cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies for reducing preferred orientation and strain in powder samples for high‐pressure synchrotron X‐ray diffraction in diamond‐anvil cells

Among the many problems associated with high-pressure X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline samples in the diamond-anvil cell are strain and preferred orientation. A method is presented for efficiently reducing preferred orientation of powder samples compressed in diamond-anvil cells to pressures in excess of 20 GPa. This method may be successfully applied to samples of yield strength higher than alkalihalides. In addition, the problem of strain is discussed using ice-VII as an example and as an illustration of the importance of laser heating as a method of minimizing strain.
Abstract 5435: Molecular subclasses of human hepatocellular carcinoma predict sensitivity to fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition

Background: A recent gene expression classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) includes two poor survival subclasses, termed S1 and S2. S1 cells are more locally invasive, while S2 cells express E-cadherin and secrete AFP. As the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) differs between the S1 and S2 gene signatures, this study investigated whether molecular subclasses of HCC could predict sensitivity to FGFR inhibition. Methods: The effects of AZD4547 and BGJ398, two small molecule inhibitors of FGFR1-4, were assessed in four S1 and five S2 human HCC cell lines. Western blotting was performed for FGFR1-4 and phosphorylated p42/44 as a marker of MAPK signaling. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to assess the effects of individual FGFR knockdown. Results: Cell proliferation was inhibited at least two-fold more in S2 than in S1 cell lines at all doses tested above 1 uM of BGJ398 and AZD4547 (p Citation Format: Benjamin Schmidt, Lan Wei, Danielle K. DePeralta, Yujin Hoshida, Michael Lanuti, Kenneth K. Tanabe, Bryan C. Fuchs. Molecular subclasses of human hepatocellular carcinoma predict sensitivity to fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5435. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5435
Urine cytology of primary and secondary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Primary and secondary adenocarcinomas of the urinary bladder are uncommon, and the urine cytology of these tumors has rarely been described. Familiarity with the cytomorphology of these neoplasms may facilitate their detection in urine cytology specimens. METHODS The authors reviewed 46 urine samples (19 voided, 19 instrumented, and 8 bladder washings) from 41 patients with biopsy-proven primary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma (n = 11) or metastatic adenocarcinoma (n = 35) from the prostate (n = 17), colon (n = 10), breast (n = 3), kidney (n = 3), or uterus (n = 1), or from unknown origin (n = 1). Cytomorphology, the role of cytology, and causes for negative diagnoses were evaluated. RESULTS Cytologic diagnoses of malignancy, adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, and adenocarcinoma of a specific type were given in 87%, 28%, and 39% of cases, respectively. Columnar cells, coarse chromatin, and necrosis were found in adenocarcinoma of the colon. Syncytial and acinar arrangements, round or oval nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and prominent nucleoli were commonly found in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These features permitted us to make a specific diagnosis in 90% of cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon and 41% of cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cytologic examination failed to lead to a diagnosis of malignancy in 18% of primary adenocarcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS A large number of adenocarcinomas of the colon and prostate have sufficient cytologic features to suggest the correct diagnosis in urine samples. The cytomorphology of primary bladder adenocarcinoma is not as easily characterized. The submucosal nature of some metastatic deposits and tumor differentiation influence the diagnostic accuracy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:335-343. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of local order in the spatial distribution of cell surface molecular assemblies.

Abstract Electron micrographs obtained from platinum-carbon replicas of freeze-cleaved or freeze-dried cells and exhibiting intramembranous or externally-disposed particles were analysed statistically for degree of non-random particle association. Analysis was based on use of an analogy to the radial distribution function, g ( r ), which provided the average density of neighbor particles around a particle in the micrograph at 30 A increments from particle center. The ratio of average density of neighbors around a particle to overall particle density in the micrograph was then determined as a function of distance from particle center. For a random plot of 90 A particles, the computed ratio deviated from 1 by less than 10% for a distance up to 900 A from particle center. In a field of similarly-sized intramembranous particles within the freeze-cleaved surface membrane of a mouse fibroblast, there were indications of slight non-random particle associations at distances of 120–240 A and 300–330 A from particle center, while a significant association of particles comprising an intercellular gap junction was obtained at 90–120 A. Virus-related molecular assemblies on the surfaces of fibroblasts infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of murine luekemia virus and grown under conditions that did not permit virus assembly to occur were analysed similarly. Significant deviation from randomness was found at several distances from particle center, both on areas of membrane that were populated by large numbers of particles and on low-density areas.
Feasibility of gastric electrical stimulation by use of endoscopically placed electrodes.

Background Gastric electrical stimulation (GES), which has been reported to have therapeutic potentials for gastroparesis and obesity, involves the surgical placement of electrodes with the patient under general anesthesia. New methods are needed for implanting GES electrodes in a safer and more feasible way. Objective Our purpose was to investigate the safety and feasibility of placing electrodes endoscopically for GES. Design and Setting A pilot study. Subjects Six female hound dogs that weighed 13 to 22 kg. Interventions Endoscopically placed electrodes passed through the abdomen and the stomach wall. Main Outcome Measurements The study was performed in dogs surgically implanted with gastric serosal electrodes and endoscopically implanted electrodes. The experiment consisted of a 30-minute baseline, a 30-minute GES, and a 30-minute recovery. GES was performed through endoscopically placed electrodes. Gastric slow waves were simultaneously recorded with the serosal electrodes and the endoscopically placed electrodes. Results (1) The slow wave frequency recorded from the endoscopically placed electrodes was significantly correlated with that from the serosal electrodes ( r = 0.97, P Limitations The fixation of the electrodes needs to be improved for longer-term uses. Conclusions GES may be accomplished without surgery by inserting the electrode wire through the abdomen under endoscopy. The study results indicate that the endoscopically placed electrodes are effective for GES and do not result in any adverse events.
Effects of diabetes mellitus and aluminum toxicity on myocardial calcium transport

Abstract Diabetics have an increased risk of developing renal insuffuciency, as well as congestive heart failure independent of coronary atherosclerotic or hypertensive heart diseases. Aluminum toxicity is being recognized with increased frequency in patients with reduced renal function and aluminum accumulates to a greater degree in tissues of patients with diabetes. Studies in patients with end stage renal disease have implicated aluminum overload as a potential cause of reduced cardiac function. Since both diabetes and aluminum decrease the activity of (Ca + Mg)-ATPase, a key enzyme involved in myocardial calcium transport, the interaction of experimental diabetes mellitus and aluminum toxicity on myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport was investigated in rats. Aluminum alone had no effect on (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity, while activities in both the diabetic ([DM]) and diabetic plus aluminum loaded ([DM + Al]) groups were significantly lower than controls ([C]). Oxalate-dependent calcium uptake in the [DM] rats was slightly, but not significantly lower than controls, however, uptake was markedly reduced in rats which were both diabetic and aluminum loaded. The calcium regulatory protein calmodulin was measured by a functional assay in the soluble fraction of myocardial tissue prepared from each of the four groups. Compared to [C], calmodulin activity was significantly reduced in both the [DM] and [DM + Al] groups but not affected by aluminum alone. These data indicate that diabetes mellitus is associated with decreased myocardial calmodulin activity that may contribute to reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca + Mg)-ATPase and calcium transport activities and that aluminum toxicity potentiates the adverse effects of diabetes on decreasing sacroplasmic reticulum calcium uptake.
Peristaltic carrying and mixing of chyme in the small intestine (an analysis of a mathematical model of peristalsis of the small intestine).

Abstract The motion of a fluid created by the peristalsis is a problem of importance for a better understanding of some physiological transport phenomena. As a mathematical model of a rather unusual type of peristalsis involved in small intestines, the low Reynolds number flow of a Newtonian fluid in a circular cylindrical tube involving a series of traveling nodal constrictions, which is axisymmetric and infinitely sharp, is studied. The solution is posed in a series form. Two fundamental solutions are (1) a peristaltic carrying in which the motion of the fluid is created by the peristalsis without a net pressure gradient and (2) a peristaltic compression without net transport of the fluid. A general solution is obtained by a linear combination of these two fundamental solutions. Numerical calculation is carried out for a set of combinations of internode distances and depth of nodal constrictions. The distribution of the fluid velocity and the effectiveness of the peristaltic carrying and compression is discussed. The physiological significance of carrying, mixing and compression, accompanied by peristalsis is discussed.
Mechanochemistry: Force probes in a bottle.

A rigid molecule that changes shape when exposed to light can be used to explore the influence of mechanical force on chemical reactions involving small functional groups.
Race educational attainment and the 1940 census

Decreases in the racial schooling gap have been shown to account for one-third of the increase in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970 [in the United States]. But the usual measure of the gap based on census educational attainment data is flawed. Data on school enrollment rates and months of school attended reveal that schooling levels of blacks born in the late nineteenth century were far lower than census data indicate. With the corrections proposed the narrowing of the racial schooling gap explains two-thirds of the rise in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970. (EXCERPT)
Relationship Between Bayesian and Frequentist Sample Size Determination

Sample size determination is among the most commonly encountered tasks in statistical practice. A broad range of frequentist and Bayesian methods for sample size determination can be described as choosing the smallest sample that is sufficient to achieve some set of goals. An example for the frequentist is seeking the smallest sample size that is sufficient to achieve a desired power at a specified significance level. An example for the Bayesian is seeking the smallest sample size necessary to obtain, in expectation, a desired rate of correct classification of the hypothesis as true or false. This article explores parallels between Bayesian and frequentist methods for determining sample size. We provide a simple but general and pragmatic framework for investigating the relationship between the two approaches, based on identifying mappings to connect the Bayesian and frequentist inputs necessary to obtain the same sample size. We illustrate this mapping with examples, highlighting a somewhat surprising “ap...
NEW SOFT-PHOTON APPROXIMATION FOR BREMSSTRAHLUNG

A new two-energy two-angle approximation is developed and tested for describing bremsstrahlung processes. The natural choice of kinematic variables leads to a bremsstrahlung amplitude which is free of the derivatives of the elastic T-matrix. This approximation provides an excellent description of almost all the available π±pγ and p12Cγ data by means of a single soft-photon approximation.
Differential cross section for proton-proton bremsstrahlung at 294 MeV.

The differential cross section for {ital pp}{r arrow}{ital pp}{gamma} has been measured at an average bombarding energy of 294 MeV and for proton laboratory angles between 5{degree} and 12{degree}. The absolute normalization of the data is based on the concurrent measurement of {ital pp} elastic scattering. The experiment has been carried out with the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility Cooler Ring using an internal gas jet target in an electron-cooled beam. The data cover a region of the kinematic space where off-shell contributions of the {ital NN} interaction are expected to be enhanced. The shape of the measured cross sections as a function of the photon angle agrees fairly well with the expectation from phase space alone.
Faith, Fantasy, and Flowers: A Content Analysis of the American Sympathy Card

A sample of American sympathy cards is content analyzed, and symbols, colors, and message wording and form are reviewed. In addition, responses of college students to sympathy cards are evaluated. ...
Incorporation and cell-cycle effects of short-chain fatty acids in pea root meristems

Abstract Past investigations from this laboratory demonstrated that butyric, propionic and valeric acids diminished mitosis in root meristems of peas ( Pisum sativum ), as well as inhibiting DNA synthesis; longer-chain fatty acids were inactive. Experiments have now been performed to determine incorporation rates of [1- 14 C]-labelled short-chain fatty acids. Cultured pea roots, exposed to either 0.1 mM labelled butyric or propionic acid, showed a steady overall increase in isotope incorporation during the 6 hr exposure period. Autoradiographic studies also demonstrated increased nuclear incorporation of the isotope with time. These experiments support past investigations that short-chain fatty acids, once incorporated into the root meristem, alter its cell cycle physiology.
The character of the Moho and lower crust within Archean cratons and the tectonic implications

Abstract Undisturbed mid Archean crust (stabilized by 3.0–2.9 Ga) has several characteristics that distinguish it from post Archean crust. Undisturbed mid-Archean crust has a low proportion of internal seismic boundaries (as evidenced by converted phases in seismic receiver functions), lacks high seismic velocities in the lower crust and has a sharp, flat Moho. Most of the seismic data on mid-Archean crust comes from the undisturbed portions of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe (Tokwe segment) cratons. Around 67–74% of younger Archean crust (stabilized by 2.8–2.5 Ga) has a sharp, flat Moho. Much of the crust with a sharp, flat Moho also lacks strong internal seismic boundaries, but there is not a one to one correspondence. In cases where its age is known, basaltic lower crust in Archean terranes is often but not always the result of post Archean underplating. Undisturbed mid-Archean cratons are also characterized by lower crustal thicknesses (Archean median range = 32–39 km vs. post-Archean average = 41 km) and lower crustal seismic velocities. These observations are shown to be distinct from those observed in any modern-day tectonic environment. The data presented here are most consistent with a model in which Archean crust undergoes delamination of dense lithologies at the garnet-in isograd resulting in a flat, sharp Moho reflector and a thinner and more felsic-intermediate crust. We discuss the implications of this model for several outstanding paradoxes of Archean geology.
Evolution of major metabolic innovations in the Precambrian

A combination of the information on the metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes with a composite phylogenetic tree depicting an overview of prokaryote evolution based on the sequences of bacterial ferredoxin, 2Fe−2S ferredoxin, 5S ribosomal RNA, andc-type cytochromes shows three zones of major metabolic innovation in the Precambrian. The middle of these, which reflects the genesis of oxygenreleasing photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, links metabolic innovations of the anaerobic stem on the one hand and, on the other, proliferation of aerobic bacteria and the symbiotic associations leading to the eukaryotes. We consider especially those pathways where information on the structure of the enzymes is known.Halobacterium andThermoplasma (archaebacteria) do not belong to a totally independent line on the basis of the composite tree but branch from the eukaryote cytoplasmic line.
Higher mass scales and mass hierarchies

Abstract The impact of new interactions at very high energies on the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in gauge field theories is studied. Described at low energies by higher dimension operators, these interactions can enhance the chiral condensate and even the Goldstone boson decay constant relative to the confinement scale. This can lead to important consequences in technicolor theories, including realistically large quark and lepton masses and the possibility of new physics at energies below the weak scale. In addition, small differences in strength of the four-fermion interactions, due say to isospin or flavor breaking, can be greatly magnified in the resulting quark and lepton mass spectrum.
Evaluation of atypical cytochrome P450 kinetics with two-substrate models: evidence that multiple substrates can simultaneously bind to cytochrome P450 active sites.

Some cytochrome P450 catalyzed reactions show atypical kinetics, and these kinetic processes can be grouped into five categories: activation, autoactivation, partial inhibition, substrate inhibition, and biphasic saturation curves. A two-site model in which the enzyme can bind two substrate molecules simultaneously is presented which can be used to describe all of these observed kinetic properties. Sigmoidal kinetic characteristics were observed for carbamazepine metabolism by CYP3A4 and naphthalene metabolism by CYPs 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A5 as well as dapsone metabolism by CYP2C9. Naphthalene metabolism by CYP3A4 and naproxen metabolism by CYP2C9 demonstrated nonhyperbolic enzyme kinetics suggestive of a low Km, low Vmax component for the first substrate molecule and a high Km, high Vmax component for the second substrate molecule. 7,8-Benzoflavone activation of phenanthrene metabolism by CYP3A4 and dapsone activation of flurbiprofen and naproxen metabolism by CYP2C9 were also observed. Furthermore, part...
Coming to Terms with Motivation Constructs.

The field of motivation is beset with a lack of clear definition of motivational constructs and specification of their operation within larger theoretical frameworks. These problems have implications for interpretation of research results and applications to practice. The articles in this collection represent an important step in attaining greater clarity. Future research should be directed toward clarifying conditions under which motivational constructs predict achievement behavior, delineating the role of social processes in motivation, and exploring long-term motivation in the face of obstacles and competing demands.
Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of right ventricular dysplasia in children.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been helpful in adults in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Short of direct surgical observation or autopsy, no gold standard exists. CMR diagnostic criteria include right atrial and ventricular dilation, regional right ventricular (RV) wall motion abnormalities, outflow tract ectasia, and myocardial fatty infiltration. To determine whether adult diagnostic criteria are useful in children referred for CMR for this diagnosis, the images and records of 81 patients (aged 11.5 ± 5.5 years) over an 8-year period were reviewed. Histories included ventricular tachycardia, palpitations, dilated right ventricle, syncope, near sudden death, or family history of RV dysplasia. Four families were studied with parents who had RV dysplasia diagnosed by surgery, explanted heart, or CMR. CMR imaging included T1-weighted imaging, cine, 1-dimensional RV myocardial tagging, and phase-encoded velocity mapping, and 2 patients underwent delayed-enhancement CMR. Only 1 of the 81 patients met 5 of the criteria. None of the others met >2 of the criteria, and only 2 patients met 1 or 2 criteria. For questionable regional wall motion abnormalities, RV myocardial tagging was helpful. In conclusion, CMR of patients with a history suspicious for the diagnosis of RV dysplasia is a low-yield test in children. This may be due to the evolving nature of the disease, which does not manifest itself from a morphologic or ventricular-function standpoint until later in development. Follow-up studies as patients age may be advantageous.
Squamous cell peritonitis associated with hydrometrocolpos in a multimalformed newborn.

We present the case of a 1 day-old newborn with extensive squamous cell peritonitis resulting from vaginal atresia with hydrometrocolpos and squamous cell reflux through the genital system, a combination rarely recognized in the literature. Delivery was preceded by ultrasound diagnosis of oligohydramnios and “large bladder,” the latter representing the dilated proximal vagina. Additional findings included paraesophageal hiatus hernia containing squames, urethral atresia, absence of vulva, lung hypoplasia, mild hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and short umbilical cord with single umbilical artery (SUA). The possible relationship of the SUA with the constellation of infradiaphragmatic malformations is discussed.
Anandamide oxidation by wild-type and polymorphically expressed CYP2B6 and CYP2D6

Anandamide is an arachidonic acid-derived endogenous cannabinoid that regulates normal physiological functions and pathophysiological responses within the central nervous system and in the periphery. Several cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms metabolize anandamide to form hydroxylated and epoxygenated products. Human CYP2B6 and CYP2D6, which are expressed heterogeneously throughout the brain, exhibit clinically significant polymorphisms and are regulated by external factors, such as alcohol and smoking. Oxidative metabolism of anandamide by these two P450s may have important functional consequences for endocannabinoid system signaling. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of anandamide by wild-type CYP2B6 (2B6.1) and CYP2D6 (2D6.1) and by their common polymorphic mutants 2B6.4, 2B6.6, 2B6.9, and 2D6.34. Major differences in anandamide metabolism by the two isoforms and their mutants were found in vitro with respect to the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (20-HETE-EA) and 14,15-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (14,15-EET-EA). Pharmacological studies showed that both 20-HETE-EA and 14,15-EET-EA bind to the rat brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor with lower affinities relative to that of anandamide. In addition, both products are degraded more rapidly than anandamide in rat brain homogenates. Their degradation occurs via different mechanisms involving either fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major anandamide-degrading enzyme, or epoxide hydrolase (EH). Thus, the current findings provide potential new insights into the actions of inhibitors FAAH and EH, which are being developed as novel therapeutic agents, as well as a better understanding of the interactions between the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and the endocannabinoid system.
Failure to Thrive: Knowledge for Social Workers

Growth failure in young children no longer is classified simply as organic or nonorganic failure to thrive. The symptom of failure to thrive encompasses a variety of complex disorders, and each requires a specific treatment approach. Various forms of nonorganic growth failure and the social work role in intervention are reviewed. The diagnosis and treatment of attachment disorder, a potentially dangerous form of nonorganic failure to thrive that is considered child neglect, are discussed in detail.
Diverse stresses dramatically alter genome-wide p53 binding and transactivation landscape in human cancer cells

The effects of diverse stresses on promoter selectivity and transcription regulation by the tumor suppressor p53 are poorly understood. We have taken a comprehensive approach to characterizing the human p53 network that includes p53 levels, binding, expression and chromatin changes under diverse stresses. Human osteosarcoma U2OS cells treated with anti-cancer drugs Doxorubicin (DXR) or Nutlin-3 (Nutlin) led to strikingly different p53 gene binding patterns based on chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing experiments. Although two contiguous RRRCWWGYYY decamers is the consensus binding motif, p53 can bind a single decamer and function in vivo. Although the number of sites bound by p53 was six times greater for Nutlin than DXR, expression changes induced by Nutlin were much less dramatic compared with DXR. Unexpectedly, the solvent dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) alone induced p53 binding to many sites common to DXR; however, this binding had no effect on target gene expression. Together, these data imply a two-stage mechanism for p53 transactivation where p53 binding only constitutes the first stage. Furthermore, both p53 binding and transactivation were associated with increased active histone modification histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation. We discovered 149 putative new p53 target genes including several that are relevant to tumor suppression, revealing potential new targets for cancer therapy and expanding our understanding of the p53 regulatory network.
CVD risk among men participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2010: differences by sexual minority status

Background Recent research indicates that sexual minority women are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with heterosexual women; however, few studies of CVD risk exist for sexual minority men (SMM). This study aimed to determine whether disparities in CVD risk exist for SMM and if CVD risk is consistent across subgroups of SMM. Methods This study utilised publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), pooled from 2001 to 2010. CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham General CVD Risk Score and operationalised as the ratio of a participant9s vascular and chronological age. Differences in this ratio were examined between heterosexual and SMM as a whole, and within subgroups of SMM. Results SMM had vascular systems that were, on average, 4% (95% CI −7.5% to −0.4%) younger than their heterosexual counterparts; however, adjustment for education and history of hard drug use rendered this difference statistically insignificant. Analysis of SMM subgroups revealed increased CVD risk for bisexual men and decreased CVD risk for both gay and homosexually experienced heterosexual men when compared with heterosexual men. Differences in CVD risk persisted for only bisexual and homosexually experienced heterosexual men after adjustment for education and history of hard drug use. Conclusions Subgroups of SMM are at increased risk for CVD compared with heterosexual men, and this increased risk cannot be completely attributed to differences in demographic characteristics or negative health behaviours.
Equivalence of family functioning and externalizing behaviors in adolescent substance users of different race/ethnicity

Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) for Adolescent Drug Abuse clinical trial of 480 adolescents boys and girls age 12 to 17 and their parents was designed to maximize the chance that a sufficient number of Hispanic and Black adolescents would be included to allow valid subgroup comparisons. Examination of measurement invariance is an important step to ensure valid analysis. Two construct areas important to the analysis of trial results, adolescent problem behaviors and family functioning showed a high degree of measurement invariance, which allowed valid comparisons of mean baseline differences across groups. Results showed that Black families had significantly higher initial levels of family functioning and lower levels of adolescent externalizing than either Hispanic or White non-Hispanic families. This pattern is consistent with an increased likelihood of referral of Black adolescents with more severe problems to restricted setting rather than to outpatient drug abuse treatment. This possibility highlights the importance of considering differing baseline characteristics of subgroups prior to assessing differential treatment effectiveness to prevent confounding.
Soul and Mathematicals

When Festa edited Iamblichus, De communi mathematica scientia * (subsequently referred to as Isc) in his Preface (p. IX) he noticed its similarity to the First Prologue of the Proclus commentary on Euclid * * and in the apparatus pointed out the literal coincidences and parallels. We are going to discuss one aspect of this similarity.
C. Shaler Smith

Smith was one of the premier bridge builders of the post-Civil War period. He started his bridge building career under Albert Fink on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. During the Civil War, he designed and built a powder factory for the Confederacy at Augusta, Ga. After the war, he formed Smith and Latrobe Co. and later The Baltimore Bridge Company with Benjamin and C. H. Latrobe. He worked closely with James Eads on the St. Louis Bridge and designed and built the long iron easterly approach to the bridge. He designed and built some of the major viaducts, swing, and fixed span bridges in the United States, Australia, and Peru, and finally innovative cantilever bridges over the Kentucky, Mississippi, and St. Lawrence Rivers.
Limits of symhedonia: the differential role of prior emotional attachment in sympathy and sympathetic joy.

Seven studies tested the hypothesis that compared with sympathy symhedonia (sympathy for another’s good fortune) is inherently more contingent on prior emotional attachment to its targets. As predicted, Studies 1– 4 found that reported attachment was higher for past episodes of symhedonia than for those of sympathy and that recalled incidence of sympathy exceeded that of symhedonia when the target was a stranger. Study 5 showed that whereas symhedonia was significantly higher for high- versus lowattachment targets sympathy was not. Study 6 found that sympathy is more likely than symhedonia when a relationship is strained. Study 7 found that both sympathy and symhedonia are weaker for nonclose (vs. close) others, but the disparity is significantly smaller for sympathy than for symhedonia.
Immunohistologic Analysis of Estrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Carcinoma Precursor Lesions

: The growth of invasive breast carcinoma is facilitated by abnormal expression of estrogen receptor (ER), however, the status of ER during disease histogenesis is poorly defined. The extent of ER immunostaining (expressed as percentage of positive cells) was semiquantitated in the invasive (ICA) and corresponding in situ (CIS) components of 50 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas and then compared to staining in normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLU) or hyperplastic lesions (if present) in the same tissue sections. Morphologically normal TDLUs from most cases (61%) exhibited ER staining in 11–30% of epithelial cells; only 10% of the cases had TDLUs demonstrating immunoreactivity in more than 50% of cells. In contrast, 80% of the hyperplastic lesions showed ER staining in more than 30% of epithelial cells, with 44% demonstrating immuoreactivity in more than 50% of epithelial cell nuclei (p = 0.01, chi-square test). Although most in situ carcinomas showed even more extensive ER staining than hyperplasias (>70% of cells were positive in 50% of cases), a significant subset (28%) of CIS exhibited staining in less than 10% of cells (p = 0.002, chi-square test). Invasive carcinomas were less often extensively immunoreactive (i.e., >50% of cells positive) than CIS (32% versus 58% for CIS) and there were five cases (10%) in which the CIS component was ER positive but the invasive component was ER negative. Finally, ER-positive carcinomas were significantly more often accompained by extensive CIS and/or proliferative breast disease (p = 0.007 and 0.003, respectively). The divergent levels of ER expression observed between premalignant, preinvasive, and invasive lesions suggests that inappropriate regulation of hormone receptors may be a factor that promotes early growth or progression in breast neoplasia, and ER-positive breast carcinomas are characterized by a different, possibly lengthier, histogenesis than ER-negative malignancies with a greater frequency of background hyperplastic lesions and a larger preinvasive component.
Use of Rapid Genomic Deletion Typing To Monitor a Tuberculosis Outbreak within an Urban Homeless Population

Beginning in mid-2002, a large tuberculosis outbreak occurred among homeless persons in King County, Washington. In order to further monitor the outbreak following its peak in 2003, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from all new King County tuberculosis (TB) patients in 2004 and the first half of 2005 (n = 220) were genotyped by using a rapid comparative genomics-based (genomic deletion-typing) approach, with confirmation by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units and repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). Results were compared to retrospective genotypic data from 1995 to 2003. The outbreak strain SBRI9, which was not seen among King County homeless persons prior to 2002, accounted for 16 out of 30 TB cases (53%) within this population in 2002. This trend continued with 27 out of 35 cases (77%) caused by the outbreak strain in 2003, 11 out of 13 cases (85%) caused by the outbreak strain in 2004, and 4 out of 10 cases (40%) caused by the outbreak strain in the first 5 months of 2005. Thus, the outbreak strain remained well established within this homeless population throughout the study period. At least four SBRI9 cases were in people who had previously been infected by other strains. The novel PCR-based strain-typing approach used in this investigation proved to be cost-effective and very rapid. In most cases, it was possible to analyze DNA extracted directly from primary isolation (Mycobacterium growth indicator tube) cultures submitted by clinical laboratories, a feature that markedly reduced the delay between diagnosis and strain typing results. This rapid turnaround facilitated public health efforts to prevent new outbreaks involving this strain.
A dynamic, optimal disease control model for foot-and-mouth-disease:: II. Model results and policy implications

Abstract A dynamic optimization model was used to search for optimal strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the three-county region in the Central Valley of California. The model minimized total regional epidemic cost by choosing the levels of depopulation of diagnosed herds, preemptive depopulation, and vaccination. Impacts of limited carcass disposal capacity and vaccination were also examined, and the shadow value, the implicit value of each capacity, was estimated. The model found that to control FMD in the region, (1) preemptive depopulation was not optimal, (2) vaccination, if allowed, was optimal, reducing total cost by 3–7%, (3) increased vaccination capacity reduced total cost up to US$ 119 per dose, (4) increased carcass disposal capacity reduced total cost by US$ 9000–59,400 per head with and without vaccination, respectively, and (5) dairy operations should be given preferential attention in allocating limited control resources.
Interaction of TACC proteins with the FHL family: implications for ERK signaling.

The Transforming acidic coiled coil (TACC) proteins play a conserved role in normal development and tumorigenesis through interactions with multiple complexes involved in transcription, translation, and centrosomal dynamics. However, despite significant work on the function of TACC3 in the control of centrosomal mechanics, relatively little functional data is known about the family’s founding member, TACC1. From a continued analysis of clones isolated by an unbiased yeast two-hybrid assay, we now show direct physical interactions between the TACC1 and the FHL (Four and a Half LIM-only) family of proteins. The authenticity of these interactions was validated both in vitro and in cellular systems. The FHLs exhibit diverse biological roles such as the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and are promiscuous coregulators for several transcription factors. The interaction of the endogenous TACC-FHL proteins is primarily localized to the nucleus. However, similar to FHL2, overexpression of TACC1A in HEK293 is able to sequester serum activated ERK to the cytoplasm. This has the effect of reducing the serum induced transcriptional response of the c-fos and c-jun genes. The observation that TACCs can interact with the FHLs and alter their serum induced activities raises the possibility that the TACCs participate in crosstalk between cell signaling pathways important for cancer development and tumor progression. The transforming acidic coiled coil genes are known to be important prognostic indicators for breast, ovarian and lung cancer. In this manuscript, we identify a novel interaction between the TACCs and the FHL protein family. This interaction has an affect on ERK and may in part explain the variable associations and changes in subcellular locations of each family with specific subtypes of malignancy.
Low-Friction Nanoscale Linear Bearing Realized from Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

We demonstrate the controlled and reversible telescopic extension of multiwall carbon nanotubes, thus realizing ultralow-friction nanoscale linear bearings and constant-force nanosprings. Measurements performed in situ on individual custom-engineered nanotubes inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope demonstrated the anticipated van der Waals energy-based retraction force and enabled us to place quantitative limits on the static and dynamic interwall frictional forces between nested nanotubes. Repeated extension and retraction of telescoping nanotube segments revealed no wear or fatigue on the atomic scale. Hence, these nanotubes may constitute near perfect, wear-free surfaces.
Perennial Pair Bonds in an Accipiter: A Behavioral Response to an Urbanized Landscape?

Abstract In some urban environments, human activities enhance resources for avian species, providing habitat that can support year-round occupancy. If both members of a mated pair stay on their breeding territories year-round, close proximity of pair members throughout the year may increase the potential for interactions outside the breeding season. Under these circumstances, avian species that would otherwise terminate their bonds following the breeding season may form perennial pair bonds. We examined behavior of mated pairs of adult Cooper’s Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) during the nonbreeding season in an urban environment to determine whether pairs retained their breeding territories outside the breeding season and if year-round maintenance of territories influenced the duration of pair bonds. Home ranges and core areas of pair members largely overlapped. Pair members remained close to the nest site they used during the previous breeding season, avoided neighboring conspecifics of the same sex, and sele...
Sexual Assault Characteristics and Perceptions of Event-Related Distress

Sexual assault (SA) is a potent psychological stressor, linked to harmful mental health outcomes in both the short- and long-term. Specific assault characteristics can add to the toxicity of SA events. Although research has assessed characteristics of the assault itself (e.g., force, penetration), few studies have examined the larger socioenvironmental context in which SA takes place. This was the purpose of the present study. Young adults ( N = 220; 80% female; 54% current students) reported on their most recent SA during college. Cross-sectional associations were tested via structural equation modeling to determine the contributions of socioenvironmental context and assault characteristics in predicting event-related distress. Socioenvironmental context from the most recent assault included assault setting, intoxication at the time of the assault, perpetrator relationship, and prior consensual sexual experiences with the perpetrator. We also examined assault characteristics, including physical force and penetration. Participants reported how upsetting the most recent assault was (a) at the time it occurred and (b) currently. Results revealed differential patterns for socioenvironmental context and assault characteristics based on the timing of distress (past or present). Notably, many of the socioenvironmental factors showed associations with distress above and beyond the powerful effects of physical force and penetration. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the unique factors that contribute to and maintain psychological distress in sexually victimized young adults.
APP Receptor? To Be or Not To Be

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites play a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The idea that APP may function as a receptor has gained momentum based on its structural similarities to type I transmembrane receptors and the identification of putative APP ligands. We review the recent experimental evidence in support of this notion and discuss how this concept is viewed in the field. Specifically, we focus on the structural and functional characteristics of APP as a cell surface receptor, and on its interaction with adaptors and signaling proteins. We also address the importance of APP function as a receptor in Alzheimer's disease etiology and discuss how this function might be potentially important for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Surgical management of vestibular schwannomas after failed radiation treatment

Increasing numbers of patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) have been treated with focused-beam stereotactic radiation treatment (SRT) including Gamma knife, CyberKnife, X-knife, Novalis, or proton beam therapy. The purpose of this study was to document the incidence of tumor regrowth or symptoms that worsened or first developed following SRT and to discuss surgical strategies for patients who have failed SRT for VS. A consecutive series of 39 patients with SRT failed VS were surgically treated. Clinical symptoms, tumor regrowth at follow-up, intraoperative findings, and surgical outcome were evaluated. There were 15 males and 24 females with a mean age of 51.8 years. Thirty-six patients (92.3%) demonstrated steady tumor growth after SRT. Two (5.1%) patients with slight increase of the mass underwent surgical resection because of development of unbearable facial pain. Symptoms that worsened or newly developed following SRT in this series were deafness (41%), dizziness (35.9%), facial numbness (25.6%), tinnitus (20.5%), facial nerve palsy (7.7%), and facial pain (7.7%). Intraoperative findings demonstrated fibrous changes of the tumor mass, cyst formation, and brownish-yellow or purple discoloration of the tumor capsule. Severe adhesions between the tumor capsule and cranial nerves, vessels, and the brainstem were observed in 69.2%. Additionally, the facial nerve was more fragile and irritable in all cases. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 33.3% of patients, near-total resection (NTR) in 35.9%, and subtotal resection (STR) in 30.8% of patients. New facial nerve palsy was seen in seven patients (19.4%) postoperatively. Our findings suggest that patients with VS who fail SRT with either tumor progression or worsening of clinical symptoms will have an increased rate of adhesions to the neurovascular structures and may have radiation-influenced neuromalacia. Salvage surgery of radiation-failed tumors is more difficult and will have a higher risk of postoperative complications. Radical total resection may not be feasible, and conservative modality of subtotal resection needs to be considered to avoid new neurologic deficits.
Nickel-zinc ferrite/permalloy (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Ni-Fe) soft magnetic nanocomposites fabricated by electro-infiltration

Magnetically soft NiZn ferrite (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) nanoparticles are embedded within a permalloy (Ni-Fe) matrix via an electro-infiltration process as thin films intended for use as on-chip inductor cores in the MHz frequency regime. A layer of NiZn ferrite nanoparticles is first deposited, and then permalloy is electroplated through the voids to encapsulate the particles and form three-dimensional ferrite/alloy nanocomposites. The composites are estimated to contain 37% ferrite by volume and exhibit a relative permeability of ∼320, a saturation of ∼1.15 T, and an operational bandwidth of 93 MHz. Compared to a permalloy thin film of similar thickness, the nanocomposite exhibits 39% higher electrical resistivity and 50% higher bandwidth.
Regular meshes

This paper presents our preliminary results on regular meshes in which all faces have the same size and all vertices have the same valence. A regular mesh is denoted by (n, m, g) where n is the number of the sides of faces, m is the valence of vertices and g is the genus of the mesh. For g = 0, regular meshes include regular platonic solids, all two sided polygons. For g = 1 regular meshes include regular tilings of infinite plane. Our work shows that there exist infinitely many regular meshes for g > 1. Moreover, we have constructive proofs that describe how to create high genus regular meshes that consist of triangles and quadrilaterals (3, m, g) and (4, m, g).
Assessment of seismic risk of large underground structures

When strong shock happens,the foundation soil may undergo large deformation and be followed by the failure of weak parts of the structure.To evaluate the seismic risk of underground structure,a risk assessment method was proposed combining elasto-plastic time history analysis with risk matrix.The implementation procedure,the basic functions and the special features of the method were introduced in detail.The elasto-plastic time history analysis could describe the failure modes of the underground structures by considering different complex conditions.According to the damage of the structure,the seismic risk matrix was established and the seriousness of seismic risk was obtained.Taking Dakai subway station as an example,the dynamic responses under three earthquakes of different grades were simulated by elasto-plastic time history analysis,and the risk assessment of the structure was analyzed by the risk matrix method.The result shows that the method combining elasto-plastic time history analysis with risk matrix is useful and suitable for seismic risk assessment of large underground structures.