cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lie Admissible Non-Associative Algebras

A non-associative ring which contains a well-known associative ring or Lie ring is interesting. In this paper, a method to construct a Lie admissible non-associative ring is given; a class of simple non-associative algebras is obtained; all the derivations of the non-associative simple $\overline {N_{0,0,1}}$ algebra defined in this paper are determined; and finally, a solid algebra is defined.
High level expression, activation, and antagonism of CC chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3 in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract The specificity of leukocyte trafficking in inflammation is controlled by the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors. Reliable structure–function studies of chemokine–receptor interactions would benefit from cell lines that express consistent high levels of chemokine receptors. We describe herein two new Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines in which the genes for chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3 have been incorporated into identical positions in the host genome. CCR2 is the primary receptor for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) whereas CCR3 is the primary receptor for the chemokines eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3. Both receptors are expressed at >5,000,000 copies per cell, substantially higher levels than in previous cell lines, and both are competent for binding and activation by the cognate chemokines for these receptors. Using these cell lines we confirm that eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-3 can act as an agonist and an antagonist, respectively, of CCR2. In addition, we show that eotaxin-2 is an antagonist of CCR2 and MCP-1 is an agonist of CCR3. Comparison of the chemokine sequences reveals several positions that are identical in MCP-1 and eotaxin-1 but different in eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3, suggesting that these amino acids play a role in CCR2 activation.
Virology: A class act

Membrane fusion occurs in many situations in living organisms — when certain viruses enter host cells, for instance. Three crystal structures shed light on the protein rearrangements that bring about such fusion.
Some solvent effects on the solvent extraction of 8-quinolinol.

The distribution constants of 8-quinolinol between water and a series of substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, at 25 degrees , are reported. The results are discussed in terms of dielectric constant and solubility parameter of the solvents. For 8-quinolinol, and possibly for its chelates, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and chloroform seem to be about the best solvents, in that order. Among the solvents studied, chloroform shows significantly higher values than expected; the deviation may be explained as a specific interaction of the hydrogen- bonding type.
Thermodynamic Framework for Evaluating PAH Degradation in the Subsurface

A method is presented to evaluate the influence of redox conditions and pH on mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in subsurface environments. Microbial yields based on the free energy liberated from heterotrophic PAH metabolism are estimated under various environmental conditions using a simple bioenergetic growth model. The types and chemical forms of electron acceptors addressed in this paper include oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, iron (Fe+3and FeOOH), and manganese (Mn+4 and MnO2). PAHs addressed include naphthalene (2-fused aromatic rings), anthracene (3-fused aromatic rings), phenanthrene (3-fused aromatic rings), and pyrene (4-fused aromatic rings). Calculated free energy changes demonstrated that sequential utilization of electron acceptors will follow the order Mn+4, O2, NO3−1, Fe+3, MnO2, FeOOH, SO4−2, and CO2. The behavior in microbial growth yield predictions were found to mimic the change in free energy liberated with the use of different electron acceptors. Despite release of free energy under all conditions evaluated, the small energy liberated during PAH mineralization under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions suggests that heterotrophic degradation of PAH compounds under these conditions is unlikely to occur. The large microbial growth yields associated with reduction of free metal species (Mn+4, Fe+3) during PAH oxidation suggest a selective advantage for microbes that can tolerate acid conditions and/or participate in metal chelation processes.
Preparing practitioners to respond to resistance: a cross‐professional view

Teaching depends upon relationships. Yet teaching is only one of a number of professions in which practice depends heavily upon the quality of human relationship between practitioners and their clients. To explore how other professions prepare professionals for the work of building and maintaining relationships, we embarked on a study that investigated the preparation of teachers, clergy, and clinical psychologists, all professions that engage in what we are calling ‘relational practices’. In this article, we explore how preparation programs in teaching and clinical psychology, in particular, teach novices to attend to relationships in their practice, focusing specifically on how novices are prepared to respond to various forms of resistance from those they seek to serve. Our analysis draws upon a subset of data from our larger study, including interviews, classroom observations, and observations of field experiences from visits to five professional preparation programs: three clinical psychology programs...
Handbooks and encyclopedias: Institutional bane or intellectual boon?

The article presents the author's reflections on the value of handbooks and encyclopedias in academic publishing. The author draws on his experiences in the academic publishing world, noting how each title and series should be evaluated separately, since the genre of "encyclopedia" is too broad a category. The challenges involved in editing such as series are mentioned. Instances where handbook series could be successful and beneficial are cited along with examples to the contrary.
Drainage in finite-sized unsaturated zones

Abstract After the initiation of gravity drainage, water is often assumed to be either (a) draining under unit gradient, or (b) at capillary/gravity equilibrium. Both of these simplifications can be useful, but the regimes of validity of each assumption must be delineated. Water pressures are measured versus time and distance as water drains out of a 1.6 m long sand column to determine the relative effects of capillary and gravitational forces during drainage. For medium sized sands (0.15–0.3 mm in diameter), the capillary pressure is constant in space in a large region of the column for over 12 days, and the water continues to flow under unit gradient for relatively long time scales. Similar results are seen for finer sands, but with a much faster approach to equilibrium. Numerical simulations and analytical estimates are presented and compare favorably to the measurements. Together, the experimental, theoretical and analytical results are used to calculate when capillary/gravity equilibrium is reached as a function of porous media properties and length of the unsaturated zone. The ratio of the length of the unsaturated zone to the bubbling pressure is a key parameter in determining the drainage regime, and that even for relatively short unsaturated zones the equilibrium time scale can be on the order of years.
Probate Documents: American Costume History Research

County court probate documents can provide us with descriptions of costume and textiles for periods of our national heritage for which we have few or no extant artifacts. In addition to their descr...
Leptostatin: A synthetic hybrid of the cytotoxic polyketides callystatin A and leptomycin B

Four stereoisomeric hybrids of the polyketide natural products callystatin A and leptomycin B have been prepared by parallel synthetic routes involving chiral allenylstannane methodology. Like their natural counterparts, these hybrids exhibit nanomolar levels of cytotoxicity toward HCT-116 human colon cancer cells.
Hydroperoxy fatty acid formation in selenium deficient rat platelets: Coupling of glutathione peroxidase to the lipoxygenase pathway

After incubation with [1-14C]-arachidonic acid, washed platelets from selenium deficient rats produced a sevenfold greater amount of 12-hydroperoxytetraenoic acid than platelets from control animals. When stimulated with either arachidonic acid or t-butyl-hydroperoxide, antimycin-A1 treated platelets from the deficient rats also converted markedly lower amounts of [1-14C]-glucose to [14C]-CO2 than platelets from control rats. These results indicate a significant role for platelet selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in the enzymatic reduction of platelet-produced hydroperoxides.
Effects of acetaldehyde on the automaticity of the guinea pig sinus node

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to characterize the effects of acetaldehyde (ACA) on sinus node automaticity (SNA). Guinea pig sinoatrial preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at 37°C were used. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to monitor SN rate (SNR). Acetaldehyde 3×10 −5 M had no effect on SNR, while 3×10 −3 M had a positive chronotropic action. The increase in SNR was associated with an increase in the slope of the slow diastolic depolarization (SDD) of subsidiary pacemaker fibers, with no change in the maximum diastolic potential (MDP). Acetaldehyde 3×10 −2 M exerted a biphasic effect: the SNR was enhanced and then depressed. Propranolol blocked the positive component of this chronotropic action. The negative component was not modified by propranolol, phentolamine, or atropine. It is concluded that ACA exerts both positive and negative chronotropic actions on the guinea pig sinus node. The positive component of this biphasic effect is mediated through a beta-adrenergic mechanism and it is associated with an increase in the SDD. The negative component is not due to alpha- or beta-adrenergic or muscarinic stimulation.
The Relationship of Surface Pressure Features to the Precipitation and Airflow Structure of an Intense Midlatitude Squall Line

Abstract Observations from the Oklahoma–Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central (OK PRE-STORM) have been used to document the surface pressure features accompanying an intense midlatitude squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation. Three well-known features are observed: a pre-squall mesolow, a squall mesohigh and a wake low. Particular attention is given to the wake low, its life cycle and association with the trailing stratiform portion of the squall line. During the formative stage, the pressure field to the rear of the squall line mesohigh is relatively flat with only weak stratiform precipitation present. As the squall line enters the developing-to-mature stages, a pronounced wake low appears at the back edge of the surface stratiform precipitation area. The squall line at this time is characterized by a strong rear-inflow jet, descending from the upper troposphere, as far as 500 km behind the leading convective line, to the lower troposphere just behind the line. The trailin...
A mosaicism in the higher order structure of Xenopus oocyte nucleolar chromatin prior to and during ribosomal gene transcription

We report an analysis by electron microscopy of the differences in the folding of ribosomal gene and adjacent nontranscribed spacer DNA of Xenopus laevis oocytes into supranucleosomal chromatin structures. The chromatin structures identified in gene and spacer regions of transcriptionally active nucleoli (from stage 5 oocytes) were compared with those found in nucleoli prior to transcription (from stage 2 oocytes) to determine whether changes in the chromatin structure occur when transcription is initiated. Chromatin structures were characterized by their morphology and by the extent of folding of DNA in chromatin. Nontranscribed spacer regions from both transcriptionally active and inactive nucleoli appear to be packaged into supranucleosomal structures and are contracted by a factor of at least 20 from the length of B form DNA. The structure of the adjacent gene region, both before and during transcription, is much more extended; the only structures observed are the size of nucleosomes, and the DNA is contracted by a factor of 1.4 from its B form length. Thus a mosaicism in the higher order structure of gene and spacer rDNA is established days or weeks prior to the initiation of transcription of these genes and maintained during transcriptionally active stages.
Metabolomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals Compartmentalized Co-Catabolism of Carbon Substrates

Summary Metabolic adaptation to the host environment is a defining feature of the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but we lack biochemical knowledge of its metabolic networks. Many bacteria use catabolite repression as a regulatory mechanism to maximize growth by consuming individual carbon substrates in a preferred sequence and growing with diauxic kinetics. Surprisingly, untargeted metabolite profiling of Mtb growing on 13 C-labeled carbon substrates revealed that Mtb could catabolize multiple carbon sources simultaneously to achieve enhanced monophasic growth. Moreover, when co-catabolizing multiple carbon sources, Mtb differentially catabolized each carbon source through the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and/or tricarboxylic acid pathways to distinct metabolic fates. This unusual topologic organization of bacterial intermediary metabolism has not been previously observed and may subserve the pathogenicity of Mtb.
Beyond the Grave: Facebook as a Site for the Expansion of Death and Mourning

Online identities survive the deaths of those they represent, leaving friends and families to struggle with the appropriate ways to incorporate these identities into the practices of grief and mourning, raising important questions. How are practices of online memorialization connected to conventional rituals of grief and mourning? What is the role of online digital identity postmortem? How do trajectories of death and dying incorporate both online and offline concerns? Based on our qualitative study of death and mourning online, we identify the way that social networking sites enable expansion—temporally, spatially, and socially—of public mourning. Rather than looking at online practices as disruptions of traditional practices of grief and memorialization, we examine them as new sites in which public mourning takes place.
Peace Through Tourism: Commerce Based Principles and Practices

While tourism’s positive contributions to societies have long been debated, commerce based tourism activities can strengthen peaceful societies by adhering to sustainable tourism principles. This study utilizes content analysis to examine 136 tourism practices from four major awards programs for their contributions to sustainability and peace. Specific practices which illuminate each of these contributions are highlighted. The findings reveal the most common initiatives focus on environmental quality, economic development, and community nourishment efforts, with substantially less focus on initiatives to engage citizen diplomacy and increase transparency. The use of awards programs to further sustainable tourism is discussed, and suggestions for future research in this important area of study are shared.
The Beverly Cotton Manufactory: or Some New Light on an Early Cotton Mill

Although the Beverly Cotton Manufactory and its records disappeared without a trace more than a century ago, it has received an honored place in almost all the subsequent histories of manufacturing. The reason for this interest is suggested by the title of the most complete account of the Manufactory, Robert S. Rantoul's “The First Cotton Mill in America.” The present writer is more interested in how the mill came into being and how it functioned, than in the controversy as to whether Beverly, or Worcester, or Philadelphia, or South Carolina is entitled to claim the earliest cotton mill; however, as a native of Beverly he will have something to say on this subject at the end of the article. Recent discoveries at the Rhode Island Historical Society, the Massachusetts State Archives, and the Beverly City Hall help to fill out the basic documents used by Rantoul and all subsequent writers. The most significant of these basic documents relates to the incorporation of the Manufactory in 1789 and the succeeding petitions to the State Legislature for aid.
Steroid hormone transformations by endocrine organs from pregnant mammals. II. Formation and metabolism of progesterone by bovine and sheep placental preparations in vitro.

The conversion of pregnenolone-7α-3H to radioactive progesterone by bovine and sheep placental preparations has been demonstrated in vitro. In addition, the following radioactive metabolites of progesterone were identified following incubation of either pregnenolone-7α-3H or progesterone-4-14C with placental preparations from both species: 20α-hydroxy-Δ4-pregnen-3-one, 20β-hydroxy-Δ4-pregnen-3-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,20β-diol and 5β-pregnane-3α,20β-diol. The compound 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one was identified only after incubation with pregnenolone-7α-3H. Identification was based on Chromatographic mobilities of both the purified Compounds and derivatives and finally by reverse isotope dilution of either the parent compound or a derivative and recrystallization to constant specific activity. On the basis of experience gained in the identification of these metabolites a scheme is presented for the separation and purification of 17 metabolites of progesterone, including 8 isomers of “pregnanediol” and 4 isomers of ...
Polypeptide growth factors: targeted delivery systems.

Growth factors are becoming extremely valuable tools in our attempts to understand the mechanisms that modulate cellular activities. Their targeting to appropriate cells and maintaining adequate pharmacological levels becomes essential, particularly in view of the different effects that these compounds have on various cells and the dose dependence of their response. Within this context, this review focusses primarily on the delivery of growth factors involved in the processes of wound healing and tissue repair.
Pion-nucleon bremsstrahlung and Δ electromagnetic moments

A dynamically consistent, gauge invariant model for \ensuremath{\pi}N bremsstrahlung is developed. The \ensuremath{\pi}N dynamics are described through an isobar model fit to the experimental phase shifts. The charge and current operators are constructed in a gauge invariant fashion and include contributions from interaction currents at the \ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\Delta} vertices and from the bare \ensuremath{\Delta} electromagnetic moments. The meaning of such moments for an unstable particle is discussed in detail. From a fit to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$p bremsstrahlung data, we extract a dipole moment for the bare ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ in the range /${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\approxeq}}2.5}$ to 3.5; if the contributions from internal pion and nucleon currents are included, this ratio is somewhat smaller. The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p bremsstrahlung data are consistent , including =0. The \ensuremath{\Delta} quadrupole moment cannot be extracted meaningfully from the data. We discuss the sensitivity of the extracted values of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ to the off-shell extension of the \ensuremath{\pi}N scattering amplitude. The polarization asymmetry is found to be sensitive to ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ while being less sensitive to off-shell scattering.
Immunotoxicology: Modulation of the Immune System by Xenobiotics

Starting wih a definition of immunity, this review describes general mechanisms by which immune system is modulated and details several immunotoxicological screening methods to assess the immumologic and host resistance alterations following chemical exposure. Among a variety of immuno toxic compounds known, only four representative compounds namely o-chloro benzylidine malononitrile (CS), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), chloroquine, 1,3 bis (2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea (BCNU) have been chosen for an elaborate discussion.
PSS World Medical: Opening the Books Boosts Commitment and Performance

Running an open company, giving people authority and accountability, sharing the wealth, and having lots of leaders, not managers—these are the four central ideas behind the surprising success of PSS World Medical. Despite having been built on acquisitions and being in a low-margin and extremely competitive industry, the company—a distributor of medical supplies—has thrived, with a strict customer focus defined and applied down to the smallest detail. © 2000 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Volatile substance misuse deaths in Washington State, 2003–2012

AbstractBackground: Volatile substance misuse (VSM – also known as huffing or sniffing) causes some deaths, but because there are no specific cause-of-death codes for VSM, these deaths are rarely tabulated. Objectives: Count and describe VSM deaths occurring in Washington State during 2003–2012. Methods: We used the textual cause-of-death information on death certificates to count VSM-associated deaths that occurred in Washington State during 2003–2012. We extracted records that contained words suggesting either a method of inhalation or a substance commonly used for VSM, and reviewed those records to identify deaths on which the inhalation of a volatile substance was mentioned. We conducted a descriptive analysis of those deaths. Results: Fifty-six deaths involving VSM occurred in Washington State during 2003–2012. VSM deaths occurred primarily among adults age 20 and over (91%), males (88%), and whites (93%). Twelve different chemicals were associated with deaths, but 1 of them, difluoroethane, was name...
A Computational Design Framework Supporting Human Interaction with Environmentally-Responsive Building Envelopes

Emerging materials present opportunities to fundamentally shift current expectations of dynamic building envelope functionality towards systems that can respond to occupant needs while meeting the energy demands of buildings. In order to assess the environmental, social, and architectural opportunities that are increasing with responsive building envelopes, new tools are needed to simulate their multi-performance capabilities. This paper describes a computational design framework to support human interaction with environmentally-responsive electroactive dynamic daylighting systems. The objective is to develop algorithms for variable solar control and visible transmittance that simultaneously address occupant preferences for visual effects and interaction. Results demonstrate that energy performance and user satisfaction are not mutually exclusive and can be co-optimized. The effectiveness and limitations of the computational framework in assessing strategies to balance environmental performance and human ...
Task-level data model for hardware synthesis based on concurrent collections

The ever-increasing design complexity of modern digital systems makes it necessary to develop electronic system-level (ESL) methodologies with automation and optimization in the higher abstraction level. How the concurrency is modeled in the application specification plays a significant role in ESL design frameworks. The state-of-art concurrent specification models are not suitable formodeling task-level concurrent behavior for the hardware synthesis design flow. Based on the concurrent collection (CnC) model, which provides the maximum freedom of task rescheduling, we propose task-level data model (TLDM), targeted at the task-level optimization in hardware synthesis for data processing applications. Polyhedral models are embedded in TLDM for concise expression of task instances, array accesses, and dependencies. Examples are shown to illustrate the advantages of our TLDM specification compared to other widely used concurrency specifications.
A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men

The anterior hypothalamus of the brain participates in the regulation of male-typical sexual behavior. The volumes of four cell groups in this region [interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) 1, 2, 3, and 4] were measured in postmortem tissue from three subject groups: women, men who were presumed to be heterosexual, and homosexual men. No differences were found between the groups in the volumes of INAH 1, 2, or 4. As has been reported previously, INAH 3 was more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the women. It was also, however, more than twice as large in the heterosexual men as in the homosexual men. This finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate.
Exercise Intensity, Affect, and Adherence: A Guide for the Fitness Professional

There are numerous physical health issues in the United States that can be improved through regular physical activity. Fitness professionals can promote long-term adherence to physical activity, and a framework for promoting such a commitment is the link between exercise intensity, affective response, and exercise adherence. This article explores the three concepts and connects them with motivation, goals, and a communication style that builds a trusting relationship between fitness professional and client.
The Engineer as a Radical

Outdated and rigorous curricula are not only producing engineers unsuited to the challenges of the 1970's, but they are scaring off many of the most creative and intelligent students. Engineering education has become an endurance test; the excitement has been lost. Most students strive only to get out. Engineering schools have not yet realized the importance of the involvement of engineers in current environmental problems. They continue to present only the dry technical courses and seem unconcerned about the student's sense of social perspective or his motivation. This paper proposes a freshman awareness seminar plus project oriented learning in the following years as a remedy for this sad situation.
Calculations for Gas-Flow Driven Molecular Rotor

Newton's equations of motion and universal force field with charge equilibration scheme implemented in our molecular dynamics program TINK have been used on high performance computing (HPC) computers at Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC) to study a new molecular structure containing dipolar molecular rotors. After investigating single molecular rotors and motors driven by gas and liquid flows, by electric fields, and also by absorption of light, we presently report on design efforts for a new four-bladed molecular paddle wheel rotor.
The Role of Metalanguage in Supporting Academic Language Development.

Recent currents in language learning research highlight the social and emergent aspects of second language (L2) development and recognize that learners need opportunities for interaction in meaningful contexts supported by explicit attention to language itself. Theseperspectivessuggestnewwaysofconceptualizingthechallengesfacedbychildren learning L2s as they learn school subjects. This article reports on design-based research in U.S. schools with a majority of English language learners, where teachers were supported in using Systemic Functional Linguistics metalanguage in the context of curricular activities. This work illustrates how a meaningful metalanguage can support L2 learners in accomplishing challenging tasks in the primary school curriculum at the same time that it promotes the kind of focused consciousness-raising and explicit talk about language that has been shown to facilitate L2 development. Examples from classroom research exemplify how metalanguage supports the situated and contextual language learning that current research in education and L2 acquisition calls for, while also supporting disciplinary goals and activities in English language arts.
Teacher Management of Elementary Classroom Social Dynamics Associations With Changes in Student Adjustment

Teachers and students in 54 elementary school classrooms (first, third, and fifth grades) participated in a multi-method longitudinal study of classroom social dynamics. At each of three assessment...
Responses of Hedysarum boreale Nutt. to mycorrhizas and Rhizobium: plant and soil nutrient changes in a disturbed shrub - steppe

summary Effects of inoculation of Hedysarum boreale ssp. boreale Nutt. (Fabaceae) with mycorrhizal fungi (topsoil inoculum) and Rhizobium (pure inoculum) were studied in the field in southwestern Wyoming, USA. After 3 years, plants receiving both inocula had greater total aboveground biomass and leaflet biomass, more leaves, higher aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus contents and greater survival than plants which received single or no inoculum. Soil 20–40 cm deep (where roots were concentrated) beneath Hedysarum individuals from all treatments had a lower concentration of total nitrogen than did soil between plants. Hedysarum plants, inoculated or not, apparently extracted sufficient nitrogen from the soil, as they had similar leaflet nitrogen concentrations. Hedysarum decreased the size of the pool of soil nitrogen even with Rhizobium inoculation on disturbed land in a semi-arid environment during the first 3 years of growth.
Late Unilateral Pulmonary Edema in Single Lung Transplant Recipients

In this study we describe 3 single lung transplant recipients who developed unilateral pulmonary edema in the setting of cardiac and renal dysfunction. All 3 patients responded to diuresis with clinical and radiographic improvement. Unilateral cardiogenic pulmonary edema should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea and unilateral radiographic infiltrates in single lung transplant recipients.
Quantitative assessment of blood volume and permeability in cerebral mass lesions using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the dog.

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate cerebral blood volume (CBV) and permeability (PS) in spontaneously occurring cerebral neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in dogs using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT). Materials and Methods Dogs presenting with spontaneous intracranial lesions (n = 16) underwent DCE-CT at the level of the lesion followed by a histologically confirmed diagnosis from a CT-guided stereotactic biopsy. Data post-processing was performed with commercially available CT software (GEMS Advantage Workstation 4.2). Symmetric regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn within the lesion and unaffected areas on the contralateral side. Values were compared between lesion types and ratios of lesion-to-normal brain were calculated. Results Dogs with extra-axial lesions (n = 3 meningiomas) had marked elevation of CBV and PS compared to normal brain. All Grade III gliomas (n = 5) had mildly elevated CBV and markedly elevated PS values. All lower Grade II gliomas (n = 2) had minimal elevation in CBV and PS. Dogs with non-neoplastic intra-axial lesions (one each necrotizing, fungal, and lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis) had elevation of PS with normal to mildly elevated CBV. Lesion-to-normal brain ratios for PS separated extra- and intra-axial neoplasms and intra-axial inflammatory/degenerative lesions from each other. Conclusions Low-grade gliomas do not consistently demonstrate elevated vascular parameters, whereas Grade III gliomas and non-neoplastic intra-axial lesions have elevated PS. Ratios between such lesions and normal brain may prove useful for differentiating types of lesions. These findings resemble those previously reported in similar lesions in people indicating that the dog may act as a good model for intracranial masses for the study of lesion angiogenesis and response to therapy.
Inverter-less STATCOMs

Dynamic VAR support is essential for grid support, particularly to help ride-through significant faults on the system. Conventional sources of VARs, such as capacitor banks and generators, respond too slowly to have the desired impact. Static VAR compensators (SVC) are faster, responding in 1/2 to 1 cycle, but offer reduced VAR support under fault conditions. STATCOMs are even faster, allowing for dynamic control, but are seen to be expensive as they require large dc/ac inverters and significant levels of energy storage. This paper proposes a new approach to realizing STATCOM functionality without inverters, effectively using standard shunt VAR compensating capacitors to realize the needed dynamic VAR support. The technique is seen to be scalable to high voltage and high VA levels, and promises to realize lower cost through the use of existing shunt VAR resources with thin AC converter concepts (see companion paper).
Negotiating Violence Prevention

Evaluation research typically treats standards of violence prevention programs, like other curricula, as unquestioned values of a good society, while identifying youth as the problem to be solved. This article explains how the evaluative gaze can, in contrast, be critically fixed on the interpretations of various stake holders in the violence prevention enterprise, including curriculum authors, teachers, and youth, whose social values are often under-represented. In the context of a year-long literacy-based violence prevention curriculum focusing on racial and ethnic discrimination in 3rd and 5th grade urban classrooms, 5 teachers, their classes, and 36 individual students from these classes expressed contradictory and conforming values, suggesting to us the need to invite negotiation of social values as part of democratic education.
The Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Evolution of staged surgical management Among the earliest reported attempts at palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome were those described by Cayler et al. in 1970, 1 and Freedom et al. in 1977. 2 Each case involved separate banding of the right and left pulmonary arteries, together with the construction of a direct aortopulmonary shunt. These two babies, one with critical aortic stenosis, and one with aortic atresia and ventricular septal defect, survived initial palliation but died without more definitive surgery. The separate banding of the pulmonary arteries had resulted in distortion of the distal pulmonary arterial branches and abnormal distribution of flow. Litwin et al., 3 in 1972, performed an operation for interrupted aortic arch in which a non-valved conduit was placed from the pulmonary trunk proximally to the descending thoracic aorta, and the pulmonary trunk was banded distal to the conduit. The one survivor again manifested severe distortion of the pulmonary arteries, and developed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. An operation fundamentally similar to this, nonetheless, was subsequently used by several surgeons in an attempt to treat neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. These included Albert et al. in 1978, and Mohri in 1979.
Myosin heavy chain kinase B participates in the regulation of myosin assembly into the cytoskeleton.

Myosin II plays critical roles in events such as cytokinesis, chemotactic migration, and morphological changes during multicellular development. The amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum provides a simple system for the study of this contractile protein. In this system, myosin II filament assembly is regulated by myosin heavy chain (MHC) phosphorylation in the tail region of the molecule. Earlier studies identified an alpha-kinase, MHC kinase A (MHCK A), which phosphorylates three mapped threonine residues in the myosin tail, driving myosin disassembly. Using molecular and genomic approaches, we have identified a series of related kinases in Dictyostelium. The enzyme MHCK B shares with MHCK A a domain organization that includes a highly novel catalytic domain coupled to a carboxyl-terminal WD repeat domain. We have engineered, expressed, and purified a FLAG-tagged version of the novel kinase. In the present study, we report detailed biochemical and cellular studies documenting that MHCK B plays a physiological role in the control of Dictyostelium myosin II assembly and disassembly during the vegetative life of Dictyostelium amoebae. The presented data supports a model of multiple related MHCKs in this system, with different regulatory mechanisms and pathways controlling each enzyme.
On Being Better but not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect

Past research suggests that people believe that they perform socially desirable behaviors more frequently and socially undesirable behaviors less frequently than others (Goethals, 1986; Messick, Bloom, Boldizar, & Samuelson, 1985). The present research examined whether this perception also characterizes people's thinking about intelligent and unintelligent behaviors. In Study 1, subjects wrote lists of behaviors that they or others did. Subjects indicated that they performed more good and intelligent behaviors and fewer bad and unintelligent behaviors than others, although the magnitude of these differences was greater for good and bad acts than for intelligent and unintelligent ones. In Study 2, a different group of subjects judged the frequency with which the behaviors generated in the first study occur. While self-ascribed good behaviors were rated as occurring more frequently than the good acts of others, self-ascribed intelligent behaviors were not judged as more frequent than the intelligent acts of...
Improving transient stability using generator tripping based on tracking rotor-angle

This paper presents a new method for preparing generator tripping look-up tables. The method uses off-line time domain analysis to build look-up tables of required generator trip arming. The method employs two algorithms. The first algorithm determines if generator tripping is required to attain transient stability for each credible system disturbance and operating condition. Tracking of relative rotor angles is used in the first algorithm. The second algorithm compares the electric power for each generator before and after the disturbance to determine the most appropriate generator tripping for transient stability. The 179-bus WSCC system is used to examine the proposed algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed generator-tripping algorithms effectively and accurately determine the status of each generator in the system. Also, the simulation shows that tripping the generator that has maximum mismatch in electric power before and after the disturbance stabilizes the system.
Method of Moments Solution of Electromagnetic Scattering Problems Involving Arbitrarily-Shaped Conducting/Dielectric Bodies Using Triangular Patches and Pulse Basis Functions

We present a new method of moments solution procedure for calculating electromagnetic scattering and radiation from conductor/dielectric composite structures. The solution is obtained using triangular patch modeling and a recently developed pair of mutually orthogonal pulse basis functions to represent the equivalent currents J and M. The pulse basis functions are defined with respect to the edges in the triangulated model and partially spread over the triangles connected to the edge. The orthogonality of the basis functions allows the development of stable solutions for all formulations and configurations investigated. A set of numerical results is presented that illustrates the efficacy of the present approach.
Dynamic characteristics of five tall buildings during strong and low-amplitude motions

The objectives of this paper are to present (1) a comparison of dynamic characteristics of five buildings determined from recorded strong-motion response data and from low-amplitude (ambient vibration) tests, and (2) a description of the low-amplitude ambient testing and PC-based data-acquisition approach that is integrated with the permanent strong-motion instrumentation in the five buildings. All five buildings are within the San Francisco Bay area and the strong-motion dynamic characteristics are extracted from the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake response records. Ambient vibration tests on the same five buildings were conducted in September 1990. Analyses of strong-motion response and low-amplitude test data have been performed by many investigators. The present study differs from numerous previous investigations because (1) in this study, accelerometers in the five permanently-instrumented buildings were used during the low-amplitude testing, and (2) rapid screening of the strong-motion response data was achieved with a concerted use of system identification software. The results show for all cases that the fundamental periods and corresponding percentages of critical damping determined from low-amplitude tests are appreciably lower than those determined from strong-motion response records. The data set collected during this study is a useful contribution to the data base of dynamic characteristics of engineered structures and reconfirms the differences between the dynamic characteristics identified from strong-motion records and from low-amplitude tests.
A low-jitter wideband multiphase PLL in 90nm SOI CMOS technology

A multiphase PLL, implemented in 90nm SOI CMOS, covers a frequency range from 4.3 to 7.4GHz at a supply voltage of 1V. The ring oscillator-based PLL shows an in-band phase noise of up to -113dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and a supply noise rejection of 0.23%delay/%supply due to the rigorous application of CML-type circuit topologies combined with replica biasing.
2,5,7-Tri­nitro-2,5,7,9-tetra­aza­bi­cyclo­[4.3.0]­nonan-8-one

The structure of the title compound, C5H7N7O7, contains fused five- and six-membered rings in a flattened envelope and a twist-boat conformation, respectively, with a cis junction between the two heterocyclic rings.
Harriet Martineau on the Theory and Practice of Democracy in America

The early development of American democracy was fraught with tensions arising from the need to balance unity and plurality in an increasingly diverse society. Tocqueville's Democracy in America is widely praised for its insight into these tensions and the solutions it proposes to them. Yet Tocqueville's portrayal of American culture has come under critical scrutiny for, among other things, its inability to offer a path to genuine reform when it comes to slavery and the inequality of women. By expanding on Adam Smith's moral theory of sympathy, Harriet Martineau's account of nascent American democracy in Society in America offers a more constructive view of America's ability to reconcile the needs of unity and plurality and of its capacity for democratic reform, especially regarding slavery and the inequality of women. Martineau's analysis offers valuable lessons about the ability of democratic majorities to correct moral injustices.
Idea-generation in naturally occurring contexts complex: Appropriation of a simple group procedure

This study examined naturally occurring idea-generation in organizational groups completing an extended problem-solving task. Meetings held by 11 groups engaged in a quality improvement process in a governmental agency were analyzed to identify 37 idea-generation episodes. All groups had available a group decision support system (GDSS), although some opted not to use it. Across all groups, idea productivity was low though fairly efficient, but GDSS-supported idea-generation produced significantly fewer ideas. In general, idea-generation as a process appears to be more complex than has been thought; observed deviations from idealized idea-generation norms were not necessarily dysfunctional. The findings encourage reassessment of the assumptions underlying existing normative models of idea-generation.
Effects of a neuromuscular dentistry- designed mouthguard on muscular endurance and anaerobic power

Athletes of various sports are required to utilize mouthguards during practice and competitions for protection against orofacial and dental injuries, regardless of the effects on performance. Recent advances in neuromuscular dentistry have led to the development of a mouthguard touted also to enhance the performance through jaw realignment. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a neuromuscular dentistry-based mouthguard to a standard, custom-fitted mouthguard (CFM) on muscular endurance, anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity in competitive athletes. Professional and Division I college athletes (n ¼ 22, Mweight ¼ 86.2 ^ 3.1 kg) participated in this double-blind, crossover study. Subjects were randomly assigned to order of use of either the experimental (Pure Power Mouthguard (PPM)) or the traditional CFM. Subjects completed two separate sessions in which they completed three performance tests, which included vertical jump (VJ), bench press (BP) and a 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) þ eight 10 s intervals, while wearing the assigned mouthguard. Significantly better performance was found for PPM compared with CFM for VJ (67.6 þ 9.4 cm vs. 65.3 þ 8.6 cm; P ¼ 0.003), 30 s WAnT peak power (11.6 ^ 1.7 W kg 21 vs. 11.1 ^ 1.5 W kg 21 , P ¼ 0.038), average peak power for WAnT þ intervals (10.6 ^ 1.4 W kg 21 vs. 10.1 ^ 1.2 W kg 21 , P ¼ 0.025) and average mean power for WAnT þ intervals (9.0 ^ 1.1 W kg 21 vs. 8.7 ^ 1.0 W kg 21 , P ¼ 0.034). There were no significant differences for either BP or 30 s WAnT mean power (P . 0.48). Compared with a CFM, a neuromuscular dentistry-based mouthguard appears to enhance peak power output, performance and repeated maximal efforts. When required to wear a mouthguard, athletes may benefit from wearing a neuromuscular dentistry-designed mouthguard compared with a CFM.
Necrolinguistics: Linguistic Death in Life

Necrolinguistics refers to linguistic-death-in-life, a situation in which languages are incarcerated, leaving folk in linguistic limbo. It names the process by which people come to lack the ability to use at least one language well, and includes those who are tongue-locked because their languages are incarcerated in one or more ways. In illustrating how and why the linguistic experience of Black folk inspires the term necrolinguistics, examples from slavery, colonialism, apartheid, imperialism, and neocolonialism are provided to document the reality of linguistic-death-in-life. The main assumption of this study is that we can investigate the humanism of institutions belonging to any epoch, regime, or society through its linguistic posture and practice. It is noted that many sub-Saharan African languages are on death row, with many of its speakers stranded in semilingualism (or plummeting linguistic competence), peculiar kinds of monolingualism, or a kind of unilateral bilingualism, asymmetrical bilingualism. Each of these states is elaborated using examples: a native American, “White Thunder” (semilingualism); Jacques Derrida, a Franco-Maghrebian Jew (discordant monolingualism); and the august personality of Leopold Sedar Senghor (unilateral bilingualism). But the paper ends on a bright note, recognizing that, though the linguistic muzzle muffles Black culture and humanity, the resilience of Black folk is evident through their development of patois, pidgins, and creoles.