cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moderate perinatal choline deficiency elicits altered physiology and metabolomic profiles in the piglet

Few studies have evaluated the impact of dietary choline on the health and well-being of swine, and those pivotal papers were aimed at determining dietary requirements for sows and growing pigs. This is of importance as the piglet is becoming a widely accepted model for human infant nutrition, but little is known about the impacts of perinatal choline status on overall health and metabolism of the growing piglet. In the present study, sows were provided either a choline deficient (CD, 625 mg choline/kg dry matter) or choline sufficient (CS, 1306 mg choline/kg dry matter) diet for the last 65 d of gestation (prenatal intervention). Piglets were weaned from the sow 48 h after farrowing and provided either a CD (477 mg choline/kg dry matter) or CS (1528 mg choline/kg dry matter) milk replacer (postnatal intervention) for 29 ± 2 d, resulting in a factorial arrangement of 4 treatment (prenatal/postnatal) groups: CS/CS, CS/CD, CD/CS, and CD/CD. Piglet growth was normal for artificially-reared piglets, and was not impacted by perinatal choline status. Piglets receiving the postnatal CD treatment had lower (P < 0.01) plasma choline and choline-containing phospholipid concentrations and higher (P < 0.05) liver enzyme (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) values compared with piglets receiving the postnatal CS treatment. Hepatic lipid content of piglets receiving the postnatal CD treatment was higher (P < 0.01) compared with piglets receiving the postnatal CS treatment. Additionally, postnatally CD piglets had lower (P = 0.01) plasma cholesterol than postnatally CS piglets. Brain development was also impacted by perinatal choline status, with brains of piglets exposed to prenatal CD being smaller (P = 0.01) than those of prenatally CS piglets. These findings support the hypothesis that the piglet is a sensitive model for choline deficiency during the perinatal period. In the present study, piglets exhibited similarities in health markers and metabolomic profiles to rodents and humans when exposed to moderate choline deficiency.
A Review of: “Human Attention in Digital Environments.”: C. Roda (Ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 344 pp., ISBN: 9780521765657.

Contributors are Claudia Roda, Ronald A. Rensink, Renae Low, Putai Jin, John Sweller, Howard Bowman, Li Su, Brad Wyble, Phil J. Barnard, Benoit Morel, Laurent Ach, Kari-Jouko Raiha, Aulikki Hyrskyk...
The Evolving Role of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in Regulatory Policy

Since the early Reagan years, critics have argued that benefit-cost analysis is used by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as a one-sided tool of deregulation to advance the interests of business. This article discloses a little-known fact: OMB also plays a powerful pro-regulation role when agency proposals address market failures and are supported by benefit-cost analysis. Drawing on four case studies from the George W. Bush Administration, the author examines how and why OMB encouraged regulatory initiatives while protecting some rulemakings from opposition by forces inside and outside of the executive branch. The case studies address the labeling of foods for trans fat content, control of diesel engine exhaust, improvement of light-truck fuel economy, and control of air pollution from coal-fired power plants. OMB's role in the 2001-2006 period was unusual by historic standards because, rather than await agency drafts, OMB played a pro-active role in both the initiation of rulemakings and the creation of regulatory alternatives for consideration. The benefit-cost framework could be much more powerful if greater investments were made in applied research to expand knowledge on key regulatory issues.
Functional interaction of nuclear factors EF-C, HNF-4, and RXR alpha with hepatitis B virus enhancer I

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer I contains cis-acting elements that are both sufficient and essential for liver-specific enhancer function. The EF-C binding site was previously shown to be a key element in enhancer I. EF-C binding activity is evident in hepatic and nonhepatic cells. Although the EF-C binding site is required for efficient HBV enhancer I function, the EF-C site does not possess intrinsic enhancer activity when assayed in the absence of flanking elements. We have defined a novel region in HBV enhancer I, termed the GB element, that is adjacent to and functions in conjunction with the EF-C binding site. The GB element and EF-C site confer interdependent liver-specific enhancer activity in the absence of flanking HBV enhancer sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the GB element is similar to sequences of the DNA binding sites for members of the steroid receptor superfamily. Among these proteins, we demonstrate that HNF-4, RXR (retinoid X receptor), and COUP-TF bind to the GB element in vitro. HNF-4 transactivates a promoter linked to a multimerized GB/EF-C domain via the GB element in vivo in a manner that is dependent on the integrity of the adjacent EF-C binding site. RXR alpha also transactivates promoter expression via the GB element in vivo in response to retinoic acid but in a largely EF-C-independent manner. Finally, we show that COUP-TF antagonizes the activity of the GB element in human liver cells.
Self-Determination Requires Social Capital, Not Just Skills and Knowledge

Curricula and programs designed to support students with disabilities to gain greater self-determination are typically rooted in individualistic values stressing independence and self-reliance. However, it can be cogently argued that the collectivistic value of interdependence is actually essential for self-determination in all cultures because interdependent social relationships yield the social capital that most people need to achieve their self-determined goals. Interdependent relationships should therefore be given greater weight and attention in self-determination theory and practice.
Solute-volume effects in electrolyte transport

Abstract A model elucidates two transport mechanisms associated with the volumes dissolved electrolytes occupy: the ‘excluded-volume effect’, which arises when concentration polarization induces solution-density gradients that drive volume redistribution; and ‘Faradaic convection’, which occurs when interfacial electrochemical reactions induce bulk flow. The excluded-volume effect can be accounted for in Newman's concentrated-solution theory by incorporating a thermodynamic state equation that describes the solution's local molar volume. Faradaic convection is introduced through boundary conditions that include volume-average velocity, which is distributed throughout a solution by a volume-balance governing equation. Two dimensionless parameters quantify the importances of these phenomena, which prove relevant when modeling nonaqueous electrolytes. Analytical formulas are derived to describe concentration polarization and diffusion potentials in parallel-electrode cells undergoing symmetric ion-deposition/stripping half-reactions. In moderately concentrated nonaqueous electrolytes, Faradaic convection elevates limiting currents by as much as ten percent above those predicted by a theory neglecting it. The excluded-volume effect similarly impacts diffusion potentials.
Phase II trial of Sorafenib in conjunction with chemotherapy and as maintenance therapy in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer

Objectives Sorafenib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Raf kinase, VEGFR, and PDGFR. Angiogenesis is important for growth and progression of SCLC. This trial was conducted to evaluate whether the combination of cisplatin and etoposide plus concurrent and sequential sorafenib could prolong survival in patients with previously untreated SCLC. Methods Previously untreated patients with extensive stage SCLC were treated with cisplatin and etoposide days 1, 2, 3 for four cycles, concurrent with sorafenib 200 mg orally bid starting day 1 cycle 1. Patients with no disease progression after four cycles continued sorafenib 400 mg orally bid as maintenance for maximum of 12 months. The primary endpoint was 1 year survival with response rate and safety as secondary endpoints. Results A total of 18 patients were enrolled with 17 evaluable patients. One patient had a complete response, seven patients had a partial response (overall response rate of 47 %) and one patient had stable disease. Overall median survival was 7.4 months and 1 year survival was 25 %. The most common treatment-related adverse events included fatigue, anorexia, rash, diarrhea, neutropenia and weight loss. Grade 5 GI bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage and neutropenia occurred in one pt (6 %) each. Accrual was halted on the basis of safety profile as well as preliminary efficacy data. Conclusions The combination of platinum based chemotherapy and sorafenib has significant toxicity at current dose levels and is associated with disappointing efficacy data.
Multigrid Mapping and Box Relaxation for Simulation of the Whole Process of Flow Transition in 3D Boundary Layers

A new multilevel methodology is developed in this study to provide a successful numerical simulation for the whole process of flow transition in 3D flat plate boundary layers, including linear growth, secondary instability, breakdown, and transition on a relatively coarse grid with low CPU cost. For high-order accuracy, good stability, and fast convergence, this approach uses a fourth-order finite difference scheme on stretched and staggered grids, a fully implicit time-marching technique, a semi-coarsening multigrid based on the so-called approximate line-box relaxation, and a buffer domain for the outflow boundary conditions. A new fine-coarsefine grid dissipation technique was developed to capture the large eddies and represent the main roles of small eddies to keep the code running after the laminar flow breaks down. The computational results are in good agreement with linear stability theory, secondary instability theory, and some experiments. The computation also reproduced the K-type and C-type transitions observed by laboratory experiments. The CPU cost for a typical case is around 2-9 CRAY-YMP hours.
Organochlorine Pollutants and Stable Isotopes in Resident and Migrant Passerine Birds from Northwest Michoacán, Mexico

Although concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in birds from most of the United States and Canada have decreased over the last 30 years, there is still concern that migrant birds might be exposed to elevated concentrations of OCs during migration in Latin America. The Lerma-Chapala Basin in west-central Mexico is an important migration corridor and wintering area for many species. The objectives of this study were to assess if resident and migrant birds wintering in western Michoacan, Mexico accumulated elevated concentrations of OCs during fall and spring and to determine if the stable isotopes δ15N, δ13C, and δD could be used to predict burdens and origins of DDE accumulation. Resident and migrant passerine insectivorous birds were collected during fall and spring (2001–2002) in northwest Michoacan, near Chapala Lake, Mexico. The carcasses were analyzed for OCs and tail feathers were analyzed for stable isotopes δ15N, δ13C, and δD. The OCs detected in more than 50% of the samples were: oxychlordane (79%), p,p’-DDE (100%), p,p′-DDT (57%), and total PCBs (100%). p,p′-DDE was the OC detected at the highest concentrations, whereas residues of other OCs were near or below detection limits. Overall, there were no significant differences in concentrations of OCs between seasons or between resident and migrant birds. Concentrations of DDE and oxychlordane were somewhat higher in migrant and resident birds during spring than in fall; however, concentrations were significantly different only for oxychlordane. Two resident birds collected in fall and spring had DDE residues >10 μg/g wet weight in carcass. There were no significant differences in δ13C and δ15N values among species, between seasons, or between migrant and resident birds. However, δD values were clearly different between species and helped differentiate migrant from resident birds. δD values also were negatively and significantly correlated with DDE concentrations in carcass. Birds with more depleted δD values in feathers tended to have higher DDE concentrations than those with less depleted δD values, suggesting a potential latitudinal accumulation of DDE. Overall, our results suggest that during fall and spring, there is not a significant buildup of persistent OCs in migrant and resident passerine insectivorous birds in northwest Michoacan, Mexico.
Do Liberal Arts Colleges Exhibit Economies of Scale and Scope

This study empirically estimates a multiple-product fixed total cost function and output relationship for liberal arts colleges in the United States. Statistical results based on data for 295 private liberal arts colleges suggest that there are both economies of scale and economies of scope in higher education. Furthermore, product-specific economies of scope do exist for all output levels and activities. Research activity at liberal arts colleges is not cost effective.
A stochastic model for the rapid emergence of specific vertebrate immunity incorporating horizontal transfer of systems enabling duplication and combinational diversification

Recent molecular data indicate that the antigen-specific combinatorial immune response is restricted to jawed vertebrates where it is found in representatives of all class from cartilagenous fishes to mammals. Here, we analyse the relatively rapid emergence of the combinatorial system terms of three stochastic process, with the system reaching essentially full capacity in immunoglobulin recognition elements and diversification and recombination of gene segments in an evolutionary span of time of less than 20 million years. The mechanisms for inducibility were coopted from ancient and widely spread processes in phylogeny for regulation of cell division. The proposed process of formation entailed the evolution of unknown ancestral genes into those specifying bona fide immunoglobulin domains, and the generation of multiple copies of these via a series of events facilitated by horizontal transfer of site-specific recombinases and recombination signal sequences most probably from microbial and fungal sources. The second process is one of rapid "decay" (evolution) which occurred in about 10 million year under stringent selective conditions to generate proper conserved canonical sequences. The third process is that of the long term evolution of these characteristic immunoglobulin domains over the 450 million years since their emergence. As a first approximation the rates of these three processes were computed using first order differential equations. The rate of formation has a magnitude of 10-7 substitutions per site per year, and that of rapid modifications is 10-8 substitutions per site per year. The long term rate of immunoglobulin evolution is comparable to that of other moderately conserved proteins, (1-3) x 10-9 substitutions per site per year). This model is testable by searching for "footprints" of microbial and fungal DNA processing enzymes and recombination mechanisms. The hypothesis raises the general concept that horizontal transfer of genes facilitating rearrangement and duplication can catalyse major steps of macroevolution.
Novel tandem quadrupole-acceleration-deceleration mass spectrometer for neutralization-reionization studies.

A new tandem mass spectrometer of the quadrupole-acceleration lens-deceleration. lens-quadrupole (QADQ) configuration is described. The instrument is designed for neutralization-reionization studies and consists of a 2000-u quadrupole mass analyzer as MS-I, an acceleration electrostatic lens, a series of three differentially pumped collision cells, and an electrostatic deceleration lens, energy filter, and another 2000-u quadrupole mass analyzer as MS-II. The ion optical system achieves high total ion transmission for 5–9-keV ions. Unit mass resolution in neutralization-reionization mass spectra of aromatic compounds is demonstrated. Mass, kinetic energy, and linked scans at various levels of mass resolution and sensitivity are described.
Hydrolysis of N-Succinyl-l,l-diaminopimelic Acid by the Haemophilus influenzae dapE-Encoded Desuccinylase: Metal Activation, Solvent Isotope Effects, and Kinetic Mechanism†

Hydrolysis of N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid by the dapE-encoded desuccinylase is required for the bacterial synthesis of lysine and meso-diaminopimelic acid. We have investigated the catalytic mechanism of the recombinant enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae. The desuccinylase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Steady-state kinetic experiments verified that the enzyme is metal-dependent, with a Km for N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid of 1.3 mM and a turnover number of 200 s-1 in the presence of zinc. The maximal velocity was independent of pH above 7 but decreased with a slope of 1 below pH 7. The pH dependence of V/K was bell-shaped with apparent pKs of 6.5 and 8.3. Both L,L- and D,L-diaminopimelic acid were competitive inhibitors of the substrate, but d,d-diaminopimelic acid was not. Solvent kinetic isotope effect studies yielded inverse isotope effects, with values for D2OV/K of 0.62 and D2OV of 0.78. Determination of metal stoichiometry by ICP-AES indicated one tightly bound metal ion, while sequence homologies suggest the presence of two metal binding sites. On the basis of these observations, we propose a chemical mechanism for this metalloenzyme, which has a number of important structurally defined homologues.
Total cost of ownership of WDM and switching architectures for next-generation 100Gb/s networks

The bandwidth efficiency and relative costs for 100 Gb/s WDM transport and switching architectures are compared in North American and pan-European long-haul networks. The first architecture uses muxponders and ROADMs for end-to-end wavelength transport with no digital sub-wavelength grooming. The other two utilize digital OTN switching, as either a standalone OTN switch or a converged integrated WDM/switch system, to efficiently groom services onto WDM wavelengths. Results show the integrated WDM/switch architecture utilizes the fewest WDM wavelengths and client service interfaces, and an integrated WDM/switch architecture using photonic integrated circuit technology provides the lowest operational costs.
Immediate Gore-Tex sling suspension for management of facial paralysis in head and neck extirpative surgery.

Objective We sought to evaluate the functional and aesthetic outcomes of immediate facial reconstruction with a Gore-Tex (expanded polytetrofluoroethylene) sling in irradiated patients undergoing large head and neck tumor extirpation with facial nerve resection. Study Design and Setting We conducted a retrospective study of 17 patients at two academic institutions who underwent extirpative surgery with immediate Gore-Tex sling reconstruction and completed radiotherapy. Functional and aesthetic results were evaluated at three intervals. Results All patients had excellent immediate results and good or excellent intermediate-term results. At long-term follow-up, results were good to excellent in 47% and unacceptable in 35% of patients. Conclusion In irradiated patients undergoing total parotidectomy with immediate facial reconstruction using Gore-Tex slings, early results are excellent, but there is a high incidence of major wound complications and unacceptable results in long-term follow-up. Significance There is a high rate of late complications associated with immediate facial reconstruction with Gore-Tex slings in irradiated patients.
Our Fallen Peers: A Mandate for Change

Objective The author identifies and seeks to remove barriers contributing to physician/medical students’ decisions NOT to seek mental health care.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung

Summary A case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is presented. At least 34 other cases have been described. The cause of the complication has not been determined. It is believed to be a variant of congenital cystic disease. The diagnosis may be suspected from the clinical findings and x-ray of the chest, but can only be confirmed following operation. Prompt resection is the only treatment. A few infants, including the one reported here, have survived this procedure.
The Term Structure of Forward Exchange Premia and the Forecastibility of Spot Exchange Rates: Correcting the Errors

We present theory and evidence that challenges the view that forward premia contain little information regarding subsequent spot rate movements. Using weekly dollar-mark and dollar sterling data, we find that spot and forward exchange rates together are well represented by a vector error correction model; that there exists exactly the number of cointegrating relationships predicted by a simple theoretical framework and that a basis for this cointegrating space is the vector of forward premia. Dynamic forecasts indicate that the information in the forward premia can be used to reduce the root mean squared forecast error for the spot rate (relative to a random walk forecast) by at least 33 percent at a 6-month horizon and by some 50 to 90 percent at a 1year horizon.
Clinical and cost ineffectiveness of preoperative screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and intranasal mupirocin in preventing methicillin-resistant S aureus infections in cardiothoracic surgery

In our recent experience with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in 488 patients undergoing thoracic cardiovascular surgery, we found only 2 MRSA infections (one sternal and one graft site). Both patients received preoperative bacitracin and had a negative nares culture for MRSA before the initiation of bacitracin therapy. We conclude that preoperative MRSA screening cultures and bacitracin prophylaxis are neither clinically efficacious nor cost-effective in predicting or preventing MRSA in patients undergoing thoracic cardiovascular surgery.
Rain, waves, and short-term evolution of composite seacliffs in southern California

Abstract A four-year time series of nine airborne LiDAR surveys were used to assess the roles of wave attack and rainfall on the erosion of 42 km of southern California seacliffs. Nine continuous seacliff sections, separated by coastal lagoon mouths, all show maximum seacliff erosion in the rainiest time period (when wave energy was not particularly elevated), and in most sections the squared correlations between rainfall and erosion time series exceeded 0.8. Although rain and associated subaerial mechanisms such as groundwater seepage triggered most of the observed seacliff failures, wave attack accelerated seacliff erosion, with erosion rates of cliffs exposed to wave attack five times higher than at adjacent cliffs not exposed to waves. The results demonstrate the importance of both waves and rain in the erosion of southern California seacliffs and suggest that the combined influences of marine and subaerial processes accelerate the erosion rate through positive feedbacks.
Pressure Breathing and Altered Fibrinolytic Activity

Abstract Twenty-one anesthetized dogs were intubated. Euglobulin lysis times, expressed as units of fibrinolytic activity, were obtained in 10 dogs (Group 1). During spontaneous breathing, fibrinolytic activity increased across the peripheral circulation from 3.2 ± 0.6 units (mean ± standard deviation) in femoral artery blood to 4.5 ± 0.9 in infrarenal vena cava blood ( p p p Positive inspiratory pressure (ZEEP 1 ) (rate, 12; tidal volume, 15 ml per kilogram of body weight) increased fibrinolytic activity in femoral artery blood to 5.8 ± 0.9, a value higher than in the blood in the pulmonary artery ( p 2 O PEEP), fibrinolytic activity in femoral artery blood rose to 8.5 ± 1.0, higher than during ZEEP 1 ( p 1 levels with removal of PEEP. During the study, fibrinolytic activity in infrarenal vena cava blood increased along with that in femoral artery blood ( r = 0.67; p 1 ( p p These results indicate that the lungs normally extract and perhaps store plasminogen activator, secreted in large part by the kidneys. Pressure breathing, particularly PEEP, causes the release of activator from the lungs with an increase in arterial and peripheral venous fibrinolytic activity.
A Comparison of the Relationship Between Instructor Nonverbal Immediacy and Teacher Credibility in Brazilian and U.S. Classrooms

Sixty-six students at a Brazilian university and 100 students at a large university in the Southeastern United States completed measures of nonverbal immediacy and source credibility regarding the instructor in the class immediately prior to the one in which the research took place. Among U.S. students, perceived instructor nonverbal immediacy behavior was positively associated with all 3 dimensions of source credibility: competence, trustworthiness, and caring. Among Brazilian students, instructor nonverbal immediacy was positively related to competence and caring only. The relationship of nonverbal immediacy to instructor competence was stronger Brazilian than it was for U.S. students.
The role of molecular rotation in inelastic vibrational collisions

Abstract We examine the effects of molecular rotation on vibrational relaxation processes and show that sucj collisions are dominated by channels in which there are large changes in the rotational quantum number.
Information management for real-time multimedia battlefield information dissemination and processing

The warfighter of tomorrow will demand near real time multimedia data access to obtain critical information in rapidly changing battlefield situation. Phase 1 of the Battlefield Awareness and Data Dissemination (BADD) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) developed a near real time multimedia data access capability to provide the warfighter with sensor and command and control data on an integrated display. The system provides both live and historical display of the multimedia products with the ability to rapidly search spatially and temporally using a powerful graphical user interface. A key development for the system is the implementation of a video server that provides rapid access to stored video that is keyed to a map showing the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight path and its sensor coverage. The BADD System managed the multimedia information from field sensors and processors and utilized the Global Broadcast System (GBS) to disseminate the data to remote users. The system provides the capability to disseminate battlefield data based on user defined profiles (Smart Push) and by queries for stored products (Warfighter Pull). The research addressed the multimedia information management architecture required to meet these requirements in a near real time battlefield exercise. The BADD system interfaced with the legacy and emerging systems in Task Force (TF) XXI and Division XXI. The research also addressed the user and system issues necessary for successful field operation. The BADD system was successful in TFXXI and improvements were incorporated in Division XXI.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Helix formation by poly{bis(hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine}

Circular dichroism spectra are reported for poly {bis(hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine}. Its conformation is predominantly that of a statistical coil at or above ambient temperature in water. It becomes partially helical upon cooling. The helix-forming potential of this polypeptide in water is between that of poly(hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) and poly(hydroxypropyl-L-glutamine). The polypeptide has a large helix content when the solvent is rich in trifluoroethanol.
Lessons in solid-state kinetics from nuclear energy research

Studies of solid-state kinetics and related point-defect behavior grew together with the atomic age. As a result of work carried out under the auspices of the atomic energy agencies in various countries, there is now a good understanding of this field, both in its broad outlines and in many of the details. In addition, many problems in the field of reactor materials have been solved, or ways of bypassing them indicated. A further benefit has been the applicability of the knowledge and methodologies developed in this program to new technologies and new materials.
Sensors for Atmospheric Measurement

The atmosphere has been a subject of interest and concern throughout history. In the form of clouds, winds, and storms, it affects the lives of people in fundamental, obvious ways. In ways of which we are less conscious, it provides protective and stabilizing functions; for example, the ozone filters out ultra-violet radiation, which, in the present evolutionary state of the human species, would do serious harm to our health. In addition, the earth's radiation balance is affected by the composition of the atmosphere. Consequently, with our consumptive practices and increasing abilities to intrude upon its natural condition, the possibilities of long-term, accumulated harmful effects are in evidence.
The poetry of patronage: Bronzino and the Medici

This study examines Bronzino's lyric poems to the Medici. It focuses on the three canzoni which the painter wrote to gain readmission to the Accademia Fiorentina in 1566 and the laments he wrote on the deaths of Eleonora di Toledo and her two sons, Giovanni and Garzia. Particular attention is paid to an examination of the metaphors of rule employed by Bronzino in these paeons to this patrons. Just like his portraits of Cosimo I de’ Medici and his family, these poems are embellished glorifications. Few rulers exploited the use of art as instruments of statecraft more aggressively than Cosimo. In both his art and poetry, Bronzino served these ends magnificently. (pp. 230–245)
1180 SCREENING TERM LGA NEONATES FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA

Term large for gestational age neonates are at increased risk for hypoglycemia. It was postulated that identification of term LGA newborns by the Portland Intrauterine Growth Curve as opposed to the Colorado Intrauterine Growth Curve would allow for the classification of a lesser number of neonates as LGA but would identify the LGA neonates at risk for hypoglycemia. We reviewed retrospectively the charts of 100 inborn neonates born from August through October 1980 who plotted as LGA (wt.> 90th %tile) on the Colorado Chart. 61 of these 100 infants were LGA on the Portland Chart. All 100 neonates were screened for dextrostix values less than 45 mg.% in the first two hours of life. Of the 17 neonates found to have dextrostix < 45 mg.%, 15 had a stat quantitative B.S. performed. All 15 neonates were symptomatic with tremors and jitteriness. 11 out of these 15 neonates had a B.S. <40 mg.%, requiring immediate treatment. All 11 hypoglycemic neonates were identified as LGA on the Colorado Graph whereas only 7 of these 11 neonates were identified by the Portland Graph as LGA. We conclude that in our population the Colorado Graph seems to be a better tool than the Portland Graph in identifying term LGA neonates at risk for hypoglycemia.
Geriatric services: community mental health center boon or bane?

The fragmented and uncoordinated development of federal and state mental health policy for the aged, the lifting of federal mandates for CMHC service emphases on the aged, and the underutilization of CMHC services by the aged all raise the issue of the implications of CMHCs emphasis on services to elderly clients. We hypothesized that CMHCs with increases in aged clientele would fare worse in terms of budgets, services, and staffing than those that did not report increases in elderly clientele. The findings are more complex in that, compared to centers with no change in aged clientele, CMHCs fared better when they either had decreases in aged clientele (as expected) or increases in such clientele (in contradiction to the hypothesis,), although the former relationship was stronger. These findings are interpreted in terms of the need for CMHCs to specialize either on the aged or on other client populations. Such specialization, and the stronger effect for de-emphasis on the aged, suggest greater barriers to access of the aged to community mental health care.
The distribution of sums, products and ratios for Lawrance and Lewis's bivariate exponential random variables

We derive the exact distributions of R=X+Y, P=XY and W=X/(X+Y) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow Lawrence and Lewis's bivariate exponential distribution. The expressions turn out to involve special functions. We also provide extensive tabulations of the percentage points associated with the distributions. These tables-obtained using intensive computing power-will be of use to practitioners of the bivariate exponential distribution.
Survey of Elementary Education Students' Reading Instructional Beliefs

The purpose of this study was to develop an inventory to measure elementary education students' beliefs about teaching reading. A 21-item survey for students was constructed, based on responses of 254 majors at the beginning of their coursework.
Characterization of 17 -estradiol- 3 H single-injection disappearance curves in rat plasma and red cells.

SummaryTritiated 17 β-estradiol was injected intracardially into rats and blood samples were collected over the succeeding 6-hr period. Subjection of data on radioactivity to a semilog plot revealed that three regression lines could be developed. By mathematical computation the regressions and intercepts on the V-axis showed that a three-pool model fit the data. Three possible solutions of three-pool models were developed. The most acceptable of these on physiological grounds was model I, in which the first pool represented blood and the half-life of approximately 5 min represented mixing, the second pool represented extracellular fluid of the body and the half-life of approximately 30 min represented the utilization rate of estradiol by target tissues, and the third pool represented the major part of the body fluid and the half-life of approximately 700 min represented the movement of metabolites to the blood and then eliminated via an excretory pathway.
Histologic analysis of temporomandibular joint adaptation to protrusive function in young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

It is generally believed that the adult temporomandibular joint is incapable of a significant adaptive response to forces produced by functional jaw orthopedics. To evaluate this view, twelve young adult female rhesus monkeys were fitted with functional protrusive appliances for periods ranging from 2 to 24 weeks. Histologic analysis of the temporomandibular joint demonstrated that six of the experimental animals exhibited a tissue response that was qualitatively similar to that noted in juvenile animals. However, the response in young adults was greatly reduced in magnitude from that seen in juveniles and was not related to duration of treatment. It must also be noted that three adult animals developed cross-bites in response to appliance placement, and three animals who functioned anteriorly exhibited little or no detectable condylar response. This study indicates that while some adaptive capability may still be present in the temporomandibular joints of young adults, the potential magnitude of the joint response is limited and highly variable in occurrence.
Preparation of thin film deposits from biological, environmental and other matter

Abstract A technique for preparing uniform thin film deposits (10–1000 μg/cm 2 ) of practically all materials of biological, environmental and nuclear physics interest is proposed. The technique involves preparing a solution or colloidal suspension of micron size particles of the substance of interest, generating a nebulized (practically invisible) mist from this liquid and condensing the mist on a rotating substrate. The cost in time and money for several materials is minimal.
Drug incompatibility chemistry

Purpose. The chemical interactions that cause drug incompatibility in solutions, with emphasis on the acid–base and ionized–nonionized forms of organic, weak, electrolyte drugs, are examined. Summary. When the dilution or mixing of the salt or ionized forms of organic drugs results in precipitation, the most likely cause is formation of the nonionized drug forms. More than 90% of drugs are organic, weak electrolytes, especially those compounded, manufactured, or reconstituted as injections in predominantly ionized or salt forms. Acid–base reactions are the most common causes of drug incompatibility as precipitation of nonionized drug forms. Precipitation is likely when oppositely charged, organic drug ions that contain aromatic rings are combined in relatively strong concentrations. Salts of polyvalent anions and cations are generally less soluble than salts in which both ions are monovalent or in which one ion is monovalent and its opposite ion is polyvalent. The most clinically important potential precipitates among these ions are dibasic and monohydrogen calcium phosphate. Conclusion. Incompatibility of drug and nutrient injections is clinically hazardous. Knowledge of products’ chemical facts, organic acid–base equilibria in relation to ionization and nonionization and aqueous solubility, and ranges of pH and ingredient strength from United States Pharmacopeia monographs and product labeling is the foundation of expertise in drug incompatibility. Precipitation in injectable drug solutions should be suspected, particularly when oppositely charged drug salts are mixed in relatively strong concentrations and when pH values of dilutions create more than 1% of nonionized drug forms.
Network languages for complex systems

Abstract In this paper, we describe research on two-dimensional geometrical structures for complex systems to accomplish applications to robotics, process planning and control, scheduling, decision support, etc. This research includes the development of tools for representation and reasoning about hierarchical networks of paths that are inherent for complex real-world systems. It relies on the formalization of search heuristics of high-skilled human experts which have resulted in the development of successful applications in different areas. The proposed approach is based on a broad application of the theory of formal languages and grammars as well as theories of formal problem-solving and planning employing the first-order predicate calculus. A performance of implementations is considered in detail.
Colliding vowel systems in Andean Spanish: Carryovers and emergent properties

The acquisition of the Spanish 5-vowel system by speakers of the 3-vowel language Quechua (/ɪ/-/a/-/ʊ/) seldom results in accurate approximation to Spanish vowel spaces when learning takes place informally in post-adolescence. The present study offers data from a minimal immersion environment in northern Ecuador. In a context in which few cues point to the existence of mid-high vocalic oppositions in Spanish (e.g. no literacy, no corrective feedback, almost no viable minimal pairs), these speakers reliably distinguish only three Spanish vowels in production. These Quechua-dominant bilinguals have amorphous front and back vowel spaces considerably broader than those defining Quechua /ɪ/ and /ʊ/, but with no bimodal clustering. Left relatively unfettered, the hybrid system may contribute to an understanding of the relationship between vowel inventory and vowel space topology.
What's the Value of Social Capital? A Within-Person Job Attributes, Offer and Choice Test

Whether and how social capital derived through social ties creates value has animated substantial research in management, sociology, economics, and political science. Scholars are now generally inclined to believe that social ties have an impact on labor market outcomes — that is, it is “who you know” that counts. Two mechanisms were initially identified to explain why this is the case: access to a better distribution of offers in terms of pay or non-redundant information that facilitates job offer. The evidence informing each theory, however, was often inconsistent and circumstantial. In this research we propose and test a unified model of these two theoretical approaches. We do so leveraging unique data on contemporaneous job search with detailed information about job search channels and offer characteristics in alternative-specific job attributes and choice models. We find that contrary to conventional wisdom, search through social networks typically results in job offers with lower total compensation (e.g., -18.0% for those derived through referrals from family and friends v. formal recruiting, -15.4% for those derived via alumni referrals). However, offers derived through weak bridging ties such as alumni contacts are more likely to be accepted because they are perceived as having better growth prospects, and students are willing to accept a significant total compensation discount to accept offers derived via school faculty and students they did not know prior to matriculation because they afford access to industries that are otherwise difficult to access. On balance, our tests are consistent with Granovetter’s argument that the value networks afford is information about opportunities that are otherwise difficult to access rather than a better distribution of offers in terms of pay.
A prospective study of familial aggregation of blood pressure in young children.

Abstract In a prospective study, we evaluated familial aggregation of blood pressure in a sample of 175 normotensive familes with children 3 to 6 yr old. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements of parents and children were correlated at 1, 2, and 3 yr intervals. Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients between parents and children were significant for mother-son pairs. In particular, mother-son blood pressure correlation coefficients were significant for systolic blood pressure across all 3 yr and for diastolic blood pressure during yr 2. Further analyses were performed adjusting for body mass index (BMI), age, physical activity, sodium intake, potassium intake, and parental smoking status, and alcohol use. The Spearman correlation coefficients for mother-son pairs remained significant for yr 1 and 3 after adjusting for these blood pressure correlates. These results are consistent with cross-sectional studies and suggest that both genetic and environmental contributions to blood pressure status are important in young children.
Single-particle properties of a two-dimensional Fermi liquid at finite frequencies and temperatures

We review the leading momentum, frequency and temperature dependences of the single particle self-energy and the corresponding term in the entropy of a two dimensional Fermi liquid (FL) with a free particle spectrum. We calculate the corrections to these leading dependences for the paramagnon model and the electron gas and find that the leading dependences are limited to regions of energy and temperature which decrease with decreasing number density of fermions. This can make it difficult to identify the frequency and temperature dependent characteristics of a FL ground state in experimental quantities in low density systems even when complications of band structure and other degrees of freedom are absent. This is an important consideration when the normal state properties of the undoped cuprate superconductors are analyzed.
Fine structure of the macronucleus during the cell division cycle of Euplotes eurystomus, a Ciliate Protozoon.

This paper reports new observations obtained from a study of macronuclear fine structure throughout various stages of the cell division cycle of Euplotes. Study of the ultrastructural organization of the macronuclear chromatin indicates that much of the chromatin is organized into continuous masses, portions of which appear to be attached to the nuclear envelope. The macronuclear envelope appears unchanged in the region of a replication band, and apparent attachments of the chromatin to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope are maintained in the reticular and diffuse zones. Intranuclear helices were never observed in the diffuse zone. During macronuclear division, linear elements (fibrils or microtubules) were observed in close association with both chromatin bodies and nucleoli. The ultrastructural data suggest that the intranuclear linear fibrils have two functions: elongation of the dividing nucleus, and attachment of chromatin bodies and nucleoli to the envelope. The significance of these observations for macronuclear division and chromatin segregation is considered.
Carbohydrate Interference and Its Correction in Pectin Analysis Using the m-Hydroxydiphenyl Method

The colorimetric assay using m-hydroxydiphenyl for analysis of uronic acids is used to measure pectins in plant materials because of its relative insensitivity to the presence of nonuronide carbohydrates. Still, large amounts of these carbohydrates are often associated with pectins and it has been found that levels may be present which can interfere with this analysis. Concentrations of 5 nonuronide carbohydrates commonly associated with pectins were used to simulate and study this interference and recommendations are made to increase the accuracy of this method when high levels of these substances are present. The corrections suggested are appropriate for final sample dilutions that contain more than 200 μg/ml of nonuronide carbohydrate material.
Porphyrins linked directly to the 5,5' positions of 2,2'-bipyridine: a new supramolecular building block and switch.

The synthesis and coordination chemistry of two porphyrin dimers linked either at the 5,5‘ or the 4,4‘ positions of 2,2‘-bipyridine are described. These compounds, which may serve a molecular tectons for the constructions of a variety of supramolecular arrays of diverse function, reveal that the ground- and excited-state electronic communication between the chromophores is only moderately affected by the complexation state of the bipyridyl moiety. The nature of the metal ion chelated by the bipyridine only slightly perturbs the ground-state spectra, and differences observed in the excited state are largely ascribed to the heavy atom effect. This work also shows that conformational changes in structural subunits, in this case induced by bipyridyl complexation of various metal ions, do not necessarily require reorganization of supramolecular systems.
``A piece of yourself'': Ethical issues in biometric identification

Le recours aux technique d'identification biometriques souleve des questions d'ethique, liees essentiellement a la notion de vie privee. Non seulement elles sont exposees aux memes abus que les autres techniques de collecte et de stockage de donnees personnelles, mais de surcroit elles presentent des dangers specifiques, lies a la perte de controle sur des representations d'une partie de notre corps. Car le droit a la vie privee au sens large implique le droit a controler la creation et l'utilisation d'images biometriques de nous-memes. C'est pourquoi le recours a la biometrie doit etre rigoureusement limite et reglemente.
Two New Species of Matsucoccus (Homoptera: Margarodidae) from Arizona and Mexico with a Key to Species in North America

The adult females of two new species of the margarodid genus Matsucoccus, M. apachecae and M. leiophyllae , are described and illustrated. M. apachecae was collected on Pinus engelmanii and P. ponderosa in Arizona. M. leiophyllae was collected on P. leiophylla in Arizona and Pinus sp. in the Federal District of Mexico. With the addition of these two species, the genus Matsucoccus in North America is now represented by 17 species. Included is a key to the adult females of North American Matsucoccus .