cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of action in youth psychotherapy.

Background: In this review, we address a basic, but unanswered, question about psychosocial interventions for youth: How does psychotherapy work? Methods: We propose a framework for using mediation analysis to answer this question, and we review the youth therapy outcome literature for evidence on mediating mechanisms. We focus our review on clinical trials of empirically supported treatments for youth anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior (N a 67). Results: Contrary to previous reports indicating that potential mediators are rarely assessed, 63% of the studies included measures of potential mediating mechanisms in their designs. Across treatment domains, percentages ranged from 22% of the studies of learning-based interventions for anxiety (i.e., systematic desensitization, modeling, and reinforced practice) to 91% of parent training investigations. Despite the rather extensive assessment of potential mediators, only six studies included any attempt to use the measures in a formal mediation test. Thus, despite the positive effects of treatments and surprisingly ample assessment of mediators, we still know remarkably little about how youth psychotherapies work. Conclusions: We note common problems that hampered mediation testing (e.g., the design of many trials made it difficult to determine the temporal order of change in the mechanism and outcome), and we offer recommendations for improving study design to better assess mechanisms of therapeutic action. We also note the need to test mediation among referred youth treated in representative practice settings to complement the laboratory-based evidence on therapy mechanisms that prevails to date.
The Mythical CCM: In Search of Usable (and Resuable) FPGA-Based General Computing Machines

Early FPGA researchers understood that FPGAs made possible the creation of a new, flexible, and powerful class of machine - the configurable computing machine (CCM). The earliest CCMs featured rudimentary but significant integrated design, debug, and runtime environments. This paper reviews those environments as well as more recent work using JHDL, designed to investigate how a symbolic hardware debugging environment for CCMs can be created with many of the features normally associated with software debug systems. The paper reviews lessons learned from that work and concludes by discussing the role integrated design, debug, and runtime environments may play in future CCM-based systems.
Dendritic Growth Dynamics: Steady And Oscillatory States

Microgravity dendritic growth experiments, conducted aboard the space shuttle Columbia (STS-87) in November/December 1997, are analyzed and discussed. In-situ video images now reveal that pivalic acid (PVA) dendrites growing in the diffusion-controlled environment of low-earth orbit exhibit a range of growth behaviors, including steady, transient, and oscillatory states. The observed transient features of the growth process are being studied with the objective of understanding their physical mechanisms. Some transients in the observed growth speed are thought to arise as an intrinsic aspect of the evolving dendritic pattern. Variability in the growth speed observed from a sequence of identical runs at equal supercooling suggests that self-interactions of the dendrite remain important throughout the development of the dendritic pattern. A Greens function analysis of the near-tip diffusion sources contributing to the local field at the tip suggests that strong non-local interactions exist well into the time-dependent side-branch region of real dendrites. Video data obtained at 30 fps allow the first application of discrete Fourier transform methods (Lomb periodograms) to the digitized images of dendritic growths under quiescent microgravity conditions. These observations provide evidence for the appearance of characteristic frequencies in the tip shape and its dynamical behavior. Some of the frequency bands observed coincide closely with the ratio of the dendritic tip growth speed divided by the side branch spacing. Other observed lower frequencies remain as yet unexplained. These data, and their interpretations, are discussed in this paper.
The significance of free radicals and free radical scavengers in L1210 leukemia.

L1210 leukemia is a murine leukemia which is associated with anemia and marked neutrophilia. In order to determine the significance of free radicals (FR) in this disorder, we determined the presence and localization of free radical scavengers (FRS) and scavenger-like systems in L1210 leukemia cells obtained in vivo and from in vitro cultures. FR are metabolized or detoxified by certain FRS such as glutathione (GSH and GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and enzymes such as epoxide hydrolase (EH). In all cases specific fractions of L1210 cells, bone marrow and liver were examined for FR/FRS levels. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione were measured fluorometrically using o-opthalaldehyde (OPT). SOD was determined colorimetrically utilizing pyrogallol by substrate autolysis inhibition, and EH was determined by utilizing [3H] styrene oxide as a substrate. Ratios of GSH/GSSG in fractions prepared from in vivo and in vitro L1210 cells showed a predominance of GSH-reductase with the highest activity in mitochondria (ratio = 15 vs. 10). Normal liver showed a similar pattern whereas, leukemic liver showed altered GSH/GSSG ratios in mitochrondria and microsomes. Leukemic bone marrow showed a predominance of GSH-reductase in all fractions. EH activity was highest in microsomal fractions obtained from L1210 cells grown in vitro and found to become increased in both the mitrochondrial (100%) and microsomal (200%) fractions when cells were exposed to retinoic acid (RA) in culture. SOD activity in the cytosolic (21.2 U SOD/mg) and mitochondrial (12 U SOD/mg) fractions whereas, leukemic liver showed a significant decrease in activity in all fractions compared to normals. SOD was determined in fractions taken from L1210 cells in vivo and in vitro. Results demonstrated detectable but reduced SOD activity in the L1210 cell fractions as contrasted with liver activity. Results from these studies indicate that certain FRS systems are functional in L1210 leukemic animals. Furthermore, variations in the ratios or levels may be of significance in the leukemic and hematological states.
Potential for Conflict of Interest in the Evaluation of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions: Use of Cerivastatin and Risk of Rhabdomyolysis

ContextIn recent years, US patients have increasingly been the first to receive new medications, some of which are subsequently discovered to have suspected adverse drug reactions (SADRs). As a result, the challenge of early detection has largely shifted to the US postmarketing systems.ObjectiveTo review the association between the use of cerivastatin sodium and the risk of rhabdomyolysis in an effort to illustrate the operation and limitations of the current US postmarketing safety-surveillance system.Data Sources and SelectionFor the published literature, we used previous reviews and MEDLINE searches from all years through 2003. For the unpublished literature, we used internal company documents that have become part of the public record during a trial in Nueces County, Texas.Data SynthesisIn the published literature, cerivastatin was associated with much larger risks of rhabdomyolysis than other statins. Although only a small percentage of cerivastatin users also took gemfibrozil, approximately half of the case reports of rhabdomyolysis occurred in users of this combination therapy, and a cerivastatin-gemfibrozil interaction was supported by the results of a 3-day pharmacokinetic study. In internal company documents, multiple case reports suggested a drug-drug interaction within approximately 100 days of the launch in 1998; however, the company did not add a contraindication about the concomitant use of cerivastatin and gemfibrozil to the package insert for more than 18 months. Unpublished data available in July 1999 also suggested an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis associated with high doses of cerivastatin monotherapy. In late 1999 and early 2000, company scientists conducted high-quality analyses of the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system data. These analyses suggested that compared with atorvastatin calcium, cerivastatin monotherapy substantially increased the risk of rhabdomyolysis. To our knowledge, these findings were not disseminated or published. The company continued to conduct safety studies, some of them inadequately designed to assess the risk of rhabdomyolysis, until cerivastatin was removed from the market in August 2001.ConclusionsDespite limitations of the available data, the asymmetry between the information available to the company and the information available to patients and physicians seems striking. A subjective element is present in the effort to infer whether or not the occurrence of untoward outcomes in users of a particular drug was actually the consequence of the use of that drug, and, under the current system, a pharmaceutical company’s appraisal of SADRs may be influenced by economic considerations. Such an appraisal would best be made by an independent group. The US Congress should mandate and provide adequate support for independent reviews and analysis of postmarketing data.Published online November 22, 2004 (doi:10.1001/jama.292.21.2622).
Phase I Trial of Gefitinib in Combination With Radiation or Chemoradiation for Patients With Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose To establish the safety and toxicity profile of daily gefitinib with radiation alone or with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in previously untreated patients with locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer (LAHNC). Patients and Methods Patients with intermediate-stage LAHNC were treated with concomitant boost radiation (RT) alone with escalating doses of daily gefitinib (250 or 500 mg; cohort I). Once a safety profile was determined with RT alone, patients with high-risk disease were then treated with daily gefitinib (250 or 500 mg), weekly cisplatin (CDDP; 30 mg/m2), and once-daily RT (cohort II). Patients also received post-RT gefitinib at 250 mg daily for a period of up to 2 years. Results Twenty-three patients were enrolled and assessable for toxicity. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in patients treated in cohort I at either 250 or 500 mg of gefitinib daily with concomitant boost RT to 72 Gy. In patients receiving chemoradiotherapy and gefitinib (cohort II), DLTs include...
Size-dependent impacts of silver nanoparticles on the lifespan, fertility, growth, and locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans

The increased bioavailability of nanoparticles engineered for good dispersion in water may have biological and environmental impacts. To examine this issue, the authors assessed the biological effects in nematodes as they relate to exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes at low (1 mg/L Ag), medium (10 mg/L Ag), and high concentrations (100 mg/L Ag). Over multiple generations, the authors found that the smallest particle, at 2 nm, had a notable impact on nematode fertility. In contrast, the largest particle, at 10 nm, significantly reduced the lifespan of parent nematodes (P0) by 28.8% and over the span of 3 generations (F1–F3). In addition, a computer vision system automatically measured the adverse effects in body length and motility, which were not size-dependent. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2716–2723. © 2014 SETAC
Structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) ectodomain.

Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases. They infect host cells using the coordinated action of two surface glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) and the fusion protein (F). HN binds sialic acid on host cells (hemagglutinin activity) and hydrolyzes these receptors during viral egress (neuraminidase activity, NA). Additionally, receptor binding is thought to induce a conformational change in HN that subsequently triggers major refolding in homotypic F, resulting in fusion of virus and target cell membranes. HN is an oligomeric type II transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic domain and a large ectodomain comprising a long helical stalk and large globular head domain containing the enzymatic functions (NA domain). Extensive biochemical characterization has revealed that HN-stalk residues determine F specificity and activation. However, the F/HN interaction and the mechanisms whereby receptor binding regulates F activation are poorly defined. Recently, a structure of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN ectodomain revealed the heads (NA domains) in a “4-heads-down” conformation whereby two of the heads form a symmetrical interaction with two sides of the stalk. The interface includes stalk residues implicated in triggering F, and the heads sterically shield these residues from interaction with F (at least on two sides). Here we report the x-ray crystal structure of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) HN ectodomain in a “2-heads-up/2-heads-down” conformation where two heads (covalent dimers) are in the “down position,” forming a similar interface as observed in the NDV HN ectodomain structure, and two heads are in an “up position.” The structure supports a model in which the heads of HN transition from down to up upon receptor binding thereby releasing steric constraints and facilitating the interaction between critical HN-stalk residues and F.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of dendritic spines in the living brain

Dendritic spines are ubiquitous postsynaptic sites of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain, and thus may serve as structural indicators of functional synapses. Recent works have suggested that neuronal coding of memories may be associated with rapid alterations in spine formation and elimination. Technological advances have enabled researchers to study spine dynamics in vivo during development as well as under various physiological and pathological conditions. We believe that better understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of spine dynamics will help elucidate the principles of experience-dependent circuit modification and information processing in the living brain.
Connecting Students to Politics through a Multi-Class Campaign Simulation

Simulations are an important complement to a traditional political science education in that they can promote active learning and enhance student understanding of course material. Simulations can also provide students with the opportunity to learn and develop important research, writing, public speaking, and analysis skills. This essay describes a multi-class campaign simulation of my own design that was run in two upper-level government courses during the spring of 2006 at Hamilton College. This simulation is designed to promote student engagement in political ideas and concepts from the varied perspectives of candidates, campaign staff, parties, the media, and voters. At the same time, the simulation also helps students develop the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in a political campaign, legislative office, or other professional political environments.I wish to thank Sharon Waring Rivera and Brian S. Glenn for providing helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Evidence and conceptual change

In this paper we shall formulate a rule of evidence that is based on subjective probabilities and is sensitive to conceptual change. Whether a sentence is selected as evidence on our account will be determined by the subjective probability of the sentence and of the sentences with which it competes for evidential status. Both the subjective probability of a sentence and what sentences it competes with will depend on the conceptual and semantic relations among sentences of the language. When these relations are altered, new sentences may be added to evidence and old ones deleted.
Social Justice Advocacy in Rural Communities: Practical Issues and Implications

The professional literature related to social justice has increased, but there has been little discussion of the practical issues and implications associated with social advocacy. However, adding new roles will result in new considerations for counseling psychologists. The need to be attuned to how the practical aspects of advocacy intersect with the context of psychological work may be especially present in rural areas where practitioners may be more involved in the community and thus their actions highly visible. Because the data indicate that rural communities may have few resources, a limited number of mental health professionals, and higher rates of mental illness, psychologists practicing in these areas may feel compelled to engage in advocacy. Yet there is little practical guidance for these psychologists. Therefore, the authors present considerations for social justice advocacy in rural areas, using the American Counseling Association advocacy competencies as an organizing framework.
Computer games and CS education: why and how

Computer and video games have grown to be a major industry but, until recently, have largely been ignored by academia. The last couple of years, however, have seen the emergence of new academic programs, conferences, and journals dedicated to games studies. This panel discusses a variety of ways, and whys, for introducing games into computer science curricula. Panelists discuss their experiences in designing a broad range of courses including a games course for women, a software development course that uses games as projects, an introductory games programming course in Java, and an advanced graphics course that focuses on games.
Distributive Justice and Contract

This chapter presents and rejects three arguments against incorporating concerns of distributive justice into contract. First, private law theorists have worried that it is arbitrary to impose the burden of redistribution on a party to contract when the underlying injustice is systemic. The chapter shows that distributive concerns inform the content of interpersonal duties that traditionally underwrite private law. Second, disadvantaged parties consent to the terms of their agreements and we might worry that these terms exhaust obligations between the parties with respect to those transactions. That is, even if a disadvantaged party had any claims arising from distributive injustice, she waives them vis a vis particular individuals by agreeing to contract on particular terms. The chapter argues that consent to contract does not obviate the other party’s moral responsibility for losses resulting from exchange, though in the ordinary case it may justify the state allocating losses to the party who consented to bear them. The chapter also argues that, where the terms of agreement are ambiguous – i.e., where the terms to which parties have consented is unclear – we should avoid reading contracts in ways that compromise distributive justice. Finally, many scholars fret that any attempt to correct distributions through contract adjudication or even regulation of classes of contract is futile, or worse, counter-productive. The chapter suggests that these concerns are contingent and of more limited scope than we normally take them to be.
Finding Person X: Correlating Names with Visual Appearances

People as news subjects carry rich semantics in broadcast news video and therefore finding a named person in the video is a major challenge for video retrieval. This task can be achieved by exploiting the multi-modal information in videos, including transcript, video structure, and visual features. We propose a comprehensive approach for finding specific persons in broadcast news videos by exploring various clues such as names occurred in the transcript, face information, anchor scenes, and most importantly, the timing pattern between names and people. Experiments on the TRECVID 2003 dataset show that our approach achieves high performance.
Transductional instability of Tn5-induced mutations: generalized and specialized transduction of Tn5 by bacteriophage P1

Generalized transduction is commonly used to move transposon-induced mutations among bacterial strains by selecting for inheritance of a transposonencoded resistance determinant. Although complete cotransduction of the resistance determinant and the chromosomal mutation might be expected, it is often found that when Tn5(Kan) insertion mutations are transduced by bacteriophage P1 most of the nonmutant kanamycin-resistant transductants are due to specialized transduction of Tn5. Such P1::Tn5 specialized transducing phage are not found when a mutant Tn5 element lacking a functional transposase is employed.
Debriefing: The Most Important Component in Simulation?

Background: Simulation is a time- and cost-intensive teaching modality that consiists of both hands-on experience with a lifelike manikin and a debriefing session. While many educators believe that both sim­ ulation components are important for learning, the impact of the individual components is unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine where in a simulation experience greater knowl­ edge gains occurred. Methods: With a 2-group, repeated measures, experimental design, this study examined the impact of sim­ ulation components (hands-on alone and hands-on plus debriefing) on heart failure (HF) clinical knowledge in 162 prelicensure nursing students (age: M = 25.7 years, SD = 6.6 years; 85.5% women) from 3 nursing schools who were at the same point in their curriculum. Parallel HF knowledge tests were given at baseline (Pretest) and after the hands-on (Posttest 1) and debriefing (Posttest 2) stages of the HF simulation. Results: HF knowledge scores decreased from the pretest to the first posttest (after the hands-on compo­ nent of the simulation; M = -5.63, SD = 3.89; p < .001), whereas they dramatically improved after debrief­ ing (M = +6.75, SD = 4.32; p = < .001). Conclusion: Gains in HF knowledge were achieved only after debriefing. This study suggests that the de­ briefing experience should be emphasized in a standardized simulation learning experience. Further inves­ tigation is needed to evaluate the impact of debriefing and intensive teaching without the hands-on simulation component. Cite this article:
Emerging Ceramic-based Materials for Dentistry

Our goal is to give an overview of a selection of emerging ceramics and issues for dental or biomedical applications, with emphasis on specific challenges associated with full-contour zirconia ceramics, and a brief synopsis on new machinable glass-ceramics and ceramic-based interpenetrating phase composites. Selected fabrication techniques relevant to dental or biomedical applications such as microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and additive manufacturing are also reviewed. Where appropriate, the authors have added their opinions and guidance.
Macrocyclic Cyclooctene‐Supported AlCl–Salen Catalysts for Conjugated Addition Reactions: Effect of Linker and Support Structure on Catalysis

AlCl-salen (salen=N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine dianion) catalysts supported onto macrocyclic oligomeric cyclooctene through linkers of varying length and flexibility have been developed to demonstrate the importance of support architecture on catalyst activity. The role played by the support and the linkers in dictating catalyst activity was found to vary for reactions with contrasting mechanisms, such as the bimetallic cyanide and the monometallic indole addition reactions. While the flexible support significantly enhanced the cyanide addition reaction, most likely by improving salen-salen interactions in the transition state, it lowered the reaction rate for the monometallic indole reaction. For both reactions, significant increase in catalytic activity was observed for catalysts with the longest linkers. The effect of the flexible macrocyclic support on catalysis was further exemplified by the enhanced activity of the supported catalyst in comparison with its unsupported analogue for the conjugate addition of tetrazoles, which is known to be catalyzed by dimeric mu-oxo-salen catalysts. Our studies with the cyclooctene supported AlCl-salen catalysts provides significant insights for rationally designing highly efficient AlCl-salen catalysts for a diverse set of reactions.
Whipple's Disease: A Review Emphasizing Immunology and Microbiology

(1981). Whipple's Disease: A Review Emphasizing Immunology and Microbiology. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 75-108.
Toward a Comprehensive Homelessness-Prevention Policy

Because of the misery and deprivation suffered by homeless persons, the initial response to homelessness in the United States focused first on quickly addressing the dire need for emergency food and shelter, and then on providing additional assistance to already homeless persons — ideally to help them move out of homelessness. New preventive measures to help people avoid becoming homeless were largely ignored or put off. But now that efforts to provide emergency food and shelter are well under way throughout the country, many more experts, policymakers, and service organizations have begun focusing on homelessness prevention. Nevertheless, actual prevention efforts are still tentative and somewhat haphazard. In support of a more rapid expansion of effective homelessness‐prevention activities, this paper discusses the benefits of prevention, develops an initial framework for a comprehensive homelessness‐prevention strategy, and, using this framework, evaluates existing prevention efforts and suggests new initiatives.
Do we understand what the mercury speciation instruments are actually measuring? Results of RAMIX.

From August 22 to September 16, 2012, atmospheric mercury (Hg) was measured from a common manifold in the field during the Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison eXperiment. Data were collected u...
Preliminary results of the effects of sewing, packing and parachute deployment on material strength

Ribbon parachute fabrics were tested during development and production of a 24 ft parachute, and after 2.5 years ambient exposure at several storage sites. The effects of sewing, packing, and parachute deployment on material strength were obtained in the 1000 lb Kevlar ribbon after moisture exposure during packing, and when packed parachutes absorbed moisture or were thermal cycled. Individual yarn samples from the low strength ribbons exhibited little change in strength indicating that the material itself had not degraded. Factors leading to the change in ribbon strength are discussed. Considering all materials, there have been no indications to date of any uncontrollable changes in material strength that would limit the use of Kevlar in parachute applications.
Selective Area Heteroepitaxy of Nano-AlGaN UV Excitation Sources for Biofluorescence Application

We report on the selective area heteroepitaxy and facet evolution of AlGaN nanostructures on GaN/sapphire substrate using various mask materials. We also report on the challenges associated with selection of an appropriate mask material for selective area heteroepitaxy of AlGaN with varying Al composition. The shape and the growth rate of the nanostructures are observed to be greatly affected by the mask material. The evolution of the AlGaN nanostructures and Al incorporation were studied exhaustively as a function of growth parameters; including temperature, pressure, NH3 flow, total alkyl flow and TMAl/(TMAl+TMGa) ratio. The growth rate of nanostructures was reduced drastically when higher Al percentage AlGaN nanostructures were grown. The growth rates were increased for higher Al percentage AlGaN using a surfactant which resulted in a high quality pyramidal structure. As indicated by high resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, composition of Al in the AlGaN nanostructure is significantly different from that of a thin film grown under the same growth conditions.
Interactions of Insulin and IGFS with Cellular Components of the Arterial Wall: Potential Impact on Atherosclerosis

Insulin and the insulin—like growth factors (IGFs) have a diverse and complicated array of functions in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, three major cell components of the arterial wall. In this chapter, we will review the in vitro studies assessing insulin/IGF effects on these three cell types and introduce other factors which may modulate the action of insulin/IGF on the arterial wall both in normal physiology and in the disease process atherosclerosis.
Encoded Enclosures: the Wartime Novels of Stella Benson

In her 1990 survey of British women’s First World War writing, The Great War and Women’s Consciousness, Claire Tylee announces her intention of identifying the ‘women’s myth’ of the Great War — a myth notably excluded from standard literary surveys of the period. Written partly as a corrective to Paul Fussell’s influential The Great War and Modern Memory, Tylee’s work is part of a recent attempt by feminist critics and historians to extend the traditional definitions of war to accommodate female experience. As Margaret Higonnet points out, war itself is a highly gendered concept; ‘commonplace definitions of war draw a gendered boundary’ between ‘battlefield’ and ‘home front’, ‘combatant’ and ‘non-combatant’ (’Cassandra’, 145–6). As war changes, the military must continually redefine the combat zone as ‘wherever “women” are not’ (Enloe, 15). Focusing on female war experience leads to an awareness of war as less firmly bounded in both space and time than conventional historiography would have it; for women, as Cynthia Enloe has argued, war is less a circumscribed physical event bounded by treaties than an ideological, economic and psychological struggle experienced over an extended period of time (cited in Higonnet, ‘Helix’, 46). ‘We must move beyond the exceptional, marked event, which takes place on a specifically militarized front or in public or institutionally defined areas/ states Higonnet, ‘to include the private domain and the landscape of the mind’ (46).
The Genetics of Male Infertility

While a multitude of acquired causes can impair spermatogenesis, there is reason to believe that a genetic basis exists in a majority of infertile men (Bhasin et al, 1994; De Kretser et al, 1972; Lamb and Niederberger, 1994; Jaffe and Oates, 1994; Skakkebaek et al, 1994). The occurrence of these genetic defects in infertile men has significant implications for assisted reproductive technologies, particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (Bhasin et al, 1994). Because intracytoplasmic sperm injection may allow partners of these infertile men to become pregnant, it is possible that these genetic defects may be transmitted to the male offspring. This raises issues of informed consent and ethical concerns. Similarly, the widespread use of assisted reproductive techniques to induce pregnancy may result in accumulation of genetic defects in the population; these defects would have been otherwise weeded out because of infertility. Substantial prevalence of Y deletions and other known and unknown genetic defects in infertile men and the potential risk of transmitting this genetic disorder to their offspring provide a compelling rationale for genetic screening of infertile men prior to ICSI. The couples undergoing ICSI should be counseled about the potential risk of transmitting this genetic disorder to the offspring. Long term monitoring of ICSI babies for genetic disorders including Y deletions is warranted.
Fulfilling Social and Economic Rights

International human rights law requires that governments around the world do their best to provide a minimal standard of living for all of their citizens. In this book, which won the 2015–2016 Best...
Analysis of open Hearth Oxygen Injection

Results are presented of a program designed to investigate the effects of using oxygen for the enrichment of the combustion air, and to determine the effects of oxygen flow rate and velocity through roof lances.
J. Freeman Gilbert (1931–2014)

James Freeman Gilbert, a renowned professor emeritus of geophysics in the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, died in Portland, Oregon, on 15 August 2014 from injuries related to an auto accident. He was 83 years old. J. Freeman Gilbert (1931–2014). A leading contributor in computational geophysics, seismology, earthquake sources, and geophysical inverse theory, Gilbert was the author of numerous research papers, book chapters, reviews, and other publications. “Since the moment he arrived at Scripps in 1961 after being recruited by Walter Munk, Freeman Gilbert was recognized as a true pioneer in Earth studies, armed with his knowledge and drive in applying modern computational tools to seismic problems,” said Margaret Leinen, director of Scripps. “Scripps is extremely grateful for all of Freeman’s contributions to science and to the education and training initiatives that he shaped at Scripps and the young UC San Diego campus.” Gilbert was a leading expert in seismic research. With his Scripps …
Apparel Design Typicality and Aesthetic Response: Moderating Role of Apparel Categories

Study examining how consumers preferences for design typicality differs between the apparel categories of a) tops and jackets (upper body apparel), b) skirts and pants (lower body apparel), and c) dresses (whole body apparel) by utilizing a 2 (typicality: typical vs. atypical) x 3 (apparel category: lower body apparel, upper body apparel, and dresses) mixed-factorial experimental design with typicality as the between-subjects factor and apparel category as the within-subjects factor.
Delayed Development of Coronary Ostial Stenosis following Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Case Report of Unusual Presentation.

Coronary ostial stenosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication that occurs in 1%–5% of patients who undergo surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Symptoms typically appear within the first 6 months and almost always within a year after SAVR. We report an unusually delayed presentation of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to coronary ostial stenosis 22 months after SAVR. A 71-year-old woman underwent uncomplicated SAVR with a bioprosthetic valve in August 2015 for severe aortic stenosis. A preoperative coronary angiogram demonstrated widely patent left and right coronary arteries. In June 2017, the patient presented to the hospital with chest pain. An electrocardiogram demonstrated 1 mm ST segment depression in the anterolateral leads, and serum troponin I level was elevated to 2.3 ng/ml. Diagnostic coronary angiography revealed severe ostial stenosis (99%) of the right coronary artery. A bare-metal stent was successfully placed with an excellent angiographic result, and the patient was asymptomatic at 4 months of follow-up after the procedure. As seen in our case, coronary ostial stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain or arrhythmia in patients presenting with a history of SAVR, even if the procedure was performed more than 1 year prior to presentation.
Using Multilevel Modeling to Examine Blunted Neural Responses to Reward in Major Depression.

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a pernicious disorder characterized by deficits in reward processing. A better understanding of these deficits may help to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology and guide treatment development. Methods The present study assessed the reward positivity (RewP) and feedback negativity (FN) event-related potentials (ERPs) and their difference score (ΔRewP) elicited in response to monetary gains and losses among 100 young adults (52 MDD). Multilevel modeling (MLM) was used to assess individual and trial-level change in neural responses over time. Results Trial-level analyses indicated that a diagnosis of MDD and depressive symptom severity significantly moderated the trajectory of RewP, with individuals with higher symptoms of depression demonstrating less sensitivity to rewards over time. Conclusions These results provide further support for reward dysfunction in MDD and highlight important individual differences in the trajectory of neural responses to reward. Future studies are warranted to investigate reward sensitivity over time to elucidate important individual- and trial-level differences in reward processing.
Current Evidence for the Use of Prophylactic Transfusion to Treat Sickle Cell Disease During Pregnancy

The role of prophylactic transfusion therapy for the treatment of sickle cell disease during pregnancy is unclear. An analysis of the existing literature shows a limited number of publications that address this issue and specifically compare clinical outcomes in this population based on a treatment strategy of prophylactic transfusion versus transfusion only for clinical indications (on-demand transfusion). The existing studies show a wide variation in study design and outcomes measured. The results of this analysis suggest that there are insufficient data to support a clinically significant difference in morbidity and mortality outcomes based on transfusion strategy. Additional prospective clinical studies need to be performed to adequately address the risks and benefits of prophylactic transfusion and guide clinical decision making.
"Bashing" of medical specialties: students' experiences and recommendations.

Background and Onjectives: Exposure to non-constructive criticism of medical specialties is believed to be fairly common among medical students. Better understanding of this “bashing” phenomenon is needed to promote greater professionalism in medical education and student interest in primary care careers. This study examines exposure and reactions to bashing among third-year medical students in a public university. Methods: A survey assessing amount, sources, targets, and nature of perceived bashing was completed by 105 students. Three open-ended questions elicited students’ experiences, opinions, and recommendations. Results: Students perceived that bashing of other specialties occurred during all clerkships; the most were perceived during the surgery clerkship, for which 87.5% reported such bashing. Specialties perceived as the object of bashing were family medicine (72%), general internal medicine (40%), psychiatry (39%), and general surgery (36%). Sixty-seven percent of students reported personally receiving non-constructive criticism about their preferred specialty. Seventy-nine percent believed bashing was unprofessional behavior. Strategies suggested by respondents to decrease bashing included increasing awareness, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of medicine, and evaluating professionalism. Conclusions: Medical students perceived bashing of medical specialties, recognized it as unprofessional behavior, and would be receptive to interventions to reduce bashing. Findings suggest a need to address bashing as part of professionalism curricula in medical training.
Audit Firm Size, Industry Specialization and Earnings Management by Initial Public Offering Firms

This paper investigates the relationship between audit quality (as measured by audit firm size and industry specialization) and earnings management (as measured by discretionary accruals) in the initial public offering process. Earnings management in the IPO process is of particular concern given the information asymmetry between management and investors and the incentive of management to engage in earnings management. We find that Big 5 auditors and industry specialist auditors are related to less earnings management in the IPO process. Our study contributes to the literature in two ways: (1) we show that audit quality is an important determinant for earnings management in the IPO process; (2) we show that industry specialization, as a measure of audit quality, also constrains earnings management.
When Does Insider Selling Increase Litigation Risk

In broad samples, insider selling does not increase the likelihood of a class-action lawsuit filing. In this paper, we examine the reasons behind this finding. We find that insider sales significantly increase lawsuit probability only when we jointly consider insider identity, insider sale timing, and the abnormal nature of the trade, during a period just before large price drops. Specifically, opportunistic sales by CEOs in the quarter prior to stock price crashes is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of a lawsuit. Sales by other insiders, including their opportunistic sales, do not materially impact the likelihood of a lawsuit. These findings are not constrained to firms in litigation intensive industries. CEOs appear to be aware of the impact of their selling activities on litigation risk and, on average, reduce their opportunistic sales prior to a crash. Though such decreases do not significantly reduce the likelihood of a subsequent lawsuit, they attenuate the negative market reaction to a lawsuit filing.
CHAPTER 49 – Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Many medications are capable of causing clinically significant thrombocytopenia by one of two mechanisms: inhibition of megakaryocyte proliferation and platelet production or destruction of platelets in the peripheral blood. In the former situation, all hematopoietic elements are usually affected, leading to pancytopenia. However, a few agents appear to be relatively specific for megakaryocytes. In the second group of conditions, antibodies are usually the cause of platelet destruction, but a few drugs appear to act directly on platelets without involvement of the immune system. Drugs can cause antibody-mediated platelet destruction by at least six different mechanisms. These mechanisms and the drugs implicated in each are reviewed in detail in this chapter. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a common and sometimes serious side effect of this widely used anticoagulant. Because the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of HIT is complex and unique, it is discussed separately in Chapter 48. Additional information about drug-induced thrombocytopenia can be found in other reviews. 1-7
Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Nitric Oxide Through Nanoparticle Technology

Over the past several years multiple studies have revealed the pivotal role of nitric oxide (NO) in a multitude of physiological processes. Such studies clearly indicate that NO has significant therapeutic potential. Harnessing this potential has proven a challenge for many reasons but largely due to the intrinsic physical, chemical and biological properties of NO. In this presentation, it will be shown how several nanoparticle based strategies for topical, intravenous and targeted delivery of nitric oxide overcome these limitations. Additionally, we will present representative preclinical studies showing therapeutic efficacy for such indications as wound healing, broad spectrum antimicrobial/anti-biofilm activity, treatment of both hemorrhagic shock and other sources of acute vascular inflammation and site specific treatment of reperfusion injuries using magnetic targeting of NO releasing paramagnetic particles.
Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variation in Natural Background Specific Conductivity

Understanding how background levels of dissolved minerals vary in streams temporally and spatially is needed to assess salinization of fresh water, establish reasonable thresholds and restoration goals, and determine vulnerability to extreme climate events like drought. We developed a random forest model that predicts natural background specific conductivity (SC), a measure of total dissolved ions, for all stream segments in the contiguous United States at monthly time steps between the years 2001 to 2015. Models were trained using 11 796 observations made at 1785 minimally impaired stream segments and validated with observations from an additional 92 segments. Static predictors of SC included geology, soils, and vegetation parameters. Temporal predictors were related to climate and enabled the model to make predictions for different dates. The model explained 95% of the variation in SC among validation observations (mean absolute error = 29 μS/cm, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.85). The model performed well across the period of interest but exhibited bias in Coastal Plain and Xeric regions (26 and 30%, respectively). National model predictions showed large spatial variation with the greatest SC predicted to occur in the desert southwest and plains. Model predictions also reflected changes at individual streams during drought.
An experimental model with passively variable stiffness to investigate the effect of body stiffness on the fish fast-start maneuver

We present an experimental model to investigate the influence of body flexibility on the fast-start response. The model is fabricated with a variable stiffness, characterized by the direction of applied force. When the fluid force is applied in one direction, the structure acts flexibly and bends, and when the force is applied in the opposite direction, it remains rigid. The structure is rotated from its initial straight position in its flexible direction to a given angle (Stage 1), and then it is rotated back in its rigid direction to an angle in the opposite direction (Stage 2). The wake patterns are studied with bubble image velocimetry (BIV) showing that the main propulsive jet, previously observed in the live fish fast-start, can be produced using this model. Based on our results, we determine that flexibility during Stage 1 and increased rigidity during Stage 2 predict velocity profiles and escape angles consistent with those observed in live fish. A parametric study on the effect of angular velocity and total swept angle on the produced power reveals that the magnitude of swept angle is critical to formation of the propulsive jet. The peak power transfer is found to be more sensitive to increasing the angular velocity for larger swept angles, where a complete jet is already formed.
Life-Work Equilibrium

Doctors are highly motivated to be effective in their professional life, but maintaining a balance with their personal lives is a challenge for all of us. How you maintain this balance will ultimately determine not only your success as a physician but also your happiness. It is very common to occasionally feel discouraged about various aspects of your practice such as the vast amount of paperwork that must be completed in order to care for your patients or the continued decrease in reimbursements that is impacting nearly every practice. Most of our colleagues are experiencing the same feelings about their practices. It is easily to become discouraged after talking to physicians who complain about their practices and complain that their family is suffering because the practice is consuming so much of their time. Let’s not forget that medicine is a most noble profession that provides great satisfaction and gratification and that all that doctors need to do to be happy is to find techniques of putting balance into their careers. This chapter will discuss 10+ suggestions that may help balance the scale between your personal and professional life. Physicians who read this article will gain new insight into achieving balance in their practices and balance in their personal lives.