cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AMS radiocarbon dating of a shell fishhook from Santa Rosa Island, California.

Several single-piece shell fishhooks from CA-SRI-43 on Santa Rosa Island were dated by association to roughly 5500 cal BP and were argued to be among the oldest specimens in the region. Direct accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of one of these hooks provided a date of 560 cal BP, however, making it about 5000 yr younger than originally presumed. This younger date is more consistent with the regional shell fishhook chronology and demonstrates the importance of obtaining direct AMS 14C dates to refine artifact and site chronologies. CA-SRI-43 is located on a relatively broad, flat ridge between Tecolote and Arlington canyons on northwestern Santa Rosa Island. The site covers an area roughly 30 × 50 m wide and is situated about 0.75 km from the coast at an elevation of approximately 100 m. During the 1950s, Orr (1968: 182) excavated three 5 × 5 ft (roughly 1.5 × 1.5 m) units at the site, including eight human burials and the remains of four small fire pits. He also dug an 8 × 100 ft (2.4 × 30.5 m) trench at roughly 1 inch (2.5 cm) intervals using a jeep with a blade attachment to form a crude dozer (Orr 1958:2, 1968). 1 The CA-SRI-43 deposits consist of a relatively fine, compact soil, terminating at a depth of roughly 26 inches (66 cm; Orr 1968). Most of the sediments from the units were screened over 1/8- inch mesh, but no screens were used on the trench materials.
Light as a secondary reinforcer.

Making a light-increment dependent upon an instrumental response has been shown to increase the probability of occurrence of that response. The light wo~ild [hen fall into the category of the class of stimuli capable of altering response frequency or probability known as primary reinforcers. The original studies of light as a primary reinforcer were published by Kish (1955) and Hurwitz ( 1956). The validity of light-increment as a true primary reinforcer is still subject to question, although studies by Forgays and Levin (1961) and Berlyne, et al. (1964) have provided strong support for the authenticity of performance changes with light as the reward. In view of these results it appears that using light as the "neutral" stimulus in studies of secondary reinforcement would not be advisable. Light does not appear to be neutral at all but, rather, reinforcing in its own right. Although the original work on the effeccs of light-increment was published over 10 yr. ago, secondary reinforcement studies continue to pair lights with various other primary reinforcers (e.g., Miller & Weidner, 1965; Sidowski, Kass, & Wilson, 1965; Longscreth, 1966). More recent experiments have employed a measure of operant response level for light as a control for the intrinsic effects of lighc reinforcement. However, any inceractions with other variables are f~~nctions of the complex relationship between the primary light-reinforcement and another primary reinforcer such as food. The obtained results can not be compared with observations made in connection with a "real" ne~itral stimulus. At the present it appears necessary to repeat much of the previous research in order to observe the effects of a secondary reinforcer inc complicated by other sources of influence.
Persistence of dual free internal rotation in NH4(+)(H2O)·Hen=0-3 ion-molecule complexes: expanding the case for quantum delocalization in He tagging.

To explore the extent of the molecular cation perturbation induced by complexation with He atoms required for the application of cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy, we compare the spectra of a bare NH4+(H2O) ion (obtained using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD)) with the one-photon CIVP spectra of the NH4+(H2O)·He1–3 clusters. Not only are the vibrational band origins minimally perturbed, but the rotational fine structures on the NH and OH asymmetric stretching vibrations, which arise from the free internal rotation of the −OH2 and −NH3 groups, also remain intact in the adducts. To establish the location and the quantum mechanical delocalization of the He atoms, we carried out diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations of the vibrational zero point wave function, which indicate that the barriers between the three equivalent minima for the He attachment are so small that the He atom wave function is delocalized over the entire −NH3 rotor, effectively restoring C3 symmet...
Factors influencing CO_2 capture by PVDF membrane contactor

Polyvinylidine fluoride(PVDF) hollow fiber membrane contactors were applied to the separation of carbon dioxide(CO2) from flue gas using water(H2O),three aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide(NaOH),potassium glycine(GLY),and potassium glycine-piperazine(GLY-PZ) as absorption solvents.Effects of flow mode,flow rates of feed gas and absorbent,concentration and temperature of absorbent,concentration of feed gas,and packing density on the removal rate and total mass transfer coefficient were investigated.Results show that the lumen side process with two phases flowing countercurrently has the highest separation efficiency.The absorption performance of four absorbents is in the sequence of NaOHGLY-PZGLYH2O.The effect of temperature on various absorbents is different.The separation efficiency of CO2 can be enhanced by increasing the packing density,concentration and flow rate of absorbent,while decreased with the increase of concentration and flow rate of flue gas.
Filterless Fast Momentum Cooling

The \(\bar p\) accumulation scenario proposed at Fermilab involves precooling at p production energy (4.5 GeV) and deceleration to freezer ring energy (200 MeV). This required a large factor (≳ 125) of momentum cooling. Optimization of cooling with these constraints has led to the conception of a new possible method of momentum cooling, which does not require a stub filter. The system operates in a “good mixing” regime. Cooling proceeds simultaneously with deceleration from freezer energy. We present a detailed comparison of this new method to fixed energy filter cooling, showing the rates achievable to be comparable. Several corollary benefits unique to this approach are discussed: (1) The possibility of using much simplified pick-up structures at higher, microwave frequencies and (2) the flexibility to perform transverse cooling simultaneously, at a rate greatly enhanced over what would be possible at fixed energy along with cooling.
Shape changes in chemoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers

Abstract Liquid crystal elastomers are ordered polymers that undergo reversible, anisotropic shape change in response to a number of stimuli, including heat, light, and solvent. In this study, we design liquid crystal elastomers that actuate both axially and torsionally in response to chemical stimuli. We characterize the response of uniaxially-aligned liquid crystal elastomer films exposed to a variety of chemical stimuli of varying quality. In each solvent, there is a contraction along the alignment direction paired with an expansion in the perpendicular directions. Torsional actuation is generated by patterning a twisted alignment through the thickness of the liquid crystal elastomer. These hierarchically-patterned materials reversibly transition from flat to helical with over 200°/mm of twist in chemical vapor. This response is stable for at least 100 cycles. Ultimately, this chemoresponse is combined with mechanical instability to make high-twist torsional actuators with peak velocities of almost 400 RPM.
Divergence and rewiring of regulatory networks for neural development between human and other species.

ABSTRACTNeural and brain development in human and other mammalian species are largely similar, but distinct features exist at the levels of macrostructure and underlying genetic control. Comparative studies of epigenetic regulation and transcription factor (TF) binding in humans, chimpanzees, rodents, and other species have found large differences in gene regulatory networks. A recent analysis of the cistromes of REST/NRSF, a critical transcriptional regulator for the nervous system, demonstrated that REST binding to syntenic genomic regions (i.e., conserved binding) represents only a small percentage of the total binding events in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. While conserved binding is significantly associated with functional features (e.g., co-factor recruitment) and enriched at genes important for neural development and function, >3000 genes, including many related to brain and neural functions, either contain extra REST-bound sites (e.g., NRXN1) or are targeted by REST only (e.g. PSEN2) in hu...
Dual Pricing Algorithm in ISO Markets

The challenge to create efficient market clearing prices in centralized day-ahead electricity markets arises from inherent nonconvexities in unit commitment problems. When this aspect is ignored, marginal prices may result in economic losses to market participants who are part of the welfare maximizing solution. In this essay, we present an axiomatic approach to efficient prices and cost allocation for a revenue neutral and nonconfiscatory day-ahead market. Current cost allocation practices do not adequately attribute costs based on transparent cost causation criteria. Instead we propose an ex post multipart pricing scheme, which we refer to as the dual pricing algorithm. Our approach can be incorporated into current day-ahead markets without altering the market equilibrium.
On the dynamic generalization of the anisotropic Eshelby ellipsoidal inclusion and the dynamically expanding inhomogeneities with transformation strain

The self-similarly dynamically (subsonically) expanding anisotropic ellipsoidal Eshelby inclusion is shown to exhibit the constant stress “Eshelby property” in the interior domain of the expanding inclusion on the basis of dimensional analysis, analytic properties and the proof for the static inclusion alone. As an example of this property and the application of the dynamic Eshelby tensor (constant in the interior domain), it is shown that the Eshelby equivalent inclusion method always allows for the determination of the equivalent transformation strain for a self-similarly dynamically expanding inhomogeneous spherical inclusion when the Poisson's ratio is in the real range (positive definiteness of the strain energy). Thus, the solution of dynamically self-similarly expanding inhomogeneities (chemical phase change) with transformation strain can be obtained, as well as the driving force per unit area of the expanding inhomogeneity.
On the Road to Mindfulness: Concluding Thoughts

Themes from each of the chapters are reviewed and summarized. Directions for future research are also explored. Mindfulness has important implications for personal and professional practice including greater acceptance and compassion for self and others.
Communication and emotion: Basic concepts and approaches

Publisher Summary This chapter provides the basic emotion concepts and the popular approaches to studying emotion. The chapter begins by differentiating three related constructs—affect, emotion, and mood; and differentiates between emotional experience and expression. Three prominent approaches to emotion that are discussed in the social psychology are reviewed: the discrete emotions, dimensional, and prototype approaches. Affective valence is the most basic feature of emotion. Emotions are characterized by four components. The cognitive component refers to the interpretation of the emotion-eliciting event or stimuli, and any resultant changes in perceptions or beliefs. Action readiness concerns increases or decreases in one's desire to take action. The third component, feelings, references the valence of the emotion, including the pleasure/pain dimension. Finally, physiological change refers to increases or decreases in arousal level and physiological reactions such as sweaty palms and blushing. Emotions are typically characterized as having an object or identifiable stimulus event, such as joy after having a child or anger at being jilted. In contrast, moods are frequently described as more diffuse and nonspecific.
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: Segmental or Generalized Disease?

AbstractXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis of the kidney usually occurs in association with urinary tract infection, obstruction and/or calculi. The diagnosis usually is made when a nephrectomy is performed for a non-functioning kidney and/or a mass indistinguishable from carcinoma on radiological as well as gross examination. Segmental excision of the kidney for focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has been used rarely in the past. Focal involvement of the kidney with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was encountered in 4 instances at our institution. The diagnosis was made incidentally in 3 patients during segmental excision of the involved parenchyma and/or cyst wall. We believe that the xanthogranulomatous process probably starts as a localized involvement in some cases and, if excised during this stage, further destruction of renal parenchyma can be prevented successfully.
Short-term effects of airport-associated ultrafine particle exposure on lung function and inflammation in adults with asthma

BACKGROUND Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP, particles with aerodynamic diameter < 100 nm) is associated with reduced lung function and airway inflammation in individuals with asthma. Recently, elevated UFP number concentrations (PN) from aircraft landing and takeoff activity were identified downwind of the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) but little is known about the health impacts of airport-related UFP exposure. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study of 22 non-smoking adults with mild to moderate asthma in Nov-Dec 2014 and May-Jul 2015 to investigate short-term effects of exposure to LAX airport-related UFPs. Participants conducted scripted, mild walking activity on two occasions in public parks inside (exposure) and outside (control) of the high UFP zone. Spirometry, multiple flow exhaled nitric oxide, and circulating inflammatory cytokines were measured before and after exposure. Personal UFP PN and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and stationary UFP PN, black carbon (BC), particle-bound PAHs (PB-PAH), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) mass were measured. Source apportionment analysis was conducted to distinguish aircraft from roadway traffic related UFP sources. Health models investigated within-subject changes in outcomes as a function of pollutants and source factors. RESULTS A high two-hour walking period average contrast of ~34,000 particles·cm-3 was achieved with mean (std) PN concentrations of 53,342 (25,529) and 19,557 (11,131) particles·cm-3 and mean (std) particle size of 28.7 (9.5) and 33.2 (11.5) at the exposure and control site, respectively. Principal components analysis differentiated airport UFPs (PN), roadway traffic (BC, PB-PAH), PM mass (PM2.5, PM10), and secondary photochemistry (O3) sources. A standard deviation increase in the 'Airport UFPs' factor was significantly associated with IL-6, a circulating marker of inflammation (single-pollutant model: 0.21, 95% CI = 0.08-0.34; multi-pollutant model: 0.18, 0.04-0.32). The 'Traffic' factor was significantly associated with lower Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) (single-pollutant model: -1.52, -2.28 to -0.77) and elevated sTNFrII (single-pollutant model: 36.47; 6.03-66.91; multi-pollutant model: 64.38; 6.30-122.46). No consistent associations were observed with exhaled nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate increased acute systemic inflammation following exposure to airport-related UFPs. Health effects associated with roadway traffic exposure were distinct. This study emphasizes the importance of multi-pollutant measurements and modeling techniques to disentangle sources of UFPs contributing to the complex urban air pollution mixture and to evaluate population health risks.
Confounded Coefficients: Extending Recent Advances in the Accurate Comparison of Logit and Probit Coefficients Across Groups

The logit and probit models are critical parts of the social scientists analytical arsenal. We often want to know if a covariate has the same effect for different groups, e.g., men and women. Unfortunately, many attempts to compare the effect of covariates across groups make the unwarranted assumption that each group has the same residual variation. If this assumption is false, comparisons of coefficients can reveal differences where none exist and conceal differences that do exist. Recent work has emphasized the theoretical potential for this problem and proposed a test of whether the effect of covariates differs across groups that is accurate, if limited, despite differences in residual variation. This paper extends these advances in three ways. First, it uses simulations to show that this theoretical problem is substantively significant under a wide range of common conditions, meaning that traditionally executed comparisons of logit coefficients should be viewed skeptically. Second, it uses simulations to assess the power of the test recently proposed to overcome the problem, finding that they are an improvement over naive comparisons of coefficients, but have significant limitations. Third, it proposes and tests two alternative means of comparing coefficients across groups that avoid the assumption of equal residual variation entirely. The article closes with implications for the practice of research.
FERROIC CRYSTALS, CERAMICS, AND COMPOSITES

Movable twins or domains are the characteristic feature of ferroic crystals. Four topics of current interest are reviewed in this paper: secondary ferroics (ferrobielasticity in quartz), diffuse phase transitions (relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate), composite ferroics (PZT-polymer piezoelectric devices), and improper ferroics (magnetoferroelectricity in Cr 2 BeO 4 ).
Cyclic-AMP-stimulated synthesis and release of carcinoembryonic antigen by pancreatic cancer cells.

The effect of cyclic adenosine 3′∶5′-monophosphate (cAMP) upon the synthesis and release of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in the human pancreatic ductal cancer cell line, SW-1990. Incubation for up to 24 h with forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, or isobutylmethyl xanthine, a theophylline analog, increased cellular cAMP levels by over 100-fold and significantly increased CEA release and cellular CEA content. Whereas cAMP levels were augmented within 10 min of exposure to these agents, CEA release and CEA cell content were not increased until 90 min and 24 h, respectively. Similar results were obtained using dibutyryl-cAMP, a cAMP analog, but not using sodium butyrate, a metabolite of dibutyryl-cAMP. Cells were incubated with35S-cysteine and3H-glucosamine in the presence or absence of forskolin in order to compare the effects of high cAMP levels upon the synthesis and release of total proteins, total glycoproteins, and immunoprecipitable CEA. Both CEA synthesis and release were enhanced by forskolin, but these effects were not specific to CEA since the release of labeled proteins and glycoproteins also increased. In addition, altered CEA expression caused by forskolin was consistently associated with a cessation of cell division, an effect which was reversible upon removing the agent. There was no effect upon cell morphology or viability. The data indicate that increased levels of cellular cAMP in pancreatic cancer cells is associated with decreased cell proliferation and increased expression of CEA and other glycoproteins.
Increasing the Production of Enzymes Via Fermentation

In many industrial fermentation processes the ultimate limitation on the rate of reaction is the rate at which nutrients can be supplied to the microbial cells (1). Supplying these materials to the microorganisms through the media in which they are growing is basically a problem in diffusional mass transfer. Most research has centered on ways to minimize diffusional resistances to mass transfer. However, methods designed to improve the molecular diffusivities of the nutrients in the media to the growing cells have been ignored, for the most part.
Mechanisms of Leukocyte Regulation by Complement-Derived Factors

As early as the mid-1960s it was recognized that factors derived from the blood complement system could stimulate leukocytes and promote directed leukocyte migration (Ward et al., 1965, 1967; Shin et al., 1968; Snyderman et al., 1968). Shortly thereafter assignments were made that identified anaphylatoxins as the humoral chemotactic factors in question (Jensen et al., 1969; Hill and Ward, 1969; Ward 1967, 1969; Cochrane and Muller-Eberhard, 1968; Fernandez et al., 1978). Anaphylatoxins are low-molecular-weight fragments released from serum components C3, C4, and C5 when the complement cascade is activated; these fragments have been designated C3a, C4a, and C5a, respectively. Several recent reviews describe the properties of the anaphylatoxins in great detail (Hugli and Muller-Eberhard, 1978; Hugli, 1978, 1981, 1982). Before the anaphylatoxins were identified as chemotaxins, they were noted primarily for their spasmogenic and permeability-enhancing activities, mediated largely via vasoamines released from the mast cell (Johnson et al., 1975). However, it was the recognition of neutrophil-anaphylatoxin interactions, using chemotaxis as an indicator of cellular activation, that prompted discovery of numerous other leukocyte responses mediated by these anaphylatoxins. The current status of our knowledge concerning the multiple effects of the anaphylatoxins on leukocyte function is the subject of this chapter.
Compiling Cyclical Composite Indexes: The Conference Board Indicators Approach

This chapter presents the indicator approach to business cycle analysis followed by The Conference Board and others around the world. It reviews the utilization of turning point analysis in the indicator selection process. The composite index methodology, its major concepts, assumptions, and the empirical challenges faced in applying the indicator approach are discussed.
Consideration of and Reasons for Not Obtaining Abortion Among Women Entering Prenatal Care in Southern Louisiana and Baltimore, Maryland

Most research about experiences considering and seeking abortion comes from women presenting at abortion clinics. This study examines experiences among women presenting at prenatal care. Five hundred eighty-nine women were recruited at their first prenatal visit in Southern Louisiana and Baltimore, Maryland. Participants completed self-administered iPad surveys and in-clinic structured interviews. Participants were asked if they had considered abortion for this pregnancy and, if so, reasons they did not obtain one. Twenty-eight percent of Louisiana and 34% of Maryland participants had considered abortion. Ten percent in Louisiana and 13% in Maryland had called an abortion clinic; 2% in Louisiana and 3% in Maryland had visited an abortion clinic. The most common reason for not having an abortion related to women’s own decision-making, i.e. their personal preferences. Policy-related reasons were less common; but more participants who had considered abortion in Louisiana than Maryland reported a policy-related reason (primarily lack of funding for the abortion) as a reason (22% Louisiana, 2% Maryland, p < 0.001). Recruiting in prenatal care is a feasible way to find women who considered, but did not obtain, an abortion for their current pregnancy. Women’s own preferences were the primary reason for not obtaining an abortion across settings, but more in Louisiana than Maryland faced policy-related barriers to abortion.
Effect of cold storage on survivors and recovery of injured Salmonella bacteria on fresh‐cut pieces prepared from whole melons treated with heat and hydrogen peroxide

Cantaloupes and honeydew melons inoculated with 10⁷ CFU/ml Salmonella bacteria were treated with 1.5% of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at 20°C and minimally treated at 70°C for 3 min before storage at 5, 10, and 20°C. Salmonella bacteria recovered from the cantaloupe and honeydew melon rind surfaces averaged 4.5 and 3.9 log CFU/cm², respectively, before antimicrobial treatments. Fresh‐cut pieces prepared at each day of storage were immediately placed inside the refrigerator (5°C) while some pieces were left at room temperature (20°C) for 30 and 60 min before refrigeration. After minimal thermal hydrogen peroxide treatments, injured Salmonella on whole cantaloupes was significantly (p > 0.05) different than honeydew melons. Cold storage of treated melons at 5°C led to significant (p > 0.05) reduction of the injured bacteria and below detection in fresh‐cut pieces even after enrichment process suggesting that minimal thermal antimicrobial processing will reduce transfer of bacteria to fresh‐cut pieces during fresh‐cut preparation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this study indicate that minimal thermal treatment with 1.5% of hydrogen peroxide at 70°C for 3 min and immediate cold storage of treated whole melons designated for fresh‐cut preparation will reduce transfer of microbial populations from melons rind surfaces to fresh‐cut pieces during fresh‐cut preparation.
Parent-Implemented Interventions and Family-Centered Service Delivery Approaches in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education.

The research synthesis presented here reviewed the currently available evidence on the effectiveness of parent-implemented interventions and family-centered service delivery approaches in early int...
Obama, where Art Thou? Hoping for Change in U.S. Education Policy.

In this essay, Wayne Au carefully considers the educational stance of Barack Obama by exploring the president's speeches and his personnel and policy choices. Au considers the election of Obama as a moment of possibility for change in American education, but also questions whether Obama's hopeful message about education will be fully realized, given the decisions the administration has made or said it will make. Finally, he calls for individuals to build a movement that demands educational justice in order to achieve the vision of equitable education set forth by Obama.
Abstract 5064: Sirt6 is a novel tumor suppressor in human urothelial cancer and activated by methysticin

Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) plays an important role in longevity, metabolism, DNA-repair, and inflammatory response. In human urothelial cancer, a high level of SIRT6 expression predicts a better survival for patients. We found that overexpression of SIRT6 in human muscle-invasive bladder cancer cell line J82 reduced cell migration and invasion, but didn’t reduce the in vitro cell growth. Kava is a traditional psychotropic beverage made from the rhizomes of Piper methysticum G. Forst. Previous epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between cancer incidence and kava consumption in South Pacific Island Nations. We have shown that Methysticin, a major kavalactone in the Kava plant, inhibits the growth, migration and invasion of bladder cancer lines. However, these anti-cancer activities of Methysticin are attenuated in cells with low expression of SIRT6, expression of enzymatically mutant SIRT6 or SIRT6 knockout, which suggested that the anti-cancer activities of Methysticin are at least in part dependent on SIRT6 expression. Molecular modelling indicates that Methysticin docks into the site next to a loop near the acetylated peptide substrate binding site of SIRT6. The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA, an in vivo assay) demonstrated that Methysticin significantly decreased heat-induced protein degradation of SIRT6. Treatment of J82 cells with Methysticin also resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of H3K18 acetylation. Taken together, these results suggest that Methysticin acts a novel SIRT6 activator for its anti-bladder activity. Further studies have demonstrated that Methysticin activates the TBK1/IRF3/STING pathway by increasing the protein expression of TBK1 and the phosphorylation of TBK1 and STING, which suggest that Methysticin may be able to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, our results support further investigation of Methylation for bladder cancer prevention. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: DongJun Fu, Noriko N. Yokoyama, Mattew Tippin, Xiaolin Zi. Sirt6 is a novel tumor suppressor in human urothelial cancer and activated by methysticin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5064.
Survival of Solanum jamesii Tubers at Freezing Temperatures

Potato cultivars are propagated by tubers which are sensitive to damage by freezing. Potato has about 100 related wild Solanum species growing naturally in the Americas. When tubers of a spectrum of these species were slowly cooled, most were killed at a few degrees below 0 C. Only tubers of Solanum jamesii, native to the southwest USA, remained firm, sprouted and grew after one week exposure to freezing temperatures as cold as -15C. Differential Thermal Analysis was performed to detect low temperature exotherms (LTEs) in jamesii and similar-sized tubers of cultivars Russet Burbank and Snowden. LTEs, indicating supercooling, were detected only in the jamesii tubers. Survival of potato tubers at freezing temperatures could be useful in several ways. Even non-lethal cold exposure of potato tubers at harvest reduces quality for eating and for seed, but storage at freezing temperatures without damage could help preserve tuber dormancy and limit diseases.
Public Support for Social Safety-Net Policies for COVID-19 in the United States, April 2020.

Objectives. To examine public support for health insurance, income support, and unemployment policies during the initial phase of disease transmission and economic distress following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and to assess varying public support based on beliefs about the role of government.Methods. We fielded a nationally representative survey of US adults (n = 1468) from April 7, 2020, to April 13, 2020.Results. Of US adults, 77% supported paid sick leave, and a majority also supported universal health insurance, an increased minimum wage, and various unemployment support policies. Public support for an active government role in society to improve citizens' lives increased by 10 percentage points during this initial pandemic response relative to September 2019. Belief in a strong governmental role in society was associated with greater support for social safety-net policies.Conclusions. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in early April 2020, most US adults favored a range of safety-net policies to ameliorate its negative health and economic consequences. For most safety-net policies, public support was highest among those favoring a stronger governmental role in society.
Minimally Invasive and Robotic Esophagectomy

Esophageal cancer accounts for about 1% of all new cancer cases in the United States. Incidence is highest in males in the sixth to the seventh decade of life, with adenocarcinoma being the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States. Overall, esophageal cancer is a very aggressive type of cancer, with about 20% overall survival at five years after treatment. There is improved survival in patients with an earlier pathologic stage of cancer compared to the later pathologic stage, where surgery plays a vital role in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Multiple studies have shown that a multidisciplinary approach to locally advanced esophageal cancer with surgical resection as an essential part of therapy contributes to survival benefit.
Pediatric Group Care: A Systematic Review.

To describe characteristics and outcomes of Group Well-Child Care programs and provide recommendations for future research. Informed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, an electronic references database, manual search of bibliographies and peer-reviewed journals, and general Internet search were conducted including research published up to July 2019. English language, peer-reviewed research, with provision of medical care were included. Studies without published outcomes, not specific to well-child care, or included only one visit were excluded. Nineteen articles met review criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black tool for rigor. Programs typically included an individual medical examination, check-in, and group discussion. Demographics varied by race, ethnicity, age, income level, education and parity, though many were used specifically with underserved populations. Group size ranged from 3 to 10 and lasted an average of 1.5 h over a period of 6–24 months. Evidence suggests group well-child care is as effective as individual care with improvement noted for health-care utilization, weight outcomes, and more content covered. Design elements such as patient-led discussion, self-check-in, inclusion of other family members, and use of a variety of health care professionals and para-professionals may influence these outcomes. Group well-child care is useful in providing efficient and patient-centered care and shows promise for use in underserved populations. Future research should utilize more rigorous study design and include evaluations of program components and group processes to address implementation challenges and determine effectiveness.
Single-cell analysis reveals the subthreshold TLR response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains one of society9s greatest human health challenges. Recognition of pathogens such as Mtb by phagocytes via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is critical for immune defense. Phagocytes and other innate immune cells must successfully discriminate between pathogen infection or noisy signals derived from transient non-pathogenic exposures to pattern recognition receptor ligands. Previous studies have underscored the importance of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of Mtb, and other studies have demonstrated that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) exhibits sigmoidal dynamics in inflammatory protein production in response to soluble ligands. How these dynamics extend to TLR2 in response to Mtb or soluble TLR2 ligands is not known. Here, we address a challenging question essential to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) disease: What is the quality of the early innate response to Mtb infection at low multiplicity of infection and how does the response to soluble TLR2 ligand stimulation reflect the intact pathogen response? Using soluble TLR2 ligands, we demonstrate that inflammatory protein production in response to TLR2 stimulation similarly follows sigmoidal activation. We further show that inflammatory protein production following Mtb infection operates in this subthreshold regime and cannot be attributed to irreversible disruption of inflammatory signaling pathways in Mtb-infected cells. Using highly sensitive assays to interrogate signaling in Mtb-infected primary human macrophages, we further show that Mtb infection results in limited phosphorylation of p38, a key regulator of inflammatory pathways. We further demonstrate that this poor activation is not driven by irreversible inhibition of p38 signaling by Mtb. Lastly, we demonstrate that the quality of canonical inflammatory signal input is decoupled from the ability to control Mtb growth. Together, these data demonstrate that pathways downstream of TLR signaling are differentially activated following Mtb infection and that barriers to activation of these pathways may contribute to functional partitioning of the inflammatory state of Mtb infected cells. Importantly, these studies provide a roadmap to dissect heterogeneous innate responses to Mtb infection as well as provide a tractable experimental system to simulate the early innate immune response to paucibacillary infection in humans.
Pharmacist and Prescriber Responsibilities for Avoiding Prescription Drug Misuse

Pharmacists have the same duty as prescribers to prevent inappropriate use of dangerous drugs. Loperamide, for example, is an over-the-counter medication that has been reported to be potentially misused for euphoric effects. Pharmacists and prescribers alike face challenges in providing optimal care for patients and protecting communities from drug misuse. These challenges include cognitive bias, underdeveloped safety culture, and differing expectations of responsibilities of the other party in ensuring safe prescribing. This commentary explores legal, ethical, and practical considerations for pharmacists and prescribers working together to address uncertainty in drug prescribing.
Talking with ‘Others’ Experiences and perspective transformation in a short-term study abroad program

With the growth of short-term study abroad programs comes the need to develop impactful curricula and to provide supportive environments for deep learning abroad that is more than “upgraded” tourism but rather focused on educational outcomes. This qualitative case study investigates the experiences of five study abroad participants in Israel. Drawing from multiple data sources within an interpretive framework, the purpose of this study is to understand student experiences abroad. Data was analyzed inductively and thematically. Findings suggest that the holistic experience was anchored by (1) directed and diverse conversations, (2) hermeneutical reflections, (3) emotional disequilibrium, (4) intercultural competence development, and (5) student engagement in a classroom culture, which acted together as a gestalt. Results highlight the importance of dialogue, both with locals and within the classroom community, for transformative learning. These findings encourage international educators to provide instructional frames that encourage students to engage with local communities in critical ways.
There Once Was a Really Bad Poet, It Was Automated but You Didn’t Know It

Limerick generation exemplifies some of the most difficult challenges faced in poetry generation, as the poems must tell a story in only five lines, with constraints on rhyme, stress, and meter. To address these challenges, we introduce LimGen , a novel and fully automated system for limerick generation that outperforms state-of-the-art neural network-based poetry models, as well as prior rule-based poetry models. LimGen consists of three important pieces: the Adaptive Multi-Templated Constraint algorithm that constrains our search to the space of realistic poems, the Multi-Templated Beam Search algorithm which searches efficiently through the space, and the probabilistic Storyline algorithm that provides coherent storylines related to a user-provided prompt word. The resulting limericks satisfy poetic constraints and have thematically coherent storylines, which are sometimes even funny (when we are lucky).
GuPPy, a Python toolbox for the analysis of fiber photometry data

ABSTRACT Fiber photometry (FP) is an adaptable method for recording in vivo neural activity in freely behaving animals. It has become a popular tool in neuroscience due to its ease of use, low cost, the ability to combine FP with freely moving behavior, among other advantages. However, analysis of FP data can be a challenge for new users, especially those with a limited programming background. Here, we present Guided Photometry Analysis in Python (GuPPy), a free and open-source FP analysis tool. GuPPy is provided as a Jupyter notebook, a well-commented interactive development environment (IDE) designed to operate across platforms. GuPPy presents the user with a set of graphic user interfaces (GUIs) to load data and provide input parameters. Graphs produced by GuPPy can be exported into various image formats for integration into scientific figures. As an open-source tool, GuPPy can be modified by users with knowledge of Python to fit their specific needs.
Carbon fiber electrodes for intracellular recording and stimulation.

Objective. To understand neural circuit dynamics, it is critical to manipulate and record many individual neurons. Traditional recording methods, such as glass microelectrodes, can only control a small number of neurons. More recently, devices with high electrode density have been developed, but few of them can be used for intracellular recording or stimulation in intact nervous systems. Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) are 8 micron-diameter electrodes that can be assembled into dense arrays (pitches ≥ 80 µm). They have good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and provide stable extracellular recording both acutely and chronically in neural tissue in vivo (e.g., rat motor cortex). The small fiber size suggests that arrays could be used for intracellular stimulation.Approach. We tested CFEs for intracellular stimulation using the large identified and electrically compact neurons of the marine molluskAplysia californica. Neuron cell bodies inAplysiarange from 30 µm to over 250 µm. We compared the efficacy of CFEs to glass microelectrodes by impaling the same neuron's cell body with both electrodes and connecting them to a DC coupled amplifier.Main Results. We observed that intracellular waveforms were essentially identical, but the amplitude and SNR in the CFE were lower than in the glass microelectrode. CFE arrays could record from 3 to 8 neurons simultaneously for many hours, and many of these recordings were intracellular, as shown by simultaneous glass microelectrode recordings. CFEs coated with platinum-iridium could stimulate and had stable impedances over many hours. CFEs not within neurons could record local extracellular activity. Despite the lower SNR, the CFEs could record synaptic potentials. CFEs were less sensitive to mechanical perturbations than glass microelectrodes.Significance. The ability to do stable multi-channel recording while stimulating and recording intracellularly make CFEs a powerful new technology for studying neural circuit dynamics.
Chapter 20 The Mechanism of Coupling between Glucose Transport and Electrical Potential in the Proximal Tubule: A Study of Potential-Dependent Phlorizin Binding to Isolated Renal Microvillus Membranes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mechanism of high-affinity phlorizin binding to isolated renal microvillus membrane vesicles as a function of imposed alterations in the transmembrane electrical potential difference. The glucose transport across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubular cell occurs via cotransport with Na + , and such a cotransport mechanism allows the energization of uphill glucose transport by the electrochemical Na + gradient; in particular, glucose uptake into isolated brush border membrane vesicles may be stimulated by imposing an inside-negative electrical potential difference across the membrane. Phlorizin—a competitive inhibitor of brush border glucose transport—binds to an Na + -dependent, high-affinity receptor on the microvillus membrane that is thought to be identical with the Na + -coupled glucose carrier; however, phlorizin is not itself transported across the brush border membrane by the Na + -coupled sugar transport system. The data presented in the chapter are more consistent with an effect of potential on the initial interaction of sugar with the binding site prior to translocation. However, the experiments described in the chapter cannot distinguish an effect of potential to modulate the appearance of a negatively charged carrier at the membrane surface from an effect to modify carrier activation with respect to substrate binding. This suggests that the coupling between glucose transport and the transmembrane electrical potential difference arises from potential-dependent behavior of the free carrier rather than from potential dependence of the sugar translocation step per se.
Endocrine Modification of the Developmental Formation of Ornithine Aminotransferase in Rat Tissues

Abstract Ornithine aminotransferase concentrations are under the control of a sequence of antagonistic hormonal factors differing with age and different in liver and kidney. Developmental formation of ornithine aminotransferase normally occurs in rat liver 2 weeks after birth. A single injection of glucocorticoid as early as 4 days after birth prematurely raises the rate of formation to adult levels in 16 to 24 hours, whereas either estrogen administration or adrenalectomy inhibits the normal accumulation of the enzyme in the third postnatal week. Estrogen given 6 hours before glucocorticoids also prevents the rise in younger rats. The level in adult animals is not changed by glucocorticoids or adrenalectomy. In rat kidney, treatment with estrogen but not glucocorticoids elevates ornithine aminotransferase prematurely. The effect of estrogen is prevented by simultaneously administered triamcinolone.
Supercritical Phase Catalysis—Heterogeneous

The potential applications of supercritical reaction media in heterogeneous catalysis have greatly expanded in recent years to include industrially significant reactions such as selective catalytic oxidations (fine and agricultural chemicals), fixed-bed hydrogenations (pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates), polymerizations, hydroformylations (petrochemical), and solid-acid catalyzed alkylations (petroleum refining). The near-critical region (roughly 1.05-1.2 Tc; and 0.9 - 2.0 Pc) provides access to unique fluid properties (liquid-like densities and gas-like transport properties) that have been exploited in heterogeneous catalytic systems in numerous ways such as these: eliminating oxygen or hydrogen solubility limitations in the liquid phase of multiphase reaction systems; enhanced desorption and transport of heavy molecules (such as coke precursors) in mesoporous catalysts alleviating pore-diffusion limitations and improving catalyst effectiveness; in situ removal of primary reaction products maximizing their selectivity; enhanced heat capacity ameliorating the problem of parametric sensitivity in exothermic fixed-bed reactors; and facile separation of reactants and products. Supercritical reaction systems are thus excellent examples of the ‘multifunctional reactor’ concept. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in each of these areas including fundamental and experimental aspects. Barriers and challenges confronting application of CO2-based processes in industrial catalysis, and advances in overcoming these barriers are highlighted. Keywords: supercritical; catalysis; heterogenous
Connecting supply, short-sellers and stock returns: Research challenges☆

Abstract One key challenge for the short selling literature is to identify the incremental contribution of various measures of short sale constraints. Although variables such as loan fee, loan supply and short interest are determined simultaneously in the market for borrowing stock, new incremental information may be found in each variable examined. Papers such as Beneish et al. (2015) attempt to disentangle the effect of one particular variable, and attempt to shed light on the parallel challenge faced by investors in determining which variables will make the most impact on returns as well as trading costs. We discuss a number of practical approaches to this challenge, and we also consider a potentially new take that considers accounting-data-driven anomalies as one of the possible exogenously determined variables in the equilibrium of the equity loan market.
Pancreatic metastasectomy: The Memorial Sloan‐Kettering experience and a review of the literature

Isolated pancreatic metastases may occur in patients with many types of cancer. Several retrospective case series have been published demonstrating the feasibility of resection in selected patients. Here we report our experience with pancreatic metastasectomy in 70 patients and review the published literature. Our findings suggest that long-term survival is associated with resection in selected patients but these outcomes must be weighed against the significant morbidity that is associated with pancreatic resection.