cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEXAFS studies of adsorption of benzene on Si(100)-2×1

Abstract Benzene adsorption on Si(100)-(2×1) is investigated at 100 and 300 K by vibrational infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermal desorption and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies. At cryogenic temperatures (100 K), benzene is found to be predominantly physisorbed on this surface, whereas at room temperature benzene chemisorbs on Si(100)-2×1. IR studies show vibrational features at 2945 and 3044 cm−1 corresponding to sp3 and sp2 C–H stretching modes, respectively, and NEXAFS indicates the absence of conjugated double bonds in chemisorbed benzene. Two possible chemisorption structures are indicated, consistent with previous studies of this system. The majority structure is consistent with Diels–Alder type addition of benzene to the dimer of the Si(100)-2×1 surface and is described as 1,4-cyclohexadiene-like. The presence of another structure of chemisorbed benzene is suggested by a splitting in the π* transitions in the NEXAFS spectra of chemisorbed benzene. The energy difference is inconsistent with conjugation of double bonds, and the two features have different angular dependencies. The angular dependence for both π* transitions was studied and gave an angle between the double bond and the silicon surface of ∼30° for the primary 1,4-cyclohexadiene-like adduct and ∼43° for the second structure.
The Effect of Material Inhomogeneity on Serrated Plastic Flows

Serrated plastic flows or propagating Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) bands in uniaxial tensile aluminum alloy sheet samples were analyzed by a 3D finite element model. A local dynamic strain aging viscoplasticity model motivated by dislocation dynamics was implemented in an ABAQUS user material subroutine. When the sheet metal was assumed to be spatially homogeneous, individual plastic deformation bands inclined about 50° with regard to the axial tensile loading were predicted by the model to propagate along the thin sheet sample, similar to the experimentally observed behavior of the solid solution strengthened alloy AA5182-0. When the sheet metal was assumed to be inhomogeneous by making a few material elements slightly harder or softer, the model predicted a propagating single neck formed by double shear bands, similar to the behavior of the precipitation strengthened alloy AA6111-T4.
Regulatory mediators in the venom of Chelonus sp.: their biosynthesis and subsequent processing in homologous and heterologous systems.

Abstract Following titration of the contents of the venom gland reservoir, the rate of biosynthesis of venom proteins was sufficiently rapid over the next 6–24 hrs to restore their titer to the level initially synthesized during early adulthood. There was no evidence of processing of smaller molecular weight components from much larger forms. Although most proteins were stable in young host embryos, two specific processing products of a 32.5 kDa venom protein were found in such hosts. The natural injection of venom proteins into either very old embryos or young embryos subsequently held at 4°C for six days resulted in rapid degradation to biologically inactive forms. These data are the first report of direct examination of the biosynthesis of wasp venom proteins and the first analysis of the processing of specific hymenopteran venom proteins in target tissues.
Mechanism for the radiolytically induced decomposition of soda-silicate glasses

A mechanism is proposed for the radiolysis which occurs in soda-silicate glasses when they are irradiated. The mechanism is consistent with the observations of the reaction products which are produced and the rates at which the decomposition proceeds.
Flow and Happiness in Later Life: An Investigation into the Role of Daily and Weekly Flow Experiences

Fifty-four older adults ranging in age from 70 to 86 years old (M = 77.54) reported daily levels of positive and negative affect, life satisfaction and daily activities for seven consecutive days. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to investigate inter- and intra-individual effects of flow experiences on affect. Higher quality of flow was positively associated with high arousal positive affect (i.e., feeling peppy, enthusiastic, happy), negatively associated with low arousal negative affect (i.e., feeling sad and disappointed), and positively associated with life satisfaction. However, more frequent flow experiences throughout the week predicted lower average levels of positive affect and life satisfaction. Overall, the results demonstrate that flow is linked to the affective experiences of older adults, and that an individual’s overall propensity to experience flow may be influential beyond the immediate effects of a given flow experience.
Highly-efficient green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with hybrid device geometry

We report on the performance of green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on the well-known device structure of a hole-transport layer, an emissive layer with host 4,4'-di(carbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl [CBP] and the green phosphor emitter fac tris(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C 2, ) iridium [Ir(ppy) 3 ], a hole-blocking layer of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7- diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline [BCP] and and tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato-N,O) aluminum [Alq 3 ] as an electron-transport layer. Using spin-coated hole-injection/transport layers with increasing ionization potentials and decreasing hole mobilities, external quantum efficiencies of up to 18.1% at 100 cd/m 2 were measured in such devices. Furthermore, by removing the electron-transport layer of Alq 3 and increasing the thickness of BCP, devices with efficiencies of 21.2% and 72 cd/A at 100 cd/m 2 were obtained. Achieving such high efficiencies with a simplified hybrid structure in which one layer is processed from solution and only two other organic layers are deposited from the vapor phase is desirable for the fabrication of low-cost OLEDs.
Novel Liphophilic crown car☐ylic acids

Abstract Four novel ionizable crowns are formed from reactions of methyl 5-( n -decyl)salicylate with tosylates from hydroxymethyl-12-crown-4, -15-crown-5, -18-crown-6 and -21-crown-7 followed by hydrolysis.
Harnessing knowledge from structural genomics.

As the central repository for all macromolecular structures, the Protein Data Bank (PDB) started collaborating with the worldwide structural genomics projects from their inception (Berman et al., 2000, 2003). From the beginning, it was clear that structural genomics, including the U.S.-funded Protein Structure Initiative (PSI), would change the ways in which we think about publishing and data sharing. As time has gone on it is becoming clear that these efforts will make a significant impact on how we do structural biology.
A note on the solution of sample size problems using the Odeh and Fox charts

The usefulness of the Odeh and Fox (1975) charts is much enhanced by having φ for v2 = ∞, a value quickly found from a table of Haynam, Govindarajulu and Leone (1970).
The effect of specific adsorption on the interaction energy between two double layers. 1. Theoretical evaluation based on the grahame model

Abstract The effect of specific adsorption on the interaction between two plane parallel double layers is considered. A general expression is derived for the energy of interaction based on the Grahame model of the electrical double layer.
Cloning of cDNAs encoding human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and comparison with bovine IRBP sequences.

Abstract We have determined the sequence of the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein mRNA from three separately isolated cDNAs. The sequence is 4.28 kb long and encodes a protein of 1247 amino acids (aa) including a putative signal peptide and propeptide. The sequence is shorter (by about 1.67 kb) than the bovine mRNA with the major difference in the lengths located in the 3'-untranslated region. We suggest that this resulted from an insertion in the bovine gene or a large deletion from the human gene. The insertion/deletion is flanked on either side by sequences that are similar in the bovine and human sequences. Like the bovine polypeptide, the deduced protein sequence from the human cDNA contains a fourfold repeat, with each repeat containing about 300 aa. Among the four repeats, the identity is about 30-40%. The identity between the complete bovine and human polypeptide sequences is 84%. The identity between the nucleotide sequences is 83% (excluding the major insertion/deletion).Comparison with the bovine gene indicates that the human sequence may lack about 5-10 bp at the 5' end of the cDNA; it, however, includes a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. Thus, the human sequence is virtually full length, is similar to the bovine sequence, and contains a striking fourfold repeat.
Designing quantitative structure activity relationships to predict specific toxic endpoints for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mammalian cells

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are known as effective flame retardants and have vast industrial application in products like plastics, building materials and textiles. They are found to be structurally similar to thyroid hormones that are responsible for regulating metabolism in the body. Structural similarity with the hormones poses a threat to human health because, once in the system, PBDEs have the potential to affect thyroid hormone transport and metabolism. This study was aimed at designing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting toxic endpoints, namely cell viability and apoptosis, elicited by PBDEs in mammalian cells. Cell viability was evaluated quantitatively using a general cytotoxicity bioassay using Janus Green dye and apoptosis was evaluated using a caspase assay. This study has thus modelled the overall cytotoxic influence of PBDEs at an early and a late endpoint by the Genetic Function Approximation method. This research was a twofold process including running in vitro bioassays to collect data on the toxic endpoints and modeling the evaluated endpoints using QSARs. Cell viability and apoptosis responses for Hep G2 cells exposed to PBDEs were successfully modelled with an r(2) of 0.97 and 0.94, respectively.
Mitral valve stenosis and pure tricuspid valve regurgitation: comparison of necropsy patients having simultaneous mitral and tricuspid valve replacements with necropsy patients having simultaneous mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve anuloplasty.

Abstract Clinical and morphologic observations are described in 30 patients (23 [77%] of whom were in functional class III or IV) who underwent replacement of the mitral valve for mitral stenosis and either simultaneous replacement (13 patients, group I) or anuloplasty (17 patients, group II) of the tricuspid valve for pure tricuspid valve regurgitation. Comparison of the 13 patients in group I with the 17 patients in group II disclosed similar mean ages (55 vs 58 years), similar average preoperative right ventricular systolic pressures (64 vs 61 mm Hg), similar average right atrial mean pressures (10 vs 9 mm Hg), similar average left ventricular systolic pressures (126 vs 120 mm Hg), similar average pulmonary artery wedge-left ventricular mean diastolic pressures (16 vs 18 mm Hg), similar cardiac indexes (2.1 vs 2.0 liters/min/m 2 ), similar mean heart weights (507 vs 535 g), and similar percents with grossly visible foci of left ventricular necrosis (15% vs 12%) and fibrosis (23% vs 12%). Of the 13 patients in group I, 10 (77%) died early (≤60 days of tricuspid valve replacement) and 3 (23%) died late (29, 37 and 120 months); of the 17 patients in group II, 14 (82%) died early and 3 (18%) died late (4, 9 and 98 months). The causes of early death in the 2 groups were different: of the 10 patients in group I who died early, the cause was excessive bleeding in 5, low cardiac output of undetermined etiology in 3, dysfunction of both prostheses in 1 and cerebral insult in 1; of the 14 patients in group II who died early, none died from excessive bleeding, 4 from decreased cardiac output of uncertain cause, 5 from left ventricular inflow obstruction (produced by a Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis in 4 and from a Starr-Edwards disc prosthesis in 1), 1 from left ventricular outflow obstruction (by a porcine bioprosthesis), 2 from technical mishaps (incision into left ventricular free wall with rupture in 1 and ligation of the left circumflex coronary artery with resulting acute myocardial infarction in 1) and 2 died suddenly for reasons not determined. Of the 6 patients dying >60 days after operation, 4 died from chronic congestive cardiac failure, 1 from a cerebral embolus and 1 from prosthetic valve endocarditis.
Pulmonary macrophages: alveolar and interstitial populations.

The sizes of the alveolar macrophage (AM) and interstitial macrophage (IM) populations in the lungs of adult Fischer-344 rats were determined during steady state. AM labeled with opsonized erythrocytes during an in situ phagocytic assay were lavaged from excised lungs. The lungs were then dispersed into single-cell suspensions with collagenase and mechanical agitation, and the remaining mononuclear phagocytes were identified following a second labeling step. The size of the AM population was 1.3 × 107 cells, or ≅3% of the total lung cell population. The AM were negative for cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase granules. The size of the IM population was 8 × 106 cells, or ≅2% of the total lung cell population. IM were also negative for myeloperoxidase and, like AM, demonstrated marked FcγR-mediated phagocytic activity. The high cell yields (≅4 × 108 cells/lung; viability, >85%) and the percentages of type II cells (11%) and ciliated epithelial cells (<0.5%) indicated the enzymatic dispersion method resulted in a hi...
Rat lung pericytes demonstrate prolonged upregulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced secretory phospholipase A2 activity

Abstract Introduction: Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in intensive care units in the United States. Secretory phospholipase A2 (SPLA2) is a key enzyme in the production of eicosanoids which has been shown to be upregulated in patients with sepsis. Recently, a clinical trial of a selective SPLA2 inhibitor resulted in decreased 28 day all-cause mortality rates by fifty percent in those patients who received the high dose of the inhibitor within 18 hours of sepsis-induced organ failure. Extensive studies indicate that the microvascular lung pericyte plays a key role in the regulation of capillary permeability in sepsis. We performed this study to elucidate the chronology of SPLA2 upregulation in rat lung pericytes with and without continued lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Materials and Methods: Rat lung pericytes were harvested as previously described. Pericytes were incubated in 100 μg/ml of LPS for 18 hours. The supernatant was then measured for SPLA2 activity and new media with and without LPS was added. This supernatant was harvested one hour later and examined for SPLA2 activity. The Student’s t-test was utilized to compare groups with statistical significance assumed at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Rat lung microvascular pericytes exposed to LPS for 18 hours showed a more than four-fold increase in SPLA2 activity over control. When placed in new media (without LPS) for one hour, previously exposed pericytes showed a ten-fold higher SPLA2 activity than control pericytes (p
A framework for analysis of high-order sigma-delta modulators

In this paper a framework for the analysis of a family of high-order interpolative sigma-delta modulators is introduced. It is shown that a large number of high-order architectures can be reduced to a diagonal form which facilitates the stability analysis of the system. In addition, the diagonal form is a canonical form which illustrates the equivalence of a variety of sigma-delta architectures. Architectural differences are manifested as differences in parameter values in the diagonal form, providing a convenient method of comparison between systems. It is also shown how transformation to the diagonal form may result in a reduction in order of a system. Finally, there is a brief discussion on the importance of diagonal systems as opposed to nondiagonal systems.
Isolated Histoplasma capsulatum Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Child

Histoplasmosis with central nervous system involvement typically arises in the immunocompromised patient with disseminated fungal disease. Rarely, neurologic histoplasmosis may arise as an isolated syndrome in immunocompetent individuals without evidence of general dissemination. The disease often is diagnostically challenging, and a high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis. We describe an immunocompetent 13-year-old girl with atypical symptoms and unusual radiologic findings due to laboratory-confirmed histoplasma meningoencephalitis. She responded well to antifungal therapy.
Processing crossed and nested dependencies: An automation perspective on the psycholinguistic results

Abstract The clause-final verbal clusters in Dutch and German (and, in general, in West Germanic languages) have been studied extensively in different syntactic theories. Standard Dutch prefers crossed dependencies (between verbs and their arguments), whereas Standard German prefers nested dependencies. Recently, Bach, Brown, and Marslen-Wilson (1986) investigated the consequences of these differences between Dutch and German for the processing complexity of sentences, containing either crossed or nested dependencies. Stated very simply, their results show that Dutch is “easier” than German, thus showing that the push-down automaton (PDA) cannot be the universal basis for the human parsing mechanism. They provide an explanation for the inadequacy of PDA in terms of the kinds of partial interpretations the dependencies allow the listener to construct. Motivated by their results and their discussion of these results, we introduce a principle of partial interpretation (PPI) and present an automaton, embedded...
Psychological Adjustment in Caregivers of School-Age Children Infected With HIV: Stress, Coping, and Family Factors

Objective: To assess for significant differences in psychological functioning between caregivers of HIVinfected children and caregivers of healthy children, and to examine the utility of applying a stress and coping model to caregivers of children with HIV disease. Methods: Participants included caregivers of HIV-infected children (n 36) and caregivers of a demographically matched control group of healthy children (n 32). During their child’s pediatric clinic visits, caregivers completed measures of psychological adjustment, stress, coping style, and family resources and support. They also completed a measure of their child’s psychological adjustment. Results: Caregiver psychological distress scores did not significantly differ between the HIV and control groups, and clinically significant rates of psychological distress were reported by more than a third of caregivers in both groups. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that independent of their child’s illness status, stress and coping style were significant predictors of caregiver’s psychological adjustment. In addition, caregiver psychological distress was a significant predictor of children’s maladjustment. Conclusions: High rates of psychological distress were observed in caregivers of children with HIV disease; however, similarly high rates of psychological adjustment problems were found in caregivers of healthy children. Caregivers who reported high levels of daily stress and emotion-focused coping styles tended to report more psychological distress. Further, caregivers who reported more psychological distress also reported more internalizing and more externalizing behavior problems in their children, regardless of the child’s illness status. These findings reflect the impact of poverty and environmental stress on caregivers’ adjustment.
Long-term carbon dioxide and water flux database, Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, United States

[1] We present the carbon dioxide and water flux data along with associated meteorological data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southwest Watershed Research Center, on the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed from 1997 through 2006. Measurements were collected from a shrub and grass community using the Bowen ratio energy balance systems and were presented in 20-min time steps. Meteorological and Bowen ratio data were imported into spreadsheets for quality control and calculations of carbon dioxide and water fluxes. The data are available at http://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/dap/.
Design of two-layer switching rule for stabilization of switched linear systems with mismatched switching

A two-layer switching architecture and a two-layer switching rule for stabilization of switched linear control systems are proposed, under which the mismatched switching between switched systems and their candidate hybrid controllers can be allowed. In the low layer, a state-dependent switching rule with a dwell time constraint to exponentially stabilize switched linear systems is given; in the high layer, supervisory conditions on the mismatched switching frequency and the mismatched switching ratio are presented, under which the closed-loop switched system is still exponentially stable in case of the candidate controller switches delay with respect to the subsystems. Different from the traditional switching rule, the two-layer switching architecture and switching rule have robustness, which in some extend permit mismatched switching between switched subsystems and their candidate controllers.
Influence of fructose on the glycogen synthase and phosphorylase systems in rat liver.

Abstract Fructose and glucose, when administered as a single, large intravenous dose (500 mg/kg) produced opposite effects on key regulatory enzymes of glycogen metabolism in intact normal fed animals. Glucose rapidly stimulated glycogen synthase phosphatase activity and increased the proportion of glycogen synthase in the active (I) form as expected; fructose reduced synthase phosphatase activity and the proportion of synthase in the I form. Glucose also stimulated a reduction in the proportion of phosphorylase in the active (a) form, whereas fructose stimulated an increase in the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form. The effect of fructose was not mediated by an increase in cyclic adenylate (cAMP) concentration nor by a conversion of phosphorylase kinase b to phosphorylase kinase a. As expected, the concentration of ATP decreased significantly. The increase in proportion of phosphorylase in the a form may be due to stimulation of phosphorylase kinase b activity by a decrease in the intracellular ATP:Mg++ ratio or by an increase in intracellular Ca++ concentration. The mechanism of the fructose-induced change in synthase phosphatase activity and in synthase I activity is unknown.
Static lengths in glass-forming monodisperse hard-sphere fluids from periodic array pinning

We explore the static length in glass-forming hard-sphere liquids revealed by the response of dynamical properties (diffusion coefficient D and α relaxation time τα) to a regular array of pinned particles. By assuming a universal scaling form, we find data can be excellently collapsed onto a master curve, from which relative length scales can be extracted. By exploiting a crystal-avoiding simulation method that suppresses crystallization while preserving dynamics, we can study monodisperse as well as polydisperse systems. The static length obtained from dynamical property Q (τα and D) scales as log Q ∼ ξψs, with ψ ≈ 1.
Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase: the kinetics and thermodynamics for binding of cytosine to the apoenzyme and the Zn2+ holoenzyme are similar

Abstract Recombinant Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase is purified as a mixture of Zn2+ and Fe2+ forms of the enzyme. Fe2+ is removed readily by o-phenanthroline to yield apoenzyme (apoCDase) that contains
IMPURITY STATES ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSIDIARY ENERGY-BAND MINIMA

Abstract Two results have been established concerning the existence of localized electronic states associated with a point impurity in a substance having a spherical energy band, E(k) = ϵ0 + ϵ1 × cosk + ϵ2cos2k, where k = ¦k¦, with a subsidiary minimum at k = 0. The 1st result is a generalization of Slater and Koster's result, that in 1 dimension an energy band with a subsidiary minimum has no localized states associated with this minimum if the impurity potential is of the δ-function type; i.e., it has only 1 matrix element between Wannier functions, a diagonal one referring to 1 site. We show that this result also holds for a spherical band in 3 dimensions. Our 2nd result is that, for the Coulomb-impurity potential screened by the static dielectric constant, and the above spherical band, there are hydrogen-like localized states built out of states near the subsidiary minimum, even when all powers of k in E(k) are taken into account in the equation for the envelope function. The deviation of the impurity potential from slow variation causes a long lifetime for decay of the localized state into conduction states of the same energy. For a typical shallow impurity state, the lifetime is ≅ 10−8−10−9 sec.
Influence of oceanic whitecaps on atmospheric correction of ocean-color sensors

The effects of oceanic whitecaps on ocean-color imagery are simulated and inserted into the proposed Sea-Viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) atmospheric-correction algorithm to understand its tolerance to error in the estimated whitecap contribution. The results suggest that for wind speeds ≲ 10–12 m/s, present models that relate whitecap reflectance to wind speed are sufficiently accurate to meet the SeaWiFS accuracy goal for retrieval of the water-leaving radiance in the blue, when the aerosol scattering is weakly dependent on wavelength. In contrast, when the aerosol scattering has a strong spectral signature, the retrievals will meet the goal only when the whitecap reflectance is underestimated.
Musical abstractions in distributed multi-robot systems

In this paper, we connect local properties in a mobile planar multi-robot team to the task of creating decentralized real time algorithmic music. Using a nonlinear formation control law inspired by the consensus equation, we map the local motion parameters of robots to Euclidean rhythms with the use of sequencers. The control parameters allow a human user to direct this decentralized musical process by guiding and interfering with the robots' motion, which subsequently affects their musical activity. We simulate such a robotic system in real time, demonstrating the expressiveness of the decentralized algorithmic musical output as well as a number of behaviors that arise out of the manipulation of the control parameters.
Annihilation, everlasting torment, and divine justice

A major source of disagreement among proponents of the traditionalist and conditionalist views of hell regards the proportionality criterion, according to which the justice of a punishment must match the severity of the offense. Conditionalists often argue that eternal conscious torment is too severe, given that the sins of any human being are finite. Traditionalists, however, typically insist that the perfect moral status of God requires infinite punishment for the damned. The discussion usually proceeds on the assumption that eternal conscious torment is a more extreme punishment than annihilation. Here I challenge this assumption by identifying reasons to believe annihilation is actually a more severe punishment than eternal conscious torment.
An Overview of the Slot Challenge in the U.S. And EU

This is a Panel Paper which was used in conjunction with the Airport Challenges: Young Lawyers Take a Strategic View panel held on Friday, September 25, 2009 as part of the ABA Forum on Air & Space Law Annual Meeting in Chicago, IL. It represents an original, ongoing (thus incomplete) analysis by the author on the issues of congestion and slot allocation at airports in the United States (U.S.) and European Union (EU). It is not, however, a finished work. Any reader wishing to use or cite from this Paper should first contact the author for permission. The Paper that follows first examines the meaning of slots and the legal definitions of the concept. It then offers a brief overview of slot control in the U.S. and offers a critical account of the Federal Aviation Administration’s aborted plan to establish slot auctions at three New York-area airports. A comparison with the slot control and allocation measures undertaken in the European Union follows. Finally, this Paper will close with some concluding thoughts on the challenge of using the slot concept to control capacity at airports on both sides of the Atlantic.
Transforming Attitudes About Transgender Employee Rights

Transgender employees may suffer from discrimination due to transphobia. This article evaluates a pedagogical intervention designed to reduce the transphobia of North American undergraduate busines...
Isochronal annealing effects on local structure, crystalline fraction, and undamaged region size of radiation damage in Ga-stabilized δ-Pu

The effects on the local structure due to self-irradiation damage of Ga stabilized δ-Pu stored at cryogenic temperatures have been examined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments. Extensive damage, seen as a loss of local order, was evident after 72 days of storage below 15 K. The effect was observed from both the Pu and the Ga sites, although less pronounced around Ga. Isochronal annealing was performed on this sample to study the annealing processes that occur between cryogenic and room temperature storage conditions, where damage is mostly reversed. Damage fractions at various points along the annealing curve have been determined using an amplitude-ratio method, a standard EXAFS fitting, and a spherical crystallite model, and provide information complementary to the previous electrical resistivity- and susceptibility-based isochronal annealing studies. The use of a spherical crystallite model accounts for the changes in EXAFS spectra using just two parameters, namely, the crystalline fraction and the particle radius. Together, these results are discussed in terms of changes to the local structure around Ga and Pu throughout the annealing process and highlight the unusual role of Ga in the behavior of the lowest temperature anneals.
GENETIC VARIATION FOR LARVAL ANURAN (SCAPHIOPUS COUCHII) DEVELOPMENT TIME IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT.

Couch's spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus couchii) breed in ponds of uncertain duration. In natural ponds, larvae exhibit considerable variation in growth, size at metamorphosis, and development time. Phenotypic differences in development time may dramatically affect survivorship in these ponds. A quantitative-genetic analysis of larval traits was undertaken to determine the potential evolutionary relevance of phenotypic variation observed in the field. Additive genetic variance was detected for development time, but not for any other trait. Some variation in early growth was attributed to maternal effects; maternal effects, however, were not apparent for size at metamorphosis or development time. Nonadditive genetic effects were not statistically significant for any trait, but the nonsignificance of these effects must be interpreted cautiously, as the sample of females was relatively small and the mating design used is not very effective for detecting interactions. Genetic variation in development time in this population is most likely maintained by variability in the direction of selection as a consequence of variation in pond duration.
Development of Ground Testing Methodologies for a 15 m ULDB Model

Large super pressure balloons have been under development by NASA as a low cost alternative to low Earth orbiting satellites. These pumpkin shaped balloons are planned to be in excess of 60 m in diameter and will cruise above 30,000 m. NASA is developing plans for ground testing a 15 m diameter balloon that is constructed using approximately 200 gores. Data on the deployed shape will be obtained using photogrammery. But the accuracy and quality of the data will depend on the number of cameras used, camera locations and the number of targets located on the balloon’s surface. Photogrammetry simulations are a valuable tool for test planning of large membrane structures such as the ULDB model. The simulations are used to determine the optimum number of cameras, camera locations, target spacing, and expected measurement accuracy. For this study the quality of the simulations was evaluated by comparing data obtained using simulations and actual photogrammetric analysis of a 3 m ULDB model. Once validated the simulations were used to plan the 15 m ULDB ground test. .
Multiscale Modeling of Point Defects and Free Surfaces in Semi-infinite Solids

A Green’s function method is described for multiscale modeling of point defects such as vacancies and interstitials at the atomistic level and extended defects such as free surfaces and interfaces at the macroscopic continuum level in a solid. The point defects are represented in terms of Kanzaki forces using the lattice-statics Green’s function, which can model a large crystallite containing a million atoms without excessive CPU effort. The lattice-statics Green’s function reduces to the continuum Green’s function in the asymptotic limit which is used to model the extended defects by imposing continuum- model boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented for the displacement field on the free surface due to a vacancy in semi-infinite fcc copper.
GiSS: combining Gibbs sampling and samplesearch for inference in mixed probabilistic and deterministic graphical models

Mixed probabilistic and deterministic graphical models are ubiquitous in real-world applications. Unfortunately, Gibbs sampling, a popular MCMC technique, does not converge to the correct answers in presence of determinism and therefore cannot be used for inference in such models. In this paper, we propose to remedy this problem by combining Gibbs sampling with SampleSearch, an advanced importance sampling technique which leverages complete SAT/CSP solvers to generate high quality samples from hard deterministic spaces. We call the resulting algorithm, GiSS. Unlike Gibbs sampling which yields unweighted samples, GiSS yields weighted samples. Computing these weights exactly can be computationally expensive and therefore we propose several approximations. We show that our approximate weighting schemes yield consistent estimates and demonstrate experimentally that GiSS is competitive in terms of accuracy with state-of-the-art algorithms such as Sample Search, MC-SAT and Belief propagation.
Regional disparities in adult height, educational attainment, and late-life cognition: Findings from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI)

State policies over time in India may have led to significant differences by sex in population health and cognition. In this paper, we use data from the pilot wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, conducted in Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, and Rajasthan, to examine state variations in health, educational attainment, and male preference, and how these variations contribute to gender differences in late-life cognition in India. We find men and women born in Punjab are taller than those elsewhere, but do not find any gender differences in height across states with differential male preference. We do find a significant gap in educational attainment that correlates with male preference. We find paternal education benefits both sons and daughters, while maternal education contributes to daughters’ educational attainment. Finally, we find that paternal education benefits daughters’ late-life cognition, while maternal education benefits sons’ late-life cognition, and that children’s education has positive association with older adults’ cognitive functioning as well.
A g Theorist on Why Kovacs and Conway's Process Overlap Theory Amplifies, Not Opposes, g Theory

Kristof Kovacs and Andrew Conway (this issue) raise a question that g theorists have sought to answer since Spearman (1904) statistically demonstrated the existence of the general intelligence fact...
Spheno-Orbital Meningiomas: A 16-Year Surgical Experience

Objective To examine the efficacy of spheno-orbital meningioma (SOM) resection aimed at symptomatic improvement, rather than gross total resection, followed by radiation therapy for recurrence. Methods A retrospective review of all patients having undergone resection between 2000 and 2016 was performed. Demographics, operative details, postoperative outcomes, recurrence rates, and radiation treatment plans were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for factors affecting recurrence (Fisher exact and Student t test), changes in exophthalmos index (EI) (Student t test), and progression-free survival (Kaplan-Meier and log rank). Results Twenty-five patients were included; 92% of participants were women. Mean age was 51 years. World Health Organization grades were I (n = 21) and II (n = 4). Simpson grades were I (n = 14), II (n = 3), and IV (n = 8). Mean follow-up time was 44.8 months. Proptosis was significantly improved at the 3- to 6-month postoperative visit (mean ΔEI, 0.15; P P Conclusions Among this cohort, surgery provided a lasting improvement in proptosis and improved or stabilized visual deficits. Surgery followed by radiation at recurrence provided excellent tumor control and lends credence to the growing body of literature demonstrating effective control of subtotally resected skull base meningiomas.
Tilt angle dependence of the modulated interference effects in photo-elastic modulators

The effect of the PEM tilt angle and incident polarization on the PEM interference is studied for a single axis photo-elastic modulator. The dc, 1ω, and 2ω components of the detector signal vary periodically as a function of PEM tilt angle. Although it is possible to adjust the PEM tilt angle to minimize the 1ω or 2ω detector signal at small tilt angles, it is not possible to null both of them simultaneously. For the case where no analyzer is used, the ac detector signals can be minimized simultaneously by adjusting the polarization angle of the light incident on the PEM and the PEM tilt angle. Direct observations of the detector signal indicate that the effects of refraction index and thickness variations are opposite consistent with a lower polarizability for compressive strain of the modulator.
Effects of Omission Training on The Patterning Behavior of Rats in a Water Tank

The behavior of rats given omission training in a water tank apparatus was examined in order to determine if predictable patterns of responding develop in situations where no explicit contingency exists between the specific responses emitted and subsequent removal from cold water. A group of rats given omission relief conditioning was compared with a group given omission nonrelief conditioning. No differences were found between the groups in the acquisition of the omission behaviors or in the temporal patterning of their responses. However, both groups showed consistent and predictable patterns of responding as omission training proceeded. The results suggest that (a) the behavior of organisms is predictable even in situations where no explicit contingencies exist between the specific responses emitted and subsequent reduction of aversi ve stimulation, and (b) the patterns of responding that develop are related to the given stimulus conditions. The findings extend the generality of conclusions generated from appetitive conditioning procedures.
Landscape topography structures the soil microbiome in arctic polygonal tundra

In the Arctic, environmental factors governing microbial degradation of soil carbon (C) in active layer and permafrost are poorly understood. Here we determined the functional potential of soil microbiomes horizontally and vertically across a cryoperturbed polygonal landscape in Alaska. With comparative metagenomics, genome binning of novel microbes, and gas flux measurements we show that microbial greenhouse gas (GHG) production is strongly correlated to landscape topography. Active layer and permafrost harbor contrasting microbiomes, with increasing amounts of Actinobacteria correlating with decreasing soil C in permafrost. While microbial functions such as fermentation and methanogenesis were dominant in wetter polygons, in drier polygons genes for C mineralization and CH4 oxidation were abundant. The active layer microbiome was poised to assimilate N and not to release N2O, reflecting low N2O flux measurements. These results provide mechanistic links of microbial metabolism to GHG fluxes that are needed for the refinement of model predictions.
Effect of contact angle on the morphology of nanostructures produced by solution wetting of anodized aluminum oxide templates

Template-assisted nanofabrication is a simple and effective method to produce various nanostructure morphologies by controlling the polymer, solvent, and template characteristics. In this study, the importance of the surface interactions between the solution and the template in controlling the morphology of the nanostructures has been highlighted. Contact angles between various polymer solutions and anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates have been determined. The morphology of the resultant nanostructures has been correlated with the measured contact angles between solution and template. It is generally observed that nanorods (diameter of 100–350 nm) are produced at low contact angles, whereas nanotubes (diameter of 200–400 nm) tend to form at high contact angles. Therefore, desired nanostructure morphology for a given application can be obtained by controlling the initial wetting interaction between solution and template.
Punishing Atrocities through a Fair Trial: International Criminal Law from Nuremberg to the Age of Global Terrorism

Over the past decades, international criminal law has evolved to become the operative norm for addressing the worst atrocities. Tribunals have conducted hundreds of trials addressing mass violence in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and other countries to bring to justice perpetrators of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. But international courts have struggled to hold perpetrators accountable for these offenses while still protecting the fair trial rights of defendants. Punishing Atrocities through a Fair Trial explores this tension, from criticism of the Nuremberg Trials as 'victor's justice' to the accusations of political motivations clouding prosecutions today by the International Criminal Court. It explains why international criminal law must adhere to transparent principles of legality and due process to ensure its future as a legitimate and viable legal regime.
Enhancing provider engagement and accountability: A strategy for survivorship care plan implementation within a large hospital network.

56Background: Challenges to Survivorship Care Plan (SCP) implementation persist and guidelines to facilitate provider engagement and accountability are needed. In 2014, Levine Cancer Institute (LCI...
The Preparation of Styrene Block Copolymers from Macroradicals Produced in Viscous Media

The control of physical properties one gains by block copolymerization has sparked much interest in their preparation. Many interesting block copolymers have been reported in a number of excellent reviews (1, 2, 3, 4).
OpinionBlocks: A Crowd-Powered, Self-improving Interactive Visual Analytic System for Understanding Opinion Text

Millions of people rely on online opinions to make their decisions. To better help people glean insights from massive amounts of opinions, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of OpinionBlocks, a novel interactive visual text analytic system. Our system offers two unique features. First, it automatically creates a fine-grained, aspect-based visual summary of opinions, which provides users with insights at multiple levels. Second, it solicits and supports user interactions to rectify text-analytic errors, which helps improve the overall system quality. Through two crowd-sourced studies on Amazon Mechanical Turk involving 101 users, OpinionBlocks demonstrates its effectiveness in helping users perform real-world opinion analysis tasks. Moreover, our studies show that the crowd is willing to correct analytic errors, and the corrections help improve user task completion time significantly.
“A Reflection of Our National Character”: Structurally and Culturally Violent Federal Policies and the Elusive Quest for Federal Acknowledgment

On March 3, 1839, the Brothertown Indian Nation became the first American Indian tribe whose members had U.S. citizenship. One hundred and forty years later, the tribe learned that it no longer had a governmentto-government relationship with the U.S. government. It soon entered the new administrative federal acknowledgment process, where it would remain for three decades. In August 2009, the Office of Federal Acknowledgment issued a Proposed Finding against federally acknowledging the Brothertown. This decision was based in part on the 1839 Act, which OFA determined was a congressional act of tribal termination. Having worked toward tribal survival since its inception in 1785, the Brothertown Indian Nation is once again a victim of the structural and cultural violence present in federal Indian policies, policies that make the government sole judge, juror, and executioner regarding federal acknowledgment. The Brothertown are not the only victims of these policies, but they are in the unique position of either continuing with the status quo or finally (and openly) acknowledging the illegitimacy of the federal government’s assertion that it, and it alone, controls tribal sovereignty.
M-Payment im internationalen Kontext

Der Markt fur Mobile Payments ist bisher hinter den Erwartungen der Analysten zuruckgeblieben. Altere Prognosen von Marktforschungsunternehmen, die mit Umsatzen von bis zu 15 Milliarden US-Dollar in 2003 rechneten, haben sich als zu optimistisch herausgestellt. Auch wenn der M-Payment Markt in den letzten Jahren gewachsen ist, so hat das Wachstum bei weitem nicht die Erwartungen erfullt, denn in Realitat verzeichneten mobile Transaktionen einen Umsatz von nur 3,2 Milliarden US-Dollar. Warum ist es im M-Payment Segment nicht zu dem von vielen Branchenexperten vorgesehenen explosiven Zuwachs gekommen? Das lag zum einen an der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und der Situation der Finanzmarkte nach dem Dotcomund Mobilfunk-Hype, zum anderen hat die Industrie selbst die Entwicklung durch unklares Marketing, nicht ausreichend kommunizierten Nutzen fur den Kunden, mangelnde Standardisierung der verschiedenen Systeme sowie fehlenden Partnerschaften behindert. Arthur D. Little hat das Feld M-Payment in einer weltweiten Studie, im Zuge derer uber 100 Experten aus mehr als 30 Landern interviewt wurden, untersucht (Taga u. Karlsson 2004).
Metabolic characteristics of esophageal carcinoma in a veteran population.

4023Background: Esophageal cancer is projected to increase by 35% through 2025 in the U.S. We investigated whether the presence of metabolic syndrome components differed between these two cancers i...
The Race of Unicorns: A Signaling Story of Private Acquisitions

Assets are reallocated less efficiently through mergers and acquisitions (M&As) between private firms compared to the public ones. I develop a theoretical framework to explain how information imperfections inhibit efficiency gains through private acquisitions. Two startups of different qualities are seeking initial public offerings (IPOs) for costly real options and can acquire each other before IPO. Investors initially cannot distinguish their qualities but can observe whether an acquisition occurred. I show that efficiency loss in private acquisitions is not generated by the quality of the acquirer, but rather due to a lower probability of completing deals. Furthermore, undertaking acquisitions before IPO generates a positive signal about firm quality during stock issuance. Lastly, I document empirical evidence in support of this signaling effect.