cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corticostriatal circuitry in regulating diseases characterized by intrusive thinking

Intrusive thinking triggers clinical symptoms in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Using drug addiction as an exemplar disorder sustained in part by intrusive thinking, we explore studies demonstrating that impairments in corticostriatal circuitry strongly contribute to intrusive thinking. Neuroimaging studies have long implicated this projection in cue-induced craving to use drugs, and preclinical models show that marked changes are produced at corticostriatal synapses in the nucleus accumbens during a relapse episode. We delineate an accumbens microcircuit that mediates cue-induced drug seeking becoming an intrusive event. This microcircuit harbors many potential therapeutic targets. We focus on preclinical and clinical studies, showing that administering N-acetylcysteine restores uptake of synaptic glutamate by astroglial glutamate transporters and thereby inhibits intrusive thinking. We posit that because intrusive thinking is a shared endophenotype in many disorders, N-acetylcysteine has positive effects in clinical trials for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including drug addiction, gambling, trichotillomania, and depression.
Rapid in vivo metabolism of a methylether derivative of (±)-BW373U86: The metabolic fate of [3H]SNC121 in rats

Activation of opioid delta receptors produces antinociception without some of the side-effects associated with activation of mu and kappa receptors. (+/-)-BW373U86 [(+/-)-4-[(alpha-R*)-alpha-((2S*,5R*)-4-allyl-2, 5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide] is a first generation, racemic nonpeptide, partially delta-selective opioid agonist that produces short-lived antinocioception. After systemic, but not central, administration, (+/-)-BW373U86 is also a naltrindole-reversible convulsant. SNC80 [(+)-4-[9-alpha-R)-alpha-((2S,5RO-4-allyl-2, 5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide] is a chiral methylether derivative of (+/-)-BW373U86 with decreased potency, but greater selectivity for the delta-opioid receptor. Like BW373U86, SNC80 produces brief, nonlethal seizures when administered peripherally, albeit at higher doses. Radiolabeling of SNC80 yields a compound with similar pharmacology named [3H]SNC121. [3H]SNC121 was investigated to determine the relationship between its time course of metabolism and the physiological actions of SNC80. The biotransformation of i.p. administered [3H]SNC121 was established in rats in vivo and in vitro via high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of extracted radioactive tissues and fluids. Radioactive equivalents were characterized by their high-performance liquid chromatography retention times and opioid binding activity in rat brain membranes. The kidney, and especially the liver (within 5 min), rapidly metabolize SNC121 to a metabolite with delta-opioid activity coeluting with BW373U86. Direct i.c.v. administration of [3H]SNC121 resulted in minimal metabolism after 1 hr. We conclude that i.p., but not i.c.v., administered [3H]SNC121 can be metabolized rapidly and substantially by the liver to a BW373U86-like compound. The in vivo time course of metabolism after i.p. administration of [3H]SNC121 is consistent with the duration of SNC80 antinociception, and the rapid formation of a BW373U86-like metabolite may also account, in part, for its convulsant properties.
Optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

In the past few years, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials have attracted increasing attention of the research community, owing to their unique electronic and optical properties, ranging from the valley–spin coupling to the indirect-to-direct bandgap transition when scaling the materials from multi-layer to monolayer. These properties are appealing for the development of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices with important applications in the broad fields of communication, computation, and healthcare. One of the key features of the TMDC family is the indirect-to-direct bandgap transition that occurs when the material thickness decreases from multilayer to monolayer, which is favorable for many photonic applications. TMDCs have also demonstrated unprecedented flexibility and versatility for constructing a wide range of heterostructures with atomic-level control over their layer thickness that is also free of lattice mismatch issues. As a result, layered TMDCs in combination with other 2D materials have the potential for realizing novel high-performance optoelectronic devices over a broad operating spectral range. In this article, we review the recent progress in the synthesis of 2D TMDCs and optoelectronic devices research. We also discuss the challenges facing the scalable applications of the family of 2D materials and provide our perspective on the opportunities offered by these materials for future generations of nanophotonics technology.
Terramechanics Model and Movement Performance Analysis of a Lunar Rover for Slope Travel

The slopes are a typical terrain of the rugged lunar surface.Based on wheel-terrain interaction,a terramechanics model for slope travel of a lunar rover is established.In order to describe the soil sinkage of different wheels,the deformation of the front wheels on the lunar soil is taken into account and a sinkage rate coefficient is proposed.Thus the 3D visualization simulation platform of lunar rove is established.By comparing the real lunar rover prototype test results and simulation test results,the effectiveness of the virtual simulation is verified.With the analysis of the course of the lunar rover climbing up the slope,it can be concluded that when the slope angle exceeds 26.6°,the motion control strategy aimed at obstacle avoidance should be adopted.When the wheels have enough traction,the wheel's rotating speed can be controlled,so as to carry out the motion control strategy which can enable the lunar rover to run at the optimal slip rate with the maximum driving efficiency.
Microbiology of the Deep Continental Biosphere

Subsurface microbial communities in sediment and fractured rock environments beneath continental surface environments and beneath the ocean floor comprise a significant but largely unexplored portion of the Earth’s biosphere. The continental subsurface is highly geologically varied, and so the abundance, diversity, and metabolic functions of its inhabitant microbes are even more widely ranging than those of marine systems. Microbial ecosystems in relatively shallow groundwater systems are largely fueled by organic carbon derived from photosynthesis, whereas deeper groundwater ecosystems are fueled by molecular hydrogen, methane, and short-chain hydrocarbons (“geogas”), produced by abiotic water–rock interactions, e.g., serpentinization and radiolysis of water. The abundances of microbes generally decline with depth, with deep fracture waters containing ~103–104 cells ml−1; many of these microbes are metabolically active, albeit at very slow rates The depth limit of the biosphere may be controlled by a combination of temperature and other factors such as energy availability and pressure. Diverse bacteria and archaea appear to be adapted for life under the extremes posed by subterranean conditions. Further research is needed to explore a wider range of subsurface continental geologic settings, to constrain the rates of microbial metabolism, and to understand mechanisms of evolution in the subsurface.
Evolution of Taste

The sense of taste is well defined only for vertebrates where there are readily identified taste buds. These end organs are always innervated by particular cranial nerves and always serve in the regulation of feeding and food intake. Since invertebrates, including amphioxus, have no such end organs, comparisons across groups must be made on the basis of analogy rather than homology. I adopt the term ‘taste’ only for chemosensory end organs devoted to feeding-related behaviors without regard to end organ structure, expression of molecular receptors, chemical nature of the stimulus (e.g., volatility), or vehicle in which a stimulus is presented (e.g., air versus. water). In that context, nearly all metazoans have a sense of taste, that is, perioral or intraoral chemoreceptors that regulate feeding. This article explores the diversity of such end organs in both vertebrates and invertebrates. For the vertebrate lineage, this modality is mediated by taste buds innervated only by the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves. Taste buds in all vertebrates share many common features but two basic forms of organization can be recognized. In nonmammalian vertebrates, taste buds consist of elongate taste cells and Merkel-like basal cells. In contrast, taste buds in mammals contain only elongate cells, but one of these (type III taste cells) shares many characteristics with the Merkel-like basal cells of nonmammalian vertebrates.
The Role of Echocardiography in the Detection of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicities

Advances in chemotherapy and radiation treatment have drastically improved mortality associated with numerous malignancies. This is counterbalanced by the short- and long-term cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapy. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy, strategies for early detection, and prevention of cardiotoxicity are needed. While the exact timing and method of screening for cardiotoxicity remains uncertain, an ideal screening test would be widely available, radiation free, and relatively inexpensive. Echocardiography (echo) is the most widely used, noninvasive, radiation-free test of cardiac morphology and function. Advances in echocardiographic techniques, such as 3D echocardiography and speckle tracking and strain imaging, may allow for the successful detection and treatment of subclinical cardiac dysfunction prior to overt cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
Crowdsourcing BIM-guided collection of construction material library from site photologs

With advances in technologies that enabled massive visual data collection and BIM, the AEC industry now has an unprecedented amount of visual data (e.g., images and videos) and BIMs. One of the past efforts to leverage these data includes the Construction Material Library (CML) that was created for inferring construction progress by automatically detecting construction materials. CML has a limited number of construction material classes because it is merely impossible for an individual or a group of researchers to collect all possible variations of construction materials. This paper proposes a web-based platform that streamlines the data collection process for creating annotated material patches guided by BIM overlays. Construction site images with BIM overlays are automatically generated after image-based 3D reconstruction. These images are deployed on a web-based platform for annotations. The proposed crowdsourcing method using this platform has potential to scale up data collection for expanding the existing CML. A case study was conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed method and to improve the web interface before deployment to a public cloud environment.
High-Performance Paper Microfluidic Malaria Test for Low-Resource Settings

In this chapter, we describe the application of paper microfluidics to develop a high-performance malaria test appropriate for use in low-resource settings. Malaria ranks in the top three for infectious disease burden worldwide, resulting in about two million deaths per year. Gold standard diagnostic tests for malaria use multistep protocols that require laboratory facilities and are often not accessible to patients in the developing world. Lateral flow tests are simple bioassays that have been used in low-resource settings for decades but can lack the sensitivity needed for clinical utility. Using paper microfluidic tools to automate the multistep sample processing that is characteristic of laboratory tests, we have developed a signal-amplified immunoassay for malaria detection with a higher sensitivity and a lower limit of detection than conventional lateral flow tests. Alternative fluid control tools are described within the same malaria system, and their potential for use in other systems is discussed.
Detection of Prohibited Substances by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Sports Doping Control

Drug testing for sports doping control programs is extensive and includes numerous classes of banned compounds including anabolic androgenic steroids, β2-agonists, hormone antagonists and modulators, diuretics, various peptide hormones, and growth factors. During competition, additional compounds may also be prohibited such as stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticosteroids, and beta-blockers depending both on the sport and level of competition. Each of these classes of compounds can contain many prohibited substances that must be identified during the testing procedure. Various methods that have been designed to detect a large number of compounds in different drug classes are highly desirable as initial screening tools. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is widely used by anti-doping testing laboratories for this purpose and several rapid methods have been described to simultaneously detect different classes of compounds. Here, we describe a simple urine sample cleanup procedure that can be used to detect numerous anabolic androgenic steroids, β2-agonists, hormone antagonists and modulators, glucocorticosteroids, and beta-blockers by LC-MS/MS.
A PASSIVE INTEGRATED SOLAR DWELLING DESIGN

An energy-efficient, passive-solar, and space-wise dwelling design is proposed as an answer to the energy and environmental problems. The design considerations include earth-berming, wind protection, optimal orientation, multipurpose solar greenhouse, root cellar, compost-toilet, natural lighting, solar hot water, and an airtight wood stove as a backup for heating, hot water, and cooking.
Computing Developments 1935–1955, as Seen from Cambridge, U.S.A.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the various developments in the field of computer science from 1935–1955. During 1930s, Cambridge was a tranquil oasis in a world seething with troubles, providing support for two major computing activities. The first major computing activity that took place in Cambridge was the development by Vannevar Bush of the differential analyzer. It is observe that one of the great wartime and postwar computing centers was the Aberdeen Proving Ground, which had a differential analyzer, procured to help in computing range tables for exterior ballistics. Between 1945 and 1952, Harvard sponsored a symposium to discuss topics like artificial intelligence, the computer, and the brain. The chapter discusses that, by the year 1955, the United States entered an era when large-scale scientific computing came into widespread industrial use, largely dedicated to the problems of military science. By the mid-1950s, the embryonic period of computers had ended; they were really substantially in their modern era.
Sudden death in mitral regurgitation: why was I so surprised?

In this issue of JACC , Grigioni et al. [(1)][1]report on 348 patients with mitral regurgitation due to a flail mitral leaflet. During a four-year follow-up, 25 of these patients (7%) died suddenly. I have had the opportunity to speak or write about valvular heart disease on literally hundreds of
Grip Strength Is Associated with Longitudinal Health Maintenance and Improvement in Adolescents.

Objective To assess the effects of muscle strength, as determined by grip strength, on changes in health status in adolescents. Study design Risk variables included excess body fat, elevated fasting glucose, high blood pressure, elevated serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify the odds of experiencing health maintenance (no risk factors identified at either time point) or health improvement (presence of ≥1 baseline risk factor and fewer or no risk factors at follow-up) over a 2-year period. The primary exposure variable was grip strength normalized by body mass (normalized grip strength [NGS]), and previous cut-offs were used to determine whether adolescents were weak or strong. Results Adolescents who had low NGSs had a significantly greater prevalence of health decline or poor health persistence as compared with those who were strong (boys: 60.2% vs 15.3%; girls: 51% vs 21.9%; all P Conclusions Greater NGS is associated with longitudinal health maintenance and health improvements in adolescents. Low NGS could be used as a prognostic indicator of cardiometabolic risk and to identify adolescents who would benefit most from lifestyle interventions to improve muscular fitness.
ACLS and Chest Compressions in Patients with Durable LVADs

Introduction Durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used to improve longevity in patients with advanced heart failure; however, optimal management of end-of-life issues including cardiopulmonary arrest remains uncertain for this relatively new population. We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ALCS) including chest compressions in patients with LVADs. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all LVAD patients that received ACLS and chest compressions for in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest at a single academic medical center between 2011 and 2017. We evaluated post-arrest survival, LVAD parameters/function, imaging studies, and autopsy results to assess for (1) structural issues such as LVAD dislodgment, aortic dissection/rupture, or pericardial effusion, and (2) LVAD mechanical issues such as hardware or software failure. Results Durable LVADs were implanted in 191 patients during the study period, of which 18 patients (9%) suffered in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest necessitating ACLS (median of 22.5 days, range from 1 to 1323 days from implant). Of the patients requiring ACLS 11 (61%) survived the arrest with 7 (39%) surviving to hospital discharge. Ten patients (56%) received manual external chest compressions, and 7 (39%) received defibrillator shocks. Of the patients who received chest compressions and/or defibrillator shocks, no significant changes to LVAD parameters/function was noted after the arrest. Five autopsies were completed, all of which reported the LVAD in its proper position without evidence structural or mechanical LVAD complications. Two of the surviving patients were taken emergently to the operating room for treatment of cardiac tamponade; during the procedure the LVAD anastomoses were inspected, and no bleeding was noted in either case. Two echocardiograms were performed following chest compressions without evidence of LVAD dysfunction. There were no iatrogenic sequelae identified in any of the patients following ACLS. Conclusion While cardiopulmonary arrest in patients with LVADs is associated with high mortality, ACLS with chest compressions appears to be safe. Larger studies are warranted to identify patterns of post ALCS complications and define potential population-specific management.
Chiral light-matter interactions for imaging and sensing (Conference Presentation)

Chirality refers to the structural property of an object that cannot be superposed onto its mirror image. The existence of chirality in nature is universal, ranging from molecules at the nanoscale to gastropod shells at the macroscale. Light can be chiral as well. Circularly polarized light with opposite helicity has its electric field vector rotating clockwise or counterclockwise during propagation. Chiral light-matter interactions are widely used in molecule detection, optical communication and quantum information processing. In this talk, I will discuss how to engineer the chiral light-matter interaction based on metamaterials and nano photonic structures towards novel imaging and sensing applications. I will first present a new concept of chiral metamirrors, which can achieve near-perfect reflection of designated circularly polarized light without reversing its handedness, yet complete absorption of the other polarization state [1]. Such a metamaterial can be used for polarimetric imaging to extract the polarization information of light [2]. Recently, we have applied the deep learning approach to accelerate the design of chiral metamaterials with prescribed chiroptical responses [3]. Finally, I will discuss the generation of chiral hotspots in silicon nanocube dimers that can amplify circular dichroism signals by one order of magnitude [4]. Our findings would lead to integrated devices for circular dichroism spectroscopy, enantioselective sensing, sorting and synthesis. References: [1] Z. J. Wang et al., "Circular Dichroism Metamirrors with Near-Perfect Extinction", ACS Photonics 3, 2096 (2016); [2] L. Kang et al., "Preserving Spin States upon Reflection: Linear and Nonlinear Responses of a Chiral Meta-Mirror", Nano Letters 17, 7102 (2017); [3] W. Ma et al., "Deep-Learning-Enabled On-Demand Design of Chiral Metamaterials", ACS Nano 12, 6326 (2018). Research Highlight in Nature Photonics 12, 443 (2018); [4] K. Yao and Y. M. Liu, "Enhancing circular dichroism by chiral hotspots in silicon nanocube dimers", Nanocale 10, 8779 (2018).
Fostering Critical Colonial Consciousness Through Queer Pedagogy

In this chapter, the author uses Barthes’ philosophical concept of colonial consciousness and Freire’s concept of conscientization to philosophize the need for a more inclusive education system in Jamaica—one that embraces a queer pedagogy. One of Barthes’ theories is that people who were formally colonized end up perpetuating and enacting colonized ideologies. The theory of the colonized becoming the colonizer is similar to Freire’s writings in Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1993), where Freire theorized about the ease with which the colonized take on traits of the colonizer and keep this oppressive circle alive. Barthes referred to the perpetuation of colonial ideologies as colonial consciousness. In the first section of the chapter, the author discusses Barthes’ philosophy of colonial consciousness and illustrates ways in which it manifests in the heteronormative practices in the Jamaican education system. Next, the author explains the need to enact Freire’s concept of conscientization in the classroom to develop a critical awareness of the social norms of the Jamaican society and its education system through reflection and action. In the last section of the chapter, the author suggests the need to practice a queer pedagogy as one way to work towards a more inclusive education system, which will develop critical consciousness and push students to question normativity and work toward a more inclusive society.
Outcomes and patient perspectives following implementation of tiered opioid prescription guidelines in gynecologic surgery.

Abstract Objectives To report the impact of implementing standardized guidelines for opioid prescriptions after gynecologic surgery and describe patient perspectives before and after implementation for those undergoing laparotomy for ovarian cancer. Methods Patients undergoing gynecologic surgery between October 2017 and May 2018 were prescribed opioids at discharge using tiered guidelines; prescriptions were compared to consecutive historical controls (March 2017–October 2017). A subset of ovarian cancer laparotomy patients were surveyed regarding postoperative opioid consumption and patient experience. Results A total of 620 women in the tiered guideline cohort were compared with 599 historical controls. Following implementation, 95.8% of prescriptions met guidelines. Median milligram morphine equivalents (MME) prescribed decreased from 150 to 75 (p ≤ 0.001) with no change in opioid refills (7.7 vs 6.9%, p = 0.62). In surveyed ovarian cancer patients, 100% of tiered guideline patients and 92% of historical controls felt satisfied with pain control (p = 0.24), despite a 50% reduction in prescribed MME and 14.6% receiving no opioids at discharge (p = 0.002). The median (IQR) MME consumed after discharge was 15 (0, 75) in tiered guideline patients vs. 24 (0, 135) in historical controls, and 38.2% and 42.4% consumed no opioids, respectively. Mean time between surgery and opioid use cessation was Conclusions Reducing prescribed opioids after gynecologic surgery using tiered guidelines did not increase opioid refills or worsen patients' perceptions of postoperative pain. Even after laparotomy, very little opioids were required over a short duration after dismissal. Infrequent disposal of leftover opioids highlights the need to avoid over-prescribing.
Biobehavioral utility of mindfulness-based art therapy: Neurobiological underpinnings and mental health impacts.

Mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) combines mindfulness practices with art therapy to promote health, wellness, and adaptive responses to stress. Mindfulness-based stress reduction programs have ...
Insights from Integrated Geo-Location Data for Pedestrian Crashes, Demographics, and Land Uses:

This study investigates the effects of demographics and land uses on pedestrian crash frequency by integrating the contextual geo-location data. To address the issue of heterogeneity, three negativ...
Reconstructive inverse dynamics control and application to xenon-induced power oscillations in pressurized water reactors

Axial flux shape control in large pressurized water reactors constitutes one of the most challenging control problems in the nuclear field. In commercial plants, the practical solutions are obtained at the expense of departure from the most economical operational conditions, often due to the difficulties in monitoring xenon-induced oscillations and inadequate control actions. In this paper the concept of inverse dynamics in control is introduced as an alternative approach for spatial control. The method is tested through computer simulations using a validated nonlinear model that successfully represents the limit-cycle behavior. Compared with the widely used half-cycling strategy or the proposed optimal control method in the literature, the use of inverse dynamics for partial-length rod control yields desirable stability characteristics. The return to target axial offset exhibits a smooth transition without any residual flux oscillations between the upper and lower halves of the core. The proposed approach consists of a set of nonlinear algebraic equations for control with single-step solutions. Thus, it is easier to implement compared with iterative or integral techniques.
Correlation-Enhanced Electron-Phonon Coupling: Applications of G W and Screened Hybrid Functional to Bismuthates, Chloronitrides, and Other High- T c Superconductors

Establishing the strength of the electron-phonon interaction, which plays an important role in superconductivity, has proven difficult with current experimental and theoretical techniques. Theorists now propose a reliable first-principles method and also use it to explain the extraordinarily high superconducting temperatures seen in bismuthates and transition-metal chloronitrides.
Experimental investigation and modeling of flow boiling in microchannel heat exchangers for integral steam generator applications

Abstract The application of microchannel heat exchanger (MCHX) technology for the development of compact, high power density integral steam generators is investigated. A representative MCHX test section with two-phase flow of water on one side and hotter, single-phase flow of water on the other side is designed and fabricated. A test facility with hot, boiling, and cold fluid loops, respectively, is developed to experimentally investigate the heat duty and pressure drop performance of the MCHX steam generator under a wide range of operating conditions. Tests designed to isolate specific heat transfer regimes such as subcooled boiling, saturated boiling and dryout are conducted to assess the accuracy of correlations and transition criteria available in the literature. The 0.248 × 0.056 × 0.041 m MCHX steam generator transferred ~65 kW for the conditions investigated. A segmented heat transfer and pressure drop model is developed for the MCHX steam generator using the closure models that provide the best agreement with the data from the regime-specific experiments. The resulting model provides good agreement with the overall data set, with an Absolute Average Deviation (AAD) of ~3% and ~10% for heat duty and pressure drop, respectively, for the data points for which the exit is predicted to be in the saturated boiling flow regime. For the data points where the exit flow is predicted to be in the post-dryout regime, the AADs for heat duty and pressure drop are ~12.4% and ~5.6%, respectively. The experimentally validated model developed in this study could aid the design and development of modular, MCHX steam generators for both large-scale as well as small modular reactors.
Analysis of Circuits for Dosage Control in Microbial Populations

Designing genetic circuits to control the behaviors of microbial populations is an ongoing challenge in synthetic biology. Here we analyze circuits which implement dosage control by controlling levels of a global signal in a microbial population in face of varying cell density, growth rate, and environmental dilution. We utilize the Lux quorum sensing system to implement dosage control circuits, and we analyze the dynamics of circuits using both simplified analytical analysis and in silico simulations. We demonstrate that strong negative feedback through inhibiting LuxI synthase expression along with AiiA degradase activity results in circuits with fast response times and robustness to cell density and dilution rate. We find that degradase activity yields robustness to variations in population density for large population sizes, while negative feedback to synthase production decreases sensitivity to dilution rates.
When the State Retreats: Work Units, Marital Regulation, and Rising Divorce Rates in China

The high and rising divorce rate in China is not easily reconciled with traditional theories that emphasize the role of modernization in changing family life. By reformulating the state social engineering theory, this paper argues that the retreat of the state from private life has contributed to China's rising divorce rates in the past four decades. A divorce reform that simplified divorce procedures and the declining significance of the work unit are two mechanisms through which the retreating state may influence divorce rates. Results from a province-level panel data set suggest that a smaller share of employment in state and collective work units is associated with higher divorce rates. The diminishing function of institutional control accounts for the effect of the work unit on rising divorce rates.
Community Legal Systems: Targeting PrEP and HIV Education to Decrease Risk of HIV Transmission.

The southern U.S. has both high HIV and incarceration rates in comparison to its population. As in the rest of the country, HIV prevention is based on education, behavior change, and biomedical efforts, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This study examined the implementation of an educational intervention and supportive services to obtain PrEP in a population of individuals (N = 218) involved in an Adult Drug Court (ADC) or on probation or parole (P-P). Nearly all ADC and P-P participants self-reported risk behaviors linked to HIV acquisition. Results supported the acceptance and usefulness of the intervention as rated by participants. Participants showed increased knowledge of HIV risks and testing post-education. In multivariate analysis, predictors of interest in using PrEP included low stigma beliefs, specifically their level of prejudice views, high depressive symptoms, and white race. The intervention shows promise. Given the high risk documented for ADC and P-P individuals, HIV prevention is a critical component for increased protective behaviors.
Leisure-Time Panel Discussion of the Institute of Character-Developing Forces, Boston, Mass., April 7–20, 1933

(1933). Leisure-Time Panel Discussion of the Institute of Character-Developing Forces, Boston, Mass., April 7–20, 1933. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 25-26.
Weight Management in Diabetes Prevention

Obesity and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are associated with a greater health risk for a number of conditions, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coagulation abnormalities, inflammatory markers, and coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes can delay or prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in patients with obesity and IGT. The risks improve with weight loss and increased physical activity. A decrease of 7 to 10% or more from baseline weight can have a significant effect. This has now been documented in a number of randomized controlled studies. This essay is directed on how the Diabetes Prevention Program approach to lifestyle change can be translated in a meaningful way to routine clinical care practice settings.
Some Recent Tools and a BDDC Algorithm for 3D Problems in H(curl)

We present some recent domain decomposition tools and a BDDC algorithm for 3D problems in the space H(curl; Ω). Of primary interest is a face decomposition lemma which allows us to obtain improved estimates for a BDDC algorithm under less restrictive assumptions than have appeared previously in the literature. Numerical results are also presented to confirm the theory and to provide additional insights.
Solid-phase extraction of carbofuran, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and cyanazine from shallow well water.

Extraction of several nitrogen-containing pesticides from water on solid-phase C18 cartridges was rapid and accurate. One analyst can extract greater than 48 samples/day. Recovery efficiencies were 77, 95, 92, 90, and 99% with detection limits of 0.20, 0.05, 0.05, 0.20, and 0.10 micrograms/L for carbofuran, atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and, cyanazine, respectively. Extraction of the atrazine and simazine dealkylation products (deethylatrazine and deethylsimazine) was less efficient, e.g., 26 and 9%, respectively. Comparisons with 10 U.S. Geological Survey samples gave similar results.
MYC suppresses cancer metastasis by direct transcriptional silencing of αv and β3 integrin subunits

Overexpression of MYC transforms cells in culture, elicits malignant tumours in experimental animals and is found in many human tumours. We now report the paradoxical finding that this powerful oncogene can also act as a suppressor of cell motility, invasiveness and metastasis. Overexpression of MYC stimulated proliferation of breast cancer cells both in culture and in vivo as expected, but inhibited motility and invasiveness in culture, and lung and liver metastases in xenografted tumours. We show further that MYC represses transcription of both subunits of αvβ3 integrin, and that exogenous expression of β3 integrin in human breast cancer cells that do not express this integrin rescues invasiveness and migration when MYC is downregulated. These data uncover an unexpected function of MYC, provide an explanation for the hitherto puzzling literature on the relationship between MYC and metastasis, and reveal a variable that could influence the development of therapies that target MYC.
IP Traffic Monitoring: An Overview and Future Considerations

An overview on emerging IP traffic monitoring is presented. Impotant parameters to characterize the traffic, network and QoS, are discussed. The infrastructure and methodology to measure those parameters directly or to compute them based on other measurements are described. We also, present a discourse on coping with the challenge of new transport architectures and technologies. In summary, a framework of IP traffic monitoring is presented.
On the electron transfer reaction between ferricytochrome c and ferrohexacyanide in the pH range 5 to 7.

Abstract The electron transfer kinetics between horse heart ferricytochrome c and ferrohexacyanide in the pH range 5 to 7 is essentially the same as the corresponding kinetics for the pH range 7 to 10. The equilibrium constant, computed from the ratio of rate constants is slightly under 300 for the range investigated. Spectrophotometrically (5 to 20 min after mixing), a somewhat different result emerged. The value of the equilibrium constant (with ferrohexacyanide in the numerator) increased about 2 times for a pH decrease from 7.0 to 5.0. A small minimum is indicated at pH 6.5. There is some similarity between this equilibrium behavior and the one found for the range above pH 7. If one accepts the previously established apparent pKh of 6.0 for ferricytochrome c, one arrives at a protonic dissociation for ferrocytochrome c of about 5.4. However, both of them should be considered upper limits. Lower limits are 5.0 for ferricytochrome c and 4 (or less) for ferrocytochrome c. The enthalpy change of the fast electron transfer process is in the range of 14 Cal per mole and shows practically no pH dependence. The differences between the kinetic and the spectrophotometric equilibrium constants are probably due to the fact that slow structural rearrangements are coupled to the electron transfer. Such steps also may be the reason for the fact that the measured rate constants are practically independent of pH. Various control experiments were conducted, to establish the constancy of the spectral characteristics of reduced and oxidized cytochrome c between pH 5 and 7 and in the wavelength range 520 to 555 nm.
Embryonic Stem Cells: A New Avenue to Evaluate the Effects of Chemicals in Humans

The predictive toxicity of chemicals to humans is largely based on scientific investigation in animal models. However, interspecies variability impacts the ability of certain animal models to emulate human response, which ultimately influences attrition rates in pharmaceutical development and safety assessment of new drugs. The availability of scalable human in vitro models for predictive toxicology may increase our confidence in risk assessment of chemicals in parallel to animal studies. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent, not genetically modified cells isolated from preimplantation embryos. The establishment of human ES cells enables the production of large numbers of human cell types to evaluate the effects of chemicals on disease and toxic response. This review provides an overview of key opportunities for stem cell technology to produce in vitro models of disease and toxicity related to chemical exposure in humans. Specifically, the generation of neurons from ES cells is an innovative resource to elucidate mechanisms of neurotoxicity involved in neurodegeneration (Parkinson’s disease) or neurodevelopmental disorders (autism). This review reports the use of cardiomyocytes from ES cells as cellular substrates for preclinical safety assessment of compounds. QT prolongation may be evaluated in cardiomyocytes from ES cells on the basis of functional cardiac ion channels. The applications of ES cells in predictive toxicology may be as diverse as the cell types they generate, thus, we anticipate that this technology will significantly benefit our understanding of debilitating diseases and toxic effects associated with chemicals in humans.
Modeling recursive reasoning by humans using empirically informed interactive POMDPs

Recursive reasoning of the form what do I think that you think that I think (and so on) arises often while acting rationally in multiagent settings. Several multiagent decision-making frameworks such as RMM, I-POMDP and the theory of mind model recursive reasoning as integral to an agent's rational choice. Real-world application settings for multiagent decision making are often mixed involving humans and human-controlled agents. In two large experiments, we studied the level of recursive reasoning generally displayed by humans while playing sequential general-sum and filed-sum, two-player games. Our results show that subjects experiencing a general-sum strategic game display first or second level of recursive thinking with the first level being more prominent. However, if the game is made simpler and more competitive with filed-sum payoffs, subjects predominantly attributed first-level recursive thinking to opponents thereby acting using second level of reasoning. Subsequently, we model the behavioral data obtained from the studies using the I-POMDP framework, appropriately augmented using well-known human judgment and decision models. Accuracy of the predictions by our models suggest that these could be viable ways for computationally modeling strategic behavioral data.
Intervening in Children's Lives: An Ecological, Family-Centered Approach to Mental Health Care

Thomas J. Dishion and Elizabeth A. Stormshak describe their family-centered, ecological approach, which engages children, adolescents, and their families; may be used as a periodic preventive checkup and as a more intensive intervention; and may be delivered in community settings such as schools in order to have the greatest public health impact. The authors demonstrate how they examine psychopathology in children and adolescents in the context of the ecology (families, peer groups, communities, and schools) in which they live. They present their empirically derived approach and illustrate how developmentally and culturally relevant interventions are shaped. An ecological approach works within a health maintenance teamwork. Given individual variation in vulnerability to environmental stress, periodic assessments and interventions are used to prevent, treat, or reduce harm associated with problem behavior and emotional distress. The literature reveals promising findings, in that the highest-risk youth are more likely to respond well to ecologically based interventions.
Effect of surface modification on interfacial nanobubble morphology and contact line tension.

Past research has confirmed the existence of surface nanobubbles on various hydrophobic substrates (static contact angle >90°) when imaged in air–equilibrated water. Additionally, the use of solvent exchange techniques (based on the difference in saturation levels of air in various solvents) also introduced surface nanobubbles on hydrophilic substrates (static contact angle 50 nm for all nanobubbles). The nanobubble morphology and distribution before and after using the solvent exchange method (ethanol–water), on the bulk polycarbonate substrate was also characterized. Analysis for these polycarbonate surface nanobubbles showed that both the Laplace pressure and nanobubble density reduced by ≈98% after ethanol–water exchange, accompanied by a flip in the magnitude of contact line tension from positive (0.19 nN) to negative (−0.11 nN).
The role of the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway in breast cancer: use of mouse models for analyzing ubiquitination processes.

Turnover of several regulatory proteins results from targeted destruction via ubiquitination and subsequent degradation through the proteosome. The timely and irreversible degradation of critical regulators is essential for normal cellular function. The precise biochemical mechanisms that are involved in protein turnover by ubiquitin-mediated degradation have been elucidated using in vitro assays and cell culture systems. However, pathways that lead to ubiquitination of critical regulatory proteins in vivo are more complex, and have both temporal and tissue-specific differences. In vivo models will allow identification of substrates and enzymes of the ubiquitin–proteosome pathway that play important roles in selected tissues and diseases. In addition, assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of drugs designed to inhibit or enhance protein turnover by ubiquitination requires in vivo models. In the present review we describe selected examples of transgenic and knockout models of proteins that are known either to be regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation or to have a catalytic function in this process, and to play an important role in breast cancer. We outline the functions of these proteins in vivo and focus on knowledge gained in the comparison of in vivo behavior predicted from cell-free in vitro data or from experiments conducted in cell culture systems.
Knowledgeable Judges Make a Difference: Judicial Beliefs Affect Juvenile Court Transfer Decisions

This study examined how judicial knowledge and attitudes about transfer affects transfer decisions by juvenile court judges. Participants included 232 juvenile court judges from around the country who completed a vignette survey that presented a prototypical case involving a serious juvenile offender. Participants were asked to decide whether the juvenile should be transferred and to rate his rehabilitative potential. Judges who believed in the deterrent effects of transfer were more likely to recommend that the juvenile be transferred and to rate him as having lower rehabilitative potential. More experienced judges saw greater rehabilitative potential in the juvenile and were less likely to transfer him to the criminal court. Overall, judges tended to think that transfer lacked general and specific deterrent effects, endorsed rehabilitative over punitive goals in sentencing, and felt positively about the juvenile justice system's effectiveness in handling serious offenders. Yet, a sizable minority of judges felt otherwise. The implications of the findings for judicial education and legal advocacy are discussed.
COMMENTARY: NEOLIBERALISM: CONTEXT FOR A NEW WORKERS' STRUGGLE

In this essay labor historian Peter Rachleff takes a broad look at the political economy of U.S. capitalism since World War II, breaking this era into two periods: 1) the demand-driven Keynesianism that emerged through the New Deal, the WWII economy, and the immediate postwar years; and 2) the anti-working class neoliberalism that emerged piecemeal in the mid to late 1970s and has come to dominate the global economy. Rachleff's interest is in the impact of these political-economic formations on working-class struggle, in the U.S. and, increasingly, throughout the world. His argument is that, while neoliberalism has made the lives of most working people significantly worse, it has also established a common position and even experience that makes transnational solidarity more attainable in practice, thus opening out—potentially—into a new era of workers' struggles. Peter Rachleff is a Professor of History at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. Over the past 25 years he has organized solidarity for a variety of workers' struggles in the upper Midwest, from the Hormel meatpackers in the mid-1980s to the Northwest Airlines mechanics and flight attendants in the last year. In the past six years, he has made several visits to South Africa, and he credits activists there with helping him to understand the structures and dynamics of neoliberalism. Rachleff is the newly elected President of the Working Class Studies Association and is a board member of the Labor and Working Class History Association. His most recent book is an edited collection of IWW writings on the food industry, Starving Amidst Too Much (Charles H. Kerr Press, 2005).