cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cultural Context of Health, Illness, and Medicine/The Anthropology of Medicine: From Culture to Method. 3rd ed

The Cultural Context of Health, Illness, and Medicine. Martha O. Loustaunau and Elisa J. Sobo. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997. viii. 221 pp. The Anthropology of Medicine: From Culture to Method. 3rd ed. Lola Romanucci–Ross. Daniel E. Moerman. and Laurence R. Tancredi. eds. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997. xiv. 400 pp.
Idea: java vs. PHP: security implications of language choice for web applications

While Java and PHP are two of the most popular languages for open source web applications found at freshmeat.net, Java has had a much better security reputation than PHP. In this paper, we examine whether that reputation is deserved. We studied whether the variation in vulnerability density is greater between languages or between different applications written in a single language by comparing eleven open source web applications written in Java with fourteen such applications written in PHP. To compare the languages, we created a Common Vulnerability Metric (CVM), which is the count of four vulnerability types common to both languages. Common Vulnerability Density (CVD) is CVM normalized by code size. We measured CVD for two revisions of each project, one from 2006 and the other from 2008. CVD values were higher for the aggregate PHP code base than the Java code base, but PHP had a better rate of improvement, with a decline from 6.25 to 2.36 vulnerabilities/KLOC compared to 1.15 to 0.63 in Java. These changes arose from an increase in code size in both languages and a decrease in vulnerabilities in PHP. The variation between projects was greater than the variation between languages, ranging from 0.52 to 14.39 for Java and 0.03 to 121.36 in PHP for 2006. We used security and software metrics to examine the sources of difference between projects.
Covariance-Model-Based RNA Gene Finding: Using Dynamic Programming versus Evolutionary Computing

This chapter compares the traditional dynamic programming RNA gene finding methodolgy with an alternative evolutionary computation approach. Both methods take a set of estimated covariance model parameters for a non-coding RNA family as given. The difference lies in how the score of a database position with respect to the covariance model is computed. Dynamic programming returns an exact score at the cost of very large computational resource usage. Presently, databases are prefiltered using non-structural algorithms such as BLAST in order to make dynamic programming search feasible. The evolutionary computing approach allows for faster approximate search, but uses the RNA secondary structure information in the covariance model from the start.
La vida artificial

La vida artificial es invento de los cientificos que ven los programas de computo autorreplicantes –similares a los virus de computadora– como nuevas formas de vida. Este articulo ofrece una vision antropologica de los mundos sociales y simulados de la vida artificial, desarrollados en el Instituto para las Ciencias de la Complejidad de Santa Fe, Nuevo Mexico. He bautizado como “ la segunda naturaleza del silicon” al mundo que los investigadores de la vida artificial esperan crear en el ciberespacio. Cuando el ADN se traduce a ceros y unos, “son posibles nuevas formas de imaginar la vida”. Mediante la diseccion de los artefactos de la vida artificial, este articulo explora la manera en que las nuevas visiones de la vida se mezclan con algunos cuentos tradicionales de la cultura occidental. Debido a que los cientificos de la vida artificial se ven a si mismos como dioses masculinos de la creacion ciberespacial, Darwines digitales explorando fronteras pletoricas de criaturas primitivas, sus programas reflejan las representaciones prevalecientes de genero, parentesco y raza dominantes en la cultur a occidental, y repiten historias de origen emparentadas con narraciones religiosas.
What Opportunities Are There for Children with Disabilities to Participate in Physical Activities in Their Community

The community is an ideal setting for children to engage in leisure-time physical activities, especially when it provides an environment that helps promote participation in physical activity. Bedel...
The glass transition of trinitrotoluene (TNT) by flash DSC

Abstract Flash differential scanning calorimetry has been used to determine the glass transition response of the rapidly crystallizing energetic material, TNT. After heating at 600 K/s, it was found that for cooling rates from 1000 K/s to 10 K/s the glass transition changes from 247.5 K to 239.3 K. The dynamic fragility index was determined to be m = 62 ± 6 and the activation energy determined from the range of cooling rates in which vitrification occurred was found to be 290 ± 16 kJ/mol. Crystallization was found to occur during cooling at rates below 0.3 K/s, whereas cold crystallization was found on subsequent heating after cooling between 10 K/s and 30 K/s. At cooling rates of 100 K/s and above, and for the same heating rate of 600 K/s investigated, the glass transition event was observed, but cold crystallization during heating did not occur. Hence, the crystallization behavior of the fully amorphous TNT upon heating depends on the cooling rate and vitrification path.
Complex Contact-Based Dynamics of Microsphere Monolayers Revealed by Resonant Attenuation of Surface Acoustic Waves

Contact-based vibrations play an essential role in the dynamics of granular materials. Significant insights into vibrational granular dynamics have previously been obtained with reduced-dimensional systems containing macroscale particles. We study contact-based vibrations of a two-dimensional monolayer of micron-sized spheres on a solid substrate that forms a microscale granular crystal. Measurements of the resonant attenuation of laser-generated surface acoustic waves reveal three collective vibrational modes that involve displacements and rotations of the microspheres, as well as interparticle and particle-substrate interactions. To identify the modes, we tune the interparticle stiffness, which shifts the frequency of the horizontal-rotational resonances while leaving the vertical resonance unaffected. From the measured contact resonance frequencies we determine both particle-substrate and interparticle contact stiffnesses and find that the former is an order of magnitude larger than the latter. This study paves the way for investigating complex contact-based dynamics of microscale granular crystals and yields a new approach to studying micro- to nanoscale contact mechanics in multiparticle networks.
Structure, Production and Leaf Area Dynamics: A Comparison of Lodgepole Pine and Sunflower

Populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were examined to compare the influence of stand density on canopy structure and the association between canopy structure and the production of stem volume. The plastic responses of canopy structure to competitive interactions indicated that the structural dynamics of lodgepole pine and sunflower populations were similar, though the degree of plastic response differed (...)
The Turn Once Again Toward Practice-Based Teacher Education:

Current work to identify the core teaching practices that should be included in teacher education curriculum is a part of a long-standing tradition of reform in American teacher education. This article situates the proposals of Hiebert and Morris and the contemporary work to which it is linked within this historical tradition and identifies several issues that need to be addressed by this current work. These include the task of developing a system that unlike performance-based systems in the past is evidence-based, manageable, and sustainable, and that does not ignore important aspects of good teaching.
Seizure control following administration of anticonvulsant drugs in the quaking mouse

Abstract The effectiveness of a variety of clinical anticonvulsant drugs was evaluated in the quaking mutant mouse model of epilepsy. In this model, tonic-clonic seizures are easily elicited by handling and the effects of administration of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB), diazepam, valproic acid (VPA) and ethosuximide were quantitatively evaluated. Chronic oral administration of CBZ, DPH and PB reduced the frequency of seizures and this was positively correlated with plasma levels of the drugs. The plasma levels of the 10,11-epoxide metabolite of CBZ were found to be approximately 3–5 times that of the parent compound with chronic oral administration. Acute intraperitoneal administration of the other drugs revealed VPA to be an effective anticonvulsant agent, whereas ethosuximide and diazepam were ineffective at dosage levels that are normally effective in mice as determined by classical testing methods such as electroshock and chemoshock. The results of the present study suggest that the quaking mouse may be a simple, reliable and inexpensive animal model for the evaluation of agents effective against focal motor seizures in humans.
Robin hoods and good samaritans: The role of patients in health care distribution

There are good reasons — both medical and moral — for wanting to redistribute health care resources, and American hospitals and physicians are already involved in the practice of redistribution. However, such redistribution compromises both patient autonomy and the fiduciary relationship essential to medicine. These important values would be most completely preserved by a system in which patients themselves would be the agents of redistribution, by sharing their medical resources. Consequently, we should see whether patients would be willing to share before we resort to surreptitiously redistributing their resources or denying medical care to some who want and need it. We should change our health care payments systems to allow patients to donate their medical benefits to those in need.
Observations on rheumatic nodules over a 30-year period.

Summary 1. During a 30-year period from 1928 to 1958, 948 episodes of rheumatic carditis were observed on the Children's Cardiac Service, Bellevue Hospital. 2. In the first half of this 30-year period from 1928 to 1942 (Period A), 98 deaths occurred in the course of 599 attacks of carditis for a mortality rate of 16.4 per cent. During the second half from 1943 to 1958 (Period B), 15 deaths occurred during 349 attacks of carditis for a mortality rate of 4.3 per cent. 3. The percentage of attacks of carditis with nodules during the two periods showed no significant difference. During Period A nodules were present in 68 of the 599 episodes of carditis (11.3 per cent) and in Period B in 33 of the 349 episodes of carditis (9.4 per cent). 4. Nodules occurred only in patients with active carditis. Ninety-six patients exhibited nodules on 101 occasions. In 5 patients nodules were observed twice in separate attacks. 5. The severity of carditis was not correlated directly with the number of nodules. The mortality rate among patients with a few nodules, 10 or less, was greater than that among patients with 11 to 30 nodules. 6. Nodules rarely were observed during the first weeks of an acute rheumatic attack. They usually appeared after a month of illness and occurred most frequently in patients in whom rheumatic activity persisted for many weeks or months.
Surfactant-enhanced singlet energy transfer from the charge-transfer excited state of tris(2,2-bipyridine) ruthenium(II)

Abstract Very efficient (45–75%) sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS) enhanced singlet enengy transfer has been demonstrated from the spin-orbit charge-transfer excited state of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) to the xxx violet, oxazine 1, and rhodamine 101 at concentrations of 10 −5 M, Energy transfer occurs in xxx.
Effect of a wing on its tip vortex.

A theoretical and an experimental analysis was performed to determine the effect that the wing geometry and the boundary layer on the lower surface of the wing have on the trailing rolled-up tip vortex. Model test results are presented for the vortex structure downstream of wings of varying aspect ratio and taper ratio. The geometry and strength of the rolled-up tip vortices were measured over a range of lift coefficients. In general, it was found that the strength of the vortex is less than one would predict on the basis of the midspan circulation about the wing. Conclusions are given with regard to the size and strength of a vortex as they relate to the wing aspect ratio, taper ratio, and lift coefficient.
Foreign Language Anxiety and Language Performance: A Study of Learner Anxiety in Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced‐Level College Students of Japanese

ABSTRACT Japanese language study among American university students has dramatically increased since 1986. However, despite initial enthusiasm, high attrition rates have been reported. One reason often cited for this attrition is the perceived degree of difficulty of the Japanese language because of its “truly foreign” nature (Jorden and Walton 1987), which can be initially anxiety-provoking for students whose first language is English. In the present study, the role of language learner anxiety, among other affective variables of students studying Japanese, is examined in relation to students' language performance at three different instructional levels. The results of the study indicate that with these students of Japanese the predictive variable of their performance was different from the beginning level to the intermediate- and the advanced-level students. For beginning students, the Year in College was identified as the best predicting factor, while Language Class Anxiety was the best predictor for both intermediate-and advanced-level students. The results of the present study corroborate earlier anxiety studies in the commonly taught languages: in the finding that foreign language anxiety can have a negative impact on Japanese learners' performance. The present study, however, reveals that the influence of foreign language anxiety becomes more important as Japanese learners' instructional levels increase. It is clear that in order to reduce the debilitating effect of language class anxiety, teachers of Japanese need to become aware of these differences in terms of the learners' affective states and respond to them accordingly.
Thermoelectric power of the thallium-based superconductor Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10- delta.

The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power of the high-temperature superconductor ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ is reported. The contribution of holes from the valence band satisfying a Fermi-liquid model gives the major part of the measured thermoelectric power. The results show that the conduction-band electrons also contribute to the total output of the thermoelectric power and the portion of the electron's contribution increases with temperature. An explicit expression for the thermolectric power of the 2:2:2:3 phase was derived based on a two-band model and the experimental data, which is given as S(\ensuremath{\mu}V)=0.121T-(280-0.2T)${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}550/\mathit{T}}$. A general formula, S=AT+(B\ensuremath{\lambda}+CT)exp(-\ensuremath{\lambda}/T), is found to give a close description of the thermoelectric power of various cuprate high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors.
EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITYON BREEDING BALD EAGLES

To assess the consequences of increased recreational activity in wilderness areas, we studied the effects of human activity on breeding behavior of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in interior Alaska. Activity budgets of breeding eagles changed considerably when humans were camped for 24 h at a distance of 100 m from nests (treatment) compared to when they were camped 500 m from nests (control) (P = 0.0036). With humans near nests, adult eagles decreased the time they preened (percentage change from control to treatment = −53%), slept (−56%), maintained nests (−50%), and fed themselves and their nestlings (−30%) and increased the time they brooded nestlings (+14%). Further, overall activity (total number of behaviors performed by adults at nests per day) decreased by 27% with humans near nests, as did the amount of prey adults consumed (−26%) and fed to nestlings (−29%). In contrast, nest attendance did not change with humans near nests (percentage change = 0.3%, P = 0.9); however, the time adults w...
A Functional Classification Framework for the Conceptual Design of Additive Manufacturing Technologies

There exist many different layered manufacturing technologies for the realization of prototypes and fully-functional artifacts. Although extremely different in solution principle and embodiment, there exists functional commonality between each technology. This commonality affords the authors an opportunity to propose a new classification framework for layered manufacturing technologies. In addition to using it as a means of classifying existing processes, the authors present the framework as a tool to aid a designer in the conceptual design of new layered manufacturing technologies. The authors close the paper with an example of such an implementation; specifically, the conceptual design of a novel means of obtaining metal artifacts from three-dimensional printing.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
From Noosphere to Theosphere: Cyclotrons, Cyberspace, and Teilhard's Vision of Cosmic Love

Two theme–setting quotations introduce this essay—that of Yeats's falcon, deaf to the falconer's call, adrift in space above the blood–dimmed tide, counterpoised to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's call to abandon old nationalistic prejudices and build the earth. With primary references to the thought of Teilhard, along with, among others, to Ewert Cousins, Andrew M. Greeley, Karl Jaspers, Marshall McLuhan, Ilya Prigogine, Karl Rahner, Leonard Swidler, David Tracy, and Alfred North Whitehead, I argue that the most crucial intellectual paradigm shift of the twenty–first century will challenge humanity to take the turn from uncritical attachment to rigid absolutism or atomistic fragmentation toward a sense of open–ended, off–centered centeredness and fluid connections—from a static to a dynamic model of reality. Central to my argument is the Teilhardian reinterpretation of the Christian metaphors of creation, fall, incarnation, salvation, and the eschaton in the evolutionary terms of the emergence of cosmic consciousness from the chrysalis of the world of the past—from chaos to order, from biosphere via noosphere to theosphere. Facilitated by the exponential growth of populations, collaborative research, science, technology, and global communication (most dramatically manifested by the Internet), this emergent understanding of what it means to be human can, first, foster the awareness that in humanity evolution has become conscious of itself, and then, gradually, precipitate the formation of “the global village” (the mystical body of Christ), as respectful dialogue replaces diatribe and the dualistic pugilism of Samuel Huntington's “Clash of Civilizations” is gradually transformed into a nonadversarial mentality that values shared humanity and a common purpose. Thus, eons hence, empowered by love–energy, the transmutation of the human into the ultra–human can take the ultimate quantum leap into a yet higher dimension where spirit/energy is no longer in need of flesh/mass, and Earth can be safely left behind.
The effect of in utero protein malnutrition and subsequent renutrition on rat saliva and some salivary enzymes

1. Rat pups developed chronic protein insufficiency resulting from malnutrition diet in utero while their dams received 40 g protein/kg diet. 2. Before weaning they were found to have decreased salivary amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and aminopeptidase activities. 3. A complete diet (250 g protein/kg) rapidly restored salivary amylase activity before weight normalization. However, renourished pups (malnourished pups given 250 g protein/kg for 14 d) still had increased numbers of Streptococcus multans in their plaque.
Control of European Corn Borer in Bell Peppers with Chlorantraniliprole Applied Through a Drip Irrigation System

The European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is the most important pest of bell peppers in New Jersey and weekly applications of insecticide sprays are needed to control this pest. Most pepper production (up to 80%) utilizes black plastic mulch with drip irrigation and high wooden stakes, limiting pesticide application equipment. A new chemistry insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, is highly soil systemic, very soluble, and effective against ECB at very low rates. Because of these properties, a 3-year study was undertaken beginning in 2004 and continuing in 2005 and 2007 applying chlorantraniliprole through a drip irrigation system in bell peppers for control of the ECB. Each year, on every harvest date examined, chlorantraniliprole injected through a drip irrigation system at either 0.05 or 0.07 kg·ha−1 was as effective, or more effective, in reducing percentage of ECB-infested peppers than a standard grower pesticide program of two applications of acephate followed by ...
Tolerance to chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.

Although Δ9-THC has been approved to treat anorexia and weight loss associated with AIDS, it may also reduce well-being by disrupting complex behavioral processes or enhancing HIV replication. To investigate these possibilities, four groups of male rhesus macaques were trained to respond under an operant acquisition and performance procedure, and administered vehicle or Δ9-THC before and after inoculation with simian immunodeficiency virus(SIVmac251, 100 TCID50/ml, i.v.). Prior to chronic Δ9-THC and SIV inoculation, 0.032– 0.32 mg/kg of Δ9-THC produced dose-dependent rate-decreasing effects and small, sporadic error-increasing effects in the acquisition and performance components in each subject. Following 28 days of chronic Δ9-THC (0.32 mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle twice daily, delta-9-THC-treated subjects developed tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects, and this tolerance was maintained during the initial 7–12 months irrespective of SIV infection (i.e., +THC/−SIV, +THC/+SIV). Full necropsy was performed on all SIV subjects an average of 329 days post-SIV inoculation, with postmortem histopathology suggestive of a reduced frequency of CNS pathology as well as opportunistic infections in delta-9-THC-treated subjects. Chronic Δ9-THC also significantly reduced CB-1 and CB-2 receptor levels in the hippocampus, attenuated the expression of a proinflammatory cytokine (MCP-1), and did not increase viral load in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or brain tissue compared to vehicle-treated subjects with SIV. Together, these data indicate that chronic Δ9-THC produces tolerance to its behaviorally disruptive effects on complex tasks while not adversely affecting viral load or other markers of disease progression during the early stages of infection.
Dosimetric concepts in photobiology.

—The effectiveness of an irradiation at non-ionizing wavelengths for producing photochemical changes in a transparent sample can be characterized by any one of four different quantities. The utility of each depends on the information available about the sample and the kind of analysis intended. Nomenclature for these quantities is troubled. All four have been called “dose” in the literature, with or without modifying adjectives. In addition, incompatibility between the terminology for ionizing and non-ionizing radiations leaves the concept of “dose” ambiguous in the vacuum ultraviolet. Rather than abandon the term altogether, nomenclature restricting its use is suggested here, together with measurement units and symbols for the quantities. The use of dosimetric quantities implies certain assumptions about the system being irradiated which are not always fulfilled.
Alkylation of 1-trimethylsilylvinyl aluminates with “unreactive” alkyl halides mediated by cuprous iodide-trimethyl phosphite complex

Abstract Cuprous iodide-triethyl phosphite complex was found to be effective as a catalytic or equimolar reagent for the alkylation of 1-trymethylsylylvinyl aluminates with “unreactive” alkyl halides.
Identification of Coenzyme M Biosynthetic Phosphosulfolactate Synthase A NEW FAMILY OF SULFONATE-BIOSYNTHESIZING ENZYMES

The hyperthermophilic euryarchaeon Methanococcus jannaschii uses coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis. We describe an enzyme from that organism, (2R)-phospho-3-sulfolactate synthase (ComA), that catalyzes the first step in coenzyme M biosynthesis. ComA catalyzed the stereospecific Michael addition of sulfite to phosphoenolpyruvate over a broad range of temperature and pH conditions. Substrate and product analogs moderately inhibited activity. This enzyme has no significant sequence similarity to previously characterized enzymes; however, its Mg(2+)-dependent enzyme reaction mechanism may be analogous to one proposed for enolase. A diverse group of microbes and plants have homologs of ComA that could have been recruited for sulfolactate or sulfolipid biosyntheses.
Antipredator strategies of salamanders: individual and geographical variation in responses of Eurycea bislineata to snakes

Abstract Adult two-lined salamanders, Eurycea bislineata , displayed alternative antipredator behaviour to garter snake, Thamnophis ordinoides , predators. In response to snake tongue-flicks, individual salamanders either ran, jumped or remained immobile. Different populations and individuals within populations exhibited different propensities for the alternative behaviours. Individuals from an area with a high density of garter snakes ran more often than those from another area. The kind of behaviour exhibited was also correlated with the physical ability of the salamander. Those individuals that ran in response to garter snake tongue-flicks were able to run faster than those that exhibited immobility. Individual salamanders that run when tongue-flicked by garter snakes accrue a survival advantage over those that remain immobile. The survival advantages of alternative patterns of antipredator behaviour should vary greatly as a function of differing local selection regimens.
Comparison of real-time travel time estimation using two distinct approaches: Universal kriging and mathematical programming

Real-time estimates of traffic conditions are valuable information needed by operators of transportation facilities as well as travelers. This study aims to provide accurate travel time estimates using data collected by the electronic toll collection system instead of sensors and AVI readers specifically deployed for traffic monitoring. This dual use of toll readers for travel time estimation can be an attractive approach since it eliminates additional costs of deploying and maintaining sensors. However, this approach can present an important challenge in terms of accuracy of the estimates because readers are not located on the main roadway, but instead on the ramps. To break down trip travel times into section travel times, two methods based on, universal kriging and mathematical programming are developed. Our results based on the real-data show that it is possible to use electronic toll data to provide accurate estimations of link travel times especially using mathematical programming algorithm which outperforms universal kriging approach.
Ramification and causality

Abstract In formal systems for reasoning about actions, the ramification problem denotes the problem of handling indirect effects. These effects are not explicitly represented in action specifications but follow from general laws describing dependencies among components of the world state. An adequate treatment of indirect effects requires a suitably weakened version of the general law of persistence. It also requires a method to avoid unintuitive changes suggested by the aforementioned dependency laws. We propose a solution to the ramification problem that uses directed relations between two single effects, stating the circumstances under which the occurrence of the first causes the second. We argue for the necessity of an approach based on causality by elaborating the limitations of common paradigms employed to handle ramifications—the principle of categorization and the policy of minimal change. Our abstract solution is realized on the basis of a particular action calculus, namely, the fluent calculus.
Chloride channel ClC-2 modulates tight junction barrier function via intracellular trafficking of occludin

Previously, we have demonstrated that the chloride channel ClC-2 modulates intestinal mucosal barrier function. In the present study, we investigated the role of ClC-2 in epithelial barrier development and maintenance in Caco-2 cells. During early monolayer formation, silencing of ClC-2 with small interfering (si)RNA led to a significant delay in the development of transepithelial resistance (TER) and disruption of occludin localization. Proteomic analysis employing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry /mass spectrometry revealed association of ClC-2 with key proteins involved in intracellular trafficking, including caveolin-1 and Rab5. In ClC-2 siRNA-treated cells, occludin colocalization with caveolin-1 was diffuse and in the subapical region. Subapically distributed occludin in ClC-2 siRNA-treated cells showed marked colocalization with Rab5. To study the link between ClC-2 and trafficking of occludin in confluent epithelial monolayers, a Caco-2 cell clone expressing ClC-2 short hairpin (sh)RNA was established. Disruption of caveolae with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) caused a marked drop in TER and profound redistribution of caveolin-1-occludin coimmunofluorescence in ClC-2 shRNA cells. In ClC-2 shRNA cells, focal aggregations of Rab5-occludin coimmunofluorescence were present within the cytoplasm. Wortmannin caused an acute fall in TER in ClC-2 shRNA cells and subapical, diffuse redistribution of Rab5-occludin coimmunofluorescence in ClC-2 shRNA cells. An endocytosis and recycling assay for occludin revealed higher basal rate of endocytosis of occludin in ClC-2 shRNA cells. Wortmannin significantly reduced the rate of recycling of occludin in ClC-2 shRNA cells. These data clearly indicate that ClC-2 plays an important role in the modulation of tight junctions by influencing caveolar trafficking of the tight junction protein occludin.
Bidirectional termination of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli.

Autoradiography was used to study the termination of replication of the circular chromosome of Escherichia coli. The experiments were conducted with cells in which termination occurred with a moderate amount of synchrony. Grain tracks were observed that demonstrated the approach at the replication terminus of the two replication forks involved in bidirectional replication. Other grain tracks were formed by replication forks that had met at the replication terminus. The frequency at which these patterns were observed indicates that most, if not all, terminations occur with both replication forks reaching the terminus at approximately the same time.
A study of ferric trisoxalate photochemistry in single crystals by electron paramagnetic resonance. An intermediate exchange-coupled ferrous bisoxalate-radical species

Abstract The EPR of exchange-coupled Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 2 2− and C 2 O 4 − is observed after the photolysis and heating of Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 3− in NaMgAl(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ·9H 2 O or K 3 Al(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ·3H 2 O single-crystal hosts. The small 0.052 cm −1 antiferromagnetic coupling is determined from the g anisotropy (the x, y, z principal values are 2.0891, 2.0346 and 1.9970 respectively) and the temperature dependence of the EPR of the lowest Framers doublet of the coupled spin system. The Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 2 2− spin Hamiltonian parameters ( D = 17 cm −1 , E = 3.3 cm −1 , g xx = 2.35, g yy = 2.47 and g zz = 2.077) and the axial and rhombic distortion parameters D = −173 cm −1 , E = −27 cm −1 , respectively, were also determined from the data. The axial direction of the distorted square-planar arrangement of the inner oxygens of Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 2 2− lies only 14.2° from the two-fold axis of the Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 3− precursor and the axis of the rhombic distortion (the x axis) lies 54.8° from the three-fold axis of the precursor. It is suggested that the population distributions, the anisotropies and the differences in the spin-lattice relaxation rates between the Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 2 2− spin levels lead to the observation of EPR in only one of the Kramers doublets. The well-oriented nature of the product weighs against the dissociation of C 2 O 4 − into CO 2 − and CO 2 in the crystal. The absence of proton hyperfine structure in the spectrum shows that the protonation of C 2 O 4 − (from the crystal waters of hydration) does not occur, as it evidently does in solution. Comparison of results in the two crystal hosts shows that the ratio of thermal recombination of the photolysis product (which has no EPR spectrum) to Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 3 3− and dissociation to Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 2 2− and C 2 O 4 − varies from ligand to ligand and from host to host. The ratio appears to be very sensitive to the orientation of the reacting ligand and to the crystal packing around it.
Multicellular Bacteria Deploy the Type VI Secretion System to Preemptively Strike Neighboring Cells

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) functions in bacteria as a contractile nanomachine that punctures and delivers lethal effectors to a target cell. Virtually nothing is known about the lifestyle or physiology that dictates when bacteria normally produce their T6SS, which prevents a clear understanding of how bacteria benefit from its action in their natural habitat. Proteus mirabilis undergoes a characteristic developmental process to coordinate a multicellular swarming behavior and will discriminate itself from another Proteus isolate during swarming, resulting in a visible boundary termed a Dienes line. Using transposon mutagenesis, we discovered that this recognition phenomenon requires the lethal action of the T6SS. All mutants identified in the genetic screen had insertions within a single 33.5-kb region that encodes a T6SS and cognate Hcp-VrgG-linked effectors. The identified T6SS and primary effector operons were characterized by killing assays, by construction of additional mutants, by complementation, and by examining the activity of the type VI secretion system in real-time using live-cell microscopy on opposing swarms. We show that lethal T6SS-dependent activity occurs when a dominant strain infiltrates deeply beyond the boundary of the two swarms. Using this multicellular model, we found that social recognition in bacteria, underlying killing, and immunity to killing all require cell-cell contact, can be assigned to specific genes, and are dependent on the T6SS. The ability to survive a lethal T6SS attack equates to “recognition”. In contrast to the current model of T6SS being an offensive or defensive weapon our findings support a preemptive mechanism by which an entire population indiscriminately uses the T6SS for contact-dependent delivery of effectors during its cooperative mode of growth.
Metabolism of the dialdehyde derivative of inosine (NSC-118994): Transport, distribution and incorporation into RNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells☆

Abstract Inox (NSC-118994) was studied with the use of the 14 C-labeled compound to further delineate its intracellular metabolism and particularly its effect on DNA and RNA synthesis. Its transport was shown not to be competitively inhibited by the major ribonucleosidcs or deoxynucleosides. In addition, Inox was shown to be transported into the cell without degradation. Ouabain did not affect its transport. Inox was found to be a component of the nucleoside and nucleotide pools of the tumor cell. It is acted upon by cellular kinases to produce the nucleotide derivative. Significant incorporation occurred in the RNA fraction of the tumor cells. Actinomycin D inhibited the incorporation of [ 14 C]Inox into RNA. This incorporation was found to occur primarily in small molecular weight RNA species. Inox-treated tumor cells were shown to have a quantitative decrease in ribosomal precursor RNA. There appeared to be no incorporation of Inox into the DNA of the Ehrlich tumor cells. Inox was shown to be an effective antitumor agent in viro with a 70% reduction of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in 2 days.
Efficiency, speed, and scaling of two-dimensional passive-dynamic walking

We address performance limits and dynamic behaviours of the two dimensional passive-dynamic bipedal walking mechanisms of Tad McGeer. The results highlight the role of heelstrike in determining the mechanical efficiency of gait, and point to ways of improving efficiency. We analyse several kneed and straight-legged walker designs, with round feet and and point-feet. We present some necessary conditions on the walker mass distribution to achieve perfectly efficient (zero-slope-capable) walking for both kneed and straight-legged models. Our numerical investigations indicate, consistent with a previous study of a simpler model, that such walkers have two distinct gaits at arbitrarily small ground-slopes, of which the longer-step gait is stable at small slopes. Energy dissipation can be dominated by a term proportional to (speed) 2 from tangential foot velocity at heelstrike and from kneestrike, or a term proportional to (speed) 4 from normal foot collisions at heelstrike, depending on the gait, ground-slope,...
Hospitalizations and fatalities in crashes with light trucks.

Objective: This study examined 2-car crashes including one passenger car and one light truck (van, minivan, pickup truck, or sport utility vehicle) and investigated the likelihood of hospitalization, hospitalization charges, and the likelihood of fatality of an occupant by vehicle type differentiating between passengers and drivers. Methods: We used unique data from Minnesota's Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) linked with hospital discharge data from 2004 to 2005. We focused on police-reported crashes that involved 2 vehicles, one car and one light truck. First, we estimated models to predict the likelihood of hospitalization. Next, we estimated models to predict hospitalization charges among the hospitalized. Finally, we modeled the likelihood of fatality. In all models, we distinguished between the 2 vehicle types and controlled for a broad range of occupant, crash, and vehicle characteristics. We estimated separate models for passengers and drivers. Results: We found that in a crash between...
Private key infrastructure: balancing computer transmission privacy with changing technology and security demands

The purpose of this study is to explore the emerging technology called Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) that is used to secure electronic transmissions over the Internet. PKI technology will enable users in the corporate, government, and consumer sectors to take advantage of high Internet speeds and verification abilities, while at the same time guarding against tampering and interruption. The use and development of PKI will have important legal, economic, and security implications. This paper explores the pros and cons of this new technology, develops a framework for the evaluation and implementation of PKI, and finally presents case studies of PKI implementation.
Strong resonance and chaos in a single-species chemostat model with periodic pulsing of resource

Abstract In a single-species chemostat model, oscillations caused by age structure interact with periodic pulsing of the limiting resource to cause a variety of qualitative dynamics. The underlying stroboscopic map, simulated by sampling numerical solutions periodically at the forcing frequency, undergoes a discrete Hopf or Neimark–Sacker bifurcation near the region of parameter space where limit cycles occur in the non-pulsed model. Strong resonance occurs, giving rise to periodic cycles of three or four times the forcing period that dominate over large regions of parameter space. The system also has quasiperiodic solutions, weakly resonant periodic solutions of periods more than four times the forcing period, and chaotic strange attractors arising from period-doubling cascades. Attractors can coexist for a given set of parameters, suggesting that perturbing an age-structured population living in a periodic environment could change the long-term behavior of the population trajectory.
Expression of two soybean resistance gene candidates shows divergence of paralogous single-copy genes

The cloning of several plant genes directly involved in triggering a disease resistance response has shown that numerous resistance genes in the nucleotide binding site (NBS)/leucine-rich repeat (LRR) class have similar conserved amino acid sequences. In this study, we used a short soybean DNA sequence, previously cloned based on its conserved NBS, as a probe to identify full-length resistance gene candidates. Two homologous, but genetically independent genes were identified. One gene maps to the soybean molecular linkage group (MLG) F and a second is coded on MLG E. The first gene contains a 3,279 nucleotide open reading frame (ORF) sequence and possesses all the functional motifs characteristic of previously cloned NBS/LRR resistance genes. The N-terminal sequence of the deduced gene product is highly characteristic of other resistance genes in the subgroup of NBS/LRR genes which show homology to the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor genes. The C-terminal region is somewhat more divergent as seen in other cloned disease resistance genes. This region of the F-linked gene contains an LRR region that is characterized by two alternatively spliced products which produce gene products with either a four-repeat or a ten-repeat LRR. The second cloned gene that maps to soybean MLG E contains 1,565 nucleotides of ORF in the N-terminal domain. Despite strong homology, however, the 3´ region of this gene contains several in-frame stop codons and apparent frame shifts compared to the F-linked gene, suggesting that its functionality as a disease resistance gene is questionable. These two disease resistance gene candidates are shown to be closely related to one another and to the members of the NBS/LRR class of disease resistance genes.
Age-related RNA polymerase I activity in isolated nuclei of PHA stimulated human lymphocytes

Abstract In order to extend to the immune system previous findings that there is an age-related loss of hybridizability of the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in several tissues of mice, dogs and humans, we have investigated the function of the genes for rRNA in human T lymphocytes. These cells were chosen because they show a substantial decline in function with age, greater than that of other components of the immune system. rRNA synthesis was determined by measuring tritiated-UTP incorporation into acid precipitable counts as a result of the action of RNA polymerase I in nuclei isolated from phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated peripheral-blood lymphocytes from 24 young adult and old human donors. The number of PHA-responsive cells from each donor was determined by counting grains in autoradiographs after a pulse of tritiated-uridine had been administered to them. The aggregate PHA induced synthesis of rRNA in the cultures decraesed as a function of the age of the donor. However, the number of PHA-responsive cells also dropped with age. When the data are normalized for the number of PHA-responsive cells in each culture, it appears that rRNA synthesis per PHA-responding cell does not significantly decline with age, even though there is a suggestion of a decrease after corrections are made. On the average, differences between individuals of the same age group were as great or greater than age-related differences.
Ultrastructure of germ cell development in the human fetal testis.

Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
High-harmonic gyrofrequency multiplier

ABSTRACT The design of a sixth-harmonic gyrofrequency multiplier driven by a 300 keV, 1 .7 A, prebunched axis-encircling electron beam produced by a 1 MW, 2.9 GHz gyroresonant H' accelerator is presented. A nonlinear simulation code predicts that the device, which is currently being tested, will emit 150 kW at 17.4 GHz with an efficiency of 31%. 1. INTRODUCTION The gyrofrequency multiplier is an exciting new efficient high power millimeter and submillimeter wave source. Asshown in Fig. 1, the device uses the intermediary of a rotating spiral-shaped electron beam produced by a gyroresonant rf accelerator to harmonically up-convert the frequency of a high power, low frequency microwave source. Since the interaction is at a high harmonic of the cyclotron frequency, the requisite magnetic field is reduced and the frequency ofexisting microwave and millimeter wave high power sources can be greatly increased. Our initial unoptimized proof-of-principle experiment demonstrated this harmonic conversion process with the production of 7 kW at the third-harmonicfrequency of 28 GHz with 13% efficiency.' The purpose of the current experiment is to dramatically increase the powerlevel, harmonic number and efficiency.
Method for correcting for acid and salt matrix interferences in ICP-AES

Abstract The methods currently employed for correcting mineral acid and salt matrix interferences in the analysis of aqueous samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) involve additional steps in the sample preparation or analysis procedures, lengthening them appreciably. A new method has been developed to compensate for the effects of varying acid and salt concentrations on the efficiency of sample introduction into the plasma that does not involve the use of internal references, precise matrix matching, or standard additions. The method uses the intensity of a hydrogen emission line at 486.133 nm (H-beta). The H-beta intensity is proportional to sample introduction rate and to the hydrogen content of the sample solution. The hydrogen content of the sample solution is dependent on the acid/salt type and concentration. Interference calibration curves are prepared for a specific acid/salt matrix relating observed H-beta intensities and apparent concentrations for each of the elements (and wavelengths) in the analytical program. These calibration curves are used to perform the interference corrections for samples having that acid/salt matrix. The H-beta measurements are precise and the interference calibration curves reproducible over periods of at least several months. Application of this method is illustrated by analyses of NBS oyster tissue and Al alloy prepared in nitric acid matrix. Solutions of these materials containing 2–55 % ( v v ) concentrated HNO3 were analysed accurately using a set of ICP-AES calibration standards containing 1 % ( v v ) HNO3.