cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical modeling of three-dimensional open-cell foams using the matrix method for spatial frames

A micromechanics model for three-dimensional (3D) open-cell foams is developed by using the matrix method for spatial frames and tetrakaidecahedral unit cells. The effective elastic properties of foams are determined utilizing unit cells subjected to loadings of three different modes. The newly obtained member stiffness submatrices for a 3D frame member undergoing simultaneous axial, transverse shearing, flexural and torsional deformations and having a circular or non-circular cross-section are employed. The use of these stiffness submatrices enables the incorporation of all four deformation mechanisms (i.e., stretching, shearing, bending and twisting) possible under the specified loadings and the treatment of four different strut cross-section shapes (i.e., circle, square, equilateral triangle and Plateau border) in a unified manner. The formulas for determining the effective Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios and shear moduli of open-cell foams are derived using the composite homogenization theory. The new formulas, in which the cell displacements are obtained employing the matrix method, include all necessary microstructural and material parameters, unlike those provided by existing models. It is shown that the foam elastic properties depend on the relative foam density, the shape and size of the strut cross-section, and the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the strut material. By applying the new model, a parametric study of sample cases involving the three loading modes and the four strut cross-section shapes is conducted for carbon foams, whose modeling motivated this work. The predicted values of the effective properties agree favorably with those based on existing models and experimental data for the Mode I loading case, which is the only case that has been well studied. For the Mode II and Mode III loading cases, the formulas and the subsequent sample results are presented in a systematic manner for the first time. Comparisons of the predicted effective elastic properties for the three loading cases quantitatively show that carbon foams exhibit certain degrees of anisotropy.
Geophysical Reservoir Monitoring Forum in the Arabian Peninsula

Saudi Aramco and Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) cosponsored the Geophysical Reservoir Monitoring Forum, Arabian Peninsula, held in Bahrain on 15–17 March 2005. The objective was for the region's national oil companies, international oil companies, service companies, and academic institutions to share their experiences with geophysical reservoir monitoring in the region, and also knowledge gained in other parts of the world that is pertinent to the Arabian Peninsula. Some issues of particular interest in the region are carbonate reservoirs, noisy land seismic data, large well spacing, and low reservoir depletion rates.
Grassland Legume Establishment with Imazethapyr and Imazapic

Legumes are important components of grassland communities in North America and have potential to improve grassland productivity and diversity. Weeds can interfere with the establishment of legumes and increase probability of stand failure. Four experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1997 to determine if the imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and imazapic [(±)-2-]4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl[-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] applied preemergence at 70 g a.i. ha 1 could reduce weed interference and improve estahlishment of seeded grassland legumes. Six native legumes and one introduced legume, crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), were planted into prepared seedheds at sites near Mead, NE. Legume response to the herbicides varied among species and sites. Crownvetch, partridgepea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene: syn. Cassia chamaecrista L.), and purple prairieclover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) exhibited tolerance to both imazethapyr and imazapic in most experiments and their establishment, as indicated by stem density and/or forage yield collected 14 mo after planting, was improved when treated with the herbicides in weedy environments. Imazapic treatment injured leadplant (Amorpha canescens Pursh). Canada tickclover [Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.], and roundhead lespedeza (Lespedeza capitata Michx.), resulting in lower stem densities and/or forage yields than when imazethapyr was applied. Based on these findings, preemergence application of imazethapyr and imazapic can be used to reduce weed interference and improve the establishment of certain grassland legumes.
Finite deformation thermo-mechanical behavior of thermally induced shape memory polymers

Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymers that can demonstrate programmable shape memory effects. Typically, an SMP is pre-deformed from an initial shape to a deformed shape by applying a mechanical load at the temperature TH>Tg. It will maintain this deformed shape after subsequently lowering the temperature to TL Tg, where the initial shape is recovered. In this paper, the finite deformation thermo-mechanical behaviors of amorphous SMPs are experimentally investigated. Based on the experimental observations and an understanding of the underlying physical mechanism of the shape memory behavior, a three-dimensional (3D) constitutive model is developed to describe the finite deformation thermo-mechanical response of SMPs. The model in this paper has been implemented into an ABAQUS user material subroutine (UMAT) for finite element analysis, and numerical simulations of the thermo-mechanical experiments verify the efficiency of the model. This model will serve as a modeling tool for the design of more complicated SMP-based structures and devices.
Spin-Wave Approach to Two-Magnon Raman Scattering in a Simple Antiferromagnet

A spin-wave theory of two-magnon Raman scattering for a simple antiferromagnet at low temperatures is presented. The treatment is based on the Dyson-Maleev boson representation of the localized spin operators. At zero temperature, the theory yields results for the Raman cross section which are in excellent agreement with those which obtain from the Green's-function equation-of-motion method developed by Elliott and Thorpe. In the present theory, we derive an approximate cross-section formula in terms of renormalized one-magnon propagators and a vertex function which satisfies a general Bethe-Salpeter equation. Taking into consideration the lowest-order interaction processes, it is found that the experimentally observed shift of the Raman peak to lower energies with increasing temperature can satisfactorily be accounted for. However, it is also found that this lowest-order theory is inadequate for explaining the observed thermal broadening of the Raman spectra. The possibility that the observed broadening is due to damping of the one-magnon states is examined using a phenomenological width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ for a zone-edge magnon. It is found that the necessary width is surprisingly large, although more accurate calculations of the damping of a zone-edge magnon are needed to eliminate this possibility. Higher-order irreducible vertex corrections in the two-magnon Bethe-Salpeter equation are also considered. An approximate cross-section formula which includes these higher-order corrections is obtained using a variational principle. The effect of these corrections on the Raman line shape has not yet been determined.
Intergenerational differences in antenatal care and supervised deliveries in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether age cohort influences the likelihood of receiving antenatal care (ANC) and having a supervised delivery before and after adjusting for other factors. DESIGN: Using data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey we grouped women into three distinct cohorts based on their year of birth: the young (1984-1993) the middle (1974-1983) and the older (1959-1973) cohorts. We applied multilevel logistic regression methods to assess the influence of age cohort on receiving ANC and having a supervised delivery among women (n=18028) whose most recent birth occurred anytime in the five years preceding the survey. RESULTS: We identified belonging to the youngest age cohort rural residence lack of schooling higher parity residence in northern region and poor economic status as determinants of low uptake of ANC and supervised deliveries. CONCLUSION: Urgent efforts are needed in Nigeria to ensure that young women in particular receive ANC and have supervised deliveries. An agenda promoting a combination of individuals campaigning for change (particularly in northern Nigeria) communities raising awareness among men and women and governmental and nongovernmental organizations working together to find practical solutions is an indispensable aim for saving the lives of many women and children who are at risk of dying of maternal and child-related diseases. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The efficiency of jack-knifed and usual ridge type estimators: A comparison

Abstract Ordinary and jack-knifed ridge type estimators are compared for different measures of goodness. Although jack-knifing reduces bias considerably the jack-knifed ridge estimators have larger variance and may have a larger Mean Square Error than the usual ridge estimators.
A method to estimate the ratio of absorption coefficients of two wavelengths using phase-modulated near infrared light spectroscopy

Near infrared spectroscopy is a very useful tool for monitoring the oxygen saturation of living tissue noninvasively. We can calculate the hemoglobin oxygen saturation within tissue, using the ratio of the absorption coefficients (mua) at two different wave lengths of light. Biological tissue has a very high effective scattering factor (mu's), which elongates an optical path length and makes it difficult to compute the mua by the conventional method using continuous light. Phase-modulated spectroscopy (PMS) measures the path length which is a complex function of the mua and mu's. To obtain the ratio for mua, we have to eliminate the effects of the mu's from the obtained value by the PMS method. In this report, we present a theory and an experimental result which show that the inverse of the squared ratio of two phase angle differences at two different separations obtained by two different light wavelengths provides a good estimate of the ratio at these wavelengths.
A behavioral test paradigm to measure the aversive quality of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats.

The present experiment assessed the aversive quality of neuropathic and inflammatory pain in rats. Compared to sham-treated animals, L5 ligated (neuropathic) and complete Freund's adjuvant (inflammatory)-treated animals displayed an initial period of escape followed by avoidance of a preferred location of the test chamber that was associated with mechanical stimulation of the hyperalgesic paw. The onset of the avoidance behavior occurred during the first 10-15 min of behavioral testing and was maximal at 30 min. It is concluded that animals find mechanical stimulation of the hyperalgesic paw aversive and that this behavioral test paradigm is an additional method that may be used to assess nociception in rat neuropathic and inflammatory models.
Penetrance and the distribution of sib-pair types, exemplified by taste ability and rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract The effect of incomplete penetrance of monofactorial recessive trait on the frequencies of sib-pair types in a random mating population has been examined. A method of estimating the gene frequency and the penetrance percentage from sib-pair data is given and illustrated by two numerical examples. The difficulty in interpreting the sib-pair data on rheumatoid arthritis in the Blackfeet Indians has been discussed.
[Epsilon][Rho][Eta][Alpha][Rho][Alpha][Chi] : The One and the Many in Hebrews

A consistent feature of the argument of Hebrews is the claim that Christ offered himself ‘once for all’, which the author develops with the qualitative distinction between the one and the many priests (7.23–28) and sacrifices (9.23–10.18). In placing this distinction of the one and the many within the metaphysical dualism of the two spheres of reality, the author reflects assumptions that are also present in the claim of both Philo and Plutarch that the deity is above the principle of multiplicity (Philo Spec . III.180; Abr . 122; Leg . II.2; Deus 82; Plutarch E. Delph . 393e).
Can an Ethical Situation Be “Not a Question of Ethics”?

This research concerns the perceptions and decisions of lodging sales and marketing executives in dealing with ethical marketing issues. Respondents were given 10 vignettes, representing ethical dilemmas in the 5 categories of ethical behavior (coercion and control, personal integrity, physical environment, paternalism, and conflict of interest) identified by previous researchers. The findings appear to indicate that sales and marketing executives may not consider the ethical element of a situation as they make decisions. All of the vignettes embodied ethical choices. Results indicate a need for lodging sales and marketing executives to develop and adhere to ethical guidelines for the unique situations they face.
Pregnancy-related mortality in Hispanic women in the United States

Abstract Objective: To examine pregnancy-related mortality among Hispanic women in the United States. Methods: We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s ongoing Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System to examine all reported pregnancy-related deaths (deaths during or within 1 year of pregnancy that were caused by pregnancy, its complications, or treatment) in states that reported Hispanic origin for 1979–1992. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio was defined as the number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births. Results: For the 14-year period, the overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 10.3 deaths per 100,000 live births for Hispanic women, 6.0 for non-Hispanic white women, and 25.1 for black women. In Hispanic subgroups, the pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 9.7 for Mexican women and ranged from 7.8 for Cuban women to 13.4 for Puerto Rican women. Pregnancy-induced hypertension was the leading cause of pregnancy-related death for Hispanic women overall. Conclusion: Pregnancy-related mortality ratios for Hispanic women were higher than those for non-Hispanic white women, but markedly lower than those for black women. The similarity in socioeconomic status between Hispanic and black women was not an indicator of similar health outcomes. Prevention of pregnancy-related deaths in Hispanic women should include investigation of medical and nonmedical factors and consider the heterogeneity of the Hispanic population. (Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:747–52.)
Missoula flood dynamics and magnitudes inferred from sedimentology of slack-water deposits on the Columbia Plateau, Washington

Sedimentological study of late Wisconsin, Missoula-flood slack-water sediments deposited along the Columbia and Tucannon Rivers in southern Washington reveals important aspects of flood dynamics. Most flood facies were deposited by energetic flood surges (velocities > 6 m/sec) entering protected areas along the flood tract, or flowing up and then directly out of tributary valleys. True still-water facies are less voluminous and restricted to elevations below 230 m. High flood stages attended the initial arrival of the flood wave and were not associated with subsequent hydraulic ponding upslope from channel constrictions. Among 186 flood beds studied in 12 sections, 57% have bioturbated tops, and about half of these bioturbated beds are separated from overlying flood beds by nonflood sediments. A single graded flood bed was deposited at most sites during most floods. Sequences in which 2-9 graded beds were deposited during a single flood are restricted to low elevations. These sequences imply complex, multi-peaked hydrographs in which the first flood surge was generally the largest, and subsequent surges were attenuated by water already present in slack-water areas. Slack-water-sediment stratigraphy suggests a wide range of flood discharges and volumes. Of >40 documented late Wisconsin floods that inundated the Pasco Basin, only about 20 crossed the Palouse-Snake divide. Floods younger than the set-S tephras from Mount St. Helens were generally smaller than earlier floods of late Wisconsin age, although most still crossed the Palouse-Snake divide. These late floods primarily traversed the Cheney-Palouse scabland because stratigraphy of slack-water sediment along the Columbia River implies that the largest flood volumes did not enter the Pasco Basin by way of the Columbia River.
Experimental test of a new mechanism of dissipation in accelerated superfluid film flow

Abstract We have measured the damping, α, and the frequency, ω, of superfluid film oscillations under quasi-isothermal conditions for a variety of geometries. Experimental values for α are found to be in quantitative agreement with the Robinson theory as applied to film flow. This suggests that the damping mechanism proposed recently by Calvani, Greulich and Maraviglia does not provide a major contribution to the dissipation we observe.
Precambrian oxygen levels, the sulfide biosystem, and the origin of the metazoa

The Berkner and Marshall hypothesis suggests that the atmosphere was virtually anoxic until the late Precambrian, and that the abrupt and coincidental appearance in the fossil record of the major animal phyla reflects the rise of PO2 to a level that supported animal life. In a more recent version the rise of PO2 is supposed to permit previously soft-bodied animals, which had arisen during the anoxic period, to form fossilizable hard parts. The animal kingdom is conceived as fundamentally and primitively anaerobic and only secondarily aerobic. These ideas were incorporated into the Thiobiotic Theory, which supposes that a meiofauna endemic to the anoxic sulfide layer in marine sediments is a relict community of the pre-normoxic Precambrian. This fauna consists of a number of simple metazoan phyla, including free-living platyhelminths (but not cnidarians) which this theory regards as representatives of the ancestral Eumetazoa. The development of geological and ecological thinking about these hypotheses is summarized and the pertinent physiological evidence for and against them is briefly reviewed. I conclude that the available information does not support either the Berkner and Marshall Hypothesis or the Thiobiotic Theory, and is inconclusive on the identity of the ancestral animals. Moreover, several aspects of respiratory and metabolic biology are far more consistent with a fundamentally aerobic than anaerobic way of animal life.
Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1 year of age: effects on serum immune complex levels.

One year old mice from a long-lived strain were gradually subjected to life-prolonging dietary restriction. Serum immune complex and immunoglobulin G (abbreviated IgG) levels were measured at 13 and 23 months of age. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses showed reduced serum immune complex and IgG levels for mice underfed in adulthood.
Identifying the Unique Polarization Index: A Mean‐Preserving Axiomatic Approach

In this paper, we propose a new axiomatic approach to identify the unique polarization index from a class of polarization measures proposed by Esteban and Ray. Methodologically, we consider the absolute income or the mean normalized income instead of the logarithm of income, which in our opinion is useful under various circumstances. Accordingly, we propose a set of mean-preserving axioms so that the obfuscating effects of income scale can be removed. We also discuss some properties of the polarization indices based on different types of income differences.
FPGA implementation of low-profile wake-up radio receiver for Wireless Sensor Networks

Achieving low power consumption, size reduction, increased efficiency, and space optimization are all challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs use duty cycle to improve its power efficiency, and wake-up radio (WUR) is used as a control channel to wake up WSN nodes. With its highly flexible features, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is one of the attractive candidates for implementing part of WSN devices, and previous works have demonstrated its suitability. In this work, we propose a low-profile WUR scheme and implemented its receiver components using FPGA. The low-profile WUR wakes up the rest of the WUR module of the recipient node only and eliminate unnecessary WUR-module activation of non-recipient nodes. Experimental results of implementing module show that the proposed solution can significantly eliminate unnecessary power consumption.
Trends in co-authorship in economics since 1985

It has been often noted (McDowell and Melvin, 1983; Barnett et al., 1988; Piette and Ross, 1992; Sutter and Kocher, 2004) that the share of co-authored papers in economics has been increasing steadily. The purpose of this study is to investigate some of the theories as to why co-authorship has been increasing in the economics profession. Using data on the publication records of faculty at 129 US colleges and universities that offer doctoral degrees in Economics, Poisson and logit regression models are estimated to explain co-authorship. Results indicate that the likelihood of co-authorship is greater for papers that combine quantitative analysis with another field and for papers published in higher quality journals. Further, co-authorship appears to differ in the many subfields of economics, with the field of Economic History and History of Thought (Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) categories N and B) to be the least likely to co-author and the fields of Financial Economics (JEL category G) and Agricu...
Anal human papillomavirus infection and abnormal anal cytology in women with genital neoplasia

Abstract Objectives Describe the type-specific prevalence of anal HPV infection in women with lower genital tract intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. Describe the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and identify risk factors for anal HPV infection and abnormal anal cytology in this population. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of women attending 2 university-based colposcopy clinics with high-grade lower genital tract intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. Participants received anal HPV testing/typing, anal cytology and completed a questionnaire detailing medical history and sexual behavior. Results Of the 102 women enrolled, 92 (90%) had adequate β-globin for analysis of HPV DNA status, and 47/92 women (51%) had detectable anal HPV. Of the 15 HPV types identified, 9 (60%) were oncogenic types and 6 (40%) were non-oncogenic or undetermined risk types. Overall, 9 women (9%) had abnormal anal cytology, and 7 of those had corresponding anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (AIN I). Women with vulvar disease had the highest proportion of abnormal anal cytology (21%) compared to women with cervical disease alone (7%), but this difference was not statistically significant ( p =0.10). Neither anal HPV infection nor abnormal cytology was significantly associated with anal sex practices, smoking or number of sexual partners. Conclusions Anal infection with high-risk HPV types is common in women with high-grade genital neoplasia, but was not associated with known risk factors for genital HPV infection. Other unidentified risk factors may play a role in the anal HPV infection in this population. Abnormal anal cytology was rare and larger studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with abnormal cytology and anal intraepithelial neoplasia in this population.
Optical recording-guided pacing to create functional line of block during ventricular fibrillation

Low-energy defibrillation is very desirable in cardiac rhythm management. We previously reported that ventricular fibrillation (VF) can be synchronized with a novel synchronized pacing technique (SyncP) using low-energy pacing pulses. This study sought to create a line of block during VF using SyncP. SyncP was performed in six isolated rabbit hearts during VF using optical recording to control the delivery of pacing pulses in real time. Four pacing electrodes with interelectrode distances of 5 mm were configured in a line along and across the myocardial fiber direction. The electrodes were controlled independently (independent mode) or fired together (simultaneous mode). Significant wavefront synchronization was observed along the electrode line as indicated by a decrease in variance. With the independent SyncP protocol, the decrease in the variance was 19.3 and 13.7% (P<0.001) for the along-, and across-fiber configurations, respectively. With the simultaneous SyncP protocol, the variance was reduced by 24.2 and 10.7% (P<0.001) in the along- and across-fiber configurations. The effect of synchronization dropped off with distance from the line of pacing. We conclude that SyncP can effectively create a line of functional block that isolates regions of VF propagation. Further optimization of this technique may prove useful for low-energy ventricular defibrillation.
Absence of Luttinger’s theorem due to zeros in the single-particle green function

We show exactly with an $SU(N)$ interacting model that even if the ambiguity associated with the placement of the chemical potential, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, for a $T=0$ gapped system is removed by using the unique value $\ensuremath{\mu}(T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$, Luttinger's sum rule is violated even if the ground-state degeneracy is lifted by an infinitesimal hopping. The failure stems from the nonexistence of the Luttinger-Ward functional for a system in which the self-energy diverges. Since it is the existence of the Luttinger-Ward functional that is the basis for Luttinger's theorem which relates the charge density to sign changes of the single-particle Green function, no such theorem exists. Experimental data on the cuprates are presented which show a systematic deviation from the Luttinger count, implying a breakdown of the electron quasiparticle picture in strongly correlated electron matter.
"That's When the Neighborhood Went South": How Middle Class Blacks and Whites Police Racial Boundaries of Stigmatized Blackness

Drawing on evidence from a case study of a racially transitioning suburb of Chicago, we argue that both blacks and whites discursively form, maintain, protect, and navigate contradictory class and racial identities. The interactions between race and class are complex, but how do these complexities manifest themselves? We contend that racial groups utilize discursive storytelling to maintain boundaries, and that this is one of the ways in which racial and class inequalities are created and preserved. Furthermore, we explore the interworking of race and class, focusing on how class location helps mediate self-proclaimed middle class blacks’ and whites’ discourse on stigmatized forms of blackness. We conclude with a discussion of the sociological implications of this boundary maintenance, focusing on the ways in which whites and blacks in the middle class utilize various forms of capital to preserve status and power.
Evaluation of the constant potential method in simulating electric double-layer capacitors.

A major challenge in the molecular simulation of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is the choice of an appropriate model for the electrode. Typically, in such simulations the electrode surface is modeled using a uniform fixed charge on each of the electrode atoms, which ignores the electrode response to local charge fluctuations in the electrolyte solution. In this work, we evaluate and compare this Fixed Charge Method (FCM) with the more realistic Constant Potential Method (CPM), [S. K. Reed et al., J. Chem. Phys. 126, 084704 (2007)], in which the electrode charges fluctuate in order to maintain constant electric potential in each electrode. For this comparison, we utilize a simplified LiClO4-acetonitrile/graphite EDLC. At low potential difference (ΔΨ ⩽ 2 V), the two methods yield essentially identical results for ion and solvent density profiles; however, significant differences appear at higher ΔΨ. At ΔΨ ⩾ 4 V, the CPM ion density profiles show significant enhancement (over FCM) of “inner-sphere...
Reflections on lower bounded lattices

Lattices in the variety $$\mathcal{L}\mathcal{B}(k)$$ of lower bounded lattices of rank k are characterized. A sufficient condition for a lattice to be lower bounded is given, and used to produce a new example of a non-finitely-generated lower bounded lattice. Lattices that are subdirect products of finite lower bounded lattices are characterized.
Rotational potential energy functions in ethylchlorosilane,(chloromethyl)methylsilane, and (chloromethyl) chlorosilane: MM2, MNDO, and ab initio calculations

Abstract The rotational potential energy functions of ethylchlorosilane (ECS), (chloromethyl) methylsilane (CMMS),and (chloromethyl) chlorosilane (CMOS) have been examined by ab initio (GAUSSIAN-82), semi-empirical (MNDO), and molecular mechanics (MM2) techniques, and have been compared with those of carbon analogs, i.e. 1 -chloropropane (CP) and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). While ab initio (3-21G(∗)) calculations give excellent agreement with available experimental data in geometries and relative conformational energies, the MNDO technique shows a definite shortcoming, namely, that relative energies are unacceptably insensitive to conformational changes involving rotation around the central C-C and C-Si bonds, even though the geometries are reproduced reasonably. On the basis of these calculations, we have developed additional MM2 torsional parameters and have applied these in a conformational study of the title compounds. Interpretation of our calculations suggests that: (1) silicon compounds barely show steric congestion, which means that the bonded and non-bonded energy terms are less important factors when compared with corresponding carbon analogs. (2) ECS and CMMS show the “gauche effect”, which is due to attractive interaction between methyl and chlorine. (3) In CMCS, as two chlorine atoms approach, the repulsive interaction between the two vicinalchlorine atoms rises, apparently as a result of the near parallel alignment between two large vicinal C-Cl and Si-Cl bond dipoles.
Stable limit cycles of time dependent multispecies interactions

Abstract The standard differential system which models the interaction of n species is considered under the assumption that the coefficients (i.e., the net birth rates, the self-inhibition coefficients and the interaction coefficients) are all periodic functions of time. Conditions are given which guarantee the existence of a stable periodic limit cycle. The basic result implies, roughly, that if an n − 1 species subcommunity with a stable periodic limit cycle exists and if the interactions of the system are sufficiently weak, then the addition of the nth species will result in a stable periodic limit cycle provided its average net birth rate is larger than and close to a specified critical value; on the other hand, if this average is less than but close to the critical value, then the nth species will not survive and the system will stabilize on the limit cycle of the subcommunity. Starting with basic results concerning periodic solutions of the one species case, we apply our basic result in a “bootstrapping” manner to derive a corollary which, roughly speaking, states that if at least one species has a positive average net birth rate and if the interactions are sufficiently weak, then a multispecies community will have a stable, positive limit cycle provided that the average net birth rates of the remaining species lie in certain specified ranges.
The role of lipids in membrane transport inMycoplasma laidlawii

Pulse labeling of metabolizing cells ofMycoplasma laidlawii, strain B with14C-glucose results in rapid turnover of the glucose moiety in carotenyl glucoside and phosphatidyl glucose. Pulse labeling also occurs in the fatty acid radicals of carotenyl esters. No labeling of phosphatidyl glycerol, carotenol or monoglucosyl diglyceride occurs. No turnover of14C occurs in diglucosyl diglyceride. Rapid turnover of32P in phosphatidyl glucose, but not in phosphatidyl glycerol, also occurs. The rate of14CO2 evolution is equivalent to the rate of disappearance of14C in total lipids of cells prelabeled with14C-glucose. β-Glucosidase inhibition results in inhibition of glucose utilization. The reverse effect is not seen. A theory involving lipids as carriers in the transport of glucose into the cell and acetate, the end product of glucose metabolism, out of the cell is presented. This theory is compatible with known information concerning membrane structure, membrane transport and metabolism in Mycoplasmas.
Nd:YLF mode-locked oscillator and regenerative amplifier

Pulses of 37-psec duration are generated by a cw actively mode-locked Nd:YLF oscillator and subsequently amplified to 2.5 mJ in a cw-pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier operating at a repetition rate of 500 Hz. In comparison, the same system refitted with Nd:YAG gain media produces longer pulses (∼80 psec) with lower energy (1 mJ).
Radiation conditions in elasticity

Ausstrahlungsbedingungen fur Losungen der von der Zeit unabhangigen Gleichung der Bewegung der klassischen Elastizitat, der wohlbekannten Sommerfeld-Bedingung ahnlich, werden untersucht. Die Bedingungen konnen physikalisch als ein nach aussen gerichteter Energiefluss dargestellt werden. Sie genugen auch, die Eindeutigkeit der Losung aufzuzeigen.
Patterns of atherosclerosis: effect of risk factors on recurrence and survival—analysis of 11,890 cases with more than 25-year follow-up

A series of 11,890 patients from the senior investigator's surgical service between 1949 and 1998 is analyzed for the significance of distinct risk factors for recurrence of, and survival from, atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Eight risk factors have been assessed for their importance in 4 defined arterial categories (the coronary arterial bed, the branches of the aorta, the abdominal visceral [celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal] arteries, and the terminal abdominal aorta and its major branches) in determining survival rate of the entire group and their impact on rate of recurrence of atherosclerosis in a subgroup of 5,568 patients who had > or =1 postoperative arteriogram, permitting precise identification of changes in the atherosclerotic process. Patients in these 2 groups were followed for > or =25 years; univariate and multivariate analyses were used. On admission all patients had symptomatic atherosclerotic occlusive disease in a single vascular category. Each patient was treated surgically for alleviation of the disease. Two primary outcomes are included: (1) survival, by atherosclerosis category, in all 11,890 patients; and (2) recurrence, also by category, in the subset of 5,568 patients. Multivariate results for recurrence showed little consistency across categories. Only 1 risk factor, diabetes, appeared in 2 of the 3 categories fully analyzed. Other variables that are significant in only a single category are male sex, cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking. Survival showed much greater consistency, with age, diabetes, and hypertension significant in all 3 categories, male sex and smoking in 2, and cholesterol in only Category I. Univariate results followed much the same trend. For recurrence and survival, the response of the arterial bed to the risk factors in each of the 4 categories is distinctly different, an observation that we have not found to be previously reported.
A Test of the Conditional CAPM with Simultaneous Estimation of the First and Second Conditional Moments

Recent studies of the conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are extended by modeling the first and second conditional moments separately, but estimating them jointly, allowing the isolation of time-varying influences in the different moments. Results support evidence that both conditional moments and conditional risk parameters are time varying, and help shed light on previous rejections of the conditional CAPM. The GMM test of the over-identifying restrictions fails to reject the null that the CAPM holds through time when a non-linear specification is used, and only weakly rejects the null with a linear specification.
Spatial modeling of HIV cryptic viremia and 2-LTR formation during raltegravir intensification

Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) can suppress plasma HIV below the limit of detection in normal assays. Recently reported results suggest that viral replication may continue in some patients, despite undetectable levels in the blood. It has been suggested that the appearance of the circularized episomal HIV DNA artifact 2-LTR following treatment intensification with the integrase inhibitor raltegravir is a marker of ongoing viral replication. Other work has suggested that lymphoid organs may be a site of reduced antiviral penetration and increased viral production. In this study we model the hypothesis that this ongoing replication occurs in lymphoid follicle sanctuary sites and investigate the patterns of 2-LTR formation expected after raltegravir application. Experimental data is used to estimate the reaction and diffusion parameters in the model, and Monte-Carlo simulations are used to explore model behavior subject to variation in these rates. The results suggest that conditions for the formation of an observed transient peak in 2-LTR formation following raltegravir intensification include a sanctuary site diameter larger than 0.2 mm, a viral basic reproductive ratio within the site larger than 1, and a total volume of active sanctuary sites above 20 mL. Significant levels of uncontrolled replication can occur in the sanctuary sites without measurable changes in the plasma viral load. By contrast, subcritical replication (where the basic reproductive ratio of the virus is less than 1 in all sites) always results in monotonic increases of measured 2-LTR following raltegravir intensification, occurring at levels below the limit of detection.
Measurements of Lowest-S-State Lifetimes of Gallium, Indium, and Thalium

The lifetimes of the gallium $5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, the indium $6^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, and the thallium $7^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state were measured using the zero-field level-crossing (Hanle-effect) technique. The life-times obtained were (6.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, (7.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, and (7.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec, respectively. Anomalous contributions to the level-crossing signals, from the wavelength dependence of the exciting light intensity and self-absorption by the fluorescing atomic beam, were investigated in detail.
The cardiovascular pathology of smoking.

Abstract Atherosclerosis, the process underlying coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke, begins in childhood and progresses through several stages to result in clinically manifest disease in middle age and later. Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and elevated blood pressure are associated with more extensive and more severe atherosclerosis and also with greater risk of clinical disease. Cigarette smoking is firmly established as a risk factor for coronary heart diseases and peripheral vascular disease. It is associated with more severe coronary atherosclerosis, but not enough to account for the twofold or greater risk of coronary heart disease among smokers. Smoking is associated with much more severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta, which is consistent with the much greater risk of aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease among smokers. Smoking induces a wide variety of physiologic responses, some of which appear likely to be involved in accelerating atherogenesis or increasing the probability of thrombosis. These responses include reduction in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, elevation in plasma fibrinogen concentration, and elevation in white blood cell count. The rapid amelioration of the risk of cardiovascular disease after cessation of smoking suggests that these processes are readily reversible.
Synthesis of functionalized side-chain liquid crystal polymers: polyphenolic combs

The systhesis of self-ordering comb polymers [CH 2 C(Me)(COOR)] n (R= (CH 2 ) 6 OPhCOOPhR', R'= OH, PHOH) was accomplished in seven steps and involved identifying suitable protecting groups for the phenolic monomers before free radical polymerization. Diphenylmethylsilyl ether (ODPMS), and tetrahydropyrasyl ether (OTHP) groups were found to best suited to synthesize the polymers. One of the target polymers and its corresponding monomer were found to melt into liquid crystalline fluids
Numerical simulations of the island-induced circulations over the Island of Hawaii during HaRP

Abstract The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)/land surface model (LSM) is used to simulate the diurnal island-scale circulations over the island of Hawaii during the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 11 July–24 August 1990). The model is initialized with the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. The diurnal variations of the land–sea thermal contrast at the land surface and the planetary boundary layer at Hilo, Hawaii, are well simulated. The main discrepancy occurs on the leeside areas of mountains or ridges below the trade wind inversion (2 km), where the simulated afternoon land–sea thermal contrast at the surface is 1°–3°C lower than observed mainly due to the misrepresentation of lava rocks by the bare ground category in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data and stronger than observed simulated sea breezes bringing in relatively cool maritime air. The flow deceleration and splitting of the incoming trade wind flow and the evolution of the diurnal circulation cells on the...
The HSV-1 UL45 18 kDa gene product is a true late protein and a component of the virion

Previously we constructed a null mutation in the HSV-1 UL45 gene, showed that the UL45 gene was not required for growth in Vero cells, and confirmed that it coded for an 18 kDa protein (R.J. Visalli and C.R. Brandt, Virology 185:419-423, 1991). In this study, we have continued our characterization of the UL45 gene and the 18 kDa protein. Analysis of UL45 RNA revealed that the gene was expressed late and was inhibited in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid (paa), indicating it is a gamma 2 class gene. Using a specific polyclonal antiserum, we found that the 18 kDa UL45 gene product was also expressed late and was inhibited in the presence of paa. The 18 kDa protein was present in purified virions and was substantially enriched in the envelope-tegument fraction of virions disrupted with NP-40 detergent. The 18 kDa protein is thus a structural protein of the virus and appears to be associated with the viral envelope. A 20 kDa protein that cross-reacted with a polyclonal HSV-1 UL45 antiserum was also detected in cells infected with HSV-2 strain 333.
Integration host factor binds specifically to sites in the ilvGMEDA operon in Escherichia coli

Integration host factor (IHF) of Escherichia coli is a histone-like protein that is involved both in site-specific recombination and in regulating the expression of a number of phage and bacterial genes. We have shown previously that transcription of the ilvGMEDA operon in E. coli is greatly reduced in IHF mutants. We report here that IHF specifically protects two sites within the ilvGMEDA promoter-regulatory region against DNase I digestion. These sites are located upstream from the promoter and in the leader region just prior to the sequence that specifies the attenuator. The footprinting experiments and gel retardation assays show that these sites have strong affinity for IHF. These data and results with ilvGMEDA-lac promoter fusions suggest a direct role for IHF in expression of the ilvGMEDA operon.
The presence of hypodense eosinophils and diminished chemiluminescence response in asthma

Abstract Although peripheral blood eosinophilia is a prominent feature of asthma, the contribution of eosinophils to asthma has yet to be fully comprehended. Furthermore, study of isolated eosinophil function in asthma has been complicated by difficult purification methods and, now, the presence of hypodense eosinophils. In our study, eosinophils were isolated from normal subjects and patients with asthma. Two principal evaluations were performed: (1) a comparison of the density-gradient profiles on peripheral blood leukocytes from normal subjects and patients with asthma and (2) a comparison of the chemiluminescence (CL) response with normal dense eosinophils from these two study groups. Granulocyte preparations were initially isolated from Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and were then applied to a continuous Percoll density gradient In asthma, 40.8 ± 5.8% of the peripheral blood eosinophils were hypodense (defined as a density p 90%) normal dense eosinophils was made by measurement of CL to opsonized zymosan particles and the soluble stimulus phorbol myristate acetate. In asthma, eosinophil CL to zymosan, but not phorbol myristate acetate, was significantly less. Differences in eosinophil CL between normal subjects and subjects with asthma did not correlate with the severity of airway obstruction or the peripheral blood eosinophil count. The reasons for the appearance of hypodense eosinophils and diminished metabolic activity in asthma are not established but raise the possibility that their presence represents, previous eosinophil activation.
Fecal electrolytes and nitrogen during cortisone or ACTH therapy.

Summary and conclusions1. Cortisone and adrenocorticotropic hormone did not produce any characteristic change in fecal electrolytes and nitrogen in a group of miscellaneous patients maintained on milk formulae of restricted or unrestricted sodium content. 2. Data have been presented on the fecal excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and nitrogen during maintenance of such patients on a whole milk or sodium-free milk formula.
Implementation of multirate estimation for the cylindrical grinding process

This paper presents implementation results of the multirate estimation scheme, proposed by Lee (Lee, C.W., 2007, “Multirate Estimation for the Machining Process under Multirate Noise,” Proceedings of the 2007 ASME IMECE, November 11–15, 2007, Seattle, WA), on the cylindrical plunge grinding process. The multirate scheme is an efficient tool for integrating real-time sensor signals with postprocess inspection data for estimating the immeasurable variables. In order to accomplish this goal, process models for grinding power, surface roughness and wheel wear are developed using experimental data. Case studies are performed on simultaneous state-parameter estimation for actual grinding batches after the multirate observers are built based on the process models. Results from case studies validate the applicability of the proposed scheme to challenging estimation tasks in the manufacturing industry that cannot be undertaken by traditional approaches.Copyright © 2008 by ASME