cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)stannane

[754-25-6] C4H9F3Sn (MW 232.84) InChI = 1S/CF3.3CH3.Sn/c2-1(3)4;;;;/h;3*1H3; InChIKey = ZHMUANACXUSCMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a low-temperature difluorocarbene source1) Alternate Names: (trifluoromethyl)trimethyltin. Physical Data: mp −57 to −53.2 °C;2 bp 100–101 °C;3 1H NMR (90 MHz) δ 0.42; 19F NMR (84.6 MHz) δ −28;4, 5 IR (KBr) (cm−1) 3080, 3010, 2940, 1330, 1220, 1210, 1205, 1160, 1075, 810, 785, 730, 541, 520.2, 3 Solubility: sol benzene, carbon tetrachloride, DME, petroleum ether, pyridine, methylene chloride. Preparative Method: prepared in 81% yield by reaction of Hexamethyldistannane with Trifluoroiodomethane in a sealed tube at 80 °C for 20 h (eq 1).3 Without compromising the yield, this reaction may also be performed at rt by irradiating for 6 h with a 250 W UV lamp.6, 7 Reaction of Me3SnX (X = OCOCF3 or Br) with an alkylating agent, such as (CF3)2Cd, may also be used to synthesize trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)tin in high yields.8-10 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: prolonged contact or heating with water causes decomposition to produce fluoroform. Temperatures above 150 °C cause decomposition to trimethyltin fluoride.3
Integration of a sensory component into the accommodation model reveals differences between emmetropia and late-onset myopia.

Purpose To evaluate the differences in accommodative function between subjects with emmetropia and those with late-onset myopia (LOM). Methods This study suggests a modified model of static accommodation, in which an accommodative sensory gain as a linear operator is added to simulate the sensory part of the system. Results derived from the model show that the sensory part not only affects the slope of the accommodative response function but also increases the system's effective threshold (ET) to the blur signal. This method expands the utility of using the control model to evaluate accommodation behavior. Thirteen emmetropic and 10 LOM subjects participated in this study. The subject's accommodative responses to one-, two-, three-, and four-diopter stimuli were measured by the Canon R-1 optometer, and the differences in dark focus, the slope of the accommodative response function, and the ET were compared between the emmetropic and the LOM subjects. Results The results show that although the dark-focus values and the slopes of the accommodative response function are not significantly different in emmetropia and LOM, the ETs are significantly different. Conclusions The higher ET found among subjects with LOM suggests that either the blur (or the error) signal is degraded significantly in the sensory part of the system, the dead space as an internal threshold of the system is high, or both factors are important. On the basis of further analysis of the data, we speculate that the sensory system in LOM subjects was less sensitive to blur than that of the emmetropic subjects.
Insomnia in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Abstract Objective Up to 55% of patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) experience sleep disturbance. Prior evaluation of children without CdLS with similar intellectual disability and self-injurious behavior suggests that sleep disturbances may be related to insomnia or circadian issues. Methods Caregivers of 31 patients (19 children) with CdLS completed a sleep history questionnaire focused on sleep patterns and evening sleep behavior to screen for signs and symptoms of insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders. Results The mean age of participants was 14.5 years (range 0.6–37). Major difficulty in falling asleep (75% pediatric, 33% adult) and staying asleep (52% pediatric, 33% adult) was noted. Overall, time to sleep onset was 27.0 ± 17.6 min, however in those with stated sleep onset difficulty, average time to sleep was 37.8 ± 16.4 min (p = 0.002). The mean number of pediatric nighttime awakenings was 1.5 overall and 2.1 in those with stated sleep maintenance difficulties versus 0.7 and 1.5 respectively in adults. Children with CdLS tended to fall back asleep slower (61.8 min) than adults (14.9 min), but none of the comparisons between adult and pediatric sleep measures were significant. Greater than half of participants reported a family member with a possible circadian rhythm disorder. Conclusions Symptoms suggestive of insomnia or circadian rhythm disorder are prevalent in this cohort of children and adults with CdLS. Adults may have less severe symptoms than children, suggesting some improvement over time although this study is underpowered for this analysis. Further studies are necessary to better characterize sleep disturbance in the CdLS population.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Correlates of Elevated Troponin in Amyloid Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis

Increased troponin is associated with poor survival in patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with cardiac involvement (CAL). The purpose of this investigation was to define the relation between increased troponin and clinical, morphologic, and functional features. The comparative utility of clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical measurements in predicting survival in CAL was also investigated. One hundred seventeen patients with CAL were divided into 2 groups: normal troponin I ( 2 organs involved, higher B-type natriuretic peptide, lower creatinine clearance, greater ventricular septal thickness, and higher myocardial performance index. However, by multivariate Cox survival analysis, only increased troponin was a significant predictor for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 3.1, p = 0.002). In conclusion, increased troponin is associated with worse left ventricular and left atrial functions by echocardiography in patients with CAL. Among baseline variables, it is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in multivariate analysis. Troponin is a powerful tool in clinical and prognostic assessments of patients with CAL.
Hedging derivatives with model error

The current derivatives pricing technology enables users to hedge derivatives with the underlying asset or any other traded derivative. In theory, there is no reason to prefer one hedging instrument to another. However, given model errors, this is not true. Imposing some simple assumptions on the structure of model errors, this paper shows that to maximize hedging accuracy, there is an ordering to the hedging instruments utilized. Holding constant market illiquidities, one should always hedge first with ‘like’ derivatives, next with derivatives one layer down the hierarchy of derivatives, and lastly using the underlying.
A Population-Level Analysis: The Influence of Hospital Type on Trends in Use and Outcomes of Lower Extremity Angioplasty

Objective The use of infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has increased, but patterns of use have not been well studied. Academic institutions (AIs) and nonacademic institutions (NAIs) may have developed different practice patterns and may have different associated outcomes.Methods A retrospective statewide population-based administrative database was evaluated for patients undergoing PTA (1997-2004).Results A total of 1718 patients underwent PTA for claudication (51.9%), rest pain (12.1%), and ulceration or gangrene (23.1%). The use of infrainguinal stents (62.4% vs 60.8%), elective procedures (76.3% vs 79.8%), in-hospital death (1.6% vs 2.2%), 30-day mortality (2.1% vs 3.3%), readmission rates (17.1% vs 15.9%), and reintervention rates after readmission (38.5% vs 42.9%) were similar between groups. Increased use of PTA was noted in AIs versus NAIs (239.5% vs 53.9%). AIs were significantly less likely to perform PTA for rest pain (7.5% vs 14.4%, P < .05).Conclusion AIs had a more rec...
Dietary Restriction of Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Decreases HDL ApoA-I Secretion

Abstract —We examined the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after the consumption of a diet low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 58±12 years were placed on a baseline isocaloric diet (15% protein, 49% carbohydrate, 36% fat, and 150 mg/1000 kcals of cholesterol) and then switched to an NCEP Step 2 diet (15% protein, 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, and 45 mg/1000 kcals of cholesterol). After 6 or 24 weeks on each diet, subjects received a 15-hour primed-constant infusion of [5,5,5–2H3]-L-leucine. HDL apoA-I and apoA-II tracer curves were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fitted to a monoexponential equation. Compared with the baseline diet, consumption of the Step 2 diet lowered HDL-C mean levels by 15% (1.03±0.23 to 0.88±0.16 mmol/L, P <0.001), apoA-I by 12% (1.25±0.15 to 1.10±0.13 g/L, P <0.001) and the TC/HDL-C ratio by 5% (0.145±0.04 to 0.137±0.03). No significant changes were observed in apoA-II levels and HDL particle size with diet. HDL apoA-I fractional catabolic rate did not change (0.219±0.052 to 0.220±0.043 pools/day, P =0.91) but HDL apoA-I secretion rate decreased by 8% (12.26±3.07 to 10.84±2.11 mg · kg−1 · day−1, P =0.03) during consumption of the Step 2 diet. There was no effect of diet on apoA-II fractional catabolic rate or secretion rate. Our results indicate that the decrease in HDL-C and apoA-I levels during the isocaloric consumption of a Step 2 diet paralleled the reductions in apoA-I secretion rate.
Murine model of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis II: Surgical correction of aganglionosis does not eliminate enterocolitis☆

Background Hirschsprung disease (HD) results from aganglionosis of the colon, is linked to acute and chronic enterocolitis (known as Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis) despite successful corrective surgery, and can lead to bacteremia and even death. The genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are largely unknown.
Self-Other Disturbance in Borderline Personality Disorder: Neural, Self-Report, and Performance-Based Evidence

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) display an impoverished sense of self and representations of self and others that shift between positive and negative poles. However, little research has investigated the nature of representational disturbance in BPD. The present study takes a multimodal approach. A card sort task was used to investigate complexity, integration, and valence of selfrepresentation in BPD. Impairment in maintenance of self and other representations was assessed using a personality representational maintenance task. Finally, functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess whether individuals with BPD show neural abnormalities related specifically to the self and what brain areas may be related to poor representational maintenance. Individuals with BPD sorted self-aspects suggesting more complexity of self-representation, but also less integration and more negative valence overall. On the representational maintenance task, individuals with BPD showed less consistency in their representations of self and others over the 3-hr period, but only for abstract, personality-based representations. Performance on this measure mediated between-groups brain activation in several areas supporting social cognition. We found no evidence for social–cognitive disturbance specific to the self. Additionally, the BPD group showed main effects, insensitive to condition, of hyperactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex, temporal parietal junction, several regions of the frontal pole, the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus, all areas crucial social cognition. In contrast, controls evidenced greater activation in visual, sensory, motor, and mirror neuron regions. These findings are discussed in relation to research regarding hypermentalization and the overlap between self- and other-disturbance.
What nurses in primary care practices know about asthma care: results from a national survey.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize what nurses working in primary care settings know about asthma care. Current views on the care of persons with asthma suggest the need for sound knowledge of guideline-based care and a health care team that includes both physicians, nurses, and other providers. While there are reports of physician-related asthma care practices in the United States, there are few, if any, reports of nursing knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs about asthma care.Methods: A national, randomly selected, representative sample of nurses working in ambulatory primary care settings was interviewed by telephone using a structured interview format.Results: Of a sample of 80 nurses, less than 10% identified inflammation of the airways as the underlying condition that causes asthma symptoms. Fifty-one percent believed the underlying condition could be treated, while 44% believed only the symptoms could be treated, and 5% didn't know. Only 35% said they were aware of the National H...
Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in obstructive sleep apnea at rest and in response to breath-hold challenge.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with extensive neurologic comorbidities. It is hypothesized that the repeated nocturnal apneas experienced in patients with OSA may inhibit the normal apneic response, resulting in hypoxic brain injury and subsequent neurologic dysfunction. In this study, we applied the recently developedOxFlowMRI method for rapid quantification of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) during a volitional apnea paradigm. MRI data were analyzed in 11 OSA subjects and 10 controls (mean ± SD apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): 43.9 ± 18.1 vs. 2.9 ± 1.6 events/hour,P 0.05), apneics displayed reduced baseline CMRO2(117.4 ± 37.5 vs. 151.6 ± 29.4 µmol/100 g/min,P = 0.013). In response to apnea, CMRO2decreased more in apneics than controls (-10.9 ± 8.8 % vs. -4.0 ± 6.7 %,P = 0.036). In contrast, group differences in flow-based cerebrovascular reactivity were not significant. Results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size, and future studies with larger independent samples should examine the observed associations, including potential independent effects of age or BMI. Overall, these data suggest that dysregulation of the apneic response may be a mechanism for OSA-associated neuropathology.
Borrowing Base Revolvers: Liquidity for Risky Firms

How do risky firms with low cash flow finance their liquidity needs? This paper investigates a relatively common, but little-studied type of credit line, for which funds availability is limited by the firm’s time-varying asset composition. A "borrowing base" line of credit provides funds as a proportion of (e.g.) the amount of the borrower’s accounts receivable. This quantity constraint serves as a sort of time-varying covenant: if the firm sells no output, its accounts receivable will be low and the bank lends only a small amount. We find that borrowing base ("BB") revolvers are taken more often by borrowers with high risk and low profits or cash flow. Compared to other types of secured credit lines, the BB loan rate is relatively insensitive to the borrower’s initial risk profile because the lender has security and the loan terms automatically limit credit extended to unsuccessful firms. Borrowers use the BB to reduce their borrowing cost, gain a more generous credit limit, and operate with fewer financial covenants.
Law as a Communicative Signal: Legal Signaling, Economic Sanctions, and Human Rights

In this paper I examine the uses of international legal engagement. I ask whether international law is used as a communication devise in discussions between states that go beyond the issues immediately germane to international treaty content. In other words, do states use international law as a communication and signaling devise during state conflicts or contention other than the international treaty itself? Specifically, I will ask this question as it relates to the area of diplomatic contention of sanctions. Do states that have been targeted with economic sanctions communicate through international law to the states that have sent the sanctions as a method of seeking sanction termination? By using international law as a tool with a wider purpose, states may communicate in more complex ways than the literature has recognized. Beginning with a preliminary testing of a limited number of international treaties, I find initial support for the argument that legal engagement is used in response to the imposition of sanctions. More specific work to follow on to this analyzing the specific content of the legal engagement would shed light on how the specific language used connects to larger diplomatic issues.
Reply to Hora: Meta-analytic techniques are designed to accommodate variation in implementation.

As Hora acknowledges (1), our paper calls for second-generation research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education that is focused on comparing modes or intensities of active learning (2). As part of this effort, we agree with Hora that researchers should use one of the many validated instruments now available to quantify teaching practice in undergraduate STEM classrooms (e.g., refs. 3 and 4). However, we do not agree with his skepticism about the validity of analyzing existing “first-generation” experiments that do not use one of these instruments (1).
Leveraging Precipitation Modification around Large Reservoirs in Orographic Environments for Water Resources Management

This research explored the possible modification of precipitation around large reservoirs in the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada Mountains in the Western US where orographic precipitation is dominant. After investigating the hypothesis that an additional and man-made source of moisture, such as an artificial reservoir and irrigated landscapes, can modify pre-dam state of orographic process on the windward side or the convective process on leeward side of the mountain, the result is interpreted in terms of better water resources management for future reservoirs. Mann-Kendall’s trend analysis and Sen’s slope estimator were applied for testing the hypothesis using historical hydrometeorological observations (precipitation, relative humidity- RH, and dew point temperature-DPTP). Four blocks of reservoirs (two from Cascade Range and two from Sierra Nevada) and six individual reservoirs were considered in this analysis. Comparison of post-dam period results for the selected reservoirs showed that atmospheric moisture content on the leeward side has a higher slope of increase than windward side. On the other hand, extreme precipitation (90th percentile and above) was found to have an increasing trend for both windward and leeward side during the post-dam era. A key conclusion of this site specific research article is that there is an indication reservoirs in drier location (leeward side) seem to increase precipitation more than those on the windward side. This means we can make use of this extra quantity of flow volume in post-dam period for a sustainable water resource management. Such approach can be part of climate change mitigation and resilient approach to extreme events. As large reservoirs are big parts of socioeconomic development specially in economically emerging countries around the globe, new approach into dam design and operation is important. This means identifying any impact of reservoirs and land use land cover change then leverage this impact as an advantage rather than otherwise.
Measured Relative Enthalpy of Anhydrous Crystalline Aluminum Trifluoride, AlF3, from 273 to 1173 °K and Derived Thermodynamic Properties from 273 to 1600 °K.

The enthalpy of a high-purity sample of anhydrous crystalline aluminum trifluoride, AlF3, relative to that at 0 °C (273.15 °K), was precisely measured with an ice calorimeter and a "drop" method at 18 temperatures starting at 50 °C and proceeding in 50-deg steps to 900 °C (1173.15 °K). Thirty additional enthalpy measurements between 450 and 453 °C revealed a gradual transition. A simple general relation for the progress of transition when impurity is in solid solution is derived. The relation fits the observed transition data and indicates a first-order transition temperature of 455 °C (728 °K). X-ray powder patterns on the sample, measured in the Crystallography Section of the NBS, established the existence of a phase transition by showing not only the known hexagonal structure at room temperature (even after violent quenching from above the transition temperature region) but a new, simple-cubic structure at 570 °C (843 °K). The smooth heat-capacity curve formulated from the data merges very smoothly with that representing published precise low-temperature data. The common thermodynamic properties were derived, and are tabulated at and above 273.15 °K, with extrapolation up to 1600 °K.
Thermal acclimation of phase behavior in plasma membrane lipids of rainbow trout hepatocytes.

The fluorescent probes laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonapthalene) andN-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] dipalmitoyl-l-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE) in addition to Fourier transform i...
Branching Mechanisms in Surfactant Micellar Growth

We present a phase-field model to study the morphological transitions of surfactant micelles in supersaturated dilute solution. Simulations reveal that multiply connected micellar structure can be produced by interface branching instability of a growing micelle at relatively large supersaturation and intermediate spontaneous curvatures. Two branching mechanisms, i.e., a disk-to-cylinder shape transition and a tip bifurcation process, are identified for disklike and cylindrical micelles, respectively. We propose that dynamic branching at the micelle growth front provides an important kinetic pathway for the formation of branched wormlike micelles that are observed in many surfactant systems.
Factors Affecting Nesting Success of Wood Thrushes in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Recent evidence suggests that the nesting success of forest-interior Neotropical migrants is lower in fragmented habitat. We examined the nesting success of Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in a large contiguous forest from 1993 to 1997. From a sample of 416 nests we tested for predictors of daily nest survival rates, including activity at the nest and vegetation parameters at the nest site. We tested whether disturbance during nest checks (as measured by the behavior of the adults) was related to subsequent nest predation. Females were more likely to vocalize when brooding chicks than when incubating eggs. However, we found no evidence that observer disturbance or Wood Thrush activity influenced daily nest survival rates. Wood Thrushes nested predominately in small hemlocks, generally surrounded by many other small hemlocks. However, survival rates of nests in hemlocks were not significantly different from those in other substrates. Overall, neither activity at the nest nor habitat in the vicinity of the nest was a good predictor of nesting success, and only one vegetation characteristic, a measure of concealment, was significantly correlated with successful nesting. Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was extremely low (<2% of nests parasitized). However, nesting success was moderate (daily survival rate = 0.958) when compared with other published studies from more-fragmented landscapes. Our results suggest that daily nest survival rates do not increase monotonically from small to very large forest patches.
Troponins Do Not Predict Cardiotoxicity in a Pilot Study of Adjuvant Bevacizumab (B) Plus Dose-Dense Doxorubicin/Cyclophosphamide (AC) Followed by Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel (nab-P).

Background: We previously reported that dose dense (dd) q2wk AC-nab-P with concurrent bevacizumab (B) in early stage breast cancer is safe (McArthur, SABCS 2008). Prospective randomized studies of adjuvant B-containing, anthracycline-based regimens are ongoing with stringent cardiac monitoring strategies. However, accurate predictors of cardiotoxicity, including congestive heart failure (CHF), are lacking. Currently, treatment-related CHF is monitored by measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes at various time points. Cardiac troponins (cTn) are myocardial contractile proteins that are released into the circulation after cardiac injury. As highly specific biomarkers of myocardial damage, cTns may augment existing cardiac monitoring strategies by providing earlier and more reliable evidence of myocyte damage. Consequently, we investigated cTnI as a potential biomarker of cardiotoxicity in our pilot study of cardiac safety with ddAC-nab-P+B. Methods: In this phase II study, B was administered concurrently (10 mg/kg IV q2wk x 8) with pegfilgrastim-supported chemotherapy (AC at 60/600 mg/m 2 q2wk x4 then nab-paclitaxel at 260 mg/m 2 q2wk x4) and continued at 15 mg/kg q3wk thereafter for a total one year of B therapy. The primary endpoint was cardiac safety. A secondary endpoint was the prospective exploration of TnI as a potential predictor of cardiotoxicity. Peripheral blood for TnI was collected at baseline; weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14; and months 6, 9, and 18. In this pre-planned analysis, TnI values over time were examined as continuous variables by institution and as categorical variables. TnI values were categorized as undetectable (UN; 0.31ng/ml MSKCC or >0.16ng/ml UCSF). Baseline and maximum TnI values were compared with the maximum change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values for all 80 enrolled patients over the study period using ANOVA or regression Results: Median age: 48y (range, 27–75y). Median follow-up: 24.5mo (range, 1–32mo). Median baseline LVEF: 68% (range, 53–82%). The baseline TnI was MD for 1 pt and UN for 79 pts. Overall, 57 pts developed MD TnIs and 6 pts developed EL TnIs. There was no significant association between TnI and LVEF for the 6 pts who developed protocol-defined asymptomatic LVEF declines and the 1 pt who developed CHF versus not, or for 6 pts who develop EL TnI versus not. Furthermore, there was no significant association between continuous TnIs and the maximum % LVEF change [(max-min)/min)]. Conclusions: In this prospective study, TnIs do not appear to predict for LVEF changes with B + ddAC-nab-P. Long-term follow-up continues for late CHF events. Accurate biomarkers of cardiotoxicity in this setting are needed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3087.
Effect of Jinzhi Jieyin Gargle on the treatment of moderately severe periodontitis

Objective To study the effect of Jinzhi Jieyin Gargle combined with routine periodontal basic therapy on treatment of moderately severe periodontitis.Methods A total of 120 cases of patients with moderately severe periodontitis were randomly divided into treatment group and control group(n = 60).Based on the routine periodontal basic therapy,Jinzhi Jieyin Gargle was adopted in treatment group for periodontal pocket infusion,and 3% hydrogen peroxide was adopted in control group for periodontal pocket infusion.After treatment of five weeks,the indexes improvement of plaqueindex(PLI),Sulcus bleeding index(SBI),probing depth(PD),attachmentloss(AL) and content changes of Interleukin-6(IL-6) in gingival sulcus liquid were examined at subsequent clinic visit.Results After treatment of five weeks,periodontal indicators of two groups of patients were significantly improved(P 0.05); SBI,PD and AL of treatment group were improved more significantly than those of control group,IL-6 in gingival sulcus liquid of control group was less reduced than that of control group with significant difference(P 0.05).Conclusion Jinzhi Jieyin Gargle combined with routine periodontal basic therapy can effectively improve clinical symptoms and periodontal index in patients with moderately severe periodontitis and reduce the IL-6 levels in gingival sulcus liquid of patients.
Development of a real-time neural network estimator to improve defense capabilities of HEO satellites

The need to observe thermal targets from space is crucial for monitoring both natural events and hostile threats 1 . Satellite design must balance high spatial resolution with high sensitivity and multiple spectral channels 2 . Defense satellites ultimately choose high sensitivity with a small number of spectral channels. This limitation makes atmospheric contamination due to water vapor a significant problem that cannot be determined from the satellite itself. Using a neural network (NN) approach in conjunction with real time measurements or model predictions of sounding data, we show that an accurate estimation of band radiation and band transmission can be computed in near real time. To demonstrate accuracy, we compare the neural network outputs to both model atmospheres as well as the Modis data for a suitable water vapor band.
Improving Memory and Cognition in Individuals with Down Syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS), often due to trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). In addition, virtually all individuals with DS develop the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by the age of 40 years and almost 60 % will manifest symptoms of AD dementia by the age of 65 years. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments available for ID in individuals with DS and only limited symptomatic treatments for AD dementia. Advances in our understanding in both the molecular basis of ID and the pathogenesis of AD have created opportunities to study potential therapeutic targets. Recent studies in animal models of DS continue to provide a rational basis for translating specific compounds into human clinical trials. However, target and compound selection are only initial steps in the drug development pathway. Other necessary considerations include appropriate study designs to assess efficacy in the DS population, as well as operational aspects specifically tailored to assess cognition in this population. We discuss recent progress in the development of compounds for both ID and AD in individuals with DS, as well as concepts for the design and conduct of clinical trials with such compounds.
Equilibrium in Ideal Systems

This chapter discusses equilibrium in ideal system in which several components co-exist in one or more phases. It proceeds gradually from the simple equilibrium condition to more complex cases, underlying that if equilibrium is to prevail, the system must be a subject to constraints, all of which are ultimately based on Gibb's criterion. In Gibb's criterion, the chemical potential of a given species must be the same in all phases at equilibrium. It examines the stringent constraints that arise when two or more distinct phases are to be maintained in equilibrium. Apart from uniformity of temperature and pressure, it requires that the chemical potential “μi” for each of the “c” components be the same throughout all the “p” phases. The basic problem in thermodynamics consists of determining the final equilibrium state that an isolated system reaches after starting out from a given set of initial conditions and constraints. In this matter, it is guided by two corollaries of the First and Second Laws namely, that in an isolated system subjected to any change, the entropy cannot decrease, and that its energy remain constant.
Addiction and Meaning

Addictive processes emerge from hierarchies of interacting complex adaptive processes both internal and external to an individual. These processes include and emerge from cells and cell systems, and also from psychological phenomena, as well as from higher-level emergent processes operating at both the physical and social levels. From the beginning, the world outside the individual is dynamically involved in the development of his or her physical and psychological traits and dispositions. As we saw in Chapter 4, the influence of social conceptions on one’s experience of diverse aspects of life, such as family, property, work, discomfort, and gratification, are profound and have. significant impact on whether, how, and to what extent individuals may become addicted. Patterns of activity at this level interact with personal and subpersonal patterns of action to create meaning. Meaning operates at the core of addiction for the addict and her close social circle, as well as for researchers, treatment professionals, and policy makers. When an individual becomes addicted to some substance or activity, what that thing means to her shifts fundamentally, as does her conception of herself and the rest of the world. The meaning of that substance or activity to her spouse, friends, children, or parents, although completely different from what it is for the addicted person, is. driving force in their lives.
Culture in Law and Development: Nurturing Positive Change (Oxford University Press 2016)

CULTURE IN LAW & DEVELOPMENT: NURTURING POSITIVE CHANGE (Oxford University Press, May 2016) examines why law and development has failed despite years of rule of law efforts pursued by governments, international agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. Law and development has had many incarnations, but “rule of law” is a core component. The standard law and development template includes predictable prescriptions such as drafting laws, constructing institutions, and promoting legal education. These are important steps towards the development of a market economy and the establishment of a state that is appropriately subject to the constraints of law. However, law and development does not need more laws because law alone is insufficient. Preoccupation with the institutional, legalistic and technocratic dimensions of law and development has created a systemic blind spot to culture. This book traces the acultural tradition of public international law, international relations, private international law and international human rights law. It then argues that despite this deeply entrenched acultural framework, law and development needs to supplement rule of law projects with culture change projects, so that rule of law objectives can be established in a cultural environment that supports broad development objectives such as maximizing human capability and freedom. Law and development is deeply embedded in cultural norms. This book builds on the works of scholars such as Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum and Arjun Appadurai. It adopts a holistic view of development and argues that cultural norms that impede the human capabilities of the poor, women and other marginal groups should be changed. Some anti-development norms fall within a human rights framework, such as female genital mutilation, footbinding and caste. Others, such as denying girls access to basic education, straddle both human rights and law and development traditions. Others might fit more within a market-oriented view of law and development. This book urges law and development scholars and practitioners to reject the acultural tradition of related fields such as public and private international law, international relations and even international human rights law and embark instead on a respectful but robust engagement with culture. Using concrete examples and country-specific case studies, the book defends culture change normatively and critically demonstrates how culture change has been accomplished.
Recombination by band-to-defect tunneling near semiconductor heterojunctions: A theoretical model

Carrier transport and recombination are modeled for a heterojunction diode containing irradiation defects. Detailed attention is given to the role of band-to-trap tunneling and how it is affected by band offsets at the junction. Tunneled states are characterized by numerical solution of the one-band effective-mass envelope equation. The interaction with traps is treated assuming capture by the multi-phonon-emission mechanism. It is shown that tunneling can increase carrier recombination at defects by orders of magnitude in the presence of large band offsets. This explains why Npn InGaP/GaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors with displacement damage from energetic-particle irradiation are observed to have high carrier recombination in the emitter-base depletion region.
Health Care in India

Although a stated right for all Indians, equal access to health care in India is impeded by socioeconomic barriers. With its 3-tier system of public health care centers in villages, district hospitals, and tertiary care hospitals, government expenditure in India is inordinately low, with a disproportionate emphasis on private health spending. Accordingly, the poorest receive a minority of the available subsidies, whereas the richest obtain more than a third, fostering a divide in health care infrastructure across the rich and poor in urban and rural settings. This paradigm has implications for domestic Indian public health and global public health.
Rapid development of HPV-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of immune suppression following autologous stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin lymphoma

Abstract The patient is a 61-year-old male with a diagnosis of relapse classical Hodgkin lymphoma, treated with ABVD, ICE, and achieved remission. He underwent autologous stem cell transplantation and 3months later found to have a PET-positive neck node concerning for relapsed disease of Hodgkin lymphoma. Biopsy proved the lesion was HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma and not relapse Hodgkin disease. Iatrogenic immunosuppression such as bone marrow transplantation can cause substantial increase risk for viral-associated tumors and therefore tissue biopsies are necessary to make that distinction to avoid inappropriate treatment.
A theory of learning with similarity functions

Kernel functions have become an extremely popular tool in machine learning, with an attractive theory as well. This theory views a kernel as implicitly mapping data points into a possibly very high dimensional space, and describes a kernel function as being good for a given learning problem if data is separable by a large margin in that implicit space. However, while quite elegant, this theory does not necessarily correspond to the intuition of a good kernel as a good measure of similarity, and the underlying margin in the implicit space usually is not apparent in "natural" representations of the data. Therefore, it may be difficult for a domain expert to use the theory to help design an appropriate kernel for the learning task at hand. Moreover, the requirement of positive semi-definiteness may rule out the most natural pairwise similarity functions for the given problem domain. In this work we develop an alternative, more general theory of learning with similarity functions (i.e., sufficient conditions for a similarity function to allow one to learn well) that does not require reference to implicit spaces, and does not require the function to be positive semi-definite (or even symmetric). Instead, our theory talks in terms of more direct properties of how the function behaves as a similarity measure. Our results also generalize the standard theory in the sense that any good kernel function under the usual definition can be shown to also be a good similarity function under our definition (though with some loss in the parameters). In this way, we provide the first steps towards a theory of kernels and more general similarity functions that describes the effectiveness of a given function in terms of natural similarity-based properties.
Atypical Wound Pathogens.

Abstract Background: Atypical wound pathogens may be so described because they are uncommon pathogens of soft tissue among human beings, or because they may be fastidious and difficult to recover/i...
The Potential for Place-Based Learning Experiences on the College Campus

Small, residential liberal arts campuses pride themselves on the features of place, but rarely think of the relationship between the actual physical campus and the culture of the institution as parts of place-based education. The interrelationships between the physics of the campus (size, geography, architecture, and history) and the functioning of the campus culture can suggest that place-based learning should be extended to the college campus and culture. This chapter explores these often powerful connections between place and culture, place and learning, place and history of an institution. Using Oxford College of Emory University as a case study of the small, residential liberal arts college, this chapter advocates for the identification of the unique features of place and culture that contextualize learning and growth.
Theological Unease with Remembering Wrongs: Miroslav Volf and Oliver O’Donovan

Entering the world of victims and survivors to reorganize corporeal habits and frames of thinking is no easy task. This Chapter sets up the predicament by considering the theological case presented by Miroslav Volf and Oliver O’Donovan as they object to memory of wrongs. Both Volf and O’Donovan fear that the oppressed become oppressors when they embrace an active memory of wrongs. Such objections slide into vilification of victims and survivors of wrongs. This prevents dominant persons from entering the world of victims and survivors. By laying out adversarial arguments against memory of wrongs and exposing their weak points and insufficiencies, this chapter points to how grief over actively remembered wrongs can be positively agential.
Memory Forensics and the Macintosh OS X Operating System

Memory acquisition is essential to defeat anti-forensic operating system features and investigate clever cyberattacks that leave little or no evidence on physical storage media. The forensic community has developed tools to acquire physical memory from Apple’s Macintosh computers, but they have not much been tested. This work in progress tested three major OS X memory-acquisition tools. Although all tools tested could capture system memory in most cases, the open-source tool OSXPmem bettered its proprietary counterparts in reliability and support for memory configurations and versions of the OS X operating system.
Returning Archaeological Objects to Italy

It has been more than 20 years since the raids on the premises at the Geneva Freeport were linked to Giacomo Medici. The seizure of photographic records led to a major investigation of acquisitions by museums and private collectors. This was expanded following the confiscation of archives from Robin Symes and Gianfranco Becchina. Over 350 items have been returned to Italy from North American public and private collections as well as auction houses and galleries. This article reviews the returns and identifies some of the major themes. It also notes some of the unresolved cases both in North America and in Europe and Japan.
Surface Fluorescence: the Only Standardized Method of Measuring Luminescence

The measurement of surface fluorescence is used to determine the color properties of a wide variety of materials containing fluorescent dyes and colorants, to enhance their apparent whiteness or colorfulness. The accurate evaluation of these colorimetric properties is important to quality control and color specification of a number of products, such as fluorescence-whitened paper, textiles and plastics, and fluorescent safety goods. The increasing importance of these industrial applications and the increasing use of fluorescent dyes and colorants due to their improved performance, has motivated the development of standard methods for precisely and accurately measuring surface fluorescence. The historical background of these standardization efforts is briefly described here, beginning with the important contributions of Donaldson in 1954. Since then, several standardizing organizations, including the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) and American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), have documented recommendations and standard methods for calibrating instrumentation for the measurement of fluorescent materials. This paper describes the current status of the standardization of surface fluorescence measurements for colorimetric applications, with emphasis on the two-monochromator method.
Applications of Adaptive Array Processing

The application of adaptive least-squares lattice structures to problems in underwater acoustics is explored. The focus of attention is on the active sonar problem where a strong component of surface reverberation exists. Both single and dual channel problems are considered. The prewhitening of acoustic reverberation data is used as an illustration of the former while sea surface reverberation rejection is used as an illustration of the latter.
How to Design and Implement a Cognitive Group

There are many different kinds of treatment groups that neuropsychologists may develop. Some groups emphasize ways to manage changes in thinking; other groups may focus on emotions and coping. Some practitioners offer a series of continuing groups that target particular skills, such as memory compensatory techniques or social skills. Other groups provide support for family members. Some groups function as a form of continuing education for patients and their families, with invited speakers, course notebooks, and even weekly assignments or homework to enrich the discussion. Cognitive group can be a particularly appropriate group for the clinical neuropsychologist to design and deliver. A cognitive group can also be associated with a speech pathologist or with another psychologist. The fees for this service can be billed under the new Health and Behavior evaluation and management codes, linked with patients' medical diagnoses. One's ability to understand and manage the process of group screening and treatment facilitates effectiveness in leading such groups and it increases satisfaction and enjoyment.
Precuneus amyloid burden is associated with decreased bilateral frontal activation and default network suppression in healthy adults

1269 Objectives Limited evidence suggests that increased beta-amyloid deposition even in apparently healthy adults is associated with alterations in functional activity. However, the majority of these findings report on resting-state activity or functional connectivity. Less well understood are the effects of increased beta-amyloid burden on patterns of task-relevant activations. The goal of the current study as to investigate the modifying effects of regional amyloid burden on BOLD signal activation during the viewing of scenes in a subsequent memory task within a continuous age sample of healthy adults (N = 137; 30-89 years old). Methods Participants underwent PET using 18F-AV-45 and a separate fMRI session. Amyloid burden was obtained from the precuneus. The fMRI task consisted of presentation of 96 outdoor landscape scenes and participants indicated whether or not there was water present in the scene. Participants were later presented with the same 96 scenes interspersed with 96 matched lures. Encoding trials were backsorted by whether they were remembered with high or low confidence or forgotten. General linear model analyses (SPM) on encoding contrasts with age and precuneus uptake as continuous predictors were conducted. Results During viewing of scenes subsequently remembered with high confidence, subjects with greater precuneus amyloid burden had less activation in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased suppression in bilateral lateral temporal and medial frontal cortex. Conclusions Increasing amyloid burden exerts negative effects on brain function in both task-active regions routinely recruited as compensatory mechanisms during tasks that pose higher cognitive demands, and in regions comprising the default network. Research Support Supported in part by NIH grants 5R37AG-006265-25, 3R37AG-006265-25S1, and Alzheimer’s Association grant IIRG-09-135087. Radiotracer was generously provided by Avid Radiopharmaceuticals
Role of Growth Factor Signaling Pathways in Biliary Tract Cancer

Biliary-tract carcinomas (BTCs) are relatively infrequent but highly lethal malignancies. Novel targets for therapeutic or chemopreventive approaches are urgently needed. However, the knowledge of genomic mutations in BTC is less extensive than that of other gastrointestinal cancers. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of growth factors and their receptors (receptor tyrosine kinases, RTKs), downstream signaling pathways of these RTKs and inflammatory mediators during gallbladder carcinogenesis based on our study using a mouse model for human BTC as well as additional information in the literature.