cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Pulmonary and Mediastinal Sequelae of Histoplasmosis: A Challenging Spectrum

Background Histoplasmosis may result in a spectrum of complications that require thoracic surgical intervention. We reviewed our 17-year experience in the management of histoplasmosis to determine outcomes as well as gain insight into the distribution of complications requiring surgical intervention. Methods The hospital records of patients who underwent surgical treatment for complications related to histoplasmosis from 1991 to 2008 were reviewed. Based on the predominant presentation, patients were categorized with complications secondary to broncholithiasis, granulomatous disease, or fibrosing mediastinitis. Patients who underwent diagnostic surgery and were found to have histoplasmosis were excluded. Results Of the 49 patients who underwent surgery for histoplasmosis-related complications, 27 (55%) had granulomatous disease, 13 (27%) had broncholithiasis, and 9 (18%) had fibrosing mediastinitis. The most common clinical presentations were recurrent pneumonia (n = 16) and hemoptysis (n = 13); less common presentations included dysphagia (n = 3) and superior vena cava syndrome (n = 1). Two patients required cardiopulmonary bypass for resection; 1 of these died postoperatively (series mortality 2%). Seven patients (14%) had complications. Relief of symptoms was achieved in all surviving patients. Conclusions Complications of histoplasmosis requiring thoracic surgical intervention are diverse with pulmonary complications predominating. Although surgically challenging, excellent short- and long-term outcomes may be expected.
Impending loss of insurance coverage is an indication to proceed with complex, expensive surgery.

This debate was held in November 2009, several months before the newly enacted health care services reform lawwas passed by Congress and signed by President Obama. Many problems in the ﬁnancing of health care that arecited in the arguments presented in the debate are no longer applicable. At this writing, however, the precise formthe law will take is not known except in broad outline. Some of its provisions will take effect immediately, but manyothers will take months or years to come into play. Moreover, publication in the Federal Register of speciﬁcregulations arising from complex laws usually takes years. We recognize that the case presented below is unlikelyto occur in thefuture,althoughitwasentirelyplausiblebeforeMarch2010,andmanyofthethedebaters’argumentsmay be no longer credible in the context of the new health care system. Nevertheless, we publish the debate as itwas originally presented—conﬂicts among ethical principles very much like those depicted in this case will stilloccur, but the exact form they will take cannot be known at this time.
Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in autonomic cell groups of the medulla oblongata of the rat.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the medulla oblongata have been suggested to have a functional role in the regulation of cardiovascular baroreflexes. The present study examines the localization of mGluR8 autonomic nuclei of the medulla of the rat. mGluR8 immunoreactivity was observed in the cell bodies and/or processes of the dorsolateral, interstitial, medial, intermediate, ventral, ventrolateral, subpostremal, commissural, parvicellular and gelatinosus subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The intensity of mGluR8 staining was highest in the commissural and interstitial subnuclei at the level of the area postrema. Commissural NTS is involved in regulation of baro-, and chemo-reflexes whereas the interstitial nucleus mediates respiratory reflexes. In the area postrema, diffuse staining was observed in the cell bodies, dendrites and fibers of the dorsal and central regions. In vagal outflow nuclei, mGluR8 immunoreactivity was observed in: (1) the cell bodies and processes of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) throughout the rostro-caudal extent; and (2) the cell bodies and fibers throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the dorsal and ventral division the nucleus ambiguus (NA). Staining in the ventrolateral medulla was restricted to regions ventral to the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal to the lateral reticulate nucleus. The present study is the first to provide a detailed mapping of mGluR8 within the autonomic nucleii of the medulla and suggests that this subtype may be involved in shaping synaptic transmission in these central nuclei.
Neck muscles innervation patterns in the northern leopard frog (Rana p. pipiens)

The motor innervation patterns of neck and middle ear muscles were investigated in 24 northern leopard frogs (Rana p. pipiens) using the horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing technique. The results show that various neck muscles were innervated by motoneurons in medial motor column of the ventral horn extending from the second to third spinal nerves, and positioned medially to the lateral motor column (LMC). Middle ear muscle, on the other hand, was innervated by motoneurons in LMC.
A class of hybrid-state continuous-time dynamic systems

A class of continuous time systems with part continuous, part discrete state is described by differential equations combined with multistable elements. Transitions of these elements between their discrete states are triggered by the continuous part of the state and not directly by inputs. The dynamic behavior of such systems, in response to piecewise continuous inputs, is defined under suitable assumptions. A general Mayer-type optimization problem is formulated. Conditions are given for a solution to be well-behaved, so that variational methods can be applied. Necessary conditions for optimality are stated and the jump conditions are interpreted geometrically.
OPNET/Simulink Based Testbed for Disturbance Detection in the Smart Grid

The important backbone of the Smart Grid is the cyber/information infrastructure, which is primarily used to communicate with different grid components. Smart grid is a complex cyber physical system containing a numerous and variety number of sources, devices, controllers and loads. Therefore, smart grid is vulnerable to the grid related disturbances. For such a dynamic system, disturbance and intrusion detection is a paramount issue. This paper presents a Simulink and Opnet based co-simulated platform to carry out a cyber-intrusion in a cyber-network for modern power systems and smart grid. The IEEE 30 bus power system model is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the simulated testbed. The experiments were performed by disturbing the circuit breakers reclosing time through a cyber-attack. Different disturbance situations in the considered test system are considered and the results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed co-simulated scheme.
A new international voice for prevention and control of infectious diseases

The International Society for Infectious Disease (ISID), in 1994, met in Prague, convening 5000 members to discuss infectious diseases, concentrating on those having worldwide impact. The Council discussed once again the potential benefits of a journal for the members of the Society and others interested in international health and infectious diseases. It was decided that the time was appropriate; a Publications Committee was established and a mission statement was written and presented at the business meeting and published in the Newsletter. The committee’s statement follows.
TECHNICAL NOTE---Spatial Queueing Analysis of an Interdiction System to Protect Cities from a Nuclear Terrorist Attack

We formulate and analyze a spatial queueing model concerning a terrorist who is attempting to drive a nuclear or radiological weapon toward a target in a city center. In our model, imperfect radiation sensors form a circular wall around the periphery of the city, and vehicles setting off sensor alarms (representing a terrorist or a nuisance alarm) arrive randomly at the perimeter of a circle (representing the wall of sensors) and drive toward the center of the circle. Interdiction vehicles, one in each wedge of the circle, chase the alarm-generating vehicles. We derive an accurate mathematical expression for the mean damage inflicted by a terrorist in this system in terms of the arrival rate of alarm-generating vehicles and the number of interdiction vehicles. Our results suggest that detection-interdiction systems using current technology are capable of mitigating the damage from a nuclear weapon made of plutonium, but not one made of uranium or a radiological weapon.
Note on the analysis of thymidine labeling in cells with chromosome-number dispersion

A method of analyzing thymidine labeling in a population of cells is formulated. The formulation establishes a unique relation between a specific set of labeling data and a specific set of cells in the population, viz. that set of cells having a particular chromosome number. The analysis employs a cell-state variable, i.e., a quantity which specifies the progress of a cell through its lifecycle. This variable is defined in terms of the nucleo-protein content and configuration of the chromosomes. The relation mentioned above leads immediately to an expression for the number of cells present at a particular time following labeling which have a given amount of label per cell and a given chromosome number.
Profiles and Performance Indicators in Australian Higher Education Resource Allocation

Abstract Commitment to profiles and performance indicators marks a radical change in the Australian Commonwealth Government's approach to funding higher education institutions. This approach results from the Commonwealth conceiving its role as a ‘quasi‐consumer’, seeking contracts with institutional suppliers of teaching and research services for which it is prepared to pay. This reconceptualisation of the Commonwealth's role has neatly overcome a major difficulty in federal‐state relations in education and has given policy makers greater power over the behaviour of institutions without having to become involved in their decision‐making.
On the α-risks for shewhart control charts

The performance of the usual Shewhart control charts for monitoring process means and variation can be greatly affected by nonnormal data or subgroups that are correlated. Define the αk-risk for a Shewhart chart to be the probability that at least one “out-of-control” subgroup occurs in k subgroups when the control limits are calculated from the k subgroups. Simulation results show that the αk-risks can be quite large even for a process with normally distributed, independent subgroups. When the data are nonnormal, it is shown that the αk-risk increases dramatically. A method is also developed for simulating an “in-control” process with correlated subgroups from an autoregressive model. Simulations with this model indicate marked changes in the αk-risks for the Shewhart charts utilizing this type of correlated process data. Therefore, in practice a process should be investigated thoroughly regarding whether or not it is generating normal, independent data before out-of-control points on the control charts ...
China's Surge in Latin American Markets: Policy Challenges and Responses

Theories of economic development have yet to fully explain the remarkable ascendance of China in the global economy. From the standpoint of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), China's reform trajectory looks nothing like the market-based policies adopted in varying degrees in the early 1990s. Rather, China's transformation has been a lesson in experimentation with various policy combinations. This raises key questions concerning how the LAC region can best contend with China's growing presence in its markets. Whereas Mexico and Central America face stiff competition from China in low and intermediate technology-based industries (textiles, electronics, auto parts), South America has experienced vibrant growth since 2002 led by raw material exports to China, but at the expense of manufacturing exports. This article analyzes new patterns of complementarity and competition in the China–LAC relationship, and it highlights the need for a more targeted competition policy on the part of the latter.
Molecular genetics of urothelial malignancies

Abstract Urothelial malignancies were diagnosed in over 50,000 men and women in the United States last year. The majority of these tumors are not muscle invasive and can be treated endoscopically with or without adjuvant intravesical therapy. Cystoscopy and cytology at regular and frequent intervals are essential since many patients experience tumor recurrence, progression or fail to respond to intravesical treatments. Cancer recurrence, progression and intravesical treatment failures can be associated with increased risk of developing metastatic disease if not promptly detected and aggressively treated. Markers that identify patients at increased risk for recurrence, progression and poor response to intravesical therapy would provide useful information in the management of patients with urothelial malignancies. Mismatch repair (MMR) genes are potential markers for detection and prognosis since their expression is linked to tumor predisposition, progression and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The molecular biology and biochemistry of MMR will be reviewed and the potential role of human MMR genes for detection, prognosis and treatment of urothelial malignancies will be discussed.
27Al and 29Si NMR study of sol-gel derived aluminosilicates and sodium aluminosilicates

Solid state 27Al and 29Si NMR was used to examine the structures of aluminosilicates and sodium aluminosilicates prepared by the sol-gel method from metal alkoxides. In contrast to the borosilicate system, where B-O-Si bonds are not formed until heat treatment above 150° C, Al-O-Si formation appears complete upon gelation. Aluminium occupies tetrahedral [AlO4]− sites in the polymer network and octahedral [Al(H2O)6]3+ (or similar) sites in the intersticies for charge balance. When sodium is added as a counter ion the octahedral aluminium is converted to tetrahedral aluminium in the oxide network. In gels of high aluminium content prepared from (BusO)2Al-O-Si(OEt)3, some aluminium in five coordinate environments is also observed. All gels remain amorphous on heating to 800° C.
On the Design of High-Temperature Gas Turbine Blade Water-Cooling Channels

Centrifugal and Coriolis accelerations have a strong impact on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer in the various schemes of water cooling being actively considered for rotating blades in very high temperature gas turbines. Analytical studies of a thin water film in a rotating rectangular channel open to ambient pressure are presented. First, the dynamics of a thin rotating film indicate that for a certain flow rate it thins out into a stable film under the action of the Coriolis force only for a flow depth below a critical thickness. The value of the critical thickness is a function of the tilt angle between the axis of the cooling passage and the radial. Criteria for nucleation and burnout in high speed liquid films are proposed. These criteria are used to estimate the coolant requirements for representative heat fluxes at different ambient pressures. They suggest that coolant demand increases drastically with pressure. The maximum coolant demand at a fixed heat flux would occur in the neighborhood of five bars.
Which Patients Don't Need a Tumor-Bed Boost after Whole-Breast Radiotherapy?

Retrospective dose-response data suggest that a boost of about 15 Gy to the tumor bed following whole-breast radiotherapy reduces the risk of local recurrence (IBTR) by as much as 2-fold. Even if this benefit is confirmed by prospective trials, boost irradiation may not be considered cost-effective in patients having an IBTR risk of less than 1% per annum. Methods: Published prospective trials of invasive breast cancers (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project; Stockholm Adjuvant Tamoxifen Trial) in which patients received 50 Gy whole-breast irradiation, without a boost, were analyzed to identify subgroups with IBTR risk less than 1% per year. All studies were based on lumpectomy (rather than segmental or quadrant excision) and eligibility required the absence of cancer cells at the margins. It was assumed that clinical and pathological factors, other than those defining trial eligibility, were of negligible importance regarding IBTR risk, with the exception of young age. Results: All patients not receiving adjuvant systemic therapy, including tumors < 1 cm, have IBTR risk justifying boost irradiation. Of patients receiving systemic therapy, only patients with node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive tumors have low IBTR risk (3% at 10 years), provided that tamoxifen is administered. Of patients receiving only adjuvant chemotherapy, low IBTR risk seems to be associated with administration concomitantly with radiotherapy. IBTr risk in patients receiving chemotherapy sequentially with respect to radiotherapy probably is high enough to justify a boost. A boost is probably indicated in all patients younger than 40 years, regardless of other factors.
Effect of Stepwise Oxidation on Molecular Structure in Osmium Hydrazido Complexes

Crystallographic data are presented for a series of Os(IV−VI) hydrazido complexes. The structural changes with electron content including a shortening of the Os−N bond and an increase in the Os−N−N angle from Os(IV) to Os(VI) can be rationalized by an electronic structural model. This model predicts an increase in electron donor character of the hydrazido ligand from four to six electrons from Os(IV) to Os(VI). The structures of trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+ and cis-[OsIV(tpy)(Cl)(NCCH3)(NN(CH2)4O)]+ are illustrated.
Methods without Madness: Relating Methodologies to Substance in a Data Lab Course.

This article describes an experiment in teaching research methods to undergraduate students in political science. It describes the development of a data lab that could be attached to any of a variety of substantive courses. The lab course met weekly for a period of two hours. Each session provided students with information pertaining to data processing and to statistics. The information in these two streams built cumulatively from session to session. The objective was to run a lab that was able to draw students from a number of different substantive courses, each utilizing data relating to the substantive course to learn the common set of methods. This article contains a description of the course, the objectives of each lab session, and an evaluation of the course by the students.
Nuclear structure at the limits: Continued exploration with Gammasphere

More than a decade after the large γ -ray detector arrays came into operation, their impact is as large as ever. A few examples from Gammasphere are discussed here. They illustrate that the arrays make substantial contributions, not only in areas where they were expected to do so such as studies of nuclei at high angular momentum, but also in other domains such as nucleosynthesis, for example.
Parental Divorce and Mother-Child Interaction

Abstract In the past few decades, researchers have become extremely interested in the effects of divorce on all those involved. One potential effect is on mother-child interaction. However, most researchers who have addressed the effects of parental divorce on mother-child interaction have failed to assess both the mother's and the child's perspectives in their measurements and have done studies based on a very negative view of divorce. The current study aims to examine both mothers' and children's behavior, specifically emotions and social scaffolding, and to look at divorce through a positive lens using data collected from the Wisconsin Study of Families and Work. Participants were 160 mothers and their eleven-year-old children. Data were collected by coding videotapes of mother-child interactions during a math task. The theoretical framework was the socio-cultural learning theory of Vygotsky and Rogoff. Results showed that there were no significant differences between divorced and intact mothers or chi...
Truncus arteriosus: clinical study of fourteen cases.

We have encountered difficulty in recognizing and identifying clinically true truncus arteriosus with pulmonary arteries (type 1) because of its resemblance to correctable cardiac defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, aortic-pulmonic defect, and ventricular septal defect. In the present report we are presenting clinical information on 14 patients with this anomaly, both to supplement the scanty data available in the literature and to emphasize the need for correct diagnosis.
Condor Qatay : Anthropology in Performance

A travers l'exemple de la piece de theâtre « Condor Qatay » ecrite a partir de l'ethnographie de C. Allen sur la communaute andeenne, l'A. montre en quoi les pieces de theâtre et autres fictions donnent a l'anthropologue un outil pour la description, l'interpretation et meme l'analyse ethnographique et en quoi la performance dramatique peut etre utilisee pour communiquer des idees ethnographiques aux spectateurs et aux acteurs
Composition of magnetron-sputtered aluminum alloy films

Etude de la composition des couches minces des alliages d'aluminium et plus particulierement de l'effet du champ magnetique dans l'unite de pulverisation sur la composition des couches minces de AlNi
A facile solvothermal route to photocatalytically active nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 from peroxide precursors

Abstract This report describes the rapid synthesis of nanocrystalline powders of anatase TiO2 using exothermic metathesis (exchange) reactions moderated by a high-boiling hexadecane solvent. One reagent, TiBr4, dissolved in hexadecane interacts with a dispersion of Na2O2 at elevated temperatures to produce TiO2 and NaBr. Reactions occur within a few hours near the reflux point of hexadecane (bp 287 °C). The isolated crystalline TiO2 powders are either anatase or anatase/brookite mixtures, depending on how quickly the reagents were heated to reflux. Locally exothermic solution-surface events occur and are likely responsible for crystalline TiO2 formation directly from the solvothermal reaction without need for any post-reaction annealing. Rapidly synthesized nanocrystalline TiO2 exhibits elongated nanostructural features. Results from variations in reaction conditions and use of other halide and oxygen reagents are also discussed. The isolated TiO2 powders have organic surface coatings, but brief air calcination yields water-dispersible titania nanoparticulate powders that function as active UV photocatalysts for methylene blue solution oxidation.
Degradation of tragacanth by high shear and turbulent forces during microfluidization

The mechanical degradation of tragacanth during exposure to microfluidization (Microfluidizer M 110T, 23°C, modified high-pressure pump) was studied. Degradation was studied at inlet air pressures of 40, 60 and 80 psi which correspond to approximate pressures within the interaction chamber of 7500, 12500 and 17500 psi, respectively. It was observed that as exposure time to the turbulent and shear stress forces imposed by the Microfluidizer R increased, intrinsic viscosity estimates decreased. Intrinsic viscosity decreases were correlated to apparent changes in the viscosity average molecular weight using the equivalent sphere model. Microfluidization-induced degradation was found to be first order in accordance with the Harrington Zimm modification of the random scission model for the mechanical degradation of polymers. At all three exposure pressures, tragacanth appeared to undergo shear degradation which required two distinct apparent degradation rate constants to describe the kinetic behavior. Plausible explanations are presented for the observed biphasic behavior.
Marginal fidelity and microleakage of porcelain veneers made by two techniques

This study evaluated the marginal fidelity and microleakage of porcelain veneers made with the platinum foil and refractory die techniques. Maxillary incisors, matched for size and amount of enamel, were prepared with 0.5 mm uniform intraenamel reduction. The indirectly made veneers were etched, treated with silane, and luted with a composite resin, and the margins were finished and polished. The restored teeth were stored in 37 degrees C water, thermocycled 1000 times, stained with silver nitrate, embedded, sectioned buccolingually and mesiodistally, and measured at x250 magnification. The platinum foil veneers had significantly better vertical marginal fidelity but significantly more overcontouring than had the refractory die veneers. Universal microleakage at the tooth-composite resin interface and negligible microleakage at the porcelain-composite resin interface were observed. No relationship was found between the amount of vertical marginal opening and the amount of microleakage.
Modeling impacts on populations: fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposure to the endocrine disruptor 17β-trenbolone as a case study

Evaluation of population-level impacts is critical to credible ecological risk assessments. In this study, a predictive model was developed to translate changes in fecundity of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a short-term laboratory toxicity test to alterations in population growth rate. The model uniquely combines a Leslie population projection matrix and the logistic equation. Application of the model requires only a life table for the organism of interest, a measure of carrying capacity for the given population, and an estimation of the effect of a stressor on vital rates. The model was applied to investigate population dynamics for fathead minnow exposed to the androgen receptor agonist 17beta-trenbolone. Organismal-level responses for fathead minnows exposed to varying levels of 17beta-trenbolone were used to determine projected alterations in a population existing in a small body of water containing varying concentrations of the androgen. Fathead minnow populations occurring at carrying capacity and subsequently exposed to 0.027 microg/L of 17beta-trenbolone exhibited a 51% projected decrease in average population size after 2 years of exposure. Populations at carrying capacity exposed to concentrations of 17beta-trenbolone > or = 0.266 microg/L exhibited a 93% projected decrease in average population size after 2 years of exposure. Overall, fathead minnow populations exposed to continued concentrations of 17beta-trenbolone equal to or greater than 0.027 microg/L were projected to have average equilibrium population sizes that approached zero.
The reproductive biology of a relict-Illicium floridanum Ellis

Description de la biologie de la reproduction en relation avec les resultats obtenus chez d'autres Angiospermes primitives. Interpretation des mecanismes de declin de ces tara et de la restriction de l'aire de distribution geographique des populations
Assessing the intrinsic precision of 3D/3D rigid image registration results for patient setup in the absence of a ground truth.

Purpose: To assess the precision and robustness of patient setup corrections computed from 3D/3D rigid registration methods using image intensity, when no ground truth validation is possible. Methods: Fifteen pairs of male pelvic CTs were rigidly registered using four different in-house registration methods. Registration results were compared for different resolutions and image content by varying the image down-sampling ratio and by thresholding out soft tissue to isolate bony landmarks. Intrinsic registration precision was investigated by comparing the different methods and by reversing the source and the target roles of the two images being registered. Results: The translational reversibility errors for successful registrations ranged from 0.0 to 1.69 mm. Rotations were less than 1°. Mutual information failed in most registrations that used only bony landmarks. The magnitude of the reversibility error was strongly correlated with the success/failure of each algorithm to find the global minimum. Conclusions: Rigid image registrations have an intrinsic uncertainty and robustness that depends on the imaging modality, the registration algorithm, the image resolution, and the image content. In the absence of an absolute ground truth, the variation in the shifts calculated by several different methods provides a useful estimate of that uncertainty. The difference observed by reversing the source and target images can be used as an indication of robust convergence.
Compact 50-Hz terawatt Ti:sapphire laser for x-ray and nonlinear optical spectroscopy.

We report a high-repetition-rate, compact terawatt Ti:sapphire laser system. The oscillator produces an 82-MHz pulse train consisting of broad-bandwidth pulses of 0.5-nJ/pulse energy and of 9-fs pulse duration. The spectrally shaped, λ/4 regenerative amplifier supports an 80-nm bandwidth. A single 50-Hz repetition-rate pump laser pumps both the regenerative amplifier and a multiple-pass amplifier. The final output from this laser is a 50-Hz pulse train made from pulses of 53 mJ/pulse energy and of 24-fs pulse duration. For generating ultrafast x-ray pulses, 90% of the energy from the final output of a 28-mm-diameter (1/e2) beam is focused onto an ultrafast x-ray wire target. The energy conversion efficiency from optical (800-nm central wavelength) to x-ray (characteristic lines of Kα from Cu at 8 keV) pulses is estimated to be 7 × 10-5. This laser system can also generate a lower-peak-power, dual-pulse output that can excite, simultaneously and coherently, Raman modes within an adjustable bandwidth (up to 700 cm-1) and at a tunable central vibrational frequency. Preliminary results for the generation of dual-pulse output and ultrafast x rays are presented.
Archeology as an Auxiliary Science to American History

WI HEN starting to assemble material for this paper, I intended to review the accomplishments of so-called "colonial" or "historical" archeology in this country and to furnish specific annotated references to all major contributions in this field. Such an approach would have been possible ten years ago. In fact, at that time it would have been essential to intelligent participation in any discussion of the subject by either anthropologists or historians. But the situation has changed considerably since the end of World War II, for a great deal of digging has been done during the last few years at sites associated with the history of white men in North America. A bibliography of published reports alone would consume the space allowed for this paper; and the many important projects for which published reports have not yet appeared would deserve mention in any such list. The two summaries of activities in this field, published in American Antiquity (17:78-81; 18:287-88), although not all-inclusive, cover the subject quite adequately through 1952. (See also Preface by Heizer and McCown in Bennyhoff and Elsasser 1954.) So comprehensive a title for a paper of this length calls for some delimitation. The discussion will be limited to the employment of archeological methods in the study of the history of peoples of European origin in the area of the United States and Canada, from the time of the earliest explorations to the present day. Of course, the broad and proper concept of American history would not exclude the aborigine, for the historian, as well as the anthropologist, is concerned with the meeting of two such disparate racial and ethnic groups and in the cultural processes resulting from such contacts. The importance of archeology in ethnohistorical studies has been convincingly demonstrated by the work of the Amerind Foundation at contact sites in Arizona and New Mexico (DiPeso 1953). This line of investigation, however, important as it can be to anthropologists as well as to historians, is not what I am concerned with here; nor will I include the related but more limited interest of the archeologist who uses data secured from white sites for help in establishing chronology at Indian sites occupied during historic times. It will probably be most useful if we consider the projects in respect to objectives, or the use to which the data have been put, because the objectives of most historic site excavations have had a definite bearing on the contributions of these projects. Objectives have, on the whole, been rather limited, and the effects of those objectives are reflected in the selection of sites to be explored, in the scope of the projects, in the nature of the interpretations, and in the publication of reports. Objectives have also, to a limited extent, affected field methods.
Ploughshare Village: Culture and Context in Taiwan

This anthropological study of a workers' village in North Taiwan makes an important contribution to the comparative literature on Chinese and Taiwanese social organization. Based on fieldwork conducted in 1973 and 1978, the study is exceptional not only because of its excellent data but also because the village itself was unique. Unlike villages previously studied and written about, Ploughshare was neither an agricultural nor a fishing village, but rather one whose inhabitants earned their living mostly from coal mining, knitting, and other non-agrarian activities. Culture and environmental context thus shaped social organization there differently than in other Taiwanese villages. This ethnography links local data to surrounding socioeconomic spheres: it shows the village's relationship to its region, to Taiwan as a whole, and to the international economy. It also captures an important point in time, as Taiwan was undergoing the "economic miracle" that brought it into the ranks of developed countries. Stevan Harrell's new preface highlights changes not only in the village over the last several decades, but also in the ways that anthropologists think about culture and Taiwan. "Ploughshare Village," with its rich descriptions and analyses, will be of value to anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and China specialists.
Metal-oxide broken-gap tunnel junction for copper indium gallium diselenide tandem solar cells

Abstract A metal-oxide broken-gap heterojunction between p-Cu2O and n-In2O3 is proposed and studied for use as a tunnel junction in polycrystalline CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based tandem solar cells using numerical device simulation. Specifically, a tandem solar cell with a CuGaSe2 (CGS) absorber top cell and a CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber bottom cell was considered. The ballistic transport model explains well the carrier transport in the broken-gap heterojunction. Broken-gap heterojunctions provide linear current–voltage characteristics even if one side is lightly doped and the junction resistance is much lower than typical values of series resistance in solar cells. However, electron affinities of metal oxides for broken-gap band alignment may induce an energy barrier between the tunnel junction and the top and bottom solar cells, degrading performance. These barriers can be reduced using buffer layers. For example, NiO and graded In2O3–ZnO buffer layers are proposed beneath CGS top solar cell and above the CIS bottom solar cell, respectively. With these buffer layers, the efficiencies of the top and bottom cells are 17.5% and 6.5% respectively. The modeled efficiency of the CGS/CIS tandem solar cell is 24.1% and there is virtually no significant efficiency loss due to the presence of the broken-gap junction.
Experimental characterization of cold aisle containment for data centers

The data center industry has experienced significant growth over the last decade, mainly due to the increased use of the internet for our day to day activities such as e-commerce, social media, video streaming and healthcare. This growth in demand results in higher energy costs, as data centers can be energy intensive facilities. A significant portion of the energy used in data centers is for cooling purposes. Hence, it is one of the important areas of optimization to be addressed to create more efficient data centers. Amongst the many ways to increase data center efficiencies, airflow management is a key solution to many existing data centers. Fundamentally, there are three main schemes: hot-aisle containment, cold-aisle containment and exhaust chimney containment. This paper's focus is to experimentally characterize the following cold aisle configurations: open aisle, partially contained aisle and fully contained aisles. Experimental data presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the different configurations are rack inlet contour plots, tile and rack flow rates, pressure measurements, and server CPU temperatures.
Electronic excitations in anti-aromatic dehydro[12]- and aromatic dehydro[18]annulenes : a time-dependent density functional theory study

The excited states of 12 and 18 dehydroannulenes have been studied using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). These compounds undergo intense intramolecular charge transfer between the terminal anilino groups and the central all-carbon core. The main geometric changes taking place on excitation are an increase in the C=C bond length and an increase in the adjacent C–C single bond. Protonation of the anilino groups causes only localized changes in the geometry but extensive changes in the excitation energies. The calculated transition energies and the shift in the absorption spectra upon protonation show a good qualitative agreement with the absorption spectra. The greater intensity of the absorption band in the aromatic 18annulene can be attributed to contributions from two degenerate excited electronic states rather than aromatic/anti-aromatic effects.
The impact of sewage discharges at ocean outfalls on phytoplankton populations in waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract Primary production rates, chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations, particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, Secchi depths and submarine light levels were measured at stations within, and near, the zone of mixing of the Sand Island and Mokapu Point ocean sewage outfalls near the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Multiyear averages of several parameters indicated that the Sand Island outfall had no adverse impact on phytoplankton communities or water quality. The major effect of the Mokapu Point outfall was a reduction in photosynthetic rates, probably due to the rapid uptake of nutrients introduced into the mixed layer with the secondarily treated sewage. The Sand Island outfall, which discharged coarsely screened raw sewage within the thermocline, had less of an impact because the inorganic nutrient concentrations in the sewage were lower and because the sewage rarely rose into the mixed layer. The results indicate that, under appropriate conditions, ocean outfalls may be preferable to estuarine or freshwater outfalls and that secondary treatment is not always necessary to reduce the impacts of ocean outfalls to an acceptable level.
STUDENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITIES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PROGRAM PRACTICES

This article presents findings of an exploratory study addressing social work program practices regarding psychiatric disabilities among social work students. An e-mail invitation to participate in an online survey was sent to approximately 875 social work educators, with 71 individuals choosing to participate. The findings indicated that 88% of respondents were in programs that had made accommodations and slightly less than 33% were in programs that had psychiatric disability policies. A positive relationship between ratings of the effectiveness of the accommodations and ratings of employability of students with psychiatric disabilities was found. These findings suggest that additional studies are needed to identify effective ways to deal with the complex legal and educational issues involved with accommodations and support.
Understanding how the replisome works

Recent papers shed insight into the architecture and dynamics of the components of the bacterial replisome.
Neurobiology of the aging dog

Aged canines naturally accumulate several types of neuropathology that may have links to cognitive decline. On a gross level, significant cortical atrophy occurs with age along with an increase in ventricular volume based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Microscopically, there is evidence of select neuron loss and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged dogs, an area critical for intact learning and memory. The cause of neuronal loss and dysfunction may be related to the progressive accumulation of toxic proteins, oxidative damage, cerebrovascular pathology, and changes in gene expression. For example, aged dogs naturally accumulate human-type beta-amyloid peptide, a protein critically involved with the development of Alzheimer’s disease in humans. Further, oxidative damage to proteins, DNA/RNA and lipids occurs with age in dogs. Although less well explored in the aged canine brain, neuron loss, and cerebrovascular pathology observed with age are similar to human brain aging and may also be linked to cognitive decline. Interestingly, the prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly vulnerable early in the aging process in dogs and this may be reflected in dysfunction in specific cognitive domains with age.
The Development of Children's Eating Habits: The Role of Television Commercials

There is growing evidence that the long-term consumption of the typical high-sugar, high-calorie American diet may lead to a variety of health problems. Since the majority of food ads on television are for high-sugar, high-calorie types of foods, researchers have begun investigating the effects of these commercials. A number of self-report, survey, and correlational studies have found that children watch on the average 28 hours of TV a week, see over 11,000 low-nutrition "junk" food ads a year on TV, believe (at the younger ages) that commercials tell the truth, recall the ads, and often request in stores foods that are highly advertised. A series of behavioral/experimental studies conducted at the University of Montana are reported in some detail. The initial stage of the research focused upon the development of a methodology for assessing the impact of commercials upon the actual amounts of foods consumed. Next, a series of studies investigating the effects of low-nutrition, pro-nutrition, and nonfood commercials upon the eating behaviors of children was begun. The results, to date, suggest low-nutrition ads are most effective in increasing total caloric consumption. Additionally, low-nutrition ads seem to affect boys more than girls and are not mediated by cognitive development. Finally, pro-nutrition ads have so far proven ineffective in increasing consumption of pro-nutrition foods. Some of the implications of applying the growing body of empirical literature on children's television to social policy issues are also discussed.
Limits of convolution iterates and properties of random walks defined on regular semigroups with applications to matrix semigroups

Abstract We consider the properties of a random walk Zn = X1X2 … defined on a topological semigroup S which has the additional property that every element of S has a generalized inverse. We give conditions for when Zn is recurrent and also consider the value of α = supK ⊂ S, K compact limn → ∞ supx ϵ S μn(Kx−1). Since every matrix has at least one generalized inverse, the techniques presented will be applied to semigroups of matrices.
Polarographic behavior of vitamin B12 in potassium cyanide supporting electrolyte

Das Halbwellenpotential der polarographischen Reduktion des B12CN-Anions an der Hg-Tropfelektrode betragt −1,33 Volt (gemessen gegen eine gesattigte Kalomelelektrode); bei der Reduktion sind zwei Elektronen beteiligt. Die als Losungsmittel verwendete KCN-Losung mus jeweils frisch bereitet werden. Sie darf insbesondere mit Quecksilber erst bei der Messung in Beruhrung kommen.
Decolonizing the Body Politic: Guillermo Gómez-Peña's Mapa/Corpo 2: Interactive Rituals for the New Millennium

Art—or at least the kind we most like to write about—is almost always political, whether it is inter/national or personal; and though TDR has already taken this up in its “War and Other Bad Shit” issue, the topic remains center stage. In his review of Dutch theatre troupe Dood Paard's medEia, Jacob Gallagher-Ross notes the emergence of “a new age of the chorus” in which spectatorship becomes inseparable from paralyzed witnessing and Medea's tragedy is reconceived as a metaphor for the West's tragic relations with the East. Laurietz Seda explores Guillermo Gomez-Pena's recent performance/installation Mapa/Corpo 2: Interactive Rituals for the New Millennium, a fluid piece that, like much of the artist's recent work, addresses the xenophobia and “war on difference” that underlies the US's ongoing War on Terror. The Burmese stand-up trio the Moustache Brothers is the subject of Xan Colman and Tamara Searle's personal account of how performance can be both art and resistance in a contradictory and charged poli...
Atrazine Inhibits Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Release Without Altering Pituitary Sensitivity to a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Agonist in Female Wistar Rats

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-tri-azine] is one of the most commonly used herbicides in the United States. Atrazine has been shown to suppress luteinizing hormone (LH) release and can lead to a prolongation of the estrous cycle in the rat. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of atrazine on normal tonic release of LH and to elucidate the site of action of atrazine in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the corresponding release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland are required for normal reproductive function. To determine if atrazine affects pulsatile LH release, ovariectomized adult female Wistar rats were administered atrazine (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of body weight daily by gavage) or vehicle control for 4 days. On the final day of atrazine treatment, blood samples were obtained using an indwelling right atrial cannula. In the group receiving 200 mg/kg, there was a significant reduction in LH pulse frequency and a concomitant increase in pulse amplitude. To determine if the effects of atrazine on LH release were due to changes at the level of the pituitary, animals were passively immunized against endogenous GnRH, treated with atrazine, and challenged with a GnRH receptor agonist. Atrazine failed to alter pituitary sensitivity to the GnRH receptor agonist at any dose used. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that high doses of atrazine affect the GnRH pulse generator in the brain and not at the level of gonadotrophs in the pituitary.
Effect of Enzymes and Enzyme-Containing Detergent On Strength of Untreated Woolen Fabrics

Untreated knit and woven woolen fabrics, soaked in a constant-temperature bath at 40°C up to 10 days in the presence of a detergent and an enzyme preparation used in home laundry formulations, were weakened. The loss in strength is related to soaking time and enzyme concentration and is accompanied by a loss in weight. In the case of knits, a semi- logarithmic plot of strength loss against soaking time is biphasic. In the case of woven fabrics, loss in strength is a nearly linear function of soaking time. These results suggest that repeated use of enzyme-containing detergents for soaking and washing wool fabrics and garments may be damaging.