cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis across Nigeria suggests range expansion.

Ten microsatellite loci, four located within and six outside chromosome inversions, were employed to study the genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis across the ecological zones of Nigeria (arid savannah in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south). Regardless of location within or outside inversions, genetic variability at all loci was characterized by a reduction in both the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity from savannah to forest. Across all loci, all but one allele in the forest also occurred in the savannah, whereas at least 78 alleles in the savannah were missing in the forest. Genetic differentiation increased with geographical distance; consequently, genetic distances between zones exceeded those within zones. The largest genetic distances were between localities at the extremes of the transect (range F(ST) = 0.196-0.258 and R(ST) = 0.183-0.468) and were as large as those between A. arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae s.s. Gene flow across the country was very low, so that Nm between the extremes of the transect was < 1. These data suggest that A. arabiensis has extended its range from the savannah into the forest during which it experienced a reduction in effective population size due to sequential founder effects. Gene flow post range expansion appears too restricted by geographical distance to homogenize the gene pool of A. arabiensis across Nigeria.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of 2H-1, 3-Oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (Oxauracil) in the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-Induced acute encephalitis in mice

Treatment of suckling mice with the pyrimidine analogue 2H-1,3-oxazine-2,6(3H)-dione (oxauracil) proved successful in reducing mortality associated with HSV-2-induced encephalitis. Oxauracil did not decrease mortality associated with HSV-1 infection; however, there was an increased survival time and a decrease in the amount of infectious virus recovered from the brains of HSV-1-infected animals.
Social Network Signatures: A Framework for Re-identification in Networked Data and Experimental Results

Data on large dynamic social networks, such as telecommunications networks and the Internet, are pervasive. However, few methods conducive to efficient large-scale analysis exist. In this paper, we focus on the task of re-identification. Re-identification in the context of dynamic networks is a matching problem that involves comparing the behavior of networked entities across two time periods. Prior research has reported success in the domains of e-mail alias detection, author attribution, and identifying fraudulent consumers in the telecommunications industry. In this work, we address the question of "why are we able to re-identify entities on real world dynamic networks?" Our contribution is two-fold. First, we address the challenge of scale with a framework for matching that does not require pairwise comparisons to ascertain the similarity scores between networked entities. Second, we show our method is robust against missing links but less tolerant to noise. Using our framework, we provide a performance estimate for re-identification on networks based solely on their degree distribution and dynamics. This work has significant implications for re-identification problems where scale is a challenge as well as for problems where false negatives (e.g.,when fraudulent consumers are not labeled as fraudulent) cannot be observed.
Deletion of an insulator element by the mutation facet-strawberry in Drosophila melanogaster.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are thought to be subdivided into a series of structurally and functionally independent units. Critical to this hypothesis is the identification of insulator or boundary elements that delimit chromosomal domains. The properties of a Notch mutation, facet-strawberry ( fa swb ), suggest that this small deletion disrupts such a boundary element. fa swb is located in the interband separating polytene band 3C7, which contains Notch , from the distal band 3C6. The fa swb mutation alters the structural organization of the chromosome by deleting the interband and fusing 3C7 with 3C6. Genetic studies also suggest that fa swb compromises the functional autonomy of Notch by allowing the locus to become sensitive to chromosomal position effects emanating from distal sequences. In the studies reported here, we show that a DNA fragment spanning the fa swb region can insulate reporter transgenes against chromosomal position effects and can block enhancer-promoter interactions. Moreover, we find that insulating activity is dependent on sequences deleted in fa swb . These results provide evidence that the element defined by the fa swb mutation corresponds to an insulator.
CARD: Compact And Real-time Descriptors

We propose Compact And Real-time Descriptors (CARD) which can be computed very rapidly and be expressed by short binary codes. An efficient algorithm based on lookup tables is presented for extracting histograms of oriented gradients, which results in approximately 16 times faster computation time per descriptor than that of SIFT. Our lookup-table-based approach can handle arbitrary layouts of bins, such as the grid binning of SIFT and the log-polar binning of GLOH, thus yielding sufficient discrimination power. In addition, we introduce learning-based sparse hashing to convert the extracted descriptors to short binary codes. This conversion is achieved very rapidly by multiplying a very sparse integer weight matrix by the descriptors and aggregating signs of their multiplications. The weight matrix is optimized in a training phase so as to make Hamming distances between encoded training pairs reflect visual dissimilarities between them. Experimental results demonstrate that CARD outperforms previous methods in terms of both computation time and memory usage.
Gender and the Authority of Friars: The Significance of Holy Women for Thirteenth-Century Franciscans and Dominicans

As some recent historians have argued, the phenomenon of “gender,” that is, the way in which a society or group perceives and articulates difference between the sexes, can provide that society or group with fundamental terms in which to understand itself and explain or justify its actions. Consequently, historical evidence of the way groups or societies have perceived and articulated sexual difference—have constructed gender—may therefore take us beyond matters of sexuality per se to wider revelations about the perceivers' sense of themselves1.
Prevalence of Salmonella in finishing swine raised in different production systems in North Carolina, USA.

SUMMARY We compared the prevalence of salmonella in faecal samples from finishing pigs and in feed samples from swine herds in North Carolina, USA. Farms were either finishing sites using allin/all-out management of buildings in multiple-site systems (14 farms) or farrow-to-finish systems using continuous flow management of finishing barns (15 farms). The two groups of herds differed with respect to several management variables. Salmonella were isolated from 565 of 2288 (24-6 %) faecal samples and from at least 1 faecal sample on 24 of 29 (83 %) farms. Predominant serotypes were S. derby, S. typhimurium (including copenhagen), S. heidelberg, S. worthington and S. mbandaka. Fewer farrow-to-finish farms were detected as positive compared with all-in/all-out farms. Prevalence was lower for pigs raised on slotted floors compared with all other floor types, and was highest for pigs raised on dirt lots. Modern methods of raising pigs in multiple-site production systems, using all-in/all-out management of finishing pigs, appear to have no benefit in reducing the prevalence of salmonella compared with conventional farrow-to-finish systems.
Photonic delay lines using polarization selective holograms for optical signal routing

ABSTRACT The use of polarization selective holograms for the implementation of photonic delay lines (PDLs) is proposed. A single bitPDL using PLC devices as active polarization switches and polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices as polarizationselective optical path routing components is experimentally demonstrated and characterized. Different within-channel leakagenoise filters are discussed and experimentally demonstrated, and high signal-to-leakage noise ratios (>45 dB) are obtained forboth PDL settings.Keywords : Phased array antennas, polarization-selective holograms, polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), ferroelectricliquid crystal (FLC), photonic beamformer, delay lines, microwave radar. 1. INTRODUCTION In the recent years, several photonic delay lines (PDLs) based on various optoelectronic technologies have been proposed'.PDL applications include phased array antennas, laser radars2, astronomy3, ultrasound4 and two-photon memories5. During thelast few years, we have concentrated our work on the implementation of N-bit PDL systems using electrically controlledpolarization switching devices such as nematic liquid crystal (NLC) 6
Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: a 5-year experience.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the success rate of nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury in an institution using splenic embolization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients admitted to a Level I trauma center with blunt splenic injury. Data review included patient demographics, computed tomographic (CT) scan results, management technique, and patient outcomes. Results: A total of 648 patients with blunt splenic injury were admitted, 280 of whom underwent immediate surgical management. Three hundred sixty-eight underwent planned nonoperative management, and 70 patients were treated with observation, serial abdominal examination, and follow-up abdominal CT scanning. All were hemodynamically stable, with a 100% salvage rate. One hundred sixty-six patients had a negative angiogram, with a nonoperative salvage rate of 94%, and 132 patients underwent embolization, with a nonoperative salvage rate of 90%. Overall salvage rates decreased with increasing injury grade; however, over 80% of grade 4 and 5 injuries were successfully managed nonoperatively. The salvage rate was similar for main coil embolization versus selective or combined embolization techniques. Admission abdominal CT scan correlated with splenic salvage rates. Significant hemoperitoneum, extravasation, and pseudoaneurysm had acceptable salvage rates, whereas arteriovenous fistula had a high failure rate, even after embolization. Conclusion: Splenic embolization is a valuable adjunct to splenic salvage in our experience, allowing for the increased use of nonoperative management and higher salvage rates for American Association for the Surgery of Trauma splenic injury grades when compared with prior studies. Main coil embolization has a similar salvage rate when compared with other angiographic techniques. An arteriovenous fistula as a CT finding was predictive of a 40% nonoperative failure rate.
Generation of Melamine Polymer Condensates upon Hypergolic Ignition of Dicyanamide Ionic Liquids

Abstract : Fuels that can be ignited chemically under ambient conditions upon contact with an oxidizing agent are referred to as hypergols.[1] Engines powered by hypergols do not require electric ignition, making them simple, robust and reliable alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. Commonly used hypergolic fuels include hydrazine and its methylated derivatives, which are extremely toxic, corrosive, and have high vapor pressure. Intense research is underway to develop alternative environmentally friendly liquid propellants with lower toxicity to reduce operational costs and safety requirements associated with handling hydrazine.[2] Ionic liquids (ILs)[3] have recently received considerable attention as energetic materials for propellant applications due to lower vapor pressures, higher densities and, often, an enhanced thermal stability compared to their nonionic analogues.[4] Since 2008, a number of ILs have been reported to be hypergolic when reacted with common oxidizers, such as HNO3.[5-7] Of particular practical interest are hypergolic ILs comprising fuel-rich dicyanamide (DCA) anions.[5] DCA ILs have some of the lowest viscosities among known ILs,[8] which is a very important figure of merit for the efficient fuel supply in bipropellant engines. In this study, using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we discovered that the reaction between DCA ILs and HNO3 yields a precipitate that is composed of cyclic triazines, including melamine and its polymers. The concurrent formation of precipitate siphons materials from the hypergolic reaction pathway,[6] limiting the energy capacity of a fuel. Furthermore, the generation of stable solidstate species during the ignition indeed represents a serious problem for the safe operation of bipropellant engines. We propose a mechanism for the formation of the major polymers via thermal decomposition of DCA ILs, mediated by nitric acid.
Osteopontin induces ductular reaction contributing to liver fibrosis

Objective In human chronic liver disease, there is association between ductular reaction (DR) and fibrosis; yet, the mechanism triggering its onset and its role in scar formation remains unknown. Since we previously showed that osteopontin (OPN) is highly induced during drug-induced liver fibrosis, we hypothesised that OPN could drive oval cells (OC) expansion and DR and signal to hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to promote scarring. Results In vivo studies demonstrated increased OPN expression in biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and in OC in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated mice. OPN ablation protected mice from TAA and bile duct ligation-induced liver injury, DR and scarring. This was associated with greater hepatocyte proliferation, lower OC expansion and DR along with less fibrosis, suggesting that OPN could activate the OC compartment to differentiate into BEC, which could then signal to HSC to enhance scarring. Since TAA-treated wild-type mice and cirrhotic patients showed TGF-β + BEC, which were lacking in TAA-treated Opn −/− mice and in healthy human explants, this suggested that OPN could regulate TGF-β, a profibrogenic factor. In vitro experiments confirmed that recombinant OPN (rOPN) decreases hepatocyte proliferation and increases OC and BEC proliferation. To evaluate how BEC regulate collagen-I production in HSC, co-cultures were established. Co-cultured BEC upregulated OPN and TGF-β expression and enhanced collagen-I synthesis by HSC. Lastly, recombinant TGF-β (rTGFβ) and rOPN promoted BEC proliferation and neutralisation of OPN and TGF-β reduced collagen-I expression in co-cultured HSC. Conclusions OPN emerges as a key matricellular protein driving DR and contributing to scarring and liver fibrosis via TGF-β.
The Rhodesian Archaean Craton - an Essay in Cratonic Evolution

The Rhodesian Archaean craton consisting largely of granite-greenstone terrain is briefly described, and is discussed mainly in the light of points arising from recent work in the south and central parts of the country. The Sebakwian-Bulawayan-Shamvaian terminology and the evidence for more than one age of greenstone belt development are reviewed. An attempt is made to trace the evolution of the craton from the earliest recognized rocks up to the emplacement of the Great Dyke ($\pm $ 2500 Ma). Evidence is presented for the existence of an earlier sialic basement to the main greenstone belt cover, and to show that the main greenstone belts developed during the approximate time-span 3300 to 2900 Ma. Between approximately 2900 and 2500 Ma the main events are traced both in the craton and the Limpopo mobile belt. Proterozoic events at 2000 to 1800 Ma affecting the craton and mobile belt are briefly described and discussed.
Transport and interaction of drugs in leukocytes.

Abstract The accumulation of selected CNS drugs by rat leukocytes was previously reported. This paper presents evidence for the transport into leukocytes of additional drugs. Also studied was the inhibition of the latter processes by various structurally related compounds. The markedly rapid and sodium-independent uptakes into rat leukocytes of amphetamine, codeine, methadone and naloxone fulfilled the basic criteria for active transport. The uptake of morphine was apparently accomplished by more than one process. The affinities of the high capacity transport systems (approximate V max : 100 nmoles/g cells/5sec) varied considerably as reflected by the two extreme K m values obtained for methadone (20 μM) and morphine (1.8 mM). A variety of amines inhibited the cellular transport of the drugs. Most potent inhibitors were quinacrine ( K i : 0.5 to 3 μM), desipramine ( K i : 6–20 μM) and methadone ( K i : 18–25 μM). Morphine and tryptamine exhibited inhibition constants higher than 1 mM. The cellular transport processes newly described in rat leukocytes apparently represent a novel addition to the heterogenous biological transport of basic amines. The structural specificity of amine transport in various tissues is discussed.
Windmill Tip-Speed Ratio Regulation Using an Impedance-Matching Control System

Presentation d'un regulateur entierement mecanique autoalimente du rapport de la vitesse de l'extremite des aubes a la vitesse du vent. Conception d'un regulateur pour un aeromoteur entrainant un generateur electrique ou une pompe a eau
Types of Alcohol Dependence

This chapter is concerned with a way of thinking about the relationship between alcohol and human beings. It is not a report of specific research, nor does it attempt systematically to review the literature. It offers some conceptual observations based on a perspective of change as perceived by a social-behavioral scientist. During the last 35 years, there have been significant changes in patterns of alcohol consumption, in the social and the chemical environments in which alcohol is used, in the functions and liabilities of alcohol, in our knowledge about alcohol and the human body, and in our perceptions of the meaning of this knowledge. Not all of these changes are recognized, understood or reflected in currently prevailing definitions of alcohol problems nor in social responses to these problems.
Behavioral evidence for cholecystokinin-opiate interactions in neonatal rats

In adult mammals, cholecystokinin (CCK)-opiate interactions are complex and task dependent. Specifically, CCK antagonizes opiate effects in some cases, yet acts similarly to opiate agonists in others. The present study used behavioral measures to determine how CCK interacts with opiates in neonatal rats. CCK, at doses of 1 microgram/kg and higher, markedly reduced isolation-induced distress vocalization in rat pups. Moreover, CCK selectively prevented naltrexone antagonism of opiate-mediated reduction in distress vocalization in 3- and 11-day-old rats. Yet CCK did not affect opiate-induced analgesia, as measured by the hot-plate paw-lift response. Thus CCK either did not interact with opiates or did so agonistically, with the same (low) dose range, and within subjects. These findings suggest independence of stress and pain systems in neonatal rats and demonstrate a functional interaction between CCK and opioid systems.
Visual performance following photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy: a prospective long-term study.

Abstract Purpose To prospectively determine the long-term effect of excimer laser photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy (PARK) on visual performance using psychophysical assessments and to identify predictors of poor performance on the psychophysical assessments. Setting University-based hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Methods Ninety-three eyes of 56 patients with a mean of −4.98 diopters ± 1.80 (SD) of primary compound myopic astigmatism had PARK using the Summit Apex Plus excimer laser and an erodible mask system. Patients were prospectively evaluated 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months following the procedure. Primary outcome variables included changes in the contrast sensitivity function curve (3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0 cycles per degree) under 2 standard illuminance conditions (scotopic and photopic) and changes in the best spectacle-corrected visual performance under scotopic, photopic, and glare conditions. Results A relative decline in the contrast sensitivity function curve occurred in the early postoperative period under both scotopic and photopic conditions. This was most pronounced under photopic illuminance and at the low spatial frequencies at the 6 month visit. By 1 year, however, the mean contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies and all illuminance conditions had returned to the preoperative level. Further improvements beyond the preoperative level may be related to the independent analysis of retreatment eyes beyond 6 months. A higher level of attempted correction of the spherical equivalent was predictive of an elevated scotopic contrast threshold at the extreme spatial frequencies 6 months after PARK ( P P P > .05). Conclusions Psychophysical assessments may be a more sensitive indicator of decreases in visual performance following excimer laser refractive surgery. The attempted level of correction of spherical equivalent and astigmatism may adversely affect early scotopic visual performance. Decreases in visual performance are temporary, return to normal by 12 months, and remain stable 24 months following PARK.
Deterministic transfection drives efficient nonviral reprogramming and uncovers reprogramming barriers.

Abstract Safety concerns and/or the stochastic nature of current transduction approaches have hampered nuclear reprogramming's clinical translation. We report a novel non-viral nanotechnology-based platform permitting deterministic large-scale transfection with single-cell resolution. The superior capabilities of our technology are demonstrated by modification of the well-established direct neuronal reprogramming paradigm using overexpression of the transcription factors Brn2 , Ascl1 , and Myt1l (BAM). Reprogramming efficiencies were comparable to viral methodologies (up to ~9-12%) without the constraints of capsid size and with the ability to control plasmid dosage, in addition to showing superior performance relative to existing non-viral methods. Furthermore, increased neuronal complexity could be tailored by varying BAM ratio and by including additional proneural genes to the BAM cocktail. Furthermore, high-throughput NEP allowed easy interrogation of the reprogramming process. We discovered that BAM-mediated reprogramming is regulated by AsclI dosage, the S-phase cyclin CCNA2 , and that some induced neurons passed through a nestin-positive cell stage. From the Clinical Editor In the field of regenerative medicine, the ability to direct cell fate by nuclear reprogramming is an important facet in terms of clinical application. In this article, the authors described their novel technique of cell reprogramming through overexpression of the transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l (BAM) by in situ electroporation through nanochannels. This new technique could provide a platform for further future designs.
Abstract 225: Parallel and Divergent Patterns of Gene Expression in Human Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation and Stenosis

Background: The biologic mechanisms that differentiate successful arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation from stenosis are not well understood. The brachiobasilic transposition offers an opportunity for studying the vascular remodeling process. This procedure is a two stage process: first to create a brachiobasilic AVF and second, to transpose the AVF near the skin in a delayed fashion, allowing the opportunity to harvest naive vein, mature and stenotic AVF tissue. Identifying the molecular differences with regards to success (maturation) or failure (stenosis) are vital both for dialysis access care and as a model of vein remodeling on exposure to arterial flow. We hypothesize that basilic vein transposition (BVT) can be utilized as a unique means with which to study the biologic factors that affect stenosis and maturation. Methods/Results: Vein tissue was obtained at the time of initial access creation as naive segments and again at the time of basilic vein transposition (following venous “arterializatio...
The Modern Philosophical Revolution: The Luminosity of Existence

Roundtable comments on David Walsh's 'The Modern Philosophical Revolution: The Luminosity of Existence'
A Biosynthetic Scaffold that Facilitates Chondrocyte-Mediated Degradation and Promotes Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Deposition

Articular cartilage remains a significant clinical challenge to repair because of its limited self-healing capacity. Interest has grown in the delivery of autologous chondrocytes to cartilage defects, and combining cell-based therapies with scaffolds that capture aspects of native tissue and allow cell-mediated remodeling could improve outcomes. Currently, scaffold-based therapies with encapsulated chondrocytes permit matrix production; however, resorption of the scaffold often does not match the rate of matrix production by chondrocytes, which can limit functional tissue regeneration. Here, we designed a hybrid biosynthetic system consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) endcapped with thiols and crosslinked by norbornene-functionalized gelatin via a thiol-ene photopolymerization. The protein crosslinker was selected to facilitate chondrocyte-mediated scaffold remodeling and matrix deposition. Gelatin was functionalized with norbornene to varying degrees (~4-17 norbornenes/gelatin), and the shear modulus of the resulting hydrogels was characterized (<0.1-0.5 kPa). Degradation of the crosslinked PEG-gelatin hydrogels by chondrocyte-secreted enzymes was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. Finally, chondrocytes encapsulated in these biosynthetic scaffolds showed significantly increased glycosaminoglycan deposition over just 14 days of culture, while maintaining high levels of viability and producing a distributed matrix. These results indicate the potential of a hybrid PEG-gelatin hydrogel to permit chondrocyte-mediated remodeling and promote articular cartilage matrix production. Tunable scaffolds that can easily permit chondrocyte-mediated remodeling may be useful in designing treatment options for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
Crystal structure of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase from the ESKAPE pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.

The enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase catalyzes the sixth step of the seven-step shikimate pathway. Chorismate, the product of the pathway, is a precursor for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, siderophores and metabolites such as folate, ubiquinone and vitamin K. The shikimate pathway is present in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and apicomplexan parasites, but is absent in humans. The EPSP synthase enzyme produces 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate and shikimate 3-phosphate via a transferase reaction, and is the target of the herbicide glyphosate. The Acinetobacter baumannii gene encoding EPSP synthase, aroA, has previously been demonstrated to be essential during host infection for the growth and survival of this clinically important drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogen. Prephenate dehydrogenase is also encoded by the bifunctional A. baumannii aroA gene, but its activity is dependent upon EPSP synthase since it operates downstream of the shikimate pathway. As part of an effort to evaluate new antimicrobial targets, recombinant A. baumannii EPSP (AbEPSP) synthase, comprising residues Ala301-Gln756 of the aroA gene product, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. The crystal structure, determined to 2.37 A resolution, is described in the context of a potential antimicrobial target and in comparison to EPSP synthases that are resistant or sensitive to the herbicide glyphosate.
An analysis of physiological signals as a measure of task engagement in a multi-limb-coordination motor-learning task

There is widespread agreement in the physical rehabilitation community that task engagement is essential to effective neuromuscular recovery. Despite this, there are no clear measures of such task engagement. This paper assesses the extent to which certain physiological measurements might provide a measure of task engagement. In previous studies, correlations between mental focus and certain physiological measurements have been observed in subjects performing tasks requiring mental effort. In this study, the authors analyzed whether these signals showed similar correlation when subjects performed a multi-limb-coordination motor-learning task. Subjects played a video game which required the use of both arms and one leg to play a simplified electronic drum set with varying difficulty. Heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL), and facial electromyogram (EMG) were recorded while the subjects played. Analysis of the recordings showed statistically significant correlations relating task difficulty to SCL, HR and EMG amplitude in corrugator supercilii. No statistically significant correlation was observed between task difficulty and EMG in frontalis.
Restating the message of our vocation

In order to keep moving forward, preaching to the choir is something we must continue to do. Although each of us in the Educational Gerontology community plays a significant role, we need to someti...
THE ECONOMIC PAMPHLETEER: Sustainability in Higher Education: Beyond Going Green

First paragraphs:It is encouraging that a growing number of colleges and universities are making serious efforts to address questions of sustainability in their teaching, research, campus operations, and public relations programs. Some are building green buildings, buying green cleaning supplies, and competing in greenest campus contests. It is also heartening that food and agricultural issues have risen to prominence on green campuses, as food services respond to student demands for local sourcing of foods, composting of food waste, and space for student gardens to produce foods by sustainable methods. While going green is necessary, it is not sufficient.Authentic sustainability is about meeting the needs of the present without diminishing opportunities for the future. Everything that is used for meeting human needs ultimately must come from either nature or society. The economy provides an efficient means of using natural and societal resources to meet human needs. Ecological integrity, while necessary, is not sufficient to ensure sustainability. A society that is lacking in social or economic integrity cannot sustain ecological integrity. Ecological, social, and economic integrity are inseparable dimensions of the whole of sustainability. Educational programs that focus on a specific ecological, social, or economic dimension of sustainability without effectively addressing the other two may be useful, but they do not address the fundamental question of sustainability.
Anisotropic and Ultralow Phonon Thermal Transport in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites: Atomistic Insights into Solar Cell Thermal Management and Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Efficiency

Energy-related functionality and performance of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), highly depend on their thermal transport behavior. Using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, it is discovered that the thermal conductivities of MAPbI3 under different phases (cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic) are less than 1 W m−1 K−1, and as low as 0.31 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. Such ultralow thermal conductivity can be attributed to the small phonon group velocities due to their low elastic stiffness, in addition to their short phonon lifetimes (<100 ps) and mean-free-paths (<10 nm) due to the enhanced phonon–phonon scattering from highly-overlapped phonon branches. The anisotropy in thermal conductivity at lower temperatures is found to associate with preferential orientations of organic CH3NH3+ cations. Among all atomistic interactions, electrostatic interactions dominate thermal conductivities in ionic MAPbI3 crystals. Furthermore, thermal conductivities of general hybrid perovskites MABX3 (B = Pb, Sn; X = I, Br) have been qualitatively estimated and found that Sn- or Br-based perovskites possess higher thermal conductivities than Pb- or I-based ones due to their much higher elastic stiffness. This study inspires optimal selections and rational designs of ionic components for hybrid perovskites with desired thermal conductivity for thermally-stable photovoltaic or highly-efficient thermoelectric energy harvesting/conversion applications.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with CMV DNA detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Summary Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause severe pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. There are no standard diagnostic criteria for CMV pulmonary disease beyond histopathology findings on lung tissue, which is challenging to obtain in pediatric patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is easier to obtain. Since CMV remains latent after primary infection and can potentially reactivate due to any inflammatory response, CMV detection in BAL specimen may not indicate acute CMV pulmonary disease. Thus, we describe the clinical manifestations and outcomes of pediatric patients with CMV detection in BAL fluid. Methods We reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and laboratory data of patients <19 years old with a BAL specimen positive for CMV during a 5-year period. Results Thirty-four encounters in 29 patients were found with CMV detected in their BAL specimen. Half (17/34) of the encounters were in immunocompromised patients. CMV, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most common positive test. Forty-seven percent of the patients had other infections detected in BAL specimens. The majority of patients were never treated for CMV and resolved their acute respiratory illness. Only one patient had probable CMV pulmonary disease. Discussion CMV is frequently recovered from BAL specimens but does not usually indicate acute CMV pulmonary disease. We would suggest that other diagnoses be considered first, even if CMV is recovered. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016; 9999:XX–XX. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase II Study of Hemithoracic Intensity-Modulated Pleural Radiation Therapy (IMPRINT) As Part of Lung-Sparing Multimodality Therapy in Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

PurposeWe conducted a two-center phase II study to determine the safety of hemithoracic intensity-modulated pleural radiation therapy (IMPRINT) after chemotherapy and pleurectomy-decortication (P/D) as part of a multimodality lung-sparing treatment.Patients and MethodsPatients received up to four cycles of pemetrexed plus platinum. If feasible, P/D was performed. Hemithoracic IMPRINT was administered to a planned dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. The primary end point was the incidence of grade 3 or greater radiation pneumonitis (RP).ResultsA total of 45 patients were enrolled; 18 were not evaluable (because of disease progression before radiation therapy [RT], n = 9; refusal of surgery or RT, n = 5; extrapleural pneumonectomy at time of surgery, n = 2; or chemotherapy complications, n = 2). A total of 26 patients received pemetrexed plus cisplatin, 18 received pemetrexed plus carboplatin, and four received a combination. Thirteen patients (28.9%) had a partial response, 15 patients (33.3%) experienced dis...
Simulating Clinical Judgment

My contribution to this Symposium is in three parts: first, I outline a ‘simulation’ approach to the study of judicial behavior in general; second, I give an account of an exercise in the simulation of clinical judgement; and finally, I attempt to show how this approach to clinical argument may help to sustain relevant clinical practice in a changing world.
Particulate matter pollution in the coal-producing regions of the Appalachian Mountains: Integrated ground-based measurements and satellite analysis.

ABSTRACTThis study integrates the relationship between measured surface concentrations of particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD), and meteorology in Roda, Virginia, during 2008. A multiple regression model was developed to predict the concentrations of particles 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) at an additional location in the Appalachia region, Bristol, TN. The model was developed by combining AOD retrievals from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor on board the EOS Terra and Aqua Satellites with the surface meteorological observations. The multiple regression model predicted PM2.5 (r2 = 0.62), and the two-variable (AOD-PM2.5) model predicted PM2.5 (r2 = 0.4). The developed model was validated using particulate matter recordings and meteorology observations from another location in the Appalachia region, Hazard, Kentucky. The model was extrapolated to the Roda, VA, sampling site to predict PM2.5 mass concentrations. We...
Action, Fantasy and Language: Developmental Levels of Ego Organization in Communicating Drives and Affects

Laboratory studies were conducted in an attempt to operationalize and explore the developmental interrelations among action, fantasy, and language behaviors conceptualized as ego modes which regulate and communicate drives and affects. These studies, and the developmental model they suggest, were used as a lens through which the analysis of a latency boy was examined, in order to gather longitudinal data that explore the model further. The laboratory data and the analytic case are related to theoretical questions concerning personality development and to analytic technique with children.
Clinical Scale Preparation of B Lymphoblastoid Cell Line-Tumor Cell Hybridoma Cells for Vaccination in Patients with Relapsed Ewing's Sarcoma and Neuroblastoma.

Abstract Despite improvements in survival for pediatric patients with cancer, for those with recurrent, high risk Ewing's sarcoma (ES) or neuroblastoma (NB) treatment options are limited. Tumor-specific antigens in these malignancies are poorly characterized, and expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and co-stimulatory molecules may be down-regulated, imparing a cellular immune response. Several groups have studied the use of tumor cell-dendritic cell (DC) hybridoma vaccines in murine tumor models as well as in phase I clinical trials in human cancer. One problem in implementing these vaccine strategies on a clinical scale is the requirement for repeat blood collections or leukapheresis to expand a limited number of DC. B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) are effective APC expressing HLA as well as key co-stimulatory molecules, and can be rapidly expanded from relatively few peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We have studied the ability of BLCL to be fused to a series of NB and ES cell lines using polyethylene glycol, and the ability to propagate these hybrid cells long term in culture. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for tumor markers (anti-GD2 and CD56 for NB), BLCL (CD19), and by labeling ES tumor cells with fluorescent dye prior to fusion, 3–11% of the resulting cell products represented true fusion cells. This was confirmed in studies in which BLCL transduced to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) were fused with adherent tumor cells, resulting in a population of large green adherent cells with abnormal morphology. Dual fluorescent staining and flow cytometry of green fluorescent dye labeled tumor cells and unlabelled BLCL consistently revealed a mixed population of unfused BLCL, unfused tumor cells, and cells with irregular morphology expressing both CD19 and green fluorescent dye. Despite these findings, these hybrid cells could not be expanded in long term culture, and adherent hybrid cells did not survive in cell culture over 2 weeks. In addition, these hybrid cells could not be selected when tumor cells and BLCL were transduced with different antibiotic resistance genes and then subjected to selection media. Despite the inability to selectively expand tumor cell-BLCL hybridomas for long-term culture, the choice of BLCL as an APC for vaccine permits the preparation of relatively large numbers of fusion cells for serial vaccination or for in vitro stimulation of antigen specific CTL.
Abstract A1-63: Characterizing the DNA damage repair defect in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Although tobacco-associated head and neck cancers (HNCs) are declining in incidence, overall HNC rates are escalating due to increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors, especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). Clinically, patients with HPV-associated OPSCCs have improved overall survival and increased response to therapy, especially agents which act by damaging DNA. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that HPV-positive OPSCCs harbor a defect in DNA repair activity and are sensitive to DNA repair-targeted therapy. We evaluated DNA repair activity by immunofluorescent staining for DNA damage-induced formation of DNA repair protein foci. Baseline expression of DNA repair proteins was determined by NanoString nCounter analysis of transcript levels and immunoblotting for protein levels. Therapeutic sensitivity was assessed in vitro using the colony formation assay and in vivo using both cell line-derived xenografts and a patient-derived xenograft. Consistent with our hypothesis, in vitro disease models demonstrated delayed resolution of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) as assessed by γH2AX foci staining and neutral comet assay. Investigation of the two main DSB repair mechanisms, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), indicated intact activation of both pathways but strikingly diminished recruitment of downstream repair factors DNA-Pk (NHEJ) and BRCA2 (HR) to sites of damage. In addition, protein expression of both DNA-PK and BRCA2 was decreased in HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative HNC cell lines. We next studied susceptibility of HPV-positive OPSCCs to PARP inhibition, a class of anticancer agents which block DNA repair signaling pathways and have proven effective clinically in DNA repair-deficient cancers. In vitro colony formation assays revealed a negative effect on cell survival in HPV-positive but not HPV-negative HNCs treated with the PARP inhibitor veliparib. Importantly, these results were confirmed in vivo in both cell line-derived xenografts and a patient-derived xenograft. In summary, our findings demonstrate for the first time the presence of a significant DNA DSB repair defect in HPV-positive OPSCCs encompassing both NHEJ and HR repair, and suggest therapies targeting DNA repair pathways may help improve therapeutic ratio in this disease. Citation Format: Alice N. Weaver, Tiffiny S. Cooper, Hoa Q. Trummell, James A. Bonner, Eben L. Rosenthal, Eddy S. Yang. Characterizing the DNA damage repair defect in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A1-63.
Building Efficient Portfolios Sensitive to Return Dispersion

This paper builds relatively efficient diversified portfolios that are sensitive to cross-sectional return dispersion (RD). A two-factor model based on Black's zero-beta CAPM is developed to measure sensitivity to RD. Based on U.S. stock returns in the sample period 1965 to 2015, aggregate portfolios are constructed by combining the CRSP market index with zero-investment portfolios that reflect different levels of RD risk. In out-of-sample tests based on one-month-ahead returns, we find that a substantially higher average return of almost 1.50 percent per month can be achieved relative to the average return of the benchmark CRSP market index of 0.89 percent per month, holding constant total risk. Further results show that zero-investment portfolios with different RD risk levels can be developed that outperform zero-investment portfolios formed on size, value, and momentum investment strategies (e.g., 2.67 percent per month). These and other results suggest that RD is useful in building relatively efficient portfolios.
The Association Between Trait Gratitude and Self-Reported Sleep Quality Is Mediated by Depressive Mood State.

Background: It has been shown that higher levels of trait gratitude are associated with better self-reported sleep quality, possibly due to differences in presleep cognitions. However previous studies have not taken into account the role of depressive symptoms in this relationship. Participants and Methods: In this study, 88 nonclinical 18–29-year-olds completed the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT) as a measure of trait gratitude. The Glasgow Content of Thought Inventory (GCTI) was used to measure the intrusiveness of cognitions prior to sleep onset, the Motivation and Energy Inventory (MEI) assessed daytime fatigue, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess self-reported sleep quality. The BDI-II assessed self-reported depressive symptoms. Results: Consistent with previous work, GRAT scores were positively associated with higher daytime energy and greater number of hours of sleep per night. Importantly, however, we further observed that depressive symptoms mediated...
Overhearing Dialogues and Monologues: How Does Entrainment Lead to More Comprehensible Referring Expressions?

People overhearing referential communication understand more when they listen in on dialogues rather than monologues. Some have proposed this is because entrainment selects better referential expre...
Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens

Urine drug testing is frequently used in clinical, employment, educational, and legal settings and misinterpretation of test results can result in significant adverse consequences for the individual who is being tested. Advances in drug testing technology combined with a rise in the number of novel misused substances present challenges to clinicians to appropriately interpret urine drug test results. Authors searched PubMed and Google Scholar to identify published literature written in English between 1946 and 2016, using urine drug test, screen, false-positive, false-negative, abuse, and individual drugs of abuse as key words. Cited references were also used to identify the relevant literature. In this report, we review technical information related to detection methods of urine drug tests that are commonly used and provide an overview of false-positive/false-negative data for commonly misused substances in the following categories: cannabinoids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, designer drugs, and herbal drugs of abuse. We also present brief discussions of alcohol and tricyclic antidepressants as related to urine drug tests, for completeness. The goal of this review was to provide a useful tool for clinicians when interpreting urine drug test results and making appropriate clinical decisions on the basis of the information presented.
Symposium on Cooling Tower Environment—1974

(1976). Symposium on Cooling Tower Environment–1974. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 120-121.
An Alternative Proof of Grand Problem II

Let me add to the story you read at the end of Chapter 2 an alternative solution to Grand Problem II.