cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dumping and signaling

Abstract A model of predatory dumping based upon incomplete and asymmetric information is developed. The foreign firm may induce exit by the home firm through acting like a low cost competitor, irrespective of its actual costs. The home firm must infer the foreign firm's cost through its export price. By tying the export price to the price that the foreign firm charges in the foreign market, a home county antidumping law raises the cost of signaling low production costs to the home producer. The law has signal enhancing or inhibiting effects, which may adversely affect the home firm with ambiguous welfare consequences.
Litigation and Post-Traumatic TMD: How Patients Report Treatment Outcome

Ongoing litigation may affect treatment response in patients with trauma-induced TMD. A survey of 100 patients underscores the need for comprehensive psychosocial and behavioral assessment, including evaluation of litigation status in these patients.
Workers' self-management and planning: The Yugoslav case

Abstract The new constitution that Yugoslavia adopted in 1974 provides an elaborate blueprint for a workers' self-managed economy. One feature of the constitutional changes is that, in addition to continuing to strengthen the role of workers in decision-making, they strengthen the ability for macroeconomic co-ordination and, specifically, the role of planning. To reconcile the seemingly conflicting objectives of decentralizing and co-ordinating decision-making, a novel form of participative planning was introduced. The new system of self-management planning, although having elements of central planning and indicative planning, is radically different from both. This paper, after briefly reviewing the evolution of planning in Yugoslavia, analyses the rules, procedures and theoretical premises of the new system of planning codified in 1976.
Calcium chloride and ammonium thiosulfate as ammonia volatilization inhibitors for urea fertilizers

Abstract Surface‐applied urea fertilizers are susceptible to hydrolysis and loss of nitrogen (N) through ammonium (NH3) volatilization when conditions favorable for these processes exist. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) may inhibit urease activity and reduce NH3 volatilization when mixed with urea fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CaCl2 and ATS as urea‐N loss inhibitors for contrasting soil types and varying environmental conditions. The proposed inhibitors were evaluated in the laboratory using a closed, dynamic air flow system to directly measure NH3 volatilization. The initial effects of CaCl2 on ammonia volatilization were more accentuated on an acid Lufkin fine sandy loam than a calcareous Ships clay, but during volatilization periods of ≥ 192 h, cumulative N loss was reduced more on the Ships soil than the Lufkin soil. Calcium chloride delayed the commencement of NH3 volatilization following fertilizer application and reduced the ma...
Naturally occurring quantitative variants of acid phosphatase-1 in Drosophila melanogaster.

We have examined 111 wild Drosophila melanogaster lines for cis-acting quantitative variants of the Acph-1 gene, which codes for acid phosphatase-1 (ACPH). Three variants with obvious, reproducible phenotypes were isolated. All variants acted equally on all tissues and developmental stages examined. No recombinants were detected between one quantitative variant and the site determining the electrophoretic mobility of Acph-1 among 3885 flies examined. Several enzymatic properties of the variant enzymes were tested, including the Kmvalues for two substrates, inhibition by three different inhibitors, and thermal stability; the variant enzymes behaved identically to the wild-type enzyme in all cases. Immunological titration experiments showed that the variant enzymes had the same enzyme activity per molecule of ACPH as the wild-type enzyme. These results suggest that the quantitative variants we have identified are altered in the regulatory portion of Acph-1 so as to produce altered numbers of normal ACPH molecules.
Double coset algebras

Abstract For a finite monoid M with unit e and an indexed family G = { G i : i ∈ I } of subgroups of the group G ( M ) of invertible elements in M, the complex vector space A ( M , G ) with basis the double cosets of the form G i m G j , m ∈ M , has a natural multiplication yielding an associative C -algebra which we call a double coset algebra. We construct two Z -algebras with identity, LGS ( M , G ) and RGS ( M , G ) , called the left and right generalized Schur algebras, which as Z -modules are free with basis the double cosets. When M is the symmetric group S r and G is the family of Young subgroups indexed by compositions of r with at most n parts, A ( M , G ) is isomorphic to the usual Schur algebra S ( n , r ) and LGS ( M , G ) corresponds to its standard Z -form. The structure constants we derive for these algebras provide multiplication rules useful for further analysis of the generalized Schur algebras. Our main result is then the observation that LGS ( M , G ) and RGS ( M , G ) are always Z -forms for A ( M , G ) , that is, A ( M , G ) ≅ C ⊗ Z LGS ( M , G ) ≅ C ⊗ Z RGS ( M , G ) . The Iwahori–Hecke algebra H ( M , G ) corresponding to a finite monoid M and subgroup G is isomorphic to the double coset algebra A ( M , G ) where G = { G } consists of a single set. So, as a special case of our result, we obtain Z -forms LGS ( M , G ) and RGS ( M , G ) for arbitrary Iwahori–Hecke algebras. The existence of a Z -form for any such H ( M , G ) appears to be a new result.
An ultrasensitive isotope dilution method for the determination of L-amino acids.

Abstract A method for the determination of picomolar quantities of l -amino acids is presented. No reaction occurs with d -amino acids. This procedure combines an isotope dilution technique with the standard aminoacylation method for the determination of tRNA. The method is highly specific for most of the common amino acids. As little as 50 pmoles of l -amino acid in the test portion of the sample can be detected, while the optimum range for quantitative determination is about 200 to 1500 pmoles. Accuracy is very good, and a relative standard deviation of about 5% is attained. The method is particularly useful when a few amino acid assays in a large number of samples are required; one analyst can perform at least 250 assays per day; the procedure is adaptable to semiautomation. Analyses of standard amino acid mixtures by this method and by ion-exchange chromatography give comparable results. This procedure has been used for the determination of l -amino acids in skin secretions, peptide hydrolyzates, and dl -amino acid mixtures. Several additional applications are suggested.
Microemulsion structure and its effect on electrochemical reactions

Changes in the microstructure of oil-in-water microemulsions were identified electrochemically by using ferrocene derivatives, methyl viologen, and ferricyanide as the electroactive probes. Microdroplets as well as the bicontinuous microstructure were detected. This was accomplished by determining diffusion coefficients of the probes. Use of probes of different hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and charge made it possible to investigate different microenvironments of microemulsions including oil, water, and surfactant/cosurfactant interface. Electrochemical reversibility of the probes was affected by the structure and appeared to reflect the ease of mobility across interphases. Reaction potential (E1/2) of the probes depended on the composition of the microemulsion.
Influences and Processes in Theoretical Orientation Development: A Grounded Theory Pilot Study

A grounded theory approach was used to establish a model of the influences and processes that are involved in the theoretical orientation development of licensed marriage and family therapists. The findings of the study indicate that the process involves an interaction between ten categories of influence subsumed under personal and the professional domains. While identifying the influences and their larger domains, the authors also explore how each of the categories is influential based on participant interviews. Implications for supervision, training, and professional development are discussed.
Ancillary techniques for the practical implementation of GAs to the optimal design of electromagnetic devices

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are applied to the design optimization of electromagnetic devices. Techniques used in the practical implementation of the method are discussed in detail. An application example is given (magnetizer) highlighting the use of the techniques and indicating the success of the method.
Paternally Inherited Chloroplast Polymorphism in Pinus: Estimation of Diversity and Population Subdivision, and Tests of Disequilibrium With a Maternally Inherited Mitochondrial Polymorphism

We have surveyed a chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in 745 individuals, distributed rangewide in eight allopatric natural populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and eight allopatric natural populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.). The polymorphic region of the chloroplast genome is located near duplicated psbA genes. Fourteen length variants were found in the survey, and these variants distinguished the two species qualitatively. Variant diversities were high in both species (hes = 0.43 in jack pine; hes = 0.44 in lodgepole pine). Population subdivision was weak within and among lodgepole pine subspecies and in jack pine (i.e., theta values were less than 0.05). This weak subdivision is compatible with theoretical predictions for paternally inherited markers in wind-pollinated outcrossers, as well as for polymorphisms with high length mutation rates. If these populations are at a drift-migration equilibrium, the chloroplast DNA restriction fragment data and previous mitochondrial frequency data from the same individuals are consistent with gene flow that is differential through seeds and pollen. The new data have permitted the first empirical tests of disequilibrium between maternally and paternally inherited factors. As expected, these tests failed to detect convincing evidence of nonrandom association between chloroplast and mitochondrial variants.
RECTAL THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER MEASUREMENTS USING THE MICROSELECTRON HIGH DOSE RATE AFTERLOADER IN POSTOPERATIVE INTRAVAGINAL RADIATION CASES

Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold: First, to measure the dose distribution along the anterior and posterior rectal wall, compare them to the prescribed dose and establish the rectal length receiving the maximum dose. Second, to carry out in-phantom dose measurements in order to confirm that the dose planned is in fact the dose delivered. Methods and Materials: The dose distribution along the anterior and posterior rectal wall was measured for a group of 25 Gynecologic cases treated with a vaginal cylinder, using the MicroSelectron High Dose Rate system. The method of measurement employed flexible vinyl rectal probes (1 or 2 cm diameter). Two fine plastic tubes, each containing 15 Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters rods, were attached along the probe on opposite sides to measure the anterior and posterior rectal wall dose distributions. Results: The dose distribution exhibited a sharp peak covering a rectal length from one to two centimeters. The peak doses for the anterior rectal wall ranged from 60% to 110% of prescribed dose. In-phantom measurements used layers of phantom material that contained a special source tube for the Iridium-192 source as well as Thermoluminescent Dosimeter tube(s) positioned at 1 cm distance from the source tube. The afterloader was programmed to deliver 300 cGy at 1 cm along its treatment length. Conclusion: The Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters measurements showed good agreement with the doses expected on the basis of the treatment plan.
Conflict Management and Communicative Action: Second-Track Diplomacy from a Habermasian Perspective

Many critics have called Jurgen Habermas’s concepts of communicative action theoretically interesting but not practically viable. Traditional conflict management in the form of negotiation and state diplomacy leaves little room for Habermasian communication theory and could count as another example of the inapplicability of his ideas. However, with the advent of new conflict resolution practices in the form of second-track diplomacy, Habermasian communication theories seem to be applied in new ways, which this article will analyze.
Progravid Phase of the Rat Reproductive Cycle: Daily Changes in the in Vitro RNA Synthesis and Progestin Secretion by Isolated Corpora Lutea

Corpora lutea were obtained oneach day of the rats’ progravid (pseudopregnancy)cycle and incubated in vitro in the presence of uridine-3H. Isotope incorporation and in vitrosecretion of progesterone and of 20α-OHP werequantitated. The in vitro luteal RNA synthesis decreasedsteadily to reach a nadir on day nine,after which there was a,steady increase on eachsubsequent day of observation. The in vitro secretionof progesterone was low on the first 2days of pseudopregnancy and increased rapidly toreach the maximum value on day 5. After somefluctuation, progesterone secretion decreased tothe low levels observed on day 11 and thereafter.The in vitro release of 20α-OHP was high throughday 4, decreased steadily to reach the nadir onday 10 and increased dramatically between day10 and day 12. Physiological luteolysis is an event characterized by the abrupt, dramatic and irreversible decrease in progesterone secretion by the luteal ovary. Biochemical luteolysis is the presumed event during the life span of the corpu...
Origin, Evolution, and Virulence of Porcine Deltacoronaviruses in the United States

ABSTRACT A novel porcine deltacoronavirus (PdCV) was first discovered in Ohio and Indiana in February 2014, rapidly spread to other states in the United States and Canada, and caused significant economic loss in the swine industry. The origin and virulence of this novel porcine coronavirus are not known. Here, we characterized U.S. PdCV isolates and determined their virulence in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets. Genome analyses revealed that U.S. PdCV isolates possess unique genetic characteristics and share a close relationship with Hong Kong and South Korean PdCV strains and coronaviruses (CoVs) of Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret-badgers. The PdCV-positive intestinal content (Ohio CVM1) and the cell culture-adapted PdCV Michigan (MI) strain were orally inoculated into gnotobiotic and/or conventional piglets. Within 1 to 3 days postinfection, profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration were observed. Clinical signs were associated with epithelial necrosis in the gastric pits and small intestine, the latter resulting in severe villous atrophy. Mild interstitial pneumonia was identified in the lungs of PdCV-infected piglets. High levels of viral RNA (8 to 11 log RNA copies/g) were detected in intestinal tissues/luminal contents and feces of infected piglets, whereas moderate RNA levels (2 to 5 log RNA copies/g) were detected in blood, lung, liver, and kidney, indicating multisystemic dissemination of the virus. Polyclonal immune serum against PdCV but not immune serum against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) reacted with PdCV-infected small-intestinal epithelial cells, indicating that PdCV is antigenically distinct from PEDV. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that PdCV caused severe gastrointestinal diseases in swine. IMPORTANCE Porcine coronaviruses (CoVs) are major viral infectious diseases of swine. Examples of porcine CoVs include porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). In February 2014, another porcine CoV, porcine deltacoronavirus (PdCV), emerged in Ohio and Indiana and subsequently spread rapidly across the United States and Canada , causing significant economic losses. Here, we report the detailed genetic characterization, phylogeny, and virulence of emergent PdCV strains in the United States. We found that PdCV caused severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets, signs that were clinically indistinguishable from those caused by PEDV and TGEV. In addition to extensive intestinal lesions, PdCV caused significant lesions in the stomach and mild pulmonary lesions that have not been reported for TGEV and PEDV. The finding that PdCV is a significant enteric disease of swine highlights the need to develop effective measures to control this disease.
Performance evaluation of WCDMA high speed downlink packet access/frequency division duplex mode

"3G and beyond" cellular networks target a shift from low rate traditional voice services to high rate multimedia communications. Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is a candidate air interface technology for achieving this goal. Usually, throughput and spectral efficiency are two of the most important metrics used in evaluating the performance of such systems. In this paper, we present a pseudo-closed form expression for the average throughput and spectral efficiency of WCDMA in the high speed downlink packet access/frequency division duplex (HSDPA/FDD) mode. The throughput is expressed in terms of system dependent parameters that are analytically defined as well as stochastic parameters that depend on the user received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINK). Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate those stochastic parameters and several numerical examples are presented. Our results cover a wide variety of practical scenarios in which sectorized/non-sectorized cells, different antenna radiation patterns and different frequency reuse factors are used.
Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of Silicon Microcantilever Heaters

Silicon atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers having integrated solid-state heaters were originally developed for application to data storage, but have since been applied to metrology, thermophysical property measurements, and nanoscale manufacturing. These applications beyond data storage have strict requirements for mechanical characterization and precise temperature calibration of the cantilever. This paper describes detailed mechanical, electrical, and thermal characterization and calibration of AFM cantilevers having integrated solid-state heaters. Analysis of the cantilever response to electrical excitation in both time and frequency domains aids in resolving heat transfer mechanisms in the cantilever. Raman spectroscopy provides local temperature measurement along the cantilever with resolution near 1 mum and 5degC and also provides local surface stress measurements. Observation of the cantilever mechanical thermal noise spectrum at room temperature and while heated provides insight into cantilever mechanical behavior and compares well with finite-element analysis. The characterization and calibration methodology reported here expands the use of heated AFM cantilevers, particularly the uses for nanomanufacturing and sensing
Individualism and Collectivism among University Students in Mexico and the United States

Abstract Individualism and collectivism in Mexico and the United States of America were investigated. It was hypothesized that Mexican university students would be more collectivistic than university students in the United States. Specifically, this difference was expected to be found in relationships with parents, spouses, extended family members, friends, neighbors, co-workers, and classmates. University students in Mexico and in the United States completed the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (Hui, 1988), which measures the degree of individualistic or collectivistic tendencies in various interpersonal relationships. Analysis of variance revealed a country difference on the general Collectivism Index; students in Mexico were significantly more collectivistic than students in the United States. A multiple analysis of variance revealed country differences on the Parents, Spouse, and Co-Workers/Classmate subscales, with Mexican students' responses again significantly more collectivistic than those of the ...
A product theorem for Hilbert transforms

Abstract : A mathematical theorem is presented for finding the Hilbert transform of a product of functions in a simplified fashion, under certain conditions. Engineering applications are discussed. (Author)
Ferritin as a photocatalyst and scaffold for gold nanoparticle synthesis

The ferrihydrite mineral core of ferritin is a semi-conductor capable of catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions. This report shows that ferritin can photoreduce AuCl4 − to form gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). An important goal was to identify innocent reaction conditions that prevented formation of AuNPs unless the sample was illuminated in the presence of ferritin. TRIS buffer satisfied this requirement and produced AuNPs with spherical morphology with diameters of 5.7 ± 1.6 nm and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 530 nm. Size-exclusion chromatography of the AuNP–ferritin reaction mixture produced two fractions containing both ferritin and AuNPs. TEM analysis of the fraction close to where native ferritin normally elutes showed that AuNPs form inside ferritin. The other peak eluted at a volume indicating a particle size much larger than ferritin. TEM analysis revealed AuNPs adjacent to ferritin molecules suggesting that a dimeric ferritin–AuNP species forms. We propose that the ferritin protein shell acts as a nucleation site for AuNP formation leading to the AuNP-ferritin dimeric species. Ferrihydrite nanoparticles (~10 nm diameter) were unable to produce soluble AuNPs under identical conditions unless apo ferritin was present indicating that the ferritin protein shell was essential for stabilizing AuNPs in aqueous solution.
The pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation and organ injury in schistosomiasis: interactions between the schistosome ova and the host

(1992). The Pathogenesis of Granulomatous Inflammation and Organ Injury in Schistosomiasis: Interactions Between the Schistosome Ova and the Host. Immunological Investigations: Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 455-475.
Scalable relational learning for large heterogeneous networks

Relational models for heterogeneous network data are becoming increasingly important for many real-world applications. However, existing relational learning approaches are not parallel, have scalability issues, and thus unable to handle large heterogeneous network data. In this paper, we propose Parallel Collective Matrix Factorization (PCMF) that serves as a fast and flexible framework for joint modeling of large heterogeneous networks. The PCMF learning algorithm solves for a single parameter given the others, leading to a parallel scheme that is fast, flexible, and general for a variety of relational learning tasks and heterogeneous data types. The proposed approach is carefully designed to be (a) efficient for large heterogeneous networks (linear in the total number of observations from the set of input matrices), (b) flexible as many components are interchangeable and easily adaptable, and (c) effective for a variety of applications as well as for different types of data. The experiments demonstrate the scalability, flexibility, and effectiveness of PCMF. For instance, we show that PCMF outperforms a recent state-of-the-art parallel approach in runtime, scalability, and prediction quality. Finally, the effectiveness of PCMF is shown on a number of relational learning tasks such as serving predictions in a realtime streaming fashion.
Elective Single-Embryo Transfer Should Not Be the Standard of Care For All Patients

The high burden of infertility causes patients and physicians to do everything possible to achieve pregnancy. Frequently, this involves transferring more than one embryo, often resulting in multiple pregnancy with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and societal costs. As a result, elective single-embryo transfer (eSET) has been proposed as the standard for all embryo transfers. While this would reduce multiple pregnancies to naturally occurring levels, this chapter explores the numerous sound arguments of why eSET should not be the standard of care. The way forward is not eSET as the standard, but continued scientific progress, better evidence regarding optimal patient education, informed consent and care, and physician and patient respect for social justice and patient autonomy. Such progress will lead to dramatically increased use of eSET in the appropriate patients.
Velocity Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated Money Growth and its Variability: Evidence from Morocco

This paper uses the Granger-causality technique to test Friedman’s hypothesis that variability in monetary growth causes changes in velocity. Two models are constructed and tested. The first model uses aggregate money without distinction between the anticipated and unanticipated money growth. The second model decomposes money into its anticipated and unanticipated components. When M1 is the monetary aggregate of interest, the evidence from both models supports Friedman’s hypothesis and confirms that increased volatility in money growth has caused velocity to decline. The findings are also consistent with the new-classical hypothesis which postulates that anticipated movements in money supply are neutral.
Abstract 126: Wingspan Stent Largest Series Outside SAMMPRIS: Long-term Results

Objective: Intracranial stenosis is a common culprit for stroke which has been traditionally managed with medical therapy. However, recurrent TIA or stroke symptoms often occur despite aggressive management with antiplatelet medications. As such, angioplasty and stenting of intracranial vasculature has become an attractive idea for treatment of intracranial stenosis refractory to medical treatment. Because the SAMMPRIS trial was terminated prematurely, long term data regarding efficacy is lacking. We present the results of our series of 61 patients who underwent Wingspan stent placement for intracranial stenosis and evaluate the short-term and long-term success. Methods: Sixty-one patients with high-grade, symptomatic intracranial stenosis underwent Wingspan stent embolization at Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience from August 7, 2006 to July 13, 2011. The clinical charts were reviewed to evaluate presentation, intervention, perioperative course, and outcome. Results: Our series consisted of 61 patients who received a Wingspan stent for intracranial stenosis(41 male; 20 female; mean age 62.9). Stenotic vessels treated included the internal carotid artery(n=18), middle cerebral artery(n=13), basilar artery(n=15), vertebrobasilar junction(n=2), and vertebral artery(n=13). Failure of stent placement was the only identified intraoperative complications, occurring in 6.6% of procedures. Perioperative complications occurred in 6.6% of patients, and included myocardial infarction(n=1), TIA or stroke without in-stent thrombosis(n=1), TIA or stroke with in-stent thrombosis(n=2), and death(n=2). Mortality rate was 3.3% in the perioperative period. Follow-up data was available for 41(67.2%) patients, with a mean duration of 205 days after intervention. In this follow-up group, 9.8%(n=4) suffered delayed in-stent thrombosis, 3(7.3%) of which suffered new TIAs or stroke. There was 1(2.4%) delayed mortality related to pseudoaneurysm rupture at the site of the stent. Conclusion: We present the largest series of patients outside of SAMMPRIS to undergo Wingspan stenting for intracranial stenosis. Immediate and long-term follow-up data demonstrates the safety profile of the procedure with efficacy in preventing future strokes. Delayed in-stent thrombosis is the most common risk to observe in this patient population.
Does Smaller Class Size Affect Students Performance In Basic Statistics Class? An Empirical Study

The objective of this study was to determine whether smaller class size, defined as fewer than 20 students in Business Statistics class influence grades earned in the course. The investigator hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between class size and performance, which is measured by grade earned in the course. The study revealed a positive relationship between performance and class size. The results also indicated that the groups that were in the smaller classes performed better on tests than the control groups that were in the larger classes. Furthermore, the study revealed that although there was a positive correlation between performance and class size, simply reducing class size does not guarantee significant increases in performance for all students.
Decontamination of Chemical-Warfare Agent Simulants by Polymer Surfaces Doped with the Singlet Oxygen Generator Zinc Octaphenoxyphthalocyanine

Using reactive singlet oxygen (1O2), the oxidation of chemical-warfare agent (CWA) simulants has been demonstrated. The zinc octaphenoxyphthalocyanine (ZnOPPc) complex was demonstrated to be an efficient photosensitizer for converting molecular oxygen (O2) to 1O2 using broad-spectrum light (450–800 nm) from a 250 W halogen lamp. This photosensitization produces 1O2 in solution as well as within polymer matrices. The oxidation of 1-naphthol to naphthoquinone was used to monitor the rate of 1O2 generation in the commercially available polymer film Hydrothane that incorporates ZnOPPc. Using electrospinning, nanofibers of ZnOPPc in Hydrothane and polycarbonate were formed and analyzed for their ability to oxidize demeton-S, a CWA simulant, on the surface of the polymers and were found to have similar reactivity as their corresponding films. The Hydrothane films were then used to oxidize CWA simulants malathion, 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). Through this oxidation...
Fireflies of Melanesia: Bioluminescence, Mating Behavior, and Synchronous Flashing (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

The flashed mating signals of 22 species of Luciolinae in the genera Luciola and Pteroptyx are diagnostic aids to field identification, and indirect evidence suggests that information-coding parameters are similar to those of New World Photinus species. A new element of potential coding significance, the intensity ratios of modulations within flashes, was revealed by the emissions of 3 Pteroptyx species. In addition, a coding significance may explain the lengthy emissions composed of recurring modulation patterns in seemingly random fashion that are characteristic of males and females of 2 species. It is possible that the females of Luciola obsoleta (E. Olivier) learn the luminescent repertoires of individual males. The evolutionary origin of some communicatively significant luminescent patterns may have been illumination flashes and glows, such as those presently observed in landing individuals. The mating protocols of Luciolinae fireflies vary greatly in complexity, from the very simple to the most complex yet found in luminescent organisms. Although mass synchronous flashing of fireflies is conspicuous and is associated with mating behavior, it probably is of little reproductive significance. This phenomenon may merely be the gross consequence of individual males synchronizing with their neighbors as they compete in small clusters for females on an extremely localized level.
Lattice Strain from Holes in Heavily Doped Si:Ga

Heavily doped Si:Ga has been prepared by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and by ionimplantation with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or laser annealing (LA). Peak substitutional Ga concentrations obtained by each technique were 1.5, 2.5 and 2.9 ×1020cm-3, respectively. Substitutional fractions (>90%) were similar in the three types of samples, and the conductivity scaled with the total Ga concentration. A lattice expansion per substitutional Ga atom in Si of +0.9 ± 0. l×10-24cm3 /atom was measured by double crystal x-ray diffraction. The average nearest neighbor Si-Ga bond length measured with extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was 0.237 ± 0.004 nm, indistinguishable, to within experimental error, from the intrinsic Si-Si bond lngth, 0.235 nm. Combining these two results the lattice strain per hole in the Si valence band was calculated, +0.4 ± 0.8x10G-cm3. This result complements the lattice contraction per electron in the Si conduction band (-1.8 ± 0.4x10-24cm 3) already reported for Si:As [G. S. Cargill III, J. Angilelloand K. L. Kavanagh, Phys. Rev. Letters 61, 1748 (1988)].
Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin in untreated and estradiol-treated ovariectomized ewes after immunoneutralization of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y.

Ovine antiserum against a conjugate of porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY) with bovine thyroglobulin was infused repeatedly into one lateral ventricle of five ovariectomized (ovx) ewes before and after subcutaneous injection of estradiol-17β (Eβ). Serum concentrations of LH, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) were measured at 10-min intervals before Eβ and at approximately hourly intervals 8 to 18 h after Eβ injection. Control ewes were infused with ovine serum from animals immunized against bovine thyroglobulin. Basal episodic profiles (pre-Eβ) of LH, GH, and PRL were similar in ovx ewes infused with control or anti-NPY serum. Injection of Eβ induced a surge-like increase of serum LH, which began at 12.6 h after Eβ in ewes infused with anti-NPY and at 14.4 h after Eβ in ewes infused with control antiserum (P <.05). The magnitude of the Eβ-induced surge of LH was not different between treatments. In addition to initiating a surge-like release of LH over the period 12 to 18 h after Eβ, serum GH was transiently increased during the period between 10 and 15 h after Eβ. In contrast, serum PRL was increased during the entire period between 8 and 18 h after Eβ. Based on the effects of immunoneutralization, endogenous NPY in the brain of Eβ-treated ovx ewes seems to restrain or delay the onset of the surge-like secretion of LH and probably GnRH, but endogenous NPY does not affect the episodic pulsatile releases of LH characteristic of ovx ewes. Assuming the efficacy of immunoneutralization, endogenous NPY does not seem to affect either basal or Eβ-induced increases of PRL and GH. Based on the effects of exogenous Eβ, the induced increases in LH, PRL, and GH in ovx ewes are temporally independent and, therefore, probably regulated by independent mechanisms.
Correlates of prescription opioid therapy in Veterans with chronic pain and history of substance use disorder

Patients with a history of substance use disorder (SUD) are more likely to be prescribed opioid medications for chronic pain than patients without an SUD history; however, little is known about prescription opioid therapy in populations composed exclusively of patients with SUD. This study examined correlates of prescription opioid therapy in 214 Veterans with chronic noncancer pain and an SUD history. Participants completed psychosocial questionnaires and participated in a structured mental health diagnostic interview, and medical diagnoses and opioid pharmacy data were abstracted from their Department of Veterans Affairs electronic medical records. Participants were categorized into three groups based on opioid prescriptions in the past 90 d: no opioid therapy (n = 134), short-term ( /= 90 d) opioid therapy (n = 49). Relative to participants prescribed no or short-term opioid therapy, participants who were prescribed long-term opioid therapy had a greater number of pain diagnoses; reported higher levels of pain severity, interference, and catastrophizing; and endorsed lower chronic pain self-efficacy. In a multivariate model, number of pain diagnoses and pain interference were associated with a greater likelihood of being prescribed long-term opioid therapy after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Findings highlight the poor pain-related functioning in patients with SUD histories who are prescribed long-term opioid therapy.
Geometrically Convergent Learning Algorithms for Global Solutions of Transport Problems

In 1996 Los Alamos National Laboratory initiated an ambitious five year research program aimed at achieving geometric convergence for Monte Carlo solutions of difficult neutron and photon transport problems. Claremont students, working with the author in Mathematics Clinic projects that same year and subsequently, have been partners in this undertaking. This paper summarizes progress made at Claremont over the two year period, with emphasis on recent advances.
Instantons and Quark-Mass Generation - The How of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking

There is abundant evidence that one of the important characteristics of the physical world is that quarks, if they exist, appear to be massive and so chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken so that is is realized in the Nambu-Goldstone mode. 1) To mention just two pieces of evidence, we point to the absence of parity doubling and the success of PCAC. The leading candidate for a theory of the strong interactions, quantum-chromodynamics2) (QCD), starts out with massless quarks and a chiral SU(N) ⨁ SU(N) symmetry, N being the number of flavors. How the quarks get a mass has been an open question, the importance of which has been stressed in the lecture of Professor Gross. 3) Recently, it was proposed by Callan, Dashen and Gross4) (CDG) that the answer, at least in two space-time dimensions, is provided by instantons and their interactions with fermions. I have found that dynamical quark-mass generation via instantons does occur in four dimensions. 5)
Understanding responses to posted restaurant food safety scores: An information processing and regulatory focus perspective

Abstract Ensuring the safety of food served in restaurants continues to be an essential issue in the hospitality industry. An important part of the efforts to stem the outbreak of foodborne illnesses are the mandatory inspections of any entity that serves food to the public. Unfortunately, while posting food safety scores is intended to help consumers make better dining choices, interpreting these scores can often be difficult and confusing. The purpose of this study is to use information processing theory as a framework to investigate how consumers evaluate food safety inspection scores. To achieve this goal, this research provides an account of the effect of food safety concern on consumers’ attitudes toward restaurants under conditions of both positive and negative health inspection results. The results identify a moderating effect of health score in the formation of consumers’ attitudes toward restaurants. The downstream effects on expected satisfaction and behaviors are also established.
5 DIMENSIONAL STRICTLY LOCALLY HOMOGENEOUS RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS

One establishes the connection between Cartan triples and Riemann–Lie foliations. Based on the Cartan triple method, one shows that a five dimensional strictly locally homogeneous space is locally isometric to a Kowalski space.
Pharyngeal pH probe findings in patients with postnasal drainage.

BACKGROUND Patients commonly present with complaints of postnasal drainage (PND). This study reports the pharyngeal pH probe findings in patients without rhinitis/rhinosinusitis who present with complaints of PND. METHODS This is a prospective study of patients presenting with PND but no historical or endoscopic evidence of rhinitis/rhinosinusitis. Twenty-four-hour pharyngeal pH probe studies were done on 32 consecutive patients and compared with historical controls. RESULTS There were a total of 32 patients with PND (mean age, 54 years) and 51 controls (mean age, 49 years). The proportion of patients with positive pH probe studies was higher in PND (28.1%) versus controls (17.6%) but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.27). However, when comparing the mean number of pharyngeal acid exposure events, patients with PND had significantly more events (1.6) than controls (0.3; p < 0.002). In addition, the mean acid exposure time was significantly higher in PND (0.18%) versus controls (0.01%; p < 0.004). CONCLUSION The proportion of patients with PND displaying positive pharyngeal 24 pH probe studies is not significantly greater than controls. However, patients with PND do exhibit a statistically greater degree of pharyngeal acid exposure as compared with controls. Additional research is required to delineate the role of pharyngeal reflux in patients with PND.
Team Approach or Individual Effort

Much of what is currently written about treatment of pain patients, including failed back syndrome patients, assumes, recommends, or even proposes to mandate a team approach. In practice, how valuable is this approach? Are those who insist that it is the only valid approach correct in this assumption, or are they merely overly zealous?
CONTEXTUALIZING COMMUNITY CRIME CONTROL: RACE, GEOGRAPHY, AND CONFIGURATIONS OF CONTROL IN FOUR COMMUNITIES*

Criminology and urban sociology have long-standing interests in how neighborhoods and communities respond to and control crime. We build on the literature on social disorganization, collective efficacy, and new parochialism to develop a framework that explains how and why communities respond differently to crime. We draw on more than 2 years of comparative ethnographic data and 56 resident and stakeholder interviews on responses to crime in four communities in two states. We find that the intersections of racial composition, geography, and crime narratives in each place contributed to distinct community responses to crime. By analyzing these dynamics across the four sites, we propose three types of public–parochial partnerships that communities use to respond to crime: public alliances that rely primarily on public forms of control, tentative public–parochial partnerships that rely on tenuous connections with public institutions, and grassroots engagement with public institutions. We explain the emergence of these three approaches as patterned responses rooted in characteristics of local contexts, including racial composition and geographic isolation.
Predicting Friendship Strength for Privacy Preserving: A Case Study on Facebook

Effective friend classification in Online Social Networks (OSN) has many benefits in privacy. Anything posted by a user in social networks like Facebook is distributed among all their friends. Although the user can select the manual option for their post-dissemination, it is not feasible every time. Since not all friends are the same in social networks, the visibility access for the post should be different for different strengths of friendship for privacy. Previous works in finding friendship strength in social networks have used interaction and similarity based features but none of them has considered using sentiment-based features as the driving factor to determine the strength. In this paper, we develop a supervised model to estimate the friendship strength based upon 23 different features comprising of structure based, interaction based, homophily based and sentiment based features. We evaluate our model on a real-world Facebook dataset we built that has ground truth for different types of friendship: close, good, acquaintance, and casual. Our model obtains an AUROC of 0.82 in identifying acquaintances from all the other three categories, and an AUROC of 0.85 in distinguishing between close friends and acquaintances. Our experiments suggest that features like average comment length, reaction scores for likes and love, friend tag score, Jaccard similarity and closeness variable consistently perform better in predicting friendship strength across different classifiers. In addition, combining language-based features with homophilic, structural and interaction features produces more accurate and trustworthy model to evaluate friendship strength.
Reassessing the Two-Year Sector’s Role in the Amelioration of a Persistent Socioeconomic Gap: A Proposed Analytical Framework for the Study of Community College Effects in the Big and Geocoded Data and Quasi-Experimental Era

The purpose of this chapter is threefold. First, it provides a comprehensive and systematic review of extant research on the educational and occupational outcomes associated with community college attendance. This literature review prioritizes (but is not limited to) comparisons of outcomes attained by students who began college enrollment in the public two- and four-year sectors. The second purpose is to provide a critique of this line of research concerning its methodological rigor by highlighting the emergence of big and geocoded data availability and statistical applications that deal with systematic differences between two- and four-year entrants. As part of this purpose, a comprehensive and innovative analytic framework is provided for researchers and practitioners to utilize when comparing these student populations. Finally, the third purpose is to apply this analytic framework to a topic that, while timely, has remained underdiscussed in the study of two-year sector effects. Specifically, this section analyzes the influence of initial community college enrollment on undergraduate loan debt accumulation by comparing different enrollment pathways and levels of educational attainment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of challenges and opportunities in the use of big and geocoded data in higher education policy along with future and innovative lines of research that involve the use of spatial econometrics, geographical network analysis, and quasi-experimental design as means to detect structural mechanism that would enable two-year entrants to navigate college with greater likelihood of success.
Two Animal Ethics; Many More Economic Lessons

Cruelty to animals is a case of the tragedy of the commons. Economics has been tackling this type of problems for a long time. The experience is mixed: some successful and some disastrous. The successes and the failures hold lessons for animal advocacy. To make the case, I consider the two major animal ethics—“animal rights” and “animal welfare.” And I argue that animals need them both.
Draft Genome Sequences of 12 Clinical and Environmental Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains Isolated from a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Washington State.

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a globally emergent multidrug-resistant pathogen of dogs associated with nosocomial transmission in dogs and with potential zoonotic impacts. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequences of 12 hospital-associated MRSP strains and their resistance genotypes and phenotypes.
Vitamin D inhibits angiogenesis in transgenic murine retinoblastoma.

Purpose. Vitamin D compounds have been shown to inhibit tumor growth in a transgenic retinoblastoma murine model. The mechanism of action has not been defined clearly, although an antiangiogenic action has been proposed. Methods. Transgenic retinoblastoma mice received high (0.05 fig) and low (0.025 fxg) doses of vitamin D3 by intraperitoneal injection 5 times per week for 5 weeks. Control animals were injected with mineral oil vehicle alone. At 5 months of age, the animals were killed and eyes were enucleated and processed for light microscopy. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained with an immunoperoxidase stain (GS-1) specific for mammalian vascular endodielium. Sections were graded by a single masked reviewer, and intraobserver reliability was assessed. Mean vessel counts were made for each group. Results. The high-dose group had the lowest mean vessel count (8.5), followed by the lowdose group (10.1). The control group had the highest mean vessel count (14.1). Vitamin Dtreated animals (high- and low-dose groups combined) had significantly fewer vessels (P = 0.001) than untreated controls. Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that inhibition of angiogenesis is a mechanism of action for vitamin D in the transgenic retinoblastoma mouse model. Invest OphthalmolVisSci. 1995; 36:83-87. .Human retinoblastoma requires the presence of blood vessels to support tumor growth. Retinoblastoma cells grow in a uniform, collar-like pattern around blood vessels with necrosis at a constant radius around blood vessels. 1 It is not known whether the angiogenic stimulus is derived from tumor cells themselves or from ischemic retina. Cultured retinoblastoma cell lines, however, have been shown to produce tumor angiogenesis factors. 2 The natural progression of transgenic murine retinoblastoma indicates that tu