cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Placental 17β-Estradiol Dehydrogenase: IV. DIFFERENTIATION OF 17β-ESTRADIOL-ACTIVATED TRANSHYDROGENASE FROM THE TRANSHYDROGENASE FUNCTION OF 17β-ESTRADIOL DEHYDROGENASE

Two estrogen-sensitive pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase systems of human placenta have been examined and shown to be separate and distinct entities by both physical and kinetic properties. The 17β-estradiol-activated transhydrogenase of human placenta has been shown to be free from 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase activity by a direct assay procedure which utilizes 17β-estradiol-6,7-3H-17α-2H. Rechromatography of the 17β-estradiol-activated transhydrogenase did not cause generation of dehydrogenase activity. Its activation does not involve oxidation-reduction at C-17 of 17β-estradiol. The 17β-estradiol-activated transhydrogenase is stimulated by 17β-estradiol-17α-2H without loss of 2H and by diethylstilbestrol, but not by estrone or by 17αmethylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol. The transhydrogenase function of 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase involves a cyclic oxidation-reduction of the C-17 alcohol, as shown by formation of estrone and loss of 2H from 17β-estradiol-17α2H. It is stimulated by 17β-estradiol and by estrone but neither by diethylstilbestrol nor by 17α-methylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol.
An overview of knowledge acquisition

The process of knowledge acquisition is central in the development of intelligent computer programs. In the second generation of expert systems, the elicitation, modeling, and representation of human problem-solving knowledge remain principal barriers that development teams must overcome. This overview surveys some of the major barriers to the construction of expertsystem knowledge bases and reviews current and emerging knowledge-acquisition methods. The common thread that runs through research on knowledge acquisition is the creation of models of problem-solving behavior and the use of those models to guide further knowledge elicitation and model formulation.
Inspiring and Equipping Students to Be Ethical Leaders

This chapter describes the behaviors of the ethical leader and explores the reasons why leaders do not always act ethically. The chapter also offers five recommendations to help educators integrate the practices of ethical leadership into their work with student leaders.
Evidence-Based Practice in Adult Mental Health

There is growing consensus that behavioral and mental health care, like other sectors of health care, require rigorous practice standards and professional accountability. Evidence-based practice (EBP) and empirically supported treatments are a critical element of these standards for both child and adult populations. Unfortunately, interventions used in clinical behavioral and mental health practice settings are often not carefully based on empirical evidence, resulting in a discrepancy between research and practice. EBP is an empirically based approach to identify and appraise the best available scientific data in order to guide the implementation of assessment and intervention practices. This entails making decisions about how to integrate scientific evidence with clinical practice, taking account of relevant practice setting, population, provider, and other contextual characteristics. In this chapter we provide an overview of EBP in adult mental health, including definitions, purpose, processes, and challenges. Keywords: evidenced-based practice; empirically supported treatments; dissemination; implementation
Fleeting Infant Types to Enduring Traits

The Long Shadow of Temperament . By Jerome Kagan and Nancy Snidman . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2004. 302 pp. $27.95, £18.95, €25.80. ISBN 0-674-01551-7. The authors use developmental psychology data from their long-term studies to argue that temperament is largely inherited or shaped in early childhood, with the origin of temperamental biases lying in the differential excitability of the amygdala.
Social Energy and Racial Segregation in the University Context

Objectives Universities often promote their diversity as a selling point, but are students of different races at these universities integrated socially? Using theories on social energy, I examine racial segregation among university students. Methods Quantitative data were collected on student residence patterns and social groupings formed at lunch tables at a case study university. In addition, interviews were conducted with 25 students. Results Students are substantially more segregated than chance predicts. Blacks and Hispanics are particularly segregated. Interviews reveal that these students spend large amounts of social energy coping with prejudice and discrimination as well as functioning in a student culture they find unwelcoming and foreign. Conclusions Social energy drains on minority students from discrimination and an unwelcoming campus culture reduce energy left for interracial interaction, making these racial groups more segregated. The study highlights the need for understanding segregation as a function of the interaction of out-group preferences, in-group preferences, and the larger social context.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and dental school performance

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was administered to 256 dental students, representing four classes, at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. The results of this psychological instrument were then correlated with overall dental school performance based on results from the National Dental Board Examinations Part I and II (NB-I, NB-II), yearly class rank, and specific academic difficulties as measured by the Student Performance Evaluation Committee. Introverted students were found to display a significantly increased performance on NB-I (p = .038) and NB-II (p = .044). They were also found, however, to demonstrate a progressively lower class rank over the four-year period than extroverted students and were more likely to experience major academic difficulties as well. Judging and sensing individuals were found to earn a higher class rank over the four-year period than perceiving and intuitive students, respectively. Perceiving students were found to exhibit major difficulties or were placed on probation more often than judging individuals. These results may prove useful in counseling students to recognize potential problems before they commence their dental education or to anticipate and address specific weaknesses during the course of their education.
Fabrication of Solid State Nanopore in Thin Silicon Membrane Using Low Cost Multistep Chemical Etching

Nanopore-based analysis is currently an area of great interest in many disciplines with the potential for exceptionally versatile applications in medicine. This work presents a novel step towards fabrication of a single solid-state nanopore (SSSN) in a thin silicon membrane. Silicon nanopores are realized using multistep processes on both sides of n-type silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer with resistivity 1–4 Ω·cm. An electrochemical HF etch with low current density (0.47 mA/cm2) is employed to produce SSSN. Blue LED is considered to emit light in a narrow band region which facilitates the etching procedure in a unilateral direction. This helps in production of straight nanopores in n-type Si. Additionally, a variety of pore diameters are demonstrated using different HF concentrations. Atomic force microscopy is used to demonstrate the surface morphology of the fabricated pores in non-contact mode. Pore edges exhibit a pronounced rounded shape and can offer high stability to fluidic artificial lipid bilayer to study membrane proteins. Electrochemically-fabricated SSSN has excellent smoothness and potential applications in diagnostics and pharmaceutical research on transmembrane proteins and label free detection.
The full story on neutrino detection.

Charles Seife's News Focus article “Wanted: one good cosmic blast to shake the neighborhood” (9 Jan., p. [164][1]) opens with a vivid account of neutrinos from Supernova 1987A zipping through Earth to be detected in underground water tanks on 23 February 1987. He writes, “Even before astronomers could see the stellar pyre blaze forth, particle physicists knew that a star had died when they spotted the flashes of 20 subatomic particles, neutrinos, in detectors in Japan and the United States.” It's a great story, but not quite true: 23 February was a Monday, and by the 24th, astronomers (including me) were in full swing doing ultraviolet and optical observations. The neutrino detector in Japan recorded its data on tape, the tapes were gathered up and shipped by bus from Kamioka to Tokyo on their regular schedule, and the analysis was carried out overnight on Friday so that the joyful members of Masatoshi Koshiba's group could see the result on Saturday morning ([1][2]). For the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven detector in Ohio, I called my colleagues at the University of Michigan Physics department on Tuesday the 24th to get them to search their data, but they were all away skiing at Moriond, and the results were reported on 11 March, 16 days after the event ([2][3]). Seife also understates the opportunity. He writes that “dozens of supernovae pop off somewhere in the universe each year.” For a typical galaxy, the rate is about 1 per century, so for an observable universe with 1011 galaxies, that's about 109 popping off each year. You could call that “dozens,” but it's a hundred million dozens. But Seife is surely right that we are better prepared now for the next nearby supernova. I'm standing by, ready to hear from my subterranean colleagues when they get the flash from deep inside a collapsing star. We've been maintaining a program for the Hubble Space Telescope that is ready to go when the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS) team finds an event. And here's a comforting thought—since the Milky Way is ∼50,000 light years across, the expanding spheres of neutrinos from hundreds of events are already on their way to us, propagating just a smidgen below the speed of light. It's just a matter of being in the right place at the right time. 1. 1.[↵][4] International Astronomical Union Circular 4338, 10 March 1987. This story is vividly told by the NOVA program Death of a Star , available from . 2. 2.[↵][5] 1. International Astronomical Union Circular 4340, 11 March 1987. A first-hand account is in my book , The Extravagant Universe: Exploding Stars, Dark Energy, and the Accelerating Cosmos (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5655.164 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
A Study of the Interaction between 2-Thiobarbituric Acid and Cotton

Solutions of 2-thiobarbituric acid have been shown to interact with raw cotton to form colored compounds. This interaction has been previously suggested as a test for radiation-damaged cotton [7]. Experiments were conducted to determine whether this interaction could be used as a diagnostic test for cotton which had been heat-damaged, as might occur during commercial ginning. While this test was found to be sensitive to the heating history of a given cotton, it was not possible to establish suitable absolute standards because of large differences among cottons. Investigation of the differences among cottons revealed that the interaction between 2-thiobarbituric acid and cotton is related to the alkali scourit)le matter in raw cotton as well as to fiber maturity. Possible uses for this test are suggested.
Toward rapid high resolution in vivo intravascular MRI: evaluation of vessel wall conspicuity in a porcine model using multiple imaging protocols.

Purpose To assess magnetic resonance (MR) pulse sequences for high resolution intravascular imaging. Materials and Methods Intravascular imaging of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries was performed in vivo in a porcine model at 1.5 T using catheter-mounted micro-receive coils. Ten protocols, including spin-echo (SE)-echo planar imaging (SE-EPI), segmented EPI, half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE), fast imaging with steady-state free precession (TrueFISP), turbo spin-echo (TSE), and SE acquisition schemes were employed in 13 trials. Images were analyzed by six expert raters with respect to wall-conspicuity, wall-to-lumen/tissue contrast, visible layers of the arterial wall, anticipated clinical usefulness, and overall image quality. Mean differences between sequence-types were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups with planned comparisons. Results The vessel wall was delineated in almost all protocols. Motion artifacts from physiological and device motion were reduced in fast techniques. The best contrast between the wall and surrounding tissue was provided by a HASTE protocol. Anatomic layers of the vessel wall were best depicted on dark blood T2-weighted TSE. Overall, TrueFISP was ranked highest on the remaining measures. Conclusion Dedicated catheter-coils combined with fast sequences have potential for in vivo characterization of vessel walls. TrueFISP offered the best overall image quality and acquisition speed, but suffered from the inability to delineate the multiple layers of the wall, which seems associated with dark blood- and T2-weighted contrast. We believe future intra-arterial trials should proceed from this study in normal artery imaging and initially focus on fast T2-weighted dark blood techniques in trials with pathology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of the glucuronide metabolite of ON 013100, a benzylstyrylsulfone antineoplastic drug, in colon cancer cells using LC/MS/MS.

ON 013100, (E)-2,4,6-trimethoxystyryl-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl sulfone, is a potent kinase inhibitor whose phosphate form is in Phase I clinical trials in lymphoma and acute lymphoid leukemia. The objectives were to: (a) investigate the possible presence of the glucuronide metabolite of the drug in two representative colon cancer cell lines, a drug resistant (colo-205) and a drug sensitive (colo-320); (b) quantify the glucuronide metabolite and the unchanged drug in the cells after treatment with ON 013100. The glucuronide was synthesized and a selective LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the characterization and quantification of the metabolite. The glucuronide metabolite (570.6 Da) was found in the drug-resistant cells upon a 1 h incubation with ON 013100 (20 μg/ml). After treatment with the drug, the concentration of the metabolite gradually decreased from 0.84 μg/ml at 0 h through 0.21 μg/ml at 6 h to below detection limit of 8.0 ng/ml at 9 h. No glucuronide metabolite was detected in the drug-sensitive cells. The concentrations of intact ON 013100 in the drug-resistant cells gradually decreased from 0.41 μg/ml (0 h) to 0.06 μg/ml (9 h). The corresponding concentrations of the intact drug in the drug-sensitive cells were from 2.88 μg/ml to 0.94 μg/ml.
Juvenile boot camps: a descriptive analysis of program diversity and effectiveness

Abstract Juvenile boot camps have proliferated since the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s three pilot programs in 1992. Programs differ in numerous aspects, including: how strictly they adhere to the original military model; the background and age of juveniles accepted; the length of the camps; capacity; cost per juvenile; amount and type of aftercare; and, recidivism rates. Insufficient data exist to make definitive judgments as to effectiveness, but a survey of the literature shows that they are considerably less effective than the public believes. The original idea for adult boot camps incorporated goals of a cost-efficient alternative to incarceration and reduction in recidivism. Juvenile boot camps usually are more costly than most other traditional options, and with rare exceptions recidivism rates are extremely disappointing. Boot camps could prove to be a valuable tool in juvenile justice, but stricter assessment and evaluation methods as well as better aftercare are needed before these politically appealing programs constitute an effective method of diminishing juvenile delinquency.
A deconvolution scheme

Abstract A deconvolution scheme is presented for the calculation of an input function given a system and its response—by converting the integral equation into an initial value problem. This technique is particularly simple and advantageous when dealing with compartmental systems and solving them numerically. The method also permits the imbedding of constraints and the estimation of confidence limits for the deconvoluted function.
Timescales and dynamics of the formation of a thermocline

Abstract In a state of equilibrium, the constraint of a balanced heat budget for the ocean strongly influences the depth of the tropical thermocline because that depth controls the rate at which the ocean absorbs heat from the atmosphere. Thus, an increase in the oceanic heat loss in high latitudes results in a shoaling of the equatorial thermocline so that the heat gain also increases. How does the ocean adjust to such a new equilibrium state after an abrupt change in the heat flux in high latitudes? The adjustment of the wind-driven circulation of the upper ocean is shown to involve two timescales. The first is the familiar adiabatic wave-adjustment time associated with the horizontal redistribution of warm water above the thermocline in shallow water models. (This is essentially the time it takes Rossby and Kelvin waves to propagate from the disturbed extra-equatorial region to the equator.) The second adjustment-time is associated with the diabatic processes that come into play once the waves from higher latitudes modify the thermal structure in low latitudes and hence the flux of heat into the ocean; it is the timescale on which the ocean recovers a balanced heat budget. The identification of this timescale is the main result of this paper. Through a series of simulations of an idealized ocean basin, we identify the diabatic timescale and argue that it is determined by the strength of the upwelling and the intensity of the air–sea heatfluxes. By simulating the formation of a thermocline from isothermal conditions, we are able to relate this timescale to other relevant timescales such as that associated with diffusive processes and the adiabatic timescale invoked by Gu and Philander [Gu, D., Philander, S.G.H., 1997. Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extra-topics. Science 275, 805–807].
CMR real-time, free-breathing, phase contrast flow quantification: a novel approach to assess ventricular coupling in constrictive pericarditis

Background/objective Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is an important cause of heart failure; however, with accurate diagnosis and directed treatment it is potentially curable. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has played a diagnostic role, primarily by allowing assessment of pericardial morphology but with limited depiction of physiological changes. We sought to examine the feasibility of a novel CMR approach that enables real-time phase contrast (RT-PC) assessment of discordant respirophasic changes in trans-mitral and tricuspid flow velocity the signature findings in CP due to enhanced ventricular interdependence. Method Patients referred to the CMR lab pre-pericardectomy or for assessment of suspected CP were included. Following routine CMR examination for CP, transmitral (MV) and tricuspid valve (TV) flow velocities were simultaneously obtained by through-plane RT-PC imaging during unrestricted respiration using a slice position to include both valves (Figure 1) with the following parameters: TR/TE=13.7ms/2.5ms, water excitation pulse with flip angle=25, 10mm slice thickness, 160x120 matrix, EPI factor=15, TSENSE rate=2, slice thickness=10mm, and VENC=150cm/s. Shared velocity encoding was used to achieve an effective temporal
Adsorption of Acid, Ester, and Ether Functional Groups on Pt: Fast Prediction of Thermochemical Properties of Adsorbed Oxygenates via DFT-Based Group Additivity Methods

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are utilized to systematically study the geometric and energetic trends of adsorbed carboxylic acid, ether, and ester intermediates on Pt(111). Specifically, the properties of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, methyl formate, methyl acetate, and their dehydrogenation intermediates are calculated. Subsequent statistical mechanical calculations are performed to reveal systematic trends in thermochemical properties of oxygenate adsorbates on Pt(111). These trends are utilized to develop and parametrize a new semiempirical group additivity scheme that can be used to predict thermochemical properties of acids, ethers, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons and their decomposition intermediates on Pt(111). This scheme is both rapid and accurate and can easily be implemented as a tool to parametrize and screen large oxygenate reaction mechanisms for identification of important ...
HIV-associated distal neuropathic pain is associated with smaller total cerebral cortical gray matter.

Despite modern antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated sensory neuropathy affects over 50 % of HIV patients. The clinical expression of HIV neuropathy is highly variable: many individuals report few symptoms, but about half report distal neuropathic pain (DNP), making it one of the most prevalent, disabling, and treatment-resistant complications of HIV disease. The presence and intensity of pain is not fully explained by the degree of peripheral nerve damage, making it unclear why some patients do, and others do not, report pain. To better understand central nervous system contributions to HIV DNP, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging volumes in 241 HIV-infected participants from an observational multi-site cohort study at five US sites (CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Treatment Effects Research Study, CHARTER). The association between DNP and the structural imaging outcomes was investigated using both linear and nonlinear (Gaussian Kernel support vector) multivariable regression, controlling for key demographic and clinical variables. Severity of DNP symptoms was correlated with smaller total cerebral cortical gray matter volume (r = −0.24; p = 0.004). Understanding the mechanisms for this association between smaller total cortical volumes and DNP may provide insight into HIV DNP chronicity and treatment-resistance.
Joint Analyticity and Analytic Continuation of Dirichlet–Neumann Operators on Doubly Perturbed Domains

In this paper we take up the question of analyticity properties of Dirichlet–Neumann operators (DNO) which arise in boundary value and free boundary problems from a wide variety of applications (e.g., fluid and solid mechanics, electromagnetic and acoustic scattering). More specifically, we consider DNO defined on domains inspired by the simulation of ocean waves over bathymetry, i.e. domains perturbed independently at both the top and bottom. Our analysis shows that the DNO, when perturbed from an arbitrary smooth domain, is parametrically analytic (as a function of deformation height/slope) for profiles of finite smoothness. Additionally, we extend these results to joint spatial and parametric analyticity when the perturbations are real analytic. This analysis is novel not only in that it accounts for the doubly perturbed nature of the geometry, but also in that the technique of proof establishes the full joint analyticity from an arbitrary smooth profile simultaneously.
Interconnection of computer networks

Abstract As computer networks proliferate, interest in interconnecting networks will increase. This paper considers the problems of interconnecting heterogeneous computer networks to provide communication between processes in different networks. The treatment is tutorial with a comprehensive survey of relevant work. Topics discussed include global addressing and routing techniques, level of network interconnection, and functions performed by the interface or Gateway between networks. Various approaches to each of these problems are compared, with particular attention to the extent of changes in existing local net operations required by the different approaches. Techniques to implement internet addressing, routing, error recovery, and other necessary communication services on top of local network facilities appear feasible without demanding large changes to individual nets.
Development of intense point x-ray sources for backlighting high energy density experiments (invited)

High-energy-density (HED) experiments are often diagnosed using x-ray backlighting. Recently, experiments have been designed and fielded that require x-ray backlighting having large fields of view and high x-ray energies. These types of experiments will be even more prevalent on the National Ignition Facility laser. Point backlighting offers the potential to obtain higher-energy x rays using less laser energy while giving a large, uniform field of view (millimeters). We present recent results from Los Alamos National Lab, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, and the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for laser energetics obtained on the OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester on the development of such bright sources. We include discussion of the challenges and successes to date.
Tipranavir: the first nonpeptidic protease inhibitor for the treatment of protease resistance.

Abstract Background: Despite the availability of a growing number of potent antiretroviral agents, efforts to completely suppress viral replication in patients with HIV-1 infection are limited because of the increasing risk of resistance. Tipranavir (TPV) is the first in a class of antiretroviral agents known as nonpeptidic protease inhibitors (PIs). TPV exhibits a resistance profile distinct from that of other currently available PIs, making it a potential option for treatment experienced patients with resistance to multiple Pls. Objective: This article discusses the clinical pharmacology and efficacy of TPV in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in patients who are highly treatment experienced or harbor PI-resistant virus. Methods: A search was conducted of English language, peer-reviewed articles and abstracts indexed on the MEDLINE and Current Contents databases (1966-May 2007) using the terms tipranavir, Aptivus, nonpeptidic protease inhibitor, human immunodeficiency virus, and protease resistance . Product information and abstracts from national and international AIDS and retrovirus meetings (2005-2006) were also reviewed. Results: Use of TPV in combination with ritonavir (TPV/r) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration based on 2 Phase III studies. In these studies, HIV-infected patients with extensive treatment experience with antiretroviral agents, including PIs, nucleoside analogues, and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, were randomized to receive TPV/r or a ritonavir-boosted comparator PI. All patients had evidence of resistance to multiple PIs. The specific comparator (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, or saquinavir) was selected for each patient with the aid of resistance testing. Each patient also received an optimized background regimen of antiretroviral agents, which could include enfuvirtide. At 24, 48, and 96 weeks, the TPV/r group had higher rates of virologic response (defined as ≥1 log10 decrease in HIV RNA) and viral suppression (to Conclusions: Although TPV has a mechanism of action similar to that of earlier-generation PIs, it has activity against HIV-1 strains with resistance to multiple PIs. Currently, TPV/r is indicated for use in highly treatment experienced patients with multiple PI resistance.
Effects of phenoxybenzamine on the narcotic withdrawal syndrome in the rat.

Abstract The effects of various α- and β-adrenergic blocking agents on the narcotic withdrawal syndrome in rats were determined. α-Adrenergic blockers caused a dose-dependent suppression of two behavioural responses characteristic of precipitated narcotic withdrawal in the rat: diarrhoea and, most notably, wet-dog shakes. The β-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, did not effect the expression of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome. The effects of α-blockers on withdrawal behaviour did not appear to be due to the slight degree of sedation produced by the highest doses of the drugs, because pentobarbital and promethazine, in doses sufficient to induce marked sedation and anaesthesia, did not decrease the severity of withdrawal. In fact, pentobarbital appeared to exacerbate the abstinence syndrome.
Seasonal and lactational effects on response to thyrotropin releasing hormone injection in Holstein cows

Abstract Fifty-four lactating Holstein cows were used to define relationships between stage of lactation and environmental measures on thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-induced secretion of triiodothyronine (T 3 , thyroxine (T 4 ) and prolactin. Mean black globe temperatures were -.3, 20.6, and 25.5C for winter, spring, and summer months, respectively. The circulating hormone responses of T 3 , T 4 and prolactin were significantly affected by season, sampling time and there was a season by sampling time interaction. T 4 response was affected by stage of lactation, while prolactin responses differed by stage of lactation across the three seasons. Both T 3 and T 4 responses were lowest in winter and may indicate greater utilization rates to meet metabolic demands. T 3 responses peaked near 3 hr post TRH, while T 4 increased to the end of the 7 hr sampling period. Prolactin responses to TRH increased from winter through summer and were responsive to changes in ambient temperature and photoperiod. T 4 response increased with advancing stage of lactation and could be due to changes in metabolic activity and clearance. Spring TRH-induced prolactin response decreased with advancing lactation whereas, the response increased as lactation progressed during the summer. Monthly milk yield was affected by stage of lactation and lactation number. Early lactation cows produced most milk and milk yield peaked in third lactation. Differential responses to TRH may reflect alterations in milk yield during different stages of lactation.
Copulation affects body weight but not food intake or dietary self-selection in male rats.

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for copulation-induced changes in body weight were investigated using adult male rats. Animals that copulated two or three times a week for 6 weeks gained less weight than sexually inactive controls. The reductions in body weight gain were not associated with changes in total caloric intake or the intake of specific nutrients. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected by sexual activity. Based upon these results and previous observations, we suggest that copulation-induced reductions in body weight may not be mediated solely by testicular testosterone.
Enhancing the perception of form in peripheral vision.

Experiments are reported which show that the tachistoscopic presentation of a figure at the point of fixation makes salient the same figure where it occurs elsewhere in the visual field during the same flash. This induced saliency operates in all directions from the axis of gaze. If the eccentric figure is alone on a blank field the phenomenon is termed ‘eccentric enhancement’. The induced saliency of figures that are laterally masked within horizontal strings of figures that lie off the fixation point is termed ‘demasking’.
Low-power magnetically-actuated microvalves for highly parallel microfluidic automation

This paper presents the design and actuation of low-power, magnetically-actuated microvalves fabricated with CMOS-compatible technology. A prototype chip comprised of 64 microvalves within 2.2 × 2.2 mm2 and requiring < 50 mW to actuate is demonstrated. Each valve consists of a microcoil and a paramagnetic bead as the valve seat, and is used to address a 50 picoliter well to enable highly parallel biochemical sensing and analysis operations.
A frequency-division multiple-access system concept for 30/20 GHz high-capacity domestic satellite service

The paper summarizes a feasibility study of a multibeam frequency-division multiple-access satellite system operating in the 30/20 GHz band. The system must accommodate a very high volume of traffic within the restrictions of a 5 kW solar cell array and a 2.5 GHz bandwidth. Multibeam satellite operation reduces the dc power demand and allows reuse of the available bandwidth. Interferences among the beams are brought to acceptable levels by appropriate frequency assignments. A transponder design is presented that is greatly simplified by the application of a regional concept. System analysis shows that minimum shift keying modulation is appropriate for a high-capacity system because it conserves the frequency spectrum. Rain attenuation, a serious problem in this frequency band, is combated with sufficient power margins and with coding. Link budgets, cost analysis, and mass and power calculations are also discussed. A satellite-routed, frequency-division multipleaccess system compares favorably in performance and cost with a satellite-switched, time-division multipleaccess system.
Interactive digital library resource information system: a web portal for digital library education

This paper describes a collaborative database project that focuses on access to materials on topics relating to digital libraries that are organized within an educational framework.
Elucidating the radical kinetics involved in the radiolytic destruction of lanthanide-complexed DTPA

The reprocessing of nuclear fuels to extract the remaining actinides is one of the most important strategies for viable nuclear power in the future, as geologic waste disposal of high-level radioactive waste could have considerable negative impacts on the environment. As many of these strategies are based on solvent extraction processes, our aim is to establish the radiolytic stability of the component extraction ligands. The oxidative stability of the lanthanide metal-complexed extraction ligand DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) has been investigated through its reaction rate constant with the hydroxyl radical under TALSPEAK acidic pH conditions, both for the free ligand and complexed with Eu3+, Lu3+ and Gd3+. Specific rate constants were obtained over a range of pH conditions using thiocyanate competition kinetics. The rate constants for the complexed metals are seen to be greater than the corresponding values determined for only the DTPA protonated ligands at these pHs.
Computation of NACA0012 Airfoil Transonic Buffet Phenomenon with Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equations

A computational study of transonic buffet phenomenon over NACA0012 airfoil is presented using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Equations. Computations are conducted at freestream Mach numbers from 0.82 to 0.89 at zero angle of attack for Reynolds numbers of 3.0 and 10.0 million with transition fixed at 5% chord length. Numerical simulation reveals the transonic buffet occurs in a narrow range of freestream Mach numbers of 0.85-0.87. It is close to the range of freestream Mach numbers of 0.84-0.86 in which multiple solutions occur for the steady, inviscid flow. 1 The unsteady flow fields around the airfoil are examined and characterized. The shock motion frequency is found to depend on the distance between time-averaged shock wave position and trailing edge. The shock motion frequency is larger when the time-averaged shock position is closer to the trailing edge. The computational results are verified using present transonic wind tunnel experiment data. Finally the effect of a trailing edge splitter for buffet suppression is studied.
MAX-DOAS observations from ground, ship, and research aircraft: maximizing signal-to-noise to measure 'weak' absorbers

Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments, as solar straylight satellites, require an accurate characterization and elimination of Fraunhofer lines from solar straylight spectra to measure the atmospheric column abundance of reactive gases that destroy toxic and heat trapping ozone and form climate cooling aerosols, like glyoxal (CHOCHO), iodine oxide (IO), or bromine oxide (BrO). The currently achievable noise levels with state-of-the-art DOAS instruments are limited to δ' DL ≈ 10- 4 (noise equivalent differential optical density, 8'); further noise reductions are typically not straightforward, and the reason for this barrier is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the nonlinearity of state-of-the-art CCD detectors poses a limitation to accurately characterize Fraunhofer lines; the incomplete elimination of Fraunhofer lines is found to cause residual structures of δ' ≈ 10 -4 , and only partially accounted by fitting of an "offset" spectrum. We have developed a novel software tool, the CU Data Acquisition Code that overcomes this barrier by actively controlling the CCD saturation level, and demonstrates that 8' DL on the order of 10 -5 are possible without apparent limitations from the presence of Fraunhofer lines. The software also implements active control of the elevation angle (angle with respect to the horizon) by means of a Motion Compensation System for use with mobile MAX-DOAS deployments from ships and aircraft. Finally, a novel approach to convert slant column densities into line-of-sight averaged concentrations is discussed.
Media Representations of “Sustainable Development” Sustaining the Status Quo?

How is the concept of sustainable development represented in major U.S. newspapers? Are academic and activists' critiques part of the media message? Using a systematic qualitative analysis, the author examines the themes and sources of newspaper articles from 1987 to 1997. Sustainable development is presented almost exclusively within an economic growth paradigm that assumes that economic growth, technology, and northern expertise are the most effective way to achieve development. The activists and academics that are used as sources do not present alternatives to the dominant development discourse. Instead, the few alternatives that are presented are by the authors of commentaries who are not identified with environmental activist groups.
Dynamics of subnivean temperature and wind speed in subalpine forests of the Rocky Mountains

Abstract 1. 1. We investigated temperature and wind speed regimes in the subnivean resting sites of American martens (Martes americana) in coniferous forests of the Rocky Mountains. 2. 2. Air exchange between subnivean spaces and outside air was the major determinant of differences between subnivean and ambient temperature and wind speed. 3. 3. Increasing snow depth decreased the linkage between the subnivean environment and that above the snow. 4. 4. Using artificial subnivean cavities, we experimentally confirmed the importance of the number of tunnels connecting the resting site to surface air in coupling the subnivean environment to that above the snow. 5. 5. In montane environments with complex physical structure near the ground and frequent high winds, the subnivean environment is more coupled to that above the snow than is the case in taiga forests, where wind speeds and physical structure near the ground generally are lower.
Analysis of failures following local treatment of isolated local-regional recurrence of breast cancer.

Abstract Obe hundred fifty-seven patients with local-regional recurrence of breast cancer but without co-existing distant metastases were reviewed. The incidence of failure to control the local-regional recurrence was essentially the same whether the recurrence was treated with radiotherapy alone (62% ), surgery alone (76% ), or with a combination of the two (60 % ). A detailed analysis of the failures occurring in the patients treated with radiotherapy, with or without surgery, showed that most of the failures were because of a) inadequate doses of irradiation, b) the use of fields that were too small, and c) the lack of elective irradiation to the chest wall and supraclavicular fossa. Of the 100 patients with uncontrolled local-regional disease, 62% developed clinical symptoms that markedly impaired the quality of life. All of these symptoms were directly caused by the uncontrolled local-regional disease. Specific recommendations for the treatment of isolated local-regional recurrence are made.
Sampling scheme for pyrethroids on multiple surfaces on commercial aircrafts

A wipe sampler for the collection of permethrin from soft and hard surfaces has been developed for use in aircraft. “Disinsection” or application of pesticides, predominantly pyrethrods, inside commercial aircraft is routinely required by some countries and is done on an as-needed basis by airlines resulting in potential pesticide dermal and inhalation exposures to the crew and passengers. A wipe method using filter paper and water was evaluated for both soft and hard aircraft surfaces. Permethrin was analyzed by GC/MS after its ultrasonication extraction from the sampling medium into hexane and volume reduction. Recoveries, based on spraying known levels of permethrin, were 80–100% from table trays, seat handles and rugs; and 40–50% from seat cushions. The wipe sampler is easy to use, requires minimum training, is compatible with the regulations on what can be brought through security for use on commercial aircraft, and readily adaptable for use in residential and other settings.
Teaching composition online: Whose side is time on?

Abstract Although online education is at times envisioned as a time-saving enterprise, a recent, mostly anecdotal consensus indicates that, in fact, online education is more labor intensive for the instructor, if not for the student as well. Previous studies both confirm and deny this consensus because they examine different design paradigms that resist comparison. This study compares the workload for a student-centered paradigm in one face-to-face (F2F) and three online sections of the same composition course, and finds that teaching composition online takes almost twice as much time as face-to-face teaching. The major causes of this disparity appear to be hardware and applications, instructional design, and student learner characteristics.
Potential for Phosphate Mitigation from Agricultural Runoff by Three Aquatic Macrophytes

Phosphate from agricultural runoff is a major contributor to eutrophication in aquatic systems. Vegetated drainage ditches lining agricultural fields have been investigated for their potential to mitigate runoff, acting similarly to a wetland as they filter contaminants. It is hypothesized that some aquatic macrophytes will be more effective at removing phosphate than others. In a mesocosm study, three aquatic macrophyte species, cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), cattail (Typha latifolia), and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), were investigated for their ability to mitigate phosphate from water. Mesocosms were exposed to flowing phosphate-enriched water (10 mg L−1) for 6 h, left stagnant for 42 h, and then flushed with non-nutrient enriched water for an additional 6 h to simulate flushing effects of a second storm event. Both L. oryzoides and T. latifolia decreased the load of dissolved phosphate (DP) in outflows by greater than 50 %, significantly more than S. americanum, which only decreased DP by 15 ± 6 % (p ≤ 0.002). All treatments decreased concentrations inside mesocosms by 90 % or more after 1 week, though the decrease occurred more rapidly in T. latifolia and L. oryzoides mesocosms. By discovering which species are better at mitigating phosphate in agricultural runoff, planning the community composition of vegetation in drainage ditches and constructed wetlands can be improved for optimal remediation results.
Ice clathrate as a possible source of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets

The presence and compositions of atmospheres on the terrestrial planets do not follow directly from condensation models which would have earth accreting near 500 K. No single mechanism yet proposed adequately accounts for the abundances of noble gases and carbon and nitrogen in the atmospheres. We show that the composition of clathrates forming at low temperatures in cold regions of the nebula can be predicted. Addition of about 1 ppm clathrate material to the earth can explain observed abundances of Ar, Kr, and Xe. Condensation and adsorption processes occurring at 400-500 K are necessary to explain the observed abundances of Ne, H2O, C, and N. Possible sources of clathrates could be cometary bodies formed in the outer solar system.
A comprehensive three-dimensional radiation treatment planning system.

Abstract A comprehensive software system has been developed to allow 3-dimensional planning of radiation therapy treatments using the extensive anatomical information made available by imaging modalities such as CT and MR. Biological structures of interest and tumor volumes are defined by outlines drawn on a sequence of CT slices. Beam set-ups may then be determined in three dimensions by displaying the structure contours in a beam's eye view, or in two dimensions using a single CT cut. Each beam defined may be shaped by the specification of block aperture contours, and its intensity may be modified with the use of planar compensators. 3D dose calculation algorithms are discussed. To evaluate the calculation results, dose volume histograms are provided, as well as various types of displays in two and three dimensions, including dose on arbitrarily oriented planes, dose on the surface of anatomical objects, and isodose surfaces. Computer generated beam films are also available as an aid in patient set-up verification. These tools, and others, provide the basis for a comprehensive 31) system that can be used throughout the treatment planning process.
A First Generation Heterobasidion Hybrid Discovered in Larix lyalli in Montana.

On September 25, 2010, a wood sample was collected from an entirely decayed root ball of an alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.), 10 cm in diameter at breast height, recently downed, but still green. No attempts were made to determine whether the decay progressed into the stem. The discovery occurred in a stand in the Bitterroot Mountains, south of Darby, Montana (elev. 2,530 m; 45.893528° N, 114.278322° W). Several adjacent alpine larches were either dead or displayed thin crowns, and an old Heterobasidion basidiocarp was found on the decayed root ball of a neighboring dead tree, suggesting the presence of a root disease pocket. The stand is mature and composed of alpine larch, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), and a few subalpine firs (Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall), but only larches were symptomatic. No stumps were visible, and the site is in a designated wilderness area characterized by minimal forest management. Wood chips displaying a white rot with bleached speckles were plated on 2% mal...
Unconscious and conscious priming by forms and their parts

Using metacontrast masking techniques, in two experiments we compare unconscious and conscious response priming by targets consisting of either whole forms or else their parts. In Experiment 1 we investigate the contribution of whole forms and their figural primitives, viz., edges and corners, to the unconscious priming effect. As expected, choice RTs were fast when the invisible target and visible mask shape pairings were congruent and slower when they were incongruent. This trend, while strongest for whole-targets, also held for the target primes composed only of corners but did not hold for target primes composed only of sides. Experiment 2 showed, replicating the results of Experiment 1, that while invisible corner targets produced weaker priming effects than invisible whole targets, paradoxically visible corner target produced stronger priming effects than visible whole targets. Taken together the results of the two experiments indicate (a) that unconscious target representations and, thus, unconscio...