cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid progression of aortic aneurysms after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation of the aorta

Objectives. This study was undertaken to evaluate the progression of aortic aneurysms after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation of the aorta. Background. Previous studies demonstrated a 5% to 25% incidence rate of repair site aneurysm 3 to 18 years after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation. The natural history of aneurysmal progression in this disease entity has not previously been examined. Methods. Twenty-nine patients were identified 5.6 ± 1 years (mean ± SE) postoperatively and classified into two groups: Group A, aneurysm (n = 7); Group B, no aneurysm (n = 22). The presence of an aneurysm was defined angiographically as a ratio of the repair site diameter to diaphragmatic aortic diameter (aortic ratio) ≥1.5. A 23% prevalence (7 of 29) of aortic aneurysm was identified. One patient in Group A underwent semiemergency aneurysmectomy and two patients in Group B were lost to follow-up. The remaining 26 patients were reevaluated 3 to 5 years later by clinical examination and chest radiography. Aortograms were performed in all patients with suspected aneurysm formation or progression. Results. Five of six patients in Group A demonstrated progressive aneurysmal dilation documented by an increase in aortic ratio from 1.64 ± 0.06 to 2.04 ± 0.2 (p = 0.03) and an increase in absolute aneurysm diameter from 2.5 ± 0.3 to 3.6 ± 0.5 cm (p = 0.006). Only 1 of 20 patients in Group B had evidence of new aneurysmal dilation (p < 0.05 vs. Group A). Four patients in Group A have undergone elective aneurysmectomy, with equal distribution of true and pseudoaneurysms by pathologic examination. Conclusions. Aortic aneurysm formation is common after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation of the aorta. The majority of patients with an aortic ratio ≥1.5 will show significant progressive aneurysmal dilation within 3 to 5 years.
Effects of Purified Clostridium difficile Toxin A on Rabbit Distal Colon

Abstract Background & Aims: Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in humans is caused by proliferation of Clostridium difficile , which elaborates an enterotoxin toxin A that causes epithelial damage and altered motility in rabbit small intestine. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of toxin A on rabbit distal colonic motility and to relate this to histological damage and inflammatory mediator production. Methods: Two hundred micrograms per milliliter of toxin A was placed in a distal colonic loop in anesthetized rabbits, and myoelectric activity was recorded for the following 7 hours. The colon was histologically evaluated and assayed for eicosanoid production. The effects of toxin A on longitudinal and circular muscle were also assessed in vitro. Results: Beginning 1 hour after instillation, toxin A caused a significant increase in the number of spike bursts without altering slow wave frequency; this was associated with an increase in mucosal neutrophils and increased production of prostaglandin E 2 and leukotrienes B 4 and C 4 /D 4 /E 4 . Seven hours after administration of toxin A, mediator levels and myoelectric activity remained increased but significant mucosal damage was now also present. Toxin A did not affect longitudinal or circular muscle in vitro. Conclusions: C. difficile toxin A caused a significant neutrophil infiltration and an increased myoelectric activity before producing mucosal damage. The myoelectric effect may be indirect, resulting from the production of motility-altering arachidonic acid metabolites.
Effect of bombardier beetle spray on a wolf spider: repellency and leg autotomy

Data are presented on the repellency of the spray of a bombardier beetle (Pheropsophus aequinoctialis) to a lycosid spider (Lycosa ceratiola). The secretion is shown to cause the spider to desist from its assault on the beetle within, on average, 58 ms of onset of the beetle’s secretory emission, a reaction time that is at a par with latencies previously reported for startle, escape, and avoidance reactions of cockroaches, flies, and moths. Spray ejections by the beetle, are shorter in duration (43 ms, on average) than the response time of the spider, an indication that the beetle does indeed pack a formidable “punch” into its ejection. After being hit by a beetle’s spray, L. ceratiola were found occasionally to autotomize one or two of their legs. It is argued, but not proven, that this unusually severe effect from exposure to an arthropodan defensive secretion may be caused by the high temperature of the bombardier beetle spray.
Excess free energies of interaction between 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PDA) and its mannoside derivative (MPDA). A mixed-monolayer study

As potential materials for optic biosensors, the surface and optical properties of bio-functionalized polydiacetylene Langmuir−Blodgett films are interesting and important. p-10,12-Pentacosadiyne-1-N-phenylamide α-d-mannopyranoside (MPDA) was synthesized from 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PDA). Pressure−area isotherms of pure and mixed MPDA/PDA monolayers were obtained. The analysis of the collapse pressures and the excess free energies of the isotherms shows that MPDA/PDA monolayers have good miscibility.
SCREENING A NEWBORN POPULATION FOR HEMOGLOBIN SS BY QUANTITATIVE IMMUNODIFFUSION

This study was undertaken to evaluate a simple and efficient radial immunodiffusion test system for quantifying hemoglobins S and F in cord blood of newborn infants. In earlier studies specific goat anti-S and specific rabbit anti-F sera were shown to be adequate for quantifying hemoglobins S and F in mixed proportions simulating those anticipated in newborn infants with hemoglobin AS or SS. To date 107 cord blood specimens from black infants have been tested for relative quantities of hemoglobins S and F. The mean relative quantity of F was 86.3% ± 10.6 S.D. In 15 of these specimens S was detected with a mean relative quantity of 6.31 ± 2.5 S.D. This technique presently can serve as a convenient screening device with identification of SS among positives by the more cumbersome agar gel electrophoresis technique. Continuing work will compare the percent concordance between diagnoses of AS and SS by these two methods.
Prerequisite Change and Its Effect on Intermediate Accounting Performance.

As of Fall 1996, San Francisco State University changed its introductory financial accounting course to focus on a "user's" perspective, de-emphasizing the accounting cycle. Anticipating that these changes could impair subsequent performance, the Department of Accounting instituted a new prerequisite for intermediate accounting: Students would have to pass either a pretest or a 1-unit course focusing on the accounting cycle. In this study, the authors analyzed the effectiveness of the screening/remedial system and concurrent effects on performance. They found that students who passed the pretest or accounting cycle class received significantly better grades in intermediate accounting than did students who failed either the pretest or the 1-unit course and than students who did not take either the pretest or the 1-unit class. This finding implies that this form of pretest/remedial course screen would be effective in similar universities in which a large percentage of accounting majors have taken introducto...
On the temperature dependence of quarkonium correlators

I discuss the temperature dependence of quarkonium correlators calculated in lattice QCD. I show that the dominant source of the temperature dependence comes from the zero-mode contribution, while the temperature dependence associated with the melting of bound states is quite small. I study the zero-mode contribution quantitatively for various quark masses and show that it is well described by a quasi-particle model with temperature-dependent heavy quark mass. As a byproduct, an estimate of the medium dependence of the heavy-quark mass is obtained.
Exploring educational standard alignment: in search of 'relevance'

The growing availability of online K-12 curriculum is increasing the need for meaningful alignment of this curriculum with state-specific standards. Promising automated and semi-automated alignment tools have recently become available. Unfortunately, recent alignment evaluation studies report low inter-rater reliability, e.g., 32% with two raters and 35 documents. While these results are in line with studies in other domains, low reliability makes it difficult to accurately train automatic systems and complicates comparison of different services. We propose that inter-rater reliability of broadly defined, abstract concepts such as 'alignment' or 'relevance' must be expected to be low due to the real-world complexity of teaching and the multidimensional nature of the curricular documents. Hence, we suggest decomposing these concepts into less abstract, more precise measures anchored in the daily practice of teaching.This article reports on the integration of automatic alignment results into the interface of the Teach Engineering collection and on an evaluation methodology intended to produce more consistent document relevance ratings. Our results (based on 14 raters x 6 documents) show high inter-rater reliability (61 - 95%) on less abstract relevance dimensions while scores on the overall 'relevance' concept are (as expected) lower (64%). Despite a relatively small sample size, regression analysis of our data resulted in an explanatory (R2 = .75) and statistically stable (p-values
Application of user-oriented measure of effectiveness to transport and dispersion model predictions of the European tracer experiment

Abstract In October 1994, the tracer gas perfluoro-methyl-cyclohexane (PMCH) was released over a 12-h period from a location in northwestern France and tracked at 168 sampling locations in 17 countries across Europe. This release, known as the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX), resulted in the collection of a wealth of data. The authors have obtained 46 sets of transport and dispersion predictions associated with models from 17 countries from the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission as well as the PMCH sampling data. This paper compares predictions and observations, paired in space and time, via the application of a previously developed user-oriented measure of effectiveness (MOE). First, model predictions of ETEX are compared using the MOE and “ranked” by a variety of notional user criteria. The development of these criteria are described. Next, the sensitivity of MOE estimates to any single sampler location is analyzed and the use of the MOE to explore the time-dependence of model performance is described. Finally, the model prediction rankings described in this work are briefly compared with previous related research.
The etching of oxide scales on metals

Abstract The grain structure of oxide scales on metals can be revealed either by chemical or electrolytic etching or by cathodic ion beam bombardment of polished cross sections. The quality and effectiveness of both techniques is examined using oxide scales formed on iron and nickel as examples.
Anomalous Z0 events and scalar bound states

Abstract By utilizing an effective lagrangian approach, we examine in detail Veltman's suggestion that bound states of weak gauge bosons with I = 0 and the mass of around mZ may be responsible for the excess of events observed in the processes p p → e + e − γ H + X and νμN→μ−μ−+X.
False-positive result from a Bayer Versant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 branched-DNA viral load assay, with a possible role for light leakage after inadequate maintenance of the analyzer.

Multiple reports have noted the occurrence of false-positive results when human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load assays were used qualitatively to diagnose HIV infection ([1][1]-[3][2], [5][3], [6][4]). These false positives have been reported for both the PCR-based RNA amplification and the
Effect of alloying elements on the creep behavior of high Pb-based solders

Abstract This study examines the high temperature creep behavior of several Pb-based alloys. All compositions tested were found to follow power-law dislocation creep in the strain rate range of 10 −9 –10 −3 s −1 . Both the stress exponent and activation energy were measured from 298 to 473 K to identify the rate controlling mechanism for creep deformation. Creep of 95Pb–5In, 92.5Pb–5Sn–2.5Ag, 93Pb–3Sn–2Ag–2In was rate limited by dislocation climb from the observed stress exponent. A transition in the controlling climb mechanism from pipe diffusion to lattice diffusion was observed around 0.7 T m . Creep of 90Pb–10Sn was, however, rate limited by viscous solute drag rather than dislocation climb due to the greater concentration of Sn in Pb. The enhancement in self-diffusion of Pb was dependent on the degree of solid solution with solute atoms. The outcome of this work identifies variables related to the alloy elements that control creep behavior of Pb-based alloys used in high temperature applications where traditional solders cannot be used.
Comparability of narrow and wide field-of-view head-mounted displays for medium-field distance judgments

As wider field-of-view displays become more common, the question arises as to whether or not data collected on these displays are comparable to those collected with smaller field-of-view displays. This document describes a pilot study that aimed to address these concerns by comparing medium-field distance judgments in a 60° FOV display, a 150° FOV display, and a simulated 60° FOV within the 150° FOV display. The results indicate that participants performed similarly in both the actual and simulated 60° FOV displays. On average, participants in the 150° FOV display improved distance judgments by 13% over the 60° FOV displays.
Biofilm growth on medical implants with randomness

Biofilms are colonies of bacteria that attach to surfaces by producing extracellular polymer substances. They may cause serious infections in humans and animals, and also cause problems in hydraulic machinery. In this paper we model the growth of a biofilm established on a medical implant. We assume that the biofilm's growth is given by a logistic reaction term with the growth rate being a random variable with a given distribution. This way we take into account the variability in the bacterial populations, and the measurement and experimental errors. The diffusion coefficient of the microbes is also taken to be random. A stochastic spectral representation of the parameters and the unknown stochastic process is used, together with the polynomial chaos method, to obtain a system of partial differential equations, which is integrated numerically to obtain the evolution of the mean and higher-order moments with respect to time. Some examples are presented.
Drowned Barrier Bar and Tidal Inlet Sequences in Buckner-Sesser-Valier Fields, Franklin County, Illinois: ABSTRACT

Nearly 400 electric logs, using spontaneous potential and resistivity curves, were analyzed in a study of the Aux Vases Formation in the Buckner-Sesser-Valier fields of Franklin County, Illinois. Subsurface mapping procedures incorporated data from core descriptions, scout tickets, and electric logs in constructing structure maps on marker beds directly above and below the formation, and isopachs of producing and nonproducing sandstones within the formation. Three lithofacies were recognized in the Aux Vases Formation; in ascending order they are: Facies A, a thin, nonproductive calcareous End_Page 1460------------------------------ sandstone with a southwest-northeast sand body orientation; Facies B, a low permeability, rippled, 0 to 25 ft (8 m) thick, glauconitic sand also oriented in a southwest-northwest direction, and Facies C, a high-angle (20° to 30°) cross-bedded, permeable, producing sand oriented in a northwest-southeast direction ranging from 0 to 18 ft (5 m) thick. Facies A sands may represent the remains of a thin progradational beach sequence ending in production of a thin shale. Facies B sands are interpreted as the erosional remnants of a "drowned" barrier-bar system with successive parallel bars, each 1 to 3 mi (2 to 5 km) wide, up to 20 mi (32 km) long and oriented southwest-northeast. The bars are incised by tidal channel-tidal delta deposits, approximately 0.25 mi (0.4 km) wide and 1 to 4 mi (1.6 to 6 km) long, oriented northwest-southeast. Between the barriers are sandy shales, shales, and limestones, representing back-barrier deposits, with very thin (< 5 ft, 1.5 m) facies B sands. No evidence of permeable facies C sands are recorded between bars. The sequence is analogous to modern barrier bar-tidal inlet sequences proposed by Kuma and Sanders for the Fire Island area of New York. Oil producing tidal channel-tidal delta sands show evidence of migration to the north based on (1) a wedge-shaped isopach thickening to the north across the width of the channel, (2) a slight bowing to the northeast in reaction to longshore currents, and (3) isolated fossil-hash lime bodies paralleling the long direction of the channels to the north, representing fill in deposits of the last position of the channel that was inundated by a transgressive sea. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1461------------
Behavior therapy and training in clinical psychology: A student's perspective

Abstract The rapid development of behavior therapy is documented. It is argued that little has been done to incorporate behavior therapy into current clinical psychology training to any significant extent. A plea is made for a serious response to the development.
Land subsidence along the northeastern Texas Gulf coast: Effects of deep hydrocarbon production

The Texas Gulf of Mexico coast is experiencing high (5–11 mm/yr) rates of relative sea level (RSL) rise that are the sum of subsidence and eustatic sea level (ESL) rise. Even higher rates are associated with areas of groundwater pumping from confined aquifers. We investigate the possibility of deep petroleum production as a cause for the high regional rates of subsidence. The northeast Texas coast was chosen for the study because it has a high rate of RSL rise, very limited groundwater production, and a long history of petroleum production. We examine in detail the Big Hill and Fannett fields, for which adequate bottom hole pressure (BHP) and well log data are available. The hypothesis of deep petroleum production is tested in three ways. First, industry BHP tests show many of the fields are depressurized to far below hydrostatic pressures. Second, analysis of BHP data over time in the Big Hill and Fannett fields indicates that some Zones in these fields were below hydrostatic when production commenced. This indicates that depressurization from production in neighboring fields or zones within the same field is not limited to the production zone. Third, three models for subsidence (a general 1-D regional model, an intrareservoir model, and a reservoir bounding layer model), using reasonable hydrogeological parameters, predict subsidence within the inferred range of data. The latter two models use data from the Big Hill and Fannett fields. Additional verification of the hypothesis that deep petroleum production is causing or accelerating regional subsidence will require the collection and analysis of data on the subsurface hydrogeological parameters and detailed measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of subsidence along the Texas Coast.
The Nature of Light-Quanta

IN a letter to NATURE of April 21, 1921 (vol. 107, p. 233), Sir Arthur Schuster pointed out that a quantum radiation could not, on account of the finiteness of its energy, e = h, be regarded as homogeneous light of frequency, for homogeneity implies, strictly, the existence of an infinite train of waves of constant amplitude.
A theoretical treatment of two approaches to SBS mitigation with two-tone amplification.

A technique that employs two seed signals for the purpose of mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effects in narrow-linewidth Yb-doped fiber amplifiers is investigated theoretically by constructing a self-consistent model that incorporates the laser gain, SBS, and four-wave mixing (FWM). The model reduces to solving a two-point boundary problem consisting of an 8x8 system of coupled nonlinear differential equations. Optimal operating conditions are determined by examining the interplay between the wavelength separation and power ratio of the two seeds. Two variants of this ‘two-tone’ amplification are considered. In one case the wavelength separation is precisely twice the Brillouin shift, while the other case considers a greater wavelength separation. For the former case, a two-fold increase in total output power over a broad range of seed power ratios centered about a ratio of approximately 2 is obtained, but with fairly large FWM. For the latter case, this model predicts an approximately 100% increase in output power (at SBS threshold with no signs of FWM) for a ‘two-tone’ amplifier with seed signals at 1064nm and 1068nm, compared to a conventional fiber amplifier with a single 1068nm seed. More significantly for this case, it is found that at a wavelength separation greater than 10nm, it is possible to appreciably enhance the power output of one of the laser frequencies.
Optimal control for linear and nonlinear semistabilization

Abstract The state feedback linear-quadratic optimal control problem for asymptotic stabilization has been extensively studied in the literature. In this paper, the optimal linear and nonlinear control problem is extended to address a weaker version of closed-loop stability, namely, semistability, which involves convergent trajectories and Lyapunov stable equilibria and which is of paramount importance for consensus control of network dynamical systems. Specifically, we show that the optimal semistable state-feedback controller can be solved using a form of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman conditions that does not require the cost-to-go function to be sign definite. This result is then used to solve the optimal linear-quadratic regulator problem using a Riccati equation approach. Finally, two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed linear and nonlinear semistabilization framework.
Optical Properties of Tipless Gold Nanopyramids

Controlling the size and shape of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) is a convenient approach to tune their optical properties for a broad range of applications. For example, metal NPs can function as discrete refractive index elements in optical sensing devices[1] as well as contrast agents in biological imaging.[2] An emerging area in plasmonics that has received less attention, however, is the tailoring of specific structural features of a NP (e.g., sharp asperities) to manipulate their optical properties. Systems of interest that could display signatures of such nanoscale geometrical changes are large (>100 nm) anisotropic NPs because they can support tunable dipole, quadrupole, and higher-order plasmon modes.[3] Although synthetic methods can access different shapes by changing the morphology of the seed (hard) or molecular (soft) templates[4] or by introducing metal ions and other molecules into the growth solution,[5] the overall sizes are usually too small to access higher-order plasmons. One important shape is Au nanorods, which can be grown to various lengths by keeping the width constant and increasing the length[6] or to various widths by preferential overgrowth on their sides.[7] In general, fabrication methods offer a more systematic approach to control different aspects of large particle shapes.[8] Also, the shapes of fabricated NPs tend to have a higher degree of monodispersity because their structures are governed by hard templates (e.g., anodized alumina membranes).[3e, 9]
Marxism at work: Ideology, class and French socialism during the Third Republic

(1994). Marxism at work: Ideology, class and French socialism during the Third Republic. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 117-119.
Exercise as a treatment for depression in elders

Purpose To describe the use of exercise when treating depression in elders and to discuss the data supporting the relationship between increased physical activity and decreased depression. Data sources Extensive review of recent scientific literature, both medical and gerontological in content. Conclusions Increasing physical activity markedly reduces depressive symptoms and is a safe adjunct or alternative to medication therapy. Implications for practice Exercise has numerous physical and psychological benefits to patients. Physical activity should be recommended to all patients of all ages.
Marking of Native Phytophagous Insects with Rubidium: a Proposed Technique

Rubidium applied foliarly to host plants of phytophagous insects functions as a marker that is acquired during feeding and is readily detectable by atomic absorption spectroscopy. This marker has the advantage that it can be incorporated into the insects normal habitat with minimal affect on the environment. Native insects then acquire the mark through normal feeding activity, and are thus marked in a manner that does not adversely affect either their biology or their behavior. Rubidium, as an element, is unique in its potential for this approach to marking because of its low biological toxicity and low concentration in native flora and fauna. Both plants and insects tolerate enrichment of rubidium for marking purposes.
Cross-Linked Dendrimer Hosts Containing Reporter Groups for Amine Guests

The integration of a chromogenic reporter group into the recently reported (Zimmerman, S. C.; Wendland, M. S.; Rakow, N. A.; Zharov, I.; Suslick, K. S. Nature 2002, 418, 399−403) monomolecular imprinting approach is described. The resulting highly cross-linked, macromolecular hosts show rapid, selective, high affinity, two-point binding of straight-chain diamine guests. Over longer times, the hosts are more promiscuous, binding a broader range of diamines. A rigorous test of imprinting was performed wherein the cross-reactivities of two dendrimers derived from different templates are compared. The test reveals a guest-dependent kinetic binding effect masquerading as evidence of a highly selective two-point imprinting process.
Five dimensional 2-branes from special Lagrangian wrapped M5-branes

We present an ansatz for black 2-branes in five dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ supergravity theory that carry magnetic charge with respect to general hypermultiplet scalars. We find explicit solutions in certain special cases and examine the constraints on the general case. These branes may be thought of as arising from M-branes by wrapping 11 dimensional supergravity over special Lagrangian calibrated cycles of a Calabi-Yau $3$-fold.
Data-Based Choice of Batch Size for Simulation Output Analysis

The use of batch means is a well known technique for estimating the variance of point estimators computed from simulation experiments. The batch means variance estimator is simply the (appropriately scaled) sample variance of the estimator computed on subsets of consecutive observations. For the method to be practical, a good choice of batch length is necessary. We propose a method to estimate the optimal batch length using only the observed data. In contrast to results that model the unknown underlying dependence structure in terms of a few unknown parameters (e.g., autoregression), the method is completely model-free. The proposed algorithm makes use of previous asymptotic results giving the order of batch length as a function of the simulation length in order to calibrate an empirical estimate of batch length for a shorter simulation length. We describe the algorithm, present three numerical studies that demonstrate its efficacy, and discuss large-sample consistency.
Temporal and constriction behavior of low-pressure, cathode-dominated argon discharges

Measurements of quasi-steady-state voltage-current characteristics, low-current voltage and current oscillations, and constriction formation are reported for cathode-dominated discharges in low-pressure Ar. Pulsed discharges ({approximately}5ms long at 1{endash}3 Hz) reduce heating and improve the accuracy of differential voltage measurements. Values of pressure p times the separation d of the parallel-plane electrodes are 0.12 to 2 Torrcm corresponding to discharge breakdown voltages of 2 kV to 230 V. Discharge currents range from 2 {mu}A to 40 mA. The quasi-steady-state discharge voltages decrease from their breakdown values in direct proportion to the current, i.e., the negative-differential-voltage-to-current ratio is constant. At currents below the onset of self-sustained oscillations and at the higher pressures, the frequency and damping of transient oscillations are in agreement with a perturbation model based on changes in ion-induced electron emission at the cathode caused by space-charge electric fields. At the higher currents and low pressures transient voltage and current waveforms show the growth of low-frequency oscillations accompanying the onset of constrictions. Rotation of the constricted discharge is observed at these pressures. At the higher pressures the constrictions are stable during the pulse and emission scans parallel to the electrodes provide quantitative data on constricted discharge areas and emissivity per unitmore » current as the discharge increases in size with increasing current. Comparisons are made of these experiments with recent models where possible. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
John Lear, Workers, Neighbors, and Citizens: The Revolution in Mexico City. Lincoln, NE: The University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 466 pp. $60.00 cloth; $29.95 paper.

These are boom times for social histories of Mexico City's working people. Within the past decade, nearly a dozen major studies have appeared in the United States and Mexico exploring the nineteenth- and twentieth-century worlds of artisans, workers, prostitutes, and other members of the urban “dangerous classes.” This new generation of scholarship has moved the study of Mexican working people's history away from its timeworn emphasis on the official politics of labor unions and the concomitant institutional analysis of inter-union alliances, schisms, and pact making with the state. Instead, the recent work has begun to sketch in a portrait of the everyday lives, political struggles, and cultural perspectives of the unionized and nonunionized popular classes in Mexico's capital. John Lear's history of Mexico City's working people in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represents a major contribution to this literature, thanks in part to its chronological breadth and ambitious scope.
The man who could not cry and the psychoanalyst who could: mutual healing in the maternal transference/countertransference.

This is a clinical/theoretical study of mutual healing in the maternal transference/countertransference. Therapist and patient began their work when each was in extreme mourning. I detail sensory, affective transactions between them that proved transformative. I deem these basic to the healing that was unusually rapid. It broke through the patient's dissociation, and the therapist's sorrow. I note that the treatment modalities were similar to those essential to mother/infant bonding. I connect the treatment's transformative effects with those discovered through infant research and studies with the functioning magnetic resonance imagery test (fMRI). All three of these modes of interpersonal study—psychotherapy, infant, and fMRI research—exhibit mind/body imprinting of the mother/infant deeply connected experience.
The influence of amphetamine on sensory and conditioned reinforcement: evidence for the re-selection hypothesis of dopamine function.

In four experiments we assessed the effect of systemic amphetamine on the ability of a stimulus paired with reward and a stimulus that was not paired with reward to support instrumental conditioning; i.e., we trained rats to press two levers, one followed by a stimulus that had been trained in a predictive relationship with a food outcome and the other by a stimulus unpaired with that reward. Here we show, in general accord with predictions from the dopamine re-selection hypothesis [Redgrave and Gurney (2006). Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 967– 975], that systemic amphetamine greatly enhanced the performance of lever press responses that delivered a visual stimulus whether that stimulus had been paired with reward or not. In contrast, amphetamine had no effect on the performance of responses on an inactive lever that had no stimulus consequences. These results support the notion that dopaminergic activity serves to mark or tag actions associated with stimulus change for subsequent selection (or re-selection) and stand against the more specific suggestion that dopaminergic activity is solely related to the prediction of reward.
Metabolic effects of exercise in patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia

Abstract Metabolic responses to 30 minutes of submaximal exercise were investigated in 11 healthy control subjects and 6 patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia (endogenous or essential hypertriglyceridemia). All subjects were male and ranged in age from 35 to 55 years. Before exercise they fasted overnight for at least 12 hours. The relative work performed, judged by the levels in heart rate and cardiac output on exercise, was comparable in the two groups, and the effects of exercise were qualitatively similar. Plasma glucose and triglyceride levels showed little change. Plasma concentration of cholesterol increased at the end of exercise by approximately 13 percent above control values compared to a concomitant increase in hematocrit of 3 percent. Plasma free fatty acid levels fell as exercise started and then returned to normal valves at the end of the 30 minutes of exercise; they then increased markedly after exercise but returned subsequently to control levels after 45 minutes. In response to muscular exercise, therefore, both control subjects and patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia significantly increase plasma cholesterol concentration. Subjects with hyperlipoproteinemia appear to mobilize free fatty acids in a normal manner for energy purposes, and the excess release of free fatty acids during exercise is apparently not derived from the abundantly circulating triglycerides; the latter were not altered by submaximal exercise.
Spectrophotometric measurements of metabolically induced pH changes in frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract A means of measuring pH spectrophotometrically with two pH-sensitive indicators, neutral red (NR) and bromcresol purple (BCP), is presented. Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of pH in solution correspond in a satisfactory manner for both dyes. Spectrophotometric determinations of pH were made of dye-equilibrated frog sartorius muscles. A more accurate indication of shifting intracellular pH (pH i ) was obtained with NR than with BCP, since only the spectra of NR-equilibrated muscles were insensitive to changes in external pH over the range 7.0–6.0. Muscles were stimulated in oxygenated Ringer's and the latent phase of acidification correlated with lactic acid production by analysis of tissue frozen after spectral determination of ΔpH i . Buffering capacities were calculated to be 0.041 to 0.048 g equiv per liter of strong acid or base per resultant ΔpH for a pH i range covering 0.25 unit.
A Microcomputer System as a Tool for Research in Logical Thinking.

The use of Piagetian tasks to study logical thinking has continued at a high rate despite the fact that their inherent limitations reduce the probability of finding new knowledge. In this study a microcomputer system was programmed with Piagetian tasks in an attempt to gain advantages while avoiding the limitations of the original tasks. College students viewed tasks in the form of alphanumerics and graphics on a TV monitor and interacted with the tasks by way of a keyboard. All key depressions and times between depressions were recorded on floppy disks which were subsequently interfaced with the IBM/370 computer for data manipulation and analysis. After a two-year test and evaluation program, which involved 360 students in three experiments, these investigators found that the microcomputer system contained several advantages over the original Piagetian tasks and provided the researcher with many new alternatives in the study of logical thinking.
Localization of a human brain sodium channel gene (SCN2A) to chromosome 2

Abstract A DNA probe derived from a human genomic library has been used to localize on human chromosomes a gene coding for the α-subunit of the brain type II sodium channel ( SCN2A ). Hybridization of the probe to Southern blots made with DNAs from a rodent-human somatic cell hybrid panel indicates localization to the long arm of human chromosome 2. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes confirms this assignment and indicates regional localization to 2q21–q33. The probe also reveals a frequent two-allele Hae III RFLP.
Retrieving sources of fine aerosols from MODIS and AERONET observations by inverting GOCART model

The knowledge of the global distribution of tropospheric aerosols is important for studying effects of natural aerosols on global climate. Chemical transport models relying on assimilated meteorological fields and accounting for aerosol advection by winds and removal processes can simulate such distribution of atmospheric aerosols. However, the accuracy of global aerosol modeling is yet limited. The uncertainty in location and strength of the aerosol emission sources is a major factor limiting accuracy of global aerosol transport modeling. This paper describes an effort to retrieve global sources of fine mode aerosol from global satellite observations by inverting GOCART aerosol transport model. The method uses an adjoint operation to the aerosol transport model that allows performing inversion with original space (2 x 2.5 degrees) and time (20-60 minutes) resolution of GOCART model. The approach is illustrated by numerical tests and applied to the retrieval global aerosol sources (location and strength) from a combination of MODIS and AERONET observations.
A biologic test for digitalis effect.

Abstract It has long been known that the abnormal BCG in human cardiac decompensation will revert toward normal as the heart contractile force is augmented by digitalization. It has not been accepted that digitalis can, in a like manner, augment the cardiac contractile force in patients who show no clinical symptoms or signs of decompensation. Nevertheless, in the cases presented here this seems to be the most likely explanation for the reversion of the abnormal tracings to normal. The increased peripheral load caused by arterial hypertension in these patients resulted in abnormal BCG's. Despite the fact that the hypertensive load remained the same, the traces were normalized by digitalis. The balance between propulsive force and resistive force was restored, albeit at a higher level. Applied to the quantitative study of digitalis, it may safely be assumed that the dose required to normalize a given BCG is near the optimal digitalizing dose for that particular patient at that particular time. No further assumptions can be made. But even this limited information has two important applications. In the first place, if the patient's cardiac status and blood pressure load remains unchanged, the method should be useful in comparing the therapeutic range of various cardiac glycosides. Secondly, in a given decompensated patient, it seems that the method might be helpful in determining the quantity of digitalis required for maximum therapeutic effect. Parenthetically, in a preliminary investigation of this application it was immediately apparent that the minimal dose was higher and the therapeutic range was narrower than those reported in this study. Further studies are in progress using smaller increments of digitalis to titrate more accurately the therapeutic ranges of several digitalis preparations. Another study will attempt to correlate the clinical, electrocardiographic, and ballistocardiographic signs of restored compensation in patients with congestive heart failure.
Micromechanical analysis of fiber fracture in unidirectional composite materials

Abstract In this paper, the problem of a penny-shaped crack in the center of multiple concentric cylinders is considered. By making appropriate choices for the stress functions in each of the constituents and making the standard assumptions of linear elasticity, it is possible to reduce the problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind which may be solved numerically. This solution is used in conjunction with a geometry approximation to model the stress concentrations due to a broken fiber in a unidirectional composite material. The results suggest that models of such a shear lag may be missing important features of the stress state including surrounding broken fibers in composite materials.
Rate-dependent effects of amphetamine resulting from behavioral competition

Abstract The rate-dependent effects, and several exceptions, of amphetamines on schedule-controlled behavior have been well documented. A hypothesis that most of the rate-dependent effects and exceptions are the result of interaction and competition with other amphetamine induced activities, e.g., locomotion and stereotypy, is reviewed and discussed. The evidence strongly suggests that such a competing-response process does occur, particularly at higher dose levels. The process is interpreted as being consistent with such anomolous results as amphetamine's lack of a reliable effect on high rate bursting in timing schedules, the differential effects of amphetamine on the low rate timing behavior of pigeons and rats, the lack of an enhancing effect of amphetamine on low rate behavior suppressed by aversive stimulation, and the apparent lack of systematic effect of amphetamine on very low rate behavior.
Rural nurses' use of universal precautions in relation to perceived knowledge of patient's HIV status

The increased incidence of AIDS in rural areas of the United States has called attention to the practice of universal precautions by rural nurses. The purpose of this research was to determine protective barrier use by 555 nurses living in rural counties in Pennsylvania and New York State and the effect on this use of their knowledge of their patients' HIV status. Findings suggest that nurses increased their use of protection if they knew their patients were HIV-positive. However, if they thought that their patients were HIV-negative or if they did not know their patients' HIV status, they did not always use adequate protection. Findings are discussed as they relate to the context of rural nursing practice.
Ontogenetic and phylogenetic evaluation of the presence of fibrin-type fibrinoid in the villous haemochorial placenta

The hypothesis that fibrin type fibrinoid deposition on villi is unique to the term human placenta was tested. Bright-field microscopy was used to examine sections of first and second trimester human placental villi and tissues from three animal species that have villous haemochorial placentae similar to the human: the armadillo, the baboon and the rhesus. Sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin showed fibrin type fibrinoid deposits were hypocellular, eosinophilic masses attached to the surface of villi examined from both the human and the animal specimens. The deposits were located at discontinuities in the syncytiotrophoblast layer, and the fibrinoid provided a matrix for trophoblast re-epithelialization of the villous surface. It is concluded that fibrin-type fibrinoid is not unique to the term human placenta. The presence of the syncytiotrophoblast discontinuities associated with the fibrinoid deposition must be considered in models of maternal-fetal exchange in the villous haemochorial placenta.
Crack-wake interfacial debonding criteria for fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

The condition for progressive debonding with friction along the debonded interface is considered for the bridging fiber in the crack-wake of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. The energy-based criterion is adopted in the present study to analyze the debond length, the crack-opening displacement, and the displacement of the composite due to interfacial debonding. The results are identical to the previous results obtained from a simple approach, in which interfacial debonding is assumed to occur when the mismatch in the axial strain between the fiber and the matrix reaches a critical value. Furthermore, the mismatch-strain criterion is found to bear the same physical meaning as the strength-based criterion.
ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF THE ROLE OF THE ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE

This is an exciting and challenging period for healthcare in our country. Many changes have already occurred within our system, and many more are on the horizon. As our system evolves, current nursing and healthcare literature describe the present and future needs of patients and communities, as well as how nurse practitioners (NPs) are playing an increasingly important role in providing health services in the United States. This role of the advanced practice nurse (APN), particularly the NP, is examined philosophically and in the context of changing healthcare needs and policies.
Low-order Control-relevant Models for A Class of Distributed Parameter Systems

Abstract Accurate solutions of distributed parameter systems may be represented as the sum of an infinite series. Control design however, requires low-order models primarily due to implementation limitations. As such, developing low-order models of high fidelity is important if the objective is accurate control of the DPS. This work addresses this issue by developing a method that assures a convergent and consistent projection to a finite space. The resulting model is then subsequently used to design finite dimensional state feedback controllers. The methodology is demonstrated on two quasi-linear processes under ideal and non-ideal conditions.
THE USE OF THREE SIMPLE, RAPID BIOASSAYS ON FORTY-TWO HERBICIDES*

Summary Three rapid bioassays were tested on forty-two herbicides having several different modes of action. A 50% or greater inhibition of growth was found at 1 ppm with thirty-one herbicides in one or more of the bioassays. Of the remaining eleven herbicides, seven were detected at 10 ppm, two at 20 ppm and two at 30 ppm. The techniques used were a Chlorella bioassay, a root bioassay with sorghum, oat and cucumber and a shoot bioassay with sorghum and oat. The duration of the bioassays was 1, 2 and 4 days respectively. As a general rule, the Chlorella bioassay was especially sensitive to photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors but not sensitive to herbicides with other modes of action, whereas the root and/or shoot bioassays were sensitive to most of the herbicides except the photosynthetic inhibitors. The use of the three bioassays simultaneously is suggested as a possible method for primary screening of herbicides.
Quantitative risk assessment: qualms and questions.

Within the past ten years, quantitative risk assessment has come to play a central role in the federal regulation of carcinogens. Federal agencies use quantitative risk both to set priorities and to establish exposure levels. The use of quantitative risk assessment is mandated by Executive Orders requiring performance of cost-benefit analysis, although performance of assessments has often been ascribed to the Supreme Court decision in the 1980 “benzene” case. Quantitative risk assessment is a deeply flawed methodology with results that give a false sense of certainty and objectivity. Also, the nature of quantitative risk assessment methodologies currently in use makes it difficult for members of the public to scrutinize and assess regulatory actions. Quantitative risk assessment should not be used for regulation of carcinogens, especially not for establishing exposure levels. Instead, alternative methodologies should be utilized, which are appropriately reflective of uncertainty and which are more readily accessible to public scrutiny and participation.