cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compartment syndrome of the leg after treatment of a femoral fracture with an early sitting spica cast. A report of two cases.

Compartment syndrome results from elevated tissue pressure within an osseofascial compartment that is caused either by an increase in the contents of the compartment, such as that produced by an accumulation of blood or other fluids, or by a decrease in the volume of the compartment, such as that occurring after the application of a constrictive cast or dressing1,2. The pathophysiology of compartment syndrome is well defined: as compartment pressure rises above arteriolar pressure, capillary flow decreases while venous outflow is obstructed, thus impairing perfusion to compartment structures1. Permanent losses of neural and muscular function are the feared outcomes. Compartment syndromes occur most frequently after lower-extremity trauma, often after a high-energy injury. We report the cases of two children in whom compartment syndrome of the leg developed after a low-energy fracture of the femoral shaft was treated with an early sitting spica cast. The parents of both children were informed that data concerning their cases would be submitted for publication. Case 1. A twenty-month-old boy fell and sustained a spiral midshaft femoral fracture. The fracture was not angulated, the limb was shortened by 1 cm, and the patient had normal circulation and neurologic function distal to the fracture. There were no signs of injury to the leg. A long-leg splint was applied in the emergency department and, four hours after the injury, a spica cast was applied in the operating room with the patient under general anesthesia. The casting technique, which was described by Czertak and Hennrikus3 in 1999 and is a modification of the technique described by Kasser4, involved three steps: (1) placement of a below-the-knee fiberglass cast on the affected leg (including the foot) with felt padding along the calf and the popliteal fossa, (2) application of a …
Propagation Delay of Waveguide Photodetector

Optical phase locked loop (OPLL) photonic integrated circuits (PIC) are critical for the high dynamic range phase modulated RF/photonic links. They provide for linear phase demodulation. A challenge for implementing the OPLL PICs is how to reduce the loop propagation delay. In this paper we analyze the delay of a waveguide photodetector, which is a critical component of an OPLL. We also introduce and experimentally validate a counter propagating photodetector device concept. This enables the elimination of the propagation delay due to the finite length of a waveguide photodetector.
Determination of Unfiltered Radiances from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Instrument

A new method for determining unfiltered shortwave (SW), longwave (LW) and window (W) radiances from filtered radiances measured by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) satellite instrument is presented. The method uses theoretically derived regression coefficients between filtered and unfiltered radiances that are a function of viewing geometry, geotype and whether or not cloud is present. Relative errors in insta.ntaneous unfiltered radiances from this method are generally well below 1% for SW radiances (approx. 0.4% 1(sigma) or approx.l W/sq m equivalent flux), < 0.2% for LW radiances (approx. 0.1% 1(sigma) or approx.0.3 W/sq m equivalent flux) and < 0.2% (approx. 0.1% 1(sigma) for window channel radiances.
Modeling Loose Joints in Elastic Structures-Variable Structure Motion Model Development

In this article, a hybrid parameter multiple body system (HPMBS) methodology is utilized to model the frictional contact/impact of a loose bolted joint between two sections of a cantilever beam undergoing planar slewing motion. In this preliminary model, a "rigid" joint is utilized which allows the members of the joint to be rigid, each attached to the elastic beam sections. Frictional contact/impact is modeled at four contact points. The contact constraints and momentum transfer are modeled on a basis of instantly applied nonholonomic constraints. The theoretical model of the variable structure dynamic system is developed in this article, while the momentum transfer equations (utilizing the concept of instantly applied nonholonomic constraints), numerical solution scheme, and experimental comparisons are presented in companion articles. The underlying theme of this work is to produce low order models of complicated nonlinear structural dynamics, specifically, frictional contact and impact in joints with ...
American Academy of Pediatrics Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) Program: A Model for Supporting Community Pediatricians

The Issue. Advocacy on behalf of children who are medically underserved and the pediatricians who care for them has been a long-standing core commitment of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Although different in etiology, barriers to adequate health care exist in both nations. In the United States, almost 18 million children have either no health insurance or inadequate coverage, whereas in the United Kingdom, parents can, in most cases, readily enroll their youngsters in a universal health insurance program that is not dependent on employers or employment. 1 However, despite universal access to health care in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, there are infants and children who do not regularly use or otherwise connect to available health care delivery systems. Many of these families are not participants in other social systems (eg, church, school, voting, employment, property ownership/rental) and therefore are not known to governments, agencies, authorities, or health care professionals. Both nations have citizens living in extreme poverty with its associated environmental and health hazards and tendencies to health risk behaviors. Both the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the American Academy of Pediatrics have strategies and programs to address these issues and to support pediatricians who work in their communities to improve the lives of children. The following describes the American Academy of Pediatrics Community Access to Child Health infrastructure that supports practicing community pediatricians in these efforts and opportunities to develop collaborative international endeavors to advance the practice of community pediatrics.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy scattering from gold-coated ceramic nanopore substrates: effect of nanopore size

The dependence of magnitude of the electric near-field on the separation between metal nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates was experimentally verified. Diameters of gold-coated nanopores in a ceramic alumina substrate were varied to study the charge buildup near interparticle junctions and its effect on the enhancement factor due to SERS. The substrates were characterized by sensing a Rhodamine dye and calculating the associated Raman enhancement factors. Decreasing Au interparticle distance increases the electric near-field and shifts the plasmon resonance peak accordingly.
Natural thermal stress and heat‐shock protein expression in Drosophila larvae and pupae

1. Whether Drosophila larvae and pupae naturally experience temperatures that can cause heat damage or death is poorly understood, but bears directly on numerous investigations of the thermal biology and heat-shock response in Drosophila. Accordingly, the temperatures of necrotic fruit, which Drosophila larvae and pupae inhabit, the temperatures of larvae and pupae outside the laboratory, and the levels of the heat-shock protein hsp 70 expressed by larvae in nature were examined. 2. When necrotic fruit was sunlit, internal temperatures rose to levels that can harm indwelling insects. Fruit size and evaporative water loss affected these temperatures. Temperatures of larvae and pupae in the field commonly exceeded 35 °C, with living larvae recorded at >44°C and pupae at >41°C. Natural mortality was evident, presumably because of heat. 3. In the laboratory, these temperatures kill larvae rapidly, with LT50s (time taken for half the sample to be killed) of 30 min at 39 °C, 15 min at 40 °C and 8·5 min at 41 °C. Gradual transfer from 25°C to these temperatures resulted in no lesser mortality than did direct transfer. 4. Hsp 70 levels in lysates of whole larvae were measured by ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent assay) with an hsp 70-specific antibody. For larvae within necrotic apples experimentally transferred from shade to sun and within necrotic fruit in situ, hsp 70 levels equalled or exceeded levels detected in parallel laboratory studies of whole larvae or cells in culture. 5. These data provide an ecological context for studies of thermal stress and the heat-shock response in Drosophila that has heretofore been lacking.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pascal

The Pascal Language, in the Borland Pascal dialect that we shall use, consists of about 70 reserved words and symbols.
Cable suspended robots: feedback controllers with positive inputs

Cable-suspended robots are structurally similar to parallel actuated robots but with the fundamental difference that cables can only pull the end-effector but not push it. From a scientific point of view, this feature makes feedback control of cable-suspended robots a lot more challenging than their counterpart parallel-actuated robots. This paper describes the structure of two closed-loop asymptotic controllers that assure positive cable tensions. These controllers are based on the Lyapunov design technique and feedback linearization, respectively. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through simulation and experiments on a six degree-of-freedom cable suspended robot.
Cowpox (orthopox virus) in the cat

Cowpox is an uncommon infection in the cat cause by an orthopox virus. Cats are infected by contact with the reservoir host, usually a wild rodent. Lesions start as a small ulcerated nodule but can be locally extensive. Secondary skin lesions often develop one to two weeks after the primary lesion and systemic signs such as pyrexia are possible. Lesions usually resolve spontaneously, although immunosuppression due to medication or concurrent illness may lead to delayed healing or more extensive and serious infection. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the history, clinical examination and diagnostic tests, with the examination of scab material, formalin fixed biopsies or serology all useful. Cowpox virus is infectious to humans, and infected cats are the commonest source of infection for man. Human infection usually resolves spontaneously, but more serious infection does occur rarely.
A Disturb Decoupled Column Select 8T SRAM Cell

This paper presents a novel 8 transistor SRAM cell that can be used for enhancing cell Vddmin at and beyond 90 nm technology nodes. This cell provides a way to eliminate the column select read disturb scenario in SRAMs which is one of the impediments to lowering cell voltage. Read disturbs to the selected cell are then minimized by relying on a sense-amp based array architecture which enables discharging the bit-line (BL) capacitance to GND during a read operation thereby enhancing its low voltage operability. The sensitivity of the cell to BL height and sense timing has been studied and the feasibility of the cell has been proved by fabricating a 32 Kb array in a 90 nm PD/SOI technology. Hardware experiments and simulation results show improvements of cell Vddmin over traditional 6T cells by more than 150 mV for 90 nm PD/SOI technology.
Exaggerated exercise blood pressure is related to impaired endothelial vasodilator function.

Abstract Background Persons with high normal blood pressure (BP) or mild hypertension who also have an exaggerated BP response to exercise are at risk for worsening hypertension. The mechanisms that explain this relationship are unknown. We examined the relationships of endothelial vasodilator function and of aortic stiffness with exercise BP. Methods Subjects were 38 men and 44 women, aged 55 to 75 years, with untreated high normal BP or mild hypertension but otherwise healthy. Exercise was performed on a treadmill. Endothelial vasodilator function was assessed as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) during reactive hyperemia. Aortic stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV). Results Among men, resting systolic BP explained 34% of the variance (P Conclusions These results suggest that impaired endothelial vasodilator function may be a mechanism contributing to exercise hypertension and may also be one link between exaggerated exercise BP and worsening hypertension.
13C CPMAS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF 2-PHENETHYLAMINE ON CLAYS

Phenethylamine ~3C_enriched in the beta position was adsorbed on four different aluminum- exchanged days: hectorite, Barasym, Laponite RD, and lithium taeniolite. The sites for adsorption were characterized by ~3C high-resolution cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS-NMR) spectroscopy. Using differences in chemical shift values and linewidths, three different types of bound ammonium compounds and a motionally restricted bound compound were identified. Correlation with charge effects indicated that one of the clay sites was extremely acidic. The important catalytic sites for the different clays, the edge or platelet face, interlamellar and some combination of both, were probed by using the trimethylsilyl group as a day-blocking agent. Silylation of aluminum-exchanged Laponite RD and Li taeniolite had little effect on amine adsorption. This indicates that, for these clays, amine adsorption occurred mainly at interlamellar sites. For hectorite, amine ad- sorption occurred at both surface and interlamellar sites, and silylation had the effect of reducing surface adsorption. Silylation of Barasym resulted in a very interesting shift of adsorption from one kind of surface site to a more acidic surface site.
The protective function of beta-endorphin in movement disorders.

(1989). The Protective Function of Beta-Endorphin in Movement Disorders. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 46, No. 1-2, pp. 61-63.
Combined Magnetic Nanoparticle‐based MicroRNA and Hyperthermia Therapy to Enhance Apoptosis in Brain Cancer Cells

A novel therapy is demonstrated utilizing magnetic nanoparticles for the dual purpose of delivering microRNA and inducing magnetic hyperthermia. In particular, the combination of lethal-7a microRNA (let-7a), which targets a number of the survival pathways that typically limit the effectiveness of hyperthermia, with magnetic hyperthermia greatly enhances apoptosis in brain cancer cells.
Investigation of thermal budget impact on core CMOS SRAM device in an embedded FLASH technology

This paper presents insights into the mechanisms of counter doping and gate depletion due to the lateral diffusion of dopants in embedded FLASH technology. Core SRAM device behavior is modified by the thermal budget needed to process the specific FLASH dielectrics. Using a nanoprobe technique, the MOS characteristics of failed and good bits used as a reference in actual SRAM cells were measured directly. In the worst cases, it was confirmed that the on-state current of a PMOS was about three orders of magnitude smaller than that of normal bits, and the threshold voltage was of about 0.9V higher. A selective etching technique using a KOH solution showed these degradations were caused by local gate depletion. The fabrication process flow shows that the thermal treatment used to form the rapid thermal oxidation layer, causing additional thermal budget, can lead to lateral As-dopant diffusion into a B-doped gate. This diffusion can cause work-function shift, as well as the formation of a depletion capacitor at the polysilicon gate oxide interface, while the MOS is biased. Adjusting the N+ implant boundary for the second poly layer to increase the margin has been found to be quite effective in improving the on-state current degradation and increasing yield.
Navier-stokes applications to high-lift airfoil analysis

This article presents applications of a compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method to the calculation of flows about a transport-type multielement airfoil. The unstructured-mesh method used utilizes multigrid techniques for computational efficiency and includes a selection of turbulence models. The airfoil used to benchmark the computational capability is a three-element airfoil configured for landing for which extensive experimental data have been acquired both on and off the airfoil surface at high Reynolds numbers. Comparisons of computational results vs experimental data shown here include traditional airfoil performance calculations due to configuration changes. Also discussed are detailed comparisons of computational results and experimental data obtained in the flap well region to assess the applicability of existing turbulence models to the flap slot flow. Performance comparisons are conducted for configurations tested at chord Reynolds numbers of 5 x 10 6 and 9 x 106 and the flap well study is based on data obtained on a similar airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 5 x 10 5.
The Usefulness of Negative Aggregate Earnings Changes in Predicting Future Gross Domestic Product Growth

Konchitchki and Patatoukas (2014) (hereafter KP 2014) show that aggregate accounting earnings growth predicts future nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and that professional macro forecasters do not fully incorporate the information contained in aggregate accounting earnings. Based on results from prior literature, which find that accounting earnings reflect bad economic news in a timelier manner than good news, we condition KP’s GDP growth forecast model on the sign of earnings changes. We show that negative changes in aggregate earnings predict future GDP growth up to three quarters ahead while positive changes in earnings do not. Furthermore, we show that professional macro forecasters underreact to the information contained in negative changes in aggregate earnings about future GDP growth. In additional analyses we find evidence suggesting the incremental usefulness of negative earnings changes is driven by accounting conservatism rather than other drivers of asymmetric timeliness in earnings.
Do Social Services Matter for Child Maltreatment Prevention?: Interactions between Social Support and Parent's Knowledge of Available Local Social Services

Despite wide recognition that increased social support is associated with positive parenting behaviors, there is limited understanding regarding the mechanisms through which the neighborhood context can increase or hinder social connections. In a sample of 1,050 parents in Franklin County, OH, this study examines the role of availability of social services in child maltreatment. Through negative binomial regression, the study finds that greater availability of social services is associated with lower levels of child abuse and neglect. Additionally, the availability of social services moderates the relationship between social support and child maltreatment, such that the relationship between social support and child maltreatment is weaker for parents in neighborhoods with greater availability of services. The findings suggest that increasing services and awareness of such services might be an opportunity for child maltreatment prevention.
ON ARCHIVAL LABOR. RECRAFTING COLONIAL HISTORY

* University of Michigan, Department of Anthropology. Michigan, Estados Unidos. Correo electronico: astoler@umich.edu It is an enormous pleasure and privilege to give this year’s lecture in honor of Eric Ketelaar, such an inspired and creative figure for those of us whose work is shaped by the practices and perceptions of archives and by the challenge of how best to respect and register the provenance of documents and the rich possibilities for the future they serve and store. Professor Ketelaar has long been an archivist ahead of his time, one committed to the complex sedimentations of historical process, a scholar willing to question openly how archivists might entreat historians to treat documents as part of a ‘transactional process’, only as important as ‘the fabric of relationships and contexts’ in which they are embedded and we as historians can bring to the fore (Ketelaar 1997).
Teaching security labs with web applications, buffer overflows and firewall configurations

Teaching information security is becoming an important part of the computer science curriculum. Students learn best when they have hands-on experience. This paper presents examples of laboratory exercises which we used in an undergraduate class and were evaluated by the students. We present the results of that survey and the features of those exercises with strengths and weaknesses from the instructor's perspective, and whether they cover the fundamental security principles. Since many schools do not have a security class, we also examine how these exercises could be included in standard core courses such as networks, computer architecture, database systems, or software engineering.
Student perceptions of classroom achievement goal structure: Is it appropriate to aggregate?

Student reports are a common approach to characterizing how students experience their classrooms. We used a recently developed method—multilevel confirmatory factor analysis—to determine whether commonly employed measures of achievement goal structure constructs (mastery and performance) typically verified at the student level can be verified at the classroom level as well, using a sample of 1,406 7th- and 1,822 8th-grade students in 188 mathematics classrooms. Nine multilevel confirmatory factor analyses were examined: (a) modeling each classroom goal structure dimension separately (mastery, performance–approach, performance–avoidance, combined performance), (b) 4 models allowing 2 latent factors to covary (mastery + performance–approach, mastery + performance–avoidance, performance–approach + performance–avoidance, mastery + combined performance), and (c) a model reflecting the trichotomous goals framework (mastery + performance–approach + performance–avoidance). Consistent with prior research, the theorized models of classroom goal structure adequately represented students within the same classroom at Level 1. Although all models were acceptable at the individual level, only the performance–avoidance model represented the expected goal structure at the classroom level. Future research and replication are necessary to examine whether self-reports of classroom goal structure, and by implication other measures of classroom climate, reflect an individual-level phenomenon rather than a classroom-level construct, which has important theoretical and applied implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Rapid Growth of Thick, IC Quality GaAs From a Flowing Solution

Single crystal layers of gallium arsenide have been grown on and oriented GaAs substrates using a flowing solution of gallium saturated with GaAs. With this novel technique, growth rates as high as 9.0μm/min have been achieved for 5 minutes, while rates of approximately 4μm/min are typically achieved for 20 minutes of growth. These figures are in good agreement with a previously developed theoretical model and are about two orders of magnitude greater than those for conventional, static solution, liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) for layer thicknesses greater than 1μm. Undoped, p-doped and n-doped layers of high crystallographic and electronic quality have been grown. A description of the technique and some of the electro-optical properties are presented in this paper.
Material Classification with Energy-Resolved X-ray Diffraction Imaging: Information-Theoretic Bounds

We examine the information-theoretical limits for a two-class material classification problem with x-ray pencil beam illumination and energy-resolved diffraction imaging. The materials under study are two liquids: water and diesel.
Quantifying crystallization and devitrification of rhyolites by means of X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis

Devitrification of silicic volcanic rocks is a relatively common process, resulting in the production of microcrystalline silica and feldspar components. Here we investigate how the products of pervasive devitrification may be characterized using the combined techniques of X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis to provide a new calibrated approach to calculating the crystallinity and mineral modes in both glassy vitrophyre and devitrified volcanics. Using the integrated areas of the X-ray diffraction peaks associated with both the crystalline and amorphous components, the relative proportions of groundmass crystallites and amorphous material from both glassy and devitrified material can be calculated. A detailed calibration indicates a linear relationship among the ratio of the integrated counts and bulk crystallinity. Mineral proportions are also calculated from X-ray fluorescence measurements of whole-rock and groundmass separates and are well correlated to crystallinities calculated from both X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe image analysis for vitrophyre samples. Devitrification products in a pervasively devitrified sample are tridymite, quartz, sanidine, and a Ca-rich aluminosilicate component. Mineral analysis and X-ray mapping by electron microprobe analysis indicates that the Ca-rich aluminosilicate component appears to be the dominant metastable or amorphous phase in the devitrified sample with proportions calculated from X-ray mapping (~32%) in reasonable agreement with the calculated proportion of amorphous material determined by means of X-ray diffraction (~38%). These results demonstrate the robustness of this combined X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe imagery technique for quantifying and characterizing crystallization in complex samples.
Mechanosensory afferents innervating the swimmerets of the lobster. II. Afferents activated by hair deflection.

Feathered hair sensilla fringe both rami of the lobster (Homarus americanus) swimmeret. The sensory response to hair displacement was characterized by recording afferent impulses extracellularly from the swimmere sensory nerve while deflecting sensilla with a rigidly coupled probe or controlled water movements. Two populations of hairs were observed: “distal” hairs localized to the distal 1/3 of each ramus and “proximal” hairs near its base.
Renal function in two-kidney deoxycorticosterone acetate-hypertensive Yucatan miniature swine.

AbstractTo determine renal function in two-kidney deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated Yucatan miniature swine, eight animals were implanted with DOCA-treated silicone strips. After 3–4 weeks, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased by approximately 32% to 148 ± 4 mm Hg. Eight sham-implanted control swine were also studied. Pentobarbital anesthesia decreased MAP in DOCA animals to 116 ± 6 mm Hg, a value similar to that seen in the anesthetized controls (112 ± 4 mm Hg). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rates were significantly higher in control as compared to DOCA animals (P < 0.05). Radioactive microsphere distribution to the outer cortex was also significantly decreased and inner cortical blood flow was significantly higher in the DOCA-treated animals (P < 0.05). Urine flow rates were similar between the two groups, whereas sodium excretion was lower and potassium excretion was higher in the DOCA-treated animals. These data indicate that DOCA-hypertensive Yucatan miniature swine appear to ...
Theory of Exciton Energy Transfer in Carbon Nanotube Composites

We compute the exciton transfer (ET) rate between semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We show that the main reasons for the wide range of measured ET rates reported in the literature are (1) exciton confinement in local quantum wells stemming from disorder in the environment and (2) exciton thermalization between dark and bright states due to intratube scattering. The SWNT excitonic states are calculated by solving the Bethe–Salpeter equation using tight-binding basis functions. The ET rates due to intertube Coulomb interaction are computed via Fermi’s golden rule. In pristine samples, the ET rate between parallel (bundled) SWNTs of similar chirality is very high (∼1014 s–1), while the ET rate for dissimilar or nonparallel tubes is considerably lower (∼1012 s–1). Exciton confinement reduces the ET rate between same-chirality parallel SWNTs by 2 orders of magnitude but has little effect otherwise. Consequently, the ET rate in most measurements will be on the order of 1012 s–1, regardless o...
The Ecological Crisis: Questioning Christianity’s Contribution

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "Introduction Distinguished academic, Lynn White, claims that the Judeo-Christian religions are to blame for the ecological crisis and uses interpretations from the Bible to support his argument. He believes these religions have a harmful impact on the relationship between humans and nature. In this paper I will examine White’s claims specifically against Christianity, and refute them by providing multiple perspectives from varying scholars to substantiate my argument." This essay on religion is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol13/iss2/12
Management of malignant polyps

Abstract Malignant polyps of the colon may be managed with endoscopic therapy or oncologic resection, with the appropriateness of each dependent on histologic features, polyp location, and patient preference. Lesions at increased risk for having nodal metastases should undergo oncologic resection. High-risk features include lymphovascular invasion, poor differentiation, and greater depth of submucosal invasion. However, while there are some clear indications for endoscopic or oncologic resection, many cases of malignant polyps fall into a gray zone where management is under debate.
An Initial Discussion about Drift Tourist Interpretation System——A Case Study of Yangming Mountain Drift

The drift tourism needs more participance of tourists. This paper takes Yangming Mountain as an example,expounds the basic principle,modes and content of the planning of tourist interpretation system and provides the suggestion for the drift tourism of Yanking Mountain in construction.
Urologic abnormalities in Menkes' syndrome.

AbstractMenkes’ syndrome, a rare sex-linked disorder of copper metabolism, has been found to be associated with a high incidence of urologic abnormalities. Bladder diverticula were present in 3 of the 4 patients reviewed. Management of incomplete bladder emptying and consequent urinary tract infection is discussed.
In vivo survival of Enterococcus faecalis is enhanced by extracellular superoxide production

Enterococci are major nosocomial pathogens comprising 9% of the over 100,000 primary hospital-acquired bacteremias that occur annually in the United States (4). Despite the significant morbidity and mortality caused by these nosocomial pathogens, little is known of enterococcal traits that promote infection. Recent observations by us indicate that most Enterococcus faecalis and a few E. faecium strains generate substantial extracellular Superoxide (ESO), with invasive isolates having significantly greater production than commensal strains (6). In this study we investigated the role of ESO production in subcutaneous infection using a previously described murine model (5).
The Poet’s Three Worlds

Throughout our lives, certain places — usually geographical, though if we are even normally introspective, they can also be imaginary — accumulate emotional resonance for us. They may be places associated with our childhood, or with spectacular successes or losses; they may have acquired a familiarity because we lived or worked for many years there. Some of the associations we accumulate seem ‘personal’ or subjective: here I used to come when I wanted to be alone; here I met my wife or husband or lover; at this point some terrible tragedy — the death of a friend or loved one — occurred. But even these personal associations, which together help to give shape and meaning to a life, have a collective dimension, even while we may not at the time notice what it is. We may think of certain, especially very intimate, experiences as ‘ours’; but the experiences of a particular history are inevitably forms and articulations of more general processes. Whether we speak of the shared dimension of such experiences as ‘essential’ parts of the permanent pattern of being human, or as archetypal, or as representing historically specific class or gender or ethnic constructions, there is no doubt that places — cities, countryside, names on a map, houses, vistas, imaginary worlds, activities in which we lose (or find) ourselves — are not merely neutral, but are heavily, complexly, metaphorical. In our metaphors for the places we inhabit and remember are our cultural values revealed.
A novel atom tracking algorithm for the analysis of complex chemical kinetic networks

Abstract A novel numerical algorithm is presented that enables the tracking of specific atoms during the simulation of simple combustion reactors as those atoms are transferred from initial reactants to final products. Tracking is performed by labeling individual atoms or groups of atoms of interest, and solving, in addition to the coupled ordinary differential equations describing the time evolution of species concentrations, appropriate transfer equations providing the concentration of tracked atoms at each possible location on all chemical species involved. The transfer equations for a given chemical kinetic mechanism are automatically generated using simple structural and energy-based arguments to characterize and quantify how, in each elementary reaction, atoms are re-organized as reactants are converted into products. The capabilities of the tracking algorithm are illustrated by analyzing soot precursors formation in a constant-volume homogeneous reactor, providing new, quantitative evidence of well-known behaviors, such as the link between the molecular structure of a fuel and its sooting propensity.
Carbonate minerals in the global carbon cycle

Abstract Carbonate minerals constitute Earth's largest C reservoir. This reservoir is considered unimportant to the global C cycle over long periods of time (e.g., > 10 6 yrs) because it provides balanced sources and sinks of atmospheric CO 2 as carbonate minerals precipitate and dissolve from carbonic acid, respectively. However, carbonate mineral reactions may impact the carbon cycle at short time scales (10 2 to 10 5 yrs) particularly when atmospheric pCO 2 changes by several hundred ppm, as exemplified by the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, at transitions between glacial-interglacial times, and over the past century from anthropogenic inputs. Here I review recent literature about mechanisms in which carbonate minerals may impact the global carbon cycle. Carbonate mineral dissolution, which increases dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, may represent a net atmospheric CO 2 sink as primary productivity consumes DIC, resulting in organic C burial in fluvial systems of carbonate terrains. Alternatively, carbonate minerals dissolved by sulfuric and nitric acids may represent an atmospheric source of CO 2 with no rapid balancing atmospheric sink. Sulfuric acid dissolves carbonate minerals of modern carbonate platform sediments and water-filled sinkholes, and in the deep sea at the base of carbonate platform scarps. In terrestrial landscapes, sulfuric acid dissolves carbonate minerals of karst terrains (hypogene caves) and in comminuted glacial sediments. Nitric acid forms from oxidation of reactive N, which has doubled in the past hundred years as humans fix atmospheric N 2 . Similar to some reactions involving sulfuric acid, nitric acid dissolution of carbonate minerals represents a net source of atmospheric CO 2 . This source is concentrated in fertilized agricultural fields in carbonate terrains. Each of these processes represents a small flux relative to major C exchanges, such as volcanic sources and silicate mineral weathering, but collectively they could impact the C cycle at magnitudes similar to these major processes. These impacts may increase as humans further alter elemental cycles of S and N.
A Mixed Methods Approach to Determining the Impact of a Geoscience Field Research Program upon Science Teachers' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Instructional Practices

ABSTRACT A mixed methods research approach was used to investigate the impact of a geosciences research institute upon 62 science teachers' knowledge, beliefs, and teaching practices related to teaching the geosciences. Pre- and postinstitute quantitative and qualitative assessments revealed mixed results. Results of a quantitative measure found a statistically significant increase in the teachers' self-reported overall knowledge of the geosciences, knowledge of watersheds, and knowledge of brownfield sites. However, a more specific quantitative instrument that measured watershed knowledge indicated no change except in the teachers' awareness that the water quality in different towns is related. In addition, their science teaching self-efficacy, which was used as a quantitative measure of the teachers' beliefs about teaching science in general, showed a statistically significant decrease. Focus group discussions provided an indication as to why the teachers' self-efficacy decreased, as teachers described ...
Abstract LB-054: Normal stem cell divisions, cancer incidence, and driver gene mutations

Cancer arises through the sequential accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We show that the incidence of many cancers is strongly correlated (0.80; P The slope of the correlation noted above suggests that the number of driver gene mutations required to develop cancer must be smaller than what was previously estimated. We describe a novel approach to derive this estimate that combines conventional epidemiologic studies with genome-wide sequencing data. In two well-documented cancer types (lung and colon adenocarcinomas), we find that no more than three sequential mutations are needed. Finally, we explore the role of chance and aging in acquiring the driver gene mutations required to develop cancer. We provide novel experimental evidence, in both mice and humans, of an unexpected relationship between the dynamics of division rates in normal tissues and age-specific cancer incidence. These data and analyses provide a firm basis for understanding the role of random, replicative mutations during stem cell division in cancer incidence. Citation Format: Cristian Tomasetti, Bert Vogelstein. Normal stem cell divisions, cancer incidence, and driver gene mutations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-054. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-054
Questioning the Use of Outcome Measures to Evaluate Principal Preparation Programs

ABSTRACTPolicymakers are proposing the use of outcome measures as indicators of effective principal preparation programs. The three most common metrics recommended are: (1) graduates’ effectiveness in improving student achievement test scores, (2) graduate job placement rates, and (3) principal job retention once employed. This article explores the use of these three measures as indicators of program effectiveness by reviewing existing empirical research, employing program evaluation methodology to review potential approaches, and applying program evaluation standards to the evaluation effort. We conclude that the effort to evaluate principal preparation programs using these outcome measures is far less accurate than policymakers assume.
Distributed Kalman–Bucy Filter With Embedded Dynamic Averaging Algorithm

This paper focuses on distributed estimation using networked sensor agents with local measurements and local communication. A distributed Kalman–Bucy filter implementation is proposed and analyzed for the general case of continuous-time linear time-varying systems as compared to linear time-invariant systems. The sensor agents employ a distributed average tracking algorithm and its extension that accounts for bounded noise to estimate the averages of certain time-varying signals by communicating with their local neighbors in the network. Such estimates are then used to recover certain information in the implementation of the distributed Kalman–Bucy filter. It is shown that using the proposed distributed filter, in the absence of measurement noise, the distributed local estimates approach the centralized filter's estimate asymptotically. In the presence of bounded measurement noise, the distributed local estimates asymptotically approach the centralized filter's estimate within some bound. Simulation results illustrate the good performance of the distributed filter.
Bone Disorders with Brain and Behavioral Conditions

In the past decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was more common among younger adults due to motor vehicle accidents, violence, and sports-related injuries. Over the last 10–15 years, the percentage of older individuals experiencing TBI has been steadily rising, primarily due to falls. Older Americans experiencing TBI may be at particular risk for fractures given cognitive deficits, ataxia, and impulsivity that may occur in this condition. Even younger individuals experiencing TBI have risk factors for osteoporotic fractures, including physical and functional immobility; medications to control behavior, headaches, seizures, or pain; posttraumatic seizures; and poor overall nutrition. The preceding factors are compounded by the fact that a substantial number of younger adults with TBI have partially treated or untreated and unrecognized depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. This chapter will also consider the relation between osteoporosis and such psychiatric disorders as autism, bipolar and borderline personality disorders, depression, and schizophrenia.
Utilization of a Photosystem by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Foraging-stage third-instar larvae from most wild-type (normal) Drosophila melanogaster stocks are generally repelled by light. To identify factors that affect the larval photoresponse, we elucidated the effects of age, temperature, and time on the photoresponse of larvae from a wild-type Canton-S stock. In addition, we analyzed the larvae from the LI2 isofemale line, which are unresponsive to light in a photoassay. To determine whether LI2 larvae behave abnormally on other behavioral paradigms, in comparison to Canton-S controls, we tested larvae in taste and olfactory assays and observed them to determine whether they dispersed in a food source. Like Canton-S larvae, LI2 larvae and other isofemale lines whose progenitors were collected from the same natural population are responsive to taste and olfactory stimuli. Moreover, LI2 larvae disperse in the food source, as do Canton-S larvae tested in the dark. Larvae expressing parasblmutations, which respond normally to light but not to chemical stimuli, do not disperse normally in the food source, suggesting that dispersal may be mediated by perception of chemical cues.
Inference by college admission departments

Abstract Theoretical, experimental and empirical research by economists and psychologists suggests biases in how people draw inferences. Eyster and Rabin (2005) review extensive experimental evidence that suggests people do not fully take into account how other people’s actions depend on their private information. Using data from two colleges with optional SAT I policies, this paper quantifies the extent to which players underestimate this relationship. This policy provides applicants with a choice of whether to disclose their SATI scores to the college. Our empirical estimates indicate that colleges do underestimate the relationship between an applicant’s action (not submitting) and type (SATI score).
Low Bone Mineral Density in Male Athletes Is Associated With Bone Stress Injuries at Anatomic Sites With Greater Trabecular Composition.

Background:While sports participation is often associated with health benefits, a subset of athletes may develop impaired bone health. Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are a common overuse injury in athletes; site of injury has been shown to relate to underlying bone health in female athletes.Hypothesis/Purpose:This case series characterizes the association of type of sports participation and anatomic site of BSIs with low bone mineral density (BMD), defined as BMD Z-score <–1.0. Similar to female athletes, it was hypothesized that male athletes who participate in running and sustain BSIs in sites of higher trabecular bone content would be more likely to have low BMD.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Chart review identified 28 male athletes aged 14 to 36 years with history of ≥1 lower-extremity BSI who were referred for evaluation of overall bone health, including assessment of lumbar spine, hip, and/or total body less head BMD per dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BMD Z-scores were deter...
Quantitative Evidence of Students’ Use of Social Networks and Social Categorization When Self-Selecting Teams:

This article presents two studies aimed at understanding consequences of giving students complete decision-making authority to select team members for a team assignment. Study 1 concludes that stud...
Correction for Smith and Unckless, "Draft Genome Sequence of Lysinibacillus fusiformis Strain Juneja, a Laboratory-Derived Pathogen of Drosophila melanogaster".

Volume 6, no. 5, e01571-17, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01571-17][1]. Page 2: The following statement should be added to Acknowledgments. “We thank the K-INBRE Bioinformatics Core (P20GM103418) for providing funds for the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer.” [1]: /lookup/
Declining responsiveness to influenza vaccination with progression of human pregnancy

Abstract Background Influenza immunization is universally recommended during pregnancy to protect mothers and their offspring. However, pregnancy-induced shifts in vaccine responsiveness remain poorly defined. Methods Quantitative and qualitative shifts in the serological response to influenza vaccination were evaluated in healthy women throughout the course of pregnancy. Serum was obtained before and after vaccination among 71 pregnant and 67 non-pregnant women during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 influenza seasons. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay was used to investigate anti-influenza antibody responses by comparing pre-vaccine and post-vaccine geometric mean titers (GMTs) between groups for each antigen. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 anti-influenza titers were also evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pregnancy induced shifts in HAI titers and levels of each anti-influenza antibody isotype were evaluated using linear regression models. Results Post-vaccine GMTs at day 28 were significantly reduced for women vaccinated during pregnancy for A/California (H1N1) in 2011 ( p = 0.027), A/Perth (H3N2) in 2011 ( p = 0.037), and B/Wisconsin in 2012 ( p = 0.039). Vaccine responses progressively declined with the initiation of vaccination later in pregnancy. Anti-H1N1 IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 titers were reduced in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant controls, and these titers declined with pregnancy progression. The most striking differences were found for anti-H1N1 IgG1, where titers decreased by approximately 7% each week throughout pregnancy. Conclusions HAI responses elicited by immunization were significantly reduced during pregnancy for three different influenza vaccine antigens. Anti-H1N1 IgG1 was significantly lower in pregnant women and decreased throughout the course of pregnancy. Waning serological responsiveness to influenza vaccination with the progression of human pregnancy has important translational implications for when immunization should be optimally administered during pregnancy.
In Vitro Production of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)-Resistant Maize and Sorghum Plants

Maize (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench), are two important cereal crops. Maize is grown throughout temperate, subtropical, and tropical latitudes, whereas grain sorghum is usually grown in more arid environments that receive limited rainfall.