cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution of periplasmic transport in inside-out membrane vesicles. Energization by ATP.

Abstract The periplasmic histidine permease of Salmonella typhimurium has been reconstituted in inside-out vesicles (IOV) of Escherichia coli by disrupting the cells with a French press in the presence of a high concentration of the periplasmic histidine-binding protein, HisJ. Efflux from IOV, which is equivalent to uptake in whole cells, is induced by ATP. The reconstituted system depends on the presence of the membrane-bound permease proteins, HisQ, HisM, and HisP, and does not function if reconstitution is performed in the presence of a mutant HisJ protein, HisJ5625, that can bind histidine normally but can't interact properly with the membrane complex. Efflux is not induced by the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, supporting the contention that ATP hydrolysis is necessary. 8-Azido ATP inactivates IOV, indicating that the ATP effect occurs through the HisP protein, which has previously been shown to be modified by 8-azido ATP (Hobson, A., Weatherwax, R., and Ames, G.F.-L. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81, 733-7337). The estimated Km of the vesicles for ATP is about 200 microM. Vanadate, an inhibitor of phosphohydrolase enzymes, inhibits ATP-induced efflux. We conclude that ATP is likely to be the proximal energy source for periplasmic permeases.
Use of isogenic strains indicates CYP9M10 is linked to permethrin resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Previous studies on a strain of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus from Saudi Arabia indicated permethrin resistance was a result of cytochrome P450 mediated detoxification and kdr. The P450 detoxification was found to be larval specific and associated with a fitness cost in certain environments. The P450 responsible for resistance (and the fitness cost) has not been identified, but recently two candidate P450s (CYP4H34 and CYP9M10) have been found. We measured cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b₅ content as well as the expression levels of CYP4H34 and CYP9M10 in a susceptible (SLAB) and two isogenic strains (isolated by repeated backcrossing and selection) of mosquito (ISOP450 and ISOJPAL) resistant to permethrin. Cytochrome P450 protein levels of the resistant strains were significantly higher (1.5-fold) than SLAB, but were not significantly different from one another. Expression of CYP4H34 in the larvae and adults of the resistant (ISOP450 and ISOJPAL) and susceptible (SLAB) strains were not statistically different. CYP9M10 was found to be significantly over-expressed in larvae of both permethrin-resistant isogenic strains (1800-fold in ISOP450 and 870-fold in ISOJPAL) when compared to SLAB. Partial sequence analysis of CYP9M10 revealed eight polymorphic sites that distinguished the susceptible allele from the resistant allele. We conclude that CYP9M10 is linked to permethrin resistance in these strains of C. p. quinquefasciatus, and is likely to be the P450 gene responsible for resistance in these strains.
Young Lives Lost as B Cells Falter: What We Are Learning About Antibody Responses in Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major public health threat for which there is no licensed vaccine. Abs play a key role in malaria immunity, but Ab-mediated protection is only acquired after years of repeated infections, leaving children in endemic areas vulnerable to severe malaria and death. Many P. falciparum Ags are extraordinarily diverse and clonally variant, which likely contribute to the inefficient acquisition of protective Abs. However, mounting evidence suggests that there is more to the story and that infection-induced dysregulation of B cell function also plays a role. We herein review progress toward understanding the B cell biology of P. falciparum infection, focusing on what has been learned from population-based studies in malaria-endemic areas. We suggest ways in which advances in immunology and genomics-based technology can further improve our understanding of the B cell response in malaria and perhaps illuminate new pathways to the development of effective vaccines.
The Edinburgh designer system as a framework for robotics

The Edinburgh Designer System provides a high level of integration of knowledge about function and form for Mechanical Engineering Design. In this paper I discuss the extensions required to make this system suitable for assembly planning, showing that interface modules (eg. a seated-bearing) give rise to the basic acts of assembly, and that, with the provision of a suitable temporal formalism, the detailing of these actions can be accomplished within the Designer System framework.
Goodness-of-Fit Testing for the Cox Proportional Hazards Model

For testing the validity of the Cox proportional hazards model, a goodness-of-fit test of the null proportional hazards assumption is proposed based on a semi-parametric generalization of the Cox model, whereby the hazard functions can cross for different values of the covariates, using KullbackLeibler distance. The proposed method is illustrated using some real data. Our test was compared to that of previously described tests by using simulation experiments and found to perform very well.
Counterexamples to the correlated stability conjecture

We demonstrate explicit counterexamples to the correlated stability conjecture (CSC), which claims that the horizon of a black brane is unstable precisely if that horizon has a thermodynamic instability, meaning that its matrix of susceptibilities has a negative eigenvalue. These examples involve phase transitions near the horizon. Ways to restrict or revise the CSC are suggested. One of our examples shows that $\mathcal{N}={1}^{*}$ gauge theory has a second-order chiral symmetry breaking phase transition at a temperature well above the confinement scale.
Amphotericin B-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.

A mphotericin B remains the standard treatment for serious mycotic infections such as coccidioidomycosisl Amphotericin B is associated with several notable complications such as nephrotoxicity,2 anemia, fever, and ~hills.~ Lethal complications, such as pulmonary decompensation4 and ventricular fibrillation,5 have rarely been reported. Myocardial dysfunction secondary to amphotericin B has never been previously described. In this report we describe a patient who, while receiving amphotericin B for disseminated coccidioidomycosis, developed dilated cardiomyopathy with clinical congestive heart failure. Cardiac dysfunction reversed after treatment with amphotericin B was terminated.
β-scintillation monitor for krypton-85 at high pressures

Abstract A CaF 2 (Eu) scintillation detector has been designed for continuous inline monitoring of 85 Kr in corrosive gas streams at pressures up to 600 psig and temperatures as low as −40°C. The detector is capable of rapid determination of 85 Kr at concentrations as low as 0.001 ppb. A number of these detectors have been successfully tested as monitors in a decontamination facility where 85 Kr and other noble gases are removed by high-pressure scrubbing with selective solvents.
Galantamine-ER For Cognitive Dysfunction In Bipolar Disorder and Correlation with Hippocampal Neuronal Viability: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Many subjects with bipolar disorder experience significant cognitive dysfunction, even when euthymic, but few studies assess biological correlates of or treatment strategies for cognitive dysfunction. Method: Nineteen subjects with bipolar disorder in remission, who reported subjective cognitive deficits, were treated with open-label galantamine-ER 8–24 mg/day for 4 months. Ten healthy volunteers matched for age and gender were also assessed. Mood and subjective cognitive questionnaires were administered monthly. At the beginning and the end of the trial all subjects were administered neuropsychological tests, including tests of attention (Conners CPT) and episodic memory (CVLT). Bipolar subjects underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements before and after treatment, healthy volunteers completed baseline 1H-MRS. We acquired 1H-MRS data at 4.0 T from voxels centered on the left and right hippocampus to measure hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate (NAA, a measure of neuronal viability) and choline containing compounds (Cho, a marker of lipid metabolism and membrane turn-over). Results: Compared to healthy volunteers, bipolar subjects had higher baseline subjective cognitive deficits and lower scores on objective tests of attention (Conner's CPT) and verbal episodic memory (CVLT). After treatment, bipolar subjects experienced significant improvement of subjective cognitive scores and on objective tests of attention (Conner's CPT) and verbal episodic memory (CVLT). In the left hippocampus NAA increased and choline (Cho) decreased in bipolar subjects during treatment. Conclusion: Bipolar subjects had cognitive dysfunction; treatment with Galantamine-ER was associated with improved cognition and with increases in neuronal viability and normalization of lipid membrane metabolism in the left hippocampus. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00181636).
Recovery rate of Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni on eviscerated pork, lamb, and beef carcasses.

Unwashed carcasses of swine (58), sheep (59), and beef (58) were assessed for the incidence of Campylobacter fetus spp. jejuni. The potential pathogen was present on 38% of the swine, 24% of the sheep, and 2% of the beef carcasses examined. This study serves to point out the association of the pathogen within food marketing channels.
Aborting the zygote argument

Alfred Mele’s zygote argument for incompatibilism is based on a case involving an agent in a deterministic world whose entire life is planned by someone else. Mele’s contention is that Ernie (the agent) is unfree and that normal determined agents are relevantly similar to him with regards to free will. In this paper, I examine four different ways of understanding this argument and then criticize each interpretation. I then extend my criticism to manipulation arguments in general. I conclude that the zygote argument is no threat to compatibilism.
Effects of ozone and water stress on greenhouse-grown fraser fir seedling growth and physiology

Abstract Three-year-old Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) seedlings were exposed to ozone (
Microfluidic-based strip assay for testing the effects of various surface-bound inhibitors in spinal cord injury

This paper describes a novel microfluidic-based assay for spinal cord injury (SCI) research. Conventional methods such as neurite outgrowth and strip assays cannot recapitulate the organized structure of the spinal cord and thus poorly simulate the injury microenvironment. In addition, it is difficult to obtain quantitative results to compare subtle differences on a chemical's effect on normal growth and regeneration. In SCI, the cell bodies are often located away from the immediate lesion, while the damaged and regenerating axons are exposed to the inhibitory milieu of the scar-tissue. We combined micropatterning and microfluidics to selectively place high purity CNS neurons on favorable substrate but allow only axons to interact with permissive (i.e. polylysine) and inhibitory substrates (i.e. aggrecan) presented in alternating strips. On patterned surfaces, axons were confined on permissive lanes and consistently avoided inhibitory strips. Since processes are expected to proceed in a pre-defined direction/geometry, even small deviations, indicative of the drug's effectiveness, can be readily detected. To demonstrate the potential utility of the method in drug screening for SCI, we used chondroitinase-ABC as a model drug to overcome the inhibitory effects of aggrecan. Enzymatic treatment promoted axons to cross onto the nerve-inhibitory strips and extend randomly across the pattern. Such effects can be easily observed and confidently quantitated to obtain objective comparison. This approach is amenable for high throughput screening and may be used to study the effects of pharmaceuticals that suppress inhibitors of neuronal growth/regeneration.
Understanding processing speed weaknesses among pedophilic child molesters: response style vs. neuropathology.

Research shows that pedophilic (PED) child molesters exhibit slower performance speed and greater performance accuracy when compared to nonpedophilic (N-PED) child molesters or other criminal and noncriminal controls. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether these differences reflect a slow/deliberate response style among PEDS (as we have previously hypothesized; Eastvold, Suchy, & Strassberg, 2011; Suchy, Whittaker, Strassberg, & Eastvold, 2009a, 2009b), or a fundamental neuropathological weakness in processing speed. Data came from a larger study examining neurocognition among sex offenders. Processing speed in three different domains (motor speed, visual-perceptual speed, and visual-motor integration) was examined in 20 phallometrically identified PEDs, 20 N-PEDs, and 20 nonsexual offenders, using both clinical (Finger Tapping, Symbol Search, Digit Symbol Coding) and experimental measures (Inspection Time Task [ITT]). The ITT assessed speed of visual-perceptual processing independent of response speed. On clinical measures, PEDs exhibited slower visual perception [F(2, 57) = 5.24, p = .008] and visual-motor integration [F(2, 57) = 5.02, p = .010] than the other groups, with no differences for simple motor speed. On the ITT, PEDs performed less accurately than the other groups [F(2, 57) = 3.95, p = .025], clearly indicating that slow processing speed cannot be explained by a deliberate response style. Group differences persisted after controlling for other potential confounds (age, estimate IQ, working memory, ethnicity, and substance use). PEDs' slower performance is due to a fundamental neurocognitive weakness, rather than a slow/deliberate response style. These results are consistent with Cantor et al.'s (2008) work identifying white matter abnormalities among PEDs and provide further support for a neurodevelopmental etiology of pedophilia.
The influence of dogmatism on the situational use of pro- and anti-social compliance-Gaining strategies

This study examined the influence of dogmatism on a person's decision to employ compliance‐gaining strategies. Subjects indicated the likelihood they would use sixteen techniques for long‐ and short‐term consequence rewards in interpersonal and non‐interpersonal relationships. The sixteen techniques were placed into two categories: pro‐social strategies and anti‐social strategies. Dogmatism was correlated with the general use of all strategies. A significant main effect was observed for dogmatism. High dogmatics were significantly more active in compliance‐gaining activity than low dogmatics. The interaction among dogmatism, relationships and compliance‐gaining strategies approached significance. Differences were observed in the use of specific compliance‐gaining strategies within and between relationships by dogmatics. When examining long‐and short‐term consequence rewards, high dogmatics were found to be more active in compliance‐gaining activity than low dogmatics.
Dysregulation of the epigenome in human breast cancer: contributions of gene-specific DNA hypermethylation to breast cancer pathobiology and targeting the breast cancer methylome for improved therapy.

Triple-negative breast cancers (including basal-like and claudin-low molecular subtypes) represent 20% to 25% of all breast cancers, but disproportionately contribute to breast cancer–associated death. We have identified a novel fundamental biological property of triple-negative breast cancers: most triple-negative breast cancers express aberrant DNA hypermethylation due to overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 3b (and hyperactivity of the DNA methyltransferase enzymes). DNA methyltransferase 3b overexpression occurs secondary to loss of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. The resulting hyperactivity of DNA methyltransferase 3b produces concurrent DNA methylation-dependent silencing of numerous critical gene targets (including tumor suppressors and pro-apoptotic genes) and resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy. This observation presents new opportunities for development of innovative treatment strategies on the basis of the epigenome as a novel therapeutic target in triple-negative breast cancers. Epigenetic therapy represents a new principle in cancer treatment in which restoration of critical molecular pathways occurs secondary to reexpression of silenced genes that encode negative mediators of cancer cell growth.
Subcellular in vivo time-lapse imaging and optical manipulation of Caenorhabditis elegans in standard multiwell plates

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a widely used model organism for visualizing development, ageing and other phenomena, but high-throughput imaging requires immobilization of the animal. Rohde and Yanik report a rapid immobilization and imaging method for the high-throughput screening of C. elegans.
Does readiness to change predict subsequent alcohol consumption in medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use

We studied whether readiness to change predicts alcohol consumption (drinks per day) 3 months later in 267 medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use. We used 3 readiness to change measures: a 1 to 10 visual analog scale (VAS) and two factors of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale: Perception of Problems (PP) and Taking Action (TA). Subjects with the highest level of VAS-measured readiness consumed significantly fewer drinks 3 months later [Incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57 (0.36, 0.91) highest vs. lowest tertile]. Greater PP was associated with more drinking [IRR (95%CI): 1.94 (1.02, 3.68) third vs. lowest quartile]. Greater TA scores were associated with less drinking [IRR (95%CI): 0.42 (0.23, 0.78) highest vs. lowest quartile]. Perception of Problems' association with more drinking may reflect severity rather than an aspect of readiness associated with ability to change; high levels of Taking Action appear to predict less drinking. Although assessing readiness to change may have clinical utility, assessing the patient's planned actions may have more predictive value for future improvement in alcohol consumption.
Nonnative English-speaking teaching assistants and student performance

In recent years, much concern has been expressed about the quality of instruction provided by foreign teaching assistants (TAs) in higher education. Critiques of the use of foreign TAs generally argue that they often impede the learning process because of language barriers. The present study examines the effect that nonnative English-speaking TAs had on student performance over five semesters at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Multiple ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze the relationship between student grades and nonnative English-speaking TAs. Subsamples based on a TA's geographic region of origin and instructional area are also analyzed. In addition, course drop rates and the impact of TA training programs are examined to determine possible influence on the results. The results of the analysis consistently indicate slightlybetter performance in sections conducted by nonnative English-speaking TAs.
S-cysteinyl-hydroxychlorpropham transferase inhibition by chlorpropham analogs, sulfhydryl compounds, ortho- and/or para-substituted phenols, and firefly luciferin

Abstract Inhibition of S-cysteinyl-hydroxychlorpropham transferase from oat (Avena sativa L.) by various compounds was studied. The β-O-glucoside of the substrate, isopropyl-3′-chloro-4′-hydroxycarbanilate (4-hydroxychlorpropham), and isopropyl-3′-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) did not inhibit the enzyme. Isopropyl-5′-chloro-2′-hydroxycarbanilate (2-hydroxy-5-chlorpropham), was a competitive inhibitor with respect to 4-hydroxychlorpropham, but 2-β-O-glucosyl-5-chlorpropham was not an inhibitor. The inhibition patterns exhibited by 2-hydroxy-5-chlorpropham and other aryl-hydroxylated analogs suggested that the site of aryl-cysteine thioether conjugation might be the ortho (2′) aromatic carbon. Inhibitions by 3-chloro-4-hydroxyaniline and ferulic acid suggest that related phenols and/or naturally occurring phenolic plant acids could serve as substrates for the enzyme system. Glutathione was a competitive inhibitor with respect to cysteine and could also form a conjugate with 4-hydroxychlorpropham. Atypical inhibitions of cysteine conjugation by cysteine ethyl ester or firefly d -luciferin were described. Similarities between S-cysteinyl-hydroxychlorpropham transferase and firefly luciferase were noted.
Simulated Aortic or Pulmonary Stenosis in the Rat.

SummaryWe have demonstrated the feasibility of banding intrathoracic vessels in the weanling rat, with survival of an acceptable proportion of the animals for 9 weeks. The vascular obstruction resulted in reduced food intake, growth failure, cardiac hypertrophy, and other changes indicative of cardiac failure.
On the control of a flock by a leader

The collective and individual behaviors of the elements of a set of identical units are investigated from the point of view of their response to a coordination signal broadcast by a leader. In terms of the model used here, we show that for such systems nonlinearity plays a critical role. A new method for establishing controllability of nonlinear, replicated systems is given. Similarly, stabilization also depends on high order nonlinear effects. For the purpose of stabilization, a distinction between odd order nonlinear terms and even order nonlinear terms plays a role.
Effects of pore diameter and catalyst loading in hydroliquefaction of coal with CoO/MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The effect of catalyst pore size has been studied for the hydroliquefaction of a West Virginia coal in the presence of Co/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. The alumina supports used for catalyst preparation had relatively sharp, unimodal pore size distribution with average pore diameters in the range of 100 A to almost 1000 A. Loading of MoO3 and CoO on the Al2O3 supports was in the constant weight ratio of 5:1, but the absolute loading was in direct proportion to the surface area of the support. Two series of catalyst were studied: “High loading”, with 9.7 × 10−4 g MoO3/m2 Al2O3, and “low loading”, with 4.5 × 10−4 g MoO3/m2 Al2O3; both loadings were less than the amount necessary for monolayer distribution of MoO3 on Al2O3. The weight of catalyst charged in each autoclave run was varied so that the same weight of MoO3 and CoO was present for each experiment. The principal results were: (1) Al2O3 alone is not catalytic, even in large amount; (2) conversion of coal increases as catalyst pore diameter increases; from 100 A to at least 500 A; (3) the increased conversion with increasing pore size is manifested mainly as increased yield of asphaltenes at 400°C, so the ratio of oil to oil-plus-asphaltenes decreases as pore diameter increases; and (4) catalysts with “low loading” of MoO3 and CoO on the Al2O3 surface give higher liquefactions than their counterparts with “high loading”. Most of the results are consistent with an expected low diffusion rate of large, coal-derived molecules through the catalyst pore system. The higher liquefaction with “low loading” of the Al2O3 surface might result from slow desorption of large product molecules (asphaltenes) exhibiting multiple-site adsorption to Mo neighbors on the surface.
Higgs Production in General 5D Warped Models

We calculate the production rate of the Higgs boson at the LHC in the context of general five-dimensional (5D) warped scenarios with space-time background modified from the usual ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$, and where all the Standard Model fields, including the Higgs, propagate in the bulk. This modification can alleviate considerably the bounds coming from precision electroweak tests and flavor physics. We evaluate the Higgs production rate and show that it is generically consistent with the current experimental results from the LHC for Kaluza-Klein masses as low as 2 TeV, unlike in pure ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$ scenarios, where for the same masses, the Higgs production typically receives corrections too large to be consistent with LHC data. Thus the new pressure on warped models arising from LHC Higgs data is also alleviated in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$-modified warped scenarios.
Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant Nesting Ecology in Oak Savannas

Abstract Oak savannas in the Midwestern United States are rare ecosystems heavily altered by human activity. Common land management practices, like prescribed fire can control invasive species and restore native plants, but few studies have examined the impacts of such practices on oak savanna invertebrate communities. We examined impacts of prescribed fire on ant nesting ecology in the Oak Openings of NW Ohio. We measured ant use of natural nests and colonization of artificial nests in savannas to examine ant nest-site limitation and colonization. We collected 376 potential natural nests (362 acorns, 12 twigs and 2 other hollow nuts); 161 in burned sites and 215 in unburned sites. In burned sites, seven (or 4.34%) nests were occupied by ants and in unburned sites three (or 1.4%) were occupied, but nest occupation did not differ between burned and unburned areas. Overall 6.85% of artificial nests were occupied; 5.56% in burned and 7.59% in unburned areas, but again, the difference was not significant. Two...
Electron paramagnetic resonance of single crystal 15N-nitrosyl-57Fe-myoglobin.

Abstract Apomyoglobin and 57Fe-enriched (86%) hemin have been reconstituted and the product crystallized. Subsequent reaction with 15NO (98% enriched) gave 57Mb15NO. Epr of the monoclinic crystals shows a 5.2 ± 0.3 splitting within ± 20° of the a ∗ -axis which is attributable to 57Fe ( I = 1 2 ) splitting. The result suggests a 45% spin density at the iron nucleus in MbNO.
Etch tailoring through flexible end-point detection

Accurate measurement in-situ and in real-time of film thickness during Reactive Ion Etching (THE) can lead to new levels of process control. The two techniques described are used to stop an etch close to an interface less than 5Onm and have an accuracy of 3nm and 8nm respectively. The long term goal etch tailoring depends on pin-pointing in real-time the film remaining to be etched. With etch tailoring process parameters can be changed to improve product quality.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The importance of the stable category for chemotherapy treated patients with advanced and relapsing prostate cancer

Categories of objective response to chemotherapy for 460 advanced relapsing prostate cancer patients evaluated in the initial first four randomized clinical trials of the National Prostatic Cancer Project were compared by survival and other patient and disease characteristics. The response criteria for stable were shown to delineate patients with markedly improved survival and other disease conditions relative to those designated as progression. Survival was similar for stable and partial regression patients despite more frequent reduction of primary tumor and subjective improvement in performance status, pain, and body weight in the partial regression patients. Consequently, we feel that in these studies the stable category is valid and useful for determining efficacy of treatment in patients with advancing prostate cancer.
Deep-sea harpacticoid copepod diversity maintenance: The role of polychaetes

Several models to account for enhanced diversity in the deep sea have been proposed, but the available natural history information has been inadequate to distinguish among them. In particular, few data exist on patterns of co-occurrence among species. At 1220 m depth in the San Diego Trough (32°35.75′N; 117°29.00′W), harpacticoid copepod species covary significantly with polychaetes when the polychaetes are combined into functional groups on the basis of feeding type and mobility. In particular, harpacticoid species tend to avoid polychaetes which are sessile surface-deposit feeders. The results provide support for models in which disturbance/predation plays an important role in maintaining deep-sea diversity.
1935—A disappointing year for American anesthesiology

Abstract 1935 was a watershed year for American anesthesiology. John Lundy, working with the American Medical Association (AMA), attempted to start a second journal in the specialty in the United States. After canvassing the leaders of the specialty, he was convinced that there was not enough support for the publication. Lundy also tried to obtain a Section on Anesthesia within the annual meeting of the AMA. The section was a necessary prerequisite for a board to certify specialists in anesthesiology. Likewise, this effort was not successful.
SU‐E‐T‐648: Multi‐Criteria Optimization for Real‐Time Planning of Lung Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: Multi‐criteria optimization (MCO) is implemented for planning lung cancer radiotherapy treatments to clarify patient‐specific tradeoffs and allow real‐time plan decision making. Methods: For four locally advanced lung cancer patients (P1–P4), a basis set of MCO plans are constructed and compared to plans determined from fixed‐objective (FO) optimization for organs at risk (OARs). All optimized plans include constraints on target‐D95>70 Gy and spinal cord Dmax<45 Gy. Five MCO basis plans are designed per patient through weight variation of four non‐zero dose‐volume objectives (DVOs) for ipsilateral lung (iLung), contralateral lung (cLung), heart, and esophagus. The five basis plans are optimized according to: (1) simultaneous minimization of four OAR‐DVOs and (2–5) weight variation for one OAR‐DVO. Results: Patient‐specific tradeoffs between OAR objectives are revealed with MCO which are not evident in FO‐optimization. For P1, MCO basis plans vary iLung‐V20 from 46% to 65% and show that V20<46% is not achievable; the FO iLung‐V20 is 54%. For P2,the FO‐plan trades off a 1% reduction in iLung‐V20 for a 29% increase in esophagus‐V20. An interpolated MCO plan, in this case, takes advantage of this tradeoff to reduce esophagus V20 by from 41% to 8%. P3 shows increasing heart‐V20 by 35% (from 20% to 55%) results in a 7% (34%‐27%) reduction in iLung‐V20. With P4, MCO reveals a tradeoff between the two lungs; varying iLung‐V20 from 23% to 30% corresponds to cLung‐V20 varying from 23% to 17%. The FO plan treats cLung up to the V20 objective (to 29%) without penalty. MCO shows the ability to reduce OAR dose‐volumes, but often led to increased PTV hotspots. Conclusion: Analysis of MCO plans clarifies conflicting objectives and exposes inherent limitations due to patient geometry. Real‐time planning is possible with a small set of MCO plans, and achieves plans which are superior to FO‐optimization. Supported by NIH P01‐CA‐116602 and Philips Medical Systems
In situ subcellular localization of epitope‐tagged human and rabbit carboxylesterases

Carboxylesterases are a ubiquitous class of enzymes thought to be involved in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Primary amino acid sequence data suggest that these proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. However, since this family of proteins is highly homologous, the generation of specific reagents to monitor expression and subcellular localization has been unsuccessful. To accomplish in situ detection of a human alveolar macrophage carboxylesterase and a rabbit liver carboxylesterase, we constructed plasmids that expressed recombinant proteins containing an 11 amino acid influenza hemagglutinin tag near the C-terminus. These proteins retained carboxylesterase activity as determined by the conversion of o-nitrophenol acetate to o-nitrophenol. Following transfection of plasmids encoding these proteins into mammalian cells, cells were analyzed by both fluorescence and electron microscopy. The tagged enzymes were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of both Cos7 monkey kidney cells and Rh30 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. No tagged protein was detectable in the culture media. Hence, epitope tagging allowed the analysis of expression and localization of specific carboxylesterases. The methods described in this paper are, therefore, applicable to any protein, including those that are highly homologous to other candidate molecules. Cytometry 32:223–232, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Machine understanding and the Chinese room

Abstract John Searle has argued that one can imagine embodying a machine running any computer program without understanding the symbols, and hence that purely computational processes do not yield understanding. The disagreement this argument has generated stems, I hold, from ambiguity in talk of ‘understanding’. The concept is analysed as a relation between subjects and symbols having two components: a formal and an intentional. The central question, then becomes whether a machine could possess the intentional component with or without the formal component. I argue that the intentional state of a symbol's being meaningful to a subject is a functionally definable relation between the symbol and certain past and present states of the subject, and that a machine could bear this relation to a symbol. I sketch a machine which could be said to possess, in primitive form, the intentional component of understanding. Even if the machine, in lacking consciousness, lacks full understanding, it contributes to a theor...
Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. II. A computer program for EKG measurements

Abstract This paper describes the logic of the measurement program. This program determines from the waveform the identity and nature of the various electrocardiogram complexes (i.e., QRS, P, T, etc.). It compares all such complexes to determine whether they are similar or different from each other. It identifies their amplitude and time-duration characteristics.
The War on Drugs: Methamphetamine, Public Health, and Crime

In mid-1995, a government effort to reduce the supply of methamphetamine precursors successfully disrupted the methamphetamine market and interrupted a trajectory of increasing usage. The price of methamphetamine tripled and purity declined from 90 percent to 20 percent. Simultaneously, amphetaminerelated hospital and treatment admissions dropped 50 percent and 35 percent, respectively. Methamphetamine use among arrestees declined 55 percent. Although felony methamphetamine arrests fell 50 percent, there is no evidence of substantial reductions in property or violent crime. The impact was largely temporary. The price returned to its original level within four months; purity, hospital admissions, treatment admissions, and arrests approached preintervention levels within eighteen months. (JEL I12, K42).
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF HOX GENE EXPRESSION IN FETAL MOUSE LUNG

Homeotic genes regulate structure specific development in Drosophila. They contain the homeobox region, a highly conserved DNA sequence which is also conserved in the mammalian genome. Mammalian homeotic genes are proposed to regulate [mammalian] fetal development. Mouse homeobox genes are called “box” genes; specific hox genes are known to be expressed in fetal mouse lungs. We hypothesize that hox gene expression in fetal lung is developmentally regulated in a lung specific fashion. RNA was isolated from fetal mouse lungs and liver at 16, 17, and 18 days gestation, transferred to Northern blot, then probed with 32P labelled cDNA probes for hox 1.3, hox 1.5, and hox 2.1. Expression was analysed by autoradiography [and computer phosphorimagery.] Specific expression of hox 1.3 was seen in lung but not liver of males and females on days 16, 17, and 18. Expression of hox 1.5 was seen in both lung and liver of males and females on days 16, 17, and 18. Expression of hox 2.1 was not seen on these days, but has been previously described in day 12.5 and 14.5 fetal mouse lungs. These findings support our hypothesis of developmental regulation of hox gene expression. We speculate that hox genes regulate pattern specific development in the mouse similar to homeobox genes in Drosophila.
A mechanical model for multiply-oriented conjugate deformation bands

A unique suite of three pairs of conjugate deformation band sets is present in Jurassic sandstones in the southeastern corner of the San Juan basin, northwestern New Mexico. In order of sequential development, these conjugate pairs are oriented to form each of the three principal conjugate attitudes: (1) upright X's, (2) plan-view X's, and (3) recumbent X's. The symmetry axes of the three different X-geometries at this location are parallel, suggesting that the three systems are genetically related. A relatively simple stress history, with the horizontal stresses striking northeast and southeast and varying in magnitude but not in orientation, plausibly explains this suite of sequentially developed conjugate structures. In this model, the upright X's formed with dip-slip, normal offset under the initial conditions where the overburden was the maximum stress and the northeast-striking horizontal stress was the intermediate stress. Plan-view X's with strike-slip offset formed next, as the northeast-striking stress increased (due to northeastward Laramide translation of the Colorado Plateau and interaction with the local basement-cored Nacimiento Uplift) to become the maximum stress, leaving the overburden stress as the intermediate stress although unchanged in magnitude. As the northeast-directed horizontal compressive stress continued to increase, it eventually created a condition where the horizontal stresses equaled or exceeded the overburden stress, resulting in small-scale thrusting along the recumbent X's. The proposed mechanical model shows that shear stress levels dropped temporarily after the formation of the upright X's, providing a hiatus in deformation and making the deformation at the next stage distinct, without overlap. The three systems of intersecting conjugate deformation bands that resulted have severely compartmentalized potential reservoirs in this unit, and illustrate why similar high-porosity, deformation-banded units can have low hydrocarbon production rates despite otherwise good reservoir potential.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Regulation of Inhibin α- and βB-Subunit and Follistatin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Cultured Avian Granulosa Cells

Abstract FSH regulation of inhibin α-, βB-subunit and follistatin mRNA was investigated in cultured chicken granulosa cells, which were isolated and pooled according to size from the F4 + F5 follicles, small yellow follicles (SYF), and large white follicles (LWF). In experiment 1 (four replicate experiments), granulosa cells were cultured, and the effect of FSH (50 ng/ml) on the growth of cells from the different follicles was examined at 24 and 48 h of culture. Cell viability was >95% for all of the granulosa cell cultures at 24 and 48 h. At 24 h, the number of granulosa cells in both the FSH-treated and the untreated cultures for all follicle types was numerically greater than the number of cells originally plated. At 48 h, FSH-treated cultures for all follicle types had twice (P < 0.05) the number of cells as the untreated cultures. In experiment 2 (three replicate experiments), FSH increased expression of the mRNA for inhibin α-subunit in LWF granulosa cells at 4 and 24 h to detectable levels and incr...
Tendinopathies of the Elbow, Wrist, and Hand: Histopathology and Clinical Considerations

This article reviews the current opinion of the histopathological findings of common elbow, wrist, and hand tendinopathies. Implications for client management including examination, diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and outcomes are addressed. Concepts for further research regarding common therapeutic interventions are discussed.
GRAMMATICAL CLASS AS A VARIABLE IN VERBAL SATIATION.

Under conditions of continuous elicitation, lexical words (nouns) took significantly longer to lose meaning than function words (conjunctions and prepositions), even though each of the critical wor...
Sampling Whiteflies in Cotton: Validation and Analysis of Enumerative and Binomial Plans

We tested enumerative and binomial sampling plans developed for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in 3,240 ha of commercial cotton as part of the implementation of a community-wide integrated pest management (IPM) program in Laveen and Tolleson, AZ, in 1994. We compared new field observations to sampling distribution models developed previously for all lifestages, and validated and analyzed die performance of 5 sampling plans based on these models by resampling field data from 129 to 284 sites. Mean–variance relationships for the new data differed statistically from mean-variance models previously developed for adults, but not for eggs or nymphs. Resampling analyses indicated that desired precision (SE to mean ratio) was rarely achieved, on average, by fixed-precision sequential sampling plans. These enumerative sampling plans provided better precision than desired at moderate to high densities of eggs and adults and worse precision than desired at most densities of nymphs. An empirical model relating mean density to the proportion of leaves infested with 3 or more adult B. tabaci was accurate at mean densities < 2 adults per leaf but over-predicted mean density at higher densities. Resampling analysis revealed that a sequential sampling plan based on this empirical model was accurate at classifying population density relative to an action threshold of 5 adults per leaf. At nominal α and β error rates of 0.10, population density was correctly classified ≍87% of the time. Accuracy was not improved by reducing nominal error rates to 0.05. Resampling analysis of a fixed-sample size plan based on n = 30 gave similar results and increasing sample size to 50 increased accuracy only 3%. Further resampling analyses that more closely approximated scouting protocols (15 sample units drawn from each of 2 quadrants in die field) resulted in an average accuracy of ≍70%. Accuracy declined when populations densities differed greatly among quadrants in a field. Most of this error was associated with making a decision to control when pest density was below the action threshold. Based on a robust validation technique using field observations representing a wide range of environmental and agronomic conditions, our sampling plans performed well and should be useful for estimating and classifying population densities of B. tabaci in cotton over a wide area.
Space solar array reliability: A study and recommendations

Abstract Providing reliable power over the anticipated mission life is critical to all satellites; therefore solar arrays are one of the most vital links to satellite mission success. Furthermore, solar arrays are exposed to the harshest environment of virtually any satellite component. In the past 10 years 117 satellite solar array anomalies have been recorded with 12 resulting in total satellite failure. Through an in-depth analysis of satellite anomalies listed in the Airclaim's Ascend SpaceTrak database, it is clear that solar array reliability is a serious, industry-wide issue. Solar array reliability directly affects the cost of future satellites through increased insurance premiums and a lack of confidence by investors. Recommendations for improving reliability through careful ground testing, standardization of testing procedures such as the emerging AIAA standards, and data sharing across the industry will be discussed. The benefits of creating a certified module and array testing facility that would certify in-space reliability will also be briefly examined. Solar array reliability is an issue that must be addressed to both reduce costs and ensure continued viability of the commercial and government assets on orbit.
Chronic hypoxia alters structure and transmitter dynamics in dog pulmonary artery

Confinement of dogs to 10% oxygen for 14 days caused erythropoiesis and pulmonary hypertension. Histological sections of the lung tissue showed thickening of the smooth muscle component of muscular arteries and arterioles. Segments of pulmonary artery from dogs exposed to hypoxia were superfused under continuation of hypoxic conditions or after return to oxygenated conditions. Parallel segments of pulmonary artery from normal dogs were also studied. Norepinephrine stores were labeled with [3H]norepinephrine and measurements were made of [3H]norepinephrine and its radiolabeled metabolites (separated by column chromatography) in superfusates using liquid scintillation spectrometry. Chronic hypoxia (1) reduced neuronal uptake of NE from synaptic clefts, (2) reduced the content of DOPEG in superfusate from tissues studied during continuation of hypoxic conditions and in tissues studied after return to oxygenated conditions, (3) increased extraneuronal uptake of NE and (4) increased overflow of NE from synaptic clefts. In similar segments of pulmonary artery removed from the same lung, endogenous free and conjugated norepinephrine and dopamine were measured in pulmonary artery by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The tissue content of free norepinephrine after stimulation was reduced, which was compatible with the reduction in neuronal uptake. Conjugated norepinephrine was a minor metabolite and was increased modestly compared to concentrations reported previously in pulmonary artery from normal dogs.
Femtosecond Microscopy of Surface Plasmon Polariton Wave Packet Evolution at the Silver/Vacuum Interface

A movie of the dispersive and dissipative propagation of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave packets at a silver/vacuum interface is recorded by the interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy with 60 nm spatial resolution and 330 as frame interval. The evolution of SPP wave packets is imaged through a two-path interference created by a pair of 10 fs phase correlated pump−probe light pulses at 400 nm. The wave packet evolution is simulated using the complex dielectric function of silver.
External monitoring and its effect on seasoned common stock issues

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the market reaction to announcements of seasoned stock offerings varies with the presence of outside agents - accounting firms, commercial banks, and underwriters - who monitor the firm. The stock price reaction is a positive function of the quantity of bank debt in a firm's financial structure, the quality of the firm's investment banker, and the quality of the public accounting firm that serves as its external auditor. The evidence supports theoretical models that imply external agents audit, monitor, and certify decisions to issue seasoned common stock.