cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiometric sensitivity contrast metrics for hyperspectral remote sensors

This paper discusses the calculation, interpretation, and implications of various radiometric sensitivity metrics for Earth-observing hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors. The most commonly used sensor performance metric is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), from which additional noise equivalent quantities can be computed, including: noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR), noise equivalent delta reflectance (NEΔρ), noise equivalent delta emittance (NEΔƐ), and noise equivalent delta temperature (NEΔT). For hyperspectral sensors, these metrics are typically calculated from an at-aperture radiance (typically generated by MODTRAN) that includes both target radiance and non-target (atmosphere and background) radiance. Unfortunately, these calculations treat the entire at-aperture radiance as the desired signal, even when the target radiance is only a fraction of the total (such as when sensing through a long or optically dense atmospheric path). To overcome this limitation, an augmented set of metrics based on contrast signal-to-noise ratio (CNSR) is developed, including their noise equivalent counterparts (CNESR, CNEΔρ, CNEΔƐ, and CNEΔT). These contrast metrics better quantify sensor performance in an operational environment that includes remote sensing through the atmosphere.
A magnetic resonance-compatible perfusion bioreactor system for three-dimensional human mesenchymal stem cell construct development

Abstract Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have significant potential for therapeutic tissue regeneration and repair. The creation of functional 3D constructs from hMSCs depends on the innate ability of MSCs to proliferate and differentiate, and is strongly influenced by the culture conditions. An inherent challenge in investigating 3D cellular construct development is the dynamic monitoring of the cellular and physiological environment over the course of construct formation. In this project, a novel 3D MR-compatible perfusion bioreactor using 3D poly(ethylene terephthalate) scaffolds was developed to provide such monitoring. The bioreactor system integrates cell seeding and growth, supports high density 3D tissue construct growth and facilitates repeated nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) signal acquisitions under both static and perfusion conditions. The reactor system also has the capacity to modulate macroscopic flow modes that simulates various tissue growth environments with repeated MR signal acquisition, providing the ability to gain insight into the dynamic interplay between the stem cells in the developing constructs and their microenvironment. Using 1H MR spectroscopy and MR imaging, localized spectroscopic data as well as imaging-based T2 and diffusion quantification were acquired from the hMSC growth construct for up to 40 days.
Ionic strength dependence of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by Al3

Abstract Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by Al3+ has been examined by initial velocity kinetics and by a first-order kinetic method. Both methods yield an inhibition constant of approx. 1.7 mM at 0.1 M ionic strength. The initial velocity study indicates a noncompetitive mechanism of inhibition by Al3+. Inhibition at 10 mM ionic strength shows a Ki of 0.03 mM. Evaluation of the ionic strength dependence concurs with the results of Nolte et al. (Biochemistry 19 (1980) 3705). An effective charge in the binding site of −9 predicts the ratio of inhibition constants at high and low ionic strength. Extrapolation to zero ionic strength gives a Ki0 = 0.34 μM.
In-hospital mortality and morbidity after surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States, 1996-2000: the effect of hospital and surgeon volume.

OBJECTIVEWe sought to determine the risk of adverse outcome after contemporary surgical treatment of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States. Patient, surgeon, and hospital characteristics were tested as potential outcome predictors, with particular attention to the surg
A numerical and experimental investigation of crystalline silica exposure control during tuck pointing.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health researchers investigated control measures for the removal of mortar between bricks, using a grinder. This task, “tuck pointing,” is associated with crystalline silica exposures many times greater than the permissible exposure limit enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Previous studies showed that local exhaust ventilation (LEV) of the grinding wheel through a shroud was often ineffective. Tuck pointing occurs on a scaffold. For practical purposes, this limits the size and power of the LEV system. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop a recommended flow rate for exposure control. Flow induced by the rotating grinding wheel, flow induced by the mortar particle stream, and particle momentum are potential control challenges. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of the grinder, supported by some experimental measurements, showed the relative importance of these factors through varying parameters and tracking particles...
Genetic code 1990. Outlook

The genetic code is evolving as shown by 9 departures from the universal code: 6 of them are in mitochondria and 3 are in nuclear codes. We propose that these changes are preceded by disappearance of a codon from coding sequences in mRNA of an organism or organelle. The function of the codon that disappears is taken by other, synonymous codons, so that there is no change in amino acid sequences of proteins. The deleted codon then reappears with a new function. Wobble pairing between anticodons and codons has evolved, starting with a single UNN anticodon pairing with 4 codons. Directional mutation pressure affects codon usage and may produce codon reassignments, especially of stop codons. Selenocysteine is coded by UGA, which is also a stop codon, and this anomaly is discussed. The outlook for discovery of more changes in the code is favorable, and open reading frames should be compared with actual sequential analyses of protein molecules in this search.
Influenza B virus has global ordered RNA structure in (+) and (−) strands but relatively less stable predicted RNA folding free energy than allowed by the encoded protein sequence

Background Influenza A virus contributes to seasonal epidemics and pandemics and contains Global Ordered RNA structure (GORS) in the nucleoprotein (NP), non-structural (NS), PB2, and M segments. A related virus, influenza B, is also a major annual public health threat, but unlike influenza A is very selective to human hosts. This study extends the search for GORS to influenza B.
Geographical structure in nineteenth-century urban retailing: Milwaukee, 1836–1890

Abstract This study explores the spatial structure of retailing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the era before the introduction of the electric streetcar in 1890. It uses city directory listings to chart changes in the numbers and types of retail outlets, their degree of nucleation and the functional complexity of such nucleations. The evidence suggests the early appearance of non-central retailing, the rapid dispersal of high as well as low order goods to non-central sites and the early emergence initially of a three-level and then, by 1870, a four-level hierarchy of shopping clusters. The pattern of retail clustering varied with the class and ethnic character of neighbourhoods, and clusters gravitated toward major arterial routes even in the pre-mass transit ear. Urban retailing in the second half of the nineteenth century was neither randomly dispersed nor over-whelmingly concentrated in a single central retail district, but developed a spatial hierarchy that clearly anticipated modern patterns.
Stress Fractures in Runners

Stress fractures are a relatively common entity in athletes, in particular, runners. Physicians and health care providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for stress fractures in runners presenting with insidious onset of focal bone tenderness associated with recent changes in training intensity or regimen. It is particularly important to recognize “high-risk” fractures, as these are associated with an increased risk of complication. A patient with confirmed radiographic evidence of a high-risk stress fracture should be evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon. Runners may benefit from orthotics, cushioned sneakers, interval training, and vitamin/calcium supplementation as a means of stress fracture prevention.
Promotion of Adaptation in Battered Women: A Self-Efficacy Approach

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Battered Women (SESFBW) in the development of a treatment plan for the abused woman. The authors describe how the SESFBW was developed to assess the self-efficacy needs of women (N = 43) who came to the emergency department with injuries and self-reported current abuse. Four needs related to self-efficacy were identified: a decreased ability to (a) talk to the nurse or doctor about the abusive situation, (b) call a shelter for abused women, (c) shrug off self doubts, and (d) express thoughts and feelings without fear. How data from a self-efficacy assessment were used in developing a teaching plan and intervention is included. Pre- and posttest scores on the SESFBW of six battered women showed a significant increase in self-efficacy scores at the completion of a group educational program. They conclude that the SESFBW is an easy and effective tool to assess self-efficacy and can form the basis for developing an individualized teaching plan to increase self-efficacy. Language: en
Morphological and surface temperature changes in femoral arteries following laser irradiation

A low-power carbon dioxide laser was to irradiate rat femoral arteries under the same conditions required to anastomose several human arteries by thermal coagulation. Mean surface temperature changes were measured at the site of laser impact with the artery to evaluate the resultant histopathological changes as a function of laser power. More severe thermal coagulative changes, necrosis, and swelling resulted with increased laser power. Comparison of the temperature-time relationships showed that the peak surface temperature rise at the surface of these arteries was about 25 degrees C for one pulse at 200 mW laser power, compared to an approximate 7 degrees C rise for one pulse at 120 or 150 mW laser power. Increase in the surface temperature resulted in an increased severity of histopathological injury. These results showed that necrosis of medial layer smooth muscle cells occurred beyond the laser exposure site, suggesting that heat conduction could result in significant damage to reconnected vessel and could be a factor in the formation of a weak bond or an aneurysm.
Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) results in profound weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanism of this remarkable transition remains poorly defined. It has been proposed that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) sets inflammatory tone, triggers weight gain, and initiates T2DM. Because RYGB may diminish LPS from endogenous and exogenous sources, we hypothesized that LPS and the associated cascade of oxidative and inflammatory stress would diminish after RYGB. Methods Fifteen adults with morbid obesity and T2DM undergoing RYGB were studied. After an overnight fast, a baseline blood sample was collected the morning of surgery and at 180 days to assess changes in glycemia, insulin resistance, LPS, mononuclear cell nuclear factor (NF)-κB binding and mRNA expression of CD14, TLR-2, TLR-4, and markers of inflammatory stress. Results At 180 days after RYGB, subjects had a significant decrease in body mass index (52.1 ± 13.0 to 40.4 ± 11.1), plasma glucose (148 ± 8 to 101 ± 4 mg/dL), insulin (18.5 ± 2.2 mμU/mL to 8.6 ± 1.0 mμU/mL) and HOMA-IR (7.1 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.3). Plasma LPS significantly reduced by 20 ± 5% (0.567 ± 0.033 U/mL to 0.443 ± 0.022E U/mL). NF-κB DNA binding decreased significantly by 21 ± 8%, whereas TLR-4, TLR-2, and CD-14 expression decreased significantly by 25 ± 9%, 42 ± 8%, and 27 ± 10%, respectively. Inflammatory mediators CRP, MMP-9, and MCP-1 decreased significantly by 47 ± 7% (10.7 ± 1.6 mg/L to 5.8 ± 1.0 mg/L), 15 ± 6% (492 ± 42 ng/mL to 356 ± 26 ng/mL) and 11 ± 4% (522 ± 35 ng/mL to 466 ± 35 ng/mL), respectively. Conclusion LPS, NF-κB DNA binding, TLR-4, TLR-2, and CD14 expression, CRP, MMP-9, and MCP-1 decreased significantly after RYGB. The mechanism underlying resolution of insulin resistance and T2DM after RYGB may be attributable, at least in part, to the reduction of endotoxemia and associated proinflammatory mediators.
Noninvasive detection of broken rotor bars in operating induction motors

A description is given of a computer-based noninvasive broken bar fault detector for squirrel-cage rotors of induction motors. The detector can be applied to existing motors without disassembly or shutdown and has the sensitivity to diagnose the presence of a single broken bar or an open end ring. It is suitable for monitoring the trend of the motor signature, or it can be used as a one-time diagnostic tool. >
Comments on copyright

In an article on the President's Page of February 1978 EOS (page 67), R. M. Ragan and J. C. Holoviak discuss some of the problems in the field of scientific publishing arising from the new copyright law. However, it seems to me that they fail to identify the principal interests of authors of scientific papers, namely, having their ideas recognized and quoted by others. The suggestion that an author's livelihood is protected by copyright may be appropriate to those who publish books, but it certainly is not appropriate to scientific publication in general. Ragan and Holoviak sense this when they recognize that authors of scientific papers may place their work in the public domain to remove ‘roadblocks to the rapid and widespread transfer of scientific knowledge.’ Actually, it is the publisher, not the author of scientific papers, that needs copyright protection, and Ragan and Holoviak quite appropriately argue that it is in the author's interest to see that scientific publishing remains a viable enterprise.
Pharmacotherapy and Growth Factors in the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome

A review of the pharmacologic substances and growth factors that have been studied experimentally and administered clinically for the management of short bowel syndrome is presented. The medical management of short bowel syndrome is multifaceted. In the acute phase, efforts focus on fluid and electrolyte management and the reduction of gastric acid output. As enteral feeding is initiated, antimotility and antisecretory agents may be effective in reducing gastrointestinal losses. Additional modalities of management, including nutrients and growth factors, may be directed at maximizing absorptive function beyond that which occurs with intestinal adaptation. Continued research aimed at further elucidating the process of intestinal adaptation may allow us to use the various peptides and hormones that act as growth factors for the bowel mucosa. Knowledge gained from these studies combined with gene therapy techniques will result in the permanent enhancement of intestinal function beyond the normal adaptation process, eliminate the dependence on total parenteral nutrition, and avoid the need for intestine transplantation.
Conjectured superfluidity of deuterium

Abstract It is proposed that supercooled deuterium may suffer a phase change to the superfluid state near 3 K. A rough estimate of the possibility of the d(d, n)α3 fusion reaction due to large wavefunction overlap in the bose condensate is found to be infinitesimally small.
Laboratory Simulated Gambling: Risk Varies Across Participant-Stake Procedure

ABSTRACT. This study investigated whether risk taking on a laboratory gambling task differed depending on whether participants gambled with earned or experimenter-provided game credits. Participants made repeated choices between two options, one to wager game credits on a game that produced probabilistic gains and losses, and one to gain game credits with certainty. Choice was investigated across stake and no-stake conditions and condition order was counterbalanced across conditions. Risk taking was higher under stake than no-stake conditions, but only when stake conditions were experienced first. There was no effect on risk taking of the amount of the certain gain. Results are consistent with previous research showing that participant-stake procedures promote greater risk taking than procedures that allow participants to gamble with their own earnings, and also show that experience gambling with earned credits has an enduring effect on risk taking.
Neuropathology of paediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and related animal models.

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) in paediatric patients is due to heterogeneous aetiologies that include primary disorders of the enteric nervous system. These conditions are poorly delineated by contemporary diagnostic approaches, in part because the complex nature of the enteric nervous system may shelter significant physiological defects behind subtle or quantitative anatomical changes. Until recently, relatively few experimental animal models existed for paediatric CIP. However, the availability of rodent models, particularly novel mutants created in the last few years by genetic manipulations, has brought unprecedented opportunities to investigate molecular, cellular, physiological, and histological details of enteric neuropathology. Information gleaned from studies of these animals is likely to change diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to paediatric CIP and related conditions.
Proteins and glycoproteins of rat cerebral cortex subsynaptosomal fractions: Extraction with sodium dodecylsulphate and analytic electrophoresis☆

Study of nerve impulse transmission has led to the development of techniques for isolation of "synaptosomes" or nerve ending particles [1-5] which retain the morphology and transmitter content of the original terminals. Recent reports have indicated that protein [6-8] ,glycoprotein [9] and glycolipid [9] synthesis occurs in synaptosomes. This laboratory [ 10] has recently demonstrated that protein, glycoprotein, lipid, and glycolipid synthesis occurs in isolated synaptosomes in vitro and that the intraneural mitochondrion is one subsynaptosomal particle independently carrying out these syntheses. Because of the occurrence of protein and glycoprotein synthesis in isolated synaptosomes it seemed of import to determine the extraction and the electrophoretic separation of the proteins of subsynaptosomal fractions and to determine which of these proteins are glycoproteins. The present communication describes such a study. Waehneldt and Mandel [ 11 ] have recently described the extraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoresis of rat brain myelin proteins; this report gives the electrophoretic patterns of other fractions of rat brain solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS).
BOUND STATE ENERGIES IN THE 1/N EXPANSION

We derive and solve — in an arbitrary number of dimensions — Omnes-type equations for bound-state energies in weakly coupled quantum field theories. We show that, for theories defined in the 1/N expansion, these equations are exact to leading order in 1/N. We derive and discuss the weak coupling and nonrelativistic limits of the Omnes equations. We then calculate the binding energies and effective bound-state couplings in (1+1), (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional O(N)-invariant ϕ4 theory. We consider both the scalar and symmetric tensor bound states.
Do banks loan money

There is an obvious and important difference between bank ‘loans’ and typical personal loans, viz., that banks charge interest in order to make a profit. Accordingly, what banks do is more accurately described as selling or renting money than as loaning money. Moreover, it is advantageous to banks misleadingly to describe their activity as loaning. For this assimilates their activity to the case of personal loans and helps to create an impression that banks do us a favor by loaning us money and that we owe them gratitude for so doing. Since these impressions are false, banks ought cease to describe what they do in this way.
Influence of VMH fuel sensing on hypoglycemic responses

Hypoglycemia produces complex neural and hormonal responses that restore glucose levels to normal. Glucose, metabolic substrates and their transporters, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters alter the firing rate of glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH); these monitor energy status and regulate the release of neurotransmitters that instigate a suitable counter-regulatory response. Under normal physiological conditions, these mechanisms maintain blood glucose concentrations within narrow margins. However, antecedent hypoglycemia and diabetes can lead to adaptations within the brain that impair counter-regulatory responses. Clearly, the mechanisms employed to detect and regulate the response to hypoglycemia, and the pathophysiology of defective counter-regulation in diabetes, are complex and need to be elucidated to permit the development of therapies that prevent or reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.
A novel tumor: specimen index for assessing adequacy of resection in early stage oral tongue cancer.

Summary Purpose Surgical margin status frequently affects decisions regarding adjuvant treatment; however, reporting and interpretation of surgical margins is subject to considerable subjectivity because of many factors including the adequacy of resection. We developed a novel measure of the adequacy of surgical resection, the tumor: specimen index (TSI), and tested its utility at predicting clinical outcomes in a retrospective cohort study. Patients and methods An institutional database was queried to identify previously untreated patients with T1 and T2 oral tongue cancer who underwent surgery during 1985–2009 (n = 433). The TSI, a geometric mean representing the percentage of the surgical specimen that is occupied by the tumor in average single dimension, was calculated from the largest measured lengths, widths, and heights of the tumor in relation to the entire surgical specimen. Multivariate analyses of locoregional recurrence-free probability (LRRFP) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were performed with commonly accepted prognosticators in addition to TSI and surgical margins status. Results The mean TSI was 41 (range 11–90; SD 14). Surgical margin status was associated with TSI; margins were negative in 84% of patients with TSI Conclusion The tumor: specimen index is an easily-calculated metric for estimating the adequacy of 3-dimensional resection in T1 and T2 oral tongue cancer that independently predicts oncologic outcomes.
Electrochemical reduction of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 superconductor single crystals

Abstract Single crystals and polycrystalline pellets of the high-temperature cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 were doped at room temperature by electrochemical reduction at > 95% Coulombic efficiency using lithium dopant ions in propylene carbonate electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry and potential step measurements on single crystals suggest an unusual reduction mechanism, with a diffusion coefficient for Li+ in the c-axis direction of bulk superconductor of ca. 3 × 10−11 cm2s−1. Sintered pellets of polycrystalline powder could be doped more rapidly, with an apparent diffusion coefficient of 7 × 10−8 cm2s−1. X-ray susceptibility analysis show extensive disordering occurs on heavy Li doping, with a first-order transition from a crystalline/superconducting to an amorphous/non-superconducting phase. Single, crystals of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 exhibited a color change on reduction from metallic gray to golden bronze. The reduced material was highly air-sensitive, forming a hydroxide surface film on exposure to ambient atmosphere.
The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage.

Abstract We propose here a conceptual framework for understanding the optic nerve head (ONH) as a biomechanical structure. Basic principles of biomechanical engineering are used to propose a central role for intraocular pressure (IOP)-related stress and strain in the physiology of ONH aging and the pathophysiology of glaucomatous damage. Our paradigm suggests that IOP-related stress and strain (1) are substantial within the load-bearing connective tissues of the ONH even at low levels of IOP and (2) underlie both ONH aging and the two central pathophysiologies of glaucomatous damage—mechanical failure of the connective tissues of the lamina cribrosa, scleral canal wall, and peripapillary sclera, and axonal compromise within the lamina cribrosa by a variety of mechanisms. Modeling the ONH as a biomechanical structure generates a group of testable hypotheses regarding the central mechanisms of glaucomatous damage and provides a logic for classifying the principal components of the susceptibility of an individual ONH to a given level of IOP.
3D Finite Element Modeling of the Biceps Femoris Muscle

Hamstring strain injury is a significant problem for many athletes [1]. Muscle-tendon (MT) length changes and activation patterns during the sprinting cycle likely contribute to the high risk of injury. It has been suggested that injury may occur during the late swing phase of the sprinting cycle when the hamstring fibers experience activated muscle lengthening [2]. Of the hamstrings muscles, the biceps femoris longhead (BFLH) is the most commonly injured, with the injury most frequently localized along the proximal muscle-tendon junction [3]. We hypothesize that the injuries are localized in this region because it is also the area of highest localized strains.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Origins, chronology, and current status of the National Research Center for Career and Technical Education: 1963–2012

The National Research Center for Career and Technical Education (NRCCTE) had a unique status among federally funded research and development center in education. Its funding was authorized by the federal legislation for career and technical and administered by the Office of Vocational and Adult Education, not the Institute for Education Sciences. This paper reviews the origins of the NRCCTE and the process that led to its unique status. The National Center was originally authorized by the Education Amendments of 1976 and reauthorized by the four Perkins acts. The responsibilities of the Center set forth in each of these acts are presented. The paper concludes with an overview of the program of work conducted by the National Research Center at the University of Louisville.
Sexual maturation and fertility of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon X brown trout hybrids

Abstract Hybrids between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, At) and brown trout (Salmo trutta, Bn) are highly viable and expected to be functionally sterile due to major interspecific karyotypic differences. However, contradictory results in published reports have left questions about the fertility of these hybrids. We produced backcrosses between male diploid, male triploid, and female diploid F, At X Bn hybrids and both parental species. Additionally, half of the eggs from each cross were heat-shocked to induce second polar body retention. The hybrid nature of the F1 broodstock and the backcross progeny was confirmed with protein electrophoretic analyses, including use of two loci (FDHG ∗ and PGK-2 ∗) heretofore unreported as diagnostic for these species. These crosses produced either non-viable or sterile triploid progeny. Introgression between the two species' genomes via hybridization appears to be effectively blocked. Use of sterile diploid or triploid salmonid hybrids in commercial culture could have economic advantages and mitigate concerns regarding escape and establishment of domesticated fish stocks or interbreeding with wild stocks.
Kinetics of growth and death in Anabaena flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) under light limitation and supersaturation

The kinetics of population growth and death were investigated in Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb grown at light intensities ranging from limitation to photoinhibition (5 W·m−2 to 160 W·m−2) in a nutrient-replete turbidostat. Steady-state growth rate (μ, or dilution rate, D) increased with light intensity from 0.44·day−1 at a light intensity of 5 W·m−2 to 0.99·day−1 at 20 W·m−2 and started to decrease above about 22 W·m−2, reaching 0.56·day−1 at 160 W·m−2. The Haldane function of enzyme inhibition fit the growth data poorly, largely because of the unusually narrow range of saturation intensity. However, it produced a good fit (P < 0.001) for growth under photoinhibition. Anabaena flos-aquae died at different specific death rates (γ) below and above the saturation intensity. When calculated as the slope of a vx−1 and D−1 plot, where vx and D are cell viability (or live cell fraction) and dilution rate, respectively; γ was 0.047·day−1 in the range of light limitation and 0.103·day−1 under photoinhibition. Live vegetative cells and heterocysts, either in numbers or as a percentage of the total cells, showed a peak at the saturation intensity and decreased at lower and higher intensities. The ratio of live heterocysts to live vegetative cells increased with intensity when light was limiting but decreased when light was supersaturating. In cells growing at the same growth rate, the ratio was significantly lower under light inhibition than under subsaturation and the cell N:C ratio was also lower under inhibition. The steady-state rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production increased with light intensity. However, its production as a percentage of the total C fixation was lowest at the optimum intensity and increased as the irradiance decreased or increased. The rate and percentage was significantly higher under photoinhibition than limitation in cells growing at the same growth rate. About 22% of the total fixed carbon was released as DOC at the highest light intensity. No correlation was found between the number of dead cells and DOC.
The current status of operational satellite products for climate studies

Abstract The current status of climate products being obtained from the real-time processing of operational satellite observations at NOAA is reviewed. Current global operational products relevant to climate studies include: atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles, winds, clouds, aerosols, ozone, sea surface temperature, vegetation index, snow cover and sea ice, planetary albedo, and outgoing longwave radiation. Current experimental operational products include sea surface wind speed, precipitable water, precipitation rate, show cover and sea ice cover from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), and surface and atmospheric longwave radiation fluxes from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) radiance observations. Racent results, accuracy estimates based on comparison with ground truth, and problems and possibilities for using operational satellite data for long-term global climate change studies are presented.
The influence of renal disease on the insulin I131 disappearance curve in man

Abstract Insulin I 131 disappearance curves were done in 3 normal patients donating a kidney to an uremic relative. There was no significant difference in the slopes of the curves done before and 2 weeks after nephrectomy. Clearance studies done before and 2 weeks after nephrectomy showed a significant reduction in inulin, PAH and creatinine clearance. Insulin I 131 disappearance curves were also done in 4 uremic patients receiving a renal homotransplant. They were done while the patient was uremic and again 2 weeks after renal transplantation when renal function was normal. A significant delay in the disappearance of insulin I 131 was noted in the uremic state. After transplantation, the slope of the insulin I 131 disappearance curve approximated that seen in the normal patients (donors). It is suggested that with the onset of renal disease, insulin-degradation is delayed so that it circulates undegraded for a prolonged period of time.
Testing a promising homicide reduction strategy: re-assessing the impact of the Indianapolis “pulling levers” intervention

Since the publication of analyses suggesting the significant impact on youth homicide of the Boston “pulling levers” intervention, a series of studies of similar strategies have indicated promise in reducing homicide and gun assaults. One of these studies was an assessment of a pulling levers strategy in Indianapolis, where trend analyses indicated a significant reduction in homicide following the intervention, while six other similar Midwestern cities did not experience a significant decline in homicide. We re-assess the results of the Indianapolis study by disaggregating the offenses into gang- and non-gang homicides. Given that the pulling levers program focused on influencing gangs and networks of chronic offenders, the impact of the intervention should be more apparent for gang homicides than for non-gang homicides. Alternatively, should the impact be similar for non-gang homicides, then it is more likely that the downward trend would be caused by unmeasured external forces. Coefficient-difference tests relying on estimates obtained from autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time–series models indicate that gang homicides declined significantly more than did non-gang homicides following the Indianapolis intervention. These findings suggest ‘something happened’ to gang homicides that did not happen to non-gang homicides, which adds further support that the pulling levers initiative was the driving force behind the overall reduction in homicide in Indianapolis.
Veränderungen der Lymphe beim Hunde nach Quarzlichtbestrahlungen

Die Beobachtung der Lymphe, ebenso wie der Zahlen der peripheren Leukocyten bestrahlter Hunde zeigt, das die Bestrahlung der Bauchhaut im autonomen splanchno-peripheren Gleichgewicht des Organismus wellenformige Anderungen (mit zunehmender Amplitude) auslost. Die Wirkung tritt auf unmittelbar nach der Bestrahlung und bleibt wahrend der Beobachtungszeit bestehen. Eine kurze Bestrahlung scheint ebenso wirksam zu sein, als eine langere.
Control-to-output and duty ratio-to-inductor current transfer functions of peak current-mode controlled dc-dc PWM buck converter in CCM

The control-to-output and the duty ratio-to-inductor current transfer functions of peak current-mode controlled PWM dc-dc buck converter in CCM are derived and illustrated. The closed inner-current loop and the power stage inductor current-to-output voltage transfer functions are used to derive the control-to-output transfer function of the peak current-mode controlled buck converter in CCM, which is essential for the outer-voltage loop controller design. A small-signal model including parasitic components and delay is used to derive the power stage transfer function, necessary for proper analysis of the power stage. The loop gain of the inner-current loop is derived and is shown that it is independent of converter topology.
Changes in the composition of lipids and fatty acids in adult Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni during the overwintering period.

Abstract Anopheles freeborni adults are heaviest and contain their highest lipid content at the initial part of the overwintering period. Their lipid and fatty acid content decline steadily during the overwintering months. Culex tarsalis adults have the same approximate amount of lipids and fatty acids at the beginning as at the end of the overwintering period but have about twice that amount at the mid-part of the same period. Thus, C. tarsalis reaches its maximum lipid content much later than does A. freeborni . Both species utilize their major fatty acid (C 16 : 1) to a much larger extent than other fatty acids.
Doped antiferromagnets in the weak-hopping limit.

We study the phase diagram of the two-dimensional t-J-V model of holes in a two-dimensional antiferromagnet in the J\ensuremath{\gg}t limit. Here t is the hole hopping parameter, J is the exchange coupling between nearest-neighbor spins, and V is the nearest-neighbor electron-electron repulsion. We also include the possibility of Heisenberg-Ising anisotropy, ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$\ensuremath{\ne}${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{z}}$. We obtain a complete description for ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{z}}$ and approximate results for ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{z}}$. There is no region of the zero-temperature phase diagram that supports a dilute gas of holes in an antiferromagnet. Rather, the system always phase separates into hole-rich and no-hole phases, a result we believe to be more general than the model we have considered. We find various hole-crystal phases and, at high hole density, we find a ``Fermi-liquid'' phase and at least two superfluid phases, one with a charge 2e and one with a charge 4e order parameter.
Logic of the Yeast Metabolic Cycle: Temporal Compartmentalization of Cellular Processes

Budding yeast grown under continuous, nutrient-limited conditions exhibit robust, highly periodic cycles in the form of respiratory bursts. Microarray studies reveal that over half of the yeast genome is expressed periodically during these metabolic cycles. Genes encoding proteins having a common function exhibit similar temporal expression patterns, and genes specifying functions associated with energy and metabolism tend to be expressed with exceptionally robust periodicity. Essential cellular and metabolic events occur in synchrony with the metabolic cycle, demonstrating that key processes in a simple eukaryotic cell are compartmentalized in time.
Battered Women's Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: Further Insights and Contributing Factors

A sample of battered women were surveyed regarding their perceived career barriers, self-esteem, locus of control, work-role attitudes, and self-efficacy for making career decisions. In addition, an investigation of these variables with respect to the battered woman's self-reported employment status was provided. Also included was an examination of battered women's beliefs about how the shelters could assist them in their career planning and implementation. Findings revealed that (a) unemployed battered women scored lower on career decision-making self-efficacy and endorsed a more traditional work role attitude as compared to employed battered women, (b) high self-esteem was related to greater self-efficacy for making career decisions, (c) an internal orientation was related to high self-esteem, and (d) higher perceptions of career barriers were related to an external expectancy. Further, self-esteem emerged as the most significant contributor to battered women's self-efficacy for career decision-making t...
Effective Capacity Analysis of Fixed-Gain and Variable-Gain AF Two-Way Relaying

In this paper, effective capacity of a two-way amplify and forward (AF) relay channel, in which two source nodes exchange their signals via a relay node, is analyzed. Depending on the availability of the channel side information (CSI), the relay, which operates in half-duplex mode, has a fixed-gain or variable-gain factor. It is assumed that source nodes are subject to individual statistical quality of service (QoS) constraints in the form of limitations on buffer size. Under these assumptions and constraints, a characterization of the throughput for source nodes is provided by obtaining closed-form expressions for lower bounds on the effective capacity. Performances of two-way fixed- gain and variable-gain AF relaying are compared. The relations between buffer constraints, transmission power, the location of the relay node and effective capacity are also studied.
Simulation of damage evolution in composites : A phase-field model

Abstract In this study, a phase-field model is introduced for the simulation of damage evolution in composite systems. The damage evolution in discontinuously reinforced and laminated composites, including elastic–plastic cases, was studied parametrically in order to establish its viability. The algorithm offers significant advantages to describe the microstructure and topological changes associated with the damage evolution in comparison to conventional simulation algorithms, due to the absence of formal meshing. The known damage mechanisms for specific composite systems naturally evolve from the algorithm with a simple evolution equation.
Colloid characterization by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. IV. Reinjection field-flow fractionation for polydisperse systems

Abstract It is shown that some of the colloidal properties (particle mass, diameter, density, etc.) which can be measured by sedimentation field-flow fractionation (FFF) for monodisperse colloidal fractions are obscured for polydisperse samples because of the fractionation process. Reinjection of FFF, in which narrow fractions are cut from the first FFF run and reinjected for a second run, is proposed as a method to remedy this difficulty and generally to expand the base of measurable properties for polydisperse colloids. Accordingly, the theoretical basis of reinjection FFF is developed. Experiments with a polydisperse polyvinyl chloride latex are performed to demonstrate the experimental feasibility of the method.
The determination of lead in water and sediment samples using a lead ion-selective electrode

Abstract Lead concentrations in water and sediment samples near a stationary metal emission source were determined using the lead ion-selective electrode. These results were then verified by use of atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. Samples were collected at three strategic sites near a local lead company in Southeast Houston, Texas. Accumulated rain water and sediment (soil deep down core) were analyzed in order to estimate lead concentration as a function of depth. Data indicate that the level of lead concentrations in both surface water and water extracted from the sediments exceed the limits for drinking water as established by the Environmental Protection Agency. The lead concentrations of the soil samples were higher in most cases when compared with various soils in the United States. The highest concentrations of lead were found in surface water samples.
A theory of abstraction for arrays

We develop a theory for reasoning about temporal safety properties of systems with arrays. The theory leads to an automatic algorithm for constructing sound and complete abstractions. Our approach has advantages over previous approaches for important classes of digital designs, including designs with clock gating. We define a function that gives, in a certain sense, the size of the smallest sound and complete array abstraction of a system. This function is difficult to compute. However, we present a static analysis algorithm that efficiently computes a safe size of a sound and complete abstraction by overapproximating the minimum size. Our algorithm can often construct abstractions with small arrays for complex industrial designs.
Penoplasty for buried penis

Buried penis is a congenitally abnormal arrangement of the foreskin relative to the penile shaft, which results in a pseudomicropenis in an otherwise healthy, nonobese child. The author proposes a penoplasty technique appropriate for correction of this disorder, based on experience with 21 patients.
Dissociation between epileptic seizures induced by convulsant drugs and alteration in the concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate in rat brain regions.

Abstract 1. 1. Allylglycine increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebral cortex from 1011.4 ± 25.0 to 1318.0 ± 66.3 and decreased it in cerebellum from 1289.0 ± 49 to 1147.7 ± 119.4 ng/g wet tissue during the preictal period. 2. 2. Mercaptopropionic acid increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebellum from 1525 ± 91 to 1985.7 ± 275 ng/g wet tissue. Similar effects were noted in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. 3. 3. Picrotoxin increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in hippocampus from 938.7 ± 44 to 1043 ± 118 but decreased it in cerebral cortex from 1124.52 ± 124 to 979.4 ± 15 ng/g wet brain. 4. 4. The effects of strychnine were identical to those of allylglycine. 5. 5. Bicuculline reduced the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebral cortex from 1184 ± 61 to 1075.14 ± 78 ng/g wet brain.
Reply to comment by H. Numakura: On the quantitative analysis of nanometer diameter MgO precipitates via atom-probe field-ion microscopy

This is a reply to a comment by H. Numakura on a paper the authors recently published in this journal, on an initial study of the atomic mechanisms of internal oxidation in the Cu(Mg) system, employing the atom-probe field-ion microscope (APFIM) technique. Numakura suggests, among other things, that the detection efficiency of the chevron detector is considerably different for the three ion species Cu, Mg and O and, in particular, that there is an unusually low detection efficiency for O ions. Thus in this paper they report on a careful study of the experimental conditions necessary to measure correctly the oxygen concentration of nanometer diameter MgO precipitates. In a completely internally oxidized Cu-1.86 at.% Mg alloy -- it is expected that the precipitates are close to stoichiometric. An important outcome of this investigation is that -- unexpectedly -- the pulse frequency in the range 10 to 60 Hz is an important variable in measuring the correct oxygen concentration in MgO precipitates.
Surface chemical composition and fibrinogen adsorption-retention of fluoropolymer films deposited from an RF glow discharge

Fluoropolymer films have been deposited in the glow and afterglow regions of radio frequency glow discharges fed with C2F6−H2 mixtures. Structure, growth rate, composition, and wettability of the films have been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and water contact angle measurements.125I labeled baboon fibrinogen in baboon plasma has been used to study the adsorption of the protein onto the films. Protein retention, i.e., the binding affinity of the adsorbed protein, has been examined by elution with a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. Adsorption and retention of fibrinogen were correlated using multivariate statistical methods with the wettability, the degree of film fluorination, and the CF x (1≤x≤3) group distribution of the coatings. This correlation identified the influence of each variable on the adsorption and retention of fibrinogen onto these substrates. These variables or surface properties can be easily balanced by properly tuning the experimental conditions of the glow discharge deposition process.
A Theoretical Model of Solid State Phase Reactions: Hysteresis and Kinetics

Abstract Hysteresis in the pressure-dependent solid state phase transition Pr 7 O 12 Pr 9 O 16 is modeled using a thermodynamic formalism. The system is considered to be formed of a fixed number of domains, which are differentiated on the basis of size. The two cases of noninteracting and interacting domains are considered. The interacting domains model allows a better fit to experimental results. In each case, the model is applied to four different isothermal hysteresis curves for the Pr 7 O 12 Pr 9 O 16 phase transition. The kinetics of the phase transition are studied for the case of noninteracting domains.