cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon in estuaries

The distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the natural carbon isotope ratio of DOC (DO13C) in estuaries reflect the predominant sources and sinks of organic matter from both allochthonous and autochthonous origins. The traditional view is that DOC in land-margin ecosystems reflects mainly the mixing of land-derived and oceanic DOC. However, this view is not consistent with the bulk of our data from a survey of DOC and DO13C distributions in estuaries on the East and Gulf coasts of the USA. While it is accurate that the DOC in estuaries includes material derived from land and from the ocean, the distributions of DOC and DO13C in several estuaries reflect additional DOC inputs from estuarine phytoplankton and tidal marshes. Even when DOC concentrations were distributed conservatively, the isotopic composition of the DOC revealed the existence of a dynamic cycle of DOC input and removal in some systems.
The relationship of γ-aminobutyrate levels and its metabolism to age in brains of mice

Abstract The activities of glutamate decarboxylase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase were determined in the brains of C57B1/6J mice of selected biological ages (10, 24, 33, and 37 months old). The glutamate decarboxylase activity was the same in the 10 and 24 month mice, but was decreased in the 30 and 37 month mice. The aspartate aminotransferase activity was constant in the 10, 24, and 33 month old mice and was slightly decreased in the 37 month mice. The γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity was the same in the brains of the 10 and 24 month old mice and was increased in the 33 month mice and even more in the 37 month mice. The steady state levels of aspartate, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyrate were determined in the brains of mice 10, 18, 29, and 36 months old. The concentration of aspartate was the same in the 10, 18, and 29 month mice and was increased in the 36 month mice. The mice in all the age groups had the same brain concentration of glutamate. γ-Aminobutyrate concentration decreased somewhat with age. The weights of the brains did not vary with age from 10 to 33 months. The wet weights of the brains of the 36 and 37 month mice were lower than those of all the other age groups. The amount of protein per gram of wet weight of brain did not vary with age.
Do ethnic differences in dietary cation intake explain ethnic differences in hypertension prevalence? Results from a cross-sectional analysis

Abstract PURPOSE: To better understand how the magnitude of the association between ethnicity and hypertension is affected by ethnic differences in dietary cation intake, we describe differences in dietary cation intakes and prevalence of hypertension across four ethinic groups (African-Americans, European-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Puerto Ricans). We also assess the cross-sectional association between: ( i ) hypertension and self-reported dietary intakes of sodium, potassium, and calcium for each ethnic group; and ( ii ) ethnicity and hypertension before and after adjustment for dietary cation intakes. METHODS: Data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976–1980) and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1982–1984) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) for hypertension for each ethnic group, with adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes status. Comparisons were made to assess whether the magnitude for the ethnicity ORs changed when the three nutrient variables were entered into the model. RESULTS: Mexican-American and Puerto Rican men and women showed clinically and statistically significantly higher mean intakes of the three cations than did African-American men and women, who reported clinically and statistically significantly lower mean intakes of sodium, potassium, and calcium than did European-American men and women. Mean dietary intakes of potassium and calcium were higher for normotensives than for hypertensives among all ethnic groups, except African-American and Mexican-American women. In multivariate modeling, stark differences in ORs for hypertension persisted across ethnic groups despite inclusion of the nutrient variables. CONCLUSION: In this cross-sectional study, adjustment for dietary cation intakes did not alter the magnitude of the ethnic differences in prevalence of hypertension.
Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: A Theoretical Study of Junction Formation under Steady-State Conditions

The performance of light-emitting electrochemical cells is studied under steady-state conditions. The theoretical model presented is based on the approach to electrodiffusion−reaction problems familiar with electrochemical cells. However, some links with the traditional semicondutor physics approach are also presented. The reversible redox electrode reactions are considered to always be in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the distribution of the applied potential between the two electrode/polymer interfaces and the active layer is carefully analyzed by the numerical solution of the transport equations. The theory is able to explain most of the experimental observations. In particular, the junction formation is proved to be a bulk process related to the electrodiffusion and recombination reaction of polarons, thus explaining its macroscopic nature. Current−voltage and light−voltage characteristics in qualitative agreement with experiment are found. The observed changes in the junction width and the electric ...
Musculoskeletal injuries among hospital patient care staff before and after implementation of patient lift and transfer equipment.

Objective Using an observational research design and robust surveillance data, we evaluated rates of musculoskeletal (MS) injuries, days away from work, and restricted work days among patient care staff at a medical center and community hospital in the United States over 13 years, during which time a “minimal manual lift” policy and mechanical lift equipment were implemented. Methods Workers’ compensation claims data were linked to human resources data to define outcomes of interest and person-time at risk to calculate rates. Poisson and negative binomial regression with lagging were used to compare outcome rates in different windows of time surrounding the intervention. Patterns of MS injuries associated with patient-handling were contrasted to patterns of other MS injuries that would not be affected by the use of mechanical lift equipment. Results At the medical center, no change in the patient-handling MS injury rate followed the intervention. A 44% decrease was observed at the community hospital. At both hospitals, the rate of days away declined immediately – before it was reasonable for the intervention to have been adopted. Conclusions Institutional-level changes at the time of the intervention likely influenced observed results with findings only partially consistent with an intervention effect. Observational studies can be useful in assessing effectiveness of safety interventions in complex work environments. Such studies should consider the process of intervention implementation, the time needed for intervention adoption, and the dynamic nature of work environments.
The Development of an Instrument for Assessing Online Teaching Effectiveness

Traditional student evaluations of teaching do not adequately assess the essential constructivist-based practices that have been recommended for effective online instruction. There is a need for student evaluation of teaching instruments that are specifically designed to provide online instructors with valid feedback about the effectiveness of their online teaching practices. This study was undertaken to develop and validate a student evaluation of online teaching effectiveness instrument based on Chickering and Gamson's (1987) Seven Principles of Effective Teaching. Eight hundred and seven students enrolled in WebCT courses at a mid-sized university in the western United States completed the Student Evaluation of Online Effectiveness (SEOTE) for this study. Results from an exploratory factor of analysis of a randomly selected sub-sample of SEOTE responses of online students yielded four interpretable factors: Student–Faculty Interaction, Active Learning, Time on Task, and Cooperation Among Students. Acon...
A survey of medical students' opinions about complementary and alternative medicine.

Abstract Objective: We wished to determine third-year medical students' opinions and knowledge related to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in a school with no formal or elective course on the subject. Study Design: A questionnaire was offered to third-year medical students during their 8-week rotation on obstetrics and gynecology. Results: Most students had been exposed to CAM therapies, knew that the majority of the American public was using CAM, believed that some CAM interventions were useful, and did not believe CAM therapies were a threat to public health. Most students had insufficient knowledge or understanding of the safety or lack of it for 10 of the more common CAM modalities. Most respondents thought these interventions were useful, but would not refer the patient nor dissuade her from using them. There were no significant differences in responses between men and women or related to the time in the year of the clerkship. Conclusion: Medical students in this school self-identified an interest about the clinical usefulness of 10 CAM modalities, but did not have sufficient knowledge about the safety for 10 of the more common CAM modalities. Including CAM topics in the medical school curriculum would better prepare physicians to respond to patient inquiries about CAM and thereby to fulfill their role as patient advocates. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:754-7.)
Dislocation replication and annihilation in InP homoepitaxial layers grown by liquid phase epitaxy

Abstract The mechanisms associated with the replication and annihilation of dislocations during the homoepitaxial growth of indium phosphide layers by liquid phase epitaxy have been investigated. Two distinct situations develop during the growth of homoepitaxial layers on dislocated substrates: the Burgers vector of a substrate dislocation is either inclined or parallel to the growth surface. The replication of dislocations which have their Burger's vector parallel to the growth surface has been studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Results suggest that perfect dislocations are incorporated into epitaxial layers without an increased separation between Shockley partials in contrast to observations in silicon homoepitaxial layers. In addition, their orientation is observed to change so as to align themselves parallel to the growth direction. In contrast, dislocations whose Burgers' vectors are inclined to the surface propagate in the usual 60° configuration. The annihilation of dislocations has been studied using X-ray topography and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Results indicate that the annihilation that is observed in the absence of stress can be accounted for by chance impingement of dislocations during growth. This is facilitated by the climb of closely spaced dislocations. The effects of stress due to non-stoichiometric growth and isoelectronic doping have also been studied and have been found to be detrimental to the overall perfection of epitaxial layers.
Expression of viral RNA in friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cells

Summary The regulation of expression of the Friend virus complex (FV) was studied in clones of H-2 congenic erythroleukemia cell lines. Molecular probes specific for each of the two FV components were generated and hybridized to RNA extracted from clones differing with respect to virus production or viral envelope antigen expression. Sequences representing the defective component of FV continued to be transcribed in cells regardless of virus production. The presence of helper virus-specific sequences, however, was shown to be directly related to virus expression. Molecular hybridization with cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA extracted from the H-2 congenic clones representing various stages of viral expression demonstrated a direct correlation between the level of transcription of FMuLV-specific sequences and the degree of virus expression. These data suggest that regulation of FV expression is primarily related to the cessation of helper virus transcription in the cell lines studied. In this paper we provide further evidence that the defective viral component is responsible for the rapid malignancy associated with Friend disease.
Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve after the posterior leaflet sliding advancement procedure

The posterior leaflet sliding advancement procedure was developed to prevent the occurrence of systolic anterior motion of mitral valve and consequently outflow obstruction after mitral annuloplasty. We present a patient with extremely redundant posterior mitral leaflet in whom outflow obstruction developed despite employment of this procedure. This case underscores the utility of preoperative and intraoperative echocardiography in surgical decision making. Systolic anterior motion can develop in some patients despite this new surgical technique.
The ultrastructure of the amebocyte-producing organ in Biomphalariaglabrata

The amebocyte-producing organ (APO) in normal and echinostome-sensitized Biomphalariaglabrata was studied at the ultrastructural level. The APO in unexposed snails consists of small clusters of primary ameboblasts resting on the epithelial cells lining the pericardium. The ameboblasts are held in a loose reticulum formed by extensions from smooth muscle and few fibroblastic cells. Secondary ameboblasts and amebocytes constitute further stages of this cell line. Amebocytes, resembling cells in the snail's circulation, appear in the blood sinus coursing through the interior of the APO. Exposure of snails to echinostome miracidia results in significant morphological changes in the organ. Large clusters of primary and and secondary ameboblasts appear, many of these cells undergoing mitosis. Fully activated APOs consist of masses of cells loosely arranged in zones of progressive maturation. Blood cells in activated APOs were significantly larger than those seen in normal APOs.
Electronic resources and copyright issues: Consequences for libraries

Abstract The application of copyright law to electronic resources is receiving more attention as technologies grow in kind and complexity. The function of copyright as a means of protection for software continues to be questioned, and efforts to resolve this issue are further confounded by the industry's use of patents and license agreements. The rapid growth of electronic resources has precipitated revisions in copyright law in the past decade. A new law has been proposed in 1989 which would further define the application of copyright to software. The current and proposed use of copyright law to protect electronic resources, and its effect on educational institutions and libraries, is discussed. Suggestions to meet the challenge of acquiring electronic resources are offered.
Exploring the influence of perceptual factors in the success of web-based spatial DSS

Increasing reliance on the web for decision-making combined with higher demand on technologies that can efficiently deal with large volumes of data make visualization an important decision-making tool. Spatial decision support systems (SDSS) using the latest advances in geographic information systems (GIS) could be the appropriate approach in making DSS available to mass web-users for making decisions that have spatial components. Hence, it is important to explore the factors that impact perceived successful use of web-based SDSS. In this paper, we synthesize task-technology, goal setting, and self-efficacy theories in developing a conceptual model and the subsequent empirical study for exploring the perceptual factors impacting the perceived performance of web-based SDSS.
Effectiveness of Sanitizing Agents in Inactivating Escherichia coli in Golden Delicious Apples

Research was undertaken to develop improved methods of sanitizing apples contaminated with Escherichia coli. Unwaxed Golden Delicious apples, inoculated with nonpathogenic E. coli, were washed with 200 ppm Cl 2 , commercial washing formulations, 5% H 2 O 2 , or combinations of H 2 O 2 with commercial formulations at ca. 20°C or 50°C. Heated commercial formulations achieved a 2.5 log reduction in E. coli load, compared to a 2 log reduction for 200 ppm Cl 2 . However, heated combinations of H 2 O 2 with acidic surfactants achieved a 3-4 log reduction. Residual H 2 O 2 in treated apples dissipated within several hours. These results demonstrate the efficacy of H 2 O 2 in decontaminating apples containing E. coli.
Pregnant women's knowledge of the human immunodeficiency virus: implications for education and counseling.

Abstract Poor pregnant women of color understand that human immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted vertically, but they believe that babies of infected mothers will always get AIDS.
Proton affinity equilibria for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure in ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract Proton affinity equilibria for 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 2 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAH) were measured at atmospheric pressure using ion mobility spectrometry. In spectra for pure compounds, values for reduced mobilities (cm2 V−1 s−1) for MH+ with percent deviations from literature values were: pyrene, 1.58 (4.6%); anthracene, 1.68 (4.3%); phenanthrene, 1.64 (5.8%); naphthalene, 1.92 (2.7%); benzene, 2.34 (3.1%); benzophenone, 1.64 (8.6%); and acetophenone, 1.82 (0%). Gas phase proton transfer occurred at 660–670 torr with binary mixtures of PAH and oxy-PAH. Product ion equilibria in binary mixtures were shifted towards compounds with greater gas phase basicity. For example, a concentration ratio of 7:1 for pyrene to anthracene was necessary for near equal intensity in product ions, while almost 50:1 for phenanthrene to pyrene was necessary for equal intensity in product ions. The order of proton affinities for PAH and oxy-PAH relative to pyrene was determined as anthracene > phenanthrene > acetophenone > naphthalene > benzene and was consistent with basicity values measured using high-vacuum techniques. Ternary mixtures were prepared through addition of a third PAH to binary mixtures. Product ion intensities were also controlled for PAH and oxy-PAH in ternary mixtures at atmospheric pressure through gas phase basicity.
Decoding Shaywitz: The modular brain and its discontents

Book reviewed in this article: Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level. Sally Shaywitz. 2003.
Propofol anaesthesia in paediatric ambulatory patients: a comparison with thiopentone and halothane

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the haemodynamic changes during induction, as well as the speed and quality of recovery when propofol (vs thiopentone and/or halothane) was used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in paediatric outpatients. One hundred unmedicated children, 3–12-yr-old, scheduled for ambulatory surgery were studied. The most common surgical procedures performed were eye muscle surgery (42%), plastic surgery (21%), dental restoration (15%), and urological procedures (15%). The children were randomized to an anaesthetic regimen for induction/maintenance as follows: propofol/propofol infusion; propofol/halothane; thiopentone/halothane; halothane for both induction and maintenance. Succinylcholine 1.5 mg · kg−1 was used to facilitate tracheal intubation and N2O/O2 were used as the carrier gases in each case. All maintenance drugs were titrated according to the clinical response of the patient to prevent movement and/or maintain BP ± 20% of baseline. Two patients (4%) who received propofol expressed discomfort during injection. The mean propofol dose required to prevent movement was 267 ± 83 μg · kg−1 · min−1. The overall pattern of haemodynamic changes, as well as awakening (extubation) times were not different among the four groups. Children who received propofol recovered faster (22 vs 29–36 min) (P < 0.05), were discharged home sooner (101 vs 127–144 min) (P < 0.05), and had less postoperative vomiting (4 vs 24–48%) (P < 0.05) than all others. There were no serious complications or adverse postoperative sequelae in any of the patients in the study. It is concluded that induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol is a well-tolerated anaesthetic technique in children, and is associated with faster recovery and discharged as well as less vomiting than when halothane is used.
Toward an Applied Meaning for Ethics in Business

The field of business ethics has been active for several decades, but it has yet to develop a generally agreed upon applied ethical perspective for the discipline. Academics in business disciplines have developed useful science-based models explaining why business people behave ethically but without a generally accepted definition of ethical behavior. Academics in moral philosophy have attempted to formulate what they believe ethical behavior is, but many seem to ignore or reject the basic mission of business. The purpose of this article is to offer one view of ethics in business that accommodates the mission of business. This purpose is achieved by reviewing the mission of ethics in applied disciplines like business and melding it into the mission of business in capitalistic societies.
Effects of various pathological conditions on the nuclear T3 receptors of rat cerebral cortex: comparison with liver

The binding capacity and relative affinities of the nuclear triiodothyronine receptors were measured in the cerebral cortex and liver tissues of the rat under several conditions involving energy deprivation. Protracted hypothyroidism caused significant increases in binding capacity in both brain and liver representing a probable direct tissue response to this specific thyroidal dysfunction. Three conditions affecting glucose homeostasis: fasting, glucagon administration and insulin-induced acute hypoglycemia, caused a significant decrease in nuclear binding capacity measured by in vitro binding assay in liver but did not affect brain receptors indicating a tissue specific response to these altered energy states. Lowering of available oxygen (hypoxia) also appeared to cause a slight decrease in binding capacity in the cerebral cortex measured in vitro. On the other hand, total depletion of oxygen (anoxia) showed a progressive increase in binding of a lower affinity nature in the cerebral cortex and liver. A similar change in binding and affinity was seen in the progression of the post-mortem condition in the cerebral cortex and liver resulting from a probable general alteration of the chromosomal material. These results illustrate the degree and nature of alterations of a specific nuclear regulatory component, the thyroid hormone receptor, under several pathological conditions.
Using small molecules to study big questions in cellular microbiology

High-throughput screening of small molecules is used extensively in pharmaceutical settings for the purpose of drug discovery. In the case of antimicrobials, this involves the identification of small molecules that are significantly more toxic to the microbe than to the host. Only a small percentage of the small molecules identified in these screens have been studied in sufficient detail to explain the molecular basis of their antimicrobial effect. Rarer still are small molecule screens undertaken with the explicit goal of learning more about the biology of a particular microbe or the mechanism of its interaction with its host. Recent technological advances in small molecule synthesis and high-throughput screening have made such mechanism-directed small molecule approaches a powerful and accessible experimental option. In this article, we provide an overview of the methods and technical requirements and we discuss the potential of small molecule approaches to address important and often otherwise experimentally intractable problems in cellular microbiology.
Percutaneous dilatation of biliary strictures through the afferent limb of a modified roux-en-y choledochojejunostomy or hepaticojejunostomy

Abstract background This report is a 13-year prospective evaluation of percutaneous balloon dilatation of benign biliary strictures through the subcutaneous or subfascially positioned afferent limb of a choledocho or hepaticojejunostomy in 30 patients. data source Twenty-seven strictures developed after a common duct injury sustained at the time of cholecystectomy, two after hepatectomy reconstruction for trauma and one following a gastrectomy. Twelve injuries (40%) were recognized at operation. Of the 18 patients where the injury was unrecognized at the time of operation, 8 had not been reoperated at the time of referral, 7 had late repairs by the referring physician, and 3 had late repairs at our institution. The follow-up is 1 to 13 years. results There has been 1 late death and 6 patients are lost alive. The jejunal-limb was accessed 50 times with two minor and no major complications. There have been two parajejunal hernia repairs, but there have not been any reoperations for recurrent biliary strictures. conclusions Benign biliary strictures can be effectively managed by repeat balloon dilatations thru the afferent limb of a choledocho or hepaticojejunostomy, thus eliminating the need for repeat surgical interventions.
Judd–Ofelt theory (in person): concert for three tenors and piano

Abstract A Report on the Special Session devoted to the 40th anniversary of the Judd–Ofelt theory is presented. During the session the three most important voices of the theory of f-electron systems were heard by the participants of the International Spring Workshop in L a dek Zdroj, Poland. Brian Wybourne, as MC, presented a special issue of Molecular Physics to Brian Judd and George Ofelt who share the fame, and who have met in L a dek for the first time ever.
Precipitation Characteristics of a Sheared, Moderate Intensity, Supercell-Type Colorado Thunderstorm

Abstract A dense 450-station network of hail and rain gages in 2025 km2 of northeastern Colorado has provided surface precipitation data from a moderate intensity thunderstorm that crossed the network on 22 July 1972. The storm, which existed in an environmental vertical wind shear of 6 × 10−2 sec−1 for over 4 hr, exhibited characteristics of the supercell-type storm including a well-defined and continuing weak echo region, a deviate motion to the right of the local winds, a precipitation wall advancing toward the region of strongest inflow, and a forward overhang of high reflectivity as far as 10 km and more ahead of the precipitation wall. The surface precipitation network results from the storm are analyzed and correlated with other measurements obtained from precision radar, instrumented aircraft, multiple high-altitude released dropsondes, rawinsondes, and surface observations. Hail recorded at 12 network stations was associated with two inflow regions that existed simultaneously and moved in diverge...
Technology as Knowledge: An Empirical Affirmation

Using the Green Revolution in Indian agriculture as the empirical basis, this article argues for the epistemic significance of technology as a form of knowledge. The concept of technology as knowledge evolved out of the interactive model of the relationship between science and technology. The Green Revolution is generally referred to as the change in agricultural practice experienced in parts of the Third World in recent decades as a result of the introduction of mainly the high-yielding varieties of seeds (HYVs). Using this empirical example, the article proposes that technological change may be conceptualized within an epistemological framework of technological knowledge.
A Measure of Attitude Toward School

A scale was developed to measure attitude toward school among elementary school pupils. Scores on the questionnaire were positively correlated with teacher ratings of school attitudes, non-verbal ability, standardized tests of school achievement and self-concept scores for a sample of fourth grade pupils.
You're kidding...I have cancer? A patient's perspective on coping with prostate cancer and why active surveillance was not chosen.

I teach. In fact, I teach law. One might guess that my training has led me to approach life’s challenges with a somewhat defined methodology. As happens to others, the discovery that I had prostate cancer pretty much took my breath away. After I became resigned to the disappointing news, I hunkered down to a familiar pattern of investigation and evaluation. Perhaps I was a tad compulsive. Perhaps I was excessive. But, as the saying goes, this was my cancer. Whether formally or informally, I suspect I spoke with probably 10 physicians in the fields of urology, oncology, and radiology. In retrospect, my goals appeared to be to educate myself on the pluses and minuses of the variety of choices with which I was confronted and then to evaluate with which physician I thought I could work best. Obviously, there were issues that I overlooked and with which I became concerned only after I had undergone my treatment. Three days from now will be the third anniversary of my robotic radical prostatectomy. The process of selecting the physicians with whom I sought to consult was perhaps as mysterious and tangled as the information which I culled. I remain in contact with several of the doctors from this convoluted web of consultations. Possibly, I gained a friend or two. As events unfolded, sometime after my procedure, two of the doctors who were willing to share with me both time and information came to play a role in the preparation of this program that we are attending today. Apparently, after discussions with one another, they decided to ask me to speak and give some sense of what it felt like to be the patient in the process which I think of as a decision tree for selecting both a treatment and a treatment provider for prostate cancer. When asked to speak here, I naively assumed that the ideal talk I could present would be to focus upon the selection process I had engaged. I had hoped that in discussing this uncertain and anxiety-producing process, which indeed was not without its flaws, thoughts might be generated regarding possible missing tools in the universe of workshops for educating prostate cancer patients. However, as I focused more upon the significance of the conference’s theme of active surveillance, it became increasingly apparent that an “ideal talk” would have to include a discussion of why I did not choose active surveillance. The release of additional studies in the past several years suggesting that there is marginal or no difference in the rate of mortality between active surveillance and intervention made more pressing the need to include in my talk significant discussion of why active surveillance was not my treatment of choice and why it would not be my choice today. As fate or more likely reason would have it, the two discussion topics proved to be integrally related. The discussion of my treatment selection inexorably led to a companion analysis of why active surveillance was not a compelling choice for me.
The X‐ray Crystal Structure of a Cuprate–Carbonyl π‐Complex

Complexes between copper reagents and double-bonds have been proposed as intermediates in a number of synthetically important reactions. Many h-complexes between organocuprates and carbon–carbon double-bonds, which are intermediates in 1,4-addition reactions of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, have been observed by using NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, h-O,C-complexes between organocopper compounds and carbon–oxygen double-bonds have been proposed as intermediates in 1,2-additions to carbonyl compounds, for example, copper-catalyzed asymmetric induction reactions. Carbophilic additions to thiocarbonyl compounds, mediated by organocuprates, have been explained in terms of h-S,C-complexes of carbon–sulfur double-bonds. However, there has been no report of an X-ray structure for any of these p-complexes. Therefore, we applied our rapid-injection techniques, which were previously used to prepare several important intermediates, to screen a number of typical aldehydes and ketones for complex formation with Me2CuLi, [9] and we discovered such a species with unusual stability, which has allowed us to prepare it on a larger scale and grow highquality crystals (see the Supporting Information). We now report the first X-ray crystal structure of a cuprate– carbonyl p-complex, 1 (Scheme 1 and Figure 1).
The Influence of Effector T Cells and Fas Ligand on Lupus-Associated B Cells

Circulating autoantibodies against dsDNA and chromatin are a characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus in humans and many mouse models of this disease. B cells expressing these autoantibodies are normally regulated in nonautoimmune-prone mice but are induced to secrete Abs following T cell help. Likewise, anti-chromatin autoantibody production is T cell-dependent in Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-deficient (lpr/lpr or gld/gld) mice. In this study, we demonstrate that Th2 cells promote anti-chromatin B cell survival and autoantibody production in vivo. FasL influences the ability of Th2 cells to help B cells, as Th2-gld/gld cells support higher titers of anti-chromatin Abs than their FasL-sufficient counterparts and promote anti-chromatin B cell participation in germinal centers. Th1 cells induce anti-chromatin B cell germinal centers regardless of FasL status; however, their ability to stimulate anti-chromatin Ab production positively correlates with their level of IFN-gamma production. This distinction is lost if FasL-deficient T cells are used: Th1-gld/gld cells promote significant titers of anti-chromatin Abs regardless of IFN-gamma production levels. Thus, FasL from effector T cells plays an important role in determining the fate of anti-chromatin B cells.
Single Sensor MPPT Algorithm for Multiple Solar Panels Configurations

This paper proposes a method for extracting power from several solar panel modules with different characteristics using one single current sensor. This method can prove useful to reduce the board size and to increase the variety of controllers (microcontrollers or FPGAs) that are suitable for that application.
PL-detective: experiences and results

Last year we described the PL-Detective, a system for building exercises and demonstrations in a programming languages course. One of the main goals of the PL-Detective was to provide an experimental environment with which students could interact in order to discover the information that they needed to complete the exercise. In this paper we evaluate the PL-Detective with respect to this goal. We present data from a class of 29 groups of two or three students that used the PL-Detective for 11 exercises. Our data shows that students are both effective and efficient at getting information from the PL-Detective.
Trucking efficiency versus transportation efficiency: An economic evaluation of TRB Special Report 267

TRB Special Report 267: Regulation of Weights, Lengths, and Widths of Commercial Motor Vehicles is critically evaluated. It is an important, congressionally mandated report that contains a series of conclusions and recommendations regarding truck size and weight (TS&W) regulations in the United States. The report concludes that increases in TS&W limits have great potential for increasing freight market efficiency but that safety and other effects are not well understood. To facilitate the liberalization of TS&W limits, the report recommends a revised regulatory regime that would involve federal supervision of state-set limits, with evaluation provided by an independent Commercial Traffic Effects Institute. This evaluation argues that the report focuses too narrowly on trucking efficiency and overlooks transportation efficiency. This narrow analytical perspective significantly limits its usefulness in establishing national transportation policy. Also, there is no analytical basis for the report's most important conclusions and recommendations, either in the report or in earlier TS&W studies evaluated by the Committee for the Study of the Regulation of Weights, Lengths, and Widths of Commercial Motor Vehicles.
Real-time implications of multiple transmission rates in wireless networks

Wireless networks are increasingly being used for latency-sensitive applications that require data delivery to be timely, efficient and reliable. This trend is primarily driven by the proliferation of wireless networks of real-time data-gathering sensor-actuator devices. This has led to a strong need to bring real-time concerns to the forefront of an integrated research thrust into wireless real-time systems. In this paper, we introduce and analyze a specific instance of the rich set of problems in this domain. We consider a wireless network serving real-time flows in which the underlying physical layer provides multiple transmission rates. Higher rates have more stringent SINR requirements and thus represent a trade-off between raw transmission speed and packet error rate. We adopt a first principles approach to the design of optimal real-time scheduling algorithms for such a multi-rate wireless network. We illustrate the inherent complexities of the problem through examples and obtain provably optimal structural results. We then characterize the optimal policy for an approximate model. Our theoretical analysis provides guidelines for heuristic scheduler design. Our initial work indicates that this is a rich problem domain with the potential for a unifying theory that integrates real-time requirements into multi-rate wireless network design.
Female-Produced Stimuli Influencing Courtship of Male House Flies (Musca domestica)

Courtship stimuli of importance to male house flies were investigated by recording male responses to tethered flies of both sexes. The males courted tethered females with significantly greater frequency than they courted tethered males. This sexual discrimination by males remained even when various visual, acoustic, or behavioral differences between the sexes were eliminated. However, following the apparent loss of chemical differences between the sexes of dead flies, the sex recognition ability of the males was abolished. It appears that female-produced chemical(s) may be especially important in influencing a male to continue through the entire courtship sequence and make a copulatory attempt. The ability of antennaeless males to discriminate the sex of dead flies suggests that contact chemoreception may be important in sexual recognition. When tested 24 hr after copulation, mated females were not inferior to virgin females in their abilities to elicit courtship from males.
Pseudouridylation goes regulatory

RNA modifications are omnipresent among non-coding RNAs, so much so that pseudouridine (an isomer of uridine) was originally designated the ‘fifth nucleoside’. Their role ranges from fine-tuning to being functionally essential to their target RNAs. Ever since their discovery some 60 years ago, RNA modifications were considered constitutive. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, however, Wu et al demonstrate that environmental stimuli induce pseudouridylation of spliceosomal small nuclear (sn) RNA U2 at novel sites impacting pre-mRNA splicing. After the regulatory modification of protein and of DNA, that of RNA now adds another level of complexity to the cellular signaling landscape. Well over 100 different modifications decorate nucleotides in cellular RNA (Czerwoniec et al, 2009). Such modifications are particularly prominent in non-coding RNAs such as
Measurement of laparoscopic skills in microgravity anticipates the space surgeon

Abstract Background There clearly must be a surgical capability to support the exploration of the solar system by humans. We hypothesized that microgravity would impair surgical task performance and sought to measure degree and criticality of task erosion. Methods Twenty subjects performed basic laparoscopic exercises (grasping, cutting, clipping, and suturing) in an inanimate trainer on the ground and during the microgravity phase of a parabolic flight. Skill assessment involved time, accuracy, and force transfer. Results A decrease in the total number of on-target task completions was observed in microgravity compared with the ground performance for all tasks. The ratio between the total number of attempts and the number of completions was higher in microgravity. The amount of force introduced into the system was not significantly higher in microgravity. Conclusions We conclude that although tasks are performed with much greater deliberation and work in microgravity, there is no barrier to accurate and effective laparoscopic surgery.
Rapid evolutionary change in a sexual signal: genetic control of the mutation 'flatwing' that renders male field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) mute.

Colonizing events may expose organisms to physical and ecological environments found nowhere else in their range. Novel selection pressures can then influence subsequent rapid evolutionary changes. Here, I investigate the genetics of one such rapid change in the sexual signal of Polynesian field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, that recently colonized the Hawaiian Islands. In Hawaii, T. oceanicus encounter a deadly parasitoid fly found nowhere else in their range. In 90% of males on the island of Kauai. I show, using crosses between flatwing males and females from a population that has never contained flatwings, that the song-suppressing mutation is due to a change in a single sex-linked locus. Contemporary evolution of secondary sexual characteristics has only rarely been identified as the result of single-gene changes and never before as a single sex-linked locus, but sex-linked inheritance is thought to facilitate the rapid evolution of these types of traits. Because divergence of sexual signals can influence reproductive isolation, understanding how colonization events and subsequent selection affect signals, and the genetic mechanisms of such change, can shed light on processes likely to play a role in speciation.
Somatropin for the treatment of short bowel syndrome in adults.

Somatropin (rDNA origin) injection (Zorbtive™) is a highly purified preparation of human growth hormone (GH) produced from a mammalian cell line by recombinant DNA technology. It is the only human ...
Calcium-Regulated Proteolysis of eEF1A

Eukaryotic elongation factor 1α (eEF1A) can be post-translationally modified by the addition of phosphorylglycerylethanolamine (PGE). [ 14 C]Ethanolamine was incorporated into the PGE modification, and with carrot ( Daucus carota L.) suspension culture cells, eEF1A was the only protein that incorporated detectable quantities of [ 14 C]ethanolamine (Ransom et al., 1998). When 1 mm CaCl 2 was added to microsomes containing [ 14 C]ethanolamine-labeled eEF1A ([ 14 C]et-eEF1A), there was a 60% decrease in the amount of [ 14 C]et-eEF1A recovered after 10 min. The loss of endogenous [ 14 C]et-eEF1A was prevented by adding EGTA. Recombinant eEF1A, which did not contain the PGE modification, also was degraded by microsomes in a Ca 2+ -regulated manner, indicating that PGE modification was not necessary for proteolysis; however, it enabled us to quantify enodgenous eEF1A. By monitoring [ 14 C]et-eEF1A, we found that treatment with phospholipase D or C, but not phospholipase A 2 , resulted in a decrease in [ 14 C]et-eEF1A from carrot microsomes. The fact that there was no loss of [ 14 C]et-eEF1A with phospholipase A 2 treatment even in the presence of 1 mmCa 2+ suggested that the loss of membrane lipids was not essential for eEF1A proteolysis and that lysolipids or fatty acids decreased proteolysis. At micromolar Ca 2+ concentrations, proteolysis of eEF1A was pH sensitive. When 1 μmCaCl 2 was added at pH 7.2, 35% of [ 14 C]et-eEF1A was lost; while at pH 6.8, 10 μm CaCl 2 was required to give a similar loss of protein. These data suggest that eEF1A may be an important downstream target for Ca 2+ and lipid-mediated signal transduction cascades.
Immune response to a Trichinella spiralis infection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

Four lines of mice bred for high voluntary wheel running (HR lines) have high baseline circulating corticosterone levels and increased daily energy expenditure as compared with four non-selected control (C) lines. High corticosterone may suppress immune function and competing energy demands may limit ability to mount an immune response. We hypothesized that HR mice have a reduced immune response and therefore a decreased ability to fight an infection by Trichinella spiralis, an ecologically relevant nematode common in mammals. Infections have an acute, intestinal phase while the nematode is migrating, reproducing and traveling throughout the bloodstream, followed by a chronic phase with larvae encysted in muscles. Adult males (generation 55 of the selection experiment) were sham-infected or infected by oral gavage with ~300 J1 T. spiralis larvae. During the chronic phase of infection, mice were given wheel access for 6 days, followed by 2 days of maximum aerobic performance trials. Two weeks post-infection, infected HR had significantly lower circulating immunoglobulin E levels compared with infected C mice. However, we found no statistical difference between infected HR and C mice in numbers of encysted larvae within the diaphragm. As expected, both voluntary running and maximum aerobic performance were significantly higher in HR mice and lower in infected mice, with no line type-by-infection interactions. Results complement those of previous studies suggesting decreased locomotor abilities during the chronic phase of T. spiralis infection. However, despite reduced antibody production, breeding for high voluntary wheel exercise does not appear to have a substantial negative impact on general humoral function.
Progress measures for complementation omega -automata with applications to temporal logic

A new approach to complementing omega -automata, which are finite-state automata defining languages of infinite words, is given. Instead of using usual combinatorial or algebraic properties of transition relations, it is shown that a graph-theoretic approach based on the notion of progress measures is a potent tool for complementing omega -automata. Progress measures are applied to the classical problem of complementing Buchi automata, and a simple method is obtained. The technique applies to Streett automata, for which an optimal complementation method is also obtained. As a consequence, it is seen that the powerful temporal logic ETLs is much more tractable than previously thought. >
A New integrated Battery of Psychological Surveys

The Campbell Development Surveys™ constitutes an integrated battery of five surveys covering organizational satisfaction, leadership characteristics, interests and skills, team morale, and community life. All of the surveys have a common set of features: identical item formats (although different contents), homogeneous scoring scales, standard T scores, procedural checks, and similar profile reports. Each survey is described; the normative process is reported, and illustrative data for a variety of samples are presented. Comments are made on the survey development process, and applications of these surveys are discussed.
The Evaluation of Continuing Medical Education: A Literature Review

The literature of continuing medical education (CME) program evaluation was reviewed and analyzed. The “State-of-the-art” of CME evaluation is depicted in a series of tables which indicate evaluation methods and results. Evaluation designs providing strong assurances of valid results were not often found. The weakness of most published evaluations limit possible conclusions about the effectiveness of CME.