cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing sensitive VGI: Constructing the hate incident reporting system

Abstract Gaps in hate crime and hate incident data are a major roadblock in increasing our understanding of the rising phenomenon of hate in the United States. In this paper, we reflect on the development of our geographically-integrated mobile application (the Hate Incident Reporting System) as an attempt to help close the gap in hate incident data. More broadly, we provide conceptual and methodological insights for working with sensitive Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) like hate incidents. We identify four key areas of attention in the process of developing digital tools for collecting sensitive VGI: i) participant motivation ii) data management and public research communication iii) accessibility iv) handling of geographic information and v) partnership with existing stakeholders. These factors are critical in the process of working with sensitive geographic data in an ethical fashion and ensuring maximum data reliability. Throughout each of these areas, the role of the ethical researcher stretches beyond academic research to accountability beyond academic research to accountability to participants in the form of tangible benefits.
Long-Term Outcomes in Heart and Lung Transplants from HCV-Viremic Donors to Uninfected Recipients: The Donate HCV Trial

Purpose An early 6-month analysis of the DONATE HCV Trial demonstrated that hearts and lungs can be safely transplanted from HCV-infected donors using a shortened, 4-week, pre-emptive course of direct acting antivirals (DAA). Whether early findings are sustained in the longer-term remain an important area of investigation. Methods DONATE HCV is a single-center trial to transplant thoracic organs from HCV viremic donors, irrespective of HCV genotype, to HCV-uninfected adults. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, a pan-genotypic DAA, was administered for 4 weeks, beginning within hours of transplant. The primary composite outcome of HCV clearance and graft survival at 6 months post-transplant are now extended to the longer-term at 1- and 3-years. We also report on grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs). (NCT03086044) Results Between March 2017 and December 2019, 65 participants were enrolled: 53 received lung and 12 received heart transplants. The median donor HCV viral load (VL) was 742,000 IU/mL (IQR 127,000 - 4.69 million). 56 of 65 (86%) recipients had detectable HCV VL immediately after transplant, with median VL of 2,000 IU/mL (IQR 800 - 9,000). HCV VL became negative by 2 weeks and subsequently remained undetectable in all participants. 63 of 65 (97%), 60 of 63 (95%), 46 of 51 (90%), and 19 of 24 (79%) participants were alive with excellent graft function and an undetectable HCV VL at 6 months, 1-year, 2-years, and 3-years post-transplant, respectively. 22 of 65 (34%) and 28 of 63 (44%) had acute cellular rejection requiring treatment at 6 months and 1-year post-transplant, respectively. 3 of 65 (5%) and 3 of 63 (5%) had antibody mediated rejection at 6 months and 1-year post transplant, respectively. No treatment-related AEs were identified. Outcomes between transplant recipients from HCV donors vs. non-HCV donors were similar, including the occurrence of renal failure, respiratory failure, and non-HCV infections. Conclusion These data demonstrate that recipients of thoracic organs transplanted from HCV viremic donors who receive a shortened antiviral treatment course initiated within hours of transplant, have excellent longer-term graft and recipient survival with similar AE profiles compared to transplant recipients who received thoracic organs from non-HCV donors.
Does Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Statin Restore Low Risk in Middle-Aged Adults? Analysis of the Observational MESA Study.

Background It is unclear if statin therapy in midlife can restore low cardiovascular risk in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Methods and Results At baseline, we grouped 5687 MESA (Multi‐Ethnic St...
Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: A Single Institution 10-Year Case Series (P7.016)

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the incidence, presentation, sensitivities of diagnostic procedures, treatments and outcome of PNS patients seen at Yale New Haven Hospital, a tertiary referral center for Southern Connecticut, over the last 10 years. BACKGROUND: Recognition of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) can lead to early immune-modulating therapy and neoplasm diagnosis. Given low occurrence, there are few single institution case series compiling epidemiological data, clinical presentations and outcomes. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective case review of all neuro-oncology consults from 2003 - 2013 with diagnostic code ICD 323.9 (unspecified causes of encephalitis, myelitis and encephalomyelitis) or PNS. Clinical presentation, time to diagnosis, investigation results including MRI, PET, CSF analysis and outcomes were compiled. RESULTS: 27 cases met the PNS Euronetwork criteria. The most common clinical syndromes were limbic encephalitis (9/27), sub-acute cerebellar degeneration (5), sensory neuronopathy (5), retinopathy (4), brainstem encephalitis (3), opsoclonus-myoclonus (2) and myasthenia (2). Most cases (18/27) had no known neoplasm. Neoplasm was found in 17/18 cases within median of 2 months from symptom onset. New metastatic disease was found in 5/9 cases within median of 6 months. 2 cases were lost to follow-up. Mortality rate was high (11/25), from both neoplasm progression (5/11) and complications from PNS (6/11). Most frequent onconeural antibodies were: Anti-Hu (5), Anti-Yo (3), Anti-NDMA (2), Anti-Ri (2), Anti-CV2 (1), Anti-Ma1/Anti-Ma2 (1), and anti-PQ calcium channel (1). Survival data based on Kaplan Meier survival estimates, predictors of survival based on Cox proportional hazards model, sensitivity of diagnostic procedures, and incidence of PNS in our population will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: PNS is a rare complication of cancer. Early recognition is of utmost importance to prevent devastating neurologic disability in patients who may have more favorable long-term survival from their cancer. While therapeutic guidelines from prospective clinical trials are missing, empiric treatment algorithms should be followed. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Chan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Baehring has received personal compensation for activities with Sigma Tau and Roche Diagnostics Corporation.
How the Match Gets Made: Exploring Student Teacher Placements across Teacher Education Programs, Districts, and Schools

Emerging research finds connections between teacher candidates’ student teaching placements and their future career paths and effectiveness. Yet relatively little is known about the factors that in...
Measuring Preservice Teachers’ Anticipated Teacher–Student Relationship Quality:

The current study aimed to develop a measure of anticipated teacher–student relationship quality to be used with preservice teacher populations that is operationally similar to a measure commonly u...
Die radikale Prostatektomie mit Erhalt der Sexualfunktion

Obwohl die radikale Prostatektomie eine wirksame Therapieform bei der Heilung des lokal begrenzten Prostatakarzinoms darstellt, hat sie nie eine weite Verbreitung gefunden, da die Operation fur technisch schwierig gehalten wurde und mit ernsten Komplikationen behaftet war. Auf diese Uberlegungen gestutzt, hielten einige die Operation fur nachteiliger als die Erkrankung an sich. Aus diesem Grund wurde den Patienten haufig empfohlen, entweder nichts zu unternehmen, oder sie wurden ermuntert, sich einer moglicherweise weniger effektiven Behandlung zu unterziehen, da diese geringere Nebenwirkungen hatte.
Chapter 9 Mental Imagery and Creative Discovery

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines a general, cognitive approach to the study of creative thinking and discovery. Both methodological and evaluative issues are considered. The idea that imposing constraints can help to study creative thinking might seem paradoxical, in that when a person is no longer free to respond in particular ways, the person might be less creative. However, certain types of restrictions ought to enhance creativity. Thus, imposing such restrictions would not only place the creative act under experimental control, it would also tend to encourage creative thinking. In general, whether a particular restriction enhances or inhibits, creativity can be determined empirically. Another useful technique is to suspend or delay the application of expert knowledge. This is done in the spirit of trying to avoid conventional mental sets. A subject might be asked to generate a mental image of a structure without initially knowing what purpose the structure is supposed to have.
VizKid: a behavior capture and visualization system of adult-child interaction

We present VizKid, a capture and visualization system for supporting the analysis of social interactions between two individuals. The development of this system is motivated by the need for objective measures of social approach and avoidance behaviors of children with autism. VizKid visualizes the position and orientation of an adult and a child as they interact with one another over an extended period of time. We report on the design of VizKid and its rationale.
Sheep heart RNA stimulates myofibril formation and beating in cardiac mutant axolotl hearts in organ culture

In the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, recessive mutant gene c, when homozygous, results in a failure of the heart to form sarcomeric myofibrils and contract normally. Previous studies have shown that purified RNA from normal anterior endoderm or from medium conditioned with anterior endoderm/pre-cardiac mesoderm has the capacity to rescue mutant hearts in organ culture. In the present study, RNA extracted from adult sheep heart was tested for its capacity to promote differentiation in the mutant axolotl hearts. Mutant hearts cultured in the presence of the sheep heart RNA in Steinberg's solution for 48 h displayed rhythmic contractions. Ultrastructural studies showed that the rescued mutant axolotl ventricular myocardial cells contained myofibrils of normal morphology. Mutant hearts cultured in Steinberg's solution alone did not beat throughout their lengths and myofibrils were not observable in the ventricles. Confocal microscopy confirmed the increase of Tropomyosin expression and formation of myofibrils in mutant hearts treated by sheep heart RNA. Thus, sheep heart RNA promotes myofibrillogenesis and the development of contractile function in embryonic cardiac mutant axolotl hearts.
Trace Element Analysis of USGS Standards AGV2, BCR2, BHVO2, DTS2 and GSP2 by INAA

Five second generation USGS standards AGV2, BCR2, BHVO2, DTS2 and GSP2 were analyzed for trace elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Abundances of the rare earth elements La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu and eight other elements Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Na, Sc, Ta and Th were determined in all samples, except for DTS2 which was analyzed only for Co, Cr, Na and Sc. Experimental precision and accuracy were evaluated. In general abundances of trace elements in this new generation of USGS standards are similar to the earlier standards. Abundances of Cr are, however, substantially higher in AGV2, BCR2, GSP2 and especially DTS2.
Corticosteroids for ocular toxoplasmosis

Infestation with Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite, occurs in different body tissues including the eye. It occurs in people throughout the world. The main animal that hosts the organism is the cat, but its principal source is unknown. The parasite is transmitted through ingestion of under-cooked meat and food or drinking water contaminated with cat feces. The disease in the eye has a wide spectrum of presentation, ranging from no symptoms to severe visual impairment. The usual mode of treatment involves administration of anti-parasitic agents. Sometimes corticosteroids are used to supplement anti-parasitic agents with the goal of decreasing the intensity of tissue damage. In this review, we examined evidence on whether using corticosteroids in addition to anti-parasitic agents is more effective than anti-parasitic agents alone. We searched multiple electronic databases for trials evaluating the use of corticosteroids in the management of toxoplasma infestation of the eye. We found no randomized controlled trials to support the use of corticosteroids in addition to anti-parasitic agents for toxoplasma infestation of the eye. Further research is needed and should focus on generating evidence to support regular use of corticosteroids in the management of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis, the dosage, duration of use and time of initiation during the course of anti-parasitic treatment. Outcomes relevant to patients, such as time to recovery from signs and symptoms of visual impairment, should be assessed in future trials addressing this question.
Scalable cache coherence for large shared memory multiprocessors

This paper describes a new hardware solution for the cache coherence problem in large scale shared memory multiprocessors. The protocol is based on a linked list of caches — forming a distributed directory and (to ensure a scalable design) does not require a global broadcast mechanism. Fully-mapped directory-based solutions proposed earlier also do not require a global broadcast mechanism. However, our solution has a lower cost and potentially better performance than the fully-mapped directory-based protocol. We provide simulation results to show that the performance of the distributed directory protocol is more robust when there is contention for the data and for variations in memory technology. Further, we do not assume that the network preserves the order of messages. Thus we do not preclude adaptive routing. Our solution also allows an efficient implementation of locks.
AGMATINE : A NOVEL NEUROTRANSMITTER ?

Publisher Summary Current evidence is consistent with a hypothesis that agmatine meets many criteria for a neurotransmitter-neuromodulator. It is synthesized, stored, and released in brain; is contained in neurons and axon terminals with a heterogeneous distribution; interacts with cell-specific receptors; and elicits biological actions within the central nervous system. Immunocytochemically, agmatine has been localized in brain and adrenal using polyclonal antibodies. While in untreated brain agmatine-like immunoreactivity (-LI) is detected in only a few perikarya, after pretreatment with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) colchicine, it can be seen in the cytoplasm of many neurons throughout the brain. These are most heavily concentrated in hypothalamus, neocortex, and periaquaductal regions of midbrain. By electron microscopy agmatine-LI can be detected in dense-core vesicles in axon terminals in the nucleus tractus solatarii and in the hilus of the hippocampal formation. Hence, its storage site is such that would be expected of a neurotransmitter candidate. Agmatine binds with high affinity to α2-adrenergic receptors of all subclasses and to the imidazoline receptors of the I1 and I2 subclasses. The fact that amines are present in brain and it binds to α2-adrenergic receptors and IRs raised the question of whether agmatine might, like other bioamines, have biological actions in its own right, possibly as a neurotransmitter-neuromodulator.
The quantitative prediction and interpretation of the vibrational spectra of organophosphorus compounds: Part II. Methylphosphonic difluoride CH3(PO)F2, methylphosphonothioic difluoride CH3(PS)F2 and methylphosphonofluoridic acid CH3(PO)FOH

Abstract The results of ab initio SCF MO calculations made using the 3-21G* and 6-31G* basis sets for three related methylphosphono difluoride compounds are presented. The optimized geometries from these calculations are compared with the experimental bond distances and bond angles obtained from studies of their microwave spectra. The vibrational spectra [frequencies and infrared (IR) intensities] for these three molecules have been calculated using the 3-21G* basis set. The predicted spectra have been compared with the experimental IR spectra of the molecules in the gas phase. The calculated potential-energy distributions provide a basis for assigning the experimental spectra, which is in general agreement with the assignment made previously on the basis of spectra of model compounds and characteristic frequencies. In a few cases the calculations suggest some minor adjustments to the previous assignment. The agreement between the previous assignment and that based on the calculations for CH3(PO)F2 and for CH3(PS)F2 provides support for our assignment of the IR spectrum of CH3(PO)F(OH). The intensity sums are examined, and the calculated values of the “mass-weighted squared effective charges” (one of the invariants of the atomic polar tensors) for all the atoms in all of these molecules are presented.
System a amino acid transport-targeted brain and systemic tumor PET imaging agents 2-amino-3-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpropanoic acid and 3-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methyl-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid.

Abstract Introduction Amino acid based radiotracers target tumor cells through increased uptake by membrane-associated amino acid transport (AAT) systems. In the present study, four structurally related non-natural 18 F-labeled amino acids, ( R )- and ( S )-[ 18 F]FAMP 1 and ( R )- and ( S )-[ 18 F]MeFAMP 2 have been prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their potential utility in brain and systemic tumor imaging based upon primarily system A transport with positron emission tomography (PET). Methods The transport of enantiomers of [ 18 F]FAMP 1 and [ 18 F]MeFAMP 2 was measured through in vitro uptake assays in human derived cancer cells including A549 (lung), DU145 (prostate), SKOV3 (ovary), MDA MB468 (breast) and U87 (brain) in the presence and absence of amino acid transporter inhibitors. The in vivo biodistribution of these tracers was evaluated using tumor mice xenografts at 15, 30, 60 and 120min post injection. Results All four tracers showed moderate to high levels of uptake (1–9%ID/5×10 5 cells) by the cancer cell lines tested in vitro . AAT cell inhibition assays demonstrated that ( R )-[ 18 F] 1 and ( S )-[ 18 F] 1 entered these tumor cells via mixed AATs, likely but not limited to system A and system L. In contrast, ( R )-[ 18 F] 2 and ( S )-[ 18 F] 2 showed high selectivity for system A AAT. Similar to the results of in vitro cell studies, the tumor uptake of all four tracers was good to high and persisted over the 2hours time course of in vivo studies. The accumulation of these tracers was higher in tumor than most normal tissues including blood, brain, muscle, bone, heart, and lung, and the tracers with the highest in vitro selectivity for system A AAT generally demonstrated the best tumor imaging properties. Higher uptake of these tracers was observed in the pancreas, kidney and spleen compared to tumors. Conclusions These preclinical studies demonstrate good imaging properties in a wide range of tumors for all four amino acids evaluated with ( R )-[ 18 F] 2 having the highest selectivity for system A AAT.
Effects of substance P on identified neurons of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.

Previous evidence suggests that substance P (SP) activates subpopulations of neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). In this study we aimed at identifying these subpopulations i...
Characterization of IS476 and its role in bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper.

Abstract IS476 is an endogenous insertion sequence present in copper-tolerant strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Sequence analysis has revealed that the element is 1,225 base pairs in length, has 26-base-pair inverted repeats, and causes a 4-base-pair target site duplication upon insertion into the avirulence gene avrBs1. Comparison of the full-length sequence with sequences in the National Biomedical Research Foundation and National Institutes of Health data bases showed that one of the predicted IS476 proteins is partially homologous to the putative transposase of IS3 from Escherichia coli, and the inverted repeats of IS476 have significant homology to the inverted repeats of the IS51 insertion sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi. A transposition assay based on the insertional inactivation of the sacRB locus of Bacillus subtilis was used to demonstrate that one of the three copies of IS476 residing on the 200-kilobase copper plasmid pXVCU1 is capable of transposition in several strains of Xanthomonas campestris. The position of IS476 insertion in several avrBs1 mutants was established and was shown to influence both induction of hypersensitivity and bacterial growth in planta.
Frequency fluctuations in thickness shear resonators induced by absorption and desorption of surface molecules

The resonant modes of cylindrically symmetric film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are found by variational analysis. The FBARs under consideration are fabricated by depositing gold, zinc oxide, and aluminum films onto a membrane of fused quartz. The method of analysis allows the transducer and the membrane to have unequal diameters. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the transducer diameter on the mode spectrum, particularly the intermode spacing. Each trial function used in the analysis is a product of a radial and an axial function. It is desirable for the trial functions to have local support and a certain degree of smoothness. The Schoenberg cubic B-spline satisfies these criteria. Accurate eigenanalyses are available for several-hundred angularly symmetric modes. >
Collecting costs of community prevention programs: communities putting prevention to work initiative.

Background Community-based programs require substantial investments of resources; however, evaluations of these programs usually lack analyses of program costs. Costs of community-based programs reported in previous literature are limited and have been estimated retrospectively. Purpose To describe a prospective cost data collection approach developed for the Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) program capturing costs for community-based tobacco use and obesity prevention strategies. Methods A web-based cost data collection instrument was developed using an activity-based costing approach. Respondents reported quarterly expenditures on labor; consultants; materials, travel, and services; overhead; partner efforts; and in-kind contributions. Costs were allocated across CPPW objectives and strategies organized around five categories: media, access, point of decision/promotion, price, and social support and services. The instrument was developed in 2010, quarterly data collections took place in 2011–2013, and preliminary analysis was conducted in 2013. Results Preliminary descriptive statistics are presented for the cost data collected from 51 respondents. More than 50% of program costs were for partner organizations, and over 20% of costs were for labor hours. Tobacco communities devoted the majority of their efforts to media strategies. Obesity communities spent more than half of their resources on access strategies. Conclusions Collecting accurate cost information on health promotion and disease prevention programs presents many challenges. The approach presented in this paper is one of the first efforts successfully collecting these types of data and can be replicated for collecting costs from other programs.
The effect of laminectomy on spinal cord blood flow, energy metabolism and ATPase activity.

The purpose of these studies was to determine the effects of dorsal laminectomy on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) energy metabolism, Na +-K +-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and release of arachidonate, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. With the laminectomy site open, SCBF was significantly depressed (22% to 45%) along the entire length of the spinal cord at 15 minutes post-laminectomy. Concurrently, there were significant increases in the tissue levels of the adenine nucleotides adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) and a significant decrease in the tissue energy charge. At one hour after laminectomy, SCBF approached control values if the laminectomy site was closed but remained depressed if the incision was left open. Similarly, at 24 hours postlaminectomy SCBF had normalised if the laminectomy site was closed. However, if within the one hour preceding the 24 hour SCBF measurement, the laminectomy site was reopened, SCBF tended to fall at and caudad to the laminectomy site. Other laminectomy induced changes were: (a) a 66 per cent decline in the activity of the plasma membrane bound enzyme Na+-K+-ATPase between from 2 to 24 hours after laminectomy and (b) a six-fold increase in spinal cord tissue arachidonate levels by 10 minutes after laminectomy. The partial inhibition of Na+-K +-ATPase activity by laminectomy was reversed and actually enhanced 1 -5 to two-fold if the laminectomy site was capped with methyl methacrylate. Postlaminectomy arachidonate values returned to normal levels by 90 minutes of the laminectomy site was continuously covered with 37°C NaCl. These data indicate that laminectomy can cause a significant perturbation in SCBF along with certain tissue biochemical parameters. At the present time, the mechanism(s) for these laminectomy induced changes are unknown although a temperature induced vasoconstriction of spinal cord vessels is suspected. These laminectomy initiated alterations appear to be transient. Cats allowed to recover following laminectomy showed no demonstrable neurological deficit or histologic evidence of tissue damage. Thus, this operative procedure does not appear to permanently affect spinal cord functioning unless, perhaps, there is a pre-existing vascular insufficiency. (Supported by the Veterans Administration, Cincinnati, OH)
Indirect intestinal stimulatory effects of heroin: Direct action ion opiate receptors

Abstract The effects of bolus intra-arterial doses of heroin and other stimulant drugs were studied in vascularly perfuseb isolated segments of dog small intestine. Heroin caused dose-related increases in ultraluminal pressure similar in appearance to those caused by morphine. Perfusion with Krebs bicarbonate solution containing naloxone selectively abolished intestinal responses to heroin. Perfusion with cinanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist, decreased intestinal responses to 5-HT and heroin without affecting responses to dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) or bethanechol (BeCh). Tetrodotoxin reduced responses to heroin, 5-HT and DMPP but not responses to BeCh. Atropine antagonized contractile responses to all 4 stimulatory agents. These data indicate that heroin interacts with a conventional opiate receptor in the intestine and that the intestinal stimulatory effect of heroin is mediated by the release of endogenous 5-HT which activates intramural cholinergic neurons.
Hyaluronan synthesis by epiphysial chondrocytes is regulated by growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, parathyroid hormone and transforming growth factor-β1

In a previous study, we presented evidence that the synthesis of hyaluronan by hypertrophic chondrocytes is one of the principal factors driving the interstitial expansion of the growth plate (Pavasant et al., J. Cell Sci. 109: 327–334. 1996). To test this possibility further, we used two different approaches to examine the effects of hormones on the production of hyaluronan in the growth plate. In the first approach, we examined the growth plate of the lit/lit mouse that lacks growth hormone and found that its hypertrophic lacunae were smaller and contained less hyaluronan than those of wild type mice. Moreover, the ratios of hyaluronan staining density to total area of the lacunae were similar for the lit/lit and the wt/wt mice, indicating that the amount of hyaluronan is directly related to lacuna size. In the second approach, we examined the effects of hormones on segments of the epiphysial growth plate placed in organ culture. Under normal culture conditions, a band of hyaluronan staining progressed across the length of the growth plate, reflecting the maturation of chondrocytes into the hypertrophic stage. When insulin-like growth factor-1, a factor known to promote chondrocyte maturation, was added to the culture medium, the production of hyaluronan and the enlargement of the lacunae were stimulated. In contrast, when either parathyroid hormone or transforming growth factor-β1, both of which inhibit chondrocyte differentiation, was added to the medium of cultured segments, new pericellular hyaluronan was not detected and the lacunae did not enlarge. Taken together, these results indicate that factors that either stimulate or inhibit the maturation of epiphysial chondrocytes have a corresponding effect on the production of hyaluronan. This, in turn, further supports the importance of hyaluronan in the process of lacuna enlargement.
Fifteen Years of Foot-in-the Door Research A Meta-Analysis

Meta-analyses were performed on research investigating the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. A total of 120 experimental groups were examined, as well as a subset of the research considered to be pure tests of the foot-in-the-door hypothesis. The statistical combinations were consistent in indicating that the phenomenon, although replicable, is weak and not nearly as robust as assumed. Nearly half of the studies either produced no effects or effects in the wrong direction. The common self-perception explanation was found to be imprecise in leading to clear predictions; nevertheless, data were presented that have implications for the theory. A number of potentially mediating variables were examined. New theorctical development and clarification of underlying proceses are needed.
Angular distribution of the photoelectron spectra for ethylene, propylene, butene and butadiene☆

Abstract The photoelectron spectra using the He I resonance line (21.22 eV) were measured for ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, cis-butene, trans-butene and 1,3-butadiene as a function of angle between the direction of the incoming photons and outgoing photoelectrons. From these data the angular parameter, β, is obtained for each photoelectron peak in each spectrum. The β value is a function of the energy of the photoelectron and the nature of the molecular orbital from which the photoelectron is ejected. A qualitative comparison is made between the experimentally derived β values and the molecular orbital assignments. In particular, it is noted that the photoelectron peak corresponding to the CC double bond π orbital yields a relatively high value of β. This has led in the case of butadiene to a confirmation that the first two photoelectron peaks both result from ionization in π orbitals.
Augmented neuronal activity in the hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Previous studies indicate a tonic GABAergic inhibitory mechanism in the posterior hypothalamus (PH) contributes to modulating cardiovascular activity. Blockade of GABA receptors on neurons in this area elicits an increase in sympathetic discharge, arterial pressure, and heart rate. It has been proposed that a deficit in this inhibitory system may be responsible for the elevated pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The purpose of this study was to determine if the spontaneous neuronal activity in the posterior hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats differs from that of age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Single unit, extracellular recordings of posterior hypothalamic neurons were performed on both in vivo and in vitro preparations. The spontaneous firing rate of posterior hypothalamic neurons in the anesthetized adult SHR was significantly higher (3.66±0.55 Hz) compared to that of the anesthetized adult WKY rat (2.11±0.29 Hz). Moreover, more of the neurons in the anesthetized SHR (38%) had a bursting discharge pattern than in the WKY (16%). In order to exclude inputs from peripheral receptors or other brain areas, an in vitro preparation was used. Neurons from both young and adult SHRs also had an increased spontaneous discharge rate and higher percentage of burster-type cells in the posterior hypothalamus compared to neurons from age-matched WKYs in the brain slice preparation. Both the in vivo and in vitro findings support the possibility that an elevated neuronal activity in the posterior hypothalamus, a known pressor area, of the SHR contributes to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in this animal model.
Reaction route graphs. III. Non-minimal kinetic mechanisms.

The concept of reaction route (RR) graphs introduced recently by us for kinetic mechanisms that produce minimal graphs is extended to the problem of non-minimal kinetic mechanisms for the case of a single overall reaction (OR). A RR graph is said to be minimal if all of the stoichiometric numbers in all direct RRs of the mechanism are equal to ±1 and non-minimal if at least one stoichiometric number in a direct RR is non-unity, e.g., equal to ±2. For a given mechanism, four unique topological characteristics of RR graphs are defined and enumerated, namely, direct full routes (FRs), empty routes (ERs), intermediate nodes (INs), and terminal nodes (TNs). These are further utilized to construct the RR graphs. One algorithm involves viewing each IN as a central node in a RR sub-graph. As a result, the construction and enumeration of RR graphs are reduced to the problem of balancing the peripheral nodes in the RR sub-graphs according to the list of FRs, ERs, INs, and TNs. An alternate method involves using an ...
A reappraisal of the role of prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited small cell lung cancer.

Abstract The use of prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited stage small cell lung cancer remains controversial. Prospective trials have demonstrated that PCI can reduce central nervous system relapse rates, but the impact on survival remains questionable except for the possible evidence of a beneficial effect for long term survivors. With higher rates of thoracic control now obtainable with hyperfractionated radiation and concomitant chemotherapy, it becomes important to analyze the benefit of PCI in that setting. Before 1982, we included PCI in the management of all patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer; thereafter, we discontinued its use. This report compares the outcome of the two treatment approaches and addresses the role of PCI among patients who achieve durable local control. There were 36 limited stage small cell lung cancer patients treated with PCI from 1979–1982 and 26 patients treated without PCI from 1985–1989. Induction chemotherapy was followed in both groups by thoracic irradiation (45 Gy). The PCI patients received 30 Gy to the whole brain in 10 fractions. Both groups received maintenance chemotherapy. Of complete responders, brain failure was the first failure in 18% (422) of PCI (+) versus 45% (1022) of PCI (−) ( p = .04). Survival at 2 years was 42% for PCI (+) versus 13% for PCI (−) ( p p = .03). For this same subset the 2-year survival was 56% PCI (+) versus 14% PCI (−) ( p
Establishiment of Kleingrass with Annual Ryegrass and Other Cultural Treatments

(...) Hand-weeding during establishment increased kleingrass forage production to 22 times that was produced in an unweeded control. Kleingrass was successfully established at one site by seeding into annual ryegrass stubble. The stand persisted for 3 yr with little maintenance. The beneficial effects of annual ryegrass cover during the winter before seeding kleingrass were not conformed in all experiments. Kleingrass establishment following winter cover crops of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), oat (Avena sativa L.) or weeds was poor. (...)
Z-scan studies of nonlinear absorption and refraction in bulk, undoped InP

Abstract The Z-scan experimental technique has been employed to measure the two-photon absorption coefficient, β, bound electronic nonlinear refractive index, γ, and free-carrier refractive index, σr, in bulk, undoped InP at 1060 nm. We find β≈90 cm/GW, γ≈ − 1.5×10−12 cm2/W and σr≈ − 0.4×10−21 cm3, and compare these values to theoretical calculations.
A model study of alkali promotion of water-gas shift catalysts: Cs/Cu(111)

The kinetics of the forward water-gas shift reaction (H2O+CO→H2+CO2) have been measured on a Cs-doped Cu(111) single-crystal surface at pressures near 40 Torr. The Cs is dosed from aqueous CsOH solution and dried in air. The surface structures have been characterized by XPS, AES, LEED, and ISS both before and after reaction. The activity of the Cu(111) surface increases with increasing Cs coverage until it reaches a maximum at θCs⋍0.13, where the rate is fifteen times that for Cs-free Cu(111). At higher coverages the rate decreases. The as-dosed surface is oxidized to Cu2O to a depth ≥20 A. After brief treatments (
Toward a Classical-Relational Synthesis: Introduction to a Case of “Perversion”

Perversion is one of the most elusive of all the psychoanalytic categories. As Stephen Hartman (this issue) writes, “Perversion is a slippery topic” (p. 408). This may well reflect the condition it...
Effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II on Protecting Myoblast Cells Against Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis Through p70 S6 Kinase Pathway

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-II) is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and has both mitogenic and antiapoptotic activity. Although the mechanisms of IGF-II-induced proliferation have been well studied, the mechanisms underlying its survival signaling have been less well characterized. In this report, we investigated the role of IGF-II on cisplatin-induced apoptosis. We found that IGF-II overexpression was associated with an increase in p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70 S6K). Cisplatin treatment of C2C12 mouse myoblasts led to cell death associated with an inhibition of p70 S6K activity. Endogenous or exogenous IGF-II addition to C2C12 cells caused protection to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. This protection was associated in both cases with an increase in p70 S6K basal activity as well as resistance to cisplatin-induced decreased activity. Blockade of p70 S6K activation by rapamycin abrogated the IGF-II-mediated protection of cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment of IGF-II-overexpressing Rh30 and CTR rhabdomyosarcoma cells with rapamycin restored sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These data together suggest that IGF-II-associated protection to cisplatin-induced apoptosis is mediated through an activation of the p70 S6K pathway. Thus, inhibition of the p70 S6 pathway may enhance chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in the treatment of IGF-II-overexpressing tumors.
Inelastic electron scattering at 180° from 14C

Abstract Inelastic scattering of 37, 50, and 60 MeV electrons at 180° from 14 C has been studied. Cross sections for the excitation of eight states in 14 C with excitation energy less than 16 MeV have been observed. Most of the strength is observed to be concentrated in one transition at 11.31 MeV which is assigned a spin and parity of 1 + . The total width of this state is observed to be 207 ± 13 keV, while the electromagnetic transition width is determined to be 6.8 ± 1.4 eV.
The natural history and growth rate of asymptomatic meningiomas: a review of 60 patients

Little is known about the natural history and growth rate of asymptomatic meningiomas. To better delineate this problem, the authors reviewed the clinical records and imaging studies of the last 60 patients diagnosed with asymptomatic meningiomas at their institution. There were 45 women and 15 men, whose ages ranged from 38 to 84 years, with a mean age of 66 years. The most common tumor location was convexity (25 patients), but virtually all locations were represented. Three patients were lost to follow up. The average clinical follow-up review of the remaining 57 patients was 32 months (range 6 months to 15 years). None of the patients became symptomatic from an enlarging tumor during their follow-up period. Typically, once a meningioma was diagnosed, follow-up scans were obtained at 3 months, 9 months, and then yearly or every other year thereafter. Forty-five patients underwent follow-up scans, with comparison of tumor size to that found on the initial scan, over a period ranging from 3 months to 15 years. Thirty-five patients have shown no growth in their tumor size, with an average imaging follow up of 29 months (range 3-72 months). Ten patients have shown tumor growth calculated as an increase in the maximum diameter of the tumor. This growth ranged from 0.2 cm over 180 months to 1 cm over 12 months, with an average of 0.24 cm per year. Average imaging follow up for these patients was 47 months (range 6 months to 15 years). The authors conclude that patients with asymptomatic meningiomas need close clinical and radiological follow up to rule out other disease processes and to rule out rapidly enlarging tumors. Although the average follow-up time was short, the vast majority of these tumors appeared to show minimal or no growth over periods of time measured in years. With modern noninvasive imaging techniques, these tumors can be safely observed until they enlarge significantly or become symptomatic.
A comparison of two teaching methods in an introductory college nutrition course: Lecture vs. personalized system of instruction

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the personalized system of instruction (PSI) and the traditional lecture method of instruction on acquisition and retention of knowledge in an introductory college nutrition course. Thirty-five students were taught by the lecture method while 33 students were taught by PSI. Students randomly assigned to both methods of instruction were found to be evenly matched by grade point averages and previous nutrition knowledge (established by a pretest). PSI students learned more course information as determined by three exams, each of which covered approximately one-third of the course material. In addition, PSI students retained more material than did lecture students. This statistically reliable difference was established by a posttest given to 82.5% of the lecture students and 87.9% of the PSI students five months after course completion. Thus, compared to students taught by the traditional lecture method, students taught by PSI not only acquired more nutrition knowledge, they also retained more of that knowledge.
Harnessing Information Technology (IT) for Use in Production Agriculture

Internet based, Information Technology (IT) offers opportunities to agricultural scientists to share information important to production agriculture. We offer an objective view for how IT can be used to manipulate data, information, and knowledge. The application of these technologies in other domains serves as a lesson to how they might be used to benefit production agriculture. We discuss three related technologies that have the potential to improve information flow among agricultural stakeholders and identify a number of trends (increased robustness, standardization of data formats, and reduced cost of implementation) that make them impor- tant tools for production agriculture.
Batesonian epistemology, Bushman n/om‐kxaosi, and rock art

Purpose – Aims to define the conceptual tools of Gregory Bateson's epistemology – the nature of difference, logical typing, and recursion – and to apply this to understanding how we can approach the analysis of ethnographic reports of the Bushman n/om‐kxaosi (shamans) and the Bushman rock art of Southern Africa.Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that kinesthetic interaction with n/om‐kxaosi provides a vehicle for learning their way of construing the world.Findings – The n/om‐kxaosi have a kinesthetic lexicon and a set of dominant metaphors rooted to their ecstatic body expression that provide coherence to their ways of healing and spiritual understanding. The previously assumed incoherent nature of Bushman religious views noted by anthropologists is argued to have been the consequence of underestimating the importance Bushman thinking gives to circularity and transformation of all aspects of their experience.Originality/value – Illuminates the analysis of the Bushman culture.
Estrogen receptor beta regulates the expression of tryptophan-hydroxylase 2 mRNA within serotonergic neurons of the rat dorsal raphe nuclei.

Dysfunctions of the brain 5-HT system are often associated with affective disorders, such as depression. The raphe nuclei target the limbic system and most forebrain areas and constitute the main source of 5-HT in the brain. All 5-HT neurons express tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), the brain specific, rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis. Estrogen receptor (ER) beta agonists have been shown to attenuate anxiety- and despair-like behaviors in rodent models. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that ERbeta may contribute to the regulation of gene expression in 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) by examining the effects of systemic and local application of the selective ERbeta agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) on tph2 mRNA expression. Ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were injected s.c. with DPN or vehicle once daily for 8 days. In situ hybridization revealed that systemic DPN-treatment elevated basal tph2 mRNA expression in the caudal and mid-dorsal DRN. Behavioral testing of all animals in the open field (OF) and on the elevated plus maze (EPM) on days 6 and 7 of treatment confirmed the anxiolytic nature of ERbeta activation. Another cohort of female OVX rats was stereotaxically implanted bilaterally with hormone-containing wax pellets flanking the DRN. Pellets contained 17-beta-estradiol (E), DPN, or no hormone. Both DPN and E significantly enhanced tph2 mRNA expression in the mid-dorsal DRN. DPN also increased tph2 mRNA in the caudal DRN. DPN- and E-treated rats displayed a more active stress-coping behavior in the forced-swim test (FST). No behavioral differences were found in the OF or on the EPM. These data indicate that ERbeta acts at the level of the rat DRN to modulate tph2 mRNA expression and thereby influence 5-HT synthesis in DRN subregions. Our results also suggest that local activation of ERbeta neurons in the DRN may be sufficient to decrease despair-like behavior, but not anxiolytic behaviors.
Photometry of Precessing Torses

The photometry of the flux received from a rotating, reflecting surface is developed. In cases where Lambert’s law of diffuse reflection holds, a self-conjugate photometric dyadic can be defined, which determines the received flux when the unit vector to the observer and the unit-vector to the source of collimated flux incident on the reflecting surface are given.In the case where the reflecting surface is a torse of convex curvature, the time dependence of the received reflected flux from the surface can be represented as a Fourier series terminating with sines and cosines in 2Ωt. From the coefficients of this series the direction cosines of the precession vector and the three components of the diagonal photometric dyadic may be derived.
A Note on Gough Stiffness and Tread Life

Abstract The Gough in‐plane bending stiffness of JR78‐15 radial tires with various belt constructions was calculated by the continuum method. The resulting smooth curve of experimental tread life versus Gough stiffness agreed with previously published data.
On the skin friction coefficient for a fully rough flat plate

A comparison of the Prandtl-Schlichting formula for skin friction of a fully rough plate with recently obtained experimental data shows an average error of 17.5 percent. It is suggested that the reason for this discrepancy is a failure to account for the wake component of the velocity profile. The integral momentum equation is used to derive a new skin friction theory which when compared to the same data gives an average error of 2.7 percent. A new skin friction formula is proposed which is valid over a wide parameter range.