cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
University Faculty Attitudes and Actions toward Universal Design: A Literature Review

The purpose of this literature review was to examine postsecondary education (PSE) facultyâs attitudes toward and applications of universal design (UD) in their classes. After a comprehensive searching and screening process, we identified 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results of the review revealed factors that influenced facultyâs attitudes toward and applications of UD. Some of the studies showed a gap between having a positive attitude toward UD and the actual applications of it. Findings of the review seem to suggest that certain training activities would help develop facultyâs interest and competencies for applying UD in their classes. This review also provided discussions and implications of applying UD in PSE settings.
X-linked Christianson Syndrome with Neurodegeneration and Atypical Parkinsonism in Female Carriers (2457)

Objective: With the current pedigree and neuropathology study, we hope to explore the genetic and biochemical basis of neurodegenerative disease. Background: There are over 100 X chromosome loci for hereditary intellectual disability. SLC9A6 is one of the more common mutations, causing Christianson Syndrome with severe intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxia in affected males. The mutation affects NHE6, a Na/H exchanger in endosomes. It has variable spatial and temporal expression throughout life, peaking prenatally and in adulthood. Neuropathology in affected males consists of neuronal loss most prominently in the basal ganglia and cerebellum with diffuse tau deposition throughout white matter tracts. The mechanism of tau deposition in this disorder remains unclear. Design/Methods: We present a pedigree of a family with known SLC9A6 (NHE6) mutation with variable phenotype of mild intellectual disability or learning disorder and progressive neurodegenerative disorders in adult female members including autopsy with neuropathology for one member. Results: The phenotypes in females in this family are variable, ranging from very mild intellectual disability to clinical syndromes of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Cortical Basal Degeneration. Postmortem neuropathology was consistent with clinical findings, with tau deposition most notable in the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and pons. Interestingly, foamy histiocytes noted in the spleen and bone marrow were felt to be consistent with atypical storage disease, emphasizing the multisystem nature of genetic disease. Conclusions: The penetrance of X-linked disorders in female family members is variable and incompletely understood in neuropsychiatric disorders, however family history of intellectual disability should raise suspicion for genetic etiologies of neurodegeneration. Since the presence of a genetic diagnosis may reveal unique etiology of neuronal injury, and tau deposition specifically in this Christianson Syndrome pedigree, such genetic causes and underlying pathophysiology have the potential to guide treatment in the future. Disclosure: Dr. Owens has nothing to disclose. Madeline Williamson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Correll has nothing to disclose.
THE INTERACTION OF METROPOLITAN COST-OF-LIVING AND THE FEDERAL EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT: ONE SIZE FITS ALL?

This paper explores the interaction between the federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the cost-of-living faced by single mothers. After the 1993 EITC expansion, we identify up to an 8 percentage point increase in labor force participation for single mothers in the lowest cost areas but no discernible response in the highest cost areas. We conclude that the EITC’s welfare-enhancing properties are undermined by the interaction of the program’s fi xed national rules and geographic variation in wages and the cost-of-living. In addition, our fi ndings suggest that the EITC does little to reduce joblessness in many of the nation’s largest cities.
Evaluation of Soybean Varieties Resistant to Soybean Cyst Nematode in Southeast Iowa in 2002

Introduction The use of resistant soybean varieties is a very effective strategy for managing soybean cyst nematode (SCN), and numerous SCN-resistant soybean varieties are available for Iowa soybean growers. Each year, public and private SCNresistant soybean varieties are evaluated in SCNinfested and noninfested fields throughout Iowa by Iowa State University personnel. The research described in this report was performed to assess the agronomic performance of maturity groups (MG) II and III SCN-resistant soybean varieties and to determine the effects of the varieties on SCN population densities.
Ampicillin therapy for Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) vaginitis.

Abstract In a one-year study conducted at a girls' correctional school, 21 of 154 girls examined at the Venereal Disease Clinic were infected with C. vaginale . All 21 cases were treated successfully with 500 mg. of ampicillin given four times daily for a period of five days.
A problem in morphology-syntax division

Abstract This paper 1 sets forth data to document the following propositions: Proposition 1: For the description of some languages it isnot accurate or helpful to postulate a sharp morphology-syntax dichotomy. Illustration: The Mixteco language.
A discipline of multiprogramming: programming theory for distributed applications

1. A discipline of multiprogramming.- 2. Action systems.- 3. An object-oriented view of action systems.- 4. Small examples.- 5. Safety properties.- 6. Progress properties.- 7. Maximality properties.- 8. Asynchronous compositions of programs.- 9. Conditional, closure properties.- 10. Reduction theorem.- 11. Distributed implementation.- 12. Logic of Seuss programs.- 13. Epilog.
A Novel Mouse Model of Accelerated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis with varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. The pathophysiology of NASH is not fully understood due to the lack of appropriate animal models mimicking the disease in humans. Recent studies showed that high cholesterol high fat (HCHF) diet induced NASH in mice but only after prolonged 30 weeks of feeding. We have recently shown that in transgenic mice [ISR2, with intestine-specific overexpression of active Sterol Response Binding Element Protein 2 (SREBP2)], intestinal cholesterol synthesis was significantly increased resulting in hypercholesterolemia. Since high cholesterol has been indicated to be a risk factor for NASH, we hypothesized that ISR2 mice will develop a more severe diet-induced NASH. Our data showed that HCHF feeding to ISR2 mice resulted in accelerated (15 wks versus 30 wks) and more severe NASH compared to wild type animals. HCHF feeding (15 wks) to ISR2 mice led to a significant increase in the hepatic ...
Public Participation and Environmental Policy: What Factors Shape State Agency's Public Participation Provisions?

Public participation is becoming increasingly common in environmental decision making. While researchers have focused on understanding why individuals get involved and the impact of their engagement, less is known about the forces that shape agency and legislative decision making regarding participation. This paper uses multinomial logistic regression to explore the determinants of public participation provisions in state hazardous waste programs over time. The results suggest that states with more liberal citizenry, higher levels of manufacturing, and urban areas are more likely to formalize the participation provisions in their hazardous waste programs. Comparatively, states with fewer Democratic representatives are more likely to informally engage in public participation procedures in their states programs.
Two representations of the research process: The preparing, searching, and using (PSU) and the beginning, acting and telling (BAT) models

Abstract Two representations of a three-stage diagrammatic model that holistically depicts the research process are presented. The representations incorporate elements culled from existing information-seeking behavior and information literacy instruction research, as well as evidence gathered from a study of third grade elementary school students, as they worked to fulfill a class project's requirements. Both representations are content independent, attribute equal importance to each of the three stages, and target the K-12 educational environment. The full representation, the preparing, searching, using (PSU) model, is intended for use by instructors and more advanced students. The model identifies elements inherent within the three stages of the research process including actions, affective behaviors, impact factors, learning, and reflection. The simpler representation, the beginning, acting, telling (BAT) model, which is embedded into the PSU, presents only the three main stages and the actions associated with those stages using a familiar graphic (a bat) and a mnemonic device to visually present the basic elements of the research process to younger elementary school students. The PSU model is designed to identify and address the unique information behaviors of students (affective, cognitive, and physical) and factors that may impact the research process. As a result, the representations can be used by educators, including information professionals and teachers, to inform instruction, such as lesson planning, development of assignments, resource location and evaluation, and the use of information, to fully exploit all aspects of the research process. The PSU model can also be used to teach more sophisticated concepts to older students by introducing more complex features gradually to the BAT model.
Selenomethionine reduces visual deficits due to developmental methylmercury exposures

Developmental exposures to methylmercury (MeHg) have life-long behavioral effects. Many micronutrients, including selenium, are involved in cellular defenses against oxidative stress and may reduce the severity of MeHg-induced deficits. Zebrafish embryos (<4 h post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to combinations of 0.0-0.30 microM MeHg and/or selenomethionine (SeMet) until 24 hpf then placed in clean medium. Fish were tested as adults under low light conditions ( approximately 60 microW/m(2)) for visual responses to a rotating black bar. Dose-dependent responses to MeHg exposure were evident (ANOVA, P<0.001) as evidenced by reduced responsiveness, whereas SeMet did not induce deficits except at 0.3 microM. Ratios of SeMet:MeHg of 1:1 or 1:3 resulted in responses that were indistinguishable from controls (ANOVA, P<0.001). No gross histopathologies were observed (HE cells expressing the transient I(A) current displayed a slight trend for smaller amplitude among MeHg-treated fish. Developmental co-exposure to SeMet reduced but did not eliminate the increase in the MeHg-induced I(K) response, however, I(A) responses increased significantly over MeHg-treated fish to match control levels. Electrophysiological deficits parallel behavioral patterns in MeHg-treated fish, i.e., initial reactions to the rotating bar were followed by periods of inactivity and then a resumption of responses.
Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the corystospermales: permineralized in situ grains from the triassic of Antarctica

Abstract Corystosperms, represented by Dicroidium leaves and Pteruchus -like pollen organs, are major components of the Early-Middle Triassic silicified flora from the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica. The micromorphology and ultrastructure of the in situ pollen contained within these organs are described. Pollen sacs of varying ontogenetic ages have been isolated. Mature grains are monosulcate and bisaccate, with large, crescent-shaped eusacci. The exine is relatively thick in the cappa region and thins toward the distal sulcus; surface ornamentation is psilate. In medial positions of the proximal wall, the exine is homogeneous but becomes tectate-alveolate in more lateral regions of the cappa. The alveolar units extend into the sacci forming an endoreticulum; however, the endoreticulations are discontinous and only attach to the outer walls of the sacci. A wedge-shaped unit, where the sacci attach to the corpus, characterizes both the proximal and distal poles. The sulcus is broad, extends the entire width of each grain, and is longitudinally flanked by elevated lips. The structural features of these grains are discussed with respect to other fossil and extant saccate pollen. The grains are systematically compared with those of other bisaccate pollen-producing plants with which the Corystospermales have been suggested to be closely related, including Glossopteridales, Caytoniales, and angiosperms (Lactoridaceae). The permineralized in situ grains are also compared with other compressed Pteruchus species known at the ultrastructural level and with morphologically similar dispersed palynomorphs known from Antarctic sediments.
The effect of training on the provision of elective abortion: A survey of five residency programs

Abstract Objective: We investigated the correlation of residency abortion training and other variables with abortion provision. Study Design: We surveyed obstetrician-gynecologists who graduated from five residency programs. Subjects were asked about demographic characteristics, residency abortion training, and abortion provision. We used a logistic regression model that included all variables that were correlated significantly with abortion provision in univariate analyses. Results: Of 161 physicians (61%) who responded, 131 physicians (83%) participated in abortion training. Seventy-six physicians (47%) provided abortions currently, and 95 physicians (58%) had provided abortions at some time since residency. Three variables were independently, positively correlated with abortion provision: the number of abortions that were performed during residency, the gestational age limit of abortion training, and urban practice. Negatively correlated with provision were membership in a restrictive practice and training outside the teaching hospital. Conclusion: Variables that were indicative of more extensive residency abortion training were associated positively with the current provision of abortion. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1161-3.)
Short-term memory difficulties and Down's syndrome

Nonretarded (NR) individuals typically show better short-term memory for brief sequences of auditory than visual information (the modality effect). The present study attempted to determine whether the failure of Down's syndrome (DS) individuals to show the modality effect is due to the verbal-expressive demands of oral responding in memory tasks. DS, NR and MR (non-DS mentally retarded) subjects listened to or looked at increasingly long sequences of digits and attempted to recall them either orally or manually (through placement of items). Analyses suggested the following: (1) manual responding failed to enhance auditory recall in either DS or any other subjects; and (2) difficulty in recalling auditory stimuli was greater for DS mentally retarded subjects. An additional assessment of DS, MR and NR subjects on a standardized auditory short-term memory test requiring a nonverbal pointing response replicated the above findings.
Integrated electrical and SEM-based defect characterization for rapid yield ramp

Challenges of the new nanometer processes have complicated the yield enhancement process. The systematic yield loss component is increasing, due to the complexity and density of the new processes and the designs that are developed for them. High product yields can now only be achieved when process failure rates are on the order of a few parts per billion structures. Traditional yield ramping techniques cannot ramp yields to these levels and new methods are required. This paper presents a new systematic approach to yield loss pareto generation. The approach uses a sophisticated Design-of-Experiments (DOE) approach to characterize systematic and random yield loss mechanisms in the Back End Of the Line (BEOL). Sophisticated Characterization Vehicle (CV) TM test chips, fast electrical test and Automatic Defect Localization (ADL) are critical components of the method. Advanced statistical analysis and visualization of the detected and localized electrical defects provides a comprehensive view of the yield loss mechanisms. In situations where the defects are not visible in a SEM of the structure surface, automated FIB and imaging is used to characterize the defect. The combined approach provides the required resolution to appropriately characterize parts per billion failure rates.
Multiphysics Modeling of a Piezoelectric Bimorph Disc in a Direct Write Fabrication Process

This paper investigates the behavior of the Piezoelectric (PZT) Bimorph disc within a Direct Write Fabrication Process. A modified Continuous Inkjet Print (CIJ) method is utilized to deposit a variety of conductive nano particulate materials for building miniaturized devices that can sustain harsh environments. Typical example includes the fabrication of electronic devices that are subject to severe fluctuations to temperature gradients. The spatial and temporal complexity of the novel CIJ based microfabrication process necessitates a computational solution to complement its experimental development. The interaction of three fields namely; electrostatic, structural and fluidic in the CIJ head are captured within a single Multiphysics model. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) algorithm is used to capture the interaction of the PZT disc with the ink media. The effects of input parameters such as pressure, frequency and voltage on the PZT disc displacement are studied. Further, their effects on the transient pattern of the PZT displacement are explained. The findings from this research can be utilized to control the PZT disc displacements which, ultimately can be used to obtain an optimized and consistent drop break up for high precision printing.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Generalized Multiple Discrete Interaction Approximation for resonant four-wave interactions in wind wave models

Abstract For several decades, the Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA) for nonlinear resonant four-wave interactions has been the engine of third-generation wind-wave models. The present study presents a Generalized Multiple DIA (GMD) which expands upon the DIA by (i) expanding the definition of the representative quadruplet, (ii) formulating the DIA for arbitrary water depths, (iii) providing complimentary deep and shallow water scaling terms and (iv) allowing for multiple representative quadruplets. The GMD is rigorously derived to be an extension of the DIA, and is backward compatible with it. The free parameters of the GMD are optimized holistically, by optimizing full model behavior in the WAVEWATCH III® wave model as reported in a companion paper. Here, a cascade of GMD configurations with increasing complexity, accuracy and cost is presented. First, the performance of these configurations is discussed using idealized test cases used to optimize the GMD. It is shown that in deep water, GMD configurations can be found which remove most of the errors of the DIA. The GMD is also capable of representing four-wave interactions in extremely shallow water, although some remaining spurious behavior makes applications of this part of the GMD less suitable for operational wave models. Finally, several GMD configurations are applied to an idealized hurricane case, showing that results from idealized test cases indeed are representative for real-world applications, and confirming that such GMD configurations are economically feasible in operational wind wave models. Finally, the DIA results in surprisingly large model errors in hurricane conditions.
Effects of the marine environment on the interfacial fracture toughness of PVC core sandwich composites

Abstract An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the facesheet/core interfacial fracture toughness of E-Glass/Vinylester facesheet, closed-cell polyvinyl chloride (PVC) core, sandwich composites. To determine the effects of a marine environment (temperature and sea-water) on conditioned specimens with a crack present, an interfacial crack was induced prior, as well as subsequent to, 5000 h of elevated temperature (80 °C), elevated temperature and moisture (80 °C, 90%+ relative humidity), and sea-water (submersed) conditioning. The interfacial fracture toughness from room temperature double cantilever beam tests for each environmental condition was then compared using the critical strain energy release rate, GC. The GC was reduced considerably (greater than 50%) in specimens submerged in sea-water, and significantly (approximately 90%) due to 5000 h of the ‘hot/wet’ and hot/dry exposure. Results showed that elevated temperature exposure contributes greatest to the PVC core degradation, whereas sea-water exposure mostly degrades the facesheet/core interface. Exposure to elevated temperatures, along with inducing cracks between the facesheet and a PVC core degraded by elevated temperature exposure, appear to be the most detrimental to interfacial fracture toughness.
SEQUENTIAL AND PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR CAUSAL EXPLANATION WITH BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

This paper presents a new sequential algorithm to answer the question about the existence of a causal explanation for a set of independence statements (a dependency model), which is consistent with a given set of background knowledge. Emphasis is placed on generality, efficiency and ease of parallelization of the algorithm. From this sequential algorithm, an efficient, scalable, and easy to implement parallel algorithm with very little inter-processor communication is derived.
Partial response and nonresponse to antidepressant therapy: current approaches and treatment options.

Background: Response to antidepressant drug therapy is less than optimal for a considerable proportion of depressed patients; at present, however, few data exist to guide their rational therapeutic management. This review describes general principles for the management of such patients. This review is the result of an expert roundtable meeting convened to review published clinical data and clinical experience and provide clinicians with evidence-based principles on the management of patients who fail to respond optimally to initial antidepressant therapy. Roundtable Findings: Failure to respond may be defined as a < 25% decrease on an accepted symptom rating scale such as the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) or the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) in a patient who has received an adequate dosage for 4 weeks. In these patients, a neuropharmacologic rationale exists to switch to an agent with a different mode of action or a dual action. Partial response may be defined as 6 to 8 weeks at an adequate dosage and 25% to 50% decrease in MADRS or HAM-D score. In these patients, dose escalation should be considered, followed by augmentation and switching strategies. For augmentation, knowledge of neuropharmacology may allow prediction of which second agent will potentiate or complement the action of the first agent; it may also permit the prediction of potential safety concerns. Conclusions of the Panel: On the basis of a review of the medical literature and clinical experience regarding patients with partial response or nonresponse to antidepressant drug therapy, it appears that simultaneous targeting of both the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems is one of the most effective augmentation strategies. Switching to an agent of a different class is probably optimal for those patients who fail to respond to first-line therapy.
Precipitation Hardening of Aluminum Alloys

The author’s charge was to discuss recent trends in research and development on precipitation hardened aluminum alloys and to indicate where research is needed. This will be done for three areas: fatigue, properties of grain boundaries and interfaces, and stability of precipitates at elevated temperatures. Present strong precipitation hardened aluminum alloys do not have high endurance limits. One problem is that the small GP zones are cut by the dislocations giving rise to highly localized deformation which aids fatigue crack initiation. A duplex structure with relatively large uniformly spaced precipitates to give more homogeneous deformation plus small precipitates to give high yield strength is a promising approach. The structures of precipitation hardened aluminum base alloys are essentially controlled by the stabilities of the various precipitates and the interfacial energies. Precipitates with high interfacial energies tend to precipitate preferentially at grain boundaries giving embrittlement. Low interfacial energy means easy nucleation, a uniform precipitate distribution, and resistance to coarsening at elevated temperatures. For elevated temperature use, the precipitate must be stable at elevated temperatures. Precipitation hardened aluminum alloys do not have good elevated temperature properties because the hardening precipitates normally used, GP zones, are not stable at elevated temperatures. Thus a low interfacial energy, ductile precipitate, which is stable at elevated temperatures, is needed for aluminum. Possibilities for achieving such precipitates will be discussed.
In vivo assessment of trabecular bone architecture via three-dimensional tensor scale

Trabecular bone (TB) is a network of interconnected bony struts and plates mostly occurring near the joints of long bones and in the axial skeleton. Several bone diseases including osteoporosis are characterized by fragile bone and increased fracture risk and most fractures occur at locations rich in TB. The mechanical competence of this type of bone can only be partly explained by variations in the bone’s mass density (BMD), and there is now compelling evidence for the role of TB architecture in conferring skeletal strength. Our previous studies have demonstrated that a reduction in BMD is accompanied by a greatly magnified topological process that involves the conversion of trabeculae from plates to struts. Current in vivo technologies yield voxel sizes comparable to TB thickness resulting in inherently fuzzy representations and thus making in vivo assessment of TB architecture challenging. Most existing methods require binarization of an image into bone and non-bone regions and thus are associated with significant errors. Here, a new approach is presented for assessing TB architecture (e.g. classification of plates versus struts) using 3D tensor scale - a local morphometric index - that (1) obviates the need for binary segmentation and is applicable to grayscale bone volume fraction images, and (2) provides precise topological classification over the continuum between a perfect rod and a perfect plate. At any TB location p , tensor scale is the parametric representation of the largest ellipsoid that is centered at p and contained inside the bone region. Accuracy and reproducibility of the method under varying voxel size, and image rotation is presented and its applicability on TB images at in vivo MR resolution is demonstrated.
Alkaline Fuel Cell with Intrinsic Energy Storage

A new high peak power density alkaline fuel cell (FC) was fabricated using a metal hydriding (MH) alloy as the anode electro-catalyst and manganese dioxide as the cathode electrocatalyst. The high-loading MH and MnO 2 electrocatalysts not only gave a satisfactory steady-state power output, but also deliver additional power stored in the charged MH and MnO 2 electrodes when the overall cell voltage fell. Moreover, the MH/MnO 2 FC can still deliver a certain amount of energy even after the hydrogen and oxygen are shut off. The discharged MH and MnO 2 electrodes are recharged by hydrogen and oxygen in the FC when the cell voltage returns to normal levels. This MH/MnO 2 alkaline FC performs the same functions as those of a more complex fuel cell/battery hybrid system with lower weight, volume, and cost.
Indoor pseudo-ranging of mobile devices using ultrasonic chirps

In this paper, we present an indoor ultrasonic location tracking system that can utilize off-the-shelf audio speakers (potentially already in place) to provide fine-grained indoor position data to modern mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. We design and evaluate a communication primitive based on rate-adaptive wide-band linear frequency modulated chirp pulses that utilizes the audio bandwidth just above the human hearing frequency range where mobile devices are still sensitive. Typically transmitting data, even outside of this range, introduces broadband human audible noises (clicks) due to the non-ideal impulse response of speakers. Unlike existing audio modulation schemes, our scheme is optimized based on psychoacoustic properties. For example, all tones exhibit slowly changing power-levels and gradual frequency changes so as to minimize human perceivable artifacts. Chirps also bring the benefit of Pulse Compression, which greatly improves ranging resolution and makes them resilient to both Doppler shifts as well as multi-path propagation that typically plague indoor environments. The scheme also supports the decoding of multiple unique identifier packets being transmitted simultaneously. By applying a Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA) pseudo-ranging technique the mobile devices can localize themselves without tight out-of-band synchronization with the broadcasting infrastructure. This design is not only scalable with respect to the number of transmitters and tracked devices, but also improves user privacy since the mobile devices compute their positions locally. We show through user studies and experimentation on smartphones that we are able to provide sub-meter (95%
Aging as entropy.

Like the weather, many people talk about aging, but no one seems able to do anything about it. This implacability derives, at least in part, from our inability to provide a conceptual base from which analytic insight might derive. The emerging field of nonlinear thermodynamics presents a new view of the universe. It relates matter and energy in the framework of time. Entropy, "time's arrow," gives direction. Energy, rendered coherent through the metabolism of biology, acts to retard dissipation as entropy. For physicians, particularly those interested in geriatrics, this provides the challenge to understand how these forces are inscribed onto the human condition. The homeostatic controls which order our existence are energy dependent. As energies diminish, homeostasis as order deteriorates, aging proceeds and life is threatened. It seems to follow that if we are to diminish the entropic declines of aging our clinical strategies should emphasize actions which might retard the disruption of ordering processes. Homeostasis is at risk to the ravages of disease. This has been the standard business of medicine. But homeostasis is manifestly determined by the ordering effects of an energy flow. Either too little energy flow as disuse, or too much, as stress, lends further major burden to homeostatic controls. Every body system, at every level of organization, is beholden to this mandate. As our wisdom stretches to encompass the notion that aging and illness have other dimensions than just disease our view of ourselves will become more whole and in enlarging consonance with universal law.
Traceability Challenge 2013: Statistical analysis for traceability experiments: Software verification and validation research laboratory (SVVRL) of the University of Kentucky

An important aspect of traceability experiments is the ability to compare techniques. In order to assure proper comparison, it is necessary to perform statistical analysis of the dependent variables collected from technique application. Currently, there is a lack of components in TraceLab to support such analysis. The Software Verification and Validation Research Laboratory (SVVRL) and the Statistics Department of the University of Kentucky have developed a collection of such components as well as a workflow for determining what type of analysis to apply (parametric, non-parametric). The components use industry-accepted R algorithms. The components have been validated using independent standard statistical algorithms applied to publicly available datasets. This work addresses the Purposed grand challenge (research project 4) and Cost-Effective Grand Challenge (research project 4) as well as the Valued Grand Challenge - research project 6.
Relative Bioavailability of Dietary Iron from Three Processed Soy Products

The relative bioavailability of iron from soy flour (SF), freeze-dried soy beverage (SB) and soy concentrate (SC) was determined utilizing a hemoglobin repletion bioassay. Weanling male rats were fed a low iron depletion diet (3.5 ppm Fe) for 4 wk. For the next 2 wk groups of rats were fed repletion diets containing 0, 6, 12, or 18 ppm added iron from ferrous sulfate, SF, SB, or SC. Slope ratio analysis revealed that the relative iron bioavailabilities from SC (92%) and SF (81%) were not different from the reference standard, ferrous sulfate added to a casein-based diet, whereas that from SB (66%) was significantly less (P SF>SB.
Control of phage Bxb1 excision by a novel recombination directionality factor.

Mycobacteriophage Bxb1 integrates its DNA at the attB site of the Mycobacterium smegmatis genome using the viral attP site and a phage-encoded integrase generating the recombinant junctions attL and attR. The Bxb1 integrase is a member of the serine recombinase family of site-specific recombination proteins and utilizes small (<50 base pair) substrates for recombination, promoting strand exchange without the necessity for complex higher order macromolecular architectures. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism for the integration and excision reactions, we have identified a Bxb1-encoded recombination directionality factor (RDF), the product of gene 47. Bxb1 gp47 is an unusual RDF in that it is relatively large (∼28 kDa), unrelated to all other RDFs, and presumably performs dual functions since it is well conserved in mycobacteriophages that utilize unrelated integration systems. Furthermore, unlike other RDFs, Bxb1 gp47 does not bind DNA and functions solely through direct interaction with integrase-DNA complexes. The nature and consequences of this interaction depend on the specific DNA substrate to which integrase is bound, generating electrophoretically stable tertiary complexes with either attB or attP that are unable to undergo integrative recombination, and weakly bound, electrophoretically unstable complexes with either attL or attR that gain full potential for excisive recombination. © 2006 Ghosh et al.
Water Resources Management in the Ganges Basin: A Comparison of Three Strategies for Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water

The most difficult water resources management challenge in the Ganges Basin is the imbalance between water demand and seasonal availability. More than 80 % of the annual flow in the Ganges River occurs during the 4-month monsoon, resulting in widespread flooding. During the rest of the year, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystems suffer because of water scarcity. Storage of monsoonal flow for utilization during the dry season is one approach to mitigating these problems. Three conjunctive use management strategies involving subsurface water storage are evaluated in this study: Ganges Water Machine (GWM), Pumping Along Canals (PAC), and Distributed Pumping and Recharge (DPR). Numerical models are used to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Results for the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) indicate that these strategies create seasonal subsurface storage from 6 to 37 % of the yearly average monsoonal flow in the Ganges exiting UP over the considered range of conditions. This has clear implications for flood reduction, and each strategy has the potential to provide irrigation water and to reduce soil waterlogging. However, GWM and PAC require significant public investment in infrastructure and management, as well as major shifts in existing water use practices; these also involve spatially-concentrated pumping, which may induce land subsidence. DPR also requires investment and management, but the distributed pumping is less costly and can be more easily implemented via adaptation of existing water use practices in the basin.
4-Anilidopiperidine Analgesics I: Synthesis and Analgesic Activity of Certain Ring-Methylated 1-Substituted 4-Propananilidopiperidines

Abstract: In view of the potency-enhancing effect of methyl substitution of the piperidine ring of the 4-phenylpiperidine analgesics and (he alkylene chain of the acyclic basic anilide analgesics, the 1-methyl, 1-benzyl, and 1-phenylethyl derivatives of 2-methyl-, 3-methyl-, and 2,5-dimethyl-4-propananilidopiperidine were prepared. The analgesic activity of these compounds indicates that 3- methylation has the greatest effect in enhancing analgesjc potency whereas 2-methyl and 2,5-dimethyl substitution is detrimental to analgesic activity.
Infrared matrix isolation and density functional theory study of intermediates in the reactions of OVCl3 and CrCl2O2 with H2O

Initial and secondary intermediates in the reactions of OVCl3 and CrCl2O2 with H2O have been characterized by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Twin jet co-deposition of these reagents led to a series of infrared absorptions that are assigned to the 1:1 molecular complexes between these two species. Irradiation of these matrices with light of λ > 300 nm led to complete destruction of the bands of complexes, and the growth of a number of new bands. These are assigned to the Cl2V(O)OH and ClCr(O)2OH species, as well as to HCl arising from destruction of the complex. Identification of these species was supported by isotopic labeling (18O and 2H), as well as by B3LYP/6-311G+(d,2p) and B3LYP/LANL2DZ density functional calculations. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and computed frequencies. The overall yield of product was low for these system, and was probably a consequence of the low basicity of H2O.
The tribology (friction, lubrication and wear) of all-metal artificial hip joints

Abstract Total replacement of the human hip joint using artificial parts has now become a widely used treatment in many cases of osteoarthrosis and similar disabling conditions. This study was restricted to the McKee—Farrar type of joint, a ball-in-socket, where the parts were made from a cobalt—chrome—molybdenum alloy. A series of joints which had been removed from patients after service times of up to fourteen months were studied in several ways. The surface finishes of worn and unworn areas were compared, and the areas of contact plotted. Wear was deduced to be mainly abrasive, from entrapped particles formed firstly during “running-in”. The frictional torques, measured dynamically on a simulating machine, depended on the location of the contact area, minimum at “polar”, reaching high values at “equatorial”. A theory for this was proposed, and relevant clinical data was given also.
Effect of the anesthetic and the rate of injection of digitalis upon its lethal dose in cats.

In parallel experiments six groups of 12 cats each were anesthetized with urethane and a like number with ether for injection with different dilutions of digitalis according to the U. S. P. XII method. The curves for urethane and for ether were parallel, indicating that the two methods of anesthesia gave results of about the same precision. The smallest lethal dose of digitalis has been calculated to result with 1.76 per cent of tincture of digitalis with either anesthetic. The lethal dose of digitalis was 6.5 per cent greater with urethane than with ether anesthesia; the difference is statistically significant. The slope of the line shows that an error of about 8 per cent exists between the extremes of the 13 to 19 injections permitted by the Pharmacopœia, due to change in concentration of tincture alone.
A zinc-finger transcriptional activator designed to interact with the γ-globin gene promoters enhances fetal hemoglobin production in primary human adult erythroblasts

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a potent genetic modifier of the severity of β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. We used an in vitro culture model of human erythropoiesis in which late-stage erythroblasts are derived directly from human CD34+ hematopoietic cells to evaluate HbF production. This system recapitulates expression of globin genes according to the developmental stage of the originating cell source. When cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells from adults were cultured, background levels of HbF were 2% or less. Cultured cells were readily transduced with lentiviral vectors when exposed to vector particles between 48 and 72 hours. Among the genetic elements that may enhance fetal hemoglobin production is an artificial zinc-finger transcription factor, GG1-VP64, designed to interact with the proximal γ-globin gene promoters. Our data show that lentiviral-mediated, enforced expression of GG1-VP64 under the control of relatively weak erythroid-specific promoters induced significant amounts of HbF (up to 20%) in erythroblasts derived from adult CD34+ cells without altering their capacity for erythroid maturation and only modestly reducing the total numbers of cells that accumulate in culture after transduction. These observations demonstrate the potential for sequence-specific enhancement of HbF in patients with β-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia.
Perceptual, developmental, experiential, and physiological parameters of swimming in Melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The roles of perception, development, experience, and physiology on the swimming behavior of grasshoppers in an arena were investigated usingMelanoplus bivittatus, M. differentialis, andM. sanguinipes. The parameters of swimming included capacity (the ability to reach the edge of a 45-cm-diameter water basin within 3 min), net displacement time (time required to reach the edge of the arena), and orientation (ability to make initial contact with a “target” pattern).Melanoplus sanguinipes adults were most attracted to a vertical rectangle set at 90° to the water surface (the standard target). Orientation ability decreased significantly as the target became square or it declined to 60°, and there was virtually no orientation to horizontal patterns or those at ≤45°. All nymphal instars ofM. sanguinipes exhibited the capacity to swim and orient to a standard target. Although the net displacement time was lowest from the third instar through the adult stages, the earlier instars (first through fourth) had the greatest relative net displacement rates. As adults aged, their net displacement time and orientation ability declined significantly, particularly in males. BothM. differentialis andM. sanguinipes adults showed a decline in net displacement time over a 10-day trial period. The loss of a hind leg did not significantly alter swimming performance of eitherM. bivittatus orM. sanguinipes adults, but this alteration significantly reduced the net displacement time ofM. differentialis. DecerebratedM. differentialis adults were capable of swimming for several minutes.
Life, Transferable: Questioning the Commodity-Based Approach to Transplantation Ethics

Abstract Some bioethicists have proposed a legalized market in human organs as a solution to transplant waiting lists and global poverty. Solutions to organ procurement problems that are solely market-based would unfairly shift the burdens of medical procedures onto developing nations. Market advocates base their claims on the understanding of organs as property, a position that should be problematized. Instrumentalizing people in this way is part of the broader commodification of animals and the environment. Combating the market mentality requires a return to the holistic view of bioethics that led to the founding of the field.
Polymethyacrylate based microparticulates of insulin for oral delivery: preparation and in vitro dissolution stability in the presence of enzyme inhibitors.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to (a) evaluate the coprecipitation technique for preparing microparticulates of insulin, (b) study the effect of variables such as addition of salts in the precipitating medium and ratio of polymeric solution to volume of precipitating medium on the dissolution and encapsulation efficiency of insulin microparticulates, and (c) evaluate the in-vitro enzymatic dissolution stability of insulin microparticulates in the presence of chicken ovomucoid (CkOVM) and duck ovomucoid (DkOVM) as inhibitors. Insulin dissolved in 0.01 N HCl was mixed with alcohol USP to get a final concentration of 32% v/v. Eudragit L100, a representative polymethyacrylate polymer, was then dissolved in this solution which was transferred to a beaker containing cold water with homogenization to obtain microparticulates. Dissolution studies were carried out in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using a 100-ml conversion kit in a standard dissolution assembly. Dissolution stability of microparticulates was evaluated in the presence of 0.5 μM trypsin and 0.l μM chymotrypsin at various ratios of CkOVM and DkOVM. The results indicated that insulin microparticulates could be prepared using the coprecipitation technique with high encapsulation efficiency by proper selection of experimental conditions and amount of polymer. Presence of salts in the precipitating medium decreased the dissolution of insulin from the microparticulates. As the ratio of precipitating medium with respect to the polymeric solution was increased, the encapsulation efficiency increased. In dissolution stability experiments, insulin was not detected in the presence of enzymes alone. When CkOVM and DkOVM were incorporated, the stability of insulin increased significantly in a concentration dependent fashion.
Age of the Moon: An Isotopic Study of Uranium-Thorium-Lead Systematics of Lunar Samples

Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (206)Pb/(238)U, (207)Pb/(235U), and(208)Pb/(232)Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The (238)U/(235)U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and (234)U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent (238)U.
Metalinguistic awareness in first graders: A qualitative perspective

The purpose of this study was to investigate first graders' metalinguistic awareness using children as the direct sources of information rather than utilizing standard inferential probes. Open-ended interviews were conducted with each child for data gathering purposes, and indefinite triangulation (Cicourel, 1974) was employed as a verification technique for providing multiple perspectives with respect to interview data. The data were analyzed for emerging patterns that might reveal ways in which children manifest an awareness of language. Results indicated that underlying social interaction processes appeared to exert at least as equal an amount of influence as cognition in the development of metalinguistics.