cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guilt and the Settler–Indigene Relationship

This chapter analyzes stories of the contact settler’s interaction with the indigene in various spaces—the settler’s land, the native’s land, or disputed territory. Tales like American Emerson Bennett’s Forest and Prairie or Life on the Frontier (1860), Thomas M’Combie’s The Colonist in Australia or The Adventures of Godfrey Arabin (1850), Alexander Davis’s South African narrative Umbandine: A Romance of Swaziland (1898), and John Cunningham Geikie’s Adventures in Canada, or, Life in the Woods (1864) often depict indigenes as already tragically doomed to eradication from forces outside of the settler’s control, therefore releasing the contact settler from guilt and responsibility for genocide, or as violent and unscrupulous, and thus unfit for involvement in “civilization.”
Status and Prospect of Bad Data Identification in Smart Substation

Smart substation is an important part of smart grid and the source of measurements. Local bad data identification inside smart substation is an effective solution to improve the accuracy of the basic data of power grid. The computing architecture and basic concepts of substation bad data identification are explained. The research status of substation bad data identification methods is summarized, including rule-based sequential identification, artificial intelligence based data identification and substation generalized state estimation. Finally, the future research of substation bad data identification is prospected.
Effects of Jaeumkanghwa-tang on tamoxifen responsiveness in preclinical ER+ breast cancer model

Resistance to endocrine therapy remains a clinical challenge in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. We investigated if adding a traditional Asian herbal mixture consisting of 12 herbs, called Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT), to tamoxifen (TAM) therapy might prevent resistance and recurrence in the ER+ breast cancer model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into four groups treated as follows: 15 mg/kg TAM administered via diet as TAM citrate (TAM only); 500 mg/kg JEKHT administered via drinking water (JEKHT only group); TAM + JEKHT and no treatment control group. The study was replicated using two different batches of JEKHT. In both studies, a significantly higher proportion of ER+ mammary tumors responded to TAM if animals also were treated with JEKHT (experiment 1: 47% vs 65%, P = 0.015; experiment 2: 43% vs 77%, P < 0.001). The risk of local recurrence also was reduced (31% vs 12%, P = 0.002). JEKHT alone was mostly ineffective. In addition, JEKHT prevented the development of premalignant endometrial lesions in TAM-treated rats (20% in TAM only vs 0% in TAM + JEKHT). Co-treatment of antiestrogen-resistant LCC9 human breast cancer cells with 1.6 mg/mL JEKHT reversed their TAM resistance in dose-response studies in vitro. Several traditional herbal medicine preparations can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and may increase anti-tumor immune activities in the tumor microenvironment. In the tumors of rats treated with both JEKHT and TAM, expression of Il-6 (P = 0.03), Foxp3/T regulatory cell (Treg) marker (P = 0.033) and Tgfβ1 that activates Tregs (P < 0.001) were significantly downregulated compared with TAM only group. These findings indicate that JEKHT may prevent TAM-induced evasion of tumor immune responses.
Analysis of Privacy Policies to Enhance Informed Consent (Extended Version)

In this report, we present an approach to enhance informed consent for the processing of personal data. The approach relies on a privacy policy language used to express, compare and analyze privacy policies. We describe a tool that automatically reports the privacy risks associated with a given privacy policy in order to enhance data subjects' awareness and to allow them to make more informed choices. The risk analysis of privacy policies is illustrated with an IoT example.
Pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e22245 Background: Pemetrexed in combination with platinum chemotherapy is an indicated regimen for treatment of adv non-squamous NSCLC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of pem...
Cardioversion and Defibrillation

Although the application of electrical energy to the heart had been investigated in the 18th century, it was not until the first half of the 20th century that reference was made to the clinical use of electrical shocks to revert abnormal cardiac rhythms. Several recent reviews have summarized historical milestones in the development of devices capable of delivering specified electrical charges to the heart [1–4]. Early studies utilized alternating current (AC), employing 60-cycle AC of 1.5 to 2.0 amperes and 120 to 130 volts. Although AC discharges are capable of transthoracic defibrillation of the human heart, they are not suitable for correcting arrhythmias in man because they may lead to substantial deterioration in ventricular function and expose the patient to the risk of ventricular fibrillation [5]. The development of capacitors capable of delivering single-pulse discharges set the stage for the production of the cardioversion/defibrillation apparatus in use today (figure 7–1).
Consumer mobility predicts impacts of herbivory across an environmental stress gradient.

Environmental stress impedes predation and herbivory by limiting the ability of animals to search for and consume prey. We tested the contingency of this relationship on consumer traits and specifically hypothesized that herbivore mobility relative to the return time of limiting environmental stress would predict consumer effects. We examined how wave-induced water motion affects marine communities via herbivory by highly mobile (fish) vs. slow-moving (pencil urchin) consumers at two wave-sheltered and two wave-exposed rocky subtidal locations in the Galapagos Islands. The exposed locations experienced 99th percentile flow speeds that were 2-5 times greater than sheltered locations, with mean flow speeds >33 cm/s vs. <16 cm/s, 2-7 times higher standing macroalgal cover and 2-3 times lower cover of crustose coralline algae than the sheltered locations. As predicted by the environmental stress hypothesis (ESH), there was a negative relationship between mean flow speed and urchin abundance and herbivory rates on Ulva spp. algal feeding assays. In contrast, the biomass of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) and parrotfishes (Labridae: Scarinae) was positively correlated with mean flow speed. Ulva assays were consumed at equal rates by fish at exposed and sheltered locations, indicating continued herbivory even when flow speeds surpassed maximum reported swimming speeds at a rate of 1-2 times per minute. Modeled variation in fish species richness revealed minimal effects of diversity on herbivory rates at flow speeds <40 cm/s, when all species were capable of foraging, and above 120 cm/s, when no species could forage, while increasing diversity maximized herbivory rates at flow speeds of 40-120 cm/s. Two-month herbivore exclusion experiments during warm and cool seasons revealed that macroalgal biomass was positively correlated with flow speed. Fish limited macroalgal development by 65-91% at one exposed location but not the second and by 70% at the two sheltered locations. In contrast, pencil urchins did not affect algal communities at either exposed location, but reduced macroalgae by 87% relative to controls at both sheltered locations. We propose an extension of the ESH that is contingent upon mobility to explain species-specific changes in feeding rates and consumer effects on benthic communities across environmental gradients.
Incorporate Cross-Course Knowledge Integration into Computing Education

This research to practice full paper describes our cross-course knowledge integration approach, which uses a project-based learning environment. The structure and instructional pedagogies of some of our data management concentration courses in our department have not changed in a long time. Most of our data management courses cover theoretical knowledge without showing their practical applications. As a result, students don’t find those courses interesting enough. In addition, none of our data management courses require cross-course interactions, which is the current instructional pedagogical direction. With the goal of addressing these issues and improving student learning, faculty employed a cross-course knowledge integration model to teach the advanced database design course CIT 44400. We redesigned this advanced database course as part of our data management curriculum enhancement also to align with the trends of the IT industry and to enable students to correlate knowledge learned in various courses. In this redesign process, we integrated a project that aligns with industrial projects in this higher-level course curriculum, so that students can integrate and apply theoretical knowledge gained in lower-level courses through participating in a project-based learning approach, using current technology of the field. Evaluation results show crosscourse knowledge integration-based pedagogy gives students comprehensive knowledge that improves students’ performance and helps them link and apply knowledge learned in various courses.
Prediction of Reactive Nitrous Acid Formation in Rare-Earth MOFs via ab initio Molecular Dynamics.

Reactive gas formation in pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a known mechanism of framework destruction; understanding those mechanisms for future durability design is key to next generation adsorbents. Herein, an extensive set of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are used for the first time to predict competitive adsorption of mixed acid gases (NO2 and H2 O) and the in-pore reaction mechanisms for a series of rare earth (RE)-DOBDC MOFs. Spontaneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) is identified as a result of deprotonation of the MOF organic linker, DOBDC. The unique DOBDC coordination to the metal clusters allows for proton transfer from the linker to the NO2 without the presence of H2 O and may be a factor in DOBDC MOF durability. This is a previously unreported mechanisms of HONO formation in MOFs. With the presented methodology, prediction of future gas interactions in new nanoporous materials can be achieved.
On managerial relevance: reconciling the academic-practitioner divide through market theorizing

The marketing academy continues to struggle with issues of managerial relevance. We argue that, at its core, marketing’s problems with managerial relevance do not lie in diverging roles and interests between academics and practitioners, but in the distinct lenses market actors apply to view and enact market realities. Building on market performativity, we assert that concepts and theories not only depict the world ‘out there,’ but also contribute to bringing about reality when enacted. Thus, the relevance of marketing academics and their work cannot simply be addressed by changing how research is conducted (e.g., more industry engagement), but more foundationally, through a shift in what is researched and how phenomena are studied. By refocusing the discussion from managerial relevance to the relevance of theoretical work in the shaping of markets, we show that both academics and practitioners need to be more cognizant of the market conceptualizations they help to perpetuate. All market actors need to broaden their understanding of markets to incorporate stable as well as dynamic and systemic depictions of markets. Market actors, paradoxically, need to become more theoretical to be more relevant in the shaping of markets.
Transferring Coomassie Blue-Stained Proteins from Polyacrylamide Gels to Transparencies

This chapter presents a procedure described earlier by Jinny Paul—a simple, practical, and cheap technique for long-term nonphotographic storage of Coomassie blue-stained protein separation pattern found in an electrophoresis gel.
A note on the effect of material uncertainty on acoustic source localization error in anisotropic plates.

Abstract The uncertainty in material properties of an anisotropic plate may influence the acoustic source localization process undertaken for the plate. To study this effect of material uncertainty, the two moduli of elasticity of an orthotropic plate material are considered in this note as independent random variables and the propagation of this material uncertainty through the wave front shape-based acoustic source localization approach is investigated. Assuming lognormal probability distributions for the two random variables, several design points in lognormal spaces are picked using Latin Hypercube Sampling. Finite element analysis is performed for each design point to simulate the elastic wave propagation due to an acoustic event and wave front shape-based approach is applied to estimate the source location. The time-of-arrivals and source localization errors obtained for each design point are considered as separate response functions at that design point and regression kriging metamodels through the responses at the design points are constructed. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out using these metamodels to obtain the distribution parameters (i.e., ranges, means and standard deviations) of the time-of-arrivals and localization errors. A global sensitivity analysis is performed to estimate the effect of each random variable on the localization errors. It is observed that for lognormally distributed moduli of elasticity with same coefficients of variation, uncertainty in the modulus of elasticity in the major direction affects the source localization accuracy more compared to the uncertainty in the modulus of elasticity in the minor direction, particularly when the ellipse-based technique is used.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in biofilms by pulsed ultraviolet light

The inactivation of biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria on ready-to-eat and minimally processed fruits and vegetables by nonthermal processing methods is critical to ensure food safety. Pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light has shown promise in the surface decontamination of liquid, powdered, and solid foods. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of PUV light treatment on nascent biofilms formed by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on the surfaces of food packaging materials, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and fresh produce, such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves, was investigated. The formation of biofilms on Romaine lettuce leaves and LDPE films was confirmed by crystal violet and Alcian blue staining methods. Inactivation of cells in the biofilm was determined by standard plating procedures, and by a luminescence-based bacterial cell viability assay. Upon PUV treatment of 10 s at two different light source to sample distances (4.5 and 8.8 cm), viable cell counts of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 in biofilms on the lettuce surface were reduced by 0.6–2.2 log CFU mL−1 and 1.1–3.8 log CFU mL−1, respectively. On the LDPE surface, the efficiency of inactivation of biofilm-encased cells was slightly higher. The maximum values for microbial reduction on LDPE were 2.7 log CFU mL−1 and 3.9 log CFU mL−1 for L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Increasing the duration of PUV light exposure resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in biofilm formation by both organisms. The results also revealed that PUV treatment was more effective at reducing E. coli biofilms compared with Listeria biofilms. A moderate increase in temperature (~7–15°C) was observed for both test materials. PUV is an effective nonthermal intervention method for surface decontamination of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes on fresh produce and packaging materials.
Partial Differential Equations Invariant under Conformal or Projective Transformations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the differential equations associated with Riemannian metrics, which have some invariance properties under conformai transformations. It discusses a possible Riemannian metric, which is to play the role of the Hilbert metric, that is, it is invariant under projective transformations and, in the case of the ball |x| < 1, reduces to hyperbolic Riemannian metric. It is defined in terms of a solution of the boundary value problem for a positive, strictly concave function u defined in Ω.
Increased GABAA receptor binding in superficial layers of cingulate cortex in Schizophrenics

Recent investigations of postmortem brain from schizophrenic patients have revealed reduced numbers of neurons in several different corticolimbic brain regions. In the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, more specific decreases in the numbers of interneurons, but not pyramidal cells, have been reported to occur preferentially in layer II. Based on this latter finding, a loss of inhibitory basket cells leading to a compensatory upregulation of the GABAA receptor has been hypothesized to occur in schizophrenic patients and to be a contributory factor in the pathophysiology of this disorder. We now report the results of a high-resolution quantitation of GABAA receptor binding in anterior cingulate cortex of postmortem specimens from normal and schizophrenic cases. The results indicate a preferential increase in bicuculline-sensitive 3H-muscimol binding on neuronal cell bodies of layers II and III, but not layers V and VI, of the schizophrenic cases. There was no difference in the size of neurons in any of the layers examined when the control and schizophrenic groups were compared. The neuropil of layer I also showed significantly greater GABAA binding in schizophrenics. The differences seen in the schizophrenic group did not appear to be the result of exposure to antipsychotic medication because one patient who was medication naive and a second who had received minimal exposure to antipsychotic drugs also showed elevated GABAA receptor binding. Since information processing depends on corticocortical integration in outer layers I- III, a disturbance of inhibitory activity in these superficial layers of limbic cortex may contribute to the defective associative function seen in schizophrenia.
When entities are types: effectively modeling type-instantiation relationships

Type-instantiation relationships (TIRs) appear in many application domains including RFID-based inventory tracking, securities markets, health care, incident-response management, travel, advertising, and academia. For example an emergency response (type) is instantiated in the actual incident, or an advertisement (type) serves impressions on a website. This kind of relationship has received little attention in literature notwithstanding its ubiquity. Conventional modeling does not properly capture its underlying semantics. This can lead to data redundancy, denormalized relations and loss of knowledge about constraints during implementation. Our work formally defines and discusses the semantics of the type-instantiation relationship. We also present an analysis of how TIRs affect other relationships in a conceptual database schema, and the relational implications of our approach.
Magnetic and non-Fermi-liquid properties of U 1 − x La x Pd 2 Al 3

We have performed measurements of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility of polycrystalline samples of ${\mathrm{U}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}.$ The antiferromagnetic order of the parent compound ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ is rapidly suppressed for small lanthanum concentrations $0l~xl~0.2.$ For samples with lanthanum concentrations $0.25l~xl~0.65,$ magnetic relaxation and ac magnetic-susceptibility measurements indicate the formation of a spin-glass state with a freezing temperature that extrapolates to $T=0\mathrm{K}$ near $x=0.8.$ Non-Fermi-liquid temperature dependences in the electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and specific heat $C(T)$ were observed for samples with $x=0.8$ and 0.9. The resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ at low temperatures can be described by a power law $\ensuremath{\rho}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=1\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{AT}}^{n}$ for $Tl10\mathrm{K}$ with $n=1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ for the samples with $x=0.8$ and 0.9. The electronic specific-heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\Delta}C/T$ has a logarithmic temperature dependence in the temperature ranges $3\mathrm{K}l~Tl~20\mathrm{K}$ $(x=0.8)$ and $1\mathrm{K}l~Tl~6\mathrm{K}$ $(x=0.9).$
Plasticity for axolotl lens regeneration is associated with age-related changes in gene expression

Mexican axolotls lose potential for lens regeneration 2 weeks after hatching. We used microarrays to identify differently expressed genes before and after this critical time, using RNA isolated from iris. Over 3700 genes were identified as differentially expressed in response to lentectomy between young (7 days post-hatching) and old (3 months post-hatching) axolotl larvae. Strikingly, many of the genes were only expressed in the early or late iris. Genes that were highly expressed in young iris significantly enriched electron transport chain, transcription, metabolism, and cell cycle gene ontologies, all of which are associated with lens regeneration. In contrast, genes associated with cellular differentiation and tissue maturation were uniquely expressed in old iris. Many of these expression differences strongly suggest that young and old iris samples were collected before and after the spleen became developmentally competent to produce and secrete cells with humoral and innate immunity functions. Our study establishes the axolotl as a powerful model to investigate age-related cellular differentiation and immune system ontogeny within the context of tissue regeneration.
Scaling up adsorption media reactors for copper removal with the aid of dimensionless numbers.

Adsorption media may be used to sorb copper in an aquatic environment for pollution control. Effective design of adsorption media reactors is highly dependent on selection of the hydraulic residence time when scaling up a pilot-scale reactor to a field-scale reactor. This paper seeks to improve scaling-up technique of the reactor design process through the use of the Damkohler and Peclet numbers via a dimensional analysis. A new scaling-up theory is developed in this study through a joint consideration of the Damkohler and Peclet numbers for a constant media particle size such that a balance between transport control and reaction control can be harmonized. A series of column breakthrough tests at varying hydraulic residence times revealed a clear peak adsorption capacity at a Damkohler number of 2.74. The Peclet numbers for the column breakthrough tests indicated that mechanical dispersion is an important effect that requires further consideration in the scaling-up process. However, perfect similitude of the Damkohler number cannot be maintained for a constant media particle size, and relaxation of hydrodynamic similitude through variation of the Peclet number must occur.
Maximum likelihood estimation for the negative multinomial log-linear model

A log-linear model is defined for multiway contingency tables with negative multinomial frequency counts. The maximum likelihood estimator of the model parameters and the estimator covariance matrix is given. The likelihood ratio test for the general log-linear hypothesis also is presented.
Periodic mesoporous organometallic silicas with unary or binary organometals inside the channel walls as active and reusable catalysts in aqueous organic reactions.

A new type of heterogenized organometallic catalysts, periodic mesoporous organometallic silicas with organometals and organic groups embedded in silica walls have been developed using surfactant-directed co-condensation. These catalysts exhibit high efficiencies and strong durability in water-medium organic reactions. Moreover, a bifunctional catalyst containing both Pd(II) and Ru(II) organometals inside pore walls can catalyze the water-medium “one-pot” cascade reaction effectively. These catalysts can be conveniently recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activities.
Methamphetamine Use among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Young Men in North Carolina, United States, from 2000 to 2005

Background Methamphetamine (MA) is a new arrival to the Southeastern United States (US). Incidence of HIV is also increasing regionally, but data are limited regarding any association between this trend and MA use. We examined behavioral data from North Carolina (NC) residents newly diagnosed with HIV, collected by the Department of Health between 2000-2005. Principal Findings Among 1,460 newly diagnosed HIV-positive young men, an increasing trend was seen from 2000-2005 in MA use (p = 0.01, total n = 20). In bivariate analyses, users of MA had significantly greater odds of reporting other substance use, including alcohol, powder or crack cocaine, marijuana, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”). They were also more likely to have reported sexual activity while traveling outside NC; sex with anonymous partners; and previous HIV testing. In a predictive model, MA use had a negative association with nonwhite race, and strong positive associations with powder cocaine, “ecstasy,” or intravenous drug use and being a university student. Conclusions Similar to trends seen in more urban parts of the US, MA use among newly diagnosed, HIV-positive young men is increasing in NC. These data are among the first to demonstrate this relationship in a region with a burgeoning epidemic of MA use. Opportunities exist for MA-related HIV risk-reduction interventions whenever young men intersect the healthcare system.
Patch shape alters spider community structure: links between microhabitat choice and sensitivity to increased edge habitat

Increased edge effects in fragmented habitats can affect the abundance of edge-dwelling organisms, but these impacts may depend on the biological attributes of species. Microhabitat choice, a species characteristic that reflects combinations of biological traits, may affect the ability of peripheral species to take advantage of increased edge habitat in the presence of edge effects. In this field study, we built artificial shrub modules designed to encourage web spiders to build webs on the periphery. While modules were identical in volume, they differed in shape (cubic and elongated), so that elongated modules had more edge habitat and were subject to enhanced edge effects. Given that the tangle-web spiders Theridion and Dictyna built webs on module edges and strongly differed in terms of concealment and substrate generalization, two habitat characteristics associated with lower vulnerability to habitat modification, we tested the hypothesis that Theridion, which built webs in more concealed locations and on a greater diversity of substrate configurations in the modules compared to Dictyna, would take better advantage of increased edge habitat. As predicted, Theridion was significantly more abundant on elongated modules whereas the abundance of Dictyna did not respond to shape, even though the change in module shape entailed a similar increase in favored substrate for both spider groups. Our results suggest that the microhabitat associations of organisms may be linked to their propensity to be sensitive to edges, and that a better understanding of these links can improve our ability to predict the effects of habitat modification on biodiversity.
A dinuclear, metal-metal bonded, carboxylato-bridged niobium(III) complex

Abstract Nb2Cl6(THT)3, THT=tetrahydrothiophene, reacts with excess tetramethylammonium acetate to give an ionic Nb(III) complex, (NMe4)[Nb2Cl2(THT)(CH3CO2)5]·CH2Cl2. The compound has been characterized by NMR, IR, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group P212121 with a=11.326(3) A, b=11.857(4) A, c=24.343(6) A, V=3269(3) A3 and Z=4. The NbNb distance is equal to 2.764(1) A which together with the diamagnetism of the complex indicates a double metal-metal bond. The acetato ligands coordinate in three different modes: bridging bidentate, chelating and bridging unidentate.
Syntheses, structure, and reactivity of acyclic enetriyne and enetetrayne derivatives

Sonogashira coupling of buta-1,3-diynylbenzene with ((2-iodophenyl)ethynyl)trimethylsilane and 1,2-diiodobenzene led to the novel enetriyne, 1-ethynyl-2-(phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene, and enetetrayne, 1,2-bis(phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene, respectively. Solid state structural and thermal analyses are also described. In solution, 1-ethynyl-2-(phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene was found to undergo thermal Bergman cyclization to afford 2-(phenylethynyl)naphthalene.
On Hyperbolic Trigonometry

In this paper we give an elementary proof of the basic hyperbolic trigonometric formulas using only the inversion transformation rather than the standard method of proof using horocycles [1, p. 162].
Aldosterone-elicited sodium appetite.

Rats show increased consumption of sodium-containing solutions following the administration of mineralocorticoids. This increased consumption has been termed sodium appetite. In the present experiment, the administration of various doses of aldosterone led to increased intake of a 0.33M saline solution in both domestic and wild rats relative to the appropriate control groups. Both plasma sodium and plasma volume increased slightly following the administration of the hormone. However, rats raised with a saline solution continuously accessible on their cages from birth did not show sodium appetite following the administration of aldosterone unless some minimal period of time had elapsed wherein they had received no saline at all. These data, along with the data of several control experiments, imply that aldosteroneelicited sodium appetite is the result of some learning process. One hypothesis is that, during their development, an association forms in rats between increased aldosterone levels and the tendenc...
Prevalence of prostate specific antigen testing for prostate cancer in elderly men.

Purpose: We investigated the prevalence and outcome of PSA testing for prostate cancer screening or diagnosis in elderly men 75 years or older at our academic medical center.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to identify all men 75 years or older who underwent a PSA test through the family medicine or internal medicine service at our institution between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2004. All patients with a suspected (PSA less than 0.1 ng/ml) or confirmed prior diagnosis of prostate cancer were excluded. The prevalence of PSA testing was then compared to that in younger age groups (45 to 54, 55 to 64 and 65 to 74 years). We then examined the frequency and nature of further evaluation and treatment performed in men following the PSA test.Results: The 8,787 male patients who were 75 years or older generated a total of 82,672 visits in the 5.5-year period. Of these patients 505 (5.7%) underwent at least 1 PSA test. The prevalence of PSA testing in the younger age groups was 10.3% ...
A Possible Contributory Role of the Platelet in the Formation of Plasma Factor XIII

Factor XIII is a proenzyme found in plasma and platelets which, when activated, catalyses the formation of e-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl bonds in fibrin. Plasma factor XIII is composed of two different polypeptides, a and b, whereas platelet factor XIII has only a subunit. Factor XIIIa, the active enzyme, from both plasma and platelets is enzymatically the same. Platelet factor XIII is synthesized in megakaryocytes and accounts for 50% of the total factor XIII activity in blood. In this study the role of platelet factor XIII in the formation of plasma factor XIII was investigated. The chemotherapeutic agents—quinidine, vincristine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide—were used to induce thrombocytopenia in rats. Platelet count, plasma factor XIII activity, and fibrinogen concentration were determined along with other haematological parameters. With all four drugs there were concomitant decreases in plasma factor XIII activity along with decreases in the platelet count. Throughout the experiment, fibrinogen concentrations remained within pretreatment levels. In the saline-treated control animals, the platelet count and plasma factor XIII activity did not significantly differ from the pre-treatment levels. These observations suggest that the low levels of factor XIII achieved in the treated groups resulted from the effects of the chemotherapeutic agents on thrombocytopoiesis. Statistical analyses of the data indicated a high correlation between platelet count and plasma factor XIII activity. From this study, it is apparent that platelet factor XIII could be a source of a subunit for plasma factor XIII.
Signal sequence recognition and protein targeting

Intracellular traffic is often controlled not by highways, but by handshakes and partner introductions within a cellular network. Recently determined structures suggest how signal sequences are recognized and how the GTP affinities of the signal recognition particle and its receptor are coupled to the targeting of ribosomes to translocational membrane pores. The structure of signal peptidase suggests how it releases functional proteins.
Immunological consequences of maternal separation in infant primates.

Traumatic events early in life can not only cause acute alterations in immune responses but also derail the normal developmental trajectory of certain immunological processes.
Explicit construction of quadratic lyapunov functions for the small gain, positivity, circle, and popov theorems and their application to robust stability. part II: Discrete-time theory

The purpose of this paper is to construct Lyapunov functions to prove the key fundamental results of linear system theory, namely, the small gain (bounded real), positivity (positive real), circle, and Popov theorems. For each result a suitable Riccati-like matrix equation is used to explicitly construct a Lyapunov function that guarantees asymptotic stability of the feedback interconnection of a linear time-invariant system and a memoryless nonlinearity. Lyapunov functions for the small gain and positivity results are also constructed for the interconnection of two transfer functions. A multivariable version of the circle criterion, which yields the bounded real and positive real results as limiting cases, is also derived. For a multivariable extension of the Popov criterion, a Lure-Postnikov Lyapunov function involving both a quadratic term and an integral of the nonlinearity, is constructed. Each result is specialized to the case of linear uncertainty for the problem of robust stability. In the case of the Popov criterion, the Lyapunov function is a parameter-dependent quadratic Lyapunov function.
Competitive Interactions Between Neotropical Pollinators and Africanized Honey Bees

The Africanized honey bee, a hybrid of European and African honey bees, is thought to displace native pollinators. After experimental introduction of Africanized honey bee hives near flowers, stingless bees became less abundant or harvested-less resource as visitation by Africanized honey bees increased. Shifts in resource use caused by colonizing Africanized honey bees may lead to population decline of Neotropical pollinators.
Color Measurement and Color Theory: I. Representation Theorem for Grassmann Structures

Abstract For trichromatic color measurement, the empirically based structure consists of the set of colored lights, with its operations of additive mixture and scalar multiplication, and the binary relation of metameric matching. The representing numerical structure is a vector space. The important axioms are Grassmann's laws. The vector representation is constructed in a canonical or coordinate-free manner, mainly using Grassmann's additivity law. Trichromacy is used only to fix the dimensionality. Color theories attempt to get a more unique homomorphism by enriching the basic empirical structure with new empirical relations, subject to new axioms. Examples of such enriching relations include: discriminability or dissimilarity ordering of color pairs; dichromatic matching relations; and unidimensional matching relations, or codes. Representation theorems for the latter two examples are based on Grassmann-type laws also. The relationship between a Grassmann structure and its unidimensional Grassmann codes is modeled by the relationship between a vector space and its dual space of linear functionals. Dual spaces are used to clarify theorems relating to the three-pigment hypothesis and to reduction dichromacy.
A multi-objective coordinated control method for AGC

By dividing the global area into several control areas, a multi-objective coordinated AGC control method is introduced in this paper. The main control area's objective is the ACE of global area. The sub-areas maintain the power flow of transmission lines among areas at scheduled interchange and cooperate with the main area in emergency. AGC system based on the addressed method can realize multi-objective coordinated control conveniently. The proposed method has been implemented in several provincial power grids in China and proved efficient.
Variable resource defense by the Tana River crested mangabey

Behavioral observations over 16 months of two groups of Tana River crested mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus) in East Africa provide evidence, contrary to previous reports, for site-specific aggression and territorial exclusion. In addition, movements and vocal responses to neighboring group's long-call vocalizations vary temporally, reflecting seasonal variation in food availability and distribution. Patterns of response to neighboring groups are consistent with the hypothesis that resources should be defended only when it is economic to do so. When fruit resources are rare intergroup interactions are infrequent and groups use separate areas. As fruit availability increases, the distribution of diet species influences the type of interaction; peaceful intergroup interactions generally occur when mangabeys eat uniformly distributed species and aggressive interactions occur when mangabeys eat species with patchy distributions. Differences between male vocal responses and group spatial responses may reflect conflicting objectives of territorial defense by males and females.
A genetic algorithm based approach to thermal unit commitment of electric power systems

This paper presents a new approach based on genetic algorithms to solve the thermal unit commitment problem of electric power systems. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are general search techniques based on the biological metaphor and are very suitable for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Because of its nonconvex and combinatorial nature, the unit commitment problem is difficult to solve by conventional programming methods. However, it is well suited for the application of the GAs. A key to the success of the implementation of the proposed algorithm is a newly developed knowledge-augmented mutation-like operator, named here the forced mutation. It was found to improve, significantly, the efficiency of the GA in solving the unit commitment problem. Two different coding schemes were devised and tested. In addition, the effects of GAs' control variables on convergence were extensively studied. The approach was tested on a ten-unit system. Test results clearly reveal the robustness and promise of the proposed approach.
Elements of magnetohydrodynamics with the Hall current. Part 1. Nonlinear phenomena

The elements of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with the Hall current are presented. The governing partial differential equations are, like those of ideal MHD, quasi-linear, but unlike ideal MHD, are not hyperbolic. However, they do possess real characteristics which are shown to be associated with the sound wave and the surfaces o(r, t) = const. determined by B. ∇o = 0. Properties of weak and strong discontinuities are discussed, and comparisons are made with ideal MHD. It is shown that generalizations of dipole layers appear as a result of discontinuities in the magnetic field.
Aorta: Comprehensive Evaluation by Echocardiography and Transesophageal Echocardiography

The emergence of transesophageal echocardiography has made echocardiography a nearly ideal technique for evaluating the thoracic aorta. The echocardiographic anatomy of the aorta is reviewed. The role of echocardiography for evaluating aortic dissection, thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic atherosclerosis, and thoracic aortic trauma is discussed. Comparison of echocardiography with other techniques for imaging the aorta (computed tomographic scan, nuclear magnetic resonance, and aortography) is presented.
Geophysical prospecting and remote sensing for the study of the San Rossore area in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

Abstract With the dual purpose of extending knowledge about the archaeological site of San Rossore and of assisting archaeologists in the recovery process of the ships, geophysical surveys integrated with remote sensing analyses were performed. The surveys were conducted at selected locations, placed on the plan of excavation (approximately 5 m above the ancient surface) and near the archaeological excavation area. Passive (Self Potentials) and active (Induced Polarization) electrical methods were used. The choice of geophysical methods was due to the peculiarity of the geological characteristics of the site. In fact, the sediments embodying the archaeological remains are mainly silts and silty sands, which are moderately conductive. Furthermore, a shallow groundwater hosted in the alluvial deposits (at approximately 2 m below the surface plane) is present in the site. Induced Polarization results inside the excavation area allowed identifying some anomalies related to the ship boundaries, as well as other anomalies probably attributable to archaeological features. Additionally, the Self Potentials measurements carried out in the area near the archaeological excavation evidenced the presence of other archaeological features such as two ships, a pier and other structures. Furthermore, the multitemporal remote sensing data allow the identification of many traces related to filling of channels and ditches. Finally, the integration of the data contributed to a better interpretation of the archaeological site.
Location and dynamics of a membrane-bound fluorescent hapten. A spectroscopic study

Abstract In the preceding paper (Petrossian, A. and Owicki, J.C. (1984), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 776, 217–227), we describe the binding of a monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibody to a membrane bound fluorescein-lipid hapten. Those results suggest that some of the hapten fluorescein moiety is extended away from the membrane surface and is available for antibody binding, while some of the hapten is sequestered and not immediately available for antibody binding. In this paper, we carry out a spectroscopic study of the membrane-bound hapten and show that there is more than one physically distinct fluorophore environment, with the sequestered hapten associated with the phospholipid headgroup region. The amount of membrane-associated fluorophore depends upon the membrane lipid composition: most of the fluorophore is associated when the lipid is unsaturated or branched-chain phosphatidylcholines (PC), whereas the hapten is largely extended for PC/cholesterol mixtures. The effect of cholesterol on the availability of membrane-bound hapten to antibody binding is not unique to this system. The conversion between sequestered and extended hapten is slow (minutes).
Shoplifting Curriculum Development and Testing for Secondary School Students

Shoplifting is one of the fastest growing crimes against property in the United States. This shoplifting curriculum unit was developed and tested in secondary schools. The study was performed to evaluate the effect on knowledge gain and attitude change of students who received in-school instruction about shoplifting. The kits have been utilized in grade schools and sixth grade centers in the Austin Independent School District (Austin, Texas) to determine the effects of such valuing instruction on younger students.
Nesting partial Steiner triple systems with 2-regular leave graphs

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of nesting partial Steiner triple systems. Among other results, we show that if there exists a nesting of a partial Steiner triple system of order 3p in which the leave graph consists of 3 vertex disjoint cycles of length p, then for any 2-factor H with 6+3⩾21p vertices in which all cycles have length divisible by p, there exists a nesting of a partial Steiner triple system with leave graph H.
Role of submarine canyons in shaping the rise between Lydonia and Oceanographer canyons, Georges Bank

Abstract Three large submarine canyons, Oceanographer, Gilbert, and Lydonia, indent the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf and, with four additional canyons, dissect the continental slope in the vicinity of Georges Bank. On the upper rise, these canyons merge at a water depth of approximately 3100 m to form only two valleys. Differences in channel morphology of the canyons on the upper rise imply differences in relative activity, which is inconsistent with observations in the canyon heads. At present, Lydonia Canyon incises the upper rise more deeply than do the other canyons: however, seismic-reflection profiles show buried channels beneath the rise, which suggests that these other six canyons were periodically active during the Neogene. The rise morphology and the thickness of inferred Neogene- and Quaternary-age sediments on the rise are attributed to the presence and activity of the canyons. The erosional and depositional processes and the morphology of these canyons are remarkably similar to those of fluvial systems. Bear Seamount, which has approximately 2000 m of relief on the rise, has acted as a barrier to downslope sediment transport since the Late Cretaceous. Sediment has piled up on the upslope side, whereas much less sediment has accumulated in the “lee shadow” on the downslope side. Seismic-reflection profile data show that Lydonia Canyon has not eroded down to the volcanic rock of Bear Seamount.
Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny

. Adetomyrma venatrix, representing a new genus and species of ant, is described from a single collection of twenty-one workers from Zombitse Forest, in western Madagascar. Remarkable features of its morphology include: (i) absence of a petiole in dorsal view (abdominal tergum 3 lacking a dorsally differentiated pretergite), (ii) gaster large and expanded posteriorly, all terga and sterna unfused and without constrictions, (iii) absence of eyes, and (iv) presence of a very large sting (larger, in relation to body size, than that of any other known ant). Adetomyrma does not possess any of the derived features heretofore said to characterize the existing ant subfamilies. Morphological evidence suggests, however, that it is cladistically a member of the ponerine tribe Amblyoponini despite the absence of apomorphic abdominal characters (tergosternal fusion of abdominal segments 3 and 4) seen in all other Ponerinae and in the more inclusive ‘poneroid group’ of subfamilies. Whether Adetomyrma shows primitive absence of such characters or secondary reversal to an unfused state has important implications for the higher phylogeny of the ants. There is insufficient evidence to choose decisively between these two alternatives, but in either case the monophyly of the ant subfamily Ponerinae becomes doubtful.
BISTATIC PHASE MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT Through the use of an image ground plane, measurements of scattering patterns for objects with at least one plane of symmetry have been made. Until recently, only the magnitude of the patterns were available. Now the system's capability has been expanded to include accurate phase information. The system makes use of bistatic measurements and is interfaced with a MINC-11 minicomputer which provides fast and efficient automation of the measurement process as well as data analysis capability. The scattering range is operated using a microwave X-band system.