the sample size and the distribution of sample points in geographic and environmental space. The need for further research into accuracy assessments of presence-only models lacking true absence data is discussed. We conclude that the Maxent model can provide good estimates of crop suitability, but many areas need to be carefully scrutinized including geographic distribution of input data and assessment methods to ensure realistic modeling results.
A Case Study of Implementing Supernode Transformations

Supernode transformation is a technique to decrease the communication overhead by partitioning and scheduling a loop nest to a multi-processor system. This is achieved by grouping a number of iterations in a perfectly nested loop with regular dependences as a $$supernode$$ supernode . Previous work has been focusing on finding the optimal supernode size and shape as well as an optimal execution schedule for multi-processor systems with unbounded resources. This paper emphasizes on the actual implementation strategies of supernode transformations on multi-core systems with limited resources. Using an example, the longest common subsequence (LCS) problem, we present and compare three different multithreading implementations. A formula for the total execution time of each method is presented. The techniques are benchmarked on a 12-core and a 4-core machine. On the 12-core machine our first technique, which yields increased data locality, speeds up the unaltered sequential loop nest 16.7 times. Combining this technique with skewing the loop by changing the linear schedule scores a 42.6 speedup. A more sophisticated method that executes entire rows of the loop nest in one thread scores a 59.5 speedup. Concepts presented and discussed in this paper on the LCS problem serve as basic foundation for implementations at regular dependence algorithms.
Interactome mapping: using protein microarray technology to reconstruct diverse protein networks.

A major focus of systems biology is to characterize interactions between cellular components, in order to develop an accurate picture of the intricate networks within biological systems. Over the past decade, protein microarrays have greatly contributed to advances in proteomics and are becoming an important platform for systems biology. Protein microarrays are highly flexible, ranging from large-scale proteome microarrays to smaller customizable microarrays, making the technology amenable for detection of a broad spectrum of biochemical properties of proteins. In this article, we will focus on the numerous studies that have utilized protein microarrays to reconstruct biological networks including protein–DNA interactions, posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs), lectin–glycan recognition, pathogen–host interactions and hierarchical signaling cascades. The diversity in applications allows for integration of interaction data from numerous molecular classes and cellular states, providing insight into the structure of complex biological systems. We will also discuss emerging applications and future directions of protein microarray technology in the global frontier.
A case-control study of aplastic anemia.

A case-control interview study of aplastic anemia was conducted to evaluate suspected risk factors. Cases (N = 59) newly diagnosed during 1975-82 at 25 Baltimore area hospitals were compared with 59 individually matched (on age, sex and race) controls selected by random digit dialing. The average educational level was less for cases than controls. The major job-related findings were a significant excess for occupational exposure to paint (OR = 6.1; 95% C.I. = 1.2-29.7), further substantiated by a positive dose-response relationship, although painters were not at excess risk. An increased risk of occupational exposure to viruses (OR = 9.0; 95% C.I. = 0.8-105.6) was noted. Additional evidence implicating viral factors included a significant association with prior history of hepatitis (OR = 9.0; 95% C.I. = 1.0, 84.2) and an elevated risk for pre-diagnostic receipt of blood transfusions (OR = 7.1; 95% C.I. = 0.7-68.4). Risks were not increased for other occupational, residential, personal, or medical treatment exposures or for other viral infections, medical conditions, smoking or alcohol consumption prior to diagnosis. Because of the small number of subjects studied and the multiple comparisons examined, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and confirmation should be undertaken in larger, population-based studies.
Definitive 125I prostate brachytherapy implant for low-risk prostate cancer in a patient with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a case report.

Abstract Purpose To report on the safe and effective use of a prostate brachytherapy implant for clinically low-risk prostate cancer in a patient with previous ileal pouch–anal anastomosis. Methods and Materials A patient with a previous history of total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis was diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer. He underwent prostate brachytherapy implant and his urinary, bowel, and sexual function were monitored preoperatively and regularly after his implant. Results Approximately 1-year postimplant, the patient’s serum prostate-specific antigen continued to decrease and urinary obstructive symptoms measured via a standardized patient-reported instrument increased transiently but returned to baseline. His sexual function remains slightly diminished. His self-reported bowel function has been essentially unchanged, and he specifically denies increased stool frequency, urgency, incontinence, tenesmus, or hematochezia. Conclusions Prostate brachytherapy appears to be both safe and effective for treating low-risk prostate cancer in patients with a pre-existing ileal pouch–anal anastomosis. Although there is a potential for significant late injury to the neorectum, a previous small series indicated that this had not been seen. Models currently used to predict normal tissue complication probabilities do not seem well applied to this case. The developments of algorithms that more correctly model this condition are encouraged.
Error compensation during finger force production after one- and four-finger voluntarily fatiguing exercise.

The effect of muscle fatigue on error compensation strategies during multi-finger ramp force production tasks was investigated. Thirteen young, healthy subjects were instructed to produce a total force with four fingers of the right hand to accurately match a visually displayed template. The template consisted of a 3-s waiting period, a 3-s ramp force production [from 0 to 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)], and a 3-s constant force production. A series of 12 ramp trials was performed before and after fatigue. Fatigue was induced by a 60-s maximal isometric force production with either the index-finger only or with all four fingers during two separate testing sessions. The average percent of drop was 38.2% in the MVC of the index finger after index-finger fatiguing exercise and 38.3% in the MVC of all fingers after four-finger fatiguing exercise. The ability of individual fingers to compensate for each other’s errors in order for the total force to match the preset template was quantified as the error compensation index (ECI), i.e., the ratio of the sum of variances of individual finger forces and the variance of the total force. By comparing pre- and post-fatigue performance during four-finger ramp force production, we observed that the variance of the total force was not significantly changed after one- or four-finger fatiguing exercise. The ECI significantly decreased after four-finger fatiguing exercise, especially during the last second of the ramp; while the ECI remained unchanged after index finger single-finger fatiguing exercise. These results suggest that the central nervous system is able to utilize the abundant degrees of freedom to compensate for partial impairment of the motor apparatus induced by muscle fatigue to maintain the desired performance. However, this ability is significantly decreased when all elements of the motor apparatus are impaired.
Re‐regeneration of lower jaws and the dental lamina in adult urodeles

Transverse amputations were carried out through one-third fully regenerated jaw segments and through normal tissue of the mandible on the same and opposite sides of the jaw in adults of Notophthalmus viridescens. Collectively the results suggest that, in adult urodeles, the mandible and the dental lamina can be replaced in an identical manner more than one time. Although the major histological events are the same in jaw regeneration and re-regeneration, regrowth is more rapid in re-regeneration. Extensively dedif-ferentiating muscle fibers and skeletal elements contribute to a rapidly forming blastema in re-regeneration. It appears that recently differentiated tissues of the regenerate have a higher capacity for regeneration than normal tissues amputated for the first time. Re-regeneration of the jaw occurs by growth of the original regenerate cartilage which has undergone reorganization. In re-regeneration, the skeletal elements exhibit no polarity and regrowth occurs in both directions, while the dental lamina possesses an anterior-posterior polarity and can regrow in an anterior direction only. Information concerning the mechanisms involved in the regenerative events remain to be determined.
Gain improvement of a cavity‐backed slot antenna

Design of a high gain cavity backed slot antenna is presented with relatively small size.The large ground plane of the original design is cut 75%. Mushroom cells and ground plane orientations have been employed to improve the antenna gain. An 18.75-dB maximum gain is obtained with an average gain of 17.3 dB in the entire operating band. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26141
Serum Vitamin E Levels in Very Low-Birth Weight Infants Receiving Vitamin E in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions

Serum vitamin E levels were measured in 17 very low-birth weight infants in the first 2 wk of life, before and after the institution of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in a dosage of 4.5 mg/day, as a component of MVI Pediatric multivitamin preparation. Serum vitamin E levels were 0.22 +/- 0.16 (SD) mg/dl before supplementation, and rose to 2.55 +/- 0.65 (SD) mg/dl in nine infants more than 899 g birth weight, and rose to 3.68 +/- 0.70 (SD) mg/dl in six infants less than 900 g at birth. These postsupplementation serum vitamin E levels are in the range in which a reduction of incidence or severity of retinopathy of prematurity and intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage has been reported by others. No toxic effects of the preparation or of the increased vitamin E levels were found.
Development of a baculovirus expression system for soluble porcine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I and soluble porcine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I-IgG fusion protein.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key mediator of inflammatory responses and gram-negative bacterial sepsis, but the role that it plays during Salmonella enterica species bacterial infections in swine has not yet been elucidated. To facilitate studies on the role of TNF-α on the pathology associated with Salmonella infections in pigs, recombinant soluble porcine TNF receptor type I (rspTNF-RI) and soluble TNF receptor type I fused to the Fc region of porcine IgG1 (rspTNF-RI-IgG) were expressed in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. The proteins were secreted into the cell culture media and purified by anti-soluble porcine TNF-RI antibody and protein G affinity chromatography, respectively. The yield of protein using this method was approximately 1.5 mg rspTNF-RI and 4 mg rspTNF-RI-IgG/L of cell culture medium. In in vitro assays, rspTNF-RI-IgG was approximately 10-fold (0.97 vs. 10.00 pmol/ml) more effective than rspTNF-RI at completely inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of 500 U of recombinant porcine TNF-α on 3×104 WEHI 164 murine fibrosarcoma, clone 13, cells. Compared to previously described methods, this method yields significantly more biologically active rspTNF-RI.
Phenomenological Lagrangian for hypercolor

A phenomenological Lagrangian is used to explore the properties of pseudo-Goldstone bosons (PGB's) in a realistic hypercolor theory. There is only one neutral, color-singlet PGB, ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{H}({m}_{H}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2 \mathrm{GeV})$, and it does not couple to $u$, $c$, or $t$ quarks. The next-lowest-mass PGB's, ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}({m}_{{H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}\ensuremath{\sim}5\ensuremath{-}10 \mathrm{GeV})$, decay predominantly to ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{(\ensuremath{-})}$ and they may be singly produced more easily than expected. It is expected that the dominant decay of some PGB's is to two other PGB's.
Algorithm for phase and amplitude measurement of random wavefronts

The statistical characteristics of the amplitude and phase of an optical wave propagated through a transparent randomly varying medium are examined analytically. An optical-digital method is proposed for the detection of amplitude and phase of the randomly distorted wave. With a reference point source input, this method reveals that only a single output of the detected signal is needed to obtain both the phase and amplitude variations. The relationship between the randomly varying phase of the optical field and the detected amplitude and demodulated phase is also investigated.
Atavistic Dynamics in a Two-Sector Economy

Abstract For general restrictions on the discount rate and factor intensities Benhabib and Nishimura [J. Econ. Theory35 (1985), 284–306], Boldrin [Paths of optimal accumulation in two-sector models, in "Economic Complexity: Chaos, Sunspots, Bubbles and Nonlinearity" (W. Barnett, J. Geweke, and K. Shell, Eds.), 231–252, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge], and Boldrin and Deneckere [J. Econ. Dynam. Control14 (1990), 627–653] generate pareto-efficient cycles in two-sector models of competitive economies with a unique perfect foresight equilibrium. This paper demonstrates that another kind of market instability can be generated under appropriate restrictions on factor intensities and discounting. When the economy is close to equilibrium, the representative agent may both underemploy labor and invest in capital that is not sustained in equilibrium. This policy pulls the economy away from equilibrium for a significant period of time and is denoted atavistic. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C67, O41.
Effects of deprivation on the tongue flicking and orientation of young rat snakes to water

Young rat snakes (Elaphe) were deprived of water for 6 days and then tested by placing a dry cotton swab and a swab dipped in distilled water 1 cm in front of the snake’s snout. Two measures, approach/tongue flick and approach orientation, revealed that the water elicited higher responding than the dry stimulus. The Ss were then tested over a 10-day period. The stimulating effectiveness of water under deprivation was found to decline at first and then increase until ad lib water was returned. It was concluded that water is an effective stimulus for the snake’s chemoreceptors but would elicit responding only under conditions of deprivation.
Ethnofederalism: The Worst Form of Institutional Arrangement…?

Scholars are divided on the merits of ethnofederalism as an institutional approach to the management of ethnically divided societies. For some, ethnofederalism is a potentially workable compromise between the demands for independence of territorially concentrated ethnic groups and the desire of a common state to preserve its territorial integrity; for critics, it is a short-cut to secession and ultimate state collapse. The argument of critics is theoretically plausible, but an examination of the universe of post-1945 states with ethnofederal arrangements, both failures and successes, shows that ethnofederalism has succeeded more often than it has failed. Within this universe of cases, moreover, ethnofederalism has demonstrably outperformed institutional alternatives, and where ethnofederal systems have failed, they have failed where no institutional alternatives could plausibly have succeeded. The increasing enthusiasm among policymakers and practitioners for prescribing federal solutions to ethnic problems is both understandable and defensible in light of these findings.
Supervisor's Interactive Model of Organizational Relationships.

The Supervisor’s Interactive Model of Organizational Relationships (SIMOR) integrates two models addressed in the leadership literature and then highlights the importance of relationships. The Supe...
SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF POLLEN NUCLEAR NUMBER IN EUPHORBIACEAE, TRIBE EUPHORBIEAE

Pollen nuclear number is determined in 139 species of 5 genera in the Euphorbieae, subtribe Euphorbiinae. The 111 new determinations are tabulated along with previous reports, and the results indicate that the distribution of binucleate (II) and trinucleate (III) pollen is strongly associated with the taxonomic groupings within the Euphorbieae. Although binucleate pollen is probably primitive within the tribe Euphorbieae, as suggested by the nuclear condition in Neoguillauminia, the situation in Euphorbia still requires further elucidation. Within Euphorbia, the morphologically most primitive species studied have III pollen despite the fact that II pollen is presumably the original condition for the subtribe Euphorbiinae. In Euphorbia, II pollen only is reported from nine sections and III pollen only from ten sections, while in four sections (Esula, Goniostema, Aphyllis, and Deuterocalli) both II and III pollen have been found. The New World species of Euphorbia nearly all have III pollen, whereas the vast majority of the African succulents have II pollen. The genera of New World origin, Chamaesyce and Pedilanthus, have III pollen, while the African genera Monadenium and Synadenium have II pollen. Independent derivations of III pollen from II pollen appear to have occurred in sections Goniostema, Aphyllis, and Deuterocalli (all of subg. Euphorbia). There is no evidence that reversals from III to II pollen have occurred. IN HIS SURVEY of pollen nuclear number in the angiosperms, Brewbaker (1967) indicated that the Euphorbiaceae were one of 32 families in which both binucleate (II) and trinucleate (III) pollen grains occur; at the same time, he noted that Euphorbia is one of only five angiosperm genera in which both II and III pollen have been recorded. Webster and Rupert (1973) reported pollen nuclear numbers in 66 species of Euphorbiaceae belonging to 42 genera, and confirmed the results of Brewbaker. In the tabulation of Webster and Rupert, 18 tribes were shown to have II pollen, three to have III pollen, while in three tribes both II and III pollen were recorded. With the somewhat dubious exception of the Australian tribe Ricinocarpeae (which requires further study), the mixed records of II and III pollen are restricted to the subfamily Euphorbioideae (s. str. of Webster, 1975), specifically to the two tribes Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae. Pollen nuclear numbers were reported by Webster and Rupert (1973) only for seven species in six genera of tribe Euphorbieae. Reports on nuclear number made up to that
Neurophysiological, pharmacological and behavioral evidence for medial thalamic mediation of cocaine-induced dopaminergic analgesia

These studies examined the effects of cocaine on thalamic neurons that respond maximally either to noxious or to innocuous somatic stimulation. Cocaine attenuated high intensity electrically-evoked nociceptive responses of all 25 units studied in the parafascicular and central lateral nuclei of the medial thalamus. A dose of 1 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) suppressed medial thalamic unit discharge evoked by both noxious somatic stimulation (49.4 +/- 8.7% of control response) and spinal cord stimulation (76.2 +/- 6.6% of control response). The effect of cocaine on unit responses to noxious somatic stimulation was dose-related in the range of 0.3-3.5 mg/kg i.v. and was attenuated by eticlopride, a D-2 selective dopamine receptor antagonist. Morphine also suppressed noxious somatic evoked responses of medial thalamic units in a dose-dependent manner. Units in the lateral (ventrobasal) thalamus (n = 4) that responded only to innocuous stimuli were not affected by cocaine at doses up to 3.5 mg/kg i.v. Ibotenic acid lesions in the parafascicular nucleus of the medial thalamus attenuated the analgesic effect of cocaine in the formalin test. These results suggest that both cocaine and the parafascicular nucleus interact with dopaminergic mechanisms that attenuate nociceptive spinal projections to the medial thalamus.
State-led transnationalism and migration: reaching out to the Argentine community in Spain

This article focuses on when and how states develop transnational policies. It presents a case study of a relatively small emigrant community, whose departure was not simply caused by poverty or crisis, but most recently by an economic and political debacle that questioned people's values and expectations. I focus on the state side of the equation and identify a shift in Argentina's policy after 2003, though also show how such policies came out of a long history of state intervention in population and migration and are now related to human rights concerns and the unfinished process of democratic consolidation. I argue that the state initiates political transnationalism, not migrants, and highlight the importance of some relatively unexplored factors in the understanding of the motivation, intensity and impact of the state's involvement, such as the characteristics of the emigrant community, the existence of specific political projects, the role of some domestic actors and processes, and the nature of international agreements.
Leukemic phase of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma

![Figure][1] A 25-year-old woman presented with lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood showed leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia (white blood cell count, 102.9 × 109/L; hemoglobin level, 76 g/L; and platelet count, 32 × 109/L). Peripheral smear demonstrated a predominant population of
VS and density structure beneath the Colorado Plateau constrained by gravity anomalies and joint inversions of receiver function and phase velocity data

[1] The Colorado Plateau is a physiographic province in the western US with an average elevation of ∼1.9 km where, in contrast to neighboring provinces, there is little evidence of large scale tectonic deformation or magmatism. Recent availability of Earthscope/USArray seismic data allow us to better examine the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the region and test proposed explanations for the plateau's uplift and relative stability. Using phase velocities for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves and P receiver functions, we perform over 800 joint inversions for 1-D shear wave velocity VS profiles sampling the plateau and surrounding regions down to 150 km depth. We image a sharp change in crustal thickness at the western edge of the Colorado Plateau with a more gradual increase eastward moving into the Rocky Mountains. A relatively thick (≳100 km) lithosphere beneath the plateau extends into the Rocky Mountains to the north. We use empirical scaling relations to estimate densities from our VS results, and predict the associated gravity anomalies, which are inconsistent with the observed distribution of the Bouguer gravity anomalies. We somewhat reconcile the prediction and observations by assuming that lateral density variations below 50 km can be ignored and the lithospheric root is therefore neutrally buoyant. While there is some evidence for small scale convection and lithospheric removal at its edges, the shape of the lithospheric mantle anomaly is consistent with a large scale uplift of the plateau by heating since removal of the Farallon slab. We conclude that the lithospheric root is key to the long term stability of the Colorado Plateau, leading to a colder, stronger crust.
Integrated genomic analyses identify WEE1 as a critical mediator of cell fate and a novel therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge despite increasing knowledge about the molecular origins of the disease, as the mechanisms of AML cell escape from chemotherapy remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that AML cells are addicted to molecular pathways in the context of chemotherapy and used complementary approaches to identify these addictions. Using novel molecular and computational approaches, we performed genome-wide short-hairpin RNA screens to identify proteins that mediate AML cell fate after cytarabine exposure; gene expression profiling of AML cells exposed to cytarabine to identify genes with induced expression in this context; and examination of existing gene expression data from primary patient samples. Integration of these independent analyses strongly implicates cell-cycle checkpoint proteins, particularly WEE1, as critical mediators of AML cell survival after cytarabine exposure. Knockdown of WEE1 in a secondary screen confirmed its role in AML cell survival. Pharmacologic inhibition of WEE1 in AML cell lines and primary cells is synergistic with cytarabine. Further experiments demonstrate that inhibition of WEE1 prevents S-phase arrest induced by cytarabine, broadening the functions of WEE1 that may be exploited therapeutically. These data highlight the power of integrating functional and descriptive genomics, and identify WEE1 as a potential therapeutic target in AML.
Graft-bone healing of a meniscus autograft anchored in bone tunnels.

This experiment was designed to histologically study the attachment process between a meniscus autograft and bone when the meniscus autograft is placed within bone at its anterior and posterior horns. In order to provide a time-sequenced histologic picture, a canine model was used. The study group consisted of eleven mature canines that underwent complete medial meniscectomy of the stifle joint followed by immediate replacement using an autogenous tissue meniscal scaffold fashioned from the lateral fascia of the thigh. The graft was fixed in bone tunnels at the anterior and posterior horns. One animal was sacrificed immediately after implantation, one at 10 days, three at 28 days, two at 3 months, two at 6 months, and two at nine months. Photographs were taken and histologic sections through bone tunnels were analyzed. The graft consisted of rolled tensor fascia and exogenous clot. Results: The attachment process begins with the invasion of an interface of well vascularized, primitive mesenchymal cells between the soft-tissue graft and the host bone. Histologic evidence of collagenous attachment to bone is visible at one month after graft implantation. Collagen organization with increasing soft tissue attachment to bone is progressive throughout the nine months time frame of the study. The attachment points become increasingly more continuous from three to six months. By six months, the attachment points are confluent and continuous throughout the depths of the tunnel.
Bio-energy in the black

At best, common renewable energy strategies can only offset fossil fuel emissions of CO2 – they cannot reverse climate change. One promising approach to lowering CO2 in the atmosphere while producing energy is biochar bio-energy, based on low-temperature pyrolysis. This technology relies on capturing the off-gases from thermal decomposition of wood or grasses to produce heat, electricity, or biofuels. Biochar is a major by-product of this pyrolysis, and has remarkable environmental properties. In soil, biochar was shown to persist longer and to retain cations better than other forms of soil organic matter. The precise half-life of biochar is still disputed, however, and this will have important implications for the value of the technology, particularly in carbon trading. Furthermore, the cation retention of fresh biochar is relatively low compared to aged biochar in soil, and it is not clear under what conditions, and over what period of time, biochar develops its adsorbing properties. Research is still n...
Fully-depleted Ge interband tunnel transistor: Modeling and junction formation

Abstract Complementary fully-depleted Ge interband-tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) and static inverters are modeled to quantify TFET performance relative to Si MOSFETs. SYNOPSYS TCAD is used to compute the two-dimensional electrostatics and determine the tunnel junction electric field. This electric field is used in an analytic expression to compute the tunnel current. The speed and power performance of TFETs are compared with the nMOSFET at the same supply voltage, 0.5 V. For a gate length of 20 nm, Ge tunnel transistors can provide similar speed in comparison to 45-nm-node nMOSFETs (18 nm gate length), but saves more than 2× in power and lowers energy by over 7×. Toward demonstrating these transistors, a process for forming submicron p + n + Ge tunnel junctions has been utilized in which Al-doped p + Ge is regrown on n + Ge, following melt-back of a patterned Al deposition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the regrown film and a contact microstructure consistent with the Al–Ge phase diagram. The low peak-to-valley current ratio (PVR) of devices produced by this growth method is likely a result of point defects or junction doping non-uniformity as TEM suggest no dislocations at the regrown junction. The PVR of these junctions does not improve as the device area is reduced from 100 to 0.1 μm 2 , a size smaller than the formation scale for grains in the Al–Ge system.
Separation and Turbulence Control in Biomimetic Flows

The study of the flow around live marine animals and robotic mechanisms which emulate fish motion has revealed a number of mechanisms of flow control, optimised through evolution to minimize the energy required for steady and unsteady motion underwater. We outline some of the mechanisms used to (a) eliminate separation, (b) reduce turbulence, and (c) extract energy from oncoming vortical flows.
Liver‐specific loss of β‐catenin results in delayed hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy

Recent studies have suggested that β-catenin is involved in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation in multiple contexts, including organ development and tumorigenesis. We explored the role of β-catenin during liver regeneration using T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF)-reporter mice (TOPGal mice) and liver-specific β-catenin knockout mice. Liver-specific β-catenin knockout mice showed a delayed onset of DNA synthesis after hepatectomy, whereas recovery of liver mass was not affected. Among putative β-catenin target genes examined, the induction of Ccnd1 expression was reduced, whereas the expression of Myc and Egfr was unaffected. Furthermore, cyclin D1 protein levels were not induced, and the expression of cyclins A, E, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was delayed. Intriguingly, the analysis of TOPGal mice showed that hepatocytes with active TCF/LEF transcription are confined to the pericentral zone and are not increased in number during regeneration, indicating an uncoupling between β-catenin/TCF signaling activity and hepatocyte proliferation. Conclusion: Our results indicate that β-catenin is critical for the proper regulation of hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration; however, the activity of β-catenin/TCF signaling does not correlate with hepatocyte proliferation, suggesting that this regulation might be indirect/secondary. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:361–368.)
In vitro effects of GABA and hypoxia on posterior hypothalamic neurons from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats

Recent studies from this laboratory have shown that neurons in this hypothalamic region are stimulated by hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. In addition, GABAergic activity is depressed in the posterior hypothalamus of the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared to the normotensive rat. The major purposes of the present study were to: a) evaluate if posterior hypothalamic neurons respond differently to GABA in the hypertensive rat compared to the normotensive rat; and b) examine the possibility that hypothalamic neurons from spontaneously hypertensive rats respond differently to hypoxia than those from normotensive rats. In addition, the effects of GABA on hypoxia-sensitive neurons was recorded. Extracellular single unit recordings of hypothalamic neurons were performed in a rat brain slice preparation. Neuronal responses to hypoxia (10% O2/5% CO2/85% N2) and to GABA were recorded from slices taken from both Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Administration of three different concentrations of GABA evoked a dose-related decrease in discharge rate in similar percentages of neurons from both SHR and WKY rats. The magnitude of the depression elicited by GABA did not differ significantly between the neurons from SHR and WKY rats. Hypoxia increased the firing rate of 75% and 69% of the SHR and WKY neurons, respectively; no differences (p > 0.05) were noted in the magnitude of the response or in the percentage of neurons responding to hypoxia between the two strains of rats. The discharge rate of most of these neurons fell to below control level following removal of the hypoxic stimulus. A significant percentage of SHR (75%) and WKY (75%) neurons that were stimulated by hypoxia were inhibited by exogenously applied GABA. These results indicate that a) an altered sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to GABA does not contribute to hypertension in the SHR and b) the depressed respiratory response to hypoxia in the SHR is not due to a decreased responsiveness of hypothalamic neurons to hypoxia.
Exciton energy disorder in polar amorphous organic thin films : Monte Carlo calculations

We report on Monte Carlo calculations of the exciton energy level disorder in polar amorphous organic solids arising from electrostatic interactions between polarizable molecular charge distributions. In contrast to previous reports in which the discrete molecular polarizabilities are modeled as a dielectric continuum having dielectric constant $ϵ$, our calculations take account of the molecular-scale polarization inhomogeneity. We demonstrate that exciton energy level disorder is only weakly dependent on $ϵ$. For a range of $ϵ$ typical of organic solids, we report an empirical expression for the energy level disorder, and show that conventional dielectric continuum models are not consistent with the observed results. Results of our calculations are shown to be consistent with experimental measurements of exciton energy disorder in aluminum tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline).
The Patient Safety OSCE for PGY-1 Residents: A Centralized Response to the Challenge of Culture Change

Background: Accreditation and Institute of Medicine mandates require retooling of graduate medical education curriculum and assessment processes. This Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) focused on patient safety-specific skills important to stakeholders from multiple institutions. Purposes: A 10-station OSCE was designed to assess patient safety-related competencies in new Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY-1) residents. The OSCE emphasized performance of essential skills and teamwork, and it provided early formative feedback to trainees and leadership. Methods: Group nominal process selected 10 final OSCE stations. Two stations were designed to assess team competencies and response to feedback. Two hundred thirty-five trainees enrolled in 64 programs participated during summer 2006. Skill-set aggregation was employed to improve the validity of individual feedback. Results: Significant performance deficits were noted. Trainee and administrator evaluation of the experience was positive. Conclusions: Multi-ins...