cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quotient-singularities and wild p-cyclic actions

In this paper we develop canonical forms for certain p-cyclic automorphisms of formal power series rings over fields of characteristic p. Our interest in this problem is based on the geometrical question of classifying quotient-singularities over fields of non-zero characteristic. Let V be a smooth variety over an algebraically closed field k of arbitrary characteristic. Given a finite group G of k-automorphisms of V, we can consider the quotient-variety V/G, whose points correspond to orbits of points in V. The variety V/G is smooth almost everywhere, but may acquire singularities corresponding to points of V with non-trivial isotropy. One would like to classify all singularities which can arise in this manner. In characteristic zero, this problem has been extensively studied and a complete classification has been given by Brieskorn [4] in the case that V has dimension two. The key to the characteristic zero solution is a result of Cartan [5] which states that it is possible to choose coordinates for V so that G acts linearly. Thus the study reduces to a classification of quotients by matrix group actions. This reduction has the twofold advantage of greatly restricting the classes of actions to be analyzed as well as of bringing the action into a form for which explicit calculations are particularly straightforward. However, in non-zero characteristics this method breaks down: if the characteristic divides the order of G-the case of wild actions-it is rarely possible to linearize the action of the group. Consequently, very little progress has been made in the study of characteristic p quotients except in certain restricted cases in which G acts linearly (see, for example, [8]). The purpose of this work is to construct normal forms for non-linear wild group actions and use them to study the resulting quotient-singularities. We concentrate on the case that G is cyclic of order p.
SU-GG-T-334: Improvement of Off-Axis Energy Sampling in XVMC Beam Model for Varian 2100C/D

Purpose: To improve the off‐axis energy sampling in the Virtual Photon Energy Fluence (VEF) model of XVMC using an energy‐dependent scaling factor for Varian 2100C/D. Method and Materials: When the VEF model of XVMC was commissioned for Varian 2100C/D, the calculated outputs significantly disagreed with measured outputs. Moreover, the off‐axis output becomes lower than measured output as the off‐axis distance increases. Because the XVMC does not reflect the monitor backscatter effect, this study employed the monitor backscatter factor to correct the central axis output. The XVMC samples photon energy from the central axis spectrum and then converts to off‐axis photon energy by a scaling factor which is the ratio of mean off‐axis photon energy to the mean central axis photon energy. Since the spectrum changes with the off‐axis distance, the scaling factor must vary with not only off‐axis distance but also with energy. This study developed an energy‐dependent scaling factor using a fifth order polynomial equation and fitted coefficients to off‐axis spectrum generated by a full scope Monte Carlo accelerator head model using BEAMnrc. The coefficients are functions of photon energy to account for the off‐axis spectrum changes. Results: The calculated outputs agree with the measurement after the monitor backscatter correction is applied. It ensures that the central axis spectrum commissioned is reliable and accurate. The energy‐dependent scaling factor enabled the XVMC to sample photon energy correctly at any off‐axis distance and to reproduce the measured profiles within an acceptance criterion for all field sizes.Conclusion: Although the XVMC photon energy sampling is fast and efficient with the VEF model, the inaccuracy of output has delayed the implementation of XVMC for Varian 2100C/D. It is expected that the improved beam model will enhance the clinical implementation of the XVMC for Varian 2100C/D.
Performance evaluation of different neural network training algorithms in error control coding

This paper discusses the error control coding in communication networks using a neural network approach. A comparison was made between two different learning algorithms-- namely, back propagation and random optimization--for this application. The results indicate the superiority of back propagation over random optimization for learning time and generalization. It has been found that the error control coding problem is an auto-associative problem and is best suited for back propagation environments.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Collaboration on Technology Projects Results in Cost Sharing Opportunities.

Realizing they shared a common and growing need for information technology consulting services, new administrative systems, and interrelated instructional technology growth at their respective institutions, two colleges in Massachusetts joined forces. They chose to partner with CampusWorks, Inc. and found a way to save money and improve their return on investment.
Cellular control of lymphocytes initiating graft vs. host reactions

Abstract Spleen and lymph nodes of rats, in which a state of transplantation tolerance has been deliberately abolished by adoptive transfer, contain cells which can inhibit syngeneic lymphocytes from normal donors in the initiation of a graft versus host reaction. The suppressive effect shows immunologic specificity. Suppressor cells were not detected in tolerant chimeras.
Phonon dispersion curves of bcc Ba.

Large single crystals of bcc Ba were grown and were used to study the lattice dynamics of this divalent metal by inelastic neutron scattering. The phonon dispersion curves were measured, at room temperature, along the (xi00), (xixi0), and (xixixi) symmetry directions. Along the (xi00) symmetry direction, the frequencies of the longitudinal dispersion curve were found to be lower than those of the transverse branch, a surprising result in view of the relatively simple electronic structure of this metal. This anomalous feature of the dispersion curves was attributed to the hybridization of the free-election-like states with the d bands, which in this metal are only slightly above the Fermi level. To provide support for this interpretation, the frequencies of the longitudinal and transverse branches along the (xi00) direction were evaluated at the middle of the zone (xi = (1/2)) with use of first-principles frozen-phonon techniques. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data and, in addition, clearly demonstrate that the observed anomaly is sensitive to the position of the d bands relative to the Fermi level. The data were used to evaluate the elastic constants, the phonon density of states, and the lattice specific heat ofmore » Ba.« less
'Palolo' Worms in Pacific Waters

COMMANDER BURROWS' interesting letter1 on the palolo worm prompts me to confirm his assumption that this annelid occurs elsewhere than in Fijian and Samoan waters. It exhibits a similar periodic rising at three points off the coast of Ulawa Islands in the Solomons, where its name is 'orku'2, and it has also been observed from southern Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides3. Specimens which I sent to the British Museum in 1936 from Ulawa were identified by Mr. C. C. A. Munro as Eunice viridis Gray, and this is clearly the same as the Eunice virida of Commander Burrows.
Diode-pumped 200 μm diameter core, gain-guided, index-antiguided single mode fiber laser

Single mode laser action in a diode-pumped gain-guided, index- antiguided Nd3+-doped phosphate glass fiber having a 200-μm-diameter core is demonstrated. Near-Gaussian beam quality was maintained, even when pumped up to four times the threshold pump power, indicating robust lowest order mode oscillation. Subtle differences associated with the effectiveness of diode pumping gain-guided, index-antiguided fibers are discussed.
Comparison of existing clinical scoring systems to predict persistent organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Background & Aims It is important to identify patients with acute pancreatitis who are at risk for developing persistent organ failure early in the course of disease. Several scoring systems have been developed to predict which patients are most likely to develop persistent organ failure. We head-to-head compared the accuracy of these systems in predicting persistent organ failure, developed rules that combined these scores to optimize predictive accuracy, and validated our findings in an independent cohort. Methods Clinical data from 2 prospective cohorts were used for training (n = 256) and validation (n = 397). Persistent organ failure was defined as cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or renal failure that lasted for 48 hours or more. Nine clinical scores were calculated when patients were admitted and 48 hours later. We developed 12 predictive rules that combined these scores, in order of increasing complexity. Results Existing scoring systems showed modest accuracy (areas under the curve at admission of 0.62–0.84 in the training cohort and 0.57–0.74 in the validation cohort). The Glasgow score was the best classifier at admission in both cohorts. Serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen provided similar levels of discrimination in each set of patients. Our 12 predictive rules increased accuracy to 0.92 in the training cohort and 0.84 in the validation cohort. Conclusions The existing scoring systems seem to have reached their maximal efficacy in predicting persistent organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Sophisticated combinations of predictive rules are more accurate but cumbersome to use, and therefore of limited clinical use. Our ability to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis cannot be expected to improve unless we develop new approaches.
Blood α-tocopherol: Erythrocyte and plasma relationships in vitro and in vivo

When rat plasma labeled with3H-α-tocopherol was incubated with tocopherol-deficient red cells, uptake of radioactivity by cells was rapid with a maximum being reached in 6–8 hr. The equilibrium ratio of red cell-plasma α-tocopherol, from 0.3–0.6, was independent of the initial plasma concentration. When labeled red cells were incubated with tocopherol-deficient plasma, radioactivity in plasma became maximal in 11.5 hr. When both plasma and cells had normal α-tocopherol concentrations initially, the rate of exchange was similar in either direction with equilibrium of specific activity being attained in 6 hr. After a single oral dose of3H-α-tocopherol the activity in both plasma and cells reached a maximum in 8 hr and then fell rapidly during the next four days. The ratio of red cell-plasma radioactivity at all intervals after 8 hr was 0.5.
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for SSSC-based controller design

In this paper, an evolutionary multi-objective optimization approach is employed to design a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based controller. The design objective is to improve the transient performance of a power system subjected to a severe disturbance by damping the multi-modal oscillations namely; local mode, inter-area mode and inter-plant mode. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based solution technique is applied to generate a Pareto set of global optimal solutions to the given multi-objective optimization problem. Further, a fuzzy-based membership value assignment method is employed to choose the best compromise solution from the obtained Pareto solution set. Simulation results are presented and compared with a PI controller under various disturbances namely; three-phase fault, line outage, loss of load and unbalanced faults to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.
RECENT STUDIES ON METHODS OF ISOLATING A BACTERIOPHAGE FOR BACILLUS DIPHTHERIÆ

Of the attempts to isolate an antidiphtheria phage (1) from stools collected daily during the course of a case of the disease, (2) from a 33 day old broth culture of B. diphtheriae, (3) from intestinal contents and peritoneal washings of guinea pigs inoculated with three different toxic strains of B. diphtheriae, none yielded an antidiphtheria phage. However of eleven specimens of feces collected from eleven antitoxin horses one was found to contain a bacteriophage active against B. diphtheriae. This phage was not observed in the first generation and did not show up until transferred the second time. Had the results of the first transfer been regarded as final in all certainty the existence of a phage would not have been recognized. Two additional specimens of feces from the positive horse (No. 156) were later tested to determine whether this bacteriophage was continually present in the intestinal tract of this animal. Both of these feces filtrates failed to yield a phage. Later a sample of freshly collected blood serum from the same horse was tested and found not to contain a phage. The antidiphtheria phage was tested against eighteen non-diphtheria strains of microorganisms to determine whether it would show lytic activity for related or unrelated bacteria. There was no evidence of lysis in any of these types. The specificity of this phage was also tested on nine strains of B. diphtheriae and found to be active on three heterologous strains (Strain M 1314, Strain F and Strain G). These incidentally were all recently isolated. It failed to lyse the remaining six strains of which five were recently isolated. B. diphtheriae Strain M 1314 was used in combination with nine heterologous bacteriophages isolated from various sources, to determine if any of these phages would by chance lyse this culture. The results were all negative. To date this phage fails to show complete lysis although the twenty-second generation has a titer of 1 x 10–9. Additional proposed experiments involving this phage are being planned and will be undertaken in the near future.
Identification of a regulatory segment of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.

Coordinate regulation of PARP-1 and -2 and PARG is required for cellular responses to genotoxic stress. While PARP-1 and -2 are regulated by DNA breaks and covalent modifications, mechanisms of PARG regulation are poorly understood. We report here discovery of a PARG regulatory segment far removed linearly from residues involved in catalysis. Expression and analysis of human PARG segments identified a minimal catalytically active C-terminal PARG (hPARG59) containing a 16-residue N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). Deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the MTS, specifically hydrophobic residues L473 and L474, was required for PARG activity. This region of PARG was termed the “regulatory segment/MTS” (REG/MTS). The overall α-helical composition of hPARG59, determined by circular dichroism (CD), was unaffected by mutation of the REG/MTS leucine residues, suggesting that activity loss was not due to incorrect protein folding. REG/MTS was predicted to be in a loop conform...
Projecting grade‐specific enrollments for school catchment areas: An evaluation of two methods

Historical enrollment data for the catchment areas of individual schools are rarely useful for projecting future enrollments because their boundaries are frequently adjusted to balance growth and decline in the enrollments of individual schools. The modifiable spatial-filter method (MSF) was developed to meet this problem (Rushton, Armstrong, and Lolonis, 1995). In this article, a modifiable catchment area method (MCA) is developed, and the performance of the two methods is compared in one school district. Both methods use individual, address-matched, student records, but are different in the way they spatially aggregate these data to estimate key model parameters. Results are clearly sensitive to these differences. We apply both methods retroactively to the address-matched student records, from 1989 through 1992, of 16 elementary schools in one school district in Iowa, and we project the 1993–1996 enrollments for 17 school catchment areas in the district. We show that the average of the results of the two methods produce projections that are more accurate than either method alone. We also show that it is the nonstationarity of model parameters that leads to different levels of performance by the two methods in certain parts of the study region. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Stimulates Src-dependent mRNA Stabilization of Specific Early Genes in Fibroblasts *

The Src family of protein-tyrosine kinases (SFKs) participates in a variety of signal transduction pathways, including promotion of cell growth, prevention of apoptosis, and regulation of cell interactions and motility. In particular, SFKs are required for the mitogenic response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). However, it is not clear whether there is a discrete SFK-specific pathway leading to enhanced gene expression or whether SFKs act to generally enhance PDGF-stimulated gene expression. To examine this, we treated quiescent NIH3T3 cells with PDGF in the presence or absence of small molecule inhibitors of SFKs, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and MEK1/2. Global patterns of gene expression were analyzed by using Affymetrix Gene-Chip arrays, and data were validated by using reverse transcription-PCR and ribonuclease protection assay. We identified a discrete set of immediate early genes induced by PDGF and inhibited in the presence of the SFK-selective inhibitor SU6656. A subset of these SFK-dependent genes was induced by PDGF even in the presence of the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. By using ribonuclease protection assays and nuclear run-off assays, we further determined that PDGF did not stimulate the rate of transcription of these SFK-dependent immediate early genes but rather promoted mRNA stabilization. Our data suggest that PDGF regulates gene expression through an SFK-specific pathway that is distinct from the Ras-MAPK and PI3K pathways, and that SFKs signal gene expression by enhancing mRNA stability.
Performance of Primary Users in Spectrum Sharing Cognitive Radio Environment

This paper investigates the performance of the primary user in a multiuser cognitive radio environment. Using spectrum sharing method, multiple cognitive users compete to share a channel dedicated to the primary user in order to transmit their data to a common receiver unit. Only one cognitive user is scheduled to share the channel, and to do so, its transmit power should not increase the primary user's outage probability above a certain limit. The average bit error rate and the average channel capacity of the primary user are derived in this setup for different cognitive scheduling schemes. The performance measures of the primary user are found to depend on the cognitive user's scheduling criterion and on the parameters of the communication environment.
USERS' PARTIAL RELEVANCE JUDGEMENTS DURING ONLINE SEARCHING

Users' relevance judgements are central to both the systems and user‐oriented approaches to information retrieval (IR). A basic assumption of IR and online searching research has been that users always require the most ‘highly’ relevant items when using an IR system. This paper reports the results from research that sought to examine users conducting their initial online search on a particular information problem. Findings from three separate studies of relevance judgements by 44 initial search users were examined, including two studies of 13 end‐users and a study of 18 users engaged in mediated online searches. Results show that the number of items judged ‘partially’ relevant (on the scale: relevant; partially relevant; not relevant) was found to correlate positively with changes in users': (1) criteria for making relevance judgements; (2) information problem definition; and (3) personal knowledge due to the search interaction; and also (4) search intermediaries' perceptions that a user's question and information problem has changed during the mediated search interaction. Items judged ‘highly’ relevant were not correlated with these factors. Results of the three studies suggest that: (1) a relationship exists between partially relevant items retrieved and changes in the users' information problem or question during an information seeking process; (2) partial relevance judgements play an important role for users in the early stages of seeking information on a particidar information problem; and (3) ‘highly’ relevant items may or may not be the only items useful at the early stages of users' information seeking processes. Implications for the development of IR systems, relevance research and searching practice are also examined.
A serum-free [3H]thymidine incorporation assay for the detection of transforming growth factors

A rapid mitogenic assay suitable for the detection of transforming growth factors in the extracts of tissues or cells or in the medium conditioned by tumor cells in vitro is described. The method utilizes a nontumorigenic mouse embryo cell line (AKR-2B cells) maintained in serum-free conditions. Three classes of growth factors can be distinguished using this assay.
Stimulus delay and the reduction of errors in the transfer of stimulus control

Pigeons initially trained on a simultaneous discrimination of line orientation (S1) were subsequently transferred to a wavelength discrimination (S2). Three transfer procedures were employed. The abrupt-transfer Ss were “abruptly” switched from S1 to the S2 dimension. The stimulus-compounding Ss were trained on a compound stimulus consisting of S1 and S2 displayed in superimposition prior to the presentation of S2 alone. The stimulus-delay Ss were trained on a compound stimulus in which the presentation of the S1 component was delayed for successively longer intervals as a result of a correct response to the preceding trial. Stimulus-delay Ss transferred by responding to S2 prior to the presentation of S1 and the resulting formation of the compound. Ss transferred by the stimulus-compounding and the abrupt-transfer procedures displayed 5 and 10 times as many errors to the S2 dimension, respectively, as Ss receiving the stimulus-delay procedure.
Detection of small targets in compressed imagery: I. Performance of edge detectors over VQ- and VPIC-compressed imagery

The cost of processing imagery that exhibits a large data burden can be reduced by compressive processing, which computes over a compressed image versus the corresponding (uncompressed) source image. When the compressive result is decompressed, one obtains an approximation to the corresponding operation over uncompressed imagery. In previous publications, we have shown that compressive processing can lead to computational efficiency (e.g., a sequential speedup) that approaches the compression ratio. In certain cases, computational speedup that exceeds the compression ratio can be achieved with sufficient parallelism. We have also derived techniques for computing pointwise arithmetic operations, global reduce operations such as image sum or image maximum, and selected image- template operations over imagery compressed by several blockwise transformations. In particular, our previous research has emphasized the processing of imagery compressed by block truncation coding, vector quantization (VQ), and visual pattern image coding (VPIC). In this paper, we extend our previous work by deriving algorithms that more accurately simulate the operations of Prewitt, Sobel, and Kirsch edge detection over imagery compressed by VQ and VPIC transforms. We also derive morphological operations of erosion and dilation with the von Neumann template over VQ- and VPIC-compressed Boolean imagery. Analysis of each operation includes a model of computational complexity and theoretical/experimental assessment of information loss incurred by computing over a lossy compressed image representation. We show that edge detection over VPIC- compressed imagery can be implemented in terms of a simple codebook transformation. Thus, if an uncompressed (source) image has N pixels and the compression ratio is denoted by CR, approximately O(N/CR) substitutions of exemplars from the transformed codebook are required. This technique is extensible to certain morphological operations with the von Neumann template and can be implemented in SIMD-parallel fashion.
MATRIX MODELS AND NON-PERTURBATIVE STRING PROPAGATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL BLACK HOLE BACKGROUNDS

We identify a quantity in the c = 1 matrix model which describes the wave function for physical scattering of a tachyon from a black hole of the two-dimensional critical string theory. At the semiclassical level this quantity corresponds to the usual picture of a wave coming in from infinity, part of which enters the black hole becoming singular at the singularity, while the rest is scattered back to infinity, with nothing emerging from the white hole. We find, however, that the exact non-perturbative wave function is non-singular at the singularity and appears to end up in the asymptotic region "behind" the singularity.
Ozone process insights from field experiments – part II: Observation-based analysis for ozone production☆

Abstract A complete characterization of O3 photochemistry from a regulatory point of view includes knowing the production rate for O3, the sensitivity of this rate to NOx and VOCs, and the effects of emission controls on O3 concentration. Observation-based analysis techniques have been developed to determine these quantities based on observed concentrations of O3 and other photochemical ingredients. The promise of these methods is that reliable predictions on O3 control measures will be forthcoming from easily made measurements. We review several techniques that have been used in recent field programs. Techniques are divided into two families according to whether predicted quantities pertain to the present state of an air parcel or to its history. The present time frame methods address the question of what is happening now, whereas the past time frame methods are used to determine how the air mass evolved to its present state. Present time frame methods are used to determine O3 production rates and sensitivities. In this category, we discuss the constrained steady state, photostationary state, and radical budget methods. Past time frame techniques are used to address questions on the dependence of O3 on precursor emissions. In this category, we discuss indicator species and the “observation-based model”.
Time-series momentum as an intra- and inter-industry effect: Implications for market efficiency

Abstract Existing studies on time-series predictability in equity returns base their analysis on the usage of a broad market index or individual stocks showing that trend chasing trading rules have largely been futile. This paper shows that trend continuation is predominantly an intra-industry rather than a market-wide or a single-company effect. After adjusting for data snooping bias, trend chasing trading rules achieve superior predictability for a number of sectors and industries in the 1990s. A simultaneous application of trading rules to each sector or industry individually yields superior predictability on the aggregate market level in the 1990s implying that time-series momentum can also be experienced as an inter-industry effect, i.e., momentum can travel across industries reflecting the phenomenon of sector rotation. Sector and industry portfolios exhibit no predictability in their returns in the 2000s due to a persistent negative autocorrelation in their return series. A sharp and sustained rise in correlations between sectors and industries observed since the early 2000s makes it difficult for actively managed trading strategies to outperform the passive benchmarks.
High-speed performance of Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ heterojunction bipolar transistors

A theoretical investigation of Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) undertaken in an attempt to determine their speed potential is discussed. The analysis is based on a compact transistor model, and devices with self-aligned geometry, including both extrinsic and intrinsic parameters, are considered. For an emitter area of 1*5 mu m/sup 2/, an f/sub t/ of over 75 GHz and f/sub max/ of over 35 GHz were computed at a collector current density of 1*10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ and V/sub CB/ of 5 V. >
Towards the Rational Design of Opioids with Desired Binding Kinetics

Opioid receptors are classical pharmacological targets and the object of intense research towards improved analgesics with reduced side effects. High-resolution X-ray crystal structures of all four opioid receptor subtypes - the mu (MOP), kappa (KOP), delta (DOP), and nociceptin (NOP) opioid receptors - have recently provided direct information about the molecular determinants of opioid binding affinity. Yet, little information is available about the kinetics of opioid-receptor binding, which may be as important as, or even more important than, affinity for the rational design of efficacious opioid-based therapeutics.By accelerating transitions between low-energy states, enhanced molecular dynamics techniques are especially suited to gain atomic-level insight into opioid receptor recognition and binding. Here, we used multiple-walker well-tempered metadynamics to investigate the binding of classical opioid receptor ligands to the mouse MOP receptor. We find that the first interaction between the ligand and MOP involves residue D218 in the extracellular loop 2 and residues of transmembrane (TM) helix 2. Analysis of the lowest-energy binding pathways reveals an additional intermediate metastable state in which the ligand positions itself in a region that is partially occupied by JDTic in the corresponding KOP crystal structure, forming interactions with residues in TM2 and TM3.We used the free-energies resulting from our simulations to derive estimates of binding affinity and transition rates along the characterized opioid binding pathways, as well as ligand on- and off-rates. Given the reasonable agreement between the calculated estimates and published experimental values, and the provided powerful insights into molecular determinants of opioid-receptor binding kinetics, these types of simulation hold great promise for the rational design of opioids with desired binding kinetics.
A NEW STRATIOMYID PEST OF SUGAR CANE IN AUSTRALIA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE) *

Altermetoponia flava. sp. n., is described from adults reared from larvae infesting sugar cane in the coastal area of Queensland.
Charter Schools and Urban Regimes in Neoliberal Context: Making Workers and New Spaces in Metropolitan Atlanta

In this article, we demonstrate the neoliberalism and multiscalar economic perspective of the charter school movement in Atlanta, Georgia, through examination of news articles and editorials about charter schools in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution from 1998 to 2004. We posit three interrelated dynamics which explain the editorial board’s interest in charter schools as part of a broader urban regime agenda. First, charter schools represent part of a neoliberal shift in education that parallels shifts in urban governance, emphasizing flexibility, public–private partnerships, and ‘market’-oriented consumer choice and accountability. Second, the newspaper is issuing a challenge to educational structures, to adopt more neoliberal policies and shed a bureaucratic, liberal governance framework. Finally, we find critical evidence that the charter school movement draws on a multiscalar discourse which simultaneously references responsiveness to local, neighborhood needs, and at the same time highlights the economic imperatives of a global, competitive city to differentially skill students/workers in order to capture mobile and fractured (global) capital.
Effects of Electroshock on Memory: Amnesia without Convulsions

Mice received a single training trial on an inhibitory avoidance task and a retention trial 24 hours later. Electroshock stimulation, administered 25 seconds after the training trial, produced amnesia even if the convulsion was prevented by ether anesthesia. The amnesia produced by such shock is apparently due to the electric current and not to the convulsion.
Recurrent Reciprocating Tachycardias in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome* Control by the Use of a Scanning Pacemaker

Frequent episodes of arrhythmias in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome are sometimes unresponsive to medical management. Recent emphasis has been placed on the role of surgery as a means of effectively controlling these patients' tachyarrhythmias; however, in some patients the use of permanent pacing has been espoused as an effective means of controlling arrhythmias. This report documents the efficacy of a new pacemaker with rate-scanning features, which offers significant technical advantages. Subsequent follow-up has documented the efficacy of this unit in the management of a young woman with type-A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and previously intractable arrhythmias.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the Evangelical Moment in American Public Life

This essay was delivered during a panel discussion entitled "'Costly Discipleship and Contemporary Culture: Bonhoeffer as a Model for Religious Activism" during the conference Dietrich Bonhoeffer for Our Times: Jewish and Christian Perspectives , cosponsored by the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hebrew College, and Andover-Newton Theological School, September 18, 2006. The author argues that conservative American evangelicals "often conflate loyalty to Jesus Christ with loyalty to the United States of America. They weave together loyalty to Jesus Christ with loyalty to the president, the party, the troops, the flag, or the nation." For the author, the witness of Dietrich Bonhoeffer encourages a strong resistance to such a confusion of loyalties.
Maintenance and generalization of behaviours after treatment of persons with traumatic brain injury

This review of behavioural research literature was conducted to determine if persons who have experienced a traumatic brain injury are able to maintain and generalize behaviours after training, and to identify formal programming strategies that might have been utilized to enhance maintenance and generalization. Studies reviewed included those that employed behavioural procedures to increase adaptive behaviours or reduce maladaptive behaviours and collected maintenance and generalization data. Results of the review indicate that persons who have experienced a traumatic brain injury have experienced successful response maintenance and generalization of community-referenced tasks. It is suggested that impaired memory does not keep persons from maintaining and generalizing such tasks, and that strategies to promote maintenance and generalization need to be included in behavioural programming.
Pulmonary Complications Associated With Illicit Drug Use: An Update

Study objective In earlier years, nonopportunistic infectious pulmonary complications of illicit drug use were most common. We designed this study to update the pulmonary complications associated with illicit drug use in the 1990s. Design Concurrent and retrospective chart review. Setting Inner-city municipal hospital. Patients All illicit drug users with pulmonary complications seen by the pulmonary consult service were enrolled in the study. There were 105 hospital admissions of 97 patients in a 14-month study period. Results Sixty percent of the patients had HIV infection. The most common pulmonary complications were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (30%) followed by community-acquired pneumonia (12%) and tuberculosis (9%). Conclusions The spectrum of pulmonary disease in illicit drug users has changed since 1988. Opportunistic HIV-related disease is much more common. Community-acquired pneumonia and tuberculosis remain relatively frequent complications. Septic pulmonary embolism is now rare. (CHEST 1995; 108:460-63)
Microwave methods for discriminating among sea ice, surface winds, and atmospheric parameters in the Arctic

Understanding the strong air-sea-ice interactions that characterize marginal ice zones (MIZs) is central to understanding the role of the Arctic in the global climate system. MIZs, typically shrouded in cloud, are subject to the passage of violent, short-lived weather systems. Passive microwave imaging provides the requisite spatial and temporal coverage for studying these areas. Atmospheric parameters have, in the past, been retrieved independently of sea ice. The goal of this study is to assess the current ability to discriminate between sea ice and weather at the ice edge with DSMP SSM/I. The approach taken is to examine two days in 1992, one winter and one summer, for which ESA ERS-1 SAR imagery exists for the precise determination of the sea ice edge. Near-surface wind speed, cloud liquid water, water vapour and rain rate were determined.
Mighty-morphing power-SIMD

In modern wireless devices, two broad classes of compute-intensive applications are common: those with high amounts of data-level parallelism, such as signal processing used in wireless baseband applications, and those that have little data-level parallelism, such as encryption. Wide single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) processors have become popular for providing high performance, yet power efficient data engines for applications with abundant data parallelism. However, the non-data-parallel applications are relegated to a low-performance scalar datapath on these data engines while the SIMD resources are left idle. To accelerate both types of applications, we propose the design of a more flexible SIMD datapath called SIMD-Morph. In SIMD-Morph, code with data-level parallelism can be executed across the lanes in the traditional manner, but the lanes can be morphed into a feed-forward subgraph accelerator to execute scalar applications more efficiently. The morphed SIMD lanes form an accelerator that exploits both instruction-level parallelism as well as operation chaining to improve the performance of scalar code by exploiting the available resources in the SIMD lanes. Experimental results show that the performance impact is a 2.6X improvement for purely non-SIMD applications and a 1.4X improvement for the non-SIMD-ized portions of applications with data parallelism.
Phylogenetic Relationships Among Calyptraeid Gastropods and Their Implications for the Biogeography of Marine Speciation

Although calyptraeid gastropods are not well understood taxonomically, in part because their simple plastic shells are the primary taxonomic character, they provide an ideal system to examine questions about evolution in the marine environment. I conducted a phylogenetic analysis of calyptraeid gastropods using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S genes and the nuclear 28S gene. The resultant phylogeny was used to examine the biogeographic patterns of speciation in the Calyptraeidae. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined data sets for 94 calyptraeid operational taxonomic units and 24 outgroups produced well-resolved phylogenies. Both approaches resulted in identical sister-species relationships, and the few differences in deeper topology did not affect biogeographic inferences. The geographic distribution of the species included here demonstrate numerous dispersal events both between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and across the equator. When parsimony is used to reconstruct the movement from the Pacific to the Atlantic oceans on the phylogeny, there are 12 transitions between oceans, primarily from the Pacific to the Atlantic. When the latitude is coded as north versus south of the equator, the most-parsimonious reconstruction gives the origin of calyptraeids in the north followed by 15 dispersal events to regions south of the equator and no returns to the north. Many clades of the most closely related species are either sympatric or occur along a single coastline. Closely related species can, however, occur in such divergent regions as Southern California and South Africa. There is little evidence for sister-species pairs or larger clades having been split by the Isthmus of Panama or the Benguela upwelling, but the East Pacific Barrier appears to separate the most basal taxa from the rest of the family. (Biogeographic barriers; Calyptraea; Crepidula; Crucibulum; cytochrome oxidase I; 16S; sympatric speciation.)
Ethnic differences in ischemic stroke subtypes in young-onset stroke: the Stroke Prevention in Young Adults Study

Prior studies indicate that young African-Americans (AA) have a greater frequency of ischemic stroke than similarly aged European-Americans (EA). We hypothesized that differences in stroke subtype frequency mediated through sex and differing risk factor profiles may play a role in ethnicity-specific stroke. Utilizing our biracial young-onset stroke population, we explored these relationships. Fifty nine hospitals in the Baltimore-Washington area participated in a population-based study of young-onset stroke in men (218-AA, 291-EA) and women (219-AA, 222-EA) aged 16–49. Data on age, sex, ethnicity and stroke risk factors (hypertension (HTN) and smoking) were gathered through standardized interview. A pair of vascular neurologists adjudicated each case to determine TOAST subtype. Logistic regression analyses evaluating for differences in stroke risk factors by TOAST subtype were performed. Analyses controlling for age and sex demonstrated that AA were more likely to have a lacunar stroke than EA (OR = 1.61; 95 % CI = 1.12–2.32; p = 0.011) when utilizing the other TOAST subtypes as the reference group. This effect was mediated by HTN, which increases the risk of lacunar stroke (OR = 2.03; 95 % CI = 1.38–2.98; p = 0.0003) and large artery stroke (OR = 1.70; 95 % CI = 1.01–2.88; p = 0.048) when controlling for sex, ethnicity, and age. Cases below age 40 were more likely to have a cardioembolic stroke than those above age 40 (OR = 1.62; 95 % CI = 1.15–2.27; p = 0.006), controlling for sex and ethnicity. Lastly, current smokers were more likely to have a large artery stroke than non-smokers (OR = 1.79; 95 % CI = 1.08–2.98; p = 0.024). Our population-based data demonstrate ethnic differences in ischemic stroke subtypes. These findings may help clarify mechanisms of stroke in young adults which may in part be driven by ethnic-specific differences in early-onset traditional risk factors, thereby indicating differing emphasis on workup and prevention.
Modeling of Plate-like Precipitates in Aluminum Alloys—Comparison between Phase Field and Cellular Automaton Methods

This report compares two approaches for simulating microstructure evolution of plate-like precipitates during artificial ageing of aluminum alloys: the phase field and the cellular automaton methods. Although both methods are based on thermodynamics, they handle the kinetics in quite different ways, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Both methods were applied to the growth of semi-coherent plate-like h 0 precipitates in Al-4 wt% Cu. Good agreement is found between the results of these two models, as well as experiments. A combination of these two methods would provide a novel approach that is both physically sound and computationally effective for the application of precipitation modeling.
Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Mediates Erythropoietin-induced Neuroprotection in Hypoxia Ischemia

Previous studies have shown that erythropoietin (EPO) is neuroprotective in both in vivo and in vitro models of hypoxia ischemia. However these studies hold limited clinical translations because the underlying mechanism remains unclear and the key molecules involved in EPO-induced neuroprotection are still to be determined. This study investigated if tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and its upstream regulator signaling molecule Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) are critical in EPO-induced neuroprotection. Hypoxia ischemia (HI) was modeled in-vitro by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and in-vivo by a modified version of Rice-Vannucci model of HI in 10-day-old rat pups. EPO treated cells were exposed to AG490, an inhibitor of JAK-2 or TIMP-1 neutralizing antibody for 2h with OGD. Cell death, phosphorylation of JAK-2 and signal transducers and activators of transcription protein-3 (STAT-3), TIMP-1 expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity were measured and compared with normoxic group. Hypoxic ischemic animals were treated one hour following HI and evaluated 48 h after. Our data showed that EPO significantly increased cell survival, associated with increased TIMP-1 activity, phosphorylation of JAK-2 and STAT-3, and decreased MMP-9 activity in vivo and in vitro. EPO's protective effects were reversed by inhibition of JAK-2 or TIMP-1 in both models. We concluded that JAK-2, STAT-3 and TIMP-1 are key mediators of EPO-induced neuroprotection during hypoxia ischemia injury.
Single- and Two-Phase Convective Heat Transfer From Smooth and Enhanced Microelectronic Heat Sources in a Rectangular Channel

Experiments have been performed to assess the feasibility of cooling microelectronic components by means of single-phase and two-phase forced convection. Tests were conducted using a single heat source flush mounted to one wall of a vertical rectangular channel. An inert fluorocarbon liquid (FC-72) was circulated upward through the channel at velocities up to 4.1 m/s and with subcooling up to 46 {degree}C. The simulated microelectronic heat sources tested in this study include a smooth surface and three low-profile microstud surfaces of varying stud height, each having a base area of 12.7{times}12.7 mm{sup 2}. Correlations were developed for the single-phase convective heat transfer coefficient over the Reynolds number range from 2800 to 1.5{times}10{sup 5}, where Reynolds number is based on the length of the heater. The results demonstrate that the low thermal resistances required for cooling of microelectronic heat sources may be achieved with single-phase forced convection by using high fluid velocity coupled with surface enhancement. Experiments were also performed to understand better the parametric trends of boiling heat transfer from the simulated microelectronic heat source. It was found that increased velocity and subcooling and the use of microstud surfaces enhance nucleate boiling, increase the critical heat flux, and reduce themore » magnitude of temperature overshoot upon the inception of nucleation.« less
Gender trends in engineering retention

We know that fewer women than men choose to begin college in an engineering major, but is there a difference in the graduation rates of male and female engineering students? Is the average GPA of female students leaving engineering higher or lower than that of the male students? Are the critical semesters different for each group? Likewise, do the same relationships hold for minority vs. nonminority students? In this paper, we report on analysis of graduation data for four cohorts and retention data for six cohorts of engineering students. Statistical analyses were performed to determine significant differences between groups of students and which characteristics are most strongly correlated to retention in engineering. Gender and minority status were included in the analyses. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in female engineering student retention to guide future program development. Overall, the graduation/retention rates and GPAs of female students were found to be higher than those of the male students. Brief examples of how these findings can be applied are also offered.