cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is nitric oxide involved in 5-HT-induced fluid secretion in the gut ?

Abstract The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that 5-HT stimulates nitric oxide (NO) generating neurons, and that these neurons participate in the mediation of 5-HT-induced fluid secretion. 5-HT induced electrogenic Cl − secretion in guinea-pig distal colon. This response was abolished by tetrodotoxin but not by atropine. The maximum response to 5-HT (10 −5 M) was inhibited by ∼ 65% ( P n = 6) by the NO synthase inhibitor, N G -nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10 −4 M). The substrate of NO synthase, L-Arg (10 −3 M) reversed the inhibition of 5-HT-induced secretions by L-NNA. 5-HT-induced diarrhea in fasted mice was reduced by atropine in vivo. N G -Nitro-L-Arg methyl ester (L-NAME, 1–32 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently inhibited 5-HT (1 mg/kg)-induced diarrhea. The inhibitory effect of L-NAME was reversed by L-Arg, but not D-Arg (600 mg/kg, i.p., respectively). Taken together, these data suggest that 5-HT-induced fluid secretion in the gut is partly due to the activation of neurons that generate NO.
Elevated immunoglobulin to tissue KLK11 in patients with Sjögren syndrome.

PURPOSE We have previously reported that mouse kallikrein (KLK) 22 in the lacrimal and salivary glands is an autoantigen that can induce primary Sjogren syndrome (SS) in rats. In this study, we determine whether the production of antibodies against tissue KLK is specific for SS and whether the antibody can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis in humans. METHODS Sera from 11 patients diagnosed with SS, 8 patients with dry eye disease (DED), and 8 normal age/sex-matched controls (NL) were collected for detecting antibodies against tissue KLK1, KLK11, KLK12, and KLK13 by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Anti-KLK11 antibody was significantly higher in the SS than in the DED (P = 0.05) and NL (P < 0.01) groups, with no difference in the level of this antibody between the DED and NL groups. In addition, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that, at or above an optical density cutoff point of 0.2695, anti-KLK11 antibody has a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 94% to distinguish the SS group from the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that anti-KLK11 might be a novel biomarker for SS in humans. Further investigation is required to confirm this finding and to establish the exact role of KLK11 in the pathogenesis of SS.
Microstructure evolution of eutectic Sn-Ag solder joints

Laser and infrared reflow soldering methods were used to make Sn-Ag eutectic solder joints for surface-mount components on printed wiring boards. The microstructures of the joints were evaluated and related to process parameters. Aging tests were conducted on these joints for times up to 300 days and at temperature up to 190°C. The evolution of microstructure during aging was examined. The results showed that Sn-Ag solder microstructure is unstable at high temperature, and microstructural evolution can cause solder joint failure. Cu-Sn intermetallics in the solder and at copper-solder interfaces played an important role in both the microstructure evolution and failure of solder joints. Void and crack formation in the aged joints was also observed.
Mycosporine-like amino acids in 38 species of subtidal marine organisms from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) that absorb UV radiation (310–360 nm) were investigated in 34 species of benthic marine invertebrates (fourteen sponges, two cnidarians, one nemertean, four molluscs, one bryozoan, two arthropods, eight echinoderms and two tunicates), two species of benthic fish and two species of red algae collected during the spring of 1992 from McMurdo Sound. In addition, MAAs were measured in the ripe ovaries, testes and brooded juveniles of four species of echinoderms. While 90% of the species had MAAs in their tissues, both quantitative and qualitative measurements reflected a general lack of UV protectants among these fauna. Eight MAAs were detected among the species examined, but only four of these (mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, porphyra-334 and palythine) occurred in any appreciable number of the species. Palythinol only occurred in the sponge Isodictya erinacea and asterina-330 and palythene only occurred in the red alga Iridaea cordata. MAAs were detected in the ripe ovaries and testes of the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and the ripe ovaries and brooded young of the sea cucumber Cucumaria ferrari. Low levels and abundances of MAAs may reflect a reduced need for UV protectants in marine organisms inhabiting subtidal (>20 m depth) benthic environments that experience seasonal sea-ice cover. Low concentrations of MAAs may also be a function of diet, since the majority of benthic species present in McMurdo Sound are not herbivorous.
Non-gaussian elasticity of composite and interpenetrating networks

The elastic behavior of composite and interpenetrating network structures composed of non-Gaussian chains is investigated. The chain probability density given by Nagai is employed utilizing only the leading correction terms for finite chain extensibility. The independent-network hypothesis, proven valid in Gaussian statistics, is shown to be erroneous in non-Gaussian systems. Further, it is found that composite networks composed of monodisperse chains are elastically isotropic, whereas a most probable contourlength distribution yields a large anisotropy but in the direction opposite to that observed experimentally for rubber. On the other hand, retention of the independent-network hypothesis coupled with a most probable distribution successfully accounts for much of the observed anisotropy. Interpenetrating networks are shown to be substantially anisotropic when a most probable contour-length distribution is employed.
Abstract PL02-03: Ras-induced macropinocytosis: Metabolic adaptation to signaling in the absence of adequate nutrients.

Under conditions of an abundant supply of extracellular glucose and glutamine, cancer cells synthesize lipids, nucleic acids, and non-essential amino acids from these precursors. However, when cancer grows to exceed its vascular supply, cells must adapt to lower availability of essential nutrients and oxygen. This past year we have seen a significant breakthrough in the discovery of novel mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to metabolic stress. It was previously determined that glutamine-dependent lipid synthesis could support de novo lipid synthesis under hypoxia but metabolic tracing studies uncovered that over 50% of lipids used in phospholipid biosynthesis in hypoxic cells come from exogenous sources. We were able to determine that hypoxia-induced macropinocytosis facilitates the uptake and incorporation of unsaturated phospholipids to maintain effective unsaturated lipid levels under conditions in which stearoyl-CoA desaturase is inhibited by oxygen limitation. Follow up studies, in collaboration with others, have demonstrated that this property of cellular scavenging of extracellular macromolecules is induced in a Ras-dependent fashion in transformed cells and provides a potent mechanism by which Ras-transformed cells can adapt to metabolic stress in their environment. How these insights can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to address Ras-induced tumors will be discussed. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL02-03. Citation Format: Craig B. Thompson. Ras-induced macropinocytosis: Metabolic adaptation to signaling in the absence of adequate nutrients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-03.
In the Face of War: The Last Works of Raymond Duchamp-Villon

By converting the traditional equestrian monument into a powerful emblem of the industrial age, Raymond Duchamp"Villon contributed to the development of the machine aesthetic in the early twentieth century. His sculpture The Horse (1914) (Fig. 1) ranks among the prime exemplars of the modernist response to technology. His oft-quoted observation on the power of the machine has further served to identify the French sculptor with the machine aesthetic of the Puteaux circle. Both DuchampVillon's sculpture and his aesthetic theory have also invited comparison with the Futurists' celebration of dynamism and technology.2 It is largely for his rational modernism and stylistic abstraction that Duchamp-Villon's sculpture is remembered.3 New evidence suggests that in his late work Duchamp-Villon began to modify the machine aesthetic in response to World War I. A recently rediscovered bronze Head (Fig. 2) and a sketchbook of related drawings (Fig. 3) in the artist's estate reveal the importance of symbolic expression in the wartime sculpture of Raymond Duchamp-Villon.4 In both style and meaning this sculpture represents a dramatic transformation of machinist imagery. It is the purpose of this essay to analyze the Head within the context of Duchamp-Villon's wartime experience. The First World War completely disrupted Duchamp-Villon's 1 Duchamp-Villon, The Horse, 1914 (cast 1921). New York, Collection Edgar Kaufmann, Jr. (photo: Geoffrey Clements)
A computationally efficient approach to ranking fuzzy numbers

Fuzzy numbers have become very important in decision making system. They allow an agent to provide opinions or recommendations while representing the uncertainty in that opinion. Unfortunately, fuzzy numbers cannot be directly compared as can crisp numbers. Numerous methods have been proposed to facilitate the comparison and ranking of fuzzy numbers. Many of these methods are computationally complex, precluding their use in systems requiring a real-time response. Others methods provide ranking that does not correspond to human intuition. A common problem is the inability to discriminate between certain fuzzy numbers, such as those with identical modes and similar spreads. This paper presents new fuzzy preference function that provides ranking corresponding to human intuition. The method provides the ability for a decision maker to specify preferences for larger or smaller spreads and for the left or right spread of fuzzy numbers. This provides flexibility for various applications. It is also computational efficient.
Is it right to reverse extinction

Several groups are working to bring back long-dead species, but these efforts could undo some hard-learned lessons, argues Ben Minteer.
Simulation of the arid climate of the southern great basin using a regional climate model

Abstract As part of the development effort of a regional climate model (RCM)for the southern Great Basin, this paper present savalidation analysis of the climatology generated by a high-resolution RCM driven by observations. The RCM is aversion of the National Center for atmospheric Research–Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model, version 4 (MM4), modified for application to regional climate simulation. Two multiyear simulations, for the periods 1 January 1982 to 31 December 1983 and 1 January 1988 to 25 April 1989, were performed over the western United States with the RCM driven by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses of observations. The model resolution is 60 km. This validation analysis is the first phase of a project to produce simulations of future climate scenarios over a region surrounding Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the only location currently being considered as a potential high-level nuclear-waste repository site. Model-produced surface air temperatures and precipitat...
Growing our own pharmacists: Pharmacy high school minority summer camp

Abstract Minority enrollment in pharmacy schools across the nation continues to be low despite the increased diversity of the United States population. High school recruitment programs may be a means to increase minority interest and representation within the profession of pharmacy. A summer camp was offered to minority high school students with an interest in a future healthcare career. The goal of the camp was to change the perception of pharmacy as a future career choice in minority high school students. During the camp, students participated in community pharmacy visits, pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical science laboratory activities, campus tours along with faculty and pharmacy student interactions. Students indicated a positive change in their perception of a career in pharmacy after completion of the pharmacy summer camp. The camp may be used as a model to stimulate interest and awareness of pharmacy as a future career option among minority high school students.
A numerical examination of the diffraction properties of profiled beam transmission through binary apertures and random phase screens using fresnel-kirchhoff diffraction theory

Propagation of uniform and profiled electromagnetic beams through apertures with binary amplitude transmission and random phase distributions at the far field (Fraunhofer limit) is investigated, and simulation results based on two approaches, (a) using the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral directly, and (b) using a split step propagation concept whereby the aperture or phase screen is placed at an arbitrary location along the propagation path, are applied separately and compared. Results for uniform, Gaussian and Bessel profile beams propagating through a variety of binary apertures are examined and compared with analytical predictions wherever feasible. A power spectrum density of the modified von Karman spectrum (MVKS) model is also used to describe a planar aperture as a random phase distribution. This approach is prompted by the problem of electromagnetic propagation through a turbulent medium. Simulation results are limited to the diffraction intensity calculation of the intensity in the far-field or Fraunhofer regime evaluated in the in the transverse (image) plane. Additional examples, including diffraction through thin sinusoidal amplitude grating and far-field diffraction following propagation through a random phase screen for profiled input beams are also presented. These results, derived serendipitously while examining turbulent propagation, provide insight into the mechanisms of diffraction through variable apertures, beam profiles and medium characteristics. It should therefore be of interest to the study in general of near-and far-field diffraction of electromagnetic waves taken as a whole.
A comparative study of location aided routing protocols for MANET

Location-aided routing (LAR) is a mechanism which attempts to reduce the control message overhead of Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol by flooding only the portion of the network that is likely to contain the route to destination. LAR takes advantage of Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates to identify a possible location of the destination node. Based on this information, LAR defines a portion of the network which will be subject to the limited flooding, thus reducing the total number of the control packet traveling through the network during the route discovery process. GeoAODV is a variation of the AODV protocol which like LAR also employs GPS coordinates to limit the search area used during the route discovery process. However, unlike LAR, GeoAODV does not make the assumption that every node in the network knows the traveling speed and location of the corresponding destination node. Instead, GeoAODV tries to dynamically learn and distribute location information among the nodes in the network. This paper examines and compares through simulation the performance of AODV, LAR, and GeoAODV protocols under different environmental settings.
AGT 100 Project Summary

The Allison Gas Turbine Division of General Motors Corporation (GMC) completed the Advanced Gas Turbine Technology Project under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center (LeRC) using funding received from the Heat Engine Propulsion Division, Office of Transportation Systems in the Conservation and Renewable Energy Group of the Department of Energy (DOE) in the summer of 1987. This advanced, high risk work was initiated in the fall of 1979 under charter from the U. S. Congress to promote an engine for transportation that would provide an alternative to reciprocating spark-ignition (SI) engines for the U. S. automotive industry and simultaneously establish the feasibility of advanced ceramic materials for hot section components to be used in an automotive gas turbine (AGT).Copyright © 1988 by ASME
Cirrus cloud microphysical properties and air motion statistics using cloud radar Doppler moments: Water content, particle size, and sedimentation relationships

[1] Improved knowledge of ice cloud properties and the processes that maintain them is needed for modeling applications. A cirrus cloud property retrieval algorithm is applied to a 7-year Cloud Radar data set collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program ground sites. With this dataset, the ice cloud vertical structure is studied in terms of Temperature (T). Then the interrelationships between the ice particle size, ice water content (IWC), and mass-weighted sedimentation rate are investigated. The mass-weighted sedimentation rate is usually parameterized as a function T only or IWC only. Here, the mass weighted sedimentation rate is parameterized as a joint function of ice water content and T for both midlatitude and tropical ice clouds. We further examine the validity of several commonly used GCM parameterizations of ice sedimentation rate in comparison to the cirrus cloud results derived from measurements.
Electron Multiplication in Cavities

A computer program which simulates the multiplications of electrons in cavities using Monte Carlo techniques has been developed. This electron multiplication program has provided an understanding of the x-ray energy spectrum produced by cavities and of x-ray photographs taken of cavities at high fields. Also, this simulation has predicted two new effects: (1) an electron avalanche multiplication effect which is non-resonant in nature (as opposed to the well known resonant electron multi-pactoring), and (2) electrons produced in this way tend to form a low energy (on the order of 10 eV) electron cloud near the cavity major diameter.
Volcanic Earthquakes at Pavlof Volcano Correlated With the Solid Earth Tide

Volcanic earthquake swarms at Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, correlate significantly with solid earth tidal stress rate for periods just before and just after explosive eruptions. The correlation changes sign systematically during the course of the 1974 minor eruption sequence; pre-eruptive earthquake swarms occur during increasing tidal compression, while post-eruptive swarms occur during increasing tidal extension.
Traveling waves for monomer chains with precompression

In the present work, we complement our earlier study on the subject of granular crystals in the purely nonlinear limit (no precompression) by considering the case where an underlying linear limit exists (finite precompression). In the latter context, we explicitly prove the existence of supersonic travelling waves, which are smooth, positive and exponentially localized. While numerical computations suggest that the cutoff point for the existence of such exponentially decaying waves is exactly the speed of sound in the system, we can not establish this result sharply within our variational technique but can only prove a relevant upper bound on the propagation speed of bell-shaped travelling waves in the strain variables.
New Challenges in Elementary Social Studies.

(2006). New Challenges in Elementary Social Studies. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 5, pp. 189-192.
A model for the tertiary structure of tRNA

Abstract A model for tRNA is described which has as its basic structural mode a four stranded RNA helix, formed by pairing two stems respectively from the four ubiquitous arms of the clover-leaf secondary structure. The relation of the model to biochemical and crystallographic data on tRNA is considered.
Multi-component interfacial condensation

Abstract This paper employs a simple laminar axisymmetric model to study multi-component condensation. In addition to including the complex phase equilibria inherent with multi-component condensation; interfacial shear stress, mass and energy transport are also considered. It is demonstrated that a non-condensable gas significantly reduces the interfacial condensation rate. For binary condensation, the freestream vapor concentration is very important. Higher concentrations of the more volatile component tend to inhibit condensation.
Evidence of differences in growth and food intake regulation in different genetic strains of channel catfish

Norris and USDA-103 strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were compared for growth rate and food conversion ratio under satiation feeding and restricted feeding (1% body weight day−1) regimes. At the start of the experiment Norris fish weighed 2·8 g, USDA-103 fish weighed 14·0 g. Therefore, a regression of the loge of specific growth rate against the loge of mean body size with an empirically derived fixed slope of -0·37 was used to compare growth rates. Under both feeding regimes the USDA-103 strain had faster specific growth rates and more efficient food conversion. In subsequent studies, voluntary food intake of size matched fish (60 g average) from these two strains was compared using a radiographic method. Fish were acclimatized to tank conditions for 3 weeks prior to voluntary food intake measurement. Half of the groups were deprived of food for 2 days prior to food intake measurement, while the remaining groups were fed 1% body weight day−1. The USDA-103 strain fish ate significantly more food and grew faster than the Norris strain fish. Previously fasted Norris fish subsequently ate more than their fed counterparts, whereas the fed USDA-103 fish consumed more food than the fasted USDA-103 group. When the USDA-103 strain fish were deprived of food for 4, 2 or 0 days, all groups subsequently consumed between 4·5 and 5·0% of body weight in one meal. The USDA-103 fish, unlike the Norris fish were not stimulated to consume more after short-duration fasting. Taken together, these results suggest that there are genetic differences in growth, food conversion ratio and regulation of food intake between Norris and USDA-103 strains.
Removable partial denture survey: Clinical practice today

Abstract A survey was conducted of two dental school classes that graduated 7 years apart: group A in the '70s and group B in the '60s. The questions dealt with type of practice, removable partial denture treatment, and framework design. Results of the survey showed significant differences between the groups in answer to several questions, as well as in general trends in treatment and design. Discussion centered on the need for improvement in performance and the level at which it should occur.
Factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory.

Linda G. Castillo, Miguel A. Cano, Myeongsun Yoon, Eunju Jung, Elissa J. Brown, Byron L.Zamboanga, Su Yeong Kim, Seth J. Schwartz, Que-Lam Huynh, Robert S. Weisskirch, andSusan Krauss WhitbourneOnline First Publication, March 2, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000095CITATIONCastillo, L. G., Cano, M. A., Yoon, M., Jung, E., Brown, E. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Kim, S. Y.,Schwartz, S. J., Huynh, Q.-L., Weisskirch, R. S., & Whitbourne, S. K. (2015, March 2). FactorStructure and Factorial Invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory.Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000095
Criteria and air-toxic emissions from in-use automobiles in the national low-emission vehicle program

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented a program to identify tailpipe emissions of criteria and air-toxic contaminants from in-use, light-duty low-emission vehicles (LEVs). EPA recruited 25 LEVs in 2002 and measured emissions on a chassis dynamometer using the cold-start urban dynamometer driving schedule of the Federal Test Procedure. The emissions measured included regulated pollutants, particulate matter, speciated hydrocarbon compounds, and carbonyl compounds. The results provided a comparison of emissions from real-world LEVs with emission standards for criteria and air-toxic compounds. Emission measurements indicated that a portion of the in-use fleet tested exceeded standards for the criteria gases. Real-time regulated and speciated hydrocarbon measurements demonstrated that the majority of emissions occurred during the initial phases of the cold-start portion of the urban dynamometer driving schedule. Overall, the study provided updated emission factor data for real-world, in-use operation of LEVs for improved emissions modeling and mobile source inventory development.
Ethnicity Among Urban Slovene Villagers in Cleveland, Ohio

It is my intention in this article to discuss briefly the inception, background, and plan, of a study I have begun of migrants and their descendents from Slovene villages who have settled in the United States, primarily in Cleveland and its environs. Relatives and friends of the inhabitants of Zerovnica, which I studied, and which is a relatively typical traditional Slovene village, are to be treated as a core unit, the extensions of which lead to a study of social networks and informal groups that interrelate Slovenes in the Cleveland area. Alliances based on kin, friendship and other criteria, between migrants from Zerovnica and similar peasant villages, with other Slovene Americans, are to be defined both in terms of their internal relationships and their relations to the nation of origin, Slovenia.
Chemical synthesis of a “GSA-pyrrole” and its reaction with Ehrlich's reagent

Abstract A rational chemical synthesis of 4-acetyl-2-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-methylpyrrole (5), the product formed when glutamate-1-semialdehyde (GSA, 2) is reacted with acetylacetone in the first step of the quantitative analysis for GSA in biological media. Rates of reaction of the GSA-pyrrole (5) with Ehrlich's reagent (the second step in GSA quantitation) are compared with the rates of the reactions of well-characterized “ALA-pyrroles” (3) and (4). Pyrrole (5) reacts more slowly with Ehrlich's reagent, and extinction coefficients for the corresponding Ehrlich's adducts were determined to be 46,000 for (3) and 865 for (5). These observations resolve the discrepancies observed in earlier quantitations of GSA and allow more accurate determinations of it in biological materials.
The Ratio of RNA to Total Nucleic Acid Content as a Quantitative Measure of Unbalanced Cell Growth

Use of the metachromatic dye, acridine orange, to stain cells in suspension for flow cytometry allows for the simultaneous measurement of DNA and RNA content in individual cells. The relative RNA content as a function of total cellular nucleic acid content [alpha r = RNA/(RNA + DNA)] is a constant value, characteristic for particular cell lines during their exponential growth under optimal conditions. This ratio can be estimated for the G1A, G1B, S, and G2 + M cell cycle compartments. Changes in growth rate or the addition of antitumor drugs induces characteristic changes in the ratio either evenly throughout or at a particular phase of the cell cycle. Under such conditions, measurement of cellular DNA and RNA content provides a sensitive assay of any deviation from balanced cell growth. Unbalanced growth caused by suboptimal culture conditions or as a result of incubation with various antitumor agents is illustrated. Examples of unbalanced growth which are not correlated with cell viability as measured by cell clonogenicity are discussed.
Prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications and comorbidities and its impact on health care charges among patients with diabetic neuropathy

Abstract Introduction Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication associated with diabetes. This study assesses the prevalence of other diabetes-related complications or comorbidities among DN patients and its marginal contribution to health care charges. Methods Using administrative claims database, we studied commercially insured patients below 65 years old with at least one claim of DN anytime from July 2004 through June 2005 (Year 1). Using propensity scoring, a 10:1 ratio of demographically matched controls with diabetes but no DN was constructed. Both DN patients and controls had 12 months of continuous enrollment in Year 1 and Year 2 (July 2005–June 2006). We compared the Year 1 prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications or comorbidities between DN patients and diabetic controls. Controlling for comorbidities, we used multivariate regressions to examine the incremental impact of DN or any other diabetes-related complication or comorbidity on Year 2 health care charges. Results A higher percentage of DN patients had at least one other diabetes-related complication or comorbidity than diabetic controls. Individuals with DN had a higher prevalence of each individual other diabetes-related complication or comorbidity. Controlling for comorbidities, the presence of any other diabetes-related complication or comorbidity was statistically associated with higher outpatient pharmacy and total charges for both DN patients and controls. Total and outpatient pharmacy charges were also significantly higher for DN patients than for controls, among those with or without any other diabetes-related complications or comorbidities. Conclusions DN can occur in the absence of other diabetes-related complications or comorbidities. The presence of DN and any other diabetes-related complications or comorbidities significantly increases health care charges.
Material Properties of Aluminum Alloy for Accurate Draw-Bend Simulation

The main objective of this paper is to simulate springback using a combined kinematic/ isotropic hardening model. Material parameters in the hardening model are identified by an inverse method, A three-point bending test is conducted on 6022-T4 aluminum sheet. Punch stroke, punch load, bending strain, and bending angle are measured directly during the tests. Bending moments are then computed from these measured data. Bending moments are also calculated based on a constitutive model. Material parameters are identified by minimizing the normalized error between two bending moments. A micro genetic algorithm is used in the optimization procedure. Stress-strain curves are generated with the material parameters found in this way, which can be used with other plasticity models. ABAQUS/Standard, which has the combined isotropic/kinematic hardening model, is used to simulate draw-bend of 6022-T4 aluminum sheet. Absolute springback angles are predicted very accurately.
Perturbative analytic theory of an ultrahigh- Q toroidal microcavity

A perturbation theoretic approach is proposed as an efficient characterization tool for a tapered fiber coupled ultrahigh-quality factor (Q) toroidal microcavity with a small inverse aspect ratio. The Helmholtz equation with an assumption of quasi-TE/TM modes in local toroidal coordinates is solved via a power series expansion in terms of the inverse aspect ratio and the expanded eigenmode solutions are further manipulated iteratively to generate various characteristic metrics of the ultrahigh-Q toroidal microcavity coupled to a tapered fiber waveguide. Resonance wavelengths, free spectral ranges, cavity mode volumes, phase-matching conditions, and radiative Q factors are derived along with a mode characterization given by a characteristic equation. Calculated results are in excellent agreement with full vectorial finite-element simulations. The results are useful as a shortcut to avoid full numerical simulation, and also render intuitive insight into the modal properties of toroidal microcavities.
New Approach to Shielding Calculations for Very High Energy Accelerators

A new Monte Carlo program, CASIM, has been written specifically to solve high energy hadron shielding problems. The program starts from inclusive distributions of nucleons and pions from nuclear interactions and generates averages (over many incident particles) of particle fluxes and energy deposition throughout the shield. Within this limitation the program has several advantages over other shielding calculations: a) quite complicated source terms (e.g., Hagedorn's thermodynamical model) can easily be used, b) weighting techniques permit following cascades over large distances as well as examining of selected geometries, heterogeneous media, etc., c) short coding and d) short execution times. Results of CASIM are presented for protons incident on realistic geometries as well as an intercomparison of predictions for a solid beamstop using two different production models.
The design, development, and deployment of a tabletop interface for collaborative exploration of genomic data

In this paper, we reflect on the design, development, and deployment of G-nome Surfer; a multi-touch tabletop user interface for collaborative exploration of genomic data. G-nome Surfer lowers the threshold for using advanced bioinformatics tools, reduces the mental workload associated with manipulating genomic information, and fosters effective collaboration. We describe our two-year-long effort from design strategy to iterations of design, development, and evaluation. This paper presents four main contributions: (1) a set of design requirements for supporting collaborative exploration in data-intensive domains, (2) the design, implementation, and validation of a multi-touch tabletop interface for collaborative exploration, (3) a methodology for evaluating the strengths and limitations of tabletop interaction for collaborative exploration, and (4) empirical evidence for the feasibility and value of integrating tabletop interaction in college-level education.
From the basement to the kitchen: constructing the gendered personal computer user

Users are now appearing in accounts of research in the fields of science and technology studies, and the history and sociology of technology. These accounts move beyond 'the user' to multiple, heterogeneous groups of 'users' who shape technology through their interactions with and transformations of it. In doing this, the gendered nature of users' relationships to the technology can be made evident. In looking at the introduction of early personal computers into the home, this paper discusses another kind of user: the 'constructed user'. These are virtual, somewhat ideal, and probably mythical people for whom a technology is designed and to whom it is promoted. Constructed throughout the life history of a technology by all the various groups in relation to the technology, these constructed users do not reside in physical bodies, yet these virtual identities have a significant role in the design and use of a technology.
A CD-ROM based laboratory in fluid mechanics part II: course assessment and evaluation

This paper evaluates an existing distance learning fluid mechanics laboratory, MET 335 and compares it to the on-campus version of the course. The course was developed at Old Dominion University and offered for the first time in the spring of 2000 as a video-based laboratory on CD-ROM. The overall assessment of the distance learning laboratory is based on a detailed analysis of the different components of student evaluation for the course. The analysis of these results is in turn compared with similar analysis of other existing on-campus laboratory courses taught by the same instructor. The assessment of the distance learning laboratory course shows that the video-taped CD-ROM laboratory is an effective way of teaching this laboratory course.
Performance of Primary Care Physicians and Other Providers on Key Process Measures in the Treatment of Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that patients without a consistent primary care provider have inferior outcomes. However, little is known about the mechanisms for these effects. This study aims to determine whether primary care physicians (PCPs) provide more frequent medication intensification, lifestyle counseling, and patient encounters than other providers in the primary care setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 584,587 encounters for 27,225 patients with diabetes and elevated A1C, blood pressure, and/or LDL cholesterol monitored for at least 2 years. Encounters occurred at primary care practices affiliated with two teaching hospitals in eastern Massachusetts. RESULTS Of the encounters documented, 83% were with PCPs, 13% were with covering physicians, and 5% were with midlevel providers. In multivariable analysis, the odds of medication intensification were 49% ( P P P P = 0.0015) higher. During visits with acute complaints, covering physicians were even less likely, by a further 52% ( P P P CONCLUSIONS PCPs provide better care through higher rates of medication intensification and lifestyle counseling. Covering physicians and midlevel providers may enable more frequent encounters when PCP resources are constrained.
Frequent disruption of the RB pathway in indolent follicular lymphoma suggests a new combination therapy

Loss of cell cycle controls is a hallmark of cancer and has a well-established role in aggressive B cell malignancies. However, the role of such lesions in indolent follicular lymphoma (FL) is unclear and individual lesions have been observed with low frequency. By analyzing genomic data from two large cohorts of indolent FLs, we identify a pattern of mutually exclusive (P = 0.003) genomic lesions that impair the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway in nearly 50% of FLs. These alterations include homozygous and heterozygous deletions of the p16/CDKN2a/b (7%) and RB1 (12%) loci, and more frequent gains of chromosome 12 that include CDK4 (29%). These aberrations are associated with high-risk disease by the FL prognostic index (FLIPI), and studies in a murine FL model confirm their pathogenic role in indolent FL. Increased CDK4 kinase activity toward RB1 is readily measured in tumor samples and indicates an opportunity for CDK4 inhibition. We find that dual CDK4 and BCL2 inhibitor treatment is safe and effective against available models of FL. In summary, frequent RB pathway lesions in indolent, high-risk FLs indicate an untapped therapeutic opportunity.
Tuffs and other volcanic deposits of Katmai and Yellowstone Park

The volcanic activity in the Katmai region in 1912 took two principal forms. From the central crater of Mount Katmai great volumes of pumiceous ejecta were thrown violently into the air, and fell upon the surrounding country. Large quantities of the finer portions were carried by winds even as far as Kodiak, 100 miles away. Near the volcano the deposits are seen to form loosely coherent strata, 15 or 16 feet thick. The lumps of pumice are not of great size, two or three inches in diameter being an ordinary maximum. Mutual attrition in the air during expulsion was evidently not great, for the angles and corners are only slightly rounded. The looseness and lack of coherence of such deposits permit easy erosion, and they are not likely to be long preserved in situ, unless soon covered by more resistant beds. They may be carried out to sea and form extensive but thin strata. Because of this ease of removal and because of original wide-spread distribution, we cannot expect that siliceous pumices, explosively ejected, will ordinarily be represented in their proper relative magnitude among the deposits adjacent to a volcano.
Review of a high risk register for congenital or early-onset deafness

This paper is an attempt to assess the success of a high risk register for congenital or early onset of severe to profound hearing impairment. With some years experience, and a large number of publications, it is possible to evaluate (at least in part) the extent to which such a register actually does permit us to identify these infants. To that end, an extensive review is reported here and some recommendations are made.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR ADULT ANXIETY DISORDERS: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIALS

Objective Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is frequently used for various adult anxiety disorders, but there has been no systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The present study meta-analytically reviewed the efficacy of CBT versus placebo for adult anxiety disorders.
The Potential of Small Space Telescopes for Exoplanet Observations

The imaging of faint exoplanets near bright stars requires the development of very high contrast detection techniques, including both precise wavefront control and deep starlight rejection. A system-level proof-of-principle experiment carried out at at the Palomar Observatory has recently demonstrated that exoplanets can be detected very near stars even with a fairly small (1.5 m diameter) telescope aperture, such as someday might be used by a first space-based exoplanet imaging mission. Using fine-scale wavefront correction across this small aperture, together with fine pointing and focus control, pre- and post-detection speckle reduction, and a vector vortex coronagraph, it has been possible to achieve extremely good starlight rejection within a small number of diffractions beams of the stellar position. This performance has recently allowed the imaging of the three HR8799 planets and the HD32297 disk, thus providing a first system-level validation of the steps needed to achieve high-contrast observations at very small angles. These results thus serve to highlight the potential of small space telescopes aiming at high-contrast exoplanet observations. Specifically, a small-angle coronagraph enables the use of smaller telescopes, thus potentially reducing mission cost significantly.
DMSA, DMPS, and DMPA--as arsenic antidotes.

meso-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid, Na salt (DMPS), and N-(2,3- dimercaptopropyl )- phthalamidic acid (DMPA) are water soluble analogs of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL). The relative effectiveness or therapeutic index of these dimercapto compounds in protecting mice from the lethal effects of an LD99 of sodium arsenite is DMSA greater than DMPS greater than DMPA greater than BAL in the magnitude of 42:14:4:1, respectively. DMPS, DMPA, or DMSA will mobilize tissue arsenic. BAL, however, increases the arsenic content of the brain of rabbits injected with sodium arsenite. These results raise the question as to the appropriateness of BAL as the treatment for systemic arsenic poisoning. Either DMSA or DMPS, when given sc or po, will protect rabbits against the lethal systemic effects of subcutaneously administered Lewisite . DMPS and DMSA have promise as prophylactics for the prevention of the vesicant action of Lewisite . The sodium arsenite inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex can be prevented and reversed in vitro or in vivo by DMPS, DMSA, DMPA, or BAL. Of them all, DMPS is most potent and BAL appears to be the least potent. The usefulness of all these dimercapto compounds would be enhanced by a careful study of their metabolism and biotransformation. These dimercapto compounds are in a great many respects orphan drugs. At this stage of their development, it is very difficult for the clinician to obtain funds to study them clinically even though they appear to be useful for treatment of poisoning by any one of the heavy metals.
Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California.

Abstract We evaluated the persistence and possible recovery of two depleted marine mollusks, the red (Haliotis rufescens) and black abalone (H. cracherodii), in central California, USA. Monitoring over 32-years did not reveal increasing or decreasing trends in red abalone abundances and sizes over the past three decades, in the absence of harvesting. Comparisons between marine reserves protected for at least 25 years and sites with open public access showed significant difference in size structure for black abalone, with individuals greater than 8 cm in shell length comprising 14–37% of animals in reserves and 2–11% at open-access sites, and a trend for greater abundances of red abalone within reserves. Despite no increasing trends, protection in one of the no-take reserves, the Hopkins marine life refuge (HMLR), has led to persistence of red abalone populations over multiple generations, at average densities of 0.2 individuals/m2. At other locations, both within the HMLR and elsewhere, red abalone densities are lower than at the location where long-term studies were conducted (av. 0.03 animals/m2), and an order of magnitude lower than for black abalone (av. 0.4 animals/m2). These results suggest that continued fishery closure and protection in no-take reserves are effective tools for allowing persistence of abalone populations, though there are no signs of recovery to levels comparable to those preceding fisheries collapse. Such failure to recover is most likely associated with high natural mortality and possibly continued illegal take, but not with processes underlying low abalone population levels elsewhere, including food or habitat limitation, recruitment failure, or disease. Linking current structure and trends to specific processes is a crucial first step towards devising focused strategies for conserving and re-building depleted marine populations.
On computing facilities for computer science

Computer science is a field of study in which the experimental and pragmatic aspects, while initially slighted in some curricula, are becoming recognized as playing an increasingly important role. This trend has undoubtedly been hastened by the reductions in hardware costs seen in recent years. As a result, a great many computer science departments in schools across the country are beginning to examine their own needs for computing facilities and other resources not likely to be available from a school's production computing facility.
Determinants of income poverty in rural Kenya: an empirical analysis

Growth and development aid have proved to be insufficient for alleviating rural poverty in Africa. Thus, efforts should be directed toward enhancing the capacities of rural households to efficiently utilise their productive assets, human capital and land in order to alleviate poverty. This paper uses socio-economic survey data and panel regressions to explore the determinants of income and poverty in rural Kenya. Results from the regression reveal that household size has a significantly large and negative effect on income. Land ownership, as well as the value of land, are both important for explaining differences in income amongst rural households in Kenya. Ownership of non-durable assets such as tools and livestock improves households' income generating ability. The results also reveal evidence of the feminisation of poverty in rural Kenya, which implies that women should be a major focus of poverty alleviation efforts in that country. Lastly, based on the surveys for this study, the level of inequality was found to be higher in rural Kenya than other developing countries.
The Brain in Singing and Language

This article summarizes currently available brain research concerning relationships between singing and language development. Although this is a new field of investigation, there are findings that are applicable to general music teaching classroom. These findings are presented along with suggestions about how to apply them to teaching music.