cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On one step row readout technique of selector-less resistive arrays

Resistive crossbar arrays show significant improvement in terms of energy and area efficiency when compared to current SRAM based memory technologies. However, due to its resistive nature, it suffers from undesired current sneak-paths complicating read-out procedures. In this paper, we present a voltage-based reading technique in resistive memories. The simplicity of the readout circuit enables parallel reading where it is possible to read all the row data in the same cycle. Simulations results confirm the robustness of the technique, with wire resistance and variability of switching devices taken into consideration. Finally, a general figure of merit is introduced in order to compare the one step readout approach to other approaches.
Predicting Startup Crowdfunding Success through Longitudinal Social Engagement Analysis

A key ingredient to a startup's success is its ability to raise funding at an early stage. Crowdfunding has emerged as an exciting new mechanism for connecting startups with potentially thousands of investors. Nonetheless, little is known about its effectiveness, nor the strategies that entrepreneurs should adopt in order to maximize their rate of success. In this paper, we perform a longitudinal data collection and analysis of AngelList - a popular crowdfunding social platform for connecting investors and entrepreneurs. Over a 7-10 month period, we track companies that are actively fund-raising on AngelList, and record their level of social engagement on AngelList, Twitter, and Facebook. Through a series of measures on social en- gagement (e.g. number of tweets, posts, new followers), our analysis shows that active engagement on social media is highly correlated to crowdfunding success. In some cases, the engagement level is an order of magnitude higher for successful companies. We further apply a range of machine learning techniques (e.g. decision tree, SVM, KNN, etc) to predict the ability of a company to success- fully raise funding based on its social engagement and other metrics. Since fund-raising is a rare event, we explore various techniques to deal with class imbalance issues. We observe that some metrics (e.g. AngelList followers and Facebook posts) are more signi cant than other metrics in predicting fund-raising success. Furthermore, despite the class imbalance, we are able to predict crowdfunding success with 84% accuracy.
Towards the generalized iterative synthesis of small molecules

Small molecules have extensive untapped potential to benefit society, but access to this potential is too often restricted by limitations inherent to the customized approach currently used to synthesize this class of chemical matter. In contrast, the "building block approach", i.e., generalized iterative assembly of interchangeable parts, has now proven to be a highly efficient and flexible way to construct things ranging all the way from skyscrapers to macromolecules to artificial intelligence algorithms. The structural redundancy found in many small molecules suggests that they possess a similar capacity for generalized building block-based construction. It is also encouraging that many customized iterative synthesis methods have been developed that improve access to specific classes of small molecules. There has also been substantial recent progress toward the iterative assembly of many different types of small molecules, including complex natural products, pharmaceuticals, biological probes, and materials, using common building blocks and coupling chemistry. Collectively, these advances suggest that a generalized building block approach for small molecule synthesis may be within reach.
NT-pro BNP-A marker for worsening respiratory status and mortality in infants and young children with pulmonary hypertension.

AIM To evaluate predictors of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), laboratory and echocardiographic measures of PH were analyzed. METHODS A retrospective review of all infants and children < 2 years of age with PH from January 2011 to August 2016 was conducted. Correlations were determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Differences in characteristics between survivors and nonsurvivors were analyzed and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated. RESULTS Of 56 patients, the majority were extremely premature; of African American ethnicity; and had bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Patients who died were more likely to have underlying congenital heart disease; have a higher increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (pCO2 ) with a corresponding greater mean percentage decrease in pH and percentage rise in NT-pro BNP during PH exacerbations; more likely to have been on medications for pulmonary hypertension; and have a higher RVSP/SBP (%) ratio and S/D ratio. There were positive correlations between percentage rise in NT-pro BNP and pCO2 ; NT-pro BNP and RVSP/SBP (%) ratio; and RVSP/SBP (%) ratio and S/D ratio. CONCLUSIONS Infants and young children with pulmonary hypertension have increased morbidity and mortality. NT-pro BNP is a useful biomarker for both respiratory exacerbations and mortality, and RVSP/SBP (%) ratio and S/D ratio are echocardiographic identifiers for increased mortality.
Spectral and polarimetric light-sorting with a wide-angle snapshot subwavelength-size device (Conference Presentation)

We present a planar subwavelength spectral light separator, which sorts light by separating different spectral and polarimetric components into different channels in a snapshot, efficient, and angularly robust way. The device is composed of subwavelength-size rectangular aperture pairs, where each aperture pair consists of two perpendicularly-oriented identical apertures, in a metal film having deep-subwavelength-size thickness. The device is planar and ultrathin. It has subwavelength-size cross-section and deep-subwavelength-size thickness. Different aperture pairs simultaneously collect different spectral components of light, and different apertures of aperture pairs simultaneously collect different linear polarization components of light. The device operation is based on Fabry-Perot-like localized resonances in the apertures and it does not rely on any periodicity or grating effect. Hence, the device can be used in an individual, nonperiodic, subwavelength-size configuration as well as in an array configuration composed of subwavelength-size unit cells. When aperture pairs are used as detecting elements, different spectral components of light can be detected independent of the polarization of light. When apertures instead of aperture pairs are used as detecting elements, different linear polarization components of light can be detected in addition to different spectral components. The operation of the device is largely independent of the incidence angle of light, which results in an angularly robust, wide-angle device. All these features are attractive for efficient, compact, snapshot spectral imaging systems, especially for multispectral imaging purposes. We show the operation of the device by examining its interaction with electromagnetic waves with the finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method.
Tailoring an educational program on the AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators to meet stakeholder needs: lessons learned in the VA.

Given that patient safety measures are increasingly used for public reporting and pay-for performance, it is important for stakeholders to understand how to use these measures for improvement. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) are one particularly visible set of measures that are now used primarily for public reporting and pay-for-performance among both private sector and Veterans Health Administration (VA) hospitals. This trend generates a strong need for stakeholders to understand how to interpret and use the PSIs for quality improvement (QI). The goal of this study was to develop an educational program and tailor it to stakeholders’ needs. In this paper, we share what we learned from this program development process. Our study population included key VA stakeholders involved in reviewing performance reports and prioritizing and initiating quality/safety initiatives. A pre-program formative evaluation through telephone interviews and web-based surveys assessed stakeholders’ educational needs/interests. Findings from the formative evaluation led to development and implementation of a cyberseminar-based program, which we tailored to stakeholders’ needs/interests. A post-program survey evaluated program participants’ perceptions about the PSI educational program. Interview data confirmed that the concepts we had developed for the interviews could be used for the survey. Survey results informed us on what program delivery mode and content topics were of high interest. Six cyberseminars were developed—three of which focused on two content areas that were noted of greatest interest: learning how to use PSIs for monitoring trends and understanding how to interpret PSIs. We also used snapshots of VA PSI reports so that participants could directly apply learnings. Although initial interest in the program was high, actual attendance was low. However, post-program survey results indicated that perceptions about the program were positive. Conducting a formative evaluation was a highly important process in program development. The useful information that we collected through the interviews and surveys allowed us to tailor the program to stakeholders’ needs and interests. Our experiences, particularly with the formative evaluation process, yielded valuable lessons that can guide others when developing and implementing similar educational programs.
Possible maternal inheritance of a common obstructive urinary tract anomaly. Report of a case of a woman with multiple urinary tract infections and two sons with posterior urethral valves

BACKGROUND: Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in boys. Several prior reports have described PUV in siblings and twins, often with a variable phenotype. CASE: PUVs were found in two brothers. The first child had developmental delay, while the second had a branchial cleft cyst and an anteriorly rotated right ear. The children's mother had a history of numerous urinary tract infections of unknown etiology. CONCLUSION: Though most cases of PUV appear to be sporadic, there are reports that suggest a partial genetic etiology, as our case suggests.
Adaptive Evolution of Teaching Practices in Biologically Inspired Design

At Georgia Tech in 2005, we developed an interdisciplinary undergraduate semester-long course, biologically inspired design (BID), co-taught each year by faculty from biology and engineering. The objective of this chapter is to share our teaching experience with those interested in teaching such a course themselves. The specific curriculum of a BID course must depend on the student mix, the institutional context, and instructor goals. Therefore, rather than presenting a particular curriculum, we present key problems that we encountered in our 8 years of teaching and how we addressed them. We expect that any who try to teach such a course will face one or more of the same challenges, and we offer numerous pedagogical approaches that can be tailored to their specific circumstances. By describing our solutions, their consequences, and the extent to which they met our expectations, we also point out where tough student challenges still exist that are in need of attention from the community.
A New Approach for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence and Scalar Transport

The basic philosophy of large eddy simulation (LES) is to explicitly compute only those large-scale motions that are directly affected by the boundary conditions and to model the small scales. LES has always been described as attractive for engineering computations because it is significantly less computer-intensive than direct numerical simulation (DNS), yet promises to be more accurate and robust than single point closures.
Pallidal Output Circuits in the Thalamus

The activity of electrophysiologically-identified pallidalreceiving (PR) neurons in the thalamus has been examined during a task that required arm movements to visible or remembered target locations. As is the case for pallidal neurons and cells in many cortical areas, PR cells with movement-related changes in discharge may also show changes in activity immediately following a visual cue (cue activity), or they may show prolonged changes in activity during the precue-trigger interval (preparatory activity). Movement-related changes in discharge were directionally tuned for half of the PR neurons studied. Directional tuning was broad and often fit well by a cosine model. Directional tuning of cue- or preparatory activity was consistent with that measured during the perimovement epoch. When muscimol was injected into the arm area of the internal pallidal segment, arm position became unstable, movements were slowed, and the tonic discharge rate of PR neurons was increased. The task-related phasic changes in neuronal activity were not abolished, however. We conclude that sources other than the basal ganglia, and especially the corticothalamic neurons, may contribute important phasic task-related signals to the PR thalamus.
A Great Labor: Developing Knowledge in Service to Others at Boston College

University mission statements have their objectives in the world beyond the campus walls. They represent vision statements that, along with focusing the work of individuals on making the university a better place to learn, also focus the concerted efforts of all its members on the shared task of making the world a better place. Through an historical process of encouraging its members to articulate their deepest desires, educational organizations “institutionalize” these desires in the form of mission statements that offer a widely-understood and compelling vision for realizing these shared aspirations (Holland, 1999). It is erroneous to think that mission statements at modern American institutions of higher education are aimed only at meeting the self-serving needs of the university itself. Rather, these statements also aim to meet the needs of the modern world in which these institutions exist.
An enantioselective synthesis of α-alkylated pyrroles via cooperative isothiourea/palladium catalysis

Herein we describe the direct enantioselective Lewis base/Pd catalysed α-allylation of pyrrole acetic acid esters. This provides high isolated yields of highly enantioenriched products and exhibits broad reaction scope with respect to both reaction partners. The products can be readily elaborated in a manner which points towards potential applications in target directed synthesis.
1562. Impact of Skin Biopsy on Diagnosing Infections and Changing Treatment in Cancer Patients with New Skin Rash

Background Skin lesions in immunosuppressed cancer patients have a broad differential of infectious and non-infectious causes. Rash may be an early indication of serious systemic infections that are otherwise difficult to diagnose; hence, skin biopsy with culture and histopathology plays a vital role in establishing a diagnosis. Our study aims to determine the yield of skin biopsy in identifying infections and its impact on diagnosis and therapy.
Cosmic-Ray Spectrum and Composition with the Icecube Observatory

Most galactic cosmic rays are believed to be accelerated in the blast waves of nearby supernova remnants, reaching a maximum energy that scales with the charge of the nucleus. The heaviest elements can gain up to about 10 eV. The signatures of these sources are the gradual steepening of the cosmic-ray flux at a few 10 eV, called the knee, and possibly more structures at higher energies. The IceCube Observatory (Fig. 1(a)) is a three-dimensional cosmic-ray air shower detector measuring primary cosmic particles with energy E between about 3 ·10 eV and 10 eV. The observatory has been in operation since May 2011
Indications for Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Which Knees Are Best?

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) constitutes 8–10% of knee arthroplasties performed in the United States and the United Kingdom. As implant designs and techniques have improved, survivorship analyses have proven UKA to be an acceptable alternative to total-knee arthroplasty (TKA). The advantages of UKA over TKA include improved functional outcomes, gait, proprioception, faster recovery, and less blood loss in addition to preservation of native bone stock and the cruciate ligaments. Indications for an UKA have broadened since the initial Kozinn and Scott Criteria (JBJS 1989) to include isolated unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis (OA), no more than 10° of varus or 15° of valgus, an intact anterior cruciate ligament, and asymptomatic patellofemoral OA. Exclusion criteria of age 180 pounds have not been consistently supported in the literature.
Sex-, growth pattern-, and growth status-related variability in maxillary and mandibular buccal cortical thickness and density.

Objective The primary objective of this study was to quantitatively analyze the bone parameters (thickness and density) at four different interdental areas from the distal region of the canine to the mesial region of the second molar in the maxilla and the mandible. The secondary aim was to compare and contrast the bone parameters at these specific locations in terms of sex, growth status, and facial type. Methods This retrospective cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study reviewed 290 CBCT images of patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Cortical bone thickness in millimeters (mm) and density in pixel intensity value were measured for the regions (1) between the canine and first premolar, (2) between the first and second premolars, (3) between the second premolar and first molar, and (4) between the first and second molars. At each location, the bone thickness and density were measured at distances of 2, 6, and 10 mm from the alveolar crest. Results The sex comparison (male vs. female) in cortical bone thickness showed no significant difference (p > 0.001). The bone density in growing subjects was significantly (p 0.001) in bone parameters in relation to facial pattern in the maxilla and mandible for most sites. Conclusions There was no significant sex-related difference in cortical bone thickness. The buccal cortical bone density was higher in females than in males. Bone parameters were similar for subjects with hyperdivergent, hypodivergent, and normodivergent facial patterns.
Rehabilitating Isomap: Euclidean Representation of Geodesic Structure.

Manifold learning techniques for nonlinear dimension reduction assume that high-dimensional feature vectors lie on a low-dimensional manifold, then attempt to exploit manifold structure to obtain useful low-dimensional Euclidean representations of the data. Isomap, a seminal manifold learning technique, is an elegant synthesis of two simple ideas: the approximation of Riemannian distances with shortest path distances on a graph that localizes manifold structure, and the approximation of shortest path distances with Euclidean distances by multidimensional scaling. We revisit the rationale for Isomap, clarifying what Isomap does and what it does not. In particular, we explore the widespread perception that Isomap should only be used when the manifold is parametrized by a convex region of Euclidean space. We argue that this perception is based on an extremely narrow interpretation of manifold learning as parametrization recovery, and we submit that Isomap is better understood as constructing Euclidean representations of geodesic structure. We reconsider a well-known example that was previously interpreted as evidence of Isomap's limitations, and we re-examine the original analysis of Isomap's convergence properties, concluding that convexity is not required for shortest path distances to converge to Riemannian distances.
Identifiability from a Combination of Observations and Experiments.

We study the problem of causal identification from an arbitrary collection of observational and experimental distributions, and substantive knowledge about the phenomenon under investigation, which usually comes in the form of a causal graph. We call this problem g-identifiability, or gID for short. In this paper, we introduce a general strategy to prove non-gID based on thickets and hedgelets, which leads to a necessary and sufficient graphical condition for the corresponding decision problem. We further develop a procedure for systematically computing the target effect, and prove that it is sound and complete for gID instances. In other words, the failure of the algorithm in returning an expression implies that the target effect is not computable from the available distributions. Finally, as a corollary of these results, we show that do-calculus is complete for the task of g-identifiability.
Multi-contact 3C reveals that the human genome during interphase is largely not entangled.

During interphase, the eukaryotic genome is organized into chromosome territories that are spatially segregated into compartment domains. The extent to which interacting domains or chromosomes are entangled is not known. We analyze series of co-occurring chromatin interactions using multi-contact 3C (MC-3C) in human cells to provide insights into the topological entanglement of chromatin. Multi-contact interactions represent percolation paths (C-walks) through three-dimensional (3D) chromatin space. We find that the order of interactions within C-walks that occur across interfaces where chromosomes or compartment domains interact is not random. Polymer simulations show that such C-walks are consistent with distal domains being topologically insulated, that is, not catenated. Simulations show that even low levels of random strand passage, for example by topoisomerase II, would result in entanglements, increased mixing at domain interfaces and an order of interactions within C-walks not consistent with experimental MC-3C data. Our results indicate that, during interphase, entanglements between chromosomes and chromosomal domains are rare. Analysis of co-occurring chromatin interactions using multi-contact 3C and polymer simulations shows that, during interphase, entanglements between chromosomes and chromosomal domains are rare.
Management of Pharmacotherapy for Depression

Depression is a highly prevalent condition encountered in primary care. Most patients can be managed by primary care providers. Once the decision to treat with medications has been reached, choosing the optimal medication can be difficult. Here we suggest an approach for starting, adjusting, and possibly discontinuing antidepressant therapy.
Profiling of Disease-Associated Proteins Neighborhood Networks

Discovering disease-associated proteins in the human Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network is an important problem. Several algorithms have been proposed to discover these proteins from an initial set of known disease-associated proteins. A majority of these algorithms depend on the connectedness of disease-associated proteins in the PPI network. In this paper, We performed an experimental study to understand the interaction between disease-associated proteins and their neighbors. We observe that most disease-associated proteins have common neighbors in the PPI network. We performed comparative analysis on the interaction of disease proteins in disease-associated proteins neighborhood networks and networks consisting of only disease proteins. Our experimental results show that for all disease that we considered in this study, have a higher number of disease proteins in the largest connected component in the disease-associated proteins neighborhood network. We develop a score metric to capture the reachability of disease-associated proteins via common neighborhood proteins that not necessarily associated with a disease. We observe that a high number of disease proteins are part of the largest connected component in the neighborhood network with fewer disease proteins are disconnected forming separately connected components. we also develop a reachability metric to profile diseases based on the connectedness of associated proteins based on the number of components and the density of disease proteins in a disease-associated protein neighborhood network.
Managing Conflicts between Marketing and Sales: Customer Acquisition in Business Markets

Conflicts between marketing and sales functions concerning customer acquisition process in business-to-business firms hurt profits. Marketing claims that sales disregards qualified leads; sales questions lead quality. To address such conflicts and avoid threats to profits, we consider several fundamental, unexplored questions: Should marketers’ compensation depend on sales by sales reps, the leads marketers generate, or both? Should sales reps’ incentives depend on sales only, or should the volume of leads inform their compensation? How can B2B firms manage customer acquisition efficiently when marketing and sales interact? When does a decentralized structure erode profits compared to a centralized structure? We propose a multi-agent principal-agent model to address these questions where agents receive performance-based incentives on both leads and sales. First, when the quality of leads is perfectly observed, we uncover that coordinating efficiently the marketing–sales interface requires firms to incentivize marketers only on the basis of the volume of qualified leads. Conversely, when the quality of leads is imperfectly observed, firms should incentivize marketers on both qualified leads and sales. In both cases, however, we discover that both qualified leads and sales should underlie incentives schemes for sales reps, even though reps do not influence lead generation. In contrast, we establish that alternative intuitive plans recommended by practitioners would fuel conflicts at the marketing and sales interface. Finally, we find that the proposed incentive schemes can, in certain conditions, mitigate inefficiencies at the marketing–sales interface and replicate equilibrium profits attained with a centralized structure, whether the qualification process is perfect or not.
Hunt-for-Duration in the Corporate Bond Market

This paper examines the duration hedging behavior in the corporate bond market by studying the investment decisions of life insurance companies, the largest institutional investor in this market. Using security-level data on insurers' bond holdings, I find that life insurers are tilting their corporate bond portfolios towards bonds with higher duration as the interest rates decrease to historical lows since the 2008 financial crisis. This hunt-for-duration behavior is due to life insurers' interest rate risk hedging to ensure better duration matching between their assets and liabilities. I further show that hunt-for-duration by life insurers can drive overpricing of corporate bonds when a negative monetary policy surprise hits.
MONT3E: A Monte Carlo electron heat transfer code

A Monte Carlo code, MONT3E, was written to analyze heat transfer due to electron backscattering. The availability of supercomputers has made large-scale applications of this analysis technique possible. The physical theory of electron trajectories is described and related to implementation of an electron tracing algorithm. The analysis requires three types of information: a geometric description of the enclosed volume under analysis, a magnetic field definition, and a model of electron-surface interaction. The implementation of these three components in MONT3E is presented. An electron backscatter experiment was modeled using the code. The MONT3E predictions compared favorably to the experimental data, lending confidence to code predictions.
Clearing the Haze: Navigating Corneal Refractive Surgery in Patients with Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy.

Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) is a corneal disorder of the endothelium and Descemet’s membrane. Although reports of corneal refractive surgery including laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in PPCD are minimal, these procedures have been shown to be safe and effective in this patient population. Proceeding with corneal refractive surgery in eyes with PPCD raises concerns regarding corneal integrity, including long-term biomechanical instability, risk of ectasia, endothelial cell loss, disease progression, and corneal decompensation. Thus, LASIK, PRK, and SMILE should be considered with caution. This commentary explores the patient characteristics associated with favorable surgical outcomes and factors that weigh against proceeding with refractive surgery.
Association of Longitudinal Changes in Cardiac Biomarkers With Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] Study)

We evaluated the association of longitudinal changes in circulating levels of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) with the burden of arrhythmias as captured by 2-week ambulatory ECG monitoring. This study included 1,930 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants who wore a leadless, ambulatory ECG monitor (Zio XT Patch) at visit 6 (2016 to 2017) and had cardiac biomarkers measured at visit 6 and visit 4 (median of 19 years earlier). The mean age of participants at V6 was 79 ± 5 years, 41% were men, and 22% were black. Adjusting for demographics, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, left ventricular mass, cardiac medications, patch wear time, visit 4 levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT, and relative change in hs-cTnT, each log-transformed unit relative increase in NT-proBNP was associated with a higher likelihood of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 1.48), a higher number of daily atrial tachycardia episodes (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.21), and a higher daily ectopic burden (premature ventricular contractions -GMR 1.42, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.62; premature atrial contractions -GMR 1.40, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.57). In fully adjusted analyses, each log-transformed unit relative increase in hs-cTnT was only found to be weakly associated with a higher daily premature ventricular contraction burden (GMR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.70). In conclusion, longitudinal change in NT-proBNP was associated with an increased atrial and ventricular arrhythmia burden.
Antigens specified by herpesviruses. II. Effect of arginine deprivation on the synthesis of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.

Abstract The synthesis of herpes simplex virus proteins in the presence of arginine or under conditions of arginine deprivation was followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When cells grown in the presence of arginine were pulse-labeled 30 min prior to harvesting, the synthesis of at least 11 distinct cytoplasmic proteins could be followed at various stages (2–10 hours postinfection) of the infective cycle. Arginine-deprived cultures synthesized the same cytoplasmic proteins, but in smaller amounts. A difference was noted in the time of appearance of cytoplasmic proteins C4 and C5. In the presence of arginine protein C5 was more predominant during the early stages of infection, whereas C4 was the major protein synthesized during the late stages of the infectious cycle. In contrast, in cultures devoid of arginine, protein C5 was the predominant one of these two proteins during both the early and late stages of infection. Direct precipitation experiments with herpes antisera indicated that proteins C4 and C5 were virus specific. The events which occur within the nuclear fraction of infected cells after addition of arginine to the arginine-deprived cultures were followed by double label pulse-chase experiments. Labeled herpes viral proteins, synthesized prior to the addition of arginine, were found to appear within the nuclear fraction only after arginine was added. Of the 3 major nuclear proteins (N1, N2, and N3), protein N2 appeared to be most affected by arginine deprivation. Cytoplasmic proteins C3, C4, and C5 were found to coelectrophorese with nuclear proteins N1, N2, and N3, respectively.
Hippo Growth Control Pathway and Organ Size

In multicellular organisms, regulation of growth control occurs because of the concerted action of multiple growth-regulatory and patterning pathways. Among these, the Hippo (Hpo) pathway gained notoriety for its unique ability to simultaneously regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis to achieve the correct organ size. Initially discovered in Drosophila, this pathway is evolutionarily conserved, and acts as a universal regulator of organ size in metazoa. A complete pathway that integrates signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus has emerged, and multiple modes of Hpo pathway regulation have been elucidated. When the Hpo pathway is active, it acts as a brake on growth – cell proliferation is suppressed and apoptosis is promoted, whereas when the Hpo pathway is inactive, growth occurs – cell proliferation is promoted and apoptosis is suppressed. While the initial discovery of the pathway established its role in regulation of organ size and development, the focus has shifted considerably towards understanding its role in other biological processes such as maintaining tissue homeostasis, stem cell and tissue differentiation, cancer and regeneration. The Hpo signalling pathway functions in organ size control, and understanding its physiological functions will provide insights on its tissue- and cell-type-specific functions, and its involvement in diseases such as cancer. Key Concepts Cell proliferation and cell death must be regulated for balanced growth. The regulation of Hippo pathway activity is key to regulating cell number to achieve the correct organ size and growth during normal development. Hippo pathway activation promotes apoptosis and suppresses cell proliferation, whereas Hippo pathway inactivation promotes cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis. The Hippo pathway is a network of tumour suppressor genes, and genes regulating cell- and planar-polarity. Signalling interactions in the Hippo pathway ultimately converge on the regulation of the oncogene Yorkie pathway activity. The Hippo pathway is conserved across species. Hippo pathway is dysregulated in human cancer (e.g. loss of tumour suppressor gene neurofibromin 2 (NF2) is causal to schwannomas, and the YAP/TAZ oncoproteins are overexpressed in many human cancers [lung, breast, prostate and liver]). Hippo pathway regulates stem cell renewal, regeneration and differentiation in a tissue- and context-specific manner. Keywords: Hippo pathway; Drosophila; tumour suppressor genes; oncogene; apoptosis; proliferation
Cellular responses to unsaturated fatty acids mediated by their sensor Ubxd8

Fatty acids (FAs) are crucial nutrient for cell survival because they are required for synthesis of phospholipids in cellular membranes and for generation of energy. However, overaccumulation of FAs is toxic. In response to excessive FAs, cells are able to activate multiple reactions to prevent their overaccumulation. These reactions are mediated by Ubxd8, a cellular protein that specifically interacts with unsaturated but not saturated FAs. The selective interaction of Ubxd8 with unsaturated FAs may explain previous observations that only unsaturated but not saturated FAs are able to stimulate the regulatory reactions that prevent overaccumulation of FAs. Thus, understanding the mechanism through which Ubxd8 maintains cellular FA homeostasis may provide new insights into saturated FAinduced lipotoxicity.
The Mind's Eye: Effects of Aging, Hemispace and Movement Direction on Estimates of Distance (P7.287)

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that there are right-left asymmetries for estimates of distances in peripersonal space, and that these asymmetries are influence by aging. DESIGN/METHODS:Participants stood so either their right or left shoulder was adjacent to the wall or 5 feet from the wall. In the egocentric condition participants were asked to move toward or away from the wall to the location they considered was an arm9s length from the wall or in the allocentric condition so their shoulder was 1, 2, or 3 feet from the wall. Trials were balanced for the side of the body facing the wall (right and left hemispace) and for movement direction (toward or away from wall). RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS:Since when compared to younger participants, the older adults moved closer to the wall for lengths of 2 feet, 3 feet, and an arm9s length, they may have overestimated the distances between the wall and their body. Independent of the direction of movement, both groups moved closer to the wall when facing-attending to left hemispace than right hemispace, a form of hemispatial pseudoneglect. The younger adults also appeared to have a spatial action asymmetry such that when moving leftward they were closer to the wall than when moving rightward (directional pseudoneglect.) Pseudoneglect may be induced by right hemispheric dominance for spatial attention and the age dichotomy found in this study may represent an example of hemispheric asymmetry reduction of older adults (the HAROLD phenomena). Disclosure: Dr. Kesayan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Falchook has received personal compensation for activities with the University of Florida College of Medicine, the Institute for Advancement of Human Behavior, and PeerView Institute for Medical Education. Dr. Williamson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilman has nothing to disclose.
An Unfortunate ‘Tail’: Reconsidering Risk Management Incentives after the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009

In recent months, the legal academic community has taken a greater interest in the practice of risk management. Doubtless a response to the recent financial crisis, many have concluded that our current market structure allows for uninhibited risk taking and the pooling of systemic risk. Accordingly, most have suggested a regulatory response is necessary. This Comment, in unreserved agreement with these writers, attempts to contribute to this literature in two ways.First, this Comment explains the development of quantitative risk management to fill in the gaps in the existing legal research. Though I present nothing groundbreaking, my purpose is to provide legal professionals with a brief but not overwhelming account of the industry’s recent rise to power. Following this initial discussion, I then return to the current risk-management debate and, making a second contribution to the recent academic literature, I build on the incentive modeling and regulatory suggestions presented by Professor Karl Okamoto is his recent article, After the Bailout: Regulating Systemic Moral Hazard. In pertinent part, I recommend that policymakers implement a new disclosure regime and a compensation clawback private right of action to realign informational incentives in risk-based decision making. In the end, this Comment in no way seeks to be the last word in this discussion. And, with luck, I hope that it will not be. The recent financial crisis has exposed more than a few shortcomings in our financial regulation latticework, and we would do well to honestly discuss these limitations. Though politically less palatable than the previous century’s approach to financial regulation, it may be time to seriously consider regulating not only executive compensation, but secondary manager compensation. As this Comment suggests, much ill-advised wrongdoing can be captured by making these difficult decisions.
Metformin may function as anti-cancer agent via targeting cancer stem cells: the potential biological significance of tumor-associated miRNAs in breast and pancreatic cancers

Metformin is one of the most used diabetic drugs for the management of type II diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world. Increased numbers of epidemiological and clinical studies have provided convincing evidence supporting the role of metformin in the development and progression of a variety of human tumors including breast and pancreatic cancer. Substantial pre-clinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo experimental studies strongly suggests that metformin has an anti-cancer activity mediated through the regulation of several cell signaling pathways including activation of AMP kinase (AMPK), and other direct and indirect mechanisms; however, the detailed mechanism(s) has not yet been fully understood. The concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has gained significant attention in recent years due its identification and defining its clinical implications in many different tumors including breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. In this review, we will discuss the protective role of metformin in the development of breast and pancreatic cancers. We will further discuss the role of metformin as an anti-cancer agent, which is in part mediated through targeting CSCs. Finally, we will discuss the potential role of metformin in the modulation of tumor-associated or CSC-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) as part of the novel mechanism of action of metformin in the development and progression of breast and pancreatic cancers.
Isoxaflutole treatment leads to reversible tissue bleaching and allows for more effective detection of GFP in transgenic soybean tissues

The effects of the herbicide isoxaflutole (IFT) on tissue growth and the detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in transgenic embryogenic soybean tissues were evaluated using image analysis. The inclusion of this “bleaching” herbicide at 3 or 10 mg l−1 in a standard soybean embryo proliferation medium resulted in a change in tissue color from green to non-pigmented over the course of a 4-wk experiment. Although the loss in pigmentation was observed in transgenic and non-transformed control tissues, tissue growth remained unaffected. GFP expression in three different transgenic soybean clones, representing low to moderate GFP expression levels, was easily detected and quantified using image analysis following culture of the tissues on an IFT-containing medium. Quantification of GFP in tissues from the same clones cultured in the absence of IFT, however, was difficult using image analysis. After transfer of transgenic embryogenic tissue from a medium containing IFT to a medium without IFT, the growth of pigment-containing tissue resumed. The bleaching effects from this herbicide appear to be reversible and make IFT and possibly other bleaching herbicides useful in the analysis of GFP expression in tissues, where interference from chlorophyll is problematic.
A COMPREHENSIVE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR CLASSROOM TESTING

This paper describes a comprehensive system of microcomputer programs that was developed as a tool for teachers to use for (a) improving instruction and classroom tests, and (b) evaluating and reporting student learning. The programs implement many of the suggestions made in standard educational measurement textbooks for how to use data from tests to improve instructional decision-making in the classroom and to improve quality of classroom testing. The paper describes the three main components of the system: (a) a student data-base with associated information retrieval and computational programs, (b) a test item analysis and evaluation component that can be used for guiding instruction, and (c) a test item banking and test assembly component. In the course of the description, several microcomputer program design considerations are discussed.
Greenland elders and high school students offer perspectives on climate change and science

[1] KANGERLUSSUAQ, GREENLAND—This small town in central western Greenland, which has a population of about 650 and a major airstrip dating from World War II, is a center for scientific research and a starting point for scientists working in the region and on Greenland's ice sheet to study climate change and other issues. The town, just north of the Arctic Circle, sits at the edge of the 190-kilometer-long Kangerlussuaq Fjord and straddles the Qinnguata Kuussua River estuary, whose source water is the Russell Glacier, about 20 kilometers to the east. Between Kanger—as some refer to the town—and the glacier, some Eskimo-Kalaallit elders held a traditional gathering last month and also offered their perspectives on climate change during an impromptu 14 July meeting with high school students and other visitors. The evening before that meeting, Ole Olsvig, Kurt Olsen, Avaruna Mathaeussen, and other high schoolers from Greenland were in a makeshift classroom at the back of a renovated former U.S. Army barracks in Kanger, which had served as a U.S. military base. The students, who said they care deeply about their traditional culture and also are very aware of recent changes in climate, were helping to make presentations about their summer science projects. A total of 16 high schoolers from Greenland, 3 from Denmark, and 5 from the United States were there, participating in Joint Science Education Project (JSEP) activities; JSEP is an international collaborative polar science education effort between Greenland, Denmark, and the United States that receives support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF).
Active Vibration Control of the Axially Moving String in the S Domain

A new method is presented for active vibration control of the axially moving string, one of the most common models of axially moving continua. The control is formulated in the Laplace transform domain. The transfer function of a closed-loop system, consisting of the plant, a feedback control law and the dynamics of the sensing and actuation devices, is derived. Analysis of the root loci of the closedloop system gives two stability criteria. Stabilizing controller design is carried out of both collocation and noncollocation of the sensor and actuator. It is found that all the modes of vibration can be stabilized and that in principle the spillover instability can be avoided. Also, the steady-state response of the stabilized string to periodic, external excitation is presented in closed form.
Toward a Practical Black Theology and Liberation Ethic: An Alternative African-American Perspective

AbstractThis article outlines and discusses the challenges associated with developing a practical Black Theology of liberation based on the reflections of a number of Black theologians. This essay utilizes critical analysis, reflections, and observations to derive at a method that leads to a relevant and useful Black theology that may bridge individual life practices in the context of the Black church. The proposed method is an extension of current practices that show promise for developing a practical Black Theology. For instance, the author offers to augment current spiritual formation practices that provide a way to construct a relevant practical Black Theology for the post-Civil Rights era. Equity, social justice, and individualism are the foundations for framing practical Black Theology as discourse that informs practices for individual empowerment. Individual and collective Black life experience are viewed as complementary for defining "religious experience" as comprised of sources for doing theolog...
Does a focal firm's technology entry timing depend on the impact of the technology on co-opetitors?

Abstract In this paper, I explore the role that the impact of a technological change on a firm's co-opetitors plays in the firm's technology entry timing. I hypothesize that where a co-opetitor dominates in the co-opetitor–firm relationship, a firm's technology entry timing does not depend on the impact of the technology on the firm's capabilities as predicted by previous research. Rather, it depends on the impact of the change on the dominant co-opetitor. If the change is incremental to a dominant customer, for example, the focal incumbent firm will start development of the new technology before new entrants, irrespective of whether it is radical or incremental to focal firms. If the change is radical to the dominant co-opetitor, new entrant focal firms will start development of the new technology before incumbent focal firms. I explore these hypotheses using the case of three major technological changes in supercomputers: vector processors, minisupercomputers, and massively parallel processors.