cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polynomials, Higher Order Sobolev Extension Theorems and Interpolation Inequalities on Weighted Folland-Stein Spaces on Stratified Groups

This paper consists of three main parts. One of them is to develop local and global Sobolev interpolation inequalities of any higher order for the nonisotropic Sobolev spaces on stratified nilpotent Lie groups. Despite the extensive research after Jerison's work [3] on Poincare-type inequalities for Hormander's vector fields over the years, our results given here even in the nonweighted case appear to be new. Such interpolation inequalities have crucial applications to subelliptic or parabolic PDE's involving vector fields. The main tools to prove such inqualities are approximating the Sobolev functions by polynomials associated with the left invariant vector fields on ?. Some very usefull properties for polynomials associated with the functions are given here and they appear to have independent interests in their own rights. Finding the existence of such polynomials is the second main part of this paper. Main results of these two parts have been announced in the author's paper in Mathematical Research Letters [38]. The third main part of this paper contains extension theorems on anisotropic Sobolev spaces on stratified groups and their applications to proving Sobolev interpolation inequalities on (ɛ,δ) domains. Some results of weighted Sobolev spaces are also given here. We construct a linear extension operator which is bounded on different Sobolev spaces simultaneously. In particular, we are able to construct a bounded linear extension operator such that the derivatives of the extended function can be controlled by the same order of derivatives of the given Sobolev functions. Theorems are stated and proved for weighted anisotropic Sobolev spaces on stratified groups.
Security Standards for Space-Terrestrial Internetworks: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Securing Shared Circuits

THE increasing data collection capability of space platforms, from cislunar to deep-space missions, is outpacing the downlink capacity of legacy telecommunications architectures. Legacy point-to-point streaming data service models require spacecraft to downlink directly to preselected ground antennas to telemeter their entire data volume. Improvements to spacecraft design and launch services in both commercial and government sectors are increasing the number of space assets and improvements in payload technologies allowed for the collection of increasingly large data sets on increasingly smaller space platforms. Together, these trends produce data volumes that congest existing TT&C (tracking, telemetry, and control) links. This congestion results in additional costs to build new ground stations, shifts to less congested frequencies (X-, Ka-, and Ku-band), higher prices for existing link services, and, ultimately, fewer link opportunities. The foreseeable economic climate for space science necessitates a frugality that cannot support scaling inefficient legacy architectures. In addition to expanding the number of ground systems, multiple space agencies are pursuing technologies to more efficiently share space and ground telecommunications assets. One such effort, delay-tolerant networking (DTN), standardizes the multipath, multihop, packetized data definitions necessary to create internetworks from space and ground assets. DTN provides an Internet-style data exchange to space communications challenged by the link disruptions and signal propagation delays that prevent the smooth operation of terrestrial protocols such as the Internet protocol (IP) [1]. Packetized internetworking relieves congestion in space-to-ground
Computational Study of Multiple Hydrokinetic Turbines: The Effect of Wake

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted to investigate the performance of a predetermined propeller-based hydrokinetic turbine design in staggered and non-staggered placements for river applications. Actual turbine models were used instead of low fidelity actuator line or actuator disks for CFD simulations to achieve more reliable results. The k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model was employed to resolve wall effects on turbine surface and to determine wake interactions behind the turbines. The wake interaction behind the upstream turbine causes significant drop on downstream turbine performance within non-staggered configuration. The upstream turbines in both staggered and non-staggered placement offers the same relative power of 0.96, while the relative power for downstream turbine is 0.98 for staggered installment and 0.16 for inline placement.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
On Characterization of Uniformizable Spaces

(1970). On Characterization of Uniformizable Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 10, pp. 1095-1095.
Grain prices, oil prices, and multiple smooth breaks in a VAR

Ignored structural breaks in a VAR result in a misspecified model such that Granger causality tests are improperly sized; there is a bias towards a rejection of the null hypothesis of non-causality even when the null is correct. Instead of modeling structural breaks as being sharp, changes in the relationship between the maize and petroleum markets are likely to have occurred gradually. We show the flexible Fourier form has good size and power properties in testing for smooth structural change in a VAR. When applied to a VAR including maize and oil prices, we uncover important linkages between the two markets.
Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus by Lactobacillus curvatus HB02

Lactobacillus curvatus HB02,which could inhibit growth of fungi,was cultured on doubled-layered agar or in liquid anaerobic cultivation medium.The content of volatile fatty acid(VFA)or lactic acid in cultural medium was measured by gas chromatography or colorimeter.The inhibition of HB02 on growth and toxin generation of Aspergillus flavus was determined by co-culture of HB02 with the fungi.The results showed that HB02 grew faster in MRS liquid medium than in solid plate.And in the cultural medium,the content of acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid and lactic acid was 51.75 mmol·L-1,0.77 mmol·L-1,0.37 mmol·L-1,and 28.06 mmol·L-1,respectively.The further experiment showed that the more lactic acid was added in the medium,the lower the pH of medium was,and the lighter the mycelium was.While the production of aflatoxin B1 increased with the decrease of pH,which implied that the low pH resulted from lactic acid in medium inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus but not the production of aflatoxin B1.While the HB02 strain was co-cultured with Aspergillus flavus,the weight of the mycelium and the production of aflatoxin B1 were both significantly lower than those of Aspergillus flavus cultured without HB02.The results implied that the mechanism of the inhibition on the growth of fungi and the production of toxin by HB02 strain resulted from many factors involving the low pH of medium,other metabolized production and interact between microorganism.
Membrane traffic en route to cancer

Binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors initiates complex intracellular signaling cascades that promote cell growth, survival, and proliferation ( 1 ). The membrane composition and spatial arrangement of intracellular organelles represents a critical network that influences the transduction of such signals. This close relationship blurs the boundaries of classifying proteins into simple categories such as signaling and membrane trafficking. The challenge of maintaining such strict distinctions is illustrated on page 211 of this issue by Wheeler et al. ( 2 ), who identify oncogenic functions for Rab35, a protein involved in regulating endosomal membrane traffic ( 3 ).
The Epigenetic Consequences of Paternal Exposure to Environmental Contaminants and Reproductive Toxicants

Human populations are exposed to a wide spectrum of environmental contaminants, some of which are considered reproductive toxins. The influence of such toxins on the male reproductive system has been investigated extensively in animal models, while epidemiological studies seek to understand the effect of human exposures. The basic tenant of epidemiological studies in male human reproduction is to infer how one or more substances alter the hormonal profile, seminal characteristics, or both. Determining if a substance alters semen quality may not always provide the underlying mechanism. The mechanisms by which toxins may alter human sperm and semen quality are typically examined as a function of hormonal changes and cellular damage. The possibility that more subtle epigenetic alterations underlie some of the reproductive changes has, until recently, received little attention. In this review, we discuss the roles of epigenetics in human spermatogenesis, while considering the impact of reproductive toxicants on the epigenome.
Bachelors of Science in Nursing Students and a Qualitative Analysis of their Medication Administration Experiences

Lack of medication knowledge and skills is detrimental to the safety and welfare of patients. Lack of pharmacology knowledge and skills is detrimental to the safety and welfare of patients. In a southern baccalaureate nursing program, students demonstrated deficiencies in their medication knowledge and skill proficiency. This qualitative study discusses nursing students’ knowledge, training, and clinical instruction while administering medications. Results revealed that students had knowledge gaps regarding the complexity of the medication administration process, knowledge regarding medications, and fear of making a medication error without the support of their faculty. Educational strategies to improve the overall education of student nurses that enhance clinical medication safety will better improve patient safety outcomes. Keywords: Nursing Students, Medication Administration Process, Medication Safety
A Moment Matching Approach for Generating Synthetic Data

Synthetic data are becoming increasingly important mechanisms for sharing data among collaborators and with the public. Multiple methods for the generation of synthetic data have been proposed, but many have short comings with respect to maintaining the statistical properties of the original data. We propose a new method for fully synthetic data generation that leverages linear and integer mathematical programming models in order to match the moments of the original data in the synthetic data. This method has no inherent disclosure risk and does not require parametric or distributional assumptions. We demonstrate this methodology using the Framingham Heart Study. Existing synthetic data methods that use chained equations were compared with our approach. We fit Cox proportional hazards, logistic regression, and nonparametric models to synthetic data and compared with models fitted to the original data. True coverage, the proportion of synthetic data parameter confidence intervals that include the original data's parameter estimate, was 100% for parametric models when up to four moments were matched, and consistently outperformed the chained equations approach. The area under the curve and accuracy of the nonparametric models trained on synthetic data marginally differed when tested on the full original data. Models were also trained on synthetic data and a partition of original data and were tested on a held-out portion of original data. Fourth-order moment matched synthetic data outperformed others with respect to fitted parametric models but did not always outperform other methods with fitted nonparametric models. No single synthetic data method consistently outperformed others when assessing the performance of nonparametric models. The performance of fourth-order moment matched synthetic data in fitting parametric models suggests its use in these cases. Our empirical results also suggest that the performance of synthetic data generation techniques, including the moment matching approach, is less stable for use with nonparametric models. The benefits of the moment matching approach should be weighed against additional computational costs. In summary, our results demonstrate that the introduced moment matching approach may be considered as an alternative to existing synthetic data generation methods.
Dynamic hierarchies and optimization in distributed storage systems

The authors propose techniques to allow controlled penetration of the location transparencies of a distributed storage system by generalizing the simple disk-tape hierarchy paradigm of current storage systems to include multiple co-existing dynamic storage hierarchies. An orthogonal, semantics-free optimization primitive is proposed to manipulate the relation between an object and its hierarchy. By managing the hierarchy attribute of a storage object and a systemwide configuration of storage device hierarchies, one can position objects on any desired set of devices without destroying the fundamental transparencies of the system. The level of detail concerning the storage location of an object can range from general (somewhere in the 'fast' storage hierarchy) to very explicit (a specific disk drive). >
Herpes simplex infection simulating Richter transformation: a series of four cases and review of the literature.

Aims Richter transformation (RT) occurs in 5-10% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and is associated with a poor outcome. Histologic manifestations of RT are variable and include an increase in the proportion of large cells including prolymphocytes, immunoblasts and other pleomorphic cells along with an increased proliferation rate and often necrosis. Rarely, superimposed Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection involving lymph nodes in patients with CLL/SLL may mimic RT clinically and histologically. In this study, we describe 4 cases of CLL/SLL with superimposed HSV lymphadenitis and we review the literature. Methods And Results We describe the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic findings of 4 cases of CLL/SLL with superimposed HSV infection. The patients presented with B-type symptoms, and laboratory and imaging findings suggested progression of lymphoma. Histologically, there were geographic areas of necrosis and an increase in prolymphocytes and immunoblasts, in some areas forming sheets, with increased mitotic figures and a high proliferation (Ki-67) rate.. However, the necrotic regions were associated with acute inflammatory cells and larger cells, mostly necrotic, exhibiting viral cytopathic effects. Therapy with antiviral agents resulted in improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging findings. Additionally, we identified 11 cases of CLL/SLL with superimposed HSV infection described in the English literature and integrate the cases we report into this larger context. Conclusions Herpes simplex infection of lymph nodes in patients with CLL/SLL results in clinicopathologic and radiologic findings that may mimic RT. It is essential to refrain from misclassifying these cases as RT as patients can respond remarkably well to antiviral therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Genetic engineering strategies for hematologic malignancies.

Hematologic malignancies have several features that make them particularly well suited for treatment with the use of genetic engineering approaches. First, genetic engineering of stem cells can enhance the resistance of marrow progenitor cells to chemotherapy, potentially enhancing the therapeutic index of conventional therapy. Second, non-neoplastic cells that infiltrate the leukemia population also are present in the blood, making these cells accessible for isolation, analysis, genetic manipulation and subsequent use as effector cells in adoptive immune therapy. Third, because the neoplastic cells circulate in blood, large numbers of tumor cells can be harvested for genetic manipulation ex vivo. In addition, relatively simple blood tests can be used to monitor for expression of a selected transgene by neoplastic cells in vivo or for induced phenotypic changes on leukemia and bystander cells following gene transfer. Finally, recent advances in molecular biology and immunology have identified features of hematologic malignancies that potentially could be corrected through gene transfer for therapeutic benefit. As such, hematologic malignancies are highly amenable for development of novel gene therapy approaches.
Retaining Science Teachers in Rural School Districts: Examining the Unintended Consequences of the No Child Left Behind Act

Previous case studies find that rural school districts have been struggling to recruit and retain high quality teachers after the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Scholars and practitioners argue this labor market problem is even more dire in hard-to-recruit subject areas such as science and mathematics. While there is ample antidotal evidence, there is still no empirical studies that have leveraged a longitudinal dataset to estimate the impact of NCLB on teacher retention in rural school districts. To better examine the intended and unintended consequences of NCLB, this study leverages a longitudinal statewide panel dataset at the district level to examine the capability of rural school districts to recruit and retain science teachers. We find that rural school districts near metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas employed fewer science teachers after the NCLB passage, while remote rural school districts did not experience a decline. This article highlights that rural school districts have differential effects on their ability to recruit and retain science teachers based on their proximity to urban areas.
Rio's accomplishments and follow up

Although not given at the Greenhouse after Rio Conference, this paper provides an ideal conclusion to the Conference's proceedings. Written by the Director of the Environment Department of the World Bank, it assesses the impact of the Rio Conference so far and its future implications.
CHAPTER 183 – MAP Kinase in Yeast

Yeast cells use multiple mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases to respond to a wide variety of external stimuli that regulate proliferation, differentiation, survival, and response to stress. As in mammalian cells, yeast MAPKs are activated within MAPK cascades that form the cores of larger signal transduction cascades. Activation of MAPKs leads to the phosphorylation of a variety of effector proteins, including many nuclear transcription factors. This chapter presents a brief overview of the different MAPK kinases in yeast, discusses how physical interactions with regulatory proteins such as scaffolds, activating kinases, and substrates regulate pathway specificity, and elucidates how their function is dynamically controlled at the level of localization and the strength and duration of activation.
Scale-dependence of environmental and socioeconomic drivers of albizia invasion in Hawaii

Abstract To reduce the spread and impacts of invasive species in human-dominated landscapes, numerous and diverse residents often need to engage in individual as well as collective invasive species control efforts on their property and in their community. Combating invasion thus requires an understanding of what socioeconomic factors, in addition to ecological factors, may slow an invasive species or facilitate its spread. However, few studies have examined associations between invasive species and multi-scale socioeconomic and environmental factors, which may influence residents’ decisions to control invaders. We combine spatially explicit social and environmental datasets, and we apply gradient boosting regression to examine the socioeconomic, land use, and environmental factors associated with the distribution of albizia (Falcataria moluccana), an invasive tree species, in Hawaii. We find that environmental factors are the dominant controls on albizia cover at the landscape scale, but socioeconomic variables lead to a modest improvement in the ability to predict albizia distribution at the housing subdivision scale. At the subdivision scale, albizia is more common on properties with absentee and/or less-wealthy landowners. Albizia is also more common on smaller properties and non-agricultural land. Our study provides policy recommendations for reducing the spread of invaders and outlines an approach using computation machine learning for examining multiple socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with biological invasion in complex social landscapes.
Modulating transcriptional control of drug metabolism: A novel paradigm in drug therapeutics

893 Individual variation in drug metabolism is a major cause of treatment failures during cancer therapy. Because variations can lead to unpredictable and erratic drug side effects, there is a considerable need to modulate the pharmacodynamics of therapeutics to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. Individual variations stem from differences in activity and abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochrome p450 family, whose expression is regulated at the level of transcription by orphan nuclear receptors. We have found that ketoconazole, a known inhibitor of p450 enzyme activity, represses the transcription of genes central to drug metabolism and transport by blocking the activation of nuclear receptors. Ketoconazole prevented the activation of endogenous as well as transiently transfected genes in cell lines and primary human and mouse hepatocytes. This inhibition was mediated by blocking the activation of nuclear receptors hPXR and CAR but not other nuclear receptors such as ERα or PPARγ. Ketoconazole disrupted the interaction between hPXR and co-activators in both mammalian two-hybrid assays and in co-activator dependent receptor ligand binding assays (CARLA). Furthermore, ketoconazole specifically inhibited PXR mediated gene transcription of cyp3a11, mdr1 and mrp2 in mice. Using LORR (Loss of Righting Reflex), we found that treatment of mice with ketoconazole inhibited the metabolism, and hence the functional consequences, of a CYP450 substrate-tribromoethanolamine. Finally, in wild type mice (n=6), we demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel are normalized. Short term treatment with ketoconazole markedly reduces variation in treated population, and this effect coincides with decreased transcription of cyp3a11 and mrp2 in liver and mdr-1 in small bowel. These studies demonstrate for the first time that ketoconazole can inhibit the transcriptional activation of drug metabolism genes in vivo. Thus, ketoconazole has the potential to be used clinically to reduce individual variability in therapeutic responses.
Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index and Amniotic Fluid Index on the Accuracy of Sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight in Late Gestation.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect, if any, of maternal body mass index (BMI) and amniotic fluid index (AFI) on the accuracy of sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 40 to 42 weeks' gestation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton gestations with ultrasound performed at 40 to 42 weeks from 2010 to 2013. In this study, patients with documented BMI and sonographic EFW and AFI, concurrently, within 7 days of delivery were included. Chronic medical conditions and fetal anomalies were excluded from this study. The primary variable of interest was the rate of substantial error in EFW, defined as absolute percentage error (APE) >10%. Results A total of 1,000 pregnancies were included. Overall, the APE was 6.0 ± 4.5% and the rate of substantial error was 17.4% (n = 174). There was no significant difference in APE or rate of substantial error between BMI groups. In the final multivariable logistic regression model, the rate of substantial error was increased in women with oligohydramnios (OR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.10–2.92). Furthermore, oligohydramnios was significantly more likely to overestimate EFW while polyhydramnios was more likely to underestimate EFW. Maternal BMI did not affect the accuracy of sonographic EFW. Conclusion Sonographic EFW may be affected by extremes of AFI in the postdates period. Maternal BMI does not affect EFW accuracy at 40 to 42 weeks.
Comparative analysis of kidney organoid and adult human kidney single cell and single nucleus transcriptomes

Kidney organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for understanding organogenesis, modeling disease and ultimately as a source of replacement tissue. Realizing the full potential of this technology will require better differentiation strategies based upon knowledge of the cellular diversity and differentiation state of all cells within these organoids. Here we analyze single cell gene expression in 45,227 cells isolated from 23 organoids differentiated using two different protocols. Both generate kidney organoids that contain a diverse range of kidney cells at differing ratios as well as non-renal cell types. We quantified the differentiation state of major organoid kidney cell types by comparing them against a 4,259 single nucleus RNA-seq dataset generated from adult human kidney, revealing immaturity of all kidney organoid cell types. We reconstructed lineage relationships during organoid differentiation through pseudotemporal ordering, and identified transcription factor networks associated with fate decisions. These results define impressive kidney organoid cell diversity, identify incomplete differentiation as a major roadblock for current directed differentiation protocols and provide a human adult kidney snRNA-seq dataset against which to benchmark future progress.
Foreword to Handbook of Niche Marketing: Principles & Practice

This is a Foreword to Handbook of Niche Marketing: Principles & Practice written by Tevfic Dalgic and published by Best Business Books, The Haworth Reference Press, New York, 2006.
The photochemistry of polyhalocompounds, dehalogenation by photoinduced electron transfer, new methods of toxic waste disposal

Recent work on the mechanisms of the photohydrodehalogenation of haloarenes, with an emphasis on polyhaloarenes, and the related mechanisms of phototransformations of aliphatic halocompounds are reviewed. Attention is focused on the nature of the excimer in the photochemical transformations of haloarenes without additional electron transfer reagent and on the nature of the exciplex formed in phototransformations in the presence of electron transfer reagent. Applications of surface catalyzed photochemical transformations and photohydrodehalogenation of polyhaloarenes to toxic waste disposal is discussed.
Optimizing Ridge Generalized Least Squares for Structural Equation Modeling

Ridge generalized least squares (RGLS) is a recently proposed estimation procedure for structural equation modeling. In the formulation of RGLS, there is a key element, ridge tuning parameter, whos...
The complexities of AAC intervention research: emerging trends to consider.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is always about intervening and the subsequent effects of the interventions (e.g., on the AAC user, family perspectives, educational outcomes, and v...
Topologically-Protected One-Way Leaky Waves

We investigate the application of the concept of photonic topological insulators (PTIs)in radiating and scattering structures. The general properties of topologically-protected unidirectional leaky modes are analyzed for a stratified structure composed of a magnetically-biased plasma (a continuum model of topological materials)covered by topologically-trivial materials. We discuss how the propagation and radiation properties of these modes can be controlled by introducing a suitably designed coating layer on the biased plasma, resulting in highly-directive one-way leaky-wave radiation. The topological robustness of these leaky surface waves allows overcoming large defects, corners, and bends along the propagation path without any back-scattering and backward radiation. Our findings may be useful for future leaky-wave (nano)antenna generations and stealth technology based on topological concepts.
Why WAIT? Preliminary evaluation of the weight assistance and intervention techniques (WAIT) group.

ABSTRACTIndividuals who attempt to lose weight may struggle because they lack skills to address problematic eating behaviors. There are multiple programs that have taught patients some of these beh...
The subject scale of municipal management extension

Proceeding from the fact that the reform of local self-government, the creation of amalgamated territorial communities impose certain requirements for management at the local level, which is possible, taking into account current trends and management practices as a special kind of professional activity aimed at achieving certain goals, the expediency of expanding the subject area of municipal management in the conditions of decentralization and formation of amalgamated territorial communities is substantiated. It has been determined that despite a wide range of scientific researches on this issue, there are many aspects that require further elaboration, in particular, clarification of the concept of «municipal management» in the context of expanding its domain from the basic level of local self-government (village, town, city). Approaches to the definition of the category «municipal management» by domestic researchers are considered. It’s noted that the authors consider it as a specific type of management in the field of local self-government, which can be correctly implemented at the level of a separate municipal entity considered as a specific system-organization, using management-specific «micromethods» of management activity. The emphasis is placed on the fact that, for the level of united territorial communities, the governing body is the village (town, city) council, which, within its authority, will deal with the same issues as it did before the community was united. In particular, the council of the newly formed amalgamated territorial community will accept and make changes to the local budget, will take care of communal property, will take care of the development of the territories included in the amalgamated community, will consent to the placement of new objects on the territory of the community, will fix local taxes and fees. Thus, all significant features of a municipality are available: territorial, infrastructure and resource unity; industrial and operational unity for providing communal and other municipal services; social and objective unity expressed in the presence of common goals regarding the level and quality of life, common territorial interests; the existence of a unified system of municipal management. The above arguments lead to expediency and indicate in favor of the correctness of the term «municipal management» application for the characterization of the system of innovative management relations in the amalgamated territorial communities.
Curriculum Mapping and Needs Assessment to Inform the Training of Health Policy Leaders.

Purpose: To identify synergies and gaps in knowledge, skills, and attributes identi­fied by health policy leaders and create a summary measure of congruence with the Health Policy Leadership Fellowship Program curriculum. Methods: We mapped the Health Policy Leadership Fellowship Program curriculum to the most highly ranked knowledge, skills, and attributes identified through the Health Policy Leaders’ Training Needs Assessment survey. Results: Overall, the Health Policy cur­ricular elements had the highest percentage of congruence with the needs assessment Knowledge elements (>60%). The lowest levels of congruence (<30%) occurred most frequently within the Attribute elements. Conclusions: Mapping an existing pro­gram’s content and elements to needs perceptions from professionals practicing in the field may help to both inform and evaluate an existing program’s ability to at­tract and meet the needs of target learners. While needs assessments have traditionally been used to help develop programs, this study also demonstrates their application as a process evaluation tool when mapped to existing programs’ curricular elements. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 2):413-420. doi:10.18865/ed.29.S2.413
“Life is Very Complicated”: Remarks on a Recurring Adjective

In this paper, I examine Wittgenstein’s frequent and pervasive of the adjective “complicated.” I begin by comparing and contrasting the adjective’s use in the Tractatus and the much later manuscripts on the philosophy of psychology. While there are a number of important and illuminating affinities between these uses, I argue that these need to be balanced against the wide disparities between them: in contrast to the Tractatus, the later philosophy preserves a sense of “surface” complexity while jettisoning the idea of a deep—but hidden—simplicity that logical analysis promises to reveal. The notion of a surface must thus be reconceived as complicated in terms of its “spread” rather than in relation to what lies “beneath” it. Wittgenstein’s later appeals to what is complicated need to be read in tandem with his critique of the idea of there being an “absolute sense” of “simple.” Doing so prevents our seeing in his later appeals to complexity a new, more substantive notion of complexity that a more adequate philosophical theory must capture or reflect. On the contrary, the appeal to something as complicated plays a recollective and corrective role that challenges the viability of a theoretical-explanatory perspective.
Controlled phage therapy by photothermal ablation of specific bacterial species using gold nanorods targeted by chimeric phages

The use of bacteriophages (phages) for antibacterial therapy is under increasing consideration to treat antimicrobial-resistant infections. Phages have evolved multiple mechanisms to target their bacterial hosts, such as high-affinity, environmentally hardy receptor-binding proteins. However, traditional phage therapy suffers from multiple challenges stemming from the use of an exponentially replicating, evolving entity whose biology is not fully characterized (e.g., potential gene transduction). To address this problem, we conjugate the phages to gold nanorods, creating a reagent that can be destroyed upon use (termed "phanorods"). Chimeric phages were engineered to attach specifically to several Gram-negative organisms, including the human pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris The bioconjugated phanorods could selectively target and kill specific bacterial cells using photothermal ablation. Following excitation by near-infrared light, gold nanorods release energy through nonradiative decay pathways, locally generating heat that efficiently kills targeted bacterial cells. Specificity was highlighted in the context of a P. aeruginosa biofilm, in which phanorod irradiation killed bacterial cells while causing minimal damage to epithelial cells. Local temperature and viscosity measurements revealed highly localized and selective ablation of the bacteria. Irradiation of the phanorods also destroyed the phages, preventing replication and reducing potential risks of traditional phage therapy while enabling control over dosing. The phanorod strategy integrates the highly evolved targeting strategies of phages with the photothermal properties of gold nanorods, creating a well-controlled platform for systematic killing of bacterial cells.
Thermal conductivity of two-dimensional disordered fibrous materials defined by interfiber thermal contact conductance and intrinsic conductivity of fibers

A general framework for the theoretical analysis and numerical calculations of the effective thermal conductivity of two-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic disordered fibrous materials is developed in this work based on the model of random contacts between soft-core spherocylinders. The analysis accounts for the interfiber contact conductance and intrinsic conductivity of fibers and is performed in a wide space of governing parameters that includes the fiber aspect ratio, Biot number calculated for a single thermal contact between fibers, and material density ranging from values corresponding to the percolation threshold up to those characteristic of dense fiber networks. For dense networks, exact theoretical equations for the thermal conductivity of materials composed of spherocylinders with an arbitrary aspect ratio and Biot number are derived. The effect of the intrinsic conductivity of fibers on the thermal transport in fibrous materials is found to depend on the density of contacts and can be significant in sufficiently dense fiber networks even if the Biot number for a single thermal contact is small. Semiempirical corrections to the theoretical equations are derived for small and moderate fiber densities. The power law exponent describing the approximate dependence of the conductivity on the density parameter is found to vary from values close to 1 up to values exceeding 2 when evaluated within different finite ranges of the density parameter. This finding explains the variability of scaling laws for thermal conductivity of fibrous materials suggested in the literature based on numerical simulations performed in different regions of the space of material parameters.
Tri-oceanic connectivity of the supposedly cosmopolitan polychaete, Harmothoe imbricata (Annelida: Polynoidae): insights from the COI marker

In this study, we investigated the global population genetic structure of the polychaete, Harmothoe imbricata, to determine connectivity patterns within the species. We sequenced the mtDNA marker, ...
Cyclophilin A Inhibitor Debio-025 Targets Crk, Reduces Metastasis, and Induces Tumor Immunogenicity in Breast Cancer

The Crk adaptor protein, a critical modifier of multiple signaling pathways, is overexpressed in many cancers where it contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, we have shown that Crk interacts with the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, Cyclophilin A (CypA; PP1A) via a G219P220Y221 (GPY) motif in the carboxyl-terminal linker region of Crk, thereby delaying pY221 phosphorylation and preventing downregulation of Crk signaling. Here, we investigate the physiologic significance of the CypA/Crk interaction and query whether CypA inhibition affects Crk signaling in vitro and in vivo. We show that CypA, when induced under conditions of hypoxia, regulates Crk pY221 phosphorylation and signaling in cancer cell lines. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that CypA binds to the Crk GPY motif via the catalytic PPII domain of CypA, and small-molecule nonimmunosuppressive inhibitors of CypA (Debio-025) disrupt the CypA-CrkII interaction and restores phosphorylation of Crk Y221. In cultured cell lines, Debio-025 suppresses cell migration, and when administered in vivo in an orthotopic model of triple-negative breast cancer, Debio-025 showed antitumor efficacy either alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb, reducing both tumor volume and metastatic lung dispersion. Furthermore, when analyzed by NanoString immune profiling, treatment of Debio-025 with anti-PD-1 mAb increased both T-cell signaling and innate immune signaling in tumor microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS: These data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of CypA may provide a promising and unanticipated consequence in cancer biology, in part by targeting the CypA/CrkII axis that regulates cell migration, tumor metastasis, and host antitumor immune evasion.
Economic History or History of Economics? Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius : Review Essay

In this essay, I review Sylvia Nasar's long awaited new history of economics, Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius . I describe how the book is an economic history of the period 1850-1950, with distinguished economists' stories inserted in appropriate places. Nasar's goal is to show how economists work, but also to show that they are people too—with more than enough warts and foibles to show they are human! I contrast the general view of the role of economics in Grand Pursuit with Robert Heilbroner's remarkably different conception in The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers . I also discuss more generally the question of why economists might be interested in their history at all. (JEL B10, B20, B30, N00)
University of Nebraska UAS profiling during LAPSE-RATE

Abstract. This paper describes the data collected by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) as part of the field deployment during the Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) flight campaign in July 2018. UNL deployed two multirotor unmanned aerial systems (UASs) at various sites in the San Luis Valley (Colorado, USA) for data collection in support of three science missions: convection-initiation, boundary layer transition, and cold air drainage flow. We conducted 172 flights resulting in over 1300 minutes of cumulative flight time. Our novel design for the sensor housing onboard the UAS was employed in these flights to meet the aspiration and shielding requirements of the temperature/humidity sensors, and attempt to separate them from the mixed turbulent airflow from the propellers. Data presented in this paper include time-stamped temperature and humidity data collected from the sensors, along with the three-dimensional position and velocity of the UAS. Data are quality controlled and time-synchronized using a zero-order-hold interpolation without additional post processing. The full dataset is also made available for download at ( https://doi.org/10. 5281/zenodo.4306086 (Islam et al. , 2020)).
The mortality risk of Proton Pump Inhibitors in 1.9 Million US Seniors: an extended Cox survival analysis.

Background & Aims Observational studies have linked proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with increased risk of mortality and other safety outcomes, in contradiction with a recent PPI randomized controlled trial (RCT). Observational studies may be prone to reverse causality, where deaths are attributed to the treatment rather than the conditions that are treated (protopathic bias). Methods We analyzed an incident drug user cohort of 1,930,728 elderly Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries to evaluate the PPI-associated risk of death with a Cox regression analysis with time-varying covariates and propensity score adjustments. To correct for protopathic bias which occurs when a given drug is associated with prodromal signs of death, we implemented a lag-time approach by which any study drug taken during a 90-day look-back window before each death was disregarded. Results Among 1,930,728 study individuals, 80,972 (4.2%) died during a median 3.8 years of follow-up, yielding an overall unadjusted death rate/1000 person-years of 9.85; 14.31 for PPI users and 7.93 for non- users. With no lag-time, PPI use (vs no use) was associated with 10% increased mortality risk (adjusted HR=1.10; 95% CI 1.08-1.12). However, with a lag-time of 90 days, mortality risk associated with PPI use was near zero (adjusted HR=1.01; 95% CI 0.99-1.02). Conclusion Given the usage patterns of PPIs in patients with conditions that may presage death, protopathic bias may explain the association of PPIs with increased risk of death reported in observational studies.
Step-by-step robotic intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion is the standard surgical treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. The use of the robotic approach, including performing an intracorporeal urinary diversion, has increased in recent years. Intracorporeal urinary diversion has been shown to be safe and effective [1] , with shorter operative time, lower blood loss and fewer blood transfusions when compared to extracorporeal urinary diversion [2] . OBJECTIVES To describe our approach for intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion and highlight key aspects of our surgical technique. METHODS We report the case of a 79-year-old male with bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory, high grade T1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent a robotic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion. The robotic ports are placed 6 centimeters more cephalad than the standard prostatectomy configuration and the left lateral 12-millimeter robotic fourth arm/stapler port is placed one handbreadth toward the anterior superior iliac spine. Although this orientation is not the standard robotic port configuration for cystectomy, it is otherwise optimized for stapler maneuverability during formation of the diversion. Intraoperatively, we utilize a 20-centimeter non-absorbable suture as a measuring ruler to designate the proximal and distal ends of the ileal conduit and ensure appropriate orientation. A 60-millimeter robotic stapler is utilized to isolate the ileal loop and then to form the side-to-side ileo-ileal anastomosis. We inject 2 milliliters of indocyanine green [IC-Green TM Akorn Inc, Lake Forest, USA] followed by 10 milliliters of saline intravenously to assess for adequate distal ureteral perfusion under near infrared fluorescence prior to formation of a Bricker [3] ureteroileal anastomoses. A double-J stent is placed in each ureter and sutured to the ileal conduit to prevent stent migration. Finally, we close the retroperitoneal space to reduce the risk of internal bowel herniation under the ileal-ureteric anastomosis. RESULTS Intraoperatively, estimated blood loss was 250 milliliters and total operative time was 401 minutes. The intracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion took 142 minutes to perform. There were no intraoperative complications and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 4 after an uneventful hospital course. At 5 weeks postoperatively, both double-J stents were removed in the outpatient setting via a flexible pouchoscopy. At 6 months follow-up, there were no major (Clavien>2) postoperative complications. CONCLUSION Intracorporeal ileal conduit formation is a feasible technique for urinary diversion in patients who undergo robotic radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Animal toxicology hotline

One of the major questions facing us today is how to assess the quality of the environment and its relation to our health and well-being. If harmful consequences from toxic materials are to be prevented, we must acquire and disseminate new knowledge about their biologic effects as quickly as possible. Through the recently established Veterinary Toxicology Information Service, the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University oflllinois is helping in the effort.
Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: Trends and Disparities

In this chapter, we review the incidence and natural history of bladder cancer at all stages in the United States and worldwide. Next, we highlight disparities in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of bladder cancer, with particular focus on gender, race, insurance, and geography as important determinants of outcome. We also discuss the burden of financial toxicity in the management of muscle- and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer for young, underinsured, and low-income patients in the United States. Finally, we summarize health-related quality-of-life issues surrounding survivorship, with respect to urinary diversion and sexual function after radical cystectomy.
The Considerations on a Classification Scheme for Community College Workforce Development Programs

Community colleges actively engage in a broad array of pre- and in-employment workforce development programs. These programs have typically been categorized as credit or non-credit bearing, but this classification is problematic and does not account for the complexity of the type, size, or motivation for offering the program. This discussion categorizes workforce development programs based on their funding source, including federal, state, industry/private, institutional, and user based programs. This type of classification allows for a better understanding of who is being served by programs, how they might be used in the future, and ultimately, provides some foundation for program assessment.