cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical properties of shocks in Burgers turbulence

We consider the statistical properties of solutions of Burgers' equation in the limit of vanishing viscosity, $$\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}u\left( {x,t} \right) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\left( {\frac{1}{2}u\left( {x,t} \right)^2 } \right) = 0$$ , with Gaussian whitenoise initial data. This system was originally proposed by Burgers[1] as a crude model of hydrodynamic turbulence, and more recently by Zel'dovichet al..[12] to describe the evolution of gravitational matter at large spatio-temporal scales, with shocks playing the role of mass clusters. We present here a rigorous proof of the scaling relationP(s)∞s 1/2,s≪1 whereP(s) is the cumulative probability distribution of shock strengths. We also show that the set of spatial locations of shocks is discrete, i.e. has no accumulation points; and establish an upper bound on the tails of the shock-strength distribution, namely 1−P(s)≤exp{−Cs 3} fors≫1. Our method draws on a remarkable connection existing between the structure of Burgers turbulence and classical probabilistic work on the convex envelope of Brownian motion and related diffusion processes.
Continuous-time controllers for stabilizing periodic orbits of hybrid systems: Application to an underactuated 3D bipedal robot

This paper presents a systematic approach to exponentially stabilize periodic orbits in nonlinear systems with impulse effects, a special class of hybrid systems. Stabilization is achieved with a time invariant continuous-time controller. The presented method assumes a parametrized family of continuous-time controllers has been designed so that (1) a periodic orbit is induced, and (2) the orbit itself is invariant under the choice of parameters in the controllers. By investigating the properties of the Poincare return map, a sensitivity analysis is presented that translates the stabilization problem into a set of Bilinear Matrix Inequalities (BMIs). A BMI optimization problem is set up to select the parameters of the continuous-time controller to achieve exponential stability. We illustrate the power of the approach by finding new stabilizing solutions for periodic orbits of an underactuated 3D bipedal robot.
Issues Associated With the Measurement of Psychosocial Benefits of Group Audiologic Rehabilitation Programs

The purpose of this review is to describe the psychosocial effects of hearing loss, review the literature that has attempted to measure the psychosocial benefits of group audiologic rehabilitation programs, and offer suggestions for the design of future studies. The psychosocial aspects of hearing loss are multidimensional and may include the emotional, cognitive, interpersonal, behavioral, and physical responses to hearing loss. As a result of the stigma of hearing loss, individuals may isolate themselves, avoid social interactions, and/or bluff their way through communication breakdowns. Participation in group audiologic rehabilitation programs is a straightforward way to deal with the stigma and the loss of social identity associated with hearing loss, and these groups are an ideal forum for teaching communication strategies. Yet, the literature on the efficacy of group audiologic rehabilitation has produced equivocal results. Several factors may have contributed to the lack of psychosocial benefits reported in the literature, including the theoretical framework upon which the program was designed, the actual class content, the effectiveness of the outcome measures, and the demographic characteristics of the participants in the programs. Future research should determine (1) if the theoretical framework and/or the content covered in group audiologic rehabilitation programs influences the psychosocial outcomes, (2) if instructor training influences psychosocial outcomes, (3) the ideal test battery to assess the psychosocial benefits of group audiologic rehabilitation programs, (4) the participant demographic and personality characteristics that influence psychosocial outcomes, and (5) whether experienced hearing aid users have different hearing-loss related psychosocial needs than new hearing aid users.
A patient with severe black fly (Simuliidae) hypersensitivity referred for evaluation of suspected immunodeficiency.

Background Biting flies of the Diptera order and specifically the black fly (Simuliidae family) can be rare causes of severe hypersensitivity reactions. Objective To describe a patient referred for evaluation of immunodeficiency whose clinical course is explained by severe Simuliidae hypersensitivity. Methods The patient's immune system was investigated using standard laboratory evaluations. Hypersensitivity to Simuliidae was pursued because of historical features of her presentation and was specifically examined by skin prick and intradermal testing with whole body extract. Results The patient's history was notable for recurrent and severe seasonal episodes of presumed cellulitis after black fly bites that responded poorly to intravenous antibiotics. One episode was followed by acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and another by minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The results of immunologic investigations were unremarkable, but cutaneous hypersensitivity to Simuliidae was demonstrated with a 6.5-mm wheel and 35-mm flare reaction to intradermal injection of only 0.0005 μg of whole body extract. Conclusion Similar to Hymenoptera, Simuliidae can rarely result in extreme hypersensitivity and should be considered in appropriate cases. This patient illustrates how severe reactions to insect bites can be misdiagnosed.
Effect of Profile Layering, Root Zone Texture, and Slope on Putting-Green Drainage Rates

A gravel layer underlying the root zone in a United States Golf Association (USGA) putting green and a typically higher root zone permeability in a University of California green should yield water drainage differences between these construction methods. This study examined effects of soil profile layering, root zone permeability, and slope on water drainage from experimental putting greens. The study employed either one-tier or two-tier putting green soil profiles, with each containing root zones having either 530 or 320 mm h -1 water permeabilities. The 1.2- by 7.3-m greens were adjusted to slopes of 0, 2, and 4%, and simulated rain was applied at either 45 or 112 mm h -1 . Drainage outflow from the furthest down-slope drain line was monitored during rainfall and for 48 h after rain stopped. During rain, the two-tier greens had greater drainage rates, and drainage in these greens did not depend on root zone permeability. In the early drainage period (from 1 to 9 h after rain stopped), profile design and root zone permeability interacted such that the largest drainage rate was from the one-tier, higher-permeability green and the smallest drainage rate was from the one-tier, lower-permeability green. Later in the drainage period (from 27 to 45 h), increased green slope contributed higher drainage rates for all experimental greens. This research illustrates that both profile design and root zone permeability contribute to the drainage process in putting greens with high sand content.
Nonjunctional acetylcholine receptor channel open time decreases during development of Xenopus muscle

The mean channel open time of junctional acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) decreases during development of mammalian skeletal neuromuscular junctions1–3. The junctional AChRs of newborn rats have long mean channel open times of about 4.5 ms and in this respect are similar to nonjunctional AChRs of adult denervated muscle3–5. Mature neuromuscular junctions have channels with shorter mean open times of about 1 ms, whereas junctions at intermediate stages seem to have a mixture of channels with short and long open times1–3. These observations, taken together with findings on receptor distribution during development6,14, suggest that the establishment of nerve–muscle contact induces an aggregation of embryonic AChRs with long mean channel open times at the point of contact and that these embryonic junctional receptors are then replaced, modified or subjected to local membrane changes leading to a discrete reduction in channel open time. However, the fate of those embryonic nonjunctional receptors which are not aggregated at the newly formed neuromuscular junction is unknown. Are they an unchanging population, or do the changes in kinetic behaviour which occur at the junctional regions also take place at other regions of the muscle membrane? The kinetics of nonjunctional receptors in mammalian skeletal muscle have not been studied during development. We have now, however, examined this question in amphibian myotomal muscle, where nonjunctional receptors are present in substantial numbers throughout development, making it possible to measure the mean open time of both classes of AChR channel. We observed a shortening of mean channel open time of junctional AChRs, from about 3 ms to 1 ms, and an identical change in mean channel open time of AChRs at nonjunctional regions of membrane.
Towards Next Generation Health Data Exploration: A Data Cube-Based Investigation into Population Statistics for Tobacco

Increasingly, experts and interested laypeople are turning to the explosion of online data to form and explore hypotheses about relationships between public health intervention strategies and their possible impacts. We have engaged in a multi-year collaboration to use and design semantic techniques and tools to support the current and next generation of these explorations. We introduce a tool, qb.js, to enable access to multidimensional statistical data in ways that allow non-specialists to explore and create specific visualizations of that data. We focus on explorations of health data - in particular aimed at helping to support the formation and analysis of hypotheses about public health intervention strategies and their correlation with health-related behavior changes. We used qb.js to formulate and explore the hypothesis that youth tobacco access laws have consistent, measurable impacts on the rate of change in cigarette smoking among high school students over time. While focused in this instance on one particular intervention strategy (i.e., limiting youth access to tobacco), this analytics platform may be used for a wide range of correlational analyses. To address this hypothesis, we converted population science data on tobacco-related policy and behavior from ImpacTeen to a Resource Description framework (RDF) representation that was annotated with the RDF Data Cube vocabulary. A Semantic Data Dictionary enabled mapping between the original datasets and the RDF representation. This allowed for the creation and publication of data visualizations using qb.js. The RDF Data Cube representation made it possible to discover a significant downward effect from the introduction of nine youth tobacco access laws on the rate of change in smoking prevalence among high school-aged youth.
Combined action of micafungin, a new echinocandin, and human phagocytes for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus.

Abstract Micafungin, a new echinocandin, inhibits fungal cell wall beta-glucan synthesis. We postulated micafungin and host phagocytic cells could act together in damaging fungi. Using the metabolic XTT assay, micafungin alone (0.01 and 0.10 μg/ml) inhibited Aspergillus fumigatus germlings by 48% and 61%, respectively. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) inhibited germlings by 53%. Micafungin at 0.01 or 0.10 μg/ml and PMNs resulted in additive inhibition, 82% and 99%, respectively. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) monolayers inhibited germling growth by 66%; micafungin (0.01 or 0.10 μg/ml) alone inhibited by 32% and 42%, respectively. MDMs and micafungin (0.01 or 0.10 μg/ml) caused an additive inhibition of growth, 85% and 95%, respectively. Hyphae were generated by incubation of conidia for 24 h with or without micafungin. PMNs alone, added to hyphae, inhibited growth by 19% in the subsequent 20 h. Hyphae generated in the presence of micafungin (0.10 μg/ml) and subsequently cultured with micafungin for 24 h inhibited growth by 64%. PMNs plus micafungin resulted in 82% inhibition. Monocytes alone inhibited hyphal growth by only 5%. Hyphae produced in the presence of micafungin (0.01 μg/ml) and incubated again with micafungin for 24 h inhibited growth by 47%; combination with monocytes resulted in 62% inhibition. These data indicate that micafungin inhibits growth of tissue forms of A. fumigatus, and phagocytes and micafungin together have an additive effect. These findings support the thesis that the greater efficacy of micafungin in vivo compared with in vitro could be due to combined effect of phagocytic cells and micafungin.
The role of synthetic slings in male stress incontinence.

Objective Our primary aim was to compare the outcomes of synthetic bone-anchored male slings (BAMS) and transobturator male slings (TOMS), to identify preoperative risk factors for failure, and to evaluate patient satisfaction with each procedure.
Pharmacodynamic-based clinical pathway for empiric antibiotic choice in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia

Background: Because of the high frequency of multidrug resistant bacteria in our intensive care units (ICUs), we implemented a ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) clinical pathway based on unitspecific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions and pharmacodynamic modeling in 3 of our ICUs. Methods: This was a prospective, observational evaluation with a historical control group in adult patients (n = 168) who met clinical and radiologic criteria for VAP. Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine antibiotic regimens having the greatest likelihood of achieving bactericidal exposures against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic regimens were incorporated into an ICU-specific computerized clinical pathway as empiric agents of choice. Results: Pharmacodynamic modeling found 3-hour infusions of cefepime 2 g every 8 hours or meropenem 2 g every 8 hours plus tobramycin and vancomycin would provide the greatest probability of empirically treating VAP in these ICUs. Infection-related mortality was reduced by 69% (8.5% vs 21.6%; P = .029), infection-related length of stay was shorter (11.7 ± 8.1 vs 26.1 ± 18.5; P b .001), and fewer superinfections were observed in patients treated on the pathway. A number of patients with nonsusceptible P aeruginosa were successfully treated with high-dose, 3-hour infusion regimens.
Adrenal Glucocorticoid Response to Exogenous Adrenocorticotropin Mediated by Density and Social Disruption in Lactating Cows

Abstract Two experiments with lactating Holsteins monitored time required for alterations in adrenal glucocorticoid output in response to injection of 200 IU of adrenocorticotropin after exposure to increased density and social disruption. First, cows in two replicates of nine cows each were assigned randomly across age to either zero (control), 2-day, or 9-day exposure into a high density (3.96m 2 lot space and .67 free stalls per cow) group. Response curves indicated increased glucocorticoid output potential within 2 days. In another experiment, 16 cows were assigned equally to either zero (control), 1, 2, or 3 days exposure to higher density (2.97m 2 lot space and .5 free stalls per cow) and social adjustment into a new herd. Mean integrated glucocorticoid responses for exposure were 161.6±12.6, 158.2±28.2, 227.7±32.2, and 229.9±40.3 ng/ml±standard deviations. Days 2 and 3 differed from controls showing that adrenal response, as measured by glucocorticoids, occurs within 2 days. No differences in bacteriological status, somatic cell counts of quarter milk, or milk production were observed.
Using Ada for industrial embedded microprocessor applications

This paper investigates the use of Ada as a high level implementation language for use on microprocessors embedded in industrial applications. Many of these applications use microprocessors with minimal hardware, that is, no hardware support for a stack and possibly not even a hardware clock. The use of minimal hardware is dictated by manufacturing economics. If one can save $.25 per unit over a run of 100,000 units, the total savings will be $25,000. An Ada implementation for such hardware will differ greatly from an implementation for a large mainframe. For instance, the storage allocator cannot blithely allocate space for variables in activation records. While these programs do not use many of Ada's powerful language features, the compiler must be able to generate highly optimized code for those parts of the language that are used.Our discussion of Ada centers around a typical application, a program to control an automatic oven. While this example is not one of our intended applications, it embodies most of the problems that we expect to find in practice. The example was inspired by McCracken's furnace control case study [1], written in PL/M, and provides a good opportunity for comparing Ada with PL/M.Applications like the oven control program require a number of sophisticated compiler optimizations. In addition to performing the usual common subexpression analysis, removal of redundant and unreachable code, and sophisticated peephole optimizations, the compiler must be capable of complete static allocation of all data and must be able to perform significant amounts of verification to simplify generated code, especially with respect to error checks and exception handling.Finally, we discuss some language problems and some programs that we feel are necessary for use of Ada in real-time and time-dependent situations.
Attraction of two larval parasitoids with varying degree of host specificity to single components and a binary mixture of host-related plant volatiles

As an indirect defense to herbivore attack, plants release many types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which guide parasitoids to their herbivore hosts. In the present study, VOCs were categorized as those released passively from undamaged plants and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs were further categorized into: (1) volatiles released by fresh damage plants, and (2) volatiles released by old damage plants. We used as models, two parasitoids with different degree of host specificity, Microplitis croceipes (specialist) and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist), to address the evolutionary and mechanistic question of whether specialist and generalist parasitoids differ in their use of VOCs for host location. Both species are solitary larval endoparasitoids in the same family (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and are important parasitoids of caterpillar pests of cotton. Based on the results of previous studies, α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were selected as representatives of the different types of VOCs in cotton. The attraction of both parasitoid species to synthetic components and a binary mixture of the above VOCs was tested in four-choice olfactometer bioassays. Female M. croceipes showed the greatest attraction to the HIPVs while female C. marginiventris could not discriminate among the three VOCs. Conspecific males showed similar responses with a few exceptions. When presented with the choices; α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexenol and a binary mixture (50:50v/v) of the two compounds, the specialist showed the greatest attraction to the mixture. However, the mixture did not elicit such an additive effect on the attraction of the generalist. Overall response latency (time taken to choose VOCs) indicated species and sexual (in the specialist) differences. Using a simple model, this study provides a fundamental insight into odor preferences and discriminatory ability of the test parasitoids. The ecological significance and practical implications of these results are discussed.
PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION OF SOME PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES IN MAN

Abstract Twelve radiolabeled 14C-pesticides and herbicides were applied to the forearms of human subjects, and the urinary excretion of 14C was quantitated. Data obtained after iv dosing was used to correct the skin penetration data for incomplete urinary recovery. The data indicate that all the pesticides and herbicides tested are absorbed. The least absorbed was diquat, and the greatest absorption was found with carbaryl.
Tissue distribution and elimination kinetics of poly-brominated biphenyls (PBB) from rat tissue

Abstract The concentration of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in serum and in a large number of organs was determined in a population of rats for 36 weeks after a single dose of PBB. Groups were killed at 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks after exposure to PBB (1mg/100g body wt, i.p.). Growth, weight gain and appearance of the rats and their internal organs were normal. Complex and varied relationships were found in tissue concentrations with time after PBB administration. Serum and fat had apparent first-order elimination kinetics with calculated half-times of 23.1 and 69.3 weeks, respectively. For five other tissues, apparent t 1 2 s ranged from 9.0–63 weeks, while for four others, kinetics could not be determined from these 4 time points. It is likely that a substantial residue of PBB will still remain in the body of the rat at the end of its life span because of the persistence of PBB in lipid-rich tissues (adipose, adrenal, and brain).
Resources for teaching web science to computer science undergraduates (abstract only)

This poster reports on course materials that have been developed for teaching an Introduction to Web Science course to computing majors at the undergraduate level. This is the first comprehensive collection of resources that we are aware of that targets undergraduates in the exciting new field of Web Science. The course materials include slides, reading assignments, homework assignments, programming projects, and exams. We hope these materials will make adopting a Web Science course easier for a computing department or for creating an interdisciplinary course which could expose computing to a more diverse and broader group of students. Course materials may be obtained from the authors and from the following URLs: http://www.harding.edu/fmccown/classes/comp475-s13/ http://www.cs.odu.edu/~mln/teaching/cs595-f13/ This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (IIS 1008492).
Motivations as predictors of information source perceptions: traditional media and new technologies

Abstract Early “information source” studies presumed that exposure to media led to attitudes and behaviors. Some research today still makes that presumption. However, recent research suggests that motivations within individuals—interests, knowledge, attitudes, etc.—lead to the selection of information sources. Using two topics—“sports” and “what’s going on in the community”—along with motivation variables—involvement, interest and information-seeking—this study examined how these motivations related to how useful people thought various media were for each topic. Sources included traditional media (TV, papers, etc.) along with newer technologies (cellular phone, personal computer and on-line services). There is some support for the hypothesis, but not a one-to-one correspondence between motivation variables and usefulness of sources. There is more likely to be a relation for traditional media than new technologies, and there is variation by topic. However, the overall picture is that of a set of motivation variables that are important. In addition, this study suggests that perceptions of traditional media and new technologies are different. The authors suggest that this difference may be because new technologies are employed differently to access information.
Throughput Maximizing Frequency and Power Scheduling for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks in the Low-SINR Regime

We study the problem of frequency and power allocation and scheduling at a time-slotted cognitive ad-hoc wireless network, where cognitive nodes share a number of frequency bands and frequency reuse is allowed. In such a network the throughput maximization problem generally results in a mixed zero-one nonlinear non-convex problem. Interestingly, in the low-SINR regime, the power allocation policy that maximizes the total throughput follows an “on/off” strategy with maximum power usage in the “on” state. In this paper we show that the on/off strategy in the low-SINR regime is also optimal with respect to throughput when scheduling users over time and frequency subject to minimum SINR requirements. We show that these additional constraints will not change the optimum strategy, but may affect the set of “on” or “off” transmitters. Also we present an approach that transforms the mixed zero-one nonlinear problem to an equivalent mixed zero-one linear problem at the expense of extra variables.
A chaotic blue sky catastrophe in forced relaxation oscillations

Abstract The chaotic attractor of a periodically forced Van der Pol oscillator (Shaw variant) is observed in digital simulation, and is made to vanish in a blue sky catastrophe by increasing a constant (bias) term in the force. The detailed bifurcation diagram, based on extensive simulations, reveals the involvement of the homoclinic outset of a nearby limit cycle of saddle type.
Professional Learning Catalysts: Unveiling the Influences on One Teacher's Literacy Practices.

Abstract This author investigates the question, Within the cultural context of her teaching, how does one teacher experience professional learning aimed at literacy practices? Using an elementary teacher's professional context as a site, the author employed data collection tools typical of qualitative analysis: participant observation, interviews, and document analysis. Then, she entered field notes, interview transcriptions, and document analysis notes into Ethnograph, a software program designed to support the analysis of qualitative data. The individual and integrated analysis of these sources identified five areas that served as catalysts for this teacher's professional learning: (1) a Literacy Staff Development Initiative, (2) colleagues, (3) dialogue, (4) district and state initiatives, and (5) a theoretical and practical framework. After describing the attributes of these categories and their links to this teacher's practices, the author calls for a move from a traditionally conceived consideration...
The ecology and mechanisms of overflow‐mediated dispersal in a rock‐pool metacommunity

Summary The dispersal of organisms in fragmented habitats connects spatially separated local populations at the regional, metapopulation scale, with potential consequences for spatial population dynamics and persistence. As any dispersing organism is engaged in trophic interactions as well, dispersal also connects local food webs at the regional scale, and differential dispersal among taxa of different trophic levels has the potential to strongly influence spatial food-web dynamics. We used a combination of field surveys and experiments to test the significance of passive dispersal via overflowing water for population and food-web dynamics in a system of freshwater rock pools on Appledore Island, Maine, U.S.A. The rock pools contain a three-trophic-level food chain consisting of phytoplankton (primarily chlorophyte algae), grazer zooplankton (two species of Cladocera) and a predatory insect (Trichocorixa), all of which are passively dispersed between rock pools when the pools overflow during rain events. During the summers of 2010 and 2011, rain events were observed (on average) every two and a half days. Three-quarters of rain events generated overflows, and observed overflow rates varied over four orders of magnitude (0.5–474 mL s−1). A Monte Carlo simulation showed that, on average, a pool is expected to overflow 5.6 times during a summer. Despite all three taxa dispersing in overflows, and dispersing more at higher flow rates, a mesocosm experiment showed that dispersal rates decreased significantly with increasing trophic level, such that Trichocorixa dispersed less than cladocerans, which dispersed less than phytoplankton. Results from a follow-up experiment suggest that this decrease in dispersal is primarily due to organisms at higher trophic levels being more able to avoid currents, rather than an ability to swim more strongly against currents. Finally, we conducted a field experiment to determine the influence of overflows on population and food-web dynamics in situ. Populations in pools that were part of experimental overflows were significantly more variable than nearby populations that were not in the overflow, and taxa at all three trophic levels were influenced similarly by the overflows. This study demonstrates that passive dispersal of aquatic organisms among habitat patches is likely to occur at different rates for different taxa, which may have strong effects on spatial food-web dynamics.
Target RCS exploitations in compressive sensing for through wall imaging

In this paper, target radar cross-section (RCS) is utilized to improve the performance of compressive sensing (CS) when applied to sensing through wall based on RF modality. Using step-frequency SAR imaging, it is shown that the selection of frequencies emitted at each antenna position of the SAR system can benefit from a priori knowledge of the target RCS. Frequencies with high target response allow the CS performance to be more robust to noise and are able to reveal target presence in noisy and cluttered environments.
Relative Safety of Gemfibrozil and Fenofibrate in the Absence of Concomitant Cerivastatin Use

Previous analyses of fibrate safety may have been driven by a higher propensity for gemfibrozil to interact with cerivastatin, which is currently off the market because of safety concerns. We reviewed gemfibrozil- and fenofibrate-associated adverse event reports (AERs) submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration over a 5-year period. To control for cerivastatin's impact on fibrate-associated AERs, reports with concomitant cerivastatin use were excluded. Rates per million prescriptions were calculated for all AERs, serious AERs, rhabdomyolysis AERs, muscle-related AERs without rhabdomyolysis, and liver AERs. The rates of all AERs (odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69 to 0.83), serious AERs (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.81), and liver AERs (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.50) were significantly lower for gemfibrozil compared with fenofibrate (p <0.001 for each). In contrast, rates of rhabdomyolysis AERs (OR 2.67, 95% CI 2.11 to 3.39, p <0.001) and muscle-related AERs without rhabdomyolysis (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.71, p = 0.002) were significantly higher for gemfibrozil compared with fenofibrate. In conclusion, the safety profiles of fibrates differ, with a higher rate of liver-related AERs associated with fenofibrate and a higher rate of muscle-related AERs associated with gemfibrozil. Rates of all AERs and serious AERs were higher with fenofibrate, but well within the range observed with commonly used lipid-altering medications.
Spatial epidemiologic analysis of relative collision risk factors among urban bicyclists and pedestrians

Pedestrians and bicyclists are the victims of countless car crashes in U.S. cities as well as around the world. Yet, many dimensions of their involvement in crashes remain rather poorly known. In this article, we follow a spatial epidemiologic approach to study the relative risk factors of bicycle and pedestrian crashes at the neighborhood level in the City of Buffalo, NY over a two-year period. The analysis examines physical road characteristics such as roadway and intersection functional classes, urban density and type of development—business or residential, as well as socio-economic and demographic variables to identify discriminating risk factors between the two non-motorized transportation modes. The analysis underscores significant differences tied to neighborhood ethnicity, educational attainment and land use, while physical characteristics of the road infrastructure register as marginally discriminating factors. Income related socio-economic status is not found to play a prominent role.
Complex formation between halogens and sulfoxides on metal surfaces

We report the results of in situ scanning tunneling microscope (STM), UV-vis spectroscopy, and differential capacitance measurements obtained from Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces in neat solutions of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or tetramethylenesulfoxide (TMSO) containing either KI or KBr. STM measurements initially reveal the formation of the expected I or Br adlattice, but later show the formation of an additional surface species, the growth of which is dependent on the exact nature of the surface, solvent, and anion. These results are interpreted in terms of formation of a 1:1 complex between the solvent and I2 or Br2.
Analysis of locational marginal prices in look-ahead economic dispatch

This paper studies the impact of introducing look-ahead dispatch on locational marginal prices in real-time electricity markets. Due to the high forecast error and inter-temporal variability of renewable resources (e.g., wind and solar), many system operators are in the process of upgrading their market clearing engine from static economic dispatch-based ones to dynamic look-ahead economic dispatch-based ones. Compared with conventional static dispatch that calculates the optimal dispatch for the current operating interval, look-ahead dispatch calculates the optimal dispatch solution over multiple future time intervals. Look-ahead dispatch can obtain cost saving by pre-ramping some of the dispatched generators so that the system can more economically match forecast changes in net load (i.e., system load — renewable power output). In addition to the cost saving benefit, system operators in RTOs claim that look-ahead dispatch results in lower price volatility than static dispatch. In this paper, we attempt to demystify this industry claim and provide counterexamples to this claim. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between price volatility and some key factors such as system-wide ramping capability, the number of time intervals in look-ahead dispatch horizon, load pattern and forecast uncertainty. The simulation results are illustrated with numerical examples in the IEEE 14-bus system.
Capital Market Innovations and Agricultural Cooperatives

The focus of this Principal Paper Session is on both innovation in the capital markets and innovation involving agricultural cooperatives. The most important aspect of this session and the papers in it is to assess the implications for the risk-mitigation role of agricultural cooperatives, given the innovation that is occurring in the capital markets. In addition, the risk-mitigation assessment is linked directly to the structure of the agricultural cooperative. Developments in insurance securitization provide much of the basis for renewed enthusiasm about risk-mitigation potentials involving agriculture. The three principal papers as a set provide an interesting and eclectic view of risk mitigation applied to agricultural cooperatives. The article by Skees provides an overview of the innovations that are emerging in the capital markets. The article by Zeuli discusses potential applications and assesses the usefulness of these innovations to agricultural cooperatives or their members who might apply them. She briefly discusses several examples of new-generation cooperatives (NGCs) that could potentially benefit from the application of specific capital market innovations. Finally, the article by Black and Barnett provides a case example of three NGCs that process sugar beets. Black and Barnett, among other things, analyze a time series on sugar beet yield per planted acre to evaluate a crop yield insurance instrument.
Gauge and gravitational anomaly cancellation in type-I superstring theory

Abstract We present a comprehensive study of the gauge, mixed and gravitational anomalies in the type-I open superstring theory using the covariant RNS operator formalism. All anomalies are shown to cancel among the possible one-loop open string diagrams for the gauge group SO(32). Furthermore, we clear up some points that may not have been completely understood in the past and show how the anomaly contributions arise from the boundaries of moduli space. We also discuss how the open string calculations can be understood in the boundary and crosscap formalism.
Expression of hemagglutination is dependent on environmental factors and bacterial concentration ofEscherichia coli andKlebsiella pneumoniae

Hemagglutination of human type A and guinea pig erythrocytes showed that both mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant adhesive mechanisms (pili) were detectable in broth cultures ofEscherichia coli while only a mannose-sensitive mechanism (type 1 pili) was noted withKlebsiella pneumoniae. The degree of hemagglutination was shown to be related to differences in erythrocytes, bacterial concentration, and growth media constituents.Escherichia coli grown in human urine produced both types of hemagglutinins, whileK. pneumoniae cultured in urine continued to express only a mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin.
The Effect of a Variable Data Point on Hypothesis Tests for Means

Abstract The effect of a single variable data point, x, on the usual test statistics for traditional hypothesis tests for means is analyzed. It is shown that an outlier may have a profound and unexpected effect on the test statistic. Although it might appear that an outlier would tend to lend support to the alternate hypothesis, it may in fact detract from the significance of the test. In one-population tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the value of x that maximizes the significance of the test statistic is given. This value does not have to be unusually large or small. In fact, it often falls within the range of the other sample points. In the general one-population case, the limiting value for the test statistic is shown to be +1. In the case involving more than one population, it is shown that the limiting value of the test statistic is a function only of the number of members in the samples and not their relative values. Special cases are identified in which the test statistic is shown to have u...
Classical theory of light scattering by a molecule located near a solid surface

Abstract We develop a classical theory of Rayleigh and Raman scattering by a molecule located near a solid surface. The main physical factors determining the intensity enhancement, angular dependence, depolarization ratio and frequency dependence, are discussed.
Expression of stress-response (heat-shock) protein 27 in human brain tumors : an immunohistochemical study

This report concerns the expression of the low molecular weight stress-response (heat-shock) protein 27 (srp 27) in a variety of human brain tumors. Immunohistochemical techniques were used; cells of the breast cancer line MCF7 served as positive controls. The reaction product was found exclusively in the cytoplasm. Srp 27 was detected in 5/5 breast tumor metastases to the brain and in 5/21 meningiomas. The protein was also detected in 5/11 glioblastomas and 2/5 pituitary adenomas. By comparison, positive staining was observed in only 1/15 astrocytomas and 1/7 medulloblastoma and no reaction was seen with the oligodendrogliomas, schwannomas and gangliogliomas tested. These observations demonstrate that srp 27 is expressed by certain primary intracranial tumors.
Fusion proteins of retinoid receptors antagonize TGF- β -induced growth inhibition of lung epithelial cells

Fusion proteins of retinoid receptors antagonize TGF- β -induced growth inhibition of lung epithelial cells
Spontaneous evaluative inferences and their relationship to spontaneous trait inferences.

Three experiments are reported that explore affectively based spontaneous evaluative impressions (SEIs) of stimulus persons. Experiments 1 and 2 used modified versions of the savings in relearning paradigm (Carlston & Skowronski, 1994) to confirm the occurrence of SEIs, indicating that they are equivalent whether participants are instructed to form trait impressions, evaluative impressions, or neither. These experiments also show that SEIs occur independently of explicit recall for the trait implications of the stimuli. Experiment 3 provides a single dissociation test to distinguish SEIs from spontaneous trait inferences (STIs), showing that disrupting cognitive processing interferes with a trait-based prediction task that presumably reflects STIs, but not with an affectively based social approach task that presumably reflects SEIs. Implications of these findings for the potential independence of spontaneous trait and evaluative inferences, as well as limitations and important steps for future study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Confounding B-cell defences: lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen

Studies of microbial superantigens that target large clonal sets of B cells through conserved antigen-receptor-variable-region sites are providing new insights into the mechanisms of B-cell activation-induced cell death. These investigations have shown differences between the clonal regulation of follicular B cells (B2 cells) and the innate-like marginal-zone B cells and B1 cells, and have also shown how B-cell superantigens can affect specialized host defences against infection. Agents designed to emulate the properties of B-cell superantigens might also provide new approaches for the treatment of B-cell-mediated autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
Synthesis, Antileukemic Activity, and Stability Of 3-(Substituted-Triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxylic Acid Esters and 3-(Substituted-Triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamides

Representative 3-triazeno derivatives of the ethyl an methyl esters of pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid and of pyrazole-4-carboxamide were synthesized from the corresponding 3-diazopyrazoles. It was shown that certain triazenopyrazoles in solution are decomposed by light, and transformations of 3-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)pyrazole-4-carboxamide and 3-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]pyrazole-4-carboxamide in solution in the dark to 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide in solution in the dark to 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide and to a v-triazolinium salt, respectively, were observed. All of these transformations are analogous to reactions of triazenoimidazoles observed previously. Triazenopyrazoles having both the ester and the amide groups increased the average survival time in the standard mouse L-1210 leukemia assay. In some of these tests, increases in lifespan of 60-120% were observed.
Paul Kravař and the Lollard-Hussite Relations

It is not generally known that during the late fourteenth and the early fifteenth centuries, England and Scotland were in fairly close cultural relations and religious contacts with Bohemia. But such was the case. The earliest such connection is traceable to the endowment established by Vojtěch Ranků of Ježov (Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio) for Czech students wishing to study at Oxford or Paris. Vojtěch was one of the most learned Czech Masters of the University of Paris, where in 1355 he had served as Rector. Later he had taught at Oxford. Furthermore, this initial tie between Bohemia and England was greatly strengthened when in 1382 King Richard II married Anne, the daughter of Emperor Charles IV and sister of the Czech King, Wenceslas IV. She was an unusually cultured young lady who read her Bible assiduously in three languages—Czech, German, and Italian. Many Czechs, among them Lord Peter of Wartenberg, accompanied her, and some of them even settled in England. Furthermore, a considerable number of Czech students matriculated at the English universities. Those who studied at Oxford became acquainted with the writings of John Wyclif, and upon their return home brought copies of them to Prague. At first, only the philosophical works of Wyclif were thus made available; but after 1400 his theological treatises were extant in Bohemia as well. Among those who introduced Wyclif's doctrines into Bohemia, the most important was Jerome of Prague. He returned from Oxford in 1401 and influenced Hus by his fervent Wyclifism. Hus transcribed many of Wyclif's works for his own use. Later, similar services were rendered by two Czech students, Nicholas Faulfis and George of Kninice. They visited the Lollard centers, such as Kemerton near Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire and Braybrook in Northamptonshire. There they copied many of Wyclif's works which were apparently no longer available in Oxford, and upon their return to Bohemia brought them along. They also delivered a document from the University of Oxford testifying to Wyclif's orthodoxy—although this was probably a forgery.
Development of PLEX, a plasmid-based expression system for production of heterologous gene products by the gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus gordonii

While Escherichia coli expression systems have been widely utilized for the production of heterologous proteins, these systems have limitations with regard to the production of particular protein products, including poor expression, expression of insoluble proteins into inclusion bodies, and/or expression of a truncated product. Using the surface protein expression (SPEX) system, chromosomally integrated heterologous genes are expressed and secreted into media by the naturally competent gram-positive organism Streptococcus gordonii. After E. coli turned out to be an inappropriate expression system to produce sufficient quantities of intact product, we successfully utilized SPEX to produce the heterologous antigen BH4XCRR that is designed from sequences homologous to the S. pyogenes M-protein C-repeat region. To further enhance production of this product by S. gordonii, we sought to develop a novel system for the production and secretion of heterologous proteins. We observed that under various growth conditions, S. gordonii secreted high levels of a 172 kDa protein, which was identified by N-terminal sequence analysis as the glucosyltransferase GTF. Here we report on the development of a plasmid-based expression system, designated as PLEX, which we used to enhance production of BH4XCRR by S. gordonii. A region from the S. gordonii chromosome that contains the positive regulatory gene rgg, putative gtfG promoter, and gtfG secretion-signal sequence was cloned into the E. coli/Streptococcus shuttle plasmid pVA838. Additionally, the bh4xcrr structural gene was cloned into the same plasmid downstream and in-frame with rgg and gtfG. This plasmid construct was transformed into S. gordonii and BH4XCRR was detected in culture supernatants from transformants at greater concentrations than in supernatants from a SPEX strain expressing the same product. BH4XCRR was easily purified from culture supernatant using a scalable two-step purification process involving hydrophobic-interaction and gel-filtration chromatography.