cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financial reporting and economic implications of statements of financial standards No. 132(R) and No. 158

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address two questions: did adoption of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 132(R) and No. 158 affect neutrality of the financial reporting with regard to the disclosed expected rate of return (ERR) on pension assets assumptions, and did pension asset allocations change in response to the new recognition and disclosure requirements? Design/methodology/approach – The author uses several measures of association between reported expected return and pension assets allocations to assess neutrality of the reported ERR. The series of tests explores changes in correlations between asset allocations and expected rates of return and changes in the implied risk premiums following adoption of Statements No. 132(R) and No. 158. Granger causality analysis is used to explore the second research question: did pension asset allocations change in response to the new recognition and disclosure requirements? Findings – The empirical results are consistent with improved ne...
Ultra high energy cosmic rays

Abstract The evidence for the existence of cosmic rays with energies in excess of 1020 eV is now overwhelming. There is so far no indication of the GZK cutoff in the energy spectrum at 5 × 1019 eV. This conclusion is not firm for lack of statistics. A cutoff would be expected if the sources of the cosmic rays were distributed uniformly throughout the cosmos. The sources of cosmic rays with energy above the GZK cutoff must be at a distance ≤ 100 Mpc, and if they are protons they are very likely to point to these sources. There are no easy explanations how known astrophysical objects can accelerate protons (or atomic nuclei) to these energies. The fluxes of these cosmic rays is very low and large instruments are required to observe them even with modest statistics. One such instrument, the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. It is designed for all-sky coverage and the construction of its southern site in Argentina has begun.
Growth and sexual maturation in children after kidney transplantation

Linear growth and sexual maturation were assessed in 68 long-term pediatric renal allograft recipients (43 boys) receiving dally or alternate-day prednisone therapy. Growth was analyzed both during the prepubertal period and during pubertly. Height at transplantation was >2 SD below the mean in 34.2% of prepubertal children. After the first posttransplant year, 59.2% of the prepubertal children had a normal height increment (>4.8 cm/yr). Onset of pubertly was recorded at a chronologic age of 14.6±1.9 years in boys and 13.3±1.9 years In grils. Height at onset of puberty related to chronologic age was −2.4±1.3 SD. Height velocity during puberty was within normal limits in 62.5% of the children. No significant difference in pubertal growth was detected in patients who had received transplants before and after the onset of puberty. Duration of pubertal development was within normal limits. In grils,menarche was achieved at a mean chronologic age of 15.9 years and bone age 12.9 years. Adult height was attained at an average age of 20.3 years in boys and 18.7 years in girls. Overall, one third of the children attained anadult height >2 SD below the mean. Our data indicate that although poor growth before kidney transplantation has a great inffuence on adult height, the loss of growth potential during pubertal development seems even more important.
Scintillation in an earth-to-space propagation path.

Results of an experiment to measure the scintillation at a satellite from a ground-based laser transmitter. The GEOS-II satellite in a nearly circular orbit of 1250 km was illuminated by a ground-based laser tracking station using a 4880-A CW argon laser. A detector aboard the satellite measured the incident light and telemetered the data to recording equipment on the ground. Log-amplitude variance, probability distributions, and scintillation frequency distributions are derived from the data. The probability distribution is shown to be log-normal. Log-amplitude variance and normalized power spectral density are shown to be within the limits measured for stellar scintillation.-
Development of novel lewis acid catalyzed cycloisomerizations: synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes and cyclopentenones

The Lewis acid catalyzed cyclization of hexatrienes and pentadienals to bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes and cyclopentenones, respectively, was investigated. The application of the former reaction to the total synthesis of photodeoxytridachione, a molluscan polypropionate, is described.
Why So Much Stability?: Majority Voting, Legislative Institutions, and Gordon Tullock

Gordon Tullock, nearly a half century ago, raised questions about Arrow’s Theorem (“a phantom has stalked the classrooms and seminars of economics and political science”). He followed this up by asking, in light of Arrow’s Theorem, “Why so much stability?” In this paper a more nuanced understanding of the operating characteristics of majority rule in institutional settings, anticipated and stimulated by Tullock, is spelled out. A major distinction is made between preference cycles and voting cycles, suggesting why Arrow’s phantom still stalks, but that Tullock’s intuitions are germane as well.
A Hecke correspondence theorem for automorphic integrals with symmetric rational period functions on the Hecke groups

Abstract Marvin Knopp showed that entire automorphic integrals with rational period functions satisfy a Hecke correspondence theorem, provided the rational period functions have poles only at 0 or ∞. For other automorphic integrals the corresponding Dirichlet series has a functional equation with a remainder term that arises from the nonzero poles of the rational period function. In this paper we prove a Hecke correspondence theorem for a class of automorphic integrals with rational period functions on the Hecke groups. We restrict our attention to automorphic integrals of weight that is twice an odd integer and to rational period functions that satisfy a symmetry property we call “Hecke-symmetry.” Each remainder term satisfies two relations (the second of which is new in this paper) corresponding to the two relations for the rational period function.
Squarefree Monomial Ideals that Fail the Persistence Property and Non-increasing Depth

In a recent work (Kaiser et al., J. Comb. Theory Ser. A 123, 239–251, 2014), Kaiser et al. provide a family of critically 3-chromatic graphs whose expansions do not result in critically 4-chromatic graphs and, thus, give counterexamples to a conjecture of Francisco et al. (Discrete Math. 310, 2176–2182, 2010). The cover ideal of the smallest member of this family also gives a counterexample to the persistence and non-increasing depth properties. In this paper, we show that the cover ideals of all members of their family of graphs indeed fail to have the persistence and non-increasing depth properties.
Plagiarism, Integrity, and Workplace Deviance: A Criterion Study

Plagiarism is increasingly evident in business and academia. Though links between demographic, personality, and situational factors have been found, previous research has not used actual plagiarism behavior as a criterion variable. Previous research on academic dishonesty has consistently used self-report measures to establish prevalence of dishonest behavior. In this study we use actual plagiarism behavior to establish its prevalence, as well as relationships between integrity-related personal selection and workplace deviance measures. This research covers new ground in two respects: (a) That the academic dishonesty literature is subject to revision using criterion variables to avoid self bias and social desirability issues and (b) we establish the relationship between actual academic dishonesty and potential workplace deviance/white-collar crime.
Negishi Coupling of Secondary Alkylzinc Halides with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides

An efficient palladium-catalyzed process has been developed for Negishi coupling of secondary alkylzinc halides with a wide range of aryl bromides and activated aryl chlorides. A palladium catalyst composed of a new biaryldialkylphosphine ligand, CPhos, effectively promotes the rate of the reductive elimination step relative to the rate of the undesired β-hydride elimination. The broad substrate scope and excellent ratio of the desired secondary to the undesired primary coupling product make this method a powerful and reliable tool for C(sp3)−C(sp2) bond formation.
Games governments play: An analysis of national environmental policy in an open economy*

In this paper we study some of the consequences of national environmental policy in a strategic international setting. Two broad questions are analyzed. First, we examine the circumstances under which the pursuit of environmental policy by a country in a Cournot game will make that country worse off when the incidence of pollution is domestic. Second, we study the effects of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments in a Cournot game in which national governments care about international pollution, but polluting firms do not. It is shown that there are plausible theoretical circumstances in which the pursuit of environmental policy in a strategic setting is not necessarily a desirable objective. Further, it is shown that in choosing between alternate pollution control instruments, national governments typically face a tradeoff between instruments which correct more distortions but are costly to implement and instruments which correct fewer distortions and are less costly to implement. In particular, a dominance result for a tariff policy is obtained; this result favors protection, i.e., the use of tariffs, from an informational standpoint alone.
Ownership, Agency, and Wages: An Examination of Franchising in the Fast Food Industry

This paper estimates the difference in compensation between company-owned and franchisee-owned fast food restaurants. The contrast is of interest because contractual arrangements give managers of company-owned outlets less of an incentive to monitor and supervise employees. Estimates based on two data sets suggest that employee compensation is slightly greater at company-owned outlets than at franchisee-owned outlets. The earnings gap is 9 percent for assistant and shift managers and 2 percent for full-time crew workers. Furthermore, the tenure-earnings profile is steeper at company-owned restaurants. These findings suggest that monitoring difficulties influence the timing and generosity of compensation.
A photocatalyzed aliphatic fluorination

We disclose a new approach to the catalysis of alkane fluorination employing ultraviolet light and a photosensitizer, 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB). The process is efficient, mild, and operationally straightforward. We demonstrate reaction utility on a variety of substrates, from simple hydrocarbons to complex natural products. In a showcase example, we establish that the well-known photochemical rearrangement of α-santonin can be supplanted by a highly selective catalyzed fluorination.
Theories and an exact interactive paired-comparison approach for discrete multiple-criteria problems

An interactive approach is developed to help decision-makers (DMs) find the best alternatives with few questions without making stringent assumptions about their behavior. Theories and procedures are developed for ranking alternatives and eliminating suboptimal ones, assuming that the DM can respond to tradeoff- and paired-comparison questions. It is assumed that the DM wishes to maximize an unknown quasiconcave utility function for discrete multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Several tests are developed based on convex dominating cones. Optimality conditions for discrete MCDM problems are given for extreme, nonextreme, and convex-dominated points without requiring the DM to enumerate the remaining set of discrete alternatives. These optimality conditions are based on a branching technique which converts nonextreme points to extreme points. This substantially reduces the number of questions asked of the DM. Finally, an exact discrete MCDM method is developed. >
Selectivity in Lewis acid-mediated fragmentations of peroxides and ozonides: Application to the synthesis of alkenes, homoallyl ethers, and 1,2-dioxolanes

Fragmentation of dialkyl peroxides and ozonides is strongly influenced by the choice of Lewis acid. TiCl4 promotes C–O ionization (SN1 reaction) of tertiary peroxides while SnCl4 and BF3·OEt2 promote O–O heterolysis (Hock reaction). The cationic intermediates are trapped with allyltrimethylsilane to afford allylated alkanes and homoallyl ethers. In the absence of a nucleophile, ozonides (1,2,4-trioxolanes) invariably undergo O–O heterolysis. However, the combination of allyltrimethylsilane and SnCl4 results in formation of 1,2-dioxolanes via trapping of intermediates derived from SN1 ionization.
Correlation-energy density-functional formulas from correlating first-order density matrices

Explicit formal formulas for exact density-functional correlation energies are derived and expressed in terms of correlating first-order density matrices (one-matrices) that are functionals of the density. The correlation energy for a full calculation is considered, as well as one intended as an addition to a completed calculation that excludes correlation. Several constraints for the one-matrices are shown.
Efficient accessing of a multiaccess channel

A discrete time multiaccess channel is considered where the outcome of a transmission is either "idle", "success", or "collision", depending on the number of users transmitting simultaneously. Messages involved in a "collision" must be retransmitted. An efficient access allocation policy is developed for the case where infinitely many sources generate traffic in a Poisson manner and can all observe the outcomes of the previous transmissions. Its rate of success is .488. Modifications are presented for the cases where the transmission times depend on the transmission outcomes and where observations are noisy.
EARTH, MOON, SUN, AND CV ACCRETION DISKS

Net tidal torque by the secondary on a misaligned accretion disk, like the net tidal torque by the Moon and the Sun on the equatorial bulge of the spinning and tilted Earth, is suggested by others to be a source to retrograde precession in non-magnetic, accreting cataclysmic variable (CV) dwarf novae (DN) systems that show negative superhumps in their light curves. We investigate this idea in this work. We generate a generic theoretical expression for retrograde precession in spinning disks that are misaligned with the orbital plane. Our generic theoretical expression matches that which describes the retrograde precession of Earths' equinoxes. By making appropriate assumptions, we reduce our generic theoretical expression to those generated by others, or to those used by others, to describe retrograde precession in protostellar, protoplanetary, X-ray binary, non-magnetic CV DN, quasar, and black hole systems. We find that spinning, tilted CV DN systems cannot be described by a precessing ring or by a precessing rigid disk. We find that differential rotation and effects on the disk by the accretion stream must be addressed. Our analysis indicates that the best description of a retrogradely precessing spinning, tilted, CV DN accretion disk is a differentially rotating, tilted disk with an attached rotating, tilted ring located near the innermost disk annuli. In agreement with the observations and numerical simulations by others, we find that our numerically simulated CV DN accretion disks retrogradely precess as a unit. Our final, reduced expression for retrograde precession agrees well with our numerical simulation results and with selective observational systems that seem to have main-sequence secondaries. Our results suggest that a major source to retrograde precession is tidal torques like that by the Moon and the Sun on the Earth. In addition, these tidal torques should be common to a variety of systems where one member is spinning and tilted, regardless if accretion disks are present or not. Our results suggest that the accretion disk's geometric shape directly affects the disk's precession rate.
Stabilizing certificate dispersal

A certificate issued by a user u for another user v enables any user that knows the public key of u to obtain the public key of v. A certificate dispersalD assigns a set of certificates D.u to each user u in the system so that user u can find a public key of any other user v without consulting a third party. In this paper, we present a stabilizing certificate dispersal protocol that tolerates transient faults and changes in the certificate system. For example, when a certificate is issued or revoked, this change may lead the system into a state where the set of certificates assigned to each user no longer constitutes a certificate dispersal. Our “dynamic dispersal” protocol eventually brings the system back to a legitimate state where the set of certificates assigned to each user constitutes a certificate dispersal.
Three-dimensional photonic crystal demultiplexers

We present the analysis and design of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal (PC) demultiplexers in which the simultaneous existence of the superprism effect and the diffraction compensation results in a compact structure. We have used tetragonal woodpile PCs fabricated by 3D patterning of a polymer material through a direct laser writing technique for experimental demonstration of these devices.
A distributional analysis of social group inequality in rural India

This paper examines the differences in welfare, as measured by per capita expenditure (PCE), between social groups in rural India across the entire welfare distribution. The paper establishes that the disadvantage suffered by two historically disadvantaged groups  Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)  is underestimated when the comparison group is Non-SCs/STs rather than general category (mostly higher castes). The ST households are the most disadvantaged followed by the SC and the Other Backward Caste households with respect to general category households, and the disadvantage exists across the entire distribution. Better covariates and better returns to those covariates contribute to the advantage of the general category households. The findings suggest that the policies to raise the human capital and strengthening the other productive assets of the SC and the ST households must remain a focus of attention besides promoting a more active labor market in rural India.
SIGHT: The simulated interactive graphical trajectory system

Abstract SIGHT represents a multi-functional mission simulation and analysis system for the determination of orbital mechanics and spacecraft dynamics. SIGHT provides three dimensional real-time simulation of the orbital paths and rotations of multiple bodies. The system uses a numerical solution to the restricted three body problem and introduces algorithms for navigation and guidance. The purpose of SIGHT is to create, model and analyze complex scenarios of thrusting and non-thrusting structures on high-speed image processing environments. The application of SIGHT will be discussed for the analysis of a low-thrust spacecraft currently being developed in conjunction with NASA Langley.
Trivial Measures are not so Trivial

Although algorithmic randomness with respect to various non-uniform computable measures is well-studied, little attention has been paid to algorithmic randomness with respect to computable trivial measures, where a measure μ on 2 ? is trivial if the support of μ consists of a countable collection of sequences. In this article, it is shown that there is much more structure to trivial computable measures than has been previously suspected.
Estimation of the global impacts of aviation-related noise using an income-based approach

Current practices for assessing the monetary impacts of aviation noise typically use hedonic pricing methods that estimate noise-induced property value depreciation. However, this approach requires detailed knowledge of local housing markets, which is not readily available at a fine resolution for most airport regions around the world. This paper proposes a new noise monetization method based on citylevel personal income, which is often more widely available. Underlying the approach is a meta-analysis of 63 hedonic pricing studies from eight countries, conducted between 1970 and 2010, which is used to derive a general relationship between average city-level personal income and the Willingness to Pay for noise abatement. Applying the new model to income, noise, and population data for 181 airports worldwide, the global capitalized monetary impacts of commercial aviation noise in 2005 are estimated to be $23.8 billion, with a Net Present Value of $36.5 billion between 2005 and 2035 when a 3.5% discount rate is applied. Comparison with previous results based on real estate data yields a difference of � 34.2% worldwide and � 9.8% for the 95 US airports in the analysis. The main advantages of the incomebased model are fewer data limitations and the relative ease of implementation compared to the hedonic pricing methods, making it suitable for assessing the monetary impacts of aviation noise reduction policies on a global scale. & 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D

The authors assume that firms invest in R&D not only to generate innovations, but also to learn from competitors and extraindustry knowledge sources (e.g., university and government labs). This argument suggests that the ease of learning within an industry will both affect R&D spending, and condition the influence of appropriability and technological opportunity conditions on R&D. For example, they show that, contrary to the traditional result, intraindustry spillovers may encourage equilibrium industry R&D investment. Regression results confirm that the impact of appropriability and technological opportunity conditions on R&D is influenced by the ease and character of learning. Copyright 1989 by Royal Economic Society.
Determination of transition metal-alkyl bond dissociation energies from kinetic measurements

Abstract Transition metal—alkyl bond dissociation energies ( D L n MR ) may be deduced from kinetic measurements using the relation: D L n MR = Δ H † 1 Δ H † −1 , where Δ H † 1 and Δ H † −1 are activation enthalpies of the homolytic bond dissociation reaction and the reverse (recombination) reaction, respectively, i.e. L n MR L n M . + R . . This has come to be one of the most widely used methods for determining such bond dissociation energies in solution. The basis, scope and limitations of the method are discussed with particular reference to the following themes: (i) determination of Δ H † 1 and Δ H † −1 , (ii) the role and choice of free radical traps, (iii) solvent effects, (iv) magnitudes and variations of entropies of activation and (v) relation to other methods of determining transition metal—alkyl bond dissociation energies.
Penalized log-likelihood estimation for partly linear transformation models with current status data

We consider partly linear transformation models applied to current status data. The unknown quantities are the transformation function, a linear regression parameter and a nonparametric regression effect. It is shown that the penalized MLE for the regression parameter is asymptotically normal and efficient and converges at the parametric rate, although the penalized MLE for the transformation function and nonparametric regression effect are only n 1/3 consistent. Inference for the regression parameter based on a block jack-knife is investigated. We also study computational issues and demonstrate the proposed methodology with a simulation study. The transformation models and partly linear regression terms, coupled with new estimation and inference techniques, provide flexible alternatives to the Cox model for current status data analysis.
Agent-based computational finance: Suggested readings and early research

Abstract The use of computer simulated markets with individual adaptive agents in finance is a new, but growing field. This paper explores some of the early works in the area concentrating on a set of some of the earliest papers. Six papers are summarized in detail, along with references to many other pieces of this wide ranging research area. It also covers many of the questions that new researchers will face when getting into the field, and hopefully can serve as a kind of minitutorial for those interested in getting started.
Investigation of surface water behavior during glaze ice accretion

Microvideo observations of glaze ice accretions on 1-in-diameter cylinders in a closed-loop refrigerated wind tunnel were obtained to study factors controlling the behavior of unfrozen surface water during glaze ice accretion. Three zones of surface water behavior were noted, each with a characteristic roughness. The effect of substrate thermal and roughness properties on ice accretions was also studied. The contact angle and hysteresis were found to increase sharply at temperatures just below 0 C, explaining the high resistance to motion of water beads observed on accreting glaze ice surfaces. Based on the results, a simple multizone modification to the current glaze ice accretion model is proposed.
Formation of a Novel Ordered Ni3Al Surface Structure by Codeposition on NiAl(110)

The formation of a new type of ordered 2D Ni3Al overlayer by low-temperature codeposition on NiAl(110) is demonstrated by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of a multisite atomistic lattice-gas model with a precise treatment of surface diffusion kinetics. Simultaneous codeposition with 3:1 Ni:Al yields poor ordering at 300 K but well-ordered structures by ~500 K. Sequential codeposition of Ni then Al yields unmixed core-ring nanostructures at 300 K but strong intermixing and ordering by ~500 K.
Determination of the partitioning, stability, and metabolite formation of isosorbide dinitrate in human and rat blood using an improved gas-liquid chromatographic assay.

Abstract A simple and highly sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method using electron-capture detection has been developed for the simultaneous determination of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and its mononitrate metabolites in rat and human plasma. This method has a limit of quantitation of about 5 ng/ml for the mononitrates and of 1 ng/ml for ISDN using 0.1 ml of plasma, and is thus useful for pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds in small animals, and in humans when the available volume of blood is limited. Using this method, we found the apparent in vitro partitioning ratio of ISDN between erythrocyte and plasma in rat and human blood at 37°C to be 0.22 and 0.13, respectively. In spite of this poor affinity for red blood cells, ISDN degradation in whole blood was mediated primarily via this blood fraction. Loss of ISDN in blood appeared to proceed exclusively through its mononitrate metabolites, resulting in a 6:1 product ratio of the 5-mononitrate to its 2-isomer. These data suggest that although blood degradation of ISDN and erythrocyte partitioning occur per se, these phenomena do not contribute significantly to the very rapid in vivo clearance of ISDN observed in man and in the rat.
High-Performance Solid Acid Fuel Cells Through Humidity Stabilization

Although they hold the promise of clean energy, state-of-the-art fuel cells based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are inoperable above 100°C, require cumbersome humidification systems, and suffer from fuel permeation. These difficulties all arise from the hydrated nature of the electrolyte. In contrast, “solid acids” exhibit anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability. We demonstrate continuous, stable power generation for both H_2/O_2 and direct methanol fuel cells operated at ∼250°C using a humidity-stabilized solid acid CsH_2PO_4 electrolyte.
A conservative treatment of zonal boundaries for Euler equation calculations

Finite-difference calculations require the generation of a grid for the region of interest. A zonal approach, wherein the given region is subdivided into zones and the grid for each zone is generated independently, makes the grid-generation process for complicated topologies and for regions requiring selective grid refinement a fairly simple task. This approach results in new boundaries within the given region, that is, zonal boundaries at the interfaces of the various zones. The zonal-boundary scheme (the integration scheme used to update the points on the zonal boundary) for the Euler equations must be conservative, accurate, stable, and applicable to general curvilinear coordinate systems. A zonal-boundary scheme with these desirable properties is developed in this study. The scheme is designed for explicit, first-order-accurate integration schemes but can be modified to accommodate second-order-accurate explicit and implicit integration schemes. Results for inviscid flow, including supersonic flow over a cylinder, blast-wave diffraction by a ramp, and one-dimensional shock-tube flow are obtained on zonal grids. The conservative nature of the zonal-boundary scheme permits the smooth transition of the discontinuities associated with these flows from one zone to another. The calculations also demonstrate the continuity of contour lines across zonal boundaries that can be achieved with the present zonal scheme.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Interstratified Lizardite/Saponite

A novel interstratified lizardite/saponite which has never been found in nature is hydrothermally synthesized from uniform Si-Al-Mg gels at 300°C. The stacking ratios of lizardite layer to saponite layer in the structure are designed between 3/1 and 1/3. These materials give partially ordered X-ray diffraction patterns depending on the layer composition. The lattice-fringe image of the L/S= 1/1 sample shows that platelet particles have a thickness of 17.5 A consisting of a lizardite layer (7.5 A) and a dehydrated saponite layer (10.0 A). They can disperse in water like smectite.
A framework for energy and transient power reduction during behavioral synthesis

In battery driven portable applications, the minimization of energy, average power, peak power, and peak power differential are equally important to improve reliability and efficiency. The peak power and the peak power differential drive the transient characteristics of a CMOS circuit. In this paper, we propose a framework for the simultaneous reduction of energy and transient power during behavioral synthesis. A new metric called "cycle power function" (CPF) is defined which captures the transient power characteristics as an equally weighted sum of the normalized mean cycle power and the normalized mean cycle differential power. Minimizing CPF using multiple supply voltages and dynamic frequency clocking under resource constraints results in the reduction of both energy and transient power. Based on the above, we develop a new datapath scheduling algorithm called CPF-scheduler which attempts at power and energy minimization by minimizing the CPF parameter during the scheduling process. The type and number of functional units available become the set of resource constraints for the scheduler. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheduler achieves significant reductions in terms of power and energy.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic polyamines

Abstract (±)-Azamacrolides were synthesized via lipase-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of (±)-hydroxy-azaesters. Further, the size of the macrocyclic lactones formed could be altered by the substituent on the nitrogen atom. This allows one to prepare a combinatorial library of azamacrolides from a small number of hydroxy-azaesters using this biocatalytic approach.
Perinatal cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage.

Intraventricular hemorrhage was found in 148 instances among 714 consecutive autopsies on stillborn and newborn infants. Increased incidence among the poor and non-Caucasian infants and among infants with congenital pneumonia was related to the higher incidence of premature births in these groups. Infants with intraventricular hemorrhage were growth retarded, the retardation having anatomic features of antenatal undernutrition. A role for hypoxia in the genesis of intraventricular hemorrhage was suggested by its association with hyaline membrane disease. Obstetric abnormalities did not appear to predispose to intraventricular hemorrhage.
The Molecular Basis of Visual Excitation

In 1967 Professor Wald, together with Professors H. K. Hartline and R. Granit, received the Nobel Prize for Medicine. The article that follows consists of most of the lecture delivered by Professor Wald last December when he received the prize in Stockholm.
Syn selective aldol reactions of titanium and zirconium dienolates.

Abstract The low temperature transmetallation of the lithium dienolate of 2-cyclohexene-1-one or 2-cyclopentene-1-one with chlorotitanium triisopropoxide or bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)dichlorozirconium gives the Z,E- titanium or zirconium dienolate. These transition metal dienolates participate in aldol reactions with achiral aldehydes resulting in the direct formation of a syn β-hydroxy enone system.
Forward-looking agents and macroeconomic determinants of the equity price in a small open economy

This article estimates a macro-determinant model of stock price using monthly data on Canadian and US markets. It is found that the commodity price is also an important component of stock prices. Economic agents in Canadian stock markets are forward looking and their reactions to equilibrium errors are asymmetric. It is also found that deviations from fundamental price are short-lived. Furthermore, among long-run macro-determinants of stock price, at least two long-run stationary relationships exist: uncovered interest parity and a long-run Canadian monetary policy reaction function.
A Method for Localizing Energy Dissipation in Blazars Using Fermi Variability

The distance of the Fermi-detected blazar gamma-ray emission site from the supermassive black hole is a matter of active debate. Here we present a method for testing if the GeV emission of powerful blazars is produced within the sub-pc scale broad line region (BLR) or farther out in the pc-scale molecular torus (MT) environment. If the GeV emission takes place within the BLR, the inverse Compton (IC) scattering of the BLR ultraviolet (UV) seed photons that produces the gamma-rays takes place at the onset of the Klein-Nishina regime. This causes the electron cooling time to become practically energy independent and the variation of the gamma-ray emission to be almost achromatic. If on the other hand the -ray emission is produced farther out in the pc-scale MT, the IC scattering of the infrared (IR) MT seed photons that produces the gamma-rays takes place in the Thomson regime, resulting to energy-dependent electron cooling times, manifested as faster cooling times for higher Fermi energies. We demonstrate these characteristics and discuss the applicability and limitations of our method.
The Technological Conundrum: How Rapidly Advancing Technology Can Lead to Commoditization

Much of the recent empirical IO research has been conducted in the context of relatively mature, stable (often consumer packaged goods) markets. In these markets, consumer preferences and competitive interaction are often characterized by relatively stable patterns over time. In contrast, modeling and estimating analogous patterns in rapidly changing technology-intensive industries, where brand preferences and technology evolve rapidly, can be challenging. Our primary objective in this research is to build on recent developments in econometric estimation and modeling to assess the time-varying shifts in consumer brand preferences in a rapidly changing technology industry. In doing so, we document an interesting technological conundrum—technological advancement can often lead to commoditization. In the Personal Computer (PC) market, this began with differentiation that was initially central to success in a market that has been increasingly commoditized over time. Methodologically, we adopt a factor-analytic approach to model and estimate the evolution of consumer brand preferences over time.
Impact of scaling on the high current behavior of RF CMOS technology

In this paper, the impact of the starting material resistivity on the electrostatic discharge (ESD), latch-up, and injection induced breakdown voltage (BVii) sensitivity will be investigated for a sub-100-nm fully silicided CMOS technology for low-power and RF applications. The mechanisms through which the increase of the substrate spreading resistance enhances the uniformity of the ESD current in nMOS-based protection methods will be investigated in detail. Tradeoffs between ESD, latch-up, and BVii will be addressed as well.
Controlling decoherence of a two-level atom in a lossy cavity

Abstract By use of external periodic driving sources, we demonstrate the possibility of controlling the coherent as well as the decoherent dynamics of a two-level atom placed in a lossy cavity. The control of the coherent dynamics is elucidated for the phenomenon of coherent destruction of tunnelling (CDT), i.e. the coherent dynamics of a driven two-level atom in a quantum superposition state can be brought practically to a complete standstill. We study this phenomenon for different initial preparations of the two-level atom. We then proceed to investigate the decoherence originating from the interaction of the two-level atom with a lossy cavity mode. The loss mechanism is described in terms of a microscopic model that couples the cavity mode to a bath of harmonic field modes. A suitably tuned external cw-laser field applied to the two-level atom slows down considerably the decoherence of the atom. We demonstrate the suppression of decoherence for two opposite initial preparations of the atomic state: a q...
Quasi-periodic orbits about the translunar libration point.

Analytical solutions for quasi-periodic orbits about the translunar libration point are obtained by using the method of Lindstedt-Poincare and computerized algebraic manipulations. The solutions include the effects of nonlinearities, lunar orbital eccentricity, and the sun's gravitational field. For a small-amplitude orbit, the orbital path as viewed from the earth traces out a Lissajous figure. This is due to a small difference in the fundamental frequencies of the in-plane and out-of-plane oscillations. However, when the amplitude of the in-plane oscillation is greater than 32,379 km, there is a corresponding value of the out-of-plane amplitude that will produce a path where the fundamental frequencies are equal. This synchronized trajectory describes a 'halo orbit' of the moon.
Quantum Simulation of Tunneling in Small Systems

A number of quantum algorithms have been performed on small quantum computers; these include Shor's prime factorization algorithm, error correction, Grover's search algorithm and a number of analog and digital quantum simulations. Because of the number of gates and qubits necessary, however, digital quantum particle simulations remain untested. A contributing factor to the system size required is the number of ancillary qubits needed to implement matrix exponentials of the potential operator. Here, we show that a set of tunneling problems may be investigated with no ancillary qubits and a cost of one single-qubit operator per time step for the potential evolution, eliminating at least half of the quantum gates required for the algorithm and more than that in the general case. Such simulations are within reach of current quantum computer architectures.
On the synchronizability and detectability of random PPM sequences

The problem of synchronization and detection of random pulse-position modulation (PPM) sequences is investigated under the assumption of perfect slot synchronization. Maximum-likelihood PPM symbol synchronization and receiver algorithms are derived that make decisions based on both soft and hard data; these algorithms are seen to be easily implementable. The author derives bounds on the symbol error probability and the probability of false synchronization that indicate the existence of a severe performance floor, which can be the limiting factor in the overall system performance. The performance floor is inherent in the PPM format and random data and becomes more serious as the PPM alphabet size Q is increased. A way to eliminate the performance floor is suggested by inserting 'special' PPM symbols in the random data stream. >
In vivo silencing of the transcription factor IRF5 reprograms the macrophage phenotype and improves infarct healing.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test whether silencing of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in cardiac macrophages improves infarct healing and attenuates post...
Methane fluxes in the southern North Sea: the role of European rivers

Abstract Methane distributions were measured in the Southern Bight of the North Sea during March 1989 as part of the North Sea Program of the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council. Methane concentrations in the open North Sea were at or near solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere, but near the coast of the Netherlands, in the plume of the Rhine, extremely high methane values (as high as 120 times saturation) were observed. Both the Rhine and Scheldt rivers, and possibly coastal sediments, seemed to be significant regional sources of methane. Methane oxidation represented a relatively small sink for methane in the North Sea compared to gas loss to the atmosphere. This was due, in part, to the fact that methane oxidizing bacteria within the river plume appeared to be oxidizing the gas at close to their maximal rate, although offshore bacteria were able to increase oxidation rates as methane concentrations increased. Thus our studies suggested that bacterial methane oxidation kinetics were saturated at much lower methane concentrations in plume or estuarine waters than in open ocean situations. If the Rhine and Scheldt are the sources of the methane found in the Southern Bight, river concentrations of methane must be high (order of 50–5000 nM). Although rivers and coastal zones may not represent a major atmospheric source of methane, they can be very important as methane sources to the coastal ocean.
On the Relationships Among Optimal Symmetric Fix-Free Codes

Symmetric fix-free codes are prefix condition codes in which each codeword is required to be a palindrome. Their study is motivated by the topic of joint source-channel coding and by some information retrieval problems. Although they have been considered by a few communities they are not well understood. In earlier work, we used a collection of instances of Boolean satisfiability problems as a tool in the generation of all optimal binary symmetric fix-free codes with n codewords and observed that the number of different optimal codelength sequences grows slowly compared with the corresponding number for prefix condition codes. We demonstrate that all optimal symmetric fixfree codes can alternatively be obtained by sequences of codes generated by simple manipulations starting from one particular code. We also discuss simplifications in the process of searching for this set of codes as well as a conjecture, which if correct, together with the other results leads to a relatively fast algorithm which has been implemented in MATLAB to construct all optimal binary symmetric fix-free codes.
Atomistic nonequilibrium computer simulations

Abstract Newton's Lagrange's and Hamilton's equations of motion have been modified to include the effects of constraints, nonequilibrium fluxes, and gradients. These nonclassical equations provide estimates of the linear transport coefficients and, through nonlinear dissipative terms, can also simulate nonequilibrium steady states. To illustrate the modified equations of motion, we apply them to a simple three-oscillator problem. The new methods have also been used to study nonlinear problems with large coupled gradients. We describe two examples: the coupling of heat flow with rotation and the simulation of strong shockwaves in dense fluids.
Circularly Polarized Radio Emission from an X-Ray Protostar

IRS 5, an embedded young stellar object in the nearby Corona Australis molecular cloud, was recently detected as an X-ray source with the ASCA and ROSAT satellites. We report here the detection of circularly polarized continuum emission from IRS 5 at centimeter wavelengths. Already known to be a highly variable radio source, the polarization fraction is seen to range from V/I10% to 37% on a day timescale. This demonstrates that radio emission from protostars, previously attributed in most cases to ionized thermal outflows, can sometimes arise instead from nonthermal processes, i.e., gyrosynchrotron emission from particles accelerated in situ by magnetic reconnection flares. Together with the X-ray data and indications of MeV particles in the solar nebula obtained from meteoritic materials, it contributes to the growing evidence for high-energy processes during the earliest stages of low-mass star formation.
Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalyzed Formation of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Indoles from Styryl Azides

Dirhodium(II)-carboxylate complexes were discovered to promote the selective migration of acyl groups in trisubstituted styryl azides to form 1,2,3-trisubstituted indoles. The styryl azides are readily available in three steps from cyclobutanone and 2-iodoaniline.
Subjective bayesian methods for rule-based inference systems

The general problem of drawing inferences from uncertain or incomplete evidence has invited a variety of technical approaches, some mathematically rigorous and some largely informal and intuitive. Most current inference systems in artificial intelligence have emphasized intuitive methods, because the absence of adequate statistical samples forces a reliance on the subjective judgment of human experts. We describe in this paper a subjective Bayesian inference method that realizes some of the advantages of both formal and informal approaches. Of particular interest are the modifications needed to deal with the inconsistencies usually found in collections of subjective statements.
DISCREPANT MASS ESTIMATES IN THE CLUSTER OF GALAXIES ABELL 1689

We present a new mass estimate of a well studied gravitational lensing cluster, Abell 1689, from deep Chandra observations with a total exposure of 200 ks. Within r = 200 h −1 kpc, the X-ray mass estimate is systematically lower than that of lensing by 30%-50%. At r> 200 h −1 kpc, the mass density profiles from X-ray and weak lensing methods give consistent results. The most recent weak lensing work suggests a steeper profile than what is found from the X-ray analysis, while still in agreement with the mass at large radii. Fitting the total mass profile to a Navarro-Frenk-White model, we find M200 = (1.16 +0.45 −0.27 ) × 10 15 h −1 Mwith a concentration, c200 = 5.3 +1.3 −1.2 , using nonparametric mass modeling. With parametric profile modeling, we find M200 = (0.94 +0.11 −0.06 ) × 10 15 h −1 M� and c200 = 6.6 +0.4 −0.4 . This is much lower compared to masses deduced from the combined strong and weak lensing analysis. Previous studies have suggested that cooler small-scale structures can bias X-ray temperature measurements or that the northern part of the cluster is disturbed. We find these scenarios unlikely to resolve the central mass discrepancy since the former requires 70%-90% of the space to be occupied by these cool structures, and excluding the northern substructure does not significantly affect the total mass profiles. A more plausible explanation is a projection effect. Assuming that the gas temperature and density profiles have a prolate symmetry, we can bring the X-ray mass estimate into a closer agreement with that of lensing. We also find that the previously reported high hard-band to broadband temperature ratio in A1689, and many other clusters observed with Chandra, may be resulting from the instrumental absorption that decreases 10%-15% of the effective area at ∼1.75 keV. Caution must be taken when analyzing multiple spectral components under this calibration uncertainty.