cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-181: Clinical Implementation of Task Group 176

Purpose: The implementation of TG-176 with regards to immobilization devices and couch tops as they effect dosimetric treatment planning. Methods: The external devices used clinically were scanned to measure their HU values. Plans were created in the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) using these devices, one that accounted for the correct HU value of the each device and another that did not include the device as a structure. A dose subtraction was performed between the two plans to evaluate the dosimetric differences. The metrics used for evaluation included attenuation and surface dose. Plan parameters were varied to evaluate the impact of the devices in different clinical scenarios. Results: While the exact HU values of our results are clinic-dependent, the protocol being implemented is widely applicable. We recommend a four step process for implementing this task group. First, physics should scan each treatment device to determine accurate HU values. Second, CT therapists should include in the setup note which table top was used during patient CT simulation and are asked to make immobilization devices as uniform in thickness as possible. Therapists should also index the devices whenever possible so beam will traverse the same area of the device. Third, the dosimetrist should manually correct the HU value for any external device, including the couch. For H&N cases, the rails must be removed from the couch structure. When rails are used during treatments, it is important to make note of their exact position in the setup notes. Finally, physicians should be made aware that there could be changes in surface doses depending on whether or not immobilization devices or couch tops are in the beam path. Conclusion: The protocol outlined above was implemented to reduce the errors that arise from ignoring effects of external devices, thus ensuring safer, more accurate patient treatments.
Head and Neck Studies Using MRA

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Trait analysis of the dentition of the Tarahumara Indians and Mestizos of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico.

A new approach of trait analysis of the dentition is presented, based upon study of both deciduous and permanent dentitions of 114 Tarahumara Indians and 63 Mestizos of both sexes and ranging in age from 5 to 23 years. Molar cusp patterns and numbers, and odontometries were analyzed and compared, and penetrance, sexual dimorphism, and concordance were investigated. To examine penetrance and expressivity of Carabelli's cusp and the protostylid, five categories of description of the surface upon which these cusps normally appear were made. Of particular importance was the finding that when expressivity of these traits is examined based upon a trait analysis scale which includes the entire range of expressions of the trait the frequency may be much higher than generally believed. Carabelli's cusp ranged from 95% for Mestizo males to 100% for Tarahumara males, although low frequency has been previously considered a Mongoloid trait. Current work is underway to re-examine several previous American Indian dental collections utilizing this technique of more discrete trait analysis.
Comparison Between Surface And VSP Reflection Imaging of Shallow Sites

We compared surface geophone shot records with multi-offset VSP hydrophone records at a bay margin depositional environment site, characterized by a complex interleaving of largely unconsolidated clay, sand, gravel and mud layers. The aim being to determine which seismic method was better suited to produce a reflection image between 3m (water table) and the basement at 35m, suitable for structural interpretation. We discovered that the VSP data had at least three times the bandwidth of the surface data, with lower levels of cultural noise. One of the most important advantages of VSP is the ability to resolve reflections from shallower depths than is possible with surface reflection techniques, and we determined that at this site we would not be able to image reflections above 20m. Additional advantages of using offset VSP imaging included accurate time-to-depth conversion, deterministic statics, and with reliable velocity control. We used inter-hydrophone baffles to attenuate and slow down tube waves, which facilitated reflection wavefield separation, and increased the recorded signal bandwidth. The VSP-CDP mapped image ties in well with cone penetrometer logs, and clearly shows reflections from thin gravel and sand units between 5m and 35m, with an inter-bed resolution of 0.5 m, out to a distance 9 m from the well. The mapped image also clearly shows lateral bed discontinuities, interpreted to be sand/gravel lenses and pinch-outs.
Aspen: a domain specific language for performance modeling

We present a new approach to analytical performance modeling using Aspen, a domain specific langauge. Aspen (Abstract Scalable Performance Engineering Notation) fills an important gap in existing performance modeling techniques and is designed to enable rapid exploration of new algorithms and architectures. It includes a formal specification of an application's performance behavior and an abstract machine model. We provide an overview of Aspen's features and demonstrate how it can be used to express a performance model for a three dimensional Fast Fourier Transform. We then demonstrate the composability and modularity of Aspen by importing and reusing the FFT model in a molecular dynamics model. We have also created a number of tools that allow scientists to balance application and system factors quickly and accurately.
Factors impeding Wiki use in the enterprise: a case study

Our research explored factors that impacted the use of wikis as a tool to support the dissemination of knowledge within an enterprise. Although we primarily talked to a population of wiki contributors and readers, we discovered two major factors which contributed to staff's unwillingness to share information on a wiki under certain circumstances. First, we uncovered a reluctance to share specific information due to a perceived extra cost, the nature of the information, the desire to share only "finished" content, and sensitivities to the openness of the sharing environment. Second, we discovered a heavy reliance on other, non-wiki tools based on a variety of factors including work practice, lack of guidelines, and cultural sensitivities. Our findings have several implications for how an enterprise may more fully reap the benefits of wiki technology. These include implementation of incentive structures, support for dynamic access control, documenting clear guidelines and policies, and making wikis more usable.
Danse macabre and the virtual churchyard

The late-medieval danse macabre was a multimedia phenomenon. Particular site-specific installations of danse macabre combined within themselves different representational media, including murals, architecture, sculpture, poetic inscription and kinetic bodily participation. This essay argues that the interactions among these different media took place for the medieval viewer in what we might understand as a virtual space. Furthermore, by seeing the danse macabre installation in this way, we can arrive at a new understanding of the form of the danse macabre poetic text, which similarly articulates itself as a virtual space accommodating the interaction of different forces. The essay makes this case by looking at a variety of extant visual traditions pertaining to danse macabre as well as at John Lydgate's ca. 1426 Dance of Death poem.
A sensitive solid phase microradioimmunoassay for anti-double stranded DNA antibodies.

A sensitive solid phase microradioimmu-noassay has been developed for measurement of antidouble stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies. In this procedure, advantage has been taken of the capacity of poly-L-lysine (PLL) to facilitate the binding of pure dsDNA to plastic surfaces. In the absence of PLL, binding did not occur. Diluted sera were incubated in PLL-treated dsDNA-coated microtitration trays and anti-dsDNA Ig was measured using affinity purified125I-anti-Ig of high specific activity. The synthetic DNA, poly dA-dT, was used as a model for dsDNA. In initial experiments, specific anti-DNA binding could not be demonstrated because of high background binding of patient Ig to PLL-treated surfaces. This was reduced by diluting test sera and anti-Ig in buffer containing 2% BGG and 1% BSA. Specificity of the assay for DNA was demonstrated by absorbing the anti-DNA activity on DNA-coated plastic. The binding of systemic lupus erythema-tosus (SLE) patient serum Ig to poly dA-dT coated trays did not diminish after digestion with nuclease S1, suggesting that the synthetic polymer is an appropriate model for dsDNA. Patient and normal sera were screened for anti-dsDNA activity using poly dA-dT as antigen. None of the 38 normal sera, 23 of 35 active SLE sera, 1 of 25 treated SLE, 4 of 35 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 of 35 scleroderma, and 1 of 13 polymyositis sera demonstrated positive anti-dsDNA activity. The anti-dsDNA values obtained in the radioimmunoassay correlated significantly with those obtained in the Crithidia luciliae assay.
Alport syndrome and pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Alport syndrome is a disorder associated with mutations in the type IV collagen gene and manifested by progressive glomerulonephritis. Little is known about the effect of Alport syndrome on pregnancy outcome. CASE: We report a patient with Alport syndrome whose pregnancy was complicated by rapidly progressive severe preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and acute renal failure. At 25 weeks of gestation, termination of pregnancy was performed. The patient's renal function was well controlled before pregnancy, but had not recovered at 6 months postpartum, requiring ongoing hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Alport syndrome in pregnancy has the potential for disease acceleration with rapid parallel progression of vasculopathy in the placental and renal circulations.
Inhibition of glutamate reuptake potentiates endogenous nitric oxide-facilitated dopamine efflux in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study

Abstract The current study investigated the effects of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate, N G -hydroxy- l -arginine (H-ARG) and the selective glutamate (GLU) reuptake inhibitor (2S)- trans -pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) on striatal dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) efflux in vivo. Concentric microdialysis probes were stereotaxically implanted in the anterior-medial striatum of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. Intra-striatal infusion of PDC (200 μ M) elevated extracellular (EC) DA and GLU levels concurrently over a 10 fraction collecting period without affecting EC asparagine levels. Infusion of H-ARG (200 μ M) for six 20-min fractions, also significantly elevated EC DA levels. In the presence of PDC (200 μ M), co-perfusion of H-ARG (200 μ M) resulted in supra-additive increases in EC DA levels. The synergistic effect of PDC and H-ARG infusion on DA efflux was attenuated by co-infusion of the NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (100–200 μ M). These results suggest that while both endogenous NO and GLU regulate striatal DA efflux via facilitatory influences, enhanced glutamatergic tone on striatal NOS-containing neurons may potentiate NO-synthesis and subsequently NO-induced DA efflux.
Ammoniation of Tropical Hays and Its Effect on Digestibility and Feeding Value

(.)Effects of ammoniation (70 lb/ton) on the feeding value of hays of Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), Bigalta' limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir) Stapf and C.E. Hubb], and Ona' stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) were evaluated. Ammoniation increased crude protein content by 2.7 to 8.1 percentage units (.)
A Decade of Democracy in Africa

This paper offers a broad retrospective on the experience of democracy in Africa over the last decade. It advances five major arguments to explain why the democractic experiment has had such a checkered history. It is argued that in order to gauge the pace and content of democratization, scholars need to move beyond the preoccupation with events in the political and legal spaces (i.e., elections and constitutions) by including a focus on issues such as changing social norms, generational change, and class and gender issues.
Radiation-inducible Immunotherapy for Cancer: Senescent Tumor Cells as a Cancer Vaccine

Radiotherapy offers an effective treatment for advanced cancer but local and distant failures remain a significant challenge. Here, we treated melanoma and pancreatic carcinoma in syngeneic mice with ionizing radiation (IR) combined with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) veliparib to inhibit DNA repair and promote accelerated senescence. Based on prior work implicating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as key mediators of radiation effects, we discovered that senescent tumor cells induced by radiation and veliparib express immunostimulatory cytokines to activate CTLs that mediate an effective antitumor response. When these senescent tumor cells were injected into tumor-bearing mice, an antitumor CTL response was induced which potentiated the effects of radiation, resulting in elimination of established tumors. Applied to human cancers, radiation-inducible immunotherapy may enhance radiotherapy responses to prevent local recurrence and distant metastasis.
Diagnosis of incipient malocclusions

The general practitioner is in a key position to discover early malocclusion in his young patients. Briefer, less complicated, and possibly more successful treatment of malocclusions can result from early recognition followed by treatment aimed at influencing the path of jaw growth.
A specification technique for generating and simulating supervisory control

Abstract This paper presents an approach to the generation and validation of supervisory manufacturing computer control code. It is constructed upon a platform of object oriented control code specification and automatic control code generation tools. The object oriented specification system is presented as a foundation for the simulation environment. The specification is discussed as a backbone of an integrated design to manufacturing environemnt.
The Calabi construction for compact flat orbifolds

Abstract In this paper we extend and generalize the Calabi construction for flat manifolds to flat orbifolds. Let Γ be an n-dimensional crystallographic group (n-space group) that is Z -reducible. Then the flat orbifold E n / Γ has a nontrivial fibered orbifold structure. We prove that this structure can be described by a Calabi construction, that is, E n / Γ is represented as the quotient of the Cartesian product of two flat orbifolds under the diagonal action of a structure group of isometries. We determine the structure group and prove that it is finite if and only if the fibered orbifold structure has an orthogonally dual fibered orbifold structure. A fibered orbifold structure on E n / Γ corresponds to a space group extension 1 → N → Γ → Γ / N → 1 . We give a condition for the splitting of a space group extension in terms of the structure group action that is strong enough to detect the splitting of all the space group extensions corresponding to the standard Seifert fibrations of a compact, connected, flat 3-orbifold.
Management of gift materials in an academic library

Purpose – This paper proposes to provide information on how to handle gifts in academic libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the author's research and practices developed at the Thomas Cooper Library at the University of South Carolina.Findings – The author has suggested ways to handle materials being added to the library's collection in order to make them accessible to the users even if they are not as yet cataloged.Practical implications – A new method is shown that allows keyword accessibility to MARC records in the local online catalog for donors' names, storage identification, and other details of importance, making the procedure simpler to use. It also allows for the rapid retrieval of materials.Originality/value – This paper provides useful guidelines for handling gifts to a library so that they can easily be retrieved and so that the donor can see how the library is handling the donation.
Revisiting the marketing domain

The two debates about the domain of marketing and the division between theory and practice are old, recurring and endless. Nevertheless, it is indubitable that marketing pervades society whether or not the critics like the idea of it or the troubling forms it sometimes takes. Similarly, the differences between theoreticians and practitioners are – like parts of a tree – also inevitable as they think differently, have different roles to play, have different languages and feel superior to each other. Those who are blind to these facts create the debates instead of realizing that is the way it is and making the best of it. Reasonable people bridge the gaps by understanding the situation and working cooperatively with their diverse colleagues.
Oscillations of low-current electrical discharges between parallel-plane electrodes. III. Models.

Simple models are developed to describe the results of measurements of the oscillatory and negative differential resistance properties of low- to moderate-current discharges in parallel-plane geometry. The time-dependent model assumes that the ion transit time is fixed and is short compared to the times of interest, that electrons are produced at the cathode only by ions, and that space-charge distortion of the electric field is small but not negligible. Illustrative numerical solutions are given for large voltage and current changes and analytic solutions for the time dependence of current and voltage are obtained in the small-signal limit. The small-signal results include the frequency and damping constants for decaying oscillations following a voltage change or following the injection of photoelectrons. The conditions for underdamped, overdamped, and self-sustained or growing oscillations are obtained. A previously developed steady-state, nonequilibrium model for low-pressure hydrogen discharges that includes the effects of space-charge distortion of the electric field on the yield of electrons at the cathode is used to obtain the negative differential resistance. Analytic expressions for the differential resistance and capacitance are developed using the steady-state, local-equilibrium model for electron and ion motion and a first-order perturbation treatment of space-charge electric fields. These models generally show good agreement with data from dc and pulsed discharge experiments presented in the accompanying papers.
The internal organization of the mouse caudate nucleus: Evidence for cell clustering and regional variation

From paraffin-embedded brains of adult mice, ten-micron sections were taken through the entire-extent of the caudate nucleus. Coronal, horizontal or sagittal sections stained with cresyl violet were used to examine two aspects of the internal organization of the nucleus: regional variation and cell clustering. A core of large cells located centrally in the head of the nucleus and ventrally in the body was described. This core is bounded by zones containing medium cells. Slightly larger medium cells occur laterally in the head of the nucleus than elsewhere. Based on these results, three zones have been described in the head of the nucleus: a lateral periphery, a central core area and a medial periphery. The dorsal area of the body of the nucleus probably corresponds most nearly to the lateral periphery, and the ventral area to the central core. Cell clustering is dominant pattern of organization within each zone. Only one large cell was seen per clumped cell grouping, and this cell could occupy either a peripheral or central position in the cluster. Medium cells participated in the clumped arrangement of cells, and also formed rings around fibers of the internal capsule.
Shallow seismicity and tectonics of the central and northern Lau Basin

Abstract The Lau basin is an active backarc comprising several spreading centers and microplates rapidly evolving in time. As such, crustal earthquakes within the Lau Basin derive from intrabasin tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal sources. Because of high mantle attenuation, small earthquakes from the basin are seldom recorded on land seismographs and it has been difficult to study the pattern of crustal seismicity. However, the 1994 LABATTS ocean bottom seismograph experiment in the Lau basin recorded more than 100,000 local T- and body phases allowing for a detailed examination of basin seismotectonics. Nearly 1000 events are located within the basin proper, with another 2000 associated with the forearc and the aseismic front. We identify two previously undocumented tectonic features, a triple junction in the northwestern basin and a nanoplate in the central Lau basin. The single most seismically active feature within the Lau basin is the Lau extensional transform zone (LETZ) just north of the Central Lau Spreading Center. Significant seismicity also occurs near the northern extension of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and along a southeast extension of the LETZ delineating the boundary of a previously unknown nanoplate. Swarm activity is common in the backarc basin and dominates regions associated with actively reorganizing tectonics. We see no evidence of deformation along the southern boundary of the Niuafo'ou microplate, where 4.5 cm/yr of strain is predicted. It is possible that the plate boundary extends eastward from the Fonualei rift (FR) tip towards the trench creating a Niuatoputapu–Tonga plate division rather than westward implied by the currently accepted Niuafo'ou–Tonga plate system, but more data are necessary from the FR to test that hypothesis. Instead, we suggest that the Niuafo'ou–Tonga pole is ~ 1.5° further north than previously proposed, reducing the predicted strain in this region to
Geochemical evolution of the northern Plains of Mars: early hydrosphere, carbonate development, and present morphology.

It is likely that early in Mars' history, abundant liquid water was available. Under a thick (several bars) carbon dioxide atmosphere, this water could have formed an ocean, located primarily in the lowlands of the northern hemisphere. An equilibrium geochemical model of this ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere and regolith of Mars was developed, and the results of this model were used to discuss the evolution of the volatile budget of Mars, including the deposition of large carbonate beds on the northern plains. Differential solutional weathering of these carbonate beds may have caused the formation of some of the enigmatic features seen on the northern plains of Mars, such as the thumbprint terrain and enclosed depressions.
A New Crawfish of the Hinei Section of the Genus Procambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae)

[Procambarus incilis n. sp., ein naher Verwandter von P. hinei (Ortmann), wird an Hand von 16 Exemplaren beschrieben, welche in Tumpeln und Graben der Kustenebene des sudostlichen Teiles von Texas gesammelt wurden., Procambarus incilis n. sp., ein naher Verwandter von P. hinei (Ortmann), wird an Hand von 16 Exemplaren beschrieben, welche in Tumpeln und Graben der Kustenebene des sudostlichen Teiles von Texas gesammelt wurden.]
The State, Public Policy and Heterodox Economics: An Introduction

While most heterodox economists endorse some amount of policy activism, there is no unified conception of the state and public policy in heterodox economics. To help clarify the similarities and differences within heterodoxy – and between heterodox and mainstream economics – a panel addressing this subject was convened in 2007 at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Thought. This article introduces the essays prepared for that symposium. They include an examination of the position of Marx and Engels, a clarification of the institutionalist views of Veblen and Commons, an outline of the perspective of Post Keynesian Institutionalism, and an account of some essential contributions of Classical Pragmatism (a major school of thought within the philosophy of science). The collection advances what Robert Heilbroner called “the worldly philosophy” by seeking to understand the role of the state in a world where institutions, defined broadly as social habits, adjust to other institutions.
Generalization From Natural Language Text

Generalization and memory are part of natural language understanding. This paper describes a model of generalization that is part of a system for language understanding, the Integrated Partial Parser (IPP). The generalization process includes the retrieval of relevant examples from long-term memory so that the concepts to be created can be determined when new stories are read. Generalizations are analyzed as to their critical parts and evaluated in light of later evidence. The knowledge structures used and a number of examples of the system in operation are presented.
A New Context-model for the Pseudo-distance Technique in Lossless Compression of Color-mapped Images

In this work, we propose a method that utilizes a new context model along with a pseudo-distance technique in compression of color-mapped images. Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) and Portable Network Graphics (PNG) are two of the well-known and frequently used techniques for the compression of color-mapped images. There are several techniques that achieve better compression results than GIF and PNG; however, most of these techniques need two passes on the image data, while others do not run in linear time. The pseudo-distance technique runs in linear time and requires only one pass. We show that using the proposed context model along with the pseudo-distance technique yields better results than both PNG and GIF.
New stroboscopic light source for intraoperative retinal fluorescein angiography.

We tested a new stroboscopic light source for intraoperative fluorescein angiography. A pulsed xenon light source and narrow-band interference filters are coupled to a 20-gauge endoilluminator and a 35-mm camera mounted on a surgical microscope. The system was tested with good success in a patient undergoing penetrating keratoplasty. An 18- to 22-μJ flash of 2 milliseconds' duration is achieved, which is well below the safety threshold level. This new stroboscopic light source provides a flash of sufficient light intensity to perform high-resolution, high-contrast fluorescein angiography during operations for the removal of opacified media.
Maternal and fetal plasma progesterone, cortisol, testosterone and 17beta-estradiol in preparturient sheep: response to fetal ACTH infusion.

Indwelling catheters were placed in 7 ewes and lambs in utero at approximately 120 days of gestation. Blood was sampled periodically up until the time of parturition and analyzed for progesterone, cortisol, testosterone and 17β-estradiol. Plasma progesterone in the ewe decreased from a level of 8 ng/ml 4-5 days prior to parturition to a level of 1 ng/ml on the day of delivery. In the fetal lamb plasma progesterone was rarely elevated above 1 ng/ml at any time during the study. Plasma cortisol in the lamb progressively increased from 2 ng/ml prior to days 10-11 prepartum to a level of 60 ng/ml at parturition. Maternal cortisol ranged between 5–25 ng/ml except on the day of delivery when there was an increase to approximately 70 ng/ml. Plasma testosterone in the lamb remained fairly constant around 4 ng/ml until just prior to parturition when it decreased to 1 ng/ml; no consistent fetal sex difference was noted. Maternal testosterone remained low throughout the study period at less than 0.4 ng/ml or approxi...
Ceramide induces hepatocyte cell death through disruption of mitochondrial function in the rat

Although ceramide signaling pathways have been implicated in cell death, neither their role in hepatocellular death nor the cellular mechanisms mediating ceramide-induced cell death are known. The mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) has been proposed as a common final pathway in cell death. Thus the aims of our study were to determine if ceramides cause hepatocellular death by necrosis and not apoptosis as confirmed by morphology and the absence of internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Ceramide-mediated hepatocyte necrosis was acyl chain-length, concentration, and time-dependent. Ceramides induced cell necrosis was associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and mitochondrial depolarization suggesting that ceramides caused mitochondrial dysfunction. In isolated mitochondria, ceramides induced the cyclosporine A-sensitive MMPT in an acyl chain-length and concentration dependent manner. Ceramide toxicity was specific as the less potent dihydro form did not induce cell necrosis, significant ATP depletion, mitochondrial depolarization nor the MMPT. In conclusion, ceramide induced cell death is acyl-chain length dependent and mediated by the MMPT. These data show for the first time that ceramide acts as a mediator of hepatocyte necrosis by causing mitochondrial failure.
Risk Factors Associated with Infection of Lower Extremity Revascularization: Analysis Of 365 Procedures Performed at a Teaching Hospital

Infection of arterial reconstructions is associated with high rates of mortality and limb loss despite optimal treatment. Lower extremity revascularization procedures performed at a teaching hospital were reviewed to identify risk factors associated with wound infection. Medical records, postoperative infection surveillance forms, and a computerized vascular registry for lower extremity revascularizations involving a common femoral or more distal artery during a 3-year period were reviewed. There were 335 bypass operations (184 femoral-distal, 36 popliteal-distal, 17 aortofemoral, 13 femorofemoral, 11 axillofemoral, 74 graft revisions) and 30 other vascular procedures (arterial thrombectomy or endarterectomy). Factors analyzed included age, gender, diabetes mellitus, dialysis dependence, malnutrition, obesity, ipsilateral foot ulcer or gangrene, separate admissions within the month preceding surgery, length of hospital stay before surgery, length of operation, wound hematoma requiring reoperation, vein or prosthetic grafts, or redo surgery. Risk factors commonly thought to increase wound infection following lower extremity revascularizations, such as diabetes, obesity, renal failure, redo surgery, and prosthetic grafts, did not predict this complication in this series. Given the correlation of operative time with infection, efforts to minimize operative time by "double-teaming" staff participation in teaching cases may decrease infection rates, although this is speculative. Vascular services should institute strategies to ensure that appropriate prophylactic antibiotics are administered in a timely fashion before lower extremity revascularizations.
Problems in the clinical assessment of memory

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of clinical memory testing in the light of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of human memory. It recounts some of the purposes of memory testing and inadequacies in the tests currently available. A brief review of information processing theory and experimental findings with Korsakoff patients and aged normals provides a number of considerations that must be attended to in developing more adequate memory tests in the future.
Cannibalizing Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae use endogenous cues to avoid eating relatives

Cannibalism is widespread among many different organisms, and can have both negative and positive fitness consequences. Avoiding eating relatives can minimize negative fitness consequences of cannibalism. Such avoidance requires kin discrimination, but evidence for this ability among cannibals is limited with little data that address the cues used in such discrimination. We examined whether larvae of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis avoid eating their relatives. We further manipulated environmental factors to create individuals that had similar or dissimilar rearing environments to begin to test for endogenous versus exogenous recognition cues. In our experiments, third-instar larvae were much less likely to cannibalize if they were interacting with a relative. Larvae that did cannibalize kin required more encounters, and significantly delayed cannibalism, compared to larvae cannibalizing unrelated individuals. Acquired cues were less important. Even though the different rearing environment resulted in significantly different phenotypic effects, similarity or dissimilarity of rearing environment had no effect on cannibalism, and there was no interaction between environments and relatedness in cannibalism. We suggest that H. axyridis has a well-developed kin discrimination system, and that kin recognition in this ladybird beetle is based on endogenous rather than exogenous cues. We also argue that these cues reflect either direct or indirect genetic effects on larval phenotypes.
Why Whitehead is not a “Process” Philosopher

According to the currently fashionable interpretation of Whitehead he was a “process” philosopher. It is the view of Professor Hartshorne, surely, and it is the view of those who publish the journal which is devoted to Hartshorne’s version of Whitehead’s Process Studies. 1 There is some truth in the view; it is not entirely false, but, I submit, it is not entirely true, either. I hope to show that the classification does some injustice to what Whitehead himself called “the philosophy of organism.”
Controlling extended systems with spatially filtered, time-delayed feedback

We investigate a control technique for spatially extended systems combining spatial filtering with a previously studied form of time-delay feedback. The scheme is naturally suited to real-time control of optical systems. We apply the control scheme to a model of a transversely extended semiconductor laser in which a desirable, coherent traveling-wave state exists, but is a member of a nowhere stable family. Our scheme stabilizes this state and directs the system towards it from realistic, distant, and noisy initial conditions. As confirmed by numerical simulation, a linear stability analysis about the controlled state accurately predicts when the scheme is successful and illustrates some key features of the control including the individual merit of, and interplay between, the spatial and temporal degrees of freedom in the control.
Computation of the central and noncentral f distributions

Recursion relations suitable for rapid computation are derived for the cumulative distribution of F′ = (X/m)/(Y/n) where X is χ2(λ, m) and Y is independently χ2(n). When n is even no complicated function evaluations are needed. For n odd, a special doubly noncentral t distribution is needed to start the computation. Series representations for this t distribution are given with rigorous bounds on truncation errors. Proper recursion techniques for numerical evaluation of the special functions are given.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System-Based Backcalculation Approach to Airport Pavement Structural Analysis

This paper describes the application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methodology for the backcalculation of airport flexible pavement layer moduli. The proposed ANFIS-based backcalculation approach employs a hybrid learning procedure to construct a non-linear input-output mapping based on qualitative aspects of human knowledge and pavement engineering experience incorporated in the form of fuzzy if-then rules as well as synthetically generated Finite Element (FE) based pavement modeling solutions in the form of input-output data pairs. The developed neuro-fuzzy backcalculation methodology was evaluated using hypothetical data as well as extensive non-destructive field deflection data acquired from a state-of- the-art full-scale airport pavement test facility. It was shown that the ANFIS based backcalculation approach inherits the fundamental capability of a fuzzy model to especially deal with nonrandom uncertainties, vagueness, and imprecision associated with non-linear inverse analysis of transient pavement surface deflection
Thermal selection behaviour in the estuarine goby Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper

The estuarine goby Gillichthys mirabilis behaviorally thermoregulates when placed in a laboratory temperature gradient. Avoidance of temperatures above 23°C is the most evident component of this thermotaxis. Temperature preferences of non-acclimated fish do not vary significantly as a function of season; nor does temperature acclimation alter the preferendum. Varying the temperature range of the gradient apparently modifies thermotaxis. Negative phototaxis evidenced by this species is subjugated by thermal preferences. Temperature preference does not vary diurnally. The heat resistance of this species was determined; there is no apparent relationship between heat resistance and temperature preference.
Splicing mutations in the CHO DHFR gene preferentially induced by (+/-)-3 alpha,4 beta-dihydroxy-1 alpha,2 alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene.

Abstract Cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were treated with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon racemic 3 alpha,4 beta-dihydroxy-1 alpha,2 alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene. Mutants deficient in dihydrofolate reductase activity were isolated. A carcinogen treatment at 0.1 microM yielded at 46% survival of the treated population and an induced frequency of mutation of 1.7 x 10(-4), 10(3)-fold greater than the spontaneous rate. By polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing, we determined the base changes in 38 mutants. Base substitutions accounted for 78% (30/38) of the mutations. We obtained, in addition, four frameshift and four complex mutations. The preferred type of mutation was transversion (A.T----T.A and G.C----T.A) occurring in 69% of the analyzed mutants. A purine was on the 3' side of the putative adduct site in every mutant. Mutations were favored at sequences AGG, CAG, and AAG (the underlined base is the target). Surprisingly, 42% of the mutations created mRNA splicing defects (16/38), especially at splice acceptor sites for each of the five introns. Thus, this chemical carcinogen may recognize some aspect of DNA structure in regions corresponding to pre-mRNA splice sites.
Proposing Regulatory-Driven Automated Test Suites

In regulated domains such as finance and health care, failure to comply with regulation can lead to financial, civil and criminal penalties. While systems vary from organization to organization, the same regulations apply for all systems. As a result, efficiencies could be gained if the commonalities between systems could be captured in public, shared, test suites for regulations. We propose the use of Behavior-Driven-Development (BDD) technology to create these test suites. With BDD, desired system behavior with respect to regulatory requirements can be captured as constrained natural language 'scenarios'. The scenarios can then be automated through system-specific test drivers. The goal of this research is to enable organizations to compare their systems to regulation in a repeatable and traceable way through the use of BDD. To evaluate our approach, we developed seven scenarios based on the HITECH Act Meaningful Use (MU) regulations for healthcare. We then created system-specific code for three open-source electronic health record systems. We found that it was possible to create scenarios and system-specific code supporting scenario execution on three systems, that iTrust can be shown to be noncompliant, and that emergency access procedures are not defined clearly enough by the regulation to determine compliance or non-compliance.
Alcohol and nutritional control treatments during neurogenesis in rat brain reduce total neuron number in locus coeruleus, but not in cerebellum or inferior olive.

Abstract Although a significant amount of progress has been made during the past two decades in determining the effects of alcohol on brain development, there is still a gap in the literature in terms of when the neurons in the brain are more or less vulnerable to the deleterious effects of alcohol. Using a rat model system, we examined the effect of alcohol on the development of three brain regions after exposure to alcohol only during the period of neurogenesis of each specific region. Our working hypothesis was that all three regions would be equally vulnerable to alcohol-induced reductions in neuron number after exposure during neurogenesis. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and the neurons of the locus coeruleus and inferior olive were chosen for examination because of their functional relation to the neuroanatomical circuit for motor coordination and gait, which is disrupted in children exposed to alcohol during gestation. Groups of timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were administered alcohol or nutritional control substitute daily by gavage during the period of neurogenesis for each region, or they were given no treatments. On postnatal day 10, neuron counts were derived from the three regions of the offspring brains by using stereological cell-counting techniques. The number of neurons in the locus coeruleus was reduced in both the alcohol- and nutritional control–treated groups relative to findings for the normal control group. There was no similar reduction in neuron number in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, nor in the neurons of the inferior olive, among the treatment groups. These results demonstrate that the period of neurogenesis is not a uniformly vulnerable period for the three brain regions tested, and the findings support the suggestion of a possible avenue for examining the underlying explanation for why some regions are more vulnerable than other regions during various phases of neuronal development.
Risk factors for the development of hepatic cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Hepatic cysts are a major manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This study examined 239 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients and 189 unaffected family members to define the factors that influence the presence and severity of hepatic cysts. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with hepatic cysts were older than autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients without such cysts (44.6 +/- 1.1 yr vs. 32.9 +/- 1.1 yr; p less than 0.0001). The number of hepatic cysts increased with age (r = 0.43; p less than 0.0001). Women were more likely to have massive hepatic cystic disease (greater than 15 cysts) than men (p less than 0.04). Women also had larger maximal cyst size (4.2 +/- 0.4 cm vs. 2.7 +/- 0.3 cm; p less than 0.004). Women with hepatic cysts were more likely to have been pregnant (p less than 0.001) and to have had more pregnancies (2.9 +/- 0.3 pregnancies vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 pregnancies; p less than 0.0009). Kidney volume (p less than 0.0001), number of cysts (p less than 0.004), percentage of cystic parenchyma (p less than 0.001) and predominant cyst size (p less than 0.001) were greater and creatinine clearance was lower (64.5 +/- 3.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 vs. 94.5 +/- 3.4 ml/min/1.73 m2; p less than 0.001) in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with hepatic cysts. By logistic regression, the frequency of hepatic cysts was related to increased age, increased severity of renal cystic disease and decreased creatinine clearance. Number and size of hepatic cysts correlated with the occurrence of pregnancy, female gender, increased age and severity of the renal lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hemispheric specialization in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence for a relation with gender and arousal.

The current study extends previous documentation of behavioral asymmetries in hand-to-mouth, self-consoling behaviors of infant chimpanzees. The underlying source of lateralized hand-to-mouth, self-calming behavior was investigated by comparing individual differences in neonatal arousal levels, regulatory ability, and motor performance with individual differences in the degree of laterality at 3 months. Asymmetrical hand-to-mouth, self-calming behaviors at 3 months of age were significantly related to general arousal at 2 days of age (i.e., the Range of State cluster scores measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale). Simply stated, chimpanzees with a right-hand bias in hand-to-mouth behavior exhibited lower arousal at 2 days of age compared with nonright-handed individuals. The only item of the Range of State cluster to distinguish subjects was irritability: Right-handed subjects were less irritable. Previously, a trend was reported with respect to sex differences in the laterality of hand-to-mouth behavior. With the greater number of subjects in the present study, we found that females exhibited a significantly greater right-hand bias for hand-to-mouth behaviors (12 of 13) than did males (9 of 15). We conclude that neonatal arousability, and not regulatory capacity or motor performance, predicts the degree of laterality found in hand-to-mouth, self-calming behaviors in 3-month-old chimpanzees. These data are discussed from the standpoint of early pari-parturitional or intrauterine factors affecting lateralized development. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cytokine production by mast cells and basophils

Mast cells and/or basophils have been implicated in the expression of a wide variety of biological responses, including immediate hypersensitivity reactions, host responses to parasites and neoplasms, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and immunologically non-specific inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. Recent findings suggest that an important mechanism by which mast cells influence such biological responses is through the production of a broad panel of multifunctional cytokines. In contrast, the extent to which basophils can produce cytokines is uncertain.
Demonstration of a nanolithographic system using a self-assembled monolayer resist for neutral atomic cesium

This paper describes the formation of nanometer-scale features in gold and silicon substrates. The features in gold were made by using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of nonanethiolate on gold as a resist damaged by neutral cesium atoms. A SAM resist of octyltrichlorosilane on silicon dioxide was used as a resist sensitive to cesium atoms in order to fabricate features in silicon. A silicon nitride membrane perforated with nm- and micrometers -scale holes was used to pattern the atomic beam. Etching transferred the pattern formed in the SAM layer into the underlying substrate. Features of < 100-nm size were etched into the gold and silicon substrates. Investigations of the reflectivity of samples of nonanethiolate on gold, exposed to the atomic beam without a mask and subsequently etched, revealed that the resist-etch system exhibited a minimum threshold dose of cesium for damage; at doses lower than approximately 3 monolayers, the damage was insufficient to allow penetration of the SAM by the etching solution. The threshold dose for damage of the octyltrichlorosilane SAM on silicon dioxide is under investigation.
From empiric to mechanism-based therapy for peripheral T cell lymphoma

Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) represents a heterogeneous group of mature T and natural killer cell-derived neoplasms, comprising approximately 10 % of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although at least 20 distinct histologic subtypes of PTCL have been identified, the historical treatment approach has been uniform application of anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy, resulting in significantly inferior outcomes compared to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Because of the generally poor outcomes with conventional chemotherapy, PTCL represents an unmet medical need, therefore providing the opportunity to evaluate novel agents. Herein, we will review the evolving treatment strategies for PTCL, discuss how different treatment approaches impact the underlying biology of PTCL, and speculate on future targets for therapeutic intervention. We conclude that future efforts to develop effective therapies for PTCL will benefit from a biomarker-driven strategy rather than histologic classification.