cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolution Limitations And Optimization Of The ITT F4157 Streak Tube Focus For 10-Ps Operation

We studied the focusing properties of an ITT F4157 image tube that was biased at voltages far from the original design and is used for operation in an ultrafast (10 ps) streak camera. Its output resolution at streak camera operating potentials was measured as a function of input slit width, incident-light wavelength, and focus-grid voltage, with results similar to those reported for the RCA C73435 streak tube. The temporal resolution is insensitive to focus-grid voltage for a narrow (50 μm) input slit, but is very sensitive to focus-grid voltage for a wide (500 μm) input slit. Spatial resolution is nearly independent of focus-grid voltage for values that give good temporal resolution. Both temporal and spatial resolution depend on the incident-light wavelength. Streak camera operation is simulated with a computer program that calculates photoelectron trajectories. Electron ray tracing describes the observed effects of slit width, incident-light wavelength, and focus-grid voltage on the output resolution.
Liver transplantation from non–heart beating donors in rats: Influence of viscosity and temperature of initial flushing solutions on graft function

Abstract BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effect of warm (37 degrees C) versus cold (4 degrees C) solutions as the initial flush for liver preservation from non-heart beating donors in rats. METHODS: An initial flush was performed just before donor hepatectomy with cold or warm University of Wisconsin solution (UW), UW without hydroxyethyl starch, sodium lactobionate sucrose solution, or lactated Ringer's solution as the control group. A separate group also used as control received no initial flushing. Liver transplantation was performed, and the graft function was determined by survival and assessment of enzyme release. The viscosity of each solution and the vascular resistance of the graft were measured. RESULTS: The 7-day survival rate was 83% and 100% in the warm and cold sodium lactobionate sucrose solution groups and 60% and 50% in the warm and cold lactated Ringer's solution groups, respectively. In the no-initial-flush group, rats did not survive. The 7-day survival rate was 67% and 0% in the warm and cold UW groups, respectively. Eliminating the hydroxyethyl starch from the cold UW improved the survival to 67%. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels 1 day after transplantation in the no-initial-flush and the cold UW groups were significantly higher than those of the remaining groups. At 4 degrees C the viscosity was higher in the UW (86.2 cp) compared to hydroxyethyl starch-free UW solution (30.9 cp), lactated Ringer's solution (24.5 cp), and sodium lactobionate sucrose solution (32.7 cp). The viscosity of UW at 37 degrees C was 34.7 cp. Vascular resistance correlated well with the viscosity. Livers flushed with solutions with a low viscosity showed lower vascular resistance than those flushed with cold UW and led to better survival. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the viscosity of the initial flushing solution may play an important role in determining the outcome of organ procurement from non- heart beating donors. (Liver Transpl Surg 1997 Jan;3(1):39-45)
Ulcerative colitis, infliximab, and hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: who is to blame? Case Report.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) is a rare vascular neoplasm that was first described by Weiss and Enzinger [1982]. The natural history and clinical course of EH is largely unknown given its rarity, but its malignant potential is thought to range between that of a benign hemangioma to a malignant angiosarcoma [Woodall et al. 2008; Mehrabi et al. 2006; Uchimura et al. 2001]. Primary disease can involve soft tissue and visceral organs to include heart, spleen, lung, bone, and lymph nodes [Woodall et al. 2008; Mehrabi et al. 2006]. Primary malignant hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEH) is an exceptionally rare tumor with a reported incidence of less than 0.1 per 100,000, with less than 440 published reports in the literature [Mehrabi et al. 2006]. The exact etiopathogenesis of HEH is unknown but possible etiologic factors have been described to include oral contraceptives, vinyl chloride, asbestos, hepatic trauma, viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and alcohol consumption [Mehrabi et al. 2006].
Experimental evaluation and modeling of sulfur content and anisotropy of sulfide inclusions on fatigue behavior of steels

Abstract This paper presents and discusses experimental results on the effect of sulfur content and sulfide inclusions on fatigue behavior of steels with different sulfur and hardness levels under different loading directions. Ductility and toughness of the transverse samples were found to reduce considerably by the increase in sulfur content, while the differences in the yield and ultimate tensile strengths were not significant. High sulfur resulted in significant adverse effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior of the transverse samples, particularly in the long life regime. The difference between the high and low sulfur materials was larger at the higher hardness level. Both sub-surface and surface failure modes were observed at long lives, where the sub-surface failures exhibited much longer life. The √area parameter was used to estimate the fatigue limit of the materials used, resulting in reasonable estimations in most cases. Roessle–Fatemi equation, which is used to predict the strain-life curve of steels based on hardness, was modified in order to incorporate the effects of sulfur under transverse loading. It is shown that this modified equation results in relatively good predictions of fatigue lives.
Genetic determinants of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis affects approximately 10% of individuals in Western societies by the seventh decade of life. The most common form, idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, results from the interaction of multiple genes and their interplay with dietary and environmental factors. To date, considerable progress has been made in identifying the metabolic risk factors that predispose to this complex trait, among which hypercalciuria predominates. The specific genetic and epigenetic factors involved in urolithiasis have remained less clear, partly owing to the candidate gene and linkage methods that have been available until now, being inherently low in their power of resolution and in assessing modest effects in complex traits. However, together with investigations of rare, Mendelian forms of urolithiasis associated with various metabolic risk factors, these methods have afforded insights into biological pathways that seem to underlie the development of stones in the urinary tract. Monogenic diseases account for a greater proportion of stone formers in children and adolescents than in adults. Early diagnosis of monogenic forms of urolithiasis is of importance owing to associated renal injury and other potentially treatable disease manifestations, but diagnosis is often delayed because of a lack of familiarity with these rare disorders. In this Review, we will discuss advances in the understanding of the genetics underlying polygenic and monogenic forms of urolithiasis.
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry For Clinical Applications

Flow Cytometry facilities are well established and provide immunophenotyping and DNA content measurement services. The application of immunophenotyping has been primarily in monitoring therapy and in providing further information to aid in the definitive diagnosis of immunological and neoplastic disease such as: immunodeficiency disease, auto immune disease, organ transplantation, and leukemia and lymphoma. DNA content measurements have been particularly important in determining the fraction of cycling cells and presence of aneuploid cells in neoplasia. This information has been useful in the management of patients with solid tumors.
Responses of embryonic Cyathura polita (stimpson) (Isopoda: Anthuridea) to varying salinities

The salinity responses of the embryonic stages of the isopodCyathura polita have been studied. The development of cleaving eggs and embryos from the two cell stage through juveniles leaving the marsupium was observed in salinities of 0, 0.5, 10, 20, 30 and 40‰ The role of the embryonic membranes in osmoregulation was examined by various combinations of membrane removals and determinations of freezing point depressions of embryonic fluids in the various salinities. The marsupial stages are the most salinity sensitive stages in the life cycle. Normal development can proceed in water with salinities in the interval between 0 and 30‰ The vitelline and embryonic membranes osmoregulate, maintaining concentration differences in dilute and concentrated media. Membrane shedding is an osmotic process and is the developmental event most vulnerable to osmotic disruption. Fluids within the vitelline and embryonic membranes are favorable to water uptake in 0 to 20‰, but not in 30 and 40‰ After hatching, membrane-less juveniles are limited hyperosmotic regulators. The distribution ofC. polita conforms to the salinity limitations of the marsupial stages.
Conductance of anhydrous lanthanide chlorides in ethanol and methanol

Abstract The electrical conductance data measured at 20° and 45°C show a maximum at gadolinium for the anhydrous lanthanide chlorides dissolved separately in ethanol and methanol. This is one of a few properties of the lanthanides in which an extreme value is found at gadolinium.
Stimulus configuration, spatial learning, and hippocampal function

Schmajuk and DiCarlo (Psychol. Rev., 99 (1992) 268-305) introduced a neural network, which utilizes a biologically plausible backpropagation procedure, to describe configural paradigms in classical conditioning. The model correctly describes many experimental results under the assumption that aspiration lesions of the hippocampus eliminate (a) the competition between simple and configural stimuli to gain association with the unconditioned stimulus and (b) the adjustment of initially random configural stimuli. The present study extends the network to describe place learning. Under the assumption that ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus only impair the adjustment of initially random configural stimuli, the model correctly shows that ibotenic acid lesions might spare a configural discrimination but impair place learning. In general, the results are taken to support a hippocampal role in the modulation of stimulus configuration.
A test of two theories in the initial process stage of coalition formation

Males and females participated in a coalition formation procedure by interacting with a computer program that simulated a pachisi game situation. All players occupied position A in the triad, where A > B > C and A < (B + C). The female partner preference data supported a weighted probability model of coalition formation over a bargaining theory. The male partner preference data did not support either theory. Females tended to prefer player B and present a lower initial bargaining demand than males. Three of the six factors of the Shure and Meeker personality and attitude schedule which were related to players' initial bargaining demands were authoritarian nationalism, suspiciousness, and risk avoidance. Males and females differed significantly on these same three Shure and Meeker factors.
Further investigations on electronically controlled hydrogen storage and direct injection system for automotive applications

Abstract Two components of a recently unveiled hydrogen supply system for automotive use were further investigated: the thermocontrolled tank and the multipoint system for direct hydrogen injection. The behaviour of the thermocontrolled tank has been simulated for use in vehicles at particular driving conditions and heat transfer. The tank insulation requirements and the engine waste heat supply have also been determined. Simulation results will be used for building a prototype tank. The hydrogen injection system has been tested under different engine working conditions. The injectors were placed at various distances from the metering valve to investigate the feasibility of controlling the supply of several injectors through a single metering valve. The test results showed a relatively small impact of the length and volume of the injection pipes on the discharge characteristics of the injectors.
Modeling and Forecasting Cointegrated Variables: Some Practical Experience

Abstract Although the issue of identifying cointegrating relationships between time-series variables has become increasingly important in recent years, economists have yet to reach an agreement on the appropriate manner of modeling such relationships. In this paper, we attempt to distinguish between modeling techniques through a comparison of forecast statistics, while focusing on the issue of whether or not imposing cointegrating restrictions via an error-correction model improves long-run forecasts. We find that imposing cointegrating restrictions often improves forecasting power, and that these improvements are most likely to occur in models which exhibit strong evidence of cointegration between variables.
Bedside to bench and back again: translational neuroscience research and geriatric psychiatry.

Received January 2, 2004; revised January 9, 2004; accepted January 16, 2004. From the Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology Program, the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Send correspondence to Steven E. Arnold, M.D., 547 Clinical Research Bldg., 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104. e-mail: sarnold@mail.med.upenn.edu 2004 American Asociation for Geriatric Psychiatry ”Geriatric mental health research must focus on the full spectrum, from basic research, to clinical interventions, to evidence-based practices and services delivery. There should be increasing emphasis on translational research.”—Geriatric Mental Health Research Summit of the American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry, September 2002
Initial treatment decisions by level of care for youth in the CHAMPUS Tidewater Demonstration

Over a three-year span, the level of care initially provided to children and adolescents receiving mental health services under a CHAMPUS Demonstration in the Tidewater area of Virginia shifted dramatically to less restrictive and less expensive settings, consistent with national policy. Issues about the quality of care under this cost containment model (which includes fiscal incentives for the contractor) are explored; criteria for placement decisions require further attention.
Plant Golgi cell wall synthesis: From genes to enzyme activities

The cell wall provides mechanical support to the plant cells, and the surface wall, which is directly exposed to the extracellular environment, acts as a primary barrier against pathogen attack, mechanical injury, and other environmental stresses. Biophysical properties of the wall in conjunction with the cell turgor pressure determine the rate of cell expansion during primary growth (1). Polysaccharides, the most dominant fraction of the wall, consist of cellulose microfibrils that are embedded in a matrix of hemicellulose and pectin. Matrix polysaccharides in plants are made in the Golgi cisternae and then exported to the wall by exocytosis (2, 3). Cellulose is made at the plasma membrane by a cellulose synthase complex and directly deposited into the cell wall. Whereas the wall chemical composition has been well characterized and many of the enzyme activities for polysaccharide synthases have been biochemically assayed (4, 5), true to its name, the cell wall proved impregnable to the molecular understanding of its synthesis until relatively recently (6). In this issue of PNAS, Liepman et al. (7) present their work on overcoming this barrier by functionally expressing several of the plant genes encoding a wall matrix polysaccharide synthase in a non-plant eukaryotic host, cultured Drosophila cells. Several of the enzyme activities for the wall polysaccharide synthases, including the one the work of Liepman et al. (7) is based on, were identified nearly half a century ago by the pioneering work of Hassid's group (4, 8–10). Preston used the term “stagnation” to describe the state of research on cell wall structure during the whole of the eighteenth century (11). Whereas the intervening period between the classic work of Hassid's group and others (2, 3, 12) and the isolation of the first plant gene for cellulose synthase ( CesA ) was not …
A hydroclimatic index for examining patterns of drought in the Colorado River Basin

To better understand drought occurrence in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) of the southwestern United States we used a hydroclimatic index to create a historical record of drought coverage and analysed the linear trend and relationships with key climate teleconnections. The past century was characterized by an increase in drought coverage during the warm portion of the year almost exclusively as a result of climatic warming. In recent decades, a significant increase in the drought coverage occurred earlier in the year, during the spring season, primarily as a function of warming, but in combination with a decline in precipitation for a significant portion of the basin. The El Nino (La Nina) phase of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is associated with a smaller (larger) area of drought during fall and winter, and the ENSO phase during the preceding six months is a significant predictor. The area of drought within the CRB is larger (smaller) during the warm (cold) phases of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), although the relationship with the PDO is weak. Monthly AMO values for the two years preceding drought provide minor predictability. Decadal averages of drought coverage closely follow those of both the AMO and PDO index. However, the nature of the PDO-drought relationship is reversed over the two halves of the historical record, possibly indicating a dominance of the AMO over the PDO in influencing drought in the region. Teleconnection-drought relationships are stronger for the southern portion of the basin. Trends in drought coverage, the current phases of the AMO and PDO, climate change projections of regional warming, and the likelihood of continued rapid population growth could result in significant water resource problems within the CRB. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Magnetic moments of the 2 1 + states of even-even Te isotopes

The magnetic moments of the 2/sup +//sub 1/ states of /sup 120en-dash130/Te isotopes have been measured by the thin-foil transient field technique. The resulting magnetic moments are discussed in the light of predictions of the vibrational, the quasiparticle, and the interacting boson approximation models.
Bilateral parotid neoplasms

In this case, the experts come out of the starting blocks disagreeing. One expert (Dr. Myers) does not routinely use FNA, relying instead on clinical signs to suspect a malignancy. the other physicians (Drs. Robbins and Suen) obtain an FNA for each parotid mass and use the information in counseling patients. MRI is an important preoperative tool for one physician (Dr. Suen). When faced with bilateral tumors, one approach is to stage the operations to avoid possible bilateral facial nerve injury (Dr. Myers). Other approaches include operating on the larger tumor first if both are benign, the malignant tumor first if one is benign and one malignant, and on both sides under the same anesthetic if both are malignant (Dr. Robbins). The other consultant agrees with this latter approach, with the exception being that in the case of bilateral benign tumors, he would operate on the smaller side first (Dr. Suen). Regarding the role for further surgery, one expert would reoperate if there were a suspicion for residual gross tumor on the facial nerve (Dr. Robbins). The others (Drs. Myers and Suen) agree that the positive margin likely reflects microscopic disease and further surgery is not warranted. Radiotherapy is recommended by all the experts. There is no proven role for chemotherapy. There is disagreement regarding whether the facial nerve should have been removed on the left side. Two experts (Drs. Myers and Suen) agree on peeling tumor off the nerve and following with radiotherapy. However, one physician (Dr. Robbins) believes that the facial nerve should have been removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simultaneous stiffness and position control of the pneumatic artificial muscle actuation system

Variable-stiffness actuators are highly useful in various robotic applications, especially those involving human-machine interaction and energy storage and reuse. To obtain such actuators, the pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) is a very promising candidate, leveraging its multiple advantages such as simple structure, low weight, and controllable stiffness. This paper presents a new robust control methodology, with the purpose of enabling the simultaneous and independent control of position and stiffness of PAM actuation systems. As the basis of this controller, a two-input-two-output dynamic model is established, which incorporates the major non-linearities in the system. Subsequently, the multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) sliding mode control approach is applied, with the purpose of providing a good control performance in the presence of model uncertainties and disturbances. The controller is implemented on an experimental setup, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated via experimental tracking performances of both the system position and stiffness.
DNS Resolvers Considered Harmful

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical component of the Internet infrastructure that has many security vulnerabilities. In particular, shared DNS resolvers are a notorious security weak spot in the system. We propose an unorthodox approach for tackling vulnerabilities in shared DNS resolvers: removing shared DNS resolvers entirely and leaving recursive resolution to the clients. We show that the two primary costs of this approach---loss of performance and an increase in system load---are modest and therefore conclude that this approach is beneficial for strengthening the DNS by reducing the attack surface.
Receiver sites for accurate indoor position location systems

Hyperbolic radio-location systems possess intrinsic uncertainty that depends on the sensor's geometry and the modulation's time resolution. In this paper the best locations for the receivers to minimize the uncertainty in 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-dimensional (3-D) models for indoor systems are found. For this purpose the minimum number of receivers with clear line-of-sight (LOS) to the emitter, required for locating a source, are three and four in 2-D and 3-D respectively. For 2-D, a triangular area and for 3-D a tetrahedron volume are considered the building blocks that are used to extend results to more arbitrarily shaped areas. The criteria for minimization of location uncertainty is uncertainty area or the largest diagonal in 2-D and the multiplication of line-of-position (LOP) errors in 3-D. Finally a theorem is given for the number of sensors that is sufficient to cover the entire area in 2-D and 3-D cases.
NSF workshop on “Distributed information, computation and process management for scientific and engineering environments”

An Invitational Workshop on Distributed Information, Computation, and Process Management for Scientific and Engineering Environments (DICPM 2) was held at the Hyatt Dulles in Hemdon, Virginia, USA, on May 15-16, 1998. The objective of the workshop was to bring together domain scientists involved with the development and utilization of simulations of complex systems and computer scientists working on distributed intelligent repositories and process management. The application of further research efforts along these lines will help to increase the availability, effectiveness, and utilization of large-scale, multidisciplinary distributed scientific and engineering systems. Funding for the workshop was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The 51 participants were drawn from academia, industry, and government, including program managers from NSF, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The final detailed report of the workshop will be available after July 30, 1998, at the workshop web site.
Is Polarization a Myth

This article uses data from the American National Election Studies and national exit polls to test Fiorina's assertion that ideological polarization in the American public is a myth. Fiorina argues that twenty-first-century Americans, like the midtwentieth-century Americans described by Converse, “are not very well-informed about politics, do not hold many of their views very strongly, and are not ideological” (2006, 19). However, our evidence indicates that since the 1970s, ideological polarization has increased dramatically among the mass public in the United States as well as among political elites. There are now large differences in outlook between Democrats and Republicans, between red state voters and blue state voters, and between religious voters and secular voters. These divisions are not confined to a small minority of activists—they involve a large segment of the public and the deepest divisions are found among the most interested, informed, and active citizens. Moreover, contrary to Fiorina's ...
Human Evolution and Its Relevance for Genetic Epidemiology

AbstractThe invitation to write the prefatory article to this volume of the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics inspired me to collect some thoughts, a few involving ideas that are not new, but perhaps worth resurrecting in light of recent observations made with the data emerging from the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP). Data from the many relevant studies based on the HGDP have been made public, as was originally the hope and plan of the project. Here I try to give a short summary of the evolution of modern humans, a unique species in many respects but of special interest to readers of this volume, and a few thoughts on the general rates of evolution that might be relevant to medical genetics and genetic epidemiology. I have made no attempt to give a general bibliography, not even of results from the HGDP, since most authors' conclusions are still unpublished. Citations are limited to very few general concepts and articles discussed in this preface.
Fugue: a computer mediated conversational system that supports turn negotiation

Computer mediated communication (CMC) systems are providing new ways to communicate. Yet many text-based CMC systems do not represent the invisible, interactive practices, such as turn-negotiation, commonly found in face-to-face (FTF) conversations. Designing new text structures may help address these problems. To explore the effects of adding rhythmic, non-verbal cues to computer-mediated communication (CMC), we developed Fugue, a networked environment that creates visualizations of conversations as they occur, dynamically highlighting social presence and turn-negotiating events on a two-dimensional grid. In this paper we examine traditional text-based conversation systems, the role of turn-negotiating, social presence and activity in FTF communication, and how Fugue makes these non-verbal linguistic cues explicit within a graphical display.
Some Valid Inequalities for the Set Partitioning Problem

We introduce a family of inequalities derived from the logical implications of set partitioning constraints and investigate their properties and potential uses. We start with a class of homogeneous canonical inequalities that we call elementary, and discuss conditions under which they are (a) valid, (b) cutting planes, (c) maximal, and (d) facets or improper faces of the set partitioning polytope. We give two procedures for strengthening nonmaximal valid elementary inequalities. Next we derive two nonhomogeneous equivalents of the elementary inequalities, which are of the set packing and set covering types respectively. Using the first of these equivalents, we introduce a “strong” intersection graph, a supergraph of the (common) intersection graph, whose facet generating subgraphs (cliques, odd holes, etc.) give rise to valid inequalities for the set partitioning problem. These inequalities subsume or dominate the similar inequalities that one can derive for the associated set packing problem. One subclass can be used to enhance orthogonality tests in implicit enumeration or column generating algorithms. Further, we introduce two types of composite inequalities, obtainable by combining elementary inequalities according to specific rules, and some related inequalities obtainable directly from the set partitioning constraints. These inequalities provide convenient primal all-integer cutting planes that offer a greater flexibility and are usually stronger than the earlier cuts which do not use the special structure of the set partitioning problem. In the final section we discuss a primal algorithm which uses these cuts in conjunction with implicit enumeration.
Radiolabeled antibody targeting of the HER-2/neu oncoprotein

The HER-2/ neu oncogene encodes a M r 185,000 transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein which is overexpressed in 25–35% of breast and ovarian neoplasms and portends a poor prognosis. We have studied the feasibility of targeting this oncoprotein, designated p185, with radioiodinated murine monoclonal antibodies (muMABs) 4D5 and 7C2, which recognize distinct epitopes on its extracellular domain. The rates of internalization and catabolism of these antibodies were analyzed by cellular radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy. After binding to NIH3T3 HER-2/ neu cells, which show high surface expression of p185, the muMABs were endocytosed via coated pits, routed to lysosomes, and degraded. Approximately 44% of 125I-4D5 and 39% of 125I-7C2 were catabolized by tumor cells after 24 h. The biodistribution of radiolabeled 4D5 and 7C2 were evaluated in beige/nude mice bearing s.c. NIH3T3 HER-2/ neu grafts. A high specificity of localization was seen with tumor:organ ratios of activity generally ranging from 5:1 to 30:1. However, the percentage injected dose of radioactivity per gram of tumor declined sharply from 25% at 24 h to 5% at 120 h postinjection. Treating the animals with 400–700 µCi 131I-4D5 caused a marked inhibition of tumor growth, although no mice were cured. Unlabeled 4D5 had no effect on tumor progression in this model, but administering 400–700 µCi of 131I-DA4-4, an isotype-matched irrelevant muMAB, resulted in an intermediate degree of growth retardation. Analysis of kinetic blood data and whole-body time-activity curves indicated that the irrelevant conjugate remained in the body 2–3 times longer than 131I-4D5. Radioiodinated anti-HER-2/ neu muMABs are attractive agents for radioimmunodiagnosis and radioimmunotherapy of aggressive HER-2/ neu -positive breast and ovarian carcinomas, but effective strategies for retarding intratumoral catabolism may be necessary to optimize their clinical utility.
Compact fluorescent lighting in Wisconsin: elevated atmospheric emission and landfill deposition post-EISA implementation

The majority of states in the USA, including Wisconsin, have been affected by elevated air, soil and waterborne mercury levels. Health risks associated with mercury increase from the consumption of larger fish species, such as Walleye or Pike, which bio-accumulate mercury in muscle tissue. Federal legislation with the 2011 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards and the Wisconsin legislation on mercury, 2009 Wisconsin Act 44, continue to aim at lowering allowable levels of mercury emissions. Meanwhile, mercury-containing compact fluorescent lights (CFL) sales continue to grow as businesses and consumers move away from energy intensive incandescent light bulbs. An exchange in pollution media is occurring as airborne mercury emissions from coal-burning power plants, the largest anthropogenic source of mercury, are being reduced by lower energy demand and standards, while more universal solid waste containing mercury is generated each time a CFL is disposed. The treatment of CFLs as a 'universal waste' by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) led to the banning of non-household fluorescent bulbs from most municipal solid waste. Although the EPA encourages recycling of bulbs, industry currently recycles fluorescent lamps and CFLs at a rate of only 29%. Monitoring programs at the federal and state level have had only marginal success with industrial and business CFL recycling. The consumer recycling rate is even lower at only 2%. A projected increase in residential CFL use in Wisconsin owing to the ramifications of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 will lead to elevated atmospheric mercury and landfill deposition in Wisconsin.
Double ridged waveguide phase shifters for broadband applications

The author presents an electromagnetic mode matching analysis of dual ridged waveguide phase shifters. The waveguide is loaded with a high dielectric material between the ridges, and the troughs are filled with ferrite toroids. The present structure offers nearly twice the bandwidth and less variation in nonreciprocity versus frequency as compared to the conventional dual toroidal phase shifter. An optimum design that maximizes nonreciprocity has been found. Effects of the dielectric constant and the trough dimensions are also presented. A differential phase shift of more than 100 degrees /cm has been predicted for the new phase shifter. >
Systemic immunosuppression following a single pharyngeal aspiration of 1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene in female B6C3F1 mice

1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene (DBA) is ubiquitous in our environment as a contaminant produced by incomplete combustion of organics from sources such as forest fires, cigarette smoke, and asphalt paving, and it is more immunosuppressive of the T-dependent antibody-forming cell (AFC) response than the well-studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene. The systemic immunosuppressive effects of DBA were investigated following a single pharyngeal aspiration (pa) in female B6C3F1 mice. The immunotoxic effects of DBA were evaluated using numerous assays of varying complexity to evaluate innate (natural killer [NK] cell activity), cell-mediated (T-lymphocyte proliferation, mixed leukocyte response [MLR], cytotoxic T-lymphocyte [CTL] activity, delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]), and humoral immunity (B-lymphocyte proliferation, T-dependent antibody responses). A single pa of DBA at doses up to 30 mg/kg had no effect on NK cell activity, anti-CD3 antibody-mediated T-lymphocyte proliferation, the MLR, or B-...
Microcrystallography, high-pressure cryocooling and BioSAXS at MacCHESS

The Macromolecular Diffraction Facility at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (MacCHESS) is a national research resource supported by the National Center for Research Resources of the US National Institutes of Health. MacCHESS is pursuing several research initiatives designed to benefit both CHESS users and the wider structural biology community. Three initiatives are presented in further detail: microcrystallography, which aims to improve the collection of diffraction data from crystals a few micrometers across, or small well diffracting regions of inhomogeneous crystals, so as to obtain high-resolution structures; pressure cryocooling, which can stabilize transient structures and reduce lattice damage during the cooling process; and BioSAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering on biological solutions), which can extract molecular shape and other structural information from macromolecules in solution.
Cognitive and motor impairments predict functional declines in patients with vascular dementia

Background Vascular dementia (VaD) is associated with impairments in cognitive, motor, and functional domains. Patients with VaD display diverse cognitive and motor deficits, however, and relationships between these impairments and independent living abilities remain unclear. Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contributions made by attentional/executive and motor functions in the prediction of basic and instrumental activities of daily living in 32 patients with VaD. We hypothesized that: (a) motor abilities would emerge as a significant predictor of basic activities of daily living, whereas attentional/executive abilities would not, and (b) both motor and attentional/executive abilities would emerge as significant predictors of instrumental activities of daily living. Results Stepwise regression analyses revealed that motor performance, but not attentional/executive abilities, accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in basic activities of daily living, and that both motor and attentional/executive abilities contributed significantly to the prediction of instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusions These results suggest that attentional/executive and motor impairments may underlie specific aspects of functional disability among patients with VaD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of ANTO molecular systems: Causes of insensitivity of the energetic compound NTO

The ANTO molecular system, which comprises the energetic compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO, with its two lowest-energy conformers L1 and L2), ammonia (NH3), and water (H2O) molecules, is introduced for a theoretical survey of corresponding geometrical structure and localized bonding character. With the medium (or solvent) of H2O and NH3, three intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed in the NTO + NH3 + H2O system would lower the overall molecular energy and stabilize. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Preliminary Comparison of the Endoscopic Transnasal vs the Sublabial Transseptal Approach for Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Macroadenomas

Objective To assess the advantages and disadvantages of an endoscopic transnasal approach to pituitary surgery for a select group of clinically nonfunctioning macroadenomas and to compare results of this approach with the sublabial transseptal approach at a single institution. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas approached endoscopically and 44 matched control patients with the same tumors approacbed sublabially between January 1, 1995, and October 31, 1997. Results At baseline, the groups were not significantly different for age, sex distribution, number of comorbid conditions, visual field defects, degree of anterior pituitary insufficiency, or preoperative assessment of tumor volume or invasiveness. Mean (SD) operative times were significantly reduced in the endoscopic group vs the sublabial group: 2.7 (0.7) hours vs 3.4 (0.9) hours ( P Postoperative assessment of surgical resection and postoperative alterations of anterior pituitary function or visual fields were not significantly different between groups, and complication rates were similar in both groups. Conclusion This endoscopic transnasal approach to pituitary resection results in significantly shorter operative time without compromising the extent of tumor resection. The distinct disadvantage of this approach is an off-center view of the sella and a diminished working channel to the sella turcica. For these reasons, the endoscopic approach or its variation is an alternative to the sublabial approach but should be considered only by experienced pituitary neurosurgeons.
Regeneration in Hydra

Hydra have a remarkable ability to regenerate after bisection or dissociation. Hydra regeneration offers a unique way to investigate ancestral molecular mechanisms leading to the establishment of organizer activity during animal development. Keywords: cnidarian; morphogenesis; organizer activity; evolution
Broadband Planar Modified Aperture Bowtie Antenna

This letter presents a novel broadband planar antenna, the modified aperture bowtie. The design is based upon a bowtie-shaped aperture antenna fed with coplanar waveguide. The antenna and feed occupy a single plane, making the structure ideal for low-profile and conformal applications. The impedance bandwidth of the planar antenna is increased by altering the edge of the bowtie-shaped aperture. The radiation structure was numerically modeled using FEKO and HFSS electromagnetic solvers. The aperture was constructed and measured for comparison to the numerical solution. The fabricated antenna has a 54% bandwidth, an increase of 1.75 GHz at a center frequency of 6.4 GHz due to the modifications.
Patterns, Hypergraphs and Embodied General Intelligence

It is proposed that the creation of artificial general intelligence (AGI) at the human level and ultimately beyond is a problem addressable via integrating computer science algorithms and data structures within a cognitive architecture oriented toward experiential learning. A general conceptual framework for AGI is presented, beginning with a philosophy of mind based on the concept of pattern, then moving to a general mathematical and conceptual framework for modeling intelligent systems, self-modifying evolving probabilistic hypergraphs (SMEPH), and finally to an overview of a specific design for AGI, the Novamente AI engine. The problem of teaching an AGI system is discussed, in the context of Novamente's embodiment in the AGI-SIM simulation world. An educational program based loosely on Piaget's developmental stages is outlined, followed by more detailed consideration of the learning by Novamente in AGI-SIM of the Piagetan infant-level capability of "object permanence".
Thermal stability of nanocrystalline WC–Co powder synthesized by using mechanical milling at low temperature

Nanostructured WC–18% Co powder was synthesized by using cryogenic mechanical milling, and the thermal stability of the nanostructured powder was investigated in detail. The results indicated that the as-synthesized WC–18% Co powder had an average WC particle size of 25 nm. Growth of WC particles occurred above 873 K; however, the average WC particle size remained smaller than 100 nm in the powder isothermally heated for 4 h at 1273 K. Thermal exposure in air at T < 623 K did not result in significant oxidation of the cryomilled powder. The thermal exposure did promote the formation of WO2 and WO3 oxides. The Co6W6C phase was detected by x-ray diffraction in the powder heated in nitrogen at 1273 K, and the phases associated with decarburization of WC, such as W2C, W3C phases, were not observed. With increasing temperature, the dissolution of W and C elements in the Co matrix led to a gradual increase in {111} crystallographic plane spacing, eventually leading to the formation of an amorphous phase.
Robust multi-dimensional Null Space representation for image retrieval and classification

This paper presents a novel system for image retrieval and classification based on a robust multi-dimensional view invariant representation and a linear classifier algorithm. Specifically, multi-dimensional null space invariant (NSI) matrix representation has been derived. Moreover, the robustness of null space representation has been investigated with perturbation analysis in terms of the error ratio and SNR. The proposed representation is invariant to affine transformations and preserves the null space matrix. We use principal component null space analysis (PCNSA) of the NSI operator for recognition, indexing, and retrieval of 2D and 3D images. We rely on PCNSA to determine the distance of a query image to the centroid of the class, which is a statistical information vector in the PCNSA algorithm representing the corresponding class of the object. Our results shows that NSI provides a robust and powerful approach to image recognition and classification even when the query image or the stored image has been subjected to unknown affine transformations due to camera motions.
Timing-Aware Power-Noise Reduction in Placement

We describe a placement-level decoupling capacitance (decap) insertion technique whose objective is to reduce power noise, taking into account circuit timing. Our approach consists of prediction and correction steps. Before placement, we estimate the power noise of each cell considering switching frequency of cells that, after placement, will most likely be in the neighborhood. If a frequently switching cell has neighbors that switch infrequently, it is unlikely that this cell will suffer from a power-noise problem. Based on the cell power-noise estimation, we add decap padding to each cell. Then, we invoke a standard cell placement tool and perform power grid analysis. We eliminate the power grid noise by gate sizing. Our technique can allocate decaps to improve power noise, power consumption, and timing. We propose two gate-sizing algorithms. The first one uses a sequence of linear programs (SLP) formulation, and the second one uses a budgeting-based heuristic algorithm. The SLP algorithm can produce better power-noise results than the heuristic, at the expense of runtime. Experimental results show that our techniques can effectively reduce power noise and still meet timing constraints
SEPARATION OF DITERPENOID ALKALOIDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE CENTRIFUGAL PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY

Complex diterpenoid alkaloids of close Rf values have been separated by High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (HPCPC). Model LLB-M (Series 1000) by Sanki Laboratories Inc. was used for these separations. Especially highly polar (on Al2O3) alkaloids which could not be isolated by conventional methods using a solid support, owing to irreversible retention, could be isolated easily as this separation method can be used in the reverse phase mode by careful selection of the biphasic solvent system. The HPCPC instrument was found easy to handle, dependable, applicable to the entire range of polarity of diterpenoid alkaloids, and gave reproducible results. When some of the fractions furnished a mixture of minor alkaloids, the mixture was resolved by a quick separation technique such as separation on a Chromatotron and preparative TLC. In all, eight different mixtures of known as well as crude alkaloidal mixtures were separated and the results are reported here. Isolated pure known compounds were ...