cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments with token reinforcement in a remedial classroom.

Abstract This report describes results of the first year of an after-school, remedial education program for low-achieving 5th and 6th grade children in an urban poverty area. The remedial program incorporated standard instructional materials, mastery of which was supported by token reinforcement. Experimental analyses carried out with individual students showed the token reinforcement to function as such. The effects of the program on the academic achievement and report card grades of the children in the remedial group were found to be significant when compared with the gains of a control group who had no remedial program.
Effects of chlorpromazine on the isolated perfused guinea pig heart.

Abstract 1. 1. Chlorpromazine altered the mechanical and electrical activity of the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. 2. 2. While its effects on coronary flow were variable, chlorpromazine increased resting diastolic isometric tension and decreased the isometric systolic tension developed by spontaneously beating hearts. 3. 3. Heart rate was also decreased. 4. 4. The drug depressed conduction through the His-Purkinje system and ventricular muscle to a greater extent than it did atrial conduction time and AV nodal conduction time. 5. 5. From our data, we concluded that the greatest depressant action of chlorpromazine on the electrical activity of the isolated perfused guinea pig heart occurred within the specialized ventricular conduction system and ventricular muscle.
“The Upright Posture” Revisited: Introduction to Four Papers in Critical Philosophical Anthropology

Erwin Straus's paper, “The Upright Posture,” was published in the Psychiatric Quarterly in 1952, and stands, still upright, as perhaps the finest writing in what was known as philosophical anthropo...
Hyponatremia and osteoporosis: reappraisal of a novel association

Summary Age was a modifier of the independent association between hyponatremia and osteoporosis (OP). Risk of OP was the highest in the youngest age group as compared to older patients. A longer duration of hyponatremia revealed a similar association with OP in all anatomical sites.
Multiple classes of photoreceptors and neurons in the frontal organ of Rana pipiens

An attempt has been made to characterize the photoreceptors and neurons of the frontal organ of Rana pipiens and the synaptic contacts of these cells, in order to provide morphological correlates for previous physiological findings. Neurons, glial cells, and photoreceptors with two different appearances can be seen in normal anatomical preparations. The photoreceptors make ribbon synaptic contacts onto both neurons and other photoreceptors. Retrograde transport of either cobalt or horseradish peroxidase through the frontal nerve results in labeling of neurons which are often located near the exit point of the frontal nerve from the frontal organ. Some of the dendritic processes of these neurons ramify among the neurons themselves, while others ramify among the photoreceptors. In addition, the frontal organ contains two photoreceptor types which synaptically contact both neurons and other photoreceptors. In some frontal organs labeled with cobalt (but never in peroxidase-labeled preparations) certain photoreceptors were also labeled. The labeled photoreceptors were probably the result of transcellular cobalt movement from labeled neurons, and not the result of some photoreceptors having axons in the frontal nerve. These results are discussed in conjunction with physiological evidence that chromatic interactions occur within single photoreceptors, each of which contains a single visual pigment with two physiologically active states.
COMPARISON OF THE ABILITIES OF TRICHLOROACETIC, PICRIC, SULFOSALICYLIC, AND TUNGSTIC ACIDS TO PRECIPITATE PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES AND PROTEINS

The abilities of picric, sulfosalicylic (SSA), tricbloroacetic (TCA), and tungstic acids to precipitate a partial hydrolysate of egg albumin and several proteins were examined. After precipitation of the hydrolysate with SSA, TCA, and tungstic acid respectively, it was found that 88%, 79%, and 69% of the nitrogen remained in solution. The average size of the peptides in the supernatants varied from 330 to 380 daltons. The ability to precipitate native proteins varied with the precipitant and the protein. Tungstic acid precipitated both bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin completely at low concentration (0.5% final concentration, w/v). Bovine serum albumin was precipitated by 3% TCA or SSA but, β-lactoglobulin was not completely precipitated until the concentrations had been increased to 10% and 20%, respectively. Pretreating β-lactoglobulin with sodium dodecylsulfate increased the amount precipitated by SSA and TCA.
Rapid method for sampling latices in bottle polymerizations in which positive gage pressure is maintained in bottle by a monomer

A procedure is described for the rapid sampling of latex during emulsion bottle polymerization. The equipment used consists of a hypodermic needle with holder, an adapter, a balance sensitive to one milligram, and dishes for determination of total solids. The equipment is used in connection with Paracon or Buna N self-sealing caps. The procedure is very simple, rapid, and may be used in obtaining samples for total solids. mercaptan analysis, or gel and viscosity determinations.
Damage Mechanisms in Ti3Al Matrix Composites

The paper discusses experimental observations and some related theoretical results associated with the mechanical response of two Ti[sub 3]Al matrix composites, subjected to transverse loading. Both composites contain continuous unidirectional fibers; however, there are considerable differences in the composition of the two interfaces. The Ti[sub 3]Al/SCS-6 system contains brittle reaction products around the fibers that degrade the strength of the composite. The second composite consists of a Ti[sub 3]Al matrix reinforced by sapphire fibers that are strongly bonded to the matrix. Experimental observations indicate that the damage mechanisms in the two composites are substantially different. Utilizing elastic analyses of the local stress field, an attempt was made to explain the dependence of the observed damage mechanisms on the residual field and the properties of the interface.
Dry coal fly ash cleaning using rotary triboelectrostatic separator

More than 80 million metric tons of fly ash is produced annually in the U.S. as coal combustion by-product. Coal fly ash can be converted to value-added products if unburned carbon is reduced to less than 2.5%. However, most of fly ash is currently landfilled as waste due to lack of efficient purification technologies to separate unburned carbon from fly ash. A rotary triboelectrostatic separator has been developed and patented recently at the University of Kentucky with unique features. Several fly ash samples have been used to understand the effects of major process parameters on the separation performance. The results show that compared to existing triboelectrostatic separators, the rotary triboelectrostatic separator has significant advantages in particle charging efficiency, solids throughput, separation efficiency, applicable particle size range.
A thermo-chemical study of the defect structure of barium oxide

Abstract A study of BaO has been made by use of thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen concentration analysis, and X-ray lattice parameter measurements in the temperature range 850°C ⩽ T ⩽ 1420°C and oxygen pressure range 7 × 10 -6 atm ⩽ p O 2 ⩽ 0·820 atm. Both the weight gain by the BaO samples and subsequently determined excess oxygen concentration were found to be directly proportional to p O 2 1 2 . The enthalpy of incorporation oxygen in the lattice 1 2 O 2 (g)=O(excess) was determined to be −0·395 ± 0·034 eV. Creation of vacancies on cation sites or of oxygen interstitials are consistent with the experimental results. As an alternative, the formation of O 2 2− ions, (as in BaO 2 ) as a result of incorporation of excess oxygen in the lattice, has been suggested.
Social Skill Needs of Mainstreamed Students: Peer and Teacher Perceptions

The social skill needs of LD children were assessed based on the perceptions of their nonhandicapped peers and regular class teachers. A total of 450 elementary-aged pupils completed questionnaires...
A new high-resolution mass spectrometer with partial second-order double focusing☆

Abstract A high-resolution mass spectrometer of new design has been built to fulfill a variety of needs. It has partial second-order double focusing with a sector magnet of 30.5 cm radius and an electrostatic analyzer of 43.25 cm radius. The highest resolution obtained to date is 9000 with 0.0025 cm slits in the ion source. The instrument has been used for both organic and inorganic applications.
Fundulus heteroclitus adapted to PAHs are cross-resistant to multiple insecticides

Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from the Atlantic Wood Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (ER), VA are dramatically resistant to the acute toxicity and teratogenesis caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To understand the consequences of adaptation to chronic PAH pollution, we have attempted to further define the chemical tolerance associated with this resistance. An important component of the PAH adaptation of ER fish is the dramatic down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, resulting in decreased cytochrome p450 (CYP) 1 activity. Herein, we compared the susceptibility to several insecticides of ER fish to that of reference site (King's Creek; KC) fish; use of these chemicals as probes of the resistance will help to demonstrate if the contaminant adaptation exhibited by ER fish is broad or narrow and AHR-focused. We hypothesized that ER fish would be less susceptible to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (activated by CYP) and more susceptible to the pyrethroid permethrin (detoxified by CYP). Comparison of acute toxicity in 5-day-old larvae supported this hypothesis for chlorpyrifos. As expected, chemical up-regulation of CYP by co-exposure to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) enhanced the susceptibility of KC but it did not affect ER larvae. Unexpectedly, ER larvae were much less susceptible to permethrin than KC larvae. However, co-exposure to BNF greatly decreased the susceptibility of KC larvae, indicating that metabolism of permethrin by CYP was protective. Additionally, fish from each population were compared for susceptibility to the carbamate carbaryl, an acute neurotoxicant and weak AHR agonist that induces teratogenesis similar to that caused by PAHs. ER embryos and larvae were less susceptible than KC fish. These results suggest that the adaptive phenotype of ER fish is multi-faceted and that aspects other than CYP response are likely to greatly affect their response to contaminants.
The Jury Is Still Out On Merit Pay in Government

In this article the argument is made that the recent federal government experience with merit pay has produced misleading results. Because the program was largely a failure does not mean that it cannot work. Its deficiencies can be attributed to poor and hurried implementation and to inade quate funding. After examining the literature on both the implementation fiasco and employee attitudes about merit pay, the experience of a Navy research and development laboratory which has been experimenting with pay-for-performance for about six years will be examrned.
Applicability of the strong interaction Hubbard model to high Tc superconductors

Abstract It is pointed out that calculations on the strong interaction Hubbard model by Brinkman and Rice give the correct order of magnitude for the resistivity above Tc of high temperature superconductors. The Hall mobility predicted by this model is also discussed.
Some Variations of Lee's Algorithm

Lee's algorithm is a pathfinding algorithm, which is often used in computer-aided design systems to route wires on printed circuit boards. This paper discusses some variations of Lee's algorithm which can be used in certain contexts to improve its efficiency. First, it is shown that, by storing frontier cells in an array of stacks rather than a single list, costly searching operations can be eliminated without significantly increasing storage requirements. Second, it is shown that if each path's cost is the sum of the weights of its cells then retrace codes can be assigned to cells as soon as they are reached rather than when they are expanded. Third, it is shown that if the additional restriction is made that each cell's weight is not a function of the state of any nonneighbor cell, then an encoding scheme requiring only two bits/cell can be used for both rectangular and hexagonal grids.
Body Satisfaction, Nutritional Adherence, and Quality of Life in Youth With Cystic Fibrosis

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) typically have similar nutritional intake as healthy peers, despite recommendations to consume more calories and fat. Body satisfaction may play a role in nutritional intake: females may be content with their smaller size despite recommendations for weight gain, while males may desire to be larger and more muscular, which is more congruent with medical advice. Females are especially at risk, given their propensity to desire a smaller body size, tendency for lower HRQOL, steeper trajectory of health decline and shorter life expectancy than males. This study evaluated body satisfaction in relation to nutritional adherence and HRQOL in youth with CF. Fifty-four individuals with CF (age 9-17) completed the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R), the Figure Rating Scale, and a 24-hr diet recall interview with their caregiver. Twenty-four percent of youth were non-adherent with caloric goals, and 40.7% did not obtain the minimum recommendation for fat intake. Youth were classified as inconsistent with treatment goals (TI) if they desired a smaller body size or were content with their current size despite a BMI less than the 50th percentile; 44.8% of females were classified as TI, compared to only 8% of males. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of gender and body satisfaction on HRQOL in youth with CF. Linear multiple regression models were fit; TI females had Emotional HRQOL scores 23 points lower than males. Results suggest that improving body satisfaction, especially for females, may help to improve overall quality of life and potentially impact nutritional adherence.
Equilibrium of Phosphointermediates of Sodium and Potassium Ion Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase : Action of Sodium Ion and Hofmeister Effect

Sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase accepts and donates a phosphate group in the course of its reaction sequence. The phosphorylated enzyme has two principal reactive states, E1P and E2P. E1P is formed reversibly from ATP in the presence of Na+ and is precursor to E2P, which equilibrates with Pi in the presence of K+. We studied equilibrium between these states at 4°C and the effect of Na+ on it. To optimize the reaction system we used a Hofmeister effect, replacing the usual anion, chloride, with a chaotropic anion, usually nitrate. We phosphorylated enzyme from canine kidney with [32P]ATP. We estimated interconversion rate constants for the reaction E1P ⇌ E2P and their ratio. To estimate rate constants we terminated phosphorylation and observed decay kinetics. We observed E1P or E2P selectively by adding K+ or ADP respectively. K+ dephosphorylates E2P leaving E1P as observable species; ADP dephosphorylates E1P leaving E2P as observable species. We fitted a 2-pool model comprising two reactive species or a twin 2-pool model, comprising a pair of independent 2-pool models, to the data and obtained interconversion and hydrolysis rate constants for each state. Replacing Na+ with Tris+ or lysine+ did not change the ratio of interconversion rate constants between E1P and E2P. Thus Na+ binds about equally strongly to E1P and E2P. This conclusion is consistent with a model of Pedemonte (1988. J. Theor. Biol. 134:165–182.). We found that Na+ affected another equilibrium, that of transphosphorylation between ATP·dephosphoenzyme and ADP·E1P. We used the reactions and model of Pickart and Jencks (1982. J. Biol. Chem. 257:5319–5322.) to generate and fit data. Decreasing the concentration of Na+ 10-fold shifted the equilibrium constant 10-fold favoring ADP·E1P over ATP·dephosphoenzyme. Thus Na+ can dissociate from E1P·Na3. Furthermore, we found two characteristics of Hofmeister effects on this enzyme.
A Simulation Model of Fire Department Operations: Design and Preliminary Results

A simulation model designed to compare different policies for locating, relocating, and dispatching fire-fighting units is described. Issues treated include: the use of internal measures of performance as proxies for global ones; the use of analytical models for various subproblems to yield policies to be tested; the handling of loss of life and other important but rare events. The SIMSCRIPT 1.5 simulator and input and post-simulation analysis programs are described. Results that have been used by the Fire Department of the City of New York are presented and analyzed.
Estimating the Prevalence of Low Glomerular Filtration Rate Requires Attention to the Creatinine Assay Calibration

To the Editor: In the May issue of JASN , Clase et al . ([1][1]) report a much higher estimate of the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than recently published in the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines, “
Low-dose buprenorphine detoxification in long term methadone addicts

Discontinuation from long-term methadone is considered a problematic issue. Various pharmacological protocols for detoxification have been proven. Buprenorphine has recently been proposed as a promising drug in treating opioid withdrawal syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the time course of withdrawal symptomatology of long-term methadone addicts treated with low doses of buprenorphine. Long-term methadone dependent inpatients were included in a 9-day open detoxification trial. Characterization of subjective, objective and psychological opioid withdrawal symptoms was performed through an evaluation of the time course (days 0-8) of single items of a 27 items rating scale. Buprenorphine resulted to be an active and well tolerated drug
Prevalence of Reported Sleep Disturbances in a General Adult Population and their Relationship to Obstructive Airways Diseases

In order to determine the prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and the relationship of these complaints to age, gender and coexistent obstructive airways disease, 2,187 subjects in the Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Obstructive Airways Disease were surveyed in 1985 regarding their sleep symptoms. At least one symptom of disturbed sleep was present in 41.4 percent of all subjects. Women generally reported a significantly higher prevalence of both disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) and nightmares (NMXp
Malicious circuitry detection using fast timing characterization via test points

We develop a region-based timing characterization approach to detect hardware Trojans (HTs) on integrated circuits (ICs). In order to ensure the scalability of the approach, we partition the target IC into well-formed and non-overlapping regions and detect hardware Trojans on all circuit locations by examining the timing properties of the transistor paths. Based on the circuit partition, we insert a minimal number of test points that provide additional observation interfaces for the delay measurements of all circuit locations. Our evaluations on ISCAS and ITC benchmarks show that the region-based Trojan detection via test points can detect hardware Trojans accurately with well controlled area overhead and test time.
Star tracker design considerations for the Europa Orbiter mission

Star trackers are an accurate device used by most spacecraft to autonomously determine their orientation. The future Europa Orbiter mission poses significant environmental challenges not typically encountered in other space missions. The Jovian system in which the star tracker must operate is characterized by extremely intense ionizing radiation, which is primarily due to high-energy electrons and protons trapped by Jupiter's magnetic field. The design of a star tracker that will operate in this environment must overcome many challenging problems. Ionizing radiation will cause ordinary optical glass to darken. Silicon based detectors typically experience threshold shifts, increased dark current, reduced quantum efficiency and reduced charge transfer efficiency (in the case of CCDs). An even larger challenge is posed by the charged particle flux impinging on the detector. Charged particles incident on any glass in the optical path will generate luminescence and Cerenkov radiation, which degrades the signal to noise ratio. This paper discusses issues related to the design of a star tracker that can operate in the Europa radiation environment.
Serotonergic PET in temporal lobe epilepsy: Biomarking or etiologic mapping?

PET and selected ligands offer brain mapping for a panoply of neuronal receptors and other important brain molecules. Neurochemically specific PET studies have yielded numerous biomarkers of hippocampal and extrahippocampal dysfunction, which often have been used to study groups with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Etiologies and the development of epilepsy are poorly understood in TLE, however. Further, causative pathophysiologies are largely unelucidated with regard to the variations in neuronal function that induce seizure onset at a particular point in time, or the persistence of the interictal state; the mechanisms underlying interictal disorders of cognition and mood in TLE are equally obscure. Perhaps as a result, neurochemically specific PET biomarkers have been less helpful in helping us understand epilepsy progression or other manifestations in individual patients with TLE, than in simply contrasting differences in interictal biomarkers between groups with and without TLE. An even more elusive goal has been development of etiology-specific PET maps that might guide precise diagnosis and effective therapy of the individual patient with TLE.
mRNA display selection and solid-phase synthesis of Fc-binding cyclic peptide affinity ligands

Cyclic peptides are attractive candidates for synthetic affinity ligands due to their favorable properties, such as resistance to proteolysis, and higher affinity and specificity relative to linear peptides. Here we describe the discovery, synthesis and characterization of novel cyclic peptide affinity ligands that bind the Fc portion of human Immunoglobulin G (IgG; hFc). We generated an mRNA display library of cyclic pentapeptides wherein peptide cyclization was achieved with high yield and selectivity, using a solid-phase crosslinking reaction between two primary amine groups, mediated by a homobifunctional linker. Subsequently, a pool of cyclic peptide binders to hFc was isolated from this library and chromatographic resins incorporating the selected cyclic peptides were prepared by on-resin solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclization. Significantly, this approach results in resins that are resistant to harsh basic conditions of column cleaning and regeneration. Further studies identified a specific cyclic peptide--cyclo[Link-M-WFRHY-K]--as a robust affinity ligand for purification of IgG from complex mixtures. The cyclo[Link-M-WFRHY-K] resin bound selectively to the Fc fragment of IgG, with no binding to the Fab fragment, and also bound immunoglobulins from a variety of mammalian species. Notably, while the recovery of IgG using the cyclo[Link-M-WFRHY-K] resin was comparable to a Protein A resin, elution of IgG could be achieved under milder conditions (pH 4 vs. pH 2.5). Thus, cyclo[Link-M-WFRHY-K] is an attractive candidate for developing a cost-effective and robust chromatographic resin to purify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Finally, our approach can be extended to efficiently generate and evaluate cyclic peptide affinity ligands for other targets of interest.
T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with abnormal body weight: Longitudinal studies in anorexia nervosa and obesity

Objective In contrast to other types of starvation which are characterized by low CD4+ counts and increased susceptibility to infection, anorexia nervosa is not associated with an increase in infectious complications. To determine why infection risk of anorectics differs from that of other starving populations, we studied T-lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes, in patients with anorexia nervosa, and for comparison, in dieting obese subjects. Methods: T-lymphocyte phenotypes were determined by flow cytometric analysis of monoclonal antibody-labeled cells obtained from patients with anorexia nervosa before and after successful therapy and weight gain, and in obese subjects before and after weight loss on a very-low-calorie diet. Results: Weight loss in anorectics and obese dieters was associated with normal CD4+ counts. Unexpectedly, CD8+ counts were low in anorectics, both before and after weight gain, and in obese subjects after (but not before) dieting. Discussion: Normal CD4+ counts in anorectics and obese dieters, despite marked weight loss, may explain the lack of increased infection risk in these eating-disordered patients, in contrast to other starving populations. The observation that CD8+ counts are low in anorectics with low and restored body weight and in obese patients after dieting has not been previously reported. The persistence of low CD8+ counts in anorectics even after weight gain suggests that some factors other than weight loss per se may be involved, possibly including effects due to stress, comorbid psychiatric conditions, or unidentified aspects of dysregulated pathophysiology secondary to disordered eating. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electromagnetic coupling and radiation loss considerations in microstrip (M)MIC design

The high-frequency characterization of microstrip meander lines, junctions, and stubs is performed by the application of the method of moments to the electric field integral equation. Electromagnetic coupling, radiation, and substrate effects are inherently included with the use of the space-domain Greens function. Conductor loss is included by replacing the conductive strips with appropriate surface impedance boundaries. This results in an analysis of irregular microstrip discontinuities which accounts for both resistive and radiation losses. >
Reduction of Fluid Loss from Grapefruit Segments with Wax Microemulsion Coatings

Fresh whole peeled grapefruit or segments produced by vacuum infusion with pectinases are considered minimally processed products. When dry packed, segments from mature late season fruit had fluid losses >15% during 4 wk storage. Edible wax microemulsion coatings reduced leakage of dry-packed segments by 80% after 2 wk, and 64% after 4 wk storage, and were optimally effective in reducing leakage when diluted to 12% solids. Coatings could be made with polyethylene, candelilla or carnauba wax, and with lauric, stearic, palmitic, oleic or myristic acids. Coatings with carnauba wax were most effective. Whether made with morpholine or ammonia as the base, coatings were not detected by informal taste panels before or after storage.
Disorders of Glucose Metabolism among HIV-Infected Women

Background Abnormal glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients has largely been attributed to protease inhibitor use. However most studies of glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients have focused on men or have lacked appropriate controls.
A Study of Usage-Based Navigation Models and Generated Abstract Test Cases for Web Applications

While web applications expand in usage and complexity, testing demands are growing without corresponding automated support. One promising approach to automatic test generation is statistical model-based testing, where logged user behavior is used to build a usage-based model of web application navigation, from which abstract test cases are generated. Executable test cases are then created by adding parameter values to the abstract test cases. Several researchers have proposed variations of this approach, however, no one has empirically examined the tradeoffs and implications of the different ways to represent user behavior in a navigation model and the characteristics of the automatically generated test cases from different models. We report on our exploratory study of automatically generated abstract test cases and the underlying usage-based navigation models constructed from over 3500 user sessions across five publicly deployed web applications. Our results suggest how web testers can easily tune statistical model-based automatic test case generators for web applications toward generating tests closely related to user behavior or toward new navigations without using large additional test resources.
A micromorphic model for the multiple scale failure of heterogeneous materials

The multi-scale micromorphic theory developed in our previous paper [Vernerey, F.J., Liu, W.K., Moran, B., 2007. Multi-scale micromorphic theory for hierarchical materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2007.04.008] is used to predict the failure of heterogeneous materials illustrated by a high strength steel alloy possessing two populations of hard particles distributed at two distinct length scales in an alloy matrix. To account for the effect and size of microstructural features during fracture, additional kinematic variables are added, giving rise to the couple stresses associated with each population of particles. The various stress and strain measures must satisfy a set of coupled multi-scale governing equations derived from the principle of virtual power. A three-scale constitutive model is then developed to represent the failure of the alloy from nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids from each population of particles. For this, three distinct yield functions, each corresponding to a different scale, are introduced. Cell model simulations using finite elements are performed to determine the constitutive relations based on the key microstructural features. Two-dimensional failure analyses are then presented in tension and in shear, and show good agreement with direct numerical simulation of the microstructure.
A transpositionally and transcriptionally competent Alu subfamily.

Abstract DNA base sequence comparisons indicate that a subfamily of recently transposed human Alu repeats are distinguished from most Alu repeats by diagnostic sequence differences. Using an oligonucleotide hybridization probe that incorporates these sequence features, we found that there was an expansion of this Alu subfamily following the divergence of humans and African apes. This oligonucleotide was used to select human genomic clones containing representatives of this subfamily. One representative member of this subfamily was evidently absent from the corresponding chimpanzee locus and was associated with a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human genome. This apparently polymorphic member had all the diagnostic sequence features that initially predicted the existence of a newly expanding Alu subfamily. A transpositionally active sequence variant should also be transcriptionally active in at least some cell types or tissues. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization, primer extension, and RNA sequence analysis demonstrated the existence of different-length polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated transcripts corresponding to this subfamily. Evidence for 3' processing and subcellular localization of these transcripts is discussed. Most of the nearly one million human Alu repeats are pseudogenes with respect to coding for either an RNA product or new family members; a select and identifiable subset of Alu repeats serve as transcriptionally and transpositionally competent source genes.
Effect of Continuous Imidazolinone Herbicide Use on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Populations in Peanut1

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted from 1994 through 1996 to evaluate the effects of imazapic applied postemergence (POST) at 0.05 and 0.07 kg ai/ha, imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI) or POST at 0.07 kg ai/ha, and metolachlor applied PPI at 1.7 kg ai/ha on yellow nutsedge control, nutsedge tuber density, and peanut yield. All herbicides controlled yellow nutsedge at least 75% after 3 yr. Imazapic at 0.05 and 0.07 kg/ha controlled yellow nutsedge more consistently than did imazethapyr or metolachlor. Imazethapyr applied POST controlled yellow nutsedge more effectively than did imazethapyr applied PPI. Yellow nutsedge tuber densities in herbicide-treated plots were 51 to 75% less than in untreated control plots. Plots treated with imazapic, imazethapyr applied POST, and metolachlor resulted in higher peanut yields than did untreated control plots. Nomenclature: Imazapic; imazethapyr; metolachlor; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. #3 CYPES; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘GK-7’. Addit...
Arterial dissections following cervical manipulation: the chiropractic experience

Research into the effectiveness of spinal manipulation[1][1],[2][2] has resulted in some acknowledgement of its use by independent agencies in Canada,[3][3] the United States,[4][4] the United Kingdom[5][5] and Denmark,[6][6] which has led to increased integration of chiropractors into mainstream
Confined anodic aluminum oxide nanopores on aluminum wires

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanopores were grown on Al wire, 100 μm diameter in oxalic acid at 20, 40 and 70 V. Total charge passed and wire resistance were monitored as a function of anodization time providing precise Al consumption rates. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy was conducted on the used electrolyte to determine ejected Al3+ ion concentration. Reduced growth rates, lower interpore distances, thicker barrier layer Al2O3 and cracks in the AAO > 10 μm thick were observed. Compared to planar AAO at low current densities, at least 22% higher efficiencies and higher volume expansion factors were obtained. These results were explained on the basis of reduced ionic conductivity and increased viscosity of the barrier layer Al2O3 as a result of circumferential compressive stresses generated due to pore growth on convex surfaces.
Consistency between coded poison center data and fatality abstract narratives for therapeutic error deaths in older adults

Introduction. The national poison center database provides unique opportunities for research on medication safety. Much of this research utilizes only the coded portions of the case record. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the consistency of the case scenario details on the coded poison center record compared to written fatality abstracts for fatal therapeutic error cases in older adults. A secondary goal was to elucidate causes and coding consistency for fatal iatrogenic errors. Methods. A retrospective analysis of fatalities because of unintentional therapeutic errors reported to the National Poison Data System from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2006, for adults ≥65 years old was performed. Coded case scenarios from National Poison Data System were compared with those described in the fatality
Social Cognition in Schizophrenia, Part 2: 12-Month Stability and Prediction of Functional Outcome in First-Episode Patients

This study evaluated the longitudinal stability and functional correlates of social cognition during the early course of schizophrenia. Fifty-five first-episode schizophrenia patients completed baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments of 3 key domains of social cognition (emotional processing, theory of mind, and social/relationship perception), as well as clinical ratings of real-world functioning and symptoms. Scores on all 3 social cognitive tests demonstrated good longitudinal stability with test-retest correlations exceeding .70. Higher baseline and 12-month social cognition scores were both robustly associated with significantly better work functioning, independent living, and social functioning at the 12-month follow-up assessment. Furthermore, cross-lagged panel analyses were consistent with a causal model in which baseline social cognition drove later functional outcome in the domain of work, above and beyond the contribution of symptoms. Social cognitive impairments are relatively stable, functionally relevant features of early schizophrenia. These results extend findings from a companion study, which showed stable impairments across patients in prodromal, first-episode, and chronic phases of illness on the same measures. Social cognitive impairments may serve as useful vulnerability indicators and early clinical intervention targets.
Racial Differences in Mortality among Men Hospitalized in Military Hospitals

ABSTRACT A comparative study was conducted on patients in military hospitals in response to recent studies at veterans' hospitals showing the possibility that access to an equal-access health care system may reduce or reverse racial differences in mortality outcomes. Using a cohort study of 14,122 military retirees admitted to military hospitals with any of six common medical diagnoses between October 2000 and September 2004, we evaluated differences in patient and hospital characteristics and evaluated race-specific hospital mortality. Despite long-term equal access to comprehensive medical care, there were significant racial differences in patient- and hospital-level risk factors among male military retirees hospitalized with common medical diagnoses. In unadjusted analyses, risk of hospital mortality was significantly lower in African Americans and other non-Caucasians when compared to Caucasians, but differences disappeared after adjustment for all risk factors.
An In Vivo Study of Dopamine Release in Striatum: The Effects of Phenylalanine

We used intracerebral dialysis to monitor extracellular levels of dopamine and its major metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum of chloralose/urethane-anesthetized rats. Levels of these compounds were determined after intraperitoneal administration of phenylalanine (200, 500, and 1000-mg/kg). A dose of 200 mg phenylalanine per kg (which increases brain tyrosine by more than phenylalanine) increased basal dopamine release by 59%, peaking at 75 min. There was no change in basal dopamine release after the 500-mg dose, whereas the 1000-mg/kg dose (which increases brain phenylalanine more than tyrosine) significantly reduced (26%) dopamine release. No corresponding changes were observed in the concentrations of DOPAC and HVA with any of the treatments, indicating that changes in brain phenylalanine and tyrosine levels may selectively affect production of the dopamine molecules that are preferentially released into synapses.
Calcium currents in normal and hypertrophied isolated feline ventricular myocytes

The magnitude and kinetics of the slow inward calcium current (Isi) were compared in single right ventricular myocytes that were isolated from normal cats and cats with right ventricular hypertrophy. Peak inward current density was greater in hypertrophy than normal myocytes (-20.4 +/- 15.3 vs. -10.4 +/- 8.8 microA/cm2, P less than 0.05). When we blocked early outward currents with intracellular CsCl, however, the peak magnitude of Isi was shown to be similar in hypertrophy and normal myocytes (-16.4 +/- 11.2 vs. -12.7 +/- 3.0 microA/cm2, P = NS). The increased net inward current in hypertrophy was thus due to a decrease in Cs-sensitive early outward current rather than an increase in the magnitude of Isi. The fast component of inactivation of Isi was similar in hypertrophy and normal myocytes, but the slow component was delayed in hypertrophy (slow time constant; tau slow = 75.9 +/- 14.7 ms vs. tau slow = 60.6 +/- 4.9 ms, P less than 0.05). These abnormalities of Isi may contribute to the prolonged duration of the action potential and of contraction in hypertrophied myocardium, but a defect in excitation-contraction coupling distal to Isi appears to produce the diminished magnitude of contraction.
Who Pays? Who Decides?

(2001). Who Pays? Who Decides? Public Performance & Management Review: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 229-230.
A needs comparison of justice-involved Iraq/Afghanistan veterans to other service eras

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e34–e117 e55 evaluated by randomly assigning parolees to 6monthly naltrexone injections or treatment as usual (TAU) without medication. Methods: All patients met DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence. 308 parolees were randomized and 290 are now eligible for 6-month follow up. The naltrexone group received 6 monthly injections of 380mg and amonthly visit with a nurse. The parolees randomized to TAU received help in joining a community counseling program. Outcomes were measured by urine tests and self-report. Results: Retention rates in treatment at 27, 52, and 78 weeks were 64%, 58% and 54% for the TAU group and 66%, 54% and 52% for the naltrexone group. Urine tests were examined at 27, 52 and 78 weeks andwithpooleddata fromall 5 sites, therewere significantly fewer opioid positive urines in the naltrexone group (p< .0001 for the pooled analysis). The rate of positive opioids for TAU was 3.36 times higher than that for naltrexone. No significant differencewas found for other drugs. There were 2 opioid overdoses in the TAU group and none in the naltrexone group. There were 4 deaths from all causes in the TAU group and 2 deaths in the naltrexone group unrelated to medication. Conclusions: A monthly injection of depot naltrexone significantly reduced opioid relapse in parolees. Six-month retentionwas similar in the two groups. Serious adverse events including opioid overdose occurred less often in the group receiving naltrexone (18 naltrexone vs. 43 for TAU). In this interim analysis, depot naltrexone was found to be both safe and effective in reducing the rate of relapse to opioid use. Financial support: This research was supported by collaborative RO-1 grants to the 5 sites involved. The extended release naltrexone in the form of Vivitrol was supplied by Alkermes Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.519 A needs comparison of justice-involved Iraq/Afghanistan veterans to other service eras Kathryn O’Connor1,2, Debra A. Pinals3,1, David Smelson1,2, Leon Sawh2,4,1, Carl Fulwiler1, Stephanie Singer1, William Fisher4, Stephanie Hartwell5, Gerardo Gonzalez1 1 University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States 2 US Department of Veterans Affairs, Bedford, MA, United States 3 Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Boston, MA, United States 4 University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States 5 University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA,
Learning to extract quality discourse in online communities

Collaborative filtering systems have been developed to manage information overload and improve discourse in online communities. In such systems, users rank content provided by other users on the validity or usefulness within their particular context. The goal is that "good" content will rise to prominence and "bad" content will fade into obscurity. These filtering mechanisms are not well-understood and have known weaknesses. For example, they depend on the presence of a large crowd to rate content, but such a crowd may not be present. Additionally, the community's decisions determine which voices will reach a large audience and which will be silenced, but it is not known if these decisions represent "the wisdom of crowds" or a "censoring mob." Our approach uses statistical machine learning to predict community ratings. By extracting features that replicate the community's verdict, we can better understand collaborative filtering, improve the way the community uses the ratings of their members, and design agents that augment community decision-making. Slashdot is an example of such a community where peers will rate each others' comments based on their relevance to the post. This work extracts a wide variety of features from the Slashdot metadata and posts' linguistic contents to identify features that can predict the community rating. We find that author reputation, use of pronouns, and author sentiment are salient. We achieve 76% accuracy predicting community ratings as good, neutral, or bad.
Conflicting visions of renewal in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, 1950–1968

Visual representations of the Lower Hill District created by Pittsburgh's redevelopment coalition and by neighbourhood insiders reveal the conflicting ways redevelopers and residents understood older neighbourhoods and their redevelopment. Redevelopers’ maps and photographs of the Lower Hill documented the neighbourhood's densely built-up blocks and intermixture of land uses as definitive examples of blight that threatened downtown's economic health. Models and architectural sketches of the Civic Arena – the jewel of the Lower Hill's redevelopment plan – promised to wipe away blight and renew the city. Redevelopers distributed their imagery through brochures and the city's daily press. Framed by captions labelling the Lower Hill a ‘blight’ and the Civic Arena a ‘wonder of the modern world’, these images helped sell the public on redevelopment. Lower Hill insiders, most notably the city's African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier , and the Courier ’s lead photographer, Charles ‘Teenie’ Harris, envisioned the Lower Hill and its redevelopment differently. Harris and the Courier criticized the neighbourhood's dilapidated housing but celebrated its thriving social life. They also supported redevelopment but saw it primarily as a route to new jobs and improved housing for Hill residents. After the Civic Arena opened in 1961, redevelopment failed to deliver more jobs or better housing because redevelopers’ worldview prioritized the built over the social environment. Hill District residents, led by the Courier , reacted to these shortcomings with visual protests pairing redevelopers’ favourite symbol of progress – the brand new Civic Arena – with symbols of racial injustice. By spotlighting the inequalities that undergirded redevelopers’ vision for the city, these protests stopped redevelopment from spreading further into the Hill in 1968.
Physiology and political beliefs: A response to Knoll, O’Daniel, and Cusato

In a recent paper in this journal, Knoll et al. question three studies from our laboratory. In this response to that paper, we address deficiencies in their “reproduction.” Notably, we demonstrate that their data provide little evidence of a negativity bias among research subjects, suggesting a failure not only to reproduce findings from our earlier studies, but also a failure to find a widely acknowledged universal human physiological response trait. This situation raises a number of questions regarding the data on which their analyses are based. We explore these questions below and speculate that Knoll et al.’s data collection procedures may compromise their ability to speak to the external validity of earlier studies.
Developing a Medical School Curriculum for Psychological, Moral, and Spiritual Wellness: Student and Faculty Perspectives

Context Although many studies have addressed the integration of a religion and/or spirituality curriculum into medical school training, few describe the process of curriculum development based on qualitative data from students and faculty.