cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viral induction of site-specific chromosome damage.

The advent of advanced cell culture and cytogenetics techniques in the 1950s opened a new avenue for research on the pathogenic interactions between animal viruses and their hosts. Studies of many viruses revealed their ability to nonspecifically induce cytogenetic damage to their host cell's chromosomes. However, only three viruses, the oncogenic adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), have been found to cause non-random, site-specific chromosomal damage. Adenovirus (Ad) type 12 induces fragility at four distinct loci (RNU1, RNU2, RN5S and PSU1) in many different types of human cells. A common feature of these loci is that they contain a repeated array of transcriptionally active genes encoding small structural RNAs. Site-specific induction of breaks also requires the virally encoded E1B protein of M(r) 55000 and the C-terminus of the cellular p53 protein. Analysis of the induction of damage by HSV and HCMV necessitates consideration of several factors, including the strain of virus used, the timing of infection, the type of cell used, and the multiplicity of infection. Both HSV strains 1 and 2 are cytotoxic, although the former seems to be more proficient at inducing damage. At early times post infection, HSV induces breaks and specific uncoiling of the centromeres of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16. This is followed at later times by a more complete severing of all of the chromosomes, termed pulverisation. Damage by HSV requires viral entry and de novo viral protein synthesis, with immediate early viral proteins responsible for the induction of breaks and uncoiling and early gene products (most likely nucleases) involved in the extensive pulverisation seen later. HCMV has been studied primarily in permissive human fibroblasts. Its ability to induce specific damage in chromosome 1 at two loci, 1q21 and 1q42, was only recently revealed as the cells must be in S-phase when they are infected for the breaks to be observed. In contrast to adenovirus and HSV, HCMV induction of specific breakage requires only viral entry into the cell and not de novo viral protein expression. This latter point may be a factor in its ability to cause damage in the developing fetal brain, where the most severe clinical manifestations of congenital infection are observed.
Balancing energy and food production, 1975-2000.

For hundreds of years a state of balance between energy and food production has controlled the world food supply. The balance has permitted a well-developed, but essentially solar-energy-powered traditional agriculture to produce 1100 kg of food grain per hectare. This balance is currently being violated by two groups. One, operating in the affluent nations, has developed a technology for mobilizing nonrenewable energy inputs from fossil fuel to increase yields and land use intensity. The other is the one whose numbers and food needs have grown beyond the levels that can be sustained by yields of 1100 kg per hectare. The energy resources of the first group will run out and the second group will suffer famine, economic depression, or both. A worldwide view of various scenarios as population growth impacts with food production capabilities dependent on limited land and fossil energy resources is examined. After examining all the facts in the world economies and energy supplies, three possibilities for achieving food and energy balance are discussed: zero population growth; limited per capita resource consumption; and zero energy growth. The author concludes that the key to the system of balance is stopping population growth, and the necessary goal must be amore » solar-powered world; further, the time to use this key and set out toward this goal must be now--otherwise there may be no such thing as a calamity-free balance between energy and food. 27 references (MCW)« less
Alchemy and Greene's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay

Roger Bacon, philosophe du XVIIIs. semble avoir eu en fait autant de liens avec l'alchimie qu'avec la magie: Presentation de l'oeuvre de Bacon, connue en Angleterre a la fin du XVIs. et vision nouvelle de la piece de Greene "Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay" a travers le contexte alchimique original.
Experimental study of isotope scaling of ion thermal transport.

The wide divergence between most theoretical predictions of isotopic mass scaling of transport and tokamak experimental results motivated a basic physics experiment in the Columbia Linear Machine [R. Scarmozzino, A. K. Sen, and G. A. Navratil, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1729 (1986)]. The experiments on ion thermal conductivity due to ion temperature gradient-driven slab modes are performed using two different gases: hydrogen and deuterium. The results indicate inverse dependence of ion thermal conductivity on the isotope mass close to ${K}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\sim}{A}_{i}^{\ensuremath{-}0.5}$. This is similar to the tokamak results, but in stark contradiction to most present theoretical models.
Mineralogy in Relation to Phosphorus Sorption and Dissolved Phosphorus Losses in Runoff

the relationship between some measure of soil P and runoff dissolved P (Gburek et al., 2000; Coale et al., The relationship between soil test P (STP) and dissolved reactive 2002; Vadas et al., 2002). However, recent research has P (DRP) in runoff has been shown to vary with soil type due to differences in soil properties. This study was conducted to determine shown that this relationship will vary based on soil type the effect of mineralogy on P sorption behavior and DRP losses in (Sharpley, 1995; Sharpley et al., 1996; Pote et al., 1999; runoff using simulated rainfall. Nine different soil types were sampled Torbert et al., 2002). Therefore, an understanding of from four different fields to provide a range in STP. Unamended soils how different soil properties affect P concentrations in were packed into runoff boxes for use in a rainfall simulation study solution, leachate, and runoff is necessary to determine (7.5 cm h 1 for 30 min). A mineralogical analysis and adsorption- the effect of soil type on the relationship between STP desorption isotherm was conducted on one representative sample and runoff P losses. from each soil type. Results indicated that P retention for adsorption One of the most influential soil properties in regard and desorption in separated clay fractions and whole soils was well to P sorption is soil clay content, which has often been correlated to Al bearing minerals such as hydroxy-interlayered-vercorrelatedtoPsorptionparameters(FoxandKamprath, miculite (HIV), gibbsite, and amorphous Al. However, P retention was negatively related to kaolinite content, which was also confirmed 1970; Loganathan et al., 1987; Solis and Torrent, 1989; by isotherms conducted on pure clay minerals. Based on the isotherm Bennoah and Acquaye, 1989). However, it is the high results, all soils were split into two groups based on the ratio of HIV/ surface area and presence of various P sorbing minerals kaolinite. Soils with a HIV/kaolinite ratio 0.5 had a significantly that results in the common observation that high clay lower concentration of DRP in runoff for a given soil water soluble soils often adsorb more P compared with coarse-texP level compared with soils with a ratio 0.5. turedsoils(Loganathanetal.,1987).Phosphatesorption is attributed primarily to ligand exchange reactions between hydroxyls exposed on surfaces of minerals and P
Diagnostic approach to incidental adrenal nodules in the cancer patient. Results of a clinical, radiologic, and fine‐needle aspiration study

Twenty-three nonfunctioning adrenal nodules were discovered during computed tomographic (CT) evaluation of the abdomen in 16 patients with a variety of primary extra-adrenal malignant neoplasms. In seven cases the adrenal masses were bilateral. Following percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy, pathologic diagnosis was consistent with benign adenoma in seven patients, and with adrenal metastasis in nine. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or incidence of bilateral distribution among these two groups. Three of the adenomas were calcified, and the size of the benign nodules in all patients was less than 3 cm. No calcification was seen in metastatic adrenal nodules, and their sizes ranged between 2 and 20 cm. The clinical and radiologic features of these two groups of patients are evaluated, and a rational approach for the management of adrenal masses is described. The CT images of adrenal adenoma and adrenal metastasis, along with their corresponding cytopathologic features, are illustrated.
The individual in the scientific study of literature

The scientific study of literature raises a number of critical issues on the best methods to explore how people create, interpreted and are affected by literature and other media. One approach that is widely employed in psychology is to assess the behaviors of groups of individuals in some task, and from there infer underlying cognitive structures and processes that are the likely causal basis for the observed literary behaviors. Adopting this approach allows scholars to make broad scientific generalizations about the ways that people, most generally, interact with literature. But many scientific methods fail to account for individual differences in literary interactions, and as importantly, the unique individual character of literary experience. I explore this concern in the context of some of my own previous work on conceptual metaphor theory in reading poetry, and advocate a scientific approach to literary experience, based on dynamical, self-organizational theory, that may provide the conceptual tools for proper analysis of the individual in the scientific study of literature.
Fitting a nonlinear differential system to population data: the two-sex geometric-mean model

It is shown that the quasilinearization method may be used to fit a standard two-sex population model, which involves nonlinear ordinary differential equations, to observational data. Some requirements for future work are mentioned.
Visual ""literacy"": Image, Mind, And Reality

* Four Aspects of Visual Literacy * The Interpretation of Still Images * The Interpretation of Film and Television * General Cognitive Consequences of Visual Literacy * Awareness of Artistry and Manipulation * Conclusion: Other Questions, Other Literacies.
Representation theory of three-dimensional Sklyanin algebras

Abstract We determine the dimensions of the irreducible representations of the Sklyanin algebras with global dimension 3. This contributes to the study of marginal deformations of the N = 4 super Yang–Mills theory in four dimensions in supersymmetric string theory. Namely, the classification of such representations is equivalent to determining the vacua of the aforementioned deformed theories. We also provide the polynomial identity degree for the Sklyanin algebras that are module finite over their center. The Calabi–Yau geometry of these algebras is also discussed.
Integrating Ada 2005 into visual studio 2005

In this paper, we describe the integration of an Ada 2005 compiler into Microsoft's 2005 Visual Studio and its implications for the Ada community and beyond.
Blowout Bifurcation Route to Strange Nonchaotic Attractors.

Strange nonchaotic attractors are attractors that are geometrically strange, but have nonpositive Lyapunov exponents. We show that for dynamical systems with an invariant subspace in which there is a quasiperiodic torus, the loss of the transverse stability of the torus can lead to the birth of a strange nonchaotic attractor. A physical phenomenon accompanying this route to strange nonchaotic attractors is an extreme type of intermittency. [S0031-9007(96)01861-3]
RECOIL PROPERTIES OF FISSION PRODUCTS

The range and relative rates of energy loss in Al and Au have been measured radiochemically for five products from thermal-neutron-induced fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$. Range-velocity relationships for the median light product of fission and the median heavy product have been obtained from these measurements and other workers' energy-loss data. The relation of range ($R$) to energy ($E$) or velocity ($V$) can be fitted to functions of the form $R=kV\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ or $R=K{E}^{\frac{2}{3}}$. We have assumed that these functional forms can be applied to fission products of any mass. The constants $K$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ were determined from values of the range and kinetic energy for products of high yield. The values of these constants have been extrapolated to products of low yield. We have estimated kinetic energies, heretofore unmeasured, from the ranges of low-yield products.We have interpreted certain radiochemical observations in terms of the average component of the range perpendicular to the original velocity. The value of this component in Au has been estimated to be about one-fifth the total range.
Can the cultivation of microalgae meet U.S. energy demands

[1] As biofuels such as ethanol and esters become increasingly attractive alternatives to nonrenewable resources such as oil and coal, scientists have become interested in determining the feasibility of biofuels to help meet U.S. energy demands in light of governmental efforts to develop cleaner-burning, renewable fuels. Of particular interest are microalgae—single-celled, photosynthetic organisms—which have been shown to have high biomass yields per acre cultivated. But does the United States have the resources to cultivate microalgae as a viable alternative to fossil fuel consumption? To answer this question, Wigmosta et al. sought to quantify how much water and land would be needed for commercial-scale algal biofuel production, based on where production could feasibly occur. They find that with current technology, the United States has the potential to produce 220 billion liters per year of microalgal oil, equivalent to about 48% of current domestic imports. However, they caution that meeting this potential would require that roughly 5.5% of land in the continental United States and 3 times the amount of water currently used for irrigation be devoted to algal production, though optimizing the locations of microalgae production to maximize efficiency of water usage could significantly reduce water demands. These optimal locations include areas around the Great Lakes, the Gulf Coast, and the southeastern seaboard; these coastal locations would allow a 75% reduction in freshwater use and a 67% reduction in land use to cultivate biofuel resources. Moreover, biofuel production through these optimized locations could substitute for up to 17% of oil currently imported for transportation, indicating that with proper planning, U.S. goals for renewable fuels could be met. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR009966, 2011)
Study of compact stereoscopic system for target distance estimation

Distance measurement is necessary in a variety of fields, including targeting, surveillance, reconnaissance, robotics, and cartography. Today, the most commonly used method for distance measurement is laser ranging. However, laser rangers being active systems require more energy and cost more than passive systems, and they can be detected by the adversary. Stereoscopic vision, a passive system, requires low levels of power and allows covert operation. This study considers stereoscopic vision with a compact, portable system, and investigates its essential parameters that can be optimized for accurate distance measurement. The main parameters addressed in this study are the distance between the two cameras, the kernel size used for correlation between the two images, and the quality of the image measured by the standard deviation of pixel values. The distance estimation accuracy is determined as a function of these parameters and the range to target. To represent a compact, portable system, the study considered parallel camera pairs placed 6 inches or 12 inches apart. Using small, visible light digital cameras, the slant range measurement error is less than 3% with 12 inches camera spacing, and a correlation kernel of 30 pixels in width. Larger camera spacing and shorter ranges to target increase the disparity and decrease the distance estimate error. Analytical error predictions explain the experimental results.
Influence of concurrent exercise or nutrition countermeasures on thigh and calf muscle size and function during 60 days of bed rest in women

Aim: The goal of this investigation was to test specific exercise and nutrition countermeasures to lower limb skeletal muscle volume and strength losses during 60 days of simulated weightlessness (6° head-down-tilt bed rest). Methods: Twenty-four women underwent bed rest only (BR, n = 8), bed rest and a concurrent exercise training countermeasure (thigh and calf resistance training and aerobic treadmill training; BRE, n = 8), or bed rest and a nutrition countermeasure (a leucine-enriched high protein diet; BRN, n = 8). Results: Thigh (quadriceps femoris) muscle volume was decreased (P 0.05) thigh muscle volume. Calf (triceps surae) muscle volume was decreased (P 0.05) in BR (−29 ± 1%) and BRN (−28 ± 1%), and this decrease was attenuated (P 0.05) decreases in isometric and dynamic (concentric force, eccentric force, power and work) muscle strength for supine squat (−19 to −33%) and calf press (−26 to −46%). BRE maintained (P > 0.05) or increased (P < 0.05) all measures of muscle strength. Conclusion: The nutrition countermeasure was not effective in offsetting lower limb muscle volume or strength loss, and actually promoted thigh muscle volume loss. The concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise protocol was effective at preventing thigh muscle volume loss, and thigh and calf muscle strength loss. While the exercise protocol offset ∼75% of the calf muscle volume loss, modification of this regimen is needed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL EXPENDITURES AND DEGREE ATTAINMENT AT BACCALAUREATE COLLEGES

Enhancing student persistence and effectively managing financial resources present important challenges to higher education. Surprisingly, existing student persistence and attrition models offer little insight into the potential links between institutional expenditures and student persistence. This study examines the impact of institutional expenditures on 6-year cohort graduation rates at 363 Carnegie-classified Baccalaureate I and II institutions. The results suggest a positive and significant relationship between instructional and academic support expenditures and cohort graduation rates. As a result, researchers might consider ways to integrate expenditure variables into student persistence models. Institutions also might seek out ways to shift financial resources to areas that enhance student persistence and degree attainment. Additional research may serve to strengthen student persistence frameworks and improve links between persistence research and financial decisionmaking in colleges and universities.
Thermal decomposition and combustion of nitrocellulose.

T derivation of a realistic theory of combustion and the understanding of the aging of nitrocellulose depend upon an adequate knowledge of the kinetic mechanism of thermal decomposition. This paper is directed towards understanding the initial bond-breaking step and how this results in the distribution of products observed under different experimental conditions. Schuyler has proposed a mechanism for the pyrolysis of nitrocellulose that is essentially the same as that presented earlier by Shafizadeh and Wolf rom and by Gelernter et al. It was assumed that the initial step involved the scission of the CO—N02 bond as "it is the weakest bond in nitrocellulose." If N02 split off from a nitrate ester group attached to a secondary carbon atom, then glyoxal and N02 were assumed to be the primary products. If scission of a nitrate ester group attached to a primary carbon atom occurred, then the primary products were assumed to be formaldehyde and N02. This scheme is the same as that advanced by Wolf rom. Consistent with the experimental findings of Phillips, Orlich, and Steinberg, it was assumed that loss of N02 led to the intermediate formation of a carbonyl group on the nitrocellulose residue. However, formic acid, C02, CO, and NO were also isolated as products in addition to glyoxal and formaldehyde. It was assumed that these products resulted from oxidation of formaldehyde and glyoxal by N02 in the vapor phase. A number of independent investigators have derived values for the parameters of the Arrhenius equation. The reported values of A and Ef the pre-exponential factor and activation energy, respectively, for the first-order thermal decomposition, are tabulated in Table 1. The agreement among the values determined by the different experimental techniques is very good. It is noteworthy that activation energy lies within the range of 43-46 kcal. The dissociation energy of the CO—NO2 bond is 36.4 to 39.5 kcal determined experimentally from the kinetics of thermal decomposition of simple nitrate esters in the vapor phase. Smith thought that the difference between the activation energies for the pyrolysis of nitrocellulose and that of the simple nitrate esters might be because the former was pyrolyzed in the solid state. He measured the rate of py-
Bacitracin: an inhibitor of the insulin degrading activity of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase.

Abstract The antibiotic bacitracin, a known inhibitor of insulin degradation by both isolated cells and subcellular organelles, inhibited the ability of purified glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase to split insulin into its constituent A and B chains. This inhibition was demonstrated by measuring the formation of insulin degradative products that were both soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid and chromatographed as the separate chains of insulin on Sephadex G-50. At concentrations of 90 and 300 μM, bacitracin inhibited 50 and 90%, respectively, of the degrading activity of the purified enzyme. Similarly, degradation by crude liver lysates was inhibited 50 and 90% by 70 and 250 μM bacitracin, respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that this inhibition was by a complex mechanism that decreased both the Vmax and affinity of the enzyme for insulin. These data raise the possibility that the inhibition of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase by bacitracin could account for part or all of the effects of this antibiotic on inhibition of insulin degradation by target cells.
The Role of HIV Serostatus Disclosure in Antiretroviral Medication Adherence

This study examined the relationship between HIV serostatus disclosure and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). The study was conducted with 215 HIV-seropositive patients who demonstrated poor adherence (<80%) and who were in serodiscordant relationships. Participants completed self-report measures regarding HIV serostatus disclosure and reasons for missing ART doses, as well as electronic monitoring of ART adherence (MEMS caps). Overall, 19% of the sample reported missing medication doses in the last two months due to concerns regarding serostatus disclosure. Participants who reported greater serostatus disclosure to others demonstrated higher rates of adherence, and this relationship remained after controlling for other explanatory variables. The relationship between disclosure and adherence was not mediated by practical support for adherence from others. Interventions to improve ART adherence should address the role of serostatus disclosure by providing patients with skills to maintain adherence in contexts of non-disclosure and to make informed choices regarding selective disclosure.
Tradeable risk permits to prevent future introductions of invasive alien species into the Great Lakes

Abstract Commercial shipping has been implicated in over 60% of new introductions of invasive alien species (IAS) in the Great Lakes since 1960, with ballast water being the primary pathway. Recent policies have shifted the focus from postinvasion controls to prevention, with the regulation of oceanic ballast exchange as the primary approach. But this approach is not very effective, and it is often unsafe. We investigate whether an IAS tradeable permit program could provide an efficient alternative, keeping in mind that: (1) not every vessel will actually emit a species, yet ex ante each vessel is a potential emitter; (2) biological emissions are highly stochastic and essentially unobservable given current monitoring technologies. Theoretical issues in the design of a trading program are considered. We then compare the cost-effectiveness of trading versus command and control to reduce the likelihood of invasion by three classes of Ponto–Caspian species that are considered potential invaders capable of causing economic damage in the Great Lakes.
QUANTIFYING METHIONINE WITH A GREEN FLUORESCENT ESCHERICHIA COLI METHIONINE AUXOTROPH

Methionine is one of the essential and primary limiting amino acids in animal nutrition. In this study, an Escherichia coli methionine auxotroph bacterial strain that exhibited a linear growth response to methionine concentrations was transformed with a plasmid containing genes encoding for a green fluorescent protein, in order to develop a fluorescent bioassay technique for methionine quantitation. Transformants were grown on arabinose-supplemental media and kept at 27C. The strain was also tested in supplemented media with increasing methionine concentrations, and growth response (measured as optical density [OD]) was compared with fluorescence. The transformed E. coli methionine auxotroph exhibited low OD values, but the OD and fluorescent standard curves used for estimating methionine concentrations were linear with increasing increments of methionine concentration (OD, R2 = 0.97 and 0.89; fluorescent, R2 = 0.90 and 0.89) as were the corresponding fluorescent responses (OD versus fluorescent, R2 = 0.85 and 0.91). The transformed fluorescent strain also responded to enzymatic digests of selected animal feed proteins, yielding differences in available methionine among the different feed protein sources. Using the fluorescence-based bacterial growth assay to quantify methionine in microtiter plates has potential for assessment of methionine levels in animal feed samples.
Host plant specificity and potential impact of Aceria salsolae (Acari: Eriophyidae), an agent proposed for biological control of Russian thistle (Salsola tragus)

Abstract Russian thistle (common tumbleweed), Salsola tragus (Chenopodiaceae), is an alien weed that is widespread in the western United States. A population of the eriophyid mite, Aceria salsolae (Acari: Eriophyidae), was collected in Greece and evaluated for host plant specificity as a prospective biological control agent. The mite usually does not form galls, but is a vagrant that usually inhabits the crevices of leaf and flower buds. Feeding damage causes meristematic tissue to die, which stunts the plant. The mite was able to multiply only on species in the Salsola section Kali subsection Kali, which includes the alien weeds Salsola collina, Salsola kali, and Salsola paulsenii. It did not damage or multiply on Salsola soda, which is in a different section, nor on Halogeton glomeratus, which is in the same tribe. The mite reduced the size of Russian thistle plants by 66% at 25 weeks post-infestation under artificial conditions. The results indicate that the mite poses negligible risk to nontarget native North American plants or economic plants, and it may substantially reduce the size of Russian thistle plants and their population density.
Evidence for Distinct Ca2+‐ATPase Activities in Gastric Microsomes

Recently, a variant type of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase stimulated by submicromolar Ca2+ has been reported in plasma membranes of erythrocyte,) Iiver,2 adipocyte,l corpus luteum,4 isolated bone cells,s and ascites hepatoma cells. The Ca2+ -stimulation of many of these A TPases2-5 was abolished by the addition of Mg2+ -a fact posing a major difficulty in demonstrating the high-affinity Ca2+ -activated ATPase. We previously reported? that purified dog gastric microsomes highly enriched in H+,K +ATPase activity also contain a high-affinity and a low-affinity Ca2+ -ATPase system. Our data suggested? the Ca2+ -ATPase activities to be a part of the Mg2+ -ATPase, which is always associated with the gastric microsomes. In this paper, we report complete separation of the H + ,K+ -ATPase from the Mg2 + -ATPase and the associated Ca2+ -ATPase activities, thus demonstrating that the latter activities are unrelated to the former.
Modeling Tricks and Fitting Techniques for Multiresolution Structures

Support by the National Institutes of Health (R01 GM62968 and P41 RR 12255) and by the La Jolla Interfaces in Science Program/Burroughs Wellcome Fund is gratefully acknowledged.
Challenges to democracy building and the role of civil society

This article addresses the issue of the challenges of democracy building and the role of civil society in this process by focusing on three countries in southeastern Europe, Albania, Bulgaria, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Since the 1990s, when these three post-communist states undertook the democratization process, formidable challenges and obstacles to the democratization process have been encountered by all three states which facilitates a comparative analysis, while differences remain as well, especially since Bulgaria became a member of the European Union in 2007. The development of an indigenous civil society is perceived as both a necessary prerequisite for a qualitative democracy to develop and be maintained in these societies, and as a project under construction that needs to be culturally contextualized to be relevant to the population it purports to serve.
Rhabdomyolysis after Concomitant Use of Simvastatin and Voriconazole in an Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patient

Objective:To report a case of rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of simvastatin and voriconazole.Case Summary:A 65-year-old white male, weight 66 kg, 79 months post allogeneic stem cell transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, was on a stable medication regimen that included voriconazole. He was hospitalized with weakness and elevated creatine kinase a few weeks after initiation of simvastatin for treatment of hyperlipidemia. His symptoms resolved and creatine kinase level returned to within the normal range after fluid administration and discontinuation of simvastatin.Discussion:The use of statins has become a standard in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic disease. Most statins are metabolized via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. For simvastatin, metabolism occurs specifically via the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. Drugs known to inhibit this isoenzyme, such as voriconazole, can increase the risk for toxicities, including rhabdomyolysis, when used concomitantly with simvastatin. This case represe...
MAP5 in cultured hippocampal neurons: expression diminishes with time and growth cones are not immunostained.

A monoclonal antibody was used to determine both the expression of the microtubule-associated protein MAP5 in cultured foetal rat hippocampal neurons as a function of culture age and the cellular distribution of the protein. When cultures at days 2 and 3 were examined by fluorescence microscopy, MAP5 immunostaining was localized intensely in neuronal cell bodies and neurites but not in growth cones. Extensive labelling of axons was seen at days 4 and 5. MAP5 staining was still prominent in neurons after 16 days in culture, and neuntes at this time had grown over astrocytes but had completely avoided islands of non-astrocytic cells. MAP5 immunostaining was almost undetectable in cells that had been in culture for 20 days. The decreasing expression of MAP5 in cultured neurons as a function of time parallels that previously shown for MAP5 in intact neonatal rat brain. The effect of elevated temperature on MAP5 expression was also examined. Neurons grown for 9 days at 40 ° C showed the same cellular distribution of MAP5 as cells grown at 37 ° C. In particular, growth cones were again negative for MAP5 immunostaining. The absence of MAP5 in growth cones appears consistent with the fact that these structures contain labile microtubules. MAP5 has been shown to be a component of microtubule crossbridges and its absence might thus be expected to contribute to microtubule lability.
Peroxidase Mechanism of Lipid-dependent Cross-linking of Synuclein with Cytochrome c: PROTECTION AGAINST APOPTOSIS VERSUS DELAYED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PARKINSON DISEASE*

Damage of presynaptic mitochondria could result in release of proapoptotic factors that threaten the integrity of the entire neuron. We discovered that α-synuclein (Syn) forms a triple complex with anionic lipids (such as cardiolipin) and cytochrome c, which exerts a peroxidase activity. The latter catalyzes covalent hetero-oligomerization of Syn with cytochrome c into high molecular weight aggregates. Syn is a preferred substrate of this reaction and is oxidized more readily than cardiolipin, dopamine, and other phenolic substrates. Co-localization of Syn with cytochrome c was detected in aggregates formed upon proapoptotic stimulation of SH-SY5Y and HeLa cells and in dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons of rotenone-treated rats. Syn-cardiolipin exerted protection against cytochrome c-induced caspase-3 activation in a cell-free system, particularly in the presence of H2O2. Direct delivery of Syn into mouse embryonic cells conferred resistance to proapoptotic caspase-3 activation. Conversely, small interfering RNA depletion of Syn in HeLa cells made them more sensitive to dopamine-induced apoptosis. In human Parkinson disease substantia nigra neurons, two-thirds of co-localized Syn-cytochrome c complexes occurred in Lewy neurites. Taken together, these results indicate that Syn may prevent execution of apoptosis in neurons through covalent hetero-oligomerization of cytochrome c. This immediate protective function of Syn is associated with the formation of the peroxidase complex representing a source of oxidative stress and postponed damage.
A New Approach to Library Service Discovery and Resource Delivery

In this vision session, Daniel Chudnov discussed how current specifications in development and use, including COinS and unAPI, could improve service discovery and resource delivery. The speaker focused on the benefits of each spec and examined each from a critical perspective. He concluded that each spec could not deliver the ultimate performance of current commercial counterparts such as iTunes. The specs combined, however, contribute to a preferable ideal to which libraries should aspire. Throughout his talk, Chudnov built on a strategy libraries can utilize to begin implementing that ideal.
Transonic calculations for a flexible supercritical wing and comparison with experiment

Pressure data measured on the flexible DAST ARW-2 wing are compared with results calculated using the transonic small perturbation code XTRAN3S. A brief description of the analysis is given and a recently-developed grid coordinate transformation is described. Calculations are presented for the rigid and flexible wing for Mach numbers from 0.60 to 0.90 and dynamic pressures from 0 to 1000 psf. Calculated and measured static pressures and wing deflections are compared, and calculated static aeroelastic trends are given. Attempts to calculate the transonic instability boundary of the wing are described.
Distribution and Localization of 5-HT1A Receptors in the Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord after Transection and Deafferentation

Abstract The serotonergic system is highly plastic, capable of adapting to changing afferent information in diverse mammalian systems. We hypothesized that removing supraspinal and/or peripheral input would play an important role in defining the distribution of one of the most prevalent serotonergic receptors, the 5-HT1A receptor (R), in the spinal cord. We investigated the distribution of this receptor in response to a complete thoracic (T7–T8) spinal cord transection (eliminating supraspinal input), or to spinal cord isolation (eliminating both supraspinal and peripheral input) in adult rats. Using two antibodies raised against either the second extracellular region (ECL2) or the third intracellular region (ICL3) of the 5-HT1AR, we compared the 5-HT1AR levels and distributions in specific laminae of the L3–L5 segments among the control, spinal cord–transected, and spinal cord–isolated groups. Each antibody labeled different populations of 5-HT1AR: ECL2 labeled receptors in the axon hillock, whereas ICL3...
The effect of latanoprost and brimonidine on rabbit subconjunctival fibroblasts.

Purpose Subconjunctival fibroblasts play a critical role in scarring and treatment failure in fistulizing surgery for glaucoma. The proliferation of subconjunctival fibroblasts appears to be modulated by topical glaucoma medications. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of latanoprost and brimonidine on subconjunctival fibroblast proliferation in rabbit eyes. Methods Twelve pigmented Dutch-belted rabbits were divided into treatment groups of four latanoprost 0.005%, brimonidine 0.2%, or balanced saline solution (BSS) each were administered to one treatment group, both eyes of each rabbit, twice a day, 6 days a week for 10 weeks. The eyes were then enucleated along with the conjunctiva, fixed, processed, and evaluated by light microscopy and immunohisto-chemistry using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and anti-muscle-specific actin antibody (HHF-35). Fibroblast cell counts were performed at magnification x40. Results In all groups, few inflammatory cells were seen in the subconjunctival space under light microscopy. PCNA staining revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean number of labeled fibroblasts in the group receiving brimonidine compared with the control (BSS) group. The group receiving latanoprost also had a significantly higher mean number of labeled fibroblasts than the groups receiving brimonidine or BSS. Only a few fibroblasts stained positively with the anti HHF antibody. Eyes treated with latanoprost, however, had significantly higher numbers of positively labeled cells than eyes treated with brimonidine or BSS. Conclusion When applied to rabbit eyes, latanoprost and brimonidine appear to increase the number of positively labeled proliferating subconjunctival fibroblasts.
Hamiltonian description of axisymmetric vortex flows and the system of vortex rings

The Hamiltonian equations for the trajectories of fluid particles in axisymmetric vortex flows are obtained. On the basis of these equations, the system of thin vortex rings is considered. The problem of the interaction of two vortex rings has a general analytic solution. The problems of stochastization of the system of three and more vortex rings as well as stochastization of trajectories of fluid particles in the system of two and more vortex rings (with appropriate initial conditions) are discussed.
Mexico's devaluations and changes in net foreign exchange receipts from tourism

Abstract Mexico's international tourism industry makes a vital contribution to foreign exchange receipts that are needed desperately to pay foreign debt obligations. However, its share of world tourism receipts has declined since devaluations of the Mexican peso. The industry's proportional contribution to total receipts has exhibited a significant downward trend over the last 18 years. Adjusting the receipts and expenditures from international tourism by a ratio index comprised of the Mexican Consumer Price Index, the U.S. Consumer Price Index, and the peso/dollar exchange rate portrays the relative impact of increased purchasing power of world travellers in Mexico and increased costs to Mexican residents travelling outside of their country. The simultaneous effect of lowering the cost of travel to Mexico and increasing the cost of international travel for Mexicans has enabled Mexico to maintain a favorable net foreign exchange balance from tourism.
Plasma membrane of cultured oligodendrocytes: I. Isolation, purification, and initial characterization

Oligodendrocytes generate myelin as extensions of the plasma membrane. Myelin has been well characterized, yet little is known concerning oligodendrocyte plasma membrane. We have developed a reproducible method for the isolation of an oligodendrocyte plasma membrane-rich fraction (F2.2). F2.2 has a 25-fold enrichment in K+-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase, a plasma membrane marker. Impurities are composed of Golgi elements (8-12%), microsomes (4-6%), and lysosomal membranes (1-5%). Our starting material was oligodendrocytes kept in culture in a nonattached state for 3 to 5 d. After disrupting the cells and removing nuclei (P1), the supernatant (SP1) was fractionated on a self-generating 20% Percoll gradient into three bands: F1, F2, and F3. F1 had only 3% of the applied protein and was not characterized. F2, with 11% of the protein, was fivefold enriched in plasma membrane. F3 had 27% of initial protein; it consisted of a crude mitochondrial and lysosomal fraction. F2 was further purified by first washing it hypotonically, treating it with Mg2+, and then fractionating it on a Ficoll step gradient that yielded F2.2 at the interphase. Morphologically F2.2 comprises 1) membranous sheets, often with more than one membrane in close apposition; 2) membrane vesicles of various sizes and shapes frequently filled with amorphous material; 3) Golgi elements; and 4) unrecognizable profiles. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profile of F2.2 reveals CNPase as a major component in agreement with the high CNPase specific activity (3,860 mumol/mgP/h) found in F2.2. Other significant polypeptides have Mr = 170,000, 135,000, 108,000, 80,000, 53,000, 38,500, 32,000, and 22,200.
DNA repair, oncogenes and carcinogenesis.

The methylating agent N-methyl-/v'-nitrosourea (MNU*) is surprisingly biased in its activation of Harvey-ray (H-ras) protooncogene in rat mammary tumors (reviewed in ref. 1; see Table 2 therein). Single doses of MNU activated H-ras by a G to A base change in 61 of 61 tumors harboring NIH-3T3-transforming DNA (1). In all 61 tumors, the same G was mutated. Natural selection for mutations that impart growth advantages to the cell is the explanation generally given for this positional bias (2). While attractive, this explanation is inconsistent with the efficiencies of transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by mutations at other positions in H-ras (Table I). For example, mutating either the first or second G of H-ras codon 12 to A gives almost identical transformation efficiencies. One explanation for this contradiction may lie with trying to compare transformation efficiencies of activated ras in different tissues with that in NIH 3T3 cells. There are alternative explanations for mutation at particular positions that I would like to consider here: (i) some DNA sequences may present particular base positions as easy targets to the mutagen; (ii) some DNA sequences may hide mutagenic lesions from repair activities so that the lesions persist. Evidence for the first explanation comes from studies of aflatoxin (3), ethylating agents (4) and nitrogen mustard (5) binding to DNA. For MNU, incorporation of O^-methyldGTP into DNA during DNA replication in vitro indicates that the tetrahedral methyl group at (f-G does not fit equally well everywhere in the DNA helix (6). Evidence for the second explanation comes from the biological consequences of C^-methyldGTP incorporation and C^-methylguanine (C^-methylG) oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis, which demonstrated that C^-methylG mutagenesis and repair are non-uniform (7). A consensus sequence that appears to inhibit repair was derived. A computer search for related DNA sequences found the portion of the H-ras oncogene that contains the MNU activation site.
Corporate Advisory Boards, Portfolio Assessment, and Business and Technical Writing Program Development.

This article advocates student learning portfolios as an effective assessment technique and explains how instructors and administrators can devise a process that involves community partners in assessing student performance. Having community experts judge a student portfolio contest helps faculty identify standards for success that can inform decision making about course content and program offerings. The article discusses how to gain and sustain community involvement in program assessment and describes how portfolio assessment led to the creation of a technical and business writing advisory board at an urban university.
A measure-theoretic proof of the Markov property for hybrid systems with Markovian inputs

The behavior of a general hybrid system in discrete time can be represented by a non-linear difference equation x(k + 1) = F/sub k/(x(k), /spl theta/(k)), where /spl theta/(k) is assumed to be a finite state Markov chain. An important step in the stability analysis of these systems is to establish the Markov property of (x(k), /spl theta/(k)). There are, however, no complete proofs of this property which are simple to understand. This paper aims to correct this problem by presenting a complete and explicit proof, which uses only basic measure-theoretical concepts.
Correlation of Histopathologic and Bacteriologic Changes with Cytokine Expression in an Experimental Murine Model of Bacteremic Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Staphylococcus aureus infections are often life threatening. Relatively little is known about the host response to these infections, in particular, the role played by cytokines. We established a mouse model of bacteremic S. aureus infection to correlate bacteriologic findings and pathologic changes with cytokine gene expression. Bacterial density in blood and tissue was highest at 1 h and minimal by 48 h. Despite the rapid clearance of bacteria, pathologic abnormalities and inflammatory cytokines were detected after clearance of the bacteria. The number of infiltrating inflammatory cells, as well as the size of inflammatory foci, increased with time. Interstitial accumulation of inflammatory cells and tissue damage, such as microabscesses, edema, and necrosis progressed following clearance of bacteria from the tissues. Levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 protein in serum were detectable at 1 h and peaked at 4 h. Interleukin-6 protein expression showed different kinetics, with low levels detected at 1 h and increasing levels at 72 h postinfection. Tumor necrosis factor and the interleukins were expressed in inflammatory and noninflammatory cells in lung, liver, and heart tissues. Leukocytes in the infected tissues were highly reactive with antibodies to the three cytokines, suggesting that activated leukocytes are a major source of inflammatory cytokines after staphylococcal infection. Expression of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in tissue-specific cells and endothelial cells was also detected in infected tissues, indicating that cells other than leukocytes contribute to the elevated cytokine levels in this model. Once initiated, expression of inflammatory cytokines contributes to the pathogenesis of S. aureus disease.