cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linearized Motion of a Fin-Stabilized Projectile Subjected to a Lateral Impulse

An existing analytical theory for modeling the free-e ight motion of nonspinning, statically stable projectiles is extended to include the effect of a simple lateral impulse applied during e ight. The extended theory is based on the incorporation of generalized lateral translational and angular disturbances into the familiar equations of projectile free-e ight motion. The applied disturbances are then modeled using specie ed mathematical forms, and the modie ed equations are solved to obtain the angular and translational motion of the projectile over the trajectory. The various components of the translational motion of the projectile are extracted and characterized. An idealized application is presented for a large-caliber e nned projectile, representative of the class of 120-mmlong rod e nned projectiles e red from current tracked vehicle weapon systems, subjected to a single lateral control impulse in e ight. The closed-form analytical solutions are compared against results obtained using a numerical trajectory simulation code that incorporates generalized guidance and control commands. Nomenclature A = reference area, od 2 =4, m 2 CL® = derivative of aerodynamic lift force coefe cient with respect to angle of attack CM® = derivative of aerodynamic pitching moment coefe cient with respect to angle of attack
Fixed mass and scaling sum rules: Generalized truncation and current algebra constraints on Regge residues

Abstract Using the correspondence principle (continuity in dynamics), we extend the approach of Keppel-Jones-Ward-Taha to fixed mass and scaling current algebraic sum rules so as to consider explicitly the contributions of all classes of intermediate states. A natural, generalized formulation of the truncation ideas of Cornwall, Corrigan, and Norton is introduced as a by-product of this extension. The formalism is illustrated in the familiar case of the spin independent Schwinger term sum rule. New sum rules are derived which relate the Regge residue functions of the respective structure functions to their fixed hadronic mass limits for q 2 → ∞.
Freeze-form extrusion fabrication of functionally graded materials

Abstract Presented in this paper is a novel additive manufacturing technology for making three-dimensional parts with functionally graded materials (FGMs), called Freeze-form Extrusion Fabrication (FEF). The system development included a triple-extruder mechanism, extruder modeling and control, pastes extrusion planning for desired composition gradients, and software coding for motion and extrusion control. The effectiveness of the developed FEF system was demonstrated first by fabricating limestone (CaCO3) parts with graded colors and then by fabricating ‘green’ parts with graded compositions between alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2). The fabricated part went through post-processing, and the sintered part was analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine its material compositions.
CULTURAL SURVIVAL IN POST-CONTACT AMAZONIA

distance trade networks, sizable settlements, mound building, extensive raised-field systems and other earthworks, and enormous cumulative areas of anthropogenically enriched soils has long been known (Petersen, Neves, and Heckenberger 2001). Adherents of the environmental determinist or pristine landscape schools either ignored or dismissively explained away this evidence. As Mann indicates, research findings over the last few decades have more than called into question this monolithic view of native peoples in Amazonia (see Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 1999; Erickson 2003). In all likelihood well before the Christian era, environmental articulations and modifications, including sedentary occupation based on intensive agroforestry and farming based on a host of domesticates, were a feature in multiple Amazonian settings. Numerous groups were moving toward full-blown sociopolitical complexity. Over the next 1,500 years these trends became even more widespread, resulting in such manifestations as the Santardm culture, which encompassed an enormous area centered on the lower Tapaj6s River region and extended upstream along the Amazon almost to the city of Parintins and downstream to at least the lower Xingu estuary, a reach of well over 500 kilometers. Large and small settlements, here as elsewhere, were not restricted to major riverine settings but also found near the headwaters of lower-order streams well into the interior, supporting hundreds of thousands of inhabitants. The arrival of Europeans and others who accompanied them resulted in the collapse of virtually all Amerindian groups during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, leaving those few who survived to do so in the vastly altered circumstances noted in the historical record.
Optimized Detector Angular Configuration Increases the Sensitivity of X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT)

In this work, we demonstrated that an optimized detector angular configuration based on the anisotropic energy distribution of background scattered X-rays improves X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) detection sensitivity. We built an XFCT imaging system composed of a bench-top fluoroscopy X-ray source, a CdTe X-ray detector, and a phantom motion stage. We imaged a 6.4-cm-diameter phantom containing different concentrations of gold solution and investigated the effect of detector angular configuration on XFCT image quality. Based on our previous theoretical study, three detector angles were considered. The X-ray fluorescence detector was first placed at 145 $^{\circ}$ (approximating back-scatter) to minimize scatter X-rays. XFCT image quality was compared to images acquired with the detector at 60 $^{\circ}$ (forward-scatter) and 90 $^{\circ}$ (side-scatter). The datasets for the three different detector positions were also combined to approximate an isotropically arranged detector. The sensitivity was optimized with detector in the 145 $^{\circ}$ back-scatter configuration counting the 78-keV gold ${\rm K}\beta 1$ X-rays. The improvement arose from the reduced energy of scattered X-ray at the 145 $^{\circ}$ position and the large energy separation from gold ${\rm K} \beta 1$ X-rays. The lowest detected concentration in this configuration was 2.5 mgAu/mL (or 0.25% Au with SNR $ = 4.3$ ). This concentration could not be detected with the 60 $^{\circ}$ , 90 $^{\circ}$ , or isotropic configurations (SNRs $ = 1.3$ , 0, 2.3, respectively). XFCT imaging dose of 14 mGy was in the range of typical clinical X-ray CT imaging doses. To our knowledge, the sensitivity achieved in this experiment is the highest in any XFCT experiment using an ordinary bench-top X-ray source in a phantom larger than a mouse ( ${>} 3$ cm).
How we use rules to select actions: A review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience

Much of our behavior is guided by rules, or prescribed guides for action. In this review, I consider the current state of knowledge of how rules are learned, stored in the brain, and retrieved and used as the need arises. The focus is primarily on studies in humans, but the review is informed by relevant studies in nonhuman primates. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has been implicated in rule learning, retrieval from long-term memory, and on-line maintenance during task preparation. Interactions between VLPFC and temporal cortex are required for rule retrieval in nonhuman primates, and brain imaging findings in humans suggest that rule knowledge is stored in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Dorsolateral PFC appears to be more closely related to rule-based response selection than to rule retrieval. An important task for the future is to explain how PFC, basal ganglia, and temporal, parietal, and motor cortices interact to produce rule-guided behavior.
PROCESSOS FORMATIVOS A PARTIR DE PRÁTICAS INCLUSIVAS NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA

This article is the result of a research experience, of a collaborative nature, carried out with a group of teachers from four schools in Porto Alegre’s municipal school network. The genesis of the research process established between the University and the School and the progress of formation meetings and collaborative writing are analyzed. From the theoretical-methodological contributions of action research, a process of ongoing education and collaborative writing is systematized and evaluated. Out of an analysis of the written records of teachers, three aspects can be highlighted, which have the innovative character of the ways of thinking and teaching in basic education: a) the practice of inclusion from the everyday experience of shared teaching; b) formation of teachers from the perspective of research and written authorship; and, c) the understanding of Shared Teaching and collective work in the school as indicators of educational innovation. Finally, it is argued that the movement of ongoing formation, when conducted in a network, leads to improvements in teaching practice and in the qualification of procedures for educational inclusion.
Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado Part II: Isotopic Age of Emplacement and Morphology of Zircon

Zircon separated from six rocks whose compositions spanned the range of differentiation in the Boulder Creek batholith yielded a “discordia” age of emplacement of 1725 m.y., close to the average PB 207 /Pb 206 age 1720 m.y.) and indicating that the constituent rocks are cogenetic within approximately ± 20 m.y. Statistical studies show that from 20 to 80 percent of the zircon in any one sample (1) is no-neuhedral, (2) has lower (length/width) ratios than the associated euhedral zircon, and (3) in direct contrast to the euhedral, increases markedly interior of the batholith toward contacts with the older metasediments and internal zones of contamination; it is inferred to have been “inherited” via assimilation. Unlike the noneuhedral fraction the euhedral zircon shows a linear decrease in length/width ratio with an increase in SiO 2 content of the containing rocks; it is inferred to be magmatic in origin. Regardless of the relative abundance of inherited versus magmatic zircon, all samples closely fit a single discordia chord, indicating that both zircon fractions formed at about the same time. This conclusion is compatible with field relationships that indicate the emplacement of the syntectonic Boulder Creek rocks took place during a period of metamorphism notable for the widespread development of new minerals in the country rocks. (1) Zircon from a Silver Plume Granite dike intruding the Boulder Creek batholith, (2) zircon from Silver Plume correlatives immediately to the north (Tilton and co-workers), and (3) uraninite from a probable Silver Plume correlative in the Central City district, together yield a sharply defined discordia age of emplacement of 1415 m.y. The separate “discordia” chords for the Boulder Creek and Silver Plume zirconconverge close to their lower intercepts with “concordia” indicative of a one-step lead loss during the Laramide disturbance. The Silver Plume “thermal event” left no age imprint on the Boulder Creek zircon, presumably because insufficient time had elapsed to produce significant metamictization.
Predictors of Outcome following Acquired Brain Injury in Children.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) in children and adolescents can result from multiple causes, including trauma, central nervous system infections, noninfectious disorders (epilepsy, hypoxia/ischemia, genetic/metabolic disorders), tumors, and vascular abnormalities. Prediction of outcomes is important, to target interventions, allocate resources, provide education to family or caregivers, and begin appropriate planning for the future. Researchers have identified several factors associated with better or worse outcomes after ABI, including variables related to the injury itself, postinjury factors related to intervention or trajectory of recovery, and preinjury or demographic factors. When examining the scientific literature, it is important to identify how "outcome" is defined, as the predictors may change depending on the outcome studied. In addition, key variables may be specific to the etiology of injury. Therefore, predictors of outcome cannot be generalized across the various etiologies of ABI, and this review will discuss predictors within the context of multiple etiologies of ABI. This article reviews the current literature on predicting outcomes after pediatric ABI, and areas in need of further research are discussed.
Resonances in Photoelectron Angular Distributions

Photoelectron angular distributions should show pronounced variations with energy across autoionization resonances. This prediction applies quite generally to both atomic and molecular autoionization. Examples illustrate both the magnitude of the spectral variation and the inability of the Cooper-Zare model to account for the phenomenon. Calculations are reported for autoionization in xenon between the fine-structure levels $5{p}^{5} ^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and $5{p}^{5} ^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ of the ion ground-state doublet. An analysis is given of the recent measurements by Niehaus and Ruf on autoionizing levels of the mercury Rydberg series $5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2}(^{2}D)np$ and $5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2}(^{2}D){n}^{\ensuremath{'}}f$ below the ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ $5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2} ^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$ threshold.
Sensing of kerogens and lignens using laser-induced fluorescence at deep-UV wavelengths

Chemical and biological (Chem-Bio) sensors for detection and tracking of hazardous and toxic agents are primarily being developed for homeland security and defense applications at various government laboratories and research institutions. However, several groups at NASA and various universities are working on similar sensors for space-based applications. The quest for answers to questions on the origins of life on the Martian enironment is continuing at NASA. Recent studies on a Martian meteorite have kindled interest in the possibilities of past life on Mars. The existance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh fracture surfaces have promoted further studies to examine the evidence for possibilities of the existenc of life on Martian surface soil in the past. Lignins and kerogens containing aromatic and polyaromatic components which are considered precursors of life on Mars. Likwise, tholins are considered possible precurors for life on some outerbodies in our Solar system. Laser induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Raman based techniques with emphasis in the deep ultraviolet (UV) (200-300 nm) spectral region are anticipated to play a significant role in characterizing these precursors. In this paper, previous stuides done on these precursors in the UV are examined for the development of a wavelength agile LIF system for in situ and remote sensing experiments in the deep-UV spectral region.
Factors Which Influence the High Temperature Adhesive Characteristics of Liquid Crystalline Copolyesters

Abstract Liquid crystalline copolyesters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, with compositions 20/80 and 24/76, were studied in order to evaluate the effect of higher melting HBA/HNA copolyesters on the high temperature adhesive properties compared with data for the recently reported 73/27 system. A tetramer of HBA/HNA with a composition of 24/76 was synthesized to examine the effect on adhesion of wetting of the substrate at much lower temperatures. From the results of this study it is now possible to define approaches for achieving very good adhesion characteristics at temperatures well in excess of 250°C.
Speed discrimination in 20-week-old infants

Abstract Discrimination of the speeds of two adjacent moving bars was studied in 20-week-old infants. Speeds ranging from 2 to 10°/s were used. Logistic regression was used to predict the side of the screen with the faster moving bar given the multiple observed dependent variables on each trial. Group psychometric functions showed approximate Weber fractions for speed discrimination near .35 at 3.3°/s and .67 at 10.0°/s. The results provide psychophysical evidence for speed discrimination by 20-week-olds and are discussed in terms of their implications for various visuomotor functions.
Defining cognitive change after CABG: decline versus normal variability.

which originally used the 20% decline on 20% of the tests criterion in the analysis of cognitive change after conventional and off-pump CABG [4]. Because this was a randomized trial, nonsurgical controls were not included. In their original analysis, 31% of the CABG patients were classified as having decline at 3 months. In a follow-up to this study, they recruited healthy controls not undergoing surgery and applied the same criteria for decline, and it was found that an unexpected 28% of these normal controls also met this criterion for decline [6]. Using a more conservative definition to define decline, they then compared their original CABG group with this control group and found at 3 months that 7.7 % of the CABG and 4.6% of the controls were classified as having decline. These authors conclude that their previous use of the 20% decline of 20% of test criteria had thus greatly overestimated the incidence of cognitive decline after CABG. We expand on the findings just mentioned by illustrating the effects of applying the arbitrary criterion of 20% decline on one or more tests to previously published data from our prospective study of cognitive outcomes comparing CABG and nonsurgical controls with coronary artery disease and heart-healthy controls (without risk factors for coronary artery disease) [7]. The results clearly demonstrate that there is considerable variability (both improvement and decline) in the follow-up test performance even for the control subjects without surgery. Therefore, in the absence of a control group, this normal variability associated with follow-up cognitive testing might have been incor
Point-source detection using energy and imaging information from 3D-position-sensitive semiconductor detectors

Three-dimensional-position-sensitive semiconductor detectors provide both the energy and the locations of each gamma-ray interaction in the detector. From these data, Compton-imaging methods can reconstruct the source distribution around the detector as a function of energy. Automated detection and identification methods have been developed to use this combined energy and imaging information to detect the presence of point sources of radiation in a background environment with an unknown energy spectrum and a uniform spatial distribution, as well as to identify the nuclide, localize its position, and estimate the source strength. Experimental performance was better than the commercial software Genie 2000 (Canberra) that uses only spectral information. Performance for all methods is shown as a function of false-alarm probability using experimental data collected on a 20 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm CdZnTe detector.
Severe Dilated Cardiomyopathy After Propranolol Treatment in an Undiagnosed Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

A 43-year-old woman presented to an outside hospital with 3 hours of newly onset substernal chest pressure, associated nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, palpitations, and diaphoresis. Her medical history was significant for 18 months of episodic headaches that were diagnosed as atypical migraines and being treated with daily propranolol 60 mg initiated 1 week before the current presentation. Blood pressure on presentation was 144/112 mm Hg, initial ECG showed T-wave inversions in leads I and aVL (Figure 1A), and troponin I level was 0.497 ng/mL (normal, <0.034 ng/mL). The chest pain was relieved by nitroglycerin infusion, which was discontinued after 40 minutes secondary to a decrease in blood pressure to 95/72 mm Hg. The patient was treated with aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin and transferred to our hospital for urgent left heart catheterization. Figure 1. A , ECG on patient's initial presentation at outside hospital, showing T-wave inversion in leads I and aVL (hospital day 1, 22:42). B , ECG on patient's arrival to our hospital 3.5 hours later, showing partial resolution of T-wave inversion and sinus tachycardia (hospital day 1, 02:09). On presentation to our hospital, blood pressure was 97/50 mm Hg, troponin I was …
On Context-Specific Substitutability of Web Services

Web service substitution refers to the problem of identifying a service that can replace another service in the context of a composition with a specified functionality. Existing solutions to this problem rely on detecting the functional and behavioral equivalence of a particular service to be replaced and candidate services that could replace it. We introduce the notion of context-specific substitutability, where context refers to the overall functionality of the composition that is required to be maintained after replacement of its constituents. Using the context information, we investigate two variants of the substitution problem, namely environment-independent and environment- dependent, where environment refers to the constituents of a composition and show how the substitutability criteria can be relaxed within this model. We provide a logical formulation of the resulting criteria based on model checking techniques as well as prove the soundness and completeness of the proposed approach.
Integrated Direct/Indirect Adaptive Robust Control of Hydraulic Manipulators With Valve Deadband

In this paper, an integrated direct indirect adaptive robust control (DIARC) algorithm is proposed for an electro-hydraulic manipulator with unknown valve deadband to improve the achievable output-tracking performance. The controller design for such a system is nontrivial due to various factors, such as nonsmooth static and Coulomb friction model uncertainties arising from the use of a simplified proportional-flow-valve model, and other unknown disturbances present in the system. Furthermore, when an unknown input-valve deadband is present, the controller performance can deteriorate if it is not taken care of explicitly. This paper recognizes the fact that though unknown valve deadband nonlinearity is not globally linearly parameterizable, it can still be linearly parameterized during most of the working ranges. Hence, by using an indirect estimation algorithm with online condition monitoring, accurate estimates of the unknown deadband parameters are obtained for an improved control performance. Comparative experimental results for motion control of an electro-hydraulic manipulator with two different valves having deadband illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Regression of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type with denileukin diftitox (Ontak®) and bexarotene (Targretin®): report of a case

Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) is a fusion protein comprising a diphtheria toxin and an interleukin (IL)-2 moiety that specifically targets CD25 (IL-2 receptor)-positive tumour cells. We report a patient with rapidly progressive Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasal type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (extranodal NKTCL), treated with a combination of denileukin diftitox (Ontak) and oral bexarotene (Targretin). A significant regression of the cutaneous tumours was observed already after the first cycle of denileukin diftitox and was maintained for a period of 5 months with monthly cycles of denileukin diftitox. The treatment was well tolerated. Following this response the patient decided to stop the treatment. He was then followed by his oncologist and lost from dermatological follow-up. Shortly after treatment withdrawal the disease progressed and the patient received one cycle of doxorubicin (Caelyx). He died from septic shock syndrome 2 months later. To our knowledge this is the first case of extranodal NKTCL treated with denileukin diftitox and bexarotene. A striking, albeit transient, response occurred with this therapy. Combination treatment with denileukin diftitox and bexarotene should be further assessed in this aggressive type of cutaneous lymphoma.
Using Animal Metaphors To Create And Maintain Positive Changes In The Workforce

Twenty-first century leaders fully realize that it costs more to recruit a new employee than to manage and retain current employees. Organizations that must hire and train a new employee for a job produces added costs when replacing an employee who quits because of inappropriate workplace behaviors. Therefore, managers should never ignore inappropriate employee behavior because even loyal employees leave organizations because of uncomfortable or unsafe work environments. Managers tend to avoid the painful process of managing employee behavioral problems, much like the head burying ostrich. This qualitative historical case research study explores trends spanning the past 23 years. Data reports show increases in inappropriate employee behaviors. Presented themes use metaphors based upon animal behaviors to offer suggestions for avoiding the subsequent high costs of recruiting new employees, increased litigation costs, and injury or death caused by inappropriate behaviors in the workplace. Findings of analyzing 23 years of close to 2,000 articles found four major themes described as an animal metaphor of bullying. The majority of bullying reported fell into the horse kicker bully who practices screaming, hitting, cussing, and otherwise socially unaccepted behavior. Theme number two found 35% of bullying compares to the subtle and cunning snake. Theme number three found that 18% of bullies compare to the howling monkey bullying. Finally, theme number four found that 16% of bullying compares to the ever-talkative parrot bully who takes credit and uses the rumor mill to bully others. Outlier was a concern with a growing percent of top leaders classified as successful sociopaths or psychopaths. Solutions to reduce each type of bullying include stop hiring unethical employees by using a more careful analysis of traits; mandate leadership styles such as eliminating the lassiezfaire or dictatorship style; hold employees accountable for actions to stop any bullying; control the actions of managers, meetings, credit given, and the rumor mill; and keep in mind that a lack of action toward bullying is not the same as an anti-bullying policy. A high level SMACK model is presented to guide leaders on reducing workforce bullying.
Effects of Climate and Land Cover on Hydrology in the Southeastern U.S.: Potential Impacts on Watershed Planning

The hydrologic response to statistically downscaled general circulation model simulations of daily surface climate and land cover through 2099 was assessed for the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin located in the southeastern United States. Projections of climate, urbanization, vegetation, and surface-depression storage capacity were used as inputs to the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System to simulate projected impacts on hydrologic response. Surface runoff substantially increased when land cover change was applied. However, once the surface depression storage was added to mitigate the land cover change and increases of surface runoff (due to urbanization), the groundwater flow component then increased. For hydrologic studies that include projections of land cover change (urbanization in particular), any analysis of runoff beyond the change in total runoff should include effects of stormwater management practices as these features affect flow timing and magnitude and may be useful in mitigating land cover change impacts on streamflow. Potential changes in water availability and how biota may respond to changes in flow regime in response to climate and land cover change may prove challenging for managers attempting to balance the needs of future development and the environment. However, these models are still useful for assessing the relative impacts of climate and land cover change and for evaluating tradeoffs when managing to mitigate different stressors.
Adherence to positive airway pressure therapy

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss the nature of adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), identify measurement modalities, consider factors that have been identified in the literature associated with nonadherence and present interventions that may promote use. Recent findings Patient characteristics associated with CPAP adherence include self-reported daytime sleepiness, level of disease severity, nasal resistance and perception of symptomatic benefit. Heated humidification and flexible pressure also promote use. Feelings of claustrophobia affect adherence in a small proportion of patients. Adherence was better with nasal mask than nasal pillows and full face mask and equal to oral interface. Patients who employed an active coping style and those with perceived self-efficacy, especially following exposure to treatment, had higher levels of adherence. A videotape targeted to improve self-efficacy and other interventions to enhance cognitions related to CPAP has generated greater use. Intensive support utilizing several days of titration, education and home visits also improves adherence. Summary Adherence to CPAP treatment is an important clinical issue that needs to be routinely assessed and addressed. Frequent patient contact to troubleshoot problems will contribute to adherence. Further study is needed to identify factors that affect adherence and cost-effective interventions.
Expanding role of bisphosphonates in the management of early breast cancer.

Evaluation of: Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Schippinger W et al. Endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(7), 679–691 (2009)Current expert guidelines support tamoxifen alone or tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression as adjuvant endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors have succeeded tamoxifen as the endocrine manipulation of choice in the treatment of postmenopausal patients. However, their use as monotherapy has traditionally been contraindicated in premenopausal women because the suppression of peripheral aromatase results in reduced feedback to the hypothalamus, and an increase in ovarian stimulation. The Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group trial 12 randomized premenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer receiving the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist goserelin to tamoxifen or anastrozole without finding a significant efficacy advantage for either ...
The Voice of East Timor: Journalism, Ideology, and the Struggle for Independence

A fuller picture [of the occupation generation] might include less “heroic” members … collaborators who were convinced that the future lay in union with Indonesia rather than the establishment of a...
Performance of Quantized Min-Sum Decoding Algorithms for Irregular LDPC Codes

This paper analyzes the performance of quantized min-sum decoding algorithms for irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. For regular LDPC codes, it is known that the normalized or offset min-sum decoding algorithm with quantization bits less than 6 bits achieves good performances over wide range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). However, finite precision effects in decoding irregular LDPC codes are different from that in decoding regular LDPC codes which is caused by the difference of convergence speeds between low degree nodes and high degree nodes. This paper proposes a novel method to improve the performance of the conventional normalized or offset min-sum decoding algorithm when it is approximated with finite precision for hardware implementations. The proposed method applies down-scaling factors to intrinsic information which has effects on increasing the reliability of extrinsic information at variable nodes and compensating the quantization errors caused by finite precision. Computer simulation results for irregular LDPC codes show that the proposed normalized and offset min-sum decoding algorithms achieve better performances at high SNR compared to the conventional normalized and offset min-sum algorithms under (6:2) quantization scheme.
Effects of high-frequency ventilation and PEEP on carotid baroreceptor reflexes

We tested the hypothesis that altering the pattern and/or magnitude of discharge of pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs) would alter baroreceptor reflexes in anesthetized aortic-denervated cats. Carotid baroreceptor control of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and hindlimb perfusion pressure (PPhl) was examined by changing carotid sinus pressure (CSP) from 50 to 225 mmHg. The pattern of PSR discharge was changed by switching conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) to high-frequency ventilation (HFV). Magnitude of PSR discharge was altered by changing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Altering the discharge pattern of PSR had no effect on CSP-MAP or CSP-PPhl relationships; small changes in HR were observed. Increasing PSR activity by increasing PEEP during CMV (from 3 to 9 cmH2O) depressed CSP-MAP relationship, set point, and threshold pressure. However, the depression in CSP-MAP relationship and set point during PEEP was unrelated to PSR activation, because these changes were not abolished after bilateral vagotomy. CSP-PPhl relationship was significantly elevated during PEEP before and after vagotomy, suggesting activation of a nonvagally mediated vasoconstrictory mechanism instead of PSR-mediated depressor reflex. CSP-HR relationship during PEEP showed a slight elevation, which was abolished after vagotomy. We conclude that despite minor increases in HR, altering the pattern of magnitude of PSR activity with HFV and PEEP has no significant effect on carotid baroreceptor regulation of systemic circulation. Hemodynamic changes observed during PEEP were likely due to its mechanical effect on cardiac output and activation of other cardiopulmonary receptors rather than to the increase in PSR activity.
Olfactory-genital dysplasia

Abstract While the interaction of reproductive mechanisms and central nervous system function is well known in clinical gynecology, reports of specific central dysfunction and gonadal competence are relatively rare. For this reason, a case of olfactory-genital dysplasia is presented and lhe subject reviewed. Furthermore, contrary to previous concepts of target organ failure in these case, the unimpaired receptivity of the ovary to gonadotropin stimulation by inrduction of ovulation with exogenous gonadotropin therapy is reported.
Frequency Modulated Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy of Ultrafast Energy Transfer in a Donor–Acceptor Copolymer

A Raman-pump frequency modulation scheme and an automated signal-processing algorithm are developed for improved collection of time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectra. Together, these two advancements remove the broad background signals endemic to FSRS measurements and retrieve signals with high sensitivity. We apply this frequency-modulated femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FM-FSRS) to the characterization of ultrafast energy transport in a copolymer comprised of polystyrene linked oligo(phenylene–ethynylene) donor and thiophene–benzothiadiazole acceptor chromophores. After photoexcitation of the donor, ultrafast energy transfer is monitored by the decay of donor vibrational modes and simultaneous growth of acceptor modes. The FM-FSRS method shows clear advantages in signal-to-noise levels, mitigation of artifact features, and ease of data processing over the conventional FSRS technique.
Phonon transport in amorphous carbon using Green-Kubo modal analysis

Amorphous carbon (a-C) is an important material often used in microelectronics. Using a recently developed approach, termed Green–Kubo modal analysis, we were able to calculate the thermal conductivity of a-C, which yielded excellent agreement with experiments, by employing a simple correction to the specific heat. The results show that the heat capacity substantially limits the thermal conductivity of a-C at room temperature and it is dominated by contributions from diffusons between 10 and 40 THz. Furthermore, the phonon relaxation times in a-C do not vary significantly with increasing temperature, which is quite unusual by comparison with the behavior observed for other materials.
Investigation on the "quasi-sick building syndrome" of medical and nursing staff working in hospital clean surroundings

Objective To explore the "quasi-sick building syndrome" of medical and nursing staff in hospital clean surroundings.Methods An anonymous survey was conducted in 927 medical and nursing staff from 15 hospitals by random cluster sampling in Wuhan.Results Among 927 medical and nursing staff,89.10% had chest tightness,fatigue and other symptoms.Medical and nursing staff under certain condition,e.g.lack of rest,emergency intense work,illness and other circumstances,were prone to have above symptoms.Conclusions Medical and nursing staff working in hospital clean surroundings have some symptoms which are similar to "sick building syndrome".
Comment on "Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply".

Olive et al . (Reports, 16 October 2015, p. 310) and Goff (Technical Comment, 4 September 2015, p. 1065) raise important concerns with respect to recent findings of Milankovitch cycles in seafloor bathymetry. However, their results inherently support that the Southern East Pacific Rise is the optimum place to look for such signals and, in fact, models match those observations quite closely.
Extremal distributions in information theory and hypothesis testing

Many problems in information theory can be distilled to an optimization problem over a space of probability distributions. The most important examples are in communication theory, where it is necessary to maximize mutual information in order to compute channel capacity, and the classical hypothesis testing problem in which an optimal test is based on the maximization of divergence. Two general classes of optimization problems are considered in this paper: convex and linear programs, where the constraint set is defined by a finite number of moment constraints.
Catalytic Oxygen Carriers and Process Systems for Oxidative Coupling of Methane Using the Chemical Looping Technology

Directly upgrading natural gas is limited by the stability of its primary component, methane, and process economics. Since the 1980s, oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) has shown potential to produce ethylene and ethane (C2s). The typical OCM approach catalytically converts methane to C2 products using molecular oxygen, reducing process efficiency. To overcome this, chemical looping OCM converts methane to hydrocarbons via intermediate oxygen carriers rather than gaseous cofed oxidants. The chemical looping approach for OCM has been studied mechanistically for the first time with a Mn–Mg-based catalytic oxygen carrier (COC). The COC delivered stable performance in a fixed bed for 100 cycles for more than 50 h with a 63.2% C2 selectivity and 23.2% yield. These experimental results and original process simulations of an OCM chemical looping system for C2 or liquid fuel production with electricity cogeneration present a direct method for methane utilization.
The New Sharing Economy: The Role of Property, Tort and Contract Law for Managing the Airbnb Model

In recent years, a new world of property sharing has dawned with companies such as Airbnb rising to fill consumer demand for affordable accommodations. This Article discusses how the traditional laws of property, contracts and torts apply to define rights, duties, and obligations between hosts and guests in the peer-to-peer Airbnb model. The Article examines recent regulatory and legislative efforts in the property sharing arena, and proposes specific recommendations, with a focus on insurance, on how risk can be mitigated for both guests and hosts.
Effect of Cobalt and Iron Concentration on the Potential for Oxygen Evolution from Pb–Ca–Sn Anodes in Synthetic Copper Electrowinning Electrolytes

It is well known that the addition of cobalt to copper sulfate—sulfuric acid electrolytes decreases the overpotential for oxygen evolution and decreases the rate of corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn anodes. This effect, however, has not been adequately quantified in the presence of iron and manganese in this type of electrolyte. This work provides quantifiable data on the effect of cobalt concentration in the range of 0–0.6 g/L in synthetic electrowinning electrolytes with and without the presence of iron. The effect of cobalt on anode potential was determined using 2 and 24 h chronopotentiometry experiments. As expected, Pb–Ca–Sn potentials increased with decreasing cobalt concentration over the range of 0–0.6 g/L Co with and without the presence of Fe. Two regression models were developed to allow plant operations the ability to predict anode potentials as a function of cobalt concentration with or without iron in the electrolyte.
Topical agents for oral cancer chemoprevention: A systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Objectives/hypothesis We review the use of topical chemoprevention agents in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (PMD). Methods A systematic review of studies on topical chemoprevention agents for oral PMD from 1946 to November 2016 was conducted using the MEDLINE database, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Data were extracted and analyzed from selected studies including study type, sample size, demographics, treatment length, response rate, follow-up time, adverse effects, and recurrence. Results Of 108 studies, twenty-four, representing 679 cases met the inclusion criteria. The clinical lesions evaluated included oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia (OEL), verrucous hyperplasia (OVH), oral lichen planus, larynx squamous cell carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The mean complete response rate for topical retinoid therapy was 32%. The mean complete response rate for 1% bleomycin therapy and 0.5% bleomycin was 40.2% and 25%, respectively. The complete response rate of OVH, OEL, and OSCC to photodynamic therapy ranged from 66.7% to 100%. Conclusion There are a paucity of data examining topical treatment of oral PMDs. However, the use of topical agents among patients with oral lesions may be a viable complement or even alternative to traditional surgery, radiation, or systemic chemotherapy, with the advantage of reducing systemic side effects and sparing important anatomic structures. This study of 679 cases represents the largest pooled sample size to date, and the preliminary studies in this systematic review provide support for further inquiry.
Transcriptional response to West Nile virus infection in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widespread arbovirus that imposes a significant cost to both human and wildlife health. WNV exists in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle in which passerine birds act as the primary reservoir host. As a public health concern, the mammalian immune response to WNV has been studied in detail. Little, however, is known about the avian immune response to WNV. Avian taxa show variable susceptibility to WNV and what drives this variation is unknown. Thus, to study the immune response to WNV in birds, we experimentally infected captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Zebra finches provide a useful model, as like many natural avian hosts they are moderately susceptible to WNV and thus provide sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes. We performed RNAseq in spleen tissue during peak viremia to provide an overview of the transcriptional response. In general, we find strong parallels with the mammalian immune response to WNV, including upregulation of five genes in the Rig-I-like receptor signalling pathway, and offer insights into avian-specific responses. Together with complementary immunological assays, we provide a model of the avian immune response to WNV and set the stage for future comparative studies among variably susceptible populations and species.
Suboptimal Control Laws for Differential Games

Abstract This paper is concerned with optimal parameter selection in differential games. Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a saddle point for a general two-person zero-sum form. The specified forms for the controls consist of weighted sums of the state variables the weighting factors being products of known timevarying functions and of constants to be determined in an optimal manner. The general results are applied to linear-quadratic games (games with linear dynamics and quadratic performance indices). For this class of differential games, an additional development is given to obtain control law parameters that are independent of initial conditions so that a saddle point with respect to the expected value of the performance index is obtained. The results are applied to specific scalar and vector dynamic systems, and numerical solutions are presented. The approach and the results of this paper are especially useful when only partial information about possible initial states is available to the players and when on-line computational facilities are limited. The results should broaden the class of problems to which differential game theory can be realistically applied. By restricting the form of feedback gains, it is possible in some cases to obtain control laws that are only nominally suboptimal, but are both computationally feasible and implementable in practice.
The Electron Bifurcating FixABCX Protein Complex from Azotobacter vinelandii: Generation of Low-Potential Reducing Equivalents for Nitrogenase Catalysis.

The biological reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by nitrogenase is an energetically demanding reaction that requires low-potential electrons and ATP; however, pathways used to deliver the electrons from central metabolism to the reductants of nitrogenase, ferredoxin or flavodoxin, remain unknown for many diazotrophic microbes. The FixABCX protein complex has been proposed to reduce flavodoxin or ferredoxin using NADH as the electron donor in a process known as electron bifurcation. Herein, the FixABCX complex from Azotobacter vinelandii was purified and demonstrated to catalyze an electron bifurcation reaction: oxidation of NADH (Em = −320 mV) coupled to reduction of flavodoxin semiquinone (Em = −460 mV) and reduction of coenzyme Q (Em = 10 mV). Knocking out fix genes rendered Δrnf A. vinelandii cells unable to fix dinitrogen, confirming that the FixABCX system provides another route for delivery of electrons to nitrogenase. Characterization of the purified FixABCX complex revealed the presenc...