cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Modeling of Unified User Interest

This paper compares alternative user interest models created by aggregating an individual's interest expressed through their interactions with multiple everyday applications. A local service unobtrusively observes user interactions with these applications as well as the content authored, annotated, and consumed in them to understand the user interests expressed through these applications. An open question is the relative importance of the authored-text, annotated-text, and implicit feedback generated in each application when identifying users' real interests. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the recommendation support from semi-explicit user interest models (authored/annotated text) and unified user interest models (implicit feedback + semi-explicit). Results indicate both these models are successful in allowing users to locate the content easily based on subtle changes of user's indirect and semi-direct interest indicators.
Founders, Feminists, and a Fascist – Some Notable Women in the Missouri Section of the MAA

In the history of the Missouri Section of the MAA, some of the more interesting people who influenced the growth and development of the section through the years were and are women. In this chapter, we discuss the contributions of a few (certainly not all) of these women to the Missouri Section and mathematics as a whole, including Emily Kathryn Wyant (founder of KME), Margaret F. Willerding (who dealt with sexism in the 1940s), Maria Castellani (an official in Mussolini’s Italy before coming to America), and T. Christine Stevens (co-founder of Project NExT). Without them, and others like them, both mathematics and the Missouri Section of the MAA would be poorer.
Seismic performance of reinforce concrete buildings designed according to codes in Bangladesh, India and U.S.

Abstract This paper focuses on the comparison of seismic design provisions in Bangladesh (BNBC-1993), India (IS-1893), and the U.S. (ASCE 7-10) in relation to analysis, design, and seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings on the basis of the type of allowable analysis procedures, zoning system, site classification, fundamental vibration period of the structure, response reduction factor, importance factor, minimum design lateral force, allowable story drifts, and design response spectra. Three geometrically similar commercial reinforced concrete buildings in high seismic regions of Bangladesh, India, and U.S. were designed and detailed per the respective codes. Three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analyses of the designed structures were conducted. Each structure was subjected to a pair of orthogonally applied artificial ground motions compatible with the design response spectrum for each building code. The structural performance of each building was compared in terms of roof displacements, inter-story drifts, load-carrying capacity of beams and columns, and overall energy dissipation characteristics. The comparisons allowed an in-depth evaluation of the differences in the seismic performance of buildings designed according to ASCE 7-10, BNBC-1993, and IS-1893 codes. The Indian code performed better when subjected to the ground motion that is intended to represent the Indian design response spectrum.
Laid-off Workers and Farms for Sale: The Faces and Spaces of Post-Industrial Devastation in Sébastien Pilote’s Films

Sebastien Pilote’s first three films form a territorial and thematic trilogy, which chronicles the decline of Quebec’s peripheral regions. The main characters of his 2007 short Dust bowl Ha! Ha! an...
Visual and vestibular involvement in postural deficits following concussion.

Postural assessment is often recommended as a component of postconcussion examination; however, a reliable, objective approach to identify and monitor the recovery of postural deficits is still nee...
Avoiding inadvertent epidural injection of drugs intended for non-epidural use.

Inadvertent administration of non-epidural medications into the epidural space has the potential for serious morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to collate reported incidents of this...
Deformation of Towers of Algebras and Quantized Intersection Cardinality Functions

The inductive limit of a tower of separable algebras is unchanged, up to isomorphism, by consistent deformations but the inductive limit of a corresponding tower of modules may be nontrivially deformed, thereby ‘quantizing’ the limit module. In the case of the inductive limit of the complex group algebras of the symmetric groups and their deformations, the Hecke algebras, this quantization preserves properties of the finite case which disappear in the absence of quantization.
Fazit und Ausblick: Methoden der sicherheitspolitischen Analyse und Sicherheit als gesamtgesellschaftliche Gestaltungsaufgabe

Auch wenn die sicherheitspolitische Analyse von ihrem Potenzial fur praktische Relevanz lebt, kann sie ihre konzeptuellen und methodischen Grundlagen nicht aus den politischen Mottos der Gegenwart herleiten. Wurde die Analyse der jeweils „zeitgemasen“ oder „bedarfstragergerechten“ operanten Definition von Sicherheitspolitik folgen – Sicherheitspolitik als das auffassen und analysieren, was die dafur formal Zustandigen machen –, wurde sie folglich gangige Praxis unreflektiert fortschreiben und jede politische Fehlentscheidung intellektualisieren (und umgekehrt auch jeden Erfolg kluger Sicherheitspolitik unsachgemas versachlichen).
New Synthetic Developments

Lee and Richardson have disclosed that it is entirely feasible to cyclopentannulate silyl enol ethers in a one-pot two-step process. For example, condensation of 1 with the readily available stannane 2 in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate leads to an adduct that cyclizes to 3 on subsequent exposure to titanium tetrachloride [5]. This new strategy is notable in that a doubly functionalized product results. 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclopentene (4) condenses with chloride 5 in the presence of anhydrous zinc chloride to give a 1:1 mixture of 6 and 7 [6]. The first relevant point is that alkylation proceeds without annihilation of the allylsilane moiety. Consequently, this functionality is available for subsequent ring closure as illustrated by the independent conversion of 6 and 7 to 8 and 9, respectively, when treated with ethylaluminum dichloride.
Bringing the User Back into Scheduling: Two Case Studies of Interaction with Intelligent Scheduling Assistants.

This position paper discusses the scheduling problem as collaboration between human and automated scheduling assistant. We compare two recent scheduling systems we have developed at SRI that both involve and enable the user in the scheduling process. While embedding fully automated scheduling algorithms, these assistant systems go beyond decision-aids. They work with and in service of their user to jointly solve the scheduling problem.
UNIT 10.1 Data Management

This unit presents a broad view of flow cytometry data management, emphasizing ways to create and manage data so as to maximize their immediate and long-term usefulness. The cost in time, money, and effort to create data files in the first place argues for the importance of making full use of files and keeping them from getting lost or becoming uninterpretable. As flow cytometry measurements become increasingly complex, researchers have more and more reasons to reexamine old data. Careful data management is clearly necessary to ensure that stored data contain enough information about an experiment to enable analysis and interpretation by others even years later.
Molecular diagnosis of somatic overgrowth conditions: A single-center experience.

Background Somatic overgrowth conditions, including Proteus syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum, are caused by post-zygotic pathogenic variants, result in segmental mosaicism, and give rise to neural, cutaneous and/or lipomatous overgrowth. These variants occur in growth-promoting pathways leading to cellular proliferation and expansion of tissues that arise from the affected cellular lineage. Methods We report on 80 serial patients evaluated for somatic overgrowth conditions in a diagnostic laboratory setting, including three prenatal patients. In total, 166 tissues from these 80 patients were subjected to targeted sequencing of an 8-gene panel capturing 10.2 kb of sequence containing known pathogenic variants associated with somatic overgrowth conditions. Deep next-generation sequencing was performed with the IonTorrent PGM platform at an average depth typically >5,000×. Results Likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants were identified in 36 individuals and variants of unknown significance in four. The overall molecular diagnostic yield was 45% but was highly influenced by both submitted tissue type and phenotype. In the prenatal setting, two patients had pathogenic variants identified in cultured amniocytes but in a third patient, the pathogenic variant was only present in post-natal tissues. Finally, expanding the test to include full gene sequencing of PIK3CA in contrast to targeted sequencing identified likely pathogenic variants in 3 of 7 patients that tested negative on the original panel. Conclusion Next-generation sequencing has enabled sensitive detection of somatic pathogenic variants associated with overgrowth conditions. However, as the pathogenic variant allele frequency varies by tissue type within an individual, submission of affected tissue(s) greatly increases the chances of a molecular diagnosis.
Male recombination produced multiple geographically restricted neo-Y chromosome haplotypes of varying ages that correlate with onset of neo-Y decay in Drosophila albomicans

Male Drosophila typically have achiasmatic meiosis, and fusions between autosomes and the Y have repeatedly created non-recombining neo-Y chromosomes that degenerate. Intriguingly, Drosophila nasuta males recombine, but their close relative D. albomicans reverted back to achiasmy after evolving neo-sex chromosomes. Here we use genome-wide polymorphism data to reconstruct the complex evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in D. albomicans and examine the effect of recombination and its cessation on the initiation of neo-Y decay. Population and phylogenomic analyses reveal three distinct neo-Y types that are geographically restricted. Due to meiotic exchange with the neo-X, overall nucleotide diversity on the neo-Y is similar to the neo-X but severely reduced within neo-Y types. Consistently, outside of the region proximal to the fusion, the neo-Ys fail to form a monophyletic clade in sliding window trees. Based on tree topology changes, we inferred the recombinant breakpoints that produced haplotypes specific to each neo-Y type and estimated their ages revealing that recombination became suppressed at different time points for the different neo-Y haplotypes. Although there are no evidence of chromosome-wide differentiation between the neo-sex chromosomes, haplotype age correlates with onset of neo-Y decay. Older neo-Y haplotypes show more fixed gene disruption via frameshift indels and down-regulation of neo-Y alleles. Genes are downregulated independently on the different neo-Ys, but are depleted of testes-biased genes across all haplotypes, indicating that genes important for male function are shielded from degeneration. Our results offer a time course of the early progression of Y chromosome evolution, showing how the suppression of recombination, through the reversal to achiasmy in D. albomicans males, initiates the process of degeneration.
(208) 17b-Estradiol as a Predictor and Potential Mediator of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Development in Women following Trauma Exposure

Chronic musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is common following traumatic or stressful life events and is more common in women than men. However, female specific predictors and mediators of chronic posttraumatic MSP are poorly understood. In the current study we examined the relationship between circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) levels, RNA transcripts that E2 might influence, and chronic MSP development in women following traumatic motor vehicle collision (MVC) without fractures/tissue injury. Blood plasma and RNA was collected from individuals enrolled in the emergency department (ED) following MVC trauma and MSP severity (0-10NRS) was assessed 6 weeks 6 months and 1 year following MVC. E2 levels were measured via ELISA and RNA expression via RNA seq. The association between E2 levels and post-MVC chronic MSP development (n=95) and the association between E2, RNA expression, and post-MVC chronic MSP (n=41) was assessed using repeated measures mixed models adjusted for age and ED study site. Women with higher circulating levels of E2 at the time of trauma exposure reported less severe pain following MVC compared to women with lower circulating levels of E2 (0-10NRS at 1 year: 3.24 vs 5.05, p=0.008). RNA transcripts (p
pCover: Partial Coverage for Long-Lived Surveillance Sensor Networks

Abstract : We present a protocol for partial (but high) coverage in sensor networks. We demonstrate that it is feasible to maintain a high coverage (>90%) while significantly increasing coverage duration when compared with protocols that provide full coverage. In particular, we show that our protocol maintains 94% coverage for a duration that is 2.3-7 times the duration for which existing protocols maintain full coverage. Through simulations, we show that our protocol provides load balancing and that the desired level of coverage is maintained (almost) until the point where all sensors deplete their batteries.
Implementation, evaluation, and outcome of TeamSTEPPS in interprofessional education: a scoping review

ABSTRACTThe ability to effectively work in interprofessional teams is listed as one of the five core competencies in health professions education. Though the importance of interprofessional educati...
Actions of Locally Compact Groups With Zero on Manifolds

This chapter discusses the results and techniques from the study of regular points of homeomorphisms to the study of locally compact group with zero (l.c.g.z.) actions. For example, let ( X , d ) be a locally compact, locally connected connected metric space and let h be a homeomorphism of X onto itself such that (1) Irr(H(h)) is a closed nonempty subset of X that does not separate X ; (2) Irr(H + (h)) = φ (3) for each x ∈ X , cl ( H + [ x ]) is compact; (4) if h | Irr ( H ( h )) is the identity, then the closure of H ( h ) in C ( X ) is a l.c.g.z. If 0( X ) is zero-dimensional, then the actions appear to be well-behaved, while if one removes the dimension restriction, one loses this nice behavior if one does not add more hypotheses. For example, if one assumes that X is a smooth manifold and assume that S acts smoothly and properly, then X is a vector bundle over 0( X ) and S acts on each fiber such that the zero image of the fiber is zero-dimensional. Hence, before one can study such smooth actions in general, one should study the zero-dimensional case first.
The FoxO–Autophagy Axis in Health and Disease

Autophagy controls cellular remodeling and quality control. Dysregulated autophagy has been implicated in several human diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Current evidence has revealed that FoxO (forkhead box class O) transcription factors have a multifaceted role in autophagy regulation and dysregulation. Nuclear FoxOs transactivate genes that control the formation of autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes. Independently of transactivation, cytosolic FoxO proteins induce autophagy by directly interacting with autophagy proteins. Autophagy is also controlled by FoxOs through epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, FoxO proteins can be degraded directly or indirectly by autophagy. Cutting-edge evidence is reviewed that the FoxO–autophagy axis plays a crucial role in health and disease.
Farmers and Ranchers in North Dakota Value Their Land in Not Only Economic Terms

Abstract Beliefs and attitudes are a critical component of future behaviors yet remain underexamined when assessing the intentions of agricultural producers to implement conservation practices. We ...
Regulation of DNA methylation signatures on NF-κB and STAT3 pathway genes and TET activity in cigarette smoke extract–challenged cells/COPD exacerbation model in vitro

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the pathobiology of this disease and available therapies are ineffective. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD; however, not all smokers develop COPD. Exacerbations of COPD caused by microbes are common and detrimental. Approximately 20–50% of patient exacerbations are caused by bacterial colonization in the lower airways. It is generally accepted that epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, play an important role during progression of COPD. Thus, we hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns vary significantly following smoke exposure and during exacerbations caused by bacterial infections. To test our hypothesis, we used an in vitro study model that mimics COPD exacerbations and performed extensive studies to understand the role of CpG promoter methylation of NF-κB and STAT3-mediated pathway genes. Both NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factors play critical roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses during cigarette smoke exposure. In brief, human lung adenocarcinoma cells with type II alveolar epithelium characteristics (A549) were challenged with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or DMSO (control) followed by a 3-h challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) prior to the termination of CSE exposure (COPD exacerbation group). The production of cytokines/chemokines, regulation of transcription factors, and DNA methylation of specific genes were then assessed. We also studied changes in the expression and activity of ten-eleven translocases (TETs), the enzymes responsible for DNA demethylation, and assessed their role in regulating DNA methylation in the CSE-challenged group. There was a significant increase in the release of cytokines/chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 and CCL5) in the COPD exacerbation group as compared to the control group. Hypomethylation of NF-κB-mediated pathway genes correlated with their induction in our COPD exacerbation study model. Further, we observed an important role of TET1/2 in regulating the DNA methylation of NF-κB, STAT3, IKK, and NIK genes and cytokine/chemokine production by A549 cells during CSE challenge. Studies to further define the role of TETs in CSE-mediated epigenetic regulation may lead to the development of better and more effective therapeutic intervention strategies for COPD.
Biological and Chemical Hazards of Forensic Skeletal Analysis

In the course of conducting forensic analysis of human skeletal material, anthropologists are exposed to a number of biological and chemical hazards. This paper reviews the primary concerns in terms of infection or exposure. Handling of human tissue provides an avenue through which bloodborne pathogens may be transported. Scene recovery also includes a set of hazards through exposure to human, animal and soil vectors. Basic personnel protection and laboratory procedures should be established for the protection of all personnel involved in this work.
Controlling Tomorrow: Explaining Anticipatory Bans on Emerging Military Technologies

The idea that technology perennially outpaces law has in recent years become a trope, yet states have on numerous occasions succeeded in enacting binding limitations on new military technologies before their technical viability. These improbable successes are puzzling: if research and design is costly, and the designers of laws can think ahead, why isn't anticipatory arms control the norm? This article offers a formal theory to explain why states expend resources on weapons destined for the scrapheap. Anticipatory bargains are a hedging strategy for decisionmakers with pessimistic imaginations about the future of the security environment, informed by competing interagency priorities. As technologies approach their emergence point and more is learned, decisionmakers learn the true state of the world. Early pessimism can drive preferences for anticipatory cooperation, whereas misplaced optimism can derail agreements that would otherwise be preferable. Meanwhile, deferring is risky because opponents who benefit are reluctant to return to the negotiating table. The theory is tested on four carefully selected comparative case studies, drawn from declassified government records at seven archives. Importantly, the findings show that these basic internal considerations prevail even when default prerequisites for escaping the Prisoner's Dilemma -- trust, flexibility provisions, verifiability, and distinguishability, all long-believed to be necessary conditions for international cooperation -- are not satisfied. A sharper focus on anticipatory arms control places ongoing debates over the governance of 21st century military technologies, and how states can be enticed to the bargaining table, in broader perspective.
A Generalization of Teicher's Poisson Tail Inequality

Teicher [1955] proved that the probability a Poisson distribution with mean k takes on a value of k or less is monotonically decreasing in k. I extend this inequality by proving that the probability a Poisson distribution with mean zk takes on a value of k or less is monotonically decreasing for z at least 1.
Peripheral venous pressure accurately predicts central venous pressure in the adult Fontan circulation.

Abstract Background Patients with the Fontan circulation lack a subpulmonary ventricular pump and thus the main driver for pulmonary blood flow is a high central venous pressure. Peripheral venous pressure (PVP) measurement has been shown to be a reproducible and fairly accurate surrogate for central venous pressure (CVP), but not specifically for the adult Fontan circulation. This study aims to determine the relationship of PVP to CVP in adult Fontan patients. Methods All adult patients (≥18 yo) with a Fontan circulation undergoing cardiac catheterization were included. Both CVP and PVP were measured during the catheterization. The relationship between the peripheral venous and central venous pressures was assessed using simple linear regression and the Bland-Altman plot analysis for differences. Results Thirty-eight adult Fontan patients (mean age 30.7 ± 8.5, range 18–52 years) undergoing 43 cardiac catheterizations were analyzed. The mean CVP was 17.3 +/− 4.7 mmHg. The mean PVP was 18.4 +/− 5 mmHg. CVP and PVP were highly correlated, with an R2 value of 0.83 (p Conclusions In adult Fontan patients, measuring PVP is a reliable, less-invasive, and accurate method of estimating the CVP during cardiac catheterization procedures. These findings may enable outpatient monitoring of Fontan hemodynamics.
Genetic programs to improve carcass quality

The purpose of this paper is to present information that veterinarians and others attending this conference can use to influence cow/calf producers and feedlot operators to be concerned with improving carcass quality at every stage of the production cycle, realizing that genetics play but one role in determining the final product. The paper is organized into four main areas, 1) issues of primary importance, 2) assessing carcass/beef quality in a herd, 3) targets for carcass/beef quality and yield, and 4) methods for improvement.
The use of Crop Simulation Models in the Economic Assessment of Global Environmental Change

Changes in our environment raise concerns about the potential impacts on the quality of human life. One of the primary concerns of agricultural research into the impact of global environmental changes, such as ozone depletion, is the possible impairment of our ability to feed ourselves. Thus, research is directed towards understanding the responses of crop plants to environmental changes. However, a Ml impact assessment includes an evaluation of the economic implications of potential changes. In order to conduct such an assessment, methods are needed to translate the results of basic research into relevant economic terms. One tool which has proven to be valuable in this process is a crop simulation model. As a user of crop models, I would like to make a few general comments on the economic assessment of the impact of environmental change and the role that crop simulation models play.
Ammonium Ion Reorientation in NH4+ β-Alumina

Neutron inelastic scattering techniques have been used to study the motion of NH4 + ions in NH4 + β-Alumina. The results strongly suggest jump rotational reorientation of the NH4 + ion between equivalent configurations. The translational diffusion coefficient of the NH4 + ion appears to be less than 2.5 × 10−6 cm2/sec at 473 K.
Seasonal and Altitudinal Variation in Pollinator Communities in Grand Teton National Park

Native pollinators are in decline across the globe, likely due to a combination of habitat loss, pesticides, invasive species and changing climate. Determining the independent effects of climate on pollinators has been difficult in part because we lack studies of pollinator populations in largely undisturbed areas. Early spring and alpine pollinators are most likely to be affected by changing climate. Using a standardized sampling protocol, I measured relative abundance of major pollinator groups (flies, beetles, bees, wasps, and butterflies) from early spring to late summer at sites ranging from 2100 to 3300 m elevation. Flies were most abundant in early spring and at high elevations. Bees were abundant throughout the season and across all elevations. These data suggest that flies and bees should be targeted for future monitoring because they may be particularly susceptible to changing climate, and their loss could cascade through the broader community.
A spatially and temporally localized sub-laser cycle electron source

We simulate electron emission from a sharp tungsten tip induced by sub-8fs laser pulses and compare DC field and laser power dependence of the emission with experimental results. The simulation shows that with the correct choice of carrier-envelope phase of the exciting laser pulse, a single 700 attosecond electron pulse can be generated. We also discuss the applicability of such a system as a carrier-envelope phase detector.
Blockade of p-selectin is sufficient to reduce MHC I antibody-elicited monocyte recruitment in vitro and in vivo.

Donor-specific HLA antibodies significantly lower allograft survival, but as yet there are no satisfactory therapies for prevention of antibody-mediated rejection. Intracapillary macrophage infiltration is a hallmark of antibody-mediated rejection, and macrophages are important in both acute and chronic rejection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Fc-independent effect of HLA I antibodies on endothelial cell activation, leading to monocyte recruitment. We used an in vitro model to assess monocyte binding to endothelial cells in response to HLA I antibodies. We confirmed our results in a mouse model of antibody-mediated rejection, in which B6.RAG1−/− recipients of BALB/c cardiac allografts were passively transferred with donor-specific MHC I antibodies. Our findings demonstrate that HLA I antibodies rapidly increase intracellular calcium and endothelial presentation of P-selectin, which supports monocyte binding. In the experimental model, donor-specific MHC I antibodies significantly increased macrophage accumulation in the allograft. Concurrent administration of rPSGL-1-Ig abolished antibody-induced monocyte infiltration in the allograft, but had little effect on antibody-induced endothelial injury. Our data suggest that antagonism of P-selectin may ameliorate accumulation of macrophages in the allograft during antibody-mediated rejection.
The Hierro Commerce

The Marianas iron trade, the earliest sustained cultural interaction and material exchange between Pacific Islanders and Europeans, extended from Magellan's 1521 visit to the 1668 Spanish mission. In a paradigm of cross-cultural exchange and technology appropriation, the trade represents a continuum of interaction that produced a structure and process for reliable access to a valued exogenous resource, which high-status Islanders integrated into their industries and reciprocity regimes. As the exchange (and related repatriation initiatives for sojourning clerics and galleon castaways) became a recurring, rewarding activity over several generations, it created conceptual categories for people previously unknown to each other, a related suite of values and attitudes, and corresponding behavioural and social adaptations. This ‘culture of culture contact’ generated dynamic Islander–Spanish intercourse, positive trade relationships and political entanglements which provided a receptive milieu for missionaries ...
Gravitomagnetism in Brane-Worlds

In this paper we discuss a physical observable which is drastically different in a brane-world scenario. To date, the Randall-Sundrum model seems to be consistent with all experimental tests of general relativity. Specifically, we examine the so-called gravitomagnetic effect in the context of the Randall-Sundrum (RS) model. This treatment, of course, assumes the recovery of the Kerr metric in brane-worlds which we have found to the first order in the ratio of the brane separation to the radius of the AdS$_5$, $(\ell/r)$. We first show that the second Randall-Sundrum model of one brane leaves the gravitomagnetic effect unchanged. Then, we consider the two-brane scenario of the original Randall-Sundrum proposal and show that the magnitude of the gravitomagnetic effect depends heavily on the ratio of $(\ell/r)$. Such dependence is a result of the geometrodynamic spacetime and does not appear in static scenarios. We hope that we will be able to test this proposal experimentally with data from NASA's Gravity Probe B (GP-B)and possibly disprove either the Randall-Sundrum two-brane scenario or standard general relativity.
Heuristics and Biases in Thinking about Tax

The principal findings of behavioral economics and cognitive psychology over the past several decades have been to show that human beings deviate from ideal precepts of rationality in many settings, showing inconsistent judgment in the face of framing and other formal manipulations of the presentation of problems. This paper summarizes the findings of original experiments about subjects' perceptions of various aspects of tax-law design. We show that in evaluating tax systems, subjects are vulnerable to a wide range of heuristics and biases, leading to inconsistent judgment and evaluation. The prevalence of these biases suggests that there is room for skillful politicians or facile political systems to manipulate public opinion, and that tax system design will reflect a certain volatility on account of the possibility of eliciting preference reversals through purely formal rhetorical means. More troubling, the findings suggest the possibility of a persistent wedge between observed and optimal public finance systems.
Pregnancy and leprosy; a review of 52 pregnancies in 26 patients with leprosy.

Abstract 1. 1. Fifty-two pregnancies in 26 women with active lepromatous leprosy are reviewed. 2. 2. The onset of leprosy apparently occurred during or shortly after the menarche or pregnancy in 14 patients. 3. 3. Aggravation of the disease occurred in 18 of 23 pregnancies during which the leprosy was not treated. 4. 4. Aggravation occurred in only 5 of 23 pregnancies during which the patients were treated with one of the sulfone drugs. 5. 5. Of 6 pregnancies in patients who received other forms of treatment for leprosy, the disease was aggravated in one instance. 6. 6. Two cases of amyloidosis with renal insufficiency, one case of pre-eclampsia, one case of severe postpartum hemorrhage, and 6 twin pregnancies were noted.
Cogan’s Syndrome

Cogan’s syndrome is thought to be an autoimmune disease of uncertain etiology which causes inflammation of the eye, most typically interstitial kcratitis, and hearing loss. It typically occurs in the third and fourth decades of life. About half of patients have systemic disease manifestations, including constitutional symptoms of fever and weight loss, arthritis, neuropathy, rash, pericarditis, pleuritis, and vasculitis. The vasculitis typically affects large vessels, particularly the aorta and other large vessels, but may also affect medium and small vessels as well. Vascular complications may lead to limb claudication and aortic aneurysm aortic heart disease and failure of other involved organs. Vasular imaging, which can include angiography using conventional imaging computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance scanning, and use of positron emission tomography, is required to assess the extent and activity vascular involvement. Treatment is directed to the involved organs, and can include glucocorticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, and vascular repair.
Termite pathogens: Effects of ingested Metarhizium, beauveria, and Gliocladium conidia on worker termites (Reticulitermes sp.)

Abstract Separate groups of subterranean termites ( Reticulitermes sp.) were exposed to whole cultures of Beauveria bassiana, Gliocladium virens , or Metarhizium anisopliae . Individuals were removed after varying time intervals and hindgut contents were plated onto potato dextrose agar. Viable spores first appeared in the hindguts within 8 hr of exposure. Fungi reisolated from the hindguts of diseased termites were pathogenic of healthy termites. Histological examination showed that invasion of the hemocoel by M. anisopliae occurred exclusively through direct invasion of the integument ca. 24 hr after death. B. bassiana invaded, primarily through the alimentary tract, ca. 12 hr prior to termite death.
Differential ordering of the protein backbone and side chains during protein folding revealed by site-specific recombinant infrared probes.

The time scale for ordering of the polypeptide backbone relative to the side chains is a critical issue in protein folding. The interplay between ordering of the backbone and ordering of the side chains is particularly important for the formation of β-sheet structures, as the polypeptide chain searches for the native stabilizing cross-strand interactions. We have studied these issues in the N-terminal domain of protein L9 (NTL9), a model protein with mixed α/β structure. We have developed a general approach for introducing site-specific IR probes for the side chains (azide) and backbone (13C═18O) using recombinant protein expression. Temperature-jump time-resolved IR spectroscopy combined with site-specific labeling enables independent measurement of the respective backbone and side-chain dynamics with single residue resolution. We have found that side-chain ordering in a key region of the β-sheet structure occurs on a slower time scale than ordering of the backbone during the folding of NTL9, likely as a...
Punchthrough current for submicrometer MOSFETs in CMOS VLSI

Simulated and measured data show that drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) in buried-channel MOSFETs is different from that in surface channel (SC) MOSFETs. This is explained by the differences between channel current paths and channel potential distribution. A new parameter, defined as the incremental voltage that the drain can sustain before the punchthrough current increases by an order of magnitude, is used to indicate the rate of increase of punchthrough current and is a measure of DIBL. >
Improved conventional synthesis for 14C‐labeled polyglutamates of folic acid

The majority of folates existing in nature are of the pteroylpolyglutamyl form and are unable to support Lactobacillus casei growth until the δ-linked glutamyls are digested by conjugase enzymes. Most studies involving folate absorption have utilized monoglutamyl forms of folate, primarily folic acid. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamates prepared by solid phase or conventional synthesis provided conjugated materials with which to study the absorption and metabolism of natural derivatives; however, the synthetic hepataglutamates support microbiological growth prior to enzymatic hydrolysis where as the natural conjugates do not. Incomplete purification of intermediate peptides during the synthesis would be the most likely explanation of this growth phenomenon. A modified solution synthesis has been developed which improves upon intermediate peptide condensations, increases product yields, and provides a heptapeptide which does not support microbiological growth until after enzymatic hydrolysis.
How public relations put the kicks in Route 66 – and still is

This article presents the many ways public relations has been used to assist the goals of one tourist destination during an extended period of time. Using Grunig's and Hunt's four models of public relations, the article identifies the various ways Route 66 has utilized public relations from 1926 to the present. The models not only characterize periods of public relations history, but also the evolving way that organizations communicate with their publics, which leads to a discussion about the communication role the various models should play in today's travel and tourism industry.
Enhancing the photorefractive effect

Abstract The transient response for beam fanning in photorefractive tungsten bronze crystals with an applied electric field and a focused laser beam is studied. Response times on the order of 1 ms for an incident power of 1 mW observed for incident beams focused to a 30 μm diameter in the crystal. This improved response time is accomplished without the significant reduction in the magnitude of the photorefractive effect normally observed for focused beams.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTRA, EFFECTIVE MOBILITY EDGE, AND LEVEL REPULSION IN NARROW QUANTUM WELLS

Exciton spectra of narrow quantum wells with non-ideal interfaces are determined by the nature of the disorder-localized quantum mechanical eigenstates. We point out that the level statistics of spatially resolved spectra allows an unexpected approach to estimate the size of the quantum mechanical center-of-mass wavefunctions. In photoluminescence, the exciton relaxation has to be considered, too. We present large scale simulations for a model including static interface-related disorder and acoustic phonon scattering. Strong and systematic deviations between calculated photoluminescence excitation spectra and absorption are found. A sharp drop on the low-energy side of the former is discussed in terms of an effective mobility edge for exciton relaxation below which excitons cannot relax further within their radiative lifetime
Heat capacity measured up to 60 T in Ce3Bi4Pt3 Kondo insulator

Abstract The low-temperature heat capacity C ( T ) of the Kondo insulator Ce 3 Bi 4 Pt 3 has been measured in the new 60 T long pulse magnet at NHMFL-LANL. A large increase in the zero temperature Sommerfeld coefficient γ =( C / T ) T →0 is observed in a magnetic field of 40 T. The high magnetic field value γ 40T =47 mJ / mol K 2 is consistent with a magnetic field induced Kondo insulator to heavy fermion metal phase transition, observed for the first time with a thermodynamic probe.
Refined Structure of Yeast Apo-enolase at 2.25 A Resolution

Abstract The crystal structure of apo-enolase from baker's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) was established at 2.25 A resolution using a restrained least-squares refinement method. Based on 21,077 independent reflections of better than 8 A resolution, a final R -factor of 15.4% was obtained with a model obeying standard geometry within 0.017 A in bond length and 3.5 ° in bond angles. The upper limit for the co-ordinate accuracy of the atoms was estimated to be 0.18 A. The refinement confirmed the heterodox, non-parallel character of the 8-fold βα-barrel domain with ββαα(βα) 6 topology. The reported structure for which the data were collected at pH 5.0 represents an apo-form of the enzyme. Of the three carboxylic ligands that form the conformational metal ion binding site two, Glu295 and Asp320, are very close and presumably form a strong acidic type hydrogen bond with the proton partially replacing the electric charge of the physiological cofactor Mg 2+ . The single sulfate ion found in the structure is in the active site cavity, co-ordinated to the side-chains of Lys345 and Arg374, and to the N atom of Ser375. It is located about 7.4 A from the conformational metal ion binding site. It occupies the site in which the phosphate group of the substrate binds.
Carnitine content of liver from genetically diabetic (db/db) and control mice.

Abstract Portions of livers from genetically diabetic and control mice of three age groups were analyzed for free fatty acid, triglyceride, and carnitine content. Free fatty acid levels consistently were decreased while triglyceride concentrations consistently were increased in the livers from the diabetic animals. Free carnitine and total carnitine levels were decreased in tissue from both the 9- and 12-week-old diabetic mice, while free carnitine was elevated in these animals at the 21-week stage. In general, the amounts of short-chain and long-chain carnitine derivatives were comparable in livers from diabetic and control mice throughout the course of the study. The results are discussed in light of both the alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism which are known to occur in this diabetic animal model and the changes which occur in the plasma glucagon-to-insulin ratio.
Characterization and expression of a gene encoding serine tRNA5 from Escherichia coli

Abstract The genes for translational components frequently are located together on the Escherichia coli genome. We have reported previously that the gene for a serine tRNA lies directly downstream from infA, the gene encoding initiation factor IF1. Here we characterize this tRNA gene, named serW. The serW gene expresses a minor form of serine tRNAGGA which recognizes the most frequently used serine codons, UCC and UCU. Two promoters were identified by S1 nuclease mapping: P1, which lies about 72 bp upstream from the structural gene; and P2, which lies about 35 bp upstream. Expression from P1 and P2 is comparable under conditions of rapid growth. The P2 promoter is followed by a GC-rich element characteristic of promoters regulated by ppGpp. A putative hairpin structure followed by a stretch of U residues about 25 nucleotides following the mature tRNA sequence resembles a rho-independent termination signal. The upstream gene, infA, is followed by a transcriptional terminator, but S1 mapping shows considerable readthrough. Thus serW expression appears to rely both on its own promoters and on promoters further upstream. The downstream gene, encoding an unidentified protein of about 100 kDa, is expressed in the opposite orientation and also is followed by a termination signal. Therefore serW is expressed both as a monocistronic gene and in combination with infA.
Effects of Contract Framing, Motivation to Quit, and Self‐Efficacy on Smoking Reduction1

Social learning theorists (SLT) have advocated that individual's cognitive beliefs about perceived behavioral ability and outcome expectancies are predictive of behavior change. SLT's also propose that the threat of losing positive rewards may result in greater behavior change than gaining rewards for altering behaviors such as smoking. Specifically, presenting behavioral outcomes in a loss frame context has proven more influential under certain conditions than presenting outcomes in a gain frame context. The present study evaluated the relationship between smoking cessation self-efficacy motivation to quit, and contract framing on smoking reduction. The majority of cognitive and behavioral changes occurred between baseline and 3 months into a 12-month treatment program. An interaction between contract framing and motivation to quit suggested that, for subjects with low motivation, receiving combined (gain plus loss) frame contracts resulted in smoking fewer cigarettes posttreatment than receiving gain frame only contracts. An interaction between framing and self-efficacy also indicated that subjects who received combined frame contracts smoked fewer cigarettes if they had high rather than low self-efficacy beliefs.
A developmental study of distortion product otoacoustic emission (2f1-f2) suppression in humans

Abstract Suppression of the 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) provides an effective paradigm for the study of functional cochlear maturation in humans. DPOAE iso-suppression tuning curves (STCs) represent some aspect of peripheral filtering, probably related to the boundaries of distortion generation. Studies conducted thus far suggest that the cochlear tuning assessed by this technique is adult-like in humans by term birth (Abdala et al., Hear. Res. 98 (1996) 38–53; Abdala and Sininger, Ear Hear. 17 (1996) 374–385). However, there have been no studies of cochlear tuning in premature human neonates. DPOAE STCs and suppression growth functions were measured from 14 normal-hearing adults, 33 term and 85 premature neonates to investigate the developmental time course of cochlear frequency resolution and non-linearity. Premature neonates showed non-adult-like DPOAE suppression at f2 of 1500 and 6000 Hz: (1) STCs were narrower in width (Q10) and steeper in slope on the low-frequency flank of the tuning curve; (2) suppressor tones lower in frequency than f2 produced atypically shallow growth of DPOAE suppression. The influence of immature conductive pathways cannot be entirely ruled out as a factor contributing to these results. However, findings may indicate that an immaturity exists in cochlear frequency resolution and non-linearity just prior to term birth. The bases of this immaturity are hypothesized to be outer hair cell in origin.
Sensitivity Study of Physical Limits on Ground Motion at Yucca Mountain

Abstract Physical limits on ground-motion parameters can be estimated from spontaneous-rupture earthquake models but are subject to uncertainties in model parameters. We investigate physical limits at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and assess sensitivities due to uncertainties in fault geometry, off-fault rock strength, the seismogenic depth, fault zone structure, and undrained poroelastic response of the fluid pressure. For the extreme scenario of nearly complete stress drop on the Solitario Canyon fault, peak ground velocity (PGV) at a site near the fault is sensitive to deep fault geometry and cohesive strength of shallow geologic units, while it is relatively insensitive to fault zone structure, the seismogenic depth, and pore-pressure response. Taking previous estimates of Andrews et al. (2007) as a benchmark, a 10° reduction in dip (from 60° to 50°) of the Solitario Canyon fault at depth, combined with doubled cohesion of shallow units, can increase both horizontal and vertical PGVs by over 1 m/s, to values exceeding 5 m/s. In a lower stress-drop scenario (constrained by regional extremes of coseismic slip inferred from the paleoseismic record), PGV is most sensitive to fault geometry at depth, is only modestly affected by fault zone structure, and is insensitive to cohesion of shallow units and pore-pressure response. Effects of rock strength on spectral acceleration are significant only at short periods (i.e., less than 3 s). The dipping normal-fault models predict asymmetric inelastic strain distributions with respect to the fault plane, with more intense inelastic deformation on the hanging wall, though that asymmetry may be moderated by poroelastic effects.