cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial polarization: a comprehensive student exercise

We present a comprehensive student exercise in partial polarization. Students are first introduced to the concept of partial polarization using Fresnel Equations. Next, MATHCAD is used to compute and graph the reflectance for dielectrics materials. The students then design and construct a simple, easy to use collimated light source for their experiment, which is performed on an optical breadboard using optical components typically found in an optics lab above the introductory level. The students obtain reflection data that is compared with their model by a nonlinear least square fit using EXCEL. Sources of error and uncertainty are discussed and students present a final written report. In this one exercise students learn how an experiment is constructed “from the ground up”. They gain practical experience on data modeling and analysis, working with optical equipment, machining and construction, and preparing a final presentation.
Toward real-time remote processing of laparoscopic video

Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique where surgeons insert a small video camera into the patient's body to visualize internal organs and use small tools to perform surgical procedures. However, the benefit of small incisions has a drawback of limited visualization of subsurface tissues, which can lead to navigational challenges in the delivering of therapy. Image-guided surgery uses the images to map subsurface structures and can reduce the limitations of laparoscopic surgery. One particular laparoscopic camera system of interest is the vision system of the daVinci-Si robotic surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California). The video streams generate approximately 360 MB of data per second, demonstrating a trend toward increased data sizes in medicine, primarily due to higher-resolution video cameras and imaging equipment. Processing this data on a bedside PC has become challenging and a high-performance computing (HPC) environment may not always be available at the point of care. To process this data on remote HPC clusters at the typical 30 frames per second (fps) rate, it is required that each 11.9 MB video frame be processed by a server and returned within 1/30th of a second. The ability to acquire, process, and visualize data in real time is essential for the performance of complex tasks as well as minimizing risk to the patient. As a result, utilizing high-speed networks to access computing clusters will lead to real-time medical image processing and improve surgical experiences by providing real-time augmented laparoscopic data. We have performed image processing algorithms on a high-definition head phantom video (1920 × 1080 pixels) and transferred the video using a message passing interface. The total transfer time is around 53 ms or 19 fps. We will optimize and parallelize these algorithms to reduce the total time to 30 ms.
Brain MRI Volume Findings in Diabetic Adults With Albuminuria: The ACCORD-MIND Study

Background Albuminuria is associated with cognitive impairment in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The brain volume correlates of albuminuria in people with T2DM have not been well investigated. Methods We examined 502 individuals with T2DM (9-12 years duration; mean age ~62 years) who had a brain MRI at baseline and at 40 months. Baseline MRI findings were examined by the presence or absence of albuminuria (≥30mg/g creatinine). Changes in MRI findings were examined by whether albuminuria was persistent, intermittent, or absent during follow-up. Results At baseline, participants with albuminuria (28.7% of the cohort) had more abnormal white matter volume (AWMV) than participants without albuminuria on unadjusted analysis. This difference was attenuated with adjustment for systolic blood pressure, which was higher in participants with albuminuria than in those without albuminuria. During ~3.5 years of follow-up, participants with persistent albuminuria (15.8%) had a greater increase in new AWMV than participants without albuminuria (59.8%) or those with intermittent albuminuria on unadjusted analysis. This difference was attenuated with adjustment for age and systolic blood pressure. There were no significant differences in gray matter volume and total brain volume between participants with or without albuminuria at baseline or during follow-up. There was no significant effect modification of these findings by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline or change in eGFR during follow-up. Conclusions In this diabetic cohort, baseline albuminuria and persistent albuminuria were not independently associated with any significant differences in brain volume measurements compared with participants without albuminuria.
How American Students Perceive Social Networking Sites: An Application of Uses and Gratifications Theory

A survey of 467 U.S. college students provided insight into the positive and negative gratifications of using social networking sites. Results corroborate and move forward extant research on how participants use social networking to share information, build community, and engage with people and news that they might not otherwise access. Participants also acknowledged the negatives of social networking, particularly for college students, including a lack of focus on work and concerns for privacy and the decrease in face-to-face interaction as it is replaced with putting forward the “great, exciting lives” they feel they need to keep up with others online. This brings forth the idea of social surveillance, a distorted reality stemming from comparison of the self with others, and the need to compete in order to build the community they desire through social networking sites.
Classes of Functions Related to VC Properties

The notion of Vapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) class of sets can be extended to classes of functions in a few ways. Under further hypotheses, central limit theorems for empirical measures can be proved uniformly over such classes. Specific such classes on Euclidean spaces can be used to show the existence of location vector and scatter matrix functionals, replacing mean vectors and covariance matrices, but on classes of probability measures P that are weakly dense, weakly open, and so contain arbitrarily heavy-tailed distributions.
Effectiveness and Content of Corporate Codes of Ethics as a Model for University Honor Codes

Reports of unethical behavior in the corporate, governmental, and academic settings are gaining attention. At least 50-70% of students have engaged in academic misconduct. Some colleges and universities have codes of conduct while others do not. However, the implementation of an effective code can deter academic dishonesty. This article discusses how corporate codes of ethics can be used as models for implementing university honor codes. Effective corporate codes of ethics have certain characteristics, are communicated appropriately, are accompanied by training, and become part of the culture of the organization. These elements and strategies can be applied by universities in order to deter cheating and other unethical behaviors.
A Genetic Algorithm for Constructing Compact Binary Decision Trees

Tree-based classifiers are important in pattern recognitio n and have been well studied. Although the problem of finding an optimal decision tree has r eceived attention, it is a hard optimization problem. Here we propose utilizing a genetic algorithm to improve on the finding of compact, near-optimal decision trees. We present a method to encode and decode a decision tree to and from a chromosome where genetic operators such as mutation and crossover can be applied. Theoretical properties of decisi on trees, encoded chromosomes, and fitness functions are presented.
Determinants whose Elements are 0 and 1

(1946). Determinants whose Elements are 0 and 1. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 53, No. 8, pp. 427-434.
Crude residues: The workings of failing oil infrastructure in Poza Rica, Veracruz, Mexico:

Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in and around Poza Rica—an emblematic oil town that flourished in the aftermath of the nationalization of the Mexican oil industry in 1938—this article looks at how the material and social visibility and invisibility of failing infrastructure is constantly being renegotiated and achieved by those living amid it. Rather than a given physical quality, I demonstrate how (in)visibility is the outcome of everyday corporate practices, toxic mundane encounters, air technologies, as well as affective attachments that illuminate or obscure the harmful presence of oil and its infrastructure in this industrial town. I suggest that the ways in which different contours of perceptions and imperceptions are negotiated are central to understanding how people living in and on oil endure risk, precariousness, and suffering.
Debating Rationality: Nonrational Aspects of Organizational Decision Making/Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory: A Critique

The article reviews two book: “Debating Rationality: Nonrational Aspects of Organizational Decision Making,” edited by Jennifer J. Halpern and Robert N. Stern; and “Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory: A Critique,” by Mary Zey.
Change of the fund of maintaining simple reproduction for chemical mine,and its existing problems and innovation assumption

Through analyzing change and existing problems of withdrawal standard,bookkeeping operation method,project financial evaluation method of the fund of maintaining simple reproduction for chemical mine,and combining bookkeeping operation and financial evaluation of overseas mining ventures,the innovation assumption of the fund of maintaining simple reproduction for chemical mine was put forward.
Cryptorchidism in Mental Retardation

AbstractWe surveyed 148 institutionalized male subjects to study the prevalence of cryptorchidism among mentally retarded individuals. Of the patients 121 (81.7 per cent) were profoundly (intelligence quotient 19 or less), 21 severely (20 to 35), 5 moderately (36 to 51) and 1 mildly (65) retarded. Patient age ranged from 1 to 36 years (mean 13.6 years). According to the etiology of the mental retardation the cases were classified into 6 categories: chromosomal aberrations, single gene disorders, polygenic conditions, teratogen-induced anomalies, perinatal/postnatal injuries and idiopathic mental retardation. Cryptorchidism was found in 44 individuals (39.7 per cent), and was bilateral 3.4 times more often than unilateral. Cerebral palsy occurred in 88 patients. There were 36 patients with cryptorchidism and cerebral palsy, representing 41 per cent of the patients with cerebral palsy and 81.8 per cent of the cryptorchid group (p equals 0.0006). Among the noncryptorchid male subjects 52 (50 per cent) had ce...
Voriconazole-Induced Periostitis Mimicking Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Voriconazole is an established first-line agent for treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). It is associated with the uncommon complication of periostitis. We report this complication in a 58-year-old female undergoing HSCT. She was treated with corticosteroids with minimal improvement. The symptoms related to periostitis can mimic chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing HSCT and clinicians should differentiate this from other diagnoses and promptly discontinue therapy.
Quality assurance in ambulatory nutritional care I. Past, present, and future

Public health nutritionists have begun to coordinate efforts toward development of national standards for ambulatory nutritional care by writing and field testing criteria for selected target populations of pregnant women, infants, and children. These efforts have identified problems related to the "state of the art" in both quality assurance and nutrition science. This article reviews the literature on quality assurance in nutritional care and summarizes the current efforts culminating in publication of a preliminary guide on quality assurance in ambulatory nutrition care by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
A fully-shielded flexible and stretchable microwave transmission-line tactile pressure sensor

Flexible and stretchable tactile pressure sensors based on distributed microwave sensing technology offer an alternative to traditional arrays of capacitive or resistive sensors. The location and degree of applied pressure is determined from measured reflections in a microwave transmission line. This approach allows for a rugged wide-area sensor that is easily and inexpensively fabricated, and which requires only a single two-conductor connection to external electronics. Here we report an improved microwave tactile sensor, offering higher sensitivity and immunity from erroneous readings caused by contact with conductors and/or dielectrics.
Heuristic Versus Optimal Charging of Supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion, and Lead-Acid Batteries: An Efficiency Point of View

Electrical energy storage systems are extensively utilized in applications, including electrified vehicles, renewable power generation, and electronic devices. While discharging events are a function of the power demand, the charging procedure is often controllable. This paper evaluates different charging strategies for stand-alone supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lead-acid batteries. Constant power and optimal charging strategies are formulated and the corresponding charging currents are obtained. Efficiency analysis for different charging strategies and charging times (slow and fast) is performed. The identical objective function for all modules is to minimize the resistive losses during a given charging time by utilizing Pontryagin’s minimum principle. An analytical solution exists for the SC case, which is constant current charging. The variation of the total internal resistance with state of charge in lead-acid chemistry is considerable, and the optimal charging problem results in a two-point boundary value problem. In case of the Li-ion battery, the model includes the electronic as well as polarization resistance. Furthermore, in order to investigate the influence of temperature on the optimal charging of the Li-ion battery, a constrained optimal control problem for a three state electrothermal model is formulated and solved using dynamic programming.
Cranial Electrical Stimulation

Cranial electrical stimulation (CES) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technology that uses a low intensity alternating current (AC) applied to the head through one or more electrodes. CES variants using a range of frequencies have been used clinically and in research for approximately 100 years. From early human and animal studies of the so-called electrosleep and electro-analgesia, to later twentieth century and contemporary explorations of potential usefulness for mild to moderate depression, anxiety, insomnia, and pain, CES devices have persisted, mostly outside the mainstream of psychiatric and neurological treatment. Low-powered or poor quality studies, varied stimulation parameters and device names, and associations with alternative medicine all have been barriers to CES being scientifically studied and refined. This may soon change, for several reasons: CES is very affordable and easy to use; it appears to have a good safety profile; biomedical engineers are optimizing CES devices; new CES variants targeted to individual cranial nerve afferents show some success in treating specific neurological conditions; and recent modeling and human laboratory data suggest CES may be particularly well suited to modulating endogenous brain oscillations. This chapter gives an overview of CES history, of evidence for CES efficacy for diverse clinical conditions, discusses proposed mechanisms of action, safety and regulatory issues, and the future of CES.
Indications for and outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange after cardiac transplantation: A single center retrospective study

Introduction Limited data are available describing indications for and outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in cardiac transplantation. Methods In a retrospective study of patients who underwent cardiac transplantation at Duke University Medical Center from 2010 to 2014, we reviewed 3 TPE treatment patterns: a Single TPE procedure within 24 h of transplant; Multiple TPE procedures initiated within 24 h of transplant; and 1 or more TPE procedures beginning >24 h post-transplant. Primary and secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and TPE survival (TS), respectively. Results Of 313 patients meeting study criteria, 109 (35%) underwent TPE. TPE was initiated in 82 patients within 24 h, 40 (37%) receiving a single procedure (Single TPE), and 42 (38%) multiple procedures (Multiple TPE). Twenty-seven (25%) began TPE >24 h after transplant (Delayed TPE). The most common TPE indication was elevated/positive panel reactive or human leukocyte antigen antibodies (32%). With a median follow-up of 49 months, the non-TPE treated and Single TPE cohorts had similar OS (HR 1.08 [CI, 0.54, 2.14], P = .84), while the Multiple and Delayed TPE cohorts had worse OS (HR 2.62 [CI, 1.53, 4.49] and HR 1.98 [CI, 1.02, 3.83], respectively). The Multiple and Delayed TPE cohorts also had worse TS (HR 2.59 [CI, 1.31, 5.14] and HR 3.18 [CI, 1.56, 6.50], respectively). Infection rates did not differ between groups but was independently associated with OS (HR 2.31 [CI, 1.50, 3.54]). Conclusions TPE is an important therapeutic modality in cardiac transplant patients. Prospective studies are needed to better define TPE's different roles in this patient population.
Serous Effusion Cytology

Cytological evaluation of serous fluids plays an important role in the diagnosis and clinical management of patients. The etiology of pathological accumulation of serous fluids is broad, including both benign diseases, such as inflammation and infection, and malignant conditions, such as mesothelioma and metastatic carcinomas. Serous cavities are common sites of involvement by many metastatic tumors. The diagnosis of metastatic tumors is usually straightforward because most patients have a known malignant history, but challenges arise in difficult cases, such as in patients without a known malignant history, or in distinguishing a mesothelioma from an adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the separation of reactive mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelioma can be difficult, usually requiring a panel of immunomarkers. Immunomarkers are also necessary for the identification of the primary site of a metastasis. This chapter summarizes current knowledge and guidelines regarding fluid cytology, key features of both benign and malignant lesions, differential diagnosis of a variety of benign and malignant effusions, and state-of-the-art ancillary tests using serous fluid specimens.
Quality of life: subjective and objective improvements with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy.

Abstract The debilitating symptoms of the anemia associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may have a profound effect on patients' quality of life. Until now it has been difficult to differentiate symptoms caused by the anemia from those caused by uncleared uremic toxins and other concomitant diseases. Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPOGEN, AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) largely eliminates the anemia associated with ESRD; it therefore offers a means of improving patients' quality of life while also clarifying the possible causes of the various symptoms. However, because quality of life involves many factors, such as self-concept, interpersonal relations, and work identity, an improvement in the anemia will have a varying impact on different individuals.
Intraindividual variability in neuropsychological performance predicts cognitive decline and death in HIV.

Objective HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) occurs in a significant percentage of HIV-infected (HIV+) adults. Increased intraindividual variability (IIV) in cognitive function may be an early marker of emerging neurocognitive disorder, which suggests that IIV may be a sensitive measure of neurologic compromise in HIV. In the current study, we hypothesize that increased IIV may predict impending morbidity, including future cognitive decline and death. Method In 708 HIV+ participants followed longitudinally for up to 14 years, we assessed the role of dispersion in forecasting death and cognitive decline. Incident neurocognitive impairment was predicted in a mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model using age, gender, baseline mean cognitive functioning, CD4+, time followed, years of education, and dispersion at the previous visit. Death before the next visit was predicted in a binomial mixed-effects regression model using age, gender, baseline mean cognitive functioning, CD4+, time followed, years of education, and dispersion. Results Point-in-time dispersion and change in dispersion between visits predict future cognitive decline and death in HIV+ individuals. Individuals with greater dispersion at a visit or who had larger changes in dispersion between visits were more likely to demonstrate greater neurocognitive impairment at the subsequent visit. Greater IIV was also associated with an increased risk of death prior to the subsequent visit, even after controlling for HAND severity and global cognitive functioning. Conclusions We conclude that the IIV in cognitive functioning may be more predictive of future disease consequence than mean level of cognitive functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Patch use in the arctic ground squirrel: effects of micro-topography and shrub encroachment in the Arctic Circle

We investigated the roles of vegetation structure, micro-topographic relief, and predator activity patterns (time of day) on the perception of predatory risk of arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii), an abundant pan-Arctic omnivore, in Arctic Circle tundra on the North Slope of Alaska, where tundra vegetation structure has been predicted to change in response to climate. We quantified foraging intensity by measuring the giving-up densities (GUDs) of the arctic ground squirrels in experimental foraging patches along a heath–graminoid–shrub moist tundra gradient. We hypothesized that foraging intensity of arctic ground squirrels would be greatest and GUDs lowest, where low-stature vegetation or raised micro-topography improves sightlines for predator detection. Furthermore, GUDs should vary with time of day and reflect 24-h cycles of varying predation risk. Foraging intensity varied temporally, being highest in the afternoon and lowest overnight. During the morning, foraging intensity was inversely correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a proxy for vegetation productivity and cover. Foraging was additionally measured within landscapes of fear, confirming that vegetative and topographic obstructions of sightlines reduces foraging intensity and increases GUDs. We conclude that arctic ground squirrels may affect Arctic Circle vegetation of tundra ecosystems, but these effects will vary spatially and temporally.
Model Selection and Uncertainty Quantification of Seismic Fragility Functions

AbstractA fragility function quantifies the probability that a structural system exposed to a given hazard exceeds an undesirable limit state event conditioned on the occurrence of a hazard level. ...
Birds land reliably on complex surfaces by adapting their foot-surface interactions upon contact.

Most of the flying vehicles designed by humans need to land on smooth, standardized surfaces such as runways. A bird, on the other hand, can use structures that vary widely in diameter and texture, from phone lines to branches to statues. Yet, few studies have focused on how these animals transition from the air to a perch, and especially on how they adapt to different surfaces. To fill this gap, Roderick, Chin et al. recorded how Pacific parrotlets landed on nine natural and man-made perches that varied in diameter and texture, ranging from smooth Teflon to rough sandpaper. High-speed cameras tracked each of the landings while sensors measured how hard the birds landed on and squeezed the perches. The experiments revealed that the first landing phase was the same regardless of the nature of the perch. The birds used their wings to slow down, unfurled their feet and claws in preparation for touchdown and then allowed their legs to absorb the landing impact. Once the feet had made contact with the surface, however, the birds used their toes and claws to adapt to different perches. First, they steadied their grasp by tightly squeezing the perches. Then, the parrotlets dragged their claws on the surface of the perches to find minuscule bumps and dips that allowed better stabilization. These movements could be remarkably fast – in the range of one to two milliseconds. The birds also curled their claws more on perches that were harder to grasp. Once secured on the branch, they relaxed their grip. The results by Roderick, Chin et al. will help biologists understand how birds, insects and even large tree-dwelling creatures can grab perches in various environments. This knowledge will also be relevant for engineers who are trying to create robots that can climb or land on diverse surfaces.
Staged Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: Increased Risk of Recurring Complications.

BACKGROUND As the demand for knee arthroplasty increases, risk assessment and counseling are critical for optimal patient outcomes perioperatively. The purpose of this study was to determine if specific complications occurring after unilateral knee replacement predict the risk of recurrence after a staged replacement of the contralateral knee for patients with bilateral symptomatic disease. METHODS Linked, nationwide data from the U.S. Hospital Cost and Utilization Project from 2005 to 2014 were used to measure the occurrence of complications after the first and second procedures in staged bilateral total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Odds ratios (ORs) and conditional probabilities were determined to assess whether having a specific complication after the first TKA increased the chance that the same complication occurred after the second procedure. RESULTS A total of 36,278 patients who underwent staged bilateral TKAs were analyzed. All complications occurring after the first arthroplasty were associated with both a significantly increased probability and odds of recurrence following the second arthroplasty. These included myocardial infarction (OR, 56.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 18.04 to 155.44]; p < 0.001), ischemic stroke (OR, 41.38 [95% CI, 1.98 to 275.82]; p = 0.03), other cardiac complications (OR, 7.73 [95% CI, 4.24 to 14.11]; p < 0.001), respiratory complications (OR, 8.58 [95% CI, 2.85 to 23.17]; p = 0.002), urinary complications (OR, 11.19 [95% CI, 5.44 to 22.25]; p = 0.001), hematoma (OR, 15.05 [95% CI, 7.90 to 27.27]; p < 0.001), deep vein thrombosis (OR, 7.40 [95% CI, 5.37 to 10.08]; p < 0.001), and pulmonary embolism (OR, 11.00 [95% CI, 5.01 to 23.92]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Medical complications that occur postoperatively after TKA are associated with a significantly increased risk of recurrence of these complications after staged replacement of the contralateral knee. Although overall complication rates remain low, patients who develop these medical complications after the first replacement should be counseled on their increased risk profile prior to the contralateral surgical procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels after receipt of anthracycline for breast cancer.

e24103Background: Many of the 200,000 patients diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) annually in the United States receive anthracycline-based therapy, increasing their risk of future congestive heart ...
Assessing the Relative Importance of Estuarine Nursery Habitats - a Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) Case Study.

Estuaries serve as important nurseries for many recreationally and commercially harvested fisheries species. Recent conceptual approaches (i.e., seascape) for assessing the value of estuaries to fisheries have advocated for complex habitat-scale assessments that integrate multiple life-history responses (e.g., abundance, growth, reproduction) and ecological processes across heterogeneous landscapes. Although ecologically compelling, implementing seascape approaches may not be feasible for resource-limited management agencies. In such cases, we propose that resource managers can enhance the identification of fishery important estuarine habitats by integrating attainable aspects of the seascape approach into a more traditional single-response (e.g., abundance) model. Using Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) as a case study, we applied a spatially explicit hybrid approach to assess the relative contribution of different estuarine habitats to that important fishery species within three Oregon estuaries (Tillamook, Yaquina, and Alsea bays). We measured the abundance of juvenile C. magister from low-tide trawls in estuarine channels and the mosaic of habitat characteristics within defined home range distances for the crabs. After identifying and reducing strong intercorrelations among habitat variable data, we developed a best-fit model that associated crab abundance with the most influential habitat variables. We found that lower estuary side channels supported the highest abundance of juvenile crabs; furthermore, crab abundance was positively associated with high salinity and burrowing shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis) density on adjacent unvegetated tidal flats. This hybrid method produced a habitat-specific model that better predicted juvenile C. magister abundance than did a model based on generalized habitat categories.
Are trading imbalances indicative of private information

Trading imbalances are often interpreted to be the result of informed trading. Yet imbalances may simply reflect random shocks or the results of liquidity trading. If trading imbalances reflect informed trading, they should anticipate major news events. Using announcements of earnings, acquisition targets, and seasoned equity offerings as our information events, we examine whether prior trading imbalances are related to the subsequent news. We conclude that imbalances do not well reflect the information held by informed traders. Trading imbalances do have price effects, but they are contemporaneous and are not significantly correlated with the forthcoming announcements.
I am not worthy: How interpersonal experiences influence perceived value and worth of full- and part-time faculty

Positive interpersonal relationships between college administration and faculty are necessary as they contribute to organizational climate measures, such as a sense of belonging and perceived organizational worth. Furthermore, such relationships may combat against faculty cynicism. Interpersonal experiences are particularly relevant in a post-coronavirus disease 2019 workplace in which interactions with colleagues are infrequent. Little is known about the effects of interpersonal experiences on part-time faculty specifically, as compared with full-time faculty. This study investigates teamwork experiences and interpersonal constraints as predictors of the attitudes and perceptions of full- and part-time faculty at a four-year public teaching college in the southwestern United States. After controlling for years working at the college, teamwork was a consistent predictor of higher sense of belonging, perceived organizational worth, and lower cynicism among full- and part-time faculty. Furthermore, the presence of negative coworker relationships was a significant predictor of lower sense of belonging and perceived organizational worth among full-time faculty. Inadequate help or lack of contact with co-workers was not a significant predictor of faculty attitudes and perceptions. The results of this study suggest the need for fostering teamwork and positive relationships among full- and part-time faculty in a meaningful and systemic manner within institutions of higher education. Additionally, this study provides support for institutionalizing a team-based approach to working among all faculty to foster perceived belonging and worth, while limiting cynicism.
Experiences of Ethnic Discrimination Among US Hispanics: Intersections of Language, Heritage, and Discrimination Setting.

Abstract Background Informed by Latino Critical Race Theory, the present study examined how intersections between English use/proficiency, Spanish use/proficiency, and heritage group shape the varying experiences of ethnic discrimination reported by US Hispanic adults. Methods The study utilized data from 7,037 Hispanic adults from the 2012 to 2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Multivariable binomial logistic regression modeled language use/proficiency, heritage, and demographic characteristics as predictors of past-year self-reported perceived ethnic discrimination, overall and in six different settings. Results Both English and Spanish use/proficiency were positively associated with increased adjusted odds of reporting ethnic discrimination overall, in public, or with respect to employment/education/housing/courts/police; however, with respect to being called a racist name or receiving verbal/physical threats/assaults, a positive association was observed for English, yet not Spanish use/proficiency. Results also indicated a significant interaction between English use/proficiency and Spanish use/proficiency when predicting past-year ethnic discrimination overall or for any of the six types/settings examined, although the relationship between language use/proficiency and ethnic discrimination varied by Hispanic heritage group. Conclusion Study findings emphasize that experiencing some form of ethnic discrimination is relatively common among US Hispanic adults, yet the prevalence and types or settings of ethnic discrimination vary widely on the basis of demographics, immigrant generation, heritage, and the interplay between English and Spanish use/proficiency.
Genomewide Motif Identification Using a Dictionary Model

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Unified Model Algorithms for Likelihood Evaluation Parameter Estimation via Minorization-Maximization Algorithm Examples Discussion and Conclusion References ]]>
History of Antipsychotic Drug Development

Currently, there are several classes of antipsychotic drugs available to psychiatrists to treat schizophrenia. Recent studies have shown that taking antipsychotic medications consistently is crucial and necessary to manage the symptoms and to control the risks of relapse. This chapter will review the history of antipsychotics starting with the birth of typical antipsychotics developed over a half century ago, the current newer safer atypical agents for treatment of schizophrenia, and novel emerging therapies being developed in the new millennium. Keywords: schizophrenia; antipsychotic drugs; neurodegeneration; gene expression; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Dynamic Metabolism Studies of Live Bacterial Films

Bacterial film (biofilm) microbes exist within spatial (nutrient, electron-acceptor, pH, etc.) gradients of their own making. Correspondingly, biofilm bacteria are physiologically and functionally distinct from free-floating bacteria and from their own species at differing biofilm depths. This article describes our efforts to develop noninvasive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technologies for biofilm-metabolism studies. This involves integrating NMR with controlled-cultivation methods to interrogate microbial physiology live and under known growth conditions. NMR is uniquely capable of providing depth-resolved metabolic and transport information in a non-invasive, non-sample-consuming fashion, providing information required for experimental reactive transport studies. We have studied mono-species biofilms relevant to environment remediation and human health. We describe these technologies, discuss their advantages and limitations, and give examples of their application.
Development of aerobic and anaerobic power in adolescent rowers: a 5-year follow-up study.

We aimed to determine whether the physical and physiological superiority of early-maturing rowing athletes, observed at ages 12–13 years, over that of their late-maturing counterparts observed at the same ages, still persists at 17–18 years of age, when all adolescent athletes are expected to have completed pubertal development. We hypothesized that this superiority of early maturers would not be observed at reassessment, as late maturers would have likely “caught up” with their early- maturing peers. Twenty-one male rowers were assessed at age 12.8 ± 0.5 years and again at 17.5 ± 0.5 years (mean ± SD). They were divided into groups of early-maturing and late-maturing rowing athletes based on Tanner's sexual maturity ratings. A two-way repeated-measures MANOVA followed by a series of ANOVAs with one within-subject factor (time) and one between- subject factor (group) indicated significant (P≤0.003) within-subject and between-subjects main effects for lean body mass (LBM), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and mean power (MP). The group × time interaction effects were significant for LBM (P=0.003), VO2max (P=0.004), but not for MP (P=0.171). Over 5 years, early-maturers' advantage dwindled in terms of LBM (+38% to +9%), VO2max (+47% to +9%), and MP (+76% to +15%) ; however, these differences may still be considered practically relevant. The proposed hypothesis was not supported.
Issues of Ownership, Access, and Document Delivery

Current changes, including an increase in the number of scholarly publications, higher prices, and technological advances have prompted changes in thinking about libraries by information professionals, scholars and managers. This change in thinking of longheld assumptions has resulted in major paradigm shifts. These shifts have in turn spawned what has become commonly referred to as the access vs. ownership debate. Acquisitions and collection development in the humanities, as well as in other areas of study, have been affected by these changes but not to the exclusion of other issues. Three related challenges-availability of electronic texts, document delivery, and management-will be discussed in conjunction with the access vs. ownership debate.
The Unruly Character of Politics

Every age has its issue and ours may be abortion. It has posed many challenges to the Supreme Court, above all that of reexamining the long discredited doctrine of substantive due process. The 1973 ruling in favor of the individual woman’s right to choose to have an abortion sharply divided the Court and over the next two decades the Court has had to revisit the issue to see whether the initial ruling should be affirmed, as indeed it has been.Beyond that, the Court has had to find a place within the constitutional order for the losers: To what extent shall those opposed to abortion be allowed to air their views and keep the controversy alive? Because the pro-life forces have not been content to advance their cause only through the ballot box or the courts, but have most decidedly taken to the streets, specifically to picket abortion clinics and the doctors who work in them, the abortion controversy has also forced the Supreme Court to probe the limits of the First Amendment and its guarantee of free speech. This is my subject.
Immune checkpoints in central nervous system autoimmunity

A number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are mediated by self-reactive T cells that have escaped the deletional mechanisms of central tolerance. Usually, these T cells are kept at bay through peripheral tolerance mechanisms including regulation through coinhibitory receptors and suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, if these mechanisms fail, self-reactive T cells are activated and autoimmune responses ensue. This review outlines how the coinhibitory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3 and TIGIT act at different checkpoints to inhibit autoreactive T cells and suppress the development of CNS autoimmunity. Loss of each of these receptors predisposes to autoimmunity, indicating a non-redundant role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. At the same time, their functional patterns seem to overlap to a large degree. We therefore propose that only the concerted action of a combination of inhibitory receptors is able to maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
Nanostructure Formation in Hydrogels

Hydrogels are divided into nanogels and micellar gels. Nanogels are further divided into physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked, while micellar gels are divided into micelle-incorporated gels, physically bonded, and covalently bonded gels. Micellar gels can be synthetic or peptide based. Peptide-based gels can be β-sheet forming or surfactant like. The presence of a large fraction of water in the structure of nanogels increases drug-loading capacity, compared with block-copolymer micelles. Micellar gels can increase duration of drug release, reduce gelation time, and improve degradation rate. Due to their high water content, high permeability, resilience, and degradability, nanogels and micellar gels are used extensively as a substitute for soft tissues in medicine, as a vehicle for drug delivery, and as water absorbent in oil recovery and agriculture.
On self-checking design of CMOS circuits

A technique that enables the design of total self checking (TSC) FCMOS circuits for all realistic defects that may occur in VLSI circuits is discussed. The resulting area overhead is very low. The technique is unable to detect multiple defects which include the weak transistors. This condition can be alleviated by adding more weak transistors in parallel to the existing ones. This redundancy does increase the overhead, but may be justifiable in certain cases. Simulation results show the introduction of a small delay in the circuit due to the two weak transistors. This delay can be further minimized by proper choice of the transistor sizes. The defects covered by this technique and the low overhead makes it practical for self checking VLSI circuit design. >
A specific effect of deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate on DNA chain initiation in vitro☆

Abstract Increased levels of dCTP increase the frequency of initiation of discontinuous DNA intermediates in a cellophane disc in vitro system. Increased levels of other ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates show no effect.
An intermediate in the replication of bacteriophage T7 DNA molecules.

Abstract During the intracellular DNA synthesis of several species of phage, a rapidly-sedimenting, shear-fragile structure can be identified. T7 displays this characteristic type of intracellular structure. In this report we show (a) that the rapidly-sedimenting form found in T7-infected cells is, in fact, T7 DNA, (b) that it represents a true intermediate in the production of progeny T7 DNA molecules, and (c) that it sediments more rapidly because it is longer than mature T7 DNA. Molecular length distributions obtained by electron microscopic measurements agree with molecular length distributions calculated from sedimentation profiles assuming all molecules are linear duplexes. Some of the longest molecules visualized in the electron microscope are three to four times the length of mature T7 molecules. Although the proof is not complete, we conclude that these long DNA molecules are a series of repeating genomes (concatemers). Some models are proposed to account for the production of these concatemers and for their ultimate conversion to non-permuted, terminally repetitious mature T7 DNA molecules.
Insulin effects on postively-reinforced lever pressing by rats☆

Abstract Regular insulin in doses greater than 0.1 units/kg produced dose-dependent maximum decreased in plasma glucose levels of food deprived rats 60 minutes after injections. FR 1 food reinforced lever pressing showed a dose-dependent, food deprivation-dependent and pretreatment time-dependent decrement in operant responding. Insulin suppression of responding was reduced when subjects were partially food satiated. FR 1 water reinfroced behavior also showed a dose-dependent and pretreatment time-dependent decrement in lever pressing. VI 1 min food reinforced level pressing similarly showed a dose-dependent and pretreatment time-dependent decrement in responding. Thus, effects of insulin on operant responding were largely independet of type of reinforcer and schedule of reinforcement. Further, the failure to observe a consistent increase in responding with insulin did not support the view that insulin induces a state comparable to increased food deprivation levels. These findings suggest that the spectrums of effects of insulin and food deprivation differ.
Defining “Virtue Ethics” and Exploring Virtues in a Comparative Context

Bryan Van Norden’s new book, Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early China (Van Norden 2007; references to this book will be indicated with page numbers only), is impressive and learned, pursuing a number of inter-related objectives in its 412 pages. My task here is to reflect on the book’s objectives and to ask whether they are well-conceived and successfully accomplished. Van Norden’s book has enhanced my understanding and stimulated my thinking on many fronts; I hope, therefore, to take advantage of this forum to open up opportunities for further philosophical work that builds on the foundation Van Norden has laid. Let us begin with a very basic question: What is the book about? Van Norden’s thesis is that we can learn a great deal by looking at certain texts—in this book, he focuses on the Analects, Mozi, and Mengzi—through a particular interpretive lens, which he characterizes as “analytic” philosophy. This approach depends on detailed readings of specific passages to locate arguments and clarify meanings. Van Norden does not maintain that this is the only way to approach his texts; philosophers with different backgrounds will do it differently, and scholars from other disciplines will proceed in still other ways. The key to success is whether a given reading is fruitful, one aspect of which is whether it reveals important aspects of a text that were otherwise obscure. When we look for arguments, do we find them? When we strive for careful clarification of meanings, does the text support our attentions? As the book’s title suggests, Van Norden’s interpretive lens is in fact still more specific. He proposes to employ the ideas of virtue ethics and, to a lesser degree, consequentialism as frameworks for analyzing his texts. Here again, success comes when reading the texts in these ways is fruitful; Van Norden does not offer arguments that we must approach them via his categories. The most he does is offer arguments designed to show that we can approach early Chinese texts as he does without obvious error. For instance, one objection that he debunks is an extreme view about the difference between classical Greek philosophy and the interests of his Chinese “Masters”: as Van Norden nicely demonstrates, concern with argument and concern with how to live a good life can be found in both traditions. Dao (2009) 8:297–304 DOI 10.1007/s11712-009-9128-7