cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of thermal hydraulics systems analysis for breeding blanket design and future needs for fusion engineering demonstration facility design and licensing

Abstract The development and demonstration of fusion power plant facilities require advancement of multiphysics modeling capabilities. These capabilities provide an integrated platform for design and analysis of a fusion engineering demonstration power plant. We present a state-of-the-art literature review of the status and needs of multiphysics modeling, including neutronics analysis, and thermal hydraulic/mechanical simulation tools in support of fusion powerplant system design and integration. In this paper we use the Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) concept as an example system to assess future needs for advancement of multiphysics modeling capabilities. Specifically, we discuss the latest progress on R&D missions in the literature which are specific to the neutronics and thermal hydraulics design of the breeding blanket concept chosen for the FNSF, the Dual Coolant Lead Lithium (DCLL) blanket. We identify future R&D needs to be addressed through the development of multiphysics modeling capabilities that tie fusion neutronics to tritium breeding ratio (TBR), neutron wall loading (NWL), material damage and transmutation, shutdown dose, and safety assessments. The capabilities will support the design and licensing of a fusion engineering demonstration facility as well as a future engineering demonstration plant. We conclude that more integrated and prototypic tritium experiments must be developed to establish the database needed for the verification and validation of tritium transport simulations. Robust sensitivity and uncertainty (S/U) analysis must be integrated with the facility design to identify the significance of influencing parameters involved in tritium transport, along with quantification of their uncertainties towards output parameters. This enables design optimization of the DCLL blanket during the R&D phase for a fusion engineering demonstration facility. Additional separate- and integral-effects experiments for the validation of the multiphysics analysis is needed for particular components of interest for the DCLL blanket, such as the flow channel inserts (FCIs), along with multi-fidelity simulations which incorporate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects, and coupled analysis techniques that can capture the interactions between the thermal hydraulic effects and the tritium transport behavior. Simultaneously, the systematic S/U analysis for the multiphysics modeling framework must prove the reliability of the model to help define the technical gaps that need to be addressed by subsequent R&D activities for a fusion engineering demonstration facility. Lastly, S/U analysis of the uncertainties in design parameters for the evaluation of steady and transient safety analysis would be the final requirement that will elucidate the importance of these design parameters, as well as the quantification of their uncertainties on several identified key Figures of Merit (FoM) applicable to the safety analysis to provide guidance for the final design optimization of the DCLL.
A Generalized Sector Condition Approach to Observer-Based Control of Input-Delay LPV Systems under Saturation and Matched Disturbances

The control design for parameter-dependent input-delay linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems with saturation constraints and matched input disturbances is examined in this paper. A gain-scheduled dynamic output feedback controller coupled with a disturbance observer to cancel out input disturbance effects, is augmented with an anti-windup compensator to locally stabilize the input-delay LPV system under saturation, model uncertainty, and exogenous disturbances. Sufficient delay-dependent conditions to asymptotically stabilize the closed-loop system are derived using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals and a modified generalized sector condition to address the input saturation nonlinearity. The level of disturbance rejection is characterized via the closed-loop induced $\mathcal{L}_{2}$ -norm of the closed-loop system in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. The results are examined in the context of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) control in the clinical resuscitation of hypotensive patients. The MAP variation response to the injection of vasopressor drugs is modeled as an LPV system with a varying input delay, and is susceptible to model uncertainty and input/output disturbances. A Bayesian filtering method known as the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) is used to estimate the instantaneous values of the parameters. The varying delay is estimated via a multiple-model approach. The proposed input-delay LPV control is validated in closed-loop simulations to demonstrate its merits and capabilities in the presence of drug administration constraints.
Renée de France as Dowager Duchess and Epistolary Diplomat

Beginning with both textual and visual representations of the Estates General in Orleans that took place in late 1560 and early 1561 soon after Renee’s return to France, Kelly Digby Peebles’s chapter examines how Renee exploited the figurative “platform,” so to speak, of her royal status in order to shape her public image on the physical platform created for that assembly. Renee’s conspicuous image in depictions of this event signals her importance on the stage of European politics. Peebles analyzes Renee’s strategy of epistolary diplomacy in her correspondence with Jean Calvin and English ambassador to the French court, Nicholas Throckmorton, to highlight how she exploited affective relationships, religious affinities, and socio-political status in order to influence public policy. At a time of increasingly violent conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions, Renee leveraged her image and relationships, including her rapport with her son-in-law, Francois de Guise, in order to advocate for change and protect the loyalties that formed the core of her personal and public identity: her royal roots, her alliance with the Este, and her religious convictions, all of which were intricately intertwined, yet potentially at odds with one another.
Optical Properties and Photoelectric Effects

In this chapter, we are concerned with fundamental optical properties and internal photo-electric effects in a semiconductor. The optical properties associated with the fundamental and free-carrier absorption processes and internal photoelectric effects such as photoconductive, photovoltaic, and photomagnetoelectric effects in a semiconductor will be depicted. Many fundamental physical properties, such as the energy band structure and recombination mechanisms, can be understood by studying the optical absorption process and photoelectric effects in a semiconductor. Practical applications using internal photoelectric effects such as photovoltaic and photoconductivity effects in a semiconductor have been extensively reported in the literature. Future trends are moving toward the development of various optoelectronic devices and optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) for use in computing, communications, signal processing, and data transmission. In fact, many photonic devices such as LEDs, laser diodes, and photodetectors fabricated from silicon and III–V compound semiconductors have been widely used in optical communications, data transmission, and signal processing systems.
Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting in Rural America

PURPOSE: This research investigated participation rates in 3 modes of active commuting (AC) and their sociodemographic and physical environmental correlates in rural America. METHODS: The 2000 Census supplemented with other data sets were used to analyze AC rates in percentage of workers walking, biking, and taking public transportation to work in 14,209 nonmetropolitan rural tracts identified by RUCA codes, including 4,067 small rural and 10,142 town-micropolitan rural tracts. Sociodemographic and physical environmental variables were correlated with 3 AC modes simultaneously using Seemingly Unrelated Regression for nonmetro rural, and for small rural and town-micropolitan rural separately. FINDINGS: The average AC rates in rural tracts were 3.63%, 0.26%, and 0.56% for walking, biking, and public transportation to work, respectively, with small rural tracts having a higher rate of walking but lower rates of biking and public transportation to work than town-micropolitan tracts. In general, better economic well-being was negatively associated with AC but percentage of college-educated was a positive correlate. Population density was positively associated with AC but greenness and proximity to parks were negative correlates. However, significant differences existed for different AC modes, and between small rural and town-micropolitan rural tracts. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors explained more variance in AC than physical environmental factors but the detailed relationships were complex, varying by AC mode and by degree of rurality. Any strategy to promote AC in rural America needs to be sensitive to the population size of the area and assessed in a comprehensive manner to avoid a "one size fits all" approach. Language: en
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FITNESS LEVELS, SELF-EFFICACY, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study investigated the effect fitness level, self-efficacy and locus of control have on the academic achievement of eighth grade students (n=115) studying in a Mid-Atlantic region middle school (2011-2012 school year). It was hypothesized that the students who had high fitness scores, high level of self-efficacy and high internal locus of control would also have high academic achievement scores in math and reading. The quantitative research design involved the single-stage sampling method. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The study has revealed significant relationship between academic achievement, locus of control and self-efficacy.
Looking at Markov samplers through cusum path plots: a simple diagnostic idea

In this paper, we propose to monitor a Markov chain sampler using the cusum path plot of a chosen one-dimensional summary statistic. We argue that the cusum path plot can bring out, more effectively than the sequential plot, those aspects of a Markov sampler which tell the user how quickly or slowly the sampler is moving around in its sample space, in the direction of the summary statistic. The proposal is then illustrated in four examples which represent situations where the cusum path plot works well and not well. Moreover, a rigorous analysis is given for one of the examples. We conclude that the cusum path plot is an effective tool for convergence diagnostics of a Markov sampler and for comparing different Markov samplers.
Manufacturing and the development of innovative new products

Summary form only given. Much needs to be learned about how manufacturing can foster innovation in environments of discontinuous innovation. This paper presents observations from an ongoing research project which examines current practices associated with the role of manufacturing in environments of radical innovation. Based on a battery of extensive, semi-structured interviews with product development team members in large US corporations, it explores topics such as the role of core competence, alliances (for production technology), manufacturing in the new product development process and the use of slack resources in the effective management of discontinuous innovation.
Protecting Animal and Human Health and the Nation's Food Supply through Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Testing

The current detection system for animal diseases requires coordination between veterinarians; veterinary medical laboratories; and state, federal, and international agencies, as well as associated private sector industries. Veterinary clinical pathologists in clinical and governmental laboratories often have responsibilities and expertise in one or more laboratory disciplines involved in diagnosing zoonotic and/or emerging diseases and diseases exotic to the United States that are important to animal and human health and the nation's food supply. The knowledge and roles of all veterinary laboratory professionals are vital to detect, monitor, and confirm diseases and conditions that affect animal and human health and the nation's animal food supply.
A rat model of childhood diet-induced obesity: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induced changes in metabolic parameters and gastric peptide ghrelin

Childhood morbid obesity is reaching epidemic proportions. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) results in many metabolic alterations, including changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and changes in levels of the gastric hormone, ghrelin. As more children are undergoing RYGB, an animal model would be beneficial to further study RYGB and its subsequent metabolic effects. DIO Sprague Dawley rats underwent RYGB, sham jejunojejunostomy (SH), or no operation (HFC) after 6 weeks of high-fat diet. Non-obese rats fed standard chow (SC) were a final control group. Animals were post-operatively fed standard chow for 7 days before sacrifice. At sacrifice, venous blood and gastric mucosa was collected for metabolic parameters and ghrelin determination. RYGB rats weighed less than SH and HFC (361 ± 8.8 vs. 437 ± 9.3 and 443 ± 6.2 g, P < 0.05). Compared to HFC, RYGB animals had decreased plasma glucose (292 ± 23 vs. 141 ± 10 mg/dL), cholesterol (80 ± 12 vs. 45 ± 5 mg/dL), triglycerides (138 ± 37 vs. 52 ± 7 mg/dL), HDL (43 ± 5 vs. 20 ± 3 mg/dL), and free fatty acids (0.72 ± 0.14 vs. 0.23 ± 0.02 mEq/L), all P < 0.05. Plasma ghrelin increased in RYGB rats compared to SC and HFC (116.22 ± 32.27 vs. 31.60 ± 2.66 and 31.75 ± 0.75 pg/mL, P < 0.05). In a rat model of RYGB, we demonstrated improved metabolic parameters and increased plasma and gastric mRNA ghrelin levels. The rat model for RYBG appears to be a reasonable model for future study of the cellular and molecular regulatory pathways of obesity and its surgical treatment.
Influence of age, prior abdominal surgery, fraction size, and dose on complications after radiation therapy for squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix. A patterns of care study.

The 1973 and 1978 national surveys conducted by the Patterns of Care Study (PCS) for squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix were combined to analyze factors associated with complications after radiation therapy (RT). Overall, 1558 patients were reviewed, with a median follow-up of 43 months. Major complications (defined as necessitating hospitalization for management) were seen in 152 of 1558 (9.8%) patients, with a 5-year actuarial rate of 14%. A number of pretreatment and treatment factors were analyzed with respect to complications. In univariate analysis, significant pretreatment and treatment factors associated with an increase in complications included young age, prior laparotomy for staging, history of prior abdominal surgery, increasing stage, use of external RT, high fraction size, cesium source, and high para-central (PCS point A) and lateral (PCS point P) doses. Multivariate analysis showed a history of prior abdominal surgery, paracentral dose greater than 7500 cGy, use of cesium, daily fraction size greater than 200 cGy, and age younger than 40 years to be associated independently with complications. A detailed analysis of the type of and time to complications is presented. The knowledge and skillful management of these pretreatment and treatment factors may improve the therapeutic ratio for RT, which is the most active curative modality against cervical cancer.
Cohomological Mackey functors in number theory

Abstract We prove relations between the evaluations of cohomological Mackey functors over complete discrete valuation rings or fields and apply this to Mackey functors that arise naturally in number theory. This provides relations between λ - and μ -invariants in Iwasawa theory, between Mordell–Weil groups, Shafarevich–Tate groups, Selmer groups and zeta functions of elliptic curves, and between ideal class groups and regulators of number fields.
Selective adaptation effects on end-point stimuli in a speech series

Recent experiments in speech perception using the selective adaptation paradigm have found that the phonetic boundary of a test series shifts following adaptation. However, no changes within the phonetic category have been found. In the present experiment, a series of voiced CV syllables which varied along the feature of place was used in a selective adaptation paradigm. The end-point stimuli trom the test series were used as adaptors. Subjects used a 6-point rating scale to respond to the stimuli instead of the usual two-category identification. The average rating for end-point stimuli from the same category as the adaptor, as well as the boundary stimuli, shifted as a function of adaptation. In all cases, the average rating response shifted toward that of the unadapted category. The average rating for stimuli in the opposite category from that of the adaptor remained relatively unchanged. These results indicate that the entire category of the adapting stimulus changes as a function of selective adaptation and that the effect is not confined to stimuli near the phonetic boundary.
Chronic morphine exposure during puberty induces long-lasting changes in opioid-related mRNA expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus.

Abstract Substance abuse in developing females may have significant long-term effects on reproductive competency. Chronic morphine exposure during puberty has been shown to reduce prolactin secretion in lactating rats. Opioid activity within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) regulates suckling-induced prolactin secretion. Thus, the current study was conducted to determine whether chronic pubertal morphine exposure alters the expression of μ- and/or κ-opioid receptor mRNA or pro-opioimelanocortin (POMC) mRNA within the MBH. Using an increasing dose regimen, female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected twice daily for a total of 20 days with morphine sulfate or saline beginning at 30 days of age. Several weeks later, quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA expression within the MBH in diestrus, never pregnant (nulliparous) controls, postpartum day 5 (PPD5), PPD10, PPD18, and diestrus, reproductively experienced (primiparous) females. Pubertal morphine exposed females had increased μ- and κ-receptor mRNA expression as well as decreased POMC mRNA expression on diestrus. During lactation, μ- and κ-receptor mRNA expression in the MBH decreased while POMC mRNA expression increased in similarly treated females. No changes in mRNA expression were observed during lactation in pubertal saline-treated females; however, increased μ- and κ-receptor mRNA expression as well as decreased POMC mRNA expression was observed in primiparous, pubertal saline-treated females when compared to nulliparous controls. Thus, chronic morphine exposure during puberty results in long-term alterations in μ- and κ-receptor as well as POMC mRNA expression in the MBH which are similar to the changes observed following reproductive experience. These changes do not correlate with the decreased prolactin secretion observed during early lactation; however, they do demonstrate the enduring nature of the effects of chronic opiate exposure during puberty on hypothalamic opioid systems in adulthood.
Total Syntheses of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Largazole and 2-epi-Largazole: Application of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Mediated Acylations in Complex Molecule Synthesis

Details of the evolution of strategies toward convergent assembly of the histone deacetylase inhibiting natural product largazole exploiting γ,δ-unsaturated-α,β-epoxy-aldehydes and a thiazole-thiaz...
Creation of estrogen resistance in Vivo by transgenic overexpression of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-related estrogen response element binding protein

Estrogen unresponsiveness among primate species can result from overexpression of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that competes with estrogen receptor (ER) for binding to the estrogen-response element (ERE). This hnRNP has been coined the “ERE-binding protein” (ERE-BP). The ERE-BP is a member of the hnRNP C-like subfamily of hnRNPs, traditionally considered to be single-strand RNA binding proteins designed for the stabilization and handling of pre-mRNA. To verify in vivo the dominant-negative actions of the ERE-BP to inhibit ER-ERE-directed transactivation and to avoid the potential for lethality from global overexpression of an hnRNP, we generated transgenic mice that overexpressed ERE-BP in breast tissue under the control of a whey acidic protein gene promoter. Graded overexpression of ERE-BP in transgenic mice was established. Founders were viable and fertile. Female transgenics in all lines gave birth to pups, but their ability to nurse was dependent on the level of ERE-BP expression...
Fine structure of the thyroid follicle of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti.

Abstract Ultrastructural features of the thyroid follicle of the hagfish (Myxinoidea) are described. Several classes of cellular inclusions are identified, two of which are interpreted as being the equivalents of the colloid droplets and dense granules (lysosomes) of mammalian thyroid cells. Evidence is given that colloid droplets arise through endocytic ingestion of luminal material. Large, heteromorphic inclusion bodies (visible at the light microscope level) appear to be formed through fusions of dense granules with colloid droplets. Some of these bodies may be sites of hormone release while others could represent deposits of accumulated residues. The inclusion bodies become enveloped by membranous systems (possibly derived from the extensive agranular reticulum) which could serve in transport of materials into, or away from, the inclusions or as a sequestration mechanism.
Goal-directed stepping with momentum control

This paper proposes a technique for animating simulated characters to perform controlled steps. The desired step is controlled by high-level goals, namely step position and step duration. These stepping goals guide the desired time-varying values for the center of mass and the stepping foot which in turn lead to objectives dictating the desired changes in momentum and joint angles over the duration of the step. Our approach employs a multiobjective optimization to solve for joint accelerations from the objectives and uses inverse dynamics to compute joint torques. Our approach can guide a character with purposeful, directable steps for controlling careful navigation of the character's position and orientation. In addition, the same system can be used to create protective steps to prevent falling as a reaction to a disturbance. A novel supervisory routine automatically chooses when and where to step based on an analysis of the momentum conditions for the character. We contrast this approach to previous methods for step recovery using the inverted pendulum.
A running coupling explanation of the surprising transparency of the QGP at LHC

Abstract The CUJET Monte Carlo Jet Energy loss model is applied to predict the jet flavor, centrality and density dependence of the nuclear modification factor R A A at RHIC and LHC. Running coupling effects due to combined x , k ⊥ and q ⊥ evolution are included for the first time in the dynamical DGLV opacity expansion framework and are shown to provide a natural dynamical QCD tomographic solution to the surprising transparency of the quark gluon plasma produced at LHC as suggested by p ⊥ > 10 GeV R A A data from ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS.
Comparison of Heterotopic Bone After Anterolateral, Transtrochanteric, and Posterior Approaches for Total Hip Arthroplasty

The effects of anterolateral, transtrochanteric, and posterior surgical approaches for total hip arthroplasty on heterotopic bone formation were studied in 507 consecutive patients with osteoarthritis or avascular necrosis who had not had previous hip surgery. Range of motion, degree of pain, and sa
Social class as flow and mutability: the Barbados case

This article draws on ethnographic research that examines the contemporary articulation of class identity in the postcolonial elite school setting of Old College high school in Barbados. From the qualitative data derived from this study, we argue that social class is better conceived as a series of flows, mutations, performances and performatives. We complicate the common-sense notion that class is a stable structure that allows for the categorization of people by providing a nuanced look into the lived experiences of students and alumni at this elite school. We focus on the wearing of uniforms, the use of technological devices, the deployment of language, and student-lead articulations of social class in an increasingly globalized space. Class is defined and (re-)shaped by students’ belongings and longings, all of which, too, are, mutable, and can readily mutate in accordance with local and global circumstances of supply and demand.
Plasmapause undulation of 17 April 2002

[1] We report IMAGE EUV observations of a striking undulatory motion of the plasmapause that occurred on 17 April 2002, in which a large ripple propagated westward across the duskside plasmapause. From the plasmapause motion we infer a peak E-field of ≈3 mV/m associated with the undulation, and estimate the undulation's equatorial azimuthal speed to be 0.9 rad/hr ≈ 4 RE/hr, corresponding to ≈1 km/s in the ionosphere (using an R3/2 dependence to map from the equator). Because DMSP ion drift data at 850 km altitude show the presence of a subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) flow channel ≈1 km/s at the same location and time as the undulation, we assert that SAPS was responsible for removal of plasma during the undulation. The SAPS apparently formed in response to a 19:00 UT substorm onset.
Microarray analysis of novel cell lines representing two stages of metanephric mesenchyme differentiation

Clonal cell lines representing different developmental stages of the metanephric mesenchyme were made from transgenic mice with the Simian Virus 40 T-antigen (SV40 Tag) gene driven by the Hoxa 11 promoter. The resulting mK3 cell line represented early metanephric mesenchyme, prior to induction by the ureteric bud. These cells showed a spindle-shaped, fibroblast morphology. They expressed genes characteristic of early mesenchyme, including Hoxa 11, Hoxd 11, collagen I, and vimentin. Moreover, the mK3 cells displayed early metanephric mesenchyme biological function. In organ co-culture experiments they were able to induce growth and branching of the ureteric bud. Another cell line, mK4, represented later, induced metanephric mesenchyme undergoing epithelial conversion. These cells were more polygonal, or epithelial in shape, and expressed genes diagnostic of late mesenchyme, including Pax-2, Pax-8, Wnt-4, Cadherin-6, Collagen IV, and LFB3. To better define the gene expression patterns of kidney metanephric mesenchyme cells at these two stages of development, RNAs from the mK3 and mK4 cells were hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip probe arrays. Over 4000 expressed genes were identified and thereby implicated in kidney formation. Comparison of the mK3 and mK4 gene expression profiles revealed 121 genes showing greater than a ten-fold difference in expression level. Several are known to be expressed during metanephric mesenchyme differentiation, but most had not been previously associated with this process. In situ hybridizations were used to confirm that selected novel genes were expressed in the developing kidney.
Length-dependent myosin phosphorylation and contraction of arterial smooth muscle

Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation is generally considered to be an important regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle contraction. We investigated the length dependence of myosin phosphorylation and active stress induced by K+ depolarization in arterial smooth muscle by measuring the two variables in the swine carotid media held at three steady-state tissue lengths — optimal length for contraction (L 0), 1.5 L 0, and slack length. We found that the length dependence of peak and steady-state myosin phosphorylation with respect to tissue length was different. Peak myosin phosphorylation was highest at L 0 but lower at both slack length and 1.5 L 0, whereas steady-state myosin phosphorylation was similar at both L 0 and 1.5 L 0, but lower at slack length. Stretching tissues to 1.5 L 0 did not significantly change the steady-state myosin phosphorylation induced by K+ depolarization, but releasing tissues to slack length was associated with a 42% decrease in the steady-state myosin phosphorylation induced by K+ depolarization. These data indicated that one or more steps coupling membrane depolarization and Ca2+-dependent myosin phosphorylation were length sensitive. Additional data from skinned tissue experiments indicated that the length-sensitive step was not the coupling between Ca2+ and myosin phosphorylation. Therefore, these data together suggest that one or more steps coupling membrane depolarization and the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration are length sensitive.
Europe and the world

Michelle Egan. 2001. Constructing a European Market. Standards, Regulation and Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 362 pages; ISBN 0-9-24405-7. Brigid Gavin. 2001. The European Union and Globalization; Towards Global Democratic Governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 242 pages; ISBN 1-84064-005-7. Patrick A. Messerlin. 2001. Measuring the Costs of Protection in Europe: European Commercial Policies in the 2000s. Washington: Institute for International Economics. 370 pages; ISBN 0-88132-273-3.
Soft X‐Ray Studies of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O Thin Films Prepared by Laser Ablation

Angular variation of x‐ray fluorescence due to oxygen atoms in high‐T Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O thin films is measured for the first time by using a new parallel plate avalanche chamber. This technique allows the possibility of nondestructive probing of the depth‐profile of oxygen atoms in the superconducting materials. Our preliminary results indicate that the near surface region of the Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O film may contain an oxygen‐depleted layer of thickness around 20 nm.
Development of topic manipulation skills in discourse.

This study investigated the manipulation of discourse topic in spontaneous conversation in three age groups. Subjects consisted of six dyads of peers at each of the following age levels (years:mont...
Load-Deformation Behavior of Nitinol Stents

The rate of fracture of Nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is higher than desirable. Development of more fracture-resistant stents requires a better understanding of in-vivo loads, how stents deform under these loads, and the influence of the artery on stent deformation. In the work reported here, testing devices were designed and constructed to measure loads in stents undergoing tensile, bending, and torsional deformations. Tests to measure mechanical stiffnesses were performed on stents, mock arteries, and stents emplaced in mock arteries. Significant stent/artery interaction was observed under tension and bending; little interaction occurred under torsion loads. The results are explained by changes in stent geometry under load. The deformation, load, and stent/artery interaction information will be useful in validating finite element codes for designing and analyzing stents.
Budgets of Water Vapor in the Unstable Boundary Layer over Rugged Terrain

Abstract Inversion fluxes of water vapor are calculated for 11 clear days using profile data from a sequence of radio soundings over hilly terrain in the Pre-Alpine region of Switzerland. The relationships between the mixed layer and inversion layer gradients of specific humidity, and the inversion and surface fluxes of water vapor together with other turbulence parameters are investigated. The mean mixed layer gradient, ∂q/∂z, appears to be fairly well related to the inversion flux of water vapor, (w′q′)h, scaled with u*h or σh. The symbol u* represents the surface shear velocity, σ is a combination of u&ast and the convective velocity scale, w&ast and h the height of the mixed layer above the surface. There is also evidence that a relationship exists between the gradient in the inversion layer, (w′q′)h and an eddy diffusivity scaled as u*Δh, where Δh is the thickness of the inversion layer. The atmospheric water vapor budget below the inversion, with (w′q′)h parameterized, is tested with the present dat...
Systemic reactions to allergy skin tests

Background Skin testing is a common diagnostic tool in allergy. It is considered a safe procedure, although systemic reactions have been reported. Objective To identify the systemic reaction rates of allergy skin tests and to determine the clinical outcome of such reactions. Method This retrospective study used a computerized database at the Mayo Clinic to identify patients who developed systemic reactions to skin tests. Altogether 497,656 skin tests were performed on 18,311 patients from January 1992 to June 1997. Skin puncture tests were performed on 16,505 patients. Skin puncture and intradermal skin tests were performed on 1,806 patients. Systemic reactions were evaluated and treated by physicians. Results There were 6 systemic reactions, an overall rate of 33 systemic reactions per 100,000 skin tests. All six patients had asthma. The systemic reaction rates for latex skin testing was 152 or 228 reactions per 100,000 latex skin tests, to penicillin and antibiotics 72 reactions per 100,000 penicillin and antibiotics skin tests, and to aeroallergens 15 or 23 reactions per 100,000 aeroallergen skin tests. The systemic reaction rate for skin puncture test was 30 reactions per 100,000 skin puncture tests, for skin puncture and intradermal skin tests, the rate was 55 reactions per 100,000 skin puncture and intradermal skin tests. All 6 patients were treated and dismissed within 1 hour after treatment. Conclusion The systemic reaction rate to skin tests was very low. Systemic reactions were mild and all patients recovered fully within 1 hour.
Phase I trial of continuous infusion interleukin-2 and doxorubicin in patients with refractory malignancies.

A phase I trial was performed to assess the immunomodulatory activities, maximum tolerated doses, and the toxicity of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) administered in combination with doxorubicin to patients with refractory malignancies. Therapy was administered to successive cohorts of four to six patients who were treated at three different dose levels (1A, 1B, 2A). Levels 1-2 refer to doxorubicin (40 or 60 mg/m2) given as an intravenous (i.v.) bolus on day 1, and levels A-B refer to rIL-2 (1.0 or 3.0 x 10(6) U/m2) given as a continuous i.v. infusion on days 2-5, 9-12, and 16-19. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Seventeen patients were entered in the trial. Dose limiting toxicity consisted of neutropenia, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination was doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 and rIL-2 3.0 x 10(6) U/m2. No objective responses were observed. Lymphocytosis related to rIL-2 occurred and flow cytometry demonstrated significant increases in the following subsets: CD3+CD25+HLADr+ and CD11b-CD16c+CD8-. Natural killer cell activity and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell precursors were increased in patients treated at dose levels 1A and 1B (40 mg/m2 doxorubicin), but no consistent changes in LAK activity were noted. No clinical responses were seen and the overall toxicity of this combination was moderate to severe. Administration of doxorubicin prior to rIL-2 does not enhance the immunologic effects of rIL-2.
Electronic Reserve and the Integrated Library System: From Installation to the Future

The libraries at the University of Toledo manage electronic reserve via Innovative Interfaces product Media Management. This article explores the reasoning behind selecting this software and examines the challenges of installation, maintenance, responding to patron access problems, and providing faculty support. Providing quality service with a small staff is also addressed.
Prominence in networks: A co-evolving process

We investigate how people and objects that they create (artifacts) gain prominence in collaborative networks. As an example, consider academic research communities where people and their artifacts (research papers) both have prominence. But, these prominence values are linked to each other and evolve together. In particular, for an author to make an impact on the scientific community, she has to interact with diverse sets of individuals. The results of this is that her research will be known by a large number of communities. However, the research communities and topics have to be aligned along her research interests as well. Peer reviewers have to know and understand the research field and the results must be disseminated to the larger community through sustained interest in the given research field. Hence, the prominence of individuals and their artifacts evolve simultaneously. In this paper, we develop novel methods to study both types of evolution processes and show their effectiveness using the DBLP dataset.
A study on the removal of fine particles by liquid fluidized beds

Abstract The removal of finely divided (5μ) particles of alumina and silica utilizing liquid fluidized beds has been studied. The bed particles used to recover the fines were 48 × 100 mesh quartz and corundum contained in fluidization columns of 4.0 and 7.5 cm diameter. The effect of various parameters, bed weight, fluidization time and surface charge on the efficiency of the recovery of fines is presented. The recovery of alumina fines was possible on silica beds as well as corundum bed particles due to electrostatic and van der Waals attractive forces. Fine particle recovery was directly proportional to the total surface area of bed particles. Bed particles were regenerated with the aid of distilled water of 6% hydrochloric acid, and their practical applications are discussed. The effect of tap water on the efficiency of fine particle recovery is also presented.
PRMT5 is Required for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation But Not Pluripotency

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are critical in vitro tools for understanding mechanisms that regulate lineage differentiation in the human embryo as well as a potentially unlimited supply of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Pluripotent human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts share a similar transcription factor network to maintain pluripotency and self-renewal, yet there are considerable molecular differences reflecting the diverse environments in which mouse and human ESCs are derived. In the current study we evaluated the role of Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in human ESC (hESC) self-renewal and pluripotency given its critical role in safeguarding mouse ESC pluripotency. Unlike the mouse, we discovered that PRMT5 has no role in hESC pluripotency. Using microarray analysis we discovered that a significant depletion in PRMT5 RNA and protein from hESCs changed the expression of only 78 genes, with the majority being repressed. Functionally, we discovered that depletion of PRMT5 had no effect on expression of OCT4, NANOG or SOX2, and did not prevent teratoma formation. Instead, we show that PRMT5 functions in hESCs to regulate proliferation in the self-renewing state by regulating the fraction of cells in Gap 1 (G1) of the cell cycle and increasing expression of the G1 cell cycle inhibitor P57. Taken together our data unveils a distinct role for PRMT5 in hESCs and identifies P57 as new target.
Older Women and Hearing

Health-related research and clinical management efforts only recently have begun to recognize gender differences. Women live longer than men, but are more likely to experience debilitating health conditions. Compounding their risk for poorer health and subsequent reduced quality of life are a variety of socio-cultural factors. In addition, hearing loss is commonly experienced by all older adults. Even moderate hearing loss may greatly reduce a person's ability to communicate effectively and to maintain a sense of competence. In spite of its handicapping potential, little is known about the impact of hearing loss among the increasing, older adult segment of the population. This paper reviews health and hearing-related factors, focusing particularly on older women, and identifies issues for hearing professionals to address in future research and clinical management.
CULTURE AND HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES ON GIGARTINA PAPILLATA (RHODOPHYTA)1

The foliose red alga Gigartina papillata (C. Ag.) J. Ag. was studied in culture to determine its life history and possible relationship to the life history of Petrocelis middendorffii (Ruprecht) Kjellman. Carpospores cultured from individual female plants gave rise to either crustose Petrocelis-like plants that reproduced by tetraspores, or to another generation of foliose female (cystocarpic) plants that reproduced by carpospores. Apices cultured from blades of individual field-collected female plants produced either papillae with many procarps that developed cystocarps only when crossed with male plants, or papillae with few procarps that produced cystocarps in the absence of male plants. The results are interpreted to demonstrate that two types of life history occur in G. papillata: one, a sexual life history involving a crustose tetrasporophyte; the other, a possibly apomictic life history involving only cystocarpic plants. Hybridization experiments demonstrated, that G. papillata is interfertile with Gigartina-phase gametophytes cultured from tetraspores of P. middendorffii. Sexual plants of G. papillata are postulated to represent the naturally-occurring gametophyte of P. middendorffii in California. The possible relationships of the sexual and apomictic plants of G. papillata are discussed.
What can molecular beam epitaxy do for silicon devices

Abstract Molecular beam epitaxy offers three important advantages to the silicon device industry. The first is the capability of growing new structures which cannot otherwise be fabricated. Examples of these are planar barrier diodes with barrier widths of tens of angstroms, solar cells with built-in front and back surface fields, cascade solar cells and n-i-p-i layered structures with layer widths down to tens of angstroms. The second advantage is improved dopant control and profile resolution in a single growth process to replace the multiple processes needed for complex devices. Examples are millimeter wave diodes, four-layer semiconductor-controlled rectifiers, buried layer metal/oxide/semiconductor field effect transistors and charge-coupled devices, and precise profile varactors. The third advantage is new materials combinations possible with a low growth temperature and a high purity ultrahigh vacuum environment. Examples are metal silicides, silicon on insulators, Si-Ge alloy superlattices and silicon heterojunctions with III-V alloys such as AlP and GaP. Molecular beam epitaxial systems in use, the new technique of evaporative doping with solid phase epitaxial re-growth and the resulting crystal quality will be discussed.
Iterative MMSE cooperative localization with incomplete pair-wise range measurements

We propose and study an iterative minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) cooperative localization algorithm, which achieves better root-mean-square-error (RMSE) performance than existing classical estimators. Using the received signal strength (RSS) measurements, we first derive the formulas for estimating the coordinates of position-unknown nodes. Then, we investigate the practical solutions to calculate the complicated multiple integrals involved in the formulas and propose an adaptive and iterative algorithm to circumvent the intense computation burden incurred by the numerical multiple integral computation methods. We further study the proposed MMSE cooperative localization algorithm in the scenario where pair-wise range measurements are incomplete, that is, pair-wise range measurements between certain pairs of nodes are missing. It is observed that the performance degrades at a slower speed than the reduction of the available range measurements. In other words, not much performance degradation is caused by comparatively large number of missing measurements. Therefore, we can improve the efficiency of the iterative MMSE algorithm by intentionally throwing away certain pair-wise range measurements.
Optical interference coatings design contest 2010: solar absorber and Fabry–Perot etalon

Two design problems were posed: a high-temperature solar-selective coating, and a near to mid-infrared Fabry–Perot etalon. A total of 50 submissions were received, 42 for problem A and eight for problem B. The submissions were created through a wide spectrum of design approaches and optimization strategies. Michael Trubetskov and Fabien Lemarchand won the first contest by submitting the design with the highest overall merit function, and the fewest layer/thinnest solar-selective design, respectively. Michael Trubetskov also won the second contest by submitting the thinnest Fabry–Perot etalon design, with a free spectral range standard deviation of 0. Vladimir Pervak and Bill Southwell received second-place finishes. The submitted designs are described and evaluated.
Temperature-dependent thermal inertia of homogeneous Martian regolith

[1] Past studies of the thermophysical properties of the Martian surface layer have assumed temperature-independent thermal inertia, which is a function of the material density, specific heat, and bulk conductivity. In this paper, we evaluate the temperature-driven variations of these quantities for particulated and cemented material under Martian conditions of atmospheric pressure and temperature. Temperature-driven density variations are negligible. The specific heat of a basaltic material is strongly influenced by the temperature (∼75% increase from 150 to 315 K), inducing significant variations of the thermal inertia. The thermal conductivity of uncemented Martian regolith is weakly controlled by the solid phase conductivity and strongly controlled by the gaseous phase conductivity. As a result, the conductivity of the solid phase (i.e., composition, temperature) is unimportant, whereas medium to large variations (30–50%) of the bulk conductivity are associated with temperature-induced fluctuations of the pore-filling gas conductivity. Overall, the thermal inertia of uncemented Martian soils is predicted to vary significantly (∼80%) throughout the range of the observed surface temperatures. In the case of cemented soils, the contribution of the gas conductivity is generally small, and the solid phase (i.e., grains and cement) conductivity (i.e., composition, temperature) becomes more important. Consequently, the magnitude of the thermal inertia change for cemented soils is variable, and smaller than that predicted for uncemented materials (10–50%). Large diurnal and seasonal temperature variations only occur within the top material, and most of the near-surface regolith does not experience large thermal inertia variations. The shapes of modeled diurnal temperature curves are not significantly modified (e.g., the 0200 LT (Martian local time) apparent thermal inertia of uncemented regolith is up to ∼15% lower than the average daily inertia of the top material). Thermally derived grain sizes are usually based on conductivity measurements operated at room temperature or above, where the thermal inertia and specific heat are higher than on Mars, implying that grain size predictions for Mars are currently underestimated. However, in situ observations by the Mars Exploration Rovers and thermal conductivity modeling suggest that this underestimation is not significant.