cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Singlet-triplet gaps and insertion reactions of aminocyanocarbenes: A computational study of hydrogen cyanide covalent dimers

Singlet–triplet gaps (S–T, ΔEST), structural parameters, intramolecular CH insertion reactions, intramolecular NH insertion reactions, intermolecular CH insertion reactions, and intramolecular 1,2-rearrangements of aminocyanocarbenes (NCCNX2, X = H, CH3, CF3) have been studied using restricted and unrestricted CCD, CCSD, QCISD, B3LYP, and MP2 methods with the 6-31G(d), 6-311+G(d,p), cc-pVDZ, and cc-pVTZ basis sets. HCNH2, NCCNH2, NCCN(CH3)2, and NCCN(CF3)2 have singlet ground states. The ΔEST values for aminocyanocarbene, N,N-(dimethylamino)cyanocarbene, and N,N-(ditrifluoromethylamino)cyanocarbene are 29.34, 32.75, and 19.48 kcal/mol, respectively. Aminocyanocarbene, a hydrogen cyanide covalent dimer, is predicted to have higher energy than the dimer (Z)-C-cyanomethanimine which is lower in energy than the isomeric (E)-C-cyanomethanimine and N-cyanomethanimine. The three-centered transition state connecting singlet aminocyanocarbene with (Z)-C-cyanomethanimine is 55.7 kcal/mol higher in energy than the carbene and the transition state connecting the E and Z isomers of C-cyanomethanimine is 29.54 kcal/mol higher in energy than the Z isomer. CCSD/cc-pVDZ predicted the barrier for the intermolecular insertion of singlet aminocyanocarbene into a CH bond of methane to be 35.40 kcal/mol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
IKr channel blockade to unmask occult congenital long QT syndrome

Background Patients with genetic evidence of long QT syndromes type 1 and 2 (LQT1, associated with impaired outward potassium current I Ks ; and LQT2, associated with impaired outward potassium current I Kr ) may have normal baseline QT intervals (phenotype/genotype discordance) and elude clinical detection. Beta-adrenergic stimulation may unmask occult LQT1, but no maneuver has consistently unmasked the LQT2 phenotype. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the repolarization reserve hypothesis (multiple challenges to repolarization are required to produce an abnormal phenotype), using subjects with LQT1 and LQT2 mutations but normal QT interval. We hypothesized that I Kr channel blockade would prolong the QT interval excessively in subjects with LQTS compared with controls and that I Kr channel blockade could unmask the abnormal LQTS phenotype in subjects with LQTS versus controls, as measured by the T peak-to-end interval (Tpe), a sensitive measure of abnormal repolarization. Methods Subjects with known LQT1 (n = 5) and LQT2 (n = 6) mutations but baseline QTc ≤450 ms and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 22) received intravenous erythromycin (an I Kr blocker). RR, QRS, QT, and Tpe intervals were measured at baseline and after drug infusion. Results Erythromycin caused only modest QT prolongation in all groups. In contrast, Tpe was specifically prolonged by I Kr channel blockade in LQT2 subjects but not in LQT1 subjects or controls. Conclusion Short-acting I Kr channel blockade, together with the sensitive repolarization measure Tpe, can unmask abnormal repolarization in LQT2. Our finding of abnormal repolarization in LQT2 subjects exposed to I Kr channel blockade supports the repolarization reserve hypothesis.
The Price of Synchrony: Evaluating the Resistive Losses in Synchronizing Power Networks

This paper investigates the resistive power losses that are incurred in keeping a network of synchronous generators in a synchronous state. These losses arise due to the transient power-flow fluctuations that occur when the system is perturbed from a synchronous state by a small transient event or in the face of persistent stochastic disturbances. We call these losses the “price of synchrony,” as they reflect the real power-flow costs incurred in resynchronizing the system. In the case of small fluctuations at each generator node, we show how the total network's resistive losses can be quantified using an ${\cal H}_{2}$ norm of a linear system of coupled swing equations subject to distributed disturbances. This norm is shown to be a function of transmission-line and generator properties, to scale unboundedly with network size, and to be weakly dependent on the network topology. This conclusion differentiates the price of synchrony from typical power systems stability notions, which show highly connected networks to be more coherent and, thus, easier to synchronize. In particular, the price of synchrony is more dependent on a network's size than its topology. We discuss possible implications of these results in terms of the design of future power grids, which are expected to have highly distributed generation resources leading to larger networks with the potential for greater transient losses.
Towards a genetics of anxious temperament: From mice to men

An enduring question in the study of human personality is ‘to what extent and how do genetic factors influence such personality constructs as “trait anxiety”?’. We selectively survey progress and obstacles in the genetic dissection of fear-like behavior, especially as it pertains to more constitutional forms of anxiety or anxious temperament. We emphasize the selection of phenotypic dimensions and the utility of ‘temperament’ and personality constructs as mediating variables for psychopathology. We summarize studies on the use of mouse models of ‘anxious temperament’ to map genetic loci, and briefly review recent genetic association studies of related phenotypes in humans utilizing candidate genes. We suggest that further progress in genetic research on ‘trait anxiety’ disorders may come from the following: (i) developing alternate constructs for investigating psychiatric illness focusing on dimensional scales, mediating variables and premorbid traits: (ii) examining ‘at-risk’ populations for protective genetic factors influencing ‘resilience’ or loci providing a reduced risk of a given trait or disorder; and (iii) utilizing lower animal models as a bridge to dissect the genetic factors contributing to related human phenotypes.
Predictability of large avalanches on a sandpile.

When grains are added to a large sandpile, quasiperiodic large avalanches maintain the steady state mass. The buildup periods between the large avalanches contain many small avalanches. The size distribution of the small events does not vary during a buildup period but their mean rate of occurrence does. The qualitative behavior of the real sandpile avalanches is identical to the behavior of earthquakes on a model fault proposed by Carlson and Langer. As that model suggests, the running total number of small avalanches can in principle predict the occurrence of the large avalanches.
Sintering of aluminum nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Molecular-dynamics simulations have been used to study the consolidation of nanopartictes of aluminum. We have studied two- and three-particle sintering as it is influenced by temperature, particle size and crystallographic orientation. We have elucidated the dominant transport mechanisms by measuring the shear stresses that develop in the contact regions and the mobilities of the surface and core atoms during sintering. Our studies demonstrate that increasing the particles size slows down the sintering kinetics. The extent of interpenetration of the particles is independent of the particle size and is afunction of the temperature of the particles.
Mechanism of activation of bacterial cellulose synthase by cyclic di-GMP

The bacterial signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) stimulates the synthesis of bacterial cellulose, which is frequently found in biofilms. Bacterial cellulose is synthesized and translocated across the inner membrane by a complex of cellulose synthase BcsA and BcsB subunits. Here we present crystal structures of the c-di-GMP-activated BcsA-BcsB complex. The structures reveal that c-di-GMP releases an autoinhibited state of the enzyme by breaking a salt bridge that otherwise tethers a conserved gating loop that controls access to and substrate coordination at the active site. Disrupting the salt bridge by mutagenesis generates a constitutively active cellulose synthase. Additionally, the c-di-GMP-activated BcsA-BcsB complex contains a nascent cellulose polymer whose terminal glucose unit rests at a new location above BcsA's active site and is positioned for catalysis. Our mechanistic insights indicate how c-di-GMP allosterically modulates enzymatic functions.
Drug and alcohol use in emergency hand patients

Two hundred eleven adult emergency hand patients were prospectively tested over a 1-year period for drug and alcohol use. On admission, blood and urine samples were sent for quantitative alcohol and qualitative toxicology screens, respectively. In 44% of all patients tests were positive for one or more drugs or alcohol. Tests were positive in 43% of those with traumatic injuries. Of patients injured on the job, 33% had positive tests. Tests were positive in 63% of those patients with hand infections. One third of the patients with positive toxicology screens were multiple drug users. These findings have obvious implications for the patient, the physician, and society as a whole.
Correlation filters minimizing peak location errors

A new measure, termed the peak location error (PLE), is introduced to characterize the ability of a correlation filter to locate a target in the input. It is shown that the filter minimizing the PLE is the classical matched filter. Comparison is made between the minimal PLE and the error achievable with phase-only filters.
Influence of technical parameters on the in vitro motility of equine neutrophils in the presence of streptococcal culture supernatant.

Abstract To identify the influence of technical factors on the in vitro motility of equine neutrophils towards streptococcus culture supernatant in an under-agarose assay, we studied the changes in eight cell migration parameters. The distances the phagocytes travelled by directed, random and spontaneous migration increased with incubation time, cell concentration and the gelatin and serum contents of the migration plates. The contribution of chemotaxis to the phagocyte migrations, however, decreased simultaneously. The directed and random, though not the spontaneous, migrations of the phagocytes increased also when the chemoattractant wells were placed closer to the cell wells but so did the influence of the chemokinetic activity of the bacterial culture supernatant on phagocyte motility. In contrast, preincubation of migration plates with the chemoattractant, the agarose content of the migration plates and contamination of the granulocytes with non-migrating, mononuclear cells did not substantially affect the in vitro migrations of the neutrophils. The changes in the in vitro motility of the equine neutrophils by these technical factors were, in general, comparable to those reported for human cells attracted by a variety of host- and bacteria-derived chemoattractants.
Constraints on form factors for exclusive semileptonic heavy to light meson decays.

We use rigorous QCD dispersion relations to derive model-independent bounds on the {ital {bar B}}{r_arrow}{pi}{ital l}{bar {nu}}, {ital D}{r_arrow}{pi}{ital {bar l}}{nu}, and {ital D}{r_arrow}{ital {bar K}{bar l}}{nu} form factors. These bounds are particularly restrictive when the value of the observable form factor at one or more kinematic points is assumed. With reasonable assumptions we find {ital f}{sub {ital B}}{le}195 MeV and that the shape of the form factor becomes severely constrained. These constraints are useful both for model discrimination and for model-insensitive extraction of Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing parameters.
Sensitivity Analysis of Detecting Plasmon Resonance Spectral Shifts for Nanoparticle Based Biosensors

Shifts in the plasmon resonance of single nanoparticles are being investigated for biosensing applications. A systematic analysis of the factors which influence uncertainties in the spectral data and a method for optimizing acquisition are presented.
Comparison of oxidation induction time measurements with values derived from oxidation induction temperature measurements for EPDM and XLPE polymers

Oxidative stability and retained operational utility of polymers used as insulation for electrical cables, such as ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), may be assessed by oxidation induction time (OIT) analysis. OIT is measured directly with a differential scanning calorimeter. Using a simplified kinetics model, Gimzewski demonstrated that it is possible to calculate the OIT from measured values of oxidation induction temperature and the activation energy for petroleum lubricants. In the present research, directly measured OITs are compared with OITs calculated from measured oxidation induction temperatures and activation energies for EPDM and XLPE cable insulation. Good agreement between the two methods was demonstrated for these materials.
A heat unit system for predicting optimum row tunnel removal time for bell peppers

Abstract A heat unit (heat sums) system to determine optimum row tunnel removal time to produce the maximum early and total fruit yield of bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.) was developed. The optimum heat unit over 3 years was 647–678, using a base temperature of 10°C. Ambient temperatures recorded outside (but nearby) the tunnels were a better predictor of high and low temperatures inside the tunnels than local weather service data. Equations were developed and presented which allow the use of ambient temperatures to estimate tunnel temperatures and predict total heat units under the tunnels.
Cultural relativism and the visual turn

The recent explosion of interest in visual culture has often been premised on the assumption that distinct scopic regimes or visual practices are relative to the cultures out of which they emerge. Any naturalist hope of locating transcendental visual experience prior to its cultural coding is thus taken to be in vain. This article takes issue with this premise, not by returning to a discredited naturalism, but rather by putting pressure on the culture concept itself. Drawing on the work of such theorists as Bruno Latour, David McDougall and Regis Debray, it argues that visual experience presents a challenge to the belief that it is ‘culture all the way down’. Although it does not claim that arguments for relativism can be entirely refuted, it does conclude that an exploration of visuality shows that grounding them in the alleged incommensurability of cultures is unpersuasive.
Ricoeur versus Taylor on Language and Narrative

: Although Ricoeur and Taylor are often grouped together, their conceptions of language, literature, and practical reason are very different. The first half of this essay focuses on Ricoeur's theory of triple mimesis and narrative, showing how his attempt to synthesize Kant, Husserl, and structuralism results in a formalism that blocks out the ontological, hermeneutical, and historical dimensions of literature and practical reason. The second half of the essay develops Taylor's ontological conception of public imagination and illustrates the dynamics of this conception of language and interpretation by showing how literary works debate with each other over language, subjectivity, and reference. Narrative does not just order; it argues.
Testing plausible upper-mantle compositions using fine-scale models of the 410-km discontinuity

We constructed models of the 410-km discontinuity, in which the shape and width of the velocity and density increase were constrained by mineral physics data on the α-β transition in (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. The transition was represented as cubic functions of depth, and its width was estimated to range between 8–24 km. Reflection coefficients were calculated for these models for competing estimates of the percentage of olivine in the mantle, using synthetic seismograms that include the finite-frequency effects of the distributed transition. Comparing the synthetic reflectivities with the average reflectivity observed in previous analyses of ScS reverberations, we conclude that the mantle composition is close to that of pyrolite (55 vol. % olivine). Furthermore, much of the range of reflectivity can be explained by temperature variation in a pyrolite mantle. An olivine-poor composition (35 vol. % olivine) marginally satisfies the seismic data only if the transition thickness averages less than 10 km.
Expression of monoamine oxidase A and B activities in mouse cybrids and hybrids.

Abstract The inheritance of monoamine oxidase (MAO; EC1.4.3.4) was studied in cultured cells using techniques of somatic cell genetics. Cells of a mouse neuroblastoma variant line lacking MAO activity were fused to cytoplasts prepared from a mouse L cell line which expresses MAO activity and is resistant to chloramphenicol (a cytoplasmically inherited trait). The resulting cybrids were resistant to chloramphenicol, but did not recover MAO activity, indicating that the loss of activity in the neuroblastoma parent was not the result of an inherited lesion in a cytoplasmically transmitted gene. This cybrid cells were then fused to rat hepatoma cells expressing both A and B types of MAO activity. A resulting hybrid line, grown in medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT) to select cells that had retained HPRT activity and hence the rat X chromosome, expressed both types of activity, but at a reduced level compared to the hepatoma parent. This finding indicates that the genetic lesion in the neuroblastoma cells resulting in loss of MAO activity is not phenotypically dominant, and that both A and B types of activity can be conferred together to neuroblastoma cells which normally express only the A type of MAO activity.
Environmental, health and safety issues associated with the manufacture and use of II–VI photovoltaic devices

Abstract Federal and state agencies have classified cadmium and selenium compounds as hazardous. Consequently, facilities using these materials are subject to various regulations and guidelines developed by these agencies. The intent of these guidelines is to protect worker and public health from accidental and routine chemical exposures. In this context, the agencies provide specific limits on public and occupational exposures, and generalized guidance on methods or approaches for attaining such limits. This paper gives background information on the toxicology and pharmacology of cadmium and selenium compounds, and reviews several newly proposed or adopted Federal and state regulations which can affect photovoltaic manufacturing facility operations using these and other similar chemicals.
Study of wave propagation in strongly nonlinear periodic lattices using a harmonic balance approach

Abstract This paper presents a general harmonic balance method for studying plane wave propagation in strongly nonlinear periodic media. The proposed approach starts by assuming a multi-wavenumber and frequency solution for the unit cell degrees of freedom. A Galerkin projection then transforms the nonlinear differential equations of motion into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are subsequently solved numerically through a Newton-like iteration scheme. These solutions reveal amplitude-dependent dispersion behavior and group velocities. Specific example systems studied include one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional lattices, both formed by a periodic arrangement of spheres interacting under a Hertzian contact law. Amplitude-dependent dispersion is noted in monatomic and diatomic chains, and in hexagonally close-packed two-dimensional lattices. The validity of the presented technique is assessed through direct numerical simulation of the equations governing finite-extent lattices. Strong agreement is documented for results calculated using the harmonic balance approach and the direct numerical simulations.
Insurance Coverage and Anticipatory Guidance: Are Hispanic Children at a Disadvantage?

We examined pediatric insurance status and receipt of weight-related anticipatory guidance in the 2008-2010 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (n = 12 438). Hispanic children were more likely than white children to report diet and exercise counseling, regardless of insurance. Given the risks of overweight and obesity among Hispanic children, these findings are promising.
Two-solenoid Aharonov-Bohm experiment with correlated particles

Abstract The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect for correlated charged particles interacting locally with the external vector potential field of two spatially separated solenoids with confined magnetic flux is examined. The joint probability for particle arrival at each of two spatially separated detectors manifests a quantum interference that depends on the flux of both solenoids. However, in marked contrast to the “standard” AB effect with one solenoid and uncorrelated particles, there is no quantum interference in the probability of particle arrival at one detector. Thus, this version of the AB effect exhibits the type of long-range correlations that are addressed by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox and tests of Bell's inequalities. For particles with spin, the interference term can distinguish fermions and bosons.
Cardiaplication: a novel surgical technique for refractory gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatric population.

Abstract Introduction: We encountered 3 patients with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and tubular stomachs precluding fundoplication. Here, we report the use of an innovative technique, cardiaplication, as an alternative approach for antireflux surgery. Methods: Three infants with medically refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were referred for fundoplication. In each case, the patient's anatomy prevented a traditional fundoplication from being performed. A cardiaplication was performed by invaginating the cardia of the stomach at the angle of His and securing the invaginated tissue with interrupted silk suture. The plication tubularized the cardia of the stomach, essentially increasing the intra-abdominal portion of the esophagus and altering the angle of His. The imbrication also creates a flapper valve over the distal esophagus, further limiting potential reflux. The charts for the infants who received cardiaplication were reviewed. Radiographic studies and clinical notes for the pr...
Subjective mood state and perception of emotion in chimeric faces.

Abstract Levy, Heller, Banich, and Burton (1983) have shown that hemispheric activational, or arousal, style, as measured by direction and consistency of choice of the “happer face” on a free-viewing Chimeric Faces Test, is highly reliable and varies across individuals who otherwise presumably have similar cortical organization (e.g., right-handed college students). The current experiment asks whether such individual differences in hemispheric arousal style are moderated by long-term, in the sense of enduring, individual differences in mood, as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Like Levy et al.'s subjects, most of our subjects (126 right-handed college students) made most of their choices on the Chimeric Faces Test based on the emotional cue (the smile) positioned in the half of the face to the viewer's left, or left visual hemifield (LVH), whereas a small minority were equally consistent in making their choice based on the emotional cue positioned in the half of the face to the viewer's right, or right visual hemifield (RVH). Performance on the Chimeric Faces Test, however, proved to be unrelated to scores on the POMS questionnaire. This suggests that hemispheric arousal style, as indexed by the Chimeric Faces Test, is robust enough, for a population of normal right-handers, to transcend any differences in mood as measured by the POMS questionnaire.
The effect of propranolol on catecholamine clearance

Normal subjects given propranolol increased their plasma t½ for infused isoproterenol from 2.68 to 6.25 minutes. Propranolol increased plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels only slightly. Propranolol increased the t½ of isoproterenol but not that of NE in men with autonomic nervous system degeneration. This suggests that propranolol acts on nonneuronal uptake-2 processes, rather than on uptake-1 mechanisms. α-Blockers slow uptake-1 and β-blockers slow uptake-2 processes. When 27 subjects exercised, those who attained the highest plasma levels of the α- and β-receptor agonist NE also had the briefest apparent t½ for NE. Adrenergic receptor blocking drugs slow catecholamine clearance. NE may stimulate its own clearance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 116–119; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.147
1967 Riots: A Test of the Congruity of Events

The stereotypical conception of crowd behavior as bizarre and incongruous is empirically examined through the development and analysis of a Guttman scale of riot severity for 75 civil-criminal disorders. It is found that certain aspects of civil-criminal disorders fail to support some of the assumptions about collective behavior made in the spirit of the LeBon tradition.
A Laminated Plate Model of an Adhesive-Bonded Taper-Taper Joint Under Tension

An analytical model of the strain and stress distributions in a taper-taper adhesive-bonded joint between two composite flat plates has been developed using first-order laminated plate theory. A correction for transverse shear deformation effects was included. The model was derived under the assumption of plane strain in the adherends and consists of eighteen first-order, linear, coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. The model was solved numerically using the Linear Shooting Method. Finite element models were also developed to verify the results of the analytical model using the COSMOS/M commercial software package.
Refrigeration with electrolytic and immiscible liquid–liquid systems

Abstract Due to environmental concerns, new refrigerants are urgently needed to meet the refrigeration needs in the coming century. Two novel absorption refrigeration systems are considered herewith (1) the mixed-solvent electrolytes, and (2) mixtures exhibiting liquid–liquid immiscible phase separations as working fluids. When properly designed, they can avoid the global warming and ozone depletion pitfalls usually associated with the chlorofluorcarbon refrigerants. Electrolytic systems such as water–lithium bromide–ethylene glycol, and ammonia–sodium thiocyanate mixtures can serve as cooling media in an absorption refrigeration cycle with salts as absorbents and water (or ammonia) as refrigerants. The cycle efficiency (expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance—COP) plays a major role in determining their economical viability. In this paper, we study the desirable molecular characteristics that the salt systems should possess in order to yield high COP. We set out to answer the questions: how do we select and screen electrolytic mixtures as working fluids? and what molecular properties impact on design and efficiency? We shall apply an accurate theory, namely, the mean-spherical approach (MSA) to electrolytes to model the activities of the salt solutions. The results are checked with available data to ascertain its accuracy. Predictions can then be made on the performance of electrolytic working fluids in applications such as air-conditioning and refrigeration. Next, for mixtures of chemical solvents that form liquid–liquid immiscibility gaps, a Maxwell cycle can be constructed to generate refrigeration. In order for this class of solvents to work, a number of practical and thermodynamic considerations must be satisfied. We examine several functional criteria that are needed to operate the cycle: the first is concerned with the free energy-of-mixing behavior; the second, the pattern of the immiscibility gaps; and the last, most importantly, the influence of activity coefficients on absorption. This type of refrigeration, not yet commercially developed, promises to be highly economical due to hardware savings (elimination of the condenser), and energy savings (no need to supply the latent heats of evaporation).
Thin film growth of incompatible materials

Abstract We study both submonolayer and multilayer growth in a model of thin-film growth appropriate for the case in which the deposited material is “incopatible” with the substrate in the sense that the deposited atoms do not wet the substrate. We find that the scaling behavior of the monomer and island densities, when considered as functions of the first layer coverage θ 1 and the ratio D / F of monomer diffusion rate D to the deposition flux F is similar to that for ordinary submonolayer growth. However, the surface morphology is very different. In particular, the substrate remains incompletely covered, with large grooves between the three-dimensional islands up to fairly large coverage. On the other hand, the nonwetting (hopping-up) process and the step barrier yield dimer and trimer mobilities which lead to a three-dimensional island-size-distribution scaling function which is dependent on the values of D / F . For D / F = 10 7 and low coverage, the scaling function was found to be similar to that for submonolayer growth with critical island size i = 2, while for D / F = 10 8 , it appears to be similar to that for i = 3.
The impact of an increase in accounting information level on the judgment quality of individuals and groups

Abstract A judgment modeling experiment which used bank loan officers as participants was performed in a field setting to examine the impact of an increase in information level on the judgments of individuals and groups. The results indicate that, as predicted, groups reached judgments of higher quality than individuals at both information levels. Also as predicted, groups responded more positively (or less negatively) than individuals to increases in information level, resulting in an increase in the judgment quality gap between groups and individuals. Individuals experienced greater information processing difficulties than groups as information level increased.
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of Duct Propagation Models

This paper presents results of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the relative merits of three duct propagation codes. Results from this study are intended to support identification of a "working envelope" within which to use the various approaches underlying these propagation codes. This investigation considers a segmented liner configuration that models the NASA Langley Grazing Incidence Tube, for which a large set of measured data was available. For the uncertainty analysis, the selected input parameters (source sound pressure level, average Mach number, liner impedance, exit impedance, static pressure and static temperature) are randomly varied over a range of values. Uncertainty limits (95% confidence levels) are computed for the predicted values from each code, and are compared with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals in the measured data. Generally, the mean values of the predicted attenuation are observed to track the mean values of the measured attenuation quite well and predicted confidence intervals tend to be larger in the presence of mean flow. A two-level, six factor sensitivity study is also conducted in which the six inputs are varied one at a time to assess their effect on the predicted attenuation. As expected, the results demonstrate the liner resistance and reactance to be the most important input parameters. They also indicate the exit impedance is a significant contributor to uncertainty in the predicted attenuation.
Discovery of Web frequent patterns and user characteristics from Web access logs: a framework for dynamic Web personalization

An automatic discovery method that discovers frequent access routines for unique clients from Web access log files is presented. The proposed algorithm develops novel techniques to extract the sets of all predictive access sequences from semi-structured Web access logs. Important user access patterns are manifested through the frequent traversal paths, thus helping to understand user surfing behaviors. The predictive access routines discovered by AllFreSeq are also useful for understanding and improving Web site domain tree.
The Tributary System in China's Historical Imagination: China and Hunza, ca. 1760–1960*

This article examines over 200 years (1761–1963) of China's relations with the Central Asian tribal state of Hunza. Employing a territorial genealogical approach, this research explores how Hunza, not initially recognised during the high Qing as an inner dependency or vassal, was gradually re-conceptualised by the Qing court as a historical tributary protectorate, and then in the Republican and Nationalist eras became known as a ‘lost territory’ ripe for restoration. It will also argue that the tributary system is not a dynastic legacy that ceased to function after 1911; but rather, it was an instrument of political expediency that continued to be used in the post-imperial era. In a sense, this research offers a new thinking about the ‘tribute system’ which might really be a nineteenth and twentieth century reinterpretation of an older form of symbolically asymmetric interstate relations (common in one form or another throughout many parts of Asia); this reinterpretation was strongly informed by English-language terminology and formulations, including ‘suzerainty’ and the mistranslation of ‘gong’ as ‘tribute’ itself, and both Britain and China manipulated the terminology and claimed to further their respective territorial, diplomatic and strategic interests.
Skin-tumor initiation activity of coal liquids with different boiling-point ranges

High-boiling coal liquids from the solvent-refined coal-I and -II (SRC-I, -II) processes, respectively, were fractionally distilled. In the case of SRC-I process solvent (PS), 50 degrees F distillation cuts were obtained between 550 and 850 degrees F, while for the SRC-II material, the 50 degrees F cuts were only obtained between 700 and 850 degrees F. These cuts, as well as the parent material, were tested for their ability to initiate skin tumors by applying a single dose (25 mg) to the shaved backs of Charles River female CD-1 mice. After 2 weeks, the mice received twice weekly applications of 5 micrograms of the promoter, phorbol myristate acetate. Only a few tumors were found for SRC-I fractions boiling below 700 degrees F; tumor-initiating activity increased as the boiling point increased. A similar increase in response with increasing boiling point was seen for the SRC-II cuts. The initiating activities for the parent materials were similar to those observed for their respective 800 to 850 degrees F cuts.
Psychology Ethics in Introductory Psychology Textbooks.

Previous research revealed that introductory psychology textbooks included limited information about psychology ethics. This study reviewed 48 current introductory psychology textbooks for research and other APA ethics content. These textbooks included slightly more total ethics content and were more thorough in their review of research ethics than textbooks of the past. However, psychology ethics related to teaching and clinical practice received minimal coverage and the limited integration of psychology ethics is a concern. Instructors are encouraged to seek supplementary resources to effectively integrate a greater breadth of psychology ethics into their course. Likewise, authors might consider a more comprehensive incorporation in future textbooks.
NIAAA: advancing alcohol research for 40 years.

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has been the lead Federal agency responsible for scientific research on alcohol and its effects for 40 years. During that time, NIAAA has conducted and funded groundbreaking research, distilled and disseminated those research findings to a broad audience, and ultimately improved public health. Among NIAAA’s many significant contributions are the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, the largest survey ever conducted on alcohol and associated psychiatric and medical conditions; investment in research to identify the genes underlying vulnerability to alcoholism; creation of the Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism, a study of the genetics of alcoholism in a human population; leadership in exploring the effects of alcohol on fetal development and on a variety of diseases and organ systems; fostering alcoholism treatment, including supporting a medications development program that has funded more than 30 Phase 2 trials and 15 human laboratory studies; international collaborations and work across the National Institutes of Health; influential research on preventing alcohol problems through community programs as well as policy changes; and the translation of research findings to everyday practice, including the production of award-winning clinician training materials.
An upwind differencing scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

The steady state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in 2-D are solved numerically using the artificial compressibility formulation. The convective terms are upwind-differenced using a flux difference split approach that has uniformly high accuracy throughout the interior grid points. The viscous fluxes are differenced using second order accurate central differences. The numerical system of equations is solved using an implicit line relaxation scheme. Although the current study is limited to steady state problems, it is shown that this entire formulation can be used for solving unsteady problems. Characteristic boundary conditions are formulated and used in the solution procedure. The overall scheme is capable of being run at extremely large pseudotime steps, leading to fast convergence. Three test cases are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the code. These are the flow in a square-driven cavity, flow over a backward facing step, and flow around a 2-D circular cylinder.
The Role of Mental Health Counselors in Promoting School–Family Collaboration Within the Tiered School-Wide Positive Behavioral Intervention and Support (SWPBIS) Model

Family–school collaboration has been shown to increase positive educational and social outcomes for students. We propose an integrated theoretical model from which mental health counselors may inte...
Linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18q and the validity of bipolar II disorder.

Background: An analysis of the relationship between clinical features and allele sharing could clarify the issue of genetic linkage between bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and chromosome 18q, contributing to the definition of genetically valid clinical subtypes. Methods: Relatives ascertained through a proband who had bipolar I disorder (BPI) were interviewed by a psychiatrist, assigned an all-sources diagnosis, and genotyped with 32 markers on 18q21-23. Exploratory findings from the first 28 families (n =2 47) were tested prospectively in an additional 30 families (n=259), and the effect of confirmed findings on the linkage evidence was assessed. Results: In exploratory analyses, paternal allele sharing on 18q21 was significantly (P=.03) associated with a diagnostic subtype, and was greatest in pairs where both siblings had bipolar II disorder (BPII). Prospective analysis confirmed the finding that BPII-BPII sibling pairs showed significantly (P = .016) greater paternal allele sharing. Paternal allele sharing across 18q21-23 was also significantly greater in families with at least one BPIIBPII sibling pair. In these families, multipoint affected sibling-pair linkage analysis produced a peak paternal lod score of 4.67 (1-lod confidence interval, 12 centimorgans [cM]) vs 1.53 (1-lod confidence interval, 44 cM) in all families. Conclusions: Affected sibling pairs with BPII discriminated between families who showed evidence of linkage to 18q, and families who did not. Families with a BPII sibling pair produced an increased lod score and improved linkage resolution. These findings, limited by the small number of BPII-BPII sibling pairs, strengthen the evidence of genetic linkage between BPAD and chromosome 18q, and provide preliminary support for BPII as a genetically valid subtype of BPAD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:1025-1031
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the Elderly Patient: The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience

Purpose: Cytoreductive nephrectomy as part of a multidisciplinary approach may be considered in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The benefit in the elderly population (75 years or older) is unclear. We reviewed our experience to help determine if it is of benefit in this patient population.Materials and Methods: Of 404 patients undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy from 1995 and 2005 we identified 24 elderly patients. Outcomes in these elderly patients were analyzed and compared to outcomes in the remaining 380 who were younger than 75 years.Results: Median age in the elderly and younger groups was 77.5 and 57.0 years, respectively. Performance status, sex distribution, and tumor histology, stage, grade and size were comparable. Estimated blood loss, transfusion rates, surgical times and hospital stay were similar in the 2 groups. There were 5 perioperative deaths (21%) in elderly patients compared to 4 (1.1%) in younger patients (p <0.01). Estimated blood loss, units transfused and surgical ...
PET reconstruction from deconvolved FORE data

Fully 3D PET data is often rebinned into 2D data sets in order to avoid time consuming fully 3D reconstruction. Then, conventional 2D reconstruction techniques are employed to obtain images from the rebinned data. In a common scenario, 2D filtered back projection (FBP) is applied to Fourier rebinned (FORE) data. This approach is suboptimal because FBP is based on an idealized mathematical model of the data. Specifically, FBP cannot account fully for variations in the system and the statistical structure of the data and noise. FORE data contains some blur in all 3 dimensions in comparison to conventional 2D PET data. In this work, we propose methods for approximating this blur due to FORE through its point spread function (PSF). We also explore simple methods for deconvolving the rebinned data with this PSF to restore it to a more ideal state prior to FBP. Our results show that deconvolution of the approximate transaxial PSF yields little improvement, while deconvolution of the axial PSF leads to significant gains in contrast levels.
FITNESS OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN WEEDY AND CULTIVATED RADISH: IMPLICATIONS FOR WEED EVOLUTION

Weed species are known to evolve rapidly with their associated crops. A better understanding of the mechanisms and rates of weed evolution could aid in limiting or at least anticipating this process. Spontaneous hybridization between crops and related weed species can transfer crop genes coding for fitness-enhancing traits to wild populations, but little is known about how easily this takes place in various weed-crop complexes. We studied interspecific hybrids between wild and cultivated radishes (Raphanus raphanistrum 3 R. sativus), which often co-occur and share pollinators. To determine whether the F1 generation represents a strong barrier to subsequent introgression, we compared the fitness of wild plants and wild-crop hybrids. Two experiments were carried out in Michigan, USA, one with potted plants and the other involving four artificially established populations. In the artificial populations, we used white flower color, a dominant, crop-specific allele, to document the persistence of crop genes over time. Wild plants had yellow flowers, which is a recessive trait. F1 hybrids had lower fitness than wild plants due to lower pollen fertility, fewer seeds per plant, and delayed flowering. Despite these disadvantages, hybrids con- tributed substantially to each population's gene pool. After 3 yr, frequencies of white- flowered plants in the artificial populations ranged from 8% to 22%, demonstrating that crop genes persisted. Other studies of flower color variation in wild populations of R. raphanistrum provide circumstantial evidence for frequent crop-to-wild gene flow. We predict that, if cultivated radish is engineered to possess transgenes coding for traits such as resistance to insect herbivores, disease, herbicides, or environmental stress, these fitness- related crop genes will easily spread to R. raphanistrum.
Monoclonal antibody-induced inhibition of platelet function: effects on hemostasis and vascular graft thrombosis in baboons.

Abstract The usefulness of antiplatelet agents in vascular graft recipients remains controversial because of uncertainties regarding drug mechanisms of action and dose-duration effects. In our study, a well-characterized murine monoclonal antibody (LJ-CP8, 10 mg/kg) was infused into baboons to assess the hemostatic consequences and antithrombotic effectiveness of blocking the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor for fibrinogen and other adhesive glycoproteins. Five treated animals and six control animals were evaluated with serial measurements of platelet count, bleeding time, and platelet aggregation ex vivo (in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen). Indium 111—labeled platelet deposition onto femoral vascular grafts (4 mm inner diameter Gore-Tex) implanted immediately after antibody infusion was measured by quantitative gamma camera imaging. Although the antibody did not alter circulating platelet counts, bleeding times were immediately prolonged to more than 30 minutes (vs. 4.8 ± 0.4 minutes pretreatment) with only partial normalization by 48 hours (8.3 ± 1.0 minutes, p 0.5), averaging approximately 5 × 10 9 platelets per graft. Graft-associated indium 111—labeled platelet activity increased over 48 hours and was not reduced by the antibody treatment (p > 0.5 at all times). All grafts were removed at 8 days; only one graft from a treated animal was found patent. We conclude that (1) antibody-induced blockade of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa is not antithrombotic in this setting and that (2) platelet hemostatic competence as assessed by bleeding time or aggregation measurements may not predict the capacity of platelets to contribute to graft thrombus formation. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:172-80.)
Orientation and Direction Tuning of Goldfish Ganglion Cells

Orientation and direction tuning were examined in goldfish ganglion cells by drifting sinusoidal gratings across the receptive field of the cell. Each ganglion cell was first classified as X-, Y-, or W-like based on its responses to a contrast-reversal grating positioned at various spatial phases of the cell's receptive field. Sinusoidal gratings were drifted at different orientations and directions across the receptive field of the cell; spatial frequency and contrast of the grating were also varied. It was found that some X-like cells responded similarly to all orientations and directions, indicating that these cells had circular and symmetrical fields. Other X-like cells showed a preference for certain orientations at high spatial frequencies suggesting that these cells possess an elliptical center mechanism (since only the center mechanism is sensitive to high spatial frequencies). In virtually all cases, X-like cells were not directionally tuned. All but one Y-like cell displayed orientation tuning but, as with X-like cells, orientation tuning appeared only at high spatial frequencies. A substantial portion of these Y-like cells also showed a direction preference. This preference was dependent on spatial frequency but in a manner different from orientation tuning, suggesting that these two phenomena result from different mechanisms. All W-like cells possessed orientation and direction tuning, both of which depended on the spatial frequency of the stimulus. These results support past work which suggests that the center and surround components of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields are not necessarily circular or concentric, and that they may actually consist of smaller subareas.