cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthocyanins: Janus Nutraceuticals Displaying Chemotherapeutic and Neuroprotective Properties

Anthocyanins are natural polyphenolic compounds widely distributed as pigments in many fruits and vegetables. In addition to displaying antioxidant properties, these nutraceuticals exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic activities suggesting their potential as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Through cell cycle down-regulation, and context-specific pro-oxidant activity, anthocyanins induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, via regulation of the Bcl-2 protein family and induction of caspase-dependent or caspase-independent apoptotic pathways, anthocyanins inhibit the growth of cancers by inducing cell death. Moreover, by modulating the activities of specific kinases and proteases, including (but not limited to) cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, matrix metalloproteases, and urokinase-type plasminogen activators, anthocyanins induce apoptosis, inhibit motility, and suppress invasion of cancer cells. In marked contrast to their effects in cancer cells, we have found that anthocyanins display significant anti-apoptotic activity in neurons. Antioxidant properties of these nutraceuticals, particularly at the level of the mitochondria, appear to underlie their neuroprotective effects. The opposing effects of anthocyanins on cancer cells and neurons suggest that these nutraceuticals are promising candidates for development as either chemotherapeutic agents or novel neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of cancers or neurodegenerative diseases, respectively.
Reduced auditory segmentation potentials in first-episode schizophrenia.

Abstract Auditory scene analysis (ASA) dysfunction is likely an important component of the symptomatology of schizophrenia. Auditory object segmentation, the grouping of sequential acoustic elements into temporally-distinct auditory objects, can be assessed with electroencephalography through measurement of the auditory segmentation potential (ASP). Further, N2 responses to the initial and final elements of auditory objects are enhanced relative to medial elements, which may indicate auditory object edge detection (initiation and termination). Both ASP and N2 modulation are impaired in long-term schizophrenia. To determine whether these deficits are present early in disease course, we compared ASP and N2 modulation between individuals at their first episode of psychosis within the schizophrenia spectrum (FE, N = 20) and matched healthy controls (N = 24). The ASP was reduced by > 40% in FE; however, N2 modulation was not statistically different from HC. This suggests that auditory segmentation (ASP) deficits exist at this early stage of schizophrenia, but auditory edge detection (N2 modulation) is relatively intact. In a subset of subjects for whom structural MRIs were available (N = 14 per group), ASP sources were localized to midcingulate cortex (MCC) and temporal auditory cortex. Neurophysiological activity in FE was reduced in MCC, an area linked to aberrant perceptual organization, negative symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, but not temporal auditory cortex. This study supports the validity of the ASP for measurement of auditory object segmentation and suggests that the ASP may be useful as an early index of schizophrenia-related MCC dysfunction. Further, ASP deficits may serve as a viable biomarker of disease presence.
Obstruction of the rectosigmoid and sigmoid flexure after radical cystectomy for cancer of the bladder: Report of eight cases

A previously unreported complication after surgery for cancer of the bladder is discussed. Of approximately 400 patients who underwent total cystectomy, dissection of pelvic lymph nodes, and urinary diversion for cancer of the bladder, partial or complete obstruction of the rectosigmoid and sigmoid flexure developed in eight. Its clinicopathologic characteristics, possible causes, and management have been discussed.
Editors’ letter: New research and opportunities in public relations and visual communication

Abstract We are proud to present four articles exploring the intersections of public relations and visual communication as a way to move both fields forward, together and separately. The articles focus on health communication, crisis communication, social media, and corporate social responsibility, and the editors end with concrete suggestions for future research, including expanding theory and methodological applications.
Cystic Renal Disease and Neoplasms

The most common abdominal masses in childhood are renal origin masses, which include cystic renal diseases and renal tumors. This chapter will describe various cystic renal diseases and renal tumors in childhood. Cystic renal diseases in children are autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, juvenile nephronophthisis, glomerulocystic kidney disease, malformation syndromes (tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease), multicystic dysplastic kidney, and multilocular cystic neoplasm. Renal tumors in children include Wilms tumor, nephroblastomatosis, clear cell sarcoma, rhabdoid tumor, mesoblastic tumor, multilocular cystic neoplasm, renal cell carcinoma, renal lymphoma, and renal leukemia.
Influence of nutritional status on basal metabolic rates among rural agriculturalists of Ngilo-Ilo, East Java.

OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that tropical island populations have reduced basal metabolic rates (BMR) associated with the joint influences of heat stress and undernutrition. This study examines variation in BMR among an indigenous population of Indonesia, and compares these data with those collected from earlier studies in Indonesia. METHODS Anthropometric dimensions and BMR were measured on a sample of 35 Indonesian adults (28 men, 7 women) from the rural village of Ngilo-Ilo, East Java. RESULTS Mean measured BMRs (±SD) were 1433 ± 344 kcal/d in men and 1256 ±257 kcal/d in women, and were not significantly different from estimates using the FAO/WHO/UNU predictive questions. Underweight individuals (BMIs <18.5 kg/m2 ) had BMRs that were 7.6% below predicted levels, while those with BMIs ≥18.5 kg/m2 had BMRs that were 8.0% above predicted levels (P < .01). Underweight individuals also had significantly higher respiratory quotients (RQ = .94 vs. .89; P < .05), suggesting lower levels of fat oxidation. Compared to data from previous studies (1929-1979), men of the Ngilo-Ilo sample had similar BMIs (19.8 vs. 19.2 kg/m2 ), but higher BMRs, after adjusting for age and body weight (+2.1% vs. -5.6%; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Among the agriculturalists of Ngilo-Ilo, measured BMRs were low, but not significantly different from those predicted by the FAO/WHO/UNU equations. Among subjects of this sample and from earlier studies, poorer physical nutritional status was associated with reduced BMRs. These results suggest that chronic energy stress has consistently shaped metabolic function among Indonesian rural populations.
Using host-associated differentiation to track source population and dispersal distance among insect vectors of plant pathogens.

Small, mobile insects are notoriously challenging to track across landscapes and manage in agricultural fields. However, genetic differentiation among insect populations and host plants acquired through host-associated differentiation could be exploited to infer movement within crop systems and damage potential. Although many insects exhibit host-associated differentiation, management strategies for insect vectors of plant pathogens assume a homogenous population. Nevertheless, phenotypic changes derived from host-associated differentiation could manifest in altered behavior or physiology affecting the likelihood of vector-pathogen-plant interactions, or the subsequent efficiency of pathogen transmission. We used SNPs to assess genotypic structure and host-associated differentiation in the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To do so, we sampled A. craccivora across the Midwestern United States. from two host plants, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)-putative source populations for winged migrants. Simultaneously, we sampled winged A. craccivora landing in pumpkin fields where they transmit viruses. Structure analyses supported host-associated differentiation by identifying two major genotypic groups: an alfalfa group containing a single multilocus genotype and a locust group containing all others. Winged locust-group aphids landed at a much greater magnitude within focal fields during year 2 than year 1, while those in the alfalfa group remained fairly consistent. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated locust-group aphid movement was characterized by small-scale dispersal during year 2, likely originating from populations within 10 km. We also detected strong temporal differences in colonization from the two host plants. Early in the summer, most winged aphids (79.4%) derived from the locust group, whereas late in the summer more (58.3%) were from the alfalfa group. Because early crop growth stages are more susceptible to damage from aphid-vectored viruses, these data implicate locust as the more important source and illustrate how host-associated differentiation can be used to track dispersal and inform management of heterogeneous pest populations.
Minimally Effective Dose of Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusions: Six Hundred Ninety Patients in a Dose-Finding Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Study design Retrospective longitudinal cohort. Objective We sought to demonstrate the minimally effective bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) dose to achieve fusion in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions. Summary of background data Multiple studies have been conducted, which used a wide range of BMP doses for lumbar fusions highlighting associated risks and benefits. There is, however, a paucity in the literature in determining the minimally effective dose. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion from 2009 to 2014 were reviewed. Fusion was determined by a combination of computed tomography and dynamic x-ray by independent radiologists. We used backward stepwise multiple logistic regression with fusion as the dependent variable to determine whether BMP dose/level was a significant predictor for fusion. To determine the minimally effective dose of BMP/level, separate logistic regressions for different BMP dose ranges and sensitivity analyses were used. A P value ≤0.025 was considered significant. Results There were 1102 interspaces among 690 patients. Average BMP dose was 1.28 mg/level. Overall fusion was 95.2% with a mean follow-up of 19 months. BMP dose/level was a significant predictor for fusion. Odds of fusion increased by 2.02 when BMP dose range was increased from (0.16-1 mg/level) to (1.0-2 mg/level), but fusion odds did not increase when BMP dose increased to more than 2 mg/level. Conclusion BMP dose/level was a significant predictor for fusion. There was a significant increase in odds of fusion when BMP dose increased from 0.16 to 1 mg/level to 1.0 to 2 mg/level. No benefit from increasing the dose more than 2 mg/level was found, suggesting 1.0 mg/level to be the minimally effective BMP dose. Level of evidence 3.
Efficacy of Imaging Modalities Assessing Fatty Infiltration in Rotator Cuff Tears

Background:Fatty atrophy is a diagnosis characterized by the combination of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy of the rotator cuff. Studies have shown a strong positive correlation between the level of fatty infiltration and the risk of experiencing a chronic rotator cuff tear. Therefore, the pur
Trends in Volume and Utilization Outcomes in Adolescent Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery at Children's Hospitals.

Abstract Purpose As the prevalence of obesity increases in adolescents, the rate of metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is also rising. Little is known about MBS rates at children's hospitals. This study describes trends in adolescent MBS volume and examines hospital resource utilization among patients undergoing MBS at children's hospitals. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using a large pediatric hospital database (Inpatient Essentials database) to identify adolescents aged 10–18 years who underwent MBS from 2012 to 2016. Procedures were identified based on the presence of diagnosis codes for obesity and bariatric surgery. Our primary outcome was annual MBS volume, and secondary outcomes included cost, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission rates. Results A total of 859 adolescents from 39 children's hospitals underwent MBS during the study timeframe. Included patients were typically aged >16 years (49.7%), female (73.3%), and non-Hispanic white (50.5%). The number of bariatric surgeries increased 1.8-fold, from 126 in 2012 to 220 in 2016 (p = .004). There was considerable variation in the number of procedures by hospital, ranging from 1 to 159, with a median of 4 (interquartile range: 1–18) procedures per hospital. As the annual number of surgeries increased, LOS decreased by 1 day (p = .028) and cost decreased by 22% (p Conclusion MBS rates are increasing in children's hospitals, whereas LOS and cost are decreasing, without affecting readmission rates. These findings may be useful for development of quality benchmarks for developing and existing MBS programs within children's hospitals.
DOUBLE KNOT SURGERIES TO S4 AND S2 × S2

It is known that S4 is a union of two fishtails, and S2 × S2 is a union of two cusps (glued along their boundaries). Here we prove that for any choice of knots K, L ⊂ S3 the knot surgery operations and S2 × S2 ⇝ (S2 × S2)K, L along both of these fishtails and cusps, respectively, do not change the diffeomorphism type of these manifolds.
Eradication: lessons from the past.

Abstract The declaration in 1980 that smallpox had been eradicated reawakened interest in disease eradication as a public health strategy. The smallpox programme's success derived, in part, from lessons learned from the preceding costly failure of the malaria eradication campaign. In turn, the smallpox programme offered important lessons with respect to other prospective disease control programmes, and these have been effectively applied in the two current global eradication initiatives, those against poliomyelitis and dracunculiasis. Taking this theme a step further, there are those who would now focus on the development of an inventory of diseases which might, one by one, be targeted either for eradication or elimination. This approach, while interesting, fails to recognize many of the important lessons learned and their broad implications for contemporary disease control programmes worldwide.
Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Using a Gold Nanoparticle-Based Paper Strip Assay for the At-Home Detection of the Urinary Biomarker 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine.

Purpose We sought to assess a smartphone-based, gold nanoparticle–based colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay paper sensor for quantifying urine 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. Methods Paper strips incorporate gold nanoparticle–8-OHdG antibody conjugates that produce color changes that are proportional to urine 8-OHdG and that are discernible on a smartphone camera photograph. Paper strip accuracy, precision, and stability studies were performed with 8-OHdG solutions of varying concentrations. Urine was collected from 97 patients with diabetes who were receiving DR screening examinations, including 7-field fundus photographs. DR was graded by standard methods as either low risk (no or mild DR) or high risk (moderate or severe DR). Paper sensor assays were performed on urine samples from patients and 8-OHdG values were correlated with DR grades. The differences in 8-OHdG values between the low- and high-risk groups were analyzed for outliers to identify the threshold 8-OHdG value that would minimize false-negative results. Results Lateral flow immunoassay paper strips quantitatively measure 8-OHdG and were found to be accurate, precise, and stable. Average urine 8-OHdG concentrations in study patients were 22 ± 10 ng/mg of creatinine in the low-risk group and 55 ± 11 ng/mg of creatinine in the high-risk group. Screening cutoff values of 8-OHdG >50 ng/mg of creatinine or urine creatinine >1.5 mg minimized screen failures, with 91% sensitivity and 81% specificity. Conclusions Urinary 8-OHdG is a useful biomarker to screen DR. Quantitative 8-OHdG detection with the lateral flow immunoassay paper sensor and smartphone camera demonstrates its potential in DR screening. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
The total artificial heart in pediatrics: outcomes in an evolving field.

Background: The use of the SynCardia temporary total artificial heart (TAH-t) in adults has increased with time. The development of the smaller, 50 cc TAH-t has expanded the potential applications of the device in children. We sought to describe the evolving use of the TAH-t over time and describe outcomes in the current era. Methods: The SynCardia database was queried to identify all pediatric patients ≤18 years of age implanted with the device between December 1985 and October 2019. Patient demographics, clinical outcome and support characteristics collected. Results: Fifty-one children were supported, 36 with the 70 cc TAH-t and 15 with the 50 cc TAH-t with a total support time of 6,243 days. The number of implants has increased with time (19 between 2015 and 2019). A total of 13 patients have been converted to Freedom Driver support, seven 50 cc TAH-t and six 70 cc TAH-t. The majority of implants in the last 5 years (15/19, 79%) have been with the 50 cc TAH-t. The most common diagnosis was dilated cardiomyopathy [24 (47%)] and the average age at the time of implant was 16±2 years old. Overall survival for the patient cohort was 71%. Conclusions: The use of the SynCardia TAH-t to support children with end-stage heart failure has increased over time. Clinical outcomes with both the 50 cc and 70 cc TAH-t are similar to reported outcomes in adults who require TAH-t or other methods of biventricular support.
Chapter 6 – Further Directions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses linear algebra in function theory, the broad interaction between linear algebra and analysis, and some of the applications. The chapter presents the singular value decomposition and generalized inverses, an area of pure linear algebra growing out of attempts to deal with numerical difficulties. An introduction to abstract linear algebra over an arbitrary field is discussed. This is the proper context for abstract matrix theory, for the interaction between linear algebra and abstract algebra, and for understanding many applications such as coding theory. Infinite sums are series, and they do not always converge or add up. This is where analysis comes in and interacts with linear algebra. The chapter also focuses on orthogonalizing polynomials, Legendre polynomials, and least-squares approximation. The singular value decomposition of a matrix is a very important theoretical and computational tool. The chapter uses this tool to construct the pseudoinverse, and to solve ill-conditioned systems.
Risk Assessment and Early Mobilization Pathway Following Pediatric Tracheostomy: A Pilot Study.

Objectives/hypothesis To confirm the standard of care pertaining to postoperative mobilization practices following initial tracheostomy, to establish face validity of novel early mobilization tools, and to conduct a safety and feasibility pilot study. Study design Multi-institutional survey and prospective cohort study. Methods Experts at our tertiary-care children's hospital developed an Early Pediatric Mobility Pathway for tracheostomy patients utilizing a novel risk-assessment tool. Surveys were distributed to professional colleagues in similar children's hospitals to establish face validity and incorporate respondent feedback. Additional surveys were disseminated to tertiary-care children's hospitals across the country to establish the current standard of care, and a pilot study was conducted. Results Seventy-seven percent of respondents from tertiary hospitals across the country confirmed the standard of care to defer mobilization until the first trach change. Greater than 83% of the respondents used to establish face validity of the tools agreed with the clinical components and scoring structure. The safety and feasibility of early mobilization prior to initial trach change was confirmed with a pilot of 10 pediatric patients without any adverse events. Conclusions Mobilization of pediatric patients prior to initial trach change is feasible and can be safe when risk factors are assessed by a multidisciplinary team. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E653-E658, 2021.
Validation of a digital pathology system including remote review during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Remote digital pathology allows healthcare systems to maintain pathology operations during public health emergencies. Existing Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments regulations require pathologists to electronically verify patient reports from a certified facility. During the 2019 pandemic of COVID-19 disease, caused by the SAR-CoV-2 virus, this requirement potentially exposes pathologists, their colleagues, and household members to the risk of becoming infected. Relaxation of government enforcement of this regulation allows pathologists to review and report pathology specimens from a remote, non-CLIA certified facility. The availability of digital pathology systems can facilitate remote microscopic diagnosis, although formal comprehensive (case-based) validation of remote digital diagnosis has not been reported. All glass slides representing routine clinical signout workload in surgical pathology subspecialties at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were scanned on an Aperio GT450 at ×40 equivalent resolution (0.26 µm/pixel). Twelve pathologists from nine surgical pathology subspecialties remotely reviewed and reported complete pathology cases using a digital pathology system from a non-CLIA certified facility through a secure connection. Whole slide images were integrated to and launched within the laboratory information system to a custom vendor-agnostic, whole slide image viewer. Remote signouts utilized consumer-grade computers and monitors (monitor size, 13.3-42 in.; resolution, 1280 × 800-3840 × 2160 pixels) connecting to an institution clinical workstation via secure virtual private network. Pathologists subsequently reviewed all corresponding glass slides using a light microscope within the CLIA-certified department. Intraobserver concordance metrics included reporting elements of top-line diagnosis, margin status, lymphovascular and/or perineural invasion, pathology stage, and ancillary testing. The median whole slide image file size was 1.3 GB; scan time/slide averaged 90 s; and scanned tissue area averaged 612 mm2. Signout sessions included a total of 108 cases, comprised of 254 individual parts and 1196 slides. Major diagnostic equivalency was 100% between digital and glass slide diagnoses; and overall concordance was 98.8% (251/254). This study reports validation of primary diagnostic review and reporting of complete pathology cases from a remote site during a public health emergency. Our experience shows high (100%) intraobserver digital to glass slide major diagnostic concordance when reporting from a remote site. This randomized, prospective study successfully validated remote use of a digital pathology system including operational feasibility supporting remote review and reporting of pathology specimens, and evaluation of remote access performance and usability for remote signout.
Theoretical assessment of transitions across thermionic, field, and space-charge-limited emission

This paper presents a theory of field emission and thermionic emission, including the subsequent transition to the space-charge limited emission regime. Since transitions between mechanisms can influence the full solution even orders of magnitude distant in voltage or current density, the paper develops a new tool to identify transitions within a diode's geometric and electric parameter spaces.
Design and Development of a Behaviorally Active Recombinant Neurotrophic Factor.

Introduction Carbamoylated erythropoietin (CEPO) is a chemically engineered, nonhematopoietic derivative of erythropoietin (EPO) that retains its antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects, which are attributed to the increased expression of neurotrophic factors like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the central nervous system. However, the chemical modification process which produces CEPO from erythropoietin (EPO) requires pure EPO as raw material, is challenging to scale-up and can also cause batch-to-batch variability. To address these key limitations while retaining its behavioral effects, we designed, expressed and analyzed a triple, glutamine, substitution recombinant mimetic of CEPO, named QPO. Methods and Materials We employ a combination of computational structural biology, molecular, cellular and behavioral assays to design, produce, purify and test QPO. Results QPO was shown to be a nonhematopoietic polypeptide with significant antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive behavioral effects in rodent assays while significantly upregulating BDNF expression in-vitro and in-vivo. The in-silico binding affinity analysis of QPO bound to the EPOR/EPOR homodimer receptor shows significantly decreased binding to Active Site 2, but not Active Site 1, of EPOR. Discussion The results of the behavioral and gene expression analysis imply that QPO is a successful CEPO mimetic protein and potentially acts via a similar neurotrophic mechanism, making it a drug development target for psychiatric disorders. The decreased binding to Active Site 2 could imply that this active site is not involved in neuroactive signaling and could allow the development of a functional innate repair receptor (IRR) model. Substituting the three glutamine substitution residues with arginine (RPO) resulted in the loss of behavioral activity, indicating the importance of glutamine residues at those positions.
QED 3 -Inspired Three-Dimensional Conformal Lattice Gauge Theory without Fine-Tuning

We construct a conformal lattice theory with only gauge degrees of freedom based on the induced nonlocal gauge action in ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$ coupled to large number of flavors $N$ of massless two-component Dirac fermions. This lattice system displays signatures of criticality in gauge observables, without any fine-tuning of couplings and can be studied without Monte Carlo critical slowdown. By coupling exactly massless fermion sources to the lattice gauge model, we demonstrate that nontrivial anomalous dimensions are induced in fermion bilinears depending on the dimensionless electric charge of the fermion. We present a proof-of-principle lattice computation of the Wilson-coefficients of various fermion bilinear three-point functions. Finally, by mapping the charge $q$ of fermion in the model to a flavor $N$ in massless ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$, we point to a universality in low-lying Dirac spectrum and an evidence of self-duality of $N=2$ ${\mathrm{QED}}_{3}$.
Time and its Miscounting: Methodological Challenges in the Study of Citizenship Boundaries

One would think that, after years of fieldwork and writing, I would be able to answer a pretty simple and straightforward question about who exactly I interviewed for my study of citizenship boundaries in the UAE: “Do you have any notion of the proportions [of interlocuters] of the different ethnic or descent lines that you spoke to?” This essay is about why it is so difficult to answer this question and the insights into citizenship that unfolded as I searched for an empirical answer. Spoiler alert: Answers to questions about “national” or “ethnic” origin are entirely dependent upon how we count—and miscount—time.
Do Student Evaluations Match Alumni Expectations

Student evaluations have been commonly used in determining the success of a course and the effectiveness of its instructor. This research study seeks to identify what graduating students and alumni perceive to be of most value in courses, and in turn the relationship of those perceptions with the information in evaluations conducted at the conclusion of individual courses. Empirical results based on student and alumni survey data suggest key recommendations for both instructors and university presidents. If instructors want students, once they become alumni, to be satisfied with their course experience, they need to teach material which will be truly useful in their careers, even if students don’t fully appreciate it during class. And if presidents want satisfied alumni, they need to ensure their school’s curriculum includes material that may be applied in the real world, and that the measures of teaching effectiveness utilized for compensation purposes, don’t stress too highly traditional measures of student satisfaction.
EUV single exposure via patterning at aggressive pitch

As the semiconductor industry continues pushing Moore’s law to the next node, interconnect structures scaling will be a key element to performance improvement of functional devices. However, the requirements for low LCDU and defectivity of these interconnect structures have become more stringent with continuous scaling. In this paper, a fundamental study is conducted to understand the impact of various factors on the patterning of EUV single exposure vias, and to find effective strategies to shrink CD while improving LCDU and defectivity. The work is based on a 40 nm pitch orthogonal via array baseline, and probes different patterning factors including illumination, resist materials, stack, scanner, and develop methods for LCDU improvement and defectivity reduction. The patterns are transferred to bottom dielectrics to study the evolution of LCDU and defectivity during etching.
Revealing the scope of surgical device malfunctions: Analysis of the "hidden" Food and Drug Administration device database.

Abstract Background We compared surgical device malfunction reports in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) public Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) with those in the FDA nonpublic Alternative Summary Reporting (ASR). Methods General surgery device product code categories in MAUDE and ASR from 1999 to 2018 were identified. Changes in the rates of categories and adverse events were evaluated by Poisson regression. Results There were 283,308 (72%) general surgical device malfunctions in MAUDE and 109,954 (28%) in ASR. Reports increased annually in ASR versus MAUDE, particularly for surgical staplers and clip devices (p Conclusions ASR contained a significant portion of surgical device malfunctions hidden from public scrutiny. Access to such data is essential to safe surgical care.
Parents' Perceptions of Privacy Policies and Practices for School-Issued Digital Devices: Implications for School Practices.

BACKGROUND Digital technology is becoming a central component of schooling. We measured parents perceptions of their children's digital privacy on school-issued digital devices. METHODS We surveyed 571 parents of K-12th grade children, recruited nationally, regarding their child's use of school-issued devices. Parents reported their awareness of, and ratings of importance for, seven types of privacy policies for school-issued devices. RESULTS About half (45.9%) of children were in K-5th grade and 84.9% attended public school. Most (80.7%) children used a school-issued device and 66.6% took one home during the coronavirus pandemic. Parents most often rated policies for preventing the collection of geolocation (76%) and sharing of data with third parties (75%) as "very important." However, 35.4% of parents did not know with certainty if their school had any digital policies. Many (55.7%) parents "strongly agreed" their child's school protected student digital privacy and most (68.1%) felt schools were the most responsible party to do so, yet those ratings differed by parent awareness of privacy policies (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Parents consider digital privacy policies highly important and perceive schools to be responsible for such protections, highlighting the need to support schools in those efforts.
History of Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery

Development of surgical techniques for the treatment of posterior fossa disorders is, in the terms of historical events, very recent. In the sense of “modern” surgical techniques, we are only looking at a period that developed in the late quarter of the nineteenth century. In looking back at the historical literature, surgeons since the time of antiquity avoided any kind of surgical intervention within the posterior fossa. Early surgeons quickly realized that this region of the brain is extremely sensitive to any type of manipulation. Loss of respiration, sudden death, and distortion of the brain stem, all could lead to a rapid demise of the patient. As we shall see, surgery of the posterior fossa really only came in being with the origins of the twentieth century. A review of surgical textbooks in the latter half of the nineteenth century reveals only a minimal discussion of surgery in the posterior fossa. In the last 25 years, there has been a virtual explosion of techniques and equipment related to what is now called frameless surgical technology. To provide a historical perspective on this subject, the author will review the development of posterior fossa surgery with only a brief look at antiquity and then quickly move to the Renaissance and the pioneering work of the anatomists of the sixteenth century. This chapter will review how the anatomy of the posterior fossa was first understood. The evolution of surgical technique and the individuals who provided us with these new ideas will be discussed.
The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s-1930s

When the United States declared war on Spain in 1898, rumours abounded throughout the nation that the Spanish-speaking population of New Mexico secretly sympathised with the enemy. At the end of the war, The New York Times warned that New Mexico's "Mexicans professed a deep hostility to American ideas and American policies." As long as Spanish remained the primary language of public instruction, the Times admonished, "the majority of the inhabitants will remain 'Mexican' and retain a pseudo-allegiance [to Spain]." This perception of Spanish-speaking New Mexicans as 'un-American' was widely shared. Such allegations of disloyalty, coupled with the prevalent views that all Mexican peoples were racially non-white and 'unfit' to assume the rights and responsibilities of full citizenship, inspired powerful reactions among the Spanish-speaking people of New Mexico. Most sought to distinguish themselves from Mexican immigrants by emphasising their 'Spanish' roots. Tourism, too, began to foster the myth that nuevomexicanos were culturally and racially Spanish. Since the 1950s, historians, sociologists, and anthropologists have dismissed the ubiquitous Spanish heritage claimed by many New Mexicans.
The Global Oxygen Cycle

Molecular oxygen (O 2 ) is generated and consumed by a wide span of biological and abiotic processes. Chief among these are photosynthesis and respiration, but on geologic timescales, burial and weathering of redox-active elements such as carbon and sulfur exert strong controls on atmospheric O 2 concentrations. The global cycling of O 2 is controlled by a coupled system of physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological processes acting on and in the Earth's surface. Large inroads have been made toward understanding the processes that control the concentration of atmospheric O 2 , especially regarding O 2 as a component of coupled biogeochemical cycles of many elements, including carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and others. Numerical models of sedimentary rock abundance and of the isotope systematics of the surficial cycles of carbon and sulfur provide useful insights into the evolution of atmospheric O 2 through time. At the same time, advances in isotope geochemistry and geobiology contribute to an ever more detailed understanding of the geologic history of atmospheric O 2 from the early Earth through the Phanerozoic.
High Molecular Weight Petrogenic and Pyrogenic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Environments

Geochemistry is ultimately the study of sources, movement, and fate of chemicals in the geosphere at various spatial and temporal scales. Environmental organic geochemistry focuses such studies on organic compounds of toxicological and ecological concern. This field emphasizes not only those compounds with potential toxicological properties, but also the geological systems accessible to the biological receptors of those hazards. Hence, the examples presented in this chapter focus on hydrocarbons with known health and ecological concern in accessible shallow, primarily aquatic, environments.
Nested Sparse Approximation: Structured Estimation of V2V Channels Using Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model

Future intelligent transportation systems promise increased safety and energy efficiency. Realization of such systems will require vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology. High fidelity V2V communication is, in turn, dependent on accurate V2V channel estimation. V2V channels have characteristics differing from classical cellular communication channels. Herein, geometry-based stochastic modeling is employed to develop a characterization of V2V channel channels. The resultant model exhibits significant structure; specifically, the V2V channel is characterized by three distinct regions within the delay-Doppler plane. Each region has a unique combination of specular reflections and diffuse components resulting in a particular element-wise and group-wise sparsity. This joint sparsity structure is exploited to develop a novel channel estimation algorithm. A general machinery is provided to solve the jointly element/group sparse channel (signal) estimation problem using proximity operators of a broad class of regularizers. The alternating direction method of multipliers using the proximity operator is adapted to optimize the mixed objective function. Key properties of the proposed objective functions are proven which ensure that the optimal solution is found by the new algorithm. The effects of pulse shape leakage are explicitly characterized and compensated, resulting in measurably improved performance. Numerical simulation and real V2V channel measurement data are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Results show that the new method can achieve significant gains over previously proposed methods.
Using chick forebrain neurons to model neurodegeneration and protection in an undergraduate neurophysiology laboratory course (531.5)

Since 2009 at Boston College, we have been offering a Research in Neuroscience course using cultured neurons in an in vitro model of stroke. The students work in groups to learn how to perform sterile animal cell culture and run several basic bioassays to assess cell viability. They are then tasked with analyzing the scientific literature in an attempt to identify and predict the intracellular pathways involved in neuronal death, and identify dietary antioxidant compounds that may provide protection based on their known effects in other cells. After each group constructs a hypothesis pertaining to the potential neuroprotection, we purchase one compound per group and the students test their hypotheses using a commonly performed viability assay. The groups generate quantitative data and perform basic statistics on that data to analyze it for statistical significance. Finally, the groups compile their data and other elements of their research experience into a poster for our departmental research celebration...
Energy-aware and robust task (re)assignment in embedded smart camera networks

Multi-camera multi-object tracking problem can be regarded as a multi-player game by adopting a game theoretical approach. In embedded vision sensor networks, energy, processing power and bandwidth are limited, and should be efficiently used. In this paper, in addition to dynamic grouping of the camera nodes, we focus on the (re)assignment of object tracking tasks by simultaneously considering energy levels, processing loads and accuracy/reliability of nodes in utility calculation. Instead of using a predetermined period to perform auctions, nodes trigger the reassignment process in an event-driven manner. Four scenarios are used for triggering reassignment, namely (i) new-object entry, (ii) object lost or exit, (iii) critical energy level or energy decrease rate, and (iv) critical target location and resolution. We also analyze the communication cost in terms of the number of messages sent between the cameras. We have performed experiments with different number of cameras and targets, and varying target trajectories and camera topology. We have computed the lifetime of the network with and without consideration of the energy levels in the task (re)assignment. We have also compared the number of messages sent with periodic reassignment and with the proposed event-driven triggering mechanism. The simulation results show a significant increase in the lifetime of the network as well as a decrease in the number of messages that are sent when the proposed approach is employed.
Interaction of CCK and 8-OH-DPAT in the Satiation of Alcohol Intake

Abstract Administration of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is known to reduce food and alcohol intake and preference. The food satiation effect of CCK is reportedly dependent on serotonergic neurotransmission. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT, a serotonin 1A autoreceptor agonist, reduces the ability of CCK to inhibit feeding. We determined if CCK's alcohol satiation effect also depends on activity of serotonergic neurons by administering 8-OH-DPAT (120–240 μg/kg) to 23-h water-deprived female and male rats, followed 1 h later by IP injection of CCK (4 μg/kg) and 30-min access to 5% w/v ethanol. 8-OH-DPAT significantly ( p
Agenesis of the internal carotid artery: associated malformations including a high rate of aortic and cardiac malformations

Background Agenesis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a rare congenital anomaly occurring in less than 0.01% of the population, often incidentally discovered in pediatric populations. We recognized a high incidence of additional congenital malformations in children with ICA agenesis.
Zinc-Replacement Therapy may not Reduce Oral Pain in Patients with Zinc-Deficient Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS)

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Zinc deficiency may be a cause of burning mouth syndrome as zinc replacement therapy has therapeutic effects. Cho GS, Han MW, Lee B, Roh J, Choi S, Cho K, et al. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39(9):722-7. Reviewers Vinodh Bhoopathi, BDS, MPH, DScD, Ana Karina Mascarenhas, BDS, MPH, DrPH Purpose/Question In patients with BMS and low serum zinc levels, does zinc-replacement therapy reduce pain? Authors using an animal model also attempted to demonstrate a causal relationship between BMS and zinc deficiency Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
The Diagnosis of Congenital Subaortic Stenosis Application of Hemodynamic Principles

Optically recorded subclavian pulse curves obtained with a simple cup-tambour system give graphic evidence of aortic valve mobility. Differentiation between congenital subaortic stenosis and aortic stenosis was aided by the demonstration in the former of a sharp incisura accompanied by a good aortic second sound; these two features were lacking or rudimentary in the latter. Despite marked auscultatory findings, there is usually little hemodynamic impairment in subaortic stenosis.
Physical Activity Lessons in Preschools

A review of the current literature indicates that childhood obesity is on the rise. What is more disconcerting is that this epidemic has significantly affected the preschool-age population, with the percentage of overweight children increasing from 5.0% to 12.4%, as indicated by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) surveys taken in 1976 to 1980 and in 2003 to 2006. To this end, the current study examines the incorporation (or lack thereof), of health-related physical activity in 40 preschools in Indiana. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to indicate what health-related physical activity they were incorporating in their classroom curricula. In addition, they listed the number of times they were incorporating such activities and why they incorporated them. Percentages of health activities were calculated based on the total number of responses for individual physical activities. Seventy-one percent of the respondents reported incorporating physical activities in their c...
175. Moderate exercise training exacerbates inflammation and mortality in DSS-induced colitis in mice

Inflammatory bowel diseases significantly reduce physical functioning and decrease quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine whether exercise reduced inflammation and sickness behavior in a well-described mouse model of colitis. Colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment in treadmill exercised (8–12 m/min for 6 weeks-5x/week) or sedentary C57Bl/6 male mice (n = 13/group). Mice discontinued exercise prior to DSS. DSS was given at 2% in drinking water over 5 days (Days 1–5). Mice were euthanized and colons were harvested on Days 6, 8 and 12 for analysis of gene expression and pathology. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that moderate treadmill training caused intensified inflammation of the colon as measured by significant (p
Type K and Other Complex Multiple-Choice Items: An Analysis of Research and Item Properties.

What is a complex multiple-choice test item? What is the evidence that such items should be avoided?
Kant’s Formulation of the Laws of Motion

Kant’s interpretation of the mathematics of motion is to be found in his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science in the form of one fundamental principle of kinematics and three laws of mechanics. None of these propositions is especially original with Kant so far as the sheer mathematics goes, but the selection of just these four propositions and Kant’s proof for each of them are at the very least strongly influenced by the special features of his critical philosophy. Before turning to details I should like to consider what Kant takes to be the significance and usefulness of the subject of metaphysical foundations of natural science (which in its strictest, and for Kant, most proper sense, is the metaphysical doctrine of corporeal nature). Kant’s claims are, as usual, in one sense very modest and in another sense magnificently presumptuous: modest in that he thinks his achievement “no great work” [kein grosses Werk]; presumptuous in that he believes himself to have once and for all exhaustively investigated his subject. In any case, Kant does claim that all mathematical physicists, however much they may seek to ‘repudiate any claim of metaphysics on their science’, must, at least implicitly, make use of the principles which he is about to elucidate.
Working the system: Antigua slaves and their struggle to live

(1992). Working the system: Antigua slaves and their struggle to live. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 131-135.
Quantitative analysis of hair cholesterol by gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract 1. 1. An analytical procedure has been developed for the gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of cholesterol in hair samples. 2. 2. The mean and standard deviation of hair samples from 40 different dogs have been established to be 632 ± 291 ppm . No significant difference in cholesterol levels was observed between dogs of different breeds, sex or age.