cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity Engagement in Cognitive Aging: A Review of the Evidence

The population of older adults is rapidly increasing, as is the number and type of products and interventions proposed to prevent or reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline. Advocacy and prevention are part of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s (ASHA’s) scope of practice documents, and speech-language pathologists must have basic awareness of the evidence contributing to healthy cognitive aging. In this article, we provide a brief overview outlining the evidence on activity engagement and its effects on cognition in older adults. We explore the current evidence around the activities of eating and drinking with a discussion on the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, alcohol, and coffee. We investigate the evidence on the hypothesized neuroprotective effects of social activity, the evidence on computerized cognitive training, and the emerging behavioral and neuroimaging evidence on physical activity. We conclude that actively aging using a combination of several ...
A Frequency Shift Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensor

Field implantable and laboratory sensors for the measurement of moisture in soil based on the increase of soil dielectric permittivity with volume fraction of water were developed. A typical sensor consists of a case containing a high-frequency (31-MHz) oscillator whose frequency determining resonance LC network is coupled to the built-in electrode via a capacitor T network. Increases in moisture cause a shift in the resonance frequency, which is detected by an external differential frequency counter or readout. The T network and electrode electronic switches reduce the undesirable influence of soil conductivity on the frequency shift. Although the sensor contains active elements, it acts as a passive transducer since power is supplied to the sensor from the readout unit through the two-conductor cable which transmits the RF.
Guidance of Spatial Attention by Incidental Learning and Endogenous Cuing

Our visual system is highly sensitive to regularities in the environment. Locations that were important in one’s previous experience are often prioritized during search, even though observers may not be aware of the learning. In this study we characterized the guidance of spatial attention by incidental learning of a target’s spatial probability, and examined the interaction between endogenous cuing and probability cuing. Participants searched for a target (T) among distractors (L’s). The target was more often located in one region of the screen than in others. We found that search RT was faster when the target appeared in the high-frequency region rather than the low-frequency regions. This difference increased when there were more items on the display, suggesting that probability cuing guides spatial attention. Additional data indicated that on their own, probability cuing and endogenous cuing (e.g., a central arrow that predicted a target’s location) were similarly effective at guiding attention. However, when both cues were presented at once, probability cuing was largely eliminated. Thus, although both incidental learning and endogenous cuing can effectively guide attention, endogenous cuing takes precedence over incidental learning.
A Squirrel Monkey Model of Poststroke Motor Recovery

Nonhuman primate models of poststroke recovery have become increasingly rare primarily due to high purchase and maintenance costs and limited availability of nonhuman primate species. Despite this obstacle, nonhuman primate models may offer important advantages over rodent models for understanding many of the brain’s mechanisms for selfrepair due to greater similarity in cortical organization to humans. Since the mid-1990s, surgical, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical methods have been developed to understand structural and functional remodeling of the cerebral cortex after an ischemic event, such as occurs in stroke. These methods require long surgical procedures and entail constant physiological monitoring. With careful attention to intraoperative and postsurgical monitoring, these procedures can be repeated multiple times in individual monkeys without untoward events. This model provides a statistically powerful approach for tracking brain plasticity in the ensuing weeks and months after a stroke-like injury, reducing the number of animals required for individual experiments. This methodology is described in detail, and many of the resulting findings that are relevant for understanding stroke recovery and the effects of rehabilitative and pharmacotherapeutic interventions are summarized.
High-power THz pulses based on difference-frequency generation

Frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals corresponds to one of the efficient schemes for generating coherent THz pulses from intense laser beams. Recently, difference-frequency-generation (DFG) using coherent pulses at 1 mum was investigated in a few nonlinear materials; the highest peak power generated so far is 390 W. However, the average output power was still limited to 20 muW. In order to further increase the average power, a much higher repetition must be used. In addition, mixing frequencies should be in the mid-IR rather than the near-infrared region, since the maximum power conversion efficiencies dictated by Manley-Rowe relation can be then an order of higher magnitude. The best mid-IR source is a CO2 laser at the wavelength of around 10 mum.
Excipients in Valproic Acid Syrup May Cause Diarrhea: A Case Report

A 5-year-old child receiving valproic acid syrup for seizure control developed diarrhea probably from the excipient ingredients. Each 5 mL of valproic acid syrup contains sucrose 3 g, glycerin 0.75 g sorbitol 0.75 g, providing daily amounts of 36, 9 9 g of sucrose, glycerin sorbitol, respectively. The diarrhea resolved when the child was switched to another valproic acid product. Clinicians should be aware of potential problems that may occur from excipient ingredients in pharmaceutical products when evaluating adverse effects of medications.
Neighborhood Characteristics and ADHD: Results of a National Study.

Objective: We examined the association of neighborhood social and physical characteristics with ADHD, accounting for individual and family factors. Method: The 2007 National Survey of Child Health,...
Calculation of three-dimensional flowfields by the unsteady method of characteristics

A numerical algorithm based on the unsteady three-dimensional method of characteristi cs is presented for calculating unsteady three-dimensional subsonic/transonic inviscid flowfields. The flowfield unit processes are based on a local network consisting of six bicharacteristics and the pathline. The algorithm is an explicit secondorder accurate predictor-corrector procedure. An inverse-march ing method is employed, wherein the solution grid in physical space is prespecified. Steady flow solutions are obtained as the asymptotic solution in time. Results are presented for spherical supersonic source flow, for axisymmetric supersonic flow in a conical nozzle, for three-dimensional supersonic flow in a superelliptical nozzle, and for three-dimensional subsonic/transonic flow in a superelliptical nozzle. Solutions obtained by the present method agree well with solutions obtained by steady flow method of characteristi cs algorithms and experimental data.
Echo Assessment of Systolic and Diastolic Function in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Introduction The human heart, being almost exclusively dependent on aerobic metabolism, requires a constant supply of oxygen to avoid tissue injury. Even at rest, the human myocardium extracts almost the entire oxygen content of the passing blood. This results in extremely low resting oxygen saturation in the coronary sinus, the final repository of the coronary blood (35% at rest; 25% at peak exercise). Therefore, the primary means of increasing oxygen delivery to the myocardium is through augmentation of coronary blood flow. From rest to maximal physical exertion, coronary flow increases up to fivefold.1 Although the pressure in the epicardial coronary arteries may vary significantly, the precapillary pressure in the myocardium is held almost constant at 45 mmHg thanks to autoregulation accomplished through dynamic changes in the arteriolar resistance.2 Due to this autoregulation, a narrowing in an epicardial coronary artery has to be very severe (about 90% diameter loss) for the stenosis to become clinically evident at rest; blood supply limitation with exercise become evident when the stenosis reaches 70%. Once the epicardial stenosis reaches a critical level, the loss of myocardial function and the development of clinical signs and symptoms proceed in an orderly fashion. This stepwise process is referred to as ischemic cascade.3 It starts with an intramyocardial perfusion defect and progresses through a diminished left ventricular diastolic function, a decreased myocardial contractility, an increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ST-segment changes, and ends, occasionally, with angina pectoris (Fig. 4.1). Intramyocardial perfusion defects are the earliest sign of limitations in the coronary blood supply and can be detected by either myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) or nuclear imaging. MCE is discussed elsewhere in this textbook. In this
A NEW VIRTUAL COILING METHOD AND ITS USE IN EVALUATION OF COMBINING COILING AND FLOW-DIVERSION TREATMENT IN A PATIENT-SPECIFIC ANEURYSM

A new realistic finite element method (FEM) based endovascular coil deployment technique was developed to explore the hemodynamic modifications of coiling in addition to flow diverter (FD) treatment. A patient-specific internal carotid artery aneurysm was used as a test case, and a single flow diverter was deployed using a previously developed method , along with several coils using the new method. Results showed fluctuations in hemodynamic parameters at low packing densities (1-3 coils) which are unexpected. At high packing density however (6 coils), results were consistent with expectations. These results suggest that adding coils at low packing densities to FD treatment may not cause significant additional flow reduction into the aneurysm sac, but may provide a scaffold for aneurysmal thrombus formation. Keywords: aneurysm, hemodynamics, endovascular coils, flow
Induction of mammary cancer and lymphoma by multiple, low oral doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in SENCAR mice

Existing models of mouse mammary carcinogenesis induced by the model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) typically use a small number of bolus doses applied intragastrically. In contrast to this, typical human exposures to carcinogens are thought to be at lower doses and to occur with chronic or sporadic timing. When the classical dosage (1 mg DMBA given once a week for 6 weeks) was split into five daily doses of 200 microg given intragastrically to female SENCAR mice each week for 6 weeks, toxicity was high and the major tumor type seen was lymphoma. Lowering the dose to 60 microg/day gave less toxicity, a 75% incidence of lymphoma and a 30% incidence of mammary carcinoma. However, 20 microg DMBA given five times per week for 6 weeks resulted in a 65-70% incidence of mammary carcinoma within approximately 50 weeks. This represents a 50-fold lower daily dosage of DMBA than that used in the classical model. DNA was prepared from 10 mammary adenocarcinomas and 10 lymphomas and exons 1 and 2 of the H-ras1, K-ras and N-ras genes were sequenced using PCR techniques. Mutations altering codons 12 or 61 of one of the ras family genes were found in 4/10 mammary carcinomas and 5/10 lymphomas. Three mammary tumors exhibited codon 61 mutations, one in each of the genes studied, and a fourth tumor contained a codon 12 mutation in the K-ras gene. Among the lymphomas, two mutations in codon 12 of K-ras, one mutation in codon 61 of K-ras and two mutations in codon 61 of N-ras were also found. Each of the mutations could be interpreted as a G-->T or A-->T transversion. It is suggested that the high incidence of lymphoma at the higher, repetitive doses may be related to immunotoxicity. These low dose models of lymphomagenesis and mammary carcinogenesis should prove useful for tests of chemopreventive agents that target the initiation phase of carcinogenesis.
Decision consolidation: criteria weight determination using multiple preference formats

In multiple criteria decision making (MCDM), decision makers (DMs) always give preferences information on alternatives, criteria or decision matrices. Since the DMs may have diverse cultural and educational background and value systems, their preference would be expressed in different ways. This is especially true in cyberspace. In this study, the DMs are asked to express their preferences on a variety of criteria using any one of the following preference formats: preference orderings, utility values, multiplicative preference relation, selected subset, fuzzy selected subset, normal preference relation, fuzzy preference relation, linguistic terms, and pairwise comparison. In addition, we propose a uniformity method and an aggregating method to provide both convenience and accuracy in generating the final outcome and higher DM satisfaction. Finally, the validity of using multiple preference formats in criteria weight determination is verified through an experiment.
Two Studies of the Clinical Effectiveness of the Nicotine Patch With Different Counseling Treatments

Objective To assess the effectiveness of transdermal nicotine therapy for smoking cessation and suppression of withdrawal severity in conjunction with two different adjuvant counseling treatments. Design Two independent randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials. Setting Smoking cessation clinic. Subjects Eighty-eight (study 1) and 112 (study 2) adult volunteers motivated to quit smoking. Interventions Eight weeks of 22-mg transdermal nicotine therapy with group conseling (study 1); 4 weeks of 22 mg followed by 2 weeks of 11-mg transdermal nicotine therapy with brief individual counseling (study 2). Main outcome measures Modified point prevalence (7 consecutive days of nonsmoking) at the end of patch treatment and 6 months after treatment initiation was assessed by self-report and biochemically confirmed; survival analyses were also conducted for both studies to compare treatment efficacy. Also, we examined the impact of the nicotine patch on specific withdrawal symptoms (anger, anxiety, awakening, difficulty concentrating, depression, hunger, impatience, and craving). Results Transdermal nicotine treatment produced higher cessation rates at the end of treatment than did placebo with both adjuvant counseling interventions: 59 percent vs 40 percent (p Conclusion Transdermal nicotine effectively augments smoking cessation rates with two different types of counseling treatment. Overall, the nicotine patch approximately doubles the sustained rate of smoking cessation. Additionally, the nicotine patch provides relief from some tobacco withdrawal symptoms.
α, β-Unsaturated and Related Amino Acids in Peptides and Proteins

α, β-Unsaturated amino acids are potential precursors for the formation of crosslinkages in peptides and proteins. DEHYDROALANINE and DEHYDROBUTYRINE are constituents of NISIN (from Streptococcus lactis) and SUBTILIN (from Bacillus subtilis). Both peptides are crosslinked via sulfide bridges of no fewer than one residue of lanthionine and four residues of β-methyllanthionine presumably formed by the addition of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues across the double bond of dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, respectively. CINNAMYCIN (from Streptomyces cinnamoneus) and DURAMYCIN (from Streptomyces cinnamoneus forma azacoluta) also display the crosslinking features of lanthionine and β-methyllanthionine. The reactive double bond of α, β-unsaturated amino acids is no longer seen in these two peptides. The presence of LYSINOALANINE in cinnamycin and duramycin establishes the imino bridge as a novel type of naturally occurring cross-linkage. The formation of the imino bridge is attributed to the addition of the e-amino group of a lysine residue across the α, βunsaturation of dehydroalanine, a reaction that takes place in nisin, nisin fragments, and subtilin under controlled alkaline conditions. The crypticity of α, β-unsaturated amino acids constitutes a continued impediment to their easy analytical detection. A more broadly based role for α, β-unsaturated amino acids in the physiological environment must not be ruled out at the present time.
Memory: The Heap

In any complex system—whether engineered or natural—products are constructed, distributed, used, and finally recycled. The lifetimes of such products are typically independent of the manufacturing process. Data structures are the primary (intermediate) products of complex programs, and data structures require memory. However, the memory that we have used so far—the stack—is not well suited for creating data structures whose existence is independent of functions’ execution periods. Stack frames form the stack, and the lifetimes of stack frames, by definition, correspond to function execution periods: a frame is pushed on the stack at the beginning of a function’s execution and popped from the stack at the end of the function’s execution; any data structure that resides in the stack frame is then lost.
Three-dimensional volumetric measurements in defining endoscope-guided giant adenoma surgery outcomes

Maximum two-dimensional (2D) diameter has been used to define giant pituitary adenoma (GPA) surgery outcomes as has volume using an ellipsoid approximation of volumetrics. Cross sectional length can be measured in several different planes. We sought to compare the accuracy of different 2D cross sectional measurements with the 3D volumetric measurements for predicting GPA surgery outcomes. Retrospective analysis was performed on a prospectively collected database. Tumors with >3 cm diameter were identified and classified based on maximal cross sectional measurements in three separate co-axial planes, i.e. transverse (TV), antero-posterior (AP) and cranio-caudal (CC). Volume was calculated using both MRI-guided volumetrics and an ellipsoid approximation (TV × AP × CC/2). Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between cross sectional and volumetric data and extent of resection (EOR). In 62 subjects, median tumor volume using 3D volumetrics was 13.74 cm3, which was overestimated by 16 % by the ellipsoid calculation (p = 0.0029), particularly for tumors >20 cm3. Gross total resection (GTR) was 46.7 % and median EOR was 99.57 %. At 22-month follow-up, visual and anterior pituitary functions were stable (90 %) or improved (87 %). Pre-operative tumor volume >10 cm3 (p = 0.02) and Knosp grade 3–4 (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of EOR. Knosp grade 3–4 (p 4 cm (p = 0.007) and maximum cross sectional length >4 cm (p = 0.04) were predictors of not achieving GTR. Only TV measurement (p = 0.02) predicted permanent diabetes insipidis. The smallest significant thresholds for predicting decreased GTR were TV measurement >25 mm, AP measurement >35 mm and volume >19 cm3. We propose a new volumetric threshold of 20 cm3 as most accurate for predicting GTR in the EEA era. CC measurement is the least useful predictor. Cavernous sinus invasion remains the best predictor of incomplete resection.
New pathways to analysis through thick description: Historical trauma and emerging qualitative research

Qualitative methods open analytical pathways and present specific challenges, particularly for early career scholars forging a path in a field dominated by quantitative inquiry. However, for many s...
Loss of Blood from Circulation in Various Types of Intestinal Obstruction

ConclusionsBlood loss from the general circulation is an unimportant factor in simple occlusion of the intestine, and in closed loop obstruction without strangulation. In venous strangulation in the cat, blood loss is sufficient to cause death if one-half or more of the small intestine be involved. In strangulation even of smaller loops, the blood loss into them, and through them, while not in itself great enough to cause death, is yet sufficient to be a factor of importance. In clinical cases of strangulation, probably some part of the bloodstained transudate is reabsorbed by the peritoneum. No attempt was made in these experiments to estimate or to allow for such reabsorption.
Shared Leadership in Teams: An Empirical Study of Dispositional Antecedents

A research need exists regarding the dispositional antecedents of shared leadership. Using 144 entrepreneurial teams as a sample, this study investigates the dispositional antecedents that facilita...
Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills to Help your Learners "Get" the Diagnosis

Clinical teachers aspire to improve the knowledge and skills of their learners, but deliberate teaching of clinical reasoning can seem overwhelming and even impossible. Expert clinicians unconsciously run through checklists, leap past details and take short cuts to reach correct diagnoses. How can this clinical reasoning process be taught in a stepwise fashion to learners? Our students and residents must learn the skills of clinical reasoning for the care of their patients, for communication with colleagues, and for the education of those they teach. Relying on time and experience to develop these skills is insufficient. Clinical teachers should facilitate this process despite its challenges. Using the concepts of illness scripts, problem representations [1], and semantic qualifiers [2] clinical teachers can create a foundation for learner’s to guide clinical reasoning development and improve learner’s abilities to communicate an effective patient assessment. Novice clinicians struggle to understand what a “good” assessment is because they lack the ability to create succinct yet accurate problem representations. A problem representation is the one sentence summary in which specific patient details (history, physical examination) are synthesized into abstract terms called semantic qualifiers. For example, imagine a student in their second year of medical school who is learning about appendicitis. A patient with “two days of 9 out of 10 abdominal pain” should be described as having “acute and severe” abdominal pain. “Acute” and “severe” are examples of semantic qualifiers. Semantic qualifiers generally exist in divergent pairs, such as acute vs. chronic and severe vs. mild. When a learner uses semantic qualifiers to synthesize the details of a patient’s history and physical into abstract terms, they are creating an illness script. Illness scripts are the mental constructs that clinicians use to create clinical memories of their experiential knowledge about diseases and conditions. These
Sparsity based defect imaging in pipes using guided waves

Pipes are used for the transport of fluids and gases in urban and industrial settings, such as buried pipelines to transport water, oil, and other resources. To ensure reliable operation, it is essential that an inspection system be in place to identify and localize damage/defects in the pipes. Unfortunately, many of the typical nondestructive evaluation techniques are inadequate due to limited pipe access; often, only the beginning and end sections of the pipe are physically accessible. As such, this problem is well suited to the use of ultrasonic guided-wave based structural health monitoring. With a limited number of transducers, ultrasonic guided waves can be used to interrogate long lengths of pipes. In this paper, we propose a damage detection and localization scheme that relies upon the inherent sparsity of defects in the pipes. A sparse array of transducers, deployed in accessible areas of the pipes, is utilized in pitch-catch mode to record signals scattered by defects in the pipe. Both the direct path scattering off the defect, and the helical modes, which are paths that spiral around the circumference of the pipe before or after interaction with the defect, are recorded. A Lamb wave based signal model is formulated that accounts for this multipath approach. The signal model is then inverted via group sparse reconstruction, in order to produce an image of the scene. The model accounts for the specificities of Lamb wave propagation through the pipe. Performance validation of the proposed approach is provided using simulated data for an aluminum pipe.
Moss, C. J., H. Croze, and P. C. Lee (eds.). 2011. The Amboseli Elephants: A Long-term Perspective on a Long-lived Mammal. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 383 pp. ISBN-13 978-0-226-54223-2 and ISBN-10 0-226-54223-8, price (hardbound), $65.00.

C. J. Moss, H. Croze, P. C. Lee (eds.). 2011. The Amboseli Elephants: A Long-term Perspective on a Long-lived Mammal. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 383 pp. ISBN-13 978-0-226-54223-2 and ISBN-10 0-226-54223-8, price (hardbound), $65.00. A 38-year program of research on a single population, the Amboseli Elephant Research Project, stands as a pinnacle example of mammalogy for its length and depth of investigation. This study, widely known through the scientific and popular writing of Cynthia Moss and Joyce Poole, is now put into full scientific context in this edited multiauthor volume that was 12 years in the making, or as the authors point out, “the gestation period of 5–6 elephant calves.” What the authors have achieved is not just a reference on the Amboseli population, but a compendium of biological, ecological, and natural history knowledge on elephants. By comparison, all the other great books on elephant behavior read more like travelogues or biographies. Be warned, readers looking for the common coffee table book with large glossy color photos and field anecdotes will be sorely disappointed. Appealingly, this book instead focuses on providing a well-organized overview of the Amboseli system and the elephants within it by summarizing previously published research findings (with updated information), as well as novel information not published in the peer-reviewed literature during this long-term project. The book is organized into 5 parts. In Part 1, the editors set the background for their subsequent detailed sections on elephant behavior. Harvey Croze and Keith Lindsay provide a background chapter devoted to the biotic and abiotic conditions of Amboseli and how those conditions changed over time. Kadzo Kangwana and Christine Brown-Nunez provide an intriguing and detailed account of how Maasai communities surrounding the park are shifting toward a more sedentary agricultural lifestyle that is incorporated into the commercial economy. Treated objectively in Part 1, the increasing importance of human land use and interactions with elephants is a recurrent theme throughout the book, and is revisited from the perspective of Amboseli Elephant Research Project proponents in …
Feeding ecology of non-native Siberian prawns, Palaemon modestus (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), in the lower Snake River, Washington, U.S.A.

We used both stomach content and stable isotope analyses to describe the feeding ecology of Siberian prawns Palaemon modestus (Heller, 1862), a non-native caridean shrimp that is a relatively recent invader of the lower Snake River. Based on identifiable prey in stomachs, the opossum shrimp Neomysis mercedis Holmes, 1896 comprised up to 34-55% (by weight) of diets of juvenile to adult P. modestus , which showed little seasonal variation. Other predominant items/taxa consumed included detritus, amphipods, dipteran larvae, and oligochaetes. Stable isotope analysis supported diet results and also suggested that much of the food consumed by P. modestus that was not identifiable came from benthic sources — predominantly invertebrates of lower trophic levels and detritus. Palaemon modestus consumption of N. mercedis may pose a competitive threat to juvenile salmon and resident fishes which also rely heavily on that prey.
ATP cost of muscle contraction is associated with motor unit discharge rate in humans

Although a neural component has been suggested to contribute to the energetic cost of muscle contraction in vivo, the association between neural and energetic factors has not been determined during voluntary contractions in humans. Twenty young (24±1years, 10 women) healthy individuals performed isometric ankle dorsiflexion contractions at 20%, 50% and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction torque on two occasions during which measures of either motor unit discharge rates (MUDR, by indwelling electromyography) or ATP cost of contraction (by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were obtained. Both MUDR and ATP cost increased with increasing contraction intensity (p≤0.02). A strong, positive relationship (r(2)=0.70; p<0.001) was observed between MUDR and ATP cost. These results suggest that a substantial portion of the variability in ATP cost can be explained by MUDR, and thus demonstrate that motor unit rate coding is likely an important neural factor contributing to energetic cost in vivo.
Fluoride Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Demonstration Reactor Point Design

The fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) demonstration reactor (DR) is a concept for a salt-cooled reactor with 100 megawatts of thermal output (MWt). It would use tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) particle fuel within prismatic graphite blocks. FLiBe (2 LiF-BeF2) is the reference primary coolant. The FHR DR is designed to be small, simple, and affordable. Development of the FHR DR is a necessary intermediate step to enable near-term commercial FHRs. Lower risk technologies are purposely included in the initial FHR DR design to ensure that the reactor can be built, licensed, and operated within an acceptable budget and schedule. These technologies include TRISO particle fuel, replaceable core structural material, the use of that same material for the primary and intermediate loops, and tube-and-shell primary-to-intermediate heat exchangers. Several preconceptual and conceptual design efforts that have been conducted on FHR concepts bear a significant influence on the FHR DR design. Specific designs include the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) advanced high-temperature reactor (AHTR) with 3400/1500 MWt/megawatts of electric output (MWe), as well as a 125 MWt small modular AHTR (SmAHTR) from ORNL. Other important examples are the Mk1 pebble bed FHR (PB-FHR) concept from the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), and an FHR testmore » reactor design developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The MIT FHR test reactor is based on a prismatic fuel platform and is directly relevant to the present FHR DR design effort. These FHR concepts are based on reasonable assumptions for credible commercial prototypes. The FHR DR concept also directly benefits from the operating experience of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), as well as the detailed design efforts for a large molten salt reactor concept and its breeder variant, the Molten Salt Breeder Reactor. The FHR DR technology is most representative of the 3400 MWt AHTR concept, and it will demonstrate key operational features of that design. The FHR DR will be closely scaled to the SmAHTR concept in power and flows, so any technologies demonstrated will be directly applicable to a reactor concept of that size. The FHR DR is not a commercial prototype design, but rather a DR that serves a cost and risk mitigation function for a later commercial prototype. It is expected to have a limited operational lifetime compared to a commercial plant. It is designed to be a low-cost reactor compared to more mature advanced prototype DRs. A primary reason to build the FHR DR is to learn about salt reactor technologies and demonstrate solutions to remaining technical gaps.« less
“I Was a Muslim, But Now I Am a Christian”: Preaching, Legitimation, and Identity Management in a Southern Evangelical Church

Established in 2005, “Life” is a suburban, nondenominational, evangelical church in Charlotte, North Carolina, with an almost entirely white membership, yet the lead pastor is an immigrant from the Middle East. As an ex-Muslim ethnic Pakistani who was born and raised in Kuwait, Pastor Sameer Khalid does not “fit” into southern culture, and he did not convert to Christianity until he was enrolled in college in the United States. Ethnographic data from 14 months of fieldwork reveal how Pastor Sameer uses weekly sermons to negotiate racialized stigmas, emphasize his common religious identity with the congregation, and make his immigrant background a distinctive religious resource for the church. More specifically, while all pastors require legitimation of their charismatic authority, this research focuses on the dynamics of performance through preaching within the Sunday morning services of this congregation, a performance that negotiates this lead pastor's ethnic and religious identities and accentuates his strategic use of institutionalized evangelical narratives to subvert Islamophobic threats and buttress legitimation of his pastoral identity.
THE FOLK TRADITIONS: THE CORE OF LITERARY DEVELOPMENT USING SOFOLA’S KING EMENE

Several attempts have been made in different books, articles and other materials to discuss the importance and reasons for the use of folklore in the world of art. It can be deduced that folklore by its peculiar nature is transmitted orally; it is unwritten and verbal, and is usually a handed-down tradition which has survived in a particular community and among a particular people or is preserved or fossilized for future use. It can be said without mincing words that Sofola’s King Emene relies heavily on folk tradition, which is the core of literary development. In fact, the playwright used what she saw appropriate, subtracted most of what she had available and added what she thought was necessary in the writing of King Emene from her people’s folk traditions.
Development of diabetes does not alter behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in a transgenic rat model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolic state and circadian clock function exhibit a complex bidirectional relationship. Circadian disruption increases propensity for metabolic dysfunction, whereas common metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are associated with impaired circadian rhythms. Specifically, alterations in glucose availability and glucose metabolism have been shown to modulate clock gene expression and function in vitro; however, to date, it is unknown whether development of diabetes imparts deleterious effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock and SCN-driven outputs in vivo. To address this question, we undertook studies in aged diabetic rats transgenic for human islet amyloid polypeptide, an established nonobese model of T2DM (HIP rat), which develops metabolic defects closely recapitulating those present in patients with T2DM. HIP rats were also cross-bred with a clock gene reporter rat model (Per1:luciferase transgenic rat) to permit assessment of the SCN and the peripheral molecular clock function ex vivo. Utilizing these animal models, we examined effects of diabetes on 1) behavioral circadian rhythms, 2) photic entrainment of circadian activity, 3) SCN and peripheral tissue molecular clock function, and 4) melatonin secretion. We report that circadian activity, light-induced entrainment, molecular clockwork, as well as melatonin secretion are preserved in the HIP rat model of T2DM. These results suggest that despite the well-characterized ability of glucose to modulate circadian clock gene expression acutely in vitro, SCN clock function and key behavioral and physiological outputs appear to be preserved under chronic diabetic conditions characteristic of nonobese T2DM.
Invited review: focal adhesion and small heat shock proteins in the regulation of actin remodeling and contractility in smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle cells are able to adapt rapidly to chemical and mechanical signals impinging on the cell surface. It has been suggested that dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton contribute to th...
Joint optimization of cognitive RF energy harvesting and channel access using Markovian Multi-Armed Bandit problem

With the growing number of connected devices (e.g. smartphones, sensors, actuators and cameras) in 5G, the massive Internet of Thing (IoT) is expected to address a wide range of characteristics and demands, with more radio-frequency (RF) bands to support multiple frequency transmission by 2020. Separate antennas and RF chips may be required for widely separated frequency bands. The development of cognitive radio systems focused on channel access and spectrum sensing, which can be programmed and configured dynamically, is therefore fundamental for the successful deployment of such systems. This paper introduces an innovative system for spectrum sensing, channel access and power for energy constrained wireless sensor networks. A commercially available evaluation board is used to detect and convert RF signals to a DC voltage for powering a sensor board that communicates over other channels to an access point. Our spectrum sensing conceptualizes the Markovian formulation of the exploration/exploitation balancing technique of available frequency bands, also known as the Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem. To optimize RF energy harvesting and data transmission in channels modeled by a Rayleigh distribution, we formulate and solve a joint reward equation for the MAB Gittins indices, then compare with another MAB algorithm. The simulation results show the optimality of the Gittins index allocation strategy in terms of channel selection percentage and minimization of the regret.
Regime‐Dependent Differences in Surface Freshwater Exchange Estimates Over the Ocean

NASA Energy and Water Cycle Study [NNH13ZDA001N-NEWS]; NASA Precipitation Measurement Missions Science Team [NNH15ZDA001N-PMM]
Engineering a Live UHD Program from the International Space Station

The first-ever live downlink of Ultra-High Definition (UHD) video from the International Space Station (ISS) was the highlight of a “Super Session” at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Show in April 2017. Ultra-High Definition is four times the resolution of “full HD” or “1080P” video. Also referred to as “4K”, the Ultra-High Definition video downlink from the ISS all the way to the Las Vegas Convention Center required considerable planning, pushed the limits of conventional video distribution from a space-craft, and was the first use of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) from a space-craft. The live event at NAB will serve as a pathfinder for more routine downlinks of UHD as well as use of HEVC for conventional HD downlinks to save bandwidth. A similar demonstration was conducted in 2006 with the Discovery Channel to demonstrate the ability to stream HDTV from the ISS. This paper will describe the overall work flow and routing of the UHD video, how audio was synchronized even though the video and audio were received many seconds apart from each other, and how the demonstration paves the way for not only more efficient video distribution from the ISS, but also serves as a pathfinder for more complex video distribution from deep space. The paper will also describe how a “live” event was staged when the UHD video coming from the ISS had a latency of 10+ seconds. In addition, the paper will touch on the unique collaboration between the inherently governmental aspects of the ISS, commercial partners Amazon and Elemental, and the National Association of Broadcasters.
A multidimensional approach to understanding the potential risk factors and covariates of adult picky eating.

Abstract Objective Adult picky eating (PE) has received increased attention in the eating behavior literature due to its important association with adult avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). The current study tested a model of potential risk factors of adult PE behavior, including perceived early parental feeding practices. An exploratory model was also utilized to understand associations with different aspects of adult PE behaviors. Methods A sample of 1339 US adults recruited through Amazon's MTurk completed an online survey that included the recently developed Adult Picky Eating Questionnaire (APEQ), retrospective reports of parental feeding practices, and other measures of eating behavior and demographic variables. A structural equation modeling procedure tested a series of regression models that included BMI and disordered eating behaviors as covariates. Results SEM modeling indicated that retrospective reports of greater parental pressure to eat, higher disgust sensitivity, lower PE age of onset, and experiencing an aversive food event were associated with general adult PE behavior. Results also indicated parental encouragement of healthy eating may be a protective factor, and that men endorsed higher levels of adult PE. Exploratory analyses indicated that cross-sectional predictors and covariates were differentially related to specific aspects of PE as measured by the APEQ subscales. Conclusions Early experiences, including parental approaches to feeding, appear to be potential risk factors of PE behavior in adults. A nuanced understanding of adult PE is important for the prevention and treatment of severe PE behaviors, related psychosocial impairment, and ARFID.
Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mouse Models for Pulmonary Hypertension

Transgenic and gene-targeted models are ­capable of providing a much more specific molecular stimulus than models based on hypoxia, toxins, or surgery. In a reductionist approach to understanding the roles of specific pathways in disease development, this ability to isolate the consequences of deletion, haploinsufficiency, or mutation in particular genes provides extraordinary power. This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the use of gene-targeted and transgenic mice in the study of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), in sufficient detail to allow proper understanding and use of existing models, and as an overview of methods used to create new models. In PAH, there is no “mouse model of disease” – the human disease is multifactorial, almost certainly combining major and minor genetic defects with environmental stimuli and a long time course. The important factors are poorly ­understood, and are certainly not reproduced in any mouse. One should thus approach these models as models of gene function, rather than disease. These models have been grouped into those primarily impacting vasoreactivity, those primarily involving dysregulation of the familial PAH gene bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 2 ­receptor (BMPR2), and those primarily impacting plexogenesis. However, these divisions are crude; as discussed herein, there is considerable interaction between pathways, and many of these genes impact proliferation, inflammation, and vasoreactivity simultaneously.
Handbook of Autoethnography

In this definitive reference volume, almost fifty leading thinkers and practitioners of autoethnographic research-from four continents and a dozen disciplines-comprehensively cover its vision, opportunities and challenges. Chapters address the theory, history, and ethics of autoethnographic practice, representational and writing issues, the personal and relational concerns of the autoethnographer, and the link between researcher and social justice. A set of 13 exemplars show the use of these principles in action. Autoethnography is one of the most popularly practiced forms of qualitative research over the past 20 years, and this volume captures all its essential elements for graduate students and practicing researchers.
The Algebras of Lie Groups and Their Representations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem of the classification of the compact real semisimple Lie algebras. A Lie group is defined as a topological group whose identity element has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to a subset of an r -dimensional Euclidean space, where r is called the order or dimension of the Lie group. A Lie group combines in one entity two distinct structures, a topological structure and a group-theoretic structure. The topological properties of the Lie group have far-reaching implications for the algebraic or group-theoretic structure. A Lie algebra is defined abstractly as a linear space of elements x i with coefficients in any field and a product defined by the foregoing relations that satisfies—(1) the condition of anti-symmetry (or equivalently [x, x[= 0); (2) the Jacobi condition; and (3) the usual conditions of linearity: [ ax i , x j [ = a[ x i , x j [, [ x i + x j , x k [ = [ x i x k [ + [ x j x k [ Hence, Lie algebra is a particular instance of a non-associative algebra; the Jacobi condition holds instead of the property of associativity.
Stress Dependency of Permeability Represented by an Elastic Cylindrical Pore-Shell Model: Comment on Zhu et al. (Transp Porous Med (2018) 122:235–252)

Stress dependency of permeability of porous rocks is described by means of a theoretical elastic cylindrical pore-shell model. This model is developed based on a bundle of elastic capillary tubes representation of the preferential flow paths formed in heterogeneous porous rocks. The radial displacement caused in tubes by the pore fluid pressure applied over the surface of the elastic cylindrical flow tubes is expressed by a Lame-type equation. The radial displacement is incorporated into the Kozeny–Carman relationship to determine the variation of the permeability of porous rocks by variation of the pore fluid pressure. The solution of this equation yields a semi-analytical equation which provides accurate correlations of the stress dependency of the permeability data of porous rocks. The errors associated with the previous formulation of this problem by Zhu et al. (Transp Porous Med 122:235–252, 2018) are explained in view of the present formulation.
Reading from print, computer, and tablet: Equivalent learning in the digital age

We compared college students’ learning from, and perceptions of, print and digital readings, with the goal of providing an informed recommendation for students and educators regarding best approaches for reading assignments. To add to the literature, we focused on a common experience in college – reading an educational article – in addition to investigating numerous dependent measures and taking a mixed methods approach overall. Undergraduate students read an article in print or digitally on a computer or tablet. Students then completed a comprehension quiz with the article accessible or not, and answered self-report questions regarding cognitive load, perceived control, satisfaction, confidence, knowledge gain, and general preferences for paper versus digital educational resources. Results indicated that students spent equivalent time with, and learned equally well from, all versions. Perceptions of their learning experiences were also strikingly similar. Students generally described a preference for print over digital resources, but the number of students utilizing digital resources outside of the study was notable. This research supports that print and digital readings are equally viable options for students to use while reading, and that digital materials may be becoming more commonplace in college students’ studying.