cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Care and Preservation of Eponyms: The Case of Branham's Sign

Abstract Branham's sign is the bradycardia that follows the sudden occlusion of an artery entering an arteriovenous fistula. Although the article describing this sign appeared in 1898, it was not until 1923 that the eponym was established and that the donor of the eponym knew that his paper had been published. The inquiry into these and other happenings led to the conclusion that although eponyms do require care and attention, they are still the best of all cenotaphs.
Strategies and Resources for Enhancing the Achievement of Mobile Students.

Because studies reveal a relationship between high student mobility and low academic achievement, school administrators are faced with the challenge of raising academic achievement in an era of inc...
Drug markets and the selective use of violence

Drug markets and violence are often presented as inextricably linked. Yet, the use of organized violence by trafficking networks against each other and against the state is not uniform. Insights into the selective use of violence lie in disputes between crime groups over control of lucrative distribution networks and market share. Insights into the use of violence against the state lie in the efforts by criminal justice personnel to curtail the drug trade and the political goals pursued by trafficking organizations. This article discusses these arguments in the context of cocaine markets and the Americas before turning more extensively to methamphetamine in the USA and especially Japan. The latter one, understudied by scholars, offers a challenging plausibility probe for arguments addressing the selective nature of organized violence in drug markets.
The effects of diflubenzuron on a complex laboratory stream community

Effects were assessed on the total biological community in complex laboratory streams caused by continuous exposure to diflubenzuron (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea). The insect fauna suffered direct toxic effects at concentrations of 1.0μg/L and greater. The algal and fungal floras were mildly affected at the same concentrations; apparently indirect effects in response to the reduced herbivore and shredder components of the insect fauna. No effects were observed on the bacteria, oligochaetes or gastropods, at any of the test concentrations. Within the insect fauna, differences in sensitivities were observed: mayflies and stoneflies were affected at 1.0μg/L, dipterans were affected at 10.0μg/L, and coleopterans were apparently unaffected at any of the test concentrations. Effects on caddisflies could not be determined due to their failure to become established in the stream systems. These differences between insect orders in sensitivity, coupled with differences in generation time, may reduce the overall benefits of the insecticide. For example, if diflubenzuron is used for chironomid control, the result may be more severe and longer lasting effects on nontarget mayfly and stonefly populations.
Information Exchange in Personnel Selection Decisions

Les decisions en selection de personnel impliquent souvent une decision de groupe ou les membres du groupe ne partagent pas toute l’information disponible sur les candidats. Les entrevues en serie sont un exemple d’une telle situation. Meme si cette technique est communement utilisee pour la selection du personnel, la litterature scientifique n’a pas etudie de facon extensive l’entrevue en serie, et plus particulierement le processus de prise de decision en groupe pour le choix du candidat final. La litterature sur l’echange d’information a eteetudiee pour eclaircir ce processus de decision. Les resultats ont demontre que souvent les groupes n’echangent pas assez d’information pour en arriver a la bonne decision, qu’ils discutent en plus grande proportion l’information negative que la positive et qu’ils echangent plus sur l’information deja connue par tous les membres que sur l’information initialement connue par un membre seulement. Les implications pour la selection du personnel sont discutees. Personnel selection decisions often involve group decisions in which individual group members do not share all the available information about candidates. Serial interviews are one example of this situation. Although serial interview techniques are commonly used to select employees, the selection literature has not extensively investigated serial interviewing, especially the process of coming to a selection decision as a group at the conclusion of the process. The information exchange literature is used to shed light on this process. Results showed that groups often failed to exchange sufficient information to come to the correct decision, discussed a higher proportion of negative than positive information, and discussed more information that was already common knowledge to all group members than information initially known only to one member. Implications for selection procedures are discussed.
SHORT-PULSED LASER WRITING IN MAGNETO-OPTICAL RECORDING

It was demonstrated that a writing process starts to approach an adiabatic condition when the duration of laser irradiation is reduced to about 10ns. The resultant steep temperature profile and reduction in the level of energy necessary for writing were found to be advantageous for writing small marks and for suppressing thermal interference effect.
Influence of molecular structure of hydrocarbon emulsion droplets on their solubilization in nonionic surfactant micelles

Light scattering was used to study the mass transport of hydrocarbon molecules from emulsion droplets to nonionic surfactant micelles. The hydrocarbons used as the dispersed phase of the emulsions were: 1-tetradecene, n-tetradecane, 1-hexadecene, n-hexadecane, 1-octadecene and n-octadecane. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared which had the same initial droplet diameter (0.3 μm), but different droplet concentrations (0 to 0.05 wt.%). The emulsion droplets were then suspended in either pure water or an aqueous micellar nonionic surfactant solution (2 wt.% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) and the time-dependence of the droplet concentration and size distribution monitored at 30°C using static light scattering. In the absence of surfactant micelles the size and concentration of the hydrocarbon droplets remained constant, but in their presence the droplet concentration decreased with time, and the mean droplet diameter increased, indicating that solubilization occurred. The growth in droplet size with time is attributed to enhanced Ostwald ripening in the presence of surfactant micelles. The mass-transport rate of oil molecules from droplets to micelles, the growth in droplet size with time and the maximum amount of oil solubilized per unit amount of surfactant, increased in the following order: n-octadecane<1-octadecene<n-hexadecane<1-hexadecene< n-tetradecane<1-tetradecene.
From caveman cuisine to fast food: the evolution of human nutrition

During a lifetime, a human being will eat thousands of pounds of food Some of these foods will be enjoyable to eat because they are perceived as looking appetizing and tasting delicious. Other foods may not be enjoyable to eat. but will be consumed anyway because they are 'good lor the body or the spirit'. Biochemically, the body does not distinguish between foods that are liked or disliked, for the human body does not use food, rather the body requires the biological nutrients contained in food. Biology, however, is not the entire story of human nutrition. Cultural variables, such as the type of food eaten, its manner of preparation, and the social context in which it is consumed, often determine the efficacy of that food to meet human needs for health and well-being. This anicle reviews some of what is known about the biological and cultural evolution of human nutrition. Anthropological and nutritional research indicates that there are nine universal features of human food and nutrition systems. 1 · 2 These may be arranged into three categories- biological, technological and social- and are listed in Table I . Evidence from fossil and archaeological remains of human ancestors indicates that these nine universal features of human nutrition and food have been in ex1stence for at least 35 000 years, and possibly for more than I 00 000 years. The most parsimonious way to account for these biological and cultural universals relating to food is to hypothesize that a common evolutionary history for all people shaped human nutritional requirements, food acquisition and processing systems, and eating behaviour.
Chemically modified electrode for the selective and sensitive determination of nitric oxide (NO) in vitro and in biological systems

Abstract An amperometric sensor for the determination of nitric oxide based on its oxidation at + 0.90 V vs. SSCE on a polycrystalline platinum electrode modified with Nafion® and cellulose acetate is described. The Nafion® layer serves to eliminate interference effects due to anionically charged species (especially nitrite) by Donnan exclusion while the cellulose acetate film minimizes electrode fouling from non-specific adsorption of proteins and other high mol mass species that are typically found in cellular environments. Since the oxidation of NO on platinum surfaces is known to be strongly dependent on crystallographic orientation with the (111) surface having a very high activity, the use of polycrystalline platinum (which has a relatively high fraction of (111)), was most effective. Modified electrodes could be employed in the determination of NO in the micromolar regime even in the presence of 10 mM nitrite, nitrate and ascorbate without interference. In addition, the presence of bovine serum albumin (at 10 mg/cm −3 ) did not affect the determination. The response of the sensor is fast and reversible. Preliminary experiments with HL-60 promonocytic cell line demonstrated that these electrodes can be employed for in vitro biological studies and point to their feasibility for in vivo applications.
Scaling theory of marginal Fermi liquids.

The infrared singularities of the recently introduced marginal-Fermi-liquid theory are treated within a perturbative renormalization-group approach. Marginal Fermi liquids are stable in a limited range of the parameters; otherwise non-Fermi-liquid behavior is obtained. Experimental ramifications on the conductivity and spin relaxation are discussed.
The epidemiology of nephrotoxicity associated with conventional amphotericin B therapy

Abstract Purpose We sought to quantify the incidence of, define risk factors for, and examine the relation between renal functional impairment and treatment with conventional amphotericin B. Subjects and methods We performed a 9-year retrospective analysis of amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity in 494 adult inpatients who received ≥2 doses of amphotericin B. Nephrotoxicity was classified according to two nonmutually exclusive severity categories (50% increase or doubling in the baseline creatinine level). Results The median cumulative dosage of amphotericin B was 240 mg (interquartile range, 113 to 500 mg), with the majority of patients (n = 361) receiving it for empiric treatment. Overall, 139 (28%) patients experienced renal toxicity, including 58 (12%) with moderate-to-severe nephrotoxicity. The rate of nephrotoxicity was relatively constant during amphotericin B treatment. For each 10-mg increase in the mean daily amphotericin B dose, the adjusted rate of renal toxicity increased by a factor of 1.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.02 to 1.25). We defined 5 categorical risk factors: mean daily amphotericin B dose ≥35 mg, male sex, weight ≥90 kg, chronic renal disease, and use of amikacin or cyclosporine. The incidence of moderate-to-severe nephrotoxicity was 4% (6 of 137) in patients with none of these risk factors, 8% (14 of 181) in those with 1 risk factor, 18% (21 of 117) in those with 2 risk factors, and 29% (17 of 59) in patients with ≥3 risk factors. Nephrotoxicity rarely led to hemodialysis (n = 3); however, at the time of discharge or death, 70% of patients with moderate-to-severe nephrotoxicity had a serum creatinine level that was ≥0.5 mg/dL above baseline. Conclusion Amphotericin B-related nephrotoxicity is an important dose-dependent and duration-dependent toxicity that is accentuated by certain nephrotoxic drugs and patient characteristics. Patients with more than two risk factors for nephrotoxicity are potential candidates for alternative antifungal therapy.
Electrical methods of detecting contaminated groundwater at the stringfellow waste disposal site, riverside county, California

At the Stringfellow Class I waste-disposal site near Riverside, California, the influence of variations in groundwater chemistry and saturation on electrical measurements made from the surface was tested Spontaneous potential, D C electrical sounding, dipole-dipole resistivity profiles, and mise-a-la-masse measurements were employed to investigate the sub-surface migration of the acidic fluids deposited in this site between 1956 and 1972 Mise-a-la-masse exploration conducted at the downstream edge of the site detected a major anomaly which, on excavation, proved to be the signature of a previously unsuspected leak from the surface disposal ponds on the site Downstream from the site, a dipole-dipole profile and electrical soundings correlate well with electrical conductivity of groundwater obtained from monitoring wells This study demonstrates that geophysical methods may be used to search for and map leaks from toxic chemical waste dumps
Common Elbow Injuries in Sport

Athletes of all ages and skill levels are increasingly participating in sports involving overhead arm motions, making elbow injuries more common. Among these injuries is lateral epicondylitis, which occurs in over 50% of athletes using overhead arm motions. Lateral epicondylitis is characterised by pain in the area where the common extensor muscles meet the lateral humeral epicondyle. The onset of this pathological condition begins with the excessive use of the wrist extensor musculature. Repetitive microtraumatic injury can lead to mucinoid degeneration of the extensor origin and subsequent failure of the tendon. Lateral epicondylitis can almost always be treated nonoperatively with activity modification and specific exercises. If the athlete fails to respond to nonoperative treatment after 6 months to 1 year, they are candidates for surgical intervention. Medial epicondylitis is characterised by pain and tenderness at the flexor-pronator tendinous origin with pathology commonly being located at the interface between the pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis origin. Golfers and tennis players often develop this condition because of the repetitive valgus stress placed on the medial elbow soft tissues. Careful evaluation is important to differentiate medial epicondylitis from other causes of medial elbow pain. As with lateral epicondylitis, patients with medial epicondylitis not responding to an extensive nonoperative programme are candidates for surgical intervention. A less common cause of medial elbow pain is medial ulnar collateral ligament injury. Repetitive valgus stress placed on the joint can lead to microtraumatic injury and valgus instability. When the medial ulnar collateral ligament is disrupted, abnormal stress is placed on the articular surfaces that can lead to degenerative changes with osteophyte formation. As with other elbow injuries, a strict rehabilitation regimen is first employed; ligament reconstruction is only recommended if the injury fails to improve and only in athletes requiring a high level of performance. Excessive valgus stress can also lead to posteromedial olecranon impingement on the olecranon fossa producing pain, osteophyte and loose body formation. Arthroscopic elbow debridement can often be helpful in improving motion and in reducing pain in such patients.
Use of progressive fixed-ratio procedures in the assessment of intracranial reinforcement

Six rats with electrodes chronically implanted in septal or hypothalamic sites were tested for intracranial reinforcement on a progressive fixed-ratio schedule. Two variations of this schedule were also examined and compared. Functions relating the highest level of stable fixed-ratio responding to a wide range of stimulus currents were, unlike those derived from continuous reinforcement rates, monotonic at all stimulation sites tested. One of the procedures described, in particular, is quite sensitive to intracranial reinforcement parameters, provides a reliable technique for within-session assays of these parameters, and successfully avoids many problems commonly encountered with administration of central stimulation on a continuous reinforcement schedule.
Momentary assessment of adults' physical activity and sedentary behavior: feasibility and validity.

Introduction: Mobile phones are ubiquitous and easy to use, and thus have the capacity to collect real-time data from large numbers of people. Research tested the feasibility and validity of an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) self-report protocol using electronic surveys on mobile phones to assess adults’ physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Methods: Adults (N = 110) (73% female, 30% Hispanic, 62% overweight/obese) completed a four-day signal-contingent EMA protocol (Sat. - Tues.) with eight surveys randomly spaced throughout each day. EMA items assessed current activity (e.g., Watching TV/Movies, Reading/Computer, Physical Activity/Exercise). EMA responses were time-matched to minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary activity (SA) measured by accelerometer immediately before and after each EMA prompt. Results: Unanswered EMA prompts had greater MVPA (±15 min.) than answered EMA prompts (p = .029) for under/normal weight participants, indicating that activity level might influence the likelihood of responding. The 15-min. intervals before vs. after the EMA-reported physical activity (n = 296 occasions) did not differ in MVPA (p > .05), suggesting that prompting did not disrupt physical activity. SA decreased after EMA-reported sedentary behavior (n = 904 occasions) (p < .05) for overweight and obese participants. As compared with other activities, EMA-reported physical activity and sedentary behavior had significantly greater MVPA and SA, respectively, in the ±15 minutes of the EMA prompt (p’s < .001), providing evidence for criterion validity. Conclusions: Findings generally support the acceptability and validity of a four-day signal contingent EMA protocol using mobile phones to measure physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults. However, some MVPA may be missed among underweight and normal weight individuals, and EMA may disrupt sedentary behavior among overweight/obese individuals.
A cluster analysis of retrieval patterns among bibliogrpahic databases

Les utilisateurs de bases bibliographiques sont confrontes a de nombreux choix quant aux strategies de recherche a utiliser, mais n'ont, pour les guider, que tres peu d'indices. Cette etude cherche a preciser les types de sujet et leur regroupement dans les bases afin de donner des indications sur les differences et les similitudes qu'elles presentent. Les descripteurs ont ete choisis au hasard dans sept «sujets» du thesaurus ERIC et utilises comme termes de recherche sur la base CROSS du service bibliographique de recherche. Les resultats de pres de deux millions de questions sur 54 bases etaient analyses: 1) pour classer les B.D. suivant leur pertinence relative par rapport a un domaine; 2) pour decouvrir les domaines couverts par des bases differentes et etablir leurs relations. Cette derniere recherche a permis de faire apparaitre cinq grands ensembles: technologie, science de la vie, bibliographie, affaire et industrie, education; et douze sous-groupes bien definis. Plusieurs dimensions sont egalement apparues qui font que certains groupes se chevauchent, (recherche - social - economie...) et qui montrent qu'il existe entre les B.D. des similitudes et des differences non evidentes qui peuvent fournir des indications permettant de developper une strategie de recherche plus efficace
Assessment of social anxiety: a controlled comparison among social phobics, obsessive-compulsives, agoraphobics, sexual disorders and simple phobies

Abstract The construct validity of the Willoughby Personality Schedule (WPS) as an index of social anxiety was established in the present study. The WPS correctly identifies social phobics from controls in 88% of the cases.
ACCELERATING THE KINETICS OF THIOL SELF-ASSEMBLY ON GOLD : A SPATIAL CONFINEMENT EFFECT

The adsorption of alkanethiols onto gold surfaces to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) occurs more than 10 times faster in a spatially confined environment than on unconfined bare substrates, and the adsorbed layers exhibit higher coverage and two-dimensional crystallinity. The spatially constrained reaction environment is prepared with use of an atomic force microscope tip to displace thiols within a previously formed SAM. During the displacement, the thiol molecules present in the solution above the SAM rapidly assemble onto the exposed nanometer-size gold area that is confined by the scanning tip and surrounding SAM. The accelerated rate is attributed to a change in the pathway for the self-assembly process as the spatial confinement makes it geometrically more probable and energetically more favorable for the initially adsorbed thiols to adopt a standing-up configuration directly in this microenvironment. In contrast, thiols that self-assemble onto gold surfaces in an unconstrained environment ini...
π-Basicity of the (diamine)tricarbonyltungsten(0) fragment stabilizing η2-aldehyde complexes at tungsten(0)

Abstract Partial reduction of a coordinated thiolester ligand led to the first example of an η 2 -bound aldehyde at a zerovalent tungsten carbonyl centre. Spectroscopic and crystallographic data support this assignment. Treatment of W(CO) 3 (RCN) 3 with N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda) and an organic carbonyl compound led to a new family of η 2 -bound organic carbonyl complexes of the formula [W(CO) 3 (tmeda)( η 2 -RR′CO)]. Isolation and characterization of compounds containing formaldehyde, 4-methyl-benzaldehyde, pentafluorobenzaldehyde and hexafluoroacetone as π-ligands is reported.
Referencing lists by an edge

An edge reference into a list structure is a pair of pointers to adjacent nodes. Such a reference often requires little additional space, but its use can yield efficient algorithms. For instance, a circular link between the ends of a list is redundant if the list is always referenced by that edge, and list traversal is easier when that link is null. Edge references also allow threading of nonrecursive lists, can replace some header, cells, and enhance the famous exclusive-or trick to double-link lists.
Evaluation of pulse shape discrimination performance of scintillation materials and PSD methods by using statistical models

Abstract Two statistical models that include transit time spread and electronic noise effects are studied for evaluation of scintillation materials and for comparison of pulse shape discrimination (PSD) methods. The intrinsic PSD low-energy limitations for three scintillators are estimated by using these models, which can be used for PSD parameter optimization. Under the optimal conditions, the low-energy PSD limits of early NE213, trans-stilbene, and Borexino scintillators, are 100, 65, and 60 keV neutron energy, respectively. Calculated results show that under optimal conditions, the zero-crossing method is better for early NE213 and trans-stilbene scintillators, and the charge comparison is better for Borexino. The calculated best constant fraction discrimination (CFD) settings in the zero-crossing method for early NE213, trans-stilbene, and Borexino scintillators are 0.8, 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. The calculated best fast window settings in the charge comparison method are 0–40, 0–22, and 0–10 ns, respectively.
Synthesis and Diels-Alder reactions of 2-alkyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-ones and 2-alkyl-3-acyl-5-methylene-1,3-oxazolidin-4-ones: Highly exo and diastereoface selective chiral ketene equivalents

Abstract Chiral dienophiles 1–3 undergo highly exo and diastereoface selective Diels-Alder reactions. The Diels-Alder reactions of 3 are also highly exo selective under Lewis acid catalyzed conditions.
Is adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation a viable option for liver replacement?

Is adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation a viable option for liver replacement?
Cell lines as an investigational tool for the study of biology of small cell lung cancer

Tumors, whether they be of clonal or polyclonal origin, are dynamic processes, constantly undergoing alterations, both in vivo and in vitro. However, in many if not most tumors, certain properties are relatively stable. There must be selective advantages for tumor populations to maintain these properties. A careful comparison of the properties of tumors and their cell lines, and correlating these data with the clinical history of the tumor is essential. From such studies we conclude that cell lines are suitable models to study the biology of SCLC and many important contributions would have been impossible without a large comprehensive panel of cell lines. These lines may be suitable for the selection of the best in vitro regimen to treat individual patients from whom the lines were derived, a hypothesis currently being tested in our Branch. Finally, in vitro studies already (and will continue to) suggest newer, more rational approaches to tumor control.
Pentecostal Visions of The End: Eschatology, Ecclesiology and the Fascination of the Left Behind Series

This article examines the Pentecostal reception of dispensational eschatology from the perspective of its connection to other Pentecostal theological concerns. Through an investigation of representatives from the Church of God and the Assemblies of God, it is argued (1) that early Pentecostals tended to use eschatology to articulate their own ecclesiology, and (2) that it is their ecclesiological concerns that separate Pentecostals from dispensational thought while simultaneously attracting them to it. Drawing on the Eastern Orthodox idea of sobornicity, a final section of the article is devoted to teasing out the theological concerns implicit to Pentecostal ecclesiology in order to promote further dialogue with Roman Catholicism.
The critical role of human activities in land degradation in Rwanda

Agriculture on steep land is widespread in Rwanda. Conservation strategies, such as grass strips and terracing, were introduced by the government and international agencies to lower soil losses due to fluvial processes in this fragile setting. Minimal attention has been given to assessing soil losses due to farming activities or to developing conservation strategies to control soil erosion resulting from these human activities. This study evaluates soil losses resulting from both runoff and human activities in a densely populated region of northwestern Rwanda. During a 4-year period, 11 Wischmeier-type plots were cultivated with the typical local crops. Grass strips and grass/shrub strips were planted at 5-m intervals on eight of these plots. Five meters is the common spacing of this government-encouraged conservation practice. These strips were found to be useful for reducing soil loss from runoff, but they were relatively ineffective in curtailing soil losses resulting from human activities associated with the local farming system. The soil loss on the cultivated plots, resulting from activities such as hoeing, averaged over 68·2 t ha−1 year−1. Unless conservation strategies curtail human induced soil losses as well as those due to fluvial processes, the land resource will continue to degrade and farmland will cease to be productive in the study area.
Object reconstruction from layered data using implicit solid modeling

Abstract This paper presents an automated technique for constructing 3-D implicit solids from moderately to very dense cross-sectional (layered) data sets. A collection of 2-D cross sections is generated from the layered data by merging circular primitives using implicit solid modeling (ISM) techniques. The geometry of the circles comprising each layer is determined through a nonlinear optimization process using a cost function that measures discrepancies in the distance from data points to the boundary of the reconstructed cross section. The starting configuration of the optimization (that is, the initial size and location of the primitives) is developed from information provided by a 2-D Delaunay triangulation of each layer of the data set. After optimization, the individual 2-D cross sections are joined into a 3-D solid by performing a blend, or “morph,” between the separate layers. By utilizing weighted information from multiple layers, local curvature information is included in the blend object, resulting in a smooth transition between cross sections. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through the reconstruction of several representative examples.
The Impact of Multiple Component Reporting on Tax Compliance and Audit Strategies

Prior studies of the strategic interaction between taxpayers and the tax authority have focused on reported net taxable income and on audit policies designed to discover potential misstatement of that single item. This paper extends the literature by modeling taxpayer compliance behavior and tax authority audit strategies within the context of a multidimensional report of taxable income. Specifically, the study analyzes the impact of component reporting requirements on taxpayer incentives to misstate their tax liability. It also allows the tax authority to tailor its audit policy to consider all tax return information. In particular, the model permits the tax authority to audit return components sequentially: the investigation of a second component is conditional on the results of the first component's audit. The study finds that partitioning taxable income into a multi‐component report reduces overall tax evasion and increases tax authority net revenue collections relative to a singlereport model of net ...
The Stock Market's Valuation of R&D and Market Concentration in Horizontal Mergers

It is well documented that acquirers often pay a large premium to acquire companies in related industries. There are many explanations as to the source of this premium. This study isolates two variables, R&D-intensity and market concentration, and assesses their influence individually and jointly on the deal premium. The results indicate that higher market concentration levels have a negative effect on the deal premium, while higher acquirer R&D-intensity has a positive influence, if the merger could result in a high market concentration level. Furthermore, deal premiums are greater in selected industries and in smaller deal sizes.
Enlarging the SIGCOMM tent

At every Sigcomm conference the corridors buzz with ideas about how to improve Sigcomm. It is a healthy sign that the premier conference in networking keeps debating how to reinvent and improve itself. In 2012 I got the chance to throw my hat into the ring; at the end of a talk I spent a few minutes describing why I think the Sigcomm conference should be greatly expanded. A few people encouraged me to write the ideas down. My high level goal is to enlarge the Sigcomm tent, welcoming in more researchers and more of our colleagues from industry. *More researchers* because our field has grown enormously in the last two decades, and Sigcomm has not adapted. I believe our small program limits the opportunities for our young researchers and graduate students to publish new ideas, and therefore we are holding back their careers. *More colleagues from industry* because too few industry thought-leaders are involved in Sigcomm. The academic field of networking has weak ties to the industry it serves, particularly when compared to other fields of systems research. Both sides lose out: there is very little exchange and transfer of ideas in either direction, and not enough vigorous debate about the directions networking should be heading.
Some Thoughts on New Styles of Planning

Planning stands at a crossroads. Much of the idealism and momentum for the pursuit of the public good has been lost in the painful evaluation of its failure to produce a better environment and to advance the good society. In this note it is argued that much can still be done to make planning more effective though the development of better methods in terms of structuring goals, outlining resources and constraints which bound possible plans, finding possible actions which generate good plans, predicting their outcomes, and finding good plans within all these limits including those of time and political tolerance.
General method for extended metal nanowire synthesis : Ethanol induced self-assembly

A new template-free method to form extended nanowires from the spontaneous self-assembly and fusion of discrete metal nanoparticles has been developed. The key strategy was the use of a weak polar solvent (ethanol) to suitably destabilize the metal nanoparticles in a hydrosol. The number of nanoparticles that were assembled and fused into an extended crystalline structure was found to depend on the dielectric constant of the solvent system. Three distinctive fusion modes consistent with HRTEM analysis of the products were hypothesized, which could satisfactorily explain the formation and the structures of the nanowires. This method of nanowire synthesis is simple, scalable, and capable of producing nanowires with virtually “clean” surfaces. The synthesis method can also be extended to other metals, such as palladium and platinum.
Determining Optimal Pollution Control Policies: An Application of Bilevel Programming

Abstract This paper presents two optimization models for hazardous waste capacity planning and treatment facility locations. The complex behavior of firms in the presence of central planning decisions and price signals is investigated and it is shown that such behavior can best be captured by a hierarchical model. In particular, a central planning model, where the government is assumed to control all location/allocation decisions and a bilevel model, where the government is the leader with the goal of maximizing the `social welfare' via taxation is presented. Detailed formulations of both models are developed, solved, and the computational results are presented.
Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance in Financial Firms: The Case for Convertible Equity-Based Pay

Unlike the failure of a non-financial firm, the failure of a systemically important financial firm will reduce the value of a diversified shareholder portfolio because of an increased level of systemic risk. Thus diversified shareholders of a financial firm generally internalize systemic risk whereas managerial shareholders and blockholders do not. This means that the governance model drawn from non-financial firms will not fit financial firms. Regulation that limits risk taking by financial firms can thus provide a benefit, rather than necessarily impose a cost, for the typical diversified public shareholder. Managerial shareholding also gives rise to particular problem of the CEO who, despite the increasing precariousness of the firm’s position, may be reluctant to pursue equity infusions or to sell the firm because of the consequent dilution of his ownership stake. This might be called the “Fuld problem.” To mitigate excessive risk-taking both in ordinary operations and as the firm approaches financial distress, the paper proposes a new compensation mechanism for senior managers, convertible equity-based pay. Upon certain external triggers, such as a downgrade into a high risk category by regulators or a stock price decline of a particular percentage, such stock-based compensation should convert into subordinated debt, at a valuation discount. This will give managers an incentive to curb excessive risk-taking and in particular to steer the firm away from financial distress.
Epoxy/h-BN composites for thermally conductive underfill material

In order to enhance thermal conductivity of underfill materials, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was employed as a thermally conductive filler. The relationship between the filler morphology and its effects on the thermal conductivity is focused in this study. Two different h-BN fillers with different morphologies were applied to generate an efficient thermal transport path through the filler and epoxy resin interfaces. The microstructure, dynamic mechanical properties and thermal conductivity for the h-BN filled underfills were studied and characterized. The h-BN greatly increased the thermal conductivity of the underfill and their moduli were well controlled by an addition of a low filler level which can reduce the thermal stress in flip-chip packaging application.
Window of opportunity: flexion myelopathy after drug overdose.

Abstract Background: Cervical and thoracic flexion myelopathy are uncommon causes of spinal cord injury that can lead to irreversible paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, and death. To the authors' knowledge, this report is the first to describe the natural history of flexion myelopathy and the simultaneous occurrence of cervical and thoracic flexion myelopathy in the setting of drug overdose. Objectives: To report the association of cervical and thoracic flexion myelopathy and drug overdose; to describe the subacute natural history of flexion myelopathy in the setting of drug overdose; to emphasize the need for first responders to document positioning of unresponsive individuals; and to suggest careful neurological examination and early spinal cord imaging in appropriately identified patients at risk of flexion myelopathy. Case Report: We describe the case of a 34-year-old woman who developed flexion myelopathy resulting in severe quadriparesis after overdose of quetiapine fumarate, oxycodone/acetaminophen, and chloral hydrate. Conclusion: Flexion myelopathy in the setting of drug overdose is a subacute injury. Early intervention may limit neurological disability. However, the clinical diagnosis of flexion myelopathy is inevitably delayed by the patient's altered level of consciousness or mental status at presentation, and concurrent multiple organ failure.
Sex offenses at Protestant Christian churches : a typology and examination using social disorganization theory.

The focus of this study is two-fold. First, using data obtained via content analyses of published news articles, this study examines sexual offenses that have occurred at or through activities provided by Protestant Christian churches in the US. Drawing upon 326 identified cases spanning from 1999 until 2014, this study aims to explore common offense, offender, and victim characteristics of sex offenses that occur at these locations. Moreover, this study aims to create a typology of offenders and victims at or through activities provided by Protestant Christian churches. Second, using the data from the content analyses and social disorganization measures from Census tracts of the individual church where an offense(s) occurred, this study examines which social disorganization characteristics contribute to a greater/lesser likelihood of certain offense characteristics (i.e., alleged offender was a Pastor or other role, alleged offender was Youth Minister or other role, offenses occurred on church grounds or off, victim was male or female, and if there was only one reported victim or multiple in a case) being present. This study provides valuable information to scholars and practitioners on a rarely examined topic.
Emile Durkheim: His methodology and uses of history

Despite a resurgence of interest in Durkheim, insufficient attention has been directed toward his social morphology. The result is an underestimation of the role of history in his sociology and conception of unified science. The author argues that from the earliest stages of his intellectual career Durkheim displayed a sensitivity to the value of historical investigation for social explanation. This interest, reflecting various influences in the intellectual milieux of his time, varied among three distinct historical perspectives and methodological frameworks: the comparative, the evolutionary, and the developmental. Differentiating the three approaches counteracts the tendency among interpreters to collapse all three into the evolutionary framework alone.
Multiscale models of skeletal muscle reveal the complex effects of muscular dystrophy on tissue mechanics and damage susceptibility

Computational models have been increasingly used to study the tissue-level constitutive properties of muscle microstructure; however, these models were not created to study or incorporate the influence of disease-associated modifications in muscle. The purpose of this paper was to develop a novel multiscale muscle modelling framework to elucidate the relationship between microstructural disease adaptations and modifications in both mechanical properties of muscle and strain in the cell membrane. We used an agent-based model to randomly generate new muscle fibre geometries and mapped them into a finite-element model representing a cross section of a muscle fascicle. The framework enabled us to explore variability in the shape and arrangement of fibres, as well as to incorporate disease-related changes. We applied this method to reveal the trade-offs between mechanical properties and damage susceptibility in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a fatal genetic disease caused by a lack of the transmembrane protein dystrophin, leading to muscle wasting and death due to cardiac or pulmonary complications. The most prevalent microstructural variations in DMD include: lack of transmembrane proteins, fibrosis, fatty infiltration and variation in fibre cross-sectional area. A parameter analysis of these variations and case study of DMD revealed that the nature of fibrosis and density of transmembrane proteins strongly affected the stiffness of the muscle and susceptibility to membrane damage.
Laboratory simulation of impact cratering with high explosives

Impact and explosive craters production in same target material under controlled laboratory conditions, determining depth of burst simulating impingement
The Challenges and Successes of Department Governance: A Look at HBCU Journalism and Mass Communications Unit Administrators.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are facing challenges to their continued existence on several fronts. One is fiscally, as federal funding for education has been cut and the responsibility for paying for higher education has been levied on students and parents. Another challenge is the amount of endowment dollars available to them and lastly, there are questions today as to if HBCUs are still needed in a society that has allowed African-Americans to enroll in Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Administrators of the 55 Journalism and Mass Communication (JMC) units at HBCUs have to lead with an eye on tradition while dealing with current financial issues. The administrators are faced with the personal challenge of tenuous term limits - served at the discretion of higher administrators - and teaching two or three classes. They work under larger units and have minimal authority over budgets, hiring, or strategic planning for their units.
Performance Evaluation: A Case for the Use of Consensus Ratings

Data from a sample of government research scientists were used to compare the psychometric properties of pooled and consensus ratings of job performance. It was hypothesized that consensus ratings would possess less halo and leniency error and greater validity than would pooled ratings. The findings supported the halo hypothesis and partially supported the validity hypothesis. Given the severity of the “criterion problem” in validation research, further research was recommended to extend the generalizability of these findings to other performance appraisal settings.
Should all pregnant diabetic women undergo a fetal echocardiography? A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing four screening strategies

Objective To determine if a policy of universal fetal echocardiography for all pregnant diabetic women is cost-effective as a screening tool for congenital heart defects. Study Design Using a decision-analysis model, we compared the cost-effectiveness of four screening strategies: (1) none—no ultrasound is performed; (2) selective fetal echocardiography after abnormal detailed anatomic survey; (3) fetal echocardiography for only high hemoglobin A1C, and (4) universal fetal echocardiography for all diabetics. The sensitivity and specificity for each strategy were derived by literature search. The analysis was from a societal perspective using a willingness-to-pay threshold ($50 000) and a theoretic cohort of 40 000 pregnant diabetics. Costs included costs of tests and the costs of complications and of raising a child with a cardiac defect. Outcomes were reported as cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained for each congenital heart defect prevented by each strategy and the number of congenital heart defects detected. One-way, multiway and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Compared with the other strategies, selective fetal echocardiography after abnormal detailed anatomic survey costs less per QALY gained for cardiac defect screening. Although universal fetal echocardiography was associated with a higher detection rate for cardiac defects, it was more costly. The sensitivity analyses revealed a robust model over a wide range of values. Conclusion Under the baseline assumptions, selective fetal echocardiography after an abnormal detailed anatomic survey is more cost-effective compared with universal fetal echocardiography as a screening strategy for cardiac defects in pregnant diabetics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of timing and amplitude jitter due to intrachannel dispersion-managed pulse interactions

Transmission impairments due to nonlinear intrachannel crosstalk in strongly dispersion-managed systems are investigated. Analytical expressions to estimate timing and amplitude jitter due to intrachannel pulse interactions are provided. Timing jitter is found to be a dominant limiting factor for small values of map strength, whereas amplitude jitter is responsible for system performance degradation especially for large map strength. The analysis agrees with direct numerical simulations of the full system.
Dentin Biomodification Potential Depends on Polyphenol Source

Although proanthocyanidins (PACs) modify dentin, the effectiveness of different PAC sources and the correlation with their specific chemical composition are still unknown. This study describes the chemical profiling of natural PAC-rich extracts from 7 plants using ultra high pressure/performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to determine the overall composition of these extracts and, in parallel, comprehensively evaluate their effect on dentin properties. The total polyphenol content of the extracts was determined (as gallic acid equivalents) using Folin-Ciocalteau assays. Dentin biomodification was assessed by the modulus of elasticity, mass change, and resistance to enzymatic biodegradation. Extracts with a high polyphenol and PAC content from Vitis vinifera, Theobroma cacao, Camellia sinensis, and Pinus massoniana induced a significant increase in modulus of elasticity and mass. The UHPLC analysis showed the presence of multiple types of polyphenols, ranging from simple phenolic acids to oligomeric PACs and highly condensed tannins. Protective effect against enzymatic degradation was observed for all experimental groups; however, statistically significant differences were observed between plant extracts. The findings provide clear evidence that the dentin bioactivities of PACs are source dependent, resulting from a combination of concentration and specific chemical constitution of the complex PAC mixtures.