cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing Dark Silicon to Save Energy with Computational Sprinting

Computational sprinting activates dark silicon to improve responsiveness by briefly but intensely exceeding a system's sustainable power limit. This article focuses on the energy implications of sprinting. The authors observe that sprinting can save energy even while improving responsiveness by enabling execution in chip configurations that, though thermally unsustainable, improve energy efficiency. Surprisingly, this energy savings can translate to throughput improvements even for long-running computations. Repeatedly alternating between sprint and idle modes while maintaining sustainable average power can outperform steady-state computation at the platform's thermal limit.
A Novel GuttaFlow Sealer Supports Cell Survival and Attachment

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the biocompatibility of a novel formulation of a silicone-based endodontic sealer GuttaFlow 2 (GF2; Coltene/Whaledent, Langenau, Germany) with the original (GFO) and fast-set (GFF) formulations of GuttaFlow and with an epoxy resin sealer, AHPlus Jet (AH+J; Dentsply, York, PA). Methods Sealers were set into 3 × 5.5 mm discs. Cell culture media was used to extract leachable products at 24 hours and 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were incubated with sealer elutes for 24 hours and evaluated using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the calcein AM assay. Cell attachment was evaluated on set sealer that was either rinsed or unrinsed with cell media for 1 week. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test. Results Both calcein and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays revealed that periodontal ligament cell viability was reduced on AH+J at 1, 2, and 4 weeks compared with all GuttaFlow sealers. There were no differences in cell viability between the GuttaFlow samples, and all displayed high rates of cell survival at all time periods. After 2 hours, cell attachment to the rinsed GFO and GFF samples exceeded the control, and at 24 hours cell attachment on all GuttaFlow samples exceeded the control. AH+J sealers supported significantly less cell attachment when compared with all GuttaFlow sealers. Cell attachment to set sealers showed better cell attachment when rinsed compared with unrinsed. Conclusions GuttaFlow sealers were more biocompatible than AHJ in vitro. The novel GF2 displayed comparable biocompatibility with GFF and GFO.
Becoming Tacitus: Significance and Inconsequentiality in the Prologue of Agricola

Abstract I argue that the prologue of Tacitus9 Agricola is at pains to maintain for the work the option to be important or to be inconsequential. The goal of this effort is to anticipate a spectrum of possible receptions: if the work is welcomed by its audiences, it can serve as the first step in a prestigious literary career; if it meets with indifference or hostility, Tacitus9 already-existing social self can find protection behind the claims to limited importance. In the first section, I describe the rhetorical strategies through which Tacitus advances this doubled set of claims. In the second, I discuss Agricola 9s relationship to Sallust9s monographs and adduce for comparison Pliny the Younger9s career as a Catullan poet; I show that claims to write after the manner of a canonical author directly serve the aim of ““keeping options open.””
Three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii from local seismic tomography

We present a new three-dimensional seismic velocity model of the crustal and upper mantle structure for Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii. Our model is derived from the first-arrival times of the compressional and shear waves from about 53,000 events on and near the Island of Hawaii between 1992 and 2009 recorded by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory stations. The Vp model generally agrees with previous studies, showing high-velocity anomalies near the calderas and rift zones and low-velocity anomalies in the fault systems. The most significant difference from previous models is in V p/Vs structure. The high-Vp and high-V p/Vs anomalies below Mauna Loa caldera are interpreted as mafic magmatic cumulates. The observed low-Vp and high-V p/Vs bodies in the Kaoiki seismic zone between 5 and 15 km depth are attributed to the underlying volcaniclastic sediments. The high-Vp and moderate- to low-Vp/Vs anomalies beneath Kilauea caldera can be explained by a combination of different mafic compositions, likely to be olivine-rich gabbro and dunite. The systematically low-Vp and low-Vp/Vs bodies in the southeast flank of Kilauea may be caused by the presence of volatiles. Another difference between this study and previous ones is the improved Vp model resolution in deeper layers, owing to the inclusion of events with large epicentral distances. The new velocity model is used to relocate the seismicity of Mauna Loa and Kilauea for improved absolute locations and ultimately to develop a high-precision earthquake catalog using waveform cross-correlation data. ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Transport of a large neutral amino acid in a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2): uptake and efflux of phenylalanine.

Abstract The processes of l -phenylalanine (Phe) uptake and efflux from the apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) sides of an intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) were investigated to further characterize the mechanism of transcellular transport of this amino acid. The results indicated that the initial uptake rates of Phe were saturable with a K m of 2.7 nM for AP uptake and 0.18 mM for BL uptake. Unlike the uptake, the initial efflux rates were shown to be proportional to the intracellular concentrations of Phe. Based on these kinetic studies and determination of other characteristics (e.g., Na + dependency) of the uptake and efflux processes, it was concluded that AP uptake, BL uptake and BL efflux were distinctly different. This suggests that either different carriers or a different combination of carriers are responsible for the transmembrane transport of this amino acid. When the results of kinetic studies of Phe uptake and efflux were used to determine the rate-limiting step in the AP-to-BL transcellular transport of this amino acid, it was concluded that the BL efflux is the rate-limiting step in the transcellular transport of Phe in the Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Perfluoroaryl-substituted cyclopentadienyl complexes of transition metals

A review with 172 references. Cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and its substituted congeners are among the most common ligands in organometallic chemistry. Ring substituents attached to Cp can influence the structure, physico-chemical properties, and reactivity of coordinated metal fragments. This article describes the synthesis of perfluoroaryl-substituted cyclopentadienes and indenes and their use as transition metal ligands. Emphasis is placed on trends in spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior, structure, and reactivity that arise from the highly electron-withdrawing character of the perfluoroaryl substituents.
Effect of tensile deformations on gas transport in glassy polymer films

An exploratory study has been undertaken to determine the effect of simple tensile deformations, applied stepwise, on the permeability and diffusion coefficients (P and D) of gases in glassy polymers. For nitrogen in a polycarbonate film at 73°C, it was found that (1P)dPdϵ ⋍ 13 and (1D)dDdϵ ⋍ 5 to 8, where ϵ is the strain. Also, P and D were found to decrease with time at constant strain and to depend somewhat on strain and thermal histories. A calculation of (1D)dDdϵ, based primarily on considerations of free volume and its strain dependence, gives 11.8 or 8.5, depending on the assumptions made. Progressive stepwise application of strain to a polyimide (Kapton) film at 72° and 125°C caused P and D for carbon dioxide to increase. But above 2% strain at 125°C, they decreased until at 6% strain they became smaller than those for the undeformed specimen, a reflection of a straininduced relaxation process.
Late-onset angioedema after interruption of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy

(n = 8) of sputum preparations stained by Giemsa, macrophages were 41% (range = 7.8% to 82.0%) and eosinophils were 31% (range = 16.4% to 87.7%) of the total cell count. In cytospins stained by the APAAP method (n = 8) the GM-CSF-positive cells were 36% (range = 15.6% to 4:2.7%) of the total cell count. Macrophages comprised 54% (range = 18.1% to 94.1%) and eosinophils 45% (range = 6.4% to 81.8%) of GM-CSF-positive cells (Fig. 1, A and C). EG-2-positive eosinophils cells (n = 8) were 10% (range = 0.6% to 72.5%) of the total cell count (Fig. 1, D). No cells were stained by IgG, (n = 8) (Fi,g. 1, B). In conclusion, GM-CSF-containing cells and activated (EG-2-positive) eosinophils were demonstrated in sputum. The presence of GM-CSF in sputum cells could represent GM-CSF synthesis by the cells identified or production of GM-CSF by other cells with subsequent attachment to GM-CSF receptors. The effective processing of sputum by methods such as those described here can be expected to permit additional studies such as in situ hybridization with probes to detect Dyer
Activation of Cl−/OH− exchange by parachloromercuribenzoic acid in rabbit renal brush-border membranes

The effect of the sulfhydryl reagent parachloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) on chloride transport was examined in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). PCMB had no effect on the chloride conductive pathway. In the presence of an inside-alkaline pH gradient and a K-/valinomycin voltage clamp, the addition of PCMB stimulated 36Cl uptake and induced a threefold overshoot above the equilibrium value, indicating Cl/OH exchange. The effect of PCMB was reversed by dithiothreitol. Cl/OH exchange was not observed in the absence of PCMB. PCMB-activated Cl/OH exchange persisted even when the membrane potential was made inside-negative relative to the controls, thus, demonstrating that PCMB's effect on 36Cl uptake under pH-gradient conditions is not mediated by parallel Cl- and H+ conductive pathways. PCMB-activated Cl/OH exchange was inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) with IC50 values of 290 and 80 microM, respectively. These results demonstrate that modification of sulfhydryl groups by PCMB activates Cl/OH exchange in BBMV.
A qualitative study of factors affecting mental health amongst low-income working mothers in Bangalore, India

Low-income urban working mothers face many challenges in their domestic, environmental, and working conditions that may affect their mental health. In India, a high prevalence of mental health disorders has been recorded in young women, but there has been little research to examine the factors that affect their mental health at home and work. Through a primarily qualitative approach, we studied the relationship between work, caring for family, spousal support, stress relief strategies and mental health amongst forty eight low-income working mothers residing in urban slums across Bangalore, India. Participants were construction workers, domestic workers, factory workers and fruit and vegetable street vendors. Qualitative data analysis themes included state of mental health, factors that affected mental health positively or negatively, manifestations and consequences of stress and depression, and stress mitigators. Even in our small sample of women, we found evidence of extreme depression, including suicidal ideation and attempted suicide. Women who have an alcoholic and/or abusive husband, experience intimate partner violence, are raising children with special needs, and lack adequate support for child care appear to be more susceptible to severe and prolonged periods of depression and suicide attempts. Factors that pointed towards reduced anxiety and depression were social support from family, friends and colleagues and fulfilment from work. This qualitative study raises concerns that low-income working mothers in urban areas in India are at high risk for depression, and identifies common factors that create and mitigate stress in this population group. We discuss implications of the findings for supporting the mental health of urban working women in the Indian context. The development of the national mental health policy in India and its subsequent implementation should draw on existing research documenting factors associated with negative mental health amongst specific population groups in order to ensure greater impact.
Efficacy of a Rice Based Oral Rehydration Solution Containing Human Recombinant Lactoferrin and Lysosyme in Children with Acute Diarrhea: P102

Introduction: Lactoferrin (LF) and lysozyme (LZ) have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Addition of human recombinant LF and LZ to an ORS may have a beneficial effect on diarrhea.
Dynamics of electron wave propagation in photoionization microscopy. I. Semiclassical open-orbit theory

This is the first of two papers that develop theories and numerical methods for photoionization microscopy of hydrogen atoms in strong electric fields, in semiclassical and quantum-mechanical frameworks, respectively. In this paper, semiclassical open-orbit theory is presented to describe the propagation of outgoing electron waves to macroscopic distances. Spatial distributions of electron probability densities and current densities are predicted. The open-orbit theory, based on an assumption that electron waves propagate along classical paths from a pointlike source to a detector, provides a clear and intuitive physical picture to interpret structures of observed geometrical interference patterns in photoionization microscopy. We calculate photoelectron ejection of hydrogen atoms in electric fields, and comparison is made with quantum-mechanical results, which will be detailed in the second paper [Zhao and Delos, Phys. Rev. A 81, 053418 (2010)]. A strong quantum tunneling effect has been found. Such a tunneling effect should be visible in the experiment.
Myosin-1c Couples Assembling Actin to Membranes to Drive Compensatory Endocytosis

Compensatory endocytosis follows regulated exocytosis in cells ranging from eggs to neurons, but the means by which it is accomplished are unclear. In Xenopus eggs, compensatory endocytosis is driven by dynamic coats of assembling actin that surround and compress exocytosing cortical granules (CGs). We have identified Xenopus laevis myosin-1c (XlMyo1c) as a myosin that is upregulated by polyadenylation during meiotic maturation, the developmental interval that prepares eggs for fertilization and regulated CG exocytosis. Upon calcium-induced exocytosis, XlMyo1c is recruited to exocytosing CG membranes where actin coats then assemble. When XlMyo1c function is disrupted, actin coats assemble, but dynamic actin filaments are uncoupled from the exocytosing CG membranes such that coats do not compress, and compensatory endocytosis fails. Remarkably, there is also an increase in polymerized actin at membranes throughout the cell. We conclude that XlMyo1c couples polymerizing actin to membranes and so mediates force production during compensatory endocytosis.
Cellphone geolocation via magnetic mapping

We develop novel algorithms based on interval analysis with theoretical guarantees, to augment the accuracy of cell phone geolocation by taking advantage of local variations of magnetic intensity. Thus, the sources of disturbances to magnetometer readings caused indoors are effectively used as beacons for localization. We construct a magnetic intensity map for an indoor environment by collecting magnetic field data over each floor tile. We then test the algorithms without position initialization and obtain indoor geolocation to within 2?m while slowly walking over a complex path of 80?m. The geolocation errors are smaller in the vicinity of large magnetic disturbances. Finally, we fuse the magnetometer measurement with inertial measurements on the cell phone to yield even smaller geolocation errors of under 50?cm for a moving user. Our theoretical results connect geolocation accuracy to combinations of sensor and map properties.
FINDING LEAST SQUARES LINES WITH MATHEMATICA

ABSTRACT A detailed study of least squares lines reveals that there are several cases to consider. There are three “close fitting lines”, they minimize of the sum of the squares of the vertical distances, horizontal distances, and orthogonal distances, respectively. Students are interested in exploring these three cases as a computer laboratory exercise. The software Mathematica can be used to program the numerical computations and obtain the graph of the lines and points. This demonstrates that Mathematica is more than a computer algebra system; it is also a programming language which can be used for teaching numerical analysis.
Effect of glucose and insulin on collagen secretion by human skin fibroblasts in vitro.

INCREASED glucose concentration in the medium in which normal fibroblasts are grown in culture caused an increase in one type of procollagen synthesised, an increase in the incorporation of labelled carbon from glucose into collagen, and an increase in the rate of collagen secretion. The addition of insulin to the culture media did not affect collagen secretion.
Conserved residues modulate copper release in human copper chaperone Atox1.

It is unclear how the human copper (Cu) chaperone Atox1 delivers Cu to metal-binding domains of Wilson and Menkes disease proteins in the cytoplasm. To begin to address this problem, we have characterized Cu(I) release from wild-type Atox1 and two point mutants (Met10Ala and Lys60Ala). The dynamics of Cu(I) displacement from holo-Atox1 were measured by using the Cu(I) chelator bicinchonic acid (BCA) as a metal acceptor. BCA removes Cu(I) from Atox1 in a three-step process involving the bimolecular formation of an initial Atox1–Cu–BCA complex followed by dissociation of Atox1 and the binding of a second BCA to generate apo-Atox1 and Cu–BCA2. Both mutants lose Cu(I) more readily than wild-type Atox1 because of more rapid and facile displacement of the protein from the Atox1–Cu–BCA intermediate by the second BCA. Remarkably, Cu(I) uptake from solution by BCA is much slower than the transfer from holo-Atox1, presumably because of slow dissociation of DTT–Cu complexes. These results suggest that Cu chaperones play a key role in making Cu(I) rapidly accessible to substrates and that the activated protein–metal–chelator complex may kinetically mimic the ternary chaperone–metal–target complex involved in Cu(I) transfer in vivo.
Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in Native American women

Abstract Background Rates of physical activity among Native American women are low, and few studies have assessed the factors associated with physical activity in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among physical activity and various personal, social environmental, and physical environmental factors in Native American women. Methods As part of the multisite study of the Women's Cardiovascular Health Network Project, 350 Native American women from the Southwest completed a face-to-face interview. Participants ranged in age from 20 to 50 years. Logistic regression analyses were conducted using physical activity as the dependent variable. Results Participants represented a variety of tribal groups, with most being Navajo or Pueblo. More than one half (55.1%) met moderate or vigorous physical activity recommendations, with 32.0% being insufficiently active, and 12.9% being inactive. Personal factors related to being more active included not having a marital partner, self-reporting excellent or very good health, and having very high physical activity self-efficacy. In terms of social environmental factors, women were more likely to meet physical activity recommendations if they knew people who exercised, if they saw people exercising in their neighborhood, and if they attended religious services. Physical environmental factors that were examined were not associated with meeting physical activity recommendations. Conclusions Social environmental factors were significantly associated with physical activity in Native American women. The results emphasize the importance of support from family, friends, communities, and leaders in increasing physical activity among this group of women.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Survival in Patients Having Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis With or Without Concomitant Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

The purpose of this report is to describe the effect of body mass index (BMI) on 30-day and late outcome in patients having aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis (AS) with or without concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. From January 2002 through June 2010 (8.5 years), 1,040 operatively excised stenotic aortic valves were submitted to the cardiovascular laboratory at Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Of the 1,040 cases 175 were eliminated because they had a previous cardiac operation. The present study included 865 adults whose AVR for AS was their first cardiac operation. Propensity-adjusted analysis showed that 30-day and late mortality were strongly and significantly associated with BMI. Decreased risk of 30-day and long-term mortality was observed for patients with BMI in the low 30s compared to patients with BMI in the mid 20s or >40 kg/m 2 . In conclusion, the findings in this study indicate a strong and significant adjusted association between BMI and 30-day and long-term mortality in patients having AVR for AS with or without concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Better survival was observed in patients with BMIs in the low 30s compared to patients with BMIs in the mid 20s and >40 kg/m 2 .
Finding Independent Sets inK4-Free 4-Regular Connected Graphs

LetGbe aK4-free 4-regular connected graph with?vertices. ThenGcontains an independent set of vertices of cardinality at least (7??4)/26. Furthermore, the proof will yield a polynomial-time algorithm which will return an independent set of cardinality at least (7??4)/26 for any such graph. A family ofK4-free 4-regular connected graphs with maximum independent set of cardinality311?is provided, so that the asymptotically sharp lower bound lies between726and311. We also provide a slight improvement over the best previously known result for triangle-free 5-regular graphs.
Dark Menexenus: Black Opportunism in an Age of Racial Anxiety

Since people of African descent first arrived in America, we have had to contend not only with white oppression but also with our own willingness to undermine each other. This essay offers an alternative reading of the muting of African American scholarship that focuses on the breaking of what Aaron David Gresson, III, calls “the collusive bond.” My analysis suggests that the muting of race-related research can occur on either side of the color line, and that it can be motivated not only by racial antipathy but also by self-interest and opportunism.
Industry changes in technology and complementary assets and the creation of high-growth firms

Abstract This study uses employment data to examine why some industries host more new high-growth firms than others. Using a unique data base of 201 industries over a 15-year period, we find that increases in the proportion of employment of scientists and engineers in industries are positively associated with counts of fast-growing new firms; however, we do not detect a relationship between fluctuations in the proportion of employment in sales and production occupations and counts of fast-growing new firms. The findings suggest that technological innovation is an important determinant of entrepreneurial opportunity. Further, they suggest that private new firms are an important means of organizing commercial innovation and that new firms may be less constrained by complementary assets than has been previously understood.
Lexical ambiguity and eye fixations in reading: A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution

Abstract Eye movement data were used to test two models of lexical ambiguity resolution. When ambiguous target words are preceded by disambiguating context, the integration model holds that the disambiguating material has no effect on the initial access phase of the meaning assignment process. In contrast, the reordered access model holds that disambiguating material can affect the initial access phase of the process by increasing the availability of one of the potential meanings. Subjects read sentences containing ambiguous words that had one very dominant and another more subordinate meaning. The words were preceded either by (1) evidence that the subordinate meaning of the word should be instantiated, (2) evidence that the dominant meaning should not be instantiated, or (3) neutral material. The ambiguous words were followed by material that conclusively disambiguated them toward their subordinate meanings. Gaze durations on the ambiguous words were longer when the words were preceded by evidence against their dominant meanings. Processing times for the disambiguating material were longer when the words were preceded by neutral material. The results were interpreted as support for the reordered access model.
Some Characteristics of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Extraintestinal Infections of Humans

Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans possess a constellation of phenotypes not usually found in random fecal isolates, enteropathogenic strains, or the laboratory strain E. co ii K12. The phenotypes found more commonly in extraintestinal strains include hemolysin production, the biosynthesis of colicin V, and the hemagglutination of human erythrocytes in the presence of D-mannose (HA,,). Hemolysin is assumed to be a cytotoxic factor, colicin V is assumed to interfere with host defense mechanisms, and HA,, is assumed to play a role in specific tissue adherence. In addition, __50% of E. coli strains from extraintestinal infections kill allantoically inoculated 13-day-old chick embryos. Some (20%) of the fecal E. coli also kill chick embryos, but E. coli K12 is innocuous in this virulence model. The plasmids for hemolysin and colicin V production have been transmitted to E. coli K12 derivatives but are not sufficient to convert laboratory strains to a form virulent for the chick embryo.
Spin-Dependent WIMP Limits from a Bubble Chamber

Bubble chambers were the dominant technology used for particle detection in accelerator experiments for several decades, eventually falling into disuse with the advent of other techniques. We report here on a new application for these devices. We operated an ultraclean, room-temperature bubble chamber containing 1.5 kilograms of superheated CF3I, a target maximally sensitive to spin-dependent and -independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) couplings. An extreme intrinsic insensitivity to the backgrounds that commonly limit direct searches for dark matter was measured in this device under operating conditions leading to the detection of low-energy nuclear recoils like those expected from WIMPs. Improved limits on the spin-dependent WIMP-proton scattering cross section were extracted during our experiments, excluding this type of coupling as a possible explanation for a recent claim of particle dark-matter detection.
Nursing students' response to tobacco cessation curricula in Minnesota baccalaureate nursing programs.

Ensuring that RNs entering the profession possess the skills necessary to provide evidence-based tobacco cessation interventions to patients can substantially increase the number of smokers who are provided with such treatments. Quantitative descriptive survey data were collected in spring 2007 from two samples: 675 baccalaureate nursing students in their senior coursework and directors of 10 Minnesota baccalaureate nursing programs. Two of 10 programs contained all items of content and these students were signifi cantly more knowledgeable, whereas 8 of the programs did not cover the content adequately and students were less knowledgeable. Minimal clinical application was reported by students in all 10 of the programs. Essential competencies regarding health promotion for tobacco cessation need to be established. Programs need to include all three domains of learning including cognitive, skill acquisition, and attitudes or beliefs.
Sites of attractiveness: Japanese women and westernized representations of feminine beauty

Ever since Japan's entry into global geopolitics, scholars have identified Japanese popular cultural texts as a terrain on which this country's complex relationship to the West is negotiated. Few studies, however, have adequately addressed how such texts—and Western influence in general—might be experienced differently by different groups and/or strata of Japanese society. Inspired by the work of postcolonial feminist scholars who argue that gender, race, class, and cultural identity must be examined in relationship to each other, this study focuses on a group of 29 women with whom the author conducted interviews and extensive participant observation during eight months of fieldwork in a small Japanese community. It examines, in particular, how these women negotiated Westernized representations of feminine beauty omnipresent in the Japanese media. This article argues that even though informants assertively critiqued and actively negotiated media representations, their own conceptions of attractiveness—and...
Activation of Rac1 by shear stress in endothelial cells mediates both cytoskeletal reorganization and effects on gene expression

Hemodynamic shear stress is a fundamental determinant of vascular remodeling and atherogenesis. Changes in focal adhesions, cytoskeletal organization and gene expression are major responses of endothelial cells to shear stress. Here, we show that activation of the small GTPase Rac is essential for gene expression and for providing spatial information for shear stress‐induced cell alignment. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) localizes activated Rac1 in the direction of flow. This directional Rac1 activation is downstream of shear‐induced new integrin binding to extracellular matrix. Additionally, Rac1 mediates flow‐induced stimulation of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) and the subsequent expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), an adhesion receptor involved in the recruitment of leukocytes to atherosclerotic plaque. These studies provide a unifying model linking three of the main responses to shear stress that mediate both normal adaptation to hemodynamic forces and inflammatory dysfunction of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis.
Convergent pathobiologic model of Parkinson's disease.

: The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) has yet to be delineated. Human genetic studies as well as neurotoxicant and transgenic animal models of PD suggest that multiple events trigger the initiation of this progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder. In addition, we propose that despite disparate disease triggers a convergent pathobiologic pathway exists leading to cell death. The common pathway model posits that both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease obligately share a common pathophysiological substrate. Herein we discuss the evidence for a common pathway model of Parkinson's disease through a review of synuclein transgenic models and outline an approach for the idenfication of shared therapeutic targets. We end with a discussion of a potential alternative therapy for Parkinson's disease.
Adaptive Mobile Sensor Positioning for Multi-Static Target Tracking

Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly prominent role in both military and civilian applications. We focus here on the use of multiple UAV agents in a target tracking application where performance is improved by exploiting each agent's maneuverability. Local time-delay and Doppler measurements made at each UAV are used as inputs to an extended Kalman filter (EKF) which tracks the target's position and velocity. Two simple metrics are defined to quantify the accuracy of the tracking algorithm, and heading feedback to the UAVs is used to minimize the metric and improve tracking performance. A simplified version of one of the algorithms that reduces computational complexity is also presented. Simulations demonstrate the significant improvement that results when the UAV sensors are allowed to be optimally positioned during tracking.
HIGH AND VARIABLE INFLATION: FURTHER EVIDENCE ON THE FRIEDMAN HYPOTHESIS

This note, employing a GARCH model, finds a positive and significant relationship between the level and variability of inflation in South Africa in the period 1957:1-2005:9. This provides evidence in support of Friedman's hypothesis that high inflation leads to more variable inflation.
KNEE ADDUCTION MOMENT, SERUM HYALURONAN LEVEL, AND DISEASE SEVERITY IN MEDIAL TIBIOFEMORAL OSTEOARTHRITIS

Objective The adduction moment at the knee during gait is the primary determinant of medial-tolateral load distribution. If the adduction moment contributes to progression of osteoarthritis (OA), then patients with advanced medial tibiofemoral OA should have higher adduction moments. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that the adduction moment normalized for weight and height is associated with medial tibiofemoral OA disease severity after controlling for age, sex, and pain level, and to examine the correlation of serum hyaluronan (HA) level with disease severity and with the adduction moment in a subset of patients. Methods Fifty-four patients with medial tibiofemoral OA underwent gait analysis and radiographic evaluation. Disease severity was assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade and medial joint space width. In a subset of 23 patients with available sera, HA was quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pearson correlations, a random effects model, and multivariate regression models were used. Results The adduction moment correlated with the K-L grade in the left and right knees (r = 0.68 and r = 0.60, respectively), and with joint space width in the left and right knees (r = -0.45 and r = -0.47, respectively). The relationship persisted after controlling for age, sex, and severity of pain. The partial correlation between K-L grade and adduction moment was 0.71 in the left knees and 0.61 in the right knees. For every 1.0-unit increase in adduction moment, there was a 0.63-mm decrease in joint space width. In the subset of patients in whom serum HA levels were measured, HA levels correlated with medial joint space width (r = -0.55), but not with the adduction moment. Conclusion There is a significant relationship between the adduction moment and OA disease severity. Serum HA levels correlate with joint space width but not with the adduction moment. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to determine the contribution of the adduction moment, and its contribution in conjunction with metabolic markers, to progression of medial tibiofemoral OA.
Molecular profiling supports the role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer metastasis

Background While metastasis ranks among the most lethal of all cancer-associated processes, on the molecular level, it remains one of the least well understood. One model that has gained credibility in recent years is that metastasizing cells at least partially recapitulate the developmental process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in their transit from primary to metastatic sites. While experimentally supported by cell culture and animal model studies, the lack of unambiguous confirmatory evidence in cancer patients has led to persistent challenges to the model’s relevance in humans.
B. F. Skinner and the Technological Control of Social Behavior

Humanist critiques of B. F. Skinner have made valuable contributions to our understanding of his thought, but more attention needs to be paid to his work as potential empirical theory. To evaluate the theoretical merits of Skinner's approach, this paper examines his methodological postulates, his implicit epistemology, and some underlying normative assumptions. It is argued that Skinnerian behaviorism commits a serious error in allowing a methodological presupposition (reduction of the subject matter to observable behavior of the organism) to become a de facto ontology that prematurely forecloses the incorporation of potentially valuable hypothetical constructs at the level of social theory. This theoretical difficulty is critical because the inherent safeguards of science that Skinner proposes as a humane safeguard against misuse would be unlikely to apply to an actual technology of behavior control as employed by political and administrative authorities.
Response suppression produced by vestibular stimulation in the rat.

Seven rats were trained to stable performance levels on either Fixed Ratio 47, Variable Ratio 47, Variable Interval 1-min, or Fixed Interval 1-min schedules of food reinforcement. Subjects were then tested for sensitivity to vestibular stimulation from rotation, using an ascending method of limits technique with increments in velocity of one revolution per minute every 5 min. Centrifugal forces were minimized by locating the test chamber over the axis of rotation. Response rates decreased in all subjects as a function of increasing rotation speed. In addition, characteristic differences in the patterns of response decrement were found between subjects on ratio and on interval schedules. Repeated tests indicated high intra-subject reliability in sensitivity to rotation. Similarities of these data to “motion sickness” phenomena in other species were noted. It is suggested that this behavioral approach provides a sensitive and quantifiable technique for assessing the effects of vestibular stimulation in animals.
School Promotion of Healthful Diet and Physical Activity: Impact on Learning Outcomes and Self-Reported Behavior:

The Go For Health Program included classroom health education and environmental changes in school lunch and physical education to foster healthful diet and exercise among elementary school children. Interventions were based on social learning theory and implementation was based on an organizational change strategy for school innovations. Two schools were assigned to intervention and two to control conditions. Cognitive measures (behavioral capability, self-efficacy, behavioral expectations) and self-reported diet and exercise behavior were assessed at baseline and following intervention. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the student and then the school as the unit of analysis. Statistically significant changes were observed for diet behavioral capability, self-efficacy, and behavioral expectations, use of salt, and exercise behavioral capability (fourth grade), self-efficacy (fourth grade) and frequency of participation in aerobic activity. The results provide evidence for program impact on learning outcomes and student behavior.
Etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: A unified hypothesis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), emerged and dramatically increased for about a century. Despite extensive research, its cause remains regarded as unknown. About a decade ago, a series of findings made me suspect that saccharin may be a key causative factor for IBD, through its inhibition on gut bacteria and the resultant impaired inactivation of digestive proteases and over digestion of the mucus layer and gut barrier (the Bacteria-Protease-Mucus-Barrier hypothesis). It explained many puzzles in IBD such as its emergence and temporal changes in last century. Recently I further found evidence suggesting sucralose may be also linked to IBD through a similar mechanism as saccharin and have contributed to the recent worldwide increase of IBD. This new hypothesis suggests that UC and CD are just two symptoms of the same morbidity, rather than two different diseases. They are both caused by a weakening in gut barrier and only differ in that UC is mainly due to increased infiltration of gut bacteria and the resultant recruitment of neutrophils and formation of crypt abscess, while CD is mainly due to increased infiltration of antigens and particles from gut lumen and the resultant recruitment of macrophages and formation of granulomas. It explained the delayed appearance but accelerated increase of CD over UC and many other phenomena. This paper aims to provide a detailed description of a unified hypothesis regarding the etiology of IBD, including the cause and mechanism of IBD, as well as the relationship between UC and CD.
Two biochemical markers in lymphocyte subpopulations.

Summary. Human blood lymphocytes can be separated into two populations according to the presence of surface complement receptors. Lymphocytes containing complement receptors (CR+) were found to have a high rate of RNA synthesis or turnover accompanied by increased protein synthesis. Lymphocytes not containing complement receptors (CR—) while maintaining a low profile in RNA synthesis, had a 10–12-fold greater activity in adenosine deaminase enzyme which is believed to be related to lymphocyte-immune responses and cell-mediated immunity. These two biochemical characteristics can be useful tools for future studies in lymphocyte functions. By using these two biochemical markers, we found that CLL lymphocytes were predominantly of the CR+ type, had high active RNA synthesis, and very low adenosine deaminase level. Lymphocytes from two patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia showed a picture opposite to that of CLL.
Monitoring Detailed Land‐Cover Changes in Shrubland Habitat Reserves Using Multi‐temporal IKONOS Data

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the utility of multi‐temporal, multi‐spectral image data acquired by the IKONOS satellite system for monitoring detailed land cover changes within shrubland habitat reserves. Sub‐pixel accuracy in date‐to‐date registration was achieved, in spite of the irregular relief of the study area and the high spatial resolution of the imagery. Change vector classification enabled features ranging in size from tens of square meters to several hectares to be detected and six general land cover change classes to be identified. Interpretation of the change vector classification product in conjunction with visual inspection of the multi‐temporal imagery enabled identification of specific change types such as: vegetation disturbance and associated increase in soil exposure, shrub removal, urban edge vegetation clearing and fire maintenance, increase in vegetation cover, spread of invasive plant species, fire scars and subsequent recovery, erosional scouring, trail and r...
Unique susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to simethicone emulsifiers in alimentary therapeutic agents

Helicobacter pylori is killed in vitro by polyoxyethylene acyl esters and ethers similar to simethicone emulsifiers in therapeutic antifoams. The MBC of these compounds for Helicobacter pylori was less than 20 micrograms/ml, while other gram-negative bacteria were unaffected by much higher concentrations of up to 50 mg/ml.
Development of particle migration in pressure-driven flow of a Brownian suspension

An experimental investigation into the influence of Brownian motion on shear-induced particle migration of monodisperse suspensions of micrometre-sized colloidal particles is presented. The suspension is pumped through a 50 μm × 500 μm rectangular cross-section glass channel. The experiments are characterized chiefly by the sample volume fraction (φ = 0.1 − 0.4), and the flow rate expressed as the Peclet number (Pe = 10 − 400). For each experiment we measure the entrance length, which is the distance from the inlet of the channel required for the concentration profile to develop to its non-uniform steady state. The entrance length increases strongly with increasing Pe for Pe ≪ 100, in marked contrast to non-Brownian flows for which the entrance length is flow-rate independent. For larger Pe, the entrance length reaches a constant value which depends on the other experimental parameters. Additionally, the entrance length decreases with increasing φ; this effect is strongest for low φ. Modelling of the migration based on spatial variation of the normal stresses due to the particles captures the primary features observed in the axial evolution over a range of Pe and φ.
Physiological and Cognitive Processes in the Regulation of Anxiety

For the past five years we have been engaged in a program of research whose ultimate goal has been the development and evaluation of therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety. A basic assumption underlying our work has been that the successful evolution of such strategies will be facilitated by advances in our knowledge about the nature of anxiety itself. Consequently the majority of the research has attempted to identify basic conditions (environmental and subject) that serve to maintain or reduce the anxiety response.
Measuring Professional Ethics in Coaching: Development of the PISC-Q

Sport is commonly lauded as the ideal place for participants to learn life skills. However, concerns related to the “win-centered” sport culture has spurred research into ethical behaviors in sport. The purpose of the present study was to create a measure of professional ethics in coaching. Students enrolled in a collegiate coaching education course (N = 766) responded to a series of vignettes related to common situations in the coaching profession. Results indicate the Professional Issues in Sport Coaching Questionnaire is an acceptable measure of situation specific professional ethics. Conclusions and directions for future research are discussed.
Lymph node cytology: a follow-up audit of 456 cases in a tertiary healthcare institution

Objectives This retrospective audit aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in assessing superficial lymphadenopathy in a tertiary healthcare institution. Methods We analysed all superficial lymph node FNAs reported in 2011 in the National University Hospital, Singapore. On-site provisional reports and adequacy assessment were available for selected cases. Alcohol-fixed and air-dried smears were prepared for each case. Cell blocks, immunoperoxidase and/or histochemical studies were performed when required. FNA diagnoses were correlated with final histological diagnoses. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were calculated for cases with definite histological diagnosis. Results There were 456 cases, classified into benign [n = 273 (59.8%)], malignant [n = 112 (24.5%), including 96 (85.7%) metastatic carcinoma and 16 (14.2%) lymphoma], atypical [n = 14 (3.1%)] and non-diagnostic [n = 57 (12.5%)]. Histological follow-up was available in 66 cases. For malignant diagnoses, sensitivity was 80.65%, specificity 96.43%, PPV 96.15% and NPV 81.82%. Sensitivity for metastases and lymphoma were 93.75% and 66.67% respectively. Agreement between provisional and final diagnoses was 90.2%; and between on-site adequacy assessment and final adequacy was 96.44%. Conclusion Lymph node FNA is a safe, cost effective and accurate first line diagnostic modality, with high diagnostic specificity and PPV.
A Record of Homing in the Big Brown Bat

During the springs of 1955 and 1956, nine big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus , were banded and released on the campus of the University of Illinois, Urbana. These bats had all …