cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of intranasal sufentanil and dexmedetomidine for pediatric dental sedation.

Conscious or moderate sedation is routinely used to facilitate the dental care of the pre- or un-cooperative child. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has little respiratory depressant effect, possibly making it a safer option when used as an adjunct to either opioids or benzodiazepines. Unlike intranasal (IN) midazolam, IN application of DEX and sufentanil (SUF) does not appear to cause much discomfort. Further, although DEX lacks respiratory depressive effects, it is an α2-agonist that can cause hypotension and bradycardia when given in high doses or during prolonged periods of administration. The aim of this feasibility study was to prospectively assess IN DEX/SUF as a potential sedation regimen for pediatric dental procedures. After IRB approval and informed consent, children (aged 3–7 years; n = 20) from our dental clinic were recruited. All patients received 2 μg/kg (max 40 μg) of IN DEX 45 min before the procedure, followed 30 min later by 1 μg/kg (max 20 μg) of IN SUF. An independent observer rated the effects of sedation using the Ohio State University Behavior Rating Scale (OSUBRS) and University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). The dentist and the parent also assessed the efficacy of sedation. Dental procedures were well tolerated and none were aborted. The mean OSUBRS procedure score was 2.1, the UMSS procedure score was 1.6, and all scores returned to baseline after the procedure. The average dentist rated quality of sedation was 7.6 across the 20 subjects. After discharge, parents reported one child with prolonged drowsiness and one child who vomited at home. The use of IN DEX supplemented with IN SUF provided both an effective and tolerable form of moderate sedation. Although onset and recovery are slower than with oral (PO) midazolam and transmucosal fentanyl, the quality of the sedation may be better with less risk of respiratory depression. Results from this preliminary study showed no major complications from IN delivery of these agents.
The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A PY motif recruits WW domain-containing ubiquitin-protein ligases.

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is expressed in latent Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. LMP2A functions to downregulate B-cell signal transduction and viral reactivation from latency in EBV-immortalized B cells in vitro, and acts to provide B cells with both a survival and developmental signal in vivo. Identification of proteins associated with LMP2A is important for elucidation of the mechanism that LMP2A employs to regulate B-cell signal transduction and EBV latency. LMP2A is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and is associated with protein tyrosine kinases such as Lyn and Syk when specific LMP2A tyrosines are phosphorylated. The amino-terminal domain of LMP2A includes multiple proline-rich regions, which may provide binding sites for proteins containing SH3 or WW domains. In this study, we demonstrate that four cellular proteins bind specifically to two PPPPY (PY) motifs present within the LMP2A amino-terminal domain. Protein microsequence analysis determined that three of these proteins were AIP4, WWP2/AIP2, and Nedd4. All of these proteins are members of the Nedd4-like ubiquitin-protein ligases family and have conserved domains including the C2, WW, and ubiquitin-protein ligase domain. The mutation of both PY motifs completely abolished binding activity of these proteins to LMP2A and the interaction of AIP4 and WWP2 with LMP2A was confirmed in cell lines expressing LMP2A, WWP2, and AIP4. Furthermore, a reduction in the level of Lyn and the rapid turnover of LMP2A and Lyn were observed in LMP2A-expressing cells. These findings suggest that LMP2A recruits Nedd4-like ubiquitin-protein ligases and B-cell signal transduction molecules, resulting in the degradation of LMP2A and Lyn by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism. This provides a new means by which LMP2A may modulate B-cell signal transduction.
Regulation of Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases during Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

Abstract Tyrosine phosphorylation is key to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, as the FGF2 and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases are known to mediate the proliferation and maintenance of their precursors. Marked changes in the levels and localization of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were found to accompany differentiation in the CG4 rat oligodendrocyte cell line. These alterations in phosphorylation as well as other differentiation-specific changes were found to be sensitive to inhibition by a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. This suggested that at some point early in the differentiation process, tyrosine phosphatases are important. A differential display strategy revealed 11 distinct tyrosine phosphatases in the oligodendrocyte lineage, with both precursor cells and oligodendrocytes expressing four major phosphatase transcripts: PTPα, PTPζ, PTPσ, and PTPγ. A majority of the phosphatases examined show an increase in their mRNA levels during differentiation, with a striking upregulation observed for PTPϵ. Our results suggest a significant role for this class of signal transducers in oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Do Corporations Invest Enough in Environmental Responsibility

Proponents of corporate environmental responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too little in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by increasing their investment in environmental responsibility. Opponents of corporate social responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too much in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by reducing their investment in environmental responsibility. Yet, others claim that corporations serve their shareholders well by investing just enough in social responsibility, not too little and not too much. If so, corporations increase their investment in environmental responsibility when an increase improves financial performance and reduce their investment in environmental responsibility when a decrease improves financial performance. Our evidence is consistent with this last claim. We find that the behavior of corporations is consistent with the claim that they act in the interest of shareholders, increasing or decreasing their investment in environmental responsibility as necessary to improve their financial performance.
Directly Measuring the Adhesive and Elastic Properties of Bacteria Using a Surface Force Apparatus: Effect of Desiccation

Bacterial adhesion is the first step in biofilm formation which impacts numerous environmental, industrial and medical processes. Examples of undesirable consequences of biofilm formation include metal rust, sewage sludge and bacteria-related diseases. Desirable consequences are biofiltration and bioremediation. Bacteria are resilient and can survive in harsh environments. A severe stress is desiccation since dehydration can damage DNA and change the properties of proteins. Some bacteria protect against dehydration by accumulating sugars such as sucrose and trehalose while others undergo a transformation from an active to a dormant state. Evaporative deposition of bacteria on a surface shows that some bacteria aggregate to form two dimensional patterns which may be important for nutrient sharing and survival in dry conditions. Since bacteria are increasingly being employed as components in biosensors and biofilm reactors, it is important to understand the material properties of bacteria in dry conditions for these applications. For a decade, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been the primary tool used to study the adhesion and elastic properties of individual bacteria. In this work we show it is possible to use a Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) to measure elastic and adhesive properties of small collections of surface bound bacteria. The measurements are conducted with incomplete, patterned bacterial films and we have developed a protocol to image the contact area with AFM after the experiment. Using the SFA, we measured the force profile between a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 film and a bare mica surface. P. aeruginosa PAO1 is a ubiquitous gram-negative soil bacterium and is also an opportunistic pathogen. We repeated the measurement in the same contact position for six days to determine the effect of desiccation on the film material properties.
The crystal and the molecular structure of trans-diiodotetra(ethylenimine)rhodium(III) iodide

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of trans-diiodotetra(ethylenimine)rhodium(III) iodide, trans-[Rh(Az)4I2]I, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The multiple film equiinclination Weissenberg method was used to collect 890 non-zero reflections. The complex crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P 4 n2 with a cell of dimensions a = 7.81(1) A, c = 14.26(2) A and V = 863.3 A3. The experimental density of 2.48±.04 g/cm3 is consistent with a calculated value of 2.51 g/cm3 for two molecules in the unit cell (Z = 2). Positional, scale and thermal parameters have been refined by least squares methods to a conventional R factor of .075. The [Rh(Az4I2]+ unit is crystallographically required to possess D2 symmetry with Rh in the 2(d) special positions of the space group. The coordination geometry about Rh is essentially a tetragonally distorted octahedron. The ethylenimine nitrogen atoms alternate slightly above and below the equatorial plane of the distorted octahedron.
Controversial Topic Discovery on Members of Congress with Twitter

Abstract This paper addresses how Twitter can be used for identifying conflict between communities of users. We aggregate documents by topic and by community and perform sentiment analysis, which allows us to analyze the overall opinion of each community about each topic. We rank the topics with opposing views (negative for one community and positive for the other). For illustration of the proposed methodology we chose a problem whose results can be evaluated using news articles. We look at tweets for republican and democrat congress members for the 112th House of Representatives from September to December 2013 and demonstrate that our approach is successful by comparing against articles in the news media.
PET studies in nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse: Translational research related to vulnerability and neuroadaptations

The current review highlights the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study the neurobiological substrates underlying vulnerability to cocaine addiction and subsequent adaptations following chronic cocaine self-administration in nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse. Environmental (e.g., social rank) and sex-specific influences on dopaminergic function and sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine are discussed. Cocaine-related cognitive deficits have been hypothesized to contribute to high rates of relapse and are described in nonhuman primate models. Lastly, the long-term consequences of cocaine on neurobiology are discussed. PET imaging and longitudinal, within-subject behavioral studies in nonhuman primates have provided a strong framework for designing pharmacological and behavioral treatment strategies to aid drug-dependent treatment seekers. Non-invasive PET imaging will allow for individualized treatment strategies. Recent advances in radiochemistry of novel PET ligands and other imaging modalities can further advance our understanding of stimulant use on the brain. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
Electronic control of germanium telluride (GeTe) phase transition for electronic memory applications

Germanium telluride (GeTe) is a phase change material (PCM) that undergoes an exponential decrease in resistance from room temperature to its transition temperature at approximately 200 °C. Its resistivity decreases by as much as six orders of magnitude between amorphous and crystalline phases as it is heated. Chalcogenides such as GeTe have been utilized typically in nonvolatile optical memories such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, where the change in reflectivity between phases gives enough contrast for ON and OFF bits. Research over the past several years has begun to characterize the electronic control of PCM thin films for advanced electronic memory applications. By applying a voltage to control its resistance and crystallinity, GeTe has become a candidate for ultra-fast switching electronic memory, perhaps as an alternative to Flash memory. In this research, micro-scale PCM cells were fabricated using RF sputtering of a GeTe target and electron-beam evaporation on c-Si, SiO2/Si, Si3N4/Si, and Al2O3. Characterizations of the crystallization process were completed with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), varied voltage, and varied temperature in order to draw a comparison of the switching mechanism between thermally and electronically induced transition. The results show an optical contrast of ∆n + i∆k = -0.858 + i1.056. Heat conduction experiments prove a growthdominated crystallization and fracturing of conductive crystallites when deposited on Al2O3. PCM cells exhibit memory-like I-V curves for smaller cell dimensions according to the trap-limited conduction model in chalcogenides. RF structures show the capability of being utilized as improved RF switches.
Characterization of γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Residue 21 of Human Factor IX†

We investigated the functional role of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residue 21 of human factor IX, using site-directed mutagenesis to change the glutamic acid residue to aspartic acid (FIX21D). FIX21D had reduced activity in an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay and was activated by factor XIa more slowly than wild-type factor IX (FIXwt). FIX21D underwent normal, two-stage calcium-dependent intrinsic fluorescence quenching, indicating that a folding event similar to that seen in FIXwt occurred upon the addition of calcium ions. Antibody A-7, which recognizes factor IX-specific residues at positions 33−40, bound FIX21D as well as FIXwt; however, the calcium-specific monoclonal antibody, JK-IX-2, whose epitope includes residues 1 and 22, did not recognize FIX21D. FIX21D bound phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (PS/PC) vesicles with Kd approximately 10-fold greater than FIXwt, as measured by a fluorescence light scattering assay. Finally, although FIXwt binds endothelial cells with a Kd o...
Receiver Non-Linearity Aware Resource Allocation for Dynamic Spectrum Access Systems

In this paper we propose a novel resource allocation framework for Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) systems which accounts for nonlinear distortions due to adjacent channel interference in receivers. We first discuss the potential reasons for RF pollution resulting in elevation of noise floor for wireless systems employing DSA, which compel receivers to operate in the nonlinear region, which produce distortions. We then develop a framework for resource allocation in dynamic spectrum access considering the receiver nonlinearity. We use this framework for maximizing sum data rate with minimum rate constraints. Distortion aware resource allocation will yield a considerably higher network data rate while ensuring the minimum required Quality of Service for all users.
NEW YEASTS, ENDOMYCOPSIS MUSCICOLA AND PICHIA ZARUENSIS

Two new sporogenous yeasts, Endomycopsis muscicola and Pichia zaruensis, were described. The former was isolated from moss, and the latter from exudate of deciduous tree and forest soil.
Lung Mechanics Measurements in Preterm Neonates: Effects of Breathing Pattern and Patient Characteristics 1715

Lung Mechanics Measurements in Preterm Neonates: Effects of Breathing Pattern and Patient Characteristics 1715
The Social Norms and Beliefs of Teenage Male Electronic Cigarette Use

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are novel, battery-operated inhalation devices that provide warm, vaporized nicotine, and often propylene glycol, to users without the inclusion of tobacco smoke. Because men, in general, are more likely to use cigarettes and illicit drugs than women, a qualitative study was undertaken to investigate the beliefs and perceived social norms regarding this issue among 47 teenage boys who self-identified themselves as current e-cigarette smokers. The majority of respondents reported that they used e-cigarettes because of expeditious consumption and concealment. Furthermore, the most common places respondents self-reported using e-cigarettes were everywhere, in school bathrooms, at home, and in school staircases. Interestingly, respondents stated that e-cigarettes are popular because they are accessible, healthier than tobacco cigarettes, and more aesthetically pleasing. Because of the growing popularity and uncertainty regarding the social and physical consequences of e-cigarettes, this study shows a need for additional research discovery.
Laboratory study of pollutant detention times in wake cavities downwind of low-rise buildings

Abstract A physical modeling study was performed of the transient dispersion of air pollutants “trapped” in recirculating wake-cavity regions downwind of low-rise buildings. Measurements were made of the characteristic detention times of a methane tracer as a function of both the aspect ratio of rectangular building models and also the ratio of the model height to boundary layer thickness. The measurements were made with a standard total-hydrocarbon analyzer. A novel deconvolution technique was developed to determine the exponential decay constant of the methane concentration since the hydrocarbon analyzer had a response rate slower than the concentration decay. The technique involved curve matching on a personal computer using a standard spread-sheet program. Results of the study, after the appropriate standard scaling, compared favorably with those of similar studies in the literature of both field tests and laboratory tests using fast-response instrumentation.
Legal and biotic boundaries of western North American national parks: A problem of congruence

Abstract The boundaries of a national park may be defined in terms of its legal and biotic boundaries. The legal boundaries are the boundaries established by the highest legislative authority of a country. The biotic boundaries are hypothetical boundaries which would be necessary to maintain existing ecological processes and a given assemblage of species within a national park. Practically, the biotic boundaries are defined as those hypothetical boundaries encompassing the entire watershed of a park and an area of sufficient size to maintain a minimum viable population (MVP) for the terrestrial non-volant species with the largest home range found within the current legal boundaries. The legal and biotic boundaries for eight of the largest continental national parks and park assemblages in western North America were examined for congruence. The legal boundaries for seven of the eight parks/park assemblages were found to be larger than the biotic boundaries by a factor of 1·2–9·6 for a MVP=50 and 6·0–96·0 for a MVP=500. One to seven percent of all the mammals, excluding chiropterans, found currently in seven of the eight national parks/park assemblages have an area requirement (MVP=50 × home range) exceeding the legal boundaries. It is urgent while an opportunity exists that an active effort be made to enhance the congruence of the legal and biotic boundaries of these parks and park assemblages through the cooperative management of adjacent public and private lands so as to minimize the potential loss of wildlife.
Executive Function in Older Adults : A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to study the organization of executive functions in older adults. The four primary goals were to examine (a) whether executive functions were supported by one versus multiple underlying factors, (b) which underlying skill(s) predicted performance on complex executive function tasks, (c) whether performance on analogous verbal and nonverbal tasks was supported by separable underlying skills, and (d) how patterns of performance generally compared with those of young adults. A sample of 100 older adults completed 10 tasks, each designed to engage one of three control processes: mental set shifting (Shifting), information updating or monitoring (Updating), and inhibition of prepotent responses (Inhibition). CFA identified robust Shifting and Updating factors, but the Inhibition factor failed to emerge, and there was no evidence for verbal and nonverbal factors. SEM showed that Updating was the best predictor of performance on each of the complex tasks the authors assessed (the Tower of Hanoi and the Wisconsin Card Sort). Results are discussed in terms of insight for theories of cognitive aging and executive function.
Enhancement of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer From Two Bubbles at High Reynolds Number

Analytical solutions to the heat convection from two bubbles were obtained. These solutions were applied to the two bubbles with the flow along their line of centers and perpendicular to their line of centers. The method of images has been used to give a solution to the velocity distribution around the two bubbles. The derived solutions apply to fluid spheres. In general the derived solutions were compared well with the other available analytical and numerical results. Some avenues for further research were pointed out.
Pre-placement screening of resident physicians by substance abuse testing: Efficacy, cost, and physician opinions

Aims: There is a high risk of physicians developing a chemical dependence. Detection of chemically dependent resident physicians is difficult. Our objective was to assess our experience with pre-placement substance-abuse screening of resident physicians and their attitudes about this procedure. We hypothesized that the frequency of positive pre-employment screening test was low and that resident physicians were generally sympathetic towards testing.Methods: A population study of drug and alcohol testing and a population-based sample of attitudes towards this testing were performed at an academic health center. Our hospital did pre-placement drug and alcohol testing of 2329 prospective resident physicians from 1997–2004. We tested saliva and urine for alcohol, amphetamines, marijuana, phencyclidine, cocaine, and opiates. A modified form of The Attitudes Towards Employment Screening for Drugs Scale (ATESDS), using a Likert scale, was created for use with resident physicians. It was placed on a website acces...
High-frequency percussive ventilation improves oxygenation in trauma patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective review

Abstract Background High-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV), a hybrid of conventional mechanical ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, has been used to salvage patients with persistent hypoxemia on conventional mechanical ventilation. We hypothesized that oxygenation would improve in injured patients with severe hypoxemia who were converted to HFPV after initial management with conventional ventilation. Methods Chart review identified patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) managed with HFPV. Oxygenation parameters (oxygenation index, OI; Pa o 2 /F io 2 ratio, P/F) and mean airway pressures (mPaw) were recorded at baseline and at 1 to 4, 8 to 12, and 12 to 24 hours after initiation of HFPV. Values at baseline and each time point after conversion to HFPV were compared by using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results Twelve patients, over 24 months, were reviewed. Baseline measurements were OI: 42.2 ± 33, P/F: 70 ± 31, (median ± interquartile range), and mPaw: 29 ± 8 (mean ± standard deviation) cm H 2 O. After initiation of HFPV, mPaw did not differ from baseline. There was an improvement in OI ( P = .01) from baseline at 12 to 24 hours after initiation of HFPV and in P/F at 12 to 24 hours ( P = .002) and 8 to 12 hours ( P = .001) after initiation of HFPV. Conclusions HFPV may improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS without a concomitant increase in mPaw. A randomized trial of HFPV versus conventional ventilation in trauma patients is needed.
Duplex Doppler examination of renal allografts in children: correlation between renal blood flow and clinical findings

We reviewed the diastolic blood flow (DBF), pulsatility index (PI), and resistive index (RI) in 211 duplex Doppler ultrasound examinations of 63 pediatric renal transplant recipients. We correlated our findings with the clinical diagnosis, independently determined at the time of ultrasound examination. DBF, evaluated in 202 examinations, was found to be decreased, absent, or reversed in acute rejection (kappa=0.4,p<0.01) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (kappa=0.3,p<0.01). The PI and RI were evaluated in 87 and 78 ultrasound examinations respectively. The range of normal PI and RI values in recipients between six and 18 years of age were similar to those reported in adults. However, normal PI and RI values were somewhat higher in recipients less than six years of age who had received adult donor allografts. Overall, the PI was greater than 1.5 in acute rejection (kappa=0.3,p<0.05) and ATN (kappa=0.3,p<0.01), but not in chronic rejection (kappa <0,p=NS). The RI was greater than 0.7 in chronic rejection (kappa=0.3,p<0.05) and ATN (kappa=0.3,p<0.05), but not in acute rejection (kappa=0.03,p=NS). We conclude that the PI and RI vary in pediatric recipients of renal allografts and are not associated with a specific clinical diagnosis.
A robust algorithm for the simultaneous parameter estimation of interfacial tension and contact angle from sessile drop profiles

Abstract The pendant and sessile drop profile analysis using the finite element method (PSDA-FEM) is an algorithm which allows simultaneous determination of the interfacial tension (γ) and contact angle ( θ c ) from sessile drop profiles. The PSDA-FEM algorithm solves the nonlinear second-order spherical coordinate form of the Young–Laplace equation. Thus, the boundary conditions at the drop apex and contact position of the drop with the substrate are required to solve for the drop profile coordinates. The boundary condition at the position where the drop contacts the substrate may be specified as a fixed contact line or fixed contact angle. This paper will focus on the fixed contact angle boundary condition for sessile drops on a substrate and how this boundary condition is used in the PSDA-FEM curve-fitting algorithm. The PSDA-FEM algorithm has been tested using simulated drop shapes with and without the addition of random error to the drop profile coordinates. The random error is varied to simulate the effect of camera resolution on the estimates of γ and θ c values obtained from the curve-fitting algorithm. The error in the experimental values for γ from sessile drops of water on acrylic and Mazola corn oil on acrylic falls within the predicted range of errors obtained for γ values from simulated sessile drop profiles with randomized errors that are comparable in magnitude to the resolution of the experimental setup.
Incorporation of Naïve Bone Marrow Derived Cells into the Vascular Architecture of Brain Tumor

Objective: Neovascularization is essential for tumor growth and invasion. Mounting evidence suggests that tumor cells recruit circulating endothelial progenitor cells to promote vasculogenesis to compliment tumor angiogenesis. This study examines the constitutive role of bone marrow-derived cells in this process.Methods: Rat glioma cells were implanted into brains of T-cell-depleted knockout mice. At various timepoints after tumor implantation, Naive bone marrow cells from ubiquitous transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were infused into these animals. The incorporation of GFP-positive cells into the vascular architecture was visualized by fluorescence confocal microscopy in conjunction with the transcription profiles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 and -2 (Ang-1 and Ang-2).Results: Of the cells infused, 8 days after tumor implantation, 0.49% were found exclusively sequestered in the vicinity of tumor vessels. This coincided with a decline in the expre...
Effects of four methods of sperm preparation on the motile concentration, morphology, and acrosome status of recovered sperm from normal semen samples.

This prospective study compared the effects of four sperm preparation methods on semen samples with normal sperm parameters. The samples were obtained from husbands of infertile couples being evaluated at a fertility center in New York City. Twenty-nine of 51 men in the study (56.9%) had fathered a child within the past 2–5 years. Specifically, the study compared the effects of simple wash (unselective) and three selective methods—conventional swim-up, three-gradient Percoll separation, and swim-up from the Percoll-separated fraction—on the concentration, percentage motile, percentage normal (oval) morphology, percentage intact acrosomes, percentage motile sperm recovery, and motile sperm concentration in the processed samples. The same parameters were measured in the untreated ejaculate, resulting in five data sets. These data were analyzed by both comparison across the five sets and pairwise multiple comparisons between sets.
MECHANICALLY DESINEWED MEAT: ITS YIELD, COMPOSITION AND EFFECT ON PALATABILITY OF COOKED SALAMI

The effects of mechanical desinewing on yield, proximate analysis and connective tissue content of meat have been examined and its influence on the processing and palatability of cooked salami was evaluated. Mechanical desinewing removed approximately half the connective tissue and reduced the tendency for formation of gelatin pockets in cooked salami. Yields from the desinewer ranged from 71-87% and correspondingly higher cooking yields were obtained from desinewed meat. Protein and moisture increases were non-significant whereas the 2.39% change in fat content was, representing a 12.8% decrease. Tenderness and texture of cooked salami were improved by desinewing.
795–5 Digital Particle Image Velocimetry: A New Technique for Verification of Color Doppler Flow Mapping Data

Many color Doppler flow mapping (CDFM) systems now provide direct access to digital velocity and variance data, thereby promising true flow quantitation. However, the accuracy of flow information thus obtained has not been adequately verified. We used laser based Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) to measure two-dimensional velocity components proximal and distal to various sized orifices (0.1 cm 2 – 1 cm 2 ) for steady flows (0.2 – 3 L/min). Immediately after the DPIV studies and without changing flow conditions, digital CDFM velocity and variance measurements were obtained at identical proximal and distal points. CDFM/digital velocity data showed excellent agreement with the DPIV measurements although three main discrepancies were found: 1) CDFM velocities underestimated DPIV velocities at points of large angulation between ultrasound beam and flow direction although an angle correction algorithm significantly reduced this error. 2) CDFM velocity measurements underestimated DPIVvelocities to a maximum of 48% (mean = 21%) at points of high velocity shear such as the jet boundary, presumably due to the averaging nature and limited time envelope for CDFM velocity measurements. 3) Normalized variance as a percentage of maximum reflected Doppler signal bandwidth (0–1 00%) provided by the CDFM system was present in significant quantity (g30%) in locations of low turbulence intensity as measured by DPIV indicating substantial variation between CDFM variance and hydrodynamic turbulence. DPIV is a promising and highly accurate technique for in-vitro measurements of complex cardiac flow conditions. DPIV also provides an ideal gold-standard for verification of CDFM data and should lead to improved understanding of CDFM information obtained in patients.
Encoding of temporal signals by the TGF-β pathway and implications for embryonic patterning

Genetics and biochemistry have defined the components and wiring of the signaling pathways that pattern the embryo. Among them, the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway has the potential to behave as a morphogen: in vitro experiments established that it can dictate cell fate in a concentration-dependent manner. How morphogens convey positional information in a developing embryo, when signal levels change with time, is less understood. Using integrated microfluidic cell culture and time-lapse microscopy, we demonstrate here that the speed of ligand presentation has a key and previously unexpected influence on TGF-β signaling outcomes. The response to a TGF-β concentration step is transient and adaptive: slowly increasing the ligand concentration diminishes the response, and well-spaced pulses of ligand combine additively, resulting in greater pathway output than with constant stimulation. Our results suggest that in an embryonic context, the speed of change of ligand concentration is an instructive signal for patterning.
Winter Prey Selection of Canada Lynx in Northwestern Montana

The roles that diet and prey abundance play in habitat selection of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the contiguous United States is poorly understood. From 1998–2002, we back-tracked radiocollared lynx (6 F, 9 M) for a distance of 582 km and we located 86 kills in northwestern Montana, USA. Lynx preyed on 7 species that included blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis), northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), least weasel (Mustela nivalis), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Snowshoe hares (69 kills) accounted for 96% (4-yr average, range = 94–99%) of prey biomass during the sample period. Red squirrels were the second-most-common prey (11 kills), but they only provided 2% biomass of the winter diet. Red squirrels contributed little to the lynx diet despite low hare densities. A logistic regression model of snowshoe hare, red squirrel, and grouse abundance, as indexed by the number of track crossings of use and available lynx back-tracks, was a significant (Wald statistic = 19.03, df = 3, P < 0.001) predictor of habitat use. As we expected, lynx (P < 0.001) selected use-areas with higher snowshoe hare abundance compared to random expectation. However, the red squirrel index had a weak (P = 0.087) negative relationship to lynx use, and grouse was nonsignificant (P = 0.432). Our results indicate that lynx in western Montana prey almost exclusively on snowshoe hares during the winter with little use of alternative prey. Thus, reductions in horizontal cover for hares would degrade lynx habitat.
Long Pulse Free Electron Laser Driven By A Linear Induction Accelerator

A 2-μsec-duration electron beam from an induction linac is used to drive a free electron laser (FEL). Beam generation and transport are critical problem areas which have been addressed. Radiation from various wigglers has been analyzed, and both cyclotron and FEL modes are present if an axial guide field is used. Experiments with a helical wiggler and no guide field have been very successful in eliminating cyclotron emission and maximizing FEL radiation. Power levels in excess of 1 MW with corresponding efficiencies of > 1% have been observed in super-radiant experiments.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inferences on sediment strength and fault friction from structures at the Aleutian Trench

The structural relations of conjugate thrust faults and the master decollement imaged in a research-level, processed, multichannel seismic reflection record across the eastern Aleutian Trench allow quantitative estimates of the sediment strength and friction across thrust boundaries of the subduction zone. These estimates are derived from geometric relations between faults and from the overall geometry of accreted prisms. They suggest the presence of high pore-fluid pressures that result in low levels of friction along a master decollement and on the main bounding thrust faults in the accreted sediment. Therefore, coupling in the immediate trench area apparently does not contribute significantly to the generation of horizontal compression upslope.
Stokes' Law of Fall Completely Corrected.

The present problem is one of fundamental interest: first, from the standpoint of the kinetic theory, since its solution definitely settles moot questions as to the reflection of molecules which have been in controversy since Maxwell's time; second, from the standpoint of electronic physics, since no subelectron theories have any basis whatever when the complete law of motion of particles of all sizes is known, and third, from the standpoint of cosmical physics, since the rate of settling of cosmical dust and of condensed vapor through the atmospheres of planets can now be quite accurately predicted, and since it may have interesting bearings upon theories of atmospheric electricity.
An Historical Perspective on "Race" and "Culture," and the Role of Anthropology in Defining Children

The modern concept of race arose as a colonial-industrial era attempt to impose scientific order upon a biologically and socially complex species. The concept of culture arose in the 19th century to tease apart the group-level human differences rooted in biology or nature, from those acquired through experience and learning. Children were included in these concepts as were adults, although the prevailing idea was often that children were simply “small adults.” The task of modern anthropology is to reconfigure the study of human variation by maintaining the distinction between historically constituted and natural differences, but at the same time by examining the interplay of the sets of distinctions with one another. This task can expand our perspectives on children by reducing the overdominance of presumed genetics and recognizing the important role of environment in shaping both children and adults.
Penetration of radiocalcium at the margins of filling materials: a preliminary report.

amounts of the isotope than the eye can see in blackening from silver nitrate. Thus, subvisual amounts of silver nitrate might be present and not be detected. Since zinc, ferrocyanide does not plug completely this data would suggest that clinical impregnation treatments will need to be repeated at intervals in order to maintain whatever caries inhibiting effect they may have. The fact that lamellae were regularly penetrated in teeth not cleansed according to Gott­ lieb’s1 instructions suggests that various methods of preparation of the tooth surface be tried clinically. The teeth in this study were all dried by air blast be­ fore applying the radiozinc.
Evidence that a nucleotide sequence, “boxA,” is involved in the action of the NusA protein

Abstract We report the isolation of a mutation, boxA 1, in the nutR region of the phage λ genome. The nutR region, located downstream of the p R promoter, includes the site nutR where the λ N protein is thought to act to render subsequent transcription termination-resistant. We have previously suggested that the boxA sequence, 5′CGCTCTTA3′ (or its RNA analog), located 8 bp promoter-proximal to nutR , might be the recognition site for the E. coli host factor, NusA, which has been shown to be necessary for N action. The boxA 1 mutation, an A:T to T:A transversion, results in a changed boxA sequence upstream of nutR , CGCTCTTT. This change is necessary for λ to effectively use the NusA of Salmonella typhimurium, a NusA function not normally active with the N product of λ. Other lambdoid phages with unique N functions and nut sites that are normally active with the NusA of Salmonella have boxA sequences with the terminal three Ts. Moreover, sequences closely resembling boxA have been found near transcription termination sequences in E. coli operons where NusA has been shown to be involved in termination. These findings identify boxA as an important recognition signal for the NusA protein.
Effects of side diffractions and phase modulations on phase conjugation in a Kerr medium

The effects of side diffractions, generated from the interaction of a weak probe beam and its phase conjugate with two strong counterpropagating pump waves, and the effect of various intensity-dependent self- and mutual-phase modulations on the intensities of the probe beam and its phase conjugate are analytically studied in the nonpump-depletion limit. The results show that the conditions for the existence of, and threshold pump intensity parameters for, the divergence in the intensities of the probe and other generated beams are highly dependent on the wave-mixing angles and are different from the usual four-wave mixing phase conjugation process where the diffractions are not taken into account. >
Life prediction of titanium MMCs under low-cycle fatigue

Low-cycle fatigue failure in titanium metal matrix composites is caused by two separate damage mechanisms: fatigue crack growth in the Ti matrix and fiber breakage. Here, a coupled numerical model for predicting both crack growth and fiber breakage is developed and applied to predict low-cycle fatigue lives in a SiC-fiber reinforced Ti matrix composite. A three-dimensional finite element model containing a matrix crack, nucleated on the first loading cycle in the reaction layer around a fiber, that is bridged by SiC fibers is used to calculate both the matrix crack tip stress intensity factor and the local fiber stress concentrations due to the matrix crack, as a function of the crack size. The crack tip stress intensity factor is used in a Paris-law model for the growth rate of the matrix crack. The local stress distributions in the fibers are used as the effective "applied" load within a three-dimensional Greens Function method that simulates the fiber damage process at any fixed fatigue crack size. Fiber failure preferentially occurs within the matrix crack region, where the fiber stresses are comparatively high, and composite failure occurs when the damage in this region is sufficient to drive fiber failure throughout the remainder of the composite in a crack-like fracture mode. A fatigue life threshold is predicted at about 80% of the quasistatic tensile strength, where the fiber bundle can survive even with a matrix crack extending throughout the entire cross-section. Predictions for the low-cycle fatigue of Ti-matrix (IMI834) reinforced with SCS-6 SiC fibers compare well with available experimental data at high stresses using pristine fiber strengths and no adjustable parameters. Using literature values for the fatigued fiber strength beyond 10(4) cycles and no adjustable parameters, the experimental data are also well matched at lower stresses. The model demonstrates that fatigue life can be dependent on actual composite size and can be very sensitive to initial fiber damage. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.
Nonlinear Local Stabilization of a Viscous Hamilton-Jacobi PDE

We consider the boundary stabilization problem of the non-uniform equilibrium profiles of a viscous Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) Partial Differential Equation (PDE) with parabolic concave Hamiltonian. We design a nonlinear full-state feedback control law, assuming Neumann actuation, which achieves an arbitrary rate of convergence to the equilibrium. Our design is based on a feedback linearizing transformation which is locally invertible. We prove local exponential stability of the closed-loop system in the $H^{1} $ norm, by constructing a Lyapunov functional, and provide an estimate of the region of attraction. We design an observer-based output-feedback control law, by constructing a nonlinear observer, using only boundary measurements. We illustrate the results on a benchmark example computed numerically.
The Character of a Finite Markov Chain

The purpose of this article is to present the concept of the character of a finite irreducible Markov chain. It is demonstrated how the sensitivity of the stationary probabilities to perturbations in the transition probabilities can be gauged by the use of the character.
A Structural Model of Dynamic Market Timing

This paper derives and analyzes dynamic timing strategies of a fund manager with private information. Endogenous timing strategies generated by various information structures and skills, and associated fund styles, are identified. Endogenous fund returns are characterized in the public information of an uninformed observer. Timing components are identified. The paper provides foundations for regression analyses of fund returns and tests of market timing. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Effects of RH on Glass Microfiber Filtration Efficiency for Airborne Bacteria and Bacteriophage Over Time

This study investigated the removal efficiency of viable signals of aerosolized bacteria and viruses, stabilized with respect to relative humidity, by simple glass microfiber filters. When examined over an extended time period, relative humidity affected both the size distribution of the stabilized aerosols and the removal efficiency of aerosolized microorganisms by simple glass microfiber filters. The size distribution of the generated humidity stabilized aerosol particles differed, with 50% relative humidity having a greater number of small diameter particles ( < .02 microns) than aerosols generated at 23% relative humidity, and 23% relative humidity having more particles in the range between .02 and .3 microns than 50%. The removal efficiency of aerosols containing viable bacteria (E. coli) and bacterial viruses (MS2) initially showed greater than 5 logs of removal (99.999%) at both 23% and 50% RHs for both aerosolized microorganisms. Increased RH was related to improved removal of viable aerosolized b...
Significance of ventricular tachycardia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: observations in 35 patients.

To evaluate the significance of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC), 35 consecutive patients seen between 1976 and 1980 were studied. The criteria for diagnosis of IDC were based on clinical, laboratory, and cardiac catheterization findings. All patients had right and left heart catheterization, left ventriculography, and coronary cineangiography. Long-term ambulatory electrocardiograms (Holter) were obtained in all patients at the time of diagnosis. There were 24 male and 11 female patients aged 22 to 72 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD] 51 ± 12). Frequent ventricular premature beats (VPB) (30/h) were observed in 29 patients (83%): complex VPB (Lown grades 3, 4, and 5) in 93% and simple VPB in 7%. Twenty-one patients (60%) had nonsustained VT consisting of 3 to 46 beats (8 ± 5) with rates from 75 to 210/min. No difference between patients with and those without VT was observed in regard to the presenting symptoms, functional classification, electrocardiographic findings, heart size on chest X-ray, and the hemodynamic measurements including cardiac index, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and ejection fraction. Patients with VT were older (p