cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1948–2011

AbstractThe northeastern Pacific Ocean is a preferential location for the formation of closed low pressure systems. These slow-moving, quasi-barotropic systems influence vertical stability and sustain a moist environment, giving them the potential to produce or affect sustained precipitation episodes along the west coast of the United States. They can remain motionless or change direction and speed more than once and thus often pose difficult forecast challenges. This study creates an objective climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows to assess their impacts on precipitation in the western United States and to explore interannual variability and preferred tracks. Geopotential height at 500 hPa from the NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset was used at 6-h and 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the period 1948–2011. Closed lows displayed seasonality and preferential durations. Time series for seasonal and annual event counts were found to exhibit strong interannual variability. Composites of the tracks of l...
Cost modelling of fault-tolerant software

Costs of a simplex or single-version system are compared with fault-tolerant software systems including N-version programming (NVP), recovery block (RB), and consensus recovery block (CRB). Assuming that failures are independent, CRB followed by RB are found to be the most cost-justifiable fault-tolerant techniques. NVP is not competitive with the other two methods in terms of costs.
Tissue distribution and ontogeny of sulfotransferase enzymes in mice

Sulfotransferases (Sults) are phase-II conjugation enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to target endo and xenobiotics. PAPS is formed from inorganic sulfate by the action of the enzyme PAPS synthase (PAPSs). In the present study, the tissue distribution and developmental changes in the mRNA expression of 11 Sult isozymes and 2 PAPSs isoforms in mice were quantified. Sult1a1, 1b1, 1c1, 1c2, 1d1, 1e1, 2a1/2, 2b1, 3a1, 4a1, 5a1, PAPSs1, and PAPSs2 mRNA expression was quantified in 14 tissues from male and female mice using the branched DNA signal amplification assay. Sult2a1/2 and 3a1 expression were highest in liver; Sult1b1, 2b1, and PAPSs2 in small intestine; Sult1a1 in large intestine; Sult1c2 in stomach; Sult1d1 in kidney; Sult1e1 in placenta; and Sult4a1 in brain. Sult1c1, 5a1, and PAPSs1 were ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. These enzymes demonstrated three different ontogenic expression patterns in liver. Sult1a1, 1c2, 1d1, 2a1/2, and PAPSs2 hepatic expression gradually increased from birth until about 3 weeks of age and then declined somewhat thereafter, Sult1c1 expression was highest before birth and declined after that, and Sult3a1 mRNA expression was very low in fetal livers and remained low until 30 days of age, when expression in females dramatically increased, whereas it never increased in males. The organ-specific distribution of Sults as well as the different expression of the Sults in young animals may affect the pharmacokinetic behavior and organ-specific toxicity of xenobiotics.
Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging

ABSTRACTSeismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the sulfide ores and associated host rocks from the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit indicates that in the pyrrohotite-pentlandite-rich but pyrite-poor assemblage at Voisey’s Bay, seismic velocities are significantly lower (mean∼4500 m/s) than either the felsic or mafic host rocks (mean∼5900 m/s and ∼6400 m/s). This observation is in contrast with pyrite-rich massive sulfide ores that have velocities th...
The KSHV oncoprotein vFLIP contains a TRAF‐interacting motif and requires TRAF2 and TRAF3 for signalling

Primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) characterized by infection with the Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV; also called human herpesvirus 8) depend on the expression of the viral FADD-like interleukin-1-β-converting enzyme (FLICE)/caspase-8-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) for their survival. This effect is achieved by activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are direct mediators of NF-κB signalling by TNF family receptors and the Epstein–Barr virus oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 and so we assessed the role of TRAFs in signalling by vFLIP. Here, we report the identification of a TRAF-interacting motif (PYQLT) in vFLIP, which is not present in other FLIP molecules. We show that vFLIP directly binds to TRAF2 in vitro and in PEL cells. TRAF2 and TRAF3 are required for induction of NF-κB and associated cell survival, as well as Jun amino-terminal kinase phosphorylation by vFLIP, whereas TRAF1, TRAF5 and TRAF6 are dispensable. Mutations in the P93 or Q95 amino acids within the TRAF-interacting motif of vFLIP abolish its ability to bind to TRAF2 and to signal to NF-κB. TRAF2, but not TRAF3, mediates the association of vFLIP with the IκB kinase complex. These data indicate that vFLIP uses TRAF2 and TRAF3 for signalling to NF-κB, which is crucial for KSHV-associated lymphomagenesis.
Abstract A68: GPCRs as potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense fibrotic stromal matrix, composed of activated fibroblasts/stellate cells, inflammatory cells and other cell types. This unique tumor microenvironment has been increasingly recognized as a key mediator of PDAC progression and drug resistance. Thus, targeting the tumor stroma may be a novel therapeutic approach for PDAC. We hypothesized that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may be potential therapeutic targets for PDAC. To begin to test this hypothesis, we used an unbiased GPCRomic array approach to identify and quantify the GPCRs expressed by pancreatic CAFs. We found 125 GPCRs, whose expression was shared in CAFs obtained from the primary tumors of five patients. Among those GPCRs, 35 had at least two-fold higher expression in the CAFs compared to normal pancreatic fibroblasts and included GPCRs that link to each of the major classes of G proteins. RT-PCR analysis of the 10 most up-regulated GPCRs correlated well (r2=0.88) with the data from the GPCR array. We conclude that: 1) GPCRomic array analysis can identify and quantify the profile of GPCRs expressed by pancreatic CAFs; 2) the CAF-expressed profile differs from that of normal pancreatic fibroblasts and 3) GPCRs expressed by CAFs may have functional roles and be novel therapeutic targets for PDAC. Citation Format: Shu Zhou, Randall French, Andrew M. Lowy, Paul A. Insel. GPCRs as potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A68. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-A68
High-Performance Computing for Rotorcraft Modeling and Simulation

A US Army software-development project aims to give domestic manufacturers a way to effectively design and upgrade rotorcraft systems with minimal development cost and risk. The project's software targets highly scalable supercomputer clusters, which can solve large problems for high-fidelity simulations.
Structural Evaluation of Silicon Oxide Films

Techniques for physical and chemical evaluation of silicon oxide films formed by a wide variety of techniques have been developed. It has been established that by the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy, preferential etching procedures, precise optical measurements of thickness, density, and refractive indices, and carefully chosen environmental tests, differences in the oxide films can be determined. Techniques of oxidation studied were: thermal (oxygen and steam), evaporated, pyrolytic, lead catalyzed, sputtered and anodic. In many cases, improvement of oxide film properties can be achieved by simple thermal treatment of the original films.
The Good Consumer: Credit Reporting and the Invention of Financial Identity in the United States, 1840–1940

The Good Consumer offers a historical account of consumer credit reporting in the United States, from its nineteenth-century antecedents in commercial credit reporting through its professionalization and transformation into a key communication infrastructure during the first half of the twentieth century. While describing the technical and institutional development of the modern credit bureau, The Good Consumer draws special attention to one of the most consequential effects of credit reporting: the invention of financial identity. Formalized systems of credit evaluation produced their own categories of social reality and fostered new forms of economic objectification. The title refers to the “goodness” of credit consumers in several contexts: as prompt paying customers, trustworthy and morally upright citizens, profitable target markets, and collectively as a vital force behind the growth of the twentiethcentury American economy.
Using Dialogue Journals to Promote Student Learning in a Multicultural Teacher Education Course

Although keeping some type of journal is a common requirement in many education courses, little research has been conducted on how journals are actually used to promote student learning. This study investigated the use of dialogue journals as a tool for promoting the learning of prospective teachers in a multicultural teacher education course. In this article I define dialogue journals and briefly discuss the events leading to my decision to introduce them into a course on diversity. Next, I provide a rationale for the use of dialogue journals. I then explain how I used dialogue journals as a tool for promoting student learning in the course. Finally, I discuss limitations of this study and present implications for future research.
Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii Insertion Derivatives Generated with a Transposome System

Acinetobacter baumannii is a metabolically versatile pathogen that causes severe infections in compromised patients. However, little is known about the genes and factors involved in its basic physiology and virulence properties. Insertion mutagenesis was used to initiate the identification and characterization of some of these factors and genes in the prototype strain 19606. The utilization of the pLOFKm suicide delivery vector, which harbors a suicide mini-Tn10 derivative, proved to be unsuccessful for this purpose. The EZ::TN Tnp transposome system available from Epicentre was then used in conjunction with electroporation to generate isogenic insertional derivatives of A. baumannii 19606. Replica plating showed that 2% of the colonies that grew after electroporation on agar plates without antibiotics also grew in the presence of 40 micro g of kanamycin per ml. DNA hybridization proved that all of the kanamycin-resistant derivatives contained the EZ::TN insertion element, which was mapped to different genomic locations. Replica plating on Simmons citrate agar and microtiter plate-plastic tube assays identified growth- and biofilm-defective derivatives, respectively. The location of the insertion in several of these derivatives was determined by self-ligation of NdeI- or EcoRI-digested genomic DNA and electroporation of Escherichia coli TransforMax EC100D (pir(+)). Sequence analysis of the recovered plasmids showed that some of the A. baumannii 19606 growth-defective derivatives contain insertions within genes encoding activities required for the generation of energy and cell wall components and for the biosynthesis of amino acids and purines. A gene encoding a protein similar to the GacS sensor kinase was interrupted in four derivatives, while another had an insertion in a gene coding for a hypothetical sensor kinase. A. baumannii 19606 derivatives with defective attachment or biofilm phenotypes had insertions within genes that appear to be part of a chaperone-usher transport system described for other bacteria. DNA hybridization experiments showed that the presence of strain 19606 genes encoding regulatory and attachment or biofilm functions is widespread among other A. baumannii clinical isolates.
Determinants of attitudes toward foreign countries

Abstract This study tests the hypothesis offered by Nincic and Russett (1979) that perceived similarity and perceived commonalities in national interests are strong predictors of overall opinion ratings of foreign countries. Conceptual and operational limitations of the original model are outlined and an elaborated formulation of the factors affecting overall opinion ratings is introduced. Consistent with expectations based on recent findings from studies of intergroup relations and interpersonal attraction, perceived trust, similarity, and shared national interests were found to be significant determinants of opinion. In addition, it was shown that perceptions of recent foreign policy actions in areas apparently high in personal salience play a significant role in opinion ratings. The role of the mass media in the formation of public opinion about foreign countries is also discussed.
Rv1894c Is a Novel Hypoxia-Induced Nitronate Monooxygenase Required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence

Tuberculosis is difficult to cure, requiring a minimum of 6 months of treatment with multiple antibiotics. Small numbers of organisms are able to tolerate the antibiotics and persist in the lungs of infected humans, but they still require some metabolic activity to survive. We studied the role of the hypoxia-induced Rv1894c gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence in guinea pigs, which develop hypoxic, necrotic granulomas histologically resembling those in humans and found this gene to be necessary for full bacillary growth and survival. We characterized the function of the encoded enzyme as a nitronate monooxygenase, which is needed to prevent the buildup of toxic products during hypoxic metabolism and is negatively regulated by the transcriptional repressor KstR. Future studies will focus on developing small-molecule inhibitors that target Rv1894c and its homologs, with the goal of killing persistent bacteria, thereby shortening the time needed to treat tuberculosis.
The structure and interpretation of the computer science curriculum

Twenty years ago Abelson and Sussman's Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs radically changed the intellectual landscape of introductory computing courses. Instead of teaching some currently fashionable programming language, it employed Scheme and functional programming to teach important ideas. Introductory courses based on the book showed up around the world and made Scheme and functional programming popular. Unfortunately, these courses quickly disappeared again due to shortcomings of the book and the whimsies of Scheme. Worse, the experiment left people with a bad impression of Scheme and functional programming in general. In this pearl, we propose an alternative role for functional programming in the first-year curriculum. Specifically, we present a framework for discussing the first-year curriculum and, based on it, the design rationale for our book and course, dubbed How to Design Programs. The approach emphasizes the systematic design of programs. Experience shows that it works extremely well as a preparation for a course on object-oriented programming.
Underestimation of breast cancer with II-gauge vacuum suction biopsy.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the mammographic and histologic features of cancerous lesions underestimated using 11-gauge vacuum suction biopsy.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective review of 11-gauge vacuum suction biopsy was performed to identify lesions diagnosed as atypical ductal hyperplasia or carcinoma. The histology of the core and surgical specimens was compared. Of 158 cases of cancer, underestimation occurred in 15 (9.5%). The mammographic and histologic features were assessed.RESULTS. Of 15 underestimated cases, six were atypical ductal hyperplasia that proved to be cancer (5 ductal carcinoma in situ and 1 invasive) and nine were ductal carcinoma in situ that proved to have invasion. The underestimation rate for calcifications was 16.3% (14/86) and for masses was 1.6% (1/64) (p = 0.007). Most (5/6) underestimated atypical ductal hyperplasia cases were reported as “markedly atypical,” and four of nine underestimated ductal carcinoma in situ cases were reported as “possibl...
GHz waveform generation via direct space-to-time optical pulse shaping and dispersive stretching

We demonstrate a direct space-to-time optical pulse shaping technique for generation of GHz electromagnetic waveforms. Frequency-modulated optical pulse sequences are stretched in 5.5 km of single-mode fiber and converted to electromagnetic waveforms via fast optical-to-electrical conversion.
Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Risperidone in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia Who Did Not Respond to Prior Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment

Objective: When a schizophrenia patient has an inadequate response to treatment with an antipsychotic drug, it is unclear what other antipsychotic to switch to and when to use clozapine. In this study, the authors compared switching to clozapine with switching to another atypical antipsychotic in patients who had discontinued treatment with a newer atypical antipsychotic in the context of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Interventions Effectiveness (CATIE) investigation. Method: Ninety-nine patients who discontinued treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone in phase 1 or 1B of the trials, primarily because of inadequate efficacy, were randomly assigned to open-label treatment with clozapine (N=49) or blinded treatment with another newer atypical antipsychotic not previously received in the trial (olanzapine [N=19], quetiapine [N= 15], or risperidone [N=16]).
Categorization and keyword identification of unlabeled documents

In this paper, we first propose a global unsupervised feature selection approach for text, based on frequent itemset mining. As a result, each document is represented as a set of words that co-occur frequently in the given corpus of documents. We then introduce a locally adaptive clustering algorithm, designed to estimate (local) word relevance and, simultaneously, to group the documents. We present experimental results to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Furthermore, the analysis of the weights credited to terms provides evidence that the identified keywords can guide the process of label assignment to clusters. We take into consideration both spam email filtering and general classification datasets. Our analysis of the distribution of weights in the two cases provides insights on how the spam problem distinguishes from the general classification case.
A STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK*

. Many rural regions are characterized by unstable economies. Studies that investigate economic instability in these regions, however, tend to examine the effects rather than causes of its occurrence. Efforts to diminish instability can only be successful if they address its sources. Using an input-output model, a conceptual decomposition of the variance of gross output is used as a means of identifying supply and demand sources of instability. This framework can be used for empirical investigations into the causes of economic instability, and for the design of stabilization policies. Data limitations, however, may preclude some applications of the technique.
A Search for Interstellar CH2 toward HD 154368 and ζ Ophiuchi

We have searched for molecular CH2 in the interstellar gas in the line of sight to HD 154368 and ζ Oph to constrain further the gas-phase chemistry of carbon-bearing molecules in the cool, translucent clouds toward these stars. We report tentative detection of CH2 in the interstellar spectra of both stars. In ζ Oph, slight depressions in the stellar continuum are seen near 1410.1 and 1415.8 A corresponding to band structure in CH2, while in HD 154368 a single, narrow feature is found at 1410 A that may be due to CH2. Assuming that these features are produced by CH2, the column densities of CH2 toward HD 154368 and ζ Oph are (5.9 ± 3.1) × 1013 cm-2 (Wλ1410.1 = 5.2 mA) and (3.3 ± 1.9) × 1013 cm-2 (Wλ1415.8 = 29 mA), respectively. Although the oscillator strengths for the relevant electronic transitions are somewhat problematic, our deduced column densities are within a factor of 2-5 of those predicted by the model chemistry. These observations may represent the first detection of CH2 interstellar absorption in any astronomical object. Additional theoretical estimates and laboratory measurements of relevant oscillator strengths are needed to provide more accurate estimates of CH2 column densities and stronger constraints on the carbon chemistry in these interstellar molecular clouds.
Mechanism of GPCR-directed autoantibodies in diseases.

Receptor-activating autoantibodies targeting different G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been discovered that exhibit agonist-like activity in several human pathologies. For example, autoimmune pathogenesis of Graves’ disease is attributed to autoantibody-mediated activation of the thyrotropin receptor, a GPCR. Likewise, diseases such as preeclampsia and vascular allograft rejection are caused by autoantibodies against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The serum of patients with Chagas disease causing congestive heart failure contains an autoantibody for the β1-adrenergic receptor. Autoantibodies against α1- and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors found in serum from patients are linked to malignant hypertension and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Additional examples of GPCR-activating antibodies include those against the mGluR, GABA, 5HT4, calcium-sensing receptor, muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors, which have been identified in various chronic neurological diseases patients. The GPCR-directed autoantibodies may actually initiate the cellular signaling responsible for the disease since each disorder is associated with a specific GPCR-directed autoantibody. Empirical evidence suggests that the autoantibody induces GPCR activation without the endogenous ligand; however, the mechanism of antibody mediated receptor activation is not known. We show that the conformational dynamics of the extracellular domain of the AT1R generates the epitope for an autoantibody on the plasma membrane surface. This allows the antibody to bind and stabilize the activated state of AT1R, thus providing a molecular basis for the autoantibody action.
Behind the Glare of the Spotlight: Grassroots Efforts to Integrate Facilities in Jacksonville, Florida, 1958-1963

During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, strategic efforts by social and political activists drew national attention to the push for racial equality in America. Protests and demonstrations throughout the South generally sensitized local communities to the inequities of segregation and mobilized citizens to challenge racially discriminatory practices. The author revisits civil rights activities championed by previously unsung heroes and heroines whose courageous deeds often were overshadowed by great luminaries of the national campaigns. One purpose of this article is to illuminate individual contributions to the local struggle for racial equality in Jacksonville, Florida from 1958 to 1963. Another purpose is to examine how the press reported on the efforts of local residents who waged legal battles against the system in order to integrate public facilities in that city. The author employs both personal and print media accounts of community-based activism which not only fueled the localized crusade but also augmented numerous collective efforts among national civil rights proponents across the country.
Accommodating human variability in human-robot teams through theory of mind

The variability of human behavior during plan execution poses a difficult challenge for human-robot teams. In this paper, we use the concepts of theory of mind to enable robots to account for two sources of human variability during team operation. When faced with an unexpected action by a human teammate, a robot uses a simulation analysis of different hypothetical cognitive models of the human to identify the most likely cause for the human's behavior. This allows the cognitive robot to account for variances due to both different knowledge and beliefs about the world, as well as different possible paths the human could take with a given set of knowledge and beliefs. An experiment showed that cognitive robots equipped with this functionality are viewed as both more natural and intelligent teammates, compared to both robots who either say nothing when presented with human variability, and robots who simply point out any discrepancies between the human's expected, and actual, behavior. Overall, this analysis leads to an effective, general approach for determining what thought process is leading to a human's actions.
Comparison of biological activity of orally administered and injected L-thyroxine, L-triiodothyronine and thyroprotein in rats.

SummaryA comparison of the biological activity of L-T4, L-T3, and thyroprotein (a synthetic thyroaetive iodinated casein guaranteed to contain 1% L-T4), when administered orally and by subcutaneous injection, is reported. The comparative activity was measured by the thyroid secretion rate (TSR) technique using the same groups of Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer strain of male rats for each comparison. Using the subcutaneous administration of L-T4 as a standard, it was shown that L-T4 given orally was 37.9% as effective and L-T3 was 95% as effective as L-T4 on an equimolar basis when administered orally. Since L-T3 is 2.6 times as active as L-T4 by injection, its oral effectiveness would be 36.9%. Thyroprotein, on the basis of 1% L-T4, was 36.2% effective orally.
Fine Scale Modeling of Agricultural Air Quality over the Southeastern United States Using Two Air Quality Models. Part I. Application and Evaluation

ABSTRACTTwo air quality models, the U.S. EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and ENVIRON’s Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx), are evaluated for their applications in simulating ambient air quality, in particular, the fate and transport of agriculturally-emitted NH3 over an area in the southeastern U.S. in January and July 2002 using a fine-scale horizontal grid resolution of 4-km. Both models moderately overpredict maximum 1-hr and 8-hr ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in January, due likely to a weaker vertical mixing and insufficient dry and wet removal of PM2.5 species simulated by the models. They either slightly underpredict or overpredict O3 but significantly underpredict PM2.5 in July. The large underprediction in PM2.5 is due to an excess wet deposition removal of sulfate, an excess dry deposition removal of precursors, and an underestimation of emissions of primary PM and precursors of secondary PM and secondary organic aerosol concentrations. Both models show large biases in the simulated concentrations of several gases (e.g., CO in CAMx, NO in CMAQ, NO2 in both models in both months and NH3 by both models in July) and PM species (in particular, nitrate in both months and carbonaceous PM in July), visibility indices, and dry and wet deposition fluxes. They also show some inaccuracies in reproducing temporal variations of NH3, PM2.5, dry and wet deposition fluxes. Differences in model performance between the two models are attributed to different model treatments such as vertical mixing, wet and dry deposition, SOA formation, and PM size representations. These results indicate a need to improve accuracies of the emissions and measurements of NH3, the emissions of primary PM and precursors of secondary PM, as well as model treatments of vertical mixing and dry and wet removal processes.
Sample size effects on chi square and other statistics used in evaluating causal models.

A simulation study of the effects of sample size on the overall fit statistic provided by the LISREL program indicates the statistic is well behaved over a wide range of sample sizes for simple mod...
Urinary excretion of patent blue V after intradermal injection in man.

SummaryPatent Blue V, used to visualize lymphatics is excreted in urine in measurable amounts after intradermal injection of 0.1 ml 11% solution. Differences in rates of excretion between edematous and nonedematous subjects suggested that this may be useful in studying rates of uptake of interstitial substances. Control subjects excreted approximately 10% of injected dose in 24 hours. 1/2 of which was excreted in the first 2 1/2 hours. Except for patients who were rapidly losing edema under treatment, rates of excretion were less for subjects with edema of various causes. Correlation of urinary excretion of PBV with that of PSP administered simultaneously but intravenously, and correlation of urinary excretion with rates and areas of local spread of intradermally injected dye, indicate that the principal factor in differences in urinary excretion is decreased uptake and transport by vessels at site of injection.
Abstract A99: Novel method to aid clinicians and users in choosing smartphone applications for cancer prevention and management

Introduction : As the number of mobile healthcare applications expand, the task of choosing the best one becomes increasingly difficult for users and clinicians. To streamline this process, we developed a novel mobile app characterization tool that allows users and clinicians to make better-informed decisions. We use cancer as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of our classification system. Methods : Mobile apps were identified by two key methods. First, we searched Apple9s App Store and the Android Market for eight key terms. From these hits we included apps that were: (a) cancer-focused, (b) publicly available (c) targeted consumers (d) had a user rating of at least ⅗ and (e) focused on disease prevention, disease diagnosis or disease management. Second, each app was characterized according to 20 relevant features. Non-binomial variables (e.g. cost of the app) were recorded when appropriate. Results: Out of over 1200 mobile cancer apps evaluated, 25 met our inclusion criteria. Of these, only five focused on disease management and only one contained personalized user feedback. The highest scoring application overall, Cancer.net Mobile, only contained 14 of 20 relevant features. Also notably, nine of 25 cancer apps focused exclusively on breast cancer while only one focused on prostate cancer. Discussion : Thus, our system represents: (1) the first systematic approach to characterizing smartphone mobile apps related to chronic disease, (2) the first clinician and user reference tool to choosing the appropriate cancer app (3) the first systematic approach to identifying areas in need of app development. We aim to apply this system to other chronic diseases, generating a comprehensive guide for clinical decision making for mobile applications. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A99.
GAME THEORY AND POLITICS: SOME PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION*

The similarity of certain games and certain social situations is, of course, not accidental. A considerable body of psychological research deals with the transfer of patterns of social behaviour into the play activity of children and back from the play of children into social life. It seems plausible that adults, as well as children, may tend to find those types of games more interesting which would permit them to adopt patterns of behaviour which they could also apply to some social situation, or which would permit them to act out, as games, those patterns of behaviour which were initiated in some experience of social life but which only in the innocuous form of games can be carried to completion. Though we cannot wage private war and kill our opponent, we can play chess and checkmate his king; and the art of deceiving others profitably is more safely practised first in the game of poker than in politics or economic life. Granting the potential relevance of games to the analysis of political behaviour, the approach of the theory then consists first of all in analysing simplified prototypes of such games as chess, poker, and others; to calculate as accurately as possible, the winning chances for each player and each hand; and to determine the conditions under which advantageous coalitions can be made, or alternative strategies can be evaluated for their chances of success. *This paper was read in draft form to the Center of International Studies at Princeton University on October 8, 1952. In writing it, I have had the benefit of discussions with Professor Norbert Wiener of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. L. C. Haimson of the American Museum of Natural History; with the members of the Research Seminar on Comparative Politics of the Social Science Research Council, under the chairmanship of Professor Roy C. Macridis; and with Dr. Martin Shubik, Professors Oskar Morgenstern and Richard C. Snyder, and Mr. Harold W. Chase, all of Princeton University. While all these have been helpful, the responsibility for the present paper remains, of course, my own.
Blood pressure over-shoot due to acute clonidine (Catapres) withdrawal: studies on arterial and urinary catecholamines and suggestions for management of the crisis.

SUMMARY 1. Clonidine was withdrawn acutely in five hypertensive patients with a documented blood pressure over-shoot after previous temporary cessation of treatment. 2. In all patients a severe rise of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was seen (average 67/58 mmHg). This was accompanied by a number of ‘withdrawal symptoms’, e.g. restlessness, tremor, headaches and nausea. 3. Catecholamines in urine rose from 32 pg/l to 112 pg/l (0.01 <P<0.02) and in arterial blood from 0-52 pg/l to 1 .O pg/l (not significant). 4. The crisis could be reversed acutely by u- and /3-adrenergic blockade. 5. Catecholamine depletion with reserpine before the withdrawal of clonidine seemed to reduce the blood pressure rise and the withdrawal symptoms.
Precise clinical staging allows treatment modification of patients with esophageal carcinoma.

Treatment of esophageal carcinoma requires the realization that this neoplasm is not a single entity with a uniformly poor prognosis. As with any other malignancy, disease stage has prognostic and therapeutic
Subtle variations in tubal anatomy in infertile women

The frequency of tubal variations was recorded in 100 infertile and 100 fertile women at cesarean section. The infertile women had significantly more tubal/pelvic anatomical variation than did their fertile counterparts. Fimbrial agglutinations (25%), accessory tubes (13%), accessory ostia (10%), phimoses (13%), and sacculations (7%) were found more commonly in the infertile women. Paratubal cysts were found with equal numbers in both groups. There was no statistical difference in history of sexually transmitted disease/pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis. No significant relationship between a positive PID history and fimbrial agglutination was found; the majority of agglutinations were present with no associated adhesions.
Adventures in Online Mentoring: The New Members' Roundtable Career Mentoring Program

ABSTRACT Many programs for mentoring of librarians exist within organizations, for specific areas of librarianship, or for particular groups of librarians. These programs generally depend on face-to-face contact and some organizational commonalities or similarity in positions. With the advent of online communication, could a more general program matching up new librarians and ALA members with experienced librarians for online mentoring be feasible? ALA's New Members' Round-table Mentoring Committee coordinated a new project to find out. This article outlines the planning process and the mechanics of the program through two iterations. Feedback received from participants was mixed but provided valuable insight into what could make a wholly online mentoring program work.
Polarized Pump—Probe Spectroscopy of the Qy Band of BChl a-Protein from Prosthecochloris aestuarii: Evidence for Ultrafast Exciton Localization

The 3-dimensional structure of the bacteriochlorophyll a — protein antenna complex from the green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii has now been known for 13 years [1]. However, little is understood about its electronic excitation transport (EET) dynamics, and the interpretation of its 809 nm Qy absorption spectrum remains unsettled. While the organization of the BChla molecules (which are complexed by trimeric protein subunits into clusters of seven chromophores with nearest-neighbor Mg-Mg distances as short as 11 A) mandates dipole-dipole exciton couplings on the order of 200 cm−1 simple exciton calculations limited to chromophores within a single subunit cannot reproduce the experimental absorption and CD spectra [2]. Spectral hole-burning studies have recently established that exciton splittings are largely responsible for the nonvibronic band structure in the 4.2 K Qy absorption spectrum, because satellite holes appear at wavelengths corresponding to static absorption bands other than the one excited at the burn wavelength [3].
CO-Induced Restructuring on Stepped Pt Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The effects of plateau width and step-edge kinking on carbon monoxide (CO)-induced restructuring of platinum surfaces were explored using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Platinum crystals displaying four different vicinal surfaces [(321), (765), (112), and (557)] were constructed and exposed to partial coverages of carbon monoxide. Platinum–CO interactions were fit to recent experimental data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, providing a classical interaction model that captures the atop binding preference on Pt. The differences in Pt–Pt binding strength between edge atoms on the various facets were found to play a significant role in step-edge wandering and reconstruction events. Because the mechanism for step doubling relies on a stochastic meeting of two wandering edges, the widths of the plateaus on the original surfaces were also found to play a role in these reconstructions. On the Pt(321) surfaces, the CO adsorbate was found to assist in reordering the kinked step edges into st...
Waiting More Than 100 Years for the Second Avenue Subway to Arrive

Decade after decade, New York’s elected officials have deliberately raised false expectations about their ability to build a Second Avenue subway line. As a result, the city and state have wasted r...
The seven attributes of the academic surgeon: Critical aspects of the archetype and contributions to the surgical community.

Abstract Background “Academic surgeon” describes a member of a medical school department of surgery, but this term does not fully define the important role of such physician-scientists in advancing surgical science through translational research and innovation. Methods The curriculum vitae and self-descriptive vignettes of the records of achievement of seven surgeons possessing documented records of academic leadership, innovation, and dissemination of knowledge were reviewed. Results Out analysis yielded seven attributes of the archetypal academic surgeon: 1) identifies complex clinical problems ignored or thought unsolvable by others, 2) becomes an expert, 3) innovates to advance treatment, 4) observes outcomes to further improve and innovate, 5) disseminates knowledge and expertise, 6) asks important questions to further improve care, and 7) trains the next generation of surgeons and scientists. Conclusion Although alternative pathways to innovation and academic contribution also exist, the academic surgeon typically devotes years of careful observation, analysis, and iterative investigation to identify and solve challenging or unexplored clinical problems, ideally leverages resources available in academic medical centers to support these endeavors.
Saving My Life: Dynamics of Peer and Staff Corrections Among Therapeutic Community Residents.

ABSTRACTBackground: Therapeutic communities (TCs) maintain order and encourage behavior change through a system of peer corrections. This study is the first quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the exchange of peer corrections at TCs. Objectives: We applied longitudinal social network analysis to compare the reactions of TC residents to peer versus staff intervention, while analyzing dynamics of correction exchange among residents. Method: The data consisted of a large database of staff and peer affirmations and corrections at four therapeutic community units that occurred between the years 2006 and 2008. We modeled the data as a directed temporal social event network, using a generalized linear mixed effects model to analyze predictors of corrections among residents. Results: Residents were more likely to send a correction following peer affirmations and corrections than following staff affirmations and corrections. Residents reciprocated corrections to individual peers. Autocorrelation was evident i...
Formation of the Stars and Their Planets

Where did the Sun and its attendant planets come from? How and when did they form? The most likely explanation is provided by the nebular hypothesis, which states that the Sun and planets formed together, as a result of the gravitational collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust also known as the solar nebula. This theory accounts for the orderly aligned motions of the major planets. They all move in a narrow band across the sky, implying that their orbits all lie in nearly the same plane, which nearly coincides with the Sun’s equatorial plane. All of the planets move in the same direction within their Sun-centered orbits, and both the Sun and most of the major planets rotate in this direction – Venus and Uranus are the exceptions.
Cooling oculus for desert climate – dynamic structure for evaporative downdraft and night sky cooling

Abstract We develop a model and prototype for a lightweight roof oculus structure, which integrates two complementing cooling strategies. During the day the roof oculus takes the shape of a downdraft evaporative cooling chimney. A water mist sprays inside the chimney crown, cooling and densifying hot dry air and causing it to fall down the chimney into the indoor space by free convection. During the night, the oculus structure is opened by geometric dilation designed with actuation kinetics to expose a maximum surface of the concrete slab below to the night sky above. The slab then acts as thermal mass, “storing” coolness for the following hot day. The results of the analytical model demonstrate the ability to cool a space in 40°C desert climate to comfort conditions. A scaled prototype was built and demonstrates the operation to evaporative cooling and the structural opening for expanded radiant view factor.
Application of hybrid PCB stackup

With the increasing data rate, signal attenuation over transmission line (TL) on printed circuit board (PCB) has become a bottleneck for long channel high speed signaling. Using lower loss material is one option to deal with the insertion loss (IL) challenge. However, it may bring side effects to other interfaces like DDR. Besides, lower loss material is usually more expensive. Hybrid PCB can possibly help avoid the side effect of impacting non-SerDes designs and also help save PCB cost. In this paper, hybrid PCB benefit is studied, followed by examples.
Single Pulse Analysis of the Core-Dominated Pulsar B0611+22

Single pulse studies of pulsar radio emission provide a window into the time dependent behavior of the radio loud region. I have analyzed a series of precision polarimetric observations of pulsar B0611+22 to determine the geometry of the emission region. The observations are consistent with a central core emission region, and a periodically present conal component. This identification leads to the surprising result that all emission is from the leading half of the polar cap.
The Role of Nuclear Power in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

As this chapter will point out, nuclear energy is a low greenhouse gas emitter and is capable of providing large amounts of power using proven technology. In the immediate future, it can contribute to greenhouse gas reduction but only on a modest scale, replacing a portion of the electricity produced by coal fired power plants. While it has the potential to do more, there are significant resource issues that must be addressed if nuclear power is to play a larger role in replacing coal or natural gas as a source of electricity.
Solid Lubrication Processes

Solid lubricant behavior and lubrication by thin solid films are reviewed. Crystalline as well as non-crystalline solids are shown to give low friction, as are surface films as thin as a monolayer. The Bowden-Tabor adhesion model of friction is shown to be particularly useful for measuring the shear strength of thin solid films under elastic Hertzian contact conditions. However, the meaning of the “shear strength” as a materials property is called into question because of the effects of atmosphere on the friction coefficient. Mechanisms of “shear” are then examined from a microscopic point of view. Microscopic studies of the rheological behavior of solid lubricants suggest that interfacial films play an important role in accommodating sliding motion. Several recent investigations of interfacial films generated during dry sliding against coatings and surface treatments are presented. Surface analytical studies of interfacial films from diamond-like carbon and MoS2 coatings and Ti+-implanted steel provide evidence that tribochemical reactions tie place between counterfaces, surfaces and the atmosphere. A model that accounts for the tribochemical films generated during sliding contact is described, and a thermochemical basis for the reactions governing film formation is presented. These studies suggest that the lubricity of coatings is determined by the interfacial films generated during sliding, not by the bulk properties of the coatings themselves.
Staying “On the Beam”: Pepperdine College During World War II

Loretta Hunnicutt argues that though World War II shaped Pepperdine University profoundly, it did not define it. She suggests that the university’s experience reflects how Churches of Christ moved from viewing themselves as cultural outsiders to mainstream Americans. For instance, though many maintained a longstanding pacifist commitment that had often characterized many members of the Churches of Christ, most students and faculty at the university showed great support for the war. The war also challenged the school in maintaining its enrollment and its sense of community in the wake of the departure of 400 students and alumni who joined the armed forces. Ultimately, Pepperdine University emerged from the war still on a path of growth and with its mission of Christian education intact.
Unlocking the Democratic Potential of Urban Planner–Librarian Collaborations:

Planners and librarians work in complementary fields with common civic engagement and empowerment goals. This essay argues that urban planners and librarians stand to benefit mutually from interdis...
The Riesz–Kantorovich formulae

We construct a linear operator R, between two Banach lattices, such that R has a modulus which does not satisfy the Riesz–Kantorovich formula, thereby answering a long-standing question in the theory of regular operators.