cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QoS-sensitive transport of real-time MPEG video using adaptive forward error correction

This paper presents an adaptive end-to-end protocol for quality of service (QoS)-sensitive transport of real-time MPEG video using packet-level forward error correction in dynamic networks. The objective is to facilitate a user-specified QoS end-to-end, i.e., without special network support-for real-time MPEG video traffic whose timing constraints rule out the use of retransmission-based congestion control and QoS provisioning schemes. In previous work, we proposed an adaptive packet-level FEC protocol called AFEC and analyzed its properties with respect to optimality and stability. The control problem is nontrivial due to the fact that increased redundancy, beyond a certain point, can "backfire" resulting in self-induced congestion which impedes the timely recovery of information (e.g., MPEG video frames) at the receiver. We extend the previous work by implementing and customizing AFEC to the transport of real-time MPEG video, realizing the system as a transport and application layer protocol called MAFEC running end-to-end on UNIX workstations, and measuring its performance over controlled network environments. We show that MAFEC is able to effectively hide potentially adverse network effects such as packet drops and delays stemming from traffic burstiness and nonstationary structural changes using adaptive redundancy control, exporting a constant-QoS service commensurate with user-specified, desired QoS.
Auroral hiss on the ground at L approximately equal to 4

Auroral hiss is rarely detected at subauroral-zone ground stations, but during the 4-month period January to April 1976 it became very prevalent in the wide-band audio-frequency synoptic whistler records at Farewell, Alaska (L = 4.2). A possible reason for this is that in the normal reduction and retreat of auroral zone effects to higher latitudes at sunspot minimum the reduction in the particle precipitation which causes auroral absorption is greater than that in the softer precipitation which causes auroral hiss. The occurrence of auroral hiss at Farewell showed, at 21 hours LMT (local magnetic time), the same strong diurnal peak found at auroral zone and polar cap stations. The low-frequency cutoff of auroral hiss on the ground is also discussed.
A Model for Teaching Group Work through Service-Learning in a Baccalaureate Program.

Generalist practice social workers need to master group leadership and facilitation skills, and the best way to achieve this goal is through actual practice. An innovative teaching approach used to engage undergraduate social work majors in developing group facilitation skills is a “hands-on” service-learning experience leading social skills groups with middle school children. Students have the opportunity for a meaningful educational experience while working with children in a school setting. A four-session social skills curriculum is provided.
Granulocytic sarcoma of the colon

Granulocytic sarcoma is an extramedullary tumor consisting of immature cells of the granulocytic series known to occur in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or acute myelogenous leukemia. This tumor may involve nodes, cervix, bone and periosteum, and infrequently the small intestine. Granulocytic sarcoma rarely occurs in the colon and has not been previously described endoscopically. We encountered a 73-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome who presented with fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Colonoscopic evaluation (focal ulceration, friability, and nodularity) was compatible with Crohn's disease, although histology showed a dense myeloid cell infiltrate characteristic of granulocytic sarcoma. In patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia presenting with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and/or fever, colonoscopy and biopsy are indicated to determine if the colon is affected by granulocytic sarcoma.
The principles of hip-socket arthroplasty.

1. Hip-socket anthroplasty is a procedure developed from a study of the biomechanechanics of the hip joint, histophysiological observations of joint repair, and clinical experience with a Vitallium socket attached to the pelvis. 2. Special surgical instruments have been designed for implanting the socket through a posterolateral approach. The hip socket is a self-sustained lining for the acetabulum and is stable enough to allow motions immediately after the operation. The socket is opens at the inferior margins to permit regeneration of a structure resembling the ligamentum teres and mucin-forming synovial cells inside the joint. It encloses only half of the head of the femur and thereby permits a wide range of motions. 3. The morphological and chemical structure of a pseudarthrosis and a functioning arthroplasty are identical and the two coditions involve the same connective-tissue-cell processes. The first covering of the articular surface is granulation tissue, fibrinoid, and fibrous tissue. After six months differentiations occurs to form fibrocartilage and after eighteen months new cartilage, resembling hyaline cartilage, appears in the deep layers in contact with cacellous bone. The joint surface formed from an arthroplasty after years of functions resembles articular cartilage. Although it is not true articular cartilage, it becomes increasingly like articular cartilage after a period of years of weight-bearing and after remodeling of the underlying spongiosa to produce a new articular cortex of compact bone. 4. Forty-eight hip-socket arthroplasties have been perfomed in the years between 1953 and the present time. Five arthroplasties with complications were subjected to revision, arthrodesis, or resection operations six to eighteens months after the arthroplasty. Results in the first twelve hip-socket arthroplasties (including two bilateral) examined betweens two and three years after the operation were regarded as fair in one, good in one, and excellent in ten. The patients had less pain than before the operation, had an increase of range of motion, and had a stable joint. Compared with other surgical methods, there was a remarkably free range of rotations combined with flexion. A theoretical explanation is that hip-socket arthroplasty permitted derotations or unscrewing of the head of the femur during the swing phase of the joint motions. Further investigations and long-term end-result studies are in progress and will be reported later.
The More We Look, the More Biological Variation We See: How Has and Should This Influence Modeling of Small Networks?

Models of the small neuronal networks from invertebrates, especially rhythmically active central pattern generators, have not only been useful experimental tools for circuit analyses but also been instrumental in revealing general principles of neuronal network function. This ability of small network models to illuminate basic mechanisms attests to their heuristic power. In the 20 years since the first CNS meeting, theoretical studies, now supported abundantly by experimental analyses in several different networks and species, have shown that functional network activity arises in animals and models even though parameters (e.g., the intrinsic membrane properties (maximal conductances) of the neurons and the strengths of the synaptic connections) show two to fivefold animal-to-animal variability.
SIERRA framework version 4 : solver services.

Several SIERRA applications make use of third-party libraries to solve systems of linear and nonlinear equations, and to solve eigenproblems. The classes and interfaces in the SIERRA framework that provide linear system assembly services and access to solver libraries are collectively referred to as solver services. This paper provides an overview of SIERRA's solver services including the design goals that drove the development, and relationships and interactions among the various classes. The process of assembling and manipulating linear systems will be described, as well as access to solution methods and other operations.
Leukocyte Esterase: Metal-on-Metal Failure and Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Abstract Background Adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) and periprosthetic joint infection can occur after metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (THA), both potentially generating purulent synovial fluid (SF) and elevated white cell count. This makes it difficult to distinguish between diagnoses; therefore, we evaluated leukocyte esterase (LE) strip test's reliability in ruling out periprosthetic joint infection in ALTR revision THA. Methods Sixty-one patients with ALTRs and an LE strip test were evaluated, excluding 15 cases with SF metallic debris. LE strip tests were classified −/trace, + (mildly positive), and ++ (strongly positive). Results LE strip tests were ++, +, −/trace in 8 patients (13.1%), 14 (23.0%), and 39 (63.9%), respectively. Means and ranges of SF white cell count and polymorphonuclear percentage were 1291.4 (0-10,886 cells/μL), and 46.1% (0%-94%), respectively. Conclusion ++ LE strip test, in conjunction with preoperative work-ups, reliably rules out infection in 92.9% of patients undergoing THA revision secondary to ALTR.
Locke, Science, and the Limits of Eloquence

Authority Figures: Rhetoric and Experience in Locke's Political Thought, by Torrey Shanks, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 160 pp., $69.95, ISBN: 978-0-271-06504-5, Publicatio...
Alternatives to Estrogen for Menopausal Women

AbstractLimited acceptable alternatives to hormone replacement therapy exist for use by postmenopausal women. This oversight within the biomedical community is of particular concern considering the increasing number of postmenopausal women and the current low use of hormone replacement therapy. In addition, contraindications to hormone replacement therapy and controversies regarding recommendations for use of hormone replacement therapy also exist. With the notable exception of the advances in prevention of osteoporosis, alternatives to estrogen for other aspects of the sequelae of hypoestrogenism or aging are limited. Furthermore, there is widespread use of complementary therapies among postmenopausal women despite a lack of data on efficacy or safety of such therapies. Increased research into alternatives to estrogen for menopausal women is of clinical, scientific, and health policy importance.
Effects of Freezing and Thawing on the Ultrastructure of Hen’s Egg Albumen With and Without Functional Additives

Abstract The effects of freezing and thawing on egg albumen containing various commercial additives were studied with the use of the electron microscope. Long, parallel bands of packed albumen proteins were observed in albumen containing no additives and, to a lesser extent, in albumen containing 0.025% sodium lauryl sulfate, after being frozen and thawed three times. Minor ultrastructural changes occurred in albumens containing 2% sodium hexametaphosphate or 0.01% triethyl citrate plus 0.15% trisodium citrate. The removal of water in ice crystals is believed to becausing the parallel bands of concentrated proteins. Sodium hexametaphosphate and trisodium citrate prevented the formation of these parallel bands of concentrated proteins, probably by crosslinking the protein matrix and thus strengthening it against freeze-thaw stress.
Reinforcement Learning for Determining Temperature/Strain Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys

The ability to actively control the shape of aerospace structures has led to the implementation of Shape Memory Alloy actuators. These actuators can be used for morphing or shape control by modulating their temperature, which is effectively done by applying a voltage difference across their length. Characterization of this temperaturestrain relationship is currently done using constitutive models, which is time and labor intensive. Shape Memory Alloys also contain both major and minor hysteresis loops. Understanding the hysteresis is crucial for practical applications, and characterization of the minor hysteresis loops, which map the behavior of a wire that is not fully actuated, is not possible using the constitutive method. 'umerical simulation using Reinforcement Learning has been used for determining the temperature–strain relationship and characterizing the major and minor hysteresis loops, and determining a control policy relating applied temperature changes to desired strain. This paper extends and improves upon the numerical simulation results, using an experimental hardware apparatus and improved Reinforcement Learning algorithms. Results presented in the paper verify the numerical simulation results for determining the temperature-strain major hysteresis loop behavior, and also determine the relationships of the minor hysteresis loops.
Chilling vs. other methods of immobilizing flies.

Insects are often immobilized to facilitate handling during experiments. Of many methods used, one of the earliest was chilling the insects to a point below their activity threshold. As an alternative to chilling, anesthetics such as chloroform and ether have been used. Busvine (1957) pointed out that anesthetics of this type may affect general metabolism and that their fat solvent vapors may disrupt the epicuticular layer of the cuticle. In recent years CO2 has been commonly used. Busvine (1957) has summarized some disadvantages of this method. In this paper we present data on the susceptibility of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), to immobilization by exposure to pure CO2, to a 1:1 mixture of CO2 and air, and to chilling at 4°C.
High throughput miniaturization of artificial cells.

Abstract: In this study, inkjet bio-printing has been used to produce miniaturized alginate microcapsules. A parametric study using subsequent Taguchi L18 (31 × 27) and L16 (45) designs was performed to elucidate the effect of inkjet parameters on microcapsule size. A 120-minute pilot run using the optimal waveform parameters and 0.5% alginate ink yielded a throughput of 1.8×106 microcapsules/hr, averaging 40 μm in diameter. Real-time stable jetting conditions were confirmed visually by the generation of a single droplet with a straight trajectory and non-fluctuating Ohnesorge numbers. The rate of stirring of the cross-linking CaCl2 solution determined scaffold vs. single vesicle formation.
Discovering causal interactions using Bayesian network scoring and information gain

The problem of learning causal influences from data has recently attracted much attention. Standard statistical methods can have difficulty learning discrete causes, which interacting to affect a target, because the assumptions in these methods often do not model discrete causal relationships well. An important task then is to learn such interactions from data. Motivated by the problem of learning epistatic interactions from datasets developed in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), researchers conceived new methods for learning discrete interactions. However, many of these methods do not differentiate a model representing a true interaction from a model representing non-interacting causes with strong individual affects. The recent algorithm MBS-IGain addresses this difficulty by using Bayesian network learning and information gain to discover interactions from high-dimensional datasets. However, MBS-IGain requires marginal effects to detect interactions containing more than two causes. If the dataset is not high-dimensional, we can avoid this shortcoming by doing an exhaustive search. We develop Exhaustive-IGain, which is like MBS-IGain but does an exhaustive search. We compare the performance of Exhaustive-IGain to MBS-IGain using low-dimensional simulated datasets based on interactions with marginal effects and ones based on interactions without marginal effects. Their performance is similar on the datasets based on marginal effects. However, Exhaustive-IGain compellingly outperforms MBS-IGain on the datasets based on 3 and 4-cause interactions without marginal effects. We apply Exhaustive-IGain to investigate how clinical variables interact to affect breast cancer survival, and obtain results that agree with judgements of a breast cancer oncologist. We conclude that the combined use of information gain and Bayesian network scoring enables us to discover higher order interactions with no marginal effects if we perform an exhaustive search. We further conclude that Exhaustive-IGain can be effective when applied to real data.
Reoperation for recurrent peptic ulcer disease.

Peptic ulcers recur after approximately 5% of operations. Incomplete or inadequate initial surgery is the leading cause. Reoperation is necessary in 30% to 70% of these cases despite aggressive medical treatment. An individualized approach to reoperation is mandatory to limit the morbidity, mortality, and re-recurrence rates.
One-Visit Behavioral Intervention for Older Primary Care Patients with Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVES We pilot tested a one-visit behavioral intervention with telephone follow-up for older primary care patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. METHODS A total of 16 English-speaking primary care patients aged 60 years and older who scored 5 to 14 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) engaged in the intervention visit. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks: activity goals, readiness to change (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment), PHQ-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, and satisfaction. RESULTS The 14 participants who completed the study met or exceeded 73% of activity goals on average. They also improved on all outcomes (P < 0.05) with medium (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, GAD-7) to large effect sizes (PHQ-9, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0), and they were satisfied. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provided preliminary evidence that a one-visit behavioral activation intervention is acceptable and feasible and improves outcomes. If findings are confirmed, then this intervention could be integrated into existing collaborative care programs.
Post-transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) comprise a wide spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders that may be difficult to classify. They are potentially lethal, but clinical behavior is not always predictable from the histologic appearance. Factors that contribute to the development of PTLD include the type of transplant (solid organ versus bone marrow), degree of immunosuppression (which in turn generally relates to the type and duration of immunosuppressive therapy), HLA type, and viral status of the individual patient at the time of transplantation. Although the majority of cases of PTLDs are related to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), there remains a subset of EBV-negative lymphomas that are less well-characterized. The spectrum of B-cell and N/K T-cell proliferations is illustrated from aggressive lymphomas to indolent localized EBV-related mucocutaneous ulcers.
National Totals of Agricultural Production

Avaluable generalization made by de Vries is that in a subsistence agriculture country we must expect agricultural output to rise at about the same rate as population. It is constrained upwards as well as downwards. As there is little margin to spare, if agricultural output rises slower than population, there will soon be a famine. But conversely, if it rises more rapidly than population, and if we maintain the assumption that the country is to remain a subsistence agriculture society, without fundamental transformation into a commercial and industrial country, then it will find itself with a surplus of agricultural produce which would overwhelm the frail structure of local marketing. This generalization is supported by evidence from our own past.
Mechanism of Light Chain Amyloid Fibril Formation: Seeding-Nucleation and Polymerization Amyloid Formation and the Cross-Seeding Phenomenon

Amyloid fibril formation has been described as a nucleation-polymerization reaction, whose sigmoidal kinetics is characteristic of an auto-catalytic reaction. Nascent fibrils or “nuclei” catalyze the formation of new fibrils via a positive feedback. In addition, fragments of preformed fibrils (self-seeding) can accelerate fibril formation; fibrils of proteins with different sequence (cross-seeding) are able to accelerate fibril formation, albeit with a lower efficiency.In this work, we have investigated the early events in the AL amyloid fibril formation pathway -the recruiting and addition of monomer to nascent fibrils- by dissecting the process into the nucleation and elongation process via self- and cross seeding experiments. We have tested the effect of self- and cross-seeding on the kinetics of fibril formation of five AL proteins, with a broad range of protein stabilities and amyloidogenic properties.Our data reveals that in the presence of seeds, the amyloid formation reactions become less stochastic compared to non-seeded reactions. Interestingly, the most amyloidogenic proteins showed little effects over the fibril formation kinetics. In contrast, the less amyloidogenic proteins presented a differential effect dependent of the seed used. Also, the non-amyloidogenic control has a poor efficiency in the elongation phase with homologous and heterologous seeds. Together, these results indicate that the fibril formation reaction is kinetically determined by the availability of amyloidogenic “nuclei”, and is modulated by the differential ability of proteins to elongate fibrils, while still following the same pathway and yielding the same fibril morphology.
Child Soldiers in Medieval(esque) Cinema

This chapter explores portrayals of child soldiers in medieval or medievalesque fantasy worlds, and examines how filmmakers make use of fairy tale tropes as rhetorical devices in ways that mark and amplify children’s agency. Although the historicity of armed youths is well documented, the authors argue that audiences must be carefully introduced to children’s military service as both tragic and necessary. Ostensibly “Western” cinematic settings thus feature children as capable but also as last-resort, necessary fighters whose presence on the battlefield underscores the righteousness of the protagonists who recruit them. Such portrayals radically contrast with film depictions of child combatants in modern-day Africa, which characterize child soldiers as abused children situated in a dysfunctional continent beyond redemption.
Identifying Strategies to Reduce Poor Outcomes in Women With Stroke.

Despite advances in care, stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability around the world for both women and men.1 There are, however, notable sex differences in the epidemiology of stroke, including differences in incidence and mortality. Across the lifespan, women have a greater lifetime risk of stroke, a greater risk of death from stroke, and a higher risk of poor functional outcomes after stroke than men.2,3 A better understanding of the contributors to sex differences in stroke mortality could lead to the identification of strategies to improve stroke outcomes in women, as well as men. A study published in this issue by Phan et al4 included a meta-analysis using individual participant data from population-based studies to examine the contributors to sex differences in long-term mortality after stroke. The authors’ process of identifying contributors to the sex–mortality association in individual studies before combining data in a meta-analysis allowed them to clarify which factors contribute to higher stroke mortality in women and to identify potentially modifiable factors leading to poor stroke outcomes. See Article by Phan et al Their study is a meta-analysis of 13 studies of stroke incidence based on ideal population-based data sets; individual stroke incidence studies were conducted across Europe, Australia, South America, and the Caribbean between 1987 and 2013. Study authors examined all-cause mortality at 1 year after incident stroke in 13 studies (almost 17 000 patients) and all-cause mortality at 5 years after stroke in 8 studies (over 13 000 participants). Mortality rates were compared in …
On the Magnetic Protection of the Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b

The discovery of exoplanets orbiting red dwarfs, such as Proxima Centauri b, has led to questions of their habitability and capacity to retain liquid surface water. While Proxima b is in a ''temperate orbit,'' i.e., an Earth at that location would not freeze or boil its oceans, its proximity to a parent star with quite high magnetic activity is likely to influence its atmospheric evolution and habitability. Planetary magnetic fields can prevent direct stripping away of the planetary atmosphere by the stellar wind, but ion escape can still occur at the magnetic poles. This process, the polar wind, is well known to occur at Earth and may have contributed to the habitability of Earth's early atmosphere. The polar wind is highly variable and sensitive to both ionizing radiation and geomagnetic activity. The higher ionizing radiation levels of M dwarfs at habitable zone distances are expected to increase the polar wind by orders of magnitude and, instead of helping create a habitable atmosphere, may strip away enough volatiles to render the planet inhospitable. Here, we compute the ionospheric outflow of an Earth-twin subject to the enhanced stellar EUV flux of Proxima b, and the effect on atmospheric escape timescales. We show that an Earth-like planet would not survive the escape of its atmosphere at that location, and therefore the pathway to habitability for Proxima b requires a very different atmospheric history than that of Earth.
Metastatic Disease of the Parotid Gland

Metastatic lesions of the parotid gland represent the spread of a neoplasm from the primary site to parotid paraglandular, intraglandular, or parenchymal locations. These lesions are frequently difficult to differentiate from primary parotid gland neoplasms. The most common histologic type of neoplasm that metastasizes to the parotid gland is the melanoma. The melanoma is generally found superficial in its metastatic spread. Squamous cell carcinoma is also frequently found, but is usually intraglandular in its metastatic pattern. Although the melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma represent 80 per cent of the metastatic lesions involved in the parotid gland, a variety of other histologic types have been reported. The surgeon must be ready to deal with this complex problem when he enters into an exploratory operation. Even though vigorous treatment is carried out, the histologic types of neoplasms and the anatomic complexities of the area contribute to survival rates between 10 and 15 per cent over a five year period.
Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Citizenship, and Justice Sonia Sotomayor

In this chapter Lugo-Lugo and Bloodsworth-Lugo use the figure of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor to illustrate a clear connection between perceptions of Latinas, and (perceived) immigrant women of color as threats to the country. When Sotomayor was undergoing days of scrutiny by the U.S. Senate as a Supreme Court nominee, four events took place that shed light on how Latina/o bodies are construed as threatening within the U.S.: Congressional backlash over her “wise Latina” statement; she was racialized by some Senators; social commentators called her an immigrant; and she was accused of supporting “violent Puerto Rican terrorists.” Also, after her appointment, her ideas were met with contempt. The authors conclude that the rhetorical strategies deployed against Justice Sotomayor have conceived and presented her as a (Constitutional) threat/terror.
Inter- and Intrarater Reliabilities of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition Among Experienced TGMD-2 Raters

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter- and intrarater reliabilities of the Test of Gross Motor Development-third edition (TGMD-3). The TGMD-3 was administered to 10 typically developing children. Five raters with experience using the Test of Gross Motor Development-second edition (TGMD-2) scored the digitally recorded performances and then rescored the same performances after a period of 2 weeks. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was used to examine both inter- and intrarater reliabilities of scores. Interrater reliability for the total score, locomotor subscale, and ball skills subscale (ICC: 0.92-0.96) were all excellent, while individual skills (ICC: 0.51-0.93) had fair-to-excellent reliability. Intrarater reliability across all raters was also excellent (ICC: 0.77-0.98) but varied widely for individual raters (ICC: 0.28-1.00) including multiple examples of poor reliability. While raters experienced with the TGMD-2 can produce consistent scores for TGMD-3 total scale and subscales, additional training is needed to improve skill-specific reliability.
Expressive Behandlungstechniken: Zuhören und Verstehen

Die in diesem Kapitel dargestellten Behandlungstechniken werden „expressiv“ genannt, weil der Therapeut dem Patienten hilft, seine Gedanken und Gefuhle auszudrucken und uber diese mit dem Ziel eines besseren Verstandnisses nachzudenken und eine Anderung zu erreichen, wo es notwendig ist. Uber solche Behandlungstechniken ist schon sehr viel geschrieben worden, bilden sie doch das Kernstuck jeder analytischen Psychotherapie. Eine der ublichen Empfehlungen fur die Anwendung solcher Techniken (Wallerstein et al. 1956) besagt, das dem Patienten so viel an expressiver Behandlungstechnologie zur Verfugung gestellt werden soll, wie er vertragen kann. Der Umfang der eingesetzten expressiven Techniken wird von der Ich-Starke und Angsttoleranz des Patienten in Verbindung mit seiner Fahigkeit, uber seine zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen nachzudenken, abhangen.
Coincidence for substitutions of Pisot type

Soit φ une substitution de type Pisot sur un alphabet A = {1, 2,..., d}; on dit que φ satisfait la condition de coincidence forte si pour tout i, j ∈ A, il existe des entiers k, n tels que φ n (i) et φ n (j) aient la meme k-ieme lettre et les prefixes de longueur k - 1 de φ n (i) et φ n (j) aient la meme image par l'application d'abelianisation. Nous montrons que la condition de coincidence forte est satisfaite pour d = 2 et nous donnons un resultat partiel pour d > 2.
Mapping United States Breweries 1612 to 2011

The location of breweries in the United States is closely tied to historical themes. Economic expansion, war, immigration, temperance/prohibition, politics, religion, transportation, and economic depression all shaped the beer brewing landscape from colonial times to the present. This chapter draws upon a brewery database from the American Breweriana Association to geolocate breweries across the United States over time. I provide a time-series set of maps to illustrate the interplay and imprint of the aforementioned themes. Comprehensive time-series maps of this nature have rarely, if ever, been assembled. By compiling maps in this way it is possible to observe geographic patterns and explore historical connections and spatial relationships from regional and national perspectives. In some cases, we find what we expect from known historical events; but we also find inconsistencies, distinctive patterns not accounted for in the history literature. In this way we may come to understand better the regional patterns we see today. Brewery locations today are not only a legacy of the past but also a reflection of contemporary society and culture.
Stimulus-Stimulus Discussion

In the proposed S-S models, the process of forming and using S-S associations is a relatively complex, expensive process, at least as compared to the formation and use of S-R associations. Since it is not strictly necessary for the acquisition of appropriate behavior, it is interesting to ask whether all (or any) organisms actually use such a mechanism, and if so to what extent. There are at least two good reasons why some organisms may not. First, since it is complex, it might not have evolved in all lineages. Second, since it is expensive (in hardware), simple organisms might not have room. In addition, even if used, the process might be used only sparingly, according to each organism’s particular cost/benefit priorities. At the other extreme, since the S-S model alone is sufficient for adaptive behavior, it has been suggested that the S-R model is dispensable (Bolles, 1972; Bindra, 1976). This chapter completes the development of the S-S model by considering some of the biological evidence for and against such mechanisms.
Using genetic methods to define the targets of compounds with antimalarial activity

Although phenotypic cellular screening has been used to drive antimalarial drug discovery in recent years, in some cases target-based drug discovery remains more attractive. This is especially true when appropriate high-throughput cellular assays are lacking, as is the case for drug discovery efforts that aim to provide a replacement for primaquine (4-N-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine), the only drug that can block Plasmodium transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes and eliminate liver-stage hypnozoites. At present, however, there are no known chemically validated parasite protein targets that are important in all Plasmodium parasite developmental stages and that can be used in traditional biochemical compound screens. We propose that a plethora of novel, chemically validated, cross-stage antimalarial targets still remain to be discovered from the ∼5,500 proteins encoded by the Plasmodium genomes. Here we discuss how in vitro evolution of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and subsequ...
Chapter 31 Rural development and rural policy

Abstract Rural development policy addresses the welfare of rural households and communities. With a majority of the world's poor located in rural areas, the resilience of rural poverty in industrialized countries, and a significant share of environmental degradation the byproduct of rural poverty, the design of effective rural policies remains an important theme. There is a long history of economic thought as to how to address rural development. In the last 15 years, the context for rural development has changed markedly. At the same time, there have been major theoretical and empirical advances in household behavior, institutional economics, community behavior, and endogenous regional growth. They allow us to rethink approaches to rural development and to experiment with novel initiatives.
Long-term agricultural management and erosion change soil organic matter chemistry and association with minerals

Abstract The interaction of soil organic matter (SOM) and minerals is a critical mechanism for retaining SOM in soil and protecting soil fertility and long-term agricultural sustainability. The chemical speciation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in mineral-associated SOM can be sensitive to both anthropogenic management practices and landscape positions, but these two aspects are rarely examined in tandem. Here we examined the effects of long-term (>100 years) agricultural management and erosion on mineral-associated SOM along grassland and agricultural hillslope transect. The mineral-associated SOM was obtained using particle size and density fractionation approaches. Chemical speciation of C and N in mineral-associated SOM was characterized using micro X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The extent of SOM coverage and contribution of iron oxyhydroxides (Fe oxides) to the total specific mineral surface area (SSA) were determined using the BET–N2 adsorption method of soil samples under three conditions: untreated, SOM removal, and Fe oxides removal. The amount of SSA covered by SOM (SSASOM-covered) was lower by 61% and 37% in cultivated eroding and depositional topsoils, respectively, compared with the corresponding grassland. Depositional soils had higher SSASOM-covered than eroding positions. In the cultivated hillslopes, aromatic and phenolic C species were more abundant in depositional soils than in the eroding topsoils, indicating that deposition and burial of eroded or in-situ plant-derived phenolic C protected them from further transformation. Our results, therefore, highlight the importance of anthropogenic activities in the interaction of SOM and minerals, including C speciation changes, which may exert a considerable influence on SOM retention in soils.
Ordinary differential equation approximation of gamma distributed delay model

In many models of pharmacodynamic systems with delays, a delay of an input is introduced by means of the convolution with the gamma distribution. An approximation of the convolution integral of bound functions based on a system of ordinary differential equations that utilizes properties of the binomial series has been introduced. The approximation converges uniformly on every compact time interval and an estimate of the approximation error has been found $$O\left( {\frac{1}{{N^{\nu } }}} \right)$$ where $$N$$ is the number of differential equations and $$\nu$$ is the shape parameter of the gamma distribution. The accuracy of approximation has been tested on a set of input functions for which the convolution is known explicitly. For tested functions, $$N \ge 20$$ has resulted in an accurate approximation, if $$\nu \ge 1$$ . However, if $$\nu < 1$$ the error of approximation decreases slowly with increasing $$N$$ , and $$N > 100$$ might be necessary to achieve acceptable accuracy. Finally, the approximation was applied to estimate parameters for the distributed delay model of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression from previously published WBC count data in rats treated with 5-fluorouracil.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE OPTIMUM LOADING DOSE OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE TO FULFILL CRITERIA OF ANAESTHESIOLOGIST, SURGEON AND PATIENT SATISFACTION IN MONITORED ANAESTHESIA CARE UNDER LOCAL INFILTRATION

Background and aim : Dexmedetomidine , an alpha-2 agonist , a safe sedoanalgesic agent is being used for more than two decades in intensive care and operation theatres . We utilized it’s sedoanalgesic properties for day care surgeries and tried to find out the minimum loading dose that satisfies anaesthesiologist , surgeon and the patient. Methods : 18-50 years , 80 patients, ASA I and II, scheduled for surface surgeries under local infiltration were given dexmedetomidine in incremental doses of 0.2mcg/kg starting from 0.3 mcg/kg with maintenance infusion of 0.2 mcg/kg/hr. Bolus doses of 0.1 mcg/kg were given as and when required but not excceeding the loading dose(LD). We observed patient’s PR , MAP, Ramsay sedation score (RSS) and post operative analgesia duration . Anaesthesiologist’s (ASS), surgeon’s (SSS) and patient’s (PSS) satisfaction scores were evaluated . Results: There was an insignificant but definite fall in MAP and PR with all loading doses . To achieve RSS of 3, maximum bolus doses were required with 0.5mcg/kg whereas no bolus dose was needed in 0.9 and 1.1mcg/kg dose. Maximum ASS, PSS and SSS were achieved at 0.9mcg/kg LD . conclusion : we conclude that 0.9 mcg/kg was the minimum LD required to achieve a sedation score of 3 with ASS,PSS and SSS ≥ 85% and maximum postoperative analgesia duration .
Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure-which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults-is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.
Revealing thermodynamics of DNA origami folding via affine transformations

Structural DNA nanotechnology, as exemplified by DNA origami, has enabled the design and construction of molecularly-precise objects for a myriad of applications. However, limitations in imaging, and other characterization approaches, make a quantitative understanding of the folding process challenging. Such an understanding is necessary to determine the origins of structural defects, which constrain the practical use of these nanostructures. Here, we combine careful fluorescent reporter design with a novel affine transformation technique that, together, permit the rigorous measurement of folding thermodynamics. This method removes sources of systematic uncertainty and resolves problems with typical background-correction schemes. This in turn allows us to examine entropic corrections associated with folding and potential secondary and tertiary structure of the scaffold. Our approach also highlights the importance of heat-capacity changes during DNA melting. In addition to yielding insight into DNA origami folding, it is well-suited to probing fundamental processes in related self-assembling systems.
Invasive plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma: A comparative study of E-cadherin and P120 catenin.

Summary Invasive plasmacytoid urothelial carcinomas (PUCs) are an uncommon aggressive variant, which often shows immunohistochemical loss of E-cadherin, underlying its distinct discohesive histology. The marker P120 (well described in breast pathology as being a diagnostic tool alongside E-cadherin for lobular neoplasia) has not been evaluated in PUCs. Biopsies, transurethral resections, and cystectomies of PUCs were collected, and whole-slide immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and P120 was applied. A subset of cases were also tested for CDH1 mutation. PUC cases were stratified into morphologic categories of classic, pleomorphic, or desmoplastic. For E-cadherin, 24 of 33 (73%) cases showed an abnormal staining pattern, consisting of complete absence of staining (17/24; 71%) or cytoplasmic staining (7/24; 29%). For P120, 24 of 33 (73%) cases showed an abnormal staining pattern, consisting of loss of membranous staining with cytoplasmic reactivity. Only 2 cases showed a discordant E-cadherin/P120 immunoprofile (94% concordance). Significant staining differences among the 3 morphologic categories were not found. CDH1 mutation was found in 4 of 8 (50%) of cases, with 3 of 4 (75%) cases showing matched molecular/immunoprofile reactivity. No cases with CDH1 mutation showed discordant pattern E-cadherin/P120 immunoreactivity. Our rate of aberrant E-cadherin immunoreactivity in PUCs (73%) is similar to a meta-analysis of published cases (74%). We also report an identical rate of aberrant P120 immunoreactivity in PUCs (73%). While PUC remains a histologic diagnosis, in a subset of cases showing a less appreciated pattern (such as desmoplastic) or confounding cytoplasmic E-cadherin reactivity, the utility of paired P120 staining may be a useful diagnostic tool.
Medical Student Progress Examination Performance and Its Relationship With Metacognition, Critical Thinking, and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies.

PURPOSE Metacognition and critical thinking are essential for academic success. The relationship between these components and medical student learning, as assessed with progress examinations, informs curriculum development and efforts to ensure learning progression of all students. This study assessed learning mechanisms by modeling medical students' progress test performance longitudinally at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine. METHOD Medical students' (n = 184) medical knowledge was assessed 5 times from fall 2017 through spring 2019 using the Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (CBSE). Structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate associations between 3 latent structures-metacognitive awareness, critical thinking, and self-regulation-and their relationship with students' initial CBSE scores and growth in such scores. The authors measured metacognitive knowledge and regulation by the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, critical thinking skills by the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, and self-regulation by the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory. RESULTS Students' aggregate performance on 5 CBSE scores grew 31.0% the first semester, 16.5% the second semester, 30.1% the third semester, and 22.4% the last semester. Critical thinking had a significant positive relationship with initial performance (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic1/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff1.956, P < .001), self-regulation had a significant positive relationship with growth (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic2/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff3.287, P < .05), and metacognitive awareness had a negative relationship with growth of student performance in the progress test (JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic3/v/2021-01-22T214722Z/r/image-tiff-3.426, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS This structural equation framework is useful for examining the relationships among 3 latent structures-critical thinking, metacognition, and self-regulation-and their relationships with students' progress scores in academic achievement. The initial status of progress examination scores was explained by students' critical thinking ability, but their learning growth on the progress scores was explained by their self-regulation and metacognitive ability. These findings help explain student performance on standardized progress examinations and can aid in interventions to promote student success.
‘Some we’s weren’t part of we’: intersectional politics of belonging in U.S. environmental justice activism

In this paper, I use an interaction between environmental justice activists, local city officials, and representatives of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish the ro...