cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps recruit training deaths in San Diego, California, 1973-1985; a review of 31 cases.

The deaths of military recruits associated with training activities nearly always fall under close scrutiny from relatives of the deceased recruit and the media. The literature contains isolated case reports of recruit deaths but no comprehensive reviews of all deaths at a single training facility. The purpose of this study is to describe the circumstances and causes of all recruit deaths occurring at the Naval Training Command and the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego, California, from 1973 through 1985. Thirty-one male recruits died in training during this period; eight died from medical conditions not detected by preenlistment questioning or examination. In five of these cases, the conditions were probably known to the recruit but were not listed on a medical history form. Seven recruits died in incidents related to training, and there were six cases of "sudden cardiac death," as well as eight deaths caused by infectious diseases.
The European monetary system

Abstract This paper investigates the performance of the EMS since its implementationin 1979. The statistical results suggest that there has been a significant decrease in bilateral and effective exchange rates variabilities of the participating countries. The test results also point toward a narrower divergence in the development of national monetary policies across ERM countries.
The need to consider time, level, and trends: A turnover perspective

Summary We focus on the contributions to research generated by considering attitudes and behaviors as dynamic over time and across different levels. Using turnover research as an example, we demonstrate how a past, present, and future focus, across levels, may enhance both theory and methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative view of the argentine crisis: structural flaws and structural adjustmet policy

Se discute en este documento la explicacion convencional sobre la crisis argentina. Contrario a lo que comunmente se acepta, el problema no se debio a una laxa politica fiscal, sino a debilidades estructurales en el tan alabado programa de estabilizacion instaurado al comienzo de la decada de los noventa. El modelo fue incapaz de corregir el persistente monto de endeudamiento, lo cual expuso a la economia a choques externos y la hizo viciosamente dependiente de flujos de capital externo. La explicacion de la caida de Argentina es puesta en perspectiva historica pues se ofrece una detallada evolucion de las decisiones del gobierno, los cambios politicos asi como un detallado analisis del mecanismo de ajuste automatico que, supuestamente, era la principal caracteristica que ofrecia la Junta Monetaria. El documento hace alusion a la volatilidad que experimen-taron los llamados mercados emergentes durante la "frenetica" decada de los noventas. Por ultimo, aunque no menos importante, aporta una acertada reflexion sobre la poste-ridad de la crisis.
Analysis of Microstructural Changes in Lean NOx Trap Materials Isolates Parameters Responsible for Activity Deterioration

The rapid loss of performance of lean NO/dx traps is well known and has been attributed to precious metal sintering, based on the analysis of catalysts aged on bench-top reactors, on dynamometers, and on vehicles. This precious metal sintering leads to reduction in surface area contact between the precious metals and NO/dx adsorbers. As a result, the catalyst sites available for NO/dx oxidation and the adsorber sites available for NO/d2 adsorption are drastically reduced. The use of bench-top reactors, dynos and vehicles to provide aged catalyst samples for analysis is tedious and time-consuming. In order to rapidly screen catalysts for microstructural changes, we have designed an ex-situ reactor that allows us to expose catalyst samples on a TEM grid to operating conditions using a simulated exhaust. Thus, we can analyze by TEM several selected areas of a catalyst sample for microstructural changes, starting from fresh samples and progressing through samples exposed to various operating conditions. Here, we present our results on the TEM study of a model lean NOx trap catalyst exposed to lean, rich, lean-rich cycling, and accelerated aging conditions, using our ex-situ reactor.
Time Irreversibility and Comparison of Cyclic-Variability Models

We describe a method for detecting and quantifying time irreversibility in experimental engine data. We apply this method to experimental heat-release measurements from four sparkignited engines under leaning fueling conditions. We demonstrate that the observed behavior is inconsistent with a linear Gaussian random process and is more appropriately described as a noisy nonlinear dynamical process.
Purification and biological characterization of human hepatopoietin A, a polypeptide growth factor for hepatocytes.

Abstract We have previously reported the presence of a high molecular weight polypeptide growth factor in the plasma of normal human or rat serum which stimulates DNA synthesis in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes. We referred to this activity as hepatopoietin A (HPTA) (Michalopoulos, G., Houck, K. A., Dolan, M. L., and Luetteke, N. C. Control of hepatocytes replication by two serum factors. Cancer Res., 44: 4414–4419, 1984; Thaler, J., and Michalopoulos, G. Hepatopoietin A. Partial characterization and trypsin activation of a hepatocyte growth factor. Cancer Res., 45: 2545–2549, 1985). At that time, however, complete purification of this growth factor had not been achieved. In the present report we describe the steps required for complete purification of HPTA from human plasma or rabbit serum. The purification involved sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, heparin-affinity chromatography, anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and reversed phase HPLC. The final purified product is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy and a light polypeptide chain with molecular weights of 70,000 and 35,000, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Under nonreducing conditions, however, the purified HPTA migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to a molecular weight of 69,000. The mitogenic activity of HPTA was associated with this band when it was eluted from unstained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Gel filtration HPLC under neutral isotonic conditions indicated that HPTA tends to form aggregates with molecular weights of greater than 300,000. Chromatofocusing indicated that HPTA is an acidic protein with an isoelectric point value of about 5.5. The mitogenic activity of HPTA was sensitive to heat, trypsin, and 2-mercaptoethanol, but relatively resistant to exposure to 1 n acetic acid, 2 m guanidine-HCl, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by HPTA was totally abrogated by transforming growth factor-β and markedly reduced in the presence of heparin. We present biochemical as well as biological evidence that HPTA is a hepatocyte growth factor distinct from other known polypeptide mitogens such as epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and thrombin.
Group cognitive behavioral therapy to improve the quality of care to opioid-treated patients with chronic noncancer pain: a practice improvement project.

Purpose To enhance outcomes of patients with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) treated with opioids in a primary care setting by implementing an evidence-based quality improvement project. Data sources The project consisted of the implementation of a 6-week cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program. Twenty-two patients with CNCP completed the program. Impact of the project was evaluated by comparing pre- and postintervention participant self-reports of mood on the Beck Depression Inventory and functional status on the Brief Pain Inventory and Short Form-36. Patient perception of treatment benefit was also measured using the Patient Global Impression of Change. Qualitative provider perceptions of the program were also collected. Paired t-test statistics were used to analyze the data. Conclusions Mood (including negative attitude, performance difficulty, and physical complaints), and patient impression of treatment benefit improved significantly after CBT was added. Primary care providers reported that the CBT supported their overall management of these complex patients. Implications for practice The addition of a CBT program improved selected outcomes in this self-selected sample of patients with CNCP treated with opioids.
Prediction bands for the EDF of a future sample

Abstract We develop both nonparametric and parametric methods for obtaining prediction bands for the empirical distribution function (EDF) of a future sample. These methods yield simultaneous prediction intervals for all order statistics of the future sample, and they also correspond to tests for the two-sample problem. The nonparametric prediction bands correspond to the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and related nonparametric tests, but the parametric prediction bands correspond to entirely new parametric two-sample tests. The parametric prediction bands tend to outperform the nonparametric bands when the parametric assumptions hold, but they may have true coverage probabilities well below their nominal levels when the parametric assumptions fail. A new computational algorithm is used to obtain critical values in the nonparametric case.
Effect of car☐ypeptidase a on the activity of the fourth component of guinea-pig complement

Abstract The enhancement of guinea-pig complement by car☐ypeptidase A is due primarily to the effect of the enzyme on the activity of the fourth component (C4). The result is an increase in the number of SAC14 capable of reacting with terminal components to produce lysis without any detectable change in the ability of SAC14 to react with C2. as shown by the rate of generation of SAC142 and the amount of C2 consumed. Experiments utilizing guinea-pig C4 deficient scrum indicate that the enzyme acts on C4. either cell-bound or in the fluid phase, and not on an inhibitor associated with this component.
The Acculturation of American Ethnic Groups

ASURVEY of the literature on American ethnic groups reveals a dearth of material dealing with either the cultures or the acculturation of these groups. The sociologists have been studying these groups intensively for at least two generations, but the sociological interest for the most part has been in the field of "minority groups" and "race relations"; that is, the interest has been in prejudice, discrimination, and other aspects of what is termed "intergroup" relations. Thomas and Znaniecki (1927) and Stonequist (1937) are among the exceptions to this generalization. This dominant sociological interest is reflected in textbooks in this field. With the exception of Schermerhorn (1949), who is interested in the ancestral cultures of ethnic groups and in the fate of these cultures in the process of acculturation, the textbook writers are interested not so much in the cultures as in the social status of ethnic groups, not so much in acculturation as in the social consequences of minority-group membership (cf. Berry 1951; Marden 1952). Despite its interest in culture, anthropology has not attempted to fill this lacuna in our knowledge. Indeed some of the best "anthropological" research in this field has been conducted by nonanthropologists: the study of the Poles by the sociologists Thomas and Znaniecki, of the Italians by the psychologist Child (1943), and of the Irish by the historian Handlin (1941). Although as early as 1920 Wissler wrote that "anthropologists have been itching to lay their hands on Europeans and their culture" and suggested that they begin with the "foreign colonies" in America (1920:7), a search by this writer was able to discover less than thirty publications written by anthropologists on the cultures or the acculturation of ethnic groups. This is exclusive, of course, of the literature on Japanese relocation (cf. Leighton 1945) and its aftermath (cf. Bloom and Riemer 1949) which is not concerned with cultural behavior, and of acculturation in noncontinental America, such as Burrows' study of acculturation in Hawaii (1947). The twenty-odd titles discovered by the writer do not, most probably, exhaust the anthropological bibliography in this field, but he is reasonably certain that they comprise the great bulk of the published research. It seems that Wissler exaggerated the extent to which our hands have been "itching." This apparent lack of concern with ethnic groups is particularly interesting in the light of the interest of American anthropology in acculturation. In an important paper, published early in the history of acculturation research, Herskovits argued that acculturation is a powerful technique for the study of the "nature and mechanisms of culture," for, among other reasons, "when traditions are in conflict, the readjustments within a culture . . . can throw
Responses of high-oil and hybrid corn to rootworm beetles during pollination

High-oil corn (Zea mays L.) may be produced as a physical mixture consisting of 91% male-sterile hybrid plants and 9% pollinator plants. Two field studies were conducted to determine if corn blends consisting of only 9% pollinator plants are more sensitive to high populations of rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) feeding on silks during pollination than hybrid blends consisting of 50 to 100% male-fertile plants. In one study, silks of hybrid corn and silks of the male-sterile hybrid within the high-oil corn blend were clipped daily during pollination to simulate silk clipping caused by rootworms. In a separate study, 165 locations of high-oil corn and 134 locations of hybrid corn were monitored for rootworm population and severity of silk clipping during pollination. Grain yield was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) if average lengths of exserted silks were <37 mm for high-oil blends with 9% pollinator plants and <25 mm for hybrid corn. Oil, protein, and starch concentrations of the high-oil grain were not significantly different from those of the untreated check if exserted silks were at least 25 mm during pollination. Severity of beetle infestation correlated poorly with daily average silk length (r = -0.06) and with grain yield (r = -0.01). Economic thresholds for grain yield were crossed, and appropriate pest control measures should he considered when rootworm beetles consistently clip exserted silks to <37 mm for high-oil blends with 9% pollinator plants or <25 mm for hybrid corn.
Cp(X) and Arhangel'skiǐ's αi-spaces

Abstract Nogura showed that whereas Arhangel'skiǐ's properties α1, α2 and α3 are preserved by finite products, the property α4 is not. It is shown here that for each space X the properties α2, α3 and α4 are the same for the function space C p (X) . As a consequence, α4 is closed under finite products of such function spaces.
Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes

Defining the microanatomic differences between the human brain and that of other mammals is key to understanding its unique computational power. Although much effort has been devoted to comparative studies of neurons, astrocytes have received far less attention. We report here that protoplasmic astrocytes in human neocortex are 2.6-fold larger in diameter and extend 10-fold more GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-positive primary processes than their rodent counterparts. In cortical slices prepared from acutely resected surgical tissue, protoplasmic astrocytes propagate Ca2+ waves with a speed of 36 μm/s, approximately fourfold faster than rodent. Human astrocytes also transiently increase cystosolic Ca2+ in response to glutamatergic and purinergic receptor agonists. The human neocortex also harbors several anatomically defined subclasses of astrocytes not represented in rodents. These include a population of astrocytes that reside in layers 5–6 and extend long fibers characterized by regularly spaced varicosities. Another specialized type of astrocyte, the interlaminar astrocyte, abundantly populates the superficial cortical layers and extends long processes without varicosities to cortical layers 3 and 4. Human fibrous astrocytes resemble their rodent counterpart but are larger in diameter. Thus, human cortical astrocytes are both larger, and structurally both more complex and more diverse, than those of rodents. On this basis, we posit that this astrocytic complexity has permitted the increased functional competence of the adult human brain.
Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough theory: a reappraisal after 35 years

The intrinsic ability of the brain to maintain constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) is known as cerebral pressure autoregulation. This ability protects the brain against cerebral ischemia and hyperemia within a certain range of blood pressures. The normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB) theory described by Spetzler in 1978 was adopted to explain the edema and hemorrhage that sometimes occur after resection of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The underlying pathophysiology of edema and hemorrhage after AVM resection still remains controversial. Over the last three decades, advances in neuroimaging, CBF, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) measurement have both favored and contradicted the NBBP theory. At the same time, other theories have been proposed, including the occlusive hyperemia theory. We believe that both theories are related and complementary and that they both explain changes in hemodynamics after AVM resection. The purpose of this work is to review the current status of the NBBP theory 35 years after its original description.
Volcanic ash in surficial sediments of the Kodiak shelf — An indicator of sediment dispersal patterns

Abstract Surficial sediments of the Kodiak shelf, Gulf of Alaska, contain various amounts of volcanic ash whose physical properties indicate that it originated from the 1912 Katmai eruption. The distribution of ash is related to the shelf physiography and represents redistribution by oceanic circulation rather than the original depositional pattern from the volcanic event. The ash distribution can be used, in conjunction with the distribution of grain sizes, as an indicator of present-day sediment dispersal patterns on the shelf. No significant modern input of sediment is occurring on the Kodiak shelf, which is mostly covered by Pleistocene glacial deposits. Coarse-grained sediments on flat portions of shallow banks apparently are being winnowed, with the removed ash-rich fine material being deposited in shallow depressions on the banks and in three of the four major troughs that cut transversely across the shelf. The other major trough seems to be experiencing a relatively high-energy current regime, with little deposition of fine material.
Transcriptional Repressors: Shutting Off Gene Expression at the Source Affects Developmental Dynamics

Summary Developmental networks feature genes interlinked by transcriptional activation and repression. A new study indicates that repressors can ‘shut the door' to newly initiating polymerases, allowing longer target genes to produce latent transcripts after shorter genes have been effectively silenced.
The Larval Stages of Pagurus Marshi Benedict (Decapoda, Anomura) Reared in the Laboratory 1)

Un certain nombre d'oeufs du Paguride des Antilles, Pagurus marshi, ont eclos en laboratoire et les larves ont ete elevees durant quatre stades zoe, plusieurs individus succombant au cours de la mue menant a la post-larve. Cette espece, largement distribuee mais relativement peu commune, est la premiere parmi les Paguridae s.s. de l'Atlantique occidentale a etre elevee en laboratoire pendant toute sa vie larvaire. La phase zoe, dans l'eau a salinite 35-36%, dure environ 22 jours a 25° et 34 jours a 20°. La morphologie externe des quatre stades zoe, incluant celle de tous les appendices, est decrite en detail et illustree. Des specimens complets de la glaucothoe n'ont pas ete obtenus, mais l'abdomen, les pleopodes, l'eventail caudal et les pereiopodes sont decrits et figures. Les caracteres par lesquels les larves de P. marrhi different de celles des autres especes du genre sont enumeres. Les precedents chercheurs, se fondant sur une douzaine de caracteres environ, ont separe les larves du genre en plusieurs groupes, et celles de P. marshi se rangent manifestement dans l'un de ces groupes. Malheureusement, faute de descriptions detaillees, une comparaison serree avec d'autres especes du genre ne peut porter que sur quelques caracteres. Une comparaison point par point avec les larves de Catapaguroides timidus montre un certain nombre de differences, principalement dans la duree relative du developpement des appendices et dans la disposition des soies de ces appendices. La plupart des differences entre les larves paraissent de nature specifique et aucun trait de signification proprement generique n'a pu etre ainsi identifie.
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst in childhood: A case report

A 12-year-old girl with massive hemoperitoneum caused by a ruptured hemorrhagic ovarian cyst (HOC) is described. Although HOC is not common in early adolescence, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of any adnexal mass or lower abdominal pain in a girl.
Sound and pattern in "artificial" fluency.

This paper presents an analytic review of many conditions known to induce fluent speech in stutterers, and derives an integral explanation which accounts for the beneficial effect of all of them. T...
Trait verbal aggression, sports fan identification, and perceptions of appropriate sports fan communication

This study attempted to further the preliminary research in the area of sports and communication. Specifically, communication constructs including verbal aggression and context appropriateness were applied to the sports setting. Participants (n ‐ 407) completed questionnaires based on a team sporting event that they had recently watched. It was found that fans who were high in trait verbal aggression were (a) more likely to see verbal communication directed at the players and coaches during sporting events as appropriate, and (b) less likely to see fan display of support for their teams as an appropriate form of communication at sporting events. Participants who were high in fan identification were more likely to see displaying the team's insignia and verbal communication toward players and coaches as appropriate. Limitations and future directions for the area of sports communication are discussed.
A high-speed batch-mode ultrasonic machining technology for multi-level quartz crystal microstructures

This paper describes recent advances in batch-mode micro ultrasonic machining (μUSM) and its application to quartz crystal (QC) microstructures. Acoustic emission sensors are used for close monitoring of this batch process. Multi-level AT-cut QC microstructures have been successfully fabricated at a cutting rate ≫24 µm/min, which is substantially faster than available options for plasma-based etching. Arrays of disks, H-shaped and tuning fork structures are demonstrated with a cutting depth up to ∼105 µm on the 110 µm-thick QC substrate. Micromachined QC structures are also mounted on interconnection substrates. Preliminary electrical tests have been performed for resonance characteristics. A low-thermal-expansion glass ceramic, ZERODUR®, has also been micromachined at a cutting rate ≫18 µm/min.
Infant car safety seats and risk of head injury.

Abstract Background/Purpose We observed a high incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in properly restrained infants involved in higher speed motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). We hypothesized that car safety seats are inadequately protecting infants from TBI. Methods We retrospectively queried scene crash data from our State Department of Transportation (2007–2011) and State Department of Public Health data (2000–2011) regarding infants who presented to a trauma center after MVC. Results Department of Transportation data revealed 94% of infants in MVCs were properly restrained (782/833) with average speed of 44.6 miles/h when there was concern for injury. Department of Public Health data showed only 67/119 (56.3%) of infants who presented to a trauma center after MVC were properly restrained. Properly restrained infants were 12.7 times less likely to present to a trauma center after an MVC (OR=12.7, CI 95% 5.6–28.8, p Conclusion Car safety seats prevent injuries. However, TBI is similar among properly restrained and improperly/unrestrained infants involved in higher speed MVCs who present to a trauma center.
A Point Mutation of Acetylcholinesterase Associated with Azinphosmethyl Resistance and Reduced Fitness in Colorado Potato Beetle

Abstract A serine to glycine point mutation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 1.1.1.7) was identified in an azinphosmethyl-resistant strain of Colorado potato beetle [ Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)]. The position of the mutation corresponds to Val 238 of the Torpedo AChE and represents the first amino acid residue to form the α-helix, α-E ′ 1 . The predicted secondary structure of the mutation-containing region of AChE suggested that the transition from the turn to the α-helix occurs sooner in the sequence when serine is replaced by glycine. Thus, conformational changes in the AChE due to the α-helix deformation were expected to impinge upon both the catalytic and the peripheral binding sites, resulting in the modification of the bindings of organophosphorus insecticides and other ligands to these sites. The mutation appeared to be associated with the fitness of the beetle. The intrinsic rate of increase of the azinphosmethyl-resistant (AZ-R) strain was relatively low when the beetles were reared on the Russet Burbank potato cultivar, but was relatively high when they were reared on the NDA 1725-1 potato cultivar. Because these two potato cultivars contain different amounts of steroidal glycoalkaloids (e.g., α-solanine and α-chaconine), the different fitness of the AZ-R strain on different potato cultivars may be partially attributed to the increased sensitivity of the azinphosmethyl-resistant form of AChE to the inhibition by α-solanine and reduced sensitivity to α-chaconine as previously reported.
Why is it easy to control your arms

The complexity of our muscular systems may be regarded, not as a complication for the brain, but as a source of variety providing enough easily controlled movement recipes to do most of the things we ordinarily need to do. This simplifies the control task, in that if there are enough ways of moving, a recipe involving just a few of them can usually be found that will approximate any desired movement with little supervision. In particular, the presence of"redundant" degrees of freedom allows us to use ballistic (free swinging) movements, so that physics, rather than computation, accounts for much of trajectory. Computations are required to set up the constraints defining initializing a low-dimensional subsystem in such a way that a satisfactory movement exists. One theme of current research is that these recipes may generated by specifying the parameters of oscillators and spring-like components. We should expect actions to be represented as patchworks of recipes, each working best for some subset of variants of the action.
SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS BY MALIGNANT HUMAN PLASMACYTES I. MYELOMAS PRODUCING γ-CHAINS AND LIGHT CHAINS

Three basic patterns of γ-globulin synthesis are described in malignant human plasmacytes: extreme unbalanced synthesis where only L chains are synthesized; unbalanced synthesis in which intact γG globulin and an excess of free L chains are synthesized and secreted; and balanced synthesis where H and L chains appear to be synthesized in equimolar amounts. Studies of the cellular products appear to reflect the biosynthetic processes of the cells in a more reliable fashion than does analysis of serum or urinary proteins. The absence of Bence Jones proteins from the urine does not necessarily indicate that free L chains are not being synthesized and secreted at the cellular level. Similarly, the completed globulin molecule secreted by malignant plasma cells may not be demonstrable by examination of serum. Patterns of globulin synthesis in human myelomatous tissues vary as do patterns of globulin synthesis in mouse plasmacytomas. Pulse-chase studies of the cells from one patient showed that a γG myeloma protein was assembled via an HL (half molecule) intermediate.
Evaluation in cross-cultural perspective

Despite general advances in program evaluation, evaluation of development projects has lagged behind. This lag seems related to near exclusion of the toplc from general methodological and theoretical works in the field, combined with failure of specialized volumes to look at the theoretical implications of cross-cultural differences. Despite this insufficiency, specialized work in the area of cross-cultural research and evaluation has much to contribute to the methodology of development evaluation and ought to inspire evaluators to look more closely at implicit and explicit theories pushing not only evaluation of development projects but also the entire evaluation enterprise.
A new pathogenic species of Aspergillus.

A new species, Aspergillus bisporus, isolated from soil collected at Clarksburg, Maryland, and Bainbridge, Georgia, is described. On standard media the species is characterized by conidial heads wi...
Dislocation motion in pure NaCl at low temperatures

Abstract In annealed NaCl crystals of high purity, dislocation displacements under stress pulses at various temperatures obey Poisson type distributions which spread out toward larger distances with increasing time at constant stress. The calculated thermally-penetrable obstacle density of 105 cm−2 corresponds to that of the grown-in forest dislocations. The measurements suggest that the forest dislocations are flexible and are plucked by the glide dislocations at intersection, resulting in a displacement of the mechanical threshold stress to higher levels, and in an unusually small activation distance. The increase in the calculated activation distances with temperature suggests a split core. The stress dependence of the strain rate at yielding is compatible with the velocity-stress measurements for individual dislocations when account is taken of the stress dependence of the mobile dislocation density and of a temperature-dependent internal stress which results from multiplication of screw dislocations ...
Disaster detector: an automatic disk head/slider inspection system

This paper describes a system known as 'The Disaster Detector', for automatic inspection of the air-bearing surface of disk sliders (disk read/write heads). It inspects for certain types of defects that are global or systematic in the sense that, when they occur, they occur on every slider in a row or, in some cases, on every slider in the entire carrier. The inspection system is described and the associated image-analysis algorithms are described in detail. The system uses standard microscope optics, a color CCD camera, computer-controlled state, laser autofocus, a video digitizer and a PC/AT (486-based).
SU‐GG‐T‐554: A Computer Aided Approach to Accurately Cutting Custom Bolus

Purpose: To refine the custom bolus making procedure and improve the conformity of custom bolus on any irregular 3D surface.Method and Materials: A computer‐aided system was developed to extract the custom bolus created in treatment planning system and unwrap/map it into a 2‐D plane. Our 3D surface unwrapping technique works for any arbitrary 3D surface. The number of vertices and polygons were user‐defined variable to determine the resolution of the 3D surface approximates custom bolus designed in treatment planning system. The custom design bolus can be made by cutting along the print‐out and folding back into 3D. Three different types of custom boluses (larynx, node, and full scalp) were tested in this study. The results were evaluated by comparing CTimages of planning and actual bolus placed on anthropomorphic humanoid phantom. Results: All three custom boluses can be unwrapped and mapped into cutout patterns onto a 2D plane. The extracted 3D surfaces contain 20, 114, 88 vertices and 18, 180, 126 polygons to approximate larynx, node and full scalp bolus respectively. The resolution of approximation surface depends on the curvature of surface. The result showed a mesh size up to 3 cm was adequate to approximate the most complex case e.g., scalp bolus in this study. The CT scan showed the actual bolus made by using this computer‐aided system matched well with the boluses designed in treatment planning system by planners. Compare to convention way of manually‐made bolus, the computer‐aid 3D to 2D system significantly reduced the discrepancy in shape and size between planning and actual bolus. Excess material causing air gap and non‐uniform thickness were minimized. Conclusion: Computer‐aided system provides an accurate and precise way to customize bolus. With our 3D surface unwrap technique, a conformal bolus can be made without tailoring bolus on patient directly.
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS AND TEMPERATURE ON LEAF PUBESCENCE DEVELOPMENT IN ENCELIA FARINOSA

The degree of leaf pubescence development in the arid land shrub Encelia farinosa Gray is affected by air temperature, leaf water potential, and previous history of the apical meristem during the current growing season. Changes in leaf pubescence levels change leaf spectral characteristics and affect both leaf temperature and photosynthesis. Decreasing leaf water potentials and increasing air temperatures both independently increase pubescence development as measured by decreased leaf absorptances. During any one growing season leaf absorptance may change reversibly coincident with air temperature changes, but with respect to water stress leaf absorptance only decreases as the season progresses. The ecological significance of regulation of the leaf spectral characteristics is discussed.
Fast Glucocorticoid Feedback Inhibition of ACTH Secretion in the Ovariectomized Rat: Effect of Chronic Estrogen and Progesterone

The purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen and progesterone influence fast glucocorticoid negative feedback regulation of the ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) responses to stress. Matur
On Transformations of Linear Active Networks with Applications at Ultra-High Frequencies

A relation similar to the familiar Star-Delta transformation is developed for linear active networks. Transformation formulas are derived for triode circuits under both negative-grid and positive-grid conditions. The result can be extended to tetrodes and pentodes. Applications of the analysis to vacuum tubes and circuits are given for illustration, with special considerations to uhf problems.
A polynomial algorithm for computation of the probability of conflicts in a database under arbitrary data access distribution

Abstract Past analytic studies of concurrency control algorithms for database systems have assumed that data access distribution of transactions is uniformly distributed across the entire database. This assumption is unrealistic and is largely instigated by the fact that computation of probability of conflicts in case of an arbitrary access distribution is impractical (due to combinatorial explosion) even for a database of very small size. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for computation of probability of conflicts for databases where data access distribution is arbitrary.
Assessing the reliability of U-series and 10Be dating techniques on alluvial fans in the Anza Borrego Desert, California

We combine 10Be exposure dating with U-series dating of pedogenic carbonate from subsurface clast-coatings to date deposition of mid-Holocene to late Pleistocene alluvial fans at four sites in the Anza Borrego desert of California. Since each dating technique is subject to distinct assumptions, their systematic uncertainties are largely independent. We therefore consider 10Be and U-series dates that are consistent to be highly reliable. If post-depositional erosion has not significantly modified a fan surface, exposure dates should yield maximum ages when no correction is made for inheritance. U-series dating, in contrast, provides minimum dates because pedogenic carbonate forms after fan deposition. Accordingly, agreement between dates from the two techniques (or lack thereof) provides a stringent test of their reliability. Our results show that: (1) concordant 10Be and U-series dates were measured for most fans, thereby providing robust age estimates, (2) U-series dating of pedogenic carbonate can be successfully applied to alluvium as young as mid-Holocene and (3) 10Be inheritance of the studied Holocene fan deposits appears to be significantly lower than implied by 10Be concentrations in active wash deposits.
Integrate satellite observing images for the Gulf of Mexico

A number of satellite image sources providing meteorological and environmental information are available over the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Those satellite images are taken periodically in order to obs...
Born selfish? Rationality, altruism, and the initial state

Henrich et al. propose that humans are genetically equipped with learning mechanisms that enable them to acquire the preferences and beliefs related to economic prosocial behaviors. In addition to their cross-cultural data, they cite developmental evidence in support of this theory. We challenge Henrich et al.'s interpretation of the developmental data in a discussion of recent work which suggests that preferences for altruism and fairness may have an innate basis.
On secondary loops in LAOS via self-intersection of Lissajous–Bowditch curves

When the shear stress measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) deformation is represented as a 2-D Lissajous–Bowditch curve, the corresponding trajectory can appear to self-intersect and form secondary loops. This self-intersection is a general consequence of a strongly nonlinear material response to the imposed oscillatory forcing and can be observed for various material systems and constitutive models. We derive the mathematical criteria for the formation of secondary loops, quantify the location of the apparent intersection, and furthermore suggest a qualitative physical understanding for the associated nonlinear material behavior. We show that when secondary loops appear in the viscous projection of the stress response (the 2-D plot of stress vs. strain rate), they are best interpreted by understanding the corresponding elastic response (the 2-D projection of stress vs. strain). The analysis shows clearly that sufficiently strong elastic nonlinearity is required to observe secondary loops on the conjugate viscous projection. Such a strong elastic nonlinearity physically corresponds to a nonlinear viscoelastic shear stress overshoot in which existing stress is unloaded more quickly than new deformation is accumulated. This general understanding of secondary loops in LAOS flows can be applied to various molecular configurations and microstructures such as polymer solutions, polymer melts, soft glassy materials, and other structured fluids.
Induced Second-Class-Current Effects in Hyperon Beta Decay

Within the framework of the Cabibbo theory we investigate the role played by SU(3) -symmetry breaking in generating a pseudotensor form factor g/sub 2/(q/sup 2/) in the hadronic matrix element for hyperon beta decay. Such an estimate is necessary before one can infer the existence of second-class currents from the experimental observation of this term. g/sub 2/(q/sup 2/) is assumed to obey an unsubtracted dispersion relation, amd t he contributions to the dispersion integral from the lowest-mass two-body intennediate states (the vector- pseudoscalar-meson states) are studied. The imaginary part of the fonn factor is computed from the triangle graph in which single-baryon exchange is retained as the scattering mechanism. The violation of unitarity by this mechanism above the BB annihilation threshold provides a natural cutoff in the dispersion integral. Known-max breakings and estimates of SU(3) -coupling breakings are used to determine values of g/sub 2/(0) for all the DELTA S = 1 beta decays of the J/sup p/ = (1/2)+ hyperons and for the SIGMA /sup plus or minus / yields DELTA beta d ecays. The corrections to this calculation arising from higher-mass states (tensor-pseudosealer-meson and baryon-antibaryon) are found to be quite small. The effects of axial-vector-meson resonances on themore » vector-pseudoscalar calculation are also examined. The computed value of g/sup 2/(0) for DELTA yields p beta decay is more than an order of magnitude smaUer than the value suggested by some experiments. The implications of this result for the existence of second-class currents are discussed. The DELTA /sup plus or minus / yields DELTA decays are predicted to have the largest induced value of g/sup 2/(0). The utility of these decays in distingishing between real second-class effects and those induced by SU(3) breaking is stressed. (auth)« less
When runways move but people don’t: The O’Hare Modernization Program and the relative immobilities of air travel

This paper draws on Urry’s four interconnected senses of mobility to argue that the O’Hare Modernization Project, carefully framed as moving runways rather than expanding O’Hare International Airport, has differentially affected the mobilities of people and land uses in addition to airport boundaries and noise, and that work on aeromobilities has not sufficiently considered spaces on the ground beyond airport borders. The relative immobility of the built environment around a major piece of infrastructure such as O’Hare has significant material consequences when the airport itself becomes mobile, reminding us of the politics inherent to the production of mobility systems and cities.
The concept of disability.

Abstract In this discussion we have attempted to present the fundamental principles that must be taken into account in the evaluation and management of those who are disabled. Through case presentations we have pointed out the actual application of these principles. The many facets of comprehensive medical care are indispensable attributes of any program which aims to contribute constructively toward the solution of the problems of the disabled in our society.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Catalyzed by a Dinuclear Palladium Complex Containing a Bridging Hexaphosphine Ligand: Evidence for Cooperativity

The complexes [Pd{sub 2}(CH{sub 3}CN){sub 2}(eHTP)](BF{sub 4}){sub 4} and [Pd{sub 2}(PEt{sub 3}){sub 2}(eHTP)](BF{sub 4}){sub 4} (where eHTP is bis(bis((diethylphosphino)ethyl)phosphino))methane, (Et{sub 2} PCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}){sub 2}PCH{sub 2}P(CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}PEt{sub 2}){sub 2} were prepared and characterized. [Pd{sub 2}(CH{sub 3}CN){sub 2} (eHTP)](BF{sub 4}){sub 4} catalyzes the electrochemical reduction of CO{sub 2} to CO in acidic dimethylformamide solutions. The rate of this reaction exhibits a biphasic dependence on acid, with-a first-order dependence at low acid concentrations and zero-order dependence at acid concentrations greater than 0.06 M. At high acid concentrations the rate-limiting step is first order in catalyst and first order in CO{sub 2}. When compared to the kinetic properties of previously studied mononuclear complexes, these data suggest both palladium atoms are involved in CO{sub 2} reduction. The closely related complex [Pd{sub 2}(PEt{sub 3}){sub 2}(eHTP)](BF{sub 4}){sub 4} undergoes two reversible two-electron reductions. The mixed-valence intermediate resulting from the first two-electron reduction is unstable and undergoes rapid decomposition. 34 refs., 7 figs.
Design and application of large solid-rotor asynchronous generators

Problems in connection with the design and operation of turbo-type generators in certain special cases have been such as to indicate that the characteristics of the asynchronous generator are worthy of consideration. Such generators are not new, but relatively few have been commissioned and these are of small output. They are virtually induction or asynchronous motors, driven above synchronous speed by a prime mover and drawing their magnetizing current from other synchronous machines on the system or from capacitance available therein. The first part of the paper deals with the general principles of such generators, followed by a consideration of the characteristics and problems involved in their design, including core end heating and rotor surface heating. Consideration of the operation of the asynchronous generator enables an estimate to be made of the probable limits of asynchronous heating resulting from loss of excitation on synchronous generators, of the use of asynchronous generators as shunt reactors and their use on the high-speed lines of cross-compounded units.
Differential usage of two 5' splice sites in a complex exon generates additional protein sequence complexity in chicken CLIP-170 isoforms.

Abstract Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction amplification and cloning of cDNA encoding the chicken CLIP-170(11) isoform of the Cytoplasmic Linker Protein 170 gene revealed an unusual source of protein sequence variation. In addition to differential combinatorial splicing of two cassette exons to yield four CLIP-170 protein isoforms, we found differential usage of alternative 5′-splice junctions in a single exon. Splicing at the downstream site yields message containing 18 bp of nucleotide sequence that is missing from message spliced at the more 5′ site. This 18 bp sequence encodes a segment of 6 amino acids that fills a gap in the alignment of chicken and human CLIP-170 homologue sequences. Differential usage of the 5′-splice junctions in this complex exon appears to be tissue- rather than isoform-specific.
Anticipatory Estrogen Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response is Linked to Cell Proliferation and Poor Survival in Estrogen Receptor α Positive Breast Cancer

In response to cell stress, cancer cells often activate the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR). Little was known about the potential role in cancer of a different mode of UPR activation, anticipatory activation of the UPR prior to accumulation of unfolded protein or cell stress. We show that estrogen, acting via estrogen receptor α (ERα), induces rapid anticipatory activation of the UPR, resulting in increased production of the antiapoptotic chaperone BiP/GRP78, preparing cancer cells for the increased protein production required for subsequent estrogen-ERα-induced cell proliferation. In ERα-containing cancer cells, the estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2) activates the UPR through a phospholipase C γ (PLCγ)-mediated opening of EnR IP3R calcium channels, enabling passage of calcium from the lumen of the EnR into the cytosol. siRNA knockdown of ERα blocked the estrogen-mediated increase in cytosol calcium and UPR activation. Knockdown or inhibition of PLCγ, or of IP3R, strongly inhibited the estrogen-mediated increases in cytosol calcium, UPR activation and cell proliferation. E2-ERα activates all three arms of the UPR in breast and ovarian cancer cells in culture and in a mouse xenograft. Knockdown of ATF6α, which regulates UPR chaperones, blocked estrogen induction of BiP and strongly inhibited E2-ERα-stimulated cell proliferation. Mild and transient UPR activation by estrogen promotes an adaptive UPR response that protects cells against subsequent UPR-mediated apoptosis. Analysis of data from ERα(+) breast cancers demonstrates elevated expression of a UPR gene signature that is a powerful new prognostic marker tightly correlated with subsequent resistance to tamoxifen therapy, reduced time to recurrence and poor survival. Thus, as an early component of the E2-ERα proliferation program, the mitogen estrogen, drives rapid anticipatory activation of the UPR. Anticipatory activation of the UPR is a new role for estrogens in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to therapy.