cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal terrestrial laser scanning to visualize the archaeological excavation process

Archaeology is a destructive science. Photographs and videos preserve some aspects of the sequence of events inherent within the archaeological excavation process, but cannot replicate the spatiality and detail of the downward progression of the digging entailed through excavation. Time lapse sequences of properly adapted and employed terrestrial laser scanning to create a temporal sequence of point clouds of the archaeological methodologies can, however, serve as an innovative step towards accurate documentation of crucial data for future archaeologists interested in the site. Over the course of the National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship funded Sediment Intervals and Site Deformation Processes: Exploring Time Lapse Laser Scanning Capabilities and Methodologies for Archaeology, temporal scanning was tested on the beaches of San Diego to establish a baseline capability for data capture. Subsequently, the methodologies for data collection were utilized as a part of the excavation workflow at the University of California, San Diego's Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeological Project's excavation of a Roman era section of tell Khirbat Faynan in southern Jordan. With the data collected from the excavation as the impetus for new system development, original visualization processing designed with the archaeological problems and end-goals in mind is being created at the University of California, San Diego Center of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture, and Archaeology in order to meaningful display the shifting data sets in real time and exhibit not just the archaeological data, but the archaeological process.
Abstract 4440: Using nanocurcumin to treat medulloblastoma and glioblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We attempted to treat medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, malignant tumors of the central nervous system, with curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from the Indian spice turmeric. Curcumin was delivered in a nanoparticle-encapsulated formulation (nanocurcumin) to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Nanocurcumin caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell growth as measured by MTT in multiple brain cancer cell lines, including the embryonal tumor derived cultures DAOY, D283, and PFSK, and the glioblastoma neurosphere line HSR-GBM1. Notably, doses used in these studies did not cause a comparable inhibition in the growth of NIH 3T3 cells or non-neoplastic human fetal cortical neurospheres. The reductions in viable cell mass observed were associated with a combination of G2/M arrest and apoptotic induction. The proportion of G2/M cells increased between 25% and 106% in the various lines, while the percentage of apoptotic cells increased at least two-fold. Nanocurcumin was also found to reduce the CD133+ stem-like cancer cell population in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cells. In the primary glioblastoma culture JHH-GBM14, the CD133+ population decreased from 7.7% to 0.6%. In addition, 10uM nanocurcumin suppressed clonogenicity of our brain tumor cell lines by more than 97%. Curcumin has been shown to target multiple pathways in different tumor types. We found that Stat3 activity was reduced by nanocurcumin in the DAOY medulloblastoma cell line, via reductions in phospho-Tyr705 and phospho-Ser727. Nanocurcumin also reduced the expression of Hes 5, one of the target genes in the Notch pathway. However, we did not find significant changes in protein expression of Bcl2, MEK, ERK and Akt following nanocurcumin treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that nanocurcumin can inhibit malignant brain tumor growth, at least in part due to reduction in Stat activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4440.
International Water Dispute Resolution: The Middle East Multilateral Working Group on Water Resources

ABSTRACT With over 200 international rivers in the world, and with an ever-decreasing per capita availability of water the successful resolution of international water conflicts will be an increasingly crucial step in allowing for efficient water resources development. This article examines the process by which one of the most contentious water disputes in history—that between the riparians of the Jordan River—is being resolved The article has two goals; the first is to provide a detailed description of an ongoing process of water conflict resolution for which little information currently exists, and which may provide a model for future negotiations. Toward this end, the background leading up to the Multilateral Working Group on Water Resources is described, as are the Group's accomplishments since its inception in conjunction with Middle East peace negotiations in 1992. Observations are made about where the process of conflict resolution has been successful, and where it has been less so. The second goal...
Dioxins in food: a modern agricultural perspective.

This review attempts to cover and summarize the literature available on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the environment with regard to problems of interest to agriculture. The coverage of the literature is extensive (120 references) but, by all means, not complete. Issues that are addressed in this review include a background summary of dioxins in the environment and their potential human health risks; current knowledge on the levels of dioxins in the U.S. food supply and comparisons to European data; descriptions of recent food contamination episodes; an evaluation of methods that may reduce incurred levels of dioxins in livestock and meats; and the status and limitations of dioxin analysis and rapid screening methods with regard to widespread monitoring programs. Research areas in agriculture where data and experimental results are scarce or nonexistent are also pointed out.
Direct examination of turbulent refractive-index variations along laser beam propagation paths and corresponding optical-wavefront distortions

A combined experimental/computational approach is conducted using a specially-designed laboratory facility and a physical framework based on refractive fluid interfaces in order to enable the direct examination of the turbulent refractive-index field along laser beam propagation paths, as well as of the corresponding optical-wavefront distortions of the propagated beam. The experimental facility utilized is the variable-pressure flow facility at UC Irvine which enables direct imaging of the turbulent refractive-index field at large Reynolds numbers in controlled laboratory flows. Laser-induced fluorescence of acetone vapor seeded in air is utilized to directly image the turbulent refractive-index spatial fluctuations along the beam propagation paths. A custom-built high-resolution Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is utilized that is useful to measure the optical-wavefront distortions of the propagated optical beam. The flow-imaging measurements, combined with the beam-wavefront data, enable a direct study of the correspondence between the turbulent refractive interfacial-fluid thickness variations and the beam-propagation parameters of interest in free-space laser communications such as the Strehl ratio. Combined with the experiments, computations are also conducted on the flow-imaging data in order to study the structure of the optical beam as it propagates through the measured refractive-index variations. This enables a one-to-one correspondence to be established between the refractive interfacial-fluid thickness variations encountered by the beam and their effect on the distortions of the optical wavefronts, quantified in terms of a cumulative Strehl ratio, along the entire propagation path examined through the flow.
Spatial Navigation Strategies in Peromyscus: a Comparative Study.

A male advantage in spatial abilities is predicted to evolve in species where males rely on expansion of home territory to locate dispersed mates during the breeding season. We sought to examine mechanistic underpinnings of this evolved trait by comparing spatial navigational abilities in two species of Peromyscus that use widely different reproductive strategies: deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii , in which males engage in territorial expansion and mate search, and California mice, Peromyscus californicus insignis , in which males do not engage in territorial expansion and mate search. Males and females from outbred stocks of each species were administered tasks that assessed spatial learning and memory, and activity and exploratory behaviours. The maze used for these studies included four spatial cues that could be used to aid in locating one of 12 potential escape holes. As predicted, male deer mice outperformed conspecific females and male California mice in maze performance and memory, and this difference appeared to be due to extent to which animals used spatial cues to guide maze navigation. Consistent with territorial expansion as a component of competition for mates, male deer mice were more active and engaged in more exploratory and less anxiety-related behaviours than conspecific females and male California mice. The results have implications for understanding and studying the cognitive and behavioural mechanisms that have evolved through male–male competition that involves territorial expansion and mate search.
Estimation of multivariate binary density using orthogonal functions

In this paper, the authors studied certain properties of the estimate of Liang and Krishnaiah (1985, J. Multivariate Anal. 16, 162–172) for multivariate binary density. An alternative shrinkage estimate is also obtained. The above results are generalized to general orthonormal systems.
Global Hall-MHD simulations of magnetorotational instability in a plasma Couette flow experiment

Global MHD and Hall-MHD numerical simulations relevant to the Madison plasma Couette flow experiment (MPCX) have been performed using the extended MHD code NIMROD. The MPCX has been constructed to study the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in a plasma. The two-fluid Hall effect, which is relevant to some astrophysical situations such as protostellar disks, is also expected to be important in the MPCX. Here, we first derive the local Hall dispersion relation including viscosity, extending earlier work by Balbus and Terquem [Astrophys. J. 552, 235 (2001)]. The predictions of the local analysis are then compared with nonlocal calculations of linear stability of the MRI for a parameter range relevant to the MPCX. It is found that the MHD stability limit and mode structure are altered by the Hall term, and nonlocal analysis is necessary to obtain quantitatively reliable predictions for MPCX. Two-fluid physics also significantly changes the nonlinear evolution and saturation of the axisymmetric MRI. Both the Reynolds and Maxwell stresses contribute significantly to momentum transport. In the Hall regime, when the magnetic field is parallel to the rotation axis, the Maxwell stress is larger than the Reynolds stress (similar to the MHD regime). However, when the magnetic field is antiparallel to the rotation axis in the Hall regime, the Reynolds stress is much larger than the Maxwell stress. To further study the role of non-axisymmetric modes, we have also carried out fully nonlinear MHD computations. Non-axisymmetric modes play an increasingly important role as the magnetic Reynolds number increases and grow to large amplitudes in a saturated turbulent state.
STICS: surface-tethered iterative carbohydrate synthesis.

A new surface-tethered iterative carbohydrate synthesis (STICS) technology is presented in which a surface functionalized ‘stick’ made of chemically stable high surface area porous gold allows one to perform cost efficient and simple synthesis of oligosaccharide chains; at the end of the synthesis, the oligosaccharide can be cleaved off and the stick reused for subsequent syntheses.
The Mismarriage of Bargaining Theory and Distributive Justice

Bargaining theory studies the division of utility between or among agents who, if agreement is not reached, each receive a utility designated by a threat point. For example, if there are two agents, then a bargaining problem is specified by a pair {S, d} where S is usually taken to be a convex, comprehensive' set in the plane (representing possible utility pairs for agents) and d is a point in S specifying the utilities each gets in the absence of agreement. A bargaining mechanism is a function F which assigns to each bargaining problem {S, d} a point s in S, the agreement point under that mechanism:
On the architecture of complex organizations

Abstract We use results from information theory to show that the screening effectiveness of organizations which consist of many fallible agents can be arbitrarily improved, but only if organizational architecture is non-hierarchical. We also examine how any desired outcome may be implemented as a symmetric equilibrium, when agents are selfish.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Distribution During Growth and Amitosis of the Macronucleus of Euplotes

SYNOPSIS. Short sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the elongated macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus were labeled by means of a short exposure to tritiated (H3-) thymidine to follow by autoradiography the fate of the labeled DNA during amitotic reorganization of the macronucleus. During amitosis the radioactive DNA that was restricted during interphase to short sections of the nucleus is dispersed and becomes evenly distributed throughout each daughter macronucleus. Although the reorganization bands normally originate only at the ends of the macronucleus, additional bands can start at other places on the macronuclear surface. Bands of the same macronucleus originate with a high degree of synchrony. DNA synthesis is a constant feature of the rear zone of every reorganization band.
Induction of tumorigenesis and chromosomal abnormalities in human amniocytes infected with simian virus 40 and kirstein sarcoma virus

Cell cultures of epithelial-like human amniocytes were infected with simian virus 40 (SV40) and Kirsten sarcoma virus (KSV) in various sequential orders, and tested for agar growth, chromosome abnormalities, and tumorigenesis in the nude mouse assay. We observed that regardless of the order in which the viruses were introduced, the doubly infected cells always exhibited the typical SV40 premalignantly transformed phenotype before changing to the malignant phenotype. All doubly transformed cells from different cell donors produced tumors in adult and suckling nude athymic mice, classified as poorly differentiated sarcomas. Infection with SV40 alone conferred extended life span and accelerated growth without, the malignant capability of tumor production. Kirsten sarcoma virus alone produced only focal cell alteration with no change in cell longevity or tumorigenesis. Chromosome studies of the premalignant and malignant cells from one cell donor did not reveal any significant clonal development for marker chromosomes in either cell line. Chromosome 12, which carries the homologous cellular oncogene to KSV, had no increase in aberrations in the malignant cells. Chromosome 8 was most often involved in aberrations, and the most frequent aberration for both series was dicentric chromosomes due to telomere fusion. For other translocations the breakpoints were almost exclusively in the centromere regions. The vulnerability of telomere and centromere regions to the free virus present in these precrisis cells is discussed, and similarities in regard to types of aberrations in transfection experiments are noted.
THE COMPARATIVE FALLACY IN INTERLANGUAGE STUDIES: THE CASE OF SYSTEMATICITY1

Studies of second language acquisition often employ analytical concepts defined relative to the target language (such as obligatory context, error, etc.). It is demonstrated here that this practice can be a serious obstacle to the investigation of crucial questions about the nature of learners' languages. The difficulties caused by this practice—called here the “comparative fallacy”—are illustrated in an investigation of the framework proposed by Tarone, Frauenfelder, and Selinker (1976) to study the issue of interlanguage systematicity and variability. Their framework is shown to result in incorrect or unrevealing analyses of systematicity and to obscure the character of the interlanguage. These defects are shown to be the results of the comparative fallacy.
George Bellows and urban America

A book which explores why it was that Bellows' paintings - despite being considered coarse in technique and subject matter - were acclaimed by critics and patrons, by conservatives, progressives and radicals alike.
Design of robust asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection

In this paper, we propose a design of robust control to achieve asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection by solving a single set of linear algebraic equations. The plant-entered and input-entered disturbances are considered. The plant is not restricted to be strictly proper, it can be proper.
Effect of Gold Salts and Antimalarials on the Rheumatoid Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid factor, when present in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, persists throughout the natural course of the disease. One hundred and thirty-six (136) sero-positive patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were treated with gold salts or antimalarials and the effect of these agents on the rheumatoid factor was studied. Rheumatoid factor disappeared from the serum in a significant percentage of patients. Gold salts were more effective than antimalarials and treatment results were better in the patients whose rheumatoid factor disappeared from the serum. These findings lend support to the clinical impression that gold salts and antimalarials are beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis.
Broad Data: Challenges on the emerging Web of data

"Big Data" usually refers to the very large datasets generated by scientists, to the many petabytes of data held by companies like Facebook and Google, and to analyzing real-time data assets like the stream of twitter messages emerging from events around the world. Key areas of interest include technologies to manage much larger datasets, technologies for the visualization and analysis of databases, cloud-based data management and data mining algorithms. Recently, however, we have begun to see the emergence of another, and equally compelling data challenge -- that of the "Broad data" that emerges from millions and millions of raw datasets available on the World Wide Web. For broad data the new challenges that emerge include Web-scale data search and discovery, rapid and potentially ad hoc integration of datasets, visualization and analysis of only-partially modeled datasets, and issues relating to the policies for data use, reuse and combination. In this talk, we present the broad data challenge and discuss potential starting points for solutions including those arising from research in the Semantic Web area. We illustrate these approaches using data from a "meta-catalog" of over 1,000,000 open datasets that have been collected from about two hundred governments around the world.
Voting for Minority Candidates in Multiracial/Multiethnic Communities:

Recent research suggests that over time the performance of minority officeholders rivals race-based attitudes and group membership as the primary determinant of citizen evaluations of minority officeholders. Here, we examine the determinants of electoral support for an African-American mayor in a multiracial/multiethnic venue. We test alternative explanations (race, social distance, and performance-based models) of voter support for an African-American mayor in a setting where no ethnic or racial group represents more than half the electorate. Our findings indicate that approval ratings coexist with racial-group identification as a determinant of voter support for minority mayors, with one important caveat. Racial voting appears to be more influential in minority candidates’ first electoral bids. While race strongly influences voter support for minority mayors during their initial run for office, job approval becomes more important when the minority candidate runs for reelection.
Ultrasound assisted twin screw extrusion of polymer–nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes

Abstract The unique morphology and strong intertube attraction between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make the dispersion of CNTs challenging and hence limit its effective use. A novel method for the continuous dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in a polymer matrix for manufacturing high performance nanocomposites was developed using an ultrasonically assisted twin screw extrusion process. Reduction of the die pressure and variation of the ultrasonic power consumption as a function of amplitude were measured at various MWNT loadings. The effect of ultrasound on rheological, electrical, morphological and mechanical properties of polyetherimide (PEI) matrix and PEI-filled with 1–10 wt% MWNTs was studied. In the treated nanocomposites, the complex viscosity, storage and loss moduli were increased and damping characteristics were decreased as compared to untreated ones. Rheological and electrical percolations were found to be between 1 and 2 wt% MWNT loading. Ultrasonic treatment does not affect the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites. Mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and tensile strength were significantly increased with MWNT loading but moderately with ultrasonic treatment at high loadings and certain ultrasonic amplitudes. The morphology and state of dispersion of MWNTs were investigated by means of HRSEM. In the ultrasonically treated nanocomposites, the obtained micrographs showed excellent dispersion of MWNTs in PEI matrix.
Plasma density feedback control in the TEXT tokamak

A detailed study of the time dependent density in TEXT has been undertaken, with the goal of improving our real time feedback control. The basic analysis makes use of a global model suggested by Fielding. We have added a gas fueling model to Fielding's rate equations, which then gives good agreement with experimental profiles. By examining the frequency plane behaviour of the system we are able to approximate the complex, nonlinear response with a simple linear model at a specific operating point. The linear model is then used to design a controller to improve the feedback performance.
Factors associated with hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Associations among various factors and the occurrence of hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were evaluated retrospectively in 897 patients enrolled in the North American study of tirilazad mesylate. METHODS: Patients were assessed for hydrocephalus in a blinded fashion. Assessment of hydrocephalus was made on the basis of 3-month follow-up computed tomographic studies or, for those without a 3-month follow-up scan, on the basis of the latest computed tomographic studies obtained at least 10 days after SAH. Criteria indicating the occurrence of hydrocephalus were the presence of significantly enlarged temporal horns or prior placement of a ventricular shunt. Univariate analysis was performed to assess relationships among various factors and hydrocephalus. Factors statistically associated with the occurrence of hydrocephalus were analyzed further using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 25.9% of the 897 patients developed hydrocephalus. Statistically significant associations among the following factors and hydrocephalus were observed (P value; risk coefficient): 1) severity of 3-month post-SAH Glasgow Outcome Scale (0.0001; 2.00); 2) increased ventricular size at admission (0.0001; 2.78); 3) neurological grade severity at admission (0.0274; 1.26); 4) preexisting hypertension (0.0284; 1.66); 5) alcoholism (0.0066; 2.30); 6) female sex (0.0056; 0.49); 7) increased aneurysm size (0.0239; 0.56); 8) pneumonia (0.0299; 1.78); 9) meningitis (0.0290; 5.86); and 10) intraventricular hemorrhage at admission (0.0414; 1.64). CONCLUSION: Hydrocephalus seems to have a multifactorial etiology. Knowledge of risk factors related to the occurrence of hydrocephalus may help guide neurosurgeons in the long-term care of patients who have experienced aneurysmal SAH.
Bulk Shape Memory NiTi with Refined Grain Size Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) constitute a unique class of materials that undergo a reversible phase transformation allowing the material to display dramatic stress-induced and temperature-induced deformations which are recoverable. Nickel Titanium (NiTi) SMA has be synthesized with refined grain size by a mechanical alloying process. The SMA is produced through a cold rolling fabrication strategy that yields nanocrystalline product structures. By starting with a stacked sandwich array of individual alloy components and subjecting this sample arrangement to repeated rolling and folding, a metal-metal multilayer composite is created. After the layer thickness is reduced to the nanoscale by multiple cold rolling and folding passes, an alloying and intermediate phase formation reaction is initiated. X-ray diffraction profiles confirm that the primary phase present is intermetallic NiTi phase, which is the phase that displays shape memory behavior. The presence of superelastic behavior and the shape memory effect in the product material is established by mechanical testing. At this refined grain size, the hysteresis stress observed is exceptionally small.
Vigor and fatigue and positive health practices in young adolescents.

Summary A sample of 127 young adolescents attending a middle school responded to the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, measuring positive health practices, and two subscales of the Profile of Mood States, Vigor-Activity and Fatigue-Inertia. Correlational analysis indicated that higher scores on positive health practices were significantly associated with higher scores on Vigor-Activity (r = .49), and lower scores on Fatigue-Inertia (r = −.45).
Salmeterol/fluticasone combination in the treatment of COPD.

Clinical trials of a combination therapy of an inhaled corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate (FP), with a long-acting β2-agonist, salmeterol (Sal), have demonstrated a greater improvement in lung function and in quality of life measures after the combination compared with either component of alone. In a subanalysis of the data of the TRISTAN study, Sal/FP reduced exacerbation rates in COPD patients with a baseline FEV1<50% of predicted. A combination therapy of budesonide and formoterol improved quality of life and FEV1, and reduced exacerbations better than either component alone. In studies of FP or of Sal/FP in COPD, there was a reduction in all-cause mortality by 25% relative to placebo. Sal/FP has anti-inflammatory effects in COPD airways. FP inhibits markers of systemic inflammation, and it is not known whether Sal/FP has an advantage over FP alone. While long-acting β2-agonists such as Sal can be recommended for treatment of moderate COPD, addition of inhaled steroid therapy such as FP should be considered in more severe disease.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO A CONJUGATE OF POLYTYROSINE AND ITS INHIBITION BY HAPTENS.

RECENT investigations concerning the nature of the antigenic determinants involved in delayed hypersensitivity to hapten–protein conjugates have pointed to the important part played by the protein carrier1,2. In addition, some aspects of the heterogeneity of the response have been clarified3. In recent experiments reported by us4, guinea pigs were immunized with arsanilic acid (ars) coupled to guinea pig serum albumin. They reacted with the same hapten coupled to many unrelated proteins, suggesting a high degree of hapten-specificity. Positive reactions elicited by heterologous haptens coupled to guinea pig serum albumin were also noted and considered to be a response to antigenic determinants produced or revealed by the chemical process of conjugation with diazonium salts.
A Ricardian model of market sharing

Abstract The latest generation of multi-sectoral trade models has abandoned the conventional strategy that regards the similarly named exports of different countries as homogeneous products. Armington's assumption, that the products of different countries compete as imperfect substitutes, has become the theoretical rationale for an alternative, heterogeneous modeling procedure. This paper describes some problems with the assumption and develops a more rigorous framework for the heterogeneous strategy. The processes that lead to heterogeneity in trade are modeled explicitly: comparative advantage theory is applied at a sub-sectoral level to explain the detailed structure of international specialization. Implications of the new framework for empirical estimation are also explored.
Dietary Ethanol Does Not Accelerate Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats

The abuse of alcohol is a behavior that can significantly compromise skeletal health. Because postmenopausal women are already at risk for low bone mass and osteoporotic fracture, this investigation sought to determine whether high concentrations of dietary ethanol exacerbate the bone loss associated with ovariectomy in rats, an animal model of human postmenopause. Six-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and randomly divided into groups fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet isoca-lorically supplemented with 0%, 13%, or 35% ethanol (by daily caloric intake), for a period of 2 months. All animals were injected with fluorochromes at the start, 2 weeks, and 2 days before sacrifice to label mineralizing bone surfaces. At sacrifice, blood, uterus, and tibiae were harvested. No differences in serum calcium or cholesterol were found. Serum creatinine was also found to be unvaried, indicating this level of alcohol consumption did not compromise liver function. Dietary alcohol consumption at 35% of daily caloric intake was determined to increase tibial cortical medullary area and en-docortical perimeter, while not affecting cortical area and periosteal perimeter. Ovariectomy significantly increased indices of bone turnover and resulted in cancellous bone loss, whereas alcohol consumption had no additional detrimental effects. This was a consistent pattern for other indices of proximal tibial architecture. In summary, this investigation has found that chronic ingestion of high concentrations of alcohol does not accentuate bone loss in ovarian hormone-deficient adult female rats.
A realistic approach for modeling permeability of fibrous media : 3-D imaging coupled with CFD simulation

Determining permeability of fibrous media is of great importance to many industries. While there are several 2-D and 3-D analytical models developed for predicting the permeability of fibrous disordered media, there are not many numerical works that compare the predictions of these models with that of real media. In this work, we present a series of numerical simulations performed on the microstructure of a real fibrous media. An efficient procedure is presented for reconstructing 3-D images from the 2-D images of the real fibrous media and processing them for the purpose of performing fluid flow simulation. Digital volumetric imaging (DVI) of a typical hydroentangled fibrous fabric is obtained, as an example, and its permeability is computed. These results are compared with those obtained from the analytical equations given in the literature. In particular, it was found that permeability of a typical hydroentangled material can be closely predicted by the layered anisotropic models.
Testing a potential national strategy for cost-effective medical technology

The Center for Healthcare Technologies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a partnership among government, industry, and universities that focuses on improving healthcare through development of cost-effective technology. With the guidance of healthcare providers, medical institutions, and medical instrument manufacturers, technology can be harnessed to reduce healthcare costs. The partnership is a miniature test case for a potential national strategy for development and adoption of technology specifically to reduce costs.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Paradoxical retinal motions during head movements: apparent motion without equivalent apparent displacement.

Passengers in moving vehicles often see an interesting phenomenon when they fixate one of several objects that are at different distances. Looking sideways out the window, they may notice that all objects closer than the fixated object appear to move in a direction opposite to their movement, whereas all objects farther than the fixated object appear to move in the direction in which they are traveling. You can see similar apparent motions by holding your index fingers at different distances while swinging your head back and forth. When you look at the far finger, the near one appears to move against the direction of head movements; when you look at the near finger, the far one appears to move with the direction of head movement. Theterm "motion parallax" is often used in referring to these and other apparent motions that are concomitant with lateral head movements (e.g., Coren, Porac, & Ward, 1979; Gibson, Gibson, Smith, & Flock, 1959; Shebilske & Proffitt, 1981). Gogel, however, prefers the term "apparent concomitant motion." This paper will adopt Gogel's term to avoid clouding issues in an ongoing debate that contends issues much deeper than terminology. On one side of the debate, Gogel(1980, 1981, 1982) argues for an apparent-distance/pivot-distance hypothesis, according to which the apparent motions occur because people underestimate the distance between objects. On the other side, Shebilske and Proffitt (1981) argue for a paradoxical-motion hypothesis, according to which apparent motions occur because people experience a paradoxical sensation of retinal motions. This paper will analyze these two hypotheses and their implications for visual-motor coordination, motion perception, and distance perception. One issue in the debate involves a distinction between apparent motion per se and apparent displacement or change in target location. The distinction is important because people sometimes experience paradoxical motion, which is a perception resulting
Inhibition of cathepsin K with lysosomotropic macromolecular inhibitors

Cathepsin K is the major enzyme responsible for the degradation of the protein matrix of bone and probably for the destruction of articular cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis joints. These processes occur mainly in the resorption lacuna and within the lysosomal compartment. Here, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated new lysosomotropic (water-soluble) polymer−cathepsin K inhibitor conjugates. In particular, we characterized the relationship between conjugate structures and their activity to inhibit cathepsins K, B, L, and papain. A potent selective cathepsin K inhibitor, 1,5-bis(N-benzyloxycarbonylleucyl)carbohydrazide, was modified to 1-(N-benzyloxycarbonylleucyl)-5-(phenylalanylleucyl)carbohydrazide (I) to facilitate polymer conjugation. It was conjugated to the polymer chain termini of two water-soluble polymers {α-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated as mPEG−I; semitelechelic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide], abbreviated as ST-PHPMA−I}. The conjugation of inhibitor I to N-(2-hydroxy...
Female post-reproductive lifespan: a general mammalian trait

Traditional explanations for the evolution of menopause and post-reproductive lifespan in human females have been based on the benefits of maternal or grand-maternal care outweighing the cost of lost reproduction. These explanations assume an evolutionary origin of menopause since human divergence with the most recent common ancestor. In this study, I conduct a literature survey of studies of 42 mammal species from eight orders, showing that post-reproductive lifespan appears to be widespread among mammals. I then propose an alternative to traditional hypotheses: following accepted theories of trade-offs and senescence, I suggest that the cost of extending reproductive lifespan might be relatively high in female mammals. Somatic and reproductive senescence appear to follow separate trajectories, so it is not surprising that the two processes should occur on different schedules. The timing of each process is probably determined by maximization of reproductive performance and survival early in adulthood, with consequent trajectories resulting in a post-reproductive lifespan. The early end of reproduction relative to lifespan may be due to the cost of production and/or maintenance of oocytes, which decline exponentially over time. Oocyte number below a threshold may trigger an end to normal hormonal cycling.
Magnesium Starvation of Aerobacter aerogenes IV. Cytochemical Changes

Abstract A number of cytochemical changes were revealed by microscopic observations of Aerobacter aerogenes populations starving for Mg++. During the first few hours, while the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was paralleled by an increase in viable bacteria, the cells became progressively smaller. Subsequently, the number of viable cells in the culture remained constant in spite of continuing DNA synthesis, and the cells progressively elongated into filamentous forms. During this time, a second population of very small bacteria could be identified. These cells, whose number increased progressively, were inert with respect to (i) growth or reproduction when returned to a complete medium and (ii) biosynthetic activity as judged by autoradiographic estimation of uracil-H3 incorporation into nucleic acids. When observed by electron microscopy, many thin sections from bacteria that had been starved of Mg++ for 20 hr appeared to be almost devoid of ribosomal particles. Thionine staining indicated that the inert cells contain DNA. Furthermore, the rate of DNA synthesis in the culture corresponded to the rate of accumulation of inert cells, suggesting that their presence can account for the difference between total DNA and viable count.
Response to Iron Deprivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Iron is an essential nutrient for almost every organism because iron cofactors, such as heme and iron-sulfur clusters (ISC), are required for the activity of numerous cellular enzymes involved in a wide range of cellular processes. Although iron is a very abundant metal in the earth's crust, it has
Do People Brace Sensibly? Risk Judgments and Event Likelihood

Previous research has shown that people become pessimistic about potentially bad news to “brace for the worst.” Three studies examined whether people brace differently for rare and common negative events. Results reveal that people brace more for rare negative events than for common negative events (Studies 1-3a), but only when the event is self-relevant (Study 3b). Results also show that people brace more for rare events when feedback is imminent (Study 1), when negative outcomes are salient (Study 2), and when the outcomes are important or consequential (Study 3a). The authors discuss several possible explanations for the findings, including ignorance of the base rate, random responding, and anchoring and adjustment, and ultimately suggest that people may brace “enough.”
Use of orthoses and early intervention physical therapy to minimize hyperpronation and promote functional skills in a child with gross motor delays: a case report.

Background and purpose: This case report describes a physical therapy program that included foot orthoses for a child with excessive pronation and gross motor delay. Case description: A 25-month-old girl with a 6-month gross motor delay had excessive pronation of both feet. Physical therapy included fabrication of foot orthoses to improve foot alignment and weekly facilitation of strength, coordination, and balance, and family education activities. Outcomes: The Peabody Developmental Gross Motor Scales revealed a 12-month gain in gross motor skills in 5 months time. Discussion: Physical therapy to facilitate normal foot alignment, trunk control, strength, balance, and coordination may have promoted this child's acquisition of age-appropriate gross motor skills.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dichloroacetate in patients with cirrhosis.

Objective We tested the hypotheses that (1) plasma clearance of dichloroacetate is decreased in patients with end-stage cirrhosis, and (2) patients with cirrhosis are vulnerable to dichloroacetate-induced hypoglycemia caused by exaggerated inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Methods Seven subjects with cirrhosis and six healthy volunteers received a 5-hour primed constant infusion of 6,6-2H2-glucose. After a 2-hour basal period, subjects received intravenous dichloroacetate, 35 mg/kg, over 30 minutes. Dichloroacetate pharmacokinetics were compared by the mixed-effects population-based technique. Glucose production was calculated by means of isotope dilution. Results The optimal dichloroacetate pharmacokinetic model for both subjects with cirrhosis and control subjects had two compartments, with all parameters weight normalized. Peak plasma dichloroacetate concentration in subjects with cirrhosis did not differ from that in control subjects, but typical dichloroacetate clearance was only 36% of that in control subjects (P <.001). Dichloroacetate decreased plasma lactate concentration by ~50% (P < .001), glucose production by 7% to 9% (P <.05), and plasma glucose concentration by 9% to 14% (P < .05) in both subjects with cirrhosis and control subjects. Dichloroacetate-induced decreases in plasma lactate and glucose concentrations and in glucose production in subjects with cirrhosis did not differ from those in control subjects. Conclusions Plasma dichloroacetate clearance is markedly decreased in patients with cirrhosis, likely because of compromised hepatic function. Subjects with cirrhosis exhibit neither exaggerated inhibition of glucose production nor increased risk of hypoglycemia as a result of acute dichloroacetate-induced hypolactatemia. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 380–390; doi: 10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101340
Vouch and Trace: A Revenue Recognition Audit Simulation

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project is to help students apply auditing procedures that pertain to revenue recognition. In particular, students gain a better understanding of (1) the importance of management's occurrence, accuracy, and cutoff assertions regarding revenue; (2) the relationship between an auditing procedure and an audit objective; (3) how to perform an audit procedure; and (4) how to create audit work papers. The project includes four types of revenue misstatements. Students must design a procedure to detect misstatement, and then determine how to best use supporting documents to provide evidence that recorded sales actually occurred and are recorded at the correct value in the correct reporting period. All supporting documents for this project are stored on the Internet for easy access. This project requires very little class time and the time required of students is very reasonable. Students can also conveniently complete the project anywhere they have access to the Internet.
Setting and Strengthening Mechanisms of Cementitious Materials

This paper highlights the physico-chemical characteristics of cementitious materials responsible for or involved in setting, and how these are related to the strengthening and mechanical properties. Five main mechanisms which can be used to increase cementitious materials strength were discussed. The substantially improved cement matrix materials can be obtained by deliberately using one or more above mechanisms. Experiments have been performed on ordinary portland cements and phosphate cements used as construction materials, whose setting time is several hours, and dental cement, whose setting time is several minutes.
Relational memory during infancy: evidence from eye tracking

Here we report evidence from a new eye-tracking measure of relational memory that suggests that 9-month-old infants can encode memories in terms of the relations among items, a function putatively subserved by the hippocampus. Infants learned about the association between faces that were superimposed on unique scenic backgrounds. During test trials, infants were shown three faces presented on a familiar scene. All three faces were equally familiar; however, one had been presented with the test background earlier. Visual behavior was recorded continuously using a TOBII eye tracker. Infants looked preferentially at the face that matched the test background very early in the trial; however, the time course of this preferential looking effect varied as a function of delay. These results suggest that by 9 months of age infants can form memories that represent the relations among items and maintain them over short delays.
A Finite-Element Domain-Decomposition Methodology for Electromagnetic Modeling of Multilayer High-Speed Interconnects

The complicated geometry of high-density interconnect structures in multilayer, planar substrates is one of the major hurdles in the application of finite element methods for their multigigahertz electromagnetic analysis. In addition to compounding the complexity in the generation of the finite element grid, the multilayer nature of the structures and their multiscale attributes result in finite element systems of very large dimension which, more often than not, are not well conditioned. This paper presents a domain decomposition methodology for overcoming these hurdles. More specifically, the proposed methodology utilizes the multiple power and ground planes used in such structures as natural physical boundaries for their decomposition into a set of subdomains, each one of which is meshed and discretized separately from the rest. The electromagnetic interaction between the domains is effected through the enforcement of tangential field continuity conditions at the voids and via holes present at the power and ground planes. In particular, a Krylov subspace model order reduction approach is used to facilitate the broadband solution of the multilayer interconnect structure. The proposed modeling methodology is demonstrated through its application to the electromagnetic analysis of several multilayer interconnect structures.