cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5-Hydroxytryptamine is synthesized in neurons terminating in the neural and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary gland

Abstract Immunocytochemistry has revealed that nerve fibers within the neural and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary gland contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Recent anatomical evidence suggests that the content of this amine in the intermediate but not the neural lobe of the pituitary gland may represent 5-HT that has been taken up from the blood rather than synthesized intraneuronally. The purpose of this study was to determine if 5-HT is synthesized in neurons of the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. 5-HT synthesis was estimated by measuring the accumulation of the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), in the neurointermediate lobe of male Long-Evans rats following the administration of NSD 1015, an inhibitor of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase. Thirty min following the injection of NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg, i.p.), 5-HTP accumulated in the neurointermediate lobe and the rate of this accumulation was increased by the administration of the 5-HTP precursor, trypthophan, and by electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk. In addition, repeated injections of the 5-HT uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 h for a total of 7 injections), induced a marked depletion of platelet 5-HT but did not alter the concentration of 5-HT in either the neural or intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. Taken together these results indicate that much of the 5-HT in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland does not represent 5-HT taken up from the blood, but rather the amine is synthesized in neurons projecting to this region. Furthermore, the rate of 5-HT synthesis in nerve terminals in the neurointermediate lobe, as in other 5-HT neurons, is dependent upon both precursor availability and neuronal impulse traffic.
Kinematic theory of the effect of surface relaxation on X-ray diffraction peak shifts

Abstract The effect of surface layer relaxations on the X-ray diffraction line peak position and the corresponding interplanar spacings obtained from thin crystalline films has been calculated on the basis of the kinematic theory of X-ray diffraction. The calculations were based upon a model in which only a few layers near a free surface were involved in the effective surface relaxation. The calculated diffraction line peak shift depends upon the total surface relaxation α and the manner in which the relaxation decays as one goes into the crystal from the surface. In the present work an exponentially decaying relaxation was assumed. Theoretically, it was found that the lattice parameter of thin films with two free surfaces varies approximately linearly with the square of the reciprocal of the film thickness. The theoretical calculations were applied to (111) oriented gold films with two free surfaces. The results were compared with earlier theoretical and experimental work. It was found that the total surface relaxation, α, was appreciably higher than that obtained from the earlier analysis.
Believability in simplifications of large scale physically based simulation

We verify two hypotheses which are assumed to be true only intuitively in many rigid body simulations. I: In large scale rigid body simulation, viewers may not be able to perceive distortion incurred by an approximated simulation method. II: Fixing objects under a pile of objects does not affect the visual plausibility. Visual plausibility of scenarios simulated with these hypotheses assumed true are measured using subjective rating from viewers. As expected, analysis of results supports the truthfulness of the hypotheses under certain simulation environments. However, our analysis discovered four factors which may affect the authenticity of these hypotheses: number of collisions simulated simultaneously, homogeneity of colliding object pairs, distance from scene under simulation to camera position, and simulation method used. We also try to find an objective metric of visual plausibility from eye-tracking data collected from viewers. Analysis of these results indicates that eye-tracking does not present a suitable proxy for measuring plausibility or distinguishing between types of simulations.
Evaluation of pharmacologic tests as an aid in diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: with report of a case of pheochromocytoma and tuberculosis.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.It is not likely that many patients with tuberculosis will have pheochromocytomas in the adrenal gland; however, since pharmacologic tests for pheochromocytoma can be carried out easily, it might be advisable to use them on any patient who has tuberculosis and severe headaches, as in the patient reported on in this paper. 2.Although intrathoracic pheochromocytomas are rare, physicians and surgeons interested in thoracic diseases should be aware of the hazards of such tumors and the desirability of correct diagnosis before operation. 3.Pharmacologic tests with histamine or regitine for pheochromocytoma can be done quickly and without hazard if proper precautions are taken, particularly the avoidance of premedication. No untoward reactions or fatalities have occurred with any of these tests at the Mayo Clinic. 4.The preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma can be made with the aid of these tests and their use will prevent fatalities or reactions due to the unexpected finding of a pheochromocytoma during removal of a paravertebral tumor from the thorax. 5.Although removal of the pheochromocytoma in the patient herein described, whose pulmonary condition was active and extensive, did not affect his pulmonary tuberculosis, his general condition was improved. Relief of the headaches was obtained and he gained 10 pounds in the next 7 weeks. He lived comfortably for 2 more years.
Polybrominated biphenyl: acute and chronic effect on iron absorption and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase.

Abstract A single oral dose of 200 mg/kg polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) maximally increased the serosal transfer of iron about 50% in duodenal gut sacs prepared from treated rats. Smaller doses caused inconstant changes in iron transport. The effect, which was maximal at 2 days after treatment, returned to normal at 4 days, and then was increased 16 and 24% at 7 and 18 days, respectively. Iron absorption in vivo increased 29% in rats given 0.1 mg orally five times weekly for 5 weeks. The stimulation of iron absorption was accompanied by an 18% increase in serum iron. The activities of the intestinal and hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was increased in a manner that did not directly correlate with the effects on iron transport, suggesting that the control mechanism for the different biochemical effects are not directly related.
Application of the dispersion formula to long‐and short‐period gravity waves: Comparisons with ALOHA‐93 data and an analytical model

During the Airborne Lidar and Observations of Hawaiian Airglow (ALOHA) Campaign on October 10, 1993, a wave structure with a sharp front covering significant parts of the sky was observed to move with a phase velocity of 76 m/s at a period of 4 to 5 min. Simultaneous observations of the Green line and the OH emission brightness showed a 180° phase diffeence. We have two objectives. (1) By using a dispersion formula, we first separated the true partial wave guidance for long-period waves from the background effects and showed explicitly that many partial modes previously thought to exist do not in fact exist. In this way, we can show that two very different methods for computing partial modes which previously gave very different results can now be reconciled. We showed that by lowering the period the modes became, first, virtually guided and then fully guided. (2) We then showed that the long-period S 2 partial mode eventually became a two-node fully guided mode, which at periods in the range of 4.6 min, had not only phase velocities comparable to the observed result, but also a phase reversal (from the two-node structure) at altitudes in the vicinity of the two airglow emission peaks. At those periods, the dispersion curves were shown to be out of the range of the nearest kissing mode and were thus largely unaffected by interference from the stratospheric duct. The results agree well with an analytic model. The wave explanation may in some way complement the other explanations (such as the bore, or soliton) for the same event mentioned in presentations elsewhere.
Past use of oral contraceptives and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between past use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A prospective cohort study of 121645 women who were followed up every 2 years between 1976 and 1990 was conducted as part of the Nurses Health Study. Women were classified as never users or past users of OCs based on self-report. Incidence of SLE was defined by 1) strict American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria (>or= 4 ACR criteria) 2) >or= 4 ACR criteria and any physicians diagnosis 3) >or= 4 ACR criteria and diagnosis by an ACR-certified rheumatologist 4) >or= 3 ACR criteria or 5) diagnosis by a physician even if the patient did not meet the ACR criteria. Compared with never users of OCs and after adjusting for age and ever use of postmenopausal hormones the relative risk (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for the incidence of SLE in the women who had definite cases of SLE (>or= 4 ACR criteria) (n = 99) was 1.4 (0.9-2.1) for past users of OCs. Using the most stringent case definition (ACR criteria plus a diagnosis of SLE by an ACR member) (n = 58) the relative risk for past users compared with never users was 1.9 (95% CI 1.1-3.3). No relationship was observed between duration of OC use or time since first use and the risk of developing SLE. Past use of OCs was associated with a slightly increased risk of developing SLE. The decision to use hormonal contraception must be individualized but the small absolute risk observed for the development of SLE in White women should not be a dominant factor in the decision. (authors)
New method for reservoir characterization and optimization using CRM–EnOpt approach

A new methodology for efficiently modeling, updating, and optimizing large waterflooding operations is presented that bases the ensemble closed-loop production optimization (EnOpt) upon the capacitance resistive model (CRM) as the underlying dynamical system. This allows us to use observation data from the production wells to characterize and forecast the reservoir response and further use them to control the injection wells to maximize the reservoir production and sweep efficiency (percentage of oil in-place replaced by the injection fluid). Using an ensemble based method allows us to incorporate nonlinear effects in the CRM description and allows a real-time estimation that may incorporate a variation of reservoir parameters in the CRM model with time. Basing the EnOpt method on CRM (an approximate model) as opposed to (first principles based) the reservoir simulations allows a much quicker computational response and ultimately can be helpful in cases where geological data is scarce and/or the operation involves a large number of wells. Synthetic examples are used to demonstrate how EnOpt/CRM can successfully match for the oil and water production rates with a good forecasting ability. Final optimized injection rates lead to a significantly higher oil production and a much improved reservoir sweep efficiency.
Nested Logit Models for Multiple-Choice Item Response Data.

Nested logit item response models for multiple-choice data are presented. Relative to previous models, the new models are suggested to provide a better approximation to multiple-choice items where the application of a solution strategy precedes consideration of response options. In practice, the models also accommodate collapsibility across all distractor categories, making it easier to allow decisions about including distractor information to occur on an item-by-item or application-by-application basis without altering the statistical form of the correct response curves. Marginal maximum likelihood estimation algorithms for the models are presented along with simulation and real data analyses.
Asymmetrical Alliances, Organizational Democracy and Peasant Protest in El Salvador*

Les coalitions de mouvements ne sont pas avantageuses pour tous. Au Salvador, des paysans a la recherche de terres furent marginalises dans une coalition qui representait a la fois des paysans sans terre et des beneficiaires de reformes agraires passees. Lorsque des leaders ont demobilise leur lutte, ils ont aussi entraine les sans-terre dans des activites protestataires dont ils ne pouvaient que peu profiter. Ce probleme provient de la faiblesse de la democratic Cette derniere fut entravee par des modeles de relations membre-leader issues de la guerre civile, par des inegalites dans les connaissances et les competences des leaders et des membres, et par la centralisation des reven-dications et des tactiques du mouvement. Movement coalitions are not advantageous for all participants. In El Salvador, peasants seeking land were marginalized in a coalition that represented both landless peasants and past land reform beneficiaries. While leaders demobilized the land struggle, they also brought the landless into protest activities from which they stood to gain little. This problem was rooted in the weakness of democracy. It was hampered by patterns of member-leader relations inherited from the civil war, inequalities in the knowledge and skills of leaders and members, and the centralized focus of the movement's demands and tactics. We're doing this not so much for us as for our children, so they'll have a place to work, and for their children too. We believe that since we're already dying of hunger, we may as well die fighting for something.
A Non-Interactive Dual Channel Continuous Traffic Authentication Protocol

We introduce a non-interactive dual-channel protocol for continuous traffic authentication and analyze its security properties. We realize the proposed protocol by facilitating dual channels at the keyboard with the assistance of a lightweight hardware module. The proposed protocol does not require users' explicit engagement in the authentication process. Empirical results show that, for a 30-day period, the maximum false reject rate for all legitimate requests on a day is 6% (with a 30 day daily average of 2.4%) and the false accept rate on any given day is 0%. The daily maximum false reject rate of the user requests falls to 0% if the users are forced to engage explicitly in the protocol operation for a maximum of 1.2% of users' non-typed requests.
What explains the reductions in /s/-clusters: Sonority or [continuant]?

This study is a cross-linguistic examination of the patterns of reduction of two-member /s/-clusters. Data from six languages (English, Dutch, Norwegian, Croatian, Hebrew, and Polish) gathered from the productions of typically developing children and from children with phonological disorders are analyzed. While the languages belong to three different families, the results point to a universal tendency. Specifically, in the reductions of "s+stop" and "s+nasal" targets, the preference is the retention of C2, whereas in /sl/ and /sw/ targets, the clear pattern is in favor of the retention of C1. These patterns suggest that the continuancy of C2, not sonority, is the determining factor; C2 prevailed in "/s/+[-continuant]" targets, whereas C1 is retained in "/s/+[+continuant]" targets.
The Rise and Fall of the Gold Standard in the United States

The “money question” — which is to say, the question concerning the proper meaning of a “standard” U.S. dollar — was hotly contested throughout most of U.S. history, and partly for this reason a gold standard that was both official and functioning was in effect only for a period comprising less than a quarter of the full span of the U.S. history, surrounded by longer periods during which the dollar was either a bimetallic (gold or silver) or a fiat unit. This brief review of the history of the gold standard in the U.S. explains both how the standard came into being, despite not having been present at the country’s inception, and of how it eventually came to an end.
An Inquiry into the Water Around Us

On a bright October morning, three young women in laboratory coats work together amid chemicals, instrumentation, and laboratory notebooks. The scene looks like a typical university chemistry lab, but two of the scientists are actually local high-school students analyzing water samples they have collected from around their community. Their undergraduate lab partner is completing the general chemistry lab module “An Inquiry into the Water Around Us,” which harnesses the intellectual power of three important pedagogical components: inquiry-based learning, service-learning, and instruction in scientific communication. The project brings science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors into direct collaboration with younger students to explore the critical community issue of water quality. This combination approach has the potential to promote recruitment of STEM majors, motivate underrepresented secondary (middle- and high-school) students to attend the university and pursue STEM careers, support retention of female STEM majors, and shape a more civically engaged population of future scientists through the inclusion of service-learning, a pedagogy that takes the college classroom into the community ( 1 , 2 ).
Extreme Beam Broadening using Phase Only Pattern Synthesis

This paper describes methods for broadening the beam of a phased array antenna using phase-only element weights. This type of broadening can be valuable for improving the search occupancy and/or reducing the search frame time for large phased arrays, when transmit beam broadening is combined with multiple simultaneous receive beams. Phase-only broadening is required for typical solid-state (active phased) arrays because control of the transmit amplitude at each element is not practical. A notable result is that there is a relationship between the amount of beam broadening and the efficiency (directivity) of the resulting beam. In particular it is shown that broadening less than ~2.5:1 results in reduced beam efficiency for both linear and circular arrays, while a broadening of greater than ~2.5:1 results in improved beam efficiency, and that, therefore, certain broadening configurations will be preferable to the radar designer (e.g. 4:1 in one plane rather than 2:1 in two planes, due to a large difference in efficiency). The algorithms used to achieve the broadening patterns presented here are based on a combination of homotopy from known optimality with a stochastic gradient descent approach using a carefully constructed one parameter family of penalty functions
A multilevel security policy model for networks

Consideration is given to the development of security policy models for networks which can operate in a multilevel security environment. An outline is presented of an abstract security policy model which addresses the access control and information flow requirements in a multilevel network. The network security policy is formulated by drawing as much parallel as possible with the computer security policy. The model is defined, and the associated security requirements are given. The model is used to prove that the security conditions are not violated by the defined network operations. >
A flux-form version of the conservative semi-Lagrangian multi-tracer transport scheme (CSLAM) on the cubed sphere grid

A conservative semi-Lagrangian cell-integrated transport scheme (CSLAM) was recently introduced, which ensures global mass conservation and allows long timesteps, multi-tracer efficiency, and shape preservation through the use of reconstruction filtering. This method is fully two-dimensional so that it may be easily implemented on non-cartesian grids such as the cubed-sphere grid. We present a flux-form implementation, FF-CSLAM, which retains the advantages of CSLAM while also allowing the use of flux-limited monotonicity and positivity preservation and efficient tracer sub-cycling. The methods are equivalent in the absence of flux limiting or reconstruction filtering.FF-CSLAM was found to be third-order accurate when an appropriately smooth initial mass distribution and flow field (with at least a continuous second derivative) was used. This was true even when using highly deformational flows and when the distribution is advected over the singularities in the cubed sphere, the latter a consequence of the full two-dimensionality of the method. Flux-limited monotonicity preservation, which is only available in a flux-form method, was found to be both less diffusive and more efficient than the monotone reconstruction filtering available to CSLAM. Despite the additional overhead of computing fluxes compared to CSLAM's cell integrations, the non-monotone FF-CSLAM was found to be at most only 40% slower than CSLAM for Courant numbers less than one, with greater overhead for successively larger Courant numbers.
How Will Sunsats Be Delivered to Space

This chapter outlines several approaches to delivering powersats into low, medium, geosynchronous, Sun-synchronous and other space orbits. A historical context is given and next-generation launch strategies are introduced. Increased spacecraft size, mass and deployment frequency of payloads and deployment are among the challenges discussed.
Output Regulation — Discrete-Time Systems

In Chapter 12, we systematically studied the problem of output regulation for continuous-time linear systems subject to actuator saturation. In particular, we characterized the regulatable region, the set of plant and exosystem initial conditions for which output regulation is possible with the saturating actuators. It turned out that the asymptotically regulatable region can be characterized in terms of the null controllable region of the anti-stable subsystem of the plant. We then constructed feedback laws that achieve regulation on the regulatable region. These feedback laws were constructed from the stabilizing feedback laws in such a way that a stabilizing feedback law that achieves a larger domain of attraction leads to a feedback law that achieves output regulation on a larger subset of the regulatable region and, a stabilizing feedback law on the entire asymptotically null controllable region leads to a feedback law that achieves output regulation on the entire asymptotically regulatable region
Surgical deserts in California: an analysis of access to surgical care

RESULTS: During the analysis period (5/2014 to 1/2015) 43,607 operations were performed. 5,649 RORs were identified (13%). Unplanned operations were 829 (2%). The most common indications for unplanned RORs: “other” 263 (0.32%), bleeding related n1⁄4194 (0.24%) and wound complications n1⁄4165 (0.20%). Approximately 7% of the RORs were planned returns, 4% were unrelated returns and 0.8% was planned returns due to complications.
PIK3CA mutations can initiate pancreatic tumorigenesis and are targetable with PI3K inhibitors

Aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway have a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers by altering cell growth, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. Interest in targeting the PI3K signaling cascade continues, as new agents are being clinically evaluated. PIK3CA mutations result in a constitutively active PI3K and are present in a subset of pancreatic cancers. Here we examine mutant PIK3CA-mediated pancreatic tumorigenesis and the response of PIK3CA mutant pancreatic cancers to dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. Two murine models were generated expressing a constitutively active PI3K within the pancreas. An increase in acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) was identified. In one model these lesions were detected as early as 10 days of age. Invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma developed in these mice as early as 20 days of age. These cancers were highly sensitive to treatment with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. In the second model, PanINs and invasive cancer develop with a greater latency owing to a lesser degree of PI3K pathway activation in this murine model. In addition to PI3K pathway activation, increased ERK1/2 signaling is common in human pancreatic cancers. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also investigated in these models. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is demonstrated in the pre-neoplastic lesions and invasive cancers. This activation of ERK1/2 is diminished with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. In summary, PIK3CA mutations can initiate pancreatic tumorigenesis and these cancers are particularly sensitive to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Future studies of PI3K pathway inhibitors for patients with PIK3CA mutant pancreatic cancers are warranted.
Applying an Attribution-Based View of Reputation to Examine Firm Responses to Government Product Ratings

This study examines how reputation predicts variability in firm political responses to government product ratings. Longitudinal examination of nine automobile manufacturers during National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration crash tests reveals several important findings regarding how reputation is associated with firm responses to product ratings. In particular, high reputation firms implement fewer political responses to ratings declines of high-reputation products while implementing more political responses to ratings declines of low-reputation products. Results suggest that reputation at both the product and firm-levels interact to predict how firms respond to reputation-damaging events such as declining product-safety ratings.
Performance by Stocker Cattle Offered Feedstuffs Containing Acremonium coenophialum and Supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract1

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AO) on intake, gain, temperature, and serum prolactin levels of steers fed seed screenings with and without Acremonium coenophialum. Sixty-four Angus and Angus × Hereford crossbred steers were allotted randomly by weight into one of 16 groups and fed an A. coenophialum-free hay basal diet offered for ad libitum consumption. Groups were assigned randomly to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement Treatments consisted of 2.0 kg/d seed screenings from either bromegrass (B) or A. coenophialum-infected fescue (F; 677 μg/kg ergovaline). Within each screenings type, 0.9 kg/d of a soybean hull-mineral supplement was offered either with 2 g per head per d AO or no AO (C) for 90 d beginning on June 30. Steers fed B gained 15.6 kg more (P
The Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquake of 29 June 1992: Aftershock focal mechanisms and tectonic stress field implications

The ML = 5.6 29 June 1992 Little Skull Mountain earthquake occurred in the southern Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, within 20 km of a potential national nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. While microseismicity in the immediate epicentral vicinity occurred for years prior to the mainshock, foreshock activity ( ML 2) were also sufficiently well recorded to provide local network P -wave focal-mechanism solutions. The mainshock and the majority of the aftershocks through September 1992 display predominantly normal-slip focal mechanisms, but unambiguous strike-slip and oblique-slip focal-mechanism solutions are also present in the aftershock series. The mainshock and immediate foreshock depths were 10 ± 1 km below sea level, and depths of focus of aftershocks range from about 6 to 12 km. A large subset of the aftershock hypocenters define a southeast-dipping structure, probably the mainshock fault plane. No variation of mechanism style with depth is apparent. Two mainshock and 84 aftershock focal-mechanism solutions were input into Gephart's (1990) stressfield inversion program, and principal compressional stress directions, σ j , j = 1, 2, 3, were determined, as well as the stress difference ratio R = (σ1 − σ2)/(σ1 − σ3). The results indicate a uniform stress field in which σ3 (minimum stress) is oriented 116°/5° (azi, plunge) and σ1 (maximum stress) is oriented 219°/69° with R = 0.35. The inversion's selection of preferred nodal planes invokes Bott's (1959) criterion, which states that slip occurs in the direction of resolved shear traction on preexisting fault surfaces. For the predominantly normal-slip Little Skull Mountain earthquake mechanisms having ∼northeast-striking planes, the southeast, moderately to steeply dipping (dip > 55°) nodal planes are selected. However, for the dip-slip earthquake mechanisms exhibiting more northerly trending strikes, shallowly to moderately west-dipping (25° < dip < 65°) nodal planes are selected. When a Coulomb-Mohr analysis was applied to the focal mechanisms using the above principal stress directions and an assumed ratio σ1/σ3, the ratio of resolved shear stress to normal stress, τ/σ n , on the southeast-dipping nodal plane of the mainshock exhibited a near-maximum level, suggesting a high fault strength. In contrast, a wide range of fault strengths, or apparent coefficients of friction, was suggested by the τ/σ n ratios for Little Skull Mountain aftershock preferred nodal planes. Seismicity on misoriented faults, i.e., those on which shear stress was relatively low, may have been the result of a temporarily elevated fluid pore pressure following the mainshock.
Mexican Undocumented Workers in the the Binational Community: A Research Note:

Researchers are finding that the Mexican undocumented worker population is more heterogeneous than once assumed. In the past, campesinos ? male farmhands ? filled the ranks of undocumented workers. While Mexico's agricultural workers continue to venture north in search of employment, illegal migration is expanding throughout Mexico's social structure (Bustamante, 1973, 1976; Cue and Bach, 1980). To? day's Mexican economic refugees are both urban dwellers and campesinos, both men and women. The diversity of adaptation to working and living in the United States parallels the heterogeneity of the undocumented worker popula? tion. There is the well researched pattern of the migrant farmworker whose stay in the United States is limited to the harvest season (Galarza, 1964; Grebler, 1966; Samora, 1971). While many migrants move from state to state, others return each year from Mexico to the same U.S. agricultural center. Another pattern is common in the twin cities of the fronteras or border region (North, 1970; Stoddard, 1976, 1978; Fer? nandez, 1977). Here Mexicans work in the United States and routinely, often daily, commute back to Mexico. Permanent settlement in the United States is yet another pattern (Cornelius, 1980; Portes, 1979). The most committed of these permanent settlers will probably stay in the United States as long as gainful economic opportunities are available for thern (Cornelius, 1980). Our research on undocumented restaurant workers in Los Angeles points to a binational settlement pattern ? z. ?., working in the United States and maintaining residences in both countries. Workers maintain a presence in their home towns in Zacatecas, Michoacan, Jalisco, and Oaxaca and work for extended periods in the United States, often more than eight years. Undocumented workers recruit relatives in their parentesco [nongeographical extended nuclear family] or paisanos
Basically Bounded Sets and a Generalized Heine-Borel Theorem

(1973). Basically Bounded Sets and a Generalized Heine-Borel Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 549-552.
Development of the PROMIS health expectancies of smoking item banks.

Introduction Smokers' health-related outcome expectancies are associated with a number of important constructs in smoking research, yet there are no measures currently available that focus exclusively on this domain. This paper describes the development and evaluation of item banks for assessing the health expectancies of smoking. Methods Using data from a sample of daily (N = 4,201) and nondaily (N = 1,183) smokers, we conducted a series of item factor analyses, item response theory analyses, and differential item functioning analyses (according to gender, age, and race/ethnicity) to arrive at a unidimensional set of health expectancies items for daily and nondaily smokers. We also evaluated the performance of short forms (SFs) and computer adaptive tests (CATs) to efficiently assess health expectancies. Results A total of 24 items were included in the Health Expectancies item banks; 13 items are common across daily and nondaily smokers, 6 are unique to daily, and 5 are unique to nondaily. For both daily and nondaily smokers, the Health Expectancies item banks are unidimensional, reliable (reliability = 0.95 and 0.96, respectively), and perform similarly across gender, age, and race/ethnicity groups. A SF common to daily and nondaily smokers consists of 6 items (reliability = 0.87). Results from simulated CATs showed that health expectancies can be assessed with good precision with an average of 5-6 items adaptively selected from the item banks. Conclusions Health expectancies of smoking can be assessed on the basis of these item banks via SFs, CATs, or through a tailored set of items selected for a specific research purpose.
Growth and Survival of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Response to Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of Poultry Manure

Responses of house fly, Musca domestica L., to variations in the physical and chemical properties of poultry manure were measured by rearing flies at different densities (0.2, 0.4, or 1.0 g manure per larva) in one of three manure types (M1, M2, M3) collected from laying hens fed different amounts of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and sodium (Na). Manure type significantly influenced larval survival, pupal mass, the numbers of emerging adult flies, and the survival of females through the first quartile of adult life but did not affect fecundity or natality. When the effects of manure type were averaged across larval density, type M2 (average 78% H20, 1.31% N, 2.04% Ca, 0.48% P, 0.54% potassium [K]; pH 6.5) conferred optimum survival, pupal mass, and emergence responses; type M3 (83% H20, 1.07% N, 1.20% Ca, 0.33% P, 0.40% K; pH 6.6) conferred poorest responses. House fly responses to type Ml (average: 80% H20, 1.32%N, 0.95% Ca, 0.55% P, 0.53% K; pH 6.32) were intermediate to those for M2 and M3. Larval survival correlated with phosphorus levels in the manure and adult emergence was correlated with manure moisture content.
CHLORPROPAMIDE-INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIC COMA.

A case of severe hypoglycemia is described which began with intermittent coma and lasted more than three days. The patient, a 73 year old woman weighing only 90 lb., had taken 375 mg. of chlorpropamide per day for four weeks, during which time she had almost completely eliminated carbohydrate from her diet. Her physician had found “a trace of sugar” in her urine.
Analytical approach on the performance of helical dielectric elastomer actuator

This study takes the conceptual idea of the helical dielectric elastomer actuator (HDEA) and explores mathematical concepts for the actuator capabilities to provide a reasonable function in an industrial role. In the past, other researchers have demonstrated the contractile capabilities of the HDEA through experimental work and analytical modeling. The researchers in those work fabricated helical dielectric elastomer actuators with helical compliant electrodes interposed in an elastomeric insulator. Although an analytical electromechanical model was described, it was applicable only for relatively small strains and the elastomer was designed as a linearly elastic body. It is desirable to consider large strains for better prediction of the performance of the actuator. We begin our analysis by considering the 3D actuator as a purely hyperelastic model with no viscoelastic effects. The constructed mathematical concepts show the displacement, model capabilities, and also overall functionality of the HDEA. The electromechanical coupling of the actuator is modeled to produce a history of the actuator’s strain response for specific activation voltages. The performance of the HDEA is also numerically compared using a commercial grade software.
Research on Jena-Based and Ontology Reasoning

Tim Berner-Lee puts forward the semantic Web in 2000,semantic Web technology is a hot spot.The semantic Web as the next generation of the world wide Web development direction,and its realization can effectively improve efficiency.For the realization of ontology layer of Web information sharing and exchange,people introduced "ontology".As the cornerstone of the semantic Web,ontology plays an important role in various fields.It mainly introduces the ontology development and reasoning related knowledge,through the ontology editor protege3.4 expands animal ontology,and using RACER reasoning machine implements and creates ontology relationship chart.Using Ecplise development software combined Jena and Java plugin realize the individual instance extraction OWL files.Through the implementation of the concept for classification of detection provide the basis for classification of detection.
Eosinophilic Pancreatitis Diagnosed With Endoscopic Ultrasound

Eosinophilic pancreatitis (EP) is a rare clinical entity, and few cases have been reported. It usually presents on imaging as a pancreatic mass leading to common bile duct obstruction and jaundice. Since it can mimic a malignancy, eosinophilic pancreatitis is often diagnosed after “false positive” pancreatic resections. To our knowledge, we report the only known case of EP in which the diagnosis was made by fine needle aspiration and core biopsy of the pancreas during EUS, sparing the patient a surgical resection. After a steroid course, there was improvement of clinical symptoms.
Model Specifications for Normal (or Expected) Returns

For corporate finance event studies that look into abnormal returns, robust model specifications for normal (expected) returns are needed. However, to verify the model specifi-cation, one needs to be cautious about the included explanatory variables. Although many candidate variables seem useful in forecasting the returns, they are not necessarily genuine systematic variables that explain the capital market equilibrium. Common-sense reasoning may be considered for filtering the returns thoroughly with all seemingly significant variables to provide cleaner abnormal returns. Yet, inclusion of nonsystematic firm-specific variables in the expected rates of returns may, in fact, result in incorrect conclusion due to possible overrejection in statistics applied. This chapter introduces some new arguments for specification of normal returns.
A compact model for rapidly shrinking MOSFETs

BSIM (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model) SPICE model for circuit simulation supports the shrinking of MOSFETs by timely modeling new device physics that is expected to be important in scaled devices. Several examples of these physical models are presented in this paper.
Inelastic Scattering of Low Energy Electron Beams by Surface Vibrations: The Nature of Image Force

Experimental studies have examined the inelastic scattering of low energy electron beams by surface vibrations of crystals with well characterized surfaces in ultra-high vacuum. We review the data with emphasis on the systematic features of the electron-surface vibration coupling revealed by the experiments. This coupling bears an intimate relation to the origin of the image potential. We also review recent theories of the image potential, with emphasis on the mechanisms that round off the l/z divergence obtained from elementary electrostatics.
Lung Volumes and Airway Resistance

Spirometers can measure three of four lung volumes, inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume, but cannot measure residual volume. Four lung capacities are also defined: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and the total lung capacity. Pulmonary ventilation is the product of TV and respiratory frequency. The maximum voluntary ventilation is the maximum air that can be moved per minute. Spirometry also provides a measure of airway resistance by use of the forced expiratory volume test. The clinical spirogram presents the forced vital capacity differently. In laminar flow, pressure necessary to drive flow increases linearly with the flow. In turbulent flow, pressure increases with the square of the flow. The Reynolds number is used to estimate whether flow is laminar or turbulent. Airway resistance also increases inversely with lung volume because stretch of the lungs opens airways. Dynamic compression limits flow at high expiratory effort.
Phosphonothioate-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Releasing Reagents: Chemistry and Biological Applications.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly recognized gasotransmitter. Studies have demonstrated that the production of endogenous H2S and the exogenous administration of H2S can regulate many physiological and/or pathological processes. Therefore, H2S releasing agents (also known as H2S donors) are important research tools in advancing our understanding of the biology and clinical potential of H2S. Among currently available donors, GYY4137 is probably the most well-known and has been used in many studies in the past ten years. Recently, a number of GYY4137 derivatives (e.g. phosphonothioate-based compounds) have been developed as H2S donors. In this review, we summarize the development and application of these donors, which include Lawesson’s reagent, substituted phosphorodithioates, cyclic phosphorane analogues, and pH-controlled phosphonamidothioates (JK donors). These donors have advantages such as good water-solubility, slow and controllable H2S release capability, and a variety of reported biological activities. However, it should be noted that the detailed H2S release profiles and byproducts under real biological systems are still unclear for many of these donors. Only after we figure out these unknowns we will see better applications of these donors in H2S research and therapy.
Comparative study and optimization of synchronous and asynchronous comparators at near-threshold voltages

We optimize and compare the performance of synchronous and asynchronous comparators across near-threshold and nominal supply voltage (0.5∼1V). Comparators are the key components that determine the fundamental performance of analog-to-digital conversion in control and digital-signal processing (DSP) systems. While the asynchronous comparator has been considered inferior, operation of transistors in the near-threshold regime grants asynchronous comparators opportunities to improve power efficiency due to the more reduction in crowbar current than saturation drain current. We propose an enhanced asynchronous CSDA based comparator capable of achieving a superior latency vs. quiescent power dissipation trade-off to the synchronous clocked comparator in the near-threshold regime, a metric that is beneficial particularly to event-driven control systems. In-depth optimization and comparison results are presented.
Cell shape information is transduced through tension-independent mechanisms.

The shape of a cell within tissues can represent the history of chemical and physical signals that it encounters, but can information from cell shape regulate cellular phenotype independently? Using optimal control theory to constrain reaction-diffusion schemes that are dependent on different surface-to-volume relationships, we find that information from cell shape can be resolved from mechanical signals. We used microfabricated 3-D biomimetic chips to validate predictions that shape-sensing occurs in a tension-independent manner through integrin β3 signaling pathway in human kidney podocytes and smooth muscle cells. Differential proteomics and functional ablation assays indicate that integrin β3 is critical in transduction of shape signals through ezrin–radixin–moesin (ERM) family. We used experimentally determined diffusion coefficients and experimentally validated simulations to show that shape sensing is an emergent cellular property enabled by multiple molecular characteristics of integrin β3. We conclude that 3-D cell shape information, transduced through tension-independent mechanisms, can regulate phenotype. It is not known whether the shape of a cell can regulate cellular phenotype independently. Here, the authors show that culturing kidney podocytes or smooth muscle cells on 3-D biomimetic surfaces results in phenotypic changes and that cell shape is sensed by integrin β3 in a tension-independent manner.
An empirical study on iris texture characterization using geometrical wavelet transform

The iris has been described as the ideal part of the human body compared to other biometrics for biometric identification technique which provides individual authentication based on unique features possessed by individual even though their DNA is similar. This paper provides general framework for iris recognition with different methods available for segmentation, normalization, feature extraction, and for classification. Iris recognition improves the overall performance and accuracy of biometric identification. This paper provides a brief introduction about classification techniques such as support vector machines and artificial neural networks, and a review on different wavelet based feature extraction techniques used for iris recognition.
Psychiatric Education: A General Systems Approach

A philosophy of psychiatry as a medical specialty is presented in general systems terms with an approach to goals and methods as developed at the Medical University of South Carolina. Emphasis is placed upon expectations and limitations in psychiatry, its place in other health care systems, and the distinction between education and training. The subgoals given are suggested as universally applicable to psychiatry programs—basic understanding of man, competence in modification of adaptive systems, and personal growth of the professional self.
Ordinal Logistic Regression

In this chapter, the standard logistic model is extended to handle outcome variables that have more than two ordered categories. When the categories of the outcome variable have a natural order, ordinal logistic regression may be appropriate.
Rats’ Response Rates for 1 % Sucrose When Food-Pellet Reinforcement is Upcoming: Effect Of Upcoming Reinforcement Contingency

Previous research has demonstrated that rats’ rates of lever pressing for 1% liquid-sucrose reinforcers in the first half of a 50-min session increase when food-pellet, rather than the same sucrose, reinforcement will be delivered in the second half of the session. The present study investigated whether this increase (i.e., induction) would be influenced by alterations to the response-reinforcer relationship in the second half of the session. Experiment 1 manipulated this relationship by delaying reinforcers in the second half of the session by 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 s, in different conditions. Induction was little affected by the delays. Experiment 2 provided reinforcers in the second half of the session on a different schedule of reinforcement (fixed ratio, fixed interval, or differential reinforcement of low rates) across conditions. Induction was large when the fixed-ratio schedule was upcoming and small or absent when the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates schedule was upcoming. These differences, however, covaried with differences in obtained reinforcement. Experiment 3 eliminated the response-reinforcer relationship in the second half of the session by, in some conditions, delivering reinforcers on a variable-time schedule. Doing so reduced the size of, but did not eliminate, the observed induction. The present results increase the generality of induction and suggest that both the type of upcoming reinforcer and the contingency that deliver that reinforcer can contribute to its appearance.