cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferior mesenteric artery embolization before endovascular aneurysm repair: technique and initial results.

PURPOSE To report a single center's technique and initial results in the preoperative embolization of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) before endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a 3-year period, 102 patients at a single clinical site, including 86 men and 16 women aged 54–93 years (mean, 75 years), were found to have a patent IMA on computed tomographic (CT) angiography before EVAR. Coil embolization was performed after subselective catheterization with use of microcoils placed in the IMA proximal to the origin of the left colic artery. All patients in whom the IMA was visualized on flush aortography and successfully accessed underwent embolization. One month and 6 months after surgery, results in this cohort were retrospectively compared with those from a similar group of patients who underwent EVAR during the same period. These patients had patent IMAs on preoperative CT angiography but did not undergo embolization as a result of nonvisualization during flush aortography. All patients underwent EVAR with bifurcated modular devices with proximal transrenal fixation. All patients underwent postoperative follow-up with multiphase CT angiography to detect the presence of endoleak. Six-month follow-up data were available for 18 patients who underwent embolization and 54 patients who did not. Change in sac diameter was compared in these patients. RESULTS Embolization was technically successful in 30 of 32 patients (94%) in whom it was attempted. There were no complications. At 1-month follow-up, five of 30 patients in the embolization group were noted to have a type II endoleak (17%). None of the endoleaks in this group were related to the IMA. The group with patent IMAs who did not undergo preoperative embolization had a 42% incidence of type II endoleak ( P P CONCLUSION These initial results demonstrate that embolization of the IMA with subselective microcoils before EVAR is a safe and effective procedure to reduce the incidence of type II endoleaks. The data also suggest that preoperative embolization of the IMA is associated with greater shrinkage of aneurysm sac diameter at 6 months.
Adaptive time reversal beamforming in dense multipath communication networks

In this paper, we study the transmit time reversal beamforming in rich scattering environments in a multi-user wideband communication network. We consider the downlink time reversal transmission where a base station communicates with many users. The base station has multiple antennas and the user has a single antenna. Due to the presence of scatterers, conventional transmit beamforming suffers from crosstalk caused by nearby users. We design a wideband beamformer that focuses on the intended user while minimizing its interference to other users subject to the constraint of the sum rate capacity. We also show that the proposed beamformer is equivalent to time reversal focusing and nulling and yields higher sum data rate than the conventional delay line wideband beamformer. We verify our results using realistic scattering channels simulated by finite-difference time-domain modeling of the scattering environment.
An Amazonian Anthropology of the Senses

Pei-Lin Yu Hungry Lightning: Notes of. Woman Anthropologist in Venezuela. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. xiii. 238 pp.
Equilibrium Forward Curves for Commodities

We develop an equilibrium model of the term structure of forward prices for storable commodities. As a consequence of a nonnegativity constraint on inventory, the spot commodity has an embedded timing option that is absent in forward contracts. This option’s value changes over time due to both endogenous inventory and exogenous transitory shocks to supply and demand. Our model makes predictions about volatilities of forward prices at different horizons and shows how conditional violations of the “Samuelson effect” occur. We extend the model to incorporate a permanent second factor and calibrate the model to crude oil futures data. COMMODITY MARKETS IN RECENT YEARS have experienced dramatic growth in trading volume, the variety of contracts, and the range of underlying commodities. Market participants are also increasingly sophisticated about recognizing and exercising operational contingencies embedded in delivery contracts. 1 For all of these reasons, there is a widespread interest in models for pricing and hedging commodity-linked contingent claims. In this paper we present an equilibrium model of commodity spot and forward prices. By explicitly incorporating the microeconomics of supply, demand, and storage, our model captures some fundamental differences between commodities and financial assets. Empirically, commodities are strikingly different from stocks, bonds and other conventional financial assets. Among these differences are:
Prenatal Diagnosis of Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification

A 33-year-old, healthy, G3 P1 woman had had a routine obstetrical ultrasound done at 19 weeks of gestation, which reportedly was normal. Because of decreased fetal activity, a repeat obstetrical ultrasound was performed at 32 weeks. That study showed polyhydramnios and a low biophysical profile, prompting transfer to a high-risk obstetrical center. The fetal echocardiogram, done on the same day, revealed a markedly abnormal heart. The heart looked structurally normal, but the aortic annulus, ascending aorta, transverse arch, descending aorta, main pulmonary artery, and coronary arteries were unusually echo-dense. Both ventricles were dilated, and biventricular function …
New results on the robust bounds of linear uncertain systems

Abstract In this paper, we study the robust stability of a linear system with uncertainties. By considering the. sign of the uncertain bounds and utilizing matrix measures, an improved result of robust stability is presented. Furthermore, the proposed method is extended to linear time-delay systems with uncertainties. Several examples are given to illustrate the advantages of the presented method.
Total current collapse in high-voltage GaN MIS-HEMTs induced by Zener trapping

We investigate current collapse in GaN MIS-HEMTs for >600 V operation. Extreme trapping leading to total current collapse has been observed after OFF-state stress at high voltage. We attribute this to high-field tunneling-induced electron trapping (“Zener trapping”) inside the AlGaN barrier or the GaN channel layers. The trapping takes place in a narrow region right under the edge of the outermost field plate in the drain portion of the device. The trapping characteristics are consistent with those responsible for the yellow luminescence band in GaN or AlGaN. This finding gives urgency to defect control during epitaxial-growth and the design of appropriate field plate structures for the reliable high-voltage operation of MIS-HEMTs.
Landscape Position Influences Microbial Composition and Function via Redistribution of Soil Water across a Watershed

Subalpine forest ecosystems influence global carbon cycling. However, little is known about the compositions of their soil microbial communities and how these may vary with soil environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to characterize the soil microbial communities in a subalpine forest watershed in central Montana (Stringer Creek Watershed within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest) and to investigate their relationships with environmental conditions and soil carbonaceous gases. As assessed by tagged Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, community composition and structure differed significantly among three landscape positions: high upland zones (HUZ), low upland zones (LUZ), and riparian zones (RZ). Soil depth effects on phylogenetic diversity and β-diversity varied across landscape positions, being more evident in RZ than in HUZ. Mantel tests revealed significant correlations between microbial community assembly patterns and the soil environmental factors tested (water content, temperature, oxygen, and pH) and soil carbonaceous gases (carbon dioxide concentration and efflux and methane concentration). With one exception, methanogens were detected only in RZ soils. In contrast, methanotrophs were detected in all three landscape positions. Type I methanotrophs dominated RZ soils, while type II methanotrophs dominated LUZ and HUZ soils. The relative abundances of methanotroph populations correlated positively with soil water content (R = 0.72, P < 0.001) and negatively with soil oxygen (R = -0.53, P = 0.008). Our results suggest the coherence of soil microbial communities within and differences in communities between landscape positions in a subalpine forested watershed that reflect historical and contemporary environmental conditions.
The application of an aerodynamic shroud for axial ventilation fans

An experimental investigation of an aerodynamic shroud applied to an axial ventilation fan system is reported. The aerodynamic shroud consists of a pressurized plenum and Coanda attachment surface, which also serves as the shroud for the fan. This combination delivers a curved surface wall jet of high momentum air into the tip region of the fan and subsequently into the downstream diffuser region. Simultaneous improvements of performance and efficiency were found for a specific fan geometry with an aerodynamic shroud system when compared with a standard production fan (no shroud) system. Overall, the addition of the aerodynamic shroud was able to increase the system flowrate by 34% while simultaneously improving the efficiency by 13%. A higher efficiency condition (+17%) was also found that resulted in a somewhat lower improvement in flow rate (+23%). These results clearly show that the best blade design for the aerodynamic shroud system is different than the best blade design for a system that does not include the aerodynamic shroud. Particle image velocimetry measurements made at the exit plane of the system's diffuser provide insight into the mechanistic basis for the performance measurements.
Gas-phase photodissociation of CF3C(O)Cl between 193 and 280 nm

Abstract Product yields were measured in the 296 K photolysis of CF3C(O)Cl at 193, 248, 254, and 280 nm. Br2 was used as a radical scavenger to convert the primary CF3 and CF3CO radical photofragments into stable bromides, CF3Br and CF3C(O)Br, which were quantified along with CO and CF2O using infrared absorption. The stabilized CF3CO radical yield increased with increasing photolysis wavelength from 0.95 − 0.10 + 0.05 at 280 nm. An upper-limit for the ClCO radical yield was estimated to be
H1° histone and differentiation of dendritic cells. A molecular target for tumor-derived factors

Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in antitumor immune responses. Abnormal differ- entiation of DC and their inability to stimulate T cells are important factors in tumor escape from immune-system control. However, the mechanisms of this process remain elusive. Here, we have de- scribed one possible molecular mechanism that in- volves replacement linker histone H1°. A close association between expression of H1° and DC dif- ferentiation in vitro has been found. DC produc- tion in H1°-deficient mice was decreased signifi- cantly, whereas generation and function of macro- phages, granulocytes, and lymphocytes appear to be normal. However, these mice had a significantly reduced response to vaccination with antigens. Tu- mor-derived factors considerably reduced h1° ex- pression in hematopoietic progenitor cells. We have demonstrated that transcription factor NF-B is involved actively in regulation of h1°. Thus, H1° histone may be an important factor in normal DC differentiation. Tumor-derived factors may in- hibit DC differentiation by affecting H1° expres- sion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 285-296; 2002.
Probability of real-time detection versus probability of infection for aerosolized biowarfare agents: a model study.

Real-time biosensors are expected to provide significant help in emergency response management should a terrorist attack with the use of biowarfare, BW, agents occur. In spite of recent and spectacular progress in the field of biosensors, several core questions still remain unaddressed. For instance, how sensitive should be a sensor? To what levels of infection would the different sensitivity limits correspond? How the probabilities of identification correspond to the probabilities of infection by an agent? In this paper, an attempt was made to address these questions. A simple probability model was generated for the calculation of risks of infection of humans exposed to different doses of infectious agents and of the probability of their simultaneous real-time detection/identification by a model biosensor and its network. A model biosensor was defined as a single device that included an aerosol sampler and a device for identification by any known (or conceived) method. A network of biosensors was defined as a set of several single biosensors that operated in a similar way and dealt with the same amount of an agent. Neither the particular deployment of sensors within the network, nor the spacious and timely distribution of agent aerosols due to wind, ventilation, humidity, temperature, etc., was considered by the model. Three model biosensors based on PCR-, antibody/antigen-, and MS-technique were used for simulation. A wide range of their metric parameters encompassing those of commercially available and laboratory biosensors, and those of future, theoretically conceivable devices was used for several hundred simulations. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it is concluded that small concentrations of aerosolized agents that are still able to provide significant risks of infection especially for highly infectious agents (e.g. for small pox those risk are 1, 8, and 37 infected out of 1000 exposed, depending on the viability of the virus preparation) will remain undetected by the present, most advanced, or even future, significantly refined real-time biosensors. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Impact of Saharan air layer on hurricane peak intensity

[1] The Saharan air layer (SAL), which is associated with African dust outbreaks, forms as air moves across the Sahara Desert, containing substantial amounts of mineral dust. While the relationships of Sahel rainfall with African dust outbreaks and Atlantic hurricane activity have been documented in previous studies, analyses of various independent datasets show that the Sahel rainfall, SAL activity and hurricane peak intensity in the Atlantic basin are highly correlated. The long-term trend in hurricane peak intensity generally follows the Sahel rainfall and SAL activity. The decreasing trend in hurricane intensity by the mid-1980s was associated with the enhancing SAL activity (drying relative humidity and enhancing vertical shear) and the severe drought in the Sahel, while the recent moderate increasing trend in hurricane intensity is consistent with the weakening SAL activity (wetting relative humidity, weakening vertical shear and decreasing dust load) and the ameliorating Sahel drought. This study suggests that the SAL may act as a link between the summer African monsoon and Atlantic hurricane activity.
Combined modality therapy: Is it necessary for everyone?

Abstract Survival and relapse in rectal cancer are intimately associated with disease stage. Although surgery remains the primary treatment modality for rectal cancer, its limitations as an isolated curative treatment are well recognized. Trimodality therapy combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation has improved local recurrence rates and survival in patients with advanced rectal tumors (T3/4) or those with nodal involvement (N1/2). With the broad application of trimodality therapy, concern for over-treatment in select groups of patients exists. Current investigations are now focused on identifying subsets of favorable-risk patients who may benefit from tailored therapy and reducing exposure to unnecessary treatment-related risk.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-RESOLUTION LARGE-SCALE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC SIMULATION AND ASSIGNMENT MODEL TO ASSESS IMPACT OF PORT-OF-ENTRY ON REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Land border ports-of-entry (POE) are critical in both national and regional terms. By offering legal and safe crossing points, they help integrate people and economies between nations. As security continues to take a more prominent role, the impacts of periodically h eightened security measures generate substantial short -term and long-term impacts on economy and social-demographic activities on border cities. Such impacts have not been well understood as most prior studies apply infrastructure component based approach es without a broader view of spatial and temporal impact of the POE on the regional infrastructure. This paper discusses the development of the multi-resolution large-scale vehicular traffic simulation and assignment model to enhance this modeling capability. The utilization of mesoscopic/microscopic modeling techniques integrates the simulation-based queuing and regional traffic simulation assignment approaches. Empirical results highlight the capability of the developed model in capturing the dynamic interactions of a complex transportation system.
Evaluating resistance to false-name manipulations in elections

In many mechanisms (especially online mechanisms), a strategic agent can influence the outcome by creating multiple false identities. We consider voting settings where the mechanism designer cannot completely prevent false-name manipulation, but may use false-name-limiting methods such as CAPTCHAs to influence the amount and characteristics of such manipulation. Such a designer would prefer, first, a high probability of obtaining the "correct" outcome, and second, a statistical method for evaluating the correctness of the outcome. In this paper, we focus on settings with two alternatives. We model voters as independently drawing a number of identities from a distribution that may be influenced by the choice of the false-name-limiting method. We give a criterion for the evaluation and comparison of these distributions. Then, given the results of an election in which false-name manipulation may have occurred, we propose and justify a statistical test for evaluating the outcome.
Heterogeneity of anatomic regions by MR volumetry in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

Objective To investigate brain volumes in patients with well-characterized juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Materials and methods We studied the MRI images of seventeen subjects with EEG and clinically defined JME and seventeen age- and sex-matched controls using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and automated and manual volumetry. Results We found no significant group differences in the cortical volumes by automated techniques for all regions or for the whole brain. However, we found a larger pulvinar nucleus in JME using VBM with small volume correction and a larger thalamus with manual volumetry (P = 0.001; corrected two-tailed t-test). By analysing the individual subjects, we determined that considerable heterogeneity exists even in this highly selected group. Histograms of all JME and matched control regions' volumes showed more subjects with JME had smaller hippocampi and larger thalami (P < 0.05; chi-square). Subjects in whom the first seizure was absence were more likely to have smaller hippocampi than their matched control, while those without absences showed no differences (P < 0.05, chi-square). Conclusions There is ample evidence for frontal cortical thalamic network changes in JME, but subcortical structural differences were more distinct in this group. Given the heterogeneity of brain volumes in the clinical population, further advancement in the field will require the examination of stringent genetically controlled populations.
On the Location of the 2009 GeV Flares of Blazar PKS 1510–089

Most of the radiated power of blazars is produced at GeV energies via inverse Compton scattering at an unknown distance from the central engine. Possible seed photon sources map to different locations along the jet spanning two orders of magnitude in distance from the black hole, ranging from the broad-line region (BLR, ∼0.1 pc), to the molecular torus (MT, few pc), to the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) radio core zone at ∼10 pc. Here, we apply a diagnostic for identifying the GeV emission zone (GEZ) in blazar PKS 1510–089 using four bright gamma-ray flares detected by Fermi in 2009. As shown by Dotson et al., the flare decay time should be energy-independent for flares in the BLR, but faster at higher energies for flares in the MT. We find that in the two cases where the gamma-ray flare was not accompanied by an optical flare, the decay times show an energy-dependence suggesting a location in the MT. For the two GeV flares accompanied by optical flares, we obtained very fast decay times (≲3 hr) in both low and high energy Fermi bands. For these flares, considering the simultaneous >100 GeV detection by HESS (H.E.S.S. Collaboration et al.) and the ejection of a superluminal component from the VLBI radio core in one case, our results suggest that both flares came from the vicinity of the VLBI core. We thus suggest that the GEZ is spread over a wide range of locations beyond the BLR.
Clinical implications of TP53 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes treated with hypomethylating agents.

// Koichi Takahashi 1, 3, 4 , Keyur Patel 2 , Carlos Bueso-Ramos 2 , Jianhua Zhang 3 , Curtis Gumbs 3 , Elias Jabbour 1 , Tapan Kadia 1 , Michael Andreff 1 , Marina Konopleva 1 , Courtney DiNardo 1 , Naval Daver 1 , Jorge Cortes 1 , Zeev Estrov 1 , Andrew Futreal 3 , Hagop Kantarjian 1 , Guillermo Garcia-Manero 1 1 Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 2 Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 3 Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 4 Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Correspondence to: Guillermo Garcia-Manero, e-mail: ggarciam@mdanderson.org Keywords: TP53, myelodysplastic syndromes, hypomethylating agents Received: October 17, 2015 Accepted: January 09, 2016 Published: February 9, 2016 ABSTRACT We screened TP53 mutations in 168 MDS patients who were treated with HMA and evaluated predictive and prognostic value of TP53 mutations. Overall response to HMA was not different based on TP53 mutation status (45% vs. 32% in TP53 -mutated and wild type [WT], respectively, P = 0.13). However, response duration was significantly shorter in TP53 -mutated patients compared to WT patients (5.7 months vs. 28.5 months, P = 0.003). Longitudinal analysis of TP53 mutations after HMA showed that TP53 mutations almost always persisted at times of disease progression. TP53 -mutated patients showed significantly worse overall survival (OS) compared to WT patients (9.4 months vs. 20.7 months, P <0.001). Further, TP53 mutations distinguished prognosis in the subgroup of patients with complex karyotype and Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) defined very high-risk disease. Multivariate analysis showed that TP53 mutation status is significantly prognostic for OS after adjusting prognostic effect from other factors. The current study provides evidence that TP53 mutations are independently prognostic in MDS patients treated with HMA. While TP53 -mutated MDS patients initially respond well to HMA, their duration of response is significantly shorter than WT patients. Novel strategies to improve duration of response in TP53- mutated MDS are urgently needed.
Specificity of the Epiphyseal Cartilage Test for the Pituitary Growth Hormone.

Summary1. Purified anterior hypophyseal hormones other than the growth hormone were administered to hypophysectomized rats for a period of 4 days and measurements made of the width of the uncalcified portion of the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of the tibia. 2. While adrenotropic hormone slightly decreased the cartilage width, thyroxin and the thyrotropic as well as the mammotropic hormones caused slight enlargement of the epiphyseal cartilage. The effect was smaller, however, than the response caused by a single growth hormone unit, at all dose levels tested, and the effect did not show gradation with dosage which is a characteristic of the growth substance.
An asymptotic theory for the vibration of non-homogeneous plates

An approximate theory for the vibration of non-homogeneous, anisotropic plates is presented. The equations are derived by use of the asymptotic integration of the elasticity equations. Although use of this method leads to field equations of various orders, only the first approximation equations are derived here. The application to layered plates is also shown.
Killing characters in video games kills memory for in-game ads.

Evolutionary theory predicts that people attend to emotionally arousing cues at the expense of less arousing cues. Violence is one emotionally arousing cue that attracts attention away from less arousing cues located in the same visual environment. Previous research has shown that violent media content attracts attention at the expense of brands advertised during violent media content. We predicted that participants who played a video game violently would recall and recognize fewer brands than participants who played the same game nonviolently. In Study 1, participants (N = 154) drove cars in the game The Getaway while real brands appeared within the city. Half of the participants played the game violently (running over characters) and half of the participants played the game nonviolently (carefully avoiding characters). Violent players recalled and recognized fewer brands than did nonviolent players. In Study 2, participants (N = 102) drove cars in the game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas while fictitious brands were advertised on their vehicles. Half of the participants played the game violently (running over characters) and half of the participants played the game nonviolently (carefully avoiding characters). Violent players were less likely to recognize advertised brands than were nonviolent players. Not enough participants recalled brands to test whether violent players recalled fewer brands than did nonviolent players. These results across both studies suggest that within-game violence reduces the effectiveness of product placement, such that brands advertised in violent video games are less likely to be remembered than brands advertised in nonviolent video games.
Treatment with interleukin-3 plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors improves the selectivity of Ara-C in vitro against acute myeloid leukemia blasts

Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) individually have been shown to increase the percentage of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts in S phase and enhance the cytotoxic effects of Ara-C against these blasts in culture. We compared in vitro the effects of a combined treatment with GM-CSF (10 ng/mL) plus IL-3 (10 ng/mL) on the metabolism and cytotoxicity of Ara-C in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (NBMMC) and AML blasts. NBMMC from six healthy volunteers and AML blasts from 10 patients were incubated for 20 hours with or without IL- 3 plus GM-CSF, followed by a concurrent treatment with Ara-C for 4 additional hours. Exposure to the HGFs and Ara-C produced significantly higher intracellular Ara-CTP levels as well as higher Ara-CTP/dCTP pool ratios in AML blasts as compared with NBMMC. Treatment with HGFs resulted in [3H] Ara-C DNA incorporation that was significantly higher in AML blasts versus NBMMC. This selective improvement of Ara-C metabolism in AML blasts was associated with an enhanced Ara-C-mediated leukemia colony-forming unit (CFU) growth inhibition. In contrast, exposure to HGFs resulted in an improved colony growth of normal CFU granulocyte-monocyte and CFU-granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, megakaryocyte. These in vitro studies indicate that a combined treatment with IL-3 plus GM-CSF may improve the selectivity of Ara-C against AML blasts.
Negotiating reality: the construction of enforceable pharmaceutical standards.

The purpose of this article is to examine the tensions surrounding the construction of enforceable standards for pharmaceutical production and use, as negotiated by professional groups and the federal government at the time of two landmark federal food and drug acts. The footnotes in the latter portion of the paper are direct quotations from the general correspondence files of the federal Bureau of Chemistry (BOC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1919 and 1936; they illustrate the evolution of ideas related to enforcement of drug laws. The correspondence files are important for several reasons. As Vincent Kleinfeld pointed out, the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was amended only six times until its repeal by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FDCA). With the exception of the Sherley Amendments in 1912, its amendments pertained to food law. The Public Health Service ceased publication of the Abstract of Comments on the USP and NF in 1922. Moreover, the federal government did not begin publication of the Federal Register until 1936. That only one 1906 Act amendment strictly related to drugs illustrates that the standard bearers and enforcers were in close contact for negotiation and conflict resolution. The correspondence files are an important government repository; they contain these day-to-day interactions between interest group leaders and provide a glimpse of how government became the arbiter of pharmaceutical fact. Between the first and second drug acts, this “negotiated reality” for enforceable standards centered on the idea of allowable variations for therapeutic substances with respect to their official names, stated tolerances for assay and potency, physical properties, therapeutic dosages, and descriptions for measurement. During this period, BOC and FDA scientists, the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention (USPC), the National Formulary (NF) Committee of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), and the American Medical Association’s (AMA’s) Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (CPC) 7 negotiated material, scientific, and enforcement issues of pharmacopoeial scope and rational therapeutics that constituted a social construction of pharmaceutical fact.
Introduction and Project Background

The project began as part of a PhD dissertation study in South Africa, by Retha Van Niekerk after she met with Pierre Van Hiele and with researchers within the Wiskobas project at the Freudenthal Institute in The Netherlands. Her work with Ton Lecluse, author of the Geocadabra Construction Box, developed for this project, and her professional association with authors, Sack and Vazquez, formed the basis for the work done in the US after she returned to South Africa. A brief overview of the book’s organization will end this chapter.
GDNF and AADC Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease

The use of viral vectors to express therapeutics genes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) trials has been hindered by a lack of understanding of the principles that guide effective distribution of vectors within the basal ganglia, even when we have a strong expectation of efficacy based on experimentation in animal models. The major problems we have faced include (1) scale-up from small rodent and nonhuman primates (NHP) brains to humans, (2) understanding how viral vectors distribute within the brain parenchyma, (3) prediction of how viral particles are disseminated by neuronal projections after direct delivery to the putamen and substantia nigra, (4) the mechanism of action of the therapeutic gene on dopaminergic system, and (5) the relevance of animal models to idiopathic PD. In this chapter, we will address these important issues and will try to put them into the context of data that has been obtained from current and recent clinical trials. In particular, we will address therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring dopaminergic function by either expressing genes that encode enzymes responsible for synthesis of dopamine (DA) or expressing growth factors capable of upregulating DA function in the degenerated neurons. We will not address inhibition of outflow innervation from the striatum in PD patients by expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) as this strategy is described in the dedicated chapter in this book.
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome

Subacromial impingement syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. Patients are commonly referred to the shoulder specialist for severe pain and limited function of the shoulder joint. The shoulder is a complex joint that needs to be balanced to work properly. Mechanical forces have to be counteracted by muscle action and capsular ligament structures. When the balance is lost, the humeral head is not properly controlled during shoulder movements. This can lead to abnormal humeral head motion within the glenohumeral joint and conflict with the surrounding bony structures.
Comparison of 3-D Cell and Tissue Imaging Techniques Based on Scanning Electron Probes

The use of scanned electron probes, rather than the wide-beam illumination of standard transmission electron microscopy, allows the structural biologist to image 3-D cellular and tissue ultrastructure by taking full advantage of the physical interactions between the incoming electrons and the specimen. For example, in serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), a low-energy (∼1 keV electron probe) produces a backscattered electron signal originating from a thin approximately 25-nm layer below the face of a heavy-atom stained, resin-embedded block.
Farming with Animals: Domesticated Animals and Taxonomic Diversity in the Cardial Neolithic of the Western Mediterranean

The spread of farming into the Western Mediterranean is characterized by the appearance of domesticated plants and animals. This chapter summarizes the evidence for domesticated animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs) in the Cardial Neolithic of the Western Mediterranean. The management of these animals is tightly linked to economic, cultural, ecological, and spatial factors, and a variety of data sets such as herd composition, stable isotopic analyses, and culling practices are invoked to determine management strategies. However, the extent of data sets in the region varies, and interpretations span from small-scale household use to more spatially extensive transhumance practices. Comparability is limited due to contextual heterogeneity of samples (e.g., open-air villages or cave/rock shelter sites), differences in analytical procedures and reporting traditions, variation in sample sizes, and issues of taphonomy, chronological resolution, and final interpretations. This summary highlights some of the fundamental issues in assessing domesticated animal management and critically discusses our current understanding of domesticated animal use among the first farmers of the Western Mediterranean.
Applications of Atomic Ordering Reactions

The possibility of attaining, in an alloy, a substantially ordered array of the constituent species of atoms on the space lattice by exercise of compositional control or processing conditions has often been exploited for practical purposes. This paper is restricted to instances where long range order (LRO) evolves from an essentially disordered solid and will arbitrarily exclude systems where LRO develops directly from the liquid on freezing and systems where the significant feature is the short range order that may arise. The incidence of order affects many different properties of alloys. However, those of major significance for practical applications fall into but three classes: mechanical properties (largely in the dental, jewelry and Chronometric fields), magnetic properties, and electrical properties. In addition to these practical applications, two exceptional categories will merit attention: cases where the appearance of ordering leads to deterioration of desired properties; and cases where the useful properties observed have been erroneously attributed to the ordered state. Finally, we discuss the influence on the ordering reaction of processing variables which may act not only on the end point of the ordering reaction, but also in indirect ways as through the kinetics of the reaction or stabilization of an optimum domain size.
From the Last Mile to the Last 800 ft: Key Factors in Urban Pickup and Delivery of Goods

Pickup and delivery operations are an essential part of urban goods movements. However, rapid urban growth, increasing demand, and higher customer expectations have amplified the challenges of urban freight movement. In recent years, the industry has emphasized improving last-mile operations with the intent of focusing on what has been described as the last leg of the supply chain. In this paper, it is suggested that solving urban freight challenges requires an even more granular scale than the last mile, that is, the last 800 ft. The necessary operations in the last 800 ft require integration of diverse stakeholders, public and private infrastructure, and a diverse set of infrastructure users with multiple, varied objectives. That complexity has led to a gap in the needs of delivery operations and the characteristics of receiving facilities (i.e., unloading and loading facilities and pickup–drop-off locations). This paper focuses on accessibility for pickup and drop-off operations, taking a closer look a...
Bait Attraction of the Introduced Pest Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands

In laboratory studies with 14 food substances, peanut butter and honey were the most attractive substances to workers of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata. In tests with 6 oils, soybean oil (once refi...
Working with Families

In this chapter, the findings of a study examining the Fidelity of Implementation of Assessment (FOI-A) for the Battelle Developmental Inventory—Second Edition (BDI-2) across one New England state are used to provide recommendations for working with families through the comprehensive assessment process. First, the authors share information about communicating with families before the assessment process to ensure the families understand their rights and responsibilities. Next, the authors provide concrete strategies for engaging in family-centered assessment practices that can be employed during the test session to make family members feel at ease, gather valid and reliable information about the child, and build a strong professional relationship with families. This chapter also shares information about how to share assessment results and include families in the decision-making and educational planning processes for their child after the assessment has been completed. Finally, specific behaviors that can build rapport, value families, and support communication are highlighted.
Cyber-physical system checkpointing and recovery

Transitioning to more open architectures has been making Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) vulnerable to malicious attacks that are beyond the conventional cyber attacks. This paper studies attack-resilience enhancement for a system under emerging attacks in the environment of the controller. An effective way to address this problem is to make system state estimation accurate enough for control regardless of the compromised components. This work follows this way and develops a procedure named CPS checkpointing and recovery, which leverages historical data to recover failed system states. Specially, we first propose a new concept of physical-state recovery. The essential operation is defined as rolling the system forward starting from a consistent historical system state. Second, we design a checkpointing protocol that defines how to record system states for the recovery. The protocol introduces a sliding window that accommodates attack-detection delay to improve the correctness of stored states. Third, we present a use case of CPS checkpointing and recovery that deals with compromised sensor measurements. At last, we evaluate our design through conducting simulator-based experiments and illustrating the use of our design with an unmanned vehicle case study.
Confidentiality and Disclosure

Although confidentiality is discussed throughout this text, the complexity and importance of the surrounding issues suggest that focused attention is needed. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the concept of confidentiality and associated legal and ethical responsibilities. The chapter discusses both existing protections of client confidentiality, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records Act, as well as situations in which disclosure is permitted or mandated, e.g., the social worker-client privilege in court; the duty to warn; the disclosures mandated by law, such as the reporting of child and elder abuse; and the responses to subpoenas.
Drying gels: I. General theory

An assessment is given of the driving forces causing shrinkage during drying of organometallic gels. Both the elastic and viscous responses of the gel to those forces are analyzed, so that the stresses and strains resulting from drying can be calculated. The principle causes of contraction are assumed to be the large interfacial energies between the solid, liquid, and vapor phases. The extent of chemical reactions that occur during drying is assumed to be proportional to the change in interfacial area, so the corresponding change in chemical potential can be included as a contribution to interfacial energy. Three contributions to the capillary stress are identified, the largest being the redistribution pressure that drives the liquid from the wet region of the gel into the dry exterior region. This causes the contraction rate of the wet region to exceed that of the dry region. The rate of liquid flow through the pores of the gel is analyzed. The shrinkage rate is shown to be controlled by the viscosity of the solid phase of the gel. as well as the rate of transport of pore liquid.
Information-gain computation in the Fifth system

Abstract Despite large incentives, correctness in software remains an elusive goal. Declarative programming techniques, where algorithms are derived from a specification of the desired behavior, offer hope to address this problem, since there is a combinatorial reduction in complexity in programming in terms of specifications instead of algorithms, and arbitrary desired properties can be expressed and enforced in specifications directly. However, limitations on performance have prevented programming with declarative specifications from becoming a mainstream technique for general-purpose programming, because a strategy which is both efficient and fully general to derive algorithms from specifications does not yet exist. To address this bottleneck, I propose information-gain computation, a framework where an adaptive evaluation strategy is used to efficiently perform a search which derives algorithms that provide information about a query via the most efficient routes. Within this framework, opportunities to compress the search space present themselves, which suggest that information-theoretic bounds on the performance of such a system might be articulated and a system might be designed to achieve them. The computation of the information measures that are the basis of this strategy crucially depends on a probabilistic semantics for the relations represented by predicates, which may either already be present in a probabilistic logic language, or may be superimposed on a pure logic language. I describe a prototype implementation of Fifth , a system that implements these techniques, and a preliminary empirical study of adaptive evaluation for a simple test program. In the test, the evaluation strategy adapts successfully to efficiently evaluate a query with pathological features that would prevent its evaluation by standard general-purpose strategies.
Prevalence of Chagas Disease Among Family Members of Previously Diagnosed Patients in Los Angeles, California

Chagas disease (CD) in the United States is severely underdiagnosed, due to an absence of systematic screening as part of routine healthcare. We screened 189 relatives of 86 existing patients and found a CD prevalence of 7.4%. Screening close relatives of previously diagnosed individuals can effectively identify new CD cases.
Treatment Retention Satisfaction, and Therapeutic Progress for Justice-Involved Individuals Referred to Community-Based Medication-Assisted Treatment.

Background: Limited research has examined factors associated with medication-assisted treatment for justice-involved individuals. Objectives: The current study used a mixed-method design to examine...
Assessing misperception of rotation in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with static and dynamic visual images.

BACKGROUND Perception of self-motion is difficult for patients to describe. In addition, the relationship between perceived rotation and eye movements is poorly understood, because most studies of patients have investigated only static orientation. OBJECTIVE First, to determine whether patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) can use visual images to report perceived rotation elicited by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. Second, to determine if the direction of patients' perceptions align with data on classical nystagmus direction. METHODS After the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, BPPV patients viewed images - sketches or video animations - representing possible perceived motions. They selected one or more images representing perception. RESULTS All subjects could select images. The directions of the videos were most often backward pitch and/ or ipsilateral roll and yaw relative to body orientation in the supine Dix-Hallpike position, generally consistent with the canal stimulus. Perceived direction of rotation was statistically significantly different from the direction of eye movements as published previously, suggesting a difference in mechanisms for perception and eye movements. CONCLUSION Patients can easily learn to use a video language to describe their experiences. Perception is generally aligned with canal stimulus and nystagmus, but not exactly.
The Casebooks of Simon Forman and Richard Napier, 1596–1634: A Digital Edition. Edition

This is a review of The Casebooks of Simon Forman and Richard Napier, 1596–1634: A Digital Edition
FBG monitoring of curing in single fiber polymer composites

Abstract In this study, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and a thermocouple (TC) were embedded inside an epoxy system cured at 121 °C to determine its curing characteristics. The curing behavior of this higher temperature (HT) system was also compared with a room temperature (RT) epoxy cured at 30 °C to independently verify the recently published approach developed for the RT system (Ref. 1; Hoffman, Khadka and Kumosa, 2020). The previously suggested algorithms developed to extract the gel point, the end of cure, and the curing and manufacturing strains for the RT system were successfully applied to the HT epoxy. This methodology was effectively extended to include the start of cure determination for the HT system. It was established that the manufacturing strains of both resin systems significantly exceeded the strains which could be predicted from the thermal contraction of the resins cooling from the ambient curing temperature to RT especially for the HT epoxy. The curing strains in both epoxy systems were shown to be significant, contributing to the overall manufacturing strains approximately 28% for the RT epoxy and about 45% for the HT resin. Efforts were also made to explain the source of sizable scatters in the strain measurements by evaluating temperature variations within individual and across multiple curing samples. As previously conjectured, the local temperature concentrations (hot spots) were responsible for the scatters in the strain measurements.