cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hans P. Eugster Memorial Symposium

Six of the nation's most outstanding geochemists and petrologists convened May 6, 1988, to honor the late Hans P. Eugster at a symposium organized by the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (see photo). Over 100 of Hans' collegues, students, and friends gathered to pay tribute both to a man they fondly remebered and to the lesson offered by his scientific career—that profound discoveries follow from the application of fundamental chemical principles to geological processes. The hour-long presentations were a good mix of current research and reminiscences about the development of now time-honored practices in goechemistry. Harold C. Helgeson (Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California at Berkeley) intrigued the symposium with his vision of future developments in theoretical organic geochemistry. He outlined how equations of state for inorganic aqueous electrolyte solutions may be extended to dissolved aqueous organic species. Already, these new developments enable a quantitative analysis of goechemical processes that invlove both inorganic and organic species in solution. Examples include the generation and maintenance of the oxidation states of oil-field brines, the migration and accumulation of petroleum, and abiologic processes involving hydrothermal fluids in the origin of life. He suggested that redox reactions involving acetate may control hydrothermal transport and precipitation of petroleum in sedimentary basins. Oil accumulations, Helgeson speculated, could be regarded as just another kind of hydrothermal “ore deposit.”
[FeFe]-Hydrogenase-Catalyzed H2 Production in a Photoelectrochemical Biofuel Cell

The Clostridium acetobutylicum [FeFe]-hydrogenase HydA has been investigated as a hydrogen production catalyst in a photoelectrochemical biofuel cell. Hydrogenase was adsorbed to pyrolytic graphite edge and carbon felt electrodes. Cyclic voltammograms of the immobilized hydrogenase films reveal cathodic proton reduction and anodic hydrogen oxidation, with a catalytic bias toward hydrogen evolution. When corrected for the electrochemically active surface area, the cathodic current densities are similar for both carbon electrodes, and ∼40% of those obtained with a platinum electrode. The high surface area carbon felt/hydrogenase electrode was subsequently used as the cathode in a photoelectrochemical biofuel cell. Under illumination, this device is able to oxidize a biofuel substrate and reduce protons to hydrogen. Similar photocurrents and hydrogen production rates were observed in the photoelectrochemical biofuel cell using either hydrogenase or platinum cathodes.
Production and Isolation of an Antibiotic from Monascus purpureus and its Relationship to Pigment Production

The cultural conditions and isolation methods for Monascidin A, an antibiotic from Monascus purpureus, are reported. A static liquid culture medium consisting of yeast extract (0.8%) and glucose (10%) is most suitable for antibiotic production in that most of the pigments accumulated within the mycelium while the antibiotic dissolved in the culture medium. Silica gel adsorption chromatography was used to separate major pigment components from the biologically active fractions, using an eluting solvent of benzene: methanol:chloroform (30:10:9, v/v/v). Further purification using silica gel TLC plates developed with benzene:methanol:chloroform (30:20:9, v/v/v) separated the active fractions into two components, a fluorescent yellow pigment and the pale yellow antibiotic. The dose response of Bacillus subtilis to the purified antibiotic was determined and the minimum effective dosage was about 1.5 μg per 6 mm paper assay disc.
Application of dynamic probabilistic risk assessment techniques for uncertainty quantification in generation IV reactors

Abstract Demonstration of a practical approach is presented by which dynamic probabilistic risk/safety assessment (PRA/PSA) techniques are used to augment the uncertainty quantification process for Generation IV reactors. While the traditional PRA approach using event- and fault-trees is mostly concerned with aleatory uncertainties, dynamic PRA/PSA techniques allow simultaneous consideration of both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in a phenomenologically and stochastically consistent manner. Epistemic uncertainties are expected to be particularly important in the PRA/PSA of Generation IV reactors. A dynamic PRA/PSA methodology is coupled with a reactor safety code to enable a more efficient and yet accurate evaluation of epistemic uncertainties which appear in the analysis of Generation IV reactors. Key uncertainties are identified for a postulated Loss of Forced Circulation event in a Pebble Bed Modular Reactor. The effects of these uncertainties on a selected key Figure of Merit, the stored energy in the core materials, are quantified. As a key result, the analyses show that the shape of the cumulative distribution function for each event tree is influenced by the aleatory uncertainties while the variations in the magnitudes of the cumulative distribution functions are determined by the epistemic uncertainties.
Nowotny Phases and Apatites: A Comparative Study

A group of metallic compounds known as Nowotny phases, have hexagonal unit cells and atomic arrangement similar to apatite, where the anion groups of the apatite are replaced by single metallic atoms. The compounds show the same variety in composition as apatite. Because of these similarities, Nowotny phases might be used for remineralization or filling materials in dental hard tissue and bone. However, at present, no such compounds both with proper lattice dimensions and with proper chemical stability are known.
A SEM/AES/XPS tribometer for rolling and sliding contacts

Abstract A facility for studying the tribological performance of materials for a wide range of conditions has been established. It provides sliding, rolling and rolling-with-controlled-slip contact conditions at temperatures from liquid nitrogen to ambient in environments from ultra-high vacuum to one atmosphere of oxygen, hydrogen and a variety of gas mixtures. Parameters such as normal and friction forces, wear, temperature and speed are monitored in real-time with a computer data acquisition system. The surface topography and chemical composition are analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and small-area multichannel X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) incorporated in the facility. The chemical composition of the test environment and outgassed compounds from the tribomaterials are monitored with a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
The Use of Spray and Aerosol Formulations Containing R-1207 and Dimethoate for Fly Control on Cattle and the Determination of Dimethoate Residues in Milk

The effective of R-1207 (3-chloropropyl n -octyl sulfoxide) and dimethoate for the control of flies on cattle in 1928 and 1959 was tested by means of applications with an electric-eye-controlled sprayer and a photoelectric aerosol applicator. On the average, it took 2 seconds to treat an animal and the devices were regulated to deliver from 75 to 120 ml. of spray, and from 7.8 to 10.5 grams of aerosol per animal during that time. A total of 224 applications involving the use of 19 formulations was made on four farms. Both R-1207 and dimethoate, used either separately or as mixtures, gave excellent control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). As a spray, 2% R-1207 in Deobase was moderately efficient against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), with limited effect against the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and house fly, Musca domestica L., while 1% dimethoate in Deobase had little effect on the stable fly but provided moderate protection against the latter two species. However, a mixture containing 2% R-1207 and 1% dimethoate provided effective control of nil the species concerned for 7 hours and retained a lasting residual effect against the horn fly. The addition of synergized pyrethrins permitted a considerable reduction in the concentration of both R-1207 and dimethoate without impairing the effectiveness against the horn fly and stable fly but tended to decrease the effectiveness against the face fly and house fly. Aerosol treatments containing 2% R-1207 and 0.3% synergized pyrethrins gave excellent control of the horn fly and the stable fly. In the absence of R-1207, synergized pyrethrins at 0.2% concentration failed to hold the stable fly in check effectively. In a mixture of R-1207, dimethoate and synergized pyrethrins, increases in the concentration of dimethoate consistently improved the performance against the stable fly as well as the face fly and house fly. Furthermore, dimethoate in aerosol form appeared to exert a delayed toxic action on the flies. Control of the face fly and house fly was less satisfactory, and the residual effect against these and the stable fly decreased sharply when the heads of the animals were not treated, or were treated only partially. An oil-base spray consisting of R-1207, dimethoate, and synergies pyrethins gave better results than a water-base spray with the same ingredients but the residual effect of the former diminished more rapidly, In general, the face fly appeared to be more difficult to control than the stable fly. Samples of milk from cows treated with dimethoate formulations were analyzed for dimethoate by a method developed specifically for this purpose, and sensitive to 0.01 p.p.m. Only one sample showed a measurable amount of dimethoate, possibly attributable to mechanical contamination.
Preliminary investigations into organic-inorganic composite formation: the system DDAB-H2O-MMA-CaSO4

Abstract Preliminary investigations were performed to test the possibility of synthesizing organic-inorganic composite materials utilizing the self-organizing tendency of surfactant-based systems. The strategy was to precipitate inorganic calcium sulfate particles in the aqueous channels of the bicontinuous cubic phase of a system made up of the following three components: (1) a hydrophobic monomer solution of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA); (2) an aqueous solution of calcium and sulfate ions; and (3) a surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB). In addition to the precipitation process, the monomer was polymerized by ultraviolet light in order to solidify the structure of the cubic phase. Polarized light microscopy was used to study the unpolymerized mixtures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies were made to characterize the chemistry of the polymerized samples, and scanning electron microscopy was used to study their morphology. The solid polymerized samples were observed to have thread-like or lamellar structures at the micron scale with pockets of calcium sulfate precipitates in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. At certain concentrations, the precipitates were found to be aligned perpendicularly to the polymer threads.
School Psychology in China (PRC), Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Cross-Regional Perspective.

Although China (People's Republic of China [PRC]), Hong Kong and Taiwan have many similarities in language, culture, values, Confucian traditions, family systems and other social-environmental vari...
Components and Dynamics of DNA Replication Complexes in S. cerevisiae: Redistribution of MCM Proteins and Cdc45p during S Phase

Abstract In S. cerevisiae, the chromatin structure of DNA replication origins changes as cells become competent for DNA replication, suggesting that G1 phase-specific association of replication factors with origin DNA regulates entry into S phase. We demonstrate that ORC, Cdc45p, and MCM proteins are components of prereplication complexes (pre-RC). The MCM-origin association is dependent upon ORC and Cdc6p. During S phase, MCM proteins and Cdc45p dissociate from origin DNA and associate with nonorigin DNA with similar kinetics as DNA Polymerase e, which is present at DNA replication forks. Our results identify protein components of the pre-RC and a novel replication complex appearing at the G1/S transition (the RC), and suggest that after initiation MCM proteins and Cdc45p move with eukaryotic replication forks.
SOCIAL IDENTITY MAINTENANCE PRESCRIPTIONS FOR PREVENTING GROUPTHINK: REDUCING IDENTITY PROTECTION AND ENHANCING INTELLECTUAL CONFLICT

Although the concept of groupthink (the extreme concurrence‐seeking tendency displayed by decision making groups), has been an influential one, empirical research has provided equivocal support for the groupthink model. In this paper, we review previous case and laboratory work on groupthink and identify empirical and theoretical inconsistencies. We then describe a model of groupthink as social identity maintenance (SIM) that is capable of reconciling these inconsistencies and summarize laboratory experiments that specifically test the SIM hypothesis. We use the model to suggest possible pitfalls of previous proposals for preventing groupthink when SIM pressures are operative. Finally, we suggest intervention strategies capable of mitigating groupthink due to SIM that have two objectives: (a) the reduction of pressures toward identity protection and (b) the stimulation of intellectual conflict.
INTEGRATING RESEARCH INTO DECISION MAKING: PROVIDING EXAMPLES FOR AN INFORMAL ACTION RESEARCH MODEL

The literature on action research delineates several crucial steps to ensure that research efforts will be used by educational institutions. Unfortunately, in many institutions of higher education researchers are consulted after solutions are implemented. This process bypasses most of the major steps suggested for action research. It is possible, however, to participate in the later steps of the action research model and to begin to educate decision makers to the usefulness of research input. This paper presents three examples of descriptive data collection and presentation to influence decision making. An informal action research model is suggested, and related to each example. These examples may be useful to practitioners who are unable, for whatever reasons, to participate in decision making at all of the points specified by the formal action research model.
Differential Signaling and Immediate‐Early Gene Activation by Four Splice Variants of the Human Pituitary Adenylate CyclaseActivating Polypeptide Receptor (hPACAP‐R)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide belonging to the VIP/secretin/glucagon family, is present in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and adrenal gland where it regulates hormone release, in the GI tract where it modulates motility, and in human tumoral cell lines where it shows a growth-promoting effect. It is now appreciated that alternative splicing of two exons of the rat PACAP-R gene generate four major rPACAP-R splice variants that are differentially expressed in tissues and variably coupled to intracellular second messengers. Because of the potential implications of these findings in human physiology, we cloned the hPACAP-R gene. Similar to the rat, two exons (SV-1 and SV-2) are alternatively spliced to account for four major hPACAP-R receptor splice variants. These splice variants (hPACAP-R-null, hPACAP-R-SV1, hPACAP-R-SV2, hPACAP-R-SV-3) were cloned from a human frontal cortex cDNA library, stably transfected in NIH/ 3T3 cells and each characterized for ligand affinity, stimulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC), and ligand-induced expression of the proto-oncogenes, c-fos, and c-myc. Stably transfected NIH/3T3 cells expressing similar numbers of receptors of the four splice variants showed nearly identical responses for ligand affinity and potency for P-38- and P-27-stimulated increases in cAMP and total inositol phosphates. However, each receptor splice variant differed in their ligand-stimulated efficacy for total inositol phosphate stimulation. The hPACAP-R-SV2 showed the greatest efficacy for stimulating phospholipase C that was approximately seven-fold greater than the hPACAP-R-SV1, twofold greater than the hPACAP-R-Null, and 1.5-fold greater than the hPACAP-R-SV-3 splice variants. To determine whether the splice variants also differ in their ability to stimulate immediate early gene expression, c-fos and c-myc transcripts were assayed by Northern blot and quantified by densitometry. PACAP-38 increased c-fos and c-myc expression for all four of the receptor splice variants that paralleled the efficacy for PLC stimulation, with the the SV-2 splice variant showing the greatest stimulation. These results show that the hPACAP-R-SV2 exhibits enhanced efficacy for coupling to both PLC and activation of the protooncogenes, c-fos and c-myc suggesting a novel and potentially important mechanism for differentially activating signal transduction pathways that influence cellular growth and differentiation.
Code-51: keeping suicidal veterans safe in the emergency department.

Safety of suicidal veterans is a national issue. Veterans have a higher rate of depressive disorder than the general population, which puts them at higher risk for suicide. The staff in the emergency department (ED) of one Department of Veterans Affairs hospital developed and implemented an innovative process that increases the safety of suicidal veterans in the hospital setting. This process is called Code-51 and is similar to a military unit watch. This is one of the first unit watches implemented throughout an entire Veteran Affairs hospital, not only in the ED. The Code-51 process is a model for other EDs in both public and private sectors to help keep suicidal patients safe. Language: en
TRAF6 and A20 Regulate Lysine 63–Linked Ubiquitination of Beclin-1 to Control TLR4-Induced Autophagy

Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes and is linked to both innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces autophagy and recruits Beclin-1, the mammalian homolog of yeast Atg6, to the receptor complex. We found that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-mediated, Lys(63) (K63)-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 is critical for TLR4-triggered autophagy in macrophages. Two TRAF6-binding motifs in Beclin-1 facilitated the binding of TRAF6 and the ubiquitination of Beclin-1. Lys(117), which is strategically located in the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain of Beclin-1, was a major site for K63-linked ubiquitination. The deubiquitinating enzyme A20 reduced the extent of K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 and limited the induction of autophagy in response to TLR signaling. Treatment of macrophages with either interferon-gamma or interleukin-1 also triggered the K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 and the formation of autophagosomes. These results indicate that the status of K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 plays a key role in regulating autophagy during inflammatory responses.
The effect of organic loads on stability of various chlorine-based sanitisers

Summary This study examined the effect of pH of chlorine-based sanitisers on the reaction of free chlorine with compounds present in a variety of food environments. A model food system was first used to determine chlorine reactions with individual organic compounds. Different classes of organic compounds were added to chlorinated water at three different pHs (2.5, 6.0 and 9.3). Free and total chlorine concentrations were recorded in each sample by titrimetric assay. The results show that the level of free chlorine loss is both organic species dependent and pH dependent. Wash water from six different food sources was added to chlorinated water at three different pHs. The peptone plus catechol model appeared to be the best general predictor of free chlorine loss across all the treatments. GC-MS analysis of samples with resorcinol added indicated that chloroform is produced as a primary trihalomethane product at higher pH values. The findings of this study indicate that solution pH, along with types of organic compound, plays a significant role on free chlorine loss, and chlorine loss can be predicted by the protein and phenolic content of the wash solution.
Karyotypes of Eight Species of Mexican Rodents (Muridae)

Karyotypes of six species of murid rodents from Mexico are reported for the first time, including: Nyctomys sumichrasti, Peromyscus hylocetes, Peromyscus perfulvus, Peromyscus banderanus, Baiomys musculus , and Neotoma goldmani . The chromosomes of some species clearly suggest affinities within the appropriate taxa. Identity of the sex chromosomes and an apparent automosomal polymorphism are shown for Neotoma alleni . The karyotype of Microtus mexicanus from western Mexico is polymorphic for two pairs of chromosomes and, more importantly, differs significantly from that of presumed M. mexicanus occurring north of Mexico.
Effects of cyclic nucleotides upon the germination ofMucor racemosus sporangiospores

Abstract This study describes the effects of exogenous cyclic nucleotides upon the germination of sporangiospores of Mucor racemosus in a defined medium containing a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. Adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) enhanced germination, with maximal stimulation at concentrations greater than 5 m m . N 6 -Monobutyryl cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP, and adenosine also stimulated germination but 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) did not. N 6 , O 2′ -Dibutyryl cAMP blocked spore germination in cellobiose, maltose, galactose, 2-ketoglutarate, leucine, and lysine, a result that was also obtained when sporangiospores were incubated in a glucose medium without an exogenous nitrogen source. In glucose, dibutyryl cAMP retarded but did not arrest germination. Dibutyryl cAMP effected rapid and synchronous germination in alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine media. We conclude that cAMP nonspecifically stimulated the rate of sporangiospore germination while dibutyryl cAMP has a specific stimulatory effect on the initiation of germination of Mucor sporangiospores.
Robust Regulation with Adaptive Periodic Internal Models

In this paper, we consider the robust linear output regulation problem for minimum-phase systems driven by parameter-dependent periodic exosystems. A general methodology for construction of robust regulators for time-varying systems is not available, due to the absence of an equivalent version of the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. We show how a robust regulator can be easily constructed for minimum-phase plant models if appropriate observability conditions hold. The main result of the paper shows that a non-minimal realization of the resulting time-varying internal model is instrumental in achieving the possibility of performing adaptive redesign to deal with parameterized families of exosystem models. A key feature of the proposed solution lies in the fact that a persistence of excitation condition is not required for asymptotic regulation.
Early versus late amniotomy for labor induction: A randomized trial

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the impact of early and late amniotomy on labor induction with continuous oxytocin infusion at term. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 209 women admitted for labor induction were randomized to early or late amniotomy. The early amniotomy group ( n = 106) had membranes ruptured as soon as it was deemed safe and feasible. The late amniotomy group ( n = 103) had membrane rupture performed at ≥5 cm dilatation. The first 103 women received a continuous oxytocin infusion with incremental adjustments at 60-minute intervals as required. The next 106 women had adjustments every 30 minutes as required. Statistical analysis was confined to concurrent groups. RESULTS: Early amniotomy was associated with shorter labor (13.3 vs 17.8 hours, p = 0.001), chorioamnionitis (22.6% vs 6.8%, p = 0.002), and significant fetal umbilical cord compression (12.3% vs 2.9%, p = 0.017). The benefit regarding shortening of labor was limited to women having oxytocin increments every 30 minutes as required (13.3 vs 17.8 hours, p = 0.001). Alternatively, the increase in chorioamnionitis was confined to the 60-minute group (39% vs 11%, p p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: When a protocol of 60-minute inrements in oxytocin infusion rate is desired, amniotomy should be performed late in labor to reduce chorioamnionitis and significant umbilical cord compression. Alternatively, if early amniotomy is necessary, oxytocin should be adjusted every 30 minutes as tolerated.
A Sparse and Locally Shift Invariant Feature Extractor Applied to Document Images

We describe an unsupervised learning algorithm for extracting sparse and locally shift-invariant features. We also devise a principled procedure for learning hierarchies of invariant features. Each feature detector is composed of a set of trainable convolutional filters followed by a max-pooling layer over non-overlapping windows, and a point-wise sigmoid non-linearity. A second stage of more invariant features is fed with patches provided by the first stage feature extractor, and is trained in the same way. The method is used to pre-train the first four layers of a deep convolutional network which achieves state-of-the-art performance on the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits. The final testing error rate is equal to 0.42%. Preliminary experiments on compression of bitonal document images show very promising results in terms of compression ratio and reconstruction error.
The influence of a grandfather's disease process and death on the formation of personal identity in a granddaughter

Abstract This case study investigated the influence of a grandfather with Parkinson's disease and his death on the development of personal identity in his granddaughter. The case was complicated by the granddaughter's diagnosis at age 20 with a potentially terminal illness 3 months after his death. The granddaughter experienced symptoms similar to those of her grandfather. Analysis of a retrospective interview with the granddaughter revealed four themes: shared interests, coping skills and adaptation, enlightenment, and influence. These themes were examined within the context of Erik H. Erikson's theory of identity development as a conceptual framework for understanding the influence of the grandfather–granddaughter relationship.
The perceived benefits of a medical school course in wilderness medicine.

Founded in 1983, the Wilderness Medical Society has since grown in numbers and stature. Its specific purpose has been ‘‘to encourage, foster, support, and conduct activities or programs concerned with life sciences which may improve the scientific knowledge of the membership and the general public in matters related to wilderness environments and human activities in these environments.’’1 It was natural that this society and its goals would attract the interest of medical students and medical residency programs. A number of formal courses have been established in medical schools to expose students to the many disciplines of wilderness medicine. The Wilderness Medical Society sponsors it own course for thirdand fourth-year medical students, and courses also are taught at the University of Massachusetts Medical School; Stanford University; the University of South Carolina; University of California, San Francisco, Fresno; and the University of New Mexico. The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine established a wilderness medicine ‘‘minicourse’’ in 1995. During the course, approximately 16 medical students live in a wilderness setting in central New Jersey for 2 weeks in January. Their days and evening are devoted to didactic lectures, demonstrations, and practical applications in the various areas of wilderness medicine. (An overview of the curriculum is listed in the Appendix.) This course is an intensive couple of weeks and requires much more preparation and organization by the students and the faculty than do standard courses. Furthermore, it does not appear to have the obvious direct clinical applications for hospital or office care of the more traditional courses offered at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and most other medical schools. Rather, the Wilderness Medicine course at the University of Pennsylvania is designed to teach students to deal with emergency medical scenarios in remote, outdoor settings. Therefore, we were curious to see how often and in what
Evaluation of a predictive model for Clostridium perfringens growth during cooling.

Proper temperature control is essential in minimizing Clostridium perfringens germination, growth, and toxin production. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service offers two options for the cooling of meat products: follow a standard time-temperature schedule or validate that alternative cooling regimes result in no more than a 1-log CFU/ g increase of C. perfringens and no growth of Clostridium botulinum. The Juneja 1999 model for C. perfringens growth during cooling may be helpful in determining whether the C. perfringens performance standard has been achieved, but this model has not been extensively validated. The objective of this study was to validate the Juneja 1999 model under a variety of temperature situations. The Juneja 1999 model for C. perfringens growth during cooling is fail safe when low ( ,1 log CFU/ ml) or high (.3 log CFU/ml) observed increases occur during exponential cooling. The Juneja 1999 model consistently underpredicted growth at intermediate observed increases (1 to 3 log CFU/ml). The Juneja 1999 model also underpredicted growth whenever exponential cooling took place at two different rates in the e rst and second portions of the cooling process. This error may be due to faster than predicted growth of C. perfringens cells during cooling or to an inaccuracy in the Juneja 1999 model. Clostridium perfringens continues to be a major concern to the food industry. Fifty-seven cone rmed outbreaks of C. perfringens infections, involving 2,772 cases, occurred between 1993 and 1997, and more than one-third
A Second Rebuttal On Health

This essay replies to critics since 1995 of my "biostatistical theory" (BST) of health. According to the BST, a pathological condition is a state of statistically species-subnormal biological part-functional ability, relative to sex and age. Theoretical health, the total absence of pathological conditions, is then a value-free scientific notion. Recent critics offer a mixture of old and new objections to this analysis. Some new ones relate to choice of reference class, situation-specificity of function, common diseases and healthy populations, improvements in population health, the practice of pathologists, "Cambridge changes" in health status, and comparative vs. absolute health concepts. I make no changes in doctrine, except to consider treating "normal aging" as pathological by taking young adults as the standard for all adults.
Deficiencies in the Code of Conduct: The AICPA Rhetoric Surrounding the Tax Return Preparation Outsourcing Disclosure Rules

In this article, we examine the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ (AICPA) efforts to conceal the offshoring of tax return preparation services by U.S. Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) through recommending an inadequate disclosure format for this type of work. We draw on Giddens’ theory of trust and expert systems, the professionalism literature, and Flyvbjerg’s concept of power to analyze the underlying agenda behind the revised ethics rulings (AICPA Ethics Ruling No. 112 under Rule 102, No. 12 under Rule 201, and No. 1 under Rule 301). Specifically, we examine (1) the AICPA leadership’s stated professional justifications for outsourcing and its recommended client disclosures, (2) risks associated with outsourcing tax return preparation work overseas and the trust issues that result, and (3) the resistance to the AICPA leadership’s recommended outsourcing disclosure rules within the rank and file of the CPA profession. We argue that our analysis reveals the AICPA’s on-going promotion of their private interests, thus continuing to raise systemic concerns regarding the public’s trust in the U.S. public accounting profession.
Maxillary Palps Are Broad Spectrum Odorant Detectors in Culex quinquefasciatus

A single type of olfactory sensilla on maxillary palps in many species of mosquitoes houses a very sensitive olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) for carbon dioxide reception. We performed extensive single sensillum recordings from this peg sensillum in Culex quinquefasciatus and have characterized the response threshold and kinetics for CO2 reception, with a detection threshold less than the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This ORN responded in a tonic mode to lower concentrations of CO2, whereas higher concentrations generated a phasic-tonic mode of action potential firing. Sensillum potentials accurately represented the response magnitude and kinetics of carbon dioxide–elicited excitatory responses. Stimulation of these ORNs with human breath, a complex mixture of mosquito kairomones and up to 4.5% CO2, elicited excitatory responses that were reliably detected by CO2-sensitive ORNs. Another ORN housed in these sensilla responded to 1-octen-3-ol and to various plant-derived compounds, particularly floral and green leaf volatiles. This ORN showed remarkable sensitivity to the natural enantiomer, (R)-()-1-octen3-ol, rivaling pheromone-detecting ORNs in moths. Maximum neuronal response was elicited with a 10 ng dose. A biological, ecological role of maxillary palps in detection of plant- and nectar-related sources is proposed.
Low-level dietary deoxynivalenol and acute exercise stress result in immunotoxicity in BALB/c mice.

We hypothesized that acute exercise stress would exacerbate immunosuppressive effects of sub-acute exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (DON). Male BALB/c mice were fed 0 or 2 mg DON/kg diet for 14 days, 12 animals per dose, and then exercised to fatigue on a treadmill. Mice were euthanized by decapitation, trunk blood and spleens were collected. Single-cell suspensions of splenocytes were used to quantify immune function by plaque hemolysis and conconavalin-A (ConA) stimulated lymphocyte proliferation assays. Serum corticosterone level was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Only the nonexercised DON-fed mice showed significant splenocyte proliferation suppression, 32.9 ± 17.9% of nonexercised controls (p = 0.021). Exercised controls and DON-fed exercised animals showed splenocyte proliferation of 68–75% of nonexercised controls. Antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells, was significantly less for exercised DON-fed mice than in controls (p = 0.031). Serum corticosterone levels were s...
Mesoscale Predictability of Moist Baroclinic Waves: Convection-Permitting Experiments and Multistage Error Growth Dynamics

A recent study examined the predictability of an idealized baroclinic wave amplifying in a conditionally unstable atmosphere through numerical simulations with parameterized moist convection. It was demonstrated that with the effect of moisture included, the error starting from small random noise is characterized by upscale growth in the short-term (0–36 h) forecast of a growing synoptic-scale disturbance. The current study seeks to explore further the mesoscale error-growth dynamics in idealized moist baroclinic waves through convection-permitting experiments with model grid increments down to 3.3 km. These experiments suggest the following three-stage error-growth model: in the initial stage, the errors grow from small-scale convective instability and then quickly [O(1 h)] saturate at the convective scales. In the second stage, the character of the errors changes from that of convective-scale unbalanced motions to one more closely related to large-scale balanced motions. That is, some of the error from convective scales is retained in the balanced motions, while the rest is radiated away in the form of gravity waves. In the final stage, the large-scale (balanced) components of the errors grow with the background baroclinic instability. Through examination of the error-energy budget, it is found that buoyancy production due mostly to moist convection is comparable to shear production (nonlinear velocity advection). It is found that turning off latent heating not only dramatically decreases buoyancy production, but also reduces shear production to less than 20% of its original amplitude.
The bowshot and Marathon

In a searching analysis of ‘The Campaign and the Battle of Marathon’ ( JHS lxxxviii [1968] 13–57) Professor N. G. L. Hammond has paid me the compliment of mentioning my discussion of the range of the ancient bow (17 n. 27). The evidence had suggested to me that the bowshot was ‘at least 160–175 metres, but not as far as 350–450 metres’. These results, in Hammond's words, fail to ‘take into account the nature of the target. For instance his lower figure is based on the firing of incendiary arrows (his T1 = Hdt. viii 52.1), which needed no power of penetration, and the higher figure is based on unarmoured horses at that distance being out of range (his T2 = Hdt. ix 22–23), which is almost equivalent to the extreme range because a horse is easily stung into action by an arrow.’ The near equivalence of ‘out of range’ and ‘within extreme range’ may raise an eyebrow; but let it pass. On the essential point we agree: in Herodotus ix 22–23, two stades is beyond effective bowshot. So far as the terminus a quo is concerned, the Persian fire arrows shot from the Areopagus must have had some power of penetration; for they were useless unless they stuck to the wooden wall. Moreover, the target was twenty-eight metres higher than the launching-point; if the line of flight were projected downwards to the level of the archers, the cast would have been greater. Again, Herodotus says that the Persians wound hemp around their arrows. Hollow heads for incendiary arrows ( JSA-A iii [1960] 22–24) were apparently a later invention; at any rate piles from this assault on the Acropolis are all typical Iranian war-heads (Hesperia ii [1933] 341–342; iv [1935] 114–117). The tinder binding—bulky enough to keep a spark through the trajectory, and then to kindle the barricade—would interfere with the smooth flow of air past the shaft and curtail the range. It follows that, if a fire arrow from the Areopagus could reach the Acropolis 155 metres away, a war arrow from the same bow would carry even further. There are uncertainties, admittedly, but it seems unwise to jettison the testimony of Herodotus viii 52.1 on these grounds.
EFFECTS OF FRONTAL LOBOTOMY IN MAN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MULTIPLE CHOICE TASK.

Abstract Using a small special purpose computer (DADTA) a series of multiple choice problems was presented to a group of twenty lobotomized subjects and their matched controls. The problems were similar to those given in a previous experiment to monkeys with frontal lesions. Human problem solving just as monkeys' was found markedly impaired by the frontal surgery, although some differences between its effects on man and beast were also noted.
Very long term memory for tacit knowledge.

Abstract Very long term memory for abstract materials was examined by recalling subjects who had served in a synthetic grammar learning experiment two years earlier. In that study (Reber & Allen, 1978) we differentiated among several cognitive modes of acquisition, their resultant memorial representations, and their associated decision processes. Two years later and without any opportunity for rehearsal or relearning, subjects still retain knowledge of these grammars to a remarkable degree. Although some differences have become blurred with the passage of time, the form and structure of that knowledge and the manner in which it is put to use remain strikingly similar to the original. That is, differences traceable to acquisition mode and conditions of initial training can still be observed. As in the original study, these results are discussed within the general context of a functionalist approach to complex cognitive processes.
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DIFFERENT SURFACE ECG MORPHOLOGIES OF RECURRENT MONOMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY PROCAINAMIDE

ECG Pleomorphism of Ventricular Tachycardia. Introduction: Distinct surface ECG morphologies (ECGMs), from one episode to the next, of recurrent monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the same patient complicate endocardial catheter mapping and the success of ablative therapy. This study investigates the incidence and mechanisms of multiple ECGMs during recurrent monomorphic VTs in a canine model of experimental myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results: Computerized ECG analysis and simultaneous endocardial and epicardial activation mapping with a 64 bipolar electrode array were used to analyze the relation between site of VT origin, local activation sequence, and surface ECGM in 72 VT episodes induced in 9 of 17 dogs with experimental MI. Pairwise comparisons of all VTs induced in the same animal were done in drug-free state (47 VTs) and after intravenous procainamide (25 VTs). In drug-free state, VT pairs with similar surface ECGMs manifested endocardial hreak-through sites (BSs) within a distance < 10 mm in 46 (100%) of 46 VT pairs compared to 43 (45%) of 95 VT pairs with different surface ECGMs (P < 0.0001). Of all 89 VT pairs with endocardial BSs within < 10 mm, similar endocardial activation patterns were found in 34 (74%) of 46 pairs with similar ECGMs in contrast to 6 (14%) of 43 pairs with different ECGMs (P < 0.001). Similar comparisons of VT pairs induced after intravenous procainamide administration showed that the endocardial BSs were located within < 10 mm in 9 (75%) of 12 VT pairs with similar and in 17 (49%) of 95 with different surface ECGMs, respectively (P = NS). Conclusions: In the same heart, similar surface ECGMs of recurrent VT are highly predictive of closely spaced endocardial BSs in drug-free state, hut not after procainamide administration. Nearly half of the VTs with different surface ECGMs still originate from closely spaced endocardial BSs but commonly manifest a change in the endocardial activation spread from this site. Thus, assumptions about different mechanisms and sites of VT origin based on dilTerent surface ECGMs should be made with caution.
Predictors of naloxone use for respiratory depression and oversedation in hospitalized adults

Purpose Results of a study to determine the established risk factors most closely associated with the use of naloxone to reverse adverse effects of opioid analgesia in a hospital population are presented. Methods In a retrospective case–control study at a community hospital, pharmacy dispensing records were used to identify 65 cases over a one-year period that involved the use of naloxone for the treatment of oversedation or respiratory depression and met the other inclusion criteria; another 65 patients who received opioid analgesia during the same period but did not require naloxone were identified as controls. The influence of demographics and clinical variables on the likelihood of naloxone use was analyzed by linear regression and chisquare testing. Results Patients in the naloxone group had an average of 5 risk factors for opioid-induced oversedation or respiratory depression, compared with an average of 3.3 risk factors in the control group ( p < 0.001). Five factors were significantly associated with naloxone use: comorbid renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 6.034; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.565–14.195), cardiac disease (OR, 5.829; 95% CI, 2.687–12.642), respiratory disease (OR, 3.600; 95% CI, 1.742–7.441), concurrent use of central nervous system–sedating medication (OR, 4.750; 95% CI, 1.949–11.578), and positive smoking status (OR, 4.7421; 95% CI, 2.114–9.256). Conclusion Hospitalized patients on general medical units who required naloxone to reverse opioid-induced oversedation or respiratory depression had significantly more risk factors than matched patients who did not require naloxone.
Effects of impact modifiers on the properties of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites

This study examined the effects of impact modifier types and addition levels on the mechanical properties of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites. The impact resistance of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites depends strongly on the type and content of impact modifier. With the proper choice of modifier type and concentration, the impact strength of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites can be significantly improved without degrading the tensile properties. Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene and all-acrylic modifiers performed in a similar manner and were more effective and efficient in improving the impact resistance of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites than the chlorinated polyethylene modifier.
A Synaptic Function Approach to Investigating Complex Psychiatric Diseases

The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans and presents with a complex and variable psychiatric phenotype. Patients show cognitive impairment and have a higher probability of psychiatric disorders. As much as 30% of patients with 22q11DS suffer from schizophrenia, the strongest association between any mutation and the disease. Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disease that affects multiple brain regions, giving rise to a constellation of seemingly unrelated symptoms including hallucinations, social withdrawal, and memory deficits. Synaptic or neuronal malfunctions within certain physiological circuits appear to be at the core of these symptoms. Understanding disease at the synaptic level requires genetic model systems where intact neural circuits can be interrogated for functional deficits. Because of the overlap between 22q11DS and schizophrenia, models of 22q11DS may be key genetic tools for investigating both diseases. Here we discuss the advantages of using a synaptic function approach to studying mouse models of 22q11DS, review recent findings, and discuss them in the broader context of 22q11DS and schizophrenia.
Assimilation and opacity in Cotentinois and Island Norman: the derivational perspective

Abstract This research examines the dialectal and subdialectal variation which characterizes the phonology of intervocalic ‘r’ in several varieties of Lower Norman. It shows the complexities that result from the interaction of contextual lenition, schwa-deletion and assimilation. It disentangles the transparent processes which could easily be created by surface constraints from those which, in spite of being entirely productive in isolation, do not end up being surface-true.
Genomic Signatures of Distributive Conjugal Transfer among Mycobacteria

Distributive conjugal transfer (DCT) is a newly described mechanism of lateral gene transfer (LGT) that results in a mosaic transconjugant structure, similar to the products of meiosis. We have tested popular LGT detection methods on whole-genome sequence data from experimental DCT transconjugants and used the best performing methods to compare genomic signatures of DCT with those of LGT through natural transformation, conjugative plasmids, and mobile genetic elements (MGE). We found that DCT results in transfer of larger chromosomal segments, that these segments are distributed more broadly around the chromosome, and that a greater proportion of the chromosome is affected by DCT than by other mechanisms of LGT. We used the best performing methods to characterize LGT in Mycobacterium canettii, the mycobacterial species most closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Patterns of LGT among M. canettii were highly distinctive. Gene flow appeared unidirectional, from lineages with minimal evidence of LGT to isolates with a substantial proportion (6–13%) of sites identified as recombinant. Among M. canettii isolates with evidence of LGT, recombinant fragments were larger and more evenly distributed relative to bacteria that undergo LGT through natural transformation, conjugative plasmids, and MGE. Spatial bias in M. canettii was also unusual in that patterns of recombinant fragment sharing mirrored overall phylogenetic structure. Based on the proportion of recombinant sites, the size of recombinant fragments, their spatial distribution and lack of association with MGE, as well as unidirectionality of DNA transfer, we conclude that DCT is the predominant mechanism of LGT among M. canettii.