cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incoming College Students' Bystander Behaviors to Prevent Sexual Violence

Evaluations of bystander intervention educa­ tion programs demonstrate that this approach results in students’ increased willingness to intervene in prosocial ways to prevent sexual violence (e.g., Moynihan, Banyard, Arnold, Eckstein, & Stapleton, 2010). These programs often focus on first­year college students, though theories and research on student development raise questions about when students are best trained as bystanders (Bennett, Banyard, & Garnhart, 2014). While some authors argue that bystander intervention is more effective for older secondary school students (Polanin, Espelage, & Pignott, 2012), other researchers highlight how traditional­ aged students in their early years of college are focused on forming new relationships, a stage of growth that may make the bystander role of confronting or challenging peers difficult (e.g., Bowman, 2010). Bystander intervention has generally been treated as a monolithic construct, where individuals are encouraged to step in and “do something” to prevent sexual violence. Viewing bystander intervention in this way is more applicable in the field of social psychology, where it has been studied in situations that are typically fairly straightforward, such as witnessing a crime or a health emergency. In the field of sexual violence, however, the bystander situation is more complicated. Sexual violence occurs on a continuum that includes different types of opportunities for individuals to take action, ranging from emergency situations to low­risk opportunities to address sexist behavior that supports sexual violence (Stout, 1991). In higher education, bystander programs have been critiqued for emphasizing how to intervene without first helping students recognize when they can intervene. McMahon and Banyard’s (2012) conceptual model includes a “continuum of opportunity” for preventing sexual violence on campus in both reactive and proactive ways. High-risk bystander opportunities occur directly before a sexual assault where there is a high level of harm facing the potential victim, such as witnessing a potential perpetrator giving alcohol to render someone incapacitated in order to have sex with that individual (McMahon & Banyard, 2012). In low-risk opportunities, derogative attitudes toward
Chapter 11 Recent Advances in Design of Small-Molecule Ligands to Target Protein–Protein Interactions

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the design of small-molecule ligands to target protein–protein interactions using both computational and experimental approaches. The chapter also discusses several successful examples on the design of small-molecule ligands to interrupt protein–protein interactions and the accomplishments and the challenges that remain in this area. Several laboratories show that it is feasible to design potent, nonpeptide, drug-like, small molecules, which inhibit protein–protein interactions. Computational virtual screening has played a critical role in the initial lead discovery associated with many of these compounds, and the computational structure-based approach is particularly effective in lead optimization. Computational methods that have been applied to the design of small-molecule inhibitors to disrupt protein–protein interactions are those that have developed and found successful in the design of enzyme inhibitors. As the understanding of the nature of protein–protein interactions accumulates, new computational methods will undoubtedly be developed to assist the design of small-molecule inhibitors, which target the large, shallow interface found in protein–protein complexes.
Radial Zernike moment invariants

Radial Zernike moment invariants are special case from the complex Zernike moment invariants. The radial and angular dependence of Zernike moments is naturally separable which makes them very suitable features for achieving rotational invariances. The major drawback of Zernike moments in general and radial Zernike moments in particular is the scale and translation invariance can only be achieved by relating them to the central regular moments. In this paper we explicitly make radial Zernike moments invariant to scale, translation and rotation directly without the need to use the regular moments. The proposed form of radial Zernike moment invariants is extensively tested using several gray level images. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of this method and superiority over the traditional Zernike moment invariants.
Gaussian signal detection by coprime sensor arrays

Coprime sensor arrays (CSAs) achieve the resolution of a fully populated uniform linear array (ULA) with the same aperture using fewer sensors. The conventional CSA product beamformer suffers from a smaller array gain due to the reduced number of sensors. This paper derives that the conditional PDFs for detecting Gaussian signals in spatially white Gaussian noise with the CSA product processor are products of Bessel functions. The resulting ROCs are compared with those of the ULA energy detector for a conventional beamformer. The Bessel function CSA detection PDFs asymptotically converge to exponential distributions like the ULA detection PDFs, revealing that the detection gain of the nonlinear CSA processor is still proportional to the number of sensors. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the validity of the analytic results and the asymptotic approximations to the PDFs.
Film theory: creating a cinematic grammar

It is a strange time for film theory. For much of the 1970s and 1980s, theory played a formative role not only in establishing film studies as a legitimate academic field, but in making it a locus ...
Role of Uncertainty in the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change

Using climate change as a prototype motivating example, this paper analyzes the implications of structural uncertainty for the economics of catastrophes. The paper shows that having an uncertain amplifying or scaling parameter (which is updated by Bayesian learning) induces a critical "tail thickening" of posterior-predictive distributions. Such thickened tails have strong implications for applications of expected utility theory to situations (like climate change) where a catastrophe is theoretically possible because a priori knowledge cannot place sufficiently narrow bounds on overall damages. In principle, the impact of an uncertain scale of damages on cost-benefit analysis outweighs the impact of discounting.
Changes in the Distribution of After-Tax Wealth in the US: Has Income Tax Policy Increased Wealth Inequality?

A substantial share of the wealth of Americans is held in tax-deferred form such as in retirement accounts or as unrealised capital gains. Most data and statistics on assets and wealth are reported on a pre-tax basis, but pre-tax values include an implicit tax liability and may not provide as accurate a measure of the financial position or material well-being of families. In this paper, we describe the distribution of tax-deferred assets in the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) from 1989 to 2013, provide new estimates of the income tax liabilities implicit in those assets, and present new statistics on the level and distribution of after-tax net worth. The results of our analysis suggest that, relative to published statistics on pre-tax net worth, the distribution of after-tax wealth is slightly less concentrated in the early years of our sample period, but the effectiveness of the income tax system in reducing wealth inequality has decreased during the last decade. We find the reduction in the long-term capital gains rate is the primary reason for the muted effectiveness of the current income tax system in reducing wealth inequality.
Generating and generalizing models of visual objects

Abstract We report on initial experiments with an implemented learning system whose inputs are images of two-dimensional shapes. The system first builds semantic network descriptions of shapes based on Brady's “smoothed local symmetry” representation. It learns shape models from them using a substantially modified version of Winston's analogy program. A generalization of Gray coding enables the representation to be extended and also allows a single operation, called “ablation,” to achieve the effects of many standard induction heuristics. The program can learn disjunctions, and can learn concepts using only positive examples. We discuss learnability and the pervasive importance of representational hierarchies.
Induction of slow action potentials by microiontophoresis of cyclic AMP into heart cells.

Abstract Catecholamines, methylxanthines, and histamine, agents which increase the cyclic AMP level, are well known to increase the slow inward current ( I si ) in heart muscle. These agents can restore excitability to partially depolarized heart cells (fast Na + channels voltage inactivated) in the form of slow action potentials, whose electrogenesis is due to a regenerative increase in I si . In order to further clarify the relationship between cyclic AMP and the myocardial slow inward current, cyclic AMP was applied intracellularly in an attempt to restore slow action potentials in cardiac Purkinje fibers. The Purkinje fibers were taken from canine hearts, shortened to a length of 2 to 3 mm, and superfused at 10 ml/min with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Superfusion with an elevated K + (20 m m ) solution depolarized the fibers to about −40 mV and rendered the preparations inexcitable. Intracellular microiontophoresis of cyclic AMP (0.2 to 12 μC) restored slow action potentials in 25 out of 46 cells so tested. The induced slow action potentials persisted for a transient period of 1 to 5 min following the injection. In a separate series of experiments, theophylline (0.5 m m ) was used to induce slow action potentials. Cyclic AMP injection increased the maximal upstroke velocity ( + v max ) and overshoot of these ongoing slow action potentials. The effects obtained increased with the amount of cyclic AMP injected. A similar potentiation of the slow action potential was found in ventricular muscle (guinea-pig papillary muscles). The results indicate that cyclic AMP, applied intracellularly, can mimic the well-known restorative action of catecholamines and methylxanthines in partially depolarized heart muscle. This confirms a relationship between cyclic AMP and the net slow inward current.
Formation of patterned tin oxide thin films by ion beam decomposition of metallo-organics

Abstract Boron, phosphorus and oxygen ion implantation was used to decompose tin(IV) neodecanoate selectively to form patterned tin oxide thin films on Si/SiO2 and single-crystal LiNbO3 substrates. An implantation dose of 5 × 1014 ions cm−2 at energies above 180 keV rendered the metallo-organic (MO) insoluble to xylene-N-butylacetate, permitting patterning of the MO prior to pyrolysis. Resistivities of 1–2Mω/□ were measured after pyrolysis for 0.25 μm thick patterned film. Linewidths as narrow as 330 μm were formed by this method.
Multiple Consequences of a Single Amino Acid Pathogenic RTK Mutation: The A391E Mutation in FGFR3

The A391E mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is the genetic cause for Crouzon syndrome with Acanthosis Nigricans. Here we investigate the effect of this mutation on FGFR3 activation in HEK 293 T cells over a wide range of fibroblast growth factor 1 concentrations using a physical-chemical approach that deconvolutes the effects of the mutation on dimerization, ligand binding, and efficiency of phosphorylation. It is believed that the mutation increases FGFR3 dimerization, and our results verify this. However, our results also demonstrate that the increase in dimerization is not the sole effect of the mutation, as the mutation also facilitates the phosphorylation of critical tyrosines in the activation loop of FGFR3. The activation of mutant FGFR3 is substantially increased due to a combination of these two effects. The low expression of the mutant, however, attenuates its signaling and may explain the mild phenotype in Crouzon syndrome with Acanthosis Nigricans. The results presented here provide new knowledge about the physical basis behind growth disorders and highlight the fact that a single RTK mutation may affect multiple steps in RTK activation.
Method for determining the electron-phonon and electron-impurity collision frequencies in metals

A method for determining accurate values of the average electron-phonon and the electron-impurity collision frequencies (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{p}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{I}$) around orbits on the Fermi surface of metals using the radio-frequency size effect is discussed. The effects of an electron making multiple orbits in the sample before being scattered are considered in the derived theory. Measurements of signal amplitude versus temperature were made for one particular orbit on the Fermi surface of copper, and the results were fit to the theory with good agreement. Results for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{p}}{{T}^{3}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{I}$ were obtained for this orbit, and a method for accurately determining the anisotropy of the electron-phonon and electron-impurity collision frequencies over the Fermi surface is proposed.
GAYDAR: EYE-GAZE AS IDENTITY RECOGNITION AMONG GAY MEN AND LESBIANS

This paper examines eye-gaze associated with identity recognition among gay men and lesbians. Eye-gaze is argued to be crucial to forces that either trigger or reinforce one gay person’s perception of another person’s gay identity during social encounters. “Gaydar” is the folk concept used within the gay and lesbian culture to name this identity recognition device. An ethnography on Gaydar conducted over a period of three years reveals that eye-gaze in relation to Gaydar includes two different variations of visual contact, the direct and the broken stare. These types of gaze can be accentuated by the presence of other forms of nonverbal communication such as posture, gestures, and smiles. Consciousness in relation to eye-gaze is also discussed to be a distinct trigger and reinforcer of gay and lesbian identity recognition.
Oxidative Stability and Sensory Quality of Stored Eggs From Hens Fed 1.5% Menhaden Oil

Effects of refrigerated storage on thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and sensory scores of shell eggs from hens fed 1.5% menhaden oil (MO) and a no-added fat control diet were investigated. Eggs were collected weekly (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) for each of three replicates/diet and all weeks were analyzed within 24 hr of 0 week. The flavor of scrambled samples from stored shell eggs (wk 0, 2, 4) was determined by scoring difference scale administered to two consumer panels (n = 40/panel). Flavor scores for eggs from all treatments were not different. TBA values were greater (P < 0.05) in MO eggs at week 0 but did not increase during storage. Storage stability of shell eggs from hens fed 1.5% dietary menhaden oil is comparable to that from hens fed a no-added fat diet.
Interplay of synchronized music.

Rhythmic activities are ubiquitous in nature. Synchronization of rhythmic patterns can be found in interacting inanimate systems where the mechanism of the coupling can usually be identified and understood; it is also commonly observed in living systems where the mechanisms of the interaction are less apparent, and sometimes even mysterious. To characterize the statistical properties—and to develop a simple mathematical model—of these couplings can shed some light on an important class of phenomena of interacting living systems. In PNAS, Hennig (1) examines the cross-correlation of tempo time series: that is, the time intervals between successive musical beats, between two people playing rhythmic music in synchrony. Hennig finds long-range (power-law decayed) cross-correlation between the two synchronized tempo sequences. To simulate the observed phenomenon, Hennig proposes a simple mathematical model that might also be helpful in providing some insights into other synchronization processes in nature.
Jonathan Edwards and the “American Difference”: Pragmatic Reflections on the “Sense of the Heart”

Early in Freedom of the Will Jonathan Edwards formulates a description of logical necessity that has important implications for the way we understand both his philosophical and theological method. He describes the principal forms of necessary meaning, delineating three modes of necessity: philosophical, moral and natural. Of these, the first is most important, for it indicates that, at the highest level, meaning is determined according to the structure of a proposition. Edwards states that "philo sophical necessity is nothing different from certainty/' and the form of certainty, he tells us, " [is] nothing else than the full and fixed connection between the things signified by the subject and predicate of a proposition."1 Unlike traditional expositions of propositional form, however, Edwards's definition in this text entails that propositional judgements of absolute existence are not founded on the intuition of substantial things or effectively substantial forms of thought, not founded, in general, on " the things signified " by a subject or a predicate. Propositional judgements consist rather of the connection between the significant components of a statement. Edwards's emphasis on "connection" indicates that he views
Tips, tricks, subtleties, and superiority of carotid artery surgery.

ost of us were taught, in simpler times, the technical mastery of complex surgery, and we learned the indicaM tions for these procedures from our mentors, who showed us, primarily by direct example, that performing these surgeries was “the right thing to do.” We focused more on the techniques themselves, and consummate mastery of same, than we do now, when the focus is on the evidence and data-driven rationale for surgical interventions. The article by Mukerji et al., a masterpiece of carotid surgery technique and results by a masterful senior cerebrovascular surgeon, reminds us of our student days, whensingle-surgeon series’were the standard, and surgical training was more of a guild and mentorship than perhaps it is today.
Magnetic resonance assessment of the substrate for inducible ventricular tachycardia in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

with cardiac arrest and/or sudden death, and at least another symptomatic or asymptomatic subject with type 1 ECG. Group A included 56 subjects (45 males; mean age 34 17 years) and Group B included 56 healthy subjects (45 males; mean age 36 16 years). In Group A 17 subjects (33%) had a type 1 ECG pattern (Group A1), while no subject of Group B showed this pattern. In Group A 60% of subjects were symptomatic for syncope and/or sudden death vs 0% in Group B. Six out of 17 subjects (35%) of Group A1 died suddenly. From the analysis of the various ECG parameters subsequent significant data were recorded: presence of S wave in D1, D3, V6: in Group A1 93%, 71% and 93% respectively vs 29%, 30%, 32% in Group B (p 0,05; 0,05; 0,05). In subjects of Group A without ECG pattern type 1 (Group A2) an S wave in D1, D2, V6 was observed in 64%, 67% and 41 % respectively (p 0.05; 0,05; 0,05 vs Group B). Conclusions: 1) A significant percentage (33%) of relatives of subjects with familiar BS have an ECG pattern type 1. 2) Sudden death rate in such a population is high (35%). 3) Relatives of subjects with familiar BS, without a type 1 ECG pattern, frequently show an ECG pattern consistent with an activation delay of the right ventricle (S wave in D1 and/or D2 and/or V6) of uncertain significance.
Role of the dopaminergic system in depression

A hypothesis implicating dopamine in depression was proposed over 15 years ago (Randrup et al 1975). The identification of multiple new subtypes of dopamine receptors and evolving views regarding the function of the dopamine systems in the brain require a reexamination of this hypothesis. Results from studies in depression, Parkinson's disease, and animal models of depression suggest a deficiency of dopamine in depression. Dopamine precursors, dopamine agonists, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors show therapeutic efficacy in depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and standard pharmacological antidepressants enhance dopamine function. Studies using receptor-specific drugs in clinical trials and neuroimaging studies are needed to further clarify the role of dopamine in depression.
THE BUDGET AND ITS PROBLEMS

The Planning-Programming-Budgeting System (PPBS) and other ambitious budget reform efforts of the last fifteen years have been substantial partial failures in virtually every setting where they have been attempted. Inadequate resources, limited time, uncertainly, overambitious schedules, and other factors have contributed to this result. Most importantly, the sophistication of the budgeting system is ultimately limited by the overall quality of management throughout the government. Procedures for rational resource allocation are meaningless unless they are based upon cost-effective program modules and supported by an effective system of accountability for both expenditures and performance. The approach recommended here would integrate performance and management improvement with the modernization of budgeting. It would require capacity building on an agency-by-agency basis, budget reform, and performance monitoring and accountability through a central staff.
The saturation of light-induced defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

The saturation light-induced defect density, Nsat, of a-Si:H obtained by sufficiently high photon flux with a Kr+ laser is introduced. Nsat is insensitive to light intensity and to temperature, and is therefore independent of spatial or temporal variations of the light-soaking conditions. In addition, Nsat is correlated with the defect growth rate at typical sunlight intensity, and the defect growth rate from Nsat can be estimated. Therefore, Nsat is a robust criterion for the stability of a-Si:H. The entire light-soaking history of a material can be evaluated in a few hours, and feedback on stability can be provided quickly to the deposition laboratory. In electronic-grade samples obtained from many different laboratories and deposited by different techniques, Nsat rises with the Tauc gap, ETauc, or E04 and with the total hydrogen concentration, cH, but is not correlated with the initial defect density or the Urbach energy. The Nsat values measured so far lie between 4 × 1016 and 2 × 1017 cm−3. It is demonstrated that the defect history inferred from Nsat may be used to predict the degradation of solar cells. The temperature dependence of Nsat can be explained by a limited number of defect sites coupled with an annealing process within the defect pool model.
The Role of Blood Vessels, Endothelial Cells, and Vascular Pericytes in Insulin Secretion and Peripheral Insulin Action

The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is intimately intertwined with the vasculature. Insulin must efficiently enter the bloodstream from pancreatic β-cells, circulate throughout the body, and efficiently exit the bloodstream to reach target tissues and mediate its effects. Defects in the vasculature of pancreatic islets can lead to diabetic phenotypes. Similarly, insulin resistance is accompanied by defects in the vasculature of skeletal muscle, which ultimately reduce the ability of insulin and nutrients to reach myocytes. An underappreciated participant in these processes is the vascular pericyte. Pericytes, the smooth muscle-like cells lining the outsides of blood vessels throughout the body, have not been directly implicated in insulin secretion or peripheral insulin delivery. Here, we review the role of the vasculature in insulin secretion, islet function, and peripheral insulin delivery, and highlight a potential role for the vascular pericyte in these processes.
Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis by William Haltom and Michael McCann

The postwar “legalist reformation” in America entailed the turn to rights-based claims midcentury and significant changes to existing civil law (Nelson 2001). These changes included tort law, as courts took the initiative in the New Deal era to broaden remedies, increase accountability, lower procedural barriers, and generally increase access to litigation and redress for social injustices. This expansion of legal instruments and legal agency, and the optimism for rule-based solutions to perduring social problems, spawned a counter-movement of “too much law” characterized by an idiom of “litigation crisis” and alarmist tort reform rhetorics. This latter narrative, which Galanter (2006) calls the “jaundiced view” of law, is presently a reigning legal common sense in the U.S. As such, it continues to shape legal culture and legal consciousness. In Distorting the Law, Haltom and McCann contend that this common sense assumes “an ‘epidemic’ of civil litigation, a surfeit of rights claiming, and a legal system run amok” (p. 6). This conventional wisdom of excessive American litigiousness, capricious use of the law by greedy plaintiffs, and unscrupulous lawyers is the object of this book. Haltom and McCann ask how this logic has been created, sustained, and reified despite much evidence to the contrary. Their retort is a compelling critical assessment of the role of media, public intellectuals, policy and business elites, and the general public in the ascendancy and hegemony of the “litigation crisis” narrative.
Modulation of gramicidin channel structure and function by the aliphatic "spacer" residues 10, 12, and 14 between the tryptophans.

In the linear gramicidins, the four aromatic residues at positions 9, 11, 13, and 15 are well-known to be important for the structure and function of membrane-spanning gramicidin channels. To investigate whether the “spacer” residues between the tryptophans in gramicidin A (gA) are important for channel structure and function, d-Leu-10, -12. and -14 of gA were replaced by Ala, Val, or Ile. (For practical reasons, the Ile substitutions were introduced into the enantiomeric gramicidin A-, gA-.) Circular dichroism spectra of [d-Ala10,12,14]gA, [d-Val10,12,14]gA, or [Ile10,12,14]gA- incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles or 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles differ from the spectrum of the native [d-Leu10,12,14]gA. All the analogue spectra display reduced ellipticity at both 218 and 235 nm, indicating the presence of double-stranded conformers with the Ala analogue spectra showing the largest departure from the native gA spectra. Size-exclusion chromatograms of the Val and Ile ana...
Partnerships for value-added through bioprospecting

Abstract Bioprospecting in developing countries must be operated on a commercial scale as a biotechnology-based business that adds value to a natural resource, if it is to provide incomes to developing countries and their traditional peoples and incentives for the conservation of biodiversity resources. For example, the value of extracts of samples derived from plant or animal species may be increased by processing them into 96-well plates ready for high throughput screening. More advanced developing countries may wish to aquire their own screening capacity and thereby to participate directly in the process of new product discovery and to lay the basis for a local biotechnology industry. Either way, the developing country must normally enter into a commercial partnership with a company in an advanced country that can supply, in addition to the technology, the marketing know-how to guide screening efforts and the capacity to develop the market for the eventual new product and to manufacture and distribute it. A developing country that wishes a significant share in the intellectual property deriving from a successful development must be prepared to make a significant financial investment, to share the risk of failure and to delay the receipt of cash income. A developing country may seek quicker returns, with fewer risks and delays, by undertaking to develop new phytomedicines (herbal extracts sold directly for medicinal purposes), personal care products and nutriceuticals (food supplements). Alternatively, it may eschew the hope of large financial gains and devote itself to improving traditional medicines or finding cures for tropical diseases that affect poor people.
Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II: The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class specific antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in the serum and aqueous humor of horses. Serum antibody was also assayed by microscopic agglutination tests.Although higher levels of antibody were found in sera from horses with signs of uveitis, the association was not statistically significant. Antibodies to pomona were detected in the aqueous of 12 eyes from the 101 horses sampled at a slaughterhouse, and in most instances, a comparison of the aqueous/serum antibody level with that of the total aqueous/serum IgG level indicated intraocular antibody synthesis. Antibodies were also found in 4 aqueous (or vitreous) samples out of 9 obtained from horses with clinically documented uveitis and the above comparison again indicated intraocular antibody synthesis.The data point to an important role for pomona as an etiology of equine recurrent uveitis but also emphasize that the initiating cause for this dis...
Neurotoxicity of δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen

Abstract Rats were injected with δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and with porphobilinogen (PBG) into the lateral ventricle of the brain. An ataxia- and catatonia-like state, followed by jumping seizures, occurred dose dependently and without significant differences between ALA and PBG. The relatively high amount required and the clinical observation that seizures are not typically seen in patients with a porphyric attack make these substances not likely causative agents for the porphyric symptomatology.
Substrates of energy metabolism of the pituitary and pineal glands.

Abstract: The capability of the neurohypophysis, the adenohypophysis, and the pineal gland to oxidize nonesterified fatty acids and glucose as energy sources was studied in vivo. Fed and 48-h-starved rats had catheters placed in their femoral vessels. After they became conscious, an intravenous injection of one of the following was given: [1-14C]acetate, [1-14C]octanoate, [1-14C]-palmitate, or [2-14C]glucose. After 5 min the rats were sacrificed. These metabolites produce [14C]acetyl-CoA within the mitochondria when they are oxidized as metabolic fuels. On passage through the Krebs cycle a considerable portion of the 14C is trapped in large amino acid pools closely associated with the Krebs cycle; the appearance of 14C in these amino acids was taken as evidence of oxidation. As expected, brain structures behind the blood-brain barrier (cerebral cortex and caudate) showed considerable labeling of Krebs cycle-associated amino acids in both nutritional states when [2-14C]glucose was the substrate. Surprisingly, however, no label was detected in amino acids of the neurohypophysis or the pineal gland in starved rats and very little in fed rats. On the other hand, 14C from acetate and palmitate was extensively incorporated into amino acids of the pineal gland and the neurohypophysis, while little 14C labeling was found in the cerebral cortex and the caudate. Octanoate, which passes the blood-brain barrier readily, labeled amino acids of all tissues. The experiments demonstrated conclusively that the neural structures studied, which have no blood-brain barrier, do not rely heavily upon glucose as a fuel for oxidative energy metabolism, in contrast to the rest of the brain. The results also showed that nonesterified fatty acids may supply at least some of their energy requirements.
Individual and Social Correlates of the Just World Belief: A Study of Taiwanese College Students:

This paper reports the results of a study to identify empirically the nature and correlates of the Just World Belief among Taiwanese college students. Data were collected from over 1,000 students enrolled in two major Taiwanese universities. Similar to Western findings, the average Just World Scale score fell almost exactly at the midpoint of the acceptance-rejection attitudinal continuum. Also similar to Western findings were strong correlations between belief scores and scores on work ethic and alienation scales. In contrast to many Western studies, weak correlations were found for belief scores with authoritarianism, sex, religiosity, subjective social class location, and parents' education. Cross-cultural measurement problems and interpretations are also presented.
Modeling and optimization of a thermoplastic composites stamping process

The potential for short process cycle times is one of the most important characteristics of thermoplastics, leading to rapid, low-cost production of composite structures. One area where thermoplastic composites processing may have the most potential is in high rate stamping. The challenge lies in developing the process to the extent that it exceeds the performance and reliability of its counterpart, steel stamping. To achieve this objective, a better understanding of the process is necessary. In this work, experimental investigations are conducted to determine the effects of composite stamping processing variables on part output which includes tensile strength and modulus. Results of experimentation are used to develop a process model for composite stamping via a supervised learning back propagation neural network.
Trust Under Fire: Judgments of Trustworthiness as Occupationally-Situated Labeling in Firefighting

An eight-year mixed method study of firefighters reveals the process by which trustworthiness at the fire ground is judged. Given increasingly limited time fighting fires, firefighters draw upon small cues to consensually assign labels (Paycheck, Book-Smart, Worker, or Spark) to one other. These labels, in turn, are associated with occupational accounts regarding how certain labels behave at fires. The entire labeling process is occupationally-situated: cues, labels, and accounts are understandable in light of firefighters’ occupational identity. Our study contributes to the trust literature by explicating the little-known process by which judgments of trustworthiness are made, particularly when domain-related experience with a trustee is limited. In particular, we provide evidence for the largely unexamined assumption that trustworthiness is socially constructed, and highlight the importance of occupational identity as a key contextual factor in this construction. Moreover, our study highlights and addre...
Transseptal Doppler flow velocity profile in acquired ventricular septal defect in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a potentially fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), occurring in approximately 1% of cases. 1 Although physical examination may suggest VSD, unequivocal differentiation from mitral regurgitation is not possible clinically and the definitive diagnosis is conventionally established by demonstrating a step-up in oxygen saturation in the right side of the heart. AMI-induced VSD can be visualized by careful inspection of the ventricular septum with 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography in most patients, and is more often detected with inferoposterior than with anteroseptal AMI. 2,3 Doppler echocardiography allows documentation and localization of abnormal flow across the ventricular septum even when the VSD cannot be visualized. Although use of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of AMI-induced VSD has been reported, the blood flow velocity spectra across the VSD have not been fully characterized throughout the cardiac cycle. 2–5 This study was performed to characterize the pattern and timing of shunt flow across AMI-induced VSD throughout the cardiac cycle.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Protein-Serine Kinase from Illuminated Maize Leaves

Following in situ renaturation and assay of protein kinase activity after denaturing electrophoresis of relatively impure samples of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) kinase, a ∼30-kDa polypeptide was implicated as the best candidate for the PEPC kinase catalytic subunit. This kinase′s apparent native molecular weight was estimated at 28,000 by gel filtration on a calibrated Superose 12 column (HR 10/30), suggesting that the isolated PEPC kinase is monomeric. This protein-serine kinase was partially purified about 4000-fold from illuminated maize leaves by ammonium sulfate precipitation and sequential chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 54, hydroxylapatite, blue dextran-agarose, and an analytical AcA 54 column. Analysis by denaturing electrophoresis revealed that a 30-kDa polypeptide copurified with PEPC kinase activity during the final step. This highly purified kinase had an apparent Km (PEPC subunit) of 2.5 μM and a Km (total ATP) of 40 μM at pH 8.0, its pH optimum. Upon in vitro phosphorylation of dark-form (dephospho) C4 PEPC at Ser-15 (maize PEPC) or Ser-8 (sorghum), the malate sensitivity of the target enzyme decreased significantly. The maize PEPC kinase activity was markedly inhibited by L-malate, a negative allosteric effector of its protein substrate, in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. Comparative phosphorylation studies with the catalytic subunit of mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase and casein revealed that a significant part of the malate inhibition of PEPC kinase activity in vitro was due to this effector′s interaction with PEPC. The activity of both the highly purified PEPC kinase and a less pure sample prepared rapidly in the presence of various protease inhibitors wasinsensitive to Ca2+ chelation or addition. It is concluded that the ∼30-kDa maize PEPC kinase is a low abundance, Ca2+-independent protein-serine kinase that activates its target enzyme by the exclusive phosphorylation of the regulatory serine residue near the N terminus and the resulting decrease in feedback inhibition by L-malate.
Immunohistochemical localization of amylase, lysozyme and immunoglobulins in the human parotid gland

Abstract Fluorochrome-labelled antibodies to human amylase, lysozyme and immunoglobulins reveal a different cellular source for each of these proteins in the human parotid gland. Amylase is produced in acinar and adjoining intercalated duct cells. Lysozyme is secreted by special cells which extend from the basement membrane toward the duct lumen and whose nuclei lie peripherally to the nuclei of the striated cells. Among the immunoglobulins, IgG has not been detected, IgM is found in few isolated plasma cells, IgA is demonstrable in clusters of plasma cells along intralobular ducts and in scattered areas inside striated duct cells. The anatomic orientation has been facilitated by fluorescent markers.
On-Line Monitoring of Sag in Overhead Transmission Lines with Leveled Spans

A method for real time monitoring of overhead transmission line sags has been proposed. Mechanical state estimation is used to determine the sag value of each span of the transmission line using real time data. Use of separate tension sensors for critical spans enhances the sag estimation process. The estimated sag values can be used to calculate the clearance values to check for compliance with the national electric safety code (NESC).
Artifactual phosphate binding due to impurities in [32P]orthophosphate

Many commercial preparations of [32P]orthophosphate contain radioactive impurities that interfere with binding and transport studies in biological systems. One type of impurity is micro-particulate whereas another may be pyrophosphate. Methods of removing these impurities from radiolabeled orthophosphate solutions are described.
The conjugate electromagnetic properties of bosons and vortices in two-dimensions

The electromagnetic properties of bosons and vortices are conjugate to each other. In this paper we demonstrate this duality using several different "states of matter" in two dimensions.
Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Mortality in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Randomized Trial

Background Cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) rates are used to evaluate the efficacy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). We compared 5-year cardiac mortality and MI rates in 1829 patients with multivessel disease randomized to CABG or PTCA. Methods and Results The 5-year cardiac mortality rate was 8.0% in patients assigned to PTCA compared with 4.9% in those assigned to CABG (relative risk [RR] of 1.55 with a 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.07 to 2.23; P=.022). In a subgroup of 1476 nondiabetic patients, there were no significant differences between treatment groups in cardiac mortality either overall (4.6% versus 4.2%; RR=1.04, 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.66; P=.908) or in subgroups based on symptoms, left ventricular function, number of diseased vessels, or stenotic proximal left anterior descending artery. The two treatment groups had similar event rates for the combined end point of cardiac death or MI. The RR for cardiac mortalit...
ANP INHIBITS NA+-H+ ANTIPORT IN PROXIMAL TUBULAR BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE : ROLE OF DOPAMINE

ANP inhibits Na + -H + antiport in proximal tubular brush border membrane: Role of dopamine. 2 Infusion of ANP to rats results in an inhibition of Na + -H + antiport and Na + -P i symport in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from kidneys of these animals ( J Clin Invest 75:1983). iln the present study we investigated the intrarenal mechanism by which infused ANP elicits these changes in proximal tubular transport systems. As in rats, infusion of ANP to rabbits resulted in a diuresis, natriuresis, and increase in GFR; however, unlike in rats, the fractional excretion of phosphate (P i ) was not changed. In BBMV prepared from cortices of ANP-infused rabbits, the rate of Na + -H + antiport was decreased (Δ -27%), but Na + gradient-dependent uptakes of P i and L-proline were not different from controls. Incubation of rabbit cortical tubule suspension in vitro with ANP 10 -7 M alone had no inhibitory effect on Na + -H + antiport in BBMV prepared from these tubules, whereas incubation with other hormonal agents, 1 U/ml PTH (Δ 61%) or with dopamine (DA) 10 -4 M (Δ -34%), did inhibit the rate of Na + -H + antiport in BBMV from the same pool of tubules. However, when tubules were incubated in the presence of (10 -5 M) DA, the addition of 10 -7 M ANP did cause a significant (Δ -21%) decrease in Na + -H + antiport activity in BBMV. In contrast, ANP did not show similar inhibitory effect in the presence of submaximal inhibitory doses of PTH. To explore whether ANP may act on proximal tubules in vivo indirectly, via mediation of DA, we evaluated the effect of ANP on some parameters of catecholamine system in vivo. Infusion of ANP, in doses which caused inhibition of Na + -H + antiport in BBMV and natriuresis, markedly enhanced (Δ +134%) excretion of non-conjugated DA in urine, indicating increased intrarenal generation of DA, while it had no detectable effect on the plasma levels of DA, its precursor L-dopa, or on DA content in extracts of renal cortical tissue. Taken together, these observations provide evidence for the hypothesis that circulating ANP can inhibit the rate of Na + -H + exchange across renal BBM: a) indirectly, via the autocrine DA system in renal proximal tubules, that is, ANP, enhances the intrarenal generation of DA, which in turn inhibits Na + -H + antiport; b) in addition, ANP may also directly potentiate the inhibitory action of DA on Na + -H + antiport.
Statistical mechanics model for the transit free energy of monatomic liquids.

In applying vibration-transit (V-T) theory of liquid dynamics to the thermodynamic properties of monatomic liquids, the point has been reached where an improved model is needed for the small $(\ensuremath{\sim}10\mathrm{%})$ transit contribution. Toward this goal, an analysis of the available high-temperature experimental entropy data for elemental liquids was recently completed [D. C. Wallace, E. D. Chisolm, and N. Bock, Phys. Rev. E 79, 051201 (2009)]. This analysis yields a common curve of transit entropy vs $T/{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\text{tr}}$, where $T$ is temperature and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\text{tr}}$ is a scaling temperature for each element. In the present paper, a statistical mechanics model is constructed for the transit partition function, and is calibrated to the experimental transit entropy curve. The model has two scalar parameters, and captures the temperature scaling of experiment. The calibrated model fits the experimental liquid entropy to high accuracy at all temperatures. With no additional parameters, the model also agrees with both experiment and molecular dynamics for the internal energy vs. $T$ for Na. With the calibrated transit model, V-T theory provides equations subject to ab initio evaluation for thermodynamic properties of monatomic liquids. This will allow the range of applicability of the theory, and its overall accuracy, to be determined. More generally, the hypothesis of V-T theory, which divides the many-atom potential energy valleys into random and symmetric classes, can also be tested for its application beyond monatomic systems.
The low-level cognitive processes involved in the visual search of pull-down menus and computer screens, as revealed by cognitive modeling

The field of human-computer interaction does not have an empirically validated model of the low-level perception, decision, and motor processes that people use when they look for an item on a computer screen. The goal of this dissertation is to provide such a model. The approach will be to (1) build computational cognitive models that simulate people accomplishing various specific visual search tasks, such as menu selection tasks, (2) validate the proposed visual search models by using the models to accurately predict how much time people require to accomplish the same visual search tasks, and (3) provide the field of human-computer interaction with some specific practical benefit from these models, such as explanations of how screen layout design guidelines affect the cognitive processes involved in visual search.
CLOUDS OF KNOWING, SONGS OF EXPERIENCE, SEASONS OF LOVE: BERTOLT BRECHT’S INTIMATIONS OF DANTE AND HAIKU

AbstractPerforming detailed comparative readings of three of Brecht’s love poems, this article examines how Brecht’s compositions confront the complex ties between love and knowledge, demonstrating how in his continuous lyric acts of commemoration Brecht has woven an intricate mnemonic texture out of love poetry’s time-honored heritage. With a tight focus on the figure of the white cloud as an image that allows for Brecht’s controversial play with poetic tradition, this article unravels Brecht’s provocative vulgarization of Dante’s vernacular, his sacrilegious introduction of memory failure into the love genre, and his deliberately disillusioning references to transience as the only thing to count on – a situation likewise exemplified in the poetic sensibility of the Japanese haiku, with which Brecht’s lyric has an intimate affinity. Precisely by inscribing loss, transience, and disappearance, Brecht, Dante, and haiku pave the way for a commemorative return in a lasting poetic image. The West conceives of...
Intellectualizing Adult Basic Literacy Education: A Case Study

At a time when accusations of American ignorance and anti-intellectualism are ubiquitous, this article challenges problematic assumptions about intellectualism and proposes an expanded view of intellectualism. It is important to recognize and to challenge narrow views of intellectualism because they not only influence public perceptions of and engagement with education and intellectualism, but they also affect what and how we teach in U.S. schools and aid in institutionalizing social hierarchies that privilege the knowledge, learning sites, and educational experiences of the cultural elite. To demonstrate the benefits of revising our views of intellectualism, I draw upon my observations of and interviews with adult learners participating in GED-preparation writing workshops.