cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FINE-SCALE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A TURKEY OAK FOREST

Theoretical models and computer simulations of the genetic structure of a continuous population predict the existence of patches of highly inbred individuals when gene flow within the population is limited. A map of the three genotypes of a two-allele locus is expected to exhibit patches of homozygotes embedded in a matrix of heterozygotes, when gene flow is limited. A search for such patch structure was made on a 160 × 160 m plot within a continuous 60+ ha old-growth stand of Quercus laevis (turkey oak). Approximately 3400 trees were genotyped for 9 polymorphic loci using starch-gel electrophoresis, and the genetic structure was analyzed with spatial autocorrelation (both nominal and interval), hierarchical F statistics, and number-of-alleles-in-common. Adults (diameter at breast height > 0) and juveniles were analyzed separately but showed similar structure. While no distinct patch structure was found, a greater degree of relatedness was observed on a scale of 5 m-10 m than at greater distances, probably because of the limited acorn dispersal from maternal trees and a small amount of cloning by root sprouts. A computer simulation of a 10,000 tree forest breeding for 10,000 yr indicates that the effective neighborhood sizes (of randomly drawn seed- and pollen-donors) are both in excess of 440 individuals. The model thus cannot distinguish the observed data from panmictic mating.
Regulation of dimorphism in the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus which is the causative agent of the disease histoplasmosis. The disease is worldwide in occurrence and approximately 40 million people have been infected in the USA1. In soil the fungus is filamentous, but in the infected host it exists as a budding yeast and it is believed that the phase transition is important in the pathogenicity. In the laboratory, the mycelial form can convert to the yeast phase when the temperature of incubation is shifted from room temperature (25 °C) to body temperature (37 °C). In this report we show that the elevated temperature initiates a series of reactions leading to changes in the intracellular level of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP);the shifts in intracellular cyclic AMP levels are an important determinant of the morphological phase of the organism and therefore of its disease producing potential.
Satirizing the senses: The representation of perception in Goya's Los Caprichos

This essay examines a previously neglected aspect of Los Caprichos (1799): the depiction of the sense organs, particularly eyes and mouths. By considering Goya's representation of perception in relation to eighteenth-century epistemology, I argue that this somatic iconography constitutes a fundamental component of the mechanics of satire in the prints. The aim of this approach is to examine the intellectual tools that Goya's contemporaries would have brought to bear on the images, and, in doing so, to re-evaluate the artist's relation to the Spanish Enlightenment. Although Goya's working process is not a principal focus, attention is paid to the evolution of the representation of the senses in the drawings and proofs that led to the final prints.
Subnanometer Imaging of Adsorbate-Induced Electronic Structure Perturbation on Silicon Surfaces

Room-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to explore the consequences of a single covalent bond formed between an organic molecule, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), and the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface at the atomic scale. Upon binding, both topographic imaging and spectroscopic techniques reveal significant charge rearrangement within the substrate that is delocalized from the organic adsorbate. With scanning tunneling spectroscopy, the spatial extent of this charge transfer is directly visualized and determined to extend up to 2 nm from the molecule predominately within half of the Si(111)-7 × 7 unit cell. Analysis of individual differential tunneling conductance spectra suggests that the charge transfer is mediated by the back-bonds of the silicon substrate.
Adenocarcinoma arising in female urethral diverticulum

Cancer arising from a female urethral diverticulum is rare, and because of its rarity, a review of the medical literature reveals significant nonuniformity in its management. We report an additional 2 cases of this disease, one of which has an even rarer feature of being mucin-producing. The management of our 2 cases is presented in detail and in line with the management of female urethral cancer. From our extensive literature search, diverticulectomy alone showed poor results with the highest rate of recurrence (67%). Extensive surgery, either in the form of cystourethrectomy or anterior exenteration, offered results comparable with those of combined therapy (diverticulectomy and full course of irradiation for early cases; preoperative irradiation followed by cystourethrectomy for late cases). Individualization of radiation treatment and cooperative effort between urologist and radiation oncologist are essential if best results are to be achieved.
Endogenous opioids: Naloxone disrupts learned performance in rats

Abstract The effect of naloxone on learned performance reinforced by food was examined in 2 experiments. Male rats were trained to run down a short runway for 5 (45 mg) food pellets per trial and were then shifted either to 1 or 0 pellets. Following such an abrupt reinforcement shift, animals typically show an emotional disruption of performance (Crespi, 1942) referred to as “depression.” We examined the postshift depression-effect in groups treated either with saline (SAL) or naloxone (NAL). In experiment 1 NAL groups received a single 10 mg/kg (s.c.) injection prior to each postshift session. When compared with SAL controls, NAL animals showed an exaggerated postshift depression-effect. Furthermore, a single (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) injection of the enkephalin analog FK 33-824 (D-Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Met-(0) 5 -o1) produced a dramatic recovery of performance. In the second experiment, these effects were replicated at a low NAL dose (1 mg/kg), which had no direct effect on motor performance. These findings suggest that opiate systems may modulate the incentive motivation that maintains learned performance.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster and Vector Mosquito Developmental Genes

Genome sequencing projects have presented the opportunity for analysis of developmental genes in three vector mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles gambiae. A comparative genomic analysis of developmental genes in Drosophila melanogaster and these three important vectors of human disease was performed in this investigation. While the study was comprehensive, special emphasis centered on genes that 1) are components of developmental signaling pathways, 2) regulate fundamental developmental processes, 3) are critical for the development of tissues of vector importance, 4) function in developmental processes known to have diverged within insects, and 5) encode microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate developmental transcripts in Drosophila. While most fruit fly developmental genes are conserved in the three vector mosquito species, several genes known to be critical for Drosophila development were not identified in one or more mosquito genomes. In other cases, mosquito lineage-specific gene gains with respect to D. melanogaster were noted. Sequence analyses also revealed that numerous repetitive sequences are a common structural feature of Drosophila and mosquito developmental genes. Finally, analysis of predicted miRNA binding sites in fruit fly and mosquito developmental genes suggests that the repertoire of developmental genes targeted by miRNAs is species-specific. The results of this study provide insight into the evolution of developmental genes and processes in dipterans and other arthropods, serve as a resource for those pursuing analysis of mosquito development, and will promote the design and refinement of functional analysis experiments.
Economic Implications of Unemployment Insurance for Agriculture

ANY OF YOU will recall that the Social Security Act of 1935 led to a federalstate system of unemployment compensation which provided a source of income to workers experiencing temporary involuntary loss of employment. However, with the exception of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, there is presently no provision either in Federal or State law that provides mandatory unemployment insurance protection for workers in agriculture.' This situation is not unique, since agricultural workers were excluded from many federal and state labor laws. However, recent labor legislation such as minimum wages, workmen's compensation, disability insurance and others, has shown a trend toward extending to agricultural workers a status similar to that of industrial and trade workers.
Facilitation of kindling by prior induction of long-term potentiation in the perforant path.

Abstract Previous studies have revealed that a form of synaptic potentiation resembling long-term potentiation (LTP) occurs at various sites as a result of stimulation that leads to kindling. The present study evaluates what role this synaptic potentiation plays in the development of kindling following periodic stimulation of the entorhinal cortex of the rat. LTP was repetitively induced in the pathway from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG) by daily stimulation with high frequency trains that led to LTP, but did not evoke afterdischarge (AD). Subsequently, animals received stimulation designed to induce kindling (that led to AD), and this stimulation was delivered once per day until kindled seizures were induced. While repetitive induction of LTP was not sufficient to produce kindling, prior induction of LTP significantly increased the rate of subsequent kindling as evidenced by a decrease in the number of kindling stimulations required to induce the kindled state. As a group, animals that had received stimulation designed to induce LTP developed kindled seizures after an average of 10 AD's, whereas a control group that had received non-potentiating stimulation required 25 AD's. These results indicate that LTP at EC-DG synapses cannot represent the mechamism of kindling following EC stimulation. However, synaptic potentiation at this site can facilitate the development of epileptogenesis in response to subsequent activation of the perforant path.
Comparing a chemoautotrophic-based biofloc system and three heterotrophic-based systems receiving different carbohydrate sources

Abstract A 56-day study was conducted in which shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were stocked at 300 m−3 into 16, 500-L tanks. Four treatments were created: chemoautotrophic (CA), heterotrophic sucrose (HS), heterotrophic molasses (HM), and heterotrophic glycerol (HG). The heterotrophic treatments were managed such that the C:N ratio of inputs (feed and carbohydrate source) was 22:1. The chemoautotrophic treatment received no added carbohydrate, only shrimp feed. Each treatment was assigned randomly to four replicate tanks. Nitrate-N was significantly greater in the CA treatment, accumulating to a peak mean concentration of 162 mg NO3-N L−1 and nitrate was typically below detection (
Abstract A12: Alkylation of histones by 4-oxo-2-nonenal as a novel modification linked to oxidative stress

Sustained oxidative stress leads to the generation of toxic concentrations of the lipid aldehydes 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and 4-oxononenal (4-ONE), which are capable of covalently modifying the side-chains of Cys, His, and Lys residues. These protein modifications have been identified as a contributing factor in numerous disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration and diabetes. Here, we describe a novel class of histone modifications resulting from lipid electrophile adduction of His and Lys residues. Utilizing click chemistry with ω-alkynyl-4-ONE (a4-ONE), we have identified all-four core histones as targets for modification in RKO cells treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of electrophile. Isolation of chromatin from these cells reveals H2B as a highly susceptible target to modification by 4-ONE, while H2A, H3 and H4 show minimal reactivity. Interestingly, similar experiments with a4-HNE failed to identify any of the core histones as targets for modification. 4-HNE reacts heavily with Cys residues, which histones lack, whereas 4-ONE reacts primarily with the e-amine of Lys residues. A proteomic investigation of site-specific modifications in RKO cells treated with 4-ONE reveals H2B Lys117 as a major target for modification. The predominant stable species detected on H2BK117 results from a 1,2-addition and net acylation analogous to Lys acetylation. H2BK117 is a surface exposed Lys residing on the face of the nucleosome core particle. Treatment of RKO cells with physiologically relevant doses of 4-ONE results in the altered expression of 40 genes. Electrophile adduction of histones provides a previously unexplored link between oxidative stress and gene regulation. Citation Format: J J. Galligan, K L. Rose, W N. Beavers, C D. Aluise, S C. Shuck, L J. Marnett. Alkylation of histones by 4-oxo-2-nonenal as a novel modification linked to oxidative stress. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
Petrography of the Faraway Ranch Formation, Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona

The Faraway Ranch Formation is a sequence of volcanic rocks and volcanic-derived sedimentary rocks forming much of the northern Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. This formation rests in part upon Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Bisbee Formation and in part upon the eroded surface of an altered andesite, possibly intruded during Laramide magmatism. It is overlain by the middle Miocene Rhyolite Canyon Formation; both are thought to have resulted from the middle Cenozoic pulse of Basin and Range magmatism. The Faraway Ranch Formation has been subdivided into nine members comprising 1375 feet of strata: five are pyroclastic in origin, two are flows, and two are fluviatile sedimentary rocks formed of the debris from volcanic rocks. Andesite and basalt are present, but rhyolite and rhyodacite predominate. Although mafic volcanic debris is present in the sedimentary rocks, silicic debris predominates. Fanglomerates and coarse, fluviatile sedimentary rocks indicate a topography during Faraway Ranch time similar to that now existing.
Hepatic stellate cells as a target for TZD: Can we treat liver fibrosis and type II diabetes at the same time?

Background & Aims: The ligand-dependent transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSC), and its transcriptional activity is reduced during cell transdifferentiation in culture. PPARgamma transcriptional activation decreases platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and inhibits alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in cultured HSC. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether oral administration of synthetic PPARgamma ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZD), might affect collagen deposition in animal models of liver fibrosis. Methods: The effect of 2 TZD (pioglitazone or rosiglitazone) was tested on liver fibrosis induced in rats by either toxin administration (dimethylnitrosamine or carbon tetrachloride) or bile duct ligation. In vivo PPARgamma activation was evaluated by gel shift assay using nuclear extracts from HSC isolated from control and treated rats. Results: Oral administration of TZD reduced extracellular matrix deposition and HSC activation in both toxic and cholestatic models of liver fibrosis. PPARgamma-specific DNA binding was significantly impaired in nuclear extracts of HSC isolated from fibrotic rats compared with HSC from control rats. TZD administration restored PPARgamma DNA binding in HSC nuclei. In vitro, TZD-induced PPARgamma activation inhibited collagen and fibronectin synthesis induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-betal in human HSC, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northen blotting. TZD also reduced the TGF-beta1-induced activity of a 3.5-kilobase procollagen type I promoter transfected in human HSC. conclusions: These findings indicate that PPARgamma activation in HSC retards fibrosis in vivo and suggest the use of TZD for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Highly specific oxidative damage of double-strand DNA by copper aminoglycosides

Oxidative cleavage of double-strand DNA, mediated by either Cu2+-neamine 1 or Cu2+-kanamycin A 2, is shown to follow a highly specific C-4′ H mediated pathway and suggests a mechanism for efficient double-strand scission of duplex DNA.
Detailed structure study of a low pressure, stoichiometric H2/N2O/Ar flame

A combined experimental and detailed chemical modeling study has been performed on a 20 torr, stoichiometric H[sub 2]/N[sub 2]O/Ar burner stabilized flame. Species concentration profiles were measured using molecular beam sampling with mass spectrometric detection and laser-induced fluorescence, while temperature profiles were measured with coated Pt/Pt-Rh(10%) thermocouples. The burned gases of the flame contain about 2 mol.% of NO and H[sub 2], a concentration of approximately ten times more than that of their equilibrium. This formation prevents full energy release of the system within or near the flame zone. Experimental flame profiles of the major species, H[sub 2], N[sub 2]O, N[sub 2], and H[sub 2O], as well as the minor species, NO, O[sub 2], OH, H, O, and NH, are presented and compared to calculated profiles generated by PREMIX, a one-dimensional premixed laminar flame code. The chemical mechanism used in the flame code was derived from a critical literature review and consists of 38 reactions and 14 species. Rate and sensitivity analyses performed reveal the intricacies of the mechanism as well as reactions important in the modeling of the experimental results. Several key reactions, including N[sub 2]O + OH = HO[sub 2] + N[sub 2] and N[sub 2]O + Hmore » = NO + NH, whose rate coefficients have been controversial, are discussed in detail. In addition, the importance of various collision partners in the key initiation step, N[sub 2]O + M = N[sub 2] + O + M, is presented and discussed.« less
OUTCOMES FOLLOWING REVISIONS AND SECONDARY IMPLANTATION OF THE ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER

ABSTRACT Purpose: Durable success with the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is common but device revision and replacement are often needed for various reasons. We examined indications and outcomes following these secondary procedures with comparisons to outcomes after primary procedures. Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients undergoing primary and secondary bulbar urethral AUS implantation and revision from January 1990 to September 2002 were reviewed for various demographic and surgical variables. Female patients and males with bladder neck cuffs were excluded from study. Results: Of 554 men undergoing AUS implantation or revision 119 (21.4%) underwent a total of 159 secondary procedures. Reasons for revision were mechanical failure in 31 cases (25.2%) and nonmechanical failure in 88 (73.9%). The latter included recurrent incontinence due to urethral atrophy in 63 cases (52.9%) and erosion in 21 (17.6%). Total device replacement was performed in 75 cases (47.2%). Of 119 patients undergoing secondary implantation 91 (76.5%) needed no additional surgical intervention, while 28 (23.5%) required a total of 40 surgical revisions for new mechanical (15 or 37.5%) and nonmechanical (25 or 62.5%) problems. Five-year durability outcomes for primary and secondary AUS implantation were comparable at 80% and 88%, respectively. Similarly excellent continence outcomes (0 to 1 pad daily) were noted in 90% and 82% of patients undergoing primary and secondary AUS implantation, respectively. Secondary and tertiary AUS revisions resulted in the restoration of baseline continence in 106 cases (89%). Conclusions: Our study suggests that outcomes for secondary AUS reimplantation are comparable to those of primary AUS implantation and salvage of a good outcome is always probable, even following multiple prior revisions and cuff erosion.
Androgen-dependent gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in mouse prostate

BACKGROUND What is the molecular basis of the osteotrophic action of prostatic metastases? Demineralized bone matrix has the potential to induce new bone formation. The identification of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) as the primary inducers of new bone formation in demineralized bone matrix has set the stage for studying prostate cancer-bone interrelationships. We have hypothesized that BMPs may be expressed in prostate and may be involved in the osteotrophic actions of metastatic prostate cancer cells. METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based quantitation, this study examined the presence of BMPs in mouse prostate and their potential regulation by orchidectomy and androgen replacement. RESULTS BMP-7 and BMP-4 genes were expressed in mouse prostate. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the BMP-7 mRNA level was significantly decreased following orchidectomy and increased by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Therefore, the BMP-7 mRNA level is androgen-dependent. On the other hand, BMP-4 was expressed constitutively in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS The regulated expression of BMP-7 mRNA in the prostate suggests that BMP-7 may explain in part the stimulation of bone formation and osteosclerosis by metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate 37:236–245, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor regulates human neuroectoderm specification through ERK1/2-PARP-1 pathway

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and PAX6 transcription are required for neuroectoderm specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In this study, we asked how FGF signaling leads to PAX6 transcription and neuroectoderm specification from hESCs. Under a chemically defined medium, FGF inhibition blocked phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) with a significant reduction of PAX6-expressing neuroepithelia, indicating that FGF regulates neural induction through ERK1/2 activation. Activation of FGF-ERK1/2 pathway was necessary for the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a conserved nuclear protein catalyzing polymerization of ADP-ribose units. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of PARP-1 inhibited neural induction from hESCs, suggesting that FGF-ERK1/2 signal pathway regulates neuroectoderm specification through regulating PARP-1 activity. Furthermore, FGF-ERK1/2-PARP-1 cascade regulated the expression of PAX6, a transcription determinant of human neuroectoderm. Together, we propose that FGF regulates hESC neural specification through the ERK1/2-PARP-1 signaling pathway.
In situ growth and doping of oxycarbonate Sr2CuO2(CO3) epitaxial thin films

Abstract Epitaxial cuprate oxycarbonate Sr 2 CuO 2 (CO 3 ) thin films have been prepared by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of deposition conditions on phase stability have been determined. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the oxycarbonate thin films. The resistivity of the undoped Sr 2 CuO 2 (CO 3 ) thin films decreases from ∼0.2 Ω cm to ∼0.01 Ω cm upon post annealing in oxygen, but semiconducting behavior is observed. Doping has been achieved through partial substitution of BO 3 3− for CO 3 2− . Superconductivity with a T c (onset) of 34 K and a T c (zero) of 20 K has been obtained.
Serious complications of cosmetic NewColorIris implantation

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 700–704 Abstract. Purpose: This case report describes serious postoperative complications and markedly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with the NewColorIris cosmetic implant. Methods: We report an interventional case series of two patients who suffered multiple complications after NewColorIris implantation carried out in Panama. Assessment included visual acuity, photography, endothelial cell count and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) when possible. Results: Both patients presented with endothelial cell loss, uveitis, pigment dispersion and elevated IOP. Anterior segment OCT demonstrated irregularities in the position and configuration of the implants within the anterior chamber with resultant areas of implant–iris and implant–endothelial contact. One patient had acute postoperative hyphaema that resolved with anterior chamber tissue plasminogen activator injection. Both patients required explantation OU, one eye has required trabeculectomy, and one eye with bullous keratopathy is being evaluated for Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty. Conclusions: Implantation of the NewColorIris cosmetic implant can lead to serious complications including hyphaema, uncontrolled IOP, severe endothelial cell loss, bullous keratopathy and anterior uveitis. Explantation may lead to improvement, but permanent damage to the trabecular meshwork and corneal endothelium persists.
Genetic and Environmental Interaction in White-Tailed Deer

Abstract We applied an 8-year selection process in an attempt to determine if yearling antler quality in subsequent cohorts could be improved by selecting for yearling male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting relatively superior antler potential under suboptimal nutritional conditions. In 41 single-sire (breeding M) breeding herds, 217 yearling males were produced on an 8% protein diet of limited quantity. All antler measurements increased significantly (P < 0.001) during the study: number of points (+3.2), inside spread (+96.5 mm), main beam length (+129.1 mm), basal circumference (+21.6 mm), and total antler weight (+231.3 g). Furthermore, mean gross Boone and Crockett (GBC) score increased (P < 0.001) linearly throughout the study, with the GBC of the 1999 cohort exceeding that of the 1993 cohort by 36.4 in (923.0 mm). These data provide insight to the effectiveness of a selection process (i.e., culling) in an overall deer-management program.
Closed-Form Elastoplastic Solution for the Wellbore Problem in Strain Hardening/Softening Rock Formations

AbstractThis paper proposes an analytical approach predicting the development and progress of the plastic zone around a wellbore drilled in linear hardening or softening Drucker-Prager rocks in a theoretically consistent way. With some reasonable assumptions and simplifications on the definitions of stress invariants as well as the equivalent plastic strain, the wellbore boundary value problem is fully linearized, which leads to a simple ordinary differential equation with the radial displacement being the basic unknown. Explicit solutions for the stress and displacement fields due to wellbore drilling can thus be easily obtained. Comparisons between the analytical solution and the ABAQUS numerical simulation verify the reliability and applicability of the present closed-form solution. Extensive numerical results for the tangential and radial stress distributions are then provided to explore the influences of the friction angle and the plastic tangential modulus, for both strain hardening and softening ca...
The effect of methyl mercury on the growth of the green alga, Coelastrum microporum Naeg. strain 280.

The effect of methylmercury on the growth of the green alga, coelastrum microporum Naeg. strain 280 was examined. Growth was drastically reduced at a level of .006 ppM methylmercury chloride. It was noted that the organism stored more starch at higher concentrations of methylmercury. Levels of .0008 ppm were found to affect gross photosynthetic rates. (JWP)
Multi‐Leader Teams in Review: A Contingent‐Configuration Perspective of Effectiveness

Multi-leader teams are characterized by multiple leaders exhibiting mutual influence on each other while working towards a common team goal. An unexplored assumption in this literature is that increasing the number of leaders is related to heightened team effectiveness. The authors propose that this notion is oversimplified and suggest a contingency model of multi-leader team effectiveness. The authors suggest that the context determines the effectiveness of a particular multi-leader team configuration, because each formation has unique internal team mechanisms. To investigate this perspective, we review the multi-leader team literature (175 articles) by categorizing the extant theory and research as falling within nine multi-leader configurations along two key dimensions: (1) the proportion of leaders within a team; and (2) the dispersion of leadership through role co-enactment of team leaders. This framework enables a more coherent understanding as to the benefits and the costs of each specific multi-leader team configuration and a clearer evaluation of the contexts in which varying configurations are most effective. Four emerging themes related to configuration–contextualization are explained and theoretical implications for interpreting leadership effectiveness in multi-leader team settings are discussed.
Phylogeography Of Northern Populations Of The Black-Tailed Rattlesnake (crotalus Molossus Baird And Girard, 1853) With The Revalidation Of C. Ornatus Hallowell, 1854

Abstract: The Black-tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853) is a wide-ranging species complex with representatives from the southwestern United States through the highlands of central and southern Mexico. The systematics of this group has received little attention and in the past six decades only two taxonomic changes have been proposed (the transfer of C. basiliscus oaxacus to C. molossus and the elevation of C. m. estebanensis to full species). However, a recent revision of the Neotropical Rattlesnakes (C. durissus and C. simus) recovered a polyphyletic C. molossus. We sequenced data from three mitochondrial genes (ATPases 8 and 6, cyt b, and ND4) and three nuclear genes (c-mos, EXPH5, and RAG1) to examine phylogenetic relationships among C. molossus lineages and the closely related species C. basiliscus and C. totonacus. Results recovered strong support for two deeply divergent northern C. molossus lineages that are morphologically distinct. Biogeographical patterns and divergenc...
Effectiveness of GF-120NF Fruit Fly Bait as a suppression tool for Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) is a tephritid fruit fly of primarily Asian distribution that has invaded Hawaii and, more recently, the continent of Africa (Tanzania and Kenya). It primarily infests solanaceous fruits, so has the potential to impact production of crops such as peppers (Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Because little work has been done to develop suppression techniques for this fruit fly species, field cage tests of the effectiveness of a commercially available bait spray, GF-120NF Fruit Fly Bait, against wild B. latifrons were conducted. Sexually mature B. latifrons adults (75 male and 75 female) were introduced to both a control cage and a treatment cage, each of which held six fruiting Anaheim chili pepper (C. annuum L.) plants. Fruits were harvested, and assessed for infestation, both before and after the application of the bait spray in the treatment cage. There was no difference in infestation rate between control and treatment cages before the application of the bait spray, whereas there was a significantly lower infestation rate in treatment cages following the application of the bait spray. Post-spray infestation rate in the treatment cages (in two separate, replicated bioassays) was always zero and no live flies were detected in the treatment cages at the end of the trials. The results of this study provide evidence that GF-120NF Fruit Fly Bait should be effective in suppressing B. latifrons populations in the field.
Fast window test method of hysteresis test

The conventional method of hysteresis test for digital input pin, as defined by (Vih-Vil), performs two VLS (Voltage Level Search) to measure the actual Vih and Vil. A typical tester spends an average of 120 ms for each VLS, resulting in a test time of 240 ms for each pin requiring a hysteresis test. This paper introduces a new method which is 70 times faster than the conventional method. The presented test algorithm is in pseudo-code format for easy translation to PASCAL, C, FORTRAN, or other language.
A new technology for a cruise control system

A methodology for developing a vehicle control software using traffic simulation is presented. A cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system is developed for critical zones using this methodology. Critical zones are short stretches of road, such as intersections, that can be analyzed separately in small-scale simulations, but can have a large effect on the performance of a larger-scale road system such as an interchange. The CACC is shown to outperform human drivers in small and large-scale simulations.
Reduction of sulfur dioxide by syngas to elemental sulfur over iron‐based mixed oxide supported catalyst

An iron-based supported catalyst has been developed for the reduction of SO2 by synthesis gas to obtain more than 97% yield of elemental sulfur with a single stage reactor for 340–480°C (30–40 mesh particles), 440–580°C (d · 3 mm × h · 5 mm granules). Parametric studies on the performance of the catalyst have been conducted. The parameters studied include temperature, space velocity, molar ratio of H2 to CO, molar ratio of syngas to SO2 in the feed, and particle size of the catalyst. A lifetime test has been successfully performed. The mass balance of sulfur and carbon has been demonstrated.
A Classification Analysis of the Success of Open Source Health Information Technology Projects

As the number of open source software (OSS) projects in health care grows rapidly, researchers are faced with the challenge of understanding and explaining the success of the open source phenomenon. This paper proposes a research framework that examines the roles of project sponsorship, license type, development status and technological complements in the success of open source health information technology (HIT) projects and it develops a systematic method for classifying projects based on their success potential. Drawing from economic theory, a novel proposition in our framework suggests that higher project-license restrictiveness will increase OSS adoption, because organizations will be more confident that the OSS project will remain open source in the future. We apply the framework to a sample of open source software projects in health care. Our findings suggest that although project sponsorship and license restrictiveness influence project metrics they are not significant predictors of project success categorization. On the other hand, development status, operating system and programming language are significant predictors of an OSS project’s success categorization. We discuss research and application implications and suggest future research directions.
Reactions of silane with the W(110) surface

Reactions of silane with the W(110) surface have been studied using temperature programmed desorption, Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. At 350 K, silane undergoes complete dissociation on the clean W(110) surface, with an initial dissociation probability of one. The hydrogen atoms produced by silane dissociation are displaced from the surface by silicon atoms during large silane exposures. As the silicon coverage increases, the silane dissociation probability remains 2 0.5 until a monolayer of silicon is deposited. The weak dependence of dissociation probability on silicon coverage suggests that dissociation occurs via a mobile precursor. Once the first monolayer is complete, the silane dissociation probability decreases sharply to less than 0.01. At 120 K, silane undergoes only partial dissociation. The resulting adsorbed species are tentatively identified as silyl (SiHs) groups. The silyl groups decompose during temperature programmed desorption at 200-300 K to evolve H, and leave adsorbed silicon atoms on the surface. Adsorbed silicon atoms form a number of ordered overlayer structures, depending on both the silicon and hydrogen coverages and the temperature to which the overlayers are annealed. Heating silicon overlayers to 1050 K results in reaction between silicon and tungsten to form epitaxial tungsten silicide overlayers. Repeated cycles of silane adsorption followed by annealing to 1050 K result in the epitaxial growth of stoichiometric WSi, layers on the surface.
Characteristics of Women Farm Operators and Their Farms

Over the past three decades, the number of women-operated farms increased substantially. In 2007, women operated 14 percent of all U.S. farms, up from 5 percent in 1978. Women-operated farms increased in all sales classes, including farms with annual sales of $1 million or more. Most women farmers operated very small farms in 2007; about three-fourths of their farms had sales of less than $10,000. A small share of their farms (5 percent), however, sold $100,000 or more in farm products. About half of women-operated farms specialized in grazing livestock—beef cattle, horses, and sheep or goats. In addition to a principal operator, some farms have secondary operators. If both principal and secondary operators are counted, the number of women operators in 2007 expands from 306,200 to nearly 1 million.
The influences of global and local cues on the synchronization rate of interconnected oscillator networks subject to time delays

Synchronization of interconnected oscillator networks under global and local cues is ubiquitous in nature and engineering. However, the influences of global and local cues on the rate of synchronization have not been fully studied. We analyze the roles of global and local cues in the synchronization rate of interconnected oscillator networks subject to time delays. To study the rate of synchronization, we first give a synchronization condition, which can guarantee synchronization of oscillator networks independent of delays. Then we prove that a stronger global cue always leads to a faster rate of synchronization, whereas local cues have no influence on the rate of synchronization when the delays are below a certain value, and they reduce the rate of synchronization when the delays are larger than the value. Finally simulation results are given to illustrate the theoretical results.
Tropical dendrochemistry: A novel approach to estimate age and growth from ringless trees

[1] Although tropical forests play an active role in the global carbon cycle and climate, their growth history remains poorly characterized compared to other ecosystems on the planet. Trees are prime candidates for the extraction of paleoclimate archives as they can be probed sub-annually, are widely distributed and can live for over 1400 years [Chambers et al., 1998]. However, dendrochronological techniques have found limited applications in the tropics because trees often lack visible growth rings (Whitmore, 1990). Alternative methods exist (dendrometry (DaSilva et al., 2002), radio- and stable isotopes (Evans and Schrag, 2004; Poussart et al., 2004; Poussart and Schrag, 2005), but the derived records are either of short-duration, lack seasonal resolution or are prohibitively labor intensive to produce. Here, we show the first X-ray microprobe synchrotron record of calcium (Ca) from a ringless Miliusa velutina tree from Thailand and use it to estimate the tree's age and growth history. The Ca age model agrees within ≤2 years of bomb-radiocarbon age estimates and confirms that the cycles are seasonal. The amplitude of the Ca annual cycle is correlated significantly with growth and annual Ca maxima correlate with the amount of dry season rainfall. Synchrotron measurements are fast and producing sufficient numbers of replicated multi-century tropical dendrochemical climate records now seems analytically feasible.
Optimization and Performance of Multilevel Quantization in Automatic Detectors

The optimization and performance of the double-threshold or binary method of automatic radar detection has been the subject of numerous studies in the past, and the loss due to this approximation has been shown to be 1 to 2-1/2 dB. By quantization of the input video into more than two levels, this loss can be avoided; however, little information is available on appropriate design procedures and expected performance. In this paper empirical procedures are described to find good settings of the first and second threshold levels, and the corresponding detection performance is determined. These results, which are believed to be close to optimum, show that for the case of quantization into four levels (2 bits), the loss in decibels is reduced to approximately 1/3 of the corresponding value for the binary case. In some cases this is equivalent to a saving of as much as 1-1/2 dB in signal-to-noise ratio.
Deterministic phase unwrapping in the presence of noise.

We present a new Fourier-based exact solution for deterministic phase unwrapping from experimental maps of wrapped phase in the presence of noise and phase vortices. This single-step approach has superior performance for images with high phase gradients or insufficient digital sampling approaching 2π/pixel and therefore performs as a fast and practical solution for the phase-unwrapping problem for experimental applications in applied optics, physics, and medicine.
Rho-kinase inhibitors offer a new approach in the treatment of glaucoma

Introduction: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause for worldwide blindness and is characterized by progressive optic nerve damage. The etiology of POAG is unknown, but elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and advanced age have been identified as risk factors. IOP reduction is the only known treatment for glaucoma. Recently, drugs that inhibit rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) have been studied in animals and people for their ability to lower IOP and potentially treat POAG. ROCK inhibitors lower IOP through a trabecular mechanism and may represent a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of POAG. Areas covered: Exploring the place that ROCK inhibitors may occupy in our treatment of POAG requires a thorough understanding of pathophysiology and treatment. This article summarizes current research on the incidence, proposed etiologies and mechanisms of action for this drug class. ROCK inhibitor research is presented and considered in light of the current standard of pharmacologic care. E...
Phrase Clustering for Discriminative Learning

We present a simple and scalable algorithm for clustering tens of millions of phrases and use the resulting clusters as features in discriminative classifiers. To demonstrate the power and generality of this approach, we apply the method in two very different applications: named entity recognition and query classification. Our results show that phrase clusters offer significant improvements over word clusters. Our NER system achieves the best current result on the widely used CoNLL benchmark. Our query classifier is on par with the best system in KDDCUP 2005 without resorting to labor intensive knowledge engineering efforts.
LHRH Agonists and Male Contraception

Normal testicular function requires the stimulatory actions of the pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH [1,2]. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis to generate and maintain high intratesticular testosterone concentrations, which are essential for initiating and maintaining spermatogenesis [1–4]. Most evidence supports the concept that FSH in conjunction with LH is required for the initiatipn of spermatogenesis which usually occurs during sexual maturation. After puberty, however, the role of FSH in reproductive function is less clear. Observations that hypophysectomy in man or experimental animals predictably leads to azoospermia suggest that complete suppression of LH and FSH by pharmacologic means could provide effective suppression of spermatogenesis. Studies by Bremner et al. have shown that in men, made hypogonadotropic by testosterone enanthate, spermatogenesis can be reinitiated by LH alone [3–6]. However, the quantitative level of sperm production in the absence of FSH is not normal. Addition of FSH to hCG/LH treatment regimen in this hypogonadotropic male model restores sperm production to normal level’s [5,6]. These results do not support the concept that selective suppression of FSH will lead to an effective male contraceptive [1,7].
Myocardial oxygenation and high-energy phosphate levels during graded coronary hypoperfusion.

This study was performed to determine the myocyte Po 2 required to sustain normal high-energy phosphate (HEP) levels in the in vivo heart. In 10 normal dogs, myocyte Po 2 values were calculated fro...
Fluorescence Studies of Glutamine Synthetase from Escherichia coli: ϵ-Adenylylated and Unadenylylated Enzymes

A fluorescent derivative of ATP, ϵ -ATP, was used to adenylylate glutamine synthetase from E. coli enzymatically. The ϵ -adenylylated enzyme exhibits similar catalytic properties and inhibitor susceptibility to those of the naturally adenylylated enzyme. The fluorescence properties of the ϵ -adenosine and of tryptophan residues of the enzyme were used to study ligand-induced conformational changes involving alterations of the tryptophan regions and the adenylylation site of the protein. Binding of Mn2+ to the ϵ -adenylylated enzyme is accompanied by a decrease of ϵ -adenosine fluorescence as compared to the effect observed for the Mg2+ binding. An ADP binding study shows that at low ADP concentration, ADP causes enhancement of the tryptophan fluorescence only, reflecting the binding of unadenylylated subunits; and at high ADP concentration, ADP causes not only enhancement of the tryptophan fluorescence, but also a quenching of the fluorescence of enzyme bound ϵ -AMP, reflecting binding to the adenylylated subunits. Dissociation constants calculated from these fluorescence changes agree well with those determined from binding studies of ADP to adenylylated and unadenylylated enzymes. Binding of the feedback inhibitor, alanine, to Mn2+-dependent glutamine synthetase causes enhancement of the ϵ -AMP fluorescence, from which a dissociation constant of 1.5 mM was calculated for the inhibitor. The fluorescence changes observed due to ligands binding suggest that Mg2+ and Mn2+ stabilize different conformational states of the enzyme.
Does the Private Sector Care About Aids

How do firms decide to provide HIV/AIDS prevention services? In this CGD Working Paper, Visiting Fellow Vijaya Ramachandran analyzes data from 860 firms and 4,955 workers in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. She finds that larger firms, and those with more highly skilled workers invest more in AIDS prevention. Firms in which more than 50 percent of workers are unionized are also more likely to do more prevention activity. Finally, these characteristics are significant in determining whether or not a firm carries out pre-employment checks of its workers. The results shed light on the likelihood of private intervention and the gaps that will require public sector assistance.
An active membrane model of the cerebellar Purkinje cell II. Simulation of synaptic responses

1. Both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic channels were added to a previously described complex compartmental model of a cerebellar Purkinje cell to examine model responses to synaptic inputs....