cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted screening for pediatric conditions with the CHICA system.

Objective The Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) system is a decision-support and electronic-medical-record system for pediatric health maintenance and disease management. The purpose of this study was to explore CHICA's ability to screen patients for disorders that have validated screening criteria—specifically tuberculosis (TB) and iron-deficiency anemia. Design Children between 0 and 11 years were randomized by the CHICA system. In the intervention group, parents were asked about TB and iron-deficiency risk, and physicians received a tailored prompt. In the control group, no screens were performed, and the physician received a generic prompt about these disorders. Results 1123 participants were randomized to the control group and 1116 participants to the intervention group. Significantly more people reported positive risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia in the intervention group (17.5% vs 3.1%, OR 6.6, 95% CI 4.5 to 9.5). In general, far fewer parents reported risk factors for TB than for iron-deficiency anemia. Again, there were significantly higher detection rates of positive risk factors in the intervention group (1.8% vs 0.8%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.0). Limitations It is possible that there may be more positive screens without improving outcomes. However, the guidelines are based on studies that have evaluated the questions the authors used as sensitive and specific, and there is no reason to believe that parents misunderstood them. Conclusions Many screening tests are risk-based, not universal, leaving physicians to determine who should have a further workup. This can be a time-consuming process. The authors demonstrated that the CHICA system performs well in assessing risk automatically for TB and iron-deficiency anemia.
Cannabinoids: neurochemical aspects after oral chronic administration to rats.

Abstract Male and female Fischer rats were treated orally with Δ 9 -THC doses between 50 and 500 mg/kg or with crude marihuana extract between 50 and 1500 mg/kg, for 28 or 91 consecutive days. At necropsy, brains were weighed and kept frozen until 10% homogenates in 0.32 m sucrose could be made and analyzed. Homogenate samples were assayed for total protein, RNA, lipids, and acetylcholinesterase, succinic dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase activities. Significant decreases were obtained for protein, RNA and acetylcholinesterase activity at 28 days and monoamine oxidase at 91 days. No changes in total lipids, glycolipids or cholesterol concentrations were observed. The neurochemical alterations coincided with behavioral symptoms of hyperactivity and convulsive activity. Both neurotoxicity and neurochemical changes were partially reversed after the longer interval of treatment.
Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater

Abstract Recent field and laboratory experiments have identified colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants as an important mechanism of contaminant migration through groundwater. For colloid-facilitated transport to be important, three criteria must be met: (1) colloids must be generated; (2) contaminants must associate with the colloids; and (3) colloids must be transported through the groundwater. Significant progress in the understanding of colloid generation (by mobilization of existing colloids) and transport (limited by deposition) in model colloid and collector systems has been made in the past few decades. This knowledge of the model systems, however, is inadequate for prediction of colloid behavior in natural groundwater systems. An understanding of colloid behavior in natural systems is essential for predicting the potential for colloid-facilitated transport in a given groundwater. This review presents theories describing colloid mobilization, deposition, and transport, laboratory experiments in model systems designed to test these theories, and applications of these theories to colloid mobilization and transport experiments in natural groundwater systems. Emphasis is placed on mobilization of existing colloids by chemical and physical perturbations, the kinetics and dynamics of colloid deposition (filtration) and the “blocking” effect, and the effect of surface chemical heterogeneities on colloid deposition and transport.
The fine structure of myofibrils

Abstract Shadowed electron micrographs show that myofibrils of rabbit striated muscle consist of bundles of long filaments overlaid and perhaps interpenetrated by a structureless material whose distribution determines the banded character of the muscle. The filaments have about the diameter of those of fibrous actin. The photographs show many details of the fine structure of the myofibrils and their components as well as of the sarcolemma and the thicker fibers associated with this membrane.
Identification of dimethyldioctadecylammonium ion (m/z 550.6) and related species (m/z 522.6, 494.6) as a source of contamination in mass spectrometry

Chemical contamination can be one of the more common problems encountered when performing trace-level analysis regardless of the analytical technique. Minimizing or eliminating background interferences can be a difficult task, so knowledge of the chemical composition of these contaminants can prove invaluable when it comes to identifying the source. Once the source is identified, proper steps may be taken to reduce or eliminate it. In this study, we report the identity of some commonly seen contaminants (m/z 550.6, 522.6, and 494.6) in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Through MS, tandem MS, accurate-mass, and high-resolution measurements we have identified these background contaminants as being quaternary ammonium species that contain long-chain hydrocarbon groups, where m/z 550.6 is a dimethyldioctadecylammonium ion (C18, C18) and m/z 522.6 and 494.6 are similar in nature but have shorter alkyl-chain groups. The lipophilic nature of these compounds and the fact that they have molecular weights similar to lysophospholipids make them a frequent contaminant in lipidomic studies. The likely sources of these compounds are commonly used personal and household products.
On the role of the Antarctic continent in forcing large-scale circulations in the high southern latitudes

The Antarctic topography and attendant katabatic wind regime appear to play a key role in the climate of the high southern latitudes. During the nonsummer months, persistent and often times intense katabatic winds occur in the lowest few hundred meters of the Antarctic atmosphere. These slope flows transport significant amounts of cold air northward and thereby modify the horizontal pressure field over the high southern latitudes. Three-year seasonal cycle numerical simulations using the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM1) with and without representation of the Antarctic orography were performed to explore the role of the elevated terrain and drainage flows on the distribution and evolution of the horizontal pressure field. The katabatic wind regime is an important part of a clearly defined mean meridional circulation in the high southern latitudes. The position and intensity of the attendant sea level low pressure belt appears to be tied to the Antarctic orography. The seasonal movement of mass in the high southern latitudes is therefore constrained by the presence of the Antarctic ice sheet. The semiannual oscillation of pressure over Antarctica and the high southern latitutdes is well depicted in the CCM1 only when the Antarctic orography is included.
Interpreting nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of disordered materials: direct inversion of powder patterns

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of disordered materials are often interpreted by assuming distributions of the interaction parameters and fitting the spectra under these assumptions. Here we illustrate methods to extract the distributions directly from the spectra, making no such prior assumptions. The inhomogeneously broadened powder pattern observed in the NMR spectrum of a disordered solid is expressed as an integral over the powder patterns for individual sites weighted by the population distribution of the different sites. The resulting integral equation is solved for the underlying probability distribution of sites, both by singular value decomposition and by a regularization method. Results are shown for model and real one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR experiments, with and without noise.
Stereotaxic aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of mammographically detected clustered microcalcification

BACKGROUND Stereotaxic fine-needle aspiration biopsy (SFNA) of mammographically detected nonpalpable lesions of the breast provides accurate diagnosis and may eliminate many unnecessary excisional biopsies of areas of microcalcification. METHODS SFNA of microcalcification of indeterminate radiologic significance was performed on 125 patients (1991-1994), yielding 130 specimens (2 sites in 2 patients and bilateral aspirations in 3 patients). Stereotaxic localization was performed, and samples from within the area of microcalcification were obtained using 22-gauge needles. Smears stained with a Giemsa-type stain were prepared and studied by a cytopathologist during the procedure to determine the adequacy of each specimen. RESULTS Of 130 specimens, 104 (80%) were cytologically benign, 13 (10%) were atypical, 6 (4.6%) were suspicious, and 7 (5.3%) were malignant. All malignant diagnoses were confirmed by subsequent operative biopsy. Follow-up was available in 74 of 104 benign cases (71%): surgical excisions (all benign) in 8 cases and follow-up mammograms at 6 months to 5.8 years in 66 cases (no radiologic change in 64 cases and 2 [1.9%] cases with new radiologic findings [SFNAs of the new radiographic abnormality revealed adenocarcinoma in both]). CONCLUSIONS SFNA is a reliable and cost-effective method of evaluating indeterminate microcalcification; however, mammographic follow-up is indicated because of the possibility of subsequent and independent cancers. [See editorial on pages 197-9, this issue.] Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:226-230. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Power Analysis of Cutoff-Based Randomized Clinical Trials:

A cutoff-based randomized clinical trial couples cutoff-based assignment on an appropriate covariate with random assignment to help balance ethical and scientific concerns in certain situations. A ...
Comparison of cytochrome P450 in three butterflyfish species: Ecological implications of elevated CYP2B and CYP3A in Chaetodon capistratus

Abstract The relationship between cytochrome P450 and feeding on terpenoid-rich gorgonian corals was investigated in a species of tropical butterflyfish and compared with two other sympatric congeners that do not feed on gorgonians. Fish were collected from non-polluted waters in Belize and the levels of two cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP2B and CYP3A) were immunoquantitated in addition to quantification of total P450. Chaetodon capistratus regularly feeds on gorgonian corals and has higher levels of total hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 than C. ocellatus or C. striatus . The content of hepatic P450 (0.588–0.794 nmol mg −1 ) in C. capistratus is among the highest ever reported in teleosts from non-polluted waters and is significantly greater than detected in C. ocellatus or C. striatus . Chaetodon capistratus also had a larger hepatic index (g liver per g fish) and more microsomal protein (mg protein per g liver), factors that translate into 3.3- to 8-fold more total P450 per g fish. Sexual differences in total P450 were observed between male and female C. capistratus , but not among the other species. The contents of proteins detected by immunoassay with polyclonal anti-scup P450B (CYP2B) and anti-human P4503A (CYP3A) were 2- to 10-fold and 2- to 20-fold greater, respectively, in C. capistratus than in the congeneric species. CYP2 and CYP3 gene families in mammals are thought to have evolved partially in response to dietary allelochemicals. These results suggest that these P450 isozymes may also be important in marine teleosts that feed on terpenoid-rich prey.
Comments on E. G. West and R. J. Staaf

E. G. West and R. J. Staaf’s provocative paper argues that agency shop provisions in state public sector collective bargaining legislation, provisions that have recently been found to be constitutional by the Supreme Court in the Abood case (Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 97 S.Ct. 1782 (1977)), may increase the costs of public education. Their underlying analytical framework is that of a state which confers monopoly power on a public sector union and a union whose sole concern is to win monopoly wage gains for its members. West and Staaf claim that the costs of these wage gains may far exceed the benefits of the legislation, the resulting reduction in negotiation costs, that are perceived by legislatures and the judiciary. In sum, they conclude that agency shop provisions in public education are undesirable because the provisions aid and encourage unions and the latter have primarily negative effects on the educational process.
Anatexis at 700 to 1000 MPa in the aureole of the Marcy anorthosite, Adirondack Highlands, New York

High temperature (>900 °C) metamorphism affected the New Russia gneiss complex in the aureole of the Marcy anorthosite, Adirondack Highlands, New York. Dehydration melting of pargasitic hornblende and plagioclase in metagabbro during contact metamorphism produced garnet among other phases, an indicator that pressure exceeded 700 MPa during anatexis. Partial melting also occurred in mangerite and charnockite. Minerals that equilibrated during melting yield barometric estimates of 970 ± 100 MPa (garnet–orthopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz in metagabbro and mangerite) and 735 ± 100 and 985 ± 100 MPa (garnet–hornblende–plagioclase–quartz, metagabbro and mangerite, respectively). From these results we infer that the Marcy anorthosite was emplaced at a depth of at least 23 km and probably near 32 km.
A body and its gestures

This paper is about gestures made by a car-mechanic during a single extended episode of work. Some of these gestures are recurrent and appear to be parts of a repertoire of communicative forms with which this man responds to understanding tasks that routinely occur in his work; others appear to be abstracted from instrumental actions that he has recently completed. Both types of gesture reveal the specific stance and knowledge that the body making them has acquired in its day-to-day coping, the body’s being-in-the-world. Gestures thus articulate the grasp that hands have of their life-worlds.
Inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the first component of complement (C1) by heparin.

Abstract Classical enzyme kinetic analyses were applied to define the mechanism of the effect of heparin on the cleavage of the fourth (C4) and second (C2) components of complement by the first component (C1) of complement. The data indicated that heparin was a noncompetitive inhibitor of both C4 and C2 cleavage; cleavage of C2 was more sensitive to the action of heparin than cleavage of C4. Heparin blocked the action of C 1 in serum and three preparations of purified C 1 , each isolated by different methods. Heparin also inhibited the increased vascular permeability produced in normal skin by activated C 1 , suggesting that it or other polyions might be effective in the treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema attacks.
In vitro evaluation of anticancer potentials of lupeol isolated from Elephantopus scaber L. on MCF-7 cell line.

Lupeol is a triterpenoid, present in most of the medicinally effective plants and possess a wide range of biological activity against human diseases. The present study aims at evaluating the anticancer potentials of lupeol, isolated from the leaves of Elephantopus scaber L. and thereby explores its action on key cancer marker, Bcl-2. The effect of lupeol on the cell viability of MCF-7 was determined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays at different concentrations. The efficacy of the compound to induce cell death was analyzed using AO/EtBr staining. Phase contrast microscopic analysis provided the changes in cell morphology of the compound treated normal breast cells (MCF-10A) and MCF-7 cells. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins in the normal, cancer and lupeol treated cancer cell was analyzed by western blotting. Lupeol induced an effective change in the cell viability of MCF-7 cells with IC 50 concentration as 80 μM. Induction of cell death, change in cell morphology and population of the cancer cells was observed in the lupeol treated cells, but the normal cells were not affected. The compound effectively downregulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expressions, which directly contribute for the induction of MCF-7 cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Thus, lupeol acts as an anticancer agent against MCF-7 cells and is a potent phytodrug to be explored further for its cytotoxic mechanism.
Teaching sunspots: Disciplinary identity and scholarly practice in the Collegio Romano:

This article examines how Jesuit Gabriele Beati (1607–1673) taught the subject of sunspots in two textbooks commemorating his teaching of natural philosophy and mathematics at the Collegio Romano. Whereas Beati defended the incorruptibility of the heavens in his natural philosophical course, he argued that sunspots were located on the face of the sun itself and generated and corrupted like terrestrial clouds in his mathematical one. While it may be tempting to attribute these different presentations to censorship practices within the Jesuit Order, they are best understood as the result of disciplinary distinctions and scholarly practices shared widely by scholars across Europe.
MIXED OLIGOPOLY IN A SINGLE INTERNATIONAL MARKET

This paper departs from previous literature by considering a mixed oligopoly with two countries each with public and private firms competing in a single market. This differs from the traditional framework of examining a single domestic market in which foreign and domestic firms compete and is motivated, in part, by international airline markets but serves to characterise many markets. The resulting equilibrium emphasises that the strategic interaction of the two public firms usually serves to reduce welfare. Thus, the usual reason to imagine a public firm in a mixed oligopoly, to enhance welfare, is lost when such firms compete in the interest of their respective countries.
Light scattering from a randomly oriented anisotropic layer on a rough surface

We compute the diffuse light scattering from a thin layer of randomly oriented anisotropic crystallites on a rough metal surface. A thin anisotropic layer can simply represent the anisotropic surface response of a crystal. We find, in particular, that the inhomogeneity of the surface anisotropy is a significant source of cross-polarized light scattering from a smooth polycrystalline surface. For such a surface the cross-polarized scattering that could be due to residual surface roughness is much smaller than that observed in the case of normal incidence on Ag. Our model of surface anisotropy simply accounts for the magnitude of cross-polarized scattering, but it predicts a ratio of ps to sp scattering that does not agree with that of existing experiments.
Cell parameter variability analysis and MPPT control of photovoltaic modules

This paper presents an analysis of inherent cell mismatch in PV modules and its impact on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) achieved via buck-boost converter control. Inherent cell mismatch is defined as mismatch induced within the module stemming from manufacturing imperfections or long-term degradation processes such as delamination. We model the mismatch processes in a module by considering various distributions in the cell parameters of a one-diode model such as series and shunt resistances. In order to study the impact of inherent cell mismatch on power output we developed, in Matlab Simulink, a PV module model where the parameters of each PV cell can be configured dynamically. The model also includes a DC-DC buck-boost converter and MPPT controller using a simple Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The impact on MPPT due to various distributions of PV cell parameters is reported. Since the parameters can be dynamically changed, we are also able to study the impact on MPPT due to parameter variations occurring over both slow and fast time-scales.
A comparison of monopolar electrosurgery to a new multipolar electrosurgical system in a rat model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study is to compare collateral tissue damage and wound healing in incisions created by electro-dissociation and conventional electrosurgery. Conventional electrosurgery has been used as an alternative to the scalpel to improve hemostasis. However, the heat generated by this instrument can cause tissue damage surrounding the incision, limiting its use around nerves and large blood vessels. A new technology, Coblation (Arthrocare Corp., Sunnyvale, CA), uses electro-dissociation to achieve similar results by creating charged particles from a conductive medium to make an incision while simultaneously achieving hemostasis. This new approach to electrosurgery may reduce soft tissue damage. Study Design: Methods: Two prospective, matched design experiments were performed. In experiment I, both devices were set at the same electrical power in watts and then used to create an incision on the tongue of rats. In experiment II, the electrical power settings of both devices were adjusted until they created incisions of the same size. Epithelial destruction and collateral tissue damage were measured in histologically prepared tissue in both experiments, and the wound healing process was observed in experiment II at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Results: The results showed that the electro-dissociation method created significantly less epithelial destruction and collateral tissue damage in both experiments. Granulation tissue formation was also significantly less extensive in the electrodissociation-induced incision after 7 and 14 days of recovery. Conclusions: Wound healing may be faster than with conventional electrosurgery if the Coblation device is used.
Preliminary estimate of iron ore reserves

Prognostic estimates of iron ore reserves are discussed on the basis of experience and published theoretical premises. A geologic classification of ore deposits is offered as a basis for prognostication. (Note: The Geological Classification of Iron-Ore Deposits (table 2) may be of interest to American economic geologists.).—C.E. Sears
An Appraisal of Blood Trauma and the Blood-Prosthetic Interface during Left Ventricular Bypass in the Calf and Humans

Abstract Mechanical circulatory support was accomplished in 20 calves (mean, 140 days) and in 5 patients following operation for acquired heart disease (range, 1 hour to 8 days) employing a pneumatically actuated xenograft-valved assist pump interposed between the left ventricular apex and aorta. Following pump implantation in calves, hematocrit and platelets decreased transiently and returned to normal within 14 days. Plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility values were elevated for 48 hours. Platelet survival was slightly reduced, but erythrocyte survival values were similar to controls. In patients who received assist pumps, plasma hemoglobin and erythrocyte mechanical fragility were transiently elevated, but rapidly decreased to normal. Thrombocytopenia occurred only in the presence of bleeding and renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Pump flow of the left ventricular assist device was maintained above 2.0 L/min/m 2 despite serious arrhythmias. Postmortem examination revealed no evidence of thromboemboli in the clinical patients although anticoagulant agents were not administered.
Explicit Navier-Stokes computation of cascade flows using the k-epsilon turbulence model

A fully explicit two-dimensional flow solver, based on a four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme, has been developed and used to predict two-dimensional viscous flow through turbomachinery cascades for which experimental data are available. The formulation is applied to the density-weighted time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Several features of the technique improve the ability of the code to predict high Reynolds number flows on highly stretched grids. These include a low Reynolds number compressible form of the A-e turbulence model, anisotropic scaling of artificial dissipation terms, and locally varying timestep evaluation based on hyperbolic and parabolic stability considerations. Comparisons between computation and experiment are presented for both a supersonic and a low-subsonic compressor cascade. These results indicate that the code is capable of predicting steady two-dimensional viscous cascade flows over a wide range of Mach numbers in reasonable computation times.
The role of the functionality rule in the categorization of well-defined concepts

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether children and adults could construct concept definitions by utilizing the mechanisms proposed by Richards and Goldfarb's (1986) episodic memory model. In Experiment I the question of whether children and adults were able to utilize hypothetical counterexemplar reasoning was examined. When given novel instances and asked to judge whether they were members of familiar categories, subjects attributed concept membership more often to objects possessing form features irrelevant to function than to objects possessing form features interfering with function or objects lacking the ability to function. Subjects justified their answers by referring to the influence of each attribute on the intended function of the object. Experiment 2 examined whether children utilized the functionality rule in making category judgments about novel concepts. Functionality was found to influence the judgments of both children and adults. Results are discussed in terms of Richards and Goldfarb's (1986) model and are related to other evidence that children possess theories about concepts.
Experimental evaluation of programming language features: Implications for introductory programming languages

The interaction between programmer and programming language affects the maintainability, reliability, and understandability of the resulting programs. Their results are important both to the educator and to the language designer, particularly when examining languages to be used when teaching beginning programmers. The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the methodology and results of a number of these research studies.
Calculation of productivity of laboratory-type courses

A mathematical model is presented for calculation of productivity (student credit hours per-full-time equivalent faculty) for combined lecture-laboratory-recitation courses. Analysis of computer-generated plots of productivity versus enrollment for typical combined lecture-lab courses leads to the following conclusions: (1) Productivity levels off rather than continuously increasing as enrollment increases, suggesting that large lecture sections cannot be justified. (2) The productivity increase with enrollment is not monotonic, but has a sawtooth appearance, suggesting that forbidden intervals of enrollment would maximize productivity. (3) In lab-optional courses, productivity is maximized by discouraging lab enrollment after the first lab section is filled. The overall productivity of an instructional unit such as a department is shown to be calculable as the sum of course productivities, each multiplied by a weighting factor equal to the fraction of total teaching time devoted to that course. Potential applications of the model to course and curriculum design are discussed. The effects on productivity of varying any of the parameters in the model—for example, lecture and lab contact and credit hours, lab capacity, average lecture size, and fraction of students taking the lab—can be quantitatively predicted.
Lubrication analysis and boundary integral simulations of a viscous micropump

Several recent papers discuss a viscous micropump consisting of Poiseuille flow of fluid between two plates with a cylinder placed along the gap perpendicular to the flow direction (e.g. Sen, Wajerski & Gad-el-Hak 1996). If the cylinder is not centred, rotating it will generate a net flow and an additional pressure drop along the channel, due to the net tangential viscous stresses along its surface. The research reported here complements existing work by examining the lubrication limit where the gaps between the cylinder and the walls are small compared to the cylinder radius. Lubrication analysis provides analytical relations among the flow rate, torque, pressure drop and rotation rate. Optimization of the flow parameters is shown in order to determine the optimal geometry of the device, which can be used by micro-electrical-mechanical systems designers. It is also shown, for example, that a device cannot be developed that achieves maximum flow rate and rotation simultaneously. In addition, since the Reynolds number can be smaller than 1, the Stokes equations are solved for this configuration using a numerical boundary integral method. The numerical results match the lubrication solution for small gaps, and determine the limits of validity for using the lubrication results.
Retrospective study of the surgical management and outcome of nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas of the groin and axilla in children.

Abstract Purpose The incidence of pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTSs) of the groin and axilla is unknown, and the optimal surgical approach to these patients is unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital from January 1962 to March 2007 for NRSTSs of the groin and axilla. Demographic variables, tumor pathology, clinical management, and outcome were reviewed. Results Of the 300 patients treated for NRSTSs, only 10 had tumors of the axilla or groin (6 of whom had synovial sarcoma). Surgical interventions included wide resection of the tumor (n = 7), marginal resection (n = 1), subtotal resection (n = 1), and biopsy only (n = 1). Six patients underwent lymph node sampling; all were negative for tumor. Short- and long-term surgical complications were rare. Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 3) and/or radiotherapy (n = 2). At a median follow-up of 8.5 years, 7 of the 10 were surviving free of disease. Two of these patients died of tumor progression (1 with metastases at diagnosis and 1 with an unresectable tumor at diagnosis), and one patient who was free of NRSTS died of secondary breast carcinoma. Conclusions Pediatric NRSTSs of the axilla and groin are rare, but outcomes are similar to those of other patients with NRSTS. Wide local excision of the tumor with preservation of good limb function should be the surgical goal and may be sufficient therapy in some cases.
Selective inhibition of bacterial and human topoisomerases by N- arylacyl O -sulfonated aminoglycoside derivatives.

Numerous therapeutic applications have been proposed for molecules that bind heparin-binding proteins. Development of such compounds has primarily focused on optimizing the degree and orientation of anionic groups on a scaffold, but utility of these polyanions has been diminished by their typically large size and nonspecific interactions with many proteins. In this study, N-arylacyl O-sulfonated aminoglycosides were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to selectively inhibit structurally similar bacterial and human topoisomerases. It is demonstrated that the structure of the aminoglycoside and of the N-arylacyl moiety imparts selective inhibition of different topoisomerases and alters the mechanism. The results here outline a strategy that will be applicable to identifying small, structurally defined oligosaccharides that bind heparin-binding proteins with a high degree of selectivity.
Motor deficits are produced by removing some cortical transplants grafted into injured sensorimotor cortex of neonatal rats.

Fetal frontal cortex was transplanted into cavities formed in the right, motor cortex of neonatal rats. As adults, the animals were trained to press two levers in rapid succession with their left forelimb to receive food rewards. Once they had reached an optimal level of performance, the effect of removing their transplants was assessed. Surgical removal of transplants significantly impaired the performance of 2 of 4 subjects. Placing a crossstrain skin graft to induce the immunological rejection of the transplants produced a behavioral deficit in 1 of 2 subjects with complete transplant removal. Skin grafts produced no behavioral effects in four subjects that had surviving transplants. Since the motor deficit produced by transplant removal resembled those observed following the removal of normal motor cortex, we propose that these three transplants functioned within the host brain. Histology Showed that the procedures used to remove cortical grafts did not injure any host brains. Therefore, host brain damage is unlikely to account for the behavioral deterioration that followed transplant removals.
Development of Autonomic Nervous System Responsitivity in Children: A Review of the Literature:

This paper reviews the literature on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responsiveness in children. Normative developmental changes in cardiovascular activity (heart rate and blood pressure), electrodermal activity, and the dynamic balance between branches of the ANS are summarized. Several issues which appear to have potential for further developmental study are identified. Problems and limitations in the psychophysiological study of children are also discussed.
Inflatable and noninflatable penile prostheses: comparative follow-up evaluation

This evaluation was conducted with 63 men who were organically impotent and subsequently received either an inflatable penile prosthesis (n = 43), a noninflatable penile prosthesis (n = 14), or both in succession (n = 6). The patient groups were compared for sexual satisfaction, sexual activity, mental status, complications, satisfaction with prosthesis, and relationship changes. The methods of evaluation were the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory and two unstandardized questionnaires. Significant differences were found between the two patient groups: inflatable prosthesis recipients report being more sexually satisfied, more satisfied with their implant, experiencing less psychiatric distress, having a more rapid postsurgical recovery, more sexually active, and experiencing more positive changes in relationships with their partners than do recipients of a noninflatable prosthesis. The data suggest that the inflatable prosthesis may be a more favorable choice for most individuals than noninflatable devices.
Plasma analogy and non-Abelian statistics for Ising-type quantum Hall states

We study the non-Abelian statistics of quasiparticles in the Ising-type quantum Hall states which are likely candidates to explain the observed Hall conductivity plateaus in the second Landau level, most notably the one at filling fraction $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$. We complete the program started in V. Gurarie and C. Nayak, [Nucl. Phys. B 506, 685 (1997)]. and show that the degenerate four-quasihole and six-quasihole wave functions of the Moore-Read Pfaffian state are orthogonal with equal constant norms in the basis given by conformal blocks in a $c=1+\frac{1}{2}$ conformal field theory. As a consequence, this proves that the non-Abelian statistics of the excitations in this state are given by the explicit analytic continuation of these wave functions. Our proof is based on a plasma analogy derived from the Coulomb gas construction of Ising model correlation functions involving both order and (at most two) disorder operators. We show how this computation also determines the non-Abelian statistics of collections of more than six quasiholes and give an explicit expression for the corresponding conformal block-derived wave functions for an arbitrary number of quasiholes. Our method also applies to the anti-Pfaffian wave function and to Bonderson-Slingerland hierarchy states constructed over the Moore-Read and anti-Pfaffian states.
Fast algorithm for encoding the (255, 223) Reed-Solomon code over GF(28)

A new scheme for reducing the numerical complexity of the standard Reed-Solomon (R.S.) encoding algorithm is developed. As an example, the encoding of a (255, 223) R.S. code (NASA standard for concatenation with convolutional codes) is shown to require 75% fewer multiplications and 61% fewer additions than the conventional method of computation.
Representations of the Absolute Value Function and Applications in Gaussian Estimates

We study the expectation of unsigned Gaussian quadratic forms and negative absolute moments of Gaussian products. The main tool we use is the integral representation of the absolute value function.
Second-site suppression of a nonfunctional mutation within the Leishmania donovani inosine-guanosine transporter.

LdNT2 is a member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, which possesses several conserved residues located mainly within transmembrane domains. One of these residues, Asp389 within LdNT2, was shown previously to be critical for transporter function without affecting ligand affinity or plasma membrane targeting. To further delineate the role of Asp389 in LdNT2 function, second-site suppressors of the ldnt2-D389N null mutation were selected in yeast deficient in purine nucleoside transport and incapable of purine biosynthesis. A library of random mutants within the ldnt2-D389N background was screened in yeast for restoration of growth on inosine. Twelve different clones were obtained, each containing secondary mutations enabling inosine transport. One mutation, N175I, occurred in four clones and conferred augmented inosine transport capability compared with LdNT2 in yeast. N175I was subsequently introduced into an ldnt2-D389N construct tagged with green fluorescent protein and transfected into a Δldnt1/Δldnt2 Leishmania donovani knockout. GFP-N175I/D389N significantly suppressed the D389N phenotype and targeted properly to the plasma membrane and flagellum. Most interestingly, N175I increased the inosine Km by 10-fold within the D389N background relative to wild type GFP-LdNT2. Additional substitutions introduced at Asn175 established that only large, nonpolar amino acids suppressed the D389N phenotype, indicating that suppression by Asn175 has a specific size and charge requirement. Because multiple suppressor mutations alleviate the constraint imparted by the D389N mutation, these data suggest that Asp389 is a conformationally sensitive residue. To impart spatial information to the clustering of second-site mutations, a three-dimensional model was constructed based upon members of the major facilitator superfamily using threading analysis. The model indicates that Asn175 and Asp389 lie in close proximity and that the second-site suppressor mutations cluster to one region of the transporter.
Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for early prosthetic valve degeneration in aortic and mitral positions

Recently, transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation has emerged as a new alternative to surgical reoperation for degenerated bioprosthetic valves, either in the aortic or mitral position. The early experience and outcome of this strategy appears promising in highly selected patient groups. Here we report a case of early structural valve degeneration in the aortic and mitral position in a patient with chronic hemodialysis successfully treated with transthoracic transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation.
Binary trees, symplectic matrices and the Jacobi coordinates of celestial mechanics

A graph-theoretic algorithm for constructing the Jacobi coordinates in celestial mechanics is given. To every full binary tree with N leaves, there corresponds a 6N×6N symplectic matrix, which defines a Jacobi transformation. This correspondence yields a direct proof of the symplectic property for all the Jacobi coordinates; hitherto, only special examples of these transformations have been shown to be canonical.
Mars Observer trajectory and orbit control

The Mars Observer mission will study Mars from a low-altitude orbit. During interplanetary cruise, propulsive maneuvers are required to ensure capture, with a secondary constraint to satisfy limits on the probability of impact with Mars. After capture, the spacecraft will be brought to a near-circular mapping orbit through a series of maneuvers. Mapping orbit maneuvers will be performed in order to follow a predetermined set of ground tracks and to maintain orbit altitude. This will allow accurate spacecraft command sequence generation and aid science planning throughout the mapping phase. Specific orbit control plans for the open and close of the launch period have been developed to meet these needs. This paper describes the control capabilities and the associated expected velocity changes for the mission.
A generalized model of rent-seeking behavior*

In this paper I present a formal analysis of rent-seeking games in which the players' valuations for the prize are represented as vectors. The players in this game are risk neutral and may not be indifferent to who wins the contestable rent if it is someone else. Both Tullock's original rent-seeking model and the public goods rent-seeking model by Katz et al. turn out to be special cases of this more general model.
Increased iris-lens contact following spontaneous blinking: mathematical modeling.

The purpose of this work was to study in silico how iris root rotation due to spontaneous blinking alters the iris contour. An axisymmetric finite-element model of the anterior segment was developed that included changes in the iris contour and the aqueous humor flow. The model geometry was based on average values of ocular dimensions. Blinking was modeled by rotating the iris root posteriorly and returning it back to the anterior. Simulations with maximum rotations of 21 ,4 1 ,6 1, and 81 were performed. The iris–lens contact distance and the pressure difference between the posterior and anterior chambers were calculated. When the peak iris root rotation was 21, the maximum iris–lens contact increased gradually from 0.28 to 0.34 mm within eight blinks. When the iris root was rotated by 61 and 81, the pressure difference between the posterior and anterior chambers dropped from a positive value (1.23 Pa) to negative values ( � 0.86 and � 1.93 Pa) indicating the presence of reverse pupillary block. Apparent iris-lens contact increased with steady blinking, and the increase became more pronounced as posterior rotation increased. We conclude that repeated iris root rotation caused by blinking could maintain the iris in a posterior position under normal circumstances, which would then lead to the clinically observed anterior drift of the iris when blinking is prevented.
Forms for the distribution of ss ilkptxcxtt statistic for bivariate sphericity

This paper examines the nonnuU distribution of the ellipticity statistic used for testing sphericity in a bivariate normal population. The distribution function is expressed as mixtures of F distribution functions, where the mixing probabilities are binomial and mgatiire binomial. A simple approximation to the distribution is suggested and examined
Adolescent expectations of early death predict adult risk behaviors.

Only a handful of public health studies have investigated expectations of early death among adolescents. Associations have been found between these expectations and risk behaviors in adolescence. However, these beliefs may not only predict worse adolescent outcomes, but worse trajectories in health with ties to negative outcomes that endure into young adulthood. The objectives of this study were to investigate perceived chances of living to age 35 (Perceived Survival Expectations, PSE) as a predictor of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and substance use in young adulthood. We examined the predictive capacity of PSE on future suicidal ideation/attempt after accounting for sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, and history of suicide among family and friends to more fully assess its unique contribution to suicide risk. We investigated the influence of PSE on legal and illegal substance use and varying levels of substance use. We utilized the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) initiated in 1994–95 among 20,745 adolescents in grades 7–12 with follow-up interviews in 1996 (Wave II), 2001–02 (Wave III) and 2008 (Wave IV; ages 24–32). Compared to those who were almost certain of living to age 35, perceiving a 50–50 or less chance of living to age 35 at Waves I or III predicted suicide attempt and ideation as well as regular substance use (i.e., exceeding daily limits for moderate drinking; smoking ≥ a pack/day; and using illicit substances other than marijuana at least weekly) at Wave IV. Associations between PSE and detrimental adult outcomes were particularly strong for those reporting persistently low PSE at both Waves I and III. Low PSE at Wave I or Wave III was also related to a doubling and tripling, respectively, of death rates in young adulthood. Long-term and wide-ranging ties between PSE and detrimental outcomes suggest these expectations may contribute to identifying at-risk youth.
Large—Wave-Number, Almost Transverse Helicon Propagation and the Specific Heat of Helicons

The frequency and damping of helicons with large---wave-number $q$ propagating almost transversely to a strong dc magnetic field have been investigated. These modes have not previously been studied under the conditions considered in the present work, namely $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}\ensuremath{-}|{q}_{z}{v}_{F}|g\ensuremath{\omega}g|{q}_{z}{v}_{F}|$, where $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ are the wave frequency and cyclotron frequency, respectively; $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the mean collision time for electrons at the Fermi surface, and ${v}_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity. They have entirely different propagation characteristics from those of the previously studied Landau damped modes for $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ll}1$. These large-$q$ helicons with $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ exhibit no significant geometric-resonance features, whereas the large-$q$, Landau-damped helicons with $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ exhibit geometric resonance in an exaggerated form, as "propagation spikes." This striking difference is due to the existence, in the latter case, of a group of electrons traveling along the magnetic field in synchronism with the helicon, and the total absence of any such synchronous group of electrons in the former case. It is found that the number of large-$q$ modes with $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ which can be counted as elementary excitations in the face of collision damping is so small that the helicon specific heat is probably unobservable against the over-whelmingly dominant electron and phonon specific heats.
Albumin evolution in Peromyscus and Sigmodon

Phylogenetic relationships among certain cricetine rodents are examined using the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique. Antibodies against purified albumin from five species of Peromyscus , one species of Sigmodon , and one microtine rodent were used. In addition, serum from nine species of Peromyscus, Ochrotomys nuttalli , and fifteen subspecies and species of Sigmodon were examined. The fourteen species of Peromyscus represent three subgenera. Some, but not all of the results are inconsistent with current classification. The lineages leading to Peromsycus and Sigmodon are estimated to have diverged about 22 million years ago, whereas cricetines and microtines last shared a common ancestor some 40 million years ago.