cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of UHF Multipliers for Space Probe Communications

T GREATLY increased communication ranges and the antenna pointing accuracy required for present-day space vehicles have created a need for greatly improved rocket telemetry. Systems using correlation techniques based on recent advances in information theory appear to be the answer. However installation of such systems into rocket vehicles creates immediate problems. Thus, when correlation communication equipment is installed into rocketpowered space vehicles, the phase stability of the airborne units becomes a major design criterion. Although many available electronic components perform satisfactorily in the environment, it has been found that ultra high frequency (UHF) cavities of conventional design cannot be used. The essential requirements for the UHF cavities are phase stability, light weight and high efficiency. A typical phase-coherent communication system uses phase modulation of the carrier in order to transmit intelligence over the radio link. A phase detector at the receiver accomplishes the desired demodulation. If the transmitter is to operate in the microwave region, a combination of very high, ultra high and microwave frequency multipliers may be used to obtain the desired output frequency for transmitter or local oscillator purposes. The multiplier chain is driven from a highly stable VHF oscillator source so as to insure phase coherence for the system.
Achilles tendon healing : a correlation between functional and mechanical performance in the rat

The pathogenesis and treatment of rupture of the Achilles tendon remain a source of controversy. This study presents the results of a biomechanical, functional, and morphological evaluation of a group of rats that had division and repair of the Achilles tendon. A total of 46 rats were used: 18 for biomechanical testing, 18 for functional evaluation, and 10 for histology. Morphological examination revealed an early inflammatory response with loose connective tissue formation that was replaced gradually by fibroblasts and a collagenous matrix. The functional evaluation (Achilles functional index [AFI]) was made from measurements of the hind pawprints of walking rats. Division and repair of the Achilles tendon produced a significant functional impairment (mean [+/- SEM] AFI = -87 +/- 8; p < 0.001), which gradually improved with healing time. The load to failure for the repaired tendons consistently improved with healing time, in a manner similar to the functional recovery. The average deformation (repair/control) varied considerably and was not related to healing time. The stiffness of the repaired tendons increased with healing time and was 60% of the corresponding control side by day 15. The major finding of this study was a strong correlation between the AFI and the failure load of the healing tendon-bone constructs (250-300 g group, r = 0.97, p < 0.001; 325-375 g group, r = 0.96, p < 0.001).
The role of erbB2 signal transduction pathways in human breast cancer

The erbB2 receptor is expressed at very high levels in nearly 30% of human breast cancer patients and plays an important role in the transformation and the prognosis of breast cancer. While evidence accumulates to support the relationship between erbB2 overexpression and poor overall survival in human breast cancer, understanding of the biological consequence(s) of erbB2 overexpression remains elusive. Our recent discovery, cloning, sequencing, and expression of the erbB2 ligand (gp30) has allowed us to identify a number of related but distinct biological endpoints which appear responsive to signal transduction through the erbB2 receptor. These endpoints of growth, invasiveness, and differentiation have clear implications for the emergence, maintenance, and/or control of malignancy, and represent established endpoints in the assessment of malignant progression in breast cancer. Studiesin vitro have shown that gp30 induces a biphasic growth effect (induction of growth at low concentrations and inhibition of growth at high concentrations) on cells with erbB2 over-expression. Strikingly, we have recently observed that the erbB2 signalling pathway can be modulated by estrogen acting through the estrogen receptor (ER). Conversely, we observed that down regulation of erbB2 by estrogen can be blocked by gp30 acting through the erbB2 receptor. Clearly, mechanistic aspects of the erbB2/ligand interaction need to be understood from a therapeutic standpoint, and may furthermore provide additional insights into treatment synergy for particular patients. We think that these studies will facilitate the emergence of erbB2-targeted therapy.
Columbia university school of library service system for thesaurus development and maintenance

Abstract A system for computer-based thesaurus production and maintenance has been developed at Columbia University School of Library Service. The system is highly flexible, providing for all the types of data elements which have been used in both thesauri and subject heading lists, with additional features found to be useful as a result of the ongoing research program at Columbia. Three thesauri in widely varying subject fields are in the final stages of production under the system. As a result of the simultaneous development of the thesauri (based on actual indexing universes) and of the production system, which is part of a larger program of research in information handling problems, a variety of new techniques and procedures have been developed as their usefulness became evident.
A novel sinonasal endoscopy scoring system: the discharge, inflammation, and polyps/edema (DIP) score

Background: There is an increasing need for a validated grading system to assess sinusitis severity as observed on endoscopic examination. Existing endoscopy scales have limitations in complexity, validation, and/or applicability. We present a novel and straightforward endoscopic scoring system measuring discharge, inflammation, and polyps/edema (DIP). The aim of this study is to determine correlation of the DIP score with existing sinus endoscopy scoring systems, and to determine interrater and test-retest reliability. Methods: This retrospective cohort includes a total of 29 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis. Sinus endoscopy videos were scored in a random and blinded fashion by 3 rhinologists (S.D.P., A.N.G., A.H.M.) using the Lund-Kennedy Endoscopic Score (LKES), the Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) score, and the DIP score. Pearson correlation coefficients, interrater reliability and test-retest reliability were determined. Results: The results of this study show that the DIP score correlates well (p < 0.0001) with the existing LKES and POSE (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.90, respectively). The interrater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is highest for the DIP score (0.87), followed by the POSE score (0.84) and the LKES (0.78). Test-retest reliability ICC is highest for the DIP score (0.78), followed by the POSE score (0.59) and the LKES (0.53). Conclusion: The DIP score is a novel and straightforward endoscopic sinus scoring system that shows substantial test-retest and interrater reliability in the post-FESS population. It also demonstrates a high correlation with existing scoring parameters (LKES and POSE). © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Comparing the ns-3 Propagation Models

An important aspect of any network simulation that models wireless networks is the design and implementation of the Propagation Loss Model. The propagation loss model is used to determine the wireless signal strength at the set of receivers for any packet being transmitted by a single transmitter. There are a number of different ways to model this phenomenon, and these vary both in terms of computational complexity and in the measured performance of the wireless network being modeled. In fact, the ns -- 3 simulator presently has 11 different loss models included in the simulator library. We performed a detailed study of these models, comparing their overall performance both in terms of the computational complexity of the algorithms, as well as the measured performance of the wireless network being simulated. The results of these simulation experiments are reported and discussed. Not surprisingly, we observed considerable variation in both metrics.
Changes in the physical properties of bread during storage

The aim of this work was to compare the physical properties of breadcrumb during five days of storage in vacuum containers and polyethylene bags. On the basis of result it was stated, that storage of baguettes in vacuum condition and in polyethylene foil did not prevent the staling of breadcrumb. Hardness of breadcrumb stored in plastic bags on the fifth day was higher than hardness of bread stored in vacuum containers. The others texture values did not differ significantly on the fifth day of storage between packaging methods. The changes in water activity values both in vacuum containers and polyethylene bags were negligible during storage. Increase in lightness and decrease in yellowness were observed over the storage period, regardless of packaging method, while the values of a* remained essentially unchanged.
Diffusion, decolonializing, and participatory action research.

Miki Takasuna describes knowledge transfer between elite communities of scientists, a process by which ideas become structurally transformed in the host culture. By contrast, a process that we have termed knowledge transfer by de-elitization occurs when (a) participatory action researchers work with a community to identify a problem involving oppression or exploitation. Then (b) community members suggest solutions and acquire the tools of analysis and action to pursue social actions. (c) Disadvantaged persons thereby become more aware of their own abilities and resources, and persons with special expertise become more effective. (d) Rather than detachment and value neutrality, this joint process involves advocacy and structural transformation. In the examples of participatory action research documented here, Third World social scientists collaborated with indigenous populations to solve problems of literacy, community-building, land ownership, and political voice. Western social scientists, inspired by these non-Western scientists, then joined in promoting PAR both in the Third World and in Europe and the Americas, e.g., adapting it for solving problems of people with disabilities or disenfranchised women. Emancipatory goals such as these may even help North American psychologists to break free of some methodological chains and to bring about social and political change.
THRUST PERFORMANCE OF MICROMACHINED SYNTHETIC JETS

ABSTRACT The performance of synthetic jets produced by an electrostatically driven acoustic resonator is discussed. A reduced order model of the coupled membrane motion and acoustic field in the resonator is used to determine thrust and power consumption. The coupled system presents unique features depending on the pressure coupling parameter defined as the ratio of the pressure force on the membrane to its inertia. Thrust output increases as the pressure coupling parameter decreases and for stiffer membranes. Theoretical thrust performance of the order of 50 mN per resonator, andpower to thrust ratio in th e range 20-60 m/s could be achieved. We report also progress in the development of a micro propulsion system based on synthetic jets. Measurements of the membrane deformation and flow at the exit of the synthetic jets are reported. the ejector exit area, and U INTRODUCTION resulting in higher Reynolds number. Also, at The development of high impulse momentum sources for application to micro propulsion and flow control remains a very difficult challenge. Recently zero-mass-flux synthetic jets have been proposed as an actuator for flow control
Getting granite dikes out of the source region

Whether a dike can propagate far from a magma reservoir depends upon the competition between the rate at which propagation widens the dike and the rate at which freezing constricts the aperture available for magma flow. Various formulations are developed for a viscous fluid at temperature T(sub m) intruding a growing crack in an elastic solid. The initial solid temperature equals T(sub m) at the source and decreases linearly with distance from the source. If T(sub m) is the unique freezing temperature of the fluid, dike growth is initially self-similar and an essentially exact solution is obtained; if T(sub m) is above the solidus temperature, the solution is approximate but is designed to overestimate the distance the dike may propagate. The ability of a dike to survive thermally depends primarily upon a single parameter that is a measure of the ratio of the dike frozen margin thickness to elastic thickness. Perhaps more intuitively, one may define a minimum distance from the essentially solid reservoir wall to the point at which the host rock temperature drops below the solidus, necessary for dikes to propagate far into subsolidus rock. It is concluded that for reasonable material properties and source conditions, most basalt dikes will have little difficulty leaving the source region, but most rhyolite dikes will be halted by freezing soon after the magma encounters rock at temperatures below the magma solidus. While these results can explain why granitic dikes are common near granitic plutons but rare elsewhere, the potentially large variation in magmatic systems makes it premature to rule out the possibility that most granites are transported through the crust in dikes. Nonetheless, these results highlight difficulties with such proposals and suggest that it may also be premature to rule out the possibility that most granite plutons ascend as more equidimensional bodies.
Getting There: Update on Recommendations by the Commission on Education of the Deaf

Major progress on the recommendations of the Commission on Education of the Deaf was made by the Education of the Deaf Act Amendments of 1992 (PL 102-421); the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992 (PL 102-569); and a U.S. Department of Education "Notice of Policy Guidance" clarifying its views on the commission's recommendations about elementary and secondary education. The changes, taken together, brought implementation of commission recommendations almost to closure. They also represented significant steps forward on behalf of deaf children, youth, and adults, setting the stage for further progress.
Steady state forced response of a mechanical oscillator with combined parametric excitation and clearance type non-linearity

A mechanical system exhibiting combined parametric excitation and clearance type non-linearity is examined analytically and experimentally in an effort to explain complex behavior that is commonly observed in the steady state forced response of rotating machines. The specific case of a preloaded mechanical oscillator having a periodically time-varying stiffness function and subject to a symmetric backlash condition is considered. A generalized solution methodology is proposed based on the harmonic balance method. The resulting non-linear algebraic equations are solved by using a direct Newton-Raphson technique, in which a closed form Jacobian matrix is computed using frequency domain methods. Analytical solutions are validated by comparison with numerical integration results and experimental measurements obtained from a gear dynamics test rig.
Spline-surface interpolation, spatial filtering, and trend surfaces for geological mapped variables

Spline surfaces are interpolated for top of the Dundee Limestone of the central Michigan Basin, USA. The requirement of gridded data render spline functions inappropriate tools for representing many types of geological mapped data. Comparisons are drawn with maps for the same Michigan data based on trend surfaces and spatial filtering.
Automatic set-up planning for metal cutting: an integrated methodology

Automatic set-up planning has been regarded as a challenging task in computer-aided process planning (CAPP), which is a critical link in the integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Solving this problem is a top priority for CAD/CAM researchers and developers. Many researchers have worked on the problem and proposed different solutions based on geometry analysis, precedence constraint analysis, kinematic analysis, force analysis and tolerance analysis. However, these solutions generally use an ad hoc approach rather than a systematic approach. Consequently, the solutions can sometimes be impractical. An integrated methodology is presented to generate set-ups and select set-up datums and to determine set-up sequence. The methodology can deal successfully with a variety of components, thus providing a practical solution to the set-up planning problem that is crucial to the metal cutting industry.
Assignment of proton NMR spectra and conformational analysis by two-dimensional heteronuclear relayed correlation NMR spectroscopy

The method of two-dimensional heteronuclear relayed correlation spectroscopy was used to establish the assignment of the severely overcrowded part of the proton spectrum of menthol by relating it to the previously assigned carbon spectrum. Extrapolation of the signal-to-noise ratio obtained with overnight data accumulation on a 10 mM solution suggests that this experiment should be feasible on as little as 10 mg of a moderate-sized organic compound.
Layered machinable ceramics for high temperature applications

Recently the authors reported on the fabrication and characterization of a layered ternary compound Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}, that was found to combine many of the best attributes of metals and ceramics. Like metals it is an excellent electric and thermal conductor, easily machinable, relatively soft, not susceptible to thermal shock and behaves plastically at higher temperatures. Like ceramics it is oxidation resistant, refractory, and, most importantly, it maintains its strength to temperatures that render the best superalloys available today unusable. Upon realizing the remarkable properties exhibited by Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} the authors carried out a literature search for other compounds with the same chemistry. They found one only, namely: Ti{sub 3}GeC{sub 2} which has properties that are very similar to Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. The first is to demonstrate the similarities between the properties of the H-phases, Ti{sub 3}GeC{sub 2} and Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2}. The second is to present some compelling microstructural evidence that indicates that these compounds behave as polycrystalline nanolaminates. To that effect the authors fabricated and characterized the following H-phases: Ti{sub 2}AlC, Ti{sub 2}AlN, Ti{sub 2}GeC and as well as Ti{sub 3}GeC{sub 2}. In addition they fabricated V{sub 2}AlC, Ta{sub 2}AlC,more » and Nb{sub 2}AlC and tested their machinability.« less
The "caudate-spindle". III. Inhibition by high frequency stimulation of subcortical structures.

1. 1. In cats, high frequency stimulation of a number of subcortical structures reversibly abolishes spindle bursts triggered by low frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus. 2. 2. Cortical spindles induced by either the ipsi- or contralateral caudate could be inhibited by high frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation, the hypothalamus, the globus pallidus (incl. the n. entopeduncularis), the fields of Forel and some medial thalamic nuclei (e.g., the nucleus centrum medianum). 3. 3. More rostral and lateral structures (e.g., the caudate itself, the putamen and the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus) produce a unilateral effect at threshold intensities of stimulation. Spindles caused by stimulation of the ipsilateral, but not of the contralateral caudate were inhibited under these conditions. 4. 4. High frequency stimulation of the medial amygdala, rostral thalamic midline nuclei and the relay nuclei failed to block “caudate-spindles”. 5. 5. Spindle-producing sites were also studied and found to coincide largely with recruiting sites.
Individualized therapy of HHT driven by network analysis of metabolomic profiles

Background Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease with a varying range of phenotypes involving abnormal vasculature primarily manifested as arteriovenous malformations in various organs, including the nose, brain, liver, and lungs. The varied presentation and involvement of different organ systems makes the choice of potential treatment medications difficult.
Functional MRI and Wada Determination of Language Lateralization: A Case of Crossed Dominance

The Wada test has historically been the conventional procedure for determining language lateralization before neurosurgery. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a less invasive alternative to the Wada procedure. Research indicates that the two techniques used together may provide comparable, and sometimes complementary, information that results in improved prediction of postsurgical language ability. We present a case in which use of fMRI in conjunction with Wada testing provided complementary information about language lateralization before neurosurgical resection of a mesial temporal subependymoma for seizure control in a patient with schizencephaly.
Positive Manhood Development: A Look at Approaches and Concerns from the Frontline

This mixed methods study, using the perspectives of administrators and frontline workers, identified the key developmental needs of African American boys involved in manhood development programs. Five conceptual themes emerged: values and behavior; men needed for guidance; successful organizations; economics and systems; and stable quality parenting. Themes from the conceptual clusters are compared to themes in the positive youth development literature, specifically the 40 developmental assets framework proposed by the Search Institute. The resulting distinctive ecological focus is rarely discussed in the youth development literature and may have implications for youth development interventions that target positive African American manhood development.
EFFECT OF HIGH VOIDAGE ON MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A FLUIDIZED BED

Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine the gas-solid mass transfer coefficient for the air-naphthalene system under fast-fluidized conditions. The data were obtained under conditions of high voidage (as high as 98%) and high gas velocities (0·5 m/s-2·2 m/s). The results indicate that the correlation for the mass-transfer coefficient in a gas-solid fluidized bed under low voidage conditions established by previous investigators can be extended to the fast fluidization regime. Significantly lower mass transfer coefficients were, however, obtained under high voidage compared to low voidage conditions.
Closed-Loop behavior of a feedback-controlled flexible arm: a comparative study

The dynamics of mechanical systems with distributed flexi bility are described by infinite-dimensional mathematical models. In order to design afinite-dimensional controller, a finite-dimensional m...
Thiol-mediated incorporation of radiolabel from 1-[14C]-methyl-4-phenyl-5-nitrosoimidazole into DNA. A model for the biological activity of 5-nitroimidazoles.

Abstract 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-5-nitrosoimidazole (5NO), which has properties consistent with the biologically active form of a 5-nitroimidazole, was radiolabeled (1-[ 14 C]-methyl) and shown to bind to DNA, but at a rate too slow to account for its bactericidal effect. In the presence of physiological intracellular concentrations of such thiols as glutathione, however, binding was enhanced by 2–3 orders of magnitude, which is quantitatively sufficient to account for the bactericidal effect of 5NO. That 5NO binding was greater for poly[d(G-C) · d(G-C)J than for poly[d(A-T) · d(A-T)J suggests that the reactive species binds to nucleophilic bases on DNA, a suggestion which is also supported by our finding of a thiol-dependent reaction to form an adduct between 5NO and aniline.
Managing Prisoners as Problem Populations and the Evolving Nature of Imprisonment: A Convict Perspective

This article employs a convict perspective toexamine the evolving nature of imprisonment inthe United States. Drawing from the prisonliterature, and placed within the politicaleconomy of the wider society, it utilizespersonal accounts of the author (an ex-convict)and his interactions with prisoners to providea critical look at the changing structures,inequities, and hierarchical social relationsof the prison system and their effect on thelives of people behind bars.
Sex Differences in Fear of Crime among Older People

This study tests the hypothesis that women are more fearful of crime than are men among a sample of persons aged 55 and over. Although this hypothesis has been supported by many previous studies of both elderly and general populations, the meaning and explanation of this relationship have not been successfully ascertained. Fear of crime is measured here by thirteen separate items. The results show that women are not more fearful of crime in general, but rather express greater apprehension of walking alone in their neighborhoods at night. This may be related to women's lower self-assessed abilities to protect themselves against assault. Sex differences on all other dimensions of fear of crime are negligible.
Sequence analysis of the X-linked USP26 gene in severe male factor infertility patients and fertile controls

The 1090C>T,L364F variant of the ubiquitin protease 26 (USP26) gene does not appear to be related to male infertility. Mutations of the USP26 gene do not appear to be a common cause of idiopathic azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia.
Predicting postoperative day 1 hematocrit levels after uncomplicated hysterectomy

Objective To develop a model for predicting postoperative hematocrit levels after uncomplicated hysterectomy.
Modeling for Residential Electricity Optimization in Dynamic Pricing Environments

This paper proposes an energy scheduling model and optimization algorithms for residential electricity consumers who attempt to optimally schedule their electricity consumption, generation and storage in a dynamic pricing environment. We describe an optimization problem which integrates electric, thermodynamic, economic, comfort, and possibly environmental parameters. We present the algorithmic solution and provide simulations results, based on a robust optimization approach which minimizes the impact of stochastic input on the objective function. We argue that the scheduling problem is complex enough to be beyond the analytical capabilities of average residential customers. This result supports the need of scheduling controllers deployed as Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS).
CUTting genetic noise by polyadenylation-induced RNA degradation

Silencing of genomic regions in eukaryotes is thought to be the result of transcriptional repression. Recent results show that nuclear RNA degradation plays a major role in discarding RNA molecules with no obvious roles that are produced by cryptic RNA polymerase II transcription throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. These cryptic transcripts are polyadenylated at their 3′-end by a poly(A) polymerase complex distinct from that used by the mRNA factory, which serves to tag these aberrant transcripts for nuclear degradation.
Temporal correlation between coda Q -1 and seismicity—evidence for a structural unit in the brittle-ductile transition zone

Abstract Analysis of local earthquake coda waves recorded on Wood-Anderson (1940–1947) and Benioff (after 1947) short-period vertical seismographs at station Mt. Hamilton, Calif., revealed a large temporal variation in coda Q−1. A strong positive correlation was found between the temporal variation of coda Q−1 and the number of earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0⩽M⩽4.5 appearing in a series of 100 consecutive earthquakes with a magnitude M⩾3.0. A correlation coefficient of 0.84 was determined with a confidence level of 0.98. The amplitude and time constant of variation in coda Q−1 for central California are similar to those found earlier for southern California (Jin and Aki, 1989). The strong correlation between coda Q−1 and b-value reported by Jin and Aki (1989) was shown to be equivalent to a positive correlation between coda Q−1 and the fractional number of earthquakes with a magnitude 3.0⩽M⩽3.5. A review of the literature reporting observed temporal correlation between coda Q−1 and b-value (both positive and negative) revealed that all the reported observations can be interpreted in terms of a positive correlation between the coda Q−1 and the fractional frequency of earthquakes in a magnitude range around a certain magnitude, Mc, characteristic to each region. This positive correlation has been attributed to the aseismic creep in the brittle-ductile transition zone. Aseismic creep in the transition zone may occur over fractures with a characteristic size for each region. The existence of fractures with a characteristic size would necessarily violate the scale independent self-similarity of earthquake phenomena. This is consistent with the growing literature demonstrating a departure from self-similarity in various seismic phenomena.
Ge2H2 a π-ligand in organometallic chemistry

Abstract η 2 π-Complexes of Ge 2 H 2 with the organometallic fragments V(PH 3 ) 2 (I)(CO) 2 , Cr(CO) 4 , Co(PH 3 ) 2 (Cl) and M(PH 3 ) 2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) have been studied at the B3LYP level using the SBKJC relativistic effective core potentials and their associated basis sets on metals and iodine, and the 6-31G(d) basis set on all other elements. The transition metal fragments of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Pd and Pt were chosen based on known alkyne compounds. All the complexes are local minima for both the HGeGeH and GeGeH 2 isomers of the Ge 2 H 2 ligand. The complexes containing GeGeH 2 isomer as a ligand are lower in energy than those with the HGeGeH ligand (except in the V complex in which the difference is only 1.0 kcal/mol). There is a net charge transfer from ligand to metal in complexes V–Co and from metal to ligand in late transition metal complexes (Ni–Pt).
Constrained Hough Transforms for Curve Detection

This paper describes techniques to perform fast and accurate curve detection using constrained Hough transforms, in which localization error can be propagated efficiently into the parameter space. We first review a formal definition of Hough transform and modify it to allow the formal treatment localization error. We then analyze current Hough transform techniques with respect to this definition. It is shown that the Hough transform can be subdivided into many small subproblems without a decrease in performance, where each subproblem is constrained to consider only those curves that pass through some subset of the edge pixels up to the localization error. This property allows us to accurately and efficiently propagate localization error into the parameter space such that curves are detected robustly without finding false positives. The use of randomization techniques yields an algorithm with a worst-case complexity ofO(n), wherenis the number of edge pixels in the image, if we are only required to find curves that are significant with respect to the complexity of the image. Experiments are discussed that indicate that this method is superior to previous techniques for performing curve detection and results are given showing the detection of lines and circles in real images.
Carbonium ion salts. Part 16. Molecular orbital study of tropylium ions with borane anion and carborane substituents (hemiousene compounds)

Abstract We have extended our ab initio study of substituted tropylium ions to examine several known and postulated hemiousene compounds where the ring has a substituent derived from a polyhedral borane anion, carborane, or carborane anion. Tropyliumyl derivatives of the borane anions closo -B 10 H 10 2− , closo -B 12 H 12 2− , and closo -CB 9 H 10 − are Type III substituted tropylium ions with substituent to ring charge-transfer in the HOMO–LUMO (HL) transition. An additional boron electron pair of the closo -cage in 2-C 7 H 6 –B 10 H 9 − and C 7 H 6 –B 12 H 11 − is completely delocalized over cage and ring. Tropyliumyl derivates of the carborane and carborane anions closo -C 2 B 10 H 12 and closo -CB 11 H 12 − are Type II substituted tropylium ions with polarization of ring π-system by substituent and little if any charge-transfer HL interaction. The tropyliumyl derivative of nido -C 2 B 9 H 12 − is in a class by itself; however both theory and experiment demonstrate that it has strong HL charge-transfer like a Type III ion.
Phototactic responses of unfed walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma larvae : comparisons with other measures of condition

The capability of unfed walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, larvae to swim horizontally towards light was used as a sensitive, sublethal measure of larval condition. At 9°C, positive phototaxis and swimming ability of larvae was fully developed by 4–6 d after hatching, then decreased steadily until death by 12 d after hatching. This measure of larval condition corresponded closely with previously established benchmarks of larval condition, including first feeding, yolksac absorption, point of no return and death by starvation. The presence and timing of behavioral deficits associated with starvation, such as decreased ability to swim, feed and avoid predators, may have significant effects on the ability of larvae to vertically migrate, avoid predators and find and capture food.
Thyroid gland: Pregnancy--a risk factor for thyroid surgery complications.

Pregnancy can exacerbate endocrinopathies and obscure their diagnosis in patients with parathyroid or thyroid disease. A large, population-based study published in Archives of Surgery demonstrates that pregnant women carry an increased risk of surgical complications, longer hospitalization and higher costs from parathyroid and thyroid surgery than nonpregnant patients.
Critical exponents of the three-state potts model

Abstract The Fernandez-Pacheco duality invariant renormalization group is applied to the hamiltonian version of the two-dimensional three-state Potts model. The fixed point is located at exactly the self-dual critical point K∗ = 1. The thermal exponent is calculated to be yT=1.1814. This value is in excellent agreement with the low temperature series expansion result of Zwanzig and Ranshaw (yT = 1.174) and the strong coupling expansion result of Elitzur, Pearson and Shigemitsu (yT = 1.190). It also seems to lend strong support to den Nijs' recent conjecture that the exact value should be yT = 6/5.
Expression of a pea disease resistance response gene in the potato cultivar Shepody

The coding sequence from the pea disease resistance response gene 49 (DRR49 gene), was transferred into the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Shepody viaAgrobacterium co-cultivation. Potato leaf explants were co-cultivated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector containing the coding sequence from the DRR49 gene under the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Transformed potato plants were selected by their resistance to kanamycin. The insertion of foreign DNAs was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. The expression of DRR49 coding sequence was confirmed via the detection of the corresponding mRNA in northern blot analysis. Field pathogenicity tests indicated that transgenic plants expressing the pea DRR49 mRNA have higher tuber yields than the control plants when grown in PED (potato early dying) infested soil.
Optimally sparse shearlet approximations of 3D data

Sparse representations of multidimensional data have gained more and more prominence in recent years, in response to the need to process large and multi-dimensional data sets arising from a variety of applications in a timely and effective manner. This is especially important in applications such as remote sensing, satellite imagery, scientific simulations and electronic surveillance. Directional multiscale systems such as shearlets are able to provide sparse representations thanks to their ability to approximate anisotropic features much more efficiently than traditional multiscale representations. In this paper, we show that the shearlet approach is essentially optimal in representing a large class of 3D containing discontinuities along surfaces. This is the first nonadaptive approach to achieve provably optimal sparsity properties in the 3D setting.
A characterization of multivariate quasi-interpolation formulas and its applications

Let ? be a compactly supported function on ? s andS (?) the linear space withgenerator ?; that is,S (?) is the linear span of the multiinteger translates of ?. It is well known that corresponding to a generator ? there are infinitely many quasi-interpolation formulas. A characterization of these formulas is presented which allows for their direct calculation in a variety of forms suitable to particular applications, and in addition, provides a clear formulation of the difficult problem of minimally supported quasi-interpolants. We introduce a generalization of interpolation called μ-interpolation and a notion of higher order quasi-interpolation called μ-approximation. A characterization of μ-approximants similar to that of quasi-interpolants is obtained with similar applications. Among these applications are estimating least-squares approximants without matrix inversion, surface fitting to incomplete or semi-scattered discrete data, and constructing generators with one-point quasi-interpolation formulas. It will be seen that the exact values of the generator ? at the multi-integers ? s facilitates the above study. An algorithm to yield this information for box splines is discussed.
Multiplicity of monochromatic solutions to x+y<z

For integers n>=1 and k>=0, let M"k(n) represent the minimum number of monochromatic solutions to x+y=0, M"k(n)=Cn^3(1+o"k(1)), where C=112(1+22)^2~0.005686. A structural result is also proven, which can be used to determine the exact value of M"k(n) for given k and n.
Quantification of trans fatty acid content in French fries of local food service retailers using attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The contents of trans fatty acids in French fries served at the local food service retailers in Honolulu were determined by simple Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique without the pretreatment of fatty acid extraction. A horizontal attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal made of zinc selenide (ZnSe) was used to obtain FTIR spectra of French fries with and without fatty acid extraction. Residual oil films obtained by pressing French fries directly on the ATR crystal surface without removal of any solid particles or air bubbles were scanned for the spectral measurement. The calibration set consisted of triolein (C18:1, 9-cis) and trielaidin (C18:1, 9-trans) mixed in varying ratios. All spectral data were averaged and converted into GRAMS format. The peak heights of each spectrum at 966 cm−1 were found to be linearly correlated with the contents of trans fatty acids in the validation set (n = 8, R2 = 0.9835). The developed calibration model was validated by comparing the results obtained from the ATR-FTIR with Mojonnier extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS).
Fault Tree Approach for the Reliability Analysis of Gear Trains

Utilisation des arbres de defauts pour le calcul de la fiabilite des transmissions a engrenages
Thermal stability of black turtle soup bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectins

A method for determining the thermal stability of porcine thyroglobulin (PTG)-binding lectins in whole black turtle soup beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is described. The procedure utilises PTG-Sepharose affinity chromatography and the Folin-Ciocalteau protein assay. The majority of lectin activity in whole black turtle soup beans was destroyed by heating presoaked beans at 97.8°C for 10 min whereas unsoaked beans required 20 min of heat treatment at 97.8°C. Residual lectin activity was eliminated by thermally processing the presoaked and unsoaked beans for 25 and 50 min at 97.8°C, respectively. Thermal inactivation of the lectin in the whole seed is a biphasic, first-order reaction mechanism. Lectin-rat intestinal epithelial cell binding studies indicated the presence of a second lectin in the BTS albumin protein fraction. The lectin lacked an affinity for PTG and was inactivated by heating unsoaked whole beans for 50 min at 97.8°C.
Correlations and Ostwald ripening

This paper examines the effect of diffusive interactions, and the correlations they create between particles, on Ostwald ripening. The effect accounts for a persistent discrepancy between theory and experiment, in which the distribution of particle sizes has been more broad and flat than mean-field theory predicts. A new model system is proposed to study the problem, and a hierarchy of equations derived from it is expanded in powers of the square root of the volume fraction. The time devlopment of correlations is analyzed through an unusual perturbation theory. The resulting differential equations are solved numerically and compared with experiment.
The role of the cerebellum in affect and psychosis.

Abstract Anatomical, clinical, and functional imaging studies suggest that the cerebellum is an essential component of the distributed neural circuitry subserving cognition. This paper addresses the experimental and clinical data pointing to the role of the cerebellum in the modulation of affect and emotion as well as of thought. There are cerebellar connections with the reticular system (arousal), hypothalamus (autonomic function and emotional expression), limbic system (experience and expression of emotion), and paralimbic and neocortical association areas (cognitive dimensions of affect). Clinical studies point to cerebellar modulation of aggression and mood, including the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in adults and children, the posterior fossa syndrome of transient mutism and behavioral change following surgery that involves the vermis, and behavioral modification by cerebellar neurosurgical manipulation. Functional imaging studies reveal cerebellar involvement in nociception, in autonomic behaviors such as hunger and thirst, and in affective experiences. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that the cerebellum is an essential node in the distributed neural circuitry subserving cognitive and affective functions, and that there is a topographic organization of behaviors in the cerebellum. The hypothesis that the phylogenetically older fastigial nucleus, vermis and flocculonodular lobe constitute the “limbic cerebellum” is further developed to suggest that these cerebellar structures should be considered an extension of the Papez circuit. The concept is proposed that there is a universal cerebellar transform (UCT), possibly error detection, prevention, and correction utilizing an internal model, the disruption of which leads to dysmetria, the universal cerebellar impairment (UCI). Dysmetria of movement, or ataxia, is matched by dysmetria of thought, including the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, abnormalities of affect, and psychotic thinking.
Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior The Impact of Race and Place in Traffic Enforcement

Racial bias in traffic enforcement has become a popular line of inquiry, but examinations into explanations for the disparity have been scant. The current research integrates theoretical insights from the racial threat hypothesis with inferences drawn from the empirical analyses of the factors that stimulate officer suspicion. The most intriguing finding from this beat-level examination of the structural predictors of several traffic stop outcome measures concerns the conditional effect of the racial composition of the beat on search rates. The analyses reveal that the search rate increases in areas where the proportion of Black residents is higher; however, this finding is observed only for White motorists. This finding is interpreted as indicating that structural characteristics of an area can provide cues to officers regarding who belongs in that environment. As a result, social control increases among groups whose racial characteristics are inconsistent with the neighborhood racial composition.
Hydrolysis of native poly(hydroxybutyrate) granules (PHB), crystalline PHB, and artificial amorphous PHB granules by intracellular and extracellular depolymerases

Native poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) granules, purified PHB and artificial amorphous PHB granules were examined as putative substrates for hydrolysis by the intracellular depolymerase system of Rhodospirillum rubrum and the extracellular depolymerase of Pseudomonas lemoignei. The R. rubrum depolymerizing system requires pretreatment of granules with a heat stable 'activator' fraction; the activator can be replaced by mild trypsin treatment. Artificial granules were prepared with a cationic detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an anionic detergent, (sodium cholate). Cholate and CTAB PHB granules were hydrolyzed by both enzyme systems; however, some differences were noted. Cholate granules were hydrolyzed in the absence of the R. rubrum activator fraction. Activator was required for the hydrolysis of CTAB granules but could be replaced by heparin in the extracellular depolymerase system but not in the intracellular depolymerase system. A Triton X-114 extract of native PHB granules inhibited the hydrolysis of trypsin-activated granules by the intracellular depolymerase. The inhibition was reversed by the activator fraction. Detergent extracts of granules activated with the R. rubrum activator were unable to inhibit the hydrolysis of trypsin-activated granules. These data suggest that the activator acts to modify an inhibitor present on native granules.
Reliability and Performance Experience with Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules

As part of the United States National Photovoltaics Program, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project has maintained a comprehensive engineering sciences activity addressed to understanding the reliability attributes of terrestrial flat-plate photovoltaic arrays and to deriving analysis and design tools useful for achieving the high levels of reliability necessary for future large-scale application. This paper builds upon the field-performance experience gained from several years of photovoltaic system-application experiments and the research results stemming from the development of reliability design and analysis techniques. The result is an overview of the array reliability problem in total, and available means of achieving high reliability at minimum cost.
Effects of composition and transparency on photo and radioluminescence of Y2O3:Eu complexes

A solid state-based method using a hot reaction chamber is applied to the synthesis of Y2O3:Eu particles containing Eu from 0 to 5 mol%. The produced powders are studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as photoluminescence (PL) and radioluminescence tests. TEM and XRD results revealed the powder to be mono-disperse and in the form of a solid solution. The PL of Y2O3:Eu powder depends on both the concentration quenching effect (due to an excess of Eu concentration) and the surface luminescence effect (depicted by a higher surface area induced by the large phosphor concentration in the solution or smaller particle sizes). A 22Na gamma source is used to compare the recorded count rates for four Y2O3:Eu scintillator materials with different concentrations of Eu. Each scintillator composition is examined in four forms: solid pellets with a high volume porosity and three aqueous solutions of Y2O3:Eu particles of the different scinti...