cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle

Eight cannulated Holstein steers (average BW: 251 kg) were used in 2 simultaneous 4 x 4 Latin squares in a split-plot arrangement to test the effects of processing method [dry-rolled (DR) vs. steam-flaked (SF); main plot] and vitreousness (V, %; subplot) of yellow dent corn (V55, V61, V63, and V65) on site of digestion of diets containing 73.2% corn grain. No vitreousness x processing method interactions were detected for ruminal digestion, but ruminal starch digestion was 14.4% lower (P < 0.01) for DR than for SF corn. Interactions were detected between vitreousness and processing method for postruminal (P < 0.10) and total tract digestion (P < 0.05). With DR, vitreousness tended to decrease (linear effect, P < 0.10) postruminal OM and starch digestion. With SF, vitreousness did not affect (P ≥ 0.15) postruminal digestion of OM and starch. Postruminal N digestion tended to decrease (linear effect, P = 0.12) as vitreousness increased. Postruminal digestion was greater for SF than for DR corn OM (25.7%, P < 0.05), starch (94.3%, P < 0.10), and N (10.7%, P < 0.01). Steam flaking increased total tract digestion of OM (11%, P < 0.05), starch (16%, P < 0.01), and N (8.4%, P < 0.05) but decreased total tract ADF digestion (26.7%, P < 0.01). With DR, total tract starch digestion was lower for V65 (cubic effect, P < 0.10) than for the other hybrids. With SF, total tract starch digestion was not affected (P ≥ 0.15) by vitreousness. Fecal starch and total tract starch digestion were inversely related (starch digestion, % = 101 - 0.65 x fecal starch, %; r 2 = 0.94, P < 0.01). Ruminal pH was greater for steers fed DR than for steers fed SF corn (6.03 vs. 5.62, P < 0.05). Steam flaking decreased (P < 0.01) the ruminal molar proportion of acetate (24%), acetate:propionate molar ratio (55%), estimated methane production (37.5%), and butyrate (11.3%, P < 0.05). There was a vitreousness x processing interaction (P < 0.01) for acetate:propionate. For DR, acetate:propionate tended to increase (linear effect; P < 0.10) with increasing vitreousness. With SF, acetate:propionate was greater (cubic effect, P < 0.01) for V65. Starch from more vitreous corn grain was less digested when corn grain was DR, but this adverse effect of vitreousness on digestion was negated when the corn grain was SF. Of the 19% advantage in energetic efficiency associated with flaked over rolled corn grain, about 3 / 4 can be attributed to increased OM digestibility, with the remaining 1 / 4 ascribed to reduced methane loss.
A membraneless microfluidic fuel cell stack

A membraneless microfluidic fuel cell stack architecture is presented that reuses reactants from one cell to a subsequent one, analogous to PEMFC stacks. On-chip reactant reuse improves fuel utilization and power densities relative to single cells. The reactants flow separately through porous electrodes and interface with a non-reacting and conductive electrolyte which maintains their separation. The reactants remain separated downstream of the interface and are used in subsequent downstream cells. This fuel cell uses porous carbon for electrocatalysts and vanadium redox species as reactants with a sulfuric acid supporting electrolyte. The overall power density of the fuel cell increases with reactant flow rate and decreasing the separating electrolyte flow rate. The peak power, maximum fuel utilization, and efficiency nearly double when electrically connecting the cells in parallel.
Two-stage inventory models with a bi-modal transportation cost

This paper discusses inventory models over an infinite planning horizon with constant demand rate and two modes of transportation. These transportation options include truckloads and a less than truckload carrier. An optimal algorithm is derived for a one-warehouse one-retailer system. A power-of-two heuristic algorithm is also proposed for a one-warehouse multi-retailer system. Computational results are provided to show that, on the average, the heuristic algorithm is at least 94% effective.
Privacy Protection in the Network Society: Trading Up or a Race to the Bottom?

• The Governance of Privacy: Policy Instruments in Global Perspective, by Colin J. Bennett and Charles D. Raab. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. xxvii + 354 pp., $30.00 paper. ISBN 0-262-52453-8. • ...
Vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid levels in patients presenting with polyneuropathy

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of definite vitamin B(12) deficiency (defined as 240 pg/ml and a methylmalonic acid [MMA] level >243 nmol/L) in patients with polyneuropathy and to determine whether patients in both groups respond to vitamin B(12) repletion. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 581 patients presenting with polyneuropathy over a 2-year period; 4% had definite vitamin B(12) deficiency and 32% had possible deficiency as the sole or contributing cause for their polyneuropathy. For those who received treatment with vitamin B(12), subjective improvement was seen in 87% with definite and in 43% with possible deficiency. Possible vitamin B(12) deficiency, defined as an elevated MMA level, is a common finding in patients with polyneuropathy and treatment of these patients with vitamin B(12) may lead to clinical improvement.
Synthesis and structural studies of two collagen analogues: Poly (l-prolyl-l-seryl-glycyl) and poly (l-prolyl-l-alanyl-glycyl)

Abstract Poly ( l -prolyl- l -seryl-glycyl) and poly ( l -prolyl- l -alanyl-glycyl), two synthetic polytripeptide analogues of the non-polar regions of collagen, were synthesized by polymerization of the tripeptide p-nitrophenyl esters with C -terminal glycine residues. Circular dichroism studies of the polymers indicated the presence of an ordered collagen-like structure for each polymer in solution. This ordered structure was shown to be solvent-dependent and also dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer in solution. Both polytripeptides were investigated in a variety of solvents ranging in relative hydrogen-bonding strengths from 1,3-propanediol to hexafluoroisopropanol, and an increase in the amount of ordered structure with decreasing hydrogen-bonding strength of the solvent was observed. In 1,3-propanediol, the solvent system in which the polymers exhibited the most ordered structure at room temperature, both polymers exhibited circular dichroism spectra with identical positions of the maxima and minima and similar rotatory strengths to those observed for guinea pig skin collagen. The slow attainment of stable circular dichroism spectra of heated solutions, coupled with the demonstrated concentration dependence of the spectra, shows that aggregation of the polymers takes place in solution. Molecular weight studies of both polytripeptides in their single-chain random conformation versus the presumed triple-helical associated form showed the expected threefold association of the peptide chains in solution. The threefold change in molecular weight, coupled with the similarity between the circular dichroism spectra of the polytripeptides and collagen, suggests that the observed optical properties arise from the collagen-like triple-helical structure found for both polymers in the solid state.
Understanding inelastically scattered neutrons from water on a time-of-flight small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument

Abstract It is generally assumed by most of the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) user community that a neutron's energy is unchanged during SANS measurements. Here, the scattering from water, specifically light water, was measured on the EQ-SANS instrument, a time-of-flight (TOF) SANS instrument located at the Spallation Neutron Source of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A significant inelastic process was observed in the TOF spectra of neutrons scattered from water. Analysis of the TOF spectra from the sample showed that the scattered neutrons have energies consistent with room-temperature thermal energies (~20 meV) regardless of the incident neutron's energy. With the aid of Monte Carlo particle transport simulations, we conclude that the thermalization process within the sample results in faster neutrons that arrive at the detector earlier than expected based on the incident neutron energies. This thermalization process impacts the measured SANS intensities in a manner that will ultimately be sample- and temperature-dependent, necessitating careful processing of the raw data into the SANS cross-section.
A Growth Process for Zipf's and Yule's City-Size Laws

The Zipf rank–size law and the Yule probability law are both used to describe city populations. Though these laws are usually treated as identical, they describe city populations in different ways. These differences are first resolved, and the Zipf law is expressed in terms of the Yule law. Then urban growth is formulated by a probabilistic model as a pure birth process that generates city populations asymptotically obeying the Yule probability law. This model has similarities with the derivation by Yule of the law named after him and with the urban-growth model described in a well-known paper by Simon.
Too little but not too late: results of a literature review to improve routine immunization programs in developing countries.

Globally, immunization services have been the center of renewed interest with increased funding to improve services, acceleration of the introduction of new vaccines, and the development of a health systems approach to improve vaccine delivery. Much of the credit for the increased attention is due to the work of the GAVI Alliance and to new funding streams. If routine immunization programs are to take full advantage of the newly available resources, managers need to understand the range of proven strategies and approaches to deliver vaccines to reduce the incidence of diseases. In this paper, we present strategies that may be used at the sub-national level to improve routine immunization programs. We conducted a systematic review of studies and projects reported in the published and gray literature. Each paper that met our inclusion criteria was rated based on methodological rigor and data were systematically abstracted. Routine-immunization – specific papers with a methodological rigor rating of greater than 60% and with conclusive results were reported. Greater than 11,000 papers were identified, of which 60 met our inclusion criteria and 25 papers were reported. Papers were grouped into four strategy approaches: bringing immunizations closer to communities (n = 11), using information dissemination to increase demand for vaccination (n = 3), changing practices in fixed sites (n = 4), and using innovative management practices (n = 7). Immunization programs are at a historical crossroads in terms of developing new funding streams, introducing new vaccines, and responding to the global interest in the health systems approach to improving immunization delivery. However, to complement this, actual service delivery needs to be strengthened and program managers must be aware of proven strategies. Much was learned from the 25 papers, such as the use of non-health workers to provide numerous services at the community level. However it was startling to see how few papers were identified and in particular how few were of strong scientific quality. Further well-designed and well-conducted scientific research is warranted. Proposed areas of additional research include integration of additional services with immunization delivery, collaboration of immunization programs with new partners, best approaches to new vaccine introduction, and how to improve service delivery.
A comparison of radiation response, cyanide toxicity and sulfur transferase activity in native North American rodents.

Abstract 1. 1. Nine species of rodents representing three Families were exposed to ionizing radiation or potassium cyanide to determine whether sensitivity to KCN might be used as an index to radiation response of the species, and to document the comparative responses of the species to the stresses. 2. 2. There was a twofold variation between the responses of the most sensitive, Oryzomys palustris (525 rad), and the most resistant species, Perognathus longimembris (1094 rad), following radiation treatment. There was no apparent relationship between radiation responses and taxonomic affinity or adaptation to high altitude. 3. 3. There was a taxonomic ordering of responses to cyanide with members of the Family Heteromyidae most sensitive (4 mg/kg), Muridae intermediate in response, and members of the Family Cricetidae most resistant (9·6 mg/kg). 4. 4. There was no correlation between radiation resistance and KCN toxicity in the Families Muridae and Heteromyidae, but there was a strong positive correlation in the Family Cricetidae. The inconsistent results would preclude use of cyanide toxicity as an index to radiation sensitivity in rodents in general, but might apply in some larger Families. 5. 5. Results of cyanide exposures and sulfur transferase activity suggested that resistance to ionizing radiation could not be totally related to the availability of free sulfhydryl groups.
Gestational Diabetes: Antepartum Characteristics That Predict Postpartum Glucose Intolerance and Type 2 Diabetes in Latino Women

We examined antepartum clinical characteristics along with measures of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function, and body composition in Latino women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for their ability to predict type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) within 6 months after delivery. A total of 122 islet cell antibody-negative women underwent oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (OGTT; IVGTT), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, and measurement of body fat between 29 and 36 weeks' gestation and returned between 1 and 6 months postpartum for a 75-g OGTT. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between antepartum variables and glucose tolerance status postpartum. At postpartum testing, 40% of the cohort had normal glucose tolerance, 50% had IGT, and 10% had diabetes by American Diabetes Association criteria. Independent antepartum predictors of postpartum diabetes were the 30-min incremental insulin:glucose ratio during a 75-g OGTT ( P = 0.0002) and the total area under the diagnostic 100-g glucose tolerance curve ( P = 0.003). Independent predictors of postpartum IGT were a low firstphase IVGTT insulin response ( P = 0.0001), a diagnosis of GDM before 22 weeks' gestation ( P = 0.003), and weight gain between prepregnancy and the postpartum examination ( P = 0.03). All subjects had low insulin sensitivity during late pregnancy, but neither glucose clamp nor minimal model measures of insulin sensitivity in the 3rd trimester were associated with the risk of IGT or diabetes within 6 months' postpartum. These results highlight the importance of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, detectable under conditions of marked insulin resistance in late pregnancy, to predict abnormalities of glucose tolerance soon after delivery in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Moreover, the association of postpar-turn IGT with weight gain and an early gestational age at diagnosis of GDM suggests a role for chronic insulin resistance in mediating hyperglycemia outside the 3rd trimester in women with such a β-cell defect.
Critical intra-linker interactions of HCN1-encoded pacemaker channels revealed by interchange of S3-S4 determinants.

Abstract Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels contribute to the spontaneous rhythmic activities in cardiac and neuronal cells. Recently, we reported that the S3–S4 linker of HCN1 channels influences activation, and that part of the linker is helical with the determinants G231, M232, and E235 clustered on one side. Here we explored the undefined role of the G231E235M232 triplet by systematic substitutions. Replacing G231 or M232 next to the “neighboring” E235 in the S3–S4 helix with an anionic residue (i.e., G231E, M232E) rendered channels non-functional although they were localized on the membrane surface. Interestingly, this loss of function could be readily rescued either by introducing a countercharge at position 235 (G231E/E235R, M232E/E235R) or by interchanging residues 231 or 232 and 235 (G231E/E235G, M232E/E235M). We conclude that residues 231, 232, and 235 are in close spatial proximity to each other, and uniquely interact with one another to shape the phenotypes of HCN channels.
Lewy bodies and dementia.

The discovery of widely distributed Lewy bodies (LBs) in the brains of patients with dementia has stimulated much clinical and pathologic inquiry. This clinico-pathologic syndrome is now referred to as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Diagnostic criteria for DLB proposed at a workshop in 1995 are receiving detailed scrutiny. The criteria are complex to apply, and appear to have high specificity, but variable sensitivity. Neuropathologic studies have been aided by the development of probes against a-synuclein, a key component of LBs. Widespread LBs in limbic or cortical areas contribute to dementia. Pharmacologic management of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with DLB is being explored. There is evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors may have beneficial effects.
PATHWAYS AND CONTROLS OF EPITHELIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Studies of the biochemical pathways and controls involved in protein synthesis led initially to the description of a process occurring on polyribosomal complexes under the control of messenger RNA. Transfer RNA, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and an energy source were identified as components of the reactions which were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm of protein synthesizing cells. Recent investigations of general protein synthesis have focused upon the identification of the multiple factors involved in the initiation reaction, upon the mechanism of polypeptide chain elongation on ribosomes and upon the processes involved in termination of the synthetic steps. These data, as well as those concerned with ribosomal compartmentalization and subunit exchange, are reviewed in this communication. Specific studies of protein synthesis in epithelial systems (those derived from mammalian epidermis or hair root cells), indicate that the overall mechanism is similar to that in other eukaryotic systems. Synthesis occurs on the surface of ribosomes with additional requirements including transfer RNA and the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Although the yield of polyribosomes from epithelial tissues is low because of high endogenous ribonuclease concentrations, evidence from several laboratories indicates that in vivo epithelial protein synthesis occurs on membrane and/or filament-bound polyribosomes. Enhanced protein synthesis has been documented in psoriasis vulgaris but neither the mechanism nor pathophysiologic significance of this abnormality has been defined.
Shell-Model calculation of multipole transitions in 88Sr

Abstract A finite range force calculation using Gaussian radial dependence and employing Rosenfeld exchange mixture has been performed to calculate the various multipole transition rates in 88 Sr. Fine agreement is obtained for the collective quadrupole and octupole states. In addition the dipole transition (3 − → 2 + ) having a hindrance factor of 3.8 × 10 −3 is also found to be in very good agreement with the experiment.
Justice through defiance: political prisoner support work and infrastructures of resistance

This essay outlines the justice work done by the Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) in the US, an organization that provides material and symbolic support to political and politicized prisoners. The history of this organization is briefly explored to contextualize its current composition, tactics, and goals in its mission to support political prisoners, as well as the way its driving philosophies distinguish the ABC from other organizations that are engaged in political prisoner-related issues. Unlike more well-known, mainstream organizations that use a human rights discourse, the ABC contributes to an overall ‘infrastructure of resistance’ to defy systematized exploitation. This essay situates this project within a broader anarchist strategy to creatively and actively construct justice alternatives that work to establish mutual aid and needs-based economies.
Percent perfect performance (PPP)

An information retrieval performance measure that is interpreted as the percent of perfect performance (PPP) can be used to study the effects of the inclusion of specific document features or feature classes or techniques in an information retrieval system. Using this, one can measure the relative quality of a new ranking algorithm, the result of incorporating specific types of metadata or folksonomies from natural language, or determine what happens when one makes modifications to terms, such as stemming or adding part-of-speech tags. For example, knowledge that removing stopwords in a specific system improves the performance 5% of the way from the level of random performance to the best possible result is relatively easy to interpret and to use in decision making; using this percent based measure also allows us to simply compute and interpret that there remains 95% of the possible performance to be obtained using other methods. The PPP measure as used here is based on the average search length, a measure of the ordering quality of a set of data, and may be used when evaluating all the documents or just the first N documents in an ordered list of documents. Because the ASL may be computed empirically or may be estimated analytically, the PPP measure may also be computed empirically or performance may be estimated analytically. Different levels of upper bound performance are discussed.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE EFFECTS OF UTTERANCE LENGTH AND COMPLEXITY ON SPEECH MOVEMENT VARIABILITY

Purpose The authors examined the effects of utterance length and linguistic complexity on speech movement consistency for 210 participants between the ages of 5 and 22 years. Variability and durati...
ZOOPLANKTON STANDING CROP IN THE ARCTIC BASIN1

An estimate of zooplankton standing crop in the central Arctic Ocean was obtained from 118 closing-net samples collected from Ice Islands T-3 and ARLIS II. The T-3 samples were taken from the anticyclonic gyre in the Amerasia Basin north of Alaska; the ARLIS II samples were collected from the Eurasia Basin north of Greenland. Copepods were the most important group, constituting over 80% of the biomass. The most important genus was Calanus, which averaged half the biomass in the upper 1,500 m. Below 1,500 m the relative importance of Calanus dcclincd. Copepods were also the most numerous (90% ) metazoan plankters, though they were outnumbered by small radiolarians in the upper 100 m from July to early Septcmbcr. There was some cvidcncc of a summer (July-August) increase in biomass in 0-100-m samples from T-3 and an increase in ARLIS II 0-100-m samples from March to January as ARLIS II drifted towards Greenland. Average biomass concentrations for the three principal water masses of the Axtic Ocean were 0.62 mg clry wt/m” for the Arctic surface layer (O-200 m), 0.14 mg/m” for the Atlantic layer (200-900 m), and 0.04 mg/m” for the Arctic deep-water mass ( >900 m). Total zooplankton biomass in the central Arctic was estimated at l-2 x 10” metric tons (dry weight). Calculations basccl on available primary production data suggest that photosynthesis alone cannot meet the metabolic demands of the biomass of zooplankton in the central Arctic Basin.
Amacrine, ganglion, and displaced amacrine cells in the rabbit retina express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Acetylcholine (ACh) in the vertebrate retina affects the response properties of many ganglion cells, including those that display directional selectivity. Three β and eight α subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been purified and antibodies have been raised against many of them. Here we describe biochemical and immunocytochemical studies of nAChRs in the rabbit retina. Radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis demonstrated that many of the nAChRs recognized by a monoclonal antibody (mAb210) contain β2 subunits, some of which are in combination with α3 and possibly other subunits. MAb210-immunoreactive cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) were 7–14 μm in diameter and were restricted to the innermost one or two tiers of cells, although occasional cells were found in the middle of the INL. At least 60% of the cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the visual streak displayed mAb210 immunoreactivity; these neurons ranged from 7–18 μm in diameter. The dendrites of cells in both the INL and GCL could sometimes be followed until they entered one of two dense, poorly defined, bands of processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) that overlap the arbors of the cholinergic starburst cells. Parvalbumin and serotonin-positive neurons did not exhibit nAChR immunoreactivity. Although the level of receptor expression appeared to be low, mAb210 immunoreactivity was observed in some of the ChAT-positive (starburst) amacrine cells.
Fc RECEPTORS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins play an important role in immune defense. There are two well-defined functional classes of mammalian receptors. One class of receptors transports immunoglobulins across epithelial tissues to their main sites of action. This class includes the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which transports immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which transports immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Another class of receptors present on the surfaces of effector cells triggers various biological responses upon binding antibody-antigen complexes. Of these, the IgG receptors (FcγR) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors (FceR) are the best characterized. The biological responses elicited include antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators, and regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. We summarize the current knowledge of the structures and functions of FcRn, pIgR, and the FcγR and FceRI proteins, concentrating on the interactions of the extracellular portions of these receptors with immunoglobulins.
Surrogate Modeling for Uncertainty Assessment with Application to Aviation Environmental System Models

sampling) present an intractable computational burden. This paper presents a novel surrogate modeling methodology designed specifically for propagating uncertainty from model inputs to model outputs and for performing a global sensitivity analysis, which characterizes the contributions of uncertainties in model inputs to output variance, while maintaining the quantitative rigor of the analysis by providing confidence intervals on surrogate predictions. The approach is developed for a general class of models and is demonstrated on an aircraft emissions prediction model that is being developed and applied to support aviation environmental policy-making. The results demonstrate how the confidence intervals on surrogate predictions can be used to balance the tradeoff between computation time and uncertainty in the estimation of the statistical outputs of interest.
Environmental disruptions influence taxonomic composition of brachiopod paleocommunities in the middle Permian Bell Canyon Formation (Delaware Basin, West Texas)

Abstract Paleontologists have identified patterns of stability in the diversity and composition of communities over millions to tens of millions of years within the fossil record. It is unclear, however, what processes are responsible for controlling the stability observed in these communities—for example, local species interactions within communities, local species-environment relationships, immigration of species from the regional biota. This study tests whether the taxonomic composition of local brachiopod paleocommunities occupying a slope environment across a ∼40 km2 region remains temporally uniform over a 5.4 myr interval of time recorded by the Pinery, Rader, Lamar, and Reef Trail Members of the middle Permian (Capitanian) Bell Canyon Formation (BCF). Two third-order sequence boundaries have been previously recognized in this formation, indicating episodes of environmental disruptions related to sea-level fall within the basin that can induce habitat tracking or immigration events from other basin...
O(√log n) approximation algorithms for min UnCut, min 2CNF deletion, and directed cut problems

We give O(√log n)-approximation algorithms for the MIN UNCUT, MIN 2CNF DELETION, DIRECTED BALANCED SEPERATOR, and DIRECTED SPARSEST CUT problems. The previously best known algorithms give an O(log n)-approximation for MIN UNCUT [9], DIRECTED BALANCED SEPERATOR [17], DIRECTED SPARSEST CUT [17], and an O(log n log log n)-approximation for MIN 2CNF DELETION [14].We also show that the integrality gap of an SDP relaxation of the MINIMUM MULTICUT problem is Ω(log n).
The community vs. the market and the state: Forest use inUttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas

Most writers on resource management presume that local populations, if they act in their self-interest, seldom conserve or protect natural resources without external intervention or privatization. Using the example of forest management by villagers in the Indian Himalayas, this paper argues that rural populations can often use resources sustainably and successfully, even under assumptions of self-interested rationality. Under a set of specified social and environmental conditions, conditions that prevail in large areas of the Himalayas and may also exist in other mountain regions, community institutions are more efficient in managing resources than either private individuals or the central government. In advancing this argument, the paper undermines the often dogmatic belief in the universal superiority of private forms of ownership and management.
Test-driven development as a defect-reduction practice

Test-driven development is a software development practice that has been used sporadically for decades. With this practice, test cases (preferably automated) are incrementally written before production code is implemented. Test-driven development has recently re-emerged as a critical enabling practice of the extreme programming software development methodology. We ran a case study of this practice at IBM. In the process, a thorough suite of automated test cases was produced after UML design. In this case study, we found that the code developed using a test-driven development practice showed, during functional verification and regression tests, approximately 40% fewer defects than a baseline prior product developed in a more traditional fashion. The productivity of the team was not impacted by the additional focus on producing automated test cases. This test suite aids in future enhancements and maintenance of this code. The case study and the results are discussed in detail.
Management of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Introduction Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) occur in at least 50% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and are the leading cause of disease-specific mortality. However, the timing and extent of surgery for MEN1-related PETs is controversial owing to the indolent tumor growth seen in most patients and the desire to avoid complications associated with insulin dependence. To help resolve this controversy, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, surgical treatment, and clinical outcome of patients with MEN1-related PETs.
Modeling land suitability/capability using fuzzy evaluation

Modeling the suitability of land to support specific land uses is an important and common GIS application. Three classic models, specifically pass/fail screening, graduated screening and weighted linear combination, are examined within a more general framework defined by fuzzy logic theory. The rationale underlying each model is explained using the concepts of fuzzy intersections, fuzzy unions and fuzzy averaging operations. These fuzzy implementations of the three classic models are then operationalized and used to analyze the distribution of kudzu in the conterminous United States. The fuzzy models achieve better predictive accuracies than their classic counterparts. By incorporating fuzzy suitability membership of environment factors in the modeling process, these fuzzy models also produce more informative fuzzy suitability maps. Through a defuzzification process, these fuzzy maps can be converted into conventional maps with clearly defined boundaries, suitable for use by individuals uncomfortable with fuzzy results.
Deltaic deposits formed under spatially and temporally variable accommodation regimes: A plausible alternative explanation for isolated shallow-marine sandstone bodies

Sequence-stratigraphic concepts and nomenclature are predicated on the assumption that at any time, accommodation conditions are in phase across a depositional basin. In certain situations, however, such as in evolving retroarc foreland basins, the sense of accommodation may be spatially variable because of the growth of intrabasinal structures. Herein, we present evidence for the accumulation of a fluvially dominated deltaic sandstone under strong forcing from spatially and temporally variable low accommodation within the Cretaceous western Cordilleran foreland basin of North America. The Peay Sandstone Member is a coarsening-upward sandstone body ( [] thick) that is extensive across much of the eastern half of the present-day Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. It is remarkable for its elongate planform geometry, extending many tens of kilometers across the basin, and for distal thickening patterns that are, at face value, difficult to reconcile with conventional facies models for deltaic systems. The sandstone shows some of the characteristics of falling-stage and lowstand deltas (extending far into the basin from the contemporary shoreline to the west, lack of a preserved delta-plain topset) but is not incised into its substrate and does not show a descending regressive trajectory with respect to underlying strata. We submit that the Peay Sandstone Member was formed under a regime of both temporally and spatially variable accommodation forced by the heterogeneous growth of the forebulge within the western Cordilleran foreland basin and suggest that the origin of some other apparently isolated sandstone bodies in this and other basins might also be explained in a similar manner.
Cervical cytology screening and evaluation.

For nearly 50 years, the gynecologist’s mantra has been “Yearly Pap and Pelvic.”1 Yet, it remains unclear how the practice of annual cytology became a de facto standard in the United States, because there never has been an organized, national screening program. I suspect that the test became an annual ritual for many women as a result of the widespread use of oral contraceptives in the 1960s and 1970s and the need for an annual examination to obtain prescription refills. However, now there is evidence that, for some women, annual cervical cytology screening is both not necessary and may even lead to unnecessary morbidity.2 Although the conventional Pap test is the best cancer-screening tool ever developed—it has reduced the incidence of invasive cancer of the cervix by approximately 70%—multiple publications have documented the fact that the test is insensitive and somewhat nonspecific. The reason that it is so effective in reducing cancer is a result of the natural history of the disease, rather than the ability of a single cytology sample to detect abnormalities. In addition, there are good data to support the fact that we have been far too aggressive in our management of women with minimal disease (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 [CIN 1]). Several national organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Cancer Society, the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP), and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, have reviewed the extensive literature that has been published about Pap tests and early lesions and have developed new guidelines for the use of Pap test screening, the evaluation of abnormal results, and management of low-grade cervical neoplasia.3–5 In this article, I will explain how I have incorporated some of the new guidelines into my practice, how the use of the human papillomavirus DNA (HPV-DNA) test can help us manage patients, and how I approach minimally abnormal cytology and biopsy (CIN1).
Impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia on outcome during acute myeloid leukemia induction therapy.

This study aimed to identify the rate and impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bacteremia in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving induction chemotherapy (IC). Thirty-seven (10.6%) of 350 patients had VRE bacteremia during IC, with increasing rates of VRE bacteremia over the course of the study period. The overall complete remission (CR) rate for the cohort was 73%, and there was no difference in CR rate between the VRE bacteremia and non-VRE bacteremia cohorts (70% vs. 73%, p = 0.70). Unadjusted median overall survival (OS) was 12.8 months, and differed significantly between those with and without VRE bacteremia (7.1 months vs. 13.1 months, respectively; p = 0.03). The presence of VRE bacteremia during IC for AML was independently associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.13–2.63, p = 0.01).
Metabolic myopathy presenting with polyarteritis nodosa: a case report

To the best of our knowledge, we describe for the first time a patient in whom an unusual metabolic myopathy was identified after failure to respond to curative therapy for a systemic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa. We hope this report will heighten awareness of common metabolic myopathies that may present later in life. It also speculates on the potential relationship between metabolic myopathy and systemic vasculitis. A 78-year-old African-American woman with a two-year history of progressive fatigue and exercise intolerance presented to our facility with new skin lesions and profound muscle weakness. Skin and muscle biopsies demonstrated a medium-sized artery vasculitis consistent with polyarteritis nodosa. Biochemical studies of the muscle revealed diminished cytochrome C oxidase activity (0.78 μmol/minute/g tissue; normal range 1.03 to 3.83 μmol/minute/g tissue), elevated acid maltase activity (23.39 μmol/minute/g tissue; normal range 1.74 to 9.98 μmol/minute/g tissue) and elevated neutral maltase activity (35.89 μmol/minute/g tissue; normal range 4.35 to 16.03 μmol/minute/g tissue). Treatment for polyarteritis nodosa with prednisone and cyclophosphamide resulted in minimal symptomatic improvement. Additional management with a diet low in complex carbohydrates and ubiquinone, creatine, carnitine, folic acid, α-lipoic acid and ribose resulted in dramatic clinical improvement. Our patient's initial symptoms of fatigue, exercise intolerance and progressive weakness were likely related to her complex metabolic myopathy involving both the mitochondrial respiratory chain and glycogen storage pathways. Management of our patient required treatment of both the polyarteritis nodosa as well as metabolic myopathy. Metabolic myopathies are common and should be considered in any patient with exercise intolerance. Metabolic myopathies may complicate the management of various disease states.
A dual AAV system enables the Cas9-mediated correction of a metabolic liver disease in newborn mice

Many genetic liver diseases in newborns cause repeated, often lethal, metabolic crises. Gene therapy using nonintegrating viruses such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) is not optimal in this setting because the nonintegrating genome is lost as developing hepatocytes proliferate. We reasoned that newborn liver may be an ideal setting for AAV-mediated gene correction using CRISPR-Cas9. Here we intravenously infuse two AAVs, one expressing Cas9 and the other expressing a guide RNA and the donor DNA, into newborn mice with a partial deficiency in the urea cycle disorder enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). This resulted in reversion of the mutation in 10% (6.7-20.1%) of hepatocytes and increased survival in mice challenged with a high-protein diet, which exacerbates disease. Gene correction in adult OTC-deficient mice was lower and accompanied by larger deletions that ablated residual expression from the endogenous OTC gene, leading to diminished protein tolerance and lethal hyperammonemia on a chow diet.
Sovereignty Migrates in US and Mexican Law: Transnational Influences in Plenary Power and Non-Intervention

Mexico and the US exercise increasingly transnational, less absolute, sovereignty with respect to migration. This is evident in changes to Mexico's norm of non-intervention (NIV) and the US' plenary power doctrine (PPD), two doctrines sourced in international sovereignty. Both historically defined sovereign authority in absolute terms, avoiding any foreign influence or domestic limitation. NIV prohibits Mexican foreign relations from interfering in another state's domestic affairs. Traditionally it barred a foreign policy on migrants in the US, leading to Mexico's 'no policy' on migrants. PPD labels immigration law as immune from judicial review because the political branches have complete, 'plenary,' authority over it. Traditionally, PPD barred constitutional limitations to this migration authority. Two events since 2001 inspire a transnational examination of changes in traditional sovereignty. First in Zadvydas v. Davis, the Supreme Court explicitly stated that the plenary power is 'subject to important constitutional limitations.' Second, Mexico actively lobbied US lawmakers for reforms to US immigration laws, an effort sometimes called the 'whole enchilada.' These developments point to the opposite of each doctrine's conclusion, that: there are constitutional limits to PPD and foreign relations may influence another state's lawmaking. This examination is presented in five sections which: transnationally analyze international migration, describe PPD and NIV's foundations in absolute sovereignty, present Mexico's active foreign relations on migrants, discuss the US Supreme Court's use of the canon of avoidance to limit PPD, and conclude how these changes suggest a transnational influence in legal sovereignty conceptions.
Equine endometrial gene expression changes during and after maternal recognition of pregnancy

The mechanism for maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in horses is unknown. To maintain a pregnancy, a mobile conceptus must be recognized by the uterus before d 14 postovulation (PO). This recognition prevents endometrial secretion of PGF2α on d14 through 16, which would otherwise initiate luteolysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate gene expression in the endometrium of pregnant and nonpregnant mares during and after MRP to identify possible genes involved during this time. Twelve normally cycling mares were used in a crossover design and randomly assigned to a specific collection day. Endometrial samples were collected from a pregnant and nonpregnant (nonmated) mare on cycle d 12, 14, 16, and 18 (n = 3/d) PO. Microarray analysis comparing the endometrial gene expression in pregnant and nonpregnant mares revealed no differences at d 12. Ten genes were identified to have consistently higher or lower expression levels in the endometrium from pregnant versus nonpregnant mares on d 14, 16, and 18 (P < 0.001). The expression of these 10 genes was further analyzed with real-time PCR. d 14, 16, and 18 gene expression patterns were consistent with the microarray analysis, but on d 12, 4 of the 10 were identified as differentially expressed. Endometrial samples were then collected on d 13 PO (n = 3) and processed for western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of 2 proteins due to their reproductive significance. SPLA2 and DKK1 antibody specificity were confirmed via western blot analysis but were not different in samples from pregnant and nonpregnant mares (P = 0.114 and P = 0.514, respectively) and cellular localization was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. This is the first study to describe gene expression and cellular localization in the endometrium at the time of MRP for these genes and suggests that the uterus does not prepare to support a pregnancy until d 14. The function of these genes may be critical in the process of MRP.
Caresharing: hiding frailty in a Florida retirement community.

This paper presents research findings generated from a study of the structure of a ''caresharing system'' for the elderly who reside in a Florida retirement community during the last decade of the twentieth century. A caresharing system is a combination of strategies employed in order to maximize pleasure and minimize losses that might otherwise be associated with communal and individual aging processes. In this instance, the caresharing system entailed a series of conscious efforts to hide frailty in the community. Consequences of such caresharing systems and implications for future retirement communities are discussed.
Spectroscopic Properties of Diatomic Air Species

*We have carried out first principles calculations of the opacities of the diatomic molecules which are important radiators upon re -entry into air. We present potential energy curves and transition moments for the important transitions.
Mitral stenosis as a cause of angina pectoris

Abstract Two cases of angina pectoris which was assocated with, and probably caused by, verified mitral stenosis are reported.
Visual Diagnosis: Newborn With Absence of Skin

1. Chetna Kothari, MD* 2. Nidhi Doshi, MD* 3. Andrea Avila, MD* 4. Dusan Martin, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY. 2. †Department of Plastic Surgery, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY. A female infant is born at full term (39 weeks) via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery to a 28-year-old woman (gravida 1, para 0, aborta 0) who has no significant medical history, no history of consanguinity, and no genetic disease. Apgar scores are 9 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. On delivery the infant is found to have absence of skin over the anteromedial aspect of both lower extremities, starting from the middle thighs and extending to the dorsal and medial plantar aspect of the feet ( Figure 1 ). The lesions have well-defined margins. There is minimal bleeding at the lesion sites, and no blisters are present. The rest of the skin has a normal appearance. Rubbing or applying pressure to the normal-appearing skin does not cause sloughing of skin or blister formation. The nails appear normal. There is no involvement of the mucosa. The infant has no dysmorphic features, and the rest of the physical examination findings are unremarkable. There are no abnormalities noted in the placenta. Figure 1. Absence of skin …
The Anoxic Effect on 2-Deoxy-D-[3H]Glucose Uptake in the Isolated Cerebral Capillaries

SummaryThe uptake of 3H 2-DG into the isolated cerebral capillaries was investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The capillary exposure to pure nitrogen atmosphere decreased the 3H 2-DG uptake. This reduction in 3H 2-DG uptake was either prevented by addition of FFA-free BSA into the incubating media under nitrogen or it could be recovered by substituting the nitrogen by oxygen containing gas mixture.