cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Features and Forecast Model Analysis for the Morbidity of Influenza in Ningbo, China, 2006–2014

This study aimed to identify circulating influenza virus strains and vulnerable population groups and investigate the distribution and seasonality of influenza viruses in Ningbo, China. Then, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for prediction was established. Influenza surveillance data for 2006–2014 were obtained for cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) (n = 129,528) from the municipal Centers for Disease Control and virus surveillance systems of Ningbo, China. The ARIMA model was proposed to predict the expected morbidity cases from January 2015 to December 2015. Of the 13,294 specimens, influenza virus was detected in 1148 (8.64%) samples, including 951 (82.84%) influenza type A and 197 (17.16%) influenza type B viruses; the influenza virus isolation rate was strongly correlated with the rate of ILI during the overall study period (r = 0.20, p < 0.05). The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 0)12 model could be used to predict the ILI incidence in Ningbo. The seasonal pattern of influenza activity in Ningbo tended to peak during the rainy season and winter. Given those results, the model we established could effectively predict the trend of influenza-related morbidity, providing a methodological basis for future influenza monitoring and control strategies in the study area.
International Corporations and Taxes

International trade has more than doubled over the last 25 years and continues to grow [HinesS:09]. More than 70 % of US international trade is now in the hands of multinational corporations, companies that have operations and legal residences in more than one country [Clausing:06]. More than half of the trade of those multinational corporations, and about half of all US international trade, is shipped among their international divisions [Economist:11]. Intra-firm trading is not as visible as external sales. Trading among corporate divisions has given multinational companies ample opportunities to minimize taxes by adjusting prices for transfers of their goods [Kopits:76]. What’s more, establishing fair transfer prices is especially difficult when dealing with intangible goods and assets [Harrison:03]. Those intangible assets are the principal component of today’s knowledge-based industries [Nakamura:99].
Scheuermann’s Kyphosis

Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) is an abnormally increased kyphosis in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine that has characteristic vertebral wedging and other abnormalities. This condition usually presents in adolescence (with more boys than girls affected) either because of pain or deformity. The sequelae of untreated hyper-kyphosis as it persists into adulthood are back pain, overall postural changes, and pulmonary abnormalities as well as decreased quality of life. The etiology involves asymmetric growth of the vertebrae in the sagittal plane at the apex. Diagnosis is made on plain standing radiographs with advanced imaging used as needed for specific reasons. Nonoperative treatment (bracing) may be effective in skeletally immature patients without severe deformity. Surgical treatment is reserved for severe curves and requires at least posterior spinal fusion with posterior segmental spinal instrumentation and additional multiple osteotomies to achieve appropriate correction and balance. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a necessity. A number of complications can occur with surgical treatment, especially proximal and distal junctional kyphosis/failure, infection, and rarely paralysis.
Exemplars in the coverage of the Bangsamoro framework agreement: using computational tools to compare Qatari and Philippine news framing

On 7 October 2012, the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front agreed to the framework of a peace deal (signed on 15 October 2012) with the aim to pave the way for enduring peac...
Is Home Where the Heart Is?: The Role of Neighborhood in Heart Failure Risk

See Article by Akwo et al The proverb “Home is where the heart is” has many meanings and interpretations. However, its meaning certainly incorporates the idea that a home is more than the bricks and mortar of a house, and a neighborhood is more than a cluster of houses situated near one another. Rather, home and neighborhood are places that are intimately tied to our emotions, our social networks, and even our physical health, in particular our heart health. The notion that the places we live have an impact on cardiovascular health is not new. In 1973, Harburg et al1 linked residence in high- versus low-stress neighborhoods of Detroit with increased risk of hypertension. Building on this research, Haan et al2 reported an association between living in an impoverished region and increased all-cause mortality, independent of demographic, individual socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. The landmark study by Diez Roux et al3 in 2001 found that even after controlling for personal income, education, and occupation, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Since then, many …
Urinary Tubular Injury Biomarkers Are Associated With ESRD and Death in the REGARDS Study.

Introduction Urinary neutrophil gelatinase−associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and urinary kidney injury molecule−1 (uKIM-1) are established markers of subclinical acute kidney injury. In persons with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria who are at high risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death, the associations of these urinary markers with incident ESRD or death is an area of active investigation. Methods Among 1472 black and white participants from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study with eGFR ≤60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] cystatin, 2012) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g, we evaluated the associations of baseline uNGAL and uKIM-1 with progression to ESRD and all-cause death. Cox models were sequentially adjusted for urinary creatinine, traditional risk factors, C-reactive protein, ACR, and eGFR. Results There were 257 ESRD events and 819 deaths over a median follow-up of 5.7 and 6.5 years, respectively. In demographic adjusted models, higher levels of uNGAL were associated with increased risk of ESRD and death, but these associations were attenuated in fully adjusted models including baseline eGFR for both ESRD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.06 per doubling, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98–1.14) and death (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.00–1.08). Higher levels of uKIM-1 were associated with increased risk of ESRD and death in demographic-adjusted models, and although attenuated in fully adjusted models, remained statistically significant for both ESRD (HR = 1.24 per doubling, 95% CI = 1.08–1.42) and death (HR = 1.10, 95% CI =1.03–1.19). Conclusion In this cohort of high-risk patients with baseline eGFR ≤60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and albuminuria, renal tubular injury is associated with higher mortality and progression to ESRD. Further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanism underlying this increased risk.
PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SPANISH BITUMINOUS COALS FROM THE CENTRAL AND TEVERGA BASINS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on petrographic characterization of Spanish bituminous coals from the Central and Teverga Basins. It presents a study of selected samples of high-volatile bituminous coals with ash contents lower than 15% of different ranks. Coals from Teverga Basin were directly collected in an underground mine. Coals from Central Basin come from INCAR Coal Bank. Preparation and analysis of coal samples were made according to standard methods. Maceral analysis was carried out by optical microscopy, combining white and blue light to avoid undercounting the liptinite macerals. A minimum of 1,000 points were identified in each of the two pellets and were recorded with a mean variation less than 2%. The maceral and reflectance measurements were performed with a Leitz MPVII microscope in oil immersion. The standard used for the reflectance measurements had values very close to the samples. All the analyzed coals show components of the three maceral groups.
Emotional Disorders in Chronic Medical Illness

The percentage of people over age 65 is growing at a rapid rate and is expected to double over the next 50 years (Burch, 1985). Currently, 12% of the U.S. population is older than 65, but in 40 years it is estimated that one in five Americans will survive to this age (Burch, 1985). This demographic shift will challenge health care providers to diagnose and treat the accompanying change in mental health needs of the aging population.
Life in the Female Cabin Groups

The five girls in Cabin Five experienced few major problems during their five weeks together. Cabin authority and power were primarily invested in one girl who indirectly asserted herself during the first week of camp, and then effectively withdrew from active participation in group power struggles until the last days of camp when her authority was challenged. In the interim, more assertive and overt dominance acts pervaded cabin life, especially directed against a vulnerable, submissive girl. Power status was recognized and stabilized at the poles, top and bottom, and three girls fluctuated within the middle ranks of dominance status. The cabin counselor, CH, wrote after the camp session: “While there were problems every day, we managed to survive the five weeks; others were not so lucky.”
Evaluation of the PRISMA M10 circuit in critically ill infants with acute kidney injury: A report from the Prospective Pediatric CRRT Registry Group.

Currently available extracorporeal circuits in the US often require blood priming to prevent hypotension/anemia in smaller pediatric patients. The PRISMA M10 circuit, available in other countries h...
Pedagogy and Curriculum

In attempting to evaluate the limited number of references to curricular problems and pedagogy in Lichtenberg’s works, we should not forget to view these in terms of the state of pedagogy of his own time. It is important that we refrain from insisting that our curriculum2 and pedagogy must determine the historical perspective.3
Diagnosis of niemann-pick C1 by measurement of bile acid biomarkers in archived newborn dried blood spots.

Abstract Background Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare, neurodegenerative cholesterol storage disorder. Diagnostic delay of >5 years is common due to the rarity of the disease and non-specific early symptoms. To improve diagnosis and facilitate early intervention, we previously developed a newborn screening assay based on newly identified plasma bile acid biomarkers. Because the newborn screen had been validated using dried blood spots (DBS) from already diagnosed NPC1 patients, an unanswered question was whether the screen would be able to detect individuals with NPC1 at birth. Methods To address this critical question, we obtained the newborn DBS for already diagnosed NPC1 subjects (n = 15) and carriers (n = 3) residing in California, New York, and Michigan states that archive residual DBS in biorepositories. For each of the DBS, we obtained two neighbor controls – DBS from patients born on the same day and in the same hospital as the NPC1 patients and carriers. 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxycholanic acid (bile acid A) and trihydroxycholanic acid glycine conjugate (bile acid B) were measured in the DBS using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Results Bile acid B, the more specific biomarker for which the fully validated DBS assay was developed, was detected in 8/15 NPC1 patients, and elevated above the cut-off in 2/15 patients (the two samples with the shortest storage time). Bile acid B was detected in 2/2, 6/10, and 0/7 NPC1 samples that have been stored for 20 years, respectively, indicating that the glycine conjugate is detectable in DBS but may have reduced long-term stability compared with bile acid A, the precursor trihydroxycholanic acid, which was elevated in 15/15 NPC1 subjects, but not in carriers and controls. Conclusions These results demonstrate that newborn screening for NPC1 disease is feasible using bile acid biomarkers.
Collaborating to assess the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy in medically operable stage I non-small cell lung cancer

We appreciate the editorial by Drs. Stokes and Rusthoven about our recent publication that compared the outcomes of patients treated with either a video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) lobectomy or stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at a single Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center (1,2).
Adult Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Student and Prelicensure Registered Nurse Student Perceptions of Intradisciplinary, High-Fidelity Rapid Response Team Simulations

Abstract Background Adult gerontology acute care nurse practitioner (AGACNP) students and prelicensure registered nurse (RN) students rarely have the opportunity to actively participate in the management of acutely decompensating patients during inpatient clinical rotations. However, upon completion of their academic programs, these two groups will frequently interact in the hospital setting when managing acutely ill patients. This combined lack of hands-on experience and failure to practice team interactions may contribute to impaired intradisciplinary collaboration, delayed utilization of the organizational rapid response team (RRT), and adverse patient outcomes. Methods AGACNP and RN students were presented with high-fidelity simulation experiences in which they worked collaboratively to stabilize and manage acutely ill patients after RRT activation. Following debriefing after the simulation experience, AGACNP and RN students were provided with an optional pen and paper survey that measured their perceptions of the experience on a five-point Likert scale. Results The survey data support that the RRT simulation experience provided AGACNP students with the opportunity to lead and collaborate with intradisciplinary team members in stressful situations and reinforced their views that detailed communication and a cohesive team is critical in the management of acutely ill patients. The experience assisted RN students in identifying criteria for RRT activation, practicing communication skills with intradisciplinary health care team members, working collaboratively as part of an intradisciplinary team, and recognizing areas for improvement in communication. Conclusions AGACNP and RN students perceive intradisciplinary, high-fidelity simulation to be a valuable form of preparation in the management of acutely ill patients requiring RRT activation.
Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management.

Overview Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MCs) in extra-cutaneous organs. Diagnosis The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of abnormal MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC CD25 expression, and presence of KITD816V mutation. Risk stratification Establishing SM subtype as per the World Health Organization classification system is an important first step. Broadly, patients either have indolent/smoldering SM (ISM/SSM) or advanced SM, the latter includes aggressive SM (ASM), SM with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN), and mast cell leukemia (MCL). Identification of poor-risk mutations (ie, ASXL1, RUNX1, SRSF2, NRAS) further refines the risk stratification. Recently, clinical and hybrid clinical-molecular risk models have been developed to more accurately assign prognosis in SM patients. Management ISM patients have a normal life expectancy and treatment is generally limited to anaphylaxis prevention/symptom control/osteoporosis treatment. Patients with advanced SM frequently need MC cytoreductive therapy to ameliorate disease-related organ dysfunction. High response rates have been seen with small-molecule inhibitors that target mutant-KIT, including midostaurin (Food and Drug Administration approved) or avapritinib (investigational). Other options for MC cytoreduction include cladribine or interferon-α, although head-to-head comparisons are lacking. Treatment of SM-AHN primarily targets the AHN component, if an aggressive disease such as acute myeloid leukemia is present. Allogeneic stem cell transplant can be considered in such patients, or in those with relapsed/refractory advanced SM. Imatinib has a limited therapeutic role in SM; effective cytoreduction is limited to those with imatinib-sensitive KIT mutations.
Sox10 Regulates Plasticity of Epithelial Progenitors toward Secretory Units of Exocrine Glands

Understanding how epithelial progenitors within exocrine glands establish specific cell lineages and form complex functional secretory units is vital for organ regeneration. Here we identify the transcription factor Sox10 as essential for both the maintenance and differentiation of epithelial KIT+FGFR2b+ progenitors into secretory units, containing acinar, myoepithelial, and intercalated duct cells. The KIT/FGFR2b-Sox10 axis marks the earliest multi-potent and tissue-specific progenitors of exocrine glands. Genetic deletion of epithelial Sox10 leads to loss of secretory units, which reduces organ size and function, but the ductal tree is retained. Intriguingly, the remaining duct progenitors do not compensate for loss of Sox10 and lack plasticity to properly form secretory units. However, overexpression of Sox10 in these ductal progenitors enhances their plasticity toward KIT+ progenitors and induces differentiation into secretory units. Therefore, Sox10 controls plasticity and multi-potency of epithelial KIT+ cells in secretory organs, such as mammary, lacrimal, and salivary glands.
Gas-Solid Interface Emissions Determined by the Esaw Charge Detection Method

The application of high voltages to highly insulating materials such as employed in compressed gas insulated equipment can result in small, but finite, charge transport. The high electric fields, can also stimulate the release of charge carriers from gas/solid interfaces. Such small currents over extended periods of normal operation, or under repeated over-voltages, can cause significant distortions of the internal electric fields. Such charging is significant because gas insulation is sensitive to breakdown triggered by even modest amounts of over stress in local or broad area regions1,2. To better control such charging and therefore prevent premature failures caused by these overstresses a means to study interface charging effects is needed.
Differentiating Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features from Classic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Analysis of Cytomorphologic Descriptions Using a Novel Machine-Learning Approach

Background: Recent studies show various cytomorphologic features that can assist in the differentiation of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC) from noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). Differentiating these two entities changes the clinical management significantly. We evaluated the performance of support vector machine (SVM), a machine learning algorithm, in differentiating cases of NIFTP and encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with no capsular or lymphovascular invasion (EFVPTC) from cases of cPTC with the use of microscopic descriptions. SVM is a supervised learning algorithm used in classification problems. It assigns the input data to one of two categories by building a model based on a set of training examples (learning) and then using that learned model to classify new examples. Methods: Surgical pathology cases with the diagnosis of cPTC, NIFTP, and EFVPTC, were obtained from the laboratory information system. Only cases with existing fine-needle aspiration matching the tumor and available microscopic description were included. NIFTP cases with ipsilateral micro-PTC were excluded. The final cohort consisted of 59 cases (29 cPTCs and 30 NIFTP/EFVPTCs). Results: SVM successfully differentiated cPTC from NIFTP/EFVPTC 76.05 ± 0.96% of times (above chance,P
SAR Image Statistics by Bandwidth Using a Mixture Distribution of Persistent Scatterer and Clutter Distributions

In InSAR time series analysis, persistent scatterers (PS) are pixels that remain temporally correlated even in areas of otherwise high decorrelation. Using these stable pixels as reference points, we can analyze deformation signals on the Earth’s surface down to the millimeter scale. PS possess different physical and statistical properties compared to the background, and analyzing the statistical behavior of PS can help to elucidate radar backscattering behavior from different terrain. Here, we propose a new statistical characterization of SAR image power using a mixture distribution of PS and non-PS points, i.e. clutter. We find that a lognormal distribution fits both pixel types, validated by a scattering model that is a function of bandwidth. We present here from C-band RADARSAT-2 data, and will compare these with additional C-band Sentinel data and L-band data from ALOS-2.
Acide urique et arthrose : données en faveur d’une relation réciproque

Resume L’hyperuricemie est une maladie courante qui, chez un certain nombre de patients, peut se compliquer de goutte. L’arthrose est la plus frequente des arthropathies et coexiste frequemment avec la goutte chez un meme patient. La relation entre ces deux entites doit cependant etre clarifiee, en particulier l’impact de l’arthrose sur le developpement de la goutte et l’impact de la goutte sur l’initiation de l’arthrose. Par ailleurs, le role de l’hyperuricemie dans la survenue de l’arthrose en l’absence de goutte n’est pas etabli. Nous passons en revue les donnees qui permettent de faire le lien entre la goutte et l’arthrose, en s’attachant tout particulierement a determiner le role de l’hyperuricemie avec ou sans manifestation clinique de goutte. Compte tenu de la disponibilite des traitements de l’hyperuricemie et de la goutte mais pas celui de l’arthrose, l’implication de l’acide urique dans la pathogenese de l’arthrose pourrait avoir des repercussions cliniques majeures.
Structural and functional characterization of three Type B and C chloramphenicol acetyltransferases from Vibrio species

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs) were among the first antibiotic resistance enzymes identified and have long been studied as model enzymes for examining plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance. These enzymes acetylate the antibiotic chloramphenicol, which renders it incapable of inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. CATs can be classified into different types: Type A CATs are known to be important for antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol and fusidic acid. Type B CATs are often called xenobiotic acetyltransferases and adopt a similar structural fold to streptogramin acetyltransferases, which are known to be critical for streptogramin antibiotic resistance. Type C CATs have recently been identified and can also acetylate chloramphenicol, but their roles in antibiotic resistance are largely unknown. Here, we structurally and kinetically characterized three Vibrio CAT proteins from a nonpathogenic species (Aliivibrio fisheri) and two important human pathogens (Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus). We found all three proteins, including one in a superintegron (V. cholerae), acetylated chloramphenicol, but did not acetylate aminoglycosides or dalfopristin. We also determined the 3D crystal structures of these CATs alone and in complex with crystal violet and taurocholate. These compounds are known inhibitors of Type A CATs, but have not been explored in Type B and Type C CATs. Based on sequence, structure, and kinetic analysis, we concluded that the V. cholerae and V. vulnificus CATs belong to the Type B class and the A. fisheri CAT belongs to the Type C class. Ultimately, our results provide a framework for studying the evolution of antibiotic resistance gene acquisition and chloramphenicol acetylation in Vibrio and other species.
Metabolic Activation of Hydrazines to Highly Reactive Hepatotoxic Intermediates

Substituted hydrazine derivatives are receiving considerable attention in chemical toxicology because of their widespread use as therapeutic agents for the treatment of depression, tuberculosis, and cancer, as herbicides, as intermediates in chemical syntheses, and even as rocket fuels. Hydrazines can produce many toxic responses, including methemoglobinemia, cell necrosis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. We would like to report on our work concerning the possible mechanism of hepatotoxicity caused by the tuberculostatic drug isoniazid and related hydrazine compounds.
THU0210 Clinical longterm updateable evaluation (clue) forms for clinical features and medications used in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background Rheumatologists collect similar data in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) concerning clinical features, such as extra-articular disease, comorbidities, and classification criteria, as well as a history of therapies used in patient management. However, these data generally are collected in non-standard formats. Therefore, much clinical data are not easily accessible to the clinician in routine long-term care of individual patients, or to workers in clinical research concerning cohorts of patients at one centre or multiple centres. Advances in laboratory and clinical science are enhanced when data are collected in a standard format. Objectives To develop two clinical long term updateable evaluation (CLUE) standard forms for use in the management of patients with RA, one concerning clinical features, and the second concerning medication history, which can be maintained indefinitely at the front of the medical record. Methods Two one page CLUE forms were developed for use in usual clinical care. The RA clinical features CLUE form includes extra-articular disease, comorbidities, classification criteria for RA, possible family history of RA, records of joint surgeries/dates and radiographs. The medication review CLUE form includes all DMARDs and most current NSAIDs. Each form is designed to be updated easily at each visit, without a need to collect the data again. Results The CLUE forms have been used to characterise 102 consecutive patients with RA in routine clinical care. Medications in current use included prednisone (median dose 4 mg per day) by 94% of patients, methotrexate (median dose 15 mg per week) by 86%, hydroxycholoroquine by 28%, leflunomide by 10%, cyclosporine by 8%, etanercept by 8%, infliximab by 8%, auranofin by 3%, gold injections by 3%, azathioprine by 2%, penicillamine by 1%, and sulfasalazine by 1% of patients. Extra-articular disease included malaise reported by 72% of patients, dry mouth by 46%, carpal tunnel syndrome 37% dry eyes by 35%, and scleritis by 9% of patients at any time in the course of RA. Comorbities included chronic back pain in 36% of patients, hypertension in 31%, peptic ulcer in 27%, esophageal symptoms in 25%, cataract in 20%, thyroid disease in 11%, cancer in 10%, diabetes mellitus in 4%, renal disease in 3% of patients. Sixty-three percent of patients had smoked cigarettes and 28% were current smokers. Conclusion Two simple clinical longterm updateable evaluation (CLUE) forms are easily completed in usual clinical care to characterise patients with RA. These forms are complemented by a patient questionnaire and joint count form, to provide simple, standardised measures of RA for improved clinical care, clinical research, and clinical outcomes.
Prevalence of normal coronary arteries by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Semaglutide Treatment on Coronary Plaque Progression (STOP) trial

Abstract Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is leading cause of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetics (T2DM). Methods 140 T2DM will be enrolled in randomized, double blind, placebo controlled Semaglutide Treatment On Coronary Plaque Progression (STOP) trial to determine effect of weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on coronary plaque progression. All participants will undergo Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Scoring and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) at our center. A Fisher test, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis were used. Results As of May 2020, 87 patients (81%) randomized (mean age 56.4 ± 8.4 yrs. and 62% male) with documented CAD by CCTA. Approximately 20% of screened study population were screen failed due to normal coronaries (n= 14) or HbA1C Of interest, 14 persons with diabetes with normal coronaries (no calcification) were significantly more likely to be females (21% vs 62%), have higher glomerular filtration rate (106.5 ± 19.4 vs 89.9 ± 22.6 mL/min/1.73m2; p= 0.006), and younger (53.4 ± 9.0 vs 56.4 ± 8.4 yrs.; p=0.02) than those who were randomized. Conclusion Among T2DM, there is a significant portion who have normal coronary arteries and may have a better prognosis. Excluding these participants from cardiovascular studies may improve power and decrease sample size.
In vitro reconstitution reveals major differences between human and bacterial cytochrome c synthases

From tiny bacteria to the tallest trees, most life on Earth carries a protein called cytochrome c, which helps to create the energy that powers up cells. Cytochrome c does so thanks to its heme, a molecule that enables the chemical reactions required for the energy-creating process. Despite both relying on cytochrome c, animals and bacteria differ in the enzyme they use to attach the heme to the cytochrome. Spotting variations in how this ‘cytochrome c synthase’ works would help to find compounds that deactivate the enzyme in bacteria, but not in humans. However, studying cytochrome c synthase in living cells is challenging. To bypass this issue, Sutherland, Mendez, Babbitt et al. successfully reconstituted cytochrome c synthases from humans and bacteria in test tubes. This allowed them to examine in detail which structures the enzymes recognize to spot where to attach the heme onto their target. The experiments revealed that human and bacterial synthases actually rely on different parts of the cytochrome c to orient themselves. Different short compounds could also block either the human or bacterial enzyme. Variations between human and bacterial cytochrome c synthase could lead to new antibiotics which deactivate the cytochrome and kill bacteria while sparing patients. The next step is to identify molecules that specifically interfere with cytochrome c synthase in bacteria, and could be tested in clinical trials.
P-OT029. Clinical neurophysiology social media engagement differs between facebook and twitter users

Introduction. In an age where social media is prevalent and long hours are spent browsing through the internet, it is crucial to understand audience engagement. Two of the most common platforms used worldwide are Twitter and Facebook. Both have provided a unique opportunity for the science world; it broadened the horizons for spreading information on current endeavors in the research world. Clinical Neurophysiology and Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, the Official Journals of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, opened the Twitter and Facebook pages on April 1, 2020. We determined what factors would alter users’ engagement. Methods. We employed a multivariate regression analysis. The tested predictor variables included ‘days elapsed since the opening (range: 1–100)’, ‘posting during weekend’, ‘introduction of a 2020 article’, ‘author interview’, ‘inclusion of guidelines or review article’, ‘COVID19-related information’, ‘number of hashtags’, ‘number of attachments’, ‘presence of colored attachment’, and ‘attachment of movie’. The dependent variable was the proportion of engaged users, defined as the number of link clicks divided by users who saw the post. Results. Posts including author interviews (p Conversely, posts including a larger number of colored attachments (p Conclusion. Different types of posts attracted Facebook and Twitter users. Facebook users were specifically engaged with interview-based posts. Facebook users might be willing to read through lengthy posts to understand the authors’ stories behind the study. In contrast, Twitter users might want to absorb essential information with a glance.
Bilateral Tibial Stress Fractures and Osteoporosis in a Young Patient.

Stress fractures result from microscopic bone injury due to repetitive submaximal stress and include fatigue and insufficiency fracture components. Fatigue fractures generally occur in runners and ...
The influence of face and shield annulus pressure on tunnel liner load development

Abstract Three dimensional (3D) finite-difference analysis simulations together with rare field data from strain gauges installed in segmental lining rings at the Seattle Sound Transit Northgate Link tunnel project are examined to provide a better understanding of segmental liner loading developed during earth pressure balance shield tunneling. A simplified 3D numerical model is presented for pressure balanced mechanized tunneling, where the annulus between the shield and excavated ground is full of pressurized material, simplifying the shield shape, and the modeling of the annular gap. This simplified model is based on the assumption that the shield annulus pressure controls the tunnel convergence prior to lining installation. While the presented model simplifies the modeling of the TBM shield, it captures the important components in shield tunneling, including the jointed segmental lining, grout injection pressure, time-dependent grout hardening, and the non-liner soil behavior using the hardening soil constitutive model. The results of this study show that the final lining loads are controlled by the chamber pressure for pressure balance TBMs with pressurized material in the shield annulus. In the case study presented here, pressure drops of the chamber pressure (common in EPB tunneling due to excavation standstill), result in a significant influence on tunnel lining loads.
Investigation of CYP1A1/2 haplotypes and lung cancer and assessment of confounding by population stratification

3121 Prior studies of lung cancer and cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A1/2)have shown inconsistent results in African American and Latino populations. Lung cancer studies in these admixed populations have not yet investigated the haplotype block structure of CYP1A1/2 or addressed potential population stratification. Haplotypes in the CYP1A1/2 region and risk of lung cancer were examined in a case-control study conducted in African Americans and Latinos. Subjects were frequency matched on age, sex, and self-reported ethnicity. Extensive genotyping in the CYP1A1/2 region revealed a unique haplotype block structure for each population. Latinos exhibited significant associations with haplotype GGAGCGGA (rs2472297, rs16972208, rs2472299, rs17861140, rs762551, rs2472304, rs2470890, rs11854147) in block two, which maps to the CYP1A2 region, and haplotype AGGGCGA (rs11072508, rs4886409, rs2301249, rs1378938, rs7176022, rs1531162, rs1531163) in block three, after adjusting for genetic admixture proportions (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.28 - 3.19 and OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36 - 0.83, respectively). Both haplotypes in Latinos remained significantly associated with lung cancer in subjects having greater than or equal to the median (54%) European ancestry. Results indicate the association between CYP1A1/2 and smoking and risk of lung cancer is complex. Significant interactions between smoking level and specific haplotypes in Latinos suggest a greater risk of lung cancer among light smokers, while non-smoking Latinos had reduced risks with haplotypes in blocks two and three. Among African Americans, smoking modified haplotype associations with lung cancer in block one. Adjustment for admixture revealed confounding by population stratification among Latinos but not African Americans. Evidence of population stratification underscores the importance of adjusting for admixture in lung cancer association studies conducted in Latino populations. Strong evidence indicates a variant occurring within a haplotype in block two in the CYP1A2 region alone or together with light smoking may be conferring an increased risk of lung cancer in Latinos.
The Third Generation of Indigent Defense Litigation

For years, scholars have documented the national crisis in indigent defense and its many tragic implications, and yet the crisis persists. Traditionally, the appellate and political processes were the exclusive avenues for indigent defense reform, and each suffered from critical infirmities. By the 1970's, individuals and groups began to seek prospective judicial reform of indigent defense systems. Widely used in other arenas, systemic suits based on the Sixth Amendment have been few in number and, at least in their early form, relatively unsuccessful. Other scholars have provided a descriptive account of structural litigation to improve indigent defense, and this article takes those accounts one step further by distilling from the recent body of suits a model for indigent defense litigation. In particular, this article divides suits of this kind into "first" and "second generation" suits - distinctions that are largely chronological, but phenomenological to an extent, as well. First generation suits were reactive and sought limited relief from the courts. In contrast, second generation suits have been marked by their empirical grounding, extensive alliances of support, and requests for sweeping reform. These second-generation suits have been far more successful than their predecessor suits, and this article contends that these suits are emblematic of a model that future suits can replicate. Finally, this article discusses specific issues for litigants of third generation suits to consider, in particular the pursuit of a federal forum. At the same time, the article recognizes that this type of litigation is neither a panacea nor uniformly available, and the article concludes by offering advice for the individual defense attorney who is working in the midst of a public defense crisis.
Engineering DPLL(T) + Saturation

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers have proven highly scalable, efficient and suitable for integrated theory reasoning. The most efficient SMT solvers rely on refutationally incomplete methods for incorporating quantifier reasoning. We describe a calculus and a system that tightly integrates Superposition and DPLL(T). In the calculus, all non-unit ground clauses are delegated to the DPLL(T) core. The integration is tight, dependencies on case splits are tracked as hypotheses in the saturation engine. The hypotheses are discharged during backtracking. The combination is refutationally complete for first-order logic, and its implementation is competitive in performance with E-matching based SMT solvers on problems they are good at.
Y Box-Binding Factor Promotes Eosinophil Survival by Stabilizing Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor mRNA

Short-lived peripheral blood eosinophils are recruited to the lungs of asthmatics after allergen challenge, where they become long-lived effector cells central to disease pathophysiology. GM-CSF is an important cytokine which promotes eosinophil differentiation, function, and survival after transit into the lung. In human eosinophils, GM-CSF production is controlled by regulated mRNA stability mediated by the 3' untranslated region, AU-rich elements (ARE). We identified human Y box-binding factor 1 (YB-1) as a GM-CSF mRNA ARE-specific binding protein that is capable of enhancing GM-CSF-dependent survival of eosinophils. Using a transfection system that mimics GM-CSF metabolism in eosinophils, we have shown that transduced YB-1 stabilized GM-CSF mRNA in an ARE-dependent mechanism, causing increased GM-CSF production and enhanced in vitro survival. RNA EMSAs indicate that YB-1 interacts with the GM-CSF mRNA through its 3' untranslated region ARE. In addition, endogenous GM-CSF mRNA coimmunoprecipitates with endogenous YB-1 protein in activated eosinophils but not resting cells. Thus, we propose a model whereby activation of eosinophils leads to YB-1 binding to and stabilization of GM-CSF mRNA, ultimately resulting in GM-CSF release and prolonged eosinophil survival.
THE ROLE OF EXTRINSIC FEEDBACK IN INTERLANGUAGE FOSSILIZATION

This paper, a discussion of the model presented in Vigil and Otler (1976), relates to one parameter of “fossilization” in inter-language (IL) learning: the role of “extrinsic feedback.” The notion of “extrinsic factors” in second language acquisition is defined, and permanent fossilization is carefully distinguished from temporary stabilization of IL forms and systems. Six tentative conclusions about the role of extrinsic feedback in IL fossilization are presented and discussed in light of the hypotheses made by Vigil and Oller.
Husserl’s Critique of Reason

Although Husserl introduced the theme of reason early in his work, his discussion of it near the conclusion of the Cartesian Meditations is of particular interest since in this relatively late work he provided a systematically complete introduction to phenomenology including the role of inter subjectivity which he had only suggested in Ideas. In the late work, transcendental objectivity (the principal difficulty which arises in the “Cartesian way into phenomenology”) is guaranteed by intersubjective intentionality which is itself manifested in the acts which embody it. According to the Husserl of the Meditations, the transcendental phenomenological reduction to the solitary ego does not necessarily end in a transcendental solipsism since real otherness is one of the constitutive possibilities of such an ego in its incarnation.
Thermodynamic properties of normal and deuterated cyclopropenes

Abstract The specific heat, entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of cyclopropene- d 0 , cyclopropene-1- d 1 , cyclopropene-3- d 1 , cyclopropene-1,2- d 2 , cyclopropene-3,3- d 2 , cyclopropene-1,3,3- d 3 , and cyclopropene- d 4 have been calculated for the temperature range 100–1500 K using the rigid-rotor and harmonic oscillator model. The standard enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of cyclopropene- d 0 have also been evaluated for the same temperature range using the experimental standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K.
EFFECT OF HISTAMINE UPON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY IN THE SKIN AND MUSCLE OF NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS1

IT is WELL KNOWN that the resistance of the rat and other species to fatal histamine shock is markedly reduced by adrenalectomy (1, 2), and that treatment with adrenal cortical hormone will restore,this resistance to normal (3). The possibility arises that the sensitivity of the adrenalectomised rat is due to an enhanced action of histamine in increasing capillary permeability. This situation would result if either the threshold of capillary sensitivity to histamine or the rate of histamine inactivation is decreased following adrenalectomy. To obtain information on this point, studies were undertaken to determine a) the minimal concentration of histamine which would increase capillary permeability and b) the duration of activity of histamine on capillary permeability in the skin and muscle of normal and adrenalectomiz;ed rats. Changes in capillary permeability2 induced by histamine were evaluated by comparing the amounts of trypan blue accumulated in histamine-treated areas of skin with those in control a...
Adaptive materials and aerostructures: revolutionizing uninhabited aerospace systems

This paper is intended to introduce the international adaptive aerostructures community to the tremendous opportunities these structures can bring to uninhabited aerospace systems. The paper starts with an overview of the most critical classes of adaptive aerostructures for uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the materials which are used to drive them. The paper describes several classes of UAVs that take advantage of the various kinds of these technologies. Adaptive aerostructures are shown to be integrated into hovering, high speed, low speed and ultra-high performance UAVs. These ultra-high performance UAVs are shown to significantly benefit from newly invented Post-Buckled Precompressed (PBP) piezoelectric actuators. These UAVs are capable of hovering for extended periods of time as a helicopter in gusty, windy, dusty environments, then pop up, converting and dashing out like a missile at several hundred km/hr. The paper shows photos of ultra-high performance UAV launches from armored vehicles, a battle-damage assessment exercise and a live fire sequence with 40mm munitions. The paper concludes with a description of the Visual Signature Suppression (VSS) system which was employed on a 2m UAV operating at several hundred meters above ground level. The VSS system was shown to reduce the visual cross section to below 1.8cm 2 which is the threshold for human aircraft observation. Accordingly, the VSS equipped aircraft is said to "disappear" in mid flight.
The Language of Participation and the Language of Resistance.

Language and gestures define the involvement of low-status groups with authorities either as joint participation in policymaking or as conflict. Policies that seriously deprive non-elites are often politicized, encouraging the perception that all affected by them participated in their formulation. This perception is problematic and often misleading, for formal decision-making procedures chiefly reflect extant inequalities in the ability of participants to achieve their values and to influence public opinion. It is those who can exercise influence outside the context of formal proceedings who wield real power; but formal proceedings remain vital rituals, for they symbolize participation and democracy and so marshal public support and compliance. The poor lack the informal sanctions and other resources that confer influence, with the important exception that they can create disorder and thereby threaten elites; but in becoming politicized they renounce that political weapon.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Heterobivalent Ligands Targeted to Melanocortin and Cholecystokinin Receptors

Heteromultivalency provides a route to increase binding avidity and to high specificity when compared to monovalent ligands. The enhanced specificity can potentially serve as a unique platform to develop diagnostics and therapeutics. To develop new imaging agents based upon multivalency, we employed heterobivalent constructs of optimized ligands. In this report, we describe synthetic methods we have developed for the preparation of heterobivalent constructs consisting of ligands targeted simultaneously to the melanocortin receptor, hMC4R, and the cholecystokinin receptors, CCK-2R. Modeling data suggest that a linker distance span of 20–50 A is needed to crosslink these two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The two ligands were tethered with linkers of varying rigidity and length, and flexible polyethylene glycol based PEGO chain or semi-rigid [poly(Pro-Gly)] linkers were employed for this purpose. The described synthetic strategy provides a modular way to assemble ligands and linkers on solid-phase supports. Examples of heterobivalent ligands are provided to illustrate the increased binding avidity to cells that express the complementary receptors.
Asymmetric all-pay auctions with interdependent valuations

Abstract I show that a unique equilibrium exists in an asymmetric two-player all-pay auction with a discrete signal structure, correlated signals, and interdependent valuations. The proof is constructive, and the construction can be implemented as a computer program and be used to derive comparative statics. I also characterize the set of equilibria when a reserve price is introduced.