cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further characterization of the putative glycolipid receptor for mif: Role of fucose associated with an acidic glycolipid

Abstract Water soluble glycolipids were extracted from guinea pig macrophages. These glycolipids, when incubated with macrophages, augment the cells' response to migration inhibitory factor. The glycolipids were fractionated by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography into neutral and acidic fractions. Only the acidic glycolipid fraction was able to enhance the responsiveness of macrophages to migration inhibitory factor. Additional studies indicate that the enhancing activity of these glycolipid preparations can be abrogated by the removal of terminal fucose residues with α-L-fucosidase. The possibility that fucose functions as an essential component of a macrophage glycolipid receptor for migration inhibitory factor is discussed.
Immunoglobulins IgA and IgG in Gastric Mucosa of Patients with Atrophic Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia

The content and distribution of immunoglobulins IgA and IgG in gastric mucosa were correlated in 55 individuals with gastric histology, circulating parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) in serum and the output of intrinsic factor (IF) in the stomach.While a small amount of IgG and IgA is found in normal gastric mucosa, these immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) increase in gastritis, especially in its chronic atrophic form, without metaplasia. The immunoglobulins, mainly IgA, are here contained within the round cell infiltrates. There is a gross parallelism between the amount of round cells infiltrating the gastric mucosa and the content of immunoglobulins therein.No correlation was found between the presence or absence of circulating PCA and IFA in serum and the content of immunoglobulins in the gastric mucosa. No PCA could be detected in the gastric mucosa of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with or without intestinal metaplasia by the method used.No correlation was found ...
Nucleo-cytoplasmic communication in apoptotic response to genotoxic and inflammatory stress

Genotoxic agents or inflammatory cytokines activate cellular stress responses and trigger programmed cell death. We have identified a signal transduction module, including three nuclear proteins that participate in the regulation of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In this nuclear signaling module, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) functions as an inhibitor of apoptotic signal transduction. Inactivation of Rb by phosphorylation or caspase-dependent cleavage/degradation is required for cell death to occur. Rb inhibits the Abl tyrosine kinase. Thus, Rb inactivation is a pre-requisite for Abl activation by DNA damage or TNF. Activation of nuclear Abl and its downstream effector p73 induces mitochondriadependent cell death. The involvement of these nuclear signal transducers in TNF induced apoptosis, which does not require new gene expression, indicates that nuclear events other than transcription can contribute to extrinsic apoptotic signal transduction.
Business students’ perceptions of faculty evaluations

Students are asked to evaluate faculty on a continual basis at most universities throughout the world, yet students have varying perceptions about the purpose and usefulness of these evaluations. While research has focused on the faculty issues regarding evaluations and their use in subsequent evaluation, yearly reviews, tenure decisions, and even post‐tenure review, little research has been conducted to evaluate student feelings on the evaluations. In a case study format, a random sample of College of Business Administration students from freshman to EMBA levels was polled about their perceptions of the student ratings of faculty. The results provide interesting insights into their perceptions as well as constructive ideas on how better to administer the evaluations and publish the results. Results can benefit not only business schools but also other colleges in improving the evaluation process and linking the results to other rewards and faculty improvement mechanisms.
Accuracy of a fixed value nasion relator in facebow design.

Purpose: This study examined whether a fixed value nasion relator accurately locates the orbitale in a patient population. Materials and Methods: The mean value for the vertical distance between soft tissue nasion and orbitale was determined through the analysis of cephalometric radiographs of 114 adult patients. This value was then compared to a facebow design, which uses a fixed value of 25.4 mm. Results: In this study, the mean distance between the orbitale and nasion was found to be 26.8 mm. The values ranged from 15.9 to 39.4 mm with a standard deviation of 3.87 mm. Conclusion: The difference between the calculated mean and the 25.4 mm fixed value was less than 2.0 mm and presumed to be clinically irrelevant; however, an accumulation of design errors combined with the variation within the patient population was asserted to be clinically relevant and makes the use of a fixed value nasion relator impractical.
Chiral selection on inorganic crystalline surfaces

From synthetic drugs to biodegradable plastics to the origin of life, the chiral selection of molecules presents both daunting challenges and significant opportunities in materials science. Among the most promising, yet little explored, avenues for chiral molecular discrimination is adsorption on chiral crystalline surfaces - periodic environments that can select, concentrate and possibly even organize molecules into polymers and other macromolecular structures. Here we review experimental and theoretical approaches to chiral selection on inorganic crystalline surfaces - research that is poised to open this new frontier in understanding and exploiting surface-molecule interactions.
Be Reasonable, not Certain

Ever since the 17th century, European thinkers have valued ‘rationality’ at the expense of ‘reasonableness’: the current crisis about postmodernity is one by-product of that obsession. Yet, from garden design and literature to electrical theory and development economics, it can be helpful to restore the balance between these two aspects of Human Reason. In this way, we can recapture the practical wisdom of Aristotle, and recognize the importance of clinical understanding as contrasted with theoretical explanation.
Nucleotides adjacent to the 5'-terminus of bacteriophage R17 RNA.

Abstract Information about the 5′-terminal nucleotide triplet of bacteriophage R17 RNA was obtained in order to test the hypothesis that it might be an N -formylmethionine initiator codon. Utilizing the fact that most R17 RNA chains made in vivo contain pppGp--- 5′-termini, a method for determination of the chain length of the 5′-terminal oligonucleotide resulting from pancreatic RNase hydrolysis of R17 RNA was developed. The results suggest that R17 RNA chains made in vivo have the 5′-terminal sequence pppGpXpYp--- (X = purine, Y = pyrimidine). Therefore, an N -formylmethionine initiator codon cannot be present directly at the 5′-terminus of this messenger RNA.
The emerging roles of PAF acetylhydrolase

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid autacoid with potent effects throughout the innate immune system, is selectively degraded by two small families of PAF acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs). These Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 display remarkable specificity for the length of the sn-2 residue, but this selectivity is lost as the residue gains oxygen functions. Two of the PAF-AHs therefore are specific oxidized phospholipid phospholipases that reduce inflammation, but also remove oxidatively truncated phospholipids that induce apoptosis. The roles of these enzymes are manifold, and their separate and combined functions are now being addressed in model systems and clinical studies
A Heuristic Proposal for Understanding Steroidogenic Processes

Introduction The generally accepted pathways of steroidogenesis are customarily presented by a scheme such as that shown in Fig. 1. This two-dimensional picture can be conveniently reproduced on a printed page and is easily memorized. It provides, however, too simplistic a view which can lead to serious misconceptions. By depicting the biochemical transformations it concentrates on the apparent common features of the various pathways but ignores many important differences. The scheme indicates that one sterol, cholesterol, serves as a precursor for all the hormones. The possibility that other derivatives of cholesterol may also be progenitors of important steroidal products is not taken into account. Cholesterol esters, particularly cholesterol sulfate, are examples of such precursors. For more than 15 years (1) it has been known that the abundant adrenal secretory product, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, can be biosynthesized from cholesterol sulfate through pathways that involve sulfated intermediates w...
[Ser5]-somatostatin-14: isolation from the pancreas of a holocephalan fish, the Pacific ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei).

Abstract The holocephalan fishes were the first class of vertebrate in evolution to develop a pancreatic gland with both endocrine and exocrine parenchyma. An extract of the pancreas of one such fish, the Pacific ratfish ( Hydrolagus colliei ) contained somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity (141 pmol/g wet wt), measured with an antiserum raised against mammalian somatostatin-14. Automated Edman degradation and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry established the primary structure of the major molecular form as Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys- Ser-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys. A minor component of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, constituting 8% of the total, was of approximate molecular weight 6000. Thus, in the ratfish pancreas prosomatostatin-I is processed predominantly to somatostatin-14, as in the mammalian pancreas, but the resulting tetradecapeptide contains the substitution Ser for Asn at position 5.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Components of Bleomycin Preparations

A fast and sensitive method was developed for the quantitative determination of at least 10 components of pharmaceutical bleomycin sulfate preparations. The method is based on the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of the components on a μBondapak C18 column with a mobile phase having a linear gradient of 10-40% methanol in aqueous 0.005 M 1-pentanesul-fonic acid at pH 4.3. With this assay, the average standard deviations for components A2 and B2 are 0.92 and 0.87, respectively, for a 7.5-22.5 × 110−3-mg sample. Regulatory agencies presently use the official Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), method, which is based on CM-Sephadex column chromatography. It was demonstrated that this CFR method does not separate the bleomycin A2 component from some other minor bleomycin components. After elution from the CM-Sephadex column, the “A2 component” was separated into five components by the HPLC method. Bleomycin A2 is stable under these HPLC conditions.
Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit recordings in cat striate cortex.

Abstract The majority of techniques for separating multiple single-unit spike trains from a multi-unit recording rely on the assumption that different cells exhibit action potentials having unique amplitudes and waveforms. When this assumption fails, due to the similarity of spike shape among different cells or to the presence of complex spikes with declining intra-burst amplitude, these methods lead to errors in classification. In an effort to avoid these errors, the stereotrode (McNaughton et al., 1983) and later the tetrode (O'Keefe and Reece, 1993; Wilson and McNaughton, 1993) recording techniques were developed. Because the latter technique has been applied primarily to the hippocampus, we sought to evaluate its performance in the neocortex. Multi-unit recordings, using single tetrodes, were made at 28 sites in area 17 of 3 anesthetized cats. Neurons were activated with moving bars and square wave gratings. Single units were separated by identification of clusters in 2-D projections of either peak-to-peak amplitude, spike width, spike area, or the 1st versus 2nd principal components of the waveforms recorded on each channel. Using tetrodes, we recorded a total of 154 single cells (mean = 5.4, max = 9). By cross-checking the performance of the tetrode with the stereotrode and electrode, we found that the best of the 6 possible stereotrode pairs and the best of 4 possible electrodes from each tetrode yielded 102 (mean = 3.6, max = 7) and 95 (mean = 3.4, max = 6) cells, respectively. Moreover, we found that the number of cells isolated at each site by the tetrode was greater than the stereotrode or electrode in 16 28 and 28 28 cases, respectively. Thus, both stereotrodes, and particularly electrodes, often lumped 2 or more cells in a single cluster that could be easily separated by the tetrode. We conclude that tetrode recording currently provides the best and most reliable method for the isolation of multiple single units in the neocortex using a single probe.
Odor Coding in the Drosophila Antenna

Odor coding in the Drosophila antenna is examined by a functional analysis of individual olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in vivo. Sixteen distinct classes of ORNs, each with a unique response spectrum to a panel of 47 diverse odors, are identified by extracellular recordings. ORNs exhibit multiple modes of response dynamics: an individual neuron can show either excitatory or inhibitory responses, and can exhibit different modes of termination kinetics, when stimulated with different odors. The 16 ORN classes are combined in stereotyped configurations within seven functional types of basiconic sensilla. One sensillum type contains four ORNs and the others contain two neurons, combined according to a strict pairing rule. We provide a functional map of ORNs, showing that each ORN class is restricted to a particular spatial domain on the antennal surface.
Fast approximate inversion of magnetotelluric (FAIMT) data for a horizontally layered earth with near-surface inhomogeneities

This paper discusses use of approximations and the Integral Mean Value Theorem to show that 6 coefficients approximately describe the distortions of near surface inhomogeneities on the MT field of a horizontally layered earth model. When these 6 coefficients are considered together with those of the magnetic field of a horizontally layered earth model, the analytic and approximate wave impedance equations can be derived for the MT response of a horizontally layered earth model with near-surface 2-D and 3-D inhomogeneities. These approximate wave impedance equations are used with inverted MT data for 2-D and 3-D forward modelling. Although these 6 coefficients cannot be determined before inversion, initial estimates can be used. The 6 coefficients and the resistivity and thickness of each layer of a horizontally layered earth can be obtained by using published inversion methods. The 6 coefficients give important information (depths and resistivities) on the near-surface inhomogenelties. The authors inverted 2-D and 3-D theoretical models for Fast Approximate Inversion of Magnetotelluric (FAIMT) data for a horizontally layered earth with near-surface inhomogeneities compares favorably with traditional inversion methods, especially for inverting regional or basin structures. This method simplifies, computation and gives a reasonable 1-D geological model with fewer nonuniqueness problems.
Analyzing student notes and questions to create personalized study guides

In the foreseeable future it will be technically possible for instructors, advisors and other delegated representatives of a college or university to access student participation and performance data in near-real time. One potential benefit of this increased data flow could include an improved ability to identify students at risk of academic failure or withdrawal. The availability of these data could also lead to creation of new adaptive learning measures that can automatically provide students personalized guidance. This demonstration will describe how the student notes and questions are being mined to provide student study guides that automatically link to outside resources. The demonstration will also report on how these new study guides have been received by the students and how they are at least partially responsible for a significant increase in student outcomes.
Crystallographic Characterization of Helical Secondary Structures in 2:1 and 1:2 α/β-Peptides

Oligomers containing both α- and β-amino acid residues (“α/β-peptides”) are intriguing as potential foldamers. A large set of α/β-peptide backbones can be generated by combining α- and β-amino acid residues in different patterns; however, most research to date has focused on the simplest pattern, 1:1 α:β. We have begun to explore the range of variation that can be achieved with α-residue/β-residue combinations by examining the folding behavior of oligomers that contain 2:1 and 1:2 α:β patterns. The β-residues in our systems have a five-membered-ring constraint (trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) residues), because these preorganized subunits strongly promote helical folding for 1:1 α:β backbones and pure β backbones. Previously we concluded that two helical conformations are available to 2:1 and 1:2 α/β-peptides containing ACPC or analogously constrained β-residues, one helix defined by i,i+3 C═O···H−N backbone hydrogen bonds and the other defined by i,i+4 C═O···H−N hydrogen bonds. These dedu...
A mechanism of whisker growth

Abstract Fine whiskers of zinc, cadmium, silver, and cadmium sulfide have been grown on pyrex and quartz glass substrates by vapor deposition. The maximum supersaturation ratio at which whiskers can be grown is in good correspondence with the calculated supersaturation at which two-dimensional nucleation occurs. This correspondence offers support for the generality of the growth mechanism first proposed for mercury whiskers.
On the stability of explicit methods for the numerical integration of the equations of motion in finite element methods

This paper deals with the stability of the numerical solutions of a dynamic finite element analysis. The solutions are obtained through a stepwise integration of the equations of motion. Upper bounds on the steplength of the integration are obtained from a stability analysis of using a simple finite difference approximation for the equations of motion, and are shown to depend strongly on the particular element is use and on how the mass of the element is distributed at its nodes. As an example, the two-dimensional wave propagation in a semi-infinite plate subjected to a suddenly applied moment along its edge is studies. Through the example, we show that the bound on the steplength, obtained from the simple analysis, can provide a useful guide on choosing the steplength in other higher order integration methods. In particular, we show that, for stability considerations, the upper bound on the steplength should also hold for a fourth order explicit method. In order to achieve an acceptable accuracy of the solution, we show that the steplength should be approximately one half of the bound for the higher order explicit method as well as a higher order implicit method. Solution of the example has been compared with that of the Timoshenko theory.
Electromagnetic Purification of Endocytic Vacuoles and Acidosomes from Dictyostelium

Earlier studies have shown that, in Dictyostelium discoideum, approximately 90% of the vacuolar proton pump (V-H(+)-ATPase) activity is present in a buoyant membrane fraction called "acidosomes." In the presence of Mg2+, acidosomes and endocytic vacuoles copurified on equilibrium sucrose gradients, suggesting their reversible association. The association depended on Mg2+ and cytosolic proteins (H. Padh et al., 1991, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5514-5520, 12123-12126). To further characterize the putative association of acidosomes and endocytic vacuoles, cells were fed dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron colloid plus FITC-dextran to load and label their endocytic vacuoles. The endocytic vesicles were then purified approximately 20-fold at > 60% yield by their retention on a column of fine steel wire in an electromagnetic field in the absence of Mg2+. The fraction retained on a magnet column contained only about 5% of total cellular V-H(+)-ATPase and traces of other organelle markers. In the presence of 1.5 mM Mg2+, however, the retention of V-H(+)-ATPase as well as FITC-dextran was approximately 60% with only traces of contaminant markers. When such preparations were washed with buffer lacking Mg2+ while still in the magnetic field, the endocytic marker (FITC-dextran) remained on the column while V-H(+)-ATPase was eluted selectively. The elute was shown by negative-stain electron microscopy to contain purified acidosomes (saccular membranes studded with V-H(+)-ATPase). The parent material, recovered from the column in the presence of Mg2+, was rich in endocytic vacuoles bearing colloidal iron. In an electron microscope, the endocytic vacuoles were often seen associated with pump-studded acidosomes. The results independently support and extend earlier observation that acidosomes and endocytic vacuoles physically associate in a Mg(2+)-dependent manner. In addition, the procedure provides a rapid method of purifying acidosomes.
A generalized model for testing the home and favorite team advantage in point spread markets

Abstract Most sports teams play as either the favorite or the underdog and either at home or away. The failure to recognize the symmetric and interdependent relations between these characteristics has led previous researchers to use potentially biased methods to test for rationality and efficiency in football betting markets and thus to reach inappropriate conclusions. We develop a more general specification, which also incorporates ‘pick-em’ games and games played on neutral sites, and find little or no evidence against market efficiency in the NFL and college betting markets for regular season games. We do, however, uncover evidence of biased betting lines for Superbowls.
Research From the Heart: Chancing Labels and Exposing a Private Identity

Outwardly smiling while inwardly my nerves jangled, my stomach turned, and my thoughts ran rampant wondering whether I had done everything I could to make this a successful thesis defense, I sat in...
Stability and accuracy of a semi‐implicit Godunov scheme for mass transport

Semi-implicit, Godunov-type models are adapted for solving the two-dimensional, time-dependent, mass transport equation on a geophysical scale. The method uses Van Leer's MUSCL reconstruction in conjunction with an explicit, predictor–corrector method to discretize and integrate the advection and lateral diffusion portions of the governing equation to second-order spatial and temporal accuracy. Three classical schemes are investigated for computing advection: Lax-Wendroff, Warming-Beam, and Fromm. The proposed method uses second order, centred finite differences to spatially discretize the diffusion terms. In order to improve model stability and efficiency, vertical diffusion is implicitly integrated with the Crank–Nicolson method and implicit treatment of vertical diffusion in the predictor is also examined. Semi-discrete and Von Neumann analyses are utilized to compare the stability as well as the amplitude and phase accuracy of the proposed method with other explicit and semi-implicit schemes. Some linear, two-dimensional examples are solved and predictions are compared with the analytical solutions. Computational effort is also examined to illustrate the improved efficiency of the proposed model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing voices: Oral pragmatics and the silent cinema

This article suggests that we have perhaps too willingly dichotomized silent and sound cinema. Historically and conceptually cleaving these two forms based on the presence (or absence) of the voice may have aided in obfuscating other narrative pressures that traverse, complicate, and in some sense call into question the insuperability of the silent–sound barrier. One of these pressures entails narrative and performative norms that are fundamentally oral – that is, that are hinged on non‐writing‐based ways of knowing. By drawing connections between silent film and a subset of Hindi sound films (which has elsewhere been shown to be contoured by orality), this article will force a re‐evaluation of the etiological roots of some of silent cinema's traits, such as its propensity for melodrama and spectacularity. Further, it will posit that scholars need to think of early film no more in terms of image than in terms of an epistemically inflected (as opposed to merely aurally inflected) centrality of the mouth.
Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy for Probing the Ionic Atmosphere of Nucleic Acids

Two-beam fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy coupled with continuous flow capillary electrophoresis (2bFCCS-CFCE) was used to study the relationship between diffusion and effective charge of a fluorescently-labeled 40-base polythymine single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as a function of divalent magnesium ion concentration. Cross-correlation analysis of the fluorescence monitored from two spatially offset microscopic detection volumes revealed the diffusion and electrophoretic migration of ssDNA at a range of magnesium concentrations and electric field strengths. The effective charge of the ssDNA could then be determined using simple calculations. It was found that as the magnesium concentration in the buffer solution increased, the diffusion of the ssDNA also increased, while the effective charge of the ssDNA decreased. This was believed to be caused by increased association of the magnesium counterions with the negatively charged backbone of the ssDNA, which partially neutralized the negatively charged functional groups and allowed the ssDNA to adopt a more compact structure. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the measurement of effective charge of ssDNA in solution relative to magnesium ion concentration.
Distributed analysis with PROOF in ATLAS collaboration

The Parallel ROOT Facility – PROOF is a distributed analysis system which allows to exploit inherent event level parallelism of high energy physics data. PROOF can be configured to work with centralized storage systems, but it is especially effective together with distributed local storage systems – like Xrootd, when data are distributed over computing nodes. It works efficiently on different types of hardware and scales well from a multi-core laptop to large computing farms. From that point of view it is well suited for both large central analysis facilities and Tier 3 type analysis farms. PROOF can be used in interactive or batch like regimes. The interactive regime allows the user to work with typically distributed data from the ROOT command prompt and get a real time feedback on analysis progress and intermediate results. We will discuss our experience with PROOF in the context of ATLAS Collaboration distributed analysis. In particular we will discuss PROOF performance in various analysis scenarios and in multi-user, multi-session environments. We will also describe PROOF integration with the ATLAS distributed data management system and prospects of running PROOF on geographically distributed analysis farms.
A randomized, controlled trial of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Objectives In schizophrenia, the ability to adaptively infer the thoughts and feelings of others (i.e., social cognition) is strongly associated with community functioning. Researchers have designed psychosocial interventions to improve social cognition with the aim of improving downstream social functioning. Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) is one such intervention. Previous research on SCIT has been promising, but has consisted largely of smaller trials with insufficient experimental control. Design Randomized, controlled trial. Methods The current article reports on a controlled trial of 66 adults with schizophrenia randomized to receive either SCIT (n = 33), delivered in weekly group sessions, or treatment as usual (n = 33) for 6 months. Participants completed assessments of social cognition, social functioning, neurocognition and symptoms at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results Primary analyses suggest that SCIT may improve social functioning, negative symptoms, and possibly hostile attributional bias. Post-hoc analyses suggest a dose–response effect. Conclusions Findings are discussed in the context of continuing to refine and improve social cognitive interventions for schizophrenia. Practitioner points Social cognitive intervention is a feasible and promising approach to improving social functioning among individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Dose–response findings suggest that delivering social cognitive interventions with greater frequency may maximize their benefit to patients. Research on social cognitive interventions is still young and effects from well-controlled trials have been inconsistent. It is not yet clear which components of social cognitive training may be the key active ingredients.
Endpoints for responses of fish to chronic toxic exposures

The concept of chronic toxicity has caused confusion in fish toxicology because it has developed four connotations: long duration, inclusion of all life stages, low severity, and high sensitivity. To compare alternate chronic tests and expressions of test results, we extracted concentration-response data from published life-cycle, partial-life-cycle, and early life-stage tests and derived concentration-response relationships by nonlinear regression. The effects examined were reductions in parental survival, fecundity, hatching success, larval survival, weight of early juveniles, and weight of early juveniles per egg. On the average, the most sensitive effect was reduction in fecundity, not effects on early life stages. We also found that maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATCs) corresponded to fairly high levels of effect; mean reductions at the MATC were parental survival, 20%; fecundity, 42%; hatching, 12%; larval survival, 19%; weight, 20%; and weight/egg, 35%. These results indicate that, on average, MATCs are concentrations that cause substantial effects and that MATCs estimated from early life-stage tests are not good substitutes for life-cycle tests. We suggest that the acute-chronic dichotomy be abandoned in favor of tests and benchmarks based on concentration-duration-response dynamics.
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid metabolism. IV. Spectrophotometric evidence for the formation of an intermediate.

Abstract Evidence has been presented for the formation of an intermediate compound in the metabolism of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to quinolinic acid by 3-hydroxyanthranilase from rat liver preparations. The production of the intermediate was demonstrated by spectrophotometric analyses and quinolinic acid measurements of incubation mixtures in which small amounts of acetone powder extracts of rat liver were used as the enzyme source. The calculated extinction coefficient of the compound was more than double that of the substrate or of the final product, quinolinic acid. The intermediate was shown to be an oxidation product of 3-hydroxyanthranilate as indicated by Thunberg experiments. The data obtained indicate that the intermediate may be a quinone-type compound.
MECHANICAL DISCORDANCE OF THE LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE: A NOVEL MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN STROKE IN PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Thromboembolism in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) has often been attributed to occult AF. We hypothesized that in some cases, the surface ECG may not reflect left atrial appendage (LAA) mechanical function, with a sinus rhythm (SR) ECG phenotype on ECG but an AF/prothrombotic pulsed wave
Overview of Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft for Meteorological Sampling

AbstractSampling the atmospheric boundary layer with small unmanned aircraft is a difficult task requiring informed selection of sensors and algorithms that are suited to the particular platform and mission. Many factors must be considered during the design process to ensure the desired measurement accuracy and resolution is achieved, as is demonstrated through an examination of previous and current efforts. A taxonomy is developed from these approaches and is used to guide a review of the systems that have been employed to make in situ wind and thermodynamic measurements, along with the campaigns that have employed them. Details about the airframe parameters, estimation algorithms, sensors, and calibration methods are given.
ICET: a complete chip-level thermal reliability diagnosis tool for CMOS VLSI chips

In this paper, we present the first chip-level electrothermal simulator, iCET. For a given chip layout, packaging material, user-specified input signal patterns, and thermal boundary conditions, it automatically finds the CMOS on-chip steady-state temperature profile and the resulting circuit performance. iCET has been tested on several circuits and it can efficiently analyze layouts containing tens of thousands of transistors on a desktop workstation.
Neurobehavioral assessment during the early postnatal period

Few laboratories investigating the neurobehavioral consequences of developmental toxicants assess offspring early in ontogeny other than examining physical maturation, reflex development and perhaps locomotor activity, measures which tap only a limited portion of the neurobehavioral capacities of young organisms. The importance of including a wider range of neurobehavioral assessments during the early postnatal period in developmental toxicology test batteries is discussed. Special considerations for the design of testing early in life are enumerated, and examples are given of suckling, cognitive and psychopharmacological tests that have been shown to be sensitive indicators early in life of the effects of gestational drug exposure.
Examination of phenothiazine-albumin interaction by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry

Abstract The binding properties of several phenothiazines to both human and bovine serum albumin have been systematically examined by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometric methods. The difference spectra of their interaction at pH 7·4 showed characteristically two positive and two negative absorption peaks at the 330, 260 and 290, 250 nm regions respectively. The difference spectra, which were derived mostly from perturbation of the phenothiazine chromophores in a hydrophobic environment, were quite specific, as structurally similar chlorpromazine sulfoxide, imipramine and chlorprothixene gave entirely different patterns of much weaker absorption. This may be taken as evidence that the latter compounds were bound at sites on the protein surface quite different from those of the phenothiazines. Contrary to the conclusion reached in recent publications which advocated that only one of the phenothiazine benzene rings was involved in the binding, the present studies with substituted derivatives on various positions show that this is not the case, but rather the whole phenothiazine nucleus takes part in the binding process. Furthermore, the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the binding of phenothiazines demonstrated that the interaction is a noncompetitive interference which does not involve the same binding sites. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to various types of binding forces.
Magnetic structure of bcc and fcc manganese

Self‐consistent band‐structure calculations are used to obtain the ferromagnetic moment as a function of lattice constant for bcc and fcc Mn. The ferromagnetic moment of bcc Mn is found to change discontinuously from a small to a large value as the lattice constant increases, while the fcc moment is found to change discontinuously from zero to a large value with increasing atomic volume. In the bcc case, the transition occurs inside a narrow double moment region in which the low spin and high spin states coexist. Information from magnetic susceptibility calculations on bcc and fcc Mn is used to predict whether the ground state is ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic in certain ranges of lattice constant.
The type III secretion chaperone SycE promotes a localized disorder-to-order transition in the natively unfolded effector YopE

Many virulence-related, bacterial effector proteins are translocated directly into the cytosol of host cells by the type III secretion (TTS) system. Translocation of most TTS effectors requires binding by specific chaperones in the bacterial cytosol, although how chaperones promote translocation is unclear. To provide insight into the action of such chaperones, we studied the consequences of binding by the Yersinia chaperone SycE to the effector YopE by NMR. These studies examined the intact form of the effector, whereas prior studies have been limited to well ordered fragments. We found that YopE had the characteristics of a natively unfolded protein, with its N-terminal 100 residues, including its chaperone-binding (Cb) region, flexible and disordered in the absence of SycE. SycE binding caused a pronounced disorder-to-order transition in the Cb region of YopE. The effect of SycE was strictly localized to the Cb region, with other portions of YopE being unperturbed. These results provide stringent limits on models of chaperone action and are consistent with the chaperone promoting formation of a three-dimensional targeting signal in the Cb region of the effector. The target of this putative signal is unknown but appears to be a bacterial component other than the TTS ATPase YscN.
Gabapentin in Comorbid Anxiety and Substance Use

Recent reports promote the efficacy of gabapentin for both anxiety and substance use disorders (SUDs).1, 2 We report on an individual with polysubstance dependence and social phobia who had decreas...
Application of molecular orbital theory to the interpretation of mass spectra study of substituent effect on a series of acetophenones

Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations have been used to study the substituent effect on the intensity of the m/e 43 peak ([COCH3]+) in the mass spectra of a series of 25 substituted acetophenones. The two most relevant molecular properties calculated appear to be the ionization potential and the bond density of the fragmenting bond. A semi-logarithmic plot of relative peak intensities[the ratio of m/e (43/[M]+)] versus the ratio of ionization potential to bond density for these compounds produced a linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 from the INDO method and 0.93 from the IEHT method. The use of two different semi-empirical methods to calculate ionization potentials and bond densities, together with the qualitative agreement between the two methods and with available experimental data, substantiates the correlations obtained. In addition, the molecular orbital calculations were used to understand the anomalous behavior of the teritary butyl and para-phenyl substitutes.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Controls the Formation and Maintenance of Gut-Resident Memory T Cells by Regulating Migration and Retention

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells represent a population of memory CD8⁺ T cells that can act as first responders to local infection. The mechanisms regulating the formation and maintenance of intestinal Trm cells remain elusive. Here we showed that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) controlled both stages of gut Trm cell differentiation through different mechanisms. During the formation phase of Trm cells, TGF-β signaling inhibited the migration of effector CD8⁺ T cells from the spleen to the gut by dampening the expression of integrin α4β7. During the maintenance phase, TGF-β was required for the retention of intestinal Trm cells at least in part through the induction of integrins αEβ7 and α1, as well as CD69. Thus, the cytokine acts to control cytotoxic T cell differentiation in lymphoid and peripheral organs.
The private provision of public goods: Altruism and voluntary giving

Abstract A unique data set on exact giving by individual households for the support of a rural health care facility is used to examine the determinants of charitable giving, including the role of altruism. We examine whether a household's decision to give or not give and the amount it gives are influenced in the same or different ways by the household's characteristics and economic circumstances. We also examine whether a household's ‘altruistic history’ affects its current giving decisions.
Developmental Trends and Relationships in Children's Aural Perception and Symbol Use.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among children's aural perception of tonal patterns and children's symbol use in drawing and selection tasks based on tonal information. Children's performances on perception, drawing, and selection tasks were investigated for developmental trends within and across tasks. Sixty-four children, ranging in age from 4 years, 7 months, to 12 years, 8 months, were tested for their performance on aural perception of tonal patterns (PMMA/IMMA), selection, and drawing tasks. A principal components analysis showed perception, selection, and drawing to load on one factor. When factor scores were examined for differences by age with a one-way ANOVA, age was shown to be a significant effect, F(3, 60) = 7.58, p < .001. Post-hoc comparisons showed that children at the youngest level differed significantly (p < .01) from those at the two older levels on the literacy factor, with scores on all tasks and factor score means revealing a linear trend in children's mus...
Randomness in cryptography

Although more formal definitions of randomness exist, a colloquial one will suffice here: a random process is one whose consequences are unknown. Intuitively, this is why randomness is crucial in cryptographic applications - because it provides a way to create information that an adversary can't learn or predict. It's then the task of a good protocol designer to leverage this power in the best possible way to protect data and communication. In this paper, we'll look at some basic uses of randomness in cryptography and briefly review the process of securely generating randomness
Ruth Kimmelstiel Freinkel (1926-2014).

Dr Ruth Freinkel died 17 May 2014 at the age of 87 at her home in Eugene, Oregon. Born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1926, Ruth immigrated to the United States when she was seven years old with her family (including her father, Paul Kimmelstiel, who described Kimmelstiel–Wilson syndrome/diabetic nephropathy).
A comparison of cell‐mediated immunity and suppressor T‐cell function in asthmatic and normal children

Summary The role of general and suppressor T-cell function was investigated in a group of twelve children with atopic asthma and ten non-atopic control children. Studies of active E rosettes, lymphocyte stimulation, and delayed type skin responsiveness revealed no statistically significant group differences. Data obtained employing a concanavalin A-induced, suppressor T-cell assay revealed that the asthmatics generated significantly less suppressor cell activity than did the normal control group. There was no correlation between lack of suppressor cell function and serum IgE levels. The results of this study support the concept of suppressor T-cell dysfunction in atopic disease.
Improved gas chromatographic analysis of chlorpromazine in blood serum

Reliable determinations of chlorpromazine levels in blood serum samples obtained from patients were accomplished by electron capture gas chromatography. By using modifications of the procedure to insure stability of the sample, minimal losses during sample preparation and gas chromatography, and by selecting appropriate operating parameters of the electron capture detector, excellent agreement was obtained in replicate analyses with a limit of sensitivity of 1 ng/ml in 1 ml of plasma.
CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has developed a new set of definitions for surveillance of nosocomial infections. The new definitions combine specific clinical findings with results of laboratory and other tests that include recent advances in diagnostic technology; they are formulated as algorithms. For certain infections in which the clinical or laboratory manifestations are different in neonates and infants than in older persons, specific criteria are included. The definitions include criteria for common nosocomial infections as well as infections that occur infrequently but have serious consequences. The definitions were introduced into hospitals participating in the CDC National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) in 1987 and were modified based on comments from infection control personnel in NNIS hospitals and others involved in surveillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. The definitions were implemented for surveillance of nosocomial infections in NNIS hospitals in January 1988 and are the current CDC definitions for nosocomial infections. Other hospitals may wish to adopt or modify them for use in their nosocomial infections surveillance programs.
Political health as an integrating model in political systems theory

The concept of political health, correctly understood and employed, can serve as an integrating model in the discipline of political science. A realistic theory of the political system should welcome such a concept which seeks to do justice to the three central concerns of political science. First, political health makes explicit the preferred ethical concern of political science: Its dedication to such values as peace, freedom, justice, and welfare. Second, the concept enables political scientists to explore, as empirical social scientists, the necessary and sufficient conditions of these same values, and to arrive at generalizations about the state of our political health. And, thirdly, the concept of political health encourages political scientists—ethically motivated, and scientifically equipped—to sustain and improve the health of political communities by helping to sharpen the capacity of all political actors (but especially politicians, administrators, and statesmen) to make prudent political judgments in politics.
User focus: Essentials of successful corporate electronic mail

It is fast becoming evident that there are major competitive and economic advantages in implementing electronic communications capabilities, both within companies and between companies and their business partners and customers. Corporate electronic mail is one of the most far reaching strategic investments a company can make, yet it can prove to be disappointing, and even disasterous. Based on the experience of companies which have installed such systems, this paper explores key factors that are essential to the successful implementation of corporate electronic mail.