cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inference engines for phospho-signaling networks, disease mechanism, and clinical outcome at the single cell level

PL07-01 Intracellular assays of signaling systems has been limited by an inability to correlate functional subsets of cells in complex populations based on active kinase states or other nodal signaling junctions. Such correlations could be important to distinguish changes in signaling status that arise in rare cell subsets during functional activation or in disease manifestation. We have demonstrated the ability to simultaneously detect activated kinases and phosphoproteins in simultaneous pathways in subpopulations of complex cell populations by multi-parameter flow cytometric analysis. We have applied this technology to the study of normal human cell populations as well as several disease states including Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, and Follicular Lymphoma, colon cancer and infiltrating immune cells of cancers among others. The tremendous amounts of correlated data generated via phospho-flow allows amalgamation that automates signaling network determination using Bayesian analysis (and a unique computational approach using a new electronic architecture for a "statistics supercomputer"). Bringing these together, we have initiated the generation of a comprehensive network topology map of signaling in all primary immune subsets. Thus, we are bringing single cell analysis of multiple kinase pathways together with novel computational and electronic approaches to increase the depth of drug screening to directly reach screening in primary cells.
Exchange reactions catalyzed by acetate kinase.

Abstract Acetate kinase (ATP:acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) catalyzes an ADP-ATP and an acetate-acetyl phosphate exchange. The rate of the nucleotide exchange is unaffected by the presence of acetate. The specific rate of the ADP-ATP exchange is 200 times greater than that of the acetate-acetylphosphate exchange. The exchanges and the over-all reaction have pH rate profiles which are separate and distinct from one another. Mercuric ion inhibits to the same degree the over-all reaction and the acetate-acetyl phosphate exchange but is without effect on the ADP-ATP exchange. Catalysis of the two exchanges accords with the mediation of a phosphoenzyme in the action of acetate kinase.
Comet: a toolkit for multiuser audio/video applications

Comet, a UNIX/C++ toolkit for writing programs, such as teleconferencing systems and collaborative editors, that involve multiple users and use digital audio video, is described. Comet provides a simple programming interface: the application builds a graph of objects representing speakers and microphones, mixers, files, etc. Comet realizes the graph by creating and interconnecting processes and audio/video I/O servers. It handles implementation details such as process placement, data type conversion, and resource reservation. >
Uniting Citizens After Citizens United: Cities, Democracy and Neoliberalism

The 2010 Citizens United ruling has been misunderstood. This essay argues that the FEC’s arguments, which shaped the dissenting opinion and subsequent reform proposals, were deeply rooted in a neoliberal, individualistic, and undemocratic conception of shareholder citizenship that fetishizes the ability of individuals to spend money to influence elections. More democratic politics must come not from rejecting the principle of corporate political activity, but extending it to include cities. Historically, broader doctrines of city power helped to solve common problems and establish the concept of the public interest in diverse urban areas. Social, spatial, and ideological developments associated with suburbanization have helped a neoliberal notion of shareholder citizenship to supplant this public democracy. Recent events demonstrate that new urban social movements might leverage city power to make cities not just venues but instruments of politics.
Analytical study of the double-hook attractor

The author investigates a large class of three-region, piecewise-linear, continuous vector fields on R/sup 3/, termed the double-hook family F/sub s/, which is a derivative of the well-known double-scroll circuit family and exhibits chaotic behavior both numerically and experimentally. The author performs a comprehensive analysis of the family's piecewise-linear geometry, discusses the double-hook attractor's structure, and presents a normal form equation for the family's dynamics. He then commences a detailed qualitative study of its behavior by means of characteristic Poincare maps, after which he applies the Sil'nikov's method to establish formally the existence of horseshoe chaos for a particular member of F/sub s/. The present results are extended to the complementary dual double-hook family. >
Selection of plasmid molecules for conjugative transfer and replacement strand synthesis in the donor

Plasmid selection and strand replacement synthesis in donor cells during conjugative transfer was examined by a procedure involving electroporation of test plasmid DNA, containing a base pair mismatch, into donor cells prior to mating. Multiple copies of the plasmid were transferred from a donor cell that allowed vegetative replication of the plasmid. Under conditions non-permissive for vegetative replication, there were further rounds of transfer after a lag period. Strand replacement in the donor did not depend solely on the initiation mechanism for vegetative replication, indicating a conjugation-specific mechanism was also available. The lag period between first and second rounds of transfer argues against the transfer of multiple copies into recipients by the spooling of copies generated on a master molecule by rolling-circle replication.
Degranulation of cystic fibrosis nasal polyp mast cells

The ultrastructure of nasal polyps from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients was compared with non-CF nasal polyps in this study. Morphometric analysis showed that CF nasal polyps contained greater numbers of mast cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells compared with the non-CF specimens. Morphologic evidence of degranulation was seen in approximately 30 per cent of the CF mast cells but was not observed in the non-CF mast cells. Increased numbers of small granules, vacuolated granules, and lipid bodies were noted in the CF compared with the non-CF nasal polyp mast cells. Also observed was a decrease in collagen in the extracellular space of the CF nasal polyps compared with the non-CF specimens. Although eosinophils were observed in the non-CF nasal polyp tissue, these leukocytes were absent in the CF nasal polyps. These data indicate that striking morphologic differences exist between CF and non-CF nasal polyps with mast cell degranulation, a salient feature of CF specimens.
Employing a Participatory Research Approach to Explore Physical Activity among Older African American Women

Introduction. Older African American women are particularly vulnerable to unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as physical inactivity and the resultant chronic diseases and conditions. This study explored older African American women's perception of physical activity as well as facilitators of and barriers to being physically active in their local environment. Methods. Using a participatory research approach, a total of 7 women aged 65 years and over had their PA level assessed objectively through accelerometry. In addition, physical activity was discussed through the photo-elicitation procedure, which was supplemented by semistructured interviews. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes emerging from participants' interview. Results. Participants exhibited low levels of physical activity and viewed "physical activity" to be a broadly defined, nonspecific construct. Interviews revealed that many participants lack important knowledge about physical activity. A variety of personal, social, and environmental facilitators and barriers were reported by the participants. Conclusion. Efforts should be made towards clarifying information on physical activity in this population in order to help them incorporate physical activity into their routines, overcome barriers, and make use of opportunities to be active.
Pathway Targets to Explore in the Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction With a 5-year survival rate of only 16%, improvements in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still warranted. Published prognostic gene expression classification signatures in NSCLC overlap poorly across studies. We hypothesized that different NSCLC microarray datasets will share common pathways leading to the identification of new targets for therapeutic development. Methods Per gene mean expression fold change ratios were calculated from 7 publicly-available microarray datasets consisting of a total of 725 profiled samples. This was followed by mapping of differentially expression genes into functionally annotated biologic pathways using Ingenuity pathway analysis software. Common pathways containing genes whose expression levels differed between phenotypic classes defined by NSCLC cases and/or histology, pathologic stage, and gender were determined. Results Several significant common pathways overlapping these datasets were identified in silico. One of which, Leukocyte Extravasation Signaling pathway, includes targeted agents such as imatinib, dasatinib, and temozolomide currently under exploration in NSCLC trials. The remaining pathways have targets with few drugs developed or under development in cancer therapeutics. Comparison of pathways derived from Eastern versus Western population datasets revealed several differing targets and potential target drugs. Conclusion This in silico pathway exploration in NSCLC warrants further investigation and could open the door to potential new therapeutics that might improve NSCLC patient outcomes. This strategy can be applied to other cancer types.
A novel copper containing photoinitiator, copper(II) acylphosphinate, and its application in both the photomediated CuAAC reaction and in atom transfer radical polymerization

A novel copper(II) complex has been developed in which the counter anion, acylphosphinate, serves as a visible light photoinitiator. This molecule is inactive in the dark but, upon visible light exposure, both CuAAC and ATRP reactions are readily and rapidly initiated.
Screening of four vascular aquatic plants for uptake of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)

Abstract The post-emergent herbicide, MSMA, is used extensively for weed control in non-edible crops and for chemical mowing along roadside rights-of-way. Herbicide may gain access to adjacent water bodies by accidental application or by runoff from sprayed plots. This study utilized floating and rooted plant species in hydroponic solution to monitor the uptake of trace levels of the herbicide from an aqueous concentration of 24 μg/ml. Plant species evaluated included Eichhornia crassipes, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrophila lacustris and Lemna minor . Plants were analyzed for total arsenic over the 6 weeks of study using the silver diethyldithiocarbamate (SDDC) procedure. Bioaccumulation ratios were then determined for each plant species.
Focal cerebral ischemia during anesthesia with etomidate, isoflurane, or thiopental: a comparison of the extent of cerebral injury.

An investigation was performed to compare the cerebral protective properties of etomidate, isoflurane, and thiopental. In separate groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats, etomidate, isoflurane, or thiopental was administered to achieve and maintain burst-suppression of the electroencephalogram (3-5 bursts/min) for the duration of the experiment. A fourth group received 1.2 minimal alveolar concentration halothane. All groups underwent 3 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion and then 2 hours of reperfusion. Thereafter, the animals were killed and the volume of injured brain was determined by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium. Physiological parameters did not differ among the four groups during the investigation, with the exception that hemolysis occurred in the etomidate group (free hemoglobin levels, approximately 0.4 g.dl-1). The volume of injured brain in the thiopental group (56 +/- 10 mm3) was significantly smaller than that in the halothane control group (99 +/- 13 mm3). The volumes of injured brain in the etomidate and isoflurane groups (145 +/- 11 mm3 and 139 +/- 14 mm3, respectively) were significantly larger than those in the control and thiopental groups. We speculate that the apparently detrimental effect of etomidate may be the result of the binding of nitric oxide of cerebral endothelial origin by the iron component of free hemoglobin. Intracranial pressure was not recorded, and in the isoflurane group, there may have been adverse effects on cerebral perfusion pressure associated with vasodilation caused by high concentrations of isoflurane. The results are consistent with a protective effect by barbiturates.
The action of reserpine on noradrenaline biosynthesis in sympathetic nerve tissue

Abstract In postganglionic sympathetic nerve tissue, reserpine produced a marked inhibitory effect on the synthesis of noradrenaline from tyrosine. This block in synthesis was localized at the dopamine-β-hydroxylase step. In contrast to similar studies in nerve homogenates, dopamine was not observed to accumulate in the intact nerves exposed to reserpine except when monoamine oxidase (MAO) was inhibited by pargyline. However, a larger increase in the acid metabolites of dopamine (notably, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) was found in the nerves and medium after reserpine treatment. This indicates that in nerve tissue MAO plays an important role in the degradation of any free dopamine which cannot be protected by being taken up into the granular vesicles and subsequently converted to noradrenaline. Inhibition with an MAO inhibitor partially reversed the inhibitory action of reserpine on noradrenaline biosynthesis. These studies indicate that in intact postganglionic sympathetic nerves, reserpine inhibits the synthesis of noradrenaline by inhibiting the uptake of the precursor dopamine into the granular vesicles which contain the enzyme necessary for its ultimate conversion to noradrenaline.
Tillage and cropping effects on soil quality indicators in the northern Great Plains

Abstract The extreme climate of the northern Great Plains of North America requires cropping systems to possess a resilient soil resource in order to be sustainable. This paper summarizes the interactive effects of tillage, crop sequence, and cropping intensity on soil quality indicators for two long-term cropping system experiments in the northern Great Plains. The experiments, located in central North Dakota, were established in 1984 and 1993 on a Wilton silt loam (FAO: Calcic Siltic Chernozem; USDA 1 : fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Pachic Haplustoll). Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties considered as indicators of soil quality were evaluated in spring 2001 in both experiments at depths of 0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–30 cm. Management effects on soil properties were largely limited to the surface 7.5 cm in both experiments. For the experiment established in 1984, differences in soil condition between a continuous crop, no-till system and a crop–fallow, conventional tillage system were substantial. Within the surface 7.5 cm, the continuous crop, no-till system possessed significantly more soil organic C (by 7.28 Mg ha −1 ), particulate organic matter C (POM-C) (by 4.98 Mg ha −1 ), potentially mineralizable N (PMN) (by 32.4 kg ha −1 ), and microbial biomass C (by 586 kg ha −1 ), as well as greater aggregate stability (by 33.4%) and faster infiltration rates (by 55.6 cm h −1 ) relative to the crop–fallow, conventional tillage system. Thus, soil from the continuous crop, no-till system was improved with respect to its ability to provide a source for plant nutrients, withstand erosion, and facilitate water transfer. Soil properties were affected less by management practices in the experiment established in 1993, although organic matter related properties tended to be greater under continuous cropping or minimum tillage than crop sequences with fallow or no-till. In particular, PMN and microbial biomass C were greatest in continuous spring wheat (with residue removed) (22.5 kg ha −1 for PMN; 792 kg ha −1 for microbial biomass C) as compared with sequences with fallow (SW–S–F and SW–F) (Average=15.9 kg ha −1 for PMN; 577 kg ha −1 for microbial biomass C). Results from both experiments confirm that farmers in the northern Great Plains of North America can improve soil quality and agricultural sustainability by adopting production systems that employ intensive cropping practices with reduced tillage management.
Bioluminescent Imaging of Melanoma in Live Mice

Melanoma is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Current animal models of melanoma in animals are sub-optimal. The most commonly used homograft model is the B16 mouse melanoma. Evaluation of potential melanoma therapies with this model is limited by the inaccuracy of caliper measurement of subcutaneous tumors, of counting lung nodules in metastasis models, and the indirect nature of "survival" curves when studying brain metastases. We have developed and characterized an accurate, sensitive, and reproducible bioluminescent B16 melanoma model that allows for serial, real-time analyses of tumor burden in live mice. We demonstrate that this model is applicable to subcutaneous tumors, lung metastases, and intracranial tumors and offers a solution to many of the limitations of previous models. As proof of principle, we use this model to show the efficacy of a live, Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing the melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 to protect mice against intravenous B16 melanoma challenge. Additionally, we extend our approach to include the human A375 melanoma model and are able to show in vivo differences between sub-lines with varying metastatic potential. These models represent an accurate and reproducible means for in vivo melanoma monitoring in preclinical studies.
31. Assessment of clinical competence of the allergist/immunologist.

The assessment of physician performance is increasingly central to the practice of medicine. Participation in such assessment is a manifestation of adherence by the physician to the highest standards of professionalism. The goal of physician assessment is to assure patients and their families, the public, fellow physicians, and ourselves that we are continuing to perform at the highest levels possible. Traditionally, trainees have been assessed by their program directors, and the methods for such assessment are in place and have, in some cases, been validated against outcomes. Assessment of practicing physicians is a newer concept and arose as a response to the needs of physicians to demonstrate accountability and the demands of the public and regulatory bodies. The leadership of the medical profession and the certifying boards are committed to effective and appropriate assessment and are in the process of implementing physician assessments. To do so, multiple innovative and exciting new evaluative tools are under development. This review discusses the history, background, and current state of the art in this arena. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S774-8.)
Visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin distinguishes disseminated histoplasmosis from other forms of pulmonary histoplasmosis

The visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin is a well-known feature of disseminated histoplasmosis. However, it is unclear whether this finding can be used to differentiate disseminated histoplasmosis involving the lung from other forms of pulmonary histoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin in lung biopsies suggests disseminated disease. Lung biopsies in which Histoplasma was identified were re-examined to determine whether organisms were visible within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin. Clinical findings were reviewed retrospectively to determine the type of histoplasmosis. Histoplasma was visible within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin in lung biopsies from 4 patients (2 men, 2 women, 50-74 years) who presented with pulmonary manifestations without definite evidence of disseminated disease at the time of biopsy. Subsequently, all 4 manifested clinical and/or microbiologic features of disseminated disease (positive extrapulmonary cultures and fatal outcome in 2, positive extrapulmonary cultures in 1, and multiorgan failure and fatal outcome in 1). In contrast, organisms were identified on silver stains but could not be visualized on hematoxylin and eosin in 42 patients, none of whom showed clinical or microbiologic evidence of disseminated disease (pulmonary histoplasmoma, 38; acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, 4). In lung biopsies, the visibility of Histoplasma within histiocytes on hematoxylin and eosin suggests disseminated disease. Recognition of the significance of this finding is helpful in diagnosing disseminated disease in patients who present primarily with pulmonary manifestations without definite clinical evidence of dissemination at the time of biopsy.
Cosmic far ultraviolet background

The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
Stock options, tax credits or employment contracts please! The value of deliberative public disagreement about human tissue donation

Abstract ‘Deliberative democracy’ is increasingly popular globally, as a means of securing public engagement with emerging health technologies and democratizing their governance. Architects of deliberative ‘mini-publics’ have tended, however, to privilege consensus within deliberation and the generation of ‘action commitments’ within a ‘decisional context’, despite widespread critique. Less attention has been paid to the phenomenon of persistent disagreement within constructed deliberative fora. This paper addresses this lacuna, performing a narrative analysis of four days of deliberation within one small group of demographically diverse public participants at the BC Biobank Deliberation (Vancouver, Canada, 2007). It reveals the value of listening to persistent deliberative disagreements. First, this paper argues that disagreements enable identification of deliberation and evaluation of its quality. Second, they generate insight into the deliberative process and the discursive means through which consensus can be achieved. Third, persistent deliberative disagreements can be creative of innovative governance solutions. In the case of the BC Biobank Deliberation, disagreements about compensation for biobank donors generated a range of suggestions for mediating between donor rights, corporate interests and societal needs – from tissue sample rentals to donor tax credits – suggestions that are unique to the existing academic and policy literature. Finally, this paper argues that practitioners should present persistent disagreements to public and policy audiences as an ‘output’ of deliberative democracy events.
Prenatal exposure to aluminum or stress: II. Behavioral and performance effects

In this second report dealing with the effects of prenatal exposure to aluminum or stress, the results of shock-elicited aggression and learned helplessness testing are presented. When compared to controls, aluminum- and stress-exposed offspring displayed significantly more aggressive responses. However, aluminum-exposed offspring spent significantly less time per aggressive response in contact with the target rod. Moreover, aluminum-exposed animals had significantly longer latencies than did stress-exposed animals during the escape-training phase of the learned helplessness study. These results indicated that the prenatal treatments employed may eventuate in behavioral effects with one of these effects being the disruption of a response inhibition/direction mechanism in the aluminum-exposed animals.
Reduced Risk of IDDM Among Breast-Fed Children: The Colorado IDDM Registry

The hypothesis that breast-feeding can provide protection against the development of insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and would, therefore, be less common among subjects with IDDM was tested with a retrospective design. Cases ( n = 268) were selected from the Colorado IDDM Registry and the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes (Denver, CO). Two control groups were recruited, one from physicians9 practices throughout Colorado ( n = 291) and the second through random-digit dialing from the Denver area ( n = 188). Cases were less likely to have been breast-fed than controls after adjustment for birth year, maternal age, maternal education, family income, race, and sex [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.70; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 0.50–0.97]. This finding was consistent for both control groups and by birth-year intervals. A greater decrease in risk of IDDM was seen among subjects who had been breast-fed to an older age (for breast-feeding duration of ≥12 mo, adjusted OR = 0.54, 95% Cl = 0.27–1.08). The amount of IDDM that might be explained by breast-feeding habits (population percentage attributable risk) ranged from 2 to 26%, varying according to the breast-feeding prevalence reported in other studies. Replication of this work in different populations, controlled for the strong secular trends in breast-feeding habits, is critical before the hypothesis of protection is accepted.
Long-Term Results of Endarterectomy of the Internal Carotid Artery for Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction

The immediate and long-term results of carotid endarterectomy for treatment of acute cerebral ischemia or infarction were studied in 95 patients who were observed for an average period of 40 months after the surgical procedure. The operation resulted in death for 12 patients and worsening of the neurological deficit in six others. During the follow-up period, there were 22 additional deaths, most of which were caused by myocardial infarction or other complications of systemic atherosclerotic vascular disease. The significant factors adversely affecting the prognosis of these patients consisted of severe electrocardiographic abnormalities, the presence of bilateral carotid occlusive lesions, cerebral infarction prior to endarterectomy, and the age of the patient. Following endarterectomy only five patients were observed to have recurrent attacks of transient cerebral ischemia which were few in number and stopped spontaneously. Recurrent cerebral infarction developed in only seven patients, six of whom had ...
Surveyor attachment for milling guiding planes

When an abutment tooth that is to support a removable partial denture needs to be restored with a crown, provision can be made for precise guiding planes in the crown pattern. After the casting is made and polished, the guiding planes can be further refined and improved by machining with a handpiece attached to the vertical spindle of a surveyor. This report describes an attachment for a surveyor that is designed to produce an inexpensive milling instrument for laboratory use. A broken-arm surveyor with a heavy base (Williams Gold Refining Co., Inc., now Williams Dental Co. Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.) was selected and prepared so that the original cast holder and stage was removed and replaced with a flat metal plate to form a table over the base of the instrument. To this table was attached an easily tightened, readily adjustable cast holder for quick and rigid cast fixation (J.M. Ney Co., Bloomfield, Conn.). The original vertical spindle with a chuck for holding
Harry Lee Parker and paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia

Objective: To review descriptions of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis (MS), with special attention given to Parker and his 1946 case series. Methods: Evaluation of original publications describing paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia, bibliographic information, writings, and unpublished letters from the Mayo Clinic Historical Unit. Results: In 1940, Storring described a patient with MS with paroxysmal symptoms that included dizziness and trouble speaking, but also unilateral extremity weakness. In 1946, Parker published a series of 11 patients with paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia. Six of these patients had MS, and he recognized this phenomenon as a manifestation of the disease. The term “paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia” was first used in 1959 by Andermann and colleagues. Since that time, paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia has become a well-recognized phenomenon in MS. More recent reports have suggested that the responsible lesion is located in the midbrain, near or involving the red nucleus. Conclusions: Parker was the first to accurately describe paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in patients with MS.
Three-dimensional reconstructions from incomplete data: interpretability of density maps at "atomic" resolution.

Three dimensional data collection in electron microscopy is normally limited to a range of tilt angles that is less than +/- 90 degrees. Thus, even under the best conditions, experimental values of the structure factors will be missing within a solid cone in reciprocal space. Previous work has already shown that the missing cone of data can produce serious artifacts in three-dimensional density maps at modest resolution, for example approximately 15A. We now report, however, that a missing cone as large as +/- 30 degrees appears to have no serious effect on the three-dimensional density map of a protein at 3.6 A resolution, and we attribute this result to the fact that the electron density features are quite well separated from one another at that resolution. The map calculated with a +/- 30 degree missing cone is, furthermore, no more sensitive to noise (error) than is the full (isotropic) Fourier map. This result does not seem to be unreasonable in view of the fact that less than 14% of the data (i.e., signal) is lost due to the missing cone. Our numerical simulations therefore indicate that there should be no difficulty in interpreting high-resolution Fourier maps that can be produced with data that fall within realistic estimates of achievable resolution, tilt angles, and experimental error.
Staying Out of Trouble with Transfer Pricing

In a wide-ranging discussion of transfer pricing, the authors explain how it is used, some individual country rules, current IRS rules, and how IRS rules interact with OECD guidelines. What's the secret to staying out of trouble? The authors answer with one word: documentation. And they list the minimum requirements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physiology and enzymology of frog photoreceptor membranes

Abstract We have developed a convenient and reproducible assay for observing visual excitation and dark adaptation in suspensions of isolated bullfrog rod outer segments. These outer segments can be separated from other contaminating membranes using gentle procedures which do not destroy their physiological activity. Rhodopsin phosphorylating activity and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase remain with these outer segments; ATPase and adenyl cyclase generally thought to be associated with outer segments are not present. In the light-induced rhodopsin phosphorylation reaction low levels of illumination cause the incorporation of more than one phosphate per rhodopsin bleached. This is the only reaction yet characterized in this system which involves an obvious amplification mechanism.
Neoliberalism on the molecular scale. Economic and genetic reductionism in biotechnology battles

Newagro-biotechnologies promise bounty from fine-tuned molecular manipulation of food crops. They already provide profits and export opportunities to a fewtransnational seed/ agrochemical/ biotechnology firms. Against growing resistance in international arenas, industry and US government spokespeople have aggressively promoted genetic engineering, arguing that it permits precise control of life processes. However, this claim is based on a deceptive form of molecular-genetic reductionism which uses outdated notions of ‘‘genes’’ and ‘‘genetic codes’’ and disregards the interactions among molecules, organisms, their environments, and their social settings. This discourse, in turn, supports economic-reductionist arguments that genetic information should be patentable and that market-based management of biotechnology will benefit everyone. This double reductionism furthers the extension of the commodity realm to the molecular level. It treats biotechnology inputs (genetic resources) and outputs (transgenic products) as ordinary, tradable factors of production under globally standardized intellectual property regimes and bolsters proposals to regulate biotechnology under the World Trade Organization. Critics of this approach find some support in the Biodiversity Convention and its Biosafety Protocol, which would allow consideration of scientific uncertainty, socioeconomic factors, and pluralism in intellectual property regimes. They stress that natural-resource values and knowledge about nature are inseparable from place-specific ecologies, cultural practices of farming and science, and power relations. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stress and temperature dependence of creep in Alloy 600 in primary water

The stress and temperature dependence of creep of commercial nickel-base Alloy 600 was investigated through constant load, step-load, and step-temperature creep tests in deaerated primary water containing 40 to 60 cc/kg hydrogen. To analyze creep rates for Alloy 600 in the mill-annealed (MA) condition, effective stresses were estimated using applied stresses and instantaneous strains. The apparent activation area was determined to be 7b 2 by the multiple regression analysis of creep rates. The apparent activation energy for creep has a weak stress dependence and was determined to lie between 188 and 281 kJ/mole for the effective stress range of 117 to 232 MPa. Creep rates were better correlated with effective stress than applied stress and the stress exponent of Alloy 600 MA was determined to be 2.2 at 337 °C and 5.1 at 360 °C. The magnitudes of the stress exponent, activation energy, and activation area can be interpreted to support a creep mechanism controlled by dislocation-climb and nonconservative motion of jogs in commercial Alloy 600 MA. The activation area agreed with that determined from carbon in solution, implying thermally activated dislocation glide as another possible creep mechanism.
Averaging frameworks for simulation optimization with applications to simulated annealing

We present two frameworks for designing random search methods for discrete simulation optimization. One of our frameworks is very broad (in that it includes many random search methods), whereas the other one considers a special class of random search methods called point-based methods, that move iteratively between points within the feasible region. Our frameworks involve averaging, in that all decisions that require estimates of the objective function values at various feasible solutions are based on the averages of all observations collected at these solutions so far. Also, the methods are adaptive in that they can use information gathered in previous iterations to decide how simulation effort is expended in the current iteration. We show that the methods within our frameworks are almost surely globally convergent under mild conditions. Thus, the generality of our frameworks and associated convergence guarantees makes the frameworks useful to algorithm developers wishing to design efficient and rigorous procedures for simulation optimization. We also present two variants of the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and provide their convergence analysis as example application of our point-based framework. Finally, we provide numerical results that demonstrate the empirical effectiveness of averaging and adaptivity in the context of SA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012
Hierarchical system identification of states and parameters in interconnected power systems

This paper presents an application of hierarchical identification procedures of the previous paper to the identification of interconnected power system states and parameters from input—output observed data. A three-area interconnected power system model is used to demonstrate the decomposition of the original system based on its particular characteristics and the implementation of hierarchical algorithms for system identification. The adaptivity of these procedures to structural changes are also illustrated. Numerical results are obtained by conducting a digital simulation of the three-area system and using the hierarchical identification and coordination algorithms to estimate the states and unknown system parameters. Computational aspects of the hierarchical system identification solutions are discussed.
Generation, Characterization, and Deprotonation of Phenol Radical Cations1

A variety of methoxy- and methyl-substituted phenol radical cations have been generated and characterized by laser flash photolysis in solution under ambient conditions. The radical cations were generated by either photosensitized electron transfer using 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene with biphenyl as a cosensitizer in acetonitrile or by direct excitation of the phenol at 266 nm. The phenol radical cations have absorption maxima between 410 and 460 nm, with the exception of the 3,5-dimethoxyphenol which absorbs at 580 nm. The assignment of the observed transients to phenol radical cations is based on their spectral similarity to matrix spectra for the same species and to the corresponding methoxybenzene radical cations, as well as their characteristic reactivity. In the presence of small amounts of water the radical cations are not detected and the phenoxyl radical is the only observed transient in the photosensitized electron transfer. For those phenols for which authentic phenoxyl spectra are not available, the...
PERCEIVED DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH WORKING WITH PERSONS WITH VARYING DISABILITIES

Perceptions of discomfort by nondisabled coworkers are a major barrier to the acceptance of disabled persons into work groups. This research examined whether reported discomfort varied by the type or nature of the disability. 151 subjects rated 20 types of disabilities in terms of how uncomfortable or comfortable they would be working closely at a nonspecified task with a person with the particular disability. A stable hierarchy of the 20 disabilities was found Patterns and implications are discussed. Gender of the rater influenced the ratings, specifically females exhibited less discomfort with disabilities over-all than did males Prior contact with a disabled person, either personally or at unspecified work, did not affect the ratings of discomfort.
CMC Arthroplasty of the Thumb: A Review

Arthritis of the first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the hand is a common and often debilitating disease. Diagnosis can be readily made with history, physical exam, and radiographic evaluation. Patients with advanced disease who have failed conservative treatment modalities have multiple surgical options including ligament reconstruction, resection arthroplasty, silicone implantation, tendon interposition, or total joint arthroplasty. This article will describe the variety of approaches to treatment as well as the author's preferred method.
Adiposity and genetic admixture, but not race/ethnicity, influence bone mineral content in peripubertal children

The effect of fat mass on bone mineral content (BMC) in children is not clear, particularly when considering a diverse population. Ancestral genetic admixture may be an approach to accurately identify population differences in BMC. Our objective was to evaluate the relationships between self-reported race/ethnicity, genetic admixture, and fat mass on BMC in a multiethnic sample of children (n = 270), taking into account dietary and physical activity variables. Ancestral genetic admixture was estimated using 140 ancestry informative markers, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, diet by 24-h recall, and physical activity by accelerometry. Multiple linear regression examined the relationships between race/ethnicity or genetic admixture and percent fat on BMC. Additional analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity or genetic admixture and BMC stratified by body fat percentage cutpoints. In regression models, there was no association between race/ethnicity and BMC. In contrast, African admixture (AFADM) was positively associated with BMC, American Indian admixture (AMINADM) was inversely associated with BMC, and there was no association between European admixture (EUADM) and BMC. When stratified by percent fat group, high body fat percentage was inversely associated with BMC with EUADM and AMINADM (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) and positively associated with AFADM (P < 0.001). Diet and physical activity were not related to BMC in this sample. Our findings suggest that genetic admixture and percent body fat, but not race/ethnicity, diet, or physical activity, influence BMC in our sample of peripubertal children. Further, there is a differential impact of percent fat on BMC that may be mediated by genetic admixture.
Growth Hormone Causes a Rise in 1,25-diOH D and Sensitizes the Kidney to Parathormone

GH replacement therapy (Rx) causes rapid skeletal growth, some suggest by GH-dependent 25-OH D 1-hydroxylase activation. We studied 12 GH deficient children before and for 1 wk after high dose (5IU/da) Rx, and at 1 mo, 3 mo and 1 y after conventional (0.1 IU/kg × 3/wk) Rx. Unstimulated (Uns) ionized calcium (Ca) did not change. Likewise, Uns PTH (1-84, N<57μ1Eq/ml) did not vary from 38.9 ± 2.6 before Rx (all are mean ± SEM). 24-h urinary cyclic AMP excretion corrected for volume of glomerular filtrate (GF) (UcAMP) did not change within 1 wk (2.99 ± 0.20 nmole/ dl GF, 3.15 ± 0.24 after), but had risen by 3 mo to 4.51 ± 0.70 (p<0.05) and by 1 y to 6.64 ± 1.50 (p<0.02). Uns calcitonin (CT) (1-32, N<107 pg/ml) fell from 29.4 ± 2.8 before to 21.5 ± 1.8 after (p< 0.05), but was not different from preRx by 1 y (43.4 ± 11.0). In 6 of the children, 1,25-diOH D rose from 31.1 ± 1.9 pg/ml to 45.8 ± 4.0 (p<0.001) during the first week following inception. By 1 mo, 1,25-diOH D had fallen to 43.0 ± 7.1 (p<0.02) and by 3 mo was no longer different from basal. In summary 1) GH Rx induced a rapid rise in 1,25-diOH D, which fell again by 3 mo. 2) Uns CT fell immediately after Rx, but was no different from initial by 1 y. 3) Although Uns Ca and PTH did not vary, 4) UcAMP rose progressively. Conclusion: GH activates the 1-hydroxylase during early Rx and sensitizes the kidney to parathormone by 3 mo.
Separation of ovine oligodendrocytes into two distinct bands on a linear sucrose gradient.

Abstract A new method for isolation of oligodendrocytes is described. The method was developed to isolate intact, viable cells and to fractionate oligodendrocyte subgroups. Finely minced ovine white matter (WM) is incubated in 0.1% trypsin at 37°C for 3.6 min/g WM. Trypsin inhibitor is added to arrest the action of trypsin. Further disruption of tissue is achieved by passage through a series of screens (350 μm down to 30 μm pore size) and the crude suspension in 0.9 M sucrose is centrifuged at 2100 rpm (850 g) for 10 min. During this step myelin floats to the top of the tube while the cells form a pellet. The pellet is resuspended in 3–4 ml of 0.9 M surcrose and applied to a linear sucrose gradient (1.0–1.2 M), which is then centrifuged at 1200 rpm (277 g) for 40 min. Oligodendrocytes separate into two distinct bands on this gradient suggesting that two subpopulations have been isolated. There are small differences in size between cells from these bands. Oligodendrocytes isolated by this procedure remain viable and differentiated for months as evidenced by their ability to incorporate labeled precursors into galactocerebrosides and sulfatides and to synthesize myelin basic protein.
Kinetics of geminate-ion recombination by electron tunnelling

Abstract A phenomenological model is developed for geminate-ion recombination by electron tunnelling. Experimentally observed decay kinetics of recombination luminescence is well described by this model.
Dissociative charge transfer of singly- and doubly-charged rare gas ions with W(CO)6

Abstract Charge exchange of the thermometer compound, W(CO) 6 , with singly-charged rare gas ions yields internally excited W(CO) + 6 molecular ions. The internal energy distribution, P (e), of the nascent ions is estimated by an approximate thermochemical method which is based on dissociation by successive CO losses. The average internal energy agrees well with expectation based on the known values of the rare gas recombination energies. The distribution of internal energies have half widths of 1–3 eV and maxima which correspond to the calculated heats of reaction. Energy deposition is only a weak function of collision energy, increasing by a few tenths of an electronvolt in the range 2.5–10 eV, and then remaining constant to 30 eV. Singly-charged argon and neon ions, but not the other singly-charged rare gas ions, show production of doubly-charged metal carbonyls due to contributions from Ar + and Ne + in long-lived excited states. Charge exchange of W(CO) 6 with the doubly-charged rare gas ions shows three prominent processes: (i) single-electron transfer, which is accompanied by average internal energy depositions as high as 15 eV and gives products with wider and more asymmetric internal energy distributions than those which occur by charge exchange with the singly-charged rare gas ions; (ii) double-electron transfer to generate doubly- charged tungsten hexacarbonyl ions, W(CO) 2+ n and WC(CO) 2+ n ; and (iii) the formation of unexcited W(CO) + 6 ions resulting from charge exchange between the nascent doubly-charged ion and neutral W(CO) 6 . The maxima of the P (e) curves for both single and doubel electron transfer agree with thermo-chemical predictions except that there is a small, systematic, difference in energy deposition for the single-electron transfer process which is ascribed to mutual coulombic repulsion of the products. Doubly-charged neon yields both ground state and excited state Ne + . The average internal energies for both single- and double-electron transfer are almost independent of the laboratory collision energy, indicating that long-range electron transfer is involved.
A chicken-yeast chimeric β-tubulin protein is incorporated into mouse microtubules in vivo

Abstract The role of divergent primary sequences in restricting tubulin function was tested in vivo by a gene transfection experiment. A chicken-yeast chimeric β-tubulin DNA was introduced into 3T3 cells using the transfection vector pSV2. The 5′ end of this gene, from chicken, is similar but not identical with that of mouse β-tubulins; the 3′ end, from yeast, contains a carboxyl terminus that is very different from other known β-tubulin sequences. The chimeric protein is incorporated efficiently into each of the microtubule structures and each of the microtubules in the host cells. The presence of the protein has no apparent effect on either growth rate or cell morphology. The results suggest that the divergent sequences in this chimeric tubulin molecule place no restrictions on its activities in mouse cells.