cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic hydroxylation of benzene and cyclohexane using in situ generated hydrogen peroxide: new mechanistic insights and comparison with hydrogen peroxide added directly

Hydrogen peroxide is considered an ideal “green” oxidant due to its high oxidizing ability and lack of toxic by-products. Herein, we report on an oxidation procedure that couples metallic palladium-catalyzed in situ hydrogen peroxide generation from dihydrogen and dioxygen with a second vanadium or iron catalyst that utilizes the hydrogen peroxide for the hydroxylation of benzene and cyclohexane. Studies indicate that the slow step in the overall reaction is the formation of usable hydrogen peroxide, and the mechanism of hydroxylation by the second catalyst is not affected by the presence of metallic palladium. The reported procedure, which resembles monoxygenases, allows the direct use of dioxygen in catalytic oxidations. Comparisons between the in situ method of hydrogen peroxide generation and hydrogen peroxide added via syringe pump show that the in situ method is more selective. Additionally, new insight into the mechanism of vanadium-catalyzed benzene hydroxylation is reported. Mechanistic investigations include the observation of a high NIH shift, the use of a radical cation rearrangement probe, and the first use of H 2 18 O enrichment studies. Based on these, an electron transfer mechanism resulting in a radical cation intermediate is proposed. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Late archaic settlement patterns of the inner coastal plain of New Jersey

Late Archaic (4000-1000 B.C.) settlement patterns in the State of New Jersey are poorly understood in comparison with other parts of the Northeastern United States. This study is designed to evaluate current settlement pattern data, using logistical models of land use, against available archaeological data. Current data indicate that Late Archaic populations exhibited a complex series of seasonal movements, based upon seasonal availability of resources and highly ritualized cremation burial behavior. Late Archaic groups coalesced in riverine zones of the Inner Coastal Plain in the fall, as economic activities oriented toward nut harvesting, mammal hunting, and fishing, coincided with increasingly formal and complex cremation burial ritual; settlement systems at this time broadly correspond to collectors. With the completion of the fall season food harvesting and ritual cycle, mobile groups most resembling foragers dispersed into upland zones in the winter months to hunt mammals and coastal zones in the spring and summer to procure aquatic-related resources. Regional climatic changes toward the end of the Late (Terminal) Archaic and the early portion of the Early Woodland (1200-500 B.C.) may have necessitated higher group mobility more typical of foragers and corresponding changes in cremation burial ritual.
PICCO: a general-purpose compiler for private distributed computation

Secure computation on private data has been an active area of research for many years and has received a renewed interest with the emergence of cloud computing. In recent years, substantial progress has been made with respect to the efficiency of the available techniques and several implementations have appeared. The available tools, however, lacked a convenient mechanism for implementing a general-purpose}program in a secure computation framework suitable for execution in not fully trusted environments. This work fulfills this gap and describes a system, called PICCO, for converting a program written in an extension of C into its distributed secure implementation and running it in a distributed environment. The C extension preserves all current features of the programming language and allows variables to be marked as private and be used in general-purpose computation. Secure distributed implementation of compiled programs is based on linear secret sharing, achieving efficiency and information-theoretical security. Our experiments also indicate that many programs can be evaluated very efficiently on private data using PICCO.
Documentation, information science, and library science in the U.S.A.

Abstract Three related questions are addressed: why was the work of the European documentalists largely ignored in the U.S.A. before the Second World War? What was the “information science vs library science” argument about? Technological innovation was a vital force in library science in the late 19th century and again after 1950. Why was it not a vital force inbetween? Examination of the technological background and of the Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, suggests that there was a temporary paradigm change away from design and technological innovation. Arguments over “information science” reflected a reversal of that paradigm.
The Use of Arrays Smaller than Implied by the Range of Descriptors for Multiparameter Pulse Height Analysis

A program for use with multiparameter pulse height analysis is described. The main purpose of the program is to permit reasonably rapid accumulation of data into arrays which are much smaller than implied by the range of descriptors. In addition the method readily permits the use of descriptors which exceed the bit capacity of the computer word. Any grouping of zero and non-zero channels as is observed in most real spectra is especially exploited. In many cases, the data can be retained in a packed array in core memory until the actual number of non-zero channels becomes almost as large as the allotted core-memory space, at which time the array is transferred to another space in core (where it will be transferred onto disc as a background operation), the core array is reinitialized, and the data acquisition is continued. With this procedure, multichannel arrays as large as the available disc memory can be stored on disc without the data acquisition suffering from the very slow random access time of the disc. Methods of data handling and the resulting effective counting rates are discussed.
Forage nutritive value as affected by fertilizer application.

Summary The digestibility of orchardgrass was determined as affected by fertilizer application. Results showed that under favorable conditions, digestibility, as well as dry matter and energy yields of forage, can be significantly increased by the use of fertilizer. Under unfavorable conditions, few or negative digestibility effects were noted. Increasing plant pigment content was found to be associated with higher forage digestibilities. Under favorable conditions, fertilizer treatment raised the pigment content of forage. Under favorable growth conditions, aftermath forage harvested on the same date but given dissimilar fertilizer treatment was found to differ in digestibility and feeding value. Digestibility data showed divergence among the digestibility methods used. Not only did each of the three pigment methods differ significantly from the standard total collection method but they also differed significantly from each other.
Novel three-dimensional imaging technique improves the accuracy of hepatic volumetric assessment.

Background With pre-operative prediction of liver volume becoming increasingly important to safely carry out complex hepatic resections, the aim of the present study was to validate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3-D) liver surgery operative planning software in performing hepatic volumetry.
Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls

Abstract Yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris were reported to produce qualitatively different alarm calls in response to different predators. To test this claim rigorously, yellow-bellied marmot alarm communication was studied at two study sites in Colorado and at one site in Utah. Natural alarm calls were observed and alarm calls were artificially elicited with trained dogs, a model badger, a radiocontrolled glider and by walking towards marmots. Marmots ‘whistled’, ‘chucked’ and ‘trilled’ in response to alarming stimuli. There was no evidence that either of the three call types, or the acoustic structure of whistles, the most common alarm call, uniquely covaried with predator type. Marmots primarily varied the rate, and potentially a few frequency characteristics, as a function of the risk the caller experienced. Playback experiments were conducted to determine the effects of call type (chucks versus whistles), whistle rate and whistle volume on marmot responsiveness. Playback results suggested that variation in whistle number/rate could communicate variation in risk. No evidence was found of intraspecific variation in the mechanism used to communicate risk: marmots at all study sites produced the same vocalizations and appeared to vary call rate as a function of risk. There was significant individual variation in call structure, but acoustic parameters that were individually variable were not used to communicate variation in risk.
Presence of a chaotic region between subthreshold oscillations and rhythmic bursting in a simulation of thalamocortical relay and reticular neurons

The complex interplay of ionic conductances within the thalamo-reticular network give rise to multiple modes of activity. They include the spindle oscillations in the 7–14 Hz range observed during drowsiness and the slow 0.5–4 Hz oscillations that is observed during deep sleep. This activity is a function of both the circuitry as well as the intrinsic properties of the neurons. The functional connectivity of the thalamic cells (TC) and reticular neurons (RE) are of particular importance in the synchrony and other network properties. The thalamus and the cortex have reciprocal excitatory connections and also send excitatory collaterals to the RE. The RE have inhibitory projections to TC1’2. The TC cells show a post-inhibitory rebound bursting property that is mediated by a low-threshold Ca2+ current (IT) 3. The voltage range of activation and inactivation of the low – threshold Ca21 current (IT) is between -80 and -50 mV. A hyperpolarizing current results in the deinactivation of the low-threshold Ca2+ conductance and a rebound burst is produced at the end of the hyperpolarizing pulse due to the activation of the lowthreshold Ca2+ conductance that depolarizes the membrane potential to the threshold for the fast Na+ spikes. The interplay of IT and a mixed Na+/K+ current IH which is activated by hyperpolarization in a subthreshold range has been shown to be essential for the intrinsic oscillations of TC neurons2. A similar low-threshold Ca2+ current (ITS) is also observed in RE cells with slower kinetics. The RE cells also show intrinsic rhythmic firing properties which are mediated by a set of three currents, ITS, a Ca2+ activated K+ current IK[Ca2+] and a non-specific cation current ICAN 2
Paradoxical decrease in the capture and lymph node delivery of cancer vaccine antigen induced by a TLR4 agonist as visualized by dual-mode imaging.

Traditionally, cell-mediated immune responses to vaccination in animal models are evaluated by invasive techniques such as biopsy and organ extraction. We show here that by combining two non-invasive imaging technologies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we can visualize both the afferent and efferent arms of cellular events following vaccination longitudinally. To this end, we evaluated the immune response elicited by a novel toll-like receptor 4 agonist vaccine adjuvant, glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), using a whole cell tumor vaccine. Following magnetovaccination, MRI was used to visualize antigen presenting cell-mediated antigen capture and subsequent migration to draining lymph nodes (DLN). Paradoxically, we observed that the incorporation of GLA in the vaccine reduced these critical parameters of the afferent immune response. For the efferent arm, the magnitude of the ensuing antigen-specific T cell response in DLN visualized using BLI correlated with antigen delivery to the DLN as measured by MRI. These findings were confirmed using flow cytometry. In spite of the GLA associated reduction in antigen delivery to the DLN however, the use of GLA as a vaccine adjuvant led to a massive proliferation of vaccine primed antigen-specific T cells in the spleen. This was accompanied by an enhanced tumor therapeutic effect of the vaccine. These findings suggest that GLA adjuvant changes the temporal and anatomical features of both the afferent and efferent arms of the vaccine response and illustrates the utility of quantitative non-invasive imaging as a tool for evaluating these parameters during vaccine optimization.
A radiotherapy treatment technique for cervical lymph node metastases

A technique is described for treatment of patients with primary tumors of the head and neck with posteriorly placed metastatic cervical lymph nodes. The technique employs postero-oblique fields with reversed wedge filters in combination with lateral parallel opposed pair fields. It enables high doses to be delivered to the primary tumor and involved lymph nodes while keeping doses to the spinal cord within acceptably low levels.
Experience with flight test trajectory guidance

A system that provides the test pilot with flight test trajectory guidance is presently evolving at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility. In use, this system has resulted in discernible improvements in the ease and accuracy with which pilots have approached and maintained the desired flight test conditions or trajectories. This paper describes the use of the guidance system in several past flight programs at Dryden, including the F-111 TACT program, the F-15 airframe/propulsion system interaction program, the F-15 cone transition and boundary layer experiments, and the Space Shuttle tiles flight test program.
Social Welfare Policy and Political Opening in Mexico

In this article I wish to provide an overview of the changing priorities that successive Mexican governments have given the social development sector since the administration of President Echeverria (1970–6). This will be set against a backcloth of political reform and an opening of the political space in which parties other than the ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) have been allowed to function, albeit under certain constraints. In addition I will examine important changes that have been undertaken both in the nature of social policies themselves, but also in the patterns and efficiency with which public agencies have delivered this particular social good. I argue that in Mexico, as in many advanced capitalist countries since Bismarck's Prussia during the late nineteenth century, social welfare provision is an important element in the understanding of political management and 'statecraft'.1 As well as providing a temporary palliative to offset some of the negative outcomes of rapid urbanisation and economic growth based upon low wage rates and trickle-down, social policy provides an arena through which scarce societal resources may be negotiated. As I will describe, those patterns of negotiation change for a variety of reasons: as power relations shift; as economies reflate or turn into recession; as the level of state intervention and control intensifies or slackens; as our diagnosis of specific problems and the policy instruments we develop become more sophisticated and sensitive to local needs; and last, but not least in the context of Mexico, are included changes that arise from human agency as different presidents take executive office.
Using texture to analyze and manage large collections of remote sensed image and video data

We describe recent research into using the visual primitive of texture to analyze and manage large collections of remote sensed image and video data. Texture is regarded as the spatial dependence of pixel intensity. It is characterized by the amount of dependence at different scales and orientations, as measured with frequency-selective filters. A homogeneous texture descriptor based on the filter outputs is shown to enable (1) content-based image retrieval in large collections of satellite imagery, (2) semantic labeling and layout retrieval in an aerial video management system, and (3) statistical object modeling in geographic digital libraries.
Computational holographic bandwidth compression

A novel technique to compute holographic fringe patterns for real-time display is described. Hogel-vector holographic bandwidth compression, a diffraction-specific approach, treats a fringe as discretized in space and spatial frequency. By undersampling fringe spectra, hogel-vector encoding achieves a compression ratio of 16:1 with an acceptably small loss in image resolution. Hogel-vector bandwidth compression achieves interactive rates of holographic computation for real-time three-dimensional electro-holographic (holovideo) displays. Total computation time for typical three-dimensional images is reduced by a factor of over 70 to 4.0 seconds per 36-MB holographic fringe and under 1.0 seconds for a 6-MB full-color image. Analysis focuses on the trade-offs among compression ratio, image fidelity, and image depth. Hogel-vector bandwidth compression matches information content to the human visual system, achieving "visual-bandwidth holography." Holovideo may now be applied to visualization, entertainment , and information.
In utero glucocorticoid exposure reduces fetal skeletal muscle mass in rats independent of effects on maternal nutrition.

Maternal stress and undernutrition can occur together and expose the fetus to high glucocorticoid (GLC) levels during this vulnerable period. To determine the consequences of GLC exposure on fetal ...
Nocturnal Cardio-Respiratory Indices - A Novel Screening Tool for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Disordered Breathing

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common breathing disorder among children with a prevalence estimated at 2-4%. Electrocardiography (ECG) based signal processing, especially heart rate analysis, demonstrated its promising future as both an alternative to other expensive portable sleep study methods and additional approach to sleep cardio-respiratory autonomic interactions which the current clinical standard polysomnography (PSG) lacks. A novel strategy was applied on pediatric OSA detection using RR intervals. A sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive value of 89%, and negative predictive value of 96% was achieved in case-to-case detection using 37 clinical pediatric full PSG data
Local‐scale biotic interactions embedded in macroscale climate drivers suggest Eltonian noise hypothesis distribution patterns for an invasive grass

A hierarchical view of niche relations reconciles the scale-dependent effects of abiotic and biotic processes on species distribution patterns and underlies most current approaches to distribution modeling. A key prediction of this framework is that the effects of biotic interactions will be averaged out at macroscales – an idea termed the Eltonian noise hypothesis (ENH). We test this prediction by quantifying regional variation in local abiotic and biotic niche relations and assess the role of macroclimate in structuring biotic interactions, using a non-native invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, in its introduced range. Consistent with hierarchical niche relations and the ENH, macroclimate structures local biotic interactions, while local abiotic relations are regionally conserved. Biotic interactions suppress M. vimineum in drier climates but have little effect in wetter climates. A similar approach could be used to identify the macroclimatic conditions under which biotic interactions affect the accuracy of local predictions of species distributions.
Statistical performance evaluation and system modeling for a Compton medical imaging system for higher energy photon imaging

The objective of this research is to study the performance of a dual-planar silicon/Anger camera based Compton imaging system for imaging higher energy photons emitted from 131-I using, and compare it with a conventional collimated Anger camera. The Compton imaging system is a potentially effective medical imaging device for monitoring radionuclide cancer treatments that can obtain greatly improved performance in both detection efficiency and spatial resolution for higher energy photons (e.g., 364keV) over conventionally collimated Anger cameras. The Compton imaging system decouples the tradeoff between spatial resolution and detection efficiency inherent to absorbing collimation. System performance is primarily determined by Doppler broadening, energy resolution and spatial resolution of the scattering and absorbed detectors (in addition to the Compton image formation process). In the study, the effective system model of the Compton imaging system was developed considering all factors involved in the Compton process including above three primary uncertainties. Based on the system model, the system performance and comparison were analyzed using the modified uniform Cramer-Rao bound we developed and verified along with the Monte Carlo calculation. From the illustrated bound curves that compare the effect of silicon detector energy resolution and system spatial resolution by simulating a 2D disk having uniform activity, the limiting factor is Doppler broadening for Compton camera performance at 364 keV. Our predictions show that performance of the proposed Compton imaging system is superior to the collimated Anger camera especially as the desired image resolution is better than the “natural” resolution of the conventional collimator.
An enduring enthusiasm for academic science, but with concerns.

I turned 70 this year and started graduate school shortly after turning 20. Thus, at this writing, I have spent 71.3% of my life in academic science. I have no regrets and hope to continue for years to come, because I remain an unabashed enthusiast for both the research and education components of this profession. The high honor of the E. B. Wilson Medal and the accompanying request to write this essay give me an opportunity to reflect on why this is so, as well as on my concerns about the fouling of the nest that has made it harder for any of us—but particularly for younger people—to enjoy academic science as I have over the past 50 years. My enthusiasm should not be misunderstood as naivete. I well understand that not every aspect of the job is fun; some tasks are inevitably tedious or even painful. It hasn't always been easy for me personally; like most people, I struggle with my own limitations, notably an incurable perfectionism and the frequently linked traits of avoidance and procrastination, which have often made it difficult for me to finish papers and other tasks. I have had papers and grants rejected and seemingly great ideas that turned out to be lousy when actually tested. As a graduate student, postdoc on two continents, faculty member at three universities, and dean for graduate students and postdocs, I have seen plenty of nasty stuff: subcompetent people obstructing progress at all levels; arrogance and self-centered insensitivity to the feelings of others; exploitation of students and postdocs by faculty; dishonesty ranging from exaggerated claims and the concealment of inconvenient data to gross fabrication; pointless and demeaning squabbles about priority and authorship; abuse of the still-critical tenure system; inappropriate behavior by editors and reviewers; and behavior driven by lust for power, money, and fame rather than by any desire to understand nature and (perhaps) improve human well-being in the process. And, in recent decades, I have seen the environment in which science is done erode in ways that I deplore. Nonetheless, I still feel that doing science is fundamentally Good (even noble) and that universities are wonderful places. I still look forward (almost) every day to going to the lab, and I have liked (to various degrees) almost every scientist I have known over a long career. How can this be? My attempt at explanation follows.
Land Value Recapture in the US: the Case of San Francisco

During the period immediately after World War II, planning in North America and Europe followed highly centralized, top-down, command-and-control approaches that were based on the rational-comprehensive model of planning, which implies an all-knowing, all-powerful government. Part and parcel of this approach was the government’s control of development land and its value. Beginning in the 1970s, as the precepts of an all-knowing, interventionist state clashed with the reality of uncontrollable global forces driven by multinationals and international finance, it became clear that planning had become a market-driven process, a “servant of the market,” and that inflexible, detailed plans would not work in most real-life situations. Consequently, such plans were either ignored or overridden. This crisis of planning spurred a search for alternatives based on public-private partnerships, negotiation, and flexibility including ways to transfer increased land values to the public trough the
Emotional and sexual health in cancer: partner and relationship issues

Purpose of review During the past decade, partners have been seen as integral to cancer survivors' emotional and sexual well-being. The couple is viewed as the unit that copes with the impact of cancer on the most intimate aspects of the relationship, including sexuality. This review aims to provide an update on research reported in the past 2 years on partners and couples. Recent findings Two thematic areas emerge: cancer-related distress management through increased communication, intimacy and building coping skills, and recovery of sexual intimacy. Observational studies have deepened our understanding of both areas and interventions are increasingly tested through more sophisticated methodologies. There is a developing consensus on desired outcomes, including more informed expectations of functional outcomes and enabling grief, communication, acceptance of the 'new normal,' and dyadic coping. Summary The most significant challenge to this area of cancer survivorship is the lack of implementation of psychosocial research findings in usual care. However, clinicians can start the conversation and use concepts identified as relevant and useful in research, such as expectations, grief, or 'new sexual health normal' and include partners in their care for cancer survivors. Future steps include continued work on conceptualization of these issues, the development of appropriate measures and interventions, and further dissemination of dyadic data analytic methodology.
Improvement of the Quantification of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Paraffin-Embedded Tumors by Image Analysis

It has been shown previously that estrogen receptors (ER) detected by immunohistochemical examination of paraffin-embedded tissue sections could be quantified by computerized image analysis. Several factors were identified that were, in part, responsible for the modest correlation obtained with biochemical assay results. In the present study, 45 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas from a previous study were reevaluated to determine if current methods could provide a better correlation and more consistent results. Sections of the tumors were made to react with estrogen and progesterone receptor antibodies (ER-ICA and PgR-ICA) and the intensity of the stain was quantified using an image analysis system. Vimentin immunostain was used to assess the degree of antigenic loss. Quantitation was performed only on the areas with nuclear staining. The correlation of the estrogen and progesterone receptor values obtained by the dextran charcoal-coated method with the percentages of stained areas and with the intensity of the stain was excellent. The agreement between both methods was 91.1% for estrogen and 86.7% for progesterone receptor values. These results represent a significant improvement compared with those found in a previous study (87% agreement for estrogen receptor). The current approach to estrogen and progesterone receptor quantitation is simplified and eliminates subjectiveness in the selection of the fields for evaluation. The studies are reproducible because discrepancies due to sampling techniques are excluded. Finally, the method validates the technique as a substitute for cytosol-based methods. The results of the two vastly dissimilar assays, the pitfalls of the "gold standard" dextran charcaol-coated assay, and the need for retrospective studies to acquire a range of quantified ER-ICA and PgR-ICA values with clinical significance are discussed.
Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol using commercial reagents.

A radioimmunoassay using a commercially available antiserum was evaluated for measurement of serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy. The evaluation showed an inter-assay variance of 12.1%, intra-assay variance of 6.8%, sensitivity of 0.2-0.6 ng/ml (0.7-2.1 nmol/l), and average recovery of 85.3%. The assay is specific for unconjugated estriol, showing less than 1% cross-reactivity with estriol-3-sulfate and estriol-16-glucuronide. Normal limits were established from 7 to 40 weeks' gestation using 175 serum samples. No diurnal variation could be demonstrated at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. Eighty-nine serum specimens and 82 urine specimens obtained from 18 high-risk pregnancies were within normal limits except in cases of intruterine fetal death, pre-eclampsia, and suspected placental sulfatase deficiency. Serial urinary estriol levels fluctuated as much as 75%, while serial serum samples varied by only 30%.
On the control of concurrent systems by restrictions of the state behaviour

Properties of concurrent systems like deadlock-avoidance, fairness etc. can be achieved by appropriate controls of the external behaviour in many cases. The paper investigates the problem in which way such controls can be realized by restrictions of the internal state behaviour of the systems.
Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of 2002 to David Hill

In the spring of 1968, I gave my very first talk at a scientific meeting, the Seismological Society of America in St. Louis. In those days the SSA was still just barely small enough to hold only one large session, so it began early and went a little late. I was feeling a little sorry for my self because I was assigned the second talk of the meeting very early in the morning. Well, it turned out that the very first talk of the meeting, the one before mine, was a graduate student from Caltech who snowed me, and not me alone, with a theoretical talk about head waves. You can probably guess that that grad student was Dave Hill. Two years later, both with freshly minted PhDs, we ended up as acolytes of Lou Pakiser and Jerry Eaton at the USGS Office of Earthquake Research …
Bifurcation trees of period-3 motions to chaos in a time-delayed Duffing oscillator

The time-delayed Duffing oscillator is extensively applied in engineering and particle physics. Determination of periodic motions in such a system is significant. Thus, here in, period motions in the time-delayed Duffing oscillator are discussed through a semi-analytical method. The semi-analytical method is based on the implicit mappings constructed by discretization of the corresponding differential equation. Complex period-3 motions are predicted, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation analysis are completed.
Liberty, Equality, Posterity?: Some Archival Lessons from the Case of the French Revolution

The French Revolution has been widely regarded as a turning point in archival history, yet few have probed the complexity and numerous contradictions of this transitional period. Rather than smoothly ushering in a new concept of archives or archival practice, the Revolution fostered two divergent tendencies. Records and documents from the Old Regime were reviled and frequently destroyed, even as archival structures were developed to care for new records of the Republic, and for selected records from the past. This article explores both of these tendencies in order to provide a fuller picture of archival development during the Revolutionary period. Yet the very fervor surrounding archives during that time also provides the basis for more universal reflection. The battle over the appropriate formation and content of archives demonstrates the extent to which they are, above all, cultural institutions, and the ways in which archival documents are frequently of importance as much for their symbolism as for the...
The Newark Dioxin Case

In November 1980, the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development published a report (Dioxins—EPA-600/2-80-197) that summarized the then-current literature on dioxins, their formation, sources, routes of human exposure, and the like. An appendix listed companies that manufactured products that might form dioxins as byproducts. About 50 of these were classified as I or II—products most likely to produce dioxins—and about 125 as class III—dioxins less likely but still possible. This list subsequently became the basis for EPA’s National Dioxin Strategy.
Corynebacterium jeikeium endocarditis: A case report and comprehensive review of an underestimated infection

Diphtheroids are gram-positive pleomorphic bacilli in the family of Coryneform bacteria. These organisms are present as part of the human flora. Past practice habits had been to consider them as contaminants when isolated from clinical samples. Corynebacterium jeikeium is one of the most clinically important nondiphtherial Corynebacteria that can cause different forms of infections specifically in patients with underlying risk factors and co-morbidities including immunocompromised subjects. Through this article, we present a 67-year-old gentleman with extensive co-morbidities including heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and ESRD on hemodialysis through a femoral catheter who presented with chest pain and fatigue. Further investigation confirmed diagnosis of C. jeikeium endocarditis. We go on to review previously reported cases of C. jeikeium endocarditis and we will discuss different aspects of C. jeikeium infection with a focus on microbiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.
The Experimental Situation in D Meson Decay

It has been clear for some time that the simple light quark spectator model of charm quark decay1 does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the experimental situation. It is not clear, however, which specific changes to this picture are necessary. These changes, proposed by numerous authors, fall into two broad categories. The first approach assumes the fundamental correctness of the spectator model. That is, the dominant mechanism is thought to be decay of the charmed quark via emission of a W, with subsequent decay of the W into quark pairs. The light quark component of the meson is merely a spectator. The failures of this simple picture, that is, the non-equality of D° and D + lifetimes and the erroneous prediction of suppression of the decay D° → \(overline K ^\circ \pi ^\circ \) are dealt with by two basic modifications: 1) The change of the two QCD couplings f + and f - from their calculated values.2 These coefficients have now been calculated by renormalization group techniques not only in leading log approximations but, recently, in the next-to-leading log order. The next order changes are, in fact, small, reinforcing the correctness of the leading log values (f + ≅ .7, f - ≅ 1.9, for six fermions and a mass scale of ∼2 GeV) which have been in use for several years. Nonetheless, in order to account for the experimental facts within this context, it is necessary to postulate that f - is, in fact, very much larger than f +. Since the two spectator diagrams in D + decay lead to the same final quark state, they can interfere. If f - >> f +, this interference can be destructive, reducing the D + decay rate and lengthening the D + lifetime. Thus, in this picture the D +/D° lifetime difference is ascribed to an increase in the D + lifetime, with the D° and F + lifetimes occurring at values one would estimate by scaling from muon decay by (m μ/m c )5. 2) The second approach attributes the shorter D° lifetime to the importance of additional (W exchange) amplitudes, occurring only in D° decay.3 These are, naively, suppressed by helicity conservation at the light quark vertex. Either through explicit radiation of soft gluons, or through the gluon component of the quark wavefunction, the W exchange diagram is then enhanced. In this picture, the D + lifetime would occur at the “normal” value while the D° lifetime (and perhaps the F + lifetime through similarly enhanced W annihilation graphs) would be shortened. Since the W exchange process leads to I = 1/2 final states in hadronic D° decay, whereas the spectator process produces both I = 1/2 and I = 3/2 final states, reinforcement of I = 1/2 configurations would be indicative of the importance of exchange diagrams.
A Conceptual and Methodological Overview of Cardiovascular Reactivity Research

Cardiovascular reactivity is a psychophysiological construct referring to the magnitude, patterns, and/or mechanisms of cardiovascular responses associated with exposure to psychological stress. It is a term that is used to refer to the propensity for an individual to exhibit an alteration in cardiovascular activity during exposure to some external, predominantly psychological stimulus, which may, or may not, elicit an active behavioral response. Hence, cardiovascular reactivity is assumed to be a behavioral trait. A key objective of this chapter is to review the available evidence relevant to this contention.
The Body as A Field of Meaning: Implications for the Ethics of Diagnosis

Evaluation, explanation, and the ethics of intervention are tightly intertwined in medicine, because medicine intrudes intimately into the minds, bodies, and lives of humans. As Jose Mainetti [2], Stuart Spicker [3], and Thomas Bole [1] show, diagnoses are evaluative because concepts of disease, illness, affliction, and deformity presuppose judgments about when the minds and bodies of humans fall short of physiological or psychological ideals. To identify something as a disease or illness is to judge that it is a state of affairs that fails to realize some view of how human bodies and minds ought to be. Circumstances are regarded as diseases or deformities rather than as interesting psychological, anatomical, or physiological variations, because they involve a pain or discomfort worthy of remedy, a lack of grace or form worthy of treatment, or a loss of a usual or generally desired human function. One invests labor in making a diagnosis not simply in order to know truly, but because one would hope to be able to avoid or mitigate some unpleasant state of affairs. In the case of prognosis, one wants at least to be able to plan for likely unpleasant future developments.
An integrated framework for automatic Ki-67 scoring in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

The Ki-67 labeling index is a valid and important biomarker to gauge neuroendocrine tumor cell progression. Automatic Ki-67 assessment is very challenging due to complex variations of cell characteristics. In this paper, we propose an integrated learning-based framework for accurate Ki-67 scoring in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. The main contributions of our method are: a novel and robust cell detection algorithm is designed to localize both tumor and non-tumor cells; a repulsive deformable model is applied to correct touching cell segmentation; a two stage learning-based scheme combining cellular features and regional structure information is proposed to differentiate tumor from non-tumor cells (such as lymphocytes); an integrated automatic framework is developed to accurately assess the Ki-67 labeling index. The proposed method has been extensively evaluated on 101 tissue microarray (TMA) whole discs, and the cell detection performance is comparable to manual annotations. The automatic Ki-67 score is very accurate compared with pathologists’ estimation.
Professional Responsibility for the Welfare of Potential Life

Most physicians who treat women are, from time to time, confronted with pregnant patients whose treatment will affect the welfare of the patient, the fetus, or both. Treatment may or may not be lifesaving for the mother and thereby only indirectly involve the fetus, or the treatment may directly involve the fetus, requiring invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The patient may or may not agree with either type of treatment. Also, during the course of assessment or treatment, the physician may discover that certain maternal activities are potentially injurious to the fetus, for example, substance abuse or self-mutilation. Finally, there is a growing concern about the care of patients who are not pregnant but who have the potential for becoming so and about new societal trends in surrogate parenting and in vitro fertilization.
Frying performance of soybean oils with reduced linolenate content and methods to monitor deteriorative changes

Two extruded-expelled soybean oils with reduced contents of linolenic acid, ultra-low linolenic acid (ULL, 1.5%) and low-linolenic acid (LL, 2.6%), and a extruded-expelled control oil (control, 5.3% linolenic acid) were evaluated by frying French fries in a commercial-like setting for 6 h/day during 23 days. The oils became darker, increased in yellow color at the beginning, and became redder and less green throughout the process. Free fatty acids levels were not different among the oils until day 14, after which ULL was different from the control for the remainder of frying. The conjugated dienoic acid values were greatest in the control. Generally, ULL and LL oils had lower percentages of
Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Pregnancy

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder affecting 3.2% of women. More women are taking psychostimulant medications, including during pregnancy. Although stimulant use does not appear to be associated with congenital malformations, there are inconsistent data about other obstetric risks, and no long-term neurodevelopmental data exist to inform clinical management decisions. This article summarizes the available data regarding perinatal exposure to psychostimulants. It also highlights the importance of the risk-risk analysis for clinicians and patients to consider, weighing risks of medication exposure to risks of ADHD during pregnancy, including driving safety and major impairment in occupational roles.
The Effect of Edge Compliance on the Contact between a Spherical Indenter and a High-Aspect-Ratio Rectangular Fin

In the last two decades, significant progress has been made on developing new nanoscale mechanical property measurement techniques including instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy based techniques. The changes in the tip-sample contact mechanics during measurements uniquely modify the displacement and force sensed by a measurement sensor and much effort is dedicated to correctly retrieve the sample mechanical properties from the measured signal. It turns out that in many cases, for the sake of simplicity, a simple contact mechanics model is adopted by overlooking the complexity of the actual contact geometry. In this work, a newly developed matrix formulation is used to solve the stress and strain equations for samples with edge geometries. Such sample geometries are often encountered in today’s nanoscale integrated electronics in the form of high-aspect-ratio fins with widths in the range of tens of nanometers. In the matrix formulation, the fin geometries can be easily modeled as adjacent overlapped half-spaces and the contact problem can be solved by a numerical implementation of the conjugate gradient method. This method is very versatile in terms of contact geometry and contact interaction, either non-adhesive or adhesive. The discussion will incorporate a few model examples that are relevant for the nanoscale mechanics investigated by intermittent contact resonance AFM (ICR-AFM) on low-k dielectric fins of high-aspect-ratio. In such ICR-AFM measurements, distinct dependence of the contact stiffness was observed as a function of the applied force and distance from the edges of the fins. These dependences were correctly predicted by the model and used to retrieve the mechanical changes undergone by fins during fabrication and processing.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with HIV/AIDS and immune reconstitution syndrome: a case study and literature review

The etiology of posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) is typically multifactorial. Patients with HIV are at risk for the development of this syndrome. We review 17 published cases of HIV and PRES and describe the second reported case of PRES in the setting of HIV and immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS). IRIS has not yet been described as a risk factor for PRES.
Elementary principals’ social construction of parents of color and working class parents: Disrupting or reproducing conflicting and deficit orientations of education policy?

School principals, contending with competing characterizations of parents in education policy and society, may view parents in a number of ways. Two common understandings portray parents as authentic partners or, in contrast, simply supporters of the school’s agenda. This paper explores these characterizations by considering the possible link between principals’ understandings of parents and their approaches to parent engagement and/or shared decision making, especially in light of the ways that the social context and education policy construct parents of color and working class parents as deficient. We use the lens of social construction of target populations to add to the currently minimal literature that directly examines principals’ views of parents. We report findings of a multi-phase analysis of surveys of 667 elementary principals in the state of California and interviews with a subgroup of 34 of these principals. We explore how principals structured parent engagement and conceived of the goals and rationales for parent workshops, illustrating how they socially constructed the target population of parents, particularly parents of color and working class parents. We find that principals often constructed parents in terms of deficiencies and as needing to learn to better support school goals. Our findings have profound implications for advancing equity in schools.
Peer-Led Team Learning

This article describes the Peer-Led Team Learning ( PLTL) model of instruction and the critical components for its successful implementation and dissemination. It speculates about the future of PLTL and reflects on the lessons learned by the PLTL coalition as it evolved from a small consortium to a national network of about 160 faculty, fourteen hundred peer leaders and over fifteen thousand students from several disciplines, institutions and states.
Ökosysteme nach Maß

Vor noch nicht allzu langer Zeit hatte Umweltschutz ein ganz einfaches Ziel. Es ging darum, die Natur zu schutzen. Das Wort Natur stand fur alles, was nicht menschlich war – fur den uppig grunen Bereich, der unabhangig vom Einfluss der Zivilisation uberdauert hatte. Die Natur arbeitete definitionsgemas von selbst und selbststandig. Ihre Fahigkeit, sich selbst zu organisieren und Varianten hervorzubringen, verlieh ihr in den Augen vieler Menschen eine Bedeutung, die nahezu an eine Art Heiligkeit grenzte. Je weniger die Natur von der Tatigkeit der Menschen abhangig war, desto naturlicher und wertvoller schien sie zu sein.