cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Transfer Catalysis

A basic difficulty in certain bimolecular reactions is that the nucleophilic reactant is salt-like and water soluble while the electrophilic substrate is organic and water insoluble. In this situation it is necessary to devise a method to bring these two compounds together.
Strategies for writing a successful National Institutes of Health grant proposal for the early-career neurointerventionalist.

Objective The goal of this article is to provide a succinct review of the key components of a NIH grant application and the NIH reviewprocess for the early career neurointerventionalist. Methods The authors reviewed NIH rules and regulations and also reflected on their own collective experiencein writing NIH grant proposals in the area of cerebrovascular disease andneurointerventional surgery. Results Key components of theresearch strategy include specific aims, significance, innovation and approach.The specific aims page is the most important page of the application and should be written first. The NIH review isbased on these key components along with an assessment of the appropriatenessof the investigators and environment for the research. Conclusion Detailed knowledge ofthe key components of the research grant is critical to a successful application.The information in the article may aid in the grant writing for early careerneurointerventionalists.
A nervous system-specific subnuclear organelle in Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe here phase-separated subnuclear organelles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which we term NUN (NUclear Nervous system-specific) bodies. Unlike other previously described subnuclear organelles, NUN bodies are highly cell type specific. In fully mature animals, 4-10 NUN bodies are observed exclusively in the nucleus of neuronal, glial and neuron-like cells, but not in other somatic cell types. Based on co-localization and genetic loss of function studies, NUN bodies are not related to other previously described subnuclear organelles, such as nucleoli, splicing speckles, paraspeckles, Polycomb bodies, promyelocytic leukemia bodies, gems, stress-induced nuclear bodies, or clastosomes. NUN bodies form immediately after cell cycle exit, before other signs of overt neuronal differentiation and are unaffected by the genetic elimination of transcription factors that control many other aspects of neuronal identity. In one unusual neuron class, the canal-associated neurons, NUN bodies remodel during larval development, and this remodeling depends on the Prd-type homeobox gene ceh-10. In conclusion, we have characterized here a novel subnuclear organelle whose cell type specificity poses the intriguing question of what biochemical process in the nucleus makes all nervous system-associated cells different from cells outside the nervous system.
The Manifestation of New Public Service Principles in Small-town Government: A Case Study of Grand Island, New York:

Although New Public Service (NPS) principles are well known, their practice in local government settings has only been limitedly explored. As a means of better understanding governance practices th...
Force balance model predictions of sliding bubbles velocity in vertical subcooled boiling flow

Abstract In flow boiling systems, bubbles tend to slide along the wall as they depart from nucleation sites where they originate. This behavior has a profound impact on the wall heat transfer as evidenced in previous experiments. As a result, the heat transfer modeling associated with sliding bubbles has gained great attention within the CFD boiling heat transfer community. The modeling efforts are primarily aimed at improving the Heat Flux Partitioning (HFP) model by accounting for the heat transfer mechanisms introduced by sliding bubbles. The performance of the HFP model depends inherently on the accuracy of sub-models to predict the fundamental bubble parameters, such as bubble departure and lift-off diameters. Similarly, the accurate prediction of sliding bubble parameters, such as sliding bubble growth and sliding bubble velocity, is critical to improving the HFP model when taking into account the effect of sliding bubbles. Of the many sliding bubble parameters, this paper deals with the sliding bubble velocity. Specifically, a force balance model is presented and assessed in view of the sliding bubble velocity prediction. The experimental results from Maity (2000)[1] and Yoo et al. (2016)[2] are used to demonstrate the force balance model accuracy under various subcooled boiling conditions of both, water and refrigerant (NOVEC-7000) flowing upward in vertical channels. We performed a parametric study of the key sub-models (e.g., drag force, bubble growth) used in the force balance equation, together with a direct comparison with proposed models from other researchers. Then, a new force balance model is proposed which outperforms previous models and consistently well-predicts both sliding bubble velocity and growth.
Nanosecond-Pulsed Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes at High Current Density.

While metal-halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) hold the potential for a new generation of display and lighting technology, their slow operation speed and response time limit their application scope. Here, high-speed PeLEDs driven by nanosecond electrical pulses with a rise time of 1.2 ns are reported with a maximum radiance of approximately 480 kW sr-1 m-2 at 8.3 kA cm-2 , and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1% at approximately 10 kA cm-2 , through improved device configuration designs and material considerations. Enabled by the fast operation of PeLEDs, the temporal response provides access to transient charge carrier dynamics under electrical excitation, revealing several new electroluminescence quenching pathways. Finally, integrated distributed feedback (DFB) gratings are explored, which facilitate more directional light emission with a maximum radiance of approximately 1200 kW sr-1 m-2 at 8.5 kA cm-2 , a more than two-fold enhancement to forward radiation output.
Studies on the Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity of 14 S and 30 S Dynein from Cilia of Tetrahymena

Abstract The axonemal adenosine triphosphatase protein, dynein, consists of 14 S and 30 S fractions. Both forms of dynein require the presence of a divalent cation for activity: Mg++, Ca++, Mn++, Fe++, Co++, and Ni++ can all function as activator, but Be++, Cd++, Sr++, and Zn++ cannot. Specificity for ATP or deoxy-ATP is moderately high; other nucleoside triphosphates are hydrolyzed at only about 10% of the rate of ATP; AMP, pyrophosphate, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate are not hydrolyzed. The two forms of dynein both have a pH optimum at pH 8.5 to 9.0. Addition of neutral salts to the assay medium inhibits the activity of 14 S dynein but enhances that of 30 S dynein. When assayed under standard conditions with Mg++ activation, 14 S and 30 S dynein had maximal velocities of 3.5 and 1.3 µmoles of Pi per (min x mg of protein), respectively, and Michaelis constants of 3.5 x 10-5 and 1.1 x 10-5 m. The general similarity in enzymatic properties is consistent with a monomer-polymer relationship between 14 S and 30 S dynein, with the differences that occur being the results of a configurational change attendant upon polymerization. The possible physiological significance of the partial repression of ATPase activity in 30 S dynein is discussed.
EFFECT OF EARLY WEANING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THREE-YEAR-OLD, FIRST-CALF BEEF HEIFERS AND CALVES REARED IN THE SUBTROPICS

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of early weaning fall-born calves on heifer and calf performance in Florida. Over two consecutive years, 3-yr-old Braford and Brahman x Angus first-calf heifers were assigned randomly to one of two treatments; early-weaned (EW, n = 20 and 30 for yr 1 and 2, respectively) and normal-weaned (NW, n = 20 and 38 for yr 1 and 2, respectively). Calves were EW on January 23 and 3 for yr 1 and 2, respectively. Following EW, all first-calf heifers were returned to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures with the mature cowherd. Early-weaned calves were maintained on annual ryegrass (Lolium muitiflorum) pastures at 8.2 and 10.7 calves/ha for yr 1 and 2, respectively, and were provided supplemental grain mixture (14% CP) at 1.0% of BW daily. Normal-weaned calves remained with their dams in the mature cowherd on bahiagrass. Final calf BW was collected on April 17 (d 84) and April 24 (d 111) for yr 1 and 2, respectively. Early-weaned calves had a greater (P < 0.001) ADG (0.17 kg/d) in yr 1, but a lower (P < 0.001) ADG (-0.24 kg/d) in yr 2 compared with NW calves. Early weaning resulted in heavier first-calf heifers with greater BCS at the time of normal weaning (August 1; 491 vs. 452 kg, with BCS = 6.34 vs. 4.75 for EW and NW heifers, respectively; SEM = 5.0 and 0.07). Heifers with EW calves had a higher (P < 0.07) pregnancy rate during both years than normal-weaned heifers (89.5 vs. 50.0 and 96.7 vs. 80.0% pregnant during yr 1 and 2, respectively). Early-weaned, first-calf heifers also had a lower (P < 0.05) calving interval in yr 2 (384 vs. 404 d; SEM = 6.0). These data suggest that EW will improve body condition of first-calf heifers resulting in an increased pregnancy rate. Early-weaned calves maintained on winter ryegrass provide producers with the ability to optimize early-weaned calf performance, while capitalizing on low cost of gain and favorable spring markets.
MSW Integrative Seminars

Abstract Social work education programs strive to integrate knowledge acquired in the classroom with practice through the field education experience. The Integrative Seminar is one mechanism to enhance integration efforts of students and field instructors. Little guidance and few models are available to graduate social work programs in offering such Seminars. This descriptive paper discusses the use of Integrative Seminars as a vehicle for integration and offers suggestions for designing and implementing Integrative Seminars in graduate programs. The progress of one graduate school in developing and instituting an MSW Integrative Seminar program across concentrations to promote practice-theory integration is described.
Self-organizing feature maps for dynamic control of radio resources in CDMA PCS networks

The application of artificial neural networks to the channel assignment problem for cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular networks has previously been investigated. CDMA takes advantage of voice activity and spatial isolation because its capacity is only interference limited, unlike time-division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) where capacities are bandwidth-limited. Any reduction in interference in CDMA translates linearly into increased capacity. To satisfy the demands for new services and improved connectivity for mobile communications, small cell systems are being introduced. For these systems, there is a need for robust and efficient management procedures for the allocation of power and spectrum to maximize radio capacity. Topology-conserving mappings play an important role in biological processing of sensory inputs. The same principles underlie Kohonen’s self-organizing feature maps (SOFMs), which are applied to the adaptive control of radio resources to minimize interference, hence, maximize capacity in direct-sequence (DS) CDMA networks. The approach based on SOFMs is applied to published examples of DS/CDMA networks. Results of the approach for these examples are informally compared to the performance of Hopfield-Tank algorithms and genetic algorithms for the channel assignment problem.
Code-Switching in Spanish/English Bilingual Speech: The Case of Two Recent Immigrants of Mexican Descent

This study presents the analysis of a home-based interaction between two Spanish/English bilingual sisters. The purpose of the study is to investigate the functions codeswitching plays in this conversation and the role of these functions in the construction of their identity as elite bilinguals. In addition, this study aims to contribute to the body of research that has been conducted to identify the different functions of code-switching in bilingual interaction, particularly with regards to the creation of an ethnic or linguistic identity.
Memorial Essay: Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011): A Sociologist for the Ages

Harold Garfinkel, the founder of Ethnomethodology, died at home on April 21, 2011 of congestive heart failure. A major sociologist of the twentieth century, his contribution to many fields will undoubtedly continue to be felt for years to come. In this essay, I will discuss the origins of the term “ethnomethodology,” briefly explore ethnomethodology's relationship with symbolic interactionism, provide a biographical overview of Garfinkel's oeuvre, list some ways in which the work has had a massive influence, and end with a short discussion of Garfinkel's legacy.
TESTICULAR VOLUME DOES NOT PREDICT GERM CELL COUNT IN PATIENTS WITH CRYPTORCHIDISM

Purpose: A germ cell count of less than 0.2 germ cell per tubule on the prepubertal biopsy of cryptorchid testes predicts abnormal spermiograms and decreased fertility in adulthood, and may be used to select patients for post-orchiopexy hormonal therapy. Testicular volume directly correlates with testicular function and spermiogenesis. We determined whether testicular volume would predict the total germ cell count accurately enough to replace testicular biopsy in the modern management of cryptorchidism.Materials and Methods: At our hospital 723 patients younger than 9 years with cryptorchidism (unilateral in 619 and bilateral in 104) underwent orchiopexy and bilateral testicular biopsies. These patients had not undergone groin surgery or hormonal therapy previously and had at least 50 tubules in each testicular biopsy. Testicular volume and position, patient age and germ cell counts were analyzed. The generalized estimating equation was used to determine whether a correlation existed between testicular vo...
A patient with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–negative pulmonary capillaritis and circulating primed neutrophils

We describe an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative patient with capillaritis, acute respiratory failure, and primed neutrophils circulating systemically. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy showed capillary destruction, with neutrophils infiltrating the lung interstitium and air spaces but no alveolar damage or hemorrhage. We suggest that this atypical, limited form of pulmonary injury may occur when circulating neutrophils are primed, but, in the absence of an activating factor, not fully activated.
Coboundaries, Flows, and Tutte Polynomials of Matrices

Using matroid duality and the critical problem, we show that certain evaluations of the Tutte polynomial of a matroid represented as a matrix over a finite field GF(q) can be interpreted as weighted sums over pairs f , g of functions defined from the ground set to GF(q) whose difference f – g is the restriction of a linear functional on the column space of the matrix. Similar interpretations are given for the characteristic polynomial evaluated at q. These interpretations extend and elaborate interpretations for Tutte and chromatic polynomials of graphs due to Goodall and Matiyasevich.
Resolution of the rat brain heme oxygenase activity: Absence of a detectable amount of the inducible form (HO-1)

In the present study we report on the detection of a distinct pattern of heme oxygenase isoform composition in the rat brain. In this organ only the noninducible form of heme oxygenase, HO-2, could be clearly detected. This pattern of composition distinguishes the brain from other organs tested to date, namely the liver, testis, and spleen. The rat brain microsomal fraction displayed a rather impressive rate of heme oxygenase activity. This fraction also exhibited a rate of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity that was sufficient to fully support the oxygenase activity. The brain microsomal fraction was solubilized and subjected to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The chromatographic elution pattern of heme oxygenase activity was compared with those of the liver and testis. In the brain only one peak of heme oxygenase activity was detected. The peak exhibited an elution profile similar to that of HO-2 of the liver and the testis. The presence of an activity peak was not detected in the elution profile at the region where the inducible isoform of heme oxygenase, HO-1, was expected. Cross-reactivity was observed between the solubilized brain microsomal fraction and antiserum to the testis HO-2 when subjected to Ouchterlony double diffusion immunoanalysis. A reaction was not observed when antiserum to liver HO-1 was employed. The presence of HO-2 in the brain microsomal preparation was also established by Western immunoblotting analysis. A protein having a mobility that was identical to the purified testicular HO-2 (Mr 36,000) was present in the brain microsomal preparation when probed with antiserum to HO-2. However, our attempts to demonstrate the presence of HO-1 in the brain microsomal preparation by a similar technique, but using antiserum to HO-1, were not successful. It is proposed that HO-2 is responsible for the bulk, if not all, of the brain microsomal heme oxygenase activity. It is further proposed that tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms are responsible for both the refractory response of the brain heme oxygenase to known metallic inducers and the absence of a detectable amount of the HO-1 isoform.
Effectiveness of darbepoetin alfa versus epoetin alfa for the treatment of chemotherapy induced anemia in patients with gynecologic malignancies

Abstract Objective. Chemotherapy induced anemia (CIA) commonly occurs in gynecologic oncology patients. This often leads to treatment with erythropoietic stimulating agents in order to prevent chemotherapy delays, dose modifications and transfusion of red blood cells. Our objective was to determine the subsequent transfusion rates following administration of either darbepoetin alfa or epoetin alfa. Methods. A single institution retrospective chart review was performed utilizing patients from January 2003 to September 2004 who received either darbepoetin alfa or epoetin alfa for CIA (Hgb ≤ 10.0). Data collection variables included patient demographics, cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy treatment(s), laboratory data, erythropoeisis stimulation data, and transfusions. Sample size calculations were set to detect a 20% transfusion rate difference between the two groups. Chi-square, Fisher exact test and student t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results. 123 patients were eligible for analysis (60 darbepoetin alfa; 62 epoetin alfa). 93% of darbepoetin alfa patients received 200 mg every other week, while 86% of epoetin alfa patients received 40,000 U weekly. The darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa groups were similar in respect to age, race, tumor type, histology, previous chemotherapy, number of chemotherapy agents, weeks of erythropoietic stimulation, and baseline serum levels of creatinine and hemoglobin. The mean baseline Hgb and change in Hgb was similar for each group (darbepoetin alfa = 11.2, 2.5 and epoetin alfa = 11.3, 2.3). Twenty one (35%) of the darbepoetin alfa patients received a transfusion of packed red blood cells compared to 12 (19%) of epoetin alfa patients (p = 0.05). Conclusions. This retrospective analysis powered to detect differences in transfusion rates revealed a statistically significant difference in transfusion rates between darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa for the treatment of CIA. These data warrant a randomized prospective trial in gynecologic oncology patients with careful attention to the timing of initiation of treatment, dosing regimens, and titration of growth factor.
Age-related changes in release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor from the carotid artery.

The goal of this study was to determine whether release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from carotid artery in response to acetylcholine is altered by aging.Responses were examined in arteries from Wistar rats 6 to 8 months old (young rats), 24 to 26 months old (old rats), and 30 to 32 months old (very old rats). We used a bioassay technique to measure release of EDRF from the carotid artery (donor vessel) and, in the same experiment, measured the diameter of pressurized donor arteries.Responses of the donor arteries and the detector vessels (aortas) to sodium nitroprusside were not altered in old (24 to 26 months) and very old (30 to 32 months) rats compared with responses in the young rats. Dilator responses in the carotid artery to acetylcholine tended to be lower in the old rats and were significantly lower in very old rats compared with the young rats. Relaxation of the detector vessel during administration of acetycholine to the donor artery was not significantly different in young, ol...
Intrinsic phonon effects on analog quantum simulators with ultracold trapped ions

Linear Paul traps have been used recently to simulate the transverse-field Ising model with long-range spin-spin couplings. We study the intrinsic effects of phonon creation (from the initial phonon ground state) on the spin-state probability and spin entanglement for such quantum spin simulators. While it has often been assumed that phonon effects are benign because they play no role in the pure Ising model, they can play a significant role when a transverse field is added to the model. We use a many-body factorization of the quantum time-evolution operator of the system, adiabatic perturbation theory, and exact numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation in a truncated spin-phonon Hilbert space followed by a tracing-out of the phonon degrees of freedom to study this problem. We find that moderate phonon creation often makes the probabilities of different spin states behave differently from the static spin Hamiltonian. In circumstances in which phonon creation is minor, the spin dynamics state probabilities converge to the static spin Hamiltonian prediction at the cost of reducing the spin entanglement. We show how phonon creation can severely impede the observation of kink transitions in frustrated spin systems when the number of ions increases. Many of our results also have implications for quantum simulation in a Penning trap.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and cystoprostatectomy: an initial report and review of the literature

Patients presenting with invasive, high-grade, or recurrent bladder cancer and synchronous upper urinary tract malignancy may be considered for simultaneous nephroureterectomy and radical cystectomy. We present the first known reported case of robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and cystoprostatectomy, describing a 62-year-old man with recurrent T1 bladder cancer and concomitant upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic combined nephroureterectomy and radical cystoprostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection and extracorporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion. Robotic surgery was completed successfully without need for conversion to open procedure. There were no operative or perioperative complications. Blood loss (200 ml) and hospital stay (7 days) were less than prior reported laparoscopic experience with combined surgery. Although indications may be rare, robotic nephroureterectomy with simultaneous radical cystoprostatectomy is a feasible and safe surgical option.
Intentional clonidine patch ingestion by 3 adults in a detoxification unit

Clonidine hydrochloride is an α 2 -adrenergic agonist commonly prescribed as an antihypertensive agent. It is also useful in ameliorating symptoms associated with opiate withdrawal and is frequently used in the detoxification setting. We report an episode in which 3 normotensive patients each ingested a single 0.1-mg clonidine patch in a detoxification unit.
Echocardiographic equivalents of a flail mitral leaflet

Abstract Echocardiograms were performed in 11 patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation. The cause of the regurgitation, determined at the time of mitral valve replacement in 9 of the 11 patients, was either torn chordae tendineae or an avulsed papillary muscle head. Flail mitral leaflet was secondary to infective endocarditis in seven patients and to coronary heart disease in two patients; in the other two patients the cause of the flail leaflet was not determined. Echocardiograms from the 11 patients exhibited at least one of four distinct patterns: systolic left atrial echo, coarse diastolic fluttering of the anterior leaflet, paradoxical movement of the posterior leaflet throughout the cardiac cycles or early diastolic fluttering of the posterior leaflet. The last pattern was noted in two patients who refused surgery and in six patients who had mitral valve replacement. Although early diastolic fluttering of the posterior leaflet has not previously been reported to be indicative of a flail leaflet, it was the most frequent pattern observed in those with an untethered posterior leaflet (eight of nine patients). Five of the 11 patients had one of the four patterns, and the remaining 6 had at least two. The specific echocardiographic abnormalities were not related to the cause or severity of the mitral regurgitation but were determined by the location of the tear and the portion of the flail leaflet traversed by the ultrasonic beam. These patterns appear to represent an echocardiographic spectrum characteristic of a flail mitral leaflet. Detection of any of the four patterns in the presence of mitral regurgitation suggests torn chordae tendineae.
Increase in heme oxygenase-1 levels ameliorates renovascular hypertension

Increase in heme oxygenase-1 levels ameliorates renovascular hypertension Background The heme oxygenase system (HO-1 and HO-2) catalyzes the conversion of heme to free iron, carbon monoxide (CO), a vasodepressor, and biliverdin, which is further converted to bilirubin, an antioxidant. HO-1 induction has been shown to suppress arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases and cyclooxygenases (COX), and to decrease blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The Goldblatt 2K1C model is a model of renovascular hypertension in which there is increased expression of COX-2 in the macula densa and increased renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the clipped kidney. We examined whether HO-1 overexpression, as a prophylactic approach, would attenuate renovascular hypertension and evaluated potential mechanisms that may account for its effect. Methods 2K1C rats were treated with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) or tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) one day before surgery and weekly for three weeks thereafter. We measured systolic blood pressure, HO activity, HO-1, HO-2, COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression, heme content, and nitrotyrosine levels as indices of oxidative stress. Urinary prostaglandin excretion (PGE 2 ), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone levels were also measured. Results CoPP administration induced renal HO-1 expression by 20-fold and HO activity by 6-fold. This was associated with a reduction in heme content, nitrotyrosine levels, COX-2 expression and urinary PGE 2 excretion, and attenuation of the development of hypertension in the 2K1C rats. There was no decrease in plasma renin activity; however, plasma aldosterone levels were significantly lower. In the 2K1C SnMP-treated rats, blood pressure was significantly higher than that of untreated 2K1C rats throughout the study, and the difference in the size of the smaller left clipped kidney compared to the nonclipped right kidney was significantly increased. Conclusion These findings define an action of prolonged HO-1 induction to interrupt and counteract the influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to increase in blood pressure in the 2K1C model of renovascular hypertension. Multiple mechanisms include a decrease in oxidative stress as indicated by the decrease in cellular heme and nitrotyrosine levels, an anti-inflammatory action as evidenced by a decrease in COX-2 and PGE 2 , interference with the action of angiontensin II (Ang II) as evidenced by an increase in PRA in the face of a decrease in PGE 2 and aldosterone, as well as the inhibition of aldosterone synthesis.
Synthesis and photophysical characterization of a Schiff base as anion sensor

Abstract A colorimetric anion sensor was developed using the Schiff base formed from the condensation of salicylaldehyde and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol under microwave irradiation. The Schiff base portrayed a color change upon addition of fluoride, acetate and dihydrogen phosphate (DHP) ions with a substantial bathochromic shift from 342 to 450 nm. No significant color change was observed upon addition of other anions such as chloride, bromide, perchlorate, and hydrogen sulfate. The binding constants showed the binding order AcO − ≈ F − ≫ H 2 PO 4 − . Job plots indicated the formation of a (1:1) complex (receptor:anion) with fluoride, acetate and DHP. Single crystal X-ray structure of the Schiff base indicated that the compound exists in the keto-amine tautomer in the solid state.
A design comparing free- and forced-trial alternation in the rat at two interchoice intervals

The relationship between PA in the two paradigms may be quantified for a S with a constant preference for M through a quantity, E, obtained by subtracting Eq. 1 from Eq. 3. Koppenaal also described complications resulting from using the mean of individual Ss' preferences for ,M to calculate a group PA. If heterogeneous preferences exist, such a procedure will result in an overestimation of the group PA, which increases with the dispersion of the preferences. Past researchers have not considered Koppenaal's criticisms or the solutions to be presented here.
Altered basic fibroblast growth factor expression in common epidermal neoplasms: Examination with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry

Abstract Background: The fibroblast growth factor family consists of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (kFGF). The distribution of these growth factors in skin disease has not been determined. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of these growth factors in keratinocytic lesions and normal skin. Methods: Skin sections from common disorders of keratinocytes were examined by in situ hybridization with specific probes for aFGF, bFGF, and kFGF, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Of the growth factors studied, only bFGF was present in skin. bFGF messenger RNA was highly expressed in both normal epidermis and benign and malignant epithelial neoplasms. In normal skin, bFGF was expressed predominantly in a suprabasal fashion, whereas in epithelial neoplasms, homogeneous high-level expression of bFGF was observed. Conclusion: bFGF is the primary member of the fibroblast growth factor expressed in the skin. The source of synthesis of bFGF is keratinocytes. Immunoreactivity for bFGF appears to be primarily confined to upper layers of the epidermis in normal skin, but is expressed at all layers of the epidermis in both benign and malignant neoplastic conditions. Genetic changes that promote epithelial tumors may also promote translation of bFGF messenger RNA into protein. Specific inhibition of bFGF activity may have application in the treatment of common skin diseases. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:973–7.)
A mobile, wireless “Bug-in-the-ear” communication system for training and therapy

An inexpensive “bug” communication system ($34–44) is described for use in supervision and modification of trainee, client, or parent behaviors. The equipment is wireless and as mobile as are the parties using it, utilizing an FM wireless microphone, an AM/FM transistor radio, and a miniature earphone.
Cell Surface Recycling of Internalized Antigen Permits Dendritic Cell Priming of B Cells

Dendritic cells process internalized antigens to present degradative products on MHC for TCR recognition. Because antigen-exposed DCs also induce humoral immunity, DCs must also retain antigen in its native state for the engagement of BCR on B cells. Here, we demonstrate that antigen endocytosed by the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, accesses a non-degradative intracellular vesicular compartment that recycles to the cell surface, enabling interaction of native antigen with BCR on B cells. Immunization with IgG-opsonized, T independent antigens leads to enhanced humoral responses in a FcgammaRIIB and complement dependent manner. IC-loaded DCs trafficking to the splenic marginal zone can prime a T independent response in an FcgammaRIIB-dependent manner. Thus dendritic cells are equipped with both non-degradative and degradative antigen uptake pathways to facilitate antigen presentation to both B and T cells.
An analysis of recall effects in short-term memory

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which recall measures of short-term retention vary with the number of items for which recall is required. The S s looked at arrays containing from eight to 20 consonants, and were subsequently asked to recall one, four, or all of the items. Accuracy of recall was a function of both the number of items presented and the number of items requested in recall, but the effects of the two variables did not interact, the decrement in accuracy per item recalled being constant and independent of the number of items presented. It follows that although scores of total recall are inaccurate as measures of absolute retention, they are not necessarily less precise or reliable than partial recall scores.
Transseptal left heart catheterization. A review of 450 studies and description of an improved technic.

Experiences with 450 transseptal left heart catheterizations are reviewed. There were no mortalities in this series, and the only significant complication was accidental puncture of the aorta in three patients. The equipment and technic employed in the current method, by which a radiopaque catheter of large caliber is introduced into the left ventricle, are described in detail. The advantages of this modification are outlined.
Qualitative differences in sperm antibody responses in mice of different inbred strains and sexes.

Abstract To better understand the immunogenic basis and potential pathological consequences of anti-sperm humoral immunity, age-matched female mice of 9 different inbred strains were immunized with syngeneic sperm and were tested for qualitative (specificity) and quantitative (titer) antibody differences by radioimmunoassay, immunofluorescence and immunoblot techniques. All mice developed antisperm antibodies, although titers varied considerably between inbred strains. Antisperm antibodies produced in this study did not cross-react with membrane antigens on thymocytes, brain or immature testicular germ cells. Immunoblot tests identified 17 major sperm antigen bands; this approach also revealed considerable inter- and intra-strain variation in antisperm antibody specificities among female mice. In a parallel study C57BL/6 male mice demonstrated significantly lower antisperm antibody titers and an absence of response to certain sperm antigens in immunoblot tests when compared to age-matched females of the same inbred strain. These findings provide evidence that genetic factors (including sex) interact with environmental (nongenetic) factors in the control of immune responses to sperm antigens.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells

We have investigated the effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae on human brain endothelial cells (HBMECs) and human monocytes as a mechanism for breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). HBMECs and peripheral blood monocytes may be key components in controlling the entry of C. pneumoniae into the human brain. Our results indicate that C. pneumoniae infects blood vessels and monocytes in AD brain tissues compared with normal brain tissue. C. pneumoniae infection stimulates transendothelial entry of monocytes through HBMECs. This entry is facilitated by the up-regulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on HBMECs and a corresponding increase of LFA-1, VLA-4, and MAC-1 on monocytes. C. pneumoniae infection in HBMECs and THP-1 monocytes up-regulates monocyte transmigration threefold in an in vitro brain endothelial monolayer. In this way, C. pneumoniae infection in these cell types may contribute to increased monocyte migration and promote inflammation within the CNS resulting from infection at the level of the vasculature. Thus, infection at the level of the vasculature may be a key initiating factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as sporadic AD.
A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Comparison of Lipid-Related Indexes for Symptoms of Atherosclerotic Disease

Current lipid guidelines recommend that therapy be targeted primarily at low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and that other lipid indexes may be used as secondary or supplementary targets. Emerging data have suggested that measures such as non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B, or the total/HDL cholesterol ratio may be more predictive of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to directly compare the strengths of the associations among various lipid-related indexes and clinical features consistent with atherosclerotic disease. From approximately 9,500 data sets in the overall analysis, the apolipoprotein-B/HDL cholesterol ratio emerged as the strongest correlate (odds ratio 1.177 per 1 mg/dl increment, 95% confidence interval 1.063 to 1.302, p
A space efficient greedy triangulation algorithm

Abstract We show that the greedy triangulation of n points in the plane can be computed in O(n2 log (n) time and O(n) memory and storage. In particular we show that, by maintaining a generalized Delaunay triangulation, the next edge to be added to the greedy triangulation can be found in O(n) time. Furthermore, if the generalized Delaunay triangulation of a simple polygon could be computed in O(n) time, our algorithm would compute the greedy triangulation in O(n2) time.
Factors Modifying Chlorpromazine Hyperthermia in Young Albino Mice

The administration of dextro -tubocurarine immediately before chlorpromazine was ineffective in modifying the temperature responses of the phenothiazine in 10- and 38-day-old mice. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide, a metabolite of chlorpromazine, produced a profound temperature rise in 10-day-old mice. Morphine sulfate, when given to 10-day-old mice, produced a significant rise in body temperature, which was inhibited completely by the previous administration of nalorphine. In contrast, nalorphine was shown to be ineffective in modifying the body temperature elevation caused by chlorpromazine in this age group. Pilocarpine inhibited the thermogenic response of chlorpromazine by approximately 50 per cent. Cocaine, dl -amphetamine, and reserpine, although demonstrating hyperthermic activity in 10-day-old mice, were unable to modify the response of chlorpromazine on the body temperature of 10-day-old mice. Tripelennamine and insulin, which individually were without a temperature response, were also incapable of altering the temperature response elicited by chlorpromazine in 10-day-old mice. Insulin lowered the blood sugar level significantly in 10-day-old mice, a response not affected by chlorpromazine. The administration of iproniazid before chlorpromazine caused a slight augmentation of the hyperthermic response of the latter, while sodium cyanide, lysergic acid diethylamide, and brom-lysergic acid produced a marked inhibition of the hyperthermic activity of chlorpromazine in 10-day-old mice.
Hunter screening design to understand the product variability of solid dispersion formulation of a peptide antibiotic.

Abstract The focus of present research was to understand and control the variability of solid dispersion (SD) formulation of non-ribosomal peptide antibiotic, vancomycin (VCM). Hunter screening design was constructed using seven independent variables namely melting temperature ( X 1 ), congealing temperature ( X 2 ), mixing time ( X 3 ), type of capsule shell ( X 4 ), filling method ( X 5 ), molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG, X 6 ) and surfactant type ( X 7 ), and responses measured were cumulative percentage of VCM released in 45 min ( Y 1 ) and potency ( Y 2 ). The SD formulations were prepared by melt-fusion method, and tested for dissolution, potency, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI). Statistically significant ( p X 2 ), type of capsule shell ( X 4 ), filling method ( X 5 ), molecular weight of PEG ( X 6 ) was revealed on Y 1 , and R 2 of 0.992 was obtained between experimental and predicted value. None of the factors have statistically significant ( p > 0.05) influence on Y 2 . SEM, DSC and PXRD indicated crystalline nature of SD formulations. Homogeneity of SD formulations was shown by NIR-CI images. In summary, the quality of VCM SD formulations could be assured by controlling the critical factors during manufacturing.
Repeatability Estimates in Sensory-Panel Selection

SUMMARY Repeatability estimates applied to panel selection enable the experimenter to predict the proportion of judges whose sensitivity can satisfy established specifications. Repeatability estimates of different test designs indicated paired comparison to be more sensitive than the 3-sample binomial design. Studies on sessions of extended length indicate that protracted testing may provide a more reliable basis of panel selection than short-period testing does.
Validity of Self-Reported Weight and Stature of American Indian Youth

Stature, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained by self-reports and by measurements for 69 American Indian youth, 12-19 years of age, to determine the validity of self-reported values for research and clinical use. Self-reported weight was significantly less than measured weight by 2.64 kg and 2.76 kg for boys and girls, respectively. There was no systematic bias in self-reported stature in either sex. BMI based on self-reported values was significantly less than measured BMI by about 1 kg/m2 in each sex. Reporting errors for weight and BMI were related to measured size, with the greatest underestimates at the highest values of measured weight and BMI. If the patterns observed in this sample exist more widely, self-reported measures may not be acceptable proxies for measured values. Language: en
Measurement Model Exploring a Syndemic in Emerging Adult Gay and Bisexual Men

The current study was designed to develop a better understanding of the nature of the relationships between mental health burden, drug use, and unprotected sexual behavior within a sample of emerging adult gay and bisexual men, ages 18–19 (N = 598) and to test a theory of syndemics using structural equation modeling. Participants were actively recruited from community-based settings and the Internet for participation in a seven-wave cohort study. Data for participant characteristics and mental health were collected via computer-assisted survey, while drug use and unprotected sex behaviors for the month prior to assessment were collected via a calendar-based technique. Using the baseline data, we developed and tested structural equation models for mental health burden, drug use, and unprotected sex and also tested a second-order model for a single syndemic. First-order measurement models for each of the three epidemics were successfully identified using observed data. Tests of a second-order model seeking to explain the three epidemics as a single syndemic fit poorly. However, a second-order construct comprised of mental health burden and drug use fit the data well and was highly associated with the first-order construct of unprotected sex. The findings advance a theory of syndemics and suggest that in order to be maximally effective both HIV prevention and HIV care must be delivered holistically such that sexual risk behaviors are addressed in relation to, and in sync with, the drug use and mental health of the individual.
Population Syntheses for Neutron Star Systems with Intrinsic Kicks

We use a Monte Carlo binary synthesis code to model the formation and evolution of neutron star systems including high-mass X-ray binaries, low-mass X-ray binaries, double neutron star systems, and radio pulsars. Our focus is on the signature imprinted on such systems due to natal kicks to neutron stars over and above that imparted by orbital motions. The code incorporates the effect of the galactic potential (including rotation) on the velocities of these systems. A comparison between our models and the observations leads us to infer mean natal kicks 400-500 km s-1. Moreover, to be consistent with all the data, we require a bimodal kick distribution with one peak in the distribution near 0 km s-1 and the other above 600 km s-1.
Maternal Endocrine Activation During Pregnancy Alters Neurobehavioral State in Primate Infants

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate whether maternal endocrine activation during pregnancy would affect the neurobehavioral state of primate offspring in a manner similar to that observed in human infants from pregnancies involving maternal substance abuse or maternal stress. METHOD Twenty-two rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants were derived from females administered either adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which increased the mother's endocrine activity, or saline solutions for 14 consecutive days during mid-pregnancy. On days 15 and 30 postpartum, infants underwent brief separations from their mothers and were videotaped for later evaluation of neurobehavioral state. RESULTS Infants from mothers administered ACTH spent significantly more time in a drowsy state than did controls (p < .04), and the increased drowsiness tended to be most pronounced during the postseparation period, when acute stress was highest. In contrast, controls remained in a more active alert state (p < .03), presumably searching for their mother, a species-typical adaptive response to maternal separation. Female infants spent more time in distressed state than did males on day 15, and the proportion of time in distressed state decreased in all infants after administration of .2 ml of 24% sucrose solution. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that neurobehavioral state alterations are found in infants from mothers with increased endocrine activity during pregnancy. Neurobehavioral state disorganization can have an adverse impact on the human infant's concurrent and subsequent occupational performance. These findings establish the usefulness of the nonhuman primate model for advancing knowledge on early contributions to the development of human infant occupational behavior.
The apparent illusion of conscious deciding

Recent work in cognitive science suggests that conscious thought plays a much less central role in the production of human behavior than most think. Partially on the basis of this work, Peter Carruthers has advanced the claim that humans never consciously decide to act. This claim is of independent interest for action theory, and its potential truth poses a problem for theories of free will and autonomy, which often take our capacity to consciously decide to be of central importance. In this article, I examine the nature of conscious deciding and I argue that Carruthers fails to establish the claim that humans never consciously decide to act.