cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variation in secretory components of the rat parotid gland.

Abstract The parotid gland in rats fed ad libitum exhibits a diurnal cyclic pattern which is correlated with food intake. This is characterized by a change in gland weight, and is accompanied histologically by correspondling changes in acinar diameter and granule content. The gland levels of three enzymes (amylase, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease), comprising 55 per cent of the secretory protein, were minimal at the end of the eating cycle. These then progressively increased and the highest levels were observed just prior to eating. During the eating cycle, all three enzymes progressively decreased. The changes observed in gland protein were largely the result of cyclic variations in the levels of secretory protein. Preliminary experiments indicate that the non-protein gland weight change may also result from secretory compounds. It was concluded that the diurnal pattern of the rat parotid gland was due to storage and expulsion of secretory components located in the zymogen granules of acinar cells.
An analog VLSI recurrent neural network learning a continuous-time trajectory

Real-time algorithms for gradient descent supervised learning in recurrent dynamical neural networks fail to support scalable VLSI implementation, due to their complexity which grows sharply with the network dimension. We present an alternative implementation in analog VLSI, which employs a stochastic perturbation algorithm to observe the gradient of the error index directly on the network in random directions of the parameter space, thereby avoiding the tedious task of deriving the gradient from an explicit model of the network dynamics. The network contains six fully recurrent neurons with continuous-time dynamics, providing 42 free parameters which comprise connection strengths and thresholds. The chip implementing the network includes local provisions supporting both the learning and storage of the parameters, integrated in a scalable architecture which can be readily expanded for applications of learning recurrent dynamical networks requiring larger dimensionality. We describe and characterize the functional elements comprising the implemented recurrent network and integrated learning system, and include experimental results obtained from training the network to represent a quadrature-phase oscillator.
Performance studies of a solar energy storing heat exchanger

Abstract The design, construction, and performance of a solar energy storing heat exchanger is presented as a step toward a solar cooking concept. The solid-solid transition of pentacrythritol is the principal mechanism for energy storage. The methods for describing the system performance are explained and applied to a test system containing a controllable replacement for the solar input power. This first stage of the project will be followed by another in which the heat exchanger is connected to a concentrating array of CPC cylindrical troughs. Although a size appropriate to commercial cooking cussed herein is sized for domestic use and addresses the question of what solar collector area and PCM mass are needed in order to provide adequate energy for several family-size meals with sufficient storage to cook at night and one or two days later. The performance is described from efficiency measurements and the determination of a figure of merit.
Thermoregulation during exercise in women who are taking oral contraceptives.

Thermoregulation during exercise was studied in 7 women who were taking oral contraceptive pills for 3 weeks of each month. The subjects were studied once in the 3rd week of taking the pill (P) and once during the following week when they took no pill (N). Rectal temperature (Tre) heart rate (fc) and evaporative water loss (EWL ventilated capsule technique) were measured while they walked on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 4.8 km/hour at a 10% gradient. Ambient temperature was 22 degrees Celsius. A venous blood sample was drawn 30 minutes before each experiment for measurement of hematocrit (packed cell volume PCV) plasma osmolality (Osmpl) and plasma levels of the endogenous pyrogens interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Resting Tre was 0.31 degrees Celsius higher in P than in N (P < 0.01) and Tre remained higher in P throughout the entire exercise period (P < 0.01). Threshold Tre for the onset of EWL was 0.32 degrees Celsius higher in P than in N (P < 0.01). Exercise fc was 6.5 beats/minute higher in P than in N (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in PCV Osmpl IL-1beta or IL-6 between P and N. It was concluded that the administration of synthetic progestins in oral contraceptives causes an upward shift in the threshold for heat loss responses resulting in higher body core temperatures both at rest and during exercise. There was no evidence that these alterations in thermoregulation were mediated by changes in body fluid balance or in plasma levels of IL-1beta or IL-6. (authors)
Christly Possession and Weakened Bodies: Reconsideration of the Function of Paul's Thorn in the Flesh (2 Cor. 12:7–10)

This article examines the function of the thorn in Paul's flesh (2 Cor. 12:7–10) in light of ancient theories of medicine and demonic possession. It argues that Paul utilizes the ambiguous meaning of the “thorn” in conjunction with ancient medical theories of the body and notions of possession. Paul uses the physiology of his weakened body claim a direct connection to Christ and to trump the claims of his hypermasculine “strong” opponents.
T-Clipse: an integrated development environment for two-level grammar

T-Clipse is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) using Eclipse developed for Two-Level Grammar (TLG), a high-level formal specification language. In our research, given a programming language, TLG is used to specify the syntax and semantics of the language to generate an interpreter for that language. This IDE provides a user-friendly environment for editing and navigation of TLG source codes, as well as parsing and error tracing at the source code level and interpreter generation for programming languages. To build this IDE, we leveraged the extension power of plug-ins in Eclipse as well as a TLG parser prebuilt from an existing lexical analyzer generator and parser generator.
Stimulation of Chick Embryo Cartilage Sulfate and Thymidine Uptake: Comparison of Human Serum, Purified Somatomedins, and Other Growth Factors*

We have compared the stimulation of sulfate and thymidine uptake into 10-day-old embryonic chick cartilage by normal human serum, partially purified somatomedins (Sm) A and B, homogeneous insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II, and several other substances. With the exception of epidermal growth factor, all growth factors (GFs) were assayed in the absence of other protein. Pelvic rudiments were preincubated in buffer for 6 h and then incubated for 24 h with the GF or serum, with labels added for the final 6 h. Human serum enhanced cartilage uptake of both thymidine and sulfate. There was a dose-dependent stimulation of thymidine uptake by Sm A or B (0.05–1 μg/ml) and IGF I or II (0.5–20 ng/ml). Unlike serum, neither Sms nor IGFs increased SO4 uptake under these conditions. Bovine GH (10–500 ng/ml), albumin (100–1000 ng/ml), fibroblast GF (1–100 ng/ml), and epidermal GF (1–100 ng/ml) were inactive for both thymidine and sulfate. When a shorter incubation was used (7 h), Sm A enhanced SO4 uptake, and d...
Reproductive alterations in female C57BLCrgl mice exposed neonatally to zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin

Abstract Newborn female mice were injected daily for 5 days with 1 μg zearalenone (Z, a weakly estrogenic mycotoxin present in cereal grains), resulting in ovary-dependent reproductive tract alterations at 8 months of age. Corpora lutea were absent from 25 of 34 (74%) Z-treated mice, indicating ovarian dysfunction. Fifty-six percent of Z-treated mice had dense collagen deposition in the uterine stroma and lacked uterine glands. Squamous metabplasia of the uterine luminal epithelium was found in 59% of Z-treated mice, and altered vaginal epithelium was found in 32% (2 mice had dysplastic lesions). Ovariectomized Z-treated mice were indistinguishable from ovariectomized controls.
Must the Fundamental Laws of Physics be Complete

Faraday made this remark even before the laws of electricity had all been discovered. Nevertheless, he was utterly confident that all electric phenomena are covered by laws and that all other forces are too indeed, apparently, that the laws cover every kind of situation that every possible kind of thing can manage to get into. The laws are "complete;" there are no gaps in their coverage. If the laws are in fact complete, then is this merely a peculiarity of the actual laws? Or is the laws's completeness metaphysically compulsory? That is the question I shall investigate. In section 2, I shall offer a provisional characterization of what it would be for the laws to be complete. In section 3, I will try to capture some reasons for supposing that the laws must be complete. I will also argue that neither David Lewis's best-system account nor David Armstrong's relations-among-universals account of laws entails that the laws must be complete. If the laws's completeness is an important part of the idea that the laws govern the universe, then an important (but heretofore neglected) criterion of adequacy for any metaphysical analysis of natural law is that it account for the laws's completeness. Since standard analyses of natural law fail to do so, there is an opportunity
Colloidal Yttrium Hydroxide-Y-90 and Yttrium Phosphate-Y-90. Preparation and Tissue Distribution Following I. V. Administration

Simple techniques are described for the preparation of 2 new colloids of radioyttnium Y(OH)/sub 3/ and YPO/sub 4/. Maltose was employed as suspending agent for the former, and carboxymethylcellulose for the latter. Both products were demonstrated to have a small, uniform panticle size, good emuision stability, and low percentuge dialyzable radioactivity. The LD/sub 50/ of Y(OH)/ sub 3/90 in mice was approximately>i 12 to 14 mc/kg. Tissue deposition in mice and terminal human patients was predominantly reticulo-endothelial in both. Evidence is suggestive that some methbolic dissociation occurs with subsequent deposition of yttrium in bone. Urinary excretion of activity was evaluated for mice and man. (auth)
Interest Groups and Economic Growth Rates

Olson (1982) has argued that the greater the density of interest organizations in a society, the slower its rate of economic growth. Interest groups have no inhibitions about lobbying for policies that depress growth because they obtain the benefits of such policies in full while paying a fraction of their cost. An exception to this rule is the "encompassing" interest organization: because of its size, its members are bound to "internalize" much of the external costs of such policies. Consequently Olson predicts that such an organization will tend to have less parochial--and so less growth-defeating--legislative objectives. This prediction is tested for both business and labor using political action committee contribution data.
Upper cretaceous-lower tertiary planktonic foraminefera from the northwestern Libyan offshore

Abstract This study covers the planktonic foramineferal content of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene interval from four selected wells within the Tarabulus Basin, located in the northwestern Libyan offshore. Thirty-two planktonic species (including a new species) belonging to 12 genera were identified and illustrated. The boundary between the Abiod Formation equivalent and El-Haria Formation equivalent was found to lie within the base of the Globotruncana gansseri Subzone. Two unconformities were identified, one within the El-Haria Formation equivalent and the other one between the Abiod Formation equivalent and El-Haria Formation equivalent. A shoaling environment of deposition is suggested for the upper part of the Abiod Formation equivalent which was probably followed by a deep shelf environment for the lower El-Haria Formation equivalent, followed by a further deeper water environment interrupted by local shallower periods of depositional environment.
Individual characteristics related to prison violence: A critical review of the literature

Abstract At the end of 2010, prisons in the United States incarcerated over 1,605,127 inmates, yielding an imprisonment rate of 497 per 100,000 residents (Guerino, Harrison, & Sabol, 2011). Approximately 15.6% of correctional officers have been the victim of an inmate assault (Duhart, 2001) and 21% of inmates reported being victims of violence in prison (Wolff, Blitz, Shi, Siegel, & Bachman, 2007). However, which inmates are more likely to perpetuate these violent acts while incarcerated? The present paper critically reviews the empirical literature on the relation between individual characteristics of inmates and prison violence. Variables are divided into three general categories: demographic, criminal history, and psychological variables. From over 500 studies, a representative sample of 20 studies from 1990 to 2011 was reviewed based on specified inclusion criteria, such as adult males incarcerated in English-speaking countries. Although there are some discrepant findings, a general conclusion can be reached regarding most variables. These characteristics are compiled into a prototype of an inmate at “high” risk and an inmate at “low” risk for prison violence. Methodological limitations of the research are presented, as well as suggestions for future research directions.
Alcohol consumption in relation to plasma sex hormones, prolactin and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal women

Background: Alcohol consumption is a consistent risk factor for breast cancer, and evidence suggests premenopausal plasma hormones are associated with breast cancer. Methods: Plasma concentrations of estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in samples collected in 1996–99. Average alcohol intake was calculated from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires collected in 1995 and 1999. We used generalized linear models to calculate geometric mean hormone concentrations across alcohol categories and the percentage difference for the highest versus lowest category. Results: Comparing women who consumed >20 g/d with nondrinkers, levels were 25.7% higher for luteal estrone (geometric mean, 106 vs. 84.5 pg/mL; P trend = 0.001), 27.2% higher for luteal estradiol (182 vs. 143 pg/mL; P trend = 0.006), and 16.8% higher for SHBG (85.6 vs. 73.3 nmol/L; P trend = 0.03); concentrations of free testosterone were 17.9% lower (0.16 vs. 0.20 ng/dL; P trend = 0.002). Women consuming >10 g/d compared with nondrinkers had 26.5% higher concentrations of follicular estrone sulfate (950 vs. 751 pg/mL; P trend = 0.04). We did not observe significant associations between alcohol and the other sex hormones evaluated. Significant positive associations were observed with beer intake, but not other alcohol types, for DHEA ( P interaction = 0.003) and androstenedione ( P interaction = 0.006). Conclusion: Alcohol consumption was significantly positively associated with plasma luteal estrogen concentrations, but not with androgen levels, nor estrone or estradiol measured in the follicular phase. Impact: Differences in premenopausal estrogen levels may contribute to the association between alcohol and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2943–53. ©2014 AACR .
Low-temperature solution-processed amorphous indium tin oxide field-effect transistors

Amorphous indium tin oxide (ITO)-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on various dielectrics [SiO(2) and self-assembled nanodielectrics (SANDs)] by spin-coating an ITO film precursor solution consisting of InCl(3) and SnCl(4) as the sources of In(3+) and Sn(4+), respectively, methoxyethanol (solvent), and ethanolamine (base). These films can be annealed at temperatures T(a) 0.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is encouraging for processing on plastic substrates.
More on structure-ranks of matrices

Abstract The structure-rank of a matrix is the largest rank of a submatrix which lies within a specified structure. We characterize those structures avoiding the main diagonal for which a matrix and its inverse have the same structure-rank, thereby generalizing some results of M. Fiedler.
The effect of ethephon seed treatment on leaf development and head initiation of wheat

The ability to control the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth could potentially increase wheat yields, particularly in regions subject to midseason drought stress. Little is known about the factors that regulate or affect this transition in wheat and other graminae. Because ethephon is known to accelerate this transition in other plants, the effect of seed treatment on spring wheat growth and development was investigated. Seedlings derived from seeds imbibed in ethephon underwent the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth earlier than seeds imbibed in water. The percentage of 17-day-old plants with four fully-emerged leaves (i.e., plants in which meristem development had proceeded from vegetative apex to double-ridge formation) showed a positive correlation with ethephon concentration. Subsequent yield components were unaffected with the exception of a small increase in the number of kernels/spike in plants derived from seeds imbibed in ethephon solutions for 24 h. Neither root nor shoot dry weights of 21-day-old plants were affected by the treatments. Germination percentages were unaffected by the treatments but 8-day-old plants derived from seeds imbibed for 24 h had reduced height with increasing ethephon concentrations. These results will be useful in further studies of the biochemical basis of the transition to reproductive growth.
The New Politics of Sentencing

With this Issue, the Federal Sentencing Reporter concludes its two-issue survey of recent sentencing reform developments at the state level. The previous Issue focused on drug reforms, particularly a series of ballot initiatives in four states mandating treatment in lieu of incarceration for lowlevel drug offenders. The present Issue places those developments in a broader context. Within the past two years, more than a dozen states have adopted important sentencing reforms. Surprisingly, given the general trajectory of sentencing law over the past three decades, most of the current state-level reforms are calculated to reduce sentence lengths (albeit sometimes rather obliquely). Perhaps most notably, legislatures have scaled back mandatory minimums in Connecticut, Indiana, Louisiana, and North Dakota. Thus, one can now ask with a straight face the question posed by Marc Mauer in this Issue: OIs the get-tough era in sentencing coming to a close?O Recent state reforms may indeed suggest a fundamental change in sentencing politics. Not coincidentally, however, they have occurred during a period of economic stress. Shrinking tax revenues put pressure on all aspects of a stateOs budget. Corrections spending is no exception. Thus, successful reform efforts across the country, from California to Louisiana to Virginia, have focused on the cost-savings that can be achieved by reducing the size of prison populations. Yet, as the contributions to this Issue emphasize, Þscal pressures cannot by themselves explain the current move away from long mandatory prison terms. Rather, recent state reforms must also be understood as a resection of social justice concerns and a willingness to employ rehabilitative, instead of purely punitive, approaches to criminal justice problems. Sentence-reducing reforms may thus hold appeal for both Þscal conservatives and social liberals. Not surprisingly, then, reform in many states has been a bipartisan affair. What remains to be seen is whether short-term economic pressures will provide an impetus for far-sighted reform in other states, or, alternatively, promote the adoption of ill-advised quick Þxes. Contributions to this Issue consider recent state developments from three perspectives. First, Marc Mauer, Daniel Wilhelm, and Nicholas Turner offer a national perspective, summarizing recent developments and identifying important patterns across states. Second, Michael Lawlor and Thomas Hammer provide more detailed accounts of recent developments in Connecticut and Wisconsin, respectively. Their articles are complemented by a recent report from the Kansas Sentencing Commission, which also offers an in-depth, state-speciÞc perspective on current reforms. Finally, two recent reports from the Department of JusticeOs Bureau of Justice Statistics provide a statistical perspective on state-level trends and experiences.
Synthesis and N-methylation of β-14C-p-chloroamphetamine hydrochloride

β-14C-p-Chloroamphetamine hydrochloride was prepared by condensation of carbonyl-14C-p-chlorobenzaldehyde with nitroethane followed by lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) reduation of the resulting chloro-phenylnitropropene. After purfication the overall yield was about 25%. N-Methyl- and N,N-dimethyl- β- 14C-p-chloroamphetamine were prepared, respectively, by LAH reduction of N-carbobenzoxy – β-14 C- p-chlorpamphetamine and by reductive (Eschweiler-Clarke methylation of β-14C- p- Chlolroamphetamine.
Integrated voice-data communication over high-speed fiber optic networks

Voice-data integration over emerging high-speed fiber-optic LANs and MANs employing unidirectional buses for information transfer is addressed. Packet voice characteristics and requirements are examined, as are the characteristics of fiber-optic networks. Both train-oriented and non-train-oriented protocols are discussed and compared. >
On the high energy behavior of S-matrix elements in the electroweak theory

Abstract A simple physical picture of high energy exclusive reactions is presented in order to study the possibility that nonperturbative effect lead to strongly energy dependent cross section. We find no significant difference in the energy dependence of perturbative parts of production amplitudes and nonperturbative parts, at least when running coupling effects are not large.
DFT Study of Solvent Coordination Effects on Titanium-Based Epoxidation Catalysts. Part Two: Reactivity of Titanium Hydroperoxo Complexes in Ethylene Epoxidation

Density functional theory has been used to study the effects of solvent coordination on the reactivity of titanium hydroperoxo complexes in the epoxidation of the model olefin ethylene. Complexes possessing a variety of coordination environments have been modeled with unconstrained single coordination sphere clusters using a B3LYP/ECP methodology. The Gibbs free energy of activation for ethylene epoxidation with a nonligated titanium hydroperoxo species is 25.7 kcal/mol. Addition of a single solvent ligand to the titanium center has little effect on the activation barrier unless that ligand participates in a hypervalent ω bond with the proximal oxygen (Oα) of the hydroperoxo moiety; in that case, the ω bond inhibits the heterolytic cleavage of the Ti−Oα bond and increases the activation barrier for transfer of Oα to ethylene by 6−7 kcal/mol. Hydrogen bonding of the hydroperoxo moiety with a protic solvent ligand via a monodentate five-membered ring structure does not enhance the reactivity of the titanium...
Effect of Ionic Strength on Boehmite Hydrogel Formation

Neutral salts were added to boehmite (γ-AlOOH) sols, and the solution and solution and interfacial chemistries were investigated during hydrogel formation. In general, gel volume increases with higher salt concentrations. Gels form in the presence of salts with monovalent anions when a critical ionic strength is reached, the value of which increases with increasing size of the anion. At the same time, the effect of interparticle distance appears more important with larger anions. The action of divalent anions is more complicated and may involve specific adsorption and complexing with the dissolved aluminum species. The concept of a critical gelation concentration is introduced analogous to the critical coagulation concentration for the flocculation of colloidal particles. The results are interpreted in terms of available models for particle-particle interactions.
Expression and distribution of mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and their phosphorylated counterparts in rat dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord dorsal horn☆

Abstract Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls protein translation and has an important role in the mechanism of pain hypersensitivity under persistent pain conditions. However, its expression and localization in pain-related regions of the nervous system is not completely understood. Here, we examined the expression and distribution of mTOR, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein1/2 (4E-BP1/2), p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (p70S6K), and their phosphorylated (active) counterparts in two major pain-related regions, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord dorsal horn. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that mTOR, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K mRNA are expressed in the DRG and dorsal horn. Western blot analysis further confirmed the existence of their protein products in these two regions, but expression of their phosphorylated counterparts was very low in dorsal horn and was not detected in the DRG. Immunohistochemistry revealed mTOR and p70S6K in the DRG neurons. Quantitative analysis showed that approximately 26.1% (± 3.2%) of DRG neurons were positive for mTOR and 19.1% (± 1.9%) were positive for p70S6K. Most of these neurons were small—less than 600 µm2 in cross-sectional area—and some co-labeled with substance P or isolectin B4. Surprisingly, 4E-BP1 was observed only in the DRG satellite glial cells. In the dorsal horn, mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 were detected in neurons, but not in astrocytes or microglia. They were distributed in the whole dorsal horn, especially in the superficial dorsal horn. Immunostaining for their phosphorylated counterparts was very low or undetectable in DRG and dorsal horn. Behavioral study showed that intrathecal mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, did not affect acute nocicepetive transmission. The results indicate that although mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 are highly expressed in the DRG and dorsal horn, their activate forms are very low in both regions under normal conditions. Our findings support the view that mTOR and its downstream effectors do not play a key role in acute pain.
A new design of Delclos dome cylinders using standard Cs-137 sources.

Abstract Surface dose rates around the currently-marketed Delclos uterine-vaginal afterloading dome (hemispherical) cylinders were calculated and measured for linear standard 3M cesium tube sources. Measurements were carried out using thin thermoluminescent lithium fluoride Chips on the surface of the cylinder and calculations at the same points were generated using a treatment planning computer. Wide surface dose variations were found for 2 to 3.5 cm diameter cylinders, but relatively small variation for 4 to 4.5 cm diameter cylinders. Attempting to achieve a uniform dose distribution around the entire dome surface of the cylinder, we have developed a new ellipsoidal design for the dome component that better conforms to the shape of the isodoses arisi ng from the distal-most source. Thermoluminescent dosimetry indicates that the surface doses for the newly constructed cylinders are quite uniform, with variation within ±5%. The effect on surface dose is discussed when the ellipsoidal dome cylinder in combination with vaginal cylinders is used and multiple sources are laid end to end to treat the added areas of the vaginal wall.
Triggering of liquefaction flow slides in coastal soil deposits

Abstract Liquefaction flow slides have been observed in coastal soil deposits throughout the world. The causes of many of these slides have never been well understood. The materials involved in and circumstances surrounding eight reported liquefaction flow slides are reviewed and compared. Many of these slides have occurred in very similar materials shortly following small to moderate drawdowns of the adjacent water level. Liquefaction susceptibility of sands may be evaluated by steady state methods. Recent research indicates that liquefaction of loose sands similar to those typically involved in these slides may be triggered by very small changes in stress conditions if the sand is initially in equilibrium under high shear stresses. The triggering of liquefaction may lead to flow sliding if the unbalanced driving stresses exceed the steady state strength of the liquefied soil. Elasticity methods are used to estimate the initial stress conditions in a gentle, infinite slope, and the effect of unloading due to drawdown. It is shown that liquefaction flow slides in coastal soil deposits may be initiated by small to moderate drawdowns consistent with those observed in actual slides.
A diffraction study of a heteroepitaxial system-Ag/Si(111)

Epitaxial films of Ag(111) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on small angle misoriented Si(111) substrates. The surface normal is tilted 0 to 6° away from the Si(111) axis in the [112] direction. Despite a 25% lattice mismatch, good quality 600-1200A thick Ag films were grown on Si. The structure of the interface has been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through a detailed analysis of the TEM diffraction data (SADP-selected area diffraction pattern) from planar as well as cross-sectional samples, we can determine the epitaxial relationship between Ag and Si. This includes the small tilt of individual Ag islands on Si, the periodicity of the finite terraces in Si, and the size of the ordered regions in Ag. The O-lattice formalism of Bollmann is applied to this system and compared with the experimental observations.
The water mass characteristics of the Northeast Water Polynya: Polar Sea data 1992–1993

Abstract Hydrographic cruises in the summers of 1992 and 1993 were carried out in the North-East Water (NEW) Polynya. For both years, CTD casts on the NEW Polynya shelf area yielded a signature of a highly homogeneous, cold (θ = −1.74°C) and relatively fresh (S = 32.40 ppt) water just below the surface pycnocline, which we refer to as the Northeast Water Polynya Intermediate Water (PyIW). Its homogeneity, its location and the fact that its core temperature is very close to the freezing point all suggest that this water is formed convectively through a loss of buoyancy to the atmosphere over the open portions of the Polynya. The source waters are the low salinity surface waters found in the northern sector of the Polynya area. The thickness of the PyIW varied from 10 to 60 m throughout the northern (Norske-Westwind through system) and central (Belgica Bank) portion of shelf region. It was not found over the slope nor in Belgica Trough immediately to the south. A volumetric θ-S analysis of the PyIW demonstrated that it suffered a small loss between the two years and that its areal distribution and core water type remained virtually constant. Some qualitative assessments are made concerning its formation and loss. The small interannual variability of the PyIW layer implies a high residence time that has important physical and biological repercussions. The summer modification of the Polynya surface waters is also discussed; and by relating the water-type change with the summer heat budget, estimates of 47 and 75 cm were made for the amount of ice thinning occurring over the area for the two years, respectively. The water found below the sills (at ∼265 m) of the Norske-Westwind Trough system has a warmer (θ = 0.78°C) and saltier (S = 34.83 ppt) water type, than that of the PyIW, which characterizes it as a species of return Atlantic Intermediate Water.
An algorithm for computing the mixed radix fast Fourier transform

This paper presents an algorithm for computing the fast Fourier transform, based on a method proposed by Cooley and Tukey. As in their algorithm, the dimension n of the transform is factored (if possible), and n/p elementary transforms of dimension p are computed for each factor p of n . An improved method of computing a transform step corresponding to an odd factor of n is given; with this method, the number of complex multiplications for an elementary transform of dimension p is reduced from (p-1)^{2} to (p-1)^{2}/4 for odd p . The fast Fourier transform, when computed in place, requires a final permutation step to arrange the results in normal order. This algorithm includes an efficient method for permuting the results in place. The algorithm is described mathematically and illustrated by a FORTRAN subroutine.
Variation in sulfur dioxide emissions related to earth tides, Halemaumau Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Variation in SO2 emissions from Halemaumau crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii is analyzed using a set of techniques known as exploratory data analysis. SO2 flux was monitored using a correlation spectrometer. A total of 302 measurements were made on 73 days over a 90-day period. The mean flux was 171 t/d with a standard deviation of 52 t/d. A significant increase in flux occurs during increased seismic activity beneath the caldera. SO2 flux prior to this change varies in a systematic way and may be related to variation in the tidal modulation envelope.
On the real effects of short- and long-run inflation and relative sector price variability: Some empirical evidence using the Kalman filter

This paper evaluates empirically the effects of sector relative-price variability, and short-run and long-run inflation on the growth rate of real output in the United States since 1947. Also, permanent and transitory estimates are constructed to evaluate the effects of unanticipated movements in sector relative price on the growth rate of real output. The results show a statistically significant inverse relationship beween the growth rate of real output and transitory sector relative-price variability and anticipated long-run inflation, and a direct relationship between the growth rate of real output and unanticipated short-run inflation.
Tobacco advertising and children: The limits of first amendment protection

A recent wave of public interest surrounding the alleged advertising of cigarettes to children has raised First Amendment issues under the commercial speech doctrine. The two most vocal sides of this debate are sharply divided over the amount of constitutional protection that should be offered to tobacco advertisers. Proponents of restrictions on such ads argue that commercial speech does not advance any “ideas” worth preserving and is consequently deserving of less protection than other forms of speech. Their opponents assert that commercial speech should be offered wide protection because of its role in contributing to individual autonomy in the “marketplace of ideas” through informing consumer choice. While I believe that commercial speech should be offered broad protection, I will argue that severe restrictions are morally justifiable and legally defensible when it comes to advertising to children, particularly with respect to harmful products. Since the free market of ideas model is premised upon a notion that there are “reasonable consumers” that can discern falsehood from truth, this model is invalidated when it comes to children since they cannot be expected to possess the same capacity for judgment as adults.
A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of 2-Naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene

Photolysis of methyl 2-diazo(2-naphthyl)acetate releases singlet 2-naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene. The singlet carbene relaxes to the lower energy triplet state within 350 ps−1 ns. Singlet to triplet carbene intersystem crossing is much faster than Wolff rearrangement to the corresponding ketene. The barrier to Wolff rearrangement of the spin-equilibrated carbene is 3.4 kcal/mol in hexafluorobenzene. In this system, ketene is formed from the carbene and is not formed to a significant extent from an excited state of the diazo compound.
Multiagent systems for workflow

Workflows are ubiquitous in business computing. They arise not only within an enterprise, but increasingly across enterprises as well—in situations such as virtual enterprises and applications such as supply-chain management. Although the importance of workflows as a basis for understanding and automating business activities is widely recognized, current workflow practice leaves much to be desired. To a large extent, this problem arises because of the rigidity of current technology, which does not accord well with the complex, heterogeneous, dynamic environments in which workflows are applied. Agent technology promises to alleviate many of these problems and hence enable adaptive workflows in realistic settings. We consider interaction-oriented programming (IOP), an approach to software engineering based on multiagent systems that we have been developing. We focus on one aspect of IOP, which deals with social commitments and enables agents to flexibly enact a multienterprise workflow by entering into and behaving according to their commitments to each other. The agents can cancel or modify their base-level commitments only if they satisfy the metacommitments that then go into effect.
On the Rationality of Decision‐Making Studies: Part 1: Decision Models of Treatment Choice

With reference to both critiques and empirical studies, the theoretical and methodological grounding of anthropological research on medical decision making is examined in this article, giving particular attention to the construction and evaluation of cognitively oriented decision models. A decisionmodeling study carried out in the Mexican village of Pichataro (in conjunction with James C. Young) frames an exploration of some of the tensions and points of contention about the aims and designs of cognitively oriented studies of decision modeling. While a decision model can provide a reasonably good guide to an understanding of treatment actions and the culturally based rationality that underlies them, such models fall short when they are oriented primarily around predicting treatment accounts. They should also attend to the jointly cultural, personal, social, and cognitive constructive processes through which meaning is conferred upon the occurrence of illness, [care seeking, decision models, decision making, Mexico]
Essential roles of 70kDa heat inducible proteins

The 70 kDa heat inducible proteins (hsp70s) are a highly conserved family of proteins found in every organism examined. Some hsp70 proteins are essential for cell viability. Recent work has revealed that these proteins are involved in the movement of proteins into and through various compartments of the eukaryotic cell.
Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectra of Escherichia coli with 222.5-251.0 nm Pulsed Laser Excitation

Resonance Raman spectra of the gram-negative organism, Escherichia coli, have been obtained with 222.5-, 230.6-, and 251.0-nm excitation, and the results have been compared with those reported earlier for 242.4-nm excitation. Major changes in bacterial spectra have been observed with changes in exciting wavelength. The origins of the major peaks in each spectrum have been explained primarily in terms of contributions of nucleic acid bases and aromatic amino acids. As an aid in making assignments, spectra of aromatic amino acids, nucleosides, and mixtures of the two have been obtained at each wavelength used to excite bacterial spectra. Background fluorescence has been observed to be negligible below 251 nm. Selective excitation of bacterial nucleic acid and protein components has been done with ease. Results suggest that an extension of the exciting wavelength range to 190-220 nm will allow the selective excitation of additional cell components.
Recruitment for fashion careers: A case study of organizational conning

We report a participant‐observation‐based analysis of the recruitment strategies, the formal organization, and the organizational underlife of a privately owned, profit‐making “conning” organization that calls itself a fashion school for girls. Two variations of interactionist sociology, negotiated order theory and dramaturgical sociology, are used. Beyond expanding understanding of how conning organizations operate, implications extend to the issue of deceit in competitive recruitment for scarce human resources as, for instance, in the current practices of some colleges and universities to ensure enrollment minima in the context of a dwindling marketplace.
Effect of the Optical Potential on the Nucleon Momentum Distribution in Nuclei. The Pickup Reaction

The effect of the optical potential on the nucleon momentum distribution in nuclei is discussed in this work. The idea of McCarthy et al., that the refraction and localization effects caused by the real and imaginary parts of the optical potential smears the single-particle momentum distribution, is amplified and applied to nucleon momentum distribution experiments. The assertion is made here that it seems impossible to directly measure in any manner the momentum distribution of nucleons in nuclei. Further it is proposed that much or all of the large discrepancy between the experimental momentum determinations and the shell-model predictions is due to the neglect of these important sources of high-momentum components. The high-energy ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, d){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ pickup reaction data are re-analyzed in the light of these considerations. It is shown that for $\frac{{q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}8$, the $1p$-shell harmonic oscillator distribution, $(\frac{{q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}})\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}})$, has sufficient high-momentum components to fit the data. The lack of agreement for $\frac{{q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}g8$ is possibly due more to a failure in the distorted-wave approximation calculation used here than to lack of high-momentum components in the wave function.
“It's Already Hard Enough Being a Student”: Developing Affirming College Environments for Trans Youth

The current article is a qualitative study of the daily lived experiences of resilience that trans youth have as they engage in self-advocacy within their college environments. Using a phenomenological research tradition and theories of liberation psychology and feminism, researchers interviewed 18 trans youth. There were four major themes in the participant data: (a) campus-wide trans-affirming language, (b) campus training on trans student concerns, (c) trans-affirming campus health care access, and (d) developing a community of trans allies on campus. In addition to study limitations, future practice, research, and advocacy implications for developing trans-affirming educational environments for trans youth are provided.
Testing Residential Solar Thermal Adoption

Solar thermal is a viable technology that uses clean, renewable energy (the sun) to provide a primary heat source in homes. A combination of structural constraints and value-oriented motivators potentially influences solar thermal technology adoption. This study examines the extent to which solar thermal adoption correlates with structural or value-related factors through logistic regression modeling. Variables measuring socioeconomic circumstances, environmental concern, and ecological conditions are used to predict residential solar thermal technology adoption at the county level throughout the United States. This project provides insight regarding the role of structural and value-related factors, thus highlighting the significance of both structure and agency in explaining social change.
Code switching and style shifting as markers of liminality in literature

This article focuses on the artistic function of code switching in literature. In particular, it showcases code switching as a marker of liminality - the state of creative in-betweenness which serves as an underpinning for unconscious literary designs. Particular examples of liminality in literature are illustrated through the works of John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, and Charlotte Bronte. The states of transition that form the central core of the works analysed are bolstered through the use of code switching, which.underscores the love/hate alliances, gender placements, and cultural dissonances of literary craft.
Management support and perceived consumer satisfaction in skilled nursing facilities.

How managers 'manage' employees influences important firm outcomes. Heskett, Sasser, and Schlesinger contend that the level of internal support for service workers will influence consumer satisfaction. This study empirically explores how skilled nursing facility (SNF) managers affect consumer satisfaction by encouraging employee effectiveness and listening to employees to determine how to improve employee effectiveness. We extend previous research by proposing management as a form of internal support and demonstrating its relationship to service process integration, as a distinct form of internal support. The results of our individual-level investigation of 630 nursing assistants from 45 SNFs provide support for our two-part hypothesis. First, active management support and process integration, as elements of internal support, do lead to increased employee satisfaction and employee effectiveness. Second, the increased employee satisfaction and effectiveness was positively related to consumer satisfaction, ...
Application of Cognitive Theory to Training and Design Solutions for Age-related Computer Use:

As the prevalence of computer-based technologies increases throughout society, so does the likelihood that older adults will be required to interact with them. Unfortunately, such systems often appear to older adults to be too hard to use and too hard to learn. We provide examples highlighting the opportunities available to behavioural science to affect training and system design through practically relevant research. We focus on our research on ageing, computer use, and training to support our assertion that applied research aimed at designing training materials and system interfaces to enhance the performance of older adults can and should be driven by psychological theory. The data presented and studies reviewed here clearly demonstrate that theory is critical for predicting age differences in computer use, for guiding the development of both training and design interventions for older computer users, and for reconciling conflicting findings in the design-evaluation literature.
Ultrabright fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles.

The first successful approach to synthesizing ultrabright fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles is reported. Fluorescent dye is physically entrapped inside nanochannels of a silica matrix created during templated sol–gel self-assembly. The problem of dye leakage from open channels is solved by incorporation of hydrophobic groups in the silica matrix. This makes the approach compatible with virtually any dye that can withstand the synthesis. The method is demonstrated using the dye Rhodamine 6G. The obtained 40-nm silica particles are about 30 times brighter than 30-nm coated water-soluble quantum dots. The particles are substantially more photostable than the encapsulated organic dye itself.
Reserve Requirements and the Integration of Credit Policies

I. Origin of the provision for changing reserve requirements of member banks, 553. — II. Nature of the provision as an instrument of credit control, 554. — III. History of its use, 556. — IV. Criticisms: ladk of precision, 558; discrimination, 560; inflexibility, 563. —- V. Relation to Federal Reserve finances, 564. — Security markets, 567. — VI. Effect upon future control of credit, 568. — VII. General conclusion, 570.