cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer choice behavior in online and traditional supermarkets: The effects of brand name, price, and other search attributes

Abstract Are brand names more valuable online or in traditional supermarkets? Does the increasing availability of comparative price information online make consumers more price-sensitive? We address these and related questions by first conceptualizing how different store environments (online and traditional stores) can differentially affect consumer choices. We use the liquid detergent, soft margarine spread, and paper towel categories to test our hypotheses. Our hypotheses and the empirical results from our choice models indicate that: (1) Brand names become more important online in some categories but not in others depending on the extent of information available to consumers — brand names are more valuable when information on fewer attributes is available online. (2) Sensory search attributes, particularly visual cues about the product (e.g., paper towel design), have lower impact on choices online, and factual information (i.e., non-sensory attributes, such as the fat content of margarine) have higher impact on choices online. (3) Price sensitivity is higher online, but this is due to online promotions being stronger signals of price discounts. The combined effect of price and promotion on choice is weaker online than offline.
Search for maximum metallic resistance in random metal-particle composites

One-dimensional quantum localization of electronic states has been sought in a composite material consisting of small silver particles randomly embedded in a dielectric KCl medium. Near the conduction threshold, the composite behaves like a filamentary network of interconnected wires. The electrical resistance of this composite material has been measured to below 1 mK. No evidence for quantum localization or other nonmetallic behavior was observed. The present measurements suggest that the temperature scale for localization may be lower than previously believed.
Delayed onset of the amnestic effect of posttraining β-endorphin: Effects of propranolol administered prior to retention testing

Abstract Mice were trained in a 1-trial inhibitory avoidance task (0.7 mA FS) and tested for retention at 1, 3, or 6 h following training. Posttraining β-endorphin (0.1 μg/mouse i.p.) administration impaired retention at 6 h, but not 1 or 3 h after training. Propranolol (0.3 mg/mouse i.p.), but not naloxone (0.1 mg/mouse i.p.) administered prior to retention testing at 1 or 3 h accelerated the onset of amnesia in mice given posttraining β-endorphin. Neither propranolol nor naloxone affected retention when given alone. These findings suggest that the delayed onset of the amnesia produced by posttraining β-endorphin is due to the activation of a β-adrenergic system.
Dimensions of work satisfaction as predictors of commitment type

This study of hospital nurses (n = 154) examined the influence of dimensions of work satisfaction on types of organizational commitment. Significant results were found for the two affective commitment types tested but not for the instrumental type evaluated. The results indicate that satisfaction with professional status was a significant predictor of moral commitment. Dissatisfaction with organizational policies, autonomy, and professional status were significant predictors of alienative commitment. None of the dimensions of work satisfaction were predictors of calculative commitment. The results of this study suggest that understanding how various factors impact the nature and the form of an individual’s organizational commitment is worth the effort. If managers do not know what causes an attitude to take on a particular form, they cannot accurately predict what behavior might follow.
Complex Modal Analysis of a Nonmodally Damped Continuous Beam

This work represents an investigation of the complex modes of continuous vibration systems with nonmodal damping. As an example, a cantilevered beam with damping at the free end is studied. Assumed modes are applied to discretize the eigenvalue problem in state-variable form and then to obtain estimates of the true complex normal modes and frequencies. The finite element method (FEM) is also used to get the mass, stiffness, and damping matrices and further to solve a state-variable eigenvalue problem. A comparison between the complex modes and eigenvalues obtained from the assumed-mode analysis and the finite element analysis shows that the methods produce consistent results. The convergence behavior when using different assumed mode functions is investigated. The assumed-mode method is then used to study the effects of the end-damping coefficient on the estimated normal modes and modal damping. Most modes remain underdamped regardless of the end-damping coefficient. There is an optimal end-damping coefficient for vibration decay, which correlates with the maximum modal nonsynchronicity.
Gibberellin Induced Changes in Diffusible Auxins from Savoy Cabbage

Diffusates from apices of young plants of savoy cabbage treated with gibberellie acid (GA) and apices of control plants have been examined with respect to their content of Indole auxins. Three indole Compounds were detected and identified on the basis of their chromatographic characteristics in several systems. These compounds were: glucoubrassicin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). An effect of GA on the total auxin activity of the diffusate was noted 90 hours after treatment, while an increase in stem height occurred 48 hours later. This increase in auxin effect of the entire diffusates was shown bv chromogenic development and bioassay of chromatograms of diffusates to be a result of an increase in level of the IAA content. A concomitant decrease in I the glucobrassicin content was indicated. Since GA was found to have no effect on the enzymatic conversion of tryptophan or tryptamine to IAA, it is proposed that the effect of GA is on the conversion of glucobrassicin to IAA.
Comparative in vitro myocardial inotropic effects and in vivo hemodynamic effects of forskolin and isoproterenol in young lambs.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have shown a decreased responsiveness of young lambs to isoproterenol, a s-adrenergic agonist, when compared to older lambs. To see if this decreased responsiveness of immature lambs is secondary to an abnormality of the s-adrenergic receptor/ adenylate cyclase complex, we compared the effects of isoproterenol to forskolin, a direct activator of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase. In isometrically contracting right ventricular trabeculae from five lambs (5-13 d old), the maximal developed tension with isoproterenol (875 ± 84 mg, mean ± SD) and forskolin (704 ± 189 mg) was similar. However, the median effective dose for isoproterenol (5.3 ± 3.4 x 10-7 M) was significantly less than the minimal median effective dose for forskolin (2.5 ± 1.3 x 10-6 M) indicating a lesser sensitivity to forskolin. In eight conscious resting lambs (4-13 d old) we measured the hemodynamic response to graded infusions of isoproterenol and forskolin. At maximal dosage, the increase in cardiac output was significantly greater with isoproterenol (+130%) than forskolin (+55%). Heart rate also increased more with isoproterenol than forskolin. These data show that direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase in young lambs does not provide better inotropic or chronotropic responses than s-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol. This suggests that the decreased s-adrenergic responsiveness in newborn lambs is secondary to abnormalities that exist beyond the level of the s-adrenergic receptor/adenylate cyclase complex.
In situ stress measurement for MOVPE growth of high efficiency lattice-mismatched solar cells

We have recently reported high efficiencies in a monolithic III-V triple-junction solar cell design that is grown inverted with a metamorphic 1.0 eV bottom In{sub .27}Ga{sub .73}As junction. The biaxial stress and strain grown into this highly lattice-mismatched junction can be controlled by varying the design of a step-graded Ga{sub x}In{sub 1-x}P buffer layer, in which most, but not all, of the 1.9% misfit strain is relieved. A multi-beam optical stress sensor (MOSS) is a convenient tool for in situ measurement of stress during metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) for the optimization of solar cell performance. The analysis of stress from curvature data is complicated by significant temperature effects due to relatively small thermal gradients in our atmospheric-pressure MOVPE reactor. These temperature effects are discussed and approximations made to allow practical analysis of the data. The results show excellent performance of inverted In{sub .27}Ga{sub .73}. As solar cells grown with slight compressive stress, but degradation under tensile stress. The best devices had a V{sub oc} of 0.54 V and a dislocation density in the low 10{sup 6} cm{sup -2}. The in situ stress data is also compared with ex situ strain data derived from X-ray diffraction measurements.
Galactic structure from wide-field surveys

Abstract The possible contributions of a wide-field space imager, such as might be designed for a JDEM mission (such as SNAP or DESTINY), to Galactic structure are explored. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey serves as an example of an extragalactic survey that has made important contributions to our understanding of the distribution of Galactic stars, showing in particular how imaging alone can make major contributions. Since we expect the imaged sources in JDEM to be faint (20
Confession of the Son of God in Hebrews

Hebrews is addressed to a community whose waning commitment may lead to a complete abandonment of their Christian identity. In response, the author crafts an imaginative and powerful exhortation that centers on Jesus' identity as the Son of God. The author first dramatizes the Son's exaltation, emphasizing the Father's declaration of Jesus' sonship, the Son's reciprocal confession of the Fatherhood of God, and the Son's conferral of family membership upon the recipients. The recipients are then called upon to participate in this pattern of mutual familial confession in two strategic hortatory passages: 4.14–16 and 10.19–25. These two exhortations to confess Jesus as the Son of God are intended to bring a halt to their wavering commitment and solidify their identity as siblings of the Son.
Transplantation of cerebellar anlagen to hosts with genetic cerebellocortical atrophy

Embryonic cerebellar grafts from genetically normal donors were implanted into the cerebellomedullary cistern of adult ‘Purkinje cell degeneration’ (pcd) and weaver mutant mice, which are respectively characterized by the selective loss of Purkinje and granule cells. Grafts placed into both mutant recipients exhibited a layered cellular organization reminiscent of the normal cerebellar cortex. Molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers were identifiable. Grafted Purkinje cells displayed characteristic cytological features, such as hypolemmal cisterns in association with mitochondria in the perikaryon, and lamellar structures in their axons. The cytological features of granule cell somata in the grafts appeared similar to those of mature granule cells. Electron microscopic examination of the molecular layer of the grafts revealed the presence of parallel fibers, which were not oriented in a parallel fashion; axon terminals of such fibers were often presynaptic to dendritic spines. The number of parallel fibers was markedly reduced in grafts implanted into both mutants compared to the normal cerebellar cortex; however, this phenomenon is commonly seen in cerebellum in tissue culture and in cerebellar transplants into normal hosts. It is concluded, therefore, that the environment of the mutant hosts does not affect the survival of Purkinje or granule cells and that transplantation of solid cerebellar grafts in the neurological mutants studied does not seem to pose any apparent limitations beyond those inherent to the process of cerebellar growth and differentiation outside its normal environment.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE BRYOPSIDALES (ULVOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) BASED ON RUBISCO LARGE SUBUNIT GENE SEQUENCES1

Current taxonomy of the Bryopsidales recognizes eight families; most of which are further categorized into two suborders, the Bryopsidineae and Halimedineae. This concept was supported by early molecular phylogenetic analyses based on rRNA sequence data, but subsequent cladistic analyses of morphological characters inferred monophyly in only the Halimedineae. These conflicting results prompted the current analysis of 32 taxa from this diverse group of green algae based on plastid-encoded RUBISCO large subunit (rbcL) gene sequences. Results of these analyses suggested that the Halimedineae and Bryopsidineae are distinct monophyletic lineages. The families Bryopsidaceae, Caulerpaceae, Codiaceae, Derbesiaceae, and Halimediaceae were inferred as monophyletic, however the Udoteaceae was inferred as non-monophyletic. The phylogenetic position of two taxa with uncertain subordinal affinity, Dichotomosiphon tuberosus Lawson and Pseudocodium floridanum Dawes & Mathieson, were also inferred. Pseudocodium was consistently placed within the halimedinean clade suggesting its inclusion into this suborder, however familial affinity was not resolved. D. tuberosus was the inferred sister taxon of the Halimedineae based on analyses of rbcL sequence data and thus a possible member of this suborder.
Differential effects of dopaminergic agonists on food-reinforced operant behavior in the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Dopaminergic involvement in the regulation of operant behavior was examined by monitoring responding after administration of different dopaminergic agonists. A chain schedule of reinforcement was used to classify the effects of these agonists in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The schedule included the following: (1) a 30-s time-out period; (2) a clock-cued 30-s period of differential reinforcement of zero-response rate; (3) a time-in period whose duration depended, on response latency; (4) a 2-s reinforcement period in which applesauce was delivered. This cycling schedule maintained a low operant rate and was sensitive to both inhibition (decreases) and excitation (increases) of responding. IV injection of the dopaminergic agonists resulted in the following two basic effects: (1) d-amphetamine and amfonelic acid disrupted performance by response inhibition, which was shown not to be attributable to anorexia; (2) apomorphine and bromocriptine disrupted performance by response excitation. Both effects were reduced by pretreatment with trifluperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist. The results, indicating that dopaminergic systems mediate disruption of food-reinforced operant behavior by altering the frequency of responding, are interpreted in terms of the known neuropharmacological actions of the agonists.
Singular Set of a Convex Potential in Two Dimensions

Let u be a convex potential of the optimal transfer map from a convex open set X to a nonconvex open set Y in the plane. If u only has singularities whose sets of supports are one dimension, then under some mild assumptions on Y, we show that the singular set of u are disjoint union of countably many C 1 curves. Or we can say that the singular set is a C 1 manifold.
Current Compensation in Neuronal Homeostasis

How do neurons maintain stable intrinsic properties over long periods of time as the channels that govern excitability turn over in the membrane? In this issue of Neuron, MacLean et al. argue that homeostatic regulation of intrinsic activity can occur by an activity-independent mechanism.
Boundary detection in 3-dimensions with a medical application

A graph theoretical approach is taken to solve the problem of detecting the surface of a connected subset of three-dimensional space. Motivation and application are provided by the need to display the three-dimensional appearance of internal organs of a human body based on x-rays from multiple directions. The method is implemented on a minicomputer and is illustrated by the display of the ventricular system of the human brain. In that example, the boundary detection involves selecting 10,000 surface elements out of a pool of over 1.5 million. In spite of the enormous size of the problem, the detection takes less than 30 seconds on a minicomputer.
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Prospective Study of Relationships Between Severity of Liver Disease, Pao2 Response to 100% Oxygen, and Brain Uptake After 99mTc MAA Lung Scanning

Background Because of the spectrum of intrapulmonaryvascular dilation that characterizes hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS),Pa o 2 while breathing 100% oxygen varies. Abnormal extrapulmonary uptake of 99m Tc macroaggregatedalbumin (MAA) after lung perfusion is common. Goal Todescribe relationships between (1) severity of liver disease measuredby the Child-Pugh (CP) classification; (2) Pa o 2 while breathing room air (RA) and 100% oxygen on 100% oxygen; and (3)extrapulmonary (brain) uptake of 99m Tc MAA after lungscanning. Methods and patients We prospectivelymeasured Pa o 2 on RA,Pa o 2 on 100% oxygen, and brain uptake afterlung perfusion of 99m Tc MAA in 25 consecutive HPSpatients. Results Mean Pa o 2 on RA, Pa o 2 on 100% oxygen,Pa co 2 on RA, and 99m Tc MAA brainuptake were similar when categorized by CP classification. Brain uptakewas abnormal (≥ 6%) in 24 patients (96%). Brain uptake was29 ± 20% (mean ± SD) and correlated inversely with, Pa o 2 on RA ( r = −0.57;p o 2 on 100% oxygen( r = −0.41; p o 2 on 100% oxygen (215 ± 133 mm Hg vs391 ± 137 mm Hg; p 99m Tc MAA(48 ± 18% vs 25 ± 20%; p o 2 on RA (40 ± 7 mm Hg vs 57 ± 11 mmHg; p Conclusion The degree of hypoxemiaassociated with HPS was not related to the CP severity of liverdisease. HPS patients with additional nonvascular pulmonaryabnormalities exhibited lower Pa o 2 on 100% oxygen. Mortality was associated with lower, Pa o 2 on RA, and with greater brain uptake of 99m Tc MAA.
Repair of psoralen-induced crosslinks in cells multiply infected with SV40.

Experiments were conducted to study the relationship between the production of interstrand crosslinks by 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (psoralen) in simian virus 40 DNA and the ability of psoralen to inactivate the virus. Under conditions where only single viral particles enter a given host cell, approximately one crosslink was lethal to the virus and could not be repaired. In contrast, when multiple viral genomes infected a host cell, psoralen-induced crosslinks were repaired (multiplicity reactivation). A model is proposed for multiplicity reactivation which involves genetic recombination between damaged viral genomes.
Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US Elderly Population

Objectives. We tested whether social integration protects against memory loss and other cognitive disorders in late life in a nationally representative US sample of elderly adults, whether effects were stronger among disadvantaged individuals, and whether earlier cognitive losses explained the association (reverse causation).Methods. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 16 638), we examined whether social integration predicted memory change over 6 years. Memory was measured by immediate and delayed recall of a 10-word list. Social integration was assessed by marital status, volunteer activity, and frequency of contact with children, parents, and neighbors. We examined growth-curve models for the whole sample and within subgroups.Results. The mean memory score declined from 11.0 in 1998 to 10.0 in 2004. Higher baseline social integration predicted slower memory decline in fully adjusted models (P<.01). Memory among the least integrated declined at twice the rate as among the most integrated...
Identification, cloning, and functional characterization of a murine lipoxin A4 receptor homologue gene.

To identify additional members of the murine N -formyl-Met-Leu-Phe peptide receptor family (fMLF-R), a mouse macrophage cDNA library was screened using the open reading frame of murine N -formyl peptide receptor. Four individual hybridizing cDNA clones were maintained through tertiary screening. One cDNA clone was a truncated, polyadenylated version of the previously described murine-fMLF-R. The other three cDNA clones varied in length, but contained identical open reading frame sequences. One clone, 8C10, was selected for further study and shared 70% sequence identity with murine-fMLF-R and 89% sequence identity with murine lipoxin A4 receptor cDNA. When placed into the pcDNA-3 expression vector and cotransfected with Gα16 cDNA into COS-1 cells, 8C10 cDNA induced the production of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate when concentrations of 1–1600 nM lipoxin A4 (LXA4) were tested as ligands. Northern blot analysis of murine organs indicated that the 8C10 message is present in lung, spleen, and adipose tissue. Moreover, mice treated with LPS demonstrated increased expression of 8C10 message in spleen and adipose tissue, while showing a slight reduction in lung. We have also characterized the 8C10 structural gene from a 129Sv/J genomic library and have determined its size to be >6.1 kb in length and comprised of two exons separated by a 4.8-kb intron. Collectively, these data indicate that this homologue receptor is closely related to the murine LXA4 receptor and functionally responds to LXA4 as a ligand.
Pteridine requirement of the hemoflagellate Leishmania tarentolae.

SYNOPSIS. Leishmania tarentolae grown in a defined medium required both folic acid and an unconjugated pteridine. Continuous growth was obtained with folic acid at a minimal level of 0.34 ng/ml and biopterin at 1.7 ng/ml. Neopterin was about 1/100 as active as biopterin.
PCCHEMEQ: Prediction of the flue gas compositions for incinerator and pyrolyzers

As a result of reduction in available waste disposal space throughout North America and Europe, serious considerations are being given to waste minimization, recovery of energy from waste and other disposal techniques. One of the alternative techniques is combustion of waste. This process produces waste gases which might require further treatment in order to satisfy environmental regulations. Chemical equilibrium codes have found applications in predicting the reaction products from combustion and pyrolysis processes. Several software programs are available in the literature for the above applications. The purpose of this review is to discuss a new software, PCCHEMEQ, available from T.C. International, 2533 Hazy Hollow, St. Antonio, TX 78255 (Telephone - (512) 798-0957). PCCHEMEQ is a software package for predicting the flue gas compositions from incinerators and pyrolyzers. It is a thermal equilibrium program with calculations encompassing a large group of elements. The program can also perform the mass and energy balances for combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, rocket fuel burning, thermal cracking processes and slag/glass/soil melting.
A Constructive Controversy Approach to 'Case Studies

On the basis of analysis of student responses to a case study titled "Drinks and Dinner," the authors evaluate the pedagogical potential of using constructive controversy case studies to teach about inequality. "Drinks and Dinner" is designed to capture the complexity of social interactions that defy simple solutions to engage students in increasingly sophisticated discussions of subtle gender bias and the practical contingencies of power in the workplace. Having taught the case several times in two distinct institutional cultures, the authors use student reactions to this classroom exercise to consider some of the pedagogical payoffs of constructive controversy case studies. The intentional ambiguities written into "Drinks and Dinner" defy simple solutions and require students to discuss while incorporating, honoring, and addressing differences of opinion, not only among the characters in the story but also among the students in the classroom. In the authors’ preliminary implementations of the case, they found that students applied course concepts, considered multiple viewpoints, and, in some cases, moved from individualized explanations to structural analysis of how inequality is reproduced. The authors conclude with ideas for how to implement similar cases in other courses that could benefit from requiring students to actively and collectively solve problems related to inequality and the routine use of power.
Automated fault analysis in a smart grid

The latest technology development makes many intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) available in substations today. This brings an opportunity for adding new functionalities that go well beyond what the traditional substation automation solutions have provided. The substation automation role in automated fault analysis may be expanding towards better serving many utility groups: operations, protection and asset management.
Optimal allocation of local feedback in multistage amplifiers via geometric programming

We consider the problem of optimally allocating local feedback to the stages of a multistage amplifier. The local feedback gains affect many performance indexes for the overall amplifier, such as bandwidth, gain, rise time, delay, output signal swing, linearity, and noise performance, in a complicated and nonlinear fashion, making optimization of the feedback gains a challenging problem. In this paper, we show that this problem, though complicated and nonlinear, can be formulated as a special type of optimization problem called geometric programming. Geometric programs can be solved globally and efficiently using recently developed interior-point methods. Our method, therefore, gives a complete solution to the problem of optimally allocating local feedback gains, taking into account a wide variety of constraints.
Toward Seamless Grid Data Access: Design and Implementation of GridFTP on .NET

To date, only Linux/UNIX-based hosts have been participants in the Grid vision for seamless data access, because the necessary Grid data access protocols have not been implemented on Windows. As part of our larger effort at the University of Virginia to make the Windows platform a first-class participant in all aspects of grids, this paper describes our experiences and lessons learned while implementing GridFTP on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Our implementation not only supports major extensions of GridFTP v1, it also uniquely implements some features of GridFTP v2 and introduces a new transfer mode specifically designed for transfer of large collection of small files. Our measured performance is comparable to GT4 GridFTP on both single and parallel streams transfer and more efficient than GT4 GridFTP on directory tree transfer. We also identify issues specific to the .NET Framework/Windows platform with regard to security and we identify limitations of current GridFTP protocol. To our knowledge, the work described in this paper is the first comprehensive and evaluated implementation of GridFTP on .NET.
The Global Face of Nutrition: What Can Governments and Industry Do?

Investment in agricultural research and major developments in the technology of food production have led to dramatic increases in food availability, not only in industrialized nations but also across the globe. In addition, significant gains in improving nutritional status have been made over the past fifty years. These changes are the result of 1) the demographic transition, 2) the epidemiological transition, and 3) the nutrition transition. Countries throughout the world are at various stages of the nutrition transition, as traditional diets give way to eating patterns characterized by more animal products, more added sugar, and more added fat. The world health organizations now face a different dilemma. Increasingly, countries are documenting that food insecurity and undernutrition exist side by side with problems of overnutrition and chronic diseases. Investment in applied nutrition research is desperately needed to identify and implement effective approaches for promoting healthy lifestyles.
Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF

Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2012). Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 534 pp. $75.00 (hbk). IBSN: 978-0-8166-6966-0. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (M...
A note on optimal supervisory control

Supervisors of discrete-event systems are compared. It is shown that if the language generated by the first supervised process is contained in the language generated by the second, and assuming that the language generated by the second process satisfies a certain fairness condition, then the first occurrence time of each event in the second system precedes its occurrence in the first, and the same holds for all its subsequent occurrences. This proves that the supervisor synthesizing the largest language is optimal in the sense that it runs fastest. >
Modeling the spectrum of TT Hya: an Algol binary with a disc

We calculate the synthetic spectra of TT Hya, an Algol-type eclipsing binary system which contains an A-type primary surrounded by a disc, and an evolved secondary which fills its Roche lobe. A new code SHELLSPEC was developed to solve the simple radiative transfer along the line of sight propagating through the 3D moving medium in LTE. The synthetic spectra are then compared with the observed ones which enable us to derive independent constraints on the behavior of the state quantities, the velocity field and the geometry of the disc.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Not too loose, not too tight--just right. Biphasic control of the Tsr HAMP domain.

Summary HAMP domains communicate between input and output signalling modules in a wide variety of bacterial sensor proteins. In the Tsr chemoreceptor, they convert a signal initiated by binding of serine to the periplasmic domain of the protein into regulation of receptor control of the CheA kinase, and ultimately of the direction of flagellar rotation. In this issue, Zhou et al. report an extensive mutational analysis of the Tsr HAMP domain that shows that it can assume a number of different signalling states, which presumably correspond to a variety of different conformations. The two conformational extremes of a tightly packed and a loosely packed HAMP four-helix bundle support only low levels of CheA activity. Thus, Tsr HAMP does not function as a simple on-off, two-state device but rather as a dynamic structure with biphasic control. The normal physiological operating range of Tsr is proposed to be at intermediate degrees of packing of the HAMP four-helix bundle, but HAMP domains in other proteins could occupy different portions of the conformational spectrum.
Explanation of a strange bulk-edge equality

In the infrared limit the N-particle ground-state wavefunctions of the bulk happen to be exactly equal to the N-point space-time correlation functions for certain topological superconductors. We explain this (1), beginning with the p+ip state in D=2+1. We write Z(J), the generating function for wavefunctions, as a path Euclidean integral. Varying the chemical potential as a function of Euclidean time between weak and strong pairing states is shown to extract the wavefunction. Upon a Euclidean rotation that exchanges time and space, approximate Lorentz invariance converts the system to one with a spatial edge and Z(J) to the generator of spacetime correlation functions for the edge fields. We also provide a D=3+1 example, superfluid 3 He- B, and a p- wave superfluid in D=1+1. Our method works only when particle number is not conserved, as in superconductors. 1 Life at the edge The boundaries or edges of condensed matter systems re- ceived scant attention until recent developments showed them to be fertile areas of research both in the Fractional Quantum Hall E ect (FQHE) (1-3). and in topological in- sulators and superconductors (4,5,7,6,8-10). These works established that in certain topological insulators (which in- cludes superconductors because they are gapped in the bulk) the edges or boundaries carry gapless excitations which are unusual. The edge modes are saved from acquiring a gap due to various impurities because of the underlying topo- logical quantum number. The edge modes in a d 1 dimen- sional boundary of a bulk system in d dimensions cannot exist in generic d 1 dimensional systems that were not boundaries. For example the edge state at the d = 2 sur- face of a certain d = 3 insulator is described at low ener- gies by a single Dirac cone, while a generic d = 2 system
Child care subsidies and employment outcomes of low-income families

Abstract This study examined the relationship between mothers' child care subsidy use and their earnings and labor force attachment. Using Wisconsin administrative data, this study examined 48 months of subsidy use for mothers who became eligible for child care subsidies between March 2000 and February 2001 (n = 8984). Comparing subsidy-eligible mothers who received subsidies and those who were eligible but did not, we estimated the likelihood of experiencing an increase (or decrease) in earnings and the likelihood of experiencing an increase (or decrease) in the number of quarters employed. We used multinomial regression models to estimate each economic outcome separately and used logistic regression models to estimate both of the outcomes together. In both separate and joint analyses of earnings and quarters employed, we found that subsidy receipt was associated with an increase in the probability of an increase in earnings and/or number of quarters employed and a decrease in the probability of a decrease in quarters employed. However, in general, these associations were only significant when mothers received a subsidy for 12 months or more. These findings suggest the importance of identifying potential barriers to subsidy use, as stable receipt of subsidies may contribute to parents' economic well-being.
A kinetic model of diamond nucleation and silicon carbide interlayer formation during chemical vapor deposition

The presence of thin silicon carbide intermediate layers on silicon substrates during nucleation and the early stages of diamond deposition have been frequently reported. It is generally accepted that the intermediate layer is formed by the bulk diffusion of carbon atoms into the silicon carbide layer and the morphology and orientation of the diamond film subsequently grown on the intermediate layer are strongly affected by that layer. While there have been considerable attempts to explain the mechanism for intermediate layer formation, limited quantitative data are available for the layer formation under the operating conditions conducive to diamond nucleation. This study employs a kinetic model to predict the time evolution of a b-SiC intermediate layer under the operating conditions typical of diamond nucleation in hot filament chemical vapor deposition reactors. The evolution of the layer is calculated by accounting for gasphase and surface reactions, surface and bulk diffusions, the mechanism for intermediate layer formation, and heterogeneous diamond nucleation kinetics and of its dependence on the operating conditions such as substrate temperature and inlet gas composition. A comparison between the time scales for intermediate layer growth and diamond nuclei growth is also performed. Discrepancies in published adsorption energies of gaseous hydrocarbon precursors on the intermediate layer—ranging from 1.43 to 4.61 eV—are examined to determine the most reasonable value of the adsorption energy consistent with observed saturated thicknesses, 1–10 nm, of the intermediate layer reported in the literature. The operating conditions that lead to intermediate layer growth followed by diamond deposition vs. those that yield heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation without intermediate layer formation are discerned quantitatively. The calculations show that higher adsorption energies, 3.45 and 4.61 eV, lead to larger surface number densities of carbon atoms, lower saturated nucleation densities, and larger intermediate layer thicknesses. The observed saturated thicknesses of the intermediate layer may be reproduced if the true adsorption energy is in the range of 3.7–4.5 eV. The intermediate layer thickness increases by increasing substrate temperature and inlet hydrocarbon concentration and the dependence of the thickness on substrate temperature is especially significant. Heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation without intermediate layer formation reported in experimental results can be readily explained by the significant decrease of the intermediate layer thickness at lower substrate temperatures and at higher diamond nucleation densities. Further, the present model results indicate that the intermediate layer thickness becomes saturated when growing diamond nuclei cover a very small surface area of that layer. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children

I use a divorce-stress-adjustment perspective to summarize and organize the empirical literature on the consequences of divorce for adults and children. My review draws on research in the 1990s to answer five questions: How do individuals from married and divorced families differ in well-being? Are these differences due to divorce or to selection? Do these differences reflect a temporary crisis to which most people gradually adapt or stable life strains that persist more or less indefinitely? What factors mediate the effects of divorce on individual adjustment? And finally, what are the moderators (protective factors) that account for individual variability in adjustment to divorce? In general, the accumulated research suggests that marital dissolution has the potential to create considerable turmoil in people's lives. But people vary greatly in their reactions. Divorce benefits some individuals, leads others to experience temporary decrements in well-being, and forces others on a downward trajectory from which they might never recover fully. Understanding the contingencies under which divorce leads to these diverse outcomes is a priority for future research.
Predatory leeches (Hirudinida) may contribute to amphibian declines in the Lassen, California.

Abstract Researchers have documented precipitous declines in Cascades Frog (Rana cascadae) populations in the southern portion of the species' range, in the Lassen region of California. Reasons for the declines, however, have not been elucidated. In addition to common, widespread causes, an understanding of local community interactions may be necessary to fully understand proximal causes of the declines. Based on existing literature and observations made during extensive aquatic surveys throughout the range of R. cascadae in California, we propose that a proliferation of freshwater leeches (subclass Hirudinida) in the Lassen region may be adversely affecting R. cascadae populations. Leeches may affect R. cascadae survival or fecundity directly by preying on egg and hatchling life stages, and indirectly by contributing to the spread of pathogens and secondary parasites. In 2007, we conducted focused surveys at known or historic R. cascadae breeding sites to document co-occurrences of R. cascadae and leeche...
Quantifying the value of hydropower in the electric grid : role of hydropower in existing markets.

The electrical power industry is facing the prospect of integrating a significant addition of variable generation technologies in the next several decades, primarily from wind and solar facilities. Overall, transmission and generation reserve levels are decreasing and power system infrastructure in general is aging. To maintain grid reliability modernization and expansion of the power system as well as more optimized use of existing resources will be required. Conventional and pumped storage hydroelectric facilities can provide an increasingly significant contribution to power system reliability by providing energy, capacity and other ancillary services. However, the potential role of hydroelectric power will be affected by another transition that the industry currently experiences - the evolution and expansion of electricity markets. This evolution to market-based acquisition of generation resources and grid management is taking place in a heterogeneous manner. Some North American regions are moving toward full-featured markets while other regions operate without formal markets. Yet other U.S. regions are partially evolved. This report examines the current structure of electric industry acquisition of energy and ancillary services in different regions organized along different structures, reports on the current role of hydroelectric facilities in various regions, and attempts to identify features of market and scheduling areas that either promote or thwart the increased role that hydroelectric power can play in the future. This report is part of a larger effort led by the Electric Power Research Institute with purpose of examining the potential for hydroelectric facilities to play a greater role in balancing the grid in an era of greater penetration of variable renewable energy technologies. Other topics that will be addressed in this larger effort include industry case studies of specific conventional and hydro-electric facilities, systemic operating constraints on hydro-electric resources, and production cost simulations aimed at quantifying the increased role of hydro.
Lambda Immunoglobulin Light Chain Restricted B Cells in the Ascitic Fluid in Association with Terminal Ileal Florid Follicular Hyperplasia

Distinguishing reactive changes from neoplastic processes during lymphoid tissue evaluation is oftentimes difficult. Ancillary studies, such as flow cytometry, may aid the diagnosis by demonstrating monotypic or polytypic light chain expression on the B cells. The detection of immunoglobulin light chain restricted B cell population is considered a surrogate marker of clonality, which can be confirmed by molecular assays. In general, the presence of a monotypic B cell population in the ascitic fluid is considered lymphomatous involvement rather than a reactive condition. We describe a young, previously healthy male patient who developed ascites with a lambda light chain restricted B cell population. Further investigation revealed florid follicular hyperplasia, histologically mimicking diffuse large B cell lymphoma, in the terminal ileum. Follicular hyperplasia in the gastrointestinal tract with lambda light chain restricted B cells has been recently described in the pediatric population. Importantly, our case demonstrates that such entity can occur in older age groups. This recognition could prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment in similar cases.
THE THEORY OF MONEY AND INCOME CONSISTENT WITH ORTHODOX VALUE THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theory of money and income consistent with orthodox value theory. It also presents a theory that has a perfectly competitive, private supply of all goods. There is a money economy that is consistent with orthodox value theory, and in any such economy, which is called perfectly competitive money economy, there is (1) a classical dichotomy between the real and monetary sectors, (2) an absence of real balance effects, (3) an absence of effects of expected inflation on the real sector of the economy, and (4) an imperviousness of output prices and employment in a sticky-wage economy to shifts in capital productivity, thrift, liquidity preference, and the money supply of any individual. The chapter also discusses the existence and Pareto optimality of an equilibrium consistent with orthodox value theory in which money emerges as an individually selected, specialized medium of exchange.
Sex differences in the association of psychological distress and tobacco use.

Objectives To examine sex differences in the relationship between serious psychological distress (SPD) and tobacco use. Methods The 2010 National Health Interview Survey data (N = 26,907) were examined to assess tobacco use among adults with and without SPD. Prevalence and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. The possible moderating effect of sex was examined. Results Lifetime and current use of cigarettes, cigars and smokeless tobacco (SLT) was more prevalent among those with SPD. Sex interaction terms were significant when modeling lifetime and current cigar and SLT use. The adjusted OR for all tobacco outcomes was greater for women than for men. Conclusions Findings suggest a stronger association of SPD and tobacco use for women.
Structural Study of a Novel Partial Calcium-Free Linker and a Positively Selected Variation in Protocadherin-15: Implications for Hearing and Cell Adhesion

Protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) is a non-classical cadherin that interacts with Cadherin-23 (CDH23) to form a heterophilic filament called the “tip link”. The tip link is essential for hearing as it conveys sound-induced forces to the mechanosensitive ion channels responsible for the generation of electrical signals involved in sound perception. CDH23 and PCDH15 are part of the larger family of cadherin proteins that typically adhere cells together in a calcium-dependent manner and contain extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats. Recent research has identified an aspartate to alanine variation (D414A) within the linker region between EC3 and EC4 of PCDH15 that is under positive selection in East Asian populations. The EC3-4 linker region of PCDH15 also lacks several conserved calcium-binding residues, placing it in a recently identified class of cadherin linker regions that may be unable to bind Ca2+ ions at one or more of the canonical binding sites. To study the implications of the D414A variation and the noncanonical calcium-binding motifs, atomic resolution structures of the EC3-5D414 and the EC3-5A414 fragments of PCDH15 were determined by x-ray crystallography. The structures revealed a novel partial calcium-free linker region between EC3 and EC4 that only binds 2 Ca2+ ions. Preliminary molecular dynamics simulations revealed an increased flexibility for the EC3-4D414 linker region as compared to canonical cadherin linker regions that bind 3 Ca2+ ions. Furthermore, the simulations predict that the D414A variation may suppress this flexibility and rigidify the EC3-4 linker region, which could be advantageous given the role of PCDH15 in force transduction. The new structures represent a first step in determining the structural and dynamical properties of non-canonical EC repeats of PCDH15 with positively selected variations that are relevant for sensory perception.
Rat mammary extracellular matrix composition and response to ibuprofen treatment during postpartum involution by differential GeLC-MS/MS analysis

Breast cancer patients diagnosed within five years following pregnancy have increased metastasis and decreased survival. A hallmark of postpartum biology that may contribute to this poor prognosis is mammary gland involution, involving massive epithelial cell death and dramatic stromal remodeling. Previous studies show pro-tumorigenic properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) isolated from rodent mammary glands undergoing postpartum involution. More recent work demonstrates systemic ibuprofen treatment during involution decreases its tumor-promotional nature. Utilizing a proteomics approach, we identified relative differences in the composition of mammary ECM isolated from nulliparous rats and those undergoing postpartum involution, with and without ibuprofen treatment. GeLC-MS/MS experiments resulted in 20327 peptide identifications that mapped to 884 proteins with a <0.02% false discovery rate. Label-free quantification yielded several ECM differences between nulliparous and involuting glands related to collagen-fiber organization, cell motility and attachment, and cytokine regulation. Increases in known pro-tumorigenic ECM proteins osteopontin, tenascin-C, and laminin-α1 and pro-inflammatory proteins STAT3 and CD68 further identify candidate mediators of breast cancer progression specific to the involution window. With postpartum ibuprofen treatment, decreases in tenascin-C and three laminin chains were revealed. Our data suggest novel ECM mediators of breast cancer progression and demonstrate a protective influence of ibuprofen on mammary ECM composition.