cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

Table of Contents Acknowledgments (3) Note on Spelling, Transliteration, and Names (5) Chapter 1 -- Introduction (6) Chapter 2 -- Gender Pluralism and Transgender Practices in Early Modern Times (38) Some Gendered Themes in the Political Cultures of Pre- and Early Modern States Transgender Practices and Gender Pluralism Iban Ngaju Dayak Bugis Malays Burmese Thais Conclusion Chapter 3 -- Temporary Marriage, Connubial Commerce, and Colonial Body Politics (146) Temporary Marriage From Temporary Wives to Concubines and Prostitutes Colonial Body Politics and the Constriction of Pluralism Concubinage, Prostitution, and "Sworn Sisterhood" Desires That Dare Not Speak Their Names Conclusion Chapter 4 --Transgender Practices, Same-Sex Relations, and Gender Pluralism Since the 1960s (216) Some Insular Southeast Asian Cases Iban Ngaju Dayak Bugis The Case of Burma Deeper into the Labyrinth(s) Women and Femininity at the Turn of the 21st Century Conclusion Chapter 5 -- Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics at the Turn of the 21st Century (311) Transgendered Ritualists and Pondan "Asian Values" and New Types of Criminality Narratives of "Asian Values" and the Rise of Social Intolerance New Types of Criminality: Azizah, Anwar, and Beyond The Pink Triangle, the Urban/Sexual Underground, and the Struggle for Sexual Equality Background and Context The Pink Triangle and the Urban/Sexual Communities It Serves Official Discourses on Communities in the Urban/Sexual Underground The Struggle for Sexual Equality Engaging "Tolerance", Open Secrets, and Governmentality Conclusion Epilogue: Asylum, Diaspora, Pluralism (450) Bibliography (483) Index (534)
The Molecular Workings of the Neurospora Biological Clock

In Neurosporacrassa the FRQ/WC feedback loop has been shown to be central to the function of the circadian clock. Similar to other eukaryotic systems it is based on a transcription-translation PAS heterodimer type feedback. FRQ levels cycle with a period identical to that of the Neurospora circadian cycle and its expression is rapidly induced by light. A complex of White Collar 1 (WC-1) and White Collar 2 (WC-2) (the WCC) is required for the transcriptional activation of frq. The oscillation in frq message is transcriptionally regulated via a single necessary and sufficient cis-acting element in the frq promoter, the Clock-Box (CB) bound by WCC. Light-induction of frq transcription is mediated by WCC binding to two cis-acting elements (LREs) in the frq promoter. WC-1, with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor, is the blue-light photoreceptor. The original description of a frq-null strain, frq9, (Loros et al 1986) included a description of oscillations in asexual conidial banding that occasionally appeared following 3 to 7 days of arrhythmic development now referred to as FLO for FRQ-less oscillator. Unlike the intact clock, FLO period is sensitive to media composition. We have identified a circadianly regulated gene whose mutation interferes with FLO even under temperature entrainment conditions. This same mutation affects the circadian clock in a frq+ background causing a shorter period length as well as temperature response defects. This gene may be an entry point to study the connection between the biological clock and other basic cellular mechanisms.
On Benzoate Therapy for Ammonia Toxicity

The conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine to form hippuric acid can be useful in ammonia detoxification only if glycine is replenished from endogenous pools of waste nitrogen at a rate sufficient to combat hyperammonemia.1,2 We have examined this requirement with suspensions of isolated hepatocytes from the rat.3 Consistent with previous studies with intact animals, the conversion of benzoate to hippurate was stimulated by glycine (4x) or glyoxylate (2.6x), the α-keto analogue of glycine. Thus, glycine is clearly limiting in hippurate synthesis.
Harnessing the Power of Diatomics

When a diatomic molecule is broken up into its constituent atoms, these very energetic atoms provide a large driving force for further reaction. Diatomic molecules often do not undergo productive chemistry, however, because the energy needed to break the diatomic bond is also high. In his Perspective, [Thorp][1] discusses the work by [ MacBeth et al .][2], who have synthesized a nonheme iron complex that reacts with Oto produce two equivalents of a metal-oxo complex. The complex elegantly mimic the ability of some enzymes to influence metal ion coordination spheres. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5481/882 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/289/5481/938
Continuum distribution of dislocations on faults with finite friction

An analysis is made of continuous distributions of infinitesimal dislocations on faults with finite friction. The analysis was undertaken in an attempt to explain the fact that dislocations produced by earthquakes commonly lie at depths that are shallower than the average depth of earthquake foci in continents. (The depths of dislocations are determined from displacements around faults.) It is found that this discrepancy can be explained if, at some depth, there exists a region where the frictional stress on faults is anomalously low.
Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 process emissions

The ALD process emissions and the associated chemical reaction mechanism in the ALD of the Al2O3 system are studied and reported. In gaseous emissions, 3.22 vol% of CH4 and 6.01 × 10−2 vol% of C2H6 are found. Net peak emissions of aerosols are found between 1 × 103 and 1 × 104 # cm−3 and net total emissions of 25 cycles are in the range of 6.0 × 105 and 2.5 × 106 particles. Most aerosols are determined as ultrafine particles with diameter smaller than 100 nm. Purging time has significant impacts on emission concentrations but no effect on size distribution. Both main and side chemical reactions are observed in the ALD system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that besides O–Al which represents the existence of Al2O3, a significant amount of C-containing by-products are also generated. Chemical bonds observed in C-containing products are C–H, C–O and CO. The main reactions can be considered stable to a certain extent, while side reactions accelerate along internal tubes and finally exceed the speed of the main reactions near the outlet of the ALD system. These results could help us to understand the potential environmental impacts of ALD nanotechnology and guide the technology's sustainable scale-up in the future.
Evaluation and characterization of multiresistant Enterococcus faecium from 12 U.S. medical centers.

Forty-two Enterococcus faecium isolates resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin (VanA phenotype) from 12 U.S. medical centers were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 alternative drugs. The results indicated both intrahospital and interhospital diversity among multiresistant vanA enterococcal isolates. Furthermore, the finding of isolates with identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in different centers strongly suggests some interhospital clonal transmission.
Intrinsic Properties and Reflex Compensation in Reinnervated Triceps Surae Muscles of the Cat: Effect of Movement History

Effects of prior motion on ramp stretch responses of reflexive and areflexive muscles were measured in decerebrate cats. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were rendered areflexive by reinnervation a minimum of 9 mo before the terminal experiments. The introduction of a shortening phase prior to the ramp stretch increased the normalized initial stiffness of muscles and decreased the tendency to yield of the reinnervated muscles as compared with the case in which muscles contracted isometrically prior to stretch. Yielding was compensated by reflex action for all amplitudes of prior shortening in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. The comparison of responses of untreated and reinnervated muscles indicated that the contribution of reflex action progressively declined with the amplitude of prior shortening as the extent of yielding diminished. In soleus muscle, during a variable delay period of isometric contraction interposed between shortening and lengthening force generation, initial stiffness and yielding returned to levels seen with isometric contractile history. However, these attributes recovered at different rates, suggesting that distinct processes are responsible for initial stiffness and yielding. Yielding was compensated for by reflex action regardless of the length of the interposed delay or of the amplitude of the prior shortening. These and previous findings indicate that the stretch reflex regulates muscular stiffness for a wide range of conditions. This regulation apparently arises from complementary mechanical properties of intrafusal and extrafusal muscle.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated Lys104Glu mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain causes diastolic disturbance in mice.

article i nfo We have examined, for the first time, the effects of the familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)-associated Lys104Glu mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). Transgenic mice expressing the Lys104Glu substitution (Tg-MUT) were generated and the results were compared to Tg-WT (wild-type human ventricular RLC) mice. Echocardiography with pulse wave Doppler in 6 month-old Tg-MUT showed early signs of diastolic disturbance with significantly reduced E/A transmitral velocities ratio. Invasive hemodynamics in 6 month-old Tg-MUT mice also demonstrated a borderline significant prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (Tau) and a tendency for slower rate of pressure decline, suggesting alterations in diastolic function in Tg-MUT. Six month- old mutant animals had no LV hypertrophy; however, at N13 months they displayed significant hypertrophy and fibrosis. In skinned papillary muscles from 5 to 6 month-old mice a mutation induced reduction in maximal tension and slower muscle relaxation rates were observed. Mutated cross-bridges showed increased rates of binding to the thin filaments and a faster rate of the power stroke. In addition, ~2-fold lower level of RLC phos- phorylation was observed in the mutant compared to Tg-WT. In line with the higher mitochondrial content seen in Tg-MUT hearts, the MUT-myosin ATPase activity was significantly higher than WT-myosin, indicating in- creased energy consumption. In the in vitro motility assay, MUT-myosin produced higher actin sliding velocity under zero load, but the velocity drastically decreased with applied load in the MUT vs. WT myosin. Our results suggest that diastolic disturbance (impaired muscle relaxation, lower E/A) and inefficiency of energy use (reduced contractile force and faster ATP consumption) may underlie the Lys104Glu-mediated HCM phenotype.
Impulse response of the switching charge-density-wave conductor NbSe3.

When a switching charge-density-wave (CDW) conductor is driven with a rectangular voltage pulse, the CDW begins to slide only after a delay \ensuremath{\tau}. We present detailed measurements of the impulse response of the charge-density-wave conductor ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ as a function of the pulse height, temperature, and initial configuration. We find that the average conduction delay \ensuremath{\tau}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} has an activated temperature dependence for pulse heights sufficiently far above threshold: \ensuremath{\tau}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\propto}exp(${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}$/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$T), where ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}}$=24.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2 meV, comparable to the CDW gap. We have also performed numerical experiments based on a model which includes the interaction of the CDW with uncondensed electrons. Within this model, we can account for the polarization dependence of the threshold for sliding and the dependence of the conduction delay on the pulse height. If we assume that the ungapped carriers in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ do not screen the motion of the CDW, then the Arrhenius temperature dependence of the delayed conduction can also be explained. The excellent qualitative agreement between theory and experiment provides a compelling argument that switching behavior arises from the interaction of the CDW with uncondensed carriers.
The Influence of Anxiety and Quality of Interaction on Collaborative Test Performance.

This research investigated the relationships among test performance, anxiety, and the quality of interaction during collaborative testing of college students. It also explored which students are most likely to benefit from collaborative testing. It was randomly determined whether a student would take each of six examinations alone or with a partner. Collaborative testing resulted in higher scores than individual testing for a significant number of students, conferring an advantage of 3.83%. Test performance was positively correlated with quality of interaction. Students with higher levels of test anxiety were most likely to benefit from collaborative testing and to experience the greatest test anxiety reduction.
The Impact of Obesity and Arthritis on Active Life Expectancy in Older Americans

This article examines the relationship of obesity and arthritis to length of life and length of disabled life in older American men and women. Secondary data analysis is conducted on three waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey (n = 7,381). Using integrated Markov chains, total, active, and disabled life expectancy in Americans aged ≥70 is estimated, with and without obesity and arthritis. Results indicate that neither obesity nor arthritis is related to the length of life for older men and women, alone or in combination. However, both conditions are significantly individually associated with increased length of disabled life in older men (1.4 years attributable to obesity; 1.2 years to arthritis at age 70; P < 0.05) and women (1.7 years attributable to obesity; 2.1 years to arthritis at age 70; P < 0.05). In addition, the combination of the two is significantly related to decreased active life, with nearly 50 and 60% of remaining life for 70-year-old men and women lived with disability, respectively (P < 0.05). Coupled with the fact that both obesity and arthritis are growing in prevalence, these findings represent one of the few clearly negative health trends in older adults today. These results should provide incentives for health-care professionals to make concerted efforts to address both conditions in clinical settings.
A Primer on the Evolution of Therapeutic Engagement in MFT: Understanding and Resolving the Dialectic Tension of Alliance and Neutrality. Part 2—Recommendations: Dynamic Neutrality Through Multipartiality and Enactments

Therapists’ model and practice of therapeutic engagement is fundamentally linked to process and outcome in therapy. The working space and the working relationship of therapy are profoundly and equally important. Neutrality promotes the working space of therapy, and alliance the working relationship. In theory and practice, however, the therapeutic alliance and clinical neutrality coexist in an often unrecognized dialectic tension. Reconciling alliance operations and neutrality operations is essential to positive process and outcome and exponentially more complex in relational therapies—characterized by clients’ diverse and colliding perspectives and experiences that the relational therapist must navigate and mediate. A model is needed to help therapists meet the unique challenges of multilateral therapeutic engagement in relational therapies. Various evolutionary iterations of relational therapy have experimented with different neutrality-alliance hybrids in the attempt to provide a working resolution tha...
Update on Cerebral Plasticity

Cerebral plasticity is perhaps the most fundamental principle of neuropsychology that is invoked, measured, analyzed, and targeted for treatment and experimental intervention each day by clinicians and scientists. Whether the focus is central nervous system development, recovery from brain damage, or age-associated changes and diseases, understanding cerebral plasticity is vital to scientific and clinical advances in human brain function and treatment of neurologic disorders in millions of people. Some of these advances have been succinctly summarized in two recent volumes. The first (McGaugh et al.) is a handsomely bound summary of basic research investigating brain mechanisms underlying learning and memory. The text resulted from a symposium featuring largely American and Mexican investigators who addressed cellular aspects of memory and how brain systems may mediate different types of memory. As John Garcia emphasizes in the opening chapter, such investigation is driven by the need to interrelate behavior and brain processes, bridging the barranca or chasm between behavioral and brain research. The fundamental role of learning and memory to behavior of all varieties, and the widespread involvement of cortical, limbic, basal ganglia, diencephalic, brain stem, and cerebellar structures in memory provides the massive playing field on which the ensuing behavioral, electrophysiologic, neurochemical, and molecular studies are described.
Patterns of premature newborns' sleep-wake states before and after nursing interventions on the night shift.

Objective To examine patterns of behavioral states of premature newborns before and after nursing interventions. Design Secondary analysis of videotaped data, using a repeated measures design. Setting 18-bed neonatal intensive-and intermediate-care unit in a 400-bed suburban teaching hospital. Participants Forty medically stable premature newborns with an average postconceptional age of 32.79 weeks at the time of testing. Main outcome measure Behavioral states measured by observations of videotape recordings. Results Five-hour observations of behavioral states revealed that newborns showed more quiet sleep, F (2, 38) = 5.65, p = .023, and fewer waking episodes, F (2, 38) = 14.4, p = .001, in the 30 minutes after nursing interventions than in the 30 minutes before. This repeated measures ANOVA analysis accounted for effects of caffeine or theophylline. Neither the frequency nor the duration of nursing interventions predicted duration or frequency of behavioral states before or after interventions. Some newborns experience waking outside the context of nursing interventions. Conclusions For medically stable newborns, nursing interventions are generally followed by sleep, possibly indicating satiety after feeding or significant energy expenditure. The findings also may suggest that some newborns show anticipation of feeding by waking, although 50% of the newborns did not experience any waking prior to interventions. Further research is needed to examine associations between specific types of nursing interventions and newborn behavioral responses, as well as the relationship of behavioral state patterns and newborn development.
Study of a somatic evoked response of midbrain reticular substance.

Using 36 lightly anesthetized cats we studied the characteristics of a quite brief duration evoked midbrain potential. This was recorded from a discrete region of the reticular substance caudal and ventral to centre median, lateral to the oculomotor nucleus and dorsal to the rostral nucleus ruber. It was found to have a latency approximating that of the centre median potential previously identified and studied by Magoun and McKinley (1942), though the latter has a significantly longer duration. The midbrain potential we describe has a threshold corresponding to that of the gamma axons of the superficial radial nerve and is activated through the contralateral ventrolateral sector of the cord principally. The fastest peripheral axons that activate it have a conduction rate of about 45 m/sec. as compared with 85 for the posteroventral thalamic potential. Like the centre median potential (French, Verzeano and Magoun 1953b) it is sensitive to anesthesia. It tends to potentiation by noxious stimuli applied by natural means. Other data upon centre median and posteroventral thalamic potentials obtained in the same animals is presented for comparison.
Modeling broadscale deformation in northern California and Nevada from plate motions and elastic strain accumulation

We present a first-order method for modeling broadscale deformation consistent with both plate tectonic motions and elastic strain accumulation on plate boundary faults. Interseismic deformation is assumed to be a superposition of long-term rigid-body motions between faults, defined by angular velocities of spherical plates, and backslip on shallow locked portions of faults in an elastic half-space. This method is applied to 1993–2000 continuous GPS data from 35 sites in a profile from the San Francisco Bay area, northern California, to eastern Nevada. Deformation is consistent, within the 1 mm yr−1 uncertainties of the estimated site velocities, with a simple 10-parameter model using 6 rigid plates and 3 locked San Andreas system faults.
A physical and functional analysis of Tn917, a Streptococcus transposon in the Tn3 family that functions in Bacillus.

Abstract The erythromycin-resistance (Emr)-conferring transposon Tn917, first isolated in the genus Streptococcus, has in previous work been shown to function efficiently in the spore-forming species Bacillus subtilis, where it has been developed as a tool for identifying and studying sporulation genes. In the present work, a physical analysis of Tn917 was undertaken, including detailed restriction mapping, chemical DNA sequencing, heteroduplex studies, and Southern hybridization analysis, as a first step in understanding the genetic organization of this useful insertion element. The location and transcriptional orientation of the transposon-borne erm gene (the gene responsible for the Emr phenotype) have been determined, and a partial sequence of DNA 5′ to the coding sequence of this gene indicates that its inducibility is probably the result of “translational attenuation”, a mechanism known to be responsible for the regulation of at least two other gram-positive erm genes. Restriction mapping and heteroduplex analysis have revealed extensive homology between Tn917 and the Staphylococcus transposon Tn551, throughout virtually their entire lengths, and DNA sequencing studies have revealed a remarkably high degree of sequence correspondence within the terminal inverted repeats of Tn917, Tn551 and the gram-negative transposon Tn3. Tn917 was also shown to generate a 5-bp duplication upon insertion, as do Tn3 and Tn551 (and all of the other Tn3-related elements studied thus far), strengthening the conclusion that these three transposons are members of a highly dispersed family of related insertion elements which populate both gram-positive and gram-negative genera.
Hydrodynamics of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract The linearized hydrodynamic equations and the elastic part of the free energy density for a biaxial nematic liquid crystal are derived. The equations are then used to predict the attenuation of low frequency sound waves.
Patterns of snow, deposition, and soil nutrients at multiple spatial scales at a Rocky Mountain tree line ecotone

[1] The forest-alpine tundra ecotone in the Front Range of Colorado typically occurs as a gradual transition from the treeless tundra to the closed canopy coniferous subalpine forest. We evaluated the patterns of snow, deposition inputs, and soil properties at three spatial scales: across the entire ecotone, with distance from tree limit in the transitional krummholz zone, and around individual trees. Snow depth was deepest in the krummholz zone and lowest in the alpine tundra and upwind of trees near tree limit, but was not predictive of most soil properties except for surface litter decomposition. Inorganic deposition ranged from 0.7 to 7.7 g m−2 yr−1 across the ecotone and tended to be higher downwind than upwind of trees. The exchangeable acid cation concentrations were significantly higher in the forest and increased gradually toward the tundra. The exchangeable base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) were only predictable at the scale of individual trees with greater concentrations downwind of trees. Resin bag available N was rarely predictable at any spatial scale, but was correlated among seasons. While the ecotone is in many ways a gradual transition from alpine tundra to subalpine forest, patterns observed across this vegetation gradient were often replicated on the scale of individual trees: downwind of trees was more similar to the forest, and upwind of trees was more similar to the tundra. No single spatial scale or gradient can provide uniform generalities about the amounts or fluxes of materials that determine the soil properties of this ecotone.
Interplay between short- and long-range entanglement in symmetry-protected phases

We study a variety of questions related to entanglement in symmetry-protected phases. These phases are analogous to topological insulators in that they are short-range entangled states with symmetry-protected edge or surface states. We show that the now standard bulk-edge correspondence relating the entanglement spectrum to the gapless edge spectrum holds for these phases as well. We further consider the question of coupling these models to gauge fields which we show gives an alternative way to construct different kinds of long-range entangled states without symmetry. We also argue that this procedure yields models with perturbatively stable edge or surface states at a variety of interface types. The non-onsite nature of the edge symmetry plays an important role in our considerations.
Photoelectric Comparator for Wavelength and Intensity Measurements of Spectra

A photoelectric comparator is described that can be used for making wavelength measurements, intensity measurements, and observations of the shapes of spectral lines. The instrument is similar to one described by Tomkins and Fred with improvements in the optics.
Developmental correlates of head circumference at birth and two years in a cohort of extremely low gestational age newborns.

Objectives To evaluate the developmental correlates of microcephaly evident at birth and at 2 years in a cohort born at extremely low gestational age. Methods We assessed development and motor function at 2 years of 958 children born before the 28th week of gestation, comparing those who had microcephaly at birth or 2 years with children with normal head circumference while considering the contribution of neonatal cranial ultrasound lesions. Results A total of 11% of infants in our sample had microcephaly at 2 years. Microcephaly at 2 years, but not at birth, predicts severe motor and cognitive impairments at 2 years. A total of 71% of children with congenital microcephaly had a normal head circumference at 2 years and had neurodevelopmental outcomes comparable with those with normal head circumference at birth and 2 years. Among children with microcephaly at 2 years, more than half had a Mental Developmental Index Conclusion Among extremely low gestational age newborns, microcephaly at 2 years, but not at birth, is associated with motor and cognitive impairment at age 2.
The use of multi-target drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative disorders lead to increased mortality and morbidity in older patients, and are a great burden on society, where there is currently no approved treatment to prevent the progression...
“Viscosity-plus” Effect in Whole Blood at High Shear Rates

A SUSPENSION of red blood cells (RBC) in normal saline is characterized by a viscosity dependent on the haematocrit. When RBC at the same haematocrit are suspended in plasma or certain other media, the viscosity of the suspension is higher than that in saline, and the difference is much greater than can be accounted for by that between the viscosities of saline and new suspending medium. This phenomenon has been called the “viscosity-plus” effect1,2. Although the basis of this effect is not definitely understood, it may be based in part on aggregation of RBC by components of the plasma. Blood viscosity is known to increase when aggregation increases1–3, and aggregation, like the “viscosity-plus” effect, is enhanced as blood flow (rate of shear) decreases1–3. Aggregated RBC in normal blood, however, are thought to disperse completely as shear rates increase to approximately 100 reciprocal seconds3. At greater shear rates, whole blood viscosity is thought by some to depend solely on the viscosity of the plasma4. This communication shows that blood viscosity may be disproportionately large, when related to plasma viscosity, even at shear rates as great as 30,000 reciprocal seconds. Interpretations of the “viscosity-plus” effect must take cognizance of its operation at such high shear rates.
Measurement and control of pecking response location in the pigeon.

Abstract Experimental arrangements for the detection and control of pecking response location in the pigeon are described. Two different, commercially available detection devices are compared, one utilizing an array of infrared light emitters and detectors (infrared device), the other requiring contact with sheets of conductive film (mylar device) but both specifying a location as a set of X-Y coordinates. The utility of these devices for monitoring peck location was assessed in experiments involving pecking responses emitted under continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, and response differentiation schedules. Both devices allow measurement of responses over areas much greater than those of the standard pecking response key, provide information about the location of all responses, whether on or off a designated stimulus area, and permit the programming of reinforcement contingencies based upon peck location. While the two devices differ with respect to their resolution, they yield similar distributions of peck locations for the same animal tested under similar reinforcement schedules. Both devices have some limitations related to their design as detectors of human touch, and suggestions for minimizing these limitations are presented.
Analysis and optimization of process-induced electromigration on signal interconnects in 16nm FinFET SoC (system-on-chip)

An AC current induced electromigration (EM) on clock and logic signals becomes a significant problem even in the presence of reverse-recovery effect. Compared to power network, clock and logic signal interconnects are much narrower (mostly drawn up to the minimum width and space) and suffer from fast switching and large driving current from FinFETs. Thus, the high current density on those signal interconnects can cause a serious failure. In this paper, we analyse EM on signal interconnects in 16nm FinFET design, and characterize the impact of process variations, e.g., lithography and etch process, CMP (chemical-mechanical polishing) process, redundant via, etc. Then we optimize the signal lines with various design approaches to mitigate EM problem in 16nm design.
Homogenization and effective elastoplasticity models for periodic composites

Techniques for stress- and strain-controlled in situ homogenization of inelastic periodic composites are presented. The results of homogenization computations on a specific elastoplastic composite solid are then employed to validate the form of an orthotropic elastoplasticity model with a tensorial kinematic hardening law.
Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies Application for Developing Options to Relocate CSX Railroad From Mississippi Gulf Coast Townships

An environmental assessment will be conducted to study the impacts of relocating segments of the CSX railroad out of significant population growth areas along the environmentally sensitive Mississippi Gulf Coast. The environmental assessment project, which is to be jointly managed by the Mississippi DOT and FHWA, will make broad use of remote sensing and geospatial technologies. The project has been awarded and will be supported by the technical and research resources of the National Consortium on Remote Sensing in Transportation (www.ncrst.org). The National Consortia on Remote Sensing in Transportation (NCRST) comprises four university research consortia sponsored by the US DOT. The consortia conducts research to improve our understanding about how remote sensing and geospatial technologies can provide planners, managers, engineers, and analysts with information resources that can be used to improve multimodal transportation planning, design, operation, and maintenance efforts. Consortia activities also are focused on conducting technical outreach with transportation agencies and organizations to demonstrate how remote sensing and geospatial technologies can be effectively implemented and to improve understanding of where additional research, outreach, and training activities are most needed. The environmental assessment component of the consortia works with new sources of high resolution data to provide improved information for evaluating options, assessing environmental conditions, screening sensitive areas, optimizing potential alignments, and conducting preliminary planning and design. Research activities have shown that if appropriate remote sensing data are collected early in the project life cycle the benefits of the data include: • Enhancing transportation planning; • Improving early design processes; • Improving the ability to develop and provide informational materials for public access; and • Better communication and demonstration of benefits of planned transportation service improvements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Problem of Identification of the Money Demand Function

Cooley and LeRoy (1981) have argued that if random shifts in money demand are at least partially accommodated by the Federal Reserve, then there is no obvious way to identify the money demand function for the purposes of estimation. We argue that this is not correct, and that identification is in fact straightforward, provided that the monetary authority reacts to at least one variable not in the money demand function. If the monetary authority looks at "everything" in making its policy, this condition is likely to be fulfilled.
Crystallization of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Resveratrol during Preparation and Storage—Impact of Different Polymers

The objective of this study was to investigate intermolecular interactions between resveratrol and polymers in amorphous blends and to study the potential correlations between compound-polymer interactions, manufacturability, and stability of the amorphous system to crystallization during storage. Polymers included two grades of poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), Eudragit E100 (E100), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate, and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA). Amorphous blends ("solid dispersions") were prepared by dissolving both resveratrol and polymer in a solvent followed by rotary evaporation. Crystallinity was evaluated using X-ray powder diffraction and was studied as a function of time. Mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate resveratrol-polymer interactions. Polymer influence on the crystallization behavior of resveratrol varied and could be correlated to the polymer structure, whereby polymers with good hydrogen bond acceptor groups performed better as crystallization inhibitors. Resveratrol-polymer hydrogen bonding interactions could be inferred from the IR spectra. Somewhat surprisingly, E100 and resveratrol showed evidence of an acid-base reaction, in addition to intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. PVP K29/32 appeared to form stronger hydrogen bond interactions with resveratrol relative to HPMC, HPMCAS, and PAA, consistent with acceptor group chemistry. Long-term stability of the systems against crystallization suggested that stability is linked to the type and strength of intermolecular interactions present. whereby resveratrol blended with E100 and PVP K29/32 showed the greatest stability to crystallization. In conclusion, amorphous resveratrol is unstable and difficult to form, requiring the assistance of a polymeric crystallization inhibitor to facilitate the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion. Polymers effective at inhibiting crystallization were identified, and it is rationalized that their effectiveness is based on the type and strength of their intermolecular interactions with resveratrol.
Adsorption and removal of pentachlorophenol by white rot fungi in batch culture

The adsorption and removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by 12 species of white rot fungi is a function of species and culture conditions. In general, PCP adsorption to mycelia was very low, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 g PCP g mycelium−1 (dry wt basis) at 40 mg PCP l−1, with no apparent corellation between species. after long pre-incubation periods (8–20 d), all species of fungi reduced PCP by > 50% within 12 days of PCP addition. Several species of fungi, including Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, and all four Ganoderma sp. removed > 50% of the PCP within 24 h, although the largest overall reduction of PCP (96%) was achieved by Inonotus rickii. PCP removal in 250 ml flasks by shallow (10 ml) cultures was greater than removal by deep (50 ml) cultures indicating that the ratio of surface area to volume of liquid media is an important factor in the extent of PCP removal by white rot fungi.
Paging Dr. Google: parents' report of internet use for type 1 diabetes management.

Caregivers are important for effective treatment management of a child’s type 1 diabetes, as effective treatment often requires intensive care. Some parents balance this high burden of care by turning to the Internet for additional information (online health information seeking [OHIS]) and often use information found online to care for their child (1,2). This is potentially concerning as the quality and accuracy of online health information are variable (3,4); however, reliable estimates of OHIS have not been established. The current study will examine the prevalence and frequency of OHIS in type 1 diabetes caregivers. The researchers designed a brief survey for caregivers to complete while waiting for their child’s appointment at a large Southeastern pediatric diabetes specialty clinic. The survey assessed parents’ demographics and their use of online sources for diabetes information. A total of 49% …
The winged helix gene, Foxb1, controls development of mammary glands and regions of the CNS that regulate the milk-ejection reflex.

The ability to lactate is a process restricted to mammals and is necessary for the survival of nonhuman mammals. Female mice carrying a null mutation in the winged helix transcription factor Foxb1 (previously Mf3/Fkh5/TWH) have lactation defects on inbred genetic backgrounds. To determine the cellular basis of the Foxb1 lactation defect we have inserted a tau-lacZ lineage marker into the locus to follow the fate of Foxb1 expressing cells. This approach has revealed that Foxb1 is expressed in epithelial cells of developing and adult mammary glands as well as previously described regions of the central nervous system. Mammary glands from C57BL/6 Foxb1-/- mice have incomplete lobuloalveolar development. In addition, the tau-lacZ lineage label was used to determine that the mammillothalamic tract was lost in all Foxb1-/- mice. Finally, morphological defects in the inferior colliculi of the midbrain in Foxb1-/- mice correlate with the inability to lactate, suggesting that the midbrain defect, but not the loss of the mammillothalamic tract, may be responsible for the lactation defect.
From Trapped Atoms to Liberated Quarks

We discuss some aspects of cold atomic gases in the unitarity limit that are of interest in connection with the physics of dense hadronic matter. We consider, in particular, the equation of state at zero temperature, the magnitude of the pairing gap, and the phase diagram at non-zero polarization.
Predictability of Seasonal Precipitation Using Joint Probabilities

Abstract This paper tests whether seasonal mean precipitation is predictable using a new method that estimates and analyzes joint probabilities. The new estimation method is to partition the globe into boxes, pool all data within the box to estimate a single joint probability of precipitation for two consecutive seasons, and then apply the resulting joint probability to individual pixels in the box. Pooling data in this way allows joint probabilities to be estimated in relatively small sample sizes; however, the new method assumes that the transition probabilities of pixels in a box are homogeneous and stationary. Joint probabilities are estimated from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project dataset in 21 land boxes and 5 ocean boxes during the period 1979–2008. The state of precipitation is specified by dry, wet, or normal terciles of the local climatological distribution. Predictability is quantified by mutual information, which is a fundamental measure of predictability that allows for nonlinear d...
Review article : Acid-base status, hypothermia and cardiac surgery

The optimal method of pH management during hypothermia is controversial. A review of current experimental and laboratory investigations comparing different pH schemes is presented. The biochemical and metabolic consequences of keeping pH constant (pH-stat) as compared to allowing the pH to increase with hypothermia (alpha-stat) are discussed. It is concluded that, on the basis of experimental and clinical studies, the alpha-stat pH management scheme may be preferable to that of keeping pH constant throughout a wide temperature range in humans.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Physical Properties of [tetrakis((methylthio)methyl)borate]2M (M = Fe, Co, Ni)

The synthesis and characterization of a series of [RTt]2M (RTt- = tetrakis((methylthio)methyl)borate; M = Fe, Co, Ni) complexes are reported. Isostructural derivatives of the newly synthesized phenyltris((methylthio)methyl)borate (PhTt-) also have been prepared and characterized. In each case, the ligand provides tridentate, face-capping coordination to the divalent metal ion. The Fe(II) complexes exhibit spin-crossover behavior both in solution and in the solid state. For [PhTt]2Fe, the temperature dependence of μeff has been mapped between 5 K (1.3 μB) and 400 K (3.2 μB). The low-spin Co(II) derivatives exhibit characteristic axial EPR spectra; for [PhTt]2Co, g⊥ = 2.185, g∥ = 2.035, A⊥ = 55 G, and A∥ = 42 G. Using Oh Fe(II) and Co(II) derivatives as benchmarks, the ligand field strength imparted by these anions is significant and falls just below that of the neutral macrocycle 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane (ttcn). All complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. X-ray data: [PhTt]2Fe·0.6Et2O, mon...
A new constraint on the escape fraction in distant galaxies using γ-ray burst afterglow spectroscopy

We describe a new method to measure the escape fraction fesc of ionizing radiation from distant star-forming galaxies using the afterglow spectra of long-duration -ray bursts (GRBs). Optical spectra of GRB afterglows allow us to evaluate the optical depth of the host ISM, according to the neutral hydrogen column density N(HI) observed along the sightlines toward the star-forming regions where the GRBs are found. Different from previous effort in searching for faint, transmitted Lyman continuum photons, our method is not subject to background subtraction uncertainties and does not require prior knowledge of either the spectral shape of the host galaxy population or the IGM Ly� forest absorption along these GRB sightlines. Because most GRBs occur in sub-L∗ galaxies, our study also offers the first constraint on fesc for distant low-mass galaxies that dominate the cosmic luminosity density. We have compiled a sample of 28 GRBs at redshift z & 2 for which the underlying N(HI) in the host ISM are known. These GRBs together offer a statistical sampling of the integrated optical depth to ionizing photons along random sightlines from star-forming regions in the host galaxies, and allow us to estimate the mean escape fraction h fesci averaged over different viewing angles. We find h fesci = 0.02±0.02 and place a 95% c.l. upper limit h fesci ≤ 0.075 for these hosts. We discuss possible biases of our approach and implications of the result. Finally, we propose to extend this technique for measuring h fesci at z ∼ 0.2 using spectra of core-collapse supernovae. Subject headings: cosmology:observations—gamma-rays:bursts—galaxies:high-redshift—galaxies:ISM
Results of extraocular muscle surgery for superior oblique myokymia.

Purpose To report results of extraocular muscle surgery for superior oblique myokymia when medical treatment fails. Methods A retrospective review of 14 consecutive patients undergoing superior oblique tenectomy and inferior oblique myectomy between 1976 and 2008. Results The mean age of onset of symptoms was 35.4 ± 12.6 years (range, 16-59.5), with a mean duration of oscillopsia of 5 ± 4 years (range, 1.5-17) prior to surgery. Medical treatment was unsuccessful in all 14. Preoperatively, 2 had a small hypertropia that was consistent with an ipsilateral fourth (trochlear) nerve palsy; 12 had no manifest tropia. Postoperatively, all had complete elimination of oscillopsia, and 12 of 14 were free of diplopia in the primary position at 6 meters and 1/3 meter. The only 2 with diplopia in the primary position after surgery were the 2 with a manifest hypertropia preoperatively. Of the remaining 12 patients, 5 had a hypertropia of the affected eye limited to downgaze after surgery (mean of 6.2Δ ± 1.6Δ). Of the 5, 3 needed contralateral inferior rectus surgery, and 1 required prism for downgaze. The mean follow-up was 4.1 ± 2.4 years (range, 0.5-10). At the final visit, none had oscillopsia or uncontrolled diplopia, but 3 (21%) needed prisms. Conclusions Superior oblique tenectomy and inferior oblique myectomy effectively eliminate oscillopsia associated with superior oblique myokymia but result in diplopia in downgaze in approximately 36% of patients, which may cause symptoms in patients who require a bifocal for near work.
The transequatorial reception of omega (13.6 KHz) transmissions

Abstract VLF (13.6 kHz) radio waves propagating westward from the Hawaiin Omega transmitter to receivers in Australia exhibit anomalous propagation effects associated with their passage across the magnetic equator. No such effects were seen for transequatorial propagation to the east.