cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long‐term calcium hydroxide treatment of a tooth with iatrogenic root perforation and lateral periodontitis

This case report describes the treatment of a lower right canine with a periapical radiolucency and a radiolucency associated with a lateral perforation that was made 10 years previously, during an apicoectomy procedure on the adjacent lateral incisor. Long-term calcium hydroxide treatment was carried out. After 3 months the apical radiolucency was greatly reduced and after 1 year was completely resolved. After 3 years a hard tissue barrier had formed across the lateral perforation defect, but at no time during the treatment period did the inflammatory lesion adjacent to the perforation improve. It is suggested that epithelial downgrowth and possibly periodontal pocket formation had occurred, allowing irritants from the gingival sulcus to sustain the inflammatory reaction in the perforation area.
Meta-evolved empirical evidence of the effectiveness of dynamic parameters

Traditional evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are powerful problem solvers that have several fixed parameters which require tuning. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the optimal values of some, if not all, EA parameters change during the course of executing an evolutionary run. This paper investigates the potential benefits of dynamic parameters by applying a Meta-EA to evolving optimal dynamic parameter values for population size, offspring size, n in n-point crossover, Gaussian mutation's step size, bit flip mutation's mutation rate, parent selection tournament size, and survivor selection tournament size. Each parameter was optimized both as the only dynamic parameter, and with all parameters dynamic. The most effective two parameters when acting independently were also allowed to optimize in tandem. The results were compared with a Meta-EA tuned EA using static parameters on the DTrap, NK, Rastrigin, and Rosenbrock benchmark problems. Results support that all tested parameters have the potential to improve solution fitness by changing dynamically, and using multiple dynamic parameters was more effective than using each independently.
A Methodology to Support Product Family Redesign Using Genetic Algorithm and Commonality Indices

Many of today’s manufacturing companies are using platform-based product development to realize families of products with sufficient variety to meet customers’ demands while keeping costs relatively low. The challenge when designing or redesigning a product family is in resolving the tradeoff between product commonality and distinctiveness. Several methodologies have been proposed to redesign existing product families; however, a problem with most of these methods is that they require a considerable amount of information that is not often readily available, and hence their use has been limited. In this research, we propose a methodology to help designers during product family redesign. This methodology is based on the use of a genetic algorithm and commonality indices - metrics to assess the level of commonality within a product family. Unlike most other research in which the redesign of a product family is the result of many human computations, the proposed methodology reduces human intervention and improves accuracy, repeatability, and robustness of the results. Moreover, it is based on data that is relatively easy to acquire. As an example, a family of computer mice is analyzed using the Product Line Commonality Index. Recommendations are given at the product family level (assessment of the overall design of the product family), and at the component level (which components to redesign and how to redesign them). The methodology provides a systematic methodology for product family redesign.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Two-Flux and Diffusion Methods for Radiative Transfer in Composite Layers

Temperature distributions and heat fluxes are predicted in composite semitransparent layers heated or cooled on both sides by radiation and convection. Two approximate methods were used for performing spectral calculations, and the results were validated by comparison with `exact ` numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equations. The composite layers have refractive indices larger than one, and isotropic scattering is included. The two-flux method for multilayer composites gave good agreement with numerical solutions for the conditions considered. For a composite with an optically thick layer, the theory was developed to use the diffusion method and join it to the two-flux method in an adjacent layer. Convergence is improved over using the two-flux method in the optically thick layer. When the hot surroundings are at a different temperature than the gas on the hot side, large temperature gradients can occur near the hot boundary that can cause thermal stresses. If the surroundings are at a higher temperature than the gas on the hot side, the maximum temperature can be within the material rather than at the surface. This is important if the material is operating near its upper temperature limit for adequate strength. 8 refs., 4 figs.
Con: The choice of muscle relaxants is not important in cardiac surgery

p RIMUM NON nocere--even for those with minimal retention of previously learned Latin, this admonition lurks in the subconscious of every anesthesiologist as they practice. It is learned in pharmacology that drugs are poisons and that even good drugs can do bad things. When this is coupled with the knowledge that general anesthesia in and of itself is not therapeutic, it would seem difficult to argue in favor of using drugs like pancuronium with known cardiovascular side effects in patients at increased risk of postoperative cardiac complications. However, when the entire perioperatwe period and available outcome studies are considered, there is not sufficient evidence to objectively conclude that the choice of muscle relaxant is of any consequence in the management of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Anesthesiology has made tremendous progress in the management of patients with severe pathophysiology requiring surgical procedures, as exemplified by the current trends in morbidity and mortality for patients with coronary artery disease requiring noncardiac or CABG surgery. The belief has developed that meticulous management of intraoperative physiology will optimize postoperative outcome. One example of this approach is the study by Rao et al evaluating the effects of intensive, invasive perioperative management on the incidence of myocardial reinfarction after noncardiac surgery. 1 But care must be taken not to overextrapolate from the data presented in such studies. Slogoff and Keats focused more directly on the patient population at hand by evaluating the relationship between perioperative electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and postoperative myocardial infarction (PMI) in 1,023 patients undergoing CABG surgery at the Texas Heart Institute. 2 All of these patients received pancuronium, and 42 suffered a PMI. By using dedicated observers to record ECG and hemodynamic data, they demonstrated isehemic ECG changes in 37% of their patients. About 7% of these patients subsequently developed a PMI. Ischemia was associated with hemodynamic changes, most specifically, tachycardia. They recorded the association of tachycardia with intraoperative events (eg, intubation, incision, cannulation) but did not report any connection with drug administration. They concluded that despite previous extensive discussions, here at last was proof of the relationship among perioperative ischemia, intraoperative hemodynarnic changes, and postoperative myocardial infarction. The accompanying editorial even more boldly proclaimed "Perianesthetic ischemie episodes c a u s e myocardial infarction in humans--a hypothesis confirmed.'3
Skin is an active site for the inner ring monodeiodination of thyroxine to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine.

T4 (0.26 μm) was incubated in 0.1 m phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 10 mm EDTA with homogenates (3–5 mg protein) of various rat tissues and up to 400 mm dithiothreitol (DTT) for 1 h at 37 C; the rT3 generated was measured by RIA of ethanol extracts of the incubation mixture. Among the various tissues of the male rat, homogenates of skin and cerebral cortex were very active in the conversion of T4 to rT3; other tissues demonstrated little or no T4 5-monodeiodinating activity (MA). The tissue content of rT3 was also greatest in these two tissues. The MA in skin increased linearly with incubation period (up to 4 h) and with increasing concentration of protein (up to 5 mg), substrate (up to 10 μm) and DTT (up to 400 mm); its optimal pH was 7.4, and optimal temperature was 37 C. Its Km and maximum velocity approximated 0.29 μm and 9.6 pmol/h · mg protein, respectively, in the presence of 400 mm DTT. There was no appreciable difference in T4 to rT3 MA of skin from different parts of the body. The MA was mo...
Feminism and Women's Friendships

The ideology of “sisterhood” within the feminist movement suggests that feminists' and nonfeminists' same-sex friendships would differ profoundly. This assumption was tested by examining the friendships of 45 heterosexual nonfeminists, 43 heterosexual feminists, and 38 lesbian feminists from a large midwestern city. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 46. Using objective measures, differences were found between feminists and nonfeminists for some structural dimensions of friendship, including number of cross-generational friendships, degree of equality, and amount of privacy preferred with a best friend. Lesbian feminists preferred more privacy with their friends than nonfeminists, but rated their friends as lower on relationship quality and degree of equality than heterosexual feminists and nonfeminists. The three groups did not differ on the affective content of friendship, including liking, loving, satisfaction and commitment. However, feminists subjectively perceived their feminism as having contrib...
THE EFFECTS OF MEAN STRESS AND STRESS CONCENTRATION ON FATIGUE UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND TWISTING

The Gough test data on fatigue under combined bending and twisting with superimposed mean bending and torsion stresses with and without stress raisers has been re-investigated in terms of the stresses acting on the plane of maximum range of shear stress. It has been shown that the allowable amplitude of shear stress on this plane can be predicted from an equation of the form τa= [t - c1 (Kt×σa)1.5−c2σ2m]/Kt where σa and σm are the normal stress amplitude and mean normal stress respectively on the plane of maximum range of shear stress, c1 and c2 are defined material constants and Kt is the theoretical stress concentration factor.
The Perception of Kosher as a Third Party Certification Claim in Advertising for Familiar and Unfamiliar Brands

This study was undertaken to investigate the inclusion of a kosher claim in an advertisement for a familiar and unfamiliar brand of breakfast cereal. Results showed that, as hypothesized, for the familiar brand a kosher third party endorsement led to significantly more kosher attribute-related thoughts, more favorable product attitude and greater purchase intention. For the unfamiliar brand, no significant impact upon these dependent measures was observed given a kosher endorsement. Findings are interpreted from a cognitive perspective regarding the salience of the kosher attribute in a product familiarity context. Managerial implications are discussed.
Ultracold three-body collisions near narrow Feshbach resonances

We study ultracold three-body collisions of bosons and fermions when the interatomic interaction is tuned near a narrow Feshbach resonance. We show that the width of the resonance has a substantial impact on the collisional properties of ultracold gases in the strongly interacting regime. From our numerical and analytical analyses, we identify universal features dependent on the resonance width. Remarkably, we find that all inelastic processes near narrow resonances leading to deeply bound states in bosonic systems are suppressed, while those for fermionic systems are enhanced. As a result, narrow resonances present a scenario that is the reverse of that found for broad resonances, opening up the possibility of creating stable samples of ultracold bosonic gases with large scattering lengths.
Video frame rate up conversion under inconsistent camera

In this paper, we address the problem of video frame rate up conversion (FRC) in compressed domain. FRC is often recognized as video temporal interpolation. The problem is very challenging when targeted for a video sequence with an inconsistent camera and object motion. A novel compressed domain motion compensation scheme is presented and applied in this paper. The proposed algorithm uses MPEG-2 compressed motion vectors to undergo a cumulative spatiotemporal interpolation over a temporal sliding window of frames. An iterative rejection scheme based on the affine motion model is exploited to detect the global camera motion. Subsequently, the foreground object separation is performed by examining the temporal consistency of the output of iterative rejections. This consistency check process helps to conglomerate the resulting foreground macroblocks and weeds out the unqualified blocks, thus further refines the crude segmentation results. Finally, different strategies for compensating the camera motion and the object motion are applied to interpolate the new frames. Illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. Experimental results are compared with the popular block based frame interpolation approach.
The Relationship Between EDI and Supplier Reliability

IN BRIEF Past studies into EDI have shown, mostly by examples, that EDI can be used as a supplier management tool to achieve improved supplier reliability by providing both trading partners with better information. This, in turn, leads to closer supplier relationships, fewer late orders, and a decrease in problems with delivered quality, quantity, or mix. The research discussed in this article tests this contention by examining EDI usage patterns and supplier reliability in a sample of 30 companies that transmit purchase orders to their suppliers via EDI. The study found that the quality of delivered products and materials, as well as the delivery of the correct item/mix, is related significantly to (1) the buyer's experience using EDI as a tool in supplier management; (2) the willingness of both the buyer and supplier to share sensitive production and capacity information; (3) the acquisition of the EDI system; and (4) the level of EDI integration with other computer applications. Integrating the findings of this study with past research suggests that EDI can be used as part of an overall supplier management strategy to improve supplier performance and reduce the cost associated with materials acquisition.
Understanding the coupling of heteroaromatic substrates: Synthesis, structures, and reductive eliminations of heteroarylpalladium amido complexes

Palladium furyl- and thiophenyl complexes have been studied to uncover the origin of the difference in reactivity between coupling of five-membered heterocyclic halides and coupling of aryl halides and six-membered heteroaryl halides. A range of DPPF-ligated furanylpalladium and thiophenylpalladium halide and amido complexes were synthesized, and several examples were structurally characterized. The heteroatom in the 2-heteroaryl groups did not coordinate palladium to generate η2-heteroaryl complexes. The furyl- and thiophenylpalladium complexes underwent reductive elimination of heteroarylamines in yields that were much different for related 2- and 3-isomers. The yields of reductive elimination from these isomeric complexes paralleled the yields from catalytic aminations of 2- and 3-halofurans and 2- and 3-halothiophenes. This correlation suggests that the scope of the amination of five-membered heteroaryl halides is controlled by the reductive elimination step. The yields of reductive elimination correl...
The effect of physical organic properties on hydrophobic fields.

Physical organic structural properties of small molecules and macromolecules such as bond count, branching and proximity between multiple polar fragments contribute significantly to measured hydrophobicity (log P). These structural properties are encoded in the Rekker and Leo methods of calculating log P as structural-dependent factors. Regardless of the size of the atom primitive set, methods predicting log P with only atom primitives can miss subtle structural detail within series of related compounds. The HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions) model for inter- and intramolecular noncovalent interactions calculates atom-based hydrophobic constants, but uses all Leo-type factors in the calculation rather than a large set of atom primitives. Two types of applications of HINT are discussed: evaluation of the binding of an inhibitor (A74704) to HIV-1 protease, where it is shown that modeling of the protonation state (i.e., Asp25, Asp125) in the protein can strongly influence perceived substrate binding; and the use of HINT to calculate a third (hydropathic) field for CoMFA can yield a statistically enhanced and predictive model for molecular design.
Case study: Determination of the economic and operational feasibility of a material recovery facility for municipal recycling in Lucas County, Ohio, USA

Solid waste minimization and recycling goals for municipalities are achievable through the installation of material recovery facilities (MRFs) and in certain solid waste management systems, government owned and operated MRFs are feasible and cost justified. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a structured process to evaluate and determine the operational and economic feasibly of a government owned MRF that is based on financial engineering. As a companion, a case study from Lucas County, Ohio (USA) is provided that demonstrated this analysis process. In addition, the paper explores the impact of uncertainty in decision alternatives by placing a strong emphasis on economic efficiencies and a sensitivity analysis of the results to changes in the data inputs, specifically inflation, recycling levels, and recycling commodity market shifts. The key findings from the research indicate that the municipality will achieve a payback period of approximately 4 years, and a 10 years internal rate of return of 20.5%, versus the current system of out souring. The consequences of these findings, stemming from the economic and operational justification, led to the actual purchase of a MRF site for Lucas County, Ohio (USA). This research may serve as an example or model for other local governments considering the implementation of such a system.
Crystalline structure of α-form syndiotactic polystyrene

X-ray diffraction analysis has been used to study the crystalline structure of syndiotactic polystyrene. A highly oriented specimen was obtained by stretching a tensile bar in the solid state for 500% at 200°C. A total of 23 Bragg reflections were identified. The appearance of many Bragg reflections on higher layer lines indicates that three-dimensional regularity of the crystal structure is significantly improved after annealing under tension. All Bragg reflections could be indexed with a hexagonal unit cell a = 26.3, c = 5.1 A, which supports a previous observation by Greis et al. using electron diffraction analysis.
Preparation of fluorinated imides

Abstract A direct method for the preparation of trifluoroacetimides has been extended to the preparation of trifluoroacetyl trifluoracetimide and the new compound trifluoromethylsulfuryl trifluoroacetimide. Points concerning previously reported syntheses of trifluoroacetyl isocyanate have also been clarified.
Visible light emission from Si/SiO2 superlattices in optical microcavities

Abstract Bright quantum confined luminescence due to band-to-band recombination can be obtained from Si/SiO2 superlattices. Placing them in a one-dimensional optical microcavity results in a pronounced modulation of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity with emission wavelength, as a consequence of the standing wave set up between the substrate and top interfaces. For a Si substrate, absorption of light reduces the PL efficiency, but for an Al-coated glass substrate the PL intensity is twice that of a quartz substrate case. The addition of a broad-band high reflector to the superlattice surface results in enhanced narrow-band emission. These results show that a suitably designed planar microcavity can not only considerably increase the external efficiency of luminescence in Si/SiO2 superlattices but can also be used to decrease the bandwidth and selectively tune the peak wavelength.
Device Related Infections: Are We Making Progress?

Infection was identified early in development of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis, infection of implanted pump components, and infections of percutaneous drivelines continue to limit survival and decrease quality of life for patients with a MCSD. This review examines five questions related to whether there has been progress in preventing or managing infection complications in patients with MCSDs. Have changes in patient selection, device design, and surgical implant techniques decreased the incidence of infection? Do smaller implanted blood pumps have a lower risk for infection than larger implanted blood pumps? Will fully implanted circulatory support systems have fewer infection complications than tethered MCSDs? Can optimal design of a driveline together with improvements in surgical techniques and care of the percutaneous driveline diminish the rate and consequences of driveline infections? Have improvements in the preoperative, intraoperative, and immediate postoperative management of patients with MCSDs decreased the risk of sepsis? Although infection remains an important problem for patients with MCSDs, there is evidence that we are making progress as described in this review. It is crucial that we continue.
Methamphetamine-induced changes in brain catecholamines in rats and guinea pigs

Abstract Repeated administration of methamphetamine was found to cause longterm changes in caudate dopamine levels in the rat and guinea pig. Methamphetamine was administered twice a day for thirty days. Two weeks following the last injection, the animals were killed and brains assayed for catecholamine content. These long-term depletions of dopamine, when combined with similar observations previously reported in rhesus monkeys, indicate a species generality of the effects of methamphetamine on caudate dopamine levels.
Isothermal titration calorimetry method for determination of cyclodextrin complexation thermodynamics between artemisinin and naproxen under varying environmental conditions

A novel isothermal titration calorimetry method was used to determine the complexation thermodynamics for hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin with artemisinin and naproxen at varying temperature and pH. The new method is very useful for studying complexation reactions between cyclodextrin and drugs with poor solubility and all the thermodynamic parameters of the cyclodextrin complexation were determined. The analysis of the thermodynamic data reveals involvement of hydrophobic bonding in the cyclodextrin complexes studied. The data also reveals the presence of enthalpy-entropy compensation in the system and provide information as to the orientation of the drug molecule inside the cyclodextrin cavity. From the thermodynamic parameters for dissociation of HPBCD complexes of artemisinin and naproxen at pH 2 it is concluded that the complexation is primarily driven by enthalpy with entropic assistance at all temperatures studied. From the dissociation studies of HPBCD complexes of naproxen at pH 10 it is concluded that the complexation is predominantly driven by entropy and moderately by enthalpy at lower temperatures and by enthalpy with entropic assistance at higher temperatures.
On the determination of transmissibility and storage coefficients from pumping test data

This paper presents a graphical procedure for determining the formation constants of an artesian aquifer from pumping test data. The procedure is based on the principle that the coefficient of transmissibility is determined by the ratio of the drawdown to its rate of change with respect to the logarithm of the time since pumping started, or s/(δ s/δ log10t), use being made of the non-equilibrium theory. The computation of formation constants may be performed in two ways, and their results should be checked against each other. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the procedure .
Spatial Analysis of Choice Neighborhoods Initiative Planning Grant Applicant Neighborhoods

This report summarizes the findings of research on the first 3 years of the Choice Neighborhoods Initiative (Choice), a competitive grant program administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Choice make funding available for local actors in cities across the United States to plan for and implement revitalization activities in high-poverty neighborhoods containing severely distressed subsidized housing to transform them into sustainable, supportive mixed-­income neighborhoods. This research focuses on one component of Choice, the Planning Grants, and the neighborhoods identified by Choice Planning Grant applicants. The following section provides more information in general about Choice and specifically about the purpose and approach of this research.
Challenges in translating vascular tissue engineering to the pediatric clinic

The development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts for use in cardiovascular surgery holds great promise for improving outcomes in pediatric patients with complex congenital cardiac anomalies. Currently used synthetic grafts have a number of shortcomings in this setting but a tissue engineering approach has emerged in the past decade as a way to address these limitations. The first clinical trial of this technology showed that it is safe and effective but the primary mode of graft failure is stenosis. A variety of murine and large animal models have been developed to study and improve tissue engineering approaches with the hope of translating this technology into routine clinical use, but challenges remain. The purpose of this report is to address the clinical problem and review recent advances in vascular tissue engineering for pediatric applications. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neovessel formation and stenosis will enable rational design of improved tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
How to Feed the World in 2050: Macroeconomic Environment, Commodity Markets -- A Longer Term Outlook

The recent commodity boom was the longest and broadest of the post-World War II period. Although most prices have declined sharply since their mid-2008 peak, they are still considerably higher than 2003, the beginning of the boom. Apart from strong and sustained economic growth, the recent boom was fueled by numerous other factors; including low past investment in extractive commodities, weak dollar, fiscal expansion in many countries, and, perhaps, investment fund activity. On the other hand, the diversion of some food commodities to the production of bio-fuels, adverse weather conditions, global stock declines to historical lows, and government policies, including export bans and prohibitive taxes, accelerated the price increases that eventually led to the 2008 rally. This paper concludes that the increased link between energy and non-energy commodity prices, strong demand by developing countries - when the current economic downturn reverses course - and changing weather patterns, will be the dominant forces that are likely to shape developments in commodity markets.
Stroke imaging with xenon-CT.

This article briefly reviews the current literature and implementation of a typically non-first-line methodology to diagnose acute stroke: inhalational-mediated Xenon CT perfusion (Xe-CT). The intent of this article is to provide a short overview of this techniques; the reader is directed to the references for additional information.
Reliable information service for Internet computer conferencing

The Conferencing Information Service (CIS) described is developed to provide reliable information to users about ongoing computer conferences throughout the Internet. CIS is composed of three major components: the information daemon (ID), to store and retrieve information about the ongoing conferences in the Internet; the conference announcer (CA), to broadcast conference information to the IDs; the user interface (UI), to retrieve the current conference information from the IDs, to display the retrieved information to the user in an X-window based interface, and to allow the users to start a new conference or join a selected ongoing conference. >
A Case of Woman Abuse Gender Ideologies, Power Paradoxes, and Unresolved Conflict

Woman abuse is an alarming social problem that remains largely an enigma despite years of research. This article describes some of the complex individual and relationship processes that occurred in an intimate relationship where love and violence coexisted. It describes how gender role ideologies, the distribution of power between partners, and unresolved conflict are related to each other and to the emergence of violence and maintenance of couple bonds. Grounded theory is used to guide data collection and analysis in this single case qualitative study in which both partners were interviewed several times each over the course of 1½ years.
Life Without Parole, America's Other Death Penalty Notes on Life Under Sentence of Death by Incarceration

Life without parole is examined as a form of death penalty, namely, death by incarceration as distinct from death by execution. Original interviews with a sample of prisoners (condemned prisoners and life-without-parole prisoners) and prison officers are used to develop a picture of the experience of life under sentence of death by incarceration. It is argued that offenders sentenced to death by incarceration do not pose a special danger to others in the prison world or in the free world and that the suffering they experience is comparable to the suffering endured by condemned prisoners. Life without parole thus emerges as a viable alternative to the capital punishment.
Stilbenoid Dimers: Dissection of a Paracyclophane Chromophore

A series of paracyclophane derivatives that hold chromophores of varying conjugation lengths has been synthesized using palladium-mediated coupling reactions. These molecules mimic solid-state interactions in main-chain polychromophores and conjugated emissive polymers such as poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV). Their optical properties give insight into the energetics of photoexcitations localized in a discrete chromophore relative to a state containing the through-space delocalized paracyclophane core. Thus, 4-vinyl[2.2]paracyclophane (5) is obtained by reaction of 4-bromo[2.2]paracyclophane (3) and ethylene using Pd(OAc)2 and P(o-tol)3. Similar reactions starting with pseudo-o- or pseudo-p-dibromo[2.2]paracyclophane (4a and 4b, respectively) give the pseudo-o- and pseudo-p-divinyl products (6a and 6b, respectively). Using styrene instead of ethylene provides the styryl-substituted products. Thus, 4-styryl[2.2]paracyclophane (7) is obtained from 3 while pseudo-p- and pseudo-o-distyryl[2.2]paracyclophane (1...
Energy Balance and Obesity

This article describes the interplay among energy intake, energy expenditure, and body energy stores and illustrates how an understanding of energy balance can help us develop strategies to reduce obesity. First, reducing obesity requires modifying both energy intake and energy expenditure, not simply focusing on either alone. Food restriction alone will not be effective in reducing obesity if human physiology is biased toward achieving energy balance at a high energy flux (ie, at a high level of energy intake and expenditure). In previous environments, a high energy flux was achieved with a high level of physical activity, but in today's sedentary environment, it is increasingly achieved through weight gain. Matching energy intake to a high level of energy expenditure will likely be more feasible for most people than restricting food intake to meet a low level of energy expenditure. Second, from an energy balance point of view, we are likely to be more successful in preventing excessive weight gain than in treating obesity. The reason is that the energy balance system shows stronger opposition to weight loss than to weight gain. Although large behavior changes are needed to produce and maintain reductions in body weight, small behavior changes may be sufficient to prevent excessive weight gain. The concept of energy balance combined with an understanding of how the body achieves balance may be a useful framework for developing strategies to reduce obesity rates. Obesity is often considered to be a result of either excessive food intake or insufficient physical activity. There is a great debate about which behavior deserves the most responsibility, but this approach has not yet produced effective or innovative solutions. We believe that obesity can best be viewed in terms of energy balance. The first law of thermodynamics states that body weight cannot change if, over a …
Representing Japan: ‘national’ style among Japanese hip-hop DJs

Based on ethnographic interviews, this paper examines how Japanese hip-hop DJs distinguish themselves in the global marketplace in ways that reflect on Japan's two self-images: its impenetrable uniqueness and its adeptness at assimilating other cultures (cf. Ivy, Iwabuchi). Following the autoexoticist strategies of Takemitsu and Akiyoshi, DJ Krush and Shing02 draw on Japanese uniqueness by integrating Japanese instruments (e.g. shakuhachi, shamisen, taiko), genres (biwa narrative), and aesthetics (ma, imperfection) into their works; Evis Beats takes a more parodic approach. At the DMC World Championships, Japanese DJs including DJ Kentarō have competed on the basis of eclecticism and originality in assimilating multiple sound sources. While countering the stereotype of the Japanese as imitators, this emphasis on originality may place some contestants too far from prevailing trends, putting them at a disadvantage. Both strategies imply that Japanese artists experience anxieties regarding their authenticity, necessitating strategies to differentiate themselves.
Clusters of Behavioral Coronary Risk Factors in Employed Women and Men1

Clusters of psychosocial variables related to coronary heart disease (CHD) were examined in a sample of 412 university employees. Psychosocial coronary risk was found to vary along three independent dimensions: Anger Suppression, Type A/Anger Expression, and Coffee/Cigarette Use. Women scored lower on Anger Suppression, but higher on Coffee/Cigarette Use than men. When grouped by occupational category, maintenance workers tended to score higher on the dimensions of Anger Suppression and Coffee/Cigarette Use than other categories of workers. These findings show that behaviors related to coronary risk form independent clusters and may need to be considered by interventions designed to reduce CHD morbidity and mortality.
Archytas marmoratus (Diptera: Tachinidae): screened-cage performance of mechanically extracted maggots against larval populations of Heliothis zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on whorl and early tassel-stage corn

Mechanically extracted maggots of Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) were evaluated against larva populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) in whorl and early tassel-stage sweet corn, Zea mays L., grown within 1.8-m3 screened cages. A. marmoratus maggots applied in an aqueous carrier at 5.4, 10.9, and 21.7 per plant against late-instar S. frugiperda reduced subsequent adult emergence by 40.2, 56.6, and 66.5%, respectively. A. marmoratus maggots applied at 5.5, 12.5, and 25.0 per plant against late-instar H. zea reduced subsequent adult emergence by 56.0, 56.9, and 81.9%, respectively. Maggots applied on the soil surface at rates to 25 per 100 cm2 against larvae of S. frugiperda in search of pupation sites had no significant effect on the subsequent emergence of adult moths. Likewise, volumes of aqueous carrier at rates of 0.05–1.25 ml per plant had no effect on the performance of A. marmoratus maggots against H. zea larvae in corn.
Correlates of Sleep Quality in Persons With HIV Disease

This study used the Symptom Experience dimension of the revised UCSF Symptom Management Conceptual model to examine correlates of sleep quality in HIV-infected persons. According to this model, person, health/illness, and environment categories influence perception of a symptom. The average person in the sample (N = 58) reported being HIV-infected for 8.5 years and was 46 years old, not working, and a person of color. Depending on the level of data, either chi square or Pearson corrrelations were computed between the person, health/illness, and environment categories and the dependent variable, sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Person variables significantly related to sleep quality were employment status, trait anxiety, and general well-being. Health/illness variables significantly related to sleep quality were length of time living with HIV disease and five health status measures (depressive symptoms, state anxiety, symptom severity, daytime sleepiness, and functional status). The environmental variables associated with sleep quality were sleeping alone, having a separate bedroom, and sleeping in a noisy room. Correlates of better sleep quality are positive general well-being, less anxious personality trait and emotional state, less daytime sleepiness, less depressive symptoms, and less symptom severity. Correlates of worse sleep quality are impaired functional status and longer duration of living with HIV disease.
The Family Doctor and the Suicidal Family

Suicide is a broad social problem, the full scope of which extends beyond the medical profession. The physician is, nevertheless, one of the most important figures in the field of suicide preventio...
Effects of unilateral and bilateral auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cutaneous pain threshold.

This study compared the effects of unilateral and bilateral auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cutaneous pain threshold. Auricular acupuncture points were stimulated with low frequency, high intensity TENS for 45 seconds. Sixty healthy, adult subjects were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups or to a control group. The two treatment groups received low frequency, high intensity TENS either unilaterally or bilaterally. The control group did not receive auricular stimulation. Experimental pain threshold at the left wrist was determined with a painful stimulus before and after auricular stimulation. Both unilateral and bilateral auricular stimulation groups exhibited a significant increase (p less than .05) in experimental pain threshold, but the control group did not. The mean change values between the unilateral and bilateral stimulation groups were not statistically different. These results suggest that both unilateral and bilateral auricular TENS can increase pain threshold.
Elevated Staphylococcus Ceftriaxone MICs are an Etest Artifact

1Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A 2Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A *Corresponding author: 1600 Clifton Road, MS C‐16, Atlanta, GA 30329; 404.639.2162 (ph); 404.718.2174 (fax); BBL7@cdc.gov **Alternate corresponding author: Microbiology Laboratory, Mailstop GRB 526; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; 617.643.2908 (ph); 617.726.5957 (fax); vmpierce@mgh.harvard.edu
Synthesis of hierarchical materials

Abstract A major goal of material science is to produce hierarchical materials that are ordered on all length scales, from the molecular (1–100 A) via the nano (10–100 nm) to the meso (1–100 μm). In these materials, the larger-scale properties can be controlled by choosing molecular characteristics. Methods developed to produce three-dimensional, bulk-like hierarchical structures include biomimetic methods, which use polypeptides as building blocks, and amphiphile and colloidal templating, which use amphiphilic or colloidal mesophases as templates for inorganic mesoporous materials. Designing finite mesostructures with a given geometry still remains a challenge.
Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study.

Summary Background The association of depression with cardiac events has been investigated mainly in community cohorts, in patients undergoing catheterisation, or in patients who have had myocardial infarction. We have assessed the effect of depression on outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods In a prospective study, we followed up for 1 year 207 men and 102 women, who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We assessed depression with a structured psychiatric interview (diagnostic interview schedule) and a questionnaire (Beck depression inventory) before discharge. Cardiac events included angina or heart failure that needed admission to hospital, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, repeat CABG, and cardiac mortality. Non-cardiac events consisted of all other reasons for mortality or readmission. Findings 63 patients (20%) met modified diagnostic statistical manual IV criteria for major depressive disorder. At 12 months, 17 (27%) of these patients had a cardiac event compared with 25 of 246 (10%) who were not depressed (p Interpretation Depression is an important independent risk factor for cardiac events after CABG surgery.
Power combining oscillator array using metamaterial based injection locking coupling network

In this paper, a free space power combining oscillator antenna array using a metamaterial based injection locking coupling network is described and demonstrated. The unique metamaterial series coupling network utilizes the infinite wavelength phenomenon which allows it to support an infinitely long wave at a non-zero frequency. It is demonstrated that equal phase/amplitude oscillator synchronization can be achieved without regards to the antenna element spacing in the array. A small scale prototype oscillator array is designed to have compact, non-uniform element spacing to demonstrate the concept. An EIRP of 18 dBm at 2.37 GHz is measured.
Crystal structure of a hyperactive Escherichia coli glycerol kinase mutant Gly230 --> Asp obtained using microfluidic crystallization devices.

The crystal structure of an Escherichia coli glycerol kinase mutant Gly230 f Asp (GK G230D ) was determined to 2.0 A resolution using a microfluidics based crystallization platform. The crystallization strategy involved a suite of microfluidic devices that characterized the solubility trends of GK G230D , performed nanoliter volume free interface diffusion crystallization experiments, and produced diffraction- quality crystals for in situ data collection. GK G230D displays increased enzymatic activity and decreased allosteric regulation by the glycolytic pathway intermediate fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) compared to wild-type GK (GK WT ). Structural analysis revealed that the decreased allosteric regulation is a result of the altered FBP binding loop conformations in GK G230D that interfere with the wild-type FBP binding site. The altered FBP binding loop conformations in GK G230D are supported through a series of intramolecular loop interactions. The appearance of Asp230 in the FBP binding loops also repositions the wild-type FBP binding residues away from the FBP binding site. Light scattering analysis confirmed GK G230D is a dimer and is resistant to tetramer formation in the presence of FBP, whereas GK WT dimers are converted into putatively inactive tetramers in the presence of FBP. GK G230D also provides the first structural evidence for multiple GK monomer conformations in the presence of glycerol and in the absence of a nucleotide substrate and verifies that glycerol binding is not responsible for locking GK into the closed conformation necessary for GK activity.
Potential of DNQ/novolac and chemically amplified resists for 100 nm device generation maskmaking

Abstract An i -line optical resist based on diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)/novolac chemistry and a chemically amplified resist (CAR) were evaluated for maskmaking application in the 100 nm device generation. By using an optimized developer with a multiple-interrupted development process, a Shipley i -line resist, SPR 700, was found to demonstrate excellent lithographic performance with a bulk sensitivity of 19 μC/cm 2 and a contrast of 10 at 50 kV. The resist can resolve 130 nm minimum feature size (MFS). The measured critical dimension (CD) uniformity of etched chrome pattern is 7.6 nm (3σ) over a field of 126 mm×126 mm. On the other hand, a CAR, Shipley UVIIHS, demonstrates a higher bulk sensitivity of 12 μC/cm 2 with the same high contrast of 10 at 50 kV as the i -line resist. The CAR also resolved 100 nm MFS and demonstrates comparable CD uniformity of etched chrome images. Both resists exhibit very good vacuum stability. The coating stability of SPR 700 is greater than 3 months, which was the length of the study; UVIIHS needs an overcoat to attain similar coating storage stability. Both resists demonstrate strong attributes for use in mask technology for the 100 nm device generation. The DNQ resist is likely to be simpler to implement than the CAR.
Studies of the linkage and bonding of triatomics in transition metal complexes: Part 2. NCS− complexes

Abstract The geometries of NCS − coordinated to transition metals range over N- or S-linkage, N- or S- bridge, end-to-end bridge and possibly other arrangements. In the coordination of NCS − to transition metals, various metal-to-ligand angles have also been reported. We examine the linkage and mode of binding of NCS − to Co(NH 3 ) 5 3+ and to Ru(NH 3 ) 5 3+ by fragment analysis of molecular orbital calculations. Together with our studies of the coordination of other triatomics (N 2 O, NCO − and N 3 − ) to M(NH 3 ) 5 n+ (M=Co, Ru or Os), our results indicate that for the bonding of N 2 O, NCO − and N 3 − ) to M(NH 3 ) 5 n+ , (a) complexes with linearly bonded triatomics (i.e. ∠MXY=180°) are more stable, (b) N-linked complexes are more stable, and (c) the metal-ligand bonds are mainly σ bonds with “electron flow” from ligand to metal. For bonding of SCN − to M(NH 3 ) 5 n+ , there are two competing stable structures, which are comparable to experimentally known structures: (a) N-linked [M(NH 3 ) 5 NCS] n + is linearly bonded, mainly through a bonding, and (b) S-linked [M(NH 3 ) 5 SCN] n + is bonded with a ∠ MSC bond angle around 120° through both σ and π bonding.
Recurrent non-Q-wave myocardial infarction associated with toluene abuse

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