cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs (<15 kg): a narrative literature review.

Small breed dogs (<15 kg) affected by cranial cruciate ligament rupture secondary to cranial cruciate ligament disease are usually middle-aged (mean age at presentation: 5.4 to 9.8 years); terrier breeds, miniature and toy poodles are over-represented. Small breed dogs have a different morphology of the proximal tibia compared to medium and large breed dogs with a steep tibial plateau angle (mean tibial plateau angle 28.8° to 36.3°), absent base of the flare of the tibial tuberosity and a caudally bowed fibula. There is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs. The treatment options consist of conservative management, extracapsular stabilisation, cranial closing wedge ostectomy, tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement. The limited evidence available shows that conservative management is likely to result in prolonged recovery time (average time to recovery approximately 4 months). There is paucity of reports focussing on extracapsular stabilisation in small breed dogs, and questions have been raised regarding the early failure of the extracapsular suture subject to higher loads due to the steep tibial plateau angle of small breed dogs. Cranial closing wedge ostectomy and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy have been reported to have low major complication rates and good subjective outcomes. It is controversial whether tibial tuberosity advancement is a suitable technique in dogs with steep tibial plateau angle, which includes most small breed dogs.
A wideband Gaussian noise generator utilizing simultaneously generated pn-sequences.

A digital system has been constructed for the generation of wideband Gaussian noise with a spectrum which is flat to within plus or minus 0.5 dB from 0 to 10 MHz. These characteristics are substantially better than those of commercially available analog noise generators, and are required in testing and simulation of wideband communications systems. The noise is generated by the analog summation of thirty essentially independent binary waveforms, clocked at 35 MHz, and low-pass filtered to 10 MHz.
Effects of specific counting parameters on minimal detectable activity of instruments

2418 Objectives Regulatory agencies require that counting efficiencies be performed on all counting instruments used to evaluate removable contamination levels. In addition, minimal detectable activity (MDA), which is defined as the minimal amount of activity that can be measured by a counting instrument, must be calculated when determining counting efficiencies. The objective of the research project was to evaluate the effect of specific counting parameters, including instrument counting efficiency, background count rate (cpm), background count time (min), wipe count time (min), and area wiped (cm2) on MDA. Methods The effect of low (15%) and high (80%) counting efficiency, increasing background count rates ranging from 20 cpm to 100 cpm and increasing background/sample count times from 1 to 5 minutes on MDA was calculated. For each MDA evaluation, specific parameters were altered while other parameters remained fixed. In addition, the effect of background counts and background/wipe count times on MDA of instruments with low counting (15%) and high counting efficiency (80%) was evaluated. Results The counting efficiency of the instrument was the most important factor influencing MDA, demonstrating an inverse relationship between instrument efficiency and MDA. With increasing counting efficiency, MDA was significantly reduced. When background count rate was increased, MDA also increased. A decrease in MDA was observed when background count time and wipe count time was increased. The effect of background count rate, background/wipe count time was more significant with low counting efficiency instruments as opposed to high counting efficiency instruments. Conclusions Specific parameters associated with MDA of counting instruments were investigated. The study showed that counting efficiencies of instruments dramatically affected MDA. For low counting efficiency instruments, minimizing background counts and maximizing background count time and wipe count time greatly reduced MDA
Colonoscopy: a review of its yield for cancers and adenomas by indication.

Abstract Colonoscopy for bleeding indications (positive fecal occult blood test, emergent or nonemergent rectal bleeding, melena with a negative upper endoscopy and iron deficiency anemia) has a substantial yield for cancers (1 per 9 to 13 colonoscopies), although slide rehydration of fecal occult blood tests decreases the yield (1 per 45 colonoscopies). Prospective studies indicate that nonbleeding colonic symptoms have a substantially lower yield for cancer than bleeding symptoms (1 per 109 colonoscopies). Patients with indications for screening colonoscopy with a relatively high yield of cancer are those with Lynch syndrome (1 per 39 colonoscopies) and males more than 60 yr old (1 per 64 colonoscopies). Perioperative colonoscopy in persons undergoing colorectal cancer resection has a high yield for synchronous cancer (2-3%). An initial examination in persons with long-standing ulcerative colitis has a high yield for cancer (12%). Surveillance colonoscopy after cancer resection has an intermediate yield for anastomotic cancer (1 per 74 procedures) and metachronous cancers (1 per 82 colonoscopies), although this number may overestimate the yield of metachronous cancer. Postpolypectomy surveillance and ulcerative colitis surveillance colonoscopy have relatively low yields for cancer (1 per 317 and 360 colonoscopies, respectively). However, postpolypectomy surveillance colonoscopy, in combination with initial clearing colonoscopy, has been proven to be almost entirely effective in preventing colorectal cancer death. Further, cancer yields for postpolypectomy surveillance should improve with implementation of new surveillance guidelines, with little or no impact on mortality. The effectiveness of ulcerative colitis surveillance is less certain. Referral of patients with low-grade dysplasia for colectomy would improve the value and effectiveness of surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis. Adenoma yields at colonoscopy are relatively independent of indication, as evidenced by the high yield of adenomas in screening colonoscopy studies. Demographic factors, including increasing age and male gender, are important predictors of adenomas at initial colonoscopy. Age, male gender, and multiple and large adenomas at initial examination are predictors of adenomas at subsequent postpolypectomy surveillance. Persons with ureterosigmoidostomies can be screened by interval flexible sigmoidoscopy and do not require screening colonoscopy. A history of breast cancer does not predict an improved yield of colonoscopic screening compared to average-risk persons.
2-[(2,3,6,7-Tetra-hydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-9-yl)methyl-ene]propane-dinitrile.

The π system of the title compound, known as julolidinemalononitrile, C16H15N3, is nearly planar, with a 3.5 (1)° twist between the aromatic and dicyano­vinyl groups. The bond lengths indicate significant zwitterionic character in the ground state.
Overview of Transcription

Bacterial RNA polymerase provides the central model for the transcription elongation complex and its various interesting fates-backtracking and correction by Gre protein-mediated transcript cleavage, transcription termination, and the antitermination controls that were discovered in bacteria. RNA polymerase and its transcription factors have functions beyond their obvious activity to provide RNA molecules to the cell, reflecting the fact that RNA polymerase and the process of transcription must have evolved as DNA arose from the primal RNA world-neither is worth much without the other. There is evidence or informed speculation implicating RNA polymerase and transcription proteins in processes of replication, DNA repair, and cell division. Thus, transcription by RNA polymerase activates the origins of replication of Escherichia coli and phage λ in some structural way independent of the RNA product. Just as transcription and replication coevolved, so did the coordination of chromosome segregation and cell division arise in the context of both. DNA is transcribed as it moves about the cell in an organized fashion during replication. RNA is translated at the same time, causing an added complication when emerging membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane and provide points of fixation for the complex.
Biosynthesis of a Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide VI. MECHANISM OF INCORPORATION OF ABEQUOSE INTO THE O-ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

Enzymatic incorporation of abequose into the repeating unit of the O-antigen is catalyzed by the particulate cell envelope fraction of Salmonella typhimurium. The initial step is the formation of a lipid-linked tetrasaccharide intermediate according to the reaction cytidine diphosphate abequose + mannosyl-rhamnosyl-galactose-1-PP-lipid → abequosyl-mannosyl-rhamnosyl-galactose-1-PP-lipid. The tetrasaccharide-lipid intermediate has been isolated by extraction into chloroform-methanol, and the oligosaccharide moiety identified. Subsequent polymerization reactions lead to formation of O-antigen polysaccharide chains containing tetrasaccharide repeating units. Isolation of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide corresponding to a dimer of the repeating unit provides direct evidence that the growing O-antigen chain remains attached to lipid during polymerization. Evidence that the structure of the enzymatically synthesized polysaccharide corresponds to that of authentic O-antigen has been obtained by isolation and characterization of abequose-containing oligosaccharides following degradation of the polymers with periodate.
Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration

For over a century, the Supreme Court has granted federal immigration laws a unique immunity from judicial review. Relying on the so-called plenary power doctrine, the Court has said that "over no conceivable subject" is federal power greater than it is over immigration; even modern federal cases, for example, state that Congress may freely discriminate on the basis of race in this context. In recent years, the Court has defended this approach primarily on stare decisis grounds. In this Article, Professor Gabriel Chin suggests that the plenary power doctrine should be reexamined because the foundational cases are unsound. Chae Chan Ping v. United States and Fong Yue Ting v. United States, the cases that established the plenary power doctrine and remain the leading cases, upheld federal discrimination against immigrants based on race. The plenary power cases were decided by the same Court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson; like Plessy, they reflect principles that have been emphatically rejected by the Court since Brown v. Board of Education.
Maitotoxin-induced membrane blebbing and cell death in bovine aortic endothelial cells

Maitotoxin, a potent cytolytic agent, causes an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) via activation of Ca2+-permeable, non-selective cation channels (CaNSC). Channel activation is followed by formation of large endogenous pores that allow ethidium and propidium-based vital dyes to enter the cell. Although activation of these cytolytic/oncotic pores, or COP, precedes release of lactate dehydrogenase, an indication of oncotic cell death, the relationship between CaNSC, COP, membrane lysis, and the associated changes in cell morphology has not been clearly defined. In the present study, the effect maitotoxin on [Ca2+]i, vital dye uptake, lactate dehydrogenase release, and membrane blebbing was examined in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Maitotoxin produced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i followed by a biphasic uptake of ethidium. Comparison of ethidium (Mw 314 Da), YO-PRO-1 (Mw 375 Da), and POPO-3 (Mw 715 Da) showed that the rate of dye uptake during the first phase was inversely proportional to molecular weight, whereas the second phase appeared to be all-or-nothing. The second phase of dye uptake correlated in time with the release of lactate dehydrogenase. Uptake of vital dyes at the single cell level, determined by time-lapse videomicroscopy, was also biphasic. The first phase was associated with formation of small membrane blebs, whereas the second phase was associated with dramatic bleb dilation. These results suggest that maitotoxin-induced Ca2+ influx in bovine aortic endothelial cells is followed by activation of COP. COP formation is associated with controlled membrane blebbing which ultimately gives rise to uncontrolled bleb dilation, lactate dehydrogenase release, and oncotic cell death.
Inflatable antenna microwave radiometer for soil moisture measurement

Microwave measurements of soil moisture are not being obtained at the required spatial Earth resolution with current technology. The Low Earth Orbit Microwave Radiometry Workshop held in Hampton, Virginia, identified measurements of soil moisture at a resolution of 10 km as the general science driver. Recently, new novel designs for lightweight reflector systems have been developed using deployable inflatable antenna structures which could enable lightweight real-aperture radiometers. In consideration of this, a study was conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center to determine the feasibility of developing a microwave radiometer system using inflatable reflector antenna technology to obtain high spatial resolution radiometric measurements of soil moisture from low Earth orbit and which could be used with a small and cost effective launch vehicle. The required high resolution with reasonable swath width coupled with the L-band measurement frequency for soil moisture dictated the use of a large (30 meter class) real aperture antenna in conjunction with a pushbroom antenna beam configuration and noise-injection type radiometer designs at 1.4 and 4.3 GHz to produce a 370 kilometer cross-track swath with a 10 kilometer resolution that could be packaged for launch with a Titan II class vehicle. This study includes design of the inflatable structure, control analysis, structural and thermal analysis, antenna and feed design, radiometer design, payload packaging, orbital analysis, and electromagnetic losses in the thin membrane inflatable materials. >
Directed cell growth and alignment on protein-patterned 3D hydrogels with stereolithography

The stereolithography apparatus (SLA) is a computer-assisted, three-dimensional (3D) printing system that is gaining attention in the medical field for the fabrication of patient-specific prosthetics and implants. An attractive class of implantable biomaterials for the SLA is photopolymerisable hydrogels because of their resemblance to soft tissues and intrinsic support of living cells. However, most laser-based SLA machines lack the minimum feature size required to imitate cell growth and alignment patterns in complex tissue architecture. In this study, we demonstrate a simple method for aligning cells on 3D hydrogels by combining the micro-contact printing (µCP) technique with the stereolithographic process. Fibronectin modified with acrylate groups was printed on glass coverslips with unpatterned, 10, 50, and 100 µm wide line patterns, which were then transferred to hydrogels through chemical linkages during photopolymerisation. Fibroblasts cultured on protein-printed 3D hydrogels aligned in the direct...
The Second Amendment as Ordinary Constitutional Law

In recent years, the Second Amendment has gone from a subject of scholarly and political debate with no real judicial role, to a clearly established individual right that is being enforced in lower courts. This Essay, the foreword to a forthcoming Tennessee Law Review symposium on the Second Amendment, explores how that happened, and what is likely to come next.
The appearance of arginine and arginase in pumpkin cotyledons. Characterization of arginase

Abstract During germination an increase in free arginine and arginase activity occurs in the cotyledons of pumpkin seedlings grown either in the light or dark, with the increase in enzyme activity paralleling the increase in free arginine content. Arginase was purified 9-fold from etiolated cotyledons and has a pH optimum of 9·5 in pyrophosphate buffer. The velocity of the reaction was linear up to 2 hr with a requirement for manganese. Iron, cobalt and copper gave a slight stimulation while other metals gave no stimulation. Arginase has a Km of 26 μM with arginine as the substrate.
Detection and Measurement of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Air by a Coated Piezoelectric Crystal Detector

Abstract Nujol with trans-IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2 complex, is used as a coating for piezoelectric crystal detector. The device preferentially detects some aromatic hydrocarbons in air over aliphatic ones. The effect of atmospheric moisture is minimal.
Developmental aspects of experimental pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

Abstract One of the more fascinating aspects of in vivo research on pulmonary O 2 toxicity is the striking difference in the response of the neonatal versus the adult animal to hyperoxia. In general, neonatal animals are much more resistant to the characteristic O 2 -induced lung pathology seen in adult animals in hyperoxia. Neonatal animals are also able to rapidly mount a protective lung biochemical response to high O 2 exposure [increased pulmonary antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities], and adaptive response which adult animals have lost the ability to manifest in >95% O 2 . This review focuses on the disparate AOE responses of the neonatal versus adult animal in hyperoxia. It also explores other possible explanations for the striking O 2 tolerance of young versus adult animals, including comparative O 2 free radical production rates, inflammatory cell responses, lung lipid composition repair capabilities, etc. Discussions also centers on a less well studied toxic complication associated with hyperoxic exposure in the neonatal animal, i.e., the marked inhibitory effect of O 2 exposure on normal lung growth and development of an alveolarized lung with an expanded respiratory exchange surface area. Finally, effective experimental means of protecting adult (and neonatal) animals from pulmonary O 2 toxicity are reviewed. A closing section considers the enlightening new information that molecular biology has revealed about the regulation of AOE gene expression during normal development and under conditions of hyperoxidant challenge.
Use of Depression Rating Instruments in Developmentally and Educationally Delayed Adolescents

Abstract The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and The Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) were administered to a mixed population of intellectually and educationally delayed adolescent inpatients. The scores from these instruments were analyzed in relation to affective diagnoses generated in this population with the use of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (K-SADS). Both instruments significantly differentiated depressed from nondepressed groups regardless of IQ, with the BDI providing the sharpest delineation. The format of the BDI appears to explain its superiority over the DSRS as a measure of depression even with cognitively impaired adolescents. A verbal IQ of 55 appears to be sufficient to reliably complete either the BDI or DSRS.
Precise complexity analysis for efficient datalog queries

Given a set of Datalog rules, facts, and a query, answers to the query can be inferred bottom-up starting with the facts or top-down starting with the query. For efficiently answering the query, top-down evaluation is extended with tabling that stores the results of the subqueries encountered, and bottom-up evaluation is done on rules transformed based on demand from the query.This paper describes precise time and space complexity analysis for efficiently answering Datalog queries, and precise relationships between top-down evaluation with tabling and bottom-up evaluation driven by demand. We first present a systematic method for precisely calculating the worst-case time and space complexities of top-down evaluation with tabling. We then describe a method for transforming the rules for efficiently answering queries using bottom-up evaluation of the transformed rules; the method is akin to the magic set transformation, but is simpler and produces simpler rules that yield exponentially smaller space in the number of arguments of predicates. Next, we establish precise relationships between top-down evaluation with tabling and bottom-up evaluation of rules transformed based on demand. Finally, we support our analyses and comparisons through experiments on benchmarks from OpenRuleBench.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in the plasma and erythrocytes of normal and diabetic rats.

Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolytic activity is present in rat plasma and erythrocytes. Activity profiles obtained by gel filtration suggest that these activities in both plasma and erythrocytes are due to different enzymes. The molecular weights of plasma cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP activity fractions are higher (700 000 and 500 000, respectively) than similar fractions in erythrocytes, liver and other tissues (400 000 and 200 000). In partially purified plasma fractions the double reciprocal plot is linear for cyclic GMP hydrolysis and non-linear (negatively cooperative) for cyclic AMP hydrolysis. The Michaelis constants for plasma cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolysis are 7 · 10−6 M and 5 · 10−6 M, respectively. These high Michaelis constants relative to plasma cyclic nucleotide concentration (10−8 M) and the slow in vitro hydrolysis of cyclic AMP by plasma and whole blood, suggest that blood phosphodiesterases do not play a major role in the rapid turnover of cyclic nucleotides in blood. Release of endogenous insulin, stimulated by glucose does not affect the activity of circulating cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Short term streptozotocin diabetes (2-day) has no effect on plasma enzyme activity although insulin levels are depressed. In 8- and 22-day diabetic rats, plasma cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity is depressed.
Redox-Cycling of Iron Ions Triggers Calcium Release From Liver Microsomes

Elevation of cytosolic calcium levels has been shown to occur via oxidation of critical protein thiols in liver microsomes. Elevated cytosolic Ca2+ may also result from activation of calcium releasing channels. In the presence of NADPH or ascorbic acid, iron ions produced a concentration-dependent release of calcium from liver microsomes. Under anaerobic conditions, the iron-induced release of calcium was inhibited, suggesting that a reaction of oxidation triggers the releasing process. The calcium releasing process at pH 7.0 appears to be highly sensitive to activation by iron ions, as effective concentrations (e.g., 2-5 microM) did not alter the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase or the phospholipid component of the microsomal membranes. Iron-induced Ca2+-release could occur under conditions in which there was no iron-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. Under conditions of intense lipid peroxidation, PBN fully prevented the iron-induced accumulation of thiobarbituric reactive reagents without affecting the release of Ca2+, suggesting that lipid peroxidation is not the mechanism by which iron causes release of calcium. Trolox, GSH and high concentrations of ascorbate, however, strongly inhibited the iron-induced calcium release, most likely due to modulation of the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio. While the IP3 receptor system is considered to be the main regulator of calcium release, liver also contains a ryanodine-sensitive calcium releasing store. The iron-induced calcium release at pH 7.0 was blocked by ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of the ryanodine receptor, and Fe2+ (but not Fe3+) decreased the binding of ryanodine, a specific ligand for the ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel. These results suggest that redox-cycling of iron ions results in an activation of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel. Activation of calcium releasing channels by iron may play a role in the evolution of various hepatic disorders that are associated with chronic iron overload in humans.
Methods and Outcomes of Breastfeeding Instruction for Nursing Students

Support from nurses can influence breastfeeding rates, but many nurses are not well-informed about breastfeeding topics. Surveys were used to assess the breastfeeding instruction provided in five nursing programs. Most students attended breastfeeding lectures, but only one-fourth received breastfeeding information during clinical activities. After completing their maternity rotation, less than 25 percent had as many as three clinical opportunities to teach breastfeeding techniques or counsel about lactation problems. Completion of maternity rotation did not improve student's knowledge of breastfeeding health benefits or clinical advice. Previous personal breastfeeding experience was associated with more accurate clinical advice and rating breastfeeding instruction as inadequate. We conclude that nursing education may not prepare students for effective breastfeeding promotion, and we suggest solutions for lactation consultants.
Flood detection and monitoring with the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment onboard EO-1

Abstract In this paper, we present a new way of detecting and monitoring flooding through the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) [Chien, S. T., Debban, C., Yen, R., Sherwood, R. Castano, B., & Cichy, A. G. et al. (2001). ASC Science Study Report, available from http://ASE.jpl.nasa.gov ], which is part of the Space Technology 6 effort under NASA's New Millennium Program. Recent autonomy experiments conducted on Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) using the ASE flight software have demonstrated the ability of several science algorithms to successfully classify key features including flood-induced changes, in hyperspectral images captured by the EO-1 Hyperion instrument. Furthermore, onboard science analysis on the classified images has been performed, and then used to modify an operational plan without interaction from the ground (Sherwood, R., Chien, S., Tran, D., Cichy, B., Castano, R., Davies, A., et al. (2004). Preliminary results of the autonomous sciencecraft experiment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT ). These algorithms are used to downlink science data only when change occurs, and to detect features of scientific interests such as flooding, volcanic eruptions, and the formation and breakup of sea ice. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the success of ASE and its implications on detecting, mapping, and monitoring transient processes such as flooding autonomously from space. Mapping of water inundation and its change through time is part of our focus in studying transient processes from space. In 2004, hyperspectral data were acquired from the Hyperion instrument for target areas around the world that have a high potential for flooding to develop and test floodwater classifiers. In addition, classifier thresholds were determined from both normal flows and possible flood conditions. The paper introduces the development, testing, and success of the ASE software in detecting and reacting to flooding in near real-time. ASE is now operational and flight-tested, and, thus, ready to use for space-borne reconnaissance. Successful demonstration of the floodwater classifiers includes the capture of a rare flooding event of the Australian Diamantina River during ground testing in February 2004, and the detection of flood-related changes along the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh and the Yukon River in Alaska during onboard testing on EO-1 in 2005. Both of these detections led to triggered responses onboard the spacecraft, which included acquiring additional Hyperion scenes. These results pave the way for future smart reconnaissance missions of transient processes on Earth and beyond. It is hoped that ASE will become a default in future missions to increase the science return by introducing spacecraft autonomy for detection and monitoring of science events, which otherwise would be discovered too late or altogether missed.
Parallel computing framework for optimizing construction planning in large-scale projects

Available construction optimization models can be used to generate optimal tradeoffs between construction time and cost, however their application in optimizing large-scale projects is limited due to their extensive and impractical computational time requirements. This paper presents the development of a parallel computing framework in order to circumvent this limitation. The framework incorporates a multi-objective genetic algorithm module that identifies optimal trade-offs between construction time and cost; and a parallel computing module that distributes genetic algorithm computations over a network of processors. The performance of the framework is evaluated using 150 experiments that represent various combinations of project sizes and numbers of processors. The results of this analysis illustrate the robust capabilities of the developed parallel computing framework in terms of its efficiency in reducing the computational time requirements for large-scale construction optimization problems, and its effectiveness in obtaining high quality solutions identical to those generated by a single processor.
A focusing device for tissue transformation with the DuPont/BioRad PDS1000 helium microprojectile system

The DuPont/BioRad PDS1000/He has become an important tool in genetic transformation. With the present design, however, it is difficult to accurately predict the impact area. This report discusses targeting devices that were designed to accurately focus biolistic particles in a given area. Tobacco leaves and soybean tissue were used to evaluate the efficiency of the device. With the focusing device, GUS positive foci were confined in a defined ring on soybean cotyledonary nodes. Approximately 65 percent of the GUS positive foci on tobacco leaves were concentrated in a ring 8 to 16 mm from the center of the short, compared to 27 percent without the device. The results demonstrate that PDS-1000 biolistic particles can both be accurately and predictably delivered at target tissue.
Hydrogen sorption characteristics of Zr1−xTix(Cr1−yFey)2 alloys

Abstract The hydrides of Zr1−xTixCr0.6Fe1.4(x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.3) were prepared and investigated. Partial replacement of zirconium by titanium and of chromium by iron in ZrCr2 raises the hydrogen-escaping tendency dramatically. The substitution also lowers the alloy cost. The hydrogen densities of the alloys compared with that of liquid hydrogen range from about 1.20 to 1.40. The kinetics of exchange of hydrogen between the hydride and gaseous hydrogen are very rapid; in all cases the uptake of hydrogen is about 90% complete within 30–120 s. The enthalpies and entropies of dehydrogenation computed using the van't Hoff relation are in good agreement with data determined by means of the calorimetry method, indicating that the hydride systems behave almost reversibly. The experimentally determined effective entropies of the hydrogen in the metal are high and are largely configurational in nature.
Enhancement of retention with centrally administered catecholamines

Abstract These experiments examined the effects of intracerebroventricular norepinephrine and dopamine on retention performance of mice. The animals were trained in one of two inhibitory avoidance tasks and injected immedidiately post-training with various doses of norepinephrine or dopamine (0.01 to 100 μg). Retention was tested 24 hr later. In one training procedure, each mouse received a footshock as it stepped from one chamber to another in a “step-through” apparatus. In this task retention performance was enhanced by dopamine (0.1 μg) but not by norepinephrine. In the other training procedure, water-deprived mice were first well-trained to step from the first chamber into the second chamber and lick from a water spout. They were then given a footshock while licking. Norepinephrine (1 μg) but not dopamine enhanced retention of the lick avoidance training. These findings provide direct evidence that central catecholamines can modulate memory storage processes.
Distortion-invariant optical pattern recognition using composite binary filters

A method for constructing limited, distortion-invariant, composite, binary filters for an optical nonlinear joint transform correlator is described. Experimental results are presented on the in- situ construction of such filters, their invariance, discrimination, and correlation quality.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photoinduced graft polymerization of styrene onto polypropylene substrates

The photochemical grafting of styrene onto polypropylene (PP) using benzophenone (BP) and benzoin ethyl ether (BEE) as photosensitizers is described. The effects of various parameters (such as monomer and photosensitizer concentration, reaction time, and solvent) on percent grafting were studied. We found that BP is a very efficient photosensitizer for the grafting of styrene onto PP surfaces. Unlike BEE, BP does not initiate nongrafting homopolymerization reactions in solution which compete with grafting reactions. This is advantageous over other photosensitizers since homopolymer formed in solution can interfere with the grafting reaction as well complicate sample preparation and purification. The graft copolymers obtained using both BP and BEE were characterized by high resolution 1H-NMR, optical microscopy and swelling studies. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 883–889, 1997
Studies on the binding of selenium by liver homogenates from rats fed diets containing either casein or casein plus linseed oil meal.

Abstract Rats treated with selenium (10 ppm) for 7 weeks but fed diets containing linseed oil meal achieved greater weight gains and better survival and suffered less liver damage than rats fed isonitrogenous diets containing casein. However, the selenium contents of the liver and kidneys of the rats fed the linseed oil meal diets plus selenium were 2- to 4-fold higher than those of the rats fed the casein diet plus selenium. No dietary effect of linseed oil meal versus casein on hepatic selenium binding was seen when liver homogenates of rats injected with radioselenite were dialyzed against tris buffer, pH 7.4. Addition of reduced glutathione to the dialysis medium stimulated selenium dialysis equally in both dietary groups whereas oxidized glutathione, S -methylglutathione, and cysteine had much less or no effect on the dialysis of selenium. Dithioerythritol decreased the dialyzability of selenium. Cupferron, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate had no effect on selenium dialvsis no matter which diet was fed. Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, however, increased the amount of selenium dialyzed from the liver homogenates of rats fed the casein diet but had no effect on the amount of selenium dialyzed from homogenates of rats fed the casein-linseed oil meal diet.
Wildlife-Caused Losses for Producers of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in 1996

The National Agricultural Statistics Service surveyed by telephone and mail in January and February 1997 all known producers of channel catfish letalurus punctatus to acquire current information about wildlife-caused losses in calendar year 1996. Many producers tried to prevent wildlife-caused losses of their catfish by shooting (57%), vehicle patrol (55%), or frightening (36%), at an estimated cost of >$5 million. Yet, 69% of catfish producers cited some wildlife-caused losses. Birds were most frequently cited as a cause of losses, and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus was the species cited most frequently (53%). The next most frequently cited birds were herons Ardea spp. (48%), egrets Egretta spp. (16%), and pelicans Pelecanus spp. (8%). Muskrats Ondatra zibethicus were cited by 10% of producers, primarily for damaging dikes and roads. The main problems caused by wildlife were feeding on catfish (67%), injuring catfish (40%) or disturbing feeding patterns of the catfish (23%). The total estimated cost of losses was $12 million. Overall, wildlife damage and damage prevention may have cost catfish producers > $17 million, about 4% of the total $425 million of catfish sales in 1996. Of the 44% of all catfish producers who were familiar with Wildlife Services (WS), 51% had ever contacted WS for assistance, 55% used methods suggested by WS to reduce their losses, and 40% received direct assistance from WS in 1996. Mississippi producers, who most frequently received direct assistance from WS, had proportionately lower wildlife-caused losses.
Possibilities for ultrasensitive mass spectrometry based on two-photon, sub-Doppler resonance ionization

Abstract An ultrasensitive mass spectrometer is proposed in which the chemical and isotopic selectivity possible with laser ionization is combined with the mass selectivity of a conventional mass spectrometer to achieve abundance sensitivities in the range of 10 13 . The ionization stage incorporates two-photon sub-Doppler resonance ionization in order to achieve optimum isotopic enhancement of the selected species and to provide high ionization efficiency for the entire maxwellian distribution of the sample. The limits on selectivity and sensitivity due to charge exchange and laser power broadening effects are discussed for the case of 88 Sr/ 90 Sr, an example which is of practical interest and which poses a difficult test for any mass spectrometric technique.
Optical link design and validation testing of the Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) system

The Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, will be used for optical telecommunications link experiments from the International Space Station (ISS) to a ground telescope located at Table Mountain, CA. The launch of the flight terminal is scheduled for late February 2014 with an initially planned 90-day operations period following deployment on the exterior of the ISS. The simple, low-cost OPALS system will downlink a pre-encoded video file at 50 Mb/s on a 1550 nm laser carrier using on-off key (OOK) modulation and Reed-Solomon forward error correction. A continuous wave (cw) 976 nm multibeam laser beacon transmitted from the ground to the ISS will initiate link acquisition and tracking by the flight subsystem. Link analysis along with pre-flight results of the end-to-end free-space testing of the OPALS link are presented.
INTERACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN WITH CELL CULTURES FROM SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT ANIMALS

The cytotoxicity (TD) level of diphtheria toxin for human Chang liver strain was 0.1 guinea pig MLD per ml; for mouse liver NCTC 1469 strain, the TD was 500 MLD per ml. The results of cell culture toxicity correlated well with relative susceptibility of both man and mouse. The initial effects of toxin on the susceptible Chang liver cells were studied at one half the TD level (0.05 MLD per ml). At this low concentration of toxin, the number of cells per culture was reduced slightly below the "0" hr values, whereas the amounts of cell protein, RNA, and DNA were increased. Analysis of the toxin-treated cells indicated an enlargement of the cells. The individual cells contained significantly more protein, RNA, and DNA than the control cells and the cell volume was increased 1.9 times. When purified diphtheria toxin was incubated with the susceptible Chang liver cells and then tested for its biological activity, the results showed an increased diffusion rate in parabiotic culture chambers and definite cytotoxicity to the normally resistant mouse liver cells. The cytotoxicity was neutralizable with antitoxin. The results suggest that the toxin-susceptible cells transform the toxin molecule to a more active derivative which affects the highly resistant mouse liver cell.
Picosecond energy transfer and multiexciton transfer outpaces Auger recombination in binary CdSe nanoplatelet solids

Fast fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdSe nanoplatelets on a picosecond timescale is measured. This process is faster than Auger recombination and leads to the observation of multiexcitonic energy transfer in these materials.
A Pathway of Synthesis Toward the Aspidosperma Alkaloids

Abstract A recent synthesis of a vincadifformine (1) derivative followed a c-b-a order of bond construction,2 which postpones the introduction of the angular ethyl group until a late stage of the reaction sequence. In view of the new, ready access to compounds3,4 whose structures represent nearly the full complement of carbons characteristic of the non-tryptamine portion of the Aspidosperma alkaloids their use in the total synthesis of such natural bases could be envisaged. The present communication illustrates a c-b-a approach to Aspidosperma alkaloid synthesis by exploitation of the pyran derivative 2 and hence by early introduction of the angular ethyl group.5
Why Modern Controllers Can Go Unstable in Practice

This paper demonstrates the importance of analyzing proposed modern control system designs with classical frequency response techniques. When classical constraints such as open-loop crossover frequency are ignored, apparently robust modern control designs may go unstable for relatively innocuous plant perturbations. Modern control system designs of successively more complex plants are analyzed to reveal some problems that may occur in the design of real systems and to show how these problems can be solved so that modern control methods will be more useful to practical'control system designers.
Reducing Premature Termination in University Counseling Centers

ABSTRACT The research literature provides support for a dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy. Consequently, therapists at university counseling centers need to keep their clients engaged in treatment long enough for significant benefits to accrue. Even in the absence of administrative session limits, most students will not participate in therapy long enough to experience its full benefits. Most college students will complete only a handful of sessions and close to 50% will depart from therapy prematurely. In response to this challenge, this article describes eight strategies therapists can implement to reduce the incidence of premature termination from university counseling centers.
Discussion of Robert Grossmark's Case of Pamela

The author discusses Robert Grossmark's “Case of Pamela” from the perspective of developmental (relational) trauma and offers the view that Pamela's remarkable growth as well as the stunning power of the clinical process that made it possible is best illuminated from the vantage point of self-states, dissociation, affect dysregulation, and the dread of annihilation. The phenomenon of pathological narcissism, which in a classical idiom would be a central concept in describing Pamela's personality organization, is here formulated relationally in a self-state context. That is, each self-state, to the extent that it is protectively dissociated from others becomes, inherently, an island of narcissism and is what narcissism truly means. In the face of trauma, each island of selfhood operates to obliterate, automatically, the felt invasion of otherness from parts of the self that hold alternative views of “self-truth,” as well as from an other in real life—a separate person with a mind of his or her own. As each...
Sonographic evaluation of liver nodularity: Inspection of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver.

Purpose We determined the diagnostic performance of assessing the nodularity of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver as a predictor of cirrhosis. Methods One sonologist retrospectively reviewed the sonograms of 100 patients at risk for cirrhosis based on clinical data and laboratory tests. A second sonologist reviewed the sonograms of a subset of 25 patients to assess for inter-reader variability, while the first sonologist re-reviewed the sonograms of a different subset of 25 patients for intrareader variability. Sonograms of all patients were obtained with standard sector- or curved-array transducers. Biopsy confirmation of cirrhosis was used as the standard for diagnostic accuracy. Results Fifty of the 100 patients had a pathologic diagnosis of cirrhosis. The sensitivity of inspection of the deep surface versus the superficial surface was 86% versus 53% (p = 0.0003), respectively. Sensitivity was not dependent on pathologic type. Intrareader agreement was better for deep than for superficial surface observations. The overall inter-reader agreement was fair and comparable for both deep and superficial surface methods. Conclusions The sensitivity for detecting cirrhosis based on surface nodularity is greater for deep than for superficial surface observations. As the prevalence of disease increases, the accuracy of assessment of the deep surface in predicting cirrhosis increases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:399–407, 2002
Clinical Studies of Cefazolin and Comparison with Other Cephalosporins

Cefazolin, a new cephalosporin derivative, was studied in the treatment of 105 hospitalized patients with a variety of infections including endocarditis, pneumonia, and urinary and soft tissue infections, and was found to be effective in 104 patients. Cefazolin was also tested in vitro and shown to be effective against staphylococci, pneumococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus mirabilis by agar dilution method. It was shown to produce high serum levels when administered in a 250- to 1,000-mg intramuscular dose and was well tolerated and free from renal toxicity. Comparison of the results of this study with those from our prior studies on cephaloridine revealed equivalent antibiotic potency, good tolerance to both the agents when given intramuscularly, superior, average blood levels with cefazolin, equal clinical efficacy, and absence of renal toxicity with cefazolin (unlike cephaloridine). Similarly, the results of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia with intramuscular cefazolin were found to be superior to those for oral cephalexin.
Economic-Enviromental Power Dispatch

A revised dispatch procedure for power is described that meets the demand for energy while accounting for both cost and emission considerations. First, a tradeoff curve, representing all alternative dispatch policies, is derived for each demand level. Since air pollution damage is a function of the spatial distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere, an air pollution diffusion model is utilized in order to evaluate each dispatch policy on the tradeoff curve from an air impact point of view. Under the postulate of rational behavior, the utility function of the decision maker can be described by a quasi-concave function whose maximum point is found among points on the tradeoff curve. An interactive search method, based on the golden section search technique, is then devised in order to guide the decision maker toward finding the dispatch policy that maximizes his utility function.
Identification of a telomeric DNA sequence in Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract A simple repetitive DNA sequence in the nuclear genome of Trypanosoma brucei, consisting of tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide 5′ CCCTAA 3′, was identified as being telomeric by several criteria. This sequence was specfically labeled with T. brucei genomic DNA as the template for in vitro nick translation by DNA polymerase I, and was present in Bal 31 nuclease sensitive, genomic restriction fragments of the large sizes expected in this organism for at least some telomeric regions. The same repeated sequence was found in six other flagellates tested. A segment of DNA from T. brucei including this telomeric sequence was cloned in pBR322 and characterized. The cloned segment contained a sequence highly homologous to the 3′ ends of several variant surface glycoprotein mRNAs, upstream of the tandemly repeated hexanucleotide sequence.