cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exit and entrance flows of non-Newtonian fluids in parallel slits

Abstract The changes in the velocity profiles that occur at the entrance and exit of a slit bounded by other slits were measured by laser Doppler velocimetry for three fluids. The velocity profiles for a Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic fluid with constant viscosity agreed with published results, with no difference between the entrance and exit. For a shear thinning, viscoelastic fluid, entrance and exit velocity profiles were different, and flow disturbances persisted farther from the exit.
Phase-conjugate multimode fiber gyro

Phase conjugation is used to correct the detrimental effects of modal scrambling in a passive optical gyro that uses multimode fiber. A proof-of-principle demonstration of rotation sensing is presented.
Random walks on the Bethe lattice

We obtain random walk statistics for a nearest-neighbor (Polya) walk on a Bethe lattice (infinite Cayley tree) of coordination numberz, and show how a random walk problem for a particular inhomogeneous Bethe lattice may be solved exactly. We question the common assertion that the Bethe lattice is an infinite-dimensional system.
Glycodeoxycholate transport in brush border membrane vesicles isolated from rat jejunum and ileum.

Abstract The transport of the bile salt, glycodeoxycholate, was studied in vesicles derived from rat jejunal and ileal brush border membranes using a rapid filtration technique. The uptake was osmotically sensitive, linearly related to membrane protein and resembled d -glucose transport. In ileal, but not jejunal, vesicles glycodeoxycholate uptake showed a transient vesicle/medium ratio greater than 1 in the presence of an initial sodium gradient. The differences between glycodeoxycholate uptake in the presence and absence of a Na+ gradient yielded a saturable transport component. Kinetic analysis revealed a K m value similar to that described previously in everted whole intestinal segments and epithelial cells isolated from the ileum. These findings support the existence of a transport system in the brush border membrane that: (1) reflects kinetics and characteristics of bile salt transport in intact intestinal preparations, and (2) catalyzes the co-transport of Na+ and bile salt across the ileal membrane in a manner analogous to d -glucose transport.
Hybridization between Schoenoplectus sedges across Chesapeake Bay marshes

Hybridization is an evolutionary mechanism capable of enhancing adaptive potential, especially among species in fragmented or disturbed ecosystems like coastal marshes. In this study, we evaluated whether hybridization might influence adaptive responses in coastal marshes that are susceptible to the effects of global environmental change. To do so, we examined the extent and nature of hybridization between Schoenoplectus americanus and S. pungens, two ecologically dominant sedges in low-lying marshes across Chesapeake Bay (USA). Observed patterns of variation at genetically based morphological traits, cpDNA and nuclear microsatellite markers confirm that introgressive hybridization occurs between the two species. Comparisons of microsatellite and cpDNA profiles found that hybridization is reciprocal, although a disproportionate number of hybrids exhibit genomic asymmetries favoring S. americanus. AIC model selection consistently identified latitude as the strongest explanatory variable for the distribution of parental species, although discriminant analysis indicated that distributions also correspond to variation in environmental conditions. Discriminant analysis further indicated that ecological correlates of hybrid and S. americanus genotypes are similar, but not uniformly so. These findings indicate that the boundary between S. americanus and S. pungens is porous, and that hybridization could influence responses of one or both species to changing environmental regimes.
An enriched finite element method and level sets for axisymmetric two‐phase flow with surface tension

A finite element method for axisymmetric two-phase flow problems is presented. The method uses an enriched finite element formulation, in which the interface can move arbitrarily through the mesh without remeshing. The enrichment is implemented by the extended finite element method (X-FEM) which models the discontinuity in the velocity gradient at the interface by a local partition of unity. It provides an accurate representation of the velocity field at interfaces on an Eulerian grid that is not conformal to the weak discontinuity. The interface is represented by a level set which is also used in the construction of the element enrichment. Surface tension effects are considered and the interface curvature is computed from the level set field. The method is demonstrated by several examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1993 to 1995

A survey of dermatophytes, isolated from human patients seeking medical attention, was conducted for the years 1993 to 1995. Data were collected from 23 states throughout the continental United States and the District of Columbia and from 44 to 45 laboratories. These data were compared with the results of two earlier surveys (1979 to 1981 and 1985 to 1987). In contrast to the earlier surveys Trichophyton tonsurans became the most frequently isolated dermatophyte (44.9%) followed by T. rubrum (41.3%), T mentagrophytes (8.5%), Microsporum canis (3.3%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (1.1%). Other dermatophytes were recovered from less than 1%. The increase in T. tonsurans from 27.9% in the 1979 to 1981 survey, to 41.3% in the current survey, accompanied by the decline of T. rubrum from 53.7% to 41.3% is statistically significant (P < .001)
A Static Voltage Regulator Insensitive to Load Power Factor

THE voltage regulator described in this paper is intended for those applications where the operating efficiency is of secondary importance to other requirements. Excluding the consideration of efficiency, the output voltage of an ideal voltage regulator should be of sinusoidal wave form and should remain constant with any variation in input voltage and frequency and any variation in load volt-amperes and power factor.
Domain-dependent action of urokinase on smooth muscle cell responses.

Abstract Background Single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sc-uPA) is one of the key serine proteases involved in modulating cellular and extracellular matrix responses during tissue remodeling. Sc-uPA is composed of three domains: aminoterminal fragment (ATF), kringle domain, and carboxyterminal fragment (CTF). sc-uPA is readily cleaved into these three domain fragments in vitro, each of which is biologically active; however, their roles in the microenvironment of the vessel wall are poorly understood. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the role of each domain of sc-uPA on vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration. Methods SMCs were cultured in vitro. Assays of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and migration were performed in response to sc-uPA, ATF, kringle, and CTF in the presence and absence of the plasmin inhibitors ϵ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and aprotinin, the Gαi inhibitor pertussis toxin, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (the upstream regulator of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase [ERK]) inhibitor PD98059. Results sc-uPA produced dose-dependent increases in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. These responses were dependent on the CTF domain and were sensitive to plasmin inhibitors, pertussis toxin, and PD98059. Sc-uPA also induced SMC migration, which could be elicited by both ATF and kringle. Migration to sc-uPA, ATF, and kringle was both pertussis toxin and PD98059 sensitive, but importantly was plasmin-independent. Conclusion sc-uPA induces SMC proliferation and migration, which are domain-dependent and mediated in part by Gαi-linked, ERK-dependent processes, while only the mitogenic response is protease dependent. These findings suggest that migration is linked to a G-protein coupled nonprotease receptor, while proliferation is associated with a G-protein coupled protease receptor.
Neonatal candidiasis, meningitis, andarthritis: Observations and a review of the literature

Recovery of a newborn infant from Candida sepsis with meningitis and arthritis isreported. A survey of factors predisposing to this infection and a brief review of the literature is presented. The rarity of survival following documented Candida meningitis and of Candida arthritis is emphasized. The clinical response to intrathecal, intra-articular, and intravenous therapy with amphotericine B was favorable.
Response of neuropeptide Y-deficient mice to feeding effectors.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is thought to be an important central regulator of feeding behavior and body weight. However, mice lacking NPY due to targeted genetic deletion do not display abnormalities in food intake or body weight with ad libitum access to food or in response to fasting. In this study, we investigate the response of NPY-deficient (NPY−/−) mice to anorexic and orexigenic treatments. The dose-dependent stimulation of food intake by central NPY administration was unaltered in NPY−/− mice. Peripheral administration of various doses of leptin for 2 days elicited a two-fold greater inhibition of food intake in NPY−/− mice than in wildtype (NPY+/+) mice. In addition, lateral ventricular administration of leptin (1 μg) suppressed refeeding in NPY−/− mice after a 24 h fast, but had little effect in NPY+/+ mice. However, the response to other feeding inhibitors such as corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), dexfenfluramine, and a melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, MTII, was unaltered in NPY−/− mice. These results indicate that the appetite-suppressant action of exogenous leptin is uniquely amplified in NPY−/− mice, and suggest that NPY may tonically antagonize leptin action.
The biological action of cDNAs from mutated estrogen receptors transfected into breast cancer cells

While tamoxifen may inhibit breast cancer proliferation, mutations in the estrogen receptor could potentially result in breast cancer cells which can circumvent the tamoxifen blockade. Previously, we identified a mutation at codon 351 in the estrogen receptor from a tamoxifen-stimulated human breast cancer. This receptor was stably transfected into the estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (clone 10A). Clones were compared to stably transfected cell lines containing either the wild type or codon 400 mutant estrogen receptor to study the effect of either estradiol or the tamoxifen analogue, fixed-ring 4-hydroxytamoxifen ((fr)4-OH TAM), on cell growth and reporter gene activation. (fr)4-OH TAM reduced the growth rate in cell lines containing mutant estrogen receptors, while the cell line containing the wild type estrogen receptor is minimally influenced by (fr)4-OH TAM. We then needed to show that the ligand-estrogen receptor interaction resulted in estrogen receptor activation. As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, estrogen receptor activation is measured by its ability to stimulate reporter gene (luciferase) transcription when bound to an estrogenic ligand. We found that the wild type estrogen receptor is activated by estradiol but not by the tamoxifen analogue, while the codon 351 estrogen receptor is activated by both (fr)4-OH TAM and estradiol.
Regeneration in the African lungfish, Protopterus. II. Branching structures

It is possible to elicit the growth of a lateral branch from either the pectoral or the pelvic fin of the African lungfish Protopterus by excising a wedge of tissue, including cartilage, from the original limb. In pectoral limbs, 18 notches produced four bifids, but in pelvic limbs only one out of 14 cuts resulted in a branching element. Although cuts were distributed along the length of the limbs and along both anterior and posterior faces, accessory structures were elicited only from the posterior and posterior-dorsal faces of the pectoral limb and from the anterior edge of the pelvic. The new branch was always of a size, proportion, and function nearly identical with that of the original, and to date none has grown longer than the equivalent branch of the primary limb. One broken pectoral limb gave rise spontaneously to a bifid growth. Fully developed horizontal branches effect changes in the long axis of the limb from which they have grown. Although the new filament first grows out perpendicular to the long axis of the primary element, it later assumes a shallower angle. Subsequent skewing of the axis of the primary limb results in a “Y” configuration. However, one vertically directed branch on the posteriordorsal surface of a pectoral limb, after ten months, still retains its original orientation, there having been no change in either its orientation or that of the original limb. One caudal anomaly is figured.
Five Position Synthesis of a Slider-Crank Function Generator

In this paper, we present a synthesis procedure for the coupler link of a planar slider-crank linkage in order to coordinate input by a linear actuator with the rotation of an output crank. This problem can be formulated in a manner similar to the synthesis of a five position RR coupler link. It is well-known that the resulting equations can produce branching solutions that are not useful. This is addressed by introducing tolerances for the input and output values of the specified task function. The proposed synthesis procedure is then executed on two examples. In the first example, a survey of solutions for tolerance zones of increasing size is conducted. In this example we find that a tolerance zone of 5% of the desired full range results in a number of useful task functions and usable slider-crank function generators. To demonstrate the use of these results, we present an example design for the actuator of the shovel of a front-end loader.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Effect of Dutasteride on the Efficacy of Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study (DOP Trial)

OBJECTIVES To study the effect of Dutasteride on the efficacy of GreenLight photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PV). Some investigators have suggested that 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors may interfere with PV by reducing intraprostatic blood flow. Dutasteride offers the most complete blockade of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, with minimal increase in side effects. METHODS This is a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. A total of 59 patients were randomized to either dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo for 3 months before and 12 months after PV. Surgical time, joules used, estimated blood loss, and ease of the procedure were compared. Other clinical end points investigated include postsurgical catheter time, hematuria, dysuria, urinary flow parameters, American Urological Association symptom score, benign prostatic hyperplasia quality of life score, prostate volume, and prostate-specific antigen level. RESULTS Average surgical time and joules used were 12% (P = .24) and 16% (P = .15) less, respectively, for dutasteride patients compared with placebo. Estimated blood loss was also lower in the treatment group (P = .14). However, these results were not statistically significant. Surgeon-rated ease of the procedure was comparable between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in catheter time, dysuria, quality of life scores, or urinary flow parameters. Quality of life and urinary parameters markedly improved after PV. CONCLUSIONS Compared with patients randomized to placebo, patients randomized to dutasteride experienced a trend toward decreased time, joules used, and blood loss during surgery. Although we could not convincingly prove an operative benefit of treatment with dutasteride before surgery, we have demonstrated the efficacy of PV in men receiving dutasteride.
STUDIES OF NEW ALBANY SHALE PLANTS. I. STENOKOLEOS SIMPLEX COMB. NOV.

BECK, CHARLES B. (U. Mic-higan, Ann Arbor.) Studies of New Albany shale plants. I. Stenokoleos simplex comb. nov. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2): 115--124. Illus. 1960.-A specimen of Stenokoleos from the Falling Run member of the Sanderson formation is described and shown to belong to the same species as Mesoneuron simplex (Read and Campbell, 1939). Among the distinctive features of this species are traces of triangular shape bearing 3 mesarch protoxylem areas, metaxylem tracheids with scalariform pitting, and the presence of fibers in the outer phloem. The new specimen indicates that Stenokoleos had a basically cruciform xylem strand which gave rise to pairs of traces, each trace supplying one of a pair of lateral appendages which occurred on opposite sides of the main axis, but at different levels. The fern-like nature of Stenokoleos is emphasized and it is suggested that this genus most closely resembles members of the Zygopteri-
Seeded growth of large single-grain CdTe from the vapor phase

Abstract A method for growing large single crystals of CdTe ( ∼ 18 cm 3 ) is described. The crystals were grown routinely by a vapor deposition technique employing seed crystals. Epitaxial growth was observed on the (111), but not on the (111¯), surfaces.
Cortical Development in Brown Capuchin Monkeys: A Structural MRI Study

Relative to other primates, Cebus monkeys display unusually fast postnatal brain growth and motor skill development. The neonatal capuchin brain, at approximately 29–34 g, is a smaller proportion of the adult brain weight (c. 50%) than is the brain of other primates except humans and great apes. Here we describe, from a cross-sectional sample, brain development in 29 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images, focusing on growth patterns in total brain volume, cortical gray and white matter volume, frontal lobe gray and white matter volume, and corpus callosum area. Non-linear age-related changes in total brain volume, cortical white matter volume and frontal white matter volume were detected from birth – 5 years. Sex differences in corpus callosum:brain ratio were also found, with males having a 10% smaller corpus callosum:brain ratio than females regardless of age. Female corpus callosum:brain ratio showed significant age-related related changes, whereas males did not display any significant changes across age. Sex differences were also found in cortical gray and frontal lobe gray matter volumes, with males having larger volumes than females. These findings support the conclusion that capuchins undergo rapid neurological change during the first few years of life.
Thin-Slicing Divorce: Thirty Seconds of Information Predict Changes in Psychological Adjustment Over 90 Days

When a couple's marriage dissolves, members of their social network are often charged with intuiting their psychological states, and, in many cases, these impressions of their well-being dictate the emotional and social support friends provide. Should I visit him more often? Should I call her frequently? Should I recommend therapy? This report evaluates the accuracy with which people perceive the psychological adjustment of recently separated adults using small amounts, or thin slices, of information. Although the thin-slice paradigm has shed light on the way people process information and make judgments about others (Ambady & Skowronski, 2009; Ames & Johar, 2009; Borkenau & Liebler, 1992), only recently have these methods been applied to perceptions of psychological well-being (Fowler, Lilienfeld, & Patrick, 2009; Friedman, Oltmanns, & Turkheimer, 2007; Mehl, 2006). There is a conspicuous lack of thin-slice research addressing perceptions of interpersonal distress, and in everyday life, interpersonal exchanges (and decisions to provide social support) hinge on accurate perceptions of others' psychological states. In this study, we first investigated the degree to which judges accurately perceived recently separated adults' (targets') adjustment, either after hearing 30-s recordings of targets discussing their separation experience or after reading transcriptions of the recordings. We then asked if the perceptions of these listener judges or reader judges predicted changes in targets' adjustment to their separation over 3 months. Finally, we evaluated the role of each communication channel by asking if judges gleaned more information about targets' adjustment from listening to the recordings than from reading the transcripts (cf. Funder, 1995; but see Nisbett, Zukier, & Lemley, 1981, for an alternative prediction).
Continuous pH and Pco2 monitoring during respiratory failure in children with the Paratrend 7 inserted into the peripheral venous system.

Context: The Paratrend monitor provides continuous arterial blood gas monitoring after insertion through a ≥20-gauge arterial cannula. Objective: To determine the correlation of arterial blood gas values and the Paratrend monitor placed through a peripheral intravenous catheter. Design: Prospective, open-label evaluation. Setting: University-based pediatric intensive care unit. Patients: Infants and children with respiratory failure and arterial access. Results: The cohort included 23 infants and children. A total of 100 sample sets (Paratrend/ABG P CO 9 and pH values) were collected. The absolute difference between the arterial and Paratrend P CO 2 was 2.9 ± 1.8 mm Hg (range 0 to 9 mm Hg). Linear regression analysis of Paratrend P CO 2 versus arterial P CO 2 resulted in r = 0.97 and r 2 = 0.9479 ( P CO 2 values demonstrated a bias ± precision of -2.1 ± 2.7 mm Hg. The absolute difference between arterial and Paratrend pH was 0.04 ± 0.02 units (range 0 to 0.15 units). Linear regression analysis of Paratrend pH versus arterial pH resulted in r = 0.83 and r 2 = 0.7016 ( P Conclusions: Inserted through a peripheral intravenous cannula, the Paratrend monitor can be used to provide an accurate estimation of arterial blood gas values in children with resplratory failure.
Experimental Therapy of Chronic Porphyria with Vitamin B121

Porphyria, although a relatively rare disease, has since the description of the original case by Fischer and co-workers (1) continued to attract interest. This is due undoubtedly to the very nature of the disease with its bizarre biochemical changes and varied clinical pictures. Porphyria is characterized clinically by the excretion of uroporphyrin in large amounts in the urine and feces along with increased amounts of coproporphyrin. The uroporphyrin may vary in its chemical form but its presence is essential for a diagnosis of porphyria.
Graphic Representations of Short Musical Compositions

Sixty college students were asked to ‘make any marks’ to visually represent five short orchestral compositions, and to write essays to explain their graphic representations. Most musically trained participants provided abstract representations (symbols or lines), while most pictorial representations (images or pictures telling a story) were created by musically untrained participants. A content analysis of the essays revealed that trained participants focused on themes, repetition, mode, changes in pitch, instruments, interplay of different instruments, and sections of the composition. Untrained participants were more likely to focus on arousal of emotions or sensations, fleeting images, and to create stories to accompany the music. Four styles of representations emerged, depending on whether listeners attended primarily to global qualities, fluctuations in dimensions of sound, perceptually salient features, or underlying structure of compositions.
Results of the Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients Trial: Implications for the Neurologist

The secondary prevention of ischemic stroke is aided by the use of antiplatelet therapy, and the predominant current choices are aspirin, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole, and clopidogrel. The potential utility of combining platelet antiaggregants with different mechanisms of action proved successful with aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole, and this approach has been explored with the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin. In the Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients trial, this combination was compared with clopidogrel alone for secondary prevention in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke in a high-risk population with a high prevalence of other vascular risk factors. A nonsignificant trend for a reduction of the combined endpoint of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death, and rehospitalization was observed in the combination therapy group (P = .24). The frequency of serious, life-threatening bleeding adverse effects was almost doubled in the combination arm. Neurologists need to be aware of these results and avoid the use of clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack until evidence that the combination is safe in this population is provided. Neurologists faced with patients who have had a stroke or transient ischemic attack and are receiving this combination of antiplatelet agents after coronary stenting should inform their cardiology colleagues of the reported bleeding risk, and they should encourage the use of the combination for as short a time period as possible after such coronary intervention.
High Performance Hydrogen Fuel Cells with Ultralow Pt Loading Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Catalysts

Fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies with Pt loading of 0.2 mg Pt/cm2 at the anode and ultralow Pt loadings of 6 μg Pt/cm2 and 12 μg Pt/cm2 at the cathode have been fabricated using thin films of multiwalled carbon nanotube supported Pt catalysts (Pt/MWNTs) at the cathode. The Pt/MWNTs have a Pt weight loading of 26.8 wt % and a uniform and small Pt particle size of 2.1 nm. The MWNTs used are 360 μm long. This thin film cathode catalyst layer with a loading of 6 μg Pt/cm2 is about 1.3 μm thick, contains no ionomer, and exhibits surprisingly high performance in a hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The peak power density for a membrane electrode assembly with a cathode loading of 12 μg Pt/cm2 when tested at 70 °C with hydrogen and oxygen is 613 mW/cm2. A mass activity (ampere per milligram of Pt) based on the cathode Pt loading greater than 250 A/mg Pt is achieved with 6 μg Pt/cm2, and this is among the highest reported to date.
An assay for arginase in chicken kidney.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzyme arginase in chicken kidney is associated with mitochondria and the mitochondrial membranes must be disrupted to obtain maximum activity. 2. 2. When the membranes were disrupted by sonication, approximately 30% higher arginase activity was observed than with the nonsonicated samples. 3. 3. The optimum pH for assay of chick kidney arginase was 9.7–9.8. Prior heat treatment with Mn2+ decreased arginase activity. 4. 4. Highest enzyme activity was obtained by using sonicated preparations and measuring initial reaction velocity during the first 1–2 min of incubation.
Hydrogen Uptake of Platinum-Doped Graphite Nanofibers and Stochastic Analysis of Hydrogen Spillover

Graphite nanofibers (GNFs) were doped with platinum in an attempt to activate the materials for moderate temperature hydrogen adsorption. Characterization of the 1% Pt/GNF sample indicates well-dispersed, metallic platinum particles ranging from 2 to 5 nm in diameter. At 27 °C and 20 bar, the hydrogen uptake of 1% Pt/GNF was less than 0.1 wt % and showed no increase relative to the GNF precursor within experimental detection limits. To explore this apparent anomaly, a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze the hydrogen spillover process for idealized two-dimensional surfaces with two surface types with interfacial mass transfer from the first to the second surface site. The model suggests interfacial mass transfer may not improve overall surface coverage when the rates of adsorption and desorption to the support are comparable. Dimensionless groupings are introduced to the stochastic simulation to explore the conditions in which interfacial transfer will lead to significant surface coverage...
On the motion of gas bubbles in a viscoelastic liquid

The discontinuity of terminal velocity versus bubble volume previously reported as taking place in viscoelastic liquids, was studied experimentally and theoretically. A comparison of terminal velocity data for gas bubbles and glass spheres in aqueous polymer (Separan-AP30) solutions provides strong evidence that the discontinuity results from a change in interfacial conditions from “no-slip” to free shear. A numerical solution of the creeping flow equations using an empirical curve fit for viscosity versus shear-rate indicates that only a fraction of the experimentally observed velocity jump is due to the shear dependence of the viscosity alone (neglecting elastic effects). However, simple qualitative arguments seem to suggest that a relatively modest elastic contribution to the force balance on the bubble would be sufficient to account for the experimental observations. On a etudie experimentalement et theoriquement la relation entre la discontinuite de la vitesse limite et le volume des bulles, laquelle, comme des rapports precedents le pretendent, se produirait dans des liquides visco-elastiques. En comparant les resultats de vitesse limite dans le cas de bulles gazeuses et de spheres de verre dans des solutions aqueuses de polymere (Separan-AP30), on a obtenu une forte preuve que la discontinuite resulte d'un changement dans les conditions interfaciales qui s'exprime par le passage d'une “absence de glissement” a un cisaillement libre. Une solution numerique des equations de l'ecoulement de fluage (creeping), qu'on a obtenue en utilisant une courbe empirique qui s'adaptait a la relation entre la viscosite et la vitesse de cisaillement, indique que seule une fraction du saut de vitesse observe experimentalement est due a la dependance du cisaillement de la viscosite seule (sans consideration des effets elastiques). Toutefois, un simple raisonnement qualitatif semble indiquer qu'il suffirait d'une contribution relativement faible de l'elasticite a l'equilibre de force sur la bulle pour expliquer les observations experimentales.
Baculovirus alkaline nuclease possesses a 5'-->3' exonuclease activity and associates with the DNA-binding protein LEF-3.

Alkaline nuclease (AN) of the Autographa californica multiple-capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) (open reading frame 133) was expressed in recombinant baculovirus as a His6-tagged fusion and purified by sequential chromatography on Ni-NTA-agarose, DEAE-Toyopearl, and heparin-Sepharose. At all stages of purification, AcMNPV AN was found to copurify with a 44-kDa polypeptide which was identified as the baculovirus single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding (SSB) protein, LEF-3. Sedimentation analysis in glycerol gradients of highly purified samples suggested that AN and LEF-3 are associated in a complex (designated *AN/L3), predominantly as heterodimers, although oligomeric forms containing both proteins were evident. In reactions with single- or double-stranded 62-mer oligonucleotides that were labeled with 32P at the 5′ or 3′ ends, *AN/L3 carried out exonucleolytic hydrolysis of both substrates exclusively in a 5′→3′ direction. Saturation of ssDNA with an excess of LEF-3 prior to the addition of *AN/L3 resulted in a marked decrease in the rate of ssDNA hydrolysis. This suggests that excess LEF-3 may protect ssDNA from digestion by a AN-LEF-3 complex, thus regulating its activity in infected cells. The association of baculovirus AN with the viral SSB LEF-3 and the 5′→3′ exonuclease activity of this complex suggests that AN and LEF-3 may participate in homologous recombination of the baculovirus genome in a manner similar to that of exonuclease (Redα) and DNA-binding protein (Redβ) of the Red-mediated homologous recombination system of bacteriophage λ.
Effects of biographical variables on cervical fluorescence emission spectra.

Diagnostic algorithms can classify tissue samples as diseased or nondiseased based on fluorescence emission collected from the intact cervix. Such algorithms can distinguish high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions from low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. An understanding of the effects of the values of biographical covariates, such as age, race, smoking, or menopausal status on the emission spectra for each patient could improve diagnostic efficiency. The analysis described was performed using data collected from two previously published clinical trials; one study measured spectra from 395 sites in 95 patients referred to a colposcopy clinic with abnormal Pap smears, and the second study measured spectra from 204 sites in 54 patients self-referred for screening and expected to have a normal Pap smear. For this analysis, data about age, race, menstrual cycle, and smoking were collected. The principal components from normalized data were compared. There are clear intensity differences observed with age and menopausal status; postmenopausal patients exhibit higher emission intensities. Differences associated with biographical variables need to be tested in larger studies, which stratify adequately for these variables. The addition of these biographical variables in the preprocessing of data could dramatically improve algorithm performance and applicability.
Errors in Elastic Constant Measurements in Single Crystals

A general analysis is presented of the errors involved in calculations of the elastic constants of single crystals from wave speed measurements. Results are presented graphically for the most probable errors, misorientation of the single-crystal samples for the wave speed measurements. Specific numerical results are presented for elastic constants typical of yttria-stabilized zirconia single crystals. These crystals were characterized elastically as cubic, with elastic constants C11, C12, and C44. The results indicate that the measurement of C11 is the least sensitive to alignment errors, while that of C12 is the most sensitive, with approximately a 10% error possible with a 5° misalignment of the crystal.
ERβ Binds N-CoR in the Presence of Estrogens via an LXXLL-like Motif in the N-CoR C-terminus

Nuclear receptors (NRs) usually bind the corepressors N-CoR and SMRT in the absence of ligand or in the presence of antagonists. Agonist binding leads to corepressor release and recruitment of coactivators. Here, we report that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) binds N-CoR and SMRT in the presence of agonists, but not antagonists, in vitro and in vivo. This ligand preference differs from that of ERα interactions with corepressors, which are inhibited by estradiol, and resembles that of ERβ interactions with coactivators. ERβ /N-CoR interactions involve ERβ AF-2, which also mediates coactivator recognition. Moreover, ERβ recognizes a sequence (PLTIRML) in the N-CoR C-terminus that resembles coactivator LXXLL motifs. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity specifically potentiates ERβ LBD activity, suggesting that corepressors restrict the activity of AF-2. We conclude that the ER isoforms show completely distinct modes of interaction with a physiologically important corepressor and discuss our results in terms of ER isoform specificity in vivo.
The politics of presidential medical care. The case of John F. Kennedy.

Political concerns often compromise the delivery of high quality medical care in ways that can be both problematic and dangerous for political leaders. President John F. Kennedy's medical care offers a particularly rich exposition of the many ways in which these dynamics can play out and how additional factors can complicate matters, such as when the patient is himself duplicitous, when family members try to intervene in care, and when public exposure risks political future. This article examines the politics and management of Kennedy's medical conditions by the various physicians involved in his care and explores how these considerations may have compromised not only the quality of his care but, in turn, exerted an influence on his behavior. This happened not only through the downstream effect of his treatment on his thoughts and behavior but also through the tremendous allocation of time and attention that his care required—attention a healthier man would have been able to direct toward problems of greater national concern.
Thalidomide: Mechanisms of Action

The classification of thalidomide as an orphan drug with anti-inflammatory actions has led to its off-label use in conditions refractory to other medications. Although the observed clinical effects of thalidomide suggest it to have immunomodulatory capabilities, the mechanism of action is unclear. Here we review both the positive and negative studies of thalidomide at the bench in order to improve our understanding of the possible mechanisms of this drug in treating a variety of diseases at the bedside. Studies on the effects of thalidomide on the innate and adaptive immune system as well as tumorigenesis and angiogenesis are discussed.
Neuroprotective effect of σ1-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) is linked to reduced neuronal nitric oxide production

Background and Purpose —The potent σ1-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) provides neuroprotection in experimental stroke. We tested the hypothesis that PPBP attenuates striatal tissue damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by a mechanism involving reduction of ischemia-evoked nitric oxide (NO) production. Furthermore, we determined whether the agent fails to protect ischemic brain when neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is genetically deleted or pharmacologically inhibited (selective nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole [7-NI]). Methods —Halothane-anesthetized adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hours of MCAO by the intraluminal filament occlusion technique. All physiological variables were controlled during the ischemic insult. In vivo striatal NO production was estimated via microdialysis by quantification of local, labeled citrulline recovery after labeled arginine infusion. In a second series of experiments, nNOS null mutants (nNOSKOs) and the genetically matched wild-type (WT) strain were treated with 90 minutes of MCAO. Brains were harvested at 22 hours of reperfusion for measurement of infarction volume by triphenyltetrazolium chloride histology. Results —PPBP attenuated infarction volume at 22 hours of reperfusion in cerebral cortex and striatum and markedly attenuated NO production in ischemic and nonischemic striatum during occlusion and early reperfusion. Treatment with 7-NI mimicked the effects of PPBP. In WT mice, infarction volume was robustly decreased by both PPBP and 7-NI, but the efficacy of PPBP was not altered by pharmacological nNOS inhibition in combined therapy. In contrast, PPBP did not decrease infarction volume in nNOSKO mice. Conclusions —These data suggest that the mechanism of neuroprotection of PPBP in vivo is through attenuation of nNOS activity and ischemia-evoked NO production. Neuroprotective effects of PPBP are lost when nNOS is not present or is inhibited; therefore, PPBP likely acts upstream from NO generation and its subsequent neurotoxicity.
Ceftaroline Increases Membrane Binding and Enhances the Activity of Daptomycin against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model

New antimicrobial agents and novel combination therapies are needed to treat serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of ceftaroline plus daptomycin or vancomycin in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Simulations of ceftaroline-fosamil at 600 mg per kg of body weight every 8 h (q8h) (maximum free-drug concentration in serum [fC(max)], 15.2 mg/liter; half-life [t(1/2)], 2.3 h), daptomycin at 10 mg/kg/day (fC(max), 11.3 mg/liter; t(1/2), 8 h), vancomycin at 2 g q12h (fC(max), 30 mg/liter; t(1/2), 6 h), ceftaroline plus daptomycin, and ceftaroline plus vancomycin were evaluated against a clinical, isogenic MRSA strain pair: D592 (daptomycin susceptible and heterogeneous vancomycin intermediate) and D712 (daptomycin nonsusceptible and vancomycin intermediate) in a one-compartment in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model over 96 h. Therapeutic enhancement of combinations was defined as ≥2 log(10) CFU/ml reduction over the most active single agent. The effect of ceftaroline on the membrane charge, cell wall thickness, susceptibility to killing by the human cathelicidin LL37, and daptomycin binding were evaluated. Therapeutic enhancement was observed with daptomycin plus ceftaroline in both strains and vancomycin plus ceftaroline against D592. Ceftaroline exposure enhanced daptomycin-induced depolarization (81.7% versus 72.3%; P = 0.03) and killing by cathelicidin LL37 (P < 0.01) and reduced cell wall thickness (P < 0.001). Fluorescence-labeled daptomycin was bound over 7-fold more in ceftaroline-exposed cells. Whole-genome sequencing and mutation analysis of these strains indicated that change in daptomycin susceptibility is related to an fmtC (mprF) mutation. The combination of daptomycin plus ceftaroline appears to be potent, with rapid and sustained bactericidal activity against both daptomycin-susceptible and -nonsusceptible strains of MRSA.
Electromagnetic coupling effects in RFCMOS circuits

The electromagnetic isolation and coupling characteristics of basic structures, namely metal pads, spiral inductors, and spiral-transistors, implemented in a core-logic CMOS process are evaluated and modeled. The models provide design guidelines on the isolation characteristics of guard-rings and shield layers for RF cross-talk suppression between circuit blocks. The importance of electromagnetic coupling to layout interconnects is demonstrated.
THE WEATHERING AND IRIDESCENCE OF SOME ANCIENT ROMAN GLASS FOUND IN CYPRUS1

Samples of ancient Roman glass taken from burial vaults on the Island of Cyprus have been examined. Analysis shows the glass to be of the soda-lime type characteristic that period. The heavy incrustation produced by weathering has been studied spectroscopically and microscopically and is shown to consist, for the most part, of hydrated silica, formed by the slow hydrolytic decomposition of the glass. The beautiful iridescence exhibited by the glass is due to the selective destructive interference of light the thin films of transparent incrustation on the surface of the glass.
Adreno-cortical changes in Syrian hamsters following gonadectomy.

In the course of gonadectomy studies with Syrian hamsters, changes in the suprarenal cortex were observed which may be of interest to other investigators. At the end of an experiment to test the effect of gonadectomy on dental caries in hamsters, autopsies were performed on all animals. A detailed account of the experimental procedures and other findings are available in previous reports (Keyes, 1946, 1948). The weights of the suprarenal bodies are reported in Table 1. These data are in agreement with previous observations of Peczenik(1944) that the suprarenals of male hamsters are absolutely and relatively larger than those of females; and castration of male hamsters is associated with a decrease in suprarenal size on both an absolute and relative weight basis. Peczenik (1944) reports that spaying is associated with increased adrenal weight in females. Our data alsoshow this tendency. Koneff et al. (1946) also report that the adrenals of normal male hamstersare heavier than those of normal females.
The kindness of strangers: an elective in Ghana.

![Figure][1] Under the necessary shade of a mango tree, dozens of people sit on wooden benches. Those who arrived late sit on the red dirt. It is a mix of men, women, and children. In the centre of the group lies the focus of all attention: Dr Erle Kirby, myself, and Philemon, a graduate
Analytical Models to Determine Desirable Blood Acquisition Rates

We consider the problem of strategic planning for availability of blood and related products in the event of a national emergency. We apply the well-known Markov models to determine suitable rates of blood acquisition so as to minimize the amount of blood collected and processed and also to minimize wastage due to short life-time of some blood products. Though there has been extensive work on efficient supply and distribution of blood products in normal circumstances, strategic planning to cope up with shortages during emergencies has not been addressed. As an example of the proposed model, we show how to determine minimum blood acquisition rates that meet a given availability level and how to trade off acquisition rates and maximum amount of blood stored.
Initializing Dynamic Power System Simulations Using Eigenvalue Formulations of the Induction Machine and Power Flow Models

Initializing internal variables in dynamic power system simulations is a two-stage process. First, a power flow model is used to find the steady state bus variables. Second, values for the internal variables associated with bus connected components are determined such that the components' terminal values match the bus variables calculated from the power flow model. Initializing most components' variables is a straightforward, direct process. However, initializing induction machine variables traditionally uses an indirect, iterative process. In this paper, eigenvalue formulations are detailed for both the induction machine initialization and power flow models, which provide a direct method for determining all possible sets of induction machine initializations and offer a novel model for the power flow equations.
A novel approach for introducing cloud spatial structure into cloud radiative transfer parameterizations

Subgrid-scale variability is one of the main reasons why parameterizations are needed in large-scale models. Although some parameterizations started to address the issue of subgrid variability by introducing a subgrid probability distribution function for relevant quantities, the spatial structure has been typically ignored and thus the subgrid-scale interactions cannot be accounted for physically. Here we present a new statistical-physics-like approach whereby the spatial autocorrelation function can be used to physically capture the net effects of subgrid cloud interaction with radiation. The new approach is able to faithfully reproduce the Monte Carlo 3D simulation results with several orders less computational cost, allowing for more realistic representation of cloud radiation interactions in large-scale models.
Investigation of surface passivation in InAs/GaSb strained-layer-superlattices using picosecond excitation correlation measurement and variable-area diode array surface recombination velocity measurement

The effect of ammonium sulfide passivation on InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared detectors was investigated using two complementary techniques, namely, picosecond excitation correlation (PEC) measurement and variable-area diode array (VADA) surface recombination velocity (SRV) measurement. PEC measurements were conducted on etched InAs/GaSb superlattice mesas, which were passivated in aqueous ammonium sulfide solutions of various strengths for several durations. The PEC signal's decay time constant (DTC) is proportional to carrier lifetimes. At 77 K the PEC signal's DTC of the as-grown InAs/GaSb superlattice sample was 2.0 ns, while that of the unpassivated etched sample was reduced to 1.2 ns by the surface states at the mesa sidewalls. The most effective ammonium sulfide passivation process increased the PEC signal's DTC to 10.4 ns. However it is difficult to isolate surface recombination from other processes that contribute to the lifetime using the PEC data, therefore a VADA SRV measurement was undertaken to determine the effect of passivation on surface recombination. The obtained SRV in the depletion region of the InAs/GaSb superlattice and GaSb junction was 1.1×106 cm/s for the unpassivated sample and 4.6×105 cm/s for the passivated sample. At 77 K the highest R0A value measured in our passivated devices was 2540 W cm2 versus 0.22 W cm2 for the unpassivated diodes. The results of the lifetime, the SRV and the R0A measurements indicate that ammonium sulfide passivation will improve the performance of InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared detectors.