cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the crystal structures of hydrocarbons by molecular packing analysis

Abstract Several model potentials for H … H, H … C, and C … C nonbonded interactions were tested by calculation of the crystal structures of 18 assorted hydrocarbons. The (exp-6-1) potential was significantly superior to the (exp-6) potential, supporting the existence of net coulombic charges of about 0.15 electron unit on hydrogen in aromatics. The (exp-6-1) potential derived by the predicted structural fit derivation method was found to give about the same goodness of fit as the usual force fit derivation method. However, the force fit derived potential was more transferable to the calculation of lattice vibrational frequencies. The EPEN potential was found inferior in this application because of its poorer fit to the n-pentane and n-hexane crystal structures and its excessive requirements for computational time.
Stress-fringe signatures for propagating cracks

Abstract This discussion is contributed to chronicle how Prof. Albert Kobayashi's work in fracture experimentation has expanded our knowledge in the study of propagating cracks. After tracing the brief history of the subject, several fundamental observations are made regarding growing cracks through the medium of stress-fringe signature analysis.
USING TECHNOLOGY TO HELP OVERCOME INSTITUTIONAL OBSTACLES TO IMPROVED CRASH RECORDS PROCESSING

Although advanced technologies have the potential to improve crash records processing, a number of recurrent institutional properties must be examined to comprehend the limits and rewards of these technologies. These properties include the diversity of crash-data users and providers, the dynamic nature of crash records processing, and the lack of a single entity that reaps all the benefits and bears all the costs of crash records processing. Although not inherently bad, these properties contribute to a number of problems with crash records processing, such as lack of access to crash data, inconsistencies among crash data bases, and disincentives to implementing new technologies or organizational changes that would make crash data more accessible, timely, or practical. With data obtained from a comprehensive inventory of Virginia's computerized crash records systems, the feasibility of using technology to address these properties and the resultant problems was examined. A framework for assessing whether a proposed change will help solve short-term problems or overcome long-term obstacles was proposed.
Superconductors: No charge for spin transport

In superconductors spin and charge can be completely decoupled leading to unusual transport phenomena, such as nearly chargeless spin flow.
Laboratory and numerical modeling of geochemical reactions in a reservoir used for CO2 storage

Abstract This paper presents the initial set of results obtained during laboratory experiments and numerical modeling of geochemical reactions performed by the Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership. Selected samples are from several different formations of the Williston Basin, including Bakken, Broom Creek, Madison, and Winnipeg. The XRD mineralogical analysis of selected samples reported anhydrite, calcite, dolomite, forsterite, and quartz as dominant phases. The powdered samples were exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide at 4000 psi and 80 ∘ C in dry, freshwater, and brine conditions. The numerical modeling was performed utilizing the geochemical code PHREEQC, where the thermodynamic database was adjusted with SUPRCRT92 code.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an augmented bladder in a patient with bladder exstrophy.

Newer reconstructive techniques in bladder exstrophy, as well as advances in urinary tract reconstruction, have greatly improved the quality of life of patients with exstrophy. However, the long-term risk of development of bladder cancer in these urinary reconstructions remains undefined. We report a case of squamous cell cancer in a suprapubic tract after augmentation cystoplasty for bladder exstrophy.
Radiation Produced Trapping Effects in Devices-Invited Paper

The effects of radiation-produced majority carrier traps in junction space-charge regions are reviewed. The nature of trapping states is discussed, and defect states in the upper half of the bandgap are shown to be dominant in p+n junctions. A number of experimental methods for determining trap parameters are examined, and the results of various experiments compared. Three important levels are found at energies 0.48, 0.38, and 0.2 eV below the conduction band edge. Best estimates of the electron capture cross sections are 2 × 10-14, 4 × 10-15, and 1 × 10-19 cm2 respectively. These levels give rise to frequency dependent small-signal device parameters in junction field-effect transistors, as well as time dependent parameters for large signals. Only very slight trapping effects are found in enhancement-mode MOS transistors; however the effects should be much larger in depletion-mode devices. Trapping effects restrict the application of variable capacitor diodes.
Structural Econometrics of First‐price Auctions: A Survey of Methods

Over the past decade, the structural analysis of auction data has attracted considerable attention. The structural approach relies on the hypothesis that observed bids are the equilibrium bids of the gametheoretic auction model under consideration. In this paper, we survey econometric methods that have been recently developed for estimating first-price auction models within the private value paradigm. In particular, we focus on two important issues. A first question is to know whether the structural elements of the model, mainly the underlying latent distribution of bidders private values, are identifiable from observations, usually the observed bids. A second issue concerns the estimation of the underlying density. This can be performed through different methods ranging from parametric to nonparametric ones. After a brief review of basic auction models, we first consider the simple first-price auction model with- in the symmetric independent private value paradigm with a nonbinding reserve price. In a second part, more advanced models are considered allowing for a binding reserve price, affiliation among private values, and asymmetry among bidders. The conclusion presents some future lines of research. Depuis une dizaine d'annees, I'analyse structurale des mecanismes en jeu dans la conduite des encheres suscite une attention considerable. Cette demarche structurale sefonde sur I'hypothese selon laquelle les offres observees constituent les offres a l'equilibre d'un modele d'encheres base sur la theorie des jeux. Dans le present expose, nous pas sons en revue les methodes econometriques qui ont ete mises au point ces dernieres annees pour construire des modeles d'encheres au premier prix dans le cadre du paradigme des valeurs personnelles. Nous nous interessons en particulier a deux questions importantes: la premiere est de savoir si les elements structuraux du modele, essentiellement la distribution latente sous-jacente des valeurs personnelles des encherisseurs sont identifiables a partir des observations, c'est-a-dire habituellement les offres observees. La deuxieme question concerne l'estimation de la densite sousjacente. Elle peut se faire par differentes methodes allant des parametriques au non parametriques. Apres une breve revue des modeles d'encheres de base, nous considerons d'abord le modele d'enchere, simple au premier prix dans le cadre du paradigme des valeurs personnelles independantes symetriques, assorti d'un prix minimum non liant. Dans la seconde partie, nous examinons des modeles plus avances, autorisant unprix minimum liant, Vaffiliation parmi les valeurs personnelles et I'asymetrie parmi les encherisseurs. En conclusion, nous proposons quelques avenues de recherches futures.
Endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α contributes to lymphoproliferation induced by simian immunodeficiency virus variant, SIVsmmPBj14

Abstract The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolate, SIVsmmPBj14, contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) within its nef gene product and triggers efficient lymphoproliferation in vitro. In experimentally inoculated macaque monkeys, this virus causes acutely lethal enteropathy, which is accompanied by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α . Since TNF- α has been shown to possess weak comitogenic activity for antigen- or mitogen-induced human T-cell proliferation, experiments were conducted to examine whether TNF- α might also contribute to SIVsmmPBj14-induced lymphoproliferation. Addition of a dimeric soluble human TNF receptor (sTNFR):Fc fusion protein to SIVsmmPBj14-infected simian peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) resulted in a partial (>50%) inhibition of virally-induced lymphoproliferation, but had no effect on the strong T-cell activation signal provided by phytohemagglutinin and interleukin-2. Finally, the addition of exogenous human TNF- α to simian PBMC infected with a non-mitogenic variant of SIVsmmPBj14 failed to result in detectable lymphoproliferation, suggesting that TNF- α alone is not sufficient to cause the proliferation of SIV infected T-cells. Taken together, the data suggest that endogenous TNF- α enhances SIVsmmPBj14-induced lymphoproliferation in simian PBMC cultures.
Nonaqueous solutions of DNA: Factors determining the stability of the helical configuration in solution

Abstract The disorganization of the aqueous helical configuration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by a number of structurally related organic solvents has been investigated. In all the solvents investigated, denaturation is accompanied by 35–50% increase in absorbance (at 259 mμ) and a decrease in optical rotation (at 436 mμ) of 200–350 °. The following observations have been made: ( a ) The effectiveness of the denaturant increases with both chain length and increasing hydrocarbon content. Thus ethyl and propyl alcohols were found to be more effective than methanol. ( b ) The alkyl-substituted solvents N,N′ -dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetramethylurea are the most effective denaturants among the various solvents employed. The midpoints of the denaturation transition due to these solvents in the presence of 1–5 × 10 −2 M salt, range from 19 to 27 mole % (57–62 vol.%), and the changes produced in optical rotation (at 436 mμ) upon denaturation are of the order of −300 to −350 °. ( c ) N,N′ -dimethylformamide is a more effective DNA denaturant than formamide. ( d ) Increasing the hydroxyl content of the solvent, on the other hand, had no significant effect; the denaturation midpoints in methanol-water and ethylene glycol-water mixtures (in the presence of 0.5–5 × 10 −2 M salt) occur at 80 ± 1 mole % (90 ± 2 vol.%) of the nonaqueous component. These observations demonstrate the importance of hydrophobic forces and argue against the assignment of the stability of the aqueous configuration of DNA solely to hydrogen bonds. Except in dimethyl sulfoxide, DNA denaturation by the organic solvents employed could be largely reversed by water in the presence of electrolyte.
13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: an Alternative Detector for Recycled-Flow NMR Experiments

Static NMR experiments on insensitive nuclei (e.g., 13C) have been generally difficult because of low magnetogyric ratios and/or poor natural abundance, even at the highest magnetic fields available. One method of overcoming these sensitivity limitations is dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which can be utilized to enhance NMR signals relative to those obtained with static NMR detection. In this study, we report a recycled-flow DNP apparatus capable of monitoring 13C scalar-dominated enhancements 1−2 orders of magnitude greater than those obtainable using the conventional recycled-flow 13C NMR experiment. Specifically, a mixture of benzene and several chlorocarbons were continuously “recycled” through a 13C DNP spectrometer. Results indicate successful detection with the 13C DNP approach in scalar-dominated cases, where analytes could not be observed with conventional static or flow NMR detection in a reasonable length of time.
Logic and artificial intelligence

Abstract The theoretical foundations of the logical approach to artificial intelligence are presented. Logical languages are widely used for expressing the declarative knowledge needed in artificial intelligence systems. Symbolic logic also provides a clear semantics for knowledge representation languages and a methodology for analyzing and comparing deductive inference techniques. Several observations gained from experience with the approach are discussed. Finally, we confront some challenging problems for artificial intelligence and describe what is being done in an attempt to solve them.
Het angioneurotisch oedeem: een verstikkende situatie

Op de SEH melden zich regelmatig mensen met een allergische reactie op voedingsmiddelen of medicijnen. Soms zijn de klachten mild en eenvoudig te behandelen, maar af en toe slaat de behandeling niet voldoende aan en ontstaat er een levensbedreigende situatie. Adequate observaties en snel handelen zijn dan van levensbelang.
Comparison of voice outcomes after radial forearm free flap reconstruction versus primary closure after laryngectomy

Objective Laryngectomy with primary closure and tracheoesophageal prosthesis (TEP) voice rehabilitation has been the mainstay of the management of patients with advanced laryngeal malignancy. When adequate mucosal tissue is not available, pharyngeal reconstruction with free flaps can be utilized. The speech outcomes of these patients have been traditionally considered inferior based on the findings of a limited number of studies. We report the results of a review of our experience with radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction of extensive laryngopharyngectomy defects vs our institutional outcomes seen with primary closure. Study Design Retrospective review. Subjects and Methods All patients treated with laryngectomy procedures with either primary closure (28 patients) or RFFF (20 patients) reconstructions at the Cleveland Clinic from 2002 through 2007 were included. Blinded evaluation with statistical analysis of standard speech outcomes measures (maximal sustained phonation, fluent count) as well as qualitative variables are reported. Results Based on our data collection, the two groups are statistically indistinguishable. Conclusions These findings support the utility and effectiveness of the RFFF in pharyngeal reconstruction in achieving good voice outcomes.
The Experience of Leadership: Women and Men Shop Stewards' Perspectives in Ten Trade Unions

This article extends discussions of gender, race, and union leadership by considering the experiences of women of color, white women, men of color, and white men who already occupy union leadership positions. Using interviews with 124 stewards from ten trade unions, the authors examine the daily experience of steward work, as told by stewards themselves. The authors find that gender and race interact to shape stewards’ leadership experiences and that stewards craft leadership styles that respond to their particular gendered and raced experiences. Finally, the authors consider the implications of their findings for unions interested in facilitating the leadership of underrepresented groups.
Diverse effects of Ca2+ on the prostacyclin and corticotropin modulation of adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate and steroid production in normal cat and mouse tumor cells of the adrenal cortex.

Abstract Isolated cat adrenocortical cells exposed to corticotropin (ACTH) (2–50 μU) and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) (10 −8 to 10 −4 M) demonstrated dose- and time-dependent increases in cyclic AMP formation and steroid production. In the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ ACTH (5 μU) did not augment cyclic AMP levels and steroid release. In contrast, Ca 2+ deprivation did not affect the ability of PGI 2 (10 −6 M) to augment cyclic AMP levels and only partially depressed PGI 2 -induced steroid release, indicating that ACTH and PGI 2 affect the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system differently. The distinctive effects of PGI 2 and ACTH were further demonstrated in mouse adrenal tumor (Y-1) cells, which responded to ACTH and cholera extertoxin (choleragen) (10 −9 M) with increases in cyclic AMP formation and steroidogenesis, whereas PGI 2 elicited a profound decrease in cyclic AMP levels and failed to enhance steroid production. The basis of these characteristic effects of ACTH and PGI 2 on normal and adrenal tumor cells appears to be their particular actions on membrane receptors, which modulate cyclic AMP metabolism through different Ca 2+ -mediated mechanisms.
Continuum description of the time- and strain-dependent Poisson's ratio of ligament under finite deformation

Ligament volumetric behavior controls fluid and thus nutrient movement as well as the mechanical response of the tissue to applied loads. The reported Poisson’s ratios for tendon and ligament subjected to tensile deformation loading along the fiber direction are large, ranging from 0.8 ± 0.3 in rat tail tendon fascicles [1] to 2.98 ± 2.59 in bovine flexor tendon [2]. These Poisson’s ratios are indicative of volume loss and thus fluid exudation [3,4]. We have developed micromechanical finite element models that can reproduce both the characteristic nonlinear stress-strain behavior and large, strain-dependent Poisson’s ratios seen in tendons and ligaments [5], but these models are computationally expensive and unfeasible for large scale, whole joint models. The objectives of this research were to develop an anisotropic, continuum based constitutive model for ligaments and tendons that can describe strain-dependent Poisson’s ratios much larger than the isotropic limit of 0.5. Further, we sought to demonstrate the ability of the model to describe experimental data, and to show that the model can be combined with biphasic theory to describe the rate- and time-dependent behavior of ligament and tendon.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Physical characterization of the liquid adhesive from orb-weaving spiders

Abstract Orb-weaving spiders produce bioadhesives that are used to capture their prey. In this paper, the physical properties of these adhesives are characterised. The liquid adhesive from Argiope argentata spiders has been studied and the morphological properties of the droplets, including size, shape and volume were determined. An estimation of viscosity and Young's modulus using atomic force microscopy has also been carried out. Morphological characterization confirmed that the liquid adhesive displayed a typical beads-on-a-string (BOAS) morphology on the silk fibres. The experimental data confirmed that the elastic modulus of the liquid adhesive from A. argentata was in the range 20–100 kPa which is in agreement with the Dahlquist criterion for adhesives.
Excessive suppression of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in patients treated for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): 63

Excessive suppression of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in patients treated for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): 63
Finite-horizon optimal control design for uncertain linear discrete-time systems

In this paper, the finite-horizon optimal adaptive control design for linear discrete-time systems with unknown system dynamics by using adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is presented. In the presence of full state feedback, the terminal state constraint is incorporated in solving the optimal feedback control via the Bellman equation. The optimal regulation of the uncertain linear system is solved in a forward-in-time and online manner without using value and/or policy iterations. Due to the nature of finite horizon, the stability of the closed-loop system is involved but verified by using Lyapunov theory. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation results.
Spotlighting Student Innovation

This new column provides a space for undergraduates in computer engineering and science to share their capstone project designs.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hcm) is a genetic disease with an autosomal pattern of inheritance, characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of another cause of increased cardiac mass. Patients with HCM often report chest pain and demonstrate abnormal stress-induced thallium
Volume Holographic Reflection Endoscope for In-Vivo Ovarian Cancer Clinical Studies

We present the design for an endoscopic system capable of imaging tissues of the ovary at two selected imaging depths simultaneously. The method utilizes a multiplexed volume hologram to select wavefronts from different depths within the tissue. It is the first demonstration of an endoscopic volume holographic imaging system. The endoscope uses both gradient index (GRIN) optical components and off the shelf singlet lenses to relay an image from the distal tip to the proximal end. The endoscope has a minimum diameter of 3.75 mm. The system length is 30 cm which is connected to a handle that includes the holographic components and optics that relay the image to a camera. Preliminary evaluation of the endoscope was performed with tissue phantoms and calibrated targets, which shows lateral resolution ≈ 4 μm at an operating wavelength of 660 nm. The hologram is recorded in phenanthraquinone doped poly methacrylate and is designed to produce images from two tissue depths. One image is obtained at the tissue surface and the second 70 μm below the surface. This method requires no mechanical scanning and acquires an image at the camera frame rate. The preliminary ex-vivo results show good correlation with histology sections of the same tissue sections.
Lightning during Two Central U.S. Winter Precipitation Events

Abstract Network-detected cloud-to-ground lightning coincident with mainly frozen precipitation (freezing rain, sleet, snow) was studied over the central United States during two outbreaks of arctic air in January 1994. During the first event, the ratio of positive to total flashes was 59%, flashes were few and disorganized in area, and no surface observer reported thunder. For the other event the ratio was 52% during the first few hours in subfreezing surface air, then decreased when flashes formed in the nearby region above freezing. Also, flashes in this case were linearly aligned and coincided with conditional symmetric instability; thunder was heard infrequently by surface observers. On radar, reflectivity cores grew from weak to moderate intensity within a few hours of the lightning during both cases. Echo area increased greatly before flashes in one case, while the area increase coincided with flashes in the other. Some base-scan reflectivities were strong in both thunderstorm regions due to the ra...
Mitochondrial sulfhydryl group modification by adriamycin aglycones.

Induction of Ca2+ release from isolated, preloaded rat heart mitochondria by low concentrations (<5 μM) of adriamycin aglycones, has recently been reported [(1988) Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 803]. Ca2+ release occurs via a generalized, Ca2+-dependent increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to small molecules. The process is antagonized by dithiothreitol, suggesting thiol involvement. This communication demonstrates modification of mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups, detected as decreased 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) reactivity, by adriamycin aglycones. Ca2+ release and sulfhydryl modification are shown to depend similarly on aglycone concentration and on the C-7 substituent of the anthracycline ring. In addition, DTNB elicits Ca2+ release. It can therefore be proposed that adriamycin aglycones alter mitochondrial membrane permeability by altering mitochondrial thiol status.
Numerical Simulation of a Subtropical Squall Line over the Taiwan Strait

The present 2D nonhydrostatic, time-dependent numerical cloud model, which is applied to the structure and development of a subtropical squall line observed during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment, includes (1) a parameterized ice-phase microphysical scheme, (2) longwave and shortwave radiative-transfer processes, and (3) heat and moisture fluxes from the ocean surface. A comparative study is made of the vertical transport of horizontal momentum and of the latent heat release by the simulated subtropical squall system, as well as the heat release of squall systems occurring in other geographic locations.
Measuring electronic structure of wurtzite InN using electron energy loss spectroscopy

The electronic structure of wurtzite InN has been investigated by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Spectra of the nitrogen K edge and the indium M4,5 edge have been measured and were compared with calculated partial, N 2p and In 5p conduction band density of states in InN. Excellent agreement on the relative positions of the characteristic peaks were obtained. From low-loss EELS the bulk plasmon energy at 15.5 eV, location of the In 4d deep valence states at about 16.3 eV below the conduction band maximum and strong interband transitions with 6.2 eV excitation energy are also found.
Programming languages in mechanized documentation

There are two fundamental facts about programming languages: there are lots of them; all but a handful are never used beyond the immediate circle of friends of the inventor. An exhaustive survey of all languages used over the past twenty years in Western Europe and the US would be time‐consuming and of questionable utility; however, it seems safe to suggest that the number is considerably in excess of 1,000. Sammet's latest annual survey lists 132 languages currently in use in the United States, and this can only be a minor fraction of those that have been constructed at one time or another.
Parental Marital Status and Young Adult Offspring's Attitudes About Marriage and Divorce

This study examined attitudes toward marriage and divorce among single young adults. Data were gathered from 310 traditional-aged college students regarding their perceived level of commitment to a future marriage and their likelihood to divorce should such a marriage become unsatisfying. Study results indicated that individuals who have experienced parental divorce reported lower levels of marital commitment and more prodivorce attitudes than their peers from intact families. These results suggest that attitudes toward marriage and divorce are partially preformulated beliefs individuals carry into their relationships. Implications for professionals working with young adults are discussed, along with directions for future research.
Wavefront sensing of x-ray telescopes

Phase Retrieval analysis of off-axis or defocused focal-plane data from telescope optics has been proven effective in understanding misalignments and optical aberrations in normal incidence telescopes. The approach is used, e.g., in commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) segmented primary mirror. There is a similar need for evaluating low-order figure errors of grazing incidence mirrors and nested telescope assemblies. When implemented in these systems, phase retrieval does not depend on normal incidence access to each mirror (shell) surface and, therefore, provides an effective means for evaluating nested x-ray telescopes during integration and test. We have applied a well-known phase retrieval algorithm to grazing incidence telescopes. The algorithm uses the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization procedure to perform a non-linear least-squares fit of the telescope Point Spread Function (PSF). The algorithm can also retrieve low order figure errors at visible wavelengths where optical diffraction is the dominant defect in the PSF. In this paper we will present the analytical approach and its implementation for grazing incidence mirrors of the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO). We analyze the effects of low order axial surface errors individually, and in combination on the system PSF at 633 nanometers. We demonstrate via modeling that the wavefront sensing algorithm can recover axial errors (of the grazing incidence mirrors) to a small fraction of the known axial figure errors using simulated PSFs as input data to the algorithm.
The Great Upper Plains Blizzard of January 1975

(1975). The Great Upper Plains Blizzard of January 1975. Weatherwise: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 66-103.
Limit on the scale of impact-related metal/silicate segregation on L chondrite parent(s)

To assess the role of impact related reheating on compositional trends in the major elements of the L chondrite parent(s), I examined a suite of 37 L falls analyzed by Jarosewich (1990). After eliminating 8 samples prepared from quantities which differently sampled the chondrites considered, I found that suites of mildly-shocked (S3) and strongly-shocked (S4-S6) equilibrated L chondrite falls can be distinguished at statistically significant levels when compared based on their major element content. Graphical comparisons demonstrated that the differences arise because siderophiles are depleted with corresponding mass-balanced lithophile enrichment in strongly-shocked samples. Since the samples considered here were derived from volumes of between 1.5 cm3 and 4.7 cm3, we can conclude that statistically significant post-metamorphic metal(sulfide)/silicate segregation occurred on a scale of at least this size.
Partition-complete spaces and their preservation by tri-quotient and related maps

Abstract We give a new proof that, if f : X → Y is a tri-quotient map and X is partition-complete, then so is Y. By a similar approach, we extend this result to the larger class of P -tri-quotient maps.
Fraunhofer Multiple Slit Diffraction Patterns with Finite Sources

General expressions for the intensity distribution in Fraunhofer N-slit diffraction patterns with finite sources both in the form of a uniformly radiating slit and disk have been obtained. By making use of the secondary maxima in the multiple slit patterns and their dependence upon source dimensions it is shown that multiple slits give a limited but useful advantage over double slits for the determination of the angular extent of distant sources. Results indicate an effective increase in resolution of 1/N, N>2. This is verified experimentally.
Unique determinants of alveolar macrophage spontaneous and chemokinetically stimulated migration.

Abstract The in vitro migration of rabbit alveolar and peritoneal macrophages was quantitated by an agarose well assay which permitted the distinction of chemokinetic and chemotactic patterns of stimulation by rabbit serum, tryptic fragments of the fifth component of complement, and the synthetic peptide formyl-methionyl-phenylalanyl-leucine. The peritoneal macrophages exhibited greater chemotaxis than the alveolar macrophages, but the magnitude of the chemokinetic response of both macrophage populations to each stimulus was much greater than that of the corresponding chemotactic response. Preincubation of macrophages with 2,4-dinitrophenol suppressed the spontaneous and chemokinetic migration of the alveolar macrophages without influencing the migration of the peritoneal macrophages, while iodoacetate inhibited the migration of both types of macrophages. The addition of a crude preparation of surfactant to the macrophages stimulated the migration of both the alveolar and peritoneal populations. Alveolar macrophages are thus not only uniquely adapted to the high oxygen concentrations in their environment, but may perform their surveillance of the pulmonary surfaces more efficiently as a result of the presence of surfactant or related lipoproteins.
Zinc-Induced Molt: Evidence for a Direct Inhibitory Effect on Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis

Results from previous studies indicate that the use of dietary zinc may provide an effective means to initiate an induced molt in laying hens. Although much evidence indicates that high concentrations of zinc (10,000 to 20,000 ppm) cause the cessation of lay primarily by depressing feed intake, recent data suggest that lower concentrations (2,800 ppm) in a calcium-deficient diet may act via a direct action on the ovary. Therefore, a series of in vitro studies was conducted to evaluate whether zinc can affect granulosa cell progesterone production. Incubation of granulosa cells from the largest preovulatory (F1) follicle with zinc as zinc sulfate (.1 to 10 microM) had no effect on basal progesterone production. By contrast, ovine luteinizing hormone-stimulated progesterone production was inhibited (P less than .05) in a dose-related fashion by zinc in both the sulfate and acetate forms (1 to 10 microM). Furthermore, zinc attenuated oLH- and forskolin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, and inhibited 8-bromo-cAMP- and calcium ionophore (A23187)-induced progesterone production. Such results indicate both pre- and post-cAMP sites of action for zinc's inhibitory actions on progesterone production in F1 granulosa cells. Finally, ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation and progesterone production in granulosa cells collected from 9- to 12-mm follicles (a stage of development representing the early, rapid growth phase) were suppressed (P less than .05) by co-incubation of cells with zinc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of gossypol against central nervous system tumor cell lines.

Gossypol is a lipid soluble polyphenolic compound isolated from cotton seed oil which has been previously shown to have antiproliferative activityin vitro against a variety of human solid tumor cell lines. It has been extensively tested in clinical trials as a male contraceptive agent and found to be well tolerated. Its mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition of cellular energy metabolism. It inhibits glycolysis through inhibition of LDH isoenzyme type 5, and it inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport. We tested thein vitro antiproliferative effect of gossypol against four well characterized human glioma cell lines, HS 683, U373, U87 and U138, and one rat glioma cell line, C6, using the colorimetric Microculture Tetrazolium Assay (MTT). Cytotoxicity was found to be concentration and time dependent and increased with incubation times up to 8 days. The relative sensitivity of the glioma cell lines to gossypol at 48 hour incubation correlated with their respective LDH isoenzyme profiles, with the more sensitive cell lines expressing increased cathodal LDH isoenzymes (LDH 5). Thein vitro cytotoxicity of gossypol to these CNS tumor lines was compared to the other non central nervous system solid tumor cell lines which had been previously reported as being sensitive to gossypol, including SW-13 (adrenal), MCF-7 (breast), T47-D (breast), and HeLa (cervical). Additional lines tested included SK-MEL-3 (melanoma), Colo 201 (colon) and BRW, a line established in our laboratory from a patient with a Primitive Neuroectodermal tumor. C6, HS 683, and BRW had similar IC50s as the sensitive solid tumor cell lines. U373, U87 and U138 had significantly less sensitivity at 48 hours. There was greater cytotoxicity and no significant differences in the IC50s between any of cell lines at 8 day incubations. Additionally, we tested the cytotoxicity of gossypol against BRWin vivo, using the nude mouse xenograft model. Gossypol, given at a dose of 30 mg/kg per day five days a week for four weeks orally via gavage, was found to decrease the mean tumor weight of treated xenografts by more than 50% as compared to untreated xenografts. These findings suggest that gossypol has potential for further study as an agent for the treatment of primary CNS malignancies.
The effects of pretreatments with carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine on survival and on soman-induced alterations in rat and rabbit brain acetylcholine.

Abstract A three component pretreatment regimen composed of a carbamate, atropine and mecamylamine offered complete protection against a multiple lethal doses of Soman in rats. In animals, given chemical pretreatment containing physostigmine in the drug regimen, Soman-induced cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels were initially elevated but were back down to normal by 30 min post Soman, but in rats given neostigmine in the pretreatment regimen, ACh concentrations were found to be the highest at 30 min after Soman exposure. The data suggest that peripheral acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are critical sites in organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterase exposure in rats and should be protected to maximize efficacy against OP intoxication. The data also suggest that carbamates which penetrate the blood-brain barrier may be superior to quaternary carbamates in antagonizing OP exposure in that they could be expected to dampen and rapidly abolish OP-induced rises in total brain ACh which in turn should restore normal neural activity in the brain.
Governing by design: architecture, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

Governmentality encompasses ‘men in their relations, their links, their imbrication with... wealth, resources, means of subsistence, the territory with all its specific qualities, climate, irrigati...
Modulated Participant-Observation: Managing the Dilemma of Distance in Field Research

Using examples from studies of dance clubs, the authors offer a solution for dealing with the problems of maintaining the optimal research distance in field investigations. This method is based on teamwork, in which one researcher assumes the role of participant-as-observer and the other has the role of observer-as-participant. In addition to describing the developments of the two roles, the authors provide firsthand accounts of common pitfalls in fieldwork and how they have handled them.
Neurometabolite Markers of Cerebral Injury in the Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Background and Purpose—To determine the neurometabolic patterns of brain injury in systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (SLE-aPLS). Methods—Forty-nine SLE patients (12 SLE-aPLS) and 23 control subjects were studied using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. N-Acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cre) and choline/Cre (Cho/Cre) were measured in normal-appearing tissue. IgG and IgM antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results—Stroke, epilepsy, and elevated IgG-aPL were more common in SLE-aPLS patients than in SLE patients (P<0.001). NAA/Cre was lower (P<0.05) and Cho/Cre higher (P<0.001) in SLE-aPLS patients than in SLE patients without aPLS. Regression models showed NAA/Cre was most related to injury seen by imaging (P<0.01), disease duration (P<0.05), and prior neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) (P=0.07). Reduced NAA/Cre was more closely related to IgG-aPL (P<0.01) than the presence of stroke or aPLS. When adjusted for all factors,...
Mutagenic properties of the 8-amino-2′-deoxyguanosine DNA adduct in mammalian cells

The DNA adduct 8-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-amino-dG) is found in liver DNA of rats treated with the hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane. Site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides were used to explore the mutagenic potential of 8-amino-dG in simian kidney (COS-7) cells. Oligodeoxynucleotides (5'-TCCTCCTX1G2CCTCTC and 5'-TCCTCCTG1X2CCTCTC, X = dG or 8-amino-dG) with the lesion positioned at codon 60 or 61 of the non-coding strand of the human c-Ha- ras1 gene were inserted into single-stranded phagemid vectors and transfected into COS-7 cells. The progeny plasmid obtained was used to transform Escherichia coli DH10B. Transformants were analyzed by oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization and DNA sequencing to establish the mutation frequency and spectrum produced by the modified base. The correct base, dCMP, was incorporated preferentially opposite 8-amino-dG at X1and X2. When 8-amino-dG was at X1, targeted GNH2-->T transversions were detected, along with smaller numbers of GNH2-->A transitions and GNH2-->C transversions. When the adduct was at X2, only GNH2-->T transversions were observed. The frequencies of targeted mutation at X1and X2were 2.7 and 1.7%, respectively. Mutation frequency and mutagenic spectrum were sequence context dependent. In addition, non-targeted G-->T transversions, accompanied by some G-->A transitions, were detected 5' to 8-amino-dG when the lesion was at X2. We conclude that 8-amino-dG is a mutagenic lesion, generating G-->T and G-->C transversions and G-->A transitions in mammalian cells.
Correspondence in Perception of the Tritone Paradox and Perfect-Fifth/Perfect-Fourth Intervals

Shepard (1964) found that the pitch height of a pair of octave-related complex tones is perceived in accordance with the principle of proximity around a pitch class circle. However, when these tones form a tritone interval, proximity cannot be used. In the tritone paradox, Deutsch (1986) found that listeners perceive these tones such that half of the pitch class circle is heard as higher in pitch, and the opposite half as lower, with individual differences in which half is heard as higher. In the present experiments, listeners judged the height of octave-related complexes forming tritones and forming intervals of perfect fifths (P5) and perfect fourths (P4). There was a strong relationship between the pitch classes heard higher in the tritone paradox and those heard higher when presented with P5/P4 intervals. Rather than using proximity to judge pitch height with P5/P4 intervals, listeners instead use the same mechanism involved in perception of the tritone paradox.
Identity Representability of Facial Expressions: An Evaluation Using Feature Pixel Distributions

The study on how to represent appearance instances was the focus in most previous work in face recognition. Little attention, however, was given to the problem of how to select "good" instances for a gallery, which may be called the facial identity representation problem. This paper gives an evaluation of the identity representability of facial expressions. The identity representability of an expression is measured by the recognition accuracy achieved by using its samples as the gallery data. We use feature pixel distributions to represent appearance instances. A feature pixel distribution of an image is based on the number of occurrence of detected feature pixels (corners) in regular grids of an image plane. We propose imbalance oriented redundancy reduction for feature pixel detection. Our experimental evaluation indicates that certain facial expressions, such as the neutral, have stronger identity representability than other expressions, in various feature pixel distributions.
Approximate strategic reasoning through hierarchical reduction of large symmetric games

To deal with exponential growth in the size of a game with the number of agents, we propose an approximation based on a hierarchy of reduced games. The reduced game achieves savings by restricting the number of agents playing any strategy to fixed multiples. We validate the idea through experiments on randomly generated local-effect games. An extended application to strategic reasoning about a complex trading scenario motivates the approach, and demonstrates methods for game-theoretic reasoning over incompletely-specified games at multiple levels of granularity. Motivation Consider the task of selecting among a large set of strategies to play in an 8-player game. Through careful judgment you manage to narrow down the candidates to a reasonable number of strategies (say 35). Because the performance of a strategy for one agent depends on the strategies of the other seven, you wish to undertake a game-theoretic analysis of the situation. Determining the payoff for a particular strategy profile is expensive, however, as your observations of prior game instances are quite limited, and the only operational description of the game is in the form of a simulator that takes a non-negligible time (say 10 minutes) to produce one outcome. Moreover, since the environment is stochastic, numerous samples (say 12) are required to produce a reliable estimate for even one profile. At two hours per profile, ex
Methodological and theoretical implications of using subjectgenerated consequences in tests of rational choice theory

Previous research on rational choice theory has typically asked subjects to evaluate the impact of research-derived consequences on offending likelihood using a hypothetical scenario design. However, this procedure may not produce results that accurately reflect the subjects' actual consideration of consequences. In this study, subjects were allowed to develop their own set of potential consequences in response to two hypothetical offending scenarios. The results support the use of this innovative technique, but also revealed many types of consequences that were not commonly used in previous tests of the theory. Limitations of the study and implications for future tests of rational choice theory are discussed.
MYOCARDIAL SPARING EFFECT OF FENTANYL DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

SUMMARY The cardiovascular effects of fentanyl (Sublimaze) were studied in seven mongrel dogs. A constant infusion of the drug was used to produce an apnoeic end-point while concomitant cardiovascular changes were monitored. After one hour the infusion was repeated while ventilation was controlled and atropine was given to eliminate the haemo-dynamic effect of changes in PaC02 and heart rate. When PaCo2 was allowed to increase fentanyl reduced heart rate and mean arterial pressure markedly while left ventricular dp/dt was depressed moderately at the time of respiratory arrest. When heart rate and PaCo2 were kept constant there was little variation in the cardiovascular measurements during fentanyl infusion. We conclude that fentanyl allows relative myocardial sparing in dogs when used at clinically effective concentrations.
Biology and Life History of Balcha indica, an Ectoparasitoid Attacking the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis, in North America

Balcha indica Mani and Kaul (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary ectoparasitoid attacking larvae, prepupae, and pupae of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Its fecundity, oviposition rate, longevity, and development time were determined in the laboratory under standard rearing conditions (25 ± 2° C, 65 ± 10% relative humidity, and 14:10 L:D). Adults lived a mean of 59 days with a maximum of 117 days. Lifetime adult fecundity averaged 36 eggs with a maximum 94 eggs per female. The egg stage lasted for a maximum of four days with ∼ 50% eggs hatched within two days. The development time of the first instars lasted for a maximum of nine days; 50% of the first instars completed their development (i.e., molted to the next instar) within five days. Instars of the intermediate and final stage larvae (after molting of the first instars occurred) could not be distinguished until they reached the pupal stage, and 50% of those larvae pupated ∼ 62 days after adult oviposition. Under the standard rearing conditions, 50% of B. indica took ∼ 83 days to complete the life cycle (from egg to adult emergence) ranging from 47 to 129 days. These results suggest that B. indica may not have more than two generations in the mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions of United States, where normal growing seasons—with average temperature above 25° C—are normally less than six months (May–October). Because of the long life span and oviposition period of adults, however, B. indica is likely to have overlapping generations.
Rainfall estimation from vertical profiles of reflectivity using neural networks

The neural network is a nonparametric method for representing the relationship between radar measurements and rainfall rate. Recent research had demonstrated that neural network techniques can be successfully used for ground rainfall estimation from radar measurements. An adaptive neural network has been developed to estimate rainfall rate from vertical profiles of reflectivity that gradually adapts itself over time, without retraining from the beginning. Such a network is also computationally stable. The performance of the neural network is evaluated by conducting tests on data sets using WSR-88D over Melbourne, FL and surface gage network data during 1998, 1999. The results show that the adaptive neural network can estimate rainfall fairly accurately and consistently.