cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Steatosis After Intestinal Bypass—Prevention and Reversal by Metronidazole, Irrespective of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

Thirty-three patients were studied after intestinal bypass operations to determine if the postoperative hepatic steatosis could be related to bacterial overgrowth in the excluded segment, rather than to protein-calorie malnutrition. Metronidazole, a drug known to suppress anaerobic intestinal organisms, brought about improvement in the intestinal and systemic manifestations of the bypass enteropathy. When metronidazole was given at random intervals after surgery, the clinical improvement was associated with a reduction in hepatic steatosis in 12 of 12 patients. In 8 patients of this group, morphology reverted to normal within the first year. In contrast, without metronidazole treatment, steatosis increased in 12 of 17 patients during the postoperative period, only 1 reverted to normal in the first year, and in 9 of 12 patients the steatosis was still worse than at baseline during the second year after surgery. Additionally, in 9 patients, 3- or 4-mo periods with metronidazole were alternated repeatedly with drug-free intervals. Without metronidazole, steatosis increased in this group during 12 of 12 intervals, while in 12 of 13 periods with metronidazole, the steatosis diminished or disappeared. This improvement was evident despite concurrent progressive decreases in serum albumin levels during 5 of these 13 intervals. Overall, changes in hepatic fat content in the sequential liver biopsy specimens were found unrelated to weight loss rates or to plasma amino acid levels, and they inconsistently correlated to changes in serum albumin as indices of protein calorie nutrition. The data of this study suggest.that hepatic steatosis after an intestinal bypass operation is the result of a process related to the organisms colonizing the excluded intestinal segment, and that it is independent of protein-calorie malnutrition.
Treatment modalities for inherited factor IX deficiency and the implications of inherited bleeding disorders

Two cases of factor IX deficiency are presented. Therapeutic methods for anticipated abnormal bleeding during dental surgical procedures on these patients are discussed, and two are illustrated. One treatment regimen, plasmapheresis, has not been discussed previously in the dental literature. Epidemiologic data relative to the frequency and type of inherited bleeding diatheses seen by the dental surgeon were obtained from a 2-year retrospective study involving all admissions to the dental service of a regional hospital. These data, in conjunction with the presented cases, illustrate the need for dentists, especially those in the surgical specialties, to be familiar with the inherited bleeding diatheses and their treatment.
Scanning electron microscope dimensional metrology using a model‐based library

The semiconductor electronics industry places significant demands upon secondary electron imaging to obtain dimensional measurements that are used for process control or failure analysis. Tolerances for measurement uncertainty and repeatability are smaller than the spatial resolution of edges in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used to perform the measurements. Image processing techniques, historically used to identify edge locations, are inadequate under these conditions. An alternative approach, based upon Monte Carlo electron transport modeling to assign edge positions, has been developed. The specimen shape is parameterized, and parameters are iteratively adjusted to produce the best least squares fit to the measured image. Because Monte Carlo simulators are too slow to be used directly in such an iterative calculation, the Monte Carlo technique is used relatively few times to construct a library of results for parameters spanning the process space of interest. A function that interpolates the library then becomes a surrogate that is used to rapidly compute the model function as needed. This procedure has yielded measurement results from top-down SEM images that are in good agreement with cross-section measurements and that have as much as a factor of 3 better same-site repeatability than the more traditional techniques.
Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Based on morphological traits, hippos have traditionally been classified with pigs and peccaries in the suborder Suiformes. However, molecular data indicate that hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa. This study analyses muscle characters of the common hippo hind limb in order to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and functional anatomy of hippos. Several muscles responsible for propelling the body through water are robust and display extensive fusions, including mm. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris and gluteus superficialis. In addition, common hippos retain long flexor and extensor tendons for each digit, reflecting the fact that all four toes are weight-bearing. These flexor tendons, together with the well-developed intrinsic muscles of the pes, serve to adduct the digits, preventing splaying of the toes when walking on soft terrain. Lastly, common hippos retain a number of primitive features, including the presence of m. articularis coxae, a well-developed m. obturator internus, superficialis and profundus tendons to all digits, mm. flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti V, lumbricalis IV, adductores digitorum II and V, and two mm. interossei per digit. Pygmy hippos share these features. Thus, hippopotamids retain muscles that have been lost in the majority of artiodactyls, including other suiforms. These and previously reported findings for the forelimb support the molecular data in indicating an early divergence of the Hippopotamidae from the rest of the Artiodactyla. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158, 661–682.
2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States

Droughts are one of the most devastating natural hazards faced by the United States today. Severe droughts of the twentieth century have had large impacts on economies, society, and the environment, especially in the Great Plains. However, the instrumental record of the last 100 years contains only a limited subset of drought realizations. One must turn to the paleoclimatic record to examine the full range of past drought variability, including the range of mag- nitude and duration, and thus gain the improved understanding needed for society to anticipate and plan for droughts of the future. Historical documents, tree rings, archaeological remains, lake sediment, and geomorphic data make it clear that the droughts of the twentieth century, including those of the 1930s and 1950s, were eclipsed several times by droughts earlier in the last 2000 years, and as recently as the late sixteenth century. In general, some droughts prior to 1600 appear to be characterized by longer duration (i.e., multidecadal) and greater spatial extent than those of the twentieth century. The authors' assessment of the full range of past natural drought variability, deduced from a com- prehensive review of the paleoclimatic literature, suggests that droughts more severe than those of the 1930s and 1950s are likely to occur in the future, a likelihood that might be exacerbated by greenhouse warming in the next century. Persistence conditions that lead to decadal-scale drought may be related to low-frequency variations, or base-state shifts, in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, although more research is needed to understand the mechanisms of severe drought.
Ultrastructural deformation of collagen.

Ultrastructure deformation studies of reconstituted and native rat tail tendon collagen revealed that deformation occurs primarily in the non-staining and presumably non-polar proline rich regions for all ages examined. At low deformation (tension and compression) the deformation occurs somewhat more between the as2 and b1 and b2 and C2 bands than within the rest of the d period. At moderate elongations (greater than 40 %), the deformation becomes localized between the C2 and d bands, with subfibrils on the order of 3–15 nm being drawn across the openings between the C2 and d bands. At high elongations (100 % or greater) d period splitting occurs on a regular basis between the C2 and d bands, along with a retraction of the 64 nm repeat period into 60 nm segments. It is in this deformation region that the effects of molecular slip and the apparent association of the acid mucopolysaccharides can be noted. These results suggest that crosslinking, if increasing as a function of age, does not affect the deform...
Evidence that glucose is the major transferred metabolite in dinoflagellate–cnidarian symbiosis

Reef-building corals and many other cnidarians are symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. It has long been known that the endosymbiotic algae transfer much of their photosynthetically fixed carbon to the host and that this can provide much of the host's total energy. However, it has remained unclear which metabolite(s) are directly translocated from the algae into the host tissue. We reexamined this question in the small sea anemone Aiptasia using labeling of intact animals in the light with (13)C-bicarbonate, rapid homogenization and separation of animal and algal fractions, and analysis of metabolite labeling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found labeled glucose in the animal fraction within 2 min of exposure to (13)C-bicarbonate, whereas no significant labeling of other compounds was observed within the first 10 min. Although considerable previous evidence has suggested that glycerol might be a major translocated metabolite, we saw no significant labeling of glycerol within the first hour, and incubation of intact animals with (13)C-labeled glycerol did not result in a rapid production of (13)C-glucose. In contrast, when Symbiodinium cells freshly isolated from host tissue were exposed to light and (13)C-bicarbonate in the presence of host homogenate, labeled glycerol, but not glucose, was detected in the medium. We also observed early production of labeled glucose, but not glycerol, in three coral species. Taken together, the results suggest that glucose is the major translocated metabolite in dinoflagellate-cnidarian symbiosis and that the release of glycerol from isolated algae may be part of a stress response.
Risk factors for coronary artery disease in women

Because cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of death in women in the United States, it is imperative that the main risk factors for CVD in women be identified and modified. The risk factors that have the strongest impact on the incidence of CVD in women are not necessarily the same as those for men. The risk for women increases at menopause, most likely because of the decrease in levels of circulating estrogen. The classic risk factor for CVD is altered lipid levels. In middle-aged women, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are somewhat less important relative to lowered levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride levels as independent risk factors. The metabolic syndrome, which encompasses a range of conditions known to be CVD risk factors, also has a greater impact on the incidence of CVD in women than in men. Various emerging risk factors appear to be important indicators for vascular disease in women, including C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and lipoprotein(a) levels. Many of these risk factors are affected by hormone replacement therapy, which may diminish CVD risk in postmenopausal women. Because of the complex origin of CVD, it is important to target the full array of risk factors for modification, rather than focusing on a single factor or treatment to the exclusion of other important markers.
Molecular genetic testing for prenatal diagnosis

In the past few decades, enormous progress has been made in the field of prenatal molecular genetic testing. Based on the inheritance patterns of the disease and type of mutation, prenatal diagnosis is possible using direct or indirect methods of detection. Although direct mutation analysis is highly accurate, accuracy of indirect mutation analysis depends on the distance of the DNA marker to the disease locus. In the past decade, the discovery of new concepts--such as atypical inheritance patterns due to UPD and imprinting and triplet repeat disorders--have helped to increase understanding of the molecular basis of these unusual genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis using a single cell from a blastomere is rapidly becoming routine in clinical practice. Noninvasive procedures to obtain fetal DNA for molecular testing also are progressing very rapidly. With the completion of the genome project, resources now are available for developing new technologies, such as microarrays (DNA chips), for accurate, simultaneous, mutation detection. The next few decades hold the promise of many more advances in genetic testing, drug discovery, and therapy.
Ultrasound Is Safe . . . Right? Resident and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow Knowledge Regarding Obstetric Ultrasound Safety

Objectives This study was created to assess the knowledge levels of postgraduate year 4 obstetrics and gynecology residents and maternal-fetal medicine fellows in the United States regarding the safety of obstetric ultrasound and the use of the output display standard. Methods An electronic survey was submitted to each Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited obstetrics and gynecology residency and each maternal-fetal medicine fellowship program in the United States over 2 academic years from 2008 to 2010. Results A total of 165 surveys were completed (67 by postgraduate year 4 obstetrics and gynecology residents and 92 by maternal-fetal medicine fellows). In total, 13.4% of residents and 20.9% of maternal-fetal medicine fellows knew how to find or use the output display standard, and 10.9% of residents and 22.7% of fellows reported use of the output display standard during their ultrasound examinations. Overall, 37% to 46% of residents and fellows reported no limitations to the use of obstetric ultrasound and 22% to 39% reported no limitations to the use of Doppler ultrasound in the first, second, and third trimesters. Maternal-fetal medicine fellow knowledge of ultrasound safety generally improved with each year of training; however, only 34.8% of third-year fellows reported use of the output display standard. Conclusions Currently, obstetrics and gynecology resident knowledge of obstetric ultrasound safety is low. Maternal-fetal medicine fellow knowledge is stronger overall; however, few are using the output display standard routinely in their last year of fellowship training. This study provides evidence of the need for improved education on the subject of obstetric ultrasound safety.
Molecular-guided therapy predictions reveal drug resistance phenotypes and treatment alternatives in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare highly aggressive sarcomas that affect 8-13% of people with neurofibromatosis type 1. The prognosis for patients with MPNST is very poor. Despite TOP2A overexpression in these tumors, doxorubicin resistance is common, and the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in MPNST are poorly understood. Molecular-guided therapy prediction is an emerging strategy for treatment refractory sarcomas that involves identification of therapy response and resistance mechanisms in individual tumors. Here, we report the results from a personalized, molecular-guided therapy analysis of MPNST samples. Established molecular-guided therapy prediction software algorithms were used to analyze published microarray data from human MPNST samples and cell lines, with benign neurofibroma tissue controls. MPNST and benign neurofibroma-derived cell lines were used for confirmatory in vitro experimentation using quantitative real-time PCR and growth inhibition assays. Microarray data was analyzed using Affymetrix expression console MAS 5.0 method. Significance was calculated with Welch’s t-test with non-corrected p-value < 0.05 and validated using permutation testing across samples. Paired Student’s t-tests were used to compare relative EC50 values from independent growth inhibition experiments. Molecular guided therapy predictions highlight substantial variability amongst human MPNST samples in expression of drug target and drug resistance pathways, as well as some similarities amongst samples, including common up-regulation of DNA repair mechanisms. In a subset of MPNSTs, high expression of ABCC1 is observed, serving as a predicted contra-indication for doxorubicin and related therapeutics in these patients. These microarray-based results are confirmed with quantitative, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. The functional effect of drug efflux in MPNST-derived cells is confirmed using in vitro growth inhibition assays. Alternative therapeutics supported by the molecular-guided therapy predictions are reported and tested in MPNST-derived cells. These results confirm the substantial molecular heterogeneity of MPNSTs and validate molecular-guided therapy predictions in vitro. The observed molecular heterogeneity in MPNSTs influences therapy prediction. Also, mechanisms involving drug transport and DNA damage repair are primary mediators of MPNST chemotherapy resistance. Together, these findings support the utility of individualized therapy in MPNST as in other sarcomas, and provide initial proof-of concept that individualized therapy prediction can be accomplished.
Heparin, lipoproteins, and oxygenated fatty acids in blood: a cautionary note.

We measured 16 nonesterified oxygenated fatty acid derivatives (oxylipids) in plasmas from seven human subjects. Two arterial samples from each subject were analyzed, drawn approximately 2 h apart. We observed a marked increase in levels of most oxylipids in the second sample, as high as 470-fold. Between the first and second samples, subjects received approximately 800–1000 IU of heparin to prevent clotting in intravascular catheters. We postulate that heparin activated lipoprotein lipases, which, in turn, released oxylipids from triglycerides and phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins. Some of that lipolysis may have occurred during sample storage. Measurements of nonesterified lipids in human plasma may be distorted if heparin is administered to subjects before blood is drawn and if lipase inhibitors are omitted from stored samples. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell survival. Many kinases in the BCR signaling pathway are being studied as potential therapeutic targets. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) is a novel first-in-class selective inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase. Preclinical evidence suggests that ibrutinib inhibits CLL cell survival and proliferation and affects CLL cell migration and homing. Early clinical data in patients with CLL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma is encouraging. It is likely that ibrutinib and other drugs targeting the BCR pathway will become an integral component of CLL therapy.
Apparatus for Density and Dielectric Constant Measurements to 35 MPa on Fluids of Cryogenic Interest.

An apparatus has been developed for simultaneous measurements of fluid densities and dielectric constants at temperatures from 70 to 320 K and at pressures to 35 MPa. A magnetic suspension technique, based on an application of Archimedes' principle, is employed in the density determination, while a concentric cylinder capacitor is used for obtaining the dielectric constant data. The apparatus can be used not only for determining densities and dielectric constants of compressed gases and liquids (including mixtures), but for saturated liquid and vapor properties as well. Also included is the capability for acquiring liquid-vapor equilibrium data for mixtures. The total uncertainty of a single density measurement is estimated to be approximately 0.1% for densities as low as 50 kg/ml; at lower densities, the uncertainty increases. The imprecision of the density data is typically less than 0.02%. The total uncertainty in the dielectric constants is approximately 0.01%. Experimental data for a 0.85 CH 4 +0.15 C2H6 mixture are given here to demonstrate the performance of the apparatus.
Early Induction of CCL7 Downstream of TLR9 Signaling Promotes the Development of Robust Immunity to Cryptococcal Infection

We investigated mechanisms by which TLR9 signaling promoted the development of the protective response to Cryptococcus neoformans in mice with cryptococcal pneumonia. The afferent (week 1) and efferent (week 3) phase immune parameters were analyzed in the infected wild-type (TLR9(+/+)) and TLR-deficient (TLR9(-/-)) mice. TLR9 deletion diminished 1) accumulation and activation of CD11b(+) dendritic cells (DCs), 2) the induction of IFN-γ and CCR2 chemokines CCL7, CCL12, but not CCL2, at week 1, and 3) pulmonary accumulation and activation of the major effector cells CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD11b(+) lung DCs, and exudate macrophages at week 3. The significance of CCL7 induction downstream of TLR9 signaling was investigated by determining whether CCL7 reconstitution would improve immunological parameters in C. neoformans-infected TLR9(-/-) mice. Early reconstitution with CCL7 1) improved accumulation and activation of CD11b(+) DCs at week 1, 2) restored early IFN-γ production in the lungs, and 3) restored the accumulation of major effector cell subsets. CCL7 administration abolished the difference in lung fungal burdens between TLR9(+/+) and TLR9(-/-) mice at week 3; however, significant reduction of fungal burdens between PBS- and CCL7-treated mice has not been observed, suggesting that additional mechanism(s) apart from early CCL7 induction contribute to optimal fungal clearance in TLR9(+/+) mice. Collectively, we show that TLR9 signaling during the afferent phase contributes to the development of protective immunity by promoting the early induction of CCL7 and IFN-γ and the subsequent early recruitment and activation of DCs and additional effector cells in mice with cryptococcal pneumonia.
The emergence of procedural conventions in dialogue

Existing models of dialogue emphasize the importance of interaction in explaining how referential conventions are established and sustained. However, co-ordination in dialogue requires both co-ordination of content and process. To investigate procedural co-ordination we report a collaborative task which presents participants with the recurrent co-ordination problem of ordering their actions and utterances into a single coherent sequence. The results provide evidence of interlocutors developing collaborative routines which become conventionalized within a group of language users.
Farm Labor and the Structural Analysis of Agriculture

receipts from farming. The caption read: "A disproportionately large share of total cash receipts from farming goes to the larger farms" [22, p. 143]. But since farm size is defined in terms of cash receipts, the question arises, disproportionate to what? Can anything be out of proportion with itself? Whatever the answer, it is clear that the Census Bureau's economic classification of farms is not in proportion to the needs of the times. Relevant analysis of the changing structure of agriculture is impossible; and, as a consequence, sound policy as regards a desirable structure is also lacking. This is a serious matter in times like the present, when change is so rapid. Such policy as exists is schizophrenic in character. On the one hand, it is marked by an unjustified glorification of large farms, as epitomized in Edward Higbee's "Elite," "Junior Elite," and "Blue Ribbon" farms [14, pp. 49-50]. But, on the other hand, it also supports the much smaller, socalled family-size farms. It supports them so strongly, in fact, that it refuses to define them precisely, thereby leaving the door open for inclusion, as family size, of farms as large or as small as current expediency might dictate. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate these points and then to propose a remedy in the form of a better system of farm classification. This has been derived in some measure from the British system based on "standard labor requirements." But it also departs from and goes beyond that system, notably in the breakdown of full-time farms into individual class-
Is metastatic pancreatic cancer an untargetable malignancy

Metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, known to be chemo-resistant and have been recently considered resistant to some targeted therapies (TT). Erlotinib combined to gemcitabine is the only targeted therapy that showed an overall survival benefit in MPC. New targets and therapeutic approaches, based on new-TT, are actually being evaluated in MPC going from immunotherapy, epigenetics, tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes to stromal matrix regulators. We aim in this paper to present the major causes rendering MPC an untargetable malignancy and to focus on the new therapeutic modalities based on TT in MPC.
Experimental Hypercholesterolemia and Auditory Function in the Chinchilla

Possible harmful effects of a high-cholesterol diet on auditory function were suggested by our previous work in rabbits, in which evoked potentials were measured from a chronic electrode inserted into the inferior colliculus. However, serum cholesterol levels in those rabbits tended to be extraordinarily high, i.e., more than 1,500 mg/dL. Chinchillas were used in the present work as an animal model to study the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and auditory dysfunction. One percent cholesterol in standard Chinchow was fed to chinchillas for three months. The experimental groups showed a high mean cholesterol level of 437 +/- 394 mg/dL (N = 9). Isopotential curve of the cochlear microphonics, threshold of action potentials (AP), and endocochlear DC potential did not differ from those in the control group. When moderately intense sound (12 kHz, 95 dB SPL) was given for ten minutes, however, the reduction in AP threshold was significantly greater (P = .036) in the cholesterol group. It is postulated that hypercholesterolemia may be one of the factors involved in differential susceptibility to noise.
Abstract 3222: Telomerase expression is upregulated in response to severe oxidative stress

Telomerase is aberrantly expressed in 90% of all cancers, and is well characterized for its ability to extend the ends of chromosomes, the telomere. Although telomerase expression is predominantly associated with its ability to extend telomeres, there have been recent findings that suggest that telomerase has multiple cellular functions independent of its catalytic ability, and some of those functions help promote cell survival in response to severe oxidative stress. To date, telomerase expression as been implicated in aiding a cell9s response to double strand breaks in DNA, mitochondria dysfunction, inhibition of apoptosis, and the promotion of cell proliferation. The protein component of telomerase, TERT, is also thought to specifically enhance cell viability in response to the hypoxic microenvironment of a tumor. These protective roles of TERT could be vital in promoting cell survival during severe hypoxia. Telomerase expression is upregulated by the kinase Akt, which is in turn induced by the neuregulin/ErbB signaling pathway. Neuregulin is a glycoprotein that is necessary for smooth muscle and neuronal development. Neuregulin activates the ErbB tyrosine kinase family, which promotes cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Recently, neuregulin has been shown to be upregulated in response to severe hypoxia, and may reduce the inflammation response to oxidative stress. The mechanism of neuregulin protection is unclear, though microarray data shows that neuregulin expression decreases the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesize that neuregulin can regulate the expression of telomerase during severe oxidative stress, and that telomerase expression promotes cell survival during hypoxia. Inducing oxidative stress and hypoxia in differentiated rat neuroblastoma cells caused significant increases in telomerase expression. The addition of physiologic levels of neuregulin was able to induce telomerase expression, indicating that telomerase activation could play an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3222.
Design and Development of Intelligent Operation System for Hydropower

Based on the use of historical reservoir operation information,the paper applies artificial intelligence to reservoirs operation management and decision-making.It establishes the knowledge representation method combined operation rules with intelligence model and designs the acquisition,expression and deduction of the reservoir operation knowledge using the theory and method in knowledge engineering.
Brief Introduction of Status of the Field of Science

Russian science once attracted worldwide attention after the collapse of the Soviet Union.The science budgets trimmed back considerably and scientific researchers appeared seriously drained.To reverse the decline of scientific fields,the Russian government has taken various measures,but the effect is not obvious.So far,Russian science still faces many difficulties.
Autoreactivity and altered immune responses in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a poorly understood condition that is associated with a wide variety of immunologic alterations. Because its pathogenesis is unknown, these immunologic alterations have been investigated with an eye toward unraveling the complex mechanism of injury in the bowels of these patients. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that IBD is related to immunologic events. The histopathology of active disease resembles the Arthus reaction, whereas the presence of antiepithelial cell antibodies is reminiscent of Goodpasture's disease. Antibodies against many microorganisms and autoantibodies to mucosal components are commonly found in these patients. Further, there is a marked increase in plasma cells in the lamina propria of patients with active IBD. It is important to keep these findings in perspective. No studies to date have been able to determine whether the features are entirely primary events, that is, related to the initial damage to the intestinal mucosa. If the surface mucosa is injured by an as-yet-unidentified agent, the immunologic findings in IBD may be secondary events. Nonetheless, the similarity in histopathology of the experimental immunologic models of IBD to the human disease encourages investigators to pursue the etiology of this complex disease.
OFFENDER TYPOLOGIES-TWO DECADES LATER

In the period immediately following the second world war, a major crimino logical interest, particularly among sociologists, grew up around offender typologies. A number of persons offered arguments holding that adult and juvenile lawbreaking involves a heterogeneous collection of activities which must be broken down for study into more homogeneous units. According to this view, typologies or categorisations of offender patterns, types, syndromes, or role-careers are required in order that (a) progress can be made on the etiological task, and (b) efficacious treatment of offenders can be developed. The causal contention is that no single theory can be uncovered to account for such diverse types of lawbreaking (or for the persons who engage in them) as embezzlement, forcible rape, arson, gang delinquency, aggressive delin quency, female delinquency, and so forth. Instead, separate but perhaps inter-related etiological hypotheses must be developed for each distinct offender type. The closeness of this perspective to the medical model of separate syndromes or disorders, each arising out of a different disease pattern or other set of causal factors, is readily apparent. The case for typologies and diagnostic classifications in correctional therapy closely parallels the etiological view. The basic argument is that differential treatment must be developed in which various tactics such as psychotherapy, group counselling, reality therapy, behaviour modification, or other strategems would be matched with particular offender types. The treatment would be fitted to the offender, thereby bringing about more effective rehabilitation than is now being achieved. An early and important articulation of the typological view regarding juvenile delinquents was made by Hewitt and Jenkins (1944), based on research data from a study of referrals to a child guidance clinic. These in vestigators asserted that there are two major, distinct kinds of delinquents encountered in guidance clinic settings. In another typological statement, Cohen and Short (1958) argued that the population of juvenile delinquents is made up of a number of different types of misbehaving adolescents. Unlike Hewitt and Jenkins, these theorists drew upon a variety of impressionistic evidence to support their claims about types of offenders. Among the patterns hypothesised by Cohen and Short was a " parent male delinquent subcul ture ", along with a number of other variants of working-class gang delinquency. A third, well-known description of delinquent types is found in the work of Cloward and Ohlin (i960), who contended that lower-class, subcultural delinquents fall into several quite distinct types. Still another statement on these matters was made by Kinch (1962), who summarised a large number of essays in the criminological literature that had offered some contentions
Data Fusion, De-noising, and Filtering to Produce Cloud-Free High Quality Temporal Composites Employing Parallel Temporal Map Algebra

Remotely sensed images from satellite sensors such as MODIS Aqua and Terra provide high temporal resolution and wide area coverage. Unfortunately, these images frequently include undesired cloud and water cover. Areas of cloud or water cover preclude analysis and interpretation of terrestrial land cover, vegetation vigor, and/or analysis of change. Cross platform multi-temporal image compositing techniques may be employed to create daily synthetic cloud free images using fused images from Aqua and Terra MODIS satellite images, and then creating a composite that includes representative values derived from a set of possibly cloudy satellite images collected during a given longer time period of interest. Spatio-temporal analytical processing methods that utilize moderate spatial resolution satellite imagery with high temporal resolution to create multi-temporal composites are data intensive and computationally intensive. Therefore, a study of the strategies using high performance parallel solutions is required. This research focuses on analyzing the fusion, de-noising, filtering, and compositing strategies for vegetation indices using parallel temporal map algebra. The report provides objective findings on methods and the relative benefits observed from various analysis methods and parallelization strategies.
Heuristic Information Acquisition and Restriction Rules for Decision Support

The research question addressed by this study was: What information should be presented to or hidden from decision makers in order to facilitate high performance in decision tasks? Previous research on information search is limited because of its focus on analytic information acquisition methods; analytic because of the focus on maximizing expected utility; acquisition because of the focus on what information should be added or searched for. Implementing these methods requires reliable assessments of probabilities, cue weights, and cue values and does not provide suggestions on how to restrict or remove information. In this work, we present four heuristics, or simple rules, for acquiring and restricting information that only require an understanding of the distribution of known and unknown information (information imbalance and complete attribute pairs). The rules were tested on a range of analytic and heuristic decision strategies within two-option decision tasks across 15 real-world environments. Though the rules are transparent and easy to communicate (create a balance of information between options and within cues) and require little information to perform, the simulation results show that the rules were generally effective across all environments. For almost every combination of rule and strategy, the heuristic restriction rules were shown to be more likely to increase rather than decrease accuracy. In every combination, the heuristic acquisition rules were shown to increase accuracy more than acquiring information that did not adhere to the rules. Further statistical and mathematical analysis showed that rules are mediated by strategies’ full information accuracy and estimates of missing information.
Ecolinguistics, GIS, and Corpus Linguistics for the Analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine Debate

This article details an integration of geographical information system (GIS) and corpus linguistics (CL) techniques for an ecolinguistic analysis of a contentious, environmental debate in Arizona, ...
Intraoperative Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient

The purpose of this study was to review current literature on the intraoperative management of the kidney transplant recipient in terms of preoperative evaluation, anesthetic agents of choice, monitoring needs, intraoperative fluid and hemodynamic management, and perioperative pain control options. More recent literature regarding intraoperative kidney management suggests less aggressive volume loading with a balanced crystalloid solution, particularly in regard to albumin and blood products, with increased consideration for multimodal therapies for nausea and pain control. Perioperative kidney management is crucial to immediate- and long-term outcomes for graft and patient survival. Surgical and anesthetic techniques should continue to be honed to allow for ideal renal perfusion intraoperatively. Considerations for intraoperative optimization for renal transplantation include the appropriate types and volume of fluid based on cardiac risk factors with the increasing number of elderly recipients, the avoidance of vasoconstrictive agents, and a reduction in perioperative cardiac-depressing agents for pain that may be managed by multimodal therapies.
Multiplicity in the Structure of the Glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus Neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is the major etiologic agent of cryptococcosis. Although usually a pulmonary pathogen, C. neoformans frequently disseminates to the central nervous system. The organism has emerged as a primary cause of opportunistic infections associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Up to 9% of patients with AIDS or AIDS related complex have been reported to have cryptococcosis (Dismukes, 1988). The Centers for Disease Control, U.S.A. (CDC), projects that 390,000 to 480,000 cases of AIDS will be reported by the end of 1993. The CDC-AIDS Program, reported 28,406 cases of AIDS in the U.S.A. for 1988; 1632 (5.75%) of that number had cryptococcosis. CDC expects approximately 52,000 new cases of AIDS to be reported in 1990. If the current trend of presentation of cryptococcosis in AIDS patients continues in 1990, then the U.S.A. can expect about 3,000 new cases of cryptococcosis associated with AIDS in 1990.
Growth Regulation of Sub-Tropical Perennials by Photoselective Plastic Films

Abstract Plant response to photoselective plastic films with varying spectral distribution properties was tested using three sub-tropical perennials: golden shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea), Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus), and cat whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus). Films were designated YXE-10 [far-red (FR) light-absorbing film] and SXE-4 [red (R) light absorbing film]. Light transmitted through YXE-10 films reduced plant height (stem length) of golden shrimp plant and cat whiskers by 10 and 20%, respectively. Light transmitted through SXE-4 films increased plant height by 9% for golden shrimp plant but did not significantly increase stem length of Persian shield and cat whiskers species. Chlorophyll, leaf area, and mean days to flower generally were not affected by photoselective films, with the exception that cat whisker plants grown under YXE-10 films had reduced leaf area when compared to plants grown under SXE-4 or control films. As compared to the control film, light transmitted through YX...
Aerosol therapy through high flow nasal cannula in pediatric patients

Introduction: High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly used in pediatric patients suffering from respiratory failure. In some disease processes, patients may also benefit from aerosol therapy...
Real-time optical tracking to provide feedback during blinded contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging: Clinical evaluation of system and protocol

Current commercial matrix transducers for 3D Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (3D DCE-US) do not display side-by-side B-mode and contrast-mode images, thus leaving the operator with no position feedback during lengthy acquisitions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using tracking to provide positioning feedback and to assess resulting improvements in maintaining imaging position.
Loss of KLHL6 promotes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth and survival by stabilizing the mRNA decay factor roquin2.

Kelch-like protein 6 (KLHL6) is an uncharacterized gene mutated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we report that KLHL6 assembles with cullin3 to form a functional cullin–RING ubiquitin ligase. Mutations in KLHL6 inhibit its ligase activity by disrupting the interaction with cullin3. Loss of KLHL6 favours DLBCL growth and survival both in vitro and in xenograft models. We further established that the mRNA decay factor roquin2 is a substrate of KLHL6. Degradation of roquin2 is dependent on B-cell receptor activation, and requires the integrity of the Tyr691 residue in roquin2 that is essential for its interaction with KLHL6. A non-degradable roquin2(Y691F) mutant requires its RNA-binding ability to phenocopy the effect of KLHL6 loss. Stabilization of roquin2 promotes mRNA decay of the tumour suppressor and NF-κB pathway inhibitor, tumour necrosis factor-α-inducible gene 3. Collectively, our findings uncover the tumour suppressing mechanism of KLHL6. Choi et al. find that KLHL6, which is mutated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is part of a ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the mRNA decay factor roquin2 for degradation and that loss of KLHL6 enhances cell survival through loss of TNFAIP3.
Expression and Purification of Fab Fragments

Fab or scFv fragments may be easily purified when a special tag is added during the cloning process. However, it may be necessary to produce functional antibody fragments without such artificial enhancements, or systems may be used that do not provide such tags. The most efficient one-step purification is in any case an affinity chromatography. Human Fab fragments may be purified with anti-Fab specific antibodies or the purified antigen coupled to a column. Fabs with a kappa light chain may also be purified with protein L (see Chapter 2). Protein A or G affinity chromatography is well established for purifying complete antibodies or Fc fragments by binding with high affinity to the Fc region. However, it was shown that protein A also binds to the V region of certain antibodies. It was concluded that protein A functions as a superantigen for B cells originating from the VH3 family (Silverman GJ 1997). Panning of human phage display libraries with protein A resulted in enrichment of VH3 derived Fab-phages with kappa as well as lambda light chains. However, only 60% of the unselected VH3 derived Fab-phages could bind to protein A (Sasano M et al. 1993). Therefore, many Fabs with either light chain may also be purified with commercially available, robust protein A affinity columns when the heavy chain is derived from the VH3 family.
Semisimple Lie Algebras

In Chapter I we looked at Lie algebras over an arbitrary field F. Apart from introducing the basic notions and examples, we were able to prove only one substantial theorem (Engel’s Theorem). Virtually all of the remaining theory to be developed in this book will require the assumption that F have characteristic 0. (Some of the exercises will indicate how counterexamples arise in prime characteristic.) Moreover, in order to have available the eigenvalues of ad x for arbitrary x (not just for ad x nilpotent), we shall assume that F is algebraically closed, except where otherwise specified. It is possible to work with a slightly less restrictive assumption on F (cf. Jacobson [1], p. 107), but we shall not do so here.
Who decides, patient or family?

Guidelines for proceeding with a plan of care when family members have conflicting opinions about the patient?s wishes and the patient does not speak the same language as her physicians. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Effect of Screw Length and Geometry on Interfragmentary Compression in a Simulated Proximal Pole Scaphoid Fracture Model

Background: The objective of this study was to determine interfragmentary compression forces based on screw length and geometry for simulated proximal scaphoid fractures. Methods: Sixty-four foam model simulated fractures were stabilized with screws of various length (10 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm, or 24 mm) and geometry (central threadless or fully threaded) across a proximal fracture. Interfragmentary compression was measured at the simulated fracture site upon fixation. An independent sample t test and 1-way analysis of variance were performed to assess differences in interfragmentary compression. Results: Fixation utilizing a 10-mm screw generated significantly less interfragmentary compression than fixation utilizing a 20-mm or 24-mm screw. When accounting for both screw length and geometry, an 18-mm central threadless screw generated greater interfragmentary compression than a 20-mm and 24-mm fully threaded screw; there was no significant difference in compression between an 18-mm and 24-mm central threadless screw. Conclusions: The design of headless compression screws allows for maximal interfragmentary compression at the screw midpoint; we questioned whether a short screw centered on the fracture site resulted in superior compression to a longer, noncentered screw. Our data suggest that centering a small screw (10 mm) along a proximal fracture generates significantly less interfragmentary compression than a longer, noncentered screw. Our results demonstrate that balance between maximizing screw length and centering the screw on the fracture is vital toward maximizing interfragmentary compression for the fixation of proximal third scaphoid fractures.
A Carbon-Neutral CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Utilization Cycle with Low-Temperature Regeneration of Sodium Hydroxide.

A highly efficient recyclable system for capture and subsequent conversion of CO2 to formate salts is reported that utilizes aqueous inorganic hydroxide solutions for CO2 capture along with homogeneous pincer catalysts for hydrogenation. The produced aqueous solutions of formate salts are directly utilized, without any purification, in a direct formate fuel cell to produce electricity and regenerate the hydroxide base, achieving an overall carbon-neutral cycle. The catalysts and organic solvent are recycled by employing a biphasic solvent system (2-MTHF/H2O) with no significant decrease in turnover frequency (TOF) over five cycles. Among different hydroxides, NaOH and KOH performed best in tandem CO2 capture and conversion due to their rapid rate of capture, high formate conversion yield, and high catalytic TOF to their corresponding formate salts. Among various catalysts, Ru- and Fe-based PNP complexes were the most active for hydrogenation. The extremely low vapor pressure, nontoxic nature, easy regener...