cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-dose therapy for cystitis in women. A comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and cyclacillin.

We evaluated single-dose regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and cyclacillin as treatment for acute cystitis in 38 women. The trial was prematurely stopped because of frequent treatment failures. At two days after treatment, all 13 patients given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were cured, while four (31%) of 13 given amoxicillin and four (33%) of 12 given cyclacillin had persistent bacteriuria. At two weeks, 11 (85%) of 13 patients given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, six (50%) of 12 given amoxicillin, and three (30%) of ten given cyclacillin were cured. One patient with positive results of antibody-coated bacteria testing who was treated with cyclacillin had signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis three days after treatment, and two patients treated with amoxicillin and one treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole converted antibody-coated bacteria test results from negative to positive after therapy. We conclude that single-dose treatment of cystitis in unselected women with cyclacillin and amoxicillin may result in low cure rates and that progression to acute pyelonephritis may occur following ineffective single-dose therapy. ( JAMA 1985;253:387-390)
Deep levels in CdTe

Abstract We have used a variety of complementary techniques to study electronic trapping levels that are far from either band edge in CdTe. These deep levels play an important role in determining the electrical properties of the material. We have studied and attempted to identify levels due to specific defects and those due to either intentional or unintentional dopants. These findings have been correlated with information from the literature. The methods used included both DC and AC photoconductivity, photocurrent induced transient spectroscopy (PITS), and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). CdTe samples doped with aluminum, indium, tin, cesium, and phosphorus, as well as nominally undoped sampled have been examined. Fifteen different levels have been identified as related to these impurities.
Statistics for Anthropology

By Lorena Madrigal. 1998. New York: Cambridge University Press. 238 pp. ISBN 0-521-57786-1. $24.95 (paper).
An approach for generic sensor models

We present an approach to representing a wide range of sensor types in a single modelling platform. Our generic sensor model design uses an electromagnetic transmission level of resolution starting with the radar equation, and uses a multiplier model to represent two active and four passive electromagnetic sensors. The advantages of the multiplier model approach are that it is founded in accepted physics equations, which helps in model future validation, and it is inherently modular in that the resolution of each transmission path segment may be different. Therefore the generic sensor multiplier model approach is very flexible in how and where it can be applied, and efficient in terms of being able to support a wide range of sensitivity analysis. We conclude by describing our preliminary implementation, the limits encountered when trying to model large operational military scenarios at electromagnetic transmission levels of detail, and future directions for research.
A nonredundant-radix-4 serial multiplier

The authors describe a serial multiplier based upon a new mapping of a nonredundant-radix-4 multiplication algorithm. This multiplier forms binary partial products by adding multiples of 0, 1, 2, or 3 times the multiplicand in all internal modules. The circuit interprets multiplier data as radix-4 digits which do not share overlapping bits. A trivial interpretation of the multiplier data eliminates the need for additional circuitry to process redundant bit overlap. The circuit described uses simpler recording circuitry while retaining the same order area and time of the modified Booth multiplier. >
Framing Professional Development in Information and Communications Technologies: University Perspectives

The proliferations of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and an increase in the number of external students and of the digital youth have put considerable pressure upon university staff to adopt ICT in their pedagogy. However, these challenges that include ICT technical skills and pedagogy require staff to continuously engage in Professional Development (PD), which might require revisions of work agreements. Staff have to change their pedagogical paradigms This paper proposes PD models and suggests that IT specialists and Administrative Assistants should be involved.
Effects of rheological properties and processing parameters on ABS thermoforming

Understanding effects of material and processing parameters on the thermoforming process is critical to the optimization of processing conditions and the development of better materials for high quality products. In this study we investigated the influence of both rheological properties and processing parameters on the part thickness distribution of a vacuum snap-back forming process. Rheological properties included uniaxial and biaxial elongational viscosity and strain hardening and/or softening while processing parameters included friction coefficient, heat transfer coefficient, and sheet and mold temperatures. The Wagner two parameter nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was used to describe rheological behavior and was fit to shear and elongational experimental data. The linear viscoelastic properties along with the Wagner model were utilized for numerical simulation of the thermoforming operation. Simulations of pre-stretched vacuum thermoforming with a relatively complex mold for a commercial refrigerator liner were conducted. The effects of nonlinear rheological behavior were determined by arbitrarily changing model parameters. This allows determination of which rheological features (i.e., elongational mode, viscosity, and strain hardening and/or softening) are most critical to the vacuum snap-back thermoforming operation. We found that rheological and friction properties showed a predominant role over other processing parameters for uniform thickness distribution.
Spawning and Rearing Habitat Use by White Sturgeons in the Columbia River Downstream from McNary Dam

Abstract Spawning and rearing habitats used by white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus were described from water temperature, depth, and velocity measurements and substrate types present at sites where eggs, larvae, young-of-the-year, and juveniles (ages 1–7) were collected. Spawning and egg incubation occurred in the swiftest water available (mean water column velocity, 0.8–2.8 m/s), which was within 8 km downstream from each of the four main-stem Columbia River dams in our study area. Substrates where spawning occurred were mainly cobble, boulder, and bedrock. Yolk-sac larvae were transported by the river currents from spawning areas into deeper areas with lower water velocities and finer substrates. Young-of-the-year white sturgeons were found at depths of 9–57 m, at mean water column velocities of 0.6 m/s and less, and over substrates of hard clay, mud and silt, sand, gravel, and cobble. Juvenile fish were found at depths of 2–58 m, at mean water column velocities of 1.2 m/s and less, and over substra...
Bacterial cell wall polymers (peptidoglycan-polysaccharide) cause reactivation of arthritis.

Abstract Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide derived from group A streptococci (PG-APS) causes chronic arthritis with spontaneous remissions and exacerbations. We hypothesized that, following i.p. injection, PG-APS released from hepatic stores mediated spontaneous recurrences of arthritis. We tested whether transplanted livers with large amounts of PG-APS were able to reactivate quiescent arthritis. Saline-loaded (group 1) or PG-APS-loaded (group 2) livers were transplanted into rats which had been injected intra-articularly 10 days earlier with PG-APS in one joint and saline in the other. A comparison was made with the arthritis that occurred in rats injected i.p. with PG-APS which did not receive transplants (group 3). Arthritis was monitored by serial measurement of joint diameters. Transplantation of saline-loaded livers (group 1) caused no reactivation of arthritis. However, transplantation of PG-APS-loaded livers (group 2) reactivated arthritis (P < 0.0001). Injection of PG-APS i.p. (group 3) induced the most-severe arthritis. PG-APS levels in plasma decreased with time, and PG-APS accumulated in the spleen in groups 2 and 3. Plasma and hepatic levels of PG-APS in rats injected i.p. with PG-APS were greater than levels in rats transplanted with PG-APS-loaded livers, which in turn were greater than levels in rats with saline-loaded livers. Plasma tumor necrosis factor did not correlate with recurrence of arthritis. Transplantation with PG-APS-loaded livers induced reactivation of arthritis in preinjured joints. The extent of arthritis was proportional to hepatic PG-APS content. Reactivation of arthritis may be mediated by slow release of liver-sequestered PG-APS or cytokines (not tumor necrosis factor) released by the liver.
Fibrin protofibril and fibrinogen binding to ADP-stimulated platelets: evidence for a common mechanism.

The molecular basis of platelet-fibrin binding has been elucidated by studying interactions between platelets and protofibrils, soluble two-stranded polymers of fibrin which are intermediates on the fibrin assembly pathway. The fibrinogen degradation product, fragment D, has been used to block fibrin assembly, thus enabling the preparation of stable solutions of short protofibrils, composed of fewer than twenty fibrin monomer molecules per polymer. Fibrin protofibrils bound to ADP-activated platelets in a time- and concentration-dependent process which was effectively blocked by excess unlabelled fibrinogen, i.e., the binding was specific and appeared to involve a common receptor. ADP-stimulated cells bound approx. 3 micrograms of fibrin protofibrils/10(8) platelets, compared to 4 micrograms of fibrinogen/10(8) cells, following a 30-min incubation period at room temperature. Binding of both ligands was inhibited by high concentrations of fragment D, further indicating a similar mechanism. The kinetic data obtained were well described by an apparent first-order mechanism in which the rate constant for fibrin protofibril binding was found to be 5-fold slower than that measured for fibrinogen. Two monoclonal antibodies, each directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex, inhibited the binding of fibrin protofibrils and fibrinogen in a similar, concentration-dependent manner, providing strong evidence for a common receptor. Binding of GPRP-fibrin (soluble fibrin oligomers formed in the presence of 1 mM Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro) to ADP-stimulated platelets was also inhibited by a monoclonal antibody directed against the GPIIb-IIIa complex. Neither fibrin protofibrils nor fibrinogen bound to Glanzmann's thrombasthenic platelets, which lack normal quantities of functional glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex, further supporting the hypothesis that fibrinogen and fibrin bind to a common platelet receptor present on the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex.
Using graphics to convey meaningful comparison over time

Too often, the data format, rather than the objectives of the presentation, drives graphic design. Control charts more effectively illustrate processes over time than the more typically used bar charts—even when additional graphics are required to fulfill the objectives of the data presentation.
Detection and segmentation of changes of dynamics in biological time series

A method to identify switching dynamics in time series, based on annealed competition of experts algorithm (ACE), has been developed by J. Kohlmorgen, et al (2000). Incorrect selection of embedding dimension and time delay of the signal significantly affect the performance of the ACE method, however. We utilize systematic approaches based on mutual information and false nearest neighbor to determine appropriate embedding dimension and time delay. Moreover, we obtained further improvements to the original ACE method by incorporating a phase space closeness measure during the training procedure as well as deterministic annealing approach. Using these ameliorated implementations, we have enhanced the performance of the ACE algorithm in determining the location of the switching of dynamic modes in time series. The application of the improved ACE method to RR interval data obtained from rats during control and administration of double autonomic blockade conditions indicate that the improved ACE algorithm is able to segment dynamic mode changes with pinpoint accuracy and that its performance is far superior to the original ACE algorithm.
Effects of Irradiance on the in Vivo CO2:O2 Specificity Factor in Tobacco Using Simultaneous Gas Exchange and Fluorescence Techniques

The effects of gas phase O(2) concentration (1%, 20.5%, and 42.0%, v/v) on the quantum yield of net CO(2) fixation and fluorescence yield of chlorophyll a are examined in leaf tissue from Nicotiana tabacum at normal levels of CO(2) and 25 to 30 degrees C. Detectable decreases in nonphotochemical quenching of absorbed excitation occurred at the higher O(2) levels relative to 1% O(2) when irradiance was nearly or fully saturating for photosynthesis. Photochemical quenching was increased by high O(2) levels only at saturating irradiance. Simultaneous measurements of CO(2) and H(2)O exchange and fluorescence yield permit estimation of partitioning of linear photosynthetic electron transport between net CO(2) fixation and O(2)-dependent, dissipative processes such as photorespiration as a function of leaf internal CO(2) concentration. Changes in the in vivo CO(2):O(2) ;specificity factor' (K(sp)) with increasing irradiance are examined. The magnitude K(sp) was found to decline from a value of 85 at moderate irradiance to 68 at very low light, and to 72 at saturating photon flux rates. The results are discussed in terms of the applicability of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzyme model to photosynthesis in vivo.
Microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors

Perforated semiconductor neutron detectors are compact diode detectors that operate at low power and can be fashioned to have high thermal neutron detection efficiency. Fabricated from high-purity Si wafers, the perforations are etched into the diode surface with ICP-RIE and backfilled with 6 LiF neutron reactive material. The intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency depends upon many factors, including the perforation geometry, size, and depth. Devices were fabricated from high resistivity 10 kO cm n-type Si with conformal p-type shallow junction diffusions into the perforations, which demonstrate improved neutron detection performance over previous selectively diffused designs. A comparison was made to previous selectively diffused designs, and pulse height spectra show improved signal-to-noise ratio, higher neutron counting efficiency, and excellent gamma-ray discrimination. Devices with 20 ðaverageÞmm wide 100mm deep sinusoidal trenches yielded intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiencies of 11:9470:078%.
The Einstein equation and the energy density of the gravitational field

We give a derivation of the Einstein equation for gravity which employs a definition of the local energy density of the gravitational field as a symmetric second rank tensor whose value for each observer gives the trace of the spatial part of the energy-stress tensor as seen by that observer. We give a physical motivation for this choice using light pressure. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) : 83C05, 83C40, 83C99.
EVIDENCE FOR POLYGENIC EPISTATIC INTERACTIONS IN MAN

Studies of multifactorial inheritance in man have ignored nonadditive gene action or attributed it entirely to dominance. Reanalyses of dermatoglyphic data on monozygotic and dizygotic twins, siblings and parents and offspring suggest that a substantial proportion of variation in total finger pattern intensity is due to epistatic interactions between additive genetic deviations, not dominance. Bootstrapping and power simulations support this interpretation of the data. We believe this is the strongest evidence so far for polygenic epistasis in man.
Value Maximization is the Only Responsibility in a Sustainable Corporation

In today’s business environment corporate managers must find or create value for shareholders. Other corporate objectives are unmanageable and unsustainable. This paper and presentation explores the arguments and evidence for market value maximization as the sole goal of the corporation.
General solution for linearized systematic error propagation in vehicle odometry

Vehicle odometry is a nonlinear dynamical system in echelon form. Accordingly, a general solution can be written by solving the nonlinear equations in the correct order. Another implication of this structure is that a completely general solution to the linearized (perturbative) dynamics exists. The associated vector convolution integral is the general relationship between the output error and both the input error and reference trajectory. Solutions for errors in individual coordinates are in the form of line integrals in state space. Response to initial conditions and translational scale errors, among others, is path independent and vanishes on all closed trajectories. Response to other errors is path dependent and can be reduced to expressions in error moments of the reference trajectory. These path dependent errors vanish on closed symmetric paths, among others. These theoretical results and the underlying error expressions have many uses in design, calibration, and evaluation of odometry systems.
Identification of Diacetylmorphine Metabolites in Humans

With the techniques of column chromatography, TLC, and GLC, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine 3-glucuronide, 6-acetylmorphine 3-glucuronide, and normorphine glucuronide were identified as metabolites of diacetylmorphine (heroin) in the urine of humans administered 10 mg iv/70 kg body weight.
Homogeneity in control: Geometry and applications

This tutorial presentation surveys some history and the geometric foundations for the use of homogeneity in the analysis and design of control systems, from classical applications to active research. Reflecting on the success of linear systems theory in a nonlinear world, homogeneous systems may be considered the next step, providing a richer class of models but still amenable to explicit analysis and design. Linearity means additivity together with homogeneity. But much of the effectiveness and power persists when additivity is lost: even without a superposition principle, relying only on homogeneity, stability is still determined by the dynamics on a reduced space that is a nonlinear analogue of the union of eigenspaces. Homogeneity immediately ties global to local properties.
Electrochemistry of passive metals modified by manganese oxides deposited by Leptothrix discophora: two-step model verified by ToF-SIMS

Abstract We have applied time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to study microbially induced ennoblement of 316L stainless steel and Ti–6Al–4V surfaces exposed to manganese-oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix discophora SP-6. Our observations indicate that manganese biomineralization occurs in two steps: first, the divalent manganese (Mn 2+ ) is oxidized to manganese oxyhydroxide, MnOOH; then the MnOOH is further oxidized to manganese dioxide, MnO 2 . Both reactions contribute to an increase in the open circuit potential and hence to the ennoblement of the material. Manganese cycling at a surface of passive metals produces renewable cathodic reactants, manganese oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide, and endangers the material integrity.
Mutually independent cyclic AMP and sodium responses to nerve growth factor in embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia.

: Chick embryo dorsal root ganglia display a rapid and transient rise in their cyclic AMP content when presented with nerve growth factor. These ganglia also depend on nerve growth factor for control of their intracellular Na+ and K+ levels. A sequential relationship between the cyclic AMP and Na+ responses is not readily apparent. Incubation of chick sensory ganglia in a sodium-free medium does not prevent the cyclic AMP response to nerve growth factor from occurring. When ganglia are first incubated with ouabain for 6 h, presentation of nerve growth factor elicits a cyclic AMP response, but no Na+ response. The cyclic AMP response therefore does not depend on the Na+ environment. An initial presentation of nerve growth factor to the ganglia for 30 min, followed by its withdrawal and subsequent re-administration at different intervals over several hours failed to result in a second cyclic AMP response. Nevertheless, the expected Na+ behaviors were still observed. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP is capable of eliciting a cyclic AMP response in chick sensory ganglia after 6 h of nerve growth factor deprivation. When both agents were presented simultaneously to the ganglia, only a single cyclic AMP response was obtained, corresponding in time to the response elicited by dibutyryl cyclic AMP alone-indicating that this drug acts on the NGF-sensitive cells. At the same time dibutyryl cyclic AMP alone failed to result in a Na+ response, leading one to conclude that the cyclic AMP response to nerve growth factor is truly not mediating the Na+ response. Additional support for the mutual independence of these two short-latency responses is provided by the apparent inability of nerve growth factor to cause a cyclic AMP response in chick embryo sympathetic ganglia, another traditional target for the factor, which is capable of displaying a Na+ response.
In situ X-ray diffraction and the evolution of polarization during the growth of ferroelectric superlattices

In epitaxially strained ferroelectric thin films and superlattices, the ferroelectric transition temperature can lie above the growth temperature. Ferroelectric polarization and domains should then evolve during the growth of a sample, and electrostatic boundary conditions may play an important role. In this work, ferroelectric domains, surface termination, average lattice parameter and bilayer thickness are simultaneously monitored using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during the growth of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices on SrTiO3 substrates by off-axis radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The technique used allows for scan times substantially faster than the growth of a single layer of material. Effects of electric boundary conditions are investigated by growing the same superlattice alternatively on SrTiO3 substrates and 20 nm SrRuO3 thin films on SrTiO3 substrates. These experiments provide important insights into the formation and evolution of ferroelectric domains when the sample is ferroelectric during the growth process.
Biomedical Potential of Marine Natural Products

Marine natural products, the secondary or nonprimary metabolites produced by organisms that live in the sea, have received increasing attention from chemists and pharmacologists during the last two decades. Interest on the part of chemists has been twofold: natural products chemists have probed marine organisms as sources of new and unusual organic molecules, while synthetic chemists have followed by targeting these novel structures for development of new analogs and new synthetic methodologies and strategies (Albizati et al., 1990). The rationale for investigating the chemistry of marine organisms has changed over the past several decades. Early investigations were largely of a “phytochemical” nature, reporting detailed metabolite profiles similar to those reported for terrestrial plants in previous decades. However, analogous to investigations of terrestrial plants, more recent studies of marine organisms have focused on their potential applications, particularly to the treatment of human disease and control of agricultural pests (Fautin, 1988). Pharmacological evaluations of marine natural products have likewise undergone an evolution over the past two decades: beginning with the early investigations of toxins, followed by studies of cytotoxic and antitumor activity, to the present day, where a myriad of activities based on whole-animal models and receptor-binding assays are being pursued. The intent of this chapter is to look back at the evolution of biomedically oriented natural product studies of marine organisms, to chronicle the key developments, discoveries, and advances in the level of sophistication that have fueled further interest in this field, and finally to look forward at the future biomedical potential of marine natural products.
An exposure-based, ecology-driven framework for selection of indicator species for insecticide risk assessment

In the current “tiered” paradigm for evaluating risks of insecticidal products, one of the first decisions that must be made is the selection of indicator species to be used in toxicity assays. However, as yet, no formal system has been developed to determine whether proposed indicator species are relevant to the ecology of the crop system where the product will be released. Here, we propose a protocol that provides information on the ecology and trophic linkages of organisms within agro-ecosystems, and demonstrate its implementation within maize agro-ecosystems, which have been a major focus of recent insecticidal developments. We use molecular gut-content assays and network analysis to identify species that are likely to be exposed to plant-incorporated products, and that likely have important functional roles in interaction webs in the maize ecosystem. The vast majority of arthropod abundance was found in the soil (97% of specimens per m2 were found in the soil column). Only nine of the 382 morphotaxa met all three of the ecological criteria (high abundance, corn consumption, degree of connectedness within the network) for inclusion as indicator species, only one of which, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), has routinely been considered in risk assessment. Ecological data collected in studies such as this one can be used to ensure that insecticide risk assessments are ecologically relevant. We advocate the use of large-scale field bio-inventories, combined with molecular gut-content assays and ecological network analysis as regular components of the preparation and design phases of all future risk-assessment programs.
General criteria for nonclassical photon statistics in multimode radiation

The criterion for photon antibunching manifested in the second-order correlation function of a single-mode radiation can be established by the relation1
Cranial base repair with combined vascularized nasal septal flap and autologous tissue graft following expanded endonasal endoscopic neurosurgery.

Background The expanded endonasal endoscopic approach provides excellent visualization and access to midline skull base lesions, albeit with a relatively high risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. We present our experience with the expanded endonasal endoscopic approach to the skull base in an institution where, previously, a traditional transsphenoidal approach with a surgical microscope had been used. Patients We performed a retrospective review to identify patients who underwent expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery and analyzed demographic, pathological, and operative data with particular attention to repair of the skull base defects in 55 procedures performed on 49 patients. We compared the outcomes of 10 primary operations in which we repaired skull base defects using only autologous or allogeneic tissue grafts and 39 primary operations in which we used a vascularized mucoperichondrial nasal septal flap with or without a layered autologous tissue graft. Results Primary expanded endonasal endoscopic procedures were performed in 49 patients with sellar pathology (33 pituitary adenomas, 4 Rathke's cleft cysts, 1 pituicytoma, 1 pituitary metastasis) and non-sellar pathology (3 meningiomas, 3 clival chordomas, 1 clival mucocele, 1 craniopharyngioma, and 2 esthesioneuroblastomas). Postoperative CSF leakage occurred following 5 of the 49 primary operations (10.2%). This occurred in 2 of 10 primary operations (20.0%) in which the skull base defect was repaired using only autologous and/or allogeneic tissue grafts, necessitating a total of 3 operative CSF leak repairs in those 2 patients. The remaining 3 postoperative CSF leaks occurred in the 39 primary operations (7.7%) in which skull base repair was performed using a mucoperichondrial nasal septal flap, necessitating operative repair in 2 of those patients. Conclusion The repair of skull base defects created during expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery is improved by use of a mucoperichondrial nasal septal flap combined with a layered autologous tissue graft. When CSF leakage occurs despite nasal septal flap closure, the site of the leakage may be easier to localize and repair.
An “Extremely” Cautionary Tale

(2000). An “Extremely” Cautionary Tale. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 128-130.
Delivery of cosmetic covers to persons with transtibial and transfemoral amputations in an outpatient prosthetic practice.

Background:Limb loss negatively impacts body image to the extent that functional activity and societal participation are affected. Scientific literature is lacking on the subject of cosmetic coveri...
554 IN VIVO OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PEDIATRIC AERODIGESTIVE TRACT.

Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noncontact, noninvasive diagnostic modality that combines broadband light source and interferometry to produce high-resolution cross-sectional images in tissue. OCT is analogous to B-scan ultrasound with the exception that light, instead of sound waves, is used to obtain high-resolution images (8-20 μm). OCT may have significant impact in disorders of the aerodigestive tract because of the capacity to produce high-resolution images of various tissue microstructures. Objectives The results of 15 pediatric patients undergoing operative endoscopy and optical coherence tomography were reviewed. Materials and Methods In all patients, operative endoscopy of the aerodigestive tract was performed alongside OCT imaging. Images were classified in relation to anatomic sites within the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx regions. Specialized structures of the larynx were further characterized in relation to the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic spaces. The mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, and unique tissue microstructures were visualized and measured. Direct comparison of OCT images to histology was performed when possible. Results Normal tissue microstructures identified included an overlying keratin layer, papillae, ducts, glands, and blood vessels. Additionally, differences in collagen and elastin density were noted in areas of known biologic variation. Regions of pathology studied include mature scar, granulation tissue, mucous cysts, edema, and papillomatosis. OCT imaging, as related to each pathologic process analyzed, revealed zones of normal, altered, and ablated tissue microstructures. Conclusions A noncontact technique used to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of the tissue microstructures would be of considerable value in the characterization of aerodigestive pathology without the need for tissue biopsy. The data obtained in this pilot research offer a template of tissue characterization in a patient population with noted disorders including, but not limited to, acquired laryngeal stenosis, vascular rings, cysts, laryngeal clefts, hemangiomas, tracheomalacia, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, croup, and trachitis.
Steps in the diagnosis of three functioning endocrine tumors.

Diagnosis of insulin-secreting tumors of the pancreas, parathyroid tumors causing hyperparathyroidism, and non beta-cell pancreatic tumors associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome depends greatly on a high degree of suspicion that certain nonspecific symptoms, signs, and abnormal laboratory findings may be caused by these tumors.
Barriers and Facilitators to Improve Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among WIC-Eligible Pregnant Latinas: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach Framework.

Abstract Objective Identify barriers and facilitators to improve prenatal fruit and vegetable (FV in 2nd or 3rd trimester; having a singleton pregnancy; overweight or obese (ie, pregravid body mass index ≥ 25); not on a restricted diet; nonsmokers. Phenomenon of Interest Prenatal factors that promote and hinder F&V intake. Analysis Transcripts were independently read and coded, and a consensus was reached about emerging themes. Results Ten factors influenced prenatal F&V intake: social support, family structure, F&V access, F&V preferences, F&V knowledge, F&V health outcome expectations, self-efficacy, intentions, F&V action/coping planning strategies, and maternal health status. Conclusions and Implications Social support from family/friends emerged as the primary distal factor driving prenatal F&V intake. Interventions designed to empower pregnant Latinas to gain the access, confidence, knowledge, and strategies necessary to consume more F&Vs must consider strengthening support to achieve the desired outcome.
Deep Borehole Field Test Requirements and Controlled Assumptions.

This document presents design requirements and controlled assumptions intended for use in the engineering development and testing of: 1) prototype packages for radioactive waste disposal in deep boreholes; 2) a waste package surface handling system; and 3) a subsurface system for emplacing and retrieving packages in deep boreholes. Engineering development and testing is being performed as part of the Deep Borehole Field Test (DBFT; SNL 2014a). This document presents parallel sets of requirements for a waste disposal system and for the DBFT, showing the close relationship. In addition to design, it will also inform planning for drilling, construction, and scientific characterization activities for the DBFT. The information presented here follows typical preparations for engineering design. It includes functional and operating requirements for handling and emplacement/retrieval equipment, waste package design and emplacement requirements, borehole construction requirements, sealing requirements, and performance criteria. Assumptions are included where they could impact engineering design. Design solutions are avoided in the requirements discussion. Deep Borehole Field Test Requirements and Controlled Assumptions July 21, 2015 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This set of requirements and assumptions has benefited greatly from reviews by Gordon Appel, Geoff Freeze, Kris Kuhlman, Bob MacKinnon, Steve Pye, David Sassani, Dave Sevougian, and Jiann Su.
Mechanism of Corrosion of Steel Strands in Post Tensioned Grouted Assemblies

In this preliminary study, the complexity of the corrosion phenomenon of post-tensioning strands in grouted anchorage assemblies was examined and both physicochemical and electrochemical key technical issues were identified. Measurements of oxygen reduction efficiency in high pH electrolytes were conducted to obtain polarization parameters to be used in modeling. The time evolution of electrical resistivity of 5 low-bleed commercial grouts was measured also for model input. A mathematical model for a simple grout-strand system was proposed and dimensionless equations were formulated, to solve the combined polarization and oxygen transport problem. Within the range of validity of the model assumptions, initial computations indicated that oxygen availability was a key factor in determining corrosion severity while grout resistivity was secondary. Predicted corrosion rates were in general agreement with field and laboratory observations. Issues for subsequent model development were identified.
Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution, concentration and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) refill fluids and aerosols. Methods The distribution and concentration of cinnamaldehyde were determined in 39 e-cigarette refill fluids plus 6 duplicates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A cinnamaldehyde toxicity profile was established for embryonic and adult cells using a live cell imaging assay, immunocytochemistry, the comet assay and a recovery assay. Results Twenty of the 39 refill fluids contained cinnamaldehyde at concentrations that are cytotoxic to human embryonic and lung cells in the MTT assay. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosol produced in a cartomizer-style e-cigarette was cytotoxic. Cinnamon Ceylon aerosols and refill fluid aerosols (80% propylene glycol or cinnamaldehyde/propylene glycol) made using a tank/boxmod e-cigarette were more cytotoxic at 5 V than 3 V. Using GC/MS, aerosols produced at 5 V contained 10 additional peaks not present in aerosol generated at 3 V. One of these, 2,3-butandione (diacetyl), was confirmed with an authentic standard. Cinnamaldehyde depolymerised microtubules in human pulmonary fibroblasts. At concentrations that produced no effect in the MTT assay, cinnamaldehyde decreased growth, attachment and spreading; altered cell morphology and motility; increased DNA strand breaks; and increased cell death. At the MTT IC 50 concentration, lung cells were unable to recover from cinnamaldehyde after 2 hours of treatment, whereas embryonic cells recovered after 8 hours. Conclusions Cinnamaldehyde-containing refill fluids and aerosols are cytotoxic, genotoxic and low concentrations adversely affect cell processes and survival. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde in e-cigarette refill fluids/aerosols may impair homeostasis in the respiratory system.
Vision in the common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): eye morphology and spectral sensitivity.

Bed bugs as pests of public health importance recently experienced a resurgence in populations throughout the U.S. and other countries. Consequently, recent research efforts have focused on improving understanding of bed bug physiology and behaviour to improve management. While few studies have investigated the visual capabilities of bed bugs, the present study focused specifically on eye morphology and spectral sensitivity. A 3-D imaging technique was used to document bed bug eye morphology from the first instar through adult and revealed morphological characteristics that differentiate the common bed bug from the tropical bed bug as well as sex-specific differences. Electrophysiological measurements were used to evaluate the spectral sensitivity of adult bed bugs. Male bed bugs were more responsive than females at some wavelengths. Electrophysiological studies provided evidence for at least one photoreceptor with a spectral sensitivity curve peak in the green (λmax 520 nm) region of the spectrum. The broadened long wavelength portion of the spectral sensitivity curve may potentially indicate another photoreceptor in the yellow-green (λmax 550 nm) portion of the spectrum or screening pigments. Understanding more about bed bug visual biology is vital for designing traps, which are an important component of integrated bed bug management.
Locational marginal pricing in the campus power system at the power distribution level

In the development of smart grid at distribution level, the realization of real-time nodal pricing is one of the key challenges. The research work in this paper implements and studies the methodology of locational marginal pricing at distribution level based on a real-world distribution power system. The pricing mechanism utilizes optimal power flow to calculate the corresponding distributional nodal prices. Both Direct Current Optimal Power Flow and Alternate Current Optimal Power Flow are utilized to calculate and analyze the nodal prices. The University of Denver campus power grid is used as the power distribution system test bed to demonstrate the pricing methodology.
Predicting Fracture in Civil Engineering Steel Structures: State of the Art

AbstractFracture is an extreme limit state in steel structures, often precipitating structural failure or serious loss of function. Methods to predict fracture in civil structures include tradition...
White etching matter promoted by intergranular embrittlement

Abstract To determine the role of brittleness in producing “white etching matter,” rolling elements were intentionally case-carburize heat treated to produce an embrittled case. The intergranular embrittlement was confirmed by characterizing the fracture surfaces of the steel. Post rolling contact fatigue investigations showed subsurface cracks, forming preferentially along the grain boundaries, and white etching matter was determined to be present along these intergranular cracks. The white etching matter was characterized by electron microscopy. These results provide novel insights into cause-effect relationships and evolution mechanisms associated with white etching matter.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Metastatic Disease

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. The incidence of HCC is increasing, and therefore it is important to understand the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options for patients with metastatic disease. Routine surveillance for development of metastatic disease is recommended for all HCC patients, with computed tomography chest and bone imaging. Positron emission tomography scan has not yet been accepted as a routine modality, but increasing data are suggesting a potential role for imaging for extrahepatic disease. Treatment options for extrahepatic disease include both locoregional and systemic therapy, with data supporting the use of radiofrequency ablation, external beam radiation therapy, surgical resection, and sorafenib. Newer chemotherapeutic agents are in active investigation now, and the treatment of HCC metastases will likely rapidly change over the next several years.
Stability of Process Networks

Abstract In this paper passivity analysis is used to determine if a system is stable, and if not is used to design a stabilizing distributed control system. The analysis is done using a thermodynamic based storage function that is similar to exergy or available work. The paper first introduces modeling of process systems from two different view points. The hydrodynamics of the system are described from a fixed frame of reference or Eulerian view point and the energy and component flows are described from a moving frame of reference or Lagrangian view point. The theory is then developed using a purely dissipative system that is known to be stable. An important result from the paper is that a large class of chemical process systems are asymptotically stable with an exception being non-dissipative reactive elements. With the introduction of the correct control these elements can be stabilized
Structure and organization of paramyxovirus particles

The paramyxovirus family comprises major human and animal pathogens such as measles virus (MeV), mumps virus (MuV), the parainfluenzaviruses, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and the highly pathogenic zoonotic hendra (HeV) and nipah (NiV) viruses. Paramyxovirus particles are pleomorphic, with a lipid envelope, nonsegmented RNA genomes of negative polarity, and densely packed glycoproteins on the virion surface. A number of crystal structures of different paramyxovirus proteins and protein fragments were solved, but the available information concerning overall virion organization remains limited. However, recent studies have reported cryo-electron tomography-based reconstructions of Sendai virus (SeV), MeV, NDV, and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) particles and a surface assessment of NiV-derived virus-like particles (VLPs), which have yielded innovative hypotheses concerning paramyxovirus particle assembly, budding, and organization. Following a summary of the current insight into paramyxovirus virion morphology, this review will focus on discussing the implications of these particle reconstructions on the present models of paramyxovirus assembly and infection.
Neuropilin 1 and Neuropilin 2: Cancer Progression and Biomarker Analysis

Neuropilins (NRP, human; Nrp, mouse) are a family of cell surface protein receptors originally named for their role in neuronal guidance during embryonic development. Over the past two decades, the expression, localization, regulation, and function of the NRP family have been intensely studied. The two-member family composed of neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2) has now been shown to drive diverse processes including neuronal guidance, vasculogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immunity, smooth muscle tone, epithelial cell migration and branching, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and cancer progression. Although the two receptors share high sequence homology and domain structure, their unique ligand specificity, co-receptor nature, and disparate cell-specific expression patterns mediate pleiotropic functions in multiple tissue systems. Their abundant expression in a myriad of cancers and their location on the cell surface make them prime targets for antitumor therapies and potential use as surrogate biomarkers.
Pre-Integral to Integral

This section is devoted to the construction of an integral from a pre-integral, and to a few consequences. Among these consequences are norm completeness, Fatou’s lemma, the monotone convergence theorem and the dominated convergence theorem for an arbitrary integral.
Histological Aspects of Certain Benign Brain Tumors: Review of Current Topics

Histological features of certain mostly new entities of brain tumors are reviewed here. These include central neurocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, meningoangiomatosis, and aggressive papillary tumor of the temporal bone. All these entitles were reported to have favorable outcomes following surgical removal.
An Investigation of Excitability Thresholds Using Two Closely-Spaced High-Frequency Sinusoids

Diverse waveforms and focusing methods have been employed to induce electrical anesthesia and convulsive shock with the hope of improving the safety and efficiency of these procedures. Recently, two repetitive waveforms closely spaced in frequency and introduced through two pairs of electrodes have been reported as having some desirable properties in clinical studies(1). A logical framework for this approach is schematized in Fig. 1. Assume current waveform I1 (t) is applied to the head through electrodes a and b and I2 (t) is similarly applied through electrodes c and d. Near a and b the current mainly reflects waveform I1 (t) and near c and d I2 (t). At some point, e, in the center of the head I1 (t) and I2(t) sum to give a third waveform I3(t) that may reach a critical level for stimulation \(I\mathop c\limits_3 (t)\).
The Equalizing Power of a College Degree for First-Generation College Students: Disparities Across Institutions, Majors, and Achievement Levels

Researchers have paid increasing attention to issues of access and retention among first-generation college students but have focused less on their post-college outcomes. We extend this literature by investigating if there is a generational wage gap, that is, a gap between first- and continuing-generation students’ wages. We also ask how the generational wage gap varies across institutions, majors, and achievement levels, and what accounts for it. Using data from the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, we show that 10 years after completing college there is a substantial generational wage gap. However, for women, the generational wage gap fades when controlling for individual characteristics such as race and motherhood status. For men, the generational wage gap does not disappear when controlling for individual characteristics, but does disappear when controlling for labor market characteristics. In addition, we find that the generational wage gap is more a product of how students are distributed into industries, jobs, and work locations than how they are distributed into educational institutions, majors, and achievement levels.