cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathological conditions re-shape physiological Tregs into pathological Tregs

CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4 T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, controlling acute and chronic inflammation, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and anti-cancer immune responses. Over the past 20 years, a significant progress has been made since Tregs were first characterized in 1995. Many concepts and principles regarding Tregs generation, phenotypic features, subsets (tTregs, pTregs, iTregs, and iTreg35), tissue specificity (central Tregs, effector Tregs, and tissue resident Tregs), homeostasis (highly dynamic and apoptotic), regulation of Tregs by receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs, Treg plasticity (re-differentiation to other CD4 T helper cell subsets, Th1, Th2, Tfh, and Th17), and epigenetic regulation of Tregs phenotypes and functions have been innovated. In this concise review, we want to briefly analyze these eight new progresses in the study of Tregs. We have also proposed for the first time a novel concept that “physiological Tregs” have been re-shaped into “pathological Tregs” in various pathological environments. Continuing of the improvement in our understanding on this important cellular component about the immune tolerance and immune suppression would lead to the future development of novel therapeutics approaches for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, allergy, allogeneic transplantation-related immunity, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and cancers.
From Leaders to Rulers

From Leaders to Rulers. Jonathan Haas, ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001. 286 pp.
ARE HARD CHOICES CASES OF INCOMPARABILITY

This paper presents an argument against the widespread view that ‘hard choices’ are hard because of the incomparability of the alternatives. The argument has two parts. First, I argue that any plausible theory of practical reason must be ‘comparativist’ in form, that is, it must hold that a comparative relation between the alternatives with respect to what matters in the choice determines a justified choice in that situation. If comparativist views of practical reason are correct, however, the incomparabilist view of hard choices should be rejected. Incomparabilism about hard choices leads to an implausible error theory about the phenomenology of hard choices, threatens an unattractive view of human agency, and leaves us in perplexity about what we are doing when we choose in hard choices. The second part of the argument explores the main competitor to comparativist views of practical reason, the noncomparativist view, according to which a choice is justified so long as it is not worse than any of the alternatives. This view is often assumed by rational choice theorists, but has its best philosophical defense in work by Joseph Raz. On Raz’s noncomparativist view, incomparabilism about hard choices avoids the problems faced if comparativism is correct, but it faces different difficulties. I argue that Raz’s noncomparativist view mistakenly assimilates practical reason to more restricted normative domains such as the law.
The moderating effect of women's alcohol misuse on the relationship between intimate partner violence victimization and postpartum depression.

Studies examining women’s postpartum alcohol misuse are scant, but preliminary findings indicate that it is highly prevalent and associated with a variety of negative health outcomes including depression1 In other populations of women, alcohol misuse is strongly and consistently linked to two influential health problems: depression and intimate partner violence victimization (IPV)2. However, research linking alcohol misuse, depression, and IPV among postpartum women is limited. For example, the only study to our knowledge to assess relationships among these factors examined alcohol misuse among women’s partners only. Lobato and colleagues3 found that when partners misused alcohol, there were four times greater odds that women would endorse postpartum depression, but only if more than one instance of IPV victimization had occurred. The present study aims to address two gaps in the literature. First, although research has documented the prevalence and correlates of women’s postpartum alcohol misuse, depression, and IPV separately, no studies have examined the potential moderating effects of women’s alcohol misuse on the relationship between IPV victimization and postpartum depression. The self-medication hypothesis4 suggests that some women may use alcohol to manage the distress associated with IPV victimization and its negative mental health sequelae. However, self-medication with substance use is often associated with increases, rather than decreases, in mental health problem severity4. This theoretical framework may explain why alcohol misuse could strengthen the relationship between IPV victimization and depression among women. Second, more research has focused on women’s physical (i.e. hitting) rather than psychological (i.e. name-calling) IPV victimization, although they frequently co-occur2. Because psychological IPV may have equally detrimental and persistent negative effects on women’s mental health compared to physical IPV2, it is important to examine the combined influence of women’s psychological IPV victimization and women’s alcohol misuse on postpartum depression. Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between psychological and physical IPV victimization and postpartum depression will vary depending on the severity of their alcohol misuse.
Adult human bone marrow stromal spheres express neuronal traits in vitro and in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Adult human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) grown in suspension culture gave rise to spheres of neural progenitor (NP) cells, capable of expressing both dopaminergic (DA) and GABAergic (GABA) traits. After transplantation into the Parkinsonian rat, human NPs and neurons were present at 2 weeks. Although no DA neurons appeared to survive transplantation, there were abundant GABA neurons present in the graft. By 4 weeks, however, all cells had died. Finding ways to prolong survival and promote the appropriate neurotransmitter phenotype is essential if hMSCs are to be clinically useful.
Geographic Segment Disclosure and the Predictive Ability of the Earnings Data

Standards of segment reporting disclosure of the enterprise's foreign operations by geographic area [FASB 1976, Statement No. 14]. This information is believed to be useful in predicting the future prospects of the enterprise as a whole. This paper examines the predictive value of geographic earnings vis-a-vis consolidated earnings figures. Time-series methodology is used for this analysis. Forecasting models were developed for both segmental and consolidated income series. To test the predictive ability of each set of data, earnings forecasts were made. Both the enterprise's segmental and consolidated models were used for these predictions. The result indicate that, although consolidated income series provide a reasonably adequate forecast of income, geographically segmented earnings improve the accuracy of predictions. Further, the findings suggest that the predictive ability of foreign earning is slightly improved (in eleven out of fifteen cases) with more data disaggregation.
Making Contact: An Exploration of Focused Attention between Teacher and Students

ABSTRACTIn a study I conducted on Waldorf education, I found that teachers practiced a number of activities that were seemingly important but nameless. While some may consider the kinds of activities I explore in this paper as time-off-task or as incidental, I suggest that activities like shaking hands with students each morning and afternoon, or singing attendance, have important educational ramifications. I call exercises such as these and others focal activities or conditions, and I suggest that they are used specifically to create occasions where teachers can establish, confirm, or discontinue contact between themselves and students.The implications of focal conditions are several. In this paper I argue that focal conditions provide routine contact between teacher and students, can be used as a diagnostic tool, personalize teacher-student relations, create classroom feelings or moods, and, at times, prepare students for the next activity by capturing in an expressive form its essential character. The ...
T-cell clonality analysis in biopsy specimens from two different skin sites shows high specificity in the diagnosis of patients with suggested mycosis fungoides.

Background The diagnosis of mycosis fungoides (MF) is often difficult because of significant clinical and histopathologic overlap with inflammatory dermatoses. T-cell receptor (TCR)γ chain rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TCR-PCR) is a helpful adjuvant tool in this setting, but several of the inflammatory dermatoses in the differential diagnosis of MF may contain a clonal T-cell proliferation. Objective We examined whether analysis for T-cell clonality and comparison of the clones with the standardized BIOMED-2 PCR multiplex primers for the TCRγ chain from two anatomically distinct skin sites improves diagnostic accuracy. Methods We examined two biopsy specimens each from 10 patients with unequivocal MF, from 18 patients with inflammatory dermatoses, and from 18 patients who could initially not be definitively given a diagnosis based on clinical and histopathologic criteria. Results Eight of 10 patients with unequivocal MF had an identical clone in both biopsy specimens. Two of 18 patients with inflammatory dermatoses were found to have a clone in one of the biopsy specimens. On further follow-up of the 18 patients with morphologically nondiagnostic biopsy specimens, 13 of 18 were later confirmed to have MF and 5 of 18 had inflammatory dermatoses. Eleven of 13 patients with MF had an identical clone in both biopsy specimens; two of 13 had a polyclonal amplification pattern in both biopsy specimens. Four of 5 patients with inflammatory dermatoses had no clone in either biopsy specimen. One patient with an inflammatory dermatosis had an identical clone in both specimens. The sensitivity of TCR-PCR analysis to evaluate for an identical clone at different anatomic skin sites (dual TCR-PCR) is 82.6% and the specificity is 95.7%. Limitations The number of patients in the study group was limited. Conclusion These data suggest that dual TCR-PCR is a very promising technique with high specificity in distinguishing MF from inflammatory dermatoses.
Bloom: fostering healthy and peaceful pregnancies with personal analytics

Bloom aims to foster healthy and peaceful pregnancies by motivating expectant mothers to sustain beneficial habits and behaviors. It minimizes risk factors by providing daily goals that adapt to the changing needs of the expectant mother over the course of pregnancy and maximizes peace of mind by offering tools that augment self-awareness and facilitate enriched communication between the medical and expectant mother communities. The present study details an iterative research and design process that explored how persuasive design characteristics could be employed to encourage self-monitoring and motivationally sustain healthy behavior in expectant mothers.
Conflicts to Face When Values Conflict

Values in an age of globalization are sure to come into conflict. This cannot but be the case, since values come into conflict in all ages. But for sheer extent of conflict among values, an age of globalization can be expected to usher in a brave new world. Meetings, expansions, and interminglings of cultures have always added to current stocks of conflicting values. Histories of Greece and Rome from Herodotus to Gibbon provide showcases for such conflicts. But histories of anywhere, at any time, whether of Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, Africa, or the Americas can be counted on to do the same. Globalization just ups the ante, as it were, though the up is so great that it does not take an unhappy philosopher to fear a crash. Philosophers, in a broad range of moods, may do much to address conflicts to face when values conflict. We need to keep clear two contexts of moral deliberation. 1 As philosophers of science used to draw a distinction between a context of discovery and a context of justification in science, so moral philosophers should draw a distinction between a context of moral decision-making and a context of moral justification. In an epsitemically transparent world without barriers or impediments to complete considerations of moral matters, the two contexts might come together. For what used to be called ideal observers, the context of moral decision-making might just merge into the context of moral justification. For the rest of us in the world as we find it, the contexts are commonly not the same. The point can be broadened to take in evaluative deliberation in general. For epistemic reasons, we need to take care to distinguish the context of evaluative decision-making from the context of evaluative justification. The case that can be made for what may be called precepts and exemplars in the context of moral decision-making holds as well for the context of evaluative decision-making in general. Investigations of the context of evaluative decision-making and the sorts of precepts and exemplars that might be promoted are likely to be highly
Twenty Four-Hour Rhythm of Gonadotropin Release Induces Cyclic Progesterone Secretion by the Ovary of Prepubertal and Adult Golden Hamsters*

Cyclic release of gonadotropin (GTH) begins on day 16 or 17 of age, about 2 weeks before ovulatory estrous cycles are initiated in female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The daily cycles of LH and FSH are characterized by surges that peak at about 1700 h. The timing of this daily surge is similar to that observed in adult photoperiod-induced anovulatory or lactating females and to that of ovulatory females on the afternoon of proestrus. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if initiation of cyclic GTH release during the prepubertal period results in significant changes in ovarian function. A second objective was to examine the similarity between cyclic secretion of GTH in the prepubertal animal and that in the short day anovulatory adult. Groups of prepubertal females were killed throughout a 24-h period on days 13-14, 19-20, and 27-28, i.e. both before and after the expected onset of cyclic GTH release. LH did not vary significantly on days 13-14, but thereafter showed a significant rhythm, with a maximum at 1700 h. Levels of progesterone (P) were low and nonvarying on days 13-14, but a significant rhythm was measured in samples collected on days 27-28. When samples were collected from photoperiod-induced anovulatory adults, the rhythm of circulating LH and P was similar to that in the late prepubertal female. Ovariectomy of 22-day-old females resulted in low and tonic levels of P when the animals were killed 3 days later at 1400, 1700, and 2000 h, showing that the cyclical rhythm of P measured in these samples results from ovarian, not adrenal, secretion. The response of the daily cycle of LH to phenobarbital (PB) blockade in prepubertal females was identical to that in the adult: the LH surge did not occur on the afternoon of PB injection, but reappeared 24 h later at the expected time. The late afternoon surge of P was also blocked by PB administration. These results show 1) that the initiation of cyclic GTH secretion by the prepubertal female hamster influences ovarian maturation as reflected by changes in the levels and patterns of secretion of P; 2) that the rhythms of LH, FSH, and P secretion in the prepubertal female are similar to those in the photoperiod-induced anovulatory adult; and 3) that the response of the prepubertal female to barbiturate blockade is identical to that of the adult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of Fluorides on Infrared Transmittance of Certain Silicate Glasses

Relatively large amounts of fluorides can be incorporated into silicate glasses without producing opalescence or turbidity if certain oxides, such as La2O3 or Ta2O5, are included in the glass composition. In most cases, the fluorides reduce the absorption at the 2.75-μ water band, thus improving the glasses for use as infrared material. The fluorides also decrease the refractive index values of the glasses. Striae are produced in the glasses when the fluoride content is more than about 4 mole %.
Postherpetic (Trigeminal) Neuralgia: Report of Case

The course and treatment of a severe case of trigeminal neuralgia is described in which herpes zoster appeared after alcohol had been injected into the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Because herpes is thought to appear after trauma to the gasserian ganglion, it seems likely that the alcohol injections were responsible in this instance even though postherpetic (trigeminal) neuralgia after alcohol injection is rare.
CALCULATION OF HOLLOW BOX REACTORS

The problem of finding a solution to the hollow box reactor is studied. The hollow box reactors have been proposed for abatement of waste gases and for control of automotive emissions. A model based on a simple plug flow description in a channel has been developed. The governing equations describing heat and mass transfer and a chemical reaction are represented by a set of nonlinear hyperbolic differential equations. It is shown that for this type of autothermic reactors multiple steady states may exist and that the value of the exit temperature can be high.
Addressing the stranded power problem in datacenters using storage workload characterization

Datacenter operators face unique challenges to optimally provision power among deployed servers. Allocated server power is frequently over-provisioned and this results in stranding of available datacenter power capacity. Standardized power efficiency benchmarks like SPECpower_ssj2008 can be used for determining power allocation, in conjunction with methodologies to estimate the contribution from the disk subsystem. In this paper, we explore a trace-driven methodology for determining power contribution of the storage components. We show the benefits of this methodology as opposed to typical power provisioning used in the industry.
Student Performance Data in the Classroom Measurement and Evatuation of Student Progress

We conducted a survey to determine the use of measurement and evaluation procedures by special education teachers. A 70-item questionnaire was completed by 510 teachers in two large metropolitan sc...
Pharmacology of steroids used during epidural steroid injections

Steroids are well recognized for their excellent anti-inflammatory actions. After first steroid was used to treat painful arthritis, it became apparent that epidural steroid administration may be effective for management of sciatica pain and low back pain. Later on, other types of neural blockade techniques, such as facet joint injections, were described as the treatment option for low back pain. The most commonly used steroid preparations for the neuraxial blockade are methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol, Pfizer, New York, NY), triamcinolone acetonide and diacetate (Kenalog, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ), betamethasone acetate (Celestone, Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ), and dexamethasone (Decadron, Merch & Company Inc, West Point, PA). Glucocorticoids are postulated to improve immunologic activity and wound healing. They are also required to maintain normal carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The formulations available for injectable steroids contain various chemicals, which include buffers, polyethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, and benzalkonium chloride. Toxicities that are associated with epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are often delayed. There have been several cases that reported injury to the central nervous system following transforaminal ESIs. The most accepted explanation for this is an occlusion of the segmental artery by the steroid particulate matter or embolization through the vertebral artery.
Application of Pauli-Villars regularization and discretized light-cone quantization to a (3+1)-dimensional model

We apply Pauli-Villars regularization and discrete light-cone quantization to the nonperturbative solution of a $(3+1)$-dimensional model field theory. The matrix eigenvalue problem is solved for the lowest-mass state with use of the complex symmetric Lanczos algorithm. This permits the calculation of each Fock-sector wave function, and from these we obtain values for various quantities, such as average multiplicities and average momenta of constituents, structure functions, and a form factor slope.
Isolated Left-sided Scimitar Vein Connecting All Left Pulmonary Veins to the Right Inferior Vena Cava

When the common pulmonary vein fails to develop, the embryonic connections of the pulmonary veins to one or more of the systemic veins almost always persist. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections to the inferior vena cava (IVC) are typically characterized by hypoplasia of the involved pulmonary veins and pulmonary artery, as well as abnormal parenchyma of the involved lung. Such cases have been described as “scimitar syndrome.” We report the case of a young female patient in whom all the left pulmonary veins converged into a common vessel that drained into the IVC but who had a normal left pulmonary artery and left lung. Surgical intervention was successful, and our patient is still alive.
Down’s syndrome and myocardial reperfusion injury

Down syndrome is known to be an independent risk factor for mortality after surgical repair of congenital heart anomalies. It is also associated with neurodegenerative disease and accelerated aging. The mechanism of the latter features has been attributed to abnormal handling of oxygen-free radicals as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. These properties also place the child with Down syndrome at a risk of an exaggerated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. A 6 month old child with Down syndrome is reported who suffered from obvious clinical ischemia/reperfusion injury following an uncomplicated repair of complete AV canal. Both intraoperative as well as postoperative echocardiography documented a satisfactory technical repair. After resting the heart on ECMO the child’s myocardial function returned to normal. The mechanisms by which patients with Down syndrome are at risk of ischemia/reperfusion injury are reviewed. Future studies should focus on specific approaches for myocardial protection in the child with Down syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery.
Parameters associated with cloning in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Abstract Characterization of virulence traits in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans requires the application of recombinant DNA techniques. To develop appropriate genetic tools it is necessary to identify suitable host-vector systems. The current study assessed cloning parameters in A. actinomycetemcomitans for two previously described vectors, pDMG4 and pMMB67. It was determined that the maximum size of recombinant molecules that could be transferred to A. actinomycetemcomitans strain ATCC29522 via electroporation was 33 kb. The size limit for transformation of the same strain with ligation mixtures (direct cloning), however, was limited to 23–24 kb. Additional experiments included electroporation of various A. actinomycetemcomitans strains with plasmid DNA isolated from Escherichia coli and different A. actinomycetemcomitans sources. Differences in transformation efficiencies suggested the presence of a restriction modification system for pDMG4 in some strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Cloning of portions of the enterococcal plasmid pJH1 into A. actinomycetemcomitans resulted in the insertion of the intact vector into the chromosome.
What if your daughter married a Jew?: The dissociation of stereotypic trait judgments from prejudicial attitudes

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to explore a hypothesis that people’s trait judgments about Jewish males can be dissociated from prejudice against them. Two general findings supported this hypothesis. First, although participants made more positive, and fewer negative, trait judgments about Jewish males than about Christian males, they were relatively unwilling to have a daughter (if they had a daughter) marry a Jew. Second, participants’ positive trait judgments about Christians were correlated with their willingness to have a daughter marry one, but no correlation was obtained regarding Jews. The support for the dissociation hypothesis implies that changing beliefs about the traits of stereotypic groups may be ineffective in changing prejudice against those groups.
The Athletic Crusade: Sport and Colonialism in the Philippines

(2004). The Athletic Crusade: Sport and Colonialism in the Philippines. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Near-infrared spectrograph for a large telescope

We present a design for a near-infrared (0.9 to 5.5 micrometers ) spectrograph for use on any large telescope. For example, the instrument meets all of the scientific and technical objectives requested by the Gemini Telescope Project for their facility infrared spectrograph. The features of the instrument include a wide range of rapidly selectable spectral and spatial resolutions, full-broad-band imaging, integral field spectroscopy, and several cross-dispersed modes. Much of the instrument is based on optical, mechanical, and electronic designs currently in use. The optical design has diffraction-limited performance and no vignetting over a 150" X 150" field of view. The mechanical design draws heavily on our extensive experience with cryogenic mechanisms and uses a cassette system for selection of the large number of possible configurations. The design is very modular and allows a staged implementation of the complete set of potential operational modes.
Asymmetry in Critical Light Scattering from Binary Mixtures of Phenol and Water in the Two-Phase Region

Previously reported experiments by Pusey, Bak, and Goldburg showed an asymmetry in the light scattering in the high- ($h$) and low- ($l$) density phases of critical mixtures of phenol and water at temperatures below the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. Those experiments have been reanalyzed to evaluate the exponents $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ in the asymptotic expressions ${I}_{h(l)}\ensuremath{\propto}({|t|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}{|t|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta}})$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{h(l)}\ensuremath{\propto}({|t|}^{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}}\ensuremath{\mp}B{|\ensuremath{\tau}|}^{\ensuremath{\tau}})$, where $I$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ are, respectively, the intensity and spectral width of the scattered light and $t=\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$. The experimental results are discussed in terms of recent ideas concerning expected nonsymmetric behavior in pure fluids and binary mixtures. The value of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ the experiments yield can be accounted for in terms of simple linear dependence of the viscosity on concentration.
The action of α-methyldopa in the Cerveau isolé preparation

Abstract l -α-methyldopa infused i.v. (50–100 mg kg ) elicits desynchronization in the electrocorticogram of the cerveau isole and rostropontine preparations, accompanied by mild mydriasis but not by changes in blood pressure. In gallamine immobilized cats with intact neuraxes only a tendency to desynchronization was noted. l -α-methyldopa-induced desynchronization in the cerveau isole preparation was antagonized by previous injection of phenoxybenzamine and it was partly attenuated by propranolol. In reserpinized animals the action of l -α-methyldopa was more accentuated. The d -form of α-methyldopa has no significant action. It is suggested that desynchronization is mainly produced by l -α-methyldopamine formed from l -α-methyldopa in the brain.
Risk of Cardiac Events in Patients With Asthma and Long-QT Syndrome Treated With Beta2 Agonists

The clinical course and risk factors associated with beta(2)-agonist therapy for asthma have not been investigated previously in patients with the long-QT syndrome (LQTS). The risk of a first LQTS-related cardiac event due to beta(2)-agonist therapy was examined in 3,287 patients enrolled in the International LQTS Registry with QTc > or = 450 ms. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the independent contribution of clinical factors for first cardiac events (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or sudden death) from birth through age 40. Time-dependent beta(2)-agonist therapy for asthma was associated with an increased risk for cardiac events (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.26 to 3.15, p = 0.003) after adjustment for relevant covariates including time-dependent beta-blocker use, gender, QTc, and history of asthma. This risk was augmented within the first year after the initiation of beta(2)-agonist therapy (HR = 3.53, p = 0.006). The combined use of beta(2)-agonist therapy and anti-inflammatory steroids was associated with an elevated risk for cardiac events (HR = 3.66, p <0.01); beta-blocker therapy was associated with a reduction in cardiac events in those using beta(2) agonists (HR = 0.14, p = 0.05). In conclusion, beta(2)-agonist therapy was associated with an increased risk for cardiac events in patients with asthma with LQTS, and this risk was diminished in patients receiving beta blockers.
Designing for the Mobile Web

Mobile technology use is increasing and will soon have an impact on medical libraries. This article provides a brief background of the history of mobile computing as well as the impact of devices such as the iPhone, BlackBerry, and Google Android. Strategies for library development as well as challenges are included to help medical libraries understand the nature of developing mobile content for Web-enabled devices.
Integration of a Fin Experiment into the Undergraduate Heat Transfer Laboratory

A fin experimental apparatus was designed, developed and constructed for the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory at Purdue University at Fort Wayne. This paper presents a fin experiment that can be integrated into the undergraduate heat transfer laboratory. The objective of this experiment is to enhance the understanding of the transfer of thermal energy by undergraduate mechanical engineering students. This experiment exposes the students to several important concepts in heat transfer, such as one-dimensional, steady-state heat transfer by conduction and fin efficiency. In this type of experiment, the students get the opportunity to compare the measured temperature profiles in the fin to both analytical and numerical solutions. The experimental apparatus required to carry out this experiment is simple and inexpensive.
Purification and characterization of the extracellular proteinase of Serratia marcescens.

Abstract The extracellular proteinase produced by a derepressed strain of Serratia marcescens ATCC 25419 was purified and characterized. This strain produces more than 10-times the amount of extracellular proteinase produced by other strains of Serratia tested. The purified enzyme was prepared from the culture supernatant by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme has an s 20 , w 0 of 3.95 and is a monomer of molecular weight 51 900. The proteinase has a broad pH optimum in the alkaline range with a maximum at pH 9.5. The enzyme will utilize a number of proteins as substrate. The products of digestion are primarily in the size range of tripeptides to hexapeptides. Peptides containing a sensitive bond and a minimum size of six amino acids are hydrolyzed. The proteinase is inhibited by chelating agents but unaffected by sulfhydryl or serine reagents and is devoid of esterase activity.
Effects of Bromelia pinguin (Bromeliaceae) on soil ecosystem function and fungal diversity in the lowland forests of Costa Rica

Background: Bromelia pinguin (Bromeliaceae) is a terrestrial bromeliad commonly found under forest stands throughout the Neotropics that has been shown to have antifungal activity in vitro. We have hypothesized that this bromeliad would also have an effect on the fungal populations in nearby soil by decreasing fungaldiversity and negatively impacting C and N cycle-related activities. A previous study in the lowland forest of Costa Rica showed the soil beneath these bromeliads had decreased fungal ITS DNA and differences in C and N levels compared to adjacent primary forest soils. Results: In this follow-up study, we found that the bromeliad soils had lower rates of C and N biomass development and lower phenol oxidase activity (suggesting less decreased fungal decomposition activity). The results of T-RFLP and cloning-based taxonomic analyses showed the community level diversity and abundance of fungal ITS DNA was less in bromeliad soils. Sequence analysis of fungal ITS DNA clones showed marked differences in fungal community structure between habitats of Basidiomycota (Tremellales, Agricales, Thelephorales), Ascomycota (Helotiales), and Zycomycota populations. Conclusions: The data show there to be differences in the soil nutrient dynamics and fungal community structure and activity associated with these bromeliads, as compared to the adjacent primary forest. This suggests the possibility that the anti-fungal activity of the bromeliad extends into the soil. The bromeliad-dense regions of these primary forest habitats provide a unique natural micro-habitat within the forests and the opportunity to better identify the role of fungal communities in the C and N cycles in tropical soils.
MR_CHIROD v.2: A fMRI Compatible Mechatronic Hand Rehabilitation Device

This paper presents the design, fabrication and testing of a novel, one degree of freedom (DOF) magnetic resonance compatible smart hand interfaced rehabilitation device (MR_CHIROD v.2), which may be used in brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging during handgrip rehabilitation. The device consists of three major subsystems: a) an ERF based resistive element; b) handles and c) two sensors, one optical encoder and one force sensor, to measure the patient induced motion and force. MR_CHIROD v.2 is designed to resist up to 50% of the maximum level of gripping force of a human hand and be controlled in real time. Our results demonstrate that the MR environment does not interfere with the performance of the MR_CHIROD v.2, and, reciprocally, its use does not cause fMR image artifacts. The results are encouraging in jointly using MR_CHIROD v.2 and brain MR imaging to study motor performance and assess rehabilitation after neurological injuries such as stroke.
Can Evolution Explain Insanity

I distinguish three evolutionary explanations of mental illness: first, breakdowns in evolved computational systems; second, evolved systems performing their evolutionary function in a novel environment; third, evolved personality structures. I concentrate on the second and third explanations, as these are distinctive of an evolutionary psychopathology, with progressively less credulity in the light of the empirical evidence. General morals are drawn for evolutionary psychiatry.
Co-detection of PTH/PTHrP receptor and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase in osteoclasts.

Serial sections of rat metaphyses were prepared from paraffin embedded tissue blocks and analyzed in sets of three. The central section was stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in order to identify osteoclasts, one adjacent section was immunostained with an affinity purified antibody to a 15 amino acid sequence unique to rat PTH/ PTHrP receptor, and the other adjacent section in the set served as an immunostaining control. This allowed each of the 110 osteoclasts examined to be identified by TRAP and to be tested for the presence or absence of PTH/PTHrP receptor. All antibody solutions and rinses contained 1% donkey serum and 0.5% Tween 20 to ensure antibody integrity and good rinsing procedure. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate fluorescence intensity of the immunostained osteoclasts. Pixel intensities of 58 osteoclasts from young (4 month) rats and 52 osteoclasts from old (15 month) rats were obtained. Pixel intensities were similar (P = 0.89) for both young and old animals. However, the number of PTH/PTHrP receptor deficient osteoclasts was greater for the older animals (14.29% vs. 7.24%). This provides direct evidence of PTH/PTHrP receptors in osteoclasts.
The fragile basic anchoring effect

The anchoring bias, the effect of uninformative anchor numbers on judgments, is a robust finding. In experiments yielding the anchoring bias, typically participants are explicitly asked to compare the anchor and target. A logical question is whether any manner of considering a number will bias peoples' judgment. Wilson et al. (1996) showed that merely presenting a number to people will bias their judgments, a result they termed basic anchoring. The absence of any published studies that followed up on Wilson et al.'s work prompted us to examine the basic anchoring effect in three experiments. The three experiments (N = 881, 205, and 117) suggest that basic anchoring is a weak effect limited to the precise manipulations used by Wilson et al. Trivial changes such as altering the order of a series of anchor numbers, or using different anchor numbers, eliminated the bias. Our findings suggest that basic anchoring has a much narrower scope of impact than traditional anchoring effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illusion in size perception of intra-orally presented holes.

20 adults were required to make size judgments matching intraorally presented holes which ranged in size from 1/16 in. to 3/4 in. in diameter with comparator arrays presented visually and digitally. We found the preponderance of incorrect judgments of the size of intra-orally presented holes was in the direction of overestimation; and incorrect judgments were significantly greater for digital matching than for visual (p < .05).
Plasma growth hormone in the infant undergoin deep hypothermic cardiovascular surgery.

Summary and ConclusionsA study of plasma growth hormone and glucose, and body temperature, was conducted in six infants undergoing deep hypothermic cardiovascular surgery. Pronounced hyperglycemia occurred during hypothermia when the infants received exogenous glucose, confirming earlier reports of diminished plasma glucose utilization at low body temperatures. Although growth hormone levels were high during ether anesthesia, they fell or changed little with cooling, and did not appear related to core temperature or to plasma glucose concentration. These findings indicate that changes in growth hormone levels in operated hypothermic infants did not relate to cold stress, alterations in plasma glucose concentration, or diminished glucose utilization.
Local Governments as Policy Entrepreneurs Evaluating Florida’s “Concurrency Experiment”

One centerpiece of Florida’s landmark 1985 growth management legislation was the concept of concurrency, a requirement that new development not proceed unless specific services are in place to service the development. Whereas many analysts have critiqued Florida’s concurrency mandate, these studies have usually focused on concurrency as a concept and not concurrency as actually implemented and practiced by local governments. For this article, we investigated the concurrency practices of 66 local governments in Florida, finding substantial variation in concurrency practices. Beyond this review of local government concurrency practices, the author also draws on the policy implementation literature to learn from Florida’s concurrency experiment.
Development of Deep Hole Drilling Technology for Tube Sheet of Steam Generator

Advanced PWR nuclear power plant has very-large steam generators of which tube-sheet is diameter 5000mm / thickness 500 mm / weight 100 ton or larger. Drilling of very thick tube sheet needs deep-hole drilling technique with strict dimensional tolerance control. In addition, the tube sheet has 10,000 or more tube holes, which means that stable drilling operation is mandatory for productivity control. Upon such background, steam generator tube sheet drilling operation needs precise dimensional control technique with highly efficient productivity.In this study, authors did (1) feasibility-study and development of deep hole drilling machine with the Boring and Trepanning Association (BTA) method, (2) cutting parameter evaluation such as feed rate and cutting velocity, (3) tube hole measurement system development, and (4) drill exchange program development with monitoring drilling machine motor loads and setting alarm level for the loads.Based on techniques developed by this study, IHI has achieved high-accuracy and stable deep-hole drilling technology for very-thick tube sheets applicable to the very-large steam generators.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Indication of the effect of a magnon energy gap on the 19F relaxation rate in antiferromagnetic CoF2

Abstract The 19 F nuclear spin lattice relaxation time has been measured in antiferromagnetic CoF 2 over the temperature range of 4°K to 16°K. The relaxation rate shows an exponential temperature dependence indicating the effect of the magnon energy gap. The 19 F rates in CoF 2 and MnF 2 are compared.
International experiences of American social work educators

Abstract This article proffers an expose of the characteristics and contributions of social work ‘internationalists’. The impact of faculty international experiences on the curricula of social work programmes, with particular reference to the implications for American social work education, constitute the main plank of the analysis.
Aspects of fluid flow through small flaws in membrane liners

Fluid flow through flaws (punctures, seams, or tears) in geomembranes used as flow barriers in the liners of landfills and surface impoundments is examined. Performance of a geomembrane deteriorates fairly rapidly with the first few flaws, much greater than their small area would suggest. As the membrane is penetrated with a greater number of flaws, the degradation asymptotes toward a proportionality with total flaw area. The rate of flow through the flawed membrane is frequently directly proportional to the permeability of the adjacent porous media. Geomembranes that are not used in conjunction with adjacent low-permeability porous materials are unlikely to give satisfactory performance in the event that flaws occur. A better understanding of design aspects that tend to minimize the impacts of flaws in geomembranes can lead to improved performance of landfills and surface impoundments.
Dissociation of the responses of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system to a vasodilator stimulus in congestive heart failure.

Abstract The ability of neurohumoral reflex control mechanisms to respond to a vasodilator mediated alteration in hemodynamic status was studied. A sodium nitroprusside infusion was administered to 5 normal subjects and 47 patients with severe congestive heart failure resulting in significant decreases in mean arterial pressure and in systemic vascular resistance. As expected in normals the vasodilator stimulus caused a reflex activation in both the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system as measured by increased plasma renin activity and plasma norepinephrine, respectively. In the patients with heart failure, plasma renin activity rose similarly in response to nitroprusside (+63% in heart failure, 100% in normals, P = NS) while plasma norepinephrine remained essentially unchanged (+11% in heart failure, 98% in normals, P
Epilepsy-Associated Point Mutation in the Pore Domain of Kv2.1

A large scale sequencing endeavor (Epi4K Consortium, Nature 501:217-221, 2013) recently reported discovery of several de novo mutations in genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and other proteins that may explain severe, early onset childhood epilepsy. One intriguing variant was found in KCNB1, encoding KV2.1. Although KV2.1 is a potassium channel involved in repolarization of neuronal action potentials, it has not previously been associated with epilepsy. The reported variant (T374I) was heterozygous and affects a highly conserved residue within the KV2.1 ion selectivity filter 5 amino acids N-terminal to the GYG motif. We performed heterologous expression of wildtype (WT) and mutant KV2.1 channels and used whole-cell patch clamp recording to define the functional consequences of the mutation and to infer the pathophysiology of the epilepsy. Wild-type or mutant KV2.1 channels were transiently expressed under control of the CMV promoter in CHO cells. Expression of channel subunits was confirmed by co-expression of a fluorescent protein encoded by the same plasmid. Cells expressing homomeric WT-KV2.1 exhibited large outward currents with rapid voltage-dependent activation and slow inactivation. By contrast, cells expressing homomeric KV2.1-T374I exhibited no outward or inward current. Our findings suggest that this mutation impairs ion permeation and confers a loss-of-function as the molecular basis for epilepsy. Further studies will evaluate the impact of mutant subunits on formation of functional heteromultimeric channels to explore possible dominant-negative behavior.
ADAPTABILITY TO CHANGING TASK CONTEXTS: EFFECTS OF GENERAL COGNITIVE ABILITY, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, AND OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

We examined the extent to which cognitive ability, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience predict decision-making performance prior to and after unforeseen changes in the task context. Seventy-three undergraduates made decisions on a series of 75 problems during a 3-hour computerized simulation. Unbeknownst to participants, the rules used in determining correct decisions changed after problems 25 and 50. Effects of the individual differences on decision-making performance became significantly stronger after the changes. Only cognitive ability explained variance in prechange performance. Individuals with higher cognitive ability made better decisions. After the change, the cognitive ability effect increased and the effects of Conscientiousness and Openness became statistically significant. As expected, those with high Openness made better decisions. Unexpectedly, those with low Conscientiousness made better decisions. Subsequent analyses revealed that this surprising effect for Conscientiousness was due to the traits reflecting dependability (i.e., order, dutiful-ness, deliberation) rather than volition (i.e., competence, achievement striving, self-discipline).