cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eyelid Imbrication: An Unrecognized Cause of Chronic Ocular Irritation

Background: Eighteen patients with chronic ocular irritation were examined over a 3-year period. All patients demonstrated papillary conjunctivitis and, occasionally, tarsal ulcers. Six also had floppy eyelid syndrome. Underlying every patient's symptoms was the overriding or imbrication of a lax upper eyelid on an often equally lax lower eyelid, allowing lower eyelid lashes to chronically rub the upper eyelid tarsal conjunctiva. Methods: Chronic ocular irritation in five patients was managed with ocular lubricants. Two of these patients had floppy eyelid syndrome and required nighttime shielding for nocturnal eyelid eversion. Thirteen patients underwent eyelid surgery to correct the overriding upper eyelid. Surgical procedures included full-thickness upper eyelid wedge resection, lateral canthal tendon plication, and lower eyelid horizontal shortening, using a tarsal strip procedure. Results: Follow-up averaged 2.5 years. Symptomatology was adequately controlled in all patients. In addition to the five patients who received medical treatment for their symptoms, two with complicated ocular problems required continued ocular lubrication after surgery. Seven patients were successfully treated with eyelid shortening procedures and lateral canthal tendon plication. The remaining six patients underwent a variety of additional eyelid surgeries. All patients undergoing surgery had complete resolution of eyelid imbrication. Conclusions: Eyelid imbrication is a previously unrecognized cause of chronic ocular irritation. In this condition, eyelid laxity causes the upper eyelid to override the lower eyelid, allowing the lower eyelid to chronically rub and chafe the upper eyelid tarsal conjunctiva. In some cases, symptoms can be managed medically. More often, surgical intervention is required to correct eyelid laxity and prevent overriding of the upper eyelid.
Strategies to Motivate Behavior Change: How Can We Mobilize Adults to Promote Positive Youth Development?

There is little doubt that the healthy development of young people is an essential feature of a healthy, well-functioning society and that the adult members of society play a critical role in this process (Lerner, Dowling, & Anderson, 2003; Rhodes, Bogat, Roffman, Edelman,&Galasso, 2002). National surveys have consistently shown that adults recognize the importance of devoting both time and effort to activities that contribute to youth development. For example, an overwhelming majority of adults believe it is very important that they encourage children and youth to succeed in school (90%), teach them shared values (80%), and set boundaries for their behavior (84%) (Scales, 2003). However, there is a stark disconnect between people’s beliefs about what is important and their own actions. Scales (2003) found that only 69% of adults encouraged success in school, only 45% taught shared values, and only 42% set boundaries for behavior. Given the premise that adult involvement in young people’s lives is a critical determinant of healthy development, the observed gap betweenpeople’s beliefs and their behavior is a clear sign that strategies that can enhance adult involvement in activities that promote the development of young people are needed. In this chapter, we examine the challenge of designing initiatives that can effectivelymobilize adults to act on their beliefs andmake an active contribution to the healthy development of young people. This chapter is divided into two sections. First, given the observed dissociation between people’s beliefs and their behavior, we consider what aspects of involvement should be targeted in
Enhancing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: a strategy for improving antibody-based immunotherapy

The targeting of surface antigens expressed on tumor cells by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. One mechanism of action of antibody-based immunotherapy is the activation of immune effector cells to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). This review will summarize the process of ADCC, its important role in the efficacy of mAb therapy, how to measure it, and finally future strategies for antibody design that can take advantage of it to improve clinical performance.
Morning report decreases length of stay in trauma patients.

Background Modern acute care surgery (ACS) programs depend on consistent patient hand-offs to facilitate care, as most programs have transitioned to shift-based coverage. We sought to determine the impact of implementing a morning report (MR) model on patient outcomes in the trauma service of a tertiary care center. Methods The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Division of ACS implemented MR in October 2015, which consists of the trauma day team, the emergency general surgery day team, and a combined night float team. This study queried the UAMS Trauma Registry and the Arkansas Clinical Data Repository for all patients meeting the National Trauma Data Bank inclusion criteria from January 1, 2011 to April 30, 2018. Bivariate frequency statistics and generalized linear model were run using STATA V.14.2 Results A total of 11 253 patients (pre-MR, n=6556; post-MR, n=4697) were analyzed in this study. The generalized linear model indicates that implementation of MR resulted in a significant decrease in length of stay (LOS) in trauma patients. Discussion This study describes an approach to improving patient outcomes in a trauma surgery service of a tertiary care center. The data show how an MR session can allow for patients to get out of the hospital faster; however, broader implications of these sessions have yet to be studied. Further work is needed to describe the decisions being made that allow for a decreased LOS, what dynamics exist between the attendings and the residents in these sessions, and if these sessions can show some of the same benefits in other surgical services. Level of evidence Level 4, Care Management.
Characterization of Single-Source Deposited Close-Space Sublimation CdTe x Se 1-x Thin Film Solar Cells

Thin film CdTe x Se 1-x solar cell devices are fabricated using close-space sublimation from homogenized mixtures of CdTe and CdSe powders. Various window layer combinations of CdS and/or CdSe are also explored. The performance of the finished devices, in terms of current-voltage and spectral response, are evaluated while the cross sectional structures and compositional profiles are examined for selected devices. The observations from this study suggest that independent control of the Se alloying content into thin CdTe absorber layers can be independently controlled both near the front interface and within the film bulk while stile using a simple, one-source close-space sublimation film deposition arrangement.
Abstract 634: Silencing miR144 Enhances Regression and Attenutates Progression of Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol imbalance plays a central role in multiple diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. Lipid-loaded macrophage foam cells are a criti...
The civic potential of Bollywood based dance flash mobs: on youth participation and digital networks

ABSTRACTIn this paper I argue that artists/activists in India use Bollywood dance and songs to choreograph flash mob performances with the aim of addressing issues of public importance because Boll...
Statistical challenges in spatial analysis of plant ecology data

Abstract The scope of spatial statistics problems arising in ecology is substantial. They concern both plant and animal behavior. Here, we discuss only plants. The range of issues is still very large and so we confine ourselves to four challenges, each within the context of model development. These are: species distribution models, both individual and joint; preferential sampling and bias in presence/absence data collection; time to event data across spatial regions; high-dimensional multivariate spatial process model fitting in the context of joint species distribution models.
Microvascular disease confers additional risk to COVID-19 infection.

The majority of fatalities thus far in the COVID-19 pandemic have been attributed to pneumonia. As expected, the fatality rate reported in China is higher in people with chronic pulmonary disease (6.3%) and those who have cancer (5.6%). According to the American College of Cardiology Clinical Bulletin "COVID-19 Clinical Guidance for the CV Care Team", there is a significantly higher fatality rate in people who are elderly (8.0% 70-79 years; 14.8% ≥80 years), diabetic (7.3%), hypertensive (6.0%), or have known cardiovascular disease (CVD) (10.5%). We propose a biological reason for the higher mortality risk in these populations that is apparent. We further present a set of pathophysiological reasons for the heightened danger that could lead to therapies for enhanced management and prevention.
Laparoscopic Colpo-Pneumo Occluder As A Vaginal Mold For Vaginal Reconstruction

Abstract Background Currently, there is no commercially available soft vaginal mold designed for reconstructive surgeries for congenital vaginal anomalies. Stricter operating room regulations discourage the use of makeshift molds from foams and gloves. A colpo-pneumo-occluder balloon is designed to maintain pneumoperitoneum after colpotomy in laparoscopic hysterectomies and is approved for use in vaginal surgeries. Case A 17-year-old girl with a congenital transverse vaginal septum experienced recurrent obstruction and hematocolpos. We successfully used a colpo-pneumo-occluder balloon as a vaginal mold during postoperative care. Its size and design make this device ideal for use in vaginal reconstructive surgeries in adolescents. Summary and Conclusion The laparoscopic colpo-pneumo-occluder, a sterile vaginal device, is appropriate to use as an adjustable, soft vaginal mold for correction of congenital and acquired vaginal anomalies.
Insulator Based Dielectrophoresis: Micro, Nano, and Molecular Scale Biological Applications

Insulator based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is becoming increasingly important in emerging biomolecular applications, including particle purification, fractionation, and separation. Compared to conventional electrode-based dielectrophoresis (eDEP) techniques, iDEP has been demonstrated to have a higher degree of selectivity of biological samples while also being less biologically intrusive. Over the past two decades, substantial technological advances have been made, enabling iDEP to be applied from micro, to nano and molecular scales. Soft particles, including cell organelles, viruses, proteins, and nucleic acids, have been manipulated using iDEP, enabling the exploration of subnanometer biological interactions. Recent investigations using this technique have demonstrated a wide range of applications, including biomarker screening, protein folding analysis, and molecular sensing. Here, we review current state-of-art research on iDEP systems and highlight potential future work.
Complete boundedness of heat semigroups on the von Neumann algebra of hyperbolic groups

We prove that $(\lambda_g\mapsto e^{-t|g|^r}\lambda_g)_{t>0}$ defines a completely bounded semigroup of multipliers on the von Neuman algebra of hyperbolic groups for all real number $r$. One ingredient in the proof is the observation that a construction of Ozawa allows to characterize the radial multipliers that are bounded on every hyperbolic graph, partially generalizing results of Haagerup--Steenstrup--Szwarc and Wysocza\'nski. Another ingredient is an upper estimate of trace class norms for Hankel matrices, which is based on Peller's characterization of such norms.
An Examination of the External Validity of the Matching Between Concurrent Revenues and Expenses Estimated Using OLS Regression

I employ MM-estimation to investigate the external validity of the declining matching between concurrent revenues and expenses found in Srivastava (2014). Srivastava (2014) finds lower matching for successive listing cohorts. However, the low matching values in that study indicate the potential influence of observations with large losses that are a minority of the data. After relieving the impact of the influential observations using MM-estimation, I find no overall declining matching and no declining matching for successive listing cohorts over time. I find that the severe influential observations are mostly loss firms in the introduction stage of their life cycles, and their losses increase dramatically over time. This study updates accounting researchers and other readers on the status of matching over time for the majority of a large sample of public firms. Besides, this study directs the attention of accounting researchers, accounting standard-setters, and regulators to the declining matching of the firms in the introduction stage. The deteriorating performance of the firms in the introduction stage over time discourage startups, potentially explaining the decreasing rate of U.S. startups in recent years. Also, this study contributes to the research methodology in accounting research. I demonstrate the increasing impact of influential observations on ordinary least squares regression over time, the relative performance of winsorization and MM-estimation in treating influential observations, and how to use weights assigned in MM-estimation to identify the severe influential observations.
High-Dimensional Quantile Regression: Convolution Smoothing and Concave Regularization.

$\ell_1$-penalized quantile regression is widely used for analyzing high-dimensional data with heterogeneity. It is now recognized that the $\ell_1$-penalty introduces non-negligible estimation bias, while a proper use of concave regularization may lead to estimators with refined convergence rates and oracle properties as the signal strengthens. Although folded concave penalized $M$-estimation with strongly convex loss functions have been well studied, the extant literature on quantile regression is relatively silent. The main difficulty is that the quantile loss is piecewise linear: it is non-smooth and has curvature concentrated at a single point. To overcome the lack of smoothness and strong convexity, we propose and study a convolution-type smoothed quantile regression with iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-regularization. The resulting smoothed empirical loss is twice continuously differentiable and (provably) locally strongly convex with high probability. We show that the iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-penalized smoothed quantile regression estimator, after a few iterations, achieves the optimal rate of convergence, and moreover, the oracle rate and the strong oracle property under an almost necessary and sufficient minimum signal strength condition. Extensive numerical studies corroborate our theoretical results.
ERα, SKP2 and E2F-1 form a feed forward loop driving late ERα targets and G1 cell cycle progression.

ERα, SKP2 and E2F-1 form a feed forward loop driving late ERα targets and G1 cell cycle progression
Changing the psychiatric knowledge of primary care physicians. The effects of a brief intervention on clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract This research examined the malleability of physicians' knowledge about psychiatric disorders (and their recommended treatments) based on a brief educational intervention. Primary care physicians were randomly assigned to a single-session intervention dealing with selected DSM-IIIR affective and anxiety disorders or to a wait-list control group. Posttest (vs. pretest) measures indicated that experimental physicians showed greater increases than controls in diagnostic accuracy on relevant disorders, specifically, major depression, dysthymic disorder, and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Treatment recommendations were also influenced, specifically, for major depression and panic disorder. Interestingly, treatment recommendations were also influenced for certain somatic disorders not addressed in the intervention, suggesting "halo" effects for these disorders. Overall, the intervention was effective in increasing diagnostic knowledge and altering treatment recommendations. Implications for research on psychiatric interventions among physicians are discussed.
Multicentric squamous cell carcinomas of the lower female genital tract. Eleven cases with epidermoid carcinoma of both vulva and cervix.

Abstract Eleven of 105 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva have also shown epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. One out of 4 showed cervical carcinoma when the vulvar lesion was of Bowen's type. It is questioned, however, whether the continuing emergence of neoplasia, in an adequately treated patient, is a significant problem.
Neural progenitor cells from an adult patient with fragile X syndrome.

Background Currently, there is no adequate animal model to study the detailed molecular biochemistry of fragile X syndrome, the leading heritable form of mental impairment. In this study, we sought to establish the use of immature neural cells derived from adult tissues as a novel model of fragile X syndrome that could be used to more fully understand the pathology of this neurogenetic disease.
Error Modeling for Differential GPS.

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) positioning is used to accurately locate a GPS receiver based upon the well-known position of a reference site. In utilizing this technique, several error sources contribute to position inaccuracy. This thesis investigates the error in DGPS operation and attempts to develop a statistical model for the behavior of this error. The model for DGPS error is developed using GPS data collected by Draper Laboratory. The Marquardt method for nonlinear curve-fitting is used to find the parameters of a first order Markov process that models the average errors from the collected data. The results show that a first order Markov process can be used to model the DGPS error as a function of baseline distance and time delay. The model's time correlation constant is 3847.1 seconds (1.07 hours) for the mean square error. The distance correlation constant is 122.8 kilometers. The total process variance for the DGPS model is 3.73 sq meters.
Radio y nacionalismo iconográfico en México: la negociación discursiva de una identidad maya

Durante la mayor parte del siglo xx, la radio ha ayudado a difundir un discurso nacionalista en el proceso de formacion del Estado Mexicano. En la Peninsula de Yucatan, tres radios gubernamentales transmiten hoy en maya, usan una iconografia parecida a la del nacionalismo oficial y tienen un contacto con la poblacion mas cercano y directo del que han tenido los medios comerciales o de gobierno en toda la historia. Las radios parecen tenerlo todo para reproducir con exito un discurso nacionalista oficial. Sin embargo, un analisis iconografico de las imagenes proyectadas por esas radios y entrevistas con algunos creadores de la iconografia revela que las radios aceptan parte del discurso nacionalista oficial, pero adaptan, reinventan y cuestionan—en definitiva, negocian—la esencia del nacionalismo mexicano. Aunque las radios pertenecen al estado, la identidad que promueven no es una de mexicanidad mestiza sino maya.
Chloroplast Ribosome Deficient Mutants in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas Reinhardi and the Question of Chloroplast Ribosome Function

The 2 chloroplast ribosome deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi , ac-20 and cr-I form low levels of 66-s and 70-s chloroplast ribosome monomers compared to wild type, but differ in that cr-I also accumulates substantial amounts of the large (54-S) chloroplast subunit. Unlike wild type, ac-20 , cr-I and the double mutant ac-20 cr-I make little or none of the CO 2 - fixing enzyme ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPCase) when grown in the light with acetate and CO 2 as carbon sources ( mixotrophic growth ) whereas all 3 mutant genotypes form at least some enzyme when grown photosynthetically with CO 2 as the sole carbon source ( phototrophic growth ). All 3 mutant genotypes also show a characteristic defect in the organization of their chloroplast lamellar system when grown mixotrophically, but their chloroplast membrane organization approaches that of wild type when grown phototrophically. No change in the level of chloroplast ribosomes accompanies these changes in chloroplast organization and RuDPCase formation. We propose that the pleiotropic effects on chloroplast structure and function in mixotrophically grown cells of the mutants result because their chloroplast ribosomes synthesize certain specific chloroplast components with low efficiency, whereas they perform this function with greater efficiency when the cells are grown phototrophically.
An Interspecific Backcross of Lycopersicon esculentum × L. hirsutum: Linkage Analysis and a QTL Study of Sexual Compatibility Factors and Floral Traits

A BC 1 , population of the self-compatible tomato Lycopersicon esculentum and its wild self-incompatible relative L. hirsutum f. typicum was used for restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of reproductive behavior and floral traits. The self-incompatibility locus, S , on chromosome 1 harbored the only QTL for self-incompatibility indicating that the transition to self-compatibility in the lineage leading to the cultivated tomato was primarily the result of mutations at the S locus. Moreover, the major QTL controlling unilateral incongruity also mapped to the S locus, supporting the hypothesis that self-incompatibility and unilateral incongruity are not independent mechanisms. The mating behavior of near-isogenic lines carrying the L. hirsutum allele for the S locus on chromosome 1 in an otherwise L. esculentum background support these conclusions. The S locus region of chromosome 1 also harbors most major QTL for several floral traits important to pollination biology ( e.g., number and size of flowers), suggesting a gene complex controlling both genetic and morphological mechanisms of reproduction control. Similar associations in other flowering plants suggest that such complex may have been conserved since early periods of plant evolution or else reflect a convergent evolutionary process.
Chain transfer and molecular weight in the ionizing radiation initiated cationic polymerization of styrene derivatives

A strong effect of monomer structure on molecular weight is found in the radiation initiated cationic polymerization of para substituted styrene derivatives. This effect is proposed to result from steric hindrance in the chain transfer reaction. The conclusion is reached that the predominant chain transfer reaction under the conditions employed is attack by the cation on the monomer aromatic ring rather than by intramolecular attack on the penultimate aromatic ring of the propagating chain.
Identification of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the horn fly and assays for attraction.

Horn fly cuticular paraffin and monoolefin hydrocarbons were chemically identified and assayed for biological activity as attractants. The majority of the paraffins were odd-numbered, straight-chain molecules 21–29 carbons in length; much smaller amounts of even-numbered, straightchain molecules 22–28 carbons in length and methyl-branched compounds were also present. At least 80% of the monoolefin consisted of straight-chain molecules 23, 25, and 27 carbons in length, two of which have been identified as sex pheromones in other muscoid species. The hydrocarbon profiles among sexes and strains (laboratory and wild) were very similar except for wild females, which showed quantitative differences from the other sources. However, only females showed significant (albeit low) responses to some test materials, both synthetic and natural, and activity appeared to be centered in the monoolefins.
The solid-state reaction of silicon nitride with an Ni-base alloy

The nature of the solid-state reaction between hot-pressed Si3N4 and a model Ni-based superalloy was examined and compared to that previously found with SiC. The Si3N4 reacted with the metal to a significantly lesser extent than SiC, presumably because of the dependence of the Si3N4/metal reaction on the partial pressure of N2. Products of the reaction in both metal and ceramic were AIN, Ni2Si, other Ni and Cr silicides, and probably a chromium nitride.
Gender gap in computer science does not exist in one former soviet republic: results of a study

It is well known that women's involvement in the field of Computer Science is very low in the USA. This is viewed as a significant problem and has become a great concern to educators and professionals in the CS field. Although the low participation rate of women is an issue in many countries around the world, the truth is that it is not a universal problem: there are countries, such as countries of the former Soviet Union, that have well represented female populations in Computer Science. The Soviet society, culture and educational system in many ways are quite different than America's. It is important and helpful to explore these differences with the intention to identify factors in the Soviet system/culture that may contribute to attracting women to Computer Science.In 2005 we started an international investigation of the issue of women in CS in two different societies/cultures - American and Soviet. Our research is intended to bring a better understanding of the social perceptions and influences that make this issue a problem in the United States, and will contribute to designing better strategies in efforts of mitigating the low participation of women in the field of Computer Science. In this paper we present the results of an extensive study in one former Soviet republic, the Republic of Armenia.
Non-canonical active site architecture of the radical SAM thiamin pyrimidine synthase.

Most radical SAM enzymes use a [4Fe-4S] cluster to generate a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. Here the authors show the radical SAM thiamin pyrimidine synthase ThiC comprises an additional active site metal, probably representing an evolutionary link between the radical SAM and adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme superfamilies.
The reliability of component scores

A method is given for determining the reliability of each of the components resulting from a factor analysis by the principal axis method.
Normally-Closed Electrostatic Microvalve Fabricated Using Exclusively Soft-Lithographic Techniques and Operated With Portable Electronics

We report an elastomer-based electrostatic microvalve that was fabricated using replica molding, micro-transfer printing, and plasma bonding. The microvalve can be actuated with an electric potential of ~ 220 V and can withstand pressures up to 3 kPa. Sixteen independently-operated valves were integrated on a single chip and operated with portable electronics.
Molecular characterization of two strains of shope fibroma virus

An isolate of Shope fibroma virus (SFV), designated Indiana (SFV-I), was previously described to be tumorigenic in vivo as SFV, cytocidal in vitro as the orthopoxviruses (vaccinia, rabbitpox, etc.), and to share antigenic determinants with SFV and vaccinia. The genetic relatedness of SFV-I to SFV and vaccinia was studied by means of Southern blotting and hybridization. The results indicated that SFV-I shares extensive DNA homology with vaccinia, but few common sequences with SFV. By contrast, SFV and vaccinia show no sequence homology. These findings suggest that SFV-I is an orthopoxvirus which carries some genetic information from the leporipoxviruses. Recombinants between two genera of poxviruses have not been reported before.
Interaction of gases with an ablator and the ablator components

Gases interaction with ablator and components during thermal conductivity, measuring nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and water sorption
Barefoot Running: Does It Prevent Injuries?

Endurance running has evolved over the course of millions of years and it is now one of the most popular sports today. However, the risk of stress injury in distance runners is high because of the repetitive ground impact forces exerted. These injuries are not only detrimental to the runner, but also place a burden on the medical community. Preventative measures are essential to decrease the risk of injury within the sport. Common running injuries include patellofemoral pain syndrome, tibial stress fractures, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendonitis. Barefoot running, as opposed to shod running (with shoes), has recently received significant attention in both the media and the market place for the potential to promote the healing process, increase performance, and decrease injury rates. However, there is controversy over the use of barefoot running to decrease the overall risk of injury secondary to individual differences in lower extremity alignment, gait patterns, and running biomechanics. While barefoot running may benefit certain types of individuals, differences in running stance and individual biomechanics may actually increase injury risk when transitioning to barefoot running. The purpose of this article is to review the currently available clinical evidence on barefoot running and its effectiveness for preventing injury in the runner. Based on a review of current literature, barefoot running is not a substantiated preventative running measure to reduce injury rates in runners. However, barefoot running utility should be assessed on an athlete-specific basis to determine whether barefoot running will be beneficial.
Saturation of the coherent beam-beam instability

The nonlinear regime of the beam-beam instability for flat beams is considered. Excitation of coherent modes and mode interaction is studied above the threshold of instability. It is shown that the exponential growth of the linear approximation may saturate, leading to a finite growth of transverse emittance.
Disparate parametric branch-support values from ambiguous characters

The greater power of parametric methods over parsimony is frequently observed in empirical phylogenetic analyses by providing greater resolution and higher branch support. This greater power is provided by several different factors, including some that are generally regarded as disadvantageous. In this study we used both empirical and (modified) simulated matrices to examine how Bayesian MCMC, maximum likelihood, and parsimony methods interpret ambiguous optimization of character states. We describe the information content in "redundant" terminals as well as a novel approach to help identify clades that cannot be unequivocally supported by synapomorphies in empirical matrices. Four of our main conclusions are as follows. First, the SH-like approximate likelihood ratio test is a more reliable indicator than the bootstrap of branches that are only ambiguously supported in likelihood analyses wherein only a single fully resolved optimal tree is presented. Second, bootstrap values generated by methods that only ever present a single fully resolved optimal tree are less robust to differences in taxon sampling than are those generated by more conservative methods. Third, PAUP(∗) likelihood is more resilient to producing apparently unambiguous resolution and high support from ambiguous characters than is GARLI collapse 1 and MrBayes, which in turn are more resilient than PhyML. GARLI collapse 0, IQ-TREE, and RAxML are the least resilient bootstrapping methods examined. Fourth, frequent discrepancies with respect to resolution and/or branch support may be obtained by methods that only ever present a single fully resolved optimal tree in different contexts that are apparently unique to the specific program and/or method of quantifying branch support.
Initiation of protein synthesis: The interaction of methionine specific transfer ribonucleic acids with rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes

Abstract The binding of Met-tRNA Met m and the initiator tRNA, Met-tRNA Met f , to rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes in the presence of various oligoribonucleotides containing the methionine codon, AUG, was studied in an in vitro system. 1. 1. At low concentrations of Mg 2+ , optimum binding of Met-tRNA Met in response to AUG was observed in the concentration range of 1.5–4 M potassium acetate. 2. 2. Triplet specificity between other aminoacyl-tRNAs and their codons was retained under these ionic conditions. 3. 3. Met-tRNA Met f was shown to have a much higher affinity for ribosomes in response to AUG than Met-tRNA Met m . 4. 4. The binding of Met-tRNA Met f was specific for the 40-S ribosomal subunit. 5. 5. Met-tRNA Met f appeared to set the proper reading frame for the specific binding of a second aminoacyl-tRNA molecule to the 40-S ribosomal subunit.
On Herstein's theorems relating Jordan and associative algebras

In ([3]; also [5]) I. K. Herstein gave a construction associating with any Jordan ideal J in a Jordan algebra of the form A+ an associative ideal B in the associative algebra A. He used this to show that if A was simple, so was A-:-. In ([4]; also [5]) he gave an analogous construction associating with any Jordan idcal J in the Jordan algebra 11(/f, *) of *-symmetric elements an associative *-ideal B in the associative algebra A with involution *. This was used to show (in characteristic f 2) that if A was *-simple then H(A, *) was simple. The purpose of this paper is to show that his constructions can also be used to relate the radicals of A!or H(A, *) with that of A. Specifically me will prove
A new general circulation model for Mars based on the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model

Abstract We introduce and present results from a new general circulation model for Mars adapted from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 3.1 terrestrial model. The radiative transfer has been replaced with a two-stream correlated-k scheme with carbon dioxide gas absorption coefficients suited for Mars. A time-invariant dust field is assumed with a Conrath (Conrath, B.J. [1975]. Icarus 24, 34–46) vertical distribution. Carbon dioxide is allowed to sublimate and condense at the surface, and the mass is removed from the atmosphere. The topography is averaged from MOLA data. The surface albedos and thermal inertias are derived from TES observations. The model is freely distributed to interested users. Comparisons between model temperatures, and spacecraft and Lander observations show agreement within ±10 K, depending on dust concentration. The annual pressure cycle is typically within 20 Pa of Viking Lander observations, however the model underestimates the surface pressure during southern summer, possibly due to increased dust activity that is not reflected in the model. Predicted model boundary layer depths are typically within a few hundred meters of observations, and tend to depend inversely on surface pressure, agreeing with observations.
Spatial reversal learning in rats and gerbils

Adult hooded rats and gerbils were trained to criterion on a spatial discrimination in a T-maze, followed by 15 daily 10-trial reversals. Results indicated that both species improved significantly over the 15 reversals, but there was a reliable difference between species. Specifically, gerbils made slightly more errors than did rats. Gerbils also were observed to explore in the maze more than rats. Present and prior findings suggest that gerbils perform less well than domestic rats on appetitive learning tasks. Other findings suggest that they are as good or better than rats at active avoidance learning. One possibility is that the gerbil’s greater tendency to explore and/or their higher activity level interferes with performance on appetitive tasks but enhances performance in active avoidance learning.
Enhanced optical second-harmonic generation from current-biased graphene on the substrates of Si and SiC

We find that optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) in reflection from a chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) graphene monolayer transferred onto a SiO 2 /Si(001) substrate is enhanced about 3 times by the flow of direct (dc) electric current in graphene. We also find that optical SHG in reflection from a 4-layer-graphene film epitaxially grown on a vicinal SiC(0001) substrate is enhanced 25% by the flow of dc electric current in graphene. Measurements of rotationalanisotropy SHG from both samples revealed that the current-induced SHG varies strongly with the measurement location on graphene along the current flow direction. The enhancement of SHG from the graphene/SiO 2 /Si(001) sample is due to current-associated charge trapping at the graphene/SiO 2 interface, which introduces a vertical electric field across the SiO 2 /Si interface that produces electric field-induced SHG. The enhancement of SHG from the graphene/vicinal-SiC(0001) sample is due to the current-associated electric field at the graphene/SiC interface that produces electric field-induced SHG. The functions of the current-induced SHG varying with the measurement location are different for the CVD graphene/SiO 2 /Si(001) sample and the epitaxial graphene/vicinal-SiC(0001) sample.
Electron Density Calculation Using the Contact Block Reduction Method

A novel efficient method to calculate the ballistic quantum transport in two or three dimensional multi-terminal devices of arbitrary geometry, potential profile and number of leads has been presented. In this work we show that the method termed contact block reduction (CBR) allows calculation of not only the transmission function, but the electron density and density matrix of the device as well. The calculation costs are mainly determined by the size of the contact boundaries of the device.
Mathematical aspects of peridic catatonic schizophrenia

The mathematical study of periodic catatonic schizophrenia initiated by Danziger and Elmergreen is generalized by considering the class of differential equations that could be used to describe the periodic behavioral symptoms and periodic variation of biochemical levels in periodic catatonic schizophrenia. The existence of asymptotically stable periodic solutions is studied mathematically and the physical significance of such periodic solutions is discussed. The occurrence of relaxation oscillations is briefly considered.
Atmospheric microwave-induced plasma detector for the gas chromatographic analysis of low-molecular-weight sulfur gases

Abstract New methodology has been developed for the anlaysis of low-molecular-weight sulfur compounds such as SO2, COS and H2S. The method employs gas chromatographic separation with specific element detection using emission spectroscopy. The emission spectroscopic source is a helium microwave-induced atmospheric plasma which is interfaced directly to the gas chromatographic column. Utilizing the vacuum ultraviolet sulfur emission line at 182.04 nm, detection limits of COS, H2S and SO2 are 50, 100 and 100 ppb*, respectively. Because of its specificity, other matrix components eluting with the peaks of interest have virtually no effect on the detectability of the sulfur species.
Effects of weir management on Marsh Loss, Marsh Island, Louisiana, USA

Weirs are low-level dams traditionally used in Louisiana's coastal marshes to improve habitat for ducks and furbearers. Currently, some workers hope that weirs may reduce marsh loss, whereas others fear that weirs may accelerate marsh loss. Parts of Marsh Island, Louisiana, have been weir-managed since 1958 to improve duck and furbearer habitat. Using aerial photographs, marsh loss that occurred between 1957 and 1983 in a 2922-ha weir-managed area was compared to that in a 2365-ha unmanaged area. Marsh loss was 0.38%/yr in the weir-managed area, and 0.35%/yr in the unmanaged area. Because marsh loss in the two areas differed less than 0.19%/yr, it was concluded that weirs did not affect marsh loss. The increase in open water between 1957 and 1983 did not result from the expansion of lakes or bayous. Rather, solid marsh converted to broken marsh, and the amount of vegetation within previously existing broken marsh decreased. Solid marsh farthest from large lakes and bayous, and adjacent to existing broken marsh, seemed more likely to break up. Marsh Island has few canals; therefore, marsh loss resulted primarily from natural processes. Weirs may have different effects under different hydrological conditions; additional studies are needed before generalizations regarding weirs and marsh loss can be made.
A laser raman probe of a premixed laminar flame

To determine whether the sensitivity and spatial resolution of laser Raman scattering spectroscopy are adequate to obtain useful information on basic combustion processes, General Motors Corp. used the technique to probe the reaction zone of a premixed, atmospheric-pressure flame. Measurement of CO and O/sub 2/ concentrations to within 1 vol% and temperatures in the flame to within 50 K in post-flame gases and 100 K in the reaction zone confirms the method's usefulness. Optical distortions may have caused the observed large flame thickness of 500 micrometers.
In vitro mutagenesis in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli: fate of 3'-terminal mispairs versus internal base mispairs in a transfection assay.

Abstract The fate of G · T mismatches and frameshifts, present at the 3′-terminus of primer-template or internally, has been studied with a combined transfection and electrophoretic assay following in vitro polymerization by DNA polymerase I (Klenow enzyme) of Escherichia coli. Several synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide primers were synthesized and annealed to uracil-containing single-stranded DNA of M13 phage bearing the lacI gene, to produce 1–3 consecutive G · T mismatches in the middle of the duplex region or at the 3′-OH end of the primer. Additional mismatched primer-templates were prepared, in which the primer had a deleted nucleotide, an extra nucleotide or both G · T mismatch and an extra nucleotide. The extension or degradation of these primers during in vitro DNA synthesis in the presence of all 4 dNTPs (‘complete’ reaction) or in the absence of dATP (‘-A’ reaction) was monitored by gel electrophoresis. Duplex DNA products were used in a transfection assay and the nucleotide changes in i− mutant progeny were determined by sequence analysis. The results suggest that whereas a single 3′-terminal G · T mismatch is relatively stable in chain elongation by Klenow enzyme, multiple terminal G · T mismatches are degraded by the 3′-exonuclease activity of this polymerase prior to primer extension. This editing activity is increased with the number of 3′-terminal mispairs. Single, double and triple T → C base substitutions were efficiently recovered when the mismatches occurred internally. Also, single-base eliminations or additions were readily recovered when the mutagenic primers contained an internal base deletion or addition, respectively. When products of the ‘-A’ misincorporation reaction (catalyzed by Klenow enzyme) were assayed by transfection, base substitutions (exclusively T → C), but no frameshifts, were recovered. The results indicate that the absence of multiple tandem base substitutions among i− mutants recovered following primer elongation under mutagenic ‘minus’ conditions was due to the efficient action of the 3′-exonuclease activity of the Klenow enzyme on multiple terminal mismatches during in vitro polymerization, rather than to in vivo events (lack of expression or occurrence of mismatch repair) in the M13-lacI transfection assay.
Plan-Based Dialogue Management in a Physics Tutor

This paper describes an application of APE (the Atlas Planning Engine), an integrated planning and execution system at the heart of the Atlas dialogue management system. APE controls a mixed-initiative dialogue between a human user and a host system, where turns in the 'conversation' may include graphical actions and/or written text. APE has full unification and can handle arbitrarily nested discourse constructs, making it more powerful than dialogue managers based on finitestate machines. We illustrate this work by describing Atlas-Andes, an intelligent tutoring system built using APE with the Andes physics tutor as the host.
A global–historical sociology of power: on Mann's concluding volumes to The sources of social power

Michael Mann's long-anticipated volumes, The sources of social power, volume 3: global empires and revolution, 1890-1945 and The sources of social power, volume 4: globalizations, 1945-2011 complete Mann's career-spanning project. Compared to previous volumes in the series, these works are much more global in scope. They address topics such as global wars, empires, social citizenship across the industrialized world, economic recessions and climate change. In this way they rectify omissions in Mann's previous work, even while continuing to deploy Mann's previous IEMP (ideological, economic, social, political) model of power. However, three shortcomings remain: first, the books do not adequately deploy the concept of society as power networks; second, they do not offer a conceptualization of global systems or dynamics beyond the sum total of actions by individual states or actors; and third, they retain the standpoint of power in their analyses. Despite these shortcomings, these volumes offer a masterful global history of power over the past century and a half and make long-lasting contributions to the historical sociology of power.
Finite Stretching of a Circular Plate of Neo-Hookean Material

The analytical solution presented is based on the assumption that the deformed thickness of the plate is approximately constant. The nonlinear equations governing finite axisymmetric deformations of a circular plate made of neo-Hookean material are used in the analysis. The variation of circumferential extension ratio and the variation of deformed thickness are shown in graphs.
Using the human observer to assess medical image display quality

— Image quality is an important component in the evaluation of medical imaging systems and can be measured at a number of points between acquisition and display. However, from the perspective of the clinician, the quality of the image that is presented to the eye-brain system is the most critical since this is what the diagnostic interpretation is derived from. This paper will discuss some ways to assess the design and optimization of display systems in reference to the human observer. The paper will include various approaches to study this issue, including Receiver Operating Characteristic studies, modeling of the human-visual system, and the use of eye-position tracking methods. The goal is to demonstrate not only the importance of assessing the impact of display image quality on diagnostic performance, but also on how it can affect workflow and user-comfort levels.
The ability of adults and children to visually identify peanuts and tree nuts.

Abstract Background Peanuts and tree nuts are common food allergens and are the leading cause of fatalities from food-induced anaphylaxis. Dietary avoidance is the primary management of these allergies and requires the ability to identify peanuts or tree nuts. Objectives To investigate the ability of adults and children to visually identify peanuts and tree nuts. Methods A nut display was assembled that held peanuts and 9 tree nuts in a total of 19 different forms. Persons 6 years or older completed a worksheet to name the items. Results One-thousand one-hundred five subjects completed the study. The mean number of peanuts and tree nuts identified by all subjects was 8.4 (44.2%) out of a possible 19. The mean for children ages 6 to 18 was 4.6 (24.2%), compared with 11.1 (58.4%) for adults older than 18 ( P Conclusions Overall, both children and adults are unreliable at visually identifying most nuts. Treatment of nut allergies with dietary avoidance should include education for both adults and children on identification of peanuts and tree nuts.