cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of fringe order in the channel spectra of thin films.

The fringe orders in the channel spectrum of a thin film can be determined unambiguously, provided it is known that the film thickness is less than a critical value. This value is equal to minus one-half of the reciprocal dispersion of the material at the wavelength of minimum dispersion within the wavelength range of measurement. Values of critical thickness are given as a function of wavelength for 33 optical materials. The data indicate that the critical thickness is at least 10 μm in all the materials at wavelengths within the operating range of commercial spectrophotometers.
The torques of the synchronous tie

Digest of paper 49–241, “The torques of the synchronous tie — A Steady-State Analysis,” recommended by the AIEE Committee on Rotating Machinery and approved by the AIEE Technical Program Committee for presentation at the AIEE Fall General Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 17–21, 1949. Published in AIEE Transactions, volume 68, 1949, part 2, pages 1147–52.
Green fluorescence protein driven by the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform promoter is expressed only in male germ cells of mouse testis

Purpose Expression of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform is required for sperm motility and fertility and is controlled by the Atp1a4 promoter. Here, we have investigated the specific tissue, cell type and developmental regulation of expression mediated by the Atp1a4 promoter.
Dendrimer with Rotaxane-Like Mechanical Branching

A dendrimer wherein the branching points are mechanical in nature has been synthesized. It contains two identical covalently linked bis-dendrons and a core unit fused to two rings that encircle the two bis-dendrons. A “threading-followed-by-stoppering” approach is used in the template-directed synthesis of a precursor bis[2]rotaxane, which undergoes stopper exchange four times to yield the dendrimer in which the two bis-dendrons act as stoppers within the two [2]rotaxane subunits.
The electronic structure of Cu(In1 − xGax)Se2 alloyed with silver

Abstract We have examined the electronic properties of (Ag 1 − x Cu x )(In 1 − y Ga y )Se 2 (ACIGS) alloys over a wide range of compositions to assess whether such alloys might allow one to achieve larger values of V OC at larger band gaps compared to the Cu(In 1 − y Ga y )Se 2 (CIGS) alloys. Our studies employed junction capacitance techniques such as drive level capacitance profiling (DLCP) and transient photocapacitance (TPC) spectroscopy, as well as temperature dependent J–V measurements. The TPC spectra revealed not only that the band gap did indeed increase as the Ag-fraction was increased, but also that the bandtailing (or Urbach energies) in all ACIGS samples were substantially smaller than for CIGS samples of corresponding band gaps. This indicates that the Ag alloying somehow reduces the degree of disorder present. The DLCP measurements indicated very low free carrier densities, on the order of 10 14 cm − 3 , as well as evidence of defects located at the CdS/ACIGS junction. Temperature-dependent I–V measurements revealed a distinct “kink” in the V OC vs T characteristics, suggesting a transition from an interface-trap limited regime to a bulk-limited regime. At temperatures below 250 K, the V OC increased by up to 0.1 V as the sample was light soaked. This suggests that the interface traps limiting the V OC can be passivated by exposure to light.
Computations of ion diffusion coefficients from the Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck equation

The Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck equation is solved with the Chapman-Enskog method of analysis for the velocity distribution functions of helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The analysis is a perturbation scheme based on the assumption of a collision-dominated gas, and the calculations are carried out to first order. The elements considered are treated as trace constituents in an electron-proton gas. From the resulting distribution functions, diffusion coefficients are computed which are found to be 20-30% less than those obtained by Chapman and Burgers. In addition, it is shown that the return current of cold electrons needed to maintain quasi-neutrality in a plasma with a temperature gradient contributes a term in the thermal diffusion coefficient omitted erroneously in previous works. This added term resolves the longstanding controversy over the discrepancy between the coefficients of Chapman and Burgers, which are seen to be completely equivalent in the light of this analysis. The viscosity coefficient for an electron-proton gas is also computed and found to be 7% less than that obtained by Braginskii.
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration

The purpose of this study was to determine intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) FM PK in mature swine. Appropriate pain management for lameness in swine is a critical control point for veterinarians and producers, but science-based guidance on optimal housing, management and treatment of lameness is deficient. Six mature swine (121–168 kg) were administered an IV, IM, or PO dose of flunixin meglumine at a target dose of 2.2 mg/kg in a cross-over design with a 10 day washout period between treatments. Plasma samples collected up to 48 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. No adverse effects were observed with flunixin meglumine administration for all routes. Flunixin meglumine was administered at an actual mean dose of 2.21 mg/kg (range: 2.05-2.48 mg/kg) IV, IM and PO. A mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) for IM and PO administration was 3748 ng/ml (range: 2749–6004 ng/ml) and 946 ng/ml (range: 554–1593 ng/ml), respectively. TMAX was recorded at 1.00 hour (range: 0.50-2.00 hours) and 0.61 hours (range: 0.17-2.00 hours) after PO and IM administration. Half-life (T ½ λz) for IV, IM and PO administration was 6.29 hours (range: 4.84-8.34 hours), 7.49 hours (range: 5.55-12.98 hours) and 7.08 hours (range: 5.29-9.15 hours) respectively. In comparison, bioavailability (F) for PO administration was 22% (range: 11-44%) compared to IM F at 76% (range: 54-92%). The results of the present study suggest that FM oral administration is not the most effective administration route for mature swine when compared to IV and IM. Lower F and Cmax of PO-FM in comparison to IM-FM suggest that PO-FM is less likely to be an effective therapeutic administration route.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of apo-S100β and S100β with Ca2+

Abstract Crystals of a bovine neurotrophic factor S100β with and without Ca 2+ bound has been crystallized by vapor diffusion from solutions of polyethylene glycol. The crystals of S100β with Ca 2+ bound were monoclinic and belong to space group P 21 with unit cell dimensions a =36·2 A, b =55·63 A, c =48·39 A and β=111·77°. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules (one dimer) which exhibit an approximate 222 point symmetry. The crystals of apo-S100β were tetragonal and belong to space group P 4 1 with unit cell dimensions a = b =56·04 A, c =111·7 A. The asymmetric unit contains four molecules (two dimers) which exhibit 422 point symmetry. Both these crystal forms diffract to greater than 1·9 A resolution.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly regulates Foxj1 expression and ciliogenesis in zebrafish Kupffer’s vesicle

Cilia are essential for normal development. The composition and assembly of cilia has been well characterized, but the signaling and transcriptional pathways that govern ciliogenesis remain poorly studied. Here, we report that Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly regulates ciliogenic transcription factor foxj1a expression and ciliogenesis in zebrafish Kupffer’s vesicle (KV). We show that Wnt signaling acts temporally and KV cell-autonomously to control left-right (LR) axis determination and ciliogenesis. Specifically, reduction of Wnt signaling leads to a disruption of LR patterning, shorter and fewer cilia, a loss of cilia motility and a downregulation of foxj1a expression. However, these phenotypes can be rescued by KV-targeted overexpression of foxj1a. In comparison to the FGF pathway that has been previously implicated in the control of ciliogenesis, our epistatic studies suggest a more downstream function of Wnt signaling in the regulation of foxj1a expression and ciliogenesis in KV. Importantly, enhancer analysis reveals that KV-specific expression of foxj1a requires the presence of putative Lef1/Tcf binding sites, indicating that Wnt signaling activates foxj1a transcription directly. We also find that impaired Wnt signaling leads to kidney cysts and otolith disorganization, which can be attributed to a loss of foxj1 expression and disrupted ciliogenesis in the developing pronephric ducts and otic vesicles. Together, our data reveal a novel role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling upstream of ciliogenesis, which might be a general developmental mechanism beyond KV. Moreover, our results also prompt a hypothesis that certain developmental effects of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are due to the activation of Foxj1 and cilia formation.
Male Trouble: A Crisis in Representation

Male trouble - a crisis in representation the body politics of homosociality ephebic masculinity - the difference within the political economy of the male nude.
SU-GG-T-382: Modeling of a Commercial CdTe Photodiode Detector Using the MCNP Code

Purpose: To model a commercial CdTephotodiodedetector using the MCNP code for the optimization of various x‐ray measurement tasks related with an animal study to demonstrate the tumor dose enhancement by goldnanoparticles and kilovoltage x‐rays. Method and Materials: The MCNP code was used to model a commercial CdTephotodiodedetector (XR‐100T, Amptek Inc.). MCNP calculations were performed with a phantom made of the mixture of goldnanoparticles and water at various gold concentrations to investigate photon attenuation, scattering, and goldfluorescence x‐ray generation. A circular 100 kVp x‐ray beam with a diameter of 1 cm was assumed to be incident on a phantom at a source‐to‐surface distance at 12.5 cm. The detector model was tested for the detection of goldfluorescence x‐rays from the phantom by scoring photons coming out of the phantom at two different off‐axis angles (i.e., 135° and 90°) with respect to the x‐ray beam direction to minimize unwanted scatters to the detector. Three different concentrations (i.e., 3%, 1% and 0.1%) of goldnanoparticles were used for these simulations. Results: MCNP results indicated that the current CdTedetector model was capable of producing expected results, for example, showing the fluorescence x‐ray peaks from gold. As expected, the height of these peaks was proportional to the concentration of goldnanoparticles within the phantom. The detector located at 135° off‐axis angle resulted in more prominent goldfluorescence peaks than that located at 90° off‐axis angle. Conclusion: The current study indicates that an MCNP model of a CdTedetector would be helpful to optimize x‐ray measurement tasks required for in vivo demonstration of tumor dose enhancement by goldnanoparticles and kilovoltage x‐rays.
Chromosomes of three species of Asian tree squirrels, Callosciurus (Rodentia: Sciuridae).

Die Karyotypen vonCallosciurus notatus, C. finlaysoni undC. flavimanus besitzen alle 2n=40 Chromosomen: 6 metazentrisch, 10 submetazentrisch und 3 akrozentrisch. Eines der akrozentrischen Paare tragt einen auffalligen Satelliten; akrozentrische Satellitenchromosomen vonCallosciurus undXerus rutilus besitzen identische G-Bandmuster. Akrozentrische Chromosomen mit Satelliten wurden auch von den CallosciurinenDremomys rufigenis und der XerineSpermophilopsis leptodactylus beschrieben.
Temperature and combustion quality control in power station boilers using artificial neural networks

The classification is an important domain in boiler flame image processing and is a preliminary step toward detection, recognition and understanding of combustion condition. In this paper, Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA) is introduced for boiler flame image classification. Firstly, we define a feature vector for each flame image including 7 feature elements, which are the brightness of flame, the area of the high temperature flame, the brightness of high temperature flame, the rate of area of the high temperature flame, the flame centroid respectively. The classification and recognition of the flame image is done to measure the temperature from the flame colour and the flue gas emissions from the flame colour. The samples including 102 flame images, parts of which are used to train and test the model. Finally, the entire samples are recognized and classified. Experiments prove this method is effective for classification of boiler flame images.
Bringing Photochemistry to the Masses: A Simple, Effective, and Inexpensive Photoreactor, Right Out of the Box

An inexpensive and commercially available ultraviolet light device, intended for “drying” gel-type fingernail polish, was tested as a photochemical reactor with five organic photochemical laboratory experiments. The device performs satisfactorily and gives product yields comparable to or better than reported results, often in less time. The low cost and ease of use should make photochemical reactions more accessible to undergraduate students.
Antisense transgenics in animals.

Antisense transgenesis provides a methodology for ablating gene expression in targeted tissues through the use of tissue-specific or controllable promoters. The two major features to be considered in the design of a construct for injection are (1) the target sequence and (2) the promoter to be used. Information is provided to help the investigator make decisions in these regards. The standard methodology of making transgenics is not replicated but some hints as how best to use a transgenic facility are provided. An overview of methods for studying transgene expression and target gene suppression is given. In summary, antisense transgenesis may provide a more readily achievable method for tissue-specific ablation of a gene's function than controllable knockouts provide.
Influence of Dietary Cystine on Intestinal Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Methionine in the Chick

Studies were conducted on intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of methionine by chicks fed a crystalline amino acid diet containing .2% DL-methionine and .2 or .4% L-cystine or L-cysteine. Chicks fed the higher level of cystine or cysteine had previously been shown to exhibit depressed growth as opposed to chicks fed the lower level of these amino acids. In two experiments, 35S radioactivity of whole plasma and the protein and supernatant fractions were compared among chicks fed the different treatments at 30 or 60 min after oral intubation of L-[35S]-methionine into the crops. When the data were analyzed factorially, a significant level effect was noted for whole plasma and the protein and supernatant fractions, all of which were higher for chicks fed .2% L-cystine than those fed .4% L-cystine. Results with chicks fed the two levels of L-cysteine generally agreed with those of chicks fed L-cystine, although the differences were not as great. The labeled methionine was also added to diets containing .2 or .4% L-cystine of meal-fed chicks. Higher levels of radioactivity were observed in the liver but not in muscle or plasma of chicks fed the lower level of cystine at 7 hr after oral consumption of the isotope. No significant differences in liver, muscle, or plasma radioactivity were noted in a fourth experiment between chicks fed .2 or .4% L-cystine at 24 hr after intraperitoneal injection of L-[35S]-methionine. In vitro studies showed no differences in methionine accumulation by isolated intestinal segments incubated with three levels of cystine.
Demonstration of 12 nm resolution Fresnel zone plate lens based soft x-ray microscopy

To extend soft x-ray microscopy to a resolution of order 10 nm or better, we developed a new nanofabrication process for Fresnel zone plate lenses. The new process, based on the double patterning technique, has enabled us to fabricate high quality gold zone plates with 12 nm outer zones. Testing of the zone plate with the full-field transmission x-ray microscope, XM-1, in Berkeley, showed that the lens clearly resolved 12 nm lines and spaces. This result represents a significant step towards 10 nm resolution and beyond.
The Yin and Yan of bystander versus adaptive response: lessons from the microbeam studies

Abstract Two conflicting phenomena, bystander effect and adaptive response, are important in determining the biological responses at low doses of radiation and have the potential to impact on the shape of the dose–response relationship. Using the Columbia University charged-particle microbeam and the highly sensitive A L cell mutagenic assay, we show here that non-irradiated cells acquire mutagenesis through direct contact with cells whose nuclei had been traversed with two alpha particles each. Pre-treatment of cells with a 0.1-Gy dose X-rays 4 h before alpha particle irradiation significantly decreased this bystander mutagenic response. Results from the present study address some of the fundamental issues regarding both the actual target and radiation dose effect and can impart on our current understanding in radiation risk assessment.
Antibodies in Gastric Juice

The presence in gastric juice of specific antibody has been demonstrated. It is mainly an IgG antibody reacting with the cytoplasm of gastric cells; it has been detected in patients with atrophic gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia, whose serums contain antibodies to parietal-cell cytoplasm. Evidence is presented that associated circulating antibody to cytoplasm of thyroid acinar cell does not appear in the gastric juice.
The Relationship Between Otolaryngology and Speech Pathology

A crucial link exists between the otolaryngologist and speech-language pathologist. In the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at Georgetown University Medical Center, patients with head and neck cancer, vocal fold paralyses, and benign voice disorders are seen by otolaryngology and referred to speech pathology for evaluation. Baseline digital audio recordings of speech and videostroboscopic recordings of cord motion are obtained with aerodynamic, respiratory, acoustic, and spectrographic analysis as appropriate. Speech pathology counsels surgical patients regarding expected speech, swallowing, and voice alterations following surgery. These patients are observed during initial post-operative swallows and assigned oral-motor exercises to strengthen orofacial musculature. Patients with vocal fold paralyses and benign vocal lesions are seen by speech pathology of several sessions to teach compensatory cord adduction and improved vocal strategies. Speech pathologists arrange for patients who have undergone oral/laryngeal surgeries to provide psychosocial support to patients awaiting similar surgeries. The close relationship between otolaryngology and speech pathology provides the finest quality of care with the core of therapeutic education, support, and rehabilitation provided by speech pathology. Referral protocols, diagnostic assessments and treatment strategies for patients following laryngectomy, hemiglossectomy, supraglottic laryngectomy, vocal cord carcinoma, vocal cord paralyses, and benign vocal lesions will be discussed.
Geographic pattern of serum antibody prevalence for Brucella spp. in caribou, grizzly bears, and wolves from Alaska, 1975-1998.

Blood samples were collected from 2,635 caribou (Rangifer tarandus), 1,238 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), and 930 wolves (Canis lupus) from throughout mainland Alaska during 1975–98. Sera were tested for evidence of exposure to Brucella spp. Serum antibody prevalences were highest in the northwestern region of the state. In any specific area, antibody prevalences for caribou and wolves were of a similar magnitude, whereas antibody prevalence for bears in these same areas were two to three times higher.
Design of multisensor fusion-based tool condition monitoring system in end milling

Recent advancement in signal processing and information technology has resulted in the use of multiple sensors for the effective monitoring of tool conditions, which is the most crucial feedback information to the process controller. Interestingly, the abundance of data collected from multiple sensors allows us to employ various techniques such as feature extraction, selection, and classification methods for generating such crucial information. While the use of multiple sensors has improved the accuracy in the classification of tool conditions, design of tool condition monitoring system (TCM) for reduced complexity and increased robustness has been rarely studied. Therefore, this paper studies the design of effective multisensor-based TCM when machining 4340 steel by using a multilayer-coated and multiflute carbide end mill cutter. Multiple sensors tested in this paper include force, vibration, acoustic emission, and spindle power sensor for the time and frequency domain data. In addition, two feature selection methods and three classifiers with a machine ensemble technique are considered as design components. Importantly, different fusion methods are evaluated in this paper: (1) decision level fusion and (2) feature level fusion. The experimental results show that the design of TCM based on the feature level fusion can significantly improve the accuracy of the tool condition classification. It is also shown that the highest accuracy can be achieved by using force, vibration, and acoustic emission sensor together with correlation-based feature selection method and majority voting machine ensemble.
Applying a Critical Pedagogical Perspective to Information Literacy Standards

Abstract The need for information literacy in the curriculum has been recognized in several educational and workforce standards. These standards present a prescribed view of information literacy that emphasizes the economic need but undervalues the social nature of information and the experience students possess as information users. Theorists and educators within the higher education literature have developed a critical pedagogical approach to education that draws on theorist Paulo Freire and a social reconstructionist view of the curriculum. A critical pedagogical approach to information literacy seeks to counter the mechanistic view of information literacy offered by the standards. This approach seeks to understand information as a social construct and engage students in the educational process, ultimately, making information literacy more vital to the curriculum.
A modified multi-cell method for simulation of atmospheric transport

Abstract A multi-cell method in which the cells are assumed to be open at the top (thus removing the need for the prescription of cell heights) is presented. The method is applied to the calculation of dispersion of SO 2 for a 2-h period in Nashville, Tennessee.
TWEAK binding to the Fn14 cysteine-rich domain depends on charged residues located in both the A1 and D2 modules.

TWEAK [TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-like weak inducer of apoptosis] is a member of the TNF superfamily of cytokines. TWEAK binds with high affinity to a single TNF receptor super-family member, Fn14 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14). This interaction can stimulate a variety of biological responses, depending on the cell type analysed. The murine Fn14 extracellular region is only 53 amino acids in length and primarily consists of a CRD (cysteine-rich domain) containing three disulphide bonds. In the present study, we investigated whether TWEAK binding to this CRD was dependent on selected evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues by using a site-specific mutagenesis approach and several different ligand-binding assays. Our results indicate that three residues within the predicted Fn14 CRD A1 module (Asp45, Lys48 and Met50) and one residue within the predicted D2 module (Asp62) are each critical for high-affinity TWEAK binding. Mutation of the three charged polar residues Asp45, Lys48 and Asp62 had the greatest deleterious effect, suggesting that electrostatic interactions between TWEAK and Fn14 residues may be particularly important for complex formation or stability. To determine whether the four critical residues were likely to be located on the Fn14 CRD surface, we made an Fn14 homology model based on a previously derived X-ray structure for the B-cell maturation antigen receptor, which also contains only one CRD. This model revealed that each of these critical residues were in areas of the receptor that are potentially capable of interacting with TWEAK. These results indicate that the TWEAK–Fn14 interaction is highly dependent on multiple Fn14 residues located in both CRD modules.
High-precision UPb ages of metamorphic rutile: application to the cooling history of high-grade terranes

Abstract Metamorphic rutiles occurring in granulite and upper amphibolite facies metapelitic rocks of the Archean Pikwitonei granulite domain (Manitoba) and the Proterozoic Adirondack terrane (New York) give concordant and near concordant U Pb ages. The Pb concentrations in rutile range from 2.85 to 168 ppm, U concentrations range from 10.9 to 390 ppm and the measured 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios range from 182 to 22,100 corresponding to 238 U/ 204 Pb ratios of 398–75,100. The proportions of radiogenic 208 Pb are very low, ranging from 0.0 to 6.9% of total radiogenic Pb. The habits of the rutile crystals range from stubby to acicular, the physical properties vary from opaque/black to transparent/reddish-brown. Separate batches of black and reddish-brown rutile grains from the same samples have similar U and Pb concentrations, Pb-isotope ratios, and yield the same U/Pb ages within analytical uncertainty. No correlation of U concentration and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios with morphology or color of the rutiles was observed among the samples analyzed. Most rutiles yield concordant U Pb ages which are reproducible within analytical uncertainty, i.e. generally ±2 Ma . The U Pb ages for prograde rutile are younger than the time of peak metamorphism given by U Pb ages for garnet and zircon, and also younger than U Pb ages for sphene and monazite, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and K Ar ages for hornblende but older than 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and K Ar ages for biotite from the same area. This suggests that the rutile ages reflect cooling below closure temperatures. Within a single hand-specimen, and thus for an identical thermal history, larger rutile grains give older ages than do smaller grains. This suggests that volume diffusion is the most probable mechanism responsible for the ages being younger than the time of peak metamorphism. It also suggests that the dimensions for such diffusion are directly related to the dimensions of the rutile crystal and not to the dimensions of sub-grain domains, as is the case for Ar diffusion in hornblende and feldspar. The concordant U Pb ages as well as the similar ages over a large area suggest that rutile has a well-defined temperature of closure. At a cooling rate of about 0.5–1°C/Ma the closure temperature for U Pb diffusion in rutile is about 420°C for grains with a radius of 0.009–0.021 cm, and about 380°C for grains with a radius of 0.007–0.009 cm. U Pb rutile ages obtained on different grain sizes indicate a cooling rate of about 0.5°C/Ma for the Pikwitonei granulite domain at 2460-2300 Ma. U Pb ages for rutile thus provide high-precision ages for evaluating the cooling history of high-grade terranes and can be critical to the quantitative development of thermal models for crustal evolution.
Effect of Natural and ARV-Induced Viral Suppression and Viral Breakthrough on Anti-HIV Antibody Proportion and Avidity in Patients with HIV-1 Subtype B Infection

Background Viral suppression and viral breakthrough impact the humoral immune response to HIV infection. We evaluated the impact of viral suppression and viral breakthrough on results obtained with two cross-sectional HIV incidence assays.
Psychosocial Issues of Women with Physical Disabilities The Continuing Gender Debate

Rehabilitation and disability related research has only recently begun to examine the complex interaction of gender and disability. Women with disabilities experience the double impact of being fem...
Risk factors for significant wound complications following wide resection of extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

Background Wound complications following resection of a localized soft tissue sarcoma have been associated with lower extremity location, large tumor volume, and use of preoperative radiation. Some of these wounds, however, show the potential for healing with local wound care and nonsurgical techniques. We are unaware of any published data establishing factors associated with nonhealing wounds that ultimately are treated with local or free vascularized tissue transfer.
Domiciling the evangelists in Anglo-Saxon England: a fresh reading of Aldred's colophon in the ‘Lindisfarne Gospels’

The Codex ‘Lindisfarnensis’ (London, British Library, Cotton Nero D. iv, early eighth century) was glossed in Old English by the tenth-century priest Aldred. Aldred's colophon purports to give information about the eighth-century makers of the manuscript, at Lindisfarne. What is actually reliable about this highly literary colophon is Aldred's purpose in writing the gloss: to give the Evangelists a voice to address ‘all the brothers’ – particularly the Latinless. We propose new interpretations of three OE words (gihamadi, inlad, ora) misunderstood before. Aldred was learned; his sources extend from Ovid through the Fathers to contemporary texts.
Non-propulsive miniature power device based on SOFC and combustion-driven thermal transpiration pump

A meso/micro-scale self-sustaining power generator that is self-contained, has pumping and power generation integrated into one device, has no moving parts and operates only on thermal and electrochemical energy supplied by hydrocarbon fuels, was demonstrated. A solid oxide fuel cell tested with the device obtained a power of 20 mW/cm2 .Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Chaotic behavior of the transcendental mapping (Z→cosh (Z)+μ)

This note presents graphically interesting behavior in chaotic systems defined by iterates of the transcendental function (z→cosh (z)+μ).
PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERCALCAEMIA OF MALIGNANCY

SUMMARY The hypercalcaemia of malignancy is multi-factorial, even within individual tumours. In most cases, hypercalcaemia is due to a combination of increased bone resorption associated with uecreased renal capacity to excrete the increased extracellular fluid calcium. In solid tumours such as carcinoma of the lung, tumour-derived growth factors are probably primarily responsible for the increased bone resorption, and a separate family of factors which interact with some parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors cause increased renal tubular calcium reabsorption. PTH production by non-parathyroid tumours rarely if ever occurs. In contrast, haematological malignancies such as myeloma and T-cell lymphomas produce locally acting bone resorbing lymphokines in excessive amounts. Some T-cell lymphomas in addition have the capacity to metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. In myeloma, impaired glomerular filtration frequently contributes to the pathogenesis of hypercalcaemia by impairing renal compensatory mechanisms for maintaining normal serum calcium concentrations in the presence of increased bone resorption.
Markedly Elevated Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Levels Are a Clue to the Diagnosis of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Patients with AIDS

Disseminated histoplasmosis is a common late manifestation of AIDS, but the diagnosis may be unsuspected in some patients because the clinical presentation of histoplasmosis may mimic other opportunistic infections. High serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels have been associated with disseminated histoplasmosis. We therefore evaluated whether markedly increased LDH levels were useful for making a diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by comparing admission LDH levels for 15 patients with culture-proven disseminated histoplasmosis with those for 30 patients with advanced AIDS who were admitted to the hospital for evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates and fever. The mean admission LDH level in patients with disseminated histoplasmosis was 1,356 IU/L (range, 145-5,410 IU) whereas it was 332 (range, 77-832 IU) in the patients with other pulmonary processes. Admission LDH levels were >600 IU in 11 (73%) of the 15 patients with disseminated histoplasmosis vs. 3 (10%) of controls (P < .001). We conclude that markedly elevated admission LDH levels may be a clinical clue to the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.
Organizational Identification and the Symbolic Shaping of Information Communication Technology

Research on organizational identification and communication technologies has yielded contradictory results that may be partially explained by conceptualizing the relationship between technology and identification as mutually influential. Drawing on structuration theories of identification and technology, this article argues that identifications shape the way that communication technologies are symbolically created and used and, at the same time, technology use influences identifications. Interviews and focus groups conducted at a geographically dispersed organization showed how meanings associated with technologies were shaped in negative ways because of organizational identifications and disidentifications.
Effusion cytology of renal cell carcinoma

Background Effusions in patients with renal cell carcinoma are rare; the clinicopathologic features of these patients have not been described fully. Methods All effusions from patients with renal cell carcinoma obtained between 1986 and 1997 at the study institution were reviewed. Results Twelve effusions from 9 patients were benign, and 8 effusions from 7 patients were malignant. Patients with sarcomatoid tumors presented early with benign effusions, and patients with papillary tumors presented later with malignant effusions. Patients with clear cell tumors were intermediate. The majority of patients who developed malignant effusions had tumors that were classified as T3 or higher (according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer) at the time of resection. Tumor cells had abundant clear to vacuolated cytoplasm, large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Cells from clear cell and papillary tumors could not be distinguished in effusion specimens unless papillae were present. At last follow-up 13 of 15 patients were dead of disease within 2 years of the onset of effusion (median 24 weeks; range, 1-93 weeks), including 7 of 9 patients with benign effusions. Conclusions Malignant effusions due to renal cell carcinoma most commonly occur in patients with papillary and clear cell tumors. Malignant effusions from these two tumor types are difficult to distinguish unless papillae are present. Effusions associated with renal cell carcinoma confer a poor prognosis.
High Density Plasma Silicon Carbide as a Barrier/Etch Stop Film for Copper Damascene Interconnects

A low κ dielectric barrier/etch stop has been developed for use in copper damascene application. The film is deposited using methane, silane and argon as precursors in a HDP-CVD reactor. The film has a dielectric constant of 4.2 which is lower than the dielectric constant of conventional SiC or plasma silicon nitride (>7). Film characterization including physical, electrical, adhesion to ILD films, etch selectivity, and copper diffusion barrier properties show that this film is a better barrier than silicon nitride for low κ copper damascene interconnects. This film consists of a refractive index in the range of 1.7 to 1.8, a compressive stress of 1.0-1.5×109 dynes/cm2, and a leakage current of 5.0×10−10 A/cm2 at 1 MV/cm. When integrated in-situ with HDP-FSG, an effective dielectric constant of 3.5 can be achieved.
Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels

Ecologists need an empirical understanding of physiological and behavioural adjustments that animals can make in response to seasonal and long-term variations in environmental conditions. Because many species experience trade-offs between timing and duration of one seasonal event versus another and because interacting species may also shift phenologies at different rates, it is possible that, in aggregate, phenological shifts could result in mismatches that disrupt ecological communities. We investigated the timing of seasonal events over 14 years in two Arctic ground squirrel populations living 20 km apart in Northern Alaska. At Atigun River, snow melt occurred 27 days earlier and snow cover began 17 days later than at Toolik Lake. This spatial differential was reflected in significant variation in the timing of most seasonal events in ground squirrels living at the two sites. Although reproductive males ended seasonal torpor on the same date at both sites, Atigun males emerged from hibernation 9 days earlier and entered hibernation 5 days later than Toolik males. Atigun females emerged and bred 13 days earlier and entered hibernation 9 days earlier than those at Toolik. We propose that this variation in phenology over a small spatial scale is likely generated by plasticity of physiological mechanisms that may also provide individuals the ability to respond to variation in environmental conditions over time.
Drowsy Transmission: Physical Layer Energy Optimization for Transmitting Random Packet Traffic

Energy efficiency has become increasingly important to mobile systems on which wireless interfaces are among the largest power consumers. While existing physical layer power optimization mostly focuses on improving the transmission efficiency, our recent work has showed that wireless interfaces can spend most of its time and energy in very short idle periods between transmitting two packets [9]. In this work, we present a physical layer optimization method, drowsy transmission, which explicitly considers the power cost of such idle periods in physical layer power optimization through joint power control/rate selection and power management. We provide a control theoretical formulation of the optimization problem and present a dynamic programming based solution and its approximation that is close form and practical. We further offer an on-line learning technique to cope with unknown channel and traffic. Using a power model from a commercial wireless network interface card, we demonstrate that drowsy transmission can reduce the energy per bit by 70% and 40% in comparison to power control/rate selection-based optimization and optimization with disjoint power control/rate selection and power management, respectively. Moreover, the achieved energy per bit is very close to the theoretical lower bound. Our evaluation shows that the proposed on-line learning technique can assess the channel and approach the performance under pre-known channel in as short as 200 ms. We also show that our optimization introduces negligible packet delays.
Tissue Distribution of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus following in Ovo Inoculation of Chicken Embryos Examined by in Situ Hybridization with Antisense Digoxigenin-Labeled Universal Riboprobe:

Chicken embryos were inoculated with 8 different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) representing 7 different serotypes at 17 days of embryonation. At 2 and 5 days postinfection (dpi), tissues were collected for in situ hybridization using an antisense digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe corresponding to the sequence of the mRNA coding for the membrane protein. Extensive antigen staining in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the trachea, lung, bursa, and intestine was detected at 2 dpi with all 8 strains of IBV. At 5 dpi, little or no positive staining was observed in these tissues. However, tubular cells of the kidney showed multifocal positive staining with the Wolgemuth strain-, Gray strain-, JMK strain-, and Mass41 strain-infected chickens. No viral RNA was detected in the spleen at any time point. The results demonstrated strict epitheliotropic nature and wide tissue tropism of strains of IBV in the chicken embryo and the universality of our riboprobe. In situ hybridization with this probe will be useful for understanding the tissue tropism and the pathogenesis of IBV in vivo.
Real options on knowledge assets: Panacea or Pandora's box?

H ow can firms make the right investments to create a competitive advantage in the high-velocity environment of the new economy? The broad consensus is that they must invest in knowledge assets, which form the basis of a dynamic capability. Unfortunately, standard investment tools taught in business schools, such as discounted cash flow (DCF) models, discourage investments in intangible and uncertain assets such as knowledge. The problems with DCF fuel the excitement around applying real options models to evaluate strategic investments. Drawing on the analogy to financial options, the logic of real options is that firms can make small investments (establish options) that provide an opportunity for, but not the commitment to, pursuing full investments (exercising options) later. Because a firm can wait until uncertainty dissipates before making a full commitment, it can capture potentially huge gains while avoiding the risk of devastating losses. Acknowledging the benefits of real options, we shall nevertheless explore here how the nature of knowledge assets itself may end up costing a firm dearly if the wrong decision is made on whether to option them. Knowledge-based options differ from financial options in at least two important ways: (1) significant uncertainty remains at the exercise decision, and (2) the value of knowledge depends on its transfer and integration within the firm. Thus, managers may erroneously exercise options (as in the provocative statement above regarding 3M) or drop options that would lead to a competitive advantage. Either choice can be very costly.
The versatility of polysorbate 80 (tween 80) as an ionophore

A number of experiments were performed to illustrate the unusual versatility of Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) as an ionophore. New ions shown to be transported by it from and to water layers through a model membrane (CH2Cl2) include H3O+, Li+, Pb2+, Co2+, piperidinium ion, guanidinium ion, and Paraquat, while two complex ions resisted transport under the conditions used. “Reverse” transport of lipophilic guests (azobenzene, azulene, ferrocene) from and to organic solvents through water was also promoted by Tween 80, but C60 was not carried. Three water molecules were transported per molecule of KSCN by the Tween.
Differential effects of structural complexity on predator foraging behavior

The choice of predator foraging mode has important consequences for ecological communities. Foraging mode designations are often made on the basis of predator activity, yet activity can be affected by various environmental stimuli independent of changes in foraging mode. Structural complexity can reduce predator activity by either interfering with predator vision and mobility or as part of a foraging mode shift. We examined the effects of simulated aquatic vegetation on multiple behaviors of 2 aquatic insect predators to distinguish between these 2 possible outcomes. Larvae of the diving water beetle (Dytiscus spp.) shifted from an active predator in treatments without structure to a sit-and-pursue (SAP) predator in treatments containing structure, as indicated by a decrease in activity and prey encounter rates and an increase in probability of capture. This trade-off between encounter rates and probability of capture resulted in an equal number of prey captures among the treatments. Dragonfly nymphs (Anax junius) remained SAP predators in both treatments, although interference from the simulated vegetation significantly reduced activity. Structure also slightly decreased the number of aeshnid prey captures. Physiological attributes of the predators, such as mode of respiration and method of prey detection, seemed to influence foraging behavior. This study emphasizes the benefits of measuring multiple predator behaviors when classifying predators to particular foraging modes.
Using voice recognition software to treat dysgraphia in a patient with conduction aphasia

Background: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) has primarily been utilised for motor speech deficits or as an aid for communicating basic needs in the acute stages of aphasia rehabilitation. However, AAC strategies can be employed for individuals with aphasia across a wide range of severity levels and at different stages of recovery. For individuals with chronic impairments in language, voice recognition software can further enhance communication by providing an alternative means for written expression. Aims: To investigate the functional and linguistic effects of a treatment program that used voice recognition software to improve written communication in an individual with chronic aphasia. Methods & Procedures: A 65-year-old woman with conduction aphasia participated in a prospective case study. During baseline testing the individual was evaluated on measures of language (i.e., Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, 3rd edition, Goodglass, Kaplan, & Baressi, 2001; Boston Naming Test, Kaplan...
Effect of Graduated Compression Stockings on Venous Blood Velocity in Supine Resting Hospitalized Patients

The effects of graduated compression stockings (GCSs) on venous blood velocity were measured in 26 hospitalized medical patients while supine at rest. Peak blood velocity in the right femoral vein was 21.6 cm/s without GCS and 23.0 cm/s with GCS [not significant (NS)]. Peak blood velocity in the right popliteal vein was 12.5 cm/s without GCS and 15.0 cm/s with GCS (NS). Mean blood velocity in the right femoral vein did not increase significantly with GCS, but mean blood velocity in the right popliteal vein increased marginally from 5.0 cm/s to 5.8 cm/s (P = .05). Among 11 patients with venous insufficiency (refilling time ≤19 s), neither peak nor mean blood velocity in the femoral or popliteal veins increased significantly with GCS. In conclusion, thigh-length GCS in hospitalized patients had little or no effect on popliteal or femoral vein blood velocity while supine at rest, irrespective of whether the patients had venous insufficiency.
Altered neurotransmitter release machinery in mice deficient for the deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14

Homozygous ataxic mice (axJ) express reduced levels of the deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14. They develop severe tremors by 2–3 wk of age, followed by hindlimb paralysis, and death by 6–8 wk. While ch...
Comparison of effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of auricular, somatic, and the combination of auricular and somatic acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold.

This study compared the effects of high intensity, low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of auricular, somatic, and combined auricular and somatic acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold measured at the wrist. Sixty-seven healthy adults, aged 18 to 39 years, were assigned randomly to one of four groups: 1) the Auricular Group (n = 17) received TENS to auricular acupuncture points, 2) the Somatic Group (n = 17) received TENS to somatic acupuncture points, 3) the Combined Group (n = 17) received TENS to both auricular and somatic acupuncture points, and 4) the Control Group (n = 16) received no TENS and served as controls. Pain threshold was measured immediately before and after treatment or rest. Pain threshold significantly increased (p less than .05) in the Auricular, Somatic, and Combined Groups following treatment, with no statistically significant differences in mean pain threshold change scores among treatment groups. The Control Group demonstrated no statistically significant change in pain threshold. The results indicate that TENS applied to any of the three sets of acupuncture points equally increases pain threshold, thus possibly increasing options in choosing stimulation sites for treating patients with pain.