cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunar glass and terrestrial extinctions.

Abstract At the end of the Cretaceous Period, 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs and many other forms of life disappeared suddenly. The agency which destroyed them has recently shown to be the same as the agency which, at intervals of millions or tens of millions of years, scatters glass pebbles and dust (called tektites and microtektites) over huge areas of the earth's surface. After almost a century of study and discusion, it has become clear that the agency involved is either the impact of giant meteorites (asteroids or comets) on the earth's surface, or the eruption of lunar volcanoes. One of the best approaches to this question is through the kinetics of glassmaking. Is it possible that ordinary soil or rock could be converted to a high-silica glass, sometimes of good quality (homogeneous and free of bubbles), during a meteorite impact (in which the heating period is a few tens of seconds at most?). Calculations of the rate of bubble movement and the rates of homogenization make it appear hopeless. A recent study by E. Luft furnishes data confirming these conclusions. The alternative is lunar volcanism. A cloud of ash and pebbles from a lunar volcano, if directed toward the earth, would organize itself into rings like those of Saturn, shadowing the winter hemisphere and so destroying some forms of life. R. Sheldon may have geological confirmation of these ideas.
Sensory Processing in Autism: A Review of Neurophysiologic Findings

Atypical sensory-based behaviors are a ubiquitous feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In this article, we review the neural underpinnings of sensory processing in autism by reviewing the literature on neurophysiological responses to auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli in autistic individuals. We review studies of unimodal sensory processing and multisensory integration that use a variety of neuroimaging techniques, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional MRI. We then explore the impact of covert and overt attention on sensory processing. With additional characterization, neurophysiologic profiles of sensory processing in ASD may serve as valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions for autism and reveal potential strategies and target brain regions for therapeutic interventions.
Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker.

There is now substantial evidence that an abnormal threshold for suffocation alarm underlies panic disorder. Because this disorder is highly familial, evidence of an abnormal suffocation threshold may be apparent in high-risk individuals before they develop clinical illness. To explore this possibility, we used a single inhalation of 35% CO 2 vs. air to evaluate 11 subjects who had at least one first-degree relative with DSM-III-R panic disorder, 13 who had at least two relatives treated for mania or for depression (HR-AD), and 15 low-risk controls who had no family history of panic disorder, affective disorder, or alcoholism (LR-C). All were aged 18–34 and had no history of panics or of any Research Diagnostic Criteria disorder. Five (45.5%) of the subjects at high risk for panic disorder, but none of the LR-C subjects ( p = .007), nor any of the HR-AD subjects ( p = .011), developed a panic attack following inhalation of the CO 2 mixture.
A time-of-flight atom-probe field-ion microscope for the study of defects in metals☆

Abstract An ultra-high vacuum time-of-flight (TOF) atom-probe field-ion microscope (FIM) specifically designed for the study of defects in metals is described. Performance experiments show that this instrument can clearly resolve the seven stable isotopes of molybdenum, the five stable isotopes of tungsten, and the two stable isotopes of rhenium in a tungsten-25at.% rhenium alloy. The entire process of applying the evaporation pulse to the FIM specimen, measuring the dc and the pulse voltages, and analyzing the TOF data is controlled by a Nova 1220 computer. With this automated system we can presently record and analyze 600 TOF events min −1 .
Cognitive Factors in Sexual Behavior

Two major forms of cognitive behaviors are examined: perceptions and evaluations. By synthesizing the work of cognitive therapists such as Beck and Ellis, a feedback-loop model of sexual arousal is proposed. It is suggested that cognitive distortions of perception and evaluation operate in most cases of sexual dysfunction. Therefore, a more specific diagnostic schema and a more relevantly planned course of treatment may be designed by pinpointing the troublesome cognitive linkages between sexual stimuli and sexual responses.
THE EFFECTS OF WAVE-BREAKING-INDUCED TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES ON BOTTOM STRESS AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT - A 3D NUMERICAL STUDY

To better understand the effect of wave-breaking-induced turbulence on nearshore sand transport, we carry out a 3D Large Eddy Simulation study of breaking solitary wave in spilling condition. Using a turbulence-resolving approach, we investigate the formation and evolution of wave-breaking-induced turbulent coherent structures, commonly known as obliquely descending eddies (ODEs), and how they may interact with the bed and enhance the suspended sediment transport. The numerical implementation is based on an open-source CFD library of solvers, called OpenFOAM®, where the incompressible 3D filtered Navier-Stokes equations for the water and the air phases are solved with a finite volume scheme. The evolution of the water-air interfaces are approximated with a Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. With the dynamic Smagorinsky closure, the numerical model results show good agreement with measured wave flume data of solitary wave breaking over a 1/50 sloping beach. Simulation results show that 3D hairpin vortices are generated under breaking wave, and they possess counter-rotating and downburst features, which are the key characteristics of obliquely descending eddies (ODEs) observed by earlier laboratory studies with Particle Image Velocimetry. A suspended sediment transport formulation (Liu and Garcia 2008) has been incorporated into the present hydrodynamic solver as part of the OpenFOAM® framework. Model results suggest that those ODEs that impinge onto the bed can cause significant bottom sediment suspension, and the location of the sediment plume is highly associated with the impinging points of ODEs but with notable time-lag.
Women, Work, and Karl Marx

to the Economic Conditions Imposed by the International Monetary Fund. American Ethnologist 19(2). . n.d. Women, Gender Roles, and Migration. Paper presented at the Conference on Migrant Workers, October, Irvine, California. 1995. Post-Industrialism, Post-Fordism, and the Crisis in World Capitalism. In Meanings of Work: Considerations for the Twenty-first Century, Frederick C. Gamst, ed., pp. 189-211. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Combined iterative methods for numerical solutions of parabolic problems with time delays

We study monotone iterative schemes for finite-difference solutions of reaction-diffusion systems with time delays. In this paper we derive two modified iterative schemes by combing the method of upper-lower solutions and the Jacobi method or the Gauss-Seidel method. The convergence and stability of the monotone iterative schemes are also discussed.
Mathematization in teaching pumping lemmas

Theory of Computation provides students of the computing disciplines with understanding that some problems are not solvable, and that there is a range of complexities of problems, in terms of significant resources, including but not limited to time and memory. Theory of Computation acquaints students with reasoning processes by which they can know (for some cases) the complexity class of a given problem, and by which they can, for some problems they might find in the future, determine the complexity. People formulate these reasoning processes in symbols, and use logic with quantifiers; an example of this is the application of the pumping lemma for regular languages. We categorized the errors students made in applying the pumping lemma for regular languages, to develop an understanding of the possible misconceptions, in turn, to improve teaching.
Molecular and pharmacological characterization of the Chelicerata pyrokinin receptor from the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

We identified the first pyrokinin receptor (Rhimi-PKR) in Chelicerata and analyzed structure-activity relationships of cognate ligand neuropeptides and their analogs. Based on comparative and phylogenetic analyses, this receptor, which we cloned from larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), is the ortholog of the insect pyrokinin (PK)/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN)/diapause hormone (DH) neuropeptide family receptor. Rhimi-PKR functional analyses using calcium bioluminescence were performed with a developed stable recombinant CHO-K1 cell line. Rhimi-PKR was activated by four endogenous PKs from the Lyme disease vector, the tick Ixodes scapularis (EC50s range: 85.4 nM-546 nM), and weakly by another tick PRX-amide peptide, periviscerokinin (PVK) (EC50 = 24.5 μM). PK analogs with substitutions of leucine, isoleucine or valine at the C-terminus for three tick PK peptides, Ixosc-PK1, Ixosc-PK2, and Ixosc-PK3, retained their potency on Rhimi-PKR. Therefore, Rhimi-PKR is less selective and substantially more tolerant than insect PK receptors of C-terminal substitutions of leucine to isoleucine or valine, a key structural feature that serves to distinguish insect PK from PVK/CAP2b receptors. In females, ovary and synganglion had the highest Rhimi-PKR relative transcript abundance followed by the rectal sac, salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, and midgut. This is the first pharmacological analysis of a PK/PBAN/DH-like receptor from the Chelicerata, which will now permit the discovery of the endocrinological roles of this neuropeptide family in vectors of vertebrate pathogens.
Factor analytic models of clustered multivariate data with informative censoring.

Summary. This article describes a general class of factor analytic models for the analysis of clustered multivariate data in the presence of informative missingness. We assume that there are distinct sets of cluster-level latent variables related to the primary outcomes and to the censoring process, and we account for dependency between these latent variables through a hierarchical model. A linear model is used to relate covariates and latent variables to the primary outcomes for each subunit. A generalized linear model accounts for covariate and latent variable effects on the probability of censoring for subunits within each cluster. The model accounts for correlation within clusters and within subunits through a flexible factor analytic framework that allows multiple latent variables and covariate effects on the latent variables. The structure of the model facilitates implementation of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for posterior estimation. Data from a spermatotoxicity study are analyzed to illustrate the proposed approach.
Estimating the Accuracy of Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Tests Using Endpoint Dilution

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests for various microorganisms or target DNA sequences are generally acknowledged to be highly "sensitive," yet the concept of sensitivity is ill-defined in the literature on these tests. We propose that sensitivity should be expressed as a function of the number of target DNA molecules in the sample (or specificity, when the target number is 0). However, estimating this "sensitivity curve" is problematic, since it is difficult to construct samples with a fixed number of targets. Nonetheless, using serially diluted replicate aliquots of a known concentration of the target DNA sequence, we show that it is possible to disentangle random variations in the number of target DNA molecules from the underlying test sensitivity. We develop parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric (spline-based) models for the sensitivity curve. The methods are compared on a new test for M. genitalium.
NATIONAL PARKS AND INUIT RIGHTS IN NORTHERN LABRADOR

The creation of national parks in the Canadian Arctic and subarctic is a relatively new development that has had profound effects on the land and people in the region. The aim of this paper is to examine the implications of a proposed national park in northern Labrador for the people, principally Inuit, who live in the area. This also requires a critical review of certain policies and assumptions of Parks Canada with respect to the establishment of northern parks.
Evidence from V1 connections for both dorsal and ventral subdivisions of V3 in three species of New World monkeys.

We used patterns of connections of primary visual cortex (V1) to reevaluate differing proposals on the organization of extrastriate cortex in three species of New World monkeys. Several fluorescent tracers and the bidirectional tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) were injected into dorsal V1 (representing the lower visual quadrant) and ventral V1 (representing the upper visual quadrant) of titi, squirrel, and owl monkeys. Labeled cells and terminals were plotted on brain sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex and were related to architectonic boundaries. The results provided compelling evidence for both dorsal V3 with dorsal V1 connections and ventral V3 with ventral V1 connections. The connection pattern indicated that V3 represents the visual hemifield as a mirror image of V2. In addition, V3 could be recognized by a weak banding pattern in brain sections processed for cytochrome oxidase. V1 has connections with at least 12 subdivisions of visual cortex, with half of the connections involving V2 and 20% V3. Comparable results were obtained from all three species, suggesting that visual cortex is similarly organized.
Induction of behavioral and electroencephalographic changes in the rabbit by hormone administration or brain stimulation.

The EEG after-reaction which ordinarily follows coitus in the female rabbit can be induced by “inhibitory-type” low frequency (5⁄sec), low voltage (0.01–1.0V) electrical stimulation, applied through chronically implanted electrodes to the hypothalamus, the olfactory bulb, the septum, the hippocampus or the amygdala. Following electrical stimulation at these voltages (too low to induce ovulation), the phase of sleep spindles may start immediately, and the latency of the stage of hippocampal hyperactivity is much shorter than that following coitus. The EEG after-reaction occurs “spontaneously” after treatment with placental gonadotropins, HCG and PMS, pituitary gonadotropins, LH and LTH, and neurohypophysial hormones, but the latency is greater than that following electrical stimulation. Inasmuch as the effective pituitary hormones arc those whose release mechanisms are activated by coital stimuli, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the induction of the post-coital afterreaction may be medi...
The Elastica With End-Load Flip-Over

Etude des deformations d'un bras flexible de manipulateur. Le bras est forme d'un element creux flexible et la deformation est creee par une pressurisation. On montre que dans certains cas une faible augmentation de la pression du fluide cree une grande deformation du bras
Design and Numerical Analysis of a Button Heat Pulse Probe for Soil Water Content Measurement

Evaluation of a newly designed button heat pulse probe (BHPP) demonstrated the potential for improved soil water content measurements. Compared with the conventional heat pulse probe (HPP), the BHPP does not use needles, but instead consists of a ring-shaped 6-mm-radius heating element and a central thermistor, both embedded in the face of a plastic disk (6 mm thick and 16 mm in diameter). After calibration of the effective heater–thermistor spacing from temperature response measurements in agar, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to demonstrate the potential advantages of the BHPP. Measurement accuracy and robustness of the BHPP were significantly improved compared with the conventional HPP. Errors associated with needle deflection were eliminated by the design, whereas the water content measurement sensitivity was increased by the central placement of the thermistor. We used inverse modeling with a finite-element heat transport model to illustrate the increased sensitivity of the BHPP to soil water content measurements.
Significance of hematuria in patients with interstitial cystitis: review of radiographic and endoscopic findings.

Abstract Objectives. Hematuria may be found in up to 30% of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). However, few studies have described its etiology based on the findings of a complete evaluation. We reviewed the clinical significance of hematuria in the setting of IC. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 148 patients fulfilling the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases inclusion criteria for IC. Patients with gross or microscopic hematuria were identified. Evaluation consisted of urine culture and cytology, cystoscopy, and intravenous urography (or retrograde pyelography plus renal ultrasound). Patients with urinary tract infections were excluded. Results. Of 148 patients, 60 (41%) were found to have had at least one episode of hematuria during a mean follow-up of 18 months. Of 56 patients who agreed to be evaluated, 8 (14%) had positive urologic findings. Of these, none were highly significant; five were simple renal cysts (8.9%), one was a renal stone (1.8%), one was reflux nephropathy (1.8%), and one was medullary sponge kidney (1.8%). Cystoscopy, cytology, and bladder biopsy did not demonstrate malignancy in any patient. No statistically significant differences were found in age (49.9 versus 46.7 years), sex (90% versus 91% female), bladder capacity (792 versus 808 mL), and the presence of Hunner’s ulcers (5% versus 2.4%), glomerulations (60% versus 59.9%), or detrusor mastocytosis (55% versus 47.6%) between patients with hematuria and those without ( P >0.05). Conclusions. The incidence of hematuria in patients with IC may be higher than previously reported. Nevertheless, although many of these patients present with pelvic pain and irritative voiding symptoms, the hematuria evaluation is unlikely to reveal a life-threatening urologic condition.
Abstract 1569: Next generation cell line models: conditionally reprogrammed cells.

Introduction: For decades, scientists have attempted to develop models for growing and studying primary tumors outside of the human body. Even today, one of the greatest challenges in cancer research has been generation of stable cancer cell lines from primary tumors. Most primary cell cultures, regardless of the method used to generate them, suffer from limited lifespan due to cellular senescence. Cultured cells transformed with SV40 virus large T antigen or over-expression of hTERT has been limited by genomic variation and other changes that vary with the passage number. Recently, a new approach was described by the Schlegel group at Georgetown (Liu et al, AJP 2012) called “conditionally reprogrammed cells” (CRCs). They showed these cells (derived from primary tumors or normal tissue) could be grown indefinitely under defined conditions without using any extrinsic genetic immortalization technique. These cells have been shown to maintain the karyotype similar to the tissue of origin even after prolonged passaging. Here we show that we can obtain confirmatory results at a separate institution and further show that in lung cancer, the CRC lines maintain histotype specific characteristics. Method: The CRC technique requires mouse irradiated J2 cells as feeder cells and a ROCK inhibitor to rapidly grow and expand patient9s epithelial cells. We have grown cultures from six tissue types including lung, breast, pancreas, kidney, colon, and salivary gland. All tissue samples were collected by Yale University Pathology Tissue Services and processed in our lab for generating CRC lines. We have characterized lung CRC lines for morphology and immunophenotyping using HE 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1569. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1569
The Technology Balance Beam

“The Technology Balance Beam” is designed to question the role of technology within school districts. This case study chronicles a typical school district in relation to the school district’s implementation of technology beginning in the 1995-1996 school year. The fundamental question that this scenario raises is, What is the balance between education, technology, and the budget? School leaders are currently facing or will face the dilemma of providing appropriate technology in times of shrinking budgets and staff.
Metabolic inactivation of amatoxins by nontoxicAmanita species

Abstract The capacities of developing Amanita carpophores to translocate and metabolically alter amatoxins were examined. The tritium-labeled derivative [ 3 H]6′- O -methyl-dehydroxymethyl-α-amanitin was administered either alone or in solution with α-amanitin or 6′- O -methyl-α-amanitin to the volvae or bulbs of immature carpophores of several nontoxic species of Amanita . Extracts of subsections of developed carpophores were analyzed by liquid scintillation counting and thin-layer chromatography/fluorography to determine translocation and chemical alterations of the [ 3 H]6′- O -methyl-dehydroxymethyl-α-amanitin. RNA polymerase II inhibition and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to quantitate the levels of amatoxins. The results of these experiments demonstrated that (a) amatoxins were translocated to the stipe and pileus in all species examined, (b) [ 3 H]6′- O -methyl-dehydroxymethyl-α-amanitin and 6′- O -methyl-α-amanitin remained unaltered after translocation, and (c) five of six nontoxic species inactivated α-amanitin. The potential for inactivation is correlated with the presence of tyrosinase activities (EC 1.14.18.1) in the carpophore tissue. It is concluded that although amatoxins are refractory toward any endopeptidolytic activities present during carpophore development, most nontoxic species produce oxidative enzymes capable of inactivating amatoxins via attack at the 6′-hydroxyindole moiety.
New normalized expansions for redundant number systems: adaptive data hiding techniques

In this paper, we propose a new adaptive embedding technique which decomposes the image into various bitplanes based on redundant number systems. This technique is driven by three separate functions: 1) Adaptive selection of locations and number of bits per pixel to embed. 2) Adaptive selection of bit-plane decomposition for the cover image. 3) Adaptive selection of manner in which the information is inserted. Through the application of sensitive directional-based statistical estimation and a recorded account of actions taken, the proposed algorithms are able to provide the desired level of security, both visually and statistically. In comparison with other methods offering the same level of security, the new technique is able to offer a greater embedding capacity.
Influence of paramagnons on proximity effect tunneling

Abstract The theory of superconductor-normal metal thin proximity sandwiches within McMillan's tunneling model is written down for the case when paramagnons are present in the normal side. It is shown that results of proximity effect tunneling experiments in Pd-Pb sandwiches are not inconsistent with a large paramagnon effect in Pd and with the calculated value λ ep = 0.41 for the electron-phonon mass enhancement parameter.
Maternal Health in Developing Countries: Engineering approaches and future outlook.

The fact that every 90 seconds, somewhere in the world, a woman dies during pregnancy or childbirth is simply unacceptable. What is even more shocking is that most of these deaths are preventable if appropriate care is available. The death of a mother is not only the end of a life; instead, it is most often the beginning of a dark and difficult future for the whole family and the aftershocks affect the community at large. Children, particularly in developing countries, who lose their mothers early on are less likely to be productive members of society, are likely to be malnourished, and face lifelong social and economic challenges.
Serum degradation of myelin basic protein with loss of encephalitogenic activity: Evidence for an enzymatic process

Abstract Fibrin deposition in parallel with loss of myelin basic protein (MBP), an antigenic constituent of central nervous system (CNS) myelin, within the lesions of animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) suggested that degradation of MBP by proteolytic activity associated with blood clotting might be an important immunopathologic event in this prototypic autoimmune disease. Following incubation in normal rat serum at 37 °C for more than 4 hr, but not to any comparable degree in plasma, MBP had little or no encephalitogenic activity when bioassayed in guinea pigs or rats. Fragments of increasingly lower molecular weight were demonstrable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after addition of MBP to rat serum; no fragments appeared after incubating the protein in rat plasma. Little or no loss of encephalitogenic activity was observed when MBP was incubated in serum containing protease inhibitors. These findings indicate that the serum-mediated degradation of MBP and concomitant loss of encephalitogenic activity is due to an enzymatic process associated with the coagulation cascade or/and the complement, kallikrein or fibrinolytic pathways. Implications of these findings concerning EAE and the multiple sclerosis process in man are discussed.
October 1979: Did the Federal Reserve change policy objectives?

Abstract This paper develops a theoretical model of Federal Reserve policy adoption to test the hypothesis that the objectives and priorities of monetary policy changed in October 1979 when the Fed announced a reserve targeting strategy. An estimation of the implied monetary policy reaction function is performed for the two subperiods of January 1974 through September 1979 and October 1979 through May 1984. The results of structural change tests on the reaction function indicate that the objectives and priorities of monetary policy changed in October 1979.
Graded amounts of Xenopus dishevelled specify discrete anteroposterior cell fates in prospective ectoderm.

Abstract Signals emitted from the prospective dorsal marginal zone (the organizer) are thought to specify neuroectodermal cell fates along the anteroposterior (AP) axis, but the mechanisms underlying this signaling event remain to be elucidated. To assess the effect of Xenopus Dishevelled (Xdsh), a proposed component of the Wnt, Notch and Frizzled signal transduction pathways, on AP axis determination, it was supplied in varying doses to presumptive ectodermal cells. Two-fold increments in levels of microinjected Xdsh mRNA revealed a gradual shift in cell fates along the AP axis. Lower doses of Xdsh mRNA activated anterior neuroectodermal markers, XAG1 and Xotx2, whereas the higher doses induced more posterior neural tissue markers such as En2, Krox20 and HoxB9. At the highest dose of Xdsh mRNA, explants contained maximal amount of HoxB9 transcripts and developed notochord and somites. When compared with Xdsh, Xwnt8 mRNA also activated anterior neuroectodermal markers, but failed to elicit mesoderm formation. Analysis of explants overexpressing Xdsh at the gastrula stage revealed activation of several organizer-specific genes which have been implicated in determination of neural tissue (Xotx2, noggin, chordin and follistatin). Whereas Goosecoid, Xlim1 and Xwnt8 were not induced in these explants, another early marginal zone marker, Xbra, was activated at the highest level of Xdsh mRNA. These observations suggest that the effects of Xdsh on AP axis specification may be mediated by combinatorial action of several early patterning genes. Increasing levels of Xdsh mRNA activate posterior markers, whereas increasing amounts of the organizer stimulate the extent of anterior development (Stewart, R.M. and Gerhart, J.C. (1990) Development 109, 363–372). These findings argue against induction of the entire organizer by Xdsh in ectodermal cells and implicate signal transduction pathways involving Xdsh in AP axis determination. Thus, different levels of a single molecule, Xdsh, can specify distinct cell states along the AP axis.
Model substrates for cutinases

Abstract As a part of our study of microbial cutimases, a mixture of oligomers of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid has been prepared by partial polymerization to serve as defined substrates. The mixture has been characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the oligomers using fungal lipase, fungal cutinase or bacterial lipase required the addition of β-cyclodextrin to the reaction medium, whereas apple and other naturally occurring cutins can be enzymatically hydrolyzed without the aid of this cyclic oligosaccharide. The difference in reactivity may be due to the greater hydrophobicity of the synthetic oligomers compared with natural cutin polymers.
A test for linear versus convex regression function using shape‐restricted regression

SUMMARY An unbiased test for the appropriateness of the simple linear regression model is presented. The null hypothesis is that the underlying regression function is indeed a line, and the alternative is that it is convex. The exact distribution for a likelihood ratio test statistic is that of a mixture of beta random variables, with the mixing distribution calculated from relative volumes of polyhedral convex cones determined by the convex shape restriction. Simulations show that the power of the test is favourable compared with the usual F-test against a quadratic model, for some nonquadratic choices of the underlying regression function.
Ah receptor and NF-κB interplay on the stage of epigenome

Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix/Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) family. Its ligands include many natural and synthetic compounds, some of which, such as polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are important environmental contaminants. NF-κB is a pleiotropic factor that regulates many physiological and pathophysiological processes including the immune and inflammatory responses. In the past decade, accumulating evidence suggests close interactions between AhR and NF-κB pathways, and these interactions are potentially important mechanisms for many pathological processes such as the chemical-induced immune dysfunctions, carcinogenesis and alteration of xenobiotic metabolism and disposition. AhR–NF-κB interaction has become a mechanistic linchpin linking certain pathological responses induced by environmental insults. Furthermore, the AhR–NF-κB interaction provides basis for therapeutic applications of certain AhR ligands to treat human diseases. The effects of AhR–NF-κB on the epigenome are an important area that is not well understood. In this review, I highlight current research regarding the AhR–NF-κB(RelA) interactions with emphasis on the epigenetic impacts of these interactions on chromatin modifications and transcription elongation control.
Robust physics-based analysis of thermal and visual imagery

Extensions to an existing physics-based approach for intersensory perception in which thermal and visual imagery of outdoor scenes is analyzed simultaneously for object recognition are discussed. The existing approach uses a model that is based on the principle of the conservation of energy at the surface of the imaged object. The model permits the computation of physically meaningful features that may be used for object classification. Two significant extensions are discussed. First, the model is used to analyze a temporal sequence of spatially registered thermal and visual imagery. Second, the energy-exchange model is used to formulate a linear-regression task in which the physical properties of the imaged object are the unknown parameters that are estimated. A statistically robust scheme is presented for this task. The robust technique minimizes sensitivity to outliers caused by segmentation errors and misregistration, which are endemic to multisensor fusion. Thus reliable physics-based features are made available by this approach.
Differential thermal analysis using high frequency dielectric heating III. A mathematical model for predicting radial temperature gradients in the dielectric heating of polymers

A mathematical model has been developed to predict radial temperature gradients in polymers during dielectric heating. The time-temperature model includes parameters for rate of dielectric heating, thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, surface coefficient of heat transfer, and sample radius. The application of this model was checked experimentally on a 2-in. cylinder of cured polyisoprene.
Compactification of the O(16)×O(16) heterotic string theory

Abstract Some aspects of the compactification of the ten-dimensional, non-supersymmetric heterotic string theory with gauge group O(16)×O(16) are discussed. The nonvanishing cosmological constant in ten dimensions can be cancelled by a non-trivial dilaton background field such that the resulting theory in four dimensions has no cosmological constant for a certain value of the radius of the compact manifold. Furthermore, examples of compactifications over homogeneous coset spaces are given.
The Effects of Postmortem Holding and Salt Addition on the Cooked Yield and Texture of Broiler Meat Patties

Abstract Meat was stripped from unchilled, uneviscerated broiler carcasses and separated by meat type – breast and leg (thigh and drumstick). Half of each meat type was ground and then mixed with 2% salt, and all meat was held either for 1.5 hr (room temperature) or for 4 or 24 hr (2 C) postmortem. Patties (90 g) from each meat type, with and without salt, were formed at each holding time and blast frozen at −34 C. Patties were oven cooked from the frozen state, then evaluated for cooked yield, moisture and fat content, and objective texture (texture profile analysis). Time ground meat was held postmortem had no significant effect on factors tested. Cooked yield was higher in patties from both meat types when salt was added. Patties containing salt were less hard, less cohesive, less chewy, and more springly than those without salt as measured by texture profile analysis. Patties from leg meat were less hard than those from breast meat probably because of the higher fat content of leg meat.
Plasminogen Activator Activity in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Relationship to the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Plasminogen Activator Activity in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Relationship to the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
News Notes from the West

Little substantial has happened since the last issue, to this reporter's knowl edge, in the field of working class history as such. But the first issue of the new series of Southwest Economy and Society, the official journal of the Southwest La bor Studies Association, has been published (on February 1). It contains articles on the Mountain West as an example of internal colonialism in the United States, Irish-American radicalism in the Denver labor movement, and on other matters. Copies can be obtained from Norma Pratt, 395 East Palm, Altadena, Calif. 91001. The eighth annual conference of the S.W.L.S.A. itself took place at California State University, Northridge, near Los Angeles, on April 30-May 1, 1982. Topics included "undocumented workers and guest labor programs," "labor in Central America," and "black workers since the 1965 Civil Rights Act." Also, western regional conference of the Union for Radical Political Economists took place at U.C.L.A. on February 12-14. Workshops and lectures included discussion of a wide range of themes, including law and disorder in U.S. immigration policy, so cialism in France, feminism and politics in Italy, labor in Australia, oral history, and the current problems of American capitalism. Readers might also like to know of an educational organization not previously mentioned in these reports, namely the Los Angeles Socialist Community School. Located at 2936 West 8th St. in downtown Los Angeles, it has for some years been offering courses on such topics as the history of Marxism, feminism, labor history and issues at a location which has long been a meeting place for non-sectarian leftist groups in L.A. A second inter-campus one-day conference of graduate students writing dissertations in la bor history at the various campuses of the University of California will (hopefully: the money had not come through at this writing) take place at U.C.L.A. on April 19, under John Laslett's chairmanship. It is hoped to make this an annual event, alternating among the campuses, since it was so successful last year.
Microcosting quantity data collection methods.

Background—Micro-costing studies collect detailed data on resources utilized and the value of those resources. Such studies are useful for estimating the cost of new technologies or new community-based interventions, for producing estimates in studies that include non-market goods, and for studying within-procedure cost variation. Objectives—This objectives of this paper were to (1) describe basic micro-costing methods focusing on quantity data collection; and (2) suggest a research agenda to improve methods in and the interpretation of micro-costing Research Design—Examples in the published literature were used to illustrate steps in the methods of gathering data (primarily quantity data) for a micro-costing study. Results—Quantity data collection methods that were illustrated in the literature include the use of (1) administrative databases at single facilities, (2) insurer administrative data, (3) forms applied across multiple settings, (4) an expert panel, (5) surveys or interviews of one or more types of providers; (6) review of patient charts, (7) direct observation, (8) personal digital assistants, (9) program operation logs, and (10) diary data. Conclusions—Future micro-costing studies are likely to improve if research is done to compare the validity and cost of different data collection methods; if a critical review is conducted of studies done to date; and if the combination of the results of the first two steps described are used to develop guidelines that address common limitations, critical judgment points, and decisions that can reduce limitations and improve the quality of studies.
A comparison of Monte Carlo and Fermi-Eyges-Hogstrom estimates of heart and lung dose from breast electron boost treatment.

Purpose Electrons are commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer primarily to deliver a tumor bed boost. We compared the use of the Monte Carlo (MC) method and the Fermi-Eyges-Hogstrom (FEH) algorithm to calculate the dose distribution of electron treatment to normal tissues. Methods and materials Ten patients with left-sided breast cancer treated with breast-conservation therapy at the University of California, San Francisco, were included in this study. Each patient received an electron boost to the surgical bed to a dose of 1,600 cGy in 200 cGy fractions prescribed to 80% of the maximum. Doses to the left ventricle (LV) and the ipsilateral lung (IL) were calculated using the EGS4 MC system and the FEH algorithm implemented on the commercially available Pinnacle treatment planning system. An anthromorphic phantom was irradiated with radiochromic film in place to verify the accuracy of the MC system. Results Dose distributions calculated with the MC algorithm agreed with the film measurements within 3% or 3 mm. For all patients in the study, the dose to the LV and IL was relatively low as calculated by MC. That is, the maximum dose received by up to 98% of the LV volume was 30 cGy and differences in maximum dose of Conclusions From our series, using clinical judgment to prescribe the boost to the surgical bed after breast-conserving treatment results in low doses to the underlying LV and IL. When calculated dose distributions are desired, MC is the most accurate, but FEH can still be used.
FOURIER ANALYSIS OF X‐RAY PATTERNS OF VITREOUS SiO2 AND B2O3*

The X-ray scattering curves for vitreous SiO2 and B2O2 are obtained in a vacuum camera, using monochromatic Mo and Cu radiation. A Fourier analysis of the scattering curve gives directly a curve representing the distribution of neighboring atoms about any one atom. For SiO2, the distribution curve establishes definitely the tetrahedral silicon-oxygen network. The distribution curve for B2O3 indicates a triangular coordination, each boron surrounded by three oxygens, and each oxygen shared between two borons. The interatomic distances which are found are in good agreement with the values found in crystalline silicates and borates. The importance of the new Fourier method of analysis of glass diffraction patterns is emphasized by the fact that the distribution curves which are obtained are unique, no assumptions as to structure being involved.
M1 Muscarinic Receptors Boost Synaptic Potentials and Calcium Influx in Dendritic Spines by Inhibiting Postsynaptic SK Channels

Acetylcholine release and activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) enhance synaptic plasticity in vitro and cognition and memory in vivo. Within the hippocampus, mAChRs promote NMDA-type glutamate receptor-dependent forms of long-term potentiation. Here, we use calcium (Ca) imaging combined with two-photon laser glutamate uncaging at apical spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons to examine postsynaptic mechanisms of muscarinic modulation of glutamatergic transmission. Uncaging-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials and Ca transients are increased by muscarinic stimulation; however, this is not due to direct modulation of glutamate receptors. Instead, mAChRs modulate a negative feedback loop in spines that normally suppresses synaptic signals. mAChR activation reduces the Ca sensitivity of small conductance Ca-activated potassium (SK) channels that are found in the spine, resulting in increased synaptic potentials and Ca transients. These effects are mediated by M1-type muscarinic receptors and occur in a casein kinase-2-dependent manner. Thus, muscarinic modulation regulates synaptic transmission by tuning the activity of nonglutamatergic postsynaptic ion channels.
CRM1 mediates nuclear export of HDAC7 independently of HDAC7 phosphorylation and association with 14‐3‐3s

CRM1, 14-3-3 proteins, and CaMK play important roles in trafficking of HDAC7, but the interplay between these proteins in this process is not clearly understood. Here, we show that CRM1 is capable of promoting cytoplasmic localization of wild-type and mutant HDAC7 (S178A/S344A/S479A), which is normally found in the nucleus. Using phospho-specific antibodies to HDAC7, we demonstrate that CaMK I promotes phosphorylation of S178, S344, and S479 of HDAC7. We also show that endogenous S178-phosphorylated HDAC7 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, whereas S344- and S479-phosphorylated HDAC7 are exclusively localized in the nucleus. An HDAC7 mutant, S178E/S344E/S479E, which lost the ability to bind 14-3-3s, is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the nuclear export of S178E/S344E/S479E is inhibited by LMB, but is enhanced by the CRM1. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that CRM1 mediated-nuclear export of HDAC7 is independent of HDAC7 phosphorylation and its association with 14-3-3s.
Detection of boundary curves on the piecewise smooth boundary surface of three dimensional solids

Suppose that is a three dimensional solid with boundary surface S = S1[ [ Sq, where each Sr is a smooth surface with boundary curve r. Multiscale directional representation systems (e.g., shearlets) are able to capture the essential geometry of by precisely identifying the boundary set
Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of the mouse gene encoding cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit p35.

A neural-specific activating subunit, p35, of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) was recently reported to differ from other mammalian cyclins, suggesting a new type of regulatory subunit for Cdk activity. The mouse gene encoding p35, Cdk5r, was isolated from a mouse 129/SvJ genomic library, and the genomic structure of Cdk5r was characterized. The most notable features of Cdk5r are the absence of introns in the amino acid coding region and the high homology of amino acid sequence among species. The 5{prime}-flanking region of Cdk5r contained no canonical TATA or CAAT box but had several putative promoter elements, including Sp1, AP2, MRE, and NGFIA. The mouse Cdk5r transcript was detected only in the brain by Northern blot analysis. Mouse Cdk5r was mapped to a position on mouse chromosome 11. 14 refs., 2 figs.
A Shrinking Boundary Algorithm for Discrete System Models

Improved mathematical optimization procedures are steadily finding wider use in engineering system studies, but the difficulties associated with the solution of discrete decision variable models remain formidable. An algorithm is described which will solve a certain class of problems formulated as linear integer programs. The procedure employs parallel shifts of selected boundary planes. This is accomplished by incrementing the appropriate slack variables which are constrained to be integers when the restraint conditions are formulated as diophantine equations. A hierarchy of variables is established to direct the boundary shifts. Feasibility and sensitivity tests truncate the search.
Effect of purified Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin on intestinal cyclic nucleotide metabolism and fluid secretion.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli cause diarrhea by elaborating two enterotoxins. The large-molecular-weight, heat-labile toxin causes intestinal secretion by stimulating cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate production. The mechanism by which the small-molecular-weight, heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion is unclear. The present study tested the hypothesis that heat-stable enterotoxin induces secretion by altering intestinal cyclic nucleotide concentrations. This was studied in suckling mice by using highly purified E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin obtained from a strain pathogenic for humans. At 3 min after administration of this toxin, intestinal cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP) levels were increased 10-fold. Cyclic GMP levels decreased thereafter, but still were greater than control levels at 120 min. Cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate levels fell to one-half of control levels at 3 min and remained below control levels for 120 min. When the time course of enterotoxin-induced secretion was compared with changes in cyclic GMP levels, fluid secretion was not evident until 15 to 30 min after enterotoxin administration. Thus, the increase in intestinal cyclic GMP concentration preceded measurable fluid secretion. And finally, administration of the 8-bromo analog of cyclic GMP evoked fluid secretion, the time course of which was similar to that induced by enterotoxin. These, and other data, strongly suggest that E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin induces intestinal secretion by increasing intestinal cyclic GMP levels.