cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leptin receptor and functional effects of leptin in human endothelial progenitor cells.

Abstract Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may be involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and their impairment may be conducive to vascular disease. We studied the role of an adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, in the regulation of human EPC function. EPCs were grown from human circulating mononuclear cells. The presence of the leptin receptor and the functional effects of leptin in EPCs were investigated. EPCs stained positive for endothelial cell markers (Flk-1 and Tie-2 receptors) and the hematopoietic CD34 marker. The presence of the long form of the leptin receptor in EPCs was confirmed by Western blotting and with immunofluorescence. Leptin, at a physiological concentration of 10ng/ml, significantly increased tube formation from 2.1±2.2 to 12.4±4.9 tubes/25mm 2 . At a higher concentration of 100ng/ml of leptin, tube formation was reduced compared to the lower concentration. This higher concentration of leptin also inhibited EPC migration, decreasing it from 0.45±0.14 to 0.28±0.12mm/48h. Leptin did not have any effect on EPC proliferation. In summary, the leptin receptor is present in human EPCs and leptin may affect EPC function, both in physiological and in hyperleptinemic conditions. These findings are relevant to leptin-mediated regulation of vasculogenesis in humans, and the association between hyperleptinemia and obesity with cardiovascular disease.
Supporting the Initiation and Early Development of Evidence-Based Grade-Level Collaboration in Urban Elementary Schools: Key Roles and Strategies of Principals and Literacy Coordinators

This article reports findings from a 3-year longitudinal qualitative case study conducted in three urban elementary schools that examined the ways in which local leadership supported the initiation and early development of evidence-based grade-level collaboration as a mechanism for improving student literacy learning. Findings suggest eight key leadership roles—either individually enacted or jointly performed by principals and literacy coordinators. Central features of these principal–literacy coordinator relationships are identified and a shared leadership framework that details these eight leadership roles as well as strategies associated with role enactment are presented.
Spatial Compressive Sensing for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Multiple Sources using Dynamic Sensor Arrays

This work addresses the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple sources using short and dynamic sensor arrays. We propose to utilize compressive sensing (CS) theory to reconstruct the high-resolution spatial spectrum from a small number of spatial measurements. Motivated by the physical structure of the spatial spectrum, we model it as a sparse signal in the wavenumber-frequency domain, where the array manifold is proposed to serve as a deterministic sensing matrix. The proposed spatial CS (SCS) approach allows exploitation of the array orientation diversity (achievable via array dynamics) in the CS framework to address challenging array signal processing problems such as left-right ambiguity and poor estimation performance at endfire. The SCS is conceptually different from well-known classical and subspace-based methods because it provides high azimuth resolution using a short dynamic linear array without restricting requirements on the spatial and temporal stationarity and correlation properties of the sources and the noise. The SCS approach was shown to outperform current superresolution and orientation diversity based methods in single-snapshot simulations with multiple sources.
Reifying Sex Difference Isn't the Answer: Gendering Processes, Risk, and Religiosity

The study of risk and religiosity is fundamentally about gender differences in religiosity. Gender scholars would be highly critical about this debate because it ignores questions about the size and universality of gender effects, there is little or no attempt to conceptualize and measure risk preference, and because it does not take into account gendering processes.
Nonconscious attention bias to threat is correlated with anterior cingulate cortex gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry result and replication

An important aspect of the fear response is the allocation of spatial attention toward threatening stimuli. This response is so powerful that modulations in spatial attention can occur automatically without conscious awareness. Functional neuroimaging research suggests that the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) form a network involved in the rapid orienting of attention to threat. A hyper-responsive attention bias to threat is a common component of anxiety disorders. Yet, little is known of how individual differences in underlying brain morphometry relate to variability in attention bias to threat. Here, we performed two experiments using dot-probe tasks that measured individuals' attention bias to backward masked fearful faces. We collected whole-brain structural magnetic resonance images and used voxel-based morphometry to measure brain morphometry. We tested the hypothesis that reduced gray matter within the amygdala and ACC would be associated with reduced attention bias to threat. In Experiment 1, we found that backward masked fearful faces captured spatial attention and that elevated attention bias to masked threat was associated with greater ACC gray matter volumes. In Experiment 2, this association was replicated in a separate sample. Thus, we provide initial and replicating evidence that ACC gray matter volume is correlated with biased attention to threat. Importantly, we demonstrate that variability in affective attention bias within the healthy population is associated with ACC morphometry. This result opens the door for future research into the underlying brain morphometry associated with attention bias in clinically anxious populations.
Epilogue, The Final Word

There is none. In a book that began with cynicism and the loss of all my academic books in a foreign land and ended with the breath of life as a symbol of the extreme fragility and tentativeness of human thought, there can be no final word. I have claimed, in any event, that it is in keeping with the very finality of the human dealings that we call communication, that there be no final word this side of the grave.
Gender-Neutral Language: From Nouns to Nonsense

This article suggests ways to better incorporate gender neutral language into your writing without falling into the “slash” of s/he or he/she.
Ophthalmology Residents' Perspectives Regarding Disclosure of Resident Involvement in Ophthalmic Surgery

Objective To investigate ophthalmology residents' perspectives regarding disclosure to patients of resident involvement in surgery. Methods An anonymous survey was constructed on http://www.surveymonkey.com . An email containing an explanation of the study, an invitation to residents to participate, and the survey link was sent to the coordinator of each ophthalmology residency program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and coordinators were asked to forward the email to all residents in their program. Results Out of the 1,374 residents to whom the survey was sent, 262 (19.1%) responded; 25.9% (66/262) of respondents reported their programs have an established policy regarding disclosure of resident involvement in surgery; 53.0% (35/66) of respondents at programs with an established disclosure policy identified the resident as having primary responsibility for disclosure, while 61.9% (117/189) of respondents at programs without an established disclosure policy indicated the attending physician should have primary responsibility for disclosure. Among respondents at programs with resident-run clinics, 87.8% (72/82) at programs with an established disclosure policy identified the resident as having primary responsibility of disclosure, and 62.0% (88/141) at programs without an established disclosure policy reported the resident should be responsible for disclosure. Conclusion A minority of ophthalmology residency programs employ policies for disclosure of resident involvement in surgery. There is a lack of consistency between respondents at programs with versus without an established disclosure policy regarding perceived responsibility for disclosure. Further research is warranted regarding the potential utility of a unified disclosure policy, and how different disclosure policies may affect patient consent for resident participation and resident surgical training opportunities.
Exploring Intent-driven Multimodal Interface for Geographical Information System

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offers a large amount of functions for performing spatial analysis and geospatial information retrieval. However, off-the-shelf GIS remains difficult to use for occasional GIS experts. The major problem lies in that its interface organizes spatial analysis tools and functions according to spatial data structures and corresponding algorithms, which is conceptually confusing and cognitively complex. Prior work identified the usability problem of conventional GIS interface and developed alternatives based on speech or gesture to narrow the gap between the high-functionality provided by GIS and its usability. This paper outlined my doctoral research goal in understanding human-GIS interaction activity, especially how interaction modalities assist to capture spatial analysis intention and influence collaborative spatial problem solving. We proposed a framework for enabling multimodal human-GIS interaction driven by intention. We also implemented a prototype GeoEASI (Geo-dialogue Environment for Assisted Spatial Inquiry) to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework. GeoEASI understands commonly known spatial analysis intentions through multimodal techniques and is able to assist users to perform spatial analysis with proper strategies. Further work will evaluate the effectiveness of our framework, improve the reliability and flexibility of the system, extend the GIS interface for supporting multiple users, and integrate the system into GeoDeliberation. We will concentrate on how multimodality technology can be adopted in these circumstances and explore the potentials of it. The study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of building a GIS to be both useful and usable by introducing an intent-driven multimodal interface, forming the key to building a better theory of spatial thinking for GIS.
Plastic Analysis of a Reactor Pressure Vessel Support Pad With Different Methods From Appendix F, Faulted Conditions, Comparison of Allowable Loads

The present paper shows the results of different plastic analysis methods stipulated in the ASME-code appendix F for faulted conditions. Results will be compared and differences with an elastic analysis are discussed. The analyzed structure is a support pad of the RPV (reactor pressure vessel) of a German PWR. There are four support pads equally distributed around the outer surface of the flange of the RPV. Under normal and faulted conditions these support pads serve as a link between the RPV and RPV support construction, which is in the German design a ring girder. A vertical force is applied onto the structure in an incremental manner until failure will occur. Real measured true stress strain curve is used. In the context of the European research project LISSAC [7] special attention is paid on local effects near holes or notches causing non-uniform stress and strain distributions. The chosen support pad provides such a hole. Allowable loads achieved with elastic analysis, plastic analysis, limit load or plastic analysis collapse load are compared. Details as well as problems of the numerical analysis were discussed. Another aspect is the strain distribution in a plastic analysis, especially near local discontinuities. As an outlook these plastic strains were compared with local failure strains found in the LISSAC project.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Epidemiological Survey and Analysis of HIV Prevalence Among Former Paid Blood Donors in a Certain District of Southeast of Henan

Objective To study the HIV prevalence among the former paid blood donors in one district of Henan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Methods An integration of a cross-sectional study and blood samples were collected for HIV antibody testing for all former paid blood donors, and the number of CD_4+T lymphocyte counts was measured for HIV antibody positive cases. Results Totally 4,351 former paid blood donors were registered and 3,985 tested, and 693 of them were found HIV positive, the HIV prevalence rate was 17.39%. The ratio of male-to-female HIV infection was 0.87; and 85.28% of HIV infection was occurred in the 20～49 years old age-group, 26.48% of them had CD_4+ T lymphocyte counts below 200/μl. Conclusions The HIV prevalence among the former paid blood donors was cleared basically after this survey. As the HIV blood transmission route had interrupted, sexual and mother-to-child becoming the dominated HIV transmission routes. A comprehensive measure is required for further control of the spread of HIV.
Abstract IA23: Use of viruses to study cancer metabolism

Viruses are powerful tools to study cancer metabolism. They trigger major metabolic changes in host cells to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of virus infection - changes similar to the enhanced glycolysis and anabolic metabolism widely observed in cancer cells. However, unlike cancer cells, viruses undergo intense selection for efficiency, and rapidly and robustly reprogram host cell metabolism through activation of specific key flux-altering nodes, rather than whole metabolic pathway gene sets. We recently reported that adenovirus infection increases host cell anabolic glucose metabolism via MYC activation of specific metabolic target genes, only a subset of those turned on by MYC in many cancers. We are now investigating how adenovirus-induced MYC activation leads to selective transcription of target genes. Additionally, we have generated a list of the specific metabolic genes altered by adenovirus infection and are examining their role in anabolic metabolism, virus replication, and cancer proliferation. Because viruses are so efficient at reprogramming host cell metabolism towards increased anabolism, they represent a powerful tool to identify the most important metabolic enzymes for anabolic metabolism, and potentially the most promising cancer metabolism drug targets. Citation Format: Heather R. Christofk. Use of viruses to study cancer metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Podiatrists: source of referrals to family physicians.

OBJECTIVE This study examines the methods of referral and the satisfaction that podiatrists feel from the referrals they make to family physicians. Furthermore, this study examines the correlates of podiatrists' referrals to family physicians and also the referrals podiatrists receive back (reciprocal referrals) from family physicians. METHODS A questionnaire was mailed to all podiatrists who practice in the Chicago (IL) metropolitan area. The survey response rate was 68.2% (191 of 280). RESULTS Podiatrists who more often socially interact with family physicians, practice in close physical proximity to family physicians, and communicate interpersonally with family physicians are more likely to be involved in reciprocal referrals with family physicians. In addition, 67.7% of the podiatrists are satisfied with the referrals they make to family physicians. CONCLUSIONS We found an important patient referral network from podiatrists to family physicians. Our findings are consistent with the contention that, in family practice, interprovider coordination of care is facilitated by open and interpersonal communication.
Arthroscopic techniques to improve access to posterior meniscal lesions

Unsatisfactory results following partial meniscectomy and problems related to a retained posterior horn of the medial meniscus are problems often attributed to inadequate arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Although there are multiple techniques to gain better access to the various compartments in a truly tight knee, most of the problems in obtaining maximum visualization and instrumentation to the posterior aspects of the medial or lateral meniscus can usually be solved by adhering to a strict surgical technique that attempts to control the multiple variables encountered during arthroscopic surgery. These include the use of a tourniquet, leg holder, maximum distention of the knee provided by a large inflow cannula with large-bore tubing connected to 3-L bags, and an 18-gauge needle as a predecessor to the larger arthroscopic instruments. Of utmost importance is establishing the correct portal for the arthroscope, and it is time well spent at the beginning of the surgical procedure to verify the proper location of the arthroscope and not simply insert the arthroscope "a thumb-breadth above the joint line." Once these variables have been controlled, one can usually visualize and perform arthroscopic surgery on most meniscal lesions with minimal scuffing to the articular surfaces.
Ionic redox transistor from pore-spanning PPy(DBS) membranes

We demonstrate that ion transport through polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate [PPy(DBS)] formed over a pore is regulated by its electrochemical redox state. We refer to this arrangement of PPy(DBS) as an ionic redox transistor owing to its functional similarity to a bipolar junction transistor and chemical physics origins of voltage-regulated transmembrane ion transport. Our results indicate that ionic current across the polymer in its reduced state is facilitated by the affinity of cations to immobile anionic dopant (DBS) and increases with concentration and applied transmembrane potential. We report a maximum conductance of 30 μS cm−1 and a current gain of 60× as the polymer switches between oxidized (Vm > −200 mV) and reduced state (Vm < −600 mV). A demonstration of PPy(DBS) ionic redox transistor as a smart membrane separator in an electrolytic circuit is presented to illustrate its application in electrochemical energy storage devices.
Coulomb Corrections and Globular Cluster Stellar Evolution

The effects of Coulomb corrections on the evolution of globular clusters stars are discussed. Coulomb corrections alter the equation of state by about 1% in most of the stellar interior, and for stars of fixed initial parameters, this results in an 8% increase in the ZAMS luminosity and an 8% decrease in the age at the main sequence turnoff. Ages for globular clusters measured by comparing to the turnoff luminosity of theoretical isochrones are lowered by ≈ 4% when Coulomb effects are included.
Mucinous Carcinoma with Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Salivary Gland Origin

Primary mucinous adenocarcinomas of the salivary gland are rare malignancies defined by aggregates of epithelial cells suspended in large pools of extracellular mucin. We report a case of a giant mucinous adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin, with low-grade cytoarchitectural features and neuroendocrine differentiation arising in the submental region. Grossly, the tumor measured 12.5 × 13.4 × 8.2 cm and replaced the bone and soft tissues of the anterior oral cavity. Microscopically, the neoplasm was composed of large extracellular pools of mucin, which contained papillary and acinar aggregates, and small nodules of ductal type epithelium with minimal nuclear enlargement, powdery chromatin and little pleomorphism. The nodules comprised 20 % of the tumor and showed morphologic and immunohistochemical evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. Examination revealed histologic features comparable to mammary gland analogues in mucin predominance, ductal type morphology, expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and GATA-3 positivity. This is the first case reported of mucin-rich carcinoma of salivary gland origin exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation.
The Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes.

The use of electronic cigarettes is growing, and some hope that they will replace what is felt to be the more dangerous nicotine-delivery system — cigarettes. However, data on the long-term safety of e-cigarettes are still being gathered.
Radiographic changes in the cervical spine following anterior arthrodesis: A long-term analysis of 166 patients

Background: Adjacent segment degeneration frequently develops following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the long-term evolution of degenerative radiographic changes at segments adjacent to anterior cervical fusion and to identify factors associated with the development of these changes, including the preoperative condition of the cervical spine and parameters related to arthrodeses. Methods: One hundred and sixty-six patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for symptomatic cervical spondylosis or disc herniation were followed radiographically for a mean time of 12.7 years (range, 5 to 30 years). Radiographic changes representing degeneration at adjacent levels, including disc height loss, osteophyte formation, end-plate sclerosis, and facet arthrosis, along with changes in sagittal alignment of the fusion segment and cervical spine, were recorded preoperatively and at the time of the latest follow-up. Regression models were used to identify the parameters that affect these degenerative changes. Results: More than 90% of patients had worsened anterior and posterior osteophytes at segments immediately adjacent to the fusion. Degenerative changes were significantly affected by the proximity of the level to the fusion and were inversely affected by the preoperative degenerative changes present at the segment (p < 0.0001). The time elapsed since the surgical procedure was a significant predictor of degenerative changes (p < 0.0001). However, the patient age, the number of levels fused, and the sagittal alignment of the fusion segment had no influence on the degenerative changes at adjacent segments. Conclusions: Multiple factors likely contribute to adjacent segment degeneration following cervical arthrodesis. Although mechanical parameters associated with arthrodesis, such as length and alignment of the fusion, did not appear to play a role, the preoperative degenerative condition of the spine and inclusion of C5-C6 in the arthrodesis influenced the incidence of adjacent segment degeneration. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Physician Cost Consciousness and Use of Low-Value Clinical Services.

Purpose: Choosing WiselyTM engaged medical specialties, creating “top 5 lists” of low-value services. We describe primary care physicians9 (PCPs9) self-reported use of these services and perceived barriers to guideline adherence. We quantify physician cost consciousness and determine associations with use. Methods: PCP attendees of a continuing medical education conference completed a survey. For each Family Medicine Choosing Wisely behavior, participants reported clinical adherence. Likert scale items assessed perceived barriers. Low-value service frequency was the dependent variable. A validated Cost Consciousness Scale created the predictor variable. We hypothesized that participants with greater cost consciousness would report less frequent use of low-value services. Results: Of 199 PCP attendees, 143 (72%) participated. Papanicolaou test after hysterectomy was performed least (0.2 mean services performed/10 patients). Provider knowledge of sinusitis treatment guidelines was greatest but provided most frequently (3.9 mean services performed/10 patients). Practice related barriers were perceived most frequently for adhering to sinusitis treatment guidelines. Attitudinal barriers were greatest for avoiding osteoporosis screening in low risk patients. Greater cost consciousness was associated with less use of low-value services (P = .03), greater knowledge of guidelines (P = .001), and fewer perceived attitudinal and practice behavior–related barriers (P Conclusions: Greater PCP cost consciousness was associated with less use of low-value services. Interventions to decrease perceived barriers and increase cost consciousness, perhaps by increasing awareness of Choosing Wisely, may translate into improved performance.
Computer Programming Achievement, Cognitive Styles, and Cognitive Profiles

AbstractIn this study, high-school students having Type I cognitive profiles did significantly better in a BASIC programming course than students having Type 2 profiles. Two cognitive style tests, the Complexity Repertoire Test and the Category Width Test can be used as predictors of achievement in BASIC courses. Males tended to have more previous access to computers outside school and in school than females. Males were more aggressive than females in seeking assistance in learning BASIC. More males than females had computers at home. Males tended to continue using computers after completing a BASIC course, whereas females did not. Males did significantly better on BASIC achievement tests than females, although a higher percentage of females had Type I (high-achiever) cognitive profiles.
Birth Outcomes Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Importance Cancer diagnosis and treatment may adversely affect reproductive outcomes among female cancer survivors. Objective To compare the birth outcomes of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYA [diagnosed at ages 15-39 years]) with those of women without a cancer diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants The North Carolina Central Cancer Registry (CCR) was used to identify female AYA cancer survivors diagnosed from January 2000 to December 2013; CCR records were linked to statewide birth certificate files from January 2000 to December 2014 to identify postdiagnosis live births to AYA survivors (n = 2598). A comparison cohort of births to women without a recorded cancer diagnosis was randomly selected from birth certificate files (n = 12 990) with frequency matching on maternal age and year of delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age births, cesarean delivery, and low Apgar score. Results Overall, 2598 births to AYA cancer survivors (mean [SD] maternal age, 31 [5] years) were included. Births to AYA cancer survivors had a significantly increased prevalence of preterm birth (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.34-1.71), low birth weight (PR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.38-1.83), and cesarean delivery (PR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14) relative to the comparison cohort of 1299. The higher prevalence of these outcomes was most concentrated among births to women diagnosed during pregnancy. Other factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight included treatment with chemotherapy and a diagnosis of breast cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or gynecologic cancers. The prevalence of small-for-gestational-age births and low Apgar score ( Conclusions and Relevance Live births to AYA cancer survivors may have an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, suggesting that additional surveillance of pregnancies in this population is warranted. Our findings may inform the reproductive counseling of female AYA cancer survivors.
Risky Business: Disclosures of Risky Behavior Among Emerging Adults in the Digital Age

Communication within peer networks can encourage or discourage health risk behaviors among emerging adults, such as binge drinking and sexual hookups. This research considers how emerging adults respond to disclosure of risky behavior from friends depending on the medium for disclosure. College students reported on risk disclosures received when interacting over rich media (e.g., face-to-face, phone, video chat) or lean media (e.g., texting, e-mail, instant messaging). Students showed less concern for managing identity and emotive impacts of the interaction when communicating via lean media, and they responded by disconfirming the disclosure if they privately disapproved. By contrast, responses to risk disclosure via rich media were characterized by greater goal complexity and did not relate to private approval/disapproval of risky behavior.
Annual and Seasonal Global Temperature Changes in the Troposphere and Low Stratosphere, 1960–85

Abstract Based on a 63-station radiosonde network, annual and annual temperature change have been estimated by means of linear regression for the earth’s surface, troposphere (1.5–9 km), tropopause layer (9–16 km) and low stratosphere (16–20 km) in polar, temperate, subtopical and equatorial zones, as well as the tropics, both hemisphere and the word, for intervals 1960–85, 1965–85, 1970–85 and 1975–85. During the last quarter century, the surface and the troposphere have warned and the tropopause layer and the low stratosphere have cooled in almost all climatic zones, i.e., there ha been an increase in lapse rate. The low-level warming and higher-level cooling have been more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. There is little evidence on the hemispheric scale for an increase in the rate of warming or cooling, but there is evidence in individual climatic zones. For example, there has been an increase in rate of cooling in the low stratosphere of the south polar zone, esp...
Gran Bretaña y Europa: ¿Qué Sigue? (Britain and Europe: What Ways Forward?)

Spanish Abstract: Este escrito analiza algunas de las razones por las que Gran Bretana solo participo a medias en la Union Europea y termino votando a favor del Brexit el 23 de junio de 2016. Examina, ademas, las opciones que quedan abiertas para la Union Europea y Gran Bretana. Europa debe demostrar que puede funcionar mostrando resultados. En Gran Bretana es necesario romper los moldes de pensamiento establecidos y remodelar la estructura de los partidos politicos. English Abstract: This paper analyzed some of the reasons why Britain participated only half-way in the European Union and ended up voting for Bremen on 23 June 2016. It also examines the options open to the European Union and Great Britain. Europe must show that it can work by showing results. In Britain it is necessary to break the established molds of thought and reshape the structure of political parties
Sergei M. Eisenstein: Notes for a General History of Cinema

Notes for a General History of Cinema, edited by Naum Kleiman and Antonio Somaini, reconstructs and examines Sergei Eisenstein’s unfinished study of cinema’s development as an art form, providing n...
A Context-Based Approach to Introducing Translation Memory in Translator Training

This chapter applies a five-dimensional contextual framework (Melby and Foster, Translation & Interpreting 2 (2): 1–15, 2010) to introduce translation students to translation memory (TM) systems, arguing that students should consider the extent to which TM systems are capable of drawing on different aspects of context that can be seen as determining how a translation should be rendered. This approach―going beyond simply explaining the different features of TM systems or showing how they function―introduces students to how they might or might not be effectively served by TM systems in different situations. Moreover, it facilitates an understanding of how the different features may interact depending on the particular translation needs and circumstances, allowing students to make optimal use of TM systems by simultaneously engaging a range of their features.
Hybrid approaches to digital forensic investigations: A comparative analysis in an institutional context

Abstract Law enforcement agencies across the country are struggling to keep pace with processing and analyzing digital evidence seized in active criminal cases. One unique response to these challenges is the formation of a hybrid digital forensic task force: a formal partnership between higher educational institutions and municipal and/or state law enforcement agencies to further education, research, and investigatory capacity in the digital forensic field. To better understand this organizational model, this study conducted a comparative analysis between eight such task forces in the United States using the theoretical guidance of neo-institutional theory, the first such national assessment. The findings indicated that there was not one “common” model between the task forces – the number of examiners ranged from 1 to 7 or more, the average number of years the task forces were operational was 7, and the academic components varied. Despite model variation, task forces reported that the benefits related to the integration of academia with law enforcement agencies enhanced their capabilities to better serve their communities and provide a greater benefit to society.
A combination antioxidant therapy to inhibit NOX2 and activate Nrf2 decreases secondary brain damage and improves functional recovery after traumatic brain injury

Uncontrolled oxidative stress contributes to the secondary neuronal death that promotes long-term neurological dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Surprisingly, both NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) that increases and transcription factor Nrf2 that decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) are induced after TBI. As the post-injury functional outcome depends on the balance of these opposing molecular pathways, we evaluated the effect of TBI on the motor and cognitive deficits and cortical contusion volume in NOX2 and Nrf2 knockout mice. Genetic deletion of NOX2 improved, while Nrf2 worsened the post-TBI motor function recovery and lesion volume indicating that decreasing ROS levels might be beneficial after TBI. Treatment with either apocynin (NOX2 inhibitor) or TBHQ (Nrf2 activator) alone significantly improved the motor function after TBI, but had no effect on the lesion volume, compared to vehicle control. Whereas, the combo therapy (apocynin + TBHQ) given at either 5 min/24 h or 2 h/24 h improved m...
Hierarchical context supplementation for consecutive question answering

Question-answering (QA) systems have recently shown impressive results in terms of accurately answering user questions in such situations as domain specific user questions. However, we have identified many real situations where QA systems must cope with not a single question-answering situation but rather a sequence of consecutive questions. In such cases, users often ask questions on the basis of the previous answer they have received, so the context of the questions changes on a certain level. The commonly used method to handle this problem when using a QA system is to append the current question to the previous question (append method). However, the append method is not designed to detect such context changes. To deal with such context changes, we have designed a hierarchical context supplementation QA System (HCSQ). The HCSQ handles consecutive questions by matching the current question with the hierarchical domain knowledge database structure of the previous answer and then supplements the context of the current question with the required keywords. We also show that our method can be further applied to the initial question to supplement omitted context. Experimental results show that our method substantially outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Risk of amphetamine use disorder and mortality among incident users of prescribed stimulant medications in the Veterans Administration

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-medical use of prescribed stimulant medications is a growing concern. This study's aims were to ascertain the demographics of stimulant medication users compared with non-users, examine temporal trends of stimulant medication use and estimate risk factors for development of amphetamine use disorder (AUD) and mortality among new users of stimulant medications. DESIGN Cox proportional hazards regression in a retrospective cohort adjusted by baseline covariates. SETTING United States, national administrative database of the Veterans Affairs (VA) health-care system. PARTICIPANTS Adult incident users of stimulant medications (n = 78 829) from fiscal years (FY) 2001 to 2012. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were time-to-event: (1) occurrence of AUD diagnosis and (2) death. Baseline covariates included demographic information, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for stimulant use, substance use disorders (SUD) and depression. FINDINGS Stimulant users compared with non-users were younger, more likely to be non-Hispanic white and female. Incident stimulant medication users increased threefold from FY2001-FY2012 and eightfold among adults aged 18-44 years. Nearly one in 10 incident users in FY2012 had a comorbid baseline SUD. Off-label use was common-nearly three of every five incident users in FY2012. Comorbid SUDs among incident stimulant medication users were risk factors for occurrence of AUD during follow-up, with adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) estimates ranging from 1.54 to 2.83 (Ps < 0.05). Increased mortality risk was observed with occurrence of AUD during follow-up [AHR = 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-2.14, P = 0.007], while on-label prescribing was protective against death (AHR = 0.686, 95% CI = 0.63-0.75, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In a US national cohort of adult incident stimulant medication users in the Veterans Affairs health-care system, measured from fiscal years 2001 to 2012, comorbid substance use disorders were common and were risk factors for development of an amphetamine use disorder (AUD). Increased mortality risk among incident users of stimulant medications was observed among both those who developed an AUD later and those whose use was defined as off-label.
Improved Self-Acceptance, Quality of Life, and Stress Level from Participation in a Worksite Yoga Foundations Program: A Pilot Study

Yoga is increasing in popularity in the United States and across the globe. However, most yoga programs are provided outside the worksite; although many companies offer worksite wellness programs, at present there is limited documentation regarding the potential benefits of participating in a worksite yoga program. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to examine the potential effect of a worksite yoga program on self-acceptance, quality of life, and perceived stress. A prospective cohort pilot study that examined a structured worksite yoga program was designed and tailored to individuals new to yoga. The 8-week Yoga Foundations program was conducted at an academic medical center's worksite wellness center with 86 subjects. Outcome measures were the 36-item Self-Acceptance Scale; a six-item quality-of-life measure that assesses overall, social, mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being; and the ten-item Perceived Stress Scale. Participants demonstrated significant improvement in their overall self-acceptance ( p < 0.001), quality of life ( p < 0.001), and perceived stress ( p < 0.001) levels. They also highly rated the yoga instructors and the weekly format of the program. Participation in a Yoga Foundations program was associated with improvements in self-acceptance, quality of life and stress levels in worksite wellness center members. Future studies should use randomized designs and examine other wellness domains to learn more about the potential benefits of worksite yoga programs.
Case Examples of Predatory Animal Cruelty Offenses

In this chapter, family violence is noted, along with additional socially deviant behaviors.
Negative appendectomy rate: influence of CT scans.

Negative appendectomy rate varies significantly depending on patient age and sex. However, the impact of computed tomography (CT) scans on the diagnosis of appendicitis is unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the negative appendectomy rate using a statewide database and analyze the association of receipt of CT scan. Using the California Inpatient File, all patients undergoing appendectomy in 1999-2000 were identified (n = 75,452). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed, including procedure approach (open vs laparoscopic) and appendicitis type (negative, simple, abscess, peritonitis). Patients with CT scans performed were identified to compare the negative appendectomy rate. For the entire cohort, appendicitis type was 59 per cent simple, 10 per cent with abscess, 18.7 per cent with peritonitis, and 9.3 per cent negative. Males had a lower rate of negative appendicitis than females (6.0% vs 13.4%, P 45 years age categories. Use of CT scans in males does not appear to be efficacious, as the negative appendectomy rates were similar across all age categories. In conclusion, use of CT was associated with lower rate of negative appendectomy, depending on patient age and sex.
Cross-Scientific Study and the Complexity of Psychology

Woodward and Devonis wish to raise a number of developments in the philosophy of science over the past decade to the attention of historians of psychology. New models of science’s structure and development may substantially alter historiography in their field. Eschewing both the logical empiricists, preoccupations with the axiomatization of theories in their rational reconstructions of scientific knowledge, and the Kuhnians’ subsequent preoccupation with the radical incommensurability that scientific revolutions allegedly inject into science, philosophers such as Bechtel, Darden, Laudan, Maull, Nickles, and others have promoted analyses that focus variously on (1) construing scientific progress in terms of ongoing problem solving power, (2) examining the role of scientific discovery in the justification of scientific accomplishments, and (3) analyzing the character and complexity of cross-scientific relations (beyond mere intertheoretic considerations) that contribute to both problem solving and discovery. It is the third of these items that most occupies the authors’ attention.
Antiinflammatory Activity of Implanted Copper

Today there can be no longer any doubt that copper plays a role in inflammation. Numerous reports have appeared in the literature, assigning an anti-inflammatory role to copper complexed with various ligands (1–12). From these reports and others it appears that there is no one single mechanism by which copper may influence an inflammation, but that there are several. For example, copper in valence state (I) and (II) can effectively scavenge the superoxide radical, associated with inflammation (13-22), and convert it to either molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, respectively (23–25). Also, copper (II) can interfere with the biosynthesis of the prostaglandins (PG) involved in inflammation (26–29) by decreasing the synthesis of PGE2 and stimulating the synthesis of PGF2α. Furthermore, a dietary deficiency of copper enhances the proinflammatory response in the carrageenan foot edema of the rat while an adequate copper diet will tend to minimize the extent of the inflammation (9,30). And, if one considers the tissue repair processes which are involved in the healing sequence, following an inflammation, one again will find many reports implicating copper involvement in such reactions as the biosynthesis of elastin and collagen (31–34).
Cytokine-mediated inflammation and other actions in the central nervous system.

Cytokines are potent autocrine or paracrine regulatory factors in the host response to injury or immunological challenge that regulate a diverse array of functions necessary for tissue and host protection and recovery. In particular, these molecules are pivotal in the regulation of inflammatory processes. In normal physiologic states, the level of various cytokines in the CNS is tightly controlled and very low to undetectable. However, increased CNS expression of various cytokines is found in a variety of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) (Amason 1995), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 dementia (HAD) (Lipton 1997), Alzheimer’s disease (Rogers et al. 1996), spongiform encephalopathies (Campbell et al. 1994; Williams et al. 1994), viral (Griffin 1997), bacterial (Leist et al. 1988; Waage et al. 1989) or parasite infection (Suzuki 1999), stroke (Feuerstein et al. 1997) and traumatic injury (Ghirnikar et al. 1998). Importantly, in these different pathologic states, cells that are intrinsic to the CNS, particularly the microglia and astrocytes, have been identified as major cytokine producers. Since cytokines are very pleiotropic and potent regulators of cellular functions involved in inflammation, it has been speculated widely that cytokines might play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disease. What these roles are and the nature and mechanisms by which cytokines mediate their actions in the CNS, and on what cells, are far from clear.
Unexpected complications during insertion of a central venous catheter.

IntroductionCentral venous catheters are essential and widely used in medical practice. Their use may be accompanied with complications during insertion and removal. Complications related to the gu...
“Pinning” down time: post-feminist pregnancies on Pinterest

ABSTRACTThis article explores the kinds of labor involved in visually producing a post-feminist pregnancy by analyzing a series of “baby bump” photographs on Pinterest. I demonstrate how baby bump ...
Assessment of modern detailed kinetics mechanisms to predict CO formation from methane combustion using shock-tube laser-absorption measurements

Abstract The formation of CO from stoichiometric and fuel-rich (ϕ = 2.0) methane mixtures highly diluted in Ar and He (99% dilution) was followed by laser absorption in a shock tube at pressures around 1 and 4 atm. Results showed that the CO formation begins after an induction time that varies with temperature and pressure for each mixture. For the stoichiometric mixture, after the induction period, the CO rapidly reached a maximum before quickly decreasing with a shallow, descending slope. For the fuel-rich case, a flat plateau was reached directly after the initial period of growth in the CO mole fraction. The maximum mole fraction of CO was found to increase with temperature for each mixture, and the data suggest that this increase in the CO mole fraction is relatively independent of the pressure, over the range of conditions investigated. These results were compared with several modern detailed kinetics mechanisms from the literature as well as the GRI 3.0 mechanism. This study demonstrates the need for detailed species time history data to further refine the kinetics mechanisms, which were largely validated with ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and limited speciation data. Most mechanisms adequately predicted the induction time for CO formation. However, the maximum mole fraction of CO at the peak was generally largely over-predicted by all models for the stoichiometric conditions, although the amount of CO was accurately predicted past this peak. The amount of CO at the plateau was also over-predicted for the fuel rich case at lower temperatures and for the high-pressure condition. Two modern models were overall better than the others at predicting the data, and a chemical analysis was conducted to investigate the differences between these two models as well as with the GRI 3.0 mechanism. This analysis showed that the CO formation pathway is essentially the same for these three models, the differences in the absolute predictions being due to the different reaction rates used for important reactions with regard to CO formation. The effects of specific reaction rates on the predicted CO profiles were investigated, and it can be concluded from this study that the data presented herein will be useful for modelers to further refine methane combustion chemistry.
Globalization of clinical trials: Variation in estimated regional costs of pivotal trials, 2015-2016.

Background/AimsDespite the increasing globalization of clinical trials, little is known regarding how the trial site costs vary around the world. We quantified the geographical distribution and reg...