cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventricular Performance after Angiocardiography

Ventricular performance was assessed before and after angiocardiography in 22 patients with normal left ventricle, mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, and myocardial disease. The increased circulating blood volume known to occur after angiocardiography is a determinant of the increased ventricular pre-load. The after-load is unchanged. Patients with normal left ventricle and some patients with valve stenosis responded by an increase in the work performed and some had only a minimal or no increase. A group of patients with serious heart disease performed less work. If the ventricular response can be considered on the basis of the Frank-Starling principle, then the abnormal response of such patients is due to an altered length-tension relationship.
Throughput times for adults and children during two drive-through influenza vaccination clinics.

Objectives Successful planning for public health emergencies requires knowledge of effective methods for mass distribution of medication and supplies to the public. We measured the time required for the key components of 2 drive-through vaccination clinics and summarized the results as they applied to providing medical countermeasures to large populations of children and adults. We hypothesized that vaccinating children in addition to adults would affect throughput time. Methods Using 2 separate drive-through vaccination clinics, we measured elapsed time for vehicle flow and vaccination procedures. We calculated the median length of stay and the time to administer vaccinations based on the number of individual vaccinations given per vehicle, and compared the vehicles in which children (aged 9-18 years) were vaccinated to those in which only adults were vaccinated. Results A total of 2174 vaccinations and 1275 vehicles were timed during the 2 clinics. The number of vaccinations and vehicles per hour varied during the course of the day; the maximums were 200 and 361 per hour, respectively. The median throughput time was 5 minutes, and the median vaccination time was 48 seconds. Flow over time varied by the hour, and the optimum number of vaccinations per vehicle to maximize efficiency was between 3 and 4. Our findings showed that the presence of children raised the total number of vaccinations given per vehicle and, therefore, the total vaccination processing time per vehicle. However, the median individual procedure time in the vehicles with children was not significantly increased, indicating no need to calculate increased times for processing children 9 years of age or older during emergency planning. Conclusions Drive-through clinics can provide a large number of seasonal influenza vaccinations in a relatively efficient manner; provide needed experience for students and practitioners in techniques for mass administration of medical countermeasures; and assist public health and emergency management personnel with disaster planning. Including children older than 9 years does not reduce efficiency. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1-7).
Surface resistance in transport from vapor to liquid

Abstract The role of surface resistance in the formulation of the penetration theory of interphase transfer is examined for the cases of constant, uniform surface renewal rate and random surface renewal using the distribution function proposed by Danckwerts; it is shown that both cases are almost equivalent. Some recent data obtained in experiments aimed at measuring the condensation coefficient of water are examined in light of the penetration theory formulated with and without surface resistance. It is shown that the data suggest a transition from the conventional penetration theory (without surface resistance) to a regime where surface resistance becomes important and begins to control the transport rate. It is also pointed out that the data may suffer from fluid mechanical acceleration effects and that they also suggest a condensation coefficient which decreases with time.
Inheritance of a mitochondrial DNA defect and impaired glucose tolerance in BHE/Cdb rats

As they age, BHE/Cdb rats develop impaired glucose tolerance. We hypothesized that this intolerance is associated with a previously reported base substitution in the mitochondrial genome. A new screening test was devised to identify animals with the mutation. These animals were bred to animals without the mutation. The progeny were then tested for the presence of the mutation and their glucose tolerance at 100 and 300 days of age. Phenotype and genotype were found to be closely linked and we conclude that the mutation in the mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene explains the age related impaired glucose tolerance in BHE/Cdb rats. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 35–40]
The interaction of nitrogen with niobium

Abstract The interaction of nitrogen with niobium was investigated using LEED and Auger spectroscopy. The rate of adsorption of nitrogen was measured at different temperatures and an ordered 5 × 5 diffraction pattern was observed.
Cloning and expression of zebrafish neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Abstract We propose to use the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a vertebrate model to study the role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in development. As a first step toward using zebrafish as a model, we cloned three zebrafish cDNAs with a high degree of sequence similarity to nAChR β3, α2 and α7 subunits expressed in other species. RT-PCR was used to show that the β3 and α2 subunit RNAs were present in zebrafish embryos only 2–5 hours post-fertilization (hpf) while α7 subunit RNA was not detected until 8 hpf, supporting the differential regulation of nAChRs during development. In situ hybridization was used to localize zebrafish β3, α2, and α7 RNA expression. nAChR binding techniques were used to detect the early expression of two high-affinity [ 3 H ] -epibatidine binding sites in 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish embryos with IC 50 values of 28.6 pM and 29.7 nM and in 5 dpf embryos with IC 50 values of 28.4 pM and 8.9 nM. These studies are consistent with the involvement of neuronal nAChRs in early zebrafish development.
Infrared Spectra of Water in Aqueous Solutions Using Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

Abstract There has been a continuing interest in the structure of water and of aqueous solutions, and many studies have employed spectroscopic techniques. These have frequently involved absorption spectroscopy in the near-IR range, and Raman scattering. In general, however, the normal IR range has been but little used except for studies of HDO-containing solutions, and the region near 3500 cm−1 of the intense H2O absorption has been almost completely avoided. Transmission techniques have been exclusively employed with absorption spectroscopy. Internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) techniques have been employed to examine aqueous solutions, but the emphasis was placed on studying the solute rather than the solvent. Also, the solute concentrations which had been employed in transmission studies have been rather high. We now suggest the feasibility of carrying out structural studies of aqueous solutions by using IRS techniques to record spectra in the IR range, employing solutions of relatively low concentra...
SU‐E‐T‐554: Systematic Evaluation of SBRT of NSCLC Using VMAT, IMRT, and Multiple Short Arcs Considering Uncertainties in CT and PET‐Based Planning, Body‐Frame and Abdomen Compressed Setup, and XVI‐ Guided and Optical‐Tracked On‐Line Adjustment

Purpose: to assess uncertainties of internal target volume (ITV) using CT and PET scans, target repositioning using immobilization devices and image guidance, and to evaluate difference among IMRT, VMAT, and multiple short arcs (MSA) techniques. Methods: Over sixty patients were accrued for ITV delineation using CT simulation scans and diagnosis PET‐CT scans. IMRT and MSA plans were both generated for early patients and VMAT plans were added for the last ten patients. Daily XVI was acquired prior to treatment and manually aligned with the planned ITV. On‐line 3D shifts were applied to early cases and additional 3D rotations were applied to the last 15 cases after installation of Elekta HexaPOD tabletop and iGUIDE optical tracking. Daily XVI image sets for 30 cases were registered in patient plans in exact treated positions and ITVs were delineated on daily XVI images. Composite DVHs were calculated and compared with the original planning DVHs. Results: ITV defined in PET could differ by up to 10 times for some cases. MSA plans provided higher BED to the ITV while maintaining the same V90 and different V50 to the lung and nearby structures. VMAT was the most efficient in dose delivery. Interfractional motions from 1 to 3 cm were corrected with XVI‐guidance. There were 2‐ mm intrafractional displacements for nodule in various locations shown in repeated daily XVI. Combined ITV was >99% if 3‐mm margin was used for planning target volume. Optical tracking, body‐frame, and abdomen compression had marginal effects Conclusions: ITV should be determined from the union of ITVs from PET and CT scans. Interfractional motion was eliminated by daily XVI guidance. A 3‐mm expansion of ITV was still required for planning target volume. IMRT and VMAT optimization offers rooms for improvement against MSA.
Application of phase-sensitive optical system for soft defect detection

To attain a better yield, the performance requirements for the inspection equipment have been getting more rigid among mask manufacturers. Recently, we have developed the operational principle of the phase sensitive optical system based on the differential interference contrast (DIC) technique. This optical system has capability to suppress the circuit pattern images, and can enhance the contrast between the images of the contamination and the defect-less circuit patterns.
Differential cross section of e+ + e− → e+ + μ− + νμ + νe☆

Abstract The differential cross section of the reaction e + + e − → e + + μ − + ν μ + ν e is calculated to the lowest order in electromagnetic and weak interaction. The effective total cross section at 20 GeV center of mass energy is 0.38 × 10−40 cm2. 0.38 × 10−40 cm2.
Comparison of neutron resonance spacings with microscopic theory for spherical nuclei

The nuclear level spacings determined from neutron resonance experiments for nuclei with 20 ≦ A ≦ 148 and 181 ≦ A ≦ 209 are compared with spacings calculated for spherical nuclei with a microscopic theory which includes the nuclear pairing interaction. Single particle levels of Seeger et al. and Nilsson et al. are used in the calculations. The gross features of the experimental data due to nuclear shells are reproduced with the microscopic theory. In addition, the absolute agreement between experiment and theory is reasonable (67 % of the 151 cases examined agree to within a factor of 2) in view of uncertainties in the experimental data, the theoretical single particle levels and the pairing strength. Values of the spin cutoff parameter σ2(E), calculated with a microscopic theory, are included also for several doubly even nuclei and discussed in terms of nuclear shells.
Thermal spray vitrification process for the removal of lead-based paint from steel structures: An applications note

Lead-based paints and primers have long been used to protect steel structures from corrosion, but are now recognized as environmental hazards. During lead-based paint removal via abrasive blasting, federal, state and local environmental requirements mandate the use of containment structures to prevent contamination of air, soil, or water. The thermal spray vitrification (TSV) process was developed and optimized in laboratory experiments to remove hazardous lead-based paint. TSV consists of thermal spraying a molten glass onto the painted surface. As the glass strikes the substrate, it reacts with the paint, and organic components are pyrolyzed, while lead ions are trapped on the glass surface. Quenching stresses in the glass cause it to crack and spall off the substrate. The resulting glass fragments are collected, and further remelted to completely immobilize lead (Pb) ions in the glassy iron (Fe) silicate matrix. The glass waste is thus rendered non-hazardous, as determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TSV process was field tested on a fire hydrant, using minimal personal protective equipment and without using a containment structure. The lead-containing paint was removed, without producing hazardous waste, leaving de-painted surfaces suitable for repainting.
Anchors Away! Fos Fosters Anchor-Cell Invasion

Invasion of cells through breakdown of the basement membrane is a crucial step during development and cancer metastasis. In this issue of Cell, Sherwood et al., (2005) describe a simple and genetically tractable cellular assay in the worm for elucidating the molecular processes that underlie cell invasion in vivo. They demonstrate that the transcription factor Fos is required for cell invasion and identify three of its downstream target genes (encoding a matrix metalloproteinase, hemicentin, and a fat-like protocadherin).
The role of carbohydrate in the assembly and function of polymeric IgG.

Abstract The carbohydrate present on glycoprotein can influence their biologic and functional properties. In the present paper we have assessed the role of oligosaccharides in the polymerization and effector functions of IgG with the 18 amino acid extension of IgM added to its carboxy terminus (IgGμtp). We found that IgG1μtp and IgG3μtp lacking the carbohydrate addition site in CH2, in the tail-piece or both assembled into polymers as well as the glycosylated versions. Aglycosylated polymers retained the ability to activate complement as assayed by C1q binding and hemolysis, although they were not as effective as their wild type polymer counterparts. Although IgGμtp lacking the carbohydrate in the tail-piece was able to bind to FcγRII, completely aglycosylated polymers lost the ability to bind to both FcγRI and FcγRII, suggesting a critical role for the CH2 sugar in FcR binding. Absence of the μtp carbohydrate increased the half life of polymeric IgG1, whereas absence of the carbohydrate in CH2 accelerated the clearance rate.
Distributed discovery using preference for query hits

We consider peer-to-peer and distributed networks where a large number of objects (such as users, information and applications) are distributed and they move dynamically. In such a distributed network environment, the ability to discover objects that match given query criteria, such as a set of keywords, is highly desirable. We propose a discovery mechanism that is scalable, adaptable and robust to a dynamic network environment. The proposed discovery mechanism is fully distributed (without using any centralized entity in the network) and includes novel features that utilize information about the preference of the discovery originator in order to provide higher quality hits to discovery originators selectively, resulting in less traffic than an existing broadcast based discovery mechanism. Our study methodology of the proposed discovery mechanism involves extensive simulations that compared our discovery mechanism with the performance of an existing broadcast based discovery mechanism.
Gene Expression Profiles of I3C- and DIM-Treated PC3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells Determined by cDNA Microarray Analysis

Studies from our laboratory and others have shown that indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its in vivo dimeric product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), inhibit the growth of PC3 prostate cancer cells and induce apoptosis by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and Akt pathways. To obtain comprehensive gene expression profiles altered by I3C- and DIM-treated PC3 cells, we utilized cDNA microarray to interrogate the expression of 22,215 known genes using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array. We found a total of 738 genes that showed a greater than twofold change after 24 h of DIM treatment. Among these genes, 677 genes were down-regulated and 61 were up-regulated. Similarly, 727 genes showed a greater than twofold change in expression, with down-regulation of 685 genes and up-regulation of 42 genes in I3C-treated cells. The altered expressions of genes were observed as early as 6 h and were more evident with longer treatment. Upon cluster analysis, we found that both I3C and DIM up-regulated the expression of genes that are related to the Phase I and Phase II enzymes, suggesting their increased capacity for detoxification of carcinogens or chemicals. We also found that I3C and DIM down-regulated the expression of genes that are critically involved in the regulation of cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, Pol II transcription factor and oncogenesis. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted to confirm the cDNA microarray data, and the results were consistent. We conclude that I3C and DIM affected the expression of a large number of genes that are related to the control of carcinogenesis, cell survival and physiologic behaviors. This may help determine the molecular mechanism(s) by which I3C and DIM exert their pleiotropic effects on PC3 prostate cancer cells; in addition, this information could be further exploited for devising chemopreventive and/or therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
Factors that influence the membrane area of a multistage microfiltration process required to produce a micellar casein concentrate

Abstract The objective of the work reported in this paper was to develop a theoretical model to determine the effect of type of microfiltration (MF)-process feed, number of stages, and flux on the minimization of the MF membrane area required to produce a 95% serum protein–reduced micellar casein concentrate. The MF feed, number of stages, and flux were all factors that had an effect on the MF membrane area and should be taken into consideration when designing a MF system to produce a 95% serum protein–reduced micellar casein concentrate. Feeding the MF process with a diluted ultrafiltration retentate (DUR) diluted to the protein concentration of skim milk, as opposed to skim milk, reduced the required membrane area by 36% for a 5-stage process. When DUR was the MF feed, feed protein concentration, which depended on the number of MF stages, was optimized. The DUR protein concentration that minimized the required MF membrane area was 2.47, 3.85, 4.77, and 5.41% for a 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-stage MF process, respectively. For a 5-stage process, increasing the protein concentration of the feed from 3.2 to 5.4% decreased the required MF membrane area by 10%. It was also found that as the number of stages increased from 2 to 5, the required MF membrane area decreased by 39%, when the MF feed was DUR at the optimal feed protein concentration. Finally, increasing the flux from 50 to 60kg/m 2 per hour decreased the required MF membrane area by 17% when the MF feed was DUR at the optimal MF feed protein concentration. Overall, using DUR as a feed for MF could reduce the amount of MF membrane area required to make a 95% serum protein–reduced micellar casein concentrate.
Using accumulated knowledge to calibrate theoretical propositions.

In organizational psychology research, most theories put forth directional predictions, such as stating that an increase in one construct will result in an increase or decrease in another construct. Such predictions are imprecise, given that they can be confirmed by a wide range of values, and theories that rely on such predictions bear little risk of falsification. In this article, we present an approach for increasing theoretical precision by using results from meta-analyses to calibrate the predictions embedded in a theory. Our approach provides point values for theoretical predictions along with credibility intervals that capture the likely range of the predicted effects. We illustrate this approach by drawing from research on work engagement and calibrate the predictions represented by two conceptual models. Contributions and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
A COMPARISON OF PROMPTING TACTICS TO ESTABLISH INTRAVERBALS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

We compared the efficacy of tact-to-intraverbal (i.e., using picture prompts) and echoic-to-intraverbal transfer-of-stimulus-control procedures to establish intraverbal responding in 3 boys (4 years old) with autism. For all 3 participants, the picture prompts resulted in fewer trials to criterion, but both prompting tactics were eventually effective.
Blunted cerebral blood flow velocity in response to a nitric oxide donor in postural tachycardia syndrome.

Cognitive deficits are characteristic of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Intact nitrergic nitric oxide (NO) is important to cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, neurovascular coupling, and cognitive efficacy. POTS patients often experience defective NO-mediated vasodilation caused by oxidative stress. We have previously shown dilation of the middle cerebral artery in response to a bolus administration of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in healthy volunteers. In the present study, we hypothesized a blunted middle cerebral artery response to SNP in POTS. We used combined transcranial Doppler-ultrasound to measure CBF velocity and near-infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation while subjects were in the supine position. The responses of 17 POTS patients were compared with 12 healthy control subjects (age: 14–28 yr). CBF velocity in POTS patients and control subjects were not different at baseline (75 ± 3 vs. 71 ± 2 cm/s, P = 0.31) and decreased to a lesser degree with SNP in POTS patients (to 71 ± 3 vs. 62 ± 2 cm/s, P = 0.02). Changes in total and oxygenated hemoglobin (8.83 ± 0.45 and 8.13 ± 0.48 μmol/kg tissue) were markedly reduced in POTS patients compared with control subjects (14.2 ± 1.4 and 13.6 ± 1.6 μmol/kg tissue), primarily due to increased venous efflux. The data indicate reduced cerebral oxygenation, blunting of cerebral arterial vasodilation, and heightened cerebral venodilation. We conclude, based on the present study outcomes, that decreased bioavailability of NO is apparent in the vascular beds, resulting in a downregulation of NO receptor sites, ultimately leading to blunted responses to exogenous NO.
On the existence of solutions in adaptive control

The existence and uniqueness of solutions in model reference adaptive control are established by considering the closed loop equations. Certain circular arguments or unnecessary assumptions that arise when only the open loop structure is considered are avoided. >
CIGARETTE SMOKING INHIBITS PROSTACYCLIN FORMATION

Urinary prostacyclin (PGI2) was measured in 12 chronic smokers and 12 non-smokers after inhalation of smoke from nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cigarettes. In a separate study a pressor dose of noradrenaline, which increases PGI2, was given to smokers and non-smokers. PGI2 was measured as the stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in 4 h urine samples by radioimmunoassay after chromatography on LH-20 'Sephadex'. Smoking of nicotine-free cigarettes had no effect on PGI2 release in either smokers or non-smokers. In non-smokers inhalation of nicotine-containing tobacco smoke increased heart-rate, blood-pressure, and urine osmolality, but did not affect urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. In contrast, when chronic smokers used nicotine-containing cigarettes there was a highly significant reduction in excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (192 +/- 20 to 138 +/- 17 ng/g creatinine). Noradrenaline increased PGI2 in non-smokers (181 +/- 16 to 348 +/- 56) but not in smokers. Smoking of nicotine-containing tobacco abolished the PGI2 response to noradrenaline. These observations suggest that inhalation of nicotine-containing tobacco smoke reduces vascular PGI2 production; this may be a factor in the development of accelerated cardiovascular disease.
Replaceable Components and the Service Provider Interface

A highly touted property of components and componentbased software engineering is the ability to treat components as fully replaceable units. Commercially successful component models such as EJB, COM and JavaBeans have not yet produced a marketplace of replaceable components while Sun's service provider interface (SPI) has produced replaceable components in several technology areas. This paper considers both the meaning of, and motivation for, replaceable components and evaluates the properties of commercially successful component models and the SPI approach that effect their ability to support replaceable components.
A Dynamic Countermeasure Method for Large-Scale Network Attacks

Increased sophistication of present day worms leading to large scale Denial of Service attacks on vital installations has been a source of concern. Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems provide a limited solution to a concurrent problem. Proactive preemptive techniques employed by Intrusion Prevention Systems are more effective than the reactive techniques employed by Intrusion Detection Systems. However these techniques are not adequate to counter a large scale distributed denial of service attacks. In this paper, we propose a countermeasure which uses dynamic agents to mitigate Denial of Service attacks. These Dynamics Agents are called Gnipper vaccine. Gnipper vaccine provides an effective technique capable of providing an enterprise-wide response. Gnipper vaccine is an agent which resides on the host computer capable of dropping any malicious packets. The vaccine propagates one hop at a time towards the source of the attacker.
Fish Oil-Fed Mice Have Impaired Resistance to Influenza Infection

Dietary fish oils, rich in (n-3) PUFA, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have been shown to have antiinflammatory properties. Although the antiinflammatory properties of fish oil may be beneficial during a chronic inflammatory illness, the same antiinflammatory properties can suppress the inflammatory responses necessary to combat acute viral infection. Given that (n-3) fatty acid-rich fish oil supplementation is on the rise and with the increasing threat of an influenza pandemic, we tested the effect of fish oil feeding for 2 wk on the immune response to influenza virus infection. Male C57BL/6 mice fed either a menhaden fish oil/corn oil diet (4 g fish oil:1 g corn oil, wt:wt at 5 g/100 g diet) or a control corn oil diet were infected with influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 and analyzed for lung pathology and immune function. Although fish oil-fed mice had lower lung inflammation compared with controls, fish oil feeding also resulted in a 40% higher mortality rate, a 70% higher lung viral load at d 7 post infection, and a prolonged recovery period following infection. Although splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity was suppressed in fish oil-fed mice, lung NK activity was not affected. Additionally, lungs of infected fish oil-fed mice had significantly fewer CD8+ T cells and decreased mRNA expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory properties of fish oil feeding can alter the immune response to influenza infection, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality.
The gramophone horn

This paper illustrates the problems of general linear propagation mainly by analysis of the conditions necessary for effective resonance, which are now of great technical importance. Another theory is also broached, that of the relation of the arterial pulse to the blood-flow, first explored with adequate hydraulic instincts by Young in 1808.
Fine morphological changes in the penicillate nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged itching

Morphological changes in cutaneous nerve endings were investigated electron microscopically in patients suffering from certain kinds of urticaria with associated itching and in normal skin in which wheals and local itching were induced either by application of nettle hairs or by intracutaneous injections of a timothy pollen extract. Skin samples were obtained with a high speed dermal punch without anesthesia from the wheal areas. It was found that some subepidermal free nerve endings derived from nonmyelinated nerve fibers (penicillate endings) showed accumulations of extracytoplasmic glycogen which was localized in the distended spaces between the axolemma, the Schwann cell membrane and the nerve basement membrane. In some cases, the glycogen was found to be so abundant that it occupied most of the cross sectional area of the ending. No morphological changes were observed in the pappilary endings, in nerve endings of the hairs or in the autonomic terminals. The conducting segments of all cutaneous nerve fibers showed normal morphology. The unusual morphological changes that occur in some penicillate nerve endings during the wheal development indicate that these endings are involved in the skin reaction and therefore they may be the specific end organs that are associated with itch, at least in urticaria.
Biological and evolutionary contributions to developmental sex differences

Boys and girls, and men and women show consistent differences, on average, in interests, activity preferences, and social styles. This article summarizes sex differences in human development from infancy through the childhood years and considers how these differences in developmental patterns relate to human evolutionary history. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the psychological traits that were advantageous differed consistently for men and women during human evolution, consistent with Darwin's (1871) sexual selection as a mechanism through which cognitive and behavioural sex differences evolve and develop during lifetimes. The result is that some sex differences are found very early in development in predispositions to engage in different activities, to attend to different social information, and in methods of social influence. These early differences, in turn, prepare children for somewhat different tasks and roles in adulthood. Although these differences have strong biological origins, developmental experiences serve to flesh out and elaborate on these differences, or to minimize them, depending on the demands of the culture in which the child is situated.
The Protonation of Aromatic π Carbocations. The Behavior of 2‐Hydroxy‐ and 9‐Hydroxyphenalenone in Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid

In continuation of work on the protonation of aromatic π carbocations, the behavior of 1,2-dihydroxyphenalenyl cation (7 ) and 1,9-dihydroxyphenalenyl cation (8 ) in CF3SO3D was investigated. The behavior of carbocation 8 was unexceptional. It underwent a facile exchange at room temperature, with H-2, H-5 and H-8 all exchanging at comparable rates. Carbocation 7, on the other hand, exchanged at an exceptionally slow rate, even at 100°C. The order of reactivity of the various sites on 7 was found to be H-3 ≫ H-5 ⪖ H-4 ≈ H-6; H-7, H-8 and H-9 did not exchange. These unusual results are best accommodated by assuming that most, if not all, of the exchange actually occurs on 2-hydroxyphenalenone (9 ) which is present in very low concentration. Huckel calculations support this contention.
Differential Expression of Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors 1 and 2 in Tonsils of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome or Recurrent Infection

Background: Recurrent tonsillitis and sleep apnea are the major indications for tonsillectomy in children. We hypothesized that the recurrent vibration in the upper airway of snoring children would promote inflammatory changes in the tonsillar tissue and would lead to the up-regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene (LT) receptors (Rs). Objective: To assess the expression patterns of the human LT-Rs in children undergoing tonsillectomy, and compare those patterns in children having recurrent throat infections (RIs) and children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (SA). Methods: Tonsillar tissue from 17 children with SA and 13 with RIs was subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for LT1-R and LT2-R, and to immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for protein expression of LT1-R and LT2-R. Results: Messenger RNA encoding for the expression of LT1-R and LT2-R was detected in the tonsils of all children. Immunoblots revealed significantly higher expressions of LT1-R and LT2-R in the tonsils of children with SA. The topographic pattern of both receptors differed among the tonsils of children with SA and RI. Conclusion: LT1-R and LT2-R are expressed in pediatric tonsillar tissue, are more abundant in SA patients, and demonstrate a specific topographic pattern of expression. These findings suggest that an inflammatory process involving LT expression and regulation occurs in children with SA. (CHEST 2004; 126:13–18)
TEACHER VERSUS LEARNER CONTROLLED INSTRUCTION: QUESTION-ASKING AND COMPREHENSION

Summary. Sixty college students were individually taught a novel card game. Under teacher control, students were given the rules of the game and could ask questions about them. Under learner control, students were given a general framework and had to ask questions in order to learn the rules. During the verbal instruction period, learner control students focused their questions on game actions whereas teacher control students emphasised specific details. During the play period, learner control students focused their questions on conceptual aspects of the game. Teacher control students were given more game rules than learner control students; however, when this difference was adjusted, both groups performed equivalently on all recall measures. Students with high and moderate previous card game knowledge performed better than those with low previous knowledge on all recall measures, including hierarchically embedded rules. The results indicate that teaching method influences question-asking, whereas amount of previous knowledge influences comprehension of new information.
Semaphorin 3A is a chemoattractant for cortical apical dendrites

The apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons integrate inputs from various cortical layers and are central to information processing. Here we show that the growth of apical dendrites towards the pial surface is regulated by a diffusible chemoattractant present at high levels near the marginal zone. A major component of this signal is semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), which was previously characterized as a chemorepellant for cortical axons. Soluble guanylate cyclase is asymmetrically localized to the developing apical dendrite, and is required for the chemoattractive effect of Sema3A. Thus the asymmetric localization of soluble guanylate cyclase confers distinct Sema3A responses to axons and dendrites. These observations reveal a mechanism by which a single chemotropic signal can pattern both axons and dendrites during development.
Comparison of Adolescents with and without Diabetes on Indices of Psychosocial Functioning for Three Years

Objective To determine whether diabetes is associated with psychosocial difficulties over the transition to adolescence. Methods We compared adolescents with diabetes (n ¼ 132) with a healthy comparison group (n ¼ 131) on indices of psychosocial functioning for 3 years. We interviewed both groups annually and had one parent complete a questionnaire. Results There were no group differences in depressive symptoms, anxiety, anger, or behavioral problems. However, adolescents with diabetes showed greater declines in social acceptance compared with healthy adolescents, and a greater rise in disturbed eating behavior. Over time, depressive symptoms and anxiety increased and self-worth decreased for females but not males; however, these differences were not qualified by group Conclusions Diabetes is not associated with indicators of psychological distress from early to middle adolescence, but may be associated with the emergence of social difficulties and eating disturbances. Gender differences in psychological distress emerged, replicating past research.
The impact of HIV-related stigma on HIV Care and Prevention providers.

Very little is known about the extent to which HIV care and prevention providers who work for U.S. community-based organizations are affected by the types of stigma that have been well documented as impacting those living with HIV and those who provide direct care to these individuals. To explore the existence and characteristics of this phenomenon, the HIV Provider Stigma Scale was developed and administered to 795 HIV service providers in 47 U.S. states. Stigma levels were higher among those whose sexual orientation was reported as heterosexual and those who had worked in the HIV field for less than 5 years. Those with the highest levels of stigma also reported decreased levels of social and occupational functioning. The extent to which the social stigmas of HIV and AIDS impact those who work professionally in the field could have important implications for the continued sustainability of the workforce, particularly in areas of the world with still developing HIV service infrastructures.
Olaparib: an oral PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor with promising activity in ovarian cancer

Olaparib (Lynparza™; AZD2281) is a potent PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor with biologic activity in ovarian cancer as well as other solid tumors. It has been tested in Phase I and II trials and has single-agent activity in both germline BRCA mutated and sporadic ovarian cancer. Phase III trials assessing the efficacy of olaparib in the maintenance setting following first line and platinum-sensitive recurrence are underway for patients with a germline BRCA mutation, given the inherent molecular compatibility with the drug's mechanism of action.
A high resolution fluorescence decay and depolarization study of human plasma apolipoproteins.

Human plasma apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) were investi- gated by time-resolved fluorescence decay and depolarization. The tryptophyl fluorescence of apoA- I undergoes a double-exponential decay with lifetimes of 1.07 and 3.43 ns which remain unchangcd over the range of apoA-I concentration studied. The time-resolved fluorescence of both native and denatured forms of apoC-I exhibits an unusual tryptophyl fluorescence decay that was best fit to a triexponential function with lifetimes at 3.7 'f 0.2. 1.1 +- 0.1 and 0.1 ns at 2 "C. The native and denatured forms of apoC-I had rotational correlation times of 1.42 and 1.19 ns at 20°C respectively. A shorter rotational correlation time associated with the internal tryptophan motions was not observed or resolved. The decay of tryptophyl fluorescence in apoC-I/DPPC/cholesterol complex at 20°C is also triexponen- tial with lifetimes at 4.94, 1.28 and 0.21 ns, which are longer than those of the uncomplexed forms. Two rotational correlation times of 28.32 and 0.59 ns at 20°C were resolved by fluorescence depolarization measurements. The long rotational time remained constant with temperatures above 30°C. Also, the temperature dependence of the order parameter, S2, resembled a lipid phase transition curve with a transition midpoint at 38°C. The tryptophan and thus apoC-I are found to be affected by the bulk changes in the lipid
Knowledge of epilepsy and preferred sources of information among elementary school teachers.

We conducted an online survey of elementary school teachers in Washtenaw County, Michigan, regarding their confidence in their knowledge of epilepsy and their preferred media or sources of informat...
Opposing Effects of IL-2 in Tumor Immunotherapy: Promoting CD8 T Cell Growth and Inducing Apoptosis

Tumors often induce specific CTL responses, but these are usually ineffective at eliminating the growing tumor. The T cell growth factor IL-2 has potential for expanding and prolonging CTL responses, and there is considerable interest in using this cytokine in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents that target T cell responses. Using adoptive transfer of OT-I CD8 T cells specific for OVA 257–264 peptide, and E.G7 tumor cells transfected with OVA, we have examined the effects of IL-2 on the generation and maintenance of a CTL response to the tumor. Administration of IL-2 during the initial phase of the response, clonal expansion, and development of effector function, had no effect on the number of CTL generated or the control of tumor growth. In contrast, a short 2-day time course of low-dose IL-2 at the peak of clonal expansion or at later times resulted in prolonged and expanded responses by the OT-I CTL, with concomitant decrease in tumor load and extension of survival. However, when IL-2 administration was more prolonged, as is often the case in clinical trials, the therapeutic benefit was lost due to elimination of the tumor-specific CTL, at least in part through induction of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that use of IL-2 for tumor immunotherapy is very much a double-edged sword and strongly suggest that more limited time and dose regimens may substantially improve its clinical efficacy when it is used in conjunction with approaches that target CTL responses.
Optimizing Mammographic Screening and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Despite ongoing controversies there is overwhelming evidence showing the effectiveness of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality. The limitations and potential harms of mammography remains an issue of debate. To obtain and sustain maximum benefit from use of mammography to screen for breast cancer, stringent quality control measures combined with a robust assessment of interpretative accuracy should be implemented. This chapter focuses on optimizing mammographic screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. The quality assurance methods needed to optimize the performance of mammography, the scope of the mammography audit that aims to ensure the highest quality of interpretative accuracy and the continuing efforts at ensuring excellence in breast cancer screening and diagnosis is discussed. The chapter has four subsections: Mammography Quality Assurance and MQSA, Mammography Audit, Mammographic interpretative accuracy and performance benchmarks, Ensuring Excellence in Comprehensive Breast Care.
Reliability of Seismic Resistance Predictions

This paper explores the effect of uncertainties in the information regarding the ground-motion statistics during an earthquake, and finds that they are large enough to preclude sufficient confidence from being placed in many predictions of earthquake resistance. It recommends that the usual all-probabilistic approach be replaced with a suitable combination of probabilistic and worst-case analyses. It finally reports on a study in which this combination was explored. It appears to be sufficiently successful to encourage consideration of the combined approach.
Activity and biophysical inhibition resistance of a novel synthetic lung surfactant containing Super-Mini-B DATK peptide

Background/objectives. This study examines the surface activity, resistance to biophysical inhibition, and pulmonary efficacy of a synthetic lung surfactant containing glycerophospholipids combined with Super Mini-B (S-MB) DATK, a novel and stable molecular mimic of lung surfactant protein (SP)-B. The objective of the work is to test whether S-MB DATK synthetic surfactant has favorable biophysical and physiological activity for future use in treating surfactant deficiency or dysfunction in lung disease or injury. Methods. The structure of S-MB DATK peptide was analyzed by homology modeling and by FTIR spectroscopy. The in vitro surface activity and inhibition resistance of synthetic S-MB DATK surfactant was assessed in the presence and absence of albumin, lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), and free fatty acids (palmitoleic and oleic acid). Adsorption and dynamic surface tension lowering were measured with a stirred subphase dish apparatus and a pulsating bubble surfactometer (20 cycles/min, 50% area compression, 37 °C). In vivo pulmonary activity of S-MB DATK surfactant was measured in ventilated rabbits with surfactant deficiency/dysfunction induced by repeated lung lavages that resulted in arterial PO2 values <100 mmHg. Results. S-MB DATK surfactant had very high surface activity in all assessments. The preparation adsorbed rapidly to surface pressures of 46-48 mN/m at 37 °C (low equilibrium surface tensions of 22-24 mN/m), and reduced surface tension to <1 mN/m under dynamic compression on the pulsating bubble surfactometer. S-MB DATK surfactant showed a significant ability to resist inhibition by serum albumin, C16:0 lyso-PC, and free fatty acids, but surfactant inhibition was mitigated by increasing surfactant concentration. S-MB DATK synthetic surfactant quickly improved arterial oxygenation and lung compliance after intratracheal instillation to ventilated rabbits with severe surfactant deficiency. Conclusions. S-MB DATK is an active mimic of native SP-B. Synthetic surfactants containing S-MB DATK (or related peptides) combined with lipids appear to have significant future potential for treating clinical states of surfactant deficiency or dysfunction, such as neonatal and acute respiratory distress syndromes.
Long-Term Recordings of Networks of Immortalized GnRH Neurons Reveal Episodic Patterns of Electrical Activity

The CNS controls reproduction through pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Episodic increases in the firing rate of unidentified hypothalamic neurons have been associated w...
Propylene glycol-free melphalan as conditioning regimen for autologous transplantation in myeloma

High-dose melphalan has been the drug of choice for preparative regimens for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Propylene-free melphalan (Evomela™) is a newer formulation of melphalan, which incorporates Captisol® to produce a stable product upon reconstitution. In addition to avoiding propylene glycol with its’ potential side effects, this approach improves the overall stability of reconstituted melphalan and can ensure intended dose delivery. In this paper, we review the published literature regarding this formulation. We focus on its’ chemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinically available data for its use in myeloma autologous stem cell transplantation setting.
Target Oriented 3D Acquisition Aperture Correction In Local Wavenumber Domain

The acquisition aperture correction in the local-angle domain can greatly improve the image quality, especially in sub-salt areas. However, to calculate the image in the localangle domain is time-consuming due to the computationally demanding angle-domain decomposition. Based on an efficient local-wavenumber domain decomposition of wavefileds using local exponential frames, a fast method is proposed to obtain the image in the local-wavenumber domain. In a similar way, the amplitude correction factor in the local-wavenumber domain can be also obtained. With the image matrix and amplitude correction factor matrix in the local-wavenumber domain, an efficient method of acquisition aperture corrections can be applied. This method can be used for target oriented aperture correction for 3D model. Through the tests on the 3D SEG salt model, this target oriented aperture correction method shows great potential on improving the image quality, especially for sub-salt areas.
Micro- and macrostructural factors in DRA fracture resistance

Fracture resistance continues to be a critical, heavily researched property for discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) materials because of its importance in many of the structural applications for which these materials are candidates. Over the last ten years, significant progress has been made in understanding and improving the fracture resistance ofD RA materials, largely through the control of microstructural features by judicious alloy and reinforcement selection coupled with process modification and control. This article reviews recent progress in microstructural understanding and describes directions being pursued for further improvement, especially in particle-reinforced systems. In addition, methods to improve fracture resistance that are more macrostructural in nature are being developed. These involve the combination of reinforced and unreinforced regions on a macroscale in planar and axisymmetric geometries in order to capitalize on extrinsic toughening mechanisms.