cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the NTrainer System into Clinical Practice Targeting Neurodevelopment of Pre-oral Skills and Parental Involvement

Abstract The initiation of early oral motor assessments by neonatal occupational therapists (OT) and the implementation of an NTrainer system to help facilitate feeding progression in the premature infant population was incorporated into practice by the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC) who partnered with Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. OSUWMC did not have a set protocol to use with infants prior to beginning oral feeds and studies have found that providing oral motor stimulation in a consistent manner accelerates transition time to oral feeds. Anecdotally, through observation, repeated experience and data recorded by the NTrainer, the NICU team as a whole noted that infants who received early oral motor assessments by the neonatal OT and NTrainer therapy demonstrated a more mature NNS pattern, improved suck strength, and a decreased hypersensitivity to oral motor intervention, overall positively affecting the neurodevelopment of the preterm infant. These combined therapies also resulted in the development of a standard feeding guideline that begins at 29 weeks gestational age (GA).
Active and passive smoking and risk of colds in women.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and frequency of colds in women. METHODS: Data on cigarette smoking and frequency and duration of colds were analyzed in the Women's Health Study (WHS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer among 39,876 female health professionals. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, body-mass index, prevalence of asthma and chronic lung diseases, alcohol intake, physical activity, and multivitamin use, current heavy smokers had no appreciable increase in the frequency of colds (relative risk (RR) for ⩾ 3 versus no colds in the past year, 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80–1.39), but a significantly increased risk of prolonged colds (RR for colds of > 7 vs. 1–3 days, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.95–3.29). There was no difference in the number of days confined to home. Nonsmoking women passively exposed to cigarette smoke had a slightly increased risk of both more frequent colds (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18–1.51) and more prolonged colds during the previous year (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99–1.27). CONCLUSIONS: Women who are currently heavy smokers are at increased risk of having colds with longer duration compared with nonsmokers. Nonsmoking women passively exposed to cigarette smoking are at slightly increased risk of having more frequent and longer colds than nonsmoking women not exposed to passive smoke.
Relationship between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate deficiency and aminotransferase levels in alcoholic hepatitis.

The relationship between pyridoxal phosphate deficiency and activities of serum and liver aminotransferases was studied in 12 patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and the activities of liver aminotransferases were initially decreased in the patients, as compared with mean values in controls with normal hepatic histology. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate to liver homogenates increased liver alanine aminotransferase, but not aspartate aminotransferase, in all patients with initially low plasma pyridoxal phosphate. After 1 mo of abstinence from alcohol, with intake of an adequate diet and pyridoxine supplementation, plasma pyridoxal phosphate increased in all patients with initially low values (p
Diffusive slip and surface transport properties

Abstract The phenomenon of diffusive slip appears when a gas concentration gradient drives a counterdiffusing mass flux parallel to a solid. To arrive here at a new diffusive slip velocity, an Arrhenius equation is written in terms of a surface potential. Slip velocity is solved for not as an extrapolation from the bulk, but directly on the wall. The model incorporates important new features to slip dynamics: surface reflection physics, surface diffusion coefficients, and a result generalizable to different gas-solid combinations. The model's principal advantage rests in its ability to account for previous anomalies such as empirical correction factors and finite slip for equal molecular weight gases. The latter result matches experiment and predicts a surface-driven flow for gases having unequal surface mobilities.
A direct test of the validity of the use of pseudopotentials in molecules

Unique and Hermitean pseudopotentials taken directly from ab initio calculations on Li atom have been applied to calculations on LiH and Li2. These results have been compared with the full electron ab initio solutions on LiH and Li2 in the first such direct test of the validity of the use of pseudopotentials in molecules and solids.
Doubting the TCR Coreceptor Function of CD8αα

"The beginning of wisdom is found in doubting; by doubting we come to question, and by seeking we may come upon the truth." -Pierre Abelard. CD8 is a glycoprotein expressed on hematopoietic cells. Two isoforms of CD8, CD8alphabeta and CD8alphaalpha, have been identified that are distinct in their expression and function. Whereas CD8alphabeta serves as a T cell receptor (TCR) coreceptor to enhance the functional avidity and is constitutively expressed on MHC class I-restricted T cells, CD8alphaalpha marks T cells that are distinct from the conventional thymus-selected and MHC-restricted CD4(+) or CD8alphabeta(+) T cells. Inconsistent with a coreceptor function, CD8alphaalpha decreases antigen sensitivity of the TCR, and it can be transiently or permanently expressed on T cells, regardless of the MHC restriction of the TCR or the presence of conventional coreceptors. Together, these observations indicate that CD8alphaalpha on T cells marks a differentiation stage and that it likely functions as a TCR corepressor to negatively regulate T cell activation.
One-Day VATH (Vinblastine, Adriamycin, Thiotepa, and Halotestin) Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer Refractory to Chemotherapy

Twenty-nine postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy underwent treatment with a combination of vinblastine, Adriamycin, thiotepa, and Halotestin given once every 21 days. Thirteen patients (45%) responded with a greater than 50% regression of measurable tumor. Responses occurred in nine of 12 patients (75%) with visceral dominant disease and were recognized in four of 15 (27%) with osseous dominant disease (another 5 improved for a total improvement of 60%). The median duration of response was 11 months. The median survival times were 16 months for responders and eight months for those with progressive disease. Response rate was not affected by age, number of years after menopause, number of metastatic sites involved, or number of systemic treatment modalities previously used, but may have been adversely affected by late stage at original diagnosis, short time from diagnosis, poor response to primary chemotherapy, and dose modification. This combination of drugs is a convenient, tolerable, and effective regimen for treating breast cancer refractory to primary chemotherapy regimens currently in use.
Modulation of cyclic GMP in the rat pineal gland by GABA

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that 3 H-GABA is taken up exclusively by glial cells in the rat pineal gland [26]. We have found that the uptake and endogenous levels of GABA do not change after chronic denervation of the pineal. This further supports a non-neuronal locus for the GABA system. We have previously shown that glial GABA in the pineal can be altered by manipulating noradrenergic activity. The characteristics of 3 H-GABA binding to bovine pineal synaptosomes was studied. Two populations of sodium-independent, high affinity GABA-binding sites were observed with K D1 =18.2 nM and B MAX1 =0.11 pmoles/mg prot. and K D2 =543.2 nM and B MAX2 =1.83 pmoles/mg prot. While GABA had no effect on cAMP levels in the pineal gland, at 10 −5 M it significantly inhibited the accumulation of cGMP produced by 10 −6 M norepinephrine. Since endogenous levels of pineal GABA are in the same concentration range as those producing a change in cGMP, it is possible that glial GABA may have a modulatory role in the rat pineal gland.
Normal variations of abdominal and pelvic anatomy evaluated at laparoscopy.

Abstract Objective: To describe certain anatomic relationships in the pelvis and abdominal wall at laparoscopy and the effect of body mass index (BMI) on those parameters. Methods: In 103 patients we determined the following: distances from the midline to each medial umbilical ligament and the respective inferior epigastric vessels; distances between each ureter and the ipsilateral uterosacral and the infundibulopelvic ligament; relative visibility of the ureters, umbilical and uterosacral ligaments, and the sacral promontory; and the presence and location of congenital bowel attachments to the pelvic walls. Results: The right ureter ran significantly closer to the infundibulopelvic and uterosacral ligaments than the left ureter. The right inferior epigastric vessels and umbilical ligament coursed more laterally than did those on the left. Both sets of inferior epigastric vessels, and the left umbilical ligament and ureter were significantly more difficult to identify in overweight women. In 69% of the subjects, the uterosacral ligaments were found to be thick or moderately thick. In two thirds, the sacral promontory was more than 75% visualized. Congenital bowel attachments were observed in 74.8% of subjects on the left pelvic sidewall, and 48.5% on the right. Conclusion: Left and right pelvic anatomy are not necessarily mirror images laparoscopically. The course of the inferior epigastric vessels can be more difficult to identify in overweight patients. Despite marked obesity or congenital bowel attachments to the pelvic side walls, both ureters can usually be identified. The proximity of the ureter to the uterosacral and infundibulopelvic ligaments reaffirms the need to identify them before dissection.
Level of interactivity and executive functions as predictors of learning in computer-based chemistry simulations

Effects of executive functions and instructional format on learning were examined.With less complex simulations, students learned best with exploratory approach.With complex simulations, executive functions interact with instructional approach.Low executive functions students learned best with worked approach.High executive functions students learned best with exploratory approach. High school students' learning outcomes was examined comparing exploratory vs. worked simulations. The effects of added icons and students' executive functions were also examined. In Study 1, urban high school students (N=84) were randomly assigned to one of four versions of a web-based simulation of kinetic molecular theory that varied in instructional format (exploratory vs. worked simulation) and representation (added icons vs. no added icons). Learning was assessed at two levels: comprehension and transfer. For transfer, a main effect was found for instructional format: the exploratory condition yielded greater levels of transfer than the worked simulation. Study 2 used the same conditions and a more complex simulation, the ideal gas law, with a similar sample of students (N=67). For transfer, an interaction between instructional format and executive functions was found: Whereas students with higher levels of executive functions had better transfer with the exploratory condition, students with lower levels of executive functions had better transfer with the guided simulations. Results are discussed in relation to current theories of instructional design and learning.
Effects of Low Temperature and Modified Atmosphere on Sugar Accumulation and Chip Color in Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

Storage of Norgold and Russet Burbank tubers at 3°C in air led to accumulation of sucrose and hexose and a decline in chip color quality to unacceptable levels (Hunter L values less than 40) within 2 wk. Storage in modified atmospheres of 1000 ppm ethylene in air and low oxygen delayed decline in color by 6-8 wk compared with storage in air. Storage in 1000 ppm ethylene apparently reduced rate of conversion of sucrose to hexose. The low oxygen atmosphere appeared to reduce extent of sucrose accumulation and rate of sucrose conversion to hexose during storage.
Stability of bifurcating solutions by Leray-Schauder degree

where L and B are linear and F is a non-linear operator defined in some Banach space ~ . The quantity # is a real parameter. Assume that F(tt, 0)= 0 so that u = 0 is always an equilibrium. In many physical situations the null solution is a stable equilibrium for/~ less than some critical value/to but becomes unstable when tt is increased beyond/~o. One is then interested in knowing conditions under which other stable equilibria bifurcate from the trivial solution at criticality. Such questions arise, for example, in convection problems in fluid dynamics; buckling problems in elasticity; criticality problems in nuclear reactor design, etc. For the purposes of this paper the principle of linearized stability is assumed to hold: that is, fi is a stable equilibrium if all the eigenvalues of the "derivative" operator L p B + F~(t~; 2) (1.2)
Theory of the D + D Reactions Part I. Analysis of the Energy Dependence

The variations with energy of the newly extended observations on the D+D reaction products are analyzed. It is found adequate to assume that all these variations, including details of the angular distributions, are due to differences in centrifugal barriers met by different components of the incident deuteron waves. This is found possible only if considerable spin-orbit interaction is allowed for. The possibility is investigated that numerical measures of the interactions can be obtained from the experimental data. Such conclusions as are permitted by the nature of the data are presented.
Microtargeting and Electorate Segmentation: Data Mining the American National Election Studies

Business marketers widely use data mining for segmenting and targeting markets. To assess data mining for use by political marketers, we mined the 1948 to 2004 American National Elections Studies data file to identify a small number of variables and rules that can be used to predict individual voting behavior, including abstention, with the intent of segmenting the electorate in useful and meaningful ways. The resulting decision tree correctly predicts vote choice with 66 percent accuracy, a success rate that compares favorably with other predictive methods. More importantly, the process provides rules that identify segments of voters based on their predicted vote choice, with the vote choice of some segments predictable with up to 87 percent success. These results suggest that the data mining methodology may increase efficiency for political campaigns, but they also suggest that, from a democratic theory perspective, overall participation may be improved by communicating more effective messages that bett...
The theoretical basis of electron emission holography and tomography

Abstract We investigate the theoretical foundation of electron emission holography for surface structure analysis by using the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation to examine the reconstruction integral for electron holography. We elucidate the physical content of single-energy electron emission holograms and demonstrate the non-uniqueness of the holographic image. We examine the physical meaning of images obtained by the coherent superposition of multi-energy holograms in the weak scattering limit. We show that the coherent superposition of holographic image fields is an electron tomogram of the scattering potential. This establishes close connection between recently proposed methods for image improvement in electron holography and conventional image reconstruction schemes by computerized tomography. An optimal reconstruction algorithm, which retrieves a 3D image of the scattering potential in the weak scattering limit, is proposed.
The modification of activity patterns and energy expenditure in obese young girls

The effects of reinforcing active play on activity and energy expenditure were evaluated in obese 5- to 8-year-old girls during a morning summer camp. After 4 days of baseline assessing free play activity, the treatment group was alternately reinforced for increasing activity or sharing; the control group remained in baseline. Behavioral observations of activity showed clear effects of the sequential treatment phases. In addition, caloric expenditure was reliably increased by the treatment procedures both during and after the enhanced activity.
Endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic sinusitis : a pilot study

This pilot study assessed the safety and preliminary data on the efficacy of endoscopic ethmoidectomy in children with chronic sinusitis. A total of 168 patients were evaluated for chronic sinusitis, and 31 were deemed appropriate candidates for ethmoidectomy. All patients were medical management failures. Twenty-six percent of the patients had asthma, 23% had some immune deficiency, 23% had allergies, and 2 patients (1%) had cystic fibrosis. All patients were followed for at least 1 year postoperatively. The only surgical complication was minor middle meatal scarring that developed in two patients. Overall, 71% of the patients were considered normal by their parents 1 year postoperatively. Of the 24 patients who did not have an underlying systemic disease (immune deficiency or cystic fibrosis) postoperatively, 80% were considered normal by their parents, 12% were improved but continued to have some symptoms, and 8% had unsatisfactory results. Seven children with underlying systemic disease had to undergo revision ethmoidectomy for persistent symptoms.
The dual effects of Cdh1/APC in myogenesis

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis plays an important role in regulating fundamental biological functions, including cell division and cellular differentiation. Previous studies implicate the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in myogenic differentiation through regulating cell cycle progression and modulating myogenic factors such as MyoD and Myf5. Certain ubiquitin protein ligases, including the SCF complex and APC, have been suggested to govern terminal muscle differentiation. However, the underlying mechanism of regulation of both the cell cycle and myogenic factors by the UPS during this process remains unclear. We have dissected the role of the UPS in myogenic differentiation using an in vitro muscle differentiation system based on C2C12 cells. We demonstrate that Cdh1-APC regulates two critical proteins, Skp2 and Myf5, for proteolysis during muscle differentiation. The targeting of Skp2 by Cdh1-APC for destruction results in elevation of p21 and p27, which are crucial for coordinating cellular division and differentiation. Degradation of Myf5 by Cdh1-APC facilitates myogenic fusion. Knockdown of Cdh1 by siRNA significantly attenuates muscle differentiation. Taken together, Cdh1-APC is an important ubiquitin E3 ligase that modulates muscle differentiation through coordinating cell cycle progression and initiating the myogenic differentiation program.
Older Women and Mental Health

The 1980s may well be remembered as the decade of the older woman. Older women, especially those aged 75 and older, are the fastest growing portion of the U.S. population. According to the 1980 census, 11.3 percent of the population are 65 or older and, within this group, there are half again as many women as there are men. Furthermore, over 40 percent of women aged 65 and older are living alone (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978). The median yearly income for women 65 and older, as of 1980, was $4,226. More than 2.7 million older women live below the poverty line, with older women living alone overrepresented among this group (USDC, 1981). This large, growing and economically disadvantaged population is currently emerging from the invisibility it had been accorded in past decades.
Effects of physostigmine on stimulus encoding in a memory-scanning task.

Previous studies of the effects of physostigmine on memory have involved other drugs, a memory that has already been impaired, or both, often with contradictory results. Also, traditional memory tests do not differentiate memory from other task components such as perception and response, and drug effects on these could be mistaken for effects on memory. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of physostigmine alone on normal memory using Sternberg's additive-factor, memory-scanning task, with additional variables to isolate effects on stimulus encoding and response stages. Sixteen volunteers participated, the design was between-groups, and physostigmine or normal saline was given, double-blind, by intravenous infusion for 70 min. The drug had no effect on the memory component of the task, but significantly improved stimulus encoding (P<0.001). Thus, it is possible that physostigmine improves performance on memory tests by improving perception as well as, or instead of, memory.
2001: A space odyssey: A warning before its time

This essay examines the visual text of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. Since previous commentaries lacked a rhetorical framework sufficiently complex to explain the nuances of 2001, this essay develops a formal model from a subset of Kenneth Burke's perspective on rhetoric, and uses the model to integrate the four basic symbolic elements of the film into a coherent message. It is argued that 2001 is essentially a “religious” film, a cinematic warning against our dependence upon the machines and tools we have created. The film's climactic sequence is explained as the visualization of ultimate transcendence.
A New Gyromagnetic Effect in Permalloy and Iron

A long circular cylinder of compressed ferromagnetic powder is magnetized along its axis to an intensity of magnetization ${J}_{z}$ near saturation, so that the moments of all of the magnetic elements point essentially in the same direction $Z$. In a direction $X$, normal to $Z$, a small magnetic intensity ${H}_{x}$ with frequency $f$, such that $\frac{1}{f}$ is much greater than the relaxation time, is applied. This causes the intensity of magnetization to oscillate synchronously through a small angle in the $\mathrm{XZ}$-plane; and this leads to the development of an intensity of magnetization ${J}_{y}$ in the transverse direction $Y$ and proportional to ${H}_{x}$. From measurements of ${J}_{y}$, or the corresponding magnetic induction ${B}_{y}$, the longitudinal magnetization ${J}_{z}$, the frequency $f$, and the transverse permeability ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{x}={\ensuremath{\mu}}_{y}$, the gyromagnetic ratio $\ensuremath{\rho}$ can be calculated for approximate saturation. For both Permalloy and iron rods, steadily magnetized longitudinally in very intense fields and cross magnetized at frequencies of 22 and 30 kc/sec in very weak fields, the values obtained for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ do not differ by more than the experimental error from those obtained for the same substances (though in a different physical state) in experiments on the Barnett and Einstein-de Haas effects.
Synthesis of regular very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures for the 1D discrete wavelet transform

A methodology for synthesizing parallel computational structures has been applied to the Discrete Wavelet Transform algorithm. It is based on linear space-time mapping with constraint driven localization. The data dependence analysis, localization of global variables, and space-time mapping is presented, as well as one realization of a 3-octave systolic array. The DWT algorithm may not be described by a set of Uniform or Affine Recurrence Equations (UREs, AREs), thus it may not be efficiently mapped onto a regular array. However it is still possible to map the DWT algorithm to a systolic array with local communication links by using first a non-linear index space transformation. The array derived here has latency of 3M/2, where M is the input sequence length, and similar area requirements as solutions proposed elsewhere. In the general case of an arbitrary number of octaves, linear space-time mapping leads to inefficient arrays of long latency due to problems associated with multiprojection.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
P155 Lessons Learned: Applying Grade Methodology To Evidence-Based Health Technology Assessment Within A Managed Care Setting

Background Health technology assessment (HTA) within the context of a managed care organisation requires rigorous evidence assessment completed in a timely and efficient manner. A modified version of the GRADE evidence grading system was piloted in a long-standing HTA programme to evaluate new and existing medical technologies with high-cost, high-volume impact. Context An HTA programme developing evidence-based guidance to inform technology acquisition and implementation strategies within a large, US-based healthcare system. Description of Best Practice A modified GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of evidence for six health technologies over a 6-month period. Although the application of GRADE required additional analytical time, evidence assessments were completed within a reasonable timeframe. Application of the GRADE framework allowed technology committee members to more easily understand the quality of a body of evidence, weigh the benefits and harms, account for patient values, and assess potential resource and operational implications. Lesson for Guideline Developers Prior to adopting GRADE, many new technologies were assessed as having “insufficient” evidence. The GRADE approach provided greater clarity, and evidence that would previously have been classified as “insufficient” was graded as either “low” or “very low” quality, allowing for greater flexibility and transparency in decision-making when moving from evidence to recommendations. Diagnostic and prognostic tests or devices continued to present unique challenges as well as technologies for which limited comparative evidence was available, and more guidance for in these areas is needed. Additional elaboration on resource and operational concerns specific to evaluating new technologies would be useful to HTA programmes.
Infrequent low dose testosterone treatment maintains male sexual behavior in Syrian hamsters

Testosterone (T) secreted in short pulses several times each day is essential for the maintenance of male sex behavior (MSB) in mammals. Blood T concentrations are relatively low during inter-pulse intervals. Assessment of androgenic influences on MSB of rodents has, with very few exceptions, involved either injections of pure or esterified hormones dissolved in oil or implantation of constant release capsules that generate supraphysiological and/or constantly elevated T concentrations. The minimum daily concentration of T necessary to maintain and restore MSB when T is delivered as a discrete short pulse remains unspecified; nor is it known whether infrequent T pulses in the physiological range sustain MSB. To address these questions, we varied T injection concentrations and frequencies in castrated, sexually-experienced Syrian hamsters. All males injected daily with an aqueous vehicle failed to display the ejaculatory reflex 5 weeks after castration. Once daily 15 μg subcutaneous T injections both maintained and restored MSB, whereas once daily 5 μg T injections resulted in fewer males ejaculating and longer ejaculation latencies. Substantially higher T doses were required to restore MSB in previous studies when T was administered in an oil vehicle. 50 μg T maintained MSB in most hamsters injected once every 4 or 7 days, despite long intervals between injections during which circulating T was undetectable or well below physiological concentrations. Some T regimens that maintained MSB were associated with subnormal seminal vesicle and ventral prostate weights. The demonstration that relatively brief, infrequent elevations of T are sufficient to support MSB provides a useful model to assess the neuroendocrine basis of MSB and raises the possibility that infrequent low dose androgen replacement protocols may restore sex behavior to hypogonadal men without inducing some of the negative side-effects associated with more frequent, higher dose treatments.
Redefining mortality after pancreatic cancer resection.

Distinct outcome measures such as in-hospital and 30-day mortality have been used to evaluate pancreatectomy results. We posited that these measures could be compared using national data, providing more precision for evaluating published outcomes after pancreatectomy. Patients undergoing resection for pancreatic cancer were identified from the linked SEER-Medicare databases (1991–2002). Mortality was analyzed and trend tests were utilized to evaluate risk of death within ≤60 days of resection and from 60 days to 2 years post-resection. Univariate analysis assessed patient characteristics such as race, gender, marital status, socioeconomic status, hospital teaching status, and complications. One thousand eight hundred forty-seven resected patients were identified: 7.7% (n = 142) died within the first 30 days, 83.6% of whom died during the same hospitalization. Postoperative in-hospital mortality was 8.1% (n = 150), 79% of which was within 30 days, greater than 90% of which was within 60 days. Risk of death decreased significantly over the first 60 days (P < 0.0001). After 60 days, the risk did not decrease through 2 years (P = 0.8533). Univariate analysis showed no difference between the two groups in terms of race, gender, marital status, and socioeconomic status, but patients dying within 60 days were more likely to have experienced a complication (41.1% vs. 17.0%, P < 0.0001). In-hospital and 30-day mortality after resection for cancer are similar nationally; thus, comparing mortality utilizing these measures is acceptable. After a 60-day post-resection window of increased mortality, mortality risk then continues at a constant rate over 2 years, suggesting that mortality after pancreatectomy is not limited to early (“complication”) and late (“cancer”) phases. Determining ways to decrease perioperative mortality in the 60-day interval will be critical to improving overall survival.
Herding "small" streaming queries

We study the problem of placing streaming queries into servers. Unlike previous work, we focus on queries that consume events of relative low rates, each computed in a single server (i.e. no scaling-out per query). However, we need to place a very large and dynamic number of queries in relatively few servers. Our focus is motivated by the need to support a platform for hosting end-user streaming queries that may come from a variety of applications, such as the Cortana personal assistant. The placement strives to reduce network and computational overheads. It exploits the observation that a large number of queries consume the same sources of events, and, hence, placing them in the same server in the platform reduces network overheads. However, the placement also needs to balance the load among the servers. A further complication arises from the requirement to allow the queries to read events from multiple sources concurrently (i.e., to join multiple streams). In this paper, we formulate the problem of placing queries into the servers of a streaming platform. We propose approximation algorithms and derive approximation bounds for the following cases (a) the offline case where queries are stable and known ahead of time, akin to an "oracle", and (b) the online case without departures and known query popularities. For the general online problem, we propose effective heuristic algorithms. An extensive set of experiments demonstrates that the proposed algorithms provide good performance in a wide-range of scenarios.
Identifying depression and anxiety in a 40‐year epidemiological investigation: the Stirling County study

As a longitudinal investigation, the ‘Stirling County study’ involves a 40-year period beginning with the drawing of a sample in 1952 for a survey of psychiatric disorders. In 1970 a new sample was drawn and subjects from 1952 were followed, and in 1992 another new sample was drawn and all 1952 and 1970 subjects were followed. During these years, knowledge about psychiatric disorders has increased in the population at large; changes in everyday language about them have occurred and criteria for identifying them have been improved. This report describes adaptations of methods designed to overcome some of the problems inherent in such changes. A revised computerized algorithm named DPAX-2 (DP for depression and AX for anxiety) is described. The first version, DPAX-1, deals with a core set of questions that have been asked in identical fashion throughout the study. Early investigations of validity indicated that DPAX-1 appeared to be an adequate method for the period from 1952 through 1970. The revised version was constructed after data gathering for the 1990s phase of research documented that vocabulary changes had taken place. DPAX-2 addresses these changes by having more questions about states of sadness and apprehension. It also takes into account improvements introduced as ‘supplements’ that come after the core questions in the interview schedule. These improvements were available in the data collected for 1970 but have not thus far been utilized in reports about longitudinal findings because of their absence from the 1952 data. Evidence is presented that DPAX-1 and DPAX-2 were well correlated in 1970 and became considerably less so by 1992. This result, in conjunction with increased diagnostic sophistication in the responses of subjects to open-ended questions in the 1990s, suggests that the common parlance, especially about depression, began to change after 1970. It was also mainly after 1970 when antidepressant medications began to be widely used, a fact that may have influenced awareness about depression and the language for describing it. For comparison, depression and anxiety modules of the more recently developed Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) were also part of the interview protocol in the 1990s. To explore validity, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR (SCID) was administered to a subsample. Agreement with the SCID results was better for DPAX-2 than for DPAX-1. Agreement with SCID was somewhat higher for the DIS, but DPAX-2 and the DIS showed almost equivalent sensitivity. In conclusion, the most satisfactory approach to studying the effects of ‘time's arrow’ in the Stirling County study will be to use DPAX-1 for the period 1952 to 1970 and DPAX-2 for the period 1970 to 1992. The level of articulation between the two versions will therefore be discernible at the middle phase of the study. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Protein kinases are required for embryonic neural crest cell galvanotaxis

Embryonic quail neural crest cells migrate towards the negative pole of an imposed dc electric field as small as 7 mV/mm (0.4 mV per average cell length). The involvement of protein kinases in the mechanism utilized by these cells to detect and respond to such imposed fields was tested through the use of several kinase inhibitors. Evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) included: (1) inhibition of the directed motility by 1 microM sphingosine that was reversed by the addition of the phorbol ester, PMA; (2) stimulation of a faster response to the imposed field by PMA; and (3) inhibition of the directed translocation by 5 microM H-7. However, another PKC inhibitor, staurosporine, did not inhibit the directed translocation (1 nM-1 microM). We also found evidence for the involvement of either cAMP- or cGMP-dependent protein kinase. The galvanotactic response was partially inhibited by the addition of 10 microM H-9 and the response was enhanced in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX. However, the adenylate cyclase stimulant, forskolin, had no significant influence on the directed motility, although it reduced the average cell velocity. While these experiments suggest that cAMP- or cGMP-dependent protein kinase or PKC may be involved in the galvanotaxis response, two other protein kinases appeared not to be required. The myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, ML-7, had no effect on the directed motility in an imposed field, so myosin light chain kinase may not be required for galvanotaxis. Similarly, 5 microM W-7 had no significant effect on the directed translocation, suggesting that calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is not involved. Interestingly, the continuous activity of a protein kinase is apparently not required for the directed translocation response. The addition of the PKC and cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, after the cells had been exposed to the field for 1 hour, had no effect on the subsequent directed translocation. Thus, for these inhibitors to block the directed translocation, they must be present at the same time as the initial field application. This implies that an integral step in the cellular response mechanism for galvanotaxis involves the stimulation of a protein kinase whose effect is long lasting.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a retrospective review of 1- and 2-year results

Introduction Recently, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been added as a surgical treatment for obesity. We report our 1- and 2-year results with LSG.
Satisfaction with chewing ability in a diverse sample of dentate adults

The Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS) is a longitudinal study of changes in oral health, which included at baseline 873 subjects who had at least one tooth, were 45 years or older, and who participated for an interview and clinical examination. Two objectives of the FDCS were to: (i) describe satisfaction with chewing ability in a diverse sample of dentate adults; and (ii) quantify the associations between satisfaction with chewing ability and other measures of oral health. Approximately 16% of subjects reported that they were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their chewing ability. Bivariate and multivariate results provided consistent evidence of the construct validity of a proposed multi-dimensional model of satisfaction with chewing ability. Multiple regression analysis suggested that dissatisfaction with chewing ability was independently associated with 12 specific clinical and self-reported measures of oral disease/ tissue damage, pain, functional limitation, and disadvantage. The self-reported measures of oral health and the proposed model of satisfaction with chewing ability improve our understanding of this important oral health outcome in diverse population groups.
Separation and Determination of Chlorpheniramine and Its Dealkylated Metabolites From Urine

Application of ion-pair extraction to partition chromatographic techniques has been used effectively to separate chlorpheniramine and its dealkylated metabolites from one another in urine. Gas-liquid chromatography was employed to detect the amines. The ion-pair partition column employed selectively separated the amines prior to detection by gas chromatography. The chromatograms indicated symmetric peaks with little or no tailing typical of the secondary and primary amine metabolites. Recovery studies from urine demonstrated that at the parts-per-million level, complete recovery of chlorpheniramine and its metabolites was achieved after certain precautions against loss were taken. On the basis of these studies, an analytical procedure to separate chlorpheniramine and its metabolites from urine was developed. Recoveries of chlorpheniramine and its dealkylated metabolites were quantitative. The method offers the advantage of complete isolation of all components from one another and suggests the possibility of using ion-pair partition columns as a method to quantitatively separate other nitrogen-containing compounds from one another.
Tyrosine phosphorylation in brassinosteroid signaling

Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development through a complex signal transduction pathway involving BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is the BR receptor, and its co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). Both proteins are classified as Ser/Thr protein kinases. Recently, we reported that recombinant cytoplasmic domains (CD) of BRI1 and BAK1 also autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues and thus are dual-specificity kinases.1 Two sites of Tyr autophosphorylation were identified that appear to have different effects on BRI1 function. Tyr-831 in the juxtamembrane domain is not essential for kinase activity but has a regulatory role, with phosphorylation of Tyr-831 causing inhibition of growth and delay of flowering. In contrast, Tyr-956 is located in subdomain IV of the kinase domain and is essential for kinase activity, and we are speculating that the free hydroxyl group at this position is essential and thus phosphorylation of Tyr-956 would inhibit BRI1 kinase activity. Expression of BRI1(Y831F)-Flag in the weak allele bri1-5 rescued the dwarf phenotype but plants had rounder leaves, increased shoot biomass, and flowered earlier than plants expressing the BRI1(wild type)-Flag in the bri1-5 background. To further elaborate on earlier results, we present additional phenotypic analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing BRI1(Y831F)-Flag or site-directed mutants of other Tyr residues within the kinase domain. The results highlight the unique role of Tyr-831 in regulation of BR signaling in vivo. Elucidating the molecular basis for increased biomass accumulation in plants expressing BRI1(Y831F)-Flag may have applications for agriculture.
A posteriori finite element bounds for linear-functional outputs of elliptic partial differential equations

We present a domain decomposition finite element technique for efficiently generating lower and upper bounds to outputs which are linear functionals of the solutions to symmetric or nonsymmetric second-order coercive linear partial differential equations in two space dimensions. The method is based upon the construction of an augmented Lagrangian, in which the objective is a quadratic ‘energy’ reformulation of the desired output, and the constraints are the finite element equilibrium equations and intersubdomain continuity requirements. The bounds on the output for a suitably fine ‘truth-mesh’ discretization are then derived by appealing to a dual max min relaxation evaluated for optimally chosen adjoint and hybrid-flux candidate Lagrange multipliers generated by a K-element coarser ‘working-mesh’ approximation. Independent of the form of the original partial differential equation, the computation on the truth mesh is reduced to K decoupled subdomain-local, symmetric Neumann problems. The technique is illustrated for the convection-diffusion and linear elasticity equations.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS EXISTING IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE : II. THE STATE OF THE FLUID IN THE INTRADERMAL TISSUE.

The interstitial movement of several dyes of widely different chemical constitution and diffusibility, in the connective tissues of the mouse ear, has been observed at high magnification. Dye extension seems to be conditioned by the form and structure of the connective tissue fibers. After escaping from the lymphatics of the ears of living mice, each dye appeared first in the tissues as bristly projections of color. These bent and twisted when pressed upon by a micro probe but sprang back into place when the pressure was removed. The present work and the preceding have shown that the lines of color are formed by dye along or between connective tissue fibers. Intermittent external pressure applied to the tissue, squeezes and bends the fibers together and greatly increases the spread of dye along them. The connective tissue fibers assume an important role in the spread of substances through tissues subjected to pressure changes. The experiments have given evidence of the existence of a tissue matrix in the organ but none of the presence of free interstitial fluid. In tissue subjected to irritant stimuli and in frankly edematous tissue, free fluid is readily demonstrated. When it is present the method of extension of dye is completely changed. Dye appears in the tissues as a diffusely colored cloud which can be freely moved by pressure with a micro probe. The bearing of this evidence upon the condition of interstitial fluid and the nature of the interstitial spaces is discussed.
Estimating urban residential demand for water under alternative price measures

Urban water supplies are becoming scarce. Therefore, it is not surprising that the prospect of scarcity has led to renewed interest in policies designed to use the available supply more efficiently. This policy interest has promoted the reexamination of earlier empirical studies on efficient pricing schemes for urban water (Hanke [5], Hanke and Davis [6]). Water authorities have paid little attention to the marginal cost of providing water or to the prospect for a scarcity rent akin to a Hotelling [7] rent where water supplies are exhaustible. Even ignoring scarcity rent, pricing policies have not been consistent with conventional efficiency objectives. Indeed, pricing decisions are sometimes based on nonmarket considerations (Hanke and Davis [6]). Among economists the price-equal-marginal cost debate has centered on the question of seasonal pricing schemes; there has also been some interest in zonal (i.e., distance-based) pricing policies for water. In any case, the deviation between price and marginal costs depends on the sensitivity of demand to changes in water prices. The primary attribute of demand in these calculations is the price elasticity of demand. Thus, any response to the policy concerns identified at the outset requires estimates of the responsiveness of water demanded to price. In practice, customers pay for water under a multistep block pricing scheme. Many of the problems noted in the literature with estimating demand for a commodity in the presence of block pricing schemes have not been resolved by current econometric analyses. In fact, Taylor [14], Nordin [12], Billings and Agthe [l] have demonstrated that while demand models developed to explain consumer behavior under both declining and increasing block rate pricing schemes are theoretically correct, practical problems associated with the empirical implementation of the demand model persist. One of the most important problems is the implication that the demand
THE NITROGEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF METEORITIC HCN

HCN is ubiquitous in extraterrestrial environments and is central to current theories on the origin of early solar system organic compounds such as amino acids. These compounds, observed in carbonaceous meteorites, were likely important in the origin and/or evolution of early life. As part of our attempts to understand the origin(s) of meteoritic CN–, we have analyzed the 15N/14N isotopic composition of HCN gas released from water extracts of the Murchison meteorite and found its value to be near those of the terrestrial atmosphere. The findings, when evaluated viz-a-viz molecular abundances and isotopic data of meteoritic organic compounds, suggest that HCN formation could have occurred during the protracted water alteration processes known to have affected the mineralogy of many asteroidal bodies during their solar residence. This was an active synthetic stage, which likely involved simple gasses, organic molecules, their presolar precursors, as well as mineral catalysts and would have lead to the formation of molecules of differing isotopic composition, including some with solar values.