cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine is the future and is here to stay. In what form, however, is hard to predict. It will almost certainly involve some combination of cells or cellular components like mRNA or DNA, scaffolds, and growth factors. These may be extracted from ourselves and processed, grown in a lab from natural or synthetic compounds, 3D printed, or some combination of the above. An improved understanding of the human genome will allow for the creation of genetic treatments with disease-modifying capabilities. In order to grow as a field, there will have to be standardization of nomenclature and rigorous scientific standards in the preparation, usage, description, and follow-up of regenerative medicine treatments. Registries and consensus-based guidelines will help to achieve these objectives. There will be robust research to understand mechanisms of action, optimal types, doses, and frequencies of treatment. Refinement of procedure and post-procedure protocols, including rehabilitation, will optimize patient care. Outcome instruments will be standardized and include patient-reported outcomes, functional outcome scales, and economic metrics. Ethical, legal, administrative, and economic decisions will need to be made to better define the scope of regenerative medicine, what will be allowed, whether and how it will be paid for, and which patients should receive it. There should be no doubt that all of these goals will be achieved; the question is in what time frame and after how many attempts and missteps along the way. Ultimately, for the safety and optimal treatment of the patient, the usage of regenerative medicine needs to keep pace with the science.
The communication of melancholy, grief, and fear in dance with and without music

Professional dancers were video recorded dancing with the intention of expressing melancholy, grief, or fear. We used these recordings as stimuli in two studies designed to investigate the perception and sociality of melancholy, grief, and fear expressions during unimodal (dancing in silence) and multimodal (dancing to music) conditions. In Study 1, viewers rated their perceptions of social connection among the dancers in these videos. In Study 2, the same videos were coded for the amount of time that dancers spent in physical contact. Results revealed that dancers expressing grief and fear exhibited more social interactions than dancers expressing melancholy. Combined with the findings of Warrenburg (2020b, 2020c), results support the idea that—in an artistic context—grief and fear are expressed with overt emotional displays, whereas melancholy is expressed with covert emotional displays.
Does global integration stimulate corporate citizenship? The effect of international trade agreements and regulatory quality on state and private firm adoption of CSR standards

We examine the effects of global trade integration on firm-level adoption of CSR standards as measured by the United Nations’ Global Compact Initiative. Building on policy transfer and economic institutionalism, we propose that country-level participation in trade agreements, and higher levels of regulatory quality, encourages firm-level adoption of CSR standards. We also suggest that participation in these trade agreements stimulates greater adoption of CSR standards from state-owned firms than privately owned firms because those agreements increase the accountability of state firms to supranational institutions, whereas private firms are already accountable to their respective state and domestic institutions. Moreover, we argue that the positive effect of trade agreements on the adoption of CSR standards is higher in countries with higher levels of regulatory quality. These insights are important for research on how economic integration affects firm-level strategies, especially those related to CSR, and for policymakers facing choices as to whether to enter into trade agreements and what types of agreements to enter. Analyses from 152,267 firm-year observations from 11,992 firms in 133 countries spanning 2000–2014 provide robust support for the arguments.
Positive attitudes toward clinical trials among military veterans leaves unanswered questions about poor trial accrual.

ABSTRACT Participation in clinical trials is essential to bringing novel and innovative cancer treatments to the bedside but trials that specifically enroll Veterans are relatively few. Given the inherent differences between Veterans and the general United States population, we sought to investigate awareness of and attitudes toward clinical trials among Veterans diagnosed with cancer at a large, urban Veterans Administration Medical Center in Bronx, New York. The survey was administered in 2018-2019. Questions assessed sociodemographic characteristics, health literacy, and general attitudes about clinical trials. Based on key informant interviews, we also inquired about military-specific attitudes. Univariable analyses were conducted to evaluate differences in attitudes by age (
Nanoindentation mechanical properties of TiB2-TiC-TiNiFeCrCoAl high-entropy alloys cermet: A comparison study with WC-Co

Abstract This paper studies the mechanical properties including hardness and elastic modulus of a novel TiB2-TiC-TiNiFeCrCoAl high-entropy alloys (HEA) cermet using the nanoindentation method. For comparison, a commercial WC-Co cemented carbide was also studied. The results indicate that, under the loads between 4mN and 10mN, the TiB2-TiC-HEA cermet has higher hardness in the range of ~28.4–33.8GPa (compared with ~22.3–26.2GPa for the WC-Co sample) however lower moduli in the range of ~416.9–456.6GPa (compared with ~466.0–516.5GPa for the WC-Co sample). Significant indentation size effects can be observed for both samples. Grains and phases influence the mechanical properties as well. With selected indentation positions on individual grains, under a load of 4mN, the mechanical properties of the TiB2-TiC-HEA sample are scattered due to the multiple phases (TiC and TiB2) and different facets. Among such results, there are two groups which have similar properties within each group. For comparison, the WC-Co sample shows two groups of results on the individual grains, which are correlated to the different facets of WC. Compared between these two samples, the hardness of the two groups of TiB2-TiC-HEA(~36.6 ± 2.8GPa and 30.2 ± 2.6GPa), are also higher than the two groups of WC-Co (~30.7 ± 2.5GPa and 25.0 ± 3.9GPa).
Urinary Tract Infections in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux Are Accompanied by Alterations in Urinary Microbiota and Metabolome Profiles

Abstract Children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are at an increased risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and renal scarring. Gut microbiota are associated with disease phenotypes, but there has been no study that associates urinary microbiota (uMB) and metabolic profiles with VUR pathology. To identify dominant uMB genera and metabolites associated with UTIs in VUR, urine samples collected under sterile conditions underwent 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (n = 49) and metabolomic analysis by mass spectrometry (n = 96). Alterations in uMB and metabolomic profiles in VUR patients suggest remodeling of urinary bacterial communities after UTIs: Dorea- and Escherichia-dominant uMB profiles were more frequently identified in participants with VUR. Prevotella- and Lactobacillus-dominant uMB profiles were more prevalent in controls (p Patient summary Differences in urinary commensal bacteria and metabolites exist between children with and without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). These changes may be utilized to identify patients at risk of VUR-associated kidney damage.
A high performance system for processing queries on distributed geospatial data sets

The size of many geospatial databases has grown exponentially in recent years. This increase in size brings with it an increased requirement for additional CPU and I/O resources to handle the querying and retrieval of this data. A number of proprietary systems could be ideally suited for such tasks, but are impractical in many situations because of their high cost. On the other hand, Beowulf clusters have gained popularity for providing such resources in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, we present a system that uses the compute nodes of a Beowulf cluster to store fragments of a large geospatial database and allows for the seamless viewing, querying, and retrieval of desired geospatial data in a parallel fashion i.e. utilizing the compute and I/O resources of multiple nodes in the cluster. Experimental results are provided to quantify the performance of the system and ascertain its feasibility versus traditional GIS architectures.
Construction and Use of Geometric Models

In this chapter the role of a comprehensive engineering data base in design, manufacture, assembly, and inspection has been developed. By means of examples and references to the literature it has been shown that many of the ingredients are already technically feasible. It remains to be seen whether the outstanding problems are solvable, and which areas are or will become economically feasible.
Novel gate concepts for MOS devices

The classical MOSFET has a single gate electrode located at the top of the device. Recently, multiple-gate devices have been made using SOI substrates. The multiple-gate structure offers the benefit of potentially higher current drive and reduce short-channel effects. This paper compares the advantages of double-gate structures such as the FinFET, triple-gate structures, and "triple-plus"-gate devices such as the pi-gate and omega-gate MOSFETs.
The Full Spectrum

This issue of the Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health marks the beginning of our fourth year as editors. We strive to continue to grow the Journal's breadth, depth, and quality, seeking to portr...
Electrical breakdown of power rectifiers for electric gun applications

Experiments have been performed with a 100 kJ pulse-forming network (PFN) to characterize the transient behavior of semiconductor diodes serving as capacitor-protecting devices. In addition to the experiments, computer techniques are used to illustrate and predict the dynamic behavior of PFN diodes. From analyses of the data collected, it was determined that in a PFN under specific loading conditions, the diodes are subject to elevated transient high frequency voltage waveforms. In some experiments, the magnitude of the rate of change in voltage (dV/dt) across the devices was such that catastrophic failure was observed due to this phenomenon alone. This paper focuses on the determination of boundary conditions necessary for reliable device performance and the solutions that will circumvent diode operational failures. The authors' solutions include semiconductor device layout, choice of diode reverse recovery time, PFN switch timing and selection of capacitive and inductive circuit parameters, all of which are presented in detail in this study. Information describing fundamental physics of semiconductor diodes under transient conditions and their role in electric gun propulsion technology is provided first to clarify the applicability of these areas of concern to the general field of very high power electronics.
Optical properties of PT synthetic structures

We investigate for the first time optical beam dynamics in parity-time (PT) synthetic structures. We show that PT symmetric systems can exhibit a host of intriguing characteristics such as non-reciprocal Bloch modes and power oscillations.
Experimental measures of the minimum time derivative of the extracellular potentials as an index of electrical activity during metabolic and hypoxic stress

The time of the minimum time derivative of the extracellular potentials (Φ∧) is a marker for the instant of activation when the depolarizing sodium current reaches its maximum rate of increase. This study examined the normalized averaged value of Φ∧, Φna∧, as an index of electrical activity under metabolic and hypoxic stresses. Electrical mapping was performed using a 64-electrode cage array on Langendorff perfused isolated mouse hearts at three different glucose and insulin levels during hypoxia. The lower levels of glucose and/or insulin resulted in the largest decrease of Φna∧ during hypoxia. A significant decrease in Φna∧ was a predictor of increased total activation time and propagation pattern change, and irreversible damage was predicted by a 60% decrease of Φna∧. These results supported Φna∧ as an potentially useful index of electrical activity.
Alteration of Glucose Metabolism of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes by Compounds Which Induce Sphere to Rod Morphogenesis

Succinate and several other compounds which induce sphere to rod morphogenesis of A. crystallopoietes were found to suppress both catabolism and assimilation of glucose. Diauxic growth patterns resulted from growth on glucose plus any one of these compounds. Glutamate stimulated growth but was not an inducer of morphogenesis. With this compound, diauxic growth and suppression of glucose catabolism or assimilation did not occur. Glucose permease was studied with alpha-methylglucoside as substrate. The entry system for glucose was found to involve active transport and to have a K(m) of 8 x 10(-4)m. It was inducible, was repressed in succinate-grown cells, and was also inhibited by succinate. The exit system was constitutive and appeared to be less sensitive than the entry system to inhibition by azide. The properties of the glucose permease system may account for the slow growth of the organism on glucose and the preferred use of other substrates for growth. Studies of metabolic pathways for glucose metabolism indicated the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and pentose phosphate pathways and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Cells grown on glucose plus limiting amounts of succinate or other inducers of morphogenesis metabolized the glucose only after exhaustion of the inducers. Under these circumstances, the organisms employed the EMP pathway to a greater extent than when growing on glucose as sole carbon source.
Incoherent Fourier ptychographic photography using structured light

Controlling photographic illumination in a structured fashion is a common practice in computational photography and image-based rendering. Here we introduce an incoherent photographic imaging approach, termed Fourier ptychographic photography, that uses nonuniform structured light for super-resolution imaging. In this approach, frequency mixing between the object and the structured light shifts the high-frequency object information to the passband of the photographic lens. Therefore, the recorded intensity images contain object information that is beyond the cutoff frequency of the collection optics. Based on multiple images acquired under different structured light patterns, we used the Fourier ptychographic algorithm to recover the super-resolution object image and the unknown illumination pattern. We demonstrated the reported approach by imaging various objects, including a resolution target, a quick response code, a dollar bill, an insect, and a color leaf. The reported approach may find applications in photographic imaging settings, remote sensing, and imaging radar. It may also provide new insights for high-resolution imaging by shifting the focus from the collection optics to the generation of structured light.
Variable coding sequence protein A1 as a marker for erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether variable coding sequence protein A1 (Vcsa1) is down-regulated in rat models of diabetes and ageing, and to investigate the role of Vcsa1 in erectile function, as Vcsa1 is the most down-regulated gene in the corpora of a rat model of neurogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction was used to determine Vcsa1 expression in the corpora of rats in three models of ED, i.e. streptozotocin-induced diabetes, retired breeder (old), and neurogenic (bilaterally ligated cavernosal nerves), and in control rats. To confirm a physiological role of Vcsa1 in erectile function, we carried out gene transfer studies using a plasmid in which Vcsa1 was expressed from a cytomegalovirus promoter (pVAX-Vcsa1). This plasmid was injected intracorporally into old rats, and the effect on physiology of corporal tissue was analysed by intracorporal/blood pressure (ICP/BP) measurement and histological analysis, and compared with the effects of a positive control plasmid (pVAX-hSlo, which we previously reported to restore erectile function in diabetic and ageing rats) and a negative control plasmid (pVAX). RESULTS In each rat model of ED there was a significant down-regulation of the Vcsa1 transcript of at least 10-fold in corporal tissue. Remarkably, intracorporal injection with 80 µg pVAX-Vcsa1 caused priapism, as indicated by visible prolonged erection, histological appearance, and elevated resting ICP/BP. Lower doses of pVAX-Vcsa1 (5 and 25 µg) increased ICP/BP over that in untreated controls. CONCLUSION These results show that Vcsa1 has a role in erectile function and might be a molecular marker for organic ED. The role of Vcsa1 in erectile function suggests that it could represent a novel therapeutic target for treating ED.
Do indigenous helpers foster smoking cessation in adult smokers

An intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (TTM) used an indigenous helper (a helping relationship) to promote smoking cessation. The research examined whether there was a difference in post-intervention smoking behavior between smokers who had an indigenous helper compared with those who did not among adult FreshStart participants. Smoking behavior was measured in two ways: forward movement along the TTM stages of change, and point prevalence. A two-group, two-time, five-week multi-site experimental design was used. Participants (N=111) completed instruments at baseline and four weeks. The findings did not support use of the TTM construct helping relationships for smoking cessation. The use of a helping relationship did not predict smoking cessation. Nicotine replacement therapy and/or bupropion predicted smoking behavior in all analyses.
On the shock cell structure and noise of supersonic jets

A linear solution modeling the shock cell structure of an axisymmetric supersonic jet operated at off-design conditions is developed by the method of multiple-scales. The model solution takes into account the gradual spatial change of the mean flow in the downstream direction. Turbulence in the mixing layer of the jet has the tendency of smoothing out the sharp velocity and density gradients induced by the shocks. To simulate this effect, eddy viscosity terms are incorporated in the model. It is known that the interaction between the quasi-periodic shock cells and the downstream propagating large turbulence structures in the mixing layer of the jet is responsible for the generation of broadband shock associated noise. Experimentally, the dominant part of this noise has been found to originate from the part of the jet near the end of the potential core. Calculated shock cell spacing at the end of the jet core according to the present model is used to estimate the peak frequencies of the shock associated noise for a range of observation angles. Very favorable agreement with experimental measurements is found.
Mathematics, mathematicians, and mathematics education

I am one of a growing number of research mathematicians who are substantially engaged with school mathematics education. Such outreach has a long and honorable tradition. In this lecture, I illustrate some of the ways that I think this can be helpful, and even essential. Upon his retirement in 1990 as president of the ICMI, Jean Pierre Kahane spoke perceptively of the intimate connection between mathematics and mathematics education in the following terms:
An electrochemical study of hexachlorotungstate(V) and (IV) species and monobipyridine and bis-pyridine derivatives in acetonitrile

Summary The electrochemical behavior of KWCl 6 , K 2 WCl 6 , WCl 5 bipy, WCl 5 (py) 2 , and WCl 4 bipy in acetonitrile has been investigated. WCl 5 bipy and WCl 5 (py) 2 were shown to give the WCl 6 − ion and unidentified unstable cationic species in solution. Substitution of chloride by the π-acceptor 2,2′-bipyridine results in the stabilization of the lower oxidation states, +3 and +2, of tungsten.
The Promise and Peril of Video Cases: Reflections on their Creation and Use

This article recounts its author’s experiences with and insights on the creation and use of video cases, finding both significant promise and potential perils. Their creation, the author asserts, is not for the faint of heart or for the short of time and capital. They are not the universal solution for classroom ennui, nor can they be taught in the same way as traditional cases. On the other hand, they can be powerful and memorable in a way that no traditional case can and can enliven discussions with the richness and complexity of real people. They are also well suited for encouraging the development of critical skills that we have often ignored in our case method classrooms.
Eating high fat chow decreases dopamine clearance in adolescent and adult male rats but selectively enhances the locomotor stimulating effects of cocaine in adolescents.

Background: Feeding conditions can influence dopamine neurotransmission and impact behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs acting on dopamine systems. This study examined whether eating high fat chow alters the locomotor effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter activity in adolescent (postnatal day 25) and adult (postnatal day 75) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Dose-response curves for cocaine-induced locomotor activity were generated in rats with free access to either standard or high fat chow or restricted access to high fat chow (body weight matched to rats eating standard chow). Results: Compared with eating standard chow, eating high fat chow increased the sensitivity of adolescent, but not adult, rats to the acute effects of cocaine. When tested once per week, sensitization to the locomotor effects of cocaine was enhanced in adolescent rats eating high fat chow compared with adolescent rats eating standard chow. Sensitization to cocaine was not different among feeding conditions in adults. When adolescent rats that previously ate high fat chow ate standard chow, sensitivity to cocaine returned to normal. As measured by chronoamperometry, dopamine clearance rate in striatum was decreased in both adolescent and adult rats eating high fat chow compared with age-matched rats eating standard chow. Conclusions: These results suggest that high fat diet-induced reductions in dopamine clearance rate do not always correspond to increased sensitivity to the locomotor effects of cocaine, suggesting that mechanisms other than dopamine transporter might play a role. Moreover, in adolescent but not adult rats, eating high fat chow increases sensitivity to cocaine and enhances the sensitization that develops to cocaine.
The hidden alternative: getting investigational treatments off-study.

Summary Research studies commonly randomise patients between standard care and some new form of treatment. In a substantial number of studies, the new treatment could have been obtained by the patient directly from their doctor, without participating in a study. Yet it is a common practice, endorsed and encouraged by the US government, not to advise potential research participants about their ability to get the new treatment outside of the study. This policy is even occurring in one of the largest studies ever funded by the US government, the 22 000 patient, 5-year comparison of tamoxifen and raloxifene in the prevention of breast cancer. This practice has the effect of encouraging more individuals to participate in research studies, but the result is that their consent to participate is not fully voluntary. Many ongoing studies may therefore be of questionable ethical soundness.
Discovery of a binary Centaur

Abstract We have identified a binary companion to (42355) 2002 CR46 in our ongoing deep survey using the Hubble Space Telescope's High Resolution Camera. It is the first companion to be found around an object in a non-resonant orbit that crosses the orbits of giant planets. Objects in orbits of this kind, the Centaurs, have experienced repeated strong scattering with one or more giant planets and therefore the survival of binaries in this transient population has been in question. Monte Carlo simulations suggest, however, that binaries in (42355) 2002 CR46-like heliocentric orbits have a high probability of survival for reasonable estimates of the binary's still-unknown system mass and separation. Because Centaurs are thought to be precursors to short period comets, the question of the existence of binary comets naturally arises; none has yet been definitively identified. The discovery of one binary in a sample of eight observed by HST suggests that binaries in this population may not be uncommon.
Ageing and the Bauschinger Effect in Mild Steel

As part of a larger programme of study of anisotropy and the Bauschinger effect in cold-worked metals, I conducted a series of tests on deformed and age-hardened mild steel. Only a limited series of tests were carried out and so the generality of the results has not been confirmed. However, it was considered worthwhile to report on these with the view of establishing whether such a phenomenon had been observed previously.
On Countervailing Incentives

Abstract This paper extends and unifies previous work on optimal contracts under countervailing incentives, shedding light in particular on the relation between countervailing incentives and pooling ("inflexible rules"). Our main result is that the nature of the optimal contract depends crucially on whether the agent′s utility is quasiconcave or quasiconvex in the private parameter: the optimal contract is separated in the former case and it may entail pooling in the latter case. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D82.
Relative size as a cue to the relative distances of random stereogram images

With random letter stereograms as stimuli, three groups of Ss made judgments of relative size and relative distance of paired stereo images varying in size but not in distance, as indexed by amount of retinal disparity. Ss in Group D were instructed that members of the stereo pairs differed in size and distance; Ss in Group S were told that there were distance differences but not size differences; Ss in Group N were told nothing about either relative sizes or relative distances. Differences in instructions regarding relative size did not affect relative size judgments: Ss typically reported the objectively larger image as being larger. Ss in all three groups reliably reported the objectively smaller image as being the more distant image.
Mouse erythrocyte tropomodulin in the brain reported by lacZ knocked-in downstream from the E1 promoter

Abstract Erythrocyte tropomodulin (E-Tmod, Tmod1) is a tropomyosin-binding protein that caps the slow-growing end of actin filaments. In erythrocytes, it may favor the formation of short actin protofilaments needed for elastic cell deformation. Previously we created a knockout mouse model in which lacZ was knocked-in downstream of the E1 promoter to report the expression of full length E-Tmod. Here we utilize E-Tmod +/lacZ mice to study E-Tmod expression patterns in the CNS. X-gal staining and in situ hybridization of adults revealed its restricted expression in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, nuclei of brain stem and cerebellum. In neonates, signals in the cortex and caudate putamen increased from days 15 to 40. Immunohistochemistry also revealed that signals for β-galactosidase coincided with that of NeuN, a post-mitotic nuclear marker for neurons, but not that for GFAP+ astrocytes or APC+ oligodendrocytes, suggesting E-Tmod/lacZ -positive cells in the CNS were neurons. Large neurons, e.g. , mitral cells in olfactory bulb and mossy cells in hilus of the dentate gyrus are among those that expressed very high levels of E-Tmod in the CNS.
Medium energy backscattering spectrometry: a new tool for characterizing optical thin films

ABSTRACT We have developed a new method of analyzing surfaces and thin films based on time-of-flight analysisof backscauered particles. The technique employs ions with incident energies from a few tens of keY upto about 500 keY. It combines the quantitative prowess of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry withincreased surface sensitivity, increased depth resolution and reduced target damage. Several probe specieshave been used successfully for analyses with He and Li at 250 keY and C2 at 500 keY being particu-larly useful because of the range of cross sections and resolutions for depth profiling that they offer. Thispaper describes the technique and presents studies of the composition of beryllium surfaces for mirror applications and of He indiced erosion of CaF2 and MgF2 films on Be substrates, simulating the exposure of optical coatings to one type of radiation found in Earth orbit 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most common tasks of surface analysis is to establish the elemental composition, stoi-
Intracardiac echocardiography: evolution, recent advances, and current applications.

he Recent developments in transcatheter procedures and interventions were made possible thanks to the ability to image the heart and guide the operator in real time. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is an imaging modality that provides the operator direct visualization of cardiac structures. Recent developments and improvements in ICE technology further refined this modality and broaden its use to include small adults and children. In this review, I discuss the evolution of ICE over time and the technical details of the currently available catheter. I also provide a comparison between ICE and other available imaging modalities and present current and future applications of this technology.
Dewetting of A Complex Polymer: Perfluoro-Ionomer

The stability and interfacial structure of ultra thin films of perfluoro-ion containing polymers (ionomers) have been studied using atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectometry. These complex polymers have significant technological applications from thin coatings, to fuel cells as polymer electrolyte membranes, to protective clothing. In particular we focused on the study of [(CF2CF2)n (CF2CFR)]m where R= [OCF2CF2SO3 (X)] and X=H, (800 equivalent weight), coated on silicon oxide. Neutron Reflectometry has shown that film consists of three distinct regions: a region of high density at the interface with the silicon oxide, an intermediate layer with constant density and an air-interface layer where the density decreases due to interfacial roughness. In contrast to noionic polymers, the films proven stable as a function of annealing time above the bulk glass transition, i.e the films do not dewet. This stability is attributed to electrostatic interactions.
A theoretical analysis of the HIFF problem

We present a theoretical analysis of Watson's Hierarchical-if-and-only-if (HIFF) problem using a variety of tools. These include schema theory and course graining, the concept of effective fitness, and statistical analysis. We first review the use of Stephen's exact schema equations and schema basis to compute the changes in population distributions over time. We then use the tools described above to solve for the limit distributions of the 2 and 4-bit HIFF problems, and show that these limit distributions are essentially one-dimensional. We also show that a combination of fitness and the number of break points (a rough measure of distance in crossover space) in a string can be used to almost completely explain the limit distribution in the 4-bit HIFF problem.
Comparison of photon attenuation coefficients (2-150 KeV) for diagnostic imaging simulations

The Radiology Research Laboratory at the Henry Ford Hospital has been involved in modeling x-ray units in order to predict image quality. A critical part of that modeling process is the accurate choice of interaction coefficients. This paper serves as a review and comparison of existing interaction models. Our objective was to obtain accurate and easily calculated interaction coefficients, at diagnostically relevant energies. We obtained data from: McMaster, Lawrence Berkeley Lab data (LBL), XCOM and FFAST Data from NIST, and the EPDL-97 database via LLNL. Our studies involve low energy photons; therefore, comparisons were limited to Coherent (Rayleigh), Incoherent (Compton) and Photoelectric effects, which were summed to determine a total interaction cross section. Without measured data, it becomes difficult to definitively choose the most accurate method. However, known limitations in the McMaster data and smoothing of photo-edge transitions can be used as a guide to establish more valid approaches. Each method was compared to one another graphically and at individual points. We found that agreement between all methods was excellent when away from photo-edges. Near photo-edges and at low energies, most methods were less accurate. Only the Chanter (FFAST) data seems to have consistently and accurately predicted the placement of edges (through M-shell), while minimizing smoothing errors. The EPDL-97 data by LLNL was the best over method in predicting coherent and incoherent cross sections.
Varicella: Complications and Costs

Varicella (chickenpox) has long been considered a benign, inevitable disease of childhood. Complications are generally mild and rarely severe, and virtually every individual is infected by adulthood. Infection is associated, however, with a high risk of serious complications in certain high-risk groups, such as leukemic children. Concerns about the severity of varicella in this population have led to the development and testing of a live, attenuated vaccine. Because of the favorable results thus far available, the vaccine may soon be licensed for use in high-risk individuals. The fact that a vaccine may soon be available has led to an increased interest in the potential benefits of a childhood varicella vaccine program. The costs associated with varicella infection in normal persons without a varicella vaccination program have been estimated to be approximately $400 million, 95% of which is the cost of caring for a child at home. Vaccination of normal 15-month-old children with a safe and effective vaccine with long-lasting immunity could reduce the cost by 66% and result in a savings of $7 for every dollar spent on the vaccination program. This assumes that vaccine would be administered only once with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, that there would be no increase in the number of varicella cases in older persons who are at increased risk for complications, and that there would be no deleterious effect on the occurrence and severity of herpes zoster.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deoxyribonucleic acid content of cell nuclei in the neural tube of the chick embryo: evidence for intermitotic migration of nuclei.

This work aimed to test F. C. Sauer's migration concept as the explanation for the familiar appearance of mitotic figures confined to the margin of the lumen in the early neural tube. If the nuclei actually do migrate between divisions from lumen to periphery, then back (through the early prophase nucleus deep in the wall) to the mitotic figures at the lumen, nuclei with increased DNA (early prophases) should occur deep in the wall. The amount of DNA in various nuclei in the neural tube of a three day chick embryo was measured in Feulgen-stained sections by the two wave length method of microspectrophotometry. In the outer two-thirds of the wall the larger nuclei contained the larger amounts of DNA. Nuclei in this location gave a mean DNA value approximately halfway between the previously established 2n and 4n values. The difference between this intermediate value and the mean 2n DNA value, determined from half telophases at the lumen, is statistically significant at the 0.1 per cent level. The increased DNA in nuclei deep in the wall indicates that the doubling of DNA that precedes cell division takes place in the depth of the wall at some distance from the central canal. The data confirm the concept of intermitotic migration of embryonic epithelial nuclei.
Factors influencing child care-related maternal work exits

Abstract For mothers with young children, child care challenges can pose significant barriers for their labor force participation. Working mothers must arrange for someone else to care for their children when working outside the home. Previous research has shown that women with children spend less time in the labor force compared to women without children. This study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether a range of child care characteristics, neighborhood factors, and individual factors caused mothers of young children to leave the work force. The results indicated that child care-related work exits are common occurrences for mothers in large urban areas. Of those mothers in the FFCW sample who used non-parental child care, more than one in ten mothers reported work exits due to child care-related problems. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that common risk factors for work exits included changing child care arrangements, using multiple types of child care, living in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanic population, being African American, and having household income between 50 and 99% of FPL. The findings are useful in informing social policies and interventions to help mothers better bridge the gap between adequate child care and gainful employment.
Spectral families of projections in Hardy spaces

Strongly continuous one-parameter groups of isometries in the reflexive Hardy spaces of the disc D and the half-plane are considered in the light of the author's previous joint result with H. Benzinger and T. A. Gillespie which generalizes Stone's theorem for unitary groups to arbitrary Banach spaces. It is shown that every such group {Tt} of Hardy space isometries has a spectral decomposition (with respect to a suitable projection-valued function on the real line R), as in the classical statement of Stone's theorem in Hilbert space. (The relevant type of projection-valued function is known as a “spectral family.”) This circle of ideas is intimately bound up with harmonic analysis, particularly in HpR. In particular, if the group {Tt} acts in HpD and is associated as in Forelli's theorem with a group of parabolic Mobius transformations of D, then it can be analyzed by way of the translation group on HpR. The Stone-type spectral family of the latter is shown to be obtained by restriction of the M. Riesz projections to HpR. By this means a concrete description of the Stone-type spectral family for a parabolic isometric group on HpD is obtained. A pleasant by-product of the parabolic case is absorption of the classical Paley-Wiener theorem for HpR, 1 < p ⩽ 2, into the framework of the generalized Stone's theorem.
Associative Versus Dissociative Mechanisms of Phosphate Monoester Hydrolysis: On the Interpretation of Activation Entropies

Phosphate monoester and anhydride hydrolysis is ubiquitous in biology, being involved in, amongst other things, signal transduction, energy production, and the regulation of protein function. Therefore, this reaction has understandably been the focus of intensive research. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which phosphate monoester hydrolysis proceeds remains controversial. Traditionally, it has been assumed and frequently implied that a near-zero activation entropy is indicative of a dissociative pathway. Herein, we examine free-energy surfaces for the hydrolysis of the methyl phosphate dianion and the methyl pyrophosphate trianion in aqueous solution. In both cases, the reaction can proceed through either compact or expansive concerted (A(N)D(N)) transition states, with fairly similar barriers. We have evaluated the activation entropies for each transition state and demonstrate that both associative and dissociative transition states have near-zero entropies of activation that are in good agreement with experimental values. Therefore, we believe that the activation entropy alone is not a useful diagnostic tool, as it depends not only on bond orders at the transition state, but also on other issues that include (but are not limited to) steric factors determining the configurational volumes available to reactants during the reaction, solvation and desolvation effects that may be associated with charge redistribution upon approaching the transition state and entropy changes associated with intramolecular degrees of freedom as the transition state is approached.
A new approach to the retrieval of surface properties from earthshine measurements

Abstract Instruments such as the MODIS and MISR radiometers on EOS AM-1, and POLDER on ADEOS have been deployed for the remote sensing retrieval of surface properties. Typically, retrieval algorithms use linear combinations of semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) kernels to model surface reflectance. The retrieval proceeds in two steps; first, an atmospheric correction relates surface BRDF to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances, then regression is used to establish the linear coefficients used in the kernel combination. BRDF kernels may also depend on a number of physical or empirical non-linear parameters (e.g. ocean wind speed for a specular BRDF); such parameters are usually assumed known. A major source of error in this retrieval comes from lack of knowledge of planetary boundary layer (PBL) aerosol properties. In this paper, we present a different approach to surface property retrieval. For the radiative transfer simulations, we use the discrete ordinate LIDORT model, which has the capability to generate simultaneous fields of radiances and weighting functions in a multiply scattering multi-layer atmosphere. Surface–atmosphere coupling due to multiple scattering and reflection effects is treated in full; the use of an atmospheric correction is not required. Further, it is shown that sensitivities of TOA reflectances to both linear and non-linear surface BRDF parameters may be established directly by explicit analytic differentiation of the discrete ordinate radiative transfer equations. Surface properties may thus be retrieved directly and conveniently from satellite measurements using standard non-linear fitting methods. In the fitting for BRDF parameters, lower-boundary aerosol properties can either be retrieved as auxiliary parameters, or they can be regarded as forward model parameter errors. We present examples of simulated radiances and surface/aerosol weighting functions for combinations of multi-angle measurements at several different wavelengths, and we perform some examples of self-consistent non-linear fitting to demonstrate feasibility for this kind of surface property retrieval.
Formatting APA Pages in WordPerfect: An Update:

This article updates Smith's (1992) guide to formatting APA-style pages using WordPerfect® 5.1. This updated guide applies to the fourth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychologi...
Synergistic growth inhibition by Iressa and Rapamycin is modulated by VHL mutations in renal cell carcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and tumour growth factor alpha (TGFα) are frequently overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) yet responses to single-agent EGFR inhibitors are uncommon. Although von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) mutations are predominant, RCC also develops in individuals with tuberous sclerosis (TSC). Tuberous sclerosis mutations activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and biochemically resemble VHL alterations. We found that RCC cell lines expressed EGFR mRNA in the near-absence of other ErbB family members. Combined EGFR and mTOR inhibition synergistically impaired growth in a VHL-dependent manner. Iressa blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation specifically in wt-VHL cells, whereas rapamycin inhibited phospho-RPS6 and 4E-BP1 irrespective of VHL. In contrast, phospho-AKT was resistant to these agents and MYC translation initiation (polysome binding) was similarly unaffected unless AKT was inhibited. Primary RCCs vs cell lines contained similar amounts of phospho-ERK1/2, much higher levels of ErbB-3, less phospho-AKT, and no evidence of phospho-RPS6, suggesting that mTOR activity was reduced. A subset of tumours and cell lines expressed elevated eIF4E in the absence of upstream activation. Despite similar amounts of EGFR mRNA, cell lines (vs tumours) overexpressed EGFR protein. In the paired cell lines, PRC3 and WT8, EGFR protein was elevated post-transcriptionally in the VHL mutant and EGF-stimulated phosphorylation was prolonged. We propose that combined EGFR and mTOR inhibitors may be useful in the subset of RCCs with wt-VHL. However, apparent differences between primary tumours and cell lines require further investigation.
A Deterministic Approach to the Validation of Historical Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data from the Cooperative Network.

It is widely known that the TD3200 (Summary of the Day Cooperative Network) database held by the National Climatic Data Center contains tens of thousands of erroneous daily values resulting from data-entry, data-recording, and data-reformatting errors. TD3200 serves as a major baseline dataset for detecting global climate change. It is of paramount importance to the climate community that these data be as error-free as possible. Many of these errors are systematic in nature. If a deterministic approach is taken, using empirically developed criteria, many if not most of these errors can be corrected or removed. A computer program utilizing Backus Normal Form structure design and a series of chain-linked tests in the form of encoded rules has been developed as a means of modeling the human subjective process of inductive data review. This objective automated correction process has proven extremely effective. A manual review and validation of 138 stations of a 1300-station subset of TD3200 data closely match...
Di-ionizable p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-1,2-crown-5 ligands in the cone conformation: effect of acidic side arm length for solvent extraction of divalent metal ions

Abstract Several new di-ionizable p - tert -butylcalix[4]arene-1,2-crown-5 compounds were prepared in the cone conformation. For comparison with reported ligands, the systematic structural variation was a change of the pendent acidic groups from two adjacent –OCH 2 CO 2 H or –OCH 2 C(O)NHSO 2 Z (with Z=–Me, –Ph, –C 6 H 4 –4-NO 2 , –CF 3 ) units to two adjacent –O(CH 2 ) 4 CO 2 H or –O(CH 2 ) 4 C(O)NHSO 2 Z groups. Competitive solvent extractions of alkaline earth metal (AEMC) cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform by these ligands were performed. Also single species solvent extractions were conducted for the divalent heavy metal cations of Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ . Comparison of the extraction data for the new ligands with those reported reveal that the ligands with shorter proton-ionizable side arms are more effective divalent metal ion extractants.
Heteroepitaxial growth of chemically derived ex situ Ba2YCu3O7−x thin films

Heteroepitaxial growth of Ba2YCu3O7−x (BYC) thin films prepared by postdeposition annealing on (001) LaAlO3 was characterized by TEM and x-ray diffraction studies of specimens rapidly cooled from various points in the growth heat treatment. Heteroepitaxial nucleation of BYC occurred between 720 and 770 °C during heating at 25 °C/min to the annealing temperature of 830 °C. The c-axis normal BYC rapidly coalesced into a continuous film with nearly complete coverage of the substrate surface after growth of a film of several unit cells thickness. The experimental results were not consistent with purely solid phase heteroepitaxial nucleation and growth or epitaxial grain growth, mechanisms for microstructural evolution of other chemically derived epitaxial oxide thin films. The nature of the transformation and the microstructure of the final superconducting films were consistent, instead, with growth of epitaxial BYC from a liquid phase that is present transiently during the anneal. This hypothesis was supported by thermal analysis results obtained from the precursor material of which the films are composed prior to transformation to BYC.