cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambient temperature and solar insolation are associated with decreased prevalence of SSRI-treated psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Serotonergic function is known to fluctuate in association with light and temperature. Serotonin-related behaviors and disorders similarly vary with climatic exposure, but the associations are complex. This complexity may reflect the importance of dose and timing of exposure, as well as acclimation. This cross-sectional study tests how average climate exposures (ambient temperature and solar insolation) vary with the prevalence of a group of SSRI-treated disorders. For comparison, we similarly studied a group of disorders not treated by SSRIs (i.e substance use disorders). Psychiatric prevalence data were obtained from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES). Average yearly solar insolation was obtained from NASA's NLDAS-2 Forcing Dataset Information. Average yearly temperature was obtained from NOAA's US Climate Normals. Logistic regression models were generated to assess the relationship between these two climatic factors and the prevalence of SSRI-treated and substance use disorders. Age, gender, race, income, and education were included in the models to control for possible confounding. Temperature and insolation were significantly associated with the SSRI-responsive group. For an average 1 GJ/m2/year increase, OR was 0.90 (95% CI 0.85–0.96, p = 0.001), and for an average 10 °F increase, OR was 0.93 (95% CI 0.88–0.97, p = 0.001). This relationship was not seen with substance use disorders (insolation OR: 0.97, p = 0.682; temperature OR: 0.96, p = 0.481). These results warrant further investigation, but they support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to increased temperature and light positively impact serotonin function, and are associated with reduced prevalence of some psychiatric disorders. They also support further investigation of light and hyperthermia treatments.
Combined conventional transarterial chemoembolization with Mitomycin and percutaneous ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) has been the standard treatment for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). For early stage HCC, percutaneous ablation is a curative option. There is growing evidence to support combined therapy to improve tumor response and overall survival (OS) in patients with unresectable HCC. The goal of this study is to retrospectively review a single institution patient population who underwent the combined approach to determine its efficacy and safety, and possible predictive factors for OS and tumor response. Methods: Retrospective analysis identified all patients that underwent c-TACE with Mitomycin followed by percutaneous ablation from 2011 to 2016 at our institution. Efficacy was assessed by OS, time to progression (TTP), and tumor response according to mRECIST criteria. Initial imaging was obtained 1 month after each treatment and after complete response was achieved, every 3 months for 2 years. Percentage of Lipiodol uptake was determined at 30-day follow-up with contrasted abdominal CT. Safety was assessed using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to predict OS and number of progression-free survival days based on potential predictive factors. Results: A total of 50 patients were identified. At 1-month follow-up, objective response (CR + PR) was achieved in 44 patients (88%). The median OS was 26.6 months and median TTP was 9.7 months (n=50). There was no statistically significant difference in median OS between patients with different lesion size (P=0.95), BCLC stage (P=0.84) or Lipiodol uptake (P=0.36). Higher albumin/bilirubin ratio was significantly correlated with improved OS (P=0.024). Conclusions: Combined c-TACE and PTA is a safe and effective approach for patients with unresectable HCC. Elevated albumin/bilirubin ratio was a predictor for improved OS.
Evaluating the relationship between ductal carcinoma in situ, calcifications, and margin status in patients undergoing breast conserving surgery.

Background Microcalcifications associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS-AMC) close to lumpectomy margins could be used as a surrogate for margin involvement and aid in decreasing margin re-excision. We sought to evaluate the histologic factors of DCIS-AMC near lumpectomy margins. Methods Women with DCIS treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) who had DCIS-AMC on surgical specimens were identified. Pathology slides were reviewed to determine the distance of DCIS-AMC from each margin (six per specimen) and the distance of DCIS from each margin (ie, margin status). Results Of 35 patients (210 margins), 24 had close/positive margins (39 margins [18%]). DCIS-AMC≤10 mm from a margin was associated with a greater incidence of DCIS≤2 mm from the margin (31.7% DCIS-AMC≤10 mm vs 13.3% no DCIS-AMC≤10 mm, P = 0.003). On multivariable analysis, DCIS≤2 mm from the margin was independently associated with DCIS-AMC≤10 mm from the margin (odds ratio 2.95, 95% confidence interval 1.48-5.86, P = 0.002). Conclusions DCIS-AMC≤10 mm from the inked margin is associated with DCIS at or close to the margin (≤2 mm). Using this knowledge, intraoperative techniques like specimen radiography could be utilized to detect microcalcifications≤10 mm from a margin and guide selective margin re-excision in BCS.
Non Back-Reacting Instrumentation for Low-Temperature Gravitational Wave Detectors

In recent years the field of experimental general relativity and gravitation has seen rapid growth in the form of new experiments and devices. This growth has, in the case of gravitational wave detection, led the measurement of classical mechanical observables to the brink of the quantum limit. The gravitational wave experiment is seen as an attempt to measure a weak classical force (the gravitational wave strain) acting on a quantum system (the Weber bar antenna at 3mK) using linear sensors that couple to the displacement of the quantum system x(t).
Imputation strategies when a continuous outcome is to be dichotomized for responder analysis: a simulation study

In many clinical trials continuous outcomes are dichotomized to compare proportions of patients who respond. A common and recommended approach to handling missing data in responder analysis is to impute as non-responders, despite known biases. Multiple imputation is another natural choice but when a continuous outcome is ultimately dichotomized, the specifications of the imputation model come into question. Practitioners can either impute the missing outcome before dichotomizing or dichotomize then impute. In this study we compared multiple imputation of the continuous and dichotomous forms of the outcome, and imputing responder status as non-response in responder analysis. We simulated four response profiles representing a two-arm randomized controlled trial with a continuous outcome at four time points. We omitted data using six missing at random mechanisms, and imputed missing observations three ways: 1) replacing as non-responder; 2) multiply imputing before dichotomizing; and 3) multiply imputing the dichotomized response. Imputation models included the continuous response at all timepoints, and additional auxiliary variables for some scenarios. We assessed bias, power, coverage of the 95% confidence interval, and type 1 error. Finally, we applied these methods to a longitudinal trial for patients with major depressive disorder. Both forms of multiple imputation performed better than non-response imputation in terms of bias and type 1 error. When approximately 30% of responses were missing, bias was less than 7.3% for multiple imputation scenarios but when 50% of responses were missing, imputing before dichotomizing generally had lower bias compared to dichotomizing before imputing. Non-response imputation resulted in biased estimates, both underestimates and overestimates. In the example trial data, non-response imputation estimated a smaller difference in proportions than multiply imputed approaches. With moderate amounts of missing data, multiply imputing the continuous outcome variable prior to dichotomizing performed similar to multiply imputing the binary responder status. With higher rates of missingness, multiply imputing the continuous variable was less biased and had well-controlled coverage probabilities of the 95% confidence interval compared to imputing the dichotomous response. In general, multiple imputation using the longitudinally measured continuous outcome in the imputation model performed better than imputing missing observations as non-responders.
A discrete-event and hybrid traffic simulation model based on SimEvents for intelligent transportation system analysis in Mcity

An intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is a typical cyber-physical system (CPS) in which physical components, for example, Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs), are monitored and controlled through a network of cyber and physical components. Such systems, therefore, contain event-driven dynamics along with time-driven dynamics. The proposed discrete-event and hybrid simulation framework based on SimEvents facilitates testing for safety and performance evaluation of an ITS and has been used to build a traffic simulation model of the Mcity test facility. It is specifically designed for testing CAVs and contains various road/lane configurations and a complete instrumentation system. This enables users to study traffic at the microscopic level, including the effectiveness of new control algorithms for CAVs under different traffic scenarios, the event-driven aspects of transportation systems, and the effects of communication delays. The framework spans multiple toolboxes including MATLAB$^{{\circledR }}$, Simulink$^{{\circledR }}$, and SimEvents$^{{\circledR }}$.
Feature Fallacy: Complications with Interpreting Linear Decoding Weights in fMRI

Decoding and encoding models are popular multivariate approaches used to study representations in functional neuroimaging data. Encoding approaches seek to predict brain activation patterns using aspects of the stimuli as features. Decoding models, in contrast, utilize measured brain responses as features to make predictions about experimental manipulations or behavior. Both approaches have typically included linear classification components. Ideally, decoding and encoding models could be used for the dual purpose of prediction and neuroscientific knowledge gain. However, even within a linear framework, interpretation can be difficult. Encoding models suffer from feature fallacy; multiple combinations of features derived from a stimulus may describe measured brain responses equally well. Interpreting linear decoding models also requires great care, particularly when informative predictor variables (e.g., fMRI voxels) are present in great quantity (redundant) and correlated with noise measurements. In certain cases, noise channels may be assigned a stronger weight than channels that contain relevant information. Although corrections for this problem exist, there are certain noise sources - common to functional neuroimaging recordings - that may complicate corrective approaches, even after regularization is applied. Here, we review potential pitfalls for making inferences based on encoding and decoding hypothesis testing, and suggest a form of feature fallacy also extends to the decoding framework.
People of Appalachian Heritage

The Appalachian region in the United States consists of 13 states extending from New York to Alabama. The vast region includes several large cities and many people live in small settlements and in limited-accessible hollows or “hollers”. This isolation and rough topography have contributed to the development of secluded communities where people, over time, have developed a strong sense of independence and family and community cohesiveness. This chapter follows the dominant values and beliefs according to the 12 domains of the Purnell Model of Cultural Competence: overview/heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, nutrition, pregnancy, death rituals, spirituality, health-care practices, and health-care practitioners.
Regulation of Carbon Metabolism in Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum

Assays of enzyme activity in fractions obtained after Percoll density gradient certrifugation of protoplast extracts from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum performing exclusively C3 photosynthesis or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) established the cytoplasmic location of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase and NADP-malic enzyme, the mitochondrial location of NAD-malic enzyme, and the chloroplastic location of pyruvate, Pi dikinase. The activity of these enzymes was elevated in the CAM tissue, and net synthesis of PEP carboxylase protein increased during CAM induction. This compartmentation and regulation of enzymes of the carbon pathway implicate the transport of pyruvate and PEP across the chloroplast envelope during the metabolism of malate in the light in the CAM tissue.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

AIMS Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2 inhibitors) have now been evaluated for the treatment of heart failure in several placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) across various ejection fraction ranges, but these trials were powered for composite outcomes rather than individual clinical endpoints. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to assess their safety and efficacy on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a prospectively registered random-effects meta-analysis of all RCTs comparing SGLT-2 inhibitors to placebo in patients with heart failure. The prespecified primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalizations and the composite of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure. Four trials with 15,684 patients were eligible. The SGLT-2 inhibitor tested was empagliflozin in two trials, dapagliflozin in one trial and sotagliflozin in one trial. The weighted mean-follow up was 20.1 months. The hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 to 1.01, P = 0.071. There was a 14% reduction in cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96, P = 0.018), and a 31% reduction in heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. The effect appears consistent across three drugs studied in four trials. SGLT-2 inhibitors should become standard care for patients with heart failure.
Whole brain in vivo neuropathology: Imaging site-specific changes in brain structure over time following trimethyltin exposure in rats.

Abstract Presented is a diffusion weighted imaging protocol with measures of apparent diffusion coefficient which when registered to a 3D MRI rat brain atlas provides site-specific information on 173 different brain areas. This protocol coined “in vivo neuropathology” was used to follow the progressive neurotoxic effects of trimethyltin on global gray matter microarchitecture. Four rats were given an IP injection of 7 mg/kg of the neurotoxin trimethyltin and imaged for changes in water diffusivity at 3- and 7-days post injections. At 3 days, there was a significant decrease in apparent diffusion coefficient, a proxy for cytotoxic edema, in several cortical areas and cerebellum. At 7 days the level of injury expanded to include most of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory system, and cerebellum/brainstem corroborating much of the work done with traditional histopathology. Analysis is achieved with a minimum number of rats adhering to the laws and regulations around the humane care and use of laboratory animals, providing an alternative to the traditional tests for assessing drug neurotoxicity. “In vivo neuropathology” can minimize the cost, expedite the process, and identify subtle changes in site-specific brain microarchitecture across the entire brain.
Dissenting Voices in America's Rise to Power

This book offers a major rereading of US foreign policy from Thomas Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana expanse to the Korean War. This period of one hundred and fifty years saw the expansion of the United States from fragile republic to transcontinental giant. David Mayers explores the dissenting voices which accompanied this dramatic ascent, focusing on dissenters within the political and military establishment and on the recurrent patterns of dissent that have transcended particular policies and crises. The most stubborn of these sprang from anxiety over the material and political costs of empire while other strands of dissent have been rooted in ideas of exigent justice, realpolitik, and moral duties existing beyond borders. Such dissent is evident again in the contemporary world when the US occupies the position of preeminent global power. Professor Mayers's study reminds us that America's path to power was not as straightforward as it might now seem.
Abstract T P9: Predictive Value of NIHSS for the Hyperdense Artery Sign

Background: Anecdotally, many use a total NIHSS value to determine need for endovascular involvement in acute ischemic stroke patients. However, no NIHSS value has been shown to be predictive of artery occlusion. We aim to identify an NIHSS threshold that predicts vessel occlusion as measured by hyperdense artery sign Methods: The UCSD SPOTRIAS prospectively collected database was analyzed for patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who received a noncontrast CT on initial evaluation. Groups with and without hyperdense artery sign were compared via Wilcoxon-rank sum and Fisher’s Exact Test. ROC analysis was conducted to determine AUC and threshold NIHSS to predict artery occlusion. Sensitivity and Specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were calculated. Results: Of 1617 acute ischemic stroke patients, hyperdense artery sign was present in 204 (12.6%). The hyperdense artery group had more women (52.9% vs 44%, p=0.02), higher rate of atrial fibrillation (38.2% vs 22.2%, p<0.0001), and lower rate of prior cerebrovascular disease (23.1% vs 31.7%, p=0.016). Mean NIHSS was 17.7 in those with hyperdense artery, compared with 9 in those without (p<0.0001). In ROC analysis, the best NIHSS threshold to predict hyperdense artery was 12.5 with AUC of 77.73% (95% CI 74.57, 80.89), sensitivity of 72.5%, and specificity of 73.7%. Positive Predictive Value was 28.5; Negative Predictive Value was 94.9. Conclusions: In our AIS population, a NIHSS cutoff of 12.5 was most predictive of artery occlusion, as measured by hyperdense artery sign. The AUC was only moderate and the PPV low at 28.5%. The NPV, however was high, which indicates that patients with NIHSS less than 12-13 are very unlikely to show hyperdense artery signs. This may guide the decision to consider the need for further vessel imaging and endovascular therapies.
Computational issues in exploiting dependent and-parallelism in logic programming: leftness detection in dynamic search trees

We present efficient Pure Pointer Machine (PPM) algorithms to test for “leftness” in dynamic search trees and related problems. In particular, we show that the problem of testing if a node x is in the leftmost branch of the subtree rooted in node y, in a dynamic tree that grows and shrinks at the leaves, can be solved on PPMs in worst-case O((lg lg n)2) time per operation in the semi-dynamic case—i.e.,all the operations that add leaves to the tree are performed before any other operations—where n is the number of operations that affect the structure of the tree. We also show that the problem can be solved on PPMs in amortized O((lg lg n)2) time per operation in the fully dynamic case.
Substrate age and tree islands influence carbon and nitrogen dynamics across a retrogressive semiarid chronosequence

[1] The long-term dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in semiarid ecosystems remain poorly understood. We measured pools and fluxes of surface soil C and N, as well as other soil properties, under tree canopies and in intercanopy spaces at four sites that form a volcanic substrate age gradient in semiarid pinon-juniper woodlands of northern Arizona, United States. Clay content and soil water-holding capacity increased consistently with substrate age, but both soil organic C and N increased only up to the 750,000 year site and then declined at the oldest (3,000,000 year) site. Measures of soil C and N flux displayed a similar pattern to total C and N pools. Pools and fluxes of C and N among the three canopy types became more homogeneous with substrate age up to the 750,000 year site, but disparity between tree and intercanopy microsites widened again at the oldest site. The δ15N of both tree leaves and surface soils became progressively more enriched across the substrate age gradient, consistent with a N cycle increasingly dominated by isotope fractionating losses. Our results point to consistencies in patterns of ecosystem development between semiarid and more humid ecosystems and suggest that pedogenic development may be an important factor controlling the spatial distribution of soil resources in semiarid ecosystems. These data should help both unify and broaden current theory of terrestrial ecosystem development.
16 Cultural Aspects of the Youth Adjustment Indicator Checklist

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cultural aspects of the youth adjustment indicator checklist. First, the way terms and concepts commonly used are examined in the diagnosis and treatment of children with emotional and behavioral disorders are interpreted by the African American and Caucasian parents of these children. Second, it is determined how parents from the two groups responded to the types of questions and measurements used in a self-administered questionnaire about the behavior of their children. Third, the influence of the ethnicity of the evaluator on the responses of participants is examined. It is concluded that Culture continues to be a major influence on the way people conduct their lives and raise their children. It is also a determining factor in their understanding of the semantics and concepts of a language.
Family Connections: Visual Supports for Promoting Social Skills in Young Children: A Family Perspective

Jessica collapses onto her bed after a long and exhausting day. She shares with her husband her concerns about their 3-year-old son, Jake, who was recently diagnosed with autism. “Today, we went to...
Balancing Critique and Commitment: A Synthetic Approach to Teaching Religion and the Environment.

Courses about religion and the environment should work toward a synthesis of critical thinking – teaching students to examine and question the interplay of environmental degradation, religious traditions, and new religious movements – and advocacy – helping students to embrace, articulate, and refine their own environmentalist commitments, in religious terms when appropriate. To meet these goals, teachers of religion and the environment can learn from literature on balancing faith and critical analysis in other religion courses. This literature will help us to clarify the goals of our courses, critically examine the environmental movement with our students, and remain trustworthy to those who do not share environmentalist commitments. See a companion essay in this issue of the journal (Jennifer R. Ayres, “Learning on the Ground”) and a response to both of these essays (Forrest Clingerman, “Pedagogy as a Field Guide to the Ecology of the Classroom”) also published in this issue of the journal.
Large-Scale Range Collapse of Hawaiian Forest Birds under Climate Change and the Need 21st Century Conservation Options

Hawaiian forest birds serve as an ideal group to explore the extent of climate change impacts on at-risk species. Avian malaria constrains many remaining Hawaiian forest bird species to high elevations where temperatures are too cool for malaria’s life cycle and its principal mosquito vector. The impact of climate change on Hawaiian forest birds has been a recent focus of Hawaiian conservation biology, and has centered on the links between climate and avian malaria. To elucidate the differential impacts of projected climate shifts on species with known varying niches, disease resistance and tolerance, we use a comprehensive database of species sightings, regional climate projections and ensemble distribution models to project distribution shifts for all Hawaiian forest bird species. We illustrate that, under a likely scenario of continued disease-driven distribution limitation, all 10 species with highly reliable models (mostly narrow-ranged, single-island endemics) are expected to lose >50% of their range by 2100. Of those, three are expected to lose all range and three others are expected to lose >90% of their range. Projected range loss was smaller for several of the more widespread species; however improved data and models are necessary to refine future projections. Like other at-risk species, Hawaiian forest birds have specific habitat requirements that limit the possibility of range expansion for most species, as projected expansion is frequently in areas where forest habitat is presently not available (such as recent lava flows). Given the large projected range losses for all species, protecting high elevation forest alone is not an adequate long-term strategy for many species under climate change. We describe the types of additional conservation actions practitioners will likely need to consider, while providing results to help with such considerations.
Potential factors associated with perceived cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors

Purpose This cross-sectional study was designed to explore potential factors associated with perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) in breast cancer survivors compared to controls and gain insight into perceived levels of severity for cognitive complaints.
Enhancement of human neutrophil migration by prostaglandin E2

Abstract Physiologic concentrations of prostaglandin E 2 but not A 1 or F 1 α enhance human neutrophil migration in response to a chemotactic stimulus while higher concentrations decrease the response. Enhanced migration requires the presence of PGE 2 and is not observed when PMNs are preincubated with optimal doses of PGE 2 . Furthermore, maximal enhancement is only observed when low concentrations of chemotactic factor are utilized to stimulate PMNs. Experiments indicate that PGE 2 acts to enhance the chemokinetic response of human PMNs to chemotactic factors. These data support a role for physiologic concentrations of PGE 2 in the control of PMN function at an inflammatory site.
Characterization of MOS Structures with Ultra-Thin Tunneling Oxynitride

Characteristics of ultrathin silicon oxynitride (15–25A) and its interface with Si have been investigated. Oxynitride films with thickness down to 15A can be grown reproducibly in a conventional furnace. The leakage currents through these films can be well explained by the direct tunneling mechanism and can be fit by the same equation as that for pure oxide. This result indicates that incorporation of nitrogen atoms does not seriously affect the basic properties of the film and its interface such as the effective mass and the barrier height. A p-type poly gate MOS structure with 22A oxynitride has also been fabricated successfully without boron penetration even using % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaqGcb % GaaeOramaaDaaaleaacaaIYaaabaGaey4kaScaaaaa!3B04! $${\text{BF}}_2^ + $$ ion implantation and a conventional furnace. Since the leakage current thorough oxynitride with this thickness is acceptable for circuit operation, thickness of die gate insulator in the dual poly-Si process can be scaled down at least to 22A.
Differential Effects of Chronic Oral Antihypertensive Therapies on Systemic Arterial Circulation and Ventricular Energetics in African-American Patients

Background A comprehensive evaluation of arterial load characteristics and left ventricular energetics in systemic hypertension has been limited by the need for invasive techniques to access instantaneous aortic pressure and flow. As a consequence of this methodological limitation, no data exist on the effects of long-term antihypertensive therapy on global arterial impedance properties and indexes of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2). Using recently validated noninvasive techniques, we compared in hypertensive patients the effects of chronic oral treatment with ramipril, nifedipine, and atenolol on arterial impedance and mechanical power dissipation as well as indexes of MVo2. Methods and Results Sixteen African-American subjects with systemic hypertension were studied with a randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol. Instantaneous central aortic pressure and flow, from which arterial load characteristics can be derived, were estimated from calibrated subclavian pulse tracings (SPTs) and continuo...
Mobile technology in nursing education: where do we go from here? A review of the literature

Abstract Background The International Council of Nurses (ICN), Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing (STTI), and many National Nurses Associations (NNAs), have called for the integration of information technology into nursing curriculums to prepare nursing students for the current practice environment which requires access to large amounts of information to provide evidence-based patient care. Nurse educators have begun to address the integration of technology in nursing curriculum, but are the available tools, in particular, mobile devices loaded with informational applications, being maximized? Literature Review Aims The aims of this literature review are to 1) explore the literature written on the use of mobile technology in nursing education; 2) methodically discuss the benefits and concerns involved in using mobile technology in nursing education; and 3) consider strategies for enhancing the use of mobile technology in nursing education. Review Methods A search was conducted on the use of mobile technology in nursing programs in Academic Search Complete, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline with Full Text, and Medline Journals. Seventeen studies, published within the last five years in peer-reviewed journals regarding the mobile technology in nursing programs were identified. Findings Although many nursing programs have implemented the use of mobile technology in the clinical, classroom, and laboratory settings, more work needs to be done to overcome the concerns related to: cost, lack of IT support, lack of faculty acceptance and role-modeling, lack of structured assignments and/or activities designed to encourage the implementation of mobile devices; and constraints on their use in clinical settings. Conclusion While much has been done to incorporate the use of mobile technology in nursing curriculum, nurse educators are encouraged to develop strategies to overcome the concerns noted. Possible strategies to overcome the concerns are discussed herein.
Homogeneous edge-plane carbon as stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Carbon stationary phases have been widely used in HPLC due to their unique selectivity and high stability. Amorphous carbon as a stationary phase has at least two sites of interaction with analytes: basal-plane and edge-plane carbon sites. The polarity and adsorptivity of the two sites are different. In this work, the edge-plane carbon stationary phase is prepared by surface-directed liquid crystal assembly. Specific precursor polymers form discotic liquid crystal phases during the pyrolysis process. By using silica as the substrate to align the discotic liquid crystal, edge-plane carbon surfaces were formed. Similar efficiencies as observed for Hypercarb were observed in chromatograms. The column efficiency was studied as a function of linear flow rate. A minimum reduced plate height of 6 was observed in these studies. To evaluate the performance of the homogeneous edge-plane carbon stationary phase, linear solvation energy relationships were used to compare these ordered carbon surfaces to commercially ...
The influence of solvent structure on the reordering–resolvation of alkyl modified silica

The current work examines the reordering–resolvation of octyl modified silica in contact with binary hydro-organic solvents at near aqueous conditions. As such, it is as an extension of a number of previous investigations, that has been concerned with the influence of various stationary phase parameters on the reordering–resolvation of alkyl and alkylamide bonded phases under totally aqueous eluent conditions. The organic modifiers used are two structure-making solvents, methanol and acetonitrile, and two structure-breaking solvents, 1,4-dioxane and dimethyl sulfoxide. These two classes of solvents have either a positive or a negative influence on the temperature, To, where reordering–resolvation occurs relative to water. Likewise, plots of To vs. mole% of the organic modifier are linear within the concentration range where the two classes of solvents behave as either structure-making or structure-breaking agents. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 236–240, 2000
Beyond big video: The instability of independent networks in a new media market

This essay explores the possibility of an online video market operating independent of conglomerations. At stake is whether new media can operate ‘democratically’, providing more equal distribution of control to producers and distributors within an unequal market. This is the story of a handful of these websites, all of which promise this possibility: Strike TV, My Damn Channel, KoldCast, Babelgum and Quarterlife. Their stories offer telling case studies of new media in their formative years. In the end, without industrial structures in place, independents must grapple with rapidly changing conditions, improvise business strategies and, ultimately, work with the mainstream, traditional structures to which they were, however superficially, in opposition. Independent distribution in early media emerges as a practice as much indebted to the old media as it pushes new forms of engagement, marketing and production.
Article Commentary: Strategic Decisions within Family Firms: Understanding the Controlling Family's Receptivity to Internationalization:

Arregle, Naldi, Nordqvist, and Hitt found that external owner and board member involvement within family firms influence the scale and scope of these firms’ internationalization. This commentary further explicates how and under what conditions the family might be receptive to these types of strategic initiatives when they are presented by external owners. In essence, the controlling family's receptivity to internationalization would be influenced by how successfully external owners use persuasion techniques and how these techniques, given the firm's social context, might be viewed. The resulting receptivity would be balanced against the scripts and images that have emerged based on the family's values, goals, and aspirations.
Spectral Analysis of Diaphragmatic EMG during the Neonatal Biphasic Hypoxic Ventilatory Response

The newborn infant monkey consistently demonstrates a biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxemia. We have previously shown that the ventilatory depression during the late portion of this biphasic response is secondary to a decline in inspiratory volume that cannot be explained solely by central neural depression. We hypothesized that hypoxemia caused the diaphragm to fatigue, thereby accounting for the late ventilatory depression during the biphasic neonatal hypoxic response. Diaphragmatic fatigue has been reported to be associated with a decrease in the centroid frequency (Fc) of the electromyogram derived through frequency spectral analysis. Therefore, we analyzed the power spectral density of the diaphragmatic electromyogram recorded from percutaneously implanted crural diaphragmatic electrodes in five 2-day-old infant monkeys while they breathed room air and after 5 min exposure to two levels of hypoxemia during the late ventilatory depression. A fast Fourier transform of EKG free diaphragmatic electromyogram was used to compute the power spectral density and the Fc. The Fc during room air breathing was statistically equivalent to the Fc observed after five minutes exposure to 12% FiO2 (p = 0.79), and 8% FiO2 (p = 0.74) when ventilation was falling. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that changes in the centroid frequency are not present during the biphasic ventilatory decline that occurs with the hypoxic ventilatory response in newborn monkeys. Thus, diaphragmatic fatigue, as defined by a decline in Fc, does not occur during the neonatal biphasic hypoxic response.
Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Abstract Among 117 patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and no prior cardiac or pulmonary disease who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) study, combinations of clinical characteristics were identified that were present in nearly all in whom the diagnosis of PE was made. 1 We now assess these as well as additional combinations of characteristics in the entire population of patients with acute PE who participated in PIOPED, irrespective of the presence of prior cardiopulmonary disease.
Spatiotemporal regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex in mitosis

The appropriate timing of events that lead to chromosome segregation during mitosis and cytokinesis is essential to prevent aneuploidy, and defects in these processes can contribute to tumorigenesis. Key mitotic regulators are controlled through ubiquitylation and proteasome-mediated degradation. The APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex; also known as the cyclosome) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has a crucial function in the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle, particularly at the onset of anaphase and during mitotic exit. Co-activator proteins, inhibitor proteins, protein kinases and phosphatases interact with the APC/C to temporally and spatially control its activity and thus ensure accurate timing of mitotic events.
Measurements of charge soliton motion in two-dimensional arrays of ultrasmall Josephson junctions.

We have measured two-dimensional arrays of Josephson junctions where the charging energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$ dominates the Josephson coupling energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{J}}$ by as much as a factor of 33. In this system, an added charge polarizes neighboring islands, creating a soliton. Instead of the predicted Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii phase transition for unbinding soliton-antisoliton pairs, we find that our linear conductance data are better described by a simple Arrhenius form, with an activation energy of \ensuremath{\sim}0.23${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$ in the normal state and \ensuremath{\sim}0.23${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$ plus the superconducting energy gap in the superconducting state.
Microwave cavity with controllable temperature for hyperthermia treatment investigations

A microwave cavity is proposed for hyperthermia treatment investigations. The cavity comprises a printed monopole antenna radiating inside a copper-shielded culture dish. The temperature of the enclosed medium can be controlled through the intensity and duration of the antenna's microwave radiation. A heating experiment is carried out, showing a temperature increase of 34°C (from 16°C to 50°C) within 42 min.
Edema and tumor perfusion: characterization by quantitative 1H MR imaging.

Tumor perfusion is of central importance to the clinical oncologist because it has a direct effect on the success of cancer therapy. Yet determining whether a tumor is well or poorly perfused is difficult without the use of invasive techniques, because the variables that affect tumor perfusion are poorly understood. Quantitative MR imaging of tumor edema may provide a means of characterizing tumor perfusion, of studying heterogeneity of perfusion within the tumor mass, or of monitoring changes in tumor perfusion after therapy. A combination of factors often results in production of a large amount of edema within cranial or extracranial tumors. Any tumor that is encapsulated, whether by a fibrous tumor capsule or by a structure such as the cranium, will have an elevation in interstitial fluid pressure because dissipation of fluid is hindered. Elevated pressure of interstitial fluid acts to occlude tumor capillaries, so edema can cause a striking reduction of tumor perfusion. Because MR imaging can potentia...
RNAi quashes polyQ.

RNA interference in the brain inhibits neurodegeneration in a polyglutamine disease, SCA1. Is this now the way forward for the clinical treatment of certain genetic disorders (pages 816–820)?
Placental Amino Acid Uptake. II. Tissue Preincubation, Fluid Distribution, and Mechanisms of Regulation

Extract: Human placental villous tissue was incubated with the nonmetabolizable amino acid analog, α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). A previous investigation demonstrated that AIB uptake into intracellular fluid is markedly increased by preincubation of tissue in a balanced salt, glucose-containing medium. This increase in transport capacity with preincubation has now been found to be blocked completely by cycloheximide, dinitrophenol, or cyanide, which indicates that the process requires protein synthesis and aerobic metabolism. Inasmuch as increases in AIB uptake with preincubation were reported in other tissues to be regulated by amino acids in the medium, effects of amino acids were studied in the placenta. Preincubation of placental tissue with alanine did result in a transport activity which was lower than that of control preincubated tissue. However, two types of experiments indicated that this difference results from inhibition of transport activity by intracellular alanine accumulated during preincubation rather than from blockage of formation of new transport capacity during preincubation. (1) Much of the difference between control and alanine-preincubated tissue was eliminated by short additional preincubations in cycloheximide-containing, alanine-free medium; a treatment which should lower intracellular alanine concentration but not permit protein synthesis. (2) Preincubation with AIB permitted measurement of both intracellular concentration and transport activity. Addition of AIB to control preincubated tissue caused concentrating ability to fall as intracellular concentration increased. When AIB and control preincubated tissue were tested with the same intracellular AIB concentration, their transport activities were the same. The rate of increase in concentrating ability with preincubation was inversely related to the amount of tissue per volume of preincubation medium and was enhanced by changing the medium at intervals. Preincubation of new placental tissue in medium which had been used previously for preincubation resulted in a smaller increase in concentrating ability than did preincubation of the same tissue in fresh medium. These findings were not dependent on glucose concentration or pH. During preincubation, some as yet unidentified tissue substance is apparently released into the medium and inhibits the increase in transport activity. Speculation: Amino acids required by the fetus must be supplied by the placenta. In vitro incubation of placental tissue has identified and partially characterized two potential mechanisms for regulation of placental amino acid uptake. The first mechanism increases transport activity when tissue is preincubated in vitro before measurement of uptake. The second mechanism apparently decreases existing uptake activity when amino acids are present intracellularly in high concentrations. In vivo these mechanisms could be the basis for regulation of amino acid transfer from mother to fetus.
Deceleration and mass change of an ablating body during high-velocity motion in the atmosphere

Abstract This paper examines the factors affecting the dynamics and mass loss of ablating bodies during high-velocity motion. The dynamics and ablation of the body are interdependent since the rate of mass loss depends on the velocity and since the deceleration is dependent on the ratio of mass to drag area (m C D A) which may change due to loss of mass and change of shape. The initial kinetic energy of the body decreases due to both a loss of mass and a loss of velocity. The relative rates of mass loss and velocity loss depend on the “efficiency” with which the energy lost due to fluidynamic drag is returned to the body and absorbed in the ablation process. The classic meteor case, where the flow is assumed to be of the free-molecule type with constant heat-transfer and drag coefficients, is reviewed and presented in terms of general dimensionless parameters which allow application to cases other than that of meteor atmospheric entry. This solution indicates a finite mass remaining after the deceleration, the magnitude of the mass relative to the initial mass depending on the “efficiency” described above. In general, cases with variable heat-transfer and drag coefficients require numerical machine solutions (now in progress). However, analytic solutions for certain cases are possible and are presented in this paper. An analytic solution is obtained for the specific variation of the heat-transfer coefficient corresponding to a sphere with laminar convective heating in hypersonic flight at a constant altitude. In this case, the increase of dimensionless heat-transfer coefficient due to decreasing body size (thus effectively increasing the ‘efficiency”) can result in a complete loss of mass during the deceleration process. For both this case and the meteor case, the velocity variation during the major part of the mass loss differs only slightly from that for a body with an unchanging ballistic coefficient (m C D A) . This approximation is used to formulate the analytic solution of a case which corresponds to the laminar convective heating of a sphere in hypersonic re-entry—i.e. a large slow meteor or fireball. Due to the dominant effect of the decrease in heat-transfer coefficient with increasing fluid density (thus effectively decreasing the “efficiency”), the rate of mass loss is reduced and the final mass is appreciable compared to the initial mass. The analytic results are compared with two well-observed fireballs.
Using Performance Ethnography to Confront Issues of Privilege, Race, and Institutional Racism: An Account of an Arts-Based Teacher Education Project

Preservice student teachers engaged in a collaborative research initiative to examine the memory of the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision that culminated in a public performance. Ethnographic data were translated into performance texts through students' performances that confronted issues of privilege, race, and institutional racism in their university context. Critical examinations of the memory of the Brown court decision in their university learning community led to implications for teacher education. Students' use of performance ethnography as an arts-based educational research approach is discussed as a valuable means of alternative assessment.