cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart rate during conditioning in dogs: relationship to somatic-motor activity.

During classical conditioning in dogs, heart rate and two measures of somatic-motor activity, i.e., gross movements and respiratory amplitude, were found to he interrelated in anticipation of shock, food, and food paired with shock, i.e., experimental conflict. Most commonly the anticipatory response was a cardiac acceleration which was proportional to increased somatic-motor activity with both types of response having a similar latency and rate of change in the interstimulus interval. In the absence of anticipatory somatic responses, heart rate remained stable, decelerated, or accelerated minimally. There was some evidence to indicate that the cardiac response associated with somatic activity was exaggerated by the presence of stress. These data suggest that the influence processes like emotion have on heart rate may be mediated in part through the effect emotion has on processes controlling somatic-motor activity. In this context, both response processes might be viewed as different aspects of the same somatic-visceral response. An understanding of such somatic-cardiac coupling would seem necessary for studies of the psychopathology of cardiovascular function and possibly of other behavioral processes.
Ontogenetic shifts in the recognition of siblings and neighbours by juvenile salamanders

The potential for recognition based on relatedness and familiarity (sibling and neighbour recognition) was examined in post-metamorphic juveniles of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum. In a previous experiment, cannibalistic larvae of this species were less aggressive and more submissive to siblings than to non-siblings, yet they showed no such discrimination betwen familiar and unfamiliar individuals. Aquaticr larvae were reared throiugh metamorphosis and re-tested for agonistic interactions as non-cannibalistic, terrestrial juveniles. Sibling recognition persisted after metamorphosis, but familiarity appeared to mediate such recognition. Metamorphs also recognized familiar consoecifics, yet this neighbour recognition was more pronounced among siblings that among non-siblings. An ontogenetic switch in behaviour occurs at metamorphosis: in he contec of aggression, sibling recognition is most prominentn in the larval stage, whereas neighbour recognition is expressed only arter metamorphosis. This behavioural switch suggests that expression of these two recognition systems may be a consequence of divergent selective forces that operate in aquatic larval and terrestrial juvenile environments.
IS GROUP MEMEBERSHIP A PREREQUISITE FOR GROUP IDENTIFICATION

The purpose of this research is to examine the theoretical considerations and empirical evidence for the operationalization of an important concept. I attempt to determine if group membership is a necessary condition for group identification and discuss the role of group identifications for translating political interests into political preferences.
A comparison and evaluation of reduced-FOV methods for multi-slice 7T human imaging.

Abstract Eight different reduced field-of-view (FOV) MRI techniques suitable for high field human imaging were implemented, optimized, and evaluated at 7 T. These included selective Inner-Volume Imaging (IVI) based methods, and Outer-Volume Suppression (OVS) techniques, some of which were previously unexplored at ultra-high fields. Design considerations included use of selective composite excitation and adiabatic refocusing radio-frequency (RF) pulses to address B1 inhomogeneities, twice-refocused spin echo techniques, frequency-modulated pulses to sharply define suppressed regions, and pulse sequence designs to improve SNR in multi-slice scans. The different methods were quantitatively compared in phantoms and in vivo human brain images to provide measurements of relative signal to noise ratio (SNR), power deposition (specific absorption rate, SAR), suppression of signal, artifact strength and prevalence, and general image quality. Multi-slice signal losses in out-of-slice locations were simulated for IVI methods, and then measured experimentally across a range of slice numbers. Corrections for B1 nonuniformities demonstrated an improved SNR and a reduction in artifact power in the reduced-FOV, but produced an elevated SAR. Multi-slice sequences with reordering of pulses in traditional and twice-refocused IVI techniques demonstrated an improved SNR compared to conventional methods. The combined results provide a basis for use of reduced-FOV techniques for human imaging localized to a small FOV at 7 T.
Does pneumonectomy for lung cancer adversely influence long-term survival?

Abstract Objective: The increased operative mortality associated with pneumonectomy has stimulated the use of lung-sparing operations such as sleeve lobectomy. Whether pneumonectomy adversely affects long-term outcome after lung resection is unknown. Methods: We reviewed the cases of patients who underwent lobectomy/bilobectomy or pneumonectomy because of non–small cell lung cancer between January 1980 and June 1998. Survival curves were compared by the log-rank test. Covariates were determined for operative mortality and survival using logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards estimation, respectively. Results: There were 259 men and 183 women who underwent lobectomy/bilobectomy (340) or pneumonectomy (102). Operative mortality was 36 (8.1%) patients overall, 24 (7.0%) for lobectomy/bilobectomy and 12 (12%) for pneumonectomy. Mean follow-up was 41 months (range 0-222 months). Median survival was worse for pneumonectomy (stage II: 17.9 vs 36.3 months, log-rank P = .05; stage III: 11.7 vs 21.3 months, log-rank P = .07). However, important covariates for survival were age, primary tumor status, regional nodal status, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. After adjusting for these covariates, survival did not differ significantly between the types of operations (hazard ratio for pneumonectomy 1.21; 95% CI 0.88-1.68). Conclusions: We did not detect a significant long-term adverse influence of pneumonectomy on survival after adjusting for other prognostic factors, but randomized clinical trials would be needed to definitively address this issue. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:440-8)
Incidence of symptomatic retethering after surgical management of pediatric tethered cord syndrome with or without duraplasty.

Background Cord retethering and other postoperative complications can occur after the surgical untethering of a first-time symptomatic tethered cord. It is unclear if using duraplasty vs. primary dural closure in the initial operation is associated with decreased incidence of either immediate postoperative complications or subsequent symptomatic retethering. It is also unclear if different etiologies are associated with different outcomes after each method of closure. We reviewed our pediatric experience in first-time surgical untethering of symptomatic tethered cord syndrome (TCS) to identify the incidence of postoperative complications and symptomatic retethering after duraplasty vs. primary closure.
Short Hairpin RNA Screen Reveals Bromodomain Proteins as Novel Targets in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Targeting chromatin regulators for the treatment of malignancies has shown great promise, but also revealed significant challenges. By employing an elegant shRNA screen and a selective pharmacological inhibitor, a recent study published in Nature establishes the bromodomain protein Brd4 as novel target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-immunoreactivity in human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia

Immunohistochemical studies using an antibody against pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP) were performed on spinal cords and dorsal root ganglia harvested from two human cadavers. PACAP-like immunoreactivity (PACAP-LI) was detected in nerve fibers of the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, a few of which extended into the deeper laminae and as far as the ventral horn. At the thoracic segments, additional PACAP-LI nerve fibers were seen in the lateral funiculus projecting into the intermediolateral cell column. Dorsal root ganglia contained numerous PACAP-LI cell bodies of varying intensity. As a control, immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) was also studied and found to be in nerve fibers of the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn and in dorsal root ganglion cells. These results show that the pattern of distribution of PACAP-LI in the human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia is similar to that of rodents and further suggest that PACAP may participate in sensory and autonomic functions.
Thresholds of discomfort for complex stimuli: acoustic and sound-quality predictors.

The purpose of this study was to explain differences in threshold of discomfort (TD) across complex stimuli using acoustic and sound-quality variables as predictors. Two 4-tone complexes and 10 env...
Global transport of atmospheric smoke following a major nuclear exchange

A fully interactive zonally symmetric general circulation model is used to simulate the transport and evolution of a massive smoke cloud that is likely to form in the atmosphere following a major nuclear war. The presence of such a cloud significantly alters the simulated circulation and the subsequent transport of the smoke particles themselves. While the model indicates a tendency for interhemispheric exchange, the most immediate effect is that the radiatively active particles are carried into the stratosphere by the generation of strong vertical motions and intense convection regardless of their initial injection altitudes.
Hamiltonian formulation of Riemann ellipsoid dynamics

A Riemann ellipsoid is a classical fluid with an ellipsoidal boundary whose motion depends linearly on position. The Riemann ellipsoid Newtonian equations of motion are proven to form a Hamiltonian dynamical system. The co-adjoint orbits of a Lie group GCM(3) on which the inertia tensor is positive-definite are the reduced phase spaces of Riemann ellipsoids for which conservation of circulation has been exploited fully.
505 SEPARATION OF FETAL AND ADULT ERYTHROCYTES BY SELECTIVE HEMOLYSIS: AN AID TO PERNTAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES

Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies is difficult if placental blood samples are contaminated by maternal cells, because β/γ ratios exceed the normal fetal range of 0.07 to 0.15. We have shown that fetal reticulocytes have less carbonic anhydrase than adult cells, and resist NH4Cl-, NH4HCO3-mediated (orskov) hemolysis. To test this approach in actual cases, pure fetal blood was obtained by fetoscopy from two midtrimester fetuses at risk for homozygous β-thalassemia (thal). 2.5% fetal blood was mixed with blood from the β-thal trait mothers. Samples were incubated with 3H-leucine; an aliquot was treated in the orskov reaction. Red cell size distributions were analysed with a Coulter channelyzer. Globin chains were separated on carboxymethylcellulose columns. In the mixed samples, only small maternal cells were seen with the channelyzer. Following orskov hemolysis, only large fetal cells were detected. In case 1, β/γ in the mixed sample was 0.42. β/γ fell to zero following orskov hemolysis, and was zero in pure fetal blood. This fetus had thal major. In case 2, β/γ was 1.97 before and 0.04 after orskov hemolysis; it was 0.04 in pure fetal blood. This fetus has β-thal trait. orskov hemolysis provides pure fetal blood from samples with only 2.5% fetal cells and enables the appropriate diagnoses to be made even when low yield samples are obtained.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung: radiologic appearance.

To our knowledge, the imaging features of pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma, a form of bronchogenic carcinoma with a greater propensity for metastases at the time of diagnosis and a poorer prognosis than other forms of bronchogenic carcinoma, have not been reported. Accordingly, we studied the radiologic appearance of this tumor to describe the findings and discern if there are features that distinguish it from other bronchogenic carcinomas.Clinical and radiologic features of 30 cases of adenosquamous carcinoma were reviewed. Chest radiographs were available in all cases and CT scans were available in 23. In cases without CT scans, planar tomograms were reviewed in five cases and MR images were reviewed in one. Tumors were defined by location, morphology, and TNM classification.The tumors measured 0.6-6.5 cm in diameter (mean, 2.8 cm) on CT scans or chest radiographs. One tumor not seen even in retrospect on CT scans or chest radiographs was found at autopsy. Twenty-five tumors were solid and four were ca...
Random Pyrolytic Carbon

THE unique properties of pyrolytic carbon have made it useful for many high-temperature applications. Because of the anisotropy of the physical and mechanical properties of the individual crystallites, the properties of macroscopic specimens depend strongly on their preferred orientations. For certain applications, such as thermal shields, high anisotropy may be desirable; on the other hand, other applications (those requiring good thermal shock resistance) would benefit from isotropic properties resulting from a random structure.
Successful molecular dynamics simulation of two zinc complexes bridged by a hydroxide in phosphotriesterase using the cationic dummy atom method.

I report herein two 2.0 ns (1.0 fs time step) MD simulations of two zinc complexes bridged by a hydroxide in phosphotriesterase (PTE) employing the nonbonded method and the cationic dummy atom method that uses virtual atoms to impose orientational requirement for zinc ligands. The cationic dummy atom method was able to simulate the four-ligand coordination of the two zinc complexes in PTE. The distance (3.39 +/- 0.07A) between two nearby zinc ions in the time-average structure of PTE derived from the MD simulation using the cationic dummy atoms matched that in the X-ray structure (3.31 +/- 0.001A). Unequivocally, the time-average structure of PTE was able to fit into the experimentally determined difference electron density map of the corresponding X-ray structure. The results demonstrate the practicality of the cationic dummy atom method for MD simulations of zinc proteins bound with multiple zinc ions. In contrast, a 2.0 ns (1.0 fs time step) MD simulation using the nonbonded method revealed a striking difference in the active site between the X-ray structure and the time-average structure that was unable to fit into the density map of PTE. The results suggest that caution should be used in the MD simulations using the nonbonded method.
Assessing the Business Capstone Course through a Method Based on the SOTL and the Stakeholder Process.

Abstract The business capstone course—often called Business Policy, Business Strategy and Policy, or Strategic Management in many business schools in the United States—usually involves integrative and strategic learning objectives for students. In this article, the authors describe a theoretical foundation, an inquiry process, and an assessment framework for review and evaluation of such business capstone courses. Perspectives from the scholarship of teaching and learning (SOTL) and related concepts guided the authors in stakeholder networking activities. This effort raised assessment issues and questions that might be useful for other faculty members to consider in developing and reviewing capstone experiences for undergraduate business programs.
Ion-pair triple helicates and mesocates self-assembled from ditopic 2,2′-bipyridine-bis(urea) ligands and Ni(II) or Fe(II) sulfate salts

NiSO(4) and FeSO(4) self-assemble with heteroditopic ligands (L) comprising 2,2'-bipyridine and o-phenylene-(bis)urea cation- and anion-binding sites, respectively, into [ML(3)SO(4)] (M = Ni(2+), Fe(2+)) triple-stranded ion-pair helicates and mesocates.
Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: effect of periodic stresses

Abstract Results of stability analyses for spring and slider systems, with state variable constitutive properties, are applied to slip on embedded fault patches. Unstable slip may nucleate only if the slipping patch exceeds some minimum size. Subsequent to the onset of instability the earthquake slip may propagate well beyond the patch. It is proposed that the seismicity of a volume of the earth's crust is determined by the distribution of initial conditions on the population of fault patches that nucleate earthquake slip, and the loading history acting upon the volume. Patches with constitutive properties inferred from laboratory experiments are characterized by an interval of self-driven accelerating slip prior to instability, if initial stress exceeds a minimum threshold. This delayed instability of the patches provides an explanation for the occurrence of aftershocks and foreshocks including decay of earthquake rates by time −1 . A population of patches subjected to loading with a periodic component results in periodic variation of the rate of occurrence of instabilities. The change of the rate of seismicity for a sinusoidal load is proportional to the amplitude of the periodic stress component and inversely proportional to both the normal stress acting on the fault patches and the constitutive parameter, A 1 , that controls the direct velocity dependence of fault slip. Values of A 1 representative of laboratory experiments indicate that in a homogeneous crust, correlation of earthquake rates with earth tides should not be detectable at normal stresses in excess of about 8 MPa. Correlation of earthquakes with tides at higher normal stresses can be explained if there exist inhomogeneities that locally amplify the magnitude of the tidal stresses. Such amplification might occur near magma chambers or other soft inclusions in the crust and possibly near the ends of creeping fault segments if the creep or afterslip rates vary in response to tides. Observations of seismicity rate variations associated with seasonal fluctuations of reservoir levels appear to be consistent with the model.
Befriending the “Other”: Patterns of Social Ties between the Religious and Non-Religious

Aside from the literature on inter-racial and cross-sex relationships, few studies have examined the determinants of relationships that cross social boundaries. The authors contribute to this literature by considering the social boundary between the religious and the non-religious. Surveys of U.S. adults provide evidence of popular aversion toward the non-religious, but this analysis of the Baylor Religion Survey (2005) shows that the majority of religious Americans report a friendship with someone who is not religious at all. The authors find that such boundary-crossing relationships are largely structured by homophily, opportunities for intergroup contact, and religious barriers to intergroup contact. These findings reveal that some religiously themed conflicts that are common among cultural elites may not be particularly salient in the realm of daily social life.
Nuclear space power systems using magnetohydrodynamic vortices

A magnetohydrodynamic generator is proposed as a conversion mechanism for a Rankine-cycle electric power system using a nuclear reactor as the energy source. Fundamental relationships existing between the various parameters of the magnetohydrodynamic vortex are presented and discussed. A comparison of the vortex and linear channel MHD generators is made, and it is demonstrated tha t under certain conditions the vortex is superior. Certain design considerations relative to the working fluid and fabrication materials are given. The system's performance is compared to a similar system using a mechanical turboalternator for conversion. The chief advantage of the magnetohydrodynamic system is tha t it is designed to operate at considerably higher temperatures than a high speed turbine, permitting the overall temperature level of the system to be raised accordingly. This yields a weight reduction of the order of 50% and higher for systems with power levels of 100 kw and higher.
Paw at Fermilab: CORE-based graphics implementation of HIGZ

Abstract The physics analysis workstation system (PAW) is primarily intended to be the last link in the analysis chain of experimental data. The graphical part of PAW is based on HIGZ (high level interface to graphics and ZEBRA), which is based on the OSI and ANSI standard Graphics Kernel System (GKS). HIGZ is written in the context of PAW. At Fermilab, the CORE-based graphics system DI-3000 by Precision Visual Inc. is widely used in the analysis of experimental data. The graphical part of the PAW routines has been totally rewritten and implemented in the Fermilab environment.
Evolutionary psychology, biology, and cultural evolution

Evolutionary approaches to behavior, so far from indicating that human behavioral patterns must be universal and “wired,” actually provide us with good reasons for expecting cultural diversity and good tools for showing how it might develop. Even gender-role related behavior may be very plastic. Highly “macho” male behavior may be an adaptation to dangerous ecological and economic constraints. Similarly, homicide rates differ massively from culture to culture and may be under the control of specificable ecological and economic constraints.
Localization of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase gene to human chromosome 1q25.

Acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters from cholesterol and long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A. It is believed that ACAT plays a key role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. Recently our laboratory succeeded in molecular cloning and functional expression of human macrophage ACAT cDNA. We have now mapped the ACAT gene to chromosome 1, band q25 by using fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes, and by Southern blotting analysis of human-hamster somatic cell hybrid panels.
Heptamethine cyanine based 64Cu-PET probe PC-1001 for cancer imaging: Synthesis and in vivo evaluation

Purpose Development of a heptamethine cyanine based tumor-targeting PET imaging probe for noninvasive detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.
The normal postnatal development of synaptic end-feet in the lumbosacral spinal cord and of responses in the hind limbs of the albino rat

Abstract A close temporal relationship was found between the postnatal development of behavioral responses in the hind limbs and the postnatal development of synaptic end-feet in the lumbosacral enlargement. Both the pattern of response and the pattern of end-foot development were mature by 21 days of age. Components of behavioral responses seen in the adult appeared at different ages and matured at different rates. Certain responses observed at birth disappeared at later ages and other responses, not apparent at birth, were found. A consistent pattern of synaptic end-foot density was found in different zones of the gray matter at each age studied. The relative differences in synaptic end-foot density found between these different zones were the same throughout the extent of the lumbosacral enlargement although the configuration of individual zones changed slightly at different levels. Synaptic end-foot development within different zones of the gray matter began at different ages. The rate of development within individual zones also differed with respect to the rate of development seen in other zones. The data fit neither a “total pattern” nor a “local reflex” theory of response development. Rather, they indicate that connections of the nervous system are programmed to mature for components of each response at particular times so as to give an adaptive behavioral result at all stages of development.
Spring Wheat Response to Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization in Rotation with Sunflower and Winter Wheat

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the northern Great Plains that is generally grown following a 21-mo fallow period. A 12-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage system conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT) ], N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha -1 ), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat yields within a dryland spring wheat (SW)-winter wheat (WW)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF) rotation. Grain yield responses varied with tillage system, N fertilizer rate, cultivar, and year as indicated by significant tillage x N rate x year and N rate × cultivar × year interactions. In years with >260 mm total plant available water (TPAW) but 300 mm TPAW, with Butte86 yielding more than Stoa in 6 out of the 12 yr. Soil NO 3 -N levels increased in the root zone following three consecutive drought years, but had declined to initial year levels by the end of the study. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can produce SW following SF in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT or MT systems are used with adequate N fertilization.
A MRSA-terious enemy among us: Boosting MRSA vaccines

Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause symptoms ranging from mild skin infections to more severe disease in various organs, even among healthy individuals. The ability of this pathogen to escape our immune arsenal and overcome antibiotic therapy poses a challenge to preventing their spread and treating the related symptoms. In 'Bench to Bedside', Scott Kobayashi and Frank DeLeo explore new approaches for vaccine development that focus on antigens required for establishment of disease. Studies with infected mice immunized against S. aureus coagulases—important for abscess formation and bloodstream infection—suggest such an approach may be used to reduce bacterial load and protect against severe disease in humans. In 'Bedside to Bench', Michael Otto examines a large human study where the presence of genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin (PVL) in community-associated MRSA did not correlate with complicated skin structure infections—a result opposing the widespread notion that PVL is the primary CA-MRSA virulence factor.
Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field.

The macaque frontal eye field (FEF) is involved in the generation of saccadic eye movements and fixations. To better understand the role of the FEF, we reversibly inactivated a portion of it while a monkey made saccades and fixations in response to visual stimuli. Lidocaine was infused into a FEF and neural inactivation was monitored with a nearby microelectrode. We used two saccadic tasks. In the delay task, a target was presented and then extinguished, but the monkey was not allowed to make a saccade to its location until a cue to move was given. In the step task, the monkey was allowed to look at a target as soon as it appeared. During FEF inactivation, monkeys were severely impaired at making saccades to locations of extinguished contralateral targets in the delay task. They were similarly impaired at making saccades to locations of contralateral targets in the step task if the target was flashed for ≤100 ms, such that it was gone before the saccade was initiated. Deficits included increases in saccadic latency, increases in saccadic error, and increases in the frequency of trials in which a saccade was not made. We varied the initial fixation location and found that the impairment specifically affected contraversive saccades rather than affecting all saccades made into head-centered contralateral space. Monkeys were impaired only slightly at making saccades to contralateral targets in the step task if the target duration was 1000 ms, such that the target was present during the saccade: latency increased, but increases in saccadic error were mild and increases in the frequency of trials in which a saccade was not made were insignificant. During FEF inactivation there usually was a direct correlation between the latency and the error of saccades made in response to contralateral targets. In the delay task, FEF inactivation increased the frequency of making premature saccades to ipsilateral targets. FEF inactivation had inconsistent and mild effects on saccadic peak velocity. FEF inactivation caused impairments in the ability to fixate lights steadily in contralateral space. FEF inactivation always caused an ipsiversive deviation of the eyes in darkness. In summary, our results suggest that the FEF plays major roles in (1) generating contraversive saccades to locations of extinguished or flashed targets, (2) maintaining contralateral fixations, and (3) suppressing inappropriate ipsiversive saccades.
Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems With Clearances—Part 1: Formation of Dynamic Model

A mathematical model of an elastic mechanical joint with clearances has been formulated and the dynamical equations of motion derived (Part I). The model, which we have called an Impact Pair, is basic to the determination of the dynamical response of mechanical and electromechanical systems with clearances, including determination of dynamic force amplification, frequency response, time-displacement characteristics, and other dynamic characteristics. Whenever possible, the results for the impact pair under various operating conditions are illustrated by graphs, which may also offer some insight into the behavior of clearance-coupled systems.
Protein degradation in cultured cells. II. The uptake of chloroquine by rat fibroblasts and the inhibition of cellular protein degradation and cathepsin B1.

The degradation of cellular proteins in fibroblasts, both those of rapid and those of slow turnover rates, was inhibited by low concentrations of chloroquine or neutral red in the medium. Cells inhibited by chloroquine can be inhibited further by fluoride. Chloroquine was taken up by the fibroblasts and the concentration in the cells reached several hundred times that in the medium. Isopycnic fractionation studies showed that within the cells the chloroquine was concentrated in the lysosomes, and that these chloroquine-containing lysosomes had a lower equilibrium density than the lysosomes of untreated cells. Chloroquine, at concentrations attained inside the lysosomes, inhibited cathepsin B1 but not cathepsin D. It is concluded that chloroquine impairs the breakdown of cellular proteins after these have entered the lysosome system, probably through inhibition of cathepsin B1.
Infants' goal anticipation during failed and successful reaching actions.

The ability to interpret and predict the actions of others is crucial to social interaction and to social, cognitive, and linguistic development. The current study provided a strong test of this predictive ability by assessing (1) whether infants are capable of prospectively processing actions that fail to achieve their intended outcome, and (2) how infants respond to events in which their initial predictions are not confirmed. Using eye tracking, 8-month-olds, 10-month-olds, and adults watched an actor repeatedly reach over a barrier to either successfully or unsuccessfully retrieve a ball. Ten-month-olds and adults produced anticipatory looks to the ball, even when the action was unsuccessful and the actor never achieved his goal. Moreover, they revised their initial predictions in response to accumulating evidence of the actor’s failure. Eight-month-olds showed anticipatory looking only after seeing the actor successfully grasp and retrieve the ball. Results support a flexible, prospective social information processing ability that emerges during the first year of life.
Neural mechanisms of acquired phasic dopamine responses in learning

What biological mechanisms underlie the reward-predictive firing properties of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and how do they relate to the complex constellation of empirical findings understood as Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning? We previously presented PVLV, a biologically inspired Pavlovian learning algorithm accounting for DA activity in terms of two interrelated systems: a primary value (PV) system, which governs how DA cells respond to a US (reward) and; a learned value (LV) system, which governs how DA cells respond to a CS. Here, we provide a more extensive review of the biological mechanisms supporting phasic DA firing and their relation to the spate of Pavlovian conditioning phenomena and their sensitivity to focal brain lesions. We further extend the model by incorporating a new NV (novelty value) component reflecting the ability of novel stimuli to trigger phasic DA firing, providing "novelty bonuses" which encourages exploratory working memory updating and in turn speeds learning in trace conditioning and other working memory-dependent paradigms. The evolving PVLV model builds upon insights developed in many earlier computational models, especially reinforcement learning models based on the ideas of Sutton and Barto, biological models, and the psychological model developed by Savastano and Miller. The PVLV framework synthesizes these various approaches, overcoming important shortcomings of each by providing a coherent and specific mapping to much of the relevant empirical data at both the micro- and macro-levels, and examines their relevance for higher order cognitive functions.
Genetic engineering of Serratia marcescens with bacterial hemoglobin gene: effects on growth, oxygen utilization, and cell size.

The bacterial hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla has been shown to increase growth yield and yield of genetically engineered product in Escherichia coli. To test the generality of this phenomenon, the approximately 560-bp bacterial (Vitreoscilla) hemoglobin gene (vgb) (including the native promoter), cloned into the vector pUC8 in two constructs containing about 1650 and 850 bp, respectively, of Vitreoscilla DNA downstream of vgb, was transformed into Serratia marcescens. After several transfers of the transformants on selective media, both plasmids became stable in this host and the resulting strains produced hemoglobin. Both transformants were compared, regarding growth in liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, with untransformed S. marcescens and S. marcescens transformed with pUC8. The vgb-bearing strains had about 5 times lower maximum viable cell numbers than the strains without hemoglobin, but the former also had late log or early stationary phase cells that were 5-10 times larger than those of the latter. Further, on a dry cell mass basis the presence of vgb inhibited cell growth in liquid media. In contrast, growth of the vgb-bearing strains on LB plates based on cell mass (determined from colony size) was markedly enhanced compared with that of the pUC8 transformant. Respiration of the vgb-bearing strains was lower than that of the strains without vgb on a cell mass basis. These results show that the presence of vgb can have idiosyncratic effects and is not always an aid to cell growth so that its use for genetic engineering must be tested on a case by case basis.
Lentiviral Gene Transfer into the Dorsal Root Ganglion of Adult Rats

Lentivector-mediated gene delivery into the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is a promising method for exploring pain pathophysiology and for genetic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. In this study, a series of modified lentivector particles with different cellular promoters, envelope glycoproteins, and viral accessory proteins were generated to evaluate the requirements for efficient transduction into neuronal cells in vitro and adult rat DRG in vivo. In vitro, lentivectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the human elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter and pseudotyped with the conventional vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) envelope exhibited the best performance in the transfer of EGFP into an immortalized DRG sensory neuron cell line at low multiplicities of infection (MOIs), and into primary cultured DRG neurons at higher MOIs. In vivo, injection of either first or second-generation EF1α-EGFP lentivectors directly into adult rat DRGs led to transduction rates of 19 ± 9% and 20 ± 8% EGFP-positive DRG neurons, respectively, detected at 4 weeks post injection. Transduced cells included a full range of neuronal phenotypes, including myelinated neurons as well as both non-peptidergic and peptidergic nociceptive unmyelinated neurons. VSV-G pseudotyped lentivectors containing the human elongation factor 1α (EF1α)-EGFP expression cassette demonstrated relatively efficient transduction to sensory neurons following direct injection into the DRG. These results clearly show the potential of lentivectors as a viable system for delivering target genes into DRGs to explore basic mechanisms of neuropathic pain, with the potential for future clinical use in treating chronic pain.
Nepalese traders: Itinerant merchants of Southeast Asia

Abstract Itinerant merchants have been an integral part of world trade since at least the time of the earliest Silk Route from China to the West. Today a group of traders from Nepal maintain this tradition. Today their travel is by economy jet and inexpensive train. The countries involved are primarily thos6 with historic ties to the mercenary Ghurka forces under the British. The traders are well organized and limited to a few‐families, primarily from the Pokhara Valley in Nepal. Their goods begin with products from Nepal and Tibet, but they also move goods gathered along their route. They represent a charming anomaly in the modern world, a touch of the old Asia.
Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease Caregiver Depression and Burden: What Noncaregiving Adults Can Learn From Active Caregivers

This study examined similarities and differences between active caregivers (adult children and spouses whose family member had Alzheimer's disease) and not-as-yet caregiving adults (adult children and spouses whose family members are older, but do not as yet suffer from Alzheimer's disease). The objective was to determine what factors predict depressed mood and caregiver burden. Findings indicated that there were both differences and similarities between active caregivers and not-as-yet caregivers. While personality (extraversion) and anxiety about their own aging were the major predictors of depression for active caregivers, perceptions of a lack of social support was the major predictor of depression for not-as-yet caregivers. Regarding caregiver burden, perceived lack of social support, internal attributions of causality, and anxiety about their own aging were predictors for both groups. These findings are not only in concert with past research on the well-being of active caregivers, but they also impo...
Responding to the threat of bioterrorism: a microbial ecology perspective--the case of anthrax.

Anthrax is a disease of herbivores caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can affect cattle, sheep, swine, horses and various species of wildlife. The routes for the spread among wildlife are reviewed. There are three kinds of human anthrax – inhalation, cutaneous, and intestinal anthrax – which differ in their routes of infection and outcomes. In the United States, confirmation of cases is made by the isolation of B. anthracis and by biochemical tests. Vaccination is not recommended for the general public; civilians who should be vaccinated include those who, in their work places, come in contact with products potentially contaminated with B. anthracis spores, and people engaged in research or diagnostic activities. After September 11, 2001, there were bioterrorism anthrax attacks in the United States: anthrax-laced letters sent to multiple locations were the source of infectious B. anthracis. The US Postal Service issued recommendations to prevent the danger of hazardous exposure to the bacterium. B. anthracis spores can spread easily and persist for very long times, which makes decontamination of buildings very difficult. Early detection, rapid diagnosis, and well-coordinated public health response are the key to minimizing casualties. The US Government is seeking new ways to deter bioterrorism, including a tighter control of research on infectious agents, even though pathogens such as B. anthracis are widely spread in nature and easy to grow. It is necessary to define the boundary between defensive and offensive biological weapons research. Deterring bioterrorism should not restrict critical scientific research.
The Effect of X-Irradiation on Somatic Crossing over in Drosophila Melanogaster

Four different genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster were x irradiated at 1350 r during the first, second, and third larval instars. Treatment with x rays resulted in a threefold increase in the frequency of somatic crossing over, evidenced by incidence of abdominal mosaicism. This effect was influenced by genotype and the ontogenetic time at which irradiation occurred. No mosaic spots were detected in the wings, even after irradiation. It is concluded that if somatic crossing over occurs in the wing aulage, it does so at an extremely low frequency. (auth)
The size and morphology of the Nasioi dentition.

Dental impressions were obtained on 240 Nasioi, a Melanesian population living on the island of Bougainville. Odontometric data are presented for both the permanent and deciduous teeth, and the former teeth are also examined morphologically. The results show that the Nasioi have large permanent teeth like other Australoid populations whereas the deciduous teeth are only of moderate size. The coefficients of variation are large in the permanent teeth compared to other populations but the sexual dimorphism in tooth size and variability is not remarkable. Morphologically, the permanent teeth of the Nasioi are characterized by a cusp number pattern, a high frequency of the Dryopithecus + pattern on the first mandibular molar, few individuals with a Cusp of Carabelli, and a moderate expression of shovelled-shaped anterior teeth.
Automated assembly of pre-equated language proficiency tests

This study examines the effectiveness of an automated language proficiency test assembly system introduced at the Lackland Air Force Base Defense Language Institute English Language Center in several stages over the past year. Since it is desirable that the recently recalibrated item bank and newly implemented test assembly hardware and software be effective in the rapid generation of equivalent test forms, the criteria of effectiveness adopted for this study have been the established classical standards of test equivalence. Thus, the focus of the study is on the investigation of the equivalence of mean score difficulty, total score variance and intercorrelation covariance across ECL test forms. An experimental comparison of four randomly selected, computer-generated ECL test forms was made employing a representative sample of 338 ELC examinees. Results indicated that a high level of test-form equivalence and uniformly high internal consistency evidence exist across ECL test forms, exceeding the levels pr...
StageNetSlice: a reconfigurable microarchitecture building block for resilient CMP systems

Although CMOS feature size scaling has been the source of dramatic performance gains, it has lead to mounting reliability concerns due to increasing power densities and on-chip temperatures. Given that most wearout mechanisms that plague semiconductor devices are highly dependent on these parameters, significantly higher failure rates are projected for future technology generations. Traditional techniques for dealing with device failures have relied on coarse-grained redundancy to maintain service in the face of failed components. In this work, we challenge this practice by identifying its inability to scale to high failure rate scenarios and investigate the advantages of finer-grained configurations. We use this study to motivate the design of StageNet, an embedded CMP architecture designed from its inception with reliability as a first class design constraint. StageNet relies on a reconfigurable network of replicated processor pipeline stages to maximize the useful lifetime of the chip, gracefully degrading performance toward end of life. This paper addresses the microarchitecture of the basic building block of StageNet, named StageNetSlice, which is a processor core comprised of networked pipeline stages. A naive slice design results in approximately 4X slowdown verses a traditional processor due to longer communication delays in the pipeline. However, several small design changes that eliminate inter-stage communication paths and minimize communication bandwidth reduce this overhead to 11% on average while providing high levels of fine-grain adaptability.
Trauma-Focused CBT for Youth who Experience Ongoing Traumas

Many youth experience ongoing trauma exposure, such as domestic or community violence. Clinicians often ask whether evidence-based treatments containing exposure components to reduce learned fear responses to historical trauma are appropriate for these youth. Essentially the question is, if youth are desensitized to their trauma experiences, will this in some way impair their responding to current or ongoing trauma? The paper addresses practical strategies for implementing one evidence-based treatment, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for youth with ongoing traumas. Collaboration with local therapists and families participating in TF-CBT community and international programs elucidated effective strategies for applying TF-CBT with these youth. These strategies included: (1) enhancing safety early in treatment; (2) effectively engaging parents who experience personal ongoing trauma; and (3) during the trauma narrative and processing component focusing on (a) increasing parental awareness and acceptance of the extent of the youths' ongoing trauma experiences; (b) addressing youths' maladaptive cognitions about ongoing traumas; and (c) helping youth differentiate between real danger and generalized trauma reminders. Case examples illustrate how to use these strategies in diverse clinical situations. Through these strategies TF-CBT clinicians can effectively improve outcomes for youth experiencing ongoing traumas.
The ‘Resource Curse’ and regional US development

The ‘Resource Curse’ is a stylized fact that has been observed consistently in a number of development studies: countries that are relatively well-endowed with natural resources tend to grow more slowly than resource-poor economies. This article documents evidence that the Resource Curse extends to the individual states of the US Using a variety of specifications, regression of state GSP growth on resource intensity consistently shows a negative and significant relationship. There is evidence that crowding out of the manufacturing sector may contribute to the slower growth of resource-based economies.
Redheads and Blonds: Stereotypic Images:

In a study involving 100 college subjects, blonds had a very positive stereotype. Blond females were seen as beautiful, pleasant, and extremely feminine. Blond males were seen as strong, active, pl...