cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AT1 angiotensin II receptor and novel non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin II/III binding site in brainstem cardiovascular regulatory centers of the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have an activated brain angiotensin system that contributes to the elevation of blood pressure in this animal model. Physiological and pharmacological studies suggest that hyperactivation of brain AT1 angiotensin receptors is a major pathophysiological factor. Consistent with these observations, radioligand binding studies indicate widespread up-regulation of brain angiotensin receptors in SHR. One key brainstem site in which AT1 receptor stimulation appears to contribute to the elevated blood pressure in SHR is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). However, no quantitative comparison of AT1 receptor binding in the RVLM has been made in SHR versus normotensive rats. A novel, non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site, specific for angiotensins II and III, has recently been discovered in the brain. To determine if radioligand binding to either AT1 receptors or this novel angiotensin binding site is altered in the RVLM and other caudal brainstem regions of SHR, a quantitative densitometric autoradiographic comparison of radioligand binding in SHR versus normotensive Wistar–Kyoto rats was made. In both the RVLM and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) as well as dorsomedial medulla (DMM), there was increased expression of AT1 receptor binding in SHR (13%, 9%, and 23%, respectively). Conversely, expression of the novel, non-AT1, non-AT2, angiotensin II and III binding site was decreased in the RVLM and DMM of SHR (37% and 13%, respectively). This increased AT1 receptor binding in the RVLM may contribute to the hypertension of SHR. Reduced radioligand binding to the novel, non-AT1, non-AT2, angiotensin binding site in the RVLM of SHR may indicate a role for this binding site to reduce blood pressure via its interactions with angiotensins II and III.
A local spectral approach for assessing time series model misspecification

We consider band-limited frequency-domain goodness-of-fit testing for stationary time series, without smoothing or tapering the periodogram, while taking into account the effects of parameter uncertainty (from maximum-likelihood estimation). We are principally interested in modeling short econometric time series, typically with 100 to 150 observations, for which data-driven bandwidth selection procedures for kernel-smoothed spectral density estimates are unlikely to have adequate levels. Our mathematical results take parameter uncertainty directly into account, allowing us to obtain adequate level properties at small sample sizes. The main theorems provide very general results involving joint normality for linear functionals of powers of the periodogram, while accounting for parameter uncertainty, which can be used to determine the level and power of a wide array of statistics. We discuss several applications, such as spectral peak testing and testing for the inclusion of an Unobserved Component, and illustrate our methods on a time series from the Energy Information Administration.
Study circles: Learning in small groups

Abstract This article describes study circles and the problems related to their implementation. It also raises professional issues that group workers need to consider.
Food in Russian History and Culture

(2000). Food in Russian History and Culture. Journal for the Study of Food and Society: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 47-52.
Polycrystal Plasticity: Application to Earing in Cup Drawing

Abstract Constitutive equations and computational procedures which are capable of modeling the initial and evolving anisotropy in ductile metallic materials due to the evolution of crystallographic texture are used to simulate the formation of earing defects during cup-drawing of face-centered cubic materials. Comparison of the results of the numerical simulations against existing experimental results on earing in single crystalline sheets and in previously rolled polycrystalline sheets show that the predictions of the number of ears and their positions are in excellent agreement with the experiments.
Current Drug Regulatory Status of Advanced Drug Evaluation System in Korea

The pharmaceutical industry is a high-risk and high value-added industry, because the risk of failure in research and development is considerable. However, successful development will allow a company to get high returns. The market scale of the pharmaceutical industry has been increasing in the world and the Korean market is changing to focus on quality of life drugs owing to people's increased income levels and changing lifestyles.Drug products are important for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, and the development of drug products has resulted in improved quality of life, health maintenance, and considerable benefits to individuals as well as the national economy. However, since drug products carry the risks of adverse reactions, they have to satisfy the two important criteria of safety and efficacy. Therefore, the Korean government has implemented a drug safety management system, including one for authorization of drug products.Recently, one of the most important issues in the Korea...
Statistical approach to the domain of action of collective co-ordinates in the many body problem

The collective co-ordinates have a mathematical boundary whose nature is investigated in this paper. This is accomplished by comparing expressions for the partition function in collective co-ordinate space and configuration co-ordinate space. The resulting decomposition of the collective space into two-dimensional subspaces, whose extent is independent of wave-number, permits approximation to many body correlations. It also implies a new simple approximation to the many body partition function, some consequences of which are examined.
Role of CD8β Domains in CD8 Coreceptor Function

Abstract The contribution of the CD8β subunit to CD8 coreceptor function is poorly understood. We now demonstrate that the CD8β extracellular domain increases the avidity of CD8 binding to MHC I, and that the intracellular domain of CD8β enhances association with two intracellular molecules required for TCR signal transduction, Lck and LAT. By assessing CD8 + T cell differentiation in CD8β-deficient mice reconstituted with various transgenic CD8β chimeric molecules, we also demonstrate that the intracellular and extracellular domains of CD8β can contribute independently to CD8 + T cell development, but that both CD8β domains together are most efficient. Thus, this study identifies the molecular functions of the CD8β intracellular and extracellular domains and documents their contributions to CD8 + T cell development.
Calcium-dependent phosphorylation of bovine cardiac C-protein by phosphorylase kinase.

Summary Phosphorylase kinase catalyzed the calcium-dependent phosphorylation of bovine cardiac C-protein. Phosphorylation of C-protein by phosphorylase kinase reached nearly 2 mol [32P]/mol C-protein. Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis indicated that phosphorylase kinase maybe phosphorylating some of the same seryl residues that undergo phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and that C-protein from bovine and chicken heart are structurally different. Bovine cardiac C-protein was not a substrate for a number of calcium and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases, suggesting that phosphorylation of cardiac C-protein is restricted to protein kinases which are modulated by calcium and cAMP.
Cathodic activities of oxygen and hydrogen on carbon steel in simulated fuel-grade ethanol

Cathodic reactions, specially the oxygen and hydrogen activities, have been extensively investigated on carbon steel in simulated fuel-grade ethanol (SFGE) environments using cathodic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under normal conditions, oxygen reduction is the major cathodic reaction for carbon steel in SFGE. Hydrogen evolution, confirmed by hydrogen permeation test, is activated by de-aeration and at much higher cathodic overpotential. The dissociation of acetic acid in SFGE enhances the proton related cathodic reactions. Water in ethanol can increase the proton dissociation rate, resulting in a higher cathodic current density. At potentials close to free corrosion potential, the reduction of surface oxidized products contributes to the cathodic activities in SFGE. Based on this study, the possible effects of cathodic reactions on corrosion of carbon steel in SFGE are also discussed.
Multiple lie-poisson structures, reductions, and geometric phases for the Maxwell-Bloch travelling wave equations

The real-valued Maxwell-Bloch equations on ℝ3 are investigated as a Hamiltonian dynamical system obtained by applying an S1 reduction to an invariant subsystem of a dynamical system on ℂ3. These equations on ℝ3 are bi-Hamiltonian and possess several inequivalent Lie-Poisson structures parametrized by classes of orbits in the group SL(2, ℝ). Each Lie-Poisson structure possesses an associated Casimir function. When reduced to level sets of these functions, the motion takes various symplectic forms, from that of the pendulum to that of the Duffing oscillator. The values of the geometric (Hannay-Berry) phases obtained in reconstructing the solutions are found to depend upon the choice of Casimir function, that is, upon the parametrization of the reduced symplectic space.
Mobile augmented reality applications for library services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce mobile augmented reality applications for library uses and next generation library services.Design/methodology/approach – Examples are drawn from museum and archives informatics, computer science applied research, and computer vision research as well as original research and development work from the Undergraduate Library at the University of Illinois.Findings – Mobile augmented reality uses include augmenting physical book stacks browsing, library navigation, optical character recognition, facial recognition, and building identification mobile software for compelling library experiences.Originality/value – The paper suggests uses of mobile augmented reality applications in library settings and models a demonstration prototype interface.
A Mean Squared Error Model for Dual Frame, Mixed Mode Survey Design

Abstract An error model for dual frame survey designs is developed. It includes components of error for sampling variance, interviewer variance, and bias in each frame. A cost model that attempts to capture the complexity of a full scale dual frame survey is presented. The error and cost models are applied to a large national survey, the National Crime Survey, and the effect that alternative levels of bias in both frames have on the optimal allocation of sample to the two frames is examined for two types of crime.
The effectiveness of electric shock and foul odor as unconditioned stimuli in classical aversive conditioning.

In a partial replication of an earlier study, eighty undergraduate volunteers were assigned to the eight cells of a three between- and two within-group experimental design. One factor was the nature of the UCS—faradic shock or a carefully-timed blast of pyridine vapor; the second factor was the UCS contingency—the UCS being contingent upon the CS or randomly interspersed; the third factor was the nature of the CS—all CSs were compounds of colored, flavored liquids, with the discriminable dimension being either color or taste. The two within-subjects factors were the successive presentation of either the CS+ of the CS− over trials in a standard classical conditioning format. The outcome measures were sip-size, order of preference, and semantic differential ratings. It was found that the foul odor UCS resulted in no aversive conditioning with either color or taste cues. Where shock was the UCS, color, but not taste, became aversive. While lending no direct support to cue-appropriateness concepts, the results reveal the complexity of cue utilization in human aversive conditioning.
947-110 Measurement of Adenylyl Cyclase Activity in the AV Nodal Region of the Canine Heart: Evidence for Inhibition by Adenosine and Acetylcholine

Although essential to cardiac conduction, little is known about the biochemistry underlying post-receptor adrenergic, cholinergic. and purinergic processes in the AV node. To study these mechanisms, we developed a highly sensitive fluorometric assay for cAMP and used it to characterize regional adenylyl cyclase activity (ACA) (pmollmin/mg of protein) in membrane preparations made from freeze-dried 20 micron thick micro-dissected pieces of canine (n = 6) right atrium (RA), AV nodal region (AVN), and left ventricle (LV). Adjacent sections were stained for acetylcholinesterase activity to identify the AVN. Basal and NaF-stimulated ACAs (mean ± SEM) were 7.2 ± 0.4 and 72.4 ± 7.5 in RA, 15.6 ± 1.3 and 58.8 ± 4.7 in AVN. and 6.4 ± 0.9 and 66.7 ± 5.0 in LV, respectively. Isoproterenol (10 –7 –10 –4 M) increased ACA in a dose-dependent fashion and the increment of cAMP production rate was similar in three different regions. Adenosine (10 –3 M) and carbachol (10 –5 M) inhibited isoproterenol (10 –6 M)-stimulated ACA as follows: Download high-res image (64KB) Download full-size image Results of this study demonstrate for the first time that (l) there are significant regional differences in ACA under basal conditions and after adrenergic, purinergic, and cholinergic stimulation in the heart. and (2) adenosine inhibits ACA in the RA, AVN and LV, whereas the inhibitory effects of cholinergic stimulation are more specific for the AVN.
Osmosis and osmotic pressure

Holman and Robbins (74) have stated that "the word osmosis has been given such a variety of meanings by those who have used it that it has lost any precise meaning whatever" and that "as far as possible, we shall avoid its use". "There exists", Fuller (54) has written, "considerable dispute among scientists as to the exact definition of this term [osmosis"]. Livingston (112) has pointed out that "the word osmosis, frequently encountered in connection with the diffusion of substances through membranes, should be dropped, for it does not add to clearness and is frequently confusing". "A definition of osmosis", according to Seifriz ( 130) ," will depend somewhat on one's point of view". Stark (137) has interrogated: "that it (the term, osmosis) has been badly used, or rather misused, is evident, but should it be abandoned for this reason ?" "This word", according to Stanford (136), "unfortunately, has been very loosely used and variously defined. In lack of a better term, it will be used in this text for the diffusion phenomena above mentioned". An analysis of discussions on osmosis in textbooks of botany, plant physiology, animal physiology and chemistry was made. It was found that there are four definitions for osmosis commonly in use (47): (1) osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent (water) through a membrane; (2) osmosis is the diffusion of a liquid or liquids through a membrane; (3) osmosis is diffusion through a membrane; (4) osmosis is diffusion of a substance or substances (solvent and solutes) through a membrane. Two other definitions were also found: (5) osmosis is the process by which osmotic pressure is developed and diffusion of solute molecules hindered; (6) osmosis is diffusion of dissolved substances through membranes. Tabulations of the definitions are given in Tables I and II. In the second definition, liquid may mean solvent or solution of solvent and solutes. If liquid refers to solvent only, then the second definition is the same as the first. If, however, liquid refers to both solvent and solutes, then the second definition is definitely similar to the third and fourth. It is highly probable that some textbook
The degree of approximation of certain analytic continued fractions

Continued fraction expansions of classes of holomorphic functions associate with each function its sequence of coefficients. If there is a probability measure on the sequence space one can investigate the almost everywhere convergence properties of the continued fraction. In this paper we compute the degree of approximation for the expansions of functions holomorphic and bounded in the disk and for the expansion of the PR functions used in network synthesis.
18.2: Depth Sensing and Augmented Reality Technologies for Mobile 3D Platforms

This paper presents novel depth sensing and augmented reality technologies based on mobile 3D platforms. The mobile stereoscopic cameras are utilized to provide a “soft depth sensor” generating instant depth estimation of the physical world. The depth sensing algorithms are proposed to recover the 3D geometric structure captured in single or multiple stereoscopic images. Then, two augmented reality applications are developed to showcase the advantages of the depth sensing capability, namely visual measurement and a 3D AR shooter game. In particular, the AR technology allows occlusion between physical and virtual objects. Both visual and quantitative results are shown to illustrate the novelty and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
“Fast” triplet excimer formation in fluid solutions of dinaphthylalkanes

Abstract In fluid solutions, α,α-dinaphthylalkanes from triplet excimers instantaneously with excitation by a nanosecond laser pulse (≈ 17 ns pulse width). The temporal characteristics and chain-length dependence of this “fast” triplet excimer formation suggest that the precursor of the excimer is a ground-state van der Waals dimer. These results are discussed in relation to possible conformational similarities between the triplet excimer and ground-state dimer, and conformation-enhanced spin-orbit coupling.
Determination of iodine in diverse botanical and dietary matrices by pre-irradiation combustion followed by neutron activation analysis

The method chosen for determination of iodine in this investigation is an extension of an existing analytical technique to food samples which was developed for environmental samples. The method is based on pre-irradiation combustion of the sample to liberate iodine, trapping the iodine on charcoal, and quantitating the element by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Existing botanical and dietary reference materials were used to check the validity of the method. Several mixed diet samples with high fat content from the U.S. Total Diet Study and composites of cereals with both low and high iodine content were analyzed. This method of pre-irradiation combustion followed by NAA has been shown to be a viable technique for the determination of iodine in dietary samples. However, with a detection limit of about 50 ng of iodine, large amounts of sample (>1 g) are typically required for each determination.
Strategies for Representing Tone in African Writing Systems

Tone languages provide some interesting challenges for the designers of new orthographies. One approach is to omit tone marks, just as stress is not marked in English (zero marking). Another approach is to do phonemic tone analysis, and then make heavy use of diacritic symbols to distinguish the "tonemes" (shallow marking). While orthographies based on either system have been successful, this may be thanks to our ability to manage inadequate orthographies, rather than to any intrinsic advantage which is afforded by one or the other approach. In many cases, practical experience with both kinds of orthography in sub-Saharan Africa has shown that people have not been able to attain the level of reading and writing fluency that we know to be possible for the orthographies of non-tonal languages. In some cases this can be attributed to a socio linguistic setting which does not favour vernacular literacy. In other cases, the orthography itself may be to blame. If the orthography of a tone language is difficult to use or to learn, then a good part of the reason may be that the designer either has not paid enough attention to the FUNCTION of tone in the language, or has not ensured that the information encoded in the orthography is ACCESSIBLE to the ordinary (non-linguist) user of the language. If the writing of tone is not going to continue to be a stumbling block to literacy efforts, then a fresh approach to tone orthography is required — one which assigns high priority to these two factors.This article describes the problems with orthographies that use too few or too many tone marks, and critically evaluates a wide range of creative intermediate solutions. I review the contributions made by phonology and reading theory, and provide some broad methodological principles to guide those who are seeking to represent tone in a writing system. The tone orthographies of several languages from sub-Saharan Africa are presented throughout the article, with particular emphasis on some tone languages of Cameroon.
The Differential Diagnosis of Torticollis in Children

Torticollis is a term that describes asymmetrical posturing of the head and neck. The majority of children who present with torticollis during the first year of life have congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) secondary to unilateral fibrosis of the sternocleido-mastoid muscle. Observation alone leads to residual deformity in up to 20% of these children, but aggressive treatment of CMT improves outcome. One in five children presenting with torticollis have a non-muscular etiology with either soft tissue involvement or bony involvement. Other diagnoses associated with torticollis include benign paroxysmal torticollis, congenital absence of one or more cervical muscles, Klippel-Feil syndrome, hemivertebrae, or other congenital anomalies of the cervical spine. Acquired torticollis may be secondary to trauma, or children can develop torticollis secondary to inflammatory conditions such as pharyngitis. Torticollis is also seen in response to certain ocular lesions as well as in children with symptomatic hiatal ...
An integrated model for business process measurement

Purpose – Research in the evaluation of business processes (BPs) seems to have missed those of BP modeling techniques. Past studies on evaluations have focused in most cases on a single objective or goal of a BP using quantitative performance measures or qualitative surveys. In this paper, an approach that combines all relevant single purpose measures (relevant to the goals of the BP) into one overall measure is proposed. The overall measure will reflect all stakeholders' perspective and preference ratings on the attributes/criterion of the BP in question. The conceptual model is supported by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology.Design/methodology/approach – A discussion of factors that might be the root cause of difficulties in defining an appropriate evaluation is given along with a review of major measures used. The synthetic combination of single purpose measures basically follows the AHP, with major stake‐holders represented in defining the relative priority/ranking matrix between criteri...
Alcohol Policy, Social Context, and Infant Health: The Impact of Minimum Legal Drinking Age

Objective: The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was increased in the U.S. in the late 1980s in an effort to reduce intoxication-associated injuries, especially those related to motor vehicle accidents. This paper explores distal (secondary) effects of changing MLDA on indices of infant health, and whether changes in drinking behaviors or birth composition contributed to these effects. Methods: State- and year-fixed-effects models are used to analyze the relationship between MLDA, drinking behaviors, and birth outcomes. We studied the effects of different MLDA (age 18, 19, 20, or 21 years) when potential mothers were 14 years old by merging two population-based datasets, the Natality Detailed Files and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System between 1985 and 2002. Results: A MLDA of 18 years old (when potential mothers were 14 years old) increased the prevalence of low birth weight, low Apgar scores, and premature births. Effects were stronger among children born to black women compared with white women. Moreover, a younger MLDA was associated with an increasing proportion of very young and high school dropouts for black women. Furthermore, older MLDA laws at age 14 years decreased the prevalence of binge drinking among black women. Conclusions: Increasing the MLDA had longer term, distal impacts beyond the initially intended outcomes, specifically on birth outcomes (particularly among infants born to black women) as well as school drop-outs and binge drinking patterns among black young females. The older MLDA, intended initially to reduce problematic drinking behaviors, appeared to alter broader social contexts that influenced young women during their early childbearing years.
Effect of moderate hypothermia on gene expression by THP-1 cells: a DNA microarray study

The mechanisms by which moderate hypothermia (32°C for 12–72 h) affect human cellular function are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that it produces broad changes in mRNA expression in vitro. Acut...
Computing with Free Algebras

We describe arithmetic computations in terms of operations on some well known free algebras (S1S, S2S and ordered rooted binary trees) while emphasizing the common structure present in all of them when seen as isomorphic with the set of natural numbers. Constructors and deconstructors seen through an initial algebra semantics are generalized to recursively defined functions obeying similar laws. Implementations using GHC's "view" construct are discussed, based on the free algebra of rooted ordered binary trees.
A MESFET model for circuit analysis

Abstract A model for silicon Schottky barrier field-effect transistors (Si MESFETs) with micron and submicron dimensions has been implemented in the integrated circuit simulation program SPICE2. A description of the model and its implementation is given, together with a discussion of the physical effects that are important in submicron channel length Si MESFETs. The model is compared with d.c. experimental data with an emphasis on temperature dependence.
Abortive Cycling and the Release of Polymerase for Elongation at the σ54-dependent glnAp2 Promoter

Transcription initiation at the σ54-dependent glnAp2 promoter was studied to follow the state of polymerase as RNA synthesis begins. σ54 polymerase begins transcription in abortive cycling mode, i.e. after the first bond is made, approximately 75% of the time the short RNA is aborted and synthesis must be restarted. Polymerase is capable of abortive initiation until it reaches a position beyond +3 and before +7, at which stage polymerase is released from its promoter contacts and an elongation complex is formed. Initial elongation is accompanied by two transcription bubbles, one moving with the polymerase and the other remaining at the transcription start site. The σ54-associated polymerase shows an earlier and more efficient transition out of abortive initiation mode than prior studies of σ70-associated polymerase.
Nonlinear observer, and PI-backstepping controller for unmanned aerial vehicle type quadrotor

In this paper the design of nonlinear observer based on backstepping controller with an integral action approach, is developed respectively in order to synthesise tracking and observer errors and to ensure Lyapunov stability. Under the inertial coordinates and yaw angle are available for measurement, a high gain observer is designed which allows estimating the roll and pitching angles as well as all the linear and angular velocities of the vehicle. The effectiveness of this strategy has been successfully confirmed through computer simulation in terms of the reference tracking ability and the robustness against external disturbance (wind), to guarantee the desired tracking trajectories.
Spatial Models for Species-Area Curves

Abstract Inspired by earlier work of Hubbell, we introduce a simple spatial model to explain observed species-area curves. As in the theory of MacArthur and Wilson, our curves result from a balance between migration and extinction. Our model predicts that the wide range of slopes of species-area curves is due to the differences in the rates at which new species enter the system. However, two other predictions that the slope increases with increasing migration/mutation and that the curves for remote islands are flatter than those for near islands, are at odds with some interpretations of data. This suggests either that the data have been misinterpreted, or that the model is not sufficient to explain them.
Boll Weevils: Sterility Induced by 32P Tagging

Beta particles arising from /sup 32/P in paint placed on the wing cover of females of Anthonomus grandis Boheman reduced longevity, egg production, and egg hatch. Egg hatch also was reduced in eggs collected from females mated with /sup 32/P-tagged males. Although /sup 32/P at the dosage used may be satisfactory for tagging boll weevils for movement studies, it is not satisfactory as a label for weevils that are expected to reproduce normally.
Selectivity or Simplification

IF the ability to adapt oneself to changing conditions in order to survive is a measure of intelligence, then the existence of this quality in teachers of modern foreign languages is now, as never before, being tested by many convergent forces. The attacks of the naturalistic instrumentalists is unabated; pragmatical curriculum-builders are issuing ever greater challenges as to the worth of foreign language study; and because of a continuing shortage of jobs in industry-rather than to a love of learning-secondary schools are overcrowded with mediocre students, who have been herded in an unselected mass into overflowing classes. In the face of these conditions, has the language teacher been sufficiently thoughtful and self-assertive concerning the problems which the situation brings into relief? Some of those that stand out sharply are: (1) Shall the traditional standards be lowered to the level of the undifferentiated masses? (2) Shall the teacher insist-against material interest-that numbers be limited and the old standards preserved? (3) Shall some means be devised, through homogeneous grouping and modified courses, to give all the applicants of fair intelligence the brand and the quantity of language culture their parents want them to get? Any floundering indecision among these alternatives must result in the weakest of compromises and failure to achieve any noteworthy teaching success. To lower the standards indiscriminately would savor of the equalitarian idea that none shall eat what all may not digest; but, as Dr. Benjamin Greenberg says in the October, 1936, issue of the French Review (p. 21): "It is a curious thing about American education that so much pain is taken not to keep the unfit pupil out but so to modify the course of study as to help keep the weak pupil in." Nevertheless, we must probably charge to our own lack of foresight a part at least of Greenberg's sad commentary that "many of our language teachers are surrendering to these theories," namely, that through realia, customs, manners, and institutions, language must be taught as a social science, so that the child will learn to adjust himself to a "changed world." He cogently adds:
Alcohol Oxidation in Rats Inhibited by Pyrazole, Oximes, and Amides

Pyrazole, previously reported to inhibit ethanol oxidation in the rat, also effectively blocks the in vivo metabolism of methanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and isobutanol. A variety of oximes and amides are also effective inhibitors of ethanol metabolism. These various inhibitors may prove important in the elucidation of several facets of alcohol metabolism and also may have application in the treatment of methanol poisoning and in the reduction of the sequelae of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction syndrome in man.
Introduction to the special issue on emerging high throughput and complementary model screens for neurotoxicology.

The articles of this special issue “Emerging High Throughput and Complementary Model Screens for Neurotoxicology” were assembled to elucidate a spectrum of new approaches to neurotoxicology, which hold promise for rapidly garnering important information concerning a broad array of potential neurotoxicants. These model systems including high-throughput cellbased assays as well as invertebrate, aquatic and avian species can be used together with the classic mammalian models and epidemiology to provide a comprehensive approach to neurotoxicity hazard determination.
A DNA Pairing-enhanced Conformation of Bacterial RecA Proteins

The RecA proteins of Escherichia coli (Ec) and Deinococcus radiodurans (Dr) both promote a DNA strand exchange reaction involving two duplex DNAs. The four-strand exchange reaction promoted by the DrRecA protein is similar to that promoted by EcRecA, except that key parts of the reaction are inhibited by Ec single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). In the absence of SSB, the initiation of strand exchange is greatly enhanced by dsDNA-ssDNA junctions at the ends of DNA gaps. This same trend is seen with the EcRecA protein. The results lead to an expansion of published hypotheses for the pathway for RecA-mediated DNA pairing, in which the slow first order step (observed in several studies) involves a structural transition to a state we designate P. The P state is identical to the state found when RecA is bound to double-stranded (ds) DNA. The structural state present when the RecA protein is bound to single-stranded (ss) DNA is designated A. The DNA pairing model in turn facilitates an articulation of three additional conclusions arising from the present work. 1) When a segment of a RecA filament bound to ssDNA is forced into the P state (as RecA bound to the ssDNA immediately adjacent to dsDNA-ssDNA junction), the segment becomes "pairing enhanced." 2) The unusual DNA pairing properties of the D. radiodurans RecA protein can be explained by postulating this protein has a more stringent requirement to initiate DNA strand exchange from the P state. 3) RecA filaments bound to dsDNA (P state) have directly observable structural changes relative to RecA filaments bound to ssDNA (A state), involving the C-terminal domain.
THE METABOLISM OF [6-3H]1α, HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL TO [6-3H]1α, 25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL IN A PATIENT WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

To evaluate whether lahydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in man, [6-3H]1α-hydroxycholecalciferol was given intravenously to a patient with renal failure who was maintained daily on 100, 000 IU vitamin D and calcium supplements. Using Sephadex LH-20 and high-pressure liquid chromatography, it was clearly demonstrated that 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol rapidly disappears from the blood and is metabolized to 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Prediction accuracy of color imagery from hyperspectral imagery

In this paper we present the utilization of high-spectral resolution imagery for improving low-spectral resolution imagery. In our analysis, we assume that an acquisition of high spectral resolution images provides more accurate spectral predictions of low spectral resolution images than a direct acquisition of low spectral resolution images. We illustrate the advantages by focusing on a specific case of images acquired by a hyperspectral (HS) camera and a color (red, green, and blue or RGB) camera. First, we identify two directions for utilization of HS images, such as (a) evaluation and calibration of RGB colors acquired from commercial color cameras, and (b) color quality improvement by achieving sub-spectral resolution. Second, we elaborate on challenges of RGB color calibration using HS information due to non-ideal illumination sources and non-ideal hyperspectral camera characteristics. We describe several adjustment (calibration) approaches to compensate for wavelength and spatial dependencies of real acquisition systems. Finally, we evaluate two color cameras by establishing ground truth RGB values from hyperspectral imagery and by defining pixel-based, correlation-based and histogram-based error metrics. Our experiments are conducted with three illumination sources (fluorescent light, Oriel Xenon lamp and incandescent light); with one HS Opto-Knowledge Systems camera and two color (RGB) cameras, such as Sony and Canon. We show a data-driven color-calibration as a method for improving image color quality. The applications of the developed techniques for HS to RGB image calibrations and sub-spectral resolution predictions are related to real-time model-based scene classification and scene simulation.
On the parallel organization of linguistic components

Abstract This article is concerned with the question as to whether the components of grammar (syntax, semantics and phonology) have a similar architecture. I provide a modest historical background to the recurrent discussion about the parallelisms between syntax and phonology within Generative Grammar and mention some ‘meta-patterns’, i.e., shared properties of linguistic structures in different modules that are quite general and most likely not even specifically linguistic. I also discuss Anderson's [Anderson, J., 1992. Linguistic Representation: Structural Analogy and Stratification. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin] idea of Structural Analogy, the idea that, all things being equal, linguistic components and levels have similar structural properties. I argue in favor of a division between a word and a sentence subsystem for each of the three parallel grammatical components. Finally, I offer a general discussion of the place of phonology in the grammar and its relationship to phonetics. This section also sums up the main points of this article.
Establishment Growth in Small Cities and Towns

This article examines the effects of local industry agglomeration on establishment growth and employee earnings in Maine manufacturing and nonmanufacturing businesses. Empirical results reveal a positive relationship between an establishment’s 1996 to 1999 employment growth rate and the industry location quotient, measured at the two-digit standard industry classification (SIC) level in 129 municipalities and the three-digit SIC level in 16 counties. The results also indicate that industry agglomeration has a positive effect on the wages paid by an establishment relative to the U.S. industry average. In Maine municipalities, an increase in industry agglomeration is found to be a more powerful stimulant to establishment growth than a comparable increase in population size. On the other hand, an increase inmunicipality size has a relatively larger effect on establishment wages than a comparable increase in local industry agglomeration.
The role of glutamine in regulation of ammonium transport in Azotobacter vinelandii.

Abstract Under N2-fixing conditions, Azotobacter vinelandii expresses a specific transport system for methylammonium (ammonium) [ E. M. Barnes, Jr. and P. Zimniak (1981) J. Bacteriol. 146, 512–516 ]. This activity is decreased markedly by culture of cells in the presence of 10 m m ammonium or 2 m m methylammonium; in both cases, the Vmax values for methylammonium uptake were 25% of those of N2-fixing cells. Mixing experiments with assay medium indicate that transport activity is controlled by intracellular rather than extracellular metabolites. Glutamine synthetase activity of cells cultured with ammonium was 33% that of N2-fixing cultures, but activity was unaffected by incubation with methylammonium. Thus ammonium transport and ammonium fixation are regulated independently. When ammonium was removed from the medium, cells recovered over 90% of the initial transport activity after 1 h; this recovery was not affected by addition of chloramphenicol. The loss of uptake activity in cells incubated with ammonium or methylammonium correlated with over sixfold increases in intracellular levels of glutamine and γ-glutamylmethylamide, respectively. Recovery of transport was accompanied by similar reductions in pools of these compounds. Over one-half of methylammonium transport activity could be blocked by direct addition of 10 m m glutamine or γ-glutamylmethylamide to transport assays; these concentrations were similar to those observed in vivo. The glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine, was the most potent inhibitor found (68% inhibition at 10 μ m ). These results indicate that the regulation of ammonium transport by ammonium and methylammonium is due to inhibition of the transporter by intracellular γ-glutamyl amides rather than by repression of transporter synthesis.
Tendon interpositional arthroplasty of the fourth-fifth metatarsocuboid joint.

The most common complaints of patients with tarsal-metatarsal arthritis are severe loss of function and painful ambulation. In cases of failed conservative management, the recommended treatment is arthrodesis of the affected joint(s). This article presents a report of three cases of fourth-fifth metatarsocuboid arthritis treated with a fourth-fifth metatarsocuboid interpositional arthroplasty. Follow-up evaluation of all three patients demonstrated satisfactory pain relief. No postoperative complications were noted in any of the patients. Although more study is needed to evaluate the use of fourth-fifth metatarsocuboid tendon interpositional arthroplasty, the procedure offers promise and a suitable alternative to arthrodesis.
Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Headache Questionnaire Data

SYNOPSIS Psychometric properties of a brief headache questionnaire were evaluated in three samples of headache sufferers awaiting treatment. Although the test-retest reliability of the headache questionnaire was substantial over a two-week period, on several headache indices mean symptom levels were significantly different at the two administrations. Furthermore, when questionnaire reports were compared with daily headache recordings there was minimal correspondence between these two assessment methods. Although questionnaire methods of assessing headache symptoms appear reliable these findings suggest questionnaires may lack concurrent validity. It is suggested that headache questionnaires be supplemented with daily headache recordings whenever possible.
Cervical cancer vaccines: Emerging concepts and developments

Certain human cancers are linked to infection by oncogenic viruses that are able to cause transformation of the normal host cell into a cancerous cell. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and expression of viral transforming proteins are found in virtually all cervical cancer cells, indicating an important role of this virus in the pathogenesis of the disease. Evidence exists that the immune response to cancer cells can play a major role in determining the outcome of disease. The fact that HPV is a necessary cause for cervical cancer provides a clear opportunity to develop a therapeutic vaccine against the virus to treat patients with cervical cancer at its early and late stages. Development of a prophylactic vaccine for HPV would also reduce the incidence of cervical neoplasias by preventing virus infection. Various candidate HPV vaccines are being developed and tested in animal models and/or in human clinical trials. These HPV vaccines, both preventive and therapeutic, are the subjects of this review. J. Cell. Physiol. 186:169–182, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relations of noble gas abundances to petrogenesis and magmatic evolution of some oceanic basalts and related differentiated volcanic rocks

We report the results of noble gas analyses (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) of a transitional basalt from the East Pacific Rise; a mantle xenolith, alkali basalt and trachyte from Guadalupe Island; and a basalt and icelandite from Isla Tortuga. The results for the East Pacific Rise basalt and comparison with the noble gas compositions of glassy mid-ocean ridge tholeiites indicate that the heavy noble gas patterns of these basalts can be accounted for by mixing of a juvenile reservoir with an atmosphere-related reservoir. This mixing may take place during hydration of the glassy basalts. Comparison of the noble gas compositions of these submarine basalts with those of the subaerial oceanic extrusives studied suggests that subaerial extrusives may provide noble gas samples which are less contaminated with air gases than do submarine extrusives. Our results for Guadalupe and Tortuga basalts and their differentiates provide evidence for the exsolution and loss of a gas (fluid) phase accompanying or subsequent to fractional crystallization at shallow depths. The gas loss probably took place prior to extrusion and was apparently rapid, since it did not fractionate the heavy noble gases.
Regulatory trade risk and supply chain strategy

Trade regulations are an important driver of supply chain strategy in many industries. For example, the textile, paper, chemical, and steel industries grapple with significant levels of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) such as safeguard controls and countervailing duties. We explore three often observed supply chain strategies in industries subject to NTBs; direct procurement, split procurement, and outward processing arrangements (OPAs). We characterize the optimal procurement quantities for each of these three strategies, and examine how industry and country characteristics influence the firm's strategy preference. For example, we establish that the direct and split strategy profits increase in the NTB price variance but decrease in the mean price. These effects are sufficiently large that NTB price characteristics can dictate which supply chain strategy is preferred. Both the cost disadvantage and lead-time advantage of domestic production are also significant influencers of the preferred strategy, as is the domestic-country mandated production constraint associated with the OPA strategy.