cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LMI pole placement based robust supplementary damping controller (SDC) for a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device

This paper addresses a systematic controller design for the TCSC device in power systems based on a linear matrix inequality (LMI) pole placement technique. Requirements of performance can be expressed in terms of LMI's. In our formulation we combine a H/sub /spl infin// controller design with some regional pole placement constraints using LMTs. The application of this controller, which is presented as an example in this paper, is effective in improving the damping ratio of a two-area four-machine test system. Furthermore, good damping ratio can be achieved and maintained over a larger range of operation with this LMI pole placement controller than with a conventionally designed H/sub /spl infin// controller. Another benefit of this approach is that it results in a fixed parameter controller.
Variances of Direct Genetic Effects, Maternal Genetic Effects, and Cytoplasmic Inheritance Effects for Milk Yield, Fat Yield, and Fat Percentage

Milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage during the first three lactations were studied using New York Holsteins that were milked twice daily over a 305-d, mature equivalent lactation. Those data were used to estimate variances from direct and maternal genetic effects, cytoplasmic effects, sire by herd interaction, and cow permanent environmental effects. Cytoplasmic line was traced to the last female ancestor using DHI records from 1950 through 1991. Records were 138,869 lactations of 68,063 cows calving from 1980 through 1991. Ten random samples were based on herd code. Samples averaged 4926 dams and 2026 cytoplasmic lines. Model also included herd-year-seasons as fixed effects and genetic covariance for direct-maternal effects. Mean estimates of the effects of maternal genetic variances and direct-maternal covariances, as fractions of phenotypic variances, were 0.008 and 0.007 for milk yield, 0.010 and 0.010 for fat yield, and 0.006 and 0.025 for fat percentage, respectively. Average fractions of variance from cytoplasmic line were 0.011, 0.008, and 0.009 for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage. Removal of maternal genetic effects and covariance for maternal direct effects from the model increased the fraction of direct genetic variance by 0.014, 0.021, and 0.046 for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage; little change in the fraction was due to cytoplasmic line. Exclusion of cytoplasmic effects from the model increased the ratio of additive direct genetic variance to phenotypic variance by less than 2%. Similarly, when sire by herd interaction was excluded, the ratio of direct genetic variance to phenotypic variance increased 1% or less.
Implementing a Monthly Interdisciplinary Team Meeting to Promote Optimal Outcomes for High‐Risk Obstetric Patients and Their Newborns

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Coordination of care for high‐risk obstetric patients and their infants is vital to promoting optimal outcomes. When an obstetric patient receives a diagnosis of some form of fetal anomaly, she begins to receive close follow‐up care and supervision. The patient also needs to obtain additional information about the fetal diagnosis and have questions answered. Information can be provided by prenatal consults with a neonatologist or other pediatric specialists that will be involved with the infant's care after delivery and by other personnel, such as nurses, social workers, and hospital chaplains. A coordinated plan of care promotes the exchange of information between physicians and all other healthcare professionals involved in care of the mother and infant. Proposed Change To develop a comprehensive plan of care for both mother and infant. Under the direction of an obstetric geneticist at the Oklahoma University Medical Center, an interdisciplinary team was developed. All staff that might be involved with planning and coordination of care were invited to the initial meeting. A discussion was held to review the basic format of the proposed monthly meeting. All in attendance agreed to the model. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A spreadsheet was developed to enter each month's new patients. The data in the spreadsheet included basic demographic information, expected date of delivery, parity, fetal diagnosis, maternal issues, and the suggested plan of care. At each monthly meeting, each patient that was new to the system was discussed and ultrasound images were provided for review. Furthermore, the upcoming planned deliveries for the month were also discussed. This provided time for the multidiscipline professionals to come together and review complex cases to plan for the most comprehensive care. The monthly meeting has now been in place for 3 years and continues to evolve. It has been very successful in providing a venue for multidisciplined healthcare professionals to be informed of the patients and provide their input into the plan of care. Implications for Nursing Practice Nursing leadership for women's services and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) attend the meetings. A weekly updated case list is used to inform of patient delivery plans and potential admissions to the NICU. This knowledge can be communicated to staff as needed and used in considering availability of beds, staffing needs, and needs for specialized staff availability for certain deliveries.
Urgent treatment of severe symptomatic direct carotid cavernous fistula caused by ruptured cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm using high-flow bypass, proximal ligation, and direct distal clipping: Technical case report

Background: Direct carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) secondary to ruptured carotid cavernous aneurysms (CCAs) is rare, but patients with this condition who develop acutely worsening and severe neuro-ophthalmic symptoms require urgent treatment. Endovascular methods are the first-line option, but this modality may not be available on an urgent basis.
Comparative three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb for high-speed bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of lizards

Although lizards have been model organisms for testing locomotor performance and in ecomorphological studies, the limb movements of lizards during high-speed locomotion are poorly understood. Thus, we quantified the three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb, body and tail for five morphologically distinct species of lizard during steady-speed locomotion near maximum sprinting speed (2‐5 m s -1 ). The kinematics of different species had little multivariate overlap. More than half of the strides of all species had digitigrade foot posture, but the frequency of using digitigrade foot posture varied among species. The combination of digitigrade foot posture and large foot size of the lizards contributed substantially to the high values of hip height. For each species, different suites of kinematic variables distinguished bipedal from quadrupedal strides. Interspecific morphological variation did not correspond globally to variation in kinematics, although lizard species with elongated hindlimbs took longer strides than species with shorter hindlimbs. The Froude numbers and relative stride lengths of all lizards running near maximal speeds were large compared with those reported previously for other vertebrates. Summary
Percutaneous fiber-optic sensor for chronic glucose monitoring in vivo.

We are developing a family of fiber-optic sensors called Sencils TM (sensorycilia), which are disposable, minimally invasive, and can provideinvivo monitoring of various analytes for several weeks. The key element is a percutaneous optical fiber that permits reliable spectroscopic measurement of chemical reactions in a nano-engineered polymeric matrix attached to the implanted end of the fiber. This paper describes its first application to measure interstitial glucose based on changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorophores bound to betacyclodextrin and Concanavalin A (Con A) in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix. In vitro experiments demonstrate a rapid and precise relationship between the ratio of the two fluorescent emissions and concentration of glucose in saline for the physiological range of concentrations (0–500 mg/dl) over seven weeks. Chronic animal implantation studies have demonstrated good biocompatibility and durability for clinical applications. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Fox–Wright functions and Laguerre multiplier sequences

Abstract Linear operators which (1) preserve the reality of zeros of polynomials having only real zeros and (2) map stable polynomials into stable polynomials are investigated using recently established results concerning the zeros of certain Fox–Wright functions and generalized Mittag-Leffler functions. The paper includes several open problems and questions.
CARDIOVASCULAR AND SURVIVAL PARADOXES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS: How to Reconcile Conventional and Altered Risk Factor Patterns in Dialysis Patients: ALTERED RISK FACTOR PATTERNS

Epidemiological relationships between risk factors and outcome in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF), including individuals with end-stage kidney failure, can be categorized into three types: risk factor relationships that are similar to those observed in the general population; risk factor relationships that differ from those observed in the general population; and risk factor patterns that are difficult or not possible to compare to the general population, possibly because such risk factors have not been studied or are not capable of being studied in normal individuals. These latter risk factor patterns may or may not be different from what might commonly be anticipated. It is recommended that risk factor relationships in CKF patients which differ from those observed in the general population should be referred to as altered risk factor patterns (ARFPs). The causes for ARFPs include protein-energy wasting and inflammatory disorders, which occur commonly in patients with CKF. Epidemiological and other evidence is presented suggesting that the ARFPs may also have other causes. Since ARFPs are common in CKF, it is important to understand the causes and appropriate therapeutic goals concerning these risk factors. Studies, including interventional clinical trials, are indicated to ascertain the causes of ARFPs and the therapeutic targets for these risk factors for individuals with chronic kidney disease and CKF.
A Comparison of the Press Method with Taste-Panel and Shear Measurements of Tenderness in Beef and Lamb Musclesa

SUMMARY The longissimus dorsi muscle was taken from 7 beef ribs, 15 beef short-loins, 129 lamb loins, and the semitendinosus muscle from 51 beef rounds and tested for tenderness by panel, press, and shear methods. Results showed that the press and shear methods used on cooked meat gave comparable relations with sensory-panel scores. When raw samples were tested by the press, little relation with panel scores of the cooked meat was found.
A comparative study of access topologies for chip-level address-event communication channels

We examine channel access algorithms and circuits for intra and inter chip communication channels. Classical access techniques such as arbitration, scanning, ALOHA, and priority encoding are compared by assessing throughput, latency, and power consumption. Our results provide guidance in the design of bio-inspired networks of processors, for efficient transmission of information with limited power consumption and reduced latency.
Probability analysis of blended coking coals

Abstract Probability analysis of nitrinite-reflectance data and whole-coal reflectance data involves assigning a probability based on the standard deviation of each reflectance value measured, and displaying data in the form of probability graphs. These graphs, which plot cumulative probability versus reflectance, use a non-linear probability scale, that converts the sigmoid curve of the cumulative normal distribution into a straight line. In probability graphs, vitrinite reflectance data from single coals plot as straight lines, the slopes of which depend upon the standard deviation of the readings. Blends are recognized by their distinctive patterns of curves and inflection points. Whole-coal reflectance probability plots also have distinctive patterns depending on rank, coal type, and number of coals involved. The proportions of constituent coals in blends can be read directly from the probability scale of vitrinite reflectance probability plots, but these values must be corrected for the vitrinite-contents of the component coals. By contrast, the direct calculation of constituent coal proportions is possible from whole-coal reflectance data using probability analysis and iterative computer modelling.
Toxicogenomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel genes and pathways involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity

Background Exposure to cadmium is associated with a variety of human diseases. At low concentrations, cadmium activates the transcription of stress-responsive genes, which can prevent or repair the adverse effects caused by this metal.
Inventing “Little Italy”

Digitized texts open new methodologies for explorations of the history of ideas. This paper locates the invention of the term “Little Italy” in New York in the 1880s and explores its rapid spread through print and popular culture from police reporting to fictional portraits of slumming and then into adolescent dime novels and early film representations. New Yorkers invented “Little Italy” but they long disagreed with urban tourists about its exact location. Still, from the moment of its origin, both visitors and natives of New York associated Little Italy with entertainment, spectacle, and the search for “safe danger.” While the location of Little Italy changed over time, such associations with pleasure and crime have persisted, even as the neighborhood emptied of its immigrant residents.
Alcoholic Offenders: Survey Data Suggesting Auxiliary Treatment Interventions

Alcohol abuse and dependency remain a serious problem among incarcerated offenders. Successful treatment requires specific interventions that augment generic substance abuse treatment. The purpose of this study is to delineate areas for intervention with alcoholic inmates. One hundred twenty-eight alcoholic inmates (64 men and 64 women) from the Massachusetts state prison system were randomly selected and interviewed. Measures included the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), and Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The data suggests that, along with substance abuse treatment, interventions should be directed at: (a) early intervention; (b) physical, sexual, and emotional trauma issues; (c) depression and suicide potential; (d) occupational skills; (e) safe sex education; (f) violent behavior; and (g) psychopathic characterological issues, when warranted.
Dynamic light scattering in subdiffusive regimes

For describing the fluctuating signal scattered from a multiple-scattering system, diffusive-wave spectroscopy makes use of a diffusion model that provides the path-length distribution of scattered waves for a specific geometry. Using the recently introduced optical path-length spectroscopy, we show that the diffusion model fails to describe wave propagation in the low-order multiple-scattering regime. We propose a new methodology with which to obtain information about the dynamic properties of nondiffusive scattering systems. We use optical path-length spectroscopy to obtain experimentally the path-length distribution of optical waves scattered from dynamic colloids, which are multiply scattering but not in the diffusion limit. The experimental results show that, with this new technique, the accuracy of dynamic measurements is significantly improved in subdiffusive scattering regimes.
Transversus abdominis plane infiltration for laparoscopic gastric banding: A pilot study

AIM: To estimate an effect size for the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) infiltration on quality of recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric band surgery. METHODS: The pilot study was a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial. Patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric band surgery were randomized to receive a bilateral TAP infiltration with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine or saline. The evaluated outcomes included quality of recovery-40 (QoR-40) at 24 h, postoperative opioid consumption and pain. Data was examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Nineteen subjects were recruited. There was a positive trend favoring the TAP infiltration group in global QoR-40 scores at 24 h after surgery, median [interquartile range (IQR)] of 175.5 (170-189) compared to 170 (160-175) in the control group (P = 0.06). There also a positive trend toward a lower cumulative opioid consumption in the TAP infiltration group, median (IQR) of 7.5 (2.5-11.5) mg iv morphine equivalents compared to 13 (7-21.5) in the control group (P = 0.07). Correlation analysis (Spearman’s Rho) demonstrated an inverse relationship between 24 h cumulative opioid consumption and global QoR-40 scores, -0.49 (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The use of multimodal analgesic techniques to reduce opioid related side effects is particularly desirable in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric reduction surgery. The TAP infiltration seems to have a clinically important effect in reducing postoperative opioid consumption and improve quality of recovery after laparoscopic gastric band surgery in morbid obese patients. Future studies to confirm the beneficial effects of the TAP infiltration in these patients are warranted.
Repowering Considerations for Converting Existing Power Plants to Combined Cycle Power Plants

Most of the recent combined cycle plants have been designed and constructed as Greenfield Plants. These new plants have been designed mostly as Merchant Plants, owned and operated by Independent Power Producers. There is about 260,000 MW of conventional coal-fired and gas-fired capacity in the USA that is more than 30 years old. About 30,000 MW of conventional gas-fired capacity exists in the area of The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) with relatively poor heat rates in comparison to modern combined cycle plants. These plants are good candidates for HRSG repowering. In addition, there are several coal-fired units in the 200 MW range with steam turbines in relatively good shape or in a condition that can be refurbished and used in repowering. The installed cost of repowered (also called Brownfield) capacity is about 20%–40% less than for comparable Greenfield capacity. There are also other advantages to repowering. Since the site is already existing, it is easier to get the various environmental and construction permits. The efficiency of the repowered units will be significantly higher than the existing units in their current status thus increasing the overall performance of the entire system. The paper will discuss various considerations required for repowering, including steam turbine refurbishment, demolition/relocation of existing equipment, recent cost studies, and various considerations for equipment such as HRSGs.© 2002 ASME
Bimodal gold nanoparticle therapeutics for manipulating exogenous and endogenous protein levels in mammalian cells.

A new advance in cell transfection protocol using a bimodal nanoparticle agent to selectively manipulate protein expression levels within mammalian cells is demonstrated. The nanoparticle based transfection approach functions by controlled release of gene regulatory elements from a 6 nm AuNP (gold nanoparticle) surface. The endosomal release of the regulatory elements from the nanoparticle surface results in endogenous protein knockdown simultaneously with exogenous protein expression for the first 48 h. The use of fluorescent proteins as the endogenous and exogenous signals for protein expression enables the efficiency of codelivery of siRNA (small interfering RNA) for GFP (green fluorescent protein) knockdown and a dsRed-express linearized plasmid for induction to be optically analyzed in CRL-2794, a human kidney cell line expressing an unstable green fluorescent protein. Delivery of the bimodal nanoparticle in cationic liposomes results in 20% GFP knockdown within 24 h of delivery and continues exhibit...
Taxonomy of Immature Insects – Present Status and Future Needs

Last year, as ESA President I had the obligation of presenting a presidential address at the Miami meetings. The first topic I worked on, and later abandoned as too specialized, was the status and needs of the study of immature insects. This subject seems much more appropriate for a group such as this.
On Sets of Acquaintances and Strangers at any Party

(1959). On Sets of Acquaintances and Strangers at any Party. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 66, No. 9, pp. 778-783.
Risk Attitude Informed Route Planning in a Simulated Planetary Rover

Algorithms used in rovers for route planning often focus on finding the shortest path between two points, but rarely take into account the risk to the physical roving system of taking a path. One issue presented by route planning optimized for risk is varying risk attitudes, which can lead to vastly different routes being chosen. A risk attitude is a preference concerning acceptable levels of risk to perform a specific action. The field of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) aims to predict and prevent mechanical failure in electrical and mechanical systems, and can be used to inform route planning by assessing risk associated with taking an action. A method has been developed and is presented in this paper for Risk Attitude Informed Route-planning (RAIR) that takes into account the calculated risk, the benefit, and risk attitude and selects the optimal route. The risks to the rover will be calculated by using rover PHM data, terrain information, and Function Failure Identification Propagation (FFIP) to determine risk of specific routes. The route is navigated incrementally by selecting the best route across a small segment and then determining the best route from the new position until the rover has reached the final destination. Results of experiments utilizing a simulated planetary rover navigating between points using RAIR are presented in this paper and the effectiveness of the method is discussed. Improved route planning through RAIR enables more autonomous navigation of hazardous and remote environments that accurately reflects the desired risk attitude without direct human planning or interaction than is currently available, thus reducing cost and time for exploratory rover missions to accomplish mission objectives.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Clarifying the Predictive Value of Family-Centered Care and Shared Decision Making for Pediatric Healthcare Outcomes Using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Objectives To estimate (1) family-centered care (FCC) and shared decision-making (SDM) prevalence, and (2) associations of FCC and SDM (FCC/SDM) with health care outcomes among U.S. children. Data Source The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (MEPS-HC), a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized, civilian population. Study Design Secondary analyses of prospectively collected data on 15,764 U.S. children were conducted to examine FCC/SDM prevalence in year 1 and associations of FCC/SDM in year 1 with health services utilization, medical expenditures, and unmet health care needs in year 2. Data Collection/Extraction Methods We combined four MEPS-HC longitudinal files from 2007 to 2011. Principal Findings FCC/SDM prevalence in year 1 varied from 38.6 to 93.7 percent, and it was lower for composites with more stringent scoring approaches. FCC/SDM composites with stringent scoring approaches in year 1 were associated with reduced unmet needs in year 2. FCC/SDM, across all year 1 composites, was not associated with health services utilization or medical expenditures in year 2. FCC/SDM year 1 subcomponents describing consensus building and mutual agreement were consistently associated with unmet health care needs in year 2. Conclusions FCC/SDM composites with stringent scoring approaches measuring consensus building and mutual agreement may have the greatest utility for pediatric health care quality improvement efforts.
Autosomal dominant high bone mass: the phenotype. A brief description.

In the course of genetic studies, we encountered a kindred with an autosomal dominant mutation resulting in a phenotype (high bone mass, HBM mutation) characterized by a marked increase in peak BMD 1,2 . The phenotype was caused by a missense mutation resulting in a G171V substitution in Lrp-5 2 . This report includes a description of the phenotype in affected individuals, and examines the phenotype in this kindred. This discovery offers interesting information about the function of genetic regulation of peak bone mass in humans. Polymorphisms in this gene may be responsible for some of the variation in BMD in the population at large 3 . The 18-year-old proband was referred by her orthopedist to the Creighton Osteoporosis Research Center (ORC) in 1995 for evaluation of "unusually dense bones". The physical exam revealed excellent health. Radiographs of the entire skeleton on visual inspection revealed somewhat dense bones with thickened cortices. All bones of the skeleton were normally shaped. DXA examination of the mother, father and a male sib suggested that the proband inherited a high bone mass (HBM) trait from her mother. We identified and phenotyped 37 members of the kindred (three were phenotyped ante mortem) who were informative for study of linkage. The Creighton University Institutional Review Board approved the study. Each subject gave signed consent prior to participating in the project. The kindred was of mixed Caucasian (European) descent, largely English, having settled in the central plains, principally South Dakota. The pattern of inheritance of the HBM trait in this family is autosomal dominant. Clinical history
Implementation of the SCREAM Tweakable Block Cipher in MSP430 Assembly Language.

The encryption mode of the Tweakable Block Cipher (TBC) of the SCREAM Authenticated Cipher is implemented in the MSP430 microcontroller. Assembly language versions of the TBC are prepared using both precomputed tweak keys and tweak keys computed “on-the-fly.” Both versions are compared against published results for the assembly language version of SCREAM on the ATMEL AVR microcontroller, and against the C reference implementation in terms of performance and size. The assembly language version using precomputed tweak keys achieves a speedup of 1.7 and memory savings of 9 percent over the reported SCREAM implementation in the ATMEL AVR. The assembly language version using tweak keys computed “on-the-fly” achieves a speedup of 1.6 over the ATMEL AVR version while reducing memory usage by 15 percent.
Effects of cooking and shearing methodology on variation in Warner-Bratzler shear force values in beef.

Longissimus lumborum between the 13th rib and the 4th lumbar vertebra from 57 steers was obtained at 48 h postmortem, stored at 2 degrees C, and frozen after 7 d postmortem. Consecutive 2.54-cm-thick, paired steaks were used to make the following comparisons: Protocol A) steaks were broiled to 70 degrees C, chilled 24 h at 3 degrees C, cored parallel to fiber orientation, and sheared with a Warner-Bratzler attachment to the Instron and Protocol B) steaks were modified-oven-broiled to 65 degrees C, cooled 30 min at 23 degrees C, cored perpendicular to the steak surface, and sheared with a Warner-Bratzler shear machine. Each of the four differences in protocol was subsequently compared one at a time with paired steaks. Protocol A resulted in higher (P .05) in shear values. However, parallel vs perpendicular core orientation (6.31 vs 4.51 kg, respectively) and broil to 70 degrees C vs modified-oven broil to 65 degrees C cooking method (6.37 vs 5.31 kg, respectively) increased (P < .05) shear force values. Total variance (6.2 vs 1.2 kg2) and the proportion of variance in shear value attributed among animals was greater (P < .05) for Protocol A than for Protocol B (70.0 vs 44.5%). These data indicate that Protocol A resulted in greater animal differences in shear values, and thus was more discriminating than Protocol B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Value of storage technologies for wind and solar energy

Energy storage is vital to the widespread rollout of renewable electricity technologies. Modelling shows that energy storage can add value to wind and solar technologies, but cost reduction remains necessary to reach widespread profitability.
A laboratory comparison of evacuation devices on aerosol reduction.

Purpose Aerosols are defined as airborne particles that range in size from 0.5 to 10 microns (micron). They are produced during ultrasonic instrumentation, but they can be reduced. Irrigant solutions, which produce the therapeutic effects of lavage, also combine with blood, saliva, and bacteria to produce potentially harmful airborne particulates. The American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend utilization of high volume evacuation, rubber dam, and patient positioning for aerosol control. But for the non-assisted dental hygienist, these recommendations are difficult to implement. This study was designed to compare the concentration of airborne particulates from ultrasonic scaling, utilizing three different methods of evacuation. Methods In a laboratory setting, ultrasonic airborne particulates were generated utilizing a 25,000 cps magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaling instrument. Three evacuation devises were compared for effectiveness: a standard saliva ejector intraorally positioned; and two extraorally positioned, hands-free high-volume evacuation (HFHVE) techniques. One of these devices had a standard attachment, and, the other had a funnel-shaped attachment. Measurement of airborne particles was performed with a DataRAM Real-Time Aerosol Monitor. Results This study (N = 21) found a significant reduction in the number of airborne particulates with either form of extraoral HFHVE attachment in place. Standard attachments and funnel-shaped attachments to HFHVE resulted in reduction of particulates by 90.8% and 89.7%, respectively, when compared to the intraorally positioned standard saliva ejector. Conclusions Utilizing either form of HFHVE during ultrasonic instrumentation significantly reduced the number of aerosolized particulates that reached the breathing space of the client and clinician. This lends support for the ADA and CDC recommendation that HVE be used during aerosol producing procedures. Currently, no preventive measure is 100% effective; therefore, clinicians are encouraged to use additional methods to minimize the number of airborne particulates produced during intraoral instrumentation.
THE OBSIDIAN ASSEMBLAGE FROM HOMOL'OVI III: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

An analysis of the lithic assemblage at Homol'ovi III indicates that the presence of obsidian, a nonlocal resource, is strongly correlated with the late occupation of the site. It is argued that th...
Theory spectra and classes of theories

We analyze the spectra of theories that are ω-stable, theories whose spectra include almost every degree, and theories with uniformly arithmetical n-quantifier fragments. We answer a question from Andrews and Miller [2] by showing that there are ω-stable theories whose spectra are not structure spectra. We show that the spectrum created in Andrews and Knight [1] is not the spectrum of an ω-stable theory, but is the minimal spectrum of any theory with uniformly arithmetical n-quantifier fragments. In addition, we give examples of theory spectra that contain almost every degree, including ones that are known not to be structure spectra.
A nonparametric hypothesis test for heteroscedasticity

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a hypothesis test for heteroscedasticity is proposed in a nonparametric regression model. The test statistic, which uses the residuals from a nonparametric fit of the mean function, is based on an adaptation of the well-known Levene's test. Using the recent theory for analysis of variance when the number of factor levels goes to infinity, the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is established under the null hypothesis of homocedasticity and under local alternatives. Simulations suggest that the proposed test performs well in several situations, especially when the variance is a nonlinear function of the predictor.
Design and Verification of Distributed Phasers

A phaser is an expressive barrier-like synchronization construct that supports dynamic task membership. Each task can participate in a phaser as a signaler, a waiter, or both. In this paper, we present a highly concurrent and scalable design of phasers for a distributed memory environment. Our design for a distributed phaser employs a pair of concurrent skip lists augmented with the ability to collect and propagate synchronization signals. To enable a high degree of concurrency, the addition and deletion of participant tasks are performed in two steps: a "fast single-link-modify" step followed by multiple hand-over-hand "lazy multi-link-modify" steps. We verify our design for a distributed phaser using the SPIN model checker. We employ a novel "message-based" model checking scheme to enable a non-approximate complete model checking of our phaser design. We guarantee the correctness of phaser semantics by ensuring that a set of linear temporal logic formulae are valid during model checking. We also present complexity analysis of the cost of synchronization and structural operations.
Sociocultural institutions in Norwegian fisheries management

Abstract Many policymakers attribute the success of fisheries management regimes to the design and implementation of particular regulatory tools. While sound design and effective implementation are crucial elements of any successful regulatory action, fisheries policymakers and regulators should also account for the heterogeneous sociocultural institutions of partner communities. The success of fisheries policies relies on compliance and, ideally, cooperation (accepting policies, i.e. not protesting or otherwise strongly agitating against the system) from fisheries stakeholders. Even a policy that is sound in design and flawless in execution is at risk of failure if target stakeholders obstruct or otherwise undermine the system. This paper investigates how institutions, at various levels of scale and formality, play a role in determining the degree of compliance and/or cooperation that a fisheries management regime enjoys. In particular, it will examine the issue of Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs) in Norway, and the response of fishing communities to the trade liberalization of IVQs.
Using Graph Databases to Explore the Dynamics of Genetic Programming Runs

For both practical reasons and those of habit, most evolutionary computation research is presented in highly summary form. These summaries, however, often obscure or completely mask the profusion of specific selections, crossovers, and mutations that are ultimately responsible for the aggregate behaviors we’re interested in. In this chapter we take a different approach and use the Neo4j graph database system to record and analyze the entire genealogical history of a set of genetic programming runs. We then explore a few of these runs in detail, discovering important properties of lexicase selection; these may in turn help us better understand the dynamics of lexicase selection, and the ways in which it differs from tournament selection. More broadly, we illustrate the value of recording and analyzing this level of detail, both as a means of understanding the dynamics of particular runs, and as a way of generating questions and ideas for subsequent, broader study.
Functionalized non-viral cationic vectors for effective siRNA induced cancer therapy

RNA interference (RNAi) has been regarded as a vital asset in the field of therapeutics as it has the capability to silence various disease causing genes including those that cause cancer. Small non-coding RNA molecules such as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are one of the extensively studied RNAi inducers for gene modulations. However, the delivery of RNAi inducers including siRNAs is compromised due to the barriers imposed by the biological system such as degradation by nucleases, rapid clearance, high anionic charge, immunogenicity and off-target effects. Viral vectors, in general exhibit high transfection efficiencies but are expensive and likely to confer immunological and safety issues. Therefore, non-viral cationic vectors (NVCVs) have received considerable attention to not only address these issues but also for developing efficacious siRNA delivery vectors. In this review, we will first discuss the historical development of various NVCVs and then will discuss functionalized NVCVs with linkers that provide stability, as well as respond to the cancer cell environment and with cancer cell receptor specific ligands to explicitly target them for improved siRNA efficacy. Multifunctional NVCVs (MNVCVs) that employ multiple synergistically working components to aid siRNA delivery efficacy are also discussed.
Bug localization with combination of deep learning and information retrieval

The automated task of locating the potential buggy files in a software project given a bug report is called bug localization. Bug localization helps developers focus on crucial files. However, the existing automated bug localization approaches face a key challenge, called lexical mismatch. Specifically, the terms used in bug reports to describe a bug are different from the terms and code tokens used in source files. To address that, we present a novel approach that uses deep neural network (DNN) in combination with rVSM, an information retrieval (IR) technique. rVSM collects the feature on the textual similarity between bug reports and source files. DNN is used to learn to relate the terms in bug reports to potentially different code tokens and terms in source files. Our empirical evaluation on real-world bug reports in the open-source projects shows that DNN and IR complement well to each other to achieve higher bug localization accuracy than individual models. Importantly, our new model, DnnLoc, with a combination of the features built from DNN, rVSM, and project's bug-fixing history, achieves higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art IR and machine learning techniques. In half of the cases, it is correct with just a single suggested file. In 66% of the time, a correct buggy file is in the list of three suggested files. With 5 suggested files, it is correct in almost 70% of the cases.
Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach: Preface and Organization for Instructors

This is the Preface to Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach, and it provides a description of the approach taken throughout the book. The approach is to first understand how environmental policy would be conducted in a world of "perfect information," then move on to sources of difficulty in acquiring the necessary information, and continuing to the various methodologies employed by environmental economics to gain valuation insights.
Biology of Normal Bone

Bone and cartilage are specialized load-bearing and force-transmitting connective tissues designed to facilitate movement and to resist gravity. Both tissues owe their properties to a composite structure. In the case of bone, these properties are a balance of stiffness and tensile strength, while in the case of cartilage, reversible compressibility results in cushioning and low coefficient of friction results in gliding motion. Unlike most parenchymal tissues, most of the composition of bone and cartilage are extracellular matrix rather than cells. Embryologically, bone either develops directly from fibroconnective tissue or it may form by replacing a cartilage model. Bones increase their diameter by the former process and increase their length by the latter. Bone mass is produced in response to forces acting on it (form follows function), and according to the law of mass conservation, bone maintains maximal strength with as little extracellular matrix as possible. The maturity of bone and its speed of development may be inferred by examining its collagen structure.
Short-term and long-term distributional consequences of prenatal malnutrition and stress: using Ramadan as a natural experiment.

Introduction Fetal environments play significant roles in determining adult well-being, particularly as they relate to non-communicable diseases and skill formation. We studied gender-specific distributional consequences of fetal environment (in the form of in-utero exposure to Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting), in Indonesia, on birth weights, performance on Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM), math scores, hours worked and earnings. Methods We used quantile regressions to conduct a quantitative comparison of distributional consequences, by gender, of full month exposures to Ramadan in-utero on outcomes of interest. Our data included Muslim children and adults measured during rounds 1 and 4 of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Our main outcome measures were: birth weights—559 observations (females) and 624 (males); Raven’s CPM scores—1693 (females) and 1821 (males) for 8–15 year olds; math test scores—1696 (females) and 1825 (males) for 8–15 year olds; hours worked—3181 (females) and 4599 (males) for 18–65 year olds; earnings—2419 (females) and 4019 (males) for 18–65 year olds. Results Full month of exposure to Ramadan in-utero led to significant reductions at the 5% significance level that were concentrated in the bottom halves of the outcome distributions: among 8–15 years, lower scores on Raven’s CPM tests for females (mean: −9.2%, 10thQ: −19%, 25th Q: −19.4%) and males (mean: −5.6%, 10thQ: −12.5%); lower math scores for females (mean: −8.6%, 25thQ: −15.9%) and males (mean: −8.5%, 10thQ: −13.6%); among females 18–65 years, significant reduction in hours worked (mean: −7.5%, 10thQ: − 26.3%). Conclusion Events during the fetal period have far-reaching consequences for females and males in the lowest (10th and 25th) quantiles of outcome distributions, affecting the ‘relatively poor’ the most. These results call for caution in interpreting studies on child development that rely on mean comparisons alone.
Establishing a theory for deuteron-induced surrogate reactions

Background: Deuteron-induced reactions serve as surrogates for neutron capture into compound states. Although these reactions are of great applicability, no theoretical efforts have been invested in this direction over the last decade.Purpose: The goal of this work is to establish on firm grounds a theory for deuteron-induced neutron-capture reactions. This includes formulating elastic and inelastic breakup in a consistent manner.Method: We describe this process both in post- and prior-form distorted wave Born approximation following previous works and discuss the differences in the formulation. While the convergence issues arising in the post formulation can be overcome in the prior formulation, in this case one still needs to take into account additional terms due to nonorthogonality.Results: We apply our method to the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(d,p)X$ at ${E}_{d}=15$ and 25 MeV and are able to obtain a good description of the data. We look at the various partial wave contributions, as well as elastic versus inelastic contributions. We also connect our formulation with transfer to neutron bound states.Conclusions: Our calculations demonstrate that the nonorthogonality term arising in the prior formulation is significant and is at the heart of the long-standing controversy between the post and the prior formulations of the theory. We also show that the cross sections for these reactions are angular-momentum dependent and therefore the commonly used Weisskopf limit is inadequate. Finally, we make important predictions for the relative contributions of elastic breakup and nonelastic breakup and call for elastic-breakup measurements to further constrain our model.
Different outcomes after kidney transplantation between African Americans and Whites: A matter of income? A single‐center study

BACKGROUND Our center has one of the largest representations of African Americans in listed and transplanted patients. We investigated if and how racial differences affect outcomes in our patient population. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of all kidney transplants in African American and (non-Hispanic) White patients in our center from 1/1/2005 to 12/31/2014. Cox regression was performed to evaluate the adjusted hazard ratios for graft loss. We investigated the influence of socioeconomic status on transplant outcomes. We stratified our patients into three groups based on income: lower ( $100 000 annual household income. RESULTS There were 1333 patients in our study, 696 Whites and 637 African Americans. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year graft survival between the two groups was 96.5% vs 91.1%, 89% vs 80.7%, and 77% vs 66.3%, respectively (P < .001 by Log Rank, Breslow and Taron-Ware). When we compared the two groups separately in each income category, we found no statistical difference between African Americans and Whites in graft survival. In the regression model, income and not race was the significant factor influencing graft survival (P < .001 vs P = .61).
Testimony of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Injustice of Rape: Moral Outrage, Epistemic Injustice, and the Failures of Bearing Witness

Whereas prosecutions in international criminal courts have increasingly included charges of rape, the messy realities of justice reveal that many witness testimonies are never heard, convictions are limited, sentences are not served, reparations are not paid and women who bring cases to trial become social outcasts. This research examines the ways in which the norms and vocabularies of international criminal justice concerning sexual violence in genocide and mass conflict mediate localized understandings of witness testimony ultimately affecting the ability of international courts to bear witness to the injustice of rape. The work examines the construction of official narrative as moral outrage regarding rape in international criminal trials versus the injustice of rape within the sociocultural and political context that shapes local perceptions of justice and the dynamics of change. This work argues that official narratives regarding rape in the ICC, ICTY and ICTR have resulted in epistemic injustices in which the testimony of women is often silenced, rejected and ignored through notions of the nature of generalized violence and political engagement. The work concludes by taking up the question of what are the duties to bear witness and how do failures in social and cultural capabilities contribute to the legal ambiguity regarding international understandings of gender-based violence.
Order Theory I and II As Foundations for Finding Relationship Between Formulas

Order theory is generated through the process of induction logic from solving several mathematical functions so that it can be formulated in general the pattern of regularity. If there are function and associates each other is organized and interconnected, then the constants will also be organized and interconnected. Similarly, if there are function and associates that are mutually regulated and the constants that make them organized and interrelated, then the function basis and associates will also have interconnected properties.
Financing New Ventures: A Course Overview

This course is geared to participants who may be interested in starting a new venture, playing a managerial or supporting role in a startup or a corporate venture, investing in new ventures, mentoring new ventures, or leading new business development in large companies. This course is designed to give each participant an understanding of venture financing and due diligence related issues, including customer value design, business model design, investor exit plan, valuation, deal structuring, risk mitigation plan, within a framework of strategic decision making for entrepreneurial value creation.