cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of solvent on the stability of mixtures of sterically stabilized dispersions and free polymers

Abstract The stability of mixtures of sterically stabilized colloidal particles and free polymer molecules in solution has been examined theoretically by assuming that the pair potential is the sum of contributions from (i) steric repulsion due to the adsorbed polymer layers, (ii) the attraction due to the exclusion of the free polymer molecules from the inter-particle space, and (iii) van der Waals attraction forces. Using the hard-sphere perturbation theory, the phase boundaries of the transition from a dilute, disordered (fluid) state to a concentrated, ordered (solid) state have been located. The systems chosen correspond to the situation in which the adsorbed polymer and the free polyner are chemically different and the molecular weight of the free polymer is much greater than that of the adsorbed polymer. The effect of varying the nature of the solvent from being good for both the adsorbed and free polymers to being good only for the adsorbed polymers is examined. If stable dispersions are desirable, it is advisable to have a solvent which is good for the adsorbed polymer but poor for the free polymer. The effect of other variables such as the molecular weight of the free polymer, the temperature, the thickness of the adsorbed layer and the particle size on the stability of the dispersion has also been examined. The limiting free polymer concentration, above which the disorder—order transition occurs, is found to decrease with increasing molecular weight of the free polymer, with increasing particle size, with increasing temperature, with thinner steric layers and with better solvents for the free polymer, in accordance with the trends observed experimentally. The case of pure steric stabilization is examined by setting the free polymer concentration equal to zero, and one concludes that destabilization is possible under better-than-theta conditions. It is also shown that for pure steric stabilization, the critical particle concentration above which the disorder—order transition occurs decreases with increasing particle size and increases with increasing thickness of the adsorbed layer, again as observed experimentally.
Where Have All the Members Gone? Globalization, Institutions, and Union Density

There have been widespread claims in recent years about the effects of economic globalization on domestic politics and, in particular, its negative impact on wage earners and trade unions. A number of recent studies have raised serious questions about the validity of claims that the globalization of trade and financial markets leads to international convergence around a neoliberal market economic model. This article considers the impact of economic institutional arrangements on union membership trends in sixteen industrial democracies between 1960 and 1994. We find that the effects of economic globalization are marginal and conditional on particular economic institutions, which helps to explain divergent trends in union density among these countries. These differences suggest that the way national economies operate may continue to diverge.
Spinophilin blocks arrestin actions in vitro and in vivo at G protein-coupled receptors.

Arrestin regulates almost all G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)–mediated signaling and trafficking. We report that the multidomain protein, spinophilin, antagonizes these multiple arrestin functions. Through blocking G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) association with receptor-Gβγ complexes, spinophilin reduces arrestin-stabilized receptor phosphorylation, receptor endocytosis, and the acceleration of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity following endocytosis. Spinophilin knockout mice were more sensitive than wild-type mice to sedation elicited by stimulation of α2 adrenergic receptors, whereas arrestin 3 knockout mice were more resistant, indicating that the signal-promoting, rather than the signal-terminating, roles of arrestin are more important for certain response pathways. The reciprocal interactions of GPCRs with spinophilin and arrestin represent a regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning complex receptor-orchestrated cell signaling and responses.
Associations between demographic and other factors and outcomes of formal assessment for compulsory admission in Norfolk, UK

Background and aims: Most studies of patients subject to compulsory admission to psychiatric hospital examine only the population of those already subject to compulsion. This prospective study examines the whole population of patients who have been formally assessed for compulsory admission, and includes those where the decision was taken not to proceed with compulsory admission. Methods: All Approved Social Workers in the County of Norfolk were asked to complete data collection sheets contemporaneously for each formal assessment for admission taking place in terms of the Mental Health Act 1983 over the period 2001 – 2006 inclusive. This data was then collated centrally and subject to analysis regarding demographic and other factors associated with requests for assessment and decisions to actually use compulsory admission powers. Results: Data on about 5000 individual formal Mental Health Act 1983 assessments were collected representing over 95% of the total number of such assessments carried out during this period in Norfolk. Conclusions: There were significant associations between gender, age, marital status and accommodation and both referral for formal assessment and compulsory admission to psychiatric hospital. Some aspects of these associations were unexpected and are discussed further.
Techniques to Improve the Efficiency of SAT Based Path Delay Test Generation

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers have been used to speed up test pattern generation. In this work, several techniques to speed up SAT-based path delay test generation are presented. We demonstrate that these techniques: circuit simplification, Dynamic SAT Solving, Circuit Observability Don't Cares and Approximate Observability Don't Cares, significantly improve the efficiency of path delay test generation. The effectiveness of these techniques has been demonstrated on benchmark and industrial designs.
Investigation of hysteresis in acoustically driven channel flow at ultrasonic frequency

The purpose of this article is to investigate the hysteresis phenomenon in the acoustic streaming flow in a channel. The channel is bounded by one stationary beam and one beam vibrating in a standing wave form. According to Wan and Kuznetsov [1-2], the acoustic streaming within the channel is driven by the slip velocity at the edge of the acoustic boundary layer near the vibrating beam. The streaming flow exhibits two different types of flow patterns at small and large channel widths. In this article, a transition between these two flow patterns and the corresponding jump in the Nusselt number as the channel width changes is investigated. As a result of extensive numerical investigations, a hysteretic region is discovered. When the channel width falls into the hysteresis region, the flow pattern and the heat transfer efficiency depends on whether the channel width is increasing or decreasing. Outside the hysteresis region, such dependence does not exist.
What the disability community can teach us about interactive crowdsourcing

In this forum we will celebrate research that helps to successfully bring the benefits of computing technologies to children, older adults, people with disabilities, and other populations that are often ignored in the design of mass-marketed products. Juan Pablo Hourcade, Editor
Model for estimation of traffic pollutant levels in northern communities.

Abstract Using models to estimate the contribution of traffic to air pollution levels from known traffic data typically requires the knowledge of model parameters such as emission factors and meteorological conditions. This paper presents a state-space model analysis method that does not require the knowledge of model parameters; these parameters are identified from measured traffic and ambient air quality data. This method was used to analyze carbon monoxide (CO) in downtown Fairbanks, AK, which is the community of focus for this paper. It was found that traffic contributed, on average, 53% to the total CO levels over the last six winters. The correlation coefficient between the measured and model-predicted daily profiles of the CO concentration was 0.98, and the results were in good agreement with earlier findings obtained via a thorough CO emission inventory. This justified the usability of the method and it was further used to analyze fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in downtown Fairbanks. It was found...
Molecular calculations with the nonempirical ab-initioMODPOT/VRDDO/MERGE procedures. XIV. 2,6-dimethyl-N-nitroso morpholine and its α-OH isomers: Conformations and electrostatic molecular potential contour maps

Ab-initioMODPOT/VRDDO/MERGE SCF calculations were carried out on 2,6-dimethyl-N-nitroso morpholine and on four isomers of α-hydroxy substituted derivatives. The NNO bond angle is found to be 1135°, in agreement with that observed in dimethyl nitrosamine. The two methyl groups are found to be most stable in the equatorial position. The axial position is found to be the most stable orientation for the α-hydroxy group in both the syn and the anti isomers. This is in agreement with the observed axial orientation of straight chain alkyl substituents at the α position in N-nitroso piperidine. An investigation was made on the effects of internal rotation in the parent compound. A 90° rotation about the NN bond raises the energy ∼.0526 a.u. or ∼33 kcal/mol. In the 90° orientation, population analysis shows a decrease of ∼0.1 e in the gross atomic population (GAP) of the nitroso oxygen and in the total overlap population for the NN bond. There is a corresponding increase of ∼0.05 e in the GAP on the amino nitrogen. The GAP on other heavy atoms and overlap in other bonds show little effect from internal rotation of the nitroso group. Electrostatic molecular potential energy contour maps indicate differences as a function of conformation.
Sensitized photooxidation of low spin horseradish peroxidase.

Horseradish peroxidase differs from most enzymes in that it is almost completely resistant to photodynamic action due to the paramagnetic ferric ion in the prosthetic group, heme. Chelation of horseradish peroxidase at the sixth coordination position of the iron with a cyanide or hydroxyl group converts it to a low spin diamagnetic state. Upon illumination with visible light with eosin Y, flavin mononucleotide or methylene blue as sensitizer, the low spin enzyme lost both peroxidative and oxidative activities with the same quantum yields. Several amino acid residues, including one histidine and one tyrosine were destroyed in the low spin enzyme after 60 min of illumination with eosin Y as sensitizer.
Toward a solution to the high Weissenberg number problem

We present results of a numerical study of high Weissenberg number flows using the method of Trebotich, Colella and Miller, J. Comput. Phys. vol. 205 (2005). We consider benchmark viscoelastic flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid in four to one sudden contractions for We = 1, 10, Re = 1. We conclude that (i) underlying wave behavior in the solution for flows at critical and supercritical elastic Mach number prevents the solution from reaching a steady-state; and (ii) high resolution is needed to resolve structure in the solution downstream from the re-entrant corner in order to determine convergence. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Minimum wave-localization length in a one-dimensional random medium.

The frequency dependence of the localization length l for acoustic and electromagnetic waves in a one-dimensional randomly layered medium is studied both numerically and analytically. Through the consideration of different types of random-media models characterized by abrupt or continuous variation of the material parameters, it is shown that beyond the low-frequency behavior of l\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, where \ensuremath{\omega} denotes the angular frequency, the localization length either approaches a constant or diverges at high frequencies. In all cases, the value of l for a given random medium is found to exhibit a well-defined lower bound whose value is generally several orders of magnitude times the correlation length of the inhomogeneities. The dependence of this minimum localization length on the amount of randomness, plus a comparison with the Schr\"odinger wave-localization length behavior, are presented and discussed.
Short and long-term impact of adolescent pregnancy on postpartum contraceptive use: implications for prevention of repeat pregnancy.

Abstract Purpose To describe patterns and changes in contraceptive use among pregnant adolescents in early and later postpartum compared with nonpregnant adolescents. Methods One-hundred-seventy-six pregnant and 187 nonpregnant adolescents, recruited through community clinics, were interviewed three times (baseline, 6-month follow-up, 12-month follow-up) about their condom and hormonal contraceptive practices. Changes in contraception use and patterns of consistent hormonal and/or condom use were examined. Statistical analyses included General Estimating Equations (GEE) and multinomial regression. Results Pregnant adolescents increased hormonal contraceptive use from baseline to early postpartum, but decreased use from early postpartum to late postpartum. Nonpregnant adolescents did not change their hormonal contraceptive use over time. Neither group changed condom use over time. Pregnant adolescents were more likely to be consistent dual users and hormonal-only users during the 6-month follow-up compared with nonpregnant adolescents. These findings persisted at the 12-month follow-up, although there was a decline in hormonal contraception use. Conclusions Adolescents change their contraceptive use during the postpartum period. Given the slight decline in contraceptive use in late postpartum in this sample, more work is necessary to maintain motivation to continue these positive postpartum trends.
Mortalin (GRP75/HSPA9) upregulation promotes survival and proliferation of medullary thyroid carcinoma cells

Mortalin (GRP75/HSPA9) upregulation promotes survival and proliferation of medullary thyroid carcinoma cells
Aspirin Use or Reduced Platelet Activity Predicts Craniotomy After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Craniotomy is potentially life-saving in selected patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Aside from specific scenarios (cerebellar hemorrhage with hydrocephalus, midline shift from an accessible lesion, etc.) the indications for surgical decompression are controversial. Based on the earlier work that aspirin and reduced platelet activity are associated with larger hemorrhage size and hemorrhage growth, we tested the hypothesis that aspirin or reduced platelet activity would be associated with increased odds of craniotomy, likely through hemorrhage growth. We prospectively identified patients with spontaneous ICH and routinely measured platelet activity on admission. Patients were prospectively tracked, and outcomes were obtained with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). There were 187 patients in the sample. Craniotomy (N = 32, 17%) was associated with a higher initial ICH volume (37.9 [20–63] vs. 12 [5–24] ml, P < 0.001) and location (P = 0.005). In multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for ICH volume and location, any known aspirin use (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1–10.4, P = 0.03), platelet activity ≤550 aspirin reaction units (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.05–9.3, P = 0.04), or an elevated PFA-EPI closure time (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.02–10.3, P = 0.04) were associated with increased odds of craniotomy. Craniotomy was not associated with mRS at 14 days, 28 days, or 3 months. After correction for ICH volume and location, aspirin use or reduced platelet activity was associated with similar increased odds for craniotomy.
Head-shoulder based gender recognition

This paper proposes a novel gender recognition method based on the head-shoulder part of human body. The head-shoulder area contains much information that could be cues to infer the gender of a person, such as hair-style, face, neckline style and so on. A rich high-dimensional feature descriptor is designed to extract gradient, texture and orientation information from the head-shoulder area, then Partial Least Squares (PLS) is employed to learn a very low dimensional discriminative subspace. Features are projected into the low dimensional subspace and linear SVM is employed to learn an efficient classification model between the male and female categories. Experimental results on a large real-world dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Evaluating Algorithms for Composable Service Placement in Computer Networks

Novel network architectures with distributed service components on both routers and end-systems have been proposed to provide the necessary flexibility in the next-generation Internet. Such architectures allow services to be composed along the data path to satisfy different communication requirements. A major operational challenge in such systems is to determine where to perform the required services along the data path. This problem, which we call as the "service placement problem" is proven to be NP-complete when considering resource (e.g., link and processing capacity) constraints. In this paper, we present an evaluation of several existing and newly developed heuristic algorithms for solving the problem. We explore the quality of the achieved placement in terms of effective use of system resources, end-to-end delay, connection drop rate, and load balancing. Our results show the design trade-offs of these different algorithms.
Analogous Telesensing Pathways Regulate Mating and Virulence in Two Opportunistic Human Pathogens

Telesensing, or probing of the environment by the release of chemical messengers, plays a central role in the sexual programs of microbial organisms. Sex pheromones secreted by mating cells are sensed by potential partner cells and mediate cell-to-cell contact and the subsequent exchange of genetic material. Although the mechanisms used by bacterial and fungal species to promote genetic exchange are distinct, recent studies have uncovered surprising parallels between pheromone signaling in these species. In addition, it is now apparent that pheromone signaling not only controls sexual reproduction and genetic exchange but can also activate expression of potential virulence factors in diverse opportunistic pathogens.
Incremental Learning and Selective Sampling via Parametric Optimization Framework for SVM

We propose a framework based on a parametric quadratic programming (QP) technique to solve the support vector machine (SVM) training problem. This framework, can be specialized to obtain two SVM optimization methods. The first solves the fixed bias problem, while the second starts with an optimal solution for a fixed bias problem and adjusts the bias until the optimal value is found. The later method can be applied in conjunction with any other existing technique which obtains a fixed bias solution. Moreover, the second method can also be used independently to solve the complete SVM training problem. A combination of these two methods is more flexible than each individual method and, among other things, produces an incremental algorithm which exactly solve the 1-Norm Soft, Margin SVM optimization problem. Applying Selective Sampling techniques may further boost convergence.
Effects of Flow-Diverting Device Oversizing on Hemodynamics Alteration in Cerebral Aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flow-diverting devices are increasingly being considered for large or giant aneurysms with wide necks, which are difficult to treat with coils or clips. These devices are often oversized to achieve good positioning against the artery wall. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of oversized flow-diverting devices in altering aneurysmal flows and creating hemodynamic environments favorable for thrombosis and aneurysm occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics models of 3 cerebral aneurysms were constructed from 3D angiography images. Numeric simulations of the hemodynamics after implanting stents of increasing diameters were performed. The corresponding modifications of hemodynamic variables such as aneurysm inflow rate, average velocity, shear rate, and wall shear stress were calculated and compared. RESULTS: The results indicate that because the devices are oversized, the stent cells stretch in the direction of the vessel axis, change cell angles, and result in larger cells. This change in the cell geometry causes a diminution of the hemodynamic performance of the stent. Quantitatively, stent oversizing results in larger values of aneurysm inflow rates, average velocity, shear rate, and wall shear stress compared with nonoversizing cases. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of flow-diverting devices in modifying intra-aneurysmal flow can be substantially reduced by oversizing the devices. As the level of device oversize increases, aneurysmal hemodynamic variables are significantly less affected.
Early Ribavarin Treatment of Bronchiolitis: Effect on Long-term Respiratory Morbidity

Background The mortality rate from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis has significantly reduced over the last decade. A major concern now is the long-term respiratory morbidity following RSV bronchiolitis. Methods In this prospective study, we randomly assigned 49 previously healthy infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis, early in the course of illness ( Results During a prospective, closely monitored, 1-year follow-up period, the group treated with ribavirin had significantly fewer episodes (2.7 ± 2.3 episodes vs 6.4 ± 4.2 episodes per patient per year) and reduced severity of reactive airway disease (0.08 episodes vs 1.09 episodes of moderate-to-severe illness per patient per year) and respiratory illness-related hospitalization (25 hospital days vs 90 hospital days per 100 patients per year). Conclusions Early ribavirin treatment of RSV bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants resulted in reduction of incidence and severity of reactive airway disease as well as respiratory illness-related hospitalization.
Control of etch and deposition for embedded SiGe

Embedded SiGe is applied in CMOS at recent technology nodes to improve device performance and enable scaling. The position of the SiGe surface with respect to the channel is found to have significant impact on the pFET threshold voltage and also on device variability. Therefore the recess etch and deposition of the embedded SiGe has to be very well controlled. We show the sensitivity of the device to the fill process and describe the feed forward and feedback techniques used to optimize the control of epitaxy.
Hospital characteristics associated with adverse events and substandard care

To explore the epidemiology of adverse events (AEs), which were defined as injuries due to medical treatment, and that subset of AEs caused by negligence, we studied interhospital variation in these outcomes in a sample of 31,000 medical records drawn from a random selection of 51 hospitals in New York in 1984. We found a substantial variation in both AE rates (0.2% to 7.9%; mean, 3.2%) and the percentage of AEs due to negligence (1% to 60%; mean, 24.9%) among hospitals. Univariate analyses of AEs revealed that primary teaching institutions had significantly higher rates (4.1%) and rural hospitals had significantly lower ones (1.0%). The percentage of AEs due to negligence was lower in primary teaching (10.7%) and for-profit (9.5%) hospitals and was significantly higher in hospitals with predominantly (greater than 80%) minority patients who had been discharged (37%). These findings were corroborated by multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that AEs and negligence are not randomly distributed and that certain types of hospitals have significantly higher rates of injuries due to substandard care. These observations may represent an important improvement on existing measures of quality because they take into account the fact that some hospitals' populations may be at risk of suffering a poor outcome.
Economic Change and the Boundaries of the Firm

The study of economic change -- including technological change -- has long been a subject of fascination to economists. It is also a subject that has proven refractory to most attempts to capture it adequately. This essay is an attempt to walk a small piece of this difficult ground. Specifically, it aims to examine the problems that economic change poses for the explanation of the organization of firms. By this I mean the problem of explaining the boundaries of the firm -- explaining the extent of internal organization or vertical integration.
The Entity Join

A new operator, the entity join, is proposed as an extension to the relational model. While similar to the traditional join, it is based on common entities rather than matching representations. The entity join avoids a number of problems arising from the loose correspondence between names and entities, it rationalizes the traditional join, and it extends the usability of the relational model.
Damping inter-area oscillations in power systems by STATCOMs

Shunt FACTS devices such as STATCOMs are best known for their impact on reactive power flow in power networks. This is usually done by local reactive compensation which also regulates voltage magnitude of the bus to which the shunt FACTS device is connected. On the other hand, these devices are less known for their effect on active power flow. This paper discusses a novel approach for damping inter-area oscillations in a large power network using multiple STATCOMs. In the paper, it will be shown that these oscillations can be controlled by changing STATCOMs' bus voltage angles, hence regulating active power flow through the network. Feasibility of the new approach is also discussed.
Employment experiences among adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis.

Purpose. We sought to examine the employment experiences in a population of adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods. We administered a cross-sectional survey to 68 individuals with CF, ages 16–25 years, assessing current employment experiences and perceptions of the impact of CF on these experiences.Results. Forty-six percent of respondents reported working < 20 h per week. Sixty-seven percent reported disclosing their diagnosis to their employer. Only one respondent reported receiving formal job guidance in CF clinic, and only 16%% reported that a clinician had discussed job-related issues with them. Only 21%% reported that they completed CF therapies at work. Older respondents (ages 22–25 years) and those with a lower lung function were more likely to agree that ‘balancing employment and CF care is stressful.’Conclusions. The majority of adolescents and young adults with CF report disclosing their diagnosis at work. Most do not feel that working interferes with routine CF therapie...
Using Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control in Self-Healing Adaptive Content Systems

Database-driven web applications have become the norm, especially in-service-oriented applications. As network bandwidth has increased the bottleneck in web application survivability has moved to the server and application level. With social bookmarking sites increasing in popularity, flash crowds are becoming more prevalent leading to higher than expected request loads. In this paper we describe the self-healing adaptive content (SHAC) system used to prevent server overload at the application level. We respond to requests with multiple resolutions of the textual content, using lower resolution requests to reduce the service demand on server hardware. We present a novel proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller-based autonomic manager that is seeded from a queueing network (QN) model in order to best manage response times. In this paper we describe the methodology used to implement the SHAC system and evaluate the impact of the system on a popular open source blog server.
A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Case Study of the Use of Donepezil to Improve Cognition in a Schizoaffective Disorder Patient: Functional MRI Correlates.

Cognitive impairment in multiple domains is common in patients with schizophrenia and may be a powerful determinant of poor functional ability and quality of life. We report a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of donepezil augmentation in a schizoaffective disorder patient stabilized on olanzapine pharmacotherapy. The patient showed significant improvements in several cognitive measures and increased activation of prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia on functional MRI during the donepezil augmentation. In addition, the donepezil augmentation resulted in a reduction of depressive symptoms and in significant improvements in functional abilities and quality of life. Further studies of donepezil augmentation of neuroleptics in schizophrenia are warranted.
The Hamiltonian and Lagrangian approaches to the dynamics of nonholonomic systems

This paper compares the Hamiltonian approach to systems with nonholonomic constraints (see Weber [1982], Arnold [1988], and Bates and Sniatycki [1993], van der Schaft and Maschke [1994] and references therein) with the Lagrangian approach (see Koiller [1992], Ostrowski [1996] and Bloch, Krishnaprasad, Marsden and Murray [1996]). There are many differences in the approaches and each has its own advantages; some structures have been discovered on one side and their analogues on the other side are interesting to clarify. For example, the momentum equation and the reconstruction equation were first found on the Lagrangian side and are useful for the control theory of these systems, while the failure of the reduced two form to be closed (i.e., the failure of the Poisson bracket to satisfy the Jacobi identity) was first noticed on the Hamiltonian side. Clarifying the relation between these approaches is important for the future development of the control theory and stability and bifurcation theory for such systems. In addition to this work, we treat, in this unified framework, a simplified model of the bicycle (see Getz [1994] and Getz and Marsden [1995]), which is an important underactuated (nonminimum phase) control system.
ALS-associated mutation FUS-R521C causes DNA damage and RNA splicing defects

Autosomal dominant mutations of the RNA/DNA binding protein FUS are linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS); however, it is not clear how FUS mutations cause neurodegeneration. Using transgenic mice expressing a common FALS-associated FUS mutation (FUS-R521C mice), we found that mutant FUS proteins formed a stable complex with WT FUS proteins and interfered with the normal interactions between FUS and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Consequently, FUS-R521C mice exhibited evidence of DNA damage as well as profound dendritic and synaptic phenotypes in brain and spinal cord. To provide insights into these defects, we screened neural genes for nucleotide oxidation and identified brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) as a target of FUS-R521C–associated DNA damage and RNA splicing defects in mice. Compared with WT FUS, mutant FUS-R521C proteins formed a more stable complex with Bdnf RNA in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Stabilization of the FUS/Bdnf RNA complex contributed to Bdnf splicing defects and impaired BDNF signaling through receptor TrkB. Exogenous BDNF only partially restored dendrite phenotype in FUS-R521C neurons, suggesting that BDNF-independent mechanisms may contribute to the defects in these neurons. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses of FUS-R521C spinal cords revealed additional transcription and splicing defects in genes that regulate dendritic growth and synaptic functions. Together, our results provide insight into how gain-of-function FUS mutations affect critical neuronal functions.
Abstract IA20: Epigenetic deregulation of gene expression

Epigenetic deregulation of gene expression through aberrant DNA methylation or histone modification plays an important role in the malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells. In particular, acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) can be classified according to epigenetic signatures affecting DNA methylation or histone modifications affecting specific gene sets. Heterozygous somatic mutations in the loci encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) occur in ~20% of AMLs and are accompanied by global DNA hypermethylation and hypermethylation and silencing of a number of specific gene promoters. IDH1/2 mutations are almost completely mutually exclusive with somatic loss of function mutations in TET2, which hydroxylates methylcytosine (mCpG). DNA hydroxymethylation can function as an intermediate step in mCPG demethylation. TET2 mutant de novo AMLs also display global and promoter specific hypermethylation partially overlapping with IDH1/2 mutant cases. Mutations in the IDH1/2 loci result in a neomorphic enzyme that generates the aberrant oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) using alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) as a substrate. 2HG can disrupt the activity of enzymes that use aKG as a cofactor, including TET2 and the Jumonji family of histone demethylases. Expression of mutant IDH isoforms inhibit TET2 hydroxymethylation and Jumonji histone demethylase functions. IDH and TET2 mutant AMLs accordingly exhibit reduced levels of hydroxymethylcytosine and a trend towards reduced histone methylation. Mutant IDH or TET2 loss of function causes differentiation blockade and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and TET2 knockout results in a myeloproliferative phenotype in mice. Hydroxymethylcytosine is abundance in hematopoietic stem cells, and displays specific distribution patterns, and yet the function of this covalent modification is not fully understood. Recent data link TET2 with the function of cytosine deaminases as a pathway towards DNA demethylation, which has implications as well for B-cell lymphomas and CML lymphoid blast crisis, which are linked with the actions of activation induced cytosine deaminase. Altogether, the available data implicate mutations in IDH1/2 and TET2 in promoting malignant transformation in several tissues, by disrupting epigenomics programming and altering gene expression patterning. Citation Format: Ari Melnick. Epigenetic deregulation of gene expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA20.
Carbon Monoxide: To Boldly Go Where NO Has Gone Before

The discovery that nitric oxide (NO) has powerful vasoactive properties identical to those of endothelial-derived relaxing factor spawned a vast body of research investigating the physiological actions of small gas molecules. NO, which arises endogenously through the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, is a highly reactive gas that plays important roles in the regulation of vascular and immune function. Carbon monoxide (CO), a similar yet much more chemically stable gas, occurs in nature as a product of the oxidation or combustion of organic materials. CO also arises in cells and tissues as a byproduct of heme oxygenase (HO) activity, which degrades heme to biliverdin-IXalpha. Like NO, CO acts as a vasorelaxant and may regulate other vascular functions such as platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation. CO has also been implicated as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. HO-1, the inducible form of HO, confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. CO, when applied at low concentration, exerts potent cytoprotective effects mimicking those of HO-1 induction, including down-regulation of inflammation and suppression of apoptosis. Many of the effects of CO depend on the activation of guanylate cyclase, which generates guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This review highlights new advances in the interaction of CO with cellular signaling processes.
The Hot-Wire Technique in Supersonic Research

For the last few years considerable attention has been turned to the problem of turbulence in supersonic flows. There are several new aspects to the compressible case that are of great academic and practical interest. In particular, one should mention the problems of the onset of supersonic turbulence (transition) and of the aerodynamic noise. Although considerable theoretical research has been done on these subjects, progress is seriously hampered by the lack of experimental work.
A search for source side mantle anisotropy

Shear wave splitting due to source-side mantle anisotropy is estimated from broadband teleseismic S waves using a suite of 19 subduction zone events more than 50km depth and recorded at several RSTN stations. We assume that there are at most two anisotropic regions along the ray path, one on the source side and one on the receiver side, and that receiver-side splitting is known from analysis of SKS. It is found that splitting is not detectable below the slab in most cases. There are, however, two specific regions, one beneath Peru and one beneath Kamchatka that indicate significant source side anisotropy. Based on two nearby intermediate focus events in each region, splitting delay times are found to be 1.0–1.5s with the fast polarization direction perpendicular to the trench. Assuming 4% intrinsic anisotropy, this would correspond to path lengths of 100–170 km below the slab. Both regions are characterized by abrupt changes in along-strike slab properties, a change in slab dip in the case of Peru, and a cessation of deep focus seismicity in the case of Kamchatka. We speculate that the anisotropy is caused by an associated local disturbance in asthenospheric flow. That the shear-wave splitting parameters of S and SKS are consistent with each other in most cases, suggests that large-scale anisotropy in the lower mantle is very small, probably no more than a fraction of a percent.
Effect of Nafenopin on the Uptake of Bilirubin and Sulfobromophthalein by Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

Hepatic uptake of bilirubin and sul f obromophthalein has kinetic characteristics suggesting facilitated diffusion. Because these compounds demonstrate mutual competition for uptake, a shared uptake mechanism has been presumed. Previous studies in isolated perf used regenerating liver revealed depressed uptake of bilirubin, sul f obromophthalein, and asialoorosomucoid, a desialylated glycoprotein which enters hepatocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis. This study was designed to determine whether or not depressed transport seen in liver regeneration occurs in other states of hepatocellular proliferation. Rats were pretreated with na f enopin (200 mg/kg ° day × 2), a drug that causes rapid hepatocellular proliferation similar to that seen in regeneration. Twenty-four hours after na f enopin treatment, liver weight increased by 40%. Influx, efflux, and sequestration rate constants in isolated perf used liver were quantitated by a computer fit to the model of Goresky. Results 1 day after na f enopin treatment revealed no change in transport parameters for bilirubin and asialoorosomucoid, but 55% and 49% reductions in influx of sul f obromophthalein and conjugated bilirubin, respectively. These studies suggest that hepatocellular proliferation alone is not responsible for the transport alterations seen during liver regeneration. Na f enopin effectively unmasks differences in uptake of bilirubin and other more water soluble organic anions such as sul f obromophthalein and conjugated bilirubin, suggesting that their uptake mechanisms are partially independent.
Anoectangium handelii (Bryopsida, Pottiaceae) in the New World

New to the Americas is Anoectangium handelii Schiffn., which differs significantly from A. aestivum (Hedwig) Mitt. by its small size, axillary propagula, and cauline leaves usually blunt and shorter than the perichaetial leaves. Previously, this species was known only from south-central Eurasia.
Regulating Drug Promotion to Promote the Public Health: A Response to Bennett, et al.

In Back to First Principles: A New Model for the Regulation of Drug Promotion, Alan Bennett and co-authors rightly argue that it is time for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reconsider its scheme for regulating prescription drug promotion.1 Bennett and his co-authors assert that the FDA’s framework for overseeing prescriptiondrug promotion is outdated because itwas developedover 50 years ago when communication techniques and technologies, and First Amendment jurisprudence regarding protections for commercial speech, were appreciably different.2 Indeed, as Bennett and colleagues note, the FDA itself appears to agree that change, or at least clarification, may be warranted. For example, in recent years, the FDA has held or announced public meetings to solicit stakeholder input, announced a number of studies of drug promotion, and has issued several draft guidance documents intended to clarify certain aspects of its regulation of prescription drug promotion.3 Bennett and colleagues propose a ‘New Model’ to modernize the FDA’s regulatory scheme. The New Model would create three categories of drug manufacturer
Deconcentration without Integration: Examining the Social Outcomes of Housing Choice Voucher Movement in Los Angeles County

This article reports on the social experiences of tenants moving from low-income neighborhoods in the City of Los Angeles to a racially mixed, lower poverty suburb—the Antelope Valley—using Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers. Voucher tenants experience significant social exclusion and aggressive oversight. Local residents use racial shorthand to label their black neighbors as voucher holders and apply additional scrutiny to their activity. They aggressively report voucher tenants to the housing authority and police, instigating inspections that threaten tenants’ voucher status. Tenants react to these circumstances by withdrawing from their communities in order to avoid scrutiny and protect their status in the program. These findings illustrate that the social difficulties documented in mixed-income developments may also exist in voucher programs, highlight the ways in which neighborhood effects may be extended to include social experiences, and suggest the limits of the voucher program to translate geographic mobility into socioeconomic progress.
AN ANIMAL MODEL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR TARDIVE DYSKINESIA USING CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

ABSTRACT We studied apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior (A-ISB), which depends in part on striatal dopaminergic mechanisms, in rats as an animal model of tardive dyskinesia. To examine the involvement of cholinergic synapses in A-ISB, we rated the intensity of stereotypy in rats given both apomorphine and a direct or indirect cholinergic agonist. We found that certain, but not other, cholinergic drugs were successful in blocking A-ISB.
3. Polarized and lens color effects on photoparoxysmal response

Introduction Approximately 5% of epilepsy patients’ photosensitivity can be detected on EEG recordings. This photoparoxysmal response (PPR) may prevent patients from performing their daily activities and also can result in seizures and anxiety. The objective of this study is to optimize the use of Z1 and other polarized and colored lenses for reducing PPR in epileptics. Purpose We propose that by covering central and temporal visual fields with either Z1 lenses plus side guards or elongated polarized lenses may suppress the PPR by altering the luminance and/or wavelength. Methods 22 pediatric patients with Type 4 PPR (Waltz et al.) were tested with and without Z1 lenses using photic stimulation from 1 to 21 Hz. 19 patients had primary generalized epilepsy (5 JME & 14 Absence), 2 had reflex epilepsy and 2 had Dravet’s Syndrome. Results Responses were classified into 3 groups: PPR disappearance, persistence or attenuation. 14 patients had reduced PPR (64%) and in 5 patients PPR disappeared (23%). 3 patients (13%) demonstrated persistence of the PPR with Z1 lenses. Several patients tested with side guards plus cobalt blue tint polarized lens sunglasses showed marked PPR reduction. Several patients tested with elongated polarized sunglasses covering the temporal visual field showed PPR attenuation. Placing a red lens over the photic stimulation lamp augmented the PPR from 1 to 19 Hz stimulation in several patients. A blue lens over the photic lamp resulted in attenuation or disappearance of the PPR at several photic stimulation frequencies in several patients. Conclusions Z1 and other blue lenses reduced the PPR in nearly all patients. Possible mechanisms include polarization, reduction of luminance, and filtering of red light. Further testing of photosensitive patients will be performed. Comparisons will be made between Z1, elongated polarized, cobalt blue, red and green Coppola, 2006 , Jeavons and Harding, 1975 , Newmark and Penry, 1979 , Binnie and Jeavons, 1992 , Quirk et al., 1995 , Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenit’e et al., 2002 , Takahashi and Tsukahara, 1976 .
A Microscopic Marker Technique For Documenting Interface Motion in Corrosion Scales Using TEM

We report here on a microscopic marker technique designed for use with cross-section TEM examination of corrosion scales. The technique involves microphotolithographic methods for sputter deposition of inert markers and has been used to document substrate/scale interface motion during high-temperature oxidation of Ni and Ni-base alloys.
Crack.tip Measurements in Photoelastic Models A discussion of the procedures and measuring techniques employed in estimating Mode I stress-intensity factors by the frozen-stress method

In linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) the neartip-field equations for stress and displacement are developed by treating the crack mathematically as a branch cut. However, when natural cracks are loaded with opening mode loads, or when machined slots are used to simulate cracks of specified crack-front shape, finite-root radii exist at the crack tips, and, due to finite deformations ~ and crack-tip blunting, 2 a nonlinear zone will arise inside the LEFM zone. Moreover, depending upon the size and shape of the body and the distribution of the remotely applied loads, the outer reaches of the LEFM zone will be limited either moderately or severely. This means that the LEFM zone of interest to fracture mechanicians for extracting estimates of the stress-intensity factor (SIF) lies between a near-tip nonlinear zone and one controlled by the nonsingular part of the stress field. Techniques for extracting the SIF from photoelastic data have been described by Irwin, 3 Bradley and Kobayashi, 4 Smith, 5,6 Theocaris, 7 Dally and Sanford 8 and Rossmanith and Irwin. 9 Most of these techniques rely upon measurements outside of:the LEFM zone as well as within the zone in order to obtain data for complete fringe loops or to take advantage of special analytical relationships. These methods have been applied principally to two-dimensional propagat ing or crack-arrest problems to date. Over a decade ago, the first author and his colleagues began to study ways of combining the LEFM equations with the 'frozen-stress' photoelastic method with the goal of obtaining estimates of SIF distributions along the flaw border for three-dimensional cracked-body problems. The initial approach was confined t o opening mode loading and is described in Ref. 5. It has since been modified '~ and extended to mixed-mode problems: ,~' '~2 The constraints associated with the frozen-stress method are well known: it is restricted to the elastic behavior of an incompressible material. The insertion of cracks into a three-dimensional body for photoelastic analysis involves a number of additional considerations.