cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further evidence for the classical pentose phosphate cycle in the liver.

Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with [3- 14 C]xylitol or d-[3- 14 C]xylulose plus xylitol or glucose at substrate concentrations. The glucose formed was isolated and degraded to give the relative specific radioactivities in each carbon atom. C-4 of glucose had the highest specific radioactivity, followed by C-3, with half to one-fifth that of C-4. Only about 1% of the total radioactivity was in C-1. The data are compared with the predictions of the classical pentose phosphate cycle [Horecker, Gibbs, Klenow & Smyrniotis (1954) J. Biol. Chem. 207, 393–403], and the proposed new version of the pentose phosphate cycle in liver [Longenecker & Williams (1980) Biochem. J. 188, 847–857], which they denoted as the ‘L-type pentose cycle’. The Williams pathway predicts that the specific radioactivity of C-1 of glucose should be half that of C-4 (after correction for approximately equal labelling on C-3 and C-4 of hexose phosphate in the pathway involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase). The actual labelling in C-1 is 20–350-fold less than this. When the hepatocytes are incubated with phenazine methosulphate, to stimulate the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate cycle, the predicted relationship between (C-2/C-3) and (C-1/C-3) ratios of specific radio-activities is nearly exactly in accord with the classical pentose phosphate cycle. Glucose and glucose 6-phosphate were isolated and degraded from an incubation of hepatocytes from starved/re-fed rats with [3- 14 C]xylitol. Although the patterns were of the classical type, there was more randomization of 14 C into C-2 and C-1 in the glucose 6-phosphate isolated at the end of the incubation than in the glucose which was continuously produced.
The effect of delayed feedback information on network performance

The performance of a network subject to either state dependent or state independent flow control is investigated. In the state dependent case, the flow control policy is a function of the total number of packets for which the controller has not yet received an acknowledgment. In this case it is shown that the optimal flow control is a sliding window mechanism. The effect of the delayed feedback on the network performance as well as the size of the window are studied. The state independent optimal rate is also derived. The performance of the state dependent and state independent flow control policies are compared. Conditions for employing one of the two types of flow control policies for superior end-to-end network performance are discussed. All the results obtained are demonstrated using simple examples.
Online fundraising in the human services

SUMMARY This paper examines emerging possibilities for use of the Internet in human service fundraising. Human service managers must compete for limited funds with their counterparts in educational, religious, health, and other nonprofit organizations. There is enormous potential for raising funds over the Internet; yet, this approach to resource development may not be appropriate or effective in some instances for certain human service agencies. The selection of fundraising approach must be consistent with the organizational context in which it is used. This paper provides examples of cases where use of the Internet may prove to be an effective method for human service fundraising. It also examines cases where use of the Internet may not be a good match for the organizational context, whether in terms of ethics or dollars raised.
Nondecoupling effects of doubler fermions in the lattice standard model

Abstract We consider several proposals for putting the standard model on the lattice and find that in all but the model proposed by Borrelli et al. there are nondecoupling effects of the doublers at one loop. The effects we study should be considered in any lattice model of a spontaneously broken chiral gauge theory with massive doubler fermions. We also comment on a recent paper of Aoki.
Response to Needham

(1999). Response to Needham. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 185-192.
Parallel Packet Switch without Segmentation-and-Reassembly

The ever increasing demand for more bandwidth at core routers has been a challenge for switch design. To address the challenge, parallel packet switches (PPSs) combine multiple parallel switching fabrics and provide huge aggregate bandwidth. However, most existing PPSs handle only fixed length packets, also called cells, mainly because traditional switching fabrics can process only cells. Since packets in the Internet are of variable length, existing PPSs need segmentation-and-reassembly (SAR) to process such packets, which will introduce padding bits and waste precious bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a PPS to directly handle variable-length packets without SAR. First, we present a simplified $1 \times 1$ variable-length PPS. We design the packet distribution and collection algorithms, and show that input and output conversion buffers are bounded by $2L$, where $L$ is the maximum packet length. Next, we present a general $N \times N$ variable-length PPS, and propose the packet scheduling algorithms. We then prove our main result that such a PPS can emulate a first-in-first-out (FIFO) output queued (OQ) switch with speedup of two, i.e. emulating an FIFO OQ switch with bandwidth $R$ by $2K-1$ parallel switching fabrics each with bandwidth $r$, where $r=R/K$.
Effects of Static versus Flowing Water on Aquatic Plant Preferences of Triploid Grass Carp

Abstract Triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were presented with three aquatic plant species (sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus, Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum, and American pondweed P. nodosus) in outdoor canals with static and flowing water in winter, spring, and summer. Plant consumption by triploid grass carp in winter was low but increased dramatically in spring and summer. Based on plant shoot lengths, triploid grass carp preferences in spring for static water were sago pondweed = American pondweed, American pondweed = Eurasian watermilfoil, sago pondweed > Eurasian watermilfoil; for flowing water, sago pondweed = Eurasian watermilfoil > American pondweed. Summer preferences for static water were sago pondweed = Eurasian watermilfoil = American pondweed; for flowing water, sago pondweed = Eurasian watermilfoil = American pondweed. Plants of all three species produced longer shoots in canals with flowing water than with static water. The differences in shoot length may have al...
USE OF NEGATIVE PRESSURE SUCTION IN UROLOGY

Abstract Our results substantiate those of others who have found that hemovac negative pressure suction provides superior drainage of surgical wounds than does the Penrose drain. Better wound drainage encourages primary wound healing and eliminates serosanguineous and uriniferous dressings. The use of negative pressure suction also decreases morbidity rate and hospital stay which more than compensates for the initial cost of the hemovac unit.
Reduction of biological effluents in purge and trap micro reaction vessels and detection of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (edno) by chemiluminescence.

Various analytical approaches have been used to measure endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) [1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12]. We have detected NO in perfusates with a sample size as low as 2 ml after acidification with 4 N HCl to pH < 2 at 25°C by using a Nitric Oxide Analyser (Sievers, Colorado) [7]. This procedure had the advantage that the detectable level of NO was enhanced by the self-decomposition of HNO2 when the PH < pKa of NHO2 (pKa = 3.15) and also the reaction temperature of 25°C substantially increased the half-line of NO [2]. Palmer, et al., [10] measured NO released by cultured porcine endothelial cells by chemiluminescence after passing cell effluents continyously at a rate of 5 ml/min into 75 ml of 1% sodium iodide in glacial acetic acid. The larger volumes involved in this method for continuous refluxing, made it less desirable for the detection of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Feelisch et al. [1] utilized the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, as well as, the quantitative oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin in aqueous solutions by NO as a means of measuring nitric oxide. We describe here a modification of our earlier micromethod which now enables us to detect NO after complete reduction with glacial acetic acid and sodium iodide. A comparison of the two procedures indicate that while freshly prepared NO standard solutions gave identical chemiluminescence response with and without reduction, effluents from bovine intrapulmonary artery under basal conditions gave substantially higher values upon reduction.
Modalities of Representation: Symbol and Narrative in 16th-Century Murals at the Convent of Izamal, Yucatán

In 1549, the Franciscan friar Diego de Landa (1524–1579) arrived at Izamal in north-central Yucatan, in viceregal New Spain. The Spanish missionary served first as an assistant to Guardian Fray Lor...
Analysis of the arc mode operation of the cesium vapor thermionic energy converter

An analysis of the cesium vapor arc discharge is presented. It is assumed that the discharge operates in the ball-of-fire mode, that cumulative ionization via the two resonance excited states is the predominant ionization mechanism, and that trapping in the plasma of the resonance radiation results in a long effective lifetime of the excited states. A volt-ampere characteristic is derived for the cesium arc and the results are applied to the thermionic energy converter. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.
Expression of two new protein isoforms of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product, neurofibromin, in muscle tissues.

The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein, termed neurofibromin, which is expressed pre- dominantly in neurons, Schwann cells, oligoden- drocytes, and leukocytes. There are at least three isoforms of neurofibromin produced by the alter- native use of exons 23a and 48a. Previously we described the identification of an NFl mRNA iso- form containing an additional 54 nucleotides from exon 48a (type 3 NFl) in human skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues by reverse-transcribed (RT)-PCR. To extend our initial observations, we have produced high titer chicken IgY antibodies which specifically recognize this muscle-specific neurofibromin isoform. An NF1 cDNA was gener- ated containing human exon 48a sequences and expressed as a fusion protein in bacteria. The muscle-specific neurofibromin antibodies de- tected this exon 48a fusion protein by Western im- munoblotting. Immunoprecipitation using these type 3 neurofibromin antibodies also specifically detected a 250 kDa protein in human and rat mus- cle tissues. Type 3 neurofibromin was found in rat heart and muscle, but not in liver, brain, kidney or spleen with levels of expression declining after postnatal day 7. Expression of total NFl RNA dur- ing rat embryonic development was detected at high levels in El5 heart, tongue, and limb bud. In addition, using type 2 neurofibromin-specific an- tibodies, the existence of a fourth isoform of neu- rofibromin (type 4 neurofibromin) containing both exon 23a and 48a sequences was demon- strated in rat heart muscle tissues. The identifica- tion of two muscle-specific isoforms of neurofibro- min expands our definition of this important tumor suppressor protein and suggests additional roles for neurofibromin in muscle development and differentiation. o 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties of chicken feather fibers

Chicken feather fibers (CFFs) are attractive for composite applications. In this study, mechanical properties of the feather barbs were investigated statistically. The strain at break of CFFs had a Gaussian distribution with a mean value of 6.93%. The tensile modulus of CFFs was 3.59 ± 1.09 GPa and average tensile strength was 203 ± 74 MPa, respectively. Both tensile modulus and tensile strength among different feathers were significantly different. The failure of the CFFs followed a Weibull distribution with a scale parameter value of 178.7 MPa and a shape parameter value of 2.32. Overall, the well-investigated mechanical properties of the CFFs are beneficial for the further study of its applications in composite materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
TH‐D‐M100F‐07: Topology Preserving Diffusion Registration Incorporating with Gradient Orientation Information

Purpose: The goal of this study was to develop an image intensity‐based diffusion registration algorithm that can be used for reliable automatic delineation of anatomical structures on daily CTimages. The constraint of the topology preservation method used in this algorithm ensures that the transformations are reliable and accurate. Method and Materials: To achieve accurate deformable image registration using a diffusion‐based method, we proposed to incorporate the gradient orientation information into the driving force in diffusion registration. This is similar to the symmetric force in the demons algorithm. We also introduced to use the positive Jacobian constraint, which is the fundamental requirement for topology preservation, as a guideline to determine the smoothing parameter in the diffusion algorithm to ensure that a realistic registration can be achieved. The planning contours were mapped onto the daily CTimage using the displacement field after the deformable image registration. The contour mapping serves as a validation of the algorithm proposed in this study. The performance of the proposed algorithm for register 3D CTimages of prostate and head and neck cancer patients were evaluated by visually assessing the agreement of the anatomical structures with deformed contours in target image.Results: The contours deformed with the topology preservation method are more accurate segmentation of the anatomical structures, compared to a similar method without this constraint. The positivity of Jacobian provided a way to evaluate the performance of the registration and to serve as guidance for selecting smoothing parameters. Conclusion: We proposed a diffusion registration algorithm incorporated with the intensity gradient information and the positive Jacobian constraint that ensures the transformations to topologically preservation of anatomical structures. Compared to demons algorithm, the proposed algorithm is more computational efficient and accurate, especially for prostate CTimages registration. The research is in part sponsored by Varian.
Regime Change: Gender, Class, and the Invention of Dieting in Post-Bellum America

"Regime Change" argues against commonly held interpretations that see dieting as a practice established in the 1920s to control women at a time when they gained suffrage and greater economic independence. This article offers an alternative reading, arguing that diet advice literature arrived in the US in the 1860s and originally targeted a male, white, middle-class audience. While the hegemonic beauty ideal for the female body was at its heftiest, men started to build muscle and reduce weight. The ideal of the slender male body was associated with white superiority, social mobility and the national ambition for an American empire. When white middle-class women eventually started dieting in greater numbers in the 1890s, it was because they claimed the same mastery over their bodies as men—and demanded the same privileges as their male peers over immigrants, African Americans and working-class people, who were increasingly imagined as overweight. Revising the history of dieting to show its origins as a masculine practice appropriated by women to stake a claim to class and race privilege invites a rethinking of power and resistance in the disciplining of the female body.
Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the care of patients with short-bowel syndrome

Short-bowel syndrome is a challenging entity for the gastroenterologist, requiring integration of medical, nutritional, surgical and psychological therapies. Treatment must be based on the patient's age, remaining gastrointestinal anatomy, baseline nutritional status and underlying general health as well as the numerous complications which may arise. This chapter reviews physiological alterations that occur with short-bowel syndrome and how therapies can be tailored to most adequately meet the needs of these patients. Emphasis on early stages of therapy to enhance intestinal adaptation is focused on as management during this time has a significant impact on the long-term outcome of these patients.
How high is visual short-term memory capacity for object layout?

Previous research measuring visual short-term memory (VSTM) suggests that the capacity for representing the layout of objects is fairly high. In four experiments, we further explored the capacity of VSTM for layout of objects, using the change detection method. In Experiment 1, participants retained most of the elements in displays of 4 to 8 elements. In Experiments 2 and 3, with up to 20 elements, participants retained many of them, reaching a capacity of 13.4 stimulus elements. In Experiment 4, participants retained much of a complex naturalistic scene. In most cases, increasing display size caused only modest reductions in performance, consistent with the idea of configural, variable-resolution grouping. The results indicate that participants can retain a substantial amount of scene layout information (objects and locations) in short-term memory. We propose that this is a case of remote visual understanding, where observers’ ability to integrate information from a scene is paramount.
Traumatic brain injury causes delayed motor and cognitive impairment in a mutant mouse strain known to exhibit delayed wallerian degeneration

Delayed Wallerian degeneration after neuronal injury is a feature of the C57BL/Wlds mouse mutant. In the present study, we examined the effect of unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) on motor and cognitive performance in C57BL/6 and C57BL/Wlds mice. Performance on a beam-walking task was impaired in both injured groups over the first 3 weeks; however, between 28 and 35 days post injury, C57BL/6 mice continued to improve whereas C57BL/Wlds mice showed increased footfaults. In a spatial learning task, C57BL/Wlds animals performed consistently better than C57BL/6 mice when tested 7–10 days and 14–17 days following CCI. C57BL/Wlds mice also demonstrated improved working memory performance as compared with C57BL/6 mice when trained on days 21–22 after injury; this effect was lost on days 23 and 24, and was not evident in other animals tested in the same task at 28–31 days following injury. These results indicate a marked delay in motor and cognitive impairment following CCI in C57BL/Wlds mice compared with injured C57BL/6 controls. This is consistent with previous work showing delayed temporal evolution of neuronal degeneration in C57BL/Wlds mice and suggests CCI may be a suitable model for examining the functional consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in genetically altered mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:718–727, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
You know who and what's her name: The woman's role in sex therapy

Abstract As sex therapy becomes an established mode of treatment, the original Masters and Johnson model of cotherapy is its most common form. The complex issues in the relationship between cotherapists who are doing sex therapy have not received adequate attention. Differences in status, experience, and training combine with aspects of the personal relationship between therapists to make cotherapy a substantial problem. Whether the cotherapists are married, otherwise involved in a personal relationship, or even when they are a physician and his nurse or two independent therapists, the sexual content of their work inevitably raises issues that need to be resolved. These issues include erotic fantasies and power struggles between the therapists that can affect the outcome of treatment.
A Community Survey of Purchase Experiences of Older Consumers

A telephone survey was conducted which examined recent purchase experiences for 282 older consumers residing in a midwestern academic community. The types of purchases studied were eyeglasses, funeral services, hearing aids, home appliance repair services, home repair services, and nursing home care. Generally high satisfaction levels were reported for these purchases. A tendency on the part of the respondents to draw upon past knowledge and experience in making their purchase decisions was found. A procedural caution is noted in the interpretation of social survey data on local consumer services.
DNA replication and cell division in the hamster uterus.

Cell renewal in specific uterine tissues was studied by autoradiography in thymidine treated and thymidine, colchicine treated hamsters. All cell types were found to replicate DNA and to divide during the estrous cycle. However, tissue types differed in the extent of cell renewal and in the time during the cycle when maximal turnover occurred. Peak DNA replication by uterine epithelium, the most active tissue, occurred during the afternoon of the second day of diestrus. Connective tissue was the second most active cell type in DNA renewal; while connective tissue cells of the myometrium incorporated thymidine at a rather constant level throughout the cycle, those of the endometrium (stroma) fluctuated during the estrous cycle with peak labeling activity being found during the morning of the second day of diestrus. A few smooth muscle cells replicated DNA during proestrus but no labeled muscle cells were observed during the other stages of the cycle. The extent of renewal of the different cell types in the hamster uterus during the estrous cycle is greater than that which has been reported in the rat. This difference may be due to timing of necropsy rather than to a species variation.
A Tale of Two Cities: Physical Form and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Metropolitan Portland and Charlotte

Problem: Literature advocating compact development and mixed uses frequently claims that this form of development supports a higher quality of life, yet the empirical basis for this claim is weak. Purpose: I assess the relationship between physical form and quality of life using neighborhood satisfaction as an empirical definition of quality of life. Methods: I examine the effects of block and neighborhood housing density, land use mix, the mix of housing structure types, and street network connectivity on residents' ratings of neighborhood satisfaction. Using a multilevel dataset that combines individual household information with neighborhood contextual variables, I compare the Charlotte, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), which have very different development patterns and land use policies. Results and conclusions: At the neighborhood level, I find density and mixed land uses to be associated with higher neighborhood satisfaction in Portland, but lower neighborho...
The effects of gamma irradiation on low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited silicon dioxide metal-oxide-silicon structures

Abstract The effects of gamma irradiation on as-deposited, oxygen-annealed, and dual-dielectric gate (undoped polysilicon/oxide) low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited (LPCVD) silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) structures were investigated. As-deposited LPCVD SiO 2 MOS structures exhibit the largest shift in flatband voltage with gamma irradiation. This is most likely due to the large number of bulk oxide traps resulting from the nonstochiometric nature of as-deposited LPCVD SiO 2 . Dual-dielectric (undoped polysilicon/annealed LPCVD SiO 2 ) MOS structures exhibit the smallest shift in flatband voltage and increase in interface state density compared to as-deposited and oxygen-annealed LPCVD SiO 2 MOS structures. The interface state density of dual-dielectric MOS structures increases from 5 × 10 10 eV cm −2 to 2–3 × 10 11 eV cm −2 after irradiation to a gamma total dose level of 1 Mrads(Si). This result suggests that the recombination of atomic hydrogen atoms with silicon dangling bonds, either along grain boundaries or in crystallites of the undoped polysilicon layer in dual-dielectric (undoped polysilicon/annealed LPCVD SiO 2 ) MOS structures, probably reduces the number of atomic hydrogen atoms reaching the Si/SiO 2 interface to generate interface states.
PRAC: Exploiting partial packets without cross-layer or feedback information

This paper proposes a partial packet recovery scheme, called Packetized Rateless Algebraic Consistency (PRAC). PRAC exploits intra and inter-packet consistency to identify and recover erroneous packet segments, without recourse to cross-layer or detailed feedback information. In the absence of cross-layer coordination or detailed feedback, the prevailing methods proposed in the literature have discarded packets with errors. PRAC uses a rateless linear packet code for data encoding and an iterative decoding process consisting of a search algorithm and an algebraic consistency rule (ACR) check. It allows, but not relies upon, the use of any PHY FEC code, requires no feedback other than a notification of completion and, in the absence of partial packets, incurs no overhead. Our implementation and experimental results in a 7-node indoor testbed using wireless boards equipped with CC2500 radio transceivers reveal that PRAC offers an average throughput gain of 35% compared to a baseline ARQ scheme discarding partial packets and 13% compared to an ideal genie-aided HARQ (iHARQ) scheme. Specifically for links with high PERs, PRAC significantly enhances their robustness and its maximum throughput gain is 148% and 34% compared against the baseline and iHARQ schemes, respectively.
Utility testing of an apple skin color MdMYB1 marker in two progenies

A reported allele-specific dCAPS (derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) marker, within the gene for the anthocyanin regulatory transcription factor MdMYB1, associated with apple fruit skin color, was tested in 17 elite breeding parents and two apple seedling progenies. In both progenies, the red skin color phenotype was usually associated with the MdMYB1-1 allele. This dCAPS marker provided approximately 80% predictability in a ‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘Arlet’ and a ‘Honeycrisp’ × ‘Cripps Pink’ progeny. Other potential genetic co-regulators may explain the less-than-perfect association. The specific dCAPS bands associated with red skin for the latter population were not the same as those identified in the former population or those reported in previous studies, indicating that skin color genotyping based on this marker will require prior association between specific marker alleles and color phenotypes for any given cross. The current form of this marker could be a useful tool for apple marker-assisted breeding, particularly in breeding programs in which ‘Golden Delicious’ is a parent.
The Reaction of Phosphohexomutase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa STRUCTURAL INSIGHTS INTO A SIMPLE PROCESSIVE ENZYME

The enzyme phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase (PMM/PGM) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa catalyzes the reversible conversion of 1-phospho to 6-phospho-sugars. The reaction entails two phosphoryl transfers, with an intervening 180° reorientation of the reaction intermediate (e.g. glucose 1,6-bisphosphate) during catalysis. Reorientation of the intermediate occurs without dissociation from the active site of the enzyme and is, thus, a simple example of processivity, as defined by multiple rounds of catalysis without release of substrate. Structural characterization of two PMM/PGM-intermediate complexes with glucose 1,6-bisphosphate provides new insights into the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, including the reorientation of the intermediate. Kinetic analyses of site-directed mutants prompted by the structural studies reveal active site residues critical for maintaining association with glucose 1,6-bisphosphate during its unique dynamic reorientation in the active site of PMM/PGM.
Ground states and thermal states of the random field Ising model.

The random field Ising model is studied numerically at both zero and positive temperature. Ground states are mapped out in a region of random field and external field strength. Thermal states and thermodynamic properties are obtained for all temperatures using the Wang-Landau algorithm. The specific heat and susceptibility typically display sharp peaks in the critical region for large systems and strong disorder. These sharp peaks result from large domains flipping. For a given realization of disorder, ground states and thermal states near the critical line are found to be strongly correlated\char22{}a concrete manifestation of the zero temperature fixed point scenario.
Breeding corn for adaptation to two diverse intercropping companions

Intercropping is an agricultural system widely practiced in the tropics and becoming more widespread in temperate regions. The vast majority of varieties currently grown in intercrop have been developed in and for monoculture, although some breeding programs specifically focused on intercrop systems have been initiated. It is not clear if selection in monoculture is adequate to identify varieties adapted to intercrop, nor is it clear if varieties selected for intercrop performance with one companion will be adapted to another crop combination. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which selection of corn in monoculture would identify types adapted to growth in corn—bean or corn—clover intercrop, and to determine how selection in one of the intercrops (corn—bean or corn—clover) would compare with selection in the other. The corn used consisted of two groups that had been selected in monoculture, and two that had been selected in corn—bean intercrop. All groups were evaluated in monoculture, corn-bean intercrop, and corn—clover intercrop. Analysis of variance showed that the ranking of the four selection groups was not significantly different when the two intercrops were compared, but was significantly different (P < 0.05 for comparison of clover intercrop and monoculture, and P = 0.07 for comparison of bean intercrop and monoculture) when either of the two intercrops was compared with monoculture. Correlation analysis of corn traits and corn yield in the three cropping systems revealed more similarities between the intercrops than between either intercrop and monoculture. Plant height and leaf area index were more strongly negatively correlated with days to flower in both intercrops than in monoculture. Correlation analysis also revealed some differences between the intercrops, particularly with bean and clover yields. Clover yields were not adversely affected by early growth and maturity of corn, but bean yields were. We conclude that selection of corn in monoculture is not ideal when lines adapted to cornclover intercrop or corn—bean intercrop are desired. Furthermore, selection in either intercrop will identify corn types adapted to the other, as early vigor and maturity allow best corn performance in both crop combinations. Thus, individualized breeding programs may not be required to adapt a crop to growth in association with relatively different companions.
Nickel-metal hydride battery using microencapsulated alloys

Abstract Overcharging properties of nickel-metal hydride prismatic single cells (300 mA h) were examined in high pressure cells. The rise in pressure during overcharging increased with increasing charging rate and decreased with increasing content of copper or nickel in the surface coating on the alloy, i.e. in the following order: a mixed alloy containing 20 wt.% Cu or Ni; an alloy coated with 10 wt.% Cu or Ni; and an alloy coated with 20 wt.% Cu or Ni. The kind of coated metal used had no influence on the overcharging behavior. The gas in the cell using a 20wt.%Cu-coated alloy was mostly oxygen, while the cell using a copper-mixed alloy contained a large amount of hydrogen in addition to oxygen. The rapid pressure rise on overcharging was ascribed to insufficient charging of the metal hydride electrode. A sealed cell using a microencapsulated alloy showed a higher resistance to overcharging at higher charging rates.
A quadrature method for Bayesian sequential threshold estimation.

For two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) sequential threshold estimation, a finite Bayesian method (Emerson, 1986b) has been found to perform better than a closely related maximum-likelihood (ML) method. The comparison was especially apt because the two methods used all the same computations (Shelton, 1983) in maintaining and updating the representation of the log-likelihood function. This representation was in the form of a finite discrete array of about 50 equally spaced numerical elements in computer memory. The updating consisted of a series of offset lookups and additions from either of two precomputed arrays representing the log-likelihoods of correct and incorrect responses on a single trial. The difference between the ML and Bayesian methods was in the way the updated log-likelihood array was used to obtain the new estimate of the threshold after each trial. For the ML method, the array was merely scanned for its maximal element. For the Bayesian method, each element was exponentiated and the results were treated as unnormalized probabilities. These were then summed, with and without a multiplicative factor of the array index, to obtain the Bayesian normalizing constant and expected value of the threshold. These additional computations made the Bayesian method considerably slower than the ML method. Real-time use of that finite Bayesian method requires a compiled version of the program, rather than interpretive BASIC, and one of the faster PC-class computers. Statistically, the Bayesian estimates were generally better than the ML in that (1) there was no general negative bias, (2) biases toward the initial estimate decreased rapidly with increasing trials in the run, (3) variances were generally smaller, and (4) the biases and variances depended much less on the location of the true threshold in the assumed stimulus range.
A tongue shield appliance: design, fabrication, and case report

An intraoral tongue shield appliance for unconscious patients is described. This appliance has advantages over other such appliances in that it does not require impressions for its fabrication, can be made quickly, and placed and retained in a patient with a limited oral opening. Its use is demonstrated in a pharmacologically paralyzed and sedated patient with tongue trauma.
Optimality of Force Transmission in a Motor-Clutch Cellular Adhesion Model

Microenvironmental mechanics play an important, but variable, role in determining cell morphology, traction, migration, proliferation, and differentiation with potential impacts on tumor development, growth, and invasion. Interestingly, some cell types have shown increasing migration and traction force as a function of substrate stiffness, while others have shown decreasing migration and traction force. These seemingly contradictory results may be explained by a motor-clutch model of cellular adhesion and force transmission which exhibits a maximum in traction force with respect to stiffness and may be tuned to different stiffness optima. Both stochastic and deterministic castings of the motor-clutch model provide a basis to explain the tuning of cells to different microenvironmental mechanics. A sensitivity analysis of the stochastic model suggests that molecular motors and adhesion clutches must approximately balance each other to achieve stiffness sensitivity. Consequently, individual parameters changes, which favor only the motors or the clutches, have little effect in shifting the stiffness optimum because the system loses stiffness sensitivity altogether. However, dual parameters changes, such that motors and clutches remain balanced, can shift the stiffness optimum over several orders of magnitude. This optimum occurs on the stiffness at which the time for all clutches to bind equals the cycle time of adhesion load and fail. At stiffnesses above this optimum, fewer than the maximum clutches bind, so the clutches are not utilized to their fullest extent. At stiffnesses below the optimum, clutches spontaneously fail at low loads because of the long cycle time, again resulting in an inefficient use of clutches. This determinant of the optimum stiffness was applied in conjunction with the deterministic motor-clutch model to derive a dimensionless quantity defining model behavior at any particular stiffness.
Central difference schemes and stiff boundary value problems

Consider the two-point boundary value problem for a stiff system of ordinary differential equations without turning points. Conditions are derived such that the solutions of centered implicit Runge-Kutta methods converge to the solution of the differential equations.
Data communications program

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation. The article discussed data communication between the cockpit and controllers to replace some current voice communications. Safety-of-flight air traffic control (ATC) clearances, instructions, traffic flow management, flight crew requests and reports. Provides direct link between ground automation and flight deck avionics.
Foliar nitrogen dynamics and decomposition of yellow-poplar and eastern white pine during four seasons of exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide

Abstract Yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) seedlings growing in two plantations were fumigated from 1992 to 1995 in open-top chambers with charcoal-filtered air (CF), ambient air (chamberless), one time ambient ozone (1X), twice ambient ozone (2X), or twice ambient ozone+twice ambient CO 2 (2X+CO 2 ). Across all treatments and years, concentrations of foliar nitrogen (N) in yellow-poplar averaged 26.3 mg g −1 in June and decreased to 13.8 mg g −1 just prior to leaf senescence. While leaves from all treatments exhibited similar seasonal reductions, actual N concentrations were greatly affected by treatment. Ozone (O 3 ) alone did not significantly alter foliar N concentrations; however, 2X+CO 2 decreased N concentrations by 18–40% depending on time of sampling. After one season of fumigation, 2X+CO 2 -exposed leaves of yellow-poplar decayed significantly more slowly than leaves from all other treatments. In contrast, white pine needles demonstrated few differences in N concentrations or decomposition during the first 3 years of fumigation. By the forth season, 2X+CO 2 -air significantly reduced N concentrations of current year needles. In needles grown in CF air N concentrations ranged from 14.8 mg g −1 in June to 17.2 mg g −1 in October. 2X+CO 2 -air reduced N levels in white pine by 10–23% depending on time of sampling. For both species, significant differences in N due to leaf age and canopy position must be taken into consideration when evaluating the data. Our experiments indicate that elevated CO 2 in the presence of elevated O 3 can reduce foliar N concentrations and reduce litter decay, thus affecting nutrient cycling.
Assessing and Updating the Schoenherr-Young Projections of Clergy Decline in the United States Roman Catholic Church

This paper assesses the projections of clergy decline made by Schoenherr and Young in Full pews and empty altars (1993) in light of current population figures collected by the official Catholic Directory for 1995 (Kenedy 1996). It finds that the moderate Schoenherr-Young projections slightly underestimate the number of Catholic priests by less than 1 percent. Taking this as validation of the demographic models used in the projections, this paper extends projections of the priest population to 2015. These projections predict that by the year 2015, the priest population will have declined by roughly 45 percent from its 1966 levels. The paper also assesses predictions at the diocesan level utilizing the newly constructed Standardized Projection Error measure. This analysis demonstrates that the Schoenherr-Young projection models are also accurate in the large majority of individual dioceses.
Evaluation of oxygenation status during fractionated radiotherapy in human nonsmall cell lung cancers using [F-18]fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography

Abstract Purpose : Recent clinical investigations have shown a strong correlation between pretreatment tumor hypoxia and poor response to radiotherapy. These observations raise questions about standard assumptions of tumor reoxygenation during radiotherapy, which has been poorly studies in human cancers. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of [F-18]fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) uptake allows noninvasive assessment of tumor hypoxia, and is amenable for repeated studies during fractionated radiotherapy to systematically evaluate changes in tumor oxygenation. Methods and Materials : Seven patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancers underwent sequential [F-18]FMISO PET imaging while receiving primary radiotherapy. Computed tomograms were used to calculate tumor volumes, define tumor extent for PET image analysis, and assist in PET image registration between serial studies. Fractional hypoxic volume (FHV) was calculated for each study as the percentage of pixels within the analyzed imaged tumor volume with a tumor:blood [F-18]FMISO ratio ≥ 1.4 by 120 min after injection. Serial FHVs were compared for each patient. Results : Pretreatment FHVs ranged from 20–84% (median 58%). Subsequent FHVs varied from 8–79% (median 29%) at midtreatment, and ranged from 20–84% (median 22%) by the end of radiotherapy. One patient had essentially no detectable residual tumor hypoxia by the end of radiation, while two others showed no apparent decrease in serial FHVs. There was no correlation between tumor size and pretreatment FHV. Conclusions : Although there is a general tendency toward improved oxygenation in human tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, these changes are unpredictable and may be insufficient in extent and timing to overcome the negative effects of existing pretreatment hypoxia. Selection of patients for clinical trials addressing radioresistant hypoxic cancers can be appropriately achieved through single pretreatment evaluations of tumor hypoxia.
Critical Ignition Criteria for Monomethylhydrazine and Red Fuming Nitric Acid

Understanding the parameters governing ignition is crucial for safe rocket engine design, and while hypergolic propellants have been used for several decades, there is still a lack of data on the early condensed-phase reactions for many systems. The ignition and combustion of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) have been investigated in an unlike doublet impinging jet apparatus. Variation of the jet diameter and total propellant mass flow rate at constant oxidizer-to-fuel and jet momentum ratio allowed for investigation of critical ignition thresholds. Ignition probability was determined for each condition and classified as good ignition, a transition region, or failed ignition. Conditions resulting in reactive stream separation are compared with literature data obtained with hydrazine/nitrogen tetroxide. Two critical MMH/RFNA ignition thresholds were identified: a residence time of 0.2–0.4 ms and a nondimensional sheet growth rate of 2.75–5.5 s−1. Two power law correlations were ...
Production and identification of recombinant proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and their use in detection of antibodies in experimentally challenged animals

Antibodies to experimental Salmonella typhimurium challenge in cattle and sheep were assessed by 15 recombinant flagellum proteins. The 15 DNA fragments selected for gene expression were derived from external flagellin, hook, hook-associated protein, and basal body gene domains. Our efforts were focused on characterizing the humoral immune response of Salmonella infected and vaccinated animals and identifying immunodominant antigenic determinants. This communication reports that the 159–261 amino acids of external flagellum (FliCi-1), 285–331 amino acids of hook protein (FlgE-2), and 309–391 amino acids and 440–537 amino acids of hook-associated protein (FlgK-1 and -2) appeared to be the most immunoreactive proteins and were recognized by all of the experimental animal sera tested in this study.
UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MS(n) analysis of anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in red mustard greens (Brassica juncea Coss variety).

An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MSn profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of the phenolic components of red mustard greens (Brassica juncea Coss variety) and identified 67 anthocyanins, 102 flavonol glycosides, and 40 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The glycosylation patterns of the flavonoids were assigned on the basis of direct comparison of the parent flavonoid glycosides with reference compounds. The putative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by the retention time, elution order, and UV–vis and high-resolution mass spectra. Further identifications were made by comparing the UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS/MSn data with those of reference compounds in the polyphenol database and in the literature. Twenty-seven acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides, 3 acylated cyanidin triglucoside-5-glucosides, 37 flavonol glycosides, and 10 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected for the first time in brassica vegetables...
A pragmatic approach to resolution-based theorem proving

Resolution theory offers a simple, complete method for proving theorems but is generally considered impractical. The theorems we are interested in proving arise in the analysis of programs and usually involve quantification. We have developed a system for proving these theorems using resolution, but have embedded in it a simplifier as the central component. The simplifier is an integrated collection of algorithms for normalizing arithmetic, relational, and logical expressions. The knowledge in the simplifier is encoded in procedures, rather than as axioms or rules. We use the simplifier to prove certain theorems, reduce the clutter in theorems, and reduce the cost of unification, Inherent in the normal form algorithms is the notion of strengthening (e.g., inferringa =b froma ⩽ b ANDb ⩽ a). We have incorporated the notion into the unification algorithm as well. The design of the system permits its use along a spectrum from pure resolution to resolution with interpretation of the arithmetic and relational operators. Strengthening is a heuristic that permits the movement along this spectrum. We call the approachi-resolution.i-resolution does not preserve completeness; it does define a means for approaching completeness efficiently and systematically. It thus attempts to provide a pragmatic approach to mechanical theorem proving.
Residues of p,p'-DDE and mercury in lake trout as a function of age.

Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of known age from 1 to 12 years were taken from Cayuga Lake in central New York State in 1991 and p,p′-DDE and mercury were determined in their flesh. The concentrations of p,p′-DDE and mercury increased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing age of the fish. The concentration of p,p′-DDE also increased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing fat content. The concentrations of p,p′-DDE were much lower than those found in Cayuga Lake trout of similar age captured in 1978.