cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immer noch Philosophie

Philosophy, non-philosophers complain, settles no problems. Thus social anthropology, for instance, might produce an adequate theory, say, of totemism or of magic, a theory which would both suggest directions for and explain the results of empirical research; but »philosophical anthropology« has no such »concrete« outcome. Similarly, brain research produces again and again definitive results which suggest further investigation, etc., while discussion of the »mind-body problem« seems to go on forever in the same vein, only with different vocabularies: instead of the reduction of mind to sensations or to corpuscles in motion we have its reduction to bevahior or to neurophysiology or to machinery, reductions which some philosophers embrace with enhusiasm and others resist. We circle, as Wittgenstein said, »round and round the same landscape«. And the question, what philosophy is, is one of the philosophical questions that itself keeps recurring, however many philosophers have thought it settled. Looking back at Plessner’s philosophical writing, in the context as well of the history of philosophy, past and contemporary, one may ask once again: what is philosophy doing, and why does it do it in this unsettling, because unsettled, way?
Radionucleotide Evaluation of GI Bleeding

The radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine to detect gastrointestinal bleeding is Technetium 99m-labeled autologous red blood cells (Tc-99m RBC). Labeling of red blood cells is possible because the radionuclide technetium 99m pertechnetate (TcO 4 − ) freely crosses the red blood cell membrane via anion exchange. However, once TcO 4 − is reduced, it can no longer pass through the red blood cell membrane. Therefore, it follows that if TcO 4 − is allowed to cross the RBC membrane and subsequently reduced within the cell, Tc-99m will be trapped within the RBC. This is precisely how RBCs are labeled for a nuclear medicine GI bleeding study. The agent used to reduce TcO 4 − is tin (Sn+2). The protocol involves pretreating red blood cells with tin followed by exposure to TcO 4 − . The intracellular tin reduces the TcO 4 − trapping it within the cell. The reduced technetium 99m binds to the beta chain of hemoglobin (see Fig. 36.1
Mass Transfer Effects in Pyrolysis of Coals: A Review of Experimental Evidence and Models

There exist many empirical pseudo-chemical-rate models which adequately describe the time scales of coal pyrolysis phenomena observed under rapid-heating conditions as exist in pulverized or fluidized combustion and gasification. None of these models can, however, predict the often very significant effects of pressure and particle diameter on the compositions and properties of volatile products of pyrolysis. Recently, a number of combined pyrolysis/mass transfer models have been developed to address this need. This chapter reviews both these models and the experimental evidence upon which they are founded.
Abstract TMP107: Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC) Protocol: Novel Method for Evaluating Human Stroke

Background: Research in ischemic stroke struggles from failures to translate stroke conditions between animal models and human patients. With mechanical thrombectomy, we have for the first time dev...
The distribution of T-cell subsets and the expression of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia

Background Phenotypic characterization of immune cells in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is lacking. Methods T-cell infiltration was quantified on BM biopsies from 13 patients with AML, and flow cytometry was performed on BM aspirates (BMAs) from 107 patients with AML who received treatment at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The authors evaluated the expression of inhibitory receptors (programmed cell death protein 1 [PD1], cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA4], lymphocyte-activation gene 3 [LAG3], T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 [TIM3]) and stimulatory receptors (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein [GITR], OX40, 41BB [a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor], inducible T-cell costimulatory [ICOS]) on T-cell subsets and the expression of their ligands (41BBL, B7-1, B7-2, ICOSL, PD-L1, PD-L2, and OX40L) on AML blasts. Expression of these markers was correlated with patient age, karyotype, baseline next-generation sequencing for 28 myeloid-associated genes (including P53), and DNA methylation proteins (DNA methyltransferase 3α, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1[IDH1], IDH2, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 [TET2], and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 [FLT3]). Results On histochemistry evaluation, the T-cell population in BM appeared to be preserved in patients who had AML compared with healthy donors. The proportion of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in BMAs was higher in patients with AML than in healthy donors. PD1-positive/OX40-positive T cells were more frequent in AML BMAs, and a higher frequency of PD1-positive/cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)-positive T cells coexpressed TIM3 or LAG3. PD1-positive/CD8-positive T cells were more frequent in BMAs from patients who had multiply relapsed AML than in BMAs from those who had first relapsed or newly diagnosed AML. Blasts in BMAs from patients who had TP53-mutated AML were more frequently positive for PD-L1. Conclusions The preserved T-cell population, the increased frequency of regulatory T cells, and the expression of targetable immune receptors in AML BMAs suggest a role for T-cell-harnessing therapies in AML.
The Armenians of Glendale: An Ethnoburb in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley

Glendale may house the most visible Armenian diaspora in the world; however, it remains among the most invisible in print. The following begins to shed light on this community by providing a brief ...
Symbolism in Female Terrorism: Five Overarching Themes

This paper examines symbolism in female terrorism through five overarching themes. These themes symbolize (1) continuity of the fight, (2) strategic desirability, (3) revenge, (4) restoration of honor, and (5) change. For example, during the First Intifada, Palestinian women were symbolic warriors in the resistance movement. Today, terror propagandists increasingly exploit this type of female zeal to further justify terrorism against their enemies. Taken as a whole, these five overarching themes shed light on a phenomenon that tends to be underrepresented in the mainstream media. An important conclusion of this analysis is that female terrorism is a grand strategy to strike the enemy in unremitting ways (i.e., “continuity of the fight”), in unprecedented ways (i.e., “strategic desirability” and “change”), and sometimes as the only viable way (i.e., “revenge” and “restoration of honor”).
Response to Commentaries on “The Intergenerational Transmission Of Holocaust Trauma: A Psychoanalytic Theory Revisited”

At the beginning of my paper, I presented the following line from a paper by Barocas and Barocas (1979): “One more evil legacy of the Holocaust is the realization that the concentration camp will h...
Psychological Mind-Set and Student Success: The Importance of Internal Locus of Control in Students Who Overachieve

Improving student success outcomes such as persistence and graduation rates remains a priority for higher education institutions, scholars, and advocates. Recent scholarly work argues for more qual...
Vaping industry-funded academic scholarships.

While the benefits versus the risks of increased e-cigarette use among adults remains unsettled, the fact that 21% of high school students in 2018 have used e-cigarettes in the last month is concerning to almost all policymakers and clinicians.1 A recent e-cigarette marketing technique involves the promotion of scholarships for students. Given the novelty of these promotions, we undertook an analysis to understand how widespread this practice is in the USA, along with characteristics of such scholarships. We conducted Web-based searches from June to August 2018 for publicly accessible documents related to scholarship opportunities by e-cigarette companies to youth or young adults. Words used to search for opportunities included combinations of ‘vaping’/‘e-cigarette’/‘electronic cigarette’/‘ENDS’ and ‘manufacturer’/‘company’/‘industry’/‘trade association’/‘distributor’ and ‘scholarship’/‘university’/‘college’/‘education’/‘essay’/‘award’/‘fellowship’. We omitted duplicate entities and secondary reports. We then extracted data from each website that described …
A letter to reconsider the conditions for testing decontaminated n95 respirators for emergency reuse to address shortage

ABSTRACT The battle with COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the shortage of personal protective equipment, particularly, N95 respirators. Healthcare workers who reused N95 respirators may resort to unproven methods of cleaning/sterilization that can severely compromise the respirators’ filtration efficiency. A recently issued guideline will test decontaminated N95 respirators against particles with a median diameter of 0.075 ± 0.020 µm at a flow rate of 85 L min–1. For emergency reuse, these conditions may be too stringent. N95 respirators tested at this flow rate had predicted efficiencies of 0.5 µm). By reconsidering the test conditions, a substantial fraction of used/decontaminated respirators can be reused.
THE DEEP SWIRE FIELD. II. 90 cm CONTINUUM OBSERVATIONS AND 20 cm-90 cm SPECTRA

We present one of the deepest radio continuum surveys to date at a wavelength {approx}>1 m. The observations were taken with the VLA at 324.5 MHz covering a region of the SWIRE Spitzer Legacy survey, centered at 10{sup h}46{sup m}00{sup s}, 59{sup 0}01'00'' (J2000). The data reduction and analysis are described and an electronic catalog of the sources detected above 5{sigma} is presented. We also discuss the observed angular size distribution for the sample. Using our deeper 20 cm survey of the same field, we calculate spectral indices for sources detected in both surveys. The spectral indices for 90 cm selected sources, defined as S {proportional_to} {nu}{sup -{alpha}}, shows a peak near 0.7 and only a few sources with very steep spectra, i.e., {alpha}{sup 90} {sub 20} > >1. Thus no large population of very steep spectrum {mu}Jy sources seems to exist down to the limit of our survey. For 20 cm selected sources, we find similar mean spectral indices for sources with S {sub 20} > 1 mJy. For weaker sources, below the detection limit for individual sources at 90 cm, we use stacking to study the radio spectra. We find that the spectral indices of small (<3'') 20more » cm selected sources with S {sub 20} < 10 mJy have mean and median {alpha}{sup 90} {sub 20} {approx} 0.3-0.5. This is flatter than the spectral indices of the stronger source population. At the low end of the 20 cm survey, the spectral indices appear to be steepening again. We report log N-log S counts at 90 cm which show a flattening below 5 mJy. Given the median redshift of the population, z {approx} 1, the spectral flattening and the flattening of the log N-log S counts occur at radio luminosities normally associated with active galactic nuclei rather than with galaxies dominated by star formation.« less
Effects of Dietary Patterns on Serum Urate: Results From a Randomized Trial of the Effects of Diet on Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet or an alternative, simplified diet, emphasizing high-fiber fruits and vegetables (the FV diet), lowers serum urate levels. METHODS We conducted a secondary study of the DASH feeding study, a 3-arm, parallel-design, randomized trial of 459 adults with systolic blood pressure (BP) of <160 mm Hg and diastolic BP of 80-95 mm Hg, who were not receiving BP medications. Participants were randomized to receive 8 weeks of monitored feeding and ate 1 of 3 diets: 1) a typical American diet (control), 2) the FV diet, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables but otherwise similar to the control diet, or 3) the DASH diet, which was rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and reduced in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Body weight was kept constant throughout the study. Serum urate levels were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of feeding. RESULTS For the 327 participants with available specimens (mean ± SD age 45.4 ± 11.0 years, 47% women, 50% African American), the mean ± SD baseline serum urate level was 5.7 ± 1.5 mg/dl. Compared to the control diet, the FV diet reduced the mean serum urate level by 0.17 mg/dl (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -0.34, 0.00; P = 0.051) and the DASH diet reduced the mean serum urate level by 0.25 mg/dl (95% CI -0.43, -0.08; P = 0.004). These effects increased with increasing baseline serum urate levels (<5, 5-5.9, 6-6.9, 7-7.9, and ≥8 mg/dl) for those receiving the DASH diet (a reduction of 0.08, 0.12, 0.42, 0.44, and 0.73 mg/dl, respectively; P for trend = 0.04), but not for those receiving the FV diet. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the DASH diet reduces serum urate levels, particularly among those with hyperuricemia. These findings support the growing need for a dedicated trial to test the DASH diet among patients with hyperuricemia and gout.
Stress appraisal prospectively predicts binge eating through increases in negative affect

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies preliminarily support the transactional model of emotion regulation in eating disorders, such that heightened stress appraisal (i.e., the cognitive evaluation of an event’s demands) results in increased negative affect (NA) and subsequent binge eating (BE). However, the temporal relationships between these variables and the magnitude of stress appraisal that is clinically significant require clarification. The current study aimed to extend previous research by (1) examining the temporal relationship between stress appraisal, changes in NA, and BE using three timepoints, (2) exploring what magnitude of momentary stress appraisal results in clinically significant increases in NA and BE, and (3) characterizing what stressors are associated with clinically significant stress appraisal. 37 adult females completed an EMA protocol assessing momentary stressors, stress appraisal, NA, and BE over 2 week duration. Multilevel mediation models were used to test the study aims. Momentary increases in stress appraisal significantly predicted binge eating through increases in NA. Stress appraisal ratings of 0.50 SD higher relative to one’s average stress appraisal began to significantly predict the likelihood of BE through increases in NA, and the likelihood of BE occurrence increased with every 0.25 increments in momentary stress appraisal. Work/school stressors and interpersonal stressors were the most commonly endorsed stressors of clinically significant stress appraisal. The current study supported the transactional model of emotion dysregulation in a binge eating sample and supports the use of momentary interventions at times of clinically significant stress appraisal to reduce BE risk. Level II, controlled trial without randomization.
Colonic Epithelial Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in Blacks and Whites: Potential Implications for Pathogenesis Covid-19 Racial Disparities.

Covid-19 toll is disproportionate in Blacks although the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. From a biological perspective, several host proteins have received most attention as logical susceptibility targets. Specifically, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as the epithelial cell receptor and acts in concert with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Intriguingly, ACE2 can also suppress the inflammatory response and therefore may impact the severity of Covid-19 infections (from the exuberant immune response a.k.a. “cytokine storm”). We, therefore, assessed expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in Blacks versus Whites. Archived mucosal biopsies from colonoscopic biopsies of visually normal rectal mucosa without concurrent neoplasia or inflammation were used for this study. Total mRNA was isolated and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction for ACE2, and TMPRSS2 was assessed from non-Hispanic Blacks (n = 45) and non-Hispanic Whites (n = 38). GAPDH and beta-actin were used for normalization. Multivariable analysis was performed using Analyse-IT software. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 levels were not altered by gender, BMI, or age. ACE2 levels were lower in Blacks than Whites achieving statistical significance in multivariable (0.51-fold, p = 0.03) but not quite in univariable (p = 0.07) analysis. This downregulation was mirrored in TMRPSS2 in both univariable (p = 0.03) and multivariable analyses (0.41-fold, p = 0.02). Moreover, there was a strong correlation between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 levels (r-squared = 0.78). To our knowledge, this is the first report on racial differences inACE2 and TMPRSS2 mucosal expression. This may provide potential biological underpinnings for the disproportionately higher mortality of Covid-19 in Blacks and should spur future studies.
Space-Time Quantum Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces have recently entered the realm of quantum photonics, enabling manipulation of quantum light using a compact nanophotonic platform. Realizing the full potential of metasurfaces at the deepest quantum level requires the ability to tune coherent light-matter interactions continuously in space and time. Here, we introduce the concept of space-time quantum metasurfaces for arbitrary control of the spectral, spatial, and spin properties of nonclassical light using a compact photonic platform. We show that space-time quantum metasurfaces allow on-demand tailoring of entanglement among all degrees of freedom of a single photon. We also show that spatiotemporal modulation induces asymmetry at the fundamental level of quantum fluctuations, resulting in the generation of steered and vortex photon pairs out of vacuum. Space-time quantum metasurfaces have the potential to enable novel photonic functionalities, such as encoding quantum information into high-dimensional color qudits using designer modulation protocols, sculpting multispectral and multispatial modes in spontaneous emission, and generating reconfigurable hyperentanglement for high-capacity quantum communications.
Evaluation of the ventilatory effects on human subjects in prolonged hip-flexed/head-down restraint position.

Abstract Background The restraint chair is a tool used by law enforcement and correction personnel to control aggressive, agitated individuals. When initiating its use, subjects are often placed in a hip-flexed/head-down (HFHD) position to remove handcuffs. Usually, this period of time is less than two minutes but can become more prolonged in particularly agitated patients. Some have proposed this positioning limits ventilation and can result in asphyxia. The aim of this study is to evaluate if a prolonged HFHD restraint position causes significant ventilatory compromise. Methods Subjects exercised on a stationary bicycle until they reached 85% of their predicted maximal heart rate. They were then handcuffed with their hands behind their back and placed into a HFHD seated position for five minutes. The primary outcome measurement was maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV). This was measured at baseline, after initial placement into the HFHD position, and after five minutes of being in the position while still maintaining the HFHD position. Baseline measurements were compared with final measurements for statistically significant differences. Results We analyzed data for 15 subjects. Subjects had a mean MVV of 165.3 L/min at baseline, 157.8 L/min after initially being placed into the HFHD position, and a mean of 138.7 L/min after 5 min in the position. The mean baseline % predicted MVV was 115%; after 5 min in the HFHD position the mean was 96%. This 19% absolute difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusions In healthy seated male subjects with recent exertion, up to five minutes in a HFHD position results in a small decrease in MVV compared with baseline MVV levels. Even with this decrease, mean MVV levels were still 96% of predicted after five minutes. Though a measurable decrease was found, there was no clinically significant change that would support that this positioning would lead to asphyxia over a five-minute time period.
Plessy versus Lochner: The Berea College Case

Legal scholars and historians have often claimed to find intellectual affinities between the U.S. Supreme Court's notorious opinions in Plessy v. Ferguson and Lochner v. New York. In Plessy, the Court upheld a law requiring private railroads to enforce segregation, while in Lochner the Court invalidated a maximum hours law for bakers. Bruce Ackerman asserts that Plessy had its intellectual roots “in the laissez-faire theories expressed one decade later in cases like Lochner.” In support of his thesis, Ackerman relies onthe Plessy Court's statement that if the two races are to mingle, it must be “the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other's merits and a voluntary consent of individuals.” Brook Thomas also blames the Plessy ruling on laissez-faire ideology. He argues that laissez-faire theory led the Court to seek to encourage the “natural” forces of segregation.
The bonding performances of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced epoxy adhesively bonded joints on steel substrates

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are generally considered as a promising particle reinforcement of incorporating advanced properties and characteristics into epoxy nanocomposites. This paper investigated the bonding performances of CNT-reinforced epoxy adhesively bonded joints on steel substrates using the single lap shear (SLS) tests. The bonding performances (including bonding strength, fracture strain, toughness, and failure mode) were studied with three adhesive thicknesses (1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.25 mm) and three CNT weight fractions (0%, 0.375%, and 0.75%). The experimental results indicated that thinner bondlines and higher CNT additions could significantly improve the bonding performances and modify the failure mode of CNT-reinforced epoxy adhesively bonded joints. However, the effects of adhesive thickness became less significant with the increase of CNT weight fractions. In addition, the plastic behaviour of CNT-reinforced epoxy, CNTs pulling-out, and the aggregation of CNTs were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis on the fracture surfaces of CNT-reinforced epoxy adhesively bonded joints, indicating the potential effectiveness of the CNT reinforcement.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12-Binding Alpha Globulin in Two Brothers

Persistent deficiency of serum B 12 -binding alpha-1 globulin was demonstrated in two brothers, manifesting primarily as low serum B 12 levels. Despite the inability of one subject to maintain normal levels of B 12 in the blood, as shown by persistently low serum values despite monthly injections of B 12 , no evidence of metabolic B 12 deficiency could be found. Tissue B 12 -storing ability appeared to be intact. His brother exhibited only minimal hypersegmentation of neutrophil nuclei; otherwise, he too presented a completely normal picture. The normally present alpha globulin B 12 -binder was virtually absent from saliva and peripheral leukocyte extracts of both subjects. Current indirect evidence favors neutrophils as at least a partial source of the serum globulin. 33 The cause of the possibly hereditary defect in the 2 subjects is unknown. Neither excessive B 12 -binding protein excretion 34 nor a destructive factor in their serum or leukocytes was found.
Regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking by N-cadherin

Dendritic spines are dynamically regulated, both morphologically and functionally, by neuronal activity. Morphological changes are mediated by a variety of synaptic proteins, whereas functional changes can be dramatically modulated by the regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor trafficking. Although these two forms of plasticity appear to be highly coordinated, the connections between them are not fully understood. In this study the synaptic cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin was found to associate with AMPA receptors and regulate AMPA receptor trafficking in neurons. N-cadherin and β-catenin formed a protein complex with AMPA receptors in vivo, and this association was regulated by extracellular Ca2+. In addition, these proteins co-clustered at synapses in cultured neurons. In heterologous cells and in cultured neurons, overexpression of wild-type N-cadherin specifically increased the surface expression level of the AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) and this effect was reversed by a dominant-negative form of N-cadherin. Finally, GluR1 increased the surface expression of N-cadherin in heterologous cells. Importantly, recent studies suggest that N-cadherin and β-catenin play key roles in structural plasticity in neurons. Therefore, our data suggest that the association of N-cadherin with AMPA receptors may serve as a biochemical link between structural and functional plasticity of synapses.
Behavioral strategy shifts with training : Rats on an elevated plus maze

Rats use a multitude of cues within the environment to guide their behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which reliance on local cues, visual extramaze cues, and other sources of information changes with training. Female Fischer 344 rats were trained consecutively for 24 days on a four-arm radial maze reference memory task. The correct arm could be located by its relation to the “outside world,” a large white illuminated poster, or to a local insert on the goal arm. Within 2 weeks, the animals were consistently choosing the goal arm regardless of how they were placed on the maze. Four and 10 days after reaching asymptotic performance, a probe trial was given to determine what strategy the animals were using to solve the task. During the probe trial, both the visual extramaze cue and the local cues were rotated 90° clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively, and the animals’ choice of arm was recorded. This probe revealed which cues had the greatest influence on each animal’s behavior. Initially, the animals tended to use all three types of cues equally in solving the task. With additional training, there was a shift toward predominantly using visual extramaze information and ignoring information outside of the testing environment. Thus, the use of environmental information is dynamic, even within a specific task, and it changes with the extent of the training.
Modern International Relations Theory: A Prospectus for International Lawyers

International law (IL) and international relations (IR) scholarship have long proceeded on separate tracks. Realism, the dominant IR theory for over two thousand years, has had little to say to students of international law, although some postwar Realists have sought a better understanding of international rules and institutions. One particularly important body of IR theory, emerging only in the 1980s, focuses on normative orders called “international regimes.” The development of regime theory and related theories of international cooperation – modern IR theory – offers a long-overdue opportunity to reintegrate IL and IR. This article introduces the major elements of modern IR theory and the work of its leading contributors, and suggests their relevance to the study of international law. It emphasizes two analytical approaches. First, the article explores basic game theory models that epitomize common forms of state interaction in which benefits can be enhanced through cooperation in the form of international rules and institutions. Second,it explores analogies between international relations and the operations of markets, including common forms of "political market failure." The article emphasizes what Robert Keohane has dubbed the "demand side" of modern IR theory - why states rationally demand international regimes - because this aspect provides immediate insight into the functions of legal norms and institutions. The article also discusses elements of the "supply side" - how international cooperation to create norms and institutions is achieved.
A History of Dogs in the Early Americas

. History of Dogs in the Early Americas. Marion Schwartz. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997. 233 pp.
Use of a sulfanilamide derivative in the treatment of gonorrhea in pregnant and nonpregnant women

Abstract 1. 1. Forty-five cases of gonorrhea in women have been treated with a sulfanilamide derivative (neoprontosil) in doses of 40 gr. daily in five-day courses. Cure was accomplished in all cases except one. 2. 2. No serious toxic effects were observed with this dosage. 3. 3. In the cases in which the infection was limited to the cervix and lower genital tract, no upward extension was observed under treatment. 4. 4. Reinfection occurred 14 times in this series, but never while the patient was under active treatment, and always responded promptly to further medication. No conclusions are justified from such a small group of cases. The results, however, are so uniform and so striking that we are greatly encouraged to continue with this method of treatment until a sufficient number of cases has been studied to confirm or deny its therapeutic value.
Antimicrobial Therapy for Infants and Children: Guidelines for the Inpatient and Outpatient Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

In this article, we discuss antimicrobial regimens for both outpatient and inpatient use in infants and children. A substantial number of pediatric patient visits annually result in the prescribing of antimicrobial drugs. The emergence of bacteria resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents is a growing concern. Information on newer drugs such as meropenem, which is active against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacilli, and cefepime, which has activity against gramnegative bacilli including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against gram-positive cocci is also presented. Management of patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies continues to be challenging in regard to the use of antimicrobial drugs to treat various fungal and viral infections. New formulations of older drugs such as aerosolized tobramycin and amphotericin B lipid complex are available. New antiviral agents have been approved, most of which are antiretroviral agents. Childhood tuberculosis is an ongoing concern, and regimens to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children are discussed.
Language and immigrant status effects on disparities in Hispanic children's health status and access to health care.

The objective of this study is to estimate Hispanic/non-Hispanic (nH)-white health disparities and assess the extent to which disparities can be explained by immigrant status and household primary language. The 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health was funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, and conducted by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics as a module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey. We calculated disparities for various health indicators between Hispanic and nH-white children, and used logistic regression to adjust them for socio-economic and demographic characteristics, primary language spoken in the household, and the child’s immigrant status. Controlling for language and immigrant status greatly reduces health disparities, although it does not completely eliminate all disparities showing poorer outcomes for Hispanic children. English-speaking and nonimmigrant Hispanic children are more similar to nH-white children than are Hispanic children in non-English speaking households or immigrant children. Hispanic/nH-white health disparities among children are largely driven by that portion of the Hispanic population that is either newly-arrived to this country or does not speak primarily English in the household.
Acute leukemic appendicitis in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia

Leukemic and lymphomatous infiltration of the appendix is a rare complication. We present the case of a 31-year-old male with acute promyelocytic leukemia who developed acute abdomen on day 11 of induction chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine. After appropriate work-up, a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made. Despite severe pancytopenia, he successfully underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. The final pathology revealed leukemic infiltration of the appendix. It is hypothesized that the leukemic infiltration may play a role in the development of acute appendicitis. Further, this case demonstrates the need to maintain a high index of suspicion and prompt surgical intervention for surgical pathologies in neutropenic patients.
Improving High School Social Studies: Advice from the Colleges

Abstract The effectiveness of college preparatory curricula in high schools has recently been the focus of both public and professional literature about public schooling in America. In response, many educators and political figures have suggested that secondary schools should gear their expectations to those of the colleges and universities. This article reports survey findings concerning the expectations of college sociologists for their students. The authors' in-depth interviews of 26 college instructors led us to conclude that success in social science courses is judged much more a matter of basic reading and reasoning skills and academic seriousness than acquisition of particular information during the high school years. Suggestions for curricular and instructional reform are proposed.
Fiber delivery of femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser.

We propose a way to deliver nanojoule-energy, 100-fs pulses at 800 nm through a few meters of standard optical fiber. Pulses from a mode-locked laser are compressed temporally, and then spectrally, to produce the desired pulses at the end of the fiber. Initial experiments agree well with calculations and demonstrate the benefits of this technique: For an energy of ∼0.5 nJ, the delivered pulses are ∼5 times shorter than those delivered by other techniques. The issues that must be addressed to scale the technique up to delivered pulse energies of 5 nJ are identified, and the apparatus employs only readily available components. Thus we expect it to find use in the many applications that would benefit from fiber delivery of femtosecond pulses.
Higher order corrections to the hyperfine splitting of positronium

The positronium ground state hyperfine splitting (hfs) has long been of interest as a high-precision test of our understanding of binding in QED. The positronium hfs is particularly sensitive to recoil effects (because the ratio of masses is one) and to virtual electron-positron annihilation, but positronium is insensitive to strong and weak interaction effects. Consequently, the comparison between theory and experiment for the positronium hfs, and more generally the positronium spectrum, tests different aspects of the theory compared to comparisons in other exotic atoms. For the past fifteen years there has been a persistent discrepancy between predicted and measured values of the positronium hfs of about four standard deviations (although a new experimental result is consistent with present theory). Recent experimental work is leading to new high-precision measurements, and the calculation of order- α 3 corrections has begun. The status of the positronium hfs problem and a discussion of recent progress is the topic of this contribution.
α-Glucosaminide synthesis: exercising stereocontrol at C1 or C2 via torsional effects or DeShong nucleophiles

Abstract The synthesis of α-glucosaminides may be carried out by installing synthons for the cis -related C1 and C2 functionalities in either order. When the C2 azide is installed first, α-glycosidation can be induced by using a 4,6- O -benzylidene ring to provide torsional control of anomeric selectivity. In the alternative option, the C1 linkage can be established by use of an n -pentenyl- manno -1,2-orthoester, the C2oxygen of the resulting α-mannoside being replaced with inversion by use of DeShong's hypervalent silicon azide.
Sharing information and building trust through value congruence

This study explores how value congruence contributes to the formation of trust in e-businesses, and how trust and value congruence influence consumers to share personal information. It is hypothesized that the perceived values of organizations regarding moral, social, environmental and political causes can have an effect on the trusting beliefs of e-commerce consumers and their willingness to disclose private personal information. A total of 775 subjects rated their perceived value congruence with organizations, their trusting beliefs, and the types of information they would be willing to disclose. This study finds that value congruence not only plays a role in mediating the trust of consumers for the organizations, but it also has a strong effect on determining their willingness to disclose personal information. In some cases, the influence of value congruence is greater than that of trust, even though trust has been touted in the literature as one of the most important factors in e-commerce. This research expands prior work by using structural equation modeling to test the relative strength of the effect of value congruence on each dimension of trust and the overall trust level, as well as its direct effect on behavioral intentions in terms of information sharing for non-profit and for-profit organizations.
Clinical and arthrographic evaluation of temporomandibular joint sounds

Abstract Two hundred five patients were examined for temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction. Arthrograms were performed on 222 joints (188 unilateral and 17 bilateral). Patients with joint sounds suspected of being caused by meniscus displacement with reduction were evaluated. Seventy-two patients (38%), were suspected of “clicking” (a reducing meniscus), but only 53 had arthrographic findings of a reducing meniscus. Further evaluation of this patient group revealed that only 41 probably could be candidates for a protrusive splint. This represents only 57% (41 of 72) of patients with “clicking” who may be candidates for protrusive splint treatment.
Nonequilibrium sorption during displacement of hydrophobic organic chemicals and calcium-45 through soil columns with aqueous and mixed solvents

Etude du role joue par la diffusion des materiaux intraorganiques comme etape limitante dans la sorption de composes organiques et mineraux en solution au cours d'experience de miscibilite migrante
Reductive Elimination of Bromine from 1,2-Dibromoalkanes Using Organometallic Reagents

Abstract Organocuprate(I) reagents are now being widely used for highly selective substitution reactions1 with alkyl,2 alkenyl,2 aryl,2 and acyl3 halides and with α,α'-dihaloketones.4 Organocopper ...
Prevalence of eating disorders in Latina adolescents: Associations with substance use and other correlates

Abstract Purpose To estimate the occurrence and correlates of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa-related symptoms in a Latina sample of U.S. adolescents. Method Approximately 1866 Latinas ranging in age from 11–20 years old are included in this study. These adolescents are a sub-sample from the National Longitudinal Survey on Adolescent Health. Along with self-reports of eating disorder-related variables, we measured related biological, contextual, behavioral, and psychosocial correlates, including use of various substances. Conclusion Chi-square analysis showed the prevalence in all Latina sub-groups was relatively consistent with the U.S. trends. Latinas of higher socioeconomic status were more at risk for eating disorders. Body dissatisfaction, negative affectivity, substance use, and low self-esteem were all positively correlated with eating disorder symptoms. These results suggest screening and treatment services are needed across groups of Latina adolescents.
The formulation effect of propoxur on leaching as a function of soil properties

Abstract This work investigates the kinetics of propoxur washing out and its residues in five arable soils with a clay content from 4–28% and an organic matter content from 1.3–1.8%. It has been noted that the fastest washing out occured with the emulsion form, the slowest washing out with the pure active substance, whereas an intermediate velocity was observed for the suspension form. The amount of propoxur in the reflux was also highest for the emulsion form, intermediate for the suspension form and lowest for the pure active substance. The highest residue level in the investigated soils was observed for the pure active substance. The kinetics of propoxur washing out in all the investigated forms was inversely proportional to the content of clay particles in the soils. Adsorption increased with the increase of clay particle content.
Characterization of inclusion complexes of betamethasone-related steroids with cyclodextrins using high-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC was used to study the inclusion complexes formed between various beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins and a series of corticosteroids related to betamethasone. Apparent association constants were measured in acetonitrile-water for a set of 13 steroids. An increase in the stability of the steroid-cyclodextrin complex is observed at lower concentrations of acetonitrile. The effects of the nature of the halide at the 9-position, the location of a double bond within the C-ring, substitution at the 9- and 11-positions, and modification of the D-ring of the steroid backbone were studied. The 11- and 17-positions were found to be critically involved in the inclusion process. Larger apparent association constants were obtained with gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) than with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) due to the increased diameter of the gamma-CD cavity. Van't Hoff plots were constructed to examine the thermodynamic properties of the inclusion process. Plots constructed using retention factors were found to be nonlinear when gamma-CD was present in the mobile phase. This is due to an increase in the strength of the inclusion complex as temperature decreases. Plots constructed using apparent association constants were linear, indicating that the mechanism of inclusion does not change over the range of temperatures studied (10 to 80 degrees C). Enthalpy-entropy compensation was observed for 11 of the 13 steroids studied. The usefulness of cyclodextrins to achieve the separation of steroids in HPLC is discussed and a practical application for the analysis of a steroid and three potential impurities is described.
041 Mechanical and Molecular Response of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to TGF‐β and TNF‐α

Background: The cytokine signals that regulate myofibroblast differentiation and the resulting reorganization of matrix are incompletely understood. We studied the response of fibroblasts to mediators known to affect matrix reorganization, TGF-β and TNF-α in a collagen matrix. Further, we sought to determine if any cell phenotype changes resulted in quantifiable alterations in the mechanical performance of the matrix. Methods: Normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in collagen type I lattices for 1 and 5 days in DMEM with .5% FBS and TGF-β(1 ng/ml), TNF-α(10 ng/ml), or combinations TGF-β(1 ng/ml) + TNF-α(1,5, and 10 ng/ml). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine α-SMA expression. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure α-SMA mRNA. An indentation mechanical method was used to measure Young’s modulus which represents matrix stiffness. Results: TGF-β increases α-SMA, while TNF-α alone has no effect on basal α-SMA expression. When TGF-β + TNF-α were both added, the expression of α-SMA returned to basal levels. Immunohistochemistry showed α-SMA is incorporated into prominent stress fibers only in the TGF-β group. Real-time PCR showed that TNF-α did not affect α-SMA mRNA, while TGF-β increased α-SMA mRNA 19-fold. Combination treatment reduced mRNA level by 16-fold, to 2.7-fold compared to control. Indentation testing showed that, in all treatment groups, lattices after 5 days in culture were stiffer. TNF-α appeared to reduce the stiffness of the lattices on both day 1 and 5 compared to control. Conclusion: TNF-α decreases TGF-β induction of α-SMA expression at the transcriptional level and decreases lattice stiffness. The cellular responses to cytokines are reflected in both biochemical and mechanical behaviors. Understanding both will be necessary to understand how tissues remodel into functional tissue and scar.
Caregiving and cost of health care for later life families

In the future, the number of families providing care for elderly relatives as well as the costs associated with health care will continue to increase. The caregiving triad—individual, family and government—will need to balance the resources to meet the needs of the elderly. Public policy changes can assist older persons and their families as they address caregiving in the later years.
Gender HCI: what about the software?

Although there has been recent investigation into how to understand and ameliorate the low representation of females in computing, there has been little research into how software itself fits into the picture. Our focus is on how supposedly gender-neutral software interacts with gender differences. Specifically, we have concentrated on software aimed at supporting users doing problem solving. For example, what if females' problem-solving effectiveness, using software such as Excel, would accelerate if the software were changed to take gender differences into account? This talk reports the investigations my students and I have conducted into whether and how software and its features affect females' and males' performance differently, and describes the beginnings of work on promising interventions that help both males and females.
Single crystal growth and characterization of a layered transition metal pnictide oxide: Na2Ti2Sb2O

Abstract Single crystals of Na2Ti2Sb2O have been grown by NaSb flux method. It crystallizes in platelet morphology with dark silver color. The growth conditions are optimized and crystal structure has been analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction at 88.7, 120.0 and 150.0 K. The structure analysis result shows that there is a non-linear change in temperature-dependent lattice parameters suggesting that previously reported anomaly in temperature-dependent magnetization and electrical resistivity of polycrystalline samples around 120 K is associated with the structure distortion. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of a single crystal sample grown by NaSb flux method also exhibits a sharp transition around 120 K confirming that this anomaly is intrinsic to Na2Ti2Sb2O.
Noncontact Dipole Effects on Channel Permeation. III. Anomalous Proton Conductance Effects in Gramicidin

Abstract Proton transport on water wires, of interest for many problems in membrane biology, is analyzed in side-chain analogs of gramicidin A channels. In symmetrical 0.1N HCl solutions, fluorination of channel Trp 11 , Trp- 13 , or Trp 15 side chains is found to inhibit proton transport, and replacement of one or more Trps with Phe enhances proton transport, the opposite of the effects on K + transport in lecithin bilayers. The current-voltage relations are superlinear, indicating that some membrane field-dependent process is rate limiting. The interfacial dipole effects are usually assumed to affect the rate of cation translocation across the channel. For proton conductance, however, water reorientation after proton translocation is anticipated to be rate limiting. We propose that the findings reported here are most readily interpreted as the result of dipole-dipole interactions between channel waters and polar side chains or lipid headgroups. In particular, if reorientation of the water column begins with the water nearest the channel exit, this hypothesis explains the negative impact of fluorination and the positive impact of headgroup dipole on proton conductance.