cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care?

Objectives: To examine race differences in knowledge of the Tuskegee study and the relationship between knowledge of the Tuskegee study and medical system mistrust. Methods: We conducted a telephone survey of 277 African-American and 101 white adults 18–93 years of age in Baltimore, MD. Participants responded to questions regarding mistrust of medical care, including a series of questions regarding the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male (Tuskegee study). Results: Findings show no differences by race in knowledge of or about the Tuskegee study and that knowledge of the study was not a predictor of trust of medical care. However, we find significant race differences in medical care mistrust. Conclusions: Our results cast doubt on the proposition that the widely documented race difference in mistrust of medical care results from the Tuskegee study. Rather, race differences in mistrust likely stem from broader historical and personal experiences.
Teaching Young Children Basic Concepts of Geography: A Literature-Based Approach

Teaching young children basic concepts of geography such as location, place, human–environment interaction, movement, and region is a great challenge. This article advocates literature-based instruction as a way of promoting geographic awareness in early childhood classrooms. Examples of children's picture books are given to show what early childhood teachers can do to make the five geographic concepts more concrete and understandable to young children via picture books.
Nonlinear evolution of the polarization states in WDM channels

Summary form only given. The combination of polarization-dependent loss (PDL), polarization-dependent gain (PDG), and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) all contribute to fading in high-data-rate, long-distance WDM systems. In this contribution, we use the Manakov equation, which includes the effects of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity, to determine the polarization evolution in a WDM system. In the limit of highly dispersive channels, we find an analytical formula for the polarization evolution in each channel, and we show that the degree of polarization in each channel is unchanged.
Initial value and two point boundary value solutions to the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations

The nonhomogeneous Clohessy-Wiltshire (C-W) equations are formulated and solved as an initial value problem in the form structure of linear systems theory. The state transition matrix (STM) and its inverse are obtained explicitly in both Newtonian and Hamiltonian form. It is shown that the STM for the C-2 equations possesses a special property making its inverse easily obtainable. Since solutions to the C-W equations are needed in two-point boundary value form to construct a good mission design tool for orbit transfer, the Lambert problem is solved in the context of the C-W equations.
A unified approach to iterative signal restoration

A class of iterative image restoration algorithms is derived. The algorithms are based on a representation theorem for the generalized inverse of a matrix. These algorithms exhibit a first or higher order of convergence and some of them consist of an online and an offline computation part. The conditions for convergence and the range of convergence of these algorithms are derived. An iterative algorithm is also presented which exhibits a higher rate of convergence than the standard quadratic algorithm with no extra computational load. These algorithms can be applied to the restoration of signals of any dimensionality. Iterative restoration algorithms that have appeared in the literature represent special cases of the class of algorithms described. Therefore, the approach presented unifies a large number of iterative restoration algorithms. >
New Missile Guidance and Control Technology [panel disc. Introduction]

Summary form only given. It is evident that the performance of the present-day missile systems may be seriously degraded in engagements against targets such as the contemporary and the near future high-performance fighters. Hence, the use of classical guidance and control techniques in designing missile systems may not be adequate in defeating these highly maneuvering targets. It is, therefore, essential that advanced control techniques be applied to missile guidance and control systems for improved missile performance. With the recent miniaturization of digital hardware, computation of these new techniques is now possible aboard a small missile. In this new missile guidance and control approach, target tracking is accomplished through estimation of target behavior so that an optimal trajectory can be generated through missile guidance, and subsequently an effective strike with minimum miss distance can be accomplished by the missile autopilot without consuming excessively large or costly force in surging. In the panel discussion, we will explore avenues of application of modern guidance and control concepts to tactical missiles to accomplish the above objective. We will address innovative applications of modern control theory such as optimal control, stochastic control, adaptive control, and estimation theory to the design of missile systems. Topics to be covered will include those presented by the authors in Session FA7-Missile Guidance and Control Systems. These topics are: missile aerodynamic and performance relationships, fast homing guidance using line-ofsight reconstruction, maneuvering target tracking, optimal linear and nonlinear BTT guidance, and digital autopilot design. The panel discussion will be co-chaired by Harold L. Pastrick of Control Dynamics Company, Huntsville, Alabama, USA, and William H. Gilbert of Martin Marietta Corporation, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Kinetic method for determination of dissociation constants of metal ion-nucleotide complexes.

Publisher Summary The dissociation constants of metal ion-nucleotide complexes are important parameters for biochemical studies and a number of methods have been used to determine them. For nonparamagnetic ions, P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent method and has been used for Mg 2+ and Cd 2+ complexes of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and sulfur-substituted analogs of ATP and ADP, whereas for paramagnetic species, such as Mn 2+ , electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is useful. However, none of these methods work well if the dissociation constant is less than 1μM. The kinetic approach given in this chapter proves useful for determining the dissociation constants of metal ion-nucleotide complexes as long as: (1) the metal ion complex is not a substrate for the enzyme being inhibited (hexokinase or creatine kinase, although other enzymes could certainly be used) and (2) the metal ion does not form an insoluble hydroxide at the pH of interest and free concentration present in the experiment. The real advantage of the method is its ability to measure the dissociation constants that are 1μM or less. At the dilutions used in these experiments, one is also very unlikely to get complexes, containing more than one nucleotide or metal ion, as is frequently the case at higher concentrations.
In vitro steroid sensitivity testing: A possible means to predict response to therapy in primary hypoproliferative anemia

We investigated the effects of various steroids on erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood, and by marrow and peripheral blood from 18 patients with primary hypoproliferative anemia. These agents were variously found to enhance both CFU-E and BFU-E derived colony growth by normal human cells. Fluoxymesterone and dexamethasone were the most active inducers of CFU-E proliferation, and etiocholanolone and dexamethasone were the most potent burst augmenters. Androsterone did not significantly influence BFU-E proliferation in 66% of the marrow cultures from hematologically normal donors. Colony formation by erythroid progenitor cells of the patients with hypoproliferative anemia was reduce (20 +/- 10 CFU-E derived colonies/6 X 10(4) marrow cells; 12 +/- 5 BFU-E derived colonies/1 X 10(5) blood cells) when compared to growth by normal cells (65 +/- 14 CFU-E derived colonies/6 X 10(4) marrow cells; 21 +/- 9 BFU-E derived colonies/1 X 10(5) blood cells). Colony formation by marrow or peripheral blood cells of eight patients with steroid-responsive anemia was only moderately reduced (26 +/- 11 CFU-E derived colonies/6 +/- 10(4) marrow cells; 17 +/- 3 BFU-E derived colonies/1 X 10(5) blood cells) when compared to growth by marrow cells of three steroid-unresponsive patients (3 +/- 1.5 CFU-E derived colonies/6 X 10(4) cells). Whereas the addition of steroids of the same class to marrow and peripheral blood cultures of the steroid-responsive patients enhanced colony growth by 60-300%, their addition to marrow cultures of the steroid-unresponsive patients increased colony growth by less than 60%. It appears that further investigations using in vitro culture techniques as predictors of response to steroid therapy in patients with hypoproliferative anemia may be warranted.
Soil seed bank community structure of pastures and hayfields on an organic farm

Sanderson, M. A., Stout, R., Goslee, S., Gonet, J. and Smith, R. G. 2014. Soil seed bank community structure of pastures and hayfields on an organic farm. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 621–631. Understanding the composition of seed banks in pasture soils would help farmers anticipate and manage for weed problems. We characterized the soil seed bank in eight pastures and hayfields [two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two predominantly grass hayfields; two recently established and two permanent pastures] within an organic dairy farm in southeastern New Hampshire. Seed banks were sampled in the upper 5 cm of soil in each field at a point scale in 2007 and 2010. In 2010, the seed bank was characterized at the field scale by taking soil samples on six 52-m transects in each field. Seed banks sampled at the field scale in 2010 contained 66 plant species. The total number of seeds in the seed bank ranged from 1560 m−2 in grass hayfields in autumn to more than 20 000 m−2 in alfalfa hayfields in summer. Annual forbs dom...
Estimating the Effect of “Change to Win” on Union Organizing

In a 2005 effort to reinvigorate new-member organizing efforts, seven unions split from the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) to form a new union feder...
Failed fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the extent of paternal and maternal chromatin decondensation

Abstract Objective : To determine the extent of paternal and maternal chromatin decondensation in unfertilized eggs after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Design : Eggs that failed to show two pronuclei (2-PN) 48 hours after ICSI were studied at two different time intervals: at ICSI program inception (group A) and after 8 months (group B). Patient(s) : Forty-nine patients undergoing IVF cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s) : The unfertilized eggs were studied by chromatin staining. Result(s) : The average fertilization rate from all ICSI cycles in these two groups was 45%. The fertilization rates in groups A and B were 35% and 59%, respectively. In group A, 65% of the unfertilized eggs were characterized by condensed sperm chromatin with 11% showing partial decondensation. In group B, only 28% of the unfertilized eggs demonstrated condensed sperm chromatin, whereas 45% were partially decondensed. In these two groups, no sperm chromatin was detected in 24% of the unfertilized eggs. The maternal chromatin remained at metaphase II in 84% of all unfertilized eggs analyzed. Conclusion(s) : These observations suggest that the technical problem of deposition of the sperm inside the egg is not the major cause of failure of fertilization rates in ICSI cycles. Rather, it is likely to be the failure to complete both the maternal and paternal chromatin transitions that occur with normal fertilization.
Effects of GABA on neurons of the gustatory and visceral zones of the parabrachial nucleus in rats

Abstract Response characteristics of neurons in the gustatory and visceral zone of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were examined using whole cell recordings in brain slices of the rat. Based on the recording site, neurons were divided into three groups: neurons in the dorsolateral quadrant of the PBN (DL-neurons), neurons in the dorsomedial quadrant of the PBN (DM-neurons) and neurons in the ventromedial quadrant of the PBN (VM-neurons). Recordings were made from 44 DL-, 43 DM-, 39 VM-neurons. Superfusion of GABA resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in input resistance in 67.5% of the neurons in the PBN (73.1% of the DL-, 62.5% of the DM-, 66.7% of the VM-neurons). No obvious difference of the concentration–response curve was found among three groups. The mean reversal potential of the GABA effect was about −74 mV and no significant differences were observed among three groups of neurons. The GABA response was partly or completely blocked by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline in all neurons tested. Superfusion of the GABAA agonist muscimol resulted in a decrease of the input resistance in all neurons tested. It was concluded that GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in both gustatory and visceral part of the PBN, mediated in part, by GABAA receptors.
Sudden turns and stops while walking: kinematic sources of age and gender differences

Background: Significant age and gender differences were found among healthy young and older adult subjects in their abilities to quickly turn or stop in order to avoid obstacles that suddenly appear in the gait path (Cao C, Ashton-Miller JA, Schultz AB, Alexander NB. Abilities to turn suddenly: effects of age, gender and available response time. J Gerontol Med Sci 1997;52A:M88-M93; Cao C, Ashton-Miller JA, Schultz AB, Alexander NB. Abilities to stop suddenly: effects of age, gender, gait phase, and available response time. Submitted for publication, 1997 (also available as a chapter in Cao C. Biomechanics of forward momentum arrest when walking: age and gender differences. PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1996). The present study quantified the extent to which age and gender differences in those subjects' response kinematics affected the total time they needed to suddenly arrest their forward momentum. Methods: Age- and gender-group means of four measures of forward movement of the anterior surface of the abdomen were obtained: the duration of the first post-cue response phase, from the visual cue that initiated the arrest response to reaching peak velocity (T1); acceleration (A1) during this phase; and decelerations (D2 and D3) during two subsequent post-cue response phases. A three-line-segment representation of this forward velocity history was constructed. This representation was used to predict the differences in response time needed (NRT) to suddenly arrest momentum that resulted from measured age and gender differences in each of the four response kinematics measures. Results: The largest contributor to the age group difference found in NRT was the increase in T1 among the older adults. Among the older males, the next largest contributor was their larger value of A1, and among the older females, their substantially smaller value of D2. Among the young adults in sudden turns, no single kinematic parameter seemed primarily responsible for the gender difference found in the NRT. Among the older adults, the gender difference in D2 was almost fully responsible for the gender difference in NRT, in both sudden stops and turns. Conclusions: Much of the older adults' need for longer response times than those of the young was attributable to the lengthened first phase of their responses. Older females, in addition, needed longer response times than young adults or older males because, during the second phase of their responses, their decelerations were substantially smaller. These age and gender differences may have arisen in part from known age and gender differences in abilities to develop lower extremity joint torque strengths rapidly. Language: en
Rings of quotients of rings of functions

If X is a Tychonoff space, a zero-set Z of X is z-complemented in X if there exists a zero-set Z of X such that Z∪Z=X and Z∩Z is nowhere dense in X. The notion of z-complemented zero-sets arises in determining the rings of continuous functions C(X) having the property that the total ring of quotients T(C(X)) is von Neumann regular. In this note, we first examine conditions on a space X under which every zero-set is z-complemented. Then in Section 4 we relate z-Gabriel filters in the ring C(X) to certain filters of open sets of X and in some instances we show how the localization of C(X) at such a filter is isomorphic to a ring of partial functions on a subspace of X.
Trauma: A Genealogy

Psychic trauma is one of the most frequently invoked ideas in the behavioural sciences and the humanities today. Yet bitter disputes have marked the discussion of trauma ever since it first became an issue in the 1870s, growing even more heated in recent years following official recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a book that is bound to ignite controversy, Ruth Leys investigates the history of the concept of trauma. She explores the emergence of multiple personality disorder, Freud's approaches to trauma, medical responses to shell-shock and combat fatigue, Sandor Ferenczi's revisions of psychoanalysis, and the mutually reinforcing, often problematic work of certain contemporary neurobiological and postmodernist theorists. Leys argues that the concept of trauma has always been fundamentally unstable, oscillating uncontrollably between two competing models, each of which tends at its limit to collapse into the other. A powerfully argued work of intellectual history, "Trauma" will rewrite the terms of future discussion of its subject.
Crystal Structure of [Ru(terpy)2]0: A New Crystalline Material from the Reductive Electrocrystallization of [Ru(terpy)2]2+

Reductive electrocrystallization of [Ru(terpy)2](PF6)2 (where terpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) from an acetonitrile solution containing 100 mM TBAPF6 results in the formation of black crystals. Crystal data: [Ru(terpy)2]·(PF6)2[(CH3)2CO], monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 20.801(2) A, b = 8.943(1) A, c = 19.453(2) A, β = 92.524(9)°, and Z = 4; [Ru(terpy)2] (1), orthorhombic, Fdd2 with a = 39.757(4) A, b = 56.464(6) A, c = 8.507(1) A, and Z = 32. X-ray analysis reveals that the crystals consist exclusively of [Ru(terpy)2]0 (1), with no solvent or counteranion present in the lattice. [Ru(terpy)2]0 units are structurally very similar to the parent [Ru(terpy)2]2+, with nearly perfect octahedral symmetry around the metal center and with two terpy ligands that are basically planar. Analysis of the crystal packing shows that [Ru(terpy)2]2+ crystals have close intermolecular distances, while [Ru(terpy)2]0 crystals show only intermolecular interactions along the c axis with contacts that are less than 3.5 A...
Psychometrics and latent structure of the IDS and QIDS with young adult students.

Background: Students and young adults have high rates of suicide and depression, thus are a population of interest. To date, there is no normative psychometric information on the IDS and QIDS in these populations. Furthermore, there is equivocal evidence on the factor structure and subscales of the IDS. Methods: Two samples of young adult students (ns ¼ 475 and 1681) were given multiple measures to test the psychometrics and dimensionality of the IDS and QIDS. Results: The IDS, its subscales, and QIDS had acceptable internal consistencies (as¼ .79� 90) and favorable convergent and divergent validity correlations. A three-factor structure and two Raschderived subscales best fit the IDS. Limitations: The samples were collected from one university, which may influence generalizability. Conclusions: The IDS and QIDS are desirable measures of depressive symptoms when studying young adult students.
The impact of training on the frequency and duration of employment

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine whether training will increase the amount of time an individual spends in employment over an extended period. Training can influence this quantity through an effect on either the frequency or the duration of employment spells. Continuous time duration models provide a natural framework for modelling the influence of training on both the number and length of employment episodes. The estimation results obtained indicate that participation in a private training program improves the employment prospects of women by increasing both the frequency and duration of employment spells. The implications are less clear for men in that participation in private programs increases the length of both employment and nonemployment episodes. In the case of government programs participation in training leads to a decline in the amount of time spent employed by both women and men; however, this effect is based upon a small number of observations.
Erratum: On the Dirichlet problem for minimal graphs in hyperbolic space

R n × {0} that can be identified with the asymptotic infinity of Hn+1. Let Nn−1 ⊂ Hn+1 ∞ be a closed embedded (n − 1)-dimensional submanifold. Then there exists a complete absolutely area-minimizing integral n-current Σ asymptotic to Nn−1 at infinity; see, for example [1, 2]. It was also noted in [1, 2] that in the case n≤ 6, currents obtained are smoothly embedded complete hypersurfaces. In the case n ≥ 7, as in the Euclidean case, there can be a singular set of Hausdorff dimension at most n− 7.
AFFECTIVE FACTORS AND THE PROBLEM OF AGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

This paper reviews several bodies of literature concerned with the relationship of affective factors such as language shock, culture shock, attitude, motivation and ego permeability to second language acquisition. These issues are then related to the problem of age in second language learning. It is suggested that affective variables may play a more important role than does biological maturation in problems associated with adult second language acquisition.
Low-cost composite materials for PEFC bipolar plates

A novel composite material for fuel cell bipolar plates is described which is low-cost, lightweight, impermeable, strong, tough, corrosion-resistant and easily processable. These composites overcome some of the major disadvantages of traditional bipolar plate materials while maintaining comparable performance in fuel cells.
The genome's best friend.

DNA replication through mononucleotide runs is frequently associated with slippage of DNA polymerase, leading to the insertion or deletion of a small number of base pairs. A new study shows that, in the absence of DOG-1, a putative helicase, long poly(dG/C) runs are associated with deletions that extend into flanking DNA sequences. This mutational signature may be related to the ability of poly(dG) to form secondary structures such as G-quadruplex DNA, and may contribute to the genomic instability of tumor cells.
The human Na,K-ATPase α1 gene: Characterization of the 5′-flanking region and identification of a restriction fragment length polymorphism

We have determined the sequence of the 5'-flanking region and first three exons of the human Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 gene, ATP1A1. Primer extension and S1 nuclease protection analyses of RNA from human kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle indicate that transcription initiates 273 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site. The promoter region contains a potential TATA box at position -27 relative to the transcription initiation site; however, no CCAAT sequence is observed. The 5'-untranslated and 5'-flanking regions are G + C rich. Five sequence elements exhibiting similarity to binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1 are located within the 5'-flanking region. This region also contains potential binding sites for the transcription factors AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and NF-1, as well as a site which exhibits perfect identity to an 8-bp sequence element important for calcium induction. A comparison of the 5'-flanking region of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 genes reveals differences in potential transcription factor and hormone receptor binding sites which may be important in mediating the tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression of these genes. We have also identified an intragenic DNA probe which detects a restriction fragment length polymorphism at the alpha 1 locus. This marker should facilitate genetic linkage studies designed to evaluate the role of the sodium pump in human disease.
Intraventricular insulin increases dopamine transporter mRNA in rat VTA/substantia nigra

The hormone insulin can down-regulate the function and synthesis of the re-uptake transporter for norepinephrine (NET) in vivo and in vitro. In the present study we tested whether this action of insulin is generalized to another member of the catecholamine transporter family. We determined the level of dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)/substantia nigra compacta (SNc) of rats which were chronically treated with vehicle or insulin via the third cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.). DAT mRNA was significantly elevated in the VTA/SNc of rats treated with insulin, as compared with levels in vehicle-treated rats. This is in contrast to our previous observation that i.c.v. insulin decreases NET mRNA in the rat locus coeruleus, and suggests that insulin may have differential and specific modulatory effects on CNS catecholaminergic pathways.
Kinetics of the upper extremity in the open and square stance tennis forehand.

Seven right-handed teaching professionals and eight intermediate tennis players were filmed using two high-speed cameras (100 Hz) as they performed open and square stance forehand drives. Three-dimensional coordinates (3D) were reconstructed using the DLT method. A three-segment rigid body model of the racket and upper extremity was used to calculate the kinetics of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints up to impact. The open stance created lower resultant velocities of the racket at impact (21.2 and 15.8 m/s) than the square stance (22.3 and 16.4 m/s) for professional and intermediate subjects, respectively. The largest components of the resultant joint torques were generated by the shoulder horizontal adductors, followed by elbow varus torques, and shoulder internal rotation torques. Torques were similar across stance and skill level except for significantly (p
Outcomes after Bivalirudin versus unfractionated Heparin during peripheral vascular intervention

Compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH), bivalirudin is associated with similar efficacy and improved safety in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the role of direct thrombin inhibitors in peripheral vascular interventions is not well defined. We compared the
Richard Semon and Russell’s Analysis of Mind

Russell’s study of the biologist and psychologist Richard Semon is traced to contact with the experimental psychologist Adolf Wohlgemuth and dated to the summer of 1919. This allows a new interpretation of when Russell embraced neutral monism and presents a case-study in Russell’s use of scientific results for philosophical purposes. Semon’s distinctive notion of mnemic causation was used by Russell to clarify both how images referred to things and how the existence of images could be reconciled with a neutral monist metaphysics.
Critical cross-linking to mechanically couple polyelectrolytes and flexible molecules

Molecules cooperate through a variety of mechanical interactions. A fundamental challenge in engineering de novo materials and systems is the identification of molecular structures that define fundamental building blocks – e.g., single structural units. Here, we report a systematic study of the effect and balance of molecular rigidity and variable cross-linking (such as electrostatic or H-bonding) on the resulting cooperative behavior of a molecular complex. Through a simple elastic model, we determine general conditions for mechanical coupling of flexible molecules of finite rigidity via discrete cross-links with finite stiffness. We demonstrate the atomistic mechanism of cooperative deformation (or mechanical coupling) by applying an ideal structural model, derived to solve the representative vibrational modes, and used to extract the effective bending rigidity as a physical metric for complexation. As a case study, we explore the complexation of weak polyelectrolytes used in layer-by-layer assembly, due to their known variation in molecular rigidity and electrostatic cross-linking (as a function of pH). The model is parameterized by previous full atomistic investigations of the constitutive polyelectrolytes: poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH, which have persistence lengths on the order of a single nanometer, and are typically considered flexible molecules. We predict the optimal ionization level to induce mechanical coupling and cooperative deformation. Moreover, we indicate a critical regime of allowable cross-link densities which facilitates complexation, for molecules with finite rigidity in general, such as H-bonded polypeptide β-strands, DNA, and collagen. From these results, it is possible to predict when (or if) molecules act as a single mechanical unit.
Batch Anion Exchange Separation and Quantification Of [14C]Hexose from [14C]Sucrose

Techniques quantifying [ 14 C]photoassimilate partitioning between hexose and sucrose can identify developmental and regulatory changes in sugar metabolism of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The objective of this study was to develop a laboratory method for separating and quantifying [ 14 C]hexose and [ 14 C]sucrose in numerous plant organ extracts simultaneously. The described method combines easily with available assay for [ 14 C]starch and [ 14 C]structural components and for total fructose, glucose, sucrose, and starch (.)
Genetics of multiple myeloma.

In recent years, we have seen an explosion in knowledge of the genetics and cytogenetics of the plasma-cell neoplasms. This chapter will deal with these advances and will place them in the integrative context of the pathophysiologic basis of the disease, and will discuss the important clinical implications of these abnormalities. We have learned that myeloma can be classified into increasingly definable subgroups that follow a basic global hierarchical grouping. All gene expression profiling strategies have come to similar conclusions and confirm the subgroups previously identified by karyotype, molecular cytogenetics and other genetic studies. At the top level there are two major pathogenetic pathways for the development of plasma cell tumors: one that is associated with hyperdiploidy and one that is characterized by the presence of chromosome translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH). These translocations are seen in up to 60% of patients, but involve a common recurrent chromosome partner in only 40–50% of patients. Several genetic markers are now shown to be associated with a shortened survival. Of these, the most common ones include abnormalities (deletion and monosomy) of chromosome 13, the global state of hypodiploidy and abnormalities of chromosome 1. Many of the translocations observed in MM are also seen in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), even in individuals without progression to full malignant disease for many years. The identification of critical genetic lesions will pave the way for the development of disease-targeted therapy.
SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes

Mobile genetic elements have a crucial role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations. Environmental and genetic factors that regulate conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations are largely unknown1. Integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile elements that are transferred by means of cell–cell contact and integrate into the chromosome of the new host2. SXT is a ∼100-kilobase ICE derived from Vibrio cholerae that encodes genes that confer resistance to chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim and streptomycin3. SXT-related elements were not detected in V. cholerae before 1993 but are now present in almost all clinical V. cholerae isolates from Asia4. ICEs related to SXT are also present in several other bacterial species and encode a variety of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes4,5,6,7. Here we show that SetR, an SXT encoded repressor, represses the expression of activators of SXT transfer. The ‘SOS response’ to DNA damage alleviates this repression, increasing the expression of genes necessary for SXT transfer and hence the frequency of transfer. SOS is induced by a variety of environmental factors and antibiotics, for example ciprofloxacin, and we show that ciprofloxacin induces SXT transfer as well. Thus, we present a mechanism by which therapeutic agents can promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
Some analysis strategies for three period changeover designs with two treatments.

Alternative analysis strategies for the three-period crossover design with two treatments are discussed in this paper. One analysis strategy involves a parametric model that incorporates the effects of interest. To implement this method, one usually assumes that the covariance structure for the data has the sphericity, or circularity, property. Alternative approaches that do not require this assumption are described. They are based on the parametric and non-parametric analysis of appropriate within-subject linear functions of the data. The advantage of these methods is that one only needs the assumption that the resulting linear functions for the respective subjects are independent and have a common distribution. The parametric approach also requires normality of the resulting within-subject linear functions for small sample situations. An extension of the non-parametric method is considered for cases in which the treatment sequences are randomly assigned within strata. The various methods are illustrated for a three-period crossover design involving two strata with randomly assigned treatment sequences of the form A:B:A and B:A:B.
Decomposition Of Trimethylgallium Multilayers On Si(100)

In previous work, we found that the decomposition of trimethylgallium (TMGa) on a clean silicon substrate was dominated by interactions with the silicon substrate. In this paper, TPD, XPS, and molecular beam techniques were used to explore how the surface chemistry changes as gallium, trimethylgallium, and hydrocarbon overlayers are deposited onto the substrate. At low coverages, gallium and carbon have little effect on the TPD spectrum. However, at coverages in the order of a monolayer, the chemistry changes substantially. While on clean silicon the metal containing species are all strongly bound, on covered surfaces there are TPD peaks at 580 K and 700 K corresponding to di- and mono- methyl gallium. Dimethylgallium desorption is also observed in the beam system. There is also evidence for desorption of methyl radicals from the covered surfaces, while only methane desorption is seen with clean silicon. These results show that changes in the substrate composition can have a substantial, influence on TMGa decomposition. Hence some care must be taken when extrapolating data from UHV studies to actual growth conditions.
Rules, Social Ontology and Collective Identity

Mainstream game theory explains cooperation as the outcome of the interaction of agents who permanently pursue their individual goals. Amartya Sen argues in- stead that cooperation can only be understood by positing a type of rule-following behaviour that can be (and often is) out of phase with the pursuit of individual goals, due to the existence of a collective identity. However, Sen does not clarify the ontological preconditions for the type of social behaviour he describes. I will argue that Sen's account of collective identity can be best interpreted in the light of John Searle's notion of collective intentionality, while Sen's explanation of rule-following behavior and agency is best understood using the critical realist transformational model of social activity.
A reciprocity theorem for certain hypergeometric series

A reciprocity theorem for certain infinite series of gamma functions found in Chapter 14 of Ramanujan's second notebook is proved and generalized.
Consistency without neutrality in voting rules: When is a vote an average?

Smith [J.H. Smith, Aggregation of preferences with variable electorate, Econometrica 41 (1973) 1027-1041] and Young [H.P. Young, A note on preference aggregation, Econometrica 42 (1974) 1129-1131; H.P. Young, Social choice scoring functions, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 28 (1975) 824-838] characterized scoring rules via four axioms: consistency, continuity, anonymity, and neutrality. In their context a ballot consists of a strict ranking of alternatives, and an election outcome is either a set of (winning) alternatives (Young) or a weak ordering of alternatives (Smith). Many rules fail to fit this context, yet intuitively satisfy one's notion of a generalized scoring rule; this very broad class GSR includes the Kemeny rule, approval voting, and certain grading systems. We show that GSR is identical with the class MPR of mean proximity rules loosely, rules in MPR are those for which the ''average voter'' determines the outcome. The techniques in the proof allow us to make some surprisingly direct comparisons between rules (for example, between Kemeny and Borda) that might initially seem to be of completely different sorts. The abstract anonymous voting rules provide the context for GSR, which is of necessity too general to admit a neutrality axiom. A natural question arises: ''What happens to the Smith and Young characterizations in the absence of neutrality?'' We discuss one answer in the form of a characterization of the rational mean neat voting rules (a class closely related to GSR) as those that are consistent and connected. Connectedness is a strong form of continuity that implies a discrete analogue to the Intermediate Value Theorem.
Abstract 2530: Long-term tumor regression induced by a novel antibody drug conjugate that targets 5T4, an oncofetal antigen expressed on tumor-initiating cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising therapeutic modality for the clinical management of cancer. We have developed a novel ADC that targets 5T4 (also known as TPBG), a tumor-associated antigen that rapidly internalizes. In preclinical models of NSCLC, 5T4 was identified as a marker of undifferentiated tumorigenic cells that express properties of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) and was associated with a highly proliferating (Ki67 positive) cell phenotype. Based on the biological properties of 5T4, we designed the ADC by conjugating an internalizing humanized anti-5T4 antibody (Ab), A1, to the tubulin inhibitor monomethylauristatin F via a maleimidocaproyl (mc) linker (A1mcMMAF) with a drug/antibody ratio of ∼ 4. The A1 Ab has a Kd of 0.9 nM against the 5T4 antigen, binds to a broad range of 5T4 expressing cell lines, and rapidly internalizes (66% internalized within 4h). As an ADC, A1mcMMAF retains similar properties to the unconjugated Ab. In vitro, A1mcMMAF exhibited potent and target-specific cytotoxic activity against a panel of 5T4+ cell lines with an IC50 of 5 ng Ab/ml against high 5T4 expressing cells. In vivo, A1mcMMAF exhibited potent anti-tumor activity in all five tumor models tested (with a broad range of 5T4 expression) and caused long-term regressions monitored up to 100 days after the last dose. Strikingly, animals were cured of disease in every model with doses as low as 3 mg Ab/kg Q4d x 4. In a lung cancer patient-derived xenograft in which 5T4 is not uniformly expressed, but instead is preferentially expressed on the less differentiated sub-population of tumor cells, A1mcMMAF treatment resulted in sustained tumor regression. This result highlights the clinical potential of ADCs that target aggressive cell subpopulations such as TICs. In exploratory safety studies, A1mcMMAF exhibited no overt toxicities when administered at 10 mg Ab/kg/cycle x 2 to cynomolgus monkeys and had a half-life of ∼5 days. The encouraging efficacy and safety data of the conjugate resulting in high therapeutic index in preclinical models warrants further clinical testing of this ADC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2530. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2530
Noise performance of optical correlators for credit card security verification systems

Noise performance of an optical correlator for credit card verification system is investigated. Various types of multiplicative input noise, including amplitude noise, phase noise and amplitude-phase noise, are considered.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the homeologous chromosome substitution hypothesis inSorghum vulgare Pers.

The most recent hypothesis put forth to account for the origin of colchicine-induced diploid mutants in sorghum proposes that the mutants arise from the substitution of homeologous chromosomes.
Colloidal Synthesis and Characterization of Optically Active ZnO/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals

ZnO colloidal nanocrystals have been synthesized using two different approaches and characterized by HRTEM, EDS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. ZnO nanocrystals synthesized from zinc alkoxy alkyl precursors in the MeIm/H2O coordinating solvent showed only visible surface-defect related emission in their PL spectra. No band-to-band UV emission was observed after ZnS coating of those ZnO nanocrystals. In contrast, a strong band-to-band UV emission dominated PL spectra of ZnO nanocrystals synthesized through wet-chemical acid-catalyzed esterification of zinc acetate.
New conjugated materials containing cyano substituents for light-emitting diodes

New electroluminescent cyano-substituted phenylenevinylene (PV) monomeric and oligomeric chromophores, 1–3, were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation and investigated in terms of their photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) behavior. All show PL emission maxima between 463 and 471 nm in solution with quantum efficiencies of 0.65, 0.46 and 0.68, respectively. EL maxima in an LED configuration ITO/PEDOT–PSS/1–3/Ca–Al were 507, 518 and 551 nm with luminance efficiencies 0.01, 0.05 and 0.02 cd/A, respectively.
Optimal use of literature knowledge to improve the Bayesian diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Bayes' theorem with the independence assumption is applied to a test sample of 141 subjects, using two sets of test sensitivities and specificities. The first set is derived by averaging over literature reports on the accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram, exercise thallium scintigraphy, and carciac fluoroscopy. The second set of indices is derived by applying multivariate regression to the technical, population, and methodologic attributes obtained from the same literature by the use of meta-analysis. The meta-analytically corrected sensitivities and specificities resulted in significant improvement in the discriminatory power of the Bayes model. (Area under ROC curve increased, p = <0.01). However, the corrected model was not as accurate as a data-derived logistic regression model of the same test variables. Meta-analysis may be useful for modest improvement in the accuracy of literature-derived Bayesian models for predicting disease probabilities.
Ammonium Bisulfate/Water Equilibrium and Metastability Phase Diagrams

is monitored continuously using a capacitance manometer. The change in the particle’s composition as the temperature or relative humidity (RH) is varied is determined by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (with an accuracy of1%). A vertically polarized HeNe laser is focused on the particle. The intensity of the scattered light is continuously monitored at a9 0 °angle from the incident laser, and the phase (solid or liquid) is determined from the Mie scattering. To assure uniform temperature, the electrodynamic trap and the interaction chamber are constructed of copper. The chamber is insulated with a vacuum shroud and is in contact with a liquid nitrogen reservoir via heat transfer straps. An automated feedback heating loop is used to control the temperature to better than 0.2 K. The temperature is monitored at two points, above and below the particle, with the difference kept to less than 0.3 K. The reported temperature is the average between the two points. The system can be used to perform experiments at constant temperature or to scan temperature at a prescribed rate. Both modes were utilized to obtain the data presented here. When the temperature was scanned, the water vapor pressure was maintained at equilibrium with ice, by coating the cell walls with ice. The entire pressure and temperature monitoring system was calibrated against the ice frost line. The results reported here represent observations of over20 particles.
Take your time to process this book: Information processing speed in clinical populations. John DeLuca & Jessica H. Kalmar (Eds.). 2007. New York: Psychology Press. Pp. 312. ISBN: 978-1-84169-476-4. $99.00.

Information processing speed (PS) is a ubiquitous yet poorly defined construct. As DeLuca and colleagues point out, our discipline lacks “an integrative model of perhaps one of the most elemental y...
RNA Sequencing of Mouse Sinoatrial Node Reveals an Upstream Regulatory Role for Islet-1 in Cardiac Pacemaker Cells

Rationale: Treatment of sinus node disease with regenerative or cell-based therapies will require a detailed understanding of gene regulatory networks in cardiac pacemaker cells (PCs). Objective: To characterize the transcriptome of PCs using RNA sequencing and to identify transcriptional networks responsible for PC gene expression. Methods and Results: We used laser capture microdissection on a sinus node reporter mouse line to isolate RNA from PCs for RNA sequencing. Differential expression and network analysis identified novel sinoatrial node–enriched genes and predicted that the transcription factor Islet -1 is active in developing PCs. RNA sequencing on sinoatrial node tissue lacking Islet-1 established that Islet-1 is an important transcriptional regulator within the developing sinoatrial node. Conclusions: (1) The PC transcriptome diverges sharply from other cardiomyocytes; (2) Islet-1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of the PC gene expression program.
Ouabain sensitivity of Rb+ uptake in canine Purkinje fibre and ventricular muscle.

Ouabain inhibitable active Rb+ uptake was compared in canine Purkinje fibre and the left ventricular muscle to define the possible difference in electrophysiological sensitivity to ouabain in the two tissues. Ouabain inhibitable, active uptake of Rb+ was calculated from the difference between total Rb+ uptake assayed in the absence of ouabain and nonspecific Rb+ accumulation assayed in the presence of 10−4 mol/l ouabain. A similar degree of active Rb+ uptake was inhibited by ouabain in both Purkinje fibre and the left ventricular muscle from the same animal, even though the Purkinje fibre took up more 86Rb+ than the ventricle. The specific tissue binding of ouabain in vitro was also not significantly different in the functionally different two tissues. It is concluded that there is no differential ouabain sensitivity of Rb+ uptake, in canine Purkinje fibre and ventricular muscle.