cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Research Accessibility and Data Elements of HIV Registries.

Background Patient registries represent a long-term data collection system that is a platform for performing multiple research studies to generate real-world evidence. Many of these registries use common data elements (CDEs) and link data from Electronic Health Records. Objective This study evaluated HIV registry features that contribute to the registry's usability for retrospective analysis of existing registry data or new prospective interventional studies. Methods We searched PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov (CTG) to generate a list of HIV registries. We used the framework developed by the European Medical Agency (EMA) to evaluate the registries by determining the presence of key research features. These features included information about the registry, request and collaboration processes, and available data. We acquired data dictionaries and identified CDEs. Results We found 13 HIV registries that met our criteria, 11 through PubMed and 2 through CTG. The prevalence of the evaluated features ranged from all 13 (100%) having published key registry information to 0 having a research contract template. We analyzed 6 data dictionaries and identified 14 CDEs that were present in at least 4 of 6 (66.7%) registry data dictionaries. Conclusion The importance of registries as platforms for research data is growing and the presence of certain features, including data dictionaries, contributes to the reuse and secondary research capabilities of a registry. We found some features such as collaboration policies were in the majority of registries while others such as, ethical support, were in a few and are more for future development.
Survey of medical center employees' willingness and availability to donate blood in support of a civilian warm fresh whole blood program.

Objectives: In military settings, utilizing warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) was associated with reduced mortality; however, there are multiple challenges for administering WFWB to civilians. The authors aimed to determine barriers to hospital employees emergently donating to civilian WFWB programs. Methods: We surveyed hospital employee willingness to donate emergently, familiarity with blood donation, and queried baseline demographics. The electronic survey was disseminated to a random sample of employees. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed. Results: Three thousand surveys were sent; 883 were returned (28 percent). The majority of respondents were female (n = 630, 71 percent). Respondent familiarity with WFWB donation included very / somewhat familiar (n = 381, 43 percent) and somewhat-not / notat- all familiar (n = 356, 40 percent). Most were definitely or somewhat willing to emergently donate (n = 660, 75 percent). Four hundred and sixty would drive from home to donate (52 percent). The majority worked day-time shifts (n = 754, 85 percent). In regards to donation history, 366 (41 percent) had donated blood more than ten times, but 138 (16 percent) had never donated. Barriers to emergent donation were identified (55 percent), with the most common being childcare responsibilities (n = 242; 27 percent). Conclusions: Hospital employees are willing to donate WFWB emergently, but program implementation must address donor availability and logistical barriers. Future research should assess feasibility of a civilian WFWB program by determining regulatory challenges, development of a quality system for emergency donations, assessment of optimal workforce structure, potential impact to the general blood inventory, as well as patient and community perspectives regarding untested blood units.
Entrepreneurial ecosystem knowledge spillover in the face of institutional voids: groups, issues, and actions

The presence or absence of formal institutions impacts entrepreneurship potential and influences the paths of entrepreneurial ventures. When institutions are lacking or weak, institutional voids ma...
An Invitation to Topology

Topology it's full of surprises! In this fascinating branch of mathematics, the inside becomes the outside, a doughnut is equivalent to a coffee cup, and four colors are all you need to color a map. Topology gives the classroom teacher many opportunities to foster students' higher-level thinking, as advocated by An Agenda for Action (NCTM 1980). Exploring patterns and relationships, defining vocabulary, developing spatial awareness, and classifying can all be brought into play. Moreover, explorations of topology encourage curiosity and flexible thinking and thus appeal to students who are not comfortable with
Process Modeling of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites

Heat transfer is perhaps the most critical parameter in the processing of thermoplastic matrix composites. Temperature distribution affects the quality and microstructure of the final product in that flow, compaction, melting, and crystallization are thermally controlled processes. Using readily available thermal properties of the composites, a model that predicts the temperature profile within a composite laminate during processing was developed. Graphite-reinforced thermoplastic composites of various thicknesses, up to 80 plies, were fabricated and used to validate the analytical thermal profiles. When compared with empirical measurements, the heat transfer model was shown to generate highly accurate temperature distributions within the composites under various processing conditions. When correlated with the dynamic viscosities of the polymer at various temperatures, t-T-V profiles of the composites during processing can then be obtained.
Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis

Abstract Tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) are widely used benchmark molecules in diverse photochemical studies given facile synthetic access, rich visible-region spectra, and broad structural analogy to chlorophylls. Yet the literature values for each key photophysical parameter – the molar absorption coefficient (e), fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), and also singlet excited-state lifetime (τS) – vary over an astonishing range. Here, a comprehensive literature review (∼1940–September 2020) encompassing 871 publications is reported for these essential parameters. Each parameter is determined by measurement with distinct instrumentation and suffers idiosyncratic sources of error. The best values for H2TPP are e = 460,000 cm−1·M−1, Φf = 0.090, and τS = 12.8 ns in Ar- purged toluene (Φf = 0.070, τS = 9.9 ns in toluene in air); the best values for ZnTPP are e = 560,000 cm−1·M−1, Φf = 0.030, and τS = 2.1 ns in Ar-purged toluene (Φf = 0.029, τS = 2.0 ns in toluene in air). The choice of values for such parameters has far-reaching consequences in photochemistry ranging from fluorescence (or Forster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes to assessments of molecular brightness.
Noninvasive Assessment of Right Ventricle Function and Pulmonary Artery Pressure Using Transthoracic Echocardiography in Women With Pre-Eclampsia: An Exploratory Study.

Background and objective Pre-eclampsia (PEC) is associated with the release of anti-angiogenic factors that are incriminated in raising systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Compared to the left heart and systemic circulation, much less attention has been paid to the right heart and pulmonary circulation in patients with PEC. We used transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to estimate pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and right ventricular (RV) function in women with PEC. Materials and methods We conducted a case-control study at a tertiary care academic center. Ten early PEC (<34-week gestation) and nine late PEC (≥34-week gestation) patients with 11 early and 10 late gestational age-matched controls were enrolled. Two-dimensional TTE was performed on all patients. The estimated mean PA pressure (eMPAP) was calculated based on PA acceleration time (PAAT). PVR was estimated from eMPAP and RV cardiac output (RV CO). RV myocardial performance index (RV MPI), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tissue tricuspid annular displacement (TTAD), and lateral tricuspid annular tissue peak systolic velocity (S') were measured. Results Compared to early controls, in early PEC, the eMPAP and estimated PVR (ePVR) were elevated, PAAT was reduced, RV MPI was increased, TTAD was reduced, and TAPSE and TV S' were unchanged. Compared to late controls, in late PEC, the eMPAP and ePVR were elevated, PAAT was reduced, and RV MPI was increased, while TAPSE, TTAD, and TV S' were unchanged. Conclusions In a sample of women with PEC, early PEC was found to be associated with increased eMPAP and ePVR and subclinical decrement of RV function as assessed by TTE. TTE may be a useful noninvasive screening tool for early detection of pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction in PEC. An adequately powered longitudinal study is needed to determine the implications of these findings on long-term outcomes.
Happy and Engaged: Synergies Among Mindfulness and Ability-Related Emotional Intelligence

Relationships between mindfulness and positive affect have been less robust than relationships between mindfulness and negative affect, suggesting that skills in addition to mindfulness may be necessary in transforming mindfulness into a positive psychological force. The present three study program of research (total N = 413) pursued the idea that emotional intelligence (EI), in particular, may infuse mindfulness with social-emotional wisdom, resulting in positive psychological benefits. In Studies 1 and 2, trait-related variations in mindfulness (as assessed by the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale) interacted with an ability-based EI measure to predict positive feelings in employment contexts as well as outcomes related to organizational commitment and citizenship. In Study 3, daily variations in mindfulness interacted with the same ability-based EI measure to predict daily feelings of positive affect and affiliation motivation. These findings highlight synergies among mindfulness and emotional intelligence in supporting positive affect and social engagement.
Toward a Theory of the Development of Self

Our discussion has centered thus far on self recognition, its representional modes, its developmental course and the individual differences associated with its expression. Our major purpose, however, is to evolve a theory of the development of self. In order to do this, we chose to study self recognition, believing that self recognition is a window on the emerging concept of self—and, by necessity, implies a concept of self. Unfortunately, although self recognition certainly implies a self, its absence may not imply a lack of self. It is possible to consider an organism who possesses a concept of self but is not able to visually recognize self, for example, a person blind from birth. In any case, self recognition may provide clues to how the self develops. In the following discussion, our concept of self as presented in Chapter 1 will be integrated with our findings on self recognition and a general theory of self will be proposed. Specifically, the organizational features of self that lead the child to the discovery of self knowledge, the relationship of self development to other aspects of social knowledge, the principles of social dimensions, and the relationship of the categorical self to social dimensions will be discussed.
1956-1966 how did it all begin?: issues then and now

Many computer programs today show skills that appear to rival those of outstanding human consultants. However, while each such program does certain things well, it is helpless at doing anything else. Why do our present-day programs lack the versatility and resourcefulness that a typical person shows? Clearly, those programs are deficient in both commonsense knowledge and commonsense reasoning. I'll argue that this has happened because the field of AI has evolved in a backwards direction, as compared with how a typical person develops-and that this is because our AI programmers have not appreciated the importance of making their system able to use more 'reflective' ways to think.
Regulation of murine macrophage function by IL-4. I. Activation of macrophages by a T-T cell hybridoma is due to IL-4.

Abstract A T-cell hybridoma produced by fusion of concanavalin A-stimulated murine splenocytes produced a factor (MAF H ) capable of activating tumoricidal capacity by responsive murine peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages treated with the MAF H required an additional trigger signal of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for maximal activity. In contrast to interferon-γ (IFNγ), which induced tumoricidal activity against all tumor cells tested, MAF H only induced macrophage-mediated kill of the BI6P51 and 168 lines, and not of the P815 or B16BL6 lines. An identical pattern of tumoricidal activity was obtained by treating macrophages with recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4). The active moiety of MAF H appeared to be IL-4 as (i) monoclonal antibody against IL-4 blocked MAF H , but not IFNγ, activity, and (ii) the T-cell hybridoma contained large amounts of mRNA for IL-4 and no detectable mRNA for IFNγ (as determined by Northern dot analysis). The pattern of tumoricidal activity observed may be due to an IL-4 mediated enhancement of tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-triggered macrophages.
IDIOSYNCRATIC RISK PREMIA AND MOMENTUM

Theory predicts that in the presence of incomplete information, underdiversified investors will demand idiosyncratic risk premia (IRP) as compensation for idiosyncratic volatility (IV). We estimate IV and IRP at the individual stock level and document the extent to which momentum profits can be explained by cross-sectional variation in IRP. We show that a large portion of momentum profits can be explained by cross-sectional variation in IRP and that, as predicted by theory, variations in both momentum profits and IRP are related to the ratio of firm size to investor base. However, significant momentum profits in low-IV securities cannot be explained by cross-sectional variation in IRP.
Variations in patterns of care and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction for Medicare beneficiaries in fee-for-service and HMO settings.

There is substantial controversy about the quality of care in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other forms of managed care. Although there is a growing literature (Miller and Luft 1994; 1997; 2002), many studies rely on data from a small number of often self-selected plans. Thus, the evidence, which suggests that quality is neither consistently worse nor better in HMOs, may reflect a biased sample. One exception included all 82 HMOs in the nation with 1,000 or more Medicare members, but its data are from 1989 (Clement et al. 1994). The Medicare program encompasses a broad range of plans. Because claims are not used for payment, HMOs have not always submitted data to Medicare. Apparent differences in utilization or quality may therefore be due to biases in the data reported. Some studies supplement Medicare data with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program information for cancer patients (Merrill et al. 1999; Potosky et al. 1999; Riley et al. 1999). Unfortunately, SEER covers only certain geographic areas with few plans, and diagnosis and treatment differences in cancer care may reflect patient, rather than clinician, decisions. This study focuses on Medicare beneficiaries in California hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 1994–1996. The data are from hospital-submitted discharge abstracts, avoiding the inconsistent reporting of claims by HMOs. To address several limitations of previous work, it includes all HMOs with Medicare beneficiaries, and outcomes are clearly defined: length of stay, mortality, and revascularization within 30 days. Indications for admission after AMI are relatively clear; well-validated risk adjustment models are used to account for patient risk factors, and there is little patient discretion in AMI care. Short-term outcomes and treatment of AMI are only one aspect of quality of care and, some might argue, one over which HMOs have little control. Overall cardiovascular disease rates would better reflect HMO effects on patient behavior and physician prescribing patterns, but would be confounded by benefit differences and patient orientation toward prevention. For AMI patients, HMOs might implement treatment protocols, but patients can certainly have a role in the choice of provider, length of stay, and decisions to transfer or revascularize. Moreover, several studies have examined outcomes and treatment for AMI patients in HMOs and fee-for-service (FFS) settings (Carlisle et al. 1992; Guadagnoli et al. 2000). The primary issue to be addressed in this paper, however, is not whether outcomes after AMI are better or worse for HMO enrollees, but whether there is sufficient homogeneity in outcomes across HMOs and groupings of FFS patients to usefully ask the question in that manner.
Boundary calculations of sluice and spillway flows

The classical problems of steady-state flow under a sluice gate and over a spillway are solved by the boundary integral equation method. In both cases an iterative methods is used to adjust the free-surface profiles until they satisfy both the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions. In the case of sluice gate flow, a point by point adjustment method is used which quickly converges to the correct solution within three to six iterations. The results closely check previous, less efficient calculations. Some of the variation is past experimental results is explained by calculations in which the geometry of the gate is altered slightly near the tip. Even a small change from the ideal geometry can have a major effect on the contraction coefficient. Flow over a spillway is a more difficult problem due to poor convergence properties in the free-surface profile behind the spillway crest.
Proteins in Serum and Rectal Mucus of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Summary Paper electrophoresis with staining for proteins and glycoproteins, and determinations of total serum protein and protein-bound hexose, were performed on ulcerative colitis and on normal serums. An absolute decrease in serum albumin and an absolute increase in α 2 -globulin were the only serum protein changes found in the ulcerative colitis serums. Serum protein-bound hexose levels, as a measure of total serum glycoproteins, were normal, although this value is usually found to be elevated in other chronic inflammatory diseases. The relative distribution of serum glycoproteins, however, was altered towards an increase in α 1 - and α 2 -glycoproteins. No qualitative or quantitative alterations of the γ-globulins were observed. Although this does not rule out, the possibility of immune phenomena playing a role in ulcerative colitis, our paper electrophoretic studies supplied no evidence in favor of this hypothesis. Visible rectal mucus from normal and ulcerative colitis subjects contained several serum proteins, especially α 1 - and α 2 -glycoproteins. These serum proteins may be integral constituents of rectal and colonic mucus.
Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right

Review of: "Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right," by Catherine E. Rymph.
A Liquid Array Platform for the Multiplexed Analysis of Synthetic Molecule–Protein Interactions

Synthetic molecule microarrays, consisting of many different compounds spotted onto a planar surface such as modified glass or cellulose, have proven to be useful tools for the multiplexed analysis of small molecule– and peptide–protein interactions. However, these arrays are technically difficult to manufacture and use with high reproducibility and require specialized equipment. Here we report a more convenient alternative composed of color-encoded beads that display a small molecule protein ligand on the surface. Quantitative, multiplexed assay of protein binding to up to 24 different ligands can be achieved using a common flow cytometer for the readout. This technology should be useful for evaluating hits from library screening efforts, the determination of structure activity relationships, and certain types of serological analyses.
Meridionally tilted ice cloud structures in the tropical upper troposphere as seen by CloudSat

Abstract. It remains challenging to quantify global cloud properties and uncertainties associated with their impacts on climate change because of our poor understanding of cloud three-dimensional (3-D) structures from observations and unrealistic characterization of 3-D cloud effects in global climate models (GCMs). In this study we find cloud 3-D effects can cause significant error in cloud ice and radiation measurements if it is not taken into account appropriately. One of the cloud 3-D complexities, the slantwise tilt structure, has not received much attention in research and even less has been reported considering a global perspective. A novel approach is presented here to analyze the ice cloud water content (IWC) profiles retrieved from CloudSat and a joint radar–lidar product (DARDAR). By integrating IWC profiles along different tilt angles, we find that upper-troposphere (UT) ice cloud mass between 11 and 17 km is tilted poleward from active convection centers in the tropics [30° S, 30° N]. This systematic tilt in cloud mass structure is expected from the mass conservation principle of the Hadley circulation with the divergent flow of each individual convection/convective system from down below, and its existence is further confirmed from cloud-resolving-scale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. Thus, additive effects of tilted cloud structures can introduce 5–20% variability by its nature or produce errors to satellite cloud/hydrometeor ice retrievals if simply converting it from slant to nadir column. A surprising finding is the equatorward tilt in middle tropospheric (5–11 km) ice clouds, which is also evident in high-resolution model simulations but not in coarse-resolution simulations with cumulus parameterization. The observed cloud tilt structures are intrinsic properties of tropical clouds, producing synoptic distributions around the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). These findings imply that current interpretations based on over-simplified cloud vertical structures could lead to considerable cloud measurement errors and have a subsequent impact on understanding cloud radiative, dynamical and hydrological properties.
Dual modality live cell imaging with multiple-wavelength digital holography and epi-fluorescence

We apply multiple-wavelength digital holography in combination with epi-fluorescence microscopy in order to generate quantitative phase and fluorescence information from cell samples. While digital holography provides high precision morphological information, the addition of fluorescence supplies the specificity needed to identify cellular constituents. By the application of multiple-wavelength digital holography it is possible to obtain the complete wavefront data deterministically and in real-time. We demonstrate this dual-mode imaging capability through the investigation of living cells.
The Initiation of Respiration at Birth

IN a classic paper forty years ago, Miescher-Rusch reviewed the evidence then available in regard to the control and regulation of respiration in the adult, and also in regard to the initiation of respiration at birth. He pointed out that afferent nervous stimulation is a merely accessory, influence, and that the blood gases are the dominating control with carbon dioxide in the major role. He did no experiments, however, to prove this thesis.
Congenital heart disease and scoliosis

The incidence of scoliosis in patients with congenital heart disease has been foundto be considerably higher than in the youthful population at large. Furthermore, patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease have a remarkably greater incidence of scoliosis than patients with acyanotic cardiac malformations. The etiology of the spinal abnormality, apart from those patients with vertebral malformations, is not completely clear, although statistically there appears to be some relation to the side of thoracotomy. Rapid progression of scoliosis during adolescence is often encountered; careful, frequent follow-up of patients at that time is warranted.
An Apple II-based slide-projector laboratory

We describe the software and hardware of a laboratory running under UCSD Pascal on an Apple II computer. The system includes: two random-access projectors and two standard projectors, all equipped with tachistoscopic shutters; two filter wheels; a voice key; a tone generator; and eight response boxes. The laboratory can be used for any experiment in which visual stimuli are to be presented and in which precise display times, reaction times, and luminances are required. It is particularly well suited to picture-perception and picture-memory experiments.
What HMMs Can Do

Since their inception almost fifty years ago, hidden Markov models (HMMs) have have become the predominant methodology for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems---today, most state-of-the-art speech systems are HMM-based. There have been a number of ways to explain HMMs and to list their capabilities, each of these ways having both advantages and disadvantages. In an effort to better understand what HMMs can do, this tutorial article analyzes HMMs by exploring a definition of HMMs in terms of random variables and conditional independence assumptions. We prefer this definition as it allows us to reason more throughly about the capabilities of HMMs. In particular, it is possible to deduce that there are, in theory at least, no limitations to the class of probability distributions representable by HMMs. This paper concludes that, in search of a model to supersede the HMM (say for ASR), rather than trying to correct for HMM limitations in the general case, new models should be found based on their potential for better parsimony, computational requirements, and noise insensitivity.
Soft X-Ray Production by 1.5-MeV Protons

Thick-target yields of x rays with wavelengths from 1.5 to 44 \AA{} have been measured as functions of bombarding proton energy near 1.5 MeV. X-ray production cross sections computed from these yields are in satisfactory agreement with existing theoretical excitation cross-section calculations insofar as current estimates of fluorescence yields permit comparisons to be made. Yields at 1.5 MeV of the ultrasoft x rays measured were, in quanta per proton steradian: ${\mathrm{Al}}_{K}$, 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$; ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{L}$, 9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$; ${\mathrm{C}}_{K}$, 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
An evaluation of the pericardial sac as a safety factor during tamponade

Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the permeability characteristics of the rabbit and dog pericardium. The hydraulic conductance (Lp), which was significantly higher than other tissue, was 1.6 +/- 0.19 X 10(-4) and 1.78 +/- 0.18 X 10(-4) g-cm-2-min-1-cm H2O-1 (mean +/- SEM), respectively, for the rabbit and dog pericardium. For various solutes, the permeability coefficient (P) of the pericardium for the rabbit was: 1.40 +/- 0.10 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for water, 0.50 +/- 0.03 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for glucose, and 0.73 +/- 0.005 X 10(-4) cm-s-1 for albumin. The reflection coefficient, sigma, for various solutes was: glucose 8.89 +/- 0.86 X 10(-4), sucrose 15.7 +/- 1.5 X 10(-4), dextran (molecular weight 40 000) 0.39 +/- 0.03, albumin 0.42 +/- 0.05, and for haemoglobin 0.58 +/- 0.06. These results, which indicate that the pericardium offers little resistance to the bulk transfer of liquids and to the passage of large molecules, are discussed as possible safety factors during pericardial effusion.
Metastasis of C1300 and TBJ murine neuroblastomas correlates with expression of matrix metalloproteinases

Because metalloproteinases, specifically type IV collagenases, may mediate metastasis, 72- and 92-kDa collagenase activities were evaluated in two murine neuroblastoma cell lines: non-metastatic C1300 and metastatic TBJ. Zymogram analysis demonstrated that 72- and 92-kDa collagenases were associated only with metastatic TBJ. Three human neuroblastoma cell lines were then evaluated by zymogram and Western blot analyses: 72-kDa collagenase was found in metastatic SK-N-SH and IMR-32, but not in SK-N-MC, which may be a peripheral neuroectodermal tumor and not a neuroblastoma. Therefore, 72- and 92-kDa collagenases may be markers of metastasis in neuroblastoma and may aid in differentiation from other small blue cell tumors.
Interference effects in paired-associate learning produced by a first-order and a second-order conditioning paradigm

This experiment was designed to investigate the possible effects on performance of introducing verbal units which had been previously paired with electric shock into a paired-associate learning task. The shock-paired stimuli might produce performance effects by virtue of two different types of properties. One is a general energizing property; the other is a response-eliciting function. A transfer design was used in which the second task was a re-paired version of the first task. For Group E-Sh shock-paired letters were used as some of the response terms in the first task. Bigrams, paired with the shock-paired letters, were used as some of the stimulus terms in the second task. A shocked and a non-shocked control group were also employed. On overall performance for both paired-associate tasks, Group E-Sh was found to be significantly below the other two groups which were not significantly different from each other. The performance decrement on the first paired-associate task was attributed to a task-irrelevant response conditioned to the shocked letters. The decrement on the second task was likewise thought to be at least partly the result of a task-irrelevant response conditioned to some of the stimulus terms by a second-order paradigm.
Factors in Corn Steep Water Promoting Growth of Plant Tissues.

Recently, we have been trying to maintain sterile cultures of tissues taken from plants which are especially responsive to the length of the daily photoperiod. We expect that in the process of establishing the cultures, particular requirements for growth substances by the various species will become evident; correlations between these requirements and sensitivities to the light and dark regimes will be sought. We also hope to learn whether or not the influence of inductive photoperiodic treatments given to intact plants can be maintained in cultures of tissues derived from such plants. If the influence is maintained, a good method for studying the nature of the influence will be available. In addition, proper control of the growing conditions may cause formation of small, sterile
A bargaining view of government/MNE relations: The latin american case

This article examines the nature of the bargaining relationship between host governments in Latin America and foreign multinational enterprises that operate there. A model of bargaining is constructed to demonstrate the key relationship dimensions of relative resources, relative stakes, and interest similarity between the two parties. This model is then tested with evidence from two surveys of firms and by inspection of national laws and rules. Empirical results show that firms tend to obtain more favorable bargaining outcomes when they have larger-scale operations, when they are less dependent on the country in question, and when they export more; host governments tend to gain more favorable outcomes when the industry is natural resource-based, when the investment matures over time, and when the business is more competitive.
Spinal fluid lymphocytes from a subgroup of multiple sclerosis patients respond to mycobacterial antigens

Immune responses to heat shock or stress proteins are observed in several chronic autoimmune diseases. Such proteins are major antigens of many bacteria, especially mycobacteria. To determine whether immune responses to stress proteins occur in chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis (MS) we measured proliferative responses of lymphocytes from spinal fluids and bloods of patients with MS and other neurological diseases to a sonicate of M. tuberculosis, an acetone extract of M. tuberculosis, a recombinant 65-kd heat shock protein of M. leprae, and tetanus toxoid as a control recall antigen. Significantly increased spinal fluid lymphocyte responses to mycobacterial sonicate, relative to responses from paired peripheral blood lymphocytes, were present in 14 of 20 specimens from patients with MS (p 2-yr duration) 9 of 10 patients with recent onset had cerebrospinal fluid cells that responded to M. tuberculosis compared with 5 of 10 with longer duration symptoms (p < 0.012). Our data suggest a selective recruitment and/or expansion of mycobacterial reactive cells to the central nervous system of a subpopulation of patients with MS. Immune responses to antigens present in mycobacteria, possibly stress proteins, may be important in perpetuating and amplifying chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system such as MS.
Constraint Programming and Hybrid Formulations for Three Life Designs

Conway's game of Life provides an interesting testbed for exploring issues in formulation, symmetry, and optimization with constraint programming and hybrid constraint programming/integer programming methods. We consider three Life pattern-creation problems: finding maximum density still-Lifes, finding smallest immediate predecessor patterns, and finding period-2 oscillators. For the first two problems, integrating integer programming and constraint programming approaches provides a much better solution procedure than either individually. For the final problem, the constraint programming formulation provides the better approach.
Transports through the Straits of Florida

Abstract Transports were calculated for four sections of the Florida Current from Key West to Jupiter, Florida, using a moored current-meter array and voltages from cross-channel telephone cables at the western and northern ends of the Straits of Florida. In addition, moored arrays were used to estimate transport through the Northwest Providence, Santaren, and Old Bahama Channels that connect the Florida Current to the southwestern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Transport measurements were obtained for an 11-month period from December 1990 to November 1991. Mean transports of ∼25 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) for the flow across the western ends of the straits, which agree quite well with recent estimates of 23.8 ± 1 Sv entering the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel, were obtained from both the Key West to Havana cable and the moored array. This estimate is about 5 Sv less than the generally accepted transport through the northern end of the straits at 27°N. This difference was partially accounted fo...
Picosecond pump-probe multiphoton ionization of isolated molecules: IVR and coherence

Picosecond time-resolved multiphoton ionization spectroscopy of isolated trans-stilbene and aniline is reported. Non-exponential decay of trans-stilbene is observed and evidence for vibrational energy redistribution is presented. The rate of IVR is found to be about 0.5 × 10^(12) s^(−1) at 296 K. The excess energy dependence of the isomerization rate is determined for total vibrational energy of 2000–4500 cm^(−1). Comparison with calculated thermally averaged rates and beam data is made.
Sexual transformations and intimate behaviors in romantic relationships.

To understand the association between sexual transformations (i.e., changes in sexual behavior for the partner), intimate behaviors, and relationship quality among couples in romantic relationships, this study used Actor Partner Interdependence Models to examine frequency of sexual transformations, feelings about sexual transformations, and intimate behaviors as predictors of relationship satisfaction among 96 couples (N = 192). Sexual transformations were also examined as a moderator of the association between intimate behavior and relationship satisfaction. Results indicated that relationship satisfaction was positively associated with partners' frequent sexual transformations, actors' positive feelings about sexual transformations, and intimate behavior from the partner. Further, in less intimate relationships, relationship satisfaction was greater when partners reported making more sexual transformations.
Engineering entropy in soft matter: the bad, the ugly and the good

The role of entropic interactions, often subtle and sometimes crucial, on the structure and properties of soft matter has a well-recognized place in the classic and modern scientific literature. However, the lessons learned from many of those studies do not always form part of the standard arsenal of strategies that are taught or used for de novo studies relevant to the engineering of new materials. Fortunately, a growing number of examples exist where entropic effects have been designed a priori to achieve a desired or new outcome. This tutorial review describes some recent such examples, selected to illustrate the potential benefits of a more pro-active approach to harnessing the often overlooked power of entropy.
Alterations in maternal corticosteroid levels influence fetal urine and lung liquid production.

Objective:This study was designed to test the hypotheses that disruption of maternal adrenal secretion in late pregnancy requires fetal adaptations in order to maintain fetal blood volume and fetal viability.Methods:Pregnant ewes were adrenalectomized at approximately 112 days, and cortisol and aldosterone were replaced to either normal pregnant levels (with 1 mg/kg per day of cortisol and 3 μg/kg per day of aldosterone) or normal nonpregnant levels of adolesterone or cortisol (0.5 mg/kg per day of cortisol or 1.5 μg/kg per day of adolesterone). Fetal blood volume, blood pressure, lung liquid production, urine production, free water clearance, and glomerular filtration rate were measured at 130 days. In a separate group, fetal organ blood flow was measured.Results:Fetal blood volume was not significantly decreased by disruption of maternal corticosteroid secretion. However fetal urine production and free water clearance were reduced in fetuses of low cortisol or low adolesterone ewes. Fetal lung liquid se...
L-type calcium channels reduce ROS generation in cerebellar granule cells following kainate exposure.

Cerebellar granule cells (CGC) deprived of serum or trophic factors develop sensitivity to kainate neurotoxicity that is mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) subtypes of glutamate receptors (GluR). The L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-type VGCC) blocker nifedipine increases the potency of kainate 50-fold. Thus, one goal of this laboratory is to determine the underlying protective mechanism triggered by calcium influx through this channel. The cell-permeable heavy metal chelator N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine effected complete protection against kainate treatment in the presence of nifedipine, as did the iron chelator deferoxamine. The chelatable heavy metal pool decreased ∼70% immediately following treatment with kainate, but did not change following kainate/nifedipine treatment. Tetramethylrhhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescence, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ∼70% following kainate treatment but displayed a more modest decrease (∼15%) when CGC were treated with kainate/nifedipine. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation decreased in CGC immediately following kainate treatment but was slightly elevated following kainate/nifedipine treatment. Electron microscopic examinations of the CGC indicated severe swelling and distortion of mitochondria immediately following kainate/nifedipine treatment and the appearance of mitochondrial herniations, whorls, and bridges 2 h later, features that were rarely observed following kainate treatment. These results support the hypothesis that calcium entry through L-type VGCCs protects CGC during kainate treatment by lowering the chelatable heavy metal pool and the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby mitigating the formation of ROS. Synapse 43:30–41, 2002. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Note: Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Shattercane Sorghum for Broilers,

Abstract Grain sorghum harvested from shattercane (SC)-infested fields may contain 10 to 30% SC seeds on a weight basis. Shattercane, yellow corn, low-tannin sorghum (LTS), and high-tannin (HTS) sorghum were evaluated chemically and in a feeding trial with broilers. Tannin content of SC, HTS, and LTS expressed as percentage catecbin equivalents on a dry matter basis were 4.5, 5.5, and .09%, respectively. Shattercane had a higher crude protein than yellow corn, LTS, and HTS but an amino acid profile similar to that of corn and the sorghums. Feeding SC and HTS to broilers resulted in a reduction in weight gain (P .7) and feed conversion (P>.29). Due to the lower feeding value of SC, possibly caused by its high tannin content, it would be advisable to avoid the use of sorghum heavily infested with SC in diets for starting chicks.
National Eating Disorders Association

The National Eating Disorders Association web site aids users in finding information about eating disorders and related issues. Useful items on this site for patients and their family and friends include definitions, information about treatment, ways to connect with others dealing with the same situation, and signs and symptoms.
The effect of disease induced by Albugo candida (white rust) and Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) on the survival and reproduction of Capsella burna-pastoris (shepherd's purse)

Disese induced by Albugo candida or Peronospora parasitica was found to have significant effects on the survival and reproductive output of affected individuals of Capsella bursa-pastoris. The time of infection by either pathogen was of considerable importance in determining the ultimate effect of disease. Systemic (primary) infection of seedling plants led to a high degree of mortality (88%) prior to reproductive maturity, however, localized or systemic secondary infection did not affect survival. Fruit production of surviving infected plants was negatively correlated with disease severity.
Integration of laboratory testing and constitutive modeling of soils

Abstract A soil constitutive model that correctly captures soil behavior under general loading modes is requisite to solving complex boundary value geotechnical engineering problems. Available laboratory tests provide information on material behavior within a very limited range of stress–strain paths and do not cover the full range of loading paths experienced in a boundary value problem. Soil behavior information developed from most laboratory tests are often limited and insufficient to validate constitutive model performance under general loading conditions. This paper explores a new approach for linking soil laboratory testing and constitutive model development through the use of a novel computational framework: self-learning simulations (SelfSim). SelfSim is an inverse analysis approach that extracts underlying material constitutive behavior from boundary measurements of load and displacement. SelfSim is applied to two simulated laboratory tests, a triaxial compression shear test with no-slip frictional ends (loading base and cap), and a triaxial torsional shear test with no-slip frictional ends. The frictional ends result in non-uniform states of stress and strain throughout the tested specimen. SelfSim successfully extracts the diverse stress–strain response experienced throughout the specimens. A neural network-based constitutive model is developed using extracted soil behavior from both laboratory tests and used successfully in the forward prediction of the load-settlement behavior of a simulated strip footing. The results demonstrate that SelfSim establishes a direct link between laboratory testing and soil constitutive modeling to extract soil behavior under complex loading modes and to readily develop corresponding constitutive models.
Demonstration of alloantibodies to HL-A antigens by immunofluorescence.

Antibodies to HL-A antigens on the surface of human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been demonstrated by the method of indirect immunofluorescence (IF). The utilization of IF for the detection of pre-existing humoral sensitization to donor alloantigens, particularly weekly reactive
A rate-distortion one-class model and its applications to clustering

In one-class classification we seek a rule to find a coherent subset of instances similar to a few positive examples in a large pool of instances. The problem can be formulated and analyzed naturally in a rate-distortion framework, leading to an efficient algorithm that compares well with two previous one-class methods. The model can be also be extended to remove background clutter in clustering to improve cluster purity.
FRACTURE CALLUS FORMATION IN YOUNG AND OLD MICE OBSERVED WITH POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPY.

The organized cartilaginous fibrous system which appears during growth of the fracture callus in traumatized femora was investigated in mice of five, 52 and 78 weeks of age. Histological preparations were stained with toluidine blue O and observed under polarized light using a first order red retardation plate. Development and organization of the cartilaginous fibrous system was similar in animals of all age groups studied, however, its time of appearance was dependent upon the time of appearance of cartilage cells and in association with these cells. Alignment of cartilage cells followed very closely after appearance of the fibrous system. Initial orientation of the fibrous system was almost perpendicular to the bone surface. As the system became more extensive the slope of fiber direction became less acute, pointing towards the fractured end of the shaft. Orientation of the fibrous system is believed to be a consequence of the forces set up during growth of the fracture callus, e. g., the force of the growing cell mass due to postfracture, active cell proliferation of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum and hypertrophy of cartilage cells and the tension placed on the fibrous layer of the periosteum in response to the events taking place below this tissue layer. The importance of the cartilaginous fibrous system is believed to lie in the early temporary support of the fracture fragments and the proper alignment of the cellular elements of the fracture, necessary for proper architectural reconstruction. Formation of the cartilaginous fibrous system was independent of the existing periosteal fibrous system.
Needle exchange and reduction of harm: An anthropological view

Overwhelming evidence from all over the world confirms that needle exchange programs (NEPs) in widely varied forms have value in prevention of HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs). Unfortunately, the United States has relatively few active NEPs because of political opposition to adoption of any policy that would give the appearance of condoning use of illegal drugs. Some additional opposition comes from the affected communities themselves. NEPs that assiduously construct links with affected communities have highest probabilities of effectiveness. Studies of NEPs, with some notable exceptions, still lack anthropological evaluations of their impact, and this deficiency needs more attention in future efforts to frame, implement, and evaluate NEPs.