cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 2 – Water

Publisher Summary Water is the main constituent of plant cells. The actual cellular water content varies with cell type and physiological condition. The physical and the chemical properties of water make it suitable for many purposes in plants. It is the medium in which diffusion of solutes takes place in plant cells. Its incompressibility means that water uptake can lead to cell expansion and also the generation of intracellular hydrostatic pressures, which can help support plants. This chapter discusses in detail the physical and chemical properties of water that are crucial for understanding biology. The physical properties of water differ markedly from those of other substances having 10 protons and 10 electrons. The melting point and the boiling point are highest for water compared to substances having a similar electron content because of the consequences of its strong intermolecular forces. The strong intermolecular forces in water result from the structure of the H2O molecule. The chapter also explores the concept of free energy.
The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations

(2012). The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations. Journal of Critical Realism: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 532-534.
The Effect of Tensile Strength in the Arctic Ice Pack

The ice pack covering northern seas is composed of an aggregate of thick ridged and rafted ice, undeformed ice, and open water. Existing ice-ocean models of the Arctic ice pack are large-scale continuum models that use a plastic yield surface to characterize the constitutive behavior of the pack. An alternative approach, which captures far more detail, is to explicitly model the ice parcels that make up the ice pack. To this end a granular model of the central Arctic ice pack has been developed. In the granular model each floe has its own ice thickness distribution. Deformation causes leads to open or ridges to form between floes. The granular sea ice model was used to simulate a range of deformation states from uniform convergence to uniform divergence Two sets of simulations were performed. In the first set the joints between neighboring floes were unfrozen and hence unable to support tensile forces, while in the second set the joints were frozen. Stresses in the simulations were calculated in three ways and compared. Yield surfaces constructed from the results of the simulations clearly demonstrate the effects of the tensile strength between floes. The difference in the yield curves is shown to be related to a qualitative difference in the deformation patterns in the model pack. Lastly the discussion looks at the differences between the global stress state in the model ice pack and the stress state in the individual floes.
Extratropical cyclones, frontal waves, and Mars dust: Modeling and considerations

[1] A Mars GCM is utilized to investigate dust lifting and organization associated with extratropical cyclogenesis and frontal waves. The model is applied at high resolution in simulations related to Mars' dust cycle. A single extratropical synoptic weather event is examined to ascertain lifting, transport and convergence/divergence of dust by large-scale cyclonic/anticyclonic weather systems, and the sub-synoptic frontal waves that ensue. Low- and high-pressure cores develop, travel eastward and remain mostly confined within the seasonal CO2 polar cap. The bulk of dust lifting occurs in the northern-hemisphere western highlands associated with nocturnal down-slope drainage flows, and lifting infrequently occurs near the frontal convergence zone. Dust becomes organized and transported within circulations associated with the synoptic/sub-synoptic circulations accompanying the frontal waves. Dynamical considerations are invoked regarding frontogenesis revealing correlations with regards to dust lifting, organization and transport. Implications of large-scale extratropical weather systems on the martian dust cycle are discussed.
Staged Single‐ventricle Palliation in 2011: Outcomes and Expectations

Outcomes for staged palliation for single-ventricle heart disease have improved over the past two decades. As outcomes improve, parental expectations for survival and quality of life have risen accordingly. Nevertheless, the number of interventions and complications these patients must endure remain high. The final surgical destination of the single-ventricle patient, the total cavopulmonary connection (or Fontan operation) successfully separates systemic venous and pulmonary venous blood flow but does so at great cost. Fontan patients remain at significant risk of complications despite what are perceived to be "favorable" hemodynamics. The outcomes in this population are discussed in this review, with particular attention to the history behind our current strategies as well as to recent salient studies.
Deregulation of Poly(A) Polymerase Interferes with Cell Growth

Vertebrate poly(A) polymerase (PAP) contains a catalytic domain and a C-terminal Ser-Thr-rich regulatory region. Consensus and nonconsensus cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) sites are conserved in the Ser-Thr-rich region in vertebrate PAPs. PAP is phosphorylated by cdc2-cyclin B on these sites in vitro and in vivo and is inactivated by hyperphosphorylation in M-phase cells, when cdc2-cyclin B is active. In the experiments described here, we undertook a genetic approach in chicken DT40 cells to study the function of PAP phosphorylation. We found that PAP is highly conserved in chicken and is essential in DT40 cells. While cells could tolerate reduced levels of PAP, even modest overexpression of either wild-type PAP or a mutant PAP with two consensus cdk sites mutated (cdk- PAP) was highly deleterious and at a minimum resulted in reduced growth rates. Importantly, cells that expressed cdk- PAP had a significantly lower growth rate than did cells that expressed similar levels of wild-type PAP, which was reflected in increased accumulation of cells in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. We propose that the lower growth rate is due to the failure of hyperphosphorylation and thus M-phase inactivation of cdk- PAP.
The Influence of Turbulence on Flame Propagation Rates

A technique for the experimental study of laminar and turbulent flame propagation is presented. The method consists of igniting, by a single spark discharge, a smal l zone in a free jet of fuel-air mixture. This approximately spherically shaped burning zone, called a flame "globule ," was shadowgraphed, us ing a high-speed mot ion picture camera, as it passed downstream with the mixture. Measurements taken from the photographs resulted in the flame speed data. 1 The experimental technique appears to have considerable value for the study of the propagation of laminar and turbulent flames. The data are quite consistent and reproducible, and are adaptable to the study of the transient phase of the turbulence effect. 2 The measured laminar flame speeds are in good agreem e n t with those obtained by other investigators. 3 An encouraging quantitat ive correlation between an empirical equation and the experimental data is shown, but the relation to the scale of the turbulence was satisfactory for only one of the two screens used. The correlation was unsuccessful for very lean and rich mixtures . This was due to the fact tha t the rate of turbulent flame growth, for these cases, was lower t h a n the laminar values.
Nuclear cytochemical changes in onion roots stimulated by kinetin

Abstract Quantitative cytochemical comparisons were made between nuclei isolated from onion root-tips treated with various concentrations of kinetin and untreated controls. Chromatin thermal stability, determined by acridine orange microfluorimetry, was consistently found to be lower in the kinetin-stimulated cells. Feulgen dye binding, determined with a scanning-integrating microdensitometer, was enhanced by as much as 12 % in G1 and G2 interphase nuclei as a result of kinetin stimulation. The small non-incremental differences in Feulgen dye binding occurred throughout a range of hydrolysis times from 2 to 40 min in 1 N trichloroacetic acid. Ratios of arginine to lysine in histones bound to DNA after picric acid hydrolysis were determined by microphotometric measurements of alkaline bromphenol blue binding. The ratios were found to shift in favor of arginine in cells which had been stimulated by kinetin. No enhancement of binding of the basic dye, acridine orange to DNA phosphates was evident after kinetin treatment. The observed cytochemical changes may be of importance for the activation of the genome and for the proliferative activity of the cell.
Complications of surgical reconstruction of the exstrophy-epispadias complex

This review of the complications of all methods of modern treatment of bladder exstrophy emphasizes the complexity of reconstruction of the bladder exstrophy spectrum. The main complications of any method of primary bladder exstrophy closure are complete wound dehiscence, bladder prolapse and urethral outlet obstruction; others include bladder and renal calculi. These complications as well as methods to avoid them are discussed here. Evidence supporting the management strategy is presented where possible.
Evaluation of a data center recirculation non-uniformity metric using computational fluid dynamics

The work presented in this paper is an extension of the companion work by the authors on a simplified thermodynamic model for data center optimization, in which a recirculation non-uniformity metric, θ, was introduced and used in a parametric analysis to highlight the deleterious effect of recirculation non-uniformity at the inlet of racks on the data center cooling infrastructure power consumption. In this work, several studies are done using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package to verify many of the assumptions necessary in the development of the simplified model and to understand the degree of recirculation non-uniformity present in typical data center configurations. A number of CFD simulations are used to quantify the ability of the simple model at predicting θ. The results show that the simple model provides a fairly accurate estimate of θ, with a standard deviation in the prediction error of ∼10–15%. The CFD analysis are also to understand the effect of row length and server temperature rise (ΔTs ) temperature non-uniformity. The simulations show that reasonable values of θ range from 2–6 for open aisle data centers depending on operating strategy and data center layout. As a means to understand the effect of buoyancy, a data center Archimedes number (Ar), the ratio of buoyancy to inertia forces, is introduced as a function of tile flow rate and server temperature rise. For servers with modest temperature rise (∼ 10.0°C), Ar is ∼0.1; however, for racks with large temperature rise (∼20°C), Ar > 1.0, meaning buoyancy needs to be considered important. Through CFD analysis the significant effect buoyancy has on the inlet rack temperature patterns is highlighted. The Capture Index (ψ), the ratio of cold air ingested by the racks to the required rack flow, is used to investigate its relationship to the ratio of server flow to tile flow (Y ), as the inlet rack temperature patterns are changed by increased Ar. The results show that although the rack inlet temperature patterns are extremely different, ψ does not change significantly as a function of Ar. Lastly, the effect of buoyancy on the assumption of linearity of the temperature field is considered for a range of Ar. The results show the emergence of a stratified temperature pattern at the inlet of the racks as Ar increases and buoyancy becomes more important. It is concluded that under these conditions, a δT change in tile temperature does not produce a δT change in temperature everywhere in the field.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Experimental model for the long-term effects of laser resurfacing.

Background and Objective Evaluation of the long-term effects of the laser resurfacing on development of the skin cancer after chronic ultraviolet B light exposure calls for the development of the appropriate animal model. Study Design/Materials and Methods The 27 C3H nu/nu nude mice were used in the experiment. Five experimental groups were designed to evaluate the effects of laser energy delivered. Results Tru-Pulse™ Laser System produced char-free crust immediately after application. There was no histologic difference in laser effects on the skin between groups. Complete re-epithelialization occurred within 7 days. Conclusions An entire lifetime in this mammal model can be studied in under 2.5 years. The back skin of the mice can be resurfaced by using one pass 500 mJ/cm2 and complete healing will occur within a 7-day period. We believe that establishment of this experimental model has set the stage for the further study of the effect of laser energy on sun-damaged skin. Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing has become an increasingly popular method of facial rejuvenation, allowing the plastic surgeon to repair sun-damaged skin and wrinkles. Results obtained by laser resurfacing seem to be long lasting. Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing brings about histologic changes in the skin. This finding raises a new question: Does carbon dioxide laser skin resurfacing modulate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure on the skin? The purpose of this study was to establish a new experimental model for studying the long-term effects of laser skin resurfacing. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:138–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The dilemma in defining the velocity and angle dependence of the probability of electronic excitation near a surface

Abstract A discussion of the difficulties in defining the velocity and angle dependence of the probability of electronic events (e.g. ionization) in SIMS, ESD and PSD experiments is given. To extract the essential physics of these processes the effect of different potential surfaces for each ejected species must be taken into account.
Host Genetic Factors Predisposing to HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in transforming the lives of HIV-infected individuals with access to these drugs is tempered by the increasing threat of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) to their overall health and quality of life. Intensive investigations over the past two decades have underscored the role of host immune responses, inflammation, and monocyte-derived macrophages in HAND, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms underlying HAND remain only partially delineated. Complicating research efforts and therapeutic drug development are the sheer complexity of HAND phenotypes, diagnostic imprecision, and the growing intersection of chronic immune activation with aging-related comorbidities. Yet, genetic studies still offer a powerful means of advancing individualized care for HIV-infected individuals at risk. There is an urgent need for 1) longitudinal studies using consistent phenotypic definitions of HAND in HIV-infected subpopulations at very high risk of being adversely impacted, such as children, 2) tissue studies that correlate neuropathological changes in multiple brain regions with genomic markers in affected individuals and with changes at the RNA, epigenomic, and/or protein levels, and 3) genetic association studies using more sensitive subphenotypes of HAND. The NIH Brain Initiative and Human Connectome Project, coupled with rapidly evolving systems biology and machine learning approaches for analyzing high-throughput genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data, hold promise for identifying actionable biological processes and gene networks that underlie HAND. This review summarizes the current state of understanding of host genetic factors predisposing to HAND in light of past challenges and suggests some priorities for future research to advance the understanding and clinical management of HAND in the cART era.
Long-Time Simulations on High Resolution Meshes to Model Calcium Waves in a Heart Cell

A model for the flow of calcium on the scale of one heart cell is given by a system of time-dependent reaction-diffusion equations coupled by nonlinear reaction terms. Calcium ions enter into the cell at release units distributed throughout the cell and then diffuse. At each release unit, the probability for calcium to be released increases along with the concentration of calcium, thus creating a feedback loop of waves regenerating themselves repeatedly. The validation of this model requires simulations on the time scale of several repeated waves and on the spatial scale of the entire cell. This requires long-time studies on spatial meshes that need to have a high resolution to resolve the positions of the calcium release units throughout the entire cell. We detail the development of a special-purpose numerical method and parallel implementation for this problem. Parallel performance studies demonstrate the scalability of the implementation on a distributed-memory cluster with low-latency interconnect. Convergence studies verify convergence to analytical expectations and confirm the appropriateness of all numerical parameters. Application studies on the desired time and length scales confirm that the model exhibits the desired feedback mechanism for calcium currents through the release units at suitable high levels, but the long-time studies demonstrate also that the current model with its present parameters leads to excessive calcium concentrations over time. This phenomenon could only be observed using a computational method able to reach laboratory scale final times for a domain on the scale of a complete cell.
The role of condom motivation education in the reduction of new and reinfection rates of sexually transmitted diseases among inner-city female adolescents.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of small group condom motivation education in reducing new and reinfection rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among female teenagers. Two hundred and five (205) female adolescents (age 13–20) with a current STD were studied at two sites of a Teen Health Clinic. There were 86 teens in the Study Group and 119 in the Comparison Group. Patients were sampled from December 1992 to July 1993. The patients in the Study Group received a condom motivation class given by the clinic STD educator in small groups of four or more adolescents. The Comparison Group, comparable in age and ethnicity, received treatment for their STD but did not participate in condom motivation classes. All teens were given treatment and condoms. The sample was followed for 6 months. The total number of patients returning with new infections was 21 (14.7%). The total number of patients with reinfections was 14 (9.8%). There were no significant differences between the Study and Comparison Group on return rates, new and reinfection rates or on any socio-demographic variables. The comparison of these groups suggests that a specific condom motivation class has minimal effectiveness in urban teens. However, almost 70% of the teens returned to the clinic for their scheduled visits. It is suggested that adolescent clinics which combine family planning and STD treatment services maintain high client enrolment and therefore may be ideal locations to initiate new and continuous interventions for condom use especially for high risk teens.
Cooptation and Coalition Mobilization1

The question addressed by this research was, “When structural circumstances make revolutionary action likely, under what conditions will a cooptation strategy prevent subordinate revolts?” Experimental procedures established a group status hierarchy consisting of a leader and two subordinates. Groups earned collective outcomes, and the leader usurped an inequitable portion of these outcomes. In this context, the first experiment shows that a cooptation strategy (i.e., offer of a promotion to one of two subordinates) inhibits subordinate revolts. Two additional experiments indicate that the cooptation strategy is most effective (a) if the offer (strategy) provides the target of cooptation a source of personal gain; (b) if theoffer (strategy) is a result of the leader's own volition, rather than situational constraints; and (c) if the leader converys a strong commitment to follow through on the promotion offer. The results are interpreted with reference to subjective-expected-utility and reciprocity theories.
An “Off-the-shelf” Capillary Microfluidic Device that Enables Tuning of the Droplet Breakup Regime at Constant Flow Rates

The fabrication of glass capillary microfluidic devices is technically challenging, often hampering use of the design. We describe a new technique, based on commercially available components, for assembling flow focusing capillary devices that can readily be taken apart and cleaned between uses. This design strategy allows for generation of both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions in the same device after an ethanol rinse. The modularity of the device enables the adjustment of the tip separation between the two inner capillaries during droplet generation, which enables tuning of the age of the interface. Time-dependent surfactant diffusion to the interface changes the interfacial tension, thus providing an approach for adjusting the capillary number in addition to the usual method of changing flow rates. This design enables the tuning of the mode of breakup and the droplet size.
177 LIVE FOAL RATE: EFFECTS OF EMBRYO TRANSFER AND DONOR MARE AGE

Embryo transfer is now common in the equine breeding industry, but limited data are available evaluating pregnancy outcome. The objectives of this retrospective study were to 1) compare live foal rates in mares carrying their own pregnancy with live foal rates following embryo transfer and 2) evaluate the effect of mare age on pregnancy outcome. Medical records for mares bred during the years 2004-2006 to carry their own pregnancies or bred to donate an unfrozen embryo to a young (≤15 years old) recipient mare were analyzed. Mares were included if they were confirmed pregnant at 16 days after ovulation and pregnancy outcome data were available. Pregnancy outcome data were compared by Fisher’s exact test (2-tailed) and PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A live healthy foal was born from 116 of 134 (86.6%) mares carrying their own foal and 144 of 171 (84.2%) embryo transfer recipients (P > 0.1). The live foal rate for "carry own" mares ≤15 years of age, 89/100 (89.0%), was not different (P > 0.1) from those >15 years of age, 27/34 (79.4%). Recipients of embryos from mares >15 years old had a live foal rate of 41/48 (85.4%), which was similar to the live foal rate of embryos from mares ≤15 years of age, 103/123 (83.7%) (P > 0.1). A significant linear trend (P < 0.05) for an increase in pregnancy loss with increased age was noted when data for both groups were combined (Table 1). In conclusion, no significant difference was noted in pregnancy outcome between embryo transfer recipients and mares carrying their own pregnancies. Table 1.Pregnancy loss rates for “carry own” or ET donor mares of various ages Supported in part by the American Quarter Horse Association (Amarillo, TX, USA).
Stability characteristics of a single-phase free convection loop

Experiments investigating the stability characteristics of a single-phase free convection loop are reported. Results of the study confirm the contention made by previous workers that instabilities near the thermodynamic critical point can occur for ordinary fluids as well as those with unusual behavior in the near-critical region. Such a claim runs counter to traditional beliefs, but it is supported by the observation of such instabilities for water at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperatures in the present work.
Derivation structures for strictly context-sensitive grammars

A graphical technique is developed to represent derivations in strictly context-sensitive grammars, where the context symbols are not rewritten. The resulting context-sensitive syntactical graphs represent an equivalence class of derivation sequences, and the canonical derivation can be obtained from a well-defined pre-order traversal of the context sensitive syntactical graph. The advantage of context-sensitive rules over monotonic rules in certain cases is shown, and the desirability of mixed grammars is also mentioned. The context-sensitive syntactical graphs and their corresponding canonical derivation sequences extend the techniques used for type 0 derivations.
Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism

Recovery from blood loss requires a greatly enhanced supply of iron to support expanded erythropoiesis. After hemorrhage, suppression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin allows increased iron absorption and mobilization from stores. We identified a new hormone, erythroferrone (ERFE), that mediates hepcidin suppression during stress erythropoiesis. ERFE is produced by erythroblasts in response to erythropoietin. ERFE-deficient mice fail to suppress hepcidin rapidly after hemorrhage and exhibit a delay in recovery from blood loss. ERFE expression is greatly increased in Hbb(th3/+) mice with thalassemia intermedia, where it contributes to the suppression of hepcidin and the systemic iron overload characteristic of this disease.
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Solids—A Review

Elastomers and soft biological tissues can undergo large deformations and exhibit time dependent behavior that is characteristic of nonlinear viscoelastic solids. This article is intended to provide an overview of the subject of nonlinear viscoelastic solids for researchers who are interested in studying the mechanics of these materials. The article begins with a review of topics from linear viscoelasticity that are pertinent to the understanding of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. It then discusses the topics that enter into the formulation of constitutive equations for isotropic, transversely isotropic and orthotropic nonlinear viscoelastic solids. A number of specific forms of constitutive equations have been proposed in the literature and these are discussed. Attention is restricted to constitutive equations that are phenomenological rather than molecular in origin. The emphasis is then on nonlinear single integral finite linear viscoelastic and Pipkin—Rogers constitutive equations, the latter contain...
Patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis acidify bile normally.

Reports have suggested that patients with gallstones have gallbladder bile that is less acidic and more saturated with calcium carbonate than patients without gallstones. This failure to acidify bile may play a role in the formation of gallstones. We, therefore, compared gallbladder bile pH, ionized calcium, and calcium carbonate saturation index from patients undergoing either incidental gallbladder removal (controls,n=23) or elective cholecystectomy for gallstones (n=55). Gallstones were classified as either cholesterol (n=39) or black pigment (n=16) stones. No difference in gallbladder bile pH was noted among the controls, cholesterol stone, and pigment stone patients. In addition, no difference in ionized calcium concentration or CCSI was noted among the three groups. The pH in additional patients (n=49) with acute cholecystitis, common bile duct obstruction, biliary tract infection, and cystic duct obstruction was significantly more acidic. We conclude that neither a defect in bile acidification nor increased saturation of calcium carbonate explains why human cholesterol or pigment gallstones form.
Analysis of correlation functions in multiperipheral cluster models with simultaneous emission of clusters of different multiplicity

Experimental results indicate that the "Mueller two-body correlation function" ${f}_{2}^{\mathrm{ch}}$ is positive at laboratory momentum above about 50 GeV/c. To obtain positive ${f}_{2}$, we examine multiperipheral models modified to include more than one different vertex type, with more than one particle emitted at some vertices. We will show that in such models, ${f}_{2}={c}_{2}\mathrm{ln}(s)+\mathrm{constant}$ at high energy, and ${c}_{2}$ can be positive. Furthermore, $〈N〉$ and all correlation functions ${f}_{j}$ also go as ${c}_{j}\mathrm{ln}(s)$ at high $s$. As a result, the model features a special form of Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling. We have made a numerical analysis of the model for clusters of up to eight particles emitted at the vertices, and we calculate the average multiplicity, the Mueller two-body correlation function, and the Mueller three-body correlation function. We obtain a favorable, through crude, fit to the experimental data.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of filled polyethylenes and model composites

The effect of CaCO3 filler presence and CaCO3-polymer interface character on the dynamic mechanical spectra of three polyethylenes with different molecular weights was investigated. Differences in storage modulus and loss tangent were observed for different polymer-filler coupling and polyethylene molecular weight. The dynamic behavior of model composites was estimated using the, etastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, and these predictions were compared to the behavior of real materials.
New Voices of Arabia—The Poetry: An Anthology from Saudi Arabia by Saad Al-Bazei (Ed.)

How does the poem comeBetween a bleak night and a day as grim?What does the poem sayWith hopes dashed and suns exiled away?With death dealing on the roads?With drinks round in balconies of happier ...
Application of the general purpose collocation software, PDECOL, to the graetz problem

Abstract The software package PDECOL is capable of solving coupled systems of parabolic, nonlinear, partial differential equations. Its use of B-spline collocation for spatial discretization makes it valuable for obtaining solutions in which extreme gradients are present. A severe limitation of this package is the requirement that the boundary and initial conditions be consistent. The package can, however, be modified to overcome this limitation. To demonstrate the utility of the modified PDECOL package, the solution of the classical Graetz problem is obtained for different flow geometries and for some common boundary conditions. The results indicate that excellent agreement with the analytical results can be obtained provided that a suitable distribution of a sufficient number of spatial grid points is used and an error criterion compatible with the desired accuracy is chosen for the time integration. For this steady-state problem this integration is with respect to the spatial dimension which appears in the first derivative.
Managing the Response to Disasters Using Microcomputers

We have helped develop microcomputer-based decision aids that assist four different disaster management organizations: the American Red Cross, the United States Coast Guard, a regional emergency medical organization, and the New York State Office of Disaster Preparedness. The four systems emphasize different components of a “typical” disaster response DSS. The microcomputer itself, because of its portability and low cost, has helped to bring computer technology into this important area where it has been traditionally shunned.
Familial dysautonomia: update and recent advances.

a n t f a In this month’s issue, Dr. Gabrielle Gold-von imson provides us with an in-depth exploration f a rare disorder, familial dysautonomia (FD). The amilial Dysautonomia Treatment and Evaluation enter at the New York University Medical Center founded and directed by this month’s senior uthor, Dr. Felicia Axelrod, and also the site here Drs. Gold-von Simson and Axelrod care or their patients) maintains a registry of patients ith established diagnoses of FD. There are urrently 608 patients in the registry, a number hat is felt to represent approximately one-third of ll known cases worldwide. One would think that disorder with such a low prevalence would be retty “low on the totem pole” when it comes to esources for advocacy and scientific discovery. owever, that is the funny thing about “orphan” r rare diseases—they often serve as unique pportunities to further our understanding of noral physiologic processes and of other, more ommon disorders. In the case of FD, a foundaion was established for advocacy in 1951, only 2 ears after the disease was first described by iley and Day. Within a 50-year time span, suportive treatments for FD have been developed nd refined, long-term survival has increased, nderstanding of hereditary sensory and autoomic neuropathies in general has expanded, nd the gene for FD has been located (1993) and recisely mapped (1999; to chromosome 9q31).
Dysbarism: Osmosis Caused by Dissolved Gas?

The pressure in an osmometer, filled with nitrous oxide-saturated water separated from water by a polyurethane polyether membrane 2.5 microns in thickness, rose slowly by 8 to 20 millimeters (of water) in 10 minutes before gradually returning to close to zero within 2 hours. The permeation coefficient of the membrane was approximately 1000 times greater for water than for gases. The osmotic pressure of water saturated with nitrous oxide at 1 atmosphere, derived from the freezing point of the gas solution, was 1.5 atmospheres. It is concluded that dissolved gases exert osmotic pressure. Partial-pressure gradients of dissolved gases in the tissues of animals and man should cause flows of water along osmotic gradients, which may partially account for some of the symptoms and signs of dysbarism.
Effects of P-Chlorophenylalanine on the Male and Female Sexual Behavior of Female Rats

The male and female sexual behavior of 8 testosterone-injected female rats was observed following 4 daily injections of 100mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine. Male sexual behavior was increased while no changes were observed in female sexual behavior.
Where Everybody Knows Your Name: Homophily in Restaurant Atmospherics

Atmospherics are an underresearched, yet important aspect of restaurant performance. This study takes an exploratory approach to measurement development, by conceptualizing a social capital scale to measure homophily in five different restaurant settings, and all three traditional meal periods. A national sample of 1,220 restaurant-goers was obtained, and a unidimensional construct reflecting homophily was found overall; for breakfast and lunch periods, and within three of the five restaurant types. We offer insight into these findings, and discuss the use of the scale in future research.
The Umanities in an Age of Science

Many persons today question the meaningfulness of the traditional formulations of some of the basic questions which have been asked in the humanities, and also the validity of the introspective means by which answers have been sought. These challengers often appear to have behind them the great weight of the scientific progress of recent centuries. The basic issue on which the behavioral scientist and the scientific humanist appear to differ so from the poet, the artist, or the religious philosopher has to do with the physical and the spiritual aspects of reality. Predominately, the scientist tends to operate on the implicit assumption that only the physical or sense-perceived world has reality; the poet and the mystic live in both worlds. The behavioral scientist tends to see values as culturally generated and acquired, the poet, as inherent in the structure of things. Questions about the nature of reality are not to be decided by disputation among ourselves, but by conducting such experiments as will enable us to discern what that nature really is. The nature of such experiments and suggestions for the possible resolution of this basic issue form the subject matter of this paper.
Effects on humans of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol administered by smoking.

Twelve chronic marijuana users received ▵9-tetrahydrocannabinol by smoking. The magnitude of their pulse increment was highly correlated with their subjective experiences. Three of the 12 subjects subsequently received ▵9-tetrahydrocannabinol labeled with carbon-14; the time course of its concentration in plasma was highly correlated with the pulse increment. Subjective symptoms, however, appeared later and dissipated more slowly.
Analysis of the Pyrenees Lee Wave Event of 23 March 1982

Abstract The results of an independent analysis of mountain wave data gathered by instrumented aircraft during flights over the Pyrenees on 23 March 1982, as part of ALPEX, are presented. The prior synoptic development, cross-flow variation, vertical atmospheric structure upstream and downstream of the Pyrenees, airflow dynamics and sources of uncertainty in the observations and analyzed fields are discussed. Additionally, comparisons are made with a recently published analysis of these data by Hoinka, with differences in the calculation of the vertical flux of horizontal momentum, interpretation of the three-dimensional mesoscale thermal structure, and interpretation of the phase differences between the vertical velocity and potential temperature fields being delineated. As determined here, the northerly upper airflow over the Pyrenees had very little cross-stream variation. The data suggest that relatively weak surface flow divided and was deflected laterally around the Pyrenees. A vertically propagatin...
Abstract 4467: Treating brain tumors with targeted-micelles containing rapamycin

The development of selectively targeted nanoparticles that can act as drug delivery vehicles is critical for improving the treatment and monitoring of glioblastoma, a life threatening disease. Rapamycin (Sirolimus, rapa), a large, lipophilic carboxylic lactone-lactam macrolide antibiotic, is recognized for its potent anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo. These properties make rapa a potential chemotherapeutic agent against several tumors. Despite its promising properties, clinical applications of rapa have been limited due to its hydrophobicity, limiting its utility as an intravenously administered drug. Presently, the commercially available formulations of rapa include tablet or oral forms. Nevertheless, the low oral bioavailability of rapa limits the effectiveness of both of these forms. In addition, the lipophilicity makes the drug susceptible to attachment to the lipid membranes of normal as well as cancer cells. A selectively targeted carrier for rapa will enhance its delivery to malignant cells, avoid non-specific interactions, and reduce non-tumor toxicity. In order to design an efficient and effective drug carrier, we created a multifunctional nanocarrier that contains a tailored surface on the carrier to attach biomolecules for targeted drug delivery; a biocompatible coating which can efficiently encapsulate the hydrophobic drug thereby reducing cytotoxicity; and the capability for stimuli-induced (pH) disruption of the carrier agent for slow and controlled drug release to the desired environment, Micelles are the preferred choice of carrier as they fulfill these requirements based on their composition. Micelles containing rapamycin drug are synthesized using PEG-PE-Amine and N-palmitoyl homocysteine (PHC, pH sensitive lipid breaks in endosome pH 5.5). Specific targeting of the micelles to glioblastoma cells is achieved by PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) or EGF (epidermal growth factor) coupled to the amine moeity of the DSPE-PEG. In addition these micelles have been labeled with a NIR fluorphore to track them for cellular uptake. These micelles have an advantage of small size ( Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Ann-Marie Broome, Suraj K. Dixit, Kayla Miller, Alfred Moore, Amy-Lee Bredlau. Treating brain tumors with targeted-micelles containing rapamycin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4467. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4467
Translational regulation by ribosomal protein S8 in Escherichia coli: structural homology between rRNA binding site and feedback target on mRNA

Abstract It has been previously shown that ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli is regulated at the level of translation by certain key ribosomal proteins. In the spc operon, S8 regulates the expression of L5 and some of the subsequent genes, while the first two genes (L14 and L24) are regulated independently. We therefore determined the DNA sequence at the junction of the L24 and L5 genes, which corresponds to the putative feedback target for S8. We show that there is a striking homology between the structure of the mRNA for this region and the known binding site for S8 on 16S rRNA. These results support the theory that the regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis is based on competition between rRNA and mRNA for regulatory ribosomal proteins.
Johnson, Phylis. (2009). KJLH-FM and the Los Angeles Riots of 1992: Compton's Neighborhood Station in the Aftermath of the Rodney King Verdict

The Los Angeles suburb of Compton conjures a spate of stereotypes that guide the mind toward raucous rap, Mexican Mafia, and vicious violence. Stories of drug addiction, civic corruption, and crimi...
Prospective Memory in the Nursing Environment: Effects of Type of Prospective Task and Prospective Load

A nurse's working environment may place high demands on both event-based and time-based prospective memory (PM), leading to forgetting. In the field of nursing, forgetting can have serious consequences and put a patient's life in danger. To better understand the role of prospective load (quantity of PM tasks in memory) in nursing, the current study will examine the effects of type of PM task being performed (event-based or time-based) and quantity of PM tasks (n = 1 or 4) on performance of an ongoing task and PM task(s). A novel paradigm will be used to capture naturalistic elements of the nursing environment. Forty registered nurses will complete a representative documentation task in a full-scale mock-up patient room, while also remembering to perform 1 or 4, event-based or time-based PM task(s). Results from this study can be used to further the literature on prospective load, explain possible causes of nursing error, and inform the design of memory technology aides.
Effects of acebutolol and propranolol on left ventricular performance assessed by echocardiography.

To assess the effects of acebutolol and propranolol on resting left ventricular function, 21 patients with coronary artery disease were studied. A baseline echocardiogram was obtained on day 1, and in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study the patients received 40 mg propranolol every 8 hr for 1 wk, 300 mg acebutolol every 8 hr for 1 wk, and 1 capsule placebo every 8 hr for 1 wk. On days 8, 15, and 22, after an echocardiogram at 7:30 A.M. (i.e., 7.5 hr after the midnight dose), they received double-blind randomized, crossover medications (acebutolol 300 mg, propranolol 40 mg, or placebo). The echocardiogram was repeated at 1, 2, and 4 hr after placebo or propranolol and at 2, 3, and 5 hr after acebutolol. The left ventricular end diastolic dimension, left ventricular end systolic dimension, percent systolic shortening of the left ventricular minor axis, and ejection fraction were determined. We found that there was no significant difference between control values for any of the above parameters and those obtained at 1, 2, 4, or 7.5 hr after propranolol or placebo and at 2, 3, 5, or 7.5 hr after acebutolol. We conclude that in the doses used, acebutolol and propranolol do not induce depression of resting left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease who have normal or near normal left ventricular function at rest. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 460–463; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.64
Simultaneous multielement determination in microliter samples by rapid-scanning spectrometry coupled to a microwave-induced plasma

Abstract A modified electrothermal atomizer is coupled to a helium microwave-induced plasma (m.i.p.) for atomic emission spectrometry. For preliminary evaluation, this arrangement was coupled to a monochromator to quantify single elements in microliter samples. Detection limits range from 3 to 25 pg for Cd, Fe, Pb, Mn and Au and linear dynamic ranges are 2–4 orders of magnitude. The monochromator, fitted with a rapid scanning galvanometer mirror, is also used as a multielement detector. A spectral window of ca. 40 nm is rapidly scanned (10 Hz) across the exit slit and five elements from one solution are determined in rapid sequence. In the multielement mode, the detection limits are in the range 50–250 pg, as might be expected, owing to the decreased duty cycle. However, there is a significant improvement when compared to an earlier report from this laboratory. By narrowing the spectral coverage and taking data more rapidly this drawback is minimized.
Swiss Cheese Flavor: II. Organoleptic Analysis,

Abstract Seven Swiss cheeses and the oil soluble, water-soluble volatile, and water soluble nonvolatile fractions isolated from them were evaluated by the flavor profile method. The intensities of nine perceived flavor notes were correlated with analytical values of some flavor components. In the water-soluble volatiles, acidity, sweetness, and lipolyzed flavor were correlated with total free acids, diacetyl, and butyric acid, respectively. Synthetic mixtures of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, diacetyl, and ammonia reproduced the flavors of the isolated fractions. In the water soluble nonvolatiles, acidity could not be correlated with lactic acid or pH, but it was correlated with the amounts of small peptides and amino acids. The sweetness of the water-soluble nonvolatiles depended on the interaction of calcium and magnesium ions with small peptides and amino acids. Small peptides and amino acids also were responsible for the brothy-nutty flavor of this fraction. The burned and bitter flavor of the water-soluble nonvolatiles was attributed to medium sized (tri to hexa) peptides. The nutty and volatile flavors of the oil solubles were caused primarily by free fatty acids. Neutral oil-soluble compounds seemed to suppress the perception of lipolysis, and in excess to cause an undesirable "fermented" flavor. The flavor of whole cheese could not be predicted from those of its fractions. In whole cheese, sweet, nutty, and volatile flavors correlated with dipeptides, burned flavor with lactic acid, and volatile flavor with acetic acid. The acid flavor correlated with the percentage of water-insoluble fatty acids in the aqueous portion of the cheese.
Mechanisms of transcriptional synergism between distinct virus-inducible enhancer elements

Abstract The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) and the transcription factor NF-κB are required for the activity of positive regulatory domain II (PRDII), a virus-inducible regulatory element of the human interferon-β gene promoter. In this paper we provide evidence that HMG I(Y) is also required for the activity of PRDIV, a regulatory element that synergizes with PRDII. In this case, HMG I(Y) stimulates binding of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) and the assembly of inducible complexes containing ATF-2 and c-Jun. Remarkably, HMG I(Y) also specifically interacts with the leucine zipper/basic region of ATF-2, and ATF-2 in turn interacts with NF-κB. We therefore propose that the HMG I(Y) plays a critical structural role in establishing transcriptional synergy between PRDII and PRDIV by promoting the activities and/or binding of NF-κB and ATF-2 and by facilitating their interaction.