cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers

Thirty-five percent of 298 treatment-seeking cocaine abusers met DSM-III-R criteria for childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Subjects with childhood ADHD were likely to be male (78%), meet Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for conduct disorder (93%) and antisocial personality disorder (47%), and report a history of conduct disorder in first-degree relatives. With respect to those without the disorder and regardless of co-occurrence with sociopathy, cocaine abusers with childhood ADHD were younger at presentation for treatment and reported more severe substance use, earlier onset of cocaine abuse, more frequent and intense cocaine use, intranasal rather than freebase or intravenous use of cocaine, higher rates of alcoholism, and more previous treatment. This pattern of cocaine use is consistent with clinical descriptions of self-medication of residual symptoms of ADHD in cocaine abusers. Data from this study suggest that there may be more cocaine abusers with a history of ADHD than previously recognized in clinical samples of cocaine users, and that these individuals may differ in clinically meaningful ways from those without childhood ADHD. Moreover, the poorer outcome of subjects with ADHD in this sample underlines the importance of identifying and treating residual symptoms of ADHD in cocaine abusers.
Fast diagonalization of evolving matrices: application to spin-fermion models

Large scale simulation of the colossal magnetoresistance effect in manganites using spin-fermion models is often hampered due to the high computational cost associated with computing the eigenvalues of each of the successive Hamiltonian matrices. Consequently, current spin-fermion model simulations contain no more than 63 sites or the equivalent for lower dimensions. This imposes severe limitations on the kinds of physical systems that can be studied; for example, the Mn spin concentration in diluted semiconductors has to be high enough to be numerically tractable, and the study of many band systems becomes computationally difficult. This study presents an algorithm that directly updates the spectrum of a successive Hamiltonian matrix on the basis of the spectrum of the previous Hamiltonian matrix. This eigenvalue updating algorithm significantly reduces the computational bottleneck involved in recomputing the spectrum of the Hamiltonian matrices each time a local configurational change is accepted, thereby allowing the simulation of much larger lattice system sizes. The serial version of the algorithm is an order of magnitude faster than the approaches based on direct diagonalization. In addition, this algorithm is amenable to parallel computation and retains excellent accuracy even after many updates.
The genetic control of bud formation from callus cultures of diploid alfalfa

Abstract Genotypic differences for the ability to form callus and regenerate plants from callus and suspension cultures have been noted for several crop species. Diploid alfalfa (HG2) capable of a high frequency of regeneration from suspension cultured cells was used to help define the qualitative genetic control over bud differentiation. Segregation for regeneration was studied in F 1 , F 2 , and backcross generations descending from HG2 × low regenerator crosses. Regeneration frequency was highest in the progency of the least related high regenerators and lowest in the progeny of plants selected for low regeneration. Segregation ratios observed suggest that bud differentiation from callus is controlled by two dominant genes. Both dominant alleles must be present in order to obtain more than 75% regeneration. Further testing of high regenerators indicated that additional genetic factors may be necessary for the ability to regenerate from suspension cultured cells. The implications of this are discussed in terms of the development of optimum regeneration procedures for parasexually produced hybrids and variants selected in vitro. We suggest that the two genes be designated Rn 1 and Rn 2 for ease of discussion.
Imperfect Competition and Indirect Tax Structure in a Deregulated Telecommunications Sector

This article uses an applied general equilibrium model to evaluate the relative efficiency of alternative indirect tax structures on the telecommunications sector. The article especially investigates the impact of imperfect competition in the sector’s product market on the efficiency costs of the indirect tax structures. The results show that for a shift from differential capital taxation to uniform capital taxation, the marginal efficiency gains under imperfect competition are 11/2 to 2 times larger than the marginal efficiency gains under perfect competition. The results also show that although a differential capital tax has an efficiency advantage over a differential commodity tax under perfect competition under imperfect competition, a differential commodity tax is more efficient.
Studies on metabolism and effects of estrogen on pituitary prolactin and LH secretion.

The effect of a subcutaneous injection of estradiol on the secretion of pituitary prolactin in the rat and the relationship between serum estradiol level and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in mare were reviewed. In addition, the effect of estradiol injection on LH secretion and the metabolism of [ 14 C]estradiol in intact and bile duct fistulated pony mares were studied. Low (0.1 μg/day/rat) to moderate dose (5 μg/day/rat) of estradiol benzoate injected subcutaneously to mature or immature rats significantly increased pituitary content of prolactin and serum prolactin level five‐ to tenfold. On the other hand, high dose of estradiol (10 μg/day/rat or more) was less effective in stimulating prolactin secretion, and it appeared that progesterone injected concurrently with estradiol had some inhibitory action on the stimulatory effect of estradiol. Studies in pony mares showed that the physiologic level of serum estradiol during proestrus was important for the induction of the ovulatory surge of LH. Intr...
GABA METABOLISM DURING STATUS EPILEPTICUS IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN

Abstract The rate of synthesis of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, was determined in parietal cortex and hippocampus during SE induced by systemic administration of lithium (3mEq/kg) followed 20 h later by pilocarpine (100 mg/kg) in 1–4-week-old rats. Our results show that the immature hippocampus is better capable of maintaining GABA synthesis in the face of SE at the earliest stages of development studied (74.1% of basal in 1-week-old) and that development results in a progressive decline of the ability to maintain GABA synthesis in the face of SE (44.1% of basal by 4 weeks) that may parallel the ontogeny of self-sustaining seizures. Our data describe an aspect of developmental GABA neurochemistry which may in part explain the relative resistance of the immature hippocampus to seizure spread and of certain types of seizure-induced damage.
Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, ornithine decarboxylase, and cell growth in a human colon cell line.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide that has been considered a potential regulator of cell growth and differentiation in various tissues, including the gut. To examine this idea, we used a human colon carcinoma cell line (LoVo) as a model system and measured ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), because this is the rate-limiting enzyme for the formation of polyamines, which are thought to be key factors in regulating cell growth. LoVo cells, grown to about 80% confluence in F-12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, were preincubated for 5 h in low serum medium (1% fetal bovine serum in F-12), and ODC activity was determined by measuring 14CO2 liberated from 14C-labeled ornithine. VIP caused a dose-related biphasic change in ODC, with activity increased at 10 pM, maximal (5-fold increase) at 10 nM, and decreased toward basal at 100 nM to 1 microM. Incubation of cells for 6 days with VIP in low serum medium showed similar changes in cell numbers, with growth being increase...
COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF MOTION: EVIDENCE FOR FRICTION AND GRAVITY ANALOGUES

Five experiments examined whether judgments of the locations of horizontally moving targets were influenced by implied friction between the targets and larger stationary surfaces. When targets crashed through a barrier, forward displacement decreased. When targets slid along the upper or lower edge of a single surface, forward displacement decreased. When targets slid along the upper or lower edge of a single surface, forward displacement decreased; when targets slid between the upper and lower edges of different surfaces, forward displacement decreased further. Targets not in contact with a surface exhibited larger forward displacement with greater target velocities, but contact with a surface attenuated or reversed this pattern. When targets slid along the upper edge of a surface, downward displacement increased; when targets slid along the lower edge of a surface, downward displacement reversed. Downward displacements were larger for larger targets, especially after contact with a surface. The data suggest that target representations contain analogues to friction and gravity that influence remembered position.
Microporous Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with Solvent Chemical Ionization and Glow Discharge for the Direct Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Abstract The use of a microporous polypropylene membrane for the introduction of aqueous samples into a mass spectrometer in amounts sufficient for the water vapor to be used as reagent gas in chemical ionization (CI) is demonstrated. Solute molecules pass the membrane together with the water and can be analyzed using CI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Glow discharge, instead of a filament, is used to ionize the reagent gas, since the high water pressure was found to shorten the filament lifetime to a few hours. The glow discharge was efficient only within a very narrow pressure range, which was controlled simply by adjusting the water flow into the ion source by changing the membrane probe temperature. Using solvent CI with glow discharge, it is possible to measure a broad range of organic compounds with detection limits below 100 ppb and with an accuracy of ±5%. No enrichment of analytes as compared to the water solvent is achieved with the porous membrane and most volatile compounds show similar detection limits. Detection limits and response times were also measured with a silicone membrane introduction system using methane CI. The detection limits using microporous membrane introduction and solvent CI with glow discharge were at least an order of magnitude lower for small polar compounds like alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and acids than with the silicone membrane introduction system, whereas hydrophobic compounds like aromatics and chlorocarbons gave similar results for the two techniques. The response times of the flow injection membrane introduction system were found to be similar for the microporous and the silicone membranes used.
The expected likelihood of transitivity: a survey

May developed an algebraic choice model to describe pairwise comparisons from an empirical study. A probabilistic choice variation of May's model has also been developed. This study presents a survey of work that considers the expected likelihood that a subject using the probabilistic model will have transitive responses for pairwise choices on a set of three alternatives. Of particular interest is the impact that various factors that influence the probabilistic choice model have on the expected likelihood of transitivity. These factors include the degree of accuracy with which the subject perceives the attributes of the alternatives, the number of attributes of comparison, and the consistency with which alternatives are ranked across attributes.
Ultrastructural development of the saccus vasculosus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

The morphology of crown cells and supporting cells of the saccus vasculosus has been described by numerous investigators. A third type of cell has been mentioned by several authors and referred to variously as undifferentiated crown cells, pseudo-coronet cells, pear-shaped cells and, most recently, as liquor-contact neurons. A developmental study of the organ was undertaken as a possible means of characterizing this third cell type and determining its origin. The epithelium of the saccus vasculosus and the ependyma of the third ventricle are different and distinguishable at the time of hatching in rainbow trout. Initially, apical protrusions from crown cells extend slightly into the lumen and a few end knobs or motile cilia project from them. Basal bodies with cross-striated rootlets occur frequently. In swim-up fry, end knobs are more numerous and heavily vacuolated, although cross-striated rootlets are less apparent. Evidence is presented that is consistent with a hypothesis of secretory activity in the crown cells. Further, portions of end knobs containing this material appear to be pinched off from the remainder of the crown cell. The possible presence of bipolar neurons is also discussed.
Nonnative African jewelfish are more fit but not bolder at the invasion front: a trait comparison across an Everglades range expansion

Invasive species present a global threat to natural ecosystems and native biodiversity. Previous studies have shown that invasive range expansion is often related to the invader’s life histories and dispersal behavior. Among behavioral traits, boldness is a key trait that may aid species in performing well in novel environments. Thus, along a species’ invaded range, individuals from the invasion front should be bolder, better dispersers, and have life histories that maximize population growth relative to established populations. We tested these hypotheses with the invasion of the African jewelfish Hemichromis letourneuxi in Everglades National Park (ENP). Jewelfish entered ENP in 2000, and since then they have expanded their range rapidly but traceably. Our study examined variation in reproductive investment, body condition, gut fullness, boldness, and dispersal behavior across six wild-caught populations of African jewelfish. Boldness and dispersal were tested using an emergence-activity test and an emergence-dispersal test in large, outdoor experimental setups. We dissected fish from the six populations to assess life histories. Populations from the invasion front (western ENP) had higher reproductive investment, higher gut fullness, and better body condition, but they were not relatively bolder nor better dispersers than inner populations (eastern ENP). As the invasion progressed, lower intraspecific density at the invasion front may have relaxed competition and allowed for higher fitness and reproductive investment. Understanding underlying behavioral and life-history mechanisms of an invasion is key for the development of management strategies that aim to contain current invaders and prevent the spread of future ones.
Piezoelectrically driven speakers for active aircraft interior noise suppression

Abstract This paper presents results from an experimental study of light weight piezoelectrically driven speakers developed in the Smart Trim Technology Laboratory (SMARTTLAB) at University of Delaware. The speakers are of direct radiator type and are driven by shallow spherical shell piezoceramic actuators. Two implementations – an acoustic piston and a cone – have been tested. Results from small signal characteristics measurements performed in a semi-reverberant environment are presented. While most of the tests have been performed using RAINBOW actuators as driving elements, some results for the THUNDER actuator are also presented. The possible use of these devices as controllable acoustic sources in active noise control applications is discussed. The low weight of these actuators makes them highly suitable for aircraft interior noise control applications with severe space and weight restrictions.
Financially Vulnerable Families and the Child Care Cliff Effect

For many families, child care is a necessity for economic self-sufficiency, as without it caretakers cannot enter and stay in the workforce. However, for many low-income families, child care expenses are so high that they often cannot afford it without government support. Also problematic is that government-supported child care benefits are incrementally lost as a family’s income increases, but often before sufficient income can be sustained to replace that support. This is known as the child care cliff. The focus of this study was to understand how families make decisions about child care and government support when facing this cliff. This article details a mixed-methods study that revealed that families use a combination of resources to make up their income package that they need to manage everyday survival, including government benefits, wages, and social supports. Also, though the cliff effect is a significant barrier to moving from government supports to self-sufficiency, there are multiple other bar...
Erratum to: Single dose propranolol does not affect physiologic or emotional reactivity to smoking cues.

The authors inadvertently omitted a fellow author from the author list. Ms. Elisabeth Grasser should be listed as the sixth author. Her affiliation is Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Her contributions are as follows: reviewing related literature, drafting part of the background and introduction section, and drafting sections of the methods using language from the NIH grant and IRB approved protocol. She has no competing interests to declare.
MICROCALORIMETRIC STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE OF SUPPORTED BIMETALLIC CATALYST PARTICLES A review

Microcalorimetric studies of oxygen and hydrogen chemisorption during the last decade improved the understanding of the structure and structural dynamics of supported bimetallic catalyst particles. For example, it was found that on graphitic supports two different reduced surface compositions/structures can be created for base metal/noble metal particles. Appropriate treatments “switch” the surface from almost pure reduced base metal to true alloy. Calorimetric studies also indicate support interactions play a major role in controlling bimetallic particle surface structure. In contrast to behaviour found on graphitic supports, iron/noble metal particles supported on refractory oxides apparently do not form alloy surfaces. The reduced surface is dominated by the noble metal. Several studies indicate the value of the models of surface composition/structure developed using microcalorimetry for predicting the activity/selectivity of bimetallic particles.
FIP200 is required for maintenance and differentiation of postnatal neural stem cells

Despite recent studies showing that inhibition of autophagy depletes the hematopoietic stem cell pool and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), it remains unknown whether autophagy is essential in the maintenance of other stem cells. Moreover, it is unclear whether and how the aberrant ROS increase causes depletion of stem cells. Here we report that ablation of FIP200 (also known as Rb1cc1), a gene essential for autophagy induction in mammalian cells, results in a progressive loss of neural stem cells (NSCs) and impairment in neuronal differentiation specifically in the postnatal brain, but not the embryonic brain, in mice. The defect in maintaining the postnatal NSC pool was caused by p53-dependent apoptotic responses and cell cycle arrest. However, the impaired neuronal differentiation was rescued by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine but not by p53 inactivation. These data reveal that FIP200-mediated autophagy contributes to the maintenance and functions of NSCs through regulation of oxidative state.
Cycle-accurate macro-models for RT-level power analysis

In this paper we present a methodology and techniques for generating cycle-accurate macro-models for RT-level power analysis. The proposed macro-model predicts nor only the cycle-by-cycle power consumption of a module, but the power profile of the module over time. The proposed methodology consists of three steps: module equation form generation and variable selection, variable reduction and population stratification. First order temporal correlations and spatial correlations of up to order 3 are considered to improve the estimation accuracy. Experimental results show that, the macro-models have 15 or less variables and exhibit <5% error in average power and <15% errors in cycle-by-cycle power compared to circuit simulation results using Powermill.
The surface energy of sucrose

Eight estimates of the surface tension of solid sucrose range from 20 to 700 ergs/cm.2, with an unweighted average of 224. Six estimates of the energy of the solid-saturated solution interface vary over the same range, but average only 84 ergs/cm.2. These values are within the usual limits.
Setting health priorities in research: an african perspective

There is much biomedical and epidemiological research taking place in Africa today. This research is both horizontal (involving local researchers and regional research institutions) and vertical (involving international research sponsors and collaborators). Research is the necessary pathway for any biomedical innovation designed to improve health and, in most cases, such research requires the use of human beings as research participants. Research participants cannot however, be viewed in isolation; they live in communities has become almost a mantra in the research ethics world to say that communities must benefit from positive research outcomes . This ethical rule is important; however, my paper will focus on community involvement prior to the actual research being carried out. Using African examples as case studies, I will examine the extent to which communities are involved in setting the health research agenda for their members and whether or not they are included in priority setting activities. Research being undertaken in several African communities may indeed address health problems in that community; however, how high are those problems in the list of health priorities for that particular community? Are other important health problems being neglected? While much has been said about provision of treatment shown to be successful after research to the wider community, not enough has been said about who decides what research is important for the community before such research is carried out. . This begs the question: how do communities benefit from research activities taking place within their own locales? It
Neuroimaging studies of language should connect with (psycho)linguistic theories

PET studies in domains like vision and attention have been successful because the experiments are the product of highly articulated theories. In contrast, the results of PET studies investigating language processing are difficult to interpret. We suggest that this difficulty is due to the more tentative connection of these experiments with the insights of psycholinguistics and linguistic theory.
Base current relaxation transient in reverse emitter-base bias stressed silicon bipolar junction transistors

The base current relaxation transient following reverse emitter-base (EB) bias stress and its effect on time-to-failure (TTF) determination are examined in self-aligned and nonself-aligned silicon bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) with thermal and deposited base oxide. A quantitative model indicates that the transient is due to a reduction of the stress-generated positive charge trapped in the oxide layer near the emitter-base junction due to holes tunneling from oxide hole traps to silicon band states or SiO/sub 2//Si interface traps. The neutral oxide hole traps may be quickly recharged through hole tunneling or hole injection into the oxide during further reverse-bias stress. A delay time of /spl sim/10/sup -3/ s was observed after the termination of stress before base current relaxation begins, which affects the extraction of the ac operation TTF from dc stress measurements.
Effects of menthol on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion among Black smokers.

Introduction Despite the widespread use of mentholated cigarettes, lower cessation rates, and disproportionately high smoking-related morbidity among Blacks, the possible role of menthol in smokers' response to pharmacotherapy has not been well-studied. This study examined the effects of menthol on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of bupropion and its principal metabolites, hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion among Black smokers. Methods After a 7-day placebo run-in period, participants received 150 mg bid sustained-release bupropion for 20-25 days. Blood samples were drawn for PK analysis on 2 occasions, 10-15 days after the commencement of bupropion while participants were still smoking (smoking phase) and at days 20-25 when they were asked not to smoke (nonsmoking phase). Results 18 smokers of nonmenthol cigarettes and 23 smokers of menthol cigarettes were enrolled in this study. No differences were found by menthol smoking status in the Cmax and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of bupropion and its metabolites in the smoking or nonsmoking phases. However, among menthol smokers, the AUC ratios of metabolite/bupropion were lower in the nonsmoking phase compared with the smoking phase (hydro/bup = 31.49 ± 18.84 vs. 22.95 ± 13.27, p = .04; erythro/bup = 1.99 ± 1.02 vs. 1.76 ± 0.75, p = .016; threo/bup = 11.77 ± 8.90 vs. 10.44 ± 5.63, p = .034). No significant differences were found in the metabolite/bup ratios between smoking and nonsmoking conditions among nonmenthol smokers. Conclusions We did not find a significant effect of menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarette smoking on the PKs of bupropion and metabolites at steady state. More research is needed to advance the understanding of mechanisms underlying disparities in smoking cessation outcomes related to smoking of menthol cigarettes.
Intellectual Property and the Historian in the New Millennium

On April 12, 2002, a roundtable discussion was held during the joint National Council on Public History/Organization of American Historians annual meetings in Washington D.C. This roundtable, “Intellectual Property and the Historian in the New Millennium,” addressed issues of copyright for public historians as authors and users in the digital age, when the technologies of reproduction and dissemination have exploded and Congress has struggled to keep up. Roundtable chair Gerald Herman summarizes the challenges faced by public historians in the new millennium and introduces a transcript of the roundtable discussion.
Ethnomedicine and ethnobotany of fright, a Caribbean culture-bound psychiatric syndrome.

Background "Fright" is an English-speaking Caribbean idiom for an illness, or ethnomedical syndrome, of persistent distress. A parallel ethnopsychiatric idiom exists in the French Antilles as sesisma. Fright is distinct from susto among Hispanics, though both develop in the wake of traumatic events. West Indian ethnophysiology (ethnoanatomy) theorizes that an overload of stressful emotions (fear, panic, anguish or worry) causes a cold humoral state in which blood coagulates causing prolonged distress and increased risks of other humorally cold illnesses.
Intracranial mapping of auditory perception: Event-related responses and electrocortical stimulation

Objective We compared intracranial recordings of auditory event-related responses with electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) to determine their functional relationship.
Impact of High Sulfur Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine EGR Cooler Condensate

Low-sulfur “clean” diesel fuel has been mandated in the US and Europe. However, quality of diesel fuel, particularly the sulfur content, varies significantly in other parts of the world. Due to logistical issues in various theaters of operation, the Army is often forced to rely on local fuel supplies, which exposes vehicles to diesel fuel or jet fuel (JP-8) with elevated levels of sulfur. Modern engines typically use cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) to meet emissions regulations. Using high-sulfur fuels and cooled EGR elevates problems associated with cooler fouling and corrosion of engine components. Hence, an experimental study has been carried out in a heavy-duty diesel engine running on standard JP-8 fuel and fuel doped with 2870 ppm of sulfur. Gas was sampled from the EGR cooler and analyzed using a condensate collection device developed according to a modified ASTM 3226-73T standard. Engine-out emissions were analyzed in parallel. Analysis of results indicates significantly increased levels of sulfur-dioxide and particulate mass with high-sulfur fuel, but negligible amounts of condensed sulfuric acid under normal operating temperatures.
Individual differences in schedule-induced and conditioned behaviors.

Abstract Previous experiments have shown that subjects which exhibit a high locomotor response to novelty (HR) also show a greater locomotor response to psychomotor stimulants than subjects which have a low locomotor response to a novel environment (LR). The current experiments were designed to examine in more detail the behavioral differences between HR and LR rats in non-drug paradigms. In the first experiment HR rats acquired schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) more readily than LR rats. Panel pressing to gain access to the food pellets, however, was greater in LR rats compared to HR rats, especially after stable levels of SIP had been attained. In the second experiment one group of rats were fed daily after a 30-min period in photocell-cages (food conditioning; FC) while a control group was fed in the home-cage (non-conditioned; NC). FC subjects developed heightened locomotor activity in anticipation of feeding in the initial 30 min in the test-cage compared to NC rats. This anticipatory locomotor activity developed more rapidly and to a greater level in HR rats than in LR rats. The concentrations of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid, and norepinephrine were determined at the completion of behavioral testing in both the food conditioned and non-conditioned rats. The food conditioned experiment showed that variations in both the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems may underlie individual differences in behavioral responsiveness. However, no clear pattern of neurochemical differences emerged. The current set of experiments have demonstrated differences between HR and LR rats in non-drug related paradigms and that HR rats appear to show a greater motivational excitement induced by periodic food delivery than LR rats.
The parenting role of African-American fathers in the context of urban poverty

This qualitative study examines low-income African American fathers' perceptions of their parenting role and the strategies they employ to bring up children in poor urban neighborhoods. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 36 fathers who had contact with their children at least twice a month. Men in the study expressed conventional views of their fathering roles as provider, nurturer, and teacher, but placed the most emphasis on "being there" for their children, as their financial circumstances limited other forms of involvement. Many fathers felt their circumstances to be exacerbated by a hostile child-support system. They desired to teach their children alternatives to the negative practices and values they saw in their urban neighborhoods and to have the skills to prosper in mainstream society. Overall, the findings suggest that many low-income urban fathers already desire to be responsible fathers but see themselves as limited by material and structural challenges. Services and policies that promote the economic stability of low-income fathers are recommended.
Parent education home visitation program: adolescent and nonadolescent mother comparison after six months of intervention.

This study examined the effect of an intervention over a 6-month period to improve first time mothers knowledge about parenting and safety in the home. The sample included 61 mothers who completed a baseline and follow-up survey. Mothers were first time adolescent (38) and nonadolescent (22) mothers recruited from rural county health departments for participation in a voluntary home visitation intervention program. Four hypotheses were tested that associated home visitation with greater parenting skill and child development knowledge and safety. Adolescent mothers were expected to make greater gains but to lag behind nonadolescent mothers in child development knowledge, parenting skills knowledge, household safety, and use of community resources. The sample included 32% with a high school degree and 12% African American. 83% were in school. 85% lived at or below the US federal poverty level. Parent Educators provided weekly in-home education based on a manual and individualized curriculum. Parenting skills knowledge was measured by the Adolescent-Adult Parenting Inventory (Bavolek, 1984). Home safety was measured by Culp's Home Safety Checklist. Educators recorded use of 13 community services. Analysis of variance revealed that infant knowledge increased to the same level among all mothers regardless of adolescents' lesser knowledge at baseline. Parenting skill knowledge of child roles increased for both ages, but older mothers scored higher. Parenting skill knowledge of alternatives to corporal punishment increased similarly for both ages. No age or interactive effects were related to improvement in safety or use of community services. Language: en
Potential stigma associated with inclusion of the psychosis risk syndrome in the DSM-V: An empirical question

Abstract While the “clinical high-risk state” for psychosis has demonstrated good reliability and fair predictive validity for psychotic disorders, over 50% of identified subjects do not progress to psychosis. Despite the benefits that early detection and treatment might offer, debate concerning the official inclusion of a “psychosis risk syndrome” in the upcoming DSM-V frequently involves concerns about the impact of stigma on patients, families and institutions. We add to this debate by providing an analysis of the theoretical and empirical stigma literature to evaluate the potential effects of stigma associated with the psychosis risk syndrome. Theorists' conceptualizations of how stigma exerts its negative effects emphasize internalization of pejorative societal stereotypes (‘self-stigma’), negative emotional reactions, harmful behavioral coping strategies, and structural discrimination as key mechanisms. Studies assessing the comparative effects of symptomatic behavior when compared with a psychiatric diagnosis label in predicting rejecting social attitudes indicate that treating symptomatic behaviors is likely to diminish overall stigma. However, any publically held ‘preexisting conceptions’ about what a psychosis risk syndrome means are still likely to exert negative effects. Additionally, particular features of this syndrome—that it occurs during adolescence when identity formation may be in flux— may also shape manifestations of stigma. Utilizing other well-established ‘at-risk’ conditions (e.g., genetic susceptibility) to model potential discrimination for this syndrome, we suggest that future discrimination is likely to occur in insurance and family domains. We conclude by proposing stigma measurement strategies, including recommending that field trials prior to DSM-V adopt systematic measures to assess any stigma that this psychosis risk syndrome might confer via future community use.
On the basic mechanisms of infantile spasms

The neurobiologic basis for infantile spasms has long been debated but with little resolution. The very recent development of several animal models of this disorder should provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of this disorder. This chapter outlines unresolved questions and suggests experimental approaches to answering them. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Politics and Exchange Rates: Britain, France, Italy, and the Negotiation of the European Monetary System

When the European Monetary System was negotiated in 1978, governments in France, Britain, and Italy took very different approaches to this new international institution for coordinating exchange rate policies. The French government actively supported the creation of the European Monetary System, the Italian government entered the system but on weaker terms than the French, and the British government refused to enter the system, preferring to allow the pound to float. To explain these different policy choices, I analyze the impact of domestic politics and institutions on exchange rate policy, paying particular attention to how the organization of bank-industry relations and government instability shape policymakers' policy preferences and their abilities to implement these preferences.
Effects of chocolate cyst fluid on endometrioma cell growth in culture

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of chocolate cyst fluid on the proliferation of cultured human endometrioma cells and to assay the concentration of transforming growth factor-B 1 in this fluid. Design: Controlled in vitro study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Health Science Center. Patient(s): Five women with ovarian endometriomas. Intervention(s): Endometrioma tissue and chocolate fluid from five different patients were entered in this study. Main Outcome Measure(s): Endometrioma cell proliferation in culture with and without chocolate cyst fluid. Result(s): Chocolate cyst fluid increased the proliferation of endometrioma cells compared with controls. Also, high concentrations of transforming growth factor-B 1 were found in cysts' fluid. Conclusions: Chocolate cyst fluid has a growth-enhancing effect on endometrioma cells. One promoting growth factor is transforming growth factor-B1.
Identification of Average Random Coefficients under Magnitude and Sign Restrictions on Confounding

This paper studies measuring the average eects � � of X on Y in a structural system with random coe¢ cients and confounding. We do not require (conditionally) exogenous regressors or instruments. Using proxies W for the confounders U, we ask how do the average direct eects of U on Y compare in magnitude and sign to those of U on W. Exogeneity and equi- or proportional confounding are limit cases yielding full identi…cation. Alternatively, the elements of � � are partially identi…ed in a sharp bounded interval if W is su¢ ciently sensitive to U, and sharp upper or lower bounds may obtain otherwise. We extend this analysis to accommodate conditioning on covariates and a semiparametric separable speci…cation as well as a panel structure and proxies included in the Y equation. After studying estimation and inference, we apply this method to study the …nancial return to education and the black-white wage gap.
The SAE Round-Robin Fatigue Program with A356–T6 (A17SiMg) Cast Aluminum Alloy

The Society of Automotive Engineers Fatigue Design and Evaluation Committee (SAEFDE) recently completed a comprehensive fatigue research program of A356–T6 (A17SiMg) cast aluminum alloys [1]. The goal of this research program was to determine if the usual low cycle fatigue material behaviour and model $$ \frac{{\Delta \varepsilon }}{2} = \frac{{{}^{{\sigma '}}f}}{E}{{(2{{N}_{f}})}^{b}} + {{\varepsilon '}_{f}}{{(2{{N}_{f}})}^{c}} $$ (1) and the usual fatigue crack growth rate models $$ \frac{{{\text{da}}}}{{{\text{dN}}}}{\text{ = f}}(\Delta {\text{K}}) $$ (2) are applicable to cast aluminum alloys commonly used in the ground vehicle industry. Six laboratories participated in the low cycle fatigue round-robin test program and one laboratory investigated fatigue crack growth rate behaviour. This paper presents the major highlights of the comprehensive A356–T6 research program and includes the following behaviour: monotonic tension, cyclic stress-strain;, hysteresis and cyclic strain hardening,, low cycle fatigue and additional empirical modeling, and fatigue crack growth from 10-11 to 10-6 m/cycle.
Measuring Structural Behavior of Glen Canyon Dam

This paper describes layouts of two systems and the methods used for measuring the deformation of Glen Canyon Dam, a large, concrete, arch structure. The deformation is caused by water loading and changing temperature. Measurements are made by triangulation and plumblimes. Precise triangulation is made from piers downstream from the dam to targets at several elevations on the downstream face of the dam and abutments. Also, monuments in three wells extending into the foundation near the dam's toe are triangulated. The positions of the monuments are projected vertically by an optical plummet and coordinated with the triangulation of the targets on the dam's face. Plumblines are installed in five formed vertical wells that extend in the dam between the top elevation and the foundation. Reading stations are located at several elevations on each plumbline. Development of items of apparatus used in each system is described. The methods of measurements, plan of periodic observations, derivation of results, and purpose of the measurements are briefly examined.
Floquet Time Crystals.

Time-translation symmetry can be spontaneously broken in driven quantum systems opening the door to time crystals, according to new theoretical predictions.
A Systems Approach to TMDL Policy Assessment: The Case of Lake Allegan, Michigan

Systems thinking can facilitate holistic understanding of complex system behavior. When applied to environmental systems impacted by human activities, systems thinking can provide insights for developing effective plans to protect ecosystem integrity and support socioeconomic development. In this study, the main system dynamics archetype governing a lake’s eutrophication problem is described to explain the system’s problematic behavior and identify policies for mitigation. Furthermore, in order to put systems thinking concepts into practice, an integrated system dynamics model is developed to simulate the interaction between key socio-economic subsystems and natural processes driving eutrophication. The model is applied to holistically characterize the lake’s recovery from its hypereutrophic state and assess a number of proposed TMDL reduction policies, including phosphorous load reductions from point sources and non-point sources.
An On-Campus Homeless Shelter: The Sociological Imagination, Service-Learning, and Applied Sociology

This paper provides a case study of a unique approach to teaching about homelessness an on-campus winter emergency homeless shelter. This shelter provides an innovative and engaging pedagogical model tying together Mills’ concept of the sociological imagination, service-learning, and applied sociology. Examples illustrate various aspects of Mills’ perspective including: breaking down “us” and “them” boundaries; an understanding of structural issues; sociological praxis; making linkages and various levels of analysis; and opportunities for engaging wider audiences in the sociological perspective. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2011 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]
Analysis on Epidemiological Trend of Rabies in Lingling Distrct of Yongzhou from 2000 to 2009

Objective To investigate the regularity of rabies epidemic in Lingling District of Yongzhou City,and to provide a scientific basis for developing prevention and control measures.Methods Reported cases of rabies in Lingling District of Yongzhou City during the period of 2000～2009 were analyzed by means of descriptive epidemiology.Results There were 69 cases of rabies reported in this period;the average annual incidence rate of reported cases was 1.19/100,000,the males accounted for 62.3% which was higher than that of the females (χ2=8.43,P0.01).The age distribution mainly concentrated on persons with 0～10-year-old and above 50-year-old,accounted for 76.9%.In the case of occupation distribution,the farmer was most commonly involved,accounting for 79.7%,followed by child (8.7%) and student (7.3%).The peak time of rabies was from May to October,accounted for 70.0%.Conclusions The increasing number of dogs,lower immunization coverage rate and ineffective management in dogs are the main causes of the rising rabies.The lower level of knowledge about preventing rabies and the high-priced handling expense are the important factors which affect the exposed crowd carrying on standard handling.
Erythrocyte damage and destruction induced by shearing stress.

Abstract Hemolysis and morphological changes of the erythrocytes develop in patients with prosthetic cardiac devices such as artificial valves and Teflon patches. In consideration of possible mechanisms of this cell damage, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of shearing stress on human and rabbit erythrocytes in vitro. Shearing stresses above a critical level resulted in overt hemolysis of some erythrocytes and damage to others evidenced by diminished survival of Cr 51 -labeled erythrocytes. In addition, shearing stress induced morphological changes of erythrocytes similar to those observed in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves.
Hybrid Method for Uncertainty Propagation of Orbital Motion

The efficient and accurate representation of uncertainty for orbiting objects under nonlinear dynamics is a topic of great interest for space situational awareness. This paper presents a hybrid met...
Guide and Examples for Users of the ‘SPACEKAP’ Style File

This document describes in some detail the use of the SPACEKAP style file for the preparation of articles to be submitted to journals or edited volumes published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. The ‘spacekap’ style file is very similar to the ‘article’ style sheet of LATEX.
Removing Moving Objects from Point Cloud Scenes

Three-dimensional simultaneous localization and mapping is a topic of significant interest in the research community, particularly so since the introduction of cheap consumer RGB-D sensors such as the Microsoft Kinect. Current algorithms are able to create rich, visually appealing maps of indoor environments using such sensors. However, state-of-the-art systems are designed for use in static environments, which severely limits the application space for such systems. We present an algorithm to explicitly detect and remove moving objects from multiple views of a scene. We do this by finding corresponding objects in two views of a scene. If the position of an object with respect to the other objects changes between the two views, we conclude that the object is moving and should therefore be removed. After the algorithm is run, the two views can be merged using any existing registration algorithm. We present results on scenes collected around a university building.