cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations to CO2-induced growth enhancement in pot studies.

Recently, it has been suggested that small pots may reduce or eliminate plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres due to root restriction. While smaller pot volumes provide less physical space available for root growth, they also provide less nutrients. Reduced nutrient availability alone may reduce growth enhancement under elevated CO2. To investigate the relative importance of limited physical rooting space separate from and in conjunction with soil nutrients, we grew plants at ambient and double-ambient CO2 levels in growth containers of varied volume, shape, nutrient concentration, and total nutrient content. Two species (Abutilon theophrasti, a C3 dicot with a deep tap root andSetaria faberii, a C4 monocot with a shallow diffuse root system) were selected for their contrasting physiology and root architecture. Shoot demography was determined weekly and biomass was determined after eight and ten weeks of growth. Increasing total nutrients, either by increasing nutrient concentration or by increasing pot size, increased plant growth. Further, increasing pot size while maintaining equal total nutrients per pot resulted in increased total biomass for both species. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were greatest in pots with high nutrient concentrations, regardless of total nutrient content or pot size, and were also mediated by the shape of the pot. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were unaffected by pot size (growth) or were greater in small pots (reproductive yield), regardless of total nutrient content, contrary to predictions based on earlier studies. These results suggest that several aspects of growth conditions within pots may influence the CO2 responses of plants; pot size, pot shape, the concentration and total amount of nutrient additions to pots may lead to over-or underestimates of the CO2 responses of real-world plants.
Pyruvate-Enriched Cardioplegia Suppresses Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Induced Myocardial Inflammation

Background Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced oxidative stress initiates inflammation that can damage the myocardium. This study tested whether cardioplegia enriched with the intermediary metabolite and antioxidant pyruvate dampens postbypass myocardial inflammation. Methods Pigs were maintained on cardiopulmonary bypass while their hearts were arrested for 60 minutes with 4:1 blood:crystalloid cardioplegia, in which the crystalloid contained 188 mM glucose ± 24 mM pyruvate. Pigs were weaned from bypass after 30 minutes of whole blood reperfusion and recovered for 4 hours. Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were measured in coronary sinus plasma to indirectly monitor myocardial GSH redox state (GSH/GSSG). Left ventricular myocardium was sampled 4 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass for analyses of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and to assess neutrophil infiltration by histology and myeloperoxidase assay. Results Coronary sinus GSH/GSSG fell 70% after cardiopulmonary bypass with control cardioplegia, but pyruvate cardioplegia produced a robust increase in coronary sinus GSH/GSSG that persisted for 4 hours after bypass. Myocardial C-reactive protein content increased 5.6-fold after control bypass, and neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase activity also increased, but pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia prevented these inflammatory effects. Control cardioplegia lowered myocardial TIMP-2 content by 59% and increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity by 35% versus nonbypass sham values, but pyruvate cardioplegia increased TIMP-2 content ninefold versus control cardioplegia and prevented the increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 was not affected by bypass ± pyruvate. Conclusions Pyruvate-enriched cardioplegia dampens cardiopulmonary bypass-induced myocardial inflammation. Increased GSH/GSSG and TIMP-2 may mediate pyruvate's effects.
New findings about endocrine therapy for breast cancer

For over a decade, the selective estrogen receptor modulator, tamoxifen, has been the primary agent for adjuvant endocrine therapy for steroid receptor-positive breast cancer. New data over the last 2 years now suggest that its primacy may be challenged by strategies that lower circulating and/or intratumoral estrogens. Recent trials support the use of ovarian suppression approaches with or without tamoxifen in place of chemotherapy in premenopausal women. A large randomized trial has also established the short-term efficacy and safety of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, in postmenopausal women. How and when to integrate these new approaches into standard practice are topics of debate. Ongoing research is focused on choice of endocrine approach, duration and sequencing of endocrine treatment, identification of better predictive markers for hormone response, and assessment of long-term risks and benefits.
Diagnostics for ion beam driven high energy density physics experiments

Intense beams of heavy ions are capable of heating volumetric samples of matter to high energy density. Experiments are performed on the resulting warm dense matter (WDM) at the NDCX-I ion beam accelerator. The 0.3 MeV, 30 mA K+ beam from NDCX-I heats foil targets by combined longitudinal and transverse neutralized drift compression of the ion beam. Both the compressed and uncompressed parts of the NDCX-I beam heat targets. The exotic state of matter (WDM) in these experiments requires specialized diagnostic techniques. We have developed a target chamber and fielded target diagnostics including a fast multichannel optical pyrometer, optical streak camera, laser Doppler-shift interferometer (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector), beam transmission diagnostics, and high-speed gated cameras. We also present plans and opportunities for diagnostic development and a new target chamber for NDCX-II.
Discrepancy inequalities for directed graphs

We establish several discrepancy and isoperimetric inequalities for directed graphs by considering the associated random walk. We show that various isoperimetric parameters, as measured by the stationary distribution of the random walks, including the Cheeger constant and discrepancy, are related to the singular values of the normalized probability matrix and the normalized Laplacian. Further, we consider the skew-discrepancy of directed graphs which measures the difference of flow among two subsets. We show that the skew-discrepancy is intimately related to Z, the skew-symmetric part of the normalized probability transition matrix. In particular, we prove that the skew-discrepancy is within a logarithmic factor of @[email protected]?. Finally, we apply our results to construct extremal families of directed graphs with large differences between the discrepancy of the underlying graph and the skew-discrepancy.
A real function representation for the structure of the hard-sphere fluid

We present an analytic expression containing no imaginary terms for the radial distribution function of hard spheres in the Percus-Yevick approximation up to the distance of 4σ (though extendable beyond that), where σ is the hard-sphere diameter. It is shown that a third-order recursive ordinary differential equation for the total correlation function of the hard-sphere fluid can be derived from the Percus-Yevick integral equation using Baxter's factorization method. We have solved this differential equation with its boundary conditions and obtained a result which is equivalent to that obtained by Smith and Henderson, but which contains only real functions. This result is useful in perturbation theories where the evaluation of integrals involving the radial distribution function is required since the expressions presented here are now integrable.
Cultural and ethnic differences in content validation responses

Eight instruments to evaluate grant interventions aimed at increasing recruitment and retention of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian nurses were developed for a Nursing Workforce Diversity Grant. This article compares expert reviewer responses during content validation of these instruments with (a) current literature and (b) seven filmed intervals of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian nurses speaking about their educational experiences. White reviewers responded differently to certain items than did Hispanic/Latino and American Indian reviewers (or reviewers closely affiliated with such persons). Responses of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian experts were aligned with one another but not aligned with the responses of White experts, who also agreed with one another, prompting literature and film comparisons with their responses. Faculty development may be needed to help teachers uncover their assumptions about students of color, acquire knowledge about cultural perspectives, recognize institutional racism, and attain the skills necessary to develop and implement a curriculum of inclusion.
Feminism and Liberalism Reconsidered: The Case of Catharine MacKinnon

Much of contemporary feminist theory presents itself as radically opposed to liberalism. Certain claims made by Catharine MacKinnon have contributed significantly to this view. In this article, however, I argue that certain fundamental aspects of MacKinnon's work must be understood within a liberal framework, even as she challenges the epistemological assumptions that tend to inform liberal political theories. I highlight the ways in which MacKinnon makes use of several fundamental liberal tenets, such as the primacy of individual choice, and then consider how her work contributes to an ongoing discussion about the relevance of liberal theory to contemporary feminist concerns.
PREDICTING THE ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS BY ALUMINIUM-CONTAINING ADJUVANTS

The adsorption of two model proteins, albumin and lysozyme, by boehmite or amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate adjuvants was studied. Electrostatic, attraction has a major role in adsorption. At physiological pH, boehmite, which has a point of zero charge above 7.35, extensively adsorbed albumin, which has an isoelectric point of 4.8, but was not effective in adsorbing lysozyme (isoelectric point, 11.0). Conversely, amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate (point of zero charge, 4.0) was effective in adsorbing lysozyme but adsorbed relatively little albumin. The results suggest that the selection of either boehmite or amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate as an adjuvant should be based in part on the isoelectric point of the antigen.
Tumor Volume and Prostate Specific Antigen: Implications for Early Detection and Defining a Window of Curability

AbstractPurpose: We attempted to determine the relationship between tumor volume and extent of localized prostate cancer, as well as the interrelationships of tumor volume with prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, grade and stage.Materials and Methods: Serial whole mount sections from 128 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were analyzed using a computer assisted volumetric program. Statistical evaluations were performed using logistic and simple regression analyses.Results: The median tumor volume for patients with organ confined disease was significantly lower than for those with extraprostatic extension (1.25 versus 2.94 cc, p less than 0.001). A significant incidence (32 percent) of small volume cancers (0.51 to 1.5 cc) exhibited extraprostatic extension while that of extraprostatic disease increased to 66 percent for patients with tumor volumes greater than 1.5 cc (p less than 0.001). Of men with clinically significant (greater than 0.5 cc, or Gleason score 7 or more) pathological stage B ...
A gate drive circuit of high power IGBTs for improved turn-on characteristics under hard switching conditions

The issues of turn-on performance of a high power insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) that works in hard switching conditions are discussed in detail. First, the turn-on delay time, switching loss, reverse recovery current of the associated free-wheeling diode, and EMI noise are analyzed for an IGBT phase-leg module with an inductive load. Based on the analysis, a novel gate drive circuit combining the slow drive requirements to minimize noise and switching stress, and the fast drive requirements for high-speed switching and low switching energy loss is proposed. Compared to a conventional gate drive circuit, the proposed gate driving strategy is able to effectively reduce the switching loss, delay time, and total switching time during the turn-on transient while the turn-off performance remains unchanged. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed gate driving method.
Narcissism and the self in homicidal adolescents.

Even where it emerges without any sexual purpose, in the blindest fury of destructiveness, the satisfaction of an instinct is accompanied by an extraordinarily high degree of narcissistic enjoyment⋯ owing to its old wishes for omnipotence.
Persistence of the lower stratospheric polar vortices

The persistence of the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratospheric vortices is examined over the period from 1958 to 1999. Three different vortex-following diagnostics (two using potential vorticity and one based solely on the zonal winds) are compared and are shown to give very similar results for the breakup date. The variability in the timing of the breakup of both vortices is qualitatively the same: There are large interannual variations together with smaller decadal-scale variations and there is a significant increase in the persistence since the mid-1980s (all variations are larger for the Arctic vortex). Also, in both hemispheres, there is a high correlation between the persistence and the strength and coldness of the spring vortex, with all quantities having the same interannual and decadal variability. However, there is no such correlation between the persistence and the characteristics of the midwinter vortex. In the Northern Hemisphere, there is also a high correlation between the vortex persistence and the upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric eddy heat flux averaged over the 2 months prior to the breakup. This indicates that the variability in the wave activity entering the stratosphere over late winter to early spring plays a key role in the variability of the Arctic vortex persistence (and spring polar temperatures) on both interannual and decadal timescales. However, the extreme values of Arctic vortex coldness and persistence during the 1990's are not echoed as a similar extreme in the eddy heat flux. This suggests that the recent increase in vortex persistence is not solely due to changes in the wave activity entering the stratosphere.
The effect of static applied magnetic and electric fields on the dielectronic recombination of

A new calculation was performed of the dielectronic recombination rate coefficient for the ion, in cases for which static magnetic and electric fields are applied simultaneously in the collision region. The intermediate-state Hamiltonian was diagonalized in a basis of states of fixed n (principal quantum number of the high Rydberg state electron) and included the paramagnetic, diamagnetic and Stark terms. Our results showed enhancements of , when both magnetic and electric fields were present, beyond what occurred for an applied electric field alone. Generally, these additional enhancements depended nontrivially upon the angle between the two applied fields. Also, in a region of elevated magnetic field strengths , the diamagnetic term was found to play an important role, when .
Convergence of cells from the progenitor fraction of adult olfactory bulb tissue to remyelinating glia in demyelinating spinal cord lesions.

Background: Progenitor cells isolated from adult brain tissue are important tools for experimental studies of remyelination. Cells harvested from neurogenic regions in the adult brain such as the subependymal zone have demonstrated remyelination potential. Multipotent cells from the progenitor fraction have been isolated from the adult olfactory bulb (OB) but their potential to remyelinate has not been studied. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used the buoyant density gradient centrifugation method to isolate the progenitor fraction and harvest self-renewing multipotent neural cells grown in monolayers from the adult green-fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rat OB. OB tissue was mechanically and chemically dissociated and the resultant cell suspension fractionated on a Percoll gradient. The progenitor fraction was isolated and these cells were plated in growth media with serum for 24 hrs. Cells were then propagated in N2 supplemented serum-free media containing b-FGF. Cells at passage 4 (P4) were introduced into a demyelinated spinal cord lesion. The GFP + cells survived and integrated into the lesion, and extensive remyelination was observed in plastic sections. Immunohistochemistry revealed GFP + cells in the spinal cord to be glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and neurofilament negative. The GFP + cells were found among primarily P0 + myelin profiles, although some myelin basic protein (MBP) profiles were present. Immuno-electron microscopy for GFP revealed GFP + cell bodies adjacent to and surrounding peripheral-type myelin rings. Conclusions/Significance: We report that neural cells from the progenitor fraction of the adult rat OB grown in monolayers can be expanded for several passages in culture and that upon transplantation into a demyelinated spinal cord lesion provide extensive remyelination without ectopic neuronal differentiation.
Fast dynamics of semiflexible chain networks of self-assembled peptides.

We present the first neutron spin echo (NSE) measurements of self-assembling peptide hydrogel networks to study the fibril dynamics on the nanometer and nanosecond length and time scales. MAX1 and MAX8 are synthetic β-hairpin peptides that undergo triggered self assembly at the nanoscale to form a physically crosslinked network of fibrils with a defined cross-section. When subjected to physiological pH and ionic strength (pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl), the soluble peptides fold into a β-hairpin, and subsequently, self-assemble to form a structurally rigid hydrogel stabilized by non-covalent crosslinks. The sequence of MAX8 is identical to MAX1 with the exception of one single amino acid substitution which reduces the net charge on the peptide. As a result, faster folding and self assembly kinetics are observed for MAX8 at the same peptide concentration and identical buffer conditions, and gels with a larger storage modulus are formed. NSE measurements of the peptide hydrogels demonstrate that the self-assembled peptide fibrils can be described as semiflexible chains on nano-length and time scales. Alteration of the peptide sequence affected the nanoscale dynamics of the hydrogels, but not to an extent comparable to the large difference observed in the bulk viscoelasticity. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) of the hydrogels reveals increased scattering for MAX8 at low wavevectors, an indication of a heterogeneous network with a tighter mesh size. Therefore, we conjecture that the difference in elastic modulus arises from differences in assembly kinetics that result in increased fibrillar branching and physical crosslinks, rather than a change in the fibril nanostructure or persistence length.
A yeast display system for engineering functional peptide-MHC complexes.

In a cellular immune response, antigenic peptides derived by intracellular processing of foreign pathogens are bound to the class I major histocompatability complex (MHC I) and presented to CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. Although the crystal structures of several different MHC products have been solved, many MHC molecules, including some associated with diseases, have not been amenable to biochemical and structural studies. The variability in this success is based largely on the fact that peptide-MHC complexes vary extensively in their stability. These properties also are intimately tied to the biological activity of the complexes. The ability to apply the techniques of directed evolution to this system in order to engineer stable complexes has been complicated by the trimeric structure of peptide-MHC complexes, requiring association of three polypeptides: the heavy chain, beta2-microglubulin (beta2m), and a short peptide. We show here that single-chain forms of peptide-MHC complexes can be expressed as Aga-2 fusions on the surface of yeast. Three different complexes, SIYRYYGL-K(b)-beta2m (SIYR-K(b)), EQYKFYSV-K(b)-beta2m (dEV8-K(b)), and SIINFEKL-K(b)-beta2m (OVA-K(b)), were expressed on yeast and detected by flow cytometry with a conformation-specific anti-K(b) antibody (B.8.24.3). In addition, yeast displaying K(b) loaded with exogenous SIYR and OVA peptides were recognized by a high-affinity T cell receptor that is specific for SIYR-K(b) and by an antibody (25.D1-16) that is specific for OVA-K(b), respectively. Finally, yeast that display the SIYRYYGL-K(b) also directly stimulated CD69 up-regulation on naive 2C T cells. Hence, yeast display represents a technology that can be used for directed evolution of any of the components of the trimeric pep-MHC complex.
Neodymium concentration measurements in Nd:YLF laser rods: a nondestructive method

A nondestructive method for measurements of Nd(3+) concentration in Nd:YLF laser rodes is presented. The method, based on the comparison of the intensities of Nd(3+) luminescence lines to the intensities of the host matrix (LiYF(4)) Raman lines, requires the use of a micro-Raman spectrometer. The experimental conditions have been optimized and are described in detail. The investigations were performed in the concentration range 0at.%-2at.% of Nd and the calibration curve is presented. In standard use, the relative error on the results never exceeds 10%. Using this method to study the concentration gradient in a crystal is shown and the distribution coefficient of Nd(3+) in LiYF(4) is deduced.
Lipid Peroxidation and Formation of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine from Acute Doses of Halogenated Acetic Acids

Abstract Chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromochloro acetates are major by-products of water disinfection by chlorine or ozone. The chlorinated acetates, trichloroacetate (TCA) and dichloroacetate (DCA), are carcinogenic in rodents. Brominated analogs of TCA and DCA have received little study. TCA and DCA induce lipid peroxidation in the livers of rodents when administered acutely. Oxidative stress can also result in oxidative damage to DNA, most commonly measured as increases in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adducts. In this study, the ability of acute doses of TCA, DCA, dibromoacetate (DBA), bromodichloroacetate (BDCA), and bromochloroacetate (BCA) to induce lipid peroxidation and 8-OHdG formation was examined. Male B6C3F1 mice developed significant increases in 8-OHdG/dG ratios in nuclear DNA isolated from livers when treated with haloacetates. The extent of 8-OHdG formation appeared to be related to the ability to induce thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The order of potency was DBA ≅ BCA > BDCA > DCA > TCA. The induction of 8-OHdG was found to be generally more sensitive to treatment with haloacetates than the TBARS response. Significantly elevated levels of 8-OHdG were observed at doses of DBA, BCA, and BDCA as low as 30 mg/kg. We suggest that formation of 8-OHdG by brominated haloacetates may contribute to their toxicological effects.
Converting nanocrystalline metals into alloys and intermetallic compounds for applications in catalysis

Multi-metal nanoparticles, particularly alloys and intermetallic compounds, are useful catalysts for a variety of chemical transformations. Supported intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts are usually prepared by depositing precursors onto a support followed by high-temperature annealing, which is necessary to generate the intermetallic compound but causes sintering and minimizes surface area. Here we show that solution chemistry methods for converting metal nanoparticles into intermetallic compounds are applicable to supported nanoparticle catalyst systems. Unsupported nanocrystalline Pt can be converted to nanocrystalline PtSn, PtPb, PtBi, and FePt3 by reaction with appropriate metal salt solutions under reducing conditions. Similar reactions convert Al2O3, CeO2, and carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles into PtSn, PtPb, PtSb, Pt3Sn, and Cu3Pt. These reactions generate supported alloy and intermetallic nanoparticles directly in solution without the need for high temperature annealing or additional surface stabilizers. These supported intermetallic nanoparticles are catalytically active for chemical transformations such as formic acid oxidation (PtPb/Vulcan) and CO oxidation (Pt3Sn/graphite). Notably, PtPb/Vulcan XC-72 was found to electrocatalytically oxidize formic acid at a lower onset potential (0.1 V) than commercial PtRu/Vulcan XC-72 (0.4 V).
Role of DNA 5-Methylcytosine Transferase in Cell Transformation by fos

The Fos and Jun oncoproteins form dimeric complexes that stimulate transcription of genes containing activator protein-1 regulatory elements. We found, by representational difference analysis, that expression of DNA 5-methylcytosine transferase (dnmt1) in fos-transformed cells is three times the expression in normal fibroblasts and that fos-transformed cells contain about 20 percent more 5-methylcytosine than normal fibroblasts. Transfection of the gene encoding Dnmt1 induced morphological transformation, whereas inhibition of dnmt1 expression or activity resulted in reversion of fos transformation. Inhibition of histone deacetylase, which associates with methylated DNA, also caused reversion. These results suggest that fos may transform cells through alterations in DNA methylation and in histone deacetylation.
Lymphoreticular tissue lesions in Steinbrinck-Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Surgical and postmortem specimens of lymphoreticular tissue (organized and diffuse) from three patients with Steinbrinck-Chediak-Higashi syndrome were investigated by the light and electron microscope. Material before and after cancer chemotherapy was available. An extensive generalized hyperplasia of lymphoreticular tissues was observed in which several cell lines participated, including lymphocytes, histiocytes, and reticulum cells. Although this hyperplasia resembled neoplasia, histologic and cytologic details suggested it was only a reactive process. Therapy with prednisone and vincristine reduced the well differentiated cells in the lymphoreticular tissues, resulting in a more anaplastic population of immature lymphoid and reticulum cells. It is postulated that proliferation of the lymphoid and histiocytic stem cells is a reaction to the accumulation of materials normally degraded by phagocytes. This proliferation initially may be compensatory, but owing to persistent stimulation by nondegraded foreign materials it progresses to simulate neoplasia.
Hydrothermal growth of highly textured BaTiO3 films composed of nanowires

Textured barium titanate (BaTiO3) films are attracting immense research interest due to their lead-free composition and excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Most synthesis methods for these films require a high temperature, leading to the formation of a secondary phase and an overall decrease in the electrical properties of the ceramic. In order to alleviate these issues, a novel fabrication method is introduced by transferring oriented rutile TiO2 nanowires to a textured BaTiO3 film at temperatures below 160??C. The microstructure and thickness of the fabricated BaTiO3 films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structure and degree of orientation were evaluated by x-ray diffraction patterns using the Lotgering method. It is shown that the thickness of the BaTiO3 film can be controlled by the length of TiO2 nanowire array template, and the degree of orientation of the textured BaTiO3 films is highly dependent on the film thickness; the crystallographic orientation has been measured to reach up to 87%. The relative dielectric constant (?r?=?1300) and ferroelectric properties (Pr?=?2.7??C?cm?2, Ec?=?4.0?kV?mm?1) of the textured BaTiO3 films were also characterized to demonstrate their potential application in sensors, random access memory, and micro-electromechanical systems.
The effects of knife cuts of hippocampal pathways on epileptic activity in the seizure-sensitive gerbil

Previous studies have shown morphological differences in the hippocampal formation of seizure-sensitive gerbils as compared to seizure-resistant gerbils. To determine the significance of these differences, lesions were made of hippocampal afferents and efferents. Seizure-sensitive gerbils with bilateral knife cuts of the perforant path, including those with bilateral fornix lesions, showed no seizure activity following surgery. However, bilateral transections of the fimbria of the fornix, unilateral lesions of the perforant path and sham surgeries had no significant effect on seizure activity. The termination of seizure activity with bilateral lesions of the perforant path suggests that this pathway, as opposed to the fornix, is required for motor seizures in this strain of gerbils.
MRA and low-separation rank approximation with applications to quantum electronics structures computations

We describe some recent mathematical results in constructing computational methods that lead to the development of fast and accurate multiresolution numerical methods for solving problems in computational chemistry (the so-called multiresolution quantum chemistry). Using low separation rank representations of functions and operators and representations in multiwavelet bases, we developed a multiscale solution method for integral and differential equations and integral transforms. The Poisson equation and the Schrodinger equation, the projector on the divergence free functions, provide important examples with a wide range of applications in computational chemistry, computational electromagnetic and fluid dynamics. We have implemented these ideas that include adaptive representations of operators and functions in the multiwavelet basis and low separation rank approximation of operators and functions. These methods have been implemented into a software package called Multiresolution Adaptive Numerical Evaluation for Scientific Simulation (MADNESS).
An in situ estimate of daily food consumption and alimentary canal evacuation rates of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Daily food consumption and alimentary canal evacuation rates for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were estimated at 4-week intervals from April to October 1979. Both the rate of food evacuation and its relationship to temperature were described by an exponential function. Gut evacuation rates ranged from 6.0% of gut contents per hour at 9°C to 32.7% h−1 at 26.5°C. Temperature accounted for 72–91% of the variation in gut evacuation rate among months. Daily food consumption varied from a low of 3.87 mg g−1 of fish wet wt per day in April at 14°C (0.39% of wet body wt) to a high of 40.75 mg g−1 (4.08%) in August at 26.5°C. Although a greater quantity of food appeared to be consumed during the morning in spring and early summer and a greater amount in the evening after July, there was not a statistically significant time of day for peak feeding activity. The field method described here seemed to provide reasonable estimates of food consumption compared with other field and laboratory studies.
Method for direct deconvolution of heat signals in transient adsorption calorimetry

Abstract A method of heat signal analysis is presented for transient adsorption calorimetries including single crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC) which uses fast Fourier transforms (FFT) to determine the instrument response function and deconvolute the heat-versus-time signals. The method utilizes a heat signal generated by a laser pulse of known power-versus-time to extract the instrument response function for the calorimeter. The instrument response function is then used to extract the heat power signal from a molecular beam heat pulse of unknown intensity. This method allows for the extraction of the total heat deposited by the molecular beam pulse without any kinetic modeling even in the event of complex reaction dynamics. This method is compared to previous methods used to analyze SCAC data using example data from the two-step dissociative adsorption of methyl iodide on Pt(111). It is found to be equally accurate for extracting total heats and simpler to perform than the previous methods.
H/vinyl conical intersections of hexatrienes related to the hula-twist photoisomerization

H/vinyl conical intersections are proposed to have a potential role in the photochemical hula-twist isomerization of hexatriene. The hula twist is a novel volume-conserving isomerization mechanism for polyenes in rigid media. Conical intersections involving partial migration of a hydrogen and inversion of a carbon are explored as potential pathways for hula-twist isomerization. These structures are geometrically ideal for a volume-conserving process, but are energetically unfavorable. Calculations were carried out using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method and the 6-31G(d) basis set. Inclusion of electron correlation using CASPT2 calculations resulted in significant lowering of conical intersection energies. The structures and energetics of H/vinyl structures are compared and contrasted with kinked-diene structures and the conventional one-bond-flip process of cis–trans isomerization of tEt-hexatriene. The results are related to H/vinyl and kinked-diene conical intersections pre...
Electroencephalography of Detomidine‐Ketamine‐Halothane and Detomidine‐Ketamine‐lsoflurane Anesthetized Horses During Orthopedic Surgery A Comparison

This study was done to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) response evoked by orthopedic surgery in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Eight horses scheduled for bilateral arthroscopic surgery of the stifle were premedicated with detomidine (20 micrograms/kg) intravenously and five minutes later induced to anesthesia with ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with either halothane or isoflurane. Assignment of inhalation anesthetic was done randomly. The multiple of minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anesthesia was significantly higher than the multiple of MAC of isoflurane (p < .05) required. Total amplitude of the EEG with halothane was smaller than with isoflurane (p < .05), but 13.0 to 32.0 Hz high frequency/0.0 to 3.9 Hz low frequency (beta/delta) ratio was greater for halothane (p < .05). Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was significantly (p < .05) higher with isoflurane than with halothane. The differences in EEG frequency shift observed suggest that isoflurane provided better analgesia than halothane for this group of horses.
Comparative long-term toxicity of Libby amphibole and amosite asbestos in rats after single or multiple intratracheal exposures

In former mine workers of Libby, MT, exposure to amphibole-containing vermiculite was linked to increased rates of asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Although many studies showed adverse effects following exposure to Libby amphibole (LA; a mixture of winchite, richterite, and tremolite), little is known regarding the relative toxicity of LA compared to regulated asbestos, or regarding the risks associated with acute high-dose exposures relative to repeated low-dose exposures. In this study, pulmonary function, inflammation, and pathology were assessed after single or multiple intratracheal (IT) exposures of LA or a well-characterized amosite (AM) control fiber with equivalent fiber characteristics. Male F344 rats were exposed to an equivalent total mass dose (0.15, 0.5, 1.5, or 5 mg/rat) of LA or AM administered either as a single IT instillation, or as multiple IT instillations given every other week over a 13-wk period, and necropsied up to 20 mo after the initial IT. When comparing the two fiber types, in both studies LA resulted in greater acute neutrophilic inflammation and cellular toxicity than equal doses of AM, but long-term histopathological changes were approximately equivalent between fibers, suggesting that LA is at least as toxic as AM. In addition, although no dose-response relationship was discerned, mesothelioma or lung carcinomas were found after exposure to low and high dose levels of LA or AM in both studies. Conversely, when comparing studies, an equal mass dose given over multiple exposures instead of a single bolus resulted in greater chronic pathological changes in lung at lower doses, despite the initially weaker acute inflammatory response. Overall, these results suggest that there is a possibility of greater long-term pathological changes with repeated lower LA dose exposures, which more accurately simulates chronic environmental exposures.
Reactions of Cp2Ta(CH2)(CH3) with Substituted and Unsubstituted Metal Carbonyls (Groups 7, 8, and 9). Evidence for Intermediates Involved in the Carbon−Carbon Bond-Forming Steps of the Reduction and Deoxygenation of CO

The mechanisms of surface-catalyzed reactions that deoxygenate carbon monoxide (CO) and convert it into longer chain hydrocarbons are not well understood. Homogeneous models involving soluble, well-characterized organometallic complexes would be helpful in developing an understanding of these reactions. Reported here are transformations in which CH2, CO, alkyl, and aryl fragments incorporated in soluble metal complexes undergo a variety of changes that lead to new multicarbon ligands. In one example, treatment of the tantalum methylene complex Cp2Ta(CH2)(CH3) (1, Cp = η5-C5H5) with the methyl- or phenylrhenium pentacarbonyl complexes R−Re(CO)5 (R = CH3 (2a), Ph (2b)) above 0 °C leads to >90% yields of the bridging oxo complexes Cp2(CH3)Ta(μ-O)Re(CRCH2)(CO)4 (R = Me (3a) and Ph (3b)). Low-temperature NMR monitoring and use of a perfluoroalkyl ligand has provided information about the initial steps in these transformations. These demonstrate the first observation of “Wittig-like” attack of a metal alkyliden...
A log-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids

The molecular weight of humic substances influences their proton and metal binding, organic pollutant partitioning, adsorption onto minerals and activated carbon, and behavior during water treatment. We propose a log-normal model for the molecular weight distribution in aquatic fulvic acids to provide a conceptual framework for studying these size effects. The normal curve mean and standard deviation are readily calculated from measured Mn and Mw and vary from 2.7 to 3 for the means and from 0.28 to 0.37 for the standard deviations for typical aquatic fulvic acids. The model is consistent with several types of molecular weight data, including the shapes of high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) peaks. Applications of the model to electrostatic interactions, pollutant solubilization, and adsorption are explored in illustrative calculations.
Cultural humility: Essential foundation for clinical researchers

Cultural humility is a process of self-reflection and discovery in order to build honest and trustworthy relationships. It offers promise for researchers to understand and eliminate health disparities, a continual and disturbing problem necessitating attention and action on many levels. This paper presents a discussion of the process of cultural humility and its important role in research to better understand the perspectives and context of the researcher and the research participant. We discern cultural humility from similar concepts, specifically cultural competence and reflexivity. We will also explore ways to cultivate cultural humility in the context of human subjects research. Mindfulness is one approach that can be helpful in enhancing awareness of self and others in this process. With a foundation in cultural humility, nurse researchers and other investigators can implement meaningful and ethical projects to better address health disparities.
Pre-operative Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas: A Comparison of Power and Colour Doppler Ultrasonography with Nuclear Medicine Scintigraphy

Abstract AIM: To compare power and colour Doppler ultrasonography (US) with nuclear medicine scintigraphy (NM) in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with biochemical evidence of PHPT underwent pre-operative US and NM for parathyroid adenoma localization. Both studies were interpreted independently without prior knowledge of the other study's findings. All patients had surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma utilizing standard neck exploration or minimally invasive unilateral surgical techniques with rapid serum assay of circulating parathyroid hormone levels. RESULTS: All patients had single parathyroid adenomas at surgery. Prospective sensitivities for US, NM and both studies combined were 65%, 68%, and 74%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 100% each. The adenoma was localized by only one imaging modality in 16% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: US and NM provide complementary roles in the pre-operative localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with PHPT. Scheiner, J. D. et al . (2001). Clinical Radiology 56 , 984–988.
Recent Political Thought in the South

In a study of recent political thought in the South, it is necessary to delimit the area called “The South.” Howard Odum included fourteen states in his practical design for the “southern regions.” The President's Committee which reported in 1938 on economic conditions in the South covered thirteen states. The southern governors of fifteen states joined in the regional educational compact. The Manufacturers' Record, published in Baltimore as the industrial organ of the South, reaches out to sixteen states. V. O. Key limits his study, Southern Politics, to those eleven states which have consistently stayed with the national Democratic party. This author in the main refers to the eleven states which once seceded to form the Confederacy; coincidentally, these are the same eleven states that Key found to be “solid” in national politics.
The Jovian hydrogen bulge: Evidence for co-rotating magnetospheric convection

Abstract The hydrogen bulge is a feature in Jupiter's upper atmosphere that co-rotates with the planetary magnetic field (i.e. the hydrogen bulge is fixed in System III coordinates). It is located approximately 180° removed in System III longitude from the active sector, which has been identified as the source region for Jovian decametric radio emission and for release of energetic electrons into interplanetary space. According to the magnetic-anomaly model, the active sector is produced by the effect of the large magnetic anomaly in Jupiter's northern hemisphere. On the basis of the magnetic-anomaly model, it has been theoretically expected for some time that a two-cell magnetospheric convection pattern exists within the Jovian magnetosphere. Because the convection pattern is established by magnetic-anomaly effects of the active sector, the pattern co-rotates with Jupiter. (This is in contrast to the Earth's two-cell convection pattern that is fixed relative to the Sun with the Earth rotating beneath it.) The sense of the convection is to bring hot magnetospheric plasma into the upper atmosphere in the longitude region of the hydrogen bulge. This hot plasma contains electrons with energies of the order of 100keV that dissociate atmospheric molecules to produce the atomic hydrogen that creates the observed longitudinal asymmetry in hydrogen Lyman alpha emission. We regard the existence of the hydrogen bulge as the best evidence available thus far for the reality of the expected co-rotating magnetospheric convection pattern.
E-073 Endovascular Treatment of a Traumatic Middle Meningeal Artery Pseudoaneurysm with Onyx LES: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Background Middle meningeal artery (MMA) pseudoaneurysms are very rare and are most often traumatic. They may present as an epidural or intraparenchymal hematoma (IPH). Very few cases in medical literature exist of such pseudoaneurysms and little is known about the optimal management of this pathology. Surgical repair as well as endovascular treatment with n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) and detachable coils have been reported. We report the first such case treated with Onyx liquid embolic system (LES). Methods Case report and review of the literature. Case report A 51-year-old woman sustained multiple cranio-facial injuries after a fall down the stairs. Upon initial examination she was agitated and unable to follow commands, and required to be intubated and sedated. A head CT showed right sided subdural haemorrhage (SDH) and a left temporal IPH. She also suffered fractures of her left orbital wall, anterior nasal bone, left clavicle and left 1st rib. CT angiogram of the head and neck was normal. She underwent an emergent craniotomy and evacuation of the SDH and an angiogram was performed to evaluate for a potential vascular lesion. The left external carotid artery (ECA) angiogram revealed a pseudoaneurysm with contrast extravazation of the intracranial left middle meningeal artery (Fig1a). A decision was made to embolise the lesion. A Sceptre XC 4 mm x 7 mm balloon microcatheter was used to select the left MMA through a 6F guide catheter. Microcatheter angiograms were obtained to confirm placement and rule out potentially dangerous anastomoses. Embolization was performed using Onyx 34 LES. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was subsequently extubated. She continued to show improvement during her hospitalization and at the time of discharge her neurologic exam was significant only for a mild expressive aphasia. At the time of follow up angiography after 3 months, her neurologic exam was normal. The follow up angiogram revealed no residual filling of the pseudoaneurysm (Figure 1b). Discussion Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the MMA are rare but serious lesions with a high mortality rate. These may cause epidural as well as intracerebral hematomas. In cases of trauma with intracerebral hematomas, cerebrovascular imaging should also be performed. Our case highlights the utility of catheter angiography even with a normal CT angiogram. Several treatment options have been reported for these lesions including surgical excision, endovascular treatment with detachable coils or nBCA. Our case illustrates the utility of Onyx LES as a safe and efficacious treatment modality in addition. Disclosures S. Mehta: None. A. Alawi: None. R. Edgell: None.
Fuzzy linear regression analysis of cellulose hydrolysis

The dependence of enzymatic hydrolysis rate on the structural features of lignocellulosics, such as specific surface area, crystallinity index, and lignin content, has been examined. A model for this relationship has been proposed and linear regression based on fuzzy set theory, or the so-called fuzzy linear regression has been employed for estimation of model parameters. The resultant fuzzy model appears well suited for representing complex or ill-conceived processes, e.g., biological processes. This fuzzy model is essentially a quantitative translation of the human perception of the process.