cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Technological Politics of Mechanism Design

Eric Posner and Glen Weyl’s Radical Markets is dedicated to Vickrey and opens with a preface titled “The Auction Will Set You Free.” Vickrey’s ideas offer a middle ground, according to Posner and Weyl, between the Right’s view that markets must be “strengthened, expanded and purified” and the Left’s conviction that “existing social arrangements generate unfair inequality and undermine collective action.” Vickrey’s spirit animates the five specific proposals in the book — designs for “Radical Markets.” Radical Markets aim to transcend politics and solve the most urgent social ills of the day: income inequality, economic stagnation, and political strife. Further, for Posner and Weyl, Vickrey-inspired mechanism design can achieve an even more ambitious task — that of (as their book’s subtitle suggests) “Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society.” But how exactly does economic theory mediate a compromise between values of the Left and Right? Such questions get to the heart of what we call in this Review the technological politics of mechanism design: the implicit political and ethical commitments of social institutions derived through the logic of mechanism design. Attending to the technological politics of a mechanism is prerequisite to understanding whether the mechanism in fact earns its claim to ethical or political virtue. In order to understand the implications and limitations of Posner and Weyl’s capacious vision, we explore the unspoken ethics and politics of two of their proposals in detail. Omitting a discussion of the technological politics of “Quadratic Voting” leaves the proposal unable to address the ways in which pre-existing structural inequality could differentially affect different social populations. Meanwhile, the Authors’ inattentiveness to the technological politics of “Data as Labor” leads them to an overly narrow set of possible solutions to problematic data extraction. Our analysis demonstrates the value of articulating the relationship between mechanism design and claims about just social arrangements. As such, we suggest that Vickrey’s bold economic ideas need political and ethical reasoning in order to realize their radical potential.
Analyzing variability in L2 ultimate attainment

Abstract Ultimate attainment is typically more heterogeneous among second-language (L2) learners than among native speakers (e.g. Bley-Vroman, 1990). The present study offers a suite of simple analytical procedures aimed at exploring types and loci of variability in L2 attainment vis-a-vis those in the corresponding first language (L1), with special attention to certain learner-external factors that might condition such variabilities. To demonstrate the methods and their potential, we apply these procedures to learner and native acceptability judgment data published in Birdsong (1992). Under means analyses of item ratings and coefficients of variation (CV), a group of adult Anglophone learners of L2 French (ENS) are found to resemble native French controls (FNS). In contrast, under correlational analyses of ratings and CVs, ENS resemble FNS on grammatical items, but diverge on ungrammatical items. Correlational and means analyses of both CV and acceptability ratings reveal that ENS-FNS convergence is not predictable from the degree of FNS ratings variability, contra DeKeyser (2012). For both groups, we observe an interaction between FNS ratings variability and the grammatical status of items (ungrammatical vs. grammatical). Finally, for neither group do we find a relationship between the order of item presentation and ratings severity or CVs. We present our perspectives as a road map for future analyses of variabilities inherent in language learning outcomes.
Higher Order Statistics of channel capacity in κ- µ fading channel

The frequency scarcity imposed by the fast-growing need for mobile data service requires promising spectrum aggregation systems. The so-called higher-order statistics (HOS) of the channel capacity (CC) is a suitable metric on the system performance. While prior relevant works have improved our knowledge of HOS characterization on the spectrum aggregation systems, an analytical framework encompassing generalized fading models of interest is not yet available. However, the expressions of HOS are not correct in several previous research works. In this paper, we present novel method by expressing the closed-form expression of CC as the sum of weighted exponential terms and then invoke multinomial expansion to obtain the required coefficients and utilize MGF (Moment Generating Function) based maximum ratio combining (MRC) diversity receivers technique over κ-µ fading distribution to compute higher order moments. Also, we provide correct, simplified and efficient HOS expressions for the asymptotically low and high signal-to-noise regimes and provide a detailed HOS analysis of κ-µ fading channel by obtaining vital statistical measures, such as the amount of dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis by the HOS results. Finally, all derived expressions are validated via the Semi-infinite Gauss Hermite quadrature method.
Towards adversarial reasoning in statistical relational domains

Statistical relational artificial intelligence combines first-order logic and probability in order to handle the complexity and uncertainty present in many real-world domains. However, many real-world domains also include multiple agents that cooperate or compete according to their diverse goals. In order to handle such domains, an autonomous agent must also consider the actions of other agents. In this paper, we show that existing statistical relational modeling and inference techniques can be readily adapted to certain adversarial or non-cooperative scenarios. We also discuss how learning methods can be adapted to be robust to the behavior of adversaries. Extending and applying these methods to real-world problems will extend the scope and impact of statistical relational artificial intelligence.
Reciprocity in Elastodynamics: Wave motion guided by a carrier wave

Introduction In this chapter we seek solutions to the elastodynamic equations that represent a combination of a carrier wave propagating on a preferred plane and motions that are carried along by that wave. The carrier wave supports standing-wave motions in the direction normal to the plane of the carrier wave. Such combined wave motions include Rayleigh surface waves propagating along the free surface of an elastic half-space and Lamb waves in an elastic layer. The usual way to construct solutions to the elastodynamic equations of motion for homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic solids is to express the components of the displacement vector as the sum of the gradient of a scalar potential and the curl of a vector potential, where the potentials must be solutions of classical wave equations whose propagation velocities are the velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves, respectively. The decomposition of the displacement vector was discussed in Section 3.8. The approach using displacement potentials has generally been used also for surface waves propagating along a free surface or an interface and Lamb waves propagating along a layer. The particular nature of these guided wave motions suggests, however, an alternative formulation in terms of a membrane-like wave over the guiding plane that acts as a carrier wave of superimposed motions away from the plane. For time-harmonic waves the corresponding formulation, presented in this chapter, shows that the carrier wave satisfies a reduced wave equation, also known as the Helmholtz or membrane equation, in coordinates in the plane of the carrier wave.
Degree of rate control approach to computational catalyst screening

Abstract A new method for computational catalyst screening that is based on the concept of the degree of rate control (DRC) is introduced. It starts by developing a full mechanism and microkinetic model at the conditions of interest for a reference catalyst (ideally, the best known material) and then determines the degrees of rate control of the species in the mechanism (i.e., all adsorbed intermediates and transition states). It then uses the energies of the few species with the highest DRCs for this reference catalyst as descriptors to estimate the rates on related materials and predict which are most active. The predictions of this method regarding the relative rates of twelve late transition metals for methane steam reforming, using the Rh(2 1 1) surface as the reference catalyst, are compared to the most commonly-used approach for computation catalyst screening, the Norskov–Bligaard (NB) method which uses linear scaling relationships to estimate the energies of all adsorbed intermediates and transition states. It is slightly more accurate than the NB approach when the metals are similar to the reference metal (
Operative Time, Airway Management, Need for Blood Transfusions, and In-Hospital Stay for Bimaxillary, Intranasal, and Osseous Genioplasty Surgery: Current Clinical Practices

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess operative time, perioperative airway management, early postoperative cardiopulmonary health, need for blood transfusion, and in-hospital stay associated with simultaneous bimaxillary, intranasal, and osseous genioplasty surgery. Materials and Methods The authors executed a retrospective cohort study derived from patients treated by 1 surgeon at a single institution from 2009 through 2014. The sample consisted of a consecutive series of patients with symptomatic chronic obstructed nasal breathing and a dentofacial deformity (DFD). All underwent at least a Le Fort I osteotomy, sagittal ramus osteotomies, septoplasty, inferior turbinate reduction, and osseous genioplasty. For each patient, the design of the osteotomies and the fixation techniques were consistent. The outcome variables included need for blood transfusion, operating time, success of nasotracheal intubation, time and place of extubation, early postoperative cardiopulmonary health, length of in-hospital stay, and need for readmission after surgery. Results For the 166 patients studied, the average age was 25 years (range, 13 to 65 yr; 87 female patients [52%]). The primary patterns of presenting DFD included long face (43 of 166, 26%), maxillary deficiency (41 of 166, 25%), asymmetric mandibular excess (37 of 166, 22%), short face (28 of 166, 17%), and mandibular deficiency (15 of 166, 9%). Forty-two patients (25%) were confirmed to have symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea. The open wound operating time averaged 2 hours 59 minutes (standard deviation, 32 minutes). Only 3 of the 166 patients (1.8%) received blood transfusions. All patients underwent successful nasotracheal intubation. Ninety-six percent of patients were extubated in the operating room and the remaining 4% were extubated in the recovery room. No patients required reintubation or tracheostomy. One hundred thirty-seven patients (83%) were discharged after a 1- or 2-night in-hospital stay. Twenty-five (15%) required a 3-night stay and 4 (2%) required a 4-night hospital stay to achieve adequate oral intake. None of the patients required readmission. Conclusions This study confirms efficient surgical and anesthesia care for patients undergoing simultaneous bimaxillary orthognathic, intranasal, and osseous genioplasty. Anticipating safe nasotracheal intubation with extubation soon after surgery and a limited need for blood transfusion has proved to be the norm. This study confirmed an average in-hospital stay of 2 nights after complex orthognathic surgery without need for readmission.
Upper crustal seismic velocity structure and microearthquake depths at the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge

[1] We present the results of a study to invert microearthquake and explosive shot data from the Endeavour segment of the intermediate-spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge. The average isotropic P wave velocity structure, derived from the shot data, in the uppermost 1.5 km of the oceanic crust is characterized by an increase with age of ∼8% from the axis to at least 0.5 Ma, that is attributed to the sealing of layer 2A porosity by hydrothermal processes. Superimposed on this variation are axis-parallel, 2-km-wide, alternating bands of high and low velocity with a peak-to-peak variation of 5–12%. High and low velocities away from the axis correspond to bathymetric trenches and ridges, respectively and are likely due to variations in layer 2A thickness. P wave azimuthal anisotropy is present in the data that is best fit with a model of 9% anisotropy at 750 m depth, decreasing to 1% at 3 km depth and is likely due to the preferential alignment of vertical cracks and fissures in the along-axis direction. Anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity are coupled; anisotropy alone may explain the form but not the magnitude of the axis-parallel bands. There are strong trade-offs between the hypocentral depths of microearthquakes and the P and S wave velocity structures. Changing the mean hypocentral depth by up to 0.5 km leads to only modest increases in the travel time RMS but the resulting velocity models appear more feasible when the earthquakes are forced deeper than when they are forced shallower.
Attempted production of eclampsia-like syndrome in pregnant rats

Abstract The multiplicity of theories regarding the etiology of eclampsia indicates that little is known about its pathogenesis. 1 Recently an eclampsia-like condition was reported in pregnant rats injected with progesterone. 2 The present report is concerned with an attempt to confirm this result, as an initial step in a proposed program designed to explore this syndrome further.
Reading between the lines: Music and noise in hegemony and resistance

(1997). Reading between the lines: Music and noise in hegemony and resistance. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 21, Cartographies of Sound, Noise, and Music at Century' End, pp. 3-17.
Continued Utilization of CCR5 Coreceptor by a Newly Derived T-Cell Line-Adapted Isolate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The differential use of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) may be intimately involved in the transmission and progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Changes in coreceptor utilization have also been noted upon adaptation of primary isolates (PI) to growth in established T-cell lines. All of the T-cell line-adapted (TCLA) viruses studied to date utilize CXCR4 but not CCR5. This observation had been suggested as an explanation for the sensitivity of TCLA, but not PI, viruses to neutralization by recombinant gp120 antisera and V3-directed monoclonal antibodies, but recent studies have shown coreceptor utilization to be independent of neutralization sensitivity. Here we describe a newly isolated TCLA virus that is sensitive to neutralization but continues to utilize both CXCR4 and CCR5 for infection. This finding further divorces coreceptor specificity from neutralization sensitivity and from certain changes in cell tropism. That the TCLA virus can continue to utilize CCR5 despite the changes that occur upon adaptation and in the apparent absence of CCR5 expression in the FDA/H9 T-cell line suggests that the interaction between envelope protein and coreceptor may be mediated by multiple weak interactions along a diffuse surface.
The Role of Pragmatics in the Master's TESOL Curriculum: Findings From a Nationwide Survey

Recent years have seen an increase in the number of publications about pragmatics and second language learning and teaching. Yet the extent to which English language teacher preparation programs incorporate explicit instruction about pragmatics into their curricula remains unknown. A nationwide survey of master's-level TESOL programs was conducted to determine where and how pragmatics is covered in the TESOL curriculum, what resources are used to teach graduate TESOL students about pragmatics, as well as to determine some of the prevalent attitudes, beliefs, and opinions about pragmatics held by TESOL graduate program directors and faculty. Individuals from 94 master's-level TESOL programs in the United States participated in the study. Participating programs represent a variety of geographic regions, institution types, and departments. The findings of the study indicate that pragmatics is covered in a wide range of courses across programs (Sociolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Introduction to Linguistics, Teaching Methods, SLA, etc.), and that the time spent covering pragmatics varies from no time at all, to more than 8 weeks, depending on the program. A great deal of variation was also found in graduate program directors' and faculty members' beliefs about the role of pragmatics in the TESOL curriculum.
Leader, Follower, or Spectator? The Role of President Obama in the Arab Spring Uprisings ∗

Objective. President Obama has faced a plethora of challenges both at home and abroad during his first term. While some challenges were inherited, the Arab Spring uprisings provided a new opportunity for him to strengthen America’s role as a global leader. Much debate has raged over the way in which Obama dealt with the uprisings. Supporters view Obama’s foreign policy as a selling point as he moves toward the 2012 elections, while opponents have condemned him as a follower “leading from behind.” Absent in this debate is an objective attempt to both articulate Obama’s foreign policy agenda in both a historical and cross-national context, and an effort to analyze Obama’s reaction to the Arab Spring uprisings vis-a-vis other state leaders. This article attempts to rectify these problems to better understand whether Obama was a leader or a follower during the Arab Spring. Methods. We begin with a thorough discussion of Obama’s foreign policy approach and then present empirical analysis of original data of all state signals during the Arab Spring uprisings. Results. Though we find some evidence pointing toward leadership, the bulk of our evidence indicates that Obama was largely either an active spectator or a follower during the uprisings. Conclusion. We conclude that, at best, Obama showed weak evidence of leadership during the Arab Spring uprisings. The recent challenges to authoritarian regimes in the so-called Arab Spring caught scholars and policymakers off guard. The self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in December 2010 sparked a wave of protests in Tunisia, as citizens tired of high unemployment, inflation, corruption, and a lack of social and political freedoms. Far from being an isolated event, the protests leading to the collapse of President Ben Ali’s 24-year reign quickly spread. Beginning in January 2011, 18 days of protests brought an end to the 30-year
Revisiting Prison Privatization: : An Examination of the Magnitude of Prison Privatization

This study examines the effects of capacity-oriented and institutional-based factors on the proliferation of prison privatization by extending the first generation of empirical research. This study found that correction expenditures, prison capacity, and regional identity are factors that significantly affect the magnitude of prison privatization, whereas political pressures, government ideology, and unionization were found not to have a significant influence on the growth of private prisons. The results imply that, once adopted, prison privatization became institutionalized over time and suggest that state governments should develop well-structured evaluation systems for private prisons to ensure and maintain effective correction management.
The conversion of D-valine to glycogen in the rat.

Summary d -Valine labeled in the methyl groups with C 13 was administered to fasting rats. Glycogen was isolated and degraded. d -Valine is converted to glycogen in the fasting rat and a comparison of the extent of this conversion with that of the l -isomer is made. Qualitatively the two isomers appear to be converted to glycogen in the same way, but quantitatively the l -isomer is utilized about twice as fast as the d -isomer.
Multiple approaches to pharmaceutical polymorphism investigation--a case study.

Polymorph screening of Compound A, an investigational drug, revealed two anhydrous polymorphs (Forms I and II) and two monohydrates (Forms III and IV) of this pharmaceutical solid. The physiochemical properties of the four forms were characterized by thermal analysis, hot-stage microscopy, equilibrium solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate measurements, and X-ray powder diffraction. Inter-conversion relationship of the four forms was fully elucidated. Thermodynamic stability relationship was inferred from melting data for Form I and Form II and evaluated by van’t Hoff plot for Form III and Form IV. Form I and Form III were found to be the more stable anhydrous and hydrate form, respectively. Anhydrous Form I was selected for further pharmaceutical development.
Position sense asymmetry

Asymmetries in upper limb position sense have been explained in the context of a left limb advantage derived from differences in hemispheric specialization in the processing of kinesthetic information. However, it is not clearly understood how the comparison of perceptual information associated with passive limb displacement and the corresponding matching movement resulting from the execution of a motor command contributes to these differences. In the present study, upper limb position sense was investigated in 12 right-hand-dominant young adults performing wrist position matching tasks which varied in terms of interhemispheric transfer, memory retrieval and whether the reference position was provided by the same or opposite limb. Right and left hand absolute matching errors were similar when the reference and matching positions were produced by the same hand but were 36% greater when matching the reference position with the opposite hand. When examining the constant errors generated from matching movements made with the same hand that provided the reference, the right and left hand matching errors (≈3°) were similar. However, when matching with the opposite limb, a large overshoot (P < 0.05) characterized the error when the right hand matched the left hand reference while a large undershoot (P < 0.05) characterized the error when the left hand matched the right hand reference. The overshoot and undershoot were of similar magnitude (≈4°). Although asymmetries in the central processing of proprioceptive information such as interhemispheric transfer may exist, the present study suggests that asymmetries in position sense predominantly result from a difference in the “gain of the respective proprioceptive sensory-motor loops”. This new hypothesis is strongly supported by a dual-linear model representing the right and left hand sensory-motor systems as well as morphological and physiological data.
Physical properties of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate micelle.

Abstract The nonionic surfactant, Emasol 4130, forms micelles of molecular weight equal to 68 900. Data from light scattering, viscosity, and diffusion studies indicate that the micelle is rod like rather than spherical, and that the equivalent prolate elipsoid would have an axial ratio of 12. The physical constants are found to be D20 = 6.0 × 10−7, [η] = 0.064 dl g−1, and β = 2.61 × 10−6.
Clay mediated route to natural formation of Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins.

Recent studies have documented the ubiquitous occurrence of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) of unknown origin in soils and clay deposits. Interestingly, the PCDD/F congener profiles do not match any known natural or anthropogenic source, and global PCDD/F budgets fail to account for the observed levels in soils. To reconcile these observations, clay minerals had been hypothesized to play a central role in the natural in situ synthesis of PCDD/Fs. We recently demonstrated the clay-mediated formation of the most prevalent PCDD congener in soils, octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), supporting this hypothesis. Here we report the formation of the direct precursors (“predioxins”) of the most toxic PCDD congener, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), and of 1,2,4,7,8-pentachlorodizenzodioxin (1,2,4,7,8-PeCDD), and two additional dimers, from the reaction of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) with Fe(III)-montmorillonite clay. We propose plausible reaction pathways, each initia...
Body weight and food intake rhythms and their relationship to the behavior of cats with brain stem lesions

The body weight and food intake rhythms are described in normal and brain stem lesioned cats. The rhythms are similar in both groups. The lesioned group repeatedly reverts between two behavioral states, and these reversions are related to the direction of rhythmic change.
High efficiency graded bandgap thin-film polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga) Se2-based solar cells

Abstract Our effort towards the attainment of high performance devices has yielded several devices with total-area conversion efficiencies above 16%, the highest measuring 16.8% under standard reporting conditions (ASTM E892-87, Global 1000 W/m2). The first attempts to translate this development to larger areas resulted in an efficiency of 12.5% for a 16.8-cm2 monolithically interconnected submodule test structure, and 15.3% for a 4.85-cm2 single cell. Achievement of a 17.2% device efficiency fabricated for operation under concentration (22-sun) is also reported. All high efficiency devices reported here were made from compositional graded absorbers. The compositional Ga/(In + Ga) variations result in absorbers with graded bandgaps and graded carrier concentrations. Two types of bandgap gradings have been fabricated and characterized. We discuss their background for PV action enhancement along with the experimental concepts to grow such structures via coevaporation methods.
Dopaminergic mediation of the stimulant generalization of nicotine.

Abstract Schechter, Martin D. and Suzanne M. Meehan: Dopamine Mediation of the Stimulant Generalization of Nicotine. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1993, 17(5): 835–845. 1. 1. Experiments were conducted to investigate if the psychostimulant cathinone, like damphetamine, would produce generalization of the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. 2. 2. Rats were trained to discriminate either 0.8 mg/kg cathinone from its vehicle or 0.8 mg/kg nicotine from its vehicle and, subsequently, administered various doses of the other compound. 3. 3. Results of Exp 1 indicate that animals trained to discriminate cathinone only partially generalize to the effects of 0.8–1.6 mg/kg nicotine. In contrast, animals trained to discriminate nicotine dose-responsively generalize to cathinone doses ranging from 0.1–1.2 mg/kg. 4. 4. Exp 2 served to investigate the effects of the dopamine release inhibiting drug CGS 10746B upon the observed cathinone generalization in nicotine-trained rats. Pretreatment with this compound at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated cathinone generalization in these animals. 5. 5. The results are discussed in light of the growing evidence that nicotinic receptors reside upon mesolimbic dopamine neurons and the possibility that the consequent increase in extracellular dopamine may produce the discriminative stimuli, as well as the reinforcing properties, of nicotine.
Extraction of power line maps from millimeter-wave polarimetric SAR images

Radar backscatter of power lines has lower values than those of the surrounding ground clutter when the power line is oriented at an off-normal direction with respect to the radar line of sight. For power lines, the traditional detection algorithms that are commonly based on the statistics of the backscatter power of the clutter and target result in excessive false-alarm rates due to very low signal-to-clutter ratio. The application of a statistical polarimetric detection algorithm that significantly improves the signal-to-clutter ratio is demonstrated. The coherence between the co- and cross-polarized backscatter components is used as the detection parameter. This statistical detection parameter can be applied to any extended targets such as a suspended cable in clutter background. Detection criteria based on clutter backscattering coefficients, power line size, and aspect angle, as well as the number of independent samples are obtained. The performance of the algorithm for mapping power lines in SAR images is demonstrated using a number of low-grazing incidence polarimetric SAR images at 35 GHz.
Cyclic AMP-dependent control of the rat hepatic glutathione disulfide-sulfhydryl ratio

Abstract The disulfide-sulfhydryl ratio of rat hepatic tissue has been found to vary diurnally lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening (Isaacs, J. (1976) Fed. Proc. 35, 1472, and Isaacs J. and Binkley, F. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 497, 192–204). Intraperitoneal injections of dibutyryl cyclic AMP induces an increase in hepatic glutathione protein mixed disulfides (GSSProt) combined with a corresponding decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and proteon sulfhydryl (ProtSH). Also, dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused hepatic catalase activity to decrease and to increase hepatic production of peroxide molecules. A decrease in catalase activity directs more of the increased peroxide into the glutathione peroxidase pathway. This leads to increased amounts of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) which ultimately results in increased levels of GSSProt. Therefore cyclic AMP may mediate its effect on the disulfide-sulfhydryl ratio via control over catalse and peroxidase generation. Support for this idea is provided by the close temporal correlation between the diurnal variations in cyclic AMP, hepatic catalase, peroxidase generation and GSSProt-GSH levels.
Experimental verification of the impact of MOSFET series resistance on device miniaturization down to source-drain area as small as 0.2 mm by 0.3 mm

The contact and sheet resistance contributions to the series resistance of MOSFETs for silicided n+ and p+ source drain areas ≥ 0.2×0.3 μ2, have been measured. For S/D sizes < 0.7 μm (i.e. shorter than transfer length), the current flow is multi dimensional and the resistance increases rapidly; for 0.5×0.5 μm2, Rs is 500 ω, and for 0.2×0.3 μm2 it increases to 4.6 kω. For a maximum intrinsic transconductance degradation of 10% due to the total series resistance, which includes analytical results for the access resistance, the minimum S/D area that can be tolerated is 0.5×0.5 μm2.
Intraductal carcinoma in a male breast: diagnosis by nipple discharge cytology.

We describe a case of intraductal carcinoma (comedo type) in a 50-yr-old male. the patient had presented with a bloody nipple discharge, which had shown malignant cells on cytologic examination. in current clinical practice, the use of nipple discharge cytology as a screening and diagnostic tool for breast carcinoma is largely supplemental; however, this case illustrates the occasional utility of nipple discharge cytology in the diagnosis of early breast carcinoma. © 1995 Willey- Liss, Inc.
MICRO WEATHER STATIONS FOR MARS

A global network of weather stations will be needed to characterize the near-surface environment on Mars. Here, we review the scientific and measurement objectives of this network. We also show how these objectives can be met within the cost-constrained Mars Surveyor Program by augmenting the Mars Pathfinder-derived landers with large numbers of very small (less than 5 liter), low-mass (less than 5 kg), low-power, low-cost Mini-meteorological stations. Each station would include instruments for measuring atmospheric. pressures, temperatures, wind velocities, humidity, and airborne dust abundance. They would also include a data handling, telemetry, power, atmospheric entry, and deployment systems in a rugged package capable of direct entry and a high-impact landing. In this paper, we describe these systems and summarize the data-taking strategies and data volumes needed to achieve the surface meteorology objectives for Mars.
Nondestructive evaluation of load transfer at rigid airport pavement joints

Current design criteria for rigid pavements for commercial and military airfields assume that 25% of the load applied to an edge of a slab is transferred through the joint to an adjacent unloaded slab. A nondestructive testing technique using a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was used to conduct field testing at a number of sites. A transfer function, developed from an analytical study, was used to estimate load transfer from the measured joint efficiency as a function of the loaded area and the radius of relative stiffness of the pavement. This procedure, although analytically sound, lacks actual field verification at an instrumented pavement site. This procedure was used to estimate load transfer at a number of commercial and military airfields for a variety of joint types, climate conditions, and pavement structures. The results of these tests indicate that the assumption of load transfer as a constant value of 25% appears to be unconservative, especially during the winter months.
A hybrid framework for natural language processing of large data bases

At the Information Retrieval Research Laboratory we are working on combining techniques in common use in information retrieval with concepts from artificial intelligence to provide enhanced processing of large data bases. Information retrieval research has provided the inverted file, which indexes the occurrence of each word in a text file. Our system will include a complete inverted index as an underlying representation of the natural language text and will impose additional information structures on that index. Specifically, the index will include: information about the semantic function of words at each of their occurrences, linguistic knowledge connecting the vocabulary nodes, "fact nodes" attached to vocabulary nodes describing entities (e.g. people), and procedural knowledge needed to find facts and build fact nodes - attached to word nodes and functioning as word demons. The information structure will have some features of a semantic net, some of a network of frames. The procedural and linguistic knowledge attached to a vocabulary node will fill the function of an ATN segment that is attached to the sentence ATN when the associated word is recognized and will also be responsible for recognizing limited kinds of facts and attaching them as attributes to the appropriate entity.
Interplay of localization and coherence effects

Abstract The interplay of disorder and coherence effects in a 1- D tight-binding system with a long-range hopping (off-diagonal) term of the form 1/ r y is shown to exhibit a rich variety of localization behaviour. When y y =2 beyond which all states are strongly (exponentially) localized. These results may be of relevance in interpreting the localization behaviour in the quantal dynamics of nonlinear systems which can be mapped to tight-binding models with long-range hopping terms.
Attending to the construct of beliefs in research on religion/spirituality and health: Commentary on ‘Beyond belief’

In this commentary, I concur with Cromby that more attention should be given to beliefs in terms of definition, measurement, and investigation, particularly of their development and their relations with aspects of health and well-being. Within the context of religious beliefs, I argue, however, that beliefs should not be considered affect or emotion but rather should be examined in relation to them, and that their development likely arises through myriad sources. I provide an alternative definition of religious beliefs and conclude with suggestions for future research on religious beliefs and health.
Regional distribution of homocarnosine and other ninhydrin-positive substances in brains of malnourished monkeys.

—Eight male monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) aged 6–9 months were divided into two groups and fed either an adequate protein diet (20% casein) or a protein deficient diet (2% casein). After 3- 5 months of receiving the low protein diet, the malnourished monkeys showed extensive fatty metamorphosis of the liver cells, distorted patterns of plasma and hepatic free amino acid pools, and other features consistent with the diagnosis of protein-calorie malnutrition. Examination of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem in the malnourished animals revealed profound accumulation of 3-methylhistidine, histidine and homocarnosine in all three regions. For histidine, the cerebral, cerebellar and brain stem levels in the protein deficient animals increased by 145, 104 and 101 per cent over levels observed in corresponding regions of the brain in well-fed monkeys. Similarly, there were significant elevations in homocarnosine contents of the cerebrum (+ 99 per cent), cerebellum (+ 140 per cent) and brain stem (+ 146 per cent) in comparison to levels in control animals. In contrast, the levels of valine, serine and aspartic acid were markedly reduced in all three brain areas in the malnourished animals. Protein-calorie deficiency also produced reductions in the brain levels of taurine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine and threonine which varied in magnitude in the three major regions of the brain examined. These biochemical alterations which may in part underlie some of the psychomotor changes often observed in protein-calorie malnutrition, were discussed not only in relation to the role of amino acids as precursors for the synthesis of neuroregulatory substances but also with due regard to the possibility that some of these ninhydrin-positive substances such as GABA, homocarnosine, glycine and the dicarboxylic amino acids may possess neuroexcitatory or inhibitory properties in various parts of the central nervous system.
Increased carbonic anhydrase activity in Friend erythroleukemia cells during DMSO-stimulated erythroid differentiation and its inhibition by BrdU

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase activity is increased in Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells during the enhancement of erythroid differentiation in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or butyric acid. Untreated FL cells show an increase in enzyme activity associated with logarithmic growth. The increase in the specific activity of carbonic anhydrase in the differentiating treated cells, however, appears to be due to at least two additional general mechanisms: (1) an induction of carbonic anhydrase paralleling the stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis and (2) the stability and/or retention of active carbonic anhydrase as compared to most of the other cell proteins. The stimulation of carbonic anhydrase activity in the treated cells is inhibited by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). This is the first demonstration of BrdU inhibition of a DMSO induced product not directly related to hemoglobin.
The structural organization of the inferior and lateral subdivision of the Macaca monkey pulvinar

Previous light microscopic studies of Macaca pulvinar have demonstrated that both the inferior and adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar subdivisions are reciprocally connected to the entire occipital lobe, including striate cortex. They differ in that inferior but not lateral pulvinar receives a projection from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. In this study, the internal organization of these two subdivisions in compared by relating light microscopic Golgi morphology to the synaptic organization observed by electron microscopy. The Golgi impregnated neurons in inferior and lateral pulvinar are typical of other thalamic nuclei and are not qualitatively different in the two subdivisions. Projections neurons (PN) vary in cell body (15--40 micrometers) and dendritic tree (150--600 micrometers) diameters but bear the same varieties of dendritic appendages; spine-like, hair-like, and knot-like. Local circuit neurons (LCN) have smaller cell body diameters (10--20 micrometers) but can have very large dendritic field diameters (150--600 micrometers). They are best distinguished from PNs by their elaborate dendritic appendages, which have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites in the EM. LCN axons are infrequently seen. In the EM both subdivisions contain four types of synaptic terminals. RS and RL terminal both contain round symaptic vesicles and make asymmetric synaptic contacts, but are subdivided on the basis of small (RS = 0.09 micrometers) versus large (RL = 2.2 micrometers) cross sectional diameters and organelle content. RLs contact larger caliber dendrites and frequently form synaptic complexes with presynaptic dendrites of LCNs, while RSs contact fine caliber dendrites and rarely take part in synaptic complexes. F terminal and P boutons both contain flat and pleomorphis vesicles and make symmetric synaptic contacts. They are characterized by vesicle number and cytoplasmic density. Fs are infrequently observed in pulvinar compared to P boutons and are of uncertain origin. P boutons can be equated with LCN dendritic appendages and have been identified as pre-synaptic dendrites. The quantitative distribution of each type is very similar in both subdivisions, avveraging RS 85%, RL 5%, F 0.3%, P 8% and unidentified 2%.
Ocean Surface Roughness Spectrum in High Wind Condition for Microwave Backscatter and Emission Computations

AbstractOcean surface roughness plays an important role in air–sea interaction and ocean remote sensing. Its primary contribution is from surface waves much shorter than the energetic wave components near the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Field measurements of short-scale waves are scarce. In contrast, microwave remote sensing has produced a large volume of data useful for short-wave investigation. Particularly, Bragg resonance is the primary mechanism of radar backscatter from the ocean surface and the radar serves as a spectrometer of short surface waves. The roughness spectra inverted from radar backscatter measurements expand the short-wave database to high wind conditions in which in situ sensors do not function well. Using scatterometer geophysical model functions for L-, C-, and Ku-band microwave frequencies, the inverted roughness spectra, covering Bragg resonance wavelengths from 0.012 to 0.20 m, show a convergent trend in high winds. This convergent trend is incorporated in the surface rough...
Excitation Spectra of Lithium Donors in Silicon and Germanium

The excitation spectra of lithium in silicon and germanium have been measured. These spectra exhibit excitation lines which indicate that the excited states of lithium are similar to those of the Group-V impurities. For oxygen-free silicon and germanium, the lithium excitations observed occur at energies close to those of the Group-V transitions which originate from the upper ground states of these impurities. This indicates that the chemical splitting of the ground state of lithium in silicon and germanium may be very small. The effect of uniaxial stress on the excitation spectrum of lithium in silicon has been examined. The experimental results for lithium in oxygen-free silicon are interpreted as follows: The site symmetry of the isolated lithium is tetrahedral; the ground state is an "inverted" Group-V-like ground state, the $1s({A}_{1})$ state lying 1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 meV above the $1s(E+{T}_{1})$ state. For lithium in oxygen-containing silicon, zero-stress and uniaxialstress measurements indicate that the ground state is Group-V-like with the $1s(E+{T}_{1})$ state lying 7.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 meV above the $1s({A}_{1})$ state. The spectra of lithium in germanium and oxygen-containing silicon exhibit lines which do not fit the Group-V pattern.
Developing an OSTE to address lapses in learners' professional behavior and an instrument to code educators' responses.

Purpose. To develop an instrument for measuring medical educators' responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior. Method. In 1999, at the Indiana University School of Medicine, a 22-item checklist of behaviors was developed to describe common responses used by educators responding to learners' lapses in professional behavior. Four medical students were trained to portray lapses in professional behaviors. These students and seven clinical observers trained to categorize behaviors as present or absent. Interrater reliability was assessed during 18 objective structured teaching evaluations (OSTEs). Videotaped OSTEs were coded twice at a one-month interval for test-retest reliability. Items were classified as low, moderate, or high inference behaviors. Script realism and educator effectiveness were assessed. Results. Educators rated OSTE scripts as realistic. Raters observed an average of 6 +/- 2 educator behaviors in reaction to learners' lapses in professional behavior. Educators' responses were rated as moderately effective. More experienced educators attempted more interventions and were more effective. Agreement was high among raters (86% +/- 7%), while intraclass correlation coefficients decreased with increasing inference level. From videotaped OSTEs, raters scored each behavior identically 86% of the time. Conclusions. Accurate feedback on educators' interactions in addressing learners' professionalism is essential for faculty development. Traditionally, educators have felt that faculty's responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior were difficult to observe and categorize. These data suggest that educators' responses to learners' lapses in professional behavior can be defined and reliably coded. This work will help provide objective feedback to faculty when engaging learners about lapses in professional behavior.
The Evidence Supporting Alternative Management Strategies For Early Occlusal Caries and Suspected Occlusal Dentinal Caries

Objective To assess the strength of the evidence describing the effectiveness of alternative strategies to the detection and management of early occlusal caries and suspected occlusal dentinal caries. Methods Nine detection and intervention decision points were identified as being central to the management of early occlusal caries and suspected occlusal dentinal caries, or suspicious areas. For each decision point, the evidence for effectiveness was assessed, using existing systematic reviews when available, and nonsystematic review methods when necessary. Results For the 2 detection decisions (early occlusal caries and suspicious areas) the strength of the evidence was weak. Accuracy in detecting early occlusal caries was extremely variable within and across detection methods. Approximately 50% of suspicious areas identified had dentinal caries. The strength of the evidence for effectiveness of nonsurgical approaches for the management of early occlusal caries was weak for all 3 management strategies examined (doing nothing, sealants, remineralization). This evidence suggested that sealants were highly effective, with remineralization reflecting moderate effectiveness. For the management of suspicious areas, the strength of the evidence was still weaker and reflected the same relative effectiveness. For the surgical management strategy for suspicious areas, operative treatment, the evidence was strong and reflected high effectiveness for preventive resin restorations, but no evidence was available for minimally invasive techniques. Conclusion Identification methods for early occlusal caries are not accurate. The strength of the evidence for effectiveness of nonsurgical management strategies for early occlusal caries is at best, weak. The available evidence suggests that sealing both enamel caries and suspected occlusal dentinal caries is the most effective management approach if subsequent maintenance of the sealed surfaces can be assured.
A dozen and two years of methaqualone: a case report.

Summary.-A middle-aged man volunteered to be interviewed about his 14 years of methaqualone abuse. He characterized methaqualone as more satisfying in the euphoric and hypnotic properties then either barbiturates or triazolarn (a benzodiazepine) with less severe side effects and shorter withdrawal reaction, limited only to a few days. Methuquulolze, known under a number of brand names (e.g., Quaalude, Mequin, Mequelone, Mandrax, Methadorm, Parest, Sopor, Triador) has been used for control of anxiety, tension, and insomnia. Introduced in 1965, it rapidly became a popular drug of abuse and was discontinued in January