cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyurethane foams from soyoil‐based polyols

The focus of this work was to synthesize bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams from soybean oil (SO). Different polyols from SO were produced as follows: soy- bean oil monoglyceride (SOMG), hydroxylated soybean oil (HSO), and soybean oil methanol polyol (SOMP). The SOMG was a mixture of 90.1% of monoglyceride, 1.3% of diglyceride, and 8.6% of glycerol. The effect of various variables (polyol reactivity, water content curing tempera- ture, type of catalyst, isocyanate, and surfactant) on the foam structure and properties were analyzed. SOMG had the highest reactivity because it was the only polyol-con- taining primary hydroxyl (AOH) groups in addition to a secondary AOH group. PU foams made with SOMG and synthetic polyol contained small uniform cells, whereas the other SO polyols produced foams with a mixture of larger and less uniform cells. The type of isocyanate also had an influence on the morphology, especially on the type of cells produced. The foam structure was found to be affected by the water and catalyst content, which con- trolled the foam density and the cure rate of the PU poly- mer. We observed that the glass transition (Tg) increased with the OH value and the type of diisocyanate. Also, we found that the degree of solvent swelling (DS) decreased as Tg increased with crosslink density. These results are consistent with the Twinkling Fractal Theory of Tg. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 2567-2578, 2009
Mechanisms for compile-time enforcement of security

This paper discusses features of a secure systems programming language designed and implemented at IBM's Watson Research Lab. Two features of the language design were instrumental in permitting security to be enforced with minimum run-time cost: (1) Language constructs (e.g. pointer variables) which could result in aliasing were removed from the programmer's direct control and replaced by higher level primitive types; and (2) traditional strong type checking was enhanced with typestate checking, a new mechanism in which the compiler guarantees that for all execution paths, the sequence of operations on each variable obeys a finite state grammar associated with that variable's type. Examples are given to illustrate the application of these mechanisms.
Increase in synaptophysin immunoreactivity following cortical infarction

Plasticity in the central nervous system has been demonstrated using lesions of the hippocampus and rhinal cortex but has not been well studied after cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia creates an area of infarction that is surrounded by neuronal tissue that may respond to nearby damage by creating new synapses. To determine if synaptogenesis occurs, antibodies to synaptophysin, a calcium-binding protein found on synaptic vesicles, were used with immunohistochemical techniques to assess the level of synaptophysin immunoreactivity as a measure of changes in the number of synapses. Cerebral ischemia was induced in hypertensive rats by permanently occluding the distal middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery. After 2 months recovery, the animals were perfused and the brains removed for immunohistochemical processing and evaluation. When comparing the cortex surrounding the infarcted area to similar areas on the contralateral side of the brain, the infarcted side had increased levels of anti-synaptophysin like activity that are statistically significant. We hypothesize that this increase in synaptophysin immunoreactivity is due to an increase in synapses in the cortex surrounding an area of infarction and supports the hypothesis of plasticity in the cortex following cerebral infarction.
Substance use and delinquency among fifth graders who have jobs.

BACKGROUND: Working for pay is associated with substance use and delinquency among older adolescents, although information is scant about younger youth who work. This study investigates associations between self-reports of having a job and substance use and delinquent behaviors in a sample of U.S. 5th graders. METHODS: A total of 5147 5th graders and their parents from three large metropolitan areas were assessed in a cross-sectional survey between Fall 2004 and Summer 2006. Multivariate regression was used to estimate associations between having a job and substance use and delinquency. Analyses were conducted in Fall 2007. RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of 5th graders reported having a job, with most working 2 hours per week. CONCLUSIONS: Among 5th graders, having a job was associated with substance-using behaviors and delinquency. Clinicians should consider asking young patients whether they work, and stress to parents the importance of monitoring the work activities, workplaces, and associates of their children. Language: en
Extraposition in Middle and New High German

This study investigates extraposition, i.e., the occurrence of a non-clausal constituent to the right of the clause-final verbal position, from medieval to modern German. Using a database of subordinate clauses from medieval and early-modern texts, several linguistic and sociolinguistic factors are identified that have a favoring effect on extraposition. These include a tendency for prepositional phrases, focused constituents, and heavy constituents to extrapose. Although extraposition is much less frequent in Modern Standard German, it is subject to largely the same restrictions as in earlier stages of the language. This evidence suggests that the German VP has remained head-final since at least the year 1150. Based on a comparison of similar constructions in English, I argue that extraposition results from rightward adjunction of heavy and focused constituents to VP or IP.
The Next Direction for Primatology? A Commentary on Setchell (2013)

Primatologists were asked to submit their “ideas for the Big Questions that remain unanswered in Primatology” and, from this, Setchell (2013) grouped the 170 responses into 11 broad themes. This exercise created a valuable tool that can help primatologists identify both the “missing gaps” and current broad overarching themes within our field. In this commentary, we offer our perspective on the methodology and results of this survey. By considering the 11 themes more holistically, primatologists can more easily address a broader range of questions, methods, and outcomes for their research endeavors and conservation efforts. Ultimately, the results of this survey should enable researchers and policymakers to recognize gaps in our knowledge and plan how to proceed with new research initiatives and funding applications. The identified themes should also provide a reference point for new avenues of investigation, and we are hopeful that this list can encourage interdisciplinary research if primatologists consider the overlaps across the themes. However, as Setchell noted, as some key areas of research were omitted from the list, the 11 themes should be used as a tool for guidance in expanding our research horizons and not as a template for the minimum of what is required.
Evaluating and improving cDNA sequence quality with cQC

Summary: Errors are prevalent in cDNA sequences but the extent to which sequence collections differ in frequencies and types of errors has not been investigated systematically. cDNA quality control, or cQC, was developed to evaluate the quality of cDNA sequence collections and to revise those sequences that differ from a higher quality genomic sequence. After removing rRNA, vector, bacterial insertion sequence and chimeric cDNA contaminants, small-scale nucleotide discrepancies were found in 51% of cDNA sequences from one Arabidopsis cDNA collection, 89% from a second Arabidopsis collection and 75% from a rice collection. These errors created premature termination codons in 4 and 42% of cDNA sequences in the respective Arabidopsis collections and in 7% of the rice cDNA sequences. Availability: A web-based version of cQC, source code and revised cDNA collections are available at http://genomics.arizona.edu/software/cQC/ Contact: raj@ag.arizona.edu Supplementary information: Further text, tables and figures are available at the above website or on Bioinformatics online.
Reactions of alcohols: V. Conversion of alcohols to ethers over nickel and other transition metal catalysts in the presence of hydrogen☆

Abstract The reactions of primary alkanols have been investigated over reduced nickel oxide and other transition metal oxides and metals in the presence of a flow of hydrogen in a micropulse reactor. The temperature of reduction of nickel oxide greatly affects its catalytic activity and selectivity for the conversion of n -butanol to dibutyl ether. After 20 hr of reduction at 190 ° or after 1 hr of reduction at 300 ° the catalyst shows 50% reactivity and 90% selectivity for the conversion of butanol to dibutyl ether. The ether forming properties of the reduced nickel oxide were correlated with the intrinsic acidic sites of the catalyst. Both the activity and selectivity of the catalyst are impaired by the presence of pyridine. The selectivity of the nickel catalyst towards ether formation is also influenced by the amounts of butanol injected. An injection of at least 2–6 μl of butanol per 200 mg of catalyst is required for 80% selectivity for dibutyl ether formation. Of the transition metal catalysts, Ni, Ir, and Pd show good properties for the conversion of alcohols to ethers. Rh and Ru, under similar conditions act as dehydration and dehydrogenation catalysts, while cobalt acts only as a dehydrogenation catalyst.
The Use of Echocardiography in Pediatric Interventional Cardiac Catheterization Procedures

The last decade saw a dramatic change in the management of congenital heart defects. The introduction and development in echocardiography and Doppler modalities enable definitive diagnosis of congenital lesions without cardiac catheterization. At the same time, new therapeutic procedures for congenital defects using the catheter as a channel for different procedures were developed. These therapeutic procedures have replaced cardiac surgery in many types of defects. The new developments in echocardiography and Doppler modalities provide accurate imaging and visualization of the transcatheter devices and brought these two imaging modalities into a close marriage. The use of echocardiography and Doppler in the catheterization laboratory became a must, especially when used in atrial (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure. In this article we will detail the role of echocardiography in the different transcatheter interventional procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Those include atrial septostomy, blade atrial septectomy, balloon dilation, ASD closure, VSD closure, patent ductus anterior closure, and pericardiocentesis.
Study of the Molecule-metal Oxide Interface using Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopyt

Abstract Several examples in the application of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) to study the molecular species which occur in adhesion, and in the corrosion and corrosion inhibition of aluminum in chlorinated hydrocarbons are reviewed. These examples illustrate some of the common aspects of the phenomena which occur at the metal oxide-organic interface in the areas of adhesion and corrosion. On a molecular level the concept of inhibition can be usefully applied to the areas of corrosion and adhesive failure.
Flexible reflective and emissive display integration and manufacturing (Invited Paper)

The U.S. Army, Arizona State University (ASU) and commercial industry have joined forces to create the Flexible Display Center (FDC) at Arizona State University, a large-scale collaborative venture designed to rapidly advance flexible display technology to the brink of commercialization. The Center has completed its startup phase and is now engaged in an intensive and aggressive applied research and development program that will produce high quality, high performance active matrix reflective and emissive flexible display technology demonstrators (TDs). Electrophoretic ink and cholesteric liquid crystals have been selected as Center reflective imaging layer technologies; these technologies are attractive because they are fully reflective and bistable (extremely low power) and because the materials are environmentally robust and intrinsically rugged. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have been chosen as the emissive imaging layer technology. These three electro-optic subsystems will be integrated with a flexible a-Si thin film transistor active matrix backplane platform. We have created the integrated design, backplane fabrication, display assembly, test and evaluation capability to enable rapid cycles of learning and technology development. Backplane fabrication is currently accomplished on a 6” wafer scale pilot line linked to a Manufacturing Execution System and supported by a comprehensive suite of in-fab metrology tools. We are currently installing a GEN II pilot line, with qualified operation slated for 2006. This line will be used to demonstrate process and display form factor capability, while providing high yield low volume manufacturing of pilot-scale levels of technology demonstrators for the Army and our commercial partners.
How to Dispatch Observers to Track an Evolving Boundary

Some distributed-sensing applications make it necessary to dispatch a limited number of observers (ships, vehicles, or airplanes with cameras; field workers with chemical kits; high-flying balloons with atmospheric sensors) to track the evolving boundary of a large phenomenon such as an oil spill, a fire, a hurricane, air or water pollution, or EL Nino. This paper develops a new framework for controlling the movements of the observers to maximize the information gained about the boundary's shape and position. To this end, we represent boundary uncertainty by a particle filter where each particle is a binary indicator function. This makes our dispatch algorithms applicable to arbitrary boundary representations from which indicator functions can be computed, including level sets and polygonal approximations. We demonstrate the benefits of optimal dispatch on both synthetic and real data. These benefits are most apparent when the observers are sparse relative to the boundary size.
A quantitative analysis of DNA extraction and purification from compost.

Abstract We quantified both DNA and humic acid concentrations during the extraction and purification of DNA from compost. The DNA extraction method consisted of bead-beating with SDS for cell lysis, poly(ethylene glycol)-8000 precipitation for preliminary DNA purification, and chromatography on a 10-ml Sephadex G-200 column for final DNA purification. Direct microscopic observation of pre- and post-lysis samples revealed that 95.3±2.3% of native cells was lysed. Sixty-three percent of the original DNA was lost during purification, resulting in a final DNA yield of 18.2±3.8 μg DNA/g of wet compost. The humic acid content was reduced by 97% during the purification steps resulting in a final humic acid concentration of 27±4.7 ng humic acid/μl. The purified DNA fragments were up to 14 kbp in size and were sufficiently free of contaminants to allow both restriction enzyme digestion by four different enzymes and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA.
Chemical rescue and inhibition studies to determine the role of Arg301 in phosphite dehydrogenase

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of phosphite to phosphate. This reaction requires the deprotonation of a water nucleophile for attack on phosphite. A crystal structure was recently solved that identified Arg301 as a potential base given its proximity and orientation to the substrates and a water molecule within the active site. Mutants of this residue showed its importance for efficient catalysis, with about a 100-fold loss in k cat and substantially increased K m,phosphite for the Ala mutant (R301A). The 2.35 A resolution crystal structure of the R301A mutant with NAD(+) bound shows that removal of the guanidine group renders the active site solvent exposed, suggesting the possibility of chemical rescue of activity. We show that the catalytic activity of this mutant is restored to near wild-type levels by the addition of exogenous guanidinium analogues; Bronsted analysis of the rates of chemical rescue suggests that protonation of the rescue reagent is complete in the transition state of the rate-limiting step. Kinetic isotope effects on the reaction in the presence of rescue agents show that hydride transfer remains at least partially rate-limiting, and inhibition experiments show that K i of sulfite with R301A is ∼400-fold increased compared to the parent enzyme, similar to the increase in K m for phosphite in this mutant. The results of our experiments indicate that Arg301 plays an important role in phosphite binding as well as catalysis, but that it is not likely to act as an active site base.
Developing a mentoring internship model for school leadership: using legitimate peripheral participation

Educational Leadership students need to spend significant time in authentic school contexts working alongside well‐prepared mentor principals to be adequately prepared for complex leadership roles. Through carefully‐designed internships, students link school leadership theory from academic coursework with actual improvisational practice. This type of knowledge can be accessed only in the context of action. Lave and Wenger’s (1991) model of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) describes effective means for bringing intern administrators from the periphery to the center of the community of leadership practice. In LPP mentors create growth‐promoting divisions of labor that allow interns to coparticipate with them completing part of the task while simultaneously observing mentor principals perform theirs, gradually increasing the complexity of tasks that interns are given. LPP is a promising model for guiding selection and preparation of principals for mentoring roles. This paper concludes with four reco...
Synthesis, characterization and catalytic behavior of cobalt molybdates for 1-butene oxidation to maleic anhydride

Abstract The selective oxidation of 1-butene to maleic anhydride over cobalt molybdate catalysts containing excess molybdenum trioxide was studied using a fixed bed, integral reactor system. Pure catalysts, as well as those containing excess molybdenum trioxide, were prepared by precipitation and by solid state reactiontechniques. Cobalt molybdate samples containing excess molybdenum trioxide were found to have a high selectivity (∼48%) for maleic anhydride whereas pure cobalt molybdate was completely nonselective. The catalytic behavior of this system was very similar to that of nickel molybdate catalysts containing excess molybdenum trioxide. Phase transformations were investigated using X-ray diffraction and laser Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that a-phase modification determines the catalytic reaction since b-phase is not stable under reaction conditions as verified by post-reaction characterization.
Using Evidence‐Based Practices to Build Mathematics Competence Related to Conceptual, Procedural, and Declarative Knowledge

AbstractMathematics continues to be one of the most difficult components of the school curriculum for students with learning disabilities (LD). The National Council for Teachers of Mathematics, in conjunction with current educational legislation, challenges teachers to maintain high standards for student performance in mathematics. Fortunately, over the past two decades, researchers have identified and validated a number of instructional practices that help students with LD understand and use mathematics in meaningful ways. The purpose of this article is to discuss instructional guidelines and evidence-based practices for building conceptual, procedural, and declarative knowledge within a comprehensive mathematics curriculum. The importance of balancing these three knowledge areas across mathematics content areas is noted.
Measurement and block of potassium channel currents in the heart: Importance of channel type

In heart as in other excitable tissues, potassium channel currents play an important role in maintaining the normal cell resting potential and controlling the action potential duration. In this study both theoretical and experimental procedures were used to examine the properties of the cardiac delayed rectifier potassium current (IDR) and the inward rectifier potassium current (IIR) and to determine the role that each plays in the repolarization of the action potential. IIR, a relatively time-independent current, conducts potassium ions more readily in the inward than outward direction with outward current observed solely over the voltage range of -70 through -30 mV. Because of this behavior, IIR contributes only to the final stages of action potential repolarization. In contrast, IDR, a time-dependent current with slow kinetics, conducts potassium ions outward over a broad positive voltage range and thus plays a dominant role in initiating and sustaining repolarization. A number of approaches, including single channel analysis and pharmacological interventions, have been begun to further characterize these two important ion currents.
Secondary ion emission and work function measurements over the transient region from n and p type Si under Cs+ irradiation

Abstract Si + and Si − emissions from n and p type Si wafers (uniformly doped) during the initial stages of sputtering with Cs + ions (transient region) scale with work functions in an expontential fashion consistent with the electron tunneling model. Work functions were derived using the Kelvin probe method. The intensity–work function dependence is also shifted according to the initial work functions of these wafers. As a result, almost identical transient effects are exhibited, i.e. matrix ion intensities do not appear to scale with dopant concentrations. This implies that intensity–work function relations are substrate dependent. Cs + intensities were also studied.
Traffic Grooming in Green Optical Networks

Compared to energy-awareness research in wireless and copper networks, less attention has been given to energy awareness in optical counterparts. In this paper, we introduce energy-aware traffic grooming problems for optical networks. We show that by looking further into the modular physical architecture of a node during request allocations, we can significantly reduce the number of active components and, hence, total energy consumption in the network, especially when traffic load is low. Since energy usage is an important element of operational expenditure (OPEX), this approach provides the financial motivation for service providers along with the desired environmental motivation. We present auxiliary graph based heuristics and justify our cases compared to traditional approaches with simulation results.
Engagement of CD14 Mediates the Inflammatory Potential of Monosodium Urate Crystals

Phagocyte ingestion of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals can induce proinflammatory responses and trigger acute gouty inflammation. Alternatively, the uptake of MSU crystals by mature macrophages can be noninflammatory and promote resolution of gouty inflammation. Macrophage activation by extracellular MSU crystals involves apparent recognition and ingestion mediated by TLR2 and TLR4, with subsequent intracellular recognition linked to caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta processing driven by the NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing protein-3 inflammasome. In this study, we examined the potential role in gouty inflammation of CD14, a phagocyte-expressed pattern recognition receptor that functionally interacts with both TLR2 and TLR4. MSU crystals, but not latex beads, directly bound recombinant soluble (s) CD14 in vitro. CD14(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) demonstrated unimpaired phagocytosis of MSU crystals but reduced p38 phosphorylation and approximately 90% less IL-1beta and CXCL1 release. Attenuated MSU crystal-induced IL-1beta release in CD14(-/-) BMDMs was mediated by decreased pro-IL-1beta protein expression and additionally by decreased caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta processing consistent with diminished NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing protein-3 inflammasome activation. Coating of MSU crystals with sCD14, but not sTLR2 or sTLR4, restored IL-1beta and CXCL1 production in CD14(-/-) BMDMs in vitro. Gain of function of CD14 directly enhanced TLR4-mediated signaling in response to MSU crystals in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. Last, MSU crystal-induced leukocyte influx at 6 h was reduced by approximately 75%, and local induction of IL-1beta decreased by >80% in CD14(-/-) mouse s.c. air pouches in vivo. We conclude that engagement of CD14 is a central determinant of the inflammatory potential of MSU crystals.
Synthesis and Characterization of Urea Nitrate and Nitrourea

Urea nitrate (UN) has not found use as a legitimate explosive but is commonly used as an improvised explosive. The dehydration product of UN is nitrourea (NU). Visually both UN and NU are white solids that both melt around 160 °C. Other properties differ markedly as might be expected from an inorganic salt (UN) and an organic molecular compound (NU). An extensive physical characterization of NU and UN is reported. Two reported routes to the NU product are compared and a decomposition mechanism of UN proposed.
Quantitative analyses of synaptic contacts of interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the squirrel monkey.

Three interneurons were recorded from and then injected with horseradish peroxidase in the parvocellular laminae of the squirrel monkey's (Saimiri sciureus) dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. They were then examined using the electron microscope for their synaptic contacts, both the afferent contacts onto their dendrites and their presynaptic dendritic contacts onto presumptive projection (relay) neuron dendrites. The somata of these interneurons were small (mean = 178 microns 2), but the dendritic trees were large compared with those of projection neurons. All three interneurons had similar synaptic patterns onto their dendrites with about equal numbers of retinal, cortical, and GABAergic contacts. The distribution of these contacts was more uniform compared with the same types of contacts made onto projection neurons. The presynaptic dendrites were observed to contact only the dendrites of presumptive projection neurons, and these contacts were nearly all in the form of geniculate triads. None of the three interneurons displayed an axon. The receptive fields of these interneurons were similar to those of projection cells, but were larger and had center-response signs that were the opposite of the projection neurons around them (e.g. OFF center for the dorsal part of the parvocellular mass where ON-center projection neurons reside). The squirrel monkey data provides additional evidence that one aspect of the laminar pattern observed in the parvocellular pathway of the primate's dLGN might be related to a segregation of projection neurons of one center-response sign with interneurons of the opposite center-response sign.
Induction of a Tumor-Associated Activating Mutation in Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) Enhances Mitochondrial Metabolism, Leading to Oxidative Stress and Senescence

Activating mutations in Ptpn11 (Shp2), a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in diverse cell signaling pathways, are associated with pediatric leukemias and solid tumors. However, the pathogenic effects of these mutations have not been fully characterized. Here, we report that induction of the Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation, the most common and active Ptpn11 mutation found in leukemias and solid tumors, in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in proliferative arrest and premature senescence. As a result, apoptosis was markedly increased. These cellular responses were accompanied and mediated by up-regulation of p53 and p21. Moreover, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, were elevated in Ptpn11E76K/+ cells. Since Shp2 is also distributed to the mitochondria (in addition to the cytosol), the impact of the Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation on mitochondrial function was analyzed. These analyses revealed that oxygen consumption of Ptpn11E76K/+ cells and the respiratory function of Ptpn11E76K/+ mitochondria were significantly increased. Furthermore, we found that phosphorylation of mitochondrial Stat3, one of the substrates of Shp2 phosphatase, was greatly decreased in the mutant cells with the activating mutation Ptpn11E76K/+. This study provides novel insights into the initial effects of tumor-associated Ptpn11 mutations. Background: The pathogenic effects of tumor-associated activating mutations of Ptpn11 have not been well characterized. Results: Ptpn11E76K/+ mouse embryonic fibroblasts display increased ROS levels, cellular senescence, and enhanced mitochondrial respiration upon induction of the mutation. Conclusion: Induction of the Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation results in oxidative stress by enhancing mitochondrial metabolism. Significance: This study provides novel insights into the initial effects of Ptpn11-activating mutations.
PS2-16: Racial Disparities in Biobank Participation among Women in Southern California

Background/Aims Previous research suggests that participation of men in research is particularly low. We sought to identify predictors of participation among men in different racial groups in order to optimize future recruitment strategies.
Alternative Methods to Enumerate Data on Race in Puerto Rico

Nationalist discourse concerning race in Puerto Rico generally states that residents are of the same racially mixed heritage—a combination of Spanish, West African, and indigenous ancestry of various degrees. However, literature and casual observations suggest that the population is characterized by greater variation in physical appearances than what is posited by “admixture” discourse. Moreover, and further complicating the understanding of race, 2010 U.S. Census data show that over 75 percent of Puerto Ricans self-identified as “White, alone,” and that only 3.3 percent of respondents indicated “Two or More Races.” Researchers, employers, and governmental agencies attempting to address issues of inequality, discrimination, and residential segregation have had to rely on existing U.S. Census data for analysis. Thus, the need for an alternative data collection process that can be used for various forms of socioeconomic analysis has become evident. The objective of this study was to develop two alternative instruments that emphasized a locally suited, culturally grounded, and standardizable conceptual foundation for the purpose of establishing more representative racial statistics in Puerto Rico. Methods included the administration of 248 copies of these alternative forms, in addition to a replica of the current U.S. Census form, to residents in Bayamon, a city located within the greater San Juan metropolitan area. Results showed that participants were less inclined to self-identify as “White, alone” when given these alternative instruments, and that fewer individuals resorted to the selection of “Other” for race. In addition, observer-reported data indicated that the sample was less white when compared to participant-reported results. The conclusion was that both alternative instruments were considerably more effective in gauging racial composition than the 2010 U.S. Census form.
Infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy

Infection-control issues during gastrointestinal endoscopy, which are becoming increasingly important, can generally be divided into three major areas: (1) infectious complications resulting from a patient's own microbial flora (autologous), (2) infections transmitted from patient to patient by way of the endoscope (exogenous), and (3) infections transmitted between the patient and the health-care provider. The mean frequency of postprocedure bacteremia ranges from 0.5% for flexible sigmoidoscopy to 2.2% for colonoscopy, 4.2% for esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 8.9% for variceal ligation, 11% for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 15.4% for variceal sclerotherapy, and 22.8% for esophageal dilation. Although postprocedure bacteremia is not uncommon, it seldom results in infectious complications. Exogenous infections transmitted during endoscopy, which are extremely rare, generally result from failure to follow accepted guidelines for the cleaning and disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes, underscoring the importance of meticulous attention to endoscope reprocessing. Finally, although the risk of patient-staff transmission of infection is also rare, standard infection-control recommendations are important in protecting both patients and health-care providers.
Development of Major Depression After Treatment for Smoking Cessation

OBJECTIVE: Case studies suggest cigarette abstinence may precipitate a major depressive episode. This study examined the incidence and predictors of major depression in the 12 months after treatment for smoking cessation. METHOD: Participants (N=304, 172 women) were recruited from two trials of smoking cessation. Both trials provided psychological group intervention, but one group received treatment with nicotine gum and the other was given nortriptyline or placebo. The incidence of major depressive episodes was identified by the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, which was administered at follow-up assessments. RESULTS: The 12-month incidence of major depression after treatment for smoking cessation was 14.1% (N=43). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that history of depression, baseline Beck Depression Inventory score, college education, and age at smoking initiation were significant predictors of major depression after treatment. Abstinence at the end of treatment did not significantly pred...
Comparisons of Psychopathology Across Cultures Issues, Findings, Directions

Comparative cross-cultural studies of psychopathology were reviewed in relation to the parameters of incidence, mode of manifestation, patterning, response to treatment, and outcome. A general model was proposed of regarding such differences as the joint function of subject, observer, setting, community, and instrument factors. The findings surveyed, even in their present nondefinitive state, favor the notion of cultural plasticity of psychopathology and, moreover, converge in suggesting that psychopathology represents a caricature and an exaggeration of culturally shared adaptive patterns of behavior. For a more conclusive examination of this possibility, concurrent research on normal and abnormal subjects drawn from several cultures was proposed and a number of specific modes of implementing this objective were presented.
Text document clustering based on frequent word sequences

In this paper, we propose a new text clustering algorithm, named Clustering based on Frequent Word Sequences (CFWS). A word sequence is frequent if it occurs in more than certain percentage of the documents in the text database. In the past, the vector space model was commonly used for information retrieval, but it treats documents as bags of words, ignoring the sequential pattern of word occurrences in the documents. However, the meaning of natural languages strongly depends on the word sequences, and the frequent word sequences can provide compact and valuable information about the text database. Bisecting k-means and FIHC algorithms are evaluated on the performance of text clustering, and are compared with the proposed CFWS algorithm. It has been shown that CFWS has much better performance.
E-S-QUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Assessing Electronic Service Quality

Using the means-end framework as a theoretical foundation, this article conceptualizes, constructs, refines, and tests a multiple-item scale (E-S-QUAL) for measuring the service quality delivered b...
Validation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder temperature and moisture profiles over tropical oceans and their impact on numerical simulations of tropical cyclones

[1] The quality of the retrieved temperature and moisture profiles acquired from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard the NASA Aqua spacecraft was evaluated by comparing the data with dropsonde observations obtained from NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA 2006) and international THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC 2008) field programs. Results indicate that the AIRS retrieved temperature profiles are in good agreement with dropsonde observations. However, the AIRS retrieved moisture profiles show a larger bias compared with the dropsondes over the tropical oceans where tropical cyclones developed. A series of data assimilation experiments is then performed with an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. Results show that the assimilation of the AIRS retrieved temperature and moisture profiles has a significant impact on the numerical simulations of tropical cyclones. However, the overall impacts of the data assimilation on numerical simulations of tropical cyclones are very sensitive to the bias corrections of the data. Specifically, the dry biases of moisture profiles cause the decay of Tropical Storm Debby (2006) in the numerical simulations. Only with bias correction can data assimilation result in a reasonable portrayal of storm development. Compared with the moisture profiles, temperature profiles show a larger impact on the track forecasting. Assimilation of the temperature profiles resulted in significant improvements in the track forecasts for both Debby (2006) and Typhoon Jangmi (2008).
A Separate Vision

. Separate Vision: Case Studies of Four Contemporary Indian Artists. Linda B. Eaton. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 58, 1990. 90 pp., b/w illustrations, bibliography. $14.95 (paper). . Separate Vision. Linda B. Eaton. Special issue of Plateau Magazine 60(1), 1989. 32 pp., color plates. $4.95 (paper).
The Fit of Holland's RIASEC Model to US Occupations.

Holland’s [Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of occupational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35–45; Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.] RIASEC types were initially developed using a restricted range of occupational titles. Holland’s type classification system has been extended to encompass the full range of occupations in the US, using both statistical and expert rating methods. However, the extent that Holland’s classification model is sufficient to represent the full range of occupational interests has not been examined. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to analyze college students’ (266 men, 572 women) interests in occupations representing approximately 85% of the US labor market. A two-dimensional MDS solution of the full set of occupations did not fit Holland’s model, but limiting the analysis to occupations used in Holland-based measures produced the expected RIASEC structure. In comparison, a three-dimensional solution included Prediger’s [Prediger, D. J. (1982). Dimensions underlying Holland’s hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 259–287] dimensions (Things/People and Data/Ideas) consistent with Holland’s model, but also included prestige and sex-type dimensions that were not orthogonal to Prediger’s dimensions. These results demonstrate that the RIASEC types are not sufficient to represent the full range of occupational interests and are confounded with prestige and sex-type.
Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. XXXII. α‐Poly(L‐glutamic acid)

The Raman and ir spectra of a-helical polybglutarnic acid) have been assigned on the basis of a normal mode calculation for this structure. The force field was based on our previously refined mainchain force constants for a-polyb-alanine) and side-chain force constants for /3calcium-poly(L-glutamate). Despite the identical backbone a-hel- ical structures, significantly different frequencies are calculated, and observed, in the amide I11 and backbone stretch regions of a-poly(L-glutamic acid), as compared with a- poly(L-alanine). This clearly demonstrates the influence of side-chain structure on main- chain vibrational modes. INTRODUCTION In a previous paper,' we presented an analysis of the Raman and ir spectra of calcium poly(L-glutamate) ((GluCa),) in the &sheet con- formation, based on normal mode calculations of the antiparallel-chain pleated-sheet structure. In this paper, we analyze the vibrational spec- tra of the a-helix conformation of this polypeptide, particularly in the acid form, viz., poly(L-glutamic acid) ((GluH),), again with the aid of normal mode calculations. Such calculations provide the most pow- erful method of correlating the vibrational spectrum with the confor- mation of a polypeptide chain.2 The results of this analysis not only help to interpret the Raman and ir spectra of a-(GluH),, but they show how the chemical composition of the side chain influences the vibra- tions of the main chain. They also provide a basis for analyzing the conformation of the charged form of (GluH), (P. K. Sengupta and S. Krimm, to be published). The a-(GluH), conformation has been studied by ir and Raman tech- niques, both in the solid ~tate~-~ and in soluti~n.~J~ The existence of a folded structure was first proposed by Ambrose3 on the basis of ir dichroism measurements on solid films cast from solutions in di- methylformamide (DMF). One of the motivations for that study was to compare the structure of the synthetic polypeptide with that of the poly(D-glutamic acid) isolated from Bacillus anthracis. It was found that, while the synthetic material was exclusively in the a-helix con- formation, the natural polypeptide consisted of a mixture of a-helix and &sheet conformations. Subsequent studies of the vibrational spec-
Another Look at the Australopithecine Cave Breccias of the Transvaal

A reexamination of sediments from the Transvaal Australopithecine cave breccias suggests that at each site accumulation took place under relatively dry conditions. The sediments themselves do not support the hypothesis of alternating occupations under different climatic and vegetational conditions by australopithecines with distinct dietary adaptations.
Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adults

Over the past decade, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has emerged as one of the most common causes of dysphagia and food impaction in adults. This chronic condition is characterized by increased esophageal eosinophils in the setting of esophageal symptoms. While EoE may occur in conjunction with eosinophilic gastroenteritis, the rising field is related to the subset with isolated esophageal eosinophilia. Development of EoE in adults is likely due to a multitude of factors, including esophageal acid exposure, food and environmental allergens, and genetic predisposition. While investigation into each of these areas is actively being studied and discussed in further detail elsewhere in this book, this chapter will highlight the clinical presentation of EoE in adults.
Are the latter-day saints too latter day? Perceived age of the Mormon Church and attitudes toward Mormons

Two studies examine how social distance toward Mormons is affected by the relative recency of the Mormon religion. In Study 1, we found that the perceived age of the Mormon religion predicted social distance toward Mormons such that people who perceived Mormonism as more recent wanted more social distance from Mormons. In Study 2, we manipulated the antiquity or recency of the Mormon religion. We found that emphasizing the long history of the religion reduced social distance from Mormons (relative to emphasizing the religion’s newness), an effect that was mediated by perceived legitimacy of the Mormon religion. These findings support past research showing that the longevity of a practice implies its goodness and that this inference extends to practitioners as well.
Scope and Prevalence of the Problem

Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has increased over the years. Identification and diagnosis of comorbid disorders have also increased, including an ever-broader range of co-occurring conditions. The breadth of comorbid problems studied, and the frequency with which they are endorsed are examined.
Structure Features and Dynamics of Cyclobalanopsis gracilis Populations in Tiantong,Zhejiang Province

Structural features and regeneration of Cyclobalanopsis gracilis populations under various environmental conditions were studied in Tiantong Region,Zhejiang Province.The research showed that: ①The average percentage of dominancy of C.gracilis plants in adolescent stratum was about 38.6%.C.gracilis usually co-existed with waxberry,Distylium racemosum,Schima superba,Castanopsis Carlesii and Daphniphyllum macropodum.It took an average portion of 56.4% in the capacity of the whole community involved.② The populations structure was of the irregular reverse J type,distinct deficiency of young stands of C.myrsinaefolia.intermittent populations existed.However,the populations could be still maintained at a relatively stable succession stage.③C.gracilis population was renewed through seeds or clones depending,the regeneration models were different on different growth environment.
Early events in contact sensitivity

For many years, contact sensitivity has served as a very useful model for defining constituents of the skin immune system and for understanding the dynamics of the afferent and efferent limbs of various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. A precise understanding of the mechanisms involved in these types of reactions would provide a more sound basis for modulating certain types of immunological, inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic diseases.
A pilot study exploring the relationship between lifelong learning and factors associated with evidence-based medicine.

To explore possible relationships between residents’ lifelong learning orientation, skills in practicing evidence-based medicine (EBM), and perceptions of the environment for learning and practicing EBM.
Observation of differential mode attenuation in graded-index fiber waveguides using OTDR

Imperfections in fiber geometry and constituents can lead to modally dependent loss.1–5 Measurement of this modal dependence is used to characterize the fiber for use in long-length communication systems and to aid in determining the mechanisms that cause the loss. We have used a powerful new measurement technique, based on the analysis of light back- scattered from a pulse in a fiber waveguide, to observe this phenomenon. The technique is called optical-time-domain reflectometry.6–9 An optical-time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) uses a directional coupler to launch a pulse of light into the fiber and to observe simultaneously the light backscattered from the pulse. Figure 1 shows that the backscattered signal consists of three distinct segments: (1) an initial pulse due to reflection in the directional coupler barely observable in the figure; (2) a long tail caused by distributed Rayleigh scattering, which occurs as the pulse propagates along the fiber; and (3) pulses caused by discrete reflections, which occur because of imperfections, connectors, and dielectric discontinuities. The Rayleigh-scattered light can be used to extract the local attenuation coefficient. This paper reports the use of an OTDR to measure differential mode attenuation and to observe the approach to steady- state mode distribution and the corresponding loss.
The Ethics And Practice Of Drafting Pre-Dispute Resolution Clauses

The audience for the topic of dispute resolution usually consists of neutrals and litigation professionals. This Article, by contrast, is written for the transactional attorney. Transactional attorneys have an important role in dispute resolution, notably by creating processes to resolve future disputes based on the interests of the parties. This Article discusses the ethical and practical issues that arise when drafting pre-dispute agreements for negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and hybrid processes.