cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
India and Sri Lanka: A fatal convergence

Abstract India's decision to intervene militarily in the Sri Lankan civil war was preceded by two significant historical developments: (1) the emergence of a strong Sinhala ethnic identity in Sri Lanka, often accompanied by the explicit marginalization and suppression of the Tamil minority in that country; and (2) an emerging foreign policy of regional hegemony in New Delhi. Together, these two developments have moved inexorably towards a fatal convergence across the Palk Straits. Tragically, there appear to be no easy solutions to such conflicts in the Indian subcontinent: they seem to be the inevitable by‐products of the very effort to imagine and construct nation‐states.
Psychopathology and Function (4th Ed.) Bette R. Bonder, PhD, OTR/L

The latest edition of Bonder's Psychopathology and Function (2010) provides readers with updated information about a variety of topics relating to the occupational therapy process in mental health ...
Combination effects of ribavirin and interferons on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection.

Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an acute infectious disease caused by SFTS virus and characterized by a high case fatality rate. Currently, there is no effective therapy for the disease. While the administration of ribavirin does not improve the case fatality rate or viral load in patient blood, it can inhibit viral infection in vitro.
Orbital lesions and techniques

This article outlines the various lesions that commonly involve the orbit. The important elements of the evaluation of the orbit are discussed as well as the many different surgical approaches that are used with orbital lesions. The choice of approach primarily depends on the size and location of the mass. The salient points of the anatomy of the superior orbit are also detailed. The surgical technique of the superior orbitotomy and fronto-orbitozygomatic approach is described in detail.
Comparing the virtual linkage intensity and real world proximity of social movements

The relationships between phenomena observed in the real world and their representations in virtual contexts have generated interest among researchers. In particular, the manifestations of social movements in virtual environments have been examined, with many studies dedicated to the analysis of the virtual linkages between groups. In this research, a form of link analysis was performed to examine the relationship between virtual linkage intensity and real world physical proximity among the social movement groups identified in the Southern Poverty Law Center Spring 2009 Intelligence Report. Findings indicate the existence of significant relationships between virtual linkage intensity and physical proximity, distinctive to various ideological categorizations. The results provide valuable insights into the behaviors of social movements in virtual environments.
INFRA-RED CONFIRMATION OF 6-FOLD CO-ORDINATION OF SILICON IN STISHOVITE

Infrared confirmation of 6-fold coordination of silicon in stishovite /silicon oxide/ - crystal structure
Consultation with the specialist: tympanostomy tubes: a contemporary guide to judicious use.

1. Jack L. Paradise, MD* 2. Charles D. Bluestone, MD† 1. *Professor of Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh 2. †Professor of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Director, Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology and Eberly Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss the advantages of myringotomy and the insertion of tympanostomy tubes for children who have persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) or those who have recurrent acute otitis media (AOM). 2. Explain why myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion (M&T) is preferable to antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent recurrent AOM for children in child care who are at increased risk of colonization with multiple drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae . 3. Describe the possible complications following M&T and their treatments. MT of these, approximately 280,000 were in children younger than 3 years of age. The frequency with which the operation is performed is affected by several circumstances. First, next to the common cold, otitis media (OM), encompassing both AOM and OME, is the most commonly diagnosed and probably the most prevalent illness in United States children. Second, OM often becomes chronic and often recurs. Third, OM usually is accompanied by a variable degree of conductive hearing loss. Fourth, there has been concern that prolonged OME may result in untoward otologic or audiologic sequelae, and that sustained OME-related hearing loss during the first few years after birth, even though limited to that period, might result in later impairments of children’s speech, language, or cognitive skills or their psychosocial adjustment. Fifth, conservative measures often fail to prevent chronicity of OME or recurrences of AOM. Finally, M&T reliably brings about prompt resolution of persistent OME and its attendant hearing loss and usually succeeds in completely or largely preventing AOM recurrences for periods ranging from months to years. A 20-month-old boy presents …
Comparability of cup and disk diameters measured from nonstereoscopic digital and stereoscopic film images.

Purpose To compare gradings of optic disk and cup diameters from stereoscopic film and nonstereoscopic digital images. Design Comparison of techniques. Methods setting: Clinic-based. patient population: Right eyes of 62 adults. observation procedures: Images of the disk were taken through pharmacologically dilated pupils with a 45-degree digital camera (6.3 megapixels) and with a stereoscopic 30-degree film camera. Measurements were taken for vertical diameters of optic disks and cups. main outcome measures: Agreement of disk and cup measurements and cup to disk ratios. Results Optic disks and cups were slightly smaller when graded from the stereoscopic film images. Cup-to-disk ratios were similar. Correlations between film and digital images measurements were high. Conclusions Measurements taken from nonstereoscopic digital images through a dilated pupil were similar to those taken from stereoscopic film images. Lack of stereoscopic effect may lead to small differences in measuring the optic disk and cup diameters. Nonstereoscopic digital imaging may be useful in epidemiologic studies when measures of optic cups and disks are needed.
Mechanism of Xylobiose Hydrolysis by GH43 β-Xylosidase

Glycoside hydrolases cleave the glycosidic linkage between two carbohydrate moieties. They are among the most efficient enzymes currently known. β-Xylosidases from glycoside hydrolase family 43 hydrolyze the nonreducing ends of xylooligomers using an inverting mechanism. Although the general mechanism and catalytic amino acid residues of β-xylosidases are known, the nature of the reaction’s transition state and the conformations adopted by the glycon xylopyranosyl ring along the reaction pathway are still elusive. In this work, the xylobiose hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by XynB3, a β-xylosidase produced by Geobacillus stearothermophilus T-6, was explicitly modeled using first-principles quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics Car−Parrinello metadynamics. We present the reaction’s free energy surface and its previously undetermined reaction pathway. The simulations also show that the glycon xylopyranosyl ring proceeds through a 2,5B-type transition state with significant oxacarbenium ion character.
Assessment of oral contraceptive pill continuation in young women

Study Objective: To assess oral contraceptive pill (OCP) continuation rates and factors associated with OCP continuation in young women. Design: A 12-month retrospective cohort study by chart review of 226 young women seen for an initial clinic visit. Setting: Urban hospital-based family planning clinic. Participants: Predominantly African-American sexually active young women 12 to 21 years of age (median age 17.2 years). Main Outcome Measures: Scheduled OCP-appointment-keeping rates pregnancy rates and associated factors were compared between OCP-compliant and-noncompliant groups. Results: The OCP-appointment-keeping rate declined dramatically over 1 year from 29% at the 3-month visit to 9% at the 12-month visit. Almost half seeking a postpartum visit checkup (PPVup) did not return after the initial clinic visit. Overall a higher OCP-appointment-keeping rate was noted in those seeking OCPs vs. PPVup at the initial visit; P < .05 for 12-month visit. There was no difference in the pregnancy rates between OCP-compliant and -noncompliant groups. School enrollment and nulliparity was significantly associated with OCP compliance until the 6-month visit (P < .05). Conclusions: In an urban hospital based clinic the OCP continuation rate after the initial visit was poor. Continuation of OCPs may be anticipated by type of services sought at an initial visit. Methods to improve OCP continuation in this setting should be implemented. (authors)
The 3′-Untranslated Region of the α2C-Adrenergic Receptor mRNA Impedes Translation of the Receptor Message

Abstract We report that two subtypes of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2A/D- and α2C-AR) are ectopically expressed with dramatically different efficiencies and that this difference is due to a 288-nucleotide (nt) segment in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the α2C-AR mRNA that impairs translational processing. NIH-3T3 fibroblasts were transfected with receptor constructs (coding region plus 552 nt, α2C-AR; coding region plus 1140 nt, α2A/D-AR) and a vector conferring G418 resistance. Transcription was driven by the murine sarcoma virus promoter element, and the receptor gene segment was upstream of an SV40 polyadenylation cassette. Drug-resistant transfectants were evaluated for expression of receptor mRNA and protein. 90% of the NIH-3T3 α2C-AR transfectants expressed receptor mRNA, but only 14% of the clonal cell lines expressed receptor protein. In contrast, 90% of the NIH-3T3 α2A/D-AR transfectants expressed receptor protein (200–5000 fmol/mg). Similar results were obtained following transfection of DDT1MF-2 cells with the two receptor constructs. The role of the 3′-UTR of the α2C-AR in mRNA processing was determined by generating new constructs in which the 3′-UTR was progressively truncated from 552 to 470, 182, 143, or 74 nt 3′ to the stop codon. Truncation of the 3′-UTR resulted in the expression of receptor protein in the G418-resistant transfectants (nt 74, 100%; nt 143, 80%; nt 182, 50%). The level of mRNA in the transfectants expressing the receptor protein was not greater than that in nonexpressing clones, and the differences in protein expression did not reflect altered mRNA stability in the truncated construct. The α2C-AR mRNA with the longer 3′-UTR underwent translational initiation as it was found in the polysome fraction, indicating that the lack of receptor protein was due to impaired translational elongation or termination. These data suggest that translational efficiency is a key mechanism for regulating α2C-AR expression and associated signaling events.
Voice Strengthening and Interactive Theatre for Women’s Productive Income-Generating Activities in Sustainable Development

This article introduces the importance of voice strengthening for women who are living in poverty and self-identify as wanting to pursue income-generating activities. Furthermore, it describes using interactive theatre to explore the various components of income-generating activities, which can support women in more fully participating in their own sustainable development. By focusing on the Voices for Change Workshop I developed and a specific application of this workshop for a group of women in Nicaragua, I offer practical methods for women to strengthen their voices, and methods for women to use their strong voices to explore possible income-generating activities. The workshop encourages women to critically engage with potential income-generating activities and to identify activities that could promote sustainability in their own lives, their environment and the world.
Impeded rotation of a protein in a sol-gel matrix

The sol−gel encapsulation process has been exploited in recent years for the immobilization of proteins to be used as biosensors. Sol−gels derived from tetramethyl orthosilicate provide a stable environment for the macromolecule combined with the free flow of small substrates to a protein's binding site. The functionality of a number of enzymes within the solid matrix has been demonstrated. However, very little biophysical characterization of the encapsulated proteins has been done. In this study, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy was used to compare the rotational mobility of two probes in sol−gel matrices derived from three different preparative methods. A small fluorescent probe, sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), was used to gauge the relative solvent viscosity within the sol−gels. Magnesium protoporphyrin IX-substituted myoglobin (MgMb) provides a convenient fluorescent probe for measuring rotational dynamics of a typical globular protein. The anisotropy decay of the Mg−heme is sensitive only to the glo...
An investigation of cloud cover probability for the HyspIRI mission using MODIS cloud mask data

Cloud cover has an overall negative impact on hyperspectral and multispectral Earth observing sensors; the Hyperspectral Infrared Imaging or HyspIRI mission carries such instruments. A key feature of HyspIRI is its ability to revisit the same point on the equator every 19 days. This allows for better knowledge of the planet's seasonal ecosystem changes. Understanding the likelihood and frequency in which clouds will cover the scenes imaged is necessary to better quantify the science return of HyspIRI and other related missions. Current cloud prediction models are too conservative and only sample small time frames of the available satellite data. This results in a low degree of accuracy with respect to cloud-sensor obscuration and predicts far less of a science return than actual. This study uses a 2007–2009 data set from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on-board the Terra satellite to produce a more accurate prediction of the effects cloud cover has on HyspIRI. The NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center developed Giovanni application was used to extract MODIS data at one-degree spatial resolution. This data created a monthly cloud mask that was averaged into three month blocks to represent seasons. Results show the seasonal data collection probability for HyspIRI's Visual Shortwave Infrared Imaging Spectrometer.
Measurements of Chemical Shifts in the Photoelectron Spectra of Arsenic and Bromine Compounds

Chemical shifts in the binding energies of electrons in 3d orbitals of bromine and arsenic have been measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, using soft x rays. The bromine salts studied were KBr, KBrO3, and KBrO4; the results are compared to corresponding chlorine and iodine salts studied by other workers. For a given increase in oxidation number, the shift (increase) in binding energy of bromine is intermediate to those for chlorine and iodine, chlorine shifts are higher, and iodine shifts are lower. This trend can be qualitatively explained by Hartree–Fock calculations of differences in binding energies for free halogen ions. Chemical shifts for arsenic can be correlated to variations in the effective charges on arsenic caused by different chemical environments. Calculations of the charge were made by considering the partial ionic character of bonds. A demonstration that photoelectron spectroscopy can be used in arsenic pollution problems has been made.
Relationship between kidney burden and radiation dose from chronic ingestion of U: implications for radiation standards for the public.

Metabolic models for U in adults recommended by Wrenn et al. (1985) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 1979a) were used to study the relationship between kidney burden and radiation dose from chronic ingestion of soluble 238U or natural U and whether current radiation standards for the public provide adequate protection against chemical toxicity from U in the kidney. We assumed that the threshold concentration for chemical toxicity is 1 microgram of U g-1 of kidney and that a safety factor of 10 should be applied in limiting kidney burdens for maximally exposed individuals in the general public. We found that a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 1 mSv (0.1 rem) for chronic exposures of the public from all sources, as recommended by the ICRP (1985) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP 1987), corresponds to concentrations of U in the kidney from chronic ingestion that exceed the assumed threshold for chemical toxicity of 1 microgram g-1 only for 238U using the metabolic model of the ICRP (1979a). However, using either metabolic model (ICRP 1979a; Wrenn et al. 1985), the predicted concentrations of U in the kidney exceeded the limit of 0.1 microgram g-1, based on the assumed safety factor for protection of the public, for both 238U and natural U. From these results, we concluded that chemical toxicity should be considered in developing health protection standards for the public for ingestion of soluble 238U or natural U. Environmental radiation standards for certain practices established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (EPA 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d; NRC 1988a) are consistent with a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 0.25 mSv (25 mrem) per practice. If the metabolic model of Wrenn et al. (1985) is assumed to be appropriate for chronic ingestion of soluble U in the environment, then the dose limit of 0.25 mSv corresponds to a concentration of 238U or natural U in the kidney that is below the assumed limit of 0.1 microgram g-1 for members of the public. Inhalation of soluble and insoluble U and ingestion of insoluble U were considered. Except for inhalation of soluble U, these modes of intake reduced predicted concentrations in the kidney per unit effective dose equivalent compared with values for ingestion of soluble U. Unresolved issues of importance for determining the significance of chemical toxicity relative to radiation dose in establishing limits on public exposures for U also are discussed.
Wealth Redistribution, Race & Southern Public Schools, 1880-1910

This article measures the wealth redistribution effected by southern public schools and the taxes which supported them. It extends and contributes to the existing literature on this subject in three ways. First, the measurement is based on a larger sample of southern states and over more years than previous efforts. Second, this article establishes that from 1880 to 1910 throughout the South the public schools were a conduit for a consistent and significant flow of resources from whites to blacks. Blacks did not pay enough taxes to fully finance black public schools even at the lower levels dictated by white controlled school boards. Third, the establishment of segregated schools and the disenfranchisement of southern blacks did not eliminate this transfer but only moderately reduced it. The effect of Plessy v. Ferguson and the establishment of segregated schools was not as large as previously thought.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of platinum impurity ions in KTiOAsO4 crystals

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used to characterize Pt + (5d 9 ) ions in flux-grown single crystals of KTiOAsO 4 (KTA). These platinum ions are unintentionally present. In the as-grown crystals, Pt 0 (5d 10 ) atoms substitute for K + ions. When a crystal is irradiated with X-rays at room temperature or 77 K, the Pt 0 atoms trap holes and convert to Pt + ions. Once formed, these Pt + ions are stable for weeks at room temperature. The EPR spectrum of the Pt + ions is best observed in the 20–30 K range. Principal values and principal-axis directions for the g matrix and the 195 Pt hyperfine matrix are obtained from EPR angular dependence data taken in three crystal planes. These principal values are 1.509, 1.898, and 2.859 for the g matrix and 96, 317, and 616 MHz for the 195 Pt hyperfine matrix. Formation of the Pt + ions is accompanied by a gray coloration that is expected to affect device performance when KTA crystals are used in high-power nonlinear optical applications. As-grown KTA crystals with larger concentrations of platinum may have lower ionic conductivities, as Pt 0 atoms replace potassium vacancies.
INSIGHT: a distributed monitoring system for tracking continuous queries

A distributed monitoring framework can serve as an important building block for constructing large-scale data aggregation and continuous event monitoring applications, such as IP traffic monitoring (DDoS attacks), network anomaly detection (Internet worms), accounting and bandwidth provisioning (hot spots, flash crowds), sensor monitoring and control, and grid resource monitoring. At the core of these applications is a distributed query engine that aggregates information and performs continuous tracking of queries over collections of physically-distributed and rapidly-updating data streams. The underlying aim is to provide a global view of information in the system at a reasonable cost and within a specified precision bound. To achieve this objective, a distributed monitoring system should (a) scale to a large number of streams and query attributes, (b) incur minimal communication overhead for aggregating query results, (c) be time responsive for quickly identifying anomalies, and (d) be able to bound the inaccuracy of the computed value for the aggregate function.
5-Bromodeoxyuridine inhibition of cytokinin induced radish cotyledon expansion

Abstract The mechanism of cytokinin stimulated expansion of excised radish cotyledons is unknown. We have used the thymidine (dT) analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to examine whether DNA synthesis plays a key role in this response. Treatment with BrdU decreases cotyledon expansion. Upon the addition of thymidine together with BrdU, cotyledon expansion is rescued. [ 14 C]BrdU labelling of expanding cotyledons indicates that 84% and 16% of the incorporated BrdU are located in the DNA and RNA fractions, respectively. Expanding cotyledons have tow distinct species of nuclei, containing either a 2C or a 4C complement of DNA. Cotyledons treated with BrdU accumulate nuclei in the 4C class, suggesting a slow transition of the 2C species through the S phase of the cell cycle. CsCl density gradient experiments indicate that BrdU replaces all of the available dT residues in 20% of the nuclear DNA, while BrdU was not detected in the remaining DNA fraction (80%). Cytokinin induction of radish cotyledon expansion has been proposed to result principally from cell expansion processes. Based on the results presented here, DNA synthesis is implicated as necessary for cytokinin induced radish cotyledon expansion.
Mitotic Clonal Expansion during Preadipocyte Differentiation: Calpain-mediated Turnover of p27

Evidence is presented that calpain, a calcium-activated protease, degrades the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, during the mitotic clonal expansion phase of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Calpain activity is required during an early stage of the adipocyte differentiation program. Thus, inhibition of calpain with N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) blocks clonal expansion and acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype only when added between 12 and 24 h after the induction of differentiation. Likewise, inhibition of calpain by overexpression of calpastatin, the specific endogenous inhibitor of calpain, prevents 2-day post-confluent preadipocytes from reentering the cell cycle triggered by the differentiation inducers. Inhibition of calpain with ALLN causes preadipocytes to arrest just prior to S phase and prevents phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product, DNA replication, clonal expansion, and subsequent adipocyte differentiation but does not affect the expression of immediate early genes (i.e. fos, jun, C/EBPbeta, and C/EBPdelta). Inhibition of calpain by either ALLN or by overexpression of calpastatin blocks the degradation of p27. p27 is degraded in vitro by cell-free extracts from clonally expanding preadipocytes that contain "active" calpain but not by extracts from pre-mitotic preadipocytes that do not. This action is inhibited by calpastatin or ALLN. Likewise, p27 in preadipocyte extracts is a substrate for purified calpain; this proteolytic action was inhibited by heat inactivation, EGTA, or ALLN. Thus, extracellular signals from the differentiation inducers appear to activate calpain, which degrades p27 allowing density-dependent inhibited preadipocytes to reenter the cell cycle and undergo mitotic clonal expansion.
A Comparison of Regression and Standard Score Discrepancy Methods for Learning Disabilities Identification: Effects on Racial Representation.

Abstract Learning-disabled (LD) children are often identified for services on the basis of a discrepancy between their IQ and achievement scores. Comparisons between regression and standard score difference methods for determining IQ-achievement discrepancies have not considered the comparative effects of these methods on the racial composition of LD classes. A comparison of these methods shows that the standard score difference method produces disproportionate racial representation, whereas the regression method produces proportionate racial representation in LD classes. In addition, the regression method demonstrates advantages in measurement of discrepancies, LD program planning, and conformity with constitutional guarantees of equal protection under the law.
Comparison of Standard and Derived 12-Lead Electrocardiograms for Diagnosis of Coronary Angioplasty-Induced Myocardial Ischemia

To determine whether a derived 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) would demonstrate typical ST-segment changes of ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 207 patients were monitored with continuous 12-lead ST-segment monitoring during angioplasty. Additionally, to compare the derived and standard ECGs during known periods of ischemia with PTCA balloon inflation, 151 patients were recorded with both electrocardiographic methods during the procedure. Of the 207 patients recorded with the derived ECG, 171 (83%) had typical ischemic ST-segment changes during PTCA balloon inflation. The amplitudes of these ST deviations were similar to those observed during transient myocardial ischemia observed in clinical settings (median peak ST deviation, 225 microV). There was agreement regarding presence or absence of ischemia in 150 of the 151 patients recorded with both derived and standard electrocardiographic methods (> 99% agreement). With use of the standard ECG as the "gold standard" for ischemia diagnosis, there were no false-positive results and only 1 false-negative result with the derived ECG. Furthermore, there was nearly perfect agreement between the two 12-lead methods in terms of anterior versus inferior wall patterns of ischemia. Future studies are required to determine whether continuous monitoring with a derived ECG would improve diagnosis and lead to better patient outcomes.
Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington: gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies

A three-dimensional gravity model based on deep-borehole stratigraphy, densities from borehole gravimetry, and crustal structure from deep seismic and electrical surveys puts limits on sub-basalt crustal structure in the northwest quadrant of the Columbia Plateau, Washington. The gravity model indicates that the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) overlies a broad basin filled with sedimentary rocks that reach thicknesses in excess of 5 km; thickest sub-basalt sedimentary rocks are beneath the late Cenozoic Yakima basin. Analysis of residual gravity shows that the Eocene Chiwaukum graben does not continue beneath the CRBG and that sub-basalt sedimentary rocks are not thrust into the cores of the basalt anticlines in the Yakima fold belt. A gravity high that trends north-south in the center of the CRBG is probably caused by a broad basement ridge marked by thinner sedimentary rocks beneath the Columbia River basalts; the western edge of the north-south basement high is traced at the surface by the Hog Ranch-Naneum Ridge. A major crustal feature, the Olympic- Wallowa lineament, is expressed in the gravity field; the lineament crosses the north-south basement high but does not offset it, suggesting that any strike- slip motion on the lineament preceded development of the north-south basement high. An alternative interpretation of the north-south gravity high, based on a previous seismic study, relates it to a high-density structure in the crystalline basement, perhaps associated with a failed continental rift.
Changing Usage of Four American Regional Labels

Abstract Locational and sociological data from a set of warranty cards provide a means for exploring current and future patterns of American affiliation with the regional labels East, West, South, and Midwest. Analysis of detailed preference maps focuses on transition zones where two or three regional labels are in common use. The theory that younger, urban people from the zones bordering East and West would tend to identify with the relatively liberal images of these places is borne out to some degree. Allegiance to the East seems to be expanding in traditionally Midwestern Michigan and Ohio and also in traditionally Southern Virginia, Kentucky, and the Carolinas. No parallel pattern exists for the West.
Effect of acute administration of isoproterenol and angiotensin II, separately and in combination, on water intake and blood pressure of rats

The effects of administration of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, and angiotensin II, a peptide, separately and in combination, on water intake and blood pressure of rats were studied. The results of 6 factorially designed studies in which 4 different doses of each compound were administered revealed that water intakes increased directly with the logarithm of increasing doses of each. The effect of simultaneous administration of the 2 compounds on water intake was additive at submaximal doses of each. No interactive effects on water intake were observed when the 2 compounds were administered simultaneously in any study. Reduction in urine output appears to be a more sensitive response to administration of isoproterenol than increase in water intake since it was virtually abolished at a dose (2.5 micrograms/kg SC) that had no effect on water intake. The lowest doses of angiotensin II (25 and 50 micrograms/kg SC) had no significant effect on either water intake or urine output. The effect of simultaneous administration of both compounds on urine output was essentially the same as that accompanying administration of isoproterenol alone. Following administration of angiotensin II (150 micrograms/kg, SC) mean systemic blood pressure of unanesthetized, chronically cannulated rats reached maximal levels within 5 min and returned to pretreatment control level by 60 min. Following administration of isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg, SC), mean systemic blood pressure decreased within 5 min, was maximally depressed by 30 min and had returned halfway to the pretreatment control level by 60 min. Simultaneous administration of isoproterenol and angiotensin II failed to induce a significant change in blood pressure. These results are of particular interest since they show that neither the pressor effect of angiotensin II nor the depressor effect of isoproterenol is essential for the induction of drinking by these 2 compounds.
Electron rich APFO polymer with dual electrochromism and electroluminescence

We demonstrate the ability of a new alternating polyfluorene (APFO) type polymer employing dialkoxythiophene moieties to operate efficiently as both an electrochromic (EC) and electroluminescent (EL) material, thereby providing for incorporation into a dual EC/EL device. In addition, the new APFO type polymer was blended with PC[70]BM in a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 1.66% with a high open circuit voltage of 0.87 volts.
Preoperative paclitaxel and radiotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer: surgical aspects.

Introduction: Approximately 15% of breast cancer patients present with large tumors that involve the skin, the chest wall, or the regional lymph nodes. Multimodality therapy is required, to provide the best chance for long-term survival. We have developed a regimen of paclitaxel, with concomitant radiation, as a primary therapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Methods: Eligible patients had locally advanced breast cancer (stage IIB or III). After obtaining informed consent, patients received paclitaxel (30 mg/m2 during 1 hour) twice per week for 8 weeks and radiotherapy to 45 Gy (25 fractions, at 180 cGy/fraction, to the breast and regional nodes). Patients then underwent modified radical mastectomy followed by postoperative polychemotherapy. Results: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled. Of these, 28 were assessable for clinical response and toxicity, and 27 were assessable for pathological response. Objective clinical response was achieved in 89%. At the time of surgery, 33% had no or minimal microscopic residual disease. Chemoradiation-related acute toxicity was limited; however, surgical complications occurred in 41% of patients. Conclusions: Preoperative paclitaxel with radiotherapy is well tolerated and provides significant pathological response, in up to 33% of patients with locally advanced breast cancer, but with a significant postoperative morbidity rate.
Endoscopic management of obstructive complications in ureterosigmoidostomy.

OBJECTIVES Although rarely used today for supravesical urinary diversion, ureterosigmoidostomy remains useful in patients with bladder exstrophy. However, management of ureteral stricture and ureteral urolithiasis is challenging because of the lack of anatomic landmarks. METHODS We reviewed our prospectively collected database from 1994 to 2006 for all patients requiring surgical treatment for obstructive complications associated with ureterosigmoidostomy. RESULTS Our analysis revealed 3 patients (mean age 46 years; 2 men and 1 woman). All 3 patients had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy as a component of bladder exstrophy management. All patients presented with renal failure due to obstruction and required antegrade endoscopic management. Two patients had anastomotic strictures and one had obstructive urolithiasis. One patient in whom the stricture was judged to be chronic was treated with an endoureterotomy and Acucise balloon. The second patient, who had an acute obstruction after colonoscopic biopsy of his anastomosis, was treated with antegrade balloon dilation. Both patients had stents placed across the anastomosis for 6 weeks postoperatively. Despite reflux of stool into the collecting system, neither patient manifested with local or systemic signs of infection. The patient with urolithiasis required antegrade basket stone extraction. CONCLUSIONS Obstructive complications after ureterosigmoidostomy should be managed using antegrade endoscopic techniques.
Understanding the molecular manipulation of DCAF1 by the lentiviral accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx

Vpr and Vpx are primate lentivirus proteins that manipulate the cellular CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. While Vpr is common to all primate lentiviruses, Vpx is only encoded by HIV-2 and a limited range of SIVs. Although Vpr and Vpx share a high degree of homology they are known to induce markedly different effects in host cell biology through the recruitment of different substrates to CRL4. Here we explore the interaction of HIV-1 Vpr and SIVmac Vpx with the CRL4 substrate receptor DCAF1. Through mutational analysis of DCAF1 we demonstrate that although Vpr and Vpx share a highly similar DCAF1-binding motif, they interact with a different set of residues in DCAF1. In addition, we show that Vpx recruits SAMHD1 through a protein-protein interface that includes interactions of SAMHD1 with both Vpx and DCAF1, as was first suggested in crystallography data by (Schwefel, D., Groom, H.C.T., Boucherit, V.C., Christodoulou, E., Walker, P.A., Stoye, J.P., Bishop, K.N., Taylor, I.A., 2014. Structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway., Nature, 505, 234-238).
A note on a fuzzy measure of typicality

The concept of typicality is studied and the relationship between a typical value and the mode is explored. It is suggested that a typical value should be a fuzzy subset. A measure of typicality associated with any fuzzy subset is introduced. We provide an algorithm for finding the best typical value which is of the form of an interval.
Development in Paul's Thought

In the Preface of his important study of a proposed sequence and interpretation of Paul's Corinthian correspondence, John C. Hurd, Jr. acknowledged his indebtedness to a former teacher, Charles Buck.' We are now fortunate in having Buck's own position on these matters laid out in a clear and comprehensive way in his own book, Saint Paul: A Study of the Development of His Thought,2 written in collaboration with Greer Taylor. The authors' prose is lucid, they develop their thesis with a logical consistency wondrous to behold, and the results of their work, if sustained, would render obsolete the ways most interpreters proceed with the analysis and exposition of Pauline theology. Clarity and consistency alone, however, do not assure valid results; and, although this volume is so provocative as to compel widespread attention, it is not sufficiently persuasive to command assent. I
Effects of potassium and calcination pretreatment on the adsorption and chemical/physical properties of Fe/SiO2

Studies of the effects of potassium on CO, CO/sub 2/, and hydrogen adsorptions on iron indicate that potassium promotion increases heats of adsorption of CO and H/sub 2/, enhances the rate of CO dissociation, increases CO saturation coverage, and decreases the CO sticking coefficient. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of potassium promoter and calcination of the stoichiometries and kinetics of CO, CO/sub 2/, and H/sub 2/ adsorptions on Fe/SiO/sub 2/ and to relate these effects to changes in the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. The results reveal important differences in behavior for CO and H/sub 2/ adsorptions on precalcined Fe/SiO/sub 2/ and Fe/K/SiO/sub 2/ compared to the adsorptions on single crystal or polycrystalline iron, which may relate to changes in the surface and bulk properties of iron such as potassium coverage and extent of reduction. 33 references.
Kinetic effects of multiple charge modifications in enzyme-substrate reactions: Brownian dynamics simulations of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase

We used Brownian dynamics simulations of substrate O encounters with the enzyme bovine erythrocyte Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) to study the effects of multiple charge modifications in the enzyme on the kinetics of its diffusion-controlled reaction. When the charges of two or three residues were changed, the calculated rate consant relative to that for the unmodified enzyme was usually found to be the product of relative rate constants for the enzymes with the corresponding single-site changes. This “multiplicativity” rule may be useful in the design of enzymes that operate with diffusion-controlled kinetics. Residues that deviate from the general rule are found in the active site channel of SOD, and the origin of these deviations is considered.
Rapid methods for estimation and prediction of shelf-life of milk and dairy products

Abstract An important feature of quality assurance in modem dairy processing plants is the ability to predict rapidly the potential shelf-life of the finished products. Methods designed to estimate this shelflife are discussed and include bioluminescence, impedance microbiology, limulus amoebocyte lysate, direct reflectance colorimetry, Virginia Tech shelflife procedure, and the Moseley keeping quality test. Preliminary incubation of the product is critical prior to the actual test method
The search for neural progenitor cells: prospects for the therapy of neurodegenerative disease

The etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases has been identified in recent years. Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disease could focus on one or more steps that lead to cell loss. In the past decade, cell therapy and/or ex vivo gene therapy have emerged as possible strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The ability to grow CNS-derived neural progenitor cells using growth factors has been extremely useful to study diverse phenomena including lineage choice, commitment and differentiation. By virtue of their biological properties and their presence in the adult CNS, neural progenitors represent good candidates for multiple cell-based therapies for neural diseases. Further identification of the molecules that direct the differentiation of adult neural progenitors may allow their activation in vivo to induce self-repair. This review addresses the nature, distribution and regulation of neural stem cells and the potential for applying these cells to both structural CNS repair and gene therapy.
Does Race Affect the Social Work Student-Field Instructor Relationship?

ABSTRACT Field education experiences provided for graduate students in social work are critical ingredients for successful entry into the profession. The success of a field placement hinges on the relationship between the field instructor and the student. In an expanding multicultural context, there is an increasing ethnic diversity among social work students and field instructors. This paper reports on quantitative research which examined the influence of race/ethnicity on the field instructor and student relationship.
Progress On Laser Plasma Accelerators

Several laser plasma accelerator schemes are reviewed, with emphasis on the Plasma Beat Wave Accelerator (PBWA). Theory indicates that a very high acceleration gradient, of order 1 GeV/m, can exist in the plasma wave driven by the beating lasers. Experimental results obtained on the PBWA experiment at UCLA confirms this. Parameters related to the PBWA as an accelerator system are derived, among them issues concerning the efficiency and the laser power and energy requirements are detailly discussed.
Drug-induced renal medullary necrosis. II. Mode of calcification in the kidney.

Abstract Necrosis of the papillary portion of the renal medulla was produced by administration of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide in rats. Following the necrosis, calcification develops in the renal medulla adjacent to the necrosed tissue. The calcium deposit is seen in the vesicular bodies about the basement membranes of the tubules and capillaries and in the collagen fibers of the interstitium. These structures such as the vesicular bodies and collagen fibers appear to serve as nucleation sites for dystrophic calcification.
America's Health in Two Centuries

It seems appropriate that on the occasion of the golden anniversary of the American School Health Association and the 200th anniversary of our nation we take a look at health care 200 years ago and 50 years ago. The signal improvements in mankind’s understanding of the body, of disease, of disease-causing organisms and conditions, and the treatment and prevention of these are so dramatic that they test credibility of our recording. It seems improbable, almost impossible, that so much could have happened in so short a time span. Some wag has said, “Don’t look back unless you plan to go that way.” There is, however, at least two good reasons to look at the past: one is t o help us better understand the present, and the other is to provide a basis for projecting into the future. Winston Churchill said, “If we open a debate between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future.” The purpose then, of this brief inquiry into the past, is to know where we have been as a means of assessing our present and charting our future. Recounting our health quotient a t the time of the nation’s birth may easily become a litany of what we did not know, did not have, and could not manage. This paper is in no sense a comprehensive review of health conditions circa 1776. It merely proposes t o take some samples of the health problems of the time, which may be displayed against the common knowledge of the present for contrast. Vaccination for any disease, as we know it, did not exist in 1776. Edward Jenner was working on his idea for using a strain of cowpox t o inoculate against smallpox at that time. Benjamin Franklin was among those in this country who advocated inoculation or intentional infection, with material from a pox as a form of preventive smallpox infection. He kept records on some cases using this type
Comments on Benjamin White's “demand for labor and population growth in colonial Java”

The historical demography of Java reminds one of what Voltaire said of etymology-that it was the science in which the vowels count for nothing and the consonants for not much more. The data are execrable enough to make an original scholar out of anyone. If Peper wants to slow down the growth rate, he raises the 1800 figure; if Wertheim wants to speed it up, he lowers it; if Geertz has a thesis with which the received rate fairly well comports, he concludes that, for all their admitted faults, et cetera, the early estimates are probably not that far off; if Widjojo wants to start the serious demographic history of Java with the 1920 census and then read the modern pattern back, all he has to do is describe the imaginative ways in which population estimates before that time were arrived at-and who is to say any of them nay? Thus White, trying to strengthen the plausibility of a rather special, rather ambitious, and rather controversial theory of population growth-that it is a response to the demand for labor-on the basis of the reproductive behavior of Javanese peasants in the nineteenth century, has at once his work cut out for him and a fair certainty of not being disproved, so long as he is careful to stick to strictly demographic arguments. For the first half or so of his paper, White does so stick and the result is the expected inconclusiveness. He succeeds in suggesting that there might be something to the labor-demand theory, by showing that the alternatives-improved health, pax Neerlandica, famine control, and so on-are as difficult to establish on the basis of the nineteenth-century figures as it is. The advocacy of these other theories is thus condemned as "ethnocentric-an execration of some power in anthropology-though it is diffucult for me to see why they are more so than the labor-demand theory, which is not itself exactly a
Magnetic field effects on current, electroluminescence, and photocurrent in polyfluorene organic light emitting diodes

We report on the experimental observation of large magnetoresistance in polyfluorene organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Very similar magnetic field effects (MFEs) of comparable magnitude were also observed in electroluminescence and photocurrent measurements. We provide a comprehensive overview of these three types of MFE. To the best of our knowledge, the mechanism causing these MFE is currently not known. Moreover, we show that these experiments do not allow determination whether the MFE acts on the carrier density or carrier mobility making any attempt of explaining it ambiguous. As a remedy, we performed magnetoresistance measurements in holeonly OLEDs and show that the MFE acts on the carrier mobility rather than carrier density.