cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ductal phenotypic expression of the E-cadherin/catenin complex in tubulolobular carcinoma of the breast: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study

Tubulolobular carcinoma is a type of mammary carcinoma that displays an admixture of invasive tubules and lobular-like cells. Previous reports have shown it to share clinical similarities to lobular carcinoma, whereas more recent studies have shown it to be E-cadherin positive. The aim of the current study was to further explore the immunophenotype of tubulolobular carcinoma, and to document its natural behavior. Nineteen cases of tubulolobular carcinoma and 10 cases each of tubular and lobular carcinoma were retrieved for comparison analysis. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2/neu, 34βE12, E-cadherin, and the catenins. Twenty-five percent of patients with tubulolobular carcinoma presented with greater than stage I disease, compared to 0 and 60% of patients with tubular and lobular carcinoma, respectively. Two patients with tubulolobular carcinoma had tumor recurrence, one of whom also developed metastasis. The majority of all carcinomas were estrogen and progesterone receptor positive. E-cadherin displayed membranous staining in all tubular and tubulolobular carcinomas, and was negative in all lobular carcinomas. Half of each carcinoma subtype displayed granular cytoplasmic 34βE12 immunoreactivity. α-Catenin exhibited partial or complete membranous staining in all tubulolobular and tubular carcinomas, and was negative in all lobular carcinomas. β-Catenin displayed membranous staining in tubulolobular and tubular carcinomas, whereas all lobular carcinomas had coarse cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. p120 and γ-catenin displayed membranous staining in 100% of tubulolobular and tubular carcinomas and cytoplasmic staining in 100% of lobular carcinomas. Tubulolobular carcinoma of the breast is thus a distinct type of mammary carcinoma that displays both tubular and lobular patterns histologically but displays the membranous E-cadherin/catenin complex characteristic of the ductal immunophenotype. Tubulolobular carcinoma appears to be more aggressive than tubular carcinoma, as 16% of patients had lymph node metastases, although all were alive at a mean follow-up of 40 months.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension Among Older Kentucky Farmers

ABSTRACT This study provides data on the prevalence of self-reported hypertension among actively working, male, Kentucky farmers, aged 55 years and older surveyed in the Kentucky Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Study. In addition, we examined self-reported hypertension prevalence of Kentucky farmers in association with other comorbid chronic health conditions and with selected behavioral and anthropometric risk factors. A two-stage cluster design was used, with a random sample of 998 male Kentucky farmers, aged 55 years and older, selected for a 30-minute telephone interview (response rate = 71−). A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the magnitude of association between potential risk factors and hypertension. The overall hypertension prevalence among older Kentucky farmers was 38.1− (95− CI: 35.0-41.1). Compared to nonhypertensive older farmers, hypertensive older farmers were at increased risk for diabetes (OR = 3.1), stroke (OR = 2.7), arteriosclerosis (OR = 2.7), and he...
Basic radionuclide measurements at the U.S. national bureau of standards

Abstract Methods presently used for the direct measurement of the activity of radionuclides are summarized. The application of these and other methods to the basic calibrations maintained in the Radioactivity Group at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards are then examined, with short descriptions of some of the available instruments. Calibration methods and uncertainties are given for 79 radionuclides.
Privateering, state-sponsored violence as a tragedy of the commons: A comment

In a recent article Conybeare and Sandler (1993) use a "tragedy of the commons" model to analyze privateering, or what they call "state sponsored terrorism." It is our view that the Conybeare-Sandler (C-S) approach is a singularly inappropriate one with which to analyze privateering. Privateers were privately owned vessels licensed by the state during time of war, to seize enemy merchant ships and cargo and profit from the sate of both. As such they were for a significant period prior to the twentieth century a key component of war at sea for all nations that found themselves so engaged. A primary objective of a nation's war at sea is the disruption of the enemy's commerce and the protection of one's own. Nations fighting these wars found it was cheaper to hire private vessels, by offering owners a part or all of the value of the enemy ships and cargo, than to maintain standing navies of sufficient size to do the job (Anderson and Gifford, 1991). Privateers were only a component of a belligerent's effort to disrupt enemy commerce. Historically, blockade has played an important rote in this disruption as well, the cruising slowly off enemy ports to keep ships from either entering or leaving. Discussing privateering, Pares (1938: 2) points out that even the "strongest navy in Europe could not have blockaded, say, France ... without the help of private forces." The other key component of commerce disruption were royal navies. Any adequate analysis must consider all aspects of the effort to disrupt enemy commerce. A major problem with using a commons model to analyze privateering is that the model ignores the objective of the sponsoring state, which of course was to win the war. Several other elements of the relationship between the goals of a belligerent state, privateers, royal navies, and enemy merchant shipping make the commons model an inappropriate one for dealing with these issues, elements which will be discussed below. In several places in their paper, C-S describe privateering using such expressions as "[o]fficially licensed piracy," "state sponsored terrorism" (p. 882),
Anomalous transparency in nitrosyl chloride

Abstract We have observed anomalous transparency of NOCl to 10-nsec laser pulses at the doubled ruby wavelength (3471 A). Pulse delays were measured and were found to correspond to signal velocities as low as c/4·5. From the dependence of the transmitted energy on pressure, we estimate that the dephasing collison diameter of NOCl is ≈4·5 A.
Interferometric observation of thermohaline convection during freezing of saline solution

Abstract Preliminary results of an experimental investigation of one dimensional freezing from above of sodium chloride solutions is presented. Thermohaline convection in the form of “salt fingers” was observed while a stable density distribution at the bottom of the test cell formed due to increased solute movement.
The Large-scale Structure of Scientific Method

The standard textbook description of the nature of science describes the proposal, testing, and acceptance of a theoretical idea almost entirely in isolation from other theories. The resulting model of science is a kind of piecemeal empiricism that misses the important network structure of scientific knowledge. Only the large-scale description of scientific method can reveal the global interconnectedness of scientific knowledge that is an essential part of what makes science scientific.
Habitat use patterns of the mummichog,Fundulus heteroclitus, in New England. I. Intramarsh variation

Although studies of intertidal habitats have contributed greatly to the field of ecology, the processes governing the use of these areas by highly mobile animals such as fish remain poorly understood. In particular, although large-scale patterns of estuarine fish abundances are well known, fine-scale patterns of habitat use have been largely overlooked. Here, I examine among and within habitat use patterns of the mummichog,Fundulus heteroclitus, in a New England salt marsh. Using minnow traps I sampled changes in mummichog habitat use among closely spaced sites within creeks, mudflat, and channel over 2 yr. The general pattern of mummichog captures was consistent among years, showing peaks in summer months and lows in winter. Use of specific habitat types was also seasonally dependent. For most of the year (fall, winter, spring) mudflat capture rates were lower than creek capture rates in the summer; however, densities in the mudflat equal or exceed those in creeks. In most months channel habitats did not differ significantly in use from either creek or mudflat habitat. Consistent patterns also occur within induividual marsh habitats.F. heteroclitus concentrate in the uppermost portion of creeks. Additionally, mudflat capture rates (August 1990) declined with increasing water depth. Diurnal habitat use is heavier than nocturnal use for all habitats. These findings demonstrate that mummichogs are restricted to areas representing a very small proportion of total available habitat and that their patterns of habitat use are strongly seasonal. Only careful experimental work can determine the relative advantages of these habitats for estuarine fish. Further comparative work is required to reveal how biological and physical parameters affecting habitat use may vary geographically.
Using 2-domain partitioned OBDD data structure in an enhanced symbolic simulator

In this article, we propose a symbolic simulation method where Boolean functions can be efficiently manipulated through a 2-domain partitioned OBDD data structure. The functional partition is applied by automatically exploring the key decision points implicitly built inside a circuit. The partition can help to significantly reduce the OBDD sizes, solving problems that could not be solved with monolithic OBDD data structure. We demonstrate the performance of the approach through the symbolic simulation of several benchmark circuits with complex control logics and datapath. The symbolic simulation based on 2-domain partitioned OBDD can be also applied in equivalence checking. It can generate the signature of functions to identify the critical partition points in the optimized gate-level netlist.
Affection received from fathers as a predictor of men's affection with their own sons: Tests of the modeling and compensation hypotheses

The present study takes a developmental approach to predicting the amount of affectionate communication fathers give their own sons by examining the amount of affection men received from their own fathers. Two developmental orientations are addressed: the modeling hypothesis, which predicts that positive behavior patterns exhibited by parents will be replicated in their children's own parenting, and the compensation hypothesis, which predicts that negative parenting behaviors are compensated for in children's parenting of their own children. We combined these approaches to advance a hybrid prediction that, when applied to affectionate communication, calls for a curvilinear relationship between the affection men received from their own fathers and the affection they give their own sons. Five hundred six men who were fathers of at least one son participated in the current study, and the results provided direct support for a combined modeling‐compensation hypothesis.
Sorption Behavior of Ibuprofen and Naproxen in Simulated Domestic Wastewater

Reduction in the concentration of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater has been attributed to sorption and biodegradation. However, the contribution of these processes has not been fully characterized. Previous studies have reported varying effects of solution pH and concentration on sorption behavior of pharmaceuticals in different absorbents including activated carbon waste and zeolites. Here we report the pH and concentration effect on sorption of two common anti-inflammatory drugs, viz., ibuprofen and naproxen, on suspended solids in simulated domestic wastewater (SDWW). Batch experiments were conducted at various pH levels, viz., 3.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5, and concentration, viz., 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 μg L−1. The results showed that both ibuprofen and naproxen have higher sorption at lower pH values and at higher concentration. It was found that the data were comparatively well fitted to the Redlich–Peterson isotherm. The study revealed that both ibuprofen and naproxen can be removed from wastewater by the sorption process achieved by lowering the pH to values lower than pK a and maintaining the concentration at an optimal value.
Kinetics of Thermal Degradation of Chlorophyll in Spinach Pureea

SUMMARY The kinetics of chlorophyll degradation in spinach puree were studied over the temperature range 260—300°F, using thermal-death-time tubes heated in a constant-temperature oil bath. Pigments were separated by column chromatography, and their concentrations determined spectrophotometrically. A semilogarithmic (first-order) plot of the residual pigment vs. time was used to illustrate the thermal degradation rate (TDR). Although the major portions of the TDR curves were apparently linear, several abnormalities were observed during the initial test intervals. Regression coefficients were computed for the linear portions and used to compute the various thermo-dynamic functions characteristic of the degradation reactions. The following values respectively represent the average determinations for chlorophylls a and b. The TDR constant k, (2.3/D, D, D being decimal reduction time in sec), 1.1 × 10−2 and 0.52 × 10−2 sec−1; the temperature coefficient Q10 (log−1 18/z, z being °F affecting 10-fold change in k, or D), 1.58 and 1.26; the activation energy E, 143 and 35 Kcal mole−1; the enthalpy H, 142 and 34 Kcal mole−1; the free energy & Delta;F, 29 and 32 Kcal mole−1; and the entropy & Delta;S, 268 and 5 cal deg−1 mole−1.
Notched QRS for the assessment of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) sometimes develop myocardial fibrosis in association with adverse cardiovascular events. Electrocardiography (ECG) could provide helpful information on myocardial fibrosis in HCM, as in coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 60 patients with HCM without bundle branch block underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). The extent or location of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was examined in relation to 12-lead ECG. A notch on QRS was defined as at least 2 consecutive spikes in the same polarity with a reversal of direction ≥90° and the initial negative deflection ≥0.05 mV. LGE was associated with notched QRS, leftward QRS axis, and prolonged QRS duration, but not with any other findings such as abnormal Q waves, R-wave amplitude, or ST-T changes. Notched QRS was most useful in determining the presence or absence of myocardial fibrosis, with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 81% using a cut-off of the number of leads with notched QRS ≥2. The number of notched QRS leads was positively correlated with LGE volume (P<0.01) and the lead distribution of notched QRS was informative about the location of LGE. CONCLUSIONS A notch on QRS was useful in estimating myocardial fibrosis as assessed on CMR LGE in HCM patients without bundle branch block.
The Koremetron: An Instrument for Measuring Pupillary Diameters

The theory and construction of an apparatus which permits the rapid measurement of pupillary diameters is presented. This instrument, the koremetron, is portable, and uses the same principle as that involved in observing entoptical phenomena.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation’s Effect on Novice versus Experienced Learning

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation applied via a weak electrical current passed between electrodes on the scalp. In recent studies, TDCS has been shown to improve learning when applied to the prefrontal cortex (e.g., Kincses et al. in Neuropsychologia 42:113–117, 2003; Clark et al. Neuroimage in 2010). The present study examined the effects of TDCS delivered at the beginning of training (novice) or after an hour of training (experienced) on participants’ ability to detect cues indicative of covert threats. Participants completed two 1-h training sessions. During the first 30 min of each training session, either 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA of anodal TDCS was delivered to the participant. The anode was positioned near F8, and the cathode was placed on the upper left arm. Testing trials immediately followed training. Accuracy in classification of images containing and not-containing threat stimuli during the testing sessions indicated: (1) that mastery of threat detection significantly increased with training, (2) that anodal TDCS at 2 mA significantly enhanced learning, and (3) TDCS was significantly more effective in enhancing test performance when applied in novice learners than in experienced learners. The enhanced performance following training with TDCS persisted into the second session when TDCS was delivered early in training.
Complementary and alternative treatment use for autism spectrum disorders.

Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have rapidly become one of the more frequent reasons for seeking diagnosis and treatment. Depending on health care services available, the standard treatment options are often limited; many parents turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches. CAM treatments and some of the factors that may contribute to parents' decisions to use CAM treatments were examined using a web-based survey. Four general factors emerges as influencing the decision-making processes of parents/caregivers – severity, child acceptance of the treatment, marital status, and educational level. Notably, research support did not emerge as contributing to variance for CAM use.
Rigorous lower bound on the dynamic critical exponent of some multilevel Swendsen-Wang algorithms.

We prove the rigorous lower bound ${\mathit{z}}_{\mathrm{exp}}$\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\alpha}/\ensuremath{\nu} for the dynamic critical exponent of a broad class of multilevel (or ``multigrid'') variants of the Swendsen-Wang algorithm. This proves that such algorithms do suffer from critical slowing down. We conjecture that such algorithms in fact lie in the same dynamic universality class as the stanard Swendsen-Wang algorithm.
A new approach to phospholipid synthesis using tetrahydropyranyl glycerol: rapid access to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine, including mixed-chain glycerophospholipid derivatives

A new synthesis of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine is reported, relying on the preparation of 3-tetrahydropyranyl-sn-glycerol as the key intermediate for sequential introduction of the primary and secondary acyl functions to produce chiral diglycerides that are phosphorylated to obtain the target phospholipid compounds.
Kinesin steps do not alternate in size.

Kinesin is a two-headed motor protein that transports cargo inside cells by moving stepwise on microtubules. Its exact trajectory along the microtubule is unknown: alternative pathway models predict either uniform 8-nm steps or alternating 7- and 9-nm steps. By analyzing single-molecule stepping traces from “limping” kinesin molecules, we were able to distinguish alternate fast- and slow-phase steps and thereby to calculate the step sizes associated with the motions of each of the two heads. We also compiled step distances from nonlimping kinesin molecules and compared these distributions against models predicting uniform or alternating step sizes. In both cases, we find that kinesin takes uniform 8-nm steps, a result that strongly constrains the allowed models.
Metal-deficient aggregates and diminished copper found in cells expressing SOD1 mutations that cause ALS

Disruptions in metal ion homeostasis have been described in association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for a number of years but the precise mechanism of involvement is poorly understood. Metal ions are especially important to familial ALS cases caused by mutations in the metalloenzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). To investigate the role of metals in aggregation of mutant SOD1, we have examined the localization of metal ions in a cell culture model of overexpression. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) were transfected to overexpress SOD1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to readily identify the transfected cells and the intracellular aggregates that develop in the cells expressing mutant or wild-type (WT) SOD1. The concentration and distribution of iron, copper, and zinc were determined for four SOD1 mutants (A4V, G37R, H80R, and D125H) as well as a WT SOD1 using X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). Results demonstrated that the SOD1 aggregates were Metal-deficient within the cells, which is consistent with recent in vitro studies. In addition, all SOD1 mutants showed significantly decreased copper content compared to the WT SOD1 cells, regardless of the mutant’s ability to bind copper. These results suggest that SOD1 overexpression creates an unmet demand on the cell for copper. This is particularly true for the SOD1 mutants where copper delivery may also be impaired. Hence, the SOD1 mutants are less stable than WT SOD1 and if copper is limited, aggregate formation of the metal-deficient, mutant SOD1 protein occurs.
Fourteen-year trends in sodium content of menu offerings at eight leading fast-food restaurants in the USA

Objective To examine changes in the Na content of lunch/dinner menu offerings at eight of the leading fast-food restaurants in the USA between 1997/1998 and 2009/2010. Design Menu offerings and nutrient composition information for the menu items were obtained from archival versions of the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC) Food and Nutrient Database. Nutrient composition information for lunch/dinner menu items sold by the fast-food restaurants included in the present study was updated in the database biannually. Menus were analysed for changes in mean Na content of all menu offerings (except beverages) and specific categories of menu items among all restaurants and for each individual restaurant. Setting USA. Subjects Lunch/dinner food menu of eight leading US fast-food restaurants. Results Between 1997/1998 and 2009/2010 the mean Na content of menu offerings across the eight restaurants increased by 23·4 %. Examining specific food categories, mean Na content of entrees by increased 17·2 % and that of condiments increased by 26·1 %. Only side dishes showed a decrease of 6·6 %. None of the restaurants examined had a decrease in Na across the lunch/dinner menu offerings over the 14 years examined. Conclusions Results suggest that over the time period studied there has been no meaningful reduction in the Na content of lunch/dinner menu offerings at the leading fast-food restaurants examined in the present study.
The International Polar Year: A legacy of Sydney Chapman

The importance of the polar regions to solving many of the fundamental problems in geophysics, including climatology and meteorology, was recognized by Austrian explorer Lt. Karl Weyprecht, scientist and co-commander with Lt. Julius von Payer of the Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872–1874. He realized that the many private expeditions conducted previously would not suffice to provide the data needed to understand nature on a larger scale. During his long overwintering while stranded on the sea ice of the Barents Sea, Weyprecht contemplated the self-serving folly of frivolous polar nations and their generally unproductive scientific pursuits. The key to success in achieving a greater understanding of geophysical phenomena, he envisioned, was to be found in an effort of international science cooperation, working together at greater efficiency. Weyprecht believed that gathering scientific data was the only justification for costly expeditions in the high arctic regions, a process which could be best carried out by nations working in collaboration with each other. He began to advocate the scientific exploitation of newly discovered regions by setting up a chain of circumpolar stations for observations of magnetism, meteorology, and geodesy. Weyprecht’s ideas were presented to the 1873 meeting of the Association of German Naturalists and Physicists, which impressed Prince Otto von Bismarck sufficiently to appoint a commission to study the prospect. Success was not immediate due to other international political agendas, but at the 54 th International Meteorological Congress in Rome in 1879, Weyprecht’s vision for an International Polar Year took form. IPY-1 was not an easy birth, and the sought-after participation of the United States failed. However, at the second International Polar Conference held at Berne in 1880, the first
A nested-intensity design for surveying plant diversity.

Managers of natural landscapes need cost-efficient, accurate, and precise systems to inventory plant diversity. We investigated a nested-intensity sampling design to assess local and landscape-scale heterogeneity of plant species richness in aspen stands in southern Colorado, USA. The nested-intensity design used three vegetation sampling techniques: the Modified-Whittaker, a 1000-m2 multiple-scale plot (n = 8); a 100-m2 multiple-scale Intensive plot (n = 15); and a 100-m2 single-scale Extensive plot (n = 28). The large Modified-Whittaker plot (1000 m2) recorded greater species richness per plot than the other two sampling techniques (P < 0.001), estimated cover of a greater number of species in 1-m2 subplots (P < 0.018), and captured 32 species missed by the smaller, more numerous 100-m2 plots of the other designs. The Intensive plots extended the environmental gradient sampled, capturing 17 species missed by the other techniques, and improved species–area calculations. The greater number of Extensive plots further expanded the gradient sampled, and captured 18 additional species. The multi-scale Modified-Whittaker and Intensive designs allowed quantification of the slopes of species–area curves in the single-scale Extensive plots. Multiple linear regressions were able to predict the slope of species–area curves (adj R 2 = 0.64, P < 0.001) at each Extensive plot, allowing comparison of species richness at each sample location. Comparison of species–accumulation curves generated with each technique suggested that small, single-scale plot techniques might be very misleading because they underestimate species richness by missing locally rare species at every site. A combination of large and small multi-scale and single-scale plots greatly improves our understanding of native and exotic plant diversity patterns.
Historical Perspective on the Early Studies of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLD)

Cases of cancer started appearing soon after introduction of chronic immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) initially presented with varied features but a pathophysiologic paradigm was developed The linkage of PTLD to EBV was initially made serendipitously but then confirmed through several types of investigations Early treatments published included acyclovir and reducing immunosuppression
Examination of Salicylaldehyde as a Surface Modifier of Manganese for Application in Chemical Mechanical Planarization

oxidize in alkaline solutions, no other external oxidizers are used in the present work. Salicylaldehyde (Sal, C7H6O2) at a concentration of 0.5 mM is employed as an exploratory surface modifier (complexing agent plus inhibitor of galvanic corrosion) for Mn. Open circuit potential (OCP) transients of the test electrodes are measured in both Sal-free and Sal-added solutions and, the results are evaluated using Pourbaix diagrams to determine the main sur- face species expected on Mn and Cu under the given experimental conditions. The mixed potential reactions responsible for generating these surface species are examined using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). 8,9 The corrosion currents (icorr) and potentials (Ecorr )o f Cu and Mn, as well as the galvanic currents (ig) and potentials (Eg )o f the Cu- Mn couple are obtained from LSV. The comparative values of these parameters obtained for the Sal-free and Sal-added solutions provide a measure of the effectiveness of Sal in suppressing galvanic corro- sion of Mn. The associated reaction mechanisms of corrosion and corrosion-suppression are examined further by using Fourier trans- form electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FT-EIS). 19 The sur- facereactionsarecharacterizedintermsofelectrodeequivalentcircuit (EEC) models obtained by complex nonlinear least square (CNLS) fitting the experimental EIS data. 20
Effectiveness of Bowl Trapping and Netting for Inventory of a Bee Community

ABSTRACT Concern over the status of bees has increased the need to inventory bee communities and, consequently, has increased the need to understand effectiveness of different bee sampling methods. We sampled bees using bowl traps and netting at 25 northwest Indiana sites ranging from open grasslands to forests. Assemblages of bees captured in bowl traps and by netting were very similar, but this similarity was driven by similar relative abundances of commonly captured species. Less common species were often not shared between collection methods (bowls, netting) and only about half of the species were shared between methods. About one-quarter of species were more often captured by one of the two collection methods. Rapid accumulation of species was aided by sampling at temporal and habitat extremes. In particular, collecting samples early and late in the adult flight season and in open and forest habitats was effective in capturing the most species with the fewest samples. The number of samples estimated ...
Pediatric Clinical Research Networks: Current Status, Common Challenges, and Potential Solutions

OBJECTIVES: The goals were (1) to describe and to characterize pediatric clinical research networks (PCRNs) in the United States and Canada, (2) to identify PCRN strengths and weaknesses, (3) to evaluate the potential for collaboration among PCRNs, and (4) to assess untapped potential interest in PCRN participation. METHODS: Data collection included (1) initial identification of PCRNs through an Internet search and word of mouth, (2) follow-up surveys of PCRN leaders, (3) telephone interviews with 21 PCRN leaders, and (4) a survey of 43 American Academy of Pediatrics specialty leaders regarding untapped interest in network research. RESULTS: Seventy exclusively pediatric networks were identified. Of those, specialty care networks constituted the largest proportion (50%), followed by primary care (28.6%) and disease-specific (21.4%) networks. A network profile survey (response rate: 74.3%) revealed that ∼90% held infrastructure funding. Nearly 75% of respondents viewed cross-network collaborations positively. In-depth telephone interviews corroborated the survey data, with cross-network collaboration mentioned consistently as a theme. American Academy of Pediatrics specialty leaders indicated that up to 30% of current nonparticipants might be interested in research involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric networks exist across the care continuum. Significant numbers of uninvolved practitioners may be interested in joining PCRNs. A strong majority of network leaders cited potential benefits from network collaboration.
Large signal bunching of electron beams by standing-wave and traveling-wave systems

Large signal bunching processes in the presence of space charge are studied by extending techniques used to compute multi-cavity klystron bunching. Bunching capability of traveling-wave and standing-wave systems is examined by using an assumed spatial and time distribution of electric field, and interesting high degrees of bunching are predicted.
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 by Aqueous Vanadium Species

Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR measurements were made on aqueous vanadate solutions to characterize speciation as a function of pH and vanadate concentration. Additionally, potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out on Al alloy 2024-T3 in 50 mM NaCl solutions in which pH and vanadate concentration were systematically varied. Results showed that inhibition by vanadates occurred mainly in alkaline solutions where tetrahedrally coordinated vanadates, metavanadate and pyrovanadate, were abundant. Inhibition was not observed in solutions where octahedrally coordinated decavanadates predominated. Anodic inhibition, in the form of increased pitting potential, was observed in both aerated and deaerated solutions. In contrast, cathodic inhibition was observed only in aerated solutions acting primarily through the suppression of oxygen reduction. Energydispersive spectroscopy, used to collect chemical maps from aluminum coupons exposed to vanadate solutions, showed the suppression of Al2CuMg particle dissolution compared to vanadate-free solutions. NMR measurements were also used to track changes in vanadate speciation with time, pH adjustment, and with exposure to metallic aluminum surfaces. NMR showed noninhibiting octahedrally coordinated decavanadates rapidly decompose into inhibiting tetrahedrally coordinated metavanadates and pyrovanadates after alkaline pH adjustment. While decomposition begins immediately upon pH adjustment, equilibrium may not be reached even after significant time periods. © 2008 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.2907772 All rights reserved.
An automated microfluidic multiplexer for fast delivery of C. elegans populations from multiwells.

Automated biosorter platforms, including recently developed microfluidic devices, enable and accelerate high-throughput and/or high-resolution bioassays on small animal models. However, time-consuming delivery of different organism populations to these systems introduces a major bottleneck to executing large-scale screens. Current population delivery strategies rely on suction from conventional well plates through tubing periodically exposed to air, leading to certain disadvantages: 1) bubble introduction to the sample, interfering with analysis in the downstream system, 2) substantial time drain from added bubble-cleaning steps, and 3) the need for complex mechanical systems to manipulate well plate position. To address these concerns, we developed a multiwell-format microfluidic platform that can deliver multiple distinct animal populations from on-chip wells using multiplexed valve control. This Population Delivery Chip could operate autonomously as part of a relatively simple setup that did not require any of the major mechanical moving parts typical of plate-handling systems to address a given well. We demonstrated automatic serial delivery of 16 distinct C. elegans worm populations to a single outlet without introducing any bubbles to the samples, causing cross-contamination, or damaging the animals. The device achieved delivery of more than 90% of the population preloaded into a given well in 4.7 seconds; an order of magnitude faster than delivery modalities in current use. This platform could potentially handle other similarly sized model organisms, such as zebrafish and drosophila larvae or cellular micro-colonies. The device’s architecture and microchannel dimensions allow simple expansion for processing larger numbers of populations.
Critical Care Assessment and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke

The resuscitation and treatment of patients with an acute stroke has evolved measurably during the past 2 decades. Acute ischemic stroke represents a true emergency where time is crucial and, therefore, evaluation and treatment often proceed simultaneously. Advanced imaging techniques can provide information about the state of brain perfusion, metabolism, and the cerebrovascular anatomy to help identify patients with viable brain tissue who may derive the greatest benefit from available therapies. Currently, several agents are available for rapid restoration of perfusion to ischemic brain. These include intravenous administration of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), which is effective within a 3-hour period, and intraarterial thrombolytic therapy, which may be effective within 6 hours. In addition, newer agents such as ancrod and abciximab may be effective within the acute time period. Optimal care requires a multidisciplinary approach with attention to a wide variety of therapeutic issues while maintaining adequate brain perfusion to reverse or halt the ischemic process. Herein, the author examines the important therapeutic concerns in the critical care management of ischemic stroke, including the management of elevated intracranial pressure, elevated and low blood pressure, cardiac complications, and potential metabolic disturbances.
A rail-to-rail video-band full Nyquist 8-bit A/D converter

An 8-b, 30-MS/s rail-to-rail full Nyquist low-power CMOS full-flash converter was implemented with micropower comparators in a 1 mu m split-poly CMOS process. An effective input bandwidth of more than 15 MHz was achieved with less than 200-mW power dissipation. A similar implementation using two-step flash architecture is expected to be less than 50 mW. >
Bridging atomistic simulations and experiments via virtual diffraction: understanding homophase grain boundary and heterophase interface structures

Virtual diffraction is a computational technique that enables a synergistic coupling between experiments and atomistic simulations, which can help to elucidate nanoscale structure–property relationships. The research objective herein is to highlight recent advances in the use of virtual diffraction as a method to study the geometry and structure of homophase grain boundaries and heterophase interfaces with direct experimental validation. Virtual selected area diffraction patterns for two types of boundaries—homophase Al twist grain boundaries and heterophase Al2O3/Al interfaces—are created without a priori assumption of the periodic interface structure by computing diffraction intensities across high-resolution, 3-D reciprocal space meshes. In this work, computed diffraction patterns clearly identify Al grain boundary misorientation angles, reveal subsidiary peaks created by the dislocation arrays within select Al grain boundaries, and allow experimental validation of the minimum energy orientation relationship for the Al2O3/Al interface. Due to its advanced implementation, virtual diffraction characterization used throughout this work can be easily extended providing routes for similar analysis and experimental validation of atomistic simulations.
Antiminth (Pyrantel Pamoate)

A new broad-spectrum anthelminthic, anti minth (pyrantel pamoate), has been evaluated in 1,506 patients, mainly children. Single doses of 5/mg/lb/body weight (base activity) showed high overall efficacy against Enterobius vermicularis (97.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (97.5%). In tropical locations, in patients with multiple in festataons, single doses of 10 mg/lb/day for three consecutive days achieved a cure rate of 86.4 per cent with Necator americanus. With a smaller number of patients, a lower dosage of 5 mg/lb/day for three consecutive days was also effective (90.7%). At recommended doses (5 mg/lb/day), Antiminth (pyrantel pamoate) was well tolerated and free of adverse effects upon hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. There was not the troublesome staining seen with certain other anthelminthics. The safety profile was further substantiated by clinical experience with doses in excess of 5 mg/lb/body weight, at times carried on for several weeks.
Synergetic Targeted Delivery of Sleeping‐Beauty Transposon System to Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using LPD Nanoparticles Modified with a Phage‐Displayed Targeting Peptide

An important criterion for effective gene therapy is sufficient chromosomal integration activity. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is a plasmid system allowing efficient insertion of transgenes into the host genome. However, such efficient insertion occurs only after the system is delivered to nuclei. Since transposons do not have the transducing abilities of viral vectors, efficient delivery of this system first into cells and then into cell nuclei is still a challenge. Here, a phage display technique using a major coat displayed phage library is employed to identify a peptide (VTAMEPGQ) that can home to rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). A nanoparticle, called liposome protamine/DNA lipoplex (LPD), is electrostatically assembled from cationic liposomes and an anionic complex of protamine, DNA and targeting peptides. Various peptides are enveloped inside the LPD to improve its targeting capability for rMSCs and nuclei. The rMSC-targeting peptide and nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide can execute the synergetic effect to promote transfection action of LPD. The homing peptide directs the LPD to target the MSCs, whereas the NLS peptide directs transposon to accumulate into nuclei once LPD is internalized inside the cells, leading to increased gene expression. This suggests that rMSC-targeting peptide and NLS peptide within LPD can target to rMSCs and then guide transposon into nuclei. After entering the nuclei, SB transposon increase the insertion rates into cellular chromosomes. The targeting LPD does not show obvious cell toxicity and influence on the differentiation potential of rMSCs. Therefore, the integration of SB transposon and LPD system is a promising nonviral gene delivery vector in stem cell therapy.
Discussion Of “The Efficiency Of Depth-Integrating Suspended-Sediment Sampling”

The author has developed equations and approximate curves to express the percentage of the total sediment discharge that is carried in suspension above the lowest point reached by the nozzle of a depth-integrating sediment sampler. He assumes that bed load and suspended load are defined by the equations in a paper by H. A. Einstein [The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open-channel flows, U.S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull. 1026, 1950]. The percentage is termed the efficiency of sampling. In a vertical strip of unit width, the suspended-sediment discharge discussed by the author' in effect the product of the mean concentration of the depth-integrated sample, the water discharge in that portion of the depth above the lowest nozzle position, and a factor for converting the result into desired units, such as tons per day. In contrast, the common operating practice is to compute the suspended-sediment load as the product of the measured concentration, the total water discharge, and the conversion factor. The difference in computed suspended-sediment discharge by the two methods is sometimes appreciable as, for example, in the wide, shallow streams that drain the sandhills of Nebraska.
Real Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Evaluation of Mitral Annular Characteristics in Patients with Myocardial Hypertrophy

It has been shown that systolic excursion of the mitral annulus (MA) correlates well with left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Evaluation of the complicated shape and dynamics of the mitral annulus, however, may require rigorous methodology. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in MA motion between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) patients due to hypertension or aortic stenosis using real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE). We studied 10 HCM, 10 LVH, and 10 controls. Mean MA area changes between early and late systole were 9.5 +/- 4.3% in HCM, 26 +/- 15% in LVH and 19 +/- 10% in normal controls. MA apicobasal motion was 5.8 +/- 4 mm in HCM, 11 +/- 4 mm in LVH, and 13.6 +/- 6 mm in normal controls. RT3DE with digital reconstruction of MA accurately display complicated MA geometry and dynamics during a cardiac cycle. Annular function in LVH was similar to that of the normal group while annular apicobasal motion and area changes were reduced in HCM.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

The relief of coronary obstruction by surgical grafting was the first effective treatment to be directed at the cause of ischemic heart disease. PTCA represents the second major step in relieving coronary stenosis. It seems timely to review where this second step has led in order to understand how percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) relates to surgery and to understand future implications of this procedure. This review will reflect many of the authors biases and prejudices derived from their experience at Mayo Clinic.1 It will also be a somewhat practical assessment. Such a pragmatic approach can be defended because PTCA itself is built on pragmatism. It is more of the world of craftsmen than of the world of scientists. We are still waiting for science to “catch up” to help solve important remaining problems such as the issue of acute rethrombosis and restenosis. Our ability to review the Mayo Clinic experience is made possible only by having a dedicated team of colleagues in the catheterization laboratory and a dedicated support group managing our PTCA Registry. Experience with other large registries (the NHLBI CASS Registry and the PTCA Registry) has taught us that this is a valuable method of collecting and reviewing the experience with a new procedure as it develops. This approach is likely to be more widely applied in the future.
Cryoenzymology of the hammerhead ribozyme.

The technique of cryoenzymology has been applied to the hammerhead ribozyme in an attempt to uncover a structural rearrangement step prior to cleavage. Several cryosolvents were tested and 40% (v/v) methanol in water was found to perturb the system only minimally. This solvent allowed the measurement of ribozyme activity between 30 and ‐33 8C. Eyring plots are linear down to ‐27 8C, but a drastic reduction in activity occurs below this temperature. However, even at extremely low temperatures, the rate is still quite pH dependent, suggesting that the chemical step rather than a structural rearrangement is still rate-limiting. The nonlinearity of the Eyring plot may be the result of a transition to a cold-denatured state or a glassed state.
Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of Au−(H2O)1,2, Au2-(D2O)1–4, and AuOH−

The photoelectron spectra of Au � (H2O)1,2 ,A u � (D2O)1-4, and AuOHhave been measured. The anionic complexes, Au � (H2O)1,2 and Au � (D2O)1-4, were characterized as Auand Au � , which are respectively solvated by water molecules. The stepwise spectral shifts between adjacent size species have been quantified. The photoelectron spectrum of AuOHexhibits considerable vibrational structure. Based on our assignment of its spectrum, the adiabatic electron affinity of AuOH was determined to be 1.771 ± 0.015 eV.
Improving the Pathway From Cardiovascular Medication Prescribing to Longer-Term Adherence New Results About Old Issues

tion, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) recommendations and an equal proportion of patients eligible for aspirin based on American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines were not receiving these therapies. Although the study time period overlapped with the publication dates of these guidelines, basic recommendations for primary prevention have not changed dramatically for many years, and therefore the results of Nasir et al are very consistent with the existing literature about missed opportunities for prevention. This study also demonstrates the somewhat fine balance between “underuse” and “overuse” of medical therapies and thus has implications for efforts to improve health care quality. As expected, the use of primary prevention increased over time in patients who were considered appropriate candidates for treatment. However, after receiving CACS results, a substantial proportion of patients for whom guidelines do not recommend therapy were also started on these treatments.
A Multiple Classifier System for Classifying Life Events on Social Media

In this work we present a Conversation Classifierbased on Multiple Classifiers, to detect Life Events on SocialMedia. In one hand, conversations can provide more contextand help disambiguate life event detection, compared with single posts. On the other hand, the increase in number of messages and the way they interact with each other within the conversation cannot be trivially modeled by a classifier. To tackle this problem, we focus on creating a set of classifiers from different feature sets, and combining their classification outputs to improve accuracy. The experiments show that multiple classifiers are promising for this problem, being able to present an increase of about 45% in the F-Score.