cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Innovations: Impact on the Quality of Life of the Older Patient

As surgery has been extended into the elderly population, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been appropriately added as a parameter to evaluate surgical success. Surgery remains of significant risk in older patients, and an estimate of the type of outcome, including morbidity, mortality, and HRQOL can aid in that decision. New techniques, such as laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgery show great promise for reduction in perioperative stress and improved HRQOL in younger patients, but have not been extensively used in the older and frail patients for whom the benefits potentially may be greater.
Testosterone increases myogenic reactivity of second-order mesenteric arteries in both defective and normal androgen receptor adult male rats.

Abstract Background Testosterone (T) and the androgen receptor (AR) are involved in mechanisms associated with hypertension and vessel reactivity. Objective To investigate T and the AR on blood vessel reactivity, testicular feminized male (TFM; AR deficient males) and normal androgen receptor (NAR) male rats were used. Therefore, if the functional AR is necessary for plasma T to regulate vessel responsiveness, TFM males will exhibit altered vessel function compared to NAR males. Methods Adult (16 weeks of age) TFM or NAR males were assigned to the following treatment groups: gonadal intact controls (CONT), castrate (CAST), or castrate with T replacement (CAST+T) with (n=8–10/group). Results Plasma T followed a consistent pattern with CAST+T elevated compared to CONT and CAST TFM and NAR males. In addition, CAST plasma T was significantly decreased compared to CONT and CAST+T in TFM and NAR males. In a similar manner for systolic blood pressure (SBP), CAST lowered SBP compared to CONT in both NAR and TFM. Following 8 weeks of treatment, second-order mesenteric artery responses to changes in intraluminal pressure (myogenic reactivity) were analyzed using a pressure arteriograph system. Both TFM (P Conclusion The results of this study indicate that T differentially regulates mesenteric artery reactivity in TFM and NAR males. Our data also demonstrate that both AR and/or non-AR mediated mechanisms may partially contribute to SBP regulation.
Development of a GIS-based spill management information system.

Abstract Spill Management Information System (SMIS) is a geographic information system (GIS)-based decision support system designed to effectively manage the risks associated with accidental or intentional releases of a hazardous material into an inland waterway. SMIS provides critical planning and impact information to emergency responders in anticipation of, or following such an incident. SMIS couples GIS and database management systems (DBMS) with the 2-D surface water model CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 and the air contaminant model Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO) while retaining full GIS risk analysis and interpretive capabilities. Live ‘real-time’ data links are established within the spill management software to utilize current meteorological information and flowrates within the waterway. Capabilities include rapid modification of modeling conditions to allow for immediate scenario analysis and evaluation of ‘what-if’ scenarios. The functionality of the model is illustrated through a case study of the Cheatham Reach of the Cumberland River near Nashville, TN.
delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: antiaggressive effects in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys

delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the most active constituent of marihuana, decreased species-specific attack behavior in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys at doses (0.25 to 2.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight) that have no effects on other elements of the behavioral repertoire. Aggressive behavior was engendered in all three species by confronting a resident animal with an intruder conspecific. The present results contrast with the widely held belief that marihuana increases aggressive behavior.
Theoretical investigation of thermionic and photoelectric emission from semiconductors in the region of schottky deviation

Abstract The properties of semiconductors are similar to those of metals at high temperature, a periodic deviation from the Schottky line in thermionic emission from semiconductors is presumedly expected. The theoretical equation derived based on a modified potential model, which contains a classical image force and exchange and correlation forces has proved successful in the analysis of the periodic deviation from the Schottky line in the thermionic emission from the metals. In this paper, the application of a similar approach to the problem of semiconductors is described. The solution has the same characteristics as that of metal, except that two new parameters, effective mass and dielectric constants, are also included. In the similar fashion, the periodic deviation from the Schottky line in the photoelectric emission from semiconductor is also derived. Although the solutions must be tested by comparison with reliable experimental measurements which are not available at present time. However, in view of the good agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental data for the metal, present solutions might be a good approach.
Gas-phase cigarette smoke inhibits plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity by modification of the enzyme's free thiols.

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this association are unknown. Recent work from this laboratory has shown that ex vivo exposure of plasma to gas-phase cigarette smoke (CS) produces a rapid inhibition of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and crosslinking of HDL-apolipoproteins. The goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanism(s) by which CS inhibited LCAT and modified HDL. When dialyzed human plasma (12 ml) was exposed to the gas-phase of an equivalent of l8 of a cigarette (one ‘puff’) at 15 min intervals for 3 h, LCAT activity was reduced by 76 ± 1% compared to controls; supplementation of plasma with glutathione produced a dose-dependent protection of LCAT activity where at the highest concentration (l mM) 78% protection was observed. A similar protection was obtained with N-acetyl cysteine (l mM). In addition to LCAT inhibition, HDL-apolipoproteins were crosslinked after 3 h exposure of plasma to CS; crosslinking was reduced by the addition of either glutathione or N-acetyl cysteine to plasma. The amino compounds N-acetyl lysine, N-acetyl arginine, and aminoguanidine failed to protect LCAT and HDL indicating a specificity with regard to the ability of free thiols to buffer the deleterious components of CS which inhibited LCAT and crosslinked HDL-apolipoproteins. Since LCAT contains two free cysteine residues (Cys-31 and -184) near the active site of the enzyme, we tested whether pretreatment of plasma with the reversible sulfhydryl modifying compound, 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), could protect LCAT from CS-induced inhibition. Plasma pretreated with DTNB prior to CS exposure retained an additional 50% of LCAT activity compared to CS treatment in the absence of DTNB. These results indicate that covalent modification of free cysteine residues of LCAT was, in part, responsible for the inhibition of plasma LCAT activity by CS.
Predictive mechanism for anisotropy development in the Earth's inner core

Abstract We present a model for the grain growth and deformation of the Earth's inner core that explains the dominant features of seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy. At the surface of the inner core, the dominant deformation mechanism is diffusion creep. Grain growth continues via grain-boundary migration recrystallization such that, depending upon the magnitude of stress and grain size, dislocation-controlled creep dominates in as little as 1–2 m or as much as ~ 100 km below the crystallization horizon. Subsequent dislocation link climb leads to the development and maintenance of lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) increasing seismic velocity anisotropy with depth. The model predicts an inner core viscosity of 1020–22 Pa-s deforming in a regime with a deviatoric stress of 103–4 Pa, consistent with an inner core anisotropic growth model. We provide explanations for the development of shape-preferred orientation of grains elongated in the equatorial direction in the context of the fast direction of seismic waves correlating to the direction with the greatest attenuation. We predict high attenuation at the top of the inner core, decreasing with depth, with an attenuation that is 30% greater along polar paths than for equatorial paths through the center of the Earth.
Observation of Studtite and Metastudtite on Spent Fuel

We have characterized significant quantities of uranyl peroxide phases on commercial spent nuclear fuel (CSNF) samples formed under immersion conditions over a two-year-period. Milligrams of corroded fuel aggregates were observed at the air water interface in each sample. The bulk fuel and the suspended material were examined by SEM, EDX, and XRD and were found to contain studtite and metastudtite, respectively. The reason for the partitioning of the two phases is unclear at this time. SEM micrographs of the bulk powders indicate extensive corrosion. Indeed, under the conditions that developed in the sample containers, dissolution of the fuel was in some cases as severe as a purposeful etching of the surface with concentrated nitric acid. Radiochemical analyses of the leachates and the aggregate materials indicate that dissolution of the fuel surface by hydrogen peroxide may have resulted in rapid release and increased solubility of radiocontaminants in the fuel matrix.
Rotationally mediated selective adsorption as a probe of isotropic and anisotropic molecule. Surface interaction potentials: HD(J)/Ag(111)

Abstract : Rotationally mediated selective adsorption scattering resonances are used to make an experimental and theoretical study of the laterally averaged interaction potential between HD and a weakly corrugated system, Ag(111). The experimentally observed resonances determine the vibrational levels of the HD/Ag(111) physisorption potential as a function of bound rotational state. These vibrational levels show J-dependent shifts due to the orientational anisotropy of the potential. Exact quantum scattering calculations using a full laterally averaged potential of the form V sub o(z,0) = v sub o (z) (1 + beta P sub 2 (cos theta)) have been carried out to obtain rotationally inelastic transition probabilities. Experimental and theoretical resonance energies are compared for two forms of v sub o(z), a Morse and a variable exponent potential, as a function of Beta, and are found to be very close to the first order perturbed energies of a free rotor in bound states of v sub o(z). Both potential forms give equally good fits to the data, yielding an optimum value of the asymmetry parameter, Beta approx. -0.05. The determination of Beta is relatively insensitive to small changes in the v sub o(z) well depth. (Author)
A communication perspective on sexual harassment: Affiliative nonverbal behaviors in asynchronous relationships

The authors reviewed the sexual harassment and nonverbal communication literature to develop a communication perspective on sexual harassment in asynchronous relationships. In so doing, the authors developed a six‐step process. The value of such a perspective is that it allows potential victims (receivers) as well as colleagues and administrators to predict the occurrence of harassing behavior among faculty members in institutions of higher education. Finally, the authors make a number of suggestions for prevention of sexual harassment.
Biomimetic apatite-coated porous PVA scaffolds promote the growth of breast cancer cells

Recapitulating the native environment of bone tissue is essential to develop in vitro models of breast cancer bone metastasis. The bone is a composite material consisting of organic matrix and inorganic mineral phase, primarily hydroxyapatite. In this study, we report the mineralization of porous poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds upon incubation in modified Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) for 14 days. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the deposited minerals have composition similar to hydroxyapatite. The study demonstrated that the rate of nucleation and growth of minerals was faster on surfaces of less porous scaffolds. However, upon prolonged incubation, formation of mineral layer was observed on the surface of all the scaffolds. In addition, the study also demonstrated that 3D mineralization only occurred for scaffolds with highly interconnected porous networks. The mineralization of the scaffolds promoted the adsorption of serum proteins and consequently, the adhesion and proliferation of breast cancer cells.
United States geological survey's reserve-growth models and their implementation

The USGS has developed several mathematical models to forecast reserve growth of fields both in the United States (U.S.) and the world. The models are based on historical reserve growth patterns of fields in the U.S. The patterns of past reserve growth are extrapolated to forecast future reserve growth. Changes of individual field sizes through time are extremely variable, therefore, the reserve growth models take on a statistical approach whereby volumetric changes for populations of fields are used in the models. Field age serves as a measure of the field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. At the time of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000, a reserve growth model for discovered fields of the world was not available. Reserve growth forecasts, therefore, were made based on a model of historical reserve growth of fields of the U.S. To test the feasibility of such an application, reserve growth forecasts were made of 186 giant oil fields of the world (excluding the U.S. and Canada). In addition, forecasts were made for these giant oil fields subdivided into those located in and outside of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The model provided a reserve-growth forecast that closely matched the actual reserve growth that occurred from 1981 through 1996 for the 186 fields as a whole, as well as for both OPEC and non-OPEC subdivisions, despite the differences in reserves definition among the fields of the U.S. and the rest of the world.
The link between childhood and adult abuse among long-term welfare recipients

This article examines the links between childhood and adult abuse among long-term welfare recipients. In-depth interviews were conducted with 280 women who had been on public financial assistance for at least 3 years. High rates of childhood and adult abuse were reported among these long-term welfare recipients. Two-thirds (67%) indicated they were physically, sexually, and/or emotionally abused during childhood and 81% lived in a physically violent relationship as an adult. Most of the women (59%) were abused both as a child and an adult, and almost all of the women (90%) were abused as either a child or adult. There was a strong relationship between childhood and adult abuse among these long-term welfare recipients. There was also a connection between past abuse and a Child Protective Services investigation as a parent. Overall, more attention needs to be paid to family violence among long-term welfare recipients.
INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF ANTIBODY UPON VELOCITY OF FLOCCULATION

Results of a thorough study of the rates of flocculation of 20 antisera when mixed with their antigens in all proportions are presented. The relation between the alpha (constant antibody) and beta (constant antigen) optima is discussed. It is suggested that most of the antisera examined can be classified into two main types, one of which, the H type, gives an optimum by both the alpha and beta procedures, whereas the R type gives an optimum only by the former technique. It appears that these differences can only be accounted for by the influence of differences in the physical and chemical properties of the various antibodies.
Trophic relationships in an Arctic food web and implications for trace metal transfer

Tissues of subsistence-harvested Arctic mammals were analyzed for silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and total mercury (THg). Muscle (or total body homogenates of potential fish and invertebrate prey) was analyzed for stable carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) isotopes to establish trophic interactions within the Arctic food chain. Food web magnification factors (FWMFs) and biomagnification factors for selected predator-prey scenarios (BMFs) were calculated to describe pathways of heavy metals in the Alaskan Arctic. FWMFs in this study indicate that magnification of selected heavy metals in the Arctic food web is not significant. Biomagnification of Cd occurs mainly in kidneys; calculated BMFs are higher for hepatic THg than renal THg for all predator-prey scenarios with the exception of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). In bears, the accumulation of renal THg is approximately 6 times higher than in liver. Magnification of hepatic Ag is minimal for all selected predator-prey scenarios. Though polar bears occupy a higher trophic level than belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), based on delta15N, the metal concentrations are either not statistically different between the two species or lower for bears. Similarly, concentrations of renal and hepatic Cd are significantly lower or not statistically different in polar bears compared to ringed (Phoca hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), their primary prey. THg, on the other hand, increased significantly from seal to polar bear tissues. Mean delta15N was lowest in muscle of Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) and foxes also show the lowest levels of Hg, Cd and Ag in liver and kidney compared to the other species analyzed. These values are in good agreement with a diet dominated by terrestrial prey. Metal deposition in animal tissues is strongly dependent on biological factors such as diet, age, sex, body condition and health, and caution should be taken when interpreting magnification of dynamic and actively regulated trace metals.
The Politics of Mortal Terror

Terror-management theory is used to examine how political preferences are altered when existential concerns are aroused. The theory posits that the uniquely human awareness of death engenders potentially debilitating terror that is managed through devotion to cultural worldviews that give individuals a sense that life has meaning and that they have value. Research shows that mortality salience increases adherence to cherished cultural values and instigates efforts to bolster self-esteem. Here we review research documenting the role of terror-management processes in promoting support for charismatic leaders who share one’s cherished beliefs and aggression against those who hold rival beliefs. Implications for fostering effective participatory democracy are considered.
The placebo effect in agoraphobia.

Analyses in 44 agoraphobic patients given single-blind placebo over a two-week period, without the customary confound of instructions of exposure to phobic situations, replicated previous findings of a weak placebo response in that there were statistically, but not clinically, significant reductions in panic and phobic symptoms. Further analyses of a representative subsample of 10 patients who continued to receive placebo revealed that the placebo response was maintained and even increased at the end of 10 weeks when 20% to 30% of the patients could be classified as marked responders on key panic and phobic measures. Results also revealed an interesting observation that most of the improvement in panic, anxiety, and depression occurred early whereas improvement in phobic measures was more gradual and increased significantly over time. Implications for clinical research are briefly discussed.
Training for research and practice: The rewards of applying anthropology in an undergraduate context

Two recent articles in Practicing Anthropology described undergraduate anthropology programs that stress community-based learning (J. Simonelli and B. Roberts, Connecting Classroom with Community: Service and Professional Socialization in Applied Programs for Undergraduates, PA 20(4):45-49. 1998; and V. Rohrl, Yes, In Our Backyard, PA 22(2):33-37. 2000). In this article, we describe the various ways in which student research and experiential-learning are incorporated into the undergraduate anthropology curriculum at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California. We focus on our Special Emphasis Program in Applied Anthropology by highlighting the community research conducted by students in our Fall 2001 Applied Anthropology course.
Optimization of Gaussian basis sets for density-functional calculations

We introduce a scheme for the optimization of Gaussian basis sets for use in density-functional calculations. It is applicable to both all-electron and pseudopotential methodologies. In contrast to earlier approaches, the number of primitive Gaussians (exponents) used to define the basis functions is not fixed but adjusted, based on a total-energy criterion. Furthermore, all basis functions share the same set of exponents. The numerical results for the scaling of the shortest-range Gaussian exponent as a function of the nuclear charge are explained by analytical derivations. We have generated all-electron basis sets for H, B through F, Al, Si, Mn, and Cu. Our results show that they efficiently and accurately reproduce structural properties and binding energies for a variety of clusters and molecules for both local and gradient-corrected density functionals.
The poverty of democracy in Latin America

Abstract This paper reviews recent Latin American presidential elections as a means of examining the quality of democracy in the region. Its principal hypothesis is that, notwithstanding the claims of mainstream analysis, the (re)introduction of formal democratic procedure has not represented a meaningful advance in authentic, broad-based political and economic enfranchisement of the region’s working class and peasant majorities. In many cases the so-called democratic transition has merely disguised the adaption of previously authoritarian mechanisms of social control.
Reliable Radix-4 Complex Division for Fault-Sensitive Applications

Complex division is commonly used in various applications in signal processing and control theory including astronomy and nonlinear RF measurements. Nevertheless, unless reliability and assurance are embedded into the architectures of such structures, the sub-optimal (and thus erroneous) results could undermine the objectives of such applications. As such, in this paper, we present schemes to provide complex number division architectures based on Sweeney, Robertson, and Tocher-division with error detection mechanisms. Different error detection architectures are proposed in this paper which can be tailored based on the eventual objectives of the designs in terms of area and time requirements, among which we pinpoint carefully the schemes based on recomputing with shifted operands to be able to detect faults based on recomputations for different operands in addition to the unified parity (simplified detecting code) and hardware redundancy approach. The design also implements a minimized look up table approach which favors in error detection based designs and provides high fault coverage with relatively-low overhead. Additionally, to benchmark the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, extensive error detection assessments are performed for the proposed designs through fault simulations and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations; the design is implemented on Xilinx Spartan-6 and Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA families.
Floristic changes in shallow soft waters i n relation to underlying environmental factors

SUMMARY 1. Historical and recent data on the occurrence of macrophytes in twenty-eight lentic soft waters in The Netherlands are summarized. These waters were, and a few still are, characterized by a submerged vegetation of isoetid plants. Changes in the species composition of macrophytes are visualized by means of multivariate analysis and by shifts in species-spectra. 2. Ordination of the available data shows that the pH, alkalinity, acidity, contents of heavy metals, dissolved organic matter and some important salts and nutrients in water and interstitial water are strongly related to the recent distribution of aquatic plants in waters, which were originally of low alkalinity. In addition, the available inorganic carbon and the redox potential in the sediment are also important environmental parameters in explaining differences in aquatic vegetation. 3. The recorded changes in the macrophyte species composition can be attributed to the effects of acidification and eutrophication. The most important, overall change is a reduction of the number of species. 4. Hydrology proves to be important in controlling the sensitivity of a body of water for acidifying deposition.
Crystal and molecular structure of trans-4-t-butylcyclohexanol parabromobenzoate

The crystal and molecular structure oftrans-4-t-butylcyclohexanol parabromobenzoate has been studied by X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystals of this compound are triclinic, space groupP¯1, with unit cell constantsa = 9·813(2),b = 13·451(3),c = 6·564(3) A, α = 102·99(3), β = 98·88(3), γ = 89·99(3) ° andZ = 2. Using a GE XRD-6 diffractometer equipped with a scintillation detector, 3165 reflexions were measured to the limit 2θ = 140 ° for the Cu sphere. The structure was refined by least-squares methods toR (conventional) = 0·058. The main results of this study are: (i) no flattening is induced into the cyclohexane ring and there is no elongation of the C(t-bu)-C(cyclohexane) bond; (ii) the steric strain introduced by thet-butyl group is minimized by a flattening of the C(4), C(3), C(7), C(5) pyramid; (iii) the axial hydrogen atom on C(1) nearly eclipses the carbonyl oxygen, as found in the earlier studies of the acetates and esters of cyclohexanols.
Metabolism of glomerular basement membrane in normal, hypophysectomized, and growth-hormone-treated diabetic rats

Abstract The in vivo synthesis of the renal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) collagen was studied in normal, hypophysectomized (hypox), diabetic, and growth-hormone (GH)-treated diabetic rats, using tritiated proline ( l [2,3, 3 H]proline) as a radioisotopic precursor. After the injection of tritiated proline, all groups of rats were sacrificed at various time intervals and the specific activities of proline and hydroxyproline of GBM were determined, the latter being used as a measure of GBM collagen synthesis. A significant decrease in both proline and hydroxyproline specific activities were observed in GBM of hypox rats at all periods of study. Administration of GH to hypox rats returned the GBM collagen synthesis to normal. Diabetic GBM had higher proline and hydroxyproline specific activities when compared to normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with GH for 10 days further increased both proline and hydroxyproline specific activities when compared either to diabetic or normal rats treated with GH. The activity of glucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the disaccharide unit of GBM collagen was found to be decreased in glomeruli of hypox rats. In contrast, the activity of N -acetyl-β-glucosamini-dase, a glycoprotein-degrading enzyme, was found to be significantly increased in hypox rats. GH treatment restored both enzyme activities to normal. The results of the present study show that GBM collagen synthesis is decreased in hypox rats and increased in diabetic rats. GH treatment not only normalized GBM collagen synthesis in hypox rats but also caused significant increase in diabetic rats. This suggests that the renal GBM metabolism is influenced by GH, and this may be of particular significance in view of GH involvement in diabetic microvascular complications.
Risking Basin Analysis Results II. The Influence of Erosion Uncertainties

This paper considers erosion variables and their uncertainties in terms of their influence on outputs of interest in basin analysis calculations. While one often knows with some considerable precision the initial deposition time and final end time of an erosion event, one does not know (as opposed to surmise) when erosion commenced during that time interval, nor does one know the amount of material that was deposited and later removed, nor does one know the lithologic properties of the eroded material. All three of these factors can be of importance in basin development. Using a recently developed extremely fast Excel burial history program, in conjunction with the very fast Monte Carlo program Crystal Ball, one can now rapidly sort out various uncertain factors for their influence on burial history outputs.Two sets of examples illustrate how one can determine which parameters associated with an erosion event dominate in their impact on basin analysis uncertainties. The first example allows the amount of ...
Magmatism and the development of low-pressure metamorphic belts: Implications from the western United States and thermal modeling

Two-dimensional numerical modeling and geological and geophysical constraints from ancient and modern magmatic arcs demonstrate that magmatic heat advection is sufficient to produce low-pressure metamorphic belts in many areas, and that it is apparently necessary in some areas. In the western United States and other areas, regionally extensive low-pressure facies-series metamorphism (LPM) occurs where intrusions form >∼50% of the upper crust. Numerical models indicate that coalescence of thermal aureoles from multiple felsic intrusions can produce regionally extensive LPM where the abundance of intrusions exceeds ∼50%. This effect does not depend strongly on the rate of emplacement; LPM results even with complete cooling between intrusions. Models with geologically reasonable emplacement rates show that in an active magmatic arc, temperatures are near metamorphic maxima for only a small fraction of the time. Arc magmatism cannot sustain widespread thermal gradients of the magnitude indicated by the final distribution of LPM, a result consistent with heat-flow data in active arcs. Low-pressure metamorphic belts can thus develop through numerous local, short-lived metamorphic events while most of the crust remains considerably cooler. Metamorphic maxima largely depend on the biggest nearby intrusion; emplacement rates and other heat sources affect mainly the magnitude, not the distribution of metamorphism. A simulation based on the distribution and U-Pb geochronometry of the composite Sierra Nevada batholith compares favorably with the observed distribution of metamorphic grades and temperature histories; coeval medium-pressure facies-series metamorphism to the east of the batholith requires a different mechanism. Predicted surface heat flow is qualitatively similar in magnitude and distribution to that measured in modern arcs. Sequential intrusions can produce brief ( 10 km) uplift, and evidence for moderate over-all paleothermal gradients require high-level advection of heat. This model of relatively cool crust punctuated by local, short-lived thermal events differs significantly from the image of a broad, uniform thermal maximum that might be drawn from the spatial distribution of LPM; it has implications for crustal deformation igneous petrogenesis, and the interpretation of high metamorphic gradients in Archean terranes.
The Development of a Measure of Intersectoral Connectedness by Using Structural Path Analysis

In this study we analyze the changes that take place in intersectoral linkages in the process of diversification, and the roles of sectors in such changes. Data from input—output and structural path analysis are utilized to develop indices that can be used for assessing the connectedness of sectors (and industries within sectors) in any economy. In addition, measures are developed for quantifying linkages, and the economic influence transmitted by them, that are sensitive to structural change over space and time. The indices are then used to examine the relationship between sectoral diversity, linkages, and development by analyzing the economic relationships between sectors in the form of intersectoral linkages of six planning districts in Virginia, in addition to the economies of the State of Virginia and the USA. On the basis of these analyses, it is concluded that:(a)contrary to Hirschman's suggestion that the complexity of linkages increased with industrial diversification, the results suggest that di...
Preparation and thermal studies of chloride containing cerous carbonate compounds

Abstract Two chloride containing cerous carbonate compounds, formulated as Ce3Cl(CO3)4 and Ce4Cl(OH)3(CO3)4, have been synthesized by carbonation of cerous oxychloride in pyridine/H2O mixtures at elevated temperatures. Pyridinium chloride has been identified as a reaction product. These compounds have been characterized by IR spectral and X-ray diffraction techniques. Thermal decomposition studies indicate that the final solid product at 873 K in the absence of steam is a mixture of ceric oxide and cerous oxychloride, the amount of each being dependent upon the Cl−/Ce ratio in the initial compound. The thermal reaction pathway of both compounds involves initial decomposition to cerous dioxymonocarbonate and cerous oxychloride with concomitant carbon dioxide evolution. The cerous dioxymonocarbonate subsequently oxidizes at higher temperature to ceric oxide via carbon monoxide evolution. The utility of these new cerium(III) chlorocarbonate phases in heat cycles for water splitting is discussed.
Active learning for advanced students: The Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling graduate summer school

Abstract In recent years there has been considerable research in undergraduate physics education regarding the application to classroom instruction of techniques that are generally referred to as active engagement techniques. However, in very few cases have such pedagogical strategies been applied to graduate-level instruction. In this paper we describe an innovative application of a variety of active engagement techniques at the graduate summer school conducted by the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling, a Science and Technology Center funded by the National Science Foundation. We believe that the model presented here can serve as a valuable guide to other group contemplating space physics education at all levels, as well as graduate education generally.
A Case Study of Urban Particle Acidity and Its Influence on Secondary Organic Aerosol

Size-resolved indicators of aerosol acidity, including H+ ion concentrations (H+Aer) and the ratio of stoichiometric neutralization are evaluated in submicrometer aerosols using highly time-resolved aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data from Pittsburgh. The pH and ionic strength within the aqueous particle phase are also estimated using the Aerosol Inorganics Model (AIM). Different mechanisms that contribute to the presence of acidic particles in Pittsburgh are discussed. The largest H+Aer loadings and lowest levels of stoichiometric neutralization were detected when PM1 loadings were high and dominated by SO4(2-). The average size distribution of H+Aer loading shows an accumulation mode at Dva approximately 600 nm and an enhanced smaller mode that centers at Dva approximately 200 nm and tails into smaller sizes. The acidity in the accumulation mode particles suggests that there is generally not enough gas-phase NH3 available on a regional scale to completely neutralize sulfate in Pittsburgh. The lack of stoichiometric neutralization in the 200 nm mode particles is likely caused by the relatively slow mixing of gas-phase NH3 into SO2-rich plumes containing younger particles. We examined the influence of particle acidity on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation by comparing the mass concentrations and size distributions of oxygenated organic aerosol (00A--surrogate for SOA in Pittsburgh) during periods when particles are, on average, acidic to those when particles are bulk neutralized. The average mass concentration of ODA during the acidic periods (3.1 +/- 1.7 microg m(-3)) is higher than that during the neutralized periods (2.5 +/- 1.3 microg m(-3)). Possible reasons for this enhancement include increased condensation of SOA species, acid-catalyzed SOA formation, and/or differences in air mass transport and history. However, even if the entire enhancement (approximately 0.6 microg m(-3)) can be attributed to acid catalysis, the upperbound increase of SOA mass in acidic particles is approximately 25%, an enhancement that is much more moderate than the multifold increases in SOA mass observed during some lab studies and inferred in SO2-rich industrial plumes. In addition, the mass spectra of OOA from these two periods are almost identical with no discernible increase in relative signal intensity at larger m/z's (>200 amu), suggesting that the chemical nature of SOA is similar during acidic and neutralized periods and that there is no significant enhancement of SOA oligomer formation during acidic particle periods in Pittsburgh.
Terrorism as theater: Analysis and policy implications

In some regards the production of terrorism resembles the production of culture, especially television and theater. Terrorism is a spectacle produced for viewers, many of whom live apart from the violent staged events. Spectacular theater and the telling of memorable stories are inputs for fundraising and motivating subsequent terrorists. This understanding of terrorist motivation has concrete policy implications.
Ion concentration homeostasis and the regulation of neuronal firing activity: the role of cation-chloride cotransporters

Ion concentration homeostasis is essential for normal neuronal functions and its changes can underlie different pathological conditions including seizures. However the mechanisms of these processes are poorly understood. Studying the dynamical and biophysical mechanisms of regulation of neuronal intra- and extra-cellular ion concentrations is important for the development of methods to treat neurological disorders. We constructed a conductance-based neuron model [1], which includes dynamic variables representing the intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+ concentrations. In this model, the Na+ and K+ concentrations are affected by sodium, potassium, and leak currents, Na+-K+ pump current, an uptake of potassium ions by glial current, and potassium diffusion. The leak current is represented by the sum of sodium, potassium and chloride leaks. The concentrations couple to the membrane voltage equations via the Nernst reversal potentials. The model also contains a voltage-gated calcium current and a simple model for the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. The model produces slow and large-amplitude oscillations in ion concentrations similar to oscillations observable during seizures or seizure-like activity in vitro. We extended this model to include Cl- concentration dynamics. In the nervous system, the intracellular Cl- ion concentration (Cl-]i) determines the strength and polarity of GABAergic neurotransmission. This concentration is maintained by the activity of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). We explored in a computational study the roles of two CCCs (the NA-K-2Cl cotransporter, NKCC1, and the K-Cl cotransporter, KCC2) in ion concentration homeostasis and in the generation of pathological oscillatory activity in neurons. Our computational studies show that reciprocal changes in the expression of NKCC1 (which elevates [Cl]i) and KCC2 (which decreases [Cl-]i) can change Cl- reversal potential (ECl) and significantly alter the effects of GABAA receptor (GABAAR) mediated inhibitory input. Under certain circumstances, this can evoke or prevent seizure-like activity, and we investigate dynamical and biophysical mechanisms of these phenomena. The model suggests that regulatory abilities of CCCs are increased with increasing GABAARs activation. Both simulated elevation of concentration of extracellular potassium ion ([K+]o,∞) and NA-K-2Cl cotransporter activity promote seizure-like activity. Our studies show that developmental regulation of expression of NKCC1 and KCC2, in conjunction with concentration dynamics, can alter Cl- electrochemical gradient and strength and polarity of GABAA neurotransmission. The computational studies corroborate that CCCs are potential targets for treatment of neurological diseases, which involve dysfunctions in intracellular ion concentration homeostasis.
Correct and spurious calibration of the Oxicom oximeter.

Oxicom™ oximeters are widely used in cardiac catheterization laboratories. To calibrate the Oxicom oximeter, samples of oxygenated and deoxygenated whole blood are first analyzed on a CO-Oximeter, and then the Oxicom is adjusted to agree with the CO-Oximeter's readings. Subsequently, the Oxicom's calibration is confirmed at frequent intervals by taking readings from a white plastic stick that is inserted into the instrument to simulate a blood sample. The data in this report demonstrate that the readings from the white plastic “test simulator” failed to detect an out-of-calibration condition. By contrast, when the Oxicom was carefully adjusted to agree with a CO-Oximeter's readings on arterial and venous blood, a linear calibration curve resulted, and the Oxicom achieved its specified accuracy (2.5%). The precautions necessary to calibrate the Oxicom correctly are enumerated in the text. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developing Global Segments and Forecasting Market Shares: A Simultaneous Approach Using Survey Data:

Managers who introduce a new product into the global market must answer critical questions about market size, market responsiveness, and segmentation strategy. Current methods provide a piecemeal a...
Carbon nanotube growth from ion-implanted catalyst by chemical vapor deposition

We present experimental evidence that iron ions implanted into silicon/silicon dioxide substrates form nanoscale islands during subsequent annealing, which act as catalyst for nanotube chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth. We have implanted Fe+ ions into thermally grown SiO2 layers on silicon substrates with an energy of 60 keV and a dose of 1015 cm-2. Using this implanted catalyst, we have then grown carbon nanotubes by CVD at 900°C with methane as the precursor gas. We have characterized the catalyst islands and the grown carbon nanotubes by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. The diameters of carbon nanotubes we have grown from ion implanted catalyst in this work are much smaller than those reported previously. The presence of small diameter nanotubes implies single-walled nanotube (SWNT) growth. The height distribution of the catalyst islands correlates very well with the diameter distribution of nanotubes. This is consistent with previous work which has found evidence that nanotube diameter depends strongly on the size of the catalyst particles. Since ion-implantation can be easily masked by lithography, this technique of nucleating nanotube growth opens up the possibility of controlling the origin of nanotubes at the nanometer scale over high aspect ratio topography. This technique also has the advantage that it can easily be integrated with silicon processing, and scaled to larger substrates.
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic “Tug of War” During Cloning: Effects of Somatic Cell Nuclei on Culture Medium Preferences of Preimplantation Cloned Mouse Embryos

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is critically dependent upon early events that occur immediately after nuclear transfer, and possibly additional events that occur in the cleaving embryo. Embryo culture conditions have not been optimized for cloned embryos, and the effects of culture conditions on these early events and the successful initiation of clonal development have not been examined. To evaluate the possible effect of culture conditions on early cloned embryo development, we have compared a number of different culture media, either singly or in sequential combinations, for their ability to support preimplantation development of clones produced using cumulus cell nuclei. We find that glucose is beneficial during the 1-cell stage when CZB medium is employed. We also find that potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM), which is optimized to support efficient early cleavage divisions in mouse embryos, does not support development during the 1-cell or 2-cell stages in the cloned embryos as well as other media. Glucose-supplemented CZB medium (CZB-G) supports initial development to the 2-cell stage very well, but does not support later cleavage stages as well as Whittten medium or KSOM. Culturing cloned embryos either entirely in Whitten medium or initially in Whittens medium and then changing to KSOM at the late 4-cell/early 8-cell stage produces consistent production of blastocysts at a greater frequency than using CZB-G medium alone. The combination of Whitten medium followed by KSOM resulted in an increased number of cells per blastocyst. Because normal embryos do not require glucose during the early cleavage stages and develop efficiently in all of the media employed, these results reveal unusual culture medium requirements that are indicative of altered physiology and metabolism in the cloned embryos. The relevance of this to understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming and to the eventual improvement of the overall success in cloning is discussed.
Cricket wing movements during stridulation

Abstract High-speed motion picture analysis of the stridulatory behaviour of crickets suggests that the opening stroke of the wings during stridulation is homologous with the downstroke of the wings during insect flight. Correlation of the stridulatory wing movements with the song which was simultaneously recorded showed that the main chirps occurred during wing closing.
Key Residues of S. flexneri OmpA Mediate Infection by Bacteriophage Sf6

Many viruses, including bacteriophage, have the inherent ability to utilize several types of proteinaceous receptors as an attachment mechanism to infect cells, yet the molecular mechanisms that drive receptor binding have not been elucidated. Using bacteriophage Sf6 and its host, Shigella flexneri, we investigated how Sf6 utilizes outer membrane protein A (OmpA) for infection. Specifically, we identified that surface loops of OmpA mediate Shigella infection. We further characterized which residues in the surface loops are responsible for Sf6 binding and productive infection using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches including site-directed mutagenesis, phage plaque assays, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and in vitro genome ejection assays. Our data indicate that Sf6 can productively interact with other bacterial OmpAs as long as they share homology in loops 2 and 4, suggesting that these loops may determine host specificity. Our data provide a model in which Sf6 interacts with OmpA using the surface of the protein and new insights into viral attachment through binding to membrane protein receptors.
Response of elastic solids to a moving discontinuity

Abstract The high frequency radiation from a nonuniformly moving discontinuity in an elastic solid is obtained. The discontinuity is modelled as a supersonic Somigliana screw dislocation and the analysis is made through use of the stationary phase method. Inversion of the dominant high frequency terms into the time domain gives the elastic motion at the shock-front and shear-front as well as an approximate closed form solution for all time. The dynamic displacement discontinuity of the dislocation is of the form, δu z = U(ξ)ƒ[t −t R (ξ)] . Simple forms of Δu z have been treated previously in the literature, so that this work also presents some comparisons with these earlier efforts.