cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Univariate Polynomial Problems

In this chapter, we describe both unconstrained and constrained nonconvex univariate polynomial problems. The reported global solutions are from the studies of Visweswaran and Floudas (1992).
Mechanisms of Brain Survival in Anoxia: Mitochondrial Activity and Ion Homeostasis in Turtle and Rat

When mammalian brain is deprived of oxygen, degenerative changes occur so rapidly that within a few minutes, recovery becomes questionable. This vulnerability is a general characteristic of vertebrates and is likely a function of the high energy demand of brain tissues. During anoxia, brain electrical activity ceases within seconds, transmembrane ion homeostasis is lost soon thereafter and energy reserves are depleted within a few minutes. The ultimate causes of functional loss and tissue damage are difficult to investigate because of the rapidity of these events and most investigations have been confined to detailing the pathways of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and the changes in substrates and intermediates that occur during hypoxia or anoxia.
Neighborhood Disorder Is Associated With Greater Risk for Self-Neglect Among Chinese American Older Adults: Findings From PINE Study:

Objective: This study aims to examine the association between neighborhood disorder with self-neglect among a community-dwelling Chinese American older population. Method: Data were extracted from ...
First-Party Success or First-Party Failure? A Case Study on Audience Perceptions of the Nintendo Brand During the Wii U’s Product Life Cycle:

The purpose of this mixed-methods case study is to examine the performance of the Nintendo brand during the eighth generation of home video game consoles and to assess whether the low sales of the ...
Effects of Wind Generation Integration on Power System Transient Stability

This paper analyzes the effects on transient stability of integrating a wind power plant (WPP) on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) test system. Wind penetration in the system was increased and the impact of this integration on the critical clearing time (CCLT) of the system is studied. This study is performed separately for different WPP reactive power control schemes. Additionally, the paper determines the reduction in power output of the conventional generator necessary to keep a constant CCLT in the face of increases in wind penetration. The results show that this reduction is smaller than the wind power integrated, which is reflected in an increase in the total power transfered across the transmission line. Hence, the total power of the transfer path can be increased without transient stability concerns.
Consequences of a Revised Heart Allocation System on the Cost Effectiveness of Cardiac Transplantation in the United States: Game Theory Based Insights

Purpose Heart transplantation (HT) is a cost-effective (CE) therapy for end stage Heart Failure. A new US organ allocation system expands the listing statuses and favors short-term, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) therapies and greater regional organ sharing with longer ischemic times and reduced survival. Methods CE (Quality adjusted life year (QALY) and Cost for Year of Life Expectancy (LE)) of HT was evaluated using a decision-tree model populated with local and published clinical probability, LE and Cost data. Sensitivity analyses was performed to assess the impact of changing clinical practices. Data are expressed in inflation adjusted 2018 USD and costs are discounted at 3%. A Willingness to Pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000 was considered acceptable. Results CE of HT is $75,751.88/QALY and $61,914.18/LE based on 79 % MCS use pre-HT and 21% short-term (ST) MCS use assuming a procurement radius (PR) of 350-miles. Varying % ST MCS (Fixed PR) from 5-79% negatively impacted CE; $57,239.12 - $163,299.40/QALY and $46,717.69-$183,819.12/LE. Increasing PR ( 500 miles) adversely impacted CE; $75,751.88- $78,548.65/QALY and $61,914.18-$64,200.06/LE. Assuming longer ischemic times ( 5.5 hours) reduce post-HT survival (-1.4 yrs for 3.5-4.9 hrs and - 2.8 yrs for > 5.5 hrs), CE was negatively impacted: $75,751.88 ( 5.5 hrs); $61,914.18/LE ( 5.5 hrs). Varying % ST MCS use (5%-79%) with a “worst case” ischemic time (4.9 hrs) significantly worsened CE; $76,925.93 -$219,268.68/QALY and $63,680.29 - $183,819.12/LE. Sensitivity analysis (Monte Carlo) confirmed a WTP of >$70,000 to render HT more cost-effective. Conclusion HT is a cost-effective strategy. CE of HT will be adversely impacted with the revised allocation system due primarily to increased ST MCS use, increased PR, longer ischemic times and secondary reduced post HT survival. It will be increasingly important to monitor CE as HT programs adjust to the new allocation system.
Impact of Left Atrial Decompression on Patient Outcomes During Pediatric Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case-Control Study.

Left heart distension during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) often necessitates decompression to facilitate myocardial recovery and prevent life-threatening complications. The objectives of this study were to compare clinical outcomes between patients who did and did not undergo left atrial (LA) decompression, quantify decompression efficacy, and identify risk factors for development of left heart distension. This was a single-center retrospective case–control study. Pediatric VA ECMO patients who underwent LA decompression from June 2004 to March 2016 were identified, and a control cohort of VA ECMO patients who did not undergo LA decompression were matched based on diagnosis, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and age. Among 194 VA ECMO cases, 21 (11%) underwent LA decompression. Compared to the control cohort, patients with decompression had longer hospital length of stay (60 ± 55 vs. 27 ± 23 days, p = 0.012), but similar in-hospital mortality (29% vs. 38%, p = 0.513). Decompression successfully decreased mean LA pressure (24 ± 11 to 14 ± 4 mmHg, p = 0.022) and LA:RA pressure gradient (10 ± 7 to 0 ± 1 mmHg, p = 0.011). No significant differences in early quantitative measures of cardiac function were observed between cases and controls to identify risk factors for left heart distension. Despite higher qualitative risk for impaired cardiac recovery, patients who underwent LA decompression had comparable outcomes to those who did not. Given that traditional quantitative measures of cardiac function are insufficient to predict development of eventual left heart distension, a combination of clinical history, radiographic findings, hemodynamic monitoring, and laboratory markers should be used during the evaluation and management of these patients.
Erector spinae plane continuous blocks for pediatric liver transplantation.

To the Editor, Having read carefully the report by Moore and colleagues[1][1] on the novel use of continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) blockade for postoperative analgesia after pediatric liver transplant and being very familiar with both pediatric pain management and liver transplantation, I have
Abstract P467: Premature Coronary Artery Disease Mortality in the Appalachian Region: Is the Problem Driven by Rural-urban or Socioeconomic Disparities?

Background: Premature mortality under the age of 75 years exacerbates the burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) as the leading cause of death in the nation, with particular concerns being raised ...
Differentiated: segmentation for improved learning strategies

Higher education has historically focused on demographics to target prospective students in recruitment and retention efforts. This study focuses on the effect of psychographic and behavioral eleme...
Slow entropy and differentiable models for infinite-measure preserving ℤk actions

We define ‘slow’ entropy invariants for ℤd actions on infinite measure spaces, which measure growth of itineraries at subexponential scales. We use this notion to construct infinite-measure preserving ℤ2 actions which cannot be realized as a group of diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold preserving a Borel measure, in contrast to the situation for ℤ actions, where every infinite-measure preserving action can be realized in this way.
Privilege in a place ballet: an incomplete argument of places and bodies

Like many neighborhoods in cities across the United States, Gifford Park—a neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska—has been recreating itself through urban agriculture. Past research about urban agricultur...
Accrual Accounting and Access to External Funds: Evidence from Small Businesses

This paper examines two related questions. First, does accrual accounting, in comparison to cash accounting, facilitate small businesses’ access to external funds? Second, does it also affect the nature of the firm’s borrowing relationships, i.e., arm’s length financing as opposed to relationship-based financing? These questions are prompted by theory that suggests information problems can lead to credit rationing, particularly for small businesses since they tend to be more opaque. We find a positive relation between a firm’s use of accrual accounting and its access to lines of credit and trade credit, two primary forms of external financing of small businesses. We find accrual accounting is positively associated with both the amount and terms of borrowing for these forms of financing. We also find accrual accounting facilitates a larger number of credit relationships and relationships with more distant financial institutions. Additionally, accrual accounting is associated with a shorter duration of borrowing relationships and lowered reliance on personal contact in communications with financial institutions. Overall, the evidence supports the argument that the use of accrual accounting can play a significant role in easing the credit constraints of small businesses and in facilitating greater use of arm’s length financing.
Impact and implementation findings from a cluster randomized trial of a youth relationship education curriculum.

The current study presents implementation and impact data from a cluster randomized trial of a youth relationship education curriculum. High school students (n = 1,135) were randomized at the school level to receive curricula-as-usual or a healthy relationships program delivered by facilitators who were not employed by the high schools. Program evaluators reported high engagement and students indicated high satisfaction with the program, but multilevel models showed no statistically significant impacts on healthy relationship skills, attitudes, and behaviors at three and nine months post-intervention. Strengths and limitations of the research design and program implementation, as well as implications for evaluating youth relationship education more broadly, are discussed.
Daoism and Greek Philosophy

This chapter reviews the history and methods of comparison between Daoism and Greek philosophy. It focuses on three aspects: the comparison of explicit concepts in the two traditions, their respective epistemological methods, with specific treatment of the issues of skepticism and relativism, and how they put forward recommendations for how to live in the original Greek sense of philosophia as “love of wisdom.”
Tissue-specific transgenic mouse model experiments demonstrate that IGFBP2 actively contributes to glioma development and progression

4843 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) has recently been shown to be overexpressed in 80% of the most advanced type of diffuse glioma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), by combined cDNA microarray and tissue microarray approaches. Furthermore, overexpressed IGFBP2 correlates with poor survival in diffuse gliomas. In vitro functional studies have provided evidence that IGFBP2 increases glioma cell migration and invasion. We therefore hypothesize that IGFBP2 is a key regulator of glioma progression. We tested our hypothesis using the somatic gene transfer RCAS-tva mouse model system, which permits the introduction of specific genes into specific cell lineages. In this system, avian virus receptor is expressed exclusively in glial cells via linkage to the neuroglial-specific nestin promoter. Genes of interest are cloned into an avian RCAS vector and viral particles are expanded in DF1 avian fibroblasts. When injected into the neonatal mouse brain, the virions infect only glial cells and the genes of interest borne by the virions are thus only expressed in glial cells. For these experiments, the study genes were IGFBP2 , platelet-derived growth factor ( PDGF ), K-Ras , and Akt , which were delivered separately and in combination. Our results show that PDGF signaling leads exclusively to the formation of low-grade (WHO grade II) oligodendrogliomas. PDGF delivered in combination with IGFBP2 results in the formation of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade III). These higher-grade tumors are characterized by increased cellular density, vascular proliferation, and poor survival. Combined K-Ras and Akt leads to the formation of astrocytomas; K-Ras alone or Akt alone do not result in tumor formation. IGFBP2 in combination with K-Ras produces astrocytomas, which are histologically similar to the gliomas resulting from K-Ras/Akt stimulation. No tumor formation resulted from the simultaneous delivery of Akt and IGFBP2, suggesting that IGFBP2 and Akt likely lie in the same pathway or in converging pathways. The present studies show that: 1) IGFBP2 is associated with progression from low-grade O to high-grade AO in gliomas initiated by PDGFb overexpression in vivo , and 2) IGFBP2 can synergize with the Ras pathway to produce diffuse gliomas in vivo . Collectively, the data demonstrate that IGFBP2 actively contributes to diffuse glioma initiation and progression. Studies are ongoing to further elucidate the signaling pathways of IGFBP2-induced gliomagenesis.
A Review of “Readings on Law and Psychiatry”

The authors have prepared a useful and timely book, updated from the original 1968 edition. This volume is current in psychiatric nomenclature, diagnosis, and treatment in areas of immediate medicolegal concern.
Die Funktionen des Parlaments und das Verfahren zu ihrer Durchführung

Fragt man einen Englander, was nach seiner Auffassung die Funktionen und Aufgaben seines Parlaments sind, so wird er, vorausgesetzt, er konnte mit der Frage iiberhaupt etwas anfangen, je nach seinem Bildungsgrad verschiedene Antworten geben: Meist wird man horen, das es die Gesetze berat und verabschiedet. Politisch Erfahrenere lassen verlauten, es sei einerseits dazu da, die volksgewahlte Regierung zu unterstutzen, andererseits aber auch, es solle durch die Kritik der Opposition verhindern, das die Regierungsbaume in den Himmel wachsen. Nur die ganz Gewitzten werden antworten: Es ist die Schule unserer Fuhrungsschicht.
Modeling and preventing phishing attacks

A first contribution of this paper is a theoretical yet practically applicable model covering a large set of phishing attacks, aimed towards developing an understanding of threats relating to phishing. We model an attack by a phishing graph in which nodes correspond to knowledge or access rights, and (directed) edges correspond to means of obtaining information or access rights from already possessed information or access rights – whether this involves interaction with the victim or not. Edges may also be associated with probabilities, costs, or other measures of the hardness of traversing the graph. This allows us to quantify the effort of traversing a graph from some starting node (corresponding to publicly available information) to a target node that corresponds to access to a resource of the attacker’s choice. We discuss how to perform economic analysis on the viability of attacks. A quantification of the economical viability of various attacks allows a pinpointing of weak links for which improved security mechanisms would improve overall system security.
Processing and Display of Spectral Line Absorption Maps

We describe the processing and display of aperture synthesis maps of the H I absorption against the radio source Cas A. Then data were obtained with the NRAO interferometer and constitute 384 narrow band maps of Cas A combined to produce a picture of the optical depth and mean velocity of the H I absorption due to the Perseus arm.
Staggered-pairing phenomenology for UPd 2 Al 3 and UNi 2 Al 3

We apply the staggered-pairing Ginzburg-Landau phenomenology to describe superconductivity in ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{UNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$. The phenomenology was applied successfully to ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ so it can explain why these materials have qualitatively different superconducting phase diagrams although they have the same point-group symmetry. We suggest that ${\mathrm{UPd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{UNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ have a two-component superconducting order parameter transforming as an $H$-point irreducible representation of the space group. Staggered superconductivity can induce charge-density waves characterized by new Bragg peaks suggesting experimental tests of the phenomenology.
Measuring the Quark Contribution to the Proton Spin through vp → vp

The LSND (Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector) experiment will be performed at LAMPF in the next several years. The main goal of the experiment is to search for v µ - v e oscillations with high sensitivity; however, an increasingly important byproduct of this search is to measure vp → vp elastic scattering and determine the strange quark contribution, Δs, to the spin of the proton. With the 800-MeV proton energy of LAMPF, neutrinos are produced from pion decay-in-flight with an average energy of about 150 MeV. This energy is sufficiently high so that the vp → vp cross section is large and is sufficiently low so that the low Q 2 approximation (Q 2 ≪ \(m_p^2\) is valid and the cross section can be expressed in a simple form dependent upon Δs as the only unknown. LAMPF with its 1-mA proton intensity is, therefore, an ideal accelerator to perform this measurement.
Aspects of alluvial fan shape indicative of formation process: A case study in southwestern California with application to Mojave Crater fans on Mars

[1] Longitudinal profiles from six alluvial fans surveyed in southwestern California have quantitative attributes that can distinguish formation processes. The radial slope of fans where debris flow processes dominated is constant while fluvially-fed fans have a concave-upward shape. We find the power law regression of upstream slope-distance profiles is the preferred approach for assessing concavity. Concavity index, the exponential determined via power law regression analysis, is an accurate reflection of the magnitude of the concavity and thus a qualitative measure of the relative influence of fluvial processes on the fan. Fan length and surface gradient are inversely correlated: debris flow fans are shorter and steeper (>15°) than their fluvial counterparts. The results of this investigation provide criteria to evaluate hypothesized formation processes and provide constraints on the amount of fluid and timescales involved in the generation of comparably-sized fans within Mojave Crater, Mars.
Control of Müller glial cell proliferation and activation following retinal injury.

Muller glial cells are the major support cell for neurons in the vertebrate retina. Following neuronal damage, Muller cells undergo reactive gliosis, which is characterized by proliferation and changes in gene expression. We have found that downregulation of the tumor supressor protein p27Kip1 and re-entry into the cell cycle occurs within the first 24 hours after retinal injury. Shortly thereafter, Muller glial cells upregulate genes typical of gliosis and then downregulate cyclin D3, in concert with an exit from mitosis. Mice lacking p27Kip1 showed a constitutive form of reactive gliosis, which leads to retinal dysplasia and vascular abnormalities reminiscent of diabetic retinopathy. We conclude that p27Kip1 regulates Muller glial cell proliferation during reactive gliosis.
Thermodynamic properties of the effector domains of MARTX toxins suggest their unfolding for translocation across the host membrane.

MARTX (multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) family toxins are produced by Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila and other Gram-negative bacteria. Effector domains of MARTX toxins cross the cytoplasmic membrane of a host cell through a putative pore formed by the toxin's glycine-rich repeats. The structure of the pore is unknown and the translocation mechanism of the effector domains is poorly understood. We examined the thermodynamic stability of the effector domains of V. cholerae and A. hydrophila MARTX toxins to elucidate the mechanism of their translocation. We found that all but one domain in each toxin are thermodynamically unstable and several acquire a molten globule state near human physiological temperatures. Fusion of the most stable cysteine protease domain to the adjacent effector domain reduces its thermodynamic stability ∼ 1.4-fold (from D G H 2 O 21.8 to 16.1 kJ mol(-1) ). Precipitation of several individual domains due to thermal denaturation is reduced upon their fusion into multi-domain constructs. We speculate that low thermostability of the MARTX effector domains correlates with that of many other membrane-penetrating toxins and implies their unfolding for cell entry. This study extends the list of thermolabile bacterial toxins, suggesting that this quality is essential and could be susceptible for selective targeting of pathogenic toxins.
Violence Prevention: An Evaluation of Program Effects with Urban African American Students

While many violence prevention programs have been developed to combat the problems of violence and aggression among youth, few programs have been evaluated. This study examines the impact of a violence prevention program among African American students in two inner-city schools in Chicago. Students in 5th through 8th grade participated in Second Step: A Violence Prevention Program, and completed surveys at pretest and posttest. Aggressive behavior and prosocial behavior were assessed through self-report, peer-report, and teacher-report. In addition, knowledge and skills related to violence, empathy, impulsivity, and sense of school membership were assessed. The findings revealed significant increases in self-reported knowledge and skills, self-reported empathy, and teacher-reported prosocial behavior. Increases in empathy significantly predicted less aggressive behavior. School setting influenced several outcomes, including sense of school membership. Implications for primary prevention and evaluation are discussed with a focus on the importance of context.
Automotive control system diagnostics using neural nets for rapid pattern classification of large data sets

The problem of diagnosing faults in the electronic control systems now present in most new cars is considered. The authors have addressed this problem by developing an efficient data acquisition system for automotive applications which can obtain the full record of data exchanged between any electronic controller and the mechanical system in the vehicle. The task of analyzing the data sets obtained from the systems under test is essentially a classification problem and is therefore well suited to the application of neural nets. The authors present typical data extracted from the vehicles in short comprehensive tests and show how a variety of neural net paradigms have been used to classify the data as to the fault present and, in some cases, the severity of the fault. >
Making salami, producing bergamo : The transformation of value

Abstract Recently, in Italy and other European countries, certain foods have become markers of cultural continuity and economic possibility as various actors negotiate the value of these products. Using the concepts of recontextualization and tournaments of value, this article considers the production of material and symbolic value as it is expressed through the ongoing commoditization and potential transformation of the type of salami made in Bergamo, a town and province in Northern Italy. It focuses on various regimes of value to clarify competing visions of how production, consumption, and modernization are connected, and illuminates not only the process of how a local delicacy gets elevated to the status of gourmet product, but also how authenticity and prestige, which often seem to go hand in hand, become paired.
Charge Separation across the Silica Nanoparticle/Water Interface

Aqueous suspensions of silica particles at high concentrations were irradiated with a short pulse of electrons in the presence of scavengers of OH radicals. The scavengers were chosen to minimize their adsorption on the particle surface. It was found that essentially no holes cross the particle/water interface to generate OH radicals. All of the holes that are originally generated by the ionizing radiation in the silica remain in the particle; even at the smallest size used (7-nm diameter). This is contrasted with electrons, which were earlier shown to escape the particles into the water, even at much larger particle sizes.
The Use of a Polyurea Coating as a Replacement for IP-2 Containers in the Transportation of Large, Low-Level Waste Material

The decontamination and decommissioning of the Department of Energy Rocky Flats site has resulted in a number of large waste items that need to be shipped to waste collection areas. However, in order to transport these items, they need to be size-reduced and packed into DOT-approved containers such as standard industrial packaging (IP) waste containers. The size reduction process costs time and money while exposing workers to potential health and safety risks. Spray-on polyurea coatings have the potential of allowing large items to be encapsulated by the coating and transported without having to size-reduce the items. The Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology (HCET) at Florida International University (FIU) recently performed an engineering analysis that includes mechanical testing and small-scale drop tests to determine the feasibility of using a spray-on polyurea coating for shipment of large, low-level waste items instead of using standard IP waste containers.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Top-k generation of integrated schemas based on directed and weighted correspondences

Schema integration is the problem of creating a unified target schema based on a set of existing source schemas and based on a set of correspondences that are the result of matching the source schemas. Previous methods for schema integration rely on the exploration, implicit or explicit, of the multiple design choices that are possible for the integrated schema. Such exploration relies heavily on user interaction; thus, it is time consuming and labor intensive. Furthermore, previous methods have ignored the additional information that typically results from the schema matching process, that is, the weights and in some cases the directions that are associated with the correspondences. In this paper, we propose a more automatic approach to schema integration that is based on the use of directed and weighted correspondences between the concepts that appear in the source schemas. A key component of our approach is a novel top-k ranking algorithm for the automatic generation of the best candidate schemas. The algorithm gives more weight to schemas that combine the concepts with higher similarity or coverage. Thus, the algorithm makes certain decisions that otherwise would likely be taken by a human expert. We show that the algorithm runs in polynomial time and moreover has good performance in practice.
Long-term tests of limited streamer tubes☆

Abstract We studied the long-term behavior of 160 6-meter eight-cell Iarocci type streamer chambers under typical operating conditions for 400 days. Two chambers failed during this test, corresponding to an average failure rate of 1.3±0.8% per year. We also observed large systematic variations of chamber current as a function of the isobutane purity.
Motion video coding for packet-switching networks: an integrated approach

ABSTRACT The advantages of packet video, constant image quality, service integration and statistical multiplexing, areovershadowed by packet loss, delay and jitter. By integrating network-control into the image data compressionalgorithm, the strong interactions between the coder and the network can be exploited and the available network bandwidth can be used best . In order to enable video transmission over today's networks without reservation orpriorities and in the presence of high packet loss rates, congestion avoidance techniques need to be employed. This isachieved through rate and flow control, where feedback from the network is used to adapt coding parameters and varythe output rate. From the coding point of view the network is seen as data buffer. Analogously to constant bit rateapplications, where a controller measures buffer fullness, we attempt to avoid network congestion (eq. buffer overflow)by monitoring the network and adapting the coding parameters in real-time. 1. INTRODUCTION
Anti-idiotypic antisera raised against monoclonal antibody specific for a p24 gag region epitope detects a common interspecies idiotype associated with anti-HIV responses

ABSTRACT One potential strategy for the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is immune network manipulation using anti-idiotypic antibodies: this study was undertaken to demonstr...
Effects of two-century land use changes on soil iron crystallinity and accumulation in Southeastern Piedmont region, USA

Abstract To evaluate effects of land use changes on iron (Fe) crystallinity in mineral soil, this study quantified labile, short-range ordered and relatively crystalline iron pools in upper mineral soils of old hardwood forests, cultivated agricultural fields, and old-field pine forests, a common trajectory of land-use history in the upland of the Southern Piedmont, USA. Particularly in comparable old-field pine forest but with varying erosion histories, we indexed their surface mineral-soil iron crystallinity and compared iron cycling (accretion in forest floor and mineral soil horizons) in a variety of different forest ecosystems. Our results indicate that: (i) comparable sites with three land uses showed a significantly higher iron crystallinity in cultivated soil than soils supporting old hardwoods or in formerly cultivated soils that have supported 50 years of pine forest regeneration; (ii) five selected pine forest soils showed increasing iron crystallinity with elevated erosion; and (iii) iron accretion in organic and surface mineral soils horizons are ubiquitous across a variety of forests with a higher accretion in non-needle materials than needles. Given the continued soil erosion and more technologically intensive plowing across the Piedmont region, we attribute that agriculture activities accelerate loss of organic complexed Fe in the surface soil and resulted in the crystalline iron oxide at depth exposed to surface. Also, large organic input during forest regrowth for decades reestablished the reactivity and significant accretion of iron oxides in soil profiles suggesting major influence of biological activities in mediating the transformation of soil iron oxides and carbon compounds particularly in organic soil horizon. This study suggests that land use changes (agriculture and reforestation) play a profound role in transforming the iron crystallinity and its interaction with organic matter decomposition in biologically active soil and litter layers. It remains unclear how biological activities (via animal or microbes) in these layers have driven the iron biogeochemical transformation and redistribution in terrestrial forest ecosystems.
Design and Implementation of Broadcast Algorithms for Extreme-Scale Systems

The scalability and performance of collective communication operations limit the scalability and performance of many scientific applications. This paper presents two new blocking and nonblocking Broadcast algorithms for communicators with arbitrary communication topology, and studies their performance. These algorithms benefit from increased concurrency and a reduced memory footprint, making them suitable for use on large-scale systems. Measuring small, medium, and large data Broadcasts on a Cray-XT5, using 24,576 MPI processes, the Cheetah algorithms outperform the native MPI on that system by 51%, 69%, and 9%, respectively, at the same process count. These results demonstrate an algorithmic approach to the implementation of the important class of collective communications, which is high performing, scalable, and also uses resources in a scalable manner.
Cell-Cell Dissociation upon Epithelial Cell Scattering Requires a Step Mediated by the Proteasome

Abstract During development, tissue repair, and tumor metastasis, both cell-cell dissociation and cell migration occur and appear to be intimately linked, such as during epithelial “scattering.” Here we show that cell-cell dissociation during scattering induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or activation of the temperature-sensitive v-Src tyrosine kinase in MDCK cells can be blocked by inhibiting the proteasome with lactacystin and MG132. Although both proteins of the tight junction and the adherens junction redistributed during cell scattering, proteasome inhibitors largely prevented this process, resulting in the stabilization of Triton X-100-insoluble tight junction proteins as well as adherens junction proteins at sites of cell-cell contact. Proteasome inhibition also led to a decrease of E-cadherin turnover in 35S-labeled cells. In addition, proteasome inhibition partly preserved cell polarity, as determined by the subcellular distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase (basolateral marker) and gp135 (apical marker), and the structure of the subcortical actin ring, both of which are normally disrupted during scattering. However, cells were able to establish focal contacts, and single cell migration toward HGF was unaffected by proteasome inhibition in quantitative assays, indicating that cell-cell dissociation during scattering occurs independently of anchorage-dependent cell migration. Thus, a proteasome-dependent step during scattering induced by HGF and pp60v-Src appears to be essential for cell-cell dissociation, disassembly of junctional components, and (at least indirectly) it also plays a role in the loss of protein polarity.
Succinct representations of weighted trees supporting path queries

We consider the problem of succinctly representing a given vertex-weighted tree of n vertices, whose vertices are labeled by integer weights from {1,2,...,@s} and supporting the following path queries efficiently:*Path median query: Given two vertices i, j, return the median weight on the path from i to j. *Path selection query: Given two vertices i, j and a positive integer k, return the kth smallest weight on the path from i to j. *Path counting/reporting query: Given two vertices i, j and a range [a,b], count/report the vertices on the path from i to j whose weights are in this range. The previous best data structure supporting these queries takes O(nlogn) bits space and can perform path median/selection/counting in O(log@s) time and path reporting in O(log@s+occlog@s) time, where occ represents the number of outputs [M. He, J.I. Munro, G. Zhou, Path queries in weighted trees, in: International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation, 2011, pp. 140-149]. We present a succinct data structure taking nlog@s+6n+o(nlog@s) bits space that can perform the above mentioned queries in O(log@slogn) and O(log@slogn+occlog@s) time respectively.
Exciton Quenching and Migration in Single Conjugated Polymers

Plastic semiconductors, composed of conjugated organic molecules, have the potential to revolutionize the electronics industry with low-cost photovoltaic cells and high-contrast light-emitting displays. A major obstacle to the development of organic electronics is the lack of a predictive understanding of how energy and charge travel through organic solid-state materials, especially the amorphous conjugated polymers that are most amenable to low-cost “reel-to-reel” processing methods. Unraveling electronic energy transport is particularly important, as it is a limiting factor for the efficiency of low-cost organic solar cells. Electronic energy in conjugated molecules is contained in the form of an exciton, which consists of a negative charge (electron) and a positive charge (hole) that are tightly bound to form an electrically neutral quasi-particle. On page 565 of this issue, Bolinger et al. ( 1 ) reveal how excitons move through a conjugated polymer chain and how they interact with injected charges. Their conclusions, along with recent results from other groups, are overturning conventional wisdom about how molecular morphology influences electronic transport in this class of materials.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in horses: a retrospective study.

The clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics of fatal necrotizing enterocolitis were examined in 16 horses (age 4 months to 12 years). At initial presentation, 8 of 16 horses were pyrexic (median temperature, 38.4 degrees C; range, 33.8 to 40.6 degrees C); all 16 were tachycardic (median heart rate, 93 bpm, range, 66 to 138 bpm); 13 of 16 were tachypneic (median heart rate, 36 bpm, range, 16 to 80 bpm), dehydrated, and had discolored mucous membranes. All horses that were pyrexic were also tachycardic and tachypneic. PCV was high (> 45%) in 14 horses. Six horses were leukopenic ( 100 band neutrophils/microL. Twelve horses were acidemic (pH 15 mEq/L in 15 horses). Eleven of 16 horses were hyponatremic ( 143 mEq/L), 3 were hypokalemic ( 4.5 mEq/L), and 14 were hypochloremic ( 1.4 mg/dL) in 15 horses. Abdominal fluid was examined in 12 horses 4 had total protein concentrations > 2.5 g/dL and 6 had nucleated cell counts > 5,000/ microL and 10,000/microL. Eight of 12 samples revealed a nondegenerate neutrophilia (> 50%). Abdominal fluid collected from 4 horses immediately before death was normal in 2 horses and indicative of suppurative inflammation in 2. All 8 horses tested had low or nonexistent serum immunofluorescent antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii. Four of 16 horses had Salmonella spp isolated from feces or tissues. All 16 horses either died (5 of 16; 31%) or were euthanized because of a grave prognosis. Median time to death was 45.5 hours (range, 7 to 113 hours) from the time of admission. Death was preceded by severe abdominal pain in 14 horses. Fatal necrotizing enterocolitis of horses is characterized by a brief course, profound dehydration, electrolyte derangements, acid-base abnormalities, and terminally, severe abdominal pain. Abdominal fluid analysis was frequently not indicative of the severity of disease.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF BLADDER PRESERVATION IN THE TREATMENT OF MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

Purpose: Bladder preserving strategies for muscle invasive bladder cancer have evolved from single modality to multimodality treatment approaches with improved results.Materials and Methods: We review the rationale for a multimodality approach to treat invasive bladder cancer and the results of some recent multimodality bladder sparing treatments. In addition, we compare this approach to radical cystectomy.Results: Multimodality bladder sparing treatment involves combined transurethral bladder resection, external beam radiation with concurrent radiosensitizers and cisplatin based chemotherapy. With this approach overall 5-year survival is 48% to 63% and overall 5-year survival with the bladder intact is 36% to 43%. Survival with this approach is comparable to that in series of patients treated with primary radical cystectomy. The primary impetus for a multimodality bladder sparing approach is the improved quality of life associated with retaining the native bladder. However, the multimodality bladder spar...
Sources of light particles in peripheral collisions.

By studying light charged particles emitted in coincidence with projectile-like fragments, we probe heavy ion reaction mechanisms that result in the production of light particles in peripheral collisions. Triple coincidence {alpha}-{alpha}-{sup 12}C correlations in the reactions of 35 MeV/nucleon {sup 16}O with Ni conclusively identify previously known sources of light particles. The fast, beam velocity component of {alpha} particles in coincidence with projectile-like fragments is associated with the breakup of the projectile. The correlations suggest that the origin of the intermediate velocity component of {alpha} particles is the target nucleus. Both of these components are characterized by {alpha} particles emitted during the early stages of the collision.
Quantum reactive scattering via the S-matrix version of the Kohn variational principle: Integral cross sections For H+H2(ν1=j1=0)→H2(ν2=1, j2= 1, 3) + H in the energy range Etotal = 0.9–1.4 eV

Abstract Fully converged state-to-state integral cross sections are reported for the reaction H + H2 (ν1=j1=0)→ H, (ν2=1, j2=1 and 3) + H over a wide range of energy. The calculations include up to 19 partial waves (i.e. total angular momentum quantum numbers J=0, 1, … 18), which yield converged ν2=1 cross sections for total energies from threshold (≈0.9 eV) up to ≈ 1.4 eV. The calculated cross sections are a relatively smooth function of energy, and thus in substantial disagreement with the recent experimental results of Nieh and Valentini; the energy-averaged magnitudes of the experimental and theoretical cross sections, however, are in good agreement. The present calculations were performed with the LSTH potential energy surface for the H3 system.
Effect of Ozone and Ozonated 1-hexene on Respiration and Photosynthesis of Leaves.

The treatment of Pinto bean leaves with either ozone or ozonated hexene gas in air caused a rise in the respiration rate up to more than four times that of untreated control leaves. Plant responses to the two gases were similar. The rate of photosynthesis of treated bean leaves was less than that of controls. Both the amounts of stimulation of respiration and the inhibition of photosynthesis were directly related to the development of visible injury symptoms in certain tissues of the bean leaves. No stimulation of bean leaf respiration or inhibition of photosynthesis occurred unless visible injury developed. However, ozone caused a rise in the respiration rate of Valencia orange leaves with no concomitant development of visible injury. Citrus leaves gave no response until ozone concentrations approached those required to produce visible injury symptoms. Treatment with ozonated hexene at concentrations eliciting changes in respiration and photosynthesis in bean leaves caused no change in these processes in citrus leaves. A comparison of ozone- and ozonated hexene-treated bean leaves showed that the respiratory quotients were not different from that of the control leaves. 9 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.
Temporary Alteration of the Behavioural Repertoire of a Hermit Crab

DURING intraspeciflc interactions, hermit crabs rarely do physical damage to one another, but communicate by means of displays1,2. The aggressive displays executed by a crab during an interaction are determined by a number of factors. Each species has an aggressive repertoire, in which some behaviour patterns occur frequently and others are rare. Every individual has gone through physiological and psychological developmental sequences which affect that crab in any interaction3. Characteristics of the environment will also determine, in part, what will happen in an aggressive interaction.
Betaine treatment of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient homocystinuria; does it work and can it be improved?

Correspondence: Kenneth N Maclean Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mail Stop 8313, Aurora, CO, 80045-0511, USA Tel +1 303 724 3818 Fax +1 303 315 3838 Email ken.maclean@ucdenver.edu Abstract: Inactivating mutations in cystathionine β-synthase result in classical homocystinuria (HCU) and are typically accompanied by severe elevations of plasma and tissue homocysteine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and significantly decreased cysteine. HCU is usually accompanied by marfanoid skeletal abnormalities, osteoporosis, ectopia lentis and/ or severe myopia, cognitive impairment, and a dramatically increased incidence of atherosclerosis and thromboembolic complications of variable presentation. If untreated, HCU is a serious lifethreatening disease. Betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) is a zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound that can lower homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and increase cysteine in HCU by serving as a methyl donor for the remethylation of homocysteine in a reaction catalyzed by betaine–homocysteine S-methyltransferase. This review considers the clinical efficacy and safety of betaine treatment of HCU. Possible strategies by which the efficacy of this treatment might be improved are discussed.
Ruhollah Khomeini's Political Thought: Elements of Guardianship, Consent, and Representative Government

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is often described in secondary literature as a political actor who advocated religious absolutism. This paper argues that Khomeini’s theory can best be characterized not simply as a theory of guardianship by the Islamic jurisprudent but instead as a theory of limited guardianship. In the public speeches and statements that he delivered during the drafting of the Islamic Republic’s first constitution in 1979, Khomeini is clear that the necessary conditions of political legitimacy are, firstly, popular consent to government, secondly, public approval of the guardian, and finally, popular representation in a legislative assembly. These public statements are consonant with Khomeini’s description of Islamic government in Najaf in 1970, where he recognizes that the guardian is fallible, that the fallibility of human reason may lead people to establish inadequate political conventions, and that there is a certain injustice in imposing government upon a public that does not consent to it. His 1970 lectures do not contradict his post-revolutionary thought also because Khomeini in 1970 gives no indication that he disapproves of – though he makes no explicit statement that he approves of – representative, parliamentary government.
Coping with cancer through self-instruction: a hypothesis.

Abstract Because most cancer patients seem to cope well with the stresses of their illness, including the psychosocial ramifications, it is important to understand what good copers manage to do, as opposed to those patients who simply defend themselves against persistent problems. This requires making a radical distinction between coping and defending, as well as between healthy adaptive resources and latent pathological dispositions. A case report is presented to illustrate how one “supercoper” solved problems by self-instruction. While cognitive self-instruction may not be applicable for every cancer patient and all problems, it is a working hypothesis deserving of further investigation, since self-control and personal responsibility are essential elements in rehabilitation on all levels. One intervention model for “high distress” cancer patients is outlined.
Toxicity of the herbicides diquat and endothall to goldfish

Acute and behavioural toxicity to goldfish Carassius auratus was determined for the aquatic herbicides diquat and endothall, separately and combined as a 1:1 mixture by volume. Goldfish did not avoid the mixture at 0·11 mg litre−1 diquat:0·17 mg litre−1 endothall, but did avoid 10 × and 100 × this concentration. When exposed to the chemicals individually, goldfish did not avoid endothall at 0·17 or 1·70 mg litre−1, but avoided it at 17·0 mg litre−1; they did not avoid diquat at 0·11 mg litre−1 but avoided it at 1·10 and 11·0 mg litre−1. The 96-h median tolerance limit was 372 mg litre−1 for endothall, 85 mg litre−1 for diquat, and was 64mg litre−1 diquat:64 mg litre−1 endothall for the mixture. Neither the mixture nor the separate herbicides caused lesions on the gills, cephalic lateral line, nares, or taste buds of fish exposed for 96 h at concentrations <32 mg litre−1. Residual herbicide levels found after treatment of a 1093 ha reservoir with the mixture were below concentrations which caused toxopathic effects or avoidance in laboratory studies.