cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structures of [110]-faceted self-assembled pyramidal InAs/GaAs quantum dots

We calculate the electronic structures of pyramidal quantum dots with supercells containing 250 000 atoms, using spin-orbit-coupled, nonlocal, empirical pseudopotentials. We compare the results with previous theoretical calculations. Our calculation circumvents the approximations underlying the conventional effective-mass approach: we describe the potential, the strain and the wave functions using atomistic rather than continuum models. The potential is given by a superposition of screened atomic pseudopotentials, the strain is obtained from minimizing the atomistic strain energy, and the wave function is expanded using a plane-wave basis set. We find the following. (1) The conduction bands are formed essentially from single envelope functions, so they can be classified according to the nodal structure as $s, p,$ and d. However, due to strong multiband coupling, most notably light hole with heavy hole, the valence states cannot be classified in the language of single-band envelope functions. In fact, the hole states have no nodal planes. (2) There is a strong anisotropy in the polarization of the lowest valence state to conduction state optical transition. This is in contrast to the eight band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ model, which finds essentially zero anisotropy. (3) There are at least four bound electron states for a 113-\AA{}-based quantum dot. This number of bound states is larger than that found in eight band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ calculations. (4) Since our atomistic description retains the correct ${C}_{2v}$ symmetry of a square-based pyramid made of zinc-blende solids, we find that the otherwise degenerate p states are split by about 25 meV. This splitting is underestimated in the eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ calculation.
The Jornalero: Perceptions of Health Care Resources of Immigrant Day Laborers

Latino immigrant day laborers, also termed jornaleros or contingent workers, compose a significant segment of the millions of undocumented, temporary workers in our urban centers. These laborers largely work without benefit of health insurance in occupations that are unmonitored, unprotected, and often unsafe. This study utilized semi-structured interviews to explore the perceived health status and resources for health care in one group of 20 Latino day laborers in southern California. Results suggest a population that is largely in undocumented immigrant status with few health care resources other than emergency care centers and clinics provided for the homeless population. With close to 12 million undocumented workers currently residing in the US, this population bears additional scrutiny both for humanitarian reasons and for public health policy considerations.
Quantification of zinc toxicity using neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays.

Abstract Murine neuronal networks, derived from embryonic frontal cortex (FC) tissue grown on microelectrode arrays, were used to investigate zinc toxicity at concentrations ranging from 20 to 2000 μM total zinc acetate added to the culture medium. Continual multi-channel recording of spontaneous action potential generation allowed a quantitative analysis of the temporal evolution of network spike activity generation at specific zinc acetate concentrations. Cultures responded with immediate concentration-dependent excitation lasting from 5 to 50 min and consisting of increased spiking and enhanced, coordinated bursting, followed by irreversible activity decay. The time to 50% and 90% activity loss was concentration dependent, highly reproducible, and formed linear functions in log–log plots. Above 100 μM total zinc acetate, the activity loss was associated with massive cell swelling, blebbing, and even vigorous neuronal cell lysing. Glia showed stress, but did not participate in the extensive cell swelling. Network activity loss generally preceded morphological changes. Cultures pretreated with the GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline (40 μM) and picrotoxin (1 mM) lacked the initial excitation phase. This suggests that zinc-induced excitation may be mediated by interfering with GABA inhibition. Partial network protection was achieved by stopping spontaneous activity with either tetrodotoxin (200 nM) or lidocaine (250 μM). However, recovery was not complete and slow deterioration of network activity continued over 6-h periods. Removal of zinc by early medium changes showed irreversible, catastrophic network failure to develop in a concentration-dependent time window between 50% and 90% activity loss.
Production of 75Br via the 78Kr (d,nα)75Br reaction

Abstract The production of 75Br by the 78Kr(d,nα)75Br reaction using a 21.5 MeV deuteron beam was investigated. With our 78Kr gas target, the production yield was found to be 5.9 ± 0.9 mCi/μA at saturation. The major impurities in the 75Br product were 76Br and 77Br which amounted to about 6 and 2.5%, respectively, at EOB. Sufficient amounts of 75Br could easily be prepared by this method for use in chemistry and animal experiments but deuteron energies >20 MeV are required.
The MultiCASE Program II. Baseline Activity Identification Algorithm (BAIA)

A new algorithm is presented that allows one to uncover underlying relations between the biological activity of a diverse set of molecules and a global parameter such as the partition coefficient, solubility, and/or the redox properties.
Power management of cooling systems with dynamic pricing

This paper addresses the optimal power management problems in electric cooling systems based on appropriately constructed thermal dynamic models and cost profiles. In this venue, the dynamics and logical constraints for the cooling load are first formulated as mixed-integer linear programming models. We subsequently apply an online learning algorithm to adjust the weighting factor for customers' satisfaction level considering the fluctuating prices and customers' preferences. The proposed approach is expected to save the user's electricity cost by adequately scheduling the operations of the cooling load without an adverse effect on the entire system. The effectiveness of the proposed temperature control and trade-off between electricity cost and customers' satisfaction level is demonstrated via a simulation scenario.
Ferromagnetic Hall Effect of Gadolinium

Measurements on polycrystalline Gd show an unusually large ferromagnetic Hall effect. Experimental results indicate the spin-orbit interaction involved is that of the individual scattering process for the 5d and 6s conduction electrons. (C.E.S.)
Differential regulation of Bcl-2, AP-1 and NF-κB on cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemic stress adaptation

Acute ischemia followed by prolonged reperfusion has been shown to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In this report, we demonstrate that myocardial adaptation to ischemia induced by repeated cyclic episodes of short-term ischemia each followed by another short duration of reperfusion reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. This was associated with the induction of the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and translocation and activation of NF-κB. Another transcription factor, AP-1, remained unaffected by repeated ischemia and reperfusion, but exhibited significant upregulation by a single episode of 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. This activation of AP-1 was inhibited by a scavenger of oxygen free radicals, DMTU. Thirty minutes ischemia and 120 min reperfusion downregulated the induction of the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA, but moderately activated NF-κB binding activity. This was associated with an increased number of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation in cardiomyocytes which were attenuated by DMTU. The results of this study indicate that Bcl-2, AP-1 and NF-κB differentially regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis mediated by acute ischemia and prolonged reperfusion.
Evolution of a Nursing Case Management Model for a Housing First Population

Housing first (HF) is a nationally recognized model that provides permanent housing to the hardest to serve of homeless individuals, those with mental illness and/or substance abuse disorders. This vulnerable population faces many challenges in obtaining needed health care services. Access to adequate health care and addressing health issues is an essential part of the stabilization and self-sufficiency process for previously homeless individuals. This article will review the rationale for implementing a nursing case management approach within a HF program, explain the case management model implemented to address the population’s needs, present the outcomes, and go on to discuss further development of the model over a 4-year period with related results.
A Study of Query Length Heuristics in Information Retrieval

Query length has generally been regarded as a query-specific constant that does not affect document ranking. In this paper, we reveal that query length actually interacts with term frequency (TF) normalization, a key component of all effective retrieval models. Specifically, the longer the query is, the smaller the TF decay speed should be. In order to study the impact of query length, we present a desirable formal constraint to capture the heuristic of query length for retrieval. Our constraint analysis shows that current state-of-the-art retrieval functions, including BM25 and language models, fail to satisfy the constraint, and that, in order to solve this problem, the TF normalization component in a retrieval function should be adapted to query length. As an application, we develop a simple regression algorithm to adapt BM25 to query length, and demonstrate its effectiveness on several representative TREC collections.
A novel digital PLL with good performance and very small area

A novel digital PLL(Phase Locked Loop) is presented in this paper. It uses three types of digital delay control methods, including delay cell number adjust, delay cell load adjust and cycle control to digitally control the DCO(Digitally Controlled Oscillator) output clock frequency, so as to get wider frequency range and smaller jitter. This PLL uses NAND gate as the basic delay cell, which can completely reset DCO in a very short time, and prevent the jitter accumulation. It uses binary search to achieve fast lock and uses shift chain to get better input clock jitter tolerance. This digital PLL has been silicon validated in GLOBALFOUNDRIES 65nmG process. Its chip area is only 5255μm2, DCO's frequency have a wide range between 550MHz to 2.45GHz. Its total power is around 1.0mW when DCO's frequency is 1.0GHz. This PLL can be locked very fast in 25 divided reference clock cycles, and its output clock jitter is smaller than 40ps.
Generalization, duration, and low-frequency electroencephalographic persistence of bilateral electroconvulsive therapy seizure

Measurements were made at the beginning and end of a course of bifrontotemporal brief-pulse ECT for 28 males to both determine how well seizure generalization is maintained along the course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and examine correspondence between low-frequency EEG activity and other seizure durations. Durations of spike electroencephalographic (EEG) paroxysmal activity, heart rate elevation, and tonic-clonic activity decreased about 30% along the course, p r = 0.69 to 0.88, p p = 0.041), but showed no association with any other seizure duration measure. This absence of association suggests that low-frequency activity and other seizure duration measures describe separate phenomena and should be expressed separately, rather than combined as the (traditional) total EEG paroxysmal duration.
Mechanism of methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog

The mechanism of the methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog was studied to determine the basis of the relationship, if any, between lens thickness and intraocular pressure. The results rule out a vasodilator component in methacholine intraocular pressure elevation, and the tonometric recording of the elevation makes unlikely the involvement of methacholine stimulation of the rectus muscles of the eye. Thus, indirect evidence points to methacholine stimulation of ciliary muscle contraction with consequent thickening of the lens as responsible for its intraocular pressure-elevating effect and, hence, the ability of the response under investigation to specify the cycloplegic liability of a neurotropic antispasmodic agent.
Chances of cure are not compromised with sphincter-saving procedures for cancer of the lower third of the rectum

Abstract Background. The goal of this study was to compare patterns of recurrence and long-term outcome after sphincter-saving procedures (SSPs) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in patients with tumors located in the lower third of the rectum. Methods. We reviewed the charts of 1001 patients operated on for primary rectal adenocarcinoma between 1980 and 1991. All patients with tumors located between 5 and 7 cm from the anal verge and treated with curative intent were included. Results. Of the 261 patients who met our criteria, 162 had undergone SSP and 99 had undergone APR. The local recurrence rates for SSP and APR were 8% and 11%, respectively (p = 0.41), and the distant metastases rates were 23% and 28%, respectively (p = 0.35). Recurrence and distant metastases rates for SSP and APR, respectively, did not differ by TNM classification: stage I, 10% versus 9% (p = 0.9); stage II, 25% versus 43% (p = 0.13); and stage III, 56% versus 57% (p = 0.92). Five-year disease-free survival rates for SSP and APR patients were 70.5% and 62.3%, respectively (p = 0.2). Conclusions. Tumors in the lower third of the rectum can be treated with sphincter-saving procedures without compromising the chance of cure.
Complex Reflection Subgroups of Real Reflection Groups

Abstract We find all irreducible rank n complex reflection subgroups of finite irreducible rank 2 n real reflection groups.
Some Results of a Multiple Ship Survey of the Gulf Stream

The first multiple ship survey of the Gulf Stream Area between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland took place during the period from the 6th to the 23rd of June 1950. The survey was given the code name “Operation Cabot” by the U. S. Navy Hydrogra hic Office which acted as headquarters &ring the planning and operational phases of the survey. The civilian scientist in charge of the technical phases of the program was Dr RICHARD H. FLEMING, Director, Division of Oceanography, U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00771.x
Ultra-luminous Supersoft X-ray Sources in Nearby Galaxies

Chandra and XMM-Newton improve our understanding of X-ray populations in galaxies. In particular, there exists a class of ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) for which the observed luminosity is greater than $10^{39}$ ergs s $^{-1}$ . ULXs are of great interest since they represent a population of possible intermediate-mass black holes. While the spectra of majority of ULXs are similar to Galactic X-ray binaries, a few ULXs have very soft X-ray emission ( $kT=50$ –100 eV) resembling supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) discovered in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. We here report some recent multiwavelength observations of three ultra-luminous SSSs in M101, NGC 300, and the Antennae. They have shown many interesting behaviors such as state transitions, spectral changes, and time variabilities in different timescales. Unlike typical SSSs, ultra-luminous SSSs are unlikely associated with white dwarfs because of the high X-ray luminosities. We discuss some binary models involving stellar-mass and intermediate-mass black holes to explain the nature of the systems.
Mental Health Services in Head Start

This dialog suggests that mental health services in Head Start should be more broadly defined than they currently are in many programs. Specifically, these services should emphasize the important role prevention (e.g., prereferral/identification) plays in promoting mental wellness. Additionally, this dialog briefly addresses the role of the mental health consultant in programs that broadly define mental health services and suggests the Head Start Program Performance Standards (HSPPS; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS]: Administration for Children and Families, 2001) may inadvertently contribute to narrowly defined mental health services. The dialog is intended to stimulate discussion on the conceptualizations of mental health services and the role of mental health consultants within Head Start. Following the dialog, a number of professionals reflect on these thoughts.
Sensitivity to error fields in NSTX high β plasmas

It was found that error field threshold decreases for high β in NSTX, although the density correlation in conventional threshold scaling implies the threshold would increase since higher β plasmas in our study have higher plasma density. This greater sensitivity to error field in higher β plasmas is due to error field amplification by plasmas. When the effect of amplification is included with ideal plasma response calculations, the conventional density correlation can be restored and threshold scaling becomes more consistent with low β plasmas. However, it was also found that the threshold can be significantly changed depending on plasma rotation. When plasma rotation was reduced by non-resonant magnetic braking, the further increase in sensitivity to error field was observed.
A model for the detection of weak ELF electric and magnetic fields

Abstract A model for the detection of weak electric and magnetic fields is developed by analogy to a phased array antenna and receiver. Pyramidal cells from the cortex of the brain are shown to have elements which can be modeled as an antenna, a mixer amplifier, and a neural network narrow band filter with summing junctions output which could, in turn, modulate the firing rate of a pacemaker cell or ongoing brain oscillations. The signal-to-noise ratio is shown to increase for signals which are coherent in time and space with the square root of the number of elements involved. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio may be enhanced by increasing the power spectral density of the ongoing chaotic oscillation at the applied signal frequency.
Excited-State Distortion of Rhenium(III) Sulfide and Selenide Clusters

The deactivation process for the excited-state decay of hexanuclear rhenium(III) sulfide and selenide clusters, [Re 6 S 8 ] 2 + and [Re 6 Se 8 ] 2 + , has been identified from temperature-dependent photophysical measurements and electronic structure calculations. Plots of In k n r vs T - 1 , where k n r is the nonradiative decay rate constant, yield activation energies for nonradiative energy dissipation ranging from 1221 to 1933 cm - 1 , after allowing for low-temperature tunneling. Nonlocal density-functional calculations, with varying proportions of Hartree-Fock exchange, well approximate the experimental 9 K emission maximum of the representative compound (Bu 4 N) 4 [Re 6 S 8 Cl 6 ]. The adiabatic potential energy surface of the luminescent, lowest energy triplet excited state is substantially fixed by symmetry, and the calculations provide quantitative characterization of its features. Notably, the experimental activation energies for a D 4 h ( 3 B 1 g ) → O h ( 1 A 1 g ) excited-state decay process have the same magnitude as zero-point corrected energies of well-defined PES local maxima. The results herein further contribute to rhenium chalcogenide clusters' stature as the most thoroughly characterized luminescent metal-metal bonded clusters known.
Probability distribution of ionized fragments following inner-shell-vacancy creation

The probabilities of differently ionized products following inner-shell-vacancy creation are calculated with account taken of Auger, Coster-Kronig, and radiative transitions. Results of calculations are presented for argonlike ions with different nuclear charges, both in the isolated state and in a plasma environment.
Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Finally, something that works

Due to a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the premature infant, and there is no effective preventive and/or therapeutic intervention. We have taken a basic biologic approach to elucidate the pathophysiology of BPD and have discovered that disruption of the alveolar Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) signaling is centrally involved in this process. Further, stabilization of this signaling pathway by using exogenous PTHrP agonists can prevent and/or rescue the molecular injuries caused by insults that lead to BPD. Based upon years of work in this field, here I provide a novel and innovative molecular approach, i.e., exogenous treatment with PTHrP pathway agonists to prevent and/or treat BPD. However, to avoid any later surprises, it is important to emphasize that before translating it into human trials, this approach needs further testing and refinement in animal models.
Using ERDS to Infer Copy-Number Variants in High-Coverage Genomes

Although there are many methods available for inferring copy-number variants (CNVs) from next-generation sequence data, there remains a need for a system that is computationally efficient but that retains good sensitivity and specificity across all types of CNVs. Here, we introduce a new method, estimation by read depth with single-nucleotide variants (ERDS), and use various approaches to compare its performance to other methods. We found that for common CNVs and high-coverage genomes, ERDS performs as well as the best method currently available (Genome STRiP), whereas for rare CNVs and high-coverage genomes, ERDS performs better than any available method. Importantly, ERDS accommodates both unique and highly amplified regions of the genome and does so without requiring separate alignments for calling CNVs and other variants. These comparisons show that for genomes sequenced at high coverage, ERDS provides a computationally convenient method that calls CNVs as well as or better than any currently available method.
Differentiation of Recurrent Pulmonary Emboli from Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease as a Cause of Cor Pulmonale

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had severe dyspnea and cor pulmonale that were suspected in life and proved at autopsy to be the result of multiple small pulmonary thromboemboti. Radionuclide lung scanning and pulmonary angiography failed to diagnose the extensive peripheral embolization in this setting. The sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic techniques are discussed, as well as the pulmonary function and gas exchange characteristics that led to the clinical suspicion of recurrent small emboli in this patient.
THE CONCEPT OF GROWTH IN THE EVALUATION OF COMMON STOCKS AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

Chapter ii summarizes the survey of the literature made concerning the topic of growth stocks. Chapter iii traces the evolution of common-stock theory of investment and its bearing on growth-stock valuation. Chapter iv attempts to define and to identify a growth stock. Chapters v and vi present a study of twelve major companies situated in the chemical products industry. Quantitative data are developed for each company for several test periods, the longest period being thirty years (1926-55). An investor is assumed to have made a 100-share commitment in each security at the beginning of each test period. Also, the investor is assumed to have retained all shares arising from stock dividends and splits and to have exercised all rights to purchase additional common stock. Several tables are developed which summarize the long-term investment results obtained from ownership of the chemical stocks under study.
The evolution of thoracic anesthesia.

The modern era of safe, routine intrathoracic surgery is relatively recent; it began in the 1930s. Although basic techniques for thoracic surgery had been developed earlier, successful operations within the chest could not be performed until some major problems in anesthetic management, which often are taken for granted today, had been solved. The foremost obstacle in the development of thoracic surgery as a specialty was the ‘‘pneumothorax problem.’’ Opening the pleural cavity to ambient pressure resulted in collapse of the lung and paradoxical respirations, a situation that could not be tolerated by a spontaneously breathing patient. Major advances in thoracic surgery coincided with changes in anesthetic practice. Developments and improvements in airway intubation techniques and devices, controlled ventilation, newer and safer anesthetic agents, accurate intraoperative monitoring, and control of postoperative pain all have enabled innovative and more complex surgical procedures to be performed safely. Starting with the introduction of inhalation anesthesia in the 1840s, by the beginning of the twentieth century, successful surgery within the abdominal cavity had become commonplace. The evolution of general surgery followed the routine practice of asepsis, the ability to administer blood and intravenous fluids, the availability of radiography and endoscopy techniques for diagnosis, and, most importantly, the administration of inhalational and regional anesthesia. Although the morbidity and mortality of abdominal operations were much greater than would be acceptable today, a patient undergoing a laparotomy for a bowel resection in 1930 had a reasonable chance of surviving the operative experience. This was not the situation for procedures within the chest. Before the 1930s, there was reluctance by thoracic surgeons to perform any but the simplest operation. Although thoracotomy was technically possible, the prognosis for any patient undergoing a major intrathoracic resection was extremely poor. The inability to operate successfully within the chest was the result of limitations in anesthetic practice. Anesthetic techniques for thoracic surgery had not changed significantly from what they had been 50 years earlier. In 1937, an authoritative surgical textbook described a technique of thoracic anesthesia that was essentially unchanged from a description published in another text in 1908 [1].
Influence of normal stress and grain shape on granular friction: Results of discrete element simulations

[1] Laboratory experiments of granular shear deformation demonstrate that loading conditions and grain characteristics can significantly affect the macroscopic friction of a granular material under shear. We have examined the variation of maximum sliding friction with normal stress and grain shape using a version of the distinct element method (DEM) that includes bonds between adjacent particles. In this way, arbitrarily shaped grains can be generated to reproduce more realistic fault gouge with a range of grain sizes and shapes. Two types of grains were designed to represent quartz gouge: rounded grains composed of seven close-packed particles and triangular grains composed of six close-packed particles. DEM experiments were conducted by shearing granular assemblages with different grain shape distributions using the identical boundary configurations (i.e., wall surface roughness) over a range of normal stresses from 5 to 100 MPa and were compared to equivalent experiments using reference circular particle assemblages. The results show an inverse power law relationship between normal stress and maximum sliding friction in all cases, where both its coefficient and exponent are dependent on gouge angularity. Under normal stress over 20 MPa, triangular grain assemblages exhibited the highest frictional strength and also the highest abundance of rotating grains, demonstrating that enhanced grain rolling alone does not explain the low frictional strength of simulated granular assemblages.
Psychological Studies in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Energy Research

Research on nonionizing electromagnetic (NIEM) energy has focused on potential hazards, and to a lesser degree beneficial applications, of radiofrequency (RF) fields and extremely low frequency (ELF) fields. The history of research on the potential biological effects of NIEM contains many psychological investigations. These psychological investigations were conducted primarily in the discipline of biopsychology and included interdisciplinary cooperation with engineering, physical sciences, and other disciplines not routinely associated with psychology. The current recommended exposure level for RF is based on behavioral observations of laboratory animals. Psychology has been and continues to be in the midst of controversy regarding the ability of low-frequency, low-level electromagnetic energy or electric and magnetic fields to affect living organisms.
Conceptus development during blastocyst elongation in lines of pigs selected for increased uterine capacity or ovulation rate.

Lines of pigs selected for increased uter- ine capacity have improved conceptus survival, where- as pigs selected for increased ovulation rate have de- creased conceptus survival relative to an unselected control line. The objective of this study was to evalu- ate conceptus development during blastocyst elonga- tion as a potential contributing factor to differences in conceptus survival rate among these pig lines. Concep- tuses were recovered from pregnant control, uterine capacity, and ovulation rate line gilts at d 10 and 12 of gestation. At d 10 of gestation, conceptus morphologic diversity was assessed by comparing within-litter av- erage conceptus diameter and the standard deviation of conceptus diameters. At d 12 of gestation, concep- tus morphologic diversity was assessed by comparing blastocyst populations obtained from individual gilts. Real-time PCR analyses for transcripts involved in ste- roidogenesis, cellular differentiation, and immune re- sponsiveness were performed on spherical, ovoid, and filamentous conceptuses recovered from these selec- tion lines. Uterine flushings were also assayed for total protein and estradiol-17β at d 10 and 12 of gestation. Morphological data were analyzed using ANOVA with the fixed effects of line, farrowing season, and their in- teractions. Conceptus mortality, uterine flushing, and real-time PCR data were analyzed using ANOVA with the fixed effects of line, day or blastocyst morphology, farrowing season, and their interactions. Conceptus mortality, measured as the ratio of conceptus recovery to ovulation rate, was not different between the lines on d 10 and 12 of gestation. There were no significant line effects for conceptus morphologic diversity at d 10 and 12 of gestation. Expression of transcripts associat- ed with steroidogenesis (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage, and aro- matase), cellular differentiation (cytokeratin-18 and vi- mentin), and immune responsiveness (interleukin-1β) in spherical, ovoid, and filamentous conceptuses was not different between the lines. Furthermore, protein and estradiol-17β in uterine flushings at d 10 and 12 of gestation were not different between the selection lines. These findings indicate limited, if any, deviations between these lines of pigs in conceptus development during blastocyst elongation and suggest that mecha- nisms involved in generating line differences in sur- vival rate likely are manifested later in gestation.
In Situ Observations of Interstellar Plasma with Voyager 1

Launched over 35 years ago, Voyagers 1 and 2 are on an epic journey outward from the Sun to reach the boundary between the solar plasma and the much cooler interstellar medium. The boundary, called the heliopause, is expected to be marked by a large increase in plasma density, from about 0.002 per cubic centimeter (cm−3) in the outer heliosphere, to about 0.1 cm−3 in the interstellar medium. On 9 April 2013, the Voyager 1 plasma wave instrument began detecting locally generated electron plasma oscillations at a frequency of about 2.6 kilohertz. This oscillation frequency corresponds to an electron density of about 0.08 cm−3, very close to the value expected in the interstellar medium. These and other observations provide strong evidence that Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause into the nearby interstellar plasma.
Recombination signal sequence variations and the mechanism of patterned T-cell receptor-β locus rearrangement

Rearrangement of antigen receptor genes is controlled at multiple levels. One important regulation is achieved through variation in the recombination signals (RS) that flank the rearranging variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments. Several functional and biochemical studies have confirmed the importance of RS variations in gene rearrangement but very few molecular analyses has been reported with known, endogenous RS motifs. We have shown previously that rearrangement of the murine T-cell receptor (TCR)-B, D, and J genes follows a stereotypical pattern determined largely by the BJ genes and their flanking RS. Therefore, we studied the mechanism by which the endogenous BJ RS determine patterned gene rearrangement. We have compared the activity of three representative RS in transfection and in vitro DNA cleavage assays. Mutagenesis studies identified residues in various components of the RS and flanking coding ends that cooperate to determine the ultimate efficiency of recombination. Surprisingly, we find that changes in one component of the RS can be compensated by other elements to restore functional activity. DNA electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) show that a combinatorial effect of various higher order protein/RS complexes can, in part, control the efficiency of recombination. We propose that evolution of a patterned primary antigen receptor repertoire reflects the delicate interplay between various components of the RS and flanking coding end motifs resulting from the highly flexible interactions of the recombinase with its target DNA.
A comparison of traffic estimates of nocturnal flying animals using radar, thermal imaging, and acoustic recording

There are several remote-sensing tools readily available for the study of nocturnally flying animals (e.g., migrating birds), each possessing unique measurement biases. We used three tools (weather surveillance radar, thermal infrared camera, and acoustic recorder) to measure temporal and spatial patterns of nocturnal traffic estimates of flying animals during the spring and fall of 2011 and 2012 in Lewes, Delaware, USA. Our objective was to compare measures among different technologies to better understand their animal detection biases. For radar and thermal imaging, the greatest observed traffic rate tended to occur at, or shortly after, evening twilight, whereas for the acoustic recorder, peak bird flight-calling activity was observed just prior to morning twilight. Comparing traffic rates during the night for all seasons, we found that mean nightly correlations between acoustics and the other two tools were weakly correlated (thermal infrared camera and acoustics, r = 0.004 ± 0.04 SE, n = 100 nights; radar and acoustics, r = 0.14 ± 0.04 SE, n = 101 nights), but highly variable on an individual nightly basis (range = -0.84 to 0.92, range = -0.73 to 0.94). The mean nightly correlations between traffic rates estimated by radar and by thermal infrared camera during the night were more strongly positively correlated (r = 0.39 ± 0.04 SE, n = 125 nights), but also were highly variable for individual nights (range = -0.76 to 0.98). Through comparison with radar data among numerous height intervals, we determined that flying animal height above the ground influenced thermal imaging positively and flight call detections negatively. Moreover, thermal imaging detections decreased with the presence of cloud cover and increased with mean ground flight speed of animals, whereas acoustic detections showed no relationship with cloud cover presence but did decrease with increased flight speed. We found sampling methods to be positively correlated when comparing mean nightly traffic rates across nights. The strength of these correlations generally increased throughout the night, peaking 2-3 hours before morning twilight. Given the convergence of measures by different tools at this time, we suggest that researchers consider sampling flight activity in the hours before morning twilight when differences due to detection biases among sampling tools appear to be minimized.
Autocrine/paracrine regulation of pituitary function by activin, inhibin and follistatin

The precise regulation of the anterior pituitary is achieved by the cell-specific and combined actions of central, peripheral and local factors. Activins, inhibins, and follistatins were first discovered as gonadal factors with actions on FSH production from pituitary gonadotropes. With the realization that these factors are expressed in a wide array of tissues, including the pituitary, it became apparent that the functional importance of activins, inhibins, and follistatins extends beyond the reproductive axis and that they often exert their effects by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. As members of the TGF-beta superfamily, activins and inhibins control and orchestrate many physiological processes and are vital for the development, the growth, and the functional integrity of most tissues, including the pituitary. Activins exert effects on multiple pituitary cell types but the best-characterized pituitary targets of the autocrine/paracrine function of activins are the gonadotropes. The autocrine/paracrine function of the activin-binding proteins, follistatins, constitutes an important local mechanism to modulate activin bioactivity while the restricted actions of gonadal inhibins to betaglycan-expressing gonadotropes provides a secondary mode of regulation of cell-specific actions of activins. The aim of this review is to highlight and evaluate experimental evidence that supports the roles of activins, inhibins, and follistatins as autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine modulators of the pituitary.
Mechanical Loading—A Primary Source of Waviness in Mechanical Face Seals

The face waviness found in contacting mechanical face seals is investigated. Several sources of this waviness are identified. It is shown that concentrated drive forces are one of the most important sources. General equations for ring deflections are developed. Using these equations and typical drive arrangements, the deflection of seal rings is determined. The character of this deflection is established using a harmonic analysis of the deflection curve. It is shown that the second harmonic generally predominates and that odd value harmonics can also be expected. The methods developed are applied to an actual seal application to determine expected waviness. These results are compared to experimental wear profiles, and agreement is good. Methods of reducing waviness are discussed. It is concluded that drive forces are a major source of waviness in contacting face seals. Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 10–13, 1976
Won't You Be My Neighbor? Norms of Cooperation, Public Broadcasting, and the Collective Action Problem*

Objectives. The logic of collective action suggests that public broadcasting stations should not receive the empirically observed level of member support they do. Why do people contribute to public television when they can view it without contributing? Methods. The hypothesis tested is that “norms of cooperation” govern the behavior of individuals in collective action situations. This article tests the hypothesis with an original survey of public television viewers in three large communities. Results. The survey data provide support for the “norms of cooperation” hypothesis. The higher the level of characteristics of an individual that measure cooperation, the more likely the individual is to give to public broadcasting, all other factors being equal. Conclusions. Norms of cooperation—an important part of social capital—help overcome the logic of collective action where it concerns public television contributions.
Heat balance statistics derived from four-dimensional assimilations with a global circulation model

The reported investigation was conducted to develop a reliable procedure for obtaining the diabatic and vertical terms required for atmospheric heat balance studies. The method developed employs a four-dimensional assimilation mode in connection with the general circulation model of NASA's Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences. The initial analysis was conducted with data obtained in connection with the 1976 Data Systems Test. On the basis of the results of the investigation, it appears possible to use the model's observationally constrained diagnostics to provide estimates of the global distribution of virtually all of the quantities which are needed to compute the atmosphere's heat and energy balance.
Power integrated circuits&#8212;A brief overview

A brief overview of developments in power and high-voltage integrated circuits is presented. The technology can be classified into two types: 1) smart power devices that contain one or more common drain, vertical power transistors with control, and protective circuitry built on the same chip, and 2) high-voltage integrated circuits that combine lateral high-voltage with CMOS logic and analog bipolar circuits on the same chip. These technologies are being aimed at display drivers, telecommunications, motor drives, power supplies, and automotive electronics. A rapid growth in their application in the future can be expected.
Choice of long-term strategy for the management of patients with severe esophagitis: A cost-utility analysis

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Omeprazole has shown remarkable efficacy and safety in the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); similarly, laparoscopic techniques have allowed less morbidity in patients undergoing fundoplication procedures. Concerns about the long-term cost and safety of both strategies have prompted a debate of their role in long-term management of patients with severe erosive esophagitis. METHODS: A cost-utility analysis was performed to compare two strategies: laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) vs. omeprazole. A two-stage Markov model was used to obtain cost and efficacy estimates; all estimates were discounted at 3% per year. The time horizon was 5 years. Sensitivity analyses were performed on all relevant variables. RESULTS: Both strategies were similarly effective (4.33 quality-adjusted life years per patient), with omeprazole less expensive than LNF ($6053 vs. $9482 per patient). At 10 years, LNF and omeprazole costs were similar. Efficacy estimates were extremely sensitive to changes in quality of life associated with postoperative symptoms and long-term use of medication. CONCLUSIONS: Medical therapy is the preferred treatment strategy for most patients with severe erosive esophagitis. Individuals with a long life expectancy are good candidates for LNF if postoperative morbidity is low and GERD symptoms remain abated for many years. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1078-86)
Critical Reviews of Recent Books

Abstract May, R. The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: Ronald Press, 1950. Reviewed by E. Lakin Phillips
Simulating Parkinson's disease patient deficits using a COVIS-based computational model

COVIS is a neurobiologically motivated model of perceptual category learning. It includes two competing systems: the hypothesis-testing system mediates learning and performance in tasks requiring explicit reasoning; the procedural system mediates learning and performance in tasks that are achieved procedurally through trial and error learning when no explicit rule/strategy exists. Here we describe a computational implementation of COVIS used to model the differential effects of dopamine depletion on performance in a perceptual category-learning task and the simplified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
A reduced-order dynamical model for running with curved legs

Some of the unique properties associated with running with curved legs or feet (as opposed to point-contact feet) are examined in this work, including the rolling contact motion, the change of the leg's effective stiffness and rest length, the shift of the effective flexion point along the leg, and the compliant-vaulting motions over its tiptoe during stance. To examine these factors, a novel torque-driven reduced-order dynamical model with a clock-based control scheme and with a simple motor model is developed (named as torque-driven and damped half-circle-leg model (TD-HCL)). The controller parameters are optimized for running efficiency and forward speed using a direct search method, and the results are compared to those of other existing dynamical models such as the torque-driven and damped spring-loaded-inverted-pendulum (TD-SLIP) model, the torque-driven and damped two-segment-leg (TD-TSL) model, and the TD-SLIP with a rolling foot (TD-SLIP-RF) model. The results show that running with rolling is more efficient and more stable than running with legs that involve pin joint contact model. This work begins to explain why autonomous robots using curved legs run efficiently and robustly. New curved legs are designed and manufactured in order to validate these results.
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene carriage were compared among suspected community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (CA-MRSA) and health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) isolates. CA-MRSA isolates carried the SCCmec type IV complex, and most were PVL positive. The HA-MRSA isolates carried the SCCmec type II complex and did not harbor the PVL genes.
The Sources, Date and Transmission of Didache 1.3b–2.1

The unsatisfactory quality of the witnesses to the text of the Didache, especially that of Bryennios' codex Hierosolymitanus 54 (a.D. 1056), has been emphasized in a well-known paper by Erik Peterson. This evaluation holds true for Did. 1.3D–2.1, the object of the present study, to an even greater extent than was indicated by Peterson.
Linear Programming Foundations

Linear programming (LP) definitions and other preliminaries are the subjects of this chapter; systematic methods of solving LP problems begin in Chapter 3. The term programming here does not refer to computers, although LP problems are widely, frequently, and almost exclusively solved on computers. Rather, the term is a synonym for general planning or scheduling, as in the phrase “programming of activities.” The words allocating, routing, and assigning often appear in LP problems and, therefore, clarify further the meaning of “programming” in the name of our subject. Some general examples of such programming are the following: allocating time among users of certain equipment, routing long-distance telephone calls through many cities, planning how much fuel an aircraft will take on at various stops, and assigning quantities of crude oil to several refineries. Two important LP problems, known as the production problem and the diet problem, are formulated in detail in this chapter. All these programming problems, and many others, are of considerable significance to industries such as telecommunications, airlines, petroleum, transportation, and food. In addition, many science, economics, and military problems involve LP. Thus, among mathematical disciplines linear programming is one of extraordinary applicability. The 1988 Book of the Year of the Encyclopedia Brittanica states that hundreds of thousands of LP problems are solved each day! We are content to discuss a few classical problems and some small-scale numerical examples.
Macro effects of microRNAs in plants

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20- to 22-nucleotide fragments that regulate expression of mRNAs that have complementary sequences. They are numerous and widespread among eukaryotes, being conserved throughout evolution. The few miRNAs that have been fully characterized were found in Caenorhabditis elegans and are required for development. Recently, a study of miRNAs isolated from Arabidopsis showed that here also developmental genes are putative regulatory targets. A role for miRNAs have in plant development is supported by the developmental phenotypes of mutations in the genes required for miRNA processing.