cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Phosphate Rock for Direct Application to Soils

Publisher Summary The direct application of phosphate rock (PR) to soils as a source of fertilizer phosphorus (P) is a practice that has been employed with varying degrees of popularity over the years. Experimental results have shown that PR is most effective when used on acid soils that are extremely deficient in P. This chapter evaluates systematically the various factors related to the utilization of PR as a source of P for plants. However, PR may be a suitable source of P in extensive agricultural systems where suboptimum yields are expected because of limits on additional inputs; in these cases, the relative amounts and costs of PR and soluble P fertilizers required to obtain the desired yield need to be compared. This chapter discusses factors affecting the agronomic effectiveness of PR. The availability of the P in PR is influenced by (1) the inherent differences among PR sources, (2) the soil environment to which the PR was applied, and (3) the crop for which the PR fertilizer was used.
Be Fair, Your Employees Are Watching: A Relational Response Model of External Third-Party Justice

There is growing theoretical recognition in the organizational justice literature that an organization's treatment of external parties (such as patients, community members, customers, and the general public) shapes its own employees’ attitudes and behavior toward it. However, the emerging third-party justice literature has an inward focus, emphasizing perceptions of the treatment of other insiders (e.g., coworkers or team members). This inward focus overlooks meaningful “outward” employee concerns relating to how organizations treat external parties. We propose a relational response model to advance the third-party justice literature asserting that the organization's fair treatment of external parties sends important relational signals to employees that shape their social exchange perceptions toward their employer. Supporting this proposition, in two multisource studies in separate healthcare organizations we found that patient-directed justice had indirect effects on supervisory cooperative behavior ratings through organizational trust and organizational identification.
Role of microtopography in rainfall-runoff partitioning: An analysis using idealized geometry

[1] Microtopography, consisting of small-scale excursions in the elevation of the land surface on millimeter to centimeter scales, is ubiquitous on hillslopes, but its effects are rarely incorporated into hydrological analyses of rainfall-runoff partitioning. To progress toward a hydrological theory that accounts for microtopography, two research questions are considered: (1) Does microtopography change the partitioning of rainfall into runoff and infiltration compared to a background case that lacks these small-scale excursions? and (2) how do soil, mean slope, storm properties, and microtopographic geometric attributes influence this partitioning? To address these questions, a simplified one-dimensional hillslope with uniform sinusoidal microtopography is considered, and several rainfall-runoff scenarios are examined with a numerical model. The results indicate that for a range of realistic conditions, microtopography increases the proportion of rainfall infiltrating by 20–200% relative to an equivalent “background state” in which microtopography is absent. Additional theoretical development addressing issues of connectivity and improved representations of flow hydraulics over microtopographic surfaces are needed to refine these estimates and extend them to less idealized conditions. If confirmed, the results suggest that microtopography may have a significant impact on streamflow generation, plant water availability and the co-evolution of geomorphic, hydrological and ecological systems, with important implications for land management, especially in arid ecosystems.
Pore Blocking Models

Colloids and particles accumulating on membrane surfaces and/or in the membrane pores cause fouling, which results in a reduction in flux or an increase in transmembrane pressure for constant-pressure and constant-flux filtration operations, respectively. Traditionally, membrane fouling is described by one of the following classical models: pore blockage, pore constriction, and cake filtration. In this article, models describing flux decline during constant-pressure filtration are reviewed. The focus is on flux decline analysis typically used to determine fouling mechanisms and the application of the models accounting for backtransport, deposit layer properties, and membrane morphology. Keywords: fouling models; pore blockage; pore constriction; cake formation; flux decline analysis
Dual Mode Control of an Elastic Robotic Arm: Nonlinear Inversion and Stabilization by Pole Assignment

This paper considers control of an elastic robotic arm of two links based on nonlinear inversion and pole assignment for stabilization. The design is done in two steps. First, based on nonlinear inversion, a nonlinear controller is designed for the trajectory control of the joint angles using joint torquers. Although, the inverse controller accomplishes trajectory control of the joint angles, this excites the elastic modes of the arm. In order to damp the elastic oscillations, a stabilizer is designed for a linearized system about the terminal state using pole assignment technique. In the closed-loop system, first the inverse controller acts when a command is given, and the stabilizer automatically switches when the joint angle trajectory enters a specified neighborhood of the final commanded position.
Gas engineering for pulsed power and switching

ABSTRACT Studies of externally sustained diffuse gas discharge switches have demonstrated that diffuse discharges possess the potential for fast, repetitive, high power switching in inductive energy storage pulsed power applications. Several analyses have determined the operating requirements on the diffuse discharge in these applications and have shown the importance of gas engineering by tailoring the properties of the gas mixture within the switch to achieve the desired operating conditions. More recently, attention has been turned to ways of improving the current switching efficiency of these discharges (i.e., lower discharge impedance operation) and to the development of techniques to actively control the switch opening and closing by optically modifying the electron attachment and detachment processes in the discharge gas mixture. These and other possible research areas in gas engineering studies for pulsed power switches are discussed.
Hydrous species in feldspars: A reassessment based on FTIR and SIMS

Recent interest in hydrogen incorporation in feldspars has been driven by the potential of this common mineral species to record magmatic water contents. Accurate measurement of H concentrations in feldspars by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is hampered by the need to collect polarized spectra in three mutually perpendicular directions, which can be impractical for crystals characterized by small dimensions, polysynthetic twinning, and/or chemical zoning. SIMS is an attractive alternative to FTIR, offering high spatial resolution, high precision, and the feasibility of attaining low detection limits. In this study we compare FTIR and SIMS data for 19 feldspars, including plagioclase, anorthoclase, sanidine, microcline, and orthoclase. We present adjustments to previously published FTIR data on some of these samples. Our new SIMS and FTIR data are well correlated and we demonstrate the feasibility of quantitatively measuring H concentrations as low as 1–2 ppmw H_2O using SIMS. Combination of the new data together with re-evaluation of the NMR calibration of Johnson and Rossman (2003) indicates that the IR absorption coefficients for hydrous species in feldspar increase with decreasing frequency of their O-H absorptions, in accord with theory. We derive new molar integral IR absorption coefficients (I) for feldspars with the following hydrous species as defined by Johnson and Rossman (2003): Type I and II H_2O (microcline and orthoclase): I = 120 470 ± 11 360 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2) Type IIb OH (sanidine): I = 150 000 ± 15 000 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2) Type IIa OH (plagioclase and anorthoclase): I = 202 600 ± 20 260 L·mol^(−1) H_2O cm^(−2) These absorption coefficients depend on critical assumptions with regards to SIMS matrix effects. If accurate, one important implication is that the H concentrations of plagioclase crystals estimated in the literature are too high by up to a factor of two, requiring revision of previously estimated plagioclase-melt H partitioning coefficients.
Contemporary Radiation Therapy in Combined Modality Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma

The advent of effective combination chemotherapy markedly changed the management of Hodgkin lymphoma, establishing combined modality therapy as the standard of care for most patients with this disease. In response, significant interest has been shown in refining the delivery of radiation in the combined modality setting such that toxicity is minimized while still preserving disease control. An understanding of the way in which radiation treatment fields, prescription dose, and advanced technology have evolved to accomplish these goals is critical. Moreover, fluency in the clinical literature exploring contemporary questions, such as the omission of radiation and response-based treatment, is equally important. Knowledge of these topics will yield both an appreciation of the value of radiation in the combined modality setting and the ability to better customize treatment regimens to individual patients.
Consumer shopping value: An investigation of shopping trip value, in-store shopping value and retail format

Although delivering value is the key for retailers to create new competitive advantages, the literature on consumer shopping value is fragmented and findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to understand consumer shopping value in-depth by examining consumer shopping processes and experiences in two retail formats: mass merchandisers and department stores. This study conceptualizes consumer shopping value as having two components: shopping trip value and in-store shopping value. Shopping trip value is originated by fulfillment of general shopping motivations, and in-store shopping value stems from retail elements that create in-store shopping experiences that consumers have in specific retail contexts. Five shopping trip value dimensions and six in-store shopping value dimensions are identified from the in-depth interviews. The findings highlight how consumer shopping value is a complex and context specific construct.
Few-electron semiconductor quantum dots in magnetic field

Usually, semiconductor quantum dots represent a twodimensional nanoscale system with few electrons confined in a semiconductor host crystal. Properties of fewelectron quantum dots in the weak magnetic regime are explained well through single-electron theory concepts. However, as the strength of the external magnetic field increases the confined electrons in the quantum dot start to manifest collective quantum behavior as seen in the integer and fractional quantum Hall effect regime. In the limit of strong magnetic field, we see the confined electronic states in a semiconductor quantum dot transforming into Laughlin-like states that describe strongly correlated electronic systems in the quantum Hall regime. While this is expected, our calculations further indicate that even a classical model of confined electrons provides quite an accurate presentation, suggesting that in this regime electrons stabilize in relatively rigid geometric structures. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The specific uptake of radioactivity from (3H)prostaglandin E1 by rat uterus.

Abstract Uterine pieces from rats pretreated with estrogen were incubated for 1 hr at 20° with [ 3 H]prostaglandin E 1 ([ 3 H]PGE 1 ) and nonradioactive prostaglandins. The uptake of radioactivity from [ 3 H]PGE 1 was reduced in proportion to the log of the concentration of PGE 1 = PGE 2 >>PGE 2α > PGB 1 >PGA 1 . The regressions for all the prostaglandins were parallel, indicating a common set of uptake sites. About 9% of the radioactivity in the uterine pieces was associated with the 20,000 × g particulate fraction. This amount was reduced by 70% by the presence of an excess of nonradioactive PGE 1 in the incubation medium. The amount of radioactivity in the 20,000 × g supernatant was reduced by 20% by PGE 1 , but no binding of radioactivity to macro-molecules was apparent by gel filtration of the supernatant on Sephadex G-25 columns. Thus, the uptake sites for PGE 1 appear to reside on cellular particles. Attempts to demonstrate the binding of radioactivity from [ 3 H]PGE 1 directly to 20,000 × g particles were not successful.
The electronic structure of oxo-Mn(salen): Single-reference and multireference approaches

Using single- and multireference approaches we have examined many of the low-lying electronic states of oxo-Mn(salen), several of which have not been explored previously. Large complete-active-space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) computations have been performed in pursuit of an accurate ordering for the lowest several electronic states. Basis set and relativistic effects have also been considered. For the geometry considered, our best results indicate the ground spin state to be a closed-shell singlet, followed by a pair of low-lying triplet states, with additional singlet states and the lowest quintet state lying significantly higher in energy. Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) results are obtained and are compared to the more robust CASSCF results. The Hartree-Fock results are qualitatively incorrect for the relative energies of the states considered. Popular density functionals such as BP86 and B3LYP are superior to Hartree-Fock for this problem, but they give inconsistent answers regarding the ordering of the lowest singlet and triplet states and they greatly underestimate the singlet-quintet gap. We obtained multiple Hartree-Fock and DFT solutions within a given spin multiplicity, and these solutions have been subjected to wave function stability analysis.
Use of health services by children of smokers and nonsmokers in a health maintenance organization.

OBJECTIVES: Use of health services by children of smokers and nonsmokers was compared to assess whether exposure to environmental tobacco smoke resulted in greater use of health services among children of smokers. METHODS: Primary care and emergency room visits, asthma-related prescriptions, and inpatient stays over the 42-month study period were compared for children of smokers (n = 498) and nonsmokers (n = 1062) who were enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Parents of children aged 1 through 11 years were identified from participants in 2 randomized smoking cessation trials. RESULTS: After adjustment for parental age, education, and health status and for child's age, there were no differences between children of smokers and children of nonsmokers in use of primary care or emergency room visits, asthma-related prescriptions, or inpatient stays. However, among those with any preventive care visits, children of smokers had significantly fewer visits than children of nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: Furth...
The Effects of a Consistent Sleep Schedule on Time Taken to Achieve Sleep

In this study the authors evaluated how a consistent sleep schedule would result in the participant’s being able to demonstrate a shorter latency between retiring for bed and sleep. A 44-year-old female went to bed within the same 15-minute time period at night and arose within the same 15-minute time period in the morning. A single-subject reversal design was used. During treatment, the average latency between going to bed and sleeping was 46 minutes (111 minutes before treatment), with the last 5 nights averaging 9 minutes of latency. The participant established consistency in her bedtime schedule by going to bed at the same time every night and by arising in the morning at the same time. This intervention resulted in the participant’s demonstrating a shorter latency between the onset of bedtime and going to sleep. This intervention and measuring procedure was used with little expense to the participant and yet captured the behavior change intended.
Peroxynitrite Protects Raw 264.7 Macrophage from Lipopolysaccharide/Interferon-γ-Induced Cell Death

Abstract Peroxynitrite, formed by the interaction of superoxide with nitric oxide, has previously been implicated mostly as a cytotoxic agent. In contrast, its physiological and, possibly, beneficial effects are largely unknown. We have previously shown [Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997,272,7253] that RAW 264.7 macrophages can be selected to be resistant toward lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced cytotoxicity. Resistant cells produced comparable amount of nitric oxide, but showed increased formation of superoxide, which might lead to increased production of peroxynitrite. We utilized this well characterized cell model to seek evidence that peroxynitrite might cause protection of RAW cells from cytokine toxicity. Exogenous peroxynitrite (30-50 μM), applied to RAW cells before cytokine stimulation, dramatically reduced LPS/IFN-γ toxicity. Measurement of cell viability after overnight incubation with a mixture of LPS (10 μg/ml) and IFN-γ (100 U/ml), showed that pretreatment with 40 μM peroxynitrite completely reverted LPS/IFN-γ cytotoxicity. Differently, pretreatment of RAW cells with peroxynitrite (10-60 μM) did not prevent cytotoxicity induced by the nitric oxide-donors S-Nitroso-L-glutathione (0.2-1 mM), or spermine NONOate (0.2-2 mM), and by Actimomycin D (0.5-1 μg/ml), suggesting that the protective effect is specific for the LPS/IFN-γ pathway. These results were confirmed through extensive controlled studies aimed to optimize cell exposure to peroxynitrite, and showed that peroxynitrite protects macrophages from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity.
A Nationwide Analysis of Laparoscopy in High-Risk Colorectal Surgery Patients

Due to safety concerns, the use of laparoscopy in high-risk colorectal surgery patients has been limited. Small reports have demonstrated the benefit of laparoscopy in this population; however, large comparative studies are lacking. A retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2009 was conducted. Patients undergoing elective colorectal resections for benign and malignant pathology were included in the high-risk group if they had at least two of the following criteria: age > 70, obesity, smoking, anemia, congestive heart failure, valvular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary, kidney and liver disease. Using multivariate logistic regression, the outcomes of laparoscopic surgery were compared to open and converted surgery. Of 145,600 colorectal surgery cases, 32.79% were high-risk. High-risk patients had higher mortality, hospital charges, and longer hospital stay compared to low-risk patients. The use of laparoscopy was lower in the high-risk group with higher conversion rates. In high-risk patients, compared to open surgery, laparoscopy was associated with lower mortality (OR = 0.60), shorter hospital stay, lower charges, decreased respiratory failure (OR = 0.53), urinary tract infection (OR = 0.64), anastomotic leak (OR = 0.69) and wound complications (OR = 0.46). Conversion to open surgery was not associated with higher mortality. Laparoscopy in high-risk colorectal patients is safe and may demonstrate advantages compared to open surgery.
Monolayer and multilayer films of nitrobenzene on Au(111) surfaces: bonding and geometry

We have investigated the interaction of nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) with a Au(1 1 1) surface. Nitrobenzene adsorbs molecularly and reversibly on Au(1 1 1) at 90 K. Three peaks occur in temperature programmed desorption at 290, 210 and 195 K due to desorption from the monolayer, bilayer and multilayer (as measured at low coverage for each phase). We report the infrared reflection–absorption spectra (IRAS) of nitrobenzene at submonolayer, monolayer and multilayer coverages. In the monolayer, nitrobenzene adsorbs with its molecular plane parallel to the surface and only two, out-of-plane molecular vibrations are observed in IRAS. In thicker films grown at 90 K, nitrobenzene molecules in the next several layers have an overall preferential orientation toward being parallel with the Au(1 1 1) surface plane.
An analytic hierarchy approach to major league baseball offensive performance ratings

In recent years, the analysis of major league baseball players' statistics has been gaining much popularity, from baseball executives to the average fan. This paper analyzes the overall offensive performance of major league players through the combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the individual players' offensive statistics (batting average, runs, doubles, triples, home runs, runs batted in, stolen bases, and walks). Two new extensions to the absolute measurement mode of the AHP are introduced. First, range bases determined by the means and standard deviations of the different offensive statistics are applied as the alternative nodes. This permits the comparison of all major league players under the same criteria using statistics. Second, curve-fitting (second-order best fit) techniques are applied to the cut-off points for the synthesis to allow each data point (each player's individual offensive statistic) to receive a unique score in the AHP. The result is an overall score and ranking for each major league player according to his offensive performance during the 1991 major league baseball season.
Pertussis toxin induces parallel loss of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor dimers and Gi α subunit function in CHO cells

Abstract Treatment with pertussis toxin in addition to a stable inhibition of Giα subunits of G-proteins also strongly reduced human neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This was reflected in abolition of the inhibition by Y1 agonists of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in intact cells, and of Y1 agonist stimulation of GTPγS binding to particulates from disrupted cells. The loss of both receptor and Giα subunit function was attenuated by ammonium chloride, an inhibitor of acid proteinases, pointing to a chaperoning co-protection of active pertussis toxin-sensitive Gα subunits and Y1 receptors. The surface complement of the Y1 receptor was changed a little in conditions of ∼ 85% decrease of the Y1 population, but the rate of the Y1 receptor-linked internalization of agonist peptides was reduced about 70%. The preserved receptor fraction consisted of monomers significantly coupled to Gqα subunits. The persistent pertussis toxin-insensitive internalization of agonists with the Y1 receptor may reflect a rescue or alternative switching that could be important for cell functioning in neuropeptide Y-rich environments. The results are compatible with a loss, due to Giα subunit inactivation by the toxin, of a large Y1 receptor reserve constituted of oligomers associating with heterotrimeric G-proteins.
Maximum likelihood based extended-source spatial acquisition and tracking for planetary optical communications

This paper describes an extended-source spatial acquisition and tracking scheme for planetary optical communications. This scheme uses the Sun-lit Earth image as the beacon signal, which can be computed according to the current Sun-Earth-Probe angle from a pre-stored Earth image or a received snapshot taken by other Earth-orbiting satellite. Onboard the spacecraft, the reference image is correlated in the transform domain with the received image obtained from a detector array, which is assumed to have each of its pixels corrupted by an independent additive white Gaussian noise. The coordinate of the ground station is acquired and tracked, respectively, by an open-loop acquisition algorithm and a closed-loop tracking algorithm derived from the maximum likelihood criterion. As shown in the paper, the optimal spatial acquisition requires solving two nonlinear equations, or iteratively solving their linearized variants, to estimate the coordinate when translation in the relative positions of onboard and ground transceivers is considered. Similar assumption of linearization leads to the closed-loop spatial tracking algorithm in which the loop feedback signals can be derived from the weighted transform-domain correlation. Numerical results using a sample Sun-lit Earth image demonstrate that sub-pixel resolutions can be achieved by this scheme in a high disturbance environment.
Nocturnal hypoxia and neuropsychological variables.

Abstract Hypoxia is a well known cause of brain dysfunction. Neuropsychological impairments have been observed in normal subjects experiencing hypoxia iatrogenically as well as in patients with chronic lung disease. Recent investigations have demonstrated significant nocturnal hypoxia in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing. In the present study, heavy-snoring males, a group known to experience frequent episodes of sleep-disordered breathing received neuropsychological testing and a night of continuous monitoring of respiratory parameters. Partial correlations, controlling for age, weight, and education, indicated reliable relationships between nocturnal hypoxia and measures of general intelligence, verbal and nonverbal memory, and expressive verbal fluency. It is proposed that heavy-snoring males may potentially serve as a population in which to model the neurobehavioral effects of hypoxia. Further research in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing may help clarify the extent of the possible cognit...
Leisure Activity Packages For Rural Aged

Leisure activity packages were developed to involve rural aged who live alone. in satisying leisure in their placesof residence. The packages were designed to require simple skills, small space. modest cost but offer a quality product or experience when completed. ideas were gathered for a wide variety of interests. A model for a delivery system is proposed that could be adapted to many settings. Eight leisure activity packagcs weredeveloped and tested. Recommendations were made for use of packages in a variety of settings.
Words about Images: Coordinating Community in Amateur Photography

This paper describes how the adoption of digital technologies by two amateur photography communities created coordination challenges. Digital technologies disrupted the classification schemes used not just to sort images into groups for competition, but also served to coordinate the community itself. In opening up the classification scheme, members were able to see and reflect on the sources used to establish the definitions that sorted images and organised their practices not just locally but more widely across various boundaries. Without having words about images, both amateur photography communities would have struggled to coordinate.
Fault-tolerant computer control of a time delay system: sensor failure tolerance by controller reconfiguration

Tolerance to sensor failure is developed by creating functional redundancy in a computer controlled process with time delay. Functional redundancy is implemented by formulating time delay compensators and control lows a priori by reconfiguring the controller automatically when a sensor failure is detected. Experimental studies with a heat exchanger network illustrate the techniques proposed. Controller reconfiguration reduces the effect of sensor failures to process upsets similar to temporary process disturbances.
Ligand-Based Reduction of CO2 to CO Mediated by an Anionic Niobium Nitride Complex

The terminal nitride anion complex [Na][N≡Nb(N[tBu]Ar)3] ([Na][1], Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3) reacts quantitatively with CO2 to give the carbamate complex [Na][O2CN≡Nb(N[tBu]Ar)3] ([Na][O2C-1]). The structure of [Na][O2C-1] as the bis-12-crown-4 solvate, as determined by X-ray crystallography, displays a unique N-bound carbamate ligand without any metal−oxygen interactions. When treated with organic acid anhydrides or acid chlorides, complex [Na][O2C-1] reacts via salt elimination to give the five-coordinate complexes (RC(O)O)(OCN)Nb(N[tBu]Ar)3 (R-2, R = Me, tBu, F3C). We show that complexes R-2 yield the starting complex [Na][1] with concomitant release of CO upon two-electron reduction. This series of reactions constitutes a closed cycle for the conversion of CO2 to CO mediated by a terminal nitride anion complex.
Lysergic acid diethylamide and a novel stimulus

The mean running time of rats injected with 0.016 mg/kg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) was not significantly different from that of others, administered saline solution. However, when a novel stimulus (hurdle) was presented in the runway, the mean running time of the experimental group was significantly longer than that of the control group.
Composition of the fine organic aerosol in Yosemite National Park during the 2002 Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study

Abstract The Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study (YACS) was conducted during the summer of 2002 to investigate regional haze in Yosemite National Park by characterizing the chemical, physical and optical properties of the ambient aerosol. Previous analyses reveal that the composition of PM2.5 during YACS was dominated by carbonaceous material derived primarily from contemporary carbon sources rather than fossil fuel combustion. In addition to several local wildfires and prescribed burns, two regional haze episodes during YACS were strongly influenced by smoke from biomass burning that was subject to long-range transport. Several classes of biomass burning smoke tracers, including anhydrosugars, methoxyphenols, and resin acids, were used to determine contributions of primary biomass burning smoke to PM2.5. Levoglucosan was measured with peak concentrations of 234 ng/m3 during periods with smoke influence from local fires, and primary biomass burning smoke contributions to fine particle organic carbon were estimated to be as high as 100% on individual days during that period. Relatively high concentrations of monoterpene oxidation products and other organic compounds of secondary origin, such as dicarboxylic acids, indicated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to be an important contributor to contemporary carbon. Biomass combustion plumes impacting the measurement site are likely a significant contributor to the observed SOA. Low concentrations of organic compounds of anthropogenic origin, such as hopanes and steranes, indicated contributions from automobile exhaust to organic carbon of approximately 10% on average. Overall, the fine aerosol in Yosemite National Park during the summer of 2002 was dominated by natural sources, in particular by smoke from wildfires and by secondary organic aerosol of biogenic origin.
An Update on the Changing Indications for Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Quality of life has become increasingly more important for men diagnosed with prostate cancer. In light of this and the recognized risks of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the guidelines and use of ADT have changed significantly over the last few years. This paper reviews the current recommendations and the future perspectives regarding ADT. The benefits of ADT are evident neoadjuvantly and adjuvantly in patients treated with external beam radiation therapy for intermediate- and high-risk disease, in patients who have undergone prostatectomy with lymph node involvement, in high-risk patients after definitive therapy, and in patients who have developed progression or metastasis. Finally, this paper reviews the risks and benefits of each of these scenarios and the risks of androgen deprivation in general, and it delineates the areas where ADT was previously recommended, but where evidence is lacking for its additional benefit.
Comparison of the hall-petch parameters of zone-refined iron determined by the grain size and extrapolation methods☆

Abstract The dependence of the lower yield strength of zone-refined iron containing 0.0020 wt.% (carbon plus nitrogen) on grain size has been investigated at room temperature. In spite of the rather limited grain size variation possible with such pure metal, a meaningful determination of the Hall-Petch parameters has been made by the grain-size method: friction stress −2.5 kg/mm2, Petch slope −2.4 kg.mm 3 2 . It is shown that tensile data obtained where the grain diameter is comparable to the minimum specimen dimension should not be included in the grain size method of analysis. Analysis of tensile data by the extrapolation method produces Hall-Petch parameters which (1) are internally inconsistent, and (2) compare unfavorably with results of the gram size method. It is concluded that the extrapolation method in its present form is not an adequate substitute for the grain size method of evaluating the Hall-Petch parameters of iron.
A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict

The article discusses a research on various styles of handling interpersonal conflict. For the measurement of conflict styles, seven non-random samples were used to generate and select suitable items. Five factorially independent and reliable scales for conflict styles from a national sample were constructed. These were used to test further validities of the scales against the measures of role status and sex. Results indicated that the test-retest and internal consistency reliability coefficients are satisfactory and compare favorably with other existing instruments.
Evidence for a proteolytic modification of liver pyruvate kinase in fasted rats.

Abstract Liver pyruvate kinase was purified to homogeneity from rats fed a high carbohydrate, low protein diet (LPK-C) and from rats fasted for 84 h (LPK-F). Although the enzymes have similar electrophoretic mobilities in 7% polyacrylamide disc gels, the specific activity of LPK-C was two to three times the value of the specific activity of LPK-F. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of LPK-C yields a single protein band of 56,000 daltons. In contrast, LPK-F yields two bands of protein. Approximately one-third of the LPK-F has an electrophoretic mobility similar to the 56,000-dalton LPK-C peptide. The remaining two-thirds of the LPK-F protein migrates as a 51,000-dalton peptide. Cyanogen bromide was used to cleave LPK-C and LPK-F. Similar peptide patterns were obtained from LPK-C and LPK-F when the cyanogen bromide fragments were resolved by 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 7.5 m urea containing 6 m m Triton X-100 and 5% acetic acid. Separation of the two peptides from LPK-F was accomplished by selective immunologie absorption of the 56,000-dalton peptide with anti-LPK-C gammaglobulin immobilized on Sepharose 4B. Tryptic digests of LPK-C, LPK-F and the 51,000-dalton peptide yield similar peptide patterns when analyzed via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the 51,000-dalton peptide could be derived by a proteolytic cleavage or limited digestion of the 56,000-dalton subunit. Phosphorylation of LPK-C and LPK-F by [γ-32P]ATP in vitro with cyclic AMP-activated protein kinase results in covalent incorporation of 32 P into only the 56,000-dalton subunit. These results suggest that anin vivo proteolytic modification that yields the 51,000-dalton subunit.
Quasiliving Carbocationic Polymerization. X. Molecular Weight Averages and Polydispersity

Abstract In quasiliving polymerizations with reversible chain transfer (QL0R systems), polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution can be obtained, It has been shown that while in true living systems (L00) R = 1, and in quasiliving systems with irreversible chain transfer (QL01) R = 2 is the limiting value of polydispersity, in QL0R systems r = 4/3 is the polydispersity to which the distribution of the polymer tends with increasing polymerization time. This limit is independent of the rate of reinitiation; the course of the R vs t curves is, however, determined by the various rate constants.
Review Essay: The Nuclear Arms Race and the Theory of Social Traps:

Social traps are those all too common situations in which people behave contrary to their own self-interest while making what appear to them to be rational decisions. These situations may provide useful models for explaining (and analyzing possible escapes from) the nuclear arms race. The literature on social traps is reviewed, concentrating on three recent books: (1) Social Traps (1980) by J.G. Cross and M.J. Guyer, which provides a taxonomy of traps and escapes: (2) Too Much Invested to Quit (1980) by A.I. Teger, which is a detailed experimental study of the dollar auction game, an easily repeatable social trap designed to study conflict escalation; and (3) The War Trap (1981) by B. Bueno de Mesquita, which is only tangentially about social traps but provides supporting data and models on the history of international conflicts. Pos sible escapes from the nuclear arms trap are reviewed and the idea of a weapons tax to convert the trap into a trade-off is proposed and discussed.
Retinol dehydrogenase 10 is indispensible for spermatogenesis in juvenile males

Retinoic acid (RA), an active vitamin A derivative, is essential for mammalian spermatogenesis. Genetic studies have revealed that oxidation of vitamin A to retinal by retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10) is critical for embryonic RA biosynthesis. However, physiological roles of RDH10 in postnatal RA synthesis remain unclear, given that Rdh10 loss-of-function mutations lead to early embryonic lethality. We conducted in vivo genetic studies of Rdh10 in postnatal mouse testes and found that an RDH10 deficiency in Sertoli cells, but not in germ cells, results in a mild germ cell depletion phenotype. A deficiency of RDH10 in both Sertoli and germ cells in juvenile mice results in a blockage of spermatogonial differentiation, similar to that seen in vitamin A-deficient animals. This defect in spermatogenesis arises from a complete deficiency in juvenile testicular RA synthesis and can be rescued by retinoid administration. Thus, in juvenile mice, the primary, but not exclusive, source of RA in the testes is Sertoli cells. In contrast, adult Rdh10-deficient mice exhibit phenotypically normal spermatogenesis, indicating that during development a change occurs in either the cellular source of RA or the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in RA synthesis.
Fin-Planform Effects on Lift and Center of Pressure for Supersonic Missiles

The missile fin-body interference factor Kw(B) (ratio of the normal force on a fin in presence of the missile body to the normal force on the isolated fin) is an important factor in the equivalent angle-of-attack preliminary design method. A finite volume Euler code, ZEUS, is used to numerically determine the fin forces as a function of fin trailing-edge sweep for 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-fin missile configurations at small angles of attack. The fin forces are used to evaluate Kw(B) as a function of fin span to body radius ratio at Mach numbers from 2.5 to 5 at various fin aspect ratios. The movement of center of pressure with changes in trailing-edge sweep and Mach number is also evaluated. KWW and center of pressure values for the 2-, 3-, and 4-fin configurations agree with slender-body theory analytical solutions; however, the KW(B) predictions for the 5and 6-fin missiles break away from slender-body theory as the fin span increases. The fin span at which breakaway occurs is shown to be related to the position at which shock and expansion waves originating from the adjacent fins strike the fin of interest; consequently, it is a function of number of fins and Mach number. In some cases the shock and expansion wave interaction cause AVcs) to be <1, which indicates a reduction in fin lift due to interference. Tables for Kw(B) and the center of pressure are presented for use in preliminary design.
Tyings in lattice-ordered permutation groups

In an \( \ell \)-permutation group \( (G,\mit\Omega) \), with \( \mit\Omega \) a chain and \( \bar{\mit\Omega} \) its Dedekind completion, the coincidence of two stabilizer subgroups \( G_\delta = G_\lambda (\delta,\lambda\in \bar{\mit\Omega}) \) yields a map \( \delta g\rightarrow \lambda g (g \in G) \) from \( \delta G \) to \( \lambda G \), and this map commutes with all the elements of G. Roughly speaking, a tying is such a map. We show that the permutations of \( \bar{\mit\Omega} \) which commute with the tyings are exactly those in the closure of G in the full automorphism group \( \bar{\mit\Omega} \) with respect to the coarse stabilizer topology. We term this closure the gate completion of G, written \( \G^: \). We show that each o-primitive component of \( \G^: \) consists of those permutations of the closure of the corresponding G component which respect the orbits of the points which are "tied" to nonsingleton o-blocks. Finally, we show that any two representations of the same lattice-ordered group which are complete and without dead segments give rise to the same \( \G^: \), and that in this case \( \G^: \) is the \(\alpha\)-completion of G.
Quantitative studies of the specificity of anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies, types 3 and 8. I. Isolation of oligosaccharides from acid and from enzymatic hydrolysates of S3 and S8.

Abstract By means of gel filtration through a G-25 Sephadex column, individual members of a series of linear oligosaccharides, varying from two eight hexose units in chain length, have isolated been isolated from enzymatic and from acid hydrolysates of Types III and VIII pneumococcal polysaccharides. Assuming that a Sephadex gel consists of interconnected cells with a random distribution of size, a mathematical model has been developed that permits calculation of the distribution coefficient of a linear oligosaccharide of any given chain length, provided that the nature and partition coefficients of its constitutive hexose units are known.
Levels of urinary transforming growth factor β-1 in children with D+ hemolytic uremic syndrome

About 25-50% of survivors of the acute phase of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) develop chronic renal disease. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1) is the main fibrogenic growth factor in humans, and there is a significant correlation between its levels and the grade of interstitial fibrosis in chronic nephropathies. We hypothesized that increased urinary TGFbeta-1 may be an early indicator of sequelae in D+ HUS patients who show no sign of renal damage as determined by conventional diagnostic tests. We therefore compared the levels of TGFbeta-1 in urine collected from healthy controls (HC) (n = 18) with that from patients with a past history of D+ HUS (n = 39). We found that TGFbeta-1 excretion was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the patient group (median level 73 pg/mg creatinine) than in the HC (median level 28 pg/mg creatinine). TGFbeta-1 excretion did not correlate with age, white blood cell count, length of oligoanuric period, maximum creatinine at the acute stage, or length of the follow-up. Since TGFbeta-1 excretion may reflect ongoing renal tissue damage, our results emphasize the need for the lifelong follow-up of patients with a past history of D+ HUS, even those showing apparent recovery. Long-term monitoring of this cohort is necessary to determine the clinical utility of our findings.
More Is Not Always Better: Increased Fractional Anisotropy of Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Poor Visuospatial Abilities in Williams Syndrome

We used diffusion tensor imaging to examine white matter integrity in the dorsal and ventral streams among individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) compared with two control groups (typically developing and developmentally delayed) and using three separate analysis methods (whole brain, region of interest, and fiber tractography). All analysis methods consistently showed that fractional anisotropy (FA; a measure of microstructural integrity) was higher in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in WS compared with both control groups. There was a significant association with deficits in visuospatial construction and higher FA in WS individuals. Comparable increases in FA across analytic methods were not observed in the left SLF or the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus in WS subjects. Together, these findings suggest a specific role of right SLF abnormality in visuospatial construction deficits in WS.
Multidomain Flavin-Dependent Sulfhydryl Oxidases

Eukaryotic flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases catalyze oxidative protein folding with the generation of disulfides and the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. This review deals principally with the Quiescinsulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX) that are found in multiple forms in multicellular organisms and singly in a number of protozoan parasites. QSOX is an ancient fusion of thioredoxin domains and an FAD-binding module, ERV1/ALR. Interdomain disulfide exchanges transmit reducing equivalents from substrates to the flavin cofactor and thence to molecular oxygen. The in vitro substrate specificity of avian QSOX1 and the likely substrates of QSOXs in vivo are discussed. The location of QSOX immunoreactivity and mRNA expression levels in human cells and tissues is reviewed. Generally, there is a marked association of QSOX1 expression with cell types that have a high secretory load of disulfide-containing peptides and proteins. The abundance of sulfhydryl oxidases in the islets of Langerhans suggests that oxida...
Characterization of Subvisible Particle Formation During the Filling Pump Operation of a Monoclonal Antibody Solution

Characterization and control of aggregate and subvisible particle formation during fill–finish process steps are important for biopharmaceutical products. The filling step is of key importance as there is no further filtration of the drug product beyond sterile filtration. Filling processes can impact product quality by introducing physical stresses such as shear, friction, and cavitation. Other detrimental factors include temperature generated in the process of filling, foaming, and contact with filling system materials, including processing aids such as silicone oil. Certain pumps may shed extrinsic particles that may lead to heterogeneous nucleation-induced aggregation. In this work, microflow imaging, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and turbidimetry were utilized to quantify subvisible particles, aggregation, and opalescence, respectively. The filling process was performed using several commonly used filling systems, including rotary piston pump, rolling diaphragm pump, peristaltic pump, and time–pressure filler. The rolling diaphragm pump, peristaltic pump, and time–pressure filler generated notably less protein subvisible particles than the rotary piston pump, although no change in aggregate content by SEC was observed by any pump. An extreme increase in subvisible particles was also reflected in an increase in turbidity. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:4198–4204, 2011
Optimization of material and process parameter for minimizing defect in implementation of MFHM process

Silicon-containing material has recently attracted attention as new hard mask material. We have studied the applicability of MFHM (Multi-Functional Hard Mask)/SOC (Spin on Carbon) materials as an alternative to the BARC/SiON/ amorphous carbon (a-C) process. This process is very useful in terms of cost reduction and process simplicity compared to a-C process. Evaluation results have showed good lithographic and etch performances. However, this MFHM process has showed specific defects related to material. This paper will focus on defect type and suggest its solution.
Parking Sign and Solidarity within Religious Groups: Social Identity Constructions in Nigeria*

This study offers an interpretation of driving signs used in interpersonal communication. Questionnaires were administered in a university setting to faculty members to assess the manner in which “parking” is used. Religious affiliations of the respondents are related to social identities, and the results suggest that religion serves as a direct influence on motorists who park off the road to communicate with other drivers. The findings further suggest that within the specific cultural milieu described, parking connotes respect for family members.