cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-supervised Named Entity Recognition in noisy-text

Many of the existing Named Entity Recognition (NER) solutions are built based on news corpus data with proper syntax. These solutions might not lead to highly accurate results when being applied to noisy, user generated data, e.g., tweets, which can feature sloppy spelling, concept drift, and limited contextualization of terms and concepts due to length constraints. The models described in this paper are based on linear chain conditional random fields (CRFs), use the BIEOU encoding scheme, and leverage random feature dropout for up-sampling the training data. The considered features include word clusters and pre-trained distributed word representations, updated gazetteer features, and global context predictions. The latter feature allows for ingesting the meaning of new or rare tokens into the system via unsupervised learning and for alleviating the need to learn lexicon based features, which usually tend to be high dimensional. In this paper, we report on the solution [ST] we submitted to the WNUT 2016 NER shared task. We also present an improvement over our original submission [SI], which we built by using semi-supervised learning on labelled training data and pre-trained resourced constructed from unlabelled tweet data. Our ST solution achieved an F1 score of 1.2% higher than the baseline (35.1% F1) for the task of extracting 10 entity types. The SI resulted in an increase of 8.2% in F1 score over the base-line (7.08% over ST). Finally, the SI model’s evaluation on the test data achieved a F1 score of 47.3% (~1.15% increase over the 2nd best submitted solution). Our experimental setup and results are available as a standalone twitter NER tool at https://github.com/napsternxg/TwitterNER.
The international scene in biological and medical libraries.

Abstract This article introduces the Bulletin's special issue devoted to international health sciences librarianship with a discussion of the formal structures of international cooperation. The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA) Biological and Medical Sciences Libraries Section conducts activities along four strands: world and regional health sciences library directories, mutually supportive regional groupings, a quarterly newsletter, and the quinquennial International Congress on Medical Librarianship. These activities, as well as those of other organizations, make up the formal international structure of health sciences librarianship.
Interactive Visualization of Hierarchically Structured Data.

AbstractWe introduce methods for visualization of data structured along trees, especially hierarchically structured collections of time series. To this end, we identify questions that often emerge when working with hierarchical data and provide an R package to simplify their investigation. Our key contribution is the adaptation of the visualization principles of focus-plus-context and linking to the study of tree-structured data. Our motivating application is to the analysis of bacterial time series, where an evolutionary tree relating bacteria is available a priori. However, we have identified common problem types where, if a tree is not directly available, it can be constructed from data and then studied using our techniques. We perform detailed case studies to describe the alternative use cases, interpretations, and utility of the proposed visualization methods.
Other Carpal Bone Fractures

Carpal bone fractures other than the scaphoid and lunate can often be misdiagnosed as wrist sprains. Careful clinical exam and radiographic review are key to diagnosis.
Stress Myocardial CT Perfusion: An Update and Future Perspective

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been shown by several multicenter trials to have excellent diagnostic accuracy in the detection and exclusion of significant coronary stenosis. However, a major limitation of coronary CTA is that the physiological significance of stenotic lesions identified is often unknown. Stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a novel examination that provides both anatomic and physiological information (i.e., myocardial perfusion). Multiple single-center studies have established the feasibility of stress myocardial CTP. Furthermore, it has been illustrated that a combined CTA/CTP protocol improves the diagnostic accuracy to detect hemodynamic significant stenosis as compared with CTA alone; this combined protocol can also be accomplished at a radiation dose comparable to nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging exams. Although initial results hold some promise, stress myocardial CTP is a modality in its infancy. Further research is required to define, validate, and optimize this new technique. However, it is a modality with significant potential, particularly in the evaluation of chest pain patients, given the advantages of short exam time and comprehensive data acquisition. This review highlights how to perform and interpret stress myocardial CTP, summarizes the current literature, and discusses some future directions.
Variation in midfacial tissue thickness of African-American children.

Forensic anthropologists use facial reconstruction to develop a likeness of an unknown individual in order to generate public interest that may lead to a positive identification. Tissue thicknesses of the face from living persons or cadavers are an essential part of the reconstruction method. The purpose of this study is to add to the growing database of tissue thicknesses along the facial midline of African-American children and to begin to examine the possibility of geographic differences between children of the same ancestral group. Results indicate that significant differences do not exist between males and females or between African-American females from the Midwest and Southeast U.S. Only age was determined to have a significant effect on mean tissue thickness variation, in our sample, with the majority of change occurring in the facial region.
Perceptual Restoration of Missing Sounds

The world is a noisy place, and signals of importance are often accompanied by louder irrelevant sounds. Hearing would lose much of its usefulness could we discern only whichever sound was at the highest level. However, there are mechanisms permitting us to attend to sounds that are fainter. In addition, we can, under certain circumstances, perceptually restore sounds that have been completely obliterated. Some of the mechanisms enhancing the perception of signals in the presence of interfering sounds have been discussed in Chapter 2. One of these mechanisms squelches or reduces the interference produced by echoes and reverberation through the isolation of the early-arriving components that reach the listener directly from the source. Another mechanism is associated with localization, and reduces the threshold for a sound originating at one place when subject to interference by a sound originating at another position. It is also pointed out in Chapter 2 that contralateral induction can restore monaurally masked signals, and prevent mislocalization of a source. Nevertheless, signals of importance can still be completely masked and obliterated. But when masking is intermittent, snatches of the signal occurring before and after the obliterated segment can furnish information concerning the missing segments. When this occurs, a perceptual synthesis can allow listeners to perceive the missing sounds as clearly as those actually present. As we shall see, this “temporal induction” of missing fragments can not only result in illusory continuity of steady-state sounds such as tones, but it can also restore contextually appropriate segments of time-varying signals such as speech, melodies, and tone glides.
Divalent Cation-Dependent Deposits in Paramecium

In 1972 Oschman and Wall observed the presence of electron-dense deposits (EDDs) along the plasma membranes of intestinal cells (1). They systematically tested the components of their fixative solutions and concluded that the combination of glutaraldehyde and millimolar concentrations of several divalent cations formed these deposits. Using what has become known as the Oschman and Wall fixation technique, most commonly employing glutaraldehyde and CaCl2, several workers have since reported the presence of similar EDDs which often occur at specific sites where Ca2+ action has been implicated. Examples of these reports are given in Table 1. The deposits characteristically form on the cytoplasmic side of surface membranes. X-ray microprobe analyses show that deposits contain Ca2+ (6,7,9,12,14,15,18). Sr2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Mg2+ can also produce deposits but all monovalent and trivalent cations tested do not (1–3,11,13,14). Other Ca2+ salts such as Ca(NO3) produce EDDs, hence it is the cation and not the anion which is important for deposit formation (14). Deposits can be classified under at least two different groups—those associated with membranes and those contained within organelles with no apparent associations with membranes. In some cases membrane deposit sites are associated with sites known to contain intramembranous particles (IMPs) within the membrane bilayer and fibrillar material attached to the bilayer (8,11,14).
Supply and demand factors in the determination of Medicare expenditures.

This article presents multivariate estimates of the effects of supply-side factors (e.g., provider reimbursement) and demand-side factors (e.g., beneficiary ability to pay) on state-level expenditures per enrollee in Medicare Part A and Part B. The results indicate that a 1 percent increase in elderly income significantly increases the propensity to use Medicare Part B services, resulting in a 0.45 percent increase in Part B expenditures per enrollee. By contrast, patients' ability to pay has a much weaker effect on Part A expenditures. Changes in provider reimbursement also exert a substantial effect on expenditures. A 1 percent rise in the Medicare Prevailing Charge Index raises Medicare Part B expenditures by 0.43 percent. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that both limits on Medicare reimbursement to providers and increased beneficiary liability have substantial effects on Medicare costs. Whatever the merits of arguments for or against such controls, the responsiveness of Medicare expenditures to equal percentage changes in supply and demand factors appears to be of a similar order of magnitude.
Meta-theory rather than method fascism

Three comments take issue with specifics of the target article. First, I argue for the development of meta-theory to deal with inconsistencies in experimental results. Second, I advocate the use of the compatibility between experiment and application to decide on the optimal design and procedure of experimental studies. Last, I support the explicit incorporation of motivation into models of decision making.
Comparison of major adverse event rates after elective endovascular aneurysm repair in New England using a novel measure of complication severity.

Abstract Objective Major adverse event (MAE) rates are used as an outcome measure after surgical procedures. Although MAE rates summarize the occurrences of adverse events, they do not reflect differences in severity of these events. We propose that a measure of complication severity could provide a more accurate assessment about the quality of care. We aimed to analyze and to describe the regional variation in elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) MAE rates across centers in the Vascular Study Group of New England and to create an index for describing complication severity. Methods Patients undergoing elective EVAR (n = 4731) at 30 Vascular Study Group of New England centers between 2003 and 2016 were studied. The MAE composite end point was defined as the occurrence of any of the following postoperative events: myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, congestive heart failure, leg ischemia, renal insufficiency, bowel complication, reoperation, surgical site infection, stroke, respiratory complication, and no home discharge. An adjustment factor (complication severity index) was calculated as a ratio of length of stay for complicated to uncomplicated cases. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate predicted MAE rates. The observed and predicted MAE rates as well as complication severity index rates were compared among centers and across quintiles of center volume. Results Observed MAE rates varied widely, ranging from 0% to 39%. Multivariate predictors of MAE included abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter >6 cm (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-2.3), female sex (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.2), chronic renal insufficiency (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.1), age >75 years (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.1), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4-1.6), diabetes (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), positive stress test result (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4), preoperative beta blocker (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3), and no preoperative statin (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3). Predicted MAE rates had little variation (range, 21%-29%). In comparing observed MAE rates and complication severity, there was an inverse relation between the two, suggesting that although certain centers had a greater number of MAEs, the complications were less severe. Conclusions MAE rates after elective EVAR vary widely. However, centers with higher MAE rates tended to have less severe complications, suggesting that observed MAE rates may not be a good measure of outcomes assessment after elective EVARs.
Parenting style, distress, and problematic alcohol use in Bhutan

Bhutan is a small landlocked country located between India and China that is largely rural and Buddhist. As the nation develops and adopts more Western practices, the nature of the relationship bet...
WARP: A Unique Extracellular Matrix Component of Cartilage, Muscle, and Endothelial Cell Basement Membranes

The von Willebrand factor A-domain-related protein (WARP) encoded by the VWA1 gene, is an orphan extracellular matrix protein that is expressed in a subset of ECM structures but whose function is poorly understood. Here, recent advances on understanding VWA1/WARP will be reviewed including analysis of VWA1 reporter and global knock-out mice, interaction studies, and recent transcriptome analyses. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early Childhood Religious Education: It Matters, but What Is Its Matter?

Compared with the establishment of Catholic primary and secondary schools in Australia, Catholic early childhood education has been a much more recent phenomenon, particularly since the introduction of the Australian Government’s mandated Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia (EYLF) (Department of Education Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), 2009). Within the Catholic early childhood sector, early childhood religious education is still emerging as a distinct area. Certainly, religious education programmes in various formats had been integrated into Catholic early years school settings before the 1990s, but the introduction of the EYLF (DEEWR, 2009) document has initiated more formalised and determined curriculum development (Grajczonek, 2017). As Catholic dioceses have sought to address the increasing emphasis on early childhood, they have approached the area of religious education in a variety of ways. Such approaches, models and frameworks including Catechesis of the Good Shepherd (Cavalletti, 1992) Godly Play (Berryman, 1991) multifaith approaches influenced by the United Kingdom, young children’s spirituality influences (Hay & Nye, 2006) and so on have been adopted and adapted from overseas.
Hacia una integración de mindfulness e inteligencia emocional en psicología y educación

Background: This article presents an empirical review of the integration of mindfulness and emotional intelligence. Mindfulness is a cognitive intervention model that helps people to develop awareness of their experience in the present moment favoring emotional self-regulation. Similarly, emotional intelligence has been conceptualized as a constellation of abilities related to the perception, understanding and adequate management of emotions within and among people. Both conceptual models are associated with a good sense of well-being and personal development. State of the art: This paper reviews the preliminary scientific evidence published in psychology and education literature, and examines the mediating effects of these two constructs in the process of emotional regulation and quality of life of individuals. Conclusions: The study results indicate that the interaction of mindfulness and emotional intelligence offers important benefits for people’s well- being. It was also reported that emotional intelligence acts as mediator between mindfulness and greater positive emotions. The purpose of this review article is to identify a model of integration for emotional regulation that includes «active ingredients» to influence well-being and the way in which the practice of mindfulness contributes to increase the abilities of emotional intelligence.
Gravid Tetragnathid spiders show an increased functional response

Abstract Spiders in the genus Tetragnatha feed on emerging aquatic insects, including mosquitoes and midges, but there is little known about the foraging behavior of these spiders. We hypothesized that female spiders actively developing egg sacs would increase food consumption to provide more energy to produce and provision their eggs. We tested this hypothesis by measuring foraging rates of Tetragnatha spiders kept in jars and provisioned with different levels of midges. We then tested for a difference in the functional response of spiders that did or did not lay egg sacs in their jars. Egg-laying and non-egg-laying spiders showed significantly different functional responses, indicating that Tetragnatha spiders can change their behavior or web structure to increase their foraging rate, presumably to accommodate increased energy demand for reproduction.
Diffusion of Information

In this chapter, we outline the techniques used in optimizing or facilitating information diffusion in social networks. We identify two problem definitions through which a broad survey of techniques in recent research is provided. Namely, we explore the problems of maximizing the spread of influence and minimizing the spread of misinformation in social networks. As different as these problems are in terms of the motivation behind them, they both rely on sub-problems that are very similar. Through our study of these two problems, we delve into more detail about the sub-problems: Sect. 2.2 model formation, Sect. 2.3 problem optimization, Sect. 2.4 large-scale data analysis, and Sect. 2.5 research trends.
ACUTE RATE CONTROL OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH RAPID VENTRICULAR RESPONSE USING INTRAVENOUS CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS OR INTRAVENOUS BETA BLOCKERS LEADS TO CARDIOGENIC SHOCK IN PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

Intravenous (IV) boluses of nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) or beta-blockers (B-blockers) are often used for acute rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid ventricular response (RVR). However, due to their negative chronotropic and inotropic properties,
Suicidal ideation and aggression in childhood, genetic variation and young adult depression

Abstract Background Suicidal thoughts and behaviors have been studied in association with a variety of risk factors. The aim of the present study was to determine if levels of child/adolescent aggression and/or variation in candidate genes previously associated with suicidal behaviors in adults would influence the presence of suicidal ideation in childhood/adolescence, and to determine if ideation was associated with young adult depression. Methods A longitudinal study of children, adolescents and young adults who were at high or low risk for alcohol and other substance use disorders by familial background were assessed. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) aggression scale scores with derived subtypes (physical and relational) and genetic variation (ANKK1, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4, HTR2C) were used as predictors of the presence and onset of suicidal ideation in childhood using survival analysis. Structural equation models (SEM) were fit to determine the relative importance of the predictors controlling for background variables. Results CBCL aggression was significantly associated with child/adolescent suicidal ideation. One SNP in the ANKK1 gene (rs1800497), one in the HTR2C gene (rs6318), and two haplotypes, AAAC in the ANKK1-DRD2 complex and the CCC haplotype of the HTR2C gene, were significantly associated with the presence and onset of child/adolescent suicidal ideation. Follow up in young adulthood showed a significant relationship between suicidal ideation in childhood/adolescence and young adult depression. Conclusions Genetic variation and presence of elevated aggression scores from the childhood CBCL are significant predictors of childhood suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation in childhood and being female are predictors of young adult depression.
Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships and Gas Exchange: Measurement Approaches

Ventilation-perfusion ( V ˙ A / Q ˙ ) matching, the regional matching of the flow of fresh gas to flow of deoxygenated capillary blood, is the most important mechanism affecting the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange. This article discusses the measurement of V ˙ A / Q ˙ matching with three broad classes of techniques: (i) those based in gas exchange, such as the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET); (ii) those derived from imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and electrical impedance tomography (EIT); and (iii) fluorescent and radiolabeled microspheres. The focus is on the physiological basis of these techniques that provide quantitative information for research purposes rather than qualitative measurements that are used clinically. The fundamental equations of pulmonary gas exchange are first reviewed to lay the foundation for the gas exchange techniques and some of the imaging applications. The physiological considerations for each of the techniques along with advantages and disadvantages are briefly discussed. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1155-1205, 2020.
A Review of Otolaryngology Malpractice Cases with Associated Court Proceedings from 2010 to 2019.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To report key characteristics of the landscape of malpractice litigation with associated court proceedings in otolaryngology over the previous decade. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. METHODS The LexisNexis database was queried to identify otolaryngology-related malpractices cases that yielded court opinions, jury verdicts, and settlements from federal and state courts across the United States from 2010 to 2019. Cases settled outside of court were not identifiable. Provider subspecialty, procedures, error type, legal allegations, and case outcomes were recorded. Frequency of error type was compared between otolaryngology subspecialties using Fisher exact tests. RESULTS Ninety-four medical malpractice cases related to otolaryngology with evidence of court proceedings were identified for the period between 2010 and 2019. An otolaryngologist was named as the sole defendant in 39 cases (41%). Rhinology was the most frequently implicated subspecialty (28% of all cases), followed by head and neck surgery (17%) and facial plastics (7%). Improper surgical performance was cited in nearly half of the identified cases (49%), followed by failure to diagnose/refer/treat (32%). Outcome and liability data were available for 56 cases (60%). Of these 56 cases, 50 (89%) were ruled in favor of the defendant otolaryngologist. Of the cases ruled in favor of the plaintiff, the average indemnity was $4.24 M (range, $150,000 M-$10.25 M). Fisher exact tests demonstrated statistically significant differences in consent issues (P = .040), failure to diagnose/refer/treat (P = .024), and improper surgical performance (P = .026) between subspecialties. CONCLUSIONS In a limited, database-derived sample of medical malpractice cases involving otolaryngologists, trends in error type by subspecialty may warrant further investigation to identify specialty-wide and subspecialty-specific areas of practice improvement and education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 131:E1081-E1085, 2021.
Streamlining the Cochlear Implant Evaluation: Utility of Community Audiometry in Cochlear Implant Candidacy Assessment.

OBJECTIVE To identify redundancy in the cochlear implant candidacy evaluation and assess its financial impact. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary care academic cochlear implant center. PATIENTS One hundred thirty-five patients referred for cochlear implant candidacy evaluation from 2004 through 2019. INTERVENTION Community and academic audiometry were compared in a matched-pair analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pure-tone audiometry and word recognition scores (WRS) were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Cost of repeated audiometry was estimated using the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment data. RESULTS The majority of pure-tone thresholds (PTT) and pure-tone averages (PTA) had no statistically significant differences between community and academic centers. Only air PTT at 2000 Hz on the right and air PTA on the right demonstrated differences with α = 0.05 after Bonferroni correction. Despite statistical differences, mean differences in PTT and PTA were all under 3.5 dB. WRS were on average lower at the academic center, by 14.7% on the right (p < 0.001) and 10.6% on the left (p = 0.003). Repeating initial audiometry costs patients up to $60.58 and costs the healthcare system up to $42.94 per patient. CONCLUSIONS Pure-tone audiometry between community and academic centers did not demonstrate clinically significant differences. Lower academic WRS implies that patients identified as potential cochlear implant candidates based on community WRS are likely suitable to proceed to sentence testing without repeating audiometry, saving patients and the healthcare system time and resources.
Aversion to Off-label Prescribing in Clinical Pediatric Weight Management: The Quintessential Double Standard.

Context Pediatric obesity is now recognized as a chronic disease; yet few treatment options exist besides lifestyle modification therapy and bariatric surgery. We describe the limited availability of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiobesity medications for adolescents and compare this to what is available for adults. We offer a rationale for off-label prescribing to assist with lifestyle modification therapy. We also highlight the need for more pharmacotherapy options and additional research into novel treatments for pediatric obesity. Case description We describe a patient who is struggling with managing her weight and starting to develop complications of obesity. We offer a framework in which off-label prescribing may be beneficial to patients who have been engaging in lifestyle modification therapy yet fail to see improvement. Conclusion Lifestyle modification therapy is necessary but often insufficient in stimulating clinically meaningful weight loss when used alone in children and adolescents who struggle with weight management. Until more FDA-approved antiobesity medications are available, pediatricians may be able to help more patients achieve weight reduction goals by familiarizing themselves with the responsible use of off-label medications and implementing these tools to improve clinical outcomes. There is a critical need for more pharmacotherapy options to help pediatric patients in managing their weight and preventing or improving the insidious complications resulting from untreated obesity.
The Environment Corps: Combining Classroom Instruction, Service-Learning and Extension Outreach to Create a New Model of Community Engaged Scholarship at the University of Connecticut

An extensive faculty partnership at the University of Connecticut (UConn) that reaches across college and departmental lines is engaged in a project that seeks to enhance, expand, institutionalize, and study a new model for community engagement. The model, called the Environment Corps (E-Corps), combines the familiar elements of classroom instruction, service-learning, and extension outreach to create a method of engagement that aims to benefit students, faculty, surrounding communities, and the university community itself. This article describes the structure and history of E-Corps; details the institutional setting, faculty partnerships, and pedagogical strategies involved; and discusses early evidence of impacts and future prospects.
Counterion Pairing Effects on a Flavylium Heptamethine Dye

Polymethine fluorophores have facilitated the advance of biological and material sciences, due to their advantageous photophysical properties. However, the need to maintain a monomeric state can severely limit the utility and processability of dyes. High concentrations of fluorophore can lead to aggregation and negate the beneficial photophysical properties of monomers. Another concern is "crossing the cyanine limit" in which delocalization within the polymethine scaffold is broken, producing the presence of an asymmetric state diminishing its photophysical behavior. Herein, we attempt to overcome these limitations by exploring anion exchange on a cationic flavylium heptamethine scaffold. By increasing the size and hydrophobicity of the anion, we can effectively tune the degree of ion pairing within the polymethine dye. Interestingly, we found that the effect of ion pairing on photophysical properties was subtle for the flavylium heptamethine scaffold in comparison to the more commonly used indolenine cyanine dye. Utilizing larger weakly coordinating anions enabled solubility of the flavylium heptamethine fluorophore in nonpolar solvents, which could otherwise not be achieved. Even with more subtle effects than classic cyanine dyes, anion exchange on flavylium polymethine dyes holds potential for further manipulation of the properties of these low energy dyes.
The postnatal development of myoepithelial cells in the rat submandibular gland. An immunohistochemical study.

Fluorescein-labeled antibody against human uterine actomyosin was used as a histochemical stain to identify and localize myoepithelial cells during the early stages of differentiation of the rat submandibular gland. Smooth muscle and myoepithelium of the rat in tissue sections reacted specifically with the antiserum, indicating close antigenic relationship between smooth muscle proteins of these two species. At birth the rat submandibular gland has neither acini nor myoepithelial cells, but by 24 hours after birth a few positively fluorescent cells in the characteristic position of myoepithelium were identified around the terminal tubules. By 1 week they had formed an extensive network around the terminal tubular structures, and from the first until the fifth week continued gradually to increase in number, reaching approximately the adult number and distribution.
Interaction of Multiple Jets with Ambient Current

The numerical calculation of the complex hydraulic interaction between a cooling water discharge and an ambient current is described. The calculated flow patterns compare favorably with those observed in dye studies of a physical model. Results are presented for several values of the ambient current, showing several interesting features. At ambient velocities of 1 fps (0.3 m/s) the cooling water discharge is transported directly downstream. However, with an ambient current of 0.5 fps (0.2 m/s) or less, a large recirculating region develops, in which the discharge flow is reentrained in a circulatory flow pattern. When this occurs, the temperature drop along the discharge jet will be reduced sharply due to the increased temperature of the entrained fluid.
Isolation and Characterization of Glucocerebrosidase from Human Placental Tissue

Abstract Human placental glucocerebrosidase was purified 4000-fold to apparent homogeneity. The most highly enriched preparation catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1 mmole of glucosylceramide per mg of protein per hour. Although the molecular size of the enzyme depends on the method of extraction, the purified protein is a tetramer composed of 4 catalytically active units whose mass is 60,000 daltons each. The enzyme shows an absolute specificity for β-d-glucopyranoside bonds and it is most active with the natural substrate glucocerebroside. It is less active with various synthetic β-glucoside substrates. The relationship of this enzyme to total tissue β-glucosidase activity is discussed.
The induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a common event in the response of human primary non-small cell lung carcinomas to exposure to the new antitumor polyamine analogue N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine.

Several new polyamine analogues have been developed for the treatment of human solid tumors. The phenotype-specific activity of some of these analogues has been associated with the superinduction of the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase (SSAT). Using immunohistochemistry, we found a majority (64%) of human primary lung cancer explants to exhibit high expression of SSAT after treatment with 10 μm N 1 , N 11 -bis(ethyl)norspermine, an agent currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials against several important human solid tumors. The staining of SSAT was found specifically in the tumor tissue and not in the neighboring normal lung tissue. These results demonstrate the ability to detect induction of SSAT in clinical specimens and suggest the potential of this test as a prognostic indicator of drug response.
The Location Market

Individual location decisions are not given much respect by local governments. Governments frequently use zoning and other regulatory rules to spread development across a city, claiming that the whole city, and not just one favored or disfavored part, should get the benefits and bear the costs of new development. Local governments also create incentives to encourage certain types of development to locate in certain areas — using policy tools that range from non-cumulative zoning to outright subsidies — in order to create particular mixes of industrial, commercial, and residential development. However, the arguments in favor of these policies frequently rely upon a specious depiction of the incentives of governmental decisionmakers on the one hand and private citizens on the other. That is, they fail to see the wisdom behind the old saying that the three most important factors in real estate are “location, location, location.”This paper focuses on the benefits businesses and residents get from being able to locate in specific places inside a given city. First, it argues that agglomeration economics — the study of why people locate in cities — provides a useful tool for explaining exactly what is lost when a city government uses its zoning power to limit certain uses of land in specific areas inside a city. The reduction in positive externalities like reduced transportation costs, market size effects and information spillovers stand as a counterpoint to zoning's effect in reducing negative externalities like nuisances and the like. We explore the harms to agglomeration economies created by two Washington D.C. policies, a limit on the percentage of storefronts in a neighborhood that can be devoted to bars and restaurants and the federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910.Second, we argue that the mere fact that agglomeration economies are positive externalities does not necessarily justify subsidizing specific combinations of land uses. Firms and residents have effective tools for creating and maintaining efficient clusters when the scope of agglomerative externalities is sufficiently local and when relocating is sufficiently easy. We also explore the case for subsidies when agglomerative externalities are felt broadly across a city or region and when investments are more fixed.
Promoter hypermethylation of the neurofilament heavy chain gene in human esophageal cancer

2860 Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in neoplasia has been recognized as a common mechanism of cancer development. Genes which exhibit frequent cancer-specific methylation may have tumor suppressive activities and hold value as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Pharmacological unmasking in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines uncovered the neurofilament heavy chain (NEFH) gene as a candidate methylated gene. NEFH expression was silenced in ESCC cell lines and reactivated by the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR detected NEFH promoter hypermethylation in 34/70 (48.5%) primary human ESCC and absent or minimal levels in normal corresponding tissues. Moreover, overexpression of NEFH in ESCC cell lines effectively inhibited the formation of cell colonies (44% compared to control vector). NEFH silencing may, thus, provide a selective growth advantage during ESCC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, NEFH methylation shows promise as a biomarker for ESCC due to its common occurrence and high cancer cell specificity.
Intra-annual patterns in adult band-tailed pigeon survival estimates

Context The band-tailed pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata) is a migratory species occurring in western North America with low recruitment potential and populations that have declined an average of 2.4% per year since the 1960s. Investigations into band-tailed pigeon demographic rates date back to the early 1900s, and existing annual survival rate estimates were derived in the 1970s using band return data. Aims The primary purpose of the paper was to demonstrate that the apparent paradox between band-tailed pigeon population dynamics (long-term steady decline) and breeding season survival rates (very high) can be explained by changes in survival probability during the remainder of the year. Methods We trapped Pacific coast band-tailed pigeons during two separate periods: we equipped pigeons with very high frequency (VHF) radio-transmitters in 1999–2000 (1999 = 20; 2000 = 34); and outfitted pigeons with solar powered platform transmitting terminal (PTT) transmitters in 2006–08 (n = 20). We used known fate models to estimate annual survival rates and seasonal survival variation among four periods based on an annual behavioural cycle based on phenological events (nesting, autumn migration, winter and spring migrations). We used model averaged parameter estimates to account for model selection uncertainty. Key results Neither body condition nor sex were associated with variation in band-tailed pigeon survival rates. Weekly survival during the nesting season did not differ significantly between VHF-marked (0.996; CI = 0.984–0.999) and PTT-marked pigeons (0.998; CI = 0.990–1.00). Model averaged annual survival of PTT-marked pigeons was 0.682 (95% CI = 0.426–0.861) and was similar to annual survival estimated in previous studies using band return data. Survival probability was lowest during both migration periods and highest during the nesting period. Conclusions Our survival estimates are consistent with those of prior studies and suggest that mortality risk is greatest during migration. Weekly survival probability during winter was nearly the same as during the nesting season; however, winter was the longest period and survival throughout winter was lower than other seasons. Implications We present the first inter-seasonal analysis of survival probability of the Pacific coast race of band-tailed pigeons and illustrate important temporal patterns that may influence future species management including harvest strategies and disease monitoring.
“Oh Events” for the Professor: Studies and Stories of Religious Studies Abroad

This response explains three ways in which the preceding essays are a significant contribution to the study of study abroad, explores three additional issues, and makes three suggestions for future work on religious studies and study abroad. This response is published alongside of six other essays, comprising a special section of the journal (see Teaching Theology and Religion 18:1, January 2015).
Gonadotropin Release in Prepubertal Female Mice Following Male Exposure: A Comparison with the Adult Cycle

The phenomenon of male-induced, precocial puberty was investigated in CF-i mice with particular regard to changes in plasma FSH and LH at various times after initiation of male exposure. A series of pilot experiments assessed procedural factors including the normalcy of ovulation and mating in such females. For comparative purposes, levels of FSH and LH were also determined during the adult estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Pairing of singly caged, immature females with adult males elicited estrual changes in FSH and LH but with considerable animal-to-animal variation in time after pairing. Uterine growth was detected in some young females as early as 24 h after male exposure began, and many females showed enlarging uteri by 36 h. Plasma LH concentrations did not change during this time period and circulating FSH, if anything, was progressively depressed for the first 48 h of male exposure. Proestrus-like changes in circulating LH and FSH were first detected in some young animals during the late afternoon of day 3 (60 h). Assuming that the observed uterine growth was in response to estrogen, the initial actions of the male on gonadotropin secretion in immature females may thus be too subtle for detection but still sufficient to result in enhanced estrogen secretion. Following this early period of presumed estrogenic activity, however, adultlike release of FSH and LH culminated in normal ovulation and mating.
Advancements in the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with significant negative outcomes for patients and their caregivers. Agitation, one of the most distressing NPS, lacks well-established long-term interventions that are both effective and safe. While non-pharmacological interventions are the suggested first-line treatment, it isn’t effective in managing symptoms for every patient. In such cases, clinicians turn to the use of pharmacological interventions. Traditionally, these interventions consist of off-label use of antipsychotics, sedative/hypnotics, anxiolytics, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine and antidepressants, where the efficacy doesn’t necessarily outweigh the associated risks.Areas covered: Gains made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying agitation have fueled several recent clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search for published articles evaluating pharmacologic interventions for agitation in AD was done. A review of...
Indirect vegetation–soil moisture feedback with application to Holocene North Africa climate

Using a fully coupled climate–terrestrial ecosystem model, we demonstrate explicitly that an initial perturbation on vegetation induces not only a direct positive vegetation feedback, but also a significant indirect vegetation–soil moisture feedback. The indirect feedback is generated through either fractional cover change or soil moisture depletion. Both indirect feedback mechanisms are triggered by a vegetation perturbation, but involve subsequent effects of soil moisture and evaporation, indirectly. An increase in vegetation tends to reduce bare-ground evaporation through either the area reduction in bare ground or the depletion of soil moisture; the reduced evaporation may then counter the initial plant transpiration, favoring a negative net vegetation feedback. Furthermore, grasses are more effective in inducing the indirect vegetation–soil feedbacks, because of their limited plant evapotranspiration and shallower roots that tend to change surface soil moisture, and, in turn, evaporation, effectively. In comparison, trees favor a direct positive vegetation feedback due to their strong plant transpiration on subsurface soil moisture as well as a lower albedo.
An automated kinetic microassay for lactate dehydrogenase using a microplate reader

We describe a modified lactate dehydrogenase kinetic microassay based on the oxidation of NADH that can be run on a microplate reader. This rapid, cost-effective, sensitive microassay will be useful in studies where many replicate samples are required.
Influence of Excess PbO Additions on {111} Single-Crystal Growth of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–35 mol% PbTiO3 by Seeded Polycrystal Conversion

The influence of additions of excess PbO to Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–35 mol% PbTiO3 (PMN–35PT) on {111} single-crystal growth by seeded polycrystal conversion was studied in the range of 0–5 vol% PbO. PbO volatilization and hence weight loss during annealing was controlled effectively by a double-crucible type of arrangement. PbO additions increased boundary mobility significantly in PMN–35PT, thus facilitating single-crystal growth by seeded polycrystal conversion (SPC). This is attributed to the formation of a boundary wetting PbO-based liquid phase. The growth process occurs very rapidly initially, after which it slows down. This is presumably due to both a decrease in the driving force for boundary migration because of an increase in matrix grain size, and a transition to lower mobility facets. It is also shown that for a given annealing time, the size of the grown crystal scales with the lateral dimensions of the seed crystal.
MRI findings in children infected by Borrelia burgdorferi.

Abstract Cranial magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were observed in 8 children (5 boys, 3 girls; ages 4–14 years) with neurologic problems following infection by Borrelia burgdorferi , the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Neurologic features included headache (6), behavioral changes (5), facial palsy (2), papilledema (2), papilledema with diplopia (1), disturbance of sleep pattern (2), and carpal tunnel syndrome (1). Two MRI studies demonstrated multiple focal areas of increased signal intensity in white matter on long TR (both proton-density and T 2 -weighted) images.
Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

More than 20 monoclonal antibodies have been approved as therapeutic drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration, and it is quite likely that the number of approved antibodies will double in the next 7-10 years. Antibody drugs show several desirable characteristics, including good solubility and stability, long persistence in the body, high selectivity and specificity, and low risk for bioconversion to toxic metabolites. However, many antibody drugs demonstrate attributes that complicate drug development, including very poor oral bioavailability, incomplete absorption following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, nonlinear distribution, and nonlinear elimination. In addition, antibody administration often leads to an endogenous antibody response, which may alter the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the therapeutic antibody. Antibodies have been developed for a wide range of disease conditions, with effects produced through a complex array of mechanisms. This article attempts to provide a brief overview of the main determinants of antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008); 84, 5, 548-558 doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.170.