cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2193: WT1 mediated regulation of growth control genes in leukemia

Prognosis and therapy of acute leukemia is influenced by leukemia-specific genetic alterations, thus highlighting the importance of identifying novel prognostic markers. One such potential marker, the Wilms’ tumor gene (WT1), a zinc finger transcription factor, is expressed in leukemic blasts and has been found to be mutated in approximately 10 percent of leukemia cases. Work in other tumor systems has shown that WT1 up-regulates expression of genes promoting cancer progression, including the angiogenic and mitogenic factor VEGF. Microarray studies have also correlated expression of JAG1 (Jagged 1) and CCNA1 (Cyclin A) with WT1 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) samples. We have identified potential WT1 binding sites within the promoters of both JAG1 and CCNA1 and have compared the expression of these genes to that of WT1, using real time quantitative PCR (QRTPCR), in pediatric leukemia and normal bone marrow. Compared to normal bone marrow, we observed lower than normal levels of WT1 in a majority of pediatric ALL samples, associated with lower than normal levels of VEGF, JAG-1 and CCNA-1. Conversely in pediatric AML(M3) we observed elevated levels of WT1 associated with elevated JAG-1 and CCNA-1. Mutations of the WT1 zinc finger (ZF) DNA binding domain have also been described in poor prognosis leukemias. To identify novel ZF mutations we sequenced WT1 in twelve pediatric acute leukemia samples. No ZF domain mutations were identified among these samples with high WT1 expression. However, a well-described SNP (rs 16754, also in exon 7), identified as a good prognostic marker in Cytogenetically Normal AML, was observed either as a homozygous or heterozygous variant of the WT1 gene. Because a majority of WT1 mutations identified in leukemias are frameshift mutations leading to a truncated protein lacking the ZF DNA binding domain, we created a truncation mutant of isoform A-WT1 lacking the ZF domain and assessed its function in K562 cells. Using QRTPCR we quantified the effect of over-expression of wild type and mutant WT1 on VEGF, JAG1 and CCNA1 expression. Compared to the vector control, wild type WT1 upregulated levels of JAG1 and CCNA1 but not VEGF mRNA. Mutant WT1 did not upregulate JAG1 or CCNA1. Our data and other studies have shown that JAG1 is elevated in AML patient samples, implicating the NOTCH 1 pathway that promotes cell proliferation and blocks differentiation. Thus, these results suggest that WT1 may act as an oncogene in K562 cells, in part by upregulating the growth promoting NOTCH-1 ligand, JAG1. Similarly, cell cycle regulation by WT1, demonstrated in other systems, may be mediated by transcriptional regulation of CCNA1. WT1 may contribute to leukemogenesis through transcriptional regulation of genes controlling cell proliferation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2193. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2193
“A Dark, Impenetrable Wall of Complete Incomprehension”: The Impossibility of Heterosexual Love in Imperial Germany

In the years around the turn of the twentieth century, the “war between the sexes” was a major topic of public discussion and concern in Germany—in the daily press, in academic sexology journals and organizations, among medical and psychiatric professionals, in the women's movements, among conservative Christians, in art and music. Jacques Le Rider has even referred to the “obsessive leitmotif of male-female confrontation” in central European culture in this period. Much of what has been written about this topic in recent years posits a crisis of gender relations produced by the growth of the women's movement, and by the backlash against it. The idea that the feminist challenge generated hostility between men and women in this period was one that was also common at the time, particularly among anti-feminists. As Hedwig Dohm put it in 1913, “In all anti-feminist speeches and writings, the hostility between men and women is tirelessly denounced as a characteristic of the times, and a product of the women's movement.”
Discolorations in Eggs from Layers Fed Cottonseed Meals Made from Glandless and Glanded Seed

Abstract ACCORDING to Swenson et al. (1942) it was reported nearly 75 years ago that discolored yolks were produced by hens fed rations containing cottonseed meal (Roberts and Rice, 1891). However, Schaible et al. (1934) were apparently the first to publish conclusive evidence that gossypol, found in its pigment glands, is the component of cottonseed that causes yolk discolorations ranging in color from light brown to black (Swenson et al., 1942; and Heywang et al., 1949). Lorenz (1939) found that cottonseed has in its lipids a component(s) other than gossypol responsible for a “reddish-brown” color in whites when eggs are stored. The studies of Frampton et al. (1961) indicated that the intensity of dark yolk discolorations was at least partly due to some component(s) of cottonseed other than gossypol. According to Masson et al. (1957) Sterculia foetida oil and sterculic acid when fed to layers produced the typical pink discolorations in…
Specificity of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity by doxycycline: relationship to structure of the enzyme.

Objective To investigate the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-8, and MMP-13 by doxycycline, and to determine whether the variable hemopexin-like domain of each MMP was responsible for the differences in susceptibility to doxycycline inhibition among these collagenases. Methods Recombinant human MMP-1 (collagenase 1), MMP-8 (collagenase 2), and MMP-13 (collagenase 3), truncated forms of MMP-8 and MMP-13 lacking the hemopexin-like domain, and a mutant form of truncated MMP-13 were used in these studies. The activity of the full-length MMP in the presence of doxycycline was tested against type II collagen, a natural substrate for the enzymes. A small peptolide substrate was used to determine which structural features of the MMPs were related to sensitivity to doxycycline inhibition. Results The activity of MMP-13 and MMP-8 against type II collagen was inhibited by 50-60% by 30 microM doxycycline, while that of MMP-1 was inhibited only 18% by 50 microM doxycycline. In contrast, in experiments with the peptolide substrate, neither full-length nor truncated MMP-13 was inhibited until the concentration of the drug exceeded 90 microM. MMP-8 and truncated MMP-8 were sensitive to inhibition by 30 microM doxycycline, while MMP-1 was slightly inhibited (14%) by 90 microM doxycycline. For MMP-8, inhibition was reversible upon dilution and was independent of the order in which the reagents were added. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition constant (K(i)) of MMP-8 (K(i) = 36 microM) and truncated MMP-8 (K(i) = 77 microM) indicated that inhibition was noncompetitive. Conclusion Significant inhibition of MMP-13 and MMP-8 activity against collagen occurred in vitro at concentrations that were near the concentrations achieved in serum after oral dosing. Studies with truncated enzymes and 2 substrates suggest that doxycycline disrupts the conformation of the hemopexin-like domain of MMP-13 and the catalytic domain of MMP-8.
Magnetic resonance microscopy of embryonic cell lineages and movements

Key events in vertebrate embryogenesis are difficult to observe in many species. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging was used to follow cell movements and lineages in developing frog embryos. A single cell was injected at the 16-cell stage with a contrast agent, based on the gadolinium chelate gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-dextran. The labeled progeny cells could be followed uniquely in three-dimensional magnetic resonance images, acquired from the embryo over several days. The results show that external ectodermal and internal mesodermal tissues extend at different rates during amphibian gastrulation and neurulation.
Abstract 2609: Nelfinavir induces liposarcoma apoptosis through inhibition of regulated intramembrane proteolysis of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and activating transcription factor 6

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We previously reported that nelfinavir induces a G1 cell cycle block and apoptosis selectively in liposarcoma cell lines as a consequence of up-regulation of SREBP-1 expression. We demonstrate now that nelfinavir-induced up-regulation of SREBP-1 and ATF6 is a direct result of inhibition of site-2 protease, which together with site-1 protease mediates regulated intramembrane proteolysis from their precursor state to their transcriptionally-active forms. The resulting endoplasmic reticulum stress and concurrent inhibition of the unfolded protein response induces caspase activation. Time-lapse, confocal microscopy studies demonstrate that nelfinavir inhibits the normal translocation of transfected SREBP-1-EGFP and ATF6-EGFP fusion proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. siRNA-mediated knockdown of site-1 and/or site-2 protease leads to inhibition of SREBP-1 intracellular trafficking to the nucleus and reduces liposarcoma cell proliferation. Treatment of LiSa-2 liposarcoma cells with 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, a serine protease inhibitor of S1P did not affect SREBP-1 processing. In contrast, 1, 10-phenanthroline, an S2P-specific inhibitor, reproduces the molecular and biological phenotype observed in nelfinavir-treated cells, which confirms S2P is a target of nelfinavir. In vivo evaluation of nelfinavir in a murine liposarcoma xenograft model shows inhibition of tumor growth in the absence of significant toxicity. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of nelfinavir-mediated induction of ER stress and cell death in liposarcomas and are the first report to therapeutically target S2P against cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2609.
CSCL report: human computer interaction and educational tools (HCI-ET) conference report: May 18–27, 1997 Sozopol, Bulgaria

HCI-ET, a working conference of the IFIP WG 3.3, addressed the technologies and issues of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) regarding educational tools. The managerial and procedural operations of the conference were handled electronically through e-mail and the World Wide Web, two of the most common technologies of groupware. The conference Web site bttp://www-it.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/HCIET/describes the goals of the conference as well as abstracts of the papers, and serves as the primary resource for the material in this report.This report focuses on the topics which concern Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), especially Web-based education and training, and computer-supported collaborative skills. Additional articles on other issues in HCI were presented. The full articles will be published in book format.
Academic procrastination and irrational thinking: a re-examination with context controlled

Abstract As a test of the theory that academic procrastination is due to irrational thinking, undergraduate students at two universities were given the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS), a measure of academic procrastination, and the Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI), an improved measure of irrational thinking. Because earlier research in this area had not adequately controlled for context effects (Council, 1993), the measures were administered at 2–3 week intervals as if they were separate research projects. Self-reported procrastination correlated with both a global measure of irrational thinking and with the subscale of problem avoidance. Implications for procrastination intervention strategies are discussed.
Sporting Japanese-ness in an Americanised Japan

As one of the only Asian nations to successfully modernise in the nineteenth century, the Japanese have been on the forefront of the West-East encounter. Many Japanese discussed the diffusion of American culture and the Americanisation of Japan, which accelerated during the inter-war (1920 – 40) period. Despite the fact that the Japanese masses enjoyed cinema, jazz, cafes and baseball, many Japanese were critical of the dynamics of Americanisation. Sport often became the flashpoint of how Japanese were addressing the processes of Westernisation and Americanisation in Japan. This essay discusses the inter-war debates on sport and the 1940 Imperial Anniversary (‘Kigen 2600’) to analyse how the Japanese conceptualised the problematic of projecting and resisting Americanisation vis-a-vis an imagined Japanese national, cultural identity.
Nd-isotopes in selected mantle-derived rocks and minerals and their implications for mantle evolution

The Sm-Nd systematics in a variety of mantle-derived samples including kimberlites, alnoite, carbonatite, pyroxene and amphibole inclusions in alkali basalts and xenolithic eclogites, granulites and a pyroxene megacryst in kimberlites are reported. The additional data on kimberlites strengthen our earlier conclusion that kimberlites are derived from a relatively undifferentiated chondritic mantle source. This conclusion is based on the observation that the ɛ Nd values of most of the kimberlites are near zero. In contrast with the kimberlites, their garnet lherzolite inclusions show both time-averaged Nd enrichment and depletion with respect to Sm. Separated clinopyroxenes in eclogite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe show both positive and negative ɛ Nd values suggesting different genetic history. A whole rock lower crustal scapolite granulite xenolith from the Matsoku kimberlite pipe shows a negative ɛ Nd value of -4.2, possibly representative of the base of the crust in Lesotho. It appears that all inclusions, mafic and ultramafic, in kimberlites are unrelated to their kimberlite host. The above data and additional Sm-Nd data on xenoliths in alkali basalts, alpine peridotite and alnoite-carbonatites are used to construct a model for the upper 200 km of the earth's mantle — both oceanic and continental. The essential feature of this model is the increasing degree of fertility of the mantle with depth. The kimberlite's source at depths below 200 km in the subcontinental mantle is the most primitive in this model, and this primitive layer is also extended to the suboceanic mantle. However, it is clear from the Nd-isotopic data in the xenoliths of the continental kimberlites that above 200 km the continental mantle is distinctly different from their suboceanic counterpart.
Importance of atrial surface area and refractory period in sustaining atrial fibrillation: testing the critical mass hypothesis.

Objective The critical mass hypothesis for atrial fibrillation (AF) was proposed in 1914; however, there have been few studies defining the relationship between atrial surface area and AF. This study evaluated the effect of tissue area and effective refractory period (ERP) on the probability of sustaining AF in an in vivo model. Methods Domestic pigs (n = 9) underwent median sternotomy. Epicardial activation maps were constructed from bipolar electrograms recorded from form-fitting electrode templates placed on the atria. Baseline ERPs were determined. ERP was lowered with a continuous infusion of acetylcholine (0.005-0.04 mg/Kg/min) until AF could be sustained after burst pacing. The atria were sequentially partitioned using bipolar radiofrequency ablation. ERPs were lowered using acetylcholine until AF could be sustained in each subdivision of atrial tissue. Each subdivision was further divided until AF was no longer inducible. At study completion, the heart was excised and the surface area of each section was measured. Results Over a range of ERPs from 75 to 250 ms, the probability of AF was correlated with increasing tissue area (range, 19.5-105 cm 2 ) and decreasing ERP. Logistic regression analysis identified shorter ERP ( P P = .006) as factors predictive of an increased probability of sustained AF (area under the curve of the receiver–operator characteristic = 0.878). Conclusions The probability of sustained AF was significantly associated with increasing tissue area and decreasing ERP. These data may lead to a greater understanding of the mechanism of AF and help to design better interventional procedures.
Investigation of Porous Gas Diffusions Layer Modeling in PEM Fuel Cells

Darcy’s law, the Brinkman Equation and the modified N-S equation describe the momentum transport phenomena occurring in porous gas diffusion layer. This paper proposes to compare the differences in applying aforementioned models to describe the transport phenomena in porous gas diffusion layers, and evaluate their effects on the fuel cell performance. A two dimensional isothermal single phase PEM fuel cell model is developed, in which Darcy’s law, the Brinkman equation and the modified N-S equation are applied separately in porous electrodes. These three models show no visible effects on the fuel cell performance characterized by the polarization curves. The polarization curve shows a sharp potential drop when calculated by the pure diffusion model. Three values of GDL permeability are investigated here. The order of the magnitude of each term in the modified N-S equation is numerically evaluated. The inertial term is found much smaller than other terms, and can be dropped in the Navier-Stokes equation. Considering the boundary condition setting problem of Darcy’s law and the convergence problem of the modified N-S equation, the Brinkman equation is recommended by this paper to describe the momentum transport in porous electrodes.© 2008 ASME
High-dose methylprednisolone for veno-occlusive disease of the liver in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients.

Abstract Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver is a well-recognized serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with few successful treatment modalities available for severe disease. Some reports have demonstrated success in adults with the use of high-dose steroid therapy, but experience in the pediatric population is lacking. We retrospectively reviewed HSCT patients treated at our institution since 2003 and identified 15 (2.4%) who developed VOD. Of these, nine (60%) were treated with intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone (500 mg/m2 per dose every 12 hours for six doses). Steroid therapy was initiated at or before first ultrasound evidence of reversal of portal venous flow and before meeting criteria for initiation of defibrotide therapy. Four patients were also treated with defibrotide starting 2 to 5 days after initiation of steroids. Eight of nine patients (88%) with VOD were diagnosed with multiorgan failure. Response to high-dose steroid therapy as defined by decrease in bilirubin by 50% in 10 days from therapy initiation was noted in six of nine patients (67%), occurring within 3 to 6 days of steroid therapy. Two patients died from multiorgan failure due to VOD. Seven survivors of VOD recovered at the median 6 days (range, 5 to 38) from VOD diagnosis. Overall, VOD survival as a group was 78%; however, survival among responders was 100%. No serious toxicities related to high-dose steroid therapy were observed. We conclude that high-dose steroid therapy if initiated early may reverse VOD of the liver in pediatric HSCT patients, abrogating the need for defibrotide therapy with its associated toxicities and regulatory difficulties.
Autoimmune cytopenias in common variable immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a humoral immunodeficiency whose primary diagnostic features include hypogammaglobulinemia involving two or more immunoglobulin isotypes and impaired functional antibody responses in the majority of patients. While increased susceptibility to respiratory and other infections is a common thread that binds a large cross-section of CVID patients, the presence of autoimmune complications in this immunologically and clinically heterogeneous disorder is recognized in up to two-thirds of patients. Among the autoimmune manifestations reported in CVID (20-50%)(Chapel et al., 2008;Cunningham-Rundles, 2008), autoimmune cytopenias are by far the most common occurring variably in 4-20% (Michel et al., 2004;Chapel et al., 2008) of these patients who have some form of autoimmunity. Association of autoimmune cytopenias with granulomatous disease and splenomegaly has been reported. The spectrum of autoimmune cytopenias includes thrombocytopenia, anemia and neutropenia. While it may seem paradoxical “prima facie” that autoimmunity is present in patients with primary immune deficiencies, in reality, it could be considered two sides of the same coin, each reflecting a different but inter-connected facet of immune dysregulation. The expansion of CD21low B cells in CVID patients with autoimmune cytopenias and other autoimmune features has also been previously reported. It has been demonstrated that this unique subset of B cells is enriched for autoreactive germline antibodies. Further, a correlation has been observed between various B cell subsets, such as class-switched memory B cells and plasmablasts, and autoimmunity in CVID. This review attempts to explore the most recent concepts and highlights, along with treatment of autoimmune hematological manifestations of CVID.
Dual‐detector X‐ray fluorescence imaging of ancient artifacts with surface relief

Interpretation of X-ray fluorescence images of archeological artifacts is complicated by the presence of surface relief and roughness. Using two symmetrically arranged fluorescence detectors in a back-reflection geometry, the proper X-ray fluorescence yield can be distinguished from intensity variations caused by surface topography. This technique has been applied to the study of Roman inscriptions on marble.
Versatility of tissue expansion in head and neck burn reconstruction

Tissue expansion has enjoyed a wide range of applications since the technique was popularized by Radovan in 1978. A useful application of tissue expansion is in the reconstruction of the head and neck following burn injury. From July 1986 to March 1990, 25 patients underwent head and neck reconstruction for burn injury using tissue expanders. A retrospective chart review was undertaken. The average age was 24 years, and the age range was 9 months to 46 years. Fourteen males and 11 females were treated. A total of 51 expanders were placed, and the most common locations of the expanders were the cheeks, neck, and scalp. The time period from burn injury to reconstruction averaged 22.7 months. Operative time for placement of the expanders ranged from 40 to 180 minutes. The average time for full expansion was 86 days. Major complications were those that required an additional operative procedure, and included one dehiscence, one infection, and one port failure. The major complication rate was 12%. Minor complications were those that did not interrupt the expansion process or require any operative intervention. The minor complication rate was 32%, and included three cases of exposure, three cases of wound dehiscence, one seroma, and one ruptured implant. Minor complications were frequent, although when managed conservatively they did not compromise the overall outcome. Despite a major complication rate of 12%, final reconstruction was achieved in all patients. This retrospective review demonstrates that tissue expansion is a versatile adjunct in the treatment of burn injuries to the head and neck, and reconstruction in this area can be accomplished with excellent cosmetic results.
Variation in Excessive Fetal Growth across Levels of Prenatal Care among Women with Gestational Diabetes

Objective: Examine the association between prenatal care and excessive fetal growth outcomes among mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis o...
Computation of a degree of controllability via system discretization

For the purpose of selecting actuator locations for control of systems such as large flexible spacecraft, a concept of the degree of controllability has recently been developed. The exact value of the degree of controllability cannot, in general, be determined in closed form. In this work, it is shown that a lower bound estimate of the exact degree of controllability can be easily determined by discretizing the continuous system to obtain an approximation to the recovery region. A computational procedure is developed to characterize this approximate recovery region and to determine the approximate degree of controllability as the minimum distance to the boundary of the region. Examples are presented to illustrate the relationship between step size and accuracy of the approximation.
Normal coordinate analysis of trimethylantimony oxide

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of trimethylantimony oxide and its deuterated analogue were recorded. Assignments were made and a normal coordinate analysis was carried out. A polar coordinate linkage is proposed for the SbO bond.
Efficiency Assessment of An E-Commerce Data Management Tool Using Learning Curves

Learning curves for e-commerce data management tasks were computed to assess UI efficiency. Participants were asked to update product information using an e-commerce data management tool. Mean time on task over 20 trials of the same task was fit using a power function. Learning curves of 92.7% to 97.6% were found for two product update tasks. The results obtained indicate that making efficiency judgments based on the first few trials will produce higher learning coefficients that actually exist, and suggest that practitioners should not assume that time on task will always decrease significantly with increased practice. It also shows how properties of learning curves can help in the analysis of UI efficiency.
Improved detail in biological soft X-ray microscopy: study of blood platelets

Improved image quality in soft x-ray contact microscopy can be obtained by examining the resist with transmission rather than scanning electron microscopy. Application of the new technique to air-dried preparations of human blood platelets reveals structures not visible in the same cells with transmission electron microscopy or when the resist is examined by scanning electron microscopy. As seen by the new technique, platelet pseudopods contain a central structure connected to a network in the platelet and dense bodies exhibit a lamellar structure.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 2 white men after treatment for hyperthyroidism with total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine

Abstract: We report an uncommon presentation of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) following radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment and total thyroidectomy in 2 white men: a 24-year-old man with TPP in thyrotoxic state treated with total thyroidectomy in whom the TPP recurred after corrective surgery, and a 19-year-old man with TPP while on β-blockers and 2 weeks after the RAI treatment. In both patients, the underlying etiology of the hyperthyroidism was Graves disease. It is believed that the TPP occurred following RAI treatment and thyroidectomy because of a transient thyrotoxic state. Treatment with potassium and magnesium, and maximal doses of β-blockers ameliorated symptoms in less than 24 hours.
Psychological characteristics and DSM-III-R diagnoses at 6-year follow-up of adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between psychiatric disorder and psychological characteristics at 6-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Method Twenty-three subjects were interviewed by telephone using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R diagnosis. These subjects and 23 demographically similar controls completed standardized questionnaires that assessed their defense and coping styles, level of depression, defensiveness, and eating disorder psychopathology. Results Of the anorexic subjects 35% bad no DSM-III-R diagnosis, 43% an eating disorder, (9% anorexia nervosa, 17% bulimia nervosa, 22% eating disorder not otherwise specified), 30% an affective disorder, and 43% an anxiety disorder at follow-up. Factors at presentation associated with good outcome included greater use of mature defenses, less depression, and a lower drive for thinness. Psychological characteristics of anorexic subjects with good outcome resembled those of controls except that the former anorexics expressed greater dissatisfaction with their bodies and reported less use of cognitive avoidance as a coping mechanism. Anorexic subjects with continuing psychiatric problems differed from controls on most of the measures studied. Conclusions Distribution of psychiatric disorders at follow-up is similar for adolescent and adult-onset anorexia nervosa. Self-report measures of some psychological characteristics are useful prognostic indicators. Absence of psychiatric disorder at follow-up is associated with normalization of many psychological characteristics. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32, 6:1237–1245.
Classroom and Experiential Education.

Experiential education is a controversial topic on col lege and university campuses today. Proponents of this approach to learning argue that it provides a substan tive focus which is sorely lacking in the conventional class room. Opponents counter that while it may be rich in sub stance, it fails to provide a structure which can give the substance meaning. Such structure, they argue further, is at the heart of classroom learning. The purpose of this article is not to take issue with either of these positions, but to suggest that the strengths of classroom education can be combined with the strengths of experiential education to create an even more effective learning environment. To accomplish this, the steps in volved in classroom learning are contrasted with the steps involved in experiential learning; a realignment of those steps is proposed which capitalizes on their respective strengths; and, finally, a college course is described and evaluated which has been patterned after this new com bination of learning steps.
Bridging the gap inside ... inside document delivery

Librarians today are faced with many choices when acquiring information and directing their users to the sources they need. This is most evident with serials. The choices have become more confusing with new options requiring libraries to determine what a full text purchase actually buys, how to be sure users can identify the material needed, and then how to acquire the actual material in the most appropriate media, Providing access by the piece is a valid solution that can help lead to the transition to full text online journals. This article critiques the use of British Library Document Supply Centre's "inside" service and its use at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library (UIUC). The article concludes with a review of the components of a good document delivery system.
Design of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Using Surrogate Models of Derivative Functions

Optimization of nonlinear (or linear state-dependent) dynamic systems often requires system simulation. In many cases the associated state derivative evaluations are computationally expensive, resulting in simulations that are significantly slower than real-time. This makes the use of optimization techniques in the design of such systems impractical. Optimization of these systems is particularly challenging in cases where control and physical systems are designed simultaneously. In this article, an efficient two-loop method, based on surrogate modeling, is proposed for solving dynamic system design problems with computationally expensive derivative functions. A surrogate model is constructed for only the derivative function instead of the complete system analysis, as is the case in previous studies. This approach addresses the most expensive element of system analysis (i.e., the derivative function), while limiting surrogate model complexity. Simulation is performed based on the surrogate derivative functions, preserving the nature of the dynamic system, and improving estimation accuracy. The inner loop solves the system optimization problem for a given derivative function surrogate model, and the outer loop updates the surrogate model based on optimization results. This solution approach presents unique challenges. For example, the surrogate model approximates derivative functions that depend on both design and state variables. As a result, the method must not only ensure accuracy of the surrogate model near the optimal design point in the design space, but also the accuracy of the model in the state space near the state trajectory that corresponds to the optimal design. This method is demonstrated using two simple design examples, followed by a wind turbine design problem. In the last example, system dynamics are modeled using a linear state-dependent model where updating the system matrix based on state and design variable changes is computationally expensive.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Interlaboratory reproducibility of relative abundances of ion currents in fast atom bombardment mass spectral data

The reproducibility of ion abundances in the fast atom bombardment experiment was evaluated by comparing mass spectral data obtained with the same sample analysed by eight different laboratories. Instrumentation included magnetic sector and quadrupole analysers and several different types of atom guns for the primary particle beam. A special fast atom bombardment gun was constructed which, by design, did not include ions or electrons in the particle beam. In addition this atom gun had a 0.1 eV beam energy spread and could be focused. The molecules in the study included dihexadecanoyl phosphatidyl choline, bradykinin, oxidized glutathione, sulfotaurolithocholic acid, ATP, NAD+ and stachyose. Major differences in the FAB data between laboratories were in the absolute signal-to-noise and abundance of glycerol-cluster ions. The relative abundances for analyte-related ions were very reproducible in spite of major instrumental differences. The coefficients of variation for analyte-ions included in the study typically ranged from 20–80% which was similar to those found for the electron impact mass spectrum of methyl stearate obtained by these laboratories. These data suggest that the relative intensities of analyte-related ions obtained fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry are as reproducible as electron impact mass spectrometry.
Competing Kinetic and Thermodynamic Processes in the Growth and Ordering of Ga0.5In0.5P

The band gap of Ga 0.5 In 0.5 P is studied as a function of growth temperature, growth rate, and substrate misorientation. As each of these parameters is independently varied the band gap first decreases, then increases, resulting in “U” shaped curves. Each “U” shaped curve shifts if any other growth parameter is varied. The data presented here can be divided into two regions of parameter space. In the low temperature, low substrate misorientation, high growth rate region, the band gap is shown to decrease with increasing growth temperature, decreasing growth rate, and increasing substrate misorientation. In the high temperature, high substrate misorientation, low growth rate region, the opposite trends are observed. The implications of these data on the ordering mechanism are discussed.
Permian-Triassic boundary in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

The Permian-Triassic boundary occurs within a relatively complete terrestrial sequence in the Shackleton Glacier area of the central Transantarctic Mountains. The boundary is within a 7- to 10-m-thick interval between the Permian Glossopteris flora and the Lower Triassic Lystrosaurus fauna. This interval, representing on the order of 200 k.y., records some of the events that occurred in the transition from the Permian to Triassic. In the best-documented section at Graphite Peak in the Beardmore Glacier region, Protohaploxypinus microcorpus zone palynomorphs, which we assign to the latest Permian, record the declining Glossopteris flora and occur near the top of the Buckley coal measures, just below a previously reported major negative δ13C excursion. In the Shackleton Glacier area, the Permian Glossopteris flora, including fossil wood, roots, and leaves, occurs within the lower part of the Fremouw Formation. The Antarctic Lystrosaurus assemblage of Early Triassic age has several species in common with the South African fauna that lived 20° to 35° closer to the equator. The migration of vertebrates from southern Africa into Antarctica in the Early Triassic supports hypotheses of runaway greenhouse warming possibly related to CO2 emissions from Siberian flood basalts and large methane gas releases. Changes in flora bracketing the first of the major negative δ13C anomalies near the boundary in Antarctica and in East Greenland support the hypothesis that a global event, perhaps through mutations caused by enhanced ultraviolet radiation, may have played a role in the destruction of floras.
36 Chemoprotection Of Long-Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Alkylator Therapy: in vivo Comparison of Gene-Transfer Vectors that Express a DNA Repair Protein.

36 Chemoprotection Of Long-Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Alkylator Therapy: in vivo Comparison of Gene-Transfer Vectors that Express a DNA Repair Protein.
Power supply optimization in sub-130 nm leakage dominant technologies

In this paper we present a methodology for systematically optimizing the power supply voltage for maximizing the performance of VLSI circuits in technologies where leakage power is not an insignificant fraction of the total power dissipation. For this purpose, we develop simplified empirical equations which describe the transistor behaviour as a function of power supply, and temperature. We use these models to calculate the full-chip power dissipation as a function of power supply and temperature. We then solve the power and chip thermal equations simultaneously to calculate the chip temperature and power dissipation at a given power supply. By varying the power supply voltage we determine the optimum V/sub DD/ value which minimized delay per unit length in global interconnects and therefore maximizes performance. We show that for 90 nm and 65 nm technologies where leakage power represents a significant fraction of the total power dissipation, Optimum V/sub DD/ is lower than the ITRS specified supply voltage. This is due to the fact that reducing V/sub DD/ results in a large reduction in total power dissipation and therefore the chip temperature which improves performance. This improvement in performance is greater than the performance penalty incurred due to reduction in V/sub DD/.
Influence of Pre‐Rigor Processing, Mechanical Tenderization, Tumbling Method and Processing Time on the Quality and Yield of Ham

Eight market weight hogs with similar genetic and management background were conventionally slaughtered with the resulting sixteen pork carcass sides randomly assigned to treatments. Four treatments at 2 levels each (24 factorial design) included muscle condition [pre-rigor (hot) or post-rigor (chilled)], mechanical knife blade tenderization [no tenderization or tenderization], vacuum tumbling [continuous or intermittent], and the processing delay time between vacuum tumbling and further processing [no delay time or 20-hr delay]. Results indicated that pre-rigor processed meat tissue exhibited higher pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and cooked yield characteristics. Mechanical knife blade tenderization consistently increased protein content of the uncooked meat exudate, cooked yield, and palatability characteristics. Tumbling method and processing time had little influence on either uncooked or cooked meat characteristics.
The Impact of Tobacco Taxes on Mortality in the USA, 1970–2005

Objectives This paper aimed to estimate the effect of tobacco taxes on total mortality and cause-specific mortality in the 50 States plus the District of Columbia, USA, over the period 1970–2005 as well as the net effect on deaths averted in 2010. Methods We used a fixed effects panel regression to measure the impact of changes in total tobacco taxes on total and cause-specific mortality rates over the period 1970–2005, using a 5-year lag structure between changes in tobacco taxes and mortality rates. The estimates were used to determine the number of deaths averted in the year 2010 by tobacco tax increases over the period 1970–2005. Results Descriptive results showed that nominal total tobacco tax increased from US$0.18 in 1970 to US$1.24 in 2005, which after adjusting to 2005 US$, corresponds to an increase in real total tobacco tax from US$ 0.89 in 1970 to US$ 1.24 in 2005. We found that increases in total tobacco tax were beneficial, with a $1 increase in total tobacco tax decreasing overall mortality rate by 8.0%. Based on these results, we estimated a net saving of 53 300 lives in 2010 due to the tobacco tax changes over the period 1970–2005. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that higher tobacco taxes lead to lower total mortality rates and avoided deaths. Strong tobacco tax policies are essential to improving overall population health.
Mdm2 regulates p53 independently of p19(ARF) in homeostatic tissues.

Tumor suppressor proteins must be exquisitely regulated since they can induce cell death while preventing cancer. For example, the p19ARF tumor suppressor (p14ARF in humans) appears to stimulate the apoptotic function of the p53 tumor suppressor to prevent lymphomagenesis and carcinogenesis induced by oncogene overexpression. Here we present a genetic approach to defining the role of p19ARF in regulating the apoptotic function of p53 in highly proliferating, homeostatic tissues. In contrast to our expectation, p19ARF did not activate the apoptotic function of p53 in lymphocytes or epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms that control p53 function during homeostasis differ from those that are critical for tumor suppression. Moreover, the Mdm2/p53/p19ARF pathway appears to exist only under very restricted conditions.
CHOLESTEROL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) FILLETS – CHANGES FOLLOWING COOKING BY MICROWAVE HEATING, DEEP‐FAT FRYING, AND OVEN BAKING

Effects of microwave heating, deep-fat flying, and conventional oven baking on proximate composition and concentration of cholesterol in channel catfish fillets were examined. The paired fillet technique was employed to control the variability among fish. A total of fifteen catfish were randomly assigned to the three cooking methods. All cooking procedures resulted in moisture loss. Fillets that were deep-fat fried showed the lowest moisture content but the highest fat content, respectively, among three cooking methods. The three cooking methods, on a dry weight basis, all significantly affected cholesterol concentration of cooked catfish compared with raw fillets. Deep-fat frying resulted in a significant decrease of cholesterol and showed the lowest concentration of cholesterol among three cooking methods probably due to leaching of cholesterol into frying oil.
Self-Oscillating Resonance Tracking Ignition System Design Using the Method of Describing Function

Reducing emissions and increasing efficiency of modern spark ignited internal combustion engines are crucial for the future of the environment and the global economy. This paper presents a plasma ignition system with self-oscillating resonance tracking capability to promote these objectives. The proposed ignition system is composed of a high quality factor series RLC circuit driven by a radio frequency (RF) generator to start and sustain a plasma torch for a prescribed duration inside the combustion chamber. Resonant frequency tracking is achieved using an integrated self-oscillating feedback topology. A phase-lead compensator is used to compensate for the propagation delay in the RF generator and a signum type nonlinearity is used to achieve the amplitude limitation for sustained oscillation. The describing function method is employed for analysis and design of the self-oscillating resonance tracking system. Simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed ignition system and to demonstrate its feasibility in practical applications.
Delayed cord clamping increases infants' iron stores.

It is startling to see how a seemingly insubstantial change in practice might affect long-term results for infants. When a medical text recommended immediate cord clamping in 1913 science was in its infancy and expert opinion guided practice. Today we have the benefit of scientific evidence to advise our actions. The article in todays Lancet by Camila Chaparro and colleagues provides additional weight to the growing evidence that our haste to clamp the umbilical cord and pass the baby off is ill-advised. The mounting evidence that delayed cord clamping benefits both term and preterm infants continues to build. (excerpt)
Molecular Epidemiology of Sporadic (Endemic) Serogroup C Meningococcal Disease

Understanding the basis of sporadic (endemic) meningococcal disease may be critical to prevention of meningococcal epidemic outbreaks and to understanding fluctuations in incidence. Active, prospective, population-based surveillance and molecular epidemiologic techniques were used to study sporadic serogroup C meningococcal disease in a population of 2.34 million persons (Atlanta area). During 1988-1994, in which no outbreaks or case clusters were reported, 71 patients developed sporadic serogroup C meningococcal disease (annual incidence, 0.51/100,000). Eighty-three percent of patients were >2 years old. By multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and serotyping, 84% (52/62) of the isolates available for study were identical or closely related members of the electrophoretic type 37 (ET 37) complex responsible for multiple serogroup C outbreaks in the United States in the 1990s. Sporadic disease caused by 9 clonal strains occurred over periods up to 4 years and accounted for 45% (28/62) of cases. Sporadic serogroup C meningococcal disease was most often due to a limited number of related strains that appear to slowly circulate in the population.
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. This article provides an overview of colorectal cancer statistics, including the most current data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates and trends. Incidence data were provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2014, an estimated 71,830 men and 65,000 women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 26,270 men and 24,040 women will die of the disease. Greater than one-third of all deaths (29% in men and 43% in women) will occur in individuals aged 80 years and older. There is substantial variation in tumor location by age. For example, 26% of colorectal cancers in women aged younger than 50 years occur in the proximal colon, compared with 56% of cases in women aged 80 years and older. Incidence and death rates are highest in blacks and lowest in Asians/Pacific Islanders; among males during 2006 through 2010, death rates in blacks (29.4 per 100,000 population) were more than double those in Asians/Pacific Islanders (13.1) and 50% higher than those in non-Hispanic whites (19.2). Overall, incidence rates decreased by approximately 3% per year during the past decade (2001-2010). Notably, the largest drops occurred in adults aged 65 and older. For instance, rates for tumors located in the distal colon decreased by more than 5% per year. In contrast, rates increased during this time period among adults younger than 50 years. Colorectal cancer death rates declined by approximately 2% per year during the 1990s and by approximately 3% per year during the past decade. Progress in reducing colorectal cancer death rates can be accelerated by improving access to and use of screening and standard treatment in all populations.