cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiently computing succinct trade-off curves

Trade-off (aka Pareto) curves are typically used to represent the trade-off among different objectives in multiobjective optimization problems. Although trade-off curves are exponentially large for typical combinatorial optimization problems (and infinite for continuous problems), it was observed in Papadimitriou and Yannakakis [On the approximability of trade-offs and optimal access of web sources, in: Proc. 41st IEEE Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science, 2000] that there exist polynomial size e approximations for any e > 0, and that under certain general conditions, such approximate e-Pareto curves can be constructed in polynomial time. In this paper we seek general-purpose algorithms for the efficient approximation of trade-off curves using as few points as possible. In the case of two objectives, we present a general algorithm that efficiently computes an e-Pareto curve that uses at most 3 times the number of points of the smallest such curve; we show that no algorithm can be better than 3-competitive in this setting. If we relax e to any e' > e, then we can efficiently construct an e'-curve that uses no more points than the smallest e-curve. With three objectives we show that no algorithm can be c-competitive for any constant c unless it is allowed to use a larger e value. We present an algorithm that is 4-competitive for any e' > (1 + e)2 - 1. We explore the problem in high dimensions and give hardness proofs showing that (unless P=NP) no constant approximation factor can be achieved efficiently even if we relax e by an arbitrary constant.
Multi-objective automatic calibration of SWAT using NSGA-II

This paper presents a diagnostic study on multiobjective, automatic calibration of a physically based, semi-distributed watershed model known as Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Unlike lumped models, distributed models involve large number of calibration parameters, representing the spatial heterogeneity of inputs and various physical processes within a watershed. An automatic calibration routine is developed using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) that has been proved to be an effective and efficient multiobjective search technique in various applications. The automatic routine is capable of incorporating multiple objectives into the calibration process and also employs parameterization to help reduce the number of calibration parameters. In this study, SWAT is calibrated for daily streamflow and sediment concentration. Two calibration scenarios have been considered; the first scenario uses specific objective functions to fit different portions of the time series whereas in the second scenario, the calibration is performed using data from multiple gauging stations, simultaneously. In addition, two cases of parameter distribution have been considered in the second scenario during parameterization. The application results show that the approach is consistent and effective in estimating parameters of the model. The use of multiple objectives during the calibration process resulted in improved model performance and the second scenario, in particular, provided better results partly due to the respective location of the gauging stations within the watershed. Further distribution of parameters during parameterization also resulted in better sediment simulation.
Patterned Metal Nanowire Arrays from Photolithographically-Modified Templates

An effective procedure for the fabrication of patterned nanowire arrays with micron-sized features is presented. Photolithographic methods are utilized to form set patterns onto porous anodic alumina membranes (AAM), and these modified membranes can then be used in the electrochemical growth of nanowire arrays. This approach readily allows the formation of a variety of nanowire array patterns with line widths down to several microns.
Development and evaluation of a countercurrent parallel-plate membrane diffusion denuder for the removal of gas-phase compounds from vehicular emissions

Diffusion denuders have been commonly used to remove trace gases from an aerosol (mixture of gases and particles), while allowing the particles to remain suspended in air. We present the design and evaluation of a high-flow (16.7 L min−1) countercurrent parallel-plate membrane diffusion denuder that has high removal efficiencies for both non-reactive gases such as carbon monoxide (89%), as well as volatile organic compounds (80–85%) from an automobile exhaust. Particle losses were approximately 15% for particles around 100 nm in diameter. This denuder is suitable for toxicological tests involving both human and animal exposures to combustion aerosols. The denuder may also be used for other applications, for example, to reduce the effect of gas-phase sampling artifacts on particle composition.
Association of syntaxin 3 and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) with H+/K(+)-ATPase-containing tubulovesicles in gastric parietal cells.

Abstract H+/K(+)-ATPase is the proton pump in the gastric parietal cell that is responsible for gastric acid secretion. Stimulation of acid secretion is associated with a reorganization of the parietal cells resulting in the incorporation of H+/K(+)-ATPase from a cytoplasmic membrane pool, the tubulovesicle compartment, into the apical canalicular membrane. To better characterize the role of membrane trafficking events in the morphological and physiological changes associated with acid secretion from parietal cells, we have characterized the expression and localization of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) in these cells. Each of the six different SNARE proteins examined [syntaxins 1 through 4 of 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein, and vesicle-associated membrane protein] were found to be expressed in parietal cells. Furthermore, two of these SNAREs, vesicle-associated membrane protein and syntaxin 3, were associated with H+/K(+)-ATPase-containing tubulovesicles while the remainder were excluded from this compartment. The expression of syntaxin 1 and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa in parietal cells, two SNAREs previously thought to be restricted to neuroendocrine tissues, suggests that parietal cells may utilize membrane trafficking machinery that is similar to that utilized for regulated exocytosis in neurons. Furthermore, the localization of syntaxin 3, a putative target membrane SNARE, to the tubulovesicle compartment indicates that syntaxin 3 may have an alternative function. These observations support a role for intracellular membrane trafficking events in the regulated recruitment of H+/K(+)-ATPase to the plasma membrane after parietal cell stimulation.
Small molecule antivirulents targeting the iron-regulated heme oxygenase (HemO) of P. aeruginosa.

Bacteria require iron for survival and virulence and employ several mechanisms including utilization of the host heme containing proteins. The final step in releasing iron is the oxidative cleavage of heme by HemO. A recent computer aided drug design (CADD) study identified several inhibitors of the bacterial HemOs. Herein we report the near complete HN, N, CO, Cα, and Cβ chemical shift assignment of the P. aeruginosa HemO in the absence and presence of inhibitors (E)-3-(4-(phenylamino)phenylcarbamoyl)acrylic acid (3) and (E)-N′-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene) diazenecarboximidhydrazide (5). The NMR data confirm that the inhibitors bind within the heme pocket of HemO consistent with in silico molecular dynamic simulations. Both inhibitors and the phenoxy derivative of 3 have activity against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. Furthermore, 5 showed antimicrobial activity in the in vivo C. elegans curing assay. Thus, targeting virulence mechanisms required within the host is a viable antimicrobial strategy for...
Cultural Differences and Similarities in Television Commercials in the Arab World and the United States

Understanding the nature and influences of cultural differences is central to international marketing. This article investigates cultural differences in television advertising between the United States and a select group of countries in the Arab world on the cultural dimensions of contextualization, individualism/collectivism, time orientation, and human perception of nature. The results indicate that while there are many differences between the United States and the Arab world, there are also similarities. The results indicate that there are also differences between the Arab countries, and the Arab countries should not be viewed as the same in certain situations.
An investigation of the relationship between energy density and endovenous laser ablation success: does energy density matter?

Purpose To assess the relationship between energy density and the success of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) treatment. Materials and Methods A total of 586 EVLAs were performed in a period of 35 months. Retrospective chart review was performed, and data collected included the patients' age, sex, and history of venous stripping procedures, as well as the name, laterality, and length of the treated vein segment(s) and the total energy delivered. Energy density was calculated by dividing total energy delivered (in J) by the length of vein (in cm). Energy density selection was based on the treating interventionalist's preference. Ablated segments were grouped into those treated with less than 60 J/cm, 60–80 J/cm, 81–100 J/cm, and more than 100 J/cm. Failure of EVLA was defined by recanalization of any portion of the treated vein during follow-up as assessed by duplex Doppler ultrasound examination. Failure rates were compared with the χ 2 test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results A total of 471 segments were included in the analysis with an average follow-up period of 5 months (range, 0.2–28.7 months). Overall, 11 failures were encountered, including four in the group treated with less than 60 J/cm ( n = 109; 4%), two in the 60–80-J/cm group ( n = 77; 3%), four in the 81–100-J/cm group ( n = 169; 3%), and one in the group treated with more than 100 J/cm ( n = 116; 1%). There was no statistically significant difference in failure rates among energy density ranges. Conclusion EVLA has a low failure rate that is not affected by energy density.
Volatilization of weathered chiral and achiral chlordane residues from soil.

To mitigate the impact on the environment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), we must understand thoroughly their environmental fate. Residues of many of these pollutants are still present in soil years after their legitimate uses were banned. In this report, the volatilization of one such persistent pollutant, chlordane, from a field where it was applied approximately 40 years ago, is examined in detail over the course of several years. Ambient air samples were collected at three heights above the treated soil throughout the investigation. Air samples were also collected at several background sites in Connecticut for comparison. Analysis of these samples shows that chlordane volatilization from soil continues to occur long after initial application, at rates dependent on both temperature and cultivation of the soil. Comparison of relative concentrations and enantiomeric profiles for components of technical chlordane in atmospheric samples from a variety of sources suggests a regional, urban input of...
Nanoinclusions in Dry Polymer Brushes

A theory of dry polymer brushes containing nanoinclusions is presented. Polymer brush−nanoparticle mixtures arise in various applications and in experimental systems where block copolymer materials, providing brushlike environments, organize nanoparticles to generate materials with novel properties. The ease with which a nanoinclusion enters a brush is measured by the free energy cost to introduce the inclusion, ΔFinc. This depends strongly on particle shape and size b, as does the degree to which brush chain configurations are perturbed. For inclusions smaller than the typical chain fluctuation scale or blob size ξblob, by extending the self-consistent mean field (SCF) theory for pure brushes, we show ΔFinc = P(z)Vp for an inclusion of volume Vp a distance z from the grafting surface. Here P(z) is the quadratic SCF “pressure” field. Equilibrium particle distributions within a brush of chains of length N grafted at density σ depend strongly on particle size: (i) particles smaller than a scale b* ∼ σ-2/3 ...
A whistler wave interaction with a density striation: a laboratory investigation of an auroral process

In a laboratory experiment, whistler waves are launched toward a field-aligned density gradient. Characteristic scale length and frequency ratios were carefully scaled to reproduce situations found in the auroral ionosphere. The experiment clearly shows the direct conversion of whistler waves to largely electrostatic lower hybrid waves.
Infrared spectra and density functional calculations for M(OH)(2,3) and HOMO molecules and M(OH)2+ cations (M = Y, La).

Reactions of laser-ablated Y and La atoms with H2O2 gives the M(OH)2 and M(OH)3 molecules and the HOMO dehydration product, and the cation M(OH)2+ in solid argon. Density functional calculations show that the dihydroxide molecules and cations are bent at the metal center, and the symmetric and antisymmetric O−H stretching modes are both observed in the infrared spectra. The trihydroxide molecules have calculated C3h structures characterized by strong antisymmetric O−H and M−O stretching modes. Mulliken charges increase for all product molecules going down the Group 3 family and increase as one, two, and three OH ligands are bonded to the metal center. Evidence is also presented for the Y(OH)4- anion.
Lymphoid progenitors and primary routes to becoming cells of the immune system

Extraordinary progress has been made in charting the maturation of hematopoietic cells. However, these charted processes do not necessarily represent obligate pathways to specialized types of lymphocytes. In fact, there is a degree of plasticity associated with primitive progenitors. Moreover, all lymphocytes of a given kind are not necessarily produced through precisely the same sequence of events. Particularly contentious is the nature of cells that seed the thymus, because different progenitors can generate T cells under experimental circumstances. Non-renewing progenitors with a high density of c-Kit in bone marrow are likely to replenish the thymus under normal circumstances and most closely resemble canonical T cell progenitors.
Improved syntheses, and structural and electronic characterization of carboxamide‐substituted TpCONHPh,Me and TpCONHt‐Bu,Me ligands

Improvements in the syntheses of the carboxamide-substituted tris­(pyrazol­yl)borate ligands TpCONHPh,Me [tris­(3-anilino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl)borate] and TpCONHt-Bu,Me [tris­(3-tert-butyl­amino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl)borate] are reported. Their TlI salts, namely [tris­(3-anilino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [Tl(C33H31BN9O3)], (II), and [tris­(3-tert-butyl­amino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [Tl(C27H43BN9O3)], (III), as well as the CuI carbonyl complexes (TpCONHPh,Me)Cu(CO), namely carbonyl[tris­(3-anilino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]cop­per(I) tetra­hydro­furan tri­solvate, [Cu(C33H31BN9O3)(CO)]·3C4H8O, (IV), and (TpCONHt-Bu,Me)Cu(CO), namely carbon­yl[tris­(3-tert-butyl­amino­carbonyl-5-methyl­pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]copper(I) tetra­hydro­furan hemi­solvate, [Cu(C27H43BN9O3)(CO)]·0.5C4H8O, (V), have been prepared. Their spectroscopic properties and structures are compared with those of related compounds. The mol­ecules of (II)–(V) show hydrogen bonding to either solvent mol­ecules or neighboring complex mol­ecules via amide groups. The title compounds feature the ability to engage other ligands in hydrogen bonding and they show strong electron-withdrawing character. Compound (V) displays voids of ca 800 A3 in the crystal structure.
The fate of bacteriophage φe transfecting DNA

Abstract Formation of infective centers by transfection of Bacillus subtilis with σe DNA is an inefficient process. Examination of lysates of newly transfected bacteria shows that the transfecting DNA is predominantly single stranded. In contrast to infection with intact phage, phage multiplication during transfection is inhibited by 6-( p -hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, a drug that specifically inhibits the bacterial polymerase III. Further evidence for a role for bacterial functions comes from the demonstration that [ 3 H]thymidine is incorporated into transfecting DNA, although it is excluded from phage DNA following normal phage infection. These observations suggest that the single-stranded transfecting DNA, probably fragmented, can renature and be repaired to complete phage genomes by bacterial polymerases. Preinfection of competent bacteria with helper phage results in an efficient rescue of markers from transfecting DNA. We have found that in the presence of helper phage some of the single-stranded transfecting DNA rapidly renatures, while most of the remainder is efficiently integrated into the helper phage genome.
An insulin response element in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene binds a nuclear protein induced by insulin in cultured cells and by nutritional manipulations in vivo.

Abstract Two independent cis-acting insulin response elements (IREs) in the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12], designated IRE-A and IRE-B, are sufficient to direct insulin-inducible gene expression. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, a 4-fold increase in the amount of IRE-A DNA bound to nuclear proteins was detected when extracts isolated from insulin-stimulated differentiated 3T3-L1 cells or from the liver of rats refed a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet after a 72-hr fast were compared to control nuclear extracts. The points of contact between protein and IRE-A DNA may represent a sequence recognized by at least one class of insulin-sensitive transcription factor(s).
Inhalational mold toxicity: fact or fiction? a clinical review of 50 cases

Background: Three well-accepted mechanisms of mold-induced disease exist: allergy, infection, and oral toxicosis. Epidemiologic studies suggest a fourth category described as a transient aeroirritation effect. Toxic mold syndrome or inhalational toxicity continues to cause public concern despite a lack of scientific evidence that supports its existence. Objectives: To conduct a retrospective review of 50 cases of purported mold-induced toxic effects and identify unrecognized conditions that could explain presenting symptoms; to characterize a subgroup with a symptom complex suggestive of an aeroirritation-mediated mechanism and compare this group to other diagnostic categories, such as sick building syndrome and idiopathic chemical intolerance; and to discuss the evolution of toxic mold syndrome from a clinical perspective. Methods: Eighty-two consecutive medical evaluations were analyzed of which 50 met inclusion criteria. These cases were critically reviewed and underwent data extraction of 23 variables, including demographic data, patient symptoms, laboratory, imaging, and pulmonary function test results, and an evaluation of medical diagnoses supported by medical record review, examination, and/or test results. Results: Upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, systemic, and neurocognitive symptoms were reported in 80%, 94%, 74%, and 84% of patients, respectively. Thirty patients had evidence of non–mold-related conditions that explained their presenting complaints. Two patients had evidence of allergy to mold allergens, whereas 1 patient exhibited mold-induced psychosis best described as toxic agoraphobia. Seventeen patients displayed a symptom complex that could be postulated to be caused by a transient mold-induced aeroirritation. Conclusion: The clinical presentation of patients with perceived mold-induced toxic effects is characterized by a disparate constellation of symptoms. Close scrutiny revealed a number of preexisting diagnoses that could plausibly explain presenting symptoms. The pathogenesis of aeroirritation implies completely transient symptoms linked to exposures at the incriminated site. Toxic mold syndrome represents the furtive evolution of aeroirritation from a transient to permanent symptom complex in patients with a psychogenic predisposition. In this respect, the core symptoms of toxic mold syndrome and their gradual transition to chronic symptoms related to nonspecific environmental fragrances and irritants appear to mimic what has been observed with other pseudodiagnostic categories, such as sick building syndrome and idiopathic chemical intolerance. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:239–246.
Multilayer coatings with high reflectance in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral range of 50 to 121.6 nm.

Multilayer coatings with three layers were designed to yield an increase in normal-incidence reflectance in the extreme ultraviolet over that of the available single-layer coatings. Multilayer coatings based on Al, MgF2, and either SiC or B4C were demonstrated to have higher reflectance than single layers of SiC and B4C in the spectral region from 57.9 nm to the H Lyman-α line (121.6 nm) and above. The increase in reflectance was higher at wavelengths close to 121.6 nm. Reflectance degraded slightly over time in the same way as for single layers. After a few months, multilayer coatings maintained higher reflectance than their single-layer counterparts.
Mechanism of NH3 Adsorption by Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

Dry, homoionic systems of two montmorillonites and a kaolinite were treated with NH3 and then evacuated exhaustively to eliminate any physically adsorbed ammonia. It was concluded that the NH3 retained by the minerals was associated with the exchangeable cations. The mechanism of this adsorption process is the same as that which leads to the formation of inorganic ammines, namely, the mutual attraction between unshared electrons in the NH3 molecules and ionic centers of positive charge. This sorption process is reversible at elevated temperatures and is described by the equation, nNH3 + CX ⇄ (nNH3 · C)X, where n is the number of NH3 molecules associated with each exchangeable cation, C, on exchange complex X. Accordingly, n is a coordination number and has the following values for the cations indicated: NH4, 0; K, 0; H, 1; Ca, 2; Mg, 2; Alin, 3; Alex, 6. Here in and ex refer to interior and exterior exchange sites respectively. The retention of NH3 by cations which saturate the exchange complex of clays was shown to be analogous to the formation of ammoniates by reaction of NH3 with inorganic salts. A reduced retention of NH3 by the Mg and Al 1:1 systems was ascribed to the possibility that exchangeable Mg and Al on kaolinite occur as hydroxy complexes. A significant amount of NH3 was adsorbed to the weak acid hydroxyl groups on the broken clay edges, Relative to exchange capacities this phenomenon was greater in magnitude on the 1:1 than on the 2:1 clays. Energies of NH3 adsorption on CaCl2, Ca-bentonite and NH4-bentonite were determined. Values of △H as a function of temperature were shown to be different for the Ca and NH4-clay systems. The data indicated stronger energies of retention of NH3 by the Ca-clay than for the NH4 clay. The thermodynamic data thus support the mechanisms proposed here.
A Study of the Effects on Bacteremia and Sharps Injury Rates after Introduction of an Advanced Luer Activated Device (LAD) for Intravascular Access in a Large Hospital Setting

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Over the last several years, reports from several healthcare institutions have been published indicating increased rates of bloodstream infections (BSI) associated with the use of a variety of different LADs. Factors attributed as potential causes of device-related infections include adherence to procedure, aseptic device management, and product design. In order to address incidents of sharps injuries, the Infection Control, Products Evaluation & Standardization, and Safety Committees undertook a detailed review of an advanced positive displacement device that incorporated several risk reducing design features: smooth, flat luer surface which minimizes bacterial accumulating points; no interstitial space which reduces risk of bacterial growth; dual seal design; positive fluid pulse which assists in reducing occlusion; high-flow rates. A study was designed to determine the effect of this new device on rates of bacteremia and sharps injuries when used with peripheral IVs (PIV) and central lines (CL).
Positive-tone dry-develop resist based on crosslinking a phenolic resin

We have previously shown that a copolymer of p-hydroxstyrene and p-acetoxymethylstyrene can be used as a sensitive deep UV resist. In that study we demonstrated that a formulation of this copolymer and an onium salt could be exposed, baked and developed in aqueous base to yield a high resolution negative tone relief image. In this paper we discuss a gas phase silylation process that converts this negative tone solvent-developable resist system into a positive tone dry-developable resist system. We have used an FT-IR microscope, coupled to a motorized X-Y stage, to study the silylation process as a function of UV exposure dose and silylation processing parameters. By altering the copolymer ratio, we found that resist contrast increased when the amount of acetoxymethylstyrene increased. This resist system and dry develop process were used to print 0.35 micrometers images at a DUV dose of approximately 25 mJ/cm2.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pulsed laser triggered high speed microfluidic switch

We report a high speed microfluidic switch capable of achieving a switching time of 70 musec. The switching mechanism is realized by exciting dynamic vapor bubbles with focused laser pulses in a microfluidic PDMS channel. A time-resolved imaging system has been constructed to capture the nanosecond transient channel wall deformation and the particle flow pattern. A switching of polystyrene microspheres in a Y channel has also been demonstrated. This ultrafast laser triggered switching mechanism has the potential to advance the sorting speed of the state-of-the-art microscale fluorescent activated cell sorting devices for two orders of magnitude.
The Neoclassical Synthesis in Crisis

This article attempts to provide an institutionalist analysis and diagnosis of the current crisis of orthodox economics. We shall, first, characterise the predominant opinion in economics—the neoclassical synthesis. Next, we examine the anomalies which are currently vexing orthodox opinion and their power to provoke a period of crisis and extraordinary science. In the final section, we diagnose the source of the anomalies of the neoclassical synthesis.
Beyond the Liberal-Conservative Divide: Assessing the Relationship Between Religious Denominations and Their Associated LGBT Organizations

Emerging research suggests that existing culture, including religious culture, serves to constrain and enable the rhetoric and claims of social actors in situations of conflict and change. Given that religious institutions continue to have significant authority in framing moral debates in the United States, we hypothesize that groups connected to each other through a religious tradition will share similar orientations towards the moral order, shaping the kinds of rhetoric they use and the kinds of claims they can make. To test this, we compare the official rhetoric of the 25 largest religious denominations on gay and lesbian issues, as well as their orientation towards the moral order more broadly, with the rhetoric of each denomination’s respective movement for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender inclusion, affirmation, or rights. We use Kniss’ heuristic map of the moral order to analyze and theorize about the patterns that emerge from these comparisons. Ultimately, we find that the existing rhetoric of the parent denomination on gay and lesbian issues, along with the broader moral stances they take, do appear to shape the rhetoric and ideologies of associated pro-LGBT organizations. This provides support for the notion that existing culture, belief, and rhetoric shape the trajectories of conflict and change.
Normative data on the Boston Naming Test for a group of normal older adults.

Abstract The 60-item Boston Naming Test was administered to a group of 78 normal, bright, and independently living older adults in five age groupings from 59 to 80 + in an attempt to generate normative data for an older population. Results indicated that naming abilities decline only slightly with advancing age (r = – 33), although consistent with prior research, more variation in performance was found in the higher age groups.
Highly Functionalized Pyranopyrans from Furans: A Synthesis of the C27−C38 and C44−C53 Subunits of Norhalichondrin B

A synthesis of highly functionalized pyranopyrans based on an Achmatowicz oxidation followed by a remarkably diastereoselective Kishi reduction is described in the context of studies directed toward norhalichondrin B.
Further Studies of the Unidentified Chick Growth Factors in Unsaturated Fats

Abstract LITERATURE concerning the fat requirement of the chick has been reviewed by Carver and Johnson (1953). These studies are a continuation of the work previously reported by this station in which it was demonstrated that vegetable oils and fatty acid concentrates possessed unidentified growth factors for the chick. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Day-old chicks from hens fed rations of normal fat content were reared in electric battery brooders under the usual conditions of feeding and management. Chicks and experimental treatments were allotted to the pens at random. The analysis of variance and the significant mean difference were determined according to the method reported by Snedecor (1946). The basal “fat-free” diet is shown in Table 1. The basal diet contained an average of 21.4 percent protein (nitrogen ×6.25). Vitamins were added to the diet at a level at least triple the recommended allowances of the National Research Council (1950). Liver L, the oleic …
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of mixed sandwich Group 8 cyclopentadienyl complexes containing crown trithioether ligands

The syntheses and characterization of three new mixed sandwich complexes involving crown thioether ligands and Group 8 metal ions are reported. These complexes are: [Ru(C 5 H 5 )(9S3)]PF 6 ( 1 ), [Ru(C 5 H 5 )(10S3)]PF 6 ( 2 ) and [Fe(C 5 H 5 )(10S3)]PF 6 ( 3 ), where 9S3=1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and 10S3=1,4,7-trithiacyclodecane. All three complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and all structures show an octahedral metal center with facially coordinated carbocyclic and macrocyclic ligands. The average MS bond lengths in 1 , 2 and 3 are 2.289(2), 2.331(2) and 2.1823(7) A, respectively, and these are shorter than the MS bond lengths in the corresponding bis 9S3 and 10S3 complexes. We propose that this distance decrease is caused by enhanced metal–thioether π bonding due to the strong σ-donating ability of the Cp ligand. All structures are confirmed in solution via 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetric studies on the three heteroleptic complexes show E 1/2 values that are intermediate between those of the corresponding homoleptic hexakis(thioether) complexes and metallocenes. This electrochemical behavior is also consistent with the relative σ-donating and π-accepting abilities of the Cp and trithioether ligands.
On secrecy outage capacity of fading channels under relaxed delay constraints

We consider information theoretic secrecy over flat fading channels under relaxed delay constraints. More specifically, we extend the definition of outage secrecy capacity for single-input single-output single-eavesdropper case (SISOSE) to account for relaxed delay constraints, and study the fundamental limits under two different assumptions on the transmitter CSI (channel state information). First, we provide bounds on secrecy outage capacity with k+1 block delay constraint. We show that the bounds are tight for several special cases. We also provide a weaker lower bound that is easier to compute, and show that under low SNR, delay constraint has significant impact on secrecy outage capacity. The analysis serves as an important step towards complete characterization of information theoretic security with delay and outage constraints.
Anatomy of a compound sequence boundary: a basal Silurian karstic unconformity in the Cincinnati Arch region

The Ordovician–Silurian contact in parts of the Cincinnati Arch region is an irregularly pitted erosion surface reflecting karstic weathering during a lower-mid Silurian (Aeronian) lowstand, superimposed on the Hirnantian–Rhuddanian Cherokee Unconformity. This irregular unconformity is overlain by a unit termed the “golden Brassfield”, which grades laterally into strata identified as the “red Brassfield”, a probable equivalent of the Oldham Limestone to the east–southeast. These units are Aeronian or early Telychian, considerably younger than the Rhuddanian–early Aeronian Brassfield Formation sensu stricto. Preservation of erosional topography, resulting from rapid flooding and burial of karstic surfaces, is typical of unconformities representing moderate durations.
Enteric Pathogens as Vaccine Vectors for Foreign Antigen Delivery

Live attenuated bacteria are attractive vaccine vectors that can elicit host immune responses to foreign antigens. Bacterial vectors may mimic natural infection and therefore interact with the mucosal, humoral, and cellular compartments of the immune system. A plethora of foreign (heterologous) antigens derived from bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic organisms have been expressed within bacterial vectors. Delivery of contraceptive and tumor antigens, cytokines, and adjuvants has also been explored. The result is a type of “vaccine factory” (29) in which the bacterial vector produces a foreign protein. Since bacterial vectors replicate within the host, it is hoped that they provide sustained exposure to the antigen, potentially augmenting the type and level of immune response. In addition, bacteria naturally possess immunostimulatory molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagella that can stimulate immune responses (56). Internationally, there are three live bacterial vaccines commercially available and in clinical use: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a, Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. These strains plus many other attenuated strains have been used as vectors to express heterologous antigens. Live bacterial vector vaccines have been evaluated in numerous animal and human studies, but there are currently no licensed live bacterial vector vaccines being used clinically. The most compelling rationales for the development of live bacterial vectors are the possibility of oral delivery and protection at mucosal surfaces. This review will cover attenuated bacterial enteric pathogens used as vectors to express foreign (heterologous) antigens, with emphasis on those that have reached clinical study, including Salmonella, Shigella, V. cholerae, and Listeria. This review will not cover bacterial vectors used to deliver DNA vaccines or subunit and conjugate vaccines.
SEASAT SMMR Observations of Ocean Surface Temperature and Wind Speed in the North Pacific

The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), aboard both the SEASAT and NIMBUS-7 satellites, was designed primarily to determine global sea surface temperatures and wind speeds over an extended range of atmospheric conditions. The SEASAT mission lasted approximately three months from July to October 1978, during which time sufficient data was acquired to enable an assessment of SMMR measurement capabilities under a variety of conditions. This paper reports some results of initial SEASAT SMMR assessments in the North Pacific area. A brief description is given of retrieval techniques used to derive the geophysical parameters. SMMR-derived sea surface temperatures and winds are compared with surface truth point measurements from XBT’s and buoys, and with surface truth fields derived from point measurements. Accuracies of approximately 1.5oC and 2.5 m/s rms are obtained in these comparisons.
An Efficient Algorithm for Optimum Power Allocation in a Decode-And-Forward Cooperative System with Orthogonal Transmissions

We propose an efficient algorithm that computes the maximum achievable rate of a decode-and-forward multi-relay cooperative system with orthogonal transmissions under total power constraint. In P.A. Angel et al. we have argued that in a system with Q relays the optimum rate can be found by solving Q convex problem despite the fact that the optimization problem is not convex and it belongs to a class of problems with variational inequality constraints. In this paper we show that the number of computations can be reduced from solving Q convex problem to solving only [log(Q)] + 1 convex problems. The proposed algorithm facilitates comparisons with competing alternatives in cooperative systems such as the amplify-and-forward or the compress-and-forward strategies
Non-Newtonian flow of blood in arterioles: consequences for wall shear stress measurements.

Objective: Our primary goal is to investigate the effects of nonNewtonian blood properties on wall shear stress in microvessels. The secondary goal is to derive a correction factor for the Poiseuillelaw-based indirect measurements of wall shear stress. Methods: The flow is assumed to exhibit two distinct, immiscible and homogeneous fluid layers: an inner region densely packed with RBCs, and an outer cell-free layer whose thickness depends on discharge hematocrit. The cell-free layer is assumed to be Newtonian, while rheology of the RBC-rich core is modeled using the Quemada constitutive law. Results: Our model provides a realistic description of experimentally observed blood velocity profiles, tube hematocrit, core hematocrit, and apparent viscosity over a wide range of vessel radii and discharge hematocrits. Conclusions: Our analysis reveals the importance of incorporating this complex blood rheology into estimates of WSS in microvessels. The latter is accomplished by specifying a correction factor, which accounts for the deviation of blood flow from the Poiseuille law.
A Framework for Extensible Component Customization for Component-based Software Development

Component-based software development (CBSD) increases productivity of software developers and improves overall software quality due to high degree of reusability. To achieve the full potential of CBSD, it is necessary for software developers to be able to customize components because it is rare to find the components completely matching their functional and non-functional requirements in the new applications. Existing customization approaches can be used to address this problem only in a narrow set of application domains. Addressing customization in a wide range of application domains is highly desirable, but very challenging because there are usually a number of different ways to customize a component. Different application domains can require vastly different customizations on the same component. In this paper, a framework for extensible component customization, which is independent of any run-time system or platform and can be used in a wide range of application domains, is presented.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine in men with family history of prostate cancer: a pilot study.

Abstract Objectives To describe the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) among men with a family history of prostate cancer and to evaluate the relationship between selected sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and the use of CAMs. Methods Unaffected brothers of men diagnosed with prostate cancer were asked to participate in a short computer-assisted telephone interview. The survey focused primarily on the use of different vitamins, herbal supplements, and medications, some of which are marketed for prostate health or prostate cancer prevention. Results A total of 111 men completed the survey, representing 66% of eligible study subjects. Of the 111 men, 61 (55%) reported currently taking some form of CAM, with 30% taking a vitamin or supplement purported to have prostate-specific benefits. The prevalence of CAM use generally increased with increasing age; however, men who were younger than their affected brother at the time of the diagnosis of prostate cancer were more likely to use CAMs than were older brothers. Conclusions Most men with a family history of prostate cancer take vitamins and supplements, some of which are believed to prevent future cancer occurrence. The results of this study and others provide some insight into the determinants of potentially beneficial health behaviors in high-risk individuals.
The Use of the 308‐nm Excimer Laser for the Treatment of Vitiligo

BACKGROUND. Recent reports show that 308-nm excimer laser may be an effective and safe method for the treatment of vitiligo, which is usually resistant to other available treatment methods. OBJECTIVE. The objective was to study the effectiveness of the new 308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of vitiligo. METHODS. A retrospective chart review of thirty-two patients with 55 spots of vitiligo were enrolled; a population-based sample was studied that included men and women, adults and children, with different ethnic backgrounds. The treatment was started with the lowest dose, which is 100mJ/cm 2 (comparable to one minimal erythema dose value and one multiplier). Depending on Fitzpatrick skin type, the dose was raised gradually in a stepwise fashion. In skin types I to II, the same does was repeated twice before going up to avoid burns. Patients were treated for 30 sessions, or 75% repigmentation, whichever comes first. RESULTS. Overall 55 spots were treated: 29 (52.8%) had 75% pigmentation or greater, and 35 (63.7%) had 50% pigmentation or greater. The best results were on the face: of the 21 spots treated 15 (71.5%) had 75% pigmentation, and 16 (76.2%) had 50% pigmentation or greater. Other areas (neck, extremities, trunk, and genitals) had moderate response in comparison to the face. The least response was on the hands and feet; of the 5 spots treated only 20% showed 50% pigmentation or more. CONCLUSION. Slightly more than 50% of the patients tested showed 75% or more pigmentation of their lesions, after 30 treatments or less; most of the responders had Fitzpatrick skin type III and above. All the untreated patches (controls) remained unchanged. This demonstrates that the 308-nm excimer laser is an effective method of treatment for vitiligo.
Distribution and abundance of forest birds in low-altitude habitat on Hawai'i Island: evidence for range expansion of native species

Summary The Hawaiian honeycreepers are thought to be limited primarily to middle- and high-altitude wet forests due to anthropogenic factors at lower altitudes, especially introduced mosquitotransmitted avian malaria. However, recent research has demonstrated that at least one native species, the Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi (Hemignathus virens virens), is common in areas of active malaria transmission. We examined the current distribution and abundance of native and exotic forest birds within approximately 640 km 2 of low-altitude (0–326 m) habitat on south-eastern Hawai‘i Island, using roadside variable circular plot (VCP) at 174 stations along eight survey transects. We also re-surveyed 90 stations near sea level that were last surveyed in 1994–1995. Overall, introduced species were more abundant than natives; 11 exotic species made up 87% of the total individuals detected. The most common exotic passerines were Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus), House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) and Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Two native species, Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi and ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguina), comprised 13% of the bird community at low altitudes. Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi were the most common and widespread native species, being found at 47% of stations at a density of 4.98 birds/ha (95% CI 3.52–7.03). ‘Amakihi were significantly associated with ‘ohi’a (Metrosideros polymorpha)-dominated forest. ‘Apapane were more locally distributed, being found at only 10% of stations. Re-surveys of 1994–1995 transects demonstrated a significant increase in ‘Amakihi abundance over the past decade. This work demonstrates a widespread recovery of Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi at low altitude in southeastern Hawai‘i. The changing composition of the forest bird community at low-altitudes in Hawai‘i has important implications for the dynamics of avian malaria in low-altitude Hawai‘i, and for conservation of Hawai‘i’s lowland forests.
Iron Aluminide Composites

Iron aluminides with the B2 structure are highly oxidation and corrosion resistant. They are thermodynamically compatible with a wide range of ceramics such as TiC, WC, TiB{sub 2}, and ZrB{sub 2}. In addition, liquid iron aluminides wet these ceramics very well. Therefore, FeAl/ceramic composites may be produced by techniques such as liquid phase sintering of powder mixtures, or pressureless melt infiltration of ceramic powders with liquid FeAl. These techniques, the resulting microstructure, and their advantages as well as limitations are described. Iron aluminide composites can be very strong. Room temperature flexure strengths as high as 1.8 GPa have been observed for FeAl/WC. Substantial gains in strength at elevated temperatures (1073 K) have also been demonstrated. Above 40 vol.% WC the room temperature flexure strength becomes flaw-limited. This is thought to be due to processing flaws and limited interfacial strength. The fracture toughness of FeAl/WC is unexpectedly high and follows a mile of mixtures. Interestingly, sufficiently thin (< 1 {micro}m) FeAl ligaments between adjacent WC particles fracture not by cleavage, but in a ductile manner. For these thin ligaments the dislocation pile-ups formed during deformation are not long enough to nucleate cleavage fracture, and their fracture mode is therefore ductile. For several reasons, this brittle-to-ductile size transition does not improve the fracture toughness of the composites significantly. However, since no cleavage cracks are nucleated in sufficiently thin FeAl ligaments, slow crack growth due to ambient water vapor does not occur. Therefore, as compared to monolithic iron aluminizes, environmental embrittlement is dramatically reduced in iron aluminide composites.
A New Model for Team Optimization: The Effects of Uncertainty on Interaction

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, a new model of team optimization is formulated. Second, this model is used to investigate the effects of uncertainty on interaction. A model of team optimization that encompasses the classical team decision problem is introduced. This model is suitable for problems where agents' posterior information is not shared and is possibly inconsistent with the mutual prior information. For a broad class of problems, every agent's dominant beliefs about the posterior information of the other agents are derived. Then, the level of interaction and the level of uncertainty are defined, and the relationship between these two levels is studied. It is shown that the optimal level of interaction decreases as the level of uncertainty increases, and in some cases, the optimal level of interaction tends to zero, suggesting that the optimization problem may be decomposed. The theoretical results are demonstrated on sensor network examples.