cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open reduction and internal fixation of two- and three-part displaced surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus

Twenty-two patients aged 20 to 82 years (average 56 years) were followed for 1.1 to 8.9 years (average 3.3 years) after open reduction and internal fixation of two- and three-part displaced surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus. There were 14 two-part displaced surgical neck fractures, seven three-part displaced greater tuberosity and surgical neck fractures, and one three-part displaced lesser tuberosity and surgical neck fracture. Fixation was achieved with heavy nonabsorbable sutures or wire that incorporated the rotator cuff tendons, tuberosities, and shaft. In cases with significant surgical neck comminution, humeral Enders nails were incorporated in a tension-band construct to provide longitudinal stability. Eighteen (82%) of the 22 patients had good or excellent results. Three (14%) of the 22 had satisfactory results, and one (5%) had an unsatisfactory result. The use of a technique of limited internal fixation for these displaced fractures without the use of plates and screws achieved fracture stability and a high percentage of acceptable results.
The University of Wisconsin X-ray lithography beamline: First results☆

Abstract The X-ray lithography beamline of the University of Wisconsin at Alladin is presented and discussed. The experimental system has successfully produced 2500 A features in PMMA, with sharp edge definition, using BN/W masks. The design, based on the use of a plane mirror for high-energy cutoff and of a Be filter in the dual role of contamination barrier and low-energy cutoff, is simple and flexible. Its characteristics are discussed in detail, as well as the plans for future research. The beamline, which has been operational since June 1985, is open to external users.
Genes for two homologous G-protein α subunits map to different human chromosomes

Signal transduction across biological membranes is modulated by a family of related GTP-binding proteins termed G proteins. These G proteins have a heterotrimeric structure composed of α, β, and γ subunits. The α subunits of the G proteins bind GTP and appear to determine the biochemical specificity of the protein. We have recently cloned and characterized cDNA encoding two G-protein α subunits, αi and αh. The former is a substrate for ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin. The protein corresponding to αh has not yet been identified. These cDNAs encode proteins, which demonstrate 90% sequence identity to one another and also show marked similarity to other G proteins. The present studies were designed to determine whether the genes for these related proteins are clustered on a single human chromosome. Genomic DNA isolated from a panel of mouse-human hybrid cell lines was analyzed by hybridization to cDNAs for αi and αh. Based on the distribution patterns of αi and αh in cell hybrids, the gene for αi was assigned to human chromosome 7, and the gene for αh assigned to chromosome 12. These data suggest that the G-protein gene family may be distributed over at least two human chromosomes.
Strategic evaluation of interventions to prevent consequential late proctitis after prostate radiation therapy: New clinical trial designs should be considered

This review reconsiders evidence and strategies toward the prevention of consequential late rectal toxicity after radiation therapy, with a focus on prostate cancer. Novel clinical trial designs are encouraged, and these insights into the late effects of prostate radiation therapy have additional implications for late toxicity after cancer treatment for other tumors.
Production Testing for the Professor of Dairy Science

In 1890 Dr. S. M. Babcock completed his development of the classical test for milk fat. P r io r to 1890 it was well known that cows gave different quantities of milk. I t was also known that milk from different cows contained different amounts of fat. Babcock's development of a rap id test for fa t content rendered production testing more efficient. I t did not change the standards of excellence to be used in judging production. Milk fat testing was of importance because the fa t was regarded as the most valuable constituent of milk. Because those who marketed milk were able to charge a higher price for milk with higher fa t content, they were willing to pay dairy, farmers for their milk par t ly on the basis of its fa t content. I f fa t production had been the only factor to consider in buying, breeding, feeding, and milking dairy cattle our dairy industry would probably have moved toward the Jersey breed and away from those huge black and white producers of what is sometimes known as "blue John." But, it is clear that other factors, such as economy of production, temperament, breeder pride, and a gradual acknowledgment of the value of the other constituents of milk, have acted to retard and perhaps to reverse the movement to daiDcattle which produce milk of the highest milk fa t test. At no time has the entire dairy industry agreed on what is the best breed. The debate rages on with the advocates of each breed stressing its strong points and not exactly overplaying its deficiencies. And each breed aims to supply a special market, i f it can, with such products as All-Jersey milk, Golden Guernsey Milk, Guernsey Gold and the like. Yet, each breed has its standards and its criteria of excellence. And even though it took breeders quite a few decades to accept the notion that horns are irrelevant as positive assets in milk production, there is a fa i r degree
Giant Magnetoresistive Biochips for Genetic and Protein Assays

Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biochips based on spin valve (SV) sensor arrays and magnetic nanoparticle labels (nanotags) have been successfully applied to the detection of biological events in the form of both protein and DNA assays with great speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and economy. The most tangible and unique feature of the GMR biochip in our work is that it uses magnetic nanoparticles (also called nanotags) with a mean diameter of only approximately 100-500 Aring as the tags. We have prototyped biochips with an 8 x 8 array of 64 giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valve sensors, each of which consists of 32 giant magnetoresistance (GMR) strips which are 1.5 mum wide by 110 mum long and in series connection. We have also successfully shown our magneto-nano chip can be used for 4-plex human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping. The results suggest that magneto-nano biochip holds great promises in biomedicine, particularly for point of care molecular diagnostics of cancer, infectious diseases, radiation injury, cardiac diseases, and other diseases.
Multi-dimensional child behavior therapy in the treatment of medically-related anxiety: a practical illustration

This paper provides a practical illustration of a four-component model for conducting child behavior therapy. It describes the treatment of a 7-year-old boy, whose fears and anxieties regarding impending surgery were interfering with his sleep, concentration, and academic performance. Such childhood difficulties are encountered in primary care medical settings and it is likely that mental health practitioners will be increasingly called upon to treat them. The model provides a framework for selecting, organizing, and implementing strategies based on behavioral principles, with the goal of: (a) reducing the probability of the behavior by ecological change; (b) manipulating the immediate consequences of the problem behavior; (c) facilitating acquisition of new, more adaptive behaviors; and (d) long-term prevention by remedying fundamental deficits. The strategies used for each goal and the success of the overall intervention are described.
Effect of Temperature on Microsomal Omega‐3 Linoleate Desaturase Gene Expression and Linolenic Acid Content in Developing Soybean Seeds

The mechanism of temperature adaptation in plants, including the formation of polyunsatu- rates in seed storage lipids, most likely involves transcriptional as well as post-translational regulation of fatty acid desaturase activity. The present investigation was conducted to measure changes in the transcript accumulation among the three members of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene family in response to altered growth temperature during seed development. Microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturases catalyze the insertion of a third double bond into linoleic (18:2 Δ9, 12 ) acid to produce linolenic (18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 ) acid. At 35 d after fl owering, tran- script accumulation (normalized for soybean actin) of GmFAD3A decreased by 5- to 15-fold, GmFAD3B by 2- to 9-fold, and GmFAD3C by 2- to 3-fold in seeds that developed in a warm (day/ night (D/N) = 30/26°C) versus a normal (D/N = 26/22°C) or a cool (D/N = 22/18°C) environment. At this stage of seed development, decreased omega-3 desaturase gene expression levels were positively associated with reductions of 39 to 50% in the linolenic acid content of seeds of three soybean varieties examined. Thus, transcriptional regulation of the microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene family likely accounts, at least in part, for the reduced linolenic acid levels in soybean seeds grown at elevated temperature.
Continuity of Care and Outcomes in Residential Care: A Comparison of Two Care Giving Models.

Summary This study examined differences in two residential care giving models (houseparent vs. child care worker) in providing continuity of care for youth in residential placement, and the effect that a care giving model had on selected program outcomes. Data for this research were collected in a residential facility that used both models. Youth with house parents had higher levels of continuity with caregivers than those with child care workers. Continuity of care, regardless of the caretaker, demonstrated more effect on the reduction of behavioral problems than type of caregiver. Changes in caretakers were also associated with more behavioral problems.
Epidermal Protein Kinase C-β2 Is Highly Sensitive to Downregulation and Is Exclusively Expressed in Langerhans Cells: Downregulation Is Associated with Attenuated Contact Hypersensitivity

Treatment of mice with multiple topical applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or diacylglycerol resulted in a preferential decrease in epidermal protein kinase C- β 2 (PKC- β 2 ) compared with PKC- α as determined by western analysis. When PKC- α was decreased by 40%, PKC- β 2 could no longer be detected, suggesting that PKC- β 2 is more sensitive to downregulation, and/or specific epidermal cell types that contain PKC- β 2 are more sensitive to TPA/diacylglycerol. To address this issue, we isolated Langerhans cells (LCs) from epidermal cell suspensions with immunomagnetic beads and an antibody to the class II major histocompatibility complex. Northern blot analysis revealed a PKC- β 2 signal in isolated LCs that was 40-fold greater than that observed in unfractionated epidermal cells, and no PKC- β 2 signal was detected in epidermal cells depleted of LCs, indicating that PKC- β 2 is expressed exclusively in LCs within the epidermis. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PKC- β 2 in LCs, PKC- β 2 was highly sensitive to downregulation, because a single application of TPA resulted in a 90% loss of PKC- β 2 within 6h without a decrease in the number of LCs. To determine whether the decreased level of PKC- β 2 within LCs was associated with an alteration in contact hypersensitivity, we treated mice with only a single application of TPA, and 6hours later mice were sensitized with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene on the same dorsal area. Subsequent challenge revealed a 60% decrease in contact hypersensitivity in TPA-treated mice. These data indicate that (i) within the epidermis, PKC- β 2 is associated with impaired LC functions with respect to contact hypersensitivity.
Development and validation of a Bayesian model for perioperative cardiac risk assessment in a cohort of 1,081 vascular surgical candidates.

Objectives. This study sought to develop and validate a Bayesian risk prediction model for vascular surgery candidates. Background. Patients who require surgical treatment of peripheral vascular disease are at increased risk of perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. Existing prediction models tend to underestimate risk in vascular surgery candidates. Methods. The cohort comprised 1,081 consecutive vascular surgery candidates at five medical centers. Of these, 567 patients from two centers (“training” set) were used to develop the model, and 514 patients from three centers were used to validate it (“validation” set). Risk scores were developed using logistic regression for clinical variables advanced age (70 years), angina, history of myocardial infarction diabetes mellitus, history of congestive heart failure and prior coronary revascularization. A second model was developed from dipyridamole-thallium predictors of myocardial infarction (i.e., fixed and reversible myocardial defects and ST changes). Model performance was assessed by comparing observed event rates with risk estimates and by performancing receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Results. The postoperative cardiac event rate was 8% for both sets. Prognostic accuracy (i.e., ROC area) was 74 ± 3% (mean ± SD) for the clinical and 81 ± 3% for the clinical and dipyridamole-thallium models. Among the validation sets, areas were 74 ± 9%, 72 ± 7% and 76 ± 5% for each center. Observed and estimated rates were comparable for both sets. By the clinical model, the observed rates were 3%, 8% and 18% for patients classified as low, moderate and high risk by clinical factors (p < 0.0001). The addition of dipyridamole-thallium data reclassified 80% of the moderate risk patients into low (3%) and high (19%) risk categories (p < 0.0001) but provided no stratification for patients classified as low or high risk according to the clinical model. Conclusions. Simple clinical markers, weighted according to prognostic impact, will reliably stratify risk in vascular surgery candidates referred for dipyridamole-thallium testing, thus obviating the need for the more expensive testing. Our prediction model retains its prognostic accuracy when applied to the validation sets and can reliably estimate risk in this group.
An Improved Electrothermal Model For The ERBE Nonscanning Radiometer: Comparison Of Predicted And Measured Behavior During Solar Observations

The improved Earth Radiation Budget Experiment nonscanning-channels electrothermal model presented is used to model two types of solar observations: those obtained through the solar port during solar calibration, and and those obtained during the satellite pitch-over maneuver, in which the sun is observed by the radiometer while it is in earth-viewing configuration. Thermal noise has been separately studied to evaluate its contribution to the radiative energy absorbed by the active cavity. It is found that the scattering of the collimated solar radiation contributes an average of 0.071 mW during solar calibration.
Melanocytes: A Window into the Nervous System

Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells that originate from the dorsal portions of the closing neural tube in vertebrate embryos. Similar to neurons, they are derived from pluripotent neural crest cells that differentiate into numerous cell lineages. The development of melanocytes and neurons, as well as their differentiated function, within the mature tissue, is influenced by signaling molecules produced by neighboring cells. The same signaling molecules that have a role in the central and peripheral nervous tissue also have a role in cutaneous melanocytes. These include Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins, endothelins, steel factor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, and neurotrophins. Signaling pathways including PKC- and p53/p73-dependent pathways are also common to melanocytes and neurons. The similarity between melanocytes and neurons suggests that melanocytes could provide a valuable model for studies of diseases that affect the nervous system, as well as for development of potential therapies for these diseases.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of LaMo8-xO14 Containing Isolated Mo8 Clusters

Single crystal specimens of LaMo{sub 8{minus}x}O{sub 14}(x = 0 and 0.3) suitable for transport property measurements have been prepared by electrolyzing fused mixtures of sodium and rare earth molybdates. Electrical resistivity measurements with the current parallel to the ab plane of LaMo{sub 8{minus}x}O{sub 14} containing the quasi-discrete units of Mo{sub 8} clusters showed semiconducting behavior down to 20 K for both compounds. The electrical resistivity in the ab plane ({wp}{sup 300K}{sub ab} = 5 x 10{sup {minus}3} ohm {center_dot} cm) of LaMo{sub 7.70}O{sub 14} is an order of magnitude smaller than the corresponding value for the fully stoichiometric compound ({wp}{sup 300K}{sub ab} = 4.4 x 10{sup {minus}2} ohm {center_dot}). Furthermore, the {wp}{sup 300K}{sub ab} of LaMo{sub 7.70}O{sub 14} is a factor of 4 lower than that measured along the c-behavior. The thermal activation energy for electrical conductivity estimated from the In{wp} vs 1000/T plots showed a significant decrease near {approximately} 70 K and 130 K for LaMo{sub 7.70}O{sub 14} and LaMo{sub 8}O{sub 14}, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility data collected on a batch of randomly oriented crystals revealed the presence of local moments in LaMo{sub 7.7}O{sub 14}, while the stoichiometric analogue was diamagnetic. The semiconducting nature of the LaMo{sub 8{minus}x}O{sub 14}more » phases may be attributed to the unfavorable intercluster distance (3.08{angstrom}) as well as positional and configurational disorder of the Mo{sub 8} clusters.« less
Guide wire entrapment by inferior vena cava filters: an experimental study.

Background In situ vena cava filters are at risk for complications with the use of J-tipped guide wires. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of two commonly used J-tipped guide wires on the stability of the four most recently released vena cava filters in an in vitro flow model. Study design Four filters (OptEase [F1], Gunther Tulip [F2], Vena Tech LP [F3], and Recovery [F4]) were inserted into an in vitro flow model. Two J-tipped guide wires (0.032-inch [GW-1], 0.035-inch [GW-2]) were passed through each filter (n = 50 passes per wire) for a distance of 10 cm. The inserter was blind as to the effects of the wire. The filters were monitored by an independent observer for adverse events occurring between the filters and the guide wires. These were defined as: migrations (>1 cm), change of position (tilt>10 degrees), and entrapment of the wire (unable to remove wire). Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test were used (p Results GW-1 resulted in a lower incidence of entrapment, migration, and tilt for all filters compared with GW-2 (F1, p=0.003; F2, p Conclusions The smaller-diameter guide wire resulted in a decreased incidence of adverse events for all filters, but there is still risk for complications. Knowledge of potential complications associated with vena cava filters and the postinsertion use of guide wires are essential to avoid potential mishaps.
Extracellular Phosphate Alters Cementoblast Gene Expression

Genetic data from humans and mice reveal that the formation of cementum is sensitive to intra- and extracellular phosphate/pyrophosphate distribution. The intracellular molecular pathways whereby altered levels of extracellular phosphate concentration may affect cementum formation have not been elucidated. To initiate inquiry, we have studied the temporal effects of extracellular phosphate on global patterns of gene expression in a line of immortalized mouse cementoblasts. Total RNA from cultured cementoblasts treated with 5 mM inorganic phosphate over a designated time period, from 1–48 hrs, was analyzed for global patterns of gene expression by means of DNA microarrays representing the complete mouse genome. Analyses of significant hybridization signals indicated that 5 mM extracellular phosphate alters the expression of genes comprising several gene ontology (GO) groups, including transcription factor activity and Wnt signaling.
Detecting minute damage in beam-like structures using the neutral axis location

The neutral axis is the curve within a cross-section of a beam under loading at which the normal stress and strain vanish. The neutral axis is correlated with the centroid of stiffness which depends on material and geometric properties of the beam cross-section. The centroid is sensitive to changes in area and stiffness of the cross-section, i.e. damage. The neutral axis is a universal parameter in beam-like structures, and since the majority of structural systems is based on beams, the neutral axis location can be used as a damage sensitive feature in a variety of structures. In this paper the sensitivity of the neutral axis location to minute damage is studied through a test structure with induced artificial damage. The structure was equipped with long-gauge fiber-optic strain sensors in three cross-sections, one with partial delamination in the concrete, one with a small crack, and one with no damage (healthy). The structure was monitored during lifting and transport, and dynamic tests were performed in close-to-real conditions. A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed both on the evaluations of the centroid location and the neutral axis measurements. A Z-score hypothesis test was used to set thresholds and determine whether the damage was detected or not. The results show that the neutral axis location is sensitive to minute damage, and that the latter can be detected within the uncertainty limits in on-site conditions.
LDPC-coded mode-multiplexed CO-OFDM over 1000 km of few-mode fiber

We demonstrate by simulations that four independent LDPC-coded 80Gb/s QPSK OFDM signals can be transmitted by mode-multiplexing over 1000km of few-mode fiber using coherent detection with a powerful channel estimation technique.
Serologically defined (SD) locus in cattle

Using cytotoxic serums obtained from multiparous cows or by alloimmunization, we have detected 11 lymphocyte antigens controlled by codominant alleles at a serologically defined locus called BoLA-A (bovine lymphocyte antigens). This locus, along with the lymphocyte defined loci previously reported, establishes the existence of a major histocompatibility system of cattle.
Predicting Birth-Related Levator Ani Tear Severity in Primiparous Women: Evaluating Maternal Recovery from Labor and Delivery (EMRLD Study).

Objective: To determine which maternal characteristics or birth events independently predict severity of levator ani muscle (LA) tears at first vaginal birth in a longitudinal/observational investigation in a tertiary care hospital. Sample: Ninety primiparas with at least one at risk for LA tear inclusion factor at vaginal birth: maternal age ≥ 33 years, second stage ≥ 150 minutes, macrosomia, instrumented delivery, and/or anal sphincter laceration were studied. Methods: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was obtained early postpartum (mean ± sd 48.9 ± 21.6 days) to identify LA tear. Severity of LA muscle fiber loss was graded on an ordinal scale of: “0” as no loss, “1” as p = 0.023; and time spent in active pushing, OR 1.089 (CI 1.005 - 1.180), p = 0.038. The other factors considered were not significant. There were too few women with forceps deliveries to analyze. Conclusion: In our enriched sample of primiparous women, 26% showed a significant LA tear. Maternal age and time spent actively pushing independently predict LA tear severity.
Rapid Communication: Effects of Hypophysectomy on Plasma Levels of Pancreatic Polypeptide (APP) and Insulin in Adult Chickens

Adenohypophysectomy (hypox) was carried out in adult chickens in an attempt to assess what role, if any, the anterior pituitary gland plays in maintaining basal levels of plasma insulin (IRI) and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) both before and immediately after a fast-refeed regimen. Each bird was tube-fed 61 gms twice daily, body weights were taken daily, and blood samples drawn daily just before the second feeding. All birds were fasted for 24 hr on days 4-5, another blood sample taken, and then refed the usual gruel. Blood samples were taken at 5,15,30,90 and 180 min after refeeding. Hypox caused an immediate and sustained decrease in plasma IRI and a significant but transient increase in plasma APP which lasted 3-4 days before returning to normal; plasma glucose was marginally decreased. Refeeding resulted in a trend of less response (increase) in all three parameters studied in the hypox group. It is suggested that in chickens, hypox may lead to a release phenomenon from a normal inhibitory role which the anterior pituitary gland plays on APP release.
The CAG Repeat Within the Androgen Receptor Gene and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objectives. Shorter CAG repeat lengths in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene are associated with a stronger transcriptional activity of the AR and with a higher risk of prostate cancer. Because benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an androgen-dependent condition, we examined the hypothesis that men with shorter AR gene CAG repeat lengths have an increased risk of developing BPH. Methods. Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), we evaluated the relationship between AR gene CAG repeat length and prevalent BPH, as defined by BPH surgery, by enlarged prostate gland detected by digital rectal examination, and by urinary symptoms as determined by the American Urological Association Symptom Index. Results. The odds ratio for BPH surgery or enlarged prostate gland was 1.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22 to 3.03; P [trend] = 0.0002), comparing AR gene CAG repeat length of 19 or less to 25 or more. Results were similar for the end points of BPH surgery (P [trend] = 0.002) and for enlarged prostate gland (P [trend] = 0.001). For a six-repeat decrease in CAG repeat length, the odds ratio for having moderate or severe urinary obstructive symptoms from an enlarged prostate gland was 3.62 (95% CI 1.51 to 8.67; P = 0.004). Conclusions. Variability in the AR gene CAG repeat influences the development of symptomatic BPH, particularly in predicting obstructive urinary symptoms. Our findings support further study to establish the appropriate clinical relevance.
On the thermodynamics of chemically reacting fluid mixtures

On the Thermodynamics of Chemically Reacting Fluid Mixtures by Morton E. Gurtin This paper develops a thermodynamical theory of chemically reacting, but inviscid, fluid mixtures. Restrictions placed on the constitutive equations by the second law are found. in particular, it is shown that the stress-diffusion matrix is symmetric. ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICALLY REACTING FLUID MIXTURES by Morton E. Gurtin
Scientific management, socialist discipline, and Soviet power

Introduction Part I The First Cycle From Revolution to Rationalization Early Encounters Adults and Children First Steps How Not to Work A Cheka for Organization The Agitator Stopwatch 2. Scientific Management at the He m The Politics of Technocracy Education or Training The Commissariat of Organization The Bureaucratic Economy 3. Stalinism as Antibureaucracy Wreckers and Rationalizers Cultural Revolutions A Fatal Reform From Rationalization to Coercion 4. The Triumph of Violence The Revolt against Rationality "Cadres Decide Everything" The School of Life 5.The Rebirth of Managerialism "Harebrained Schemes" and Administrative Secularization The "Idealists" and the "Practical Men" Complex Approaches 6. The Science of Victory The Politics of Executive Training Pink and Not Quite Expert The Case Study and the Business Game Professionalization from Above 7. The Irrational Rationalizers The Classroom and the Factory Clients and Experts The Wheel of the Treadmill The Abacus and the Computer 8. Discipline and Reform The Indulgency Pattern Rationalization and Responsibility Discipline or Decentralization
Influence of Phosphate and Other Factors on the Rennin Gel Obtained with Whole Casein and with κ-Casein in the Presence of Calcium Salts

Abstract Firm gels are obtained by the action of rennin on solutions of whole casein (0.5%) containing calcium chloride (0.010m) and sodium phosphate (0.0030m) ; without the phosphate, flocculent precipitates are obtained. κ -Casein acted on by rennin gives gels irrespective of the type of salts present. The phosphate effects gel formation with whole casein at molar ratios of phosphate to calcium chloride as little as 1:24. Glycerophosphate, substituted phosphate, is not effective in gel formation nor is the sulfate ion. Polyphosphate-hexameta (7) and imidazole prevent or lessen gel formation, presumably because micelle formation is decreased, judged by visual changes in turbidity. Reduction of gel formation by sodium chloride (0.05 it) is also indicated by reduction in micelle formation. It could only be concluded that the phosphate-calcium bond, presumably ionic, is no weaker than the calcium-casein bond. Exposure of casein solutions to HC1 vapors gives gels characterized by the low pH (1.0) of formation. Addition of sodium chloride to whole casein solutions reduced viscosity; further addition of calcium chloride reduced viscosity more. The latter is a specific effect accompanying micelle formation. κ -Casein alone does not show this effect. Addition of phosphate to the whole casein calcium-containing system does not give the expected increase in viscosity but a slight decrease instead, supporting the theory that the surface of the casein micelle does not favor calcium-phosphate cross bonds but that the action of rennin leads to the appearance of a reactive surface.
Using multimedia to teach inservice teachers: Impacts on learning, application, and retention

This study investigated teachers' ability to learn, apply in lesson plans, and retain knowledge of classroom discourse from a single module of a multimedia professional development program, used with 39 K-12 teachers enrolled in two graduate courses. Data collection and analysis included: (a) teacher development of - and panel review of - lesson plans integrating discourse, and (b) follow-up teacher interviews one year later. The study found: (a) the video modeling in the module was effective in helping teachers learn, and (b) discourse strategies were learned, applied, and retained. Implications for professional development with multimedia to teach classroom discourse include: (a) recursive use, (b) reflection, (c) multiple examples, (d) counter examples, and (e) prompts for observation.
Development of martensitic steels for high neutron damage applications

Abstract Martensitic stainless steels have been developed for both in-core applications in advanced liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) and for first wall and structural materials applications for commercial fusion reactors. It can now be shown that these steels can be expected to maintain properties to levels as high as 175 or 200 dpa, respectively. The 12Cr1Mo0.5W0.2C alloy HT-9 has been extensively tested for LMFBR applications and shown to resist radiation damage, providing a creep and swelling resistant alternative to austenitic steels. Degradation of fracture toughness and Charpy impact properties have been observed, but properties are sufficient to provide reliable service. In comparison, alloys with lower chromium contents are found to decarburize in contact with liquid sodium and are therefore not recommended. Tungsten stabilized martensitic stainless steels have appropriate properties for fusion applications. Radioactivity levels are benign less than 500 years after service, radiation damage resistance is excellent, including impact properties, and swelling is modest. This report describes the history of the development effort.
Three growth hormone- and two prolactin-related novel peptides of Mr 13,000-18,000 identified in the anterior pituitary.

Summary Electrophoretic analysis of murine anterior pituitary extract revealed five major proteins of M r 13,000–18,000 (designated P13, P14, P16, P17, and P18 according to M r ), three of which, P16, P17, and P18, were markedly influenced by estradiol benzoate and perphenazine in a manner similar to that of growth hormone, and two, P13 and P14, to that of prolactin. Tyrosine peptide mapping showed partial resemblance of fingerprints for P16 and P17 (and possibly P18) to those for growth hormone, and of P13 and P14 to those for prolactin. Both P14 and P18 bound to Concanavalin A. None of the peptides crossreacted with antibodies to growth hormone or prolactin. The concentrations of P13 and P14 in pituitaries from lactating rats and in a prolactinoma were distinctly higher than normal. All five peptides were secreted into the medium during in vitro incubation. These results suggest that P16, P17 and P18 are growth hormone- and P13 and P14 prolactin-related secretory proteins of the pituitary.
HOW MUCH CHILD SUPPORT CAN ABSENT FATHERS PAY

A variety of empirical studies show that custodial mothers and children are worse off after separation and divorce than absent fathers. Many of these mothers and children live in poverty and many more are above the poverty line but below median family income. Since 1974 the U.S. has had a federal-state program of Child Support Enforcement, but absent fathers still have a poor record of paying child support. To estimate how much money absent fathers could be expected to pay in child support, we used income data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Census Bureau data on the number of custodial mothers and children with living absent fathers, and two systems for determining how much money absent fathers should pay in child support. Using these sources, we estimate that absent fathers could pay $26.6 billion in child support–about 3.6 times as much as they actually paid in 1984. Most of this child support money would come from upper-income families. We conclude that absent fathers could substantially augment the financial security of custodial mothers and their children, and that the U.S. should therefore pursue a vigorous program of Child Support Enforcement.
Fundamental Properties of the Electron

Presenting clearly and concisely a story of the evolution of the electron, as seen from the viewpoint of modern theoretical physics, this article reveals that the electron in many respects is following the ``trend of the times.'' A review of the status of the electron reveals clearly that its properties have been extended well beyond those contemplated by its discoverer; also that, in following the simple and apparently necessary expedient of endowing the electron with such properties as a wave aspect and a change of mass with velocity, the vividness of the mental conception of an electron has been dulled. The author indicates that, in addition to the mental picture of fundamental atomic processes having become more difficult or even impossible, the intrinsic precision of the processes themselves is called into question by the most recent theories. This is the second in a series of special articles developed under the sponsorship of the A.I.E.E. committee on education.?Editor
SIMS: computation of a smooth invariant molecular surface

SIMS, a new method of calculating a smooth invariant molecular dot surface, is presented. The SIMS method generates the smooth molecular surface by rolling two probe spheres. A solvent probe sphere is rolled over the molecule and produces a Richards-Connolly molecular surface (MS), which envelops the solvent-excluded volume of the molecule. In deep crevices, Connolly's method of calculating the MS has two deficiencies. First, it produces self-intersecting parts of the molecular surface, which must be removed to obtain the correct MS. Second, the correct MS is not smooth, i.e., the direction of the normal vector of the MS is not continuous, and some points of the MS are singular. We present an exact method for removing self-intersecting parts and smoothing the singular regions of the MS. The singular MS is smoothed by rolling a smoothing probe sphere over the inward side of the singular MS. The MS in the vicinity of singularities is replaced with the reentrant surface of the smoothing probe sphere. The smoothing method does not disturb the topology of a singular MS, and the smooth MS is a better approximation of the dielectric border between high dielectric solvent and the low dielectric molecular interior. The SIMS method generates a smooth molecular dot surface, which has a quasi-uniform dot distribution in two orthogonal directions on the molecular surface, which is invariant with molecular rotation and stable under changes in the molecular conformation, and which can be used in a variety of implicit methods of modeling solvent effects. The SIMS program is faster than the Connolly MS program, and in a matter of seconds generates a smooth dot MS of a 200-residue protein. The program is available from the authors on request (see http:@femto.med.unc.edu/SIMS).
Women scientists: 9.3 minutes of fame?

While watching a nationally broadcasted multipart 8-hour PBS science series called Evolution , we were struck by how differently female scientists were profiled in the series compared with male scientists. The show used the standard approach of using “scientific personalities” as an authentic
Simultaneous Modification of Bottom-Contact Electrode and Dielectric Surfaces for Organic Thin-Film Transistors Through Single-Component Spin-Cast Monolayers

An efficient process is developed by spin-coating a single-component, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom-contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). This efficient interface modification is achieved using n-alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom-contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO{sub 2}) dielectrics in low-voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well-defined phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both n-channel (C60) and p-channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifically, SAMs of n-octylphos-phonic acid (OPA) provide both low-contact resistance at the bottom-contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO{sub 2} dielectric bottom-contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm-cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec{sup -1}), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm{sup 2} V{supmore » -1} s{sup -1}, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom-contact OTFTs.« less
Bulk Density Determination by Automated Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning

This study examined the application of a relatively new automated three-dimensional scanning technology to bulk density determination of intact soil clods and rock fragments. The method uses an inexpensive commercially available three-dimensional desktop scanner. Measurements obtained by the scanning method were compared with those of the paraffi n-coated clod method determined on the same clods. Results showed excellent agreement between volume and bulk density measurements obtained by the two methods across a wide range of textural classes. Use of the technology has several important advantages over the traditional clod method. The nondestructive nature of the scanning method makes it possible to use the same intact ped or clod for other purposes, such as thin sections for micromorphological analysis. In addition, high-resolution digital imaging opens up possibilities for new physical measurements of soil morphological features.
Prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor deletion attenuates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury and improves functional recovery.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke characterized by bleeding into the brain parenchyma and secondary brain injury resulting from strong neuroinflammatory responses to blood components. Production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is significantly upregulated following ICH and contributes to this inflammatory response in part through its E prostanoid receptor subtype 2 (EP2). Signaling through the EP2 receptor has been shown to affect outcomes of many acute and chronic neurological disorders; although, not yet explored in the context of ICH. Wildtype (WT) and EP2 receptor knockout (EP2−/−) mice were subjected to ICH, and various anatomical and functional outcomes were assessed by histology and neurobehavioral testing, respectively. When compared with age-matched WT controls, EP2−/− mice had 41.9 ± 4.7% smaller ICH-induced brain lesions and displayed significantly less ipsilateral hemispheric enlargement and incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. Anatomical outcomes correlated with i...
Lean Thinking as applied to the adult education environment

Lean production has transformed into applications loosely called Lean Thinking and spread to areas such as health care, construction, distribution and service industry. Lean Thinking looks at the value chain and posits: How can work be structured so that the function under consideration does nothing but add value, and does that as rapidly as possible? This paper examines broader interpretation and adaptation of Lean Thinking to adult education. Applying Lean Thinking practices to course design and delivery requires instructors to challenge current views regarding how and what they teach. Some examples of application are suggested.
A Transient Specialization of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Is Required for Differentiation of the Drosophila Visual System

Abstract Drosophila β3-tubulin is an essential isoform expressed during differentiation of many cell types in embryos and pupae. We report here that during pupal development transient β3 expression demarcates a unique subset of neurons in the developing adult visual system. β3 is coassembled into microtubules with β1, the sole β-tubulin isoform in the permanent microtubule cytoskeleton of the adult eye and brain. Examination of β3 mutant phenotypes showed that β3 is required for axonal patterning and connectivity and for spatial positioning within the optic lobe. Comparison of the phenotypes of β3 mutations with those that result from disruption of the Hedgehog signaling pathway shows that β3 functions early in the establishment of the adult visual system. Our data support the hypothesis that β3 confers specialized properties on the microtubules into which it is incorporated. Thus a transient specialization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during differentiation of a specific subset of the neurons has permanent consequences for later cell function.
The evaluation of alternative thermochemical cycles – Part II: The down-selection process

The Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI) of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology is supporting an effort to reevaluate thermochemical cycles reported in the literature as having both promising efficiencies and proof-of-concept results. Nine cycles were identified. A group of universities was tasked with the evaluation of these cycles using the NHI consistent methodology for calculating efficiency and for recommending and conducting critical research needed to help in the down-selection process. Argonne National Laboratory coordinated these activities. This paper provides an overview of the program and summarizes the results of the down-selection process. Individual papers that contain the details of the research are provided by the universities.
Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Overview

(1995). Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Overview. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 75-80.
Infections in children with acute leukemia.

Twenty children with ALL that died in 1959—1960 and 59 children with ALL that died in 1969 — 1970 were analyzed according to the infections at both their terminal illness and their initial presentations. Despite the availability of more effective agents for pseudomonas and staphylococcus, the pattern of infecting organisms at the terminal illness did not change appreciably in this decade. E. coli, pseudomonas, staphylococcus, and candida were the principal organisms involved as a cause of death. Thirty-five of these 79 patients were febrile when they initially presented, prior to the institution of chemotherapy. Seven of the 35 patients (20%) had proved infections. It appears that the fever in the majority of patients at their initial presentations was noninfectious in origin. In 1969–1970, 13 pulmonary aspirates were performed to aid in the etiological diagnosis of diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Only a single case (8%) of pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii was detected, and it is our suspicion that the majority of these interstitial pneumonias were viral in origin.
Relationship between membrane lipid mobility and spectrin distribution in lymphocytes.

We have previously established that T and B lymphocytes in situ are remarkably heterogeneous with respect to the cytoskeletal protein spectrin. Since in erythrocytes spectrin is known to play an important role in the regulation of membrane fluidity, lipid organization and lateral mobility of membrane proteins, we have sought to determine if the heterogeneous patterns of spectrin distribution that we have observed are related to possible differences in membrane lipid organization in these various subsets. To this end, we have utilized a fluorescent pyrene-labelled phospholipid as a probe orthe lipid lateral mobility and have examined two related T cell systems maintained in vitro, DO.11.10 cells and a spontaneously arising variant, DO.11.10V. In these (and other cloned in vitro systems) we have previously observed that the cells homogeneously express one of the kinds of spectrin distribution patterns observed in situ. Thus the uniformity of staining of these systems permits us to address whether the various patterns of spectrin distribution may be predictive of differences in membrane lipid properties. Here we show that in cells in which there is little or no spectrin at the plasma membrane (DO.11.10) that the lipids in the plasma membrane are considerably less mobile than in its related variant in which spectrin is diffusely distributed within the cell and at the plasma membrane. From this and previous results, we conclude that differences in the distribution of the cytoskeletal protein spectrin among lymphocytes may be a useful parameter in helping to predict the status of membrane lipid organization.
Mental neuropathy (numb chin syndrome). A harbinger of tumor progression or relapse

The authors report four patients whose initial symptom of tumor recurrence or progression was unilateral numbness of the chin. Two patients had Hodgkin lymphoma, one had malignant melanoma, and one had prostate cancer. Physical examination was notable only for unilateral anesthesia of the chin and lower lip. Diagnostic evaluation, including computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, plain radiographs of the mandible, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis for protein, glucose, and cytology were normal. Bone scans revealed osseous lesions in the axial skeleton of all patients, whereas only two patients had abnormal uptake in the mandible. The authors conclude that in the setting of a negative evaluation for central nervous system (CNS) or local mandibular disease, mental neuropathy is associated with recurrent or progressive skeletal disease. In addition, to document relapsed or progressive cancer, the skeletal system may have to be examined at sites distant from the mandible.