cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The aromatic - quinonoid transition in conducting polymers☆

Abstract Various aspects of the aromatic-quinonoid transition (AQT) are reviewed. For an aromatic ground state polymer various quinonoid states are distinguished. Raman spectroscopy can be used to extract specific information concerning the reaction coordinate connecting the ground (aromatic or quinonoid) state with the charged or excited (quinonoid or aromatic) state.
Effect of Amine Structure on Photoreduction of Hydrogen Abstraction Initiators

The photocuring rates of acrylate monomers initiated by abstraction type photoinitiators (benzophenone, isopropylthioxanthone, and N-methylmaleimide) and a series of structurally different tertiary amine combinations are reported. Photo-DSC results confirm that transferable hydrogens on tertiary amines are essential for efficient acrylate polymerization. Laser flash photolysis experiments were carried out to define the electron/proton transfer reactions which occur between excited triplet states of the photoinitiators and tertiary amines. In the case of N-methylmaleimide, an intermediate radical anion was detected for amines with no readily transferable proton. This confirms that the photoreduction of the triplet state of N-substituted maleimides by tertiary amines occurs by an electron/proton transfer when the tertiary amine electron donor has a transferable proton.
Black–White Wage Differentials in a Multiple Sample Selection Bias Model

This paper simultaneously incorporates two sources of selection bias in the black-white wage equations. It demonstrates that the biases due to an individual’s propensity to be in the labor force and the firm’s hiring practices are important in determining the black–white wage differential and failure to account for both biases will result in inaccurate estimation of the black–white wage differential. We found that adjusting for double selection bias in the wage equation, the black–white female wage gap is 26% larger than the black–white male wage gap, and 12.1% larger when we adjust for a single selection bias. The results seem to suggest that at the macro level, the enforcement of policies related to racial issues in the labor market will likely lead to a reduction in the black–white wage gap.
Front and Center: Sexual Violence in U.S. Military Law:

Military-on-military sexual violence—the type of sexual violence that most directly disrupts operations, harms personnel, and undermines recruiting—occurs with astonishing frequency. The U.S. military has responded with a campaign to prevent and punish military-on-military sex crimes. This campaign, however, has made little progress, partly because of U.S. military law, a special realm of criminal justice dominated by legal precedents involving sexual violence and racialized images. By promulgating images and narratives of sexual exploitation, violent sexuality, and female subordination, the military justice system has helped to sustain a legal culture that reifies the connection between sexual violence and authentic soldiering.
System Level Impact of Landing Point Redesignation for High-Mass Mars Missions

This work presents a preliminary system level assessment of the payload mass change due to landing point redesignation of representative high-mass Mars systems (systems with entry masses greater than 20 t). An optimal propulsive descent guidance law which minimizes the control effort during the descent is used in order to assess the range of feasible landing sites as well as the mass impact on the payload of the system. It is shown that either increasing the entry mass or delaying the time of redesignating the landing site decreases the payload capability of reaching the surface as well as reduces the number of reachable landing sites. In addition, it is shown that the payloads associated with supersonic retropropulsion are more sensitive to the landing point redesignation time than systems using inflatable aerodynamic decelerators.
Signal-to-noise characteristics of nonlinear optical amplifiers

In this paper, we present the results of our theoretical and experimental studies of the noise properties of optical amplifiers that operate by means of nonlinear optical gain processes. We pay particular attention to amplifiers that utilize the nonlinear optical response of strongly driven atomic vapors, and we compare the results of our measurements with theoretical predictions for the quantum noise limit of an optical amplifier. Our work focuses on optical amplifiers that utilize the nonlinear optical response of atomic vapors. >
Thyroid hormone concentrations in captive and free-ranging West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)

Because thyroid hormones play a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, the low metabolic rates reported for manatees suggest that thyroid hormone concentrations in these animals may also be reduced. However, thyroid hormone concentrations have yet to be examined in manatees. The effects of captivity, diet and water salinity on plasma total triiodothyronine (tT(3)), total thyroxine (tT(4)) and free thyroxine (fT(4)) concentrations were assessed in adult West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Free-ranging manatees exhibited significantly greater tT(4) and fT(4) concentrations than captive adults, regardless of diet, indicating that some aspect of a captive existence results in reduced T(4) concentrations. To determine whether this reduction might be related to feeding, captive adults fed on a mixed vegetable diet were switched to a strictly sea grass diet, resulting in decreased food consumption and a decrease in body mass. However, tT(4) and fT(4) concentrations were significantly elevated over initial values for 19 days. This may indicate that during periods of reduced food consumption manatees activate thyroid-hormone-promoted lipolysis to meet water and energetic requirements. Alterations in water salinity for captive animals did not induce significant changes in thyroid hormone concentrations. In spite of lower metabolic rates, thyroid hormone concentrations in captive manatees were comparable with those for other terrestrial and marine mammals, suggesting that the low metabolic rate in manatees is not attributable to reduced circulating thyroid hormone concentrations.
The alkane dithioether and the polysulfide crosslinking of cellulose

New crosslinked cellulose derivatives were obtained from the reactions of potassium disulfide and n-alkane-α-ω-dithiols with partial tosyl or brosyl esters of native cellulose. Treated cotton print cloth showed significant improvement in wet and dry wrinkle recovery over untreated. Alkane dithioether crosslinks, —S(CH2)nS—, of different lengths (2–10 CH2 groups) were introduced. Treatment with aqueous or ethanolic solutions of potassium disulfide resulted in the formation of polysulfide crosslinks, such as tetrasulfide. The effect of crosslink length on the physical properties of the modified cottons was studied, and it was found that fabric wrinkle recovery tended to decrease as crosslink length increased. It was also found that the tosyl and brosyl cellulose esters were degraded by alkali. This degradation is ascribed to the loss of primary sulfonyloxy groups with subsequent hydrofuranol ring formation in the case of the anhydroglucose units involved.
Determinants of altered life perspectives among older-adult long-term cancer survivors.

Background In the recent literature on cancer survivorship, positive changes are emphasized in the aftermath of trauma. However, there is insufficient research on older-adult survivors and more complex transformations. Objective Consistent with nursing researchers' views about the duality of cancer survivor experiences, this research examined both positive and negative posttraumatic transformations (PTTs) among long-term survivors. Demographic, stress, and appraisal-related predictors of transformations were considered. Methods Using cross-sectional survey design, interviews were conducted with 288 survivors of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. The sample, obtained from a hospital tumor registry, was 58% female, 33% African American, and 67% white (mean age, 72.5 [SD, 7.6] years). Demographic characteristics, cumulative stress exposure, appraisals of stress, and self-reported PTTs were measured. Results Most respondents reported diverse transformations attributed to their illness experience. Demographic characteristics and stress appraisals were more strongly associated with PTT outcomes than was cumulative stress exposure. Appraisals of the cancer experience as stressful, as generating worry, and as stigmatizing were significantly associated with diverse PTT outcomes. Conclusion Many long-term older cancer survivors report PTT reflecting altered perspectives on life. Posttraumatic transformations are related to the view that cancer is a continuing worrisome and stigmatizing experience. Implications for practice Nurses have a unique opportunity to discuss with patients the potentially life-changing nature of the cancer experience in a manner that allows for understanding and acceptance of complex changes, incorporating benefit finding along with acknowledgement of loss and suffering. This type of discussion can enhance cancer survivors' mental health.
Unit and Item Nonresponses and Ancillary Information in Web- and Paper-Based Questionnaires Administered to School Counselors

This study examined unit and item nonresponse rates and ancillary information provided for Web- and paper-based versions of a questionnaire administered to school counselors. Results indicate that the unit nonresponse rate was higher for the Web-based version but that the patterns of item nonresponse found generally did not differ between the media. Implications for counselors are discussed.
NMDA receptors mediate expression of one form of functional plasticity induced by olfactory deprivation

Unilateral olfactory deprivation for the first 3 postnatal weeks results in an enhancement of granule cell mediated, feedback inhibition of mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb. Granule cells are excited by mitral cells by both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors. The present report describes the effect of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.75 mg/kg) on the expression of deprivation enhanced inhibition. The results demonstrate that (1) enhancement of lateral olfactory tract paired-pulse inhibition of evoked potentials in deprived bulbs was stimulus intensity dependent, with the greatest difference expressed at highest stimulus intensities; (2) MK-801 reduced inhibition in both undeprived and deprived bulbs in a stimulus intensity dependent manner, with the greatest reduction occurring at highest stimulus intensities; (3) MK-801 eliminated the stimulus intensity effect on inhibition in both groups; and (4) following MK-801, deprived bulbs showed the same or less inhibition than undeprived bulbs.
Dendrimer-encapsulated naphthalocyanine as a single agent-based theranostic nanoplatform for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and combinatorial anticancer phototherapy

Multifunctional theranostic platforms capable of concurrent near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and phototherapies are strongly desired for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the integration of separate imaging and therapeutic components into nanocarriers results in complex theranostic systems with limited translational potential. A single agent-based theranostic nanoplatform, therefore, was developed for concurrent NIR fluorescence imaging and combinatorial phototherapy with dual photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapeutic mechanisms. The transformation of a substituted silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc) into a biocompatible nanoplatform (SiNc-NP) was achieved by SiNc encapsulation into the hydrophobic interior of a generation 5 polypropylenimine dendrimer following surface modification with polyethylene glycol. Encapsulation provides aqueous solubility to SiNc and preserves its NIR fluorescence, PDT and PTT properties. Moreover, an impressive photostability in the dendrimer-encapsulated SiNc has been detected. Under NIR irradiation (785 nm, 1.3 W cm−2), SiNc-NP manifested robust heat generation capability (ΔT = 40 °C) and efficiently produced reactive oxygen species essential for PTT and PDT, respectively, without releasing SiNc from the nanopaltform. By varying the laser power density from 0.3 W cm−2 to 1.3 W cm−2 the therapeutic mechanism of SiNc-NP could be switched from PDT to combinatorial PDT–PTT treatment. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that phototherapy mediated by SiNc can efficiently destroy chemotherapy resistant ovarian cancer cells. Remarkably, solid tumors treated with a single dose of SiNc-NP combined with NIR irradiation were completely eradicated without cancer recurrence. Finally, the efficiency of SiNc-NP as an NIR imaging agent was confirmed by recording the strong fluorescence signal in the tumor, which was not photobleached during the phototherapeutic procedure.
Teachers’ Expectations of the Communication Apprehensive Child in the Elementary School

Two studies are reported indicating that teachers form negative expectations of children who are high communication apprehensives. These expectations are discussed in terms of their probable effect on learning and the need to provide intervention programs for both children and teachers to overcome the potential negative impact of teachers' expectations on the learning of high communication apprehensive children.
Interaction of ophidian L-amino acid oxidase with its substrates and inhibitors: role of molecular geometry and electron distribution. Communication 6 on ophidian L-amino acid oxidases.

Molecular activities, determined polarographically for the degradation of phenylalanine and 21 meta- and para-substituted derivatives by crystalline L-amino acid oxidase, yielded a linear Hammett plot of positive slope. However, the presence of large moieties in the para-position led to negative deviations which were linearly correlated with van der Waals' radius of the substituent. This suggested that the large substituents cause the substrate molecules to be displaced from their normal (eutopic, productive) position at the active site, resulting in lower velocities. In analogous experiments with competitive inhibitors (ring-substituted benzoic and phenylacetic acids), the logarithm of K1 was found to be a linear function of Hansch's hydrophobic constant π. Lines of different slope characterized the meta- and para-derivatives, suggesting that the nature of the substituent affects the strength of hydrophobic binding, while the locus determines the orientation of the inhibitor on the active site. An analysis of the data reported here and in the literature for meta- and para-compounds supports the idea that the geometry of the ring-substituted substrate affects the orientation of the molecule on the active site, which may in turn determine which step of the reaction sequence becomes rate-limiting.
synMuv B proteins antagonize germline fate in the intestine and ensure C. elegans survival

Previous studies demonstrated that a subset of synMuv B mutants ectopically misexpress germline-specific P-granule proteins in their somatic cells, suggesting a failure to properly orchestrate a soma/germline fate decision. Surprisingly, this fate confusion does not affect viability at low to ambient temperatures. Here, we show that, when grown at high temperature, a majority of synMuv B mutants irreversibly arrest at the L1 stage. High temperature arrest (HTA) is accompanied by upregulation of many genes characteristic of germ line, including genes encoding components of the synaptonemal complex and other meiosis proteins. HTA is suppressed by loss of global regulators of germline chromatin, including MES-4, MRG-1, ISW-1 and the MES-2/3/6 complex, revealing that arrest is caused by somatic cells possessing a germline-like chromatin state. Germline genes are preferentially misregulated in the intestine, and necessity and sufficiency tests demonstrate that the intestine is the tissue responsible for HTA. We propose that synMuv B mutants fail to erase or antagonize an inherited germline chromatin state in somatic cells during embryonic and early larval development. As a consequence, somatic cells gain a germline program of gene expression in addition to their somatic program, leading to a mixed fate. Somatic expression of germline genes is enhanced at elevated temperature, leading to developmentally compromised somatic cells and arrest of newly hatched larvae.
Psychopathology in medical inpatients and its relationship to length of hospital stay: a pilot study.

A composite screening instrument measuring depression, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, and pain identified 40 percent of a sample of general medical inpatients (30% of total patients before exclusi...
GASTRIN, CHOLECYSTOKININ, AND SECRETIN ACT ON ONE RECEPTOR

Abstract The hypothesis has two postulates: (1) gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin act on one receptor; (2) the receptor has two interacting sites—one with affinity for gastrin and cholecystokinin which have chemically similar active fragments, and one with affinity for secretin. The hypothesis predicts that all targets that react to one of these hormones will also react to the other two. No exceptions to this prediction have been found in these targets: gastric and pancreatic electrolyte and enzyme secretion, gastric and intestinal motility, gallbladder contraction, hepatic bile secretion, secretion of Brunner's glands, release of insulin. Glucagon may act at the secretin receptor site. Simultaneous action of gastrin and cholecystokinin leads to competitive augmentation if both hormones give the same maximal response of the target in question, or to competitive inhibition if one hormone gives a smaller maximal response. Simultaneous action of secretin with either gastrin or cholecystokinin leads to noncompetitive inhibition if one site is inhibitory or to noncompetitive augmentation if both sites are stimulatory. Examples of all these forms of interaction have been found in gastric and pancreatic secretion.
Diffusion studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate) crystallized by nonreactive liquids and vapors

The diffusion of vapors and liquids which induce crystallization in initially amorphous, unoriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films was studied. It was determined that these vapors and liquids penetrate the polymer as distinct fronts, and the kinetics of this penetration and the weight uptake kinetics both follow apparent Fickian behavior. Distinct cavitation advanced into the polymer at the penetrant front–dry polymer interface in certain PET–liquid systems, and phenomenological explanations of its existence and of the general diffusion process observed are offered. Finally, the diffusion of the highly interactive liquids dioxane and methylene chloride into cold-drawn PET was studied and shown to occur considerably more slowly than does the diffusion of these liquids into unoriented films.
The Role of Ethnicity in the Emergency Decision‐Making Process*

Although sociologists have studied for decades the process whereby citizens make emergency decisions in response to disaster warnings, very little attention has been given to understanding the role of ethnicity in this process. Data derived from fatality and injury counts following disasters, though sparse, documents that minority group citizens tend to suffer disproportionately high negative consequences in connection with the impact of disasters. On the basis of this information, it is inferred that differences exist between the emergency decision-making processes of minority and majority citizens. This paper lays the theoretical groundwork for beginning to revise existing conceptual models of warning response behavior to more adequately address the variation associated with minority group status. This goal is accomplished through pursuing three general tasks: (1) examining the process through which personal emergency decisions are made, (2) delineating social factors which impinge upon the outcomes of this decision-making process, and (3) integrating into an existing model of warning response behavior, additional variables which are related to minority status.
Sorption of Water by Filled-Resin Composites:

Water-sorption studies discriminate between passive (those containing Sn, Nb, and Ti) and reactive (those containing Zn and an alloy of CoCrMo) metal-resin composites. The reactive ones form hydrated oxides or hydroxides or both, in accord with a parabolic rate law. The nature of the chemical reaction is elucidated in two instances by analysis of the resultant gases.
Expression of nerve growth factor, p75, and trk in the somatosensory and motor cortices of mature rats: evidence for local trophic support circuits.

Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) are critical for the maintenance of CNS neurons. We determined the expression of NGF and the neurotrophin receptors p75 and trk in the somatosensory and motor cortices of mature rats with immuno-histochemical techniques. Sections of mature rat cortex were processed immunohisto-chemically with primary antibodies directed against NGF, p75, or trk. The distribution of immunoreactive elements was examined, and stereological techniques were used to determine the density and size of immunoreactive cell bodies. Some sections processed for trk immunoreactivity were examined with an electron microscope.From the size and morphology of the labeled cells, it appeared that only neurons in the gray matter were NGF-positive. NGF was detected in one-third of the neurons in layers II-III, V, and VI of both somatosensory cortex and motor cortex; however, fewer than 1 in 12 of the layer IV neurons was NGF-positive. With the notable exception of layer V, few cell bodies (2–10% ...
Two-Dimensional LCIF Images of Electron Density and Temperature Within an ECR Plasma Cathode

Two-dimensional mappings of electron density and temperature within an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma cathode are presented. As electron current is extracted, a secondary plasma is formed on the upstream side of the extraction aperture, and the spatial distribution of the ECR plasma is affected. The aperture plasma is surrounded by a region of “hot” electrons, suggesting the possibility of a double layer near the aperture.
A Novel Mode of Poxvirus Superinfection Exclusion That Prevents Fusion of the Lipid Bilayers of Viral and Cellular Membranes

Superinfection exclusion is a widespread phenomenon that prevents secondary infections by closely related viruses. The vaccinia virus A56 and K2 proteins in the cell membrane can prevent superinfection by interacting with the entry-fusion complex of subsequent viruses. Here, we described another form of exclusion that is established earlier in infection and does not require the A56 or K2 protein. Cells infected with one or more infectious virions excluded hundreds of superinfecting vaccinia virus particles. A related orthopoxvirus, but neither a flavivirus nor a rhabdovirus, was also excluded, indicating selectivity. Although superinfecting vaccinia virus bound to cells, infection was inhibited at the membrane fusion step, thereby preventing core entry into the cytoplasm and early gene expression. In contrast, A56/K2 protein-mediated exclusion occurred subsequent to membrane fusion. Induction of resistance to superinfection depended on viral RNA and protein synthesis by the primary virus but did not require DNA replication. Although superinfection resistance correlated with virus-induced changes in the cytoskeleton, studies with mutant vaccinia viruses indicated that the cytoskeletal changes were not necessary for resistance to superinfection. Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins, which can inhibit membrane fusion in other viral systems, did not prevent vaccinia virus membrane fusion, suggesting that these interferon-inducible proteins are not involved in superinfection exclusion. While the mechanism remains to be determined, the early establishment of superinfection exclusion may provide a “winner-take-all” reward to the first poxvirus particles that successfully initiate infection and prevent the entry and genome reproduction of defective or less fit particles. IMPORTANCE The replication of a virus usually follows a defined sequence of events: attachment, entry into the cytoplasm or nucleus, gene expression, genome replication, assembly of infectious particles, and spread to other cells. Although multiple virus particles may enter a cell at the same time, mechanisms exist to prevent infection by subsequent viruses. The latter phenomenon, known as superinfection exclusion, can occur by a variety of mechanisms that are not well understood. We showed that superinfection by vaccinia virus was prevented at the membrane fusion step, which closely followed virion attachment. Thus, neither gene expression nor genome replication of the superinfecting virus occurred. Expression of early proteins by the primary virus was necessary and sufficient to induce the superinfection-resistant state. Superinfection exclusion may be beneficial to vaccinia virus by selecting particles that can infect cells rapidly, excluding defective particles and synchronizing the replication cycle.
Should I Speak for My Sister? Solidarity and Silence in Feminist Struggles

This article is concerned with issues of solidarity and silencing within feminist practice, and with possibilities for responsible and respectful cross-cultural criticism. It analyzes claims about principles of feminist practice and democratic solidarity that were articulated as justifications for the conflicting positions taken by feminist organizations in Haiti and feminists elsewhere in the Caribbean with respect to the legitimacy of Haitian president Aristide’s removal from power in February 2004. The central, and contentious, issue that arises in this post-coup “war of the press releases” is the extent to which outsiders can legitimately contest evaluations that a group makes of its own society’s political affairs. Any easy resolution of that issue in this particular case is complicated by questions of bad faith and self-interest, so I turn at the end of the article to Fuyuki Kurasawa’s account of global justice as “social labour” in defence of human rights to see what resources his “cosmopolitanism from below” can offer us.
Modeling The Relationship Between Progression Of CD4-Lymphocyte Count And Survival Time

In models for repeated observations of a measured response, the length of the response vector may be determined by a survival process related to the response. If the measurement error is large, and probability of death depends on the true, unobserved value of the response, then the survival process must be modelled. Wu and Carroll (1988) proposed a random effects model for a two-sample longitudinal data in the presence of informative censoring, in which the individual effects included only slopes and intercepts. We propose methods for fitting a broad class of models of this type, in which both the repeated measures and the survival time are modelled using random effects. These methods permit us to estimate parameters describing the relationship between measures of disease progression and survival time; and we apply them to results of AIDS clinical trials.
Activation of a Plasma Membrane–Associated Neutral Sphingomyelinase and Concomitant Ceramide Accumulation During IgG-Dependent Phagocytosis in Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

The sphingomyelin cycle, which plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, involves the formation of ceramide by the action of a membrane-associated, Mg2+-dependent, neutral sphingomyelinase and/or a lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase. In human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), ceramide production correlates with and plays a role in the regulation of functional responses such as oxidant release and Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. To increase our understanding of the sphingomyelin cycle in human PMNs, the cellular location of neutral and acid sphingomyelinases was investigated in resting, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP)-activated, and FMLP-activated PMNs engaged in phagocytosis. In resting PMNs, a Mg2+-dependent, neutral sphingomyelinase was the predominant activity and was localized to the plasma membrane fractions along with the majority of ceramide. Upon FMLP-activation, there was a 1.9-fold increase in this neutral, Mg2+-dependent sphingomyelinase activity, which increased to 2.7-fold subsequent to phagocytosis of IgG opsonized targets. This increase in sphingomyelinase activity was restricted to the plasma membrane fractions, which were also the site of increased ceramide levels. Phospholipase D (PLD) activity, which is a target of ceramide action and is required for phagocytosis, was also found primarily in the plasma membrane fractions of FMLP-activated and phagocytosing PMNs. Our findings indicate that in human PMNs engaged in phagocytosis, the sphingomyelin cycle is restricted to the plasma membrane where intracellular targets of ceramide action, such as PLD, are localized.
On "Alexander's" Dictum

The dictum “To exist is to have causal powers” is discussed sympathetically by Plato in The Sophist 246E‐248A. The question what this slogan means in Plato’s language, is a challenge for a scholar. To ask what it means in our common language risks raising a complex question. The idea of causal power is of folk origin and is deeply connected with the idea of agency. It is not the sledgehammer that causes the rock to crumble, but John Henry or his rival, the steam drill. The intrusion of agency can be reduced by shifting the focus from “causal power” to “causal role”, but this further clouds an already vague criterion. As an ontological criterion, the requirement of causal power has been primarily invoked in modern times, by materialists. This tends to proceed from the assumption that standard material objects pass easily. This is unwarranted for more than one reason. When we try to imagine examples of causal power, three competing metaphysical theories differ over the initial candidates. Many dualists and materialists may agree (hastily, it will be argued later) that material objects unproblematically have causal powers, just by virtue of having mass. Exotic entities of microphysics may pose problems, but these include problems for the very meaning of the classification of “material” or “physical”. Or consider the space in my office. Many would incline to the view that in this space there are points, lines, circles, triangles, etc. They would agree that there is in my office more than one rectangle with area greater than 200 square feet, but no circle with area that large. They would agree that there are as many points in the space in my office as there are in Grand Central Station, etc. These would be points of physical space and physical points of space (why not?). But they have no mass and assigning them causal powers would call for a different approach from the one followed for massive things. Just how it would be made out is not
Heidegger's Metahistory of Philosophy Revisited

This reading of Heidegger's reading of the history of philosophy divides into three unequal parts. The first section glosses Heidegger's construal of philosophy from Plato to Nietzsche as the metaphysics of presence, as on totheology, as Being's own historic destiny, a destiny of Seinsvergessenheit; and it glosses Heidegger's construal from within the standard canons of historiography, from the perspective of today's conventional wisdom. In brief and unsurprisingly, viewed from the strict constructionist standpoint? viewed as a "straight" reading of philosophy's history?Heidegger's in terpretation cannot stand. The fact that it is an historical misreading proves to be stunningly uninteresting, however, and fails to account for its influence. So an altogether different approach to Heidegger's (mis)reading is proposed in the second section of this paper. Turning the historical tables, the tables of influence, Heidegger's appropriation of the tradition, his deconstruction of it, is construed?in Bloom's terms?as poetic misprision, as a strong mis reading, one which responds to its own imperatives. The temptation to con strue the straight reading (reconstruction)/strong misreading (deconstruc tion) distinction as like the "historical" vs. "philosophical" distinction in reading the history of philosophy is entertained briefly. It is later urged that we give up altogether the distinction in kind between historical and philosophical readings of the history of philosophy; for that distinction makes sense only if we accept the picture of philosophy as an enterprise whose business it is to confront a reasonably fixed list of issues within a timeless neutral matrix: To give up this picture is to give up the distinction at the same time. These two readings of Heidegger?strict constructionist straight reading and deconsructionist strong misreading?appear irreconcilable; so an attempt is made in section III to trope this difference in readings. Specifical ly, the incommensurability of the two perspectives, the two readings of philosophy's history, is analyzed in terms of the difference between normal and abnormal discourse.2 Abnormal discourse, like Kuhn's "revolutionary science," may well be tomorrow's normal discourse; but in exploring this sug gestion further some important points of contrast between Kuhnian and Heideggerian readings emerge. In Kuhn's reading of, for example, the history of science the question whether the normal science of the day is to be sup planted (eventually) by the new (revolutionary) paradigm may be decided by a complex gestalt-switch, a reorientation occasioned by anomalous cases, a
Influence of oxygenation on chromium redox reactions with manganese sulfide (MnS(s)).

Manganese sulfide (MnS(s)) minerals exist in sulfidic environments and can have unique reactive abilities because of sulfide, which is a known reductant, and Mn, the oxyhydroxides of which are known oxidants. This study elucidated the role of MnS(s) in controlling Cr speciation with implications on its fate and toxicity in the natural environment, specifically sulfidic sediments that undergo biogeochemical changes due to sediment resuspension during dredging, bioturbation, and flood events. In continuously mixed batch reaction experiments, aqueous CrVI reduction under anaerobic conditions occurred primarily on the surface of MnS(s) displaying a biphasic behavior- the initial rapid removal of CrVI from solution was followed by a slow decline due to surface passivation by reaction products, mainly sorbed or precipitated CrIII. The reaction progress increased with MnS(s) surface area loading but decreased on increasing CrVI concentration and pH, suggesting that surface site regeneration through product desor...
Pathways involved in PTH-induced rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of rat renal proximal tubule

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated or cultured renal proximal tubule cells. The pathways through which this action is mediated are not fully delineated. This study explored these pathways utilizing fura 2. [Ca2+]i of freshly prepared renal proximal tubular cells increased from 150 +/- 3.6 to 281 +/- 9.0 nM after the exposure to 10(-7) M angiotensin II, which served as a positive control. Both PTH-(1-84) and PTH-(1-34) produced a dose-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i. The effects of both moieties were similar up to 10(-7) M, but with higher doses the rise in [Ca2+]i with PTH-(1-84) was greater (P < 0.01) than with PTH-(1-34). This effect of the hormone occurred in the presence or absence of calcium in the media, but the rise in [Ca2+]i was significantly greater in the presence of calcium. The PTH-induced rise in [Ca2+]i was markedly inhibited by PTH antagonist [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(7-34)-NH2 (bPTH is bovine PTH), verapamil, or nifedipine. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, increased [Ca2+]i of cells, but its effect was less than PTH. Staurosporine abolished the TPA effect and partially inhibited that of PTH. A G protein activator raised [Ca2+]i, whereas a G protein inhibitor and pertussis toxin partially blocked the effect of PTH. Sodium or chloride channel blockers or sodium-free media did not modify the effect of PTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NF-kappa B, liposomes and pathogenesis of hepatic injury and fibrosis.

The liver injury caused by hepatotoxins is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocyte degeneration and cell death via either apoptosis or necrosis. Generation of reactive intermediate metabolites from the metabolism of toxins and the occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the inflammatory reaction account for a variety of pathophysiologic pathways which lead to cell death. This process can then evoke acute or chronic inflammatory responses if the injury is sustained, and these pathologic alterations eventually progress to cirrhosis. Understanding the function of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa?B (NF-kappa B), in acute liver injury may provide some answers to the molecular mechanisms of toxic insults. Liposomes have been used as vehicles for drug delivery and gene therapy and they have been shown to have substantial potential in the targeting of specific cell types of the liver. Thus, the use of liposomes may improve targeting efficacy in the treatment of a variety of liver diseases.
Broadening participation opportunities in 2017

Since long before President Obama's call for "Computer Science for All" (#CSforAll) in January 2016, momentum has been building to bring computing education to more people, and to be inclusive and equitable in these efforts. But now seems to be a key turning point, where many more people are searching for ways to bring computing to K-12 and to help students in all fields learn about computational thinking. And the community is growing to meet the demand. The IEEE Special Technical Community on Broadening Participation has over 300 members, and has held two annual RESPECT conferences publishing 27 papers along with posters and lightning talks since 2015. One in five accepted SIGCSE 2017 papers focuses on broadening participation.
Triple synchronous primary malignancies: a rare occurrence

Triple synchronous primary malignant neoplasms are rare. The exact aetiology is unknown; however, risk factors include older age, family history, genetic aberrations, prolonged exposure to carcinogens and smoking. We describe a previously healthy 48-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and a palpable abdominal mass. Imaging revealed a complex cystic, solid pelvic mass and another mass in the right upper quadrant. She received an extensive abdominal surgery including exploratory laparotomy, pelvic mass resection, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, omentectomy and right adrenalectomy. During surgery, a mass in the distal sigmoid colon was noted and subsequent sigmoidectomy was performed. The surgical specimen revealed three different primary tumours with three different histologies, a granulosa cell tumour of the ovary, adrenocortical carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the colon. She received six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer with 5-fluorourocil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin and is currently living with no recurrence.
When Job Aids Attack

In this essay the reader is introduced to instructions that aided and abetted the performance—the job aid, not only as a training or learning tool, but also as a cultural artifact in specific historical social contexts. For example, Hitler Youth training manuals used for ideological indoctrination included not only dispassionate job aids that could be used to recall the working parts of a rifle or the correct way to perform flag-based semaphore, but also there were job aids that supported the narrative propaganda of social Darwinism and eugenics, study of improving the qualities of the (Aryan) population by discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or undesirable traits (e.g., Jews). Also discussed are dubious job aids including so-called patent medicines with their dosage instructions, including the author’s research on Kopp’s Baby’s Friend elixir and other so-called patent medicines.
Targeting Vaccines to Specific Clusters of People

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you ensure proper immunologic drug use in your practice.
Education and Democracy

Democracy is a contested concept. While democracy is generally interpreted as a political system that promotes self-government, once we unpack these terms, several questions, tensions, and disagreements emerge. Because of these disagreements, scholars also disagree over the meaning and value of democracy. In this chapter, I aim to bring to life to these debates, by focusing on three major areas of concern over the relationship between democracy and education. (1) How should we conceptualize the role of education within a democracy? (2) How ought we to understand education for a democracy? (3) How do we conceptualize the role of education without democracy? By framing our discussion through the lens of an education within, for, and without democracy, I hope to invite the reader into the rich, yet contested, debate over the relationship between education and democracy.
Critical Pedagogy and Peace Education: Understanding Violence, Human Rights, and the Historical Project of Militant Peace

Panayota Gounari examines some of the limits of peace (as) discourse in this chapter. By critiquing the dominant discourse on peace and human rights, she exposes some of the fundamental elements of hegemonic Western teleology. In “critiquing the discourse of peace as agency,” she proffers a critical review of what has taken place internationally during the past ten years that reveals how violent and bloody this decade has been despite a designation in 2000 by the United Nations for an International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World. Despite the hard work, strides, and achievements made by peace organizations and movements worldwide and despite the positive interventions and the increasing awareness on issues pertaining to nonviolence and peace, the history of humanity remains one of atrocities, pain, and devastation. Calling for a deeper reflection and understanding of the multiple forms of economic, political, symbolic, and discursive violence, and their very real human consequences, as well as an intensified move toward militarization worldwide, Gounari wonders how do we reconcile a decade dedicated in the “culture of peace” with the ongoing wars and aggression? Furthermore, she acknowledges a tension that exists at the discursive level, as well: through the designation of an International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World, institutions like UNESCO that are legitimized to define, process, and work on peace produce their own discourse in reports, news briefs, and other antiviolence and pro-peace material and provide specific recommendations and directives. Gounari analyzes the dominant discourse and “universal” character of peace and human rights and the way they have been used to neutralize or even promote aggression. This has been done in the context of a liberal ideology of missionary politics that promotes tolerance. She interrogates this missionary politics of tolerance and provides some thoughts on violence drawing on the seminal work of Slavoj Zizek, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, and Hannah Arendt in an attempt to provide a theoretical framework of understanding the ongoing aggression worldwide. Finally, Gounari looks at peace education through the lens of critical pedagogy as a radical educational discourse and pedagogy, to suggest ways to integrate pressing questions about violence in the curriculum.
Hemodynamic Monitoring: What’s Out There? What’s Best for You?

This chapter on hemodynamic monitoring presents the case of an elderly woman with multiple comorbidities who presents with undefined shock. The differential diagnosis and management of this patient’s shock is discussed with reference to the available hemodynamic monitoring devices and techniques, including bedside and biomarker assessment, central catheter-based monitoring, ultrasonography, arterial pressure waveform analysis, bioreactance monitoring, and fingertip-based monitoring, used to assess tissue perfusion, cardiac output, and volume responsiveness needed to guide treatment of the critically ill patient in shock. Advantages and limitations of the devices will be discussed to ensure the reader gains the knowledge needed to select the ideal hemodynamic monitoring device suitable to an individual’s working environment.
Differential expression of integrin cell-substratum adhesion receptors on endothelium

The interactions of the endothelial cells with their underlying extracellular matrix is of fundamental importance to angiogenesis. Therefore, the distribution of integrin cell-substratum adhesion receptors on cultured and in situ endothelial cells was determined. Cultured endothelium from large and small vessels and large vessel endothelial cells in situ expressed integrins that bound to both basement membrane and inflammatory matrix components. In contrast, in situ microvessels primarily expressed basement membrane binding integrins. Alterations in the expression of the integrins on mircovessel endothelial cells may be important for microvascular remodeling during wound healing and/or angiogenesis.
Timing of Microsurgical Reconstruction in Lower Extremity Trauma: An Update of the Godina Paradigm.

Background Marko Godina, in his landmark paper in 1986, established the principle of early flap coverage for reconstruction of traumatic lower extremity injuries. The aim of this study was to determine how timing influences outcomes in lower extremity traumatic free flap reconstruction based on Godina's original findings. Methods A retrospective review identified 358 soft-tissue free flaps from 1979 to 2016 for below knee trauma performed within 1 year of injury. Patients were stratified based on timing of coverage: 3 days or less (early), 4 to 90 days (delayed), and more than 90 days (late). The delayed group was further divided into two groups: 4 to 9 days and 10 to 90 days. Flap outcomes were examined based on timing of reconstruction. Results Flaps performed within 3 days after injury compared with between 4 to 90 days had decreased risk of major complications (OR, 0.40, p = 0.04). A receiver operating curve demonstrated day 10 to be the optimal day for predicting flap success. Flaps performed less than or equal to 3 days versus 4 to 9 days had no differences in any flap outcomes. In contrast, flaps performed within 4 to 9 days of injury compared to within 10 to 90 days were associated with significantly lower total flap failure rates (relative risk, 0.29, p = 0.025) and major complications (relative risk, 0.37, p = 0.002). Conclusions Early free flap reconstruction performed within 3 days of injury had superior outcomes compared with the delayed (4 to 90 day) group, consistent with Godina's original findings. However, as an update to his paradigm, this ideal early period of reconstruction can be safely extended to within 10 days of injury without an adverse effect on outcomes. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Assessing the safety impacts of raising the speed limit on Michigan freeways using the multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial model

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to assess the change in crash patterns associated with speed limit changes from 55 mph to 70 mph that occurred on some of Michigan freeway segments ...