cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of hypothermia and cardioplegia on cardiac intracellular membrane potentials.

High potassium cardioplegia has been coupled with hypothermia to arrest and protect the myocardium during surgical intervention. Previous studies have demonstrated improved recovery of myocardial function [4], increased high energy phosphate stores [2, 81, and decreased myocardial fluid and electrolyte shifts [13] following elective hypothermic high potassium arrest. The viability and function of the myocardial cell during and after a hyperkalemic insult have also been studied using anoxic in vitro muscle preparations for the measurement of resting cardiac intracellular membrane potentials (E,) [3]. Resting membrane potentials have not been used, however, to assess cardiac cell viability during high potassium cardioplegia and hypothermia in a perfused muscle preparation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of high potassium cardioplegia and hypothermia on the resting intracellular membrane potentials and function in the isolated arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum [ 111. E,, developed tension (DT), and dP/dt were measured during hyperkalemic and normokalemic anoxic perfusion and reperfusion at 18 and 28°C.
Cost Minimization Analysis of Ultrasound-Guided Diagnostic Evaluation of Probably Benign Breast Lesions

The objective of this study was to compare direct health care costs for two competing diagnostic strategies for probably benign breast lesions detected by ultrasound in young women. We developed a decision analytic model and performed a cost minimization analysis comparing ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted core biopsy and conservative short-term diagnostic ultrasound follow-up. Relative probabilities for diagnostic outcomes were derived from pooled analysis of the medical literature. Direct health care costs were estimated using United States national average figures from calendar year 2010. Deterministic sensitivity analyses were conducted, as well as a first-order Monte Carlo simulation to confirm cost differences between the two strategies. The conservative short-term imaging follow-up strategy ($639.55 average cost per patient) was the most economical strategy compared to immediate vacuum-assisted core biopsy ($879.55 average cost per patient). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the preferred strategy is most dependent on the probabilities of detecting change in appearance on follow-up ultrasound, having a benign finding on immediate core biopsy, and finding cancer on a biopsy triggered by an interval change in ultrasound appearance. The model was also sensitive to the costs of vacuum-assisted core biopsy and diagnostic ultrasound. Conservative imaging follow-up of BIRADS 3 breast masses by ultrasound is cost saving compared to immediate vacuum-assisted core biopsy, with a potential of saving more than one-third of overall costs associated with the diagnostic work-up of such lesions. Watchful waiting with short-term interval follow-up ultrasounds will spare women from unnecessary procedures and spare the United States health care system from unnecessary direct health care costs.
Metabolism of estrogens and their sulfates in rat uterine minces.

Mature rat uterine minces were incubated with estrone, 17β-estradiol and their sulfates. Comparative incubations were made using immature uteri, uteri from ovariectomized animals, mature esophagus and immature esophagus. Hydrolysis of the 3-sulfate moiety was common in all experiments, although to varying extents. At the concentrations investigated (10−5–10−8M), there was nearly twice the uptake of the 3-sulfated estrogens by pooled mature uterine minces as was observed in the incubations with unconjugated estrogens. Whereas uteri obtained in the various stages of the estrous cycle concentrated 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate to the same extent, 17β-estradiol was taken up more readily by estrous than by proestrous or diestrous uteri. Although estrone and 17β-estradiol were interconverted in the mature uterus at the higher concentrations, only oxidation could be demonstrated at levels approaching the physiological state, and this varied throughout the cycle, being greatest at estrus. Oxidation was also demonstrate...
Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a turbulent plasma slab.

Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a turbulent plasma slab is studied. Part of the effects of the multiple scattering is taken into account. The reflection coefficient is found to be increased and its variation with respect to the slab thickness is smoothed out by the random scattering.
X-ray polarization signature of warm absorber winds in AGN

Accretion onto a supermassive black hole in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), Seyfert galaxies and quasars is often accompanied by winds which are powerful enough to affect the AGN mass budget, and whose observational appearance bears an imprint of processes which are happening within the central parsec around the black hole (BH). One example of such a wind is the partially ionized gas responsible for X-ray and UV absorption (‘warm absorbers’). Here we perform 3D calculations of transfer of polarized light in 0.1–10 keV range from hydrodynamical model of warm absorber flow and show that such gas will have a distinct signature when viewed in polarized X-rays and it will be detectable by future dedicated X-ray polarimetry space missions, such as the NASA Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX, GEMS.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SWINE HEAT PRODUCTION

Current ASAE standards of heat and moisture production (HP, MP) for swine are primarily based on data collected nearly four decades ago. Feedstuffs, management practices, growth rate, and lean percentage of swine have changed HP and MP considerably in that time period. Literature data shows that lean percent increased 1.55% in the last 10 years, resulting in an increase in HP by approximately 15%. Data were compiled into two categories: prior to 1988, and 1988 to present. Analysis of this data revealed that HP increased 12.4% to 35.3% between the two categories, with the largest differences occurring at higher temperatures. The results also revealed lack of HP and MP data for greater than 90 kg pigs. The HP and MP standards for design of swine housing systems should be updated.
60: The contribution of family and acculturation-related stress to Latino adolescents’ mental health: A social network approach

THE CONTRIBUTION OF FAMILY AND ACCULTURATION-RELATED STRESS TO LATINO ADOLESCENTS’ MENTAL HEALTH: A SOCIAL NETWORK APPROACH Michele Allen, MD, MS, Marc Elliott, PhD, Sheryl Kataoka, MD, MSHS, Leo Morales, MD, PhD, Katrin Hambarsoomian, MS, Mark Schuster, MD, PhD. Dept of Family Medicine, University of Minnesota; RAND Health, Santa Monica, California; Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA; Dept of Medicine, UCLA; Dept Health Services, UCLA; Dept of Pediatrics, UCLA; UCLA/RAND Center for Adolescent Health Promotion
Current indications for cutaneousureterostomy

Abstract Objective To assess the current indications for cutaneous ureterostomy in children. Method A total of 32 children underwent cutaneous ureterostomy at Texas Children'sHospital from 1975 to 1990. Medical records were reviewed to determine the urologic diagnosis, the indication for urinary diversion, the type of ureterostomy performed, and the outcome for each patient. Results Twenty patients underwent loop cutaneous ureterostomy (LCU) or pyelostomy and 12 patients underwent end cutaneous ureterostomy (ECU). The main indication for LCU was obstructive uropathy unresponsive to lower urinary tract drainage, and the most common cause was posterior urethral valves. Other indications for LCU included obstruction requiring delayed surgical correction, high-grade reflux into a solitary kidney, and obstruction with infection. The children who required ECU were an older, more diverse group than those who underwent LCU. The main indication for ECU was poor bladder function secondary to a variety of congenital anomalies, including prune-belly syndrome, posterior urethral valves, bladder exstrophy, and urogenital sinus defect. Conclusion LCU is easy to perform and is an excellent method for achieving temporaryupper urinary tract drainage. ECU is suited for long-term or permanent urinary diversion in children with at least one dilated ureter, and can provide a socially acceptable stoma when delayed reconstruction is necessary. Many children who were “permanently” diverted by ECU may be undiverted using newer reconstructive techniques.
Rosalind Enterprises: A mini-case for ensuring student mastery of cost behavior concepts in short-term decisions

Abstract Cost behavior and its use in decision making is a fundamental part of all cost and managerial accounting courses. Yet, our experience is that students often accept treatment of differential costs and revenues, and the related emphasis on contribution margin, based on faith rather than understanding. In many cases, even after solving problems considering fixed costs as irrelevant, they still express a great deal of intellectual conflict and doubts. Statements like: “If the company only considers variable costs, how is it going to cover its fixed costs and make a profit?” and “All products should be made to bear their fair share of all costs” are far from rare occurrences. Such statements reflect a less-than-thorough grasp of the uses and limitations of some key cost concepts and their use in decision making. This is a worrisome state of affairs because as managers, students will mostly see unit costs that lump together variable and fixed costs. Even when given a breakdown of costs by behavior, the information still may not be in a form needed to facilitate effective decision making. The aim of this case is to deepen student understanding of the uses and limitations of unit cost data that include averaged or allocated fixed costs. The case, which is best used as an introductory exercise to the topic area, focuses on a two-product situation where the profitability of both products is affected by changes with respect to one product. The accompanying teaching note shows how different types of questions asked by students can be used as the basis for an exciting and fruitful class discussion. While textbooks are full of problems like this case, their accompanying solutions in manuals typically do not go beyond the provision of the correct computations. Given this background, the contribution of this case is not in the presentation of a novel situation or problem. Rather, it is in showing how the discussion process of a typical, simple end-of-chapter problem can be structured to actively involve the students through layers of complexity to solidify their understanding of some key concepts.
Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states

Abstract Problem: A prior study indicated that zero tolerance laws differ in their enforceability and likelihood of enforcement, with California's law being easier to enforce than New York's, and New Mexico's being the hardest of all. The question is, do these differences in enforcement affect teenagers' knowledge and perception of these laws? Method: A telephone survey was conducted to investigate awareness of the laws among 17–20 year olds in these three states and perceptions of enforcement. Results: Estimated percentages of teenagers who knew of the laws were much higher in New York and California (71% and 65%, respectively) than in New Mexico (34%). Perceptions that police were enforcing the law, that licenses could be suspended, and that penalties were often applied were also lowest in New Mexico. Impact on industry: The potential of zero tolerance laws will not be realized without better awareness among young people. Full enforcement of the laws accompanied by publicity about the enforcement is recommended. Changes to the laws and their application may encourage enforcement efforts.
Nonextensive reaction rate

Abstract The Kramers’ survival probability has been generalized by using nonextensive formalism. This nonextensive survival probability is studied in detail and associated Kramers’ rate has been calculated in the high and low viscosity limit. It has been showed that the proportionality of nonextensive Kramers’ rate to the nonextensive friction term in the high viscosity limit changes to inverse proportionality in the low viscosity limit. It has also been observed that friction constant of nonextensive processes is of rescaled form of the ordinary frictional term. Since the relation between the ordinary rate and nonextensive rate is found out to be linear, the Arrhenius nature of the Kramers’ rate is preserved. By using experimental results related to CO rebinding to myoglobin after photodissociation, we conclude that nonextensivity plays an important role in protein reactions.
Speciation and distribution of vanadium in drinking water iron pipe corrosion by-products.

Abstract Vanadium (V) when ingested from drinking water in high concentrations (> 15 μg L− 1) is a potential health risk and is on track to becoming a regulated contaminant. High concentrations of V have been documented in lead corrosion by-products as Pb5(V5+O4)3Cl (vanadinite) which, in natural deposits is associated with iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, phases common in iron pipe corrosion by-products. The extent of potential reservoirs of V in iron corrosion by-products, its speciation, and mechanism of inclusion however are unknown. The aim of this study is to assess these parameters in iron corrosion by-products, implementing synchrotron-based μ-XRF mapping and μ-XANES along with traditional physiochemical characterization. The morphologies, mineralogies, and chemistry of the samples studied are superficially similar to typical iron corrosion by-products. However, we found V present as discrete grains of Pb5(V5+O4)3Cl likely embedded in the surface regions of the iron corrosion by-products. Concentrations of V observed in bulk XRF analysis ranged from 35 to 899 mg kg− 1. We calculate that even in pipes with iron corrosion by-products with low V concentration, 100 mg kg− 1, as little as 0.0027% of a 0.1-cm thick X 100-cm long section of that corrosion by-product needs to be disturbed to increase V concentrations in the drinking water at the tap to levels well above the 15 μg L− 1 notification level set by the State of California and could adversely impact human health. In addition, it is likely that large reservoirs of V are associated with iron corrosion by-products in unlined cast iron mains and service branches in numerous drinking water distribution systems.
Ex vivo blockade of endothelin-1 inhibits graft coronary artery disease in a rodent cardiac allograft model

Abstract Background: Graft coronary artery disease (GCAD) is characterized by vascular narrowing resulting from intimal hyperplasia. Endothelin (ET)-1, derived from the vascular endothelium and macrophages, stimulates vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which leads to neointimal formation in donor graft coronary arteries. In this study, we hypothesized that antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) for preproendothelin-1 (ppET-1) delivered to rat cardiac allografts by means of hyperbaric pressure would reduce the incidence of GCAD. Methods: PVG donor hearts were infused with ppET-1 AS ODN (80 μmol/liter), sense ODN, scrambled ODN or saline alone and incubated in a pressure chamber at 75 psi or ambient pressure for 45 minutes. Cardiac allografts were heterotopically transplanted into ACI rats treated with cyclosporine (7.5 mg/kg, Days 0 to 9). Allografts were procured at post-operative days (POD) 7 or 90. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for ET-1 mRNA and ET01 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed at PODs 7 and 90. Elastic staining and IHC with anti-macrophage and α-SMC actin antibodies were performed to assess GCAD at POD 90. Results: Treatment with AS ODN and pressure significantly reduced ET-1 mRNA and protein expression. A significant reduction in GCAD was achieved with inhibition of ET-1 and was associated with attenuation of macrophages and SMCs in the neointima. Conclusions: Peri-operative ex vivo inhibition of ET-1 expression results in a reduction of GCAD. This highly targeted therapy may be a clinically viable strategy for the prevention of ET-1–induced GCAD following cardiac transplantation.
Europium anomalies and the genesis of basalt: A discussion

Abstract The argument advanced by Philpotts and Schnetzler that europium anomalies in igneous rocks and minerals are mainly caused by crystal chemistry without control by oxidation-reduction reactions is refuted on the grounds that the two effects cannot reasonably be separated in a crystallizing igneous melt.
The adsorption of hydrogen on iron; A surface orbital modified occupancy — bond energy bond order calculation

Abstract A Surface Orbital Modified Occupancy — Bond Energy Bond Order (SOMO-BEBO) model calculation of hydrogen adsorption on iron is presented. This calculation represents a novel approach to the CFSO-BEBO method in that the calculation is correlated in a consistent way with the thermal desorption spectra of the hydrogen-iron system. Heats of molecular adsorption calculated are −32.88, −35.68 and −49.57 kJ/mol for the iron (110), (100), and (111) surfaces, respectively. Heats of dissociative adsorption calculated are −54.40, −75.30 and −87.90 kJ/mol for the three states on the iron (111) surface; −51.21 and − 73.62 kJ/mol for the two states on the iron (100) surface; and −63.78 kJ/mol for the one state on the iron (110) surface. Activation energies for dissociative adsorption were found to be small or zero for the iron (111) surface while non-zero activation energies of 49.27 and 45.05 kJ/mol were calculated for the iron (100) and (110) surfaces, respectively. The FeH single-order bond energy has been calculated to be 298.2 kJ/mol. The radius of the hydrogen surface atom has been estimated to be 1.52 × 10 −10 m consistent with the expected size of an H − ion. The elimination of certain surface sites for molecular adsorption as a result of the ferromagnetism of iron is suggested by the calculation. The reason for the absence of well defined LEED patterns for hydrogen adsorption on the iron (111) and (100) surfaces [Bozso et al., Appl. Surface Sci. 1 (1977) 103] is explained on the basis of the size of the H − surface ion. The adsorption of hydrogen on the iron (110) surface is consistent with a relatively stable, small-sized H + 2 surface ion giving, therefore, a regular LEED pattern and a positive surface potential upon adsorption of hydrogen on this surface.
The effect of leadership on values‐based management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of organization leaders, particularly top managers, in building support for and developing behaviors that are consistent with values‐based management, by providing an empirical assessment of the effect of an organization's senior leadership on the values‐based management process.Design/methodology/approach – As part of a program of organization development, a values‐based management approach was implemented in a large manufacturing organization. As part of the process, a system of measuring and evaluating values‐based behaviors was developed. The senior leaders of two groups of the organization were assessed in terms of their values behaviors, and their direct reports were likewise evaluated by the organization using a 360° process.Findings – The results indicated that the leader's values behaviors were significantly related to the values behaviors of subordinates. Subordinates of leaders who strongly demonstrated values‐based management behaviors...
BRITAIN'S NEWEST IMPORT: AMERICA'S REGULATORY EXPERIENCE

The first of these, generation, is a level into which competition can be injected. But transmission and distribution are closer to natural monopolies. The operators of the transmission grid will, if separated from the other sectors, have substantial monopoly power: even the firmest believers in the ubiquity of contestable markets would be hard pressed to argue that potential entry effectively limits the grid's monopoly power.
Glycerolipid biosynthesis in adipose tissue of the bovine during growth

1. Rates of palmitate esterification in tissue slices and glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity in homogenates were determined in bovine subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue at 340, 418 or 498 kg of live weight. 2. Lower rib section fat accretion rates were observed from 340 to 418 kg than from 418 to 498 kg. 3. Changes in palmitate esterification rates at different body weights were consistent with reduced rib section fat accretion as well as with reported differences in fat accretion in subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots. 4. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity was increased at 418 kg and remained elevated whereas palmitate esterification was decreased at 418 and then increased at 498 kg. 5. Differences between palmitate esterification and glycerophosphate acyltransferase in vitro may have been related to differences in substrate supply.
Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms: pathology and pathogenesis

This review article summarizes our current understanding of the clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic aspects of perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms, a rare group of related tumors defined by both morphologic and immunophenotypic criteria.
Mapping two-dimension trapping potential of nanoparticles in an optical trap

Combining confocal microscopy and optical tweezers, we map out the spatial distribution of the particle concentrations of quantum dots, fluorescent HIV pseudo virus particles and polystyrene nanospheres in an optical trap. By analyzing the Boltzmann distribution of local particle concentrations, we obtain the two-dimension single particle trapping potential profile at the center of the optical trap in the direction perpendicular to the beam propagation. We compare the trapping potential energies of pseudo HIV vesicles and same-sized polystyrene spheres. We also compare the trapping potential energy of polystyrene spheres of a focused Gaussian beam and two modes of cylindrical vector beams.
Seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric convergence zones in the tropical Pacific observed with ERS-1 scatterometer

Monthly images of atmospheric convergence zones in the tropical Pacific were produced with 1992–1994 ERS-1 scatterometer wind vectors. From the images, the position, width, and intensity of the convergence zones can be determined. Latitude-time sections of ocean surface wind divergence show that the summer position of the ITCZ in the eastern Pacific during the observed period exceeded the normal position northward by 3°–6° latitude, and the annual cycle in the western Pacific for 1994 was quite weak, implying a persistently unusual case.
Family history as a predictor of asthma risk

Asthma, one of the most important chronic diseases of children, disproportionately affects minority and low-income children. Many environmental risk factors for asthma have been identified, including animal, mite, and other allergens; cigarette smoke; and air pollutants. Genetics also play an important causative role, as indicated by familial aggregation and the identification of candidate genes and chromosomal regions linked to asthma risk. Using a positive family history of asthma to identify children at increased risk could provide a basis for targeted prevention efforts, aimed at reducing exposure to environmental risk factors. To assess the predictive value of family history as an indicator of risk for childhood asthma, we reviewed population-based studies that evaluated family history of asthma and atopic disease in children with asthma. Our search identified 33 studies from all geographic regions of the world for review. The studies varied in definitions of positive family history and asthma phenotype and used study populations with asthma prevalence ranging from 2% to 26%. Nevertheless, family history of asthma in one or more first-degree relatives was consistently identified as a risk factor for asthma. In ten studies, sensitivity and predictive value of a positive family history of asthma could be calculated: sensitivity ranged from 4% to 43%, positive predictive value from 11% to 37%, and negative predictive value from 86% to 97%. Although a positive family history predicts an increased risk of asthma, it identifies a minority of children at risk. Positive family history may have utility in targeting some individual prevention efforts, but the low positive predictive value limits its value as a means to direct environmental remediation efforts.
Neuroprotection and P450 2C11 Upregulation After Experimental Transient Ischemic Attack

Background and Purpose — Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a risk factor for stroke. However, TIA may also serve as a preconditioning stimulus, reducing damage from subsequent stroke. We tested the hypothesis that experimental TIA induces expression of P450 2C11, an arachidonic acid epoxygenase that produces vasodilator epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, leading to increased tissue perfusion and reduced stroke damage. Methods — Wistar rats underwent three 10-minute middle cerebral artery occlusions (TIA) or sham surgery. Three days later, animals were subjected to 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 hours of reperfusion. Brains were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride for infarct size measurement or processed for quantification of P450 2C11 mRNA and protein with the use of RNase protection assay and Western blotting. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) at the end of 2-hour ischemia was measured in separate groups of rats with iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Results — Cerebral infarct was reduced by >50% in TIA- versus sham-preconditioned animals. 2C11 mRNA and protein were increased in ipsilateral hemisphere by 3 days after TIA but not sham surgery. Induction of 2C11 by TIA was also evident in ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hours after 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 hours of reperfusion. End-ischemic regional CBF was not different between TIA- and sham-pretreated groups. Conclusions — We conclude that experimental TIA induces ischemic tolerance by a mechanism temporally linked to upregulation of P450 2C11. Enzyme induction does not attenuate ischemic severity by amplifying end-ischemic CBF.
Open access book publishing in writing studies: A case study

The publication of scholarly books has been shaped strongly in recent decades by two factors: assessments by publishers of the potential market for books and the influence of publisher's reputations on tenure and promotion decisions. This article reflects on the choices made by a group of senior scholars in the field of composition and rhetoric as they conceived of and published an open access book on activity theory and writing and, subsequently, published an open access book series in the area of rhetoric and composition. The implications of open access book publishing for access to scholarly work and tenure-and-promotion decisions are considered.
A Data Throughput Prediction and Optimization Service for Widely Distributed Many-Task Computing

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an application-layer data throughput prediction and optimization service for many-task computing in widely distributed environments. This service uses multiple parallel TCP streams to improve the end-to-end throughput of data transfers. A novel mathematical model is developed to determine the number of parallel streams, required to achieve the best network performance. This model can predict the optimal number of parallel streams with as few as three prediction points. We implement this new service in the Stork Data Scheduler, where the prediction points can be obtained using Iperf and GridFTP samplings. Our results show that the prediction cost plus the optimized transfer time is much less than the nonoptimized transfer time in most cases. As a result, Stork data transfer jobs with optimization service can be completed much earlier, compared to nonoptimized data transfer jobs.
Efficient and effective content-based image retrieval using space transformation

A promising approach to content-based image retrieval, proposed by Choubey and Raghavan (1997), involves the representation of the original image space, in terms of low-level image features into a feature space, where images are represented as vectors of high-level features. The retrieval system based on that approach consists of three phases: database population; online addition; and image retrieval. Though their framework supports content-based retrieval of images, the issues that arise when database grows dynamically and user queries are different from those in database, were not investigated. In the current work, we: (i) experimentally investigate issues relating to online addition of new images and image retrieval; and (ii) provide a theoretical analysis of the complexity and effectiveness of our retrieval system by comparing it with the conventional approach. We have performed an extensive set of experiments to test the efficiency, effectiveness and scalability of our approach. The experimental results show that our approach is not only efficient but also effective in retrieving images even when the image database is dynamic and user queries are framed with images that are external to the database.
Barriers to College Opportunity: The Unintended Consequences of State-Mandated Testing

This study explores the ways that state high school testing policies shape college opportunity among students attending 15 high schools in five states. The authors use multiple descriptive case studies to explore how testing policies influence key predictors of college enrollment (e.g., high school graduation, academic preparation, knowledge, and information) and a high school's capacity to promote college enrollment. The study identifies several unintended consequences of state-mandated high school tests for factors related to college enrollment and shows that the unintended negative consequences are greater at schools with the lowest average socioeconomic status and academic achievement than at other schools.
Pharmacokinetics of CaNa2EDTA and chelation of lead in renal failure

The pharmacokinetics of 1 gm intramuscular doses of CaNa2 (14C-)EDTA and the chelation of lead (Pb) were studied in 10 subjects with varying degrees of renal function and normal body burdens of Pb. The clearance of CaNa2EDTA significantly correlated with creatinine clearances (CLCR) (r = 0.8373; P = 0.0097). Clearances were decreased in subjects with CLCR 100 ml/min (28 vs. 76 ml/min). Maximum serum CaNa2EDTA concentrations and volume of distribution (Varea) (0.05 to 0.23 L/kg) were similar in all subjects. The Varea is smaller than previously described and is more consistent with other experimental data. Considering all subjects, initial blood Pb concentrations correlated with cumulative urine Pb excretion over 3 days (r = 0.8967; P = 0.0005). Urine Pb excretion did not correlate with measures of renal function or measures of CaNa2EDTA kinetics. Subjects with abnormal CLCR showed significantly greater decreases in blood Pb from day 1 to day 4 (7.0 µg/dl vs. 1.2 µg/dl) compared with normal subjects. These decreases in blood Pb correlated with CLCR (r = 0.7774; P = 0.138) and urine protein (r = 0.8435; P = 0.0087) but not with urine Pb excretion. Renal dysfunction may alter Pb chelatability, bone-blood Pb reequilibration, PbEDTA distribution, or PbEDTA excretion. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 686–693; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.245
Full-field vibrometry using a Fabry-Perot étalon interferometer.

A solid lithium niobate Fabry–Perot etalon interferometer has been investigated with regard to its potential to perform full-field vibrometry. Predictions of theoretical system sensitivity were made based on signal-to-noise calculations. Optimized equations governing the etalon behavior were developed and examined in light of experimental results. The ability of the etalon system to accomplish multiple-(two-)-point simultaneous detection and full-field scanned vibrometry was demonstrated experimentally as well. The possibility of future work to obtain a snapshot image of an ultrasonic wave front is discussed.
State Autonomy and American Political Development: How Mass Democracy Promoted State Power

In the 1980s, many scholars of both comparative and American politics argued that states often act autonomously from social demands. Rejecting reductionist assumptions regarding the primacy of social groups for public policy, both groups of scholars examine how government actors and preexisting institutional constraints influenced policy implementation. Since then, however, while the state has been retained as the primary unit of analysis for most studies of American political development, interest in the autonomy of the state has dwindled, and scholars have increasingly focused on how social groups and electoral outcomes explain state formation and public policy, especially in the nineteenth century. In some instances, scholars have even denied that state autonomy is a relevant concept for the study of American political development.
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced regulation of protein kinase C gene expression during HL-60 cell differentiation.

The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 differentiates in vitro when treated with various inducers. It has previously been shown that protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are modulated during granulocytic differentiation of HI-GO cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide or retinoic acid (M. Makowske, R. Ballester, Y. Cayre, and 0. M. Rosen, J. Biol. Chem., 263: 3402-3410, 1988; K. Hashimoto, A. Kishimoto, H. Aihara, I. Yasuda, K. Mikawa, and Y. Nishizuka, FEBS Lett., 263: 31-34, 1990). HL-60 responds to la,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) or to 12-0tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by giving rise to monocytic cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment of HL-60 cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3 causes dramatic increases in PKC-a and PKC-� protein levels detected by immunoblotting with PKC isoform-specific antibodies and in Ca2�- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity. We also observed a transient increase in the steady-state levels of PKC-a and PKC-iI mRNA species in Northern blotting experiments, with maximal induction occurring 48 h after addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3. Analyses of 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced PKC mRNA expression by nuclear run-on transcription experiments suggest that the observed increases in PKC mRNA levels may occur by a posttranscriptional mechanism(s). In contrast to the transient increases in PKC mRNA levels, the increases in PKC Mr 80,000 protein species and in PKC enzyme adivity were progressive in HI-GO cells treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 between 1 and 5 days, thus implying the existence of a
Asymptotically Optimal Controls of Hybrid LQG. Problems: Summary of Results

This paper is concerned with hybrid control of a class of linear quadratic Gaussian systems modulated by a finite-state Markov chain. It develops approximation schemes for systems involving singularly perturbed Markov chains with weak and strong interactions. Computation results indicate that our approximation schemes perform quite well.
The multiscale challenge for biomolecular systems: coarse-grained modeling

Two new approaches are presented for obtaining coarse-grained (CG) force fields from atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. The first approach is the force-matching (FM) method whereby the force data obtained from an explicit atomistic MD simulation are utilized to determine the CG force fields. The performance of the FM method is demonstrated by applying it to derive a CG model for the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid bilayer. The second approach is the fluctuation-matching method whereby the fluctuations of specific internal coordinates are extracted from atomistic MD simulations to derive the CG force field. The fluctuation matching method is then applied to analyze the mechanical behavior of actin filaments. Both methods propagate the information obtained at a fine-grained atomistic scale to a CG scale, and hence are termed as multiscale coarse-graining approaches. Such multiscale approaches provide a new route to model complex biomolecular systems.
Acromial structure and tears of the rotator cuff

Rotator cuff lesions have been related to the structure of the acromion. We report a clinical review of 56 shoulders and the analysis of their acromial structure as seen on the radiographic arch (outlet) view and magnetic resonance imaging. The shoulders were classified as acromial type I (flat), type II (curved), or type III (hooked). On plain radiographs 89% of type III acromions had tearing of the rotator cuff ( p p
Axon-Sparing Lesions of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Abolish Gonadal Responses to Photoperiod in Male Syrian Hamsters

Intrahypothalamic injections of the excitotoxin N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMA) that destroyed the parvocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) prevented go nadal regression in male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) kept in short days (LD 6:18). After 17 weeks in short days, these NMA-injected animals had large, functional gonads and dis played all components of male sexual behavior. These findings confirm that neurons of the PVN are part of the pathway that mediates photoperiodism in hamsters.
Multi-Path Intelligent Virtual Mobile Nodes for Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, solving the standard problems encountered in fixed networks can be challenging because of the unpredictable motion of mobile nodes. Due to the lack of a fixed infrastructure to serve as the backbone of the network, it is difficult to manage nodes' locations and ensure stable node performance. In this paper, we introduce an extension of an algorithm, multi-path intelligent virtual mobile node (MIVMN) Abstraction, which effectively processes the unpredictable motion and availability of mobile nodes in MANETs. Earlier work has applied an abstract node, or virtual mobile node, that consists of a set of real nodes traveling on a predetermined path, or virtual path, which causes unavoidable failure when all the nodes that are emulating the virtual mobile node leave its region. The objective of this paper is to increase the message delivery ratio and decrease the fail ratio of the virtual mobile nodes. In order to achieve this, we allow the messages to switch between multiple Hamiltonian circles. Through simulation results we show that the MIVMN abstraction successfully meets our goals.
Signal processing with the sparseness constraint

An overview is given of the role of the sparseness constraint in signal processing problems. It is shown that this is a fundamental problem deserving of attention. This is illustrated by describing several applications where sparseness of solution is desired. Lastly, a review is given of the algorithms that are currently available for computing sparse solutions.
Apolipoprotein A5: an emerging paradigm for genetic associations and interactions in lipoprotein and cardiovascular research

For decades, apolipoprotein (Apo)E has reigned as the undisputed leader of lipoprotein genetics [1]. For many years, the impact of ApoE polymorphisms on plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations has been demonstrated in a reproducible fashion [2,3]. Moreover, several population studies have also shown how this genetic variability could be used to predict disease risk above and beyond traditional risk factors [4]. The interest in ApoE polymorphisms increased further when this major regulator of lipid metabolism was first implicated in the risk for neurological disorders and then for all types of chronic disorders (i.e., cancer and osteoporosis). Moreover, consistent with the knowledge that, for the population at large, the individual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is neither 100% genetic or environmental, ApoE has repeatedly shown significant gene–environment interactions modulating its association with plasma lipid parameters as well as CVD risk [5]. Thus, the ApoE gene has been considered as the paradigm of genetic associations and interactions within the lipid and CVD fields.
Maturational changes in dentin mineral properties

In this study the changes in properties of the maturing mantle and circumpulpal dentin were quantitatively analyzed. Sections from six fetal bovine undecalcified incisors were used. Regions of mantle and circumpulpal dentin of sequential maturation stages were identified on spectroscopic images acquired by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging. Spectroscopic parameters corresponding to mineral properties at these stages were analyzed and reported as a function of distance from the cervix of the incisor, the latter representing tissue age. Mineral parameters were correlated with distance from the cervix. Values of these parameters in mantle and circumpulpal dentin were compared. A multi-phasic pattern of changes was found for all the parameters examined, with most of the alterations occurring in the initial maturation period. The patterns of temporal variation in mantle and circumpulpal dentin mineral properties show distinct developmental stages and were not identical for the two dentin compartments. The study showed that mineral maturation in dentin is not a linear process and that mantle dentin is developmentally distinct from circumpulpal dentin, presenting at certain stages different physicochemical events during the maturation of the tissue.
Risk Assessment in Criminal Sentencing

The past several years have seen a surge of interest in using risk assessment in criminal sentencing, both to reduce recidivism by incapacitating or treating high-risk offenders and to reduce prison populations by diverting low-risk offenders from prison. We begin by sketching jurisprudential theories of sentencing, distinguishing those that rely on risk assessment from those that preclude it. We then characterize and illustrate the varying roles that risk assessment may play in the sentencing process. We clarify questions regarding the various meanings of "risk" in sentencing and the appropriate time to assess the risk of convicted offenders. We conclude by addressing four principal problems confronting risk assessment in sentencing: conflating risk and blame, barring individual inferences based on group data, failing adequately to distinguish risk assessment from risk reduction, and ignoring whether, and if so, how, the use of risk assessment in sentencing affects racial and economic disparities in imprisonment.
Ceramic Laminates by Gelcasting

Laminated ceramic composites are appealing for many applications due to their unique and customizable thermal and mechanical properties. Gelcasting is a relatively new, yet commercially proven, near-net-shape processing technique suitable for laminate production. A review of gelcasting techniques and a discussion of their application to laminate processing are provided, along with an overview of laminate design and processing concerns. Specific examples of single-phase laminates produced via gelcasting are provided, including porous/dense alumina and magnetically aligned iron titanate and barium hexaferrite structures.
Yeast Dam1p Is Required to Maintain Spindle Integrity during Mitosis and Interacts with the Mps1p Kinase

We have identified a mutant allele of the DAM1 gene in a screen for mutations that are lethal in combination with the mps1-1 mutation. MPS1 encodes an essential protein kinase that is required for duplication of the spindle pole body and for the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations in six different genes were found to be lethal in combination with mps1-1, of which only DAM1 was novel. The remaining genes encode a checkpoint protein, Bub1p, and four chaperone proteins, Sti1p, Hsc82p, Cdc37p, and Ydj1p. DAM1 is an essential gene that encodes a protein recently described as a member of a microtubule binding complex. We report here that cells harboring the dam1-1 mutation fail to maintain spindle integrity during anaphase at the restrictive temperature. Consistent with this phenotype, DAM1 displays genetic interactions with STU1, CIN8, and KAR3, genes encoding proteins involved in spindle function. We have observed that a Dam1p-Myc fusion protein expressed at endogenous levels and localized by immunofluorescence microscopy, appears to be evenly distributed along short mitotic spindles but is found at the spindle poles at later times in mitosis.
Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Background Little is known about the general population prevalence or severity of DSM-IV mental disorders. Objective To estimate 12-month prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders in the recently completed US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Design and Setting Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 using a fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Participants Nine thousand two hundred eighty-two English-speaking respondents 18 years and older. Main Outcome Measures Twelve-month DSM-IV disorders. Results Twelve-month prevalence estimates were anxiety, 18.1%; mood, 9.5%; impulse control, 8.9%; substance, 3.8%; and any disorder, 26.2%. Of 12-month cases, 22.3% were classified as serious; 37.3%, moderate; and 40.4%, mild. Fifty-five percent carried only a single diagnosis; 22%, 2 diagnoses; and 23%, 3 or more diagnoses. Latent class analysis detected 7 multivariate disorder classes, including 3 highly comorbid classes representing 7% of the population. Conclusion Although mental disorders are widespread, serious cases are concentrated among a relatively small proportion of cases with high comorbidity.
Media coverage of women's health issues: Is there a bias in the reporting of an association between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer?

Media coverage of scientific research plays a major role in shaping public opinion and influencing medical practice. When an association is controversial, such as with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer, it is important that a balanced picture of the scientific literature be reported. The objective of this study was to assess whether scientific publications that do and do not support an HRT/breast cancer association were cited in the media in proportions similar to those with which they appear in the scientific literature. Scientific publications reporting on the HRT/breast cancer association published from January 1, 1995, to June 30, 2000, were identified through a systematic Medline search. Media reports from newspapers, magazines, television, and radio that reported on HRT and breast cancer were retrieved from an online database. Investigators independently recorded characteristics of the scientific publications and media reports. A total of 32 scientific publications were identified:...
Bella Abzug, Queer Rights, and Disrupting the Status Quo

Workers who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-identified have always been a part of the workplace in the United States, yet there has been a lack of awareness about how to advocate for the needs of these people. This lack of awareness was challenged by Congresswoman Bella Abzug. Abzug’s campaign for creating an equal working environment for sexual minorities initiated gradual changes in the public discourse concerning workplace and other broad equality measures for these communities. To frame these gradual transformations within a historical context, we use Lewin’s force field analysis framework to examine the change efforts of Abzug. Abzug had beginning success in thawing the status quo yet her visions for equality for LGBTQ people have yet to be realized. Using Abzug’s social action as an example, this article concludes that allies must continue to challenge societal oppression, power, and privilege and to demand civil rights protections for LGBTQ individuals.