cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetophenone tolerance, chemical adaptation, and residual bioreductive capacity of non-fermenting baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during sequential reactor cycles

Bioreduction of acetophenone (ACP) to phenethyl alcohol (PEA) by baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which is highly enantioselective, can be carried out entirely in a resting state using stored carbohydrate, suggesting that a high degree of chemical tolerance might be possible. However, viability and catalytic activity of precultured cells decline steeply within 24 h at initial ACP concentrations >0.2% (17 mM). Viability of cells at 0.4% ACP was 1/4 the viability at 0.2% ACP as determined by vital staining, and <1% based on colony-forming ability. this sensitivity was observed in suspensions with a cell content of nearly 30% (w/v). longterm pea production is strongly dependent on viability, indicating that the cumulative yield per batch of cells is maximized by maintaining a very low concentration of substrate (0.2%). however, nonviable cells (cfu ml−1 <1% cells ml−1) can achieve PEA yields up to 1/3 the maximum, an amount representing initial absorption of ACP without further uptake. Regarding population adaptability, when cells surviving the most selective (toxic) concentration of ACP (0.6%) were subcultured in an ACP-free medium and re-reacted, the 24-h percent viabilities (vital staining) and colony-forming frequencies exceeded those of non-selected cells. However, the surviving cells represented only a small fraction (1%) of the recultured progeny. Even at ACP concentrations as low as 0.25% (w/v), surviving cells were unreliable in transmitting and maintaining ACP-tolerance. In addition, there was no evidence that the chemical yield of recultured ACP-tolerant cells (amount of PEA relative to initial amount of ACP) can consistently exceed the maximum yield of an equivalent density of previously unreacted (non-selected) cells. These results indicate that over a broad range of substrate concentrations, rapid replacement of cells may be more cost-effective than maintenance or reuse of viable cells.
Bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to endometriosis

Endometriotic ureteral obstruction is an uncommon but serious event often unrecognized until hydronephrotic renal atrophy has occurred. A case of bilateral endometriotic ureteral obstruction treated with danazol (Danocrine) is reported, and the literature is reviewed.
Model of infantile spasms induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in prenatally impaired brain.

Objective Infantile spasms (a catastrophic epileptic syndrome of childhood) are insensitive to classic antiepileptic drugs. New therapies are limited by lack of animal models. Here we develop a new model of flexion spasms based on prenatal exposure to betamethasone combined with postnatal administration of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and determine brain structures involved in the induction of flexion spasms. Methods Pregnant rats received two doses of betamethasone on day 15 of gestation. Offspring was injected with NMDA on postnatal day 15. Effects of adrenocorticotropin therapy on the development of age-specific flexion spasms were determined and electroencephalographic correlates recorded. C-fos immunohistochemistry and [14C]2-deoxyglucose imaging identified brain structures involved in the development of flexion spasms. Results Prenatal betamethasone exposure sensitizes rats to development of NMDA-induced spasms and, most importantly, renders the spasms sensitive to adrenocorticotropin therapy. Ictal electroencephalogram results correspond to human infantile spasms: electrodecrement or afterdischarges were observed. Imaging studies defined three principal regions involved in NMDA spasms: limbic areas (except the dorsal hippocampus), hypothalamus, and the brainstem. Interpretation Despite certain limitations, our new model correlates well with current infantile spasm hypotheses and opens an opportunity for development and testing of new effective drugs. Ann Neurol 2007;61:109–119
Cancer risk associated with early and late maternal age at first birth

Abstract Objective This paper provides a review of the literature associating maternal age at first birth and cancer. Potential mechanisms explaining associations between maternal age at first birth and cancer are also discussed. Method Systematic review of English language literature using searches on established databases (e.g., Medline, Popline) and the references of materials identified in these databases. Results Older age (typically defined as 35 years or older) at first birth is associated with increased risk of breast and brain cancers. Conversely, younger age (typically defined as 19 years or younger) at first birth is associated with an increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancers. There is an unclear correlation between maternal age at first birth and site-specific malignancies such as ovarian, colorectal, thyroid, pancreatic, and kidney cancers. Causal mechanisms linking age at first birth and cancer were identified and reported for breast, brain, cervical, and endometrial cancers. Conclusion Older age at first birth increases the risk for breast and brain cancers but decreases the risk of cervical and endometrial cancers.
Memory and decisions in a monitoring task

Abstract The hypothesis that memory and decisions are independent implies that the latter uses information from the former whether or not that information is accurate. To test this, memory was degraded by having one group of subjects monitor the changing states of six information variables while another group monitored only three. Subjects were asked (a) to give the current states of the variables, (b) to make a decision on the basis of the current states of the variables, or (a) to do both. The group monitoring three variables did so with great accuracy, and their decisions were also accurate. The group with six variables performed neither task accurately. For both groups, however, decisions were a direct function of the information in memory, whether it was accurate or not. For this task at least, memory and decision are independent processes.
Adults' Approval and Adolescents' Alcohol Use

Purpose: To compare adults’ approval of adolescents’ alcohol use among white, black, and Latino youth and to evaluate the effects of approval on most recent alcohol consumption, past 30-day use and binge drinking. Methods: A cross-sectional telephone survey of n 6245 adolescents from 242 communities was conducted as part of the National Evaluation of the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Program. The survey assessed perceived availability of alcohol, underage alcohol use, and problems related to underage drinking. Ordinary least squares regression modeling was used to test the relationships between adults’ approval and most recent consumption. Logistic regression modeling was used to measure the association among approval, past 30-day use and binge drinking. Results: Perceived consequences, parent and adult relative provision of alcohol, and drinking with a parent were protective of underage drinking. Providing alcohol at a party, however, was associated with a two-fold increase in past 30-day use and binge drinking. There were minimal differences on adults’ approval across the three racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Adults’ approval of alcohol use is highly correlated with youth drinking behavior and has differential effects on adolescents’ alcohol use depending on the social context in which the alcohol is provided. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2004
Diagnostic Classification of LD: A Practical Necessity and a Procedural Problem.

As the diagnosis of learning disabilities has become widespread and commonplace, considerable debate has raged over the issue of labeling. Since the polemics have generated some confusion, it is important that professionals not lose sight of the major purposes and serious concerns related to diagnostic practices. In a two-part series, Adelman will (1) highlight why diagnostic procedures are necessary and why it is difficult to arrive at a valid diagnosis and (2) offer some perspectives on research and ethical considerations related to current LD diagnostic practices. In this first article, discussion of purposes and problems involved in diagnosing LD focuses on three topics: (a) how diagnosis relates to other assessment activity, (b) the objectives of diagnostic classification, and (c) specific conceptual concerns regarding the LD label.
Identifying and characterizing places for the targeted control of heterosexual HIV transmission in urban areas

Places with active HIV transmission may serve as key locations for targeted control. In 2008–2009, heterosexual sex partner venues in Baltimore, MD were identified using a three-phase process and characterized by the presence or absence of HIV cases. 1,594 participants aged 18–35 years were enrolled at 87 venues. The study yielded an overall HIV prevalence of 3.7 %; 42 % of venues had ≥1 case of HIV (i.e., HIV positive venues). In final age-adjusted models, HIV positive venues had 10 % more high HIV-risk sexual partnering (95 % CI 1.01, 1.19) and more than twice as much drug market activity (95 % CI 1.04, 6.46) compared to HIV negative venues. Commercial sex work, parenteral risk behavior and venue-level sex market activity were not significantly associated with HIV status of the venues. This study highlights characteristics of venues, such as drug market activity, that may be important in identifying places with active HIV transmission.
Surgical Management of Traumatic Intracardiac Injuries

Today, surgeons are able to manage both blunt and penetrating wounds of the heart with increasing success, including those with associated intracardiac injuries. After diagnosis by cardiac catheterization, substantial intracardiac lesions are repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass. Among more than 300 patients treated for cardiac wounds in our city-county hospital in recent years, 15 were found to have marded intracardiac defects. These defects included ventricular septal defects, aorta--right ventricle fistulas, aortic valve injuries, a mitral valve injury, and a coronary artery--right ventricle fistula. Thirteen of the 15 patients required repair of the intracardiac defects. One was repaired acutely and 12 were repaired electively. All 15 patients were alive and asymptomatic at the time of writing.
Management of metastatic tumors of the spine: strategies and operative indications

The spinal column is the most frequent site of bone metastasis in the body. Spine surgeons are often involved in the care of these patients only after nonoperative management has failed. Because surgery has been viewed as no better than radiotherapy in the treatment of metastasis of the spine, it has only been used as a salvage approach. These views are based on a body of literature in which laminectomy combined with radiotherapy was compared with radiotherapy alone. Anterior approaches to the spine are now popular and familiar to most surgeons. These approaches allow direct access to the metastatic lesion, reconstruction of the anterior vertebral column, and the placement of anterior instrumentation. Outcomes are frequently much better when this combined treatment is used instead of radiotherapy alone. In selected patients, surgery may be desired as first-line therapy before radio- or chemotherapy has been initiated. The controversy surrounding surgery for metastatic spinal disease is reviewed. Treatment...
Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels in invasive cervical cancer: Prediction of response and recurrence

OBJECTIVE: The rate of normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin or CA 125 in other gynecologic malignancies is highly predictive of response to therapy and recurrence. Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (See antigen) levels were studied in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma to determine if the rate of normalization was associated with outcome. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred eighty-four patients were studied. A logistic regression of elevated SCC antigen levels was performed. RESULTS: In primary squamous cell carcinoma the see antigen level was elevated in stages I, II, III, and IV disease and all stages combined in 24%, 57%, 67%, 71%, and 43% of cases, respectively. Only 27% of patients with nonsquamous carcinoma of the cervix had elevated see antigen levels. SCC antigen levels were elevated in 50% of patients with recurrent disease. In both primary and recurrent disease elevated see antigen levels decreased with effective therapy. Normalization of elevated sec levels was associated with a complete response; however, logistic regression of see antigen values was not. CONCLUSION: When initially elevated, see antigen assays aided in determination of response and detection of recurrences.
Antibodies to chicken progesterone receptor peptide 523―536 recognize a site exposed in receptor-deoxyribonucleic acid complexes but not in receptor-heat shock protein-90 complexes

Abstract We have prepared monospecific polyclonal rabbit antibodies to the peptide sequence 523–536 of the chicken progesterone receptor. This region, located between the DNAbinding and hormone-binding domains, is predicted by hydropathic analyses to be on the surface of the protein. The synthetic peptide was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and injected into rabbits. Three rabbits produced antibodies; all three are specific for progesterone receptors, recognize both native and denatured receptor, and do not interfere with either hormone binding or receptor recognition of its DNA response element in gel retardation assays. However, the antibodies do not interact with cytosolic 8S receptor complexes which contain the heat shock protein hsp90, suggesting that this site is occluded in the 8S complex. In contrast, the antibodies recognize a type of receptor dimer which forms on the DNA response element. Thus, these antibodies are a unique tool for studying receptor proteinprotein interactions.
Balancing Broad Ideas with Context: An Evaluation of Student Accuracy in Describing Ecosystem Processes after a System-Level Intervention.

Promoting student understanding of ecosystem processes is critical to biological education. Yet, teaching complex life systems can be difficult because systems are dynamic and often behave in a non-linear manner. In this paper, we discuss assessment results from a middle school classroom intervention in which a conceptual representation framework is embedded in a suite of technology tools. We use both hand-drawn models and open-ended written responses to evaluate student understanding. While we speculated that our intervention would help students use ecosystem mechanisms to describe broader processes, we found instead that students tended to express constructs in isolation (as opposed to a unified picture of ecosystem processes). In addition, students provided greater elaboration of ideas mostly when specifically prompted. Specific prompts also tended to produce more accurate representations of the ecosystem processes our curriculum covered. Our findings have allowed us to refine our intervention to bette...
The global health threat of African urban slums: the example of urban tuberculosis

Urban slums in developing countries are experiencing the most rapid population growth of any settlement type globally. Such growth of densely settled slums exerts a profound influence on the epidemiology and geography of communicable disease, transmitted through multiple modes. Specifically, high density, poor sanitation, poorly built housing, and lack of both adequate sewage systems and water supply facilitate pathogen spread. Long-range transmission of infection, partly through migration or travel of infected individuals, makes communicable diseases of urban areas in developing countries health problems of the entire world rather than localized areas. Non-endemic areas are threatened with disease spread. Because a significant proportion of slum growth and disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, global well-being demands that we understand and control disease spread in African slums as a major international health priority. This paper outlines the potential threats and implications of African urban slum...
Predictors of early discontinuation of evidence-based medicine after acute coronary syndrome.

Use of evidence-based medicine (EBM) improves outcomes after acute coronary syndromes (ACS), yet patients often discontinue prescribed therapies after discharge. Although such discontinuation is well documented, patients' reasons for medication discontinuation have not been reported. MAINTAIN is a longitudinal follow-up registry of CRUSADE/ACTION, which enrolled patients during an ACS hospitalization from January 2006 to September 2007. All discharge medications were obtained from hospital charts. Patients were interviewed by telephone 3 months after discharge to determine if EBM classes prescribed at discharge were continued (aspirin, clopidogrel, β blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and lipid-lowering medications). If discontinuation occurred, patients were asked if it was with provider knowledge/input or not (self-discontinuation). A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with self-discontinuation of prescribed EBM. Of the 1,077 patients interviewed, 1,006 (93.4%) were discharged on aspirin, 816 (75.8%) on clopidogrel, 982 (91.2%) on β blockers, 745 (69.2%) on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and 968 (89.9%) on lipid-lowering medications. At 3-month follow-up, 304 patients (28.2%) had discontinued ≥1 of these prescribed EBM classes. Although many reported provider involvement, most discontinuation (61.5%) was self-determined. Factors independently associated with self-discontinuation were no pharmacy coinsurance, increasing number of medications, not using reminder tools (e.g., pillbox), lower education, and dialysis. In conclusion, 1/3 of patients with ACS discontinue ≥1 of their prescribed EBMs within 3 months of hospital discharge, and most of this discontinuation is without provider involvement. Patient education, better prescription drug coverage, and reminder strategies may improve use of EBMs at 3 months after discharge from ACS admission.
Future developments of large electric generators

Several observations can be made with respect to the continual development of large electric generators: 1. The tendency toward always increasing ratings, and especially toward increasing the rating for a given physical size. 2. The thermal problems of cooling and the mechanical limits of various stresses (for example, stresses in electrical windings, in shafts, and in rotor parts subjected to centrifugal force), overspeed on loss of load, critical speeds, and torsional oscillations. 3. The electrical questions of insulation, appropriate voltage rating, reactances, and excitation requirements. 4. Features related to the system requirements: reactances, rotary inertias, reactive power capability, rated and operating power factor, and unbalanced loading. 5. The type of steam generator as it may influence a tendency to use 4-pole generators, and the environmental considerations (i.e. thermal discharges) which may influence the prime-mover inertia. 6. Considerations of machine protection in view of the increased importance of large generating units and of the possibly different winding arrangements and heavy loadings. The history of large electric generators may seem to indicate that we have always been near the frontier of knowledge and experience, and it has required some courage to predict with confidence a continued growth in rating. In spite of this, new concepts, research, development, and design studies have so far continued to open up a path to permit further increases in ratings, and it appears that this process can still be depended on for some time in the future.
Modeling attenuation and dispersion in porous heterogeneous rocks with dynamic fluid modulus

ABSTRACTBased on poroelasticity analysis, we developed a new concept of frequency-dependent dynamic fluid modulus (DFM) to understand the velocity dispersion and wave attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow. Conventional applications of Gassmann’s equation require a complete homogeneity inside the porous media (or equivalently, at zero frequency) and closed boundary condition. We first analyzed the fluid effect on the bulk modulus in homogeneous porous media with a nonclosed condition. The partial drainage of pore fluid causes additional pore volume change under applied stress. An incoming fluid flow stiffens the porous system, and an outgoing flow softens it. Such a phenomenon can still be effectively formulated as a closed system with Gassmann’s equation, by introducing a DFM, which adds a flow term into the original fluid modulus. We further proved that in heterogeneous porous media, the wave-induced internal fluid flow caused additional bulk volume deformation. It equals the amount of the fluid flo...
Polymeric endoluminal gel paving: hydrogel systems for local barrier creation and site-specific drug delivery

Abstract New methods of catheter-based percutaneous revascularization have had a significant impact on the current clinical practice of cardiology, interventional radiology and cardiovascular and peripheral vascular surgery. Despite the acute success of these approaches, their long-term efficacy remains limited by restenosis. Our groups have explored the potential therapeutic benefit of utilizing biodegradable and bioerodible polymers as vehicles for local biomanipulation of the arterial wall. We have utilized an approach termed ‘gel paving’ to both provide a barrier immediately following angioplasty and intermediate-term local drug delivery. Gel paving is a technique in evolution that is a member of a broad family of paving approaches. It offers the promise of short- and long-term local arterial biomanipulation for therapeutic benefit.
Preservation of beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective To review available data on preservation and potential improvement of beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with use of currently available strategies and agents. Methods Using key words, we performed a MEDLINE search of the relevant literature published through 2009 regarding the effects of available agents on beta-cell function in humans with T2DM. Results On the basis of current clinical data, no uniformly effective treatment for beta-cell preservation has been found. Lifestyle intervention and early intensive insulin therapy appear to have some preservative properties on beta-cell function. Glucagonlike peptide-1 agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones result in maintenance and often improvement of beta-cell function during their active use; however, data on their ability to preserve beta-cell function when patients are not receiving active treatment are limited. Conclusion The continuous loss of beta-cell mass and beta-cell function is a critical mechanism underlying the progressive deterioration of glycemic control in T2DM. In light of the projected increase in individuals at risk for developing T2DM, strategies and agents aimed at delaying or preventing the progression and inducing a remission of the disease are needed. Future research on this topic should include comparative efficacy trials with washout periods incorporating currently available and novel medications and strategies for preservation of beta cells. (Endocr Pract. 2010;16:1038-1055)
Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment

This study shows the effect of opiate withdrawal on dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). Microdialysis was used to detect variations in extracellular DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the NAC of freely moving rats during acute and chronic morphine treatment followed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal with and without clonidine. Basal levels of extracellular DA did not change between sessions, but morphine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant and identical increase in extracellular DA and metabolites in both the acute phase (day 1) and the chronic phase (day 7). On day 8, naloxone (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant decrease in DA levels accompanied by typical withdrawal symptoms such as wet dog shakes and teeth-chattering. Clonidine pretreatment (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) eliminated both the withdrawal symptoms and the DA decrease. These results support the view that morphine increases extracellular DA at times when the drug is rewarding and also suggest that the converse may be true; morphine withdrawal decreases DA release in association with the aversive state.
Social influence in a distributed simulation

Massively multiplayer environments provide a distributed simulation in which to assess the effects of social influence on individual behaviors. This study used this platform to determine the presence of conformity within a virtual environment, essentially replicating the classic social psychology methodology employed by Asch (see Asch 1952a, 1956) on conformity of responses to perceptual judgment tasks. Experimental confederates acting as users in a distributed simulation provided unanimously incorrect responses to a simple line judgment task. Actual experimental participants varyingly demonstrated conforming behavior in their responses, with some deviations from Asch's findings. Implications for training, particularly in military settings, are discussed as are necessary future research endeavors. Language: en
Logarithmic presentation of oceanographic data

IN THE conventional graphical presentation of vertical profiles of oceanographic properties, the iso-lines in the euphotic zone are crowded to such an extent that the fine features of the water mass must be omitted and the number of contour intervals greatly reduced; on the other hand, due to the uniformity of its water mass, the sections for the deep parts of the ocean are sparsely contoured. The logarithmic representation of rapidly variable functions has been extensively used in the geophysical sciences. In oceanography, TULLY (1937, 1957, 1960) found that structures within the zones in subarctic and estuarine regions are generally simple functions of the logarithm of depth. This logarithmic presentation of oceanographic data can be extended to the deep sea. In general the ocean can be divided into three phases : the upper representing the rapidly changing, mixing surface water: the second the transitional zone: and the lower the slow varying deep water. These can be readily represented on a three-cycle semi-logarithm paper with the depths as the ordinate in the logarithmic scale and the horizontal distance on the linear abscissa. Such a diagram has the advantage of clarity and appropriate information in representation as compared with the equal-depth plot. With the logarithmic cycles, the characteristics of the biological productive euphotic zone which usually occur in the surface 100-m layer are described in detail in the primary logarithmic cycle. The transitional zone extending from the thermocline to about 1000 m depth is still adequately shown in the second log cycle. The deep wa, ter with only very slight variation in properties with depth is compressed without sacrifice of detail in the third cycle. Moreover, the bottom topography which would be greatly exaggerated in .the conventional plot is smoothed in the logarithmic diagram where the compression in the horizontal scale is offset by the slower logarithmic change at greater depths. This thus brings out a more natural representation of the bottom topography. When the three cycles are used in representing a depth of 10,000 m, which is the average maximum depth of the oceans, the hydrographic properties in the surface i0 m will not appear on the diagram. Such an omission should not cause any difficulty in interpreting the profiles since the surface waters are usually homogeneous and their properties are statistically identical. Furthermore, the surface water itself is subject to diurnal atmospheric heating and cooling. However, if surface values are required, they may be included in the diagram as shown in Figs. I-4. In cases such as the estuary and shallow water studies where the changes within the surface
What we can—and cannot—expect from school-based drug prevention

School-based drug prevention is a central component of drug control strategies. This paper assesses quantitatively its contributions in the United States from a social policy perspective. The social benefits per participant stemming from reduced drug use ( approximately $840 from tobacco, alcohol, cocaine and marijuana) appear to exceed the economic costs of running the programs ( approximately $150 per participant); while the benefits associated with reduced cocaine use alone ( approximately $300) exceed the costs, the corresponding figure for marijuana ( approximately $20) is small. Even if prevention reduced the use of other illicit drugs (e.g. heroin) by as much as it reduced use of cocaine, the majority of benefits would still stem from reductions in use of tobacco and alcohol, which has implications for how school-based drug prevention is funded and whether it is perceived more as a weapon in the war on illicit drugs or as a public health measure. Specific numeric results are subject to considerable uncertainty, but the basic character of the conclusions appears to be robust with respect to parameter uncertainty. The greatest uncertainties concern the permanence of prevention's effects and how to value instances of initiation being deferred but not completely prevented.
Confirmed glyburide poisoning from ingestion of "street Valium".

Abstract Background Pharmaceuticals with little to no abuse potential are often sold surreptitiously as drugs of abuse on the street. Anecdotally, sulfonylureas are suspected to be commonly sold as “street Valium.” Case Reports Two patients presented with altered mental status and persistent hypoglycemia requiring continuous intravenous dextrose, in the context of suspected attempted benzodiazepine abuse. Supratherapeutic glyburide levels of 1198 and 647 ng/mL were measured in these patients. Conclusions These are two cases of glyburide poisonings from ingestion of “street Valium” that have been confirmed by laboratory testing.
325 DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINAL SUCRASE ACTIVITY: INTER ACTION OF THYROID AND ADRENAL HORMONES

Administration of exogenous thyroid hormones precociously increase intestinal sucrase activity (SA) in suckling rats. To differentiate the effects of thyroid and adrenal hormones on SA, intact suckling Sprague-Dawley rats were given TSH (0.5U) bid or water subcutaneously from day 14 until sacrifice on day 18. Results are shown below (x+SEM). Serum T4 and corticosterone (CS) as well as SA in the jejunum (J), mid-jejunum (MJ) and ileum (I) were all significantly increased in intact TSH treated rats. Sucklings were then adrenalectomized (ADX) on day 14 and given TSH (0.5 or 1.0U) bid or water subcutaneously until sacrifice on day 18. No significant differences in SA were found between ADX sucklings given TSH(1 or 2U/day) and ADX controls given water only. In the absence of the adrenal glands, physiologic elevation of endogenous thyroid hormones by TSH does not alter the maturational time course of intestinal sucrase activity.
Effects of abstinence and relapse upon neuropsychological function and cerebral glucose metabolism in severe chronic alcoholism

Prolonged excessive consumption of alcohol has been associated with a variety of cognitive disorders accompanied by neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities of the brain, particularly in the frontal lobes. Studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have shown decreased local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (lCMRglc) in frontal regions, with correlated abnormalities on neuropsychological tests sensitive to executive functioning. This investigation was designed as a pilot study to examine the effects of abstinence and relapse in patients with severe chronic alcoholism studied longitudinally with PET and with neuropsychological evaluation to assess both general and executive functioning. Six patients, including 4 who remained relatively abstinent and 2 who relapsed following their initial evaluation, were studied twice, with inter-evaluation intervals ranging from 10 to 32 months. The patients who remained abstinent or who had minimal alcohol use showed partial recovery of lCMRglc in two of three divisions of the frontal lobes and improvement on neuropsychological tests of general cognitive and executive functioning, whereas the patients who relapsed had further declines in these areas. These results, although based upon a relatively small number of subjects, provide preliminary support for at least partial recovery of metabolic and cognitive functioning in individual patients who abstain from alcohol.
Massive Gingival Fibrous Lesion Excision Using Acellular Dermal Matrix for Gingival Regeneration: A Case Report

Introduction: Localized gingival fibrous lesions (GFLs) can be esthetically disfiguring and may be associated with specific local, systemic, or unknown factors. Treatment of GFLs includes wide excision of the lesion, followed by the often difficult task of restoring soft-tissue function and esthetics. This case report describes the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for wound coverage after lesion removal.Case Presentation: A 50-year-old African-American female presented with a very large, facially located, GFL between teeth #10 and #11. She reported that a similar lesion had been removed twice before this recurrence. No local irritants were noted that might be associated with this type of lesion. The lesion was excised, including periosteum, leaving a large area of denuded bone that was covered with ADM. This resulted in regeneration of the gingiva and provided an excellent esthetic outcome for the patient.Conclusions: There was no evidence of recurrence of the lesion in the first 15 months. The etiolo...
Evidence emerges for early metastasis and parallel evolution of primary and metastatic tumors

Tumor progression to metastasis usually is assumed to occur through clonal genomic and epigenetic evolution. However, present evidence that challenges this paradigm. They show that genomic aberrations in tumor cells disseminated in the bone marrows of patients with no clinical evidence of metastasis generally do not resemble the aberrations in the primary tumors from which they arose. They interpret this to mean that tumor cells disseminate very early and evolve to metastatic disease independent from the primary tumor. Their model suggests that adjuvant therapies should be targeted to lesions in the disseminated cells rather than lesions found in primary tumors.
Microtubule assembly nucleated by isolated centrosomes

Microtubules are involved in the morphogenesis of most cells and are the structural basis of the mitotic spindle. We report here that purified centrosomes nucleate the assembly of microtubules with unusual dynamic properties. This may have important implications for the mechanism by which microtubule arrays are organized and stabilized in cells.
Characterization of escaping electrons from simulations of hot electron transport for intense femtosecond laser-target scenarios

Early experimental and analytical results for short-pulse, high intensity laser–target scenarios have claimed the existence of significant surface currents along the target edge due to hot electron confinement by electromagnetic surface fields. However, more recent fully integrated-explicit and hybrid-implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have revealed that surface confinement is only a minor effect. This discrepancy can be attributed to an observational effect; only a small fraction of electrons escape and they may not represent the bulk distribution. PIC simulations reveal that enhanced surface emission is largely dependent on target geometry and has only a minor dependence on laser incidence angle and/or the angular distribution of the hot electron birth distribution. Furthermore, the escape distribution appears to differ from the initial birth distribution primarily at low energies and is higher in temperature, which is significant for the interpretation of experimental measurements.
Faking It: Social Bluffing and Class Difference in Howells's The Rise of Silas Lapham

In Howells's distinctive vision of the social world, there is something inimitable about upper- bourgeois culture—something that defies the aspirants' attempts to acquire or fake upper-class behaviors. In The Rise of Silas Lapham, he dramatizes for readers what none of his characters can articulate but all of them finally “feel,” namely the “fine yet impassable” differences between classes.
Expression of Pneumocystis jirovecii Major Surface Glycoprotein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The major surface glycoprotein (Msg), which is the most abundant protein expressed on the cell surface of Pneumocystis organisms, plays an important role in the attachment of this organism to epithelial cells and macrophages. In the present study, we expressed Pneumocystis jirovecii Msg in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a phylogenetically related organism. Full-length P. jirovecii Msg was expressed with a DNA construct that used codons optimized for expression in yeast. Unlike in Pneumocystis organisms, recombinant Msg localized to the plasma membrane of yeast rather than to the cell wall. Msg expression was targeted to the yeast cell wall by replacing its signal peptide, serine-threonine-rich region, and glycophosphatidylinositol anchor signal region with the signal peptide of cell wall protein α-agglutinin of S. cerevisiae, the serine-threonine-rich region of epithelial adhesin (Epa1) of Candida glabrata, and the carboxyl region of the cell wall protein (Cwp2) of S. cerevisiae, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis and treatment with β-1,3 glucanase demonstrated that the expressed Msg fusion protein localized to the yeast cell wall. Surface expression of Msg protein resulted in increased adherence of yeast to A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Heterologous expression of Msg in yeast will facilitate studies of the biologic properties of Pneumocystis Msg.
High power and high efficiency kW 88x-nm multi-junction pulsed diode laser bars and arrays

ABSTRACT There is great interest in the development of high -power, high -efficiency and low cost QCW 88x -nm diode laser bars and arrays for pumping solid state lasers. We report on the development of kW 88x -nm diode l aser bars that are based on a bipolar cascade design, in which multiple lasers are epitaxially grown in electrical series on a single substrate. 0XOWLSOHODVHUMXQFWLRQVHDFKRIZKLFKLVEDVHGRQQ/LJKW¶VKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH[ -nm epitaxial design, are sep arated by low resistance tunnel junctions with resistance as low as 8.0x10 -6 : -cm 2 . Optimization of bar geometry and wafer fabrication processes was explored for electrical and optical performance improvement in double -junction d iode laser s. A QCW power of 630 W was demonstrated in a 3 -mm wide mini -bar with 3 -mm cavity length. P eak efficiency of 61% was measured with 200 P s and 14 Hz pulses, at a heatsink temperature of 10 °C. Further power scaling was demonstrated in a 1 -cm wide bar with 3 -mm cavity length, where a record high peak power of 1.77 kW was measured at 1 kA drive cu rrent. Ong oing work for further power scaling includes development of tri ple -junction diode laser bars and double -junction bar -stack that emits > 10kW optical power . Keywords: Diode laser bar, stacked array, high power, high efficiency, DPSS, multi -juncti on, bipolar cascade, low cost
Theoretical chromaticity-mismatch limits of metamers viewed under different illuminants

Spectrally different object colors that match for one illuminant generally do not remain matched when the illuminant is replaced by another. However, all possible colors that match under one illuminant are, with any other illuminant, confined to a region of color space that has a closed boundary. This boundary, called the theoretical chromaticity-mismatch limits of metamers due to a change of illuminant, can be computed by means of a linear-programming technique. The size and shape of the theoretical limits in color space depend on the two illuminants involved and on the color of the metamers. A number of examples are given, and some practical implications of the method are discussed.
Pic is a contracted functor

We show that there is a natural decomposition $$Pic(A[t,t^{ - 1} ]) \cong Pic(A) \oplus NPic(A) \oplus NPic(A) \oplus H^1 (A)$$ for any commutative ringA, where Pic(A) is the Picard group of invertibleA-modules, andH1 (A) is the etale cohomology groupH1 (Spec(A),ℤ). A similar decomposition of Pic(X[t, t−1]) holds for any schemeX. This makes Pic a “contracted functor” in the sense of Bass.H1 (A) is always a torsionfree group, and is zero ifA is normal. For pseudo-geometric rings,H1 (A) is an effectively computable, finitely generated free abelian group. We also show thatH1 (A[t, t−1])≊H1 (A), i.e.,NH1=LH1=0. This yields the formula for group rings: $$Pic(A[t_1 ,t_1^{ - 1} ,...,t_m ,t_m^{ - 1} ) \cong Pic(A) \oplus \coprod\limits_{i = 1}^m {H^1 (A) \oplus \coprod\limits_{k = 1}^m {\coprod\limits_{i = 1}^{2^k \left( {_k^m } \right)} {N^k Pic(A).} } }$$
New inspection planning strategy for sculptured surfaces using coordinate measuring machine

The aim was to develop an effective inspection planning strategy for sculptured surfaces by using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The optimum measuring point locations are first determined to obtain more effective inspection results for the given sampling numbers. The suitable measuring point locations are determined based on the mean curvature analysis and a constant called the Region Selection Ratio which is suggested to optimise distribution of the measuring points. As a next step, various methods are tested to determine the optimum probe path to minimize the inspection time and the measuring errors. The experimental results show the sculptured surfaces can be inspected more effectively by choosing a suitable Region Selection Ratio. Also, the inspection time can be reduced significantly by using the proposed probe path generation methods.
From desegregation to diversity management in Alabama public universities: a narrative review

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that history has much to teach leaders in understanding resistance to affirmative action and how a greater commitment to diversity can be fostered.Design/methodology/approach – This narrative review provides a timeline of a case for resolution‐by‐agreement in the wake of the landmark Knight v. Alabama case.Findings – There have been dramatic increases in the enrollment of students of color and the presence of African‐American faculty in the three major public universities that comprise the University of Alabama System, as well as others in the state.Research limitations/implications – The present review does not contend that historic and fundamental inequities no longer exist in business and society. Moreover, the authors recognize that present inequities in the realms of diversity have important and historical roots. Likewise, there is no attempt to suggest that affirmative action is no longer a necessary or desired program in some areas. Neither do th...
Testimonial Encounter Esther Mujawayo's Dialogic Art of Witnessing

For the survivors of the genocide of the Tutsis, testifying to their traumatic past must be envisioned in relation to the political and ideological tensions that define the representations of Rwanda's national history. Bearing witness represents the possibility `of' and the call `for' a dialogic space where survivors seek to redefine the present meaning derived from the experience of the genocide and its haunting resonance. In their attempt to re-envision and re-assert themselves through testimony, survivors move from a position of being subjected to political violence to a position that entails the promise of agency. In this regard, Mujawayo's dialogic and polyphonic art of witnessing is a unique resource. Her testimonies seek to generate a social space within which the survivors can negotiate, and eventually reclaim, the meaning of their survival and to assert the demands of the traumatic aftermath they face.
Polygenetic nature of a rhyolitic dome and implications for hazard assessment: Cerro Pizarro volcano, Mexico

Abstract Rhyolitic domes are commonly regarded as monogenetic volcanoes associated with single, brief eruptions, in contrast to andesitic or dacitic domes that usually show a complex evolution including alternating long periods of growth and explosive destruction. Rhyolitic domes are characterized by short-lived successions of pyroclastic and effusive activity associated with a series of discrete eruptive events that apparently last on the order of years to decades or perhaps up to centuries. Cerro Pizarro, a rhyolitic dome in the eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt, is a relatively small (~ 1.1 km3), isolated volcano that shows aspects of polygenetic volcanism including long-term repose periods (~ 50–80 ky) between eruptions, chemical variations over time, and a complex evolution of alternating explosive and effusive eruptions, including a cryptodome phase, a sector-collapse event and prolonged erosional processes. This eruptive behavior provides new insights into how rhyolite domes may evolve, in contrast to the traditional models of rhyolitic domes as short-lived, monogenetic systems. A protracted, complex evolution bears important implications for hazard assessment if reactivation of an apparently extinct rhyolitic dome must be seriously considered.
Immigrant Latino Neighborhoods and Mortality Among Infants Born to Mexican-Origin Latina Women

To compare the association between neighborhood Latino immigrant concentration and infant mortality by maternal nativity among singleton births to Mexican-origin women in Los Angeles County. Information about births, infant deaths, and infant and maternal characteristics were obtained from geocoded Los Angeles County vital statistics records (2002-2005). Linked data on neighborhood characteristics (census tracts) were obtained from the 2000 census. Logistic regression models were used to predict infant mortality while accounting for spatial clustering by census tract. Two-thirds of births to Mexican-origin mothers were to foreign-born women. Foreign-born mothers were older, had less education, and were more likely to have delivery costs paid by Medicaid than US-born mothers. Infants born to foreign-born women had a lower infant mortality rates than infants born to US-born women (3.8/1,000 live births vs. 4.6, p = .002). Among infants of foreign-born mothers, the odds of infant mortality increased with increasing immigrant concentration (OR 1.29; 95 % CI 1.01-1.66). There was a similar pattern of association between immigrant concentration and mortality for infants of US-born mothers (OR 1.29; 95 % CI 0.99-1.67). In Los Angeles County, the odds of infant mortality among foreign-born Mexican-origin Latina were higher in higher-density immigrant neighborhoods, with a similar trend among US-born mothers. Thus, living in immigrant enclaves likely does not help to explain the lower than expected infant mortality rate among infants born to Latina women. Instead, higher neighborhood Latino immigrant concentration may indicate a neighborhood with characteristics that negatively impact maternal and infant health for Latinos.