cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the cerebral cortex and thalamus in the rat and cat

Projections are described from the basolateral, lateral and anterior cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, and from the prepiriform cortex, to several discrete areas of the cerebral cortex in the rat and cat and to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. These projections are very well-defined in their origin, and in their area of laminar pattern of termination. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus can be divided into anterior and posterior divisions, based on cytoarchitectonic and connectional distinctions. In both the rat and cat the posterior division projects to the prelimbic area (area 32) and the infralimbic area (area 25) on the medical surface of the hemisphere. The anterior division projects more lightly to these areas, but also sends fibers to the dorsal and posterior agranular insular areas and the perirhinal area on the lateral surface. Furthermore, in the cat the perirhinal area is divided into two areas (areas 35 and 36) and the anterior division projects to both of these and also to a ventral part of the granular insular area; this last area is adjacent to, but separate from the auditory insular area and the second cortical taste area. In most of these areas, the fibers from the basolateral nucleus terminate predominantly in two bands: one in the deep part of layer I and layer II, and a heavier band in layer V (in the rat) or layers V and VI (in the cat). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the perirhinal area, and also to the posterior agranular insular area. These fibers terminate predominantly in the middle layers of the cortex, although the cellular lamination in these two areas is relatively indistinct. The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the prepiriform cortex both project to the infralimbic area and the ventral agranular insular area, and the anterior cortical nucleus also projects to the posterior agranular area and the perirhinal area. In all of these areas, the fibers from these olfactory-related structures terminate in the middle of layer I. In the rat, the two divisions of the basolateral nucleus also project to the medial segment of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, with the anterior division projecting mainly to the posterior part of this segment and the posterior division to the anterior part. The endopiriform nucleus, deep to the prepiriform cortex, projects to the central segment of the mediodorsal nucleus; this may constitute the major olfactory input into the mediodorsal nucleus, since little or no projection could be demonstrated from the prepiriform cortex itself. Projections to the mediodorsal nucleus have not been found in the cat.
Glycine immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body of the cat

The central auditory system contains several predominantly glycine-immunoreactive nuclei, and one of these, the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, contains cell bodies exhibiting a spectrum of labeling intensity. By using post-embedding glycine immunocytochemistry on thin sections, and toluidine blue staining of adjacent sections, we established that darkly glycine-immunoreactive neurons constituted a distinct morphological class and form one of three subnuclei of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, called the posteroventral subnucleus. These neurons resemble, in both labeling intensity and cell body morphology, the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The other two subnuclei of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, its main and hilus subnuclei, contained predominantly glycine-immunoreactive and glycine-immunonegative neurons, respectively. Glycine immunoreactivity was compared with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in order to identify other organizational features of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body. Cell bodies that displayed either dark glycine-immunoreactivity or which were glycine-immunonegative were GABA-immunonegative. Cell bodies that displayed GABA immunoreactivity were preferentially located in the main subnucleus. Patterns of distribution of axosomatic innervation in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body were revealed in which glycine-immunoreactive puncta were (1) more numerous than GABA-immunoreactive puncta on glycine-immunonegative cell bodies and (2) equal to or less numerous than GABA-immunoreactive puncta on glycine-immunoreactive cell bodies. The characteristics of neural circuitry revealed by glycine and GABA immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body may be generalizable to other populations of neurons of the superior olivary complex and to other regions of the central nervous system containing glycinergic neurons, such as the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 383:473-488, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Traction prediction equations for radial ply tyres

Abstract Three radial tyres (16.9R38, 18.4R38 and 24.5R32) were tested in two different soil types (Capay clay and Yolo loam), five different soil treatments (conditions) in each of the two soils, at three different axle loads and two different inflation pressures to obtain traction prediction equations for radial tyres. The field data were analysed to obtain traction prediction equations under varying soil and loading (vertical load, inflation pressure) conditions for radial ply tyres. Simulation studies were conducted to determine the effect of soil conditions, dynamic load on the axle and inflation pressure on the tractive performance of radial ply tyres. The results indicate that (i) changes in soil conditions influence tyre performance much more than changes in tyre loading and dimensions; (ii) in a given soil condition the 24.5R32 tyre appears to perform better than the other two tyres; (iii) the performance of the 18.4R38 tyre was similar to that of the 16.9R38 tyre, although at lower soil cone index values, the 18.4R38 tyre performed slightly better than the 16.9R38 tyre.
Tropospheric and equatorial influences on planetary-wave amplitude in the stratosphere

[1] Using 49-year NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data we examine two possible factors affecting the amplitudes of extratropical planetary waves in the stratosphere: tropospheric influence and equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) modulation. Our results show that the QBO modulation on wave amplitudes is statistically significant only for wavenumber-1 in early winter. The variability of wavenumber-2 amplitude is mainly determined by tropospheric forcing. The effect of the solar cycle on planetary-wave amplitude is also discussed.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure: Here to Stay

Accessible online at: www.karger.com/hed In this issue of Heart Drug, Piepoli et al. review data concerning the role of atrial-synchronized biventricular pacing, or cardiac resynchronization therapy, for the treatment of heart failure and pose the question: ‘Is it here to stay?’ As they point out, results from mechanistic studies of cardiac resynchronization have demonstrated improved cardiac function and enhanced hemodynamics determined either echocardiographically or by invasive techniques. In addition, observational clinical studies have shown improvements in quality of life, functional status, and exercise capacity in heart failure patients treated with resynchronization therapy. Of course, such data alone cannot support the broad application of such a therapy in clinical practice. Thus, a series of randomized controlled trials of resynchronization therapy including more than 4,000 patients have been completed, and the weight of evidence supporting the routine use of cardiac resynchronization for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic systolic heart failure and ventricular dysynchrony is now overwhelming. Results from these trials have consistently demonstrated significant improvements in quality of life, functional status, and exercise capacity in NYHA class III and IV heart failure patients assigned to active resynchronization therapy [1–4]. In these patients, cardiac resynchronization has also been shown to improve cardiac structure and function, while significantly reducing the risk of worsening heart failure [1, 2]. In 2001, the first resynchronization device became commercially available in the United States. The next year, two devices which combine biventricular pacing capability with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) were approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration. Recently updated ACC/ AHA/NASPE Pacemaker and ICD Guidelines included cardiac resynchronization therapy as a Class IIA recommendation for pacing [5]. Since that time, preliminary results from another large-scale trial have suggested a significant reduction in the combined endpoint of all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization with cardiac resynchronization therapy in an advanced heart failure population [6]. Thus, cardiac resynchronization therapy not only makes heart failure patients feel better, it also helps them to live longer. Given these favorable effects on subjective as well as objective outcomes in heart failure patients, cardiac resynchronization therapy is here to stay.
A magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer spectroscopy study of bis(thiosemicarbazide)iron(II) sulfate. A case of zero field splitting

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of a polycrystalline powder sample of bis(thiosemicarbazide)iron(II) sulfate, a sulfato bridged polymer, has been determined over the range 100 K to 2 K using vibrating sample magnetometry. The susceptibility behavior is interpreted in terms of zero field splitting (∣D∣ ∼ 5 cm −1 ) of the spin quintet ground state and an absence of exchange interaction.
FULL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF CENTRALLY ADMINISTERED NPY REQUIRED FOR MAXIMAL FOOD INTAKE RESPONSE

Central administration of NPY (1–36) potently increases food intake and it has been hypothesized that biological activities of NPY are related to its ability to form an α-helix, represented by the fragment NPY (14–31). In this experiment the necessity of N-terminal fragments for increasing food intake was evaluated. Two-h fasted male rats were administered 0, 0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 nmol NPY (1–36) or NPY fragments in 5 μl saline ICV and intake of lab chow pellets was measured for 22 h. Fragments containing all or part of the polyproline-like helix [NPY (1–8)] antiparallel to the α-helix dose-relatedly increased food intake for 4 hours after injection. Five nmol NPY (1–36) and NPY (2–36) increased 4-hour food intake 486 and 219%, respectively (p<0.05). Fragments excluding the first 8 amino acids but including all of the α-helix also increased food intake, but the response was much reduced. Five nmol NPY (9–36) and NPY (14–36) increased 4-hour food intake 128% (p=0.02) and 62% (NS), respectively. When all or part of the α-helix was excluded, no activity was detected, i.e., NPY (21–36) and NPY (32–36). Substitution of dPro for lPro in position 2 increased potency but not efficacy of NPY since food intake was increased at the 0.2 and 1.0 but not 5.0 nmol doses and the percent increase was not more than to 5 nmol NPY (1–36). Thus the maximum food intake response to NPY requires both C-terminal and N-terminal fragments as well as the α-helix.
An Invariantist Theory of 'Might' Might Be Right

Invariantism about ‘might’ says that ‘might’ semantically expresses the same modal property in every context. This paper presents and defends a version of invariantism. According to it, ‘might’ semantically expresses the same weak modal property in every context. However, speakers who utter sentences containing ‘might’ typically assert propositions concerning stronger types of modality, including epistemic modality. This theory can explain the phenomena that motivate contextualist theories of epistemic uses of ‘might’, and can be defended from objections of the sort that relativists mount against contextualist theories.
Iron(II) and zinc(II) monohelical binaphthyl-salen complexes with overlapping benz[a]anthryl sidearms.

The synthesis of the polyaromatic aldehyde 1-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene-2-carboxaldehyde is reported via a seven step protocol from 9,10-dihydroanthracene, with an overall yield of 30%. Two equivalents of the aldehyde are condensed with (R)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine to produce a new binaphthyl-salen ligand, which is subsequently complexed to iron(II) and zinc(II) ions. The ligand and complexes are characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The complexes have distinct helical structures with overlapping benz[a]anthryl sidearms, and only M-helices are observed. The ligand and complexes are further characterized by solution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as UV-visible and ECD spectroscopies. These studies indicate that there is a single component in solution, consistent with the solid state characterization.
ENFI--An Approach to Teaching Writing through Computers.

An ongoing challenge for teachers of deaf students is to give these students a natural environment for writing English. Electronic Networks for Interaction (ENFI) provides a natural approach to teach writing skills to these students, making English more accessible. ENFI can be used in a variety of classroom activities giving opportunity to use writing for communicative purposes without struggling with the language.
Multiple-Beam Interferometry by Wavefront Reconstruction

A method is presented for producing multiple-beam interferograms by using holographic techniques. A conventional image hologram of the object under test is processed in such a way that nonlinearities are introduced. Then, in the reconstruction process, several reconstructed images of the object with successively amplified phase will arise from the consecutive diffraction orders. These images are made to superpose and form the multiple-beam interferogram by illuminating the hologram with an appropriate set of illuminating beams. The method is useful for testing optical surfaces and systems as well as in studies of refractive-index variations in transparent objects. One of the advantages of the method is that multiple-beam Fizeau fringes can be obtained from a non-reflecting object with a single light passage through the object.
Simulation of rolling textures in FCC metals with initial textures by fixed pattern method

Initial textures always appear in metal sheet prepared for cold rolling and may have significant influence on cold rolling textures. Much effort has been made in the study of texture development in both single crystals and polycrystals. The Taylor model has played an important role in theoretical research, and has been widely applied in predicting deformation textures since its birth. Recently, Leffers and Jensen pointed out that initial textures would be considered in the simulation of rolling textures and Van Houtte applied the Taylor model to predict rolling texture in 3004 aluminum alloy with initial textures. In this paper the authors report a new approach named the fixed pattern method to simulate rolling textures with initial textures. This method is also based on the Taylor model but can treat the simulating process with initial textures in an easy way.
Critical limits for urgent clinician notification at US medical centers.

A national survey determined critical limits used by trauma and medical centers in the United States. Mean low and high critical limits for the most frequently listed tests were the following values: glucose, 2.6 and 26.9 mmol/L; potassium, 2.8 and 6.2 mmol/L; calcium, 1.65 and 3.22 mmol/L; sodium, 120 and 158 mmol/L; hematocrit, 0.18 and 0.61; hemoglobin, 66 and 199 g/L; platelets, 37 × 10 9 /L and 910×10 9 /L; and white blood cell count, 2.0×10 9 /L and 37.0×10 9 /L. The high critical limit for prothrombin time was 27 seconds. Critical limits for Pco 2 were 19 and 67 mm Hg; and for p H, 7.21 and 7.59. The low critical limit for Po 2 was 43 mm Hg; no high critical limit was listed. The noncritical span for free calcium was 0.80 mmol/L. Important qualitative critical results included the presence of blasts on the blood smear, a Gram's stain or culture from blood or cerebrospinal fluid with positive results, and an elevated white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid. A product of 15 years of collective medical judgment, these data should help physicians improve the quality and efficiency of acute patient care. ( JAMA . 1990;263:704-707)
Direct fusion bonding of silicon to polycrystalline diamond

Abstract High temperature fusion of silicon to diamond is reported. Polished, randomly oriented diamond films and unpolished (100) highly oriented diamond films were bonded to single-side polished (100) silicon in a dedicated ultrahigh vacuum bonding apparatus. Direct bonding under an applied uniaxial stress of ∼32 MPa was observed at temperatures above 950 °C. The bonded interface was examined by scanning acoustic microscopy revealing only partial bonding at fusion temperatures of 950 and 1050 °C. In contrast, complete bonding was evidenced at 1150 and 1200 °C, although cracking of the diamond films became more prominent at these higher fusion temperatures.
The Reversal of Classical Contrast in Temperature Perception

Perceptual assimilation was demonstrated with some sets of thermal stimuli. This result is at variance with previous research, which has consistently yielded contrast effects.
A frequency–time domain finite element model for tidal circulation based on the least‐squares harmonic analysis method

An iterative type harmonic finite element model is developed for solving the full non-linear form of the shallow water equations. The scheme iteratively updates time histories of the non-linear terms which are then harmonically decomposed and used as forcing terms for the linear sets of equations which result from the harmonic separation of the shallow water equations. A least-squares harmonic analysis procedure is used to decompose the non-linear forcing terms. This procedure allows for the very efficient separation of extremely closely spaced harmonics, since it is highly selective with respect to the frequencies it considers. In addition tailoring the procedure and using very specific time steps and sampling periods significantly reduces the number of time samplings points required. In conjunction with the iterative nature of our scheme, the least-squares procedure makes the scheme entirely general, allows for the direct assessment of all tidal constituents, including compound tides, and permits the clear cut and complete investigation of their mutual interaction through the non-linearities. In addition this procedure readily computes very-low-frequency or residual type circulations. The FE formulation used shows a very low degree of spurious oscillations while remaining quite simple to implement. This control on nodal oscillations is especially important due to the energy transfer mechanisms involved in this type of iterative scheme. In an example application the effects of the various non-linear overtide and compound tide type interactions are examined. It is demonstrated that not only are compound tides significant relative to the overtides, but they also influence the overtides.
Reduction of the Δ13-15-Keto Grouping of Prostaglandin Intermediates

Abstract In an attempt to gain further information on a stereo-structural model for activity of prostaglandins,2 we undertook the synthesis of a number of new analogues.3 In particular, 17,17-dimethyl-F2α was chosen as a good test of the “hairpin” conformation because the two 17-methyl groups would prevent side chain alignment in the particular sense of the “hairpin” model.4
Introduction: Problems with Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci

The development of antimicrobial resistance has almost invariably accompanied the therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents. Newer antimicrobials have succeeded partly but not entirely in overcoming the problem of resistance. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive cocci has achieved its greatest prominence in the past 15 years. There has been a steady erosion of antimicrobial activity against gram-positive cocci. The presentations in this symposium dealt with some of the important problems of antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive cocci, including methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in staphylococci, penicillin resistance in pneumococci, and vancomycin resistance in enterococci. A related problem that warrants attention is the potential for explosive development of macrolide resistance in gram-positive cocci. This potential is particularly pertinent because the popularity of a number of new macrolides has led to a striking increase in their use. This occurrence will almost certainly be accompanied by a generalized increase in resistance in gram-positive cocci.
A study of wellbore stability in shales including poroelastic, chemical, and thermal effects

Abstract This paper presents the development of a model for determining wellbore stability for oil and gas drilling operations. The effects of mechanical forces and poroelasticity on shale behavior are included, as well as chemical and thermal effects. Chemical effects are caused by the imbalance between the water activity in the drilling mud and the shale water activity. The magnitude of this contribution depends on the effectiveness of the mud/shale system to perform as a semipermeable membrane. Experimental results show that osmotic pressures develop inside shales when they are exposed to different drilling fluids. This osmotic pressure is treated as an equivalent hydraulic potential, and is then added to the hydraulic wellbore and pore pressure as time progresses. Thermal diffusion inside the drilled formation induces additional pore pressure and rock stress changes and consequently affects shale stability. Thermal effects are important because thermal diffusion into shale formations occurs more quickly than hydraulic diffusion and thereby dominates pore pressure changes during early time. Rock temperature and pore pressure are coupled for most porous media studies; however, we have found that they can be partially decoupled for shale formations by assuming that convective heat transfer is negligible. The partially decoupled temperature and pore pressure effects can therefore be solved analytically under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Experimental data for shale strength alteration, which occurs when shales are exposed to different fluids, are also included for the determination of cohesion strength decay. Pore pressure, collapse stress, and critical mud weights are variables investigated for determining poroelastic, chemical, and thermal effects on shale stability. The most important factors, which affect wellbore stability, are clearly identified.
Proteome of Human Minor Salivary Gland Secretion

Recent research efforts in oral biology have resulted in elucidation of the proteomes of major human salivary secretions and whole saliva. One might hypothesize that the proteome of minor gland secretions may show significantly different characteristics when compared with the proteomes of parotid or submandibular/sublingual secretions. To test this hypothesis, we conducted the first exploration into the proteome of minor salivary gland secretion. Minor gland secretion was obtained from healthy volunteers, and its components were subjected to liquid-chromatography-electrospray-ionization-tandem-mass-spectrometry. This led to the identification of 56 proteins, 12 of which had never been identified in any salivary secretion. The unique characteristics of the minor salivary gland secretion proteome are related to the types as well as the numbers of components present. The differences between salivary proteomes may be important with respect to specific oral functions.
Preparation of bovine prothrombin complex and purified prothrombin

Abstract A simplified procedure is described for the large-scale purification of bovine prothrombin complex. The protein was adsorbed on barium carbonate, eluted with 3.5% sodium citrate solution, and fractionated with ammonium sulfate. Additionally, prothrombin was separated from autoprothrombin III (Factor X) and further purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Prothrombin in the latter preparation was then obtained in pure form by two sequential filtrations through a Sephadex G-100 column. The specific activity was 3800 u/mg protein. The N-terminal amino acid was alanine. By ultracentrifugation, a single component was indicated. The equation for S 20,w o was 4.75 + 0.0196X. Eight mg% is a revised figure for the concentration of prothrombin in normal bovine plasma.
Primary structure-based function characterization of BRCT domain replicates in BRCA1

BRCA1 is a large protein that exhibits a multiplicity of functions in its apparent role in DNA repair. Certain mutations of BRCA1 are known to have exceptionally high penetrance with respect to familial breast and ovarian cancers. The structures of the N-terminus and C-terminus of the protein have been determined. The C-terminus unit consists of two alpha-beta-alpha domains designated BRCT. We predicated two homologous BRCT regions in the BRCA1 internal region, and subsequently produced and purified these protein domains. Both recombinant domains show significant self-association capabilities as well as a preferential tendency to interact with each other. These results suggest a possible regulatory mechanism for BRCA1 function. We have demonstrated p53-binding activity by an additional region, and confirmed previous results showing that two regions of BRCA1 protein bind p53 in vitro. Based on sequence analysis, we predict five p53-binding sites. Our comparison of binding by wild-type and mutant domains indicates the sequence specificity of BRCA1-p53 interaction.
Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Dimers Requires Glutamate Binding in Both Subunits

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) form stable, disulfide-linked homodimers. Lack of a verifiably monomeric mGluR1 mutant has led to difficulty in assessing the role of dimerization in the molecular mechanism of mGluR1 activation. The related GABA B receptor exhibits striking intradimer cross talk (ligand binding at one subunit effectively produces G protein activation at the other), but it is unclear whether group I mGluRs exhibit analogous cross talk. Signaling of heterologously expressed mGluR1 was examined in isolated rat sympathetic neurons by measuring glutamate-mediated inhibition of native calcium currents. To examine mGluR1 activity when only one dimer subunit has access to glutamate ligand, wildtype mGluR1 was coexpressed with mGluR1 Y74A, a mutant with impaired glutamate binding, and the activity of the heterodimer (mutant/wild type) was examined. The mGluR1 Y74A mutant alone had a dose-response curve that was shifted by about 2 orders of magnitude. The half-maximal dose of glutamate shifted from 1.3 (wild-type mGluR1) to about 450 (mGluR1 Y74A) μM. However, the maximal effect was similar. Wild-type mGluR1 was expressed with excess Y74A mGluR1 to generate a receptor population consisting largely of mutant homodimers and mutant/wild-type heterodimers but without detectable wild-type homodimers. Under these conditions, no glutamate-mediated calcium current inhibition was observed below ∼300 μM glutamate, although wild-type mGluR1 protein was detectable with immunofluorescence. These data suggest that mutant/wild-type heterodimeric receptors are inactive at ligand concentrations favoring glutamate association with receptor dimers at only one subunit.
Physiological Resilience of Freshwater Mussels to Turbulence and Suspended Solids

ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments were designed to mimic the frequency, duration, and magnitude of water velocity changes associated with towboat and barge passage at prominent mussel beds in the upper Mississippi River. Ambient water velocity was set to 11 cm·s−1, with regular 5-minute pulses of 45 cm·s−1 occurring every 0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 hours. After 49 days mussels showed no significant inter-treatment differences in respiration, nitrogen excretion, O:N ratio, or tissue condition index. Additional short-term (14 days) laboratory experiments indicated additive effects of increased total suspended solids (TSS) during brief, intermittent periods of high water velocity. The 5-minute episodes of high velocity (50 cm·s−1) occurred once every 0.5 and 3.0 hours against an ambient velocity of 7 cm·s−1. TSS rose from an ambient concentration of 20 mg·liter−1 to 120 mg·liter−1 during the episodes of high velocity. Significantly lower nitrogen excretion and higher O:N tended to occur in high versus ambient TSS treatm...
Scheduling with batching: two job types

In this paper we present an algorithm for the 2-weight batching problem: given n1 jobs with weight w1, and n2 jobs with weight w2, all having processing time p, and given a batch setup time Δ, find a sequence of batches of jobs such that the weighted sum of the n = n1 + N2 job completion times is minimized. The algorithm has running time O(n log n) when p and Δ are fixed; previously, the fastest known algorithm for this problem had running time O(n). Various properties of optimal solutions are exploited to reduce the problem to one of finding the minimum entry in a certain matrix. Since this matrix has some strong structural properties, its minimum entry can be found in time that is a sublinear function of the matrix size.
Bankruptcy: An Emerging Financial Strategy

The origin of bankruptcy dates back to the laws of the Roman Empire which were instrumental in the formation of both English and American laws (Galligan, 1991). However, it was not until 1898 that the United States enacted its bankruptcy laws for the first time. Later, the Chandler Act of 1938 was added in order to legislate reorganisation into existing bankruptcy laws. In order to expand this critical domain, the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act was made into law. Finally, Congress passed the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act in 1984 so that some weaknesses in the 1978 reform act could be improved.
In Situ Visualization of Self-Assembly of Charged Gold Nanoparticles

Self-assembly of Au nanoparticles (NPs) coated with positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium ions (CTA+) and negatively charged citrate ions in aqueous liquid cell was investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under electron illumination in TEM, the hydrated electrons will reduce the overall positive charges of the CTA+ covered Au NPs and decrease the repulsive electrostatic forces among NPs, leading to assembly of individual NPs into one-dimensional structures. On the contrary, the negatively charged Au NPs coated with citrate ions are steady in liquid cell regardless of electron beam intensity.
p53 expression and tumor proliferative activity in testicular germ-cell tumors: An immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study

We evaluated p53 expression and tumor proliferative activity (TPA) using monoclonal antibodies to Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 26 patients with seminomatous and nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumors (GCTs). Correlation between p53 expression and TPA, as well as the clinical correlation with the expression of these proteins were also assessed. There were eight cases of pure seminoma and 18 cases of nonseminomatous GCTs, collectively consisting of 45 tumors or tumor components. The nonseminomatous GCTs were mixed or pure and included choriocarcinoma (CC), embryonal carcinoma (EC), immature teratoma (IMT), mature teratoma (MT), seminoma, and yolk sac tumor (YST). The ages of the patients with seminomatous GCTs ranged from 24 to 47 years (mean, 34 years) and those for patients with nonseminomatous GCTs ranged from 17 to 43 years (mean, 29 years). Sixteen (44%) of the 36 nonseminomatous GCTs or tumor components were positive for p53 protein. Ten (91%) of eleven ECs, three (38%) of eight YSTs, two (20%) of ten MTs, and the single case of CC were positive for p53 protein. All nine seminomas and three of six IMTs were only focally positive for p53 protein. The p53 expression in ECs and YSTs was significantly higher than that in IMTs, MTs, and seminomas (P=0.0001). TPA was present in the majority of the seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs, and was significantly higher in ECs and YSTs than in seminomas, MTs, and IMTs (Ki-67, P=0.0001; PCNA, P=0.0006). In the majority of the cases PCNA expression was higher than Ki-67 expression (P=0.0001). The mean TPA percentage was significantly higher in the p53-positive tumors or tumor components (EC and YST) when compared with the mean TPA percentage in those neoplasms that were focally positive or negative for p53 protein (Ki-67, P=0.003; PCNA, P=0.046). p53 expression was also associated with histologically aggressive tumors (ECs and YSTs) that also exhibit high TPA. No relationship appears to exist between the three tumor markers and the clinical stage or the patients' follow-up and outcome in this small series. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the roles of p53 and proliferation markers in testicular tumorigenesis and as prognostic markers.
Service, value networks and learning

Both supply chain management (SCM) and marketing in general have been moving from models and purposes narrowly focused on goods to more general models and purposes associated with partnerships, value networks, service provision, and value creation. Some of this movement has been captured in what has become known as service–dominant (S–D) logic. This article applies S–D logic to thinking about SCM in terms of service provision, in which goods are seen as service distribution or provisioning mechanisms, explores and elaborates on the concept of a value network, and develops a model of the firm as an essential service provisioning agent in a complex and adaptive value network. Research and managerial opportunities are also explored.
Slow conversions among subconductance states of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel exhibits multiple subconductance states. To study the regulation of conductance states of the CFTR channel, we expressed the wild-type CFTR protein in HEK 293 cells, and isolated microsomal membrane vesicles for reconstitution studies in lipid bilayer membranes. A single CFTR channel had a dominant conductance of 7.8 pS (H), plus two sub-open states with conductances of approximately 6 pS (M) and 2.7 pS (L) in 200 mM KCl with 1 mM MgCl2 (intracellular) and 50 mM KCl with no MgCl2 (extracellular), with pH maintained at 7.4 by 10 mM HEPES-Tris on both sides of the channel. In 200 mM KCl, both H and L states could be measured in stable single-channel recordings, whereas M could not. Spontaneous transitions between H and L were slow; it took 4.5min for L-->H, and 3.2min for H-->L. These slow conversions among subconductance states of the CFTR channel were affected by extracellular Mg; in the presence of millimolar Mg, the channel remained stable in the H state. Similar phenomena were also observed with endogenous CFTR channels in T84 cells. In high-salt conditions (1.5 M KCl), all three conductance states of the expressed CFTR channel, 12.1 pS, 8.2 pS, and 3.6 pS, became stable and seemed to gate independently from each other. The existence of multiple stable conductance states associated with the CFTR channel suggests two possibilities: either a single CFTR molecule can exist in multiple configurations with different conductance values, or the CFTR channel may contain multimers of the 170-kDa CFTR protein, and different conductance states are due to different aggregation states of the CFTR protein.
The effect of ethics training upon individual choice

Researchers identified two divergent theories concerning ethics education. The first states that ethics education increases an individual's ability to reason critically when confronted with decisions through the identification and analysis of problems and various outcomes. The second suggests that ethics training is about manipulating core values and beliefs. This article presents a retrospective review of data gathered in introductory ethics classes through a quasi‐experimental design. Students completed a 43‐statement pre‐ and post‐course survey of core values and ethical issues as well as a journal‐style self review of learning experiences. Following statistical analysis using paired sample t‐test, the data suggest that ethics training does not significantly change values and opinions but rather increases critical thinking skills and appreciation for opposing viewpoints in the tradition of liberal arts education.
Measurement of Acoustic Emission Wave Attenuation by Bones and Muscles

Stress fractures occur in bones of athletes and soldiers due to the accumulation of microcracks [1]. Detection of precursor acoustic emissions (i.e. ultrasonic stress waves) resulting from microcrack activity may help predict failure onset before continuous physiological activity results in full-blown fracture. An acoustic emission wave generated from a microcrack in bone will be diminished by dispersion, mode separation, reflection, and viscous losses induced by the biological tissues (skin, muscle, fat) between the source and the transducer. While others have recorded waves emanating from unknown loci in human knee in vivo using acoustic emission method [2], there is no means to appreciate how far these waves can travel in the body. Several studies have characterized the ultrasound attenuation in bone [3] and muscle analog homogenates [4] in the frequency range above 300 kHz. On the other hand, acoustic emissions are prominent in the range of 20 kHz to 300 kHz. The current study focused on identifying the attenuation of acoustic emission waves in bone and muscle tissues in a frequency range which is more relevant to acoustic emissions. This information is critical for predicting whether an emission of certain magnitude at the source can reach surface mounted sensors without being totally attenuated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A progress report on a department of psychiatry faculty practice plan designed to reward educational and research productivity.

Objective The authors provide a progress report on a faculty practice plan that assigns a monetary value to administrative duties, teaching, scholarship, community service, and research.
The adsorption of aliphatic acetate vapors onto activated carbon.

Abstract The physical adsorption of ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, and amyl acetate vapors onto activated carbon was studied in this investigation. Analyses were performed with a gas chromatograph. Of prime concern was variation in breakthrough behavior for different mass rates and mesh sizes of activated carbon. The mass rates employed varied between 0.0409 mmole/min and 0.0020 mmole/min. Mesh sizes of activated carbon studied were 4-6, 8-12, 16-20, and 30-40. Also shown are results from breakthrough data correlated with mass rate for each set of conditions employed in these experiments.
One woman's balancing act.

The news of the week story “postdoc survey finds gender split on family issues” (Y. Bhattacharjee, 9 November, p. [897][1]) stressed social isolation of female faculty and the lack of high-quality child care. Looking back on a career as a professor and a single parent, I missed out on networking with colleagues and on presenting at conferences because of family obligations. I continued to miss out on these aspects of my career for many years, because, as most parents know, children can be too old to be left alone, as well as too young. (And, in any case, arrangements for overnight conference travel are much more difficult than daytime care.) When I reached middle age, I saw that there were special programs to encourage women who had delayed professional education until their families were grown, but little “catch-up” help for those of us who had been juggling all along. As an emerita and consultant today, I still feel the effect of the networking deficit. However, the Internet has helped me develop useful collegial connections to work with, now that my family tasks are minimal. Judging from the attitudes reported by the NIH survey, I would say that young professional women today are also more likely to benefit from electronic communication than from changes in social attitudes about family responsibilities. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.318.5852.897
Efficiency in public schools: Does competition matter?

Abstract The focus of many recent school reforms has been on changing the incentives faced by school administrators, mainly through increased competition. In this study, we assess whether competition amongst public schools influences the efficiency in which these schools operate, using a two-stage estimation procedure and data from the state of Illinois from 1997–1998. We find some evidence that public school districts become more efficient as neighboring districts become more efficient. However, such spillovers only occur if districts operate within a financially flexible environment.
Sulfate transfer to thyroid hormones and their analogs by hepatic aryl sulfotransferases.

The transfer of sulfate to thyroid hormones and their analogs by a monkey hepatocarcinoma cell extract was compared to this reaction as catalyzed by two homogeneous aryl sulfotransferases from rat liver. The thyroid hormones 3,5,3'- triiodo-L-thyronine and L-T4 as well as analogs of these hormones, were used as substrates. While these compounds vary widely in their capacity as sulfate acceptors, the catalytic abilities of the three enzyme preparations generally reflect a broad pattern of overlapping specificity. The finding that T4 is a very poor substrate, that 3’-iodothyronine and 3,3’-diiodothyronine are very good substrates, and that T3 is intermediate in its acceptor activity probably explains the relative sulfation of these compounds in vivo and by living hepatocytes.
The cost-effectiveness of the management of acute sinusitis.

BackgroundSinusitis is a common medical disease with a tremendous economic impact on health care. Our objective was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the management of acute sinusit...
Vocal mechanisms in birds and bats: a comparative view

Vocal signals play a very important role in the life of both birds and echolocating bats, but these two unrelated groups of flying vertebrates have very different vocal systems. They nevertheless must solve many of the same problems in producing sound. This brief review examines avian and microchiropteran motor mechanisms for: 1) coordinating the timing of phonation with the vocal motor pattern that controls its acoustic properties, and 2) achieving respiratory strategies that provide adequate ventilation for pulmonary gas exchange, while also facilitating longer duration songs or trains of sonar pulses.
Effects of intramuscular olanzapine vs. haloperidol and placebo on QTc intervals in acutely agitated patients

Prolongation of the QTc interval has been reported during treatment with oral antipsychotic agents and may be more pronounced during parenteral administration. Pooled QTc interval data from acutely agitated patients across four double-blind trials were compared. Databases included: placebo-controlled [two schizophrenia, one bipolar mania trials (n=565)]; haloperidol-controlled [two schizophrenia trials (n=482)]; geriatric placebo-controlled [1 dementia trial (n=204)]. Patients received 1-3 injections of intramuscular (IM) olanzapine (2.5-10 mg/injection), IM haloperidol (7.5 mg/injection), or IM placebo. At 2 and 24 h after IM olanzapine treatment, the mean QTc interval decreased approximately 3 ms from baseline in the placebo- and haloperidol-controlled databases. When there was a statistically significant difference between IM olanzapine and IM placebo, QTc intervals decreased during treatment with IM olanzapine and increased with IM placebo. The incidences of prolonged (endpoint >/=99th percentile of healthy adults or >/=500 ms) or lengthened (increase >/=60 ms) QTc intervals during treatment with IM olanzapine (<3% placebo- and haloperidol-controlled databases, <12% geriatric placebo-controlled database) were never significantly greater than with comparators. These data suggest that IM olanzapine has a favorable QTc interval profile in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia, bipolar mania, or dementia.
Properties of superconducting YBa2Cu3O6+x ceramic materials: Effect of processing parameters

Abstract The effect of the sintering temperature, the sintering time and the addition of 5 wt.% silver on the average particle size, bulk density and the superconducting zero resistance temperature ( T c ) and the normal state resistivity measured at 100 K of YBa 2 Cu 3 U 6+x ceramic materials was investigated. The sintered specimens were produced from sintering the dry pressed powders (a) at different temperatures in the range 880 – 940°C for 2 hours and (b) at 920°C for different times in the range 0 – 10 hours. The results suggest that while the density and particle size of the sintered ceramic increases with an increase of the sintering temperature (and 2 hours of sintering), prolonged sintering (at 920°C) above 4 hours of duration does not improve the above properties. The normal state resistivity, measured at 100 K, decreases with an increase of both the sintering temperature and sintering time. However, the superconducting zero resistance temperature ( T c ) does not change significantly. In the presence of 5 wt.% silver, it appears that both sintering temperature and duration of sintering significantly improves the bulk density, particle size and T c of YBa 2 Cu 3 0 6+x . In addition, it also appears that if the sintering temperature is above 920°C, some YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x particles tend to align in a preferred direction.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients seen at the dermatology department of a tertiary care center.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients with dermatologic conditions has not been well studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and pattern of CAM use in patients referred to the dermatology department of a tertiary care center. Patients referred to the dermatology department of an academic tertiary referral center between February 2, 2010, and February 10, 2010, were invited to participate in an 86-question survey regarding CAM use during the previous year. A total of 300 patients completed the survey, of whom 154 (51%) were women. Eighty-two percent (n = 247) of the respondents had used some type of CAM during the previous year. The most frequently used treatment and technique was massage therapy (33%), and the most commonly used vitamin was vitamin C (31%). Herbs or other dietary supplements were used by 58% (n = 173) of patients. Seventy-eight percent (n = 235) of patients stated that physicians should consider incorporating CAM approaches into their treatment recommendations, and 89% of patients (n = 267) stated that our dermatology department should study CAM approaches in research studies. CAM utilization is high among patients at a large academic dermatology department. Patients indicated a strong preference for having CAM approaches incorporated into their treatment recommendations and believed in the value of clinical studies to further refine the role of CAM.
A Retrospective Study on Poult Enteritis Syndrome in Minnesota

Abstract A retrospective study was conducted to determine the occurrence of poult enteritis syndrome (PES) in Minnesota from January 2002 to December 2007. PES is an infectious intestinal disease of young turkeys between 1 day and 7 wk of age and is characterized by diarrhea, depression, and lethargy with pale intestines and/or excessively fluid cecal contents. During the study period, samples from 1736 turkey flocks were submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for disease investigation. Of these, 151 flocks (8.7%) were PES positive. Cases of PES were seen throughout the year with higher prevalence in fall. The PES was statistically associated with age with higher occurrence in poults less than 3 wk of age. Rotavirus, small round virus (SRV), Salmonella, nonhemolytic Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Eimeria oocysts were detected alone or in different combinations. Reovirus and adenovirus were found in one flock each. The most commonly identified pathogens were Salmonella (85 flocks)...