cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Than 30 Years Later: Intervention for African American Studies Required

The study of African American history was mandated in Philadelphia's public schools beginning in 1970. This mandate was a natural outgrowth of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. A march on the school board by students to protest the lack of any substantive content in their curriculum focused on the lives of people of African descent provided the catalyst for this shift in policy maker awareness but, more than 30 years later, the mandate remains largely unfulfilled in Philadelphia schools and many others around the country. Strained interactions between recently arrived African students and their African American peers in one Philadelphia high school prompted the present study. Five activities were designed to provide a more congruent history of the African heritage that these young people share. Many students of African descent continue to struggle to be reconnected to the rich African traditions from which they originated.
Effect of diabetes mellitus upon male reproductive function

D iabetes leads to metabolic abnormalities involving regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. These abnormalities produce pathology in a variety of organ systems; ophthalmopathies, neuropathies, nephropathies, and vasculopathies, among many other medical derangements, may be present. Insulin-dependent diabetics are believed to have a genetic predisposition activated by environmental events, which results in an autoimmune reaction to insulin-producing cells. Islet-cell antibodies are formed that deplete the B-cell population within the pancreas, leading to deficiencies in insulin secretion.’ The pathogenesis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is less understood, but it is thought that insulin resistance precedes the disease and that a positive family history is the most important risk factor for developing the disease. Researchers are unsure whether insulin resistance is sufficient for the development of NIDDM or whether it simply unmasks a primary B-cell defect2 Most of the attention and information concerning sexual function in the male diabetic has overwhelmingly been focused upon the diagnosis, incidence, etiology, and therapeutic intervention of impotence. Although diabetes is one of the major etiologies of organic impotence, our review seeks to define the effects of diabetes upon male reproductive function, which is distinct from potency. The male reproductive system can be divided into three components analogous to renal physiology: pretesticular (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, endocrine control), testicular (spermatogenesis), and posttesticular (ejaculation). Diabetes mellitus may have a deleterious effect upon any or all of these aspects, and the available data from
On the Production of the Hard Component of the Cosmic Radiation. II. Protons or Neutral Particles as Primaries

The general requirements for understanding the hardening of the cosmic radiation underground together with a terrestrial origin of the hard component are discussed. It is shown that the hypotheses of photons or protons as primaries for mesons lead to the consequence that the inversion of the production processes (i.e., absorption of mesons by production of photons or protons accompanied by multiplication of the mesons) must have cross sections smaller by a factor of order 10 compared to the production processes. As a possibility to avoid this difference, the hypothesis of neutral mesons as additional primaries is discussed.
Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism of poly(galacturonic acid), sodium polygalacturonate and calcium polygalacturonate

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra are reported for poly(galacturonic acid) solution and film, sodium polygalacturonate solution and film, and calcium polygalacturonate gel. In addition to the positive c.d. band near 208 nm previously observed, we find a pair of higher energy bands at 170 180 nm (negative) and 145 nm (positive). The low energy band, assigned to an n-π ∗ carboxyl transition, is blue-shifted upon gelation or film formation.
Alternative Energy Storage for Wind Power: Coal Plants with Amine-based CCS☆

Abstract This paper analyses the performance of a hybrid system consisting of an existing coal plant with post-combustion amine based CCS with amine storage, and a co-located wind farm. The amine storage system allows storage of the CO 2 -rich amine solution to reduce the energy penalty of the CCS system at times of high electricity prices/high demand. The amine-rich solution can be regenerated at an enhanced rate when electricity prices are relatively low or when wind power output exceeds the transmission capacity of the connector lines: effectively providing ‘storage’ for wind power and a mechanism for muting the variability of wind power output. Using prices and wind data from the eastern region of U.S., we find the optimal configuration and operation, profits, Cost of CO 2 Capture (CoC), and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the hybrid system, with and without constraints on the variability of the net power output. We find that favourable conditions regarding price arbitrage opportunities and wind power output variability -same or lower variability than that observed in ∼70% of sites in the EWITS database- allow the hybrid system to be more cost effective than other alternatives for reducing CO 2 emissions from an existing coal-fired power plant and/or integrating wind power as a component of a base-load plant. For example, hybrid systems with up to 10% of the total installed capacity from the wind farm, can operate as a base-load plant, and still be more profitable and have lower LCOE and CoC values, than a continuously operating coal plant with a CCS retrofit. Using an existing plant as a component of a hybrid system can result in lower CoC than replacing it with a new Natural Gas Combined Cycle power plant -assuming natural gas prices are in the range 6-8 $/MMBtu.
Regulated production of the chemokine CCL28 in human colon epithelium.

The chemokine CCL28 is constitutively expressed by epithelial cells at several mucosal sites and is thought to function as a homeostatic chemoattractant of subpopulations of T cells and IgA B cells...
The status of design theory research in the United States

Abstract This paper contains a discussion of United States design theory research. It begins with a definition of a design theory and a brief history of design theory research. This is developed into the factors that affect the research direction and results. The paper concludes with a listing of the types of research currently being persued.
Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein in Müller glia. Immunofluorescence study of the goldfish retina

Glial fibrillary acidic protein, the subunit of intermediate filaments specific for astrocytes, was localized by immunofluorescence in the Muller glia of goldfish retina. Based on previous studies reporting the localization in Muller glia of carbonic anhydrase C, an oligodendrocyte marker, we suggest that the main type of neuroglia in the retina combines properties which in the brain are specific for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Effects of Band Limiting on the Detection of Binary Signals

PCM/NRZ systems operating in the presenceof noise and in a band-limited channel areconsidered. Two types of bit detectors arestudied, integrate and dump, and sample. Theincreased signal power needed to give thesame performance as an optimum detectorand a broad-band channel is computed. Theresults depend on the bit pattern. The averageeffect of band-limiting over all bit patternsand two extreme cases are plotted for eachdetector. The results show that integrate anddump is always superior to sample and that ifthe sample detector is used, one should bandlimit before sampling at a frequency of 0.6times the bit rate.
Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for orthopedic patients: An economic model and analysis

To evaluate the potential economic value of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for pre-operative orthopedic surgery patients, we developed an economic computer simulation model. At MRSA colonization rates as low as 1%, a $50 vaccine was cost-effective [≤$50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved] at vaccine efficacy ≥30%, and a $100 vaccine at vaccine efficacy ≥70%. High MRSA prevalence (≥25%) could justify a vaccine price as high as $1000. Our results suggest that a S. aureus vaccine for the pre-operative orthopedic population would be very cost-effective over a wide range of MRSA prevalence and vaccine efficacies and costs.
Rabbit liver phosphofructokinase: Rapid purification and phosphorylation site identification

Abstract Liver phosphofructokinase can be selectively precipitated by the addition of protamine sulfate to a heat-treated crude extract and redissolved, giving nearly full recovery of catalytic activity in combination with a 67-fold increase in specific activity. We have incorporated protamine sulfate precipitation into a five step purification procedure that can be completed in one day—giving 47% recovery of electrophoretically homogeneous liver phosphofructokinase having a specific activity of 50 units/mg. The radio-labeled fragment isolated from a CNBr digest of liver phosphofructokinase that has undergonein vitrophosphorylation catalyzed by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase has the sequence AEYVSGELEHVTRRSLS.
A Polaroid Half-Shade Analyzer

By cementing a half-wave plate of Cellophane over a portion of a sheet of Polaroid, two fields, separated by a photometric line of demarcation are produced. Since the directions of vibration of the polarized light in the two fields are mutually perpendicular, a sensitive device for the detection of polarized light is realized.
MECHANISMS OF INITIAL SINTERING OF A FINE ALUMINA POWDER

The mechanism of initial sintering of alumina was explored by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of gamma to alpha alumina influenced sintering behavior. This transformation appears to involve plastic deformation in the alumina. Sintering of fine alpha alumina powder directly occurs with an activation energy close to that of grain boundary diffusion of oxygen.
1027-40 How to Detect ECG T-Wave Alternans in Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death

We have shown previously that subtle and visually inapparent T wave alternans (TWA) is a marker of susceptibility to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Since the characteristics of TWA in patients with SCD are poorly understood. the optimal technique for detecting TWA remains controversial. To resolve this problem, high-fidelity orthogonal ECGs were recorded during atrial pacing (100 bpml from 35 patients undergoing EP testing. TWA measured by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and complex demodulation (CD) techniques were compared in two groups of patients; 1. High Risk Group (n = 15); Inducible sustained monomorphic VT at EP testing or SCD during 20 month follow up, and 2. Low Risk Group (n = 20); Negative EP test and no SCD during 20 month follow up. With FFT. beat-to-beat T wave amplitude oscillations occurring at the alternans frequency are measured relative to spectral noise. With CD, beat-to-beat T wave amplitude oscillations were modeled as a sinusoid whose amplitude is assumed to be a measure of TWA without regard to noise levels. The magnitude of TWA measured by FFT and CD correlated well (r 2 = 0.97) when TWA levels were relatively high (g5 μ V). However, the detection of very low level (1 μ V – 5 μ V), but prognostically important TWA differed considerably between the two techniques. Using a cutoff TWA level of 2 μ V to define TWA positivity, FFT predicted high risk for SCD with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 80%, whereas CD had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of only 5%. Computer simulations performed with an idealized alternans wave form demonstrated that the poor specificity of CD was due to an inability of CD to selectively discriminate TWA from noise. When the phase of TWA was reset on random beats (to simulate ectopic beats), TWA was measured more accurately by CD than FFT. However, phase resetting was found in only 2.7% of ECG complexes analyzed from patients and its presence did not substantially obscure the detection of TWA by FFT compared to CD. Conclusions Very low level TWA is a prognostically significant marker for SCD and is more accurately measured using the FFT technique. The enhanced specificity of FFT compared to CD results from the capability of FFT to discriminate low level TWA from noise.
Axonal transport involvement in long-lasting synaptic modifications in Blatta orientalis.

To determine whether axonal transport plays a role in the establishment of long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission, the effects of colchicine on transport and on synaptic modifications induced by hyperactivity were studied in the nerve cord of the cockroach Blatta orientalis. Application of a lead weight on the insect′s dorsum, and the consequent exaggerated use of antigravity reflexes, facilitated synaptic transmission along a particular nervous pathway in the metathoracic ganglion. Application of colchicine in the prothoracic ganglion reversibley blocked such synaptic facilitation and temporarily interfered with the transport of proteins along the cord. Five components of axonal transport, moving at 2, 10, 25, 75, and 150 mm/day, were altered by colchicine treatment with a temporal course that coincided with the reversible inhibition of synaptic facilitation. These results were brought about by colchicine acting directly on axonal transport at the level of the prothoracic ganglion, rather than on synaptic transmission measured at the metathoracic ganglion. The temporal correlation observed between the effects of colchicine on axonal transport and on synaptic facilitation strongly suggest that the transport process is essential for long-lasting synaptic modifications to take place.
Alcoholism in Southeast Asia Prevalence and Treatment

A pilot, field investigation of the prevalence and treatment of alcoholism in Southeast Asia (Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma, and Thailand) and conducted. The methodology combined an informant study, interviewing leading alcohol and drug abuse authorities; utilising existing data; and clinical and naturalistic observation. The effects of modernisation, multiracial culture, and the unilateral focus on opiates are discussed; recommendations on treatment, education, and research are presented.
Development of Thysanopoda Egregia (Euphausiacea) Furciliae and Early Juvenile

Author(s): Brinton, E; Townsend, AW; Knight, MD; Ohman, MD | Abstract: Nine furcilia and the early juvenile phase of the deep-sea euphausiid Thysanopoda egregia Hansen, 1905 are described and illustrated for the first time. This identification of the bathypelagic species is made on the basis of the very large, well-developed and dark-brown eyes, short sixth pleomere, large body size relative to stage of development, ripple-like sculpturing of the posterior and lateral parts of the carapace, and the number of terminal telson spines in the first five stages, F1-F5. The ripple marks on the carapace are a particularly distinctive characteristic of T. egregia. Because of the rarity of the nauplius, metanauplius, and calyptopis phases for this species and the unknown identification of the other three deep-living species of Thysanopoda, we are not yet able to positively identify these phases with confidence and that information is not presented here. A distribution map of records of furciliae of T. egregia from our samples and published sources corresponds with the previously described distribution of the adults, showing a cosmopolitan distribution in waters mainly equator-ward of the subpolar ocean provinces. © The Crustacean Society, 2013. Published by Brill NV, Leiden.
Current-dependent resistance of dilute switching networks.

Present bonds on dilute networks are considered to be elements that switch from a low-resistance state to a higher-resistance state when a current of 1 A flows through them. The resistance of the random network is then nonlinearly dependent on the external current source. The nonlinear regime is broad for all finite defect fractions. Numerical simulations in two dimensions suggest that the current density at the midpoint of the nonlinear regime, ${I}_{m}$/L, is finite away from the percolation point. Upon approach to the percolation point, this midpoint is predicted to scale as ${I}_{m}$/L\ensuremath{\sim}(p-${p}_{c}$)${,}^{17/15}$ p being the dilution within a hierarchical model of the two-dimensional percolation backbone.
A Gamma-Ray Halo “Glow” from Primordial Black Hole Evaporation

It is well known that there is an isotropic diffuse flux of gamma rays from the universe. Some of the flux might be attributed to the evaporation of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the universe. If the PBHs cluster strongly in galactic halos, a gamma-ray halo "glow" would be expected. Recent observations by the EGRET detector aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory seem to have detected this glow, as well as an anisotropy in the flux. We first show that this is unlikely to be due to WIMP annihilation; then we show how this might be related to a possible signal of PBH evaporation in very short time gamma-ray bursts. We predict a glow in the Galactic halo and measurable anistropy, as well as a glow from any part of the universe where dark matter is concentrated from PBH evaporation.
Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood

Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Child-hood. Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Carolyn Sargent, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 429 pp., photographs, index.
Confirmatory factor structure of trait emotional intelligence in student and worker samples

Abstract Growing interest in emotional intelligence (EI) led us to evaluate the factor structure of six core trait-EI facets from Salovey and Mayer (1990) , assess the stability of the core factor structure across student ( N = 184) and worker ( N = 225) samples, and explore relations between core EI dimensions and four proximal outcomes from the same model. A three-factor structure, including Self Orientation , Other Orientation , and Emotional Sharing , replicated well across samples (fit indices range: .93–.98 per sample). Relations involving EI outcomes were less consistent. We conclude that trait-EI warrants assessment as specific facets rather than a global construct, core trait-EI structure may be stable across populations, and EI applications are context-specific.
A theoretical and empirical investigation of job satisfaction and intended turnover in the large CPA firm

Abstract This research reports on the development and test of a model of job satisfaction and intended turnover in the large CPA firm environment. On an overall basis, the model was generally supported. Satisfaction showed strong significance in a multiple regression equation predicting the probability of turnover. In addition, eleven dimensions of job satisfaction developed through factor analysis, as well as a “career preparation” variable, correlated positively with a measure of overall job satisfaction and negatively with a measure of the probability of turnover.
Cold nuclear matter physics at forward rapidities from d+Au collisions in PHENIX

We present measurements by the PHENIX experiment at the RHIC of di-hadron pair production in d +Au collisions where the particles in the pair are varied across a wide range of pseudorapidity, out to η = 3.8. With di-hadrons, varying the pT and rapidity of the particles in the di-hadron pair allows studying any effects as a function of partonic x in the nucleus. These di-hadron measurements might probe down to parton momentum fractions x ~ 10−3 in the gold nucleus, where the interesting possibility of observing gluon saturation effects at the RHIC is the greatest. Our measurements show that the correlated yield of back-to-back pairs in d +Au collisions is suppressed by up to an order of magnitude relative to p+p collisions, and increases with greater nuclear path thickness and with a selection for lower x in the Au nucleus.
Technical aspects of intravascular intrauterine transfusions: lessons learned from thirty-three procedures

Our technique for performing intravascular transfusions is described and four failed attempts are presented. The appropriate choice of needle, insertion site, and premedication are discussed. A rationale for intravenous fetal muscle blockade in selected cases is presented and a transfusion setup designed to minimize movement of the needle hub is described. Finally, the judicious use of intraperitoneal transfusions in some cases is suggested.
Metabolic Analysis of Wild-type Escherichia coli and a Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDHC)-deficient Derivative Reveals the Role of PDHC in the Fermentative Metabolism of Glucose

Pyruvate is located at a metabolic junction of assimilatory and dissimilatory pathways and represents a switch point between respiratory and fermentative metabolism. In Escherichia coli, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and pyruvate formate-lyase are considered the primary routes of pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA for aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation, respectively. During glucose fermentation, the in vivo activity of PDHC has been reported as either very low or undetectable, and the role of this enzyme remains unknown. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of wild-type E. coli MG1655 and a PDHC-deficient derivative (Pdh) led to the identification of the role of PDHC in the anaerobic fermentation of glucose. The metabolism of these strains was investigated by using a mixture of 13C-labeled and -unlabeled glucose followed by the analysis of the labeling pattern in protein-bound amino acids via two-dimensional 13C,1H NMR spectroscopy. Metabolite balancing, biosynthetic 13C labeling of proteinogenic amino acids, and isotopomer balancing all indicated a large increase in the flux of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (ox-PPP) in response to the PDHC deficiency. Because both ox-PPP and PDHC generate CO2 and the calculated CO2 evolution rate was significantly reduced in Pdh, it was hypothesized that the role of PDHC is to provide CO2 for cell growth. The similarly negative impact of either PDHC or ox-PPP deficiencies, and an even more pronounced impairment of cell growth in a strain lacking both ox-PPP and PDHC, provided further support for this hypothesis. The three strains exhibited similar phenotypes in the presence of an external source of CO2, thus confirming the role of PDHC. Activation of formate hydrogen-lyase (which converts formate to CO2 and H2) rendered the PDHC deficiency silent, but its negative impact reappeared in a strain lacking both PDHC and formate hydrogen-lyase. A stoichiometric analysis of CO2 generation via PDHC and ox-PPP revealed that the PDHC route is more carbon- and energy-efficient, in agreement with its beneficial role in cell growth.
Late free-flap salvage with catheter-directed thrombolysis.

Introduction: Despite high success rates with free-tissue transfer, flap loss continues to be a devastating event. Flap salvage is often successful if vascular complications are recognized and treated early. However, delayed presentation of flap compromise is an ominous predictor of flap loss. Late free-flap salvage has been described with poor long-term results. Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has only been described in context with free-tissue transfer in a case of distal bypass salvage. Objectives: The authors examined the efficacy of highly selective CDT in late salvage of free-flaps with vascular compromise. Methods: Two patients underwent highly selective CDT after delayed presentation (>5 days) of flap compromise. Patient 1 is a 59-year-old woman who underwent delayed breast reconstruction with a free TRAM flap and presented with arterial thrombosis 12 days postoperatively. Patient 2 is a 53-year-old man who underwent fibular osteocutaneous free-flap reconstruction of a floor of mouth defect who developed venous thrombosis 6 days postoperatively. Patient 2 underwent two attempted operative anastamotic revisions with thrombectomies and local thrombolysis prior to CDT. Results: The average time of presentation was 9 days, with the average time to CDT being 9.5 days. Patient 1 had an arterial thrombosis, whereas Patient 2 had a venous thrombosis. Both patients underwent successful thrombolysis after super-selective angiograms. Continuous infusions of thrombolytic agents were used in both patients for ∼24 h. Average length of stay postCDT was 7 days with no perioperative complications. Long-term follow-up demonstrated complete flap salvage with no soft tissue loss. Conclusion: Despite extremely delayed presentation, aggressive CDT was successful in both breast, and head and neck reconstructions with excellent long-term flap results. CDT appears to be a useful modality in managing difficult cases of free-flap salvage. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Underreporting of wildlife-vehicle collisions does not hinder predictive models for large ungulates

Abstract Conflicts from wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) pose serious challenges for managing and conserving large ungulates throughout the world. However, underreporting of large proportions of WVCs (i.e., two-thirds of WVCs in some cases) creates concern for relying on governmental databases to inform management strategies of WVCs. Our objective was to test the sensitivity of WVC studies to underreporting using 2 species of large ungulates that experience substantial incidences of collisions but exist in different environmental settings: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in agricultural-dominated central Illinois and moose (Alces alces) in forest-dominated western Maine, USA. We estimated baseline relationships between the landscape, traffic, and abundance of wildlife on the probabilities of WVCs using the total number of reported WVCs. Then, we simulated underreporting by randomly excluding reports of WVCs and evaluated for relative changes in precision, parameter estimates, and prediction. Point estimates of the relationships between environmental influences and WVCs for both species were reliable until high rates of underreporting occurred (⩾70%). When underreporting occurred with spatial bias, shifts in point estimates were detected only for variables that spatially-corresponded with the rate of reporting. Prediction estimates for both species were also reliable until high rates of underreporting occurred (⩾75%). These findings suggest that predictive models generate reliable estimates about WVCs with large ungulates unless underreporting is severe; possibly because they occur in non-random patterns (i.e., hotspots) and variability in their environment influences is low. We recommend that concern about underreporting not impede research with existing databases, such as those in this study, for analyzing predictive models and developing management strategies for reducing WVCs.
Advantages of hopping on a zig-zag course

We investigate self-moving particles which prefer to hop with a certain turning angle equally distributed to the right or left. We assume this turning angle distribution to be given by a double Gaussian distribution. Based on the model of Active Brownian particles and we calculate the diffusion coefficient in dependence on the mean and the dispersion of the turning angles. It is shown that bounded distribution of food in patches will be optimally consumed by the objects if they hop preferably with a given angle and not straight forwardly.
Consistent treatment of inter- and intramolecular polarization in molecular mechanics calculations

A protocol is described for the treatment of molecular polarization in force field calculations. The resulting model is consistent in that both inter- and intramolecular polarization are handled within a single scheme. An analytical formula for removing intramolecular polarization from a set of atomic multipoles for an arbitrary static structure or conformation is given. With the help of the intramolecular polarization, these permanent atomic multipoles can then be applied in modeling alternative conformations of a molecule. Equipped with this simple technique, one can derive transferable electrostatic parameters for peptides and proteins using flexible model compounds such as dipeptides. The proposed procedure is tested for its ability to describe the electrostatic potential around various configurations of the N-methylacetamide dimer. The effect of different intramolecular polarization schemes on the accuracy of a force field model of the electrostatic potential of alanine dipeptide is investigated. A group-based scheme for including direct intramolecular polarization is shown to be most successful in accounting for the conformational dependence of electrostatic potentials.
The RADAR Architecture for Personal Cognitive Assistance

Current desktop environments provide weak support for carrying out complex user-oriented tasks. Although individual applications are becoming increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich, users must map their high-level goals to the low-level operational vocabulary of applications, and deal with a myriad of routine tasks (such as keeping up with email, keeping calendars and websites up-to-date, etc.). An alternative vision is that of a personal cognitive assistant. Like a good secretary, such an assistant would help users accomplish their high-level goals, coordinating the use of multiple applications, automatically handling routine tasks, and, most importantly, adapting to the individual needs of a user over time. In this paper we describe the architecture and its implementation for a personal cognitive assistant called RADAR. Key features include. (a) extensibility through the use of a plug-in agent architecture. (b) transparent integration with legacy applications and data of today's desktop environments, and. (c) extensive use of learning so that the environment adapts to the individual user over time.
WATER VAPOR STANDARD EMISSIVITY BY MIXED GRAY-GASES MODEL

Conventional fossil fuels are of carbon-hydrogen composition. A number of alternative fuels, e.g., coal, lignite, are carbon-based fuels. The high temperature combustion of such fuels would generate carbon dioxide, and if hydrogen is present, water vapor. The knowledge of the emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapor is very important in burner design and thermal efficiency calculations. The present work utilizes a mixed gray-gas model to approximate the water vapor emissivities at zero partial pressure of water vapor and 1 atm total pressure. Two models are developed. The first model is a mixture of four gray-gases and can be used in the range T = 350-900 K, pL = 0.1-200 cm atm with an error range of—8.2 to 6.2%. The second model is a piece-wise one in which one gray-gas was used to cover the pL range 50-200 cm atm and a second gray-gas covered the range of 5-50 cm atm. The model can be used in ihe range of 700-1500 K and has an error range of —2.3 to 3.7%. Comparison with Leckner's model shows the ...
Thermomagnetometric evidence of γ-Fe2O3 as an intermediate in the oxidation of magnetite

Abstract The oxidation of magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 , to hematite, α-Fe 2 O 3 was followed by thermogravimetry (TG), both with and without a small magnetic field gradient imposed upon the sample. The results of this thermomagnetometry (TM) clearly indicates the formation of a strongly magnetic intermediate during the oxidation process. This intermediate reaches a maximum concentration at about 270 °C and disappears by approximately 320 °C. This confirms the speculation that γ-Fe 2 O 3 is as an intermediate in this oxidation process [J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 73 (2003)].
Catharnthus Alkaloids XXXI: Isolation of Ajmalicine, Pericalline, Tetrahydroalstonine, Vindolinine, and Ursolic acid from Catharanthus Trichophyllus Roots

Certain active cytotoxic alkaloid fractions prepared from Catharanthus trichophyllus roots were investigated. This work resulted in the isolation of ajmalicine, pericalline, tetrahydroalstonine, vindolinine, and ursolic acid. These compounds were not responsible for the observed cytotoxic activity. Ajmalicine, tetrahydroalstonine, and ursolic acid were previously isolated from this plant, whereas vindolinine and pericalline are now reported for the first time from C. trichophyllus.
A “Mulatto Escape Hatch” in the United States? Examining Evidence of Racial and Social Mobility During the Jim Crow Era

Racial distinctions in the United States have long been characterized as uniquely rigid and governed by strict rules of descent, particularly along the black-white boundary. This is often contrasted with countries, such as Brazil, that recognize “mixed” or intermediate racial categories and allow for more fluidity or ambiguity in racial classification. Recently released longitudinal data from the IPUMS Linked Representative Samples, and the brief inclusion of a “mulatto” category in the U.S. Census, allow us to subject this generally accepted wisdom to empirical test for the 1870–1920 period. We find substantial fluidity in black-mulatto classification between censuses—including notable “downward” racial mobility. Using person fixed-effects models, we also find evidence that among Southern men, the likelihood of being classified as mulatto was related to intercensal changes in occupational status. These findings have implications for studies of race and inequality in the United States, cross-national research on racial classification schemes in the Americas, and for how demographers collect and interpret racial data.
The alternate society: Its sources and its future

Abstract This article indicates the extensiveness of the Alternate Culture and the broad range of institutions that are being spun off. Four sources of the alternate culture are specified as broad secondary themes in contemporary American culture: women's culture, modernistic christianity, the American idola, and existentialist literature and psychology. The processes of institutionalization of alternate institutions are examined. The functional relation of the alternate culture to the larger American society is explored. Factors relating to the creation and viability of an alternate subsociety out of the diverse alternate culture institutions are analyzed.
The view from Awaji island: past, present, and future of RCC1 and the Ran GTPase system.

The International Symposium on Ran and the Cell Cycle was held on October 1–4, 2005, at the Awaji Island Resort near Osaka, to celebrate the career and scientific achievements of Professor Takeharu Nishimoto. One hundred of his former lab members, collaborators and other scientific colleagues from around the world attended the symposium organized by Mary Dasso (National Institutes of Health) and Yoshihiro Yoneda (Osaka University). The program was divided into sessions on cell cycle and chromosomes, nuclear import and export of proteins and RNA, nuclear envelope and the nuclear pore complex, and RCC1 and chromatin. Dr. Nishimoto's retirement from Kyushu University is a perfect time to look back at the history of Ran and RCC1, assess the current state of the field, and discuss the challenges that remain in order to unravel the complexities of the Ran GTPase system.
Constraint logic programming languages

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) is an extension of Logic Programming aimed at replacing the pattern matching mechanism of unification, as used in Prolog, by a more general operation called constraint satisfaction. This aritcle provides a panoramic view of the recent work done in designing and implementing CLP languages. It also presents a summary of their theoretical foundations, discusses implementation issues, compares the major CLP languages, and suggests directions for further work.
Exhaustive extraction of the troponin-tropomyosin factor from the I-Z-I brush of striated muscle.

1. I-Z-I brushes were prepared completely free of myosin A, and exhaustively disassembled with mild solvents at 0°. Changes in the fine structure of the I-Z-I brush were observed after each of eleven mild short-term low-temperature extractions, until only single loose I-filaments remained. 2. High yields of the Ca2+-sensitizing protein (troponin-tropomyosin factor) were obtained in Extractions I-IV, during the major changes in the loosening of the I-bands. Initially, almost all of the extracted protein was troponin-tropomyosin factor in nature and the yields of the troponin-tropomyosin factor, as a percent, were nil after Extraction VII. 3. Extracts I-III were higher in troponin than Extracts IV-VII. 4. α-Actinin-like protein23 was very low in yield until Extraction V, after which it held to a high level through Extraction IX. This means that α-actinin-like protein, discussed elsewhere23, was increasing in yield as Z-band integrity was disappearing.
Some empirical results on the nature of the hedonic price function for the urban housing market

Abstract An attempt is made to develop a systematic statistical methodology for the analysis of the urban housing market The standard estimation procedures used for fitting hedonic price functions for the urban housing market are reviewed, and several potentially serious sources of bias are noted. An alternative estimator which capitalizes property values into flows and also searches for the appropriate functional form which avoids these biases is developed. The capitalization rate for owner-occupied housing in 1973 is found to be about 0.03. The magnitudes and seriousness of several of the estimation biases are examined within the context of inappropriate policy decisions which can result from the use of the standard estimators. The importance of neighborhood site characteristics in the determination of local site valuations is also examined and it is found that they explain between 15 and 50% of the standardized variation in site valuations. Further, it is found that these traits are capable of inducing valuation differentials as large as 100% between structurally identical sites.
The first effects of fluid inertia on flows in ordered and random arrays of spheres

Theory and lattice-Boltzmann simulations are used to examine the effects of fluid inertia, at small Reynolds numbers, on flows in simple cubic, face-centred cubic and random arrays of spheres. The drag force on the spheres, and hence the permeability of the arrays, is determined at small but finite Reynolds numbers, at solid volume fractions up to the close-packed limits of the arrays. For small solid volume fraction, the simulations are compared to theory, showing that the first inertial contribution to the drag force, when scaled with the Stokes drag force on a single sphere in an unbounded fluid, is proportional to the square of the Reynolds number. The simulations show that this scaling persists at solid volume fractions up to the close-packed limits of the arrays, and that the first inertial contribution to the drag force relative to the Stokes-flow drag force decreases with increasing solid volume fraction. The temporal evolution of the spatially averaged velocity and the drag force is examined when the fluid is accelerated from rest by a constant average pressure gradient toward a steady Stokes flow. Theory for the short- and long-time behaviour is in good agreement with simulations, showing that the unsteady force is dominated by quasi-steady drag and added-mass forces. The short- and long-time added-mass coefficients are obtained from potential-flow and quasi-steady viscous-flow approximations, respectively.
Multiple testing in large-scale contingency tables: inferring patterns of pair-wise amino acid association in β-sheets

This study examines the feasibility of using multiple testing procedures for an inference of independence of categories in each cell in contingency tables. In the simulation study, we compare the performance of various multiple testing procedures in a contingency table setup and demonstrate the relationship among the proportion of true null hypothesis, type I error, power, and false discovery rate. Finally, we apply the proposed methodology to identify the patterns of pair-wise associations of amino acids involved in β-sheet bridges in proteins. We identify a number of amino acid pairs that exhibit either strong or weak association.
Onshore and Offshore Outsourcing with Agility: Lessons Learned

This chapter reflects on case study based an agile distributed project that ran for approximately three years (from spring 2003 to spring 2006). The project involved (a) a customer organization with key personnel distributed across the US, developing an application with rapidly changing requirements; (b) onshore consultants with expertise in project management, development processes, offshoring, and relevant technologies; and (c) an external offsite development team in a CMM-5 organization in southern India. This chapter is based on surveys and discussions with multiple participants. The several years since the project was completed allow greater perspective on both the strengths and weaknesses, since the participants can reflect on the entire life of the project, and compare it to subsequent experiences. Our findings emphasize the potential for agile project management in distributed software development, and the importance of people and interactions, taking many small steps to find and correct errors, and matching the structures of the project and product to support implementation of agility.
VGFEM with perfectly matched layers

Vector generalized finite element (VGFEM) has been recently developed and applied to solve electromagnetic problems [1, 2, 3]. VGFEM is a powerful technique as it allows us to use a wide range of functions in the solution space. Moreover, one can easily use different type of basis functions or polynomial orders in any part of the problem domain, which yields better approximations, and perhaps, more efficient simulation. Since the introduction of the VGFEM, there have been some developments in the framework of it. Although the method was introduced as a meshless technique [1], it was later adapted to the polyhedral mesh structures, where the mesh elements are grouped to construct the partitions of unity (PU) domains [2]. In addition, a new set of vector basis space for representing discontinuous fields was developed based on the new framework [4]. These basis functions unlike the ones defined in [1] can handle the inhomogeneities in a PU domain. These developments were validated by solving the fields in closed domains filled with isotropic materials. In this paper, we further develop the VGFEM for solving the fields in open domains using the perfectly matched layers (PML). We use the anisotropic interpretation of the PML; therefore, we reformulate the VGFEM for anisotropic medium.
Emotions, not just decision-making processes, are critical to an evolutionary model of human behavior

An evolutionary model of human behavior should privilege emotions: essential, phylogenetically ancient behaviors that learning and decision making only subserve. Infants and non-mammals lack advanced cognitive powers but still survive. Decision making is only a means to emotional ends, which organize and prioritize behavior. The emotion of pride/shame, or dominance striving, bridges the social and biological sciences via internalization of cultural norms.
General Solutions for the Extinction and Absorption Efficiencies of Arbitrarily Oriented Cylinders by Anomalous-Diffraction Methods*

The anomalous-diffraction approximation of Van de Hulst is used to derive closed-form expressions for the absorption and extinction efficiencies of the long absorbing cylinder at normal and oblique incidence. The predictions of these expressions are compared with those of the exact theory for cylinders of various sizes, refractive indices, degrees of absorption, and orientations. A correction for the approximate solution at very oblique incidence is suggested.
Enhanced transmission through two-period arrays of subwavelength holes

A two-period array of subwavelength holes in a perfect electrically conducting plate permits enhanced transmission of incident plane waves with wavenumbers near those of leaky waves supported by the array. A simple periodic impedance sheet model explains this phenomenon and provides an approximate expression for the transmission peak location. Transmission through thin perforated plates is studied using a full-wave solver to verify model-theoretic observations. Transmission coefficient peak splitting and narrowing phenomena, associated with thick perforated plates, are explored.
Sources of Cyclical Employment Instability in Rural Counties

Cyclical employment instability at the county level is examined using monthly Indiana employment data for 1970–80 and a single-index portfolio model. Results show rural counties are more responsive to systematic or cyclical employment instability than urban counties. At the state level, a high percentage employed in manufacturing has been associated with greater employment instability over the business cycle. This relationship does not hold at the county level where most manufacturing sectors seem to cyclically stabilize the counties in which they appear.
Bovine UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:Lysosomal-enzyme N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase I: PURIFICATION AND SUBUNIT STRUCTURE *

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase) catalyzes the initial step in the synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate determinant required for efficient intracellular targeting of newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosome. The enzyme was partially purified approximately 30,000-fold by chromatography of solubilized membrane proteins from lactating bovine mammary glands on DEAE-Sepharose, reactive green 19-agarose, and Superose 6. The partially purified enzyme was used to generate a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies. The anti-GlcNAc-phosphotransferase monoclonal antibody PT18 was coupled to a solid support and used to immunopurify the enzyme approximately 480,000-fold to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 29%. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 10-12 micromol of GlcNAc phosphate transferred per h/mg using 100 mM alpha-methylmannoside as acceptor. The subunit structure of the enzyme was determined using a combination of analytical gel filtration chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and amino-terminal sequencing. The data indicate that bovine GlcNAc-phosphotransferase is a 540,000-Da complex composed of disulfide-linked homodimers of 166,000- and 51,000-Da subunits and two identical, noncovalently associated 56,000-Da subunits.
Reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion on a multi-cylinder light-duty diesel engine

Reactivity controlled compression ignition is a low-temperature combustion technique that has been shown, both in computational fluid dynamics modeling and single-cylinder experiments, to obtain diesel-like efficiency or better with ultra-low nitrogen oxide and soot emissions, while operating primarily on gasoline-like fuels. This paper investigates reactivity controlled compression ignition operation on a four-cylinder light-duty diesel engine with production-viable hardware using conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. Experimental results are presented over a wide speed and load range using a systematic approach for achieving successful steady-state reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion. The results demonstrated diesel-like efficiency or better over the operating range explored with low engine-out nitrogen oxide and soot emissions. A peak brake thermal efficiency of 39.0% was demonstrated for 2600 r/min and 6.9 bar brake mean effective pressure with nitrogen oxide emissions reduced by an...