cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric statistical inference

Abstract A reparametrization-covariant formulation of the inverse problem of probability is explicitly solved for finite sample sizes. The inferred distribution is explicitly continuous for finite sample size. A geometric solution of the statistical inference problem in higher dimensions is outlined.
Orthogonality catastrophe and spontaneous symmetry breaking in double-layer Fermi-liquid?like states

The double-layer electron system with total filling factor ν = 1/2 can be regarded as two separate Fermi-liquid–like states with ν = 1/4 when the layer separation is sufficiently large and there is no tunneling. The weak tunneling in this state suffers an orthogonality catastrophe and becomes irrelevant. When the symmetric and antisymmetric combinations of layer indices are taken as the pseudospin degrees of freedom, our results indicate that the first-order transition occurs from the above pseudospin-unpolarized state to the pseudospin-polarized Fermi-liquid–like state with ν = 1/2 as the tunneling strength becomes sufficiently large.
Augmenting real data with synthetic data: an application in assessing Radio‐Isotope identification algorithms

The performance of Radio-Isotope IDentification (RIID) algorithms using gamma spectroscopy is increasingly becoming important. For example, sensors at locations that screen for illicit nuclear material rely on isotope identification to resolve innocent nuisance alarms arising from naturally occurring radioactive material. Recent data collections for RIID testing consist of repeat measurements for each of several scenarios to test RIID algorithms. Efficient allocation of measurement resources requires an appropriate number of repeats for each scenario. To help allocate measurement resources in such data collections for RIID algorithm testing, we consider using only a few real repeats per scenario. In order to reduce uncertainty in the estimated RIID algorithm performance for each scenario, the potential merit of augmenting these real repeats with realistic synthetic repeats is also considered. Our results suggest that for the scenarios and algorithms considered, approximately 10 real repeats augmented with simulated repeats will result in an estimate having comparable uncertainty to the estimate based on using 60 real repeats. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irreversible Effects in Magnetorheological Fluids

The effect of residual structure on properties of MR fluids, based on CI particles, was investigated using a magneto-sweep technique and initial magnetic susceptibility measurements. The shear rate, particle size, and the CI surface properties were among the experimental variables. A mechanical hysteresis, associated with the irreversible residual structure formation, was observed via measurements of both shear stress and first normal stress difference. The hysteresis was most pronounced at the creeping flow as compared to high shear conditions. Regardless of experimental settings, the level of the hysteresis was the same at high shear rate, while the fluids containing larger particles and higher CI concentrations demonstrated stronger residual effect at slow flow. The hysteresis loop was slightly wider for the silica-treated particles suggesting that chemical (non-magnetic) interaction might contribute to the fluid irreversible behavior. Existence of some residual structure has been also shown in measure...
Estimating Borrower Mobility from Observed Prepayments

This article describes a method used to estimate parameters describing the mobility of borrowers choosing fixed-rate mortgages. Using a mortgage valuation model that predicts prepayments contingent upon parameters describing the distribution of expected tenure in the home, the average mobility of borrowers can be estimated from observed prepayment behavior. This article estimates the mobility of borrowers who chose fixed-rate mortgages before 1980 and borrowers who chose similar mortgages in the second half of the 1980s, when adjustable-rate mortgages were widely available. The empirical results support the claim that the average mobility of fixed-rate borrowers has declined.
Exponential higher dimensional isoperimetric inequalities for some arithmetic groups

We show that arithmetic subgroups of semisimple groups of relative $${{\mathbb Q}}$$ -type A n , B n , C n , D n , E 6, or E 7 have an exponential lower bound to their isoperimetric inequality in the dimension that is 1 less than the real rank of the semisimple group.
Avoiding fiber nonlinearities by choice of modulation format

Nonlinear refraction in fiber optic links is a capacity limiting mechanism, whereby the phase of each propagating signal is modulated by intensity variations of signals in nearby channels. The transition to coherent detection enables a wide variety of modulation formats to be considered. Indeed, the choice of modulation format plays a primary role in determining the degree of amplitude variation in the channel as well as the robustness to the phase noise impairment that nonlinearities induce. On one hand, constant envelope formats (or nearly-constant) avoid fluctuations in the signal and produce lower nonlinearity-based impairments. Alternatively, star-QAM modulation formats enhance the receiver's robustness to phase noise. Using simulated and experimental results we demonstrate the effectiveness of each format in avoiding fiber nonlinearity effects for both standard fiber (17ps/nm-km) and NZDF (5 ps/nm-km). We show sensitivity of several formats to nonlinear phase modulation from adjacent channels. We show the interaction between dispersion and constant envelope formats that guides the applications in which constant envelope formats, such as continuous phase modulation (CPM) provide gain over non-constant formats, such as QPSK. Consideration is made to scaling to 100 Gb/s and beyond in practical implementations.
‘I love my American job’: professional prestige in the Indian outsourcing industry and global consequences of an expanding legal profession

A crucial consequence of the explosion of legal work is the expansion of the locations where this work is actually being done. With client pressures and rising global credibility of a competent end product, international offshoring has become an obvious extension of the global value-chain. Relying on lawyers in the developing world to meet deadlines has moved from being a possible alternative to a potential imperative for legal strategists. This paper looks at one (possibly unintended?) consequence that this diversification of workflow introduces in the domestic legal profession of the supplying nation by examining the ways in which this process shapes prestige stratification within the Indian legal profession. Using field data from the Indian legal outsourcing industry (collected as part of the Harvard Law School Program on the Legal Professions Study on legal process outsourcing firms), it suggests the ways in which association to the West has emerged as a marker of prestige and how, while important, tr...
A Tale of Two Zoos

This short piece tells the story of the Israeli occupation through the relationship between two zoos: the Biblical Zoo in Jerusalem and the Qalqilya Zoo in the West Bank. Despite the insistence by all interviewees that the zoos’ animals exist beyond the contentious politics of this place, this essay demonstrates that the two zoos are deeply entangled in hegemonic relations. The Israelis have the animals, the professional means, and the education. And as they give, take, and educate their Palestinian counterparts, they also create and enforce the proper conservation standards, thereby controlling the meaning of care for zoo animals, both in Israel and in Palestine. In effect, the Israeli gaze penetrates beyond the formal Israel/Palestine border. Instead of a straightforward story about sustaining wildlife, the control of zoo animals is a form of postcolonial ecology: an indirect penetration of the nation-state through nongovernmental means and in the name of conservation.
A safety system for personnel and equipment protection at the AGS and RHIC

Brookhaven's Booster and AGS accelerators will soon be operating in a mode whereby different particle species and intensities are alternately accelerated within the same machine during different machine cycles. This will allow the AGS to feed the experimental program and act as a RHIC injector when needed. Along with this great flexibility comes the burden of ensuring the safety of AGS and RHIC personnel and equipment by preventing the inadvertent acceleration of high intensity beam during a period intended for low intensity beam. The Co-injection monitoring system, under development now at BNL, will meet this need. This safety system will sense the intensity of the beam by integrating the beam current signal from a transformer and trip off the accelerator if the intensity exceeds a preset level. The system is dual redundant and contains self-test circuitry to ensure its functionality. This paper describes the Co-injection system. Where available, results of the initial operation will be presented. >
The transition state in catalytic surface chemistry

The transition states for the elementary steps of a catalytic surface reaction mechanism determine the overall rates of catalytic processes. Unfortunately, our understanding of the nature of transition states on surfaces remains very poor due to the extreme difficulties associated with experimental and computational methods for probing such metastable species. Currently progress is being made along three fronts: state-resolved molecular adsorption and desorption experiments, measurements of substituent effects on reaction barriers, and the use of computational simulation.
Visualizing oceanic and atmospheric flows with streamline splatting

The investigation of the climate system is one of the most exciting areas of scientific research today. In the climate system, oceanic and atmospheric flows play a critical role. Because these flows are very complex in the span of temporal and spatial scales, effective computer visualization techniques are crucial to the analysis and understanding of the flows. However, the existing techniques and software are not sufficient to the demand of visualizing oceanic and atmospheric flows. In this paper, we use a new technique called streamline splatting to visualize 3D flows. This technique integrates streamline generation with the splatting method of volume rendering. It first generates segments of streamlines and then projects and splats the streamline segments onto the image plane. The projected streamline segments can be represented using a Hermite parametric model. Splatted curves are achieved by applying a Gaussian footprint function to the projected streamline segments and the results are blended together. Thus the user can see through a volumetric flow field and obtain a 3D representation view in one image. The proposed technique has been applied to visualizing oceanic and storm flows. This work has potential to be further developed into visualization software for regular PC workstations to help researchers explore and analyze climate flows.
Nonlinear evolution of unstable fluid interface

We study the coherent motion of bubbles and spikes in the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability for isotropic three-dimensional and two-dimensional periodic flows. For equations governing the local dynamics of the bubble, we find a family of regular asymptotic solutions parametrized by the principal curvature at the bubble top. The physically significant solution in this family corresponds to a bubble with a flattened surface, not to a bubble with a finite curvature. The evolution of the bubble front is described and the diagnostic parameters are suggested.
Thermal conductivity enhancement for phase change storage media

Thermal energy storage can be used as either a heat source or heat sink for spacecraft energy conversion and heat rejection systems. One major issue that needed to be addressed is that most phase-change materials (PCMs) with high energy storage density have an unacceptably low thermal conductivity. Two enhancement techniques are proposed in this paper. The baseline case utilizes LiH encapsulated in a thin SS304 container. The first enhancement technique uses LiH encapsulated in smaller containers of various shapes contained in a bigger cylindrical container filled with Li. The second enhancement technique focuses on a metal/phase-change material (M/PCM) composite. Specifically, 5% Ni is added uniformly to LiH so that the mixture has the same volume as the baseline storage unit. The enhancement techniques are analyzed numerically and their effectiveness is assessed for both constant surface heat flux and constant surface temperature conditions. Results shown include the amount of PCM melted as a function of time and the maximum temperature within the storage units. The M/PCM composite gives the best enhancement in thermal conductivity.
A quality study on the excimer laser micromachining of electro-thermal-compliant micro devices

The objective of this research is to improve the quality of the KrF excimer laser micromachining of metal and silicon in fabricating electro-thermal-compliant (ETC) micro devices. The ETC devices combine the actuator and the mechanism into one monolithic compliant continuum and enable a range of mechanical manipulation tasks at micron scale. An efficient method for optimizing the process parameters in laser micromachining, using the orthogonal array-based experimental design method, is presented in this paper. The feed rate of the XY stage, the laser pulse frequency, the discharge voltage and the number of passes were used as the control parameters. The roughness of the machined edge was used as the primary indicator of cutting performance. The roughness of the edges was computed automatically from the optical image of the machined samples. The heat-affected zone, kerf width and rate of cutting depth (depth per one pass) were used as additional quality indicators. The orthogonal array method enabled the optimization of the control parameters by reducing the required number of experiments compared to the traditional full factorial experiment. Furthermore, machining in a liquid environment improved the quality and eliminated more debris and recast compared to machining in the air.
Ototoxicity of indacrinone is stereospecific.

Abstract Indacrinone (MK-196) is a loop diuretic which consists of a racemic mixture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual enantiomers in the chinchilla model to determine whether these compounds affect auditory function and whether a difference in ototoxic potency exists. Very little change of endocochlear potential (EP) or compound action potential (CAP) was noted in animals receiving the (+)-enantiomer. On the other hand, chinchillas injected with the (−)-enantiomer were found to have a dose related reduction in both CAP and EP. These findings suggest the possibility that the diuretic receptor in the kidney and the receptor mediating ototoxicity in the cochlea, may have similar steric requirements for interacting with loop diuretics.
Evaluation of an adaptive unstructured remeshing technique for integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis

An adaptive unstructured remeshing technique is evaluated for integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis. The technique is combined with the finite element method to solve: (1) the Navier-Stokes equations for high-speed compressible flow, (2) the energy equation for the structural-thermal response, and (3) the quasi-static equilibrium equations for the structural response. The remeshing technique and the analysis solution procedure are described. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated with two applications studies. The flow analysis of Mach 8 shock-shock interference on a three-inch-diameter cylinder is used as the first application study to demonstrate the capability of the remeshing technique and to examine proper remeshing indicators for the inviscid and boundary layer regions. The applicability of the approach for the thermal and structural analyses of the structure is evaluated in the second application study of a 0.25-inch-diameter convectively cooled leading edge subjected to intense aerodynamic heating. Issues associated with remeshing indicators for thermal stress problems are identified.
Density functional theory methods for characterization of porous materials

Abstract This review presents the state-of-the-art of adsorption characterization of mesoporous and microporous materials by using the density functional theory (DFT) methods. The DFT methods have found numerous applications for calculating pore size distributions in traditional and newly discovered nanoporous solids. We discuss the foundations of the non-local (NLDFT) and quench solid (QSDFT) density functional theories applied for modeling adsorption and capillary condensation in pores of different geometry and surface chemistry. Special attention is paid to the limitations of the theoretical models and critical analysis of the obtained data. The methods are demonstrated on a wide variety of systems, including microporous and mesoporous carbons and silicas, zeolites, mesoporous crystals of MCM and SBA families, metal–organic frameworks, and other designer nanoporous materials. Illustrated with many typical examples and detailed discussions of the advantages and limitations of the NLDFT and QSDFT methods, this review provides guidance for the practitioners interested in getting a better understanding of the current capabilities and limitations of the adsorption methods for characterization of porous solids
Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer Distribution on Smooth and Roughened Surfaces Under an Array of Angled Impinging Jets

Measurements of the local heat transfer distribution on smooth and roughened surfaces under an array of angled impinging jets are presented. The test rig is designed to simulate impingement with crossflow in one direction. Jet angle is varied between 30, 60, and 90 deg as measured from the target surface, which is either smooth or randomly roughened. Liquid crystal video thermography is used to capture surface temperature data at five different jet Reynolds numbers ranging between 15,000 and 35,000. The effect of jet angle, Reynolds number, gap, and surface roughness on heat transfer and pressure loss is determined along with the various interactions among these parameters.
The synthesis of either (+) or (−) trans-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine

Abstract Trans -2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine, in either optical series, is prepared starting from D or L -alanine in an efficient and reasonably brief reaction sequence.
Options with Constant Underlying Elasticity in Strikes

Closed-form solutions are derived and interpreted for European options, with stochastic strike prices, that maintain constant elasticity of the strike with respect to the price of the underlying asset. We refer to such options as CUES. CUES preserve the relative shares of exercise price risk for both the buyer and writer of the option, regardless of whether the price of the underlying asset moves up or down. The relevance of the CUES concept is established through applications in two distinct fields. First, it is established that CUES-like options are embedded in private equity investments. This concept is then used in a novel application to determine the equity share of a private company corresponding to a given level of investment. Secondly, the advantages that CUES would provide over traditional executive stock option grants are considered and it is shown that CUES can provide enhanced incentive-alignment without increasing options expense to the company.
Signatures of protein structure in the cooperative gating of mechanosensitive ion channels

Membrane proteins deform the surrounding lipid bilayer, which can lead to membrane-mediated interactions between neighboring proteins. Using the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) as a model system, we demonstrate how the observed differences in protein structure can affect membrane-mediated interactions and cooperativity among membrane proteins. We find that distinct oligomeric states of MscL lead to distinct gateway states for the clustering of MscL, and predict signatures of MscL structure and spatial organization in the cooperative gating of MscL. Our modeling approach establishes a quantitative relation between the observed shapes and the cooperative function of membrane proteins.
Unsteady Computational Investigations of Deploying Load Control Microtabs

Flow around an airfoil with a deploying microtab device has been numerically simulated by solving the unsteady turbulent compressible Navier-Stokes equations with the OVERFLOW-2 solver. Using a Chimera/overset grid topology, microtabs were placed at 95% ofchord of a symmetric NACA 0012 airfoil. Microtab heights on the order of 1% of chord, deployed on the order of one characteristic time unit were utilized. The unsteady effects of tab deployment time, deployment height, and freestream angle of attack on aerodynamic responses were also investigated. Validation studies with experimental results for static deployed microtabs and a dynamically deployed spoiler were also performed to ensure accurate temporal and spatial resolution of the numerical simulations.
The Afterglow of massive black hole coalescence

The final merger of a pair of massive black holes in a galactic nucleus is compelled by gravitational radiation. Gravitational waves from the mergers of black holes of masses 105-107(1 + z)-1 M☉ at redshifts of 1-20 will be readily detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, but an electromagnetic afterglow would be helpful in pinpointing the source and its redshift. Long before the merger, the binary "hollows out" any surrounding gas and shrinks slowly compared to the viscous timescale of a circumbinary disk. The inner gas disk is truncated at the radius where gravitational torque from the binary balances the viscous torque, and accretion onto the black holes is diminished. Initially, the inner truncation radius is able to follow the shrinking binary inward. But eventually the gravitational radiation timescale becomes shorter than the viscous timescale in the disk, leading to a merged black hole surrounded by a hollow disk of gas. We show that the subsequent viscous evolution of the hollow, radiation pressure-dominated disk will create an ~1043.5(M/106 M☉) ergs s-1 X-ray source on a timescale ~7(1 + z)(M/106 M☉)1.32 yr. This justifies follow-up monitoring of gravitational wave events with next-generation X-ray observatories. Analysis of the detailed light curve of these afterglows will yield new insights into the subtle physics of accretion onto massive black holes.
Iconic Consciousness: The Material Feeling of Meaning:

‘‘Unfortunately, the healing power of thought seems to be the same faculty that diminishes the personal sense of experience. A casual reference to a hair on a nose weighs more than the most important concept, and acts, feelings, and sensations, when reported in words, can make one feel one has been present at a more or less notable personal event, however ordinary and impersonal the acts, feelings, and sensations may be. ‘It’s idiotic’, Ulrich thought, ‘but that’s how it is.’ It made him think of that dumb but deep, exciting sensation, touching immediately on the self, when one sniffs one’s own skin. He stood up and pulled the curtains back from the window. The bark of the trees was still moist from the morning. On the street outside a violet haze of gasoline fumes hovered. The sun shone through it, and people were moving along briskly. It was an asphalt spring, a seasonless spring day in autumn such as only cities can conjure up.’’
Photoionization of ground and excited states of Ca + and comparison along the isoelectronic sequence

Photoionization cross-section calculations are performed on the ground state ([Ne]3${s}^{2}$3${p}^{6}$4$s$ ${}^{2}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}{S}_{1/2}^{e}$) and the first two excited states ([Ne]3${s}^{2}$3${p}^{6}$3$d$ ${}^{2}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}{D}_{3/2}^{e}$ and [Ne]3${s}^{2}$3${p}^{6}$3$d$ ${}^{2}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}{D}_{5/2}^{e}$) of Ca${}^{+}$ ions for photon energies from threshold to 45.0 eV using the relativistic (Breit-Pauli) $R$-matrix method. The discrete Ca${}^{2+}$ orbitals are generated using the computer program autostructure; 30 configurations are included in the configuration-interaction calculation for the states of Ca${}^{2+}$. The prominent 3$p$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 3$d$ giant resonances are analyzed and identified, and our results are compared with experimental results, and rather good agreement is found. Using results of our previous photoionization calculations on Sc${}^{2+}$ and Ti${}^{3+}$ ions, the strongest and broadest resonances in the photoionization cross section of those three ions (Ca${}^{+}$, Sc${}^{2+}$, and Ti${}^{3+}$), in terms of width and oscillator strengths, are compared to show the evolution as a function of nuclear charge.
Theory of Aces: High Score by Skill or Luck?

We studied the distribution of World War I fighter pilots by the number of victories they were credited with, along with casualty reports. Using the maximum entropy method we obtained the underlying distribution of pilots by their skill. We find that the variance of this skill distribution is not very large, and that the top aces achieved their victory scores mostly by luck. For example, the ace of aces, Manfred von Richthofen, most likely had a skill in the top quarter of the active WWI German fighter pilots and was no more special than that. When combined with our recent study (Simkin and Roychowdhury, 2006), showing that fame grows exponentially with victory scores, these results (derived from real data) show that both outstanding achievement records and resulting fame are mostly due to chance.
A Multi-View Embedding Space for Modeling Internet Images, Tags, and Their Semantics

This paper investigates the problem of modeling Internet images and associated text or tags for tasks such as image-to-image search, tag-to-image search, and image-to-tag search (image annotation). We start with canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a popular and successful approach for mapping visual and textual features to the same latent space, and incorporate a third view capturing high-level image semantics, represented either by a single category or multiple non-mutually-exclusive concepts. We present two ways to train the three-view embedding: supervised, with the third view coming from ground-truth labels or search keywords; and unsupervised, with semantic themes automatically obtained by clustering the tags. To ensure high accuracy for retrieval tasks while keeping the learning process scalable, we combine multiple strong visual features and use explicit nonlinear kernel mappings to efficiently approximate kernel CCA. To perform retrieval, we use a specially designed similarity function in the embedded space, which substantially outperforms the Euclidean distance. The resulting system produces compelling qualitative results and outperforms a number of two-view baselines on retrieval tasks on three large-scale Internet image datasets.
International briefing 6: Training and development in the United States

Increasingly, training and development is playing an important and strategic role in the economic success of US organisations (Marquardt, 1999, Tannenbaum and Yukl, 1992). US organisations recognise that they now operate in a new global economy, an economy which involves the use of advanced technologies and increased responsiveness to customers’ needs. It is becoming one that requires greater and greater innovation and flexibility in production, service delivery and market know-how. American firms realise more than ever that employee knowledge gained through training and development has become a strategic necessity and more and more the source of strategic advantage (Drucker, 1994).
Symmetry breaking far from equilibrium

An examination of the Rayleigh-B\'enard convection experiment shows that the defining features of long-range order and spontaneous symmetry breaking, as they occur in equilibrium transitions, are also observed far from equilibrium. The broken symmetry is not, as has been suggested, translational invariance, but rather a discrete symmetry under velocity reversal. Some experimental consequences of these observations are outlined.
A Rule-Based Circuit Representation for Automated CMOS Design and Verification

A novel rule-based circuit representation is proposed to describe the connectivities of CMOS circuits at the transistor level. The unique feature of the rule-based representation is its ability to automate CMOS circuit design and verification. A precise symbolic description of the functionality of a transistor-level circuit can be derived based on a set of production rules in linear time. Automated synthesis and verification of CMOS logic circuits are demonstrated.
Mod 2 Homology For GL(4) And Galois Representations

Abstract We extend the computations in [AGM11] to find the mod 2 homology in degree 1 of a congruence subgroup Γ of SL ( 4 , Z ) with coefficients in the sharbly complex, along with the action of the Hecke algebra. This homology group is related to the cohomology of Γ with F 2 coefficients in the top cuspidal degree. These computations require a modification of the algorithm to compute the action of the Hecke operators, whose previous versions required division by 2. We verify experimentally that every mod 2 Hecke eigenclass found appears to have an attached Galois representation, giving evidence for a conjecture in [AGM11] . Our method of computation was justified in [AGM12] .
The Marine Bromotyrosine Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the isolation, structure, physicochemical and spectral data of all bromotyrosine derivatives isolated from marine organisms. The biosynthesis, total synthesis, and bioactivity of the bromotyrosine derivatives are also discussed followed by cyclopeptides containing halogenated tyrosine units. The bromotyrosine derivatives are divided into six categories: simple bromotyrosine derivatives, spirocyclohexadienylisoxazolines, spirooxepinisoxazolines, oximes, bastadins, and other structural classes. The simple bromotyrosine derivatives are products of one bromotyrosine undergoing degradation, reduction, hydroxylation, alkylation, or esterification with simple functional groups. In spirocyclohexadienylisoxazoline bromotyrosine derivatives, one or two bromotyrosine units are transformed into a spirocyclohexadienylisoxazoline undergoing an arene oxide biosynthetic pathway. This class of alkaloids generally consists of one to three bromotyrosinederived units, as well as other functional groups, such as histamine. Bromotyrosine alkaloids provide a unique diversity in chemical structure and in bioactivity. As the first bromotyrosine derivative, the dienone, was isolated as an antibiotic, a large number of bromotyrosine derivatives have been found to have diverse activities, which include antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antifouling, etc. The majority of the dibromotyrosine-derived natural products from Verongida have been reported to possess significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The presence of antibacterial compounds in marine sponges has been reported as a general phenomenon, and has been suggested to reflect a defensive strategy of these sedentary, filter-feeding animals.
The Gender of Audience Building: Televised Coverage of Women's and Men's NCAA Basketball*

This article, based upon a comparative analysis of televised coverage of the “Final Four” of the women's and men's 1993 NCAA basketball tournaments, sheds light on some of the mechanisms through which an “audience preference” is socially constructed for men's sports over women's sports. First, we examine the temporal framing of the women's and men's tournaments by the sports/media complex. Next, we present a comparative description of the visual and verbal televised presentation of the women's and men's games. On the basis of these comparisons, we argue that the sports/media complex actively constructs audiences that are likely to see the men's Final Four as a dramatic, historic event that they simply “must” watch, while fans are likely to see the women's Final Four as a nonevent or, at best, as just another game. This, we argue, serves to situate viewers of men's sports at a nexus of power and pleasure, while simultaneously containing the potential challenge that female athleticism poses to hegemonic masculinity. Finally, we discuss, in light of socialist-feminist theory, the potentially contradictory outcomes of recent hints of increased televised coverage of women's basketball.
NON-TRIVIAL REALIZATIONS OF VIRTUAL LINK DIAGRAMS

A realization of a virtual link diagram is obtained by choosing over/under markings for each virtual crossing. Any realization can also be obtained from some representation of the virtual link. (A representation of a virtual link is a link diagram on an oriented 2-dimensional surface.) We prove that if a minimal genus representation meets certain criteria then there is a minimal genus representation resulting in a knotted realization.
The synthesis and stereoselective conjugate addition reactions of α-alkoxyorganocuprate reagents

Abstract α-Alkoxyorganocuprate reagents have been prepared from α-alkoxyorganostannanes. The cuprates undergo diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions with cyclohexenone with up to 8:92 selectivity. The effects of trimethylsilyl chloride on the chemical yields and the diastereoselectivity of the reaction are described.
A usability evaluation of the Obamacare website

Abstract The healthcare.gov website, popularly called the Obamacare website, was off to a rough start. Although infrastructure issues received a great deal of media attention, the site has had its fair share of interface design problems. Drawing on the usability guidelines on the government site of usability.gov, we developed a survey instrument that comprised 16 dimensions to form overall usability. Based on a survey of 374 citizens, we found that usability strongly predicted citizen satisfaction with the website and intention to use the website. Six out of the 16 dimensions of usability emerged as significant in driving overall usability perceptions. In addition to key theoretical implications for e-government and usability research, our work offers practical implications for the healthcare.gov website and e-government web applications in general.
Quaternion feedback for spacecraft large angle maneuvers

This paper presents the stability and control analysis for large angle feedback reorientation maneuvers using reaction jets. The strapdown inertial reference system provides spacecraft attitude changes in terms of quaternions. Reaction jets with pulse-width pulse-frequency modulation provide nearly proportional control torques. The use of quaternions as attitude errors for large angle feedback control is investigated. Closed-loop stability analysis for the three-axis maneuvers is performed using the Liapunov stability theorem. Unique characteristics of the quaternion feedback are discussed for single-axis motion using a phase-plane plot. The practical feasibility of a three-axis large angle feedback maneuver is demonstrated by digital simulations.
Singularities of Brill-Noether loci for vector bundles on a curve

In this paper we consider the singularities of the varieties parameterizing stable vector bundles of fixed rank and degree with sections on a smooth curve of genus at least two. In particular, we extend results of Y. Laszlo, and of the second author, regarding the singularities of generalized theta divisors. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
The Evolution of Dust Opacity in Galaxies

We investigate the evolution of the opacity of galaxies as a function of redshift, using simple assumptions about the metal and dust enrichment of the gas and the distribution of dust in galaxies. The method presented in this paper uses an iterative procedure to reconstruct the intrinsic star formation rate (SFR) density of galaxies as a function of redshift, by correcting the observed UV emission for the obscuring effects of the dust produced by the star formation itself. Where necessary, gas inflows/outflows are included to dilute/remove the excess of metals produced by the stars for fixed yield. The iterative procedure converges to multiple solutions for the intrinsic SFR density, divided into two basic classes. The first class of solutions predicts a relatively large amount of UV attenuation at high redshift, with A1500 ? = 1.9 mag at z ~ 3, and smaller attenuations at low redshift (z < 1), with A2800 ? = 1.25 mag. The SFR density of this set of solutions is constant for z 1.2 and declines for z < 1.2; it resembles in shape the monolithic collapse scenario for star formation. The second class of solutions predicts relatively low-UV attenuations at high redshift, with A1500 ? = 0.75 mag at z ~ 3, and larger attenuations at low redshift, with A2800 ? = 1.50 mag at z < 1. The SFR density in this case has a peak at z 1.2. The advantages and shortcomings of both classes are analyzed in the light of available observational constraints, including the opacity of galaxies at 0 ? z ? 1 and the intensity and spectral energy distribution of the cosmic infrared background from the COBE DIRBE and FIRAS data. We conclude that both classes of models are acceptable within the current uncertainties, but the monolithic collapse class matches the available observations better than the other one. We also investigate the dependence of our solutions on the different model assumptions.
''Overreaction'' of Asset Prices in General Equilibrium

Abstract We attempt to explain the overreaction of asset prices to movements in short-term interest rates, dividends, and asset supplies. The key element of our explanation is a margin constraint that traders face which limits their leverage to a fraction of the value of their assets. Traders may lever themselves, furthermore, either directly by borrowing short term or indirectly by engaging in futures and options trading, so that the scenario is relevant to contemporary financial markets. When some shock pushes asset prices to a low enough level at which the margin constraint binds, traders are forced to liquidate assets. This drives asset prices below what they would be with frictionless markets. Also, a shock which simply increases the likelihood that the margin constraint will bind can have a very similar effect on asset prices. We construct a general equilibrium model with margin constrained traders and derive some qualitative properties of asset prices. We present an analytical solution for a deterministic version of the model and a simple numerical computation of the stochastic version. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G1, E0.
Vicinal Diboronates in High Enantiomeric Purity through Tandem Site-Selective NHC−Cu-Catalyzed Boron−Copper Additions to Terminal Alkynes

A Cu-catalyzed protocol for conversion of terminal alkynes to enantiomerically enriched diboronates is reported. In a single vessel, a site-selective hydroboration of an alkyne leads to the corresponding terminal vinylboronate, which undergoes a second site-selective and enantioselective hydroboration. Reactions proceed in the presence of 2 equiv of commercially available bis(pinacolato)diboron [B2(pin)2] and 5−7.5 mol % loading of a chiral bidentate imidazolinium salt, affording diboronates in 60−93% yield and up to 97.5:2.5 enantiomeric ratio (er). The enantiomerically enriched products can be functionalized to afford an assortment of versatile organic molecules. Enynes are converted to unsaturated diboronates with high chemo- (>98% reaction of alkyne; <2% at alkene) and enantioselectivity (e.g., 94.5:5.5 er).
Editorial---Marketing Science: A Strategic Review

Marketing Science is in a great competitive position with a strong editorial board and infrastructure support. This editorial summarizes the state of the journal as perceived by its stakeholders. They believe that the journal should strive to remain a premier international journal and embrace diverse topics, methods, and foci. It should continue to draw upon allied fields while being open to the various methods and philosophies as recognized in those fields. It should strive to avoid silos and embrace applications and relevance while not sacrificing rigor. The path may not be easy, but we can move forward successfully. We highlight potential threats to success and recommend how the journal might overcome those threats.
Fundamental aspects of the electronic structure, materials properties and lubrication performance of sputtered MoS2 films

Abstract An understanding of the fundamental properties of solid lubricants at the atomic level ( e.g. crystalline structure and chemical bonding to substrates) and their relationship to tribological performance is essential to the development of new lubricants to satisfy the demands of advanced mechanical technologies. Detailed measurements of the physical and chemical properties of the surfaces of lubricant films and their substrates, and of their bulk crystalline and electronic structures can be correlated with their friction, wear life and resistance to reactive degradation. In this paper experimental results concerning the electronic and crystal structures, film adhesion and bulk friction of sputter-deposited MoS 2 films are reviewed and discussed. A model using a molecular orbital description of the electronic energy levels of MoS 2 is presented that can be used to interpret these data. This model also provides a rationale for the differences in lubrication effectiveness between NbSe 2 and MoS 2 , and it provides predictive capabilities for improving the performance of MoS 2 films.
In Praise of Measurement

The role of measurement in quantum computation is examined in the light of John Bell's critique of the how the term "measurement" is used in quantum mechanics. I argue that within the field of quantum computer science the concept of measurement is precisely defined, unproblematic, and forms the foundation of the entire subject.
The Double-Edged Nature of Board Gender Diversity: Diversity, Firm Performance, and the Power of Women Directors as Predictors of Strategic Change

Diverse boards have been seen as providing impetus for initiating change. However, diversity may introduce conflict and impede decision making, which could hinder the ability of the firm to make strategic change, especially in times when firm performance is low. Integrating threat-rigidity theory and team diversity research, we examine how board gender diversity, firm performance, and the power of women directors interact to influence the amount of strategic change. Results support a three-way interaction, indicating that when the board is not experiencing a threat as a result of low firm performance and women directors have greater power, the relationship between board gender diversity and amount of strategic change is the most positive. However, when the board is threatened by low firm performance and women directors have greater power, the relationship between board gender diversity and amount of strategic change is the most negative. Results suggest that diversity is double-edged because it can propel or impede strategic change depending on firm performance and the power of women directors.
Water Vapor Measurement and Compensation in the Near and Mid-infrared with the Keck Interferometer Nuller

Water vapor is the dominant source of randomly-changing atmospheric dispersion on timescales of seconds to minutes in the near- and mid-infrared. The dispersion changes are sufficient to limit the performance of the Keck Nuller unless steps are taken to measure and compensate for them. Here we present the first measurements of water vapor differential column fluctuations with the mid-infrared Keck Nuller and its near-infrared fringe tracker, taken in October 2005, and discuss theoretical and practical aspects of our dispersion feedforward implementation. The data show much larger fluctuations than were seen in median Mauna Kea conditions measured at radio wavelengths, and probably account for the generally poor performance of the Nuller during the observing run. The measurements in the two bands show strong correlations, indicating that the planned feedforward of the near-infrared value to stabilize the dispersion in the mid-infrared will substantially reduce the residual dispersion fluctuations seen by the Nuller.
Concentration of Lipschitz functionals of determinantal and other strong Rayleigh measures

Let {X1 , . . , Xn} be a collection of binary-valued random variables and let f : {0, 1}n → f satisfies a concentration inequality. The class of strong Rayleigh measures includes determinantal measures, weighted uniform matroids and exclusion measures; some familiar examples from these classes are generalized negative binomials and spanning tree measures. For instance, any Lipschitz-1 function of the edges of a uniform spanning tree on vertex set V (e.g., the number of leaves) satisfies the Gaussian concentration inequality \begin{linenomath}\end{linenomath} We also prove a continuous version for concentration of Lipschitz functionals of a determinantal point process.
Asymptotic Two-Soliton Solutions in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Model

We prove the existence of asymptotic two-soliton states in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam model with general interaction potential. That is, we exhibit solutions whose difference in l2 from the linear superposition of two solitary waves goes to zero as time goes to infinity.
CAD tools for aesthetic engineering

The role of computers and of computer-aided design tools for the creation of geometrical shapes that will be judged primarily by aesthetic considerations is reviewed. Examples are the procedural generation of abstract geometrical sculpture or the shape optimization of constrained curves and surfaces with some global 'cost' functional. Different possibilities for such 'beauty functionals' are discussed. Moreover, rapid prototyping tools based on layered manufacturing now add a new dimension to the visualization of emerging designs. Finally, true interactivity of the CAD tools allows a more effective exploration of larger parts of the design space and can thereby result in an actual amplification of the creative process.
Multi-Ridge Fitting for Ring-Diagram Helioseismology

Inferences of subsurface flow velocities using local domain ring-diagram helioseismology depend on measuring the frequency shifts of oscillation modes seen in acoustic power spectra. Current methods for making these measurements use maximum-likelihood fitting techniques to match a model of modal power to the spectra. The model typically describes a single oscillation mode, and each mode in a given power spectrum is fit independently. We present a new method that produces measurements with higher reliability and accuracy by fitting multiple modes simultaneously. We demonstrate that this method permits measuring sub-surface flows deeper into the Sun while providing higher uniformity in data coverage and velocity response closer to the limb of the solar disk. While the previous fitting method performs better for some measurements of low phase-speed modes, we find this new method to be particularly useful for high phase-speed modes and small spatial areas.