cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel α-3 (CNGA3) interacts with stereocilia tip-link cadherin 23 + exon 68 or alternatively with myosin VIIa, two proteins required for hair cell mechanotransduction.

Previously, we obtained evidence for a photoreceptor/olfactory type of CNGA3 transcript in a purified teleost vestibular hair cell preparation with immunolocalization of CNGA3 protein to stereocilia of teleost vestibular and mammalian cochlear hair cells. The carboxyl terminus of highly Ca2+-permeable CNGA3 expressed in the mammalian organ of Corti and saccular hair cells was found to interact with an intracellular domain of microfibril interface-located protein 1 (EMILIN 1), a member of the elastin superfamily, also immunolocalizd to hair cell stereocilia (Selvakumar, D., Drescher, M. J., Dowdall, J. R., Khan, K. M., Hatfield, J. S., Ramakrishnan, N. A., and Drescher, D. G. (2012) Biochem. J. 443, 463–476). Here, we provide evidence for organ of Corti proteins, of Ca2+-dependent binding of the amino terminus of CNGA3 specifically to the carboxyl terminus of stereocilia tip-link protein CDH23 +68 (cadherin 23 with expressed exon 68) by yeast two-hybrid mating and co-transformation protocols, pulldown assays, and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Myosin VIIa, required for adaptation of hair cell mechanotransduction (MET) channel(s), competed with CDH23 +68, with direct Ca2+-dependent binding to the amino terminus of CNGA3. Based upon the premise that hair cell stereocilia tip-link proteins are closely coupled with MET, these results are consistent with the possibility that CNGA3 participates in hair-cell MET. Together with the demonstration of protein-protein interaction between HCN1 and tip-link protein protocadherin 15 CD3 (Ramakrishnan, N. A., Drescher, M. J., Barretto, R. L., Beisel, K. W., Hatfield, J. S., and Drescher, D. G. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 3227–3238; Ramakrishnan, N. A., Drescher, M. J., Khan, K. M., Hatfield, J. S., and Drescher, D. G. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287, 37628–37646), a protein-protein interaction for CNGA3 and a second tip-link protein, CDH23 +68, further suggests possible association of two different channels with a single stereocilia tip link. Background: Stereocilia tip-link protein cadherin 23 couples mechanical forces to sensory transduction in inner ear receptor hair cells. Results: CNGA3 interacts with cadherin 23 and with cadherin 23 binding partner, myosin VIIa. Conclusion: Cadherin 23 and myosin VIIa form alternate complexes with CNGA3. Significance: CNGA3 interactions with cadherin 23 +68 and myosin VIIa predict a role for CNGA3 in hair-cell mechanotransduction.
Effect of composition and high energy rate forging on the onset of precipitation in an iron-base superalloy

The precipitation sequence in a modified A-286 Fe-base superalloy (nominally Fe + 30 pct Ni + 15 pct Cr + 2.0 pct Ti + 1.25 pct Mo + 0.2 pct Al) was examined by optical and electron microscopy and electrical resistance measurements. Secondary phases which precipitate during aging were found to be γ′ in the matrix; (Ti, Mo)C and a boride, M3B2, at grain boundaries; and 17 in three morphologies,i.e., cellular, Widmanstatten, and platelets inside γ′ particles. The exact aging sequence depends upon time, temperature, and pre-age condition. Composite time-temperature-precipitation (TTP) diagrams were developed which show the precipitation sequence for two pre-age conditions,viz., solution treated and high energy rate forged (HERFed). It was found that HERFing prior to aging accelerates γ′ and (Ti, Mo)C precipitation, whereas it has negligible effect on cellular 17 and M3B2 precipitation. HERFing also promotes the precipitation of Widmanstatten 17 and 17 platelets inside γ′ particles.
Two-Photon Excitation of Mercury Atoms by Photodissociation of Mercury Halides,

Abstract Photodissociation of HgCl2, HgBr2, and Hgl2 with an ArF laser at 193 nm produces strong fluorescence from highly excited Hg atoms. The experiments indicate that single photon dissociation of the mercuric halide, HgX2, is followed by the two-photon dissociation of HgX (X2 Σ) molecules to produce electronically excited Hg atoms.
Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part I. Hydrologic, geomorphic, and geologic evidence for their development

Playa-lake basins of the Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico, may originate wherever water periodically can collect in a surficial depression. They expand, however, by hydrologic and geomorphic processes including (1) dissolution of lithologic carbonates by infiltrating water; (2) transport downward of fine-grained clastic and organic material by the infiltrating ground water, leading to continuing processes of oxidation and carbonate dissolution in the subsurface; and (3) eolian removal of clastic material from the floor of playa lakes, which at some sites appears to have deepened playa depressions. Evidence for largely hydrologic processes of playa-basin development on the Southern High Plains includes (1) a geographic occurrence restricted to relatively flat areas of the High Plains surface that have poorly developed fluvial drainage and which are underlain by generally unsaturated clastic and calcrete beds; (2) a tendency to occur where water collects and infiltrates, as along ephemeral streams and lineations suggestive of fracture systems; and (3) hydrologic, geochemical, petrographic, and bore-hole data, which suggest that recharge to the High Plains aquifer is principally from playa lakes, that various geochemical changes including carbonate dissolution and enhancement of secondary porosity occur as water moves downward through the unsaturated zone beneath playa lakes, and that calcrete beds often are missing or significantly dissolved beneath playa floors.
Cyclic Fatigue-Crack Propagation in a Silicon-Carbide Whisker Reinforced Alumina Composite: Role of Load Ratio

The characteristics of subcritical crack growth by cyclic fatigue have been examined in a silicon carbide whisker-reinforced alumina composite, with specific reference to the role of load ratio (ratio of minimum to maximum applied stress intensity, R=Kmin/Kmax); results are compared with similar subcritical crack-growth data obtained under constant load conditions (static fatigue). Using compact-tension samples cycled at ambient temperatures, cyclic fatigue-crack growth has been measured over six orders of magnitude from ∼10−11–10−5 m cycle−1 at load ratios ranging from 0.05–0.5. Growth rates (da/dN) display an approximate Paris power-law dependence on the applied stress-intensity range (ΔK), with an exponent varying between 33 and 50. Growth-rate behaviour is found to be strongly dependent upon load ratio; the fatigue threshold, ΔKTH, for example, is found to be increased by over 80% at R=0.05 compared to R=0.5. These results are rationalized in terms of a far greater dependency of growth rates on Kmax(da/dN ∞ Kmax30) compared to ΔK(da/dN ∞ ΔK5), in contrast to fatigue behaviour in metallic materials where generally the reverse is true. Micromechanisms of crack advance underlying such behaviour are discussed in terms of timedependent crack bridging involving either matrix grains or unbroken whiskers.
Nucleophilic reactivity of zinc and copper carbenoids. Part II

Reactivite de PivOCH 2 Cu(CN)ZnI et ICH 2 Cu.ZnI 2 vis-a-vis de divers electrophiles. Conversion directe et hautement stereoselective de bromures allyliques en iodures homoallyliques correspondants par utilisation du reactif ICH 2 CuZnI 2
Nitrate-nonutilizing mutants ofGibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) and their use in determining vegetative compatibility

Abstract Twenty-four single-spore isolates of Fusarium graminearum were obtained from scabby wheat seeds or glumes collected from 23 locations in Kansas in 1990. All isolates were sexually fertile and homothallic. Nitrate-nonutilizing ( nit ) mutants of each isolate were generated on a medium amended with 1.5% KCIO 3 . Of 378 mutants, 161 were able to utilize nitrite and hypoxanthine ( nit1 ), 165 utilized hypoxanthine but not nitrite ( nit3 ), 47 utilized nitrite but not hypoxanthine (NitM), and 5 appeared to be global nitrogen regulatory mutants similar to the previously described nnu mutant. Complementation was tested by pairing nit1 mutants of each isolate with either a NitM or a nit3 mutant from each isolate on media containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Complementation was more pronounced when nit1 and NitM mutants were paired. Mutants were only able to complement with other mutants from the same wild-type isolate. Therefore, each wild-type isolate belonged to a genetically distinct vegetative compatibility group. The genetic diversity suggests that sexual genetic recombination may be important in the field.
First observations of mesospheric dynamics with a partial reflection radar in Hawaii (22°N, 160°W)

A partial-reflection MF radar was installed at the Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kanai, Hawaii in September 1990. The wind measurements obtained with this radar system in Hawaii during the first year of operation are reviewed. The data reveal a broad spectrum of motions ranging from a mix of the equatorial mesopause semiannual oscillation (MSAO) and the annual mean cycle at middle and high latitudes in the zonal mean structure to low-frequency, tidal, and gravity wave motions at higher frequencies. The zonal mean wind structure is characterized by a downward progression of strong eastward and westward phases of the MSAO from approximately January to July. An eastward maximum of about 60/ms near 80 km during January and February is found, which descends rapidly, and a westward maximum of about 50 ms near 85 km during March and April is found, which descends much more slowly. The second MSAO cycle is greatly suppressed relative to the first due to the reversal of the correlation between this and the annual cycle at higher latitudes from July to December.
Studies on the Stability of Streptomycin in Solution

Streptomycin held in solution in concentrations of 100 and 1,000 µg./ml. at 10°C. is stable at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 for a period of three months. The depressor effect observed in the turbidimetric assay appears to be the result of two factors, buffer salt concentration and pH, and is most marked at pH 6.0. Almost normal activity reappears at pH 8.0 even in the presence of the greater concentration of phosphates.
Dean Rusk on international relations: An analysis of his philosophical perceptions

(1971). Dean Rusk on international relations: An analysis of his philosophical perceptions. Australian Outlook: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 13-28.
Sphingosine Kinase 1 Localized to the Plasma Membrane Lipid Raft Microdomain Overcomes Serum Deprivation Induced Growth Inhibition

Several studies have demonstrated that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) translocates to the plasma membrane (PM) upon its activation and further suggested the plasma membrane lipid raft microdomain (PMLRM) as a target for SphK1 relocalization. To date, however, direct evidence of SphK1 localization to the PMLRM has been lacking. In this report, using multiple biochemical and subcellular fractionation techniques we demonstrate that endogenous SphK1 protein and its substrate, D-erythro-sphingosine, are present within the PMLRM. Additionally, we demonstrate that the PMA stimulation of SphK1 localized to the PMLRM results in production of sphingosine-1-phosphate as well as induction of cell growth under serum deprivation conditions. We further report that Ser225Ala and Thr54Cys mutations, reported to abrogate phosphatidylserine binding, block SphK1 targeting to the PMLRM and SphK1 induced cell growth. Together these findings provide direct evidence that the PMLRM is the major site of action for SphK1 to overcome serum-deprived cell growth inhibition.
PDZ-like Domains Mediate Binding Specificity in the Clp/Hsp100 Family of Chaperones and Protease Regulatory Subunits

Abstract ClpX, a molecular chaperone and the regulatory subunit of the ClpXP protease, is shown to contain tandem modular domains that bind to the C-terminal sequences of target proteins in a manner that parallels functional specificity. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies show that these C-terminal sequences are displayed as disordered peptides on the surface of otherwise folded proteins. The ClpX substrate–binding domains are homologous to sequences in other Clp/Hsp100 proteins and are related more distantly to PDZ domains, which also mediate C-terminal specific protein–protein interactions. Conservation of these binding domains indicates that the mode of substrate recognition characterized here for ClpX will be a conserved feature among Clp/Hsp100 family members and a distinguishing characteristic between this chaperone family and the Hsp70 chaperones.
Time and mass perception in non-terrestrial environments

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of five separate experiments conducted in space (microgravity) and on a human centrifuge (macrogravity). The experiments involved both time and mass perception of humans in these non-terrestrial environments. In the time perception experiments, subjects were asked to judge the arrival time of an object moving across a video screen; the task difficulty included obscuring a portion of the display and changing object speeds. In the mass perception experiments, subjects were given a set of objects of identical size but differing mass and asked to compare the weight of one object at a time against a standard. It was found that both time and mass perception are impaired in non-terrestrial environments. Time perception is significantly impaired in microgravity as well as macrogravity (3 and 5 Gz). Microgravity was found to be more detrimental to mass discrimination than macrogravity at least up to 4 Gz. The time and mass perception behaviors observed in this research may be implicated in human factors problems observed in both space and aircraft operations.
AN IMPROVED TRAP TO CAPTURE ADULT CONTAINER-INHABITING MOSQUITOES

Although dengue viruses are thought to be transmitted by Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico, Aedes mediovittatus, the Caribbean tree hole mosquito, is also a potential vector. This species is native to the Greater Antilles and has been shown to be a competent vector of dengue viruses in the laboratory. Consequently, it has been suggested that Ae. mediovittatus could be acting as a secondary vector or virus reservoir. This study was part of an ongoing investigation into this, and it aimed to determine whether BG-Sentinel traps (BGS traps) could be used to collect adults of this mosquito and could be modified to increase the number of captures of this species in the field. We conducted experiments to test the relative attractiveness of BGS traps to Ae. mediovittatus and Ae. aegypti and explored the effects of chemical lures (BG-Lure, CO2, octenol) and optical properties (color, size) on the capture rates of BGS traps in a large, outdoor cage in San Juan city, Puerto Rico. We also conducted field tests to compare modified BGS traps with the original traps in a rural community in Patillas municipality, Puerto Rico. Results obtained from the large, outdoor cage experiments indicated that trap captures of both mosquito species could be significantly enhanced by using black instead of white BGS traps combined with BG-Lure. Field experiments revealed that the modified traps captured a significantly greater number of Ae. aegypti, Ae. mediovittatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus, with greater sensitivity for the latter 2 species, and also captured a larger number of mosquito species and a smaller ratio of Ae. aegypti to Ae. mediovittatus, with greater than expected species co-occurrences.
Keynote: The Coming Age of Virtual Organizations: Applying Lessons from the Early History of Geographically-Dispersed Collaboration

Summary form only given. Research agencies in the United States and around the world are now arguing for a new round of investment in computing and networks, termed "cyber infrastructure," to enable even more ambitious collaboration at the scale of thousands to tens of thousands of participants. Technology to support collaboration on this order is emerging, such as computational grids, and is being deployed within worldwide scientific enterprises, including the next generation of high energy physics experiments at CERN. However, despite this progress, it remains unclear whether lessons about effective virtual collaboration, gained from the first generation of collaborative tools, are being applied to guide the evolution of what have been termed "virtual organizations." This highlights socio-technical factors that undermine the effectiveness of virtual work and focuses on the special challenges of successfully addressing these factors in the coming age of virtual organizations.
Autofluorescence from NADH Conformations Associated with Different Metabolic Pathways Monitored Using Nanosecond-Gated Spectroscopy and Spectral Phasor Analysis.

Cellular NADH conformation is increasingly recognized as an endogenous optical biomarker and metabolic indicator. Recently, we reported a real-time approach for tracking metabolism on the basis of the quantification of UV-excited autofluorescence spectrum shape. Here, we use nanosecond-gated spectral acquisition, combined with spectrum-shape quantification, to monitor the long excited-state lifetime autofluorescence (usually associated with protein-bound NADH conformations) separately from the autofluorescence signal as a whole. We observe that the autofluorescence response induced by two NADH-oxidation inhibitors—cyanide and ethanol—are similar in Saccharomyces cerevisiae when monitored using time-integrated detection but easily distinguished using time-gated detection. Results are consistent with the observation of multiple NADH conformations as assessed using spectral phasor analysis. Further, because well-known oxidation inhibitors are used, changes in spectrum shape can be associated with NADH confor...
What makes good image composition

Some people are born with an intuitive sense of good composition. They do not need to be taught composition, and their work is immediately perceived as being well by other people. In an attempt to help others learn composition, art critics, scientists and psychologists analyzed well-compose works in the hope of recognizing patterns and trends that anyone could employ to achieve similar results. Unfortunately, the identified patterns are by no means universal. Moreover, since a compositional rule is useful only as long as it enhances the idea that the artist is trying to express, there is no objective standard to judge whether a given composition is "good" or "bad". As a result, the study of composition seems to be full of contradictions. Nevertheless, there are several basic "low level" rules supported by physiological studies in visual perception that artists and photographers intuitively obey. Regardless of image content, a prerequisite for all good images is that their respective composition would be balanced. In a balanced composition, factors such as shape, direction, location and color are determined in a way that is pleasant to the eye. An unbalanced composition looks accidental, transitory and its elements show a tendency to change place or shape in order to reach a state that better reflects the total structure. Under these conditions, the artistic statement becomes incomprehensive and confusing.
Promoting green engineering through green chemistry

The decisions made by chemists in designing chemical products and processes directly impactthe options available to engineers. The physical and chemical properties of a material, for example, dictate the type of reactor that must be used in a given process. The task of the engineer is simplified when chemists design products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry provides a foundation on which to build green engineering. This paper highlights green chemistry technologies that minimize the need for engineering safeguards in the areas of feedstocks, reagents, solvents, and syntheses.
Infantile generalized pustular psoriasis associated with lytic lesions of the bone

Generalized pustular psoriasis is rare in children, especially in those less than 1 year of age. Lytic lesions of the bone have been reported in children with psoriasis, but are rare. We describe an infant with the clinical and histopathologic features of generalized pustular psoriasis that began in the first few weeks of life. In addition, this patient had sterile lytic lesions of the bone. Despite significant improvement in the bone lesions, his skin condition was resistant to therapy.
Ion exchange equilibria between glass and molten salts

Abstract It is shown that interaction between the ions undergoing ion exchange leads to a sigmoidal equilibrium curve. A negative interaction in the glass causes the ratio of concentration of the two ions to be more nearly equal to unity in the glass than it is in the molten salt. It is further shown that the Rothmund–Kornfeld parameter is a measure of the non-ideality of the system. A value of the parameter greater than unity indicates a negative interaction energy.
Reduction and Subsequent Binding of Ruthenium Ions Catalyzed by Subcellular Components

The reduction of Cl(NH3)5Ru(III) and subsequent binding of heterocyclic ligands by the resultant (H2O)(NH3)5Ru(II) ion is shown to be catalyzed by components of rat-liver cells. The presence of air significantly decreases the rate of heterocyclic ligand binding. In the case of microsome and soluble component catalysis, this is probably due to oxidation of the Ru(II) ion prior to complexation. Various inhibitors of electron-transfer proteins were employed in an effort to determine the preferred reducing species. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the antitumor activity of acido ruthenium(III) ammine complexes involves activation by reduction in vivo prior to metal coordination to nucleic acids. Anticancer drugs functioning by this mechanism may be preferentially toxic to or may localize in hypoxic areas of tumors.
P4-136: Parkinsonism is associated with probable REM sleep behavior disorder in cognitively normal elderly subjects: The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging

and hyperhomocysteinemia) and compared prevalences of these risk factors by gender. And we also compared NIHSS (NIH Stroke Scale) and MRS (modified Rankin Scale) at admission and at discharge. And we surveyed present MRS and BI (Bathel index) by telephone and contrasted with the former. Results: 708 patients were male, aged 17-100 (mean 65.7 years) and 630 were female, aged 27-107 (mean 71.6 years). The female group were older and suffered more frequently hypertension (P 0.05). The male had a slightly younger mean age, more smokers and more family history (P 0.050). The differences of NIHSS at admission and discharge between the two gender groups were statistically significant (P 0.043*). And the oldest age group had significantly poorer long-term outcome represented by MRS and BI than the younger two groups (P 0.000*). The larger infarction size were also related to the poorer short-term outcome (P 0.007*). But the gender and lesion size were not related to the longterm outcome (P 0.050). And the differences of short-term outcome among the age groups were statistically insignificant (P 0.050). Conclusions: Functional outcome represented by BI, neurologic out come represented by MRS was not different between two gender but mean difference was evident. And cognitive burden should be also assessed regarding the dementia outcome from first stroke is over 30%. This observation would lead to differential approaches to prevention of first-ever stroke between two gender.
Investigation of inherent and latent internal losses in liquid-based bioaerosol samplers

Abstract Previous studies have analyzed collection efficiencies and reaerosolization rates of liquid-based bioaerosol collectors. However, these studies did not analyze latent internal losses in the samplers, i.e., the fraction of the particles that is aerosolized from the collection liquid, attach to the samplers’ inner surfaces and do not leave the sampler via outlet. Here, we investigated the internal losses and reaerosolization rates in BioSampler (SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA) and AGI-30 (Ace Glass Inc., Vineland, NJ) bioaerosol collectors operated with different amounts of liquid as a function of particle type (polystyrene latex particles of 0.9 and 3.2 μm, B. subtilis bacteria and C. cladosporioides fungal spores), particle concentration (“low” and “high” differing by a factor of 100) and operating time (15 and 30 min). The samplers were filled with sterile deionized water containing known (reference) particle concentrations and were operated in a particle-free atmosphere for 15 or 30 min. The overall particle loss was determined by comparing the concentration of particles remaining in the collection liquid with the reference concentration. The reaerosolization rates were estimated by comparing the concentration of particles collected at each sampler's outlet with the reference concentration. The internal loss was determined as a fraction of particles remaining attached to the inner walls of a sampler, i.e., particles not in the collection liquid and not reaerosolized. All the investigated variables had a statistically significant effect on the overall particle loss, the reaerosolization rate and the internal loss. Averaged for all test conditions, the internal loss for BioSampler with 5 mL liquid, BioSampler with 20 mL liquid and AGI-30 was 37.7%, 29.6% and 22.5%, respectively. The observed reaerosolization rates were rather low and ranged from 0.2% to 6.9%. This study shows that depending on a particular set of sampling conditions a substantial fraction of already collected particles could leave the collection fluid, attach to the inner surfaces of the samplers and not be available for sample analysis thus affecting the accuracy of bioaerosol investigations.
Turning a surface superrepellent even to completely wetting liquids

Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces have so far been made by roughening a hydrophobic material. However, no surfaces were able to repel extremely-low-energy liquids such as fluorinated solvents, which completely wet even the most hydrophobic material. We show how roughness alone, if made of a specific doubly reentrant structure that enables very low liquid-solid contact fraction, can render the surface of any material superrepellent. Starting from a completely wettable material (silica), we micro- and nanostructure its surface to make it superomniphobic and bounce off all available liquids, including perfluorohexane. The same superomniphobicity is further confirmed with identical surfaces of a metal and a polymer. Free of any hydrophobic coating, the superomniphobic silica surface also withstands temperatures over 1000°C and resists biofouling.
Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change

[1] A mesoscale model (MM5)–based regional climate model (CMM5) integration driven by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM), a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-land-ice general circulation model (GCM), for the present (1986–1995) summer season climate is first compared with observations to study the CMM5's downscaling skill and uncertainty over the United States. The results indicate that the CMM5, with its finer resolution (30 km) and more comprehensive physics, simulates the present U.S. climate more accurately than the driving PCM, especially for precipitation, including summer mean patterns, diurnal cycles, and daily frequency distributions. Hence the CMM5 downscaling provides a credible means to improve GCM climate simulations. A parallel CMM5 integration driven by the PCM future (2041–2050) projection is then analyzed to determine the downscaling impact on regional climate changes. It is shown that the CMM5 generates climate change patterns very different from those predicted by the driving PCM. A key difference is a summer “warming hole” over the central United States in the CMM5 relative to the PCM. This study shows that the CMM5 downscaling can significantly reduce GCM biases in simulating the present climate and that this improvement has important consequences for future projections of regional climate changes. For both the present and future climate simulations, the CMM5 results are sensitive to the cumulus parameterization, with strong regional dependence. The deficiency in representing convection is likely the major reason for the PCM's unrealistic simulation of U.S. precipitation patterns and perhaps also for its large warming in the central United States.
Vanishing of zero momentum lattice gluon propagator and color confinement

Abstract A minimal Landau gauge is defined by choosing the gauge which minimizes the action SL(U) ≡ −Σ Re tr U, where the sum extends over all links of the lattice, and a minimal Coulomb gauge is defined analogously. The positivity of the second variation of this action at a minimum determines the lattice Gribov region. It is shown that if an external “magnetic” field H is coupled to the color spins then, in the infinite-volume limit, the color magnetization M(H) vanishes identically for all H. Consequently all gluon correlation functions vanish at zero-momentum. This implies a maximal violation of reflection positivity for gluons in a minimal Landau gauge. A confinement mechanism is hypothesized whereby color-singlet gauge-invariant states are stabilized by reflection positivity which gives them a real mass, whereas color non-singlet objects are unstable because they are not gauge invariant and consequently develop a complex mass, which is observable, in principle, in jet events.
Journal citations in the “Recueil”, 1937-1939

Volumes 56, 57 and 58 of the Recueil contain 408 articles which make 4.457 citations to 287 different journals. An analysis shows that, next to the Recueil itself, the ten most cited journals are, in order: Berichte, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of the Chemical Society (London), Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Annalen (Liebigs), Journal fur praktische Chemie, Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, Comptes rendus (French Academy of Sciences), Chemisch Weekblad, and Helvetica Chimica Acta. About 38 % of the articles cited are of German origin, the Netherlands, United States, Great Britain, and France following with 22 %, 13 %, 12 % and 6 % respectively. Articles are mentioned most often within a year or two of their publication but continue to be cited with diminishing frequency over a long period; over 2 % of the citations are to papers 60 tot 100 years old.
Fracture dominated wear of sharp abrasive grains and grinding wheels

AbstractFracture-dominated wear of abrasive grains is the most important mechanism of material removal from an abrasive wheel during the grinding process. Fracture occurs as a consequence of tensile stresses induced in the abrasive grains by grinding forces to which they are subjected. Experimental work is extracted from the literature and compared with a model abrasive grain using a variety of abrasive grain materials such as alumina, silicon carbide, cubic boron nitride and diamond, with loads applied to the apex and the rake face of an abrasive wedge. The relationship between the wear of grinding wheels, component grinding forces and induced stresses in the model abrasive grains is described in detail. A significant correlation is found between the maximum value of tensile stress induced in the abrasive grain material and the appropriate wheel-wear parameter (grinding ratio). It is concluded that the magnitude of tensile stresses induced in the grain material by grinding forces at the rake face is the ...
Structure of algebras

Weakenings of the L and P-properties are considered. It ib shown that if semigroups, rings, or Lie Algebras of matrices have certain of these properties, then they are triangular. In particular the result of Zassenhaus on L-semigroups is generalized. Also, Lie Algebras over a field of characteristic 0 which have the L-property are triangular.
Calcium Supplementation during Childhood: Long‐term Effects on Bone Mineralization

Calcium supplementation has been shown to increase bone mineralization in children and adolescents. However, catch-up mineralization later in puberty appears likely if intake is consistent with usual average intakes in the United States. Ultimately, individualized risk assessment will be developed based on genetic and lifestyle factors that can be used to guide optimal calcium intake during childhood.
Vocal/Verbal Response Times of Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Children.

A series of experiments are reported that contrast vocal/verbal reaction-time measures from 16 normal-hearing and 25 hearing-impaired children 7 to 14 years old. Sixteen of the hearing-impaired children were enrolled in a residential school, 9 in a day school. Vocal reaction time of the children in response to visually presented stimuli was measured in four tasks: phonating "uh", saying the word "one", counting to digits, and naming digits. No significant differences were found between the response latencies of the two hearing-impaired groups on any task. Nor were differences found between the normal and hearing-impaired groups when the task was simply phonating "uh". Differences between these groups began to emerge when the word "one" was spoken. These differences increased systematically with the phonetic complexity of the task. Hearing level, latency in the counting responses, and magnitude of a ratio between phonating and digit counting latencies were identified as major predictors of speech intelligi...
Onset of sexual intercourse among female adolescents: the influence of perceptions, depression, and ecological factors.

Abstract Purpose This study examined the extent to which perceptions of sex, depression, and other personal and social factors influenced onset of sexual intercourse during maturation among female adolescents. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. Participants were 3,644 female adolescents 15–19 years of age who completed the wave 1 In-Home Interview. Logistic regression was used to predict onset of sexual intercourse at waves 1, 2, and 3. Variables examined were age, race, depression, self-esteem, sexual intercourse, religiosity, alcohol use, perceptions of sex, mother connectedness, father connectedness, peer connectedness, and school connectedness. Interaction effects among these variables with depression were examined. Results Ambivalent perceptions of sex, in addition to closer relationships with one's father, peers, and school environment, were associated with delaying onset of sexual intercourse among non-depressed teens. Perceptions of sex did not influence engagement in sexual intercourse among depressed adolescents. Close maternal relationships delayed onset of sexual intercourse among depressed adolescent females, whereas the interactions between depression and father connectedness, peer connectedness, and school connectedness were associated with having sex. Conclusions Different strategies are needed to address sexual behaviors for non-depressed and depressed female teens. Public health programs concerned with influencing sexual perceptions among non-depressed female adolescents should incorporate parents, peers, and school activities into their planning and implementation. Because depression in combination with connection to the environment was a significant risk factor for sexual intercourse, future research must explore the factors that delay sexual intercourse, particularly for teenage girls with depression.
GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE, APOPTOSIS, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES*

Increasing evidence supports the notion that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a protein with multiple functions, including its surprising role in apoptosis. GAPDH is overexpressed and accumulates in the nucleus during apoptosis induced by a variety of insults in diverse cell types. Knockdown of GAPDH using an antisense strategy demonstrates its involvement in the apoptotic cascade in which GAPDH nuclear translocation appears essential. Knowledge concerning the mechanisms underlying GAPDH nuclear translocation and subsequent cell death is growing. Additional evidence suggests that GAPDH may be an intracellular sensor of oxidative stress during early apoptosis. Abnormal expression, nuclear accumulation, changes in physical properties, and loss of glycolytic activity of GAPDH have been found in cellular and transgenic models as well as postmortem tissues of several neurodegenerative diseases. The interaction of GAPDH with disease-related proteins as well as drugs used to treat these diseases suggests that it is a potential molecular target for drug development.
Control of lysine biosynthesis in yeast.

Abstract The inhibition of the pathway of biosynthesis of lysine in yeast has been studied in vivo . The site sensitive to inhibition at low concentrations of lysine is after α-aminoadipate on the pathway. A test was made for a branch point in the pathway, but no evidence was obtained to demonstrate a branch point.
Mechanism of action of cyclosporine: a new hypothesis implicating transforming growth factor-β

cyclosporine (CsA), an undecapeptide of fungal origin and a potent immunosuppressant, has advanced clinical organ transplantation. Studies exploring the mechanistic basis for the immunobiological activities ofA (2) CsA-cyclophilin complex binds and inactivates calcineurin, a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine threonine phosphatase implicated in T-cell signaling,ti and (3) the emergence of DNA binding proteins and the induced expression ofgenes central to T-cell growth are inhibited by CsA.‘-I* Indeed, the ability of CsA to prevent interleukin-2 (IG2) production is currently considered to be the primary mechanism for the immunosuppressive eflicacy of CsA.i3*rJ In this review we summarize our primary data that support a new hypothesis for the mechanism of action of CsA. In view of our original demonstration that CsA enhances transforming growth factor beta (TGF-p) mRNA expression in normal human T cellsij as well as constrains new DNA synthesis via a TGF+dependent mechanism,i6 the possibility that CsA-associated TGF-kincreased expression participates in the immunregulatory as well as in some of
Are learning sets learned? A reply

. Ha~low's (1949) article, clearly describing for the first time the concept of learning set formation, is one of the most widely cited articles in the animal behavior literature. Since its publication, there have b~en several.hundred experiments concerned directly with analyzing the phenomenon itself (Bessemer & Stollnitz, 1971; Medin, 1977; Miles, 1965) and many more in which the learning set task has been used as a tool for investigating other questions. Hence, Menzel and Juno's (1982) recent report has to be regarded as unusually significant, since it appears to demonstrate that learning set formation has been misunderstood all this time because it is essentially an artifact of. sta~~ardized labora~ory tests that have little applicability to everyday life. A report so critical of the ~asic ass~mptions underlying so large a research IIteratur~ IS well worth examining in detail. In doing so, we find many reasons to question the main conclu.sion of the report. We also find it necessary to point out a number of incorrect or misleading statements about learning set formation and so-called "learning-set theory."
Interrater reliability of the multiple sleep latency test.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate interrater reliability in the interpretation of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). We prospectively analyzed MSLTs performed on 21 patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. MSLTs were recorded on Grass Model 78 polygraphs with EEG, electro-oculogram, and chin EMG. Each test was performed simultaneously at paper speeds of 10 and 30 mm/sec and was scored blindly by 3 readers using standard criteria. For the quantitative variable (sleep latency), a LISREL model was used. For the binary variable (REM present or not), a kappa coefficient was used. Interrater reliability of sleep latency was 0.850 at speed 10, and 0.884 at speed 30. There was no significant difference between speed 10 and 30. Interrater reliability for the presence or absence of REM was 0.515–0.563 at speed 10, and 0.447–0.525 at speed 30. On the MSLT, the estimation of sleep latency showed excellent consistency between different readers. The determination of the presence or absence of REM only showed fair to good agreement among observers. There was no significant difference between a paper speed of 10 vs. 30 mm/sec.
Behavioral treatment for marijuana dependence: randomized trial of contingency management and self-efficacy enhancement.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to develop a treatment for marijuana dependence specifically designed to enhance self-efficacy.
Integration: The key to sustaining kinesiology in higher education.

Integration is the key to sustaining kinesiology as an academic and professional discipline in higher education. Following the vision of Amy Morris Homans, this paper focuses on integration in three ways. First, integration of our multidisciplinary scholarship, with a clear focus on physical activity, is essential to sustaining kinesiology as a unique scholarly area in higher education. Second, integration of academic scholarship and professional practice is essential to sustaining kinesiology as a scholarly profession. Finally, integration implies an active commitment to inclusion and public service, and that is critical to give meaning and relevance to kinesiology. At its best, kinesiology is an integrative professional discipline that serves the public by promoting health and well-being for all through physical activity. All forms of integration are integral to sustaining kinesiology in higher education.
AACSB Accreditation and Possible Unintended Consequences: A Deming View.

The AACSB accreditation process reflects basic quality principles, providing standards and a process for feedback for continuous improvement. However, implementation can lead to unintended negative consequences. The literature shows that while institutionalism and critical theory have been used as a theoretical base for evaluating accreditation, W. E. Deming's philosophy has not. This article fills that void by examining possible negative consequences in meeting faculty qualification requirements in institutions with a teaching mission.
Vision for Our Journal

U nder the leadership of James M. Perrin, our journal has grown into one of the top journals in pediatrics, with a focus on improving the health care delivery, health outcomes of children and youth, and education in pediatrics. Readership has grown tremendously, and individual and institutional subscriptions are rising. Most important, the published articles are innovative and significant because investigators are sending excellent work to the journal. The metrics of success, such as readership, number of submissions, impact factor, PubMed citations, and the number of electronic citations are all improving steadily. The success of the first decade of our journal is a tribute to Jim Perrin’s leadership. Dr Perrin has assembled a talented journal team that collectively makes our journal a success. The editorial group is committed and hard working. Sheila Bloom is the editorial associate who keeps everything running smoothly. The outstanding Editorial Board as well as the APA Board of Directors and journal committee all provide invaluable input on the journal direction, performance, and policies. Our publisher, Elsevier, is efficient and customerfriendly. Journals depend on peer review, and we have an excellent group of manuscript reviewers who provide critical, insightful, and helpful feedback. I would like to present some ideas for the vision for our journal for the next decade. I look forward to your suggestions.
Coanda Wall Jet Calculations Using One- and Two-Equation Turbulence Models

The wall jet over a convex surface, the Coanda wall jet, has many potential technical applications, such as circulation control of airfoils. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes is a potentially very powerful tool for Coanda wall jet calculations. A number of common linear eddy-viscosity turbulence models were used for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations of a turbulent Coanda wall jet experiment. Calculations were also carried out with an explicit algebraic stress model. The differences in the computed results were shown to be large depending on what turbulence model was employed. The k-w model was then employed for three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations where the downstream evolution of streamwise vortices in the turbulent wall jet was studied for various spanwise wavelengths and forcing amplitudes. It was found that a centrifugal instability of the turbulent mean flow may lead to the streamwise growth of longitudinal vortices. Beyond a certain disturbance amplitude threshold the relative phase of the vortices had a noticeable impact on the amplification rates and the mean flow characteristics were affected by the added wall normal momentum exchange.
Unfairness in TCP performance over lossy optical burst-switched (OBS) networks

One of TCP's primary objectives is to provide fairness to all flows competing for resources in a network. Since the popular flavors of TCP were designed to work with electronic packet-switched networks, they behave differently when used over optical burst-switched networks (OBS). In OBS, burst loss occurs due to random contention of data bursts. Since TCP is unaware of the underlying physical media, the responsibility of fairness must be provided by the burst assembler. We investigate several flow-aware and flow-unaware mechanisms that improve TCP fairness over OBS.
Pregnancy after Gastric Bypass Surgery in Adolescents

There is no previous research or documentation of the incidence of pregnancy or pregnancy outcomes in female adolescents after undergoing bariatric surgery. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted for female patients who had bariatric surgery in our adolescent program from 2001–2007. Descriptive and clinical data were abstracted from the medical records, including data from the initial assessment and from follow-up clinic visits pre- and postoperatively. 47 adolescents (age <19 years) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). 7 pregnancies occurred in 6 Caucasian females and resulted in 6 reported healthy term deliveries (1 pending). 6 of the 7 pregnancies were conceived between 10 and 22 months following surgery. In this small cohort of adolescent females, the pregnancy rate was 12.8%. The program pregnancy rate for adolescent females in this cohort was greater than anticipated, compared with national pregnancy rates for age and race-matched females in the USA. Risk factors that may contribute to an increased incidence of adolescent pregnancy in this unique bariatric population are unclear, but may include poor adherence to contraceptive therapy and psychosocial factors. Further research is required to define risk factors, improve adherence to contraceptive therapy, and encourage postponement of pregnancy after surgery.
Trends in gastric cancer sex ratio in the United States

Recent reports have suggested that the male/female ratio for gastric cancer has decreased over time and that the mean age of cases has increased. The authors calculated age- and sex-specific mortality rates for gastric cancer from 1950 through 1979 for whites using data from US Vital Statistics and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. Whereas sex ratios based on crude mortality rates showed a decrease over time from 1.7 in 1950 to 1.5 in 1979, similar ratios based on age-adjusted mortality rates showed an increase from 1.8 to 2.1. An increase in mean age at death over time was consistent with the increase in age of the population. The authors conclude that factors responsible for the decrease in gastric cancer mortality in the United States appear to have affected males and females equally. The overall data do not support the emergence of a new form of gastric cancer with a sex ratio or age pattern different from that found in the past.