cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Contributing to Dehydration in Nursing Homes: Inadequate Staffing and Lack of Professional Supervision

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors that influenced fluid intake among nursing home residents who were not eating well. DESIGN: A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study. SETTING: Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: Forty nursing home residents. MEASUREMENTS: Participant observation, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screening, mental and functional status evaluation, assessment of level of family/advocate involvement, and chart review were used to collect data. Data were gathered on the amount of liquid served and consumed over a 3- day period. Daily fluid intake was compared with three established standards: Standard 1 (30 mL/kg body weight), Standard 2 (1 mL/kcal/energy consumed), and Standard 3 (100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg, 15 mL/kg for the remaining kg). RESULTS: The residents' mean fluid intake was inadequate; 39 of the 40 residents consumed less than 1500 mL/day. Using three established standards, we found that the fluid intake was inadequate for nearly all of the residents. The amount of fluid consumed with and between meals was low. Some residents took no fluids for extended periods of time, which resulted in their fluid intake being erratic and inadequate even when it was resumed. Clinical (undiagnosed dysphagia, cognitive and functional impairment, lack of pain management), sociocultural (lack of social support, inability to speak English, and lack of attention to individual beverage preferences), and institutional factors (an inadequate number of knowledgeable staff and lack of supervision of certified nursing assistants by professional staff) contributed to low fluid intake. During the data collection, 25 of the 40 residents had illnesses/conditions that may have been related to dehydration. CONCLUSIONS: When staffing is inadequate and supervision is poor, residents with moderate to severe dysphagia, severe cognitive and functional impairment, aphasia or inability to speak English, and a lack of family or friends to assist them at mealtime are at great risk for dehydration. Adequate fluid intake can be achieved by simple interventions such as offering residents preferred liquids systematically and by having an adequate number of supervised staff help them to drink while properly positioned.
Why target the WT1 gene

Comment on Simpson et al, page [4695][1] In this issue of Blood , Simpson and colleagues describe the presence of the antiapoptotic gene A1/Bfl1 as a WT1 target gene that mediates granulocytic differentiation and resistance to chemotherapy. The WT1 gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that
Effects of antiperoxidants on FeCl2-induced lipid peroxidation and focal edema in rat brain

Head trauma with contusion or cortical laceration and hemorrhage causes focal edema with encephalomalacia and gliosis. Because cerebral hemorrhage ultimately results in deposition of heme compounds and iron into the neuropil, we injected an aqueous solution of iron salts to simulate the decompartmentalization of iron after trauma. We pretreated animals with saline or with 600 mg/kg alpha-tocopherol plus 5 ppm selenium added to the drinking water. Formation of lipid peroxidation products was significantly inhibited within the iron injection site in the antiperoxidant-pretreated rats at 30, 60, and 120 min after injection of iron into the isocortex. The antiperoxidants failed to prevent formation of focal brain edema at the injection site between 1 and 8 h after injection; however, significantly less edema was present in the alpha-tocopherol + selenium-pretreated animals 24 and 48 h after injection. The efficacy of antiperoxidants in preventing lipid peroxidation, and enhancing the resolution of ferrous-induced focal brain edema suggest that tocopherol + selenium administration caused free radical quenching and termination of lipid peroxidation, and increased membrane stabilization, an effect similar to the action of glucocorticoids.
The generation, absorption and anisotropy of thick‐target bremsstrahlung and implications for quantitative energy dispersive analysis

The bremsstrahlung spectrum from a thick specimen bombarded with 20 ke V electrons is studied with emphasis on the shape rather than the absolute intensity in the energy range 1–10 keV. Monte Carlo calculations are described in detail and used to compare the absorption corrections for characteristic and continuous (bremsstrahlung) radiation from a thick specimen and to determine the extent to which anisotropy modifies the intensity distribution of the continuum. The absorption corrections are found to differ by roughly 5% for f(χ) = 0.5 and 10% for f(χ) = 0.2, but it is shown that the ratio of the corrections can be predicted by using the ratio of two Philibert-type formulae. Anisotropy has little influence on the absorption correction but changes in atomic number or geometry may result in the intensity distribution being altered by typically 5-10% across the energy range 1–10keV. Numerical integration gives values for the generated brems-strahlung intensity which are used in constructing an expression to represent the functional form of the background. Although experimental spectra confirm this to be superior to the combination of Kramers' law and a characteristic absorption expression, several sources of error at low energies, including bremsstrahlung from the Be window, are pointed out and improvements suggested. In order to eliminate the principal uncertainty, that of the overall efficiency curve for a Si(Li) detector and pulse-processor, it is recommended that a stored spectrum be used as a ‘background standard’ for explicit background corrections. Errors are then reduced to the 0.1% absolute concentration level, which is suitable for quantitative analysis.
Polypectomy rate is a valid quality measure for colonoscopy: results from a national endoscopy database

Background The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is one of the main quality measures for colonoscopy, but it is burdensome to calculate and is not amenable to claims-based reporting. Objective To validate the correlation between polypectomy rates (PRs) and ADRs by using a large group of endoscopists. Design Retrospective study. Setting Community and academic endoscopy units in the United States. Subjects Sixty endoscopists and their patients. Main outcome measurements Proportion of patients with any adenoma and any polyp removed; correlation between ADRs and PRs. Results In total, 14,341 screening colonoscopies were included, and there was high correlation between endoscopists' PRs and ADRs in men ( r s = .91, P s = .91, P P P P = .0006; women: 6.3% vs 3.0%, P = .01). Benchmark PRs of 40% and 30% correlated with ADRs greater than 25% and 15% for men and women, respectively. Limitation Retrospective analysis of a subset of a national endoscopic database. Conclusions Endoscopists' PRs correlate well with their ADRs. Given its clinical relevance, its simplicity, and the ease with which it can be incorporated into claims-based reporting programs, the PR may become an important quality measure.
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Real-Time Imaging

Real-time image processing is any image processing where timeliness is as critical as accuracy. Included in this domain are real-time image compression, target acquisition and tracking, remote control and sensing, image enhancement and filtering, networking for realtime imaging, advanced computer architectures, computer vision, optical measurement and inspection, and simulation...
Vibrational and Rotational Distributions of the CH(A2Δ) Product of the C2H + O(3P) Reaction Studied by Fourier Transform Visible (FTVIS) Emission Spectroscopy

The C2H + O(3P) → CH(A) + CO reaction is investigated using Fourier transform visible emission spectroscopy. The O(3P) and C2H radicals are produced by simultaneous 193 nm photolysis of SO2 and C2H2 precursors, respectively. The nascent vibrational and rotational distributions of the CH(A) product are obtained under time-resolved, but quasi-steady-state, conditions facilitated by the short lifetime of the CH(A) emission. The vibrational temperature of the CH(A) product is found to be appreciably hotter (2800 ± 100 K) than the rotational distributions in the v‘ = 0 (1400 ± 100 K) and v‘ = 1 (1250 ± 250 K) levels. The results suggest that the reaction may proceed through an electronically excited HCCO⧧ intermediate; moreover, the vibrational excitation compared to rotational excitation is higher than expected based on a statistical distribution of energy and may be the result of geometrical changes in the transition state. The CH(A) emission is also observed in a C2H2/O/H reaction mixture using a microwave ...
Engaging habits and besotted idolatry: viewing chinese religions in the american west

Through an analysis of late-nineteenth century “Asian invasion” literature and periodicals of the American West, this article compiles Protestant representations of Chinese religious practice in America. In pulp fiction and studies published by Bret Harte in his Overland Monthly, white Americans translated the peculiarities of the Chinese Other into manageable symbols and narrative conventions. While these representations appear flagrantly racist and reductive, they also reveal a genuine struggle for interpretation and commensurability. However, most scholarship in religious studies addressing Asian American encounter emphasizes the elite enjoyment of Asian theological and philosophical documents, avoiding the messier moral viewpoints of these pastoral observers and urban American Christian missionaries. I suggest that focusing instead on popular images of Chinese religions allow us to begin to reconstruct a history of religious encounter that ushers us into a different material world, one that highlights...
Perspectives: Fourteen Aphorisms - From Problem Solving to Relationship Building

Dr. David Loxterkamp has been practicing as a primary care physician for over thirty years in Belfast, Maine, United States of America. He is a frequent writer on issues related to primary care and has recently published a book titled â€˜What matters in medicine; Lessons from a life in primary care'. Towards the middle of the book he puts forward fourteen aphorisms for physicians with special relevance for primary care practice. In this manuscript the author briefly examines these aphorisms and describes their profound possible influence on modern medical practice, healthcare and medical education. The author is of the opinion that Dr Loxterkamp's observations and concepts born from and honed by over thirty years of practice as primary care physician in Belfast, Maine, United States should be read by all physicians and especially by medical students in training.
WAVE SOLUTIONS OF THE VORTICITY EQUATION FOR THE 2½-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

Abstract Wave solutions of the non-linear quasi-geostrophic equations for the so-called “2½-dimensional model” without friction are derived. The solutions describe wave motions which propagate at different speeds in each layer. The amplitudes of the disturbances, are either changing periodically with time (stable waves) or increasing exponentially (unstable waves). The critical value of wavelength, at which waves maintain a constant amplitude, is expressed as a function of thermal stability and of vertical wind shear in the basic current. It is also found that, while the inclination of trough lines to the vertical increases monotonically with time in stable waves, it varies very slowly in the unstable waves and tends to approach a certain limiting value.
Organic carbon dynamics in two regulated rivers in northwestern Montana, USA

We studied the transport of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in two regulated rivers during minimum and increasing discharges. Mean annual concentrations of total POC, measured monthly during conditions of minimum discharge from the dams, were twice as high at a station below a dam with a selective withdrawal system on the Kootenai River (KR, 0.15 mg 1−1), as at station below a dam with hypolimnetic water releases on the Flathead River (FR, 0.07 mg 1−1). Annual mean concentrations of DOC were similar below both dams (1.62 mg 1−1 FR; 1.71 KR). The percentage of POC in four size fractions differed in regulated and unregulated reaches of each river system; the smallest size fraction (0.45–10 smm) constituted a larger percentage of the total POC at the stations below the dams (50–93%), because POC in large size classes had settled out in the reservoir. The three largest size fractions (10–1000 µm) comprised a larger percentage of the total POC when samples were taken during conditions of full discharge from the dam. We measured large increases in all size classes of POC in samples collected during increasing discharges in a regulated reach, reflecting the component of sloughed periphyton and resuspended organic matter that were added during periods of hydropower generation at the dam. Seston (355 µm to 1 cm) collected in nets increased dramatically during increasing flows; concentrations of particulate organic matter (POM) in samples collected two and three hours after water levels began to rise were 572 and 1440 times higher than those collected during minimum discharge at the dam.
Regulation of gene expression by the proto-oncogene BCL-6

The proto-oncogene BCL-6 encodes a transcriptional repressor protein that is expressed at high levels in germinal center B cells and lymphomas with a germinal center B cell phenotype. The BCL-6 gene is a frequent target of chromosomal translocations, micro-deletions, and point mutations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Studies of BCL-6-deficient mice have revealed that BCL-6 is critical for normal lymphocyte differentiation and also that BCL-6 is a negative regulator of inflammation. Recent studies have shed light on how BCL-6 controls these processes by showing that BCL-6 regulates a broad spectrum of target genes. BCL-6 represses transcription of genes involved in lymphocyte activation, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Although much progress has been made in understanding gene regulation by BCL-6, many important questions are unresolved.
Nuclear Power: Understanding the Economic Risks and Uncertainties

Abstract This paper identifies the fundamental elements and critical research tasks of a comprehensive analysis of the costs and benefits of nuclear power relative to investments in alternative baseload technologies. The proposed framework seeks to: (i) identify the set of expected parameter values under which nuclear power becomes cost competitive relative to alternative generating technologies; (ii) identify the main risk drivers and quantify their impacts on the costs of nuclear power; (iii) estimate the nuclear power option value; (iv) assess the nexus between electricity market structure and the commercial attractiveness of nuclear power; (v) evaluate the economics of smaller sized nuclear reactors; (vi) identify options for strengthening the institutional underpinnings of the international safeguards regime; and (vii) evaluate the proliferation resistance of new generation reactors and fuel cycles.
Minimax regret comparison of hard and soft thresholding for estimating a bounded normal mean

We study the problem of estimating the mean of a normal distribution with known variance, when prior knowledge specifies that this mean lies in a bounded interval. The focus is on a minimax regret comparison of soft and hard threshold estimators, which have become very popular in the context of wavelet estimation. Under squared-error loss it turns out that soft thresholding is superior to hard thresholding.
Dynamic egg maturation strategies in an aphid parasitoid

Females of the parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus both lay more eggs on younger stages of their aphid host, Aphis glycines, and contain more mature eggs in their ovaries when held with these younger host stages. This suggests that egg maturation is more rapid in the presence of younger host stages. Three factors explaining the difference in the egg loads of A. albipodus females exposed to various host stages are examined. These are (i) the number of host-feeding meals; (ii) the number of eggs laid; and (iii) the host stage utilized. Together, these factors explain 69% of the variance in A. albipodus egg load. The number of host-feeding meals taken by females is a strong predictor of egg load. More host meals are taken on young hosts, suggesting that host feeding contributes to the trend of faster egg maturation in the presence of younger hosts. Host stage has a strong impact on egg load even when the effect of host feeding is accounted for. There is no evidence for an effect of the oviposition rate on egg load. The results indicate that egg maturation by A. albipodus is dynamic; females mature eggs faster when in the presence of preferred hosts. It is hypothesized that this allows A. albipodus females to more closely match their reproductive effort to reproductive opportunities.
Women and HTV/AIDS: Act Local/Think Global

The numbers of those affected by the HIV virus worldwide are staggering. Emerging research demonstrates a number of lower cost medical approaches that would significantly reduce the rates of transmission of the virus. Nursing plays a critical role in quality-of-life issues at time of diagnosis. Supportive caregiving by compassionate use of vocabulary and knowledgeable resourcing for patients is part of nursing practice in HIV/AIDS care.
Mechanistic Understanding of the Involvement of MyBP-C Slow in the Development of Distal Arthrogryposis

Myosin Binding Protein-C (MyBP-C), expressed in striated muscles, is a thick filament associated protein that plays important roles in thick filament assembly and stabilization, and the modulation of actomyosin cross-bridges formation. Several studies have implicated MyBP-C in the development of cardiac and recently skeletal myopathies, underlining its importance in normal sarcomeric function. Mutations in the slow skeletal isoform of MyBP-C (sMyBP-C) have been causally linked to severe and lethal forms of arthrogryposis, a family of neuromuscular diseases. Two missense mutations within MYBPC1, the gene that encodes sMyBP-C, located within the NH2-terminal M-motif (W236R) and the COOH-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig) C8 domain (Y856H) have been linked to the development of distal arthrogryposis type-1 (DA-1), a skeletal muscle disorder characterized by contractures of the distal limbs. Here we explore the molecular defects that underlie the development of DA-1. using a combination of in vitro binding and motility assays, we show that the presence of the W236R mutation abolishes the ability of the NH2-terminus to modulate the formation of actomyosin cross-bridges, while the presence of the Y856H mutation inhibits Ig domains C8-C10 from interacting with native myosin filaments. Our findings therefore suggest that distinct mechanisms may underlie the pathogenesis of DA-1 myopathy depending on the location of the individual mutation within sMyBP-C. We are currently examining the effects of overexpressing mutant sMyBP-C proteins carrying either the W236R or the Y856H mutation in a sMyBP-C-null background, via in vivo gene transfer. In summary, our studies are the first to provide a mechanistic interpretation of the pathogenesis of distal arthrogryposis.
Search for neutrinos from core-collapse supernova from the global network of detectors

The Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS) is a cooperative effort between the world's neutrino detection experiments to spread the news that a star in our galaxy has just experienced a core-collapse event and is about to become a Type II Supernova. This project exploits the ~hours time difference between neutrinos promptly escaping the nascent supernova and photons which originate when the shock wave breaks through the stellar photosphere, to give the world a chance to get ready to observe such an exciting event at the earliest possible time. A coincidence trigger between experiments is used to eliminate potential local false alarms, allowing a rapid, automated alert.
Calculus of Residues

We have established all the theorems needed to compute integrals of analytic functions in terms of their power series expansions. We first give the general statements covering this situation, and then apply them to examples.
Contextual on-board learning and prediction of vehicle destinations

This paper deals with the problem of on-board learning of typical stop locations and the prediction of the vehicle destination. Such a learning and prediction procedure is used to summarize the stop locations, estimate the frequent destinations, and learn the driver's decision model of selecting the next destinations under different conditions. The prediction of the driver's usage pattern is useful in generating optimal control policies for energy management control in electrified vehicles. The proposed approach is based on the real-time clustering and learning of a decision model that combines fuzzy and Markov models. The former is applied to represent possibilistically the context of the destination selection while the latter covers the probabilistic process of choosing a destination for given conditions.
Hierarchical Self-Configuration of Large-Scale Ethernet Networks

A trend in the current network industry is to use the dominant Ethernet technology for large-scale networks due to its cost effectiveness and simple management. In this paper, we address scalability and configuration issues in large-scale Ethernet networks. Specifically, a hierarchical architecture and a self- configuration process of network devices are proposed. New address allocation and distribution schemes are introduced to solve the scalability issue of the traditional Ethernet networks. The proposed architecture is interoperable with traditional protocols of hosts. Therefore, this architecture can be deployed without modifying end hosts' protocols.
How Hard are Steady-State Queueing Simulations?

Some queueing systems require tremendously long simulation runlengths to obtain accurate estimators of certain steady-state performance measures when the servers are heavily utilized. However, this is not uniformly the case. We analyze a number of single-station Markovian queueing models, demonstrating that several steady-state performance measures can be accurately estimated with modest runlengths. Our analysis reinforces the meta result that if the queue is “well dimensioned,” then simulation runlengths will be modest. Queueing systems can be well dimensioned because customers abandon if they are forced to wait in line too long, or because the queue is operated in the “quality- and efficiency-driven regime” in which servers are heavily utilized but wait times are short. The results are based on computing or bounding the asymptotic variance and bias for several standard single-station queueing models and performance measures.
Compliant Gas Foil Bearings and Analysis Tools

Compliant gas foil bearings are composed of two layers of thin metallic foil and a thin film of gas to support the journal. The bottom foil creates an elastic structure which supports the top foil. This support structure can take a variety of shapes that range from a series of bumps around the circumference to a series of overlapping leaves. The top foil and the rotation of the rotor create a wedge of air that supports the rotor. The complaint foil structure deforms in response to the pressure developed within the gas film. These bearings have several advantages over conventional fluid film bearings. These advantages include reduced weight due to the elimination of the oil system, stable operation at higher speeds and temperatures, low power loss at high speeds and long life with little maintenance. Some disadvantages of gas foil bearings are low load capacities at low speed and modest stiffness and damping values. Due to these properties, compliant gas foil bearings are commonly used in specialized applications such as compressors for aircraft pressurization, engines for turboshaft propulsion, air cycle machines, turboexpanders, and small micro turbines. The ability to predict the behavior of these bearings and design them to meet the needs of the application is invaluable to the design process. This behavior can include things such as bearing stiffness, damping, and load capacity. Currently most foil bearing analysis tools involve some sort of coupling between hydrodynamics and structural analyses. These analysis tools can often have convergence issues and can require the use of empirically derived characteristics. This paper reviews the current status of the compliant gas foil bearings research, focusing mainly on the journal bump-type gas foil bearings and the development of the analysis tools for these bearings. This paper contributes to the field by making recommendations of the future developments of the analytical tools of journal bump-type gas foil bearings.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Compensator improvement program: new developments and results

In numerous cases, the application of analytical techniques to control system design has been found to yield unsatisfactory results. The need for an analytical model, the small number of design specifications that can be satisfied, and the possibility of a high order resulting controller are disadvantages common to many of these techniques. An alternate approach to compensator design is to use data models to design and/or fine-tune fixed order controllers. The compensator improvement program (CIP) was developed in the 1970's as an aid in the design of controllers for MIMO systems. CIP uses a search technique to iteratively modify the parameters of an initial compensator until multiple frequency domain design specifications are satisfied. In this paper, recent additions and enhancements to CIP are presented. These include compensator damping ratios and DC gain specifications, closed loop specifications, and a new interactive front end and graphical user interface. >
THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNGULIGRADE MANUS IN ARTIODACTYLS

ABSTRACT Artiodactyls show a step-wise morphological transition from groups with a primitive and pentadactyl limb configuration to groups with more derived and didactyl limb configurations. An analysis of proportions of the forelimb segments indicates that artiodactyls can be separated based on digit number along a morphometrical axis indicating relatively longer segments of manus (carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges). The three digit configurations in artiodactyls (pentadactyl, tetradactyl, didactyl) are identified and the relevant bony characteristics of each configuration are described. Among tetradactyl groups, there are two grades of anatomy in the manus. In the more derived tetradactyl groups (tayassuids, tragulids, and early camelids), the proximal volar metacarpal process becomes flatter and joints of the digit become more ginglymal in comparison with the less derived tetradactyl groups (ticholeptine and merychyine oreodonts, leptomerycid traguloids, primitive cainotheres, oromerycids, and protocera...
Limited grain growth and chemical ordering during high-temperature sintering of PtNiCo nanoparticle aggregates

High-temperature sintering of ternary Pt(x)Ni(100-x-y)Co(y) (x = 28-44%, y = 40-54%) nanoparticles of interest in catalysis was studied in situ and in real-time with synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction. For the first time we were able to experimentally capture the early stage of the thermal treatment, and found the nanoparticles to undergo an unusual two-step coalescence process that involves transient growth and restructuring of the nanoparticles. The coalescence process is accompanied by lattice contraction, likely due to composition evolution towards a random alloy. In the late stage of sintering, evidence was found for self-limited grain growth and L1(0) chemical ordering. The order-disorder transition temperature was found to be around 800 °C in all four ternary alloy compositions studied. Fitting of the experimental data with the model for grain growth with size-dependent impediment leads to an activation energy for mass transport of about 100 kJ mol(-1), and may be used as a predictive tool to estimate particle size as a function of heat treatment temperature and duration.
To Link or Not to Link? A Study on End-to-End Tweet Entity Linking

Information extraction from microblog posts is an important task, as today microblogs capture an unprecedented amount of information and provide a view into the pulse of the world. As the core component of information extraction, we consider the task of Twitter entity linking in this paper. In the current entity linking literature, mention detection and entity disambiguation are frequently cast as equally important but distinct problems. However, in our task, we find that mention detection is often the performance bottleneck. The reason is that messages on micro-blogs are short, noisy and informal texts with little context, and often contain phrases with ambiguous meanings. To rigorously address the Twitter entity linking problem, we propose a structural SVM algorithm for entity linking that jointly optimizes mention detection and entity disambiguation as a single end-to-end task. By combining structural learning and a variety of firstorder, second-order, and context-sensitive features, our system is able to outperform existing state-of-the art entity linking systems by 15%F1.
The significance of atrial rate in patients with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities complicating acute myocardial infarction

Abstract In studies of 8 patients with atrioventricular (A-V) conduction abnormalities after acute myocardial infarction, increasing degrees of A-V block were demonstrated in association with (1) spontaneous increase in atrial rate, (2) increase in atrial rate due to isoproterenol or atropine, and (3) controlled increase in atrial rate by atrial pacing. The atrial rate at which changes in degree of A-V block occurred was determined for each patient. Second degree A-V block appeared initially at atrial rates of 56 to 100/min. During convalescence, induced atrial rates 20 to 40 per cent higher were necessary to cause second degree A-V block. A progressive increase in the rate of atrial activation in 2 patients with sinus rhythm resulted successively in first degree A-V block, Wenckebach phenomenon, 2:1 A-V block and advanced A-V block.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CRITICAL PERIOD RESEARCH

Two decades of international research in applied linguistics provides a large number and variety of topics from which to choose for this special anniversary edition, but certainly one of the most significant among these choices is the critical period hypothesis (CPH). Few topics in applied linguistics have continued to captivate the interests of researchers and practitioners so intensively and for such a long period of time as the CPH. Indeed, one could easily go back to reviewing three, not two decades of sustained research and continuous interest in this topic (Lenneberg 1967, Scovel 1969). If number and diversity of publications is indicative, the CPH has engendered even more interest and controversy now than in any previous decade. Why is this so?
UbSRD: The Ubiquitin Structural Relational Database

The structurally defined ubiquitin-like homology fold (UBL) can engage in several unique protein-protein interactions and many of these complexes have been characterized with high-resolution techniques. Using Rosetta's structural classification tools, we have created the Ubiquitin Structural Relational Database (UbSRD), an SQL database of features for all 509 UBL-containing structures in the PDB, allowing users to browse these structures by protein-protein interaction and providing a platform for quantitative analysis of structural features. We used UbSRD to define the recognition features of ubiquitin (UBQ) and SUMO observed in the PDB and the orientation of the UBQ tail while interacting with certain types of proteins. While some of the interaction surfaces on UBQ and SUMO overlap, each molecule has distinct features that aid in molecular discrimination. Additionally, we find that the UBQ tail is malleable and can adopt a variety of conformations upon binding. UbSRD is accessible as an online resource at rosettadesign.med.unc.edu/ubsrd.
Myoclonic Seizures in a Patient With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease affects both motor and sensory peripheral nerves, with broad variability in its clinical and pathologic expression. The involvement of the central nervous system in this disease has been reported in the past, and on two occasions Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was associated with myoclonic seizures. The previously reported patients with associated Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and seizures developed a severe disease and died at a young age. This report describes a now 8-year-old male with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A associated with myoclonic seizures and developmental delay. Genetic studies established for the first time the duplication of the PMP-22 gene in a patient with this unusual association, confirming the diagnosis. The patient was treated with carbamazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine, has been seizure-free for over 2 years, and was successfully weaned from his medications.
Caminibacter mediatlanticus sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

A thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain TB-2T, was isolated from the walls of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36° 14′ N 33° 54′ W. The cells were Gram-negative rods approximately 1·5 μm in length and 0·75 μm in width. Strain TB-2T grew between 45 and 70 °C (optimum 55 °C), 10 and 40 g NaCl l−1 (optimum 30 g l−1) and pH 4·5 and 7·5 (optimum pH 5·5). Generation time under optimal conditions was 50 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate or sulfur was used as the electron acceptor, with resulting production of ammonium and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Oxygen, thiosulfate, sulfite, selenate and arsenate were not used as electron acceptors. Growth was inhibited by the presence of acetate, lactate, formate and peptone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 25·6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that this organism is closely related to Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus and Caminibacter profundus (95·9 and 96·3 % similarity, respectively). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and genetic considerations, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species within the genus Caminibacter, Caminibacter mediatlanticus sp. nov. The type strain is TB-2T (=DSM 16658T=JCM 12641T).
Broadband light absorption with multiple surface plasmon polariton waves excited at the interface of a metallic grating and photonic crystal.

Light incident upon a periodically corrugated metal/dielectric interface can generate surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves. This effect is used in many sensing applications. Similar metallodielectric nanostructures are used for light trapping in solar cells, but the gains are modest because SPP waves can be excited only at specific angles and with one linear polarization state of incident light. Here we report the optical absorptance of a metallic grating coupled to silicon oxide/oxynitride layers with a periodically varying refractive index, i.e., a 1D photonic crystal. These structures show a dramatic enhancement relative to those employing a homogeneous dielectric material. Multiple SPP waves can be activated, and both s- and p-polarized incident light can be efficiently trapped. Many SPP modes are weakly bound and display field enhancements that extend throughout the dielectric layers. These modes have significantly longer propagation lengths than the single SPP modes excited at the interface of a me...
Nanosecond spectroscopy of retinol bound to proteins

Nanosecond fluorescence techniques have been employed for studying the mode of binding of retinol to the retinol binding protein (RBP), β-lactoglobulin, and human serum albumin. A substantial increase in the fluorescence decay time of bound retinol relative to that in hexane is attributed to a change in its conformation upon binding. It is demonstrated that retinol bound to RBP and to β-lactoglobulin lacks flexibility in the nanosecond scale. The latter protein, which is shown to be globular, induces the appearance of structure in the absorption spectrum of the ligand but not in its fluorescence spectrum. It is demonstrated that the mirror-image relationship between the modified absorption and fluorescence spectra of retinol bound to this protein breaks down. This implies the existence of a profound difference between the nuclear configurations of the ground and excited singlet electronic states of bound retinol.
Chain scission efficiency of some polymers in γ‐radiation

The G values of poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMA), polycarbonates, and a polylactone for γ-radiation were determined by using a computer-assisted GPC as the primary tool for the measurement of the number-average molecular weights Mn. The accuracy and precision of the automated GPC were found to have a normalized standard deviation (σ/Mn) of less than 7%. The G value of PMMA was determined to be essentially independent of molecular weight. For low molecular weight polymers, some nonlinearity in the I/Mn versus dosage plot was observed at low dosage, i.e., about 1 Mrad.
Plate-Voltage Supply for Naval Vacuum-Tube Transmitters

This article outlines the Navy's experience and conclusions in regard to the various types of plate supply, for vacuum-tube transmitters, which have been used. After listing and briefly discussing the considerations governing the selection of an ideal plate supply for transmitters, a comparison is made between the various types and the ideal. Navy experience in regard to character and control of output, source of primary power, reliability and repairs, ruggedness and efficiency is discussed in some detail. Data regarding comparative first costs and operating costs are given, followed by a statement of the Navy's present policy in regard to plate supply. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the motor generator and the mercury-vapor rectifier tube are tabulated.
Ultrastructural analyses of somatic embryo initiation, development and polarity establishment from mesophyll cells of Dactylis glomerata

Somatic embryos initiate and develop directly from single mesophyll cells in in vitro-cultured leaf segments of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Embryogenic cells establish themselves in the predivision stage by formation of thicker cell walls and dense cytoplasm. Electron microscopy observations for embryos ranging from the pre-cell-division stage to 20-cell proembryos confirm previous light microscopy studies showing a single cell origin. They also confirm that the first division is predominantly periclinal and that this division plane is important in establishing embryo polarity and in determining the embryo axis. If the first division is anticlinal or if divisions are in random planes after the first division, divisions may not continue to produce an embryo. This result may produce an embryogenic cell mass, callus formation, or no structure at all. Grant numbers: NAGW-3141, NAG10-0221.
Evaluation of the Anytown Leadership Institute Programming on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues

Abstract Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth in the United States grow up in a social environment that often renders them invisible and targets them for violence and abuse. In addition, both LGBT and heterosexual youth have minimal access to accurate facts and information about sexual orientation and gender identity. In 2002, the National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ), Greater Kansas City Region integrated LGBT education into their 7-day residential Anytown Leadership Institute. An evaluation conducted over a three-year period found that there was statistically significant positive change in respondents' self-ratings of knowledge and attitudes before and after the Institute experience.
Adaptive evolution of facial colour patterns in Neotropical primates

The rich diversity of primate faces has interested naturalists for over a century. Researchers have long proposed that social behaviours have shaped the evolution of primate facial diversity. However, the primate face constitutes a unique structure where the diverse and potentially competing functions of communication, ecology and physiology intersect, and the major determinants of facial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence for an adaptive role of facial colour patterns and pigmentation within Neotropical primates. Consistent with the hypothesis that facial patterns function in communication and species recognition, we find that species living in smaller groups and in sympatry with a higher number of congener species have evolved more complex patterns of facial colour. The evolution of facial pigmentation and hair length is linked to ecological factors, and ecogeographical rules related to UV radiation and thermoregulation are met by some facial regions. Our results demonstrate the interaction of behavioural and ecological factors in shaping one of the most outstanding facial diversities of any mammalian lineage.
Routing and scheduling in multi-hop wireless networks

We consider the problem of routing and scheduling in a multi-hop wireless network where the wireless links may interfere with each other. The objective of the network operator is to maximize the total amount of traffic carried. We present algorithms for computing traffic flow and the schedule in the wireless network to meet demand and maximize the total traffic carried.
Pediatric Orbital Tumors

Though pediatric orbital tumors are rarely encountered outside referral centers, ophthalmologists must maintain a strong familiarity with these entities as efficient diagnosis and treatment are often paramount for optimal outcome. Most pediatric orbital tumors are biologically benign, but depending on their growth rate and anatomic location, benign tumors in the orbit can lead to vision loss, disfigurement, and even death. In this chapter, we review the literature on and discuss the most common benign and malignant orbital tumors in the pediatric population. We discuss tumor presentation, imaging characteristics, histopathologic appearance, treatment, and prognosis. Retinoblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are extensively discussed in other chapters in this book.
Inelastic Section Response by Tangent Stiffness

A review of inelastic analysis of a cross section is made. Given the history of deformation, the history of axial force and moment may be obtained. Also, given the history of moment and axial force the history of deformation may be obtained. The tangent stiffness method is modified to avoid convergence difficulties due to “large” inelastic unloading. Stress-strain curves considered are generally nonlinear but symmetric, exhibiting hysteresis and the Bauschinger effect. The solution is checked against others. The method has been included in a discrete element frame analysis program and used to predict the behavior of a brace member for which experimental results are available.
Neutrino Masses and Mixings: An Experimental Review

Over the past two decades, the neutrino has been used as a unique probe of the weak interaction. Since the postulation of the neutrino by Pauli, the question of whether the neutrino is massless or not has been asked and many experimental investigations of weak decay or scattering processes have sought to answer this question. In these lectures, we will review some of these experiments and give the status of our present knowledge.
Agabelus porcatus (Cetacea, Odontoceti) is a Stingray Spine

Cope (1875) was clearly uncertain about the affinities of this specimen. In his paper, Cope divided the taxa into taxonomic groups for listing and description (Elasmobranchii, Actinoteri [sic], Reptilia, and Mammalia). Cope included several other cetaceans (Squalodon atlanticus, Zarhachis velox, Priscodelphinus harlani, Priscodelphinus grandaevus, Priscodelphinus uraeus, Belosphys spinosus, Belosphys atropius, Belosphys conradi, Belosphys stenus, and Ixacanthus coelosphondylus) under Mammalia, but interestingly, kept Agabelus porcatus in a separate section titled Incertae sedis. All of these cetacean taxa, with the exceptions of Squalodon atlanticus, and the genus Zarhachis, should be considered nomina dubia, as they are all based on vertebrae that cannot be effectively used to diagnose and differentiate taxa in these animals. The comparison of Agabelus with other cetaceans suggests that Cope thought it might be a cetacean, but the fact that he placed it in Incertae sedis rather than Mammalia indicates his uncertainty. Since that time, Agabelus has been placed in the Platanistidae
Double trouble: Portion size and energy density combine to increase preschool children's lunch intake.

Abstract Background Both portion size and energy density (ED) have substantial effects on intake; however, their combined effects on preschool children's intake have not been examined when multiple foods are varied at a meal. Objective We tested the effects on intake of varying the portion size and ED of lunches served to children in their usual eating environment. Design In a crossover design, lunch was served in 3 childcare centers once a week for 6 weeks to 120 children aged 3–5 y. Across the 6 meals, all items were served at 3 levels of portion size (100%, 150%, or 200%) and 2 levels of ED (100% or 142%). The lunch menu had either lower-ED or higher-ED versions of chicken, macaroni and cheese, vegetables, applesauce, ketchup, and milk. Children's ratings of the foods indicated that the lower-ED and higher-ED meals were similarly well liked. Results The total weight of food and milk consumed at meals was increased by serving larger portions (P Conclusion Strategically moderating the portion size and ED of foods typically consumed by children could substantially reduce their energy intake without affecting acceptability.
Kinetics and Deactivation of Unpromoted and Potassium-Promoted Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts at Low Pressure (1 Atm)

Abstract Kinetic data for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on unsupported iron catalysts have been obtained as part of an overall study of the deactivation of iron catalysts. Data for unpromoted and potassium-promoted catalysts reacted at 1 atm total pressure are reported. At the reaction conditions used in this study, kinetic parameters for the potassium-promoted catalyst cannot be obtained without effects of deactivation. Reaction orders in the power-law expression for the unpromoted catalyst are 1.4 and 0.60 for Ph2 and Pco, respectively. The unpromoted catalyst exhibits a deactivation order of 1 when the generalized power-law expression is used.
Characterization and classification of pseudo-stationary phases in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using chemometric methods.

Two types of chemometric methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, are employed to characterize and classify a total of 70 pseudostationary phases (54 distinct systems and 16 decoy systems) in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). PCA excels at removing redundant information for micellar phase characterization and retaining principal determinants for phase classification. While PCA is useful in the characterization of micelle selectivities, it is ineffective in defining the grouping of micellar phases. Hierarchical clustering yields a complete dendrogram of cluster structures but provides only limited cluster characterizations. The combination of these two chemometric methods leads to a comprehensive interpretation of the micellar phase classification. Moreover, the k-means analysis can further discern subtle differences among those closely located micellar phases. All three chemometric methods result in similar classifications with respect to the similarities and differen...