cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A gravity reconnaissance of the island of Oahu

A network of 30 gravimeter stations was established on the island of Oahu in the fall of 1948. A study of these gravity data in conjunction with those of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey on the island and the observations of Vening Meinesz in the adjacent deep-sea areas indicates the following: (1) The mean specific gravity of the island block down to the ocean floor is 2.3. (2) The regional Bouguer anomaly values corrected for the mass differential of the sea water and island lavas at the sea stations show an anomaly of −75 mgals on the island. (3) Of this deficiency in attraction, part may be related to a thinning of the crystalline crustal layer because of the withdrawal of magmatic material at depth to furnish the lavas and a possible magma chamber at depth. (4) The balance of the anomaly presumably is related to surface subsidence whereby lavas and sediments of 2.3 specific gravity are brought into juxtaposition with oceanic crustal material of 2.95 specific gravity. (5) Regional subsidence of the island to date on the above basis has amounted to between 8,000 and 10,600 ft. (6) To achieve isostatic equilibrium (remove the +50 mgals regional isostatic anomaly) an additional subsidence of approximately 7,000 ft will be required. (7) Local anomalies of (+) 110 mgals occur over the ancient Koolau and Waianae volcanic vents, but no appreciable anomaly is found to be associated with the more recent volcanic vents as Diamond Head, Koko, the Punch Bowl, or Salt Lake. The explanation of this phenomenon appears to lie in the difference in the relative sizes of the early and late vents and the difference in the petrology of the throat material present and its density contrast with the surrounding volcanic flow material. (8) Computations as to the depth to which a maximum density contrast of 0.6 gm/cc exists between volcanic throat material and flow material to satisfy the 110 mgals anomaly indicate subsidence to a depth of 9,000 ft below the ocean floor. This value is in general agreement with the subsidence determined from the analysis of the regional anomalies (8,000 to 10,600 ft). (9) Since it is improbable that the early lavas were vesicular, these figures on degree of subsidence probably represent minimum values. (10) None of the classical mechanisms for achieving isostatic equilibrium under the Airy and Pratt theories of isostasy appear valid for this type of geologic structure.
Thiol-Capped Germanium Nanocrystals: Preparation and Evidence for Quantum Size Effects

Applications of Ge nanocrystals (NCs) are limited by the stability and air reactivity of the Ge surface. In order to promote stability and increase the diversity of ligand functionalization of Ge NCs, the preparation of thiol-passivated Ge NCs via a ligand exchange process was investigated. Herein a successful replacement of oleylamine ligands on the surface of Ge NCs with dodecanethiol is reported. The successful ligand exchange was monitored by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and it was found that dodecanethiol provided a better surface coverage, leading to stable Ge NC dispersions. Dodecanethiol capping also enabled band gap determination of the NCs by surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy. The SPV measurements indicated an efficient charge separation in the ligand-exchanged Ge NCs. On the other hand, oleylamine-terminated Ge NCs of similar sizes exhibited a very small photovoltage, indicating a poorly passivated surface.
Contribution and collaboration strategies for the National Science Digital Library (nsdl.org): investigating technological solutions to facilitate social evolution of a collaborative infrastructure

The NSDL community consists of large, discipline diverse, and decentralized user groups made up of collaborator communities who create, aggregate, and contribute digital resources to the NSDL. NSDL Core Integration provides "wholesale" services to NSDL collaborator communities who may "retail" those services through their own portals, perhaps packaged with additional content selected to meet their specialized users' needs. NSDL "wholesale" services will support rich representations of complex data relation-ships. NSDL will distribute access to aggregations and annotations stored in the NSDL metadata repository that have been harvested, normalized (based on the scaleable library production model in use at nsdl.org), and exposed for re-harvest. "Retailers" may use the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) for Metadata Harvesting Protocol to harvest these structured data relationships and make them available for use in other library services.
Fourier transforms that respect crystallographic symmetries

In crystallography one has to compute finite Fourier transforms that are often very large and often respect crystallographic symmetries. In this paper we discuss efficient finite Fourier transform algorithms on 5×5×5 points that respect a collection of crystallographic symmetries. Although the size is too small for any practical problems, the methods indicated in this paper can be extended to problems of meaningful size.
Using sine wave histograms to estimate analog-to-digital converter dynamic error functions

This paper describes a new method for developing analog-to-digital converter (ADC) error function models using modified sinewave histogram methods. The error models may be used to digitally compensate for nonlinearities introduced by the converter. The histogram modification involves sorting of converter output samples based upon an estimated associated input derivative signal. This error model is based upon a previously unpublished result which shows that sinewave histograms yield distinctly different expected errors for each state based upon input signal slope associated with each output sample. This result thus provides a dynamic dependence for expected errors measured by means of histogram methods. Sorted sinewave histograms are used to estimate slope dependent expected errors at each ADC output state (code). The method provides improved error representation by providing error basis functions for every output code. Simulated results prove that this method removes all slope dependent errors for complex ADC architectures while experimental results for an 8-bit 200 MSPS ADC yielded more than 10 dB improvement in spurious-free-dynamic-range (SFDR) over the full Nyquist band. The new method is thus shown to possess wideband dynamic error character.
Alcohol, social behavior disorders, and their cutaneous manifestations.

Although often unaware, dermatologists regularly treat patients who misuse alcohol or drugs. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse has been estimated to be 13.7%, and an episode of binge drinking (5 or more drinks on the same occasion) within a month is reported by 24% of men and 8.5% of women. As many as 6% of surveyed persons admit to using illicit drugs within a 30-day period.1 Dermatologists (and most physicians), however, only reluctantly assess their patients’ consumption of alcohol or use of illicit drugs, and patients seldom reveal misuse of these substances even when asked.2,3 Typically, even the patient with unequivocal alcohol-related medical disease initially admits to only “a few drinks on some weekends,” and patients on drugs practically never share their secret “habit” with health care providers. The skin is not exempt from the harm caused by drinking alcohol. It is evident that alcohol, directly or through organ dysfunction, can exert pathologic changes on the skin and that the prevalence and severity of some cutaneous diseases are increased in patients with moderate to voluminous alcohol intake.4 Furthermore, the presence of specific skin “stigmata” may strongly indicate or reveal drug or alcohol abuse and provide a productive opportunity for effective intervention.5
Energetic Mapping of Transition State Analogue Interactions with Human and Plasmodium falciparum Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylases

Abstract Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (huPNP) is essential for human T-cell division by removing deoxyguanosine and preventing dGTP imbalance. Plasmodium falciparum expresses a distinct PNP (PfPNP) with a unique substrate specificity that includes 5′-methylthioinosine. The PfPNP functions both in purine salvage and in recycling purine groups from the polyamine synthetic pathway. Immucillin-H is an inhibitor of both huPNP and PfPNPs. It kills activated human T-cells and induces purine-less death in P. falciparum. Immucillin-H is a transition state analogue designed to mimic the early transition state of bovine PNP. The DADMe-Immucillins are second generation transition state analogues designed to match the fully dissociated transition states of huPNP and PfPNP. Immucillins, DADMe-Immucillins and related analogues are compared for their energetic interactions with human and P. falciparum PNPs. Immucillin-H and DADMe-Immucillin-H are 860 and 500 pm inhibitors against P. falciparum PNP but bind human PNP 15–35 times more tightly. This common pattern is a result of kcat for huPNP being 18-fold greater than kcat for PfPNP. This energetic binding difference between huPNP and PfPNP supports the kchem/kcat binding argument for transition state analogues. Preferential PfPNP inhibition is gained in the Immucillins by 5′-methylthio substitution which exploits the unique substrate specificity of PfPNP. Human PNP achieves part of its catalytic potential from 5′-OH neighboring group participation. When PfPNP acts on 5′-methylthioinosine, this interaction is not possible. Compensation for the 5′-OH effect in the P. falciparum enzyme is provided by improved leaving group interactions with Asp206 as a general acid compared with Asn at this position in huPNP. Specific atomic modifications in the transition state analogues cause disproportionate binding differences between huPNP and PfPNPs and pinpoint energetic binding differences despite similar transition states.
Naturally occurring and stress induced tubular structures from mammalian cells, a survival mechanism

Tubular shaped mammalian cells in response to dehydration have not been previously reported. This may be due to the invisibility of these cells in aqueous solution, and because sugars and salts added to the cell culture for manipulation of the osmotic conditions inhibit transformation of normal cells into tubular shaped structures. We report the transformation of normal spherical mammalian cells into tubular shaped structures in response to stress. We have termed these transformed structures 'straw cells' which we have associated with a variety of human tissue types, including fresh, post mortem and frozen lung, liver, skin, and heart. We have also documented the presence of straw cells in bovine brain and prostate tissues of mice. The number of straw cells in heart, lung tissues, and collapsed straw cells in urine increases with the age of the mammal. Straw cells were also reproduced in vitro from human cancer cells (THP1, CACO2, and MCF7) and mouse stem cells (D1 and adipose D1) by dehydrating cultured cells. The tubular center of the straw cells is much smaller than the original cell; houses condensed organelles and have filamentous extensions that are covered with microscopic hair-like structures and circular openings. When rehydrated, the filaments uptake water rapidly. The straw cell walls, have a range of 120 nm to 200 nm and are composed of sulfated-glucose polymers and glycosylated acidic proteins. The transformation from normal cell to straw cells takes 5 to 8 hr in open-air. This process is characterized by an increase in metabolic activity. When rehydrated, the straw cells regain their normal spherical shape and begin to divide in 10 to 15 days. Like various types of microbial spores, straw cells are resistant to harsh environmental conditions such as UV-C radiation. Straw cells are specialized cellular structures and not artifacts from spontaneous polymerization, which are generated in response to stress conditions, like dehydration. The disintegrative, mobile, disruptive and ubiquitous nature of straw cells makes this a possible physiological process that may be involved in human health, longevity, and various types of diseases such as cancer.
Time-Dependent Block and Resurgent Tail Currents Induced by Mouse β4154–167 Peptide in Cardiac Na+ Channels

Resurgent tail Na+ currents were first discovered in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. A recent study showed that a 14-mer fragment of a mouse β4 subunit, β4154–167, acts as an intracellular open-channel blocker and elicits resurgent currents in Purkinje neurons (Grieco, T.M., J.D. Malhotra, C. Chen, L.L. Isom, and I.M. Raman. 2005. Neuron. 45:233–244). To explore these phenotypes in vitro, we characterized β4154–167 actions in inactivation-deficient cardiac hNav1.5 Na+ channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293t cells. Intracellular β4154–167 from 25–250 μM elicited a conspicuous time-dependent block of inactivation-deficient Na+ currents at 50 mV in a concentration-dependent manner. On and off rates for β4154–167 binding were estimated at 10.1 μM−1s−1 and 49.1 s−1, respectively. Upon repolarization, large tail currents emerged with a slight delay at −140 mV, probably as a result of the rapid unblocking of β4154–167. Near the activation threshold (approximately −70 mV), resurgent tail currents were robust and long lasting. Likewise, β4154–167 induces resurgent currents in wild-type hNav1.5 Na+ channels, although to a lesser extent. The inactivation peptide acetyl-KIFMK-amide not only restored the fast inactivation phenotype in hNav1.5 inactivation-deficient Na+ channels but also elicited robust resurgent currents. When modified by batrachotoxin (BTX), wild-type hNav1.5 Na+ channels opened persistently but became resistant to β4154–167 and acetyl-KIFMK-amide block. Finally, a lysine substitution of a phenylalanine residue at D4S6, F1760, which forms a part of receptors for local anesthetics and BTX, rendered cardiac Na+ channels resistant to β4154–167. Together, our in vitro studies identify a putative S6-binding site for β4154–167 within the inner cavity of hNav1.5 Na+ channels. Such an S6 receptor readily explains (1) why β4154–167 gains access to its receptor as an open-channel blocker, (2), why bound β4154–167 briefly prevents the activation gate from closing by a “foot-in-the-door” mechanism during deactivation, (3) why BTX inhibits β4154–167 binding by physical exclusion, and (4) why a lysine substitution of residue F1760 eliminates β4154–167 binding.
EDUCTION OF LARGE-SCALE ORGANIZED STRUCTURES IN A TURBULENT PLANE WAKE.

Large-scale organized structures in the turbulent plane wake of a circular cylinder are investigated in air up to a downstream distance of 40d at a Reynolds number of Red = 1.3 × 104; d is the cylinder diameter. Velocity signals from a linear transverse rake of 8 X-wires are sampled simultaneously to calculate the instantaneous span wise vorticity. We have appropriately smoothed the temporal traces of vorticity to obtain time evolutions (including the transverse displacement, sign, strength and size distributions) of organized structures identified by vorticity contour maps. The periodicity of the initial structures is rapidly lost: dispersion in streamwise spacing, transverse displacement, strength and size of structures increases with increasing downstream distance.Particular emphasis is placed on examining alternative general schemes for educing coherent structures in natural or unexcited turbulent shear flows, especially in their fully developed states. The optimal eduction scheme employed involves centring the rake at the most probable transverse location of centres of advected structures and accepting those structures that: (i) are centred at the midpoint of the rake, (ii) have a peak value of (smoothed) vorticity of a given sign above a specified level, and (iii) have streamwise and transverse extents of the (smoothed) vorticity contours above a specified size. From successive accepted structure signatures the instants of occurrence of structure centres (i.e. smoothed vorticity peaks) are identified. Un-smoothed signals are then time-aligned with respect to these instants and ensemble averaged to educe coherent structure and incoherent turbulence characteristics. Further enhancement is achieved by iteratively improving the time-alignment by maximizing the cross-correlation of individual structure vorticity with the ensemble-averaged vorticity and by discarding structures that require excessive time shifts or that produce significantly weak peak correlation values.Following this optimal scheme, large-scale coherent structures have been educed in the fully turbulent wake. The average structure centre is found to be closer to the wake centreline than the half-width location, and the structure size does not increase in proportion to the wake width, suggesting that transverse wandering of structures (including their three-dimensionality) increases significantly with increasing downstream distance. The various flow properties associated with coherent and incoherent turbulence, and the coherent structure dynamics, in particular the role of vortex stretching (at the saddle) in turbulence production and mixing, are discussed.
A MILD AND EFFICIENT CsOH-PROMOTED SYNTHESIS OF DITERTIARY PHOSPHINES

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of ditertiary phosphines has been developed. In the presence of cesium hydroxide, molecular sieves, and DMF, various dihalides were coupled with diphenylphosphine at room temperature, and the results have demonstrated that this methodology offers a general synthetic procedure producing a variety of ditertiary phosphines in high yields.
Minimal Memory Inverses of Linear Sequential Circuits

A necessary and sufficient condition for a linear sequential circuit to possess a feedforward inverse is given. This condition for existence of a feedforward inverse is given in terms of the Markov parameters rather than the minors of the transfer function matrix of the linear sequential circuit as has been the case in previous studies on this problem. An upper bound on the required memory of a feedforward inverse for a linear sequential circuit is established in terms of n, the dimension of the state transition matrix and Lo, the inherent delay of the linear sequential circuit. When the original linear sequential circuit is itself feedforward, a stronger upper bound on the memory of a feedforward inverse is established in terms of u, the input memory, k, the number of inputs, and Lo. Both upper bounds on the required inverse memory are shown to be tight in the sense that for each set of possible values of the parameters entering the bound there exists at least one linear sequential circuit whose inverse requires input memory equal to the bound. Finally, a practical and simple algorithm is given to construct a minimal memory inverse.
Creating a Flexible Organizational Culture to Attract and Retain Talented Workers Across Generations

The ProblemOne of the most important emerging issues in the field of human resource development is how to effectively help organizations deal with the shifting demographics in the workforce. The la...
Shared memory multiprocessor architectures for software IP routers

We propose new shared memory multiprocessor architectures and evaluate their performance for future Internet protocol (IP) routers based on symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) and cache coherent nonuniform memory access (CC-NUMA) paradigms. We also propose a benchmark application suite, RouterBench, which consists of four categories of applications representing key functions on the time-critical path of packet processing in routers. An execution driven simulation environment is created to evaluate SMP and CC-NUMA router architectures using this RouterBench. The execution driven simulation can produce accurate cycle-level execution time prediction and reveal the impact of various architectural parameters on the performance of routers. We port the FUNET trace and its routing table for use in our experiments. We find that the CC-NUMA architecture provides an excellent scalability for design of high-performance IP routers. Results also show that the CC-NUMA architecture can sustain good lookup performance, even at a high frequency of route updates.
Cluster Analysis of Hourly Wind Measurements to Reveal Synoptic Regimes Affecting Air Quality

Abstract A clustering algorithm is developed to study hourly, ground-level wind measurements obtained from a network of monitoring stations positioned throughout the San Francisco Bay Area of California. A statistical model based on principal components analysis (or empirical orthogonal functions) is used to cluster these autocorrelated and cross-correlated observations. Patterns at the synoptic time scale are isolated by using windowing and scaling operations to treat the data. Four dominant wind patterns that affect air quality are identified for the study region, and summer days from 8 yr of historical data are assigned to these modes. One cluster captures a high pressure system over the western United States, the anticyclonic winds of which block the typical marine flow through the study region. Differential heating convects a polluted air mass to a nearby valley in which severe episodes of higher-than-average ozone composition occur. A second pattern represents a seasonal, offshore ridge of high pres...
The β-Cell Bursting Pattern and Intracellular Calcium

Mammalian islets of Langerhans are made up principally of insulin-secreting β cells but also contain glucagon-secreting α cells, somatostatin-secreting δ cells, and polypeptide-secreting PP cells as well as sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals and capillary-associated endothelial cells. The islets of Langerhans from mouse are convenient for electrophysiological studies because they are large (up to 1 mm in diameter), easily distinguished from the surrounding pancreatic tissue, and contain a large proportion of β cells (about 85%), which are mainly located in the center of the islet.
Multifunction co-culture model for evaluating cell-cell interactions

Interactions within the same cell population (homotypic) and between different cell types (heterotypic) are essential for tissue development, repair, and homeostasis. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these cellular interactions, co-culture models have been used extensively to investigate the role of cell-cell physical contact, autocrine and/or paracrine interactions on cell function, as well as stem cell differentiation. Specifically, the mixed co-culture model is often optimal for interpreting the effects of cell-cell contact on cellular behavior in vitro, while indirect co-culture can be used to study the effects of paracrine signaling on cell reactions. Additionally, cell-cell contact can be controlled by establishing physical barriers, which are used to regulate spatial and temporal cell distribution patterns in co-culture. In this chapter, we describe a method for forming a removable permeable divider for temporally and spatially controlling cellular interactions. This model can be used to study the impact of both cell-cell contact and paracrine signaling on the behavior of the mixed population as a whole and on the response of each subpopulation of cells in co-culture.
Techno-borne Organs: Medical, Legal, and Policy Concerns

Techno-borne organs (TBO) are promising organ-repair strategies in a broad spectrum of terminal diseases. Their benefit/risk ratio is debated in medical, legal, and religious circles. An attempt was made to elucidate risks and advantages in implication of the TBO. Findings suggest that the TBO, created from either autologous, syngenic or isogenic cells, is an auspicious frontier that eliminates risks associated to the traditional transplantation of the donor organs: incompatibility, transplant failure, long waiting lists, health insurance constraints, fraud, conspiracy, and increasing number of lawsuits. On the other hand, the TBO emerge with specific disadvantages. Medical risks are associated with the cell-scaffold interactions, TBO’s sterility and the potential to replicate in vivo. New parametric standards are necessary to determine the TBO transplant’s success or failure. Regulatory issues include the Coordinating Committee’s current federal oversight limited for the commercial products. Rejoining of the NSF and NIH to the Coordination Committee would help expand the regulations to assess scientific novelty and upstream. Potential legal issues may include TBO patentability (matter, process, nonobviousness, novelty), patient’s substantive due process rights of bodily integrity and TBO ownership under the 14th Amendment, advance directives for autopsy of a TBO carrier, and the extent of publishing an invention - a shared property between the scientist and the patient.
Tradeoff between Assessment and Control of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Case Study of Sea Lamprey Management in the St. Marys River

AbstractAllocating resources between the gathering of information to guide management actions and implementing those actions presents an inherent tradeoff. This tradeoff is evident for control of the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the St. Marys River, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior and a major source of parasitic Sea Lampreys to Lake Huron and northern Lake Michigan. Larval Sea Lampreys in the St. Marys River are controlled through the application of Bayluscide, which is applied to areas of high larval density. Bayluscide applications are guided with an annual deepwater electrofishing survey to estimate larval Sea Lamprey density at relatively fine spatial scales. We took a resampling approach to describe the effect of sampling intensity on the success of the larval Sea Lamprey management program and explicitly incorporated the economic tradeoff between assessment and control efforts to maximize numbers of larvae killed in the St. Marys River. When no tradeoff between assessment and control was in...
Potentiation of proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in glioma cells by histone deacetylase inhibitors

2038 The effects of combining histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors were evaluated in both established glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and short-term cultures der...
Phase field modeling of damage in glassy polymers

Abstract Failure mechanisms in amorphous polymers are usually separated into two types, shear yielding and crazing due to the differences in the yield surface. Experiments show that the yield surface follows a pressure modified von Mises relation for shear yielding but this relation does not hold during crazing failure. In the past different yield conditions were used to represent each type of failure. Here, we show that the same damage model can be used to study failure under shear yielding and crazing conditions. The simulations show that different yield surfaces are obtained for craze and shear yielding if the microstructure is included explicitly in the simulations. In particular the breakdown of the pressure modified von Mises relation during crazing can be related to the presence of voids and other defects in the sample.
Elastic Stability of Concentric Tube Robots: A Stability Measure and Design Test

Concentric tube robots are needle-sized manipulators which have been investigated for use in minimally invasive surgeries. It was noted early in the development of these devices that elastic energy storage can lead to a rapid snapping motion for designs with moderate to high tube curvatures. Substantial progress has recently been made in the concentric tube robot community in designing snap-free robots, planning stable paths, and characterizing conditions that result in snapping for specific classes of concentric tube robots. However, a general measure for determining the stability of a given robot configuration has yet to be proposed. In this paper, we use bifurcation and elastic stability theory to provide such a measure, as well as to produce a test for determining whether a given design is snap-free (i.e., whether snapping can occur anywhere in the unloaded robot's workspace). These results are useful in designing, planning motions for, and controlling concentric tube robots with high curvatures.
Connected Mobility in a Disconnected World: Contested Infrastructure in Postdisaster Contexts

Drawing on research in postearthquake Haiti, with reference to other postdisaster situations, this article examines how uneven mobility and communication systems often reinforce unequal distributio...
Chirp of the single attosecond pulse generated by a polarization gating

The chirp of the xuv supercontinuum generated by a polarization gating is investigated by comparing three-dimensional nonadiabatic numerical simulations with classical calculations. The origin of the chirp is the dependence of the energy gain by an electron on the return time. The chirp is positive and its value is almost the same as that when a linearly polarized laser is used. Although the $250\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{eV}$-wide supercontinuum corresponds to a single attosecond pulse, the shortest duration of the pulse is limited by the chirp. By compensating the positive chirp with the negative group velocity dispersion of a Sn filter, it is predicted that a single $58\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{as}$ pulse can be generated.
An interdisciplinary exploration of collegiate internships: Requirements for undergraduate and graduate programs

Purpose – Collegiate internships play an important role in the development of professionals. They provide students the opportunity to experience real world expectations embedded within actual vocational environments under the support of their collegiate faculty. Although there are a number of common reasons why internships are utilized in each academic area, the requirements for the experiences are substantially different across disciplines and level of coursework. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the commonalities and differences that exist for internships across collegiate academic disciplines at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and identify their salience for programs from an interdisciplinary perspective. Design/methodology/approach – For this conceptual piece, the authors took an introspective qualitative look at both programs and compared and contrasted them based on internally available documentation and information. Although this was theoretical in nature, the authors uti...
A Modeling Insight into Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Myogenesis

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are clinically important in regenerative medicine as they are relatively easy to obtain, are characterized by low morbidity, and can differentiate into myogenic progenitor cells. Although studies have elucidated the principal markers, PAX7, Desmin, MyoD, and MHC, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This motivates the application of computational methods to facilitate greater understanding of such processes. In the following, we present a multi-stage kinetic model comprising a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We sought to model ASC differentiation using data from a static culture, where no strain is applied, and a dynamic culture, where 10% strain is applied. The coefficients of the equations have been modulated by those experimental data points. To correctly represent the trajectories, various switches and a feedback factor based on total cell number have been introduced to better represent the biology of ASC differentiation. Furthermore, the model has then been applied to predict ASC fate for strains different from those used in the experimental conditions and for times longer than the duration of the experiment. Analysis of the results reveals unique characteristics of ASC myogenesis under dynamic conditions of the applied strain.
Surfactants in Green Solvent Systems—Current and Future Research Directions

Abstract An important area of green chemistry is the replacement of hazardous solvents in chemical processes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and, more recently, ionic liquids have been the primary candidates for such green replacement solvents. While surfactants have been used extensively to broaden the range of applications for scCO2, very few investigations have been reported concerning surfactants in ionic liquid solvent media. We present here an overview of the role of surfactants in scCO2 and ionic liquids and illuminate the prospects of combining the solvent properties of these two environmental solvent systems.
Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review.

AbstractThe literature provides few examples of regression of documented metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We report a case of cytologically documented pulmonary metastases from a renal cell carcinoma, which resolved following nephrectomy and hormonal therapy. The patient has been followed for 6 years without evidence of recurrence.
Preliminary Studies of the Chromosomes of Twelve Cockroach Species (Blattaria: Blattidae, Blattellidae, Blaberidae)

A preliminary survey of mitotic and meiotic cells from 12 cockroach species was made. Cells were obtained from embryonic and testicular tissues and were prepared by the squash technique. Haploid and diploid numbers were either established or confirmed for each species. Diploid numbers ranged from 20 in Supella to 74 in Blaberus , with numbers of 24 and 28 being common to several species. Chromosome size appeared to vary inversely with chromosome number. The XO sex determination mechanism was confirmed, and the X chromosome was identified in at least 2 species. Observations on centromere location and on certain unusual chromosome situations are also presented.
Pedagogical practices and benefits of using auto-generation approach to facilitate teaching data structures and algorithms

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSAAs) are always important for Computer Science (CS) undergraduate students to learn. However, they are becoming more and more difficult to teach, especially when facing a new generation of CS students with hindered computing and programming proficiency levels due to the diminishing high school CS AP offering and many CS 1 courses that have been designed to be more forgiving than in the past in response to huge recruiting pressure. The data structures and algorithms education is further complicated by the contradiction between the growing amount of materials to be learned in the field and the pressure for students to graduate in four years, which has resulted in that students have less time to spend on many important topics including DSAAs. How to efficiently teach classical DSAAs remains a challenge to undergraduate computer science education (UCSE) instructors. This is especially true in small liberal arts colleges, where CS programs are small and limited faculty members need to learn ever-changing new things in order to keep abreast with the fast evolving field. In respond to the above observations, we have been exploring a novel and practical approach to facilitate teaching and learning DSAAs using auto-generated visualization-based teaching materials. This approach helps CS instructors quickly prepare running examples of DSAAs in the PowerPoint format, a de facto standard lecture presentation format, to facilitate teaching of DSAAs.
trans-Dichloridotetra­pyrazine­ruthenium(II) dichloro­methane disolvate

In the title compound, [RuCl2(C4H4N2)4]·2CH2Cl2, the RuII atom occupies a position of 222 symmetry and the C atom of the solvent mol­ecule occupies a site with twofold symmetry. The RuII atom has a slightly distorted octa­hedral geometry. The pyrazine rings are propeller-like and rotated 45.1 (1)° from the RuN4 plane. In the crystal, the complex and solvent mol­ecules are bridged by weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds along the c axis. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl contacts link the complexes in the ab plane, forming a network.
Spread, Scale and Sustain: Report of the Executive Vice President to the House of Delegates

As I embark on my 15th year as your Executive Vice President it is a privilege to have this time to share my report to the House of Delegates. Each year I try to both reflect on key elements of the year just ended and also project forward to emphasize my excitement about all that we have and will
Modeling large-scale shoreline change caused by complex bathymetry in low-angle wave climates

Abstract Coastlines where waves consistently approach at highly oblique angles experience anti-diffusional behavior, causing perturbations to grow seaward and form sand waves, capes, and spits. Coasts where waves approach at low offshore angles experience the opposite: perturbations diffuse and the coastline remains (or becomes) smooth. In this paper, by coupling a 2-D large-scale coastline evolution model to a spectral wave model, we show that anti-diffusional behavior is also possible in low-angle wave climates if the nearshore wave field is altered by complex bathymetry. In model simulations, low-angle waves refract over local shoals, creating a convergence in alongshore sediment flux behind the shoals that coalesces into small ‘minor capes’. Depending on wave height and period, shoreline features take 80–400 years to reach an equilibrium cross-shore relief of 1–1.5 km over an alongshore distance of ~ 20 km. The modeled equilibrium time scale is consistent with analytically-determined characteristic shoreline diffusion time scales, and the modeled cross-shore relief and aspect ratio are similar to observed ‘minor capes’ along the U.S. Atlantic Coast where offshore bathymetric anomalies have previously been linked to shoreline change patterns. Better understanding of the links among nearshore bathymetry, wave transformation, and alongshore sediment transport is critical to understanding shoreline change patterns at the local level and how they fit into broader, regional-scale behavior.
Lateral lipomyelomeningocele of the hemicord with split cord malformation type I revealed by 3D heavily T2-weighted MR imaging.

Lipomyelomeningocele (LMMC) is defined by a low-lying tethered spinal cord protruding posteriorly from the spinal canal and terminating in a lipomatous mass in the subcutaneous meningeal sac. The coexistence of LMMC with split cord malformation (SCM) is rare. We report on a patient with laterally protruded LMMC arising from the hemicord of SCM type I. Direct coronal and axial views (instead of sagittal views) of 3D heavily T2-weighted MR imaging (3D–hT2WI) clearly demonstrated the topographical relationship between both of the hemicords, the bony septum, and nerve roots in the right subcutaneous meningeal sac. Combined use of axial and coronal images of 3D–hT2W is useful for visualization and surgery of such a complicated anomaly.
“I Am a lifer!” facilitating the transition into non-elite adult sport: A case study of rugby in Canada's largest city

Abstract Objective Sport participation shows an overall trend of decline with age (e.g., Statistics Canada, 2013), with the transition into adulthood often threatening athletes’ decision to continue in sports (e.g., Lim et al., 2011). This study explored the role of community sport clubs in facilitating sport participation throughout the youth to adult transition among non-elite athletes. Design This study was part of a larger project, which was guided by a case study design. Method Eight non-elite athletes (n = 5 males, n = 3 females) that had successfully transitioned from youth to adult community club rugby in Canada's largest city, engaged in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Results Clubs first played an important role prior to transition, by drawing youth to their clubs. Clubs then built a sense of loyalty, sport commitment, and identity throughout youths' transition into young adulthood; this was fostered by an appealing club philosophy and atmosphere, supportive team mates, and opportunities for senior-junior (adult-youth) mentorship. Clubs' strategies for athletes’ continued involvement into adulthood included gradual introduction to the senior (adult) level, a focus on skill development, fitness, and health, flexibility in programming, and providing opportunities for leadership roles. Conclusions Findings are discussed through the lens of transition/adaptation models, as well as sport participation/development. Findings highlight practical implications for promoting long-term sport participation among non-elite athletes, and emphasize the importance of further research exploring the trajectories of non-elite athletes, as they successfully (or less successfully) transition into adult sport.
Women’s Prospects

This chapter highlights the gains women have made, the challenges that remain, and how race, class, geography, cultural and social norms, and education continue to influence their lives. While South African women have in general been making enormous strides, most black women remain in the poorest socioeconomic sector of the population—the service and agricultural sector—and occupy a small percentage of those in the professional sector. In addition women are paying a price for the gains they have made, as reflected in the level of violence against them, including rape and the high incidence of HIV/AIDS. There is a general sense of a backlash against women from men in the country, including its leaders, and it is palatable. The chapter ends by examining these disturbing trends and attempts to explain why they are happening.
The Hard Problem of Consciousness: A Mathematical Approach

We can potentially make progress on the hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, 1995), the seemingly intractable problem of explaining how qualia arise from certain physical systems, via the mathematically tractable problem of explaining how objectively unmeasurable aspects (identified with qualia) could arise from certain physical systems that are otherwise objectively measurable. In short, it is proposed that qualia may correspond to non-divergent singularities in the mathematical descriptions of certain aspects of certain complex physical systems. This proposal may have been foreshadowed by Srinivasa Ramanujan. It could have significant implications for the prospects of the experimental verification of consciousness in physical systems and for the prospects of the generation of artificial consciousness (AC).
Aspects of an adaptive finite element method for the fractional Laplacian: A priori and a posteriori error estimates, efficient implementation and multigrid solver☆☆☆

Abstract We develop all of the components needed to construct an adaptive finite element code that can be used to approximate fractional partial differential equations, on non-trivial domains in d ≥ 1 dimensions. Our main approach consists of taking tools that have been shown to be effective for adaptive boundary element methods and, where necessary, modifying them so that they can be applied to the fractional PDE case. Improved a priori error estimates are derived for the case of quasi-uniform meshes which are seen to deliver sub-optimal rates of convergence owing to the presence of singularities. Attention is then turned to the development of an a posteriori error estimate and error indicators which are suitable for driving an adaptive refinement procedure. We assume that the resulting refined meshes are locally quasi-uniform and develop efficient methods for the assembly of the resulting linear algebraic systems and their solution using iterative methods, including the multigrid method. The storage of the dense matrices along with efficient techniques for computing the dense matrix–vector products needed for the iterative solution is also considered. The performance and efficiency of the resulting algorithm is illustrated for a variety of examples.
Design for Hardware Trust: Ring Oscillator Network

In this chapter, a hardware Trojan detection method is presented, which is performed by combining measurements from an on-chip structure with external dynamic current measurements [1]. This method monitors power fluctuations and differentiates fluctuations due to hardware Trojans from fluctuations due to measurement noise and process variations. This method considers Trojan impact on the power consumption of neighboring cells and the entire IC. A number of ring oscillators (ROs) acting as power monitors are inserted into a circuit, forming a ring oscillator network (RON). Each row of the circuit under authentication contains at least one inverter of an RO in the RON. Thus any malicious inclusions in each row would be captured by one of these ring oscillators. Off-chip test equipment will measure the transient current of the IC, which will be combined with the ROs’ cycle counts to generate a power signature for the entire IC. The signature of the CUT is then compared against the Trojan-free signatures.
Our Partners in Nutrition Assessment

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe how one health care institution adapted to meet Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) nutritional assessment requirements. Standards of practice for nutritional screening and assessment would not meet the 1996 JCAHO standards. Our data from chart review indicated only 60% of patients at risk had a nutrition care plan by day five of admission partially due to difficulty of retrieving indicators of nutritional risk. The medical and nursing records contained nutritional risk parameters, but this information was not readily accessible to the clinical staff. We needed a new approach. The clinical nutrition staff was able to garner support from hospital administration by presenting 1) the new JCAHO standards that state the hospital is responsible for identifying patients at nutritional risk upon admission and 2) the average length of stay savings from early and frequent nutrition intervention. A multidisciplinary task force was officially formed by the hospital quality improvement team to design an efficient nutrition screening process. The team restructured our current process to one that gave the admissions nurse an active role in identifying patients that would benefit from nutrition intervention. Partnering among disciplines on the team led to designing a new admission form, changing procedures to collect data, encouraging compliance with an incentive program and implementing an educational campaign. The multidisciplinary task force activity changed the paradigm of nutrition's services from "nice to have" to "cost effective and necessary for healing" and improved availability of data which will result in more rapid nutrition intervention.
A hybrid BMI for control of robotic swarms: Preliminary results

Human Swarm Interaction (HSI) is a new field which relates to the effective control of robotic swarms by human operators. The iterature has shown that the control of swarms can become quite complicated. On the other hand, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) can offer intuitive control in a plethora of applications where other interfaces alone (e.g. joysticks) are inadequate or impractical, e.g. for people with motor disabilities. There are multiple types of BMI, but most of them rely on the analysis of ElectroEncephaloGraphic (EEG) signals. The authors have previously shown that swarm behaviors elicit specific brain activity on human subjects that observe them. Motivated by this result, in this work, we present preliminary results of a hybrid BMI that combines information from the brain and an external device. An algorithm for extracting information from the frequency domain of EEG signals that allows integration with the manual task of using a joystick is presented. The hybrid interface shows high accuracy and robustness when used as a brain-robot interface. Moreover, it allows for continuous control variables extracted from the EEG signals. Finally, its efficacy is proven across multiple subjects, while its performance is also demonstrated in the real-time control of a swarm of quadrotors.