cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-Oriented Direct Stiffness Method

In the preceding chapter the stiffness method was developed initially by superposition of actions for the free displacement coordinates (Sec. 3.2). Then the method was formalized and extended in Sec. 3.6 using the compatibility matrix CMJ and the virtual work concept. With this second approach the complete joint stiffness matrix S, (for both free and restrained displacements) was assembled by the triple matrix multiplication given as Eq. (3–32). While the formal version is enlightening and well organized, it involves a large and sparse compatibility matrix containing terms that are not easy to evaluate correctly. Neither the generation of this matrix nor the multiplication process for assembly would be suitable for computer programming. A better methodology consists of drawing ideas from both approaches and adding a few computer-oriented techniques to evolve what is known as the direct stiffness method.
Capitalism, imperialism, and modes of exchange: a reply to Karatani

ABSTRACTThis paper is a response to Kojin Karatani’s article, “Neoliberalism as a historical stage”. Wainwright argues that Karatani elucidates the relationship between capitalism, imperialism, and empire by extending the mode of exchange theory Karatani has been developing over his career. Wainwright explains Karatani’s radical reinterpretation of Marxist theory of empire and imperialism, distinguished based on their predominant mode of exchange: empire results from plunder/protection, imperialism from market/capital. In other words, empire and imperialism are neither epiphenomenal nor strategies waiting to be mobilized by political leaders. Rather, both are historical derivations of prevailing modes of exchange. Wainwright contends that these argument, though novel, do not reflect a radical break from Marx. Rather they reflect a return to Marx’s original intuition that capitalism must be grasped through an analysis of production and exchange, extending Marx’s analysis from Capital so as to explain other...
Case Report: Hepatopulmonary syndrome as the first clinical manifestation of cirrhosis in a patient with underlying chronic lung disease

An 86 year old woman with multiple chronic lung diseases (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and untreated mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) presented with two weeks of increased shortness of breath, notably worse when seated as compared to when lying down. After treatments focused on her known conditions did not resolve her dyspnea, the differential diagnosis was broadened and she was found to have evidence of cirrhosis on imaging. As a result of this new diagnosis, transthoracic echocardiography and arterial blood gas analysis were performed and together yielded the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome. We describe a rare presentation of hepatopulmonary syndrome manifesting as a patient's first clinical evidence of suspected cirrhosis, a diagnosis made difficult by this patient's numerous other lung diseases which muddied the picture.
A Decomposition Algorithm for a Class of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Cross-sensitive Output Measurement

Electrochemical sensors have been widely applied in various industries for monitoring and feedback control of air quality. However, many of the existing electrochemical sensors are cross-sensitive to interfering gases while measuring the target gases. In this study, we proposed a direct algebraic approach-based decomposition algorithm suitable for a class of nonlinear dynamic systems with cross-sensitive output measurements for state and output estimations. Nonlinear system state and output estimations, based on cross-sensitive output measurement, are rather challenging due to the surjective mapping from system states to direct output reading. The proposed algorithm utilizes the cross-sensitive output measurement and its time derivative information to systematically solve for the actual system states or outputs. The proposed algorithm was applied to the urea-based SCR system where the outlet NOx sensor suffers an ammonia cross-sensitivity issue while measuring NOx emissions. Simulation results over transient US06 cycle verified the effectiveness of the proposed decomposition algorithm in decoupling NO x concentrations and NH3 concentrations from the cross-sensitive NOx sensor readings, as well as in estimating the ammonia coverage ratio. The proposed decomposition algorithm can potentially be applied to a broad class of nonlinear dynamic systems with cross-sensitive electrochemical sensors to improve the system performance.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Dispersed Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Jet-Cooled Isopentoxy Radicals

The B-X laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectra of jet-cooled isopentoxy radicals have been obtained. The LIF spectrum of isopentoxy lacks strong transitions to the CO-stretch levels that are typical for alkoxy radicals. Instead, it contains two low-frequency vibrational progressions due to large-amplitude motions of the GG' and GG conformers involving torsion of the C1C2C3H dihedral angle. Other vibronic bands observed in the LIF spectrum are attributed to the TG conformer. Molecular carriers of the vibronic transitions in the LIF spectrum are identified by comparing the experimentally obtained spectrum and the simulated one. DF spectra of the GG and TG conformers are dominated by strong vibrational progressions of the CO-stretch mode when the origin or the CO-stretch band is pumped. When non-CO-stretch bands are pumped, the DF spectra are dominated by combination bands of the CO stretch and the pumped mode. A-X separations of the GG and TG conformers were also determined from the DF spectra.
Upper thermal tolerance of tropical and temperate termite species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae): a test of the climate variability hypothesis in termites

Extrema in temperature tolerances are a selective factor contributing to variation between populations and species. The climate variability hypothesis (CVH) posits that organisms exposed to a wider range of temperatures are expected to have a wider thermal range. This pattern is common across many taxa. In this study, we investigate how social insects vary in thermal tolerance. We test if social role in termites influences tolerance to temperature maxima, and given ties between social roles and body size, whether it is a primary correlate. Our methods examined upper lethal limit (ULL) and dry weights of five termite species representing two families across four sites in Texas and Costa Rica. With the addition of previously recorded upper heat tolerances in the literature, we conclude that termites follow the CVH and upper heat tolerance is positively correlated with absolute latitude. Our results show a differentiation in heat tolerance by task (collected from foraging site versus from nest) for Nasutitermes corniger soldiers but not workers. In the remaining species, there was no ULL partitioning by caste (soldier versus worker). Body size significantly correlated with ULL with the exception of Cornitermes walkeri, an outlier in both body size and ULL. A better understanding of how termites cope with temperature is important for this essential wood decomposer in a changing climate.
Widespread Cortical Thickness Is Associated With Neuroactive Steroid Levels.

Background Neuroactive steroids are endogenous molecules with regenerative and neuroprotective actions. Both cortical thickness and many neuroactive steroid levels decline with age and are decreased in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a systematic examination of the relationship between serum neuroactive steroid levels and in vivo measures of cortical thickness in humans is lacking. Methods Peripheral serum levels of seven neuroactive steroids were assayed in United States military veterans. All (n = 143) subsequently underwent high-resolution structural MRI, followed by parcellelation of the cortical surface into 148 anatomically defined regions. Regression modeling was applied to test the association between neuroactive steroid levels and hemispheric total gray matter volume as well as region-specific cortical thickness. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was used to control for Type 1 error from multiple testing. Results Neuroactive steroid levels of allopregnanolone and pregnenolone were positively correlated with gray matter thickness in multiple regions of cingulate, parietal, and occipital association cortices (r = 0.20-0.47; p < 0.05; FDR-corrected). Conclusion Positive associations between serum neuroactive steroid levels and gray matter cortical thickness are found in multiple brain regions. If these results are confirmed, neuroactive steroid levels and cortical thickness may help in monitoring the clinical response in future intervention studies of neuroregenerative therapies.
Flow quantification dependency on background phase correction techniques in 4D‐flow MRI

PURPOSE To analyze the dependence of flow volume measurements on 3D cine phase-contrast MRI (4D-flow MRI) background phase correction. METHODS In 31 subjects scanned on a 1.5T MRI scanner, flow volume measurements at 4 vessels were made using phantom corrected 2D phase contrast and 4D flow with background phase correction performed by linear, second, third, and fourth-order polynomial fitting to static tissue. Variations in the amount and distribution of static tissue were made to investigate the influence on flow volume measurements. RESULTS Bland Altman comparison of 2D phase-contrast and 4D-flow measurements showed low bias (2.3%-4.8%) and relatively large limits of agreement (13.5%-17.6%). Approximately half of this was attributable to sequence and physiological differences between the 2 scan sequences, demonstrated by smaller limits of agreement (5.3%-10.0%) when comparing 4D-flow measurements with differing background phase corrections. Using only 20% of available static tissue points for polynomial fitting resulted in only 1% difference in flow volume measurements. Using asymmetrically distributed static tissue or including nonstatic tissue for polynomial fitting yielded highly variable differences in flow volume measurements, which became more variable with increased polynomial order. Completely asymmetric static tissue selection resulted in high deviations in flow volume measurements (mean > 7%, max = 345%). CONCLUSION Comparisons between 2D phase-contrast and 4D-flow volume measurements should consider influences from sequence and physiological differences. A subset of static tissue points may be used with low impact on flow measurements, but should avoid the inclusion of nonstatic tissue and avoid asymmetric distribution. Higher-order polynomial fits are more susceptible to inaccurate static tissue selection.
How states shaped postwar America: state government and urban power: by Nicholas Dagen Bloom, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2019, 392 pp., $35 (hardcover)

One of the most interesting recent trends in scholarship on American governance in the third quarter of the twentieth century has been a renewed interest in the federal states. Though this era ofte...
(Un)common knowledge: Children use social relationships to determine who knows what.

Socially savvy individuals track what they know and what other people likely know, and they use this information to navigate the social world. We examine whether children expect people to have shared knowledge based on their social relationships (e.g., expecting friends to know each other's secrets, expecting members of the same cultural group to share cultural knowledge) and we compare children's reasoning about shared knowledge to their reasoning about common knowledge (e.g., the wrongness of moral violations). In three studies, we told 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 227) about what a child knew and asked who else knew the information: The child's friend (Studies 1-3), the child's schoolmate (Study 1), another child from the same national group (Study 2), or the child's sibling (Study 3). In all three studies, older children reliably used relationships to infer what other people knew. Moreover, with age, children increasingly considered both the type of knowledge and an individual's social relationships when reporting who knew what. The results provide support for a 'Selective Inferences' hypothesis and suggest that children's early attention to social relationships facilitates an understanding of how knowledge transfers - an otherwise challenging cognitive process.
Preschool Teachers' Socialization of Emotion Knowledge: Considering Socioeconomic Risk

Emotion knowledge supports early school success. Socializers' emotions, contingent reactions to emotions, emotion language, and beliefs about emotions can contribute to preschoolers' emotion knowledge, but more is known about parents' contributions than teachers'. We expected teachers' emotion socialization findings to parallel those in the parent literature, with potential moderation by classroom-level socioeconomic risk. Participants included 85 teachers and 327 preschoolers in high or low socioeconomic risk classrooms. Children's emotion knowledge was assessed twice. Teachers reported on emotional expressiveness, reactions to children's emotions, and emotion socialization beliefs. Their emotion language during book reading was codified. Hierarchical linear models predicted end-of-year emotion knowledge via emotion socialization, risk, and their interactions, controlling for child age, gender, and beginning-of-year emotion knowledge. Only one finding resembled the parent literature; most were specific to high socioeconomic risk classrooms, highlighting the importance of context in emotion socialization. Applications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are considered.
Antiemetics for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children

Oral ondansetron (Zofran) may be given to children presenting to the emergency department with vomiting and mild to moderate dehydration from acute gastroenteritis. It reduces hospital admissions and the need for intravenous hydration.
Factors Influencing Cognate Performance for Young Multilingual Children's Vocabulary: A Research Synthesis.

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to determine evidence of a cognate effect for young multilingual children (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months], preschool to second grade) in terms of tas...
Editorial: Sharpening Our Focus on Early Adversity, Development, and Resilience Through Cross-National Research.

The impacts of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Study continue to reverberate across medicine, influencing clinical practice, research, and public policy, prompting reexamination of the original ACEs research, and generating a range of new research questions that are critical for understanding health and development across the lifespan.1,2 Within child and adolescent psychiatry, this explosion of interest in childhood trauma and its consequences is generating rich new areas of inquiry: how does adversity become biologically embedded in brain structure and functioning? What familial, environmental, and genetic factors influence resilience and risk? How should we update and adapt the original ACEs framework to account for cultural, ethnic, and geographic differences across populations with various exposures during childhood and distinct ways of experiencing and understanding these exposures? What positive experiences during childhood might have equally profound lifelong health impacts? In this issue of the Journal, Salhi et al.3 present findings from a large cross-national survey of parents of young children to examine their hypotheses that particular household exposures, physical discipline, and lack of cognitive stimulation represent adverse experiences associated with specific developmental outcomes in young children. Like much related research emerging in this area, the present study may provoke more new questions than it answers, and the article sharpens our focus to better understand the developmental science of early adversity and its implications for mental health promotion and clinical care.
Stroke in pheochromocytoma: A novel mechanism

Central nervous system manifestations of pheochromocytomas usually result from hypertension, hemorrhage, and tumors when it is part of heritable syndromes. We describe a unique case where obvious causes are lacking for an ischemic stroke. Recent advances in cell biology have elucidated the role of endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cell in vascular flow regulation. We propose a novel mechanism for an increased risk of ischemic stroke that occurs during the hyperadrenergic state. New pharmacological agents used to treat stroke that act on the various pathways proposed in our mechanism are reviewed. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care and medical knowledge.
Antibiotics for Appendicitis - Proceed with Caution.

More than 30 years ago, while I was in training, the best diagnostician I have ever met said — much to my surprise — that some patients who had uncomplicated appendicitis could be successfully trea...
Chapter 8 The demand for labor in the long run

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a discussion on the demand for labor in the long run, which is important to labor economists for a variety of reasons. As in the market for a commodity, similarly in the market for labor, the demand is an integral determinant of the price of what is exchanged. The purpose of studying the demand for labor is to understand the ways in which exogenous changes will affect the employment and/or wage rates of a group or groups of workers. The chapter begins by examining the theory of labor demand. The theoretical discussion is divided into two parts: demand for labor in the two-factor case, and demand in the multi-factor case. In each part, first the results are derived generally, followed by specific functional forms. The chapter presents the issues involved in estimating labor-demand relations for one type of homogeneous labor, and then summarizes the state of knowledge in this area. The focus throughout is on the relations between exogenous wage changes and the determination of employment, and between exogenous changes in inelastically supplied labor and the structure of relative wages. It is assumed throughout that employers are perfect competitors in both product and labor markets. The chapter focuses only on the long-run, or static theory of labor demand, and thus only on the long-run effects of exogenous changes in wage rates or labor supply.
Adult Attachment, Personality Factors, Social Support, and Acculturative Stress of International Students

The current study examined the direct effects of adult attachment and personality factors, as well as indirect effects of attachment variables via social support on acculturative stress of international students. Based on a sample of 217 international students, the results of the structure equation modeling (SEM) analyses indicated that higher attachment anxiety and neuroticism were significantly associated with acculturative stress. Furthermore, significant indirect effects were found for the path of attachment avoidance➔social support➔acculturative stress and of extraversion➔social support➔acculturative stress. Limitations, future research directions, and counseling implications of the findings for mental health providers working with international students are discussed.
Faculty development workshop on gender-associated incivility in nursing education.

BACKGROUND Men comprise the minority of entry-level baccalaureate nursing students and are at increased risk of experiencing gender-associated incivility. PROBLEM Uncivil peer-to-peer behavior can negatively affect students' mental and physical well-being, and learning experience. Nursing faculty must be able to identify and address gender-associated incivility among students. AIM The purpose of this quality improvement program was to train nursing faculty to prevent, identify, and manage gender-associated incivility in the educational environment. METHODS A day-long interactive workshop utilizing trigger films, small group discussions, and interactive theater was developed to train nursing faculty to implement proactive and reactive techniques to address uncivil behavior which will enhance the learning environment for all students. Utilizing Kirkpatrick's Model of Evaluation, participants were surveyed at the conclusion of the workshop and four months postworkshop to evaluate their learning and its implementation. RESULTS Participants gained greater understanding of the impact of gender-associated incivility and felt both empowered and better prepared to manage gender-associated conflict. CONCLUSION Similar approaches may be useful for schools of nursing that wish to empower their nursing faculty to support an equitable nursing education environment free of gender-associated incivility.
Finding an Easier Way to Explain the Statement of Cash Flows

The statement of cash flows is one of the required financial statements of public companies, and thus is required of all accounting majors. After learning the other required financial statements in an introductory financial accounting course and, again, in the first intermediate accounting course, accounting majors learn how to prepare the statement of cash flows in the second or last intermediate accounting course. Most accounting majors find the statement of cash flows significantly more difficult to learn than any other financial statements. Especially, students find it most difficult to understand the indirect method of preparing the statement of cash flows. Preparing the statement of cash flows using the indirect method, students go through the most difficult time, specifically, doing the adjustments that are made to net income to reconcile to cash flows from operating activities. In this paper, presented is a different way to explain the principles of indirect method of preparing the statement of cash flows with a focus on the reconciliation of net income to cash flows from operating activities. Different from the explanations in the textbooks available in the market, the approach presented in the paper is preferred by all the students who were taught the statement of cash flows. Also, pointed out in the paper are a few things that students are easily confused of in learning the statement of cash flows.
Rescaling Non-metric Data to Metric Data Using Multi-Dimensional Scaling

Rescaling of nominal- and ordinal-scaled data to interval-scaled data is an important preparatory step prior to applying parametric statistical tests. Without rescaling, the analyst typically must resort to non-parametric tests that are less robust statistically than the metric counterparts. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) is a procedure that can be used to perform the desired rescaling. This paper utilizes MDS to transform nonmetric data from the IAN (Interactive Autism Network) and illustrates the application of the results to autism. Two simulated distributions were created from the MDS procedure to determine the best transformation. The tests reveal that either a normal or uniform distribution is acceptable with the uniform distribution performing marginally better than the normal.
Irreversible inactivation of chicken liver fatty acid synthetase by its substrates acetyl and malonyl CoA. Effect of temperature and NADP n fatty acid and triacetic acid lactone synthesis.

Abstract Chicken liver fatty acid synthetase is irreversibly inactivated by malonyl CoA and by acetyl and malonyl CoA. Two active forms of the enzyme existing above and below 11.5° are inactivated at different rates. Activities for fatty acid and triacetic acid lactone synthesis are lost at about the same rate and NADP + protects the enzyme against inactivation. Inactivation results from the enhanced covalent binding of malonyl groups in addition to those required for fatty acid synthesis.
The Perception of Multiple Images

INTRODUCTION The seeds for this paper were planted four years ago when I saw my first multi-screen presentation. This experience stimulated me to produce a five-screen presentation for my introductory psychology class, and then, a year later, to offer a course called "The Psychology of Art and Multimedia." This paper is a result of these initial attempts to consider multimedia-or, more specifically, multiple-image presentationswithin the framework of existing perceptual theory.
Fundamental research in crystalline silicon photovoltaic materials: program perspective

The directions and goals for future research in crystalline silicon materials for high-efficiency solar cells are identified. Currently, the substrates produced by technologies of commercial interest have lower chemical purity and crystal perfection than those of microelectronics-grade wafers. The material quality of these substrates can be improved by post-growth treatments that can be incorporated in the cell fabrication process schedule. Such treatments, applicable to low-cost single- and polycrystalline substrates, include impurity gettering, defect passivation, and defect annihilation. Development of these processes requires a better understanding of point-defect phenomena involving interactions of defects and impurities. >
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: (a "new" disease associated with water pollution).

Within the past 25 years more than 75 young people have died from primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. A considerable amount of research to date suggests that the appearance of this new disease pattern is influenced by water pollution. It seems that organic and thermal pollution of bodies of fresh water encourage the growth of bacteria which, in turn, encourage the activity of the amoebae responsible for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Virtually all victims had contacted contaminated water just prior to the onset of the disease. Drug treatment of the disease has been basically unsuccessful and is not expected to improve significantly. The need to focus our attention on the control of water pollution to prevent primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, and other possible "new” diseases, is discussed.
Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Anxiety Disorders: A National Survey

Objective: The goal of this study was to describe onset of comorbid anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence based on a large national survey of the U.S. adult population and to explore and describe these patterns by gender. Methods: Using Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data, we compared age at onset and temporal ordering of onset of comorbid alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders. Analyses were stratified by gender. Mean ages at onset were calculated, and Wald F-tests were used to assess differences in ages at onset, accounting for the complex survey design of the NESARC. Weighted estimates were used, adjusted to be representative of the U.S. population on various sociodemographic variables based on the 2000 Decennial Census. Results: Differences in temporal ordering were observed but varied by disorder combination. The majority (65%) had a primary (earliest onset) anxiety disorder, while the remaining 35% had a primary alcohol dependence diagnosi...
The Relationship Between Submental Surface Electromyography and Hyo-Laryngeal Kinematic Measures of Mendelsohn Maneuver Duration

Purpose The Mendelsohn Maneuver (MM) is a commonly prescribed technique that is taught to individuals with dysphagia to improve swallowing ability. Due to cost and safety concerns associated with v...
Radioisotope Assay for the Quantification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Sediment and Water

A radioisotope enrichment culture method was developed to estimate the physiologically active component of a population of sulfate-reducing bacteria in environmental water and sediment samples. Aliquots of water or sediment were added to 50-ml serum bottles filled with 35S-sulfate broth incubated for approximately 30 h. After incubation, the disintegration rate per milliliter of spent medium was measured, and the percentage of loss of activity resulting from bacterial sulfate reduction was determined. This loss of sulfate from the medium was then translated to a specific number of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans cells that would reduce an equivalent amount of sulfate in the same incubation time. This comparison was done using a series of growth curves of D. desulfuricans covering a range of inoculum densities between 102 and 107 cells. The radioassay was used to follow the effects of a pulp mill on a small anoxic river in Florida. The activity of the sulfate-reducing bacteria in the river was greatly suppressed when the mill was closed for annual maintenance. The initiation of waste treatment resulted in improved water quality in 1 week, but the river sediments required a month to show a 10-fold reduction in the population of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Certification and education as determinants of nurse practitioner scope of practice: An investigation of the rules and regulations defining NP scope of practice in the United States

Purpose and background In 2008, a consortium of advanced practice nursing organizations authored the Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education. The document's aim is to provide guidance for states to adopt uniformity in the regulation of advanced practice registered nurse roles. Despite a target date to complete that work by 2015, there remains an extensive amount of variation in how states define the scope of practice (SOP) for nurse practitioners (NPs). Data sources Based on the National Council of State Boards of Nursing online database, state (N = 51 [includes the District of Columbia]) NP practice acts and/or rules and regulations documents were examined for language describing SOP for NPs consistent with the language of the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) Consensus Model. Conclusions Results indicated that 18 states and the District of Columbia (37%) had specific regulations defining NP SOP by certification and/or educational preparation while 23 (45%) did not. The remaining nine states (18%) had SOP regulations that were interpreted as being ambiguous in relation to certification and/or educational preparation. Implications for practice The findings suggest much work is needed to ensure NP SOP accurately reflects NP board-certification and graduate educational preparation.
Where Did the Mule Go? Analyzing Linked Fate Trends within the 40-and-Under Black Population

This paper analyzes the components and usefulness of linked fate with respect to the black population aged 40 and under. The overarching theory is that younger blacks with higher socioeconomic status and younger blacks who are relatively assimilated into mainstream society would be less likely to express belief in linked fate because the environments afforded to them would discourage identity with a racial community with values different from those values they were socialized with in the mainstream society. The three related hypothesis formed from the theory, were tested through cross tabulations and logistic regression analysis of the 2004 National Politics Survey. The study concludes that there are generational differences in the likelihood of believing in linked fate in relation to perceptions of discrimination and economic positions of blacks. According to the regression models, blacks belonging to the Hip-Hop generation (aged 17-25) are least likely to believe in linked fate.
Design principles behind Chiron: a UIMS for software environments

User interface facilities are a crucial part of the infrastructure of a software environment. The authors discuss the particular demands and constraints on a user interface management system (UIMS) for a software environment, and the relation between the architecture of the environment and the UIMS. A model for designing user interface management systems for large, extensible environments is presented. This model synthesizes several recent advances in user interfaces and specializes them to the domain of software environments. The model can be applied to a wide variety of environment contexts. A prototype implementation is described. >
Electrostatic free energies of spheres, cylinders, and planes in counterion condensation theory with some applications

In a previous paper, we have shown that counterions condense on charged spheres and planes as well as on the linear polyelectrolyte models of charged lines and cylinders, provided that the surface charge densities exceed a critical value. Here we give a more complete calculation resulting in the electrostatic free energies of all of these geometric shapes. We consider a macroion immersed in salt solution and also a macroion in the presence only of its own counterions. For a sphere, cylinder, and plane with equal surface charge densities, the sphere has the lowest electrostatic free energy and the plane the highest. We apply the results to the coil-to-globule transition and to the growth of spheres by fusion of two smaller spheres to form a larger one.
Stages in the energetics of baroclinic systems

The results from several idealized and case studies are drawn together to form a comprehensive picture of “downstream baroclinic evolution” using local energetics. This new viewpoint offers a complementary alternative to the more conventional descriptions of cyclone development. These additional insights are made possible largely because the local energetics approach permits one to define an energy flux vector which accurately describes the direction of energy dispersion and quantifies the role of neighboring systems in local development. In this view, the development of a system's energetics is divided into three stages. In Stage 1, a pre-existing disturbance well upstream of an incipient trough loses energy via ageostrophic geopotential fluxes directed downstream through the intervening ridge, generating a new energy center there. In Stage 2, this new energy center grows vigorously, at first due to the convergence of these fluxes, and later by baroclinic conversion as well. As the center matures, it begins to export energy via geopotential fluxes to the eastern side of the trough, initiating yet another energy center. In Stage 3, this new energy center continues to grow while that on the western side of the trough decays due to a dwinding supply of energy via fluxes from the older upstream system and also as a consequence of its own export of energy downstream. As the eastern energy center matures, it exports energy further downstream, and the sequence begins anew. The USA “Blizzard of'93” is used as a new case study to test the limits to which this conceptual sequence might apply, as well as to augment the current limited set of case studies. It is shown that, despite the extraordinary magnitude of the event, the evolution of the trough associated with the Blizzard fits the conceptual picture of downstream baroclinic evolution quite well, with geopotential fluxes playing a critical role in three respects. First, fluxes from an old, decaying system in the Pacific were convergent over the west coast of North America, creating a kinetic energy center there and modifying the jet, resulting in a large extension of the overall kinetic energy center well into Mexico. Second, energy fluxes from this extension of the northwesterly flow were strongly convergent east of the trough, producing explosive growth of kinetic energy over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, with baroclinic conversion following shortly thereafter. Lastly, the kinetic energy generated by the vigorous baroclinic conversion in the cold advection on the west side of the trough was very effectively transferred to the energy center on the east side of the trough via geopotential fluxes. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00108.x
Thermal analyses of polymers. VII. Calorimetric and dilatometric aspects of the glass transition

For the determination of Tg by DTA with the use of small samples, slow heating rates, and extrasensitive amplification, it can be shown that the previously reported basel ne changes for polystyrene, polychloroprene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycarbonate can be resolved as endotherms. Measurements with small samples more accurately determine the calorimetric changes than with large samples, even at slow heating rates. The use of large samples for DSC or DTA measurements may be the reason for apparent heating rate dependence. The measurements of this study indicate little heating rate dependence if very small samples are used. Moreover, the slower the cooling from the melt, the sharper the endotherms, indicating the importance of thermal history. The data raise the question about the validity of assuming that a baseline or abrupt change in Cp via a DTA measurement is necessarily that of a real second-order change or Tg. Preliminary dilatometric results tend to show that the changes for polystyrene, polychloroprene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycarbonate may be first order at 94°C, 32°, 114°, and 156°C, respectively. Only the change at 75°C for polystyrene appears second order by volume—temperature data.
On the three‐dimensional vibration analysis of simultaneously skewed and twisted cantilevered parallelepipeds

The natural frequencies of simultaneously skewed and twisted cantilevered parallelepipeds are determined using the Ritz method. The present work is the first known three-dimensional study of the problem. Assumed displacement functions are in the form of algebraic polynomials which satisfy the fixed face conditions exactly, and which are mathematically complete. Reasonably accurate natural frequencies are calculated for low aspect ratio, thick parallelepipeds having arbitrary degrees of twist and skewness. Detailed numerical studies show that a three-dimensional analysis is essential in monitoring complicated coupled-mode sensitivities in the variation of non-dimensional natural frequencies with increasing skew and twist angles and thickness ratio. Results obtained using the present method are compared with those obtained in a detailed three-dimensional finite element analysis, where the suitability and limitations of s-version solid element discretizations are clearly brought out.
Experimental heat transfer study of beef carcasses chilled by mist sprays

Experimental studies were conducted on the chilling of beef carcasses by mist sprays to investigate the effect spray droplet size and Weber number have on the heat transfer and carcass weight loss during spray chilling. Experiments were conducted on 16 beef carcass halves. Half were conventionally chilled by the circulating air in the meat chiller, while the others were chilled by water mist. Tests reveal that spray heat transfer increases with the increase in the spray mass flux. Beef carcasses chilled by mist spray also show a reduction in carcass weight loss with the increase in the spray Weber number.
Management of Multiple Drug Allergies in Children

Children with multiple drug allergies are likely to require treatment with one or more of the drugs to which they may have had a reaction, when there is no alternate effective drug available. Detailed review of their history and/or use of appropriate diagnostic studies will help determine the potential safety of readministering the desired drug as well as the method for its readministration, most likely in the form of a drug challenge or desensitization. A practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of children with multiple drug allergies is described in this review.
Comprehensive surgical management of proptosis in dysthyroid orbitopathy

During the last ten years, particularly since the advent of computerized tomography, the diagnosis of dysthyroid orbitopathy has become the subject of intense interest. Since dysthyroid orbitopathy is an undefined immune disorder, current treatment is directed at combating the effects of the disease rather than attacking its etiology. Medical treatment and radiation therapy have important roles in the management of dysthyroid orbitopathy. especially in the acute congestive phase. Management of the more severe chronic manifestations is primarily surgical.A comprehensive approach to the surgical management of proptosis in dysthyroid orbitopathy is presented from experimental and clinical experience. the lid masking procedures for proptosis are reviewed and selection process has been described. A technique of tarsal conjunctival upper to lower lid transplantation has been presented experimentally and clinically to elevate the lower lid margin using autogenous graft material. the various methods of orbital de...
Ab initio augmented space recursion to study complex multicomponent materials: Application to the pseudobinary alloy Ni 1 − x Pt x Al

Using first-principles density-functional calculations, we studied the electronic structure and phase stability of the pseudobinary alloys. The calculations have been carried out using the augmented space recursion based on the all electron, tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital basis. This work, in particular, provides a further generalization of our earlier developed technique to the case of systems of multiple sublattices with varying degree of disorder on them. We showcase the feasibility of our formalism by applying to a face-centered tetragonal-based pseudobinary ${({\text{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Pt}}_{x})}_{3}\text{Al}$ alloy system. Based on the calculation of effective pair interactions and their lattice Fourier transform, our phase stability search yields two stable superordered structures, namely, $\text{L}{1}_{0}$-type ${\text{Ni}}_{2}\text{PtAl}$ and $\text{L}{1}_{0}$-type ${\text{NiPt}}_{2}\text{Al}$ of which the latter has been observed experimentally. An estimate of the minima in the effective pair potential surface $V(\mathbf{k})$ predicted the order-disorder transition temperatures of the two stable structures to be $\ensuremath{\sim}1027$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}1379\text{ }\text{K}$, respectively. The results are in agreement with the previous findings, proving the effectiveness of augmented space recursive technique in dealing with systems of multiple sublattices with varying degree of disorder on them. Our calculated additional physical quantities such as short-range order maps can be compared with future experimental studies.
Characteristics of gastric cancer in Asia

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer in the world with more than 70% of cases occur in the developing world. More than 50% of cases occur in Eastern Asia. GC is the second leading cause of cancer death in both sexes worldwide. In Asia, GC is the third most common cancer after breast and lung and is the second most common cause of cancer death after lung cancer. Although the incidence and mortality rates are slowly declining in many countries of Asia, GC still remains a significant public health problem. The incidence and mortality varies according to the geographic area in Asia. These variations are closely related to the prevalence of GC risk factors; especially Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its molecular virulent characteristics. The gradual and consistent improvements in socioeconomic conditions in Asia have lowered the H. pylori seroprevalence rates leading to a reduction in the GC incidence. However, GC remains a significant public health and an economic burden in Asia. There has been no recent systemic review of GC incidence, mortality, and H. pylori molecular epidemiology in Asia. The aim of this report is to review the GC incidence, mortality, and linkage to H. pylori in Asia.
Bispectral extensions of the Askey–Wilson polynomials

Following the pioneering work of Duistermaat and Grunbaum, we call a family {pn(x)}n=0∞ of polynomials bispectral, if the polynomials are simultaneously eigenfunctions of two commutative algebras of operators: one consisting of difference operators acting on the degree index n, and another one of operators acting on the variable x. The goal of the present paper is to construct and parametrize bispectral extensions of the Askey–Wilson polynomials, where the second algebra consists of q-difference operators. In particular, we describe explicitly measures on the real line for which the corresponding orthogonal polynomials satisfy (higher-order) q-difference equations extending all known families of orthogonal polynomials satisfying q-difference, difference or differential equations in x.
Comparison of the Hole Conductivities in Ceramic Cuprate Semiconductors and High-Tc Superconductors, as Reflected in the Difference between Oxygen and Copper Madelung Site Potentials

The Madelung energies of 18 cuprates and 1 nickelate with sheets or chains of Cu and O have been computed, along with the relevant Madelung site potentials for O and Cu. The difference between these site potentials has been shown to correlate extremely well with the conductivity of these cuprates: only if the site potential difference is intermediate can the holes (the presumed charge carriers) move more easily between Cu and O sites in the CuO2 sheets.
Glory Road (2006) and the White Savior Historical Sport Film

Abstract:Based on a true story, Glory Road recounts the story of the 1966 national championship Texas Western College basketball team and coach Don Haskins' decision to start, for the first time in tournament history, five black players. Contextualized by sociologist Patricia Hill Collins' concept of “new racism,” this article argues that filmmakers manipulated history in order to inflate Haskins' progressive convictions by omitting, augmenting, and fabricating pivotal events in the historical narrative. These ultimately pronounce a white savior at the center of history and marginalize black athletes, even in a story that ostensibly deals with their struggles for racial equality.
Theory of chemical trends in simple-metal elastic moduli

For most simple metals the shear modulus $\ensuremath{\mu}$ (which measures the resistance to volume-preserving structure-changing deformations) is comparable in magnitude to the bulk modulus $B$ (which measures the resistance to structure-preserving volume-changing deformations). That this is also true for the alkali metals, for which $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{B}\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$, is surprising in view of the successful Wigner-Seitz description of simple-metal cohesion in terms of purely volume-dependent forces. To resolve this apparent contradiction, and to understand the trends exhibited by the elastic moduli of monovalent and polyvalent simple metals, an expression for the total energy, accurate to second order in the electron-ion pseudopotential, is used to examine both the bulk and shear moduli for a broad range of simple metals. It is shown that a single-parameter model potential of simple form gives an accurate representation of the pseudopotential in both the $q\ensuremath{\sim}0$ and $q\ensuremath{\sim}2{k}_{F}$ regions. A connection (based on the Ewald energy) between the shear and bulk moduli of the alkali metals is discovered, leading to the prediction $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{B}\ensuremath{\approx}0.6$, in good agreement with experiment. $B$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ are examined as functions of valence and electron density, and the systematics of the simple-metal elastic moduli are thus understood in a simple and intuitive way.