cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interview with Derrick Bell: Reflections on Race, Crime, and Legal Activism

Reflecting on his then forty years of advocacy and activism, lawyer-teacher-scholar Derrick Bell joined anthology co-editor Andrea McArdle for a wide-ranging conversation about race, crime, law, direct action, and a pedagogy for a new generation of lawyer-activists. He discusses police brutality in a broader economic and political context, keeping the focus on how police violence is connected to, and a symptom of, pernicious thinking about race that persists in political and social structures.
Wavelet-based Multifractal Spectrum Estimation in Hepatitis Virus Classification Models by Using Artificial Neural Network Approach

Fractal and multifractal geometries have been applied extensively in various medical signals which exhibit fractal characteristics. Application of such geometries rests on the estimation of fractal features. Within this framework, various methods have been proposed for the estimation of the multifractal spectral or fractal dimension of a particular signal. Wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) is one of the methods employed for the detection of fractal dimension of a signal. It was developed for the characterization of signal singularities. Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, may prove to be a serious disease with serious potential risks. This study proposes an alternative method for the classification of hepatitis virus as per die/live with the use of two aspects, namely multifractal analysis and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). As the first aspect, for the multifractal analysis, Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima (WTMM) (Multifractal Spectrum estimation) was used with the following stages: (a) WTMM was applied to the hepatitis dataset (self-similar and significant attributes were identified) and wtmm_hepatitis dataset was generated. (b) Continuous Wavelet Transform was applied on the hepatitis dataset (hepatitis_dataset) and wtmm_hepatitis dataset. The second aspect is related to the application of Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) algorithm which is an ANN application with the following steps: (i) FFBP algorithm was applied to both hepatitis dataset (hepatitis_dataset) and (wtmm_hepatitis dataset) to identify the classification as per die/live (ii) The attributes proven to be the most effective were determined based on the results (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rate). The highest level of accuracy has been obtained from the wtmm_hepatitis dataset. The main contribution of this study is that it has proven to provide an alternative in multifractal spectrum estimation by determining the self-similar and significant attributes through WTMM for the first time in the literature. The proposed method in the study aims at bringing a new frontier in the related fields by placing emphasis on the significance of significant attributes’ characterization to obtain optimal accuracy rates for the solution of problems.
Charcoal-based mouthwashes: a literature review

The commercial marketplace has seen a rapid increase in the number of over-the-counter charcoal-containing mouthwashes. The purpose of this systemic review was to examine the clinical and laboratory evidence supporting therapeutic claims of efficacy and safety of use of charcoal-based mouthwashes. Secondly, the product labels and information of 36 commercially marketed charcoal mouthwashes were reviewed for active ingredients. Only 8% of charcoal mouthwashes contained an active ingredient, such as cetylpyridinium chloride or chlorhexidine. There is insufficient evidence to substantiate the therapeutic and cosmetic marketing claims of charcoal-based mouthwashes, including antimicrobial activity, anti-halitosis, tooth whitening, periodontal disease control, caries reduction and tooth remineralisation, among others. Moreover, there is no available information on charcoal particulate size or abrasivity of any of these products. Dental clinicians should advise their patients to exercise caution when using over-the-counter charcoal-containing mouthwashes because of the lack of evidence supporting therapeutic or cosmetic effectiveness as well as safety.
Placing resources: Junior mining companies and the locus of mineral potential.

Abstract Ideas of resource becoming have become prominent across scholarship in resource geography over the past two decades. In this article, I link processes of becoming with those of place. Drawing on research focused on copper exploration and the junior mining sector, I describe the way resource potential is articulated through three distinct practices of placing: the placing of resource prospects within narratives of copper deficits; the placing of resource prospects in space; and the placing of resource prospects in juxtaposition to other projects. These promotional, taken-for-granted practices within the junior mining industry not only underscore the way resource potential is tied to spatial and temporal narratives, but illustrate how the locus of resource potential is found in areas beyond the underground.
When Not Choosing Leads to Not Liking: Choice-Induced Preference in Infancy

The question of how people's preferences are shaped by their choices has generated decades of research. In a classic example, work on cognitive dissonance has found that observers who must choose between two equally attractive options subsequently avoid the unchosen option, suggesting that not choosing the item led them to like it less. However, almost all of the research on such choice-induced preference focuses on adults, leaving open the question of how much experience is necessary for its emergence. Here, we examined the developmental roots of this phenomenon in preverbal infants (N = 189). In a series of seven experiments using a free-choice paradigm, we found that infants experienced choice-induced preference change similar to adults'. Infants' choice patterns reflected genuine preference change and not attraction to novelty or inherent attitudes toward the options. Hence, choice shapes preferences-even without extensive experience making decisions and without a well-developed self-concept.
Mean Centering, Multicollinearity, and Moderators in Multiple Regression: The Reconciliation Redux

In this article, we attempt to clarify our statements regarding the effects of mean centering. In a multiple regression with predictors A, B, and A × B (where A × B serves as an interaction term), mean centering A and B prior to computing the product term can clarify the regression coefficients (which is good) and the overall model fit R2 will remain undisturbed (which is also good).
Transit access and urban space-time structure of American cities

Abstract This study builds theoretical explanations and empirical examinations of transit access and urban form. It explains how transit access to jobs drops with network distance from the Central Business District (CBD), ceteris paribus, and introduces the urban space-time structure. This is empirically examined in the 45 most populated American cities. The analysis finds, regardless of the city, transit access declines as one moves out from the center, and in most cities, transit access decays from a surfeit of employment to relative scarcity. In this transition, the transit network acts as a “catalyst” to induce access to CBD employments centralization. The analysis also declares that urban structure defined by transit access is a fluid concept. This changes the traditional urban structure definition as it can make a CBD centric city dispersed and contrariwise. The strength of inverse relationship between the network distance from the center and transit access is a function of the travel-time threshold and follows the law of diminishing returns. The vertex point of the function indicates the absolute maximum CBD centricity. The urban structure, indeed, shifts from CBD decentralized to CBD centralized and begins shifting to CBD decentralized by an increase in the transit travel-time threshold. This is the product of mobility and place, and argues that the transport network has grown by a policy that permits CBD concentration, at least in the short run. While it is not clear, long-term considerations of equity may modify this growth to one of concentrated CBD decentralization. The concentration is typical of the take-off stage of the transport network, and that equalization takes place as the network matures.
TGFβ signaling is required for sclerotome resegmentation during development of the spinal column in Gallus gallus

We previously showed the importance of TGFβ signaling in development of the mouse axial skeleton. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that TGFβ signaling is required for resegmentation of the sclerotome using chick embryos. Lipophilic fluorescent tracers, DiO and DiD, were microinjected into adjacent somites of embryos treated with or without TGFβR1 inhibitor, SB431542, at developmental day E2.5 (HH16). Lineage tracing of labeled cells was observed over the course of 4 days until the completion of resegmentation at E6.5 (HH32). Vertebrae were malformed and intervertebral discs were small and misshapen in SB431542 injected embryos. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling resulted in alterations in resegmentation that ranged between full, partial, and slanted shifts in distribution of DiO or DiD labeled cells within vertebrae. Patterning of rostro- caudal markers within sclerotome was disrupted at E3.5 after treatment with SB431542 with rostral domains expressing both rostral and caudal markers. Hypaxial myofibers were also increased in thickness after treatment with the inhibitor. We propose that TGFβ signaling regulates rostro-caudal polarity and subsequent resegmentation in sclerotome during spinal column development.
Neuron-based Pruning of Deep Neural Networks with Better Generalization using Kronecker Factored Curvature Approximation.

Existing methods of pruning deep neural networks focus on removing unnecessary parameters of the trained network and fine tuning the model afterwards to find a good solution that recovers the initial performance of the trained model. Unlike other works, our method pays special attention to the quality of the solution in the compressed model and inference computation time by pruning neurons. The proposed algorithm directs the parameters of the compressed model toward a flatter solution by exploring the spectral radius of Hessian which results in better generalization on unseen data. Moreover, the method does not work with a pre-trained network and performs training and pruning simultaneously. Our result shows that it improves the state-of-the-art results on neuron compression. The method is able to achieve very small networks with small accuracy degradation across different neural network models.
Mammography Screening Disparities in Asian American Women: Findings From the California Health Interview Survey 2015-2016.

Purpose To identify mammography screening prevalence and predictors in Asian American women, focusing on the potential disparities in race and its influence on screening behaviors. Design A secondary analysis utilized the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2015-2016. Setting California, U.S. Sample Cisgender women who were non-Hispanic (NH) White, Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean, or "other Asian", aged 40 or above (unweighted N=13 451). Measures Socioeconomics, chronic health conditions, and preventive care utilization were mesuared as potential risk factors, where up-to-date mammography screening as the outcome variable. Analysis Multivariable adjusted logistic regressions were generalized to identify the up-to-date mammography screening behaviors in relation to potential factors, stratified by race and ethnicity. Results The prevalence for up-to-date mammography screening in NH-White and Asian American women were 68.06% and 65.97%, respectively. In NH-White women, receiving an up-to-date mammogram was associated with age, birthplace, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, health insurance coverage, and a preventive care visit in the past 12 months, whereas only age and a preventive care visit were significant predictors in Asian women. Conclusions The findings indicate that utilization disparities exist in mammogram in relation to socioeconomics, chronic health conditions, preventive care utilization, when comparing between race and ethnicity. Asian American women with borderline hypertension and no preventive care visits may require more public health outreach and cancer education.
Finding the Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: The 4Kscore Is a Novel Blood Test That Can Accurately Identify the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer.

Better biomarkers that can discriminate between aggressive and indolent phenotypes of prostate cancer are urgently needed. In the first 20 years of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era, screening for prostate cancer has successfully reduced prostate cancer mortality, but has led to significant problems with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. As a result, many men are subjected to unnecessary prostate biopsies and overtreatment of indolent cancer in order to save one man from dying of prostate cancer. A novel blood test known as the 4Kscore® Test (OPKO Lab, Nashville, TN) incorporates a panel of four kallikrein protein biomarkers (total PSA, free PSA, intact PSA, and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2) and other clinical information in an algorithm that provides a percent risk for a high-grade (Gleason score ≥ 7) cancer on biopsy. In 10 peer-reviewed publications, the four kallikrein biomarkers and algorithm of the 4Kscore Test have been shown to improve the prediction not only of biopsy histopathology, but also surgical pathology and occurrence of aggressive, metastatic disease. Recently, a blinded prospective trial of the 4Kscore Test was conducted across the United States among 1012 men. The 4Kscore Test replicated previous European results showing accuracy in predicting biopsy outcome of Gleason score ≥ 7. In a recent case-control study nested within a population-based cohort from Vasterbotten, Sweden, the four kallikrein biomarkers of the 4Kscore Test also predicted the risk for aggressive prostate cancer that metastasized within 20 years after the test was administered. These results indicate that men with an abnormal PSA or digital rectal examination result, and for whom an initial or repeat prostate biopsy is being considered, would benefit from a reflex 4Kscore Test to add important information to the clinical decision-making process. A high-risk 4Kscore Test result may be used to select men with a high probability of aggressive prostate cancer who would benefit from a biopsy of the prostate to prevent an adverse and potentially lethal outcome from prostate cancer. Men with a low 4Kscore Test result may safely defer biopsy.
GPS antenna characterization in an anechoic chamber

This paper is part of a continuing work with the FAA to develop an antenna testing methodology to characterize antenna performance in a multipath environment. This paper presents a case study to determine the characterization of two GPS antennas of varying performance in real world deployment. Power and phase measurements were acquired at the Wireless and Electromagnetic Compliance and Design (WECAD) Center, at the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa. Measurements were performed in a semi-anechoic chamber to characterize two broadband antennas. It is demonstrated that power and phase measurements were not sufficient to differentiate between different performing antennas in a multipath environment.
Vacuum-cleaning System for Isolation Chambers

To encourage the utilization of the isolation chamber as a research tool, the cost of its use should be lowered. Methods and devices must be developed which make more efficient use of the space within the isolator and allow the operator to work more effectively in this confined area. A simple vacuum-cleaning system is described; it consists of a nozzle and flexible hose which connect through the isolator wall to an externally placed waste tank, attached by way of its outlet filter to a source of vacuum. The cylindrical waste tank [48 inches (1.219 m) high and 36 inches (0.914 m) in diameter] was sterilized in a large autoclave. During a 9-month test period, the system was used to remove soiled corncob bedding from a large isolator containing 90 adult monocontaminated rats. During this period, the microbial flora of the isolator was unchanged, and the time required to clean the cages was reduced by 50%. This vacuum-cleaning system is a safe, convenient, and economical means of increasing the efficiency of an isolation chamber.
Neutron diffraction study and anomalous negative thermal expansion in nonsuperconducting PrFe 1 − x Ru x AsO

Neutron powder diffraction has been used to investigate the structural and magnetic behavior of the isoelectronically doped Fe pnictide material PrFe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Ru${}_{x}$AsO. Substitution of Ru for Fe suppresses the structural and magnetic phase transitions that occur in the undoped compound PrFeAsO. Contrary to the behavior usually observed in 1111 pnictide materials, the suppression of both the structural and magnetic transitions does not result in the emergence of superconductivity or any other new ground state. Interestingly, PrFeAsO itself shows an unusual negative thermal expansion (NTE) along the $c$ axis, from 60 K down to at least 4 K; this does not occur in superconducting samples such as those formed by doping with fluorine on the oxygen site. We find that NTE is present for all concentrations of PrFe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Ru${}_{x}$AsO with $x$ ranging from 0.05 to 0.75. These results suggest that the absence of superconductivity in these materials could be related to the presence of NTE.
Some applications of the Adams-Kechris technique

We analyze the technique used by Adams and Kechris (2000) to obtain their results about Borel reducibility of countable Borel equivalence relations. Using this technique, we show that every Σ_1^1 equivalence relation is Borel reducible to the Borel bi-reducibility of countable Borel equivalence relations. We also apply the technique to two other classes of essentially uncountable Borel equivalence relations and derive analogous results for the classification problem of Borel automorphisms.
Challenges in Code Optimization of Parallel Programs

Code optimization has a rich history that dates back over half a century, and includes deep innovations that arose in response to changing trends in hardware and programming languages. These innovations have contributed significantly to programmer productivity by reducing the effort that programmers spend on hand-implementing code optimizations and by enabling code to be more portable. Often these innovations were accompanied by paradigm shifts in the foundations of compilers led by the introduction of new ideas such as interprocedural whole program analysis, coloring-based register allocation, static single assignment form, array dependence analysis, pointer alias analysis, loop transformations, adaptive profile-directed optimizations, and dynamic compilation. In this talk, we claim that the current multicore trend in the computer industry is forcing a new paradigm shift in compilers to address the challenge of code optimization of parallel programs , regardless of whether the parallelism is implicit or explicit in the programming model. All computers -- embedded, mainstream, and high-end -- are now being built from multicore processors with little or no increase in clock speed per core. This trend poses multiple challenges for compilers for future systems as the number of cores per socket continues to grow, and the cores become more heterogeneous. In addition, compilers have to keep pace with a proliferation of new parallel languages and libraries. To substantiate our claim, we first highlight some of the anomalies that arise when classical techniques from sequential code optimization are applied to parallel code. We then examine the historical foundations of code optimization including intermediate representations (IR's), abstract execution models, legality and cost analyses of IR transformations and identify paradigm shifts that will be necessary to support optimization of parallel code. We pay special attention to memory consistency models and their impact on code optimization. Finally, we summarize the approach to code optimization of parallel programs being taken in the Habanero Multicore Software Research project at Rice University.
Trinity Health: Using a Digital Platform and a Unified Model to Create Value in Merger, Acquisition, and Divestiture Transactions

Trinity Health of Novi, Michigan has pursued a strategy of growth through acquisitions. It has acquired hospitals, physician practices, and other healthcare organizations to create an integrated healthcare delivery system across the continuum of care. Trinity has also transferred ownership of some of its existing entities based on review of strategy, performance, and community needs. Integrating acquired entities and carving out and separating divested entities have presented challenges. Trinity has addressed these challenges by using the capabilities of its digital platform, unified operating model, and governance and change management processes. As Trinity started to acquire larger, more mature hospitals, physician groups, and other health-care organizations, it has become more challenging to integrate them into the Trinity’s core digital platform and unified operating model. Going forward, Trinity explores how best to extend the capabilities of the core digital platform and unified operating model to create value out of these mergers and acquisitions.
Long-Term Oven-Aging Effects on Fatigue and Initial Stiffness of Asphalt Concrete

An investigation of the effects of long-term oven aging (LTOA) on initial stiffness and fatigue of asphalt concrete was made using two typical California asphalts, known to have different aging characteristics, in mixes with one aggregate. Asphalt content, air-voids content, and days of LTOA were varied independently. Stiffness and fatigue were evaluated using the controlled-strain flexural beam test developed by the Strategic Highway Research Program Project A-003A. The results indicated that both mixes exhibited an increase in initial stiffness with LTOA periods of up to six days. The sensitivity of beam fatigue life to LTOA depended on the asphalt. Beams containing Valley asphalt had virtually no change in fatigue life due to LTOA, whereas beams with Coastal asphalt showed some sensitivity to LTOA. For both asphalts, the average reduction in fatigue life from 6 days of LTOA was less than that caused by a 3 percent increase in air-void content or a 1 percent decrease in asphalt content. Simulations of t...
Aiming for Giants: Charter School Legislation and the Power of Teacher Unions.

Historically, strong teacher unions have been successful at gaining benefits and security for their members, but they have been put on the defensive by recent proposals for education reform. Charte...
Toward the reconstruction of masculinity

Describes the crisis of masculinity, and proposes a reconstruction of masculinity. The reconstruction separates the valuable aspects of traditional masculinity, which deserve to be honored, from those that are obsolete and dysfunctional (e.g., aggression). Some of the positive attributes are the man's ability to withstand hardship and pain to protect others, willingness to set aside his own needs for the sake of his family, and tendency to take care of people and solve their problems as if they were his own. Discussion focuses on gender role socialization, parent-child dynamics, and cultural dynamics as they relate to the proposed reconstruction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Computer based sleep staging: Challenges for the future

Studies have shown that patients suffering from sleep deprivation have a risk for hypertension, diabetes and depression that is higher than normal sleepers. Treatment for all these problems requires accurate analysis of the sleep stages and patterns in the polysomnographic signals collected in overnight recording over several months. However, manual sleep staging is a repetitive and time-consuming process as marking one typical eight hours overnight polysomnographic recording can take up to two hours to complete. Due to increased processing capabilities, it is now possible to automate this process and assist the sleep expert. A large number of algorithms have been proposed during the last few decades. This review article presents an overview of the existing automatic sleep staging methods, discusses the different challenges and proposes future prospects for new research opportunities.
Neurons in the suprachiasmatic area are labelled after intravenous injections of horseradish peroxidase

Intravenous injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) produced labelled neurons in the suprachiasmatic area of house mice (Mus musculus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi), and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). In the two species of Peromyscus, a significant proportion of the labelled cells was found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These results suggest that when HRP is injected in the eyes to trace retinal inputs to the hypothalamus, some of the reaction product seen in the SCN may represent blood-borne transport of the enzyme.
Pseudomonas maltophilia Endocarditis after Replacement of the Mitral Valve: A Case Study

fection [2, 3] and was responsible for three cases of bacteremia after replacement of aortic valves [4]. The source of infection in these cases was a contaminated proprietary disinfectant. The organism causing the infection in the case reported here is not easily recognized as a Pseudomonas because it is oxidase-negative. It is identified by its use of "maltose, DL-lactate, and D-glucose, its failure to use nitrate as a nitrogen source, and its requirement for methionine as a factor in growth [5]. It has been reported as the cause of pneumonia [6], acute mastoiditis [7], and one case of endocarditis after open heart surgery [8]. The patient described by Yeh et al. [8] had P. maltophilia cultured from the pump at the time of surgery and subsequently developed endocardi-
Normal loss of milk teeth causes degeneration in brain stem.

Abstract Transganglionic axonal and terminal degeneration occurred reproducibly in the brain stem spinal trigeminal nucleus at specific ages in kittens during shedding of deciduous and eruption of permanent teeth. The distributional pattern and sequence of degeneration is similar to that in adult cats after tooth pulp extirpations. Comparative representation for tooth afferent fibers in the brain stem implies the possibility of central plasticity associated with peripheral changes in innervation during tooth eruption.
Substance use and personal adjustment among disadvantaged teenagers: A six-month prospective study

Using a 2-wave longitudinal design with a 6-month interval, associations were examined between substance use and emotional/behavioral adjustment among 138 inner-city ninth-grade students. Substance use was operationalized in terms of self-reported severity of problems associated with use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. Adjustment was measured based on various sources including ratings by the self, by peers, and by teachers, as well as school records. Cross-sectional data indicated that drug use showed associations in expected directions with all indices of adjustment with the exception of peer-rated sociability. Longitudinal analyses indicated that high levels of drug use early in the year were related to subsequent increases in behavioral and emotional maladjustment. Early maladjustment, across different domains, conversely, was minimally associated with escalations in drug use. Results are discussed in terms of mechanisms potentially underlying prospective associations, as well as implications for interventions.
Rule-Based and Expert Icing Screening Approaches for Wind Energy Measurements: Impacts, Methods, and Improvements

Wind resource assessments produce hundreds of thousands of measurements every year. Before determination of the wind power density, a function of the velocity cubed, those values are screened to remove erroneous data points. Typical categories of erroneous data are sensor malfunction, tower shading, and icing. Identification of tower shading is a well established procedure dependent on the mounting direction of the sensor booms. Most instrument malfunctions are clearly extended flat lines and typically only affect one sensor at a time. Sensor icing of anemometers and directional vanes, on the other hand, can be subtle and affect more than one sensor simultaneously and can require an experienced evaluator’s assessment. Designation of icing results in the removal of lower velocity data. If too few points are removed the wind velocity will be underestimated, while if too many points are removed the wind velocity can be exaggerated, both of which can have a significant influence on the power density due to the cube effect. And experts frequently disagree. Much of this disagreement is driven by the difference between rule based approaches and operator judgment approaches. A comparison of different screening approaches for icing is described in this work. Three different rule-based approaches are compared against a visually-based expert determination that combines multiple sensors, including temperature, humidity, directional vanes and anemometers with several rule based approaches. Relative impacts of different approaches can affect from 1.09% for a visually-based expert approach to 5.03% for a rule-based standard deviation approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Genechip analysis of Xenopus hindlimb regeneration: Comparisons of complete and incomplete stage-dependent regeneration

the muscle dedifferentiation induction capability is also conserved in regeneration blastema from the teleost S. macrurus, a vertebrate with a robust ability to replace all tissues after tail amputation. We cultured mouse C2C12 cells in the presence of S. macrurus blastema extract (SMBE; 0.025– 0.05 mg/ml) at different stages of differentiation. SMBE inhibited myotube formation, but treatment with adult muscle extract or control vehicle did not. A similar inhibition was observed with TGFb and bFGF. Inhibition of myotube formation by SMBE was reversible; hence, myoblast cells retained the capacity to fuse. Unlike the SMBE-induced proliferation effect on myoblasts as determined by BrdU labeling, SMBE had a toxic effect on most mature myotubes within 15 min of treatment. No BrdU label was detected in myotubes that survived. Our data suggest that SMBE contains factors that promote mammalian C2C12 cells to proliferate and an activity that specifically affects myotube survival in culture. The nature of this activity is unclear. Further, the absence of BrdU label in C2C12 myotubes suggests that a dedifferentiation induction capability is not conserved in SMBE.
Sensitivity of a subregional scale atmospheric inverse CO2 modeling framework to boundary conditions

Received 4 May 2010; revised 14 September 2010; accepted 27 September 2010; published 23 December 2010. [1] We present an atmospheric inverse modeling framework to constrain terrestrial biosphere CO2 exchange processes at subregional scales. The model is operated at very high spatial and temporal resolution, using the state of Oregon in the northwestern United States as the model domain. The modeling framework includes mesoscale atmospheric simulations coupled to Lagrangian transport, a biosphere flux model that considers, e.g., the effects of drought stress and disturbance on photosynthesis and respiration CO2 fluxes, and a Bayesian optimization approach. This study focuses on the impact of uncertainties in advected background mixing ratios and fossil fuel emissions on simulated flux fields, both taken from external data sets. We found the simulations to be highly sensitive to systematic changes in advected background CO2, while shifts in fossil fuel emissions played a minor role. Correcting for offsets in the background mixing ratios shifted annual CO2 budgets by about 47% and improved the correspondence with the output produced by bottom‐up modeling frameworks. Inversion results were robust against shifts in fossil fuel emissions, which is likely a consequence of relatively low emission rates in Oregon.
Analysis of lattice-translocation disorder in the layered hexagonal structure of carboxysome shell protein CsoS1C

Lattice-translocation or crystal order-disorder phenomena occur when some layers or groups of molecules in a crystal are randomly displaced relative to other groups of molecules by a discrete set of vectors. In previous work, the effects of lattice translocation on diffraction intensities have been corrected by considering that the observed intensities are the product of the intensities from an ideal crystal (lacking disorder) multiplied by the squared magnitude of the Fourier transform of the set of translocation vectors. Here, the structure determination is presented of carboxysome protein CsoS1C from Halothiobacillius neapolitanus in a crystal exhibiting a lattice translocation with unique features. The diffraction data are fully accounted for by a crystal unit cell composed of two layers of cyclic protein hexamers. The first layer is fully ordered (i.e. has one fixed position), while the second layer randomly takes one of three alternative positions whose displacements are related to each other by threefold symmetry. Remarkably, the highest symmetry present in the crystal is P3, yet the intensity data (and the Patterson map) obey 6/m instead of \overline 3 symmetry; the intensities exceed the symmetry expected from combining the crystal space group with an inversion center. The origin of this rare phenomenon, known as symmetry enhancement, is discussed and shown to be possible even for a perfectly ordered crystal. The lattice-translocation treatment described here may be useful in analyzing other cases of disorder in which layers or groups of molecules are shifted in multiple symmetry-related directions.
Methylthioadenosine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme activity that brings about the phosphorolysis of methylthioadenosine has been isolated from Drosophila melanogaster and purified approx. 25-fold. 2. 2. The products of the reaction have been identified as adenine and methylthioribose-1-phosphate. 3. 3. The enzyme catalyzes the reverse reaction with these compounds.
A comparison of approaches to concurrent engineering

In this paper, various approaches to the successful implementation of concurrent engineering are presented. Approach 1 addresses the information and software requirements of an integrated manufacturing information system. Two sets of data requirements for the design of mechanical products are discussed. Approach 2 uses feature based design as the impetus behind CAD/CAM integration. A conceptual framework leading to the development of a knowledge-based management system (KBMS) is proposed. KBMS is capable of representing multiple and concurrent views of features. Approach 3 considers product design concerns from inception to disposal in a unified life cycle engineering (ULCE) environment. Approach 4 focuses on assembly as an integrative function of all manufacturing activities. Approach 5 emphasises organisational and cultural issues and proposes that effective dialogue between design and manufacturing engineers is essential for abandoning the “over-the-wall design” concept. In conclusion, a critique of various approaches to concurrent engineering is provided.
Some perfluoroalkyl grignard reagents and their derivatives

Abstract Some perfluoroalkyl Grignard reagents have been prepared in high yields through halogen-metal exchange reactions between perfluoroalkyl iodides (R f I) and EtMgBr. Derivatization with Me 3 SiCl gave satisfactory yields of the corresponding silylated products in THF. However, ether was a very poor solvent for reaction of R f MgBr with these chlorosilanes. The exchange reaction between R f I and EtMgBr was nearly quantitative in ether as evidenced by high yields of the 1-hydroperfluoroalkanes upon hydrolysis, but the major production from the attempted silylation in ether was a trans- vinyl bromide [1], i. e. Spectral data are presented for several new compounds.
Regulation of developmental competence and commitment towards the definitive endoderm lineage in human embryonic stem cells

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self-renew and become all three germ layers. Nodal/Activin signaling specifies developmental status in hESCs: moderate Nodal/Activin signaling maintains pluripotency, while enhancement and inhibition promote definitive endoderm (DE) and neuroectoderm (NE) development, respectively. However, how modulation of Nodal/Activin signaling influences developmental competence and commitment toward specific lineages is still unclear. Here, we showed that enhancement of Nodal/Activin signaling for 4 days was necessary and sufficient to upregulate DE markers, while it diminished the upregulation of NE markers by inhibition of Nodal/Activin signaling. This suggests that after 4 days of enhanced Nodal/Activin signaling, hESCs are committed to the DE lineage and have lost competence toward the NE lineage. In contrast, inhibition of Nodal/Activin signaling using LY364947 for 2 days was sufficient to impair competence toward the DE lineage, although cells were still able to activate LEFTY1 and NODAL, direct targets of Nodal/Activin signaling. Expression analyses indicated that the levels of pluripotency regulators NANOG and POU5F1 were significantly diminished by 2 days of LY364947 treatment, although the expression of NANOG, but not POU5F1, was restored immediately upon Activin A treatment. Thus, downregulation of POU5F1 coincided with the abrogation of DE competence caused by inhibition of Nodal/Activin signaling.
A concurrent processing implementation for structural vibration analysis

A concurrent processing algorithm for analysis of large aerospace structures is presented. A general description of the implementation criteria for the algorithm is given, and the results from applications to two vibration test problems are discussed. The test problems included a flexural vibration analysis of a long beam with 16 uniformly spaced supports, and a torsional vibration analysis. The computer system used to implement the algorithm was an experimental MIND system. The concurrent processing speedups for the test problems are given in a table.
Determination of a novel α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor antagonist (LY300164) and its N-acetyl metabolite in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A method for the analysis of the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate) receptor antagonist LY300164 (compound I) and its N-acetyl metabolite (compound II) in plasma was developed. The assay utilized solid-phase extraction on a C18 Bond Elut cartridge followed by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 310 nm. The method exhibited a large linear range from 0.05 μg/ml to 50 μg/ml with an intra-sassay accuracy for compound I and compound II ranging from 89.0% to 114.5% and intra-assay precision ranging from 0.5 to 15.3% in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey plasma. The inter-assay accuracy of compound I and compound II was 93.3% to 101.8% and the inter-assay precision was 1.6% to 11.2% in dog plasma. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.05 μg/ml for compound I in plasma from all species tested. The lower limit of quantitation for compound II was 0.05 μg/ml in dog and monkey plasma and 0.1 μg/ml in mouse and rat plasma. Extracts of compound I and II from dog plasma were shown to be stable for 24 h at room temperature, and both compounds were stable when spiked into rat and monkey plasma frozen at −70°C for 27 days. The method has shown to be useful in the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of the parent compound (I) and metabolite (II) in preclinical studies.
A Prospective, Randomized Pilot Trial of Acupuncture of the Kidney-Bladder Distinct Meridian for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

ABSTRACTPurpose: We performed a pilot trial to assess the response of lower urinary tract symptoms and prostate specific antigen (PSA) to acupuncture in a population of patients biopsy negative for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study groups, including observation for 3 months with 6 blood samples for PSA at set intervals, 9 sessions of acupuncture in 3 months to points of the kidney-bladder distinct meridian expected to treat the prostate with 6 blood samples for PSA at set intervals and 9 sessions of acupuncture in 3 months to points not expected to treat the prostate with 6 blood samples for PSA at set intervals. The effect of acupuncture on lower urinary tract symptoms was assessed monthly using the International Prostate Symptom Score.Results: Trend analysis (repeated measures ANOVA) revealed no significant changes in the 3-month period in the randomized arms. Statistical analysis showed p = 0.063 for the International Prostate Symptom S...
Zeeman effect as an asymmetric top.

The quantum behavior of a hydrogen atom (with m=0) in a uniform magnetic field is mapped onto an asymmetric top. This mapping, in conjunction with the idea of a rotational energy surface, provides a physical interpretation for the observed electronic structure and quantum numbers, and gives an explanation for the localization of Rydberg states in a magnetic field.
Dressing Up Debutantes: Pageantry and Glitz in Texas.

Dressing Up Debutantes: Pageantry and Glitz in Texas. Michaele Thurgood Haynes. London: Berg, 1998. x + 180 pp., photographs, appendix, bibliography, index.
The complex regulation of dopamine output: A review of current themes

Abstract Most studies of neurotransmission examine ‘private’ synapses where input from a presynaptic terminal is tightly coupled to a postsynaptic site. In contrast, dopamine release occurs via ‘social’ synapses where release of a quantum of neurotransmitter diffuses to tens to hundreds of postsynaptic sites. This overflow is controlled in part by the neuronal firing pattern and effects on vesicular mobilization and saturation of the dopamine uptake transporter (DAT). Presynaptic effects that mediate diffusion thus modulate social synapses, and dopaminergic terminals have evolved means to express a rich repertoire of presynaptic states. Addictive drugs enhance dopamine diffusion by a variety of mechanisms: cocaine blocks DAT, nicotine activates burst neuronal firing while depressing release at low firing rates, while amphetamine reduces quantal size, induces stimulation-independent DAT reverse transport, and depresses neuronal firing. Even at the level of a single terminal, social synapses seem adapted for complex modulation of neural circuits, and means to comprehend these interactions are only now beginning to be explored.
Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma metastatic to the maxillary sinus

Signet-ring cell variant is a rare type of adenocarcinoma that has been reported in the paranasal sinuses and in other areas, most commonly the gastrointestinal tract. We describe a patient with signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the maxillary sinus who had dental and facial pain. Further evaluation revealed that the lesion was metastatic from an esophageal primary lesion. The unusual nature of this cell type and the importance of careful evaluation to exclude the possibility of these lesions representing metastatic lesions is discussed.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-20 years later: a historical perspective.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), initially developed for children with inability to swallow, had its first presentation at the annual meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Association in Florida in 1980. Based on the novel concept of the sutureless approximation of a hollow viscus to the abdominal wall, this minimally invasive procedure has become the standard for direct gastric access worldwide. This report is a brief retrospective about the evolution of PEG and the expanded applications of the surgical concept on which it is based. Methods: Information related to PEG was obtained from personal records, a focused literature search, and data from various registries and the industry. Results: The search identified 836 peer-reviewed publications directly related to PEG. The original Journal of Pediatric Surgery article has received 483 bibliographic citations. The procedure has had a profound impact on nutritional management, particularly among adult patients. Over 216,000 PEGs are performed annually in the United States. Twelve major manufacturers produce PEG or PEG-related enteral access devices. Select expanded applications of PEG and its principle include indications beyond feeding, use in high-risk patients, percutaneous jejunostomy, percutaneous cecostomy, correction of gastrostomy leakage and gastric volvulus, multiple PEG portals for intragastric interventions, and laparoscopically assisted gastrostomies. Conclusions: Over 20 years, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has experienced exponential growth. Improved guidelines and technical refinements have added to its safety. The concept on which it is based has created a ripple effect and led to numerous applications beyond gastric access for feeding. In an era when so many of our procedures are adopted from "adult" general surgery, it is worthwhile to have an historical perspective on PEG, a technique that originated in pediatric surgery. J Pediatr Surg 36:217-219. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Public relations for evaluation

I welcome this opportunity to take up two somewhat unrelated topics. The first is a brief public expression of gratitude to the pioneers in ERS governance whose help was so vital, especially in the aftermath of the untimely death of the Society's principal founder. My second theme wiII be to suggest that it is timely to move into high gear in a kind of activity that is implicit in everything we do as evaluators but that now would benefit from explicit attention and effort. That activity is public relations for the field and for our profession. The timeliness stems from the imminent merger of the two American associations into one American Evaluation Association and the obvious eagerness of hundreds of North American and many distinguished European evaluators to convene together as we have done this week. As a particular example of the latter, I would like to salute and thank Dr. Lennart Levin, Head of Research and Development, Swedish National Board of Universities and Colleges. Dr. Levin extended the best wishes of our society to Gunnar and Alvah Myrdal and invited them to be present here today, an invitation which had to be regretfully declined for health reasons. Almost exactly nine years ago today I joined several hundred others in an amphitheatre at Harvard while Marcia Guttentag, Lee Cronbach, Dick Light, and others ushered into being a new evaluation society. Today, my personal opinion is that Marcia would have heartily approved the merger with its unitary voice for evaluation professionals. During the end of the 1970s and early 1980s the growth and increasing strength of the Evaluation Research Society was attributable largely to the devoted voluntary services of many council members, program and committee chairs, editors, and successor presidents to Marcia Gut-