cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medications of Abuse

Opioid drugs are commonly used for the relief of pain. The standard medications for severe pain are the derivatives of the opium poppy (opiates) and synthetic drugs that activate the same receptors (opioids). In addition to alleviating perception of pain, however, many opioids also produce a state of well-being or euphoria through central nervous system (CNS) mediated effects. Some individuals may be susceptible to abuse or addiction to the opioids because of these mood-altering effects. Recent research efforts focus on separating the mechanisms underlying analgesia and euphoria in order to develop analgesic medications that do not produce mood-altering effects, and therefore have less abuse liability (O’Brien, 1996). Currently, opioid-related drugs are the standard treatment for severe, acute, and chronic pain associated with cancer, trauma, headache, or other injury. In this chapter we review opioid pharmacology and opioid medications commonly used in analgesia, issues of addiction, including tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependence, and finally, relevant clinical issues related to the incidence of iatrogenic addiction and individual differences in susceptibility to opioid abuse and addiction.
A model and roles of a common terminology to improve metadata interoperability

Interoperability issues pose a barrier to sharing and exchanging information among digital libraries and repositories. This is due to the use of diverse metadata standards, and their different degrees of generality or specificity. This causes loss of information at all metadata model levels (e.g., schema, schema definition language, record, and repository) (Chan & Zeng, 2006) (Haslhofer & Klas, 2010, p. 19). As a possible solution for a long-term problem, historically argued standardization on a common communications format (Svenonius, 1983, p. 2), and a common command language or vocabulary (Lancaster & Smith, 1983, p. 21) are considered. A Common Terminology (CT), thus, is suggested as a bridge to various degrees' metadata standards to give uniformity for searching and to achieve metadata interoperability at multiple levels.
Does Censorship Make a Difference

Abstract The question of pornography and the relation of pornography consumption and sexual violence has been hotly debated. Following a critical review of previous literature, this article examines the relationship between pornography and sexual violence by developing an aggregate statistical analysis of pornography consumption and rape rates in six cities, matched on various SES (So-cio-Economic Status) variables. The article tests the converse of ideological assertion argument that increased pornography consumption leads to increased rates of rape. Results reported here show a steady decline in consumption of printed pornography and a steady rise in rape rate. The article concludes that aggregate statistical data do not confirm hypotheses that decreased pornography consumption leads to a decrease in rape rates.
Epidemiologic Differences Between Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black People Diagnosed with HIV Infection in 33 U.S. States, 2001-2007

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic affects alarming numbers of people around the world. For more than 20 years, national HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance data have demonstrated that non-Hispanic black people are disproportionately affected by HIV in the United States.1–4 These numbers have remained constant despite national efforts to prevent transmission in this population.5–7 Analysis of national HIV surveillance data has also shown that the percentage of annual HIV diagnoses among foreign-born people in the U.S. is growing.8,9 Despite this increase, few studies have examined HIV rates among the foreign-born black population.10–13 More importantly, few studies have examined HIV-transmission risk factors among foreign-born black populations, which may differ from those among native-born black populations. Models examining social determinants of health include community and societal characteristics as a component.14,15 Multiple studies have shown the plausibility of a causal affect between community and societal characteristics and health outcomes.14 An understanding of the differences among U.S. black people of different national origins is needed to guide development of effective health interventions for these groups. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides national population-based monitoring of the HIV epidemic in the U.S.; however, data for native- and foreign-born black populations are typically combined in surveillance reports. These aggregate data may mask important variations in the epidemiology of HIV among black people, related to place of birth. Using data from CDC's national HIV surveillance system, we examined differences in annual rates of HIV diagnosis, distributions of demographic characteristics and HIV-transmission risk factors, late diagnoses of HIV infection, and survival after an AIDS diagnosis for native- and foreign-born black people.
Vectorial release of poliovirus from polarized human intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract Polarized epithelial cells represent the primary barrier to virus infection of the host, which must also be traversed prior to virus dissemination from the infected organism. Although there is considerable information available concerning the release of enveloped viruses from such cells, relatively little is known about the processes involved in the dissemination of nonenveloped viruses. We have used two polarized epithelial cell lines, Vero C1008 (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells) and Caco-2 (human intestinal epithelial cells), infected with poliovirus and investigated the process of virus release. Release of poliovirus was observed to occur almost exclusively from the apical cell surface in Caco-2 cells, whereas infected Vero C1008 cells exhibited nondirectional release. Structures consistent with the vectorial transport of virus contained within vesicles or viral aggregates were observed by electron microscopy. Treatment with monensin or ammonium chloride partially inhibited virus release from Caco-2 cells. No significant cell lysis was observed at the times postinfection when extracellular virus was initially detected, and transepithelial resistance and vital dye uptake measurements showed only a moderate decrease. Brefeldin A was found to significantly and specifically inhibit poliovirus biosynthetic processes by an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. The vectorial release of poliovirus from the apical (or luminal) surface of human intestinal epithelial cells has significant implications for viral pathogenesis in the human gut.
The Effect of Nonprofits' Taxable Activities on the Supply of Private Donations

Prior research finds that private donations are sensitive to price and income effects as well as alternative sources of nonprofit financing (i.e., government grants and general commercial sales). Using a database of confidential nonprofit tax returns, we conduct the first analysis of the effect of taxable activities on the supply of private donations. We find that each additional dollar of taxable revenues crowds-out approximately $1.38 to $1.79 of private donations to charitable nonprofits, suggesting that the recent rapid expansion of nonprofits' taxable activities comes at a high cost. We do not find that donations to educational or medical nonprofits are sensitive to taxable activities. Further analysis finds that our results for charitable nonprofits are driven entirely by taxable advertising revenues, which are the only type of taxable activity currently observable to donors. This suggests that recent attempts by Congress to make nonprofits' income tax returns publicly available will result in reductions in private donations.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Study objective To determine whether a correlation exists between pulmonary function and both frontal chest radiographs and high-resolution chest CT findings in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Design Retrospective review of radiographic and clinical data. Setting Tertiary referral hospital. Patients Seven patients with PAP were studied on 25 occasions using high-resolution chest CT (n=21), frontal chest radiographs (n=19), and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) (n=25). Measurements and results Visual estimates of the extent, degree, and overall severity of parenchymal abnormalities were determined for plain radiographs and high-resolution chest CT, and were correlated with PFTs. With high-resolution CT, the extent and severity of ground-glass opacity correlated significantly with the presence of a restrictive ventilatory defect, reduced diffusing capacity, and hypoxemia. Chest radiographic findings also correlated significantly with restrictive ventilatory defect, diffusing capacity, and hypoxemia. Conclusion In patients with PAP, although high-resolution CT correlates more closely with pulmonary function, plain radiographs should be sufficient for follow-up.
Neutrino Transport in Relativity

Two methods of solving the neutrino transport equation in general relativity are presented. The first method is for the spherical collapse of stars to black holes. It uses a Lagrangian hydrodynamic formulation as a framework. The method is of mediocre accuracy, but it can handle all cases efficiently. The second method of solving the transport equation is for use in cosmology. In this case all velocities are of the same size and an explicit monotonic second order in space differencing is used. This latter method includes the effects of neutrino rest mass.
An Interlaminar Tensile Strength Specimen

This paper describes a technique to determine interlaminar tension strength, sigma(sub 3c) of a fiber reinforced composite material using a curved beam. The specimen was a unidirectional curved beam, bent 90 degrees, with straight arms. Attached to each arm was a hinged loading mechanism which was held by the grips of a tensile testing machine. Geometry effects of the specimen, including the effects of loading arm length, inner radius, thickness, and width, were studied. The data sets fell into two categories: low strength corresponding to a macroscopic flaw related failure and high strength corresponding to a microscopic flaw related failure. From the data available, the loading arm length had no effect on sigma(sub 3c). The inner radius was not expected to have a significant effect on sigma(sub 3c), but this conclusion could not be confirmed because of differences in laminate quality for each curve geometry. The thicker specimens had the lowest value of sigma(sub 3c) because of poor laminate quality. Width was found to affect the value of sigma(sub 3c) only slightly. The wider specimens generally had a slightly lower strength since more material was under high stress, and hence, had a larger probability of containing a significant flaw.
Guanabenz (Wytensin™) selectively enhances uptake and efficacy of hydrophobically modified siRNAs

One of the major obstacles to the pharmaceutical success of oligonucleotide therapeutics (ONTs) is efficient delivery from the point of injection to the intracellular setting where functional gene silencing occurs. In particular, a significant fraction of internalized ONTs are nonproductively sequestered in endo-lysosomal compartments. Here, we describe a two-step, robust assay for high-throughput de novo detection of small bioactive molecules that enhance cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and efficacy of ONTs. Using this assay, we screened the LOPAC (Sigma-Aldrich) Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds and discovered that Guanabenz acetate (Wytensin™), an FDA-approved drug formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, is capable of markedly increasing the cellular internalization and target mRNA silencing of hydrophobically modified siRNAs (hsiRNAs), yielding a ∼100-fold decrease in hsiRNA IC50 (from 132 nM to 2.4 nM). This is one of the first descriptions of a high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify novel chemistries that specifically enhance siRNA intracellular efficacy, and can be applied toward expansion of the chemical diversity of ONTs.
5-Deoxyfl avan-3-ol-based proanthocyanidins with antinutritional and antimicrobial properties from the forage legume Acaciella angustissima

The proanthocyanidins of Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose foliage have antinutritional and antimicrobial effects as proanthocyanidin-containing extracts reduced intake and weight gain of weanling rats when added to conventional diets and caused changes in fecal bacterial diversity and metabolic activity. Purifi ed fractions of A. angustissima were shown to be more inhibitory to rat fecal bacteria than Schinopsis spp. (quebracho) proanthocyanidin extracts. In this study, it was determined that A. angustissima proanthocyanidins consist largely of 5-deoxyfl avan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin dimers through hexamers, based on guibourtinidol, fi setinidol, and robinetinidol, with a predominance of fi setinidol units. These are accompanied by smaller amounts of higher oligomers (heptamers-decamers) and deoxyfl avan-3-ols, dimers and trimers containing a p-hydroxybenzoate ester moiety.
Transcriptional profiling of the Arabidopsis abscission mutant hae hsl2 by RNA-Seq

Abscission is a mechanism by which plants shed entire organs in response to both developmental and environmental signals. Arabidopsis thaliana, in which only the floral organs abscise, has been used extensively to study the genetic, molecular and cellular processes controlling abscission. Abscission in Arabidopsis requires two genes that encode functionally redundant receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE 2 (HSL2). Double hae hsl2 mutant plants fail to abscise their floral organs at any stage of floral development and maturation. Using RNA-Seq, we compare the transcriptomes of wild-type and hae hsl2 stage 15 flowers, using the floral receptacle which is enriched for abscission zone cells. 2034 genes were differentially expressed with a False Discovery Rate adjusted p < 0.05, of which 349 had two fold or greater change in expression. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for hydrolytic, cell wall modifying, and defense related genes. Testing several of the differentially expressed genes in INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (ida) mutants shows that many of the same genes are co-regulated by IDA and HAE HSL2 and support the role of IDA in the HAE and HSL2 signaling pathway. Comparison to microarray data from stamen abscission zones show distinct patterns of expression of genes that are dependent on HAE HSL2 and reveal HAE HSL2- independent pathways. HAE HSL2-dependent and HAE HSL2-independent changes in genes expression are required for abscission. HAE and HSL2 affect the expression of cell wall modifying and defense related genes necessary for abscission. The HAE HSL2-independent genes also appear to have roles in abscission and additionally are involved in processes such as hormonal signaling, senescence and callose deposition.
Evidence that pyrrole formation is a pathogenetic step in γ-diketone neuropathy

Abstract Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the addition of methyl groups at the 3 and 4 positions of the 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) molecule results both in more rapid pyrrole formation and in enhanced neurotoxicity. In order to define more clearly the relationship between rates of pyrrole formation and neurotoxicity, the dl and meso diastereomers of 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione (DMHD), 3,4-diethyl-2,5-hexanedione (DEHD), and 3,4-diisopropyl-2,5-hexanedione (DiPHD) were synthesized and purified. The rates of pyrrole formation were compared with that of unsubstituted 2,5-HD, and rates of in vitro crosslinking were determined. Each of the compounds was administered to rats to determine relative neurotoxicity. Hindlimb paralysis was reached after a total administered dose of 1.6 mmol/kg of dl -DMHD, while 5.9 mmol/kg of meso -DMHD was required. Paralysis was not achieved with either diastereomer of DEHD or DiPHD, although both produced systemic toxicity. Histologic sections of spinal cords and anterior roots from rats treated with DMHD revealed large neurofilament-filled axonal swellings, while more distal sections contained axons undergoing Wallerian-type degeneration. Neither axonal swellings nor Wallerian-type degeneration were seen in sections from spinal cord or peripheral nerve of rats treated with DEHD or DiPHD. The rates of pyrrole formation were in the order dl -DMHD > meso -DMHD > 2,5-HD > dl -DEHD > meso -DEHD > dl -DiPHD . meso -DiPHD, while in vitro crosslinking rates were in the order dl -DMHD > meso -DMHD . dl -DEHD > meso -DEHD > 2,5-HD > dl -DiPHD > meso -DiPHD. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the autoxidation of pyrroles derived from DMHD, DEHD, and DiPHD occurred more readily than that derived from 2,5-HD. In addition, we report for the first time the segregation of axoplasmic organelles in animals treated with DMHD, providing further evidence that the neurofilamentous axonopathies caused by such compounds as β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), 2,5-HD and CS 2 share a common underlying mechanism. The strong correlations between rates of pyrrole formation, rates of in vitro crosslinking and relative neurotoxicity are seen as evidence that pyrrole formation is a step in the pathogenetic sequence of γ-diketone neuropathy.
Estimating functions of canonical correlation coefficients

Let ρ21,…,ρ2p be the squares of the population canonical correlation coefficients from a normal distribution. This paper is concerned with the estimation of the parameters δ1,…,δp, where δi = ρ2i(1 − ρ2i), i = 1,…,p, in a decision theoretic way. The approach taken is to estimate a parameter matrix Δ whose eigenvalues are δ1,…,δp, given a random matrix F whose eigenvalues have the same distribution as r2i(1 − r2i), i = 1,…,p, where r1,…,rp are the sample canonical correlation coefficients.
Effects of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure on neurobehavioral outcomes in 10-year-old children of adolescent mothers

In this prospective study, adolescent mothers (mean age=16; range=12-18; 70% African-American) were interviewed about their tobacco use during pregnancy. When their children were ten, mothers reported on their child's behavior and the children completed a neuropsychological battery. We examined the association between prenatal cigarette smoke exposure (PCSE) and offspring neurobehavioral outcomes on data from the 10-year phase (n=330). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to test if PCSE predicted neurobehavioral outcomes, adjusting for demographic characteristics, maternal psychological characteristics, prenatal exposure to other substances, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Independent effects of PCSE were found. Exposed offspring had more delinquent, aggressive, and externalizing behaviors (CBCL). They were more active (Routh, EAS, and SNAP) and impulsive (SNAP) and had more problems with peers (SNAP). On the Stroop test, deficits were observed on the more complex interference task that requires both selective attention and response inhibition. The significant effects of PCSE on neurobehavioral outcomes were found for exposure to as few as 10 cigarettes per day. Most effects were found from first trimester PCSE exposure. These results are consistent with results from an earlier assessment when the children were age 6, demonstrating that the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure can be identified early and are consistent through middle childhood.
Young children's acquisition of the location aspect of American Sign Language signs: Parental report findings

The acquisition of the location aspect of American Sign Language signs was examined in 9 young children of deaf parents. In monthly home visits, the parents demonstrated on videotape how their children formed each newly-acquired sign in their lexicons; these videotaped records served as the basis for the present analyses. Sign locations, overall, were produced with relatively high accuracy: 83.5% were correct on average across the different signs in the children's early lexicons. Certain sign locations were found to be more easily or readily acquired than others. Highly contrasting locations (forehead, chin, on and in front of the trunk) were acquired first. Among the locations typically acquired later were those that involved complex handshapes, provided a small area for a point of contact, or required the active signing hand to cross the body's midline. The location aspect was interpreted as playing a central role in young children's early sign language acquisition.
Heterogeneity of S-100 protein: comparison of bovine and guinea-pig S-100 proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. Two populations of S-100 proteins (I & II) were obtained from bovine and guinea-pig brains after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 2. 2. While S-100 I was predominant in bovine (70%), S-100 II was present in major amounts in guinea-pig (92%) brain. Both S-100 populations were active against anti-S-100 serum. 3. 3. SDS-urea gradient slab-gel electrophoresis revealed four subunits of 7.8, 6.8, 6.1 and 5.2 K in bovine while the 5.2 K subunit was absent in guinea-pig. 4. 4. Protein distribution among the subunits revealed the predominance of 5.2 and 6.1 K in bovine and guinea-pig respectively. 5. 5. The immunoreactivity of the subunits was quantified by rocket immunoelectrophoresis using bovine anti-S100 serum. 6. 6. In general, the guinea-pig subunits were 2–3 times more reactive than the most active bovine subunit (5.2 K) even though the intact S-100 protein from the two species were almost equally active.
Factors related to attrition in a cohort study of HIV in Malawi

Background: Longitudinal studies face power reduction due to loss to follow up (LTFU). Bias may also arise because of differences between those who stay in the study and those who are LTFU We studied factors associated with LTFU in a cohort of HIV sero-negative and sera-positive mothers in urban Malawi. Objective: To bridge the existing gaps by examining the factors associated with attrition. Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) and the Kamuzu Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Subjects: One thousand three hundred and fifty three women who attended the prenatal clinic, between October 1989 and October 1990 were recruited as part of a study to determine rates and risk factors of sero-prevalence and sera-conversion of HIV -1 among this cohort. Results: In this cohort study, 1353 women were enrolled at delivery and 1188 (88%) returned for the first follow-up visit at three months post-partum. Of those who returned, 177 (15%) were subsequently lost during the remaining months of follow-up. The main predictors of L TFU were younger maternal age, lower educational level of the father, HIV infection of the mother, lower birth weight of the index child and mother not being married. Conclusions: Researchers planning studies in developing countries should consider the impact of lower education and poorer infant health on study retention in developing countries.
Part Waiting Time Distribution in a Two-Machine Line

Abstract In some kinds of manufacturing, the time a part may spend in a buffer between successive operations (such as cleaning and baking in semiconductor fabrication) is limited. Parts that wait longer than this time must be reworked or discarded due to the risk of quality degradation. This constraint is important in several industries, especially the semiconductor industry. To study this issue, we present an analytical formulation for the part waiting time distribution in a Buzacott two-machine one-buffer transfer line. The numerical solution is tested with Little's law. Numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the accuracy of the solution as it is compared with simulation.
Policy Dysfunction in Humanitarian Organizations: The Role of Coping Strategies, Institutions, and Organizational Culture

The proposed model helps explain dysfunctional dynamics within international humanitarian organizations (HOs) as a product of aid workers' efforts to cope with the psychological distress arising from their work. Through four stages of individual psychological coping strategies, aid workers collectively contribute to the development and perpetuation of institutions, which shape and reinforce the beliefs and behaviour of HO personnel. The discussion demonstrates how the resulting characteristics of HO culture—defensiveness and delusion—impede learning and innovation in the policy process. By exploring the manifestations and implications of this culture type, we can better interpret the behaviour of a unique, yet increasingly significant group of political actors often neglected by current organization theory. Once better understood, HOs can improve personnel support, thereby positively modifying organizational culture to better fulfil their objectives.
Long-term Sequential Changes in Exercise Capacity and Chronotropic Responsiveness After Cardiac Transplantation

Background Peak exercise capacity improves early after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. However, the physiological response to exercise remains abnormal, with a reduced rate of heart rate (HR) rise and reductions in peak exercise HR and the increment in HR from rest to peak exercise. This chronotropic incompetence is due in large part to cardiac denervation. If reinnervation occurs after transplantation, it might result in an improvement in both chronotropic responsiveness and maximal exercise capacity. We therefore hypothesized that the chronotropic response to exercise and maximal exercise capacity would improve with time after transplantation. Methods and Results Peak symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed in 57 clinically stable cardiac transplant recipients (mean age, 45±2 years) serially for up to 5 years after transplantation and in 33 control subjects without heart disease were analyzed retrospectively. Pretransplantation exercise tests were also performed in 41 patients an average of 4.7±0.6 months before transplantation. At 1 year after transplantation, peak oxygen consumption was 16.6±0.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, reflecting a 43% increase versus pretransplantation. Nevertheless, compared with control subjects, maximal exercise capacity and the HR response to exercise were subnormal in transplant recipients. There were no further increases in peak exercise capacity, peak exercise HR, or the peak increment in HR with exercise up to 5 years after transplantation. Conclusions One year after cardiac transplantation, peak exercise capacity and chronotropic responsiveness are subnormal. There is no further improvement in peak exercise capacity or chronotropic responsiveness as late as 5 years after transplantation. These data indicate that with regard to chronotropic responsiveness, functionally significant cardiac reinnervation does not occur between the first and fifth years after transplantation.
Everyday understandings of peace and non‐peace: peacekeeping and peacebuilding at a US Midwestern high school

This article reports findings from a critical ethnographic action research project at a US Midwestern high school in the 2004–2005 academic year. The project engaged seven teacher inquirers in an intercultural peace curricula development process. Data collected from participant observation, from personal interviews and from focus group meetings are examined within the conceptual framework of micro‐peacekeeping, micro‐peacebuilding and intercultural peace. Implications for action research that is responsive to local conceptions of peace and non‐peace are discussed. The author calls for more vigorous and nuanced peace theory for guiding peace education efforts in multicultural contexts.
Recognition of Patient Selection Errors in a Simulated Computerized Provider Order Entry System

Objective: To investigate whether the manipulation of a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) interface design will change provider recognition and correction of patient selection errors. Materi...
Theoretical partial dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for ground-state helium-like argon

Abstract Theoretical dielectronic recombination rate coefficients are calculated for ground-state helium-like argon. Partial dielectronic recombination rate coefficients are obtained by summing over the individual lines within the five transition arrays. 1s2 lnl ′ → 1 s 2 nl ′ for n = 2, 3 and 4 and 1s2 lnl ′ → 1s 2 2 l for n = 3 and 4. The partial rate coefficients are presented for electron temperatures corresponding to values of kT e ranging from 0.4 to 10 keV.
The maintenance of Reynolds stress in turbulent shear flow

A mechanism is proposed for the manner in which the turbulent components support Reynolds stress in turbulent shear flow. This involves a generalization of Miles's mechanism in which each of the turbulent components interacts with the mean flow to produce an increment of Reynolds stress at the ‘matched layer’ of that particular component. The summation over all the turbulent components leads to an expression for the gradient of the Reynolds stress τ(z) in the turbulence \[ \frac{d\tau}{dz} = {\cal A}\Theta\overline{w^2}\frac{d^2U}{dz^2}, \]where is a number, Θ the convected integral time scale of the w-velocity fluctuations and U(z) the mean velocity profile. This is consistent with a number of experimental results, and measurements on the mixing layer of a jet indicate that A = 0·24 in this case. In other flows, it would be expected to be of the same order, though its precise value may vary somewhat from one to another.
What is refraction

Various concepts of "refraction," are illustrated. The value of refraction testing for evaluation of eye diseases and general functioning of the visual apparatus is considered. The question of whether ophthalmologists or other eye care personnel should be primarily responsible for performing refraction examinations is discussed.
Active loose bolt detection in a complex satellite structure

This work focuses on the detection, localization, and quantification of damage in the form of loose bolts on an isogrid satellite structure. In the process of rapid satellite development and deployment, it is necessary to quickly complete several levels of validation tests. Structural Health Monitoring methods are being investigated as a means for reducing the number of validation tests required. This method for detecting loose bolts enables quick confirmation of proper assembly, and verification that structural fasteners are still intact after validation testing. Within this testing framework, feature selection is presented as well as a localization methodology. Quantification of fastener torque is also developed. Locating damage in an isogrid structure is complicated by the directionally dependent dispersion characteristics caused by a propagating wave passing through ribs and holes. For this reason, an actuation frequency with the best first wave arrival clarity is selected. A methodology is presented in which a time map is constructed for each actuator-sensor pair which establishes times of flight for each location on the sample. Differences in time between healthy and damaged sensor signals are then extracted and used to create a map of possible damage locations. These resulting solution maps are merged yielding a final damage position. Fastener torque is correlated to a damage parameter, and the loose bolt position is calculated within 3 cm.
Characterization and simulation of acid-catalyzed DUV positive photoresist

An investigation of the dissolution behavior of an acid catalyzed deep ultraviolet (DUV) positive resist has been completed. The immersion develop dissolution rate as a function of dose and post exposure bake temperature was measured by Perkin Elmer Dissolution Rate Monitor (DRM) for single layer resist on a silicon substrate. A reaction-diffusion model has been built to describe the dependence of development rate on exposure dose and post exposure bake (PEB) time/temperature. A mixed diffusion model has been built to account for catalyst diffusion and quenching. Developed images have been compared with simulated image quality, line width, and process window.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substrates with discretely immobilized silver nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection of anions in water using surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Positively charged silver nanoparticles, Ag [+], obtained by UV-assisted reduction of silver nitrate using branched poly(ethyleneimine) (BPEI) and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) solutions as reducing agents, were immobilized on glass surfaces to produce substrates active in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Negatively charged silver nanoparticles, Ag [−], synthesized via a modified citrate reduction method, were also investigated for comparison. At a sparse surface coverage of 30 nanoparticles/μm2, substrates with immobilized Ag [+] showed increasing SERS sensitivity to a variety of anions in water in the order SO42- < CN- < SCN- ≈ ClO4-, with corresponding binding constants of 105, 3.3 × 105, and 107 (for both SCN- and ClO4-) M-1, respectively. This order followed the Hofmeister series of anion binding in water. Significantly, substrates with Ag [+] allowed limit of detection values of 8.0 × 10-8 M (8 ppb) and 2.7 × 10-7 M (7 ppb) for environmentally relevant perchlora...
Exporting a successful influenza vaccination program from a teaching hospital to a community outpatient setting.

Purpose: To assess whether we could export a successful multifaceted influenza vaccination program from an academic medical center to a community setting. Design: Pre/post study using concurrent control groups. Setting: Clinics in a staff model Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). One urban and one suburban clinic were chosen as intervention clinics, while two similar clinics were selected as control clinics. Patients: All patients aged 65 and over enrolled in the four clinics. Interventions: An informational mailing to patients, a standing-order policy allowing nurses to administer vaccine, a vaccination reminder on daily appointment lists, and availability of walk-in visits for vaccination. Patients in the control clinics received usual care. Measurements: Vaccination rates were determined using a validated postcard survey of 150 randomly selected patients at each clinic both at baseline (1988–89) and after the intervention (1989–90). Results: The baseline vaccination rates ranged from 51.4% to 74.6%, with nearly all vaccinations taking place at the HMO. In one intervention clinic, the vaccination rate improved from 56.4% to 72.3%, P = 0.01. In the other, the baseline rate was 74.6% and did not change significantly after the intervention. There was no change in the vaccination rate in the control clinics after the intervention period. Conclusions: An influenza vaccination program that combines several organizational interventions may be successfully exported from an academic to a community setting and may serve as a useful model for others. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:1021–1023, 1992
Political Action and Social Integration

The author examines the impact of social integration and the social environment on conventional and unconventional modes of political participation. Specifically, he examines the thesis that more social kinds of participation are more strongly affected by the social environment than are more individual kinds of political acts. The author finds that the ex ante categorization of participatory acts into social and individual ones is less helpful for understanding the effects of the social environment than the distinction between conventional, institutionalized acts on one hand and unconventional, uninstitutionalized acts on the other. Conventional activities are more strongly influenced by an individual's exposure to, interaction with, and integration into the community, whereas the social environment is a less important factor for stimulating unconventional political participation.
Language development in children at risk for language impairment: Cross-population comparisons

At 3 years of age the spontaneous language of 17 typically developing children was compared to two groups of toddlers who were at risk for language delay for very different reasons. One at-risk group, late talkers, appeared normal in all respects except for their delayed language. These 20 children scored at or below the fifteenth percentile for expressive vocabulary on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (Fenson et al., 1993) when originally identified at 20-27 months of age and within the normal range on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969). The other group, 21 children with unilateral focal brain injury, suffered localized damage to their brain prenatally, perinatally, or within the first 6 months of life. Results indicated that both of the at-risk groups were still significantly lower in vocabulary diversity and grammar at 3 years of age. There was also significantly greater variability in the at-risk groups than in the control groups, and in the children with focal brain injury than in the late talkers in both areas. The importance of language comprehension to development in this period was supported by two findings. First, children with focal brain injury had significantly lower scores than late talkers on the Index of Productive Syntax, a test of emerging grammar, and had been lower in comprehension on a standardized test of language comprehension a year earlier. Second, late talkers with delay in comprehension as well as production had significantly lower scores on IPSyn than those with normal comprehension, suggesting that they are at greater risk for continued delay. Qualitative analyses indicated that the at-risk groups produced the same kinds of errors, but that late talkers produced a substantially greater proportion of errors in obligatory contexts than did children with focal brain injury.
NMR Studies of 3He Impurities in 4He in the Proposed Supersolid Phase

Preliminary results are reported for measurements of the NMR relaxation times of very dilute 3He in samples of solid 4He at low temperature, 0.25 K <T< 1.3 K. The results were obtained for carefully prepared samples with different 3He concentrations. The measurements of the spin-spin relaxation time, T2, show several interesting features. A temperature independent plateau attributed to the exchange motional narrowing is observed down to the lowest temperature studied, and the observed variation of T2 with 3He concentration favors the nonlinear theory suggested by Landesman. The best fit to the data is given by T2∝x3−1.89±0.1 rather than x3−1. No evidence of an exchange-phonon bottleneck for the spin-lattice relaxation is seen down to 25 mK. The vacancy activation energy is determined to be 13.5±0.3 K for a sample with x3=5×10−4 and molar volume 20.9 cm3.
Freezing of a Semi-Infinite Medium With Initial Temperature Gradient

Exact solutions to problems of conductive heat transfer with solidification are rare due to the nonlinearity of the equations. The heat balance integral technique is used to obtain an approximate solution to the freezing of a semi-infinite region with a linear, initial temperature distribution. The results indicate that the constant temperature Neumann solution is acceptable for soil systems with a geothermal gradient unless extremely long freezing times are considered. The heat balance integral will yield good solutions, with simple numerical work, even for nonconstant initial temperatures.
Executive Turnover and Firm Performance in China

Executive turnover and its link to firm performance can provide a crucial measure of how effectively a firm solves the two sets of principal-agent problems: (a) the diverging interests between top management and shareholders, which may result in managerial entrenchment; and (b) the diverging interests between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders, which may lead to the expropriation of the latter by the former or “tunneling,” as referred to in the literature. Tying the personal fortune of top executives to the firm’s performance aligns the interests of shareholders and those of management. It also breaks up the “insider” alliance between the controlling shareholder and management, thereby helping protect the interests of minority shareholders. Although there is a large literature on executive turnover in Western firms, research on executive turnover in non-Western firms is limited, and this paper is the only one on China. A closer look at the executive turnoverperformance link in China (one of the two major internal discipline mechanisms in corporate governance) is particularly relevant, since effective markets for corporate control are missing in China, the largest developing and transitional economy in the world. Furthermore, China is an interesting case because both types of agency problems are acute due to poorly defined property rights and weak investor protection, which result largely from its command economy legacy.
Sensitivity of P-P and P-SV AVO Reflectivity to Fluid Properties in Porous Media: Extension of P-P results and P-SV Investigation

Summary The objectives of this investigation is two-fold: First, to extend the examination of the dynamic effects of variations in relevant fluid properties (permeability and fluid viscosity) on the total P-P wave reflectivity variations with angle of incidence. The reflecting boundaries considered are limited to the interface between two different fluids within a common reservoir sand, extending a previous preliminary study but including a realistic description of the fluid models. For fluid-fluid reservoir contacts, the AVO effects were most distinguishable for PP wave reflections The second objective is to address dynamic P-Sv reflectivity across both fluid-fluid boundaries and a boundary across a sealing shale and a sand reservoir. Although observable effects were seen with P-Sv wave reflections at very low viscosities and seismic frequencies, most of the P-Sv effects appear to be outside the range of usual seismic frequencies. The viscosity may be a proxy for both the degree of partial gas saturation of the fluid and, perhaps, permeability. The magnitude of the effect, for a variation in viscosity from that of oil to gas, is similar to the total change in P-P AVO reflectivity from 0 to 30 degrees.
Representations associated to involutions on algebraic groups and modular Harish¿Chandra modules

In this article we consider an extension of Harish–Chandra modules for real Lie groups to the setting of algebraic groups over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic p>2. Let G be a connected, semisimple, simply connected algebraic group over k, defined and split over Fp, with Lie algebra g=Lie(G), 1≠θ∈Aut(G) an involution, K=Gθ the θ-fixed points, and Gr the rth Frobenius kernel of G,r⩾1. We first classify the irreducible KGr-modules and their injective envelopes. Then, we classify the irreducible finite dimensional ‘modular Harish–Chandra modules’ by showing they are exactly the irreducible KG1-modules for the infinitesimal thickening KG1, so in particular they are restricted as g-modules.
An econometric analysis of health care reform in the U.S.

This paper simulates the effects of funding a comprehensive health plan (CHP) on consumer spending in the U.S. using a demographically enhanced dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System model. Quarterly observations on personal consumption expenditures and the relevant price indices of seven major commodity and service groups in the U.S. for the period 1963. 1 through 1989.4 comprise our data set. Our results show that the CHP financing causes no significant adjustment on the demand-side of the economy, i.e., consumer expenditures on the seven major commodity and service groups would decrease slightly in the short run under the CHP financing. (JEL D00)
β-Lactams Enhance Daptomycin Activity against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Models

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are frequently resistant to vancomycin and β-lactams. In enterococcal infections with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility, combination therapy is often administered. Our objective was to conduct pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models to evaluate β-lactam synergy with daptomycin (DAP) against resistant enterococci. One E. faecalis strain (R6981) and two E. faecium strains (R6370 and 8019) were evaluated. DAP MICs were obtained. All strains were evaluated for response to LL37, an antimicrobial peptide, in the presence and absence of ceftaroline (CPT), ertapenem (ERT), and ampicillin (AMP). After 96 h, in vitro models were run simulating 10 mg DAP/kg body weight/day, 600 mg CPT every 8 h (q8h), 2 g AMP q4h, and 1 g ERT q24h, both alone and in combination against all strains. DAP MICs were 2, 4, and 4 μg/ml for strains R6981, R6370, and 8019, respectively. PK/PD models demonstrated bactericidal activity with DAP-CPT, DAP-AMP, and DAP-ERT combinations against strain 8019 (P 2 compared to any single agent). Against strains R6981 and R6370, the DAP-AMP combination demonstrated enhancement against R6370 but not R6981, while the combinations of DAP-CPT and DAP-ERT were bactericidal, demonstrated enhancement, and were statistically superior to all other regimens at 96 h (P < 0.001) against both strains. CPT, ERT, and AMP similarly augmented LL37 killing against strain 8019. In strains R6981 and R6370, CPT and ERT aided LL37 more than AMP (P < 0.001). Compared to DAP alone, combination regimens provide better killing and prevent resistance. Clinical research involving DAP combinations is warranted.
3-D reconstruction from electron microscope images of heterogeneous particles*

A statistical estimation problem for determining 3-D reconstructions from a single 2-D projection image of each of multiple objects when the objects are heterogeneous is described.
Design of a Verifiable Subset for HAL/S

An attempt to evaluate the applicability of program verification techniques to the existing programming language, HAL/S is discussed. HAL/S is a general purpose high level language designed to accommodate the software needs of the NASA Space Shuttle project. A diversity of features for scientific computing, concurrent and real-time programming, and error handling are discussed. The criteria by which features were evaluated for inclusion into the verifiable subset are described. Individual features of HAL/S with respect to these criteria are examined and justification for the omission of various features from the subset is provided. Conclusions drawn from the research are presented along with recommendations made for the use of HAL/S with respect to the area of program verification.
A lipid’s eye view of membrane protein crystallization in mesophases

Lipidic mesophases have been used to produce diffraction-quality crystals of several membrane proteins. The mechanism by which the method works is a mystery. The thrust is to continue to use it whilst deciphering the underlying mechanism and solving the second 'phase problem' in membrane protein crystallography. The method, which probably shares similarities with crystal growth in microgravity, is examined here from a lipid and a phase science perspective.