cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A toolset for the reengineering of complex computer systems

This paper describes a set of tools for the reengineering of computer-based systems, in particular software. The toolset is based on an abstract intermediate representation (IR) which incorporates the system software architecture at five level of granularity: program level, task level, package/object instance level, subprogram level and statement level. The toolset provides a graphical user interface that allows various views of a software architecture, including call graph, rendezvous graph, call-rendezvous graph, call-data-rendezvous graph, control flow graph and dependence graphs. The information captured by the toolset is useful in software structure, flow and interaction analysis, tasks commonly performed manually during maintenance and reengineering. This information is also helpful for understanding the software design to guide software transformation, and for porting software to distributed platforms.
Housing Assistance and Disconnection from Welfare and Work: Assessing the Impacts of Public Housing and Tenant-based Rental Subsidies

The well-being of families disconnected from welfare and work are of growing concern to policymakers. This article examines the relationship between economic disconnection and housing assistance, a critical source of support that subsidizes what is the largest fixed expense for most households. Results from multilevel logistic models show that the odds of being disconnected are higher for public housing residents and lower for single mothers receiving tenantbased rental assistance in comparison to those in private housing. Findings indicate that housing policies should be considered alongside welfare policy changes aimed at economically disconnected families, and that public housing is a critical site for interventions.
Speak Clearly and Listen Well: Negating the Duty to Diversify Trust Investments

In American trust law, the settlor's intent is the polestar governing all aspects of trust management, including investment management of trust funds. By their own terms, the Uniform Prudent Investor Act (the UPIA) and other modern laws governing the prudent investment of trust funds take a secondary position to the intent of the settlor, merely providing default rules that the trust document may negate. Despite this backdrop, a recent series of cases have demonstrated that trust settlors often fail in their efforts to trump default provisions of trust law and establish customized guidelines for the management of investments. A number of these recent cases share a common fact pattern: a settlor funded a trust entirely or disproportionately with his most successful lifetime investment, such as common stock in his former employer or another favored company. In all of these cases, courts held that the settlor did not effectively negate the trustee's default duty to diversify the trust's investment assets. These recent cases raise the question of how a modern trust settlor who wishes to override default provisions of trust investment law can do so most effectively. My answer is that both settlors and judges can take steps to better effectuate settlors' intent on investment management issues. Trust settlors (and their counsel) must do a far better job of clearly documenting decisions to override default investment law. Judges must accord greater deference to trust settlors' freedom to reject default trust laws and be far more proactive in their efforts to understand, and evaluate, the significance of trust language. Put simply, trust settlors must speak with clearer voices, while judges charged with trust interpretation and oversight must listen more carefully.
Morphologic variability of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cultured in collagen gels compared to standard media

in vitro cell culture studies in which cells are grown on glass or plastic surfaces covered with a layer of culture media have shown that considerable distortion of cell shape occurs related to the interaction of the cell with the supporting solid surface. Previous work has demonstrated that this results in both morphologic and physiologic deviations from the in vivo cell structure and function. As an alternative, the use of a collagen gel raft has provided support for three dimensional growth of a number of different tissues allowing cell differentiation with the development of more normal morphology. The following study was undertaken to determine whether a collagen gel system would enhance the phenotypic expression of rhabdomyoblastic features in an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (American Type Culture Collection, Maryland, USA), compared to standard cultures. Series of tumour cells were subcultured in RPMI with 10% fetal calf serum and plated on to glass coverslips, or added, at the same density, to a type I collagen gel matrix (Becton Dickinson, Bedford, USA). Cultures were fed every 2 days and culled at the end of 1, 2 & 3 weeks. Cells grown on cover slips showed marked elongation and distortion in shape, with irregular aggregates of cells growing above the surface of the glass. Maximum cell diameters were 55.3μm. This compared to cells in gels which grew in 3 dimensional nodules composed of more rounded cells having maximum diameters of 19.5μm. Individual cells were noted which had eccentric displacement of the nucleus by aggregated eosinophilic intracytoplasmlc material, shown ultrastructurally to be thin and thick filaments (diameters 6-7nm and 13-15nm, respectively!, with readily identifiable abortive Z band formation. Filaments, although present in cells grown on glass, did not show the same degree of organisation or Z band formation. Thus, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells grown in collagen gels demonstrated greater differentiation than similar cells grown for the same length of time in standard cultures. If collagen gel cultures provide an environment which favours tumour differentiation, there may be considerable application for this technique in the further study of undifferentiated round cell tumours of childhood.
Inhibition of Protocollagen Proline Hydroxylase by Dilantin

SummaryDilantin (sodium 5,5'-diphenyl-hydantoinate) induces hyperplastic changes involving increased collagen, in the gingivae. Our experiments indicate that Dilantin inhibits protocollagen proline hydroxylase (PPH) in a noncompetitive manner and the inhibition is reversed by adding more Fe2+. Our observations suggest that Dilantin may inhibit PPH by complexing Fe2+ and it may not be directly involved in increased collagen synthesis.
Management Status of Non-communicable Chronic Diseases in Basic Public Health Service Project in Sichuan Province

Objective To study the management status of non-communicable chronic diseases in basic public health service project in Sichuan province,and explore appropriate method. Methods The management data for non-communicable chronic diseases in basic public health service project in 2012 and 2013 were collected and statistically analyzed.Results As of October 31,2013,the rate of management for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes were respectively 45. 36% and 31. 69%,higher than the corresponding rate in the last year,with an extent of 7. 62% and 11. 94%. The standard management rates for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes were respectively 91. 40% and 90. 88%. The difference on the rate of standard management for hypertension was statistically significant( χ2= 4. 83,P0. 05). The rate of standard management for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes and the rate of blood pressure or blood glucose control were higher than that of last year. The differences were all statistically significant( P0. 05). Conclusion The management for non-communicable chronic diseases in basic public health service project in Sichuan province is improving.Basic public health service project information monitoring system and the service ability of basic medical institution
Research on protocol modelling method based on behavior trees and its application

To solve the problem that the existing protocol modelling method is difficult to validate and test sequence generation algorithm has high complexity and long test sequence,this paper put forward a new protocol modelling method based on behaviour trees( BT). Sequence and selection were taken as two basic control structures to model the control flow of protocol,this paper proposed a protocol verifying method based on BT,then gave the test sequence generation method based on behavior tree. A monitoring protocol was taken as an example for modeling and verifying. Firstly,it modelled the protocol by BT. Secondly,it translated the BT model into communication sequential processes( CSP) model. Thirdly,it used a process analysis toolkit( PAT) to verify the deadlock and reachability of the model. It finishied contrast analysis of test sequences at last. The results show that protocol modelling and verification can be conveniently completed by the method of this paper,and it can reduce the computation complexity and the length of the test sequence.
Current management of a donor insemination program

Substantial evidence now exists to show that considerable maternal-fetal morbidity may result from microbiologic transmitted diseases that can be transmitted through artificial insemination by donor. In the present decade it has become increasingly clear that the use of fresh semen is potentially hazardous and its use has been discouraged by both the CDC and AFS. To minimize this risk, donor insemination programs should establish their own guidelines to thoroughly evaluate potential semen donors via history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation before the use of donor semen after cryopreservation and quarantine. The management of a donor insemination program in the future requires uniform procedures for rigorous genetic and microbiologic screening before the selection and use of semen donors for artificial insemination.
Recurrences in Surgical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis

AbstractA retrospective analysis of patients with surgical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis was done in an attempt to define the pathogenesis of treatment failure. Of 138 patients 126 (91 per cent) remain free of disease, with a median followup of 5 or more years, and 12 (9 per cent) suffered relapse an average of 9 months after orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The majority of recurrences were in the lungs. Of 12 patients who had recurrence 6 were salvaged and are alive without evidence of disease 3 or more years after the second complete remission. A history of scrotal surgery or scrotal violation, the extent of the primary tumor and the presence of sarcomatous elements in the primary were not statistically significant risk factors in this study. A higher recurrence rate with embryonal carcinoma than with teratocarcinoma was not statistically significant.
Isolated schwannoma involving extraocular muscles.

Background Progressive strabismus initially considered idiopathic may be caused by isolated schwannomas of motor nerves to extraocular muscles, detectable only on careful imaging. This study reviewed clinical experience of a referral practice in identifying schwannomas on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods We reviewed 647 cases imaged for strabismus to identify presumed cranial nerve schwannomas, identified by gadodiamide-enhanced, high-resolution surface coil orbital MRI and thin-section cranial MRI. Clinical features and management were correlated with MRI. Results Schwannomas were identified as fusiform intraneural enlargements in 8 cases: 1 affecting the trochlear nerve; 2, the abducens nerve; and 5 the oculomotor nerve. Involved muscles were atrophic. Both abducens schwannomas, 1 superior oblique, and 1 oculomotor schwannoma were subarachnoid; 3 were intraorbital, and bilateral oculomotor lesions of 1 case extended from cavernous sinus to orbit. Associated strabismus progressed for 3-17 years. Abducens schwannoma caused esotropia; trochlear schwannoma caused hypertropia and cyclotropia. Intracranial oculomotor schwannoma caused mydriasis and exotropia. Intraorbital schwannoma caused exotropia with or without hypertropia. Since lesion diameters were 3–9 mm, 6 had been previously missed on routine MRI. Conclusions Progressive, acquired strabismus may be caused by isolated cranial nerve schwannomas, representing about 1% of strabismus cases in this study, involving the oculomotor more than abducens nerve. Because most schwannomas are small and deep in the orbit, findings could be readily missed by routine imaging, leading to a possible diagnosis of idiopathic strabismus. Schwannomas should be suspected when extraocular muscles are atrophic, but the causative lesions themselves are identifiable only using targeted, high resolution MRI.
Discussion of “Communicated Values as Informal Controls: Promoting Quality While Undermining Productivity?”†

Kachelmeier, Thornock, and Williamson () investigate experimentally whether an employer's value statement can affect the way employees cognitively represent how they should approach a multi-attribute task, and therefore performance. Counter-intuitively, but consistent with their theory, they find that the value statement negatively affects performance for piece-rate incentivized participants. In my discussion, I elaborate on my comments from the 2013 CAR Conference. Specifically, I discuss contexts where a firm's value statement may have positive effects on performance, and the importance of conducting research investigating how the decisions made by management accountants affect learning.
Conceptualizing and measuring youth independence multidimensionally in the United States

In this paper I borrow from both the transition and cultural perspectives in the sociology of youth to define a new conceptual and empirical framework to analyze independence among young people, ac...
Bayesian Defenses of the Survival Hypothesis

In the prior chapter, I explored two foundational Bayesian analyses of the empirical case for survival based largely on the data of mediumship. Broad and Dodds each argued that the posterior probability of the hypothesis of personal survival relative to this evidence is not greater than ½. In this chapter, I consider Bayesian defenses of the case for survival, especially Bayesian maneuvers designed to answer the skeptical concerns introduced in the prior chapter. After a detailed examination of C.J. Ducasse’s foundational study, I consider a recent cumulative case survival argument presented by R.W.K. Paterson. These survivalist arguments highlight the significance of two “traditional challenges”: (i) the contention that the prior probability of the survival hypothesis is low (what I will call “the prior probability challenge”), and (ii) there is some rival hypothesis that leads us to expect the evidence at least as well as the survival hypothesis (what is called the “counter-explanation challenge”). However, I argue that the traditional debate, focused as it has been on (i) and (ii), has been blind to a more fundamental conceptual issue in the logic of survival arguments, namely the reliance on auxiliary assumptions to generate well-defined likelihoods. Consequently, survivalists have tended to mask rather than engage the more fundamental problems that face empirical arguments for survival. I provide a preliminary exploration of this issue here, and I develop it and its implications for the traditional challenges more fully in the remaining chapters.
The Role of Civil Wars and Elections in Inducing Political Assassinations

ABSTRACTPolitical assassinations can dramatically impact political and social dynamics, especially in times of violent political conflicts or electoral competition. The current study explores if and how specific social and political events facilitate the occurrence of political assassinations. After an examination of the logic of political assassinations, a theoretical framework is presented, which explains the role of civil wars and electoral processes as facilitators of different types of political assassinations. The theory is tested via a dataset of political assassinations worldwide between the years 1946–2013. The findings confirm that different sets of structural and contextual factors facilitate assassinations against heads of state, legislators, and leaders of opposition movements/parties. In addition, the findings illustrate the tendency of elections, especially in nonliberal settings and in polarized societies, to facilitate political assassinations rather than to calm the political environment...
News Event Understanding by Mining Latent Factors From Multimodal Tensors

We present a novel and efficient constrained tensor factorization algorithm that first represents a video archive, of multimedia news stories concerning a news event, as a sparse tensor of order 4. The dimensions correspond to extracted visual memes, verbal tags, time periods and cultures. The iterative algorithm then approximately but accurately ex- tracts coherent quad-clusters, each of which represents a significant summary of an important independent aspect of the news event. We give examples of quad-clusters extracted from tensors with at least 108 entries derived from the international news coverage of the Ebola epidemic, AirAsia flight Q8501 and Zika virus. We show the method is fast, can be tuned to give preferences to any subset of its four dimensions, and exceeds three existing methods in performance.
Throughfall chemistry in a loblolly pine plantation under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Accelerated tree growth under elevatedatmospheric CO2 concentrations may influencenutrient cycling in forests by (i) increasingthe total leaf area, (ii) increasing the supplyof soluble carbohydrate in leaf tissue, and (iii) increasing nutrient-use efficiency. Here wereport the results of intensive sampling andlaboratory analyses of NH 4 + , NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , H+, K+, Na+,Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO 4 2− , and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfallprecipitation during the first 2.5+ years of the DukeUniversity Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)experiment. After two growing seasons, a largeincrease (i.e., 48%) in throughfall deposition of DOCand significant trends in throughfall volume and inthe deposition of NH 4 + , NO 3 − , H+, and K+ can be attributed to the elevatedCO2 treatment. The substantial increase indeposition of DOC is most likely associated withincreased availability of soluble C in plant foliage,whereas accelerated canopy growth may account forsignificant trends toward decreasing throughfallvolume, decreasing deposition of NH 4 + ,NO 3 − , and H+, and increasing deposition of K+ under elevated CO2. Despiteconsiderable year-to-year variability, there wereseasonal trends in net deposition of NO 3 − ,H+, cations, and DOC associated with plant growthand leaf senescence. The altered chemical fluxes inthroughfall suggest that soil solution chemistry mayalso be substantially altered with continued increasesin atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the future.
The Inner Life of the Dying Person: by A. Kellehear, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014, 288 pp., $36.00 (paperback), $105.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780231167857

Living in the face of death changes a person physically, socially, emotionally, and spiritually. We can never fully understand the experience of dying until we confront our own death, yet we long t...
"Engage" therapy: Prediction of change of late-life major depression.

Abstract Objective Engage grew out of the need for streamlined psychotherapies that can be accurately used by community therapists in late-life depression. Engage was based on the view that dysfunction of reward networks is the principal mechanism mediating depressive symptoms. Accordingly, Engage uses “reward exposure” (exposure to meaningful activities) and assumes that repeated activation of reward networks will normalize these systems. This study examined whether change in a behavioral activation scale, an index of reward system function, predicts change in depressive symptomatology. Methods The participants (N = 48) were older adults with major depression treated with 9 weekly sessions of Engage and assessed 27 weeks after treatment. Depression was assessed with the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and behavioral activation with the four subscales of Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (activation, avoidance/rumination, work impairment, social impairment) at baseline, 6 weeks (mid-treatment), 9 weeks (end of treatment), and 36 weeks. Results Change only in the Activation subscale during successive periods of assessment predicted depression severity (HAM-D) at the end of each period (F 1, 47 = 21.05, p Limitations No comparison group. Partial overlap of Activation Subscale with HAM-D, lack of detailed neurocognitive assessment and social support. Conclusion Change in behavioral activation predicts improvement of depressive symptoms and signs in depressed older adults treated with Engage.
Ruddlesden–Popper Phase in Two-Dimensional Inorganic Halide Perovskites: A Plausible Model and the Supporting Observations

A Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) type structure is well-known in oxide perovskites and is related to many interesting properties such as superconductivity and ferroelectricity. However, the RP phase has not yet been discovered in inorganic halide perovskites. Here, we report the direct observation of unusual structure in two-dimensional CsPbBr3 nanosheets which could be interpreted as the RP phase based on model simulations. Structural details of the plausible RP domains and domain boundaries between the RP and conventional perovskite phases have been revealed on the atomic level using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The finding marks a major advance toward future inorganic halide RP phase synthesis and theoretical modeling, as well as unraveling their structure-property relationship.
Developing Personal and Social Responsibility: Committing Time to Reflection

This article further describes the importance of integrating personal and social responsibility with movement in physical education, and offers strategies to promote reflection and discussion, ensu...
An introductory programming course using video game design and unity

Video Games have become a core part of life for many and the industry is making millions. Video game principles are used in virtual reality and training scenarios for military applications. Courses in video Games are something that colleges should look into making. This paper is intended to be a course outline of an introductory course for students seeking to enter the industry.
Solitary fibrous tumor with neuroendocrine and squamous dedifferentiation: a potential diagnostic pitfall.

Summary Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a ubiquitous mesenchymal neoplasm of deep soft tissue with variable and often unpredictable biological behavior. The lineage is presumed to be fibroblastic, and histological features range from benign to overtly malignant with rare tumors showing "dedifferentiation" or transformation to undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Dedifferentiation in mesenchymal neoplasms is a phenomenon of histologic progression of a well-differentiated neoplasm to a high-grade sarcoma, which can differentiate along divergent lines. It is extremely uncommon to encounter "transdifferentiation" to non-mesenchymal lineage and still maintaining the driver genetic event of the primary tumor. Herein, we report two diagnostically challenging SFTs with transformation to neuroendocrine and squamous phenotypes. The index case is a pelvic malignant SFT, which metastasized to the liver as a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. The second case is a recurrent brain tumor initially presenting as a typical SFT and evolving into a dedifferentiated SFT with foci of squamous differentiation. Positive immunohistochemical stains for CD34 and STAT6 and the detection of NAB2-STAT6 fusion supported the diagnosis of dedifferentiated SFT in both cases. In the first case, molecular study also demonstrated that both the pelvic primary and liver metastasis harbored the same NAB2-STAT6 fusion. Dedifferentiation to a non-mesenchymal lineage/lineage infidelity can be a potential diagnostic pitfall in these tumors.
A Kitchen Table Pedagogy for Interrogating Whiteness through a Research Experience Course

After sociology undergraduates have learned about inequalities in their substantive courses, a research experience course in which they critically apply these concepts can be invaluable for fosteri...
Institutional anomie and justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally: a multilevel examination

This study draws on insights from institutional anomie theory to examine justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally. Further, it builds on a burgeoning body of multilev...
Commercial Micropropagation Laboratories in the United States

Micropropagation is the newest addition to the methods employed by horticulturists, foresters and agronomists for clonal multiplication of plants. Commercial use of this method dates back only about 30 years in the US. Commercial laboratories currently use micropropagation for (a) mass propagation of specific clones, (b) maintenance of pathogen-free (indexed) germplasm, (c) use as the initial step in a nuclear stock crop production system, (d) clonal propagation of parental stocks for hybrid seed production, and (e) year-round production of plants.
Wave-optics comparisons to a scaling-law formulation

This study investigates the use of a recently published generalized scaling law [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33(12), 2477-2484 (2016)]. In practice, the generalized scaling law accurately predicts the diffraction-limited peak irradiance in the far-field given the beam power, wavelength, propagation distance, field-effective area, and field-out-coupling factor. After reviewing this scaling-law formulation, we compare the far-zone predictions for peak irradiance and Gaussian beam spread to wave-optics simulations. Overall, the results show that this scaling-law formulation does not predict the correct peak irradiance, nor the correct Gaussian beam spread for horizontal-path scenarios with varying levels of atmospheric turbulence.
Islet encapsulation therapy — racing towards the finish line?

Transplanting pancreatic islets in immune-isolating capsules might cure type 1 diabetes mellitus while avoiding the immunosuppression that is normally needed to protect transplanted islets from rejection. A recent study demonstrates that allogeneic islets can survive in capsules with improved biocompatibility without immunosuppression in non-human primates, bringing us one step closer to applying this therapy in humans.
Effectiveness Evaluation of It's Your Game: Keep It Real, a Middle School HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection/Pregnancy Prevention Program.

Abstract Purpose This study assessed the effectiveness of the HIV/sexually transmitted infection/pregnancy prevention program, It's Your Game: Keep It Real (IYG). Methods IYG was implemented by classroom teachers in 24 urban middle schools from 2012 to 2015. Using a quasi-experimental design, each year we surveyed ninth-grade students in 10 high schools that were selected based on feeder patterns from project middle schools. We compared two groups of students (n = 4,562): (1) students whose middle school grade cohorts did not receive IYG (“No-IYG”), and (2) students whose middle school grade cohorts received IYG (“IYG”). Multilevel analyses examined differences between the two groups in the initiation of any type of sexual activity (oral, vaginal, or anal sex), presexual behaviors, and psychosocial mediators. Results Students in the IYG group were less likely to report initiation of sexual activity by ninth grade compared to students in the No-IYG group (odds ratio .77; 95% confidence interval .66–.90). The IYG group was significantly less likely to have engaged in presexual behaviors, including having been on a date, had a boyfriend/girlfriend, and touched or been touched on private body parts. The IYG group had better outcomes on 11 of 19 psychosocial variables, including knowledge; beliefs about abstinence, sex, friends’ beliefs, norms, and behaviors; reasons for not having sex; personal limits; exposure to risky situations; self-efficacy; and quality of dating relationships. Conclusions The results suggest that IYG, when implemented on a large scale by trained classroom teachers in urban public schools, had positive impacts on students’ behaviors, beliefs, and knowledge.
Biomarkers: Improving survival prediction for melanoma

The survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma can be accurately predicted using just four DNA methylation marks.
Rethinking activist educational research: definitions, methodologies, and ethics

In this article, I revisit the concept of activist educational research to consider a wider array of methodological approaches that support the documentation and transformation of systems of oppres...
Gender differences in aphasia outcomes: evidence from the AphasiaBank.

Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Aphasia is a language impairment which results as a consequence of stroke. Gender differences are reported in underlying mechanisms of stroke, however, gender differences in aphasia type and severity remain unclear. Aims To examine gender differences in aphasia impairment based on data from AphasiaBank, a research repository of data obtained from studies of aphasia. Methods & procedures The data were collected from AphasiaBank for 294 persons with aphasia (PWA) (172 men, 122 women). Baseline comparisons by gender groups were completed using independent samples t-tests and Pearson Chi square statistics. Univariate comparisons of the total Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) -AQ and -R subtests' scores were compared between the two groups using independent samples t-tests. Multivariate comparisons were completed by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Outcomes & results Gender differences were observed in the severity of aphasia with men exhibiting more severe aphasia than women. Analyses of WAB-R indicated greater impairment among men based on AQ and greater impairment was observed in individual subtest performance. Men exhibited statistically significantly lower WAB-R AQs than women (67.4 versus 75.6). Lower WAB-R AQs were derived from lower scores among men on individual subtests; information content, fluency, repetition, sentence completion, responsive speech and tests of comprehension (yes/no, auditory word recognition and sequential commands). Conclusions & implications This study offers evidence of gender differences in aphasia severity, global communication impairment and lower scores on individual subtests used to derive the WAB-R AQ. The limitations of the study with suggestions for future directions are presented.
The Competitive Effect of Multimarket Contact

Changes in the extent of multi-market contact (MMC) between firms often affect market outcomes - quantities and prices. This paper challenges the standard economic interpretation of this phenomenon as an indication of tacit collusion. We show that a strategic but purely competitive effect of changes in MMC can change the quantity provided in a market by a firm by as much as 50%, and the prices a firm sets by as much as 20%. This may have important welfare implications, specifically with regards to horizontal mergers. Studying mergers that span several markets, we show that a myopic merger policy may thwart a surplus-increasing merger wave.
Orbital pseudotumor as the presenting symptom of Crohn's disease in a male child.

Abstract Purpose This report will describe a case of orbital pseudotumor that is associated with underlying Crohn's disease in a pediatric patient. Observations An 8-year-old male with a past medical history of chronic constipation who presented to the ophthalmologist in July 2017 with a 7-month history double vision, left upper lid ptosis, left abducens nerve palsy, and an abnormal thyroid test. The patient's family history was negative for any autoimmune disease including, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus or inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnosis of orbital pseudotumor of the left eye was made based on CT scan findings and he was then treated with a one-week course of oral prednisone. After resolution of his initial symptoms, he presented a month later with swelling in his left eye and was treated with a 6-month steroid taper with resolution of symptoms. In June 2018, the patient presented with swelling in his right eye and was treated with prednisone plus steroid sparing agents. Extraocular muscle biopsy was negative for IgG4 related disease, fungal infection, or malignant lymphoma and workup for sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis was unremarkable. In September 2018, the patient presented with bloody stools, diagnosed and treated for a perirectal abscess. Subsequent colonoscopy performed in January 2019 confirmed Crohn's disease. He is currently undergoing treatment with adalimumab and is in remission in terms of orbital pseudotumor. Conclusion and Importance In conclusion, although the association between orbital pseudotumor and Crohn's disease is very rare, medical professionals should remember this connection when a patient presents with idiopathic orbital pseudotumor. To rule out this possibility, we recommend a thorough history of GI findings should be taken on the initial patient encounter. Crohn's disease may be an underlying cause of certain cases of orbital pseudotumor, and treatment and control of the underlying Crohn's disease may help to reduce recurrence rates of orbital pseudotumor. Additional studies need to be performed to better understand the association between the two diseases.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorous compounds. XI - Infrared and Raman spectra of /CH3/2PCl

Abstract The infrared spectra of gaseous and solid dimethylchlorophosphine have been recorded from 4000 to 33 cm −1 . The Raman spectra of the gas, liquid and solid have also been recorded and depolarization values have baen measured for the liquid. Assignment of the fundamentals based on their gas phase contours, depolarization values and frequency is given and discussed. For the crystalline solid there were marked changes in both the infrared and Raman spectra below 1000 cm −1 and virtually all of the intramolecular fundamentals in this low-frequency region were doubled. The largest splitting was found for the P-Cl stretch which was found at 462 cm −1 in the liquid state but at 420 and 542 cm −1 in the solid state. Such a large difference in frequency cannot be ascribed to factor group splitting in the solid but it is attributed to a non-centrosymmetric dimer since mutual exclusion was not observed.
Isomeric Differentiation and Acidic Metabolite Identification by Piperidine-Based Tagging, LC–MS/MS, and Understanding of the Dissociation Chemistries

We demonstrate a method for facile differentiation of acidic, isomeric metabolites by attaching high proton affinity, piperidine-based chemical tags to each carboxylic acid group. These tags attach with high efficiency to the analytes, increase the signal, and result in the formation of multiply-charged cations. We illustrate the present approach with citrate and isocitrate, which are isomeric metabolites each containing three carboxylic acid groups. We observe a 20-fold increase in signal-to-noise for citrate and an 8-fold increase for isocitrate as compared to detection of the untagged analytes in negative mode. Collision-induced dissociation of the triply tagged, triply charged analytes results in distinct tandem mass spectra. The phenylene spacer groups limit proton mobility and enable access to structurally informative C-C bond cleavage reactions. Modeling of the gas-phase structures and dissociation chemistry of these triply charged analyte ions highlights the importance of hydroxyl proton mobilization in this low proton mobility environment. Tandem mass spectrometric analyses of deuterated congeners and MS3 spectra are consistent with the proposed fragment ion structures and mechanisms of formation. Direct evidence that these chemistries are more generally applicable is provided by subsequent analyses of doubly tagged, doubly charged malate ions. Future work will focus on applying these methods to identify new metabolites and development of general rules for structural determination of tagged metabolites with multiple charges.
Structure and function of the juxtamembrane GAF domain of potassium biosensor KdpD

KdpD/KdpE two-component signaling system regulates expression of a high affinity potassium transporter responsible for potassium homeostasis. The C-terminal module of KdpD consists of a GAF domain linked to a histidine kinase domain. Whereas certain GAF domains act as regulators by binding cyclic nucleotides, the role of the juxtamembrane GAF domain in KdpD is unknown. We report the high-resolution crystal structure of KdpD GAF domain (KdpDG ) consisting of five α-helices, four β-sheets and two large loops. KdpDG forms a symmetry-related dimer, wherein parallelly arranged monomers contribute to a four-helix bundle at the dimer-interface, SAXS analysis of KdpD C-terminal module reveals an elongated structure that is a dimer in solution. Substitution of conserved residues with various residues that disrupt the dimer interface produce a range of effects on gene expression demonstrating the importance of the interface in inactive to active transitions during signaling. Comparison of ligand binding site of the classic cyclic nucleotide-binding GAF domains to KdpDG reveals structural differences arising from naturally occurring substitutions in primary sequence of KdpDG that modifies the canonical NKFDE sequence motif required for cyclic nucleotide binding. Together these results suggest a structural role for KdpDG in dimerization and transmission of signal to the kinase domain.
Stabilizing Dynamical Systems with Fixed-Rate Feedback using Constrained Quantizers

The stabilization of unstable dynamical systems using rate-limited feedback links is investigated. In the scenario of a constant-rate link and a noise with unbounded support, the fundamental limit of communication is known, but no simple algorithm to achieve it exists. The main challenge in constructing an optimal scheme is to fully exploit the communication resources while occasionally signaling the controller that a special operation needs to be taken due to a large noise observation. In this work, we present a simple and explicit algorithm that stabilizes the dynamical system and achieves the fundamental limits of communication. The new idea is to use a constrained quantizer in which certain patterns of sequences are avoided throughout the quantization process. These patterns are preserved to signal the controller that a zoom-out operation should be initiated due to large noise observation. We show that the constrained quantizer has a negligible effect on the rate, so it achieves the fundamental limit of communication. Specifically, the rate-optimal algorithm is shown to stabilize any β-moment of the state if the noise has a bounded absolute (β +ϵ)-moment for some ϵ > 0 regardless of the other noise characteristics.
Generation of a new immortalized human lung pericyte cell line: a promising tool for human lung pericyte studies

Pericytes apposed to the capillary endothelium are known to stabilize and promote endothelial integrity. Recent studies indicate that lung pericytes play a prominent role in lung physiology, and they are involved in the development of various lung diseases including lung injury in sepsis, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. Accordingly, human lung pericyte studies are important for understanding the mechanistic basis of lung physiology and pathophysiology; however, human lung pericytes can only be cultured for a few passages and no immortalized human lung pericyte cell line has been established so far. Thus, our study aims to establish an immortalized human lung pericyte cell line. Developed using SV40 large T antigen lentivirus, immortalized pericytes exhibit stable SV40T expression, sustained proliferation, and have significantly higher telomerase activity compared to normal human lung pericytes. In addition, these cells retained pericyte characteristics, marked by similar morphology, and expression of pericyte cell surface markers such as PDGFRβ, NG2, CD44, CD146, CD90, and CD73. Furthermore, similar to that of primary pericytes, immortalized pericytes promoted endothelial cell tube formation and responded to different stimuli. Our previous data showed that friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, is a key regulator that modulates inflammatory responses in mouse lung pericytes. We further demonstrated that Fli-1 regulates inflammatory responses in immortalized human lung pericytes. To summarize, we successfully established an immortalized human lung pericyte cell line, which serves as a promising tool for in vitro pericyte studies to understand human lung pericyte physiology and pathophysiology.
Mitotic count of fine needle aspiration material of gastrointestinal stromal tumours of the stomach underestimates actual mitotic count.

INTRODUCTION A mitotic count is required for histological grading in resections of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). However, no consensus on the utility of mitotic count in fine needle aspiration (FNA) GIST material currently exists. This study examines the relationship between mitotic counts of FNAs and subsequent resections of GISTs of the stomach. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 39 cases of GISTs of the stomach diagnosed via FNA at our institution between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2019, with subsequent resection. We noted if rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) was performed. Cell block (CB) material from FNAs was analysed for total area, percentage containing neoplastic cells, and number of mitoses. We compared the mitotic counts in CBs and subsequent resections with t tests. RESULTS ROSE was performed in 82% of cases and called adequate every time. Mean values for total CB area, neoplastic material percentage, and area of neoplastic cells were 54.7 mm2 (range 1-986), 45% (range 10%-90%), and 19.2 mm2 , respectively; 27 cases (69%) had greater than 50 high powered fields of GIST material in the CB. Mean numbers of mitoses per 5 mm2 were 0.38 (range 0-11) for CBs versus 5.92 (range 0-70) for resections (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION At our institution, ROSE adequacy of spindle cell lesions focuses on diagnosing GIST rather than obtaining adequate material for histological grading. Mitotic figures were statistically lower in FNA CB material than subsequent resections, and using mitotic counts from CB material may underestimate the histological grade of GISTs of the stomach.
Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions of Compounds of Boron, Silicon, and Tin

In this chapter, we will discuss the use of boron, silicon, and tin compounds to form carbon-carbon bonds. These elements are at the boundary of the metals and nonmetals, with boron being the most and tin the least electronegative of the three. The neutral alkyl derivatives of boron have the formula R3B, whereas for silicon and tin they are R4Si and R4Sn, respectively. These compounds are relatively volatile, nonpolar substances that exist as discrete molecules and in which the carbon-metal bonds are largely covalent. The boranes are Lewis acids, whereas the silanes and stannanes are not, unless substituted by a leaving group. The synthetically important reactions of these compounds involve transfer of a carbon substituent with one (radical equivalent) or two (carbanion equivalent) electrons to a reactive carbon center. This chapter will emphasize the nonradical reactions. In contrast to the transition metals, which often undergo a change in oxidation level at the metal during the reaction, there is usually no oxidation level change for boron, silicon, and tin compounds. We have already discussed one important aspect of boron and tin chemistry in the transmetalation reactions involved in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions discussed in Section 8.2.3.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Infection of the Nervous System

Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) suffer from a variety of neurologic disorders (Levy et al. 1985). Between 10% and 25% of AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients present with neurologic symptoms (Anders et al. 1986; Navia et al. 1986a). In the terminal phases of AIDS, up to one-half of all patients develop an encephalopathy, with autopsy studies demonstrating as much as 80% with CNS pathology (Levy et al. 1985; Anders et al. 1986). Even individuals who show only serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who are otherwise clinically normal, develop neurologic illness (Mirra et al. 1986; Lenhardt et al. 1988). We will briefly review the peripheral neuromuscular and central encephalopathic illnesses associated with HIV infection and our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in northwest Greenland and underestimates of high Arctic carbon stores

[1] The amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the high Arctic is generally poorly constrained. Because of periglacial processes such as frost churning and sequestration in frozen soils, a substantial amount of SOC is typically not inventoried. This study provides a detailed study of SOC content by depth in 55 soil pits in a high Arctic ecosystem of northwest Greenland. Sampling sites spanned ecosystems from mires to polar deserts, from sea level to the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet, and across various periglacial features. The amount of SOC in the various ecosystems was mapped using a correlation of SOC with high-resolution ASTER satellite imagery and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) classes from the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map. On the basis of this correlation, the total carbon was extrapolated to greater areas of the high Arctic. Our study found the amount of SOC in the high Arctic has typically been grossly underestimated, remarkably by the greatest amount in the most barren environments of the polar desert. We estimate that the high Arctic contains about 12 Pg SOC, a factor of over 5 times greater the most cited values previously reported. Since our estimate was only assessed in seasonally frozen ground, additional carbon frozen in the permafrost is likely present and potentially available in the event of permafrost thawing due to warming of the Arctic.
Risk factors associated with preterm delivery after fetoscopic laser ablation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

Objective Despite improved perinatal survival following fetoscopic laser ablation (FLA) for twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), prematurity remains an important contributor to perinatal mortality and morbidity. The objective of the study was to identify risk factors for complicated preterm delivery after FLA. Methods Retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data on maternal/fetal demographics and pre-operative, operative and postoperative variables of 459 patients treated with FLA in three USA fetal centers. Multivariate linear regression was performed to identify significant risk factors associated with preterm delivery, which were cross-validated using the k-fold method. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for early compared with late preterm delivery based on median gestational age at delivery of 32 weeks. Results There were significant differences in case selection and outcomes between the centers. After controlling for the center of surgery, multivariate analysis indicated that a lower maternal age at procedure, a history of previous prematurity, shortened cervical length, use of amnioinfusion, a cannula diameter of 12 French (Fr), lack of a collagen plug placement and iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes (iPPROM) were significantly associated with a lower gestational age at delivery. Conclusions Specific fetal/maternal and operative variables are associated with preterm delivery after FLA for the treatment of TTTS. Further studies to modify some of these variables may decrease the perinatal morbidity after laser therapy. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.