cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle synergies involved in preparation to a step made under the self-paced and reaction time instructions.

Abstract Objective To investigate multi-muscle synergies during preparation to making a step and their changes with speed of stepping and method of step initiation, self-paced vs. reaction-time. Methods Standing healthy persons performed stepping tasks under 3 instructions, ‘comfortably, self-paced’, ‘very quick, self-paced’, and ‘as fast as possible to a visual signal’. Electromyographic (EMG) signals of 10 postural muscles were recorded and analyzed. The participants also performed standard tasks associated with releasing a load. These trials were used to identify muscle groupings (M-modes) associated with shifts of the center of pressure (COP) and relations between small changes in the M-modes and COP shifts. The framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis was used to partition the EMG variance across stepping trials into two components that kept constant and changed the COP coordinates in the anterior–posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions. Results Muscle synergies stabilizing COP trajectories in both AP and ML directions were observed in both the stepping and supporting legs. The synergies tended to weaken and disappear close to the moment of take-off. They showed only minor differences across the 3 tasks. In contrast, mechanical and EMG characteristics of postural adjustments to stepping were significantly larger and showed higher rates of change during quick steps and steps under the reaction-time instruction. Conclusions COP shifts associated with preparation to making a step are stabilized by multi-muscle synergies. These synergies are robust across stepping speed and methods of step initiation, self-paced and reaction-time. Significance Studies of multi-muscle postural synergies are important for understanding postural disorders in neurological patients and changes in postural strategies with age.
Carotid sinus nerve stimulation treatment of angina refractory to other surgical procedures.

Abstract Carotid sinus nerve (CSN) stimulators were inserted in 13 patients with intractable angina pectoris following surgical procedures to increase myocardial blood flow and relieve their angina. In all patients the CSN stimulation assisted to some degree in relieving angina. In some, a variation of the stimulation level and pattern was necessary to relieve chest pain. Digitalis, diuretics, long-acting vasodilators, and occasionally narcotics, beta-adrenergic-receptor blocking agents, and nitroglycerin were necessary to control angina. The CSN stimulator is a useful adjunct to drug therapy in controlling angina pectoris. In 10 patients square-wave electromagnetic flow probe measurements showed a 21% decrease in bilateral common carotid artery blood flow during CSN stimulation. One of 3 patients with asymptomatic carotid arteriosclerotic plagues sustained a transient cerebrovascular accident following stimulator implantation. CSN stimulators are not recommended for patients with signs or symptoms of cerebrovascular disease because of the danger of cerebral embolization and reduction in cerebral blood flow during stimulation.
A randomized clinical trial of two basic removable partial denture designs. Part II: Comparisons of masticatory scores.

Abstract Statement of problem. There is no known data on the functional efficacy of different removable partial denture designs. Purpose. This randomized clinical trial compared the masticatory performance of two commonly used designs in 118 patients who needed a unilateral or bilateral mandibular partial denture. Material and methods. One half of the patients received a partial denture with distal occlusal rests and cast circumferential clasps and the other half a partial denture with mesial rests and I-bar cast clasps. The left side, right side, and swallowing threshold masticatory tests were made with peanuts and carrots before treatment and 16 weeks after the prosthesis insertion (baseline) and thereafter at 6, 18, 36, and 60 months. Results. Masticatory scores at entry were higher in the circumferential design group, but the only significant ( p p p = 0.017) than the respective mean improvements of 15.9, 21.4, and 5.6 in the circumferential design group. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the 10 performance scores at baseline. Conclusions. Despite some performance differences at entry, the mean performance scores for the two groups became similar at baseline and at subsequent intervals. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:15-21.)
Scattering parameters for an Epstein profile in a half-space

Abstract The reflection of waves for a stratified medium in (-∞, ∞) can be studied by transforming the hypergeometric differential equation into a wave equation. In the context of an astrophysical problem [1], the corresponding analysis is carried out for an Epstein profile in (0, ∞). This profile represents a scattering potential in quantum mechanical terminology: its properties are briefly discussed.
Parallel SCF Adaptor Capture Proteomics Reveals a Role for SCFFBXL17 in NRF2 Activation via BACH1 Repressor Turnover

Modular cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) use substrate binding adaptor proteins to specify target ubiquitylation. Many of the ~200 human CRL adaptor proteins remain poorly studied due to a shortage of efficient methods to identify biologically relevant substrates. Here, we report the development of parallel adaptor capture (PAC) proteomics and its use to systematically identify candidate targets for the leucine-rich repeat family of F-box proteins (FBXLs) that function with SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) E3s. In validation experiments, we identify the unstudied F-box protein FBXL17 as a regulator of the NFR2 oxidative stress pathway. We demonstrate that FBXL17 controls the transcription of the NRF2 target HMOX1 via turnover of the transcriptional repressor BACH1 in the absence or presence of extrinsic oxidative stress. This work identifies a role for SCF(FBXL17) in controlling the threshold for NRF2-dependent gene activation and provides a framework for elucidating the functions of CRL adaptor proteins.
Assessing rationales for inclusiveness in meta-analytic samples

The desirability of including all relevant studies in a meta-analysis has been defended by at least six arguments: (1) Any inclusion/exclusion criteria would inevitably reflect unique biases of the individual meta-analyst; (2) The global methodological quality of studies cannot be reliably assessed; (3) There is evidence to suggest that effect size and methodological quality do not covary; (4) Flaws in the inclusive sample are likely to be distributed unsystematically; (5) Inclusiveness combined with describing the characteristics of the individual studies allows the meta-analyst to determine the effect that any number of moderating variables has on overall effect size estimates; and (6) A number of studies with nonsignificant findings cannot be retrieved, and further inclusion/exclusion criteria would exacerbate the “file drawer” problem. Each of these six rationales will be reconsidered. Results indicate that these rationales receive little empirical support, and thus deserve to be empirically assessed ...
Chronic Olanzapine Activates the Stat3 Signal Transduction Pathway and Alters Expression of Components of the 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling System in Rat Frontal Cortex

The mechanisms underlying desensitization of serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor signaling by antagonists are unclear but may involve changes in gene expression mediated via signal transduction pathways. In cells in culture, olanzapine causes desensitization of 5-HT(2A) receptor signaling and increases the levels of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) 7 protein dependent on phosphorylation/activation of the Janus kinase 2 (Jak2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling pathway. In the current study, the 5-HT(2A) receptor signaling system in rat frontal cortex was examined following 7 days of daily treatment with 0.5, 2.0 or 10.0 mg/kg i.p. olanzapine. Olanzapine increased phosphorylation of Stat3 in rats treated daily with 10 mg/kg olanzapine and caused a dose-dependent desensitization of 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated phospholipase C activity. There were dose-dependent increases in the levels of membrane-associated 5-HT(2A) receptor, G(alpha11) and G(alphaq) protein levels but no changes in the G(beta) protein levels. With olanzapine treatment, RGS4 protein levels increase in the membrane-fraction and decrease in the cytosolic fraction by similar amounts suggesting a redistribution of RGS4 protein within neurons. RGS7 protein levels increase in both the membrane and cytosolic fractions in rats treated daily with 10mg/kg olanzapine. The olanzapine-induced increase in Stat3 activity could underlie the increase in RGS7 protein expression in vivo as previously demonstrated in cultured cells. Furthermore, the increases in membrane-associated RGS proteins could play a role in desensitization of signaling by terminating the activated G(alphaq/11) proteins more rapidly.
Expression of Porcine Fusion Protein IRF7/3(5D) Efficiently Controls Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication

Several studies have demonstrated that the delivery of type I, II, or III interferons (IFNs) by inoculation of a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vector expressing IFNs can effectively control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and swine during experimental infections. However, relatively high doses are required to achieve protection. In this study, we identified the functional properties of a porcine fusion protein, poIRF7/3(5D), as a biotherapeutic and enhancer of IFN activity against FMD virus (FMDV). We showed that poIRF7/3(5D) is a potent inducer of type I IFNs, including alpha IFN (IFN-α), IFN-β, and IFN-ω but not type III IFN (interleukin-28B), without inducing cytotoxicity. Expression of poIRF7/3(5D) significantly and steadily reduced FMDV titers by up to 6 log10 units in swine and bovine cell lines. Treatment with an IFN receptor inhibitor (B18R) combined with an anti-IFN-α antibody neutralized the antiviral activity in the supernatants of cells transduced with an Ad5 vector expressing poIRF7/3(5D) [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)]. However, several transcripts with known antiviral function, including type I IFNs, were still highly upregulated (range of increase, 8-fold to over 500-fold) by poIRF7/3(5D) in the presence of B18R. Furthermore, the sera of mice treated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) showed antiviral activity that was associated with the induction of high levels of IFN-α and resulted in complete protection against FMDV challenge at 6, 24, or 48 h posttreatment. This study highlights for the first time the antiviral potential of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) in vitro and in vivo against FMDV. IMPORTANCE FMD remains one of the most devastating diseases that affect livestock worldwide. Effective vaccine formulations are available but are serotype specific and require approximately 7 days before they are able to elicit protective immunity. We have shown that vector-delivered IFN is an option to protect animals against many FMDV serotypes as soon as 24 h and for about 4 days postadministration. Here we demonstrate that delivery of a constitutively active transcription factor that induces the production of endogenous IFNs and potentially other antiviral genes is a viable strategy to protect against FMD.
Renormalization group approach to critical dynamics in the coupled oscillator problem

Abstract Wilson's renormalization group techniques are incorporated into an existing projection operator approach to deal with the critical dynamics of structural phase transitions in the solid state.
The Long-Term Benefits of Cross-Racial Engagement on Workforce Competencies for Division I White Student-Athletes.

This study explored the extent to which cross-racial interaction (CRI) influences postcollege pluralistic orientation and leadership skills for Division I White studentathlete graduates and the degree to which engagement effects are conditional on their precollege neighborhoods. Findings revealed that CRI during college had lasting benefits on pluralistic orientation and leadership skills after college for White student- athletes from racially diverse neighborhoods; further, CRI had long-term effects on leadership skills after college for White student-athletes from segregated precollege neighborhoods. Implications for student affairs professionals are discussed.
Age, sleep deprivation, and performance

Men 18–22 and 40–49 yrs old were repeatedly given a battery of monitoring, persistence, and cognitive tasks over an extended period of sleep deprivation. The older subjects, who generally exhibited superior performance, were also more affected by the acute deprivation of sleep.
MEMS-based diffractive optical-beam-steering technology

This paper presents some results from phase-1 research into developing a beam steerer based on micro-mechanical diffractive elements. The position of these elements is electrostatically controlled, to allow dynamic programming of a 2D phase function. Feasibility prototypes were constructed in the MUMPs polysilicon surface micromachine process.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
WHY (ALMOST ALL) COSMOLOGISTS ARE ATHEISTS

Science and religion both make claims about the fundamental workings of the universe. Although these claims are not a priori incompatible (we could imagine being brought to religious belief through scientific investigation), I will argue that in practice they diverge. If we believe that the methods of science can be used to discriminate between fundamental pictures of reality, we are led to a strictly materialist conception of the universe. While the details of modern cosmology are not a necessary part of this argument, they provide interesting clues as to how an ultimate picture may be constructed. Prepared for God and Physical Cosmology: Russian-Anglo American Conference on Cosmology and Theology, Notre Dame, January/February 2003.
Andy Warhol: documentaries and biographical films

Purpose – This paper aims to compile an annotated list of films about or pertaining to the artist Andy Warhol. Design/methodology/approach – Films were located using library catalogs, databases and online searches. Selections were evaluated through inspection and both academic and popular film reviews. Inclusion was predicated not only on subject matter and merit but also on availability either on home media or online. Findings – Warhol’s many artistic creations can be introduced and evaluated using a combination of visual and auditory representation. Movies and television (TV) depicting Warhol through dramatization, primary source film, biographical documentary and his art in the context of other artists and movements are readily available through a variety of media. Originality/value – The selected titles provide a comprehensive introduction to the scholarly analysis of Warhol’s art and work through a format that allows the most extensive representation of Warhol’s artistic output.
Endourological treatment of foreign bodies in the urinary system.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: In this retrospective study,nature, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, andendoscopic treatment of urinary system foreign bodieswere evaluated. Methods: A total of 8 cases were treated with endoscopicsurgery between February 15, 2007 and June 12, 2012.Clinical findings, radiologic diagnosis, and managementwere reviewed. Results: We observed that urinary tract foreign bodieswere generally secondary to iatrogenic causes; however,bladder/urethral foreign bodies could also be due to self-insertion. Clinical findings were different secondary totheir location in the urinary system. All foreign bodieswere treated endoscopically. Conclusions: Foreign bodies of the urinary system cansuccessfully be treated with endoscopic modalities with-out any complications. Key Words: Endoscopic treatment, Foreign body, Uri-nary system INTRODUCTION Foreign bodies (FBs) in the urinary tract are among themost common urologic problems due to different etiolo-gies. Although they are usually iatrogenic in the upperurinary tract, FBs in the bladder and/or urethra may bedue to iatrogenic, self-insertion, and rarely migration fromadjacent organs.
Solution NMR and Computer Simulation Studies of Active Site Loop Motion in Triosephosphate Isomerase

Solution NMR spin relaxation experiments and classical MD simulations are used to study the dynamics of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) in complex with glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Three regions in ...
Cosmic Radiation Intensity-Time Variations and Their Origin. V. The Daily Variation of Intensity

Properties of the 24-hour intensity variations which were established by ion chamber and counter telescope measurements at high primary-particle energies have now been extended to the low-energy portion of the primary spectrum by measurements with high-altitude neutron piles at geomagnetic latitudes 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 48\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The observations demonstrate that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the 24-hour variation increases with latitude and, hence, is dependent on primary-particle rigidity. The latitude ratio for the peak-to-peak variation is \ensuremath{\sim}1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 and the amplitude at 48\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is of the order 1 percent. These facts preclude primary neutrons or a general solar dipole field as the origin of this intensity variation.It is shown that although the amplitude of the variation changes from day to day, the amplitudes of the intensity variations of particles at low and at high energy are related. It is further shown that the amplitude on one day persists for only the next 1 or 2 days and that there is not a strong 27-day recurrence tendency.The general features of the changes in peak-to-peak amplitudes of the monthly average 24-hour variations appear in both neutron detectors and in the Freiburg ionization chamber. Arguments based on the experimental observations are presented to exclude meteorological factors, the terrestrial magnetic field variations, and simple geoelectric field accelerations as the origin of the variation. Since it is shown that the particles which produce the 24-hour variation are charged and have their highest intensity near or after noon local time, it does not appear probable that they come from the direction of the sun. Although it is doubtful that this variation is of terrestrial origin, no proof has yet been given that the variation is of extra terrestrial origin.
SERTII Spacecraft Thruster Restart, 1974

'Tollmien, W., "Berechnung turbulenter Austreitungsvorgange," Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik undMechanik, Vol. 6, 1926, pp. 468-478. Abramovich, G. N., The Theory of Turbulent Jets, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1963, Chaps. 1 and 2, particularly §§1.3-1.6 and 2.1-2.5, pp.3-125. 3 Kamke , E., Differentia/gleichugen, Losungsmethoden und Losungen, 3rd ed., Chelsea, New York, 1948, pp. 542-600. Dwight, H. B., Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data, 4th ed., Macmillan, New York, 1961, Integral 165.11, p. 40. 5 Albertson, M. L., Dai, Y. B., Jensen, R. A., and Rouse, H., "Diffusion of Submerged Jets," Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 74, 1948, pp. 1571-1596.
The base rate fallacy reconsidered: Descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges

We have been oversold on the base rate fallacy in probabilistic judgment from an empirical, normative, and methodological standpoint. At the empirical level, a thorough examination of the base rate literature (including the famous lawyer–engineer problem) does not support the conventional wisdom that people routinely ignore base rates. Quite the contrary, the literature shows that base rates are almost always used and that their degree of use depends on task structure and representation. Specifically, base rates play a relatively larger role in tasks where base rates are implicitly learned or can be represented in frequentist terms. Base rates are also used more when they are reliable and relatively more diagnostic than available individuating information. At the normative level, the base rate fallacy should be rejected because few tasks map unambiguously into the narrow framework that is held up as the standard of good decision making. Mechanical applications of Bayes's theorem to identify performance errors are inappropriate when (1) key assumptions of the model are either unchecked or grossly violated, and (2) no attempt is made to identify the decision maker's goals, values, and task assumptions. Methodologically, the current approach is criticized for its failure to consider how the ambiguous, unreliable, and unstable base rates of the real world are and should be used. Where decision makers' assumptions and goals vary, and where performance criteria are complex, the traditional Bayesian standard is insufficient. Even where predictive accuracy is the goal in commonly defined problems, there may be situations (e.g., informationally redundant environments) in which base rates can be ignored with impunity. A more ecologically valid research program is called for. This program should emphasize the development of prescriptive theory in rich, realistic decision environments.
Clubbing: An update on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance

Finger clubbing can be a striking physical finding. At other times, the presence of clubbing is difficult to establish by subjective examination alone and the profile angle or distal phalangeal to interphalangeal depth ratio are needed to confirm the finding. Most microscopic and imaging studies of clubbed fingers reveal hypervascularization of the distal digits. Recent research shows that when platelet precursors fail to become fragmented into platelets within the pulmonary circulation, they are easily trapped in the peripheral vasculature, releasing platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, promoters of vascularity and, ultimately, clubbing. Clinically, clubbing is associated with a number of neoplastic, pulmonary, cardiac, gastrointestinal, infectious, endocrine, psychiatric, and multisystem diseases. In narrowing the differential diagnosis, we recommend a detailed history and physical examination accompanied by focused laboratory and imaging studies. An algorithm for the evaluation of newly diagnosed clubbing is suggested.
CULTURE AND SYMPTOMS-AN ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS' PRESENTING COMPLAINTS *

Physical disorder is often thought to be a fairly objective and relatively infrequent phenomenon. An examination of the literature reveals, however, that the empirical reality may be that illness, defined as the presence of clinically serious signs, is the statistical norm. Given that the prevalence of abnormalities is so high, the rate of acknowledgement so low, and the decision to seek aid unrelated to objective seriousness and discomfort, it is suggested that a socially conditioned selective process may be operating in what is brought in for medical treatment. Two such processes are delineated and the idea is postulated that it might be such selective processes and not etiological ones which account for many of the previously unexplained epidemiological differences between societies and even between subgroups within a society. A study is reported which illustrates the existence of such a selective process in the differing complaints of a group of Italian and Irish patients-a pattern of differences which is maintained even when the diagnosed disorder for which they sought aid is held constant.
Positive and Negative Practice in the Correction of Spelling Errors

(1941). Positive and Negative Practice in the Correction of Spelling Errors. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 103-114.
Timing of glaciation and last glacial maximum paleoclimate estimates from the Fish Lake Plateau, Utah

The High Plateaus of Utah include seven separate mountain ranges that supported glaciers during the Pleistocene. The Fish Lake Plateau, located on the eastern edge of the High Plateaus, preserves evidence of at least two glacial advances. Four cosmogenic 3He exposure ages of boulders in an older moraine range from 79 to 159 ka with a mean age of 129 ± 39 ka and oldest ages of 152 ± 3 and 159 ± 5 ka. These ages suggest deposition during the type Bull Lake glaciation and Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. Twenty boulder exposure ages from four different younger moraines indicate a local last glacial maximum (LGM) of ~ 21.1 ka, coincident with the type Pinedale glaciation and MIS 2. Reconstructed Pinedale-age glaciers from the Fish Lake Plateau have equilibrium-line altitudes ranging from 2950 to 3190 m. LGM summer temperature depressions for the Fish Lake Plateau range from −10.7 to −8.2°C, assuming no change in precipitation. Comparison of the Fish Lake summer temperature depressions to a regional dataset suggests that the Fish Lake Plateau may have had a slight increase (~ 1.5× modern) in precipitation during the LGM. A series of submerged ridges in Fish Lake were identified during a bathymetric survey and are likely Bull Lake age moraines.
Biochemical properties of Trypanosoma cruzi telomerase

Trypanosomatid parasite infections have a devastating impact on human health. Little is known about the requirements for parasite growth during any stage of their complex, multi-host life cycle. In most eukaryotic organisms, sustained cell proliferation requires telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance. Here we investigate the regulation and biochemical features of telomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. We found that T.cruzi telomerase is active in extracts from multiple developmental stages of the parasite life cycle. Detailed characterization of the enzymatic properties of telomerase using epimatigote-stage extract revealed a unique combination of substrate specificities, consistent with the evolutionary divergence of trypanosomes from previously established model systems for telomerase biochemical characterization. Results from partial purification of T.cruzi telomerase suggest that the catalytically active enzyme is a large ribonucleoprotein complex and that the internal RNA template has an atypical, cytosine-rich permutation. These results expand our understanding of telomerase enzymology and should encourage the development of parasite-specific telomerase inhibitors as a method for disease therapy.
Prejudice and Hostile Behavior: A Laboratory Study of an Attitude-Behavior Relationship

Abstract This research examined the relationship between several measures of prejudice toward blacks and a type of overt behavior, shock-giving, directed toward a black. The opportunity to shock either a black or white trainee was given to 69 student subjects, who had previously completed a questionnaire measure of prejudice, in a situation where they served as trainers in a Buss-type learning experiment. The study employed a correlational analysis and an analysis of variance based on a 3×2×2×3 factorial design with three treatment factors: prejudice scale score, sex, and race of victim; and one repeated measure subject factor, trials. There were substantial correlations between both self-rating and peer-rating of prejudice and shock intensity for those who shocked a black. Questionnaire prejudice, however, had low correlations with shock intensity, and there were no significant direct or interaction effects in the analysis of variance.
The 50th anniversary of freedom summer 1964.

In this article the author reflects on grant proposals which were submitted in 1965 for the U.S.'s first two community health centers to the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity and which were to be part of the office's Community Action Program. A discussion of factors which led to a focus on health care for poor people in the U.S. in the 1960s, and of two articles within the issue which focus on U.S. community health centers, is presented.
The diffusion of cobalt and iron in pure delta iron

Abstract The diffusion of Fe 59 and Co 60 in δ-Fe have been measured using a sectioning technique. The diffusion penetrations were determined by counting the radioactivity in the sections removed and also by the residual activity method. The results are summarized by the following equations: D Fe = 1.9 exp [−57.0 × 10 3 / RT ], D Co = 5.5 exp [−61.2 × 10 3 / RT ]. In both cases the activation energy and D 0 are significantly less than values previously reported for diffusion in the paramagnetic region of α-Fe. This amounts to approximately a threefold decrease in the value of D below that expected from extrapolation of the α-Fe data. The results indicate that were iron to retain the b.c.c. structure at all temperatures, the activation energy would demonstrate a non-linear functional dependence on temperature.
Minimum deadlock-free message routing restrictions in binary hypercubes

Abstract This article presents a minimum set of deadlock-free routing restrictions (referred to as the Restriction) for binary hypercube networks and a new deadlock-free multiple-path fixed routing algorithm which provides a total of k + 1 arc-disjoint paths between two nodes of distance k . It is known that deadlock can be prevented by routing restriction in some highly regular networks. However, since routing restrictions imply a limited utilization of the existing paths, there should be as few restrictions as possible. The Restriction presented here is a relaxed version of the restrictions implied by the normal fixed routing algorithm. Proofs are presented to show that any routing that complies with the Restriction is deadlock-free and that the Restriction is minimal in that any relaxation to the Restriction will cause deadlock. The multiple-path fixed routing algorithm presented in this article fully utilizes the arc-disjoint paths allowed by the Restriction. The algorithm can be obtained by a small modification to the normal fixed routing algorithm. Results from a simulation of the hypercube network using the new routing algorithm is presented, which shows that the new algorithm improves the communication capacity of the hypercube.
System level perspective on object locality

Performance of modern computers is tied closely to the effective use of cache because of the continually increasing speed discrepancy between processors and main memory. Optimum system performance is achieved when software and hardware work symbiotically to increase performance. This work focuses on identifying locality in object-oriented systems and developing techniques for approaching optimum performance with respect to the memory hierarchy.
Elevation of Erythrocyte Redox Potential Linked to Galactonate Biosynthesis: Elimination by Tolrestat

Alternate pathways of galactose metabolism were explored in erythrocytes from normal subjects and patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency incubated with galactose. Micromolar quantities of galactonate accumulated in both normal and mutant cells linearly with time up to 5 hours and with concentrations of galactose up to 25 mmol/L. Galactitol also was found at levels less than one third of the galactonate level, while galactose-1-phosphate concentrations comparable to those of galactonate were found in galactosemic cells. Concomitant with the formation of these galactose metabolites, the erythrocyte redox potential based on measurement of lactate and pyruvate increased fourfold in both cell types. This was due to a 60% to 72% decrease in pyruvate and a 24% to 26% increase in lactate. The oxidation of galactose to galactonate, which is known to generate NADH, is the most likely explanation for the increase in the redox state. The aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), Tolrestat (Wyeth Ayerst Research, Princeton, NJ), at 70 μmol/L inhibited the formation of both galactonate and galactitol in both cell types without affecting galactose-1-phosphate, and eliminated the increase in the redox potential as indicated by restoration of pyruvate and lactate levels to the levels obtained before exposure of the cells to galactose. A functioning galactonate pathway is a route of galactose disposal in patients with GALT deficiency, but by altering the cellular redox potential, it may also contribute to galactose toxicity.
On the relation between the connected-moments expansion and the Lanczos variational scheme

The recently introduced Connected-Moments Expansion (CMX) is compared to a variational Lanczos scheme for estimating ground-state energies of many-body systems. A systematic approach is given for three quantum-mechanical systems: harmonic oscillator, anharmonic oscillator and the Kondo model. A second-order analysis is given in terms of particular ratios of moments of the Hamiltonian.
A snapshot of current practices in teaching the introductory programming sequence

We present results from a nationwide survey of undergraduate computer science departments regarding languages and techniques taught in CS0, CS1, and CS2. This snapshot of 371 schools provides an intriguing look into the state of computing education today in the U.S., quantifying which practices are actually in common use. Among other things, the study reveals the great variety in CS0 approaches, the relative uniformity of CS1 and CS2 approaches, the dominance of Java as a language for the introductory major sequence, and the tendency for departments to teach CS1 and CS2 in a consistent manner, rather than exposing students to different ideas in each.
Assessment of the Roles of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Protein Kinase B, and Protein Kinase C in Insulin Inhibition of cAMP-induced Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene Transcription

Transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene is induced by glucagon, acting through cAMP and protein kinase A, and this induction is inhibited by insulin. Conflicting reports have suggested that insulin inhibits induction by cAMP by activating the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway or by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), but not MAPK, pathway. Insulin activated PI3-kinase phosphorylates lipids that activate protein kinase B (PKB) and Ca2+/diacylglycerol-insensitive forms of protein kinase C (PKC). We have assessed the roles of these pathways in insulin inhibition of cAMP/PKA-induced transcription of PEPCK by using dominant negative and dominant active forms of regulatory enzymes in the Ras/MAPK and PKB pathways and chemical inhibitors of PKC isoforms. Three independently acting inhibitory enzymes of the Ras/MAPK pathway, blocking SOS, Ras, and MAPK, had no effect upon insulin inhibition. However, dominant active Ras prevented induction of PEPCK and also stimulated transcription mediated by Elk, a MAPK target. Insulin did not stimulate Elk-mediated transcription, indicating that insulin did not functionally activate the Ras/MAPK pathway. Inhibitors of PI3-kinase, LY294002 and wortmannin, abolished insulin inhibition of PEPCK gene transcription. However, inhibitors of PKC and mutated forms of PKB, both of which are known downstream targets of PI3-kinase, had no effect upon insulin inhibition. Dominant negative forms of PKB did not interfere with insulin inhibition and a dominant active form of PKB did not prevent induction by PKA. Phorbol ester-mediated inhibition of PEPCK transcription was blocked by bisindole maleimide and by staurosporine, but insulin-mediated inhibition was unaffected. Thus, insulin inhibition of PKA-induced PEPCK expression does not require MAPK activation but does require activation of PI3-kinase, although this signal is not transmitted through the PKB or PKC pathways.
Deconvolution of non-Gaussian linear processes with vanishing spectral values

We consider the problem of estimating the filter generating a non-Gaussian linear process and the decon-voiution of that process when the spectral density of the process has zeros. Without using a minimum phase assumption we show that often if there are only finitely many zeros there are procedures to effect such an estimation and deconvolution.
The concept of the second generation program in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans

The concepts of First and Second Generation treatment programs for Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder are presented, based on a developmental theoretical model of adaptation. First Generation programs focus on accessing and then working through the effects of the war trauma and aim to diminish the intensity of core PTSD symptoms. Second Generation programs focus on reintegrating veterans into the social context of family and work, and aim to improve their ability to function in society. Both types of treatment may be required in order to help veterans resume their psychological and social development. The need to develop sophisticated models of comprehensive inpatient treatment in order to support scholarly discourse and outcome research is emphasized.
Development and Validation of an Orchestra Performance Rating Scale

The purpose of this study was to develop a factor-derived measure of orchestra performance achievement and to test its validity and reliability for the evaluation of secondary school orchestras. We assembled a pool of 49 statements used in evaluating middle and high school orchestra performance, paired them with a 9-point Likert-type scale, and asked 63 experienced orchestra teachers to evaluate 63 secondary school orchestras. Factor analyses on data from the 189 completed rating sheets identified seven factors: Ensemble, Left Hand, Position, Rhythm, Tempo, Presentation, and Bow. For the reduced scale, we chose 25 items with factor loadings greater than . 64, which showed Cronbach's alphas ranging from . 73 to . 91. Two rounds of validation showed high correlations with MENC's adjudication form and a ranking task; the initial factor structure was not exactly duplicated, indicating directions for future research.
Oral Health and Bone Density in Adolescents and Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa

Purpose To evaluate the dental and periodontal health of adolescents and young women with restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN), and relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and dental radiographs.
Raccoon rabies in the mid-Atlantic (epidemic) and southeastern states (endemic), 1970–1986: an evaluation of reporting methods

Abstract This study evaluates the current method of rabies reporting in the United States to assess its ability to reflect temporal trends of animal rabies transmission as epidemiologic patterns change. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report only the numbers of animals confirmed rabid in each state. The reported data from three states that experienced a raccoon rabies epidemic and three states that had experienced endemic raccoon rabie:s from 1970 to 1986 were analyzed by calculating the percent of animals that tested positive for rabies from state records and plotting them, using modified smoothing splines. These data were compared with the number of animals that tested positive for rabies. The findings indicated that the reported numbers of positive animals by themselves should not be used to assess changes in rabies frequency. The percent rabies positive of the total tested was more reflective of temporal changes of rabies occurrence in the population and of the known patterns of rabies transmission between raccoons and other terrestrial species. Reporting the percent positive of those examined for rabies requires not collecting new data, but rather the reporting of total number of animals tested, and a simple calculation of information reported.
Upper Pennsylvanian Marine Algal Banks of Kansas: Comparison and Implications: ABSTRACT

Marine algal banks (mounds or buildups) present in the Shawnee Group (Upper Pennsylvanian) crop out in eastern Kansas. The youngest of about 20 banks known to occur in the section differ in shape and size but, in general, cause a local increase in thickness that is compensated by a decrease in thickness of the overlying shale. The phylloid algae, Eugonophyllum and Epimastopora, trapped and bound the carbonate mud in a role similar to the modern sea grass, Thalassia, in Florida Bay. The soft mudbanks created barriers to water circulation and fauna distribution. The Shawnee banks decrease in size, contain less algae and more micrite, and are more difficult to define with decreasing age. The Plattsmouth bank formed instantaneously by building on the "normal" lithology over a large area; the Ervine Creek bank started locally and spread laterally so it is funnel shaped; the Hartford bank is diffuse with the algae occurring in small curls instead of larger, flat blades. All three banks are capped with a layer of osagite/pellets/fusulinids. The Plattsmouth bank is topped with a crust of algal(?) material, and the Ervine Creek bank shows evidence of solution features, indicating possible subaerial exposure. Interpretation of the sequence is that the elongated banks were formed in shallow, warm water parallel to shore in a regressive environment until smothered by an influx of fine clastic material. Differences in size, shape, algae type and quantity, and postdepositional alterations result from subtle differences in setting and timing of development. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1318------------
Physician Knowledge and Utilization of Physical Therapy Procedures

The purpose of this study was to assess physician knowledge and utilization of physical therapy procedures. We sent a questionnaire to 600 physicians in three medical specialties (neurology, orthopedic surgery, and physical medicine and rehabilitation), in four geographic regions of the United States. The usable return was 41 percent. Overall knowledge, technical knowledge, and professional knowledge scores were compared by medical specialty, region of the country, years in practice, and three measures of utilization using analysis of variance, student's t, and chi-square statistics. Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists and physicians in practice 10 years or more had the most knowledge of physical therapy procedures. Respondents preferred a prescriptive relationship when referring patients to physical therapists, and they most often selected "technical" procedures traditionally associated with the profession rather than "professional" procedures when referring patients to physical therapy. Those practicing medicine in their specialty 10 years or more were more conservative in their referral preferences than those in practice less than 10 years. The implications for educational intervention concerning the professional role of the physical therapist are briefly discussed.
Global vegetation indices from the NOAA-7 meteorological satellite

Abstract Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar stereographic maps of “vegetation index” are now being produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The maps are derived from visible and near-infrared data from NOAA's operational polar orbiting satellites. The data are composited over a weekly period to minimize cloud and scan angle effects. The mapped images are being made available to the public in both image and tape format, on a regular schedule.
Nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil can be used as a deep fat frying medium to reduce trans-fatty acid content in french fries.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile, in particular trans -fatty acids, of french fries fried in nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil as compared with french fries fried in partially hydrogenated canola oil and french fries fried in partially hydrogenated soybean oil. Design Cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated canola oil, and partially hydrogenated soybean oil were subjected to a temperature of 177°C for 8 hours per day, and six batches of french fries were fried per day for 5 consecutive days. French fries were weighed before frying, cooked for 5 minutes, allowed to drain, and reweighed. Oil was not replenished and was filtered once per day. Both the oil and the french fries were evaluated to determine fatty acid profiles, trans -fatty acids, and crude fat. Statistical Analysis A randomized block design with split plot was used to analyze the data collected. Least-squares difference was used as the means separation test. Results No significant differences were found between fries prepared in the three oil types for crude fat. Fatty acid profiles for the french fries remained stable. The french fries prepared in cottonseed oil were significantly lower in trans -fatty acids. The combined total of the trans -fatty acid content and saturated fatty acid content were lower in french fries prepared in cottonseed oil. Conclusions Because deep fat frying remains a popular cooking technique, health professionals should educate the public and the food service industry on the benefits of using nonhydrogenated cottonseed oil as an alternative to the commonly used hydrogenated oils.
Human growth hormone effect on serum IGF-I and muscle function in poliomyelitis survivors.

Abstract Previous work showed low insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in polio survivors compared with age-matched controls and it was hypothesized that the low IGF-I was caused by the lack of growth hormone (GH) secretion. The present study asked: Is the nocturnal release of GH subnormal in polio survivors? Can the low IGF-I level be raised to the range of healthy young men (240 to 460ng/mL) by human growth hormone (hGH) treatment? If so, what dose of hGH is required? Does the hormone treatment affect muscle function? Eleven polio survivors with evidence of postpoliomyelitis syndrome, aged 50 to 65 years, and low IGF-I levels (average IGF-I value of 170ng/mL) were studied. The serum level of GH was measured in the first 4 hours of sleep. The serum IGF-I level was determined before and during hGH treatment at 0.0075, 0.015 or 0.03mg/kg of ideal body weight (IBW), three times a week for successive periods of 1 month. Before and after hGH treatment, strength was determined in knee extensor and flexor muscles and the elbow flexor and elbow extensor muscles. Nocturnal GH was low in the polio survivors compared with healthy young men. Serum IGF-I was raised into the target range by either 0.0075 or 0.015mg hGH/kg three times a week. After 3 months of hGH treatment, no consistent changes in muscle strength were observed in the study group. The study provides new data that the tendency for low serum IGF-I level in polio survivors is caused at least in part by low endogenous GH secretion, and can be corrected by relatively low doses of hGH. Three months of hormone treatment does not regularly improve muscle strength in polio survivors.
Zooplankton assemblages in montane lakes and ponds of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington State, USA

Water quality and zooplankton samples were collected during the ice-free periods between 1988 and 2005 from 103 oligotrophic montane lakes and ponds located in low forest to alpine vegetation zones in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington State, USA. Collectively, 45 rotifer and 44 crustacean taxa were identified. Most of the numerically dominant taxa appeared to have wide niche breadths. The average number of taxa per lake decreased with elevation and generally increased as maximum lake depths increased (especially for rotifers). With one exception, fish presence/absence did not explain the taxonomic compositions of crustacean zooplankton assemblages. Many rotifer species were common members of zooplankton assemblages in montane lakes and ponds in western North America, whereas the crustacean taxa were common to some areas of the west, but not others. Constraints of the environmental variables did not appear to provide strong gradients to separate the distributions of most zooplankton species. This suggests that interspecific competitive interactions and stochastic processes regulate the taxonomic structures of the zooplankton assemblages at the landscape level. Crustacean species that had broad niche breadths were associated with different rotifer taxa across the environmental gradients. Studies of zooplankton assemblages need to address both crustacean and rotifer taxa, not one or the other.