cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of a Juvenile Hormone Mimic (Jhm) on the Growth and Development of the Cubbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the Endoparasite, Hyposoter exiguae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

The influence of hydroprene (Altozar®), a juvenile hormone mimic (JHM), on parasitized and unparasitized cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was studied. Larvae were reared on standard wheat germ diet until early 4th stadium then on diet containing 0.1, 1, 2 and 4 ppm of hydroprene. Larval development from the 4th to the 5th stadium was essentially the same for all treatments. A decided influence was found in the development of the unparasitized 5th stage larvae at the 1, 2 and 4 ppm treatments of the JHM. Longer time intervals were required to spin, for pupation and adult eclosion. No adults were obtained from 2 and 4 ppm hydroprene treatments and only 2.5% survived from the 1 ppm treatment. T. ni larvae parasitized by Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) developed the same on JHM and control diets. Parasites emerged from hosts on both diets at the same time and immediately began to spin cocoons. Adult eclosion and survival was no different as a result of host diet. When JHM was topically applied at 2 and 20 micrograms prior to insect parasite emergence, development was extended and adult mortality ranged from 5–95%. JHMs generally disrupt insect development prior to the larval pupal molt. Since the parasite's last larval molt occurred after the host ceased feeding, apparently the hydroprene was not available in sufficient quantity during the parasite's last instar to influence its development. Topical application of the JHM near the time of parasite emergence allowed sufficient material to reach the parasite during its last instar and influenced development. These data indicate the importance of knowing developmental patterns of beneficial insects to determine the potential impact of a JHM applied for insect control.
Research on Evaluation and Appraisal Method of Existing Stone Slab Arch Bridge

In order to improve the veracity in evaluation of slab arch bridge,a detailed method,which is for the assessment and check-computation aim at slab arch bridge,was put forward.Based on analysis of the combined action of the upper construction on arch,the damage features about stone slab arch bridge and the practice operation load,particular attention was paid on the research of how to format calculation model that can be more truthful.Another emphasis was laid on the establishment of a technology status evaluation model aiming at stone slab arch bridge and the research on the initial weights and evaluation criteria about the evaluation elements of stone slab arch bridges.According to the conditions of evaluation elements,the initial weights were modified and the check-computation coefficient of load-bearing capacity was confirmed.At last,based on true bridge engineering,a practical calculation example was presented.The evaluation result demonstrates the validity of this method.
Flag-based detection of weak gas signatures in long-wave infrared hyperspectral image sequences

We present a ﬂag manifold based method for detecting chemical plumes in long-wave infrared hyperspectral movies. The method encodes temporal and spatial information related to a hyperspectral pixel into a ﬂag, or nested sequence of linear subspaces. The technique used to create the ﬂags pushes information about the background clutter, ambient conditions, and potential chemical agents into the leading elements of the ﬂags. Exploiting this temporal information allows for a detection algorithm that is sensitive to the presence of weak signals. This method is compared to existing techniques qualitatively on real data and quantitatively on synthetic data to show that the ﬂag-based algorithm consistently performs better on data when the SINRdB is low, and beats the ACE and MF algorithms in probability of detection for low probabilities of false alarm even when the SINRdB is high.
Focus on Diagnosis: Pediatric Abdominal Imaging

1. Kelly M. Clayton, MD* 1. *University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala. When evaluating acute abdominal pain in children, the most important initial step is to perform a thorough history and physical examination. Only after, if necessary for diagnostic purposes, should specific laboratory and radiographic studies be obtained. Imaging can provide additional evidence to support a questionable diagnosis. A wide variety of abdominal imaging modalities is available to practitioners, although availability is highly dependent on the institution and local resources. We discuss the classic findings indicative of abdominal disorders found on plain radiography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine studies. Abdominal radiography often is a necessary preliminary study and is the most commonly requested study for a child complaining of abdominal pain. Its availability, lesser cost, and lower radiation exposure compared with other imaging modalities make it attractive. Abdominal radiography is highly sensitive (almost 100%) for diagnosing free intraperitoneal air and bowel obstruction. ( 1) It may detect abdominal calcifications and foreign body ingestions. Plain radiography for diagnosing intussusception is controversial due to a less than 50% accuracy rate. However, a right upper quadrant soft-tissue mass without right colonic gas is almost pathognomonic for intussusception. ( 2) Abdominal radiography should not be used to quantify the amount of stool, measure the liver size, or evaluate a child who has chronic vague abdominal pain. ( 3) It is important to remember that negative findings on abdominal radiography should prompt the physician to order additional, more specific studies when clinical suspicion is high. Fluoroscopy is used with plain radiography to evaluate the pediatric abdomen. For example, upper gastrointestinal radiographic studies demonstrate both the anatomy and function of the esophagus, …
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Excellent results in a group of selected high-risk patients.

BACKGROUND Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) has assumed an increasing role in many surgical practices. The ideal candidate has not been defined, but high-risk patients seem to benefit most when cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic cross clamping and cardioplegic arrest are avoided. METHODS Fourteen high-risk patients (age 52 to 81 years, 1 female, EF 44%+/-8, Parsonnet score 23+/-4) were studied. They presented with acute coronary syndroms on platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, acute myocardial infarction, worsening renal failure, decompensating ischemic cardiomyopathy, religious beliefs and denial of blood transfusion, and severe peripheral/cerebrovascular disease (total bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion and/or >90% stenosis). These patients underwent OPCABG via sternotomy with the intention of complete coronary revascularization. RESULTS An average of 2.3 grafts/patient were performed and the posterior descending artery (PDA) and marginal branches of the circumflex artery (LCX) were grafted in 79% of the patients. There were 3 events of intraoperative cardiac arrest precipitated by occlusion of right coronary artery (RCA) or positioning a cardiomegaly heart leading to immediate intravascular shunting (2) and/or conversion to CPB (1). One patient was converted to CPB and graft revision (intraoperative ultrasound and probing). The mortality rate was 0% and one stroke was observed on post-operative day 1. Coronary angiography (n=6) showed no significant stenosis. CONCLUSIONS OPCABG complete revascularization is feasible in high-risk patients with low morbidity and mortality and excellent early RESULTS OPCABG may be indicated in patients on platelet receptor antagonists preventing bleeding complications. Cardiomegaly can cause difficult off-pump LCX and PDA exposure and stabilization. RCA grafting off-pump is less tolerated and PDA grafting is preferred. High-risk patients for CPB are the ones who may benefit the most from OPCABG.
Development of advanced methodology for network-distributed simulation

The trends in the automotive industries including multilayered supply chain operation and modularized vehicle design are first been investigated and the need for a new distributed simulation methodology to couple distributed component models and support collaborative design of mechanical systems is identified in this research. The three key ingredients to enable such a distributed simulation methodology are proposed and investigated. First, a general model XML description is defined, which is a key element in distributing the different component models in the simulation platform. Each component model is described with an XML description and stored in the model database. An integrated model can then be assembled based on these model descriptions. Simulation of an integrated model is initialized simply by sending the model descriptions to a simulation server(s). Second, a new gluing algorithm, denoted as the T-T method, is developed, which enables distributed simulations (both the component models and simulation of the components) to be coupled while maintaining the independence of the separate components with minimum requirements for the interface information for the gluing algorithm. The gluing algorithm can be used to couple both finite element models and multibody dynamics models as demonstrated in this thesis. An algorithm to treat the non-matching interfaces between different finite element models is developed so that the gluing algorithm can be applied to a general class of simulation problems, since many simulation models are developed by different developers, and usually with non-matching interfaces. Third, a logical distributed simulation architecture is laid out that can be implemented with one of the existing technologies for distributed computing. Interfaces between different network components have been standardized to enable extensibility of the architecture by wrapping simulation codes with the standardized interface methods. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed methodology, a proof-of-concept web-based distributed simulation system is developed by incorporating the three major ingredients of the research. Two finite element codes, SAP and FEAP, have been wrapped using the proposed interface methods, which have been used in the demonstration simulation platform. Overall, this research presents a distributed simulation platform that fits the distributed nature of, and provides support to, the collaborative design in the multi-layered supply chain operations in the automotive industry.
The occurrence of spina bifida and hydrocephalus in siblings; a review of the literature and case report.

Abstract The literature concerning the occurrence of spina bifida in siblings is reviewed. A case is presented in which spina bifida associated with hydrocephalus occurred in three children of the same parents. Comment is made concerning the probability of recurrence of this malformation in subsequent pregnancies of the same family.
Online Brand Communities: There Is More Than Oneway to Drive Consumers’ Online Brand Identity and Interactivity

In 2012, brand communication strategies shifted as expenditures on Internet advertising in the US exceeded those spent on print for the first time. These trends point to the importance of brands using online brand communities (OBC) to build consumer-brand connections. However, despite the insights derived from prior OBC literature, there is minimal research investigating consumer-brand connections in an OBC. Though this stream of literature is helpful in explaining general motives for brand community engagement, it neglects to include research related to the power of branding. Consequently, when the context is shifted from general motives of engagement to brand-related predictors that influence consumer engagement, there is marginal research.
Empirical results for decisions to offer concessions in negotiations

In this chapter we turn to the empirical analysis of decisions by leaders in both challenger and target states to offer concessions in negotiations over disputed territory. Our analysis of the Negotiations Stage in this chapter is designed to build on the initial decision of the challenger to seek talks in the Challenge the Status Quo Stage (Chapter 7). We now attempt to explain the outcomes of these diplomatic initiatives. As a result, in this chapter we take the cases from the Status Quo Stage in which the challenger proposed talks and use statistical analyses to test the ability of our four models to explain whether each state will offer territorial concessions during those rounds of negotiations. We find that there are two general types of cases of “negotiations.” The first type consists of those instances in which the challenger's initial call for talks leads to subsequent negotiations over a longer period of time. In the second case, however, the challenger's initiative does not lead to formal substantive talks, but the two parties do exchange proposals and discuss the possibility of opening up more extensive talks. Nevertheless, these initial talks quickly become stalemated at this preliminary stage of discussions. It is important to include this latter set of cases since they represent attempts to undertake more extensive negotiations, and the reasons why they do not advance beyond preliminary talks should be addressed by the theoretical models we are testing.
Indications of polypides in feeding zooids and polymorphs in lower Paleozoic Trepostomata (Bryozoa)

Delicate symmetrical structures in living chambers of autozooecia of some lower Paleozoic species of the order Trepos- tomata have been interpreted as indications of polypides with little further elaboration. Applications of the anatomy, mode of skeletal growth, and functional requirements basic to living species permit recognition of a few organs of these partially preserved polypides, their functions, and their relationships to enclosing skeletons. Only one basic polypide anatomy is indicated in lower Paleozoic trepos- tome species, in contrast to the wide diversity of polypide anatomy and their lack of correlation with skeletal characteristics in living stenolaemates. In general, the longer the evolutionary history, the greater the diversity of skeletal morphology in stenolaemates. Ap- parently, polypide diversity and lack of correlation with skeletal morphology also have increased over time. The complex skeletal septa in autozooecial apertures of the lower Paleozoic trepostome Hallopora have been interpreted as reflecting an organ of full-sized feeding polypides. Applications of the basic biological concepts of living species suggest that the septa provided reduced skeletal apertures to fit smaller polypides of polymorphs that secondarily occupied the living chambers of full-sized degenerated feeding polypides.
Weiteres über die Mendelschen Vererbungsgesetze

Als Gregor Mendel seine Versuche mit Erbsen ausfuhrte, verfolgte er zunachst sieben Eigenschaftspaare; darunter war das schon genannte Paar gelbe und grune Erbsen, ferner rote und weise Blute, hoher und niedriger Wuchs und andere; jedes Paar aber zeigte die einfachen Vererbungsregeln, die wir nun genau studiert haben. Mendel blieb aber hierbei nicht stehen, sondern untersuchte weiterhin was sich ereignet, wenn die Bastardeltern in zwei oder mehr Merkmalspaaren verschieden sind, also etwa wenn er rotbluhende gelbe mit weisbluhenden grunen Erbsen kreuzte, oder wenn er rotbluhende, gelbe, hohe Erbsenrassen mit weisbluhenden, grunen niedrigen kreuzte. Dabei fand er das wichtige Ergebnis, das in diesem Fall jedes Paar von Elternfaktoren genau so spaltet, als ob es allein ware. Wir werden das sogleich verstehen, wenn wir uns an ein wirkliches Beispiel halten und wahlen der Abwechslung halber einmal ein anderes Versuchstier, das Meerschweinchen.
Cash and Livelihood in Soft Currency Economies: Challenges for Research

The 1980s are seen as a turning point in the global economy due to the opening up of the vast markets of the post-communist world, the pursuit of neoliberal national policies reframing the place of the state in economic management, and the rise in financial technologies for an expanded range of fields for investment. One historically concomitant shift is the abandonment of the Bretton Woods agreement on international exchange rates in the 1970s and the rise of currency markets, while national currencies were proliferating. The post-imperial moment in Africa (1960–1980) had seen the creation of 22 new currencies, and the post-Soviet/post-Yugoslav Union had produced 20 new currencies. One result is concentrated control of currency markets by big banks, and a multitude of small interventions in regional markets and the global networks that mediate trade and currency exchange in the small-scale commodity economy.
MemFlex: A Shared Memory Swapper for High Performance VM Execution

Ballooning is a popular solution for dynamic memory balancing. However, existing solutions may perform poorly in the presence of heavy guest swapping. Furthermore, when the host has sufficient free memory, guest virtual machines (VMs) under memory pressure is not be able to use it in a timely fashion. Even after the guest VM has been recharged with sufficient memory via ballooning, the applications running on the VM are unable to utilize the free memory in guest VM to quickly recover from the severe performance degradation. To address these problems, we present MemFlex , a shared memory swapper for improving guest swapping performance in virtualized environment with three novel features: (1) MemFlex effectively utilizes host idle memory by redirecting the VM swapping traffic to the host-guest shared memory area. (2) MemFlex provides a hybrid memory swapping model, which treats a fast but small shared memory swap partition as the primary swap area whenever it is possible, and smoothly transits to the conventional disk-based VM swapping on demand. (3) Upon ballooned with sufficient VM memory, MemFlex provides a fast swap-in optimization, which enables the VM to proactively swap in the pages from the shared memory using an efficient batch implementation. Instead of relying on costly page faults, this optimization offers just-in-time performance recovery by enabling the memory intensive applications to quickly regain their runtime momentum. Performance evaluation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of MemFlex when compared with existing swapping approaches.
philosophy for children goes to college: transformative changes in philosophical thinking when college students practice philosophizing with young children.

O presente ensaio apresenta reflexoes nas experiencias de campo requeridas para estudantes em um curso introdutorio a Filosofia da Educacao desde o ponto de vista de dois professores – um de filosofia e outro de educacao. O ensaio e um rastreamento reflexivo da conversao no pensamento filosofico que ocorre quando os estudantes universitarios dedicam um tempo significativo a filosofar com estudantes mais jovens usando a pedagogia da comunidade de investigacao. Nos cursos introdutorios de filosofia os estudantes sao apresentados ao conjunto de posicoes filosoficas em educacao, porem mais importante, eles aprendem tambem maneiras de pensar filosoficamente sobre problematicas em educacao. A pergunta e como fomentar melhor o crescimento de um pensamento filosofico nas limitadas semanas de um semestre universitario com um grupo diversificado de estudantes. O marco teorico para este projeto se baseia em pesquisas em comunidade de investigacao no trabalho de Matthew Lipman e Ann Sharp e na pesquisa em filosofia da infância de David Kennedy. O trabalho de Deborah Britzman sobre a pratica oferece uma ideia de desenvolvimento que ilumina o foco de nossa metodologia de investigacao. Os autores sustentam que as comunidades de investigacao nas quais adultos e criancas interagem oferecem dimensoes epistemologicas e ontologicas adicionais a questionar e refletir sobre. Quando os estudantes de nivel universitario comecam a ver-se a si proprios como membros de uma mesma comunidade que as criancas, como companheiros, as concepcoes sobre o que significa ser um pensador filosofico comeca a mudar. Como tal, o artigo sugere que envolver-se em um dialogo filosofico com as criancas fornece uma oportunidade unica para o âmbito universitario de transformar seus cursos de filosofia e educacao.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Stable Plasticity and Generalization of Stroke Recovery

Background and Purpose— Chronic impairment of the arm and hand is a common consequence of stroke. Animal and human studies indicate that brief bursts of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in conjunction with rehabilitative training improve recovery of motor function after stroke. In this study, we tested whether VNS could promote generalization, long-lasting recovery, and structural plasticity in motor networks. Methods— Rats were trained on a fully automated, quantitative task that measures forelimb supination. On task proficiency, unilateral cortical and subcortical ischemic lesions were administered. One week after ischemic lesion, rats were randomly assigned to receive 6 weeks of rehabilitative training on the supination task with or without VNS. Rats then underwent 4 weeks of testing on a task assessing forelimb strength to test generalization of recovery. Finally, the durability of VNS benefits was tested on the supination task 2 months after the cessation of VNS. After the conclusion of behavioral testing, viral tracing was performed to assess synaptic connectivity in motor networks. Results— VNS enhances plasticity in corticospinal motor networks to increase synaptic connectivity to musculature of the rehabilitated forelimb. Adding VNS more than doubled the benefit of rehabilitative training, and the improvements lasted months after the end of VNS. Pairing VNS with supination training also significantly improved performance on a similar, but untrained task that emphasized volitional forelimb strength, suggesting generalization of forelimb recovery. Conclusions— This study provides the first evidence that VNS paired with rehabilitative training after stroke (1) doubles long-lasting recovery on a complex task involving forelimb supination, (2) doubles recovery on a simple motor task that was not paired with VNS, and (3) enhances structural plasticity in motor networks.
Drastic enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting performance over plasmonic Al@TiO2 heterostructured nanocavity arrays

Abstract Herein, we presented nonprecious plasmonic Al@TiO2 heterostructures for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting by controllably isolating Aluminum (Al) nanoparticles (NPs) individually into TiO2 nanocavity arrays (NCAs). Compared with bare TiO2, the Al@TiO2 shows the most prominently enhanced PEC performance under solar light illumination. The significantly enhanced PEC activity of Al@TiO2 photoanode is attributed to the localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) induced electromagnetic field enhancement in UV–visible region and photoinduced hot carrier of Al NPs. Moreover, the naturally formed Al2O3 ultrathin layer can act as a protective layer by restraining Al NPs corrosion and reducing the surface charge recombination. This study reveals that a novel plasmonic system can be rationalized by forming isolated earth-abundant metal into the nanostructured semiconductor film with a highly ordered morphology, which opens a new paradigm for advanced catalyst design for PEC water splitting.
The Homology of Product Spaces

If two or more spaces are related to each other in some way, we would naturally expect that their homology groups should also be related in some way. Some of the most important theorems in the preceding chapters bear out this expectation : If A is a subspace of X, the exact homology sequence of the pair (X,A) describes the relations between the homology groups of A and the homology groups of X. If the space X is the union of two subspaces U and V, then the Mayer—Vietoris sequence gives relations between the homology groups of U, V, U∩V, and X.
Interfacial Strength Characterization and Simulation of the Stacked Copper-Polymer Structures in Fan-out Packages

Stacked Copper-polymer structures are essential components in fan-out packages for the electrical and thermal connectivity of package-to-system. The interfacial strength of copper-polymer structures, such as adhesion, plays a significant role in determining package performance and reliability. This paper evaluates the impact of interfacial strength of copper-polymer structures on fan-out package reliability by utilizing a fracture mechanics approach. The adhesion of copper with different polymer materials is characterized by using the four-point bending (4PB) test, from which the critical strain energy release rate (Gc) can be determined. This paper also investigates the effects of cleaning processes and moisture precondition. The results indicate that some types of polymer are highly sensitive to moisture precondition, which result in the degradation of interfacial strength due to hydrolysis. Furthermore, a practical design of stacked Cu-polymer structures is simulated based on fracture modeling methodology, where the VCCT (Virtual Crack Closure Technique) is applied to estimate the strain energy release rate (G) and stress intensity factors at a specific Cu-polymer interface. The results show that a predictive modeling approach can be developed to evaluate the risk of delamination compared to Gc and that the optimum layout design of Cu redistribution layer (RDL) can be determined. More importantly, the material selection strategy of polymer and Cu structure design optimization for ensuring product reliability can be achieved.
Type migration in large-scale code bases

Type migration is a frequent refactoring activity in which an existing type is replaced with another one throughout the source code. Recent studies have shown that type migration is more frequent in larger codebases. The state-of-the-art type migration tools cannot scale to large projects. Moreover, these tools do not fit into modern software development workflows, e.g., in Continuous Integration. This paper presents an IDE-independent type migration technique that scales to ultra-large-scale codebases through a MapReduce parallel and distributed process. We have implemented our approach in a tool called T2R. We evaluated it on codebases as large as 790 KLOC for specializing functional interfaces. Our results show that T2R is safe, scalable and useful. Open source developers accepted 70 migration patches spanning over 202 files.
Piñon-juniper fuels reduction treatment impacts pinyon jay nesting habitat

Abstract Across multiple continents, mechanical thinning of forests and woodlands is an increasingly common management approach to reduce potential fire risks or improve ecological condition. Thinning programs designed to reduce fire risk typically place priority on human needs with little consideration of impacts to wildlife. We report on the results of a fuels reduction treatment at a traditional pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) nesting colony in persistent pinon-juniper woodlands in New Mexico, USA. The treatment affected 21% of the traditional colony site, reducing tree density in treated areas from a mean of 1893 trees per hectare to a mean of 248 trees per hectare, an 87% reduction. Generalized linear mixed models indicated tree density and basal area were significantly greater at pinyon jay nests than in untreated areas and greater in untreated areas than treated areas. Tree diameter was greater in treated areas than in untreated areas and at nests, indicating that treatments retained larger trees. Areas treated in 2018 included 11 nests active in 2017. No nests found in 2018 were within the treated areas, with tests indicating that pinyon jays avoided nesting in treated areas. Although the treatment rendered previously suitable pinyon jay nesting habitat unsuitable, pinyon jays continued to nest near treated areas. While treatments should be planned to avoid direct losses of habitat, pinyon jays may be tolerant of treatments near traditional nesting areas in the short run, suggesting that slightly altering the location of treatments might allow them to occur without impacting traditional nesting areas. Longer-term monitoring across additional areas will help improve understanding of the impacts of thinning on wildlife and their habitat.
Distinct Roles of GluA2-lacking AMPA Receptor Expression in Dopamine D1 or D2 Receptor Neurons in Animal Behavior

Dopaminergic signaling in the central nervous system regulates several aspects of animal behavior. In the dopaminergic circuits, there are two classes of neurons that can be differentiated by their expression of dopamine receptors, D1 or D2 receptors (D1Rs or D2Rs). Notably, Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking glutamate AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) are important for gating synaptic plasticity and gene expression in neurons, and their expression particularly in the striatum affects various forms of animal behavior. However, differential effects of GluA2-lacking AMPARs in D1R or D2R neurons on animal behavior have not been addressed. Here, we employed the Cre-Lox recombination system to remove GluA2 selectively in D1R or D2R neurons to express CP-AMPARs and carried out multiple behavior assays. First, the open-field assay revealed that D2R GluA2 knockout (KO) mice showed hypoactivity, while GluA2 KO in D1R neurons had no effect on locomotor activity. We also revealed that D1R GluA2 KO mice showed delayed learning in the accelerating rotarod test compared with control animals, whereas D2R GluA2 KO animals exhibited complete loss of motor learning. In the sociability test, GluA2-lacking AMPAR expression in D1R neurons induced hypersociability, whereas D2R GluA2 KO mice elicited loss of sociability. Both D1R and D2R GluA2 KO mice consumed less food compared with control animals, while D1R GluA2 KO animals showed significantly more weight gain. Finally, D1R GluA2 KO induced anti-depressant effects, while GluA2-lacking AMPAR expression in D2R neurons promoted depression-like behavior. Taken together, GluA2-lacking CP-AMPAR expression in D1R and D2R neurons differentially affects animal behavior.
OnH 2 minimization for the Carathodory-Schur interpolation problem

In this note we show that theH 2 optimization of theH ∞ interpolant in the Caratheodory-Schur problem reduces to a finite dimensional albeit very nonlinear problem. Moreover we prove that theH 2-optimalH ∞ interpolant can be rational only in the trivial case, namely when it coincides with the original given polynomial.
3D-Printed Liquid Metal Interconnects for Stretchable Electronics

Stretchable electronic circuits and systems will be critical for future wearable devices and smart textiles, where existing flexible printed circuit board techniques severely limit conformal deformation. In this paper, we present a scalable fabrication approach for making robust interconnects for stretchable electronics using 3D-printed liquid metal paste. Direct extrusion of the liquid metal paste eliminates the need for expensive lithographic molds while offering improved conductivity over traditional carbon- and metal-based inks. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a multi-layer stretchable circuit, including both active and passive electronic components. We additionally present highly stretchable strain sensors, demonstrating stable conductivity of the liquid metal paste circuit interconnects with minimal hysteresis over more than 350 cycles at 200% strain. These two devices are combined to demonstrate a printed stretchable strain sensor with integrated readout circuitry.
A life without a shoreline: Tropes of refugee literature in Jenny Erpenbeck’s Go, Went, Gone

ABSTRACTThrough close engagement with Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel Go, Went, Gone (first published in German as Gehen, ging, gegangen in 2015), this article makes a case for refugee literature as a body...
Early life socioeconomic status moderates associations between objective sleep and weight-related indicators in middle childhood.

Abstract Objectives This study tested whether early socioeconomic status moderated links between objective and subjective sleep and weight indicators during middle childhood. Design The study design was cross-sectional but included data from earlier assessment points in the study. Setting Data were collected from families across the state of Arizona. Participants Participants were 382 children recruited from birth records (49.5% female; Mage = 8.47 years; 56.5% European American; 25.1% Latino; 25% living at or below the poverty line). Measurements Assessments included socioeconomic status at 12 months of age, and sleep and weight indicators at 8 years. Results Longer sleep durations predicted lower body mass index and decreased odds of being overweight/obese across all children, regardless of socioeconomic background. For children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, longer sleep duration predicted lower percent body fat, greater efficiency predicted lower percent body fat and body mass index and smaller waist circumference, and more sleep problems predicted larger waist circumference. For children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, greater sleep duration and efficiency also predicted the lowest odds of being overweight/obese, and more sleep problems predicted the greatest odds of being overweight/obese. Conclusions Early life may be a sensitive period that sets the stage for stronger links between sleep and weight indicators in middle childhood. Findings offer important information regarding the protective role of sleep in the promotion of health, as well as the negative consequences that may be stronger for children who experienced low early-life socioeconomic status.
Sustaining Sociosituated Performativity with Collaboration

The work of performers is to experience their self changing and becoming different, and to engage audiences in the embodiment of the change so that audience members open to the political potential of their own change. Making performance politically or making political performance will involve different strategies and structures, depending on the sociohistorical context in which the performer is working. Performers can develop practices that are more likely than not to generate a sociosituated positionality on the basis of alongside processes for becoming, knowing and valuing. These positionalities can drift into setting these alongside activities into a discursive field so they emerge into sociocultural articulation. Both are helpful, but without positionality, the set towards discourse can quickly become habit. To sustain the processual, performers need to foster practices of co-labouring rather than goal-oriented collectivity.
How Former Authoritarian Elite Spread Across Government Impacts the Quality of Democracy

When authoritarian-era elites return to positions of power under democracy, what are the implications for the quality of democracy? We investigate this question in this paper using an original dataset that tracks former authoritarian elites’ capture of high-level posts under democracy across Latin America from 1900 to 2015. We find that when authoritarian-era elites capture a wide range of posts across disparate government branches, such “elite dispersion” undercuts not only the overall quality of democracy but also specific dimensions of democracy such as accountability, openness of competition, breadth of inclusion, and egalitarianism. These results are robust to prominent alternative explanations of the quality of democracy – in particular, explanations that underscore the importance of formal organizations and institutions such as autonomous militaries, dominant political parties, and holdover autocratic constitutions. Elite dispersion matters for the quality of democracy even after controlling for these more visible channels of former authoritarian elite influence.
Controlled Polymerization of β-Pinadiene: Accessing Unusual Polymer Architectures with Biomass-Derived Monomers

Biomass-derived polymers are emerging as critically needed alternatives to their petrochemical counterparts. Terpenes, which are among the most abundant natural products, represent particularly fer...
GlacierNet: A Deep-Learning Approach for Debris-Covered Glacier Mapping

Rising global temperatures over the past decades is directly affecting glacier dynamics. To understand glacier fluctuations and document regional glacier-state trends, glacier-boundary detection is necessary. Debris-covered glacier (DCG) mapping, however, is notoriously difficult using conventional geospatial technology methods. Therefore, in this research for automated DCG mapping, we evaluate the utility of a convolutional neural network (CNN), which is a deep learning feed-forward neural network. The CNN inputs include Landsat satellite images, an Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) digital elevation model (DEM) and DEM-derived land-surface parameters. Our CNN based deep-learning approach named GlacierNet was designed by appropriately choosing the type, number and size of layers and filters, and encoder depth based on the properties of the input data, CNN segmentation process and empirical results. The GlacierNet was then trained using input data and corresponding glacier boundaries from the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) database, and tested on glaciers in the Karakoram and Nepal Himalaya. Our results show proof-of-concept that GlacierNet reasonably identifies the boundaries of DCGs with a relatively high degree of accuracy, and that morphometric parameters improves boundary detection.
Fermi-LAT searches for γ-ray pulsars

The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi satellite is the first γ-ray instrument to discover pulsars directly via their γ-ray emission. Roughly one third of the 117 γ-ray pulsars detected by the LAT in its first three years were discovered in blind searches of γ-ray data and most of these are undetectable with current radio telescopes. I review some of the key LAT results and highlight the specific challenges faced in γ-ray (compared to radio) searches, most of which stem from the long, sparse data sets and the broad, energy-dependent point-spread function (PSF) of the LAT. I discuss some ongoing LAT searches for γ-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs) and γ-ray pulsars around the Galactic Center. Finally, I outline the prospects for future γ-ray pulsar discoveries as the LAT enters its extended mission phase, including advantages of a possible modification of the LAT observing profile.
Progress through Regression

The Cobb-Douglas regression, a statistical technique developed to estimate what economists called a 'production function', was introduced in the late 1920s. For several years, only economist Paul Douglas and a few collaborators used the technique, while vigorously defending it against numerous critics. By the 1950s, however, several economists beyond Douglas's circle were using the technique, and by the 1970s, Douglas's regression, and more sophisticated procedures inspired by it, had become standard parts of the empirical economist's toolkit. This volume is the story of the Cobb-Douglas regression from its introduction to its acceptance as general-purpose research tool. The story intersects with the histories of several important empirical research programs in twentieth century economics, and vividly portrays the challenges of empirical economic research during that era. Fundamentally, this work represents a case study of how a controversial, innovative research tool comes to be widely accepted by a community of scholars.
R×C ecological inference: bounds, correlations, flexibility and transparency of assumptions

Summary. Despite its potential pitfalls, ecological inference is an unavoidable part of some quantitative settings, including US voting rights litigation. In such applications, the analyst will typically encounter two-way tables with more than two rows and columns. Although several ecological inference methods are currently available for 2×2 tables, there are fewer options for analysing general R×C tables, and virtually none that model counts as opposed to fractions. We propose a count R×C method that respects the bounds deterministically, that allows for complex relationships between internal cell quantities, that is easily extensible and that results from transparent assumptions. We study the method via simulation, and then apply it to an example that is drawn from the state of Texas relevant to recent redistricting litigation there.
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

Approximately 11–15 million people report heavy alcohol use or alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States; not surprisingly alcohol related medical problems are commonly encountered in critically ill and injured patients. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) consists of symptoms and signs arising in alcohol-dependent individuals, typically within 24–48 h of consumption of their last drink. Delirium tremens (DTs) a severe and potentially fatal form of AWS typically occurs 48–96 h after withdrawal of alcohol. AWS is usually mild and self limiting however approximately 5 % of patients develop DTs with a mortality approaching 15 %. Older age, underlying disease and comorbid liver disease are associated with an increased mortality risk. Although AWS occurs intentionally in those seeking abstinence, it may arise unexpectedly in an alcohol-dependent patients after admission to hospital. This disorder usually manifests itself on hospital day 3–5 and usually lasts under 1 week although prolonged DT’s has been described.
Development of Wastewater Pooled Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from Congregate Living Settings.

Wastewater-based monitoring for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the individual building level could be an efficient, passive means of early detection of new cases in congregate living settings, but this approach has not been validated. Preliminary samples were collected from a hospital and a local municipal wastewater treatment plant. Molecular diagnostic methods were compared side by side to assess feasibility, performance, and sensitivity. Refined sample collection and processing protocols were then used to monitor two occupied dormitory complexes (n = 105 and 66) over 8 weeks. Wastewater results were validated using known case counts from external clinical testing of building occupants. Results confirm that ultracentrifugation from a 24-h composite collection had a sensitivity of 96.2% and a specificity of 100%. However, the method could not distinguish new infectious cases from persistent convalescent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. If the detection of convalescent shedding is considered a false positive, then the sensitivity is 100% and specificity drops to 45%. It was determined that the proposed approach constitutes a highly sensitive wastewater surveillance method for detecting SARS-CoV-2, but it could not distinguish new infectious cases from persistent convalescent shedding. Future work must focus on approaches to distinguish new infections from convalescent shedding to fully realize the potential of building wastewater as a surveillance tool for congregate living. IMPORTANCE Some of the most severe outbreaks of COVID-19 have taken place in places where persons live together, such as nursing homes. Wastewater testing from individual buildings could be used for frequent pooled surveillance of virus from all occupants, including those who are contagious, with or without symptoms. This work provides a sensitive practical method for detecting infected individuals, as validated in two building complexes housing occupants who underwent frequent clinical testing performed by external entities. Although this sensitive method could be deployed now for pooled surveillance as an early warning system to limit outbreaks, the study shows that the approach will require further refinement to differentiate contagious, newly infected individuals from persons who have persistent viral fragments shedding in their stool outside the contagious period.
Neuroanatomy and Monitoring of the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve

The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is often overlooked, and intraoperative damage to this nerve is likely under-reported despite significant consequences. This article reviews the anatomy and identification of the EBSLN, its role in voice physiology, and the updated literature describing the role for intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). With the widespread acceptance of IONM, particularly in the identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, recent studies have demonstrated a role for this technology in the surgical identification of the EBSLN. However, the ability of IONM to improve clinical outcomes with regard to the EBSLN has not been fully elucidated in the current literature. The intraoperative identification and preservation of the EBSLN require a perspicacious endocrine surgeon. While IONM can play an important role in identification, further studies are required to demonstrate its role in long-term clinical outcomes.
Urban tree species classification using UAV-based multi-sensor data fusion and machine learning

Urban tree species classification is a challenging task due to spectral and spatial diversity within an urban environment. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms and small-sensor technology are ra...
Quackery Can Kill

(1954). Quackery Can Kill. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 17-42.
On sketching matrix norms and the top singular vector

Sketching is a prominent algorithmic tool for processing large data. In this paper, we study the problem of sketching matrix norms. We consider two sketching models. The first is bilinear sketching, in which there is a distribution over pairs ofrxn matrices S and n x s matrices T such that for any fixed n x n matrix A, from S · A · T one can approximate ||A||p up to an approximation factor α ≥ 1 with constant probability, where ||A||p is a matrix norm. The second is general linear sketching, in which there is a distribution over linear maps L: Rn2 → Rk, such that for any fixed n x n matrix A, interpreting it as a vector in Rn2, from L(A) one can approximate ||A||p up to a factor α.We study some of the most frequently occurring matrix norms, which correspond to Schatten p-norms for p e {0, 1, 2, ∞}. The p-th Schatten norm of a rank-r matrix A is defined to be [EQUATION], where σ1,...,σr are the singular values of A. When p = 0, ||A||0 is defined to be the rank of A. The cases p = 1, 2, and ∞ correspond to the trace, Frobenius, and operator norms, respectively. For bilinear sketches we show:1. For p = ∞ any sketch must have r · s = O(n2/α4) dimensions. This matches an upper bound of Andoni and Nguyen (SODA, 2013), and implies one cannot approximate the top right singular vector v of A by a vector v' with ||v' -- v||2 ≤ 1/2 with r · s = o(n2)2. For p e {0, 1} and constant α, any sketch must have r · s ≥ n1-e dimensions, for arbitrarily small constant e > 0.3. For even integers p ≥ 2, we give a sketch with r · s = O(n2-4/pe-2) dimensions for obtaining a (1 + e)-approximation. This is optimal up to logarithmic factors, and is the first general subquadratic upper bound for sketching the Schatten norms.For general linear sketches our results, though not optimal, are qualitatively similar, showing that for p = ∞, k = Ω(n3/2/α4) and for p e {0, 1}, k = Ω(√n). These give separations in the sketching complexity of Schatten-p norms with the corresponding vector p-norms, and rule out a table lookup nearest-neighbor search for p = 1, making progress on a question of Andoni.