cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Islet-infiltrating T cell clones from non-obese diabetic mice that promote or prevent accelerated onset diabetes

In humans and non-obese diabetic mice (NOD), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from a spontaneous T cell-dependent autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Previous data suggest that a delicate balance between autoaggressive T cells and suppressor-type immune phenomena determine whether expression of autoimmunity is limited to insulitis or progresses to IDDM. To resolve the cellular basis of this intricate network of pathogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the role of T cells in suppressive immune phenomena. T cell clones were propagated directly from islets of NOD mice at the onset of insulitis. Insofar as insulitis, but not IDDM, is universal in NOD mice, we have screened for the in vivo effects of the islet-infiltrating T cell clones upon expression of IDDM, not insulitis. A CD4+ T cell clone, IS-3S7D, proliferates in response to islet antigen(s) and its transfer into prediabetic NOD mice promotes the rapid onset of IDDM. An interleukin 2 (IL 2)-dependent noncytolytic, V beta 11+ CD8+. T cell clones IS-2.15, prevents an accelerated onset diabetes in two distinct models. The present study, which documents the presence of CD4+ diabetogenic T cell clones and CD8+ T cell clones that dampen autoimmunity, gives tangible evidence that opposing autoimmune processes may determine whether an autoimmune-prone host develops frank disease.
Ultrastructural changes produced in dorsal root ganglia in vitro by exposure to ethylene oxide from hemodialyzers

Ethylene oxide (EO) gas, used to sterilize hemodialysis equipment, is a known neurotoxin and residual gas remains in dialyzers after airing. If tissue culture medium is incubated in dialyzers and then rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures are exposed to this medium, characteristic changes occur. These include axonal swellings and the death of neurons after five days. Electron microscope findings were compared between DRG grown in control medium containing 10% calf serum, DRG incubated in the same medium exposed to the blood compartment of capillary flow or plate dialyzers and DRG grown in medium supplemented with 10% dialysis patient serum. Electron microscope findings included frequent axonal swellings with the accumulations of membrane bound vesicles and the apparent disruption of micro-tubules. There were also conspicuous accumulations of membrane bound vesicles, dense bodies, myeloid figures, and areas of vesicular degeneration in Schwann cells. These changes were seen with dialyzer exposed medium or with medium containing patient serum but not with controls or with medium incubated in plate dialyzers. The changes were similar to those reported in nerve biopsy specimens from patients with known EO neuropathy.
Kidney size and renal function in poorly and well-controlled diabetic children

It has been shown earlier that glomerular filtration rate /GFR/ and kidney size is increased in early childhood diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a connection sould be demonstrated between the kidney size and the metabolic control of the disease. Renal function and roentgenographic kidney size were measured in 8 children with newly diagnosed diabetes, in 22 insulin treated diabetic children with a short-term duration of the disease and in 12 matched controls aged 7-14 years. Kidney size and GFR were significantly increased in newly diagnosed diabetics and in 12 poorly controlled diabetic children, but there was no significant change of renal size or GFR in lo well-controlled diabetic children compared to the controls.The results suggest that there is a basic connection between the kidney size respectively the renal function and the metabolic control in early childhood diabetes.
Meatpackers, Peronists, and Collective Memory: A View from the South

MEMORY, IT SEEMS, IS EVERYWHERE NOWADAYS. As both Alon Confino and Susan Crane remind us, we are in the midst of a boom in the academy, centered on the production of texts about memory, commemoration, and forgetting. The scope of this phenomenon has been impressive both in terms of the range of its subject matter and the extent of its disciplinary reach. Nor, of course, is the phenomenon limited to academic texts. The fin-de-siecle world of the North Atlantic has been increasingly characterized by what the cultural critic Andreas Huyssen has called "mnemonic convulsions" expressed in cultural artifacts and experiences ranging from "museummania" and monumental art to personal memoirs, TV mini-series, and the nostalgia-laden products of retro fashion.' At the very least, this convergence between the thematics of the academy and the wider popular culture should alert us to the fact that the issues at stake in any debate on memory go far beyond the limits of particular disciplinary polemics. Within the disciplinary confines of history, both Crane and Confino issue a salutary warning to historians who would invoke the notion of collective memory: be aware of the potential conceptual pitfalls inherent in its under-theorized use. I find Confino's methodological warnings about the need to contextualize memory studies in the broadest possible sense irreproachable (although I do not share his evaluation of all the texts he analyzes). We clearly need to avoid the functionalist reduction of the cultural to the political, to pay attention to issues of reception, and to be aware of the complex process by which different public discourses of memory are interpellated. It seems to me, too, that Confino's final call to historicize memory, to analyze its genealogy as a discursive category, is an important reminder to scholars tempted to invoke its use in overly simplistic ways by what he defines as the very "open-endedness of the notion." Crane's concerns are rather different: her examination of the epistemological status of collective memory raises a number of important issues regarding the relationship between collective and historical memory, the role of the remembering individual, and the nature of historical representation. Her attempt "to imagine a new form for historical consciousness"
Enabling New Missions for Robotic Aircraft

Can we engineer an artificial “homing pigeon”—that is, create a small aircraft that can perform a task for us, pilot itself, and travel for a long time over great distances? Uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs), which have been developed mainly for military applications, are still remotely controlled, and some tasks, such as flying in crowded environments, are too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to be performed by even the smallest of these aircraft ( 1 ). These problems have spurred the development of smaller robotic air vehicles. Specifically, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are inexpensive, fly autonomously, and are small and lightweight (with wingspans of 15 cm or total mass of 0.5 kg) ( 2 ). We focus on the two technical challenges that must be met by MAVs if they are to fly as well as birds, namely perception—sensing and responding to their environment—and persistence—staying airborne.
Polymer Gels That Memorize Elements of Molecular Conformation

Weakly cross-linked heteropolymer gels that memorize molecular pairs have been designed and synthesized. The polymer consists of a main monomer component responsible for volume phase transition, methacrylic acid that adsorbs one divalent ion as a pair, and cross-links. The memory of pairing of methacrylic acids within the gels was encoded in the primary sequence of main monomers, methacrylic acids and cross-links within the gels, which was achieved by “imprinting”, namely, by synthesizing gels while methacrylic monomers were paired prior to polymerization. The control gels, where methacrylic monomers were randomly distributed, showed frustration in forming pairs, whereas such frustration was completely diminished in the imprinted gels allowing the memory of pair formation.
Human Dermal Endothelial Cells Express Membrane-Associated Mast Cell Growth Factor

Mast cell growth factor (MGF), a molecule that serves as a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit , is important in mast cell differentiation, migration, and activation. Previous studies of paraffin-embedded human skin using antibody to murine MGF and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have demonstrated MGF protein and mRNA expression in keratinocytes and isolated denial cells. We utilized a monoclonal antibody to human MGF to further define patterns of immunoreactivity in frozen specimens of neonatal and adult skin from normal individuals and from patients with urticaria pigmentosa. In addition to keratinocytes and isolated dermal cells in normal and urticaria pigmentosa skin, MGF was detected in cells lining superficial and mid-dermal vessels. Co-expression of MGF and the vascular antigen CD31, and immunoelectron microscopy, identified MGF-positive cells as endothelial cells, Patterns of endothelial MGF expression were not influenced by mast cell degranulation and endothelial E-selectin induction in vitro . By ultrastructure, unfixed specimens demonstrated MGF expression both within the endothelial cytoplasm and in association with Iumenal, but not ablumenal, surfaces. Specimens fixed with Nakane's solution had diminished endothelial cytoplasmic MGF reactivity, but lumenal expression was maintained, suggesting persistence of a membrane-associated reactivity. MGF mRNA was also detected in cultured dermal microvascular endothelial cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. These data establish human dermal endothelial cells as sites of MGF production and expression in human skin. Mast cell precursors must home to skin via vascular channels and differentiate in the immediate perivascular spaces. Thus, endothelial MGF may be an important determinant of adhesion and differentiation of mast cell progenitors expressing receptors for MGF.
Extrusion Conditions Affect Chemical Composition and in Vitro Digestion of Select Food Ingredients

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of extrusion conditions on chemical composition and in vitro hydrolytic and fermentative digestion of barley grits, cornmeal, oat bran, soybean flour, soybean hulls, and wheat bran. Extrusion conditions altered crude protein, fiber, and starch concentrations of ingredients. Organic matter disappearance (OMD) increased for extruded versus unprocessed samples of barley grits, cornmeal, and soybean flour that had been hydrolytically digested. After 8 h of fermentative digestion, OMD decreased as extrusion conditions intensified for barley grits and cornmeal but increased for oat bran, soybean hulls, and wheat bran. Total short-chain fatty acid production decreased as extrusion conditions intensified for barley grits, soybean hulls, and soybean flour. These data suggest that the effects of extrusion conditions on ingredient composition and digestion are influenced by the unique chemical characteristics of individual substrates.
Vargas Llosa's La Ciudad y los perros and the European Novel of Adolescence

In his paper, "Vargas Llosa's La Ciudad y los perros and the European Novel of Adolescence," John Neubauer investigates Mario Vargas Llosa's 1962 novel about cadets in a military school located just outside of Lima, Peru. The life of a gang (the dogs) in the city and on the premises is described from constantly changing perspectives. Neubauer's article looks at Vargas Llosa's work in terms of features one finds in narratives about adolescents in European literatures around 1900 and where these texts can be read with three main foci found in them. Thematically, the texts focus on the city and urbanity and on the problematics of the concept and workings of peer groups while stylistically the texts show their authors' experimentation with new narrative forms. John Neubauer, "Vargas Llosa's La Ciudad y los perros and the European Novel of Adolescence" page 2 of 5 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 3.2 (2001):
Reciprocity of Trust between Professionals and Their Secretaries

This paper proposes and tests a model of interpersonal trust. It is hypothesized that trust between professionals and their secretaries is a reciprocally-reinforcing phenomenon. Participants were 21 attorneys, 31 high-school principals, 28 university department heads, and the secretaries of these professionals. Exogenous variables are locus of control, power expressed, power wanted, perceptions of power expressed and wanted by the other person, and the duration of the superior-subordinate relationship. Explanatory endogenous variables are boss' trust in their secretaries and secretaries' trust in their bosses. These two variables are specified as mutual reinforcers in a nonrecursive structural model, which is tested with a two-stage least squares confirmatory analysis. The reciprocal effects of trust overwhelmed the effects of the exogenous variables on the amount of trust bosses and secretaries had in each other.
Teacher Cognition: Differences in Planning and Interactive Decision Making Between Experienced and Inexperienced Teachers.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to describe the decision making processes employed by experienced and inexperienced teachers as they planned for and taught two lessons in physical education. Eight elementary physical education teachers with five years or more of teaching experience and eight elementary teachers in training thought aloud as they planned two physical education lessons subsequently taught to four elementary school children. Following each lesson, the decision making strategies employed during interactive instruction were accessed using a stimulated recall technique. Results indicated that, when planning, experienced teachers made more decisions concerning strategies for implementing instructional activities than did inexperienced teachers. During interactive teaching, experienced teachers focused most of their attention on individual student performance, while inexperienced teachers attended most frequently to the interest level of the entire class of students. The findings ind...
3,2-Hydroxypyridinone (3,2-HOPO) vinyl sulfonamide and acrylamide linkers: Aza-Michael addition reactions and the preparation of poly-HOPO chelators.

Abstract The HOPO vinyl sulfonamide 3 and the corresponding HOPO acrylamide 10 were easily prepared by short synthetic sequences. Investigation of the aza-Michael reactions of these linkers showed that they proceed at a higher rate in solvent systems containing water. The scope and limits of the aza-Michael reactions of 3 and 10 were examined. Reagents 3 and 10 reacted cleanly with piperazine to give the corresponding adducts which were deprotected to give the di-HOPO ligands 7 and 16. Reaction of HOPO acrylamide 10 with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane gave the tris-adduct 17 which was deprotected to give the desired tris-HOPO ligand 18. Overall, the aza-Michael reactions of 3 and 10 appear to be governed not only by the solvent but also by the nature of the amine and the solubility of the reaction intermediates.
Providing personal desktop computing recommendations

The increasing number of personal desktop computer users, coupled with rapidly changing personal desktop computer technology, has increased the demand for computing services. However, for many computing centers, budgets have not increased as rapidly as the demand for services. Providing personel desktop computing recommendations and encouraging users to follow them are effective means of meeting demands for computing services, even while operating within a constant or slowly growing budget. Providing personal desktop computing recommendations reduces evaluation costs, shifts the burden of evaluation, eases acquisition, encourages expertise, and expedites the repair of personal desktop computers. In this paper, we discuss issues associated with managing personal desktop computers, present the benefits of providing personal desktop computing recommendations, propose a process and suggestions for making these recommendations, and discuss our experiences with personal desktop computing recommendations at Argonne National Laboratory.
A Structural Model of the Sgt2 Protein and Its Interactions with Chaperones and the Get4/Get5 Complex

The insertion of tail-anchored transmembrane (TA) proteins into the appropriate membrane is a post-translational event that requires stabilization of the transmembrane domain and targeting to the proper destination. Sgt2 is a heat-shock protein cognate (HSC) co-chaperone that preferentially binds endoplasmic reticulum-destined TA proteins and directs them to the GET pathway via Get4 and Get5. Here, we present the crystal structure from a fungal Sgt2 homolog of the tetratrico-repeat (TPR) domain and part of the linker that connects to the C-terminal domain. The linker extends into the two-carboxylate clamp of the TPR domain from a symmetry-related molecule mimicking the binding to HSCs. Based on this structure, we provide biochemical evidence that the Sgt2 TPR domain has the ability to directly bind multiple HSC family members. The structure allows us to propose features involved in this lower specificity relative to other TPR containing co-chaperones. We further show that a dimer of Sgt2 binds a single Get5 and use small angle x-ray scattering to characterize the domain arrangement of Sgt2 in solution. These results allow us to present a structural model of the Sgt2-Get4/Get5-HSC complex.
Experimental hypersensitivity reactions in the colon and the problem of ulcerative colitis.

1. The gastrointestinal tract, anatomically, biologically, and physiologically, seems capable of participating in or generating immunologic reactions.
Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol: A comparative study of Pt/Zr phosphate and PtReOx/C

Abstract In this paper, we have studied the aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol over two fundamentally different types of bifunctional catalysts: Pt/Zr-P and Pt ReOx/C in a continuous flow reactor. During the reaction, the Pt/Zr-P catalyst undergoes phase transformations of amorphous into crystalline Zr-P having a rhombohedral framework along with a 97% loss of surface area, 86% loss of Pt surface sites, and 95% loss of surface acid sites. Pt ReOx/C has a higher hydrothermal stability than that of Pt/Zr-P and only lost 17% of its surface area during the reaction. The number of Pt surface sites increased by a factor of 3.5 for the Pt ReOx/C catalyst after reaction. Products were classified into three major categories: (1) light gases, (2) gasoline-range products, and (3) aqueous-phase products. The light gases included CO2 and C1 C4 alkanes. The gasoline-range products included C5 C6 alkanes, C2 C6 alcohols, tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, and small amounts of C2 C6 aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. The aqueous-phase products included isosorbide, mannitol, sorbitan, hexanetriol, C2 C6 diols, glycerol, and methanol. The gasoline-range yield of each catalyst was 66.8% and 44.4% for the Pt/Zr-P and Pt ReOx/C catalysts, respectively. The Pt ReOx/C catalyst had a 34 times higher reaction rates than Pt/Zr-P on a Pt mass basis. However, the turnover frequency of both catalysts was similar based on the number of surface Pt sites measured after reaction. The acid sites on the Pt ReOx catalyst are able to isomerize sorbitol into mannitol, whereas no mannitol was observed with the Pt/Zr-P catalyst. Mannitol had a lower rate of coke formation than sorbitol for APHDO on the Pt/Zr-P catalyst. The Pt ReOx/C had a higher selectivity toward secondary alcohols than Pt/Zr-P which produced all primary alcohols. The Pt ReOx/C had a higher CO2 selectivity than Pt/Zr-P, suggesting the Pt ReOx/C has a higher rate of decarbonylation than Pt/Zr-P. Pt/Zr-P had a higher rate of C O bond cleavage than Pt ReOx/C, leading to higher C6 product selectivity (35.8% vs. 11.6%).
An Empirical Investigation of Market Structure, Efficiency, and Performance in Property-Liability Insurance

This study examines the relationships among market structure and performance in property-liability insurers over the period 1992-1998 using data at the company and group levels. Three specific hypotheses are tested: traditional structure-conduct-performance, relative market power, and efficient structure (ES). The results provide support for the ES hypothesis. The ES hypothesis posits that more efficient firms can charge lower prices than competitors, enabling them to capture larger market shares and economic rents, leading to increased concentration. Both revenue and cost efficiency are used in the analysis, and this is the first study to use revenue efficiency in this type of analysis. The results for the sample period as a whole and by year are consistent. The overall results suggest that cost-efficient firms charge lower prices and earn higher profits, in conformance with the ES hypothesis. On the other hand, prices and profits are found to be higher for revenue-efficient firms. Revenue X-efficiency is derived from activities such as cross-selling and may rely heavily on the use of detailed information from customer databases to identify potential customers. The implications of this research are that regulators should be more concerned with efficiency (both cost and revenue) rather than the market power that arises from the consolidation activity taking place in insurance.
Sign of the Magnetic Moment of the Proton and of the Deuteron

THE experiments of Stern, Estermann and Frisch, which were later corroborated by us, show that the magnetic moment of the proton is about three nuclear magnetrons. This large value indicates that the theory which accounted for the electron moment will not suffice for the proton. Further, it is well known that deflection experiments are incapable of giving an indication of the sign of the nuclear moment. In the absence of a quantitative theory, this property of the proton and of the deuteron therefore becomes a matter of assumption.
Occurrence of flavin-containing monooxygenases in non-mammalian eukaryotic organisms

Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) have been identified in various organisms from bacteria to humans. However, because of the importance of these enzymes in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, the majority of studies have focused almost entirely upon the mammalian forms of the enzyme. Consequently, this review is an attempt to document the occurrence of FMO expression (mRNA, proteins, activities) in non-mammalian species in an attempt to provide insight about its putative physiological and toxicological roles. Activity indicative of FMO has been observed in numerous invertebrate species but corresponding proteins or transcripts have not been identified. There is a significant gap of information pertaining to insects, echinoderms, avian, reptilian and amphibian species. Significant homology of structure and function is observed in lower vertebrates. Evidence is provided primarily from studies with piscine forms of the enzyme suggesting a possible osmoregulatory role of FMOs, especially in euryhaline species of fish.
Drill String Safety Valve Reliability: Experimental Measurements of Actuating Torque

Drill string safety valves (DSSVs) are used to prevent blowouts up the drillpipe when unexpected subsurface pressures are encountered in oil and gas drilling. Several case history reviews of well control events have recently shown evidence of poor reliability with DSSVs. Of the problems reported, valve lock-up was most significant, resulting in failure to open or close due to high actuation torque. This paper describes an experimental apparatus and experimental procedures used to quantify the actuating torque of DSSVs under a variety of common operating conditions. Experimentally obtained torque curves are presented for both commercially available and prototype DSSVs, and the results are discussed. Results show the benefit of using special low-torque DSSV designs under certain operating conditions.
Pheromonal regulation of the mouse estrous cycle by a heterogenotypic male

The role of male pheromones in estrous cyclicity was studied in mice selected for different reproductive traits. When females are exposed to males of their own strain, estrous cycles are highly regular in females selected for increased embryo survival (line E). In contrast, cycle regularity is reduced by exposure of line E females to males from a strain characterized by irregular estrous cycles (line CN-). To investigate the inhibition of estrous cyclicity and the role of androgen in this phenomenon, line E females were housed in the olfactory presence of E males and later rehoused with one of the following: intact or castrated males of line E (homogenotypic condition) or line CN-heterogenotypic condition) or castrated CN- males provided with testosterone replacement. A final exposure to homogenotypic (line E) males was provided. Estrous cyclicity was decreased when line E females were rehoused with intact or castrated CN- males. Metestrus was prolonged by intact CN- males, whereas diestrus was prolonged in the presence of castrated CN- males. Androgen treatment did not enable castrated CN- males to prolong metestrus. These results demonstrate that: 1) heterogenotypic pheromones inhibit estrous cyclicity in line E; and 2) the inhibitory influence of line CN-males on line E estrous cyclicity is mediated by factors in addition to or other than testosterone. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of a Fibroblast Growth Factor–Binding Protein during the Development of Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas and Colon

The activity of growth factors is crucial for tumor progression. We previously characterized a secreted fibroblast growth factor-binding protein (FGF-BP1) as a chaperone molecule, which enhances the biological functions of FGFs by releasing FGFs from the extracellular matrix. Here, we characterize the frequency and pattern of FGF-BP1 expression during the malignant progression of pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. For this, we generated monoclonal antibodies that detect FGF-BP1 protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and applied in situ hybridization to detect FGF-BP1 mRNA in adjacent tissue sections. FGF-BP1 protein and mRNA were found up-regulated (>70% positive) in parallel (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001) in colon adenoma (n = 9) as well as primary (n = 46) and metastatic (n = 71) colorectal cancers relative to normal colon epithelia (all P < 0.0001, versus normal). Similarly, pancreatitis (n = 17), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 80), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 67) showed a significant up-regulation of FGF-BP1 compared with normal pancreas (n = 42; all P < 0.0001, relative to normal). Furthermore, the biological activity of FGF-BP1 is neutralized by one of the antibodies, suggesting the potential for antibody-based therapeutic targeting. We propose that the up-regulation of the secreted FGF-BP1 protein during initiation of pancreas and colon neoplasia could make this protein a possible serum marker indicating the presence of high-risk premalignant lesions.
The Combat Causal Reasoner Approach to Robotic Control

This paper describes an approach to autonomous robotic control that enables cooperative, tactically correct robotic behaviors that human teammates understand. For maximum effectiveness, unmanned systems (UMSs) must be able to support dismounted warfighters in high-intensity, high-operational-tempo (OPTEMPO) situations without becoming a source of distraction. Current models of robotic control require overt human tasking, limiting robotics to low OPTEMPO tasks. The Combat Causal Reasoner (CCR) proposes to change the paradigm of UMS autonomy by enabling UMSs to cooperate with humans without expecting the UMS to perceive the environment as a human would. CCR uses a Playbook approach to generate responses that are consistent with warfighter actions. An experiment demonstrated that a CCRenabled robot measurably increased warfighter effectiveness and resource utilization, with no loss of robot effectiveness when compared to human tele-operation during high-tempo operations.
A pharmacological study of n‐methyl‐n‐cinnamyl‐2‐phenyl‐propylamine

The pharmacological action of N-methyl-N-cinnamyl-2-phenyl-propylamine (Cinnamyl Vonedrine—Merrell) has been investigated. It produces peripheral vasodilation and increases the cardiac output in the intact dog when injected intravenously. It also produces vasodilation in the vascular beds supplied by the femoral, carotid, renal and uterine arteries when injected intra-arterially. Cinnamyl Vonedrine increases the coronary flow and stimulates the myocardium of the perfused rabbit heart. Its action upon the intestine and uterus is more variable. Both structures may be stimulated or inhibited depending upon the dose administered or the concentration applied. The isolated rabbit uterus is stimulated with low concentrations and inhibited by high concentrations while the isolated rat uterus is usually inhibited by any effective concentration.
Transformative justice: critical and peacemaking themes influenced by Richard Quinney

edited by John F. Wozniak, Michael C. Braswell, Ronald E. Vogel, and Kristie Blevins, Plymouth, United Kingdom: Lexington Books, 2008: v, 257 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0739109328. Transformative Justice, i...
The hierarchical hypercube: a new interconnection topology for massively parallel systems

Interconnection networks play a crucial role in the performance of parallel systems. This paper introduces a new interconnection topology that is called the hierarchical hypercube (HHC). This topology is suitable for massively parallel systems with thousands of processors. An appealing property of this network is the low number of connections per processor, which enhances the VLSI design and fabrication of the system. Other alluring features include symmetry and logarithmic diameter, which imply easy and fast algorithms for communication. Moreover, the HHC is scalable; that is it can embed HHC's of lower dimensions. The paper presents two algorithms for data communication in the HHC. The first algorithm is for one-to-one transfer, and the second is for one-to-all broadcasting. Both algorithms take O(log/sub 2/ k), where k is the total number of processors in the system. A wide class of problems, the divide & conquer class (D&Q), is shown to be easily and efficiently solvable on the HHC topology. Parallel algorithms are provided to describe how a D&Q problem can be solved efficiently on an HHC structure. The solution of a D&Q problem instance having up to k inputs requires a time complexity of O(log/sub 2/ k). >
Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Is a Biomechanical Regulator of Src Activity Key Role in Endothelial Cell Stress Fiber Formation

Rationale:Fluid shear stress differentially regulates endothelial cell stress fiber formation with decreased stress fibers in areas of disturbed flow compared with steady flow areas. Importantly, stress fibers are critical for several endothelial cell functions including cell shape, mechano-signal transduction, and endothelial cell–cell junction integrity. A key mediator of steady flow–induced stress fiber formation is Src that regulates downstream signaling mediators such as phosphorylation of cortactin, activity of focal adhesion kinase, and small GTPases. Objective:Previously, we showed that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP, also VDUP1 [vitamin D upregulated protein 1] and TBP-2 [thioredoxin binding protein 2]) was regulated by fluid shear stress; TXNIP expression was increased in disturbed flow compared with steady flow areas. Although TXNIP was originally characterized for its role in redox and metabolic cellular functions, recent reports show important scaffold functions related to its α-arres...
Associations of baseline characteristics with evolution of eGFR in a referred chronic kidney disease cohort.

Summary Background: Currently, most chronic kidney disease (CKD) classifications identify patients at different stages of CKD but do not identify risk of progression or adverse outcome. This analysis aims to describe associations between baseline characteristics and the evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and identify threshold values for clinical parameters that maximally discriminate progression to renal replacement therapy (RRT) in a referred cohort of patients with CKD stages 3� 5. Design and methods: A longitudinal mixed-effect model was used to determine annualized estimated change in eGFR and classification tree analysis to identify threshold values that maximally discriminate progression to RRT. Results: A total of 1316 patients were available for analysis with median follow-up of 33 months (interquartile range 20–60). Mixed model analysis suggested that the underlying diagnoses of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy exhibited on average a 2.7 (0.3) and 0.7 (0.3) ml/min/year faster rate of decline in eGFR, respectively, compared to those patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis. In the regression tree analysis, we attempted to identify threshold values for clinical parameters that maximally discriminate progression to RRT. eGFR 424 ml/min was the first ranked discriminator, diastolic blood pressure appeared in the second and fourth rounds, eGFR appeared again in the third round together with cholesterol and systolic blood pressure, with basal metabolic index in the fourth. Conclusion: This analysis highlights risk factors for progressive kidney disease and demonstrates the variability in evolution of eGFR across the cohort as well as the importance of underlying renal disease type on the progression of CKD.
Examining Emotions in Identity Theory

In this study I develop theoretically the role of emotions in identity theory by examining individuals' emotional reactions to identity nonverification (in a positive and a negative direction) and ...
Ostracism: Consequences and Coping

Ostracism means being ignored and excluded by one or more others. Despite the absence of verbal derogation and physical assault, ostracism is painful: It threatens psychological needs (belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence); and it unleashes a variety of physiological, affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses. Here we review the empirical literature on ostracism within the framework of the temporal need-threat model.
Part 3: Synthesis and biological evaluation of some analogs of the antitumor agents, 2-{4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid, and 2-{4-[(7-bromo-2-quinolinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid

2-{4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid (X469) and 2-{4-[(7-bromo-2-quinolinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic Acid (SH80) are among the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents to have been developed in our laboratories. However, the mechanism(s) of action of these agents remain to be elucidated, which prompted our continued endeavor to delineate a pharmacophoric pattern, from which a putative target might be deduced. Herein, we provide additional evidence that intact quinoxaline and quinoline rings in XK469 and SH80, respectively, are fundamental to the activities of these structures against transplanted tumors in mice. The consequence of further modification of the heterocyclic ring system in XK469 and SH80, leading to [1,8]naphthyridine; pyrrolo[1,2-a]; imidazo[1,2-a]; and imidazo[1,5-a] derivatives, all deprive the parent structures of antitumor activity. Introduction of CH3, CF3, CH3O, CO2H, or C6H5 substituents at C4 of the quinoline ring of SH80 led to weakly active antitumor agents. Similarly, the phenanthridine analog of SH80 manifested only modest cytotoxicity. Lastly, XK469 and SH80 are both significantly more active than the corresponding regioisomeric structures, 2-{4-[(7-halo-4-quinolinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acids.
Mechanism of Ubiquinol Oxidation by the bc1 Complex: Different Domains of the Quinol Binding Pocket and Their Role in the Mechanism and Binding of Inhibitors †

Structures of mitochondrial ubihydroquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1 complex) from several animal sources have provided a basis for understanding the functional mechanism at the molecular level. Using structures of the chicken complex with and without inhibitors, we analyze the effects of mutation on quinol oxidation at the Qo site of the complex. We suggest a mechanism for the reaction that incorporates two features revealed by the structures, a movement of the iron sulfur protein between two separate reaction domains on cytochrome c1 and cytochrome b and a bifurcated volume for the Qo site. The volume identified by inhibitor binding as the Qo site has two domains in which inhibitors of different classes bind differentially; a domain proximal to heme bL, where myxothiazole and ‚-methoxyacrylate- (MOA-) type inhibitors bind (class II), and a distal domain close to the iron sulfur protein docking interface, where stigmatellin and 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiaole (UHDBT) bind (class I). Displacement of one class of inhibitor by another is accounted for by the overlap of their volumes, since the exit tunnel to the lipid phase forces the hydrophobic "tails" to occupy common space. We conclude that the site can contain only one "tailed" occupant, either an inhibitor or a quinol or one of their reaction products. The differential sensitivity of strains with mutations in the different domains is explained by the proximity of the affected residues to the binding domains of the inhibitors. New insights into mechanism are provided by analysis of mutations that affect changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of the iron sulfur protein, associated with its interactions with the Q o-site occupant. The structures show that all interactions with the iron sulfur protein must occur at the distal position. These include interactions between quinone, or class I inhibitors, and the reduced iron sulfur protein and formation of a reaction complex between quinol and oxidized iron sulfur protein. The step with high activation energy is after formation of the reaction complex, likely in formation of the semiquinone and subsequent dissociation of the complex into products. We suggest that further progress of the reaction requires a movement of semiquinone to the proximal position, thus mapping the bifurcated reaction to the bifurcated volume. We suggest that such a movement, together with a change in conformation of the site, would remove any semiquinone formed from further interaction with the oxidized (2Fe-2S) center and also from reaction with O2 to form superoxide anion. We also identify two separate reaction paths for exit of the two protons released in quinol oxidation.
Information flow control for secure web sites

Sometimes Web sites fail in the worst ways. They can reveal private data that can never be retracted. Or they can succumb to vandalism, and subsequently show corrupt data to users. Blame can fall on the off-the-shelf software that runs the site (e.g., the operating system, the application libraries, the Web server, etc.), but more frequently the custom application code is the guilty party. Unfortunately, the custom code behind many Web sites is difficult to secure and audit, due to large and rapidly-changing trusted computing bases (TCBs). A promising approach to reducing TCBs for Web sites is decentralized information flow control. DIFC allows the split of a Web application into two types of components: those inside the TCB (trusted), and those without (untrusted). The untrusted components are large, change frequently, and do most of the computation. Even if buggy, they cannot move data contrary to security policy. Trusted components are much smaller, and configure the Web site's security policies. They need only change when the policy changes, and not when new features are introduced. Bugs in the trusted code can lead to compromise, but the trusted code is smaller and therefore easier to audit. The drawback of DIFC, up to now, is that the approach requires a major shift in how programmers develop applications and thus remains inaccessible to programmers using today's proven programming abstractions. This thesis proposes a new DIFC system, Flume, that brings DIFC controls to the operating systems and programming languages in wide use today. Its key contributions are: (1) a simplified DIFC model with provable security guarantees; (2) a new primitive called endpoints that bridges the gap between the Flume DIFC model and standard operating systems interfaces; (3) an implementation at user-level on Linux; and (4) success in securing a popular preexisting Web application (MoinMoin Wiki). (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Risk of Cryptosporidium parvum Transmission between Hospital Roommates

of a patient with Cryptosporidium infection. No patients with Cryptosporidium were identified among the 37 exposed roommates, and 1 case was identified among the 37 unexposed room- mates. The risk ratio for chronic diarrhea was 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23-2.75) and for death was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.75-1.44). These results suggest that isolation of adult patients with Cryptosporidium diarrhea is not necessary to prevent roommate-to-roommate transmis- sion of Cryptosporidium. Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum causes prolonged and severe diarrhea in immunodeficient persons. It is estimated that the annual rate of Cryptosporidium infection is 5%-10% among patients with AIDS (1), and patients with low CD4 cell counts have greatly increased risk (2). Hospitalized AIDS patients with chronic cryptosporidial diarrhea may contaminate the hospital room in which they are located, posing a potential risk of trans- mission to other persons with advanced AIDS. Although stud- ies have been performed that show the nosocomial transmission of Cryptosporidium (3, 4), the risk of disease associated with sharing a hospital room with a patient who has diarrhea at- tributable to Cryptosporidium has not been quantified. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the only effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in persons infected with HIV. In our hospital, HAART was not administered until late 1996. Before 1996, cryptosporidiosis was seen in 5%210% of patients with AIDS, and hospitalized patients with Crypto- sporidium posed a potential risk for transmission of the disease to their hospital roommates. In the Grady Memorial Hospital Special Immunity Service (GMH SIS ward), the roommates of patients with Cryptosporidium infection were likely to have ad-
Piano Key Weir Submergence in Channel Applications

AbstractWeir submergence can influence head-discharge relationships for weirs used in channel applications when high tailwater conditions exist owing to a downstream control. Weir submergence describes a condition in which the water level downstream of the weir exceeds the weir crest elevation. When a weir becomes submerged, the driving head required to pass a specific discharge over the weir can increase significantly relative to a free-flow condition. In this study, the effects of tailwater submergence on laboratory-scale piano key weir head-discharge relationships were evaluated experimentally and compared with previously published data for labyrinth and sharp-crested linear weir submergence. The results of this comparison show that for relatively low levels of submergence, the piano key weir requires less upstream head relative to the labyrinth weir to pass a given discharge. This increase in efficiency was minimal (<6%) and was reversed at higher submergence levels.
Getting to the core of core self‐evaluation: a review and recommendations

The theory of core self-evaluation (CSE) has provided organizational scholars with a framework for describing disposition-based effects on work attitudes and behaviors. Although the CSE construct has been useful for predicting various phenomena, there are potential weaknesses concerning how it is conceptualized and used. We review limitations regarding CSE theory, its measurement, and specific traits, and provide recommendations for addressing them. Key recommendations include strengthening the theory underlying CSE, specifying CSE as an aggregate construct with causal indicators, representing CSE as a multidimensional construct rather than a scale score, and incorporating a trait that reflects approach motivation. Theoretical and empirical evidence that relate to our recommendations are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Feature Weighted Hybrid ICA-SVM Approach to Automatic Modulation Recognition

Automatic modulation recognition is a topic of interest in many fields including signal surveillance, multi-user detection and radio frequency spectrum monitoring. A major weakness of conventional modulation recognition algorithms is their reliance on high SNR environments and favorable statistics. In this paper an algorithm is developed using elements of cyclo-spectral analysis, ICA and SVM algorithms to distinguish between different modulation types. By first estimating the cyclic spectrum and then analyzing statistical features of the spectrum using machine learning techniques, the particular modulation type can be determined over a wide range of SNR values. This can further be enhanced by employing ICA algorithms to remove feature redundancy. To demonstrate this; simulations are constructed which illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm using digital phase and amplitude modulation. The algorithm's performance is tested over a wide range of SNR values.
Pointer re-coding for creating definitive MPSoC models

Today's MPSoC synthesis and exploration design flows start from an abstract input specification model captured in a system level design language. Usually this model is created from a C reference code by encapsulating the computation and the communication using behaviors and channels. However, often pointers in the reference code hamper the necessary analysis and transformations. In this paper, we present an automated approach to re-code and eliminate pointers. By re-coding the pointer accesses to the actual variables, MPSoC models with definitive computational blocks that communicate using explicit channels become possible. Our pointer re-coding approach not only increases synthesizeabil-ity, analyzeability and verifiability by system tools, but also helps the designer in program comprehension. Our experiments show that this approach is not only feasible, but also effective in creating better models of real-life applications in shorter time.
What Happens after the High School Years among Young Persons with Disabilities

In this article, we examine the immediate post-high school years of adolescents with disabilities. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 and the National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students, 1987- 1991, we examine the transition from adolescence to adulthood and uncover the specific factors that are associated with the likelihood of making various early transitions to adulthood. Our results reveal that disability and type of disability profoundly affect youths' immediate post-high school activities. In addition, family socioeconomic resources have a smaller impact on the transition to adulthood among adolescents with disabilities than among adolescents without disabilities. Many resources families use to increase education and to promote the transition to adulthood do not operate, effectively blocking the intergenerational transfer of socioeconomic privilege.