cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for The Advancement of Home Economists in The Home Equipment and Related-Product Industries

Home Economists' perceptions of and factors associated with opportunities for advancement in the home equipment and related-product industries were ana lyzed. Participants were 151 home economists employed by manufacturers of ap pliances, housewares/materials, and cleaning products who responded to a pre- tested mail questionnaire. The relationships of selected independent variables to a Success/Achievement Index were examined by analysis of variance, multiple regression, and discriminant analysis. Positive, statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationships were found between the index score and six variables: educational level, extent of formal business training, years of employment with the company, number of professional positions held in the company, years in career, and mentor/sponsor relationships. Additional factors associated with advancement opportunities are discussed, Implications of the findings for those with careers or seeking careers in these industries are presented.
Hygroscopicity of Diesel Aerosols

The hygroscopicity of aerosol particles emitted by two different diesel powered vehicles, has been studied using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA). No appreciable growth of particles from either vehicle was observed at a relative humidity greater than 99%. Depending upon the operating speeds of the engines, the number median diameter of the particles ranged from 58 to 94 nm, the smaller values corresponding to higher speeds. The soluble fraction of the aprticles was approximately 15%.
The Influence of Health Literacy and Patient Activation on Patient Information Seeking and Sharing

This study provided an assessment of how patients looked for information to prepare for a clinical appointment and whether they shared those findings with their provider. A cross-sectional survey allowed insight into patient attitudes, motivations, and behavior in clinical real time. At two hospital-based clinics, 243 patients completed surveys before and after clinical appointments. Younger patients with higher communicative and critical health literacy prepared for clinical appointments with information searches. The predicted association of health literacy and patient activation with information sharing was not supported. This study shows that patients with higher patient activation perceived that their providers responded more positively to patient-obtained medical information. The role of critical health literacy may show that individuals choosing to seek information are considering not just their ability to conduct the search but also their ability to synthesize and critically analyze the results of the information search. An implication for providers is to become skilled in directly asking or passively surveying what outside information sources the patient has engaged with, no matter if the patient does or does not introduce the information.
Galantamine: A New Alzheimer Drug with a Past Life

OBJECTIVE:To review the historic, pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and toxicologic features of galantamine, a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and to assess its role in the treatment of Alzheimer disease symptoms.DATA SOURCES:A search of articles was conducted using MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and the literature database PsychInfo, from 1966 to June 1999. The manufacturers, Janssen and SoPharm (Bulgaria), were contacted to obtain relevant preclinical data. Published textbooks of meeting symposia were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION:Studies with animals and humans addressing preclinical pharmacology, human studies on pharmacokinetics, open clinical trials, and controlled studies were evaluated.DATA EXTRACTION:Relevant data were extracted from published studies and meeting abstracts only.DATA SYNTHESIS:Galantamine has an extensive record of activity as a reversal agent for neuromuscular blockade. Galantamine is also effective in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease symptoms. Its efficacy v...
Sample Sizes Required to Detect Two-Way and Three-Way Interactions Involving Slope Differences in Mixed-Effects Linear Models

Based on maximum likelihood estimates obtained from mixed-effects linear models, closed-form power functions are derived to detect two-way and three-way interactions that involve longitudinal course of outcome over time in clinical trials. Sample size estimates are shown to decrease with increasing within-subject correlations. It is further shown that when clinical trial designs are balanced in group sizes, the sample size required to detect an effect size for a three-way interaction is exactly fourfold that required to detect the same effect size of a two-way interaction. Furthermore, this fourfold relationship virtually holds for unbalanced allocations of subjects if one factor is balanced in the three-way interaction model. Simulations are presented that verify the sample size estimates for two-way and three-way interactions.
Representing, Combining and using Uncertain Estimates

In a real expert system, one may have unreliable, unconfident, conflicting estimates of the value for a particular parameter. It is important for decision making that the information present in this aggregate somehow find its way into use. We cast the problem of representing and combining uncertain estimates as selection of two kinds of functions, one to determine an estimate, the other its uncertainty. The paper includes a long list of properties that such functions should satisfy, and it presents one method that satisfies them.
THE FATE OF TRANSPLANTED COW'S HORN

Horn was used as a corticomedullary graft in experimental animals following open operation and fracture to determine its absorbability and its influence on bony union. Microscopic study of cases as late as seven and one-half months after operation revealed little, if any, evidence of absorption of the horn or stimulation of osteogenesis.
The relationship between faculty characteristics and the use of norm- and criteria-based grading

AbstractNorm-based grading has been associated with a reduction in student incentives to learn. Thus, it is important to understand faculty incentives for using norm-based grading. This paper used two waves of the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty to examine faculty characteristics related to the use of norm-based grading. Results suggest that norm-based grading is more likely when faculty and departments are more research oriented. Faculty who are at lower rank, male, younger, in science and social science departments are more likely to use norm-based grading, while faculty who feel that teaching should be the primary promotion criterion use criteria-based grading.
Reduced renal dopamine D1 receptor function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Dopamine, via activation of renal D1 receptors, inhibits the activities of Na-K-ATPase and Na/H exchanger and subsequently increases sodium excretion. Decreased renal dopamine production and sodium...
Assay of plasma prothrombin with a synthetic substrate.

SummaryA method of measuring plasma prothrombin employing a synthetic substrate (TAMe) has been described. The method has been utilized in studying the plasma prothrombin of normal and dicumarolized patients. Assays of dog and rabbit plasma prothrombin are reported. The results are compared with those obtained by a one-stage procedure.
Geographic Variation in Short Calls of Pikas (Ochotona princeps)

Short calls of pikas ( Ochotona princeps ) living in seven localities in California, Utah, and New Mexico were recorded and analyzed for variation in fundamental frequency, note duration, internote interval, and number of notes per call. Significant differences were found only between widely separated groups. It is suggested that variations in pika short calls are examples of geographic variation, and do not represent vocal dialects. Differences in call parameters between widely separated populations resulted from independent evolutionary histories maintained by geographic barriers to interbreeding. The major constraint on this variability was retention of cues for sound localization.
Diffusion of solvents in polybutadiene rubber using capillary column inverse gas chromatography

Abstract The capillary column inverse gas chromatography (CCIGC) method at infinite dilution of solvent was used to measure the diffusion and partition coefficients of cyclohexane, toluene, n-heptane, chloroform and methyl ethyl ketone in polybutadiene (BR, 95% cis). Experiments were performed over a temperature range of 0 to 70°C. Chromatographic data analysis was carried out in terms of the elution model described by Pawlisch and coworkers. Attempts to conduct experiments at temperatures below 0°C yielded erroneous results. At these low temperatures the high activity of the solvent causes the system to be far from the linear portion of the absorption isotherm or in some cases results in condensation in the capillary column. The Vrentas-Duda free-volume diffusion model was used to interpret and correlate the diffusion data obtained at infinite dilution of the solvent.
Extraction of Ovarian Hormone From Urine.

Since the discovery of the presence of the ovarian hormone in the blood (Loewe,1 Frank2) and in urine (Loewe3), Ascheim and Zondek4 have shown that the urines of pregnant women contain large quantities of the hormone. This finding, which has been confirmed by Laqueur,5 Slotta6 and others, is of exceptional value in that it provides an excellent source of the hormone from the standpoint of expense as well as availability.Recently Zondek7 has published a preliminary note in which he states that the common organic solvents may be used to extract the hormone. We have used several organic solvents in addition to those commonly used but have found none so satisfactory as ethyl ether. In Table I are the data obtained by 4 successive extractions of the urine with ¼ its volume of ethyl ether. The combined ethereal extracts were washed with dilute alkali and dilute acid and then distilled to dryness. The residue was taken up in hot alcohol, cooled, filtered, and the potency determined. The data of Table I indicate ...
Endocrine changes associated with a dietary-induced increase in ovulation rate (flushing) in gilts.

Effects of an increased level of dietary energy (flushing) on plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, insulin, progesterone and estradiol-17 beta and ovulation rate were studied in 16 gilts. Gilts received 5,400 kcal ME/d for one estrous cycle and the first 7 d of a second. On d 8 of the second estrous cycle, gilts received either 5,400 kcal ME/d (control [C], n = 8) or 11,000 kcal ME/d (flushed [F], n = 8) for the remainder of the estrous cycle. Blood was collected daily at 15-min intervals for 6 h from d 8 through estrus. Gilts were examined by laparotomy 6 d after estrus. Ovulation rate was greater (P less than .05) in F than C gilts (16.0 vs 9.4). Mean daily concentrations of FSH were greater (P less than .05) in F gilts at 5 d, 4 d and 3 d prior to estrus compared with C females. In both C and F gilts, FSH decreased (P less than .05) prior to estrus. Mean daily concentrations of LH and LH pulse amplitude were not different (P greater than .05) between treatments. Mean number of LH pulses/6 h at 4 d, 3 d and 2 d prior to estrus were greater (P less than .05) in F than in C gilts. In both treatments, LH pulse amplitude decreased (P less than .05) and pulse frequency increased (P less than .07) prior to estrus. Mean plasma concentrations of insulin tended to be higher (P less than .07) in F than in C females during the 7-d period before estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Universal Methods of Evaluating Psychotherapy Delivery Systems: Five Proposals

This paper describes and presents data on methods for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy delivery systems, and for the evaluation of psychotherapy itself.
Control of leukocyte adhesion and activation in ischemiareperfusion injury

Ischemia, which is a marked reduction in blood flow to a vacular bed, can lead to tissue injury and organ dysfunction if it is prolonged. While early restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to an ischemie organ is essential for prevention of hypox-ic injury, there appears to be a distinct process of vascular dysfunction and parenchymal cell necrosis that can result from this abrupt reperfusion of ischemic tissues. This phenomenon, called “reperfusion injury”, appears to be linked to the reintroduction of molecular oxygen and eventual recruitment of inflammatory cells into postischemic tissues. The importance of activated leukocytes in reperfusion injury is supported by several lines of evidence: (a) leukocytes accumulate in the postischemic tissues, (b) depletion of circulating leukocytes reduces reperfusion-induced tissue injury and “capillary no-reflow”, (c) reagents that interfere with reperfusion-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion are also effective in blunting the micro vascular dysfunction and tissue injury elicited by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), (d) reperfusion-induced tissue injury is attenuated in animals that are genetically deficient in adhesion glycoproteins, (e) conditions that exacerbate the inflammatory responses to I/R, such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia also lead to an enhancement of I/R-induced tissue injury, and (f) I/R-induced inflammatory responses (leukocyte adhesion, increased vascular permeability) can be mimicked in vitro by exposing endothelial cell monolayers to hypoxia and reoxygenation [1-5].
Do classroom energizer breaks get students moving

Currently, one of the largest national public health concerns is the number of children living a sedentary lifestyle. Many children are participating in inadequate amounts of physical activity and ...
Directions Toward a Meta-Process Model of Decision Making: Cognitive and Behavioral Models of Change

Hundreds of partially unique decision-making models, primarily differing by context, currently coexist in the decision-making literature. Yet we have 1 brain that makes decisions in all these contexts. The study of decision making needs integrative metatheory to advance and test the research questions of tomorrow. Existing descriptive, behavioral, information processing, dual process, fuzzy trace, and motivational and contextual models are examined to find commonalities that may inform future attempts at building a holistic, dynamic, integrative metatheoretical model of everyday decision making. Features of such a future metamodel are described and related to the study of behavioral development, such as the value of reinforcement as a mechanism of change.
Moving Together or Apart? Stock Market Comovements across Eurozone, EU, and Non-EU Economies before, during and after the Financial Crisis

Recent economic events across the PIIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) may have resulted in correlated stock market returns across those countries and caused contagion to more developed European markets such as Germany or the UK, particularly during the Great Recession. Using several complementary techniques, including linear and nonlinear correlations, copulas, quantile dependence, and lower-tail dependence on data from 1999 to 2015, we find equity market comovements among the PIIGS stock markets to be weaker than between each of the PIIGS and the more advanced European economies of France, Germany, and the UK. We also find that stock markets of the advanced countries co-move more closely with each other than with any of the peripheral economies. Surprisingly, the nature of this comovement structure did not change during the global financial crisis, suggesting that this relative comovement structure is very stable even in the face of dramatic economic change. Further, we find that the level of comovements remained virtually the same as the Eurozone was transitioning from the financial crisis to the post-crisis recovery. Comovements with non-EU countries are not as strong, even with Switzerland, which suggests that the UK's impending withdrawal from the UK will result in weaker comovements of the British stock market with other European markets. Our results are largely immune to joint (marginal) distributional assumptions and do not require joint normality.
Microbial contamination of herbs marketed to HIV-infected people in Nairobi (Kenya) : research article

Herbal products are used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals regardless of safety or efficacy concerns. In this study, we examined the microbiological quality of herbal preparations marketed to HIV-infected individuals. A convenience sample (N = 24) of herbal products was obtained from retailers in Nairobi, Kenya in 2007. Petrifilm plate count methods were used to estimate total aerobic bacteria (APC), coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and yeast and mould counts. APC counts ranged from an estimated 1.5 x 101 colony forming units (CFU)/g to 7.1 x 108 CFU/g. Total and faecal coliform counts ranged from an estimated <10 CFU/g to 3 x 106 CFU/g. E. coli load ranged from <10 CFU/g to 5 x 101 CFU/g and S. aureus counts ranged from an estimated <10 CFU/g to 2.5 x 103 CFU/g. Yeast and mould counts ranged from an estimated <10 CFU/g to 9 x 104 CFU/g. An evaluation using the World Health Organization limits for medicinal herbs found a percentage of samples to contain microorganisms above allowable limits: 33% (APC), 50% (coliforms) and 33% (yeast and moulds). A total of 67% of samples contained S. aureus loads above the United States Pharmacopeia standard. We suggest that the introduction of quality-control measures and safe handling practices for the selling of medicinal herbs and botanicals in Kenya would be beneficial in reducing the potential health risks for immunocompromised consumers of these products.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Phthalate Exposure and Preterm Infant Neurobehavioral Performance

Every year in the United States, more than 300,000 infants are admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) where they are exposed to a chemical-intensive hospital environment during a developmentally vulnerable period. The neurodevelopmental impact of environmental exposure to phthalates during the NICU stay is unknown. As phthalate exposure during the third trimester developmental window has been implicated in neurobehavioral deficits in term-born children that are strikingly similar to a phenotype of neurobehavioral morbidity common among children born premature, the role of early-life phthalate exposure on the neurodevelopmental trajectory of premature infants may be clinically important. In this study, premature newborns with birth weight <1500g were recruited to participate in a prospective environmental health cohort study, NICU-HEALTH (Hospital Exposures and Long-Term Health), part of the DINE (Developmental Impact of NICU Exposures) cohort of the ECHO (Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes) program. Seventy-six percent of eligible infants enrolled in the study. Sixty-four of 81 infants survived and are included in this analysis. 164 urine specimens were analyzed for phthalate metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was performed prior to NICU discharge. Linear and weighted quantile sum regression quantified associations between phthalate biomarkers and NNNS performance, and between phthalate biomarkers and intensity of medical intervention. The sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) was associated with improved performance on the Attention and Regulation scales. Specific mixtures of phthalate biomarkers were also associated with improved NNNS performance. More intense medical intervention was associated with higher ∑DEHP exposure. NICU-based exposure to phthalates mixtures was associated with improved attention and social response. This suggests that the impact of phthalate exposure on neurodevelopment may follow a non-linear trajectory, perhaps accelerating the development of certain neural networks. The long-term neurodevelopmental impact of NICU-based phthalate exposure needs to be evaluated.
Pedagogical Experimentation: Combining Traditional, Distance, and Service Learning Techniques

This article examines the design and delivery of two sample courses that integrated the pedagogical approaches of traditional classroom learning, distance learning, and service learning. It examine...
Image querying by image professionals: Research Articles

This article reports the analysis of two samples of search logs from a commercial image provider over a 1-month period. The study analyzes image searches and queries, user query modification strategies, and user browsing and downloading of results. Unique term searches are less frequent than earlier research has shown; descriptive and thematic queries are more common. Boolean searching, although heavily employed, appears to be ineffective and leads to query modifications. Although there was a large amount of query modification (61.7p of queries across the two samples), the tactics overall do not appear to be carefully thought out and seem to be largely experimental. Given the willingness to modify queries but the inability to do so in an effective way, more support for query modification may be beneficial. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lactose Intolerance: Exploring Reaction Kinetics Governing Lactose Conversion of Dairy Products Within the Undergraduate Laboratory

Lactose intolerance is a condition suffered by an estimated 50 million Americans. Certain ethnic and racial populations are more widely affected than others. As many as 75 percent of all African-American, Jewish, Native American, and Mexican-American adults, and 90 percent of Asian-American adults are lactose intolerant.[1] Some populations in Africa are completely lactose intolerant, whereas some northern European populations are unaffected.[2] Why so? Genetic evidence indicates that lactose intolerance arose over 5,000 years ago and spread among populations due to positive selection. Correlations have revealed lactose intolerance is prevalent in geographical areas of extreme climates and where there have been persistent occurrences of communicable diseases affecting cattle.[3]
Numerical Flow Simulation with Moving Grids

The numerical analysis of aerodynamic flows is in general limited to steady geometries. Depending on the flow conditions steady or transient flow solutions in the relative frame of the body are computed. In order to take into account the flexibility of the body (e.g. fluttering wing) and the motion of the body (manoeuvre flight), moving computational meshes are required. The CFD method has to take into account meshes with moving nodes and deforming control volumes. The present paper shows computational results of different applications with moving grids, e.g. an oscillating airfoil, a fluttering wing and a guided manoeuvre flight of an airplane.
Algorithmic Music Composition

David Cope describes how the use of computers in the composing process is a natural outgrowth and continuation of how composers have been using algorithms for composing since the very beginning of recorded time.
The Effects of Cognitive Structure Variables on the Acquisition, Retention, and Transferability of Knowledge

In previous chapters we have considered the nature, conditions, and underlying properties of meaningful verbal reception learning and retention. We have also concluded that various specifiable properties of existing cognitive structure are the most important single class of factors influencing the acquisition, retention, and transferability of knowledge. Now we are ready to operationalize these cognitive structure variables, to cite and consider available research evidence regarding their effects on subject-matter learning and retention, and to suggest how they may be optimally manipulated and applied to instructional practices so as to maximize students’ acquisition and retention of knowledge.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Catalysis Highlights for FY2007

To reduce the nation’s dependence on imported oil, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and other federal and private agencies are investing in understanding catalysis. This report focuses on catalysis research conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and its collaborators. Using sophisticated instruments in DOE’s Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility, research was conducted to answer key questions related to the nation’s use of automotive fuels. Research teams investigated how hydrogen can be safely stored and efficiently released, critical questions to use this alternative fuel. Further, they are answering key questions to design molecular catalysts to control the transfer of hydrogen atoms, hydrides, and protons important to hydrogen production. In dealing with today’s fuels, researchers examined adsorption of noxious nitrous oxides in automotive exhaust. Beyond automotive fuel, researchers worked on catalysts to harness solar power. These catalysts include the rutile and anatase forms of titanium dioxide. Basic research was conducted on designing catalysts for these and other applications. Our scientists examined how to build catalysts with the desired properties atom by atom and molecule by molecule. In addition, this report contains brief descriptions of the outstanding accomplishments of catalysis experts at PNNL.
Kūkai’s Shingon Philosophy: Embodiment

Kūkai 空海 (774–835), posthumous title, Kōbō Daishi 弘法大師, is remembered for many things in addition to being the founder of the Japanese Shingon 真言 school of Buddhism. He was not only an important early Buddhist master but became a cultural hero par excellence. A renowned calligrapher, ritual specialist, author of dictionaries, specialist in Chinese poetry and even a civil engineer, Kūkai’s accomplishments were wide ranging. Perhaps more than any of the other “great men” in Japanese Buddhist history, Kūkai is revered by persons belonging to all Buddhist sects as a kind of trans-sectarian holy person. Pilgrimages to his mausoleum on Mount Kōya have been a regular feature of the national landscape for over a millennium, and the graveyard surrounding it is one of the largest in Japan, so sacred has this ground become. The extent to which this fame is fully deserved, or, instead, deftly manufactured after his death, remains hard to say with certainty. Yet his great mastery of multiple skills and his huge impact on the culture of his day, as well as of subsequent generations, cannot be denied. In the popular eye, Kūkai’s philosophical efforts are not commonly highlighted. Even among scholars of Buddhist history, his contributions to Japanese thought are sometimes said to lie more in his systematization of ideas than in his originality. While it is certainly true that he was a systematizer, I do not think the masterful synthetic vision he had for unifying various strains of Buddhist thought and practice was insignificant, nor do I think he had little originality in his ideas. In fact, it seems that aspects of his philosophical genius have often been neglected, perhaps due, in part, to a perception that his fame on other counts was exaggerated. Modern scholars within the Shingon tradition (often priests themselves) have produced abundant studies of Kūkai’s thought; yet these tend to contain little critical assessment since they often fall within the genre of sectarian theological works. The task of this essay is to present a fair-handed treatment of some of the central ideas in Kūkai’s more philosophical works.
Transgenerational Bisphenol A Causes Deficits in Social Recognition and Alters Postsynaptic Density Genes in Mice

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical. Developmental exposure produces changes in behavior and gene expression in the brain. Here, we examined social recognition behaviors in mice from the third familial generation (F3) after exposure to gestational BPA. Second-generation mice were bred in one of four mating combinations to reveal whether characteristics in F3 were acquired via maternal or paternal exposures. After repeated habituation to the same mouse, offspring of dams from the BPA lineage failed to display increased investigation of a novel mouse. Genes involved in excitatory postsynaptic densities (PSDs) were examined in F3 brains using quantitative PCR. Differential expression of genes important for function and stability of PSDs were assessed at three developmental ages. Several related PSD genes-SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 1 (Shank1), Homer scaffolding protein 1c (Homer1c), DLG associated protein 1 (Gkap), and discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (PSD95)-were differentially expressed in control- vs BPA-lineage brains. Using a second strain of F3 inbred mice exposed to BPA, we noted the same differences in Shank1 and PSD95 expression in C57BL/6J mice. In sum, transgenerational BPA exposure disrupted social interactions in mice and dysregulated normal expression of PSD genes during neural development. The fact that the same genetic effects were found in two different mouse strains and in several brain regions increased potential for translation. The genetic and functional relationship between PSD and abnormal neurobehavioral disorders is well established, and our data suggest that BPA may contribute in a transgenerational manner to neurodevelopmental diseases.
Intranasal Inoculation of Mice with Yersinia pestis and Processing of Pulmonary Tissue for Analysis

Pneumonic plague is a rapidly progressing and highly lethal pneumonia caused by pulmonary infection with Yersinia pestis. Disease is marked by the rapid replication of bacteria in the lungs in the absence of symptoms, followed by the abrupt onset of a highly lethal inflammatory response. A murine intranasal infection model has been key to characterizing the progression of disease. Mice are a natural Y. pestis host, and murine disease closely mirrors what is seen during human infection. Intranasal inoculation of mice with fully virulent Y. pestis strains allows for the detailed analysis of key bacterial and host factors that define disease progression. In this chapter I describe a method for intranasal inoculation of mice with Y. pestis, as well as techniques for processing lung tissue for analysis. These include protocols for isolating whole lungs and lavage fluid for measure of bacterial burden, transcriptomics, cytokine/chemokine expression, and flow cytometry. These techniques can be used to evaluate disease parameters of interest during typical infection, infection with bacterial mutants, or infection in the presence of pharmacological agents aimed at targeting specific host or bacterial factors. Combining a highly relevant murine infection model with these techniques provides a powerful platform for fully evaluating the progression of pneumonic plague.
Optical characterization of curved silicon PV modules with dichroic polymeric films

Abstract Non-traditional photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as solar shingles, facades and skins, are expected to increase in market share as the solar industry matures and moves to fill building integrated photovoltaics niches. The advent of building integration and the application of photovoltaics to multiple surfaces come with fabrication challenges and inherent geometrical, optical and thermal constraints. In this paper, we investigate the curved lamination process and the integration of a dichroic polymeric film within the laminate for the particular case of a large-scale optical collector called a ”PVMirror”. PVMirror is a concentrating solar power (CSP)/PV hybrid design that combines the high efficiency of PV and storage capability of CSP using a dichroic film. The film does not degrade upon lamination and exhibits good adhesion to encapsulants. Multiple lamination approaches, such as tuning the thickness of the encapsulant, are shown to significantly reduce the impact of the lamination process on the shape error of PVMirror modules, which could also be applied to the fabrication of other non-traditional PV modules.
Effects of Long-Time Current Annealing to the Hysteresis in CVD Graphene on SiO2

Graphene specimens produced by chemical vapor deposition usually show p-type characteristics and significant hysteresis in ambient conditions. Among many methods, current annealing appears to be a better way of cleaning the sample due to the possibility of in-situ annealing in the measurement setup. However, long-time current annealing could increase defects in the underlying substrate. Studying the hysteresis with different anneal currents in a graphene device is, therefore, a topic of interest. In this experimental work, we investigate electron/hole transport in a graphene sample in the form of a Hall bar device with a back gate, where the graphene was prepared using chemical vapor deposition on copper foils. We study the hysteresis before and after current annealing the sample by cooling down to a temperature of 35 Kfrom room temperature with a back-gate bias in a closed cycle refrigerator.
Effectiveness analysis of comprehensive measures to control the plague in the epidemic areas in Longlin county Guangxi from 2001 to 2010

Objective To evaluating the effectiveness of comprehensive measures to control the plague in epidemic areas in Longlin county Guangxi from 2001 to 2010.Methods Original epidemic places was deratised,indicative animals were investigated,and epidemic clues were searched.Cage trapping method was used to capture rat and rat body fleas were collected in the plague epidemic areas.The flea-carrying rates and flea index of rodents were calculated based on the number of fleas collected from caged rodents.The animals were then subjected to etiological and serological tests to determine the plague infection rate.Results A total of 1008 rats were captured and 571 fleas were collected from 2001 to 2010,of which Rattus Flavipestus accounted tor 81.65％(823/1008) and Xenopsylla Cheopis for 64.10％(366/571).The annual average rodents infected with flea and the index of flea were 23.02％ (177/769) and 0.74,respectively.The annual average density of rodents decreased from 3.99％ (859/21 508,before deratised) to 0.96％ (149/15 600,after deratised).The deratization rate was 75.94％.Conclusion The risk of a plague epidemic in Longlin county is reduced after continued comprehensive measures be taken to deal with the disease. Key words: Plague; Dealing with plague at late stage; Epidemic situation analysis
Disentangling the meanings of brand authenticity: The entity-referent correspondence framework of authenticity

Although marketing researchers agree that brand authenticity has various meanings, little consensus exists concerning the number of meanings and what those meanings entail. This paper addresses this lack of clarity in the literature by introducing the Entity-Referent Correspondence (ERC) Framework of Authenticity. The ERC Framework provides an overarching definition of authenticity—a consumer’s perception of the degree to which a supposed authentic entity corresponds with or is “true to” something else, which we label a referent. The ERC Framework also suggests three types of authenticity—true-to-ideal, true-to-fact, and true-to-self—that are consistent with the general definition yet are distinct. Each type may manifest in a variety of ways in a brand context, suggesting that brand authenticity is not a singular concept. The framework also proposes nomological nets that explain how consumers form perceptions of each type, how the types lead to managerially relevant outcomes (e.g., expected quality, trust), and how the types affect each other. This research advances the literature on brand authenticity by offering three types of conceptual contributions as identified by MacInnis (2011): integrating, differentiating, and delineating.
Free-Space Optical ON-OFF Keying Communications with Deep Learning

We design a deep learning assisted end to end free-space optical ON-OFF Keying communications system, and demonstrate its efficacy in significantly lowering the bit error rate, while requiring no knowledge of the channel state information.
Exploring the implications of modified risk claim placement in tobacco advertising

Abstract The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has developed a regulatory process by which tobacco companies can apply to make “modified risk tobacco product” (MRTP) marketing claims that their product poses a lower risk of disease or exposure to harmful constituents. The impact of MRTP claims to promote harm reduction may be limited by perceptions that claims come from the tobacco industry, lack of attention, and the simultaneous presence of health warnings on ads, which may be perceived as conflicting information. Some studies have examined the potential of alternative “modified risk warnings”. We aimed to contribute to this literature by exploring issues of claim attention, perceived source and credibility when viewing MRTP claims within or outside of a warning label. We conducted 11 focus groups with adult smokers and young adult (ages 18–25) non-smokers (n = 54) who viewed three e-cigarette or snus advertisements which varied in where an MRTP message was placed: outside the warning label, inside the warning label, or in a modified label style. Results suggest that MRTP claims presented within or in the style of a warning label (compared to claims outside the label), may be perceived as coming from a government or health-related source rather than a tobacco industry, and thus seem more credible. Yet these formats may receive insufficient message attention, as they are smaller and appear as part of labels consumers are accustomed to ignoring. Future research should further probe effects of MRTP statements and how they vary by message source, channel and format.
Thermodynamic state functions of the soil water system

The formalism of generalized thermodynamics is applied to moist soil, as a three phase system, to derive expressions for the thermodynamic functions of each phase in terms of well defined characteristic variables. While there is no special problem in assigning proper expressions to the thermodynamic functions of the solid and gas phases, the water phase must be given special treatment due to the binding of water by the solid matrix. A new set of state variables is introduced which allow the thermodynamic description of soil water as a separate thermodynamic system, independent of its matric environment. The soil water matric potential is shown to play a central role in the expression of the fundamental thermodynamic relationships. Although the relations derived apply only to nonswelling soils with pure water as the liquid phase, the analysis can be readily generalized to include swelling and the presence of solutes. The present treatment can also be applied to porous systems other than soil or liquid phases other than water.
DC-SSAT: a divide-and-conquer approach to solving stochastic satisfiability problems efficiently

We present DC-SSAT, a sound and complete divide-and-conquer algorithm for solving stochastic satisfiability (SSAT) problems that outperforms the best existing algorithm for solving such problems (ZANDER) by several orders of magnitude with respect to both time and space. DC-SSAT achieves this performance by dividing the SSAT problem into subproblems based on the structure of the original instance, caching the viable partial assignments (VPAs) generated by solving these subproblems, and using these VPAs to construct the solution to the original problem. DC-SSAT does not save redundant VPAs and each VPA saved is necessary to construct the solution. Furthermore, DC-SSAT builds a solution that is already human-comprehensible, allowing it to avoid the costly solution rebuilding phase in ZANDER. As a result, DC-SSAT is able to solve problems using, typically, 1-2 orders of magnitude less space than ZANDER, allowing DC-SSAT to solve problems ZANDER cannot solve due to space constraints. And, in spite of its more parsimonious use of space, DCSSAT is typically 1-2 orders of magnitude faster than ZANDER. We describe the DC-SSAT algorithm and present empirical results comparing its performance to that of ZANDER on a set of SSAT problems.
Physical activity and exercise training in multiple sclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived determinants and consequences.

AbstractPurpose: This systematic review was conducted to provide rich and deep evidence of the perceived determinants and consequences of physical activity and exercise based on qualitative research in multiple sclerosis (MS). Method: Electronic databases and article reference lists were searched to identify qualitative studies of physical activity and exercise in MS. Studies were included if they were written in English and examined consequences/determinants of physical activity in persons with MS. Content analysis of perceived determinants and consequences of physical activity and exercise was undertaken using an inductive analysis guided by the Physical Activity for people with Disabilities framework and Social Cognitive Theory, respectively. Results: Nineteen articles were reviewed. The most commonly identified perceived barriers of physical activity and exercise were related to the environmental (i.e. minimal or no disabled facilities, and minimal or conflicting advice from healthcare professionals) ...
Subcortical contribution to late TMS-induced I-waves in intact humans

Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human motor cortex results in consecutive facilitatory motor evoked potential (MEP) peaks in surface electromyography. It has been proposed that early and late MEP peaks involve different mechanisms of action, however, little is known about the characteristics of the later peaks. Using paired-pulse TMS over the hand motor cortex at different test (S1) and conditioning (S2) interstimulus intervals and intensities we examined early (first) and late (second and third) MEP peaks in a resting finger muscle. We demonstrate that the third peak had reduced amplitude and duration compared to the second, regardless of the S1 intensity. Higher S2 intensity increased the amplitude of the third but not the second peak, suggesting that the third peak had a higher threshold. The interval between the second and third peak was longer than between the first and second peaks in all conditions even though all peaks had similar latency dispersion. No differences were found in the amplitude, duration, and threshold of the first and second peaks. A threshold electrical S2 over the cervicomedullary junction facilitated the second and third but not the first peak similarly to TMS. Our results indicate that the third MEP peak is smaller and has higher threshold than the second peak and the similarities between the first and second peaks suggest that this is less likely explained by a reduced effectiveness in recruitment. We argue that subcortical pathways might contribute to differences found between late TMS-induced peaks in intact humans.
Substrates of command ability in a buccal neuron of Pleurobranchaea - II. Potential role of cyclic AMP

1. The bilaterally paired ventral white cells (VWCs) of the buccal ganglion ofPleurobranchaea drive rhythmic motor output in the neural network controlling the movements of the buccal mass, which mediates both ingestion and egestion behaviors. The VWCs exert their action during minutes-long episodes of endogenously sustained depolarization and repetitive firing attended by pronounced action potential broadening (Gillette et al. 1980). In isolated preparations the ability to sustain such burst episodes is variable and somewhat labile (Gillette et al. 1980). We have assessed the ability of the intracellular messenger cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), its non-hydrolyzable analogs and inhibitors of degradation to stimulate action potential broadening and bursting in the VWC. 2. Intracellular injection of cAMP enhances progressive spike broadening (Figs. 1 and 2C) and stimulates spontaneous spiking activity and endogenous burst episodes in an apparent dose-dependent fashion (Fig. 2). Bath application of cAMP analogs or the phosphodiestrase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine also stimulates spike broadening and recurrent burst episodes in the intact neuron (Figs. 3 and 5) and induces the capacity to sustain prolonged bursts triggered by brief current stimulation in the isolated neuron cell body (Fig. 4). 3. Work described in in the preceding paper (Gillette et al. 1982) suggested that regulation of (Ca++)i may affect progressive spike broadening in the VWC via a Ca++-activated K+ current (IK,Ca) and possibly via inward Ca++ current. The action of cAMP in enhancing spike broadening resembles that of agents and treatments that reduce (Ca++)i and/or suppress IK,Ca. Further, cAMP stimulation reverses a suppres sion of spike broadening caused by high Ca++ saline (Fig. 5) (which may increase [Ca++]i) and, conversely, that intracellular injection of a ‘high’ Ca++ buffer (Ca++-EGTA, 5 × 10−7 free Ca++) reverses the cAMP stimulation of spike broadening (Fig. 6). 4. Stimulation with cAMP causes an abbreviation of the waveform and amplitude of the undershoots of single, unbroadened action potentials; this action resembles the effect of agents and treatments that reduce [Ca++]i and/or IK,Ca (Figs. 7, 8). This effect is reversed by intracellular injection of high Ca++ buffer (Fig. 9). 5. These results suggest that one possible mechanism of action of cAMP is to reduce the ability or availability of intracellular free Ca++ to activate IK,Ca. A non-exclusive alternative is that cAMP enhances a Ca++ current. The evidence that both of these mechanisms could be regulated by an increase in the internal Ca++ buffering ability of the cell is discussed. 6. The potential context of the VWC's behavioral function is one in which their command ability is induced by sensory or other input during arousal of some buccal behavior through neurotransmitter stimulation of endogenous cAMP.
An outbreak of Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia respiratory tract colonization and infection associated with nebulized albuterol therapy.

Objective: To investigate an outbreak of Burkholderia (formerly (Pseudomonas) cepacia respiratory tract colonization and infection in mechanically ventilated patients. Design: A retrospective case–...
Charge Transport in Metal Oxides: A Theoretical Study of Hematite α-Fe2O3

Transport of conduction electrons and holes through the lattice of α-Fe2O3 (hematite) is modeled as a valence alternation of iron cations using ab initio electronic structure calculations and electron transfer theory. Experimental studies have shown that the conductivity along the (001) basal plane is four orders of magnitude larger than the conductivity along the [001] direction. In the context of the small polaron model, a cluster approach was used to compute quantities controlling the mobility of localized electrons and holes, i.e., the reorganization energy and the electronic coupling matrix element that enter Marcus’ theory. The calculation of the electronic coupling followed the generalized Mulliken–Hush approach using the complete active space self-consistent field method. Our findings demonstrate an approximately three orders of magnitude anisotropy in both electron and hole mobility between directions perpendicular and parallel to the c axis, in good accord with experimental data. The anisotropy ...
Organic synthesis in fluoroalcohol-water two-phase systems

The addition of organic reactants to aqueous solutions of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) leads to the formation of a two-phase system with one phase enriched in HFIP and the organic reactant and another largely aqueous phase. These systems were used as a reaction medium for Friedel–Crafts reactions between arenes and heteroarenes with a benzyl chloride electrophile. Good to excellent yields were obtained for nucleophiles of varying strength in the presence of large amounts of water (10–20 % HFIP v/v), which is unusual for weaker nucleophiles. Surprisingly, the reactions performed in the two-phase systems outperformed those in pure (100%) HFIP. The presence of the aqueous phase offers advantages over single-phase reaction media in terms of driving the reaction and product recovery. This system offers a new, largely aqueous medium for organic synthesis.