cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation and Performance Comparison of Three SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays

Abstract Serology testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is increasingly being used during the current pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical and epidemiologic utilities of antibody-based SARS-CoV-2 testing are under debate. Characterizing these assays helps to understand the disease and provides scientific basis for deciding how to best use these assays. The study assessed one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott COVID-2 IgG) and two lateral flow assays (STANDARD Q [SQ] IgM/IgG Duo and Wondfo Total Antibody Test). Validation included 113 blood samples from 71 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 1182 samples from negative controls with potential interferences/cross-reactions, including 1063 pre-pandemic samples. IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected as early as post-symptom onset days 3-4. IgG antibodies were first detected post-onset days 5-6 by SQ assays. The detection rates increased gradually, and SQ IgG, Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total detected antibodies from all the PCR-confirmed patients 14 days after symptom onset. Overall agreements between SQ IgM/IgG and Wondfo Total was 88.5% and between SQ IgG and Abbott IgG was 94.6% (Kappa = 0.75, 0.89). No cross-reaction with other endemic coronavirus infections were identified. Viral hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main cross-reactions observed. However, the interferences/cross-reactions were low. The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total and 99.62% for Abbott IgG and 98.87% for SQ IgM. These findings demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity of appropriately validated antibody-based SARS-CoV-2 assays with implications for clinical use and epidemiological seroprevalence studies.
Quantitative phase retrieval with low photon counts using an energy resolving quantum detector

X-ray phase contrast imaging (PCI) combined with phase retrieval has the potential to improve soft-material visibility and discrimination. This work examined the accuracy, image quality gains, and robustness of a spectral phase retrieval method proposed by our group. Spectroscopic PCI measurements of a physical phantom were obtained using state-of-the-art photon-counting detectors in combination with a polychromatic x-ray source. The phantom consisted of four poorly attenuating materials. Excellent accuracy was demonstrated in simultaneously retrieving the complete refractive properties (photoelectric absorption, attenuation, and phase) of these materials. Approximately 10 times higher SNR was achieved in retrieved images compared to the original PCI intensity image. These gains are also shown to be robust against increasing quantum noise, even for acquisition times as low as 1 s with a low-flux microfocus x-ray tube (average counts of 250 photons/pixels). We expect that this spectral phase retrieval method, adaptable to several PCI geometries, will allow significant dose reduction and improved material discrimination in clinical and industrial x-ray imaging applications.
Population-Based Screening for Endometrial Cancer: Human vs. Machine Intelligence.

PURPOSE: Incidence and mortality rates of endometrial cancer are increasing, leading to increased interest in endometrial cancer risk prediction and stratification to help in screening and prevention. Previous risk models have had moderate success with the area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.68 to 0.77. Here we demonstrate a population-based machine learning model for endometrial cancer screening that achieves a testing AUC of 0.96. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We train seven machine learning algorithms based solely on personal health data, without any genomic, imaging, biomarkers, or invasive procedures. The data come from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). We further compare our machine learning model with 15 gynecologic oncologists and primary care physicians in the stratification of endometrial cancer risk for 100 women. RESULTS: We find a random forest model that achieves a testing AUC of 0.96 and a neural network model that achieves a testing AUC of 0.91. We test both models in risk stratification against 15 practicing physicians. Our random forest model is 2.5 times better at identifying above-average risk women with a 2-fold reduction in the false positive rate. Our neural network model is 2 times better at identifying above-average risk women with a 3-fold reduction in the false positive rate. CONCLUSION: Our machine learning models provide a non-invasive and cost-effective way to identify high-risk sub-populations who may benefit from early screening of endometrial cancer, prior to disease onset. Through statistical biopsy of personal health data, we have identified a new and effective approach for early cancer detection and prevention for individual patients.
Do People Actually "Listen to the Experts"? A Cautionary Note on Assuming Expert Credibility and Persuasiveness on Public Health Policy Advocacy.

The present work empirically explores whether experts are trusted more or more persuasive than an "average Joe" when engaging in policy advocacy on public health topics. I conducted a 2 (topic: climate change vs. COVID-19) X 2 (source: expert vs. nonexpert) experimental study with an US adult sample (N = 486). Using Bayes factors to quantify evidence for null and alternative hypothesis, I find substantial evidence that at least under the conditions present in the study, experts are perceived to be higher in expertise, but equal in trustworthiness to the "average Joe". In turn, experts are equally persuasive to nonexperts on both topics. My work suggests that when engaging in policy advocacy on public health matters, the fact that an advocate is an expert on a topic can be acknowledged by audiences, but this may not necessarily help (nor necessarily harm) one's perceived trustworthiness or ability to persuade an audience. More research is needed to understand how experts can bolster their trustworthiness and persuasiveness when advocating for public health policies.
Field Microbiology for Feedlot Cattle

Bacteriology is a useful diagnostic and treatment regimen management tool. The perceived difficulty, complexity and expense cause many veterinary practitioners to avoid diagnostic microbiology in their office laboratory. In reality, targeting diagnostic microbiology to the disease affecting animals in specific production management systems decreases the complexity needed to provide useful microbiology information. It also simplifies the interpretation of culture and bacteriological test results. This paper presents a simple diagnostic microbiology system targeted at feeder cattle that can augment production management consulting services. Supply sources, maximizing supply shelf-life, and building an inexpensive culture incubator is included.
The Doctor Will "Friend" You Now: A Qualitative Study on Adolescents' Preferences for Weight Management App Features.

OBJECTIVES Primary care providers report a lack of resources as a barrier to managing adolescent obesity. Mobile health applications (apps) may be helpful in weight management; however, adolescents' preferences for weight management app features are unknown. Our objectives were to provide insight into adolescents' preferred weight management app features and elicit facilitators and barriers to app use. METHODS Using the qualitative content analysis method, 14 interviews with adolescents with overweight/obesity were conducted in rural and urban pediatric offices in South Carolina. Eligibility criteria included being 13 to 17 years old, having a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex, and having access to a smartphone or tablet. Semistructured key informant interviews were conducted from May to October 2017. Participants were presented with three popular mobile health apps and asked to complete tasks and comment on their various features and usability. Summative content analysis coding was performed on interview transcripts, and interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. RESULTS Seventy-one percent of participants were from a rural practice, 64% were White, and 86% had a body mass index higher than the 95th percentile. Familiarity with similar apps and accessibility of apps on their smartphones promoted app use. The need for wireless Internet, operating difficulties, or privacy concerns were barriers. Nutritional education, physical activity tracking, and social connection were desirable app features. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents have expressed preferred app features to help them manage weight; however, further work is needed to see whether these features are effective.
Aligning Professional and Personal Identities: Applying core reflection in teacher education practice

This three-year collaborative self-study examined the impact of core reflection on our identities and practices as teacher educators. We discovered four themes that defined the core identity issues in our study: (a) understanding the contradictory nature of core qualities; (b) confronting our own hypocrisies; (c) holding ambiguity; and (d) sustaining authenticity in everyday practice. Five categories of change in our teaching identities and practice are outlined. We concluded that core reflection served as a useful approach for aligning professional and personal identities with our sense of purpose, passion, and teaching ideals.
IMPLICATIONS OF CROP INSURANCE FOR FARMERS AND LENDERS

The income protection, therefore, must be The effect of the farmer's choice of crop in- compared to the increase in cost. surance was evaluated on both the farmer's Thus, both farmers and lenders need to consurancen s eval ed oth e s sider the risk/return situation relative to crop and lender's performance. This was done us- insurance. At times, however, riskretu ing whole-farm, Monte Carlo simulation for preernce. At time, between farmers and Texas wheat/sorghum operations. Results in- preferences may differ between farmers and dicate crop insurance would be preferred by lenders. In this study, we investigate the crop dicate crop insurance would be preferred by insurance question and the conditions unde moderately risk-averse farmers when farm insurance question and the conditions under moderately risk-averse farmers when farm which both lenders and farmers would prefer firm failure became an issue or the insurance loss ratio approached one. A lender always crop insurance. preferred the use of crop insurance, especially Prior studies (Gardner and Kramer; King when the probability of firm bankruptcy was and ee and ogo) have foced on the fa and Lee and Djogo) have focused on the farman issue. level effects of crop insurance but have not
Tonic accommodation, age, and refractive error in children.

PURPOSE An association between tonic accommodation, the resting accommodative position of the eye in the absence of a visually compelling stimulus, and refractive error has been reported in adults and children. In general, myopes have the lowest (or least myopic) levels of tonic accommodation. The purpose in assessing tonic accommodation was to evaluate it as a predictor of onset of myopia. METHODS Tonic accommodation was measured in children enrolled in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia using an infrared autorefractor (model R-1; Canon, Lake Success, NY) while children viewed an empty lit field or a dark field with a fixation spot projected in Maxwellian view. Children aged 6 to 15 years were measured from 1991 through 1994 (n = 714, 766, 771, and 790 during the 4 years, successively). Autorefraction provided refractive error and tonic accommodation data, and videophakometry measured crystalline lens curvatures. RESULTS Comparison of the two methods for measuring tonic accommodation shows a significant effect of age across all years of testing, with the lit empty-field test condition yielding higher levels of tonic accommodation compared with the dark-field test condition in children aged 6 through 11 years. For data collected in 1994, mean (+/-SD) tonic accommodation values for the lit empty-field condition were significantly lower in myopes, intermediate in emmetropes, and highest in hyperopes (1.02 +/- 1.18 D, 1.92 +/- 1.59 D, and 2.25 +/- 1.78 D, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.001; between-group testing shows each group is different from the other two). Age, refractive error, and Gullstrand lens power were significant terms in a multiple regression model of tonic accommodation (R2 = 0.18 for 1994 data). Lower levels of tonic accommodation for children entering the study in the first or third grades were not associated with an increased risk of the onset of myopia, whether measured in the lit empty-field test condition (relative risk = 0.90; 95% confidence interval = 0.75, 1.08), or the dark-field test condition (relative risk = 0.83; 95% confidence interval = 0.60, 1.14). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to document an association between age and tonic accommodation. The known association between tonic accommodation and refractive error was confirmed and it was shown that an ocular component, Gullstrand lens power, also contributed to the tonic accommodation level. There does not seem to be an increased risk of onset of juvenile myopia associated with tonic accommodation.
The voltage-gated calcium channel UNC-2 is involved in stress-mediated regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase.

Migraine is an episodic pain disorder whose pathophysiology is related to deficiency of serotonin signaling and abnormal function of the P/Q-type calcium channel, CACNA1A. Because the relationship of the CACNA1A channel to serotonin signaling is unknown and potentially of therapeutic interest we have used genetic analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of this calcium channel, UNC-2, to help identify candidate downstream effectors of the human channel. By genetic dissection of the lethargic mutant phenotype of unc-2, we have established an epistasis pathway showing that UNC-2 function antagonizes a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway influencing movement rate. This same UNC-2/TGF-β pathway is required for accumulation of normal serotonin levels and stress-induced modulation of tryptophan hydroxylase (tph) expression in the serotonergic chemosensory ADF neurons, but not the NSM neurons. We also show that transgenic expression of the migraine-associated Ca2+ channel, CACNA1A, in unc-2 animals can functionally substitute for UNC-2 in stress-activated regulation of tph expression. The demonstration that these evolutionarily related channels share a conserved ability to modulate tph expression through their effects on TGF-β signaling provides the first specific example of how CACNA1A function may influence levels of the critical migraine neurotransmitter serotonin.
First principles calculation of the shift current photovoltaic effect in ferroelectrics.

We calculate the bulk photovoltaic response of the ferroelectrics ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ from first principles by applying the ``shift current'' theory to the electronic structure from density functional theory. The first principles results for ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ reproduce experimental photocurrent direction and magnitude as a function of light frequency, as well as the dependence of current on light polarization, demonstrating that shift current is the dominant mechanism of the bulk photovoltaic effect in ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between response and material properties in detail. Photocurrent does not depend simply or strongly on the magnitude of material polarization, as has been previously assumed; instead, electronic states with delocalized, covalent bonding that is highly asymmetric along the current direction are required for strong shift current enhancements. The complexity of the response dependence on both external and material parameters suggests applications not only in solar energy conversion, but in photocatalysis and sensor and switch type devices as well.
Suboptimal Control of a Class of Stochastic System with Random, Partially Observable Parameters

The control of a linear system with random coefficients is studied here. The cost function is of a quadratic form and the random coefficients are assumed to be partially observable by the controller. The optimal control is shown to be a linear function of the observable states and a nonlinear function of random parameters. An application to the landing process of an aircraft in gust wind is presented.
The Quality of Urban Environments in the Brazilian Amazon

In the Brazilian Amazon during the 1980s,urban population growth outstripped rural growth, andby 1991, most of the region's population resided inurban areas. Much of this urban growth involvedestablishment of unplanned housing with inadequateinfrastructure, which resulted in rising pollution. This paper compares indicators of environmentalquality in urban populations of the Amazon in 1980 and1991, and among different kinds of urban populationsin 1991. The results show that environmental qualityin the region deteriorated during the 1980s as theproduction of and exposure to environmental hazardsrose while resources to ward off hazards eroded. Thefindings also show that environmental quality wasparticularly poor in more rapidly growing urbancenters. The urban Amazon may not afford an adequatestandard of living and this may generate out-migrationfrom the region.
The Missing Link in the Social Determinants Literature: The Impact of Political Factors on Health Status and Health Disparities in the United States

As scholars with the social sciences have focused greater attention to U.S. health policy and public health, the literature focused on the social determinants of health and racial/ethnic health inequities has expanded greatly in recent years. However, political science has been largely absent from these discussions, and consequently few have explored the relationship between political factors and racial/ethnic health status inequities. The limitation in the extant research is problematic, as public policy decisions that directly impact health outcomes are made by elected officials within highly politicized electoral environments. We attempt to address this underexplored research arena by testing the relationship between political factors including political agency, political participation, trust in government, voting, and mobilization on self-defined health status. We hypothesize that even after controlling for socio-demographic factors, political variables will help explain variation in health status across the four major racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. We perceive that the lack of work in this area has been driven primarily by data limitations. Specifically, surveys have unfortunately not provided scholars with both health indicators and political factors within the same data set. We therefore take advantage of a unique data source, the 2008 Collaborative Multi-Racial Post Election Survey (CMPS), a political survey that provides a measure of self-identified health status to be used as a dependent variable in our analysis. The dataset includes completed surveys on 4,563 respondents who self-identified as Asian, Black, Latino, and White, permitting substantive comparisons among racial/ethnic groups. This diversity in respondents will allow our findings to speak to racial and ethnic health status inequities, an outcomes that we argue is at least partially explained by disparities in political agency. Our findings will have implications for future social science research on health status outcomes, in terms of productively applying the World Health Organization Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework to testable hypotheses of political impacts on health.
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of nucleosides.

Abstract Basic reactions of nucleosides under conditions of chemical ionization have been investigated, using CH 4 or NH 3 as reagent gases at a pressure of 0.4 mm Hg. C 2 H 4 was found to be useful for the elucidation of some mechanistic and structural details, and was augmented by high resolution techniques. Principal ions corresponded to protonated forms of the molecular ion and the free base. Fewer structural details are generally available from chemical ionization spectra compared with their electron ionization counterparts, although molecular ion ( i.e. M + H) enhancement in the former case offers a major advantage.
Perspectives on the Americans with disabilities act: Accessibility of academic libraries to visually impaired patrons

Abstract This article reviews the recent history of academic libraries' responses to the needs of visually impaired patrons and offers suggestions to ease the impact of libraries' enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Biologically distinct conformations of Bcl-x can be resolved using 2D isoelectric focusing

Bcl-x, a potent regulator of cellular decisions of life and death, has multiple survival-enhancing activities that rely on distinct protein regions. Evidence suggests that depending on the local environment and the binding of protein or peptide partners, Bcl-x can take on several conformations that expose different protein regions. However, biological occurrence of conformational forms has been very difficult to study, because structure determination techniques use large quantities of protein, purified under conditions that change Bcl-x conformation. We show here that standard 2D isoelectric focusing techniques can be used to distinguish conformationally distinct forms of Bcl-x in cell lysates. Conformational isoelectric forms were manipulated through the use of detergents and buffers of differing pH. Our data indicate that post-translational modifications are not needed for or associated with conformational changes, distinguishing the dominant isoelectric forms of Bcl-x. We found that Bcl-x conformational isoelectric forms have preferred subcellular localization patterns. Moreover, conformational forms are differently regulated in certain locations during cytokine starvation of IL-3-dependent cells. Therefore, we provide evidence that 2DIEF can be used to view biologically distinct conformational differences in Bcl-x on minute quantities of unpurified protein from cells or lysates.
Neural network based design of cellular manufacturing systems

A neural network based on a competitive learning rule, when trained with the part machine incidence matrix of a large number of parts, classifies the parts and machines into part families and machine cells, respectively. This classification compares well with the classical clustering techniques. The steady state values of the activations and interconnecting strengths enable easier identification of the part families, machine cells, overlapping parts and bottleneck machines. Neural networks are mostly applied by treating them as a blackbox, i.e. the interaction with the environment and the information acquisition and retrieval occurs at the input and the output level of the network. This paper presents an approach where knowledge is extracted from the external and internal structure of the neural network.
Analysis of radiative equilibrium in a rectangular enclosure with gray medium

Calcul du transfert radiatif de chaleur et du profil de temperature dans une enceinte rectangulaire bidimensionnelle remplie d'un milieu gris
Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. IV. Assembly of chromatophores in low-aeration cell suspensions.

Chromatophore membrane formation was induced in low-aeration suspensions of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and highly purified chromatophore preparations were isolated at various intervals between 4 and 18 h. The levels of several functional components associated with the isolated structures were investigated. B-875, the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll complex associated with the reaction center, was preferentially inserted into the chromatophore membrane during the early stages of induction, and thereafter its levels reached a steady state; b- and c-type cytochromes were also maintained at essentially constant levels. In contrast, the levels of B-850, the accessory light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll, together with its associated protein, continued to increase throughout the induction process. Increases in the levels of the major carotenoid component followed a similar course. These findings are consistent with a stepwise assembly mechanism for associated bacteriochlorophyll and protein components and suggest that separate regulatory mechanisms control the levels of functionally essential and accessory components within the membrane.
Collaboration: Assumed or Taught?.

The author provides examples of curriculum tasks that can be integrated into the core curriculum to explicitly teach the skills of collaboration across the grade levels. These include self-assessme...
On the importance of nonlinear elastic effects in shear band modeling

Shear bands are typically modeled using grade zero hypoelastic formulations based on an objective stress rate, most often the Jaumann rate. Grade zero hypoelastic formulations have been criticized in the literature as unphysical since it can be shown that such a material is not elastic material defined by a hyperelastic potential, and energy is dissipated around a closed loop of deformation. In addition, the Jaumann rate displays a well known oscillation in large shear. However, numerical studies to date comparing hypo and hyperelastic formulations have shown that these issues are not a concern for metal plasticity under roughly monotonic loading, where elastic strains remain small and there is no accumulation of errors from numerous loading cycles. Numerical implementation of Jaumann rate based formulations is relatively easy, and under certain circumstances leads to symmetric tangent moduli. Due to these three factors, use of the Jaumann rate has persisted despite well-known theoretical deficiencies. In this work, we compare hyperelastic and Jaumann rate based hypoelastic formulations for shear band modeling, and it is found that early in the deformation, there are no appreciable differences in the two formulations, which is consistent with previous studies reported in the literature. However, later in the deformation, after localization has occurred, the decrease in elastic moduli brings about the nonlinear elastic effects which causes the hyperelastic formulation to lead to more severe localization and more intense plastic straining than the hypoelastic formulation. This occurs even though the maximum principal elastic stretches do not exceed 1.07 in any of the numerical simulations reported in this work. In addition, the effect of elastic nonlinearity is rate dependent, since the rate dependence of plasticity increases the yield stress with increasing strain rate, which leads to larger elastic strains, and more prominent reduction in elastic moduli. Therefore, for shear band modeling, the still popular grade zero hypoelastic formulation based on the Jaumann rate can not be considered a reasonable approximation to the more sound hyperelastic formulation, and should not be used. In light of these results, we may conclude that in addition to the well known fact that use of the Jaumann rate formulation should be constrained to problems with small elastic strains and without cyclical loading, its use should also be constrained to problems where shear banding and localization is not encountered.
The isothermal decomposition of sodium superoxide

Sodium superoxide isothermal decomposition, detailing metallic oxide effects with differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry
Regression of Atherosclerosis: Where are We Now, and Where are We Going?

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, and lipoproteins are believed to play a critical role in its initiation and progression. Increased levels of atherogenic lipoproteins (low-density lipoprotein [LDL], intermediate-density lipoprotein [IDL], very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL] remnants, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]), which all contain apolipoprotein (apo) B, are associated with increased development and progression of atherosclerosis. In contrast, high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with less atherosclerosis, and HDL is thought to play a critical role in reverse cholesterol transport. Therapies that alter lipoprotein metabolism can affect the progression, stabilization, and regression of atherosclerosis, and these effects can be studied by a number of imaging modalities.
A Model of Repetitive-DNA-Organized Chromatin Network of Interphase Chromosomes †

During interphase, chromosomes are relatively de-condensed in the nuclear space. Interphase chromosomes are known to occupy nuclear space in a non-random manner (chromosome territory); however, their internal structures are poorly defined. In particular, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms that govern the internal organization of interphase chromosomes. The author recently proposed that pairing (or interaction) of repetitive DNA-containing chromatin regions is a critical driving force that specifies the higher-order organization of eukaryotic chromosomes. Guided by this theoretical framework and published experimental data on the structure of interphase chromosomes and the spatial distribution of repetitive DNA in interphase nuclei, I postulate here a molecular structure of chromatin organization in interphase chromosomes. According to this model, an interphase chromosome is a chromatin mesh (or lattice) that is formed by repeat pairing (RP). The mesh consists of two types of structural components: chromosome nodes and loose chromatin fibers. Chromosome nodes are DNA repeat assemblies (RAs) that are formed via RP, while loose fibers include chromatin loops that radiate from the nodes. Different loops crosslink by RPs and form a large integrated chromatin network. I suggest that the organization of the chromatin network of a given interphase chromosome is intrinsically specified by the distribution of repetitive DNA elements on the linear chromatin. The stability of the organization is governed by the collection of RA-formed nodes, and the dynamics of the organization is driven by the assembling and disassembling of the nodes.
Synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of an iridium n,o-chelating 1,2-dibenzoyl hydrazido complex

Abstract —The complex Cp*Ir[OC(Ph)=Nncoph] was obtained from the reactions of Cp*IrNBu t or [Cp*Ir(μ-OH) 3 IrCp*]OH with 1,2-dibenzoyl hydrazine. The structure of the product was determined spectroscopically and by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study.
No evidence for a circadian rhythm of protein synthesis in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei contain an endogenous circadian pacemaker. A quantitative autoradiographic tracer method that measures L-[1-14C]leucine incorporation into protein was used to determine whether the overall rate of protein synthesis in the nuclei varies in a circadian fashion. Unlike the robust circadian rhythms of electrical activity and energy metabolism previously recorded from the nuclei at the two time points sampled, protein synthesis remained constant.
How Subtyping Shapes Perception: Predictable Exceptions to the Rule Reduce Attention to Stereotype-Associated Dimensions

Abstract Two experiments examined the relation between stereotype disconfirmation and attentional processes. Using an instrumental learning-paradigm, we successfully simulated stereotype acquisition and the subsequent subtyping of disconfirming exemplars. While replicating established markers of subtyping, the present research demonstrates a hitherto neglected cognitive consequence of subtyping: Predictable stereotype disconfirmation increased attention to features that facilitated discriminating between confirming and disconfirming exemplars, and reduced attention to features associated with the original stereotype. These effects were not observed when stereotype disconfirmation was not easily predictable and, hence, subtyping proved difficult. The discussion focuses on implications for research on subtyping and stereotype change.
Genetics of alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine of the house mouse (Mus musculus)

Four inbred strains of mice exhibited either slow (PL/J), intermediate (DBA/2J, LP/J), or fast (SWR/J) rates of migration of duodenal alkaline phosphatase on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Hybrids of these strains also had intermediate rates of migration regardless of the combination of strains used as parents. Strain differences were present in all regions of the small but not the large intestine. Crosses of the PL/J strain to hybrids between this strain and the other three strains gave a 1:1 segregation of the slow and intermediate patterns. The symbol Akp-3 is proposed for the locus responsible for the slower migration of the enzyme in this strain. Data from the LP/J × PL/J hybrid crossed with the PL/J strain showed linkage with two loci on chromosome 1 as follows: centromere—Idh-1–13.8±3.1 cM—Akp-3–8.9±2.6 cM—Pep-3. The available data do not reveal the genetic basis for the faster migration rate of the enzyme from the SWR/J strain, but a different response to neuraminidase and apparent nonlinkage to the Pep-3 locus suggest that a locus other than Akp-3 is responsible.
Zur genetischen Unterscheidung von gemeinen Klüften und Verschiebungen

Oft wird zwischen Kluften und Verschiebungen ein genetischer Zusammenhang gesehen. Neuere Untersuchungen lassen einen grundsatzlichen Unterschied erkennen: Die gemeinen Klufte entstehen durch sproden Bruch im Anschlus an eine elastische Deformation; Verschiebungen und ihnen zugeordnete Klufte gehen zumeist aus einer plastischen Deformation hervor. Auch sind Verschiebungen an begrenzte Zonen gebunden und meist gefugefremd, obwohl sie sich bestehenden Kluftsystemen anpassen konnen. Die Systeme der gemeinen Klufte sind dagegen fast gleichmasig auf weite Bereiche verteilt und passen sich dem bestehenden Gesteinsgefuge an. Zur Deutung der Bruchtektonik sollten deshalb klufttektonische Analysen nur mit auserster Vorsicht herangezogen werden.
Soil quality characteristics during conversion to organic orchard management

Soil quality measurements were made as part of a larger study of conversion to certified organic management in a California apple orchard, and results are reported here. The general objectives of the soil research were: (1) to compare soil properties between the two production systems (conventional and transitional organic); (2) relate observed differences to soil processes and management practices; and (3) determine the relative usefulness of each of the measured parameters as soil quality indicators. Bulk density and water holding capacity were useful indicators of changes in soil physical characteristics. Because treatment differences in bulk density were detected, biological and chemical data were expressed volumetrically to more closely approximate in-field values. EC, Ca, and Mg readings were used as an indication of the absence of significant salinity problems in both production systems. Soil pH in surface soils was mildly acidic, and values were slightly higher in the organic production system plots. Potentially mineralizable nitrogen and biomass carbon (C) were more sensitive indicators of system change than total N or organic C. Because microbial respiration was higher from organic plots on some sample dates, C loss via CO2 was evaluated against C inputs in the two systems. It was concluded that in both production systems, C inputs appear to outweigh C loss via microbial respiration, and therefore the potential for net organic matter loss is minimal. No significant treatment differences were seen in the respiratory ratio, or in the ratio of biomass C to total organic C. Increased colonization by mycorrhizal fungi seemed to provide an explanation for higher tissue P levels in the organic trees, and thus was an indicator of increased soil biological function in the organically managed plots. Soil invertebrates did not seem to be sensitive indicators of short-term responses to management changes in the current study, as no significant differences were seen during 1990–1991, the first 2 years of transition to organic management in the organic treatment plots. However, earthworm abundance and biomass increased significantly during 1992 in the organic plots, and seemed to provide an indication of long-term response to changes in weed, pest, and soil fertility management. Pitfall trap arthropods were too variable in abundance and diversity to discern any significant treatment effects with the sampling scheme used, and therefore these parameters were not useful indicators of soil quality changes.
Tolerance of the Asiatic clam Corbicula spp. to lethal level of toxic stressors—A review

Studies assessing the tolerance of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula spp., to a variety of chemical, environmental, and physical stressors are summarised and reviewed. A majority of the studies were conducted (1) in the laboratory, (2) with juvenile and adult stages and (3) with only one stressor per treatment. Trends in the data demonstrate that (1) equivalent median lethal concentrations were generated in studies using both static and flow-through techniques; (2) substantial increases in the levels of mortality among treated clams were obtained by extending exposure durations; (3) incorporation of recovery periods into experimental designs permitted the development of latent mortalities among treated clams; (4) tolerance among larvae was stage dependent while tolerance among adults was not; (5) higher levels of mortality were obtained when tests were conducted at higher temperatures; and (6) testing in the presence of substrate resulted in a decrease in the levels of mortality among treated clams. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to efforts to mitigate the fouling effects of Asiatic clams in industrial cooling water systems by exposure to toxic chemicals.
Clinical assessment of complex visual dysfunction

The study of patients with lesions of the central visual system has shown that certain complex visual disturbances are generally associated with lesions in the ventral occipital lobe and adjoining temporal lobe, while other disturbances are more commonly associated with lesions of the dorsal occipital cortices and adjoining parietal lobe. Cerebrovascular lesions in the distribution of the posterior cerebral artery, tumor, trauma, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease are common etiologies of these disturbances and can be assessed using modern neuroimaging techniques. The corresponding visual function deficits can be separated out by a systematic clinical approach incorporating visual sensory and cognitive testing procedures, as outlined below.
Evidence for preferential solvation in the cyclohexane/n-butanol binary solvent system.

We report on the rotational diffusion and vibrational population relaxation dynamics of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) perylene in a series of cyclohexane/n-butanol binary solvent systems. The molecular scale heterogeneity of this binary system is seen in both types of data. The rotational diffusion results show that in neat n-butanol and neat cyclohexane perylene reorients as an oblate rotor, but for all binary solvent systems examined this chromophore reorients as a prolate rotor. The perylene ring breathing mode is nearly degenerate with the n-butanol terminal methyl group rocking mode and vibrational population relaxation data for the perylene ring breathing mode reveal a substantial decrease in the relaxation time constant with the addition of small amounts of n-butanol to cyclohexane. This finding, in concert with the rotational diffusion data, indicates that perylene is solvated preferentially by n-butanol in cyclohexane/n-butanol binary solvent systems. The implication of this finding i...
Interleukin-4 is a neutrophil activator

Abstract We investigated the ability of the lymphokine, interleukin-4 (IL-4), to function as a neutrophil (PMN) activator. IL-4 enhanced PMN-mediated killing of opsonized bacteria (by up to 91.6% at 3 units of IL-4; p −7 mol/L). Maximal potentiation of PMN activity occurred at 100 units of IL-4 (6.3 nmol superoxide produced without IL-4 to 9.8 nmol at 100 units; p
Comments on some novel approaches for the determination of micellar aggregation numbers

Abstract Micellar aggregation numbers of sodium dodecyl sulfate in water and at several concentrations of sodium chloride from several recent papers and from earlier literature have been critically evaluated. The data of D. A. Doughty (J. Phys. Chem. 83, 2621, 1979) based on sedimentation equilibrium and H. F. Huisman (Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. B 67, 367, 376, 388, 407, 1964) from intensity light scattering are recommended as standard reference data for sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Methapyrilene induces membrane lipid peroxidation of rat liver cells.

Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a basal diet or the same diet containing 0.1% methapyrilene hydrochloride for 1, 2 and 3 days and 1 and 2 weeks. Peroxidative degradation of membrane lipids from liver cell mitochondria and microsomes was evaluated by determining the extent of diene conjugate (u.v. absorption 233 nm) formation. Feeding methapyrilene for 1, 2 and 3 days resulted in lipid peroxidation of both mitochondrial and microsomal membranes. After 1 and 2 weeks feeding, peroxidation was no longer evident in lipids isolated from mitochondria, while the microsomal membrane lipids showed persistent conjugated dienes. The results suggest that membrane lipid peroxidation of the liver may play a role in the promoting and/or carcinogenic effects of methapyrilene hydrochloride.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 induces attaching-effacing lesions in large intestinal mucosal explants from adult cattle.

Attaching-effacing (A/E) lesions following natural and experimental infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been seen in neonatal and 3–4-month-old weanling but not older cattle. To test the hypothesis that the adult bovine large intestinal epithelium is resistant to the development of A/E lesions, colonic and rectal mucosal tissue explants from 18-month-old steers were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and examined. Epithelial cells of inoculated explants developed A/E lesions at the bacterial attachment sites, providing evidence that the large intestinal mucosal epithelium may be a site of infection that contributes to carriage of E. coli O157:H7 in adult cattle.
Modelling the Molecular Transportation of Subcutaneously Injected Salubrinal

For the subcutaneous administration of a chemical agent (salubrinal), we constructed a mathematical model of molecule transportation and subsequently evaluated the kinetics of diffusion, convection, and molecular turnover. Salubrinal is a potential therapeutic agent that can reduce cellular damage and death. The understanding of its temporal profiles in local tissue as well as in a whole body is important to develop a proper strategy for its administration. Here, the diffusion and convection kinetics was formulated using partial and ordinary differential equations in one- and three-dimensional (semi-spherical) coordinates. Several key parameters including an injection velocity, a diffusion coefficient, thickness of subcutaneous tissue, and a permeability factor at the tissue-blood boundary were estimated from experimental data in rats. With reference to analytical solutions in a simplified model without convection, numerical solutions revealed that the diffusion coefficient and thickness of subcutaneous tissue determined the timing of the peak concentration in the plasma, and its magnitude was dictated by the permeability factor. Furthermore, the initial velocity, induced by needle injection, elevated an immediate transport of salubrinal at t < 1 h. The described analysis with a combination of partial and ordinary differential equations contributes to the prediction of local and systemic effects and the understanding of the transportation mechanism of salubrinal and other agents.
New economic and financial indicators of sustainability

Financial accounting methods fall short of fully accounting for the relative sustainability of college and university operations. Management of social, environmental, and economic performance will be aided by changes to and new developments in financial accounting practices to complement other indicators of sustainability.
Enclosed chambers for humidity control and sample containment in fiber diffraction

A chamber and stretch frame for making fibers for diffraction is described. The chamber is made from a simple plastic cuvette with silicon nitride windows. It is suitable for maintaining constant humidity during fiber drying and data collection, and allows stretching of the fiber and exposure to magnetic fields during sample preparation. If necessary, it provides primary containment for toxic and infectious biological materials. The chamber has been used in fiber diffraction experiments with filamentous plant viruses and a yeast prion protein, and is shown to produce excellent orientation and to maintain hydration and order at the molecular level.
Structure and properties of (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 − xPb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 solid solution ceramics

The widely used piezoelectric Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 ceramics have been known to have Zr4+ and Ti4+ randomly distributed on the B-site lattice in the ABO3 perovskite structure. In this study, we attempted to develop long range 1:1 B-site cation order by forming the solid solution of (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 − xPb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 (x ≥ 0.60). High temperature X-ray diffraction tests indicate that the cation order is embedded in the structural order. The solid solution ceramics appear to have a non-cubic paraelectric phase above their Curie temperatures. The competition between the antiferroelectric order in Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 and the ferroelectric order in Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 leads to the relaxor ferroelectric behavior in the solid solution. Since the temperature at dielectric maximum, T m, is significantly above room temperature, regular polarization versus electric field hysteresis loops are recorded in these compositions at room temperature. In addition, these ceramics show very good piezoelectric properties.
Neighborhood structure differences between homicide victims and non-victims

While there were numerous studies documenting the neighborhood characteristics that led to increased risk of crime victimization, very little was done to compare the neighborhoods of homicide victims to non-victims. The current research used the case-control design to alleviate this gap in the research. A sample of homicide victims and non-victims collected from Prince George's County, Maryland, in 1993, was used to make these comparisons. Significant differences were noted in the macro-level measures of education, unemployment, household income, and percentage of female-headed households in the neighborhoods of victims and non-victims. Individual elements, such as age, race, gender, and arrest were also strongly associated with the risk of homicide victimization. Both macro and micro level variables needed to be included when studying factors that increased the risk of homicide victimization.