cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kimball Young on Stanford and Oregon, 1919–1926:

In 1968, former president of the American Sociological Association Kimball Young (1893-1972) gave a seminar at Arizona State University that was attended by both editors. The sessions were taped, for it was Young's intention to organize the tapes into a book that would document his life as a sociologist/social psychologist, a book to be called Man in Transition. The present article is the third in a series emerging from Young's tapes and subsequent notes.' The present segment begins with Young's account of the conflict between his Chicago School exposure to cultural relativism under W.I. Thomas and the biological determinism of Terman at Stanford. Young details his coping strategies as he secures his Ph.D. at Stanford in 1921. Next, Young describes his years as an Assistant Professor of Psychology (1920-1923) and Associate Professor of Psychology (1924-1926) at the University of Oregon. Here Young chronicles his own vigorous post-doctoral attack on the fashionable Terman-style thought and describes attacks on Terman's doctrines by others. Young concludes with an account of his unflagging participation in bringing W.I. Thomas back into the mainstream of sociology. Publication of this segment is most timely because it complements in Young's own words the speculations in Minton and O'Neil's recent article about Young's reasoning as he leaped from the Chicago School teachings of W.I. Thomas to public endorsement of the views of Lewis M. Terman, his dissertation director in the Department of Psychology at Stanford. Young's steady intellectual return to the environmental view of his Chicago mentors is then chronicled through Young's early publications.2 As before, the editors' intention is to preserve the candid flavor of Young's storytelling; except for the bracketed items, the wording is direct quotation. Young's candor sometimes has resulted in controversy as he cast his critical eye upon members of the sociological and psychological professions, professions he participated in with remarkable vigor and enthusiasm.
Cytology and Growth Characteristics of Human Tumour Astrocytes Transformed by Rous Sarcoma Virus

Human tumour astrocytes ( 118MG ) were exposed in vitro to the Engelbreth-Holm strain of Rous sarcoma virus at a multiplicity of infection of one. Morphological transformation of the cells in 60-mm plates was complete in 9-11 weeks after viral exposure. The transformed cells ( EH-118 MG ) grew as a monolayer, upon which nests of rounded cells developed. From these nests, rounded cells shed into the medium and in turn on seeding formed a monolayer and repeated the cycle. The transformed cells contained the viral group-specific antigen in the cytoplasm, and produced Rous sarcomas in chickens. No complete virus was demonstrated in the mammalian cells. Electron micrographs of the parent 118 MG and transformed EH-118 MG cells gave further details of the structure of cytoplasmic protrusions which were formed in some of the free EH-118 MG but not in the 118 MG cells. Their nature is completely unknown.
Cytomegalovirus in Preterm Infants

The clinical, radiological and neuropathological findings in 15 premature infants with lethal congenital cytomegalovirus infection were studied at the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
The Standard Model and Beyond

The Standard Model (SM) is a theory that describes the fundamental particles and their interactions, with the exception of gravitational interactions. Experimental observations over the past several decades have proven that the SM accurately describes the physics at energy levels accessible in the laboratory. The discovery of the Higgs boson during RunI of the LHC marks the completion of the theory, but various experimental hints and theoretical calculations also point to limitations of the SM.
Adverse Drug Events

In this chapter, the term “adverse drug event” (ADE), rather than “reaction,” is used to emphasize the occurrences that are usually multifactorial and often include both biologic and system issues. No drug is free of ADE risk, and prescription of a drug therefore requires the physician to estimate that the risks of therapy are outweighed by the benefits. The list of ADEs for any given drug, let alone for all drugs commonly used by one practitioner, is enormous, and so the problem of ADEs presents challenges not only in guiding prescriptions to maximize benefit and minimize risk but also in educating health practitioners in making such judgments in an increasingly complex molecular and genetic environment. Clearly, information tools play an increasing role in future drug prescribing. The chapter briefly explains the types of ADEs such as system errors, linking events to drug administration—the “easy” examples, linking events to drug administration—the “hard” examples, and many more. Furthermore, it also explains drug interactions that are especially likely to cause ADEs because they inhibit specific pathways for drug elimination. In this situation, ADEs are likely if a second “high-risk” drug using that pathway is also administered.
Sinonasal adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcoma: A case report

We describe the case of a sinonasal adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcoma in a 41-year-old male. Histologically, the tumor exhibited distinctive areas of nested growth pattern with prominent stromal fibrosis and metaplastic bone formation. The tumor cells were small and uniform with minimal amount of pale eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and round or oval nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin and small nucleoli. Approximately 20% of the tumor parenchyma comprised of small clusters of basaloid cells within an osteofibrous background resembling adamantinoma. The tumor showed strong expression of keratins, p63, CD99 and Fli-1, and EWSR1 rearrangement. The diagnosis of sinonasal Ewing family tumors is particularly problematic owing to the large number of potential mimics. For any poorly differentiated or undifferentiated head and neck tumor, cellular monotony and CD99 immunoreactivity should prompt consideration for molecular studies that include analysis of both EWSR1 and FLI1, even in the presence of strong cytokeratin expression or focal keratinization.
Publication Rates of Abstracts Presented at the Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting.

Abstracts accepted at scientific meetings are often not subsequently published. Data on publication rates are largely from subspecialty and surgical studies. The aims of this study were to 1) determine publication rates of abstracts presented at a general internal medicine meeting; 2) describe research activity among academic general internists; 3) identify factors associated with publication and with the impact factor of the journal of publication; and 4) evaluate for publication bias. Retrospective cohort study. All scientific abstracts presented at the Society of General Internal Medicine 2009 Annual Meeting. Publication rates were determined by searching for full-text publications in MEDLINE. Data were abstracted regarding authors’ institution, research topic category, number of study sites, sample size, study design, statistical significance (p value and confidence interval) in abstract and publication, journal of publication, publication date, and journal impact factor. Of the 578 abstracts analyzed, 274 (47.4%) were subsequently published as a full article in a peer-reviewed journal indexed in MEDLINE. In a multivariable model adjusting for institution site, research topic, number of study sites, study design, sample size, and abstract results, publication rates for academic general internists were highest in the areas of medical education (52.5%, OR 5.05, 95% CI 1.57–17.25, reference group Veterans Affairs (VA)-based research, publication rate 36.7%), mental health/substance use (67.7%, OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.39–13.06), and aging/geriatrics/end of life (65.7%, OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.15–9.94, p = 0.01 across topics). Publication rates were higher for multicenter studies than single-institution studies (52.4% vs. 40.4%, OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.10–2.52, p = 0.04 across categories). Randomized controlled trials had higher publication rates than other study designs (66.7% vs. 45.9%, OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.30–5.94, p = 0.03 across study designs). Studies with positive results did not predict higher publication rates than negative studies (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.6–1.31, p = 0.21). This study demonstrated that 47.4% of abstracts presented at a general internal medicine national conference were subsequently published in a peer-reviewed journal indexed in MEDLINE.
Suppression of Hydrogen Evolution by Oxygen Reduction in Nanoporous Electrocatalysts

Electroreduction of small molecules in aqueous solution often competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), especially if the reaction is driven even moderately hard using a large overpotential. Here, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied under proton diffusion-limited conditions in slightly acidic electrolytes: a model system to study the relative transport kinetics of protons and reactants to an electrocatalyst and the relationship between transport and catalytic performance. Using dealloyed nanoporous nickel–platinum (np-NiPt) electrodes, we find the hydrogen evolution reaction can be completely suppressed even at high overpotentials (−400 mV vs RHE). In addition, the mechanism of oxygen reduction can be changed by using buffered versus unbuffered solutions, suggesting the reaction selectivity is associated with a transient rise (or lack thereof) in the interface pH at the np-NiPt surface. Independently controlling reactant transport to electrocatalyst surfaces at high overpotentials e...
Relationship Between Falls and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the potential relationship between different forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and falls among older adults in New York City (NYC). Design: This cross-sectional study of data from the NYC Health Indicators Project survey used modified questionnaire items from several national surveys. Settings: Participants were recruited from 56 senior centers located in the 5 boroughs of NYC. Participants: There were 1273 participants aged 60 years or older included in the final analysis. Outcome measures: Of particular interest to the researchers was a dichotomous outcome variable for falls, indicating that an individual had experienced no falls during the past year or one or more falls. Also of interest in the analyses were five CAM therapy types: alternative medical systems, biologically based therapies, manipulative and body-based therapies, mind–body therapies, and movement therapies. Results: Prevalence of falls in NYC was 26.8...
Readmissions, unplanned emergency room visits, and surgical retreatment rates after anti-reflux procedures

Introduction/Background The choice between endoscopic injection (EI) and ureteroneocystotomy (UNC) for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is controversial. Objective To compare postoperative outcomes of EI vs UNC. Study design This study reviewed linked inpatient (SID), ambulatory surgery (SASD), and emergency department (SEDD) data from five states in the United States (2007–10) to identify pediatric patients with primary VUR undergoing EI or UNC as an initial surgical intervention. Unplanned readmissions, additional procedures, and emergency room (ER) visits were extracted. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression using generalized estimating equation (GEE) to adjust for hospital-level clustering. Results The study identified 2556 UNC and 1997 EI procedures. Compared with patients undergoing EI, those who underwent UNC were more likely to be younger (4.6 vs 6.0 years, P < 0.001), male (30 vs 20%, P < 0.001), and publicly insured (34 vs 29%, P < 0.001). As shown in Summary Figure, compared with EI, UNC patients had lower rates of additional anti-reflux procedures within 12 months (25 (1.0) vs 121 (6.1%), P < 0.001), but a higher rate of 30-day and 90-day readmissions and ER visits. On multivariate analysis, patients treated by UNC remained at higher odds of being readmitted (OR = 4.45; 2.69 in 30 days; 90 days, P < 0.001) and to have postoperative ER visits (OR = 3.33; 2.26 in 30 days; 90 days, P < 0.001); however, EI had significantly higher odds of repeat anti-reflux procedures in the subsequent year (OR = 7.12, P < 0.001). Discussions Endoscopic injection constituted nearly half of initial anti-reflux procedures in children. However, patients treated with UNC had significantly lower odds of requiring re-treatment in the first year relative to those treated with EI. By contrast, patients treated with UNC had more than twice the odds of being readmitted or visiting an ER postoperatively. Although the available data were amongst the largest and most well validated, the major limitation was the retrospective nature of the administrative database. The practice setting may not be generalizable to states not included in the analysis. Conclusions Postoperative readmissions and ER visits were uncommon after any surgical intervention for VUR, but were more common among children undergoing UNC. The EI patients had a more than seven-fold increased risk of surgical re-treatment within 1 year. Summary Fig. Multivariate adjusted Odds Ratio of ureteroneocystotomy compared to endoscopic injection (Using EI = 1 as reference). EI, endoscopic injection; ER, emergency room; GU, genitourinary. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (113 K) Download as PowerPoint slide
Notwendigkeit und mögliche Welten

Notwendigkeit ist eines der zentralen Konzepte in der Philosophie und spielt in so unterschiedlichen Bereichen wie Metaphysik, Wissenschaftsphilosophie, Logik, Epistemologie und Ethik eine entscheidende Rolle.
Experimental percolation studies of random networks

This report establishes an experimental method of studying electrically percolating networks at a higher resolution than previously implemented. This method measures the current across a conductive sheet as a function of time as elliptical pores are cut into the sheet. This is done utilizing a Universal Laser System X2-600 100 W CO2 laser system with a 76 × 46 cm2 field and 394 dpc (dots/cm) resolution. This laser can cut a random system of elliptical pores into a conductive sheet with a potential voltage applied across it and measures the current versus time. This allows for experimental verification of a percolation threshold as a function of the ellipse's aspect ratio (minor/major diameter). We show that as an ellipse's aspect ratio approaches zero, the percolation threshold approaches one. The benefit of this method is that it can experimentally measure the effect of removing small pores, as well as pores with complex geometries, such as an asterisk from a conductive sheet.
Older people and displacement

As the world population is ageing at an unprecedented rate and displacement is on the rise, increasing numbers of older people are forced from their homes. Whether they remain in their own country or cross an international border, they face a range of specific and very significant risks. The fact that it is virtually impossible to say how many is a manifestation of the first of such risks – invisibility. Often already marginalised before a crisis, older people are often not factored into assessments of need and fall between the cracks of registration systems. Of the 50 countries reviewed by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) for its 2011 global IDP survey, only 11 had up-to-date sexand age-disaggregated data; in only six of the 50 countries did national policies make specific reference to older people; and only three of these six had gathered any information on older people.
Cyanobactins – Ubiquitous Cyanobacterial Ribosomal Peptide Metabolites

Cyanobactins are ribosomally synthesized, N–C terminally cyclized peptides from cyanobacteria. More than 100 cyanobactins have been described so far, and many more have been discovered by genetic methods, making them one of the most important compound classes from cyanobacteria. This chapter documents the structure, biosynthesis, synthesis, function, and roles of cyanobactins.
The effect of within-instar development on tracheal diameter and hypoxia-inducible factors α and β in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Abstract As insects grow within an instar, body mass increases, often more than doubling. The increase in mass causes an increase in metabolic rate and hence oxygen demand. However, the insect tracheal system is hypothesized to increase only after molting and may be compressed as tissues grow within an instar. The increase in oxygen demand in the face of a potentially fixed or decreasing supply could result in hypoxia as insects near the end of an instar. To test these hypotheses, we first used synchrotron X-ray imaging to determine how diameters of large tracheae change within an instar and after molting to the next instar in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Large tracheae did not increase in diameter within the first, second, third, and fourth instars, but increased upon molting. To determine if insects are hypoxic at the end of instars, we used the presence of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as an index. HIF-α and HIF-β dimerize in hypoxia and act as a transcription factor that turns on genes that will increase oxygen delivery. We sequenced both of these genes and measured their mRNA levels at the beginning and end of each larval instar. Finally, we obtained an antibody to HIF-α and measured protein expression during the same time. Both mRNA and protein levels of HIFs were increased at the end of most instars. These data support the hypothesis that some insects may experience hypoxia at the end of an instar, which could be a signal for molting. Summary Statement As caterpillars grow within an instar, major tracheae do not increase in size, while metabolic demand increases. At the same life stages, caterpillars increased expression of hypoxia inducible factors, suggesting that they become hypoxic near the end of an instar.
Shape-controlled electrodeposition of single Pt nanocrystals onto carbon nanoelectrodes

In this paper, we report the electrosynthesis and characterization of individual, shape-controlled Pt nanocrystals (NCs) electrodeposited on carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs). Single Pt NCs were deposited onto the CNEs using an empirically developed square-wave potential program. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy indicates that the sizes of Pt NCs are remarkably reproducible (relative standard deviation = 6%). Electrochemically active surface areas, determined by Cu underpotential deposition and H adsorption/desorption analyses, are also reproducible. Selected area electron diffraction indicates that each Pt NC is comprised of just one single crystal (no grain boundaries). Although different square-wave potential programs lead to different types of crystals, the Pt NCs discussed here have a concave hexoctahedral geometry bound primarily by {13 6 2} surface facets. The results in this report represent a first step toward our ultimate goal of studying electrocatalysis at individual, shape-controlled, single-crystal nanoparticles.
Storage allocation in a warehouse based on the forklifts fleet availability

Product allocation is one of the most important duties in warehousing operations. Based on the time and the number of products to put away and retrieve, storage allocation can directly affect the e...
Uplink MU-MIMO in Asynchronous Wireless LANs

In wireless LANs (WLANs), network-wide time and frequency synchronization among user devices is widely regarded as a necessity for uplink MU-MIMO. Therefore, to enable uplink MU-MIMO in 802.11ax, dedicated MAC protocols (e.g., trigger frame and timing advance mechanism) have been proposed to synchronize user devices in the time and frequency domains. Such MAC protocols increase not only network complexity but also communication overhead. In this paper, we show that the time and frequency synchronization among user devices is not a necessity for uplink MU-MIMO. We propose a practical uplink MU-MIMO solution which does not require time and frequency alignments of the signals from user devices. The key component in our solution is a new PHY design for AP's receiver, which can decode the concurrent signals from multiple asynchronous user devices. We have built a prototype of our uplink MU-MIMO solution on USPR2-GNURadio testbed. Experimental results show that, using the new PHY, an M-antenna AP can successfully decode the concurrent signals from M asynchronous user devices (2 ≤ M ≤ 4).
Brain imaging: assessing therapy responses using quantitative imaging biomarkers

Abstract: Neuroimaging is essential for both the diagnosis and evaluation of the therapeutic response of intracranial tumors. Measurement of structural changes in tumor morphology after institution of therapy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as the current gold standard for monitoring therapeutic response; however, information of prognostic value cannot be obtained until weeks after the initiation of treatment. Positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabled ligands that trace physiologic processes offers promise as a method for early therapy response assessment, although to date the neuro-oncologic utility of PET imaging has not been good enough to replace the current gold standard. This chapter first reviews some of the current methods in which MR is used to evaluate physiologic changes in tumor environment after therapy (e.g. spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging). The chapter then surveys several PET tracers that are either currently in clinical use (e.g. FDG) or under investigation (e.g. FLT) and discusses their use for therapeutic response assessment.
Character-impact Aroma Components of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) Herb

Coriandrum sativum L., a member of the Umbelliferae family, is cultivated worldwide to produce both coriander spice (fruit) and fresh leaves (herb). Coriander herb, more commonly referred to as cilantro or Chinese parsley, is an important culinary herb and an ingredient of many ethnic foods. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the essential oil of coriander spice; however, comparatively few studies have focused on the volatile constituents of coriander herb.
Modeling landowner interactions and development patterns at the urban fringe

Abstract Population growth and unrestricted development policies are driving low-density urbanization and fragmentation of peri-urban landscapes across North America. While private individuals own most undeveloped land, little is known about how their decision-making processes shape landscape-scale patterns of urbanization over time. We introduce a hybrid agent-based modeling (ABM) – cellular automata (CA) modeling approach, developed for analyzing dynamic feedbacks between landowners’ decisions to sell their land for development, and resulting patterns of landscape fragmentation. Our modeling approach builds on existing conceptual frameworks in land systems modeling by integrating an ABM into an established grid-based land-change model – FUTURES. The decision-making process within the ABM involves landowner agents whose decision to sell their land to developers is a function of heterogeneous preferences and peer-influences (i.e., spatial neighborhood relationships). Simulating landowners’ decision to sell allows an operational link between the ABM and the CA module. To test our hybrid ABM-CA approach, we used empirical data for a rapidly growing region in North Carolina for parameterization. We conducted a sensitivity analysis focusing on the two most relevant parameters—spatial actor distribution and peer-influence intensity—and evaluated the dynamic behavior of the model simulations. The simulation results indicate different peer-influence intensities lead to variable landscape fragmentation patterns, suggesting patterns of spatial interaction among landowners indirectly affect landscape-scale patterns of urbanization and the fragmentation of undeveloped forest and farmland.
Effects of a standardized emergency department protocol on after-hours use of venous duplex ultrasound.

Abstract Objective Vascular laboratory (VL) venous duplex ultrasound is the “gold standard” for diagnosis of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT), which is linked to many morbid conditions. Decreasing night and weekend use of VL services in the emergency department (ED) represents a potentially viable means of reducing costs as skilled personnel must remain on call and receive a wage premium when activated. We investigated the effects of workflow changes that required ED providers to use a computerized decision-making tool, integrated into the electronic medical record, to calculate a Wells score for each patient considered for an after-hours venous duplex ultrasound study for suspected DVT. Methods The rate of VL use and study positivity before and after implementation of the decision-making tool were examined in addition to measures of ED throughput, rate of concomitant pulmonary embolism, disposition of examined patients from the ED, observed thrombus distribution in duplex ultrasound studies positive for DVT, and calculated personnel costs of after-hours VL use. Results A total of 391 after-hours, ED-initiated venous duplex ultrasound studies were obtained during the 4-year study period (n = 213 before intervention, n = 178 after intervention; P = .12). Whereas the period immediately after the start of the intervention saw a decrease in VL use, this was not sustained. Studies performed after the intervention were not more likely to be positive for acute DVT (12.2% vs 18%; P = .1179). The average Wells score was 2.8 (range, 0-6). VL personnel were called in 347 times during the 4-year period, with a total cost of $14,643.40. Nurse-ordered studies were significantly more likely to be positive, with 22% revealing acute DVT compared with 12% for physician-ordered studies (P = .042). The intervention resulted in significant improvements in ED throughput, with time between triage and study request falling from 226 minutes to 165 minutes (P Conclusions A requirement for ED providers to document a Wells score before obtaining an after-hours venous duplex ultrasound study resulted in only a transient decrease in VL use but improved ED throughput. Studies ordered by nurses were significantly more likely to be positive, possibly as a result of consistent protocol adherence compared with the physicians. Future studies may warrant investigation into this provider variance.
An Adaptive Mobile Health System to Support Self-Management for Persons With Chronic Conditions and Disabilities: Usability and Feasibility Studies.

Background: Persons with chronic conditions and disabilities (PwCCDs) are vulnerable to secondary complications. Many of these secondary complications are preventable with proactive self-management and proper support. To enhance PwCCDs' self-management skills and conveniently receive desired support, we have developed a mobile health (mHealth) system called iMHere. In 2 previous clinical trials, iMHere was successfully used to improve health outcomes of adult participants with spina bifida and spinal cord injury. To further expand use of iMHere among people with various types of disabilities and chronic diseases, the system needs to be more adaptive to address 3 unique challenges: 1) PwCCDs have very diverse needs with regards to self-management support, 2) PwCCDs’ self-management needs may change over time, and 3) it is a challenge to keep PwCCDs engaged and interested in long-term self-management. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an adaptive mHealth system capable of supporting long-term self-management and adapting to the various needs and conditions of PwCCDs. Methods: A scalable and adaptive architecture was designed and implemented for the new version, iMHere 2.0. In this scalable architecture, a set of mobile app modules was created to provide various types of self-management support to PwCCDs with the ability to add more as needed. The adaptive architecture empowers PwCCDs with personally relevant app modules and allows clinicians to adapt these modules in response to PwCCDs’ evolving needs and conditions over time. Persuasive technologies, social support, and personalization features were integrated into iMHere 2.0 to engage and motivate PwCCDs and support long-term usage. Two initial studies were performed to evaluate the usability and feasibility of the iMHere 2.0 system. Results: The iMHere 2.0 system consists of cross-platform client and caregiver apps, a Web-based clinician portal, and a secure 2-way communication protocol for providing interactions among these 3 front-end components, all supported by a back-end server. The client and caregiver apps have 12 adaptive app modules to support various types of self-management tasks. The adaptive architecture makes it possible for PwCCDs to receive personalized app modules relevant to their conditions with or without support from various types of caregivers. The personalization and persuasive technologies in the architecture can be used to engage PwCCDs for long-term usage of the iMHere 2.0 system. Participants of the usability study were satisfied with the iMHere 2.0 client app. The feasibility evaluation revealed several practical issues to consider when implementing the system on a large scale. Conclusions: We developed an adaptive mHealth system as a novel method to support diverse needs in self-management for PwCCDs that can dynamically change over time. The usability of the client app is high, and it was feasible for PwCCDs to use in supporting personalized and evolving self-care needs.
Demonstration of SeeingVR: A Set of Tools to Make Virtual Reality More Accessible to People with Low Vision

Current virtual reality applications do not support people who have low vision. We present SeeingVR, a set of 14 tools that enhance a VR app for people with low vision by providing visual and audio augmentations. A user can select, adjust, and combine different tools based on their preferences. We demonstrate the design of SeeingVR in this paper.
Temporal Certainty and Skippable In-Stream Commercials: Effects of Ad Length, Timer, and Skip-ad Button on Irritation and Skipping Behavior

Abstract Does a timer—displayed during an in-stream commercial to show viewers how long they need to wait—help relieve the ad irritation that viewers experience when they have to wait for a video to play? Likewise, does the skip-ad button that allows viewers to skip an ad after several seconds help lessen their irritation with the commercial? This research theoretically and empirically examined whether reducing temporal uncertainty (i.e., using a timer to let viewers know the ad length) in skippable advertising actually helped relieve viewers' ad irritation and reduce their likelihood of ad-skipping. Across two experimental studies, temporal certainty (e.g., the presence of the timer) during short commercials generally decreased ad irritation. In contrast, when a skip-ad button is displayed, temporal certainty during both short and long commercials increased ad irritation, which subsequently decreased advertising effectiveness. Also, the higher the ad irritation, the higher the ad-skipping rate. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed, and alternative solutions for reducing ad irritation are provided.
Effects of a multipronged beverage intervention on young children's beverage intake and weight: a cluster-randomized pilot study.

Objective:To evaluate whether a multipronged pilot intervention promoting healthier beverage consumption improved at-home beverage consumption and weight status among young children.Design:In this exploratory pilot study, we randomly assigned four childcare centres to a control (delayed-intervention) condition or a 12-week intervention that promoted consumption of healthier beverages (water, unsweetened low- or non-fat milk) and discouraged consumption of less-healthy beverages (juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat or sweetened milk). The multipronged intervention was delivered via childcare centres; simultaneously targeted children, parents and childcare staff; and included environmental changes, policies and education. Outcomes were measured at baseline and immediately post-intervention and included children’s (n 154) at-home beverage consumption (assessed via parental report) and overweight/obese status (assessed via objectively measured height and weight). We estimated intervention impact using difference-in-differences models controlling for children’s demographics and classroom.Setting:Two northern California cities, USA, 2013–2014.Participants:Children aged 2–5 years and their parents.Results:Relative to control group children, intervention group children reduced their consumption of less-healthy beverages from baseline to follow-up by 5·9 ounces/d (95 % CI −11·2, −0·6) (–174·5 ml/d; 95 % CI –331·2, –17·7) and increased their consumption of healthier beverages by 3·5 ounces/d (95 % CI −2·6, 9·5) (103·5 ml/d; 95 % CI –76·9, 280·9). Children’s likelihood of being overweight decreased by 3 percentage points (pp) in the intervention group and increased by 3 pp in the control group (difference-in-differences: −6 pp; 95 % CI −15, 3).Conclusions:Our exploratory pilot study suggests that interventions focused comprehensively on encouraging healthier beverage consumption could improve children’s beverage intake and weight. Findings should be confirmed in longer, larger studies.
A reagent for heteroatom borylation, including iron mediated reductive deoxygenation of nitrate yielding a dinitrosyl complex.

4,4′-Bipyridyl is shown to be a catalyst for transfer of pinacolboryl groups from (Bpin)2 to nitrogen heterocycles and to Me3SiN3. Using stoichiometric (Bpin)2(pyrazine) or (Bpin)2(bipyridine) in an analogous manner, an aromatic nitro group is deoxygenated and subsequently borylated, and four-fold deoxygenation of (DIM)Fe(NO3)2(MeCN) to yield the dinitrosyl complex (DIM)Fe(NO)2 is facile. The co-product O(Bpin)2 is the quantitative fate of the removed oxo groups. With borylation of both nitrogen heterocycles and doubly deoxygenating two nitrates coordinated to a single metal center, broad spectrum methodology is demonstrated.
Does Fee-for-Service Medicare Reimbursement Incentivize Volume Over Value Among Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons?

Purpose National health care payment models have begun transitioning from fee-for-service to value-based reimbursement because of criticism of the former incentivizing quantity over quality. However, there has yet to be an evaluation of the influence of fee-for-service incentives among oral and maxillofacial surgery services. This study characterized service intensity among oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) serving Medicare beneficiaries in 2017 to determine if higher Medicare income among OMSs arises from higher service intensity or a higher volume of patients treated. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study was composed of Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data from 2017. Providers were included if their specialty type was listed as “maxillofacial surgery.” The predictor variables included service intensity, defined as the number of health care services administered per Medicare beneficiary, and Medicare beneficiary volume. The primary outcome variable was Medicare income. Descriptive statistics and pair-wise comparisons were computed at an α level of .05. Results The analysis cohort was composed of 696 distinct OMSs. A total of 69,959 services were recorded for 53,245 Medicare beneficiaries, with a mean service intensity of 1.12 services per beneficiary. A statistically significant difference in service intensity was found between Medicare payment deciles (P = .002). The magnitude of this difference was less relative to the difference in all medical specialties. Conclusions There is a statistically significant difference in service intensity between low and high earners in oral-maxillofacial surgery; however, the magnitude of the difference is unlikely to be clinically or economically meaningful. Variation in service intensity is lower in oral-maxillofacial surgery relative to all medical specialties in aggregate. Given the changing reimbursement landscape in medicine and surgery, it is important to evaluate existing billing practices within the specialty to advocate for the profession in discussions of payment reform and ensure that patients are receiving only necessary services.
Using PET methods to evaluate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal function

1631 Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Stem cell therapy holds great promise as a potential treatment strategy to produce functional neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). A strategy of using PSC-derived dopamine neurons modified to express active or inhibitory forms of DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) has been developed to evaluate therapeutic potential for PD treatment in the rhesus monkey model. PET radiotracers of [C-11]clozapine and [C-11]raclopride were used to investigate alterations in binding patterns in the endogenous dopamine competition following treatment with the exogenous designer drug clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Methods: Five rhesus monkeys underwent a unilateral intracarotid artery injection of MPTP targeting the right substantia nigra or putamen. All monkeys received unilateral intracerebral injections of PSCs with guidance from real-time intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (RT-IMRI) performed in a 3-T GE SIGNA MRI scanner. Daily doses of CNO were administered to the monkeys to activate the DREADDs expressed by the PSC-derived neurons. Four monkeys underwent [C-11]clozapine scans and one monkey underwent a [C-11]raclopride scan on a microPET Focus 220 scanner. Dynamic data were acquired for 90 minutes post-injection of [C-11]clozapine, and a 120 minute bolus+infusion scan of [C-11]raclopride to assess dopamine release during CNO activation. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn for the left putamen, right putamen and cerebellum. Time activity curves (TACs) were generated for each ROI for a semi-quantitative comparison of bilateral differences in putamen uptake following treatment. Results: Asymmetries between the left and right putamen were noticed in the PET data for the [C-11]clozapine scans. Two monkeys showed unilateral uptake of radiotracer with no uptake in the right putamen. The remaining showed bilateral uptake of radiotracer in both the left and right putamen following treatment. The [C-11]raclopride results showed bilateral uptake of radiotracer with elevated uptake in the right putamen following the administration of CNO indicating alteration in dopaminergic function. Conclusions: These qualitative results show the potential for evaluation of PSC-derived neuronal function using PET methodologies. The semi-quantitative analysis will be confirmed through histology studies to show the precise location and effectiveness of PSC engraftment at restoring neuronal function.
Are college algebra students ready to enter an engineering curriculum

This Research Category Work in Progress paper examines the success of engineering students who enter Michigan Technological University and start their math sequence at the College Algebra level. At Michigan Tech, all first-year engineering students complete a two or three semester sequence of fundamental engineering courses, based on their first-semester math level. Students starting at the university in Calculus 1 or higher take a two-semester sequence, while students starting at Pre-Calculus take a three-semester sequence of fundamental engineering courses. In fall 2015, first-year students starting their math sequence in College Algebra were allowed to enroll in the three-semester sequence of fundamental engineering courses. Prior to this, these students would “catch up” on their math their first year at the University and would enroll in the two-semester sequence of engineering fundamental courses when they were also ready to take Calculus I at the beginning of their second year. This paper compares the performance of the College Algebra students to the Pre-Calculus students in the first year engineering courses. It was found the College Algebra students were earning statistically significant lower grades in two of three first year engineering courses and had much lower retention rates than the students starting in Pre-Calculus. Additional support for these students would be beneficial.
Definition and Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The central, pathologic problem in GERD is an increased passage of refluxate of gastric contents into the esophagus above the physiologic level. This leads to a pathologic exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and possibly duodenal contents, which can cause symptoms and or damage of the esophagus. Major pathophysiologic components are a mechanical incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), transient sphincter relaxations, insufficient esophageal motility, anatomical alterations such as a hiatal hernia, changes of the refluxate such as duodenogastroesophageal reflux and obesity. Incompetence of the LES as major component is defined by its short length, by its weak pressure, and its altered position expressed as short intraabdominal length. A second major component is the presence of a hiatal hernia as sign of deterioration of the phreno-esophageal ligament with loss of the intraabdominal position of the LES.
The Association between Having a Preterm Birth and Later Maternal Mental Health: An Analysis of U.S. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Data.

Abstract Introduction Although previous studies have found a relationship between having a preterm birth and maternal depression, methodologic issues may have limited the generalizability of results. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between having a preterm birth and postpartum depressive symptoms using a large, population-based sample of U.S. women. Methods This secondary data analysis used 2012–2014 U.S. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (N = 89,366). Data on the exposure, preterm birth, were obtained from birth certificates. Infants born at 32 to less than 37 weeks' gestation were considered moderate to late preterm, infants born at 28 to less than 32 full weeks' gestation were considered very preterm, and infant born at less than 28 full weeks’ gestation were considered extremely preterm. To assess the outcome, two Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System questions measuring postpartum depressive symptoms were used. Logistic regression was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results After adjustment for confounders, the relationship between having a preterm birth and maternal hopelessness was statistically significant for those who had very preterm and extremely preterm births (moderate to late preterm OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00–1.42; very preterm OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04–1.58; extremely preterm OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31–2.49). In addition, after adjustment, findings indicated no association between preterm birth and maternal loss of interest (extremely preterm OR, 0.85 95% CI, 0.60–1.19; very preterm OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.86–1.26; preterm OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.82–1.10). Conclusions Given the statistically significant increased association between having a preterm birth and postpartum depressive symptoms, health professionals may consider implementing comprehensive screening for depression and other mental illnesses among women who give birth prematurely. Findings may also inform future interventions to emphasize the importance of postpartum care among women who have experienced preterm birth.
Notched fatigue of additive manufactured metals under axial and multiaxial loadings, Part I: Effects of surface roughness and HIP and comparisons with their wrought alloys

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has grown significantly in recent years, as an alternative manufacturing technique to conventional fabrication methods. However, fatigue behavior of AM metals is still not well understood, limiting their applications for critical load carrying components. This is particularly true when component-like features such as geometrical stress concentrations such as notches exist, or complex service loading conditions such as shear or multiaxial stresses are present. In this work notched fatigue behavior of AM metals under axial, torsion, and combined axial-torsion loadings are investigated and contrasted with their wrought counterparts, using two common AM metals, Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel. Different post fabrication heat treatments and surface roughness conditions were included. Part I of this two-part publication presents the fatigue test results and comparative analyses. In Part II, both crack initiation (i.e. critical plane-based method) and crack growth (i.e. fracture mechanics-based method) approaches to life predictions are used for predictive analysis and comparisons with the experimental results presented in part I.
Democracy under the Gun Understanding Postconflict Economic Recovery

Increasingly, scholars studying civil conflicts believe that the pace of postconflict economic recovery is crucial to a return to peaceful politics. But why do some countries' economies recover more quickly than others'? The authors argue that the inability of politicians to commit credibly to postconflict peace inhibits investment and, hence, slows recovery. In turn, the ability of political actors to eschew further violence credibly depends on postconflict political institutions. The authors test this framework with duration analysis of an original data set of economic recovery, with two key results. First, they find that postconflict democratization retards recovery. Second, outright military victory sets the stage for a longer peace than negotiated settlements do. This research deepens the understanding of the bases of economic recovery and conflict recidivism in postconflict countries and points to future research that can augment this knowledge further still.
Chemical conversion synthesis of magnetic Fe1−xCox alloy nanosheets with controlled composition

Chemical conversion provides a versatile platform for the synthesis of advanced nanomaterials with targeted phase, composition, and architecture. Here, we report a trioctylphosphine (TOP)-driven chemical conversion route to transform lamellar Fe1-xCoxS1.2-DETA (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, DETA = diethylenetriamine) inorganic-organic hybrid solid solutions into two-dimensional (2D) single-crystal Fe1-xCox alloy with controllable composition and dimensionality. Synergetic transformation coupled with DETA removal and sulfur extraction of lamellar Fe0.9Co0.1S1.2-DETA hybrids was examined in detail. The highest magnetization of 175 emu g-1 was recorded for the prepared Fe0.7Co0.3. Our results not only provide a new lamellar inorganic-organic hybrid solid solution but also extend the chemical conversion strategy to the synthesis of previously unavailable magnetic alloy nanosheets.
Role of Interleukin 5 Inhibition in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Otitis Media.

ObjectiveEosinophilic otitis media (EOM) is a rare form of middle ear disease characterized by a viscous effusion rich in eosinophils, a resistance to conventional treatments, and an association wi...