cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of superconducting-quasiparticle interface states.

We calculate the thermodynamic Green's functions for a BCS superconductor with a wall of magnetic material cleaving it into two semi-infinite regions. This is a model of an interface between a superconductor and a perfectly insulating ferromagnet. We show that the scattering of superconducting quasiparticles from a spin-polarized wall leads to resonant pair breaking and the formation of subgap bands in the tunneling density of states. These bands bear a superficial resemblance to the bands observed in bulk superconductors containing dilute concentrations of magnetic impurities. In the absence of spin-orbit or spin-flip scattering in the superconductor itself, the subgap bands accommodate only one spin of quasiparticle. The significance of this theory for superconductor-ferromagnetic insulator-superconductor tunneling is discussed.
Burst firing of neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus during locomotion.

This study examined the burst firing of neurons in the motor sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus (RE) of the cat. These neurons are inhibitory cells that project to the motor thalamus. The firing activity of RE neurons was studied during four behaviors: sleep, standing, walking on a flat surface, and accurate stepping on crosspieces of a horizontal ladder. Extracellularly recorded firing activity was analyzed in 58 neurons that were identified according to their receptive fields on the contralateral forelimb. All neurons generated bursts of spikes during sleep, half generated bursts of spikes during standing, and one-third generated bursts of spikes during walking. The majority of bursts were sequences of spikes with an exponential buildup of the firing rate followed by exponential decay with time constants in the range of 10–30 ms. We termed them “full-scale” bursts. All neurons also generated “atypical” bursts, in which the buildup of the firing rate deviated from the characteristic order. Burst firing was most likely to occur in neurons with receptive fields on the distal forelimb and least likely in neurons related to the proximal limb. Full-scale bursts were more frequent than atypical bursts during unconstrained walking on the flat surface. Bursts of both types occurred with similar probability during accurate stepping on the horizontal ladder, a task that requires forebrain control of locomotion. We suggest that transformations of the temporal pattern of bursts in the inhibitory RE neurons facilitate the tuning of thalamo-cortical signals to the complexity of ongoing locomotor tasks.
Limiting slopes and depths at ebb-tidal shoals

Abstract Dense bathymetry surveys obtained by LIDAR at 13 small to medium coastal inlets of the continental United States were analyzed to quantify limiting (maximum) bottom slopes of ebb shoals and entrance channels. The LIDAR data were supplemented with conventional bathymetry measurements from five large inlets to obtain predictive relationships for the limiting (minimum) depth over crest of the ebb shoal. The sites, all located on sandy coasts, were chosen to cover a range in tidal amplitude, tidal prism, and average annual wave height. Wave-dominated inlets exhibited steeper slopes on their seaward margins than tide-dominated inlets. Slopes on ebb shoals typically do not exceed 4–6°, with seaward slopes being 1–2° steeper than landward slopes. Dredged entrance channels have steeper slopes than natural channels, with maximum slopes immediately after dredging reaching 6–8°. At one inlet having a series of LIDAR surveys, entrance channel maintenance dredging created 3–5° side slopes that decreased 0.5–1°/year for the next 2 years to achieve a typical slope of 3° along much of the channel. Greatest bottom slopes are found in scour holes near jetties (10–12°) and at the entrance bars (8–10°) of (tideless) Great Lakes harbors. Limiting depth over crest of the ebb shoals is predicted well by the parameter ( H S P ) 1/4 , where H S is the average annual significant wave height, and P is the spring tidal prism. High correlation was also found between limiting depth and prism, and with limiting depth and wave height.
Asset opaqueness and split bond ratings

We examine the relation between asset opaqueness and split ratings. We find that firms with asset opaqueness problems are more likely to receive split bond ratings from Moody s and S&P rating agencies. Our results suggest that there is a causal link between asset opaqueness and split ratings.
Electronic Structure of Hexaquometal Ions. III. Magnetic Measurements

Magnetic measurements obtained by the Gouy method are reported over a temperature range (77°—300°K) for hexahydrated trivalent ions of titanium and vanadium, and estimates of trigonal field parameters are presented. Measurements on C(NH2)3V(SO4)2·6H2O to 1.96°K on a pendulum magnetometer confirm the ground state in this compound as 3A (3T1g). The correlation of these studies with earlier spectral results is discussed. It is also shown that V(urea)6Br3 exhibits magnetic behavior similar to that of the hydrates, and that C(NH2)3Cr(SO4)2·6H2O is magnetically normal.
Optimal solenoidal interpolation of turbulent vector fields: application to PTV and super-resolution PIV

A new approach for the interpolation of a filtered turbulence velocity field given random point samples of unfiltered turbulence velocity data is described. In this optimal interpolation method, the best possible value of the interpolated filtered field is obtained as a stochastic estimate of a conditional average, which minimizes the mean square error between the interpolated filtered velocity field and the true filtered velocity field. Besides its origins in approximation theory, the optimal interpolation method also has other advantages over more commonly used ad hoc interpolation methods (like the ‘adaptive Gaussian window’). The optimal estimate of the filtered velocity field can be guaranteed to preserve the solenoidal nature of the filtered velocity field and also the underlying correlation structure of both the filtered and the unfiltered velocity fields. The a posteriori performance of the optimal interpolation method is evaluated using data obtained from high-resolution direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence. Our results show that for a given sample data density, there exists an optimal choice of the characteristic width of cut-off filter that gives the least possible relative mean square error between the true filtered velocity and the interpolated filtered velocity. The width of this ‘optimal’ filter and the corresponding minimum relative error appear to decrease with increase in sample data density. Errors due to the optimal interpolation method are observed to be quite low for appropriate choices of the data density and the characteristic width of the filter. The optimal interpolation method is also seen to outperform the ‘adaptive Gaussian window’, in representing the interpolated field given the data at random sample locations. The overall a posteriori performance of the optimal interpolation method was found to be quite good and hence makes a potential candidate for use in interpolation of PTV and super-resolution PIV data.
Methylphenidate place conditioning in adolescent rats: An analysis of sex differences and the dopamine transporter

Abstract In two experiments, we analyzed the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent male and female rats, and the effects of MPH on the dopamine transporter (DAT). In Experiment 1, male and female rats were conditioned for 5 consecutive days from postnatal day (P)44 to P48 with saline, 1, or 5 mg/kg MPH. On the post conditioning preference test, the group administered the 1 mg/kg dose of MPH resulted in no significant preference compared to controls, whereas the 5 mg/kg dose of MPH produced a robust significant preference for the paired context, but there were no sex differences. Analysis of the DAT revealed that animals conditioned with the 5 mg/kg dose of MPH demonstrated a significant decrease of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum compared to controls. In Experiment 2, animals were conditioned using an every second day paradigm from P33–41 to model a previous MPH treatment regimen that had revealed sex differences in behavioral sensitization. MPH produced an increased preference for the paired context on a post-conditioning preference test in Experiment 2, but as in Experiment 1, no sex differences were observed. These data show that a relatively high dose of MPH has rewarding associative effects in both adolescent male and female rats reliably across two different conditioning paradigms and ages in adolescence, but no sex difference. In addition, MPH results in a significant decrease of the DAT in drug reward brain areas which has implications toward plasticity of the brain's reward system.
Volumetric assessment of cerebral asymmetry from CT scans

Abstract The advent of computed tomography (CT) of the brain has facilitated the study of brain asymmetries in normal individuals and in patients with various diseases. A computerized volumetric approach to quantifying CT scan data is used to demonstrate that imperfect alignment of the subject's head in the CT scanner can be a major source of artifact in the assessment of cerebral asymmetry. An approach for estimating the extent of misalignment of the head in the scanner is described. This approach can be used to take variations in head alignment into account when studying cerebral asymmetries. When volumetric measures were used, left-handed subjects ( n = 5) were found to have a significantly lower left/right ratio of total cerebral hemispheric tissue than right-handed subjects ( n = 41). The amount of asymmetry in the lateral ventricles was found to depend on their total size. A method for controlling for the effect of size when measuring asymmetry of the lateral ventricles is described. In both right- and left-handed subjects, the left lateral ventricles were significantly larger than the right. A magnetic resonance (MR) scan was performed with standard alignment and with a deliberate 10° misalignment, using a volunteer subject. These data are presented to demonstrate how artifactual cerebral asymmetries can be generated by head tilt and to test the quantification procedures developed.
Effects of cholinergic drugs on prey-killing by rodents

Abstract Pilocarpine induced some rats to kill mice. As tolerance or habituation to repeated doses occurred, increasing numbers killed mice and other prey. Methyl atropine, which selectively blocks peripheral actions of pilocarpine, increased killing induced by pilocarpine. Scopolamine, which blocks its central as well as peripheral actions, blocked induction of killing by pilocarpine. Mixed central cholinergic facilitative and peripheral cholinergic inhibitory actions on killing could explain these results. Other cholinergic agents, however, including nicotine, oxotremorine, arecoline, eserine, neostigmine, and methacholine were ineffective over a broad range of doses. Pilocarpine did not induce killing in guinea pigs and hamsters. If a central cholinergic system for selective control of killing exists in rodents, it is not easily activated.
Characterization of the phosphoproteome in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by in-gel isoelectric focusing and tandem mass spectrometry.

Reversible protein phosphorylation forms the basis of cell signaling networks. Aberrations in protein phosphorylation have been linked to human diseases including cancer. Phosphoproteomics has recently emerged as an approach that focuses on analysis of protein phosphorylation on a global scale. We have recently developed a new methodology, termed in-gel IEF LC-MS/MS, and we have adapted this methodology for phosphoproteome analysis. Here, we report on the application of in-gel IEF LC-MS/MS to the mapping of the phosphoproteome in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. The analytical methodology used in the study included separation of the LNCaP proteins by in-gel isoelectric focusing (IEF), digestion of the proteins with trypsin, enrichment of the digests for phosphopeptides with Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC), analysis of the enriched digests by LC-MS/MS, and identification of the phosphorylated peptides/proteins through searches of a protein sequence database. With this analyti...
Phase II trial of intermediate dose methotrexate in combination with vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine whether the use of intermediate dose methotrexate in combination with vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin as first-line therapy increases the proportion of major responders and overall survival in patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelial tract. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with histologically confirmed TCC received methotrexate at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 on Day 1 followed by leucovorin calcium rescue on Day 2 and vinblastine (3 mg/m2), doxorubicin (30 mg/m2), and cisplatin (70 mg/m2) (VAC) on Day 2. Therapy was recycled at 28-day intervals. RESULTS Fourteen of 28 patients (50%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31-69%) achieved a major response, including 6 pathologic or clinical complete responses (CR) and 8 partial responses (PR). Nine patients were rendered disease free after postchemotherapy surgical resection of residual disease (surgical CR), including five patients who had PR and four nonresponders to chemotherapy alone. Five of 18 patients with disease limited to lymph nodes attained CR, in contrast to only 1 of 10 patients with visceral metastatic disease. The median survival for the entire population was 13.6 months. CONCLUSIONS The escalation of methotrexate to 1000 mg/m2 in combination with vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin did not result in a response proportion or median survival superior to that observed with standard dose M-VAC. As previously observed in a Phase II trial of M-VAC, only the attainment of CR was associated with prolongation of survival. Cancer 1999;85:1145–50. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Social distance regarding male and female homosexuals.

Abstract Four hypotheses were tested by having American undergraduates respond to a Guttman scale of social distance toward male and female homosexuals. Respondents had higher degrees of discomfort toward same-sex homosexuals than toward opposite-sex homosexuals. Results indicated comfort around homosexuals to be negatively associated with the frequency of religious participation and positively associated with having had a friend who was believed to be homosexual. Having been subject to sexual advance did not appear to be related to discomfort regarding homosexuals. Scale scores were compared to levels of agreement with a variety of stereotypic statements. Sex differences regarding social distance toward both male and female homosexuals were examined.
Phase diagram of carbon at high pressure: Analogy to silicon

Abstract First-principles molecular dynamics simulations reveal that at high pressure carbon has a liquid phase with local order similar to the simplecubic crystal structure. This phase is distinct from the previously proposed tetrahedral liquid phase, and a first-order phase transition may separate the two. The existence of this dense liquid implies that the melting temperature of carbon decreases with pressure, similar to the behavior of silicon and germanium at much lower pressures.
Local precision of visuotopic organization in the middle temporal area (MT) of the macaque.

The representation of the visual field in the middle temporal area (MT) was examined by recording from single neurons in anesthetized, immobilized macaques. Measurements of receptive field size, variability of receptive field position (scatter) and magnification factor were obtained within the representation of the central 25°. Over at least short distances (less than 3 mm), the visual field representation in MT is surprisingly orderly. Receptive field size increases as a linear function of eccentricity and is about ten times larger than in V1 at all eccentricities. Scatter in receptive field position at any point in the visual field representation is equal to about one-third of the receptive field size at that location, the same relationship that has been found in V1. Magnification factor in MT is only about onefifth that reported in V1 within the central 5° but appears to decline somewhat less steeply than in V1 with increasing eccentricity. Because the smaller magnification factor in MT relative to V1 is complemented by larger receptive field size and scatter, the point-image size (the diameter of the region of cortex activated by a single point in the visual field) is roughly comparable in the two areas. On the basis of these results, as well as on our previous finding that 180° of axis of stimulus motion in MT are represented in about the same amount of tissue as 180° of stimulus orientation in V1, we suggest that a stimulus at one point in the visual field activates at least as many functional “modules” in MT as in V1.
Dietary Gluten Challenge Does Not Influence the Levels of Circulating Immune Complexes in Patients with Dermatitis Herpetiformis

To examine the relationship between the gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) and IgA circulating immune complexes (CIC) in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) a series of dietary gluten-challenge studies were performed in patients with DH and patients with ordinary GSE. Serial serum samples were monitored for IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing CIC levels. In the first study, 9 DH patients and 5 controls were fed 20 g of gluten flour as a breakfast meal on 1 of 2 consecutive study days. DH patients did not develop or increase their levels of CIC after gluten-challenge or gluten-free meals. There was no significant difference between the DH patients and the control group in regard to development of CIC. To evaluate the effect of dietary gluten in another form, 8 DH patients were given meals containing 100 g of boiled Canadian cracked wheat. Two patients with ordinary GSE were also challenged with cracked wheat. Again there was no elevation or induction of CIC above baseline determinations by gluten-challenge meals. These studies suggest that dietary gluten does not induce the formation of CIC in patients with DH.
Business Intelligence and Organizational Decisions

The focus on transactional systems in the earlier decades of information management is beginning to shift toward decisions. In order to study the relationship between information and decisions, the author interviewed 32 managers in 27 organizations where an attempt to use information to support decision-making had been made. A framework involving three different relationships between information and decisions is introduced: loosely-coupled, structured human, and automated. It is suggested that loosely-coupled information and decision environments, while productive for information providers, may require too much knowledge on the part of information users to be effective. A four-step process for bringing information and decisions in closer alignment is also advanced.
A plaque assay for avian RNA tumor viruses.

Abstract A direct and simple plaque assay has been developed for the titration of avian leukosis virus. Under optimal conditions macroscopically visible plaques appeared 7 days after infection. The plaque-forming agent belongs to the group of avian RNA tumor viruses as demonstrated by its density, reverse transcriptase activity, polypeptide composition, and by its serological properties. Screening of a series of different strains, including nontransforming avian sarcoma virus mutants, revealed that the assay is applicable to a variety of leukosis viruses; however, so far it has been limited to members of subgroups B and D. Foci induced by sarcoma viruses were also detected as “plaques” when stained with neutral red late after infection. Again, subgroup specific differences were observed between several strains. The assay described permits the determination on the same dish of the ratio of sarcoma and leukosis viruses in virus stocks. It has been used to confirm that several strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) contain associated viruses in excess. In addition, nontransforming plaque-forming viruses were found in varying proportions in stocks of clone-purified helper-independent strains of avian sarcoma viruses.
A variational formulation for the generalized Galerkin method for the convection-diffusion equation

Abstract The generalized Galerkin method for the convection-diffusion equation is shown to be derivable from a variational principal employing discontinuous weight functions. Moreover, it is shown that the generalized Galerkin method is equivalent to the streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin method for arbitrary interpolation spaces.
ARE THERE HYDROGEN BONDS IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

The proton NMR chemical shift has been measured for water from 25 to 600 °C and from 1 to 400 bar, conditions extending well beyond the critical point. Dilute solutes were employed as chemical shift references to avoid the effect of the varying magnetic susceptibility. The large changes in chemical shift (4.1 ppm) are interpreted as changes in the hydrogen bond network, because all other intermolecular interactions are known to result in much smaller effects. Using a linear relation between chemical shift and the mean number of hydrogen bonds, the NMR results show there are still 29% as many hydrogen bonds at 400 °C and 400 bar (ρ = 0.52 g/cm3 ) as for room temperature water. The present results are compared to other measurements and calculations.
Chest Pain Evaluation in the Emergency Department: Can MDCT Provide a Comprehensive Evaluation?

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to determine whether MDCT can provide a comprehensive assessment of cardiac and noncardiac causes of chest pain in stable emergency department patients.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Patients with chest pain who presented to the emergency department without definitive findings of acute myocardial infarction based on history, physical examination, and ECG were recruited immediately after the initial clinical assessment. For each patient, the emergency department physician was asked whether a CT scan would normally have been ordered on clinical grounds (e.g., to exclude pulmonary embolism). Each consenting patient underwent enhanced ECG-gated 16-MDCT. Ten cardiac phases were reconstructed. The images were evaluated for cardiac (coronary calcium and stenosis, ejection fraction, and wall motion and perfusion) and significant noncardiac (pulmonary embolism, dissection, pneumonia, and so forth) causes of chest pain. Correlation was made between the presence of significant cardiac ...
The End of Dual Containment: Iraq, Iran and Smart Sanctions

The following is an edited transcript of a conference sponsored by the African and Middle Eastern Division of the Library of Congress, the Atlantic Council of the United States, the Middle East Policy Council and the Stanley Foundation. The meeting was held on June 20, 2001, in the Library of Congress with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr. and Mary Jane Deeb moderating.
Fault-Tolerant Design and Control Strategy for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter-Based STATCOM

Cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter (CHMC) is a promising topology for flexible ac transmission systems such as static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) applications. Attention was drawn to the issue of converter reliability due to the large number of power devices used in CHMC applications. This paper proposed an effective fault-tolerant strategy by using H-bridge building block (HBBB) redundancy in CHMC-based STATCOM. The operating principle and the control strategy of the fault tolerance are proposed and discussed. The controller design consideration for the fault-tolerant STATCOM is presented. The proposed fault-tolerant control strategy is implemented on a seven-level CHMC-based STATCOM simulation platform and a five-level CHMC-based STATCOM hardware prototype. Simulation and experimental results are illustrated to verify the feasibility of the proposed fault-tolerant design with the HBBB redundancy.
Chemical Correlation of Volcanic Ash Deposits in the Salt Lake Group, Utah, Idaho and Nevada

ABSTRACT Widely scattered outcrops of the Salt Lake Group, a sequence of mid to late Tertiary non-marine sediments in the Bonneville Basin, have been correlated on the basis of trace element variation in glass from volcanic ashes. A series of statistical procedures demonstrate that the majority of the ashes can be placed into one of six groups which are chemically distinct. Several ash units occur which bear no chemical affinity to any other ash. A composite stratigraphy of the volcanic ash sequence of the Salt Lake Group has been constructed based upon the sequence of chemical groups of ashes and the chemical correlation of individual ashes common to several distant exposures.
Extending the structured modeling framework for discrete-event simulation

Structured modeling (SM) has made a significant contribution to the development of integrated model management systems by providing a common framework for presenting a wide variety of models. However, because SM focuses on representing the static portion of models, it is somewhat awkward to use for discrete-event simulation (DEVS). The author presents a proposal for extended structured modeling (ESM), an extension of the SM framework intended to accommodate the needs of DEVS. Specifically, she proposes adding three new types of elements to SM: random attribute elements to represent random variables; action elements to represent changes in static model elements; and transaction elements to represent control structures for dynamic interactions. She illustrates the use of ESM for describing a DEVS model and shows that the proposed extensions are consistent with the desirable properties of the original SM framework. >
On the Robin Boundary Condition for Laplace's Equation in Lipschitz Domains

Abstract Let Ω be a bounded Lipschitz domain in ℝ n , n ≥ 3 with connected boundary. We study the Robin boundary condition ∂u/∂N + bu = f ∈ L p (∂Ω) on ∂Ω for Laplace's equation Δu = 0 in Ω, where b is a non-negative function on ∂Ω. For 1 < p < 2 + ϵ, under suitable compatibility conditions on b, we obtain existence and uniqueness results with non-tangential maximal function estimate ‖(∇u)*‖ p ≤ C‖f‖ p , as well as a pointwise estimate for the associated Robin function. Moreover, the solution u is represented by a single layer potential.
Some cultural determinants of suicide in Sweden.

(1970). Some Cultural Determinants of Suicide in Sweden. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 225-227.
Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of different wheat plant types under dryland and irrigated conditions 1

Abstract The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P2O5/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differen...
The Contest in Congress Between Organized Labor and Organized Business

The Clayton anti-trust act a landmark in the struggle, 235. — Employers organize to resist trade unions, 236. — Necessity of carrying the struggle into politics and legislation, 236. — Bearing of the Sherman act upon the situation, 237. — The National Association of Manufacturers, its growth and activities, 238. — The activities and disclosures of Mulhall, 240. — The American Federation of Labor goes into politics, 244. — Parliamentary tactics, 246. — The National Council for Industrial Defense, 247. — The American Antiboycott Association and the legal phase of the struggle, 249. — Victory at first with the employers, 249. — Organized labor begins to make gains after 1908, 251. — Three types of "labor" bills, 254. — Progress in legislation with all three types, 255. — Labor sections in the Clayton act, 258.
SKIM MILK CONCENTRATION FOR CHEESEMAKING BY ALTERNATIVE ULTRAFILTRATION PROCEDURES

Pasteurized skim milk for cheesemaking was studied for its physical and microbial properties after direct ultrafiltration, diafiltration and ultrafil-tration accompanied by simultaneous fermentation with concentration brought to maxima. Protein was increased to 72–74% of the dry matter in direct ultrafiltration retentates. Single diafiltration with or without simultaneous fermentation increased protein to 83.5% (dry matter) and double diafiltration to 88%. Lactose was reduced from 20% in the dry matter (direct ultrafiitrate retentate) to 9 and 4.7% with single and double diafiltration, respectively. The mineral content was not affected markedly by diafiitration, but simultaneous fermentation reduced ash content of retentate dry matter by 1%. Permeation rate correlations with the logarithm of total solids or protein in the retentate were statistically significant (r2= 0.99**). Refractive index readings during concentration also gave statistically significant correlation with total solids (r2= 0.99**).
High Temperature Aqueous Corrosion of Aluminum-Uranium and Aluminum-Silicon-Uranium Alloys

Abstract Tests in 350 C deionized water of aluminum-uranium alloys were made in an effort to predict behavior in this environment of aluminum-plutonium alloys, corrosion behavior of which is unknown. Aluminum-silicon-uranium alloys also were tested under the same conditions. Samples prepared by casting, of wrought material, and of castings by the cryolite process were compared. Tests showed no samples significantly distorted jackets when there were minor openings in the jackets. Aluminum alloys with less than 6 weight-percent uranium were unsatisfactory. Aluminum-silicon alloys containing tip to 6 weight-percent uranium were satisfactory. Some as-cast aluminum-uranium alloys were preferable to aluminum-silicon. 4.6.5, 6.4.2, 3.5.9
Precursor-directed formation of hollow Co3O4 nanospheres exhibiting superior lithium storage properties

Hollow Co3O4 nanospheres, assembled by nanoplatelets, have been obtained by annealing urchin-like hollow Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O nanospheres synthesized at room temperature. The as-obtained hollow Co3O4 nanospheres exhibit greatly enhanced lithium storage properties as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Colonic Obstruction Following Ovariohysterectomy in Rabbits: 3 Cases

We evaluated 3 rabbits (8 months to 1.5 years old) for nonspecific clinical signs including hyporexia/anorexia, lethargy, and decreased/absence of fecal output 5 days to 4 months after undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE) procedures. Each external physical examination performed on the rabbits revealed decreased gastrointestinal sounds, abdominal pain on palpation, and a caudal abdominal mass. Complete blood counts and biochemical analyses from the rabbits on presentation were within reference values. Abdominal radiographic findings included gas distension of the intestines along with multiple other distended, ingesta-filled loops. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on all 3 rabbits, and abnormalities included that the colon tapered abruptly at the level of the uterine stump, a mass was seen around the caudal colon, and that the colon was distended. Positive contrast colonograms were performed in 2 of the rabbits. All 3 rabbits initially responded to medical management; however, after a recurrence of abnormal clinical signs, an exploratory laparotomy was performed on each animal. Of the rabbits, 2 had adhesions from the transected uterine body to the small intestine mesentery, resulting in circumferential stenoses. The 2 rabbits with intestinal stenosis were euthanized intraoperatively owing to the poor prognosis for resection and anastomosis of the colon. In one of the rabbits, sutures placed around the uterine stump during the OHE procedure had inadvertently penetrated the colon; the affected area of the colon was resected but the patient died during the postoperative period. Colonic obstruction following OHE is rare for any species, yet 3 cases of this disease presentation in domestic rabbits are presented in this report. In rabbits, clinical signs might mimic functional ileus; therefore, results of additional testing, including abdominal ultrasonography and a radiographic contrast study, are necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Early surgical exploration and correction of the adhesions before irreversible colonic damage is recommended in suspected cases.
Population Projections and Demographic Knowledge in France and Great Britain in the Postwar Period

This study examines how official national population projections—a key mechanism for the production and dissemination of demographic knowledge—contributed to differing interpretations of population and fertility trends in France and Great Britain in the decades following World War II, despite these countries' similar fertility rates during most of this period. Projections presented different visions of the demographic future in the two countries. In France, publication of multiple variants emphasized future contingency, with low variants illustrating future population decline due to prolonged below-replacement fertility. In Britain, publication of a single variant, assuming near-replacement-level fertility rates, projected moderate growth. National population projections thus created divergent representations of the two countries' demographic futures: an ever-present threat of population decline in France, and a reassuring image of stability in Britain. Two principal mechanisms that contributed to cross-national differences in population projections—national demographic history and institutional configurations—are discussed.
PPARγ agonists: safety issues in heart failure

PPARgamma agonists (or thiazolidinediones, TZD) are popular oral drugs for glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, side-effects of fluid retention, oedema and congestive heart failure have been reported in the literature as well as observed in clinical registries and trials. Concerns regarding the safety of TZD use in patients with underlying heart failure have been implicated by its propensity to cause fluid retention. There is relatively good documentation in the literature that TZDs do not produce adverse haemodynamic consequences. TZD-induced fluid retention is often sub-acute in nature, developed over weeks to months following initiation, and primarily located in the periphery. Drug withdrawal may lead to complete resolution of fluid retention. Current approval of TZD use in patients with mild (NYHA class I - II) and stable heart failure is supported by existing literature and clinical experience. There have been few reports of severe adverse consequences following drug withdrawal, and emerging data are suggesting potential benefits of TZDs in the diabetic population with or without underlying heart failure. Future research should therefore be directed at better understanding PPARgamma-related mechanisms of renal sodium retention and endothelial vascular permeability of the periphery, as well as development of newer compounds without this side-effect.
A study of search intermediary working notes: implications for IR system design

This paper reports findings from an exploratory study investigating working notes created during encoding and external storage (EES) processes, by human search intermediates using a Boolean information retrieval (IR) system. EES processes have been an important area of research in educational contexts where students create and use notes to facilitate learning. In the context of interactive IR, encoding can be conceptualized as the process of creating working notes to help in the understanding and translating a user's information problem into a search strategy suitable for use with an IR system. External storage is the process of using working notes to facilitate interaction with IR systems. Analysis of 221 sets of working notes created by human search intermediaries revealed extensive use of EES processes and the creation of working notes of textual, numerical and graphical entities. Nearly 70% of recorded working notes were textual/numerical entities, nearly 30% were graphical entities and 0.73% were indiscernible. Segmentation devices were also used in 48% of the working notes. The creation of working notes during EES processes was a fundamental element within the mediated, interactive IR process. Implications for the design of IR interfaces to support users' EES processes and further research is discussed.
EVALUATION OF OXYGEN PARTITION IN A THREE-PHASE BETA--ZIRCONIUM--OXYGEN ALLOY.

Abstract Based on a unidirectional volume diffusion model a phenomenological theory is developed for evaluating the oxygen partitions during oxidation of β-zirconium. The calculated total oxygen uptakes for zirconium oxidized at 875 °, 1000 ° and 1050 °C agree well with those obtained from experimental measurements. The results conform to a parabolic rate law: Δm/A = kp√t. The parabolic rate constants, kp, are expressed in terms of diffusion parameters for the oxide, α- and β-phases.
Mechanistic Study of Plasma Damage and CH4 Recovery of Low k Dielectric Surface

A mechanistic study was performed to investigate plasma damage and CFL, recovery of porous carbon-doped oxide (CDO) low k surfaces. First the nature of damage was examined for different plasma treatments in a standard RIE chamber then followed by a study using a downstream hybrid plasma source with separate ions and atomic radicals to investigate their respective roles in the plasma process. Plasma damage was found to be a complicated phenomenon involving both chemical and physical effects, depending on chemical reactivity and the energy and mass of the plasma species. Moisture uptake after plasma damage was found to be a major reason to cause dielectric constant increase. The CFL plasma treatment was found to be promising in repairing oxygen ashing damages by formation of a carbon-rich polymer layer. However, sp2 carbons on the top polymer layer seemed to limit the penetration of plasma CH4 and thus full recovery of low k damage.
The herpes simplex virus 1 gene encoding a protease also contains within its coding domain the gene encoding the more abundant substrate.

Abstract The herpes simplex virus 1 open reading frames UL26 and UL26.5 are 3' coterminal. The larger, UL26 open reading frame encodes a protein approximately 80,000 in apparent molecular weight and contains the promoter and coding sequence of the UL26.5 gene, which specifies a capsid protein designated infected cell protein 35. The larger product contains in its entirety the amino acid sequence of the smaller protein. We report that the UL26 gene encodes a protease which catalyzes its own cleavage and that of the more abundant product of UL26.5. By inserting the coding sequence of an epitope to a cytomegalovirus monoclonal antibody and homologs of the immunoglobulin G binding domain of staphylococcal protein A into the 3' termini of the coding domains of the two open reading frames, we identified both products of the cleavage and determined that the cleavage site is approximately 20 amino acids from the carboxyl termini of both proteins.
Personality traits and dispersal tendency in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

Ecological invasions, where non-native species spread to new areas, grow to high densities and have large, negative impacts on ecological communities, are a major worldwide problem. Recent studies suggest that one of the key mechanisms influencing invasion dynamics is personality-dependent dispersal: the tendency for dispersers to have a different personality type than the average from a source population. We examined this possibility in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). We measured individual tendencies to disperse in experimental streams and several personality traits: sociability, boldness, activity and exploration tendency before and three weeks after dispersal. We found that mosquitofish display consistent behavioural tendencies over time, and significant positive correlations between all personality traits. Most notably, sociability was an important indicator of dispersal distance, with more asocial individuals dispersing further, suggesting personality-biased dispersal on an invasion front. These results could have important ecological implications, as invasion by a biased subset of individuals is likely to have different ecological impacts than invasion by a random group of colonists.
Toward Development of Adaptive Service-Based Software Systems

The rapid adoption of service-oriented architecture (SOA) in many large-scale distributed applications requires the development of adaptive service-based software systems (ASBS) with the capability of monitoring the changing system status, analyzing, and controlling tradeoffs among various quality-of-service (QoS) aspects, and adapting service configurations to satisfy multiple QoS requirements simultaneously. In this paper, our results toward the development of adaptive service-based software systems are presented. The formulation of activity-state-QoS (ASQ) models and how to use the data from controlled experiments to establish ASQ models for capturing the cause-effect dynamics among service activities, system resource states, and QoS in service-based systems are presented. Then, QoS monitoring modules based on ASQ models and SOA-compliant simulation models are developed to support the validation of the ASBS design. The main idea for developing QoS adaptation modules based on ASQ models is discussed. An experiment based on a voice communication service is used to illustrate our results.
Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues

It was shown recently that water channel homologs MIWC (mercurial insensitive water channel) and GLIP (glycerol intrinsic protein) colocalized in basolateral membranes of kidney collecting duct, tracheal and colonic epithelia, and in brain pia mater. We report here an extensive immunolocalization study of MIWC and GLIP in non-epithelial and glandular epithelial tissues in rat. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed colocalization of MIWC and GLIP in basolateral membrane of principal cells in kidney collecting duct. However, in other epithelia, MIWC but not GLIP was expressed in basolateral membrane of parietal cells in stomach, and in excretory tubules of salivary and lacrimal glands; GLIP but not MIWC was expressed in transitional epithelium of urinary bladder and skin epidermis. In the central nervous system, MIWC was strongly expressed in the ependymal layer lining the aqueductal system, and in astrocytes throughout the spinal cord and in selected regions of brain. MIWC was also expressed in a plasma membrane pattern in skeletal, but not smooth or cardiac muscle. Neither protein was expressed in small intestine, testis, liver, spleen and nerve. The tissue-specific expression of MIWC suggests a role in fluid transport and/or cell volume regulation in stomach and glandular epithelia. The functional role of MIWC expression in the neuromuscular system and of GLIP expression in skin and urinary bladder is uncertain. The specific cellular sites of MIWC expression (astrocytes, trachea, sarcolemma, gastric parietal cells and kidney principal cells) correspond exactly to sites where orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) have been visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, suggesting that MIWC may be the OAP protein.
A model for predicting invasive weed and grass dynamics. II. Accuracy evaluation2

Abstract The impact of invasive weed management on plant community composition is highly dependent on location-specific factors. Therefore, treatment means from experiments conducted at a given set of locations will not reliably predict community response to weed management elsewhere. We developed a model that rescales treatment means to better match local conditions. The goal of this paper was to determine if this rescaling improves predictions. We used our model to predict leafy spurge stem length density and grass biomass data from field experiments. The experiments consisted of herbicide-treated plots, untreated controls, and, in some cases, grass seeding treatments. When herbicides suppressed leafy spurge, the model explained 21 to 48% more variation in grass response than did mean grass response to the same or similar herbicide treatments applied at other sites. When herbicides killed grass, the model explained 53% more variation in leafy spurge response than did mean leafy spurge response to the sa...
Entrustable Professional Activities: Ten Things Radiologists Do.

Rationale and Objectives Learner assessment in medical education has undergone tremendous change over the past two decades. During this time frame, the concept of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) was introduced to guide the faculty when making competency-based decisions on the level of supervision required by trainees. EPAs are gaining momentum in medical education as a basis for decisions related to transitioning from residency training to clinical practice. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) define EPAs for radiology (EPA-R) and (2) illustrate radiology-specific examples of these EPAs. Materials and Methods A multi-institutional work group composed of members of the Alliance of Directors and Vice Chairs of Education in Radiology convened at the 2015 Association of University Radiologists annual meeting to discuss radiology EPAs. The EPAs initially developed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Radiology milestone work group and the resultant ACGME Radiology milestones formed the basis for this discussion. Results A total of 10 radiology EPAs and illustrative vignettes were developed to help radiology educators and trainees better understand milestone assessment and how this translates to the necessary skills and responsibilities of practicing radiologists. Examples of EPA mapping to the ACGME subcompetencies and methods of assessment were included. Conclusions EPAs offer an opportunity to improve our approach to training by increasing our focus on how we provide appropriate supervision to our residents and assess their progress. In this work, through suggested lists and vignettes, we have attempted to establish the framework for further discussion and development of EPA-Rs.