cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Executive Stock Options

The structure that has been given to this article is the following.In Section 2, the economic reasons for granting options to executives are outlined.In Section 3 some information is given on the quantitative importance of the phenomenon, with particular reference to the overhang - defined as the ratio between the number of shares underlying the stock options (already granted or to be granted) and the number of outstanding shares. In Section 4 the main features of executive stock options are described, in order to highlight the differences with respect to ordinary options: performance-based grants, vesting requirements, non-transferability, repricing, etc.. The implications of these features for hedging and exercise strategies, the effects on firms' net worth and distributive policies are also examined. The advantages of indexed stock options, i.e. options whose strike changes as a function of a market or a sector index, are discussed and the opinion of Alan Greenspan on this subject is reported.Section 5 examines the properties of the valuation schemes proposed in the last thirty years: from the simple solutions of Smith and Zimmermann (1976) and Jennergren and Naslund (1993) to the models of Huddart (1994), Kulatilaka and Marcus (1994), Rubinstein (1995), Ingersoll (2002), Hull and White (2002a,b).Special attention is paid to the ESO valuation model built by Ingersoll. This emphasis is justified by the theoretical solidity of the model, which has its roots in the classical analysis of Merton (1969) for the optimal lifetime selection of consumption and investment. The Ingersoll model makes it possible not only to determine the market and subjective values of stock options, but also to estimate their objective value, that is the value from the standpoint of the firm which issued them. This value - which corporations will have to show in their P&L accounts starting in 2005 - must be determined taking into account the fact that the stock-option holders are constrained - because of options' non-transferability - to follow an exercise strategy which is sub-optimal from a market standpoint.Section 5 ends with a discussion of a recent paper by Hull & White (2002a,b) and with a comparison between the results obtained following Hull & White and those obtained using the Ingersoll model. Some short conclusions are added.
Effects of denaturing agents on the phenylalanyl circular dichroism bands of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes and apoisoenzymes.

Abstract The influence of protein conformation upon the circular dichroism (CD) bands of two peroxidase isoenzymes (A1 and C) was investigated by using guanidine hydrochloride and other denaturing agents. In all four proteins, guanidine hydrochloride markedly reduces the 221-nm CD band, indicating disruption of the ordered peptide backbone conformation. Similarly guanidine hydrochloride greatly diminishes the near ultraviolet CD bands of the tyrosyl and tryptophanyl side chains, which implies that their orientation has been disrupted. In contrast, guanidine hydrochloride treatment of peroxidase C brings out phenylalanyl CD fine structure at 268 and 261 nm, even though none can be detected in the native conformation. The intensities of these CD bands in the denatured peroxidase C are comparable to those of an equivalent concentration of unoriented phenylalanyl model compound. These findings indicate that in the native peroxidase C many of the phenylalanyl side chains have fixed orientations producing unique interactions with the surroundings. Apparently the rotatory strength of each oriented phenylalanyl side chain may be weak or strong and either positive or negative. The native peroxidase C may have as many as 23 oriented phenylalanine residues; summing the individual contributions leads to nearly complete cancellation of CD intensity. In the denatured peroxidase C, even though the unoriented phenylalanyl side chains have weak CD bands, all have nearly the same CD spectrum, thereby precluding cancellation among the residues. Thus the observed intensity of the phenylalanyl CD bands increases when the orientations of the phenylalanyl side chains are disrupted in peroxidase C. Guanidine hydrochloride and other denaturing agents do not cause any detectable change (l20%) in the intensity of the 268- and 261-nm phenylalanyl CD fine structure observed in the native peroxidase A1 or either of the apoisoenzymes. Other evidence suggests that, at least for peroxidase A1, the observed intensities of the phenylalanyl CD bands may remain constant even though the local environment is altered.
Visual sensitivity considerations for subband coding

Sensitivity to uniform quantization noise in wavelet subbands within an image was evaluated psychovisually with an uncontrolled survey and a controlled test. Quantizer step sizes for a single band were varied while the other bands were not quantized, allowing spatial masking to occur. The results of the survey are incorporated into a quantization strategy using standard Lagrangian bit allocation to provide images at a range of compression ratios that exhibit similar visual characteristics and are suitable for general-population use on the Web. The results of the second test suggest that quantizer step sizes causing just-noticeable-distortion are proportional to the square root of the standard deviations of the subbands rather than to the standard deviations themselves, as commonly used.
Organized knowledge sharing with book-centered Web sites: An architecture, implementation and analysis

For educators, the World Wide Web offers a valuable technology for knowledge sharing. It can complement more traditional approaches to knowledge sharing such as books and lectures. Here, we identify and differentiate three major approaches for Web-based knowledge sharing: course-centered sites, subject-centered sites, and book-centered sites. A rationale for book-centered sites, those developed to facilitate students’ and instructors’ efforts in courses that use the book, is advanced. We introduce an architecture of features that can guide developers of such sites. This is illustrated by a book-centered site implemented according to the architecture. Several sites for introductory business computing books are compared and contrasted in terms of the architecture, suggesting ways in which each can be extended.
Twenty-five years of implantable defibrillator practice in the USA: Are we ready for globalization?

As we reflect on the passage of a year and what lies ahead, few issues have occupied this discipline’s attention as the continuing and riveting saga of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Progressing from an investigational curiosity to mainline clinical therapy for cardiac rhythm management has been a landmark achievement. With rapid globalization in medical advances, ICD therapy now has health care implications worldwide and has become a staple item in the health care news basket. Twenty-five years have elapsed since the initial approval of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for clinical use in the USA. While a quarter century of clinical experience may not qualify for the longest view of a medical therapy in the information age, there is a plethora of accumulated data and a widespread perception of a “matured” therapy. Approved for clinical use on observational clinical data, controversy dogged the early ICD years on its therapeutic value. Standards for clinical trials emerged after approval, which led to the golden age of controlled ICD clinical studies [1, 2]. The initial indications for ICD usage emerged largely from expert consensus documents, but have now been replaced by evidence-based practice guidelines, which, in significant part, are based on these trial data, and have seriously expanded ICD indications [3, 4]. Despite apparently robust clinical trial evidence, clinical usage patterns and therapeutic benefits have been repeatedly questioned [5]. When prophylactic ICD use became ubiquitous, this commentator was no exception, raising concerns of nonuniform benefit of prophylactic ICDs across target subgroups in the pages of this journal [6]. Since prophylactic device use now widely exceeds any other application, the potential risks to perceived ICD value in the Rosetta stone of clinical practice were even then recognizable [7]. A very high proportion of ICDs had not delivered therapy at replacement and, when used, often targeted ancillary tachyarrhythmias [5, 6]. In the MADIT 2 study, the annual rate of appropriate ICD interventions was a healthy 17%, but declined to a paltry 5% when indications were widened to non-ischemic heart diseases and the ejection fraction limit raised to 40% in the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) [8, 9]. The establishment of a national device registry in the United States has now bought an immense amount of clinical practice data into the fray. It has particularly highlighted discordance with clinical trial populations. At last report, over 550,000 implants (78% for prophylactic indications), provided data showing an older ICD implant population in clinical practice with a significant octogenarian component, with fewer males, more diabetics, and hypertensives and with a predominant Caucasian background [10]. Twenty-two percent did not meet current indications, but little detail exists in registry data to identify other clinical S. Saksena (*) Electrophysiology Research Foundation, 161 Washington Valley Road, Suite 201, Warren, NJ 07059, USA e-mail: EPRF@aol.com
Software deployment architecture and quality-of-service in pervasive environments

Over the past several years we have investigated two problems related to the domain of highly distributed, mobile, resource constrained, embedded, and pervasive environments: software deployment and quality of service (QoS). We have done so with the explicit focus on the role played by software architecture in deployment, and on its relationship to QoS. In the process, we have amassed a body of knowledge and experience, and assembled a suite of solutions for targeting different facets of the interplay among software architecture, deployment, and QoS. At the same time, the area we are addressing has proven to be multi-faceted and very complex, constantly presenting new challenges. In this paper we outline the contours of the problem of QoS in architecture-based deployment, our strategy for addressing it, and the challenges that remain. We view this as an important (and fruitful) area of research.
Generalized superlattice K·p theory and intersubband optical transitions

The eight-band superlattice crystal K\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p formalism is extended to include the higher-lying antibonding $p$ states perturbatively. The initial 14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}14 Hamiltonian matrix is block diagonalized (or folded down) so that corrections due to these states appear in the modified 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8 matrix. Their principal effect is to introduce a finite heavy-hole mass. The use of the eight-band formalism for band-structure and interband optical calculations is validated because other corrections are very small. The approximate wave functions associated with the original 14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}14 Hamiltonian are used to calculate intersubband optical matrix elements. These include new terms, present in crystals lacking inversion symmetry, which increase the magnitude of conduction intersubband absorption by about three orders of magnitude for in-plane polarized (TE) photons, while leaving absorption due to growth-axis polarized (TM) photons relatively unaffected. The TE absorption in narrow $\mathrm{GaAs}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ quantum wells (QW's) is shown to be observable. However, use of the $f$-sum rule and the cyclotron-resonance-determined conduction-band effective-mass anisotropy indicate an upper limit of about 20% relative to TM absorption. Comparison with the measured TM absolute absorption coefficient for a system used for quantum-well infrared photoconductors (QWIP's) yields excellent agreement. The conductivity sum rule involving these intersubband transitions is used to confirm the observed broadening associated with very small QW width fluctuations for this system.
A theoretical framework for personality and social behavior.

In the last twenty years "data of social psychology have been meager and personality studies have been mostly restricted to clinical observations." A theory is needed to facilitate development in these areas. Properties of a theory for personality and social behavior include (1) actions, i.e., "the basic events to which behavior theory has reference"; (2) dynamics, i.e., "changes in behavior in (a) performance (b) acquisition and (c) potentialities for action." If personality and social behavior are to be included in a single theory, the basic monadic unit of behavior must be expendable into a diadic one. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Proliferating macrophages prevail in atherosclerosis

Macrophages accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions during the inflammation that is part of atherosclerosis development and progression. A new study in mice indicates that the accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques depends on local macrophage proliferation rather than the recruitment of circulating monocytes.
Essay on uncertainties in elastic and viscoelastic structures: From A. M. Freudenthal's criticisms to modern convex modeling

Abstract Stochastic approach and non-stochastic, convex modeling of uncertainty are critically contrasted. First some drawbacks of the probabilistic methods are discussed, attributable to lack of sufficiently accurate data; then the effect of human error in constructing a probabilistic model for input quantities is elucidated. Extensive quotations from pertinent works of Freudenthal, who is rightfully considered as an architect of modern reliability theory, are utilized to explain some doubts he himself experienced about probabilistic methods. His hints are realized in modern convex modeling of uncertainty, which the writer is advocating and advancing. A set-theoretical, convex description of uncertainty is discussed in detail. Uncertainty is described as a set of constraints unlike the classical probabilistic approach. Moreover, instead of conventional optimization studies, where the minimum possible responses are sought, here an uncertainty modeling is developed as an “anti-optimization” problem of finding the least favorable response under the constraints within the set-theoretical description. The question of how the output quantities of such an anti-optimization process vary when the global knowledge on the uncertainties increases is considered in detail. Response variability of viscoelastic structures is evaluated. Combined probabilistic-convex modeling is proposed for situations where the input quantities should be modeled as stochastic ones, but some of their probabilistic characteristics are unknown but bounded.
Encryption technologies: testing and identifying campus needs

Lehigh University is implementing a plan to secure sensitive information across campus through the use of various encryption technologies. Several committees were formed, at all levels of the University, to advise, identify, and direct data security activities at the enterprise level. One of these committees was assigned to take a detailed look at the types of hardware and media that need to be secure, to test various encryption technologies and hardware devices, and to produce a recommendation on which technologies needed to be implemented. The committee began by developing a document listing the types of hardware and media that need to be secured, operating systems that need to be supported, and an estimate of the number of individuals on campus with access to secure information. Special criteria were developed for evaluating the products such as: price/performance, platform compatibility, media compatibility (SD cards, USB keys, handhelds), authentication level (one- or two-factor), user friendliness, key management, and enterprise implementation tools. Next, several whole-disk, file, and volume encryption software packages were selected and evaluated as well as special devices such as USB keys and handheld devices. Performance benchmarks were run on the test systems to compare performance variations. Enterprise encryption key management features were also tested. This session will provide a detailed overview of the various steps involved in the evaluation process mentioned above, discuss the successes and failures encountered, and review the final results.
The role of centering theory's rough-shift in the teaching and evaluation of writing skills

Existing software systems for automated essay scoring can provide NLP researchers with opportunities to test certain theoretical hypotheses, including some derived from Centering Theory. In this study we employ ETS's e-rater essay scoring system to examine whether local discourse coherence, as defined by a measure of Rough-Shift transitions, might be a significant contributor to the evaluation of essays. Our positive results indicate that Rough-Shifts do indeed capture a source of incoherence, one that has not been closely examined in the Centering literature. These results not only justify Rough-Shifts as a valid transition type, but they also support the original formulation of Centering as a measure of discourse continuity even in pronominal-free text.
Studies of bipolar nebulae. VII - The exciting star of OH 0739-14 /equals OH 231.8 plus 4.2/

A spectral classification for the exciting star of the bipolar reflection nebula OH 0739-14, which has also been observed to be an OH/H2O maser source, is obtained from the spectrum of the nebulosity in the range 6000-9000 A. Spectrophotometry of the visible nebula was obtained with the Cassegrain image-tube scanner on the Lick Observatory 3-m telescope at a resolution of approximately 7 A. The red spectrum is found to be distinguished by TiO absorption at the bandheads at 8206, 8303, 8432, 8442 and 8452 A and VO in the 7400 and 7900 A regions. On the basis of the depths of these bandheads and the K I 7699 A and Ca II infrared triplet, OH 0739-14 is determined to be of spectral type M9 III. The underlying star thus represents the coolest known star to occur in a bipolar system.
Biomass responses to intraspecific competition differ between wild species and CO2

Aims How growth of wild and crop species responds to global environmental perturbations has both ecological and agricultural significance in a changing world. The primary aim of this synthesis was to quantitatively assess the interactive effects of intraspecific competition and elevated CO2 on biomass production in herbaceous species. Methods Using meta-analytical techniques, we synthesized data from publications before 2006 that reported biomass responses to elevated CO2 in 321 herbaceous species grown in isolation or in competition with con-specific individuals. Important findings Intraspecific competition differentially modified biomass responses to elevated CO2 in wild and crop species. For example, competition reduced CO2 stimulation of total biomass (WT) from 27 to 23% in wild species, but by a much greater magnitude, i.e., from 43 to 32% in crops. Competition had no effect on responses of either above(WAG) or below-ground (WBG) biomass to elevated CO2 in wild species, but significantly diminished CO2 enhancement of WAG, although not of WBG, in crops. Considerable variations were found among functional groups in the modification of growth responses to elevated CO2 by intraspecific competition, which exerted greater depression on CO2 enhancement in C3 than in C4 species and in non-legumes than in legumes. Elevated CO2 affected leaf and stem growth of individually grown C3 graminoids and forbs similarly, but increased leaf growth only in C4 graminoids and stem growth only in C4 forbs. Results from this synthesis demonstrated that intraspecific competition differentially affected growth responses to elevated CO2 in wild and crop species. The wild–crop species differences will have important implications for understanding primary production by herbaceous species in both natural and agricultural ecosystems in the future when atmospheric CO2 is significantly higher than the current level.
An equation of motion for particles of finite Reynolds number and size

In order to simulate the motion of bubbles, drops, and particles, it is often important to consider finite Reynolds number effects on drag, lift, torque, and history force. Herein, an equation of motion is developed for spherical particles with a no-slip surface based on theoretical analysis, experimental data, and surface-resolved simulations. The equation of motion is then extended to account for finite particle size. This extension is critical for particles which will have a size significantly larger than the grid cell size, particularly important for bubbles, and low-density particles. The extension to finite particle size is accomplished through spatial-averaging (both volume-based and surface-based) of the continuous flow properties. This averaging is consistent with the Faxen limit for solid spheres at small Reynolds numbers and added mass and fluid stress forces at inviscid limits. The finite Re p corrections are shown to have good agreements with experiments and resolved-surface simulations. The finite size corrections are generally fourth-order accurate and an order of magnitude more accurate than point-force expressions (which neglect quadratic and higher spatial gradients) for particles with size on the order of the gradient length-scales. However, further work is needed for more quantitative assessment of the truncation terms and the overall model robustness and accuracy in complex flows.
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor promotes enterocyte migration and proliferation in neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Purpose We have shown that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor (HB-EGF) decreases experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) migration (restitution) and proliferation are key elements in recovery from intestinal injury. Here, we investigated whether the beneficial effects of HB-EGF are mediated, in part, by its ability to affect these processes. Methods Necrotizing enterocolitis was induced in newborn rats by exposure to stress (hypoxia, hypothermia, hypertonic feedings, and lipopolysacchride), with pups receiving different doses of HB-EGF (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 μ g/kg). To investigate the effect of HB-EGF on enterocyte proliferation and migration, bromodeoxyuridine was administered intraperitoneally 18 hours before sacrifice, with intestine subjected to bromodeoxy-uridine immunohistochemistry. Results The incidence and severity of experimental NEC decreased, and the survival rate increased, with increasing doses of HB-EGF. Results were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Migration of IEC in breast-fed pups was 7.07 μ m/h, decreased significantly to 2.29 μ m/h in stressed pups, and was significantly improved at 5.95 μ m/h in pups subjected to stress but treated with HB-EGF ( P P Conclusions These results demonstrate that HB-EGF protects newborn rats from experimental NEC in a dose-dependent fashion. The ability of HB-EGF to protect the intestines from NEC is due, in part, to the ability of HB-EGF to preserve enterocyte migration and proliferation.
Multiple Atlas Construction From A Heterogeneous Brain MR Image Collection

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for computing single or multiple atlases (templates) from a large population of images. Unlike many existing methods, our proposed approach is distinguished by its emphasis on the sharpness of the computed atlases and the requirement of rotational invariance. In particular, we argue that sharp atlas images that retain crucial and important anatomical features with high fidelity are more useful for many medical imaging applications when compared with the blurry and fuzzy atlas images computed by most existing methods. The geometric notion that underlies our approach is the idea of manifold learning in a quotient space, the quotient space of the image space by the rotations. We present an extension of the existing manifold learning approach to quotient spaces by using invariant metrics, and utilizing the manifold structure for partitioning the images into more homogeneous sub-collections, each of which can be represented by a single atlas image. Specifically, we propose a three-step algorithm. First, we partition the input images into subgroups using unsupervised or semi-supervised learning methods on manifolds. Then we formulate a convex optimization problem in each subgroup to locate the atlases and determine the crucial neighbors that are used in the realization step to form the template images. We have evaluated our algorithm using whole brain MR volumes from OASIS database. Experimental results demonstrate that the atlases computed using the proposed algorithm not only discover the brain structural changes in different age groups but also preserve important structural details and generally enjoy better image quality.
Locating medium volume and complexity manufacturing: cases from the ski industry

Purpose – The paper aims to examine the location of manufacturing for the major ski brands. The motivation is to explain, while there are no major manufacturers in the USA, the major European manufactures do produce locally even though their labor costs are even higher than those in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first describes mid-volume, mid-complexity manufacturing. It then describes the ski industry and ski manufacturing. It then proposes several factors that could drive the choice of ski manufacturing location. It then reports interviews with several top managers at major manufacturers and suppliers. Findings – The findings show that development time and innovation are major drivers in the European market. The desire to lead the market with innovative products precludes the use of manufacturing in Asia, where production and delivery times would be longer. Practical implications – The findings give an example of the ability of manufacturing to remain in higher labor cost countries i...
Diabetes nurse case management and motivational interviewing for change (DYNAMIC): study design and baseline characteristics in the Chronic Care Model for type 2 diabetes.

Background Despite evidence that diabetes is costly and devastating, the health care system is poorly equipped to meet the challenges of chronic disease care. The Penn State Institute of Diabetes & Obesity is evaluating a model of managing type 2 DM which includes nurse case management (NCM) and motivational interviewing (MI) to foster behavior change. The primary care intervention is designed to improve patients' self care and to reduce clinical inertia through provider use of standardized clinical guidelines to achieve better diabetes outcomes. Methods This RCT tests the efficacy of an enhanced NCM intervention on type 2 DM (n=549) patient outcomes mediated by changes in self-care behavior and diabetes management. Outcome measures include: (a) effect on clinical parameters such as HbA1c ( Conclusions Baseline includes (mean) age=58; BMI=34.4; 57% females; 47% Caucasian, and 39% Hispanic. Patients had elevated HbA1c (8.4), BP (137/77) and LDL (114). Overall, patients were depressed (CES-D=21.6) and had an extremely negative quality of life (ADDQoL=-1.58). We believe that enhanced NCM will both improve self-care and reduce emotional distress for patients with diabetes. If proven effective, enhanced NCM may be translated to other chronic illnesses.
The icosahedral plane-wave model: band-gap creation and band-tail states

Abstract The electronic density of states (DOS) for a one-electron potential having twelve icosahedrally arranged plane-wave components is analyzed via the pseudo-Jones zone approach. The analysis reveals topological band-structure differences, which allow the icosahedral structure to have a gap in the electronic DOS, while an analogous simple monatomic bcc structure cannot. The analytical results are confirmed via numerical calculations for the rational-approximant structures, which also reveal a surprising effect, the presence of band-tail states at either the valence or conduction-band edge.
Dasyclads, cyclocrinitids and receptaculitids: comparative morphology and paleoecology

The cyclocrinitids are an extinct tribe of dasycladacean green algae. They were anatomically very similar to certain Recent dasyclads, even at early growth stages. The morphology and preservation of cyclocrinitids strongly suggest that they had a siphonous cellular organization with extracellular, aragonitic calcification; these features are characteristic of living dasyclads. The light surficial calcification of cyclocrinitids and other dasyclads had important paleoecological effects. It restricted them to low-energy waters, as it provided relatively little structural support. It also confined them to warm, tropical waters; they are good paleoequatorial indicators. The decline of these algae during the late Ordovician and early Silurian may therefore reflect the simultaneous cooling and glaciation. Receptaculitids are entirely unrelated organisms. Their meroms have several distinctive features; they are not homologous to the lateral branches of cyclocrinitids or dasyclads. Receptaculitid calcification was extensive and their thalli were apparently quite sturdy; they often occurred in reefs. Receptaculitids also lived in high-latitude, cold-water environments. Thus, they were ecologically unlike any calcareous green algae, and cannot be used as paleoequatorial indicators. Receptaculitids remain problematical, although the arrangement of meroms suggests plant affinities. □Calcareous algae, Problematica, Dasycladales, Cyclocriniteae, Receptaculitales, morphology, classification, paleoecology, paleogeography.
An unpublished letter by Richard Spruce on the theory of evolution

The unparalleled plant explorations of the British botanist Richard Spruce in the Amazon Valley and the northern Andes from 1849 to 1864 are now well known in scientific circles. What is not so widely recognized, however, is the depth of philosophy characteristic of this man, a depth of philosophy nurtured especially during his many years of living alone in closest association with nature in the forests of South America.
Routing and link-layer protocols for multi-channel multi-interface ad hoc wireless networks

Wireless technologies, such as IEEE 802.11a, that are used in ad hoc networks provide for multiple non-overlapping channels. Most ad hoc network protocols that are currently available are designed to use a single channel. However, the available network capacity can be increased by using multiple channels. This paper presents new protocols specifically designed to exploit multiple channels. Our protocols simplify the use of multiple channels by using multiple interfaces, although the number of interfaces per host is typically smaller than the number of channels. We propose a link layer protocol to manage multiple channels, and it can be implemented over existing IEEE 802.11 hardware. We also propose a new routing metric for multi-channel multi-interface networks, and the metric is incorporated into an on-demand routing protocol that operates over the link layer protocol. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in significantly increasing network capacity, by utilizing all the available channels, even when the number of interfaces per host is smaller than the number of channels.
Prognosis of chronic fatigue in a community-based sample.

Objective This study examined predictors of fatigue severity and predictors of continued chronic fatigue status at wave 2 follow-up within a random, community-based sample of individuals previously evaluated in a wave 1 prevalence study of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome that originally took place between 1995 and 1997. Methods Wave 1 data were from a larger community-based prevalence study of chronic fatigue syndrome. In the present study, a second wave of data were collected by randomly selecting a sample of participants from the wave 1 sample of 18,675 adults and readministering a telephone screening questionnaire designed to assess symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Results Findings revealed that wave 1 fatigue severity was a predictor of fatigue severity at wave 2 in the overall sample of individuals with and without chronic fatigue. In the smaller sample of individuals with chronic fatigue, wave 1 fatigue severity, worsening of fatigue with physical exertion, and feeling worse for 24 hours or more after exercise significantly predicted continued chronic fatigue status (vs. improvement) at wave 2 follow-up. Conclusions These findings underscore the prognostic validity of postexertional malaise in predicting long-term chronic fatigue and also highlight the importance of using population-based, representative random samples when attempting to identify long-term predictors of chronic fatigue at follow-up.
Effect of Molecular Structure on Mesomorphism. 18.1 Twin Dimers Having Methylene, Ethylene Oxide and Siloxane Spacers

Abstract Six Twin dimeric compounds having two rigid cores connected by a central spacer group are described. Two types of rigid units, 4-pentyloxyphenyl cinnamates and 4-cyano-4-oxybiphenyl, were employed. The spacer groups were pentamethylene (PM), diethylene oxide (EO) and disiloxane (DS). For each rigid core the nematic-isotropic temperature followed the order PM > EO > DS. Investigation of the ΔH and ΔS parameters for the nematic-isotropic (clearing) transition revealed that for these compounds the clearing transition was driven by ΔS. The EO mesogens have larger ΔS values than for the PM mesogens, which result in lowered clearing temperatures due to relatively constant ΔH values. The conformational preference for gauche isomers in the spacer of the EO compounds is seen as conducive to proper orientational alignment of the rigid cores in the nematic phase, better so than for the PM and DS spacers.
The Media and Educational Testing: In Pursuit of the Truth or in Pursuit of a Good Story?

The measurement community needs to better understand how to interact with the media to effectively disseminate important findings from educational testing efforts. To this end, the current paper will review media coverage of educational testing and related issues and elaborate on areas of concern and opportunities for improved communication between measurement professionals and the media. Common misinterpretations of test results and measurement concepts will be discussed and suggestions for the clearer presentation and explanation of such information will be offered. Also, practical advice and strategies for handling different types of interactions with the media will be provided. The implications of focusing on this topic in the measurement profession and the inherent public value of this focus are highlighted throughout the paper.
Adaptive behavior of baboons

Baboons in Kenya were observed while engaged in crop raiding. Those troops that were confirmed crop raiders displayed adaptive behavior in changed troop organization and in highly specialized raiding techniques that were quite different from Kenya baboon behavior as described in the literature.
Electron Microscope Study of Toxoplasma Cysts in Mouse Brain.

SYNOPSIS. Toxoplasma aggregates in sub-acutely and chronically infected mouse brain were studied with special regard to interparasitic relationships, encapsulating wall formation and host-parasite interaction. The individual parasites within a cyst are separated from one another by an opaque substance which also appears as a component of the cyst wall. A second constituent in the wall consists of vesicular and membranous structures which presumably are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. In small cysts, the organising are loosely arranged and maintain the typical crescentic shape whereas, in large cysts, they are tightly packed and polygonal in outline. It is concluded from the data obtained that only the term “cyst” correctly designates these parasitic aggregates.
An interface facet driven Rayleigh instability in high-aspect-ratio bimetallic nanolayered composites

One limitation hindering the structural and electrical applications of nanostructured metals is the loss of their nanostructure and strength under elevated temperatures. Nanostructured metals often have grain structures that contain a high density of triple junctions, where thermally induced instabilities commonly initiate. Prior work has resulted in fabrication of nanolayered two-phase composites that possess high-aspect ratio grains, a scarcity of triple junctions, and a thermally stable microstructure. In this work, transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate how these composites could eventually breakdown during heating. We reveal an unconventional thermal instability mechanism in this class of materials, which operates without the assistance of triple junctions. The mechanism can be rationalized by that thermally induced pinch off occurs as the result of bimetal interface faceting and can trigger a classic Rayleigh instability.
Ultrastructural localization of G-proteins and the channel protein TRP2 to microvilli of rat vomeronasal receptor cells

Microvilli of vomeronasal organ (VNO) sensory epithelium receptor cells project into the VNO lumen. This lumen is continuous with the outside environment. Therefore, the microvilli are believed to be the subcellular sites of VNO receptor cells that interact with incoming VNO-targeted odors, including pheromones. Candidate molecules, which are implicated in VNO signaling cascades, are shown to be present in VNO receptor cells. However, ultrastructural evidence that such molecules are localized within the microvilli is sparse. The present study provides firm evidence that immunoreactivity for several candidate VNO signaling molecules, notably the G-protein subunits Giα2 and Goα, and the transient receptor potential channel 2 (TRP2), is localized prominently and selectively in VNO receptor cell microvilli. Although Giα2 and Goα are localized separately in the microvilli of two cell types that are otherwise indistinguishable in their apical and microvillar morphology, the microvilli of both cell types are TRP2(+). VNO topographical distinctions were also apparent. Centrally within the VNO sensory epithelium, the numbers of receptor cells with Giα2(+) and Goα(+) microvilli were equal. However, near the sensory/non-sensory border, cells with Giα2(+) microvilli predominated. Scattered ciliated cells in this transition zone resembled neither VNO nor main olfactory organ (MO) receptor cells and may represent the same ciliated cells as those found in the non-sensory part of the VNO. Thus, this study shows that, analogous to the cilia of MO receptor cells, microvilli of VNO receptor cells are enriched selectively in proteins involved putatively in signal transduction. This provides important support for the role of these molecules in VNO signaling. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:468–489, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The epsilon variation method in two-point boundary-value problems

This paper discusses the solution of two-point boundary-value problems by the combined technique of the introduction of partitioned equations employing the perturbation parameter ∈ and the utilization of the variational equations relative to epsilon. The combined technique is called the epsilon variation method. Two practical realizations of the method are presented with numerical examples to illustrate how in practice each of these realizations perform.
The Prevalence of Problem Gambling Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults: Results from a National Survey

A random telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 2,274 U.S. residents aged 14–21. The prevalence of problem gambling, as measured by the SOGS-RA, was 2.1%. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the respondents had gambled in the past year, and 11% had gambled more often than twice per week. Males had much higher gambling involvement than females, and gambling involvement increased among older respondents. Blacks were less likely than average to have gambled in the past year, but if they gambled, they were more likely to do so frequently. Low SES respondents were less likely to have gambled in the past year, but if they gambled, they were more likely to be problem gamblers. Life transitions that are associated with assuming adult roles (employment, living independently of parents, non-student status) are also associated with greater gambling involvement. The rates of problem and pathological gambling were lower than those in an adult survey conducted earlier, when measured with the same questionnaire.
Comparative studies in synaptosome formation: preparation of synaptosomes from the ventral nerve cord of the lobster (Homarus americanus).

Abstract A flotation method for preparing synaptosomes, previously developed for work with squid nervous tissue, has now been successfully applied to the ventral nerve cord of lobster. Perhaps due to the greater content of connective tissue, homogenization of the lobster nerve cord was more difficult than with squid optic lobes and the yield of synaptosomes was lower. The synaptosomes fraction showed a 3.8-fold enrichment of bound acetylcholine relative to the homogenate and was almost 10 times richer in acetylcholine than a guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptosomes fraction. The lobster synaptosomes accumulated choline rapidly when incubated at room temperature in sea water, and showed a high degree of occlusion of lactate dehydrogenase, thus conforming that they are sealed structures. The lobster can thus be added to the wide range of species from whose nervous systems synaptosomes can be isolated, and merits further study as a possibly rich source of cholinergic synaptosomes.
Designing From Data: Rhetorical Appeals in Support of Design Decisions

This case study investigates how a group of novice technical communicators used appeals to support their design decisions during group meetings. The results of this ethnographic study suggest that although these technical communicators were well acquainted with user-centered design (UCD) concepts and claimed to actively practice UCD, their appeals often did not reference data collected within user-centered research and instead referenced designer-centric appeals to support their claims. This group’s overall use of appeals to support their design decisions suggests that more empirical study into UCD theory and practice as well as students’ argumentation skills is warranted.
Coherent Optics Potential Applications To Mapping

Topographic mapping can be considered as the combination of processes required to produce a topographic map. Coherent optics has the potential for playing many roles in mapping systems of the future. The purpose of this paper is to indicate some of these roles. The limited discussion must be considered as an initial ad hoc attempt to define potentials in the eight areas of Photogrammetric Data Reduction, Image Processing, Optical Memories, Pattern Recognition, Performance Prediction, Holographic Terrain Displays, All-weather Mapping, and Field Applications. Other papers from the proceedings are broadly integrated along with selected references.
Waves on Reissner's Membrane: A Mechanism for the Propagation of Otoacoustic Emissions from the Cochlea

Summary Sound is detected and converted into electrical signals within the ear. The cochlea not only acts as a passive detector of sound, however, but can also produce tones itself. These otoacoustic emissions are a striking manifestation of the cochlea's mechanical active process. A controversy remains of how these mechanical signals propagate back to the middle ear, from which they are emitted as sound. Here, we combine theoretical and experimental studies to show that mechanical signals can be transmitted by waves on Reissner's membrane, an elastic structure within the cochlea. We develop a theory for wave propagation on Reissner's membrane and its role in otoacoustic emissions. Employing a scanning laser interferometer, we measure traveling waves on Reissner's membrane in the gerbil, guinea pig, and chinchilla. The results are in accord with the theory and thus support a role for Reissner's membrane in otoacoustic emissions.
Evolutionary principles applied to mission planning problems

The space mission planning process is considered as a hybrid optimal control problem. Hybrid optimal control problems are problems that include categorical variables in the problem formulation. For example, an interplanetary trajectory may consist of a sequence of low thrust arcs, impulses and planetary flybys. However, for each choice of the structure of the mission, for example, for a particular choice of the number of planetary flybys to be used, there is a corresponding optimal trajectory. It is not a priori clear which structure will yield the most efficient mission. In this work we present a mathematical framework for describing such problems and solution methods for the hybrid optimal control problem based on evolutionary principles that have the potential for being a robust solver of such problems. As an example, the methods are used to find the optimal choice of three asteroids to visit in sequence, out of a set of eight candidate asteroids, in order to minimize the fuel required.
Building bridges: The transdisciplinary study of craving from the animal laboratory to the lamppost

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2003 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, organized and chaired by Peter M. Monti. The presentations and presenters were (1) Alcohol Seeking and Self-Administration in Rats: The Role of Serotonin Activity, by Cristine L. Czachowski; (2) Assessing Binge Drinking in Monkeys, by Kathleen A. Grant; (3) Craving and the Perception of Time, by Michael Sayette; (4) Ecological and Laboratory Assessment of Alcohol Urges and Drinking: Effects of Naltrexone, by Peter M. Monti; and (5) Discussion, by Damaris J. Rohsenow.
PharmGKB: the pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics knowledge base.

Adverse drug reactions, side effects and the wide range of efficacy in patient responses to drugs have driven the need to identify the genetic variation that affects this. The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB) is a unique online resource that contains genotype and phenotype data derived from individual members of the public who have agreed to allow their deidentified medical information to be used by the scientific community for pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics research (Klein et al, 2001). PharmGKB aims to promote shared information, providing data and analytical tools that will drive focused studies, with the ultimate goal of defining genedrug-disease interactions. This knowledge will help to reduce drug toxicity and improve treatments, eventually impacting prescribing practice and leading to personalized medicine.
The taxonomic importance of obligate heteroxeny: distinction of Hammondia hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii – another opinion

We enumerate identical and divergent findings concerning the obligate heteroxenous Hammondia hammondi and the facultatively homoxenous or heteroxenous Toxoplasma gondii. Differences exist in life-cycles, transmission, and host range, especially transmissibility to birds and mammals other than rodents, in ultrastructural morphology, immunity and serology in cats and to lesser degree in rodents, in DNA sequences and in isoenzymes. Because the recognition of obligate heteroxeny is essential to study these organisms and to recognize them as taxa, it is advantageous to give heteroxeny a generic rather than a specific value. Characterization of organisms with the life-cycle patterns of Hammondia, Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, and Toxoplasma is best achieved by means of the genera presently used.