cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing abstraction and perspective in battle simulation

Scenarios involving battle simulation require much overhead in terms of computer resources. The rules for strategy and equations for vehicle motion can overwhelm a typical engineering workstation. We present key methods based on the representation and manipulation of battle objects using levels of abstraction and varying perspectives. These methods serve to reduce the workstation resources and provide for a more flexible training simulation environment. We illustrate our methods by describing the initial design and implementation of a multi-level tank simulator.
Using dynamic cache management techniques to reduce energy in general purpose processors

The memory hierarchy of high-performance and embedded processors has been shown to be one of the major energy consumers. For example, the Level-1 (L1) instruction cache (I-Cache) of the StrongARM processor accounts for 27% of the power dissipation of the whole chip, whereas the instruction fetch unit (IFU) and the I-Cache of Intel's Pentium Pro processor are the single most important power consuming modules with 14% of the total power dissipation [2]. Extrapolating current trends, this portion is likely to increase in the near future, since the devices devoted to the caches occupy an increasingly larger percentage of the total area of the chip. In this paper, we propose a technique that uses an additional mini cache, the LO-Cache, located between the I-Cache and the CPU core. This mechanism can provide the instruction stream to the data path and, when managed properly, it can effectively eliminate the need for high utilization of the more expensive I-Cache. We propose, implement, and evaluate five techniques for dynamic analysis of the program instruction access behavior, which is then used to proactively guide the access of the LO-Cache. The basic idea is that only the most frequently executed portions of the code should be stored in the LO-Cache since this is where the program spends most of its time. We present experimental results to evaluate the effectiveness of our scheme in terms of performance and energy dissipation for a series of SPEC95 benchmarks. We also discuss the performance and energy tradeoffs that are involved in these dynamic schemes. Results for these benchmarks indicate that more than 60% of the dissipated energy in the I-Cache subsystem can be saved.
Total Parenteral Nutrition in Pediatric Patients

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), ie, provision of all nutrients solely by the parenteral route, has been a clinical reality for approximately a decade. This era began with the demonstration that animals could be maintained solely with parenteral nutrients for as long as one year. Subsequently, apparently normal growth and development of an infant with little remaining small intestine was demonstrated. 1 In pediatrics, TPN is used routinely in infants with intractable diarrhea as well as in patients with many surgically correctable lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. 2 The technique as initially described or with special modifications has also been used in older children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease as well as a number of other chronic diseases (eg, cystic fibrosis, renal failure, malignancies). In addition, some enthusiasm exists concerning the possibility of maintaining sick, prematurely born infants with or without overt gastrointestinal disease solely with parenteral nutrients. As with any new clinical technique, enthusiasm for total parenteral nutrition has waned and waxed. Several modifications of the technique have been introduced—some beneficial, some not. A number of actual and potential problems of the technique have been identified. Methods for controlling some of these have been found but others persist. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current status of parenteral nutrition in pediatrics.
A Pilot Study of School‐Age Children of Men with Moderate to Severe Alcohol Dependence: Maternal Distress and Child Outcomes

This pilot study examined maternal characteristics and children's internalizing and externalizing problems among 53 families (26 alcohol-dependent men, 27 controls) recruited from the general community in a north-east metropolitan area. Comparisons by family type revealed significant differences in maternal depression, social support, life events and children's anxiety, depression and problem behaviors. Factor analysis and hierarchical multiple regression revealed that a maternal distress factor accounted for significant amounts of variance in child outcome variables in addition to that accounted for by fathers' alcohol dependence symptoms. Future studies of school-age children of alcohol-dependent men should routinely sample indices of maternal distress to improve assessments of children's developmental contexts.
Infections and Hypersensitivity of the Eyelids

Staphylococci, along with the generally more benign diphtheroids, are the most prevalent normal bacterial inhabitants of the eyelid skin, margins, and pilosebaceous glands. Staphylococci are also the most common cause of bacterial eyelid infections. Manifestations of such infections are multiple and include squamous and ulcerative marginal blepharitis, angular blepharitis, infectious eczematoid dermatitis, subcutaneous preseptal cellulitis, impetigo, acute external and internal hordeola, and possibly chalazia and meibomitis [1, 2].
Stapes Prosthesis Comparison

Ninety-four consecutive stapedectomy cases using the Robinson stainless steel prosthesis are compared with 100 consecutive cases using the House stainless steel wire prosthesis. The air-bone gap was closed to within 10 dB in 94% of the cases with the Robinson prosthesis and in 88% of the cases using the House stainless steel wire prosthesis. There appeared to be no difference in the improvement at 2,000 and 4,000 cycles between the two techniques and the results were the same. Statistical study revealed there is no significant difference in the two techniques and there is no other variable.
Annotating the Implicit Content of Sluices

This paper reports on an eort to develop a linguistically-informed annotation scheme for sluicing (Ross, 1969), ellipsis that leaves behind a wh-phrase. We describe a scheme for annotating the elided content, both in terms of a free text representation and its degree of correspondence with its antecedent. We demonstrate that we can achieve reasonable IAA ( between .78 and .88 across eight annotation types) and describe some of the novel patterns that have arisen from this eort.
A Review of “The Googlization of Everything (and Why We Should Worry)”

Electronic resource librarians know that it is dangerous to rely on one vendor for a product without competition. In Googlization, Vaidhyanathan explores deeply how dangerous it is to rely on one c...
Characterization of [125I](R)-trans-7-hydroxy-2-[N-propyl-N-(3'-iodo- 2'-propenyl)amino]tetralin binding to dopamine D3 receptors in rat olfactory tubercle

[125I](R,S)-trans-7-Hydroxy-2-[N-propyl-N-(39-iodo-29-propenyl)- amino]tetralin ([125](R,S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT) has been shown to bind with high affinity to dopamine D3 receptors expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. No specific binding was seen in Spodoptera frugiperda cells expressing a high density of D2 receptors. It was therefore, suggested that [125I] (R,S)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT selectively labels D3 receptors. In the present study, saturation binding of [125I](R)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT to membranes from rat olfactory tubercle resulted in markedly curvilinear Scatchard plots, suggesting that the radioligand was binding to more than one receptor class or affinity state. [125I] (R)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT bound with high affinity to membranes from human embryonic kidney-293 cells expressing transfected D2 or D3 receptors and to membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing serotonin1A receptors. Binding of [125I](R)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT to serotonin1A and D2 receptors was decreased or eliminated in the presence of NaCl and/or guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. In the presence of Gpp(NH)p and NaCl, a linear Scatchard plot with a Kd value of 0.4 nM and a density of 100 fmol/mg of protein was obtained in membranes from rat olfactory tubercle. Agonists and antagonists inhibited binding of [125I](R)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT with a rank order of potency consistent with an interaction at D3 receptors. These results suggest that, in the presence of Gpp(NH)p and NaCl, [125I](R)-trans-7-OH-PIPAT specifically labels D3 receptors.
Protein-polymer nanoparticles for nonviral gene delivery.

Protein−polymer conjugates were investigated as nonviral gene delivery vectors. BSA-poly(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMA) nanoparticles (nBSA) were synthesized using in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (in situ ATRP) and BSA as a macroinitiator. The diameter and charge of nBSA was a function of the ATRP reaction time and ranged from 5 to 15 nm and +8.9 to +22.5, respectively. nBSA were able to condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) and form polyplexes with an average diameter of 50 nm. nBSA/pDNA polyplexes transfected cells with similar efficiencies or better as compared to linear and branched PEI. Interestingly, the nBSA particle diameter and charge did not affect pDNA complexation and transgene expression, indicating that the same gene delivery efficiency can be achieved with lower charge ratios. We believe that with the use of protein−polymer conjugates additional functionality could be introduced to polyplexes by using different protein cores and, thus, they pose an interesting alternative to th...
Optimal Control Modification Adaptive Law with Covariance Adaptive Gain Adjustment and Normalization

In the presence of large uncertainty, a controller needs to be able to adapt rapidly to regain performance. Fast adaptation is referred to the implementation of adaptive control with a large adaptive gain to reduce the tracking error rapidly. However, a large adaptive gain can lead to high-frequency oscillations which can adversely affect robustness of an adaptive control law. As the adaptive gain increases, the time delay margin for a standard model-reference adaptive control decreases, hence loss of robustness. Optimal control modification is a new adaptive control method developed recently to achieve fast adaptation with robustness. Its formulation is based on the minimization of the L2 norm of the tracking error, posed as an optimal control problem. Computer simulations as well as pilot-in-the-loop high-fidelity simulations in a motion-based flight simulator demonstrate the effectiveness of the new adaptive law. In this study, we extend the optimal control modification to include a covariance-like adjustment mechanism of a time-varying adaptive gain to prevent persistent learning which can reduce robustness. The covariance update law can also include a forgetting factor in a similar context as a standard recursive least-squares estimation algorithm. The covariance adaptive gain adjustment allows an initial large adaptive gain to be set arbitrarily and provides the ability to drive the adaptive gain to a lower value as the adaptation has achieved sufficiently the desired tracking performance. Alternatively, a normalized adaptive gain may be used to reduce adaptation when the amplitude of an input basis function becomes large. Flight control simulation results demonstrate that both approaches can achieve significant robustness as measured by the time delay margin. Furthermore, a recent flight test program of the optimal control modification with normalization on a NASA F-18 aircraft demonstrates the effectiveness of the adaptive law.
Pathological reaction of astrocytes in perinatal brain injury. Immunohistochemical study.

Astrocytic reaction to various types of pre-and perinatal damage in the brain was studied using the immunohistochemical method for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The reactive gliosis could be detected as early as 20 weeks gestation. Reactive proliferation of the astrocytes could be seen already at 4 days after the insult. In addition to reacting to focal lesions, the astrocytes also proliferated diffusely throughout the white matter. The diffuse proliferation is the most significant finding in the evaluation of the perinatal damage, in both the acute state and in the long-term survivors.
Parental Threatening Behaviors and Offspring Substance Use: The Moderating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity

ABSTRACTDespite extensive evidence linking childhood exposure to adverse parenting and subsequent substance use, the extant research literature is more limited regarding individual difference factors that may moderate this association. This study examines the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in the association between childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors and substance use in a sample of late adolescents with clinical anxiety. One hundred fifty-one late adolescents with clinical levels of anxiety (18.61 years old; SD = 0.91) completed measures assessing childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors, AS, alcohol/tobacco and illicit substance use frequency, negative affect, and history of negative life events. A significant moderating effect of AS in the association between childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors and both average and illicit drug use was found—even after controlling for participants' age and history of negative life events. Specifically, for ind...
Insight into Science and Technology Policy in Shenyang in the 21st Century

The paper makes a quantitative analysis on science and technology policy in Shenyang from 2000 to 2011,using content analysis methodology. The paper analyzes the development of science and technology policy in Shenyang,the contributions made by multiple policy actors involved in the policy formulation,the coordination between policy actors,and the application of policy instruments. The results show that the application of some science and technology policy tools in Shenyang is quite more than others,the coordination between policy actors is not adequate and the policies for basic research are not sufficient. The research has important theoretical and practical implications and can provide a methodological example for the content analysis of various public policy texts.
Analysis on the DMF concentration in the 12 workplace of leather fabric

Objective:To find the DMF concentration in workspace of leather fabric,to know how dangerous is the company related to DMF,to find the requirement of professional hygienic technical service,in order to be helpful to the regular control of hygienic control department.Methods:Monitor the DMF concentration in workspace.Results:The DMF concentration in workspace is too high,only 18.75% is qualified.Conclusion:The main preventive measure is to reduce the DMF concentration in workspace.
How to diagnose bleeding disorders

Patients with problems of hemostasis are not uncommon in the primary care setting. The bleeding history provides critical information that helps in guiding evaluation of these patients. Results of frequently used screening tests of coagulation can be abnormal in patients who have no significant hemostatic defect and can be normal in patients who do have one.
Tailoring the physical properties of Ni-based single-phase equiatomic alloys by modifying the chemical complexity

Equiatomic alloys (e.g. high entropy alloys) have recently attracted considerable interest due to their exceptional properties, which might be closely related to their extreme disorder induced by the chemical complexity. In order to understand the effects of chemical complexity on their fundamental physical properties, a family of (eight) Ni-based, face-center-cubic (FCC), equiatomic alloys, extending from elemental Ni to quinary high entropy alloys, has been synthesized, and their electrical, thermal, and magnetic properties are systematically investigated in the range of 4-300 K by combining experiments with ab initio Korring-Kohn-Rostoker coherent-potential-approximation (KKR-CPA) calculations. The scattering of electrons is significantly increased due to the chemical (especially magnetic) disorder. It has weak correlation with the number of elements but strongly depends on the type of elements. Thermal conductivities of the alloys are largely lower than pure metals, primarily because the high electrical resistivity suppresses the electronic thermal conductivity. The temperature dependence of the electrical and thermal transport properties is further discussed, and the magnetization of five alloys containing three or more elements is measured in magnetic fields up to 4 T.
Silicon optical Zener switch

We report the use of fluence-dependent self-defocusing nonlinear absorption and laser-induced melting and subsequent crystalline regrowth (annealing) in silicon to construct a passive nonlinear optical energy switch. The device has high transmission for low input energies but low transmission for high input energies. The optical self-action mechanisms responsible for the switching have a subpicosecond initiation time and a recovery time determined by the carrier lifetime, which can be adjusted from nearly a millisecond for very pure crystalline Si to <5 psec for severely radiation-damaged Si. In contrast to previous power-restricting nonlinear optical switches1–3 using organic liquids, this device offers the advantage of isolating energy components from pulses that exceed some critical energy for all pulse widths less than the carrier lifetime. Other possible applications of this device include its use as an optical Zener diode in integrated optical circuits.
Payments for forest-based environmental services: A close look

Abstract In this paper, I look at Payments for Environmental Services (PES) under property protection rules and in consideration of the marketability of these services. I then investigate the joint production process of timber and environmental services and identify a critical choice facing the buyers of forest environmental services—either incurring transaction costs by studying the opportunity costs of landowners and the environmental benefits their lands could provide, or losing efficiencies by paying some landowners free money and by not being able to induce socially desirable land use changes. Finally, I compare PES with other policy and market mechanisms that encourage the provisions of environmental services.
A single common electrophoretic abnormality of glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemia cells

We determined the mol wt of glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemia cells in order to detect glucocorticoid receptor defects that might cause glucocorticoid resistance. Glucocorticoid receptors in intact cells were affinity labeled with [3H]dexamethasone-21-mesylate and were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Receptors in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and six human leukemia cell lines had mol wt of 97,000. Malignant cells from ten of 25 patients with leukemia contained electrophoretically abnormal glucocorticoid receptors having mol wt of 55,000 in addition to normal size receptors (Mr = 97,000). The receptor abnormality was not restricted to a particular type of leukemia and was seen in cells from both newly diagnosed patients and patients who had received prior chemotherapy, including prednisone. The abnormal receptor was not generated when cells having only normal size receptors were assayed under conditions that favor proteolysis or when cytosol from cells containing the abnormal receptor form was mixed with cytosol from cells containing only normal size receptors. The mol wt of the abnormal receptors in human leukemia cells was the same as the mol wt of receptors in mutant mouse lymphoma cell lines, S49 143R and S49 55R, which have the nuclear transfer-increased phenotype of glucocorticoid resistance. This work describes for the first time a single common electrophoretic abnormality of glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemia cells. Further investigation of glucocorticoid receptor defects in human leukemia cells could lead to an improved understanding of the mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in leukemia as well as a method of predicting which patients are likely to be resistant to glucocorticoid therapy.
Dyskinetic and Dystonic Cerebral Palsy

The records of 794 cases of congenital cerebral palsy (CP) seen between 1955 and 1986 in the Cheyne Centre for Children with Cerebral Palsy, Chelsea, London were analyzed.
Quantifying the effect of k-line failures in power grids

In this paper, we quantify the effect of k-line failures on flow changes using the DC power flow model. We demonstrate that our approach results in efficient tools that can be used to reduce both the total number of cases needed to be analyzed and the computational complexity in power grid contingency analysis. After providing an analytical update of the pseudo-inverse of the admittance matrix following a k-line failure, we compute the k-line outage distribution matrix. The k-line outage distribution matrix is a generalization to the line outage distribution factor for single line failures. We obtain a matrix equation based on the submatrices of the matrix of equivalent reactance values, relating changes in power flows to the initial flows on the failed lines. We also define and analytically compute the disturbance value of a failure - the weighted sum of squares of the flow changes - and show that it can be computed for any set of failures in O(1) independent of the size of the power grid. Finally, we numerically compute disturbance values for all possible choices of 3-line failures in IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus systems and show that the disturbance values provide a clear separation between failures with higher impact and lower impact.
Becoming a better swimmer: structural complexity enhances agility in a captive‐reared fish

To test whether swimming skills can be improved by exposure to structurally complex environments, juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were reared in either physically enriched or plain tanks for 2 months and were then screened to test their ability to swim along a channel while avoiding obstructions. The results show that even a relatively short exposure period to enrichment improves O. mykiss swimming agility.
Interrelationships of physical activity in different domains: Evidence from the Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) study

Research has rarely distinguished between non-work (NW) and work (W) active transport (AT) or investigated relationships to other domains of physical activity ([PA], like leisure time [LTPA] or work [WPA]). We investigated correlates of AT by employment status, accounting for LTPA and WPA, in a population-based sample of California mothers (N=2906) in the Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) study (2012–2013). AT was measured by the National Household Travel Survey. LTPA was measured using the Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item. WPA was measured with the Stanford Brief Activity Survey. Most employed mothers (53%) worked in sedentary jobs, and few (<10%) used NWAT or WAT. Over 20% of unemployed mothers used NWAT, although LTPA levels were similar to employed mothers. Multiple regression models found employed and unemployed with low education and income, and unemployed African American or Latina immigrant mothers had higher odds of using NWAT. Younger employed and unemployed mothers, and unemployed who had ≥4 children or had “light” LTPA had lower odds of using NWAT. Multiple regression models demonstrated that low education or income employed mothers, African American mothers, those who worked part time, and those with relatively low LTPA had higher odds of using WAT, while younger women had lower odds of using WAT, compared with reference groups (ps<0.05). WPA was associated with WAT in unadjusted models, but not in adjusted models. Different AT patterns were seen for employed vs unemployed women, but women who used AT did so for most trips. LTPA was associated with NWAT among unemployed mothers and with WAT among employed mothers. Most women were underactive across all domains, suggesting no compensatory effect of PA done in one domain reducing PA done in another domain, with few meeting minimal guidelines. Policy and practice strategies should support infrastructure to encourage a variety of domains of PA.
Mangrove seedling freeze tolerance depends on salt marsh presence, species, salinity, and age

With increasing global average temperatures reducing the frequency and severity of freeze events, species are undergoing range expansions. As a result, mangroves are expanding into higher latitudes previously dominated by salt marsh. The success of mangroves in these new habitats may vary based on seedling temperature tolerances, seedling age, interactions with existing salt marsh habitat, and other environmental stressors. To test this, we conducted three experiments on interactions between mangrove seedlings (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa) (1 and 6 months old) and salt marsh species (Distichlis spicata and Salicornia virginica) under varying freeze occurrence and duration (0, 1, and 4 h at −5°C) across varying salinity gradients (5, 20, and 40 PSU). Laguncularia racemosa was the most susceptible to freezing conditions, followed by R. mangle and A. germinans at 100, 40, and 33% mortality, respectively. Salt marsh excluded A. germinans under freeze conditions, whereas L. racemosa only survived when salt marsh was present (reduced mortality by 60%). Increasing salinity showed a trend where the effects of salt marsh on A. germinans and L. racemosa were reduced and replaced, respectively, under freeze events. Age of seedlings also influenced susceptibility, where newly established seedlings were less susceptible to freeze conditions.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation

The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has a critical role in the modulation and regulation of cerebrovascular autonomic physiology in the head and face region. Consequently it has been implicated in the pathophysiology of different autonomic cerebrovascular phenomena in these regions of the body such as headache syndromes including cluster headaches, migraines, and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) as well as cerebral vasospasm and stroke. This burgeoning interest and research of its role in these conditions has been accompanied by the development of strategies to target and modulate its activity. Electrical stimulation has emerged as a prime method for modulating the activity of the SPG because such modulation can be adjusted and is reversible. The relative ease of accessing the SPG in the pterygopalatine fossa has also made it easily amenable to approaches for electrical stimulation. In this chapter, we will discuss the indications, procedure, and potential complication of SPG stimulation.
CP asymmetries in B→f 0 K S decays

We consider the branching ratio and the CP asymmetries in B → f 0 (980)K S decay to the end of determining the deviation of the time-dependent CP asymmetry from sin(2β), ΔS f0 K S ≡ η f0 K S S f0 K S -sin(2β), arising from standard model physics. We obtain ΔS f0 K S within the context of the QCD factorization framework for the B → f 0 (980)K S decay amplitudes assuming the f 0 (980) is a qq state and employing a random scan over the theoretical parameter space to assess the possible range in ΔS f0 K S . Imposing the value of the experimental branching ratio within 1σ and 3σ, respectively, of its central value as a constraint, we find the range of ΔS f0KS to be [0.018, 0.033] for a scan in which the parameters are allowed to vary within 1σ of their central values and the range [-0.019, 0.064] for a scan in which the parameters vary within 3σ of their central values.
Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Agents

The platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor agents are endogenous agonists for the PAF receptor and synthetic small molecule antagonists of PAF. The agonists include the phospholipid, PAF, and the structurally related phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholine and perhaps other oxidized phospholipids …
Socializing the Silent Treatment: Parent and Adult Child Communicated Displeasure, Identification, and Satisfaction

Responding to evidence that the silent treatment is a relational-harming means of communicating disappointment in interpersonal relationships, this study focused on the silent treatment’s role and ...
Hippocampal subfield-specific connectivity findings in major depressive disorder: A 7 Tesla diffusion MRI study.

Abstract Objective Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) enables non-invasive characterization of white matter (WM) structures in vivo. Prior studies suggest that certain WM tracts may be affected in major depressive disorder (MDD), however, hippocampal subfield-specific dMRI measures have not yet been explored in MDD. We use 7 Tesla dMRI to investigate differences in hippocampal subfield connectivity of MDD patients. Methods Eighteen MDD patients and eighteen matched healthy volunteers underwent 7 Tesla MRI. The hippocampal formations were segmented by subfields and tractography was performed to determine streamline count (SC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) in patients and controls. Significant subfield connectivity measures were also correlated with age at depression onset. Results Compared with controls, MDD patients exhibited reduced SC in the molecular layer of the left dentate gyrus (p Conclusions Increased MD of tracts in the fimbriae suggests compromised neuronal membranes in the major hippocampal output gate. Reduced SC of the dentate gyri indexes a disruption of normal cellular processes such as neurogenesis. These findings may have significant implications for identifying biomarkers of MDD and elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of depression.
Responsibility, culpability, and parental views on genomic testing for seriously ill children.

Abstract Purpose We describe parental perceptions of and experiences with genomic sequencing (GS) in the care of seriously ill children. Understanding parents’ perspectives is vital for clinicians caring for children, given the uptake of genomic technologies into clinical practice. Methods Longitudinal, semistructured interviews were conducted with parents of pediatric cancer patients who underwent exome sequencing (ES) as a part of the BASIC3 study. Interviews were conducted at baseline, one to eight months after results disclosure, and approximately one year after disclosure. Using thematic qualitative analysis, parent interviews were coded with both inductive and deductive approaches. Results Before receiving genomic information, parents indicated that they saw ES as something responsible parents would agree to if their child had cancer. Some parents talked about the possibility of sequencing affecting feelings of culpability for their child’s cancer, worrying that they passed on a cancer-causing gene or made parenting decisions that caused the disease. However, after receiving their child’s ES results many reported feeling relieved of guilt and worry, and felt they had fulfilled parental duties by agreeing to ES for their child. Conclusion These results reveal a layer of meaning that parents associate with GS that may inform clinicians’ approach to care.
Object Tracking in Random Access Sensor Networks: Extended Kalman Filtering with State Overlapping

In this paper, we address the problem of object tracking using sensor networks where the sensor nodes measure the strength of the field generated by a number of objects, and transmit their measurements to a fusion center in a random access manner for final reconstruction of the trajectories. Our focus is on underwater systems that use acoustic communication. Extended Kalman filtering is employed for detection and tracking of the objects inside the observation area. We propose a method for object tracking called state overlapping, which is based on exchanging and overwriting the estimated state vector between a number of independent Kalman filters. The method improves the scalability of the system, relieves the requirement for a time-varying state vector, and reduces the probability of divergence. Moreover, we propose an adaptive rate control scheme and refine an existing one to improve the estimation accuracy and the energy efficiency of the system. The performance of these methods is evaluated through simulation, showing the effectiveness of the approaches proposed.
Barriers to Effectiveness in the Classroom: Three Cases of Novice Teachers in Bangladesh

Over the last two decades, educational reform initiatives in Bangladesh have focused on classroom teaching as a direct path to improving student learning outcomes. This indicates a shift away from the teacher-centered, authoritarian education model traditionally used toward a more constructivist pedagogical approach. Using observations, interviews, and document review, this multi-case qualitative study examined teacher training and teaching methods used in government teacher training centers and primary schools in Bangladesh with the purpose of determining whether the methods taught during teacher training were transferred into classroom practice and what factors influenced the transfer of training to practice for teachers within their first years of teaching. The findings of the cross-case analysis clarify how the transfer of teacher training is supported or challenged within the Bangladeshi context. The teachers’ professional identity influenced their approach to teaching and student learning, while the culture of learning established at the schools affected teacher behaviors in the classroom. Norms and practices regarding examinations conflicted with innovative teaching practices suggested in the education reform initiatives. Recommendations advocate for a realignment of resources and objectives in the teacher-training program and government schools in order to mitigate the challenges new teachers currently face during their first years of teaching in government primary schools.
INTENSITY OF THE E3 TRANSITION IN $sup 38$Ar

The gamma rays emitted in the decay of chlorine-38 were studied using a scintillation pair spectrometer. Three gamma-ray lines were found. The transitions in the well-known $E1\ensuremath{-}E2$ cascade at 1598\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 keV and 2166\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 keV, respectively, have an intensity ratio of (0.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03): 1 in the pair spectrometer. The cross-over $E3$ transition was also observed with an intensity of (4.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per 2166-keV gamma ray, or (2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per disintegration. The $\frac{E3}{E1}$ branching ratio from the second excited state of argon-38 is (5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, about 2300 times the single-particle estimate. The octupole vibrational character of the 3 - level is discussed.
A Review of Methodological Approaches for Developing Diagnostic Algorithms for Diabetes Screening.

Background and purpose Diagnostic algorithms are invaluable tools for screening diabetes. This review aimed to evaluate and identify the most robust methodological approaches for developing diagnostic algorithms for screening diabetes. Methods Following a literature search, methodological quality of algorithm development studies was evaluated using the TRIPOD guidelines (Collins, Reitsma, Altman, & Moons, 2015). Results Methods used for developing the algorithms included logistic regression models, classification and regression trees, Random Forest and TreeNet, Artificial Neural Networks, and Naive Bayes. Methodological issues for algorithm development studies were related to handling of missing values, reporting recruitment methods, categorization of continuous variables, and statistical controls. Conclusions Most studies exhibited critical methodological flaws and poor adherence to reporting standards. Diabetes screening algorithms can easily be availed electronically and utilized by nurses at minimal cost even in underserved areas.
Interactions between 〈a〉 dislocations and three-dimensional {112¯2} twin in Ti

Abstract 〈a〉dislocations on basal or prismatic planes and { 11 2 ¯ 2 } compression twins are commonly activated in deformed Titanium (Ti). In the present work, their interactions are investigated by both crystallographic analysis and atomistic simulations. For a three-dimensional { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twin, we firstly analyze seven possible twin boundaries (TBs) bonding two low index planes in matrix and twin. Next, we focus on the two lower energy boundaries, { 11 2 ¯ 2 } M / T ∥ { 11 2 ¯ 2 } T / M coherent twin boundary (CTB) and { 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 1 } M / T ∥ { 1 2 ¯ 1 1 ¯ } T / M . Depending on dislocation character and boundary type, we define four types of interactions between 〈a〉 dislocations and these TBs. Further, we predict possible dislocation reactions on/across TBs using crystallographic analysis according to the deformation compatibility and the change in elastic energy, such as twinning/detwinning of the primary twin, slip transmission and secondary twinning, for each type of interaction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are then conducted for all interactions under pre-selected loadings in order to explore the dynamic process associated with each of these interactions and examine the predicted reactions. MD simulations predict that the interaction between 〈a〉 dislocations and some facets can lead to the formation of secondary twins and 〈a〉 dislocations on basal or prismatic planes in twins, and reveal the possibility of forming 〈c〉 and 〈 c + a 〉 dislocations in twins. Moreover, some of the possible reactions take place on lateral TBs other than CTBs.
Extensively Matching for Few-shot Learning Event Detection.

Current event detection models under supervised learning settings fail to transfer to new event types. Few-shot learning has not been explored in event detection even though it allows a model to perform well with high generalization on new event types. In this work, we formulate event detection as a few-shot learning problem to enable to extend event detection to new event types. We propose two novel loss factors that matching examples in the support set to provide more training signals to the model. Moreover, these training signals can be applied in many metric-based few-shot learning models. Our extensive experiments on the ACE-2005 dataset (under a few-shot learning setting) show that the proposed method can improve the performance of few-shot learning.
Specimen Preparation for Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis of Skeletal Cells

Recent work emphasizes that bone comprises numerous mesenchymal cell types each with different biologic functions, and deconvoluting the functions of these cells requires technical approaches with single-cell resolution, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A critical step in conducting a successful single-cell sequencing study of bone is generation of a single-cell suspension of skeletal cells while preserving cell viability. Here we describe a method to prepare single-cell suspensions from skeletal tissue in preparation for single-cell sequencing studies. Also included are optional steps for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of skeletal cells, which allows subsequent scRNA-seq studies to be focused on specific populations of interest.
Enzymatic approaches for profiling cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation.

Abstract Background In mammals, modifications to cytosine bases, particularly in cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotide contexts, play a major role in shaping the epigenome. The canonical epigenetic mark is 5-methylcytosine (5mC), but oxidized versions of 5mC, including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), are now known to be important players in epigenomic dynamics. Understanding the functional role of these modifications in gene regulation, normal development, and pathological conditions requires the ability to localize these modifications in genomic DNA. The classical approach for sequencing cytosine modifications has involved differential deamination via the chemical sodium bisulfite; however, bisulfite is destructive, limiting its utility in important biological or clinical settings where detection of low frequency populations is critical. Additionally, bisulfite fails to resolve 5mC from 5hmC. Scope of review To summarize how enzymatic rather than chemical approaches can be leveraged to localize and resolve different cytosine modifications in a non-destructive manner. Major conclusions Nature offers a suite of enzymes with biological roles in cytosine modification in organisms spanning from bacteriophages to mammals. These enzymatic activities include methylation by DNA methyltransferases, oxidation of 5mC by TET family enzymes, hypermodification of 5hmC by glucosyltransferases, and the generation of transition mutations from cytosine to uracil by DNA deaminases. Here, we describe how insights into the natural reactivities of these DNA-modifying enzymes can be leveraged to convert them into powerful biotechnological tools. Application of these enzymes in sequencing can be accomplished by relying on their natural activity, exploiting their ability to discriminate between cytosine modification states, reacting them with functionalized substrate analogs to introduce chemical handles, or engineering the DNA-modifying enzymes to take on new reactivities. We describe how these enzymatic reactions have been combined and permuted to localize DNA modifications with high specificity and without the destructive limitations posed by chemical methods for epigenetic sequencing.
Accessibility and Equity Analysis of Transit Facility Sites for Common Carrier Parcel Lockers

Transit goals have typically focused on commuter trips but facilitating urban last mile freight logistics is a potential strategy to increase transit ridership and mitigate the demands of parcel di...
X-ray Diffraction Investigations of Shape Memory NiTi Wire

Outstanding properties of nitinol, known as shape memory and superelasticity, make them suitable alternatives in several biomedical, aerospace, and civil applications. For instance, nitinol wires have been used as the actuator components in many innovative medical devices aiming to make surgical tasks less invasive and more efficient. In most of these applications, it is desired to have a consistent strain response of nitinol wires; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the internal phase transformations from microstructural point of view. In this study, the effect of influencing factors such as biased stress during thermal cycle, the maximum temperature wires experienced during heating part of thermal cycle, and also wire diameters on the amount of unrecovered strain occurred between the first and the second thermal cycles has been investigated. The generation of different phase compositions in the same thermomechanical condition for different wire diameters has been discussed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The location and intensity of characteristic peaks were studied prior and after the loading cycles. It was observed that nitinol wires of diameters less than 0.19 mm exhibit unrecovered strain while heated to the range of 70-80 °C in a thermal cycle, whereas no unrecovered strain was found in wires with larger diameter. The observation was supported by the XRD patterns where the formation of R-phase instead of martensite was shown in wire diameters of less than 0.19 mm after cooling back to room temperature.
Computing Lower Bounds on the Information Rate of Intersymbol Interference Channels

Provable lower bounds are presented for the information rate I(X;X+S+N) where X is the symbol drawn independently and uniformly from a fixed, finite-size alphabet, S a discrete-valued random variable (RV) and N a Gaussian RV. When S represents the precursor intersymbol interference (ISI) after the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is applied at the channel output, I(X;X + S + N) serves as a tight lower bound for the symmetric information rate (SIR) as well as capacity of the ISI channel corrupted by Gaussian noise. The new lower bounds are obtained by first introducing a “mismatched” mutual information function that can be proved as a lower bound to I(X;X +S +N) and then further lower-bounding this function with expressions that can be computed via a few single-dimensional integrations with a small computational load. The new bounds provide a similar level of tightness as the well-known conjectured lower bound by Shamai and Laroia for a wide variety of ISI channels of practical interest.
FIELD EFFICACY OF CERTAIN NEW INSECTICIDES AGAINST CASEWORM, NYMPHULA DEPUNCTALIS STAGNALIS ON PADDY IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

Efficacy of five insecticides against caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis Stagnalis was evaluated in farmer’s field during kharif 2009 and 2010. Spinosad 45 SC @125ml/ha was found most effective among the other formulations. Spinosad, which is a broad-spectrum organic biopesticide, gave the best cost: benefit ratio among the insecticides used, followed by quinalphos @1000ml/ha. Hence, Spinosad 45 SC @125ml/ha has been recommended for the control of caseworm.
CD86 regulates IgG1 production via a CD19-dependent mechanism

CD86 signals directly in a B cell to activate PI3K and increase the rate of IgG 1 production, without affecting germline transcription. However, the mechanism by which CD86 activates PI3K in a B cell and the relevance of CD86 stimulation in vivo remains unknown. We show that the addition of CD28/Ig to CD40 ligand/IL-4-activated wild-type, but not CD86- or CD19-deficient, B cells increased the level of phosphorylation for Lyn and CD19, as well as the amount of Lyn, Vav, and PI3K that immunoprecipitated with CD19. Adoptive transfer of CD86-deficient B cells and wild-type CD4 + T cells into RAG2-deficient mice and immunization with trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin resulted in an IL-4 and germline IgG 1 response equivalent to control mice, but a decrease in serum IgG 1 . Thus, our findings suggest that CD86 plays a key role in regulating the level of IgG 1 produced in vitro and in vivo, and that Lyn and CD19 may be the signaling intermediates activated by CD86 proximal to PI3K.
A Retrospective Look Back on the Road Towards Energy Proportionality

In this paper, we take a retrospective look back at the road taken towards improving energy proportionality, in order to find out where we are currently, and how we got here. Through statistical regression of published SPEC power results, were able to identify and quantify the sources of past EP improvements.
Surgical Repair of Medial Collateral Ligament and Posteromedial Corner Injuries of the Knee: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To systematically evaluate surgical techniques and objective clinical outcomes of primary repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posteromedial corner of the knee. Methods A systematic review of the PubMed/Medline Database (1966 to August 2014) was performed to identify all clinical studies describing MCL and other medial-based repairs of the knee. Exclusion criteria were applied to reconstruction techniques, animal models, and non-English publications. Descriptive analysis identified surgical technique, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) objective form valgus stability subscore, functional outcome measures, and laxity on valgus stress. Results After exclusion of 165 references, 16 publications with 355 knees were included in the final analysis. Fixation construct included suture-only repair (49.5%), staples (12.1%), suture anchors (11.2%), and mixed or unknown fixation (27.0%). When isolating knees with available relative valgus stress opening (n = 223), 75.8% had side-to-side difference of Conclusions This systematic review demonstrated that repair of the MCL and posteromedial corner of the knee may be an effective and reliable treatment for medial-sided knee injuries, resulting in improved valgus stability and patient-reported functional scores with low rates of secondary failure. However, repair techniques may vary significantly depending on the chronicity and extent of medial ligamentous knee injuries, and appropriate patient selection is critical in determining ultimate clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence IV.