cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review and Theoretical Synthesis of Evidence on Nature, Etiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with substantial personal and societal cost yet is the least successfully treated of the anxiety disorders. In this review, research on clinical features, boundary issues, and naturalistic course, as well as risk factors and maintaining mechanisms (cognitive, biological, neural, interpersonal, and developmental), are presented. A synthesis of these data points to a central role of emotional hyperreactivity, sensitivity to contrasting emotions, and dysfunctional attempts to cope with strong emotional shifts via worry. Consistent with the Contrast Avoidance model, evidence shows that worry evokes and sustains negative affect, thereby precluding sharp increases in negative emotion. We also review current treatment paradigms and suggest how the Contrast Avoidance model may help to target key fears and avoidance tendencies that serve to maintain pathology in GAD.
Uniplanar power dividers using coupled CPW and asymmetrical CPS for MICs and MMICs

Uniplanar coplanar waveguide (CPW), coplanar strip (CPS), and slotline on dielectric substrates have many applications in microwave integrated circuit (MIC) and monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (MMIC) designs. New power dividers using one-section and two-section coupled CPW have been developed. These circuits provide substantially improved performance over a wider bandwidth than conventional microstrip power dividers. Measured results show that the one-section CPW power divider has greater than 20-dB isolation, less than 0.3-dB insertion loss, a 0.2-dB power dividing imbalance, and a 20 phase imbalance over a bandwidth of more than 30% centered at 3 GHz. The two-section CPW power divider has greater than 24-dB isolation, less than 0.5-dB insertion loss, a 0.1 dB power dividing imbalance, and a 1.6/spl deg/ phase imbalance over a bandwidth of more than 66% centered at 3 GHz. Experimental results agree well with calculated ones. In-phase and 180/spl deg/ out-of-phase power dividers constructed by the circuit configuration method are described in this paper. The even-odd mode excited method is used to analyze the power dividers. Also two other power dividers using asymmetrical coplanar strip (ACPS) have been developed with good performance. A 180/spl deg/ out-of-phase power divider is demonstrated with an amplitude imbalance of 0.4 dB and a phase difference of 180/spl deg//spl plusmn/1/spl deg/ over a wide bandwidth.
Recent structural and functional imaging findings in schizophrenia

abnormalities in schizophrenia, and allowed construction of comprehensive theories regarding the neural underpinnings of schizophrenia. The present review provides an account of research activities in the fields of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging during the past year, dating from August 2001 to August 2002. Recent findings In the review we discuss MRI findings in chronic schizophrenia and in first episode schizophrenia, and we include information on family studies. We note that the two major hypotheses regarding schizophrenia (neurodevelopmental and/or neurodegenerative) provide a theoretical framework for most studies. For the functional MRI studies, we note that questions focus on identifying networks of brain regions that are abnormal and contribute to functional abnormalities. Summary Jointly, MRI, functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging research suggests that schizophrenia is a disorder that impacts on several brain regions, leading most notably to abnormalities in both frontal and temporal lobes, as well as to abnormal connections between those two major structures.
A fractal analogy approach to the Raven's test of intelligence

We present a fractal technique for addressing geometric analogy problems from the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices test of general intelligence. In this method, an image is represented fractally, capturing its inherent self-similarity. We apply these fractal representations to problems from the Raven's test, and show how these representations afford a new method for solving complex geometric analogy problems. We present results using the fractal algorithm on all 60 problems from the Standard Progressive Matrices version of the Raven's test.
Towards Effective Communication with Robotic Assistants for the Elderly: Integrating Speech, Vision and Haptics

Our goal is to develop an interface for older people to effectively communicate with a robotic assistant so that they can safely remain living in their home. We are devising a multimodal interface since people communicate with one another using a variety of verbal and non-verbal signals, including haptics, i.e., physical interactions. We view haptics as an integral component of communication, which in some cases drives the interaction between the user and the robot, and we study its relation to speech and gestures. We illustrate features of interactions between an elderly person and an assistant via excerpts from our ongoing data collection. We also describe the architecture of our interface and ongoing research to bring this interface to fruition.
Abstract 2851: Metronomic doxorubicin blocks hypoxia inducible factor-mediated responses to hypoxia in sarcomas and augments the effects of anti-VEGF therapy

Introduction: Levels of hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) in human sarcomas correlate with tumor progression and metastasis. Prolonged anti-angiogenic therapy of sarcomas can inhibit tumor growth but may also increase hypoxia and HIF activation. The most commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for sarcomas, doxorubicin (dox), was recently found to block HIF binding to DNA at low metronomic doses. Methods: 20 patients with soft tissue sarcomas were treated with anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab). The tumors, before and after treatment, were examined for changes in microvessel density using CD31 immunohistochemical staining and global gene expression using microarrays. Patients’ tumors were then treated with a combination of bevacizumab and radiation followed by surgical resection. Expression of specific HIF-target genes in the response to hypoxia and/or dox was examined in vitro in 4 sarcoma cell lines by q-RT-PCR. HT1080 human sarcoma xenografts and sarcomas in genetically engineered LSL-Kras G12D/+ Trp53 fl/fl mice were treated with anti-VEGF receptor antibody (DC101) and/or metronomic dox and analyzed for levels of hypoxia, HIFs, and HIF-target genes. Results: Bevacizumab alone reduced microvessel density in sarcomas by a median of 53% (p G12D/+ Trp53 fl/fl sarcomas demonstrated increasing hypoxia with larger tumor size and with treatment with an anti-VEGFR-2 antibody (DC101). Increasing hypoxia corresponded to greater nuclear expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, and metronomic Dox lowered expression of HIF-depended genes by up to 92.3%. Combining VEGFR-2 antibody and metronomic Dox therapies had a synergistic effect in suppressing tumor growth. Conclusion: Human sarcomas respond to increased hypoxia by expressing HIF-target genes which promote compensatory responses. This hypoxic response may be exacerbated by anti-VEGF therapies and promote resistance to such therapies. Low metronomic doses of dox can block activation of HIF-target genes and works synergistically with anti-VEGF therapies to inhibit tumor growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2851. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2851
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution: This tool for studying molecular mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics follows bacteria as they adapt to environmental stress

We now can observe evolution in laboratory experiments, define its dynamics, and determine the genetic changes underlying new phenotypes. What happens in such experiments may not be directly applicable to evolution in natural habitats, however, unless particular habitats can be accurately reproduced in the laboratory. Nevertheless, experiments in adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) are yielding fundamental insights in microbiology.
Controlled Conductive Polymer Coating on Wood Microfibers via Layer-by-layer Nanoassembly

This paper reports on layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) conducting polymer on lignocellulose wood microfibers to make conducting paper. Polycation such as poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) was used with polyanionic PEDOT-PSS to construct the multilayers. The physical characterization of the microfiber was done using roughness step tester (RST) and surface profilometer (TENCOR). Thickness of the coated film was estimated using a quartz crystal micro-balance. Current – Voltage characterization was performed using a Keithley measurement system after each self-assembly of PEDOT-PSS to study the electrical properties of the coated film. It was observed that the conductivity of the microfiber was proportional to the number of polyelectrolyte bilayers deposited. The measured conductivities ranged from (1 to 5) × 10-3 Scm-1 to 1 to 10 Scm-1 for different bilayers of PEDOT-PSS on wood microfibers. It was also observed that the conductivity of the nano-coated fibers is dependent upon the salt concentration used in PAH polycations to from the multilayer. In this work we are developing scale integration from nano, to micro and macro (nanocoating-microfibers-macropaper). The results obtained show great promise for the development of smart paper technology and its contribution to the economic development of the nation.
Current status and development of clinical trial of cardiovascular drugs

This article introduces the progress in clinical trials for cardio-vascular newdrugs in recent years,and analysis the main characteristics of these clinical trials.The main contents of this article including:the new drug target is emerging followed by the new mechanisms and newmolecular drugs,the clinical trials results have shown that the reduction of the cardiovascular risk is benefit more from the combined control multi -risk -factors than using single drug.Because of these results the development of the fixed dose combination drugs are rapid.The article emphasized the methodology research in cardiology clinical trials.
Observation of the therapeutic effect of interferon on viral infection diseases with reduce of leucocyte

Objective It is to observe the efficacy of interferon-α1b on viral infection diseases with reduce of leucocyte.Methods 180 children with viral infection diseases with reduce of leucocyte were chosen and randomly divided into 3 groups.Group A,group B and group C were given recombinant interferon-α1b injection,Ganciclovir and Andrographolide respectively.Results Days of febrile withdraw and days of recovery of the sum of leucocyte rising to normal in group A were shorter than that in group B and C(P0.05).Conclusion The therapeutic effect of recombinant interferon-α1b on viral infection diseases with decrease of leucocyte was better than that of other anti-virus drugs.
Laminin Polymerization and Binding to Glycosaminoglycans: A Hypothesis for Modulation of Basement Membrane Structure

Typical basement membranes (BMs) are sheet-like extracellular matrices composed of a lamina lucida and lamina densa. They support and anchor cells, regulate growth and differentiation, divide tissue compartments and selectively filter the passage of macromolecules from one side to the other. Common to most BMs are a set of protomers, or “building blocks”, which assemble into a biological matrix: these include type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen and heparan sulfate proteoglycans and smaller amounts of other components. These components self-assemble with specific binding interactions into one or more molecular architectures [Yurchenco et al.,1986; Yurchenco & Ruben,1988]. Functions of BMs such as support and sieving are expected to be dependent on both the presence of protein domain determinants as well as their supramolecular arrangement in three-dimensional space. Similarly cell-matrix interactions are probably dependent on architecture as well. A matrix protein with a cell binding domain, for example, cannot interact with the cell if its domain is inaccessible by virtue of its geometrical position in the matrix: evidence has been presented that this is the case with the central cell-binding domain of laminin in the corneal epithelial BM [Schittny et al., 1988].
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) induces IL-1 receptor antagonist gene expression and protein synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: inhibition by an IL-4 mutant protein

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) belongs to the IL-4 gene family. Like IL-4, IL- 13 induces IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) synthesis with no effect on IL-1beta synthesis. We investigated whether IL-13 induces IL-1Ra synthesis via a pathway similar to IL-4. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, IL-13 (1 to 100 ng/mL alone induced IL-1Ra synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. A single amino acid mutant form of IL-4 (hIL4.Yl24D) induced IL-1Ra synthesis, acting as a partial agonist. However, hIL-4.Yl24D inhibited IL-1Ra synthesis induced by either IL-4 or IL-13. IL-13 alone induced accumulation of IL-1Ra mRNA. Furthermore, IL-13 reduced steady- state levels for IL-1beta mRNA but enhanced those for IL-1Ra mRNA in cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IL- 1alpha. Accordingly, IL-13 suppressed IL-1beta synthesis but enhanced IL-1Ra synthesis in these cells. IL-13 reduced the stability of IL- 1beta mRNA (2.9 v 1.7 hours) but failed to modify the stability of IL- 1Ra mRNA (2.7 v 2.5 hours). Moreover, IL-13 induced transcriptional activation of the IL-1Ra gene, but reduced IL-1beta gene transcription. Our results suggest that the commonality between IL-13 and IL-4 in inducing IL-1Ra synthesis results from the engagement of a subunit common to both receptors.
Interface coupled dissolution-reprecipitation in garnet from subducted granulites and ultrahigh-pressure rocks revealed by phosphorous, sodium, and titanium zonation

Garnet zonation provides an unparalleled record of the pressure-temperature-time-fluid evolution of metamorphic rocks. At extreme temperature conditions >900 °C, however, most elements preserve little zonation due to intracrystalline diffusional relaxation. Under these conditions, slowly diffusing trace elements including P, Na, and Ti have the best chance of recording metamorphic histories. Here we map dramatic zoning patterns of these elements in subducted high-pressure felsic granulite (Saxon Granulite Massif) and ultrahigh-pressure diamondiferous “saidenbachite” (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Bohemian Massif). The results show that garnet replacement via interface coupled dissolution-reprecipitation can strongly affect garnet compositions in subduction zones and that P, Na, and Ti record burial and exhumation histories that are otherwise lost to diffusion. In these samples, P diffuses the slowest, and Ti the fastest.
Applications for New Scintillator Technologies in Gamma Ray Astronomy

Scintillators have long been used for probing the high energy universe. The reliability and low cost of scintillator-PMT detectors have made them the de facto standard for experiments on high altitude balloons and in orbiting satellites. New scintillators and new readout technologies offer important opportunities for more capable experiments. Recent scintillator developments include faster signals, increased light output, improved energy resolution, and better handling characteristics. Although PMTs remain effective for scintillator readout, new technologies offer more compact, rugged devices with much lower operational voltages. The adoption of these technologies is not without its difficulties, especially for space applications, where the technology readiness level can be an important consideration. To illustrate these issues, we will discuss the use of scintillators in Compton imaging experiments. At energies from about 500 keV to 30 MeV, Compton telescopes are the most effective means of imaging the gamma ray sky. To date, the only Compton telescope that has flown in space was the COMPTEL instrument on NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). CGRO, launched in 1991 and de-orbited in 2000, was based entirely on the use of technologies from the 1980's. We have been working on an improved Compton telescope design, called the Advanced Scintillator Compton Telescope (ASCOT). It is much like COMPTEL, but utilizes up-to-date scintillator and readout technologies.
The Impact of Medicare Part D on Self-Employment

We explore the relationship between access to affordable health insurance and self-employment using exogenous variation from the introduction of Medicare Part D that reduced the out-of-pocket cost of prescription drugs and improved health outcomes in a difference-in-differences model using the American Community Survey. We find that our treatment group of individuals aged 65-69 were 0.5 percentage points (or 5%) more likely to be self-employed in relation to a control group aged 60-64.
A study of coefficient quantization errors in state space digital filters

In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of state space digital filters to coefficient quantization errors. A cost function using a L p norm criteria is used to measure the deviation in frequency response of the filter. The cost function is used to indicate the connection between roundoff noise and filter sensitivity to coefficient quantization errors. Then based on this cost function it is shown that low roundoff noise state space digital filters and filters in balanced coordinates have low sensitivity to coefficient quantization errors. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the filters is shown to depend on the second order modes thereby exhibiting certain robustness and immunity to filter bandwidth.
Optical coupling effects on the performance of 3D SERS bio-sensors

While a wide range of substrate formats have been proposed for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications, the challenge remains in designing a reproducible high efficiency SERS substrate [1]. In part, this is due to the disconnect between the local field enhancement spectra and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra commonly used to characterize SERS substrates [2]. It remains a challenge to directly evaluate the sensor performance. In this work, we report a systematic study of optical coupling in SERS substrates by measuring the sensor performance across the visible and near-infrared spectral range. Using the experimental SERS scattering cross section measurements of two distinct peaks we compute the best-fit curve for the field enhancement. Using the field enhancement profile we calculate the full sensor performance maps for both Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts and evaluate the optimal pump laser wavelengths for SERS spectroscopy application.
Toward Computational Making with Madeup

With the increasing availability of inexpensive miniature computers, networked appliances, and 3D printers, many consumers are returning to their "maker" roots, preferring to invent technologies to address personal needs instead of buying ready-made solutions. This maker movement confers many benefits to society: the growth of open source software and open standards, the proliferation of sharing sites where individuals freely publish design files, and communities of practice whose core values include education of new members. Sadly, the first two benefits may undermine the third: the maker movement generates much more stuff to consume. A school may purchase a 3D printer for educational purposes, only to have its student-makers simply download and print other people's models without learning to make their own. To prevent this kind of situation, educators must capitalize on the maker movement in ways that facilitate what we call computational making, which involves both meaningful cognition and the making of artifacts. In this paper, we describe one such way: a programming language named Madeup for generating 3D models.
Reuse of Aluminum Dross as an Engineered Product

To prevent the leaching of landfilled aluminum dross waste and save the energy consumed by recovering metallic aluminum from dross, aluminum dross is reused as an engineering product directly rather than “refurbished” ineffectively. The concept is to reduce waste and to reuse. Two kinds of aluminum dross from industrial streams were selected and characterized. We have shown that dross can be applied directly, or accompanied with a simple conditioning process, to manufacture refractory components. Dross particles below 50 mesh are most effective. Mechanical property evaluations revealed the possibility for dross waste to be utilized as filler in concrete, resulting in up to 40% higher flexural strength and 10% higher compressive strength compared to pure cement, as well as cement with sand additions. The potential usage of aluminum dross as a raw material for such engineering applications is presented and discussed.
Link-level interpretation of eigenanalysis for network traffic flows

This paper presents a novel approach to interpret eigenanalysis of network statistics at the link level in order to identify traffic flows efficiently. It jointly uses and interprets eigencoefficients (frequency) and components of eigenvectors (time) to quantify their importance on each sample (each component of link traffic vector) in eigensubspace representation. We apply the proposed method to analyze the traffic data obtained from Internet2 network. Its merit and superiority over eigenflow based traditional analysis methods are displayed for a few network scenarios with anomalies. It is highlighted that the link-level resolution provided by the method offers advantages also for multi-layer traffic engineering, and it is currently being studied by the authors.
Graphene composites with inorganic 2-D materials

The design, synthesis, structural features, and applications of composite materials of graphene and inorganic two-dimensional sheets are discussed in this chapter. In-plane heterostructures of inorganic layers and graphene were fabricated by controlled chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Stabilized by attractive dispersive interactions, the layered materials can be grown or transferred on top of each other, synthesized by CVD or micromechanical cleavage of the bulk crystals. On the other hand, the solution-phase methods of synthesis yield randomly oriented composites. Characterization of these hybrids consisting of graphene and inorganic material is done by many methods such as elemental mapping and Raman microscopy techniques. The bandgap opening of graphene by hexagonal boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides is an excellent approach for the fabrication of photodetectors, where graphene composites act as the photoelectrode. The inorganic sheets provide bandgap and photon absorption, whereas graphene imparts thermal/chemical/conductivity/stability and mechanical strength or there could be an intrinsic effect of one phase on the other at multiple levels. The details of the preparation, characterization, and properties of each of these hybrids are tabulated for quick perusal, and for familiarity with this exciting new field.
Fast food landscapes: Exploring restaurant choice and travel behavior for residents living in lower eastside Detroit neighborhoods

Abstract As the U.S. battles a public health crisis centered on obesity and diet-related diseases, the role of urban foodscapes and available food outlets on choice and consumption is an area of research interest. Restaurant dining provides opportunities for consumption of excessive calories, especially when healthful alternatives are not on the menu. This study analyzes the results of a travel survey in Detroit to examine a) the frequency of restaurant dining, b) the proportion of restaurant dining which is fast food, c) travel behavior including mode of travel and distance traveled. Sixty percent of respondents reported traveling to a restaurant at least once per week, and the majority of those trips were to nearby fast food restaurants. We found that more frequent restaurant dining was related to a higher BMI and the presence of children in the home, and that respondents with higher incomes were more likely to travel farther outside the neighborhood to seek out preferred dining locations. The findings suggest lower income residents may be more susceptible to the available options in the neighborhood than those with higher incomes and/or greater mobility.
The Moroccan Moment and Communities of Itinerants: Mobility and Belonging in the Transnational Trajectories of Sub-Saharan Migrants

By critically documenting sub-Saharan African migrants’ everyday lives and urban social encounters in the city of Fes, Morocco, this chapter shows how apparently transitory ‘moments’ can give rise to a sense of transient, transnational belonging. It further explores how migrants who are largely uninterested in staying become part of the Moroccan urban spaces where they pass through or temporarily settle. This chapter demonstrates how migrants do contribute in shaping the city through their physical and economic presence and the circumstantial social relations that they foster with other migrants and locals. During their ‘Moroccan moment’, migrants participate further in raising debates about rights to the city and the right to be mobile.
Subtraction of radio frequency interference with digital beamforming in EcoSAR flight data

Wideband radar systems operating at L- or P-band encounter an increasing amount of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). If this RFI is not removed from the obtained radar signal, the quality of extracted science data can be decreased significantly. The removal of RFI can be improved with Digital Beamforming (DBF), a technique that is becoming more important in many radar applications. DBF enables to digitally steer the antenna beam into different directions and to place nulls into the antenna pattern. This technology is implemented in EcoSAR, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) operating at P-band. Further, in data acquired by EcoSAR in Costa Rica in 2014, the impact of multiple RFI sources can be observed. This gives the opportunity to implement and test new RFI mitigation techniques based on DBF. In this paper, we estimate RFI with DBF and subtract it from EcoSAR data. The method is applied to several acquisitions and results are being presented.
Perceived Barriers to Increased Whole Grain Consumption by Older Adults in Long-Term Care.

Many older adults fail to consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from food sources, including whole grains. Little information is available about consumption of dietary fiber and whole grains by residents of long-term care facilities. Surveys were mailed to 3,000 randomly selected US members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics who worked in practice groups related to elder care. Net response rate was 22.7% (n = 681). Cost was a barrier to whole grain use for 27.1% of respondents, followed by dietary needs (22.1%), contracts in place (20.3%), and overall nutritional content (20.1%). Over 75% of respondents stated their patients require dietary fiber supplementation. Nutrition professionals most frequently (23.6%) reported spending $11–20 monthly per patient on dietary fiber supplements. Although a majority of facilities served whole grain foods daily, 89.5% of respondents would like to serve more whole grains. Ready-to-eat cereals, bread, bagels, and hot cereals were the most common whole ...
Barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccination in primary care practices: a mixed methods study using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

In the United States, the effective, safe huma papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine is underused and opportunities to prevent cancer continue to be missed. National guidelines recommend completing the 2–3 dose HPV vaccine series by age 13, well before exposure to the sexually transmitted virus. Accurate characterization of the facilitators and barriers to full implementation of HPV vaccine recommendations in the primary care setting could inform effective implementation strategies. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to systematically investigate and characterize factors that influence HPV vaccine use in 10 primary care practices (16 providers) using a concurrent mixed methods design. The CFIR was used to guide collection and analysis of qualitative data collected through in-person semi-structured interviews with the primary care providers. We analyzed HPV vaccine use with data abstracted from medical charts. Constructs that most strongly influenced vaccine use were identified by integrating the qualitative and quantitative data. Of the 72 CFIR constructs assessed, seven strongly distinguished and seven weakly distinguished between providers with higher versus lower HPV vaccine coverage. The majority of strongly distinguishing constructs were facilitators and were related to characteristics of the providers (knowledge and beliefs; self-efficacy; readiness for change), their perception of the intervention (relative advantage of vaccinating younger vs. older adolescents), and their process to deliver the vaccine (executing). Additional weakly distinguishing constructs that were facilitators were from outer setting (peer pressure; financial incentives), inner setting (networks and communications and readiness for implementation) and process (planning; engaging, and reflecting and evaluating). Two strongly distinguishing constructs were barriers to use, one from the intervention (adaptability of the age of initiation) and the other from outer setting (patient needs and resources). Using CFIR to systematically examine the use of this vaccine in independent primary care practices enabled us to identify facilitators and barriers at the provider, interpersonal and practice level that need to be addressed in future efforts to increase vaccine use in such settings. Our findings suggest that implementation strategies that target the provider and help them to address multi-level barriers to HPV vaccine use merit further investigation.
Reduction of Polar Multiple Bonds by Hydrosilation

The reduction of ketones to alcohols by heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation over noble metal catalysts is well-known. The discovery that olefins could be hydrogenated in the presence of the homogeneous catalyst [Ph3P]3RhC1, stimulated the search for similar catalysts which would permit the reduction of ketones [1]. While homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of ketones has not developed, the homogeneous catalytic hydrosilation of ketones to yield alkyl silyl ethers has blossomed. These can be easily hydrolyzed to alcohols.
An Exploratory Investigation of Policy Use in the Management of Poor Performers

The extent to which managers and teachers used policies or individualized treatment to deal with poorly performing subordinates and students was examined in two field studies. Over half of the 441 participants responded to poor performance by invoking a policy, while the remaining participants reported that they would handle each poor performance case on an individual basis, diagnosing the problem and developing a response. Policy users tended to be more concerned with their own self-interest, while those handling each case individually were more concerned with being fair. It was suggested that policy use may involve more scripted and less effortful cognitive processing, and individual treatment may entail more individualistic and more effortful cognitive processing.
Radiation Protection and Control

Protection of biological entities from hazard of radiation exposure is a fundamental requirement in the application of nuclear energy. Safety is provided by the use of one or more general methods that involve control of the source of radiation or its ability to affect living organisms. This chapter discusses these methods and describes the role of calculations in the field of radiation protection. Radiation and radioactive materials are the link between a device or process as a source, and the living being to be protected from hazard. The analysis of radiation hazard and protection and the establishment of safe practices is a part of the function of the science of radiological protection or health physics. Every user of radiation must follow accepted procedures, while health physicists provide specialized technical advice and monitor the user's methods. In the planning of research involving radiation or in the design and operation of a process, calculations must be made that relate the radiation source to the biological entity, using exposure limits provided by regulatory bodies.
Theory and Experiment in Photosynthetic Electron Transfer

The recent determination of the crystallographic structure of a bacterial photosynthetic reaction center has provided an important framework for treating electron transfers in these systems. As in electron transfers in simpler systems, a knowledge of both the structure and the thermodynamics is needed for understanding the experimental results on reaction rates at the fundamental level. In this lecture we first describe the theory of simple electron transfer reaction rates, and then consider how the resulting interaction between theory and experiment may assist us in treating electron transfers in the photosynthetic reaction center.
International Research Involving Resource-Constrained Countries

While there has been an accelerating development of scientific capacity around the globe, in much of the world research ethics review systems are still developing and policies are variable. (Subjects protection regulations for many countries may be found on the US Office of Human Research Protection website). Policies and research ethics frameworks are not yet harmonized, and varied intellectual property and trade laws may limit data transfer.
Achieving Sobriety Among Latino Older Adults

Research on culturally responsive interventions for substance use disorders among Latino older adults has been limited. This study examined the role of counselors’ Spanish language proficiency, among other indicators of quality of care, and client factors, such as gender and drug of choice, in the odds of sobriety at treatment discharge among Latino older adults. Treatment retention was associated with higher odds of sobriety, as was female gender. Participants who reported using cocaine or crack were twice as likely to be sober at discharge as those using heroin. Counselors’ Spanish language proficiency was associated with lower odds of client sobriety, an unexpected finding. Implications for research and policy are discussed, particularly the need to explore how these client and organizational characteristics affect the recovery of Latino older adults with substance use problems.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПОДЪЕМА ГРУЗА С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ЭКЗОСКЕЛЕТА

The article deals with the task of lifting a weight by a person using an exoskeleton. It is proposed to consider lifting in the form of three successive stages. A mathematical model of the exoskeleton, describing movement in various modes of movement, has been developed. The inverse task of kinematics was solved, which allows finding the rotation angles of the exoskeleton links at the preparatory stage. The method for determining the driving moments at the stages of lifting the load is proposed.
Relationship between serum markers and volume of liver metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Prostate cancer patients with liver metastases have a poor prognosis. To date, no study exists investigating the relationship between liver tumor burden and clinical laboratory markers. Materials and Methods Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with radiographic evidence of liver metastases were selected for this study. Volumetric measurements of liver metastases were ascertained for all available patients. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin and hemoglobin (HGB) levels were then assessed to coincide with the scan dates. Univariate and multivariate mixed-model regression analysis were performed to evaluate the relationship between laboratory markers and liver lesion volume. Data sets with non-normal distribution were logarithmically transformed. Akaike information criteria (AIC) was used to identify the most reliable multivariate model. Results In our heavily pretreated liver-metastatic patient population, univariate analysis demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between PSA (p = 0.0002), ALP (p = 0.0305), AST (p Conclusions Analysis identified AST and hemoglobin as optimal predictors of liver lesion volume. These patients have a heavy burden of ctDNA abnormalities. Further studies with a larger patient population are needed to verify these results. Micro Abstract: This study investigates the association between liver lesion burden and clinical laboratory markers in castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients with hepatic metastases. Our univariate analysis identified multiple laboratory markers as significant indicators of worsening hepatic disease. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that AST and hemoglobin were the most effective predictors of change in liver lesion volume.
Assessing the Protective Metabolome Using Machine Learning in World Trade Center Particulate Exposed Firefighters at Risk for Lung Injury

The metabolome of World Trade Center (WTC) particulate matter (PM) exposure has yet to be fully defined and may yield information that will further define bioactive pathways relevant to lung injury. A subset of Fire Department of New York firefighters demonstrated resistance to subsequent loss of lung function. We intend to characterize the metabolome of never smoking WTC-exposed firefighters, stratified by resistance to WTC-Lung Injury (WTC-LI) to determine metabolite pathways significant in subjects resistant to the loss of lung function. The global serum metabolome was determined in those resistant to WTC-LI and controls (n = 15 in each). Metabolites most important to class separation (top 5% by Random Forest (RF) of 594 qualified metabolites) included elevated amino acid and long-chain fatty acid metabolites, and reduced hexose monophosphate shunt metabolites in the resistant cohort. RF using the refined metabolic profile was able to classify cases and controls with an estimated success rate of 93.3%, and performed similarly upon cross-validation. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering identified potential influential pathways of resistance to the development of WTC-LI. These pathways represent potential therapeutic targets and warrant further research.
Explicit and Implicit Stigma of Mental Illness as Predictors of the Recovery Attitudes of Assertive Community Treatment Practitioners.

Background While explicit negative stereotypes of mental illness are well established as barriers to recovery, implicit attitudes also may negatively impact outcomes. The current study is unique in its focus on both explicit and implicit stigma as predictors of recovery attitudes of mental health practitioners. Method Assertive Community Treatment practitioners (n = 154) from 55 teams completed online measures of stigma, recovery attitudes, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Results Three of four explicit stigma variables (perceptions of blameworthiness, helplessness, and dangerousness) and all three implicit stigma variables were associated with lower recovery attitudes. In a multivariate, hierarchical model, however, implicit stigma did not explain additional variance in recovery attitudes. In the overall model, perceptions of dangerousness and implicitly associating mental illness with "bad" were significant individual predictors of lower recovery attitudes. Conclusions The current study demonstrates a need for interventions to lower explicit stigma, particularly perceptions of dangerousness, to increase mental health providers' expectations for recovery. The extent to which implicit and explicit stigma differentially predict outcomes, including recovery attitudes, needs further research.
Getting under the skin: Maternal social coaching and adolescent peer adjustment

Abstract We investigated the independent and interactive associations between mother-reported social coaching suggestions and adolescent skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) as predictors of teacher-reported adolescent peer adjustment across the middle school transition among 100 youth (53% boys; Mage = 11.05 years; 43% ethnic minorities). At higher SCLR, maternal engagement suggestions were associated with poorer peer adjustment, whereas self-reliant suggestions were associated with better peer adjustment among youth. Conversely, at lower SCLR, maternal engagement suggestions were associated with better peer adjustment. Higher SCLR among adolescents may reflect greater arousal and anxiety during a peer problem-solving discussion, which may be intensified by mothers' suggestions to engage with the problem, but alleviated by mothers' suggestions for adolescents to handle the challenge in their own way. In contrast, lower SCLR may reflect insensitivity to environmental challenges; thus, mothers' specific engagement suggestions may equip physiologically under-aroused adolescents with the skills to manage peer challenges, promoting peer adjustment.
Problems with the atmosphere

When trying to study the universe's most incredible objects, Earth's atmosphere often gets in the way, writes Chanda Prescod-Weinstein
Ceria Nanoparticles Mitigate the Iron Oxidative Toxicity of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

Oxidative injury is implicated in retinal damage observed in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as well as other degenerative conditions. Abnormally elevated levels of iron accumulation within the retinal pigment epithelium have been detected in eyes with AMD, and it is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ceria nanoparticles (CNP) have the ability to scavenge ROS. This study sought to evaluate the ability of CNP to mitigate iron-induced oxidative stress and assess cell viability in the human ARPE-19 cell line in vitro. Cell viability was measured by an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and compared between experimental groups undergoing 48-hr exposure to a ferrous iron solution with and without 24-hr CNP pre-treatment. The CNP effect on ROS formation was evaluated additionally by H2DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) fluorescent probe assay and superoxide dismutase assay. CNP demonstrated a three-fold increase in cell viability and a reduction in ROS generation. The results show a promising treatment modality for diseases causing oxidative damage in the eye.
Interfacing superconducting quantum processors with cryogenic digital circuitry

Superconducting qubits based on Josephson junctions are one of the leading candidates for building a largescale quantum information processor. There have been significant advances in the performance of superconducting qubits over the past decade and there is currently rapid progress in the development of systems with up to tens of qubits. In order to build to yet larger systems, new techniques will need to be developed to address the overhead requirements for room-temperature electronics hardware and cryostat wiring for controlling and reading out large numbers of qubits. One approach to this challenge involves implementing more of the qubit control and readout in the low-temperature environment. I will describe our efforts on integrating superconducting classical digital circuitry with superconducting qubits for coherent control and readout.
The Clinical Usefulness of Breast Milk Sodium in the Assessment of Lactogenesis

OBJECTIVE A study was undertaken to assess the value of breast milk sodium concentration (BM [Na+]) during early lactogenesis in predicting nursing outcome. METHODS Samples of breast milk from 130 nursing mothers were obtained between the 3rd and 8th postpartum day for analysis of BM [Na+]. Approximately half the mothers were referred for nursing problems, although no problems were anticipated in the other primiparous mothers. A BM [Na+] of < or = 16 mmol/L was considered normal. For women with normal BM [Na+], follow-up was scheduled at 1 month, whereas those with high [Na+] were evaluated more frequently with repeated [Na+] determinations. RESULTS Of the 65 women with normal BM [Na+] (excluding five mothers who had experienced breast surgery), 95.4% were exclusively and successfully breast-feeding at 1 month without intervention. Of 60 women with high BM [Na+], all of whom received intervention, 55% were ultimately successful. In general, those who failed tended to have higher initial [Na+] determinations; additionally, the longer the [Na+] remained elevated, the lower the success rate. Infant weight gain was greater if the initial BM [Na+] was normal. Infants of mothers with normal BM [Na+] gained an average of 994 g above birth weight by 1 month in contrast to the average weight gain of 818 g in infants of mothers with initially elevated [Na+]. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a normal drop in [Na+] is highly predictive of successful lactation, although a prolonged elevation of [Na+] signifies impaired lactogenesis with a high risk of failure. The clinical usefulness and limitations of this determination are discussed.
Effect of Subclinical Lead Intake on Calves

Sixteen bull calves were fed a 70% concentrate diet containing no added lead, 10 ppM lead from newsprint, or 10 and 100 ppM lead from lead chromate. The diets were pelleted and fed ad libitum for 100 days. Fecal and urine samples were collected and EKG and respiration rates were monitored at 25-day intervals. At the end of the 100-day feeding trial, the calves were sacrificed and samples of skeletal muscle, cerebral cortex, liver and kidney were collected for lead analysis. Supplemental lead did not affect feed consumption nor weight gain; however, newsprint depressed both intake and gain. Neither EKG patterns, heart rate nor respiration rate were affected by dietary treatment. The percentage of ingested lead excreted in feces and urine was not significantly different among treatments. There were no significant tissue accumulations of lead from feeding newsprint or 10 ppM lead chromate; however, feeding 100 ppM lead chromate resulted in accumulations of the element in liver and kidney. Samples of cerebral cortex, liver and kidney cortex were examined by electron microscopy. Changes were not detected in the cellular ultrastructure of these tissues from either control or treated animals.
Achieving dynamic behaviour and thermal expansion in the organic solid state via co-crystallization

Thermal expansion involves a response of a material to an external stimulus that typically involves an increase in a crystallographic axis (positive thermal expansion (PTE)), although shrinking with applied heat (negative thermal expansion (NTE)) is known in rarer cases. Here, we demonstrate a means to achieve dynamic molecular motion and thermal expansions in organic solids via co-crystallizations. One co-crystal component is known to exhibit dynamic behaviour in the solid state while the second, when varied systematically, affords co-crystals with linear thermal expansion coefficients that range from colossal to nearly zero. Two co-crystals exhibit rare NTE. We expect the approach to guide the design of molecular solids that enable predesigned motion related to thermal expansion processes.