cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum and Sorghum × Sudangrass Hybrids as Feedstocks for Ethanol Production

Field studies were conducted at the USDA-ARS Sugarcane Research Laboratory in southeast Louisiana to evaluate the ethanol yield potential of five sweet sorghums (Dale, M81-E, Rio, Theis, and Topper) and two non-flowering sorghum × sudangrass forage hybrids (MMR 333/27 and MMR 333/47). The sorghums were planted in the spring and harvested at 85, 101, 119, and 138 days after planting (DAP). Theoretical sugar-based ethanol yield increased for the sweet sorghums (except Rio) from 85 through 119 days, but did not significantly increase further at 138 days. The forage sorghums did not show a similar increase, though the theoretical sugar-based ethanol yield of MMR 333/47 at 138 DAP was greater than at 85 DAP. Conversely, theoretical fiber-based ethanol yields increased two-fold in the two forage sorghums from 85 to 138 DAP; a significant increase in fiber-based ethanol yield was not observed in any of the sweet sorghums over the same period. At 138 DAP, sugar-based ethanol yield of Theis (6,060 L ha−1), was greater than that of Rio or either of the two forage hybrids. Fiber-based ethanol yield of MMR 333/47 (8,860 L ha−1) was greater than that of any other variety in the test. Theoretical ethanol yield from hexose sugar and fiber components averaged across varieties was 6,500, 7,720, 9,100, and 10,810 L ha−1 at 85, 101, 119 and 138 DAP, respectively. As a complementary crop for Louisiana’s sugarcane growers, sorghum would need to be harvested not later than 120 DAP so as to not interfere with the planting of sugarcane in these fields. Both Theis and MMR 333/47 produced greater than 11,000 L ha−1 combined theoretical ethanol at 119 DAP, Theis, equally from sugar and fiber, MMR 333/47 about two-thirds from fiber. Choice of sorghum type would depend on the conversion process(s) being used at the biorefinery.
Multiphoton ionization detection of photodissociation fragments: no from NO2

Abstract The multiphoton ionization (MPI) of NO is used to probe the dynamics of the photodissodation of NO 2 in a one-color experiment. The resulting MPI spectra clearly indicate the high internal rotational energy in the NO fragment. MPI shows promise as a highly sensitive, information-rich diagnostic for internal state determinations of nitric oxide.
Further evidence for supporting cell conversion in the damaged avian basilar papilla.

Two lines of evidence suggested that a process other than supporting cell divisions may give rise to new hair cells in the bird inner ear injured by either noise or ototoxic drugs. This process, supporting cell conversion, occurs when non-dividing supporting cells transdifferentiate into hair cells. First, noise-exposed chicks received zero, one or two daily i.p. injections of cytosine arabinoside (a DNA synthesis blocker), as well as two daily intraperitoneal injections of bromodeoxyuridine, for four days. Following sacrifice, the papillae were processed for bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry. All the ears demonstrated dividing cells, but increasing the number of cytosine arabinoside injections decreased the number of labeled cells. Indeed, two cytosine arabinoside injections per day nearly completely blocked supporting cell divisions in the short hair cell region within the sound-induced lesion. This suggested that unpaired, immature cells observed in a similar region with scanning electron microscopy, despite the presence of cytosine arabinoside, may have been products of supporting cell conversion. In the second experiment, birds were treated with gentamicin for three days. Upon sacrifice at 6 days post-treatment, papillae were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Several unusual cells were observed with phenotypic features of both hair cells and supporting cells. The peculiar cells may be in a transition from the supporting cell phenotype to that of a hair cell.
Sideband opto-mechanical cooling of a silica microresonator in a cryogenic environment

Sideband opto-mechanical cooling of vibrational modes in a silica microresonator is demonstrated in a cryogenic environment. Average phonon occupation numbers as low as 25 are obtained for mechanical modes with frequencies near 100 MHz.
Optical properties of contaminant droplets

Novel light scattering properties of molecular films in a “droplet” configuration are presented and discussed. The illuminated films are shown to disappear when viewed at particular angles. The phenomenon is discussed in the context of Germer’s analysis of out-of-plane scattering from particles and surface micro-roughness.
Effect of Increased Bird Population in a Fixed Cage Area on Production and Economic Responses of Single Comb White Leghorn Laying Hens

Quantitative relationships between the cage area allotted per hen and parameters associated with egg production were examined by regression analysis. Hens were placed 3, 4, and 5 birds per cage (30.5 x 50.8 cm) with 516, 387, and 310 cm2 of floor area per hen, respectively. Egg production declined as the area per hen was reduced. There was no numerical difference for feed consumption per dozen eggs between 516 or 387 cm2 per hen. Feed conversion was less efficient when the area was reduced to 310 cm2 per hen. Feed conversion when adjusted to 20 dozen eggs accentuated the decline in efficiency as previously noted. Mortality was significantly related to a reduction in cage area per hen. Egg weight tended to increase as the allotted area per bird decreased. Eggs produced and feed consumed per cage were highly correlated to bird numbers per cage area. An economic analysis based on dozens of eggs produced, feed consumption, egg and feed prices, grower payment, and pullet cost showed that profitability associated with increased bird numbers in a fixed cage area is sensitive to changes in egg and feed prices.
Environmental influences on brain and behavior of year-old rats.

The brains of rats, almost a year old, were found to be similarly susceptible to the influences of differential housing as had been those of weanling rats. In 3 experiments, male S1 rats, about 285 days of age, remained for 30, 60, or 90 days in enriched (EC), impoverished (IC), or standard colony (SC) conditions before sacrifice for measures of weights and enzymatic activities of standardized brain sections. Occipital and total cortical brain weights increased significantly after EC, whereas subcortical regions seemed to be resistant to environmental influences. Year-old rats responded with greater cortical weight increases and enhanced occipital cholinesterase activities from a period of enrichment extended beyond 60 days than SC agemates. The cortices of IC rats, in contrast, showed a decline in weights with longer duration in isolation. Environmental enrichment, furthermore, disposed year-old rats to faster learning in the Lashley III maze.
The Ground Observer Corps: Public Relations and the Cold War in the 1950s

This essay examines the development and demise of one of the least studied elements of U.S. homeland defense efforts in the 1950s: the Ground Observer Corps (GOC). The article recounts the history of the GOC from its founding in the mid-1950s until its deactivation in 1959 and concludes that it never came close to achieving its goals for recruitment and effectiveness. Yet, despite the major shortcomings of the GOC, the U.S. Air Force continued to support it, primarily because it was seen as helpful for the public relations interests of the Air Force, continental air defense, and, more generally, U.S. Cold War policies. The lack of widespread public support for the GOC raises questions about the view that Americans were deeply fearful of an imminent Soviet nuclear strike in the 1950s.
A Comparison of Zirconia and Titanium Abutments for Microleakage.

Background Microleakage through the interface has been documented in implant systems with titanium (Ti) abutments. There is a current increase in the use of zirconia (Zi) abutments especially in esthetic zone in where higher risk of visible metal color through the peri-implant tissues exists. Purpose The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate the leakage at the implant fixture–abutment interface with two different screw-retained abutment systems at different torque values in a nonloading condition. Materials and Methods In vitro study design included four groups (Ti and Zi torqued at 25 and 15 Ncm [N = 8/group]). Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was chosen to detect microgap. Microleakage from the implant chamber to the external milieu was evaluated using limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test, while microleakage from external milieu to the implant chamber was evaluated using toluidine blue dye (TBD) and colorimeter. Results Micro-CT images did not reveal any microgap. LAL test showed that there is a time-, abutment-, and torque-dependent increase in microleakage (p = .001) with Zi torqued at 15 Ncm having higher leakage with time compared with Ti torqued at 15 Ncm (p = .002), as well as Zi torqued at 15 Ncm having higher leakage with time compared with Zi torqued at 25 Ncm (p = .01). TBD test showed a nonsignificant increase in microleakage with higher leakage related to titanium abutment groups (p > .05). Repeated torque/antitorque handling differentially affected microleakage (p = .01). Conclusions Within the limits of this study, there is a statistically significant difference in bidirectional microleakage with time, abutment type, and torque values being major players for leakage from internal implant chamber to external milieu, while the abutment type and time but not the torque value being important factors for leakage from external milieu into implant chamber in nonloading condition. Future studies are needed to determine peri-implant health around Zi abutments.
Mitigating disruptive effects of interruptions through training: what needs to be practiced?

It is generally accepted that, with practice, people improve on most tasks. However, when tasks have multiple parts, it is not always clear what aspects of the tasks practice or training should focus on. This research explores the features that allow training to improve the ability to resume a task after an interruption, specifically focusing on task-specific versus general interruption/resumption-process mechanisms that could account for improved performance. Three experiments using multiple combinations of primary tasks and interruptions were conducted with undergraduate psychology students. The first experiment showed that for one primary and interruption task-pair, people were able to resume the primary task faster when they had previous practice with the interruption. The second experiment replicated this finding for two other sets of primary and interruption task-pairs. Finally, the third experiment showed that people were able to resume a primary task faster only when they had previous practice with that specific primary and interruption task-pair. Experience with other primary and interruption task-pairs, or practice on the primary task alone, did not facilitate resumption. This suggests that a critical component in resuming after an interruption is the relationship between two tasks. These findings are in line with a task-specific mechanism of resumption and incompatible with a generalprocess mechanism. These findings have practical implications for developing training programs and mitigation strategies to lessen the disruptive effects of interruptions which plague both our personal and professional environments.
Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and anxiety behaviors.

Objective: Our understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety disorders, although not complete, has advanced significantly with the development and application of genetic, neuroimaging and neurochemical approaches. Method: The neuroanatomical basis of anxiety disorders is reviewed with particular focus on the amygdala and the temporal and prefrontal cortex. The functional anatomical correlates of anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder are also discussed. Results: Functional neuroimaging studies in patients with anxiety disorders have shown neurophysiological abnormalities during symptom provocation tests, implicating the limbic, paralimbic and sensory association regions. The involvement of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine in depressive disorders is well established. Antidepressants that affect these neurotransmitter systems have also been shown to be useful in the treatment and management of patients with anxiety disorders. The role of serotonin and norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders is reviewed. In addition, the involvement of the stress hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone, the peptide cholecystokinin and the amino acid transmitter γ-amino butyric acid in anxiety disorders is reviewed. Conclusion: The inconsistency in the results of biologic investigations of anxiety disorders highlights the importance of addressing the neurobiologic heterogeneity inherent within criteria-based, psychiatric diagnoses. Understanding of this heterogeneity will be facilitated by the continued development and application of genetic, neuroimaging and neurochemical approaches that can refine anxiety disorder phenotypes and elucidate the genotypes associated with these disorders. Application of these experimental approaches will also facilitate research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms of anti-anxiety therapies.
Relationships between antenatal and postnatal care and post-partum modern contraceptive use: evidence from population surveys in Kenya and Zambia

It is often assumed, with little supportive, empirical evidence, that women who use maternal health care are more likely than those who do not to use modern contraceptives. This study aims to add to the existing literature on associations between the use of antenatal (ANC) and post-natal care (PNC) and post-partum modern contraceptives. Data come from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Kenya (2008–09) and Zambia (2007). Study samples include women who had a live birth within five years before the survey (3,667 in Kenya and 3,587 in Zambia). Multivariate proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations between the intensity of ANC and PNC service use and a woman’s adoption of modern contraceptives after a recent live birth. Tests of exogeneity confirmed that the intensity of ANC and PNC service use and post-partum modern contraceptive practice were not influenced by common unobserved factors. Cox proportional hazard models showed significant associations between the service intensity of ANC and PNC and post-partum modern contraceptive use in both countries. This relationship is largely due to ANC services; no significant associations were observed between PNC service intensity and post-partum FP practice. While the lack of associations between PNC and post-partum FP use may be due to the limited measure of PNC service intensity, the study highlights a window of opportunity to promote the use of modern contraceptives after childbirth through ANC service delivery. Depending on the availability of data, further research should take into account community- and facility-level factors that may influence modern contraceptive use in examining associations between ANC and PNC use and post-partum FP practice.
Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer.

Background: Debates about cannabis policy often mention respiratory symptoms as a negative consequence of use. The cannabis vaporizer, a machine that heats the plant to release cannabinoids in a mist without smoke and other respiratory irritants, appears to have the potential to minimize respiratory complaints. Methods: Twenty frequent cannabis users (uninterested in treatment) reporting at least two respiratory symptoms completed subjective ratings of respiratory symptoms and spirometry measures prior to and following 1 month’s use of a cannabis vaporizer in a pre/post-design. Outcome measures included selfreported severity of nine respiratory symptoms as well as spirometry measures, including the maximum amount of air exhaled in 1 s (forced expiratory volume; FEV1) and maximum total lung volume (forced vital capacity; FVC). Results: The 12 participants who did not develop a respiratory illness during the trial significantly improved respiratory symptoms (t(11) = 6.22, p = 0.000065, d = 3.75) and FVC, t(11) = 2.90, p = 0.007, d = 1.75. FEV1 improved but not significantly t(11) = 1.77, p = 0.053, d = 1.07. Conclusions: These preliminary data reveal meaningful improvements in respiratory function, suggesting that a randomized clinical trial of the cannabis vaporizer is warranted. The vaporizer has potential for the administration of medical cannabis and as a harm reduction technique.
Structure and radiation properties of luminous turbulent acetylene/air diffusion flames

An experimental and theoretical study of the structure and radiation properties of luminous, round, turbulent acetylene/air diffusion flames is described. Measurements were made of mean and fluctuating velocities, mean concentrations, laser extinction (514 and 632.8 nm), spectral radiation intensities (1200--5500 nm), and radiative heat fluxes. The measurements were used to evaluate structure predictions based on the laminar flamelet concept, and radiation predictions based on a narrow-band model both ignoring and considering turbulence/radiation interactions. State relationships needed for the laminar flamelet concept were found from auxiliary measurements in laminar flames. Predictions were encouraging;however, quantitative accuracy was inferior to earlier findings for luminous flames. This is attributed to the large radiative heat loss fractions of acetylene/air flames (approaching 60 percent of the heat release rate);coupled structure and radiation analysis should be considered for improved results. The findings suggest significant turbulence/radiation interactions (increasing spectral intensities 40--100 percent from estimates based on mean properties);and that soot volume fractions may approximate universal fractions of mixture fraction in turbulent acetylene/air diffusion flames.
Iconic Communication of Values among Americanand Polish Students

Many of the major value surveys are forced-choice questionnaires based on the theoretical assumption that values are variable only in the ranking patterns of universal components. In order to test the assumption of universalism across two diverse cultures, a free-response method was employed in which Polish and American college freshmen took photographs of preferred objects in their everyday environment. The resultant value orientations reveal a behavioral component of values in everyday life. The Polish subjects depicted a narrower range of orientations, and institutional as opposed to private orientations. The results were interpreted in terms of the more limited range of alternatives of choice afforded by the Polish environment relative to that of the American subjects, and an orientation toward values associated with enduring aspects of Polish life within a culture marked by instability.
When zero defectives appear in a sample : upper bounds on confidence coefficients of upper bounds

Abstract When zero defectives are observed in a sample from a finite universe, investigators and decision makers are often tempted to (and want to) declare that there are zero defectives in the finite universe with high confidence. By focusing on the more general question of upper bounds for confidence coefficients of upper confidence bounds, as a special case we are able to show explicitly that our confidence that there are zero defectives in the universe when zero defectives appear in the sample is bounded by the sampling fraction. This note is meant to help reassure those who seek to help others yield not to the aforementioned temptation.
The Changing Map of American Poverty in an Era of Economic Restructuring and Political Realignment

AbstractThe intent of this study is to demonstrate that an understanding of poverty in geographic and historical perspective can powerfully inform the societal debate over the causes of poverty. I argue that conservative theory, attributing poverty to individual deficiencies, such as indolence and low aspirations, falters when the spatial dynamics of poverty in the United States are considered. The changing map of American poverty does not represent an ebb and flow of lassitude among the nation’s population; rather, it reflects the geographic contours of recent transformations in the American political economy. I begin by investigating the changing map of poverty over the last two decades of economic restructuring and political realignment in the United States. I then present five brief case studies to demonstrate that poverty is geographically produced, as alterations in the market and the state emanating from the global and national levels are differentially translated into the social order of locales t...
Quantitative Models of Pension Costs

There is considerable model building currently taking place in the pension area. In order to reduce duplication of effort and to minimize redundancy, it is important that researchers be familiar with past contributions to the pension literature. The purpose of this article is to aid researchers in this regard, by providing an overview of some of the notable contributions to the quantitative models of pension cost.
Perceptual exploration in twins

Abstract Two-hundred and forty twins, from 5 to 11 years of age, were presented with an expanded set of arrays employed in a technique used by Elkind and Weiss to study perceptual exploration. The results support previous findings that exploration becomes more systematic and less error-prone with age. Identical twin pairs were more similar than fraternal twin pairs in their patterns of exploration. Unlike previous investigations, this study does not find left-right patterns of exploration for arrays with strong Gestalt properties when order of presentation is taken into account.
Experimental Subendocardial Ischemia in Dogs with Normal Coronary Arteries

Subendocardial ischemia without anatomic coronary artery obstruction may result from a discrepancy between metabolic needs and available blood supply. We studied this in open-chest anesthetized dogs and measured pressures in aorta and left ventricle (LV), phasic left coronary arterial blood flow (CBF) by electromagnetic flowmeter, total CBF and LV subendocardial (endo) and subepicardial (epi) flow with radioactive microspheres 8-10µ, in diameter. Since LV Subendocardial flow is mainly or entirely diastolic, it should depend on coronary driving pressure and duration of diastole (i.e., the area between aortic and left ventricular diastolic pressures). This diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) was varied by opening arteriovenous fistulas to lower aortic diastolic pressure, constricting the ascending aorta to raise LV diastolic pressure and pacing to shorten diastole. Myocardial oxygen needs were estimated from the tension time index (TTI). Normal endo-epi flow ratios per gram (1:1) fell to 0.1:1 with these procedures and paralleled a fall in diastolic flow fraction (often nearly zero) and postischemic coronary reactive hyperemic responses. These changes occurred despite normal or raised mean CBF and 300-500% increase in systolic CBF. The altered flow ratios were best predicted by relating them to the ratio of DPTI (supply) to TTI (demand).
High frequency normal mode statistics in a shallow water waveguide: the effect of random linear internal waves.

Using transport theory and Monte Carlo numerical simulation, the statistical properties of mode propagation at a frequency of 1 kHz are studied in a shallow water environment with random sound-speed perturbations from linear internal waves. The environment is typical of summer conditions in the mid-Atlantic bight during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment. Observables of interest include the second and fourth moments of the mode amplitudes, which are relevant to full-field mean intensity and scintillation index. It is found that mode phase randomization has a strong adiabatic component while at the same time mode coupling rates are significant. As a consequence, a computationally efficient transport theory is presented, which models cross-mode correlation adiabatically, but accounts for mode coupling using the mode energy equations of Creamer [(1996). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 2825–2838]. The theory also has closed-form expressions for the internal wave scattering matrix and a correction for an edge effect. T...
The relation of blood pressure to coronary heart mortality in different age groups varies by ethnicity.

Background The relative importance of pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been shown to change with aging in individuals of white ethnicity, but few published data exist for those of African American ethnicity. Methods To assess the role of ethnicity in this relationship we compared the association of BP indices to CHD mortality (from a pooled database of eight prospective cohorts, n = 29829, follow-up 13.8 ± 7.9 years, 1912 events) in the four age groups (30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, and ≥60 years) by the decrease in the −2 log likelihood in Cox regression analyses of subjects who were not receiving antihypertensive drug therapy at baseline. Results All BP indices were significant (P Conclusion In African American subjects, SBP was found to be a better predictor of CHD mortality than DBP or pulse pressure. In white subjects, there was a shift in importance from DBP to SBP as predictors of CHD mortality from the 30 to 39–year age group to the older groups.
Software and hardware development for C-V analysis of MOS capacitors for a laboratory course in process evaluation

Hardware and software for data extraction from MOS capacitors via C-V analysis are described. Guidelines for minimizing and/or correcting noise, series resistance, leakage current, and parasitic capacitances in experimental apparatus are presented. A Fortran program for generating model 1 MHz and quasi-static C-V plots was written. By contrasting experimental curves to theory, the program extracts flatband voltage shift, oxide thickness, substrate doping, and interface traps. Examples of applications in theoretical discussions and IC process characterization are given. >
Laser processing of dental hard tissues (Invited Paper)

In addition to their use for the painless removal of dental decay, lasers are also well suited to modify the chemical composition of the mineral phase of dental hard tissues in order to render the tissues more resistant to acid dissolution and for the modification of the hard tissue morphology for better adhesion to restorative materials. In this paper the principal applications of lasers for the processing of dental hard tissues are discussed with an emphasis on the influence of an externally applied layer of water. The presence of an optically thick layer of water profoundly influences the phase composition of the laser irradiated tissue surface and the morphology resulting in more efficient ablation, better adhesion and improved resistance to acid dissolution.
Linkages between parent—child interaction and conversations of friends

In this study we examined how mothers' and fathers' parenting behavior during parent—child interaction related to children's ability to successfully interact with peers. Children's ability to engage in coordinated interaction, and their negativity and positivity towards peers were examined. Observational data were collected on 56 families in both parent—child and peer interaction settings. Results suggested that father's emotional volatility was related to children's tendency to play at a low level of engagement with their best friends (e.g. engage in parallel play or monologue). Both mother's and father's affective communication were related to children's tendency to play at a higher level of engagement, such as through establishing common ground activities, exchanging information, and self-disclosing personal information or feelings. Parental intrusiveness, low engagement and use of derisive humor was also related to children's negativity during peer interaction. Results support the hypothesis that both fathers and mothers provide a context for children's development of the ability to engage in and maintain interpersonal interaction, and mothers' parenting may influence the amount of positive affect children express during dyadic play.
Mosquito Abundance is Correlated with Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) Colony Size

We measured the abundance of mosquitoes [primarily Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett] at cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot) colonies of different sizes in southwestern Nebraska in 1999. Using CO2 traps placed inside and outside of colonies, we found that total mosquito abundance increased significantly with the number of active cliff swallow nests at a colony site. We found no effect of date or weather conditions on the number of mosquitoes caught it the different sites. By classifying the landscape from aerial photographs within a 2-km-diameter circle centered on each colony site, we found no significant relationships between habitat type near a colony site and cliff swallow colony size or mosquito abundance. Proximity to livestock could not account for our results. Culex tarsalis was proportionately more likely to be caught inside a colony than at traps 30 in away, but the proportion of C. tarsalis inside a colony did not vary with colony size. Our results cannot be explained by date- or weather-related sampling artifacts or by differences in habitat between sites. Most likely, mosquitoes, especially A. vexans, are attracted to the vicinity of large cliff swallow colonies.
Human Behavioral Pharmacology

Behavioral pharmacology is a scientific discipline that integrates the principles of behavior analysis and general pharmacology. The origins of this discipline can be traced directly to studies conducted by B. F. Skinner and colleagues during the 1930s using schedules of reinforcement to examine the behavioral effects of drugs (Skinner & Heron, 1937). However, application of Skinner’s operant methods to the study of the behavioral effects of drugs did not get under way in any systematic manner until the mid-1950s (see Dews & Morse, 1961). The use of operant methods was well established in numerous laboratories in the United States by that time. The discovery of chlorpromazine and other agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders during this same period spurred a genuine interest on the part of the pharmaceutical industry in the utilization of operant methods in drug-discovery programs. Operant methods proved quite effective in meeting the challenges presented by the pharmaceutical industry and this new area of scientific inquiry and the discipline of behavioral pharmacology was launched.
War Powers Under the South African Constitution

South Africa's post-apartheid constitution is one of the most rights-protective constitutions of the world, a document framed to protect the country from the injustices of its grim past. Perhaps surprisingly, this paper finds that in important respects even South Africa's constitution confers striking powers on the executive in time of war or military hostilities. The paper begins with an analysis of the declaration of a state of national defense, South Africa's analogue to a declaration of war, and finds that the procedures applicable to such declarations are in most respects considerably less stringent than those applicable to the declaration of a state of emergency. While a state of emergency permits derogation from constitutional rights, and a state of national defense does not, the harsh realities of war lead to the conclusion that a state of national defense would involve serious potential limits on human rights, and so the relatively easier path to the declaration of a state of national defense is a matter of concern. In addition, the declaration of a state of national defense is not the only means by which South Africa can enter military hostilities; in fact, since the end of apartheid the nation has been engaged in a number of African peacekeeping missions (and has suffered combat deaths), apparently without any such declaration. The constitution gives the president authority to employ South African troops in defense of the Republic or in fulfillment of international obligations, and while I argue that Parliament also has authority to countermand such employments, in the absence of Parliamentary action it appears the president has authority to proceed. The most potent legislative check on Presidential authority may ultimately be the funding power, since Parliament in general must affirmatively decide to appropriate funds, though Parliament's funding authority is somewhat more shared with the executive than is the case in the United States. In sum, though South African constitutional law broadly rejects the kind of unilateral executive war power that has sometimes been asserted on behalf of the U.S. president, the substantial grant of executive authority and the relatively diminished role of the legislature in South Africa remind us that even in an intensely rights-minded constitutional system, war remains a profoundly difficult field for legal limitation.
LONGWAVE RADIATION IN THE HIMALAYAS OF CENTRAL NEPAL AND NORTHWEST INDIA

Short-term climatic field data taken in high elevations of Nepal and Kashmir-Ladakh, India, are used to evaluate incoming, outgoing, and net longwave radiation changes with elevation. Sky brightness temperatures were monitored and converted to equivalent IR, full hemisphere sky emittance values. Surface temperatures were also recorded. Calculated sky radiant IR fluxes are compared to several models of longwave incoming radiation. The model of Brutsaert compares favorably with instrument-derived longwave incoming radiation values in comparison to other empirical equations tested. Elevational gradients of longwave incoming radiation were found to range from -34 W/m2 per km (Kashmir-Ladakh) to -49 W/m2 per km (India-Nepal) and are consistent, in a regional climate context, with the few available analyses of longwave components for some other mountain locales at similar latitudes. Net longwave radiation becomes increasingly more negative at high elevations and patterns of net longwave radiation are strongly c...
Database of wavefront measurements for laser system modeling, optical component development, and fabrication process qualification

This paper describes a database of wavefront measurements of large aperture optical components. This database is being compiled as part of our component development program in preparation for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The data is stored electronically in the form of 3D phase maps of the reflected or transmitted wavefront, measured by phase shifting interferometry at 6328 angstrom. The database will serve both technical and administrative purposes for the NIF project. These purposes will be described, as well as the type of data and measurement techniques used.
Theoretical study of the mechanism of NO2 production from NO + ClO.

The reaction of NO with ClO has been studied theoretically using density-functional and wave function methods (B3LYP and CCSD(T)). Although a barrier for cis and trans additions could be located at the RCCSD(T) and UCCSD(T) levels, no barrier exists at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level. Variational transition state theory on a CASPT2(12,12)/ANO-L//B3LYP/6-311+G(d) surface was used to calculate the rate constants for addition. The rate constant for cis addition was faster than that for trans addition (cis:trans 1:0.76 at 298 K). The rate constant data summed for cis and trans addition in the range 200−1000 K were fit to a temperature-dependent rate in the form kdis = 3.30 × 10-13T0.558 exp(305/T) cm3·molecule-1·s-1, which is in good agreement with experiment. When the data are fit to an Arrhenius plot in the range 200−400 K, an activation barrier of −0.35 kcal/mol is obtained. The formation of ClNO2 from ONOCl has a much higher activation enthalpy from the trans isomer compared to the cis isomer. In fact, the pre...
Notes on Some Ustilaginales from India

The species of Ustilaginales or smuts reported in this paper were collected in India by R. R. and I. D. Stewart. Submitted to the senior author by the collectors for identification, the determination of species was made during the winter of 1926-1927 at New Haven. Among the fungi listed below are certain species that have been apparently hitherto unreported from India, as well as certain new host plants for some of the species of smuts.
AN INVESTIGATION OF EXTREME ALARM RESPONSE PATTERNS IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Response patterns to unreliable alarm systems often conform to probability matching theory. However, some participants have been observed to respond to all or no alarms in a given set. In this paper, we analyze extreme response patterns within seven alarm mistrust experiments. In half of those experiments, participants had no redundant cues regarding individual alarm validity, and relied only on an estimate of overall alarm system reliability. In the other half, participants knew overall system reliability and could check individual alarm validity. Results show that participants without alarm validity information were more likely to respond to all alarms. Those who could check individual alarm validity matched the true alarm rate with their responses. Our results confirm the importance of designing information redundancy within alarm systems. Practical implications include providing underlying system information to operators to ensure appropriate response patterns. Further research should be conducted to investigate lack of responding for low alarm system reliability rates. I
Abstract 5126: Development of a high throughput quantitative phosphoproteomic method to study trastuzumab resistance

Her2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in approximately 20-30% of human breast cancers and affects clinical prognosis and outcome of these cancers. Treatment of Her2-positive breast cancer with the monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, has improved the outcomes and prognosis for patients with this breast cancer subtype. However, development of resistance to trastuzumab is a major clinical problem in metastatic Her2-positive breast cancer. Many of the known mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance cause changes in protein phosphorylation patterns and therefore we have employed quantitative phosphoproteomics to further study trastuzumab resistance. Quantitative phosphoproteomics is a powerful method to comparatively identify phosphorylated proteins between different samples. Using electrospray tandem-mass spectrometry coupled with immunoaffinity purification and titanium dioxide (TiO2) phosphoenrichment, we wanted to identify differentially phosphorylated proteins in a pair of trastuzumab sensitive and resistant cells. We used stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to obtain quantitative information on the proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We have obtained quantitative data on two trastuzumab sensitive and resistant pairs of Her2 overexpressing human breast cancer cell lines (BT474 and SKBR3). 275 proteins were identified in the phosphoenriched fraction from the SKBR3 pair with 83 proteins reporting a ratio. 769 proteins were identified in the phosphoenriched fraction from the BT474 pair with 683 proteins reporting a ratio. Treatment of the trastuzumab resistant cells with Her2 siRNA drastically resulted in cell death indicating the sustained dependence of these cells on Her2 despite the resistance to Her2 targeted therapy. RNAi experiments, in combination with trastuzumab exposure, of candidate proteins expressing an increase in phosphorylation will be tested further to determine if trastuzumab resistance can be reversed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5126. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5126
Impact of Transurethral Resection on the Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma

AbstractBetween March 1970 and December 1987, 1,078 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with pelvic lymph node dissection and permanent 125iodine implantation. Before implantation, 257 patients (27%) underwent transurethral resection of the prostate, while 702 (73%) did not and their diagnosis was established by needle biopsy. A total of 119 patients (10%) underwent hormonal therapy before implantation and they were excluded from the present analysis. Clinical stage and pathological grade were similar in both groups. A higher percentage of patients in the transurethral resection group had nodal metastases at implantation. Positive lymph nodes were found in 121 patients (47%) in the transurethral resection group versus 199 (26%) who did not undergo resection (p < 0.001).The actuarial 5, 10 and 15-year distant metastasis-free survival rates among the patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate were 79%, 42% and 16%, respectively, compared to 86%, 52% and 27%, respect...
A Case Study of Visit-Driven Preventive Care Screening Using Clinical Decision Support: The Need to Redesign Preventive Care Screening.

INTRODUCTION In the traditional model of care, an annual visit was dedicated to the task of assessing and delivering preventive care. With the move away from annual physicals, primary care physicians are addressing preventive services at every clinic visit often aided by electronic clinical decision support (CDS) systems. METHODS We conducted a case study of a visit-driven CDS system in use at a primary care clinic. Steady-state performance was assessed via control charts of quality metrics, data regarding completion of recommendations, and an analysis of screening intervals achieved with patient visits. RESULTS Under this visit-driven CDS system, quality metric performance was poor and declining. Almost half of the patients were not screened (46.5%), and the other half were overscreened the majority of the time (83.3%). Recommended preventive services were ordered less than half the time (42.6%), despite CDS reminders. DISCUSSION Various barriers and systematic inefficiencies combined to produce ineffective screening in this visit-driven CDS preventive service delivery system. As a result, we conclude a visit-driven system cannot produce optimal results. In order to improve performance, preventive services should be delivered separately from clinical visits, perhaps by a "preventive service ranger" (PSR) utilizing the CDS system to review each patient once annually. Under such a system, patients would receive preventive services in an organized and efficient fashion, potentially leading to better continuity, higher quality metrics that are mathematically predictable, and improved satisfaction.
CHAPTER 23 – Analog Op-Amp ICs

An integrated circuit (IC) is a small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. This chapter discusses operational amplifier as an IC that operates as a voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single–ended output. LM741 was one of the earlier inexpensive op–amp ICs, and the newer models available are just a variation of the old design. The chapter discusses the performance of a differential amplifier and its advantages. The 386 Op–Amp is easy to use and needs only one power supply and can put out current that is enough to drive a small loudspeaker without a buffer amplifier. A breadboard module is described as something which has wires and spring loaded sockets buried inside. The chapter describes the operation of breadboard module in detail.
Time from Diagnosis to Treatment Initiation Predicts Survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

Abstract Background: Pts, particularly those age ≥ 60, with untreated AML and prognostically unfavorable cytogenetics have CR rates Methods: 1660 pts were initially considered in the joint CC-MDA database. After excluding pts with APL (n=10), 50,000/mm3 (n=48), diagnosed >3 months prior to therapy (n=24), not treated with Ara-C (n=177) and with incomplete data (n=19), the final data set consisted of 1381 pts, 224 (16%) from CC, and 1167 (84%) from MDA. The effect of TDT on CR and OS was evaluated using logistic regression models for CR, log-logistic for OS, in older (≥60 years (yrs)) and younger ( Results: Median values were: age 60 yrs (range, 17–87), pre-treatment WBC 5.2/mm3 (0.3–49.1), and TDT 4 days (0–78). 44% of pts had sAML. Cytogenetic risk distribution was similar to other large databases: favorable 8%, intermediate 66%, and unfavorable 26%. CR was achieved in 837 pts (61%), 67% of those Conclusions: AML should be considered a medical emergency in younger AML patients, as delaying induction therapy significantly affects CR rates and OS. Delaying therapy does not seem harmful in older pts, particularly those closer to 60 yrs with a low WBC, and would allow therapy to be individualized, e.g. by accounting for cytogenetics and other biologic markers. Inclusion of other covariates may alter these results, and we are assessing whether the harm in delaying therapy in younger AML pts is offset by the potentially greater harm in giving standard therapy to those later found to have unfavorable cytogenetics.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Therapy Through Paracrine Actions

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) reside in the stromal vasculature of adipose tissue, and are called stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells when freshly isolated. These cells share many common features with bone marrow stem cells (BMSC), including cell surface marker expression and therapeutic potential. Due to their abundant tissue source and ease of isolation, SVF cells are the only stem cell type that can be isolated and transplanted autologously on a same-day basis. Preclinical studies have shown that freshly isolated SVF cells or cultured ADSC can treat a wide range of diseases and injuries, including cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac infarct, renal injury, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction. All of these studies have shown or suggested that the mechanisms through which ADSC exert therapeutic efficacy are paracrine in nature. Reported evidence of cell differentiation is limited and can usually be explained by the presence of differentiated cells (e.g., smooth muscle) in the cell preparation and/or the use of “leaky” cell labels (e.g., DiI), nonspecific cell markers (e.g., nestin), and/or suboptimal histological images.
A High Efficiency High Power Density Harmonic-Tuned Ka Band Stacked-FET GaAs Power Amplifier

A stacked-FET power amplifier (PA) with harmonic- tuned output matching network is demonstrated using a 0.15-µm Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) technology. The fabricated PA exhibits 28.5 dBm output power, 12 dB gain and 38.4% power added efficiency (PAE). To the best of our knowledge, this is for the first time stacked-FET technique is used in combining with harmonic-tuned output network to achieve high PAE and high power density simultaneously in a GaAs PA.