cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportional Jerk: A New Measure of Motion as Applied to Eye Movements in Sleep and Waking

The third derivative of motion or the change in the rate of acceleration (also known as jerk) is examined in terms of its applicability to the study of psychophysiological function. An algorithm of this third derivative is presented to show that jerk can be derived from the arithmetic difference of two slopes which constitute the portion of motion being differentiated. By modifying the algorithm, a new parameter termed “proportional jerk’ or PJ is formulated whereby one slope is measured relative to the other slope; this PJ provides information about the smoothness of movement without being influenced by the velocity as is the traditional jerk measure. A practical application of the PJ to waking saccades and REMs in 11 human subjects revealed that REMs are significantly “jerkier’ or less smooth than waking calibration eye movements. Whereas the waking eye movements had a well-defined negative phase of the PJ, the REMs did not show such stereotypical behavior. This is in accord with previous work which showed that waking saccade velocity increases to a maximum and then decreases whereas REMs maintain their peak or near peak velocities for varying periods. It was suggested that PJ can be useful in detecting subtle temporal changes in the course of movements and may be used as a parameter of motion even when the absolute amplitude is unknown.
Revisiting the Fresnel Coefficients for Uniform Plane Wave Propagation across a Nonchiral, Reciprocal and Chiral, Nonreciprocal Interface

The problem of EM wave propagation in non-reciprocal chiral media has been studied by several investigators. In a recent approach, a dual-transform technique has been developed to study the problem of such propagation under paraxial and slow-envelope variation conditions. In this paper, we first outline some of the results obtained using the dual transform technique for arbitrary boundary conditions within the left boundary of a semi-infinite, non-reciprocal chiral medium for a uniform plane wave, and a fundamental Gaussian-profiled beam. Next, we explore the problem of a uniform EM wave incident at an oblique angle at an interface between a reciprocal, non-chiral medium and a non-reciprocal, chiral medium. To carry out the calculations, the appropriate Maxwell's equations are examined together with the necessary boundary conditions, and reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for both parallel and perpendicular polarizations. The results are first tested for convergence in the reciprocal, non-chiral limit, and also for their physical implications under varying interfacial conditions.
Print-and-Peel Fabrication for Microfluidics: What’s in it for Biomedical Applications?

This article reviews the development and the advances of print-and-peel (PAP) microfabrication. PAP techniques provide means for facile and expedient prototyping of microfluidic devices. Therefore, PAP has the potential for broadening the microfluidics technology by bringing it to researchers who lack regular or any accesses to specialized fabrication facilities and equipment. Microfluidics have, indeed, proven to be an indispensable toolkit for biological and biomedical research and development. Through accessibility to such methodologies for relatively fast and easy prototyping, PAP has the potential to considerably accelerate the impacts of microfluidics on the biological sciences and engineering. In summary, PAP encompasses: (1) direct printing of the masters for casting polymer device components; and (2) adding three-dimensional elements onto the masters for single-molding-step formation of channels and cavities within the bulk of the polymer slabs. Comparative discussions of the different PAP techniques, along with the current challenges and approaches for addressing them, outline the perspectives for PAP and how it can be readily adopted by a broad range of scientists and engineers.
Quantifying the ozone “weekend effect” at various locations in Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract Analysis of pollution data from a network of monitors in Maricopa County, Arizona, reveals considerable variation in the magnitude of the ozone “weekend effect” depending on how and where it is measured. We used four separate methods to calculate the weekend effect, all of which showed that the phenomenon is stronger in the urban core, where ozone is produced. Spatial linear regressions show that the magnitude of the weekend effect and the goodness of fit of weekly harmonic cycles in ozone is a function of urbanization, described quantitatively using an index of traffic counts, population, and employment within a 4 km buffer zone of monitoring sites. Analysis of diurnal patterns of ozone as well as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at a representative site in the urban core supports the hypothesis that lower levels of NOx on Sundays reduce the degree to which ozone is titrated, resulting in a higher minimum and hence mean for that day of the week (DOW). Fringe sites, where ozone concentrations are higher in absolute terms than in the urban core, show almost no “weekend effect,” regardless of which of the four individual methods we used. Alternative quantification methods show statistically significant DOW differences in ozone levels in urban fringe locations, albeit out of phase with the weekly cycling of ozone in the urban core. Our findings suggest that multiple metrics need to be used to test for the weekend effect and that the causes of DOW differences in ozone concentrations may be location specific.
Calculation of Electrochemical Reorganization Energies for Redox Molecules at Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Electrodes

Electrochemical electron transfer reactions play an important role in energy conversion processes with many technological applications. Electrodes modified by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) exhibit reduced double layer effects and are used in molecular electronics. An important quantity for calculating the electron transfer rate constant is the reorganization energy, which is associated with changes in the solute geometry and the environment. In this Letter, an approach for calculating the electrochemical reorganization energy for a redox molecule attached to or near a SAM modified electrode is presented. This integral equations formalism polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM) approach accounts for the detailed electronic structure of the molecule, as well as the contributions from the electrode, SAM, and electronic and inertial solvent responses. The calculated total reorganization energies are in good agreement with experimental data for a series of metal complexes in aqueous solution. This approach wi...
Electron spin resonance characterization of self-trapped holes in amorphous silicon dioxide

Abstract The electron spin resonance spectra of radiation-induced self-trapped holes (STHs) in amorphous silicon dioxide are isolated by isochromal annealing experiments and computer simulation analyses. Two distinct components, denoted STH 1 and STH 2 (plus a third component intermediate between the two), have been identified. The g matrices and 29 Si and 17 O hyperfine matrices of STH 1 and STH 2 are determined and form the bases for proposing the following models for these defects: STH 1 comprises a hole trapped in the 2p orbital of a normal bridging oxygen in the glass network; it is a small polaron. STH 2 probably consists of a hole rapidly tunneling between degenerate valence-band-edge states on a pair of adjacent oxygens; it is argued to be a peculiar type of Anderson localized state. Among the various radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in silica, the STHs exhibit unique isochronal anneal characteristics; these characteristics closely mimic the corresponding behavior of a component of trapped positive charge in thermally grown SiO 2 films.
Restoration of deficient edentulous ridges by bone grafting and the use of subperiosteal metal implants.

Abstract The problem of bony reconstruction of structurally deficient edentulous osseous alveolar ridges has been of paramount clinical concern for many years. In this study a new approach to this problem is reported which consists of the use of autogenous marrow and cancellous bone grafting to structurally restore the lost osseous tissue, and the concomitant utilization of a specially constructed subperiosteal metal implant over the bone grafted area. The procedure was used in a series of 14 adult Rhesus monkeys. Full maxillary and mandibular dentures were constructed in each animal. The results indicated that the bone grafted areas, when subjected to 4 months of prosthetic function, did not undergo resorption but retained the grafted height and width of the restored ridges. The same procedure was utilized successfully in human patients. The technique is recommended as a new method of dealing with the deficient osseous alveolar ridge.
The effects of lethal heat shock on nonadapted and thermotolerant root cells of Glycine max

Abstract Exposure of nonadapted soybean seedlings to heat shock at 45°C results in death of the primary root. Thermotolerance, the acquired resistance to lethal heat shock, can be induced by successive treatments at 40 and 28°C. To better characterize the changes occurring during the acquisition of thermotolerance, transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the effects of permissive and lethal heat shock on nonadapted and thermotolerant soybean root cells. While the integrity of nonadapted cortical cells was completely lost during lethal heat shock, thermotolerant cells remained intact. All membrane-bound structures observed in control and permissively heat-shocked cells were observed in thermotolerant cells with the exception of dictyosomes. Structural changes were also evident in the nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and mitochondria after heat shock. These results are discussed in terms of previously described observations on the physiology and molecular biology of thermotolerance.
Benzene is not very rigid

The concept of molecular kurtosis as a dynamic molecular shape descriptor is introduced and used to compare the relative flexibilities of benzene and cyclohexane. For small torsional deformation (<15 o ) the potential energy surfaces are similar, indicating both molecules are flexible. Using molecular kurtosis, the stiffness of benzene and cyclohexane are compared from gas-phase stochastic dynamics simulations and validated by distributions found in the Cambridge Structural Database
Multicoefficient Extrapolated Density Functional Theory Studies of π···π Interactions: The Benzene Dimer

We report tests of new (2005) and established (1999−2003) multilevel methods against essentially converged benchmark results for nonbonded interactions in benzene dimers. We found that the newly developed multicoefficient extrapolated density functional theory (DFT) methods (which combine DFT with correlated wave function methods) give better performance than multilevel methods such as G3SX, G3SX(MP3), and CBS-QB3 that are based purely on wave function theory (WFT); furthermore, they have a lower computational cost. We conclude that our empirical approach for combining WFT methods with DFT methods is a very efficient and effective way for describing not only covalent interactions (as shown previously) but also nonbonded interactions.
Community Intervention to Improve Calcium Intake of Young Children

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify a successful community-based model used to improve calcium consumption of children. The National Institute of Health report optimal intakes of calcium for children as 800 to 1200 mg/day. Data from the USDA Survey of Food Intake indicate that only one half of US children have calcium levels in their diet which meet the NIH recommendation. The disparity between recommended intake and actual intake of dietary calcium led to a joint nutrition marketing venture between businesses, educators and nutritionists in the Capital Region of New York State. This program was entitled "Calcium for Kids." Participants were asked to plan activities which would either improve children's knowledge of the relationship between dietary calcium and health and/or increase the calcium content in the diets of children. The campaign enlisted the support of local television anchor personnel and political leaders. The community based model for "Calcium for Kids" will be described. In addition, the visual and performing arts component of this campaign which was integrated with the classroom educational experience will be presented. Since improved calcium intake was the goal of the campaign, an evaluation of dietary records from the children participating in "Calcium for Kids" before and after the campaign provided evaluation of the program's success. Results of this evaluation indicated improved dietary intake of calcium rich foods for all of the teachers and for greater than 50% of the children involved in the campaign.
Transient electric birefringence studies of xanthan solutions

Abstract Transient electric birefringence studies have been performed on heat denatured xanthan in 4 m urea. The induced birefringence was positive, the Kerr law was obeyed at low field amplitudes and the birefringence saturated at high fields. The orientation mechanism appears to be mainly induced dipolar in character and the magnitude of the induced dipole moment can be explained on the basis of counterion polarization. The molecules behave as independent rods of mean length 0.65 μm with no evidence for ‘hindered rotation’ in moderately concentrated solutions. The molecular rigidity is attributed to extension of the polyanion due to charge charge repulsions or steric hindrance due to the side chains.
New syntheses of ansa-metallocenes or unbridged substituted metallocenes by the respective reductive dimerization of fulvenes with Group 4 metal divalent halides or with Group 4 metal dichloride dihydrides

Abstract Two unprecedented syntheses of Group 4 metallocenes from 6-substituted fulvenes have been discovered and developed into high-yielding processes. In the first route the di-n-butylmetal dichlorides of Ti, Zr and Hf are generated in toluene suspensions of LiCl at −78 °C from the metal tetrachlorides and 2 equiv. of n-butyllithium. Bringing the Bu n 2 MCl 2 to 25 °C and then heating at reflux for several hours gave complete conversion to slurries of MCl2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf). Heating such slurries of MCl2 with 2 equiv. of 6-substituted or 6,6-disubstituted fulvenes gave high yields of ansa-metallocenes or substituted ethylene-bis(cyclopentadienyl)metallocene dichlorides (fulvenes: 6,6-dimethyl-, 6-phenyl-, 6-(1-naphthyl)-, 6-(9-anthryl)-). For 6-substituted fulvenes, both racemic- and meso-1,2-disubstituted ethylene-ansa-metallocene dichlorides are expected to form, but with M = Zr (or Ti), the actual racemic- to meso-ansa-metallocene dichloride ratios observed were: phenyl, 50:50; 1-naphthyl, 83:17; 9-anthryl, 100:0. Apparently for steric reasons 6,6-diphenylfulvene underwent no ansa-metallocene dichloride formation with ZrCl2 but rather produced bis(diphenylmethyl(cyclopentadienyl))zirconium dichloride. The second route to novel metallocenes involves generating Bu n 2 MCl 2 at −78 °C in toluene slurry, as in the foregoing method, but then adding 2 equiv. of the 6-substituted or 6,6-disubstituted fulvene immediately thereafter at −78 °C. Except with Bu n 2 TiCl 2 , warming the reaction mixture to 25 °C and then further heating at 65°C cause a smooth bis-hydrometallation by transfer to occur, giving good to very good yields of bis(substituted cyclopentadienyl)metal dichlorides (M = Zn, Hf). The instability of Bu n 2 TiCl 2 , even at −78 °C, rapidly led to a mixture of TiCl2 and Bu n 2 TiCl 2 and hence to a mixture of ansa-titanocene dichlorides and unbridged, bis(substituted cyclopentadienyl)titanocene dichlorides. With a detailed study of the attainment and the stereochemistry of the formation of ansa-bridged complexes or metallocenes with acetophenone, benzylideneaniline and 6-arylfulvenes, a mechanistic model is developed involving either a three-membered metallocycle formed from MCl2 or an “open-face sandwich” complex of the fulvene and MCl2. Such intermediates offer a rational steric explanation for the observed stereochemistry of ansa-bridge C–C bond formation. Finally, in comparative polymerizations of ethylene by such metallocenes, cocatalyzed by MAO, the superior catalytic activity of ansa-metallocenes in the order, Ti > Zr > Hf and of ansa-metallocenes over unbridged substituted metallocenes is attributed to the hyperconjugative stabilization afforded by the ansa σ C–C bond to the metallocenium cation at the active olefin-polymerization site.
Por ejemplo, Taiwan: Hacia una fenomenología de la cultura nacional.

La cultura tiene muchas dimensiones, por ejemplo, la del genero; pero , ?que pasa con la cultura de una nacion tomandola como un todo? ?Se puede uno aproximar fenomenologicamente a este tema? Usando una pequena nacion como ejemplo y utilizando una historia popular, yo debato aqui, en primer lugar, sobre como los objetos culturales concretos son diferentes de los objetos naturalistas una vez que estos se abstraen de todas las funciones o, mejor, usos que tienen. A continuacion, describo Taiwan de modo naturalista: geograficamente, geologicamente, ecologicamente, etc., y, despues, antropologicamente, con respecto a como ha sido poblada. Dejando de lado la abstraccion, lo siguiente es evocar aspectos culturales de esta isla para sus ciudadanos, en terminos de religion, cultura alta, sistema social, economia y politica. Estos aspectos ciertamente son diferentes para otras culturas nacionales, pero todas ellas tienen aspectos de este tipo y partiendo de este ejemplo uno podria ir mas alla, a la cultura nacional en general.
Iron and noncontrast magnetic resonance T2* as a marker of intraplaque iron in human atherosclerosis.

Objective Iron has been implicated in atherogenesis and plaque destabilization, whereas less is known about iron-related proteins in this disease. We compared ex vivo quantities with in vivo vessel wall T2*, which is a noncontrast magnetic resonance relaxation time that quantitatively shortens with increased tissue iron content. We also tested the hypothesis that patients with carotid atherosclerosis have abnormal T2* times vs controls that would help support a role for iron in human atherosclerosis. Methods Forty-six patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and 14 subjects without carotid disease were prospectively enrolled to undergo carotid magnetic resonance imaging. Ex vivo measurements were performed on explanted plaque and 17 mammary artery samples. Results Plaques vs normal arteries had higher levels of ferritin (median, 7.3 [interquartile range (IQR), 4-13.8] vs 1.0 [IQR, 0.6-1.3] ng/mg; P P P = .03); serum hepcidin levels did not distinguish atherosclerosis patients from controls (median, 40.6 [IQR, 18.8-88.6] vs 33.9 [IQR, 17.6-55.2]; P = .42). Shorter in vivo T2* paralleled larger plaque volume (ρ = −.44; P = .01), and diseased arteries had shorter T2* values compared with controls (median, 17.7 ± 4.3 vs 23.0 ± 2.4 ms; P Conclusions Diseased arteries have greater levels of iron-related proteins ex vivo and shorter T2* times in vivo. Further studies should help define the role of T2* as a biomarker of iron and atherosclerosis.
Prereplicative repair of oxidized bases in the human genome is mediated by NEIL1 DNA glycosylase together with replication proteins

Base oxidation by endogenous and environmentally induced reactive oxygen species preferentially occurs in replicating single-stranded templates in mammalian genomes, warranting prereplicative repair of the mutagenic base lesions. It is not clear how such lesions (which, unlike bulky adducts, do not block replication) are recognized for repair. Furthermore, strand breaks caused by base excision from ssDNA by DNA glycosylases, including Nei-like (NEIL) 1, would generate double-strand breaks during replication, which are not experimentally observed. NEIL1, whose deficiency causes a mutator phenotype and is activated during the S phase, is present in the DNA replication complex isolated from human cells, with enhanced association with DNA in S-phase cells and colocalization with replication foci containing DNA replication proteins. Furthermore, NEIL1 binds to 5-hydroxyuracil, the oxidative deamination product of C, in replication protein A-coated ssDNA template and inhibits DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase δ. We postulate that, upon encountering an oxidized base during replication, NEIL1 initiates prereplicative repair by acting as a “cowcatcher” and preventing nascent chain growth. Regression of the stalled replication fork, possibly mediated by annealing helicases, then allows lesion repair in the reannealed duplex. This model is supported by our observations that NEIL1, whose deficiency slows nascent chain growth in oxidatively stressed cells, is stimulated by replication proteins in vitro. Furthermore, deficiency of the closely related NEIL2 alone does not affect chain elongation, but combined NEIL1/2 deficiency further inhibits DNA replication. These results support a mechanism of NEIL1-mediated prereplicative repair of oxidized bases in the replicating strand, with NEIL2 providing a backup function.
Object identification and registration via sieve processes

A fundamental problem in computer vision is establishing correspondence between features in two images of the same scene. The computational burden in this problem is solving for the optimal mapping and transformation between the two scenes. In this paper we present a sieve algorithm for efficiently estimating the transformation and correspondence. A sieve algorithm use approximations to generate a sequence of increasingly accurate estimates of the correspondence. Initially, the approximations are computationally inexpensive and are designed to quickly sieve through the space of possible solutions. As the space of possible solutions shrinks, greater accuracy is required and the complexity of the approximations increases. The features in the image are modeled as points in the plane, and the structure in the image is a planar graph between the features. By modeling the object in the image as a planar graph we allow the approximations to be designed with point- set matching algorithms, geometric invariants, and graph- processing algorithms. The sieve algorithm is demonstrated on three problems. The first is registering images of muscles taken with an electron microscope. The second is aligning images of geometric patterns taken with a charged- couple device (CCD) camera. The third is recognizing objects taken with a CCD camera.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Predicting Vshale and porosity using cascaded seismic and rock physics inversion

In characterizing hydrocarbon reservoirs, estimating reserves, and developing models for how to best extract the hydrocarbons, it is useful to know the lithology and associated porosity of the rocks in the target interval. It is particularly important to have accurate estimates of volumes and flow characteristics early in the development of deepwater reservoirs, as sizing the facilities to the resource is a significant component of an economically successful project. Accurate characterization of the reservoir can be a challenge in this situation as well control is typically very limited.
Business Games Have Failed

The author discusses the use of simulation games in the business world and examines their success. He notes that while these methods are being touted as an educational innovation, there is no real evidence to back up that actual success of these games. He suggests that developers of these computer simulation methods need to pay greater attention to the design, administration and testing of these games in order for them to gain any measurable credibility. He contends that users should gain knowledge of principals when they play these games as well as knowledge of how these principals operate in the real world. This would require a grasp on the social dynamics of the business world and would help prepare students for the decision making processes they will encounter in the field.
The Relevance of Biogeography to Palaeogeographical Reconstructions

I would like to discuss here the palaeogeographic maps for the late Silurian (figures 1 and 2) used by Smith et al. (1981) and by Bambach et al. (1980; essentially the same maps are used by Parrish et al. (1983)). On these two late Silurian maps I have plotted the best available late Silurian biogeographical data (Boucot 1975; Wang et al. 1984). Note that the Smith et al. (1981) maps are biogeographically untenable, that is, the surface current circulation patterns consistent with the postulated palaeogeography are unable to explain the high level endemism which is present. Additionally, note that the presence of major evaporitic bodies in an equatorial position is unlikely. By using the same approach the Bambach et al . (1980) palaeogeography for the late Silurian is rejected for the same reasons. The maps for the Lower Devonian published by both groups have been rejected earlier (Boucot & Gray 1983); the similar arguments will not be repeated here. I (Boucot, this symposium) provide pangaeic reconstructions for these time intervals which are consistent with the biogeographical and lithological information.
Design and analysis of multicavity prestressed concrete reactor vessels

Abstract A critical state-of-the-art review of multicavity prestressed concrete reactor vessel (PCRV) design and analysis practice is presented. Included are discussions of basic design concepts, the behavior of liners and penetrations, and the various tests required and/or employed to demonstrate acceptance of new vessel geometries and innovations. Brief reviews are given of the influences of design codes such as ACI/ASME Section III, Division 2, and BS4975; analysis methods including elastic, inelastic, and time-dependent techniques; the constituve equations that are essential to the satisfactory use of these techniques; and semi-empirical methods for calculating ultimate strengths of multicavity vessels. Tests conducted on liner plates, liner anchorage systems, and cooling tubes are reviewed together with the methods of analysis used in the design of anchorage systems. The adequacy and economy of present liner systems are considered and possible modifications in design are suggested. Design code requirements and methods of analysis for penetrations are discussed. The various types of closure designs that have been proposed and in some cases employed are evaluated on the basis of overall PCRV design philosophy. Several methods of prestressing PCRVs are considered with respect to relative advantages and disadvantages; existing overall vessel in-service inspection requirements are evaluated.
Profiling and targeting of cellular bioenergetics: inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation

Profiling and targeting of cellular bioenergetics: inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation
Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase.

Cyclins are regulatory subunits which associate with kinases to form complexes that control many of the important steps in cell-cycle progression. The best characterized of the cyclin-containing complexes is the association of cyclin B with the p34cdc2 kinase. The p34cdc2/cyclin B complex is required for the G2 to M transition (see refs 1-4 for review), but the physiological role of other cyclin complexes is unclear. Human cyclin A binds independently to two kinases, associating with either p34cdc2 or a related protein, p33 (refs 5-7). In adenovirus-transformed cells, the viral E1A oncoprotein seems to associate with p33/cyclin A but not with p34cdc2/cyclin A (B. Faha, M.M., L-H.T. and E.H., manuscript submitted). To isolate the gene for p33, we have cloned several novel human cdc2-related genes. The protein product of one of these genes, cdk2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2), shares 65% sequence identity with p34cdc2 (ref. 8) and 89% identity with the Xenopus Eg-1 gene product. Immunochemical characterization and partial proteolytic mapping show that the cdk2 gene product is the cyclin A-associated p33. Immunoprecipitations of the p33cdk2 protein suggest that it can act as a protein kinase in vitro. As p33cdk2 is bound to cyclin A and is targeted by the viral E1A protein, we suggest that the p33cdk2/cyclin A complex has a unique role in cell-cycle regulation of vertebrate cells.
Assessing Customers' Emotional Experiences Influencing Their Satisfaction in the Lodging Industry

Abstract The objectives of this study were to revise the Consumption Emotion Set to be applicable in the lodging industry, specifically by excluding emotion descriptors unlikely to be experienced by hotel guests and by uncovering underlying dimensions of consumption emotions and to identify key emotion factors that have significant effects on customer satisfaction. The reliability, item-to-correlations, and factor structures indicated that seven factors and the 38-emotion item scale were statistically robust and showed the applicability of scale to the lodging industry. While there was no significant relationship between “worrisome” factor and satisfaction, six of the seven factors were found to be key determinants of satisfaction.
Role Orientations of Junior British MPs: A Test of Searing's Categories with Emphasis on Constituency Activities

Based on interviews with 45 junior British MPs in 1995, a factor analysis is used to test the staying power of the role categories found by Donald Searing in his study Westminster's World, based on...
Southwestern Athabaskan (Navajo and Apache) genetic diseases.

Purpose: Four apparently unique disorders are known among the Southwestern Athabasan Amerindians, i.e., the Navajo and Apache; they are Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency, Navajo neuropathy, Navajo poikiloderma, and Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis. This study reviews background information on Athabaskan groups and clinical descriptions of these recessive disorders. Methods: The major clinical findings of these four disorders are reviewed. In addition, the findings of epidemiological surveys are included where available. Results: Although the importance of genetic bottlenecks in increasing the frequency of rare, sometimes unique, autosomal recessive disorders is known for a number of populations, similar phenomena among Native Americans seem to be less well known. Conclusion: As many more Native Americans move off the Reservation, the awareness of susceptibility to particular genetic diseases needs to be more widely disseminated.
An analysis of acoustic flow noise in closed systems and the fatigue lifetime of structural boundaries

Abstract The flow noise generated by turbulence is studied and characterized into ‘near field’ and ‘far field’ (i.e. acoustical) noise. The power spectrum of the acoustical noise generated by turbulent flow in closed systems is evaluated. This noise is then used as a forcing function to determine the mechanical response and fatigue lifetime of the solid boundaries in the various volumes contained in the closed system. An application of the methodology developed is given for a high temperature gas cooled reactor containment thermal barrier.
Crystal nucleation: Nucleus in a droplet

Real-time transmission electron microscopy shows that the formation of crystal nuclei of organic molecules in solution occurs inside dense liquid nanoclusters.
SU‐GG‐T‐271: Dosimetric Properties of Flattening Filter Free Photon Beams from a New Clinical Accelerator

Purpose: To determine the dosimetricproperties of flattening filter free (FFF) megavoltage photon beams for a new Varian linear accelerator, Trilogy MX. Materials and methods: A new Varian linac consists of 6, 10 and 15 MV photon beams equipped with flattening filters (WFF), and 6 and 10 MV photon beam free of the flattening filter (FFF). Dosimetric data including depth dose, profiles, output factors, phantom scatter factors, and surface doses operated under the FFF mode were examined. Measurements of leaf transmission, leakage radiation, and off axis beam quality were also performed. Treatment plans using the FFF beams were evaluated to determine differences between WFF and FFF beams. Results: Depth of dose maxima for photon beams with WFF and FFF were compared. It was found that for FFF beams, dmax was shallower. The PDDs for the FFF beams were found to be lower than WFF beams. Surface doses were found to be larger for FFF. The flatness for a 10×10 cm2 field is 6.1 % (FFF) versus 2.5 % (WFF) for a 6MV at a depth of 10 cm. Sc,p were found to be higher for FFF beams for field sizes < 10×10 cm2, but lower otherwise. No significant dose distribution differences were observed between IMRTtreatment plans using the FFF or WFF beams. Conclusions: The results indicate that the physical characteristic of the FFF photon beams are not dramatically different from the WFF photon beams, except for uniformity across the field. However, FFF mode does result in a softer beam due to reduced beam hardening. The increased dose rate for FFF beams will reduce treatment time. Conflicts of interest: Research funding from Varian Medical Systems.
ESTIMATION OF GUARANTEE TIME AND MEAN LIFE AFTER WARRANTY FOR TWO‐PARAMETER EXPONENTIAL FAILURE MODEL

Summary Suppose manufactured items have failure times distributed with the two-parameter exponential density function a-le-(x-μ)/a (x≥μ≥0). The paper considers estimation of the guarantee time μ and mean life after warranty a. Properties of various estimators are given for both separate and simultaneous estimation of μ and a. Criteria for comparing estimators are entropy loss, LINEX loss, and (generalized) Pitman nearness.
Diagnosis and Management of an Ethmoidal Ossifying Hemangioma

An osseodestructive lesion in the paranasal sinuses raises several diagnostic possibilities. Ossifying hemangiomas are rare tumors, but have been shown to be locally aggressive when present in the temporal bone. Accurate, timely and safe diagnosis is vital for appropriate preoperative planning and surgical resection. We discuss the case of a woman with a slowly growing left sided nasal mass. The presentation, diagnosis and management of an ossifying hemangioma are reviewed along with recent literature pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of this rare lesion.
DICTATION AS A MEASURE OF MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY: A PILOT STUDY

An experiment using dictation in foreign and native accents of English suggests that this is a fruitful device for the study of individual and group differences affecting mutual intelligibility. Prior listener-experience with the voice of the speaker appears to be a prominent factor in intelligibility, indicating that accommodation to the speaker over time is a crucial variable, and that language teachers are apt to be the poorest judges of their students’ability to communicate with strangers. A combination of age, education, and ESL teaching experience seems to increase ability to comprehend unfamiliar speakers. Bilingual Spanish-English listeners have an advantage in decoding Spanish-accented English, while American Indians scored below ESL students in ability to decode a heavy Spanish accent. Neither clear nor noise-contaminated tapes showed consistent superiority in maximizing discrimination among listener groups.
Energy Transfer Processes in Tm3+:YAG

Lifetime measurements of Tm3+ in Tm3+:YAG samples were investigated. Dipole-dipole coupling governs the Tm-Tm cross-relaxation and Tm-Tm energy migration. The temperature dependence of the decay measurements was also investigated.
Cycle lengths in graphs with large minimum degree

Our main result is the following theorem. Let k ≥ 2 be an integer, G be a graph of sufficiently large order n, and δ(G) ≥ n-k. Then: G contains a cycle of length t for every even integer t ∈ [4, δ(G) + 1]. If G is nonbipartite then G contains a cycle of length t for every odd integer t ∈ [2k - 1, δ(G) + 1], unless k ≥ 6 and G belongs to a known exceptional class. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 157–170, 2006
Factors Influencing the Co-Evolution of Computer-Mediated Collaborative Practices and Systems: a Museum Case Study

This article offers an analysis of the process of co-evolution as observed in the computer-mediated collaborative systems and practices of a university museum. It presents results from a longitudinal case study of the design and development of a collaborative process to pack and move a museum's collections over a period of five years. Drawing upon a specific set of collaboration records spanning 18 months, the article identifies three factors that influenced the co-evolution of the computer-mediated collaborative systems and practices in use at the museum. The article concludes by examining the potential impact of these factors on the design of computer-mediated collaborative systems, in order to shed light on the wider issue of co-evolution of collaborative systems and practices in all organizations.
New Drug Review: Lurasidone (Latuda®) - The new antipsychotic on the block

Lurasidone was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011. This article reviews clinically significant aspects of this new drug including: the FDA-approved indications, mechanism of action, administration, drug interactions, adverse effects, clinical trial evidence, innovative properties and place in therapy.
The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Oxidative Capacity

Metabolic rate and the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species are thought to contribute to the rate of aging in a wide range of species. The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a well conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth in response to nutrient status. Here we demonstrate that in mammalian cells the mammalian TOR (mTOR) pathway plays a significant role in determining both resting oxygen consumption and oxidative capacity. In particular, we demonstrate that the level of complex formation between mTOR and one of its known protein partners, raptor, correlated with overall mitochondrial activity. Disruption of this complex following treatment with the mTOR pharmacological inhibitor rapamycin lowered mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and ATP synthetic capacity. Subcellular fractionation revealed that mTOR as well as mTOR-raptor complexes can be purified in the mitochondrial fraction. Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, we further demonstrated that inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin resulted in a dramatic alteration in the mitochondrial phosphoproteome. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of TSC2, p70 S6 kinase (S6K1), raptor, or rictor demonstrates that mTOR regulates mitochondrial activity independently of its previously identified cellular targets. Finally we demonstrate that mTOR activity may play an important role in determining the relative balance between mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources of ATP generation. These results may provide insight into recent observations linking the TOR pathway to life span regulation of lower organisms.
Promoting Food Security: The Community Food Security Coalition

Food insecurity is a growing socioeconomic concern in the United States, perpetuated by rising rents and mortgages, increased health care and energy costs, low wages, and lack of jobs. Its most bas...
Dermatophyte Test Medium: Evaluation with Nondermatophytic Pathogens

The growth and color change produced on dermatophyte test medium (DTM) by 25 strains of zoopathogenic fungi associated with human skin lesions were evaluated quantitatively. DTM only partially suppressed the development of nondermatophytes, with total growth in most instances comparable with that observed with dermatophytes. Whereas all dermatophytes induced a rapid color change on DTM, several nondermatophytic pathogens induced an equally intense and almost as rapid conversion. The rapidity of this color change and the colonial morphology of these forms on DTM could cause their misidentification as dermatophytes under clinical conditions.
Symposium: Infant care in a group of outer Fiji Islands

In accord with cultural beliefs, breastfeeding mothers in a group of outer Fiji Islands did not pursue fishing and other work that would require separation from an infant; necessary food resources were provided by the husband and female kin. Systematic observation of the seven infants and toddlers in one village over a one‐year period showed that mothers were the principal caregivers, yet others often cared for infants in the mother's presence. These interactions introduced the infant into a social network that would remain important throughout its life. Cultural values prescribed breastfeeding until the infant could walk or run, as well as adequate spacing of births, for the sake of mother's and infant's health. In a sample of 35 infants whose parents resided together, breastfeeding ceased between 8–24 months. The most recent birth interval of mothers with more than one child under age six ranged 15–36 months. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that, when parental age was controlled, breastfeeding w...
Economic Conditions and Constituency Voting in Great Britain

The extent to which levels and trends in local unemployment and income influenced the Conservative vote in 633 separate British constituency elections in 1983 is estimated in several regression models. Long-term influences on voting are controlled by the endogenous variables of social class and territoriality. It is argued that this research design is superior to previous ones that have treated general elections as national elections in exploring the economic theory of voting. Sensitivity analysis (the use of several models to illuminate the research problem posed) suggests that, unlike America congressional elections, current rates and trends in local unemployment and income exerted a substantial and systematic influence on constituency voting.
Effects of harvest, fire, and pest/pathogen disturbances on the West Cascades ecoregion carbon balance.

Disturbance is a key influence on forest carbon dynamics, but the complexity of spatial and temporal patterns in forest disturbance makes it difficult to quantify their impacts on carbon flux over broad spatial domains. Here we used a time series of Landsat remote sensing images and a climate-driven carbon cycle process model to evaluate carbon fluxes at the ecoregion scale in western Oregon. Thirteen percent of total forest area in the West Cascades ecoregion was disturbed during the reference interval (1991-2010). The disturbance regime was dominated by harvesting (59 % of all area disturbed), with lower levels of fire (23 %), and pest/pathogen mortality (18 %). Ecoregion total Net Ecosystem Production was positive (a carbon sink) in all years, with greater carbon uptake in relatively cool years. Localized carbon source areas were associated with recent harvests and fire. Net Ecosystem Exchange (including direct fire emissions) showed greater interannual variation and became negative (a source) in the highest fire years. Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (i.e. change in carbon stocks) was more positive on public that private forestland, because of a lower disturbance rate, and more positive in the decade of the 1990s than in the warmer and drier 2000s because of lower net ecosystem production and higher direct fire emissions in the 2000s. Despite recurrent disturbances, the West Cascades ecoregion has maintained a positive carbon balance in recent decades. The high degree of spatial and temporal resolution in these simulations permits improved attribution of regional carbon sources and sinks.
The los alamos scientific laboratory ion linear accelerator program

Abstract The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) ion linear accelerator program PIGMI and the application of the technology developed in this program to neutron therapy equipment is described.
Experimental evaluation of robust reduced-order hybrid position/force control on a two-link flexible manipulator

This paper compares the experimental evaluation of robust reduced-order hybrid position and force controllers to standard full-order and reduced-order linear-quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers. A robust reduced-order position controller and a reduced-order force controller are designed using the SANDY direct optimization program. Full-order LQG position and force controllers are designed and then reduced through balanced truncation. Experimental results show that the reduced-order controllers provide comparable performance to the full-order controllers. Thus, by use of direct-optimization, the benefits of smaller controllers (smaller memory requirements and faster sampling rates) can be achieved while accounting for varying plant conditions (robustness).
Balancing Confidentiality and Collaboration Within Multidisciplinary Health Care Teams

As multidisciplinary perspectives are increasingly integrated into the treatment of health problems, opportunities for clinical psychologists in medical settings are expanding. Although cross-discipline collaboration is at the core of multidisciplinary treatment models, psychologists must be particularly cautious about information sharing due to their profession's ethical standards regarding patient confidentiality. Psychologists' ethical obligations require them to achieve a delicate balance between contributing to the treatment team and protecting patient confidentiality. In the current review, relevant ethical standards and federal guidelines are applied to everyday practices of clinical psychologists in medical settings. Additionally, recommendations for individual psychologists, health care organizations, and graduate training programs are presented.
Between Research and Practice: Provider Perspectives on Early Intervention

Practitioners' personal perspectives may serve as a lens through which they reject practices that do not match their beliefs or filter the ways in which new practices are interpreted and implemented. The perspectives of 241 multiple-discipline early intervention practitioners were elicited by asking them to describe "three wishes" they would make to change early intervention so that children and families received quality services. Their statements were transcribed and categorized into six major themes: (a) work environment, (b) services, (c) teaming, (d) training, (e) center-based service models, and (f) parent participation. With few exceptions, practitioner perspectives conflicted with accepted early intervention best practices such as family-centered intervention or provision of services in natural environments.
Robustness testing of Java server applications

This paper presents a new compile-time analysis that enables a testing methodology for white-box coverage testing of error recovery code (i.e., exception handlers) of server applications written in Java, using compiler-directed fault injection. The analysis allows compiler-generated instrumentation to guide the fault injection and to record the recovery code exercised. (An injected fault is experienced as a Java exception.) The analysis 1) identifies the exception-flow "def-uses" to be tested in this manner, 2) determines the kind of fault to be requested at a program point, and 3) finds appropriate locations for code instrumentation. The analysis incorporates refinements that establish sufficient context sensitivity to ensure relatively precise def-use links and to eliminate some spurious def-uses due to demonstrably infeasible control flow. A runtime test harness calculates test coverage of these links using an exception def-catch metric. Experiments with the methodology demonstrate the utility of the increased precision in obtaining good test coverage on a set of moderately sized server benchmarks.