cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitive adsorption, displacement, and transport of organic matter on iron oxide: I. Competitive adsorption

Different organic compounds or fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) show different adsorption affinities (K) and capacities (qm) on mineral surfaces. We hypothesize that these different organic compounds or fractions compete for adsorption when surface adsorption sites are limited. In this study, competitive adsorption of binary mixtures of Suwannee River NOM (SR-NOM), polyacrylic acid (PAA), phthalic acid, and salicylic acid on iron oxide was investigated at a constant solid:solution ratio, temperature, and pressure, but at varying C weight fractions, pH, and solution concentrations of the mixture. Results revealed that, in general, PAA is the most competitive whereas SR-NOM is more competitive than phthalic and salicylic acids. The competitive adsorption of these organic compounds is pH-dependent. At pH 4 in comparison with other organics is attributed to its high carboxyl density and linear molecular structure, which promote strong surface complexation with iron oxide. Because of the heterogeneity or polydispersity of NOM, this research indicates that NOM partitioning and transport in the subsurface soil environment are influenced by the dynamic competitive interactions between NOM subcomponents (or fractions). This process ultimately influences the distribution, interaction, and cotransport of contaminants and mineral colloids that are associated with NOM.
Polarization sensitive optically addressed light modulators based on excitonic optical nonlinearities in optically anisotropic materials

We present optically addressed light modulators in which femtosecond pulses are used to manipulate the amplitude and polarization state of the modulated light through bleaching of the optical anisotropy inherent in these devices due to either a processing-related lowering of symmetry or growth on a lower symmetry surface. An optically addressed anisotropically strained GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well modulator employing an ultrafast dynamic polarization rotation of ∼17° associated with the bleaching of the anisotropic excitonic absorption to achieve a femtosecond rise time and a contrast ratio of 160:1 is demonstrated. The underlying polarization dependent excitonic optical nonlinearities governing the performance of this device are measured and found to be in qualitative agreement with theoretical calculations performed using the generalized anisotropic multiband semiconductor Bloch equations. In addition, the extension of this device concept to other semiconductors is presented within the context of an optically addressed ultraviolet light modulator which exploits the bleaching of the optical anisotropy inherent in a ZnO film epitaxially grown on R-plane sapphire to achieve high contrast. The resultant modulation is characterized by a contrast ratio of 70:1, corresponding to a dynamic polarization rotation of 12°.
Statistical rate theory for transient chemical species: classical lifetimes from periodic orbits

Abstract The classical decay dynamics of extremely short-lived species is studied as a phase space process using an approach based on concepts from nonlinear dynamics. When the relaxation rate within the complex region is comparable to the reaction rate, it is found that ensembles of trajectories started in the complex region tend to a fractal asymptotic distribution which can be quite different from the expected microcanonical distribution. A systematically improvable statistical theory is formulated from the Lyapunov numbers of unstable periodic orbits which gives the decay rates to high accuracy.
Serotonergic activation of 5HT1A and 5HT2 receptors modulates sexually dimorphic communication signals in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus.

Abstract Serotonin modulates agonistic and reproductive behavior across vertebrate species. 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptors mediate many serotonergic effects on social behavior, but other receptors, including 5HT2 receptors, may also contribute. We investigated serotonergic regulation of electrocommunication signals in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. During social interactions, these fish modulate their electric organ discharges (EODs) to produce signals known as chirps. Males chirp more than females and produce two chirp types. Males produce high-frequency chirps as courtship signals; whereas both sexes produce low-frequency chirps during same-sex interactions. Serotonergic innervation of the prepacemaker nucleus, which controls chirping, is more robust in females than males. Serotonin inhibits chirping and may contribute to sexual dimorphism and individual variation in chirping. We elicited chirps with EOD playbacks and pharmacologically manipulated serotonin receptors to determine which receptors regulated chirping. We also asked whether serotonin receptor activation generally modulated chirping or more specifically targeted particular chirp types. Agonists and antagonists of 5HT1B/1D receptors (CP-94253 and GR-125743) did not affect chirping. The 5HT1A receptor agonist 8OH-DPAT specifically increased production of high-frequency chirps. The 5HT2 receptor agonist DOI decreased chirping. Receptor antagonists (WAY-100635 and MDL-11939) opposed the effects of their corresponding agonists. These results suggest that serotonergic inhibition of chirping may be mediated by 5HT2 receptors, but that serotonergic activation of 5HT1A receptors specifically increases the production of high-frequency chirps. The enhancement of chirping by 5HT1A receptors may result from interactions with cortisol and/or arginine vasotocin, which similarly enhance chirping and are influenced by 5HT1A activity in other systems.
Recent methods for detection of seafood toxins: Recent immunological methods for ciguatoxin and related polyethers

A brief summation of the methods for detection of each of the marine toxins is presented in this report. The toxins are brevetoxin (PbTx), palytoxin (PTX), okadaic acid (OA), paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP) and ciguatoxin (CTX). The immunological and biotechnical procedures developed for each of these toxins are reviewed. Details of the recent methodology (solid-phase immunobead assay) for detection of ciguatoxin and related polyethers with monoclonal antibodies and receptors are presented. The capabilities of immunological technology for assessment of toxins in seafood products are promising and will probably be widely used in the future for seafood monitoring.
The speaking of poetry in Charles Williams descent into Hell

Charles Williams’ novel Descent into Hell has the speaking of poetry as one of its central concerns. In it the author reveals some of the insights which made him a particularly good oral reader himself. In his criticism, Williams avers that poetry is beyond commentary and exists only in the reading.
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of neuro-Behçet's disease: a case report.

We present a serial study of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in a patient with neuro-Behcet's disease. Initial T2-weighted magnetic resonance images showed a hyperintense lesion in the brain stem. The lesion was slightly hyperintense on DWI and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was slightly increased. Ten months later, DWI showed an improvement in the abnormal signal intensity and the region of increased ADC had increased in size, especially on the left side. DWI is useful for differentiating an acute exacerbation of neuro-Behcet's disease from acute infarction.
NADPH diaphorase staining within the developing olfactory bulbs of normal and unilaterally odor-deprived rats.

Abstract Littermate rat paps underwent either unilateral surgical occlusion of the right external naris or sham surgery on postnatal day 1. At 10, 20 or 30 days postpartum olfactory bulbs were sectioned and stained using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phophate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Two types of staining were observed and analyzed. The reaction produced a Golgi-like filling of short-axon cells in both deep and superficial bulb areas. No differences in the number, morphology or distribution of these cells were found either across ages or treatment conditions, indicating that the cells are resistant to the effects of the deprivation paradigm. Large regional variations in glomerular and olfactory nerve layer staining density were also observed at each age, reinforcing notions of functional or structural differences between glomeruli at very early ages.
Two-dimensional photonic crystals with anisotropic unit cells imprinted from PDMS membranes under elastic deformation

We study structural symmetries of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals with anisotropic unit cells, including square- and rectangular-lattices with orientationally modulated elliptic motifs, a compound structure consisting of circles with 6-fold rotational symmetry and elliptical lines with 2-fold symmetry, and a rectangular lattice of aligned ovals, which are created through elastic deformation of an elastomeric membrane with circular pores. We then investigate the photonic bandgap (PBG) properties of the corresponding 2D Si posts, and their tolerance to the structural deviation. We find that in the compound structure the overall PBGs are dominated by the sublattice with a higher symmetry, while the total symmetry is determined by the one with a lower symmetry.
Continuous‐culture system for ecological studies of microorganisms

An improved system is presented for measurement of interactions between a number of individual bacterial species. In the procedure, steady-state populations are fed into a common-mixed-culture vessel. Generation times of each species are determined under these conditions and contrasted with generation time in an identical situation in pure culture. Populations for generation time are determined with the aid of differential media. The mechanical system includes three types of peristaltic pumps for media feed and a unit for measurement, recording, and/or control of pH. A new type of anaerobic continuous-culture vessel which can be inoculated, sampled, and fed continuously is also described. A functional test of a three-part system including Streptococcus salivarius, Veilloncella alcalescens, and Staphylococcus aureus is presented. An unusual feature was the finding that, under certain conditions, the generation time of S. Salivarius was less than 10 min.
Using seismology for regional confidence building

Confidence building between regional parties can be facilitated through cooperative seismological research activities. Shared data, facilities, technology, and research results can (1) assure participants that nuclear testing is not taking place, (2) provide information that can be used to characterize the geophysical parameters of a region for earthquake hazard mitigation, and (3) support basic seismic research.
STATUS EPILEPTICUS TRIGGERS EARLY AND LATE ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND NMDA GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR GRIN2B DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Status epilepticus (SE) triggers abnormal expression of genes in the hippocampus, such as glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2 (Grin2b/Nr2b) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), that is thought to occur in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We examined the underlying DNA methylation mechanisms and investigated whether these mechanisms contribute to the expression of these gene targets in the epileptic hippocampus. Experimental TLE was provoked by kainic acid-induced SE. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed increased Grin2b/Nr2b and decreased Bdnf DNA methylation levels that corresponded to decreased Grin2b/Nr2b and increased Bdnf mRNA and protein expression in the epileptic hippocampus. Blockade of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity with zebularine decreased global DNA methylation levels and reduced Grin2b/Nr2b, but not Bdnf, DNA methylation levels. Interestingly, we found that DNMT blockade further decreased Grin2b/Nr2b mRNA expression whereas GRIN2B protein expression increased in the epileptic hippocampus, suggesting that a posttranscriptional mechanism may be involved. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we found that DNMT inhibition restored the decreases in AP2alpha transcription factor levels at the Grin2b/Nr2b promoter in the epileptic hippocampus. DNMT inhibition increased field excitatory postsynaptic potential in hippocampal slices isolated from epileptic rats. Electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring confirmed that DNMT inhibition did not significantly alter the disease course, but promoted the latency to seizure onset or SE. Thus, DNA methylation may be an early event triggered by SE that persists late into the epileptic hippocampus to contribute to gene expression changes in TLE.
Moisture Loss and Lipid Oxidation for Precooked Ground-Beef Patties Packaged in Edible Starch-Alginate-Based Composite Films

Edible films of starch alginate (SA), starch-alginate-stearic acid (SAS), SA-tocopherol, SAS-tocopherol, tocopherol-coated SA film, and tocopherol-coated SAS film were evaluated for their effectiveness in maintaining quality of precooked beef patties stored at 4 °C. Patty weight loss, moisture loss, 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances value, the formation of hexanal, penrane, and total volatiles of samples differed with film composition. SAS-based films were more effective (P Differents types de films comestibles a base d'amidon-alginate ont ete compares, leur efficacite sur le maintien de la qualite de boulettes de viandes entreposees a 4° a ete etudie. La perte de poids, d'humidite, l'oxydation des lipides de la viande ont ete observes. Les films a base d'acide stearique sont plus efficaces dans le controle de l'humidite.Les films a base de tocopherol sont plus efficaces pour inhiber l'oxydation des lipides.
A decision model for the study of public bureaucracies

In this paper the concept “series of decisions” is introduced and defined as the total number of decisions made in the attainment of a goal. The series are analytically divided into two types of decisions, programming and implementation—the first ones are those made during the process of converting policy goals into programs, and the second, those made during the implementation of the programs. The distinction is important because different actors and institutions are involved in the two phases. It is hypothesized that the relation between the time of programming decisions and the time of implementation of decisions tends to be zero the less effective and the less numerous the organizations participating in the programming phase. A list of factors which could be useful in the process of testing and modifying the hypothesis is presented. The division of health environment of the health ministry of Colombia is used to exemplify the concept of “series of decisions,” and to show the utility of the analytical distinction between programming and implementation decisions.
The PDZ domain as a complex adaptive system.

Specific protein associations define the wiring of protein interaction networks and thus control the organization and functioning of the cell as a whole. Peptide recognition by PDZ and other protein interaction domains represents one of the best-studied classes of specific protein associations. However, a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between selectivity and promiscuity commonly observed in the interactions mediated by peptide recognition modules as well as its functional meaning remain elusive. To address these questions in a comprehensive manner, two large populations of artificial and natural peptide ligands of six archetypal PDZ domains from the synaptic proteins PSD95 and SAP97 were generated by target-assisted iterative screening (TAIS) of combinatorial peptide libraries and by synthesis of proteomic fragments, correspondingly. A comparative statistical analysis of affinity-ranked artificial and natural ligands yielded a comprehensive picture of known and novel PDZ ligand specificity determinants, revealing a hitherto unappreciated combination of specificity and adaptive plasticity inherent to PDZ domain recognition. We propose a reconceptualization of the PDZ domain in terms of a complex adaptive system representing a flexible compromise between the rigid order of exquisite specificity and the chaos of unselective promiscuity, which has evolved to mediate two mutually contradictory properties required of such higher order sub-cellular organizations as synapses, cell junctions, and others – organizational structure and organizational plasticity/adaptability. The generalization of this reconceptualization in regard to other protein interaction modules and specific protein associations is consistent with the image of the cell as a complex adaptive macromolecular system as opposed to clockwork.
Local intracerebral implants of estrogen masculinize some aspects of the zebra finch song system

The song system of zebra finches is sexually dimorphic: the volumes of the song control nuclei and the neurons within these nuclei are larger in males. The song system of hatching female zebra finches is masculinized by systemic treatment with estrogen. We investigated the locus of this estrogen action by using microimplants of estradiol benzoate (EB). We implanted female zebra finch nestlings 10–13 days old with Silastic pellets containing approximately 2 μg EB at one of several sites: near the higher vocal center (HVC), in the brain distant from HVC, or in the periphery either under the skin of the breast or in the peritoneal cavity. Controls were either unimplanted or implanted near HVC with Silastic pellets without hormone. The brains were fixed by perfusion at 60 days, and the volumes of the song control regions as well as the sizes of individual neurons were measured. Neurons in HVC were lerger (more masculine) in the HVC-implanted group than in other groups, which did not differ among themselves. The size of neurons in the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the lateral magnocellular nucleus ofthe neostriatum (lMAN) were inversely correlated with the distance of the EB pellet to HVC; neurons in RA and lMAN were larger when the EB pellets were closer to HVC. This result suggests that implants near HVC were at or near a site of estrogen action. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that localized brain implants of estrogen cause morphological masculinization in any species. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NO2 radical spectroscopy: Vibrational frequencies, dipole moment, and the energy difference between the bent and linear stationary points on the ground state potential surface

Abstract A broad range of ab initio quantum mechanical methods is applied to the NO 2 molecule in conjunction with basis sets ranging in size from double-zeta plus polarization (DZ+P) to quadruple-zeta plus double polarization plus f functions (QZ+2P+f). As many as 54423 configurations in MCSCF methods and 894241 configurations with the CISDT method have been included in full variational rigor. The problem of symmetry breaking in NO 2 is found to be qualitatively unimportant for bond angles 130°–180°. For both the vibrational frequencies and the dipole moment, the complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) method provides much better agreement with experiment than does the energetically superior configuration interaction method including all single and double excitations (CISD). The predicted energy difference Δ E between bent and linear NO 2 is 39.4 kcal/mole without zero-point vibration and 38.4 kcal/mole when corrected for zero-point vibrational energies.
Tourism and the Internet Opportunities for Direct Marketing

Advances in computer technology and the Internet permit and encourage marketing efforts in which the consumer bypasses at least some intermediaries when purchasing travel/tourism services. To fully benefit from these developments, travel and tourism marketers must keep abreast of rapid technological innovations, on the one hand, while transcending the classic diffusion of innovations model, on the other.
A personal statement on my court involvement

Crime, conviction, prosecution and imprisonment are all fundamentally about failure. For me, it was a failure to be able to support a wife and three children. In 2000, my income and my assets took a precipitous fall. I had not attended to and did not value a support network. I was not involved in my community. For myself and many urban professionals, my self-worth was my work and checkbook. When that evaporated, so did my self esteem and happiness. I desperately tried to hang onto my lifestyle and a chance to recapture my wealth. The offense that I was convicted of was 1-count of mail fraud. It essentially means that I misrepresented the assets of a partnership that I controlled in order to disguise money I removed from the partnership. I wanted to pay it back, but I was not authorized under the terms of the partnership to do what I did. There is not a day that goes by that I do not regret my actions with respect to that crime. Needless to say, like many others, I was caught. I lost my home, wife, children and went to prison. It all happened at a glacial, excruciating pace. Yet, as with any
Particle and Plutonium Mobilization in Macroporous Soils during Rainfall Simulations

To test the effects of infiltration velocity, soil type, and soil structure on the mobilization of particles in the unsaturated zone, we monitored particle concentrations and plutonium activities in water moving through macroporous soils during rainfall simulations at the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. Rainfall simulations were conducted in three soil pits at the same intensity and in one soil pit at three intensities. The rapid arrival of water at zero-tension samplers located at depths from 15 to 70 cm indicated that macropore flow dominated infiltration. Most of the particle mobilization occurred during the initially slow infiltration of the first small volumes of rainfall to pass through the soil, resulting in a lack of correlation between particle concentration and the discharge rate (Darcy velocity) of the infiltrating water. Particle size distributions (1−50 μm) were steady during the simulations and displayed greater mass in the larger size ranges. The amount of particle mobilization was not relat...
Reactivity of Mo(PMe3)6 towards benzothiophene and selenophenes: New pathways relevant to hydrodesulfurization

Mo(PMe3)6 cleaves a C−S bond of benzothiophene to give (κ2-CHCHC6H4S)Mo(PMe3)4, which rapidly isomerizes to the olefin−thiophenolate and 1-metallacyclopropene−thiophenolate complexes, (κ1,η2-CH2CHC6H4S)Mo(PMe3)3(η2-CH2PMe2) and (κ1,η2-CH2CC6H4S)Mo(PMe3)4. The latter two molecules result from a series of hydrogen transfers and are differentiated according to whether the termini of the organic fragments coordinate as olefin or η2-vinyl ligands, respectively. The reactions between Mo(PMe3)6 and selenophenes proceed differently from those of the corresponding thiophenes. For example, whereas Mo(PMe3)6 reacts with thiophene to give η5-thiophene and butadiene−thiolate complexes, (η5-C4H4S)Mo(PMe3)3 and (η5-C4H5S)Mo(PMe3)2(η2-CH2PMe2), selenophene affords the metallacyclopentadiene complex [(κ2-C4H4)Mo(PMe3)3(Se)]2[Mo(PMe3)4] in which the selenium has been completely abstracted from the selenophene moiety. Likewise, in addition to (κ1,η2-CH2CC6H4Se)Mo(PMe3)4 and (κ1,η2-CH2CHC6H4Se)Mo(PMe3)3(η2-CH2PMe2), which ar...
Palm NMR and 1-Chip NMR

In our earlier work, we developed a 2-kg NMR system, which was 60 X lighter, 40× smaller, yet 60× more spin-mass sensitive than a 120-kg state-of-the-art commercial benchtop system. Here we report on two new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems that represent further orders-of-magnitude size reduction and lab-on-a-chip capability. The first system, which weighs 0.1 kg and can be held in the palm of a hand, is the smallest NMR system ever built, and is 1200× lighter, 1200× smaller, yet 150× more spin-mass sensitive than the commercial system. It is enabled by combining the physics of NMR with a CMOS RF transceiver. The second system, which even integrates a sample coil, directly interfaces the CMOS chip with a sample for lab-on-a-chip operation. The two systems detect biological objects such as avidin, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human bladder cancer cells.
Meaning- and ontology-based technologies for high-precision language an information-processing computational systems

The paper addresses the need for an ontology- and meaning-based approach for natural-language-understanding and information-processing computational systems. After a discussion of an oft-ignored form/content dichotomy that offers an explicit understanding of what meaning is and is not, a specific approach, the Ontological Semantic Technology, is introduced and several aspects of meaning representation are addressed in its terms, including how the 1977 Tenerife fatal aircrash could have been prevented with its help.
Effect of Cancer Screening and Desirable Health Behaviors on Functional Status, Self-Rated Health, Health Service Use and Mortality

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether some health behaviors of older people (e.g., obtaining cancer screens) have a limited and others (e.g., exercise) have a broad association with population-level health status 4 to 6 years later. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort. SETTING: North Carolina five-county urban and rural area. PARTICIPANTS: Representative community residents aged 71 and older (Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly; African American, n=1,256; white, n=974) who provided information on cancer screening and health behaviors. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, health conditions, functional status, health service use, health insurance. Dependent measures were functional status and self-rated health 4 years later, hospitalization within 4 years, and death within 6 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: In fully adjusted analyses, cancer screening had no significant protective association with functional status, self-rated health, hospitalization, or death. Smoking was a risk factor for hospitalization (odds ratio (OR)=1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07–2.05), and death (hazard rate (HR)=1.81, 95% CI=1.47–2.23). Sufficient food reduced hospitalization (OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.15–0.94) and mortality (HR=0.70, 95% CI=0.49–1.02). Regular exercise protected against poor mobility (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.41–0.77), and poor self-rated health (OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.45–0.82). Lower activity level increased the hazard of death (HR=1.18, 95% CI=1.03–1.36). CONCLUSION: Disease-specific screens are important at an individual level but, because of low incidence of condition and comorbidity, may not be associated with population-level health 4 to 6 years later. Practice of health behaviors with a broader focus is associated, at a population level, with better functional status and self-rated health and lower rates of hospitalization and death 4 to 6 years later.
Drosophila as a Developmental Paradigm of Regressive Brain Evolution: Proof of Principle in the Visual System

Evolutionary developmental biology focuses heavily on the constructive evolution of body plan components, but there are many instances such as parasitism, cave adaptation, or postembryonic growth rate optimization where evolutionary regression is of adaptive value. This is particularly true in the nervous system because of its massive energy costs. However, comparatively little effort has thus far been made to understand the evolutionary developmental trajectories of adaptive nervous system reduction. This review focuses on the organization and evolution of the Drosophila larval brain, which represents an exceptional example of miniaturization, most dramatically in the visual system. It is specifically discussed how the dependency of outer optic lobe development on retinal innervation can be assumed to have facilitated a first evolutionary phase of larval visual system reduction. Afferent input-contingent development of neu- ral compartments very likely plays a widespread role in adaptive brain evolution. Understanding the complete deconstruction of the larval optic neuropiles in Drosophila awaits expanded comparative analysis but has the promise to inform about further developmental trajectories and mechanisms underlying regressive evolution of the brain.
CAD Archives Based on OAIS

Within the past few years, there has been a steady, substantial growth of interest in “long-term” archiving of digital data. This problem is particularly acute in many branches of engineering design, where cycles of technological obsolescence in supporting tools happen much more rapidly than those of designed products. Capturing and preserving design knowledge through these cycles is a major challenge that has come to be recognized by many government, industry, and research organizations. The ability to do so has important operational, efficiency, and legal ramifications for the manufacturing industry and its customers. This paper describes this problem, presenting examples of both why it must be addressed and why it is a challenge. In particular it relates preservation of engineering data to digital archiving efforts in other domains as well as ongoing work within the engineering research community on design repositories. As is shown, long term archiving of digital design knowledge draws upon both but possesses its own unique issues. Much of this discussion is couched within the language of the ISO Open Archival Information Systems (OAIS) Reference Model, including a mapping from an existing significant design repository into the OAIS model. In this way, it is hoped that this paper will widen the discussion on digital archiving within the community of this conference as well as help connect to research in other areas.© 2006 ASME
230 Th- 238 U disequilibrium in island arcs: evidence from the Aleutians and the Marianas

Complex models for magma generation in island arcs have recently been proposed which require varying contributions from three possible sources: (1) the mantle; (2) subducted, altered oceanic crust; and (3) sediments (see, for example, refs 1–6). These models involve partial melting of metasomatized mantle. The metasomatizing liquids derive from the subducted slab and are large-ion-lithophile (LIL) element-bearing fluids or are themselves partial melts. Further modification of the chemical composition of the lavas may occur by processes such as shallow-level fractional crystallization. Because the Th/U ratio is quite different for each of the three possible magma sources mentioned above, and as Th and U may behave differently during fractionation processes, particularly if volatile transport is involved, studies of ^(230)Th–^(238)U disequilibrium have great potential in investigations of arc lavas. Our data, given here, imply that the Th/U ratio in the sources of Mariana and Aleutian Island Arc lavas is similar to ocean ridge basalt sources, although there is a hint of a somewhat lower Th/U component in the Aleutian source. The data also confirm and extend the observations by Gill and Allegre and Condomines that oceanic arc lavas are distinguished from magmas erupted in virtually all other volcanic environments by activity ratios (^(230)Th/^(238)U)⩽1, implying relative enrichment of uranium.
Interior point SQP strategies for large-scale, structured process optimization problems

Successive quadratic programming (SQP) has been the method of choice for the solution of many nonlinear programming problems in process engineering. However, for the solution of large problems with SQP based codes, the combinatorial complexity associated with active set quadratic programming (QP) methods can be a bottleneck in exploiting the problem structure. In this paper, we examine the merits of incorporating an interior point QP method within an SQP framework. This provides a novel interpretation of popularly used predictor-corrector interior point (IP) methods. The resulting large-scale SQP algorithm, with an interior point QP, also allows us to demonstrate significant computational savings on problems drawn from optimal control and nonlinear model predictive control.
An Efficient Algorithm for Generating Univariate Cubic L 1 Splines

An active set based algorithm for calculating the coefficients of univariate cubic L1 splines is developed. It decomposes the original problem in a geometric-programming setting into independent optimization problems of smaller sizes. This algorithm requires only simple algebraic operations to obtain an exact optimal solution in a finite number of iterations. In stability and computational efficiency, the algorithm outperforms a currently widely used discretization-based primal affine algorithm.
Comparative scuffing performance and chemical analysis of metallic surfaces for air-conditioning compressors in the presence of environmentally friendly CO2 refrigerant

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) has received significant interest as an alternative refrigerant for air-conditioning compressors due to its environmental benefits. These environmental benefits include zero ozone depletion potential and minimal global warming potential compared to commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. This study presents results for three typical metallic tribopairs commonly found in air conditioning compressors, namely, Al390-T6, gray cast iron, and Mn–Si brass against 52,100 steel pins. The experiments were performed using a specialized tribometer capable of simulating compressor conditions, and in the presence of CO2 and polyalkylene glycol lubricant. It was found that the scuffing resistance of gray cast iron and Mn–Si brass was similar and both materials performed better than Al390-T6. Through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy it was found that lead in Mn–Si brass melted during scuffing, and prevented sudden catastrophic failure of Mn–Si brass, unlike gray cast iron and Al390-T6 which failed abruptly. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy conducted on the worn surfaces showed that chemically different species were present on the surfaces and their lubricious effect, originating from different metal oxides, could explain the scuffing behavior of the investigated alloys.
An X‐ray crystallinity index method with application to poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Wakelin's method of correlation analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns was adapted for fibers, films, and polymer samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate). This method gives a number called a crystallinity index, which is a measure of how far an unknown sample is between the extremes of the most amorphous and most crystalline samples obtainable for a polymer species. By being relative, this index eliminates the controversial assumptions of absolute crystallinity determinations. It is especially suited for routine studies since the calculations are readily adapted to the use of a computer and since the total time needed to obtain an index is short. A study of the indices of a variety of poly(ethylene terephthalate) materials produced the following conclusions: (1) Maximum crystallization is achieved only by starting with an unoriented amorphous film. This is contrary to the view that orientation helps crystallization. Also, this shows that the act of spinning a fiber sets up an apparently strained state which will not crystallize to the same high level as a cast film. (2) Time of heating can be exchanged for temperature of heating, since the rate of crystallization is slow for this polymer. Thus, a longer time at a lower temperature is the equivalent of a shorter time at a higher temperature in producing equivalent crystallinities. (3) The crystallinity measured by density is not the same as the crystallinity measured by x-rays. (4) A preordered state must exist in fibers in which segments of molecules have lost their complete randomness and are densely packed, yet the segments are not perfectly enough placed to produce x-ray diffraction. Or, it can be concluded that spinning or drawing disrupts the fiber's perfect lattice so that less x-ray diffraction is produced than the high density would indicate.
MODIFIED POISSON PROBABILITY LAW FOR POINT PATTERN MORE REGULAR THAN RANDOM1

MAPPING, and using map evidence, for incisive, descriptive statements about spatial distributions is a fundamental operation in geographic research. In terms of their abstract properties, map distributions exist in one of the three lowest geometric dimensions -the use of points, lines, and areas to represent a distribution. Map analysis is the description of the density and pattern of this geometry. The map itself may serve as the descriptive statement, or the many subtleties of map distributions may be summarized into symbols, words, or numbers. Highly regular or obviously systematic patterns are found infrequently in geographic investigations. Usually, the patterns display no obvious order or system. In interpreting such patterns, there is a temptation to dismiss analysis with the statement that the distribution is irregular or, possibly, to say that it is a random distribution. To say that a distribution is irregular neither effectively describes it nor suggests cause. To say that a distribution is random, in a nontechnical sense, is to say that the pattern has no discernible order and that cause is undeterminable. In the terminology of mathematical statistics, the term "random" has a precise meaning which refers to the process generating a pattern and the random pattern is the realization of a theoretical random process. A random process is synonymous with pure chance because each event has an equal probability of occurrence. In terms of a map pattern, pure chance means that each map location has an equal probability of receiving a symbol. Since it is highly unlikely that geographic distributions, particularly locational patterns involving human decisions, are the result of equally probable events, it is expected that most map patterns reflect some system or order. It is for this reason that map patterns are examined for evidence of a spatial process. The search for
Evaluation of Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Analyzing Disease Incidence Data Obtained in Designed Experiments.

Diseased individuals (e.g., leaves, plants) typically are clustered in nature, resulting in greater heterogeneity or variability of disease incidence than would be expected for a random pattern. To account for this variability, as well as the binary nature of disease incidence and the multiple sources of variation in designed experiments, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) can be used to analyze collected data. GLMMs are becoming more common in many disciplines and may be preferred over analysis of variance for non-normally distributed data. We evaluated several GLMMs for analyzing the incidence of Phomopsis leaf blight of strawberry in relation to fungicide treatments in five experiments which varied greatly in mean incidence and the differences in incidence between treatments. The first model form accounted for heterogeneity through the residual variance (i.e., the overdispersion parameter), which was assumed to be either fixed for the experiment, or dependent on either treatment or incidence. The second model form accounted for heterogeneity explicitly through a within-plot sampling variance, which was assumed to be either constant or dependent on treatment. All GLMMs could be successfully fitted to the data in each experiment, but there was weak evidence based on the conditional deviance and residual plots that the residual-variance models were more appropriate than the sampling-variance models. Model choice had only a minor effect on F tests for treatment effects and significant differences between treatment means. Based on ease of use and evaluation results, we recommend that the simplest (fixed residual variance) model be used as the first choice in analyzing disease incidence data using GLMMs.
Separating spatially distributed response to stimulation from background. I. Optical imaging.

We consider the problem of estimating a small stimulus-induced response to stimulation that is masked by a fluctuating background when measurements of the background in the absence of stimulation are available, as is common in optical imaging of the cortex and in many other experimental situations. Two related methods based on the Karhunen-Loeve procedure are discussed. One seeks the function, an indicator function, that is most parallel to the response data and most orthogonal to the background data. The second removes the subspace spanned by the background from the response. Numerical investigations on simulated optical imaging data show that the first method is generally superior. Connections between the two methods and techniques for assessing the quality of the result are discussed.
Understanding music as a temporal-aesthetic way of being: Implications for a general theory of music therapy

Abstract Music therapy is generally considered a discipline that utilizes music for promoting health, in which music is understood as a phenomenon inextricably tied to the medium of sound. Yet, alternatively, music therapy may also be considered a discipline that promotes human health both as and through music, in which music is understood as a temporal-aesthetic way of being transcending the concrete medium of sound, that manifests across all of the domains targeted in clinical music therapy goals. This explorative perspective potentially resolves certain critical dichotomies and dilemmas with which the music therapy field has had to contend, while meaningfully distinguishing music therapy's indigenous expertise and unique value from those of related health disciplines. Moreover, it carries implications for the formulation of a general theory of music therapy, applicable across a plurality of specific music therapy models, methods, and practices. Likewise, it carries implications for general theories of other expressive arts therapies, based upon understanding their respective modalities as particular ways of being, transcending concrete media.
Quantifying chloride binding and salt extraction with poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers bearing aryl-triazoles as anion receptor side chains

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate and aryl-triazole based anion receptors were quantitatively analyzed. Transfer of structural features (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 complexes) and Cl− affinities from the parent receptors was demonstrated. Cl−-induced cross-linking changed the polymer's hydrodynamic radius. Extraction of tetrapropylammonium Cl− from water to dichloromethane was enhanced over PMMA.
Metrics for metrology on an atomic scale (Abstract Only)

The focus of this paper is on the principal means of realizing a metric appropriate for atomic scale metrology. These are evaluated to determine the systematic uncertainties involved in relating sensed displacements to the international standard of length.
Interweaving protosign and protospeech: Further developments beyond the mirror

We distinguish “language readiness” (biological) from “having language” (cultural) and outline a hypothesis for the evolution of the language-ready brain and language involving seven stages: S1: grasping; S2: a mirror system for grasping; S3: a simple imitation system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee; S4: a complex imitation system for grasping; S5: protosign, breaking through the fixed repertoire of primate vocalizations to yield an open repertoire for communication; S6: protospeech, the open-ended production and perception of sequences of vocal gestures, without these sequences constituting a full language; and S7: a process of cultural evolution in Homo sapiens yielding full human languages. The present paper will examine the subhypothesis that protosign (S5) formed a scaffolding for protospeech (S6), but that the two interacted with each other in supporting the evolution of brain and body that made Homo sapiens “language-ready”.
Analyzing gamma-ray burst spectral data

The paper describes an improved method for calculating gamma-ray spectra of gamma-ray bursts. This method is independent of any assumed model for the incident spectrum. In many cases it makes it possible to perform chi-squared model fitting without detailed knowledge of the instrument response functions. The results of extensive calculations using simulated data and realistic response functions are presented; the Backus-Gilbert technique produces model-independent spectral estimates that are quantitatively accurate and easy to calculate.
Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria

Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria. James D. Le Sueur Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ix. 342 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Effect of phenobarbital on the excretion of an exogenous bilirubin load.

Abstract Treatment of mice with phenobarbital significantly enhanced the disappearance of exogenously administered bilirubin from the plasma. Not only did this enhanced disappearance occur in the absence of biliary excretion but it was accompanied by liver bilirubin concentrations exceeding those found in controls. Both observations suggest enhanced uptake of free bilirubin by the liver as one cause of the faster rate of disappearance of bilirubin from plasma. In rats, the maximal rate of bilirubin excretion was enhanced by treatment with phenobarbital. The bile volume was also greater in phenobarbital-treated animals than in controls. The concentration of bilirubin in the bile was not significantly different, indicating that the increase in bilirubin excretion was probably due to the increase in bile volume. Indirectly, some of the data suggest that increased bilirubin conjugation may play a role in the enhanced uptake and excretion of bilirubin after phenobarbital treatment.
Coenzyme Q10 and lipid-related gene induction in HeLa cells

Abstract Objective Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant that may have a therapeutic role in cervical cancer. Study design We investigated the cellular and molecular effects of 30 μmol/L Coenzyme Q10 in HeLa cells. Cell growth assays, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses, and Oil Red O staining were performed. Microarray experiments were performed in duplicate and analyzed on the basis of 2-fold changes in levels of gene expression. Results Coenzyme Q10 inhibited cell growth and led to apoptosis. Microarray analysis showed that 264 sequences were altered over time, with enrichment in lipid-related genes. Enhanced lipid accumulation was confirmed with Oil Red O staining. Conclusion A lipid response to Coenzyme Q10 may affect mechanisms of growth inhibition in HeLa cells.
Genetic variability for esterase enzyme in Onobrychis species

Understanding polymorphism at the enzyme level is basic to its use in population and genetic studies. However, no such information is available on the variability among different sainfoin (Onobrychis) species. Therefore, our objective was to study the existence of genetic polymorphism for esterase in 17 Onobrychis species and three cultivars of O. viciifolia Scop. Three regions of banding were observed in all the materials tested, with the number of bands varying from 0 to 3, 3 to 14, and 1 to 2 bands in each of these zones, which have been designated EST1, EST2, and EST3 respectively. All the materials studied had unique banding patterns, the only common feature being that all of them, except one species, had isozyme 1. Identification was possible only for four species (O. iberica, O. kachetica, O. transcaucasica, and O. bieberstenii) and one cultivar (‘Nova’) based on the banding patterns. Large diversity was evident from the wide range of percent similarity values (0%–79%). Subsequent studies should be directed in using these isozyme banding patterns as markers to the desirable agronomic and quality traits of different germplasm lines.
On-chip THz spectroscopy of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) powder

We recently demonstrated terahertz radiation from joule-heated Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) whose main defining feature was a broad frequency spectrum mediated by an antenna [1]. In this work, we use such a source in an integrated THz circuit to demonstrate the feasibility of an on-chip spectroscopy system through measurements on Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) powder.