cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point Mutations in the α-Synuclein Gene.

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder and is predominantly sporadic. Only 20-30% of patients have a positive family history for PD with a complex mode of inheritance. In a few extended families, the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Linkage to chromosome 4 was reported in a large Italian kindred multiply affected by an early-onset form of PD (1). However, this finding was not replicated in a sample of 94 Caucasian families by Scott et al. (2), or in 13 multigenerational families by Gasser et al. (3). It has recently been demonstrated that a mutation within the a-synuclein gene on chromosome 4 segregates with disease in the Italian family (4). It was further demonstrated that the same missense mutation was also present in three Greek families with early onset PD. Sequence analysis of exon 4 of the gene revealed a single base pair change at position 209 from G to A (G209A). This mutation results in an Ala to Thr substitution at position 53 of the protein (Ala53Thr) and creates a Tsp45I restriction site (4). This is the first report of a mutation causing clinically and pathologically defined idiopathic PD associated with the critical pathologic finding, the intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies in brainstem nuclei including the substantia nigra. However, KrUger et al. (5) reported a G→C transversion at position 88 of the coding sequence in two sibs and the deceased mother in a German family. It was concluded that this mutation is the cause of PD in this family.
Speaking With Objects of our Profession: An interview with NASA’s TERRA Satellite

Speaking With Objects of our Profession: An interview with NASA’s TERRA Satellite DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i3_srm
Science and Technology in India’s Growth

India has entered the phase of a “new economy” since the late 1990s. This economy is characterized by a number of features, each of which affects growth and development to a significant degree. The major features are as follows: 1 increasing role of the information oriented sector utilizing information and communication technology (ICT); 2 accelerating trends in openness in trade with specialization in technology-intensive exports; 3 building RD 4 proactive policy of government in market enhancing and competitive strategies of domestic firms in domestic and world trade.
Conservation: New Potential for Stable Isotope Analysis?

This chapter examines the potential for using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis as a tool for primate conservation. An animal’s stable isotope composition reflects the food it consumes and is permanently recorded in its tissue and excreta. One of the strengths of stable isotope analysis is its ability to examine broad dietary changes through time and space. This is extremely useful for ecologists interested in migratory behavior or dietary shifts due to environmental change or human influence. Among primates, researchers have documented geographic variation in diet linked to local vegetation and have explored dietary change through time by comparing the stable isotope compositions of existing populations to museum specimens (i.e., historic populations). Primatologists have also used stable isotope analysis to compare the diets of primate groups with varying degrees of access to human foods. Since stable isotopes record diet and dietary change, we discuss the promise of this technique for conservation with an emphasis on nonhuman primates. Like other methods available to conservationists, stable isotope analysis is most useful when interpreted in a broader historical and ecological context, and when coupled with behavioral observations, input from local stakeholders, and documentation of habitat loss, anthropogenic impacts, and disease ecology.
Statistical QoS Provisionings for Wireless Unicast/Multicast of Layered Video Streams

Due to the time-varying wireless channels, deter- ministic quality of service (QoS) is usually difficult to guarantee for real-time multi-layer video transmissions in wireless networks. Consequently, statistical QoS guarantees have become an impor- tant alternative in supporting real-time video transmissions. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework to model the statis- tical delay QoS guarantees, in terms of QoS exponent, effective bandwidth/capacity, and delay-bound violation probability, for multi-layer video transmissions over wireless fading channels. In particular, a separate queue is maintained for each video layer, and the same delay bound and corresponding violation proba- bility threshold are set up for all layers. Applying the effective bandwidth/capacity analyses on the incoming video stream, we obtain a set of QoS exponents for all video layers to effectively characterize this delay QoS requirement. We then develop a set of optimal adaptive transmission schemes to minimize the resource consumption while satisfying the diverse QoS requirements under various scenarios, including video unicast/multicast with and/or without loss tolerance. Simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the impact of statistical QoS provisionings on resource allocations of our proposed adaptive transmission schemes.
A Historical and Theoretical Look at Ritual Abuse Laws From an Integrative Conflict Perspective

This article is part one of a two-part study on ritual abuse law formation. It is concerned with the historical background and theoretical concerns using Integrated Conflict Theory. This approach allows the complexities of individual and structural variations that are especially inherent elements of conflict that are embedded in this topic to be drawn out in a more comprehensive way.
The clinical utility of normal findings on noninvasive cardiac assessment in the prediction of atrial fibrillation.

Background The absence of abnormalities on noninvasive cardiac assessment possibly confers a reduced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) despite the presence of traditional risk factors. Hypothesis Normal findings on noninvasive cardiac assessment are associated with a lower risk of AF development. Methods We examined the clinical utility of normal findings on routine noninvasive cardiac assessment in 5331 participants (85% white; 57% women) from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were free of baseline AF. The combination of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) + normal echocardiogram was assessed for the development of AF events. A normal ECG was defined as the absence of major or minor Minnesota code abnormalities. A normal echocardiogram was defined as the absence of contractile dysfunction, wall motion abnormalities, or abnormal left ventricular mass. Cox regression was used to compute the 10-year risk of developing AF. Results During the 10-year study period, a total of 951 (18%) AF events were detected. A normal ECG (multivariable hazard ratio [HR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.92) and normal echocardiogram (multivariable HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65-0.87) were associated with a reduced risk of AF in isolation. This association improved in those with normal ECG + normal echocardiogram (multivariable HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55-0.79) compared with participants who had abnormal ECG + abnormal echocardiogram (referent). Conclusions Normal findings on routine noninvasive cardiac assessment identify persons in whom the risk of AF is low. Further studies are needed to explore the utility of this profile regarding the decision to implement certain risk factor modification strategies in older adults to reduce AF burden.
Review: Digital_Humanities, by Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, and Jeffrey Schnapp

Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, and Jeffrey Schnapp. Digital_Humanities . Boston: MIT Press, 2016. 152 pp. ISBN: 9780262528863. $22.95. Humans are comforted by the organization of information. After all, the sturdy Tupperware provided by clear definitions, typologies, rubrics, and classifications are intended to allay that most human of emotions: doubt. Our love of knowledge organization explains the enduring popularity of texts like Pliny the Elder's Natural History or perhaps Isidore of Seville's Etymologies , but it also goes a long way toward explaining the enduring obsession with defining what, exactly, the field of digital humanities is or is not. In 2012, when Digital_Humanities was first published by MIT Press, the authors sought to provide a definition and exploration of the digital humanities (henceforth DH) that could, in their opinion, serve as a guidebook, a field report, a harangue, a vision statement, and a tool with which to position new scholarship. To their minds, such a book was an imperative as we continue to experience “one of those rare moments of opportunity in the humanities” (vii). The unrevised paperback edition of the book—published in February of 2016—is the volume currently under review. While we may still be experiencing the aforementioned “rare moment” in humanities research four years later, it must be said that the landscape and arguments surrounding DH have changed since the book was first published. Still, the book still has value in its ability to conceptualize the role of both the humanities and the digital in the modern world. Digital_Humanities begins with a preface (vii–x) that lays out the goals for the book before it moves on to its four chapters titled: “Humanities to Digital Humanities,” “Emerging Methods and Genres,” “The Social Life of the Digital Humanities,” and “Provocations.” From the beginning, the authors warn that this is not a “standard-format” academic book, nor is it conceived of as a textbook (though, …
Abstract TP315: Predictors of Thrombolysis Administration in Patients with Minor Stroke or TIA in the Florida Puerto Rico Collaboration to Reduce Stroke Disparities (FL-PR CReSD) Study

Background: Minor stroke/TIA is the most common cause for thrombolysis exclusion in patients acutely presenting to the hospital. Thrombolysis administration in this subgroup is highly variable amongst different clinicians and institutions. We aim to study the predictors of thrombolysis in patients with mild ischemic stroke in the FL-PR CReSD Study. Methods: 73,712 patients with ischemic stroke/TIA were prospectively enrolled from January 2010 to April 2015. We included 7,746 patients who had persistent neurological symptoms with NIHSS score ≤5 and arrived within 4 hours of symptom onset. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of thrombolysis in the subgroup of patients without contraindications to thrombolysis Results: 6,826 patients (25% final diagnosis TIA, 75% minor stroke) were included (mean age=70±14 years), 52.7% male, 70.3% white, 13% black, 16.7% Hispanic, median NIHSS=2 (IQR=1,4). Patients who received thrombolysis (N=1281, 18.7%) were younger (67 vs. 70.7 years, P Conclusion: Minor acutely presenting stroke patients were more likely to receive thrombolysis if they were young, white or Hispanic, and arrived early to the hospital with more severe neurological presentation specifically aphasia and altered level of consciousness. Identification of predictors of thrombolysis utilization is important in the design of educational programs and randomized trials to increase the use of thrombolysis for minor stroke.
An ordered-probit analysis of enforcement of road speed limits

The effectiveness of speed limit enforcement (SLE) is a critical factor in reducing the global burden of fatalities and injuries due to road crashes. A random-parameter ordered-probit model was dev...
Large river fish functional diversity responses to improved water quality over a 28 year period

Abstract The enactment of environmental legislation and subsequent improvements in wastewater treatment during the late 20th century resulted in improved water quality for many large rivers in developed countries. Yet, little is known about how these improvements affected the functional diversity of aquatic assemblages, or of its relationship with species diversity during recovery. We examined species richness (SR), functional dispersion (FDis), and functional evenness (FEve) changes in four reaches of the Illinois River, USA, during a recovery period (1983–2010). The functional indices were based on fish habitat and foraging traits and weighted with either abundance or biomass. Though most correlations of the indices with SR were weak, additional species tended to increase FDis and decrease FEve. Biomass-weighted functional dispersion (FDisw) and SR consistently increased during the recovery, while the responses of FEve and abundance weighted FDis were much more variable. FDisw was better explained by improvements in water quality in all but the least impacted reach, where SR was best explained. Un-ionized ammonia, phosphorus, phenols, and water clarity were among the most important predictors of biodiversity changes. Increases in habitat and foraging specialized species appeared to contribute equally to functional changes in the three more degraded reaches, whereas increases in habitat specialization had a greater impact on FDisw changes in the least impacted reach. Later stage recovery of habitat specialist fishes in the absence of major habitat alterations indicates habitat improvement projects should be undertaken following water quality remediation. Functional diversity and species richness are complementary and both should be assessed to detect the responses of fish assemblages to environmental alterations. Biomass may better reflect functional changes in response to disturbance than abundance and should be assessed when estimating functional diversity.
Targeted Versus Continuous Delivery of Volatile Anesthetics During Cholinergic Bronchoconstriction.

Volatile anesthetics have been shown to reduce lung resistance through dilation of constricted airways. In this study, we hypothesized that that diffusion of inhaled anesthetics from airway lumen to smooth muscle would yield significant bronchodilation in vivo, and systemic recirculation would not be necessary to reduce lung resistance (RL ) and elastance (EL ) during sustained bronchoconstriction. To test this hypothesis, we designed a delivery system for precise timing of inhaled volatile anesthetics during the course of a positive pressure breath. We compared changes in RL , EL , and anatomic dead space (VD ) in canines (N=5) during pharmacologically-induced bronchoconstriction with intravenous methacholine, and following treatments with: 1) targeted anesthetic delivery to VD ; and 2) continuous anesthetic delivery throughout inspiration. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane were used during each delivery regimen. Compared to continuous delivery, targeted delivery resulted in significantly lower doses of delivered anesthetic and decreased end-expiratory concentrations. However, we did not detect significant reductions in RL or EL for either anesthetic delivery regimen. This lack of response may have resulted from an insufficient dose of the anesthetic to cause bronchodilation, or from the preferential distribution of air flow with inhaled anesthetic delivery to less constricted, unobstructed regions of the lung, thereby enhancing airway heterogeneity and increasing apparent RL and EL .
Quantitative Perspectives on the Long-Term Toxicity of Methylmercury and Similar Poisons

A number of toxic contaminants in our environment act on the central nervous system. Metals such as mercury, lead, and manganese have been recognized for many years as central nervous system poisons. Their presence in our environment may pose hazards which are difficult to specify because the changes in function produced by relatively low, but chronic, levels may unfold only gradually and subtly in ways that current methods of behavioral assessment are unprepared to evaluate. The actions of methylmercury are a cogent example.
Lifestyle choices and medical technology: allocating organ transplants.

One of the most difficult sets of issues health care policy-makers and administrators face in dealing with the proliferation of high-cost medical technologies centers on the role that individual behavior plays on health. As the proportion of morbidity and mortality linked to lifestyle choice increases, pressures to redefine responsible personal behavior will heighten. This article argues that any strategy to allocate medical resources must take into account the choices of individuals that put them at heightened risk for diseases or condi tions which necessitate costly medical intervention. This approach requires a revived emphasis on individual responsibility for health and corresponding constraints on conventional notions of uninhibit ed lifestyle choice. Eventually, access to expensive medical technolo gies might be denied individuals who fail to reduce their high-risk behavior. The sensitive ethical and policy problems raised by this lifestyle issue are discussed here as they relate to the current expan sion of government funding in organ transplantation.
Boolean and Heyting Algebras

In this chapter we discuss two well-known algebras as specially structured lattices and prove some of their properties as well as present some semantic interpretations of these structures.
Digital Transmission Networks

Describes the development of private digital transmission networks that provide greater intelligence and control at the customer’s premise Discusses the application of digital transmission to new, emerging communication networks, that provide mobile, wireless connections to the individual Covers both wide area networks, including narrowband and broadband integrated services digital network (ISDN) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks Describes optical networks, including active and passive optical networks, transparent and opaque networks, and layered optical networks
Role Transitions and Social Networks: Social Support for Multiple Roles

Intermittent attempts have been made over several decades to explore the benefits of integrative analyses of social roles and social networks (e.g., Bott, 1957; Merton, 1968; Mitchell, 1969; Moreno, 1934). The recent upsurge of concern with social support, stressful life change, and life span development suggests that the time may be ripe for another attempt.
Intuitive versus Algorithmic Triage

IntroductionThe most commonly used methods for triage in mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) rely upon providers to take exact counts of vital signs or other patient parameters. The acuity and volume of patients which can be present during an MCI makes this a time-consuming and potentially costly process.HypothesisThis study evaluates and compares the speed of the commonly used Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) triage method with that of an “intuitive triage” method which relies instead upon the abilities of an experienced first responder to determine the triage category of each victim based upon their overall first-impression assessment. The research team hypothesized that intuitive triage would be faster, without loss of accuracy in assigning triage categories.MethodsLocal adult volunteers were recruited for a staged MCI simulation (active-shooter scenario) utilizing local police, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), public services, and government leadership. Using these same volunteers, a cluster randomized simulation was completed comparing START and intuitive triage. Outcomes consisted of the time and accuracy between the two methods.ResultsThe overall mean speed of the triage process was found to be significantly faster with intuitive triage (72.18 seconds) when compared to START (106.57 seconds). This effect was especially dramatic for Red (94.40 vs 138.83 seconds) and Yellow (55.99 vs 91.43 seconds) patients. There were 17 episodes of disagreement between intuitive triage and START, with no statistical difference in the incidence of over- and under-triage between the two groups in a head-to-head comparison.Conclusion:Significant time may be saved using the intuitive triage method. Comparing START and intuitive triage groups, there was a very high degree of agreement between triage categories. More prospective research is needed to validate these results.HartA, NammourE, MangoldsV, BroachJ. Intuitive versus Algorithmic TriagePrehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(4):355–361.
Associations Between Cannabis Use and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Longitudinal Study of Men.

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study tested longitudinal associations between cannabis use and cardiometabolic risk factors that underlie the development of cardiovascular diseases.MethodsParticipants were men from the youngest cohort of the Pittsburgh Youth Study who were followed prospectively from approxi
Teaching Object-Oriented Recursive Data Structures: Simplifying the Definition and Implementation of the Data Structures

Recursive solutions to problems are important in teaching computing concepts, particularly in data structures. We can trace linked lists to LISP where their definition is recursive in nature. As we continued to teach these concepts, implementation of such structures gave way to the idea of a node as the simplest part of a linked list. This implementation influenced the way we teach linked lists and we have normally split that into the LinkedList class and the Node class which is typically private. The first solutions the students provide to any processing of the list are typically iterative and not recursive. Even though the definition of a linked list is recursive the solutions we find are not. We present an implementation of a linked list that comes directly from the recursive definition and directs the students to recursive solutions instead of iterative ones. We also present the definition of a binary tree and follow the same principles to help the students think recursively. This approach is language-independent although the code presented is in C#.
Low-level mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis complex: prevalence, clinical features, and risk of disease transmission.

PURPOSE To examine the prevalence and spectrum of mosaic variant allele frequency (MVAF) in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients with low-level mosaicism and correlate genetic findings with clinical features and transmission risk. METHODS Massively parallel sequencing was performed on 39 mosaic TSC patients with 170 different tissue samples. RESULTS TSC mosaic patients (MVAF: 0-10%, median 1.7% in blood DNA) had a milder and distinct clinical phenotype in comparison with other TSC series, with similar facial angiofibromas (92%) and kidney angiomyolipomas (83%), and fewer seizures, cortical tubers, and multiple other manifestations (p < 0.0001 for six features). MVAF of TSC1/TSC2 pathogenic variants was highly variable in different tissue samples. Remarkably, skin lesions were the most reliable tissue for variant identification, and 6 of 39 (15%) patients showed no evidence of the variant in blood. Semen analysis showed absence of the variant in 3 of 5 mosaic men. The expected distribution of MVAF in comparison with that observed here suggests that there is a considerable number of individuals with low-level mosaicism for a TSC2 pathogenic variant who are not recognized clinically. CONCLUSION Our findings provide information on variability in MVAF and risk of transmission that has broad implications for other mosaic genetic disorders.
Inferring Cortical Connectivity From ECoG Signals Using Graph Signal Processing

A novel method to characterize connectivity between sites in the cerebral cortex of primates is proposed in this paper. Connectivity graphs for two macaque monkeys are inferred from Electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity recorded while the animals were alert. The locations of ECoG electrodes are considered as nodes of the graph, the coefficients of the auto-regressive (AR) representation of the signals measured at each node are considered as the signal on the graph and the connectivity strengths between the nodes are considered as the edges of the graph. Maximization of the graph smoothness defined from the Laplacian quadratic form is used to infer the connectivity map (adjacency matrix of the graph). The cortical evoked potential (CEP) map was obtained by stimulating different electrodes and recording the evoked potentials at the other electrodes. The maps obtained by the graph inference and the traditional method of spectral coherence are compared with the CEP map. The results show that the proposed method provides a description of cortical connectivity that is more similar to the stimulation-based measures than spectral coherence. The results are also tested by the surrogate map analysis in which the CEP map is randomly permuted and the distribution of the errors is obtained. It is shown that error between the two maps is comfortably outside the surrogate map error distribution. This indicates that the similarity between the map calculated by the graph inference and the CEP map is statistically significant.
Simulation of underwater ambient noise time series

In modern naval surveillance, ships and submarines may be tracked via their underwater acoustic signatures. In both active and passive sonar, arrays of hydrophones are used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and to obtain directional information. Various techniques exist to process the acoustical signals from arrays in order to maximize the sensitivity in a desired direction while minimizing the contribution of ambient noise. Two array processing techniques currently being explored at Defense Research Establishment Atlantic (DREA) are superdirective and intensity processing. In order to test these concepts for underwater applications, it is necessary to simulate the response of an array to an acoustic signal in the presence of ambient noise. The results obtained from the signal processing algorithms will be affected by the spatial and temporal characteristics of the noise field. Since real acoustic data may be unavailable or the statistics may not be fully known, simulated noise can be used to probe array performance as a function of quantifiable noise characteristics. In this paper we present three different approaches for generating synthetic ambient noise time series data which possess controlled statistical characteristics. The noise statistics which are specified are the probability density function, power spectrum, and the complex cross correlation function between pairs of noise time series. The simulated noise time series represent different types of underwater noise fields.
2.15 – Molecular Biomarkers

The development and application of molecular biomarkers reflecting events from exposure to the diagnosis of clinical diseases had rapidly expanded our knowledge of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. These biomarkers will have increasing potential for early detection, treatment, interventions, and prevention. Biomarkers derived from toxicant/carcinogen metabolism include a variety of parent compounds and metabolites in body fluids and excreta. Carcinogen–macromolecular adducts, such as DNA and protein adducts, formed in blood and tissues, or excreted in urine, are specific biomarkers for various aspects: as biomarkers for exposure to assess human exposure to the complex mixture and occupational carcinogens; as biomarkers for biologically effective dose or early biological effect to measure the actual dose to the carcinogen target site; and as biomarkers for risk assessment between carcinogen exposure and eventual cancer formation. Many different analytical techniques have been developed to identify and measure parent compounds, metabolites, carcinogen–DNA, and carcinogen–protein adducts. Use of advanced techniques, such as rapidly developing metabolomics and proteomics techniques, and incorporation of validated biomarkers into large-scale studies will help to understand the complex nature of gene–environment and chemical–biological interactions. In the future, integration of data for molecular biomarkers together with other environmental and host susceptibility factors in molecular epidemiological studies of chronic human diseases will assist in the elucidation of pathogenesis and high-risk individuals. The molecular epidemiology investigations of aflatoxins probably represent one of the most extensive data sets in the field and may serve as a template for future studies of other environmental agents.
Gauge functions and Galilean invariance of Lagrangians

Abstract A novel method to make Lagrangians Galilean invariant is developed. The method, based on null Lagrangians and their gauge functions, is used to demonstrate the Galilean invariance of the Lagrangian for Newton's law of inertia. It is suggested that this new solution of an old physics problem may have implications and potential applications to all gauge-based theories of physics.
Elephant in the Room

Over the past several decades, the student population at law schools across the country has become more and more racially diverse. In 1987, for example, only about 1 in every 10 law students identified as a person of color; by 2019, that percentage shot up to almost 1 out of 3. Yet take a look at virtually any collection of recommended manuals on writing. You are unlikely to find even one that is authored by a person of color. The composition of law schools may be dramatically changing, but the materials that students are given to help them figure out how to put together documents that are proper, persuasive, and professional are designed pretty much exclusively by white people. “To write right,” we seem to be saying, “you need to write white.” This essay describes an in-class exercise that was used to highlight that bias. It also shares an out-of-class assignment that successfully pushed students to broaden their mental library of exemplars.
Single-cell analysis reveals effective siRNA delivery in brain tumors with microbubble-enhanced ultrasound and cationic nanoparticles

RNA-based therapies offer unique advantages for treating brain tumors. However, tumor penetrance and uptake are hampered by RNA therapeutic size, charge, and need to be “packaged” in large carriers to improve bioavailability. Here, we have examined delivery of siRNA, packaged in 50-nm cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHs:siRNA), combined with microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound (MB-FUS) in pediatric and adult preclinical brain tumor models. Using single-cell image analysis, we show that MB-FUS in combination with LPHs:siRNA leads to more than 10-fold improvement in siRNA delivery into brain tumor microenvironments of the two models. MB-FUS delivery of Smoothened (SMO) targeting siRNAs reduces SMO protein production and markedly increases tumor cell death in the SMO-activated medulloblastoma model. Moreover, our analysis reveals that MB-FUS and nanoparticle properties can be optimized to maximize delivery in the brain tumor microenvironment, thereby serving as a platform for developing next-generation tunable delivery systems for RNA-based therapy in brain tumors.
Public Care in Public Law: Structure, Procedure, and Purpose

This Article responds to recent mobilization around the “politics of care” by articulating a legal principle of public care within U.S. constitutional, statutory, and administrative law. Public care requires executive officials to attend to and advance the needs and values of those the law binds and benefits. This principle has three components. The regulatory purpose of public care, which is recognized in various statutory authorities of the welfare state, re-quires government to provide those goods and services that are necessary for people to exercise moral and political agency. The administrative procedure of public care, which is recognized by the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, requires that federal agencies act with due regard for the interests and input of affected parties. The constitutional structure of public care, recognized by the Take Care Clause, requires that the President listen to subordinate officials who have specific legal, professional, and expert authority. These three dimensions together offer an attractive picture of what the administrative state ought to do and how it ought to do it. Public care offers an approach to administrative regulation that differs from other now dominant approaches, such as presidential administration and economic cost-benefit analysis. The practice of public care, which is informed by Progressive political thought and feminist social theory, emphasizes social solidarity, deliberative policymaking, and official collaboration, rather than executive unilateralism, instrumental reasoning, and isolated individualism.
An interview with Nobel Laureate David Baltimore, PhD.

In an online interview, Nobel Laureate David Baltimore, Ph.D., reflected on his contributions to biomedical science that have had a major influence on the fields of molecular biology, virology, cancer, and immunology. Dr. Baltimore is President Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology. Among other notable works, he discovered the critical nuclear transcription factor NF Kappa B and the Rag1 and Rag2 proteins that rearrange adaptive immune cell receptors. His career path, he says, evolved naturally, as math and science came easily to him. As a high school student, he participated in a summer program at the Jackson Lab in Bar Harbor, Maine, where he says he came away feeling that experimental biology was exciting and rewarding. “That's where I discovered that the frontiers of science, were not so distant; that I could actually make a discovery that nobody else in the world knew about,” he says. And that he did. Independently, he and Howard Temin discovered the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase revising the canon of cellular information transfer. They published back-to-back papers in Nature demonstrating that this enzyme in virus particles could transcribe RNA to DNA. Both received a Nobel Prize for this work. In reflecting on his early experience evaluating how to work with recombinant DNA and how we should scientifically and safely approach gain of function research, he says, “We have to be very honest with ourselves about what might hold danger, and we have to control our instinct … to do anything we can to generate progress and understanding of life. …At the same time, we don’t want to hold back progress, and so there is a balancing.” Dr. Baltimore also discussed his optimism about vectored immunoprophylaxis as a strategy for prevention of HIV and his doubt that scalable strategies will be able to cure HIV. He also reflected on his philosophy for the training of young scientists and the successful training program that he developed at the Whitehead Institute.
A Preliminary Comparison of Whether Academics in the United States and Australia/New Zealand Agree On Where We are Heading3

The paper examines US and Australia/New Zealand marketing academics' perceptions of the most pressing issues for theory, practice, and academia. The analysis suggests there are regional differences relating to marketing practice and thus the globalisation of marketing education might not be possible, if these regional business differences are significant.
Efficient algorithms for crash recovery in distributed systems

We consider the problem of recovering from processor failures efficiently in distributed systems. Each message received is logged in volatile storage when it is processed. At irregular intervals, each processor independently saves the contents of its volatile storage in stable storage. By appending only O(1) extra information to each message, we show that for recovery in general networks O(n2) messages are sufficient and in ring networks Θ(n) messages are necessary and sufficient when an arbitrary number of processors fail. By appending O(n) extra information to each message that is sent, we show that O(kn) messages are sufficient for rollingback all of the processors to the maximum consistent states when there are k failures.
Incompatible differences: view of an allogeneic pMHC-TCR complex

How do T cells recognize allogeneic MHC molecules with such ferocity? The first crystal structure of an allo-MHC complexed with peptide and T cell receptor begins to reveal the answer.
Evaluation of the rates of biological processes from tracer kinetic data. IV. Digital simulation of nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria.

Abstract A flexible computer program was set up to simulate the kinetics of the amounts of radioactivity and the amounts of substance in various classes of nucleic acids for a generalized biological system. This program works by transferring numbers from registers to other registers corresponding to the amounts of isotope label or the amount of substance moving from one pool or compartment to another for each successive time interval. It is practical to choose the time interval small enough so that the same results are accurately obtained with this type of computation as with the analytical solution for the most realistic and complicated case previously formulated. Much more complicated situations now can be treated with this recursion program and questions of relevance to current molecular biology can be answered. The questions treated in this paper are directed to enteric microorganisms and are as follows. (1) What are the conditions under which a short pulse reflects net synthesis and what are the conditions where it reflects total synthesis? (2) What are the conditions that measurement of intermediate pool specific activity can yield information about the turnover and concentration of unstable macromolecules in the system? (3) How prolonged can a pulse be and still label the species of RNA substantially in proportion to their rates of synthesis? (4) What are the amounts and rates of synthesis and degradation of ribosomal precursors best fitting data in the literature?
INJURY POTENTIAL WITH MISUSED CHILD RESTRAINING SYSTEMS

Although child restraints are an increasingly common fixture in family cars, and even seatbelts are now being used by children, both types of restraining systems are frequently not being used to their best advantage. Current restraint designs, misused in common ways, were studied using a variety of dummies under FMVSS-213 impact test conditions. Configurations considered in this series include improperly installed child restraints, misused infant restraints, multiple children in too few belts, and a misused booster. Kinematic data from high-speed films are presented as well as appropriate load and acceleration data. Assessments of injury potential are made based on accepted criteria in combination with extensive laboratory testing and accident investigation experience. Results show that certain misuse configurations can have serious consequences for child occupants, while other variations from commonly accepted restraint practice perform reasonably well. For the covering abstract of the conference see HS-036 716. (Author/TRRL)
Measurements by Scattering Techniques, II

In this paper the application of a backscattering geometry for the measurement of Mossbauer transitions with very small recoilless fractions is discussed. A system based on this geometry is described [1], which has been used successfully for the measurement of single Mossbauer lines with recoilless fractions as small as 0.5% [2]. The high sensitivity obtained with this system is particularly useful for the study of Mossbauer transitions in the energy range of 100 keV and above, where transmission experiments become more and more difficult.†
The video analyst's manifesto: (or the implications of Garfinkel's policies for the development of a program of video analytic research within the learning sciences)

Cast as a manifesto, this chapter presents a set of foundational principles for conducting "video research" within the learning sciences. Our proposed approach draws chiefly upon the literature and methodology of Conversation Analysis (CA). Conversation Analysis developed out of and shares the thematic interests of the broader field of inquiry known as Ethnomethodology (EM). EM is centrally concerned with practical reasoning and the procedures (i.e., "methods") participants (i.e., "members") employ in making sense of their own actions and the actions of others, that is in creating "local rationality." CA focuses specifically on the methods members employ in competently producing conversation. Our proposal calls for analogous research into how members engage in instruction and learning. A rigorous methodology has been developed for conducting CA studies and an elaborate and carefully-integrated research literature has been amassed over the years. In some of the foundational writing on EM, Garfinkel proposed a set of policies for EM research. Since we suggest that video analytic research in the learning sciences be conducted using CA methodology and given CA's thematic link to EM studies, we believe that Garfinkel's policies might provide useful guidelines for future research on learning practices.
Investigation of the role of serum lipoprotein-associated peroxides in adriamycin® cardiotoxicity: Release of reduced glutathione from rat hearts perfused with lipase-hydrolyzed very low density lipoprotein fractions obtained from adriamycin®-treated and control rats

Abstract In a previous study, we demonstrated that the serum of rats treated chronically with the anticancer agent Adriamycin® contains lipid peroxides associated with neutral lipids (W.S. Thayer, Biochem Pharmacol33: 2259–2263, 1984). In the present study, hearts from untreated control rats were perfused with medium containing serum or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions obtained from either Adriamycin®-treated rats or control rats. Release of endogenous glutathione from the perfused heart was tested to evaluate possible metabolism of the serum lipid peroxides through the glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase redox cycle. Perfusion with lipoprotein lipase-hydrolyzed serum or VLDL caused glutathione release, the extent of which increased with increasing VLDL concentration in the perfusate. The effect was not unique for VLDL from Adriamycin®-treated rats, but instead appeared to be a more general phenomenon since it was also observed with VLDL from control rats. Glutathione was released in the reduced form (GSH), rather than the oxidized form (GSSG) observed during perfusions with model peroxides. Pretreatment of the VLDL with lipoprotein lipase in vitro prior to perfusion was necessary in order to obtain GSH release. Neither lipase alone nor palmitate in the absence of lipase was as effective in promoting GSH release. Simultaneous release of lactate dehydrogenase was quantitatively less than that of GSH. The results suggest an action of components of serum VLDL on cardiac membrane permeability. Peroxide metabolism-linked perturbation of the cardiac glutathione redox cycle does not appear to be the mode of action for the serum lipid peroxides found in Adriamycin®-treated rats.
High resolution detector modules based on NaI(Tl) arrays for small animal imaging

We are developing high spatial resolution detector modules based on recently available NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator arrays that are capable of detecting photons over a range of energies. We report on the testing of an array with individual element sizes of 1 mm/spl times/1 mm arrays over the energy range of 28 keV to 511 keV. It is anticipated that these detector modules could be applied to small animal imaging utilizing single photon emitters such as iodine-125 (28-35 keV) and technetium-99 m (140 keV); and also positron emitters such as fluorine-18. The performance of a 5 cm square array of NaI(Tl) crystal scintillators in which each element is 1 mm 1 mm x 5 mm in dimension was measured. The NaI(Tl) array manufactured by Saint-Gobain was coupled to Hamamatsu position sensitive photomultiplier tubes and tested over a range of photon energies. In particular, we tested the NaI(Tl) array with the Hamamatsu model R2487 position sensitive photomultiplier tube and the new Hamamatsu model 8500 flat panel position sensitive photomultiplier tube. Though the NaI(Tl) module performed best for the single photon emitters its use in positron emission tomography applications for small animal imaging could be possible even though resulting sensitivity is not ideal.
Videotoracoscopía en cáncer de ovario avanzado con sospecha de compromiso torácico

Objetivo: Evaluar la experiencia con videotoracoscopia en pacientes con sospecha de cancer de ovario avanzado con probable compromiso del torax. Metodo: Se analiza las pacientes con sospecha clinica e imagenologica de cancer de ovario avanzado que presentan derrames pleurales moderado y severo, asi como procesos tumorales toracicos para evaluar la posibilidad de citorreduccion optima o completa. Todos los casos sometidos a este procedimiento entre enero de 2009 a Agosto de 2011, son analizados con enfasis en el diagnostico y en los hallazgos a la videotoracoscopia, asi como sus resultados. Resultados: 11 pacientes con clinica y tomografia axial computarizada de torax sospechoso de compromiso pleural o pulmonar, son sometidas al procedimiento previo al intento de citorreduccion abdominopelvica. La edad promedio fue de 62 anos y Ca 125 promedio de 1030 U/ml. En 6 pacientes se encontro enfermedad macroscopica pleural, la biopsia fue positiva para adenocarcinoma en 5. Dos de ellas se consideraron no citorreducible en abdomen y se indico neoadyuvancia. La tercera se citorredujo en forma optima. En 2 pacientes se indico neoadyudancia por tener residuo tumoral toracico mayor a 1 cm, consideradas citorreducibles en abdomen. De las 6 pacientes sin enfermedad toracica, 4 se citorredujeron optimamente, una fallecio previo a la cirugia abdominal y otra resulto un tumor ovarico benigno. Conclusion: La videotoracoscopia es util para evaluar enfermedad toracica y tomar decisiones en relacion a la citorreduccion abdominal o neoadyuvancia en cancer avanzado de ovario.
Cerebral protein synthesis inhibitors block long-term memory.

Publisher Summary Memory storage is one of the principal functions of higher nervous systems. Yet, until recently it has eluded intensive biological investigation. The reason for this is quite apparent. The storage of memory in the nervous system is believed to be mediated by an alteration in the functional relationship among large numbers of neurons. Lack of knowledge about general processes of cellular regulation and the control of intercellular relationships would preclude serious study of mechanisms for the formation of new functional interneuronal relationships. Recent advances in understanding of biological regulatory processes have, however, made possible the initiation of attempts to understand the mechanisms by which memory is stored in the brain. An important finding of this research is that general biological regulatory mechanisms are frequently mediated by the synthesis of new protein. In the course of such studies, a number of inhibitors of protein or ribonucleic acid synthesis were discovered. Studies with these inhibitors helped establish the critical role of protein synthesis in cellular regulation. Because it could be readily imagined that new functional interneuronal relationships could also be established by protein synthesis, these inhibitors have been employed for studies of the possible role of cerebral protein synthesis in memory storage. There is now considerable evidence that inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis interfere with memory storage. Because all such experiments involve the introduction of a complex reagent with multiple effects and the measurement of alterations in a complex process, the interpretation of the results are difficult, particularly for the casual reader in this field. This chapter focuses on the important variables that influence the types of results that have been found.