cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The serotonin transporter gene and startle response during nicotine deprivation

Affective startle probe methodology was used to examine the effects of nicotine administration and deprivation on emotional processes among individuals carrying at least one s allele versus those with the l/l genotype of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Transporter Linked Polymorphic Region, 5-HTTLPR in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene [Solute Ligand Carrier family 6 member A4 (SLC6A4) or SERT]. Smokers (n = 84) completed four laboratory sessions crossing deprivation (12-hour deprived vs. non-deprived) with nicotine spray (nicotine vs. placebo). Participants viewed affective pictures (positive, negative, neutral) while acoustic startle probes were administered. We found that smokers with the l/l genotype showed significantly greater suppression of the startle response when provided with nicotine vs. placebo than those with the s/s or s/l genotypes. The results suggest that l/l smokers, who may have higher levels of the serotonin transporter and more rapid synaptic serotonin clearance, experience substantial reduction in activation of the defensive system when exposed to nicotine.
Spectral Theory for Discrete Laplacians

We give the spectral representation for a class of selfadjoint discrete graph Laplacians Δ, with Δ depending on a chosen graph G and a conductance function c defined on the edges of G. We show that the spectral representations for Δ fall in two model classes, (1) tree-graphs with N-adic branching laws, and (2) lattice graphs. We show that the spectral theory of the first class may be computed with the use of rank-one perturbations of the real part of the unilateral shift, while the second is analogously built up with the use of the bilateral shift. We further analyze the effect on spectra of the conductance function c: How the spectral representation of Δ depends on c. Using Δ G , we introduce a resistance metric, and we show that it embeds isometrically into an energy Hilbert space. We introduce an associated random walk and we calculate return probabilities, and a path counting number.
Accounts Offered for Unethical Research Practices: Effects on the Evaluations of Acts and Actors

Abstract The effect of accounts on observers' perceptions was assessed in a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of psychologists. Subjects read a fictitious description either of a researcher who had plagiarized a paper or of one who had fabricated data. The researcher's account of his action was quoted following the scenario; the accounts consisted of excuses, justifications, or denials. Subjects responded to questions calling for their evaluations of the researcher's character, the act itself, and the appropriate sanctions. Denials produced the most positive evaluations of the act and the researcher's character, whereas justifications produced the worst evaluations. These results demonstrate the problematic nature of attempting to justify one's behavior following serious offenses.
Comparison of the Effects of Two Antihistamines on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Perceived Performance

This study compared the effects of three treatments (two antihistamines and one placebo) on cognitive information processing, mood, subjective feelings of drowsiness, and subjective performance ratings in 28 healthy men. Evaluations were given at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 hours post ingestion. Results revealed performance decrements post diphenhydramine (benadryl) ingestion on three tasks. No decrements in performance were found post ingestion of hismanal. Subjective effects of mood were noted for both antihistamines; however, these effects were greater post benadryl. Subjects were able to determine receipt of a placebo versus an antihistamine following ingestion of either a placebo or benadryl. Results suggest that hismanal is superior to benadryl for avoidance of subjective effects and performance of information processing tasks.
Electric-field-induced point defect redistribution in single-crystal TiO2–x and effects on electrical transport

Abstract The spatial redistribution of non-stoichiometric point defects in rutile TiO 2 is studied as a function of voltage and time. Single crystals are equilibrated initially to a well-defined stoichiometry with n-type conductivity and a carrier concentration on the order of 10 18 cm −3 . The crystals are subsequently electroded with Pt contacts that exhibit Schottky behavior. When subjected to an applied voltage of 15 V, a time-dependent increase and saturation in the leakage current is observed, which is associated with an accumulation of point defects and an attendant decrease in stoichiometry at the cathode electrode. This local change in stoichiometry degrades the Schottky barrier, leading to asymmetric electrodes and thus macroscopic rectifying behavior. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy shows that Ti interstitials dominate the point defect redistribution process. Under larger applied voltages, of around 30 V, qualitatively different behavior is observed in which the resistivity increases as a function of time. This behavior is associated with condensation of point defects into a region of extended defects and Magneli phases near the cathode, sufficient to increase the bulk stoichiometry and resistivity. These experiments demonstrate that a one-dimensional drift-diffusion process, as opposed to filamentary growth, dominates in these experimental conditions and that the Pt–TiO 2 –Pt system remains closed, with no significant oxygen transport across the Pt–TiO 2 interfaces. We believe this is the first observation of a second higher-voltage regime in which the bulk stoichiometry and thus resistivity is increased as large concentrations of defects condense into metallic Magneli phases in the near-electrode regions.
One-pot synthesis and structure of 10-heteroarylphenothiazines

Novel 10-heteroarylphenothiazine compounds were prepared in high yields by Ullmann coupling of the appropriate iodoheterocycle, prepared in situ, with a series of phenothiazines. The 13C nmr analysis of titled compounds predicts geometries which are in excellent agreement with available x-ray crystal structure data. The results also indicate significant π-interaction between the electron-rich phenothiazine ring and the π-deficient heterocycles.
Gain Enhancement of a V-Band Antenna Using a Fabry-Pérot Cavity With a Self-Sustained All-Metal Cap With FSS

Gain enhancement of a V-band planar antenna in the form of a low-profile Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) is proposed. This simple design is based on placing a perforated metallic cap, forming a frequency-selective-surface (FSS), over a printed-circuit-board (PCB). An integrated slot-dipole antenna is etched in a thin layer of copper (the ground plane) printed on the other side of the PCB. The metallic cap is self-sustained with surrounded metallic sidewalls. Besides showing the simplicity of such design, we also provide a novel comprehensive analysis using a transmission-line model of a FPC along with the two-port circuit model of the thick FSS. The leaky-wave interpretation for the cavity radiation is also addressed to estimate the effective radiation area and therefore the size of the cap. It will be shown that placing the cap on top of the PCB, besides enhancing the directivity of the feeding-slot reduces its backward radiation. A FPC prototype operating in the 60 GHz wireless band, is fabricated and measured showing good agreement between the simulated and measured results.
Decision Making and Perceived Postdetention Success Among Incarcerated Youth

This exploratory study seeks to better understand the link between decision-making skills and perceived postdetention success among incarcerated youth. The study uses data derived from surveys administered in 2001 of 197 incarcerated youth in two Nevada youth detention facilities. Results reveal that those youth possessing higher levels of decision-making competence scored higher on a postedetention success scale. This relationship was found while controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, number of arrests, and family conflict. Implications for detention-based education and prevention programming, as well as future research are discussed.
School-based mental health services for children living in high poverty urban communities.

Studied the effectiveness of a school-based mental health service model, PALS (Positive Attitudes toward Learning in School), focused on increasing initial and ongoing access to services, and promoting improved classroom and home behavior for children referred for Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) from three high poverty urban elementary schools. Classrooms were randomly assigned to PALS or referral to a neighborhood mental health clinic, with children identified by teacher referral and follow-up parent andeher ratings. Results indicated significant service engagement and retention for PALS (n=60) versus families referred to clinic (n=30), with over 80% of PALS families retained in services for 12 months. PALS services were correlated with positive changes in children’s behavior as rated by parents, and with improvements in children’s academic performance as rated by teachers. Implications for the design and delivery of mental health services for children and families living in high-poverty urban communities are discussed.
The Lambert Report

An authoritative account of the state of foreign area studies in the United States was prepared recently by Richard D. Lambert and collaborators and published in April 1984 under the title Beyond Growth: The Next Stage in Language and Area Studies. The report was directed by a broadly representative Steering Committee, financed by a contract with the Department of Defense and a grant from the National Endowment for the Humani-
In situ measurement of the thermal expansion behavior of benzocyclobutene films

In situ measurement techniques suitable for determination of the coeffi- cient of thermal expansion (CTE) in thin, spin-cast polymer films in both the in-plane and through-plane directions are presented. An examination of the thermal expansion behavior of cyclotene thin films has been performed. In particular, the effect of film thickness on the in-plane and through-plane CTE and in-plane Young's modulus of spin-coated cyclotene films was examined. It is shown that the mechanical response of in situ cyclotene films can be adequately described by isotropic film properties. It was also demonstrated that there is no thickness dependence on the free-standing mechan- ical properties or on the resulting through-plane thermal strain in an in situ film. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 311-321, 1999
Topographic generation of long internal waves in a channel

Abstract The resonant interaction between surface and internal gravity waves propagating along a uniform channel in a two-fluid system has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The wave coupling is induced by a shelf which runs along one side of the channel and large resonant internal waves are generated around certain frequencies. The shallow water approximation is used in the theoretical treatment of the problem and resonant frequencies and wave modes are calculated. Good experimental agreement is obtained near the resonant modes of low frequency, and the agreement deviated in the expected direction for higher frequency mode interactions. Measurements are also presented for the structure of the waves near the resonant frequencies. This is a laboratory model of a mechanism for the generation of long period internal waves in oceanic straits and channels.
Designing Optimal Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Various mathematical methods and metaheuristic approaches have been developed in the past to address optimization problems related to aviation security. One such problem deals with a key component of an aviation security system, baggage and passenger screening devices. The decision process to determine which devices to procure by aviation and security officials, and how and where to deploy them can be quite challenging. In this study, two evolutionary algorithms are developed to obtain optimal baggage screening strategies, which minimize the expected annual total cost. Here, the expected annual cost function is composed of the purchasing and operating costs, as well as the costs associated to false alarms and false clears. A baggage screening strategy consists of various hierarchical levels of security screening devices through which a checked bag may pass through. A solution to the aviation baggage screening problem entails the number and type of devices to be installed at each hierarchical level. Solutions obtained from a comparison of a Genetic and a Memetic algorithm are presented. In addition, to illustrate the performance of both algorithms, different computational experiments utilizing the developed algorithms are also presented.
Imaging proteolysis by living human breast cancer cells.

Abstract Malignant progression is accompanied by degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Here we describe a novel confocal assay in which we can observe proteolysis by living human breast cancer cells (BT20 and BT549) through the use of quenchedfluorescent protein substrates. Degradation thus was imaged, by confocal optical sectioning, as an accumulation of fluorescent products. With the BT20 cells, fluorescence was localized to pericellular focal areas that coincide with pits in the underlying matrix. In contrast, fluorescence was localized to intracellular vesicles in the BT549 cells, vesicles that also label for lysosomal markers. Neither intracellular nor pericellular fluorescence was observed in the BT549 cells in the presence of cytochalasin B, suggesting that degradation occurred intracellularly and was dependent on endocytic uptake of substrate. In the presence of a cathepsin 13-selective cysteine protease inhibitor, intracellular fluorescence was decreased ~90% and pericellular fluorescence decreased 67% to 96%, depending on the protein substrate. Matrix metallo protease inhibitors reduced pericellular fluorescence ~50%, i.e., comparably to a serine and a broad spectrum cysteine protease inhibitor. Our results suggest that: 1) a proteolytic cascade participates in pericellular digestion of matrix proteins by living human breast cancer cells, and 2) the cysteine protease cathepsin B participates in both pericellular and intracellular digestion of matrix proteins by living human breast cancer cells.
SPECIFIC B-CELL ANTIGENS ASSOCIATED WITH GLUTEN-SENSITIVE ENTEROPATHY AND DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (G.S.E.) and dermatitis herpetiformis (D.H.) are associated with an increased frequency of the histocompatability antigen HLA-B8. These diseases were found to be even more strongly associated with a specific B-lymphocyte surface antigen recognised by maternal antisera. Two antisera (B-1 and W-1) reacted with B lymphocytes form G.S.E. and D.H. patients. Antiserum B-1 reacted with cells from thirteen of sixteen G.S.E. patients and from fifteen of nineteen D.H. patients, while antiserum W-1 reacted with cells from fifteen of sixteen G.S.E. patients and from fifteen of fifteen D.H. patients. None of the sera tested reacted with B lymphocytes from thirty-seven normal individuals, whether or not they were HL8-B8 positive. The identification of this specific antigen provides further insight into the pathogenesis of G.S.E. and D.H. and might form the basic of a diagnostic test for these diseases.
Vortex configurations of bosons in an optical lattice

The single-vortex problem in a strongly correlated bosonic system is investigated self-consistently within the mean-field theory of the Bose-Hubbard model. Near the superfluid‐Mott-insulator transition, the vortex core has a tendency toward the Mott-insulating phase, with the core particle density approaching the nearest commensurate value. If the nearest-neighbor repulsion exists, the charge-density wave order may develop locally in the core. The evolution of the vortex configuration from the strong- to weak-coupling regions is studied. This phenomenon can be observed in systems of rotating ultracold atoms in optical lattices and Josephson-junction arrays.
Verifying and Explaining Agent Behavior in an Implemented Agent System

As agent systems become more sophisticated, there is a growing need for agent-oriented debugging, maintenance, and testing methods and tools. This paper presents the Tracing Method and accompanying Tracer tool to help verify actual agent behavior in the implemented system against expected (or designed) agent behavior. The Tracing Method captures dynamic run-time data as actual agent behavior, creates modeled interpretations in terms of agent concepts (e.g. beliefs, goals, and intentions), and compares those models to the agent behavior expected by the designer or developer; thereby, gaining insight into both the design and the implemented agent behavior. The Tracer tool can help: (1) determine if agent design specifications are correctly implemented and guide debugging efforts and (2) discover and examine motivations for agent behaviors such as beliefs, communications, and intentions.
Fallico and the problems of art

(1963). Fallico and the problems of art. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 83-85.
Ring opening of pyridines: the pseudo-cis and pseudo-trans isomers of tetra-n-butylammonium 4-nitro-5-oxo-2-pentenenitrilate.

The reaction of 2-chloro-5-nitro­pyridine with two equivalents of base produces the title carbanion as an inter­mediate in a ring-opening/ring-closing reaction. The crystal structures of the tetra-n-butyl­ammonium salts of the inter­mediates, C16H36N+·C5H3N2O3−, revealed that pseudo-cis and pseudo-trans isomers are possible. One crystal structure displayed a mixture of the two isomers with approximately 90% pseudo-cis geometry and confirms the structure predicted by the SN(ANRORC) mechanism. The pseudo-cis inter­mediate undergoes a slow isomerization over a period of months to the pseudo-trans isomer, which does not have the appropriate geometry for the subsequent ring-closing reaction. The structure of the pure pseudo-trans isomer is also reported. In both isomers, the negative charge is highly delocalized, but relatively small differences in C—C bond distances indicate a system of conjugated double bonds with the nitro group bearing the negative charge. The packing of the two unit cells is very similar and largely determined by the inter­actions between the planar carbanion and the bulky tetra­hedral cation.
Pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of mefloquine methanesulfonate.

Abstract Mefloquine methanesulfonate (WR-142, 490·CH 3 SO 3 H), a highly effective antimalarial agent, when infused at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg/ min for 20 min in the anesthetized dog, caused either little or no effect on the pulmonary and cardiovascular parameters measured during this drug infusion or in the following 3-hr observation period. However, dose rates of 2 and 3 mg/kg/min of mefloquine MS for 20 min did produce pulmonary and cardiovascular changes. The respiratory parameters which were observed to change were: (1) tidal volume, which fell during the drug infusion but then returned to control values during the remaining portion of the observation period; (2) respiratory rate, which rose during the drug infusion, but returned to control values; (3) dynamic airways resistance, which decreased during drug administration, but then rose above control values; (4) small gradual changes in blood p O 2 and p CO 2 . The cardiovascular parameters observed to change were: (1) arterial blood pressure, which decreased during the drug infusion, but returned rapidly to control values; (2) cardiac contractile force, which diminished during the drug infusion and returned toward control values later in the observation period; (3) central venous pressure, which rose transiently during drug administration; (4) pulmonary artery pressure, which rose initially, but tended to decrease late in the observation period and returned to control values within a 24-hr period. The magnitude of the effects of mefloquine MS appeared to be more dependent on the dose rate of drug delivery than on the total dose delivered.
The relationship between neurological damage and neurotoxic esterase inhibition in rats acutely exposed to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate.

Abstract A rodent model of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) has been developed using Long-Evans adult male rats exposed to tri- ortho -cresyl phosphate (TOCP). In the present study an attempt was made to relate neurochemical with neuropathological changes in rats exposed to single dosages of TOCP ranging from 145 to 3480 mg/kg. The degree of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) inhibition, measured at 20 and 44 hr and at 14 days postexposure was correlated with the appearance of spinal cord pathology 14 days postexposure in a separate group of similarly dosed rats. Those dosages that inhibited mean NTE activity in spinal cord ≥72% and brain ≥66% of control values within 44 hr postexposure produced marked spinal cord pathology 14 days postexposure in ≥ 90% of similarly dosed animals. In contrast, dosages of TOCP which inhibited mean NTE activity in the spinal cord ≤65% and in the brain ≤57% produced spinal cord pathology in ≤15% of the animals. These data indicate that NTE inhibition may be used as a biochemical predictor for TOCP-induced neurological damage in rats.
Dynamics of tracer particles in gel-Like media

Our previously proposed theory of kinetic arrest and activated barrier hopping in binary mixtures of hard and sticky spheres is applied to the problem of repulsive particle tracer diffusion. For a dynamically frozen matrix, a tracer kinetic arrest diagram is determined using a simplified version of ideal mode coupling theory. The matrix particles cluster more with increasing degree of attraction, resulting in extra free volume for tracer motion that shifts the onset of localization to higher volume fractions. At the nonergodicity transition, the tracer localization length is roughly its diameter and decreases exponentially with increasing matrix volume fraction. If the matrix is formed via thermoreversible gelation of a fluid, then the lifetime of the kinetically arrested state is a critical question. The naive mode coupling theory localization boundary for a pure sticky particle fluid is computed and compared to the tracer localization boundary under dynamically frozen matrix conditions. Above a threshold degree of attraction, the matrix can be treated as effectively static for times less than the mean activated barrier hopping time, which grows strongly with increasing matrix particle stickiness.
RETARDATION OF THE NEWT LIMB REGENERATION WITH SEMICARBAZIDE, AN INHIBITOR OF HISTAMINE FORMATION.

It is widely known that the substance histamine is a noxious agent released from cells when they are injured. At the outset these experiments were intended to show whetherhistamine, persumably released by newt limb amputation, might also promote beginning steps in regeneration. In addition, according to a new view of the physiology of histamine, its formation metabolically by the decarboxylation of histidine is an attribute of the rapid growth of many tissues. These experiments were mainly designed to interfere with histamine production and thereby disrupt the rapid growth of the limb regenerate. Semicarbazide has been used successfully in mammals to inhibit histidine decarboxylase and decrease the rate of histamine formation. In these experiments, semicarbazide was administered to stumps of amputated newt limbs by microinfusion for many hours at a time in efforts to decrease histamine formation and retard growth. When semicarbazide was infused into the limb only in preblastemal stages of regeneration, it seemed to have no effect on the course of regeneration. When it was infused directly into the early mesenchymatous blastema, however, it retarded the expansion and differentiation of the blastema. From present evidence, it appears that histamine production may not be concerned in the initiation of limb regeneration but is probably concerned in the phase of rapid blastemal enlargement, whose primary histological attribute is cellular mitosis.
A historical context for understanding "an eye roll test for hypnotizability" by herbert spiegel, m.d.

Herb Spiegel was known for many professional and scientific achievements. He may be best remembered for his discovery of the Eye Roll Sign (ERS) and its relation to innate trance capacity and the parallel creation and development of the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP). The present paper provides a historical context for understanding Herb’s 1972 publication of “An Eye Roll Test for Hypnotizability” which originally appeared in the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 38 years ago and is reprinted in this journal issue.
Convergence of supermemory gradient method

In this paper we consider the global convergence of a new supermemory gradient method for unconstrained optimization problems. New trust region radius is proposed to make the new method converge stably and averagely, and it will be suitable to solve large scale minimization problems. Some global convergence results are obtained under some mild conditions. Numerical results show that this new method is effective and stable in practical computation.
Crystallization of Cyclic Polymers: Synthesis and Crystallization Behavior of High Molecular Weight Cyclic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s

High molecular weight poly(e-caprolactone)s (PCL) were synthesized via zwitterionic polymerization of e-caprolactone initiated with N-heterocyclic carbenes. Ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone (1 M) with carbenes 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (1) or 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (3) affords cyclic PCL with molecular weights up to Mn = 114 000 g/mol. Crystallization of the cyclic PCL was investigated by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and differential scanning calorimetry. High molecular weight cyclic poly(e-caprolactone) crystallizes with a similar lamellar thickness and long period spacing as linear poly(e-caprolactone), but the crystallization of cyclic poly(e-caprolactone) is faster than that of linear poly(e-caprolactone) for molecular weights greater than 75 000 g/mol. These results imply that the polymer topology does not have a significant influence on the crystal structure or morphology but can have a significant influence on the rate of crys...
Concurrent Zero Knowledge, Revisited

We provide a more general and, in our eyes, simpler variant of Prabhakaran, Rosen and Sahai's (FOCS '02, pp. 366---375, 2002) analysis of the concurrent zero-knowledge simulation technique of Kilian and Petrank (STOC '01, pp. 560---569, 2001).
Sterilization needs in the 1990s: The case for quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization

Much evidence suggests that demand for sterilization is a function of supply of surgical sterilization services in less-developed countries. If such services were greatly expanded, the number of procedures performed would grow dramatically. While the prevalence of sterilization is estimated to increase from 23.5% to 28.8% of married women of reproductive age in the 1990s, there will actually be 106,432,000 more couples of reproductive age at the end of this decade than at its beginning who use either no method or a far less effective method with much lower continuation rates than sterilization--nearly a 20% increase. To achieve a mean sterilization prevalence of 47% of married women of reproductive age in the less-developed world, as now seen in the Republic of Korea and Puerto Rico, the number of sterilizations would need to be more than double the current projection for the 1990s: 328,429,000 rather than 159,000,000. The quinacrine pellet method for nonsurgical female sterilization offers hope that this enormous shortfall in sterilization services can be overcome in this decade.
Visualizing Critical Correlations Near the Metal-Insulator Transition in Ga1-xMnxAs

Electronic states in disordered conductors on the verge of localization are predicted to exhibit critical spatial characteristics indicative of the proximity to a metal-insulator phase transition. We used scanning tunneling microscopy to visualize electronic states in Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As samples close to this transition. Our measurements show that doping-induced disorder produces strong spatial variations in the local tunneling conductance across a wide range of energies. Near the Fermi energy, where spectroscopic signatures of electron-electron interaction are the most prominent, the electronic states exhibit a diverging spatial correlation length. Power-law decay of the spatial correlations is accompanied by log-normal distributions of the local density of states and multifractal spatial characteristics.
Making Europe Work

Because they have failed to address the fundamental economic imbalances within Europe obscured by the single currency, each effort by European leaders so far to resolve the euro crisis has only deepened it. Without a decisive move toward fiscal and political union, accompanied by policies that push productivity and competitiveness toward convergence while closing the democratic deficit, the Eurozone will disintegrate. To discuss the way forward, the Nicolas Berggruen Institute's Council on the Future of Europe met in Rome on May 28 with Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti. In this section we publish the contributions from that meeting by the former European leaders, scholars and Nobel laureates who are members of the Council.
Rheological characterisation of almost intact and stirred yogurt by imperfect squeezing flow viscometry

Samples of plain yogurt of two national brands, almost intact and after stirring for 1 min by hand and with a domestic blender, were placed in a wide shallow TeflonR container. They were subsequently compressed with a wide TeflonR plate to induce imperfect lubricated ‘squeezing flow’. The recorded force versus height relationships were plotted on logarithmic co-ordinates. The resulting curves all had a clear linear part indicating the region where squeezing flow was dominant. Its slope was on the order of −1.2 to −1.3 in the almost intact specimens and −0.5 to −0.9 in the stirred samples. The test reproducibility, expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation (100σ/x) was on the order of about 15% more than sufficient to detect textural differences between the two brands and to monitor textural changes caused by stirring. These were expressed in terms of the apparent compressive stress at two preselected heights (1 and 2 mm) and the residual stress after relaxation for two preselected times (60 and 120 s). The flowability of the stirred samples was also expressed in terms of apparent elongational viscosity versus biaxial elongational strain rate relationships. All these mechanical parameters had a modest dependence on the upper plate diameter but the latter had no effect on their sensitivity as measures of yogurt consistency. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
A test for response summation with key-projected stimuli.

Four pigeons were trained to discriminate between four stimuli. There were three stimuli correlated with reinforced responding and one stimulus correlated with nonreinforced responding. Stimuli were compounds of form (either square or triangle) and background color (either red or green) projected on the response key. Compound stimuli were constructed in such a way that some components of the form-color compound stimulus were more frequently associated with reinforced responding than other components. Results showed that the compound stimulus formed of components most frequently associated with reinforced responding did not consistently control a higher response rate than other stimuli less frequently associated with reinforcement. This finding raises the question of the importance of the stimulus restrictions placed on the investigation of the response summation phenomenon.
Asymmetric interleaving — a new approach to operating parallel converters

This paper presents asymmetric interleaving as a new method to operate parallel voltage source converters (VSC) in which the carrier phase shifts don't add to exactly one carrier cycle and may also vary from one pair of modules to another. Double Fourier analysis is applied to develop analytical spectral models for individual module outputs, from which a scaling factor is defined as a measurement of harmonic cancellation effects and is found to be a function of only the carrier phase shifts and independent of the specific PWM method used. Using the scaling factor as a mathematical tool, we investigate practical asymmetric interleaving methods that can achieve different system optimization objectives, including the avoidance of resonance at certain frequencies by selectively eliminating certain carrier harmonics and their sideband components, the minimization of total harmonic voltage or current distortion, and the minimization of EMI filter size. Applications of these methods are illustrated by examples and verified by numerical simulation.
A new role for satellite cells: control of reinnervation after muscle injury by semaphorin 3A. Focus on “Possible implication of satellite cells in regenerative motoneuritogenesis: HGF upregulates neural chemorepellent Sema3A during myogenic differentiation”

in the almost 50 years since Mauro ([21][1]) first identified satellite cells in mature skeletal muscle, a great deal has been discovered about the role these myogenic precursor cells play in muscle repair and regeneration. Skeletal muscle regeneration involves coordination of a number of processes
A scale of electronegativity based on electrostatic force

Abstract An equation is presented for the evaluation of electronegativity from the force of attraction between a nucleus and an electron from a bonded atom. From this simple electrostatic approach, the electronegativities of forty-four elements are calculated. The results are compared with certain previously proposed scales of electronegativity.
Melting of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene

On heating in DSC, samples of UHMWPE show a single, fairly sharp, melting endotherm which may be increased to a peak temperature of 147°C and 77% crystallinity by annealing at elevated temperatures. An irreversible conversion of nascent to folded crystals, between 134 and 142°C, was observed by heating nascent UHMWPE powder in the calorimeter. In the presence of n-hexatriacontane, the melting endotherm of UHMWPE was depressed and broadened and the conversion of nascent to melt-crystallized polyethylene facilitated on heating. A melt-crystallized mixture of ordinary linear polyethylene (HDPE) and UHMWPE was not resolved on remelting. After annealing this mixture for 12 h at 130°C, HDPE was fractionated and the melting of UHMWPE was sharpened. Crystals of UHMWPE, prepared from dilute solution in xylene, show a single sharp melting endotherm and high crystallinity, but the melting peak is reduced in temperature compared to nascent crystallized powder.
Viral activation of interleukin-15 (IL-15): characterization of a virus-inducible element in the IL-15 promoter region.

We identified an interferon regulatory factor motif (IRF-E) upstream of an NF-kB binding site in the interleukin-15 (IL-15) promoter. Since these two motifs are part of the virus-inducible enhancer region of the beta interferon promoter, we speculated that there might be similar responses of these two genes to stimuli such as viruses. To test this hypothesis, L929 cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which led to the induction of IL-15 mRNA and protein expression. Using IL-15 promoter-reporter deletion constructs, a virus-inducible region, encompassing IRF-E, NF-kB, and a 13-nucleotide sequence flanked by these two motifs, was mapped to the 2295-to-2243 position relative to the transcription initiation site. Using cotransfection studies, it was demonstrated that all three motifs were essential to achieve the maximum promoter activity induced by IRF-1 and NF-kB expression plasmids. The presence of a virus-inducible region in the IL-15 promoter suggests a role for IL-15 as a component of host antiviral defense mechanisms.
Cooperation in decentralized cognitive networks: Relaying, spectrum sensing and randomization

Cooperation has been advanced as a key technology for tackling the challenges of a practical implementation of cognitive radio. In this paper, we give a brief overview of the envisioned applications of cooperation in relay channels and investigate the techniques used to deal with the issues related to spectrum sensing and interference avoidance for cognitive radio systems. Then, an extensive analysis on cooperative diversity in decentralized networks, which is achievable with randomized space time coding (RSTC) over dispersive channels, is discussed. With several randomization techniques introduced, we study performance characterizations in terms of symbol error probability, which measures robustness of the transmissions to fading, focusing on the high signal-to-noise (SNR) regime. Numerical results are provided in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed randomization schemes.
Gallstones and biliary diseases

Gallstones are common in the US and western countries. This article describes the pathogenesis of gallstone formation and the clinical manifestations and current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of the most common clinical conditions caused by gallstones: biliary colic, acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and acute gallstone pancreatitis. The role of widely used imaging techniques (transabdominal ultrasound, CT scan, MR imaging, and MRCP) and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy (endoscopic ultrasound, ERCP) is emphasized. This article is intended mainly for general practitioners, primary care physicians, and other specialists providing medical care to patients with gallstones and their complications.
Retribution and Restitution in Locke’s Theory of Punishment

Locke’s theory of punishment initially appears to be a confused combination of retributive considerations that base punishment on desert and forward-looking considerations that base punishment on future benefits. A more coherent theory emerges, however, if his argument is set in its historical context and compared with that of Grotius, Hobbes, and Pufendorf. Locke rejected retributivism in all but its weakest version and grounded punishment in two distinct rationales, protection of society and restitution for victims. In doing so, Locke’s theory challenges the dichotomy between forward-looking and backward-looking rationales and contemporary conceptions of the domain of “punishment.”
Development of biosensor based on microdiaphragm

There is an urgent need for real-time bio-detectors with high performance, such as high sensitivity, small size, easy deployment. Sensor platforms based on MEMS, such as microcantilevers (including piezoelectric and silicon-based cantilevers), have been studied. Piezoelectric-based micro-diaphragm, micro-electromechanical diaphragm (MEMD), used as micro-sensor platform, is reported in this article. It is found that the sensitivity of the sensor based on micro-diaphragm is much higher than that based on the micro-cantilever. Since a lower density of material used in the diaphragm results in a better sensitivity, PVDF-based piezoelectric polymer was chosen to fabricate the devices. Both cantilevers and diaphragms made of the same piezoelectric polymer were characterized in order to compare the difference of quality merit factor (Q-value) between the cantilever and diaphragm. It is experimentally found that the Q-value of the diaphragm is higher than that of the cantilever. More importantly, the damping effect of liquid media on diaphragm is much smaller than that that on cantilever. All these indicate that as a sensor platform the micro-diaphragm is much better than the micro-cantilever.
Constraints on freely chosen action for moral robots: Consciousness and control

The protean word ‘autonomous’ has gained broad currency as a descriptive adjective for AI research projects, robotic and otherwise. Depending upon context, ‘autonomous’ at present connotes anything from a shallow, purely reactive system to a sophisticated cognitive architecture reflective of much of human cognition; hence the term fails to pick out any specific set of constitutive functionality. However, philosophers and ethicists have something relatively well-defined in mind when they talk about the idea of autonomy. For them, an autonomous agent is often by definition potentially morally responsible for its actions. Moreoever, as a prerequisite to correct ascription of ‘autonomous,’ a certain capacity to choose freely is assumed — even if this freedom is understood to be semi-constrained by societal conventions, moral norms, and the like.
Social Neuroscience: A Role for Brain Imaging

The field of social neuroscience has now joined cognitive neuroscience in a rapidly expanding effort to understand the relationship between brain function and behavior in humans. Cognitive neuroscience has been combining the experimental strategies of cognitive psychology with various techniques for examining how brain function supports mental activities, with increasing success (for a recent review, see the miniseries on Functional Brain Imaging and Human Brain Function in the Journal of Neuroscience, 15 May 2003). Social neuroscience greatly extends the potential range of behaviors that can be explored in this way. This special issue of Political Psychology is clear evidence of the new presence of social neuroscience. This exciting opportunity, however, comes with a clear requirement. Social scientists and neuroscientists, both cognitive and otherwise, must understand each other even more fully than at present in order to determine the questions and approaches that might work best. This is clearly a challenging and multidisciplinary work in progress for all concerned. It is apparent from this collection of papers that, among the tools of neuroscience that have made social neuroscience a possibility and will fuel its growth, imaging of the human brain (especially with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI) has the potential to play a very prominent role. Therefore, it seems appropriate to consider the present status of functional brain imaging as well as some of the important trends in its development. It must be kept in mind that imaging of brain function is itself in a very active state of development, which is likely to continue for many years (for a recent survey, see Raichle, 2003). To begin, it is useful to consider the intended goal of functional brain imaging. This may seem self-evident to most. Yet interpretations frequently stated or implied about functional imaging data (see, e.g., Nichols & Newsome, 1999; Uttal, 2001) suggest that, if not careful, functional brain imaging could be viewed as no more than a modern and extraordinarily expensive version of 19th-century phrenology (for alternative views, see Posner, in press; Raichle, 2003). In this regard, it is worth noting that functional imaging researchers themselves have
Unique morphological and thermal behaviors of reorganized poly(ethylene terephthalates)

Bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET has been reorganized both morphologically and conformationally by processing from its inclusion complex (IC) formed with γ-cyclodextrin (CD). In the narrow channels of its γ-CD-IC crystals the included guest PET chains are isolated from neighboring PET chains and the ethylene glycol (EG) units adopt the highly extended g±tg∓ kink conformations, whose cross-sectional diameters are ∼80% of the diameter of the fully extended, all-trans crystalline PET conformer, though they are nearly (∼95%) as extended. When the highly extended, unentangled guest PET chains are coalesced from their γ-CD-IC crystals by exposure to hot water, host γ-CDs are removed and the PET chains are presumably consolidated into a bulk sample with a morphology and constituent chain conformations not normally found in PET samples solidified from their randomly coiling, possibly entangled, disordered melts and solutions. Observations by polarized light and atomic force microscopies provide visual evidence for widely different semicrystalline morphologies developed in coalesced and as-received PETs when crystallized from their melts, with possibly chain extended, small crystals and spherulitic, chain-folded, large crystals, respectively. DSC observations reveal that coalesced PET is rapidly crystallizable from the melt, while as-received PET is slow to crystallize and is easily quenched into a totally amorphous sample. Analyses of 13C-NMR data strongly indicate that the PET chains in the noncrystalline regions of the coalesced sample remain predominantly in the highly extended kink conformations, with g±tg∓ EG units, which are required by their inclusion into PET-γ-CD-IC crystals, while the predominantly amorphous PET chains in the as-received sample have high concentrations of gauche± CH2CH2 and trans OCH2,CH2O EG bond conformations. 13C-NMR T1(13C) and T1ρ(1H) relaxation studies show no evidence of a glass transition for coalesced PET, while the as-received sample shows abrupt changes in both the MHz [T1(13C)] and kHz [T1ρ(1H)] motions at T ∼ Tg. Preliminary observations of differences in their macroscopic properties are attributed to the very different morphologies and conformations of the constituent chains in these PET samples. Apparently the kink conformers in the noncrystalline regions of coalesced PET are at least partially retained for extended periods even in the melt and are rapidly crystallized upon cooling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 386–394, 2004
F -Aggregate Centers in NaCl: Vibronic Structure and Symmetry Properties

Most color-center bands associated with $F$-aggregate centers in alkali halides show relatively strong 0-phonon lines and vibronic structure when observed at low temperature. The vibronic peak energies can in almost all cases be closely correlated on an empirical basis with zone-boundary critical-point energies of normal lattice phonon modes. However, without detailed knowledge of the defect geometries and electronic states involved, it is impossible to predict what the electron-phonon coupling should be. We present the observed vibronic spectrum for all the centers in NaCl which we have found to show fine structure, and discuss the apparent electron-phonon coupling seen. As a first step toward developing models for these centers, we also present results of stress splitting measurements on the 0-phonon lines in each case. The 0-phonon lines we have studied, their band assignments, and their observed symmetry as interpreted in terms of removal of orientational degeneracy, are as follows: 6329 \AA{}, ${R}_{2}$, trigonal; 8375 \AA{}, ${N}_{1}$, monoclinic I; 8681 \AA{}, ${N}_{2}$, monoclinic I; 1.219 \ensuremath{\mu},?, monoclinic I; 1.306 \ensuremath{\mu}, ${M}^{+}$, monoclinic I; 1.404 \ensuremath{\mu}, impurity, rhombic I; 1.549 \ensuremath{\mu},?, rhombic I. In several cases the relative intensities of the line components can be analyzed to give the orientation of the dipole moment involved in the 0-phonon transition. Where it is possible to propose models by combining our stress measurements with the results of other experiments, we do so, with discussion as to the probable merit of each model.