cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular Mechanisms of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) Peptide (NOP) Receptor Regulation and Heterologous Regulation by N/OFQ

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide (NOP) receptor is the fourth and most recently discovered member of the opioid receptor superfamily that also includes μ, δ, and κ opioid receptor subtypes (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively). The widespread anatomic distribution of the NOP receptor enables the modulation of several physiologic processes by its endogenous agonist, N/OFQ. Accordingly, the NOP receptor has gained a lot of attention as a potential target for the development of ligands with therapeutic use in several pathophysiological states. NOP receptor activation frequently results in effects opposing classic opioid receptor action; therefore, regulation of the NOP receptor and conditions affecting its modulatory tone are important to understand. Mounting evidence reveals a heterologous interaction of the NOP receptor with other G protein–coupled receptors, including MOR, DOR, and KOR, which may subsequently influence their function. Our focus in this review is to summarize and discuss the findings that delineate the cellular mechanisms of NOP receptor signaling and regulation and the regulation of other receptors by N/OFQ and the NOP receptor.
CODIPHY: composing on-demand intelligent physical layers

In this paper we present CODIPHY or Composing On-Demand Intelligent Physical Layers that aims to solve two fundamental problems in practical cognitive radio networks: Collaboration between two radio physical layers (PHY) with varying capabilities to agree on a common communication protocol and provide a method to compose a functioning software defined radio (SDR) from a set of pre-compiled libraries. Both solutions use an ontology based description of the internal structure of the radio subsystems and use the high-level dataflow represented by the ontology to target heterogeneous platforms. CODIPHY isolates the various domains of radio engineering but still allows them to share domain knowledge to achieve a common goal of radio adaptation. Automating this process through declarative specification and collaborative learning is the goal of this paper. We present a generic methodology to facilitate the concept of CODIPHY and present examples from the radio PHY domain.
Gastric Bypass Surgery in Rats Produces Weight Loss Modeling after Human Gastric Bypass

Background The study of the mechanisms of weight loss after bariatric surgery requires an animal model that mimics the human procedure and subsequent weight loss. A rat model eliminates the cognitive efforts associated with human weight loss and gain.
Microcomputer systems for chemical process control

Microcomputer systems for application to chemical process monitoring and control are presented. Recently developed modular components which expand the utility of 8-bit microcomputers in data-logging and monitoring systems, process-sequence controllers, and direct-digital process controllers are described.
Alternative dosing regimens of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) effective in treating murine systemic candidiasis

Objectives: This study was done to determine whether high dose AmBisome (4–20 mg/kg), given intermittently, could reduce the frequency of dosing needed to treat murine systemic candidiasis when compared with conventional daily treatment. Methods: Mice were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide every 3 days, beginning day 23 before challenge with log10 5.0 cfu Candida albicans. Treatment was begun 48–72 h post-challenge with daily or intermittent dose regimens of AmBisome, followed by determination of kidney cfu for up to 1 month post-treatment. Results: A single AmBisome dose of 4 mg/kg was as effective as four daily, 1 mg/kg treatments. A total of 8 mg/kg, given as 4 mg/kg on days 2 and 4, or as 5 mg/kg on day 2 followed by 1 mg/kg on days 3, 4, and 5, also produced comparable efficacy. While 20 mg/kg given day 2, 4 and 6 post-challenge as a 1 week loading dose, followed by one 10 mg/kg treatment on day 13, decreased the fungal burden by up to 5 logs compared with controls (log10 2.3 cfu/g and log10 7.5 cfu/g, respectively), 20 mg/kg given Monday, Wednesday and Friday for 5 weeks, reduced the fungal burden to undetectable levels (i.e. log10 1.0 cfu).
Design and testing of a plant‐specific PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer, 28KJ (5-GGCGGTAAATTCCGTCC-3), was developed to specifically amplify plant DNA. This primer is located approximately 250 bases downstream of the 5′ end of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, and it was used in combination with the universal primer 28C. The specificity of this primer combination was tested against 31 angiosperms, 9 conifers, 1 alga and 30 fungi (21 basidiomycetes and 9 ascomycetes). Both herbarium specimens and fresh samples were tested. The 28KJ/28C primer combination successfully amplified all angiosperm and conifer DNAs, but no fungal or algal DNAs. Plant DNA was amplified from plant/fungal symbioses (ectomycorrhizae of conifers and ericoid mycorrhizae of Ericaceous plants), and the plants involved in these symbioses were identified by comparing DNA sequences or restriction enzyme digest patterns of the mycorrhizal DNAs to those of known plant samples. These methods allow rapid and accurate identification of plant associates in complex plant/ fungal systems when the identity of the roots is unclear.
Cell surface activation of the erythropoietin receptor by Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55.

The leukemogenic membrane glycoprotein gp55, encoded by Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), induceserythroidcellproliferationthroughitsinteractionwiththeerythropoietinreceptor(EPO-R).Thereare two forms of gp55 in SFFV-infected cells: an intracellular form (more than 95% of the total protein), which is localized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, and a cell surface form (about 3 to 5%). Because both forms of the viral proteins bind to EPO-R, it is not clear whether the viral protein induces mitogenesis intracellularlyoratthecellsurface.Toaddressthisquestion,weconstructedanEPO-Rmutantthatcontained a 6-amino-acid (DEKKMP) C-terminus ER retention signal. Biochemical and functional analyses with this mutant indicated that it was completely retained in the ER and not expressed at the cell surface. Further analysisshowedthatthemutant,likethewild-typeEPO-R,interactedwithSFFVgp55.However,thisapparent intracellular interaction between the two proteins failed to induce growth factor-independent proliferation of Ba/F3cells.Furthermore,spontaneousvariantsoftheER-retainedEPO-Rselectedonthebasisoftheirability toinducecellproliferationwhencoexpressedwithgp55wereexclusivelyexpressedatthecellsurface.Thus,our results support the hypothesis that the mitogenic activation of the EPO-R by gp55 requires the interaction of the two proteins at the cell surface.
Dichotic complex‐pitch and speech discrimination in 7‐ to 12‐year‐old children

Forty‐three normal 7 to 12‐year‐olds were tested on dichotic complex‐pitch and speech discrimination tests. For each age group (7 to 8 years, 9 to 10 years, and 11 to 12 years), the adult patterns of perceptual asymmetries were observed: a right‐ear advantage for speech and a left‐ear advantage for complex‐pitch, without significant changes either in the magnitude of perceptual asymmetries or in the frequency of occurrence of particular patterns of asymmetry as a function of age. For overall accuracy, however, a significant increase with age was found for speech but not for pitch discrimination, suggesting that despite the absences of significant age‐related changes in perceptual asymmetries in these two tasks, they may nevertheless undergo different developmental courses.
Decreased in Vitro Testosterone Production by Isolated Ley dig Cells from Uremic Rats

We compared in vivo and in vitro Leydig cell function in chronically uremic adult male rats (4 weeks after 5/ 6 nephrectomy) with that in healthy controls. Levels of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) were higher in nephrectomized animals than in controls [62 ± 6 vs. 13 ± 1 mg 5/dl (mean ± SEM), P < 0.01]; serum testosterone (T) levels were lower (135 ± 25 vs. 440 ± 64 ng 5/dl; P < 0.01). Serum LH was significantly lower in the uremic rats, being at or below the limits of detection of the assay. After in vitro exposure to various concentrations of hCG for 120 min, the mean T responses of Leydig cells from uremic rats were diminished at each dose of hCG employed (P < 0.01). Both basal levels and peak responses were reduced by approximately 50%. The apparent potency of hCG, as judged by T response, was reduced in Leydig cells from uremic rats to 3% of that in cells from normals, but showed partial recovery with increased duration of in vitro exposure to hCG, uremic cells having relative potencies of 5% (95% confiden...
Confirmatory factor analysis of the equity preference questionnaire

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the factor structure of the equity preference questionnaire (EPQ).Design/methodology/approach – Individual level data are collected from two samples (n1=382, n2=455) and subjected to confirmatory factor analysis of an a priori two‐factor structure for equity sensitivity. Sample two is randomly split and one half subjected to structural equation modeling.Findings – Superior fit in both samples is found for a two‐factor structure compared to a one‐factor structure. Additionally, in sample two empathy, positive affectivity, and feminine gender role identity related differentially to the factors of entitlement and benevolence.Research limitations/implications – Samples are comprise of college students. However, the average level of full‐time work experience (sample one 45.6 percent > 1 year, sample two mean 23.57 months) is large and the racial groups in sample two are diverse (76 percent non‐white). Additionally, the data are collected cross‐se...
Capping of a Phospholipid Analog in the Plasma Membrane of Lymphocytes

Abstract Lipid vesicles were formed by ultrasonication from N-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl,1-acyl-2-(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) aminocaproyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Tnp-NBD-PE), a fluorescent- and hapten-conjugated phospholipid analog. The vesicles, which were nonfluorescent due to self-quenching, were further characterized by gel filtration chromatography and electron microscopy. Treatment of EL-4 lymphoma cells with these vesicles at 2°C resulted in immediate dequenching of fluorescence due to dilution of the fluorescent lipid in cell membranes. Control experiments showed Tnp-NBD-PE association with cells was predominantly via a lipid transfer mechanism, with little adsorption of intact vesicles. Fluorescence microscopy of the treated cells revealed bright uniform peripheral ring staining with no apparent internal fluorescence as long as the cells were maintained at 2°C. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements showed that the majority (∼80%) of the Tnp-NBD-PE was free to diffuse in the plasma membrane of the treated cells and had a diffusion coefficient of approximately 8.5 × 10 −9 cm 2 /sec. These observations strongly suggest that the exogenously supplied supplied lipid was diluted in the plasma membrane of the EL-4 cells and is initially free to diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane consistent with its proper integration in the plasma membrane bilayer. Upon incubation of washed, vesicle-treated cells at 37°C, essentially all the Tnp-NBD-PE became rapidly internalized. However, warming the cells in the presence of bound Tnp antibodies prevented the internalization of the Tnp-NBD-PE and led to the formation of caps. Capping was inhibited by azide and cytochalasin B. These results are discussed in relation to various models for the redistribution of lymphocyte plasma membrane components.
Glucocorticoid receptors in normal human lymphocytes and human leukemia and lymphoma cells

Glucocorticoids have been used widely in the treatment of leukemia; however, response has been variable. Glucocorticoid receptors have been implicated as the molecular basis of response to this hormonal therapy. Glucocorticoid receptor levels have been found to extend over a wide range in normal human lymphocytes, as well as in various leukemia and lymphoma cells. In several cases, correlations have been made between the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors and patient response to endocrine therapy. Other at tempts have been made to correlate glucocorticoid receptor levels with age, sex, immunological subtype of cell, and hematological classification of leukemia.
Vitamin D and child health: part 2 (extraskeletal and other aspects)

The first part of this review focused on the skeletal aspects of vitamin D. This second part reviews some of the available evidence that vitamin D may have a physiological extraskeletal role beyond its traditional effect on the skeleton. This aspect has influenced the definition of vitamin D deficiency and what level of vitamin D should be regarded as optimal. The recognition of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency has led to debate as to whether and how we should be treating asymptomatic individuals. This review discusses the potential extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, the definition of vitamin D deficiency and our thoughts on indications for measurement and treatment.
Equivalence of the Minimum Norm and Gradient Projection Constrained Optimization Techniques

small that the exact solution, Eq. (27), has only one root at Z = 1. Consequently, the angle of attack variation is the same as that of a critically damped dynamical system as indicated in Fig. 2. The change in reference level(Y = 0) is given for several values of kv For Z > 6 the angle of attack essentially remains zero for the case shown in Fig. 2, and the exact solution given by Eq. (27) for a = — 1 has no oscillations for Z > 1. It is now evident that for a > 10 Alien's approximate solution, as given by Eq. (12), provides an excellent approximation to his differential equation for the straight line descent of a large drag ballistic missile, Eq. (2). It is necessary to introduce the exact solution, Eq. (7), only when a 10.
Networking support for query processing in sensor networks

Networking and query processing must be co-designed to allow data self-organization for flexible but efficient in-network storage, access, and processing.
Perceptual processes in probability learning

Abstract Tests of the hypothesis that subjects structure responses according to relevant conditional probability event patterns in a two-choice prediction task consisted of observing the effects of training, incentive, and display on learning second-order event patterns. Training was administered by exposing the subject to a high frequency of pattern occurrence for 600 prediction trials. Incentive was manipulated by reinforcing certain predictions at a 10 to 1 ratio over others. To observe display effects, the subject was informed of the previous two events. Ten subjects were assigned to each of eight groups. Results indicate that subjects learn the patterns within 900 trials. Training produces positive transfer effects, but neither training nor display enhancement eliminate a tendency to predict event repetitions (perseveration). The differential incentive eliminates the perseverative tendency but does not increase the learning rate over that resulting from an equal incentive. Two main conclusions are evident: (a) The subject is capable of organizing his responses to reflect the statistical structure of the event sequence; (b) his organizing capability is biased by a tendency to group events according to similarity.
Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming.

Abstract In 33 adults, discrete periods of rapid eye movement potentials were recorded without exception during each of 126 nights of undisturbed sleep. These periods were invariably concomitant with a characteristic EEG pattern, stage 1. Composite histograms revealed that the mean EEG, eye movement incidence, and body movement incidence underwent regular cyclic variations throughout the night with the peaks of eye and body movement coinciding with the lightest phase of the EEG cycles. A further analysis indicated that body movement, after rising to a peak, dropped sharply at the onset of rapid eye movements and rebounded abruptly as the eye movements ceased. Records from a large number of nights in single individuals indicated that some could maintain a very striking regularity in their sleep pattern from night to night. The stage 1 EEG at the onset of sleep was never associated with rapid eye movements and was also characterized by a lower auditory threshold than the later periods of stage 1. No dreams were recalled after awakenings during the sleep onset stage 1, only hypnagogic reveries.
Enterococcus faecalis produces extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide that damages colonic epithelial cell DNA.

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal microorganism of the human intestinal tract that produces substantial extracellular superoxide (O(-)(2)), and derivative reactive oxygen species such as H(2)O(2) and hydroxyl radical, through autoxidation of membrane-associated demethylmenaquinone. Because these oxidants may be important as a cause of chromosomal instability (CIN) associated with sporadic adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer, the ability of E.faecalis to damage eukaryotic cell DNA was examined using the alkaline lysis single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Both Chinese hamster ovary and HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells showed increased DNA damage after co-incubation with wild-type E. faecalis strain OG1RF, but not a transposon-inactivated mutant with attenuated extracellular O(-)(2) production. E. faecalis-mediated DNA damage was prevented by catalase, but not manganese superoxide dismutase, indicating H(2)O(2) arising from O(-)(2) was the genotoxin. In a rat model of intestinal colonization, OG1RF resulted in significantly higher stool concentrations of H(2)O(2) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide adducts of hydroxyl and thiyl radicals, as identified by electron spin resonance-spin trapping, compared with rats colonized with a mutant strain having attenuated O(-)(2) production. Using the comet assay, luminal cells from the colon of rats colonized with O(-)(2)-producing E. faecalis showed significantly increased DNA damage compared with control rats colonized with the mutant. These findings suggest a potentially profound role for extracellular free radical production by E. faecalis in promoting CIN associated with sporadic adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer.
Two-Component LDV Investigation of Three-Dimensional Shock/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions

Mean-velocity and turbulence measurements obtained by two-component laser Doppler velocimetry are presented, together with numerical predictions, for the shock-related separation of a turbulent boundary layer at Mach 2.85. The basic geometry, a 30 deg half-angle flare mounted on a long cylinder, is made three-dimensional by tipping the flare at an angle of attack, alpha. The separation length and general upstream influence increase with alpha. A recirculating vortex in the separated zone becomes stronger as three-dimensionality increases. A large-scale unsteadiness of the separation shock wave and surrounding flowfields grows in amplitude with alpha, and appears to strongly influence the amplification of turbulence correlations ahead of detachment. Scaling of the streamwise coordinate by separation length causes two-dimensional and three-dimensional data profiles on the cylinder to collapse for most measured quantities.
A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation

Abstract A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m 3 FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at ∼300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO x levels as low as ∼2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.
Melanocortin-4 Receptor-Deficient Mice Are Not Hypertensive or Salt-Sensitive Despite Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia, and Hyperleptinemia

The purpose of this study was to test whether the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is critical in the development of hypertension associated with obesity and its metabolic disorders. MC4R-deficient homozygous (/) and heterozygous (/) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice 17 to 19 weeks old (n5 to 7 per group) were implanted with telemetry devices for monitoring 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). After 3-day stable control measurements on normal-salt diet (NSD; 0.4% NaCl), mice received a high-salt diet (HSD; 4% NaCl) for 7 days, followed by 3-day recovery on NSD. MC4R (/) mice were severely obese compared with MC4R (/) and WT mice (body weight 481.5 versus 310.6 and 300.5 g respectively). On NSD, MAP was similar in all groups of mice (MC4R (/) 1103 mm Hg; MC4R (/) 1092 mm Hg; WT 1142 mm Hg), and HR in MC4R (/) was lower than in WT (6045 versus 6459 bpm; P0.05) but not different from MC4R (/) (62513 bpm) mice. HSD did not significantly alter MAP or HR in any of the groups. Epididymal and retroperitoneal fat weights and plasma leptin levels were several-fold greater in MC4R (/) compared with MC4R (/) and WT mice. Plasma insulin and glucose levels were also significantly greater in MC4R (/) than in MC4R (/) and WT mice. These data suggest that despite obesity, visceral adiposity, hyperleptinemia, and hyperinsulinemia, MC4R (/) mice are neither hypertensive nor salt sensitive, indicating that a functional MC4R may be necessary for the development of hypertension associated with obesity and its metabolic abnormalities. (Hypertension. 2005;46:326-332.)
Sleep, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Dementia

Sleep is vital to normal cognitive functioning, especially for the formation and consolidation of new memories. Altered circadian rhythm and sleep complaints are common in the aging population, especially in those with dementia, and sleep disturbances may further impact cognitive functioning in patients with dementia. Recent evidence also suggests that disturbed sleep and hypoxemia-related to sleep-disordered breathing may play a role in the development of dementia. Timely recognition and treatment of sleep disturbances may provide an avenue to improve memory and cognitive functioning and quality of life in patients with dementia.
Clearspace: mixed reality virtual teamrooms

We describe ClearSpace, a tool for collaboration between distributed teamrooms that combines components of virtual worlds and mixed presence groupware. This prototype is a starting point for exploring solutions to display and presence disparity by leveraging model-based user representations. We describe our deployed system and a mirroring approach that solves several problems with scaling up ClearBoard style portals to a common virtual space. We also describe techniques for enforcing consistency between heterogeneous virtual and physical contexts through system-managed awareness.
Community-Centered Service Learning A Transformative Lens for Teaching-Learning in Nursing

Although service learning has been proposed as a teaching-learning modality in response to an ongoing challenge to transform nursing education, there is a risk to community and student when service learning is poorly conceived. A community-centered service learning approach founded on a nursing theoretical perspective and community model is explored as a way to honor the wisdom and perspective of the community in changing while illuminating a new way of being a nurse in community for the nursing student.
Computer Simulation of Compressive Failure in Silica Aerogels

Historically, the low thermal conductivity of silica aerogels has made them of interest to the aerospace community for applications such as cryotank insulation. However, recent advances in the application of conformal polymer coatings to these gels have made them significantly stronger, and potentially useful as lightweight structural materials. In this work, we perform multiscale computer simulations to investigate the compressive strength and failure behavior of silica aerogels. The gels’ nanostructure is simulated via the diffusion limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) process, which produces fractal aggregates that are structurally similar to experimentally observed gels. The largest distinct feature of the clusters is the so-called secondary particle, typically tens of nm in diameter, which is composed of primary particles of amorphous silica an order of magnitude smaller. The secondary particles are connected by amorphous silica bridges that are typically smaller in diameter than the particles they connect. We investigate compressive failure via the application of a uniaxial compressive strain to the DLCA clusters. In computing the energetics of the compression, the detailed structure of the secondary particles is ignored, and the interaction among secondary particles is described by a Morse pair potential parameterized such that the potential range is much smaller than the secondary particle size; an angular potential contribution is included in some of the simulations as well. The Morse and angular parameters are obtained by atomistic simulation of models of the interparticle bridges, with the compressive and bending behavior of these bridges modeled via molecular statics. We consider the energetics of compression and compressive failure, and compare qualitative features of low-and high-density gel failure.
Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis for Gypsy Moth Suppression

A formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was effective against larvae of Porthetria dispar (L.) when applied at rates of 16×109 and 8×109 international units (IU) per acre. Defoliation caused by the gypsy moth in unsprayed areas approached 100%, indicating an adequate larval population for evaluation. Three applications of the lower dosage produced both foliage protection and larval mortality. Partial defoliation was noted in the treated areas and may have resulted from incomplete coverage or the presence of other forest defoliators not susceptible to the spray. Bioassays demonstrated the residues of the spray to be toxic to early-stage larvae for one month following the last application. In a laboratory bioassay using 2nd instars, the median lethal concentration was 96.2 IU/ml diet. Since postspray egg masses were not reduced, the possibility of a feeding inhibition phenomena is suggested.
Communication: A difference density picture for the self-consistent field ansatz.

We formulate self-consistent field (SCF) theory in terms of an interaction picture where the working variable is the difference density matrix between the true system and a corresponding superposition of atomic densities. As the difference density matrix directly represents the electronic deformations inherent in chemical bonding, this “difference self-consistent field (dSCF)” picture provides a number of significant conceptual and computational advantages. We show that this allows for a stable and efficient dSCF iterative procedure with wholly single-precision Coulomb and exchange matrix builds. We also show that the dSCF iterative procedure can be performed with aggressive screening of the pair space. These approximations are tested and found to be accurate for systems with up to 1860 atoms and >10 000 basis functions, providing for immediate overall speedups of up to 70% in the heavily optimized TeraChem SCF implementation.
X-ray Crystallographic Structure and Solution Behavior of an Antiparallel Coiled-Coil Hexamer Formed by de Novo Peptides.

The self-assembly of peptides and proteins into higher-ordered structures is encoded in the amino acid sequence of each peptide or protein. Understanding the relationship among the amino acid sequence, the assembly dynamics, and the structure of well-defined peptide oligomers expands the synthetic toolbox for these structures. Here, we present the X-ray crystallographic structure and solution behavior of de novo peptides that form antiparallel coiled-coil hexamers (ACC-Hex) by an interaction motif neither found in nature nor predicted by existing peptide design software. The 1.70 A X-ray crystallographic structure of peptide 1a shows six α-helices associating in an antiparallel arrangement around a central axis comprising hydrophobic and aromatic residues. Size-exclusion chromatography studies suggest that peptides 1 form stable oligomers in solution, and circular dichroism experiments show that peptides 1 are stable to relatively high temperatures. Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of the solution beh...
A conservative scheme for Vlasov Poisson Landau modeling collisional plasmas

Abstract We have developed a deterministic conservative solver for the inhomogeneous Fokker–Planck–Landau equation coupled with the Poisson equation, which is a classical mean-field primary model for collisional plasmas. Two subproblems, i.e. the Vlasov–Poisson problem and homogeneous Landau problem, are obtained through time-splitting methods, and treated separately by the Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin method and a conservative spectral method, respectively. To ensure conservation when projecting between the two different computing grids, a special conservation routine is designed to link the solutions of these two subproblems. This conservation routine accurately enforces conservation of moments in Fourier space. The entire numerical scheme is implemented with parallelization with hybrid MPI and OpenMP. Numerical experiments are provided to study linear and nonlinear Landau Damping problems and two-stream flow problem as well.
EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT EMERGENCIES

This chapter is a case based approach to common ENT emergencies, including swelling, sore throats, foreign bodies, trauma, epistaxis, and how to manage them.
Policy as Its Own Cause

Why do we feel that public policy problems never seem to be solved? As knowledge and skill grow in society, why do efforts to control public policies lag behind their ability to surprise us? Why don’t organizations that promote public policies seem to learn from experience? If they do try, why do their actions lead to ever larger numbers of unanticipated consequences? One answer, I will argue, lies in the growing autonomy of the policy environment. Because policy is evermore its own cause, programs depend less on the external evironment than on events inside the sectors from which they come. The rich inner life of public agencies helps explain why there appears to be so much change for its own sake. If bureaucracies are the principal opponents of change, as is often alleged, however, how can they also be its chief sponsors? How, if major sectors of public policy can control their internal response to external events, does the world outside specifically affect organizational behavior in government? If external forces matter, why do organizational responses often appear to have so little relation to what actually goes on out there in society? Why, in a word, do supposed solutions turn into perplexing problems? Because the Law of Large Solutions in Public Policy —when the solution dwarfs the problem as a source of worry—is inexorable.
Experimental Systems, Investigative Pathways, and the Nature of Discovery

There have been many calls in recent years, from historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science, to be more attentive to the role of experimentation in the development of science. Allan Franklin’s complaint in 1986 about the “general neglect of experiment and the dominance of theory in the literature on the history and philosophy of science” (Franklin, 1986, p. 1) has been repeatedly cited and echoed (Le Grand, 1990, p. ix). Although earlier historical studies of experimental science are themselves neglected in some of these calls for a new start, there seems little doubt that in recent years there has been a shift in balance between an earlier emphasis on scientific thought and a current interest in scientific practice which highlights experimental practice.
Arthroscopic and Open Stabilization Techniques for Anterior Instability in the Contact Athlete

Shoulder dislocations are common injuries seen in contact athletes and can cause substantial time away from play, reduce career length, and result in serious long-term morbidity. Contact athletes may be at higher risk for failure of surgical repair of shoulder instability than other individuals. In light of these issues, the contact athlete with shoulder instability deserves special attention. A number of surgical techniques have been described for treatment of shoulder instability in contact athletes, ranging from arthroscopic to open Bankart repair to bone block procedures. In this article, we review the clinical evaluation of the contact athlete with shoulder instability, including history taking, physical examination, and imaging findings. We discuss decision making for repair in terms of both timing and choice of procedure. Finally, we discuss techniques of arthroscopic and open Bankart repair and outcomes.
Autochthonous behaviors—mapping perception to action

In this paper we describe an approach to high-level multisensor integration organized around certain egocentric behaviors. The task itself determines the sequence of sensing, the sensors used, and the responses to the sensed data. This leads to the encapsulation of robot behavior in terms of logical sensors and logical actuators. A description of this approach is given as well as some examples for dextrous manipulation and mobile robots.
Derivation of the Planck Spectrum for Relativistic Classical Scalar Radiation from Thermal Equilibrium in an Accelerating Frame

The Planck spectrum of thermal scalar radiation is derived suggestively within classical physics by the use of an accelerating coordinate frame. The derivation has an analogue in Boltzmann's derivation of the Maxwell velocity distribution for thermal particle velocities by considering the thermal equilibrium of noninteracting particles in a uniform gravitational field. For the case of radiation, the gravitational field is provided by the acceleration of a Rindler frame through Minkowski spacetime. Classical zero-point radiation and relativistic physics enter in an essential way in the derivation, which is based upon the behavior of free radiation fields and the assumption that the field correlation functions contain but a single correlation time in thermal equilibrium. The work has connections with the thermal effects of acceleration found in relativistic quantum field theory.
Mindful Yoga for women with metastatic breast cancer: design of a randomized controlled trial.

Women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have average life expectancies of about 2 years, and report high levels of disease-related symptoms including pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, psychological distress, and functional impairment. There is growing recognition of the limitations of medical approaches to managing such symptoms. Yoga is a mind-body discipline that has demonstrated a positive impact on psychological and functional health in early stage breast cancer patients and survivors, but has not been rigorously studied in advanced cancer samples. This randomized controlled trial examines the feasibility and initial efficacy of a Mindful Yoga program, compared with a social support condition that controls for attention, on measures of disease-related symptoms such as pain and fatigue. The study will be completed by December 2017. Sixty-five women with MBC age ≥ 18 are being identified and randomized with a 2:1 allocation to Mindful Yoga or a support group control intervention. The 120-min intervention sessions take place weekly for 8 weeks. The study is conducted at an urban tertiary care academic medical center located in Durham, North Carolina. The primary feasibility outcome is attendance at intervention sessions. Efficacy outcomes include pain, fatigue, sleep quality, psychological distress, mindfulness and functional capacity at post-intervention, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. In this article, we present the challenges of designing a randomized controlled trial with long-term follow-up among women with MBC. These challenges include ensuring adequate recruitment including of minorities, limiting and controlling for selection bias, tailoring of the yoga intervention to address special needs, and maximizing adherence and retention. This project will provide important information regarding yoga as an intervention for women with advanced cancer, including preliminary data on the psychological and functional effects of yoga for MBC patients. This investigation will also establish rigorous methods for future research into yoga as an intervention for this population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifer: NCT01927081 , registered August 16, 2013
Uncharted territory: Life after cancer for young adults.

30Background: Similar to survivors of childhood cancer, young adult (YA) survivors have distinct and complex medical and psychosocial needs. However, there are no specific follow-up guidelines for ...
Investigating moderating roles of goals, reviewer similarity, and self-disclosure on the effect of argument quality of online consumer reviews on attitude formation

Abstract An online experiment (N = 357) examined how goals, reviewer similarity, and amount of self-disclosure interacted with review quality in the formation of an attitude about a product, and intended purchase of the product. Participants were given different goals (looking for experience attributes vs. search attributes) and shown reviews for a hotel before answering a questionnaire, to determine attitudes toward a target hotel. High quality reviews resulted in more favorable attitudes towards the hotel, which increased the purchase intention. A significant interaction emerged between reviewer similarity and review quality, suggesting that better quality reviews were expected from in-group members, than out-group members.
Integration of Inquiry Fossil Research Approaches and Students’ Local Environments Within Online Geoscience Classrooms

The Fossil Freeway project, an assignment in which students investigate local fossils and reconstruct paleoenvironments through these fossils, emerged from our previous research that revealed local environments had the greatest impact on students’ Geologic Sense of Place©, or their affective and intellectual state concerning the Earth and its components. Our earlier research also revealed that online students could successfully conduct self-directed field investigations within their local areas. We researched and optimized the Fossil Freeway project over three semesters (n = 15, 14, 7). Students in an online master’s level paleontology course were directed to procure local fossils, either through field sites or informal educational displays. Through the fossils, students reconstructed two paleoenvironments of their local environments. Student performance affirmed positive learning outcomes on the Fossil Freeway project. Through content analysis of anonymous surveys, several stable themes emerged: (1) The Fossil Freeway project promoted regional connections of the course material to the students’ local geographical areas, through identification of local fossil resources and the illustration of local environments’ changes throughout time; (2) inquiry-based, active-learning activities had high value in online classrooms; and (3) activities developed within Fossil Freeway projects could be modified and implemented within K-12 school environments. However, initial student feedback indicated that the project created a higher-than-average demand on students’ time. Through refinement over subsequent semesters, the Fossil Freeway project was optimized to integrate course projects with the final Fossil Freeway project. The number of required fossils was also reduced. The 2011 content analysis revealed complete student support for the project. We propose that inquiry-based, fossil field investigations can be conducted within online classrooms to successfully promote meaningful learning by integrating course content through local paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
Reimaging Aesthetics: Sergius Bulgakov on Seeing the Wisdom of Creation:

In this essay I resource the philosophy and theology of Sergius Bulgokov, particularly his understanding of divine and human imaging, as a way of mapping human comportment towards the non-human material world in aesthetic terms. By comparing the development of his account of human action from his early Philosophy of Economy and his later dogmatic theology, I seek to render less disconcerting an ambiguity in Bulgakov’s work regarding human activity toward nature by contextualizing his early political philosophy within his later dogmatics. I argue that his later Trinitarian and Christological context more aptly suggests ways of viewing human action toward nature as aesthetic action animated by the perception of divinely created beauty. I then turn to Bulgakov’s views on iconographic art in order to show some theologically informed constraints and limits to aesthetic judgment and human creativity in the practice of iconographic writing that accord with Bulgakov’s broader theological anthropology.
Evaluation of novel multilayer x-ray detector designs using rapid Monte Carlo simulation

Direct and indirect active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPI) have become the dominant technology in digital radiography and fluoroscopy, and further improvements in imaging performance are being sought through novel detector designs. Two novel multilayer x-ray detectors are proposed to improve the DQEs of existing AMFPI in R/F and CBCT applications that require high DQE and wide dynamic range. Both detectors utilize a back-irradiation (BI) geometry, and incorporate both a-Se and scintillators in their designs. The first design, the Hybrid-AMFPI is a composite direct/indirect detector that aims to improve the quantum efficiency of a-Se (with a maximum thickness of 1 mm due to carrier trapping) by adding a scintillator. The second design, the BI-SHARP-AMFPI (Back-Irradiated Scintillator HARPAMFPI), uses a High Gain Avalanche Rushing Photoconductor (HARP) a-Se layer to detect and amplify optical photons from an x-ray scintillator. This work uses the Fujita-Lubberts-Swank (FLS) Monte Carlo (MC) framework proposed by Star-Lack et al. to investigate the potential improvements in imaging performance of these detectors and the optimal detector configuration. Simulations were carried out at RQA5 and RQA9 standard beam qualities. Both front-irradiation (FI) and BI geometries were evaluated to demonstrate the advantage of BI. Our simulations confirm that the DQE of the Hybrid AMFPI is substantially improved at low spatial frequencies compared to an otherwise identical direct AMFPI. Additionally, the role of gain matching of direct and indirect signal (a consideration unique to multilayer AMFPI) is investigated in the imaging performance of both the Hybrid and BI-SHARP-AMFPI.
Establishing the Transient Mass Balance of Thrombosis: From Tissue Factor to Thrombin to Fibrin Under Venous Flow.

Objective— We investigated the coregulation of thrombin and fibrin as blood flows over a procoagulant surface. Approach and Results— Using microfluidic perfusion of factor XIIa-inhibited human whole blood (200 s − 1 wall shear rate) over a 250-μ long patch of collagen/TF (tissue factor; ≈1 molecule per μm 2 ) and immunoassays of the effluent for F1.2 (prothrombin fragment 1.2), TAT (thrombin–antithrombin complex), and D-dimer (post–end point plasmin digest), we sought to establish the transient mass balance for clotting under venous flow. F1.2 (but almost no free thrombin detected via TAT assay) continually eluted from clots when fibrin was allowed to form. Low-dose fluorescein-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone–stained fibrin bound thrombin—a staining ablated by anti–γ′-fibrinogen—or the fibrin inhibitor gly-pro-arg-pro but was highly resistant to 7-minute buffer rinse, demonstrating tight binding of thrombin to γ′-fibrin. With fibrin polymerizing for 500 seconds, 92 000 thrombin molecules and 203 000 clot-associated fibrin monomer equivalents were generated per TF molecule (or per μm 2 ). Fibrin reached 15 mg/mL in the pore space (porosity, ≈0.5) of a 15-μ-thick thrombus core by 500 seconds and 30 mg/mL by 800 seconds. For a known rate of ≈60 FPA (fibrinopeptide-A) per thrombin per second, each thrombin molecule generated only 3 fibrin monomer equivalents during 500 seconds, indicating an intraclot thrombin half-life of ≈70 ms, much shorter than its diffusional escape time (≈10 seconds). By 800 seconds, gly-pro-arg-pro allowed 4-fold more F1.2 generation, consistent with gly-pro-arg-pro ablating fibrin’s antithrombin-I activity and facilitating thrombin-mediated FXIa activation. Conclusions— Under flow, fibrinogen continually penetrates the clot, and γ′-fibrin regulates thrombin.
Quality of life and psychosocial issues in narcolepsy

Quality of life (QOL) in health care is traditionally measured by assessing the functional status of individuals. The meaning of QOL is personal and complex and varies according to individuals’ perceptions of what is salient in their lives, type of impairment, and other socio-cultural variables. The construct of quality of life (QOL) is different from the concept of health status; however, health status is often used as an indicator of quality of life. A review of the literature on quality of life in narcolepsy shows extensive negative effects on the physical and mental health, work, and social health of patients. Moreover, treatment of narcolepsy is not optimal and even after successful treatment of the symptoms, patients may have adjustment problems. Social support enhances individuals’ capacity to cope with their disabilities and improve the quality of their lives. Implications for developing comprehensive treatment modalities as well as further research on QOL indicators, the dynamics underlying the recovery process in narcolepsy, and the importance of longitudinal studies in group processes are discussed in this chapter.
Black Sea Files: transnational ecologies, counter cartographies, and diffuse agency in Ursula Biemann’s video essay

This article analyzes Ursula Biemann’s video essay Black Sea Files as an experiment in training the viewer to perceive large-scale, transnational networks of capital, human displacement, and ecolog...