cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in mammals breeding during long days versus mammals breeding during short days

Abstract Differences in photoperiodic control of reproduction in short-day and long-day breeding mammals are compared. Information provided indicates that most aspects of photoperiodic regulation of reproduction are similar for both types of species, including secretion of melatonin, the pineal hormone mediating photic effects on reproduction. Species vary in their response to photoperiod because responses of target organs to a given pattern of melatonin differ. Evidence is also presented to raise the possibility that photoperiod-independent rhythms in reproduction exist. If so, signals other than photoperiod may contribute to the diversity of breeding seasons in mammals.
International symposium on numerical weather forecasting Oslo, March 11–16, 1963

An International Symposium on Numerical Weather Forecasting was held in Oslo, March 11 through 16, 1963, under sponsorship of the World Meteorological Organization and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01388.x
Active random walkers simulate trunk trail formation by ants

A simple model for interactive structure formation is studied to simulate the trail formation by ants based on local chemical communication. In our model, active random walkers, which do not have the ability of visual navigation or storage of information, first have to discover different distributions of food sources and then have to link these sources to a central place by forming a trail, using no other guidance than the chemical markings produced by themselves. The simulations show the spontaneous emergence of a collective trail system due to self-organization, which is both stable and flexible, to include newly discovered sources. The typical dendritic foraging patterns of desert ants, reported by Holldobler and Moglich (Insectes Sociaux. 1980. 27(3). pp. 237 264) are reproduced by the simulations.
Use of proline-specific endopeptidase in the isolation of all four "native" disulfides of hen egg white lysozyme

The disulfide peptides from the tryptic digestion of cyanogen bromide-treated hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) were isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by amino acid analysis. Three peptides containing the I-VIII, II-VII, and III-V + IV-VI disulfide bonds were obtained. The two-disulfide peptide was further digested with proline-specific endopeptidase (PCE) (EC 3.4.21.26). Amino acid analysis of digest peptides separated by HPLC showed four peptides with the IV-VI disulfide bond as well as a peptide with the III-V disulfide bond. The IV-VI peptides were produced by hydrolysis of several alanine-X bonds as well as the prolyl-cystine bond. Our studies show that alanyl peptide bonds to lysyl, seryl, and leucyl residues are susceptible to hydrolysis by PCE preparations, thus substantially extending its known specificity range. The two-disulfide peptide was also digested sequentially with thermolysin and PCE; the resulting IV-VI and III-V peptides were identified by HPLC and amino acid analysis. PCE showed substantial activity at pH 5.3 as well as at pH 8.3. The lower pH is useful in studies of proteins or peptides where base-catalyzed reactions must be limited.
Differential interactions between comorbid anxiety disorders and substance use disorder in rapid cycling bipolar I or II disorder.

Objective Anxiety disorders (AD) and substance use disorders (SUD) commonly co-occur with bipolar disorder. This study was undertaken to assess AD-SUD-bipolar subtype interactions.
Approaches to disease cluster investigations in a state health department

Classical tests for clustering rarely have a major role in the investigation of disease clusters at the neighbourhood level performed by a health department. When examining a single cluster, the boundaries are often ill-defined, and the dimension (geographic, occupational, iatrogenic) is rarely obvious. Furthermore, using cluster tests to routinely scan disease registries looking for clusters is undesirable for several reasons. A better approach is to be vigilant for unusual environmental exposures, and to evaluate the impact they may have. In this context, cluster techniques may serve as part of a larger investigation that includes other epidemiologic approaches.
Experimental Zirconium Granulomas and Chondromas in CBA Mice

The intradermal as well as intraperitoneal injection of zirconium salts in CBA/J mice produced local foreign body type granulomas which regularly persisted for over eight months. None of the animals exhibited evidence of the late delayed immune type of epithelioid cell granulomatous hypersensitivity such as has been induced experimentally in man. Benign chondromas developed locally in the ear cartilage plate in half of the mice who had received zirconium injections in this area.
Strain gradient elasticity theory for antiplane shear cracks. Part II: Monotonic displacements

Solutions of crack problems for a strain gradient elastic theory whose crack opening displacements are monotonic rather than oscillatory in profile are examined in this (portion of a two-part) paper. A new analytical solution having a simple form is also obtained through the introduction of parabolic cylindrical coordinates and expansion of the imposed displacement along the crack surfaces in terms of orthogonal polynomials. Uniqueness of solution is also discussed, as well as finite-difference approximations of the governing equations for use in numerical solutions of boundary value problems.
A flexible, generic model for anatomic shape: application to interactive two-dimensional medical image segmentation and matching

A representation called a radial contour model (RCM) is described for two-dimensional anatomic shapes. The model, which is a type of a geometric constraint network (GCN), is both flexible, in that it can deform to fit a particular instance of an anatomic shape, and generic, in that it captures all examples of a particular anatomic shape class. The model is implemented in a program, called SCANNER (version 0.7), for interactive model-based two-dimensional image segmentation and matching. Use of the model allows the segmenter to direct the search for edges in the image, and to fill in edges where none are present. Evaluations were done using models of 15 cross-sectional shapes appearing on CT images from 16 patients. Results from 480 trials show that the model-based approach reduces segmentation time by nearly a factor of 3 over manual methods, and correctly classifies 72.9% of the contours. The results not only suggest that the RCM will be useful for several current medical image segmentation tasks, but also support the hypothesis that geometric constraint networks are a viable approach to anatomic shape representation.
Gas phase hydration of electrospray ions from small peptides

Abstract Electrospray ions of several small peptides were dispersed at atmospheric pressure into nitrogen containing precisely controlled concentrations of water vapor. The resulting gas–ion mixture was passed through a supersonic free jet expansion into a vacuum chamber containing a quadruple mass analyzer. Mass spectra of the product ions revealed sequences of peaks due to ions of the parent peptide with varying numbers of adduct water molecules. The extent of hydration seemed to relate to the “hydrophobicity” of the parent peptide. In their hydration behavior the ions of the complex comprising a couplet of cyclosporin A (CSA) and gramicidin S (GRS) resembled ions of the former more than those of the latter. The simplest explanation for this similarity is that in bonding with the GRS molecule the CSA molecule blocks the subsequent hydration of hydrophilic sites on that GRS molecule. Thus, the overall hydrophilicity is less for the complex than for the sum of its parts. This result suggests that the solvation behavior of ions of non-covalent complexes may provide clues to their conformations.
Effect of water on silica-supported phosphotungstic acid catalysts for 1-butene double bond shift and alkane skeletal isomerization

Abstract The thermal stability, acidity, catalytic activity and regenerability of silica-supported phosphotungstic acid were evaluated in reference to the bulk solid acid. Samples were prepared with 5, 10, and 25 wt.% heteropolyacid (HPA) on fumed silica to examine the effect of loading on the properties of supported acid catalysts. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the supported heteropolyacids did not completely decompose when heated to 573 K. The catalytic activity of both bulk and supported HPAs for double bond shift and skeletal isomerization of light hydrocarbons decreased with increasing pretreatment temperatures, which suggests that the level of hydration is critical for acid catalysis. After pretreatment at 573 K, a well dispersed sample (5 wt.% HPA) catalyzed 1-butene double bond isomerization, a reaction that requires weak acid sites, whereas the sample was inactive for pentane skeletal isomerization, a reaction that requires strong acid sites. Evidently, the well dispersed HPAs did not have sufficient acidity to catalyze pentane isomerization since higher loaded samples were active for the reaction under identical conditions. Ammonia sorption microcalorimetry results correlated well with reactivity, revealing that 5 wt.% HPA on silica had the lowest heat of ammonia sorption, while a 25 wt.% sample had initial heats near that of bulk heteropolyacid (150 kJ mol−1). Treatment of the catalysts with water at mild conditions recovered activity for the bulk and supported heteropolyacids for the 1-butene and pentane isomerization reactions whereas treatment in air or N2O was ineffective. These findings suggest that water treatment regenerates acid sites by rehydrating partially decomposed Keggin units. Results from in situ UV–VIS spectroscopy of the catalyst samples support the above conclusion.
Effect of Isosorbide Dinitrate on Submaximal Exercise Capacity of Patients with Chronic Left Ventricular Failure

The effect of chewable isosorbide dinitrate on submaximal bicycle exercise capacity was evaluated in a double-blind randomized study involving 13 patients with chronic heart failure. All patients had impaired maximal exercise capacity (VO2 max = 12.0 +/- 2.6 ml/kg/min) due to fatigue and dyspnea but not angina. The administration of isosorbide dinitrate lowered the resting mean blood pressure (82 +/- 9. mm Hg to 78 +/- 10 mm Hg, (p less than 0.03)) and the resulting pulmonary wedge pressure (26 +/- 5 mm Hg to 12 +/- 6 mm Hg, (p less than 0.01)). Isosorbide dinitrate acutely improved exercise duration during upright bicycle exercise at a workload fixed at 50 percent of the maximal workload (placebo): 21.8 +/- 14.1 min vs isosorbide dinitrate: 31.4 +/- 13.6 min, (p less than 0.003)) due to reduced exertional dyspnea. Administration of chewable isosorbide dinitrate acutely improved submaximal exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure.
Changes in cytochrome P-450 iron spin state as a function of castration, testosterone or estrogen treatment, vigorous exercise, or starvation

3-Methylcholanthrene treatment induced large increases in high-spin P-450 form(s) in intact microsomal membranes from New Zealand White rabbit or C57BL/6N mouse liver but not in rabbit lung, kidney or intestine. Testosterone enhanced the high-spin/low-spin ratio of P-450 in female C57BL/6N liver to the same degree as 3-methylcholanthrene treatment; there was no additive increase in the ratio with treatment of testosterone plus 3-methylcholanthrene. The same effect was seen in ovariectomized females. In the liver of normal or castrated C57BL/6N mice, estradiol-17 beta pretreatment caused no significant change in the high-spin/low-spin ratio. Vigorous homogenization of the microsomes can decrease the high-spin/low-spin ratio, more so in control than in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced C57BL/6N microsomes. Vigorous exercise (20-min swim) and fasting for 2 days significantly enhanced the high-spin/low-spin ratio in C57BL/6N liver. Temperature studies showed that the low-spin electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensity, as a function of absolute temperature in the range of 16 to 70 degrees K, was consistent with a simple Boltzmann dependence within the Kramers doublet giving rise to the microwave transition. We conclude that, within the limits of measurement, the low-spin state acts like an isolated state and is not in thermal equilibrium with the high-spin form of P-450.
A Framework for Developing Evaluation Metrics of Information Complexity in Automation Displays

This report addresses whether information displayed by an automation tool facilitates task performance. While the tools are intended to provide decision support and offload tasks from controllers, they also create new tasks associated with entering, retrieving and processing information. Dissonances between multiple tools further increase the system complexity. The question is how to evaluate the information complexity of an automation tool. Using the air traffic control system as a model of dynamic human-automation interaction, we proposed a framework for developing objective evaluation metrics of information complexity in automated display systems. The framework postulated that the information complexity should be evaluated at three levels of constraint: physical constraint, human constraint, and system constraint. Each constraint can have multiple factors that contribute to information complexity. The framework incorporated many human factors studies on interface evaluation. We expect this framework to...
Test particle comparison of heavy atomic and molecular ion distributions at Mars

This study uses the Mars Test Particle simulation to create virtual detections of O+, O2+, and CO2+ in an orbital configuration in the Mars space environment. These atomic and molecular planetary pickup ions are formed when the solar wind directly interacts with the neutral atmosphere, causing the ions to be accelerated by the background convective electric field. The subsequent ion escape is the subject of great interest, specifically with respect to which species dominates ion loss from Mars. O+ is found to be the dominant escaping ion because of the large sources of transported ions in the low-energy ( 1 keV) range. O2+ and CO2+ are observed at these energy ranges but with much lower fluxes and are generally only found in the tail between 10 eV and 1 keV. Using individual particle traces, we reveal the origin and trajectories of the low-energy downtail O+ populations and high-energy polar O+ populations that contribute to the total escape. Comparing them against O2+ and CO2+ reveals that the extended hot oxygen corona contributes to source regions of high- and low-energy escaping ions. Additionally, we present results for solar minimum and maximum conditions with respect to ion fluxes and energies in order to robustly describe the physical processes controlling planetary ion distributions and atmospheric escape.
Factors in the repair of alveolar bone and cementum.

Abstract 1. 1. A bone powder preparation is described which is effective in accelerating the healing process in certain experimental and clinical lesions of the alveolar bone and cementum. 2. 2. An experimental series showing the stages of regeneration of bone and cementum in simulated lesions, with and without the use of boiled cow-bone powder, was prepared in serial steps in dogs covering the entire cycle of repair. 3. 3. Bone powder implants were clinically effective in stimulating regeneration of bone in cysts and rarefied areas at apices of teeth (chronic alveolar abscesses or granulomas). Bilateral cases, in which one side was treated conventionally and the other with bone powder, showed consistently a hastening of the repair process in the sides where the implanted bone powder was utilized. 4. 4. The factors which contribute to the repair of bone and cementum injuries may account for the healing singly or more probably in conjunction with the others. The sequence appears to be: Increased blood supply; rarefaction of nonviable bone particles; retention locally of calcium salts or other ingredients in the bone powder in connective tissue bed by means of fibrin; cellular function through enzymatic or other activity, which result in deposition of calcium at site of rarefied bone. 5. 5. Where extra calcium is provided, deposition extends more rapidly over the entire area. Where excess calcium is not available, bone growth is delayed. The delay in animals extended up to thirty-five days, and that of the human subjects up to six months. 6. 6. Processes involved in repair of bone and cementum can be described without the necessity of postulating specific osteoblastic or cementoblastic functions as specialized cells.
The Codeposited Composition Spread Approach to High‐Throughput Discovery/Exploration of Inorganic Materials

We discuss the high-throughput materials discovery/exploration paradigm in the context of inorganic materials. We emphasize the codeposited continuous composition spread approach, contrasting il with layered composition spreads antl the discrete combinatoria approach to synthesis the results of specific investigations on dielectries are discussed in detail. The use of inorganic materials in thin film form entails some genera advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed. We also contrast the considerations involved in the screening/discovery of new materials vis-a-vis reliable characteriztion of the composition dependence of properties.
The effects of redundancy, target density and practice on a complex visual search task

A major problem in the use of visual displays is the efficient transmission of information during critical periods of time. Recent studies examining display configurations have investigated increasing information transmission (e.g., vertical separation) through modification of display presentation formats. However, the results have been equivocal. The present investigation attempted to evaluate a simulated air traffic format using multi-dimensionally coded target situations. The relevant dimensions were color and alphanumeric characters. Search performance of a near miss situation of two aircraft as a function of type of code (chromatic/achromatic), density (high/low) and practice was investigated. The required response was the identification of the quadrant containing the near miss situation. Search performance was measured by the time required to locate the near miss situation and the number of correct responses. Differences in performance between coding conditions were found for the number of correct r...
Optimized scheduling algorithm for LTE downlink system

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), and Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) are advanced signal processing techniques introduced in the wireless 3GPP LTE standard. In MIMO-OFDMA system, by taking advantage of the spatial dimension and depending on the time-varying wireless channel condition, the most efficient modulation and coding with spatial multiplexing or spatial diversity is selected to increase system capacity or improve system reliability. Wireless resource is divided into resource blocks (RBs), and the central idea is to effectively allocate these RBs to maximize system capacity and satisfy all active users QoS requirements. Scheduling of the available RBs in an optimized manner is therefore a main thrust in the design of LTE system. In this paper, an optimized scheduling algorithm from a holistic view of the LTE downlink system taking into account the combination of frequency-time packet scheduling (FTPS) with added spatial dimension or MIMO and QoS awareness is developed. Simulation results are presented that confirm the performance improvement of the proposed technique.
The role of epidermal growth factor receptor in ethanol-mediated inhibition of activator protein-1 transactivation.

Abstract A potential mechanism underlying ethanol-induced alterations in gene expression is the disruption of transcription factor activity. Growth factor receptors, particularly receptor tyrosine kinases, play an important role in modulating many biological effects of ethanol. We demonstrated here that the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediated the effect of ethanol on the activity of transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). Ethanol had little effect on AP-1 activity in the fibroblast cells devoid of EGFR (B82); however, it significantly suppressed AP-1 activity in B82 cells that were stably transfected with either a wild-type EGFR (B82L) or a kinase-deficient receptor (B82M721) in a concentration-dependent manner. EGF activated AP-1 only in B82L cells; the activation was mediated primarily by Akt and ERK. Ethanol inhibited EGF-induced EGFR autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of ERK as well as Akt and its substrate GSK-3β, and subsequently blocked EGF-stimulated AP-1 activation in B82L cells. On the other hand, ethanol had little effect on EGF-stimulated JNK activation. Phorbol ester 12-O-teradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activated AP-1 in B82L and B82M721 cells, but not B82 cells. TPA-induced activation of ERK and PKCδ was dependent on the expression of EGFR although the intrinsic kinase activity of EGFR was not required. In contrast, TPA-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNKs and other PKC isoforms was independent of EGFR. Ethanol selectively inhibited TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK and PKCδ, and modestly suppressed TPA-stimulated AP-1 activation in B82L and B82M721 cells. Thus, EGFR plays a critical role in the interaction between ethanol and AP-1.
Selecting Small: Microlithic Musings for the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Western Europe

Very small lithic elements of various shapes and shaped by different techniques occur in widely ranging absolute and relative frequencies in artifact assemblages dating to all the major culture-stratigraphic subdivisions of the Upper Paleolithic, as well as in the Mesolithic of Europe. Their presence implies the existence of hafting systems and, in many cases, projectile function. Microliths (ranging from Dufour and backed bladelets to geometries) were probably often set in series on antler or wooden shafts as the replaceable parts of composite weapons. Tiny, light tip and/or barb elements no doubt served to increase prey bleeding. However, throughout the period between circa 40 and 6 k.y.a., microlith-sagaie combination projectiles alternated in “popularity” with large, unitary stone points (e.g., Gravette, Font-Robert, Solutrean, Teyjat). While we are far from understanding the possible specific functional differences among these various “killing options,” it is probable that much of the variation was not so much functionally distinctive as random or “stylistic” in nature. The lightening of stone artifacts in the period after the Middle Paleolithic is clearly a hallmark of what the Abbe Breuil rightly called the “Leptolithic.”
Thorium-Uranium Fractionation by Garnet: Evidence for a Deep Source and Rapid Rise of Oceanic Basalts

Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (QIBs) are derived by partial melting of the upper mantle and are marked by systematic excesses of thorium-230 activity relative to the activity of its parent, uranium-238. Experimental measurements of the distribution of thorium and uranium between the melt and solid residue show that, of the major phases in the upper mantle, only garnet will retain uranium over thorium. This sense of fractionation, which is opposite to that caused by clinopyroxene-melt partitioning, is consistent with the thorium-230 excesses observed in young oceanic basalts. Thus, both MORBs and QIBs must begin partial melting in the garnet stability field or below about 70 kilometers. A calculation shows that the thorium-230—uranium-238 disequilibrium in MORBs can be attributed to dynamic partial melting beginning at 80 kilometers with a melt porosity of 0.2 percent or more. This result requires that melting beneath ridges occurs in a wide region and that the magma rises to the surface at a velocity of at least 0.9 meter per year.
Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and prostate cancer recurrence after primary surgery or radiation in a veterans cohort

Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and prostate cancer recurrence after primary surgery or radiation in a veterans cohort
The system CaO-SiO2-CO2-H2O—III. Second critical end-point on the melting curve☆

Melting relationships in the system CaO-SiO_2-CO_2-H_2O have been extended to 40 kbar pressure. Dellaite, dicalcium silicate, spurrite and ealciochondrodite appear as the silicate phases coexisting with vapor-saturated liquids and fluids at high pressures. Contrary to earlier predictions, wollastonite does not appear on the vapor-saturated liquidus, at least to pressures below 10 kbar. The solidus terminates at a second critical end-point at about 32.5 kbar and 515°C. To provide a model for our results in this quaternary system, phase relationships in a hypothetical ternary system with critical end-points are developed. An extension of these relationships into the system CaO-SiO_2-CO_2-H_2O shows that a critical curve limiting the miscibility gap between liquids and vapors moves through the system with changing pressure, terminating a series of univariant reactions at critical end-points. The results are applicable to the origin of carbonatites and associated alkalic rocks and kimberlites and they illustrate that fractional crystallization in this system will produce carbonatitic melts only from liquids originally undersaturated in silica, at least for a pressure range prevailing within the earth's crust.
Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by polychlorinated biphenyls in the foeto-placental unit and neonatal livers during lactation.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been widely used as industrial chemicals in a variety of commercial and domestic products. They also constitute a major component of microscope immersion oils. Residues of PCBs have been widely found in tissues of fish and wild life and contamination of human adipose tissue [ 1,2] and of human milk [3] has been previously reported. Recent studies from this laboratory [4] have shown that PCBs are potent inducers of the hepatic mixed function oxidase system, enhancing the metabolism of a variety of substrates and causing marked increases in the concentration of cytochrome P-450, effects similar to the barbiturate class of inducing chemicals. PCBs also cause several fold increases in hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase [4] , the enzyme involved in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene. In this respect, PCBs share a number of properties of the carcinogen type of inducers of microsomal enzymes, including that of inducing the synthesis of cytochrome P-448 [4]. Since PCBs have been found in human adipose tissue and in human milk, it was of interest to determine the effects of these chemicals on the fetal environment as well as their possible effects on neonatal liver enzymes as mediated by the transmission of these chemicals through maternal milk. In this regard, the effects of the PCBs were compared to those of phenobarbital and the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC).
The Influence of Reasoning with Emergent Quantities on Students' Generalizations

This paper reports the mathematical generalizations of two groups of algebra students, one which focused primarily on quantitative relationships, and one which focused primarily on number patterns disconnected from quantities. Results indicate that instruction encouraging a focus on number patterns supported generalizations about patterns, procedures, and rules, while instruction encouraging a focus on quantities supported generalizations about relationships, connections between situations, and dynamic phenomena, such as the nature of constant speed. An examination of the similarities and differences in students' generalizations revealed that the type of quantitative reasoning in which students engaged ultimately proved more important in influencing their generalizing than a mere focus on quantities versus numbers. In order to develop powerful, global generalizations about relationships, students had to construct ratios as emergent quantities relating two initial quantities. The role of emergent-ratio qua...
Clinical information technology capabilities in four U.S. hospitals: testing a new structural performance measure.

Background: Few tools exist to quantify the performance of a hospital’s information system from a user perspective. Objectives: Our objective was to develop and evaluate a surveybased metric that assesses the automation and usability of a hospital’s information system. Research Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 117 physicians and 3 chief information officers (CIOs) working in 2 community hospitals with historically low investment in IT (Hospitals A and B), an academic hospital with an advanced IT system (Hospital C), or a major Veterans Affairs hospital (Hospital D). Respondents completed a survey assessing their institution’s information system. The mean of 90 summed responses yields the clinical information technology (CIT) index, a global measure of a hospital’s information system performance on a 100-point scale. Results: On the global CIT index, mean physician scores were significantly higher for hospitals with advanced IT (61.1 and 64.3 for C and D) compared with those with low investment in IT (32.6 and 29.4 for A and B, P 0.001). These differences also were observed for each of 7 separate subdomains. The CIO scores, 74.7, 78.0 for Hospitals C and D, and 44.5 for Hospitals A and B, paralleled the mean physician scores for these hospitals. All measures exhibited low variance for each hospital (eg, standard deviations for the CIT index ranged from 5.9 to 8.1) and intraclass correlation was high (Chronbach’s alpha .70). Conclusions: This assessment tool demonstrates initial evidence of validity and reliability.
Radiation heat transfer through fibers oriented in planes

_. The purpose of this paper is to present a rigorous derivation Of the two-flux parameters for the calculation of radiative heat transfer through a fibrous medium with fibers oriented in the planes normal to the heat transfer direction. The analysis accounts for the effect of diffuse radiation on the backscattering characteristics of fibers oriented in planes. Parametric studies are performed to show the effect of optical properties and size of the fibers on the backscattering parameter and the net radiative heat flux through the medium. Introduction Radiation through fibrous materials,ty8 been a subject of many recent investigations. is because fibrous media have desirable heat transfer characteristics which lend themselves as very effective t h e m 1 insulation materials. The major modes of heat transfer in fibrous materials are radiation and conduction. out that radiation can account for as much as 50 percent of the tot 1 heat transfer rate evcn at room Hence, much effort has been directed to achieve better understanding of the radiative transfer process in these materials. This
Role of metal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease

Despite serving a crucial purpose in neurobiological function, transition metals play a sinister part in the aging brain, where the abnormal accumulation and distribution of reactive iron, copper, and zinc elicit oxidative stress and macromolecular damage that impedes cellular function. Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative condition, presents marked accumulations of oxidative stress-induced damage, and increasing evidence points to aberrant transition metal homeostasis as a critical factor in its pathogenesis. Amyloid-β oligomerization and fibrillation, considered by many to be the precipitating factor underlying AD onset and development, is also induced by abnormal transition metal activity. We here elaborate on the roles of iron, copper, and zinc in AD and describe the therapeutic implications they present.
Cytoskeleton: Getting to the point with myosin VI

The recent observation that class VI myosins move in a direction opposite to all other known myosins, taken together with analyses of mutant flies and mice, suggests that, instead of moving vesicles out towards the cell periphery, myosin VI more likely brings materials or membranes into the cell.
R&D studies of the ATLAS LAr calorimeter readout electronics for super-LHC

Abstract The ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeters are high precision, high sensitivity and high granularity detectors. A total of 182,468 signals are digitized and processed real-time on detector, to provide energy and time deposited in each detector element at every occurrence of the L1-trigger. The current readout electronics will need to be upgraded to sustain the higher radiation levels expected with the increase of a factor 10 in luminosity at the LHC in the years ∼ 2017 . A completely innovative readout scheme is being developed. The front-end readout will send out data continuously at each bunch crossing through high speed radiation resistant optical links, the data will be processed real-time with the possibility of implementing trigger algorithms. This article is an overview of the R&D activities and architectural studies the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter Group is developing: front-end analog and mixed-signal ASIC design, radiation resistance optical-links in SOS, high-speed back-end processing units based on FPGA architectures and power supply distribution schemes.
EGF-induced PGE2 release is synergistically enhanced in retinoic acid treated fetal rat lung cells

Retinoic acid has been shown to induce a 2.5-fold increase in 125I-EGF binding capacity through increased EGF receptor synthesis in a fetal rat lung (FRL) cell line (1). In FRL cells, incubation with either EGF or retinoic acid induces a modest increase in PGE2 secretion (80% or 40%, respectively). However, in the presence of both EGF and retinoic acid, FRL cells exhibit a 6.4-fold increase in PGE2 secretion. Retinoic acid and EGF dose-response curves demonstrate that the effect on PGE2 secretion correlates with the retinoic acid induced increase in EGF receptors. These data suggest a relationship between increased EGF receptor expression and increased EGF responsiveness. Furthermore, these data indicate a potential mechanism by which EGF and retinoic acid may interact in lung physiology.
Microtoxicology. VI. Identification and differentiation of the newer antihistaminic drugs related to benadryl, pyribenzamine, and antergan*,†

Seven new antihistaminic drugs related to Benadryl, Pyribenzamine, and Antergan were tested with colorimetric and precipitation reagents and their optical crystallographic properties determined. Because of the similarity of the reactions, their crystallographic properties offer the best means of identification.
Site-specific excitation of Eu ions in GaN

We performed cathodoluminescence (CL) studies on En-doped. GaN layers that were grown using the Interrupted Growth Epitaxy (IGE) method. We compare these results with our site-selective combined excitation-emission spectroscopy (CEES) studies in which numerous Eu 3+ incorporation sites can be identified unambiguously. We find that for high beam currents the emission intensity saturates in a way that can only be accounted for by a coexistence of at least two different excitation processes. The ratio in excitation efficiency between these two processes is about 5. This conclusion is supported by the CL spectra which show less pronounced saturation for the majority substitutional incorporation site compared to the defect trap-related (most likely interstitial) site. We further find that only a small fixed portion of the majority site can be excited through electron bombardment. We explain this behavior with a model for the excitation process in which defects are involved as an intermediate trap of excitation. Energy transfer can occur only to those substitutional Eu ions that are in close proximity to the trap. In the case that the Eu ion defect constitutes the trap itself, the spectra are clearly distinguishable and the transfer rates are highest.
Does attending predominately-female schools make a difference? Labor market outcomes for women

This study explores the effects of attending predominately-female high schools on labor market outcomes. The existing literature about these schools is quite limited, and most research focuses on role-model effects at coeducational schools. Since returns to predominately-female high school attendance are likely to be upward biased due to selection, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to explore the determinants of such attendance. Girls who are raised Catholic, who are nonwhite, or who live in urban areas are more likely to enroll in predominately-female schools. Though women who attended these schools are no more or less likely to enter the workforce, they do earn a 19.7% higher wage than women who attended coeducational high schools. Controlling for personal characteristics as well as selection into predominately-female schools and into the workforce, the estimated wage differential falls to 12.6%.
The WW domain binds polyprolines and is involved in human diseases

Our study of transforming genes led us to the identification of a new protein module, the WW domain, that is found in a wide range of structural, regulatory and signaling proteins. The WW domain is functionally similar to the SH3 module, in that it binds polyproline containing ligands. However, its structure is distinct. Unexpectedly, the WW domain-polyproline ligand connection was recently implicated in several human genetic disorders including the Mendelian form of hypertension known as Liddle's syndrome, and indirectly in muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease and also in limb and kidney formation. Since both the WW domain and the core motif of its ligand are relatively short (40 and 5 amino acid residues), one could suggest that human diseases that involve mutations of these sequences could be treated successfully, not only by gene therapy approaches, but also by low molecular weight compounds. The rigid molecular shapes represented by the polyproline cores of the WW domain ligands could serve as guides for rational drug design.
An autosegmental approach to metathesis in Rotuman

Abstract Rotuman phonology is characterized by a complex system of rules involving the morphologically-conditioned metathesis of word-final vowels with the immediately preceding consonant, as well as umlauting, vowel shortening, and diphthongization, which apply disjunctively to the output of the metathesis rule. This paper shows that Autosegmental Phonoly provides a simpler account of these rules than previous descriptions. Positing Rotuman to have separate vowel and consonant tiers, this analysis shows that Rotuman phonology has a rule of V-truncation at the level of the CV skeleton, which triggers the leftward reassociation of the orphaned feature matrix to the preceding V-slot. The resulting double associations are resolved with the help of a series of disjunctive rules that refer to the featural conflicts between the two vocalic segments associated to the same V-slot. This account is superior to other accounts because of its simplicity and of the fact that it captures the anticipatory nature of what is traditionally described as metathesis.
Lunar gravitational atmospheric tide, surface to 50 km in a global, gridded data set

The lunar gravitational semidiurnal atmospheric tide L2 is detected in the geopotential field in the ERA-Interim reanalysis by regressing the data for each of the four daily analysis times onto periodic lunar half-synodic cycle time series and differencing the resulting regression maps. A robust pattern dominated by zonal wave number 2 emerges, which agrees with tidal theory and with previous observational studies based on station data in terms of its amplitude, phase, and seasonality at the Earth's surface. Above the 100 hPa level, the tidal signal amplifies with height and it is downward propagating; below that level it is almost barotropic. The L2 signal is resolvable even in data for individual months of individual years. Monthly time series of tidal amplitude and phase exhibit a well-defined pattern of seasonality year after year. Since the ERA forecast model has no L2 gravitational forcing, the source of its L2 signal must be in the observations.
Renovascular Disease in Blacks: Prevalence and Result of Operative Management

ABSTRACT Hypertension in blacks differs in a quantitative sense from hypertension in whites; it occurs in blacks with greater frequency and severity and at a younger age when compared with whites. In addition, elevated blood pressure at any level is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in black patients. Several mechanisms have been suggested to account for this form of hypertension, implying that hypertension in black patients is intrinsically different from that in whites. Although these mechanisms remain unproven, it has generally been accepted that correctable renovascular disease and renovascular hypertension (RVH) occur infrequently in blacks; the authors, however, will review preliminary populationbased data which suggest that the presence of renal artery disease is not determined by raceor ethnicity. In addition, the prevalence of renovascular disease in a large group of consecutive hypertensive subjects will be presented.Finally, the blood pressure and renal function response after surgical renal artery repair in blacks will be compared with whites treated at the authors' institution. Taken collectively, these data and clinical experience support the search for and treatment of renal artery disease in properly selected hypertensive blacks. KEY INDEXING TERMS: Hypertension; Renovascular disease; Renovascular hypertension.[Am J Med Sci 1998;315(5):337-342.]
Role of cystatin C in neuroprotection and its therapeutic implications.

This Commentary discusses the role of Cystatin C in Neuroprotection and its Therapeutic Implications.
1511 RANGE-GATED PULSED DOPPLER DETERMINATION OF ASCENDING AORTIC FLOW IN HEALTHY NEONATES

Ascending aortic blood flow was determined in 6 healthy neonates by range-gated pulsed Doppler technique in the 1st 72 hrs. of life. None of the infants had evidence of structural heart disease or patent ductus arteriosus by 2-D Echo. and all were AGA. The descending aorta was visualized by 2-D Echo. from a subcostal view and Doppler spectral waveforms were obtained within the ascending aorta. Mean flow velocity during systole was determined by digitizing and integrating the area under the Doppler flow during 3 consecutive systolic intervals with a microsonics computer. Ascending aortic blood flow during systole was calculated by using the formula: mean flow velocity × cross-sectional area of the aorta. Ascending aortic blood flow per minute was computed by the formula: systolic ascending aortic blood flow × heart rate. Heart rate was obtained by simultaneously recorded EKG. Mean ascending aortic blood flow was 187±17 ml/min/kg for these 6 neonates. These results are comparable to historical standards for systemic blood flow as determined by the thermodilution and Fick principle derived systemic blood flow. Our study confirms that range-gated pulsed Doppler technique offers a reliable method for non-invasive determination of ascending aortic blood flow.
GAUGE-INDEPENDENT QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS

We discuss a covariant, but not manifestly covariant, form of quantum electrodynamics. No gauge-dependent potentials are introduced as independent (canonical) variables. Only the transverse electromagnetic field is quantized as a photon field. We formulate the theory first in interaction representation, although only flat space-like surfaces $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ are considered. The interaction operator given by Eq. (10) is then used for describing Lorentz transformations (rotations of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$) as well as time dependence (parallel progress of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$). The integrability of the generalized Schr\"odinger equation is then proved. As we transform to Heisenberg representation the electron wave function $\ensuremath{\psi}$ loses its spinor character and the transverse photon field $\mathfrak{E}$, $\mathfrak{B}$ its tensor character, but by adding the coulomb field ${\mathbf{E}}_{11}$ to $\mathfrak{E}$ we restore the tensor character of the electromagnetic field. The gauge-independent quantum electrodynamics of Pauli's Handbuch article is a special form of the result thus obtained for the particular case that the number of electrons is known and finite. Our theory has a more general form allowing use of position (hole) theory.
Dryfall: An important constituent of atmospheric hydrocarbon deposition

The character and magnitude of C13C33 hydrocarbons in bulk, wet and dry atmospheric deposition samples are presented. Biogenic n-alkanes were a predominant component of all samples. Urban samples with the exception of wetfall, contained primarily anthropogenic hydrocarbons with minor biogenic inputs. Hydrocarbons derived from higher plant waxes constitute the largest source input to nonurban samples. The UCM was an important constituent of bulk and dry deposition but was absent in wet deposition samples. The PAHs were present in similar concentrations in bulk and dry deposition samples collected at the urban station but were absent in nonurban and wet deposition samples. Wet deposition samples accounted for approximately one-third of the total hydrocarbon deposition of corresponding bulk deposition samples. The comparison of hydrocarbon concentrations in precipitation to ambient air samples indicates that precipitation removed only a small portion of the high molecular weight hydrocarbons from the atmosphere. The quantitative and qualitative composition of dry deposition samples appears very similar to that of bulk deposition samples supporting the proposal that dry deposition is the primary atmospheric removal mechanism for high molecular weight particulate hydrocarbons.
Characterization of the conformations of antigenic peptides of protein lactate dehydrogenase (LDH‐C4) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The conformations of several rationally designed antigenic peptides that mimic, to varying degrees, an antibody-binding region of protein lactate dehydrogenase isozyme (LDH-C4) are investigated by deuterium/hydrogen exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The approach involves monitoring the reverse-exchange of deuterium, incorporated at the labile sites in the peptides, with hydrogen as a function of time by ESI-MS. Idealized forms of a segment of the native antigen are shown to be more conformationally restricted than the native peptide based on level of deuterium that remains incorporated at the labile sites over time. From the number of amide groups of the peptide backbone that retain deuterium, estimates of the helical content of each peptide have been measured that are in close agreement with those determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in separate experiments. A single amino acid substitution in the idealized helical construct results in a conformational change easily detected by the deuterium exchange ESI-MS method. The approach is shown to be a viable method for characterizing the conformations of protein antigens at the local level and for screening the conformations of antigenic peptides designed to elicit optimal immune responses.