cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Remote Learning Faced by First-Generation and Underrepresented Minority Students during COVID-19: Insights and Opportunities from a Remote Research Experience

The COVID-19 pandemic forced an unprecedented shift to remote instruction across higher education, reducing access to critically important undergraduate research experience and potentially magnifying inequities faced by first-generation and underrepresented minority (URM) students in higher education. Through a novel course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) at UCLA, delivered completely online, results of a unique, student-generated survey showed that the transition to remote learning was challenging for all students, increasing student workload, decreasing ability to focus on school, and limiting their ability to succeed. However, results showed significant disparities in remote learning that disproportionately impacted URM and first-generation students. These students had significantly greater expectations to help siblings with remote learning,; URM and first-generation students also suffered greater economic and food insecurity related to COVID-19. At the same time, this study demonstrates how student voices in survey development provide novel and actionable insights. While access to CUREs is often limited by laboratory space, by focusing on the research process, rather than specific laboratory skills, this study provides a scalable pedagogical model for remote undergraduate research experiences. Importantly, this model fostered student engagement and increased interest in further undergraduate research, including topics not directly related to the subject of this study, suggesting that online CUREs can be effective and impactful.
Combined quantum Monte Carlo - effective fragment molecular orbital method: fragmentation across covalent bonds.

The previously developed combined Quantum Monte Carlo-Effective Fragment Molecular Orbital (QMC-EFMO) method is extended to systems in which the fragmentation process cuts across covalent molecular bonds. The extended QMC-EFMO capability is demonstrated on a few model systems: the glycine tetramer, the diglycine reaction to form a dipeptide, silica-based rings, and polyalanine chains of increasing length. The agreement between full QMC and QMC-EFMO for the correlation energy is within 2 kcal mol−1 and for the correlation energy differences is within 1 kcal mol−1.
Efficacy of Sanitizer Treatments on Survival and Growth Parameters of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh-Cut Pieces of Cantaloupe during Storage.

For health reasons, people are consuming fresh-cut fruits with or without minimal processing and, thereby, exposing themselves to the risk of foodborne illness if such fruits are contaminated with bacterial pathogens. This study investigated survival and growth parameters of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and aerobic mesophilic bacteria transferred from cantaloupe rind surfaces to fresh-cut pieces during fresh-cut preparation. All human bacterial pathogens inoculated on cantaloupe rind surfaces averaged ~4.8 log CFU/cm2, and the populations transferred to fresh-cut pieces before washing treatments ranged from 3 to 3.5 log CFU/g for all pathogens. A nisin-based sanitizer developed in our laboratory and chlorinated water at 1,000 mg/liter were evaluated for effectiveness in minimizing transfer of bacterial populations from cantaloupe rind surface to fresh-cut pieces. Inoculated and uninoculated cantaloupes were washed for 5 min before fresh-cut preparation and storage of fresh...
Androgen receptor expression in archival human breast tumors

Hormone receptors play a major role in growth and hormonal therapy of breast and prostate tumors. Quantitative results from the ligand binding assays cannot determine heterogeneity in receptor expression nor can they discriminate between expression of the stromal and the tumor cells. Availability of antibodies to hormone receptors has led to the development of immunohistochemistry as a standard method for monitoring of hormone receptor expression under a microscope. However, this method is based on examination of a small number of cells. Laser flow cytometry has been extensively used for monitoring of receptor expression in human liquid tumors. As most of the hormone receptor expression is nuclear, we have developed methods for flow cytometric analysis of receptor expression in nuclei isolated from enzyme treated paraffin sections. The present report based on gated analysis of androgen receptor expression in nuclei isolated from archival formalin fixed/paraffin embedded breast tumors shows that receptor expression in aneuploid sub-populations is greater than that of the diploid cells.
Immune evasion strategies of the primate lentiviruses

Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) make vigorous virus-specific antibody and cellular immune responses. Despite these responses, virus replication continues at all stages of infection and ultimately leads to immunological collapse, onset of opportunistic infections and death of infected hosts. Thus, the strategies by which HIV and SIV evade antiviral immune surveillance are fundamental to understanding lentiviral pathogenesis and crucial for our ability to develop effective strategies. It has become increasingly clear that the primate lentiviruses have evolved multiple and complementary mechanisms to circumvent host immune responses. Here we review these mechanisms of immune evasion considering contributions from both human and non-human primate systems.
Terahertz Spectroscopy of the Bending Vibrations of Acetylene 12C2H2

Twenty P-branch transitions of 12C2H2 have been measured in the 0.8-1.6 THz region of its bending vibrational difference band. The accuracy of these measurements is estimated to be 100 kHz. The 12C2H2 molecules were generated under room temperature by passing 150 mTorr H2O vapor through calcium carbide (CaC2) powder. The observed transitions were modeled together with prior far-infrared data involving the bending levels with . Frequency predictions of 12C2H2 in the terahertz region have been greatly improved by adding the first data of "microwave" precision. The new measurements and predictions reported here will facilitate the analyses of astronomical observations by the high spectral resolution telescopes such as Herschel, SOFIA, and ALMA.
Theoretical aspects of heavy ion injections in the magnetosphere: A review

Abstract The theoretically expected effects of active heavy ion injections in the magnetosphere are reviewed according to their chemical state (plasma or neutral) and their kinetic state (explosion or beam injection) of release. The early-phase effects of such injections (such as ionospheric heating, wave-particle interactions, radiation belt and ring current modifications and anomalous ionization) are briefly discussed. The need for understanding the magnetospheric modification aspects of heavy ion injections becomes more acute in the next decades when the transportation and construction of large-scale space structures would inject increasing volumes of heavy ions in the magnetosphere by both chemical and ion engines. Ion engine exhaust, in the form of a dense relatively cool plasma beam of high drift speed, represents a new regime of heavy ion magnetospheric modification, the effects of which have not been thoroughly investigated either theoretically or observationally. We envisage that the ion engine can be modified into a useful tool for scientific studies of magnetospheric dynamics since it is a source of a variety of ionic species independent of the need for photoionization.
A problem related to the van der waerden permanent theorem

Let Kn denote the set of nonnegative n×n matrices whose elements have sum n. It is cOnjectured that if SeKn , then per . wHere r, and c1 are respectively the ith row sum and jth column sum of S, and that equality holds only if S=Jn , the n×n matrix whose entries all equal n−1 . In this paper it is shown that for any SeKn such that per is minimal, per S > 0.
Farnesol is utilized for protein isoprenylation and the biosynthesis of cholesterol in mammalian cells.

Abstract Evidence has been obtained indicating that free farnesol (F-OH) can be utilized for isoprenoid biosynthesis in mammalian cells. When rat C6 glial cells and an African green monkey kidney cell line (CV-1) were incubated with [3H]F-OH, radioactivity was incorporated into cholesterol, ubiquinone (CoQ) and isoprenylated proteins. The incorporation of label from [3H]F-OH into cholesterol in C6 and CV-1 cells was blocked by squalestatin 1 (SQ) which specifically inhibits the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate (F-P-P) to squalene. This result strongly suggests that cholesterol, and probably CoQ and protein, is metabolically labeled via F-P-P. SDS-PAGE analysis of the delipidated protein fractions from C6 and CV-1 cells revealed several labeled polypeptides. Consistent with these proteins being modified by isoprenylation of cysteine residues, Pronase E digestion released a major labeled product with the chromatographic mobility of [3H]farnesyl-cysteine (F-Cys). A different set of polypeptides was labeled when C6 and CV-1 cells were incubated with [3H]geranylgeraniol (GG-OH). Both sets of proteins appear to be metabolically labeled by [3H]mevalonolactone, and [3H]-labeled F-Cys and geranylgeranyl-cysteine (GG-Cys) were liberated from these proteins by Pronase E treatment. These cellular and biochemical studies indicate that F-OH can be used for isoprenoid biosynthesis and protein isoprenylation in mammalian cells after being converted to F-P-P by phosphorylation reactions that remain to be elucidated.
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin modulates neurite outgrowth mediated by FGF-2

Although the role of agrin in the formation of the neuromuscular junction is well established, other functions for agrin have remained elusive. The present study was undertaken to assess the role of agrin in neurite outgrowth mediated by the heparin-binding growth factor basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), which we have shown previously to bind to agrin with high affinity and that has been shown to mediate neurite outgrowth from a number of neuronal cell types. Using both an established neuronal cell line, PC12 cells, and primary chick retina neuronal cultures, we find that agrin potentiates the ability of FGF-2 to stimulate neurite outgrowth. In PC12 cells and retinal neurons agrin increases the efficacy of FGF-2 stimulation of neurite outgrowth mediated by the FGF receptor, as an inhibitor of the FGF receptor abolished neurite outgrowth in the presence of agrin and FGF-2. We also examined possible mechanisms by which agrin may modulate neurite outgrowth, analyzing ERK phosphorylation and c-fos phosphorylation. These studies indicate that agrin augments a transient early phosphorylation of ERK in the presence of FGF-2, and augments and sustains FGF-2 mediated increases in c-fos phosphorylation. These data are consistent with established mechanisms where heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as agrin may increase the affinity between FGF-2 and the FGF receptor. In summary, our studies suggest that neural agrin contributes to the establishment of axon pathways by modulating the function of neurite promoting molecules such as FGF-2.
Lectins as carbohydrate-binding proteins

Abstract Lectins are cell-binding and agglutinating (glyco)proteins found in a variety of living forms. They will be defined here as homogeneous carbohydrate-binding (glyco)proteins principally of plant (seed) origin but also occurring in invertebrate (and vertebrate?) forms. In recent years, lectins have been employed in studying a wide range of biological phenomena including cell differentiation and maturation ( e.g. , mitogenesis and spermatogenesis); cell agglutination; tumor growth and inhibition; and the nature and distribution of carbohydrates on cell surfaces. Lectins have recently been found to be valuable tools for investigating the structure of complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids), for studying the molecular basis of carbohydrate-protein interactions, and for isolating and purifying polysaccharides and glycoproteins. However, in order to be truly useful as structural probes, the physical-chemical properties of lectins must be characterized and, most importantly, their carbohydrate-binding specificity must be defined. Lectins with specificity for a rather large number of sugars have been isolated and characterized. The use of carbohydrate-protein conjugates for the detection of lectins, and natural and synthetic affinity columns for the isolation of lectins will be described. The isolation and characterization of concanavalin A, the jack bean lectin, is described along with an enumeration of its carbohydrate binding specificity and the localization of its binding site by x-ray crystallography. A comparison of the carbohydrate-binding specificity of four N -acetyl- D -galactosamine binding lectins from Helix pomatia , Dolichos biflorus , Phaseolus lunatus , and Glycine max is discussed. As an example of how lectins may be used in structural studies, an investigation of the interaction of several lectins with pneumococcus S XIV capsular polysaccharide is described. The α-D-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds is shown to comprise a family of five isolectins. Each isolectin is a tetramer composed of two different subunits, A which binds N -acetyl-D-lctosamine and B which is specific for α-D-galactosyl units. The separation, characterization and some properties of these isolectins are presented.
Predicting the Effects of High-Lysine Corn on the Hog Economy

Estimation of a supply and demand model of the hog economy is presented for analyzing the possible effects of high-lysine com. Changes in hog marketings and prices are predicted as a function of the feed cost savings resulting from the successful introduction of high-lysine corn.
Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(ethylenimine) for gene delivery.

Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(ethylenimine) (Ru PEI) was synthesized via acid hydrolysis of Ru tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (Ru PEOX), and the luminescence, DNA entrapment, and transfection efficiencies were evaluated. Emission maxima for Ru PEI samples are red-shifted compared to Ru PEOX precursors, and the luminescence lifetimes are shorter in both methanol and aqueous solutions. Slower oxygen quenching of Ru PEOX and Ru PEI luminescence versus [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 (bpy = bipyridine) is attributed to polymer shielding effects. Ru PEI luminescence is similar in the presence and absence of DNA. Ru PEI (7900 Da) and linear PEI (L-PEI; 22 000 Da) fully entrapped DNA (5.4 kb; pcDNA) at an N/P ratio of 2. LNCaP prostate cancer cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding for green fluorescent protein using Ru PEI and L-PEI vectors for comparison. For N/P = 48, the transfection efficiency for Ru PEI was ∼50% relative to that of L-PEI.
Why procedural justice in organizations

This article reviews the existing research and theory on procedural justice and considers how it may be applied to the study of organizational behavior. It begins by distinguishing between the concepts of distributive justice and procedural justice and noting the historical contexts within which they emerged. Existing conceptual contributions and the research inspired by them are reviewed. The few existing studies applying procedural justice notions to organizational contexts are summarized, and the contributions of the articles to the present issue of this journal are reviewed relative to these efforts. The article closes by discussing the dual benefits of studying procedural justice in organizations: the enhanced understanding of the concept of justice and the behavior of people in organizations.
Tuning chelating groups and comonomers in spiropyran-containing copolymer thin films for color-specific metal ion binding

Photochromic molecules can be used to selectively bind divalent metal ions. In order to study the influence of increased chelation in spiropyran-containing copolymers, we synthesized two derivatives: spiropyran methacrylate (SPMA) and spiropyran methacrylate with a methoxy substituent in the 8′ position of the benzopyran ring (MEO). Additionally, the comonomer with which spiropyran was polymerized is also varied between methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) to tune the colorimetric response. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the photoinduced conversion of spiropyran to merocyanine, as well as the merocyanine–metal ion (MC–M2+) interaction. By means of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that each metal ion gives rise to a unique colorimetric response for the various spiropyran-containing copolymers studied.
Treating chronic wound infections with genetically modified free flaps

Background: The success of antimicrobial therapy has been impaired by the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. Antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous proteins that are part of the innate immune system and are successful against such antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The authors have previously demonstrated the feasibility of protein delivery via microvascular free flap gene therapy and here they examine this approach for recalcitrant infections. Methods: The authors investigated the production of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide-LL37, delivered by ex vivo transduction of the rodent superficial inferior epigastric free flap with Ad/CMV-LL37. The vascular permeabilizing agent vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) was co-administered during ex vivo transduction with adenoviral vectors in an attempt to augment transduction efficiency. A rodent model of chronic wound/foreign body infection seeded with bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus was used to assess the biological efficacy of delivering therapeutic antimicrobial genes using this technology. Results: The authors were successful in demonstrating significant LL37 expression, which persisted for 14 days after ex vivo transduction with Ad/CMV-LL37. Transduction efficiency was significantly improved with the co-administration of 5 mu g of VEGF during transduction without significantly increasing systemic dissemination of adenovirus or systemic toxicity. They were able to demonstrate in the rodent model of chronic wound/foreign body infections a significant reduction in bacterial loads from infected catheters following transduction with Ad/CMV-LL37 and increased bacterial clearance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that microbicidal gene therapy via microvascular free flaps is able to clear chronic infections such as occurs with osteomyelitis resulting from trauma or an infected foreign body. ( Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 123: 1157, 2009.)
Theory of ac quantum conduction through an ideal constriction

Abstract A scattering theory is formulated for time-dependent (ac) transport through quantum constrictions or quantum point contacts. This is an extension of the standard scattering treatment for the time-independent (dc) case where quantized conductance steps and resonances occur. For an ideal constriction, the first-order transmission sidebands are derived when a time-dependent sinusoidal potential is applied. The frequency dependence of the conductance is discussed, and possible experiments are suggested.
The effect of a selective α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (midaglizole) on the cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate production in human mononuclear cells

Abstract A selective α 2 -adrenergic antagonist, midaglizole, has been recently reported to have efficacy in patients with asthma. To understand the mechanisms, we investigated the effect of midaglizole on the cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human mononuclear cells (MNCs). MNCs were separated by a histopaque gradient from 10 normal subjects and 10 subjects with asthma. cAMP was measured by RIA kits. Midaglizole (10 μmol/L) significantly enhanced isoproterenol-induced cAMP production in both groups, although midaglizole (from 1 to 100 μmol/L) did not increase the cAMP production by itself. The percent increase in cAMP was more in subjects with asthma (183.8%) than in normal subjects (140.4%); however, the absolute increase was not different. Platelet-activating factor has been demonstrated to inhibit β-agonist—induced cAMP production in several mammalian tissues, including human MNCs. Midaglizole also prevented platelet-activating factor—induced desensitization of the cAMP response to isoproterenol in MNCs. These findings suggest that midaglizole may be a useful additional agent for the therapy of bronchial asthma through an enhancement of the cAMP production.
Research ethics in the era of personalized medicine: updating science's contract with society.

With the completed sequence of the human genome has come the prospect of substantially improving the quality of life for millions through personalized medicine approaches. Still, any advances in this direction require research involving human subjects. For decades science and ethics have enjoyed an allegiance reflected in a common set of ethical principles and procedures guiding the conduct of research with human subjects. Some of these principles emphasize avoiding harm over maximizing benefit. In this paper we revisit the priority given to these ethical principles – particularly the principles that support a cautious approach to science – and propose a reframing of the ‘social contract’ between science and society that emphasizes reciprocity and meeting public needs.
Physics-based large-signal modeling of intrinsically tunable and switchable ferroelectric FBARs

An improved large-signal model for intrinsically tunable and switchable ferroelectric FBARs is presented. Ferroelectric FBARs based on multifunctional materials such as BST possess electric-field-tunable permittivity and electric-field-induced piezoelectricity. These properties are promising for the design of a new class of high-power reconfigurable RF devices for frequency-agile radios. Availability of a simple yet accurate large-signal model is indispensable when designing such devices. In this paper, an improved physics-based large-signal model is developed. Modeling results show great agreement with measurement results.
Fluticasone is associated with lower asthma-related costs than leukotriene modifiers in a real-world analysis.

Study Objective. To compare the impact of fluticasone propionate versus three leukotriene modifiers—montelukast, zafirlukast, and zileuton—on the cost of asthma within a managed care organization. Design. Retrospective quasi-experimental comparison. Setting. Managed care organization with approximately 350,000 enrollees. Patients. Three hundred forty-seven patients with asthma who received at least two prescriptions for either fluticasone or a leukotriene modifier. Patients receiving both fluticasone and a leukotriene modifier were excluded. Measurements and Main Results. Multivariate analysis was used to compare total asthma-related costs between treatment groups. A significant difference in total asthma-related costs was found between patients receiving fluticasone (adjusted mean cost $511) compared with those receiving a leukotriene modifier ($1092; p=0.0001). Other significant predictors of postindex asthma-related costs were pre-index asthma-related costs, a severity adjustment score, and the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients taking a leukotriene modifier obtained more short-acting β-agonists than patients receiving fluticasone (6.49 ± 4.05 vs 4.30 ± 3.41, p<0.0001). A survival analysis of time to receive any additional controller therapy revealed that patients receiving fluticasone were significantly less likely to receive another controller than were those receiving a leukotriene modifier (p=0.0014). Conclusion. These results suggest that fluticasone is associated with lower asthma-related costs than leukotriene modifiers. (Pharmacotherapy 2002;22(9):1117–1123)
Nalmefene: blockade of intravenous morphine challenge effects in opioid abusing humans

No studies have assessed the dose-effect or duration of opioid blockade in opioid abusers produced by oral nalmefene, a micro-opioid antagonist. The present study examined the profile and time course of oral nalmefene blockade of subjective and physiological effects produced by intravenous morphine. To assess these effects, seven opioid abusers received oral nalmefene (0, 50 and 100 mg) followed by intravenous morphine (0, 10 and 20 mg) challenges every 24 h for 96 h using a Latin square randomized cross-over design. The duration of blockade varied by measure and dose. Both 50 and 100 mg nalmefene blocked morphine's effects up to 48 h.
Crystal structure of the molybdate binding protein ModA.

The specificity exhibited by the molybdate binding protein ModA for molybdate and tungstate reflects the size and ligands of the anion binding pocket.
Analysis of a bone assemblage made by chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Abstract Chimpanzee hunting provides information on prey characteristics and constraints acting on a large-bodied primate lacking a hunting technology, and has important implications for modeling hunting by fossil hominids. Analysis of the remains of five red colobus monkeys captured and consumed by Gombe chimpanzees in a single hunting bout provides one of the first opportunities to investigate the characteristics of prey bones surviving chimpanzee consumption. Four of the five individuals (an older infant, two juveniles and one subadult) were preserved in the bone assemblage; a neonate was entirely consumed. Cranial and mandibular fragments had the highest survivorships, followed by the scapulae and long bones. Post-cranial axial elements had the lowest survivorships. A high percentage (80%) of the long bones and ribs surviving consumption were damaged, most commonly through crenulation and step fracturing of bone ends. One of two partially reconstructed crania preserves a canine puncture through its left parietal. Proposed characteristics of faunal assemblages formed through chimpanzee-like hunting include small modal prey size, limited taxonomic diversity, a high proportion of immature individuals and a high frequency of skull bones. These characteristics would not uniquely identify hunting by fossil primates in the geological record, necessitating a contextual approach to diagnose hunting by hominids not forming an archeological record. Hominid utilization of vertebrate tissue is first unambiguously documented at 2·5 m.y.a. Rather than representing a strict “scavenging phase” in the evolution of hominid–prey interactions, Oldowan hominid carnivory may represent the overlay of large mammal scavenging on a tradition of small mammal hunting having a low archeological visibility.
Ubiquitin–proteasome system and Parkinson's diseases

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and development of cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. To date, the mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis are not clearly understood. Clues from genetic studies including identification of mutations in genes for α-synuclein, parkin, and ubiquitin carboxy hydrolase L1 associated with familial PD and the presence of proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions in spared dopaminergic nigral neurons in sporadic cases of PD have suggested an important role for ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and aberrant protein degradation. In vivo and in vitro studies have linked parkin, α-synuclein, and oxidative stress to a compromised UPS and PD pathogenesis suggesting novel therapeutic targets.
STRANGENESS S = -2 BARYON RESONANCE.

Evidence is presented confirming the existence of the $\ensuremath{\Xi}(1815)$ baryon with strangeness $S=\ensuremath{-}2$ as well as two new $\ensuremath{\Xi}$ resonances with masses 2030\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 MeV and 2430\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 MeV, respectively. It is speculated that the $\ensuremath{\Xi}(2030)$ is a member of a ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ octet, and an SU(3) analysis of the decay rates of the conjectured states is in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Opium and Foreign Policy: The Anglo-american Search for Order in Asia, 1912-1954

William Walker traces British and American attempts to control the Asian opium trade from the fall of the Manchu dynasty in China in 1912 to the French withdrawal from Indochina in 1954. Analyzing the moral, cultural, economic, political, diplomatic, and security aspects of drug control, Walker argues that the fight against opium played a significant, and virtually unexamined, role in Anglo-American relations and security interests in the region. Throughout much of China and Southeast Asia, many farmers had cultivated opium for generations, and at times survival itself seemed to depend upon the market for the poppy crop. Before World War II, the British tolerated the deeply entrenched culture of the poppy in China in order to safeguard their economic and political interests. Conversely, the Americans, who had far less at stake in Asia strategically or economically, consistently opposed the opium trade. During the war, the United States defined opium as a strategic commodity and tried to restrict Japanese access to it. Following the war, American hopes of limiting the Asian drug trade were thwarted by civil war in China. Finally, as the Cold War spread to Southeast Asia in the 1950s, drug control was subordinated to Western security concerns in the fight against communism. Basing his study upon extensive archival research in British and American sources, Walker shows that the chances for opium control were never good and that ultimately the search for order in Asia on Western terms failed. United States drug-control officials, Walker contends, must share in the blame for that failure. Originally published in 1991. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
An Empowering Approach to Crisis Intervention and Brief Treatment for Preschool Children

This paper presents an approach to crisis intervention and brief treatment for young children based on the new psychology, intrapsychic humanism. After presenting central theoretical principles, these principles are applied and treatment guidelines demonstrated in the treatment process of a three-year-old child named Paul. The research design for the case study is naturalistic uses qualitative methods of data analysis, and draws from the heuristic paradigm (a postpositivist metatheory of social and behavioral research).
The Aura of an Alphabet: Interpreting the Hebrew Gospels in Ramon Martí’s Dagger of Faith (1278)

The writing of the Catalan Dominican Ramon Marti (d. after 1284), well-known for its use of non-Christian sources, is one of the most striking examples of the medieval Dominican interest in the study of Arabic and Hebrew as a means of reading and exploiting Jewish and Muslim scriptures. This paper focuses on one aspect of Marti’s writing that bears directly on his concept of “foreign” scriptures and their place in polemical argument: his citation of New Testament passages in Hebrew translation in his final work, the Dagger of Faith (Pugio fidei, from 1278). Rather than relying on faulty seventeenth-century printed editions of the Dagger, as previous scholars have done, I will bring forth new examples from the manuscript tradition to consider Marti’s use of language and script. I will argue that he did not draw his citations from some previous Hebrew Gospels translation, but rather that he chose deliberately to translate his New Testament citations into Hebrew for polemical purposes. His translations reflect an important aspect of his overall polemical strategy, namely, his use of “foreign” scripts as markers of both textual authority and scriptural authenticity.
Recent Advances in the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas

Modern imaging techniques have made adrenal incidentaloma a relatively common diagnostic problem. When an incidental adrenal mass is found, the clinician must try to determine its etiology and functionality, and the likelihood of malignancy. This task is complicated further in patients with a history of extra-adrenal malignancy. In this article, we present a review of the literature and propose a diagnostic algorithm for management of adrenal incidentalomas.
A Severe Windstorm in the Lee of the Cascade Mountains of Washington State

Abstract This paper describes a severe, leeside windstorm that struck parts of western Washington State on 23–25 December 1983. It is shown that strong winds, some exceeding 50 m s−1, were mainly limited to swaths downwind of gaps in the Cascade mountains. An examination of the December 1983 event and previous major windstorms indicates that they are generally associated with strong sea level pressure gradients, a stable layer near crest level east of the Cascades which subsides west of the mountains, and light to moderate easterly flow at crest level. The strongest surface winds during the December 1983 event were associated with the period in which the sea level pressure gradient across the Cascades was increasing rapidly. Furthermore, the variation of the leeside winds appears to be modulated by the flow normal to the mountains. It is shown that the horizontal pressure gradients can explain the strong winds and that lee wave amplification, although possible, is probably not of major importance.
Task-contingent enhancement of the auditory evoked response

Abstract Twenty-four human subjects were required to make voluntary horizontal saccades by following an oscilloscope beam. A “successful” saccade was determined by a logic circuit that was triggered only when the electro-oculogram showed a deflection that was both accurately timed to the oscilloscope beam and of a predefined amplitude. After “successful” saccades a click that was approximately 30 dB above masked threshold was presented (triggered click). The intensity of the click that followed “unsuccessful” saccades (non-triggered click) was varied in four different experimental conditions so that is was the same intensity as the triggered click, 6 dB less intense, 18 dB less intense, or below threshold. The responses to 32 triggered clicks were averaged for each condition from a vertex electrode. The amplitudes of the averaged evoked response (AER) components were measured for each condition using temporal criteria. Statistical analyses showed that for the triggered click both P2 and P3 (positive peaks at 200 and 300 msec, respectively) increased as the intensity of the non-triggered click decreased. Thus, the degree of the enhancement to a stimulus of constant intensity that signaled that successful completion of the task was related to the degree of the intensity difference between it and a stimulus that signaled the unsuccessful completion of the task. Control conditions showed that the effects could not be attributed to eye movement artifacts.
Why a coordinated accreditation system benefits school health education programs: a response to Clark's commentary.

BACKGROUND: Concerns about a coordinated accreditation system for professional preparation programs in school health education were raised by Clark in a commentary published in the October 2009 issue of the Journal of School Health. The purpose of this article is to clarify information presented by Clark as well as offer alternative views to some of his opinions. METHODS: To provide context, an overview is provided about efforts to strengthen quality assurance systems for school and community health education. Additional topics address the Dallas II conference, generic competencies, unification of the profession, National Council on Accreditation of Teacher Education/Teacher Education Accreditation Council, competency-based vs settings approach, and CUP implications. RESULTS: In the discussion, the authors address several key points raised by Clark and note areas of agreement, alternative views, and clarification of facts. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion summarizes the benefits of accreditation for school health education and the health education profession.
MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION: THE MISSING LINK OF TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACTPurpose: Tumor cell genotype and phenotype have been considered the only determinants supporting cancer growth and metastasis. This review focuses on the published literature that suggests that tumor-microenvironment interaction has a decisive role in controlling local cancer growth, invasion and distant metastasis. As this review shows, genetic alterations in prostate cancer cells alone are not enough to confer metastatic status without a supporting tumor microenvironment. Effective therapeutic targeting requires a deeper understanding of the interplay between tumor and stroma. Approaches co-targeting tumor and stroma already show promise over the conventional targeting of tumor cells alone in preventing prostate cancer progression and eradicating preexisting or newly developed prostate cancers in bone and visceral organs.Materials and Methods: A literature survey using the MEDLINE database was performed in basic and clinical publications relevant to tumor-host microenvironment interaction. Infor...
Budgeting in a Newly Established Agency: The First Twenty Years of the United States Civil Rights Commission

Contemporary research on the budgetary process places a strong emphasis on the striking regularity of budgetary decisionmaking in established governmental agencies. Newly formed and politically controversial public-agencies, however, may play the budgetary game by a different set of ground rules. Our expectation is that agencies of this type are likely to be more sensitive to variations in their political and economic contexts than are well-established agencies. In this paper we analyze the United States Civil Rights Commission as an example of a newly formed public-agency. Our findings suggest that the budget for the Commission has been sensitive to fluctuations in its policy-relevant conditions in the first twenty years of its existence.
Micromelia in Adult Fowl Caused by Manganese Deficiency During Embryonic Development

SummaryChicks which are rendered micromelic during embryonic development as a result of manganese deficiency do not recover from this condition when fed a diet adequate in manganese during a period of time greatly in excess of that required for the attainment of maturity.
Optical image processing and pattern recognition algorithms for optimal optical data retrieval

Automatic pattern recognition algorithms are implemented to correct distortion and remove noise from the optical medium in the multi-channel optical communication systems. The post-processing involves filtering and correlation to search for accurate location of every optical data element. Localized thresholding and neural network training methods are used to accurately digitize the analog optical images into digital data pages. The goal is to minimize the bit-errorrate (BER) in the optical data transmission and receiving process. Theoretical analysis and experimental tests have been carried out to demonstrate the improved optical data retrieval accuracy.
On the Transverse Circulation of the Hurricane

This paper uses extensive aircraft, composited rawinsonde data, and an idealized hurricane structure model to analyze the physical processes that maintain the transverse circulation of the steady-state hurricane. It is shown that convective available potential energy (CAPE) or processes other than frictional forcing plays an important role in maintaining the hurricane’s inner-core (radius < 60 km) in-up-and-out radial circulation. But this is not true at outer radii (60–250 km or 250–700 km) where surface friction forcing is dominant and larger than the resulting upward vertical motion.
A non-intercepting accelerator beam positron sensor

Abstract A non-intercepting beam position sensor consisting of two sets of pick-up coils, resonant tuned, are used with a differential amplifier and an oscilloscope to determine the spatial position of a pulsed beam from an electron linear accelerator. A pulsed beam of 100 mA peak can be positioned to about 0.5 mm. Recent work indicates the feasibility of using this position sensor technique with an external cyclotron beam. The design, method of construction, and performance of the linac sensor is discussed. A brief summary of the cyclotron sensor is given.
Development of a Samoan nutrition exchange list using culturally accepted foods

Abstract Samoans are known to be the most overweight population in the world. They suffer from high rates of weight-related disease such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. In the past, dietary intervention has either been nonexistent or reliant on food exchange lists that do not include foods traditionally part of a Samoan diet. Therefore, exchange lists specific for Samoan foods were developed. A literature search, personal interviews, and site visits at local grocery stores and village homes were conducted to determine what foods are common to the Samoan diet. These foods and recipes were then computer-analyzed. Foods that are high sources of vitamins A and C, sodium, and fat are also highlighted in the Samoan exchange lists. The Samoan exchange lists are now being distributed worldwide to health care professionals who work with Samoan clients. An ongoing effort is being made to revice and update this tool so that Samoans can eat foods familiar to them, and in doing so, better manage their diet-related problems.
Hausdorff moment problem: Reconstruction of probability density functions ☆

Abstract The problem of recovering a moment-determinate probability density function (pdf) from its moments is studied. The proposed construction provides a method for recovery of different pdfs via simple transformations of the moment sequences. Uniform and L 1 -rates of convergence of moment-recovered pdfs are obtained. Finally, some applications and examples are briefly discussed.
Connectionist models and psychological evidence

Abstract In this article I review the connectionist framework for modeling psychological processes, and I examine the role of connectionist models in empirical psychology. I illustrate how modeling can reveal the empirical implications of general principles, and I point out that the connectionist framework is particularly apt for formalizing certain proposed processing principles. The framework has led to the discovery of new classes of explanations for basic findings; it has led to unified accounts of disparate or contradictory phenomena; and it has shed light on the relevance of certain types of evidence for basic questions about the nature of the processing system.
Adding an Integrated Library Component to an Undergraduate Research Methods Course

As undergraduate students increasingly rely on the Internet as their primary method for gathering sources, they often overlook the rich and varied resources available to them in library collections. Furthermore, students often lack the sophistication to effectively seek out and use information, an ability generally referred to as information literacy. Political scientists and librarians at one institution sought to address the gap in student information literacy skills by creating and implementing a semester-long library lab component integrated into the required research methods course within the political science department. This article presents the steps taken to implement the lab component, including the student learning outcomes we sought to address. We also focus on the measures we used to assess the impact of the lab component. Students who participated in the lab component demonstrate markedly improved information literacy skills compared to those who did not.
Kernohan notch lesion after spinal tap

A 32-year-old woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia had abrupt onset of headache, decreased sensorium, and dilated left pupil. Lumbar punctures with intrathecal methotrexate had been done 4 and 7 days before her collapse. When she awakened from emergency evacuation of a subdural hematoma, there was ipsilateral hemiplegia and MRI showed a cerebral peduncle lesion (figure). Now, 32 months later, hemiparesis …
Decreased Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Synthesis in Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension

Three patients with idiopathic orthostatic (postural) hypotension were infused over a 4-hr period with 104.6 µc of 3-hydroxytyramine-2-14C, the immediate precursor in the synthesis of the sympathetic neurohormone, that is, noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Urine was collected during the infusion period and at various intervals thereafter for a total of 5 days. By means of column fractionation, the various metabolic products of hydroxytyramine, including endogenous noradrenaline and its metabolic products, were separated, identified, and their radioactivity measured. From the comparison of the hydroxytyramine metabolic pattern of normal subjects to that of idiopathic orthostatic hypotensive patients, it was apparent that the greatest changes occurred in the formation of noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (MOMA, VMA). The synthesis of noradrenaline was significantly reduced in the hypotensive patients, and there was also a marked reduction in the formation of MOMA, the principal metabolic prod...
Surgical blood loss during femoral rodding in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Abstract Background Historically, patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have been reported to be at risk for significant surgical bleeding secondary to abnormalities in platelet function. By reviewing the operative blood loss in OI patients undergoing femoral osteotomies and rodding, we hoped to identify risk factors for excessive bleeding. Methods A retrospective review of 22 patients with 52 inserted femoral rods was conducted under Institutional Review Board approval. Information concerning patients and procedures was collected. Associations with mean blood loss were made for categorical variables using the unpaired t-test and for continuous variables using correlation. Multivariate linear regression was used to test the influence of potential risk factors for excessive bleeding. Results The mean blood loss was 197 cc (standard deviation [SD] 129 cc, range 10–500 cc). The adjusted mean blood loss (ratio of actual blood loss divided by the total predicted blood volume [Custer and Rau in “The Harrie...
Regional Carbonate Alteration of the Crust by Mantle-Derived Magmatic Fluids, Tamil Nadu, South India

Regional carbonate alteration of the crust associated with major shear zones provides direct evidence for $CO_{2}$-rich fluid mobility. A good example occurs within the Attur lineament, one of numerous Proterozoic shear zones which crosscut charnockitic gneisses and other lithologies of the southern Indian craton. At this locality, widespread carbonate alteration of silicate rocks has involved growth of ankerite and other carbonate minerals which replace preexisting silicates. Some of the ankerite was subsequently recrystallized to fine-grained calcite and iron oxide, accompanied by sericitization of feldspar. Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses of samples of ankerite and calcite, together with some of the coexisting silicate minerals, have been used to constrain the conditions of formation of the carbonate alteration and the origin of the fluids involved. $\delta^{13}C$ values of ankerite are relatively homogeneous, ranging between -6.5 and -3.9 ‰ with a mean of -5.3 ‰. $\delta^{18}O$ is also ...