cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water-soluble copolymers: 15. Studies of random copolymers of acrylamide with N-substituted acrylamides by 13C n.m.r.

Abstract Quantitative 13 C n.m.r. analysis has been used to determine composition of copolymers of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonate (NaAMPS) copolymers of acrylamide with N -(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutylacrylamide (DAAM), and terpolymers of acrylamide, NaAMPS and DAAM. The n.m.r. analyses are unaffected by bound water, are relatively fast, require little sample preparation, and are nondestructive. The method involves the accumulation of spectra using pulse repetition which allows for retention times greater than 5 T 2 (spin-lattice relaxation time), as well as the use of gated decoupling to remove nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effects. NOE and T 1 data are reported for the polymer systems studied; a justification of the parameters utilized is given. Compositional data obtained by 13 C n.m.r. are in agreement with those determined by elemental analysis.
Brief report free-play behavior in inhibited and uninhibited children

Four-month-old infants were classified on motor activity and frequency of crying to visual and auditory stimuli. The subgroups that were either high or low on both variables were observed at 14 months during a free-play period in an unfamiliar playroom. Five free-play variables were combined to produce a composite on which a high score was indicative of behavioral inhibition. The infants who had been high in motor activity and crying at 4 months had higher inhibition scores than did the infants with the opposite profile.
Monte Carlo simulation of hard spheroids

Abstract We present Monte Carlo simulations of the equation of state and radial distribution function for a model fluid composed of hard spheroids.
On measures simultaneously 2- and 3-invariant

Furstenberg has conjectured that the only continuous probability measure on the circleT=R/Z which is invariant under bothx ↦ 2x andx ↦ 3x is Lebesgue measure. We shall show that under additional hypotheses, this is true. We also discuss related conjectures and theorems.
IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF THE G4(1W) AND G4(2W) GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS: COMPARISON UNDER NCHRP REPORT 350 TEST 3-11 CONDITIONS

Several types of strong-post W-beam guardrails are used in the United States. Usually the only difference between one type of strong-post W-beam guardrail and another is the choice of post and block-out types. The impact performance of two very similar strong-post W-beam guardrails are compared—the G4(2W), which uses a 150 x 200 mm wood post and the G4(1W), which uses a 200 x 200 mm wood post. Although G4(2W) is used in numerous states, G4(1W) is now common only in the state of Iowa. The performance of the two guardrails has been presumed equal, but only one full-scale crash test has been performed on G4(1W) and that was over 30 years ago, using a now-obsolete test vehicle. The nonlinear finite element analysis program LS-DYNA was used to evaluate the crashworthiness of the two guardrails. The G4(2W) guardrail model was validated with the results of a full-scale crash test. A model of the G4(1W) guardrail system was developed, and the deflection, vehicle redirection, and occupant risk factors of the two g...
EDITOR’S NOTE: Volume Overview

The spring 2014 issue of the International Journal of Telerehabilitation (IJT) contains four informative and timely policy articles: (1) an invited commentary describing the exploratory process underway within physical therapy to create licensure portability for physical therapists, (2) an analysis of state telehealth laws and regulations for occupational therapy and physical therapy, (3) an overview of telehealth evidence and key telehealth policy issues in occupational therapy, and (4) the World Federation of Occupational Therapists' (WFOT) Position Statement on Telehealth. This issue also contains original research evaluating the feasibility of providing pediatric dysphagia treatment via telepractice, a clinical report of student learning outcomes associated with an innovative experiential learning assignment involving (international) teleconsultation in a Master of Science in Occupational Therapy (MSOT) curriculum, a book review, and announcements from the American Telemedicine Association.
Differential effects of Tat proteins derived from HIV-1 subtypes B and recombinant CRF02_AG on human brain microvascular endothelial cells: implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction.

HIV-1 genetic differences influence viral replication and progression to AIDS. HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF)02_AG is the predominant viral subtype infecting humans in West and Central Africa, but its effects on HIV neuropathogenesis are not known. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Tat proteins from HIV-1 subtype B (Tat.B) and HIV-1 CRF02_AG (Tat.AG) on primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), the major component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0.ST arrays, we showed that Tat.AG had minimal effects while Tat.B induced transcriptional upregulation of 90 genes in HBMEC, including proinflammatory chemokines, complement components C3, C7, and complement factor B, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3, MMP-10, and MMP-12. These results were confirmed by real-time PCR. Compared with Tat.AG, Tat.B significantly increased MMP-3, MMP-10, and MMP-12 activities in HBMEC, and the MMPs tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 blocked Tat-induced increase in MMPs activity. Western blot analyses also showed that Tat increased the expression of C3 and its cleaved fragment C3b in HBMEC. These data suggest that genetic differences between HIV-1 subtypes B and CRF02_AG influence the effects of Tat proteins from these two clades on HBMEC, including molecular and cellular functions, and canonical pathways, which would affect BBB dysfunction and viral neuropathogenesis.
Musashi1 RNA‐binding protein regulates oligodendrocyte lineage cell differentiation and survival

Expression of Musashi1 (Msi1), an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein, in neural stem cells of the subventricular zone in the postnatal and adult CNS indicates a potential role in the generation of oligodendrocytes. We now show Msi1 expression in a subset of oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cells in white matter areas temporally and spatially associated with oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal CNS. Msi1 function was evaluated by infection of OP cells with retroviral transduction of Msi1 or knockdown of endogenous Msi1. Retroviral expression of Msi1 significantly reduced the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes generated from OP cells in vitro and in vivo during myelination. Msi1 transduction also promoted OP survival, particularly under conditions of challenge from oxidative stress, while Msi1 siRNA knockdown resulted in dramatic OP cell death. Furthermore, in experimental demyelination Msi1 expression was increased among cells associated with lesions, including OP cells, indicating a potential role in the generation of remyelinating oligodendrocytes.
Resistive Switching Mechanism in $\hbox{Zn}_{x}\hbox{Cd}_{1 - x}\hbox{S}$ Nonvolatile Memory Devices

Nonvolatile information storage devices based on an abrupt resistance switch when an electric bias is applied are very attractive for future memory applications. Recently, such a resistance switch was described in ferroelectric ZnxCd1-xS, but the mechanism of switching remains controversial. Here, we present results that elucidate the mechanism, showing that a metal needs to be easily oxidized and is capable of diffusing into the ZnCdS film as a cation impurity forming a filamentary metallic conduction path
Raman imaging microscopy: a novel chemical imaging technique

We describe a Raman imaging microscope that produces high-fidelity, large format Raman images and Raman spectra at close to diffraction-limited spatial resolution. A silicon charge- coupled device is used as a high sensitivity array detector. Wavelength selection of Raman scattered emission is achieved by an acousto-optic tunable filter, which maintains image fidelity and provides either continuous or random wavelength selection. Laser illumination is delivered to the object by means of an infinity corrected microscope objective, either by a galvanometer scanning system or a widefield fiber optic. The laser scanning mechanism has higher power densities and provides Raman microprobe capabilities when stopped at a prescribed point. The fiber optic illumination scheme, however, is useful for delicate samples which might be damaged by the higher power densities generated by the point scanner mechanism and for sample alignment and system focusing. Instrument features, including factors that determine the system's spatial and spectral resolution, are discussed in detail. Images and spectra of test objects and samples that demonstrate the capabilities of this imaging spectrometer are presented. The potential of intrinsic chemical imaging is discussed in terms of its use in the analyses of a variety of chemical and biological samples.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Care of the Cholestatic Patient

Cholestasis is defined as impairment of bile formation or bile flow. Care of the patient with cholestatic features is dependent on identifying the cause of the cholestasis, initiating appropriate treatment of reversible conditions, and the recognition and management of cholestasis-specific complications. Cholestasis may include extrahepatic ducts and intrahepatic bile ducts, or may be limited to one or the other. Jaundice and pruritus are the hallmarks of cholestasis clinically but biochemical evidence may, and often does, precede the clinical manifestations.
The polycomb protein MPc3 interacts with AF9, an MLL fusion partner in t(9;11)(p22;q23) acute leukemias

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins assemble to form large multiprotein complexes involved in gene silencing. Evidence suggests that PcG complexes are heterogeneous with respect to both protein composition and specific function. MPc3 is a recently described mouse Polycomb (Pc) protein that shares structural homology with at least two other Pc proteins, M33 and MPc2. All three Pc proteins bind another PcG protein, RING1, through a conserved carboxy-terminal C-box motif. Here, data are presented demonstrating that MPc3 also interacts with AF9, a transcriptional activator implicated in the development of acute leukemias. The carboxy-terminus of AF9 is fused to the MLL protein in leukemias characterized by t(9;11)(p22;q23) chromosomal translocations. Importantly, it is the carboxy-terminus of AF9 to which MPc3 binds. The AF9 binding site of MPc3 maps to a central, non-conserved, region of the polypeptide sequence. In contrast to MPc3, data indicate that the Pc protein M33 does not interact with AF9. This finding suggests a potentially unique role for MPc3 in linking a PcG silencing complex to a transcriptional activator protein.
Presence and characterization of nociceptin (orphanin FQ) receptor binding in adult rat and human fetal hypothalamus

Abstract High affinity and saturable nociceptin (orphanin FQ) receptors were detected and characterized in adult rat and human fetal hypothalamic membranes, utilizing [ 125 I]Tyr 12 -nociceptin as ligand. Nociceptin bound with picomolar affinity, dynorphin A with nanomolar affinity, naloxone and dynorphan A(1–8) with micromolar while des-Tyr 1 -dynorphin (dynorphin A(2–17)), several other opioids, morphine and benzomorphans failed to compete for binding at 1–10 μ M. Gpp(NH)p together with sodium ion markedly decreased binding, consistent with involvement of a G protein-linked receptor.
High resolution photoconductivity studies of residual shallow donors in ultrapure Ge

Abstract High resolution photoconductivity studies of residual shallow donors in ultrapure (n = 2 x 1010cm-3) germanium have revealed absorption corresponding to transitions to higher lying levels not previously observed because of spectrometer limitations and/or line broadening due to impurity-impurity interactions. In this paper we list the results of our studies of four residual donors in high purity material, compare these results with a theoretical calculation for higher lying energy level spacings, and examine the temperature dependence of the two step photothermal photoconductivity process.
"Conversion reactions" in adolescents: a biofeedback-based operant approach.

This paper describes the brief in-patient treatment of two adolescents with hysterical conversion disorder. It is unique in that treatment was conducted on a general medical/surgical service. Although operantly based, the treatment utilized biofeedback and measurable psychophysiological changes as criteria to obtain reinforcement. The advantages of this approach to both patient and hospital staff are discussed.
A new informational base for social choice

Abstract As soon as Arrow (1951) had shown us the impossibility of designing ‘good’ social choice procedures based solely on individual ordinal preference rankings, the idea was developed of improving collective choice by gathering and using better information than just those rankings. Cardinal preferences and extended preferences have been favored alternatives. One common thread in this literature is the idea that using only rankings keeps us from employing knowledge about ‘intensities’ sities’ of preference to improve choices. The get-more-information approach has been unhelpful in the sense that you still get impossibility theorems that, though different in detail, still bear a family resemblance to those obtained for procedures based only on rankings of alternatives (see Kelly, 1978). Roughly, the greater information available at each point of the domain is offset by the much larger domain over which the procedure must operate. This paper illustrates these ideas again using a new informational base.
Paediatric environmental health speciality units in Europe. For when

More than 5 million children younger than 14 years of age die yearly worldwide due to illnesses related to the environment where they live, study and play [11]. Around 100,000 chemical compounds contaminate the natural ecosystems [12]. More than 40% of the illnesses attributed to the environmental risk factors affect children under 5 years of age [10,11]. The World Health Organisation considers paediatric environmental health as one of the main sanitary challenges of the 21st century and stimulates the development of strategies that allows us to approach, disclose and solve the problems of paediatric environmental health in special units and centres of excellence [3,4]. The European Strategy on Environment and Health recently recognised that childhood should be a special focus of attention and established the terms for the creation of experts’ groups and multidisciplinary technicians (including paediatricians) to plan and deepen environmental health aspects [2]. The ministerial summit of the European Union in June 2004, refusing to be impassive to the necessity of our times, has committed itself to try and deal with the relationship between childhood, health and environment with the motto ‘‘The Future of our Children’’ [1]. Following the steps and the direction marked by groups of European pioneers [13], the first Paediatric Environmental Health taskforce was formed in Spain in 2001 [5]. Taking a step forward, according to the guidelines of the WHO, UNICEF, UN, European Environmental Agency, American Environmental Protection Agency and the American Academy of Pediatrics, we have begun the long way towards the consolidation and recognition of Paediatric Environmental Health as a new, emergent and necessary sub-speciality of Paediatrics in Spain and Europe [6]. In the Paediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit Valencia (PEHSU-VALENCIA) (http://www. pehsu.org) our final objectives can be summarised as follows:
RESDEM, a tool for integrating temporal remote sensing data for use in hydrogeologic investigations

The dramatic increase in space-borne sensors over the past two decades is presenting unique opportunities for new and enhanced applications in various scientific disciplines. Using these data sets, hydrogeologists can now address and understand the partitioning of water systems on regional and global scales, yet such applications present mounting challenges in data retrieval, assimilation, and analysis for scientists attempting to process relevant large temporal remote sensing data sets (e.g., TRMM, SSM/I, AVHRR, MODIS, QuikSCAT, and AMSR-E). We describe solutions to these problems through the development of an interactive data language (IDL)-based computer program, the remote sensing data extraction model (RESDEM) for integrated processing and analysis of a suite of remote sensing data sets. RESDEM imports, calibrates, and georeferences scenes, and subsets global data sets for the purpose of extracting and verifying precipitation over areas and time periods of interest. Verification of precipitation events is accomplished by integrating other long-term satellite based data sets. The modules in RESDEM process data for cloud detection and others for detecting changes in soil moisture, vegetative water capacity and vegetation intensity following targeted precipitation events. Using the arid Sinai Peninsula (SP; area: 61,000km^2) and the Eastern Desert (ED; area: 220,000km^2) of Egypt as test sites, we demonstrate how RESDEM outputs (verified precipitation events) are now enabling regional scale applications of continuous (1998-2006) rainfall-runoff and groundwater recharge computations.
Demonstration of a fluorometrically distinguishable intermediate in calcium binding by calmodulin-mastoparan complexes

Observations on the intrinsic fluorescence of a high affinity calmodulin-binding peptide, Polistes mastoparan, reveal a spectroscopically distinct peptide complex present at maximum concentration when 2 mol Ca+2 are bound per mol calmodulin. The intermediate is detectable only in solutions where calcium is limiting. The results are consistent with cooperative binding of the first two equivalents of calcium by calmodulin.
Temporal–contextual processing in working memory: Evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests

Three experiments are reported that addressed the nature of processing in working memory by investigating patterns of delayed cued recall and free recall of items initially studied during complex and simple span tasks. In Experiment 1, items initially studied during a complex span task (i.e., operation span) were more likely to be recalled after a delay in response to temporal-contextual cues, relative to items from subspan and supraspan list lengths in a simple span task (i.e., word span). In Experiment 2, items initially studied during operation span were more likely to be recalled from neighboring serial positions during delayed free recall than were items studied during word span trials. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the number of attentional refreshing opportunities strongly predicts episodic memory performance, regardless of whether the information is presented in a spaced or massed format in a modified operation span task. The results indicate that the content-context bindings created during complex span trials reflect attentional refreshing opportunities that are used to maintain items in working memory.
Erdheim-Chester Disease: Case Report and Review of Associated Urological, Radiological and Histological Features

A 48-year-old man presented with progressive gait ataxia, slurring of speech and bilateral leg weakness 6 months in duration. Neurological evaluation included computerized tomography (CT) of the head, magnetic resonance imaging and myelography, all of which were negative for neuromuscular deficiency. Positron emission tomography showed increased uptake in the radii and femora bilaterally. Presumptive diagnosis was Paget’s disease, and the symptoms stabilized for several months. However, the patient subsequently presented with bilateral flank pain and an increased serum creatinine of 4.5 g./ml. (normal 0.6 to 1.2 mg./dl.). CT of the abdomen demonstrated bilateral hydronephrosis and perinephric fat infiltration (fig. 1, A). Indwelling ureteral stents were placed and a diagnosis of Erdheim-Chester disease was considered. Plain x-rays of the extremities revealed cortical and medullary sclerosis of the distal radii and femora-findings classic for Erdheim-Chester disease (fig. 1, B). Laparoscopic retroperitoneal biopsy of the perinephric tissue showed nonLangerhans type histiocytosis (fig. 2). The patient is currently being treated with oral 6-mercaptopurine. He continues to require an indwelling ureteral stent.
Core binding factors are necessary for natural killer cell development and cooperate with Notch signaling during T-cell specification

CBFβ is the non-DNA binding subunit of the core binding factors (CBFs). Mice with reduced CBFβ levels display profound, early defects in T-cell but not B-cell development. Here we show that CBFβ is also required at very early stages of natural killer (NK)–cell development. We also demonstrate that T-cell development aborts during specification, as the expression of Gata3 and Tcf7, which encode key regulators of T lineage specification, is substantially reduced, as are functional thymic progenitors. Constitutively active Notch or IL-7 signaling cannot restore T-cell expansion or differentiation of CBFβ insufficient cells, nor can overexpression of Runx1 or CBFβ overcome a lack of Notch signaling. Therefore, the ability of the prethymic cell to respond appropriately to Notch is dependent on CBFβ, and both signals converge to activate the T-cell developmental program.
Acceleration by noradrenaline of hydroxylation of steroids by adrenocortical homogenates

Abstract The effect of d -noradrenaline on the hydroxylation of different steroids by bovine adrenocortical homogenates was studied in order to find out whether the stimulation of progesterone hydroxylation by catecholamines previously observed by us was due to acceleration of each of the individual hydroxylations at C-17, C-21, and C-11. It was found that C-21 hydroxylation was greatly accelerated by 0.04 m M noradrenaline whereas the rate of 11β hydroxylation did not change. Whether or not 17α hydroxylation was stimulated could not be decided since there was no steroid substrate available to study this reaction separately.
‘Good teaching for all students?’: sheltered instruction programming in Washington state language policy

Many in the field of language policy have called for studies that connect policy texts at the macro level with their interpretations in districts, schools, and classrooms at the micro level. The purpose of this study is to trace Washington's educational language policy through the layers of interpretation to educational practice to see how the policy impacts educational opportunity for English language learners (ELLs). It examines a small school district where the sheltered instruction model is used in mainstream classrooms as the main form of programming for language minority students. We utilize a critical framework to make connections between macro- and micro-level policies as well as highlight the tension between policy structure and educator agency. Ethnographic methods are adopted to uncover the impacts of sheltered instruction as implemented in this context for students and we examine key issues in policy implementation for teachers and administrators in the district. Findings reveal the disconnect...
Effects of the Order of Presentation of Evaluative Dimensions for Bipolar Scales in Four Societies

(1981). Effects of the Order of Presentation of Evaluative Dimensions for Bipolar Scales in Four Societies. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 21-27.
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus through liver transplantation

In November 2007, a liver transplant recipient was confirmed to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infection after the organ procurement agency notified our institution that the donor has been HIV and HCV positive. We reviewed medical records and the collected blood sample results for HIV and HCV testing. A 66 year old female with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis underwent liver transplantation. The donor was a male who had sex with men who received multiple blood transfusions during resuscitation. Preoperative testing for HIV and HCV antibodies were negative for both donor and recipient. Ten months later, HIV and HCV were identified with nucleic acid testing in the recipient and in the stored donor sera. This is the first reported case of HIV transmission from solid organ transplantation in 20 years, and the first ever reported case of simultaneously transmitted HIV and HCV. The current case represents a high risk donor with newly-acquired HIV and HCV who transmitted the diseases during the window period of the infections. In this era of organ shortages one option would be avoidance of any high-risk donor organs. Another option would be to continue the use of such organs with appropriate informed consent, acknowledging the limitations of current screening tests for HIV and HCV. This report should serve as a wake-up call to the transplant community to consider revamping organ donor screening for HIV and HCV using nucleic acid testing as well as reconsidering the ongoing use of high-risk donors.
Interaction potential between dynamic dipoles: Polarized excitons in strong magnetic fields

The interaction potential of a two-dimensional system of excitons with spatially separated electron-hole layers is considered in the strong magnetic field limit. The excitons are assumed to have free dynamics in the $x\ensuremath{-}y$ plane, while being constrained or ``polarized'' in the z direction. The model simulates semiconductor double layer systems under strong magnetic field normal to the layers. The residual interaction between excitons exhibits interesting features, arising from the coupling of the center-of-mass and internal degrees of freedom of the exciton in the magnetic field. This coupling induces a dynamical dipole moment proportional to the center-of-mass magnetic moment of the exciton. We show the explicit dependence of the interexciton potential matrix elements, and discuss the underlying physics. The unusual features of the interaction potential would be reflected in the collective response and nonequilibrium properties of such system.
Advantages of Providing Structured Supplemental Reading Instruction to Kindergarteners At Risk for Failure in Reading

This study compared the reading gains of Kindergarten students who were at risk for reading failure who were taught with either a structured supplemental reading program or with teacher-designed or teacher-selected instruction. The authors used a quasi-experimental design with preexisting groups to examine changes from pretest to posttest. Although both programs were effective in producing statistically significant improvements in word attack and phonemic awareness skills, results revealed a pattern of moderate differences favoring a structured supplemental program called the Early Reading Tutor. Furthermore, anecdotal information from questionnaires suggested that participating tutors who used Early Reading Tutor would recommend it to others and considered it an effective yet simple program to implement.
Copper interconnection integration and reliability

Abstract A processing sequence to produce a multilevel Cu/polyimide structure which is stable in a corrosive environment is described. Using a combination of dry etching and chemical-mechanical polishing, a fully planarized Cu/polyimide wiring structure was obtained. This technology has been successfully applied to the fabrication of 64 kb complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor static random access memory (CMOS SRAM) chips. Chip functionality was not affected by 12 thermal cycles from 20 to 400 °C. The electromigration activation energy for evaporated Cu, Cu(Mg), Cu(Zr), Cu(Sn) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) pure Cu was evaluated using a drift velocity technique. The mass transport rates of CVD Cu and evaporated Cu were found to be essentially the same, with an electromigration activation energy of 0.70 ± 0.05 eV. An Mg impurity in Cu enhances the electromigration damage rate in Cu, while Sn and Zr drastically increase the Cu electromigration failure lifetime.
Central tendencies, extreme points, and prototype enhancement effects in ill-defined perceptual categorization

In three perceptual classie cation experiments involving ill-dee ned category structures, extreme prototype enhancement effects were observed in which prototypes were classie ed more accurately than other category instances. Such empirical e ndings can prove theoretically challenging to exemplar-based models of categorization if prototypes are psychological central tendencies of category instances. We found instead that category prototypes were sometimes better characterized as psychological extreme points relative to contrast categories. Extending a classic and widely cited study (Posner & Keele, 1968), participants learned categories created from distortions of dot patterns arranged in familiar shapes. Participants then made pairwise similarity judgements of the patterns. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of the similarity data revealed the prototypes to be psychological extreme points, not central tendencies. Evidence for extreme point representations was also found for novel prototype patterns displaying a symmetry structure and for prototypes of grid patterns used in recent studies by McLaren and colleagues (McLaren, Bennet, Guttman-Nahir, Kim, & Mackintosh, 1995). When used in combination with the derived MDS solutions, an exemplar-based model of categorization, the Generalized Context Model (Nosofsky, 1986), provided good e ts to the observed categorization data in all three experiments.
An algal flora from the Upper Ordovician of the Lake Winnipeg region, Manitoba, Canada

Abstract Eight new genera and one new species of fossil marine algae are described. Preservation of the specimens is as carbonaceous compressions; a rare type for algal remains. These taxa comprise an algal flora collected from dolomitic strata exposed along the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg, Canada; the age of which is considered ti be Late Ordovician. Comparisons with extant algal taxa are made and solely on the basis of morphologic similarity possible affinities with green, red and brown algae are suggested.
Neural organization and responses to complex stimuli in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

The dorsal division of the cochlear nucleus (DCN) is the most complex of its subdivisions in terms of both anatomical organization and physiological response types. Hypotheses about the functional role of the DCN in hearing are as yet primitive, in part because the organizational complexity of the DCN has made development of a comprehensive and predictive model of its input-output processing difficult. The responses of DCN cells to complex stimuli, especially filtered noise, are interesting because they demonstrate properties that cannot be predicted, without further assumptions, from responses to narrow band stimuli, such as tones. In this paper, we discuss the functional organization of the DCN, i.e. the morphological organization of synaptic connections within the nucleus and the nature of synaptic interactions between its cells. We then discuss the responses of DCN principal cells to filtered noise stimuli that model the spectral sound localization cues produced by the pinna. These data imply that the DCN plays a role in interpreting sound localization cues; supporting evidence for such a role is discussed.
Low-frequency tone pips elicit exaggerated startle reflexes in C57BL/6J mice with hearing loss.

The strength of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) as a function of age was studied in adult C57BL/6J and CBA/CaJ mice, because altered ASR levels are a potential behavioral consequence of the neural reorganization that accompanies the early-onset hearing loss of the C57BL, in contrast to the normal-hearing CBA. For C57BL mice at 14–36 weeks of age, compared with 7-week-old mice, high-frequency thresholds measured with the auditory brainstem response (ABR) were less sensitive by about 25–30 dB while the hearing loss at low frequencies was 10–15 dB, but by 60 weeks losses of 45–50 dB were present across the entire spectrum. Their ASR amplitudes for 16 kHz tone pips were highest at 7 weeks and then declined with age, but, for 4 kHz tones the ASR increased in strength at 18 weeks and beyond to levels above that of the younger mice. This hyperreactivity persisted even in 60-week-old mice. The ASR for 16 kHz stimuli was positively correlated with hearing sensitivity, but the ASR for 4 kHz stimuli was positively correlated with hearing loss for mice that were 18–36 weeks of age. Furthermore, ASR amplitudes for 4 kHz stimuli were positively correlated with the 16 kHz ASR in young C57BL mice but negatively correlated in older mice. There were no similar ASR or ABR changes in adult CBA mice through 19 weeks of age. Correlations between ASR and ABR scores were always weakly positive, and correlations between 4 kHz and 16 kHz ASR amplitudes were always strongly positive. The ASR data in older C57BL mice with hearing loss are consistent with reports describing their increased neural representation of low-frequency sounds and reinforce the value of this strain for studying the functional consequences that accompany age-related cochlear degeneration.
The dynamics of foraging trails in the tropical arboreal ant Cephalotes goniodontus.

The foraging behavior of the arboreal turtle ant, Cephalotes goniodontus, was studied in the tropical dry forest of western Mexico. The ants collected mostly plant-derived food, including nectar and fluids collected from the edges of wounds on leaves, as well as caterpillar frass and lichen. Foraging trails are on small pieces of ephemeral vegetation, and persist in exactly the same place for 4–8 days, indicating that food sources may be used until they are depleted. The species is polydomous, occupying many nests which are abandoned cavities or ends of broken branches in dead wood. Foraging trails extend from trees with nests to trees with food sources. Observations of marked individuals show that each trail is travelled by a distinct group of foragers. This makes the entire foraging circuit more resilient if a path becomes impassable, since foraging in one trail can continue while a different group of ants forms a new trail. The colony’s trails move around the forest from month to month; from one year to the next, only one colony out of five was found in the same location. There is continual searching in the vicinity of trails: ants recruited to bait within 3 bifurcations of a main foraging trail within 4 hours. When bait was offered on one trail, to which ants recruited, foraging activity increased on a different trail, with no bait, connected to the same nest. This suggests that the allocation of foragers to different trails is regulated by interactions at the nest.
Energy distributions of gallium nanoclusters

Starting with the heat-capacity data of Breaux et al., [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8629 (2004)] we use the maximum-entropy method to calculate energy distribution functions for gallium-ion nanoclusters over a wide temperature range (100–1050 K). Specifically, we calculate energy distributions for clusters containing n=39 and n=45 gallium atoms. For the case of n=39 clusters the energy distribution gets systematically broader as a function of temperature with no indication of any marked structural change in the cluster. On the other hand, the energy distribution for the n=45 cluster first gets broader as a function of temperature but then gets narrower again as the temperature is further increased, indicating that there is some kind of structural transition taking place in this cluster species.
The ternary subsystem Sn4As3-Bi-SnAs

The portion of the Sn-Bi-As ternary system bounded by the Sn4As3-SnAs, Sn4As3-Bi, and SnAs-Bi joins has been investigated by thermal analysis, metallographic and X-ray procedures. No ternary phases are formed. A binary liquidus trough runs uninterruptedly from the SnAs-Bi join to the Sn4As3-Bi join. All alloys completed their freezing process at 255° C. An SnAs-rich crystal is the primary phase of precipitation over practically all of the compositional area studied.
In the Wake of September 11: The Clash of What?

Acute problems attend the interpretive framing of an unfolding foreign policy crisis. Just when perspective is most valuable, it is also hardest for policy makers and commentators alike to find because of the pressure to act and the value of quick and simple ways of understanding.' Historians have something important to say at such a moment. Understanding of the past is a useful, perhaps even essential, way of providing orientation in the midst of the press of confusing events. Historical perspective will not make any easier the resolution of the difficulties now facing the United States in the Middle East. On the other hand, it would be reckless to engage ever more deeply and especially militarily in the region without first considering the possible pitfalls that a historical perspective might reveal. The argument advanced here is that the nature of the conflict sparked by the horrors of September 11 and represented by the "war on terrorism" has been ill defined historically by those who have declared that war. Their justifications rest on simple binaries, usually couched in terms of defense of civilization and the march of the modern. We need instead a framework that eschews superiority and inevitability and prompts both some degree of self-consciousness among Americans with a voice in the policy debate and a modicum of awareness about those supposedly arrayed against us and ostensibly teetering on the brink of barbarism or trapped in tradition. The pairing proposed here is a bit less neat and a bit less symmetrical. On the one side is a seemingly potent and long-lived but perhaps hollow American nationalism quick to see evil, ready to combat barbarism, devoted to the advance of its way of life, and forgetful of a long record of U.S. intervention in the Middle East. On the other side is something considerably more complex-a multivalent politics in an Islamic
The four month drift of a Swallow float

Abstract A Swallow float at 1100 m depth was tracked by SOFAR in the region between Bermuda, Bahamas and Puerto Rico. During the four month life of the float it drifted 300 km to the west, a displacement which corresponds to an average drift rate of 2·8 cm/sec. This is consistent with previous studies and suggests that the transport to the west between Bermuda and the West Indies is well in excess of 100 × 10 6 m 3 /sec. The shape of the trajectory is such that it may have been governed by planetary wave dynamics. Inertial oscillations were observed with unexpected clarity. It is evident that they can remain stable for weeks, but on one occasion when the temperature of the water dropped 0·5°C, a sudden change in the oscillation phase and frequency was observed, a transition that is consistent with the float moving from one relatively well-mixed layer to another.
Non-identical peptide chains in mouse encephalitis virus.

An improved procedure for the purification of mouse encephalitis virus is described. The protein isolated from such purified preparations exhibited several electrophoretic components even after attempts to remove possible mutant or companion viruses by careful clonal purification of the parent stocks. All of these protein components, therefore, evidently derive from a single genotypic class of virus particles. The two major protein components were isolated by preparative electrophoresis on Polyacrylamide gel and found to differ in both amino acid content and in tryptic mapping pattern. The slower of the two major components, furthermore, appeared on the basis of its electrophoretic profile and tryptic map to be a partially resolved mixture. It is concluded that mouse encephalitis virus contains at least two and very probably three different major polypeptide chains.
QUIVERS AND MATRIX EQUATIONS

Abstract We discuss methods for solving some familiar matrix equations. The methods were derived from the theory of quivers, a powerful tool in the representation theory of algebras. It is not necessary that the reader understand quivers, but we include a brief explanation for those who may be interested.
Zone-center phonon frequencies for graphite and graphite intercalation compounds: Charge-transfer and intercalate-coupling effects.

The frequencies of several zone-center vibrational modes in graphite have been calculated from first principles, with results in very good agreement with experiment. By studying the effect of charge transfer and lattice-constant change on ${E}_{2g}$-mode frequencies, we find that the systematic stage dependences of both Raman- and infrared-active modes in graphite intercalation compounds can be understood by introducing a coupling to the intercalate of unconventional form.
Regulation of requirements for anchorage-independent growth of Syrian hamster fibroblasts by somatic mutation

THE ability of mammalian cells to form colonies following suspension in semisolid agar, termed ‘anchorage independence’, is a phenotypic characteristic associated with cells transformed by oncogenic viruses and chemical carcinogens1–5. Because this phenotypic characteristic has been correlated with tumorigenicity2–5, colony formation in semisolid agar is used frequently as a quantitative in vitro assay for neoplastic transformation, especially in studies in Syrian hamster cell systems4,5. It is therefore important to understand the molecular and physiological basis of this phenotype. If the expression of this phenotype can be altered by somatic mutation of identifiable genes, information can be gained concerning the mechanism of anchorage-independent growth in vitro and its exact relationship to tumorigenicity and malignancy in vivo. We have investigated the ability of cells of the highly tumorigenic Syrian hamster fibroblast line, BP6T (ref. 9) to form colonies when suspended in semisolid agar. Cells of this line produce fibrosarcomas in 100% of newborn Syrian hamster inoculated with ten cells. In addition to anchorage-independent growth, BP6T cells also exhibit other in vitro characteristics of neoplastic transformed cell lines, such as increased plating efficiency in liquid medium at low cell densities, and enhanced fibrinolytic activity9. In this communication, we report that the ability of this Syrian hamster line to form colonies in semisolid agar is dependent on its utilisation of exogenous purines by way of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, E.C.2.4.2.8.)- and adenine phos-phoribosyltransferase (APRT, E.C.2.4.2.7.)-mediated salvage pathways. Furthermore, this anchorage-independent property can be inhibited by a somatic mutation at the HPRT locus.
Molecular and functional differences in voltage-activated sodium currents between GABA projection neurons and dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.

GABA projection neurons (GABA neurons) in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and dopamine projection neurons (DA neurons) in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have strikingly different f...
POLY‐N‐ACRYLYLPYRROLIDINE A NEW RESIN IN PEPTIDE CHEMISTRY

Entirely beaded poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine-co-bisacrylyl-1, 2-diaminoethane-co-N-acrylyl-1, 6-diaminohexane-HCl(PAP), a new resin on which to perform peptide chemistry, has been prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization in quantitative yield. In addition to being a superior support to polystyrene, albeit readily adaptable to current techniques of peptide synthesis, its versatility has been further extended by the introduction and use of new peptide-to-polymer linking groups, which allow the use of the bidirectional approach to peptide chemistry. One such linkage, which connects the side chain of cysteine to PAP via an acid resistant S-carbamoyl bond, was used in a bidirectional synthesis of deamino-oxytocin. PAP solvates and swells in solvents with wide-ranging polarities, including aqueous media. Thus, peptide coupling reactions were performed in organic media of high and of low polarity as well as in aqueous solution.
Hyperleptinemia of Pregnancy Associated with the Appearance of a Circulating Form of the Leptin Receptor

Leptin is a hormone produced in adipose cells that regulates energy expenditure, food intake, and adiposity. In mice, we observed that circulating leptin levels increase 20-40-fold during pregnancy. Pregnant ob/ob females had no detectable serum leptin, demonstrating that the heterozygous conceptus was not the source of the leptin. However, leptin RNA and protein levels in maternal adipose tissue were not elevated. The circulating leptin was in a high molecular weight complex, suggesting that the rise in leptin was due to expression of a binding protein. Indeed, quantitative assays of serum leptin binding capacity revealed a 40-fold increase, coincident with the rise in serum leptin. Leptin binding activity reached a capacity of 207 +/- 15 nmol/liter of serum at day 18 of gestation, and half-maximal binding was observed with approximately 3 nM leptin. The binding protein was purified and partially sequenced, revealing sequence identity to the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor. We found that the placenta produces large amounts of the OB-Re isoform of leptin receptor mRNA, which encodes a soluble binding protein. Thus, the extreme hyperleptinemia of late pregnancy is attributable to binding of the leptin by a secreted form of the leptin receptor made by the placenta.
Annotated bibliography of numerical modelling in electromagnetic compatibility

This paper presents an annotated bibliography of numerical modelling in electromagnetic compatibility with emphasis on coupled transmission lines. Although the papers cited generally appeared in the open literature between 1980 and 1990, very useful works prior to that period are covered.
Estimation of Regression Model Using a Two Stage Nonparametric Approach

Based on the empirical or theoretical qualitative information about the relationship between response variable and covariates, we propose a new approach to model polynomial regression using a shape restricted regression after estimating the direction by sufficient dimension reduction. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that in the absence of prior information other than the shape constraints, our approach provides a flexible fit to the data and improves regression predictions. We use central subspace to estimate the directions and fit a final model by shape restricted regression, when the shape is known or is stipulated from empirical inspection. Comparisons with an alternative nonparametric regression are included. Simulated and real data analyses are conducted to illustrate the performance of our approach.