cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Search for W. H. Ireland's Bruno

W. H. Ireland forged many documents, but he also inspired others to forge. A variety of gothic scholars have forged facts concerning a “lost” Ireland novel, Bruno, including a full bibliographical ...
Estimation of returns to scale using data envelopment analysis: A comment

Banker (1984) introduced the idea that the sum of the intensity variables in the DEA (Activity Analysis) model can be used to identify returns to scale. A counterexample in Chang and Guh (1991) shows that Banker's method may fail. This prompted Banker and Thrall (1992) to develop an alternative approach to estimate scale efficiency using DEA. Seemingly unaware of the work by Byrnes, Fare and Grosskopf (1984), Fare, Grosskopf and Lovell (1985, 1994) and Fare and Grosskopf (1985), etc. on the same topic, their 'new' approach is very similar to the methodology originated in these references. The purpose of this comment is to make our method known and to contrast it to the Banker and Thrall (1992) approach.
Stabilization of mood from below versus above baseline in bipolar disorder: a new nomenclature

Management of bipolar disorder has traditionally emphasized the acute treatment of mania. Although acute treatment of mania is a critical aspect of care, this emphasis has tended to overshadow other important phases of bipolar disorder, such as depression, hypomania, and subsyndromal symptoms. We offer a reconceptualization of bipolar disorder that highlights unmet needs and the importance of differential spectra of efficacy. In this reconceptualization, bipolar disorder can be viewed as an aberration of mood, behavior, and cognition from baseline (euthymia). "Below baseline" is characterized by depression and subsyndromal depression. "Above baseline" is characterized by mania, mixed states, hypomania, and subsyndromal mood elevation. In contrast to the treatment options for mania, the options for depression are limited. This new nomenclature emphasizes the need to develop mood stabilizers that possess the ability to stabilize mood "from below baseline," either alone or in combination with other agents. In this article, the treatment options for bipolar disorder, with a focus on depression and rapid cycling, are discussed according to this new conceptualization of management from below and above baseline.
SMALL MAMMAL USE OF MICROHABITAT REVIEWED

Small mammal microhabitat research has greatly influenced vertebrate community ecologists. There exists a “microhabitat paradigm” that states that sympatry among small mammal species is enabled by differential use of microhabitat (i.e., microhabitat partitioning). However, several studies have failed to detect microhabitat partitioning, and research has consistently indicated that microhabitat phenomena do not explain larger spatial scale (i.e., macrohabitat) variation. Possible reasons for these difficult to reconcile observations are explored by reviewing and tabulating data from 70 studies. The meaning of the term microhabitat has changed subtly since 1969. This review demonstrates that the existing knowledge of small mammal microhabitat partitioning is highly concentrated among small-scale studies, conducted with modest intensity, that measure microhabitat at inappropriate spatial scales. This concentration of knowledge appears to be an insufficient foundation on which to accept microhabitat partitioning as a widely generalizable phenomenon. The observation that microhabitat phenomena do not explain larger spatial scale variation suggests the importance of underappreciated adaptive mechanisms that relate to the ability of species to coexist, use habitat, and ultimately persist.
Detection of varicella‐zoster virus by dot‐blot hybridization using a molecularly cloned viral DNA probe

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection can be definitively diagnosed by isolation of virus in cell culture, a process that usually takes 7-14 days. In order to facilitate the more rapid detection of this virus, we developed a technique for hybridization of DNA from clinical specimens using an in vitro-labeled mixture of cloned fragments of VZV DNA as a probe. The assay can be completed in 36-48 hr and can be successfully carried out in the range of 10 pg to 10 ng of viral DNA. In analyses of 38 specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of VZV infection, the results of viral isolation and this assay were highly concordant. The sensitivity of standard cell culture for detection of VZV was 58%, whereas the sensitivity of the assay was 76%, not significantly different (P = 0.14). The specificity of cell culture was 100%, whereas that of the assay was 94% (P = 0.49). The technique appears to be sensitive, specific, and useful for analyses of tissues and body fluids.
Enhanced local production of vascular endothelial growth factor is not sufficient to increase peritoneal permeability to protein during acute peritonitis.

Dialysate concentrations of inflammatory mediators and growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are increaed during acute peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients; however, it can be difficult to determine whether these high concentrations are caused by either increased peritoneal permeability or enhanced local production within peritoneal tissues. VEGF and total protein kinetics were first compared in a rabbit model during an 8-h dwell of dialysis solution containing 2.5% dextrose with (peritonitis) and without (control) the addition of 1–2 × 10 5 colony forming units (cfus) of Escherichia coli (series 1 experiments). Series 2 experiments determined whether intraperitoneal administration of indomethacin (75 μg/mL) altered the kinetics of VEGF and its local production during peritonitis. Series 1 experiments showed that peritonitis resulted in increased peritoneal permeability to total protein, enhanced appearance of VEGF in the dialysate, and increased tissue VEGF mRNA expression in the cecum and abdominal muscle tissues. Series 2 experiments showed that intraperitoneal administration of indomethacin during peritonitis blocked the increase in peritoneal permeability to total protein but had no effect on the appearance rate of VEGF in the dialysate. Intraperitoneal indomethacin decreased tissue VEGF mRNA expression in the cecum but not in the diaphragm or abdominal muscle tissues. It is concluded that the enhanced appearance of VEGF in peritoneal dialysate during peritonitis is largely from increased local production within peritoneal tissues. These observations also demonstrate that enhanced local production of VEGF is not sufficient to increase peritoneal permeability to total protein during peritonitis.
The tautomerization and mutarotation of β-L-arabinopyranose. Participation of both furanose anomers

Abstract Both the α- and the β-furanose forms have been identified in aqueous solutions of L -arabinose by g.l.c, p.m.r., and optical rotation measurements on the trimethylsilylated sugar. The equilibrium composition in water at 25° is: α-pyranose, 57; β-pyranose, 30.5; α-furanose, 8; and β-furanose, 4.5%. In the tautomerization of β- L -arabinopyranose in water the rate constants for approach to the equilibrium level appear to be nearly the same for all components: t 1 2  6.8 ±0.4 min at 25°. Thus the complex optical mutarotation of β- L -arabinopyranose remains unexplained.
Termination and induction of diapause in the gypsy moth larval parasitoid, Apanteles melanoscelus

Abstract Diapause in Apanteles melanoscelus can be terminated by exposure of the diapausing last instar larvae within their cocoons to 5°C for a period of 8 or more weeks. Photoperiod has no consistent influence upon diapause termination, but is of paramount importance for diapause induction. At less than 16 hr light per day virtually all larvae diapause, and at 18 hr and above very few larvae diapause. By exposing different larval stages to different photoperiods it was found that older larvae were most sensitive to the light-dark cycle. It was also noted that cocoons of diapausing larvae are larger than those of non-diapausing larvae.
The Structure and Calcification of the Crustacean Cuticle

The integument of decapod crustaceans consists of an outer epicuticle, an exocuticle, an endocuticle and an inner membranous layer underlain by the hypodermis. The outer three layers of the cuticle are calcified. The mineral is in the form of calcite crystals and amorphous calcium carbonate. In the epicuticle, mineral is in the form of spherulitic calcite islands surrounded by the lipid-protein matrix. In the exo- and endocuticles the calcite crystal aggregates are interspersed with chitin-protein fibers which are organized in lamellae. In some species, the organization of the mineral mirrors that of the organic fibers, but such is not the case in certain cuticular regions in the xanthid crabs. Thus, control of crystal organization is a complex phenomenon unrelated to the gross morphology of the matrix. Since the cuticle is periodically molted to allow for growth, this necessitates a bidirectional movement of calcium into the cuticle during postmolt and out during premolt resorption of the cuticle. In two species of crabs studied to date, these movements are accomplished by active transport effected by a Ca-ATPase and Na/Ca exchange mechanism. The epi- and exocuticular layers of the new cuticle are elaborated during premolt but do not calcify until the old cuticle is shed. This phenomenon also occurs in vitro in cuticle devoid of living tissue and implies an alteration of the nucleating sites of the cuticle in the course of the molt.
Václav Eusebius Z Lobkovic (1609–1677): Military Entrepreneurship, Patronage, and Grace

If scholarly articles could have intricate subtitles, as did treatises published long ago, the heading of this essay would be much longer. The larger scheme of things into which the career of Vaclav Eusebius z Lobkovic, head of the Habsburg government from 1669 to 1674, fits is armed service and nobility. Assuming that the latter was synonymous with what Marc Bloch called the “seignorial” class—i. e., Central Europe's dominant or ruling social group prior to the industrial epoch—one may argue that for more than a millennium, from Merovingian times onward, a symbiotic, if fluid and complex, relationship existed between the waging of war and the establishment of that control over land which constituted the tangible foundation for noble power and authority.
Displacement cascades in polyatomic materials

Abstract Using a continuous slowing-down, random amorphous material model, we have studied displacement cascades in a number of diatomic materials. This paper reviews a number of previously obtained results that elucidate the effect of atomic mass, recoil energy, displacement energy, capture energy, and material stoichiometry on the numbers of displacements in a cascade. The displacement cascade reveals a complex structure that is dependent on the type of irradiation and the material properties. Conclusions related to damage analysis for fusion reactors are given.
From Muslims in America to American Muslims

In this essay the author gives an historical overview of Islam in America from its earliest beginnings in pre‐Columbia America until the present. Details on the origins, growth and spread of the three largest American Muslim groups – African American, Arab and South Asian – are explored as are the tensions and frictions between the three communities, which undermine the unity of these adherents and their potential influence on the United States’ domestic and foreign policies. Also explored are the ideological struggles some Muslims – perhaps a large percentage in the three groups – have regarding their position in the American mosaic. Are they “Muslims in America” or are they “American Muslims?” Some African Americans, many of whom have adopted Islam and the “new” identity it provides as an antidote to this group’s long history of ostracism and marginalization, are alienated from any wholesale embrace of their American heritage and identity. Among Arab and South Asian Muslims, some feel a loyalty to their...
Probing protein structure and dynamics by tritium NMR

Tritium nmr spectroscopy of specifically tritiated tosylchymotrypsin has been used to examine the properties of the tosyl group in this protein. The unavoidable presence of several tritiated isotopomers complicates analysis of experiments and extensive computer simulations of relaxation behavior of tritiated species present were used in conjunction with models developed from crystallographic results to interpret the observations made. These analyses suggest that the tosyl group of tosylchymotrypsin at pH 4 is highly mobile in solution and occupies the lacation in the protein that is observed in the crystalline state only about 50% of the time.
Olympic Alliance oil spillage

Abstract Despite the 1967 traffic separation scheme for the Straits of Dover another loaded tanker was damaged in a Channel collision. On this occasion approximately 2000–3000 tonnes of oil were spilt and despite extensive and rapid measures to disperse it at sea, the English coastline was again affected.
1110. Engineering Cell Lines for the Production of Highly Replication Defective HSV-1 Vectors

In order to mass produce clinical grade highly replication defective HSV-1 vectors, efficient cell lines must be generated to complement missing viral functions while avoiding recombinant virus generation. The goal of this work is to increase the yield of replication defective virus per cell by engineering a cell line that would provide efficient timing and adequate expression levels of the immediate early gene ICP4. Conventional replication defective HSV-1 vectors have deletions in immediate early genes ICP4 and ICP27 and are propagated on complementing cell lines that stably express these genes in trans. Here a joint deleted ICP4, ICP22, and ICP27 mutant virus (JDTOZEH1) was used to examine the robustness of engineered cell lines during a low MOI (0.01) production. The ICP0 promoter was chosen to drive ICP4 complementation due to a higher concentration of viral activation elements (TAATGARAT sequences). This strategy lead to higher induction levels and faster kinetics of ICP4 expression which resulted in 10 fold increases in viral yield per cell. Quantitative PCR for ICP4 transcription revealed a 10-fold increase and faster kinetics of ICP4 RNA transcription suggesting this promoter is sufficient for ICP4 complementation. These results were verified by Western blotting for ICP4 showing both earlier and higher levels of expression. Additionally, stocks produced from this cell line contained no replication competent viruses since the fragments used to transfect the complementing cell lines have limited homology with the deletions of the viral genome. These cell lines will serve as building blocks for large scale production of consequently less toxic versions of therapeutic HSV-1 viral vectors.
Requirement of α and β subunit transmembrane helix separation for integrin outside-in signaling

Adhesion to extracellular ligands through integrins regulates cell shape, migration, growth, and survival. How integrins transmit signals in the outside-to-in direction remains unknown. Whereas in resting integrins the α and β subunit transmembrane domains are associated, ligand binding promotes dissociation and separation of these domains. Here we address whether such separation is required for outside-in signaling. By introduction of an intersubunit disulfide bond, we generated mutant integrin αIIbβ3 with blocked transmembrane separation that binds ligand, mediates adhesion, adopts an extended conformation after ligand binding, and forms antibody-induced macroclusters on the cell surface similarly to wild type. However, the mutant integrin exhibits a profound defect in adhesion-induced outside-in signaling as measured by cell spreading, actin stress-fiber and focal adhesion formation, and focal adhesion kinase activation. This defect was rescued by reduction of the disulfide bond. Our results demonstrate that the separation of transmembrane domains is required for integrin outside-in signal transduction.
Does retrovesical ureter dilatation predict vesicoureteral reflux in infant less than age one

Purpose Some have reported that because there is physiologic ureter dilatation in infant less than age 1, retrovesical ureter dilatation (RUD) in ultrasonogram (US) has not clinical implication. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between retrovesical ureter dilatation and VUR in infant less than age 1. Material and Methods Between January 2006 and December 2008, 286 patient who underwent VCUG and US were included in this study. The patients with neurogenic bladder, megaureter and duplicating system were excluded. Mean age was 6.1 (0.7∼12.0) months, 235 patients were boys. Results Out of 572 ureters of 286 patients, 104 (18.2%) showed RUD on US, and 39 (37.5%) of 104 ureters showed VUR. But, 123 (26.3%) ureter of 468 without RUD showed VUR, and then there was significant difference between two groups (p=0.023). Meanwhile the specificity to predict VUR by RUD was 84.1%. We analyzed that the grade distribution of hydronephrosis and VUR according to existence of RUD. As a result, the grade of hydronephrosis and VUR was significantly high in case of existence of RUD (p Conclusions There was also significant correlation between RUD and VUR in infant less than age one. Moreover, RUD was associated with high grade VUR and hydronephrosis. Therefore, RUD is useful factor to predict VUR, especially with PUD.
INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE FOOD PRODUCTS IN THE AMERICAN MARKETPLACE1

The potential status and stability of Intermediate Moisture Foods has been discussed from the viewpoint of its contribution to improving the food delivery system, especially with respect to improved quality, energy savings and added convenience. The present status of Intermediate Moisture Foods in the American marketplace has been surveyed by conducting a supermarket tour and noting the IMF products “on the shelves.” These IMF products were divided into four categories; characteristics of the products utilizing new technologies are listed and the problems in formulation noted.
Pediatric toxicologic concerns

Pediatric poisonings account for significant morbidity in the United States each year. Clinicians must keep current with advances in toxicology to be familiar with the latest recommended treatment regimens and antidotes. They also must be familiar in identifying toxidromes and important physical examination findings. Having these skills can enable the clinician to determine who is at risk for significant morbidity or mortality and to provide the appropriate medical care.
Theoretical examination of the mechanism of aldose-ketose isomerization

Two mechanisms for an aldose-ketose isomerization have been examined using high level ab initio and semiempirical molecular orbital methods. The proton transfer pathway via an enediol intermediate is shown to be favored in the absence of a metal ion, while the hydride transfer pathway becomes favored in the presence of a metal ion. Our calculations explain why the proton transfer pathway is operative in most aldose-ketose isomerization reactions. These calculations also provide further support for the previously proposed metal ion-mediated hydride transfer mechanism for xylose isomerase.
WTC geochemical fingerprint recorded in New York Harbor sediments

The terrorist-instigated collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers in New York City on 11 September 2001; the resultant fires that burned at the excavation site for three months afterwards; and subsequent site-remediation activities released dust, debris, and a wide variety of particle-associated contaminants to the surrounding urban environment. Although there is a general understanding of fine-particle and contaminant transport and accumulation in coastal areas such as the Hudson River estuary, determining the spatial and temporal variations in particle and contaminant dynamics can be difficult, since fine-particle transport usually involves numerous short-term episodes of deposition and resuspension,and because intense, short-term events (storms and catastrophes) are often more important than those that occur during normal flow conditions [Olsen et al., 1984; Olsen et al., 1993; Bopp et al., 1998; Woodruff et al., 2001]]
Marijuana craving in the brain

Craving is one of the primary behavioral components of drug addiction, and cue-elicited craving is an especially powerful form of this construct. While cue-elicited craving and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms have been extensively studied with respect to alcohol and other drugs of abuse, the same cannot be said for marijuana. Cue-elicited craving for other drugs of abuse is associated with increased activity in a number of brain areas, particularly the reward pathway. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cue-elicited craving for marijuana. Thirty-eight regular marijuana users abstained from use for 72 h and were presented with tactile marijuana-related and neutral cues while undergoing a fMRI scan. Several structures in the reward pathway, including the ventral tegmental area, thalamus, anterior cingulate, insula, and amygdala, demonstrated greater blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in response to the marijuana cue as compared with the neutral cue. These regions underlie motivated behavior and the attribution of incentive salience. Activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens was also positively correlated with problems related to marijuana use, such that greater BOLD activation was associated with greater number of items on a marijuana problem scale. Thus, cue-elicited craving for marijuana activates the reward neurocircuitry associated with the neuropathology of addiction, and the magnitude of activation of these structures is associated with severity of cannabis-related problems. These findings may inform the development of treatment strategies for cannabis dependence.
Inhibition of Adrenergic Activity at a Locus Peripheral to the Brain and Spinal Cord

This report confirms that adrenergic discharge can be neurogenically inhibited at a site outside of the central nervous system. Centers controlling peripheral inhibition are located in both the spinal cord and the brain. The inhibition is of the competitive-equilibrium type and can be surmounted by increasing the frequency of lumbar sympathetic stimulation. Inhibition of adrenergic discharge at an extraspinal locus occurs in the dog and in two species of monkey. Confirming evidence for central inhibition of vasomotor activity was also obtained in the cat and dog. Reflex dilatation can still be obtained after brain transections which abolish all neurogenic tone, confirming that reflex dilatation is in part active, and further showing that the centers that control active reflex dilatation and neurogenic tone can be differentiated by selected lesioning. The pathways in the spinal cord that mediate active reflex dilatation, adrenergic discharge, and inhibition of adrenergic discharge were explored. Sensitization (loss of accommodation) of pressoreceptors in the carotid sinus of the dog vvas noted within two hours of maintained hypotension. Reaccommodation of pressoreceptors occurred rapidly when the blood pressure was returned to normal. Marked sensitization of the vasomotor center to inhibitory input occurred in the same time period. Deaccommodation to inhibitory input also took place rapidly.
Impact of wireless communication delay on load sharing among distributed generation systems through smart microgrids

Load sharing among distributed generation systems (DGS) is one of the most important topics in wireless-enabled smart microgrids, where a set of power inverters at different geographical locations work coordinately and collaboratively through wireless networks to meet the load requirement. Parallel power inverters operated in distributed generation systems rely on the underlying wireless communication channels to exchange power information among them for load sharing control. However, existing work in the area of load sharing has largely ignored the effect of wireless communication delay. Study has shown that the time-varying wireless communication delay may have a significant impact on the performance of power inverters. In this work, we aim to fill this gap and study the performance of distributed power inverters under the scenario of wireless-enabled smart microgrids. We first study the power inverter performance by taking into account the time-varying wireless communication delay. Then, we propose an optimal controller to overcome the delay problem and to provide a smooth load sharing performance. Both theoretical and simulation results show the effectiveness and responsiveness of the proposed controller design.
Close Link between CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Proliferation Defects in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease and Relationship to Extended Periods of CD4+ Lymphopenia

T cell proliferation failure is commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. By examining T cell function on a single-cell basis, we found that CD4(+) T cell proliferation failure was often accompanied by CD8(+) T cell proliferation defects in patients with HIV disease. The defects are characterized by a proportional failure and reduced efficiency of precursor T cell proliferation after stimulation. In this study, patients who historically had low levels of circulating CD4(+) T cells were most likely to demonstrate cellular proliferation failure, regardless of current CD4(+) T cell counts. In contrast, neither historical nor current plasma HIV RNA levels were predictive of proliferation failure. These results suggest that mechanisms of T cell proliferation failure are more complex than can be explained by the direct effects of HIV replication and that therapeutic intervention to avoid prolonged periods of CD4(+) lymphopenia may be desirable for the preservation of immune function in patients with HIV disease.
Molecular structure of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene

GnRH receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins and have been localized to the anterior pituitary, brain and reproductive organs as well as many steroid-dependent tumor tissues. Recently, cDNAs for the GnRH receptors of several species including the human have been cloned. To determine the structure of the gene encoding the human GnRH receptor, we isolated the receptor gene clones from the human genomic libraries. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that the human GnRH receptor gene is composed of three exons and two introns and spans over 20 kb in size. Exon 1 encodes the 5 0 untranslated sequence and nucleotide ˛ 1t o ˛522 in the open reading frame, exon 2 encodes nucleotide ˛ 523 to ˛ 742 and exon 3 encodes nucleotide ˛ 743 to ˛ 987 in the open reading frame as well as the 3 0 untranslated sequence. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA and localization of the GnRH receptor gene to a single site on human chromosome 4 (4q13) indicate the presence of a single copy of the gene in the human genome. Several regulatory sequences for various hormones and other regulatory factors were identified, including PEA-3, AP-1, AP-2, and Pit-1 sites. In addition, glucocorticoid/progesterone response element, thyroid hormone response element, and cAMP response element sequences were identified. Reverse transcriptase-primer extension and 5 0 RACE analysis of the human pituitary RNA demonstrated the presence of multiple transcriptional start sites upstream of the translational start site. Analysis of the 5 0 flanking region of the gene also revealed the presence of multiple TATA and CAAT sequences. The finding of multiple transcriptional start sites raises the possibility of tissue-specific regulation and the existence of variable size transcripts. Chimeras containing 1.26 kb (π534 to 728) of the 5 0 flanking region of the receptor gene and the luciferase (Luc) gene expressed a significant luciferase activity when transfected into a human endometrial tumor cell line (HEC-1A) and a breast tumor cell line (MCF-7) but not in a mouse pituitary gonadotrope cell line (aT3‐1), suggesting the existence of multiple promoter elements in the gene. These findings indicate a multiplicity of regulation of expression of the GnRH receptor and provide the substrate for detailed investigation in the reproductive system.
Approximate expressions for the variances of non-randomized error estimators and CoD estimators for the discrete histogram rule

Estimation of the classification error and of the coefficient of determination (CoD) is a fundamental issue in discrete prediction problems. Analytical expressions for exact performance metrics of non-randomized error estimators and CoD estimators have been derived in previous publications by the authors. However, computation of these expressions becomes problematic as the sample size or predictor complexity increases, particularly in the case of second moments. Thus, fast and accurate approximations are desirable. In this paper, we make approximations to the variances of resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators and CoD estimators. Our results show that these approximations not only are quite accurate but also reduce computation time tremendously.
Comparative Carcinogenicity, Metabolism, Mutagenicity, and DNA Binding of 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and Dibenz[a,j]acridine

Complex mixtures that are produced from the combustion of organic materials have been associated with increased cancer mortality. These mixtures contain homocyclic and heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are known carcinogens. In particular, N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NHA) are present in these mixtures. Studies to determine the metabolic activation of these compounds have been undertaken. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the metabolic activation and biological effects of two NHA, 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA), in order to better assess the contribution of NHA to the carcinogenic potency of complex mixtures and to develop biomarkers of the carcinogenic process. DBC has both local and systemic effects in the mouse; it is a potent skin and liver carcinogen following topical application and a lung carcinogen following i.p. application. On the other hand, DBA is a moderate mouse skin carcinogen following topical application and a lung carcinogen following subcutaneous injection. The biological differences for DBC and DBA are reflected in target organ-specific proximate and mutagenic metabolites and DNA adduct patterns.
Measurement of the neutral-current interactions of high-energy neutrinos and antineutrinos

Measurements of the ..nu.. and nu-bar weak hadronic neutral-current total cross sections and hadron energy distributions are consistent with a V - A form for this current. They are three standard deviations from pure V, pure A, or a pure T form and unambiguously exclude V + A and any linear combination of S and P.
Tape helix perturbation including 3-D dielectrics for TWTs

A perturbation technique described in a previous paper has been applied to the tape helix model of a traveling wave tube (TWT). The perturbation technique employs two solutions; the unperturbed solution is that for a helix in a conducting sleeve, suspended in vacuum, and the perturbed solution is with the above configuration, but with the introduction of dielectric support rods. Usually the perturbed solution is not known and is approximated by the homogeneous dielectric solution. Then in three-dimensional (3-D) fashion, the perturbation technique weights the dielectric with an energy-like term that is only evaluated within the discrete dielectric. Therefore, the model accounts for the distribution of dielectric material. Extending the perturbation to the tape helix, the current density is accurately portrayed in space. In all cases, the perturbed tape helix solution has a lower least square error in normalized phase velocity than the unperturbed tape helix solution. It had a lower error than the perturbed sheath helix solution of the previous paper, which in turn had a lower least square error than the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL's) Small Signal Gain (SSG) Program. An initial discussion of the tape helix is presented and the calculated dispersion relation given. This solution incorporates a conducting backwall or shield with a homogeneous dielectric between it and the helix, using n=-6 to n=+6 space harmonics. Then the perturbation theory is applied, first for uniform support rods, and then to include notched rods. The resultant simulations produce phase velocity and coupling impedance data. Deviation from theory to experiment is reported by comparing the square root of the average sum of the squares difference, divided by an average phase velocity, between calculated phase velocities and a second order least squares fit of the measured data. Experimental data on the dispersion properties of four helices came from Northrop. The average error in phase velocity for four cases was 0.95%. For uniform rods the perturbation theory lowers the phase velocity, but doesn't significantly alter the dispersion. However, for notched rods, the perturbation theory raises the phase velocity and flattens the dispersion, in agreement with experiment. Computations can be performed in 1/2 min for a ten-frequency-step problem on a Pentium II processor.
Effects of Fluvastatin on Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Abstract The overall objective of this study was to determine whether peroral treatment with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor fluvastatin influences the leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesion (LECA) observed in postcapillary venules of hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were fed either normal chow or a chow supplemented with 1% cholesterol for 10 days. Leukocyte adherence and extravasation, leukocyte rolling velocity, red blood cell velocity, and vessel diameter were monitored in mesenteric venules superfused with either 100 nmol/L platelet-activating factor (PAF) or 20 nmol/L leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited an exaggerated LECA response compared with their normocholesterolemic counterparts. In hypercholesterolemic rats, treatment with fluvastatin significantly attenuated the leukocyte-adherence responses to PAF and LTB4 as well as the leukocyte emigration response to LTB4. Fluvastatin treatment also inhibited the PAF- and LTB4-induced reductions ...
Coordinate Expression and Trans Presentation of Interleukin (IL)-15Rα and IL-15 Supports Natural Killer Cell and Memory CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis

The high affinity interleukin (IL)-15 receptor, IL-15Rα, is essential for supporting lymphoid homeostasis. To assess whether IL-15Rα's role in vivo is to trans present IL-15, we generated mixed bone marrow chimera from IL-15Rα– and IL-2/15Rβ–deficient mice. We find that IL-15Rα–competent, IL-2/15Rβ–deficient cells are able to support IL-15Rα–deficient natural killer (NK) and memory CD8+ T cells, thus ruling out secondary signals on these cells and demonstrating that IL-15Rα–mediated presentation of IL-15 in trans is the primary mechanism by which IL-15Rα functions in vivo. Surprisingly, using IL-15– and IL-15Rα–deficient mixed chimera, we also find that IL-15 and IL-15Rα must be expressed by the same cells to present IL-15 in trans, indicating that IL-15Rα is required on a cellular level for the elaboration of IL-15. These studies indicate that IL-15Rα defines homeostatic niches for NK and memory CD8+ T cells by controlling both the production and the presentation of IL-15 in trans to NK and CD8+ memory T cells.
Isolated sarcoid granulomatous interstitial nephritis responding to infliximab therapy

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease with multiorgan involvement. In children, renal impairment of sarcoidosis usually is caused by either hypercalcemia leading to nephrocalcinosis or interstitial nephritis with or without granulomata. We report the case of a 13-year-old boy presenting with severe arterial hypertension and acute renal failure caused by an isolated sarcoid granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN). Other known causes of GIN, eg, drug intake or fungal or mycobacterial infection, were excluded, and there was no evidence of extrarenal sarcoid involvement. Renal function improved initially with prednisone treatment. Blood pressure was controlled using ramipril, nifedipine, furosemide, dihydralazine, and metoprolol. Later, the patient showed signs of severe steroid toxicity and progressive renal failure. Monthly treatment with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-α antibody, was started, resulting in steady improvement in renal function and resolution of renal granulomata. In addition, antihypertensive medication could be reduced, and low-dose prednisone therapy was maintained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment with infliximab of a patient with sarcoid GIN.
Comparison of Autosomal Mutations in Mouse Kidney Epithelial Cells Exposed to Iron Ions In Situ or in Culture

Exposure to accelerated iron ions represents a significant health risk in the deep space environment because it induces mutations that can cause cancer. A mutation assay was used to determine the full spectrum of autosomal mutations induced by exposure to 2 Gy of 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions in intact kidney epithelium, and the results were compared with mutations induced in cells of a kidney epithelial cell line exposed in vitro. A molecular analysis for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for polymorphic loci on chromosome 8, which harbors Aprt, demonstrated iron-ion induction of mitotic recombination, interstitial deletion, and discontinuous LOH events. Iron-ion-induced deletions were detected more readily with the in vitro assay, whereas discontinuous LOH was detected more readily in the intact kidney. The specific induction of discontinuous LOH in vivo suggests that this mutation pattern may serve as an indicator of genomic instability. Interestingly, the frequency of small intragenic events increased as a function of time after exposure, suggesting non-targeted effects. In total, the results demonstrate that 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions can elicit a variety of autosomal mutations and that the cellular microenvironment and the sampling time after exposure can influence the distribution of these mutations in epithelial cell populations.
Agnes of harcourt, felipa of porcelet, and marguerite of oingt: Women writing about women at the end of the thirteenth century

Three vernacular religious biographies were written by women about other women around the year 1300: Agnes of Harcourt's Francien Vie d'Isabelle de France (ca. 1283), Felipa of Porcelet's Provencal Vida de la benaurada sancta Doucelina (begun ca. 1297), and Marguerite of Oingt's Franco-Provencal Via seiti Biatrix virgina de Ornaciu (between 1303 and 1310). Although a limited number of similar texts had been composed in Latin dating back to the early Middle Ages, and a few twelfth-century women such as Clemence of Barking had refashioned existing Latin lives of early female martyr-saints into Anglo-Norman verse, the works of Agnes, Felipa, and Marguerite are the first extant vernacular biographies to have been written by European women about other contemporary women. Just as strikingly, after the three examples studied here, few if any analogous works appeared until the later fifteenth century, with most writing by women about other religious women in the intervening period instead being found in “Sister Books” and convent chronicles.
Dark Pools And Flash Orders: The Secret World Of Automated High-Frequency Trading

A market should be the purest form of exchange with willing buyers and sellers, with perfect information, agreeing on a price for a stock or commodity. Unfortunately, there are sophisticated computer systems sometimes located in the very building that house the stock or commodity exchange servers, and those computers can execute millions of trades per second. Those computers are even allowed to secretly view available trades before the rest of the general public and sometimes those trades are even clandestinely made, without any broadcast of the buy or sell prices to others. What is clear is that far from being a pure form of exchange, today’s market is heavily skewed, with the average consumer being the loser.
Long-interval timing is based on a self-sustaining endogenous oscillator.

Abstract The mechanism of anticipating long-intervals (16–21 h) was investigated. Rats earned food by interrupting a photobeam in a food trough during 3- or 4-h meals. Intermeal intervals were 16, 21, and 24 h (offset to offset) for independent groups of rats (n = 8 per group). After approximately a month of experience with the intermeal intervals, the meals were discontinued. The rate of visiting the food trough increased as a function of time before the meal. When meals were discontinued, visits continued to be periodic. The periodicity was approximately 21 h after 16- and 21-h intermeal intervals and approximately 28 h after 24-h intermeal intervals. These data suggest that long-interval timing is based on a self-sustaining, endogenous oscillator.
Surface Observations in the Hurricane Environment

Abstract Composite analyses of marine surface observations from 37 hurricanes between 1975 and 1998 show that the difference between the sea surface temperature and the surface air temperature significantly increases just outside the hurricane inner core. This increase in the sea–air contrast is primarily due to a reduction in surface air temperature and is more likely to occur when sea temperatures are at least 27°C. Results show that 90% of the observed cooling occurs 3.25°–1.25° latitude from the hurricane center, well outside the region of strongest surface winds. Since surface pressure only decreases 3 mb over this interval, the ∼2°C drop in air temperature is not a result of adiabatic expansion. For the subset of observations that contained moisture measurements, surface specific humidity decreased 1.2 g kg−1 4.5°–1.75° latitude from the storm center. This finding suggests that the observed reduction in surface air temperature is not simply a result of near-surface evaporation from sea spray or prec...
Structure and signaling at hydroid polyp-stolon junctions, revisited

The gastrovascular system of colonial hydroids is central to homeostasis, yet its functional biology remains poorly understood. A probe (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) identified fluorescent objects at polyp-stolon junctions that emit high levels of ROS. A nuclear probe (Hoechst 33342) does not co-localize with these objects, while a mitochondrial probe (rhodamine 123) does. We interpret these objects as mitochondrion-rich cells. Confocal microscopy showed that this fluorescence is situated in large columnar cells. Treatment with an uncoupler (2,4-dinitrophenol) diminished the ROS levels of these cells relative to background fluorescence, as did removing the stolons connecting to a polyp-stolon junction. These observations support the hypothesis that the ROS emanate from mitochondrion-rich cells, which function by pulling open a valve at the base of the polyp. The open valve allows gastrovascular fluid from the polyp to enter the stolons and vice versa. The uncoupler shifts the mitochondrial redox state in the direction of oxidation, lowering ROS levels. By removing the stolons, the valve is not pulled open, metabolic demand is lowered, and the mitochondrion-rich cells slowly regress. Transmission electron microscopy identified mitochondrion-rich cells adjacent to a thick layer of mesoglea at polyp-stolon junctions. The myonemes of these myoepithelial cells extend from the thickened mesoglea to the rigid perisarc on the outside of the colony. The perisarc thus anchors the myoepithelial cells and allows them to pull against the mesoglea and open the lumen of the polyp-stolon junction, while relaxation of these cells closes the lumen.
An Introduction to Entity Recommendation and Understanding

Entities and the Knowledge about the entities have become indispensable building blocks in modern search engines. This tutorial aims to present the current state of research in the emerging semantic search and recommendation field by studying how to help users effectively explore the knowledge base as well as answer their information needs. Many live applications and systems will be demonstrated throughout this tutorial. After the completion of the tutorial, the audience will have an introduction and overview of what is the emerging topics of entity recommendation and understanding. The audience will learn and be able to understand some current research work as well as industry practices using computational intelligence techniques in entity recommendation and understanding. One of the major goals of this tutorial is to help audience identify a few research directions that could have big impact in the near future.
Antifibrinolytic activity in plasma after exposure to cold and after chymotrypsin administration.

Exposure of rats and of human subjects to cold was associated with an elevation of the antifibrinolytic activity of blood. Administration of chymotrypsin to rats and rabbits caused a decrease in the antifibrinolytic activity of blood The possible significance of these and earlier observations on the fibrinolysis antifibrinolysis system in blood is discussed.
Tales from the Land of Magic Plants: Textual Ideologies and Fetishes of Indigeneity in Mexico's Sierra Mazateca

Anthropology and other disciplines are engaged in an extended conversation about how to understand the dynamics of global interconnection. One dominant approach stresses political economies of global markets, exploring how commodity chains structure social relations and vice versa. I propose instead an emphasis on how semiotic mediation, specifically textual representation, shapes the circulation of material goods and surrounding social relations. I draw on ethnographic and archival research concerning the Mazatec region of Oaxaca, where psychedelic plants that local people have long used ritually have more recently become the subject of intense, socially violent consumer interest. I examine recent histories of interest in the region through texts written by outsiders, first “mushroom seekers,” and then Protestant missionary-linguists. Applying Keane's (2003) concept of “semiotic ideologies” to ideas about texts, I suggest that competing textual ideologies undergird conflicts between how outsiders have written about the region and local people have responded to their accounts. The nearly century-deep corpus of writings about the region tends to depict its people through reference to its hallucinogenic plants, a form of “semiotic collapse” wherein the commodities become fetishized proxies for people. Local people, particularly Mazatec authors, react by trying to manage this “representational hangover” from the history of outsider depictions. They adopt strategies to undo the power of the fetish by re-socializing the plants and re-embedding them in local social relations. This analysis offers a fruitful entry point for ethnographies of global connection while furthering the interdisciplinary project of attending jointly to materiality and semiotic representations.
Large-Scale Synthesis of a Substituted d-Phenylalanine Using Asymmetric Hydrogenation

A synthetic route to an N-BOC d-phenylalanine pharmaceutical intermediate suitable for rapid scale-up to 150-kg scale was required. A seven-step route based on asymmetric hydrogenation of an N-acetyl dehydroamino-acid was developed. Starting with terephthalic dialdehyde, monoreduction of one aldehyde group, Erlenmeyer condensation, and ring-opening/O-deacetylation with methanol provided the 4-(hydroxymethyl)-substituted dehydrophenylalanine hydrogenation substrate. Asymmetric hydrogenation of this enamide using [((R,R)-Ethyl-DuPhos)Rh(COD)]BF4 proceeded in high enantiomeric excess. Subsequently, the cis-2,6-piperidyl group was introduced by mesylation/displacement, the BOC group was introduced, and acetyl and methyl ester groups were removed by basic hydrolysis. This route was used to manufacture 150 kg of the BOC amino acid 1.