cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hilbert’s Axiomatic Method and His “Foundations of Physics”: Reconciling Causality with the Axiom of General Invariance

In November and December 1915, Hilbert gave two presentations to the Royal G?ottingen Academy of Sciences under the common title ‘The Foundations of Physics’. Distinguished as ‘First Communication’ (Hilbert, 1915b) and ‘Second Communication’ (Hilbert, 1917), the two ‘notes’, as they are widely known, eventually appeared in the Nachrichten of the Academy. The first quickly entered the canon of classical general relativity but has recently become the object of renewed scholarly scrutiny since the discovery (Corry, Renn and Stachel 1997) of a set of printer’s proofs dated December 6, 1915 ((Hilbert, 1915a), henceforth ‘Proofs’). Hilbert’s second presentation has not received the same detailed reconsideration, with the recent exception of an extended study offered by Renn and Stachel (1999/2007). While we agree with much of their detailed technical reconstruction, we profoundly disagree with the assessment of Renn and Stachel that the second note shows that Hilbert had abandoned his own project (set out in the first note), and is working on a variety of largely unrelated problems within Einstein’s. In our opinion, this assessment rests on misunderstandings concerning the aims, content, and significance of the second communication, as well as its links to the first. Our aim in this paper is to offer an alternate narrative, according to which Hilbert’s second note emerges as a natural continuation of the first, containing important and interesting further developments of that project, and above all shedding needed illumination on Hilbert’s assessment of the epistemological novelty posed by a generally covariant physics.
RESPONSE TO SHACKLEY AND MOORE

Shackley and Moore's Comment misrepresents the focus of my 2017 article, which is not “regional” in nature but rather attempts a focused study of one community's relationship with the Valles Caldera; furthermore, the vast majority of the data they present do not correspond temporally with my study.
Tracking plasma DNA mutation dynamics in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer with dPCR-SEQ.

Serial monitoring of plasma DNA mutations in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer (ER + MBC) holds promise as an early predictor of therapeutic response. Here, we developed dPCR-SEQ, a customized assay that utilizes digital PCR-based target enrichment followed by next-generation sequencing to analyze plasma DNA mutations in ESR1, PIK3CA, and TP53. We validated dPCR-SEQ in a prospective cohort of 58 patients with ER + MBC and demonstrate excellent concordance with hotspot ESR1 mutation abundance measured by conventional digital PCR. The dPCR-SEQ assay revealed ESR1, PIK3CA, and TP53 plasma ctDNA mutations in 55%, 32%, and 32% of the study patients, respectively. We also observed dynamic changes in ESR1, PIK3CA, and TP53 ctDNA mutant allele fraction (MAF) that were frequently discordant between the different genes. Thus, monitoring plasma DNA mutation dynamics using a dPCR-SEQ assay is feasible, accurate, and may be investigated as a biomarker of therapeutic response in ER + MBC. A new blood test that detects mutations in three cancer-related genes could help guide clinical decision-making for women with aggressive breast tumors. Gaorav Gupta and coworkers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, developed a droplet-based microfluidic technology that replicates target genomic fragments and then sequences the DNA to quantify the fraction of gene variants that are mutated in the blood sample. The researchers designed the method to look at three genes often mutated in metastatic cases of estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. They validated the technique using blood samples from 58 patients. In a subset of these cases, they showed that the assay, known as dPCR-SEQ, picked up changes in mutation frequency over time. These mutation dynamics could likely serve as a biomarker of therapeutic response, although clinical validation is needed.
What is the point of helping

In some cases, a group of people can bring about a morally bad outcome despite each person’s individual act making no difference with respect to bringing that outcome about. Since each person’s act makes no difference, it seems the effects of the act cannot provide a reason not to perform it. This is problematic, because if each person acts in accordance with their reasons, each will presumably perform the act—and thus, the bad outcome will be brought about. Recently, Julia Nefsky has argued that this problem is solved by rejecting the assumption that if an act makes no difference with respect to an outcome, then the act cannot do anything non-superfluous toward bringing that outcome about. Nefsky suggests that, even if an act makes no difference, the act may nevertheless help: it may make a non-superfluous causal contribution. If this is right, it means that the potential effects of an act may give us a reason to perform the act, even if the act wouldn’t make a difference. In this paper, I offer some reasons to be wary of Nefsky’s approach. I first argue that her account generates problematic results in a certain range of cases, and thus that we may have no reason to help in any case. I then argue that, even if we do sometimes have a reason to act when it seems we cannot make a difference, this reason cannot be the one that Nefsky identifies.
Tolerating the Unwelcome Guest; How the Host Withstands Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Our understanding of the host response to infections has historically focused on "resistance" mechanisms that directly control pathogen replication. However, both pathogen effectors and antimicrobial immune pathways have the capacity to damage host tissue, and the ability to tolerate these insults can also be critical for host survival. These "tolerance" mechanisms may be equally as important as resistance to prevent disease in the context of a persistent infection, such as tuberculosis, when resistance mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen persists in the tissue for long periods. Host tolerance encompasses a wide range of strategies, many of which involve regulation of the inflammatory response. Here we will examine general strategies used by macrophages and T cells to promote tolerance in the context of tuberculosis, and focus on pathways, such as regulation of inflammasome activation, that are emerging as common mediators of tolerance.
Monitoring Treatment of Childhood Tuberculosis and the Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Most children tolerate the first-line antibiotics used to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) very well. The most common adverse effect is gastrointestinal distress unrelated to hepatotoxicity; the latter is seen in less than 1% of children. Despite the infrequency of hepatotoxicity, the potential long-term impact of hepatic insufficiency dictates that all children receiving antimycobacterial therapy should be evaluated periodically by symptom screening and physical examination. Routine measurement of transaminases in previously healthy, asymptomatic children is discouraged, as up to 40% of children will have transient, asymptomatic transaminase elevation that should not alter clinical management; measurement of serum liver enzymes is reserved for children who develop symptoms and those with existing liver disease or taking other potentially hepatotoxic drugs. Caregivers and personnel distributing directly-observed therapy need to be cognizant of potential drug toxicities and have a clear understanding of what to do if a child develops symptoms. There are substantial inter-patient variations in serum antibiotic concentrations when the same milligram per kilogram dose is given to different children of varying ages and sizes, reflecting differences in drug absorption and metabolism. While these variations may not impact the outcome of previously healthy children with mild disease, outcomes for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection or severe disease can be worse if sub-therapeutic drug concentrations are achieved. Therapeutic drug monitoring, wherein serum drug concentrations are used to optimize medication doses, should be considered for children with severe disease or if there is concern about alterations in drug absorption or metabolism.
#Peyronies: An Analysis of Online Twitter Discussion of Peyronie’s Disease

AbstractIntroduction:We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed Twitter Peyronie's disease discussions using the hashtag #Peyronies.Methods:Symplur, a Twitter analytics service, was used to analy...
Data Integrity Model for Environmental Sensing

With a greater ability for Big Data to obtain and compute such data sets, came a loss in the ability to ensure accurate data collection using traditional methods. This study aims to develop a model for data integrity, accurately detecting and compensating for errors and data drift. We will be working with a real-time water monitoring device that measures data in regular intervals. The data is managed in a decentralized manner by a Cloud-based Database Management System. We begin by exploring various drift compensation techniques. Afterwards, several algorithms implemented in similar studies are investigated. Upon choosing the optimal algorithm with any proper modifications, it is then implemented into an environmental sensing web application. In addition, new data visualization techniques are proposed to promote awareness for when data begins to drift.
Concentrations and controls of dissolved organic matter in a constricted-channel region of the Ohio River

A 12-month study was conducted to measure the concentrations ofdissolved organic matter (DOC, TDN, TDP) in four sites within a119 km long reach of the Ohio River, near Louisville, KY. In thisstudy we test whether specific geomorphological and biologicalfactors influenced variations in dissolved organic matter.Concentrations of DOC in the river averaged ≈1200μmol/L, and varied by nearly two orders of magnitudeseasonally (mean DOC during base flow ≈620 μmol/L).Peak periods for DOC at all sites were during April–May. Thesite nearest a navigation dam (deeper, lower current velocities)had significantly lower concentrations of TDN and greater C:Nratios than upstream sites. The largest tributary entering thisreach (Kentucky River) had no significant effect on levels of DOMin the main river, despite having significantly greaterconcentrations of TDN and lower levels of DOC during most monthsof the year. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, and TDP were notsignificantly different in littoral and pelagic habitats at allsites studied, suggesting little floodplain influence on DOM inthis constricted-channel section of the Ohio River. C:N ratios ofDOM in the Ohio were significantly different among seasons; C:Nexceeded or equaled Redfield ratios in summer and fall (6 to 10),but were below Redfield (1.8 to 3.0) during winter and spring.Regression models suggest that total phytoplankton densities andflow conditions are the two most important factors regulating DOMin this very large river.
Prescribing of oral anticoagulants in the emergency department and subsequent long-term use by older adults with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Patients with atrial fibrillation frequently seek emergency care. Rates of guideline-concordant oral anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention are suboptimal in the community. We assessed the association between prescribing of oral anticoagulants in the emergency department (relative to referral to a longitudinal care provider for treatment initiation) and long-term use of oral anticoagulants. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study performed at 15 hospitals in Ontario, Canada, involved patients aged 65 years or older who visited the emergency department between 2009 and 2014, who had a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, were discharged home, and were eligible for and willing to take stroke-prevention therapy. We used inverse probability-of-treatment weighting based on the propensity score to compare patients who were and were not given a prescription for an oral anticoagulant. The primary outcome was a prescription fill for an oral anticoagulant 6 months later. Secondary outcomes included a prescription fill at 1 year, all-cause mortality, and strokes or bleeding events leading to hospital admission. RESULTS: Of 2132 eligible patients, 402 (18.9%) were given a prescription for an oral anticoagulant in the emergency department. After weighting, 67.8% of these patients had filled a prescription for an oral anticoagulant at 6 months versus 37.2% of those who did not receive a prescription in the emergency department (absolute risk increase [ARI] 30.6%, number needed to treat [NNT] 3). At 1 year, the ARI was 23.2% and the NNT was 4. Rates of death, stroke and bleeding events did not differ significantly. INTERPRETATION: In patients with atrial fibrillation who were eligible for stroke prevention, prescribing an oral anticoagulant in the emergency department was associated with substantially higher long-term use of oral anticoagulants compared with deferring to the longitudinal care provider to initiate this therapy. Physicians working in the emergency department should consider initiating oral anticoagulation in eligible patients who are being discharged to home.
Fine sediment storage in an eroding forest trail system

We measured fine sediment accumulations (FSA) adjacent to eroding off-highway vehicle trails in Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas. Measured trailside FSA was 643 m3. Extrapolated to the entire tra...
Shpol'skii spectroscopy of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primary alcohols at 77 K and 4.2 K

We present for the first time experimental evidence on the line-narrowing effect caused by primary alcohols on the spectral features of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at 77 K and 4.2 K. The investigated metabolites include 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 4-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 5-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (±), B[a]P-trans-9,10-dihydrodiol (±), B[a]P-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-c-9,10-epoxide (±) and B[a]P-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide(±). The narrowest spectra and highest fluorescence enhancements were observed by matching the length of the alcohol to the length of the n-alkane that best fits the molecular dimensions of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analytical figures of merit show potential for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of PAH metabolites via Shpol'skii Spectroscopy.
Self-consistent, high-order spatial profiles in a model for two-fluid turbulent mixing.

A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model is presented with the property that it admits self-consistent, high-order spatial profiles in simulations of two-fluid turbulent mixing layers. Whereas previous models have been limited by the assumption of a linear mixing profile, the present paper relaxes this assumption and, as a result, is shown to achieve much better agreement with experimental profiles. Similarity analysis is presented to derive constraints on model coefficients to enforce desired self-similar growth rates that are fully consistent with the high-order spatial profiles. Through this similarity analysis, it is shown that care must be taken in model construction, as it is possible to construct certain terms in such a way as to leave growth rates unconstrained. This model, termed the $k\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\phi}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L\text{\ensuremath{-}}a\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ model, is then applied in simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, and Kelvin-Helmholtz mixing layers. These simulations confirm that the expected growth parameters are recovered and high-order spatial profiles are maintained.
The Necessary Efforts to Reduce Social Inequality Must be Grounded in Political Reality

In his target article, Lewis argues that the goal of reaching consensus on what “equality” means should not impede progress toward the goal of equality. He identifies several justifications for thi...
Application of computer controls and display to roll grinders

It is shown that software coupled with proven hardware provides the solution for controlling the grinding variables for roll grinders. The control system presented provides the user with the following benefits: (1) the ability to grind rolls with precise motion control to obtain predictable accuracy and surface finish with a minimum of operator input; (2) computer control of the four main grinding variables, i.e. wheel speed, infeed, roll speed, and traverse; (3) reduction of machine downtime by the computer-based control interface that monitors critical operations and provides diagnostics for troubleshooting; and (4) optional on-machine caliper with display of measured roll data that enables the operator to make online corrections of the roll profiles (printout of final grind profile to specified tolerance). >
Surface Layer of the Atmosphere in Unstable Conditions

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the behavior of surface layer of the atmosphere in unstable conditions. The most popular theory in this context involves an approach suggested by the highly successful theory of homogeneous flow over a surface and leads to simple predictions based on dimensional analysis. The discussion questions the plausibility and the rigor of the similarity arguments and points out a number of disagreements between laboratory and atmospheric observations. The chapter concludes with the development of a new theory, which differs fundamentally from the similarity theory in assuming, essentially, that the temperature difference between the heated lower surface and the fluid at infinite heights is a more fundamental quantity than the heat flux. This theory has a number of predictions that agree exactly with observations, or are in better agreement than the similarity theories, but more and better observations are clearly needed.
Changes in the Housing Situation of the Elderly

This paper presents results of a careful examination of the changes in the housing circumstances of the elderly over the 1974-79 period, using data from the Annual Housing Survey. The focus is on both the quality of housing occupied and the level of income devoted to housing. The outcomes show that among elderly households there has been substantial and widespread improvement in housing quality especially the incidence of serious structural defects. Improvements in housing quality appear to be achieved by the elderly expending more of their incomes for housing. This however may be a temporary problem due to several factors. Stabilized energy prices, reduced inflation, and a rental building surge fostered by the provisions of the Economic Tax Recovery Acy of 1981 may offer some relief.
Ruptured Mycotic Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm in an Infant: Transcatheter Embolization and CT Assessment

Mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the pulmonary artery that ruptures during necrotizing pneumonia is a rare entity that is often fatal. Traditionally it has been treated with open thoracotomy and resection of both the aneurysm and the lobe in which the aneurysm is located. In this report, we describe the radiological findings and transcatheter coil embolization of a mycotic pulmonary pseudoaneurysm in a 6-month-old female infant. We also describe the subsequent morphologic changes observed on follow-up computed tomography after 9 months of embolization.
The Seductive Gaze Through the Gold Filter: Representation, Color Manipulation, and Technology Choices in Visual Ethnography

Cultural representation begins before image production as visual ethnographers make equipment purchasing decisions. In this article I examine the choices made at this stage in relation to one particular category of equipment and technology choices, color filters. I explore ideas about their use and their image manipulation potential in comparison with other common visual technologies. These ideas form the basis for a recommendation toward developing a critical approach to the role of image-producing technologies in visual representations of culture, and for creating a visual framework where aesthetics and accuracy are not mutually exclusive categories.
On the inversion of quantum mechanical systems: Determining the amount and type of data for a unique solution

The inverse problem of extracting a quantum mechanical potential from laboratory data is studied from the perspective of determining the amount and type of data capable of giving a unique answer. Bound state spectral information and expectation values of time-independent operators are used as data. The Schrodinger equation is treated as finite dimensional and for these types of data there are algebraic equations relating the unknowns in the system to the experimental data (e.g., the spectrum of a matrix is related algebraically to the elements of the matrix). As these equations are polynomials in the unknown parameters of the system, it is possible to determine the multiplicity of the solution set. With a fixed number of unknowns the effect of increasing the number of equations on the multiplicity of solutions is assessed. In general, if the number of the equations matches the number of the unknowns, the solution set is denumerable. A result on the solvability of polynomial equations is extended to the case where the number of equations exceeds the number of unknowns. We show that if one has more equations than the number of unknowns, generically a unique solution exists. Several examples illustrating these results are provided.
Correlated random-phase-approximation study of an anyon gas

The correlated random-phase-approximation (CRPA) method is applied to study the ground-state and excited-state properties of an anyon gas. We perform a systematic 1/{ital N} expansion to the calculation of elementary excitations, where {ital N} is the statistical parameter. We find that the leading-(1/{ital N})-order contributions are the same as those obtained by calculations of the RPA response functions. We then consider corrections to the RPA by a perturbation of the exchange interactions, and show that these higher-order corrections are important at large wave vectors. Our calculation gives an excitation spectrum in good agreement with that obtained by the exact solution of a small system.
Metabolic studies on red cells from patients with chronic renal disease on haemodialysis.

Summary. Studies were performed which suggest intracorpuscular metabolic alterations in red cells from patients with chronic renal disease. In a buffered salt solution, the red cell metabolic rate of uraemic subjects was significantly greater that that of normal subjects. Furthermore, the metabolic rate of uraemic red cells was not diminished when incubated in normal plasma. Finally, incubation of control and uraemic red cells in a buffered salt medium with 10 mM phosphate did not obliterate the differences in metabolic rate between control and uraemic cells. When the activities of several rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes were measured, red cells from the uraemic subjects had a normal level of phosphoglycerate kinase and a significant increase in the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase compared to control red cells. These results indicate that red cells from patients with chronic renal disease are intrinsically hypermetabolic, and the pattern of increased enzyme activities suggests the presence of a red cell population with a younger mean cell age due to preferential loss of older cells.
Effects of Coordinated Environmental Studies in Social Studies and Science on Student Attitudes toward Growth and Pollution

Abstract This study used a pretest-posttest control group experimental design to assess student environmental attitude changes after study of special social studies and science modules. Two coordinated sets of modules were developed and used with a sample of ninth and tenth grade students. These were used individually and in combination to detect post-treatment attitude differences toward population growth and pollution among the treatment groups in each grade. Coordinated instruction in both social studies and science classes produced significantly higher mean scores on cognitive and affective measures when compared with single treatment and control groups.
PKP(BC‐DF) Travel time residuals and short scale heterogeneity in the deep Earth

Differential PKP(BC)-PKP(DF) travel time residuals for quasi-polar paths in the earth present large excursions from the trends predicted by simple models of inner core anisotropy. We analyze a set of such paths classified according to specific source and station regions, and show that observations are compatible with a constant anisotropy model of at most 1.5% in the outer 400 km of the inner core. To explain local departures of up to 3 sec from the predictions of such a model, strong lateral variations on scale lengths shorter than a few hundred km need to be invoked, either in the core or in the mantle. Independent results of D' modelling argue in favor of an important contribution from the latter.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 45

Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 45. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the best spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. Inconsistencies in the data are discussed wherever they are noted by the compiler. While a few levels in each of the A = 45 nuclei appear to be well represented as ‘shell model’ states, it is clear that there are many more low-lying states than have been accounted for by model calculations. Few data exist as regards high-spin states (J > 7/2) expected in this region. No gamma-decay data have been reported for 45K levels. The fine structure of isobaric analog levels in 45Ti has not been examined. All the tabulated C2S and C2S' direct-reaction strengths are derived from distorted-wave Born approximation reaction theory. The reader is referred to the individual papers for details of the calculations. The adopted level and decay properties are based on data received before March 1970.
Investigating Why Teachers Reported Continued Use and Sharing of an Educational Innovation after the Research Has Ended.

We investigated prospects for reported sustainable adoption and sharing of an educational innovation through survey research including online questionnaires and telephone interviews. This investigation is part of the Scaling-Up SimCalc experimental program, which combines dynamic representational algebra software (SimCalc MathWorlds) with integrated curriculum and small professional development workshops focused on how to use the software and how to integrate this intervention into the larger year-long curriculum. Teachers who (1) perceived the usefulness of the SimCalc professional development as being consistent with personal aims and (2) perceived specific affordances of the software/curriculum to be valuable were more likely to report continued use of the innovation after the research had ended and that they had shared it with colleagues over time.
Does programming language affect the type of conceptual bugs in beginners' programs? A comparison of FPL and Pascal

The effect of the graphical programming language FPL (First Programming Language) on the occurrence of conceptual bugs in programs written by novices was studied. The type and location for each bug, and the frequency for each type were all recorded following procedures developed in an earlier Yale University study of novice Pascal programming. The findings were compared with those of the earlier study, and suggest that FPL may help beginning programmers avoid some common conceptual errors in their programming.
Elevated Arc/Arg 3.1 protein expression in the basolateral amygdala following auditory trace-cued fear conditioning

The underlying neuronal mechanisms of learning and memory have been heavily explored using associative learning paradigms. Two of the more commonly employed learning paradigms have been contextual and delay fear conditioning. In fear conditioning, a subject learns to associate a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus; CS), such as a tone or the context of the room, with a fear provoking stimulus (unconditioned stimulus; US), such as a mild footshock. Utilizing these two paradigms, various analyses have elegantly demonstrated that the amygdala plays a role in both fear-related associative learning paradigms. However, the amygdala’s involvement in trace fear conditioning, a forebrain-dependent fear associative learning paradigm that has been suggested to tap into higher cognitive processes, has not been closely investigated. Furthermore, to our knowledge, the specific amygdala nuclei involved with trace fear conditioning has not been examined. The present study used Arc expression as an activity marker to determine the amygdala’s involvement in trace fear associative learning and to further explore involvement of specific amygdalar nuclei. Arc is an immediate early gene that has been shown to be associated with neuronal activation and is believed to be necessary for neuronal plasticity. Findings from the present study demonstrated that trace-conditioned mice, compared to backward-conditioned (stimulation-control), delay-conditioned and naive mice, exhibited elevated amygdalar Arc expression in the basolateral (BLA) but not the central (CeA) or the lateral amygdala (LA). These findings are consistent with previous reports demonstrating that the amygdala plays a critical role in trace conditioning. Furthermore, these findings parallel studies demonstrating hippocampal-BLA activation following contextual fear conditioning, suggesting that trace fear conditioning and contextual fear conditioning may involve similar amygdala nuclei. Together, findings from this study demonstrate similarities in the pathway for trace and contextual fear conditioning, and further suggest possible underlying mechanisms for acquisition and consolidation of these two types of fear-related learning.
Determination of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in simulated incinerator emissions

Abstract A laboratory-scale device that simulates municipal waste incineration has been developed at Battelle and used to evaluate incinerator emissions from brominated flame retardants and plastics containing brominated flame retardants. Recent results indicate that incineration of pure brominated flame retardants does not generate performance conditions consistent with “good combustion practices”. Combustion appears to be enhanced, however, when the flame retardants are incorporated into a plastic matrix.
Power consumption modeling and characterization of the TI C6201

This new approach characterizes power dissipation on complex dsps. its processor model relies on an initial functional-level power analysis of the target processor together with a characterization that qualifies the more significant architectural and algorithmic parameters for power dissipation. these parameters come from a simple profiling of the assembly code. This functional model accounts for deeply pipelined, superscalar, and hierarchical memory architectures.
Academic Insights: An Application of Multiple-Group Causal Models in Assessing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence:

In cross-national marketing research, the question whether measurement accuracy, reliability, and validity are achieved across samples traditionally has hampered research efforts. Measurement equiv...
Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism

Abnormalities in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system have been noted in subjects with mood and anxiety disorders. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes synthesize GABA from glutamate, and, thus, are reasonable candidate susceptibility genes for these conditions. In this study, we examined the GAD1 and GAD2 genes for their association with genetic risk across a range of internalizing disorders. We used multivariate structural equation modeling to identify common genetic risk factors for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and neuroticism (N) in a sample of 9270 adult subjects from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. One member from each twin pair for whom DNA was available was selected as a case or control based on scoring at the extremes of the genetic factor extracted from the analysis. The resulting sample of 589 cases and 539 controls was entered into a two-stage association study in which candidate loci were screened in stage 1, the positive results of which were tested for replication in stage 2. Several of the six single-nucleotide polymorphisms tested in the GAD1 region demonstrated significant association in both stages, and a combined analysis in all 1128 subjects indicated that they formed a common high-risk haplotype that was significantly over-represented in cases (P=0.003) with effect size OR=1.23. Out of 14 GAD2 markers screened in stage 1, only one met the threshold criteria for follow-up in stage 2. This marker, plus three others that formed significant haplotype combinations in stage 1, did not replicate their association with the phenotype in stage 2. Subject to confirmation in an independent sample, our study suggests that variations in the GAD1 gene may contribute to individual differences in N and impact susceptibility across a range of anxiety disorders and major depression.
The Potential for Atmospheric Path Length Compensation in Stellar Interferometry

Adaptive optics provides a method for improving telescope imaging affected by atmospheric seeing distortions, but the differences in path length fluctuations through the atmosphere to two or more separate telescopes continues to limit the quality of stellar interferometry, and unfortunately is not ameliorated by adaptive optics. Some corrections to such fluctuations can be made by atmospheric density measurements near the ground, particularly since in some cases a substantial fraction of path length fluctuations occur in the atmosphere within 20-30 m of ground level. It is shown that more extensive corrections can be made by measurements of backscattered lidar radiation sent along the direction of the telescopes' observation. It is proposed that Rayleigh or Raman backscattering be used to measure changes in atmospheric density or index of refraction. Rayleigh scattering by molecules provides more intensity than does Raman and can allow path length corrections over distances of a few hundred meters to somewhat more than a kilometer with a fractional accuracy as good as 10-6 of the total atmospheric delay. Such measurements can substantially assist stellar interferometry. Details of how this might be done, and of likely errors and difficulties, are discussed quantitatively.
A Study of Ionization Front Velocity in dc Pulsed Plasmas

The ionization front velocity in a de cylindrical plasma is reported. This parameter has been determined as the ratio between the distance separation of two Langmuir probes, Δz, and the time Δt which is needed for the ionization front to cover the distance Δz. A theoretical model which allows to obtain the functional relationship of ionization front velocity with the stationary electron density has been developed. A good agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively, has been obtained.
Analysis of deuterium labeled blood lipids by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A quantitative analytical method has been developed to analyze methyl esters of blood fatty acids derived from human subjects fed deuterium-labeled fats. The GCMS computer method provides for the analysis of the fed deuterium-labeled fatty acids, the naturally occurring blood fatty acids and new fatty acids formed by chain elongation or shortening of the fed labeled fats. Approximately 20 fatty acids including 16, 17, 18 and 20 carbon chain acids were analyzed with a relative standard deviation of 0.02 at the microgram level and a sensitivity of less than one nanogram. The method uses capillary GC to separate the fatty acid esters and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry with multiple ion detection to determine the isotopic constituents of the GC peaks. The technique provides for the determination of overlapping GC peaks labeled with 2, 4 and 6 deuterium atoms and makes extensive use of computers both for data acquisition and processing.
PRECAST USE OF POLYMER CONCRETE USING UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN BASED ON RECYCLED PET WASTE

Abstract The strength properties and behaviour of unreinforced and reinforced polymer concrete ( pc ) using an unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) plastic waste are reported. The results obtained show that resins based on recycled pet can be used to produce good quality pc for precast applications such as utility components, transportation components, machine bases and building components. The use of recycled pet in pc helps in reducing the cost of the material, solving some of the solid waste problems posed by plastics and saving energy.
Crystal and molecular structure of 6‐(p‐iodobenzenesulfonyl)‐3‐oxa‐6‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

The crystal and molecular structure of 6-(p-iodobenzenesulfonyl)-3-oxa-6-azabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane has been determined by a three-dimensional single-crystal x-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with cell dimensions, a = 19.76, b = 8.17, c = 15.72 ± 0.003 A and β = 109.3° ± 0.2°. The aziridine ring is fused cis to the oxa-cyclopentane ring with fusion angles of 112°. The bicyclic system is in the boat conformation with the p-iodobenzenesulfonate group at an angle of 98.0° to it. The conformation of the ring system is discussed. A final value of R = 0.099 was obtained for the 1107 independent reflections.
The effect of lysine-supplemented wheat gluten-based diet on yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) performance

Formulation of nutritionally complete and cost efficient diets for yellow perch (Perca flavescens) is a prerequisite for successful intensive culture of this species. One of the objectives of this study was to determine the optimum diet for the grow-out phase of juvenile yellow perch. Fish at the size of 12.9 ± 4 g were individually marked with passive integrated transponders (PIT)-tags and randomly distributed into six 400 L tanks, 45 fish per tank. This experiment included lysine-deficient [(−) Lys] and lysine-supplemented [(+) Lys] wheat-gluten-based diets in triplicate groups. Our experiment showed that the mean weight of fish fed (+) Lys diet (83.9 ± 1.5 g) was significantly larger than fish fed (−) Lys diet (68.6 ± 5.2 g) (P < 0.05). This experiment also showed that the blood plasma concentration of free lysine in (+) Lys group was significantly higher than in (−) Lys group (P < 0.05) and the same trend appeared also in methionine concentrations. The concentration of Lys in deficient group of fish, 3 h after a meal was lower compared with levels of Lys 24 h post-feeding (P < 0.05). Lysine deficiency in diet resulted in significantly higher level of serine, and a similar trend occurred in small and large fish.
Minimal belief and negation as failure

Abstract Fangzhen Lin and Yoav Shoham defined a propositional nonmonotonic logic which uses two independent modal operators. One of them represents minimal knowledge, the other is related to the ideas of justification (as understood in default logic) and of negation as failure. We describe a simplified version of that system, show how quantifiers can be included in it, and study its relation to circumscription and default logic, to logic programming, and to the theory of epistemic queries developed by Hector Levesque and Ray Reiter.
Myophosphorylase deficiency: An unusually severe form with myoglobinuria

Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdie disease) is characterized by exercise intolerance that usually starts in childhood. Severe cramps and myoglobinuria are rarely problems in children. We describe an 8-year-old boy with exercise-induced myoglobinuria; he was homozygous for the mutation most commonly encountered in patients with typical McArdle disease.
Crustal diffusion of gases out of Mercury and the Moon

An upper limit to the rate of diffusion of sodium and potassium out of Mercury and the moon was calculated, and the resulting flux was compared to that required to maintain the known exospheres. It was found that diffusion rates are inadequate by 12 orders of magnitude on the moon and 9 orders of magnitude on Mercury for diffusion out of orthoclase minerals. Diffusion will be more rapid out of pure glass by five to six orders of magnitude and out of shocked basalt by an amount depending on the microstructure of the mineral. The observed abundance and distribution of volatiles in small glass spherules on the moon indicates that diffusion is very inefficient after solidification and cooling. At Mercury, the limitation on sodium flux to the atmosphere is shown to be the rate at which new regolith is created. The discrepancy between the observed column abundance of sodium in the Mercurean atmosphere and the known sources may indicate that either Mercury's crust has a larger volatile content than the moon or that a recycling mechanism exists in the Mercurean atmosphere which is not present for the moon.
ApoA-IV: current and emerging roles in intestinal lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and satiety

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is secreted by the small intestine on chylomicrons into intestinal lymph in response to fat absorption. Many physiological functions have been ascribed to apoA-IV, including a role in chylomicron assembly and lipid metabolism, a mediator of reverse-cholesterol transport, an acute satiety factor, a regulator of gastric function, and, finally, a modulator of blood glucose homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to update our current view of intestinal apoA-IV synthesis and secretion and the physiological roles of apoA-IV in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and to underscore the potential for intestinal apoA-IV to serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disease.
RESPONSE OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS TO DIETARY CHANGE :CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT MECHANISMS

In many individuals, LDL-cholesterol levels rise following increased consumption of dietary cholesterol or saturated and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids. In others, a reduction of cholesterogenesis fully compensates for these effects. In responding individuals, much of the increase in LDL-cholesterol observed may result directly from an increase in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity whose effect is not mediated by hepatic LDL receptors.
Coupled factors influencing concentration-dependent colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media.

The coupled influence of input suspension concentration (Ci), ionic strength (IS), and hydrodynamics on the transport and retention of 1.1 μm carboxyl-modified latex colloids in saturated quartz sand (150 μm) under unfavorable attachment conditions (pH 10) was investigated. The percentage of retained colloids in column experiments decreased with Ci at intermediate IS conditions (31 or 56 mM) when colloids were weakly associated with the solid phase by a shallow secondary energy minima. In contrast, the effects of Ci on colloid retention were absent when IS was too low (6 mM) or too high (106 mM). The concentration effects under intermediate IS conditions were dependent on the system hydrodynamics, magnitude of Ci, and injection order of Ci, but they were largely independent of the input colloid mass. These observations were explained in part by time- and concentration-dependent filling of retention sites. Only a small fraction of the solid surface area was found to contribute to retention when IS was 31 m...
The role of frequency resolution and temporal resolution in the detection of frequency modulation

The experiment investigated subjects’ ability to detect short‐duration changes in frequency. In an adaptive, 2AFC task, three normal‐hearing subjects were asked to distinguish a sinusoidal signal that increased in frequency in a series of discrete steps from a standard that was identical except that its frequency increased essentially continuously. The signals were 60 ms in duration with center frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. The smallest frequency increase between steps (FI) at which the stepped signal could be distinguished from the standard was determined as a function of the number of steps in the signal. As the number of steps increased and the step duration decreased, the FI at first decreased and then reached a roughly asymptotic level. Eventually, however, at a certain number of steps, the FI increased rapidly. The data were analyzed using a model of auditory temporal resolution that included a bank of bandpass filters, a nonlinearity, a temporal integrator, and a decision device. The analysis yielded ERDs that ranged from 3.8 to 5.0 ms and did not change systematically with frequency. Detector efficiency varied considerably, being greatest at 0.5 and 1 kHz, and declining at higher and lower center frequencies.
Utilization of flow injection with hydrazine reduction and photometric detection for the determination of nitrate in rain-water

Abstract The hydrazine reduction method for determination of nitrate at the parts per million level is adapted to flow injection sample processing of rain-water. Reagent composition and physical variables were evaluated and optimized. Forty samples per hour can be processed. A precision of better than 3% is possible in the range of 1.0–10.0 ppm nitrate. Results for nitrate obtained from 9 rain-water samples agreed favorably with those determined by ion chromatography.
Three problems in combinatorial asymptotics

Le nombre moyen de cycles excede le nombre moyen de longueurs de cycle distinctes d'une n-permutation par une quantite qui approche la constante: A=Σ ∞ m=2 (−1) m+1 /m! ζ(m)=0,6598155... quand n approche l'infini (ζ est la fonction zeta de Riemann)
Great Britain and the anti‐terrorist conventions of 1937

Two conventions to suppress international terrorism were signed in Geneva on 16 November 1937, but never came into effect. One defined international terrorism as an international crime; the other provided for an international court to try accused terrorists. They were products of political theater rather than of a serious effort to outlaw international terrorism. The conventions were initiated for reasons of political expediency by the British and French governments, which did not regard them as useful, and the Italian government, which was suspected of complicity in the 1934 terrorist assassination of Yugoslav King Alexander I and French Foreign Minister Jean Louis Barthou. The preparatory committee included representatives of governments which sponsored terrorism. Key provisions were deliberately formulated with oracular language subject to contradictory interpretations. The convention calling for an international court contained terms that ensured it would not become operative. The British Foreign Offi...