cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Low-/Intermediate-Risk Node Negative Thyroid Cancer: A Single-Institution Study Using Propensity Matching Analysis to Compare Thyroid Lobectomy and Total Thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND The approach for surgical treatment of patients with low-/intermediate-risk T1T2N0/Nx well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC)-total thyroidectomy (TT) versus thyroid lobectomy (TL)-remains a controversial topic. Conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) would be the gold standard to address this issue. However, this is challenging due to excellent survival outcomes and therefore high number of patients and long-term follow-up that would be required. As an alternative to RCT, we have used propensity score (PS) matching to determine if T1T2N0/Nx patients selected to have thyroid lobectomy had equivalent outcomes to a similar group treated with total thyroidectomy. METHODS After IRB approval, a database of 6,259 patients with WDTC treated with primary surgery at our institution between 1985-2016 was analysed to identify patients with T1T2N0/Nx cancers. Of 3,756 patients identified, 943 were managed by TL and 2,813 by TT. To control for possible confounders and reduce potential bias, we selected age, sex, histology, iodine 131 therapy, ATA risk, and AJCC stage as our PS matching criteria. Subsequently, 918 TL patients were successfully matched with 918 TT patients. The Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical covariates and the Student's t-test was used for comparison of continuous variables between the two groups. Disease-specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS After PS matching, there were no significant differences between TL and TT patients for OS (10-year OS: 92.2% vs. 91.3%, p=0.9668), DSS (10-year DSS: 100% vs. 99.1%, p=0.1967), or RFS (10-year RFS: 99.5% vs. 98.3%, p=0.079). CONCLUSIONS For low-/intermediate-risk patients with intrathyroidal thyroid cancer less than 4 cm, patients selected for TL have similar survival outcomes to a comparable group treated by TT.
Cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins in malignant transformation.

Publisher Summary Several lines of evidence suggest that glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are involved in growth control. In accordance with this hypothesis, cell transformation always results in a variety of alterations in different classes of GSL. Only certain of these transformation-associated GSL changes correlate with tumor genesis and metastasis. GSL changes associated with malignancy do not stop at the first stage of a transforming event, but continue on as a cascade of changes with progression of the malignancy. Changes in GSL composition of transformed cells seem to occur not only at the surface membrane, but also at other inner membranes where GSLs are localized. The altered GSL composition seen in transformed cell membrane is due to a repression of glycosyltransferases and probably is mediated by an increase in catabolism as well. These transformation-associated changes in membrane GSL often result in an antigenic change and several tumor-associated GSL antigens are described in various tumor tissues. It also introduces malignant transformation, which also results in various glycoproteins (GP) changes. Malignant transformation also results in various GP changes. These include a loss of fibronectin that binds to collagen, proteoglycans, and gangliosides and acts as an intercellular matrix GP. Therefore, the loss of fibronectin might result in a release of tumor cells from the site of origin.
Bacterial Resistance to the Synergistic Antibiotics of the PA 114, Streptogramin, and Vernamycin Complexes

Abstract A mutant of Bacillus subtilis was isolated that was resistant to the growth inhibitory activity of the synergistic antibiotics of the PA 114, streptogramin, and vernamycin complexes. Escherichia coli is naturally resistant to the action of these antibiotics. In both cases, it was shown that resistance was due to an inability of the bacteria to transport the antibiotics into the cell.
Molecules and methods for super-resolution imaging.

By looking at a fluorescently labeled structure one molecule at a time, it is possible to side-step the optical diffraction limit and obtain “super-resolution” images of small nanostructures. In the Moerner Lab, we seek to develop both molecules and methods to extend super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Methodologies and protocols for designing and characterizing fluorophores with switchable fluorescence required for super-resolution imaging are reported. These fluorophores include azido-DCDHF molecules, covalently linked Cy3–Cy5 dimers, and also the first example of a photoswitchable fluorescent protein, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP). The imaging of protein superstructures in living Caulobacter crescentus bacteria is used as an example of the power of super-resolution imaging by single-molecule photoswitching to extract information beyond the diffraction limit. Finally, a new method is described for obtaining three-dimensional super-resolution information using a double-helix point-spread function.
Eulerian path methods for multiple sequence alignment

With the rapid increase in the size of genome sequence databases, the multiple sequence alignment problem is increasingly important and often requires the alignment of a large number of sequences. Beginning in 1975, many heuristic algorithms have been created to improve the speed of computation and the quality of alignment. We introduce a novel approach that is fundamentally distinct from all currently available methods. Our motivation comes from the Eulerian method for fragment assembly in DNA sequence determination, that transforms all the DNA sequencing fragments into a de Bruijn graph and then reduces sequence assembly to a Eulerian path problem.
Identification of negative and positive regulatory elements in the rat α1(I) collagen gene promoter

Abstract Type I collagen is the main constituent of extracellular matrix found in various organs including the heart. Under some pathological conditions accumulation of excess type I collagen in the interstitium leads to organ dysfunction. In order to identify the regulatory elements in the rat α1(I) collagen gene promoter, deletions were made in the promoter region. Various plasmid constructs were transfected into different fibroblasts using LipofectAMINE. The results indicated a negative cis-element between nucleotides − 310 to − 440 in the rat α1(I) collagen gene promoter. Presence of this sequence significantly diminished the reporter gene activity. In addition we have observed that the sequence between − 220 to − 330 contained a positively acting cis-element, which is highly active in rat fibroblasts. Analysis of the nuclear factors binding to the negative element by electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that similar or identical factors are present in different fibroblasts as well as human HeLa cells and that these factors appear to bind to a composite sequence within − 325 to − 400. Competition with different oligonucleotides suggested that two distinct but contiguous sequence motifs may constitute the negative regulatory element. Our results with the rat α1(I) collagen promoter confirm the presence of a negative cis-element previously described for the mouse promoter and provided additional information on the bipartite nature of this element.
Hematocrit and plasma osmolality values of young-of-year shortnose sturgeon following acute exposures to combinations of salinity and temperature

Little is known about the physiological capabilities of young-of-year (YOY) shortnose sturgeon. In this study, plasma osmolality and hematocrit values were measured for YOY shortnose sturgeon following 48-h exposures to 12 different combinations of salinity and temperature. Hematocrit levels varied significantly with temperature and age, and plasma osmolalities varied significantly with salinity and age. Plasma osmolality and hematocrit values were similar to previously published values for other sturgeons of similar age and size in similar treatment conditions.
Alternative parametrization of R-matrix theory

An alternative parametrization of $\mathit{R}$-matrix theory is presented which is mathematically equivalent to the standard approach, but possesses features that simplify the fitting of experimental data. In particular, there are no level shifts and no boundary-condition constants which allow the positions and partial widths of an arbitrary number of levels to be easily fixed in an analysis. These alternative parameters can be converted to standard $\mathit{R}$-matrix parameters by a straightforward matrix diagonalization procedure. In addition, it is possible to express the collision matrix directly in terms of the alternative parameters.
Human papillomavirus detection and utility of testing

Abstract Screening for cervical cancer remains an important health and economic concern in the United States and throughout the world. Molecular and epidemiologic studies have solidified the association between infection with high-risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cervical cancer has a well-demonstrated pre-malignant phase of many years, which allows early detection and intervention. Pap smear cytology has been the basis of cervical cancer screening programs, but it suffers from low sensitivity. Tests have been developed that detect high-risk HPV DNA in cervical samples with high sensitivity. Large-scale studies have shown the utility of HPV DNA testing in the management of women with Pap smear results showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. New screening options include testing for high-risk HPV DNA in combination with cytology. Clinical trials and cost-modeling studies are also under way to evaluate the use of HPV detection alone as the primary screening test. The recent introduction of an HPV vaccine may also eventually impact screening algorithms.
The HIV-1 coat protein gp120 regulates CXCR4-mediated signaling in neural progenitor cells.

We demonstrate that hCD4-primed gp120IIIB interacts with CXCR4 receptors expressed by postnatal mouse neural progenitor cells and elicits robust Ca2+ signals. The chemokine SDF-1 acted as a chemoattractant and a mitogenic stimulus for these neural progenitor cells. Although hCD4/gp120 was not able to produce chemoattraction or increase proliferaton, it completely blocked the ability of SDF-1 to produce these effects. Thus, gp120 can act both as an agonist and de facto antagonist of CXCR4-mediated signaling in neural progenitor cells. It is possible that the ability of hCD4/gp120 to block SDF-1 signaling in neural progenitors may contribute to the neuropathological effects of HIV-1.
MAXIMA IN RATE-CONCENTRATION CURVES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF CELLULAR METABOLISM.

1. Reproducible maxima are exhibited in the rate-concentration curves obtained by studying the effects of ethyl- and phenylurethanes on regeneration rates of hydranths in Tubularia . 2. The general problem of maxima in rate-concentration curves is analyzed in terms of reaction kinetics of relatively simple systems. 3. Certain systems were shown to exhibit this phenomenon. A comparison is made of these with similar ones which fail to do so. 4. The possible role in this phenomenon of cellular structure and its attendant geometrical constraints is discussed in terms of the above comparison.
The Reionization of Unshocked Ejecta in SN1006

The fortuitous positioning of the Schweizer and Middleditch OB subdwarf behind SN1006 has permitted the detection and subsequent confirmation by IUE of broad (±5000 km/s) Fe II absorption features which probably arise from unshocked iron ejecta in the center of SN1006. The mass of detected Fe II, ∽0.012 M ⊙ , is however only 1/25 of the ∽0.3 M ⊙ of Fe within ±5000 km/s predicted by carbon deflagration models. IR and optical observations exclude any appreciable iron in grains or Fe I, but high ion stages, Fe III and up, oould be present. Promising mechanisms for ionizing the unshocked iron in SN1006 include the radioactive decay of 44 Ti, and photoionization by UV and X-ray emission from the reverse shock. Although the photoionization model works, insofar as it permits as much as 0.2 M ⊙ of unshocked iron in the center of SN1006, agreement with the IUE data requires that the ejecta density profile be flatter, less centrally concentrated, than the W7 deflagration model of Nomoto, Thielemann, and Yokoi.
Heat conduction from a spherical nano-particle : status of modeling heat conduction in laser-induced incandescence

Laser-induced incandescence (LII) of nano-second pulsed laser heated nano-particles has been developed into a popular technique for characterizing concentration and size of particles suspended in a gas and continues to draw increased research attention. Heat conduction is in general the dominant particle cooling mechanism after the laser pulse. Accurate calculation of the particle cooling rate is essential for accurate analysis of LII experimental data. Modelling of particle conduction heat loss has often been flawed. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the heat conduction modelling practice in the LII literature and an overview of the physics of heat conduction loss from a single spherical particle in the entire range of Knudsen number with emphasis on the transition regime. Various transition regime models developed in the literature are discussed with their accuracy evaluated against direct simulation Monte Carlo results under different particle-to-gas temperature ratios. The importance of accounting for the variation of the thermal properties of the surrounding gas between the gas temperature and the particle temperature is demonstrated. Effects of using these heat conduction models on the inferred particle diameter or the thermal accommodation coefficient are also evaluated. The popular McCoy and Cha model is extensively discussed and evaluated. Based on its superior accuracy in the entire transition regime and even under large particle-to-gas temperature ratios, the Fuchs boundary-sphere model is recommended for modeling particle heat conduction cooling in LII applications.
Leg pairs as virtual wheels

We propose the use of virtual wheels as the starting point of a new vehicle design. Each virtual wheel incorporates a pair of simple legs that, by simulating the rotary motion and ground contact of a traditional wheel, combine many of the benefits of legged and wheeled motion. We describe the use of virtual wheels in the design of a robotic mule, presenting an analysis of the mule's mobility the results of our efforts to model and build such a device.
Optimization of Part Wall Thicknesses to Reduce Warpage of Injection-Molded Parts Based on The Modified Complex Method

Abstract The objective of this work is to minimize warpage of injection-molded parts by deliberately varying each part wall thickness within prescribed dimensional tolerance. The continuous design space of wall thicknesses is explored in search of the optimum wall thickness for given process conditions. The objective function to be minimized is the numeric warpage value, which requires extensive computational time. Once the wall thicknesses are optimized, the warpage is reduced further by optimizing the six significant process variables: injection time, postfill (cooling plus packing) time, packing time, packing pressure, melt temperature, and coolant temperature. As a solution methodology, the modified complex method has been developed and applied in two example parts, where a reduction in warpage of over 70% has been obtained with a moderate number of function evaluations.
Terminal ventriculostomy as an adjuvant treatment of complex syringomyelia: a case report and review of the literature

Complex syringomyelia is multifactorial, and treatment strategies are highly individualized. In refractory cases, sectioning of the filum terminale, also known as terminal ventriculostomy, has been described as a potential adjuvant treatment to alleviate syrinx progression. A 10-year-old boy with a history of arachnoiditis presented with complex syringomyelia, progressive lower extremity motor weakness, and spasticity. Previously, he had failed spinal cord detethering and direct syrinx shunting. Imaging studies demonstrated a holocord syrinx extending to the level of his conus medullaris and into the filum terminale. The patient underwent an uncomplicated lumbar laminectomy and transection of the filum terminale. Operative pathologic specimens demonstrated a dilated central canal within the filum. Postoperative imaging demonstrated significant reduction in the diameter of the syrinx. At follow-up, the patient’s motor symptoms had improved. Terminal ventriculostomy may be a useful adjuvant in treating caudally placed syringes refractory to other treatments. This procedure carries low neurological risk and involves no hardware implantation. In select cases, terminal ventriculostomy may help preserve neurological function in the face of otherwise progressive syringomyelia.
Evoked Potential Correlates of Signal Recognition between and within Modalities

Electrical responses evoked by clicks, flashes, changes in noise level, and changes in light level were recorded from the scalps of human subjects set to detect one of the stimuli. An early negative component of the evoked responses reflects selection between sensory modalities, whereas the later positive component reflects a more complex intramodal discrimination.
Comparing the dynamics of skyrmions and superconducting vortices

Abstract Vortices in type-II superconductors have attracted enormous attention as ideal systems in which to study nonequilibrium collective phenomena, since the self-ordering of the vortices competes with quenched disorder and thermal effects. Dynamic effects found in vortex systems include depinning, nonequilibrium phase transitions, creep, structural order–disorder transitions, and melting. Understanding vortex dynamics is also important for applications of superconductors which require the vortices either to remain pinned or to move in a controlled fashion. Recently, topological defects called skyrmions have been realized experimentally in chiral magnets. Here we highlight similarities and differences between skyrmion dynamics and vortex dynamics. Many of the previous ideas and experimental setups that have been applied to superconducting vortices can also be used to study skyrmions. We also discuss some of the differences between the two systems, such as the potentially large contribution of the Magnus force in the skyrmion system that can dramatically alter the dynamics and transport properties.
Trace element abundances in megacrysts and their host basalts: Constraints on partition coefficients and megacryst genesis

Rare earth and other trace element abundances are determined in megacrysts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, mica, anorthoclase, apatite and zircon, as well as their host basalts, in an effort to gather data on mineral/melt trace element partitioning during the high pressure petrogenesis of basic rocks. Phase equilibria, major element partitioning and isotopic ratio considerations indicate that while most of the pyroxene and amphibole megacrysts may have been in equilibrium with their host magmas at high pressures, mica, anorthoclase, apatite, and zircon megacrysts are unlikely to have formed in equilibrium with their host basalts. It is instead concluded that they were precipitated from more evolved magmas, and have been mixed into their present hosts.
A Rapid Technique for Measuring Breakdown Rate of Hardseededness in Subterranean Clover

An impermeable seedcoat or hardseededness is the most important germination regulation mechanism in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Hardseededness breakdown rate has been evaluated by exposing hard seed to fluctuating temperature (60/15 o C) for 6 mo. Our objective was to compare four methods for evaluating breakdown rates of hardseededness from four subterranean clover cultivars and to determine it the Weibull model accurately described the loss of hardseededness with time. The Weibull model accurately described the loss of hardseededness with time of 24 legume genotypes with diverse softening rates from data reported in the literature. Hard seed from greenhouse-grown plants of «Nungarin», «Meteora», «Trikkala»,and «Mount Barker» were tested for hardseededness breakdown rate in 1988 and 1989 (.)
Equi-density surfaces in synchronously rotating close binaries built on polytropic model nu = 3

A direct numerical method, involving no perturbational procedures, is described and used for the computation of the surfaces of constant potential, pressure and density in synchronously rotating close binaries with both components built on polytropic model ν=3.
PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL SYSTEM DURING GROWTH OF A TRANSPLANTABLE PITUITARY TUMOR AND AFTER TUMOR REMOVAL.

The adrenal glands of rats bearing transplantable pituitary tumors are enlarged up to 10 times normal size due to very high blood levels of ACTH. Such enlarged adrenals have adrenal ascorbic acid levels (AAA) of 160–200 mg/100 g of adrenal weight, which is not minimal. The blood level of corticosterone (B) is only 60–70 μg/100 ml of plasma, which is not maximal. The AAA and B values are not altered by various stresses or by injection of ACTH, epinephrine, or Pitressin. The enlarged adrenals respond to ACTH in the in vitro Saffran-Schally assay with a slope one fourth that of a normal adrenal gland. The pituitary gland of the host rat atrophies to less than 50% of normal weight as the adrenal and tumor weights increase. After tumor removal the pituitary and the enlarged adrenals recover, so that there is partial responsiveness to stress in 24 hr and complete responsiveness in about 10 days, but the pituitary weight is not yet normal after 14 days. These data suggest that the prolactin and growth hormone pr...
Spinal Surgery and Implants

Provide an introduction and overview of the major aspects and challenges of bringing a new spinal implant or product from concept to market.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
CUMULATIVE ADVERTISING EFFECTS: THE ROLE OF SERIAL CORRELATION; A REPLY

In a recent paper, Houston and Weiss applied a non-linear estimation procedure to a serial correlation model of advertising effect. Although the methodology is interesting, their conclusions, based on the annual Lydia Pinkham data, are in error. This paper locates the source of the error and corrects the conclusions. It also applies the Houston and Weiss methodology to the monthly Lydia Pinkham data with interesting results.
The dynamic structure of lee wave flow as obtained from balloon and airplane observations

Abstract The lee flow disturbances produced by the Front Range of the Colorado Rockies have been quantitatively observed in a continuing program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The results of midtroposphere constant-volume ballon and aircraft flights in the winter of 1966/67 are here presented. The relative merits and limitations of the two methods are compared with respect to various operational and inherent phenomenological difficulties of the subject. The nonstationarity of many flow features is inescapable and poses serious problems for data evaluation and theory. Schematically, we distinguish between smooth, wavy, and hydraulic jump-type flow patterns, but also observe some cases that do not fit well into any of these categories. The stronger stationary wave features can be compared with the “stable” resonance modes computed from stationary linear theory, that is, those modes which are insensitive to small changes in the upstream flow. The frequent occurrence of erratic and nonstatio...
Design and Analysis of Incomplete Multitrait-Multimethod Studies from a Multiplicative Perspective.

The composite direct product (CDP) model is a multiplicative model for multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) designs. It is extended to incomplete MTMM correlation matrices where some trait-method combinations are not available. Rules for omitting trait-method combinations without resulting in an indeterminate model are also suggested. Maximum likelihood estimation and the log absolute correlation procedure are used to fit the model, and are found to yield similar results. The balanced incomplete MTMM design tends to yield more accurate estimates than the randomly missing design.
Economic returns to community and four-year college education

Abstract Differences in earning ability among college entrants 10 years after high school graduation are analyzed by type of first college entered, sex, and race. The average age of the sample is 27. Type of first college entered is a significant variable in understanding differences in earning ability for college entrants with ability, socioeconomic background, and college goal constant. The rate of return for each additional year of education for four-year college entrants is 7.9%; for community college entrants, 5.4%. The author argues that community college education and four-year college education cannot properly be treated as homogeneous and that researchers analyzing economic returns to education need to take into account both kind of first college entered as well as the number of years of education acquired.
Superficial spreading adenocarcinoma of appendix, cecum, and terminal ileum

A case of superficial spreading adenocarcinoma involving terminal ileum, appendix and cecum is presented. The tumor might primarily arise from the proximal part of the appendix with extension to the cecum and terminal ileum, although multicentric origin of the tumor cannot be excluded. The mechanism underlying superficial infiltration of the tumor is through close contact and intramucosal lymphatic spread.
β-Galactosidase: α-complementation of a deletion mutant with cyanogen bromide peptides☆

Abstract Peptides produced by cleavage of aminoethyl β-galactosidase with cyanogen bromide complement extracts of M15, a mutant with a deletion in the α region of the z gene. Determinations by gel filtration and acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate show that the active fraction is in the molecular weight range of 8–11,000. Peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of crude extracts of strains with intact a regions also complement with M15. In contrast, cyanogen bromide peptides from M15 and from an uninduced wild-type strain do not complement.
On the development of a coupled regional climate–vegetation model RCM–CLM–CN–DV and its validation in Tropical Africa

This paper presents a regional climate system model RCM–CLM–CN–DV and its validation over Tropical Africa. The model development involves the initial coupling between the ICTP regional climate model RegCM4.3.4 (RCM) and the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) including models of carbon–nitrogen dynamics (CN) and vegetation dynamics (DV), and further improvements of the models. Model improvements derive from the new parameterization from CLM4.5 that addresses the well documented overestimation of gross primary production (GPP), a refinement of stress deciduous phenology scheme in CN that addresses a spurious LAI fluctuation for drought-deciduous plants, and the incorporation of a survival rule into the DV model to prevent tropical broadleaf evergreens trees from growing in areas with a prolonged drought season. The impact of the modifications on model results is documented based on numerical experiments using various subcomponents of the model. The performance of the coupled model is then validated against observational data based on three configurations with increasing capacity: RCM–CLM with prescribed leaf area index and fractional coverage of different plant functional types (PFTs); RCM–CLM–CN with prescribed PFTs coverage but prognostic plant phenology; RCM–CLM–CN–DV in which both the plant phenology and PFTs coverage are simulated by the model. Results from these three models are compared against the FLUXNET up-scaled GPP and ET data, LAI and PFT coverages from remote sensing data including MODIS and GIMMS, University of Delaware precipitation and temperature data, and surface radiation data from MVIRI and SRB. Our results indicate that the models perform well in reproducing the physical climate and surface radiative budgets in the domain of interest. However, PFTs coverage is significantly underestimated by the model over arid and semi-arid regions of Tropical Africa, caused by an underestimation of LAI in these regions by the CN model that gets exacerbated through vegetation dynamics in RCM–CLM–CN–DV.
History of Research Centers and Professional Hypnosis Societies in the United States

Abstract The brief history of hypnosis in America begins with William James's chapter in his Principles of Psychology that got hypnosis off to a good start as a legitimate part of psychology. In the 20th century, before World War II, the idea of performing scientific investigations of hypnosis took place at Harvard University through William McDougall, at the University of Wisconsin and Yale University under Clark Hull, and, in its clinical aspects particularly, through the personal efforts of Milton H. Erickson. The resurgence after World War II is related to the use of hypnosis with war casualties during the war and with the development of clinical psychology. The aspects of the history emphasized here are the founding of continuing institutes and research centers, some theoretical cleavages that have persisted to this day, and the establishment of hypnosis societies with their journals, annual meetings, and workshops, including an International Society of Hypnosis. The history of Division 30 within the...
Intuitions about support in 4.5-month-old infants

The present experiment examined whether 4.5-month-old infants expect an object to fall when its support is removed. The infants saw two test events: a possible and an impossible event. In the possible event, a hand deposited a box fully on a platform and then withdrew, leaving the box supported by the platform. In the impossible event, the hand deposited the box beyond the platform and then withdrew, leaving the box suspended in mid-air with no apparent source of support. The infants looked reliably longer at the impossible than at the possible event, suggesting that they expected the box to fall in the impossible event and were surprised that it did not. Evidence for this interpretation was provided by the results of two control conditions. In one, the box fell when released by the hand beyond the platform. In the other, the hand retained its grasp on the box throughout the events, thereby providing continuous support for it. The infants in these two conditions tended to look equally at the test events. Together, these results indicate that, like adults, 4.5-month-old infants realize that objects cannot remain stable without support.
R&D intensity and multinational involvement

Abstract This article considers the relationship between R&D intensity and multinational involvement. Estimation results suggest that previous studies adopting single equation methods may be subject to simultaneous equations bias.
Filling-In, Spatial Summation, and Radiation of Pain: Evidence for a Neural Population Code in the Nociceptive System

The receptive field organization of nociceptive neurons suggests that noxious information may be encoded by population-based mechanisms. Electrophysiological evidence of population coding mechanism...
Preliminary Structural Design Using Topology Optimization with a Comparison of Results from Gradient and Genetic Algorithm Methods

In this paper, genetic algorithm based and gradient-based topology optimization is presented in application to a real hardware design problem. Preliminary design of a planetary lander mockup structure is accomplished using these methods that prove to provide major weight savings by addressing the structural efficiency during the design cycle. This paper presents two alternative formulations of the topology optimization problem. The first is the widely-used gradient-based implementation using commercially available algorithms. The second is formulated using genetic algorithms and internally developed capabilities. These two approaches are applied to a practical design problem for hardware that has been built, tested and proven to be functional. Both formulations converged on similar solutions and therefore were proven to be equally valid implementations of the process. This paper discusses both of these formulations at a high level.
Note of caution for the research use of the Frostig test with mentally retarded children.

The importance of control of level of visual perceptual development in research designs is discussed.
Experimental models of brainstem tumors: development of a neonatal rat model.

Brainstem tumor models are required to advance the treatment for diffuse pontine gliomas in children. The feasibility of creating an experimental rodent model by inoculating newborn pups with tumor cells was examined. The study was performed to create an animal model for diffuse brainstem tumors. Eighty-two Fischer rat pups aged 12–24 h were anesthetized by hypothermia. The brainstem was injected with saline to identify anatomical coordinates for subsequent tumor cell challenges. The newborn pups were then inoculated with F98 (n=30) or 9L (n=30) glioma cells. Animals were returned to their mother for nursing. Tumor growth was assessed by survival and histopathology. Twenty-one percent of the saline-treated animals (17 out of 82) and 5% of the tumor cell-challenged pups (3 out of 60) were eliminated by their mothers. Inoculations with 9L and F98 cells produced brainstem tumors in 83% (24 out of 29) and 93% of animals (26 out of 28) respectively that were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that neonatal rat models for brainstem tumors can be prepared using known injection coordinates and orthotopic cell lines. Decreasing rates of maternal removal during the course of the work suggests that the method involves a learning curve.
Organic Solar Cells Using Nanoimprinted Transparent Metal Electrodes

Cost effective and highly efficient renewable energy is becoming ever more important in our age of rising energy prices and global climate change. Solar energy is a nonexhaustible and green energy. Organic solar cells (OSC) have the merits of low cost and simplistic fabrication in addition to compatibility with flexible plastic substrates over large areas. They have therefore been considered a promising energy conversion platform for clean and carbon-neutral energy production. In recent years, the power conversion efficiency of OSCs based on conjugated polymers has steadily increased through improved energy harvesting, enhanced exciton separation in improved device structures, and optimization of processing parameters, e.g., solvent evaporation time, and annealing conditions. Most OSCs are built on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated substrates because ITO offers transparency in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as good electrical conductivity. However, ITO is not the optimum electrode for solar cell applications as it has been reported that the band structure of ITO hinders efficient photocurrent generation. Moreover, the poor mechanical stability of ITO can cause device failure when an ITO-coated flexible substrate is bent. In addition, the limited supply of indium and the increasing demand from the rapidly expanding display market have increased the cost of ITO drastically, which potentially prevents the realization of low cost and large scale OSC fabrication. Therefore, there is a strong need to find alternative materials that can replace ITO as high transparency electrode. Some examples that have been investigated recently are nanotube networks, and Ag wire grids. In this communication, we report on high transparency metal wire grid electrodes for organic solar cell applications. The high transparency metal electrodes are fabricated by nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and have several advan-
Simulation analysis for evacuation under congested traffic scenarios: a case study

In this paper a new simulation modeling approach to support evacuation traffic management is introduced and a case study is presented. Traditional traffic simulation models neglect some real-life factors that need to be considered in an evacuation, such as the effect of road information and active control measures to manage traffic flow while vehicles are competing to find the best or preferred route. A passive equilibrium-seeking modeling approach may not be suitable for evacuation trip analysis due to limited route capacity and likely severe congestion during an evacuation. This paper introduces a new updated cell transmission model using discrete-event simulation, which can review and analyze the preferred path of evacuation traffic from multiple starting locations (or originations) to multiple destinations. Using this approach, case studies are conducted based on the user equilibrium principle, since it represents a natural behavior in an evacuation process. This research also demonstrates that, with the help of the cell transmission simulation model, an active traffic control mechanism can be evaluated. This study found that active traffic control measures are capable of decreasing total travel time during an evacuation by thousands of vehicle hours. Incorporating behavior consideration into the evacuation planning can help form a more accurate and realistic analysis of an evacuation plan.
Mineralogical and experimental evidence for very deep exhumation from subduction zones

Abstract In 1996, we proposed that the Alpe Arami lherzolite, Switzerland, contains evidence within it implying origin at a depth of greater than 300 km. Suggestion of such extraordinary depth of exhumation of these rocks has been controversial. Principal amongst the original evidence was a very high concentration of oxide precipitates in olivine. From the abundance, morphology, crystallography, and topotaxy of these oxides, it was argued that the inferred very high solubility of highly-charged cations (principally Ti and Cr) represented a previously unrecognized mantle environment and that pressures in excess of 10 GPa were the most likely explanation of the observations. We have now successfully completed high-pressure experiments to test whether there are any conditions under which olivine can dissolve the high concentrations of TiO 2 we originally inferred (>0.6 wt%). We answer the question in the affirmative for P ≥10 GPa, consistent with our hypothesis. In addition to these experimental results, we also have discovered in the same rocks exsolution lamellae of clinoenstatite in diopside. These lamellae contain antiphase domains which indicate that the originally-precipitating phase was a C2/c pyroxene; additional geologic and crystallographic observations strongly suggest that the precipitating phase was high-pressure clinoenstatite, thereby providing independent evidence of a minimum depth of origin of this massif of 250 km. To those observations, we add here exsolution of SiO 2 from omphacite of Alpe Arami eclogite. Discoveries similarly implying very great depth of exhumation of mantle rocks and/or subduction to and return from such depths are now known from other continental collision terranes. In particular, recent discovery of exsolution of pyroxenes from garnets in the peridotites of the Western Gneiss terrane of Norway provides unambiguous evidence of a very deep origin for these peridotites (>185–200 km), and discovery of microdiamonds in metasediments of the Erzgebirge of Saxony adds to the growing list of continental terranes exhumed from >100 km. Realization that such deep subduction and exhumation have occurred multiple times spanning the entire Phanerozoic strongly suggest that this phenomenon is a normal process of continental collision rather than a bizarre curiosity. Whether such exhumation is a single- or multiple-step process is an important question for future research.
Pancreatic polypeptide islet cell tumor: case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Pure pancreatic polypeptide-containing tumors (PPomas) are quite rare. Only 20 cases have been described. In this article we report a 75-year-old woman with such an endocrine islet cell tumor. The patient had no specific symptoms that could be ascribed to the tumor. An abdominal CT scan revealed a 3 cm soft tissue mass arising inferiorly from the tail of the pancreas. Local resection by way of a distal pancreatectomy was performed. A well-circumscribed hemorrhagic multiloculated mass, 3.7 cmin greatest dimension, was present in the tail of the pancreas. The patient has remained well and tumor free for the past 22 months. The endocrine characterization of the tumor was achieved by means of immunohistochemical analysis. Staining specific for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and gastrin was negative. In contrast, staining of the tumor for pancreatic polypeptide was strongly positive. A number of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas have been described. The lack of function has previously been suggested to indicate the lack of secretion of an endocrine product. This report documents that islet cell tumors may function by secreting pancreatic polypeptide but not cause symptoms.
Autotrophic Flagellates as the Major Constituent of the Oceanic Phytoplankton

ALL plankton surveys record the catches of diatoms and often of peridinians, but as a rule little mention is made of the autotrophic flagellates, though it appears quite possible that they make up the greatest proportion of the oceanic vegetation; being very minute they mostly pass through the finest silk nets. Their importance has been pointed out by Gross1, who, however, supposes their mass to be much less than that of the diatoms and peridinians.
The Role of Carotid Intimal Thickness and Plaque Imaging in Risk Stratification for Coronary Heart Disease

Improving the 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk prediction beyond its current state is important as the current risk prediction schemes classify the majority of individuals who experience an incident CHD event as low or intermediate in risk. B-mode ultrasound-based carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement and carotid plaque detection is one of the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis that has shown value in CHD risk prediction. It has been shown that adding either CIMT, plaque, or both to traditional risk prediction models improves CHD risk prediction. Carotid ultrasound-based CIMT measurement and plaque identification is noninvasive, safe, and relatively inexpensive. Recent guidelines have given CIMT and plaque-based risk prediction a class II A recommendation. This article reviews the available data related to the use of CIMT and plaque information in CHD risk prediction.
The Emotional and Educational Functioning of Children Living with Maternal HIV/AIDS and Substance Use

The rates of HIV infection among women in the U.S. have risen dramatically in the past decades, affecting not only women as individuals, but also women as mothers and caregivers. Waning maternal physical and psychological resources, coupled with poverty and possible familial substance use, place children of HIV-infected women at behavioral and developmental risk. This study compared the emotional and educational functioning of HIV-uninfected children, 6–15 years of age, living with an HIV-infected mother who used substances to a comparison group of children living with maternal substance use only. Results indicate that children whose mothers are HIV-infected and use substances have poorer emotional functioning when their mother experiences HIV-related symptoms compared to the comparison group. Paradoxically, results also indicated that target group children were significantly less likely to be rated as disruptive during the interview than the control group children. Implications for practice are discussed.
The Use of Saturated DCPD in Remineralization of Artificial Caries Lesions in vitro

Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) may play a significant role in the caries lesion since it is a stable calcium phosphate phase under acidic conditions. The reaction of DCPD and fluoride, forming fluor-apatite (FAP), may provide a potentially promising treatment regimen for remineralization of caries lesions in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a two-step DCPD and inorganic wash with fluoride can remineralize artificial caries-like lesions in vitro. We used the single-section technique to facilitate quantitation of the same tissue before and after the experimental regimen. The two-step remineralizing treatment was repeated three times and consisted of a two-minute saturated DCPD treatment (pH 2.1) followed by a 24-hour inorganic wash. Lesion parameters were recorded before and after treatment by the taking of polarized light photomicrographs of each section after imbibition in several media. The changes in the tissue following treatment were expressed as a percent change in the a...
THE EFFECT OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS ON HUMAN BRAIN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

Poliomyelitis virus I, Mahoney strain, affected human brain cells grown in tissue cultures usually causing death of the cells in 3 days. The neurons reacted in different ways to the virus, some died with their neurites extended, others contracted one or more of their neurites. Terminal bulbs were frequently formed at the tips of the neurites when they were being drawn into the cell body. The final contraction of the cell body and the change into a mass of granules were often very sudden. Vacuoles often developed in the neuron. There was no recovery. Astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and macrophages were affected by the virus but not as quickly as the neurons. The age of the tissue culture was not a factor when the cells were in good condition. The age of the individual donor of the brain tissue was a factor; the fetal brain cells appeared to be more sensitive to the virus than the adult brain cells. The fetal neurons often reacted ½ hour after inoculation while the adult neurons reacted more slowly, 2 to 24 hours after inoculation. All these changes seemed to be caused by virus infection because they were prevented by specific antiserum or by preheating the virus.
Approach to the Adult Kidney Stone Former.

Nephrolithiasis is a prevalent and costly condition with high recurrence rate. A medical evaluation to identify abnormalities responsible for nephrolithiasis and guide subsequent therapy has been advocated to reduce the risk of stone recurrence. The evaluation of kidney stone formers generally comprises an extensive medical history to identify metabolic, environmental, dietary, and/or genetic factors contributing to stone formation. Imaging studies are utilized to evaluate and follow stone burden. Laboratory studies including stone composition analysis and serum and urinary chemistries are commonly obtained to further assess for any underlying systemic disorders, to detect environmental and metabolic processes contributing to stone disease, and to guide initial and follow-up dietary and pharmacological therapy. The nature and extent of such an evaluation is discussed in this review article.