cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis and Cell Death: Relevance to Lung

In multicellular organisms, cell death plays an important role in development, morphogenesis, control of cell numbers, and removal of infected, mutated, or damaged cells. The term apoptosis was first coined in 1972 by Kerr et al.1 to describe the morphologic features of a type of cell death that is distinct from necrosis and is today considered to represent programmed cell death. In fact, the evidence that a genetic program existed for physiologic cell death came from the developmental studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.2 As time has progressed, however, apoptotic cell death has been shown to occur in many cell types under a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Cells dying by apoptosis exhibit several characteristic morphologic features that include cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, nuclear and cellular fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, and eventual phagocytosis of the fragmented cell (Figure 4.1). Open image in new window Figure 4.1 Morphologic features of cell death. Necrosis: Cells die by necrosis, and their organelles are characteristically swollen. There is early membrane damage with eventual loss of plasma membrane integrity and leakage of cytosol into extra-cellular space. Despite early clumping, the nuclear chromatin undergoes lysis (karyolysis). Apoptosis: Cells die by type I programmed cell death (also called apoptosis); they are shrunken and develop blebs containing dense cytoplasm. Membrane integrity is not lost until after cell death. Nuclear chromatin undergoes striking condensation and fragmentation. The cytoplasm becomes divided to form apoptotic bodies containing organelles and/or nuclear debris. Terminally, apoptotic cells and fragments are engulfed by phagocytes or surrounding cells. Autophagy: Cells die by type II programmed cell death, which is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vesicles (autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes). One feature that distinguishes apoptosis from autophagic cell death is the source of the lysosomal enzymes used for most of the dying-cell degradation. Apoptotic cells use phagocytic cell lysosomes for this process, whereas cells with autophagic morphology use the endogenous lysosomal machinery of dying cells. Paraptosis: Cells die by type III programmed cell death, which is characterized by extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization and swelling and clumping of mitochondria, along with absence of nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, or apoptotic body formation. Autoschizis: In this form of cell death, the cell membrane forms cuts or schisms that allow the cytoplasm to leak out. The cell shrinks to about one-third of its original size, and the nucleus and organelles remain surrounded by a tiny ribbon of cytoplasm. After further excisions of cytoplasm, the nuclei exhibit nucleolar segregation and chromatin decondensation followed by nuclear karyorrhexis and karyolysis.
Control of satellite cell proliferation.

Satellite cells are reserve stem cells of adult skeletal muscle and thus represent a potential source of myogenic cells to use in myoblast replacement therapy of neuromuscular disease. Optimal application of this strategy requires knowledge of factors that control the growth and differentiation of satellite cells. Control of satellite cell proliferation is a complex phenomenon determined by the contribution of both positive and negative factors (Fig. 1).
Symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy peers

Children with CHD often experience difficulty with oral feeding, which contributes to growth faltering in this population. Few studies have explored symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD using valid and reliable measures of oral feeding. The purpose of this study was to describe symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy children without medical conditions, taking into account variables that may contribute to symptoms of problematic feeding. Oral feeding was measured by the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool, a parent report assessment of feeding with evidence of validity and reliability. This secondary analysis used data collected from web-based surveys completed by parents of 1093 children between 6 months and 7 years of age who were eating solid foods by mouth. General linear models were used to evaluate the differences between 94 children with CHD and 999 children without medical conditions based on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score and four subscale scores. Covariates tested in the models included breathing tube duration, type of CHD, gastroesophageal reflux, genetic disorder, difficulty with breast- or bottle-feeding during infancy, cardiac surgery, and current child age. Children with CHD had significantly more symptoms of problematic feeding than healthy children on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score, more physiologic symptoms, problematic mealtime behaviours, selective/restrictive eating, and oral processing dysfunction (p <0.001 for all), when taking into account relevant covariates. Additional research is needed in children with CHD to improve risk assessment and develop interventions to optimise feeding and growth.
“Daniel was racist”: Individualizing racism when teaching about the Civil Rights Movement

This study investigated how racism was represented in a unit on civil rights in three 11th-grade U.S. history classes. Using qualitative methods, I observed classroom lessons in three teachers’ cla...
Impact of US Public Health Service increased risk deceased donor designation on organ utilization

Under US Public Health Service guidelines, organ donors with risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are categorized as increased risk donors (IRD). Previous studies have suggested that IRD organs are utilized at lower rates than organs from standard risk donors (SRD), but these studies were conducted prior to universal donor nucleic acid test screening. We conducted risk-adjusted analyses to determine the effect of IRD designation on organ utilization using 2010-2017 data (21 626 heart, 101 160 kidney, 52 714 liver, and 16 219 lung recipients in the United States) from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. There was no significant difference (P < .05) between risk-adjusted utilization rates for IRD vs SRD organs for adult hearts and livers and pediatric kidneys, livers, and lungs. Significantly lower utilization was found among IRD adult kidneys, lungs, and pediatric hearts. Analysis of the proportion of transplanted organs recovered from IRD by facility suggests that a subset of facilities contribute to the underutilization of adult IRD kidneys. Along with revised criteria and nomenclature to identify donors with HIV, HBV, or HCV risk factors, educational efforts to standardize informed consent discussions might improve organ utilization.
The ZP Framework and Effective Leadership Behaviour in Problematic, Non-Problematic and Issue-Ridden Situations:

AbstractA review of leadership literature reveals three patterns. First, all leadership theories address problematic situations. Second, leadership theories address problems at increasingly complex...
Lidar provides novel insights into the effect of pixel size and grazing intensity on measures of spatial heterogeneity in a native bunchgrass ecosystem

Abstract There is a strong link between vegetation heterogeneity and biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. However, quantifying spatial patterns of key metrics, such as aboveground biomass, at landscape scales remains a challenge. This stems from difficulties in accurately estimating grassland biomass at fine scales over large areas and determining what spatial scale is most appropriate to monitor how grassland impacts (e.g., livestock grazing) affect spatial patterns of biomass (i.e., spatial heterogeneity). Here, we use lidar metrics (volume, max height, and intensity) in Random Forest models to quantify fine-resolution (pixel size 1.0668 m (3.5 ft)) aboveground biomass estimates (pseudo R2 = 0.59; RMSD = 139.4 g m-2) across a bunchgrass prairie grassland system. To determine both the effects of grazing on the spatial heterogeneity of aboveground biomass and which pixel size is most sensitive to the effects of livestock grazing on grassland heterogeneity, we aggregated fine-resolution biomass maps to coarser pixel resolutions (3 m, 5 m, 8 m, 20 m, 30 m) across 23 pastures with varying levels of grazing intensity. Following aggregation to coarser pixel resolutions, we observed that semivariogram models produced statistically different (α = 0.05) measures of biomass heterogeneity. The range statistic was the only pasture-level semivariogram metric sensitive to grazing, and this relationship was only significant when using the finer-resolution datasets (~1 m to 8 m pixels). Our results demonstrate 1) the applicability of lidar data for quantifying biomass in short-statured grasslands, 2) that grazing in pacific northwest bunchgrass prairie can decrease spatial heterogeneity of aboveground biomass and 3) that fine-resolution satellite data (
The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: current perspectives and controversies, future directions.

The projected cure rate for patients who develop lung cancer in 1993 is only 13%. The majority of these patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, and are therefore ineligible for curative surgery. Among the minority of patients who undergo surgical therapy with curative intent, the majority experience relapse in metastatic sites. Patients with metastatic disease cannot be cured with currently available therapies. Recent randomized studies suggest that cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens can prolong survival in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. It was thus logical to evaluate cisplatin-based chemotherapy in early disease stages. Many randomized studies have compared radiation therapy alone with radiation plus cisplatin-based chemotherapy in locally advanced, inoperable, stages IIIA and IIIB non-small cell lung cancer. Most, but not all, of these studies show a survival benefit for the combined-modality approach. Although the improvement in median length of survival in these studies is modest, long-term survival rates are often doubled or tripled. The optimal chemoradiotherapy combination is unknown. Fewer randomized trials have evaluated cisplatin-based chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in operable stages I through IIIA disease. A trial of the Lung Cancer Study Group comparing postoperative cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/cisplatin with immunotherapy in stages II and IIIA adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma showed a small survival advantage for the chemotherapy. A European postoperative randomized study comparing cisplatin-based chemotherapy with no therapy also showed a survival advantage for chemotherapy, as did a small ongoing study from M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) with preoperative chemotherapy. However, there are many negative randomized studies evaluating postoperative chemotherapy, especially with non-cisplatin-based regimens, and further studies are obviously needed. Many new agents have produced exciting preliminary results. Response rates in excess of 20% were reported for paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), irinotecan (CPT-11), topotecan, and gemcitabine. Studies in the next few years will help to define the ultimate role of these agents. Further developments in understanding the biology (and molecular biology) of lung cancer are leading to preclinical studies of antigrowth factors and genetic therapy.
Characterization and engineering of S100A12–heparan sulfate interactions

S100A12, an EF-hand calcium-binding protein, can be secreted by a variety of cell types and plays proinflammatory roles in a number of pathological conditions. Although S100A12 has been shown to interact with heparan sulfate (HS), the molecular detail of the interaction remains unclear. Here we investigate the structural basis of S100A12-HS interaction and how the interaction is regulated by the availability of divalent cations and the oligomeric states of S100A12. We discovered that S100A12-HS interaction requires calcium, while zinc can further enhance binding by inducing S100A12 hexamerization. In contrast, the apo form and zinc-induced tetramer form were unable to bind HS. Guided by the crystal structures of S100A12, we have identified the HS-binding site of S100A12 by site-directed mutagenesis. Characterization of the HS-binding site of S100A12 allowed us to convert the non-HS-binding apo and tetramer forms of S100A12 into a high affinity HS-binding variant by engineering a single-point mutation. Using a HS oligosaccharide microarray, we demonstrated that the N43K mutant displayed markedly enhanced selectivity toward longer HS oligosaccharides compared to the WT S100A12, likely due to the expanded dimension of the reengineered HS-binding site in the mutant. This unexpected finding strongly suggests that HS-binding sites of proteins might be amenable for engineering.
Development of Decision Fusion Model Using Grey Mixed Center Point Triangular Whitening Functions in Layered Sensing Systems

Multi-layer decision fusion (MLDF) is an important method in smart surveillance system for a robust decision-making about objects behavior. Grey System Theory has recently attracted substantial interest in wide research areas. Grey Mixed Center Point Triangular Whitening Functions} (GMCPTWF) approach for decision fusion is presented in this paper to perform multi-layer decision fusion. After features are extracted from trajectory of the object of interest, three reference behavior vectors are constructed Three behavior categories under consideration in this paper are: abnormal, unknown, and normal. These vectors are utilized to train the system, and are used as an input for the decision-making subsystem. Finally, multi-layer decision fusion is performed GMCPTWF of three classes are tested by eighteen trajectories. The experiment on eighteen trajectories which are classified into three categories proves that this method can effectively improve the decision making performance.
Nitrogen (N) for Citrus Trees

Nitrogen is the key component in mineral fertilizers applied to citrus groves. N has more influence on tree growth, appearance, and fruit production/quality than any other mineral element. Nitrogen affects the absorption and distribution of practically all other elements, and it is particularly important to the tree during flowering and fruit set. This 3-page fact sheet was written by Mongi Zekri and Tom Obreza and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, July 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss580
Underwater Motion and Activity Recognition using Acoustic Wireless Networks

Underwater motion recognition using acoustic wireless networks has a promisingly potential to be applied to the diver activity monitoring and aquatic animal recognition without the burden of expensive underwater cameras which have been used by the image-based underwater classification techniques. However, accurately extracting features that are independent of the complicated underwater environments such as inhomogeneous deep seawater is a serious challenge for underwater motion recognition. Velocities of target body (VTB) during the motion are excellent environment independent features for WiFi-based recognition techniques in the indoor environments, however, VTB features are hard to be extracted accurately in the underwater environments. The inaccurate VTB estimation is caused by the fact that the signal propagates along with a curve instead of a straight line as the signal propagates in the air. In this paper, we propose an underwater motion recognition mechanism in the inhomogeneous deep seawater using acoustic wireless networks. To accurately extract velocities of target body features, we first derive Doppler Frequency Shift (DFS) coefficients that can be utilized for VTB estimation when signals propagate deviously. Secondly, we propose a dynamic self-refining (DSR) optimization algorithm with acoustic wireless networks that consist of multiple transmitter-receiver links to estimate the VTB. Those VTB features can be utilized to train the convolutional neural networks (CNN). Through the simulation, estimated VTB features are evaluated and the testing recognition results validate that our proposed underwater motion recognition mechanism is able to achieve high classification accuracy.
A Board Coaching Framework for Effective Nonprofit Governance: Staff Support, Board Knowledge, and Board Effectiveness

Nonprofit boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their organizations. Despite a wide literature on board governance, empirical studies have focused primarily on board characteris...
Drylongso. Racism, Health Inequity, and a Denial of Pandemic Proportions

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, data collected from studies conducted months or years before are appearing in journals. They confirm findings, retest hypotheses, or produce new evidence to d...
The influence of built environment on distracted driving related crashes in Ohio

Abstract This study evaluates the influences of built environment on frequency and severity of vehicle crashes through a comparative analysis framework between crashes involved in distracted driving (DD) and non-distracted driving (Non-DD). Using a comprehensive dataset with 1.4 million vehicle crash records in Ohio for the period 2013–2017 as an example, the relationship between built environment and the frequency as well as severity of vehicle crashes caused by DD and Non-DDwas examined using negative binomial and generalized ordered logit regression methods. Our study reveals that the frequency of DD crashes tends to be much higher than that of Non-DD crashes in urbanized road environment. Conversely, other road features, such as a median and a shoulder with an asphalt pavement are found to have relatively substantial and negative associations with the frequency of DD related crashes. Furthermore, the outcomes of severity analysis confirm that DD related crashes tend to be more severe than Non-DD related crashes in certain built environment such as work zones or interstate highways. Meanwhile, the existence of a roundabout was found to have mixed effects in affecting crash severities. Our findings suggest that distraction affected crashes contain unique features as compared to Non-DD counterparts. These evidences provide important implications for transportation planners and decision-makers to improve roadway safety.
The Priority of Gifted Forgiveness: A Response to Fricker

In this paper I respond to Fricker’s paradigm-based account of forgiveness, which aims to integrate two seemingly different versions of responses to wrongdoing—conditional forgiveness (what Fricker...
Validity and reliability of the Cochlear Implant Quality of Life (CIQOL)-35 Profile and CIQOL-10 Global instruments in comparison to legacy instruments.

Objective Validated and reliable patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) may provide a comprehensive and accurate assessment of the real-world experiences of cochlear implant (CI) users and complement information obtained from speech recognition outcomes. To address this unmet clinical need, the Cochlear Implant Quality of Life (CIQOL)-35 Profile instrument and CIQOL-10 Global measure were developed according to the Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) and COnsensus-based Standards for the Selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. The CIQOL-35 Profile consists of 35 items in six domain constructs (communication, emotional, entertainment, environment, listening effort, and social) and the CIQOL-10 Global contains 10 items that provide an overall CIQOL score. The present study compares psychometric properties of the newly developed CIQOL instruments to two legacy PROMs commonly used in adult CI users. Design Using a prospective cohort design, a sample of 334 adult CI users recruited from across the United States provided responses to (1) the CIQOL instruments; (2) a CI-specific PROM (Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire, NCIQ); and (3) a general-health PROM (Health Utilities Index 3 [HUI-3]). Responses were obtained again after 1 mo. The reliability and validity of the CIQOL-35 Profile and CIQOL-10 Global instruments were compared with the legacy PROMs (NCIQ and HUI-3). Psychometric properties and construct validity of each instrument were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory (IRT), and test-retest reliability (using Pearson's correlations), where appropriate. Results All six CIQOL-35 Profile domains and the CIQOL-10 Global instrument demonstrated adequate to strong construct validity. The majority of the NCIQ subdomains and NCIQ total score had substantial confirmatory factor analysis model misfit, representing poor construct validity. Therefore, IRT analysis could only be applied to the basic sound performance and activity limitation subdomains of the NCIQ. IRT results showed strong psychometric properties for all CIQOL-35 Profile domains, the CIQOL-10 Global instrument, and the basic sound performance and activity limitation subdomains of the NCIQ. Test-retest reliability was strong for the CIQOL-35 Profile, CIQOL-10 Global, and NCIQ, but moderate to weak for the HUI-3; the hearing score of the HUI-3 demonstrated the weakest reliability. Conclusion The CIQOL-35 Profile and CIQOL-10 Global are more psychometrically sound and comprehensive than the NCIQ and the HUI-3 for assessing QOL in adult CI users. Due to poor reliability, we do not recommend using the HUI-3 to measure QOL in this population. With validation and psychometric analyses complete, the CIQOL-35 Profile measure and CIQOL-10 Global instrument are now ready for use in clinical and research settings to measure QOL and real-world functional abilities of adult CI users.
Distinguishing chronic low back pain in young adults with mild to moderate pain and disability using trunk compliance.

Chronic low back pain (cLBP) rates among younger individuals are rising. Although pain and disability are often less severe, underlying changes in trunk behavior may be responsible for recurrence. We examine the biomarker capacity of a simple Trunk Compliance Index (TCI) to distinguish individuals with and without cLBP. A random subset (n = 49) of the RELIEF RCT were matched to healthy controls for sex, age, height and weight. We measured TCI (as displacement/ weight-normalized perturbation force) using anthropometrically-matched, suddenly-applied pulling perturbations to the trunk segment, randomized across three planes of motion (antero-posterior, medio-lateral, and rotational). Mean differences between cLBP, sex and perturbation direction were assessed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Discriminatory accuracy of TCI was assessed using Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Baseline characteristics between groups were equivalent (x [range]): sex (57% female / group), age (23.0 [18–45], 22.8 [18–45]), height, cm (173.0 [156.5–205], 171.3 [121.2–197], weight, kg (71.8 [44.5–116.6], 71.7 [46.8–117.5]) with cLBP associated with significantly lower TCI for 5 of 6 directions (range mean difference, − 5.35: − 1.49, range 95% CI [− 6.46: − 2.18 to − 4.35: − 0.30]. Classification via ROC showed that composite TCI had high discriminatory potential (area under curve [95% CI], 0.90 [0.84–0.96]), driven by TCI from antero-posterior perturbations (area under curve [95% CI], 0.99 [0.97–1.00]). Consistent reductions in TCI suggests global changes in trunk mechanics that may go undetected in classic clinical examination. Evaluation of TCI in younger adults with mild pain and disability may serve as a biomarker for chronicity, leading to improved preventative measures in cLBP. Trial Registration and Funding RELIEF is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01854892) and funded by the NIH National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health (R01AT006978).
Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes on neonate survival in an invasive large mammal

Understanding factors influencing survival of neonates for wild species is important for successful management, particularly for determining drivers of population dynamics. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invasive and populations are rapidly increasing in part due to high reproductive capacity. Survival of adults is generally high, however, survival of piglets, and particularly neonates, is largely unknown. We located neonates at the natal nest and quantified survival in relation to individual and maternal biological attributes, and environmental variables. During 2017–2020, we captured 50 neonates from 13 litters and documented 28 mortalities (56%) over six weeks. Survival was positively influenced by pelage coloration, likely as a form of camouflage from predators. Male neonates had higher survival. They were born larger than females, which could be beneficial for thermoregulation and competition for milk. Neonates born to larger sows had lower survival. Sow size was positively correlated with litter size, and this finding may reflect the increased nutritional demands of sustaining large litters, or difficulties in defending more neonates against predators. Neonates born in warmer months had higher survival than those born in cooler months. Neonates are inefficient thermoregulators, thus being born in warmer months could be beneficial for maintaining homeostasis as well as access to more food resources. These are the largest and most complete data for neonate wild pig survival and will inform population models for the development of management strategies to reduce negative impacts of this destructive invasive species on native ecosystems.
A legal perspective on university technology transfer

In the thirty-five years after passage of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980, a robust literature has documented the emergence of university technology transfer as a critical mechanism for the dissemination and commercialization of new technology stemming from federally-funded research. Missing from these investigations, however, is what this paper terms the legal perspective, an understanding of how the law and its attendant mechanisms impact university technology transfer. Specifically, the paper reviews the extant legal scholarship and provides examples of how case law, legal structures, and the unique nature of intellectual property law affects technology transfer, as well as higher education policy and management. Throughout, we propose critical questions for future investigation, which serve to form a cross-disciplinary research agenda that can contribute fresh insights to scholarly and policy discussions related to the role of universities in economic and social development.
Bank dependency and banker directors

Purpose – Directors play a hard-to-quantify but critical role in the success of corporations. Outside directors supplement the firm-specific knowledge of inside directors by providing expertise and monitoring. Prior research finds that outside directors who are commercial bankers can be both beneficial and costly to large, non-financial corporations. Smaller, bank-dependent corporations should benefit more than large firms from the services banker directors provide, but may also be more prone to the costs they can impose. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of bank dependency on appointments of banker directors. Design/methodology/approach – The author estimates models relating the probability of a first-time banker-director appointment to proxies of bank dependency on data for a matched sample of firms with and without banker directors drawn from a size-representative sample of Compustat firms. Findings – Bank-dependent firms are less likely to appoint bankers as directors than bank...
Discontinuous current-phase relations in small one-dimensional Josephson junction arrays.

We study the Josephson effect in small one-dimensional (1D) Josephson junction arrays. For weak Josephson tunneling, topologically different regions in the charge-stability diagram generate distinct current-phase ($I\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\phi}$) relationships. We present results for a three-junction system in the vicinity of charge-degeneracy lines and triple points. We explain the generalization to larger arrays, show that discontinuities of the $I\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\ensuremath{\phi}$ relation at phase $\ensuremath{\pi}$ persist and that, at maximum degeneracy, the problem can be mapped to a tight-binding model providing analytical results for arbitrary system size.
Löfgren's syndrome misdiagnosed as cellulitis

Lofgren's syndrome is an acute-onset presentation of sarcoidosis that can be easily missed in an ED setting. A case is reported of Lofgren's syndrome presenting as erythema nodosum with bilateral ankle oedema. Although rare, this diagnosis should be considered when examining a patient with erythema nodosum and articular symptoms.
Integrating real time communications applications in a museum's Web site

Real time communications and messaging software is a powerful technology that allows people and groups to talk and collaborate together using the Internet. We examine its practical use in a museum setting for distance learning and enhancing an institution's Web presence.
A comparison of two concentrations of bupivacaine and adrenaline with and without fentanyl in paediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Summary This study was designed to determine whether administration of caudal bupivacaine with fentanyl would have any effect on analgesia in paediatric patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy repair. Fifty-six outpatient paediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair were evaluated. Patients received, in a randomized manner, 1 ml·kg−1 of either bupivacaine 0.25% or 0.125% with or without fentanyl 1 μg·kg−1. There was no difference in pain scores in the hospital, the night of surgery, or 24 h postoperatively nor was there a difference in the oral analgesics administered between any of the groups. There was a higher incidence of vomiting at home in both 0.25% bupivacaine groups irrespective of the use of fentanyl. The 0.125% bupivacaine group had significantly more patients who received intravenous fentanyl in the PACU than did the other three groups (P<0.001). Increasing the concentration of bupivacaine from 0.125% to 0.25% increased the incidence of postoperative vomiting. We recommend that clinicians utilize bupivacaine 0.125% with 1 μg·kg−1 fentanyl as the caudal injectate in paediatric patients undergiong inguinal hernia repair.
Effects of 8 weeks of Stealth® supplementation on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of satellite cell activation, and clinical safety markers in males

Methods Twenty non-resistance-trained males were randomly matched by age and body mass in a double-blind fashion being assigned to either a placebo (maltodextrose) or Stealth group. Testing was conducted at baseline (day 0) followed by 8 weeks of a periodized 4-day per week resistance training program of 3 × 10 reps at 70-80% of their 1-RM. The program was split into two upper and two lower extremity workouts per week with post testing occurring at (day 57). Both groups consumed 2 servings (312g) (1248 kcals) per day. During exercise sessions the placebo group consumed (156g) of maltodextrose 30 min before and after exercise. The Stealth group consumed (22g fat, 158g carbohydrates, 94g protein). During non-training days both groups consumed the 2 servings in the morning upon waking. Both the placebo and Stealth groups consumed an isocaloric diet (~2500 kcals) and the additional (1,248 kcals) for a total of (~3750 kcals) each day. Data were analyzed with separate 2 × 2 factorial analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (p < 0.05). Results For dietary intake, there were no significant differences in total calories (p = 0.346), protein (p = 0.689), and fat (p = 0.275) between testing sessions. A significant difference in carbohydrate (p = 0.003) between testing session was shown, but no difference (p = 0.737) between groups was observed. Hemodynamic measurement between testing session for resting heart rate (p = 0.208) and SBP (p = 0.192) were not significant between testing sessions. However, DBP (p = 0.047) was significant but no differences (p = 0.686) between groups were observed. A significant increase in body mass (p = 0.001), body water (p = 0.001), body fat % (p = 0.001), and fat mass (p = 0.001) were shown between testing sessions. Only body water was significantly (p = 0.030) greater within the stealth group. No significant difference in fat free mass (p = 0.068) was shown between testing session for either group. A significant difference in upper body strength (p = 0.024) and lower body strength (p = 0.001) was shown between testing sessions for both groups. However, no significant difference between upper body (p = 0.989) and lower body (p = 0.097) strength was observed between the supplement groups. Serum IGF-1 (p = 0.270), HGF (p = 0.070), and GH (p = 0.397) were not significantly different between testing sessions. No significant difference between testing sessions for myofibrillar protein (p = 0.108), total DNA (p = 0.217), Myo-D (p = 0.093), and Myogenin (p = 0.070) were observed. A significant difference between testing session in c-MET (p = 0.023) and MRF-4 (p = 0.044) were shown. Only the placebo (p = 0.047) group was < Stealth for c-Met. Health, Physical Education and Leisure Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Spillane et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2015, 12(Suppl 1):P9 http://www.jissn.com/content/12/S1/P9
Laser Produced Hemispherical Shock Waves

An experimental study of laser induced hemispherical shock waves has been carried out. A Q-switched ruby laser was focused on aluminum or carbon targets and the plasma produced expanded into an ambient atmosphere of argon or helium. Trajectories of the primary and secondary shock waves were determined for initial pressures from 0.05 to 5 torr. Spherical blast wave theory was found to apply for radii greater than the mass length, (M/p0), where M is the plasma mass and p0 the background gas density. The results are compared with previous numerical solutions, and several rules for secondary shock wave behavior are stated.
Sexual Attitudes Moderate the Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Women’s Risk Judgments

This study evaluated the effects of alcohol intoxication, sexual attitudes, and sexual victimization history on the cognitive processes underlying undergraduate women's risk judgments. Participants were 116 unmarried, undergraduate women between the ages of 21 and 29. The sample was diverse ethnically and composed primarily of heterosexual women. Stimuli were written vignettes describing social situations that varied on dimensions of sexual victimization risk and potential impact on women's popularity. Participants were assigned randomly to an alcohol or a no-alcohol condition, and completed an explicit classification task in which they rated how risky each situation was in terms of their having an unwanted sexual experience. They then completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Sociosexuality Scale (SS); SES responses were used to quantify the severity of victimization experiences, and SS responses were used to measure endorsement of positive attitudes toward casual, impersonal sex. Although there was no main effect for condition, higher sociosexuality predicted use of higher thresholds for judging situations as risky. Importantly, sociosexuality interacted with condition such that higher sociosexuality predicted lower sensitivity to risk information in the alcohol condition but not in the no-alcohol condition. More severe victimization history predicted increased use of popularity impactwhen judging risk. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying specific cognitive processes affected by alcohol that may explain why women have difficulty processing contextual cues signaling risk in social situations. It demonstrates also the relevance of examining individual difference factors that may exacerbate the relationship between intoxication and cognitive processing of risk-relevant information.
Beck, Asia and second modernity

The work of Ulrich Beck has been important in bringing sociological attention to the ways issues of risk are embedded in contemporary globalization, in developing a theory of 'reflexive modernization', and in calling for social science to transcend 'methodological nationalism'. In recent studies, he and his colleagues help to correct for the Western bias of many accounts of cosmopolitanism and reflexive modernization, and seek to distinguish normative goals from empirical analysis. In this paper I argue that further clarification of this latter distinction is needed but hard to reach within a framework that still embeds the normative account in the idea that empirical change has a clear direction. Similar issues beset the presentation of diverse patterns in recent history as all variants of 'second modernity'. Lastly, I note that ironically, given the declared 'methodological cosmopolitanism' of the authors, the empirical studies here all focus on national cases.
Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) in the historical context of Community Pediatrics.

Objectives. As part of the evaluation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Community Access to Child Health (CATCH), to 1) identify, retrospectively, the actual chronology of activities undertaken through CATCH, and 2) review its antecedents within the AAP, and its predecessor program—Healthy Children. Methods. Key informant telephone interviews with 14 national leaders in CATCH were conducted. Relevant program and administrative files and other documents were reviewed. AAP staff assisted the authors in preparing a detailed chronology of Healthy Children and CATCH activities and events from spring 1988 through summer 1996. Results and Conclusions. A decade of change in the AAP, under the acronym CATCH began in the late 1980s. The formation of the AAP9s Partnership for Children and the Access to Care for Children Initiative, combined with the decision by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to transfer the funding of Healthy Children to the AAP, underpinned the changes. The Foundation9s decision provided the resources and stimulus for the expansion and increased recognition of Community Pediatrics at the national AAP office, culminating in the establishment of the Department of Community Pediatrics in mid-1994. A national program of pediatrician-led, community-based programs and supportive services was launched, other resources were attracted, and a philosophical shift in defining the role of the pediatrician was put forward. A responsibility toward all children within the community was included in the role of the pediatrician, as well as caring for the individual child within a community context.
Teaching Communication in Capstone Design: The Role of the Instructor in Situated Learning

Calls for engineers to communicate more effectively are ubiquitous, and engineering education literature includes numerous examples of assignments and courses that integrate writing and speaking with technical content. However, little of this literature examines in detail how engineering students develop communication skills and how those learning mechanisms influence classroom practice. To address this gap, this article synthesizes research on communication learning in college from the fields of composition and technical communication and illustrates its relevance to the engineering classroom with a case study of a capstone design course. The principles of situated learning and activity theory, in particular, provide strong evidence that the ways in which course instructors and students interact around communication tasks play a significant role in helping students develop transferable communication skills.
The histone gene cell cycle regulator HiNF-P is a unique zinc finger transcription factor with a novel conserved auxiliary DNA-binding motif

Accumulation of histone proteins is necessary for packaging of replicated DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle. Different mechanisms operate to regulate histone protein levels, and induction of human histone gene expression at the G1-S phase transition plays a critical role. The zinc finger HiNF-P and coactivator p220 (NPAT) proteins are key regulators of histone gene expression. Here, we describe a novel HiNF-P-specific conserved region (PSCR) located within the C-terminus that is present in HiNF-P homologues of all metazoan species that have been examined. The PSCR motif is required for activation of histone H4 gene transcription and contributes to DNA binding of HiNF-P. Thus, the PSCR module represents an auxiliary DNA-binding determinant that plays a critical role in mediating histone gene expression during the cell cycle and defines HiNF-P as a unique cell cycle regulatory member of the zinc finger transcription factor family.
Conductive Hearing Loss in Individuals with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a very rare genetic disorder that is characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification of soft tissues and congenital malformation of the great to...
Ni3B: powder diffraction pattern and lattice parameters

Abstract Debye-Scherrer films obtained from Ni 3 B ( Pnma ) with Cr Kα radiation yielded lattice parameter values (in angstroms) at 25 ± 0.5°C of a = 5.2195(5), b = 6.6164(6) and c = 4.3912(4). A reanalysis of data from three previous investigations, including the correction of indexing errors, gave values for b and c in good agreement with those found here but resulted in values for the a parameter that differed by as much as 0.003 A. Recent work suggests that the latter may be due to differences in sample purity.
Optical correlation of fresnel images.

A real-time optical correlator is described that uses an ultrasonic light modulator (ULM) in conjunction with an amplitude mask or replica of the signal to achieve linear, phase-coherent detection, without need for high quality optics. When the mask is placed in a Fresnel image plane of the ULM, optimum correlation and collinear heterodyning are achieved. Correlator response has been calculated and measured as a function of mask–ULM separation for a pulse modulated cw signal and a square wave modulated fm waveform. For essentially band-limited signals, the output is a pair of symmetrically time-shifted, matched filter responses, possessing negligible quadratic phase distortion.
A TraceLab-based solution for creating, conducting, and sharing feature location experiments

Similarly to other fields in software engineering, the results of case studies involving feature location techniques (FLTs) are hard to reproduce, compare, and generalize, due to factors such as, incompatibility of different datasets, lack of publicly available implementation or implementation details, or the use of different metrics for evaluating FLTs. To address these issues, we propose a solution for creating, conducting, and sharing experiments in feature location based on TraceLab, a framework for conducting research. We argue that this solution would allow rapid advancements in feature location research because it will enable researchers to create new FLTs in the form of TraceLab templates or components, and compare them with existing ones using the same datasets and the same metrics. In addition, it will also allow sharing these FLTs and experiments within the research community. Our proposed solution provides (i) templates and components for creating new FLTs and instantiating existing ones, (ii) datasets that can be used as inputs for these FLTs, and (iii) metrics for comparing these FLTs. The proposed solution can be easily extended with new FLTs (in the form of easily configurable templates and components), datasets, and metrics.
Coal pyrolysis at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract At high temperatures (s> 1100°C), pyrolysis of coal plays an increasingly important role in the overall coal conversion process. This Paper presents experimental data on the extent of pyrolysis of coal at 800–1600°C. In addition, the effects of the following parameters are examined: gaseous environment (N2, CO2 and H2O), pressure (1–20 atm), particle size, moisture content and type of coal. Previous data on some of these parameters are non-existent. A unique TGA apparatus constructed for this work allows high heating rates (102–103°Cs−1) due to the direct radiation heating. In all the gaseous environments, a plateau in per cent pyrolysis is noticed at 1200–1400°C followed by a sharp increase in the amount of pyrolysis as the temperature is raised. This is found consistent with the three-stage mechanism proposed for the evolution of volatiles. In CO2 and steam environments, there is slightly less pyrolysis than in pure nitrogen, while considerably more pyrolysis is noted for predried coal and for smaller particle sizes. The results suggest a strong influence of secondary volatile reactions on the extent of pyrolysis. Pyrolysis in steam at 800–900°C shows an increase with pressure similar to that reported for pyrolysis in hydrogen. Finally, gasification rates of chars immediately following the pyrolysis are found to be much higher than those of chars prepared separately and then reacted. These results suggest morphological rearrangements and crystallization effects.
Students' Conceptions of Controversial Knowledge

Elementary school students were interviewed about the questions of the existence of intelligent life in space and of whether more money should be invested in space exploration than health care on earth. Students in grades 1 through 6 recognized the lack of social consensus on these topics and made subtle distinctions between them and noncontroversial topics. For example, they said that it would be legitimate for teachers to teach the positions students themselves endorsed on noncontroversial matters. Yet, students (in upper grades more so than lower grades) rejected the idea that teachers might teach the positions the students favored on the controversial matters
Preliminary results of argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of keloid scars

Argon and CO2 lasers have been used to treat 13 patients with well-established keloid scars of the trunk or earlobe. Multiple-bore-hole argon technique and total excision with the CO2 laser were attempted. One patient with an earlobe keloid responded to treatment, all other patients had no improvement. Argon and CO2 lasers have been used to treat 13 patients with well-established keloid scars of the trunk or earlobe. Multiple-bore-hole argon technique and total excision with the CO2 laser were attempted. One patient with an earlobe keloid responded to treatment, all other patients had no improvement.
CaMKIIdelta subtypes: localization and function.

In this review we will discuss the localization and function of the known subtypes of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ) and their role in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. The CaMKII holoenzyme is comprised of multiple subunits that are encoded by four different genes called CaMKIIα, β, γ, and δ. While these four genes have a high degree of sequence homology, they are expressed in different tissues. CaMKIIα and β are expressed in neuronal tissue while γ and δ are present throughout the body, including in the heart. Both CaMKIIγ and δ are alternatively spliced in the heart to generate multiple subtypes. CaMKIIδ is the predominant cardiac isoform and is alternatively spliced in the heart to generate the CaMKIIδB subtype or the slightly less abundant δC subtype. The CaMKIIδB mRNA sequence contains a 33bp insert not present in δC that codes for an 11-amino acid nuclear localization sequence (NLS). This review will focus on the localization and function of the CaMKIIδ subtypes δB and δC and the role of these subtypes in arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction, gene transcription, and the regulation of Ca2+ handling.