cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epithelial Sodium Channel

Epithelial Na+ channels form an essential component of the Na+ reabsorptive system in a variety of tissues. They permit entry of Na+ into the epithelial cell from the outer fluid compartment, e.g., urine, feces, sweat. Furthermore, they regulate the reabsorptive flow of Na+ across many epithelia and thus are critical to the maintenance of constant salt levels and fluid volumes in the various body compartments of vertebrates.
Vulnerabilities in two-area Automatic Generation Control systems under cyberattack

The power grid is a prime target of cyber criminals and warrants special attention as it forms the backbone of major infrastructures that drive the nation's defense and economy. Developing security measures for the power grid is challenging since it is physically dispersed and interacts dynamically with associated cyber infrastructures that control its operation. This paper presents a mathematical framework to investigate stability of two area systems due to data attacks on Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system. Analytical and simulation results are presented to identify attack levels that could drive the AGC system to potentially become unstable.
Optimal State Estimation for Systems Driven by Jump–Diffusion Process With Application to Road Anomaly Detection

Jump–diffusion processes (JDPs) involve a combination of jumps (Poisson process) and diffusions (Wiener process). JDPs can be used to model large classes of disturbances in engineering applications, such as road disturbances to a car, wind disturbances to an airplane, and system parameter perturbations. This paper develops a road anomaly detector by exploiting an optimal state estimator for systems driven by JDP in combination with the multi-input observer. State estimation with the JDP-based estimator is shown to have better performance than a Kalman filter when jumps, such as potholes and bumps, are present. The road anomaly detector is implemented in an experimental test vehicle and its experimental validation results are reported.
Evaluation of Vehicle Parking Queueing in a National Park: Case Study of the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve in Grand Teton National Park:

In national parks, there is a tension between providing areas for vehicles and accommodating other visitor activities in the park. This tension often means there is more demand for vehicle parking than the supply can accommodate. This study examined one of Grand Teton National Park’s (GRTE) visitor attractions with visitor parking provided, the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve (LSR) in Jackson, Wyoming. With approximately 54 designated parking spots available, a study to determine the queueing theory measures of performance was conducted under observed and higher-value parameters to evaluate the system. It was determined that under the observed average arrival rate of 25 vehicles per hour (vph) and 35 vph with an average service rate (time a vehicle was parked) of 1 h and 20 min, the system resulted in good performance with a facility utilization value of 61% and 84%, respectively. However, under the higher-value parameters, the results were poorer, with facility utilization values greater than 88%. This ...
Transfer learning algorithms for autonomous reconfiguration of wearable systems

Wearables have emerged as a revolutionary technology in many application domains including healthcare and fitness. Machine learning algorithms, which form the core intelligence of wearables, traditionally deduce a computational model from a set of training examples to detect events of interest (e.g. activity type). However, in the dynamic environment in which wearables typically operate in, the accuracy of a computational model drops whenever changes in configuration of the system (such as device type and sensor orientation) occur. Therefore, there is a need to develop systems which can adapt to the new configuration autonomously. In this paper, using transfer learning as an organizing principle, we develop several algorithms for data mapping. The data mapping algorithms employ effective signal similarity methods and are used to adapt the system to the new configuration. We demonstrate the efficacy of the data mapping algorithms using a publicly available dataset on human activity recognition.
Chapter 3 – The Role of Rules for Derivatives

This chapter discusses a project that is completely independent. The expanding house requires no calculus until the very end, where it is related to the chain rule, while the expanding economy is a practical illustration of the product rule. Both of these are short projects; they are the expanding economy and the expanding home. The expanding economy project is a small project or big exercise that illustrates the idea of the product rule for differentiation.
Does Public Assistance Reduce Recidivism

Under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, individuals convicted of drug-related felonies were permanently banned from receiving welfare and food stamps. Since then, over 30 states have opted out of the federal ban. In this paper, I estimate the impact of public assistance eligibility on recidivism by exploiting both the adoption of the federal ban and subsequent passage of state laws that lifted the ban. Using administrative prison records on five million offenders and a triple-differences research design, I find that public assistance eligibility for drug offenders reduces one-year recidivism rates by 10 percent.
Effects of antidepressant treatment on sleep EEG in depression

Sleep abnormalities associated with major depressive disorders include an early onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased awakenings, reduced slow-wave sleep and increased light, non-resto...
Inhibition of breast cancer progression by a medicinal herb Ocimum sanctum

2170 Ocimum sanctum (OS) also known as holy basil or tulsi, belonging to mint family (Labiateae) has been one of the most popular herbs used in European and Asian countries for the treatment of various ailments since ancient times. We reported earlier that aqueous extracts collected from the leaves of this herb inhibited chemotaxis of breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-231 and endothelial cell line HUVEC towards specific chemo attractants, capillary tube formation in 3 dimensional cultures of HUVEC on Matrigel, TPA induced increase of COX-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells, and MDA-MB-231 cells induced angiogenesis in Matrigel plug assay in nude mice. To explore if OS extracts have an inhibitory effect on breast cancer, we used two human breast cancer cell lines for tumorigenic studies; namely MDA-MB-435 and MCF10A DCIS.com (DCIS.com) cells. MDA-MB-435 cells form undifferentiated adenocarcinomas in nude mice. Injection of DCIS.com cells into nude mice results in lesions that are predominantly DCIS subtype. In 3 weeks, the lesions show a DCIS like pathology consisting of ducts surrounded by complete basement membrane and extensive angiogenesis in the stroma. The ducts develop into a complete comedo phenotype by 6 weeks. When OS extracts were fed to nude mice injected with MDA-MB-435 or DCIS.com cells, there was a significant reduction in the rate of tumor growth in the treated mice. The tumors in OS fed mice grew at similar rates as the water fed controls initially, though their overall size was smaller than the controls. After reaching a tumor volume of approximately 150mm 3 in DCIS.com or 200 mm 3 in MDA-MB-435 the growth rate started to slow down. The inhibition in tumor growth was due to reduced cell proliferation and angiogenesis as indicated by immunohistochemical analysis utilizing anti CD34 (neo angiogenesis) and anti proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibodies. Furthermore, there was also a reduced expression of COX-2, MMP-9 and redistribution of VEGF from stromal epithelial compartments to epithelial compartment in the OS treated xenografts. A comparative analysis of the temporal development between normal and OS treated DCIS.com xenografts indicates a delay towards progression to DCIS-like phenotype by oral administration of OS. Based on our data we conclude that OS extract inhibit tumor growth and progression by affecting cell proliferation and angiogenesis and it could be developed into a breast cancer preventive and therapeutic agent.
Sleep disturbances and depression severity in patients with Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem movement disorder associated with sleep disturbance and depression. Sleep disturbances and depression severity share a bidirectional association. This association may be greater in individuals who are more vulnerable to the deleterious consequences of sleep disturbance and depression severity. We investigated whether the association between sleep disturbances and depression severity is greater in patients with PD than in matched controls (MC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample (N = 98) included 50 patients with idiopathic PD and 48 age-, race-, sex-, and education-matched controls. Sleep disturbances were assessed using self-reported total sleep time (TST) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the sleep item on the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd ed. (BDI-II), and the Insomnia Severity Index total score. Depression severity was assessed using the BDI-II total score, excluding the sleep item. Spearman's correlations, chi-squared tests, and multiple regression were used to assess associations between sleep disturbances and depression severity in PD and MC. Fisher's Z transformation was used to test whether the association between sleep disturbances and depression severity was stronger in patients with PD. RESULTS Shorter TST, sleeping less than usual, and insomnia severity were associated with depression severity in the total sample, rs(94) = -0.35, p = .001; rs(71) = 0.51, p < .001; rs(78) = -0.47, p < .001; rs(98) = 0.46, p < .001, respectively. The association between shorter TST and depression severity was greater in patients with PD than it was in MC, p < .05. CONCLUSION Short TST may be an important marker, predictor, or consequence of depression severity in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Snap Loads in Mooring Lines During Large Three-Dimensional Motions of a Cylinder

The nonlinear dynamic response of a moored, rigid, horizontalcylinder is considered. Use of the structure as a breakwater or a waveenergy device is envisaged. Inertial and nonlinear damping effects ofthe external fluid are not included, i.e., a ‘dry’ analysis is carriedout. The four mooring lines are modeled as massless springs which onlyresist tension. The six coupled equations of motion of the cylinder arederived and solved numerically. Linear free vibrations are treatedfirst, followed by the nonlinear three-dimensional response to harmonicforces simulating the action of waves. Normal, longitudinal, and obliqueforces are considered, and time histories of the displacements andmooring line tensions are computed. Snap loads tend to occur in thelines when they are alternately slack and taut. The effects of theforcing direction, amplitude, and frequency are investigated. Chaoticmotions are observed in some cases, and the structure collapses forsufficiently large forcing amplitudes.
Natural Vegetation in Agroecosystems

As today’s natural world becomes increasingly fragmented, formerly continuous habitats begin to resemble checkerboards composed of disparate pieces of various shapes and sizes. The ensuing landscape structure has considerable consequences for both managed and natural populations throughout the world. Even as we become more aware of the negative effects of fragmentation on native communities, we seek to turn the tables in managed habitats by using habitat heterogeneity to our advantage in the quest to keep agricultural pest populations in check. As conservationists and agricultural researchers alike share growing concern over the fates of populations they try to preserve or eradicate, respectively, it is becoming increasingly clear that landscape fragmentation is no longer simply a concern for environmental activists.
Assessment of Executive Functioning Using Tasks of Executive Control

The Tasks of Executive Control (TEC; Isquith, Roth, & Gioia, 2010) is a standardized computer-administered measure of two fundamental aspects of executive control processes or functions, namely, working memory and inhibitory control. It is designed for use with children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years, including those with a wide variety of developmental and acquired neurological disorders including attention disorders, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and traumatic brain injuries, as well as those with psychiatric and other behavioral health concerns. Published in 2010, it represents a novel contribution to clinical assessment of executive function by adapting, integrating, and standardizing two of the most commonly used neuroscience methods designed to tap working memory and inhibitory control: an n-back paradigm that parametrically increases working memory load and a go/no-go task to manipulate inhibitory control demand. The combination of three levels of working memory load (0-, 1-, 2-back) and two levels of inhibitory control demand (no inhibit, inhibit) yields four sequential tasks for 5–7-year-old children and six tasks for 8–18-year-old children and adolescents. The TEC calculates multiple performance accuracy (e.g., omissions, commissions), response time, and response time variability scores within each task condition, across the instrument as a whole, and over time as demands increase. Three equivalent forms and two additional research forms are included, along with reliable change scores that facilitate interpretation of performance changes on repeated assessments. In addition to scores for each task and for the measure as a whole, the TEC captures accuracy and timing variables for each individual response and by quartile within each task. All data may be exported to spreadsheet and statistical software with labels for detailed analysis and research.
Soybean cultivar development: a genome perspective

The history of soybean cultivar development is relatively short. Almost 90% of the germplasm present in modern cultivars can be traced back to just 12 ancestral lines which were introduced into the United States in the early 1900's. This limited number of ancestral contributors and short history make soybean a promising system for marker-facilitated, pedigree-based, genetic analysis. Sixtyfour soybean lines were analyzed at 217 RFLP loci to identify a core set of markers to use in evaluating these, and other, elite breeding lines. A core set of 95 RFLP loci were identified which had a greater probability of detecting a polymorphism. Two pedigrees, that of Lincoln and Ogden, could not be supported by RFLP analysis. Comparison of the predicted amount of germplasm contributed by a parent, and the amount observed by RFLP analysis revealed that one parent often provided more genetic information than expected. These regions contributed by a parent can be tracked linkage group by linkage group, often for more than one generation. Six generations of cultivar development were included in this analysis, and one RFLP allele, R013-1-b could be traced through all six generations. The ability to follow regions of chromosomes from parent to offspring, through multiple generations should provide a greater understanding of what transpired at the molecular level during the breeding of cultivars over the last 55 years. Graphical genotypes of the cultivars analyzed in this study, and the raw RFLP data, are available for electronic transfer.
Variablen- und personenorientierte Forschung

Die gegenwartig dominierende Forschungsstrategie in den empirischen Wissenschaften ist variablenorientiert. Die Ergebnisse statistischer Analysen werden in termini von Variablenbeziehungen formuliert. Die seit dem Beginn der 1980er Jahre entwickelte Personenorientierung fuhrt dagegen zu Ergebnissen, die Individuen oder Gruppen von Individuen beschreiben und vergleichen. In dieser Arbeit werden Thesen und Kriterien der personenorientierten Forschung diskutiert. Im Anschluss wird ein Beispiel diskutiert, in dem dieselben Daten sowohl variablen- als auch personenorientiert analysiert werden. Es zeigt sich, dass mit den beiden Strategien der Datenanalyse sowohl komplementierende als auch widerspruchliche Ergebnisse erzielt werden konnen. Abschliesend werden Argumente vorgestellt, anhand derer entschieden werden kann, ob ein vorliegender Datensatz personen- oder variablenorientiert ausgewertet werden soll.
The 1994 Rwandan Genocide

Links between human factors, governance, and environmental degradation have the potential to trigger internecine conflict, such as the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Evidence suggests that this trend will persist in the near term because climate change and the adverse effects of the environment will continue to stress marginal environments in places with inherently weak governance. This has led to a greater acceptance of the environment as an emerging factor on the national security landscape. This analysis uses a framework that encompasses natural and anthropogenic factors to enable a comprehensive analysis of issues that contribute to environmentally triggered conflict. In the case of the 1994 Rwandan civil war, factors of population, economic decline, drought, and unstainable agricultural practices exacerbated latent ethic conflict to spark one of the worst human disasters of the last century.
The Construction of Knowledge Tests in Selected Professional Courses in Physical Education

(1943). The Construction of Knowledge Tests in Selected Professional Courses in Physical Education. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 406-424.
Phase transitions beyond post-perovskite in NaMgF3 to 160 GPa.

Neighborite, NaMgF3, is used as a model system for understanding phase transitions in ABX3 systems (e.g., MgSiO3) at high pressures. Here we report diamond anvil cell experiments that identify the following phases in NaMgF3 with compression to 162 GPa: NaMgF3 (perovskite) → NaMgF3 (post-perovskite) → NaMgF3 (Sb2S3-type) → NaF (B2-type) + NaMg2F5 (P21/c) → NaF (B2) + MgF2 (cotunnite-type). Our results demonstrate the existence of an Sb2S3-type post-post-perovskite ABX3 phase. We also experimentally demonstrate the formation of the P21/c AB2X5 phase which has been proposed theoretically to be a common high-pressure phase in ABX3 systems. Our study provides an experimental observation of the full sequence of phase transitions from perovskite to post-perovskite to post-post-perovskite followed by 2-stage breakdown to binary compounds. Notably, a similar sequence of transitions is predicted to occur in MgSiO3 at ultrahigh pressures, where it has implications for the mineralogy and dynamics in the deep interior of large, rocky extrasolar planets.
Opioid-induced Euphoria Among Emergency Department Patients With Acute Severe Pain: An Analysis of Data From a Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND Parenteral opioids are commonly used to treat acute severe pain. We measured pleasurable sensations in patients administered intravenous analgesics to determine if these sensations were associated with receipt of an opioid, after controlling for relief of pain. Pleasurable sensations not accounted for by relief of pain were considered opioid-induced euphoria. METHODS These data were from a randomized study of 1 mg of hydromorphone versus 120 mg of lidocaine for abdominal pain. To assess euphoria, participants were asked to provide a 0 to 10 response to each of these questions: 1) How good did the medication make you feel? 2) How high did the medication make you feel? and 3) How happy did the medication make you feel? Pain at baseline and 30 minutes was also measured on a 0 to 10 scale. To determine the relative importance of pain relief versus medication type, we built three linear regression models in which each euphoria question was the dependent variable and pain relief, medication type, and medication-induced side effects were the independent variables. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients received lidocaine and 77 hydromorphone. Hydromorphone patients reported greater pain improvement than lidocaine patients (mean difference = 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6 to 2.3) and higher scores on all three euphoria questions ("feeling good" difference = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.8 to 3.0; "feeling high" difference = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.4 to 2.7; "feeling happy" difference = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.6 to 2.8). In the regression models, hydromorphone administration (β-coefficient = 0.16, p = 0.03) and pain relief (β-coefficient = 0.45, p < 0.01) were both associated with "feeling good." "Feeling high" and "feeling happy" were associated with pain improvement (p < 0.01) but not with hydromorphone administration (p = 0.07 for "high" and p = 0.06 for "happy"). Medication-induced side effects were not associated with these measures of euphoria. CONCLUSION Among emergency department patients with acute pain, hydromorphone-induced euphoria, though measurable, was generally less important for patients than relief of pain.
Optically Controlled Delays for Broadband Pulses

We propose a scheme that provides controllable large delays for broadband optical pulses based on steep dispersion of coherently driven medium in which the narrow EIT band is overcame by using spatial and temporal processing.
Percutaneous Fluoroscopic-Guided Creation of Neoanastomosis for the Treatment of Biliary Occlusions

Complete biliary occlusions at different anatomic locations that are not amenable to surgical, endoscopic, or routine percutaneous methods pose a challenge to physicians. Biliary ductal neoanastomosis technique can play a very important role in solving such clinical problems. Between October 2004 and January 2018, six patients were treated in our institution for biliary drainage using biliary ductal neoanastomosis technique via sharp recanalization and a staged approach to achieve internal/external biliary drainage. All procedures were performed in an angiography suite by an interventional radiologist after multidisciplinary discussion. The mean patient age of the cohort was 54 years and 50% of the patients were female (three/six patients). The cause of obstruction was complications or disease progression after Whipple procedure in four patients, partial hepatectomy in one patient and benign biliary stricture after radioembolization in one patient. All patients were treated with percutaneous biliary neoanastomosis. All procedures were successfully performed in all six patients (100% technical success) without any major complications. All patients were successfully managed by capped drainage catheters for the duration of the follow up (one patient was transitioned to endoscopically inserted biliary stent, and in one patient the tube was eventually removed after establishment of patent neoanastomosis). Biliary ductal neoanastomosis is an effective treatment option when the anatomy has been significantly altered in the post-surgical setting and wire cannot be safely passed into target draining organ or the remainder of biliary system. When performed by an experienced operator, this technique is safe and effective with a high technical success rate.
Electrosensory Impairment in the Atlantic Stingray, Hypanus sabinus, After Crude Oil Exposure.

Abstract Elasmobranchs are renowned for their extremely sensitive electrosensory system, which is used to detect predators, prey, and mates, and is possibly used for navigation. The proper functioning of the electrosensory system is thus critical to fitness. The objective of this study was to test whether exposure to crude oil impairs the electroreceptive capabilities of elasmobranch fishes. Electrosensory function was quantified from six stingrays before and after exposure to a concentration of oil that mimicked empirically measured concentrations along the coast of Louisiana following the Deepwater Horizon spill. Orientation distance (cm), and angle with respect to the dipole axis of a prey-simulating electric field were used to derive the electric field intensity that elicited a response. Oil exposed stingrays continued to exhibit feeding behavior, but they initiated orientations to prey-simulating electric fields from a significantly closer orientation distance. The mean orientation distance after oil exposure was 5.29 ± 0.41 SE cm compared to a pre-exposure orientation distance of 7.16 ± 0.66 SE cm. Stingrays required a mean electric field intensity of 0.596 ± 0.21 SE μV cm-1 to initiate a response after oil exposure, compared to a mean of only 0.127 ± 0.03 SE μV cm-1 in uncontaminated seawater. Oil exposed stingrays thus exhibited a response to a stimulus approximately 4.7 times greater than controls. Stingrays impacted by an oil spill appear to experience reduced electrosensory capabilities, which could detrimentally impact fitness. This study is the first to quantify the effects of crude oil on behavioral electrosensory function.
Outcomes of Pediatric and Adolescent Carpal Tunnel Release.

Purpose To investigate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) presentation and long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release (CTR) in children and adolescents. Methods All pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent CTR between February 2003 and June 2018 were identified. Patients were grouped by etiology: lysosomal storage disease (11 hands), idiopathic (6 hands), acute traumatic (7 hands), delayed traumatic (5 hands) and tumorous (2 hands). Medical records were reviewed for presenting symptoms and preoperative treatments . Final outcomes were assessed via phone interviews, chart review, the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores. Results All 25 patients (31 hands) identified were included in the study; median age at surgery was 12.7 years (range, 2.5–23.3 years). Eighteen patients completed surveys at a median of 4.7 years after surgery (range, 8 months–16 years). Common presenting symptoms in lysosomal storage disease were numbness/tingling (7 hands); pain was only reported in 1 hand. The most frequent indication for acute traumatic CTR (7 hands) was palmar hand swelling at the carpal tunnel (4 hands). Delayed traumatic and idiopathic CTS most often presented with numbness/tingling (4 hands and 6 hands, respectively) and pain (3 hands, 4 hands, respectively). Of the original 4 lysosomal storage disease surgeries included in long-term follow-up, all experienced gradual recurrence of symptoms after years of relief (range, 3–14 years). Two patients underwent revision CTR and were symptom-free at follow-up. All patients with acute traumatic and tumorous etiologies had full resolution of symptoms. Delayed traumatic and idiopathic etiologies frequently experienced recurrent or recalcitrant symptoms (4 of 5 and 3 of 6 surgeries, respectively). Conclusions Carpal tunnel release often alleviates symptoms in children with lysosomal storage disease for years to decades. Carpal tunnel release successfully relieves symptoms in acute traumatic cases, but is not always sufficient to relieve symptoms associated with delayed traumatic etiologies. Approximately half of patients with idiopathic CTS experience recalcitrant or recurrent symptoms. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Compaction and organic matter retention in mixed-conifer forests of California: 20-year effects on soil physical and chemical health

Abstract Soil resilience following harvest disturbance was studied at nine Long-Term Soil Productivity sites across the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California. We tested whether soil compaction, surface organic matter (OM) retention, and plant diversity have lasting effects on soil C, N, bulk density, or porosity. Study treatments following clearcut harvesting included soil compaction (none, moderate, severe) in factorial combination with three levels of OM retention (harvest slash retained, [OM2]; no slash retained, [OM1]; bare soil, [OM0]) and two plant diversity treatments (trees only; trees and shrubs). The sites encompassed a wide range in soil OM (5 to 12%) and clay content (5 to 36%) and represented common soil types in Sierran forests. At year 10, soil bulk densities were 10–29% greater for severely compacted compared to non-compacted plots across sites, corresponding to an average loss of 9–11% total porosity. Partial recovery was found by year 20, as bulk densities were 2–17% higher for compacted compared to non-compacted plots. In contrast to these physical responses, compaction had no adverse effect on soil C and N content at either year 10 or 20. Slash retention (OM2 versus OM1) and plant diversity treatments also had few effects on soil properties with the exception of a small increase in bulk density in the absence of shrubs, presumably due to reduced root and surface litter input. A more pronounced response was found following complete removal of surface organics (OM0), which produced a study-wide decline (12–17%) in soil C, N, and bulk density by year 20. All treatment responses were fairly consistent across sites, regardless of site differences in clay or soil OM content. Our results suggest substantial tolerance of soil C and N to harvest disturbance in Sierra Nevada forests despite a sustained change in soil physical properties and highlight the importance of the O horizon to long-term soil health.
Effect of a Best Practice Alert on Birth-Cohort Screening for Hepatitis C Virus.

INTRODUCTION We assessed the influence of a best practice alert (BPA) embedded within the electronic medical record on improving hepatitis C virus (HCV) birth-cohort screening by primary care physicians (PCPs). METHODS Screening by 155 PCPs was monitored during 2 consecutive 9-month periods before and after implementation of the BPA. All tests were reviewed to differentiate true screening from other testing indications. RESULTS Of 155 PCPs, 131 placed screening orders before and after BPA. Twenty-two PCPs started testing after BPA (P = 0.02). The number of tests placed and screening rates per PCP increased from 16 to 84 and from 3.3% to 13.2%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Before BPA, most PCPs rarely ordered screening HCV tests, whereas a small group of physicians generated most tests, indicative of an underlying power-law distribution. After the BPA, a new group of high-performing PCPs emerged, whose screening patterns were again characterized by a power-law distribution. However, pre-BPA test rates of individual PCPs were not predictive of their post-BPA rates. Overall, the introduction of the BPA narrowed the gap between low- and high-performing testers, indicating that modest increases in testing by a large number of low-performing PCPs could drive substantial improvement in program implementation. DISCUSSION HCV birth-cohort screening by PCPs was shaped by an underlying power-law distribution. This distribution was preserved after the implementation of a BPA, although pre-BPA test rates were not predictive of post-BPA rates. Increases in test rates by high- and low-performing PCPs both contributed to the overall success of the BPA.
A New Hour-Specific Serum Bilirubin Nomogram for Neonates ≥35 Weeks of Gestation

Objective To develop a statistically rigorous, hour-specific bilirubin nomogram for newborns based on a very large data set; and use it prospectively as a replacement for the 1999 Bhutani nomogram. Study design This was a retrospective analysis of first total serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements from 15 years of universal bilirubin screening during birth hospitalizations at 20 Intermountain Healthcare hospitals. Hour-specific TSB values were assembled into a nomogram by percentile, and subgroups were compared. Results The information obtained included robust data in the first 12 hours after birth (which was not included in the 1999 nomogram), general agreement with the 1999 nomogram for values in the first 60 hours, but higher 75th and 95th percentile TSB values thereafter in the new version, no difference in TSB between male and female infants, higher TSB values among earlier gestation neonates (350/7-366/7 weeks vs ≥37 weeks, P Conclusions An updated and more informative Bhutani neonatal bilirubin nomogram, based on 140 times the number of subjects included the 1999 version, is now in place in our health care system.
The Hilbert series of the irreducible quotient of the polynomial representation of the rational Cherednik algebra of type An−1 in characteristic p for p|n − 1

In this paper, we study the irreducible quotient ℒt,c of the polynomial representation of the rational Cherednik algebra ℋt,c(Sn, &#x1d525;) of type An−1 over an algebraically closed field of positive char...
Scoping review of cochlear implantation in Susac's syndrome.

Abstract Objective Scoping review of published literature to establish clinical characteristics and audiologic outcomes in patients diagnosed with Susac’s Syndrome(SS) who have undergone cochlear implantation (CI). Data sources All published studies of CI in SS and contribution of two of our own patients who have not been reported previously. Methods A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed) was carried out in March 2020 using the following keywords and related entry terms: Susac’s Syndrome, Cochlear Implantation. Results Our search identified a total of five case reports of CI in SS. With the addition of our two patients reported here, we analyzed characteristics and outcomes in seven patients. Mean age at implantation was 30 years old (range 19–46), with six women and one man implanted. Mean time from onset of hearing loss to implantation was 17 months (range three months to four years). Best reported postoperative speech understanding was reported via different metrics, with six of seven patients achieving open set speech scores of 90% or better, and one subject performing at 68%. Vestibular symptoms were present preoperatively in four of seven patients (57%), with vestibular testing reported in two patients, and showing vestibulopathy in one patient. No complications were reported following cochlear implantation. Conclusion Cochlear implantation is a viable option for hearing rehabilitation in patients with SS, with levels of attainment of open set speech comparable to other populations of CI candidates.
Practical Wisdom and Third-Generation Mass Tort Litigation: Conclusion

This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola LawSchool. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at LoyolaMarymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu.
Identification of a potential fibromyalgia diagnosis using random forest modeling applied to electronic medical records.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic musculoskeletal condition characterized by widespread pain and a constellation of symptoms, remains challenging and is often delayed. METHODS: Random forest modeling of electronic medical records was used to identify variables that may facilitate earlier FM identification and diagnosis. Subjects aged ≥18 years with two or more listings of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, (ICD-9) code for FM (ICD-9 729.1) ≥30 days apart during the 2012 calendar year were defined as cases among subjects associated with an integrated delivery network and who had one or more health care provider encounter in the Humedica database in calendar years 2011 and 2012. Controls were without the FM ICD-9 codes. Seventy-two demographic, clinical, and health care resource utilization variables were entered into a random forest model with downsampling to account for cohort imbalances (<1% subjects had FM). Importance of the top ten variables was ranked based on normalization to 100% for the variable with the largest loss in predicting performance by its omission from the model. Since random forest is a complex prediction method, a set of simple rules was derived to help understand what factors drive individual predictions. RESULTS: The ten variables identified by the model were: number of visits where laboratory/non-imaging diagnostic tests were ordered; number of outpatient visits excluding office visits; age; number of office visits; number of opioid prescriptions; number of medications prescribed; number of pain medications excluding opioids; number of medications administered/ordered; number of emergency room visits; and number of musculoskeletal conditions. A receiver operating characteristic curve confirmed the model's predictive accuracy using an independent test set (area under the curve, 0.810). To enhance interpretability, nine rules were developed that could be used with good predictive probability of an FM diagnosis and to identify no-FM subjects. CONCLUSION: Random forest modeling may help to quantify the predictive probability of an FM diagnosis. Rules can be developed to simplify interpretability. Further validation of these models may facilitate earlier diagnosis and enhance management.
Transition of fatty liver into cirrhosis.

Summary The different clinicopathologic groups of the nutritional fatty liver-cirrhosis syndrome are described and correlated with the stages of formation of the connective tissue membranes and septums that develop during the transition of the fatty liver into cirrhosis. The large fatty liver without cirrhosis but associated with fatal hepatic failure represents the key stage for this study. Subdivision by septums is the basic mechanism of cirrhosis formation as revealed by three-dimensional reconstruction. Of these septums, those arising in the center of the lobule seem to be related to fat accumulation itself, whereas all other types of septums are related either to alternation in time and space in the structure of the liver or, more important, to hepatic necrosis. Avoidance of hepatic necrosis, a great deal of which appears to be caused by nonspecific intercurrent infection, may therefore be of therapeutic importance equal to that of removal of fat from the liver.
MAPS FOR MANAGERS: WHERE ARE WE? WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

Research on managerial cognition in genetal, and on cognitive mapping in particular, is receving a great deal of attention in Europe and the US, but the work being done is currently disparate and loosely coupled. Furthermor, the development of maps as a decision aid has tended to focus on specific sub-areas of cognition. In this article we argue that the broad strategic concerns of managers require a portfolio of different kinds of cognitive maps. The interactions among these maps are as important as the functions of each one separately. We develop a framework for classifying cognitice maps and argue for the importance of managing multiple maps.
Influence of Non-MHC T Lymphocyte Alloantigens on Regression of Rous sarcomas in the Chicken

Chickens of Regional Poultry Research Laboratory (RPRL) inbred line 63 regress sarcomas induced by Bryan high-titer Rous sarcoma virus to a greater extent than chickens of line 72, although these lines are identical for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, B complex). They differ, however, at two independent autosomal loci, Ly-4 and Th-1, which determine surface alloantigens of partly overlapping subsets of T lymphocytes. Association of genotypes at these loci with quantitative variation in ability to regress Rous sarcomas was tested in segregating progeny derived from crosses of lines 63 and 72. In the F4 generation chickens of the Ly-4 a /Ly-4 a , Th-1 a /Th-1 a genotype (symbolized aa/aa) had significantly higher regressor ability than any of the other three double homozygous genotypes. In F5, all nine genotypes formed by combinations of homozygotes and heterozygotes were tested, and higher regressor ability was shown by the aa/aa, ab/aa, and aa/ab genotypes. These results indicate that higher regression is associated with: (1) interaction between the line 63Ly-4 a and Th-1 a alleles in homozygous form; and (2) dominance x dominance interaction, in that the a allele at each locus is dominant for higher regression only within the homozygous aa genotype at the other locus.
Enterobacteriaceae islated from honey bees, Apis mellifera, treated with 2,4-D and antibiotics☆☆☆

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter hafniae, Arizona sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia liquefaciens, and Citrobacter sp. were isolated from the intestinal contents of honey bees, Apis mellifera, which were obtained either from untreated colonies, from colonies fed the herbicide 2,4-D, or from colonies fed a combination of oxytetracycline and fumagillin. Antibiotics depressed the growth of Enterobacteriaceae; 2,4-D had little effect on the enteric microflora of bees.
Effects of stress on rat brain adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in vivo.

The stress of electric foot shock or restraint increases the rate of metabolism in vivo of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin in subsections of rat brain 1. Since these substances as well as other proposed neurotransmitters stimulate the accumulation of adenosine Y,5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in nervous tissue in vitroS,l°-12,1~,a7, it was decided to measure the effects of foot shock or restraint on the concentration of cAMP in various regions of the brain. Previously, studies of the cAMP system in vivo have been hampered by the marked increases which occur in brain cAMP levels immediately after death when animals are not frozen or are decapitated before freezing2,9, la. Quick freezing of the whole animal in liquid nitrogen reduces these changes significantly, but has generally restricted the level of analysis to the whole brain since the hard-frozen tissue is difficult to dissect 9,1a. Analyses of various regions of the rat brain have been performed using microwave fixation, but this method may produce significant tissue anoxia and hydrolysis of cAMP la. A method recently developed in this laboratory, direct liquid nitrogen freezing followed by softening of the tissue in anhydrous trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in acetone, allows both quick fixation and accurate dissection of the tissue 5. We have found marked increases in cAMP levels in the septum of rats subjected to electric foot shock or restraint; smaller increases were observed in the hippocampus and brain stem of shocked animals only. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were kept in experimentalcontrol pairs in the same cage for at least 36 h prior to experimental treatment. Shocked animals received a 25 mV DC, 4 mA, 1-sec duration foot shock from a floor grid every 10 sec for 1 h I. Restrained animals were wrapped firmly in wire mesh for 2 h such that head, tail and limb movements were minimal and breathing was not restricted. Animals were killed immediately after treatment by immersion head-first into liquid nitrogen for at least 5 min. Control animals received approximately the same handling as experimentals but remained in the home cage in a separate room during the treatment period. Each control was killed as described within 10 min of its cage-
History of Pediatric Hematology Oncology

Pediatric Hematology Oncology as a specialty was possible because of the evolution of the science of Hematology, which developed microscopy for describing blood cell morphology and methods for quantitation of these elements. Before pediatric blood diseases could be defined, it was necessary to establish the normal blood values of infancy and childhood. The unique features of the blood of the newborn were the focus of many of the early studies. After normal values were established, specific blood disease and hematologic syndromes of children began to be described in Europe and the United States. Pediatric Hematology Oncology is a broad and complex area that encompasses perturbations of the several-formed elements of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow, as well as the coagulation-fibrinolytic systems in the plasma, the reticuloendothelial system, and malignancies of the blood and solid tissues and organs. The interactions of the blood and nutrition have long been important areas of study. Advances in Pediatric Oncology have been particularly spectacular in the last 50 years. Using multi-modal therapy including combination chemotherapy, more than 80% of children with cancer can now be cured. During the last 50 years, Pediatric Hematology Oncology has increasingly used tools of the "new biology": immunology, biochemistry, enzymology, genetics and molecular genetics, and others. During the last century, many diseases have been recognized and defined by biochemical and genetic mechanisms, and in some instances they have been prevented or cured.
Neuronal determination without cell division in xenopus embryos

Cell division in the Xenopus CNS was blocked by incubating embryos in a mixture of the DNA synthesis inhibitors hydroxyurea and aphidicolin. Surprisingly, embryos treated at the beginning of gastrulation proceeded normally through neurulation, neural tube closure, and CNS subdivision. Thus, cell division is not critical for neural induction or early morphogenetic events in the CNS. Neuroblasts in treated embryos differentiated into neurons of many classes, indicating that cellular determination in the CNS can be dissociated from lineage and birth date. Axonal tracts and embryonic reflexes also developed. The remarkable amount of normal CNS development that occurs in these animals may be explained by a series of sequential inductions that are largely independent of cell proliferation.
Natural Law, Natural Rights, and Classical Liberalism: On Montesquieu's Critique of Hobbes

Montesquieu is not often thought of as a significant natural law thinker. The article on natural law in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences discusses many theorists of the natural law, but Montesquieu is not among them. A valuable older survey of natural law theorizing by legal philosopher A. P. d'Entreves cites the Frenchman but once, as a very minor character in a story with far more significant actors—Thomas Aquinas, Hugo Grotius, even Georg Hegel. A yet more comprehensive survey of the topic, Natural Law and Human Dignity, by French philosopher and social theorist Ernst Bloch, does not mention Montesquieu at all.
Comparing three global parametric and local non-parametric models to simulate land use change in diverse areas of the world

This paper compares one global parametric land use change model, the artificial neural network - based Land Transformation Model, with two local non-parametric models: a classification and regression tree and multivariate adaptive regression spline model. We parameterized these three models with identical data from different regions of the world; one region undergoing extensive agricultural expansion (East Africa), another region where forests are re-growing (Muskegon River Watershed in the United States), and a third region where urbanization is prominent (South-Eastern Wisconsin in the United States). Independent training data and testing data were used to train and calibrate each model, respectively. Comparisons of simulated maps from the three kinds of land use change patterns were made using conventional goodness-of-fit metrics in land use change science. The results of temporal and spatial comparison of the data mining models show that the artificial neural network outperformed all other models in a short-time interval (East Africa; 5 years) and for coarse resolution data (East Africa; 1 km); however, the three data mining models obtained similar accuracies in a long-time interval (Muskegon River Watershed; 20 years) and for fine resolution data with large numbers of cells (Muskegon River Watershed; 30 m). Furthermore, the results showed that the probability of agriculture gain was more likely in locations closer to towns and large cities in East Africa, urbanization was more likely in locations closer to roads and urban areas in South-Eastern Wisconsin and the probability of forest gain was more likely in locations closer to the forest and shrub land cover and farther away from roads in Muskegon River Watershed.