cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HRTF database at FIU DSP Lab

Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) are signal processing models that represent the modifications undergone by the acoustic signal as it interacts with the listener's body. HRTFs can be used to generate binaural sound as they contain all the information about the sound source's location. This paper describes a database of head-related transfer functions based on ear/head measurements measured at the FIU DSP Lab. HRTF data from 15 subjects at 12 different azimuths and 6 different elevations are included. This database also includes 3-D images of the subject's pinnae (outer ears). Anthropometric measurements of the various parts of the pinna are included.
Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: Characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts

Reverse spiral scanning with arterial spin-labeling was developed at 3T to simultaneously detect perfusion and BOLD signals in the brain by subtracting or adding the control and labeled images, respectively, in the same dataset. BOLD contrast was improved with the longer effective echo time achieved in the reverse spiral scan compared to conventional forward spiral scans. Susceptibility artifacts near air-tissue interfaces in the brain were substantially reduced in the reverse spiral images due to their early data acquisition time and, hence, less signal attenuation. Brain activation experiments with the reverse spiral scan were performed on normal subjects and were compared to forward spiral imaging in the same subjects. The experiments demonstrated that reverse spiral imaging was able to detect perfusion and BOLD signals simultaneously and reliably, even in the brain regions with severe susceptibility-induced local gradients, while forward spiral scans were either not optimal for detecting the two functional signals at the same time or were vulnerable to susceptibility artifacts.
MUC1 oncoprotein is targeted to mitochondria by heregulin-induced activation of c-Src and the molecular chaperone HSP90.

The MUC1 heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas. The MUC1 C-terminal subunit localizes to mitochondria and blocks stress-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. How MUC1 is delivered to mitochondria is not known. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1 forms intracellular complexes with HSP70 and HSP90. We show that the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain binds directly to HSP70 in vitro. By contrast, binding of MUC1 to HSP90 in vitro is induced by c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain. c-Src also increases binding of MUC1 to HSP90 in cells. In concert with these results, we show that heregulin (HRG), a ligand for ErbB receptors, activates c-Src and, in turn, stimulates binding of MUC1 to HSP90. We also show that inhibitors of c-Src or HSP90 block HRG-induced targeting of MUC1 to mitochondria and integration of MUC1 into the mitochondrial outer membrane. These findings indicate that MUC1 is delivered to mitochondria by a mechanism involving activation of the ErbB receptor → c-Src pathway and transport by the molecular chaperone HSP70/HSP90 complex.
Reperfusion injury following circulatory collapse: The role of reactive oxygen metabolites

HE PATIENT with inadequate tissue oxygenation is a problem confronting all physicians, particularly those involved in critical care. This problem is a frequent accompaniment to conditions characterized by respiratory distress, circulatory shock, or both. Thus, interventions directed toward rapid restoration of tissue oxygenation are commonly used in the critical care setting. While current resuscitation practices are based on the sound physiologic principle that vital organs can tolerate only a brief period of hypoxia, a recently described biochemical paradigm suggests that rapid reoxygenation of hypoxic tissues can produce the same consequences as prolonged hypoxia, ie, cell injury and necrosis. This biochemical paradigm is based on the premise that highly reactive oxygen species are formed when hypoxic (ischemic) cells are reoxygenated (reperfused) due to aberrant metabolism of molecular oxygen. The concept that reactive oxygen metabolites mediate the microvascular and parenchymal cell injury associated with reperfusion of ischemic tissues is presented in this review and the evidence supporting this idea is examined. In addition, the clinical implications of this concept, relative to the critical care setting, are discussed.
The relationship between irradiation growth and other properties of alpha-uranium

Single crystal values of expansion coefficient and resistivity are given. High resistivity in a particular direction indicates an excess of STA100! directions over random while a low expansion coefficient indicates an excess of STA010! directions. When the two measurements are made in the same direction on the same specimen, an estimate of the tendency to irradiation growth can be obtained. (P.C.H.)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Anterior and Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery

Cerebrospinal fluid leaks are among the most commonly reported complications in spinal surgery. The prevalence of cervical dural tears is 0.5%-3%. Although the gold standard for management of cervical dural leaks is direct suture repair, most cervical dural tears can be managed by observation alone. Large dural defects or tenuous repairs may warrant the placement of a lumbar cerebrospinal fluid shunt. The diagnosis of an occult or a chronic dural leak can be made from clinical information with patients classically complaining of a spinal headache. Properly managed cervical dural tears heal without adverse effects and without long-term neurologic sequelae.
Effect of lung inflation on arterial spin labeling signal in MR perfusion imaging of human lung.

The effect of lung inflation on arterial spin-labeling signal in lung perfusion is investigated. Arterial spin-labeling schemes, called alternation of selective inversion pulse (ASI) and its hybrid (HASI), which uses blood water as an endogenous, freely diffusible tracer, were applied to magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging of the lung. Perfusion-weighted images of the lung from nine healthy volunteers were obtained at different time delays. There was a significant signal difference in ASI images acquired at different respiratory phases. Greater signal enhancement has been observed when the volunteers performed breath holding on end expiration than on end inspiration. This is in agreement with the normal physiologic effect of lung inflation on the pressure-flow relationship of pulmonary vasculature. ASI and HASI perfusion-weighted images show similar lung features and image quality. Preliminary results from pulmonary embolism patients indicate that arterial spin labeling is sensitive for the detection of areas of perfusion deficit. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:954–959. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harmonic analysis of climatic data

Abstract The utility of using the fast Fourier transform as a means of consolidating climatic data is presented and discussed in this paper. It is shown that a 20-year data set consisting of 175,320 hourly values of a climatic variable can be represented by only 75 Fourier coefficients with no significant loss of information content. Complete consolidated climatic data sets are presented for Albuquerque, New Mexico; Madison, Wisconsin and Miami, Florida. In addition, some other applications of the Fourier transform to the field of Solar Engineering are discussed.
Individual and contextual effects of school adjustment on adolescent alcohol use.

This paper examines the effect of a student’s own school adjustment as well as the contextual level of school adjustment (the normative level of school adjustment among students in a school) on students’ self-reported use of alcohol. Using a dataset of 43,465 male and female 8th grade students from 349 schools across the contiguous United States who participated in a national study of substance use in rural communities between 1996 and 2000, multilevel latent covariate models were utilized to disentangle the individual-level and contextual effects of three school adjustment variables (i.e., school bonding, behavior at school, and friend’s school bonding) on alcohol use. All three school adjustment factors were significant predictors of alcohol use both within and between schools. Furthermore, this study demonstrated a strong contextual effect: Students who attended schools where the overall level of school adjustment was higher reported lower levels of alcohol use even after taking their own school adjustment into account. The results demonstrate the importance of both a student’s own level of school adjustment and the normative level of school adjustment among students in the school on an adolescent’s use of alcohol. Differences in school adjustment across schools were quite strongly related to an adolescent’s own alcohol use, indicating that school adjustment is an important aspect of school climate. Initiatives aimed at improving school climate may have beneficial effects on students’ alcohol use.
Neural processing in vergence eye movements: a time based study

Inward turning of the two eyes, termed disparity vergence, sometimes exhibits two closely-spaced, fast dynamic movements. These response doubles can provide information on the neural processes that control the fast, dynamic response. The second component of this pair could be generated by either an internal process or by external error from visual feedback. To differentiate between these two mechanisms, a comparison was made between doubles induced experimentally (using a "forced-error" protocol) and those that occur naturally in standard step responses. The two stimulus conditions produced response doubles with different timing properties. Since the forced-error doubles were generated by visual feedback, differences in timing imply that normally occurring double responses are mediated by an internal mechanism. This internal feedback mechanism is likely to be involved in the production and control of the fast dynamic portion of all vergence eye movements.
The Solute Specificity Profiles of Nucleobase Cation Symporter 1 (NCS1) from Zea Mays and Setaria Viridis Illustrate Functional Flexibility

The solute specificity profiles (transport and binding) for the nucleobase cation symporter 1 (NCS1) proteins, from the closely related C4 grasses Zea mays and Setaria viridis, differ from that of Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii NCS1. Solute specificity profiles for NCS1 from Z. mays (ZmNCS1) and S. viridis (SvNCS1) were determined through heterologous complementation studies in NCS1-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The four Viridiplantae NCS1 proteins transport the purines adenine and guanine, but unlike the dicot and algal NCS1, grass NCS1 proteins fail to transport the pyrimidine uracil. Despite the high level of amino acid sequence similarity, ZmNCS1 and SvNCS1 display distinct solute transport and recognition profiles. SvNCS1 transports adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, cytosine, and allantoin and competitively binds xanthine and uric acid. ZmNCS1 transports adenine, guanine, and cytosine and competitively binds, 5-fluorocytosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. The differences in grass NCS1 profiles are due to a limited number of amino acid alterations. These amino acid residues do not correspond to amino acids essential for overall solute and cation binding or solute transport, as previously identified in bacterial and fungal NCS1, but rather may represent residues involved in subtle solute discrimination. The data presented here reveal that within Viridiplantae, NCS1 proteins transport a broad range of nucleobase compounds and that the solute specificity profile varies with species.
Basal cell hyperplasia: an unusual diagnostic dilemma on prostate needle biopsies.

Summary Basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) is a well-recognized entity on transurethral resection specimens, but it is an uncommon finding on prostatic needle biopsies, and the diagnostic difficulties with it have not been fully defined on this material. A 13-year (1991-2003) retrospective review of the consult files of one of the authors was performed. In all cases, the focus of BCH was referred for consultation to rule out adenocarcinoma. Thirty-three cases of prominent BCH were identified. The dominant pattern of BCH consisted of either glands (26/33) or solid nests (7/33). Other minor patterns included cribriform (5), pseudocribriform (4), cords (1), and adenoid basal (1). Twelve of 33 cases showed an infiltrative pattern. Other features of BCH included prominent nucleoli (14/33), abnormal secretions (17/33 with dense pink and/or blue mucin), mitoses (6/33), altered stroma with increased cellularity (6/33), calcifications (6/33), intraluminal crystalloids (3/33) and perineural invasion (1/33). By immunohistochemistry, 7 (100%) out of 7 were positive for p63 and 14 (88%) of 16 were positive for high molecular weight cytokeratin. No cases (0/6) were positive for α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase. Basal cell hyperplasia, as a mimicker of cancer, is an uncommon entity encountered on prostatic needle biopsies. Helpful features for its diagnosis include solid nests, pseudocribriform glands, multilayering of cells, calcifications, and cellular stroma. Immunohistochemistry can be useful for documenting the basal cell layer and demonstrating negative racemase staining.
Role of chemokine and cytokine polymorphisms in the progression of HIV-1 disease

Allelic variants of the genes for chemokine receptors and their natural ligands, the chemokines, and cytokines can affect HIV-1 disease progression. This study investigates the level of expression of the CCR5-Delta32, CCR2b-641, RANTES In1.1C, SDF-1 3'A, IL-10-5'-592A and IL-4-589T alleles in two unique HIV-1 infected patient cohorts that represent the two distinct stages of disease progression, namely rapid progressors (RPs) and long term non-progressors (LTNPs) (n=12/group) were recruited. Quantitation of the gene expression of CCR5-Delta32, CCR2b-641, RANTES In1.1C, SDF-1 3'A, IL-10-5'-592A and IL-4-589T in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) isolated from patients was performed by real time, quantitative (Q)-PCR using DNA was isolated from PBML. We observed that expression of these HIV-protective alleles was generally greater in the LTNP cohort than the RP cohort. LTNPs expressed more of the protective chemokine, SDF-1alpha than RPs, and no statistically significant difference was observed in RANTES production between the LTNPs and RPs. The LTNPs expressed significantly less amounts of cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 as compared to the RPs. Our results demonstrate that gene polymorphisms for CCR5-Delta32, CCR2b-641, RANTES In1.1C, SDF-1 3'A, IL-10-5'-592A and IL-4-589T may be used as clinical markers to predict progression of HIV-1 infections.
Promoting metapragmatic development through assessment in the zone of proximal development

The assessment of second language (L2) pragmatic competence typically involves questionnaires, such as discourse completion tasks. This article describes a novel approach to using questionnaires to...
A possible step in the origin of the genetic code.

It is suggested that the earliest coding polynucleotides contained a high proportion of alternating sequences of purines and pyrimidines, and that these sequences coded for polypeptides in which hydrophobic and hydrophylic amino acids alternated. Structural properties of such alternating polypeptides are discussed.
Tank Mixes: Consequences of Using Insecticide and Disinfectant Mixtures to Reduce Flies and Bacteria

SUMMARY The use of disinfectants and insecticides to control pathogens and the insects that may harbor avian pathogens has become routine for on-farm biosecurity programs. It is commonplace for producers to wash, disinfect, and apply insecticides to poultry houses between flock cycles. Occasionally, the urgency to repopulate the houses limits the time producers have to adequately perform preflock sanitization of the premise. The use of tank mixes (i.e., combining insecticides and disinfectants in a single application) saves time and labor. This study examined the consequences of using insecticide and disinfectant used separately or as a mixture for the control of the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium and the house fly (Musca domestica). Aldehyde + formalin- and aldehyde + glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium (DC&R and Synergize)-based disinfectants were effective against Salmonella Typhimurium at the label rate. Disinfectant classes quaternary ammonium (Tryad), iodine (Dyne-O-Might), and peroxymonosulfate (Virkon S) were ineffective at label rates or in mixtures with insecticides. House fly mortality was 100% for tetrachlorvinphos/vapona (Ravap), Spinosad (Elector), and cyfluthrin (Tempo) and above 92% for permethrin (Martin's Permethrin) and tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon) insecticides. Permethrin efficacy was compromised by the addition of disinfectants in all cases except the glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blend. Elector efficacy was reduced when blended with iodine or peroxymonosulfate disinfectant classes. Tempo insecticidal activity was compromised when mixed with Tryad and Virkon S. Ravap and Rabon efficacy against house flies was unchanged in mixture.
A note on covariate measurement error in nonlinear mixed effects models

SUMMARY Little is known about the effects of measurement error in intra-individual covariates on inference for the nonlinear mixed effects model. We investigate this issue for a controlled variable measurement error model, and find that a major consequence may be substantial bias in estimates of parameters characterising intra-individual variation. Estimation of population parameters may also be affected. The dramatic effect of measurement error on estimation of intra-individual variance parameters has implications not only in the repeated measurement context, but also in individual nonlinear regression models.
Presidential Character Revisited

This study attempts to bring a fresh perspective to the study of presidential personality. Critics of the personality approach doubt that personality really has much impact on presidential leadership, and they question whether the approach will contribute to the development of a presidential leadership theory. Critics also see problems with the conceptualization of personality variables in particular studies, such as James David Barber's much-praised, much-maligned The Presidential Character. The study proposes the use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to analyze the relationship between presidential personality and presidential leadership. Administered to about 1.7 million people annually by psychologists, career counselors, and business managers, the MBTI makes possible the classification of each president as one of 16 personality types, and it offers predictions about many characteristics of leadership style for each type. The study concludes with an extensive MBTI analysis of President Clinton's leadership style.
On the Importance of Comparative Research for the Understanding of Human Behavior and Development: A Reply to Gottlieb & Lickliter (2004).

Comparative behavioral research is important for a number of reasons and can contribute to the understanding of human behavior and development in many different ways. Research with animal models of human behavior and development can be a source not only of general principles and testable hypotheses but also of empirical information that may be extrapolated to humans.
Reproductive isolation among endemic pupfishes (Cyprinodon) on San Salvador Island, Bahamas: microsatellite evidence

Three pupfish (Cyprinodon) morphotypes (two endemic) occur in some of the young (6000 ypb) saline lakes on the Bahamian island of San Salvador. The 'normal' morph, a detritivore/omnivore, is not different in its general features from Cyprinodon variegatus from other Bahamian islands. 'Bulldog' is a scale-eater/piscivore that preys upon normal pupfish, and 'bozo' is a specialized molluskivore. Reproductive isolation among these morphs is not predicted by the evolutionary biology of congeneric species because sympatry of even morphogically and ecologically quite divergent pupfishes has usually resulted in hybridization/introgression. Survey of variation at eight microsatellite loci reveals that sympatric normal and bulldog populations are genetically distinctive by several criteria, and are therefore likely reproductively isolated. The bulldog morph in Crescent Pond is markedly divergent from those in Little Lake and Osprey Lake, a finding consistent with, although it does not prove, separate parallel origins of this morphotype. The data also suggest that the bulldogs in the latter two lakes did not evolve by intralacustrine speciation from the current sympatric normal populations. Some of the genetic data suggest that the bozo morph may also be reproductively isolated from the other two pupfishes, but only a small, pooled sample of this rare morphotype was available, and the issue is not resolved. Isolating mechanisms between bulldog and normal morphs are of special interest because of the possibility that they arose as a consequence of a predator-prey relationship. A strong correlation between reproductive isolation and predator-prey interactions could provide an important example of ecological speciation via direct selection against heterotypic interactions.
The biomechanics of total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Total shoulder arthroplasty requires release of contracted tissues, repair of rotator cuff defects, reconstruction of normal skeletal anatomy with proper sizing, and positioning of components.' Arthroplasty of the shoulder is unlike arthroplasty of the hinge joints when the collateral ligaments afford a high degree of stability and is even distinct from the hip when bony conformity is large and range of motion is less. Normal shoulder kinematics can only be achieved when normal articular anatomy is reestablished, and the passive and active stabilizers are balanced. This article presents the mechanics and pathomechanics of the glenohumeral joint for total shoulder arthroplasty.
Legal and Psychometric Criteria for Evaluating Teacher Certification Tests.

Will our teacher certification testing program stand up to a court challenge? What are the critical issues the courts consider in examining teacher certification testing? What do we need to do to strengthen our program legally and psychometrically?
1,2,3-Triazoles: Gas Phase Properties

1,2,3-Triazoles have come to the forefront as compounds of import in a vast number of applications. The fundamental properties of these species, however, remain largely unknown. Herein, the gas phase properties of 4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole, benzotriazole, and a series of 1-phenylbenzotriazoles are described. Proton affinity and acidity values are computed and measured. Furthermore, ion–molecule reactions and H/D exchange studies are used to ascertain tautomer prevalence for the 4-phenyl species.
ILLIADS-T: an electrothermal timing simulator for temperature-sensitive reliability diagnosis of CMOS VLSI chips

In this paper, we present a new chip-level electrothermal timing simulator for CMOS VLSI circuits. Given the chip layout, the packaging specification, and the periodic input signal pattern, it finds the on-chip steady-state temperature profile and the resulting circuit performance. A tester chip has been designed for verification of ILLIADS-T, and very good agreement between simulation and experiment was found. Using this electrothermal simulator, temperature-dependent reliability and timing problems of VLSI circuits can be accurately identified.
P25 titanium dioxide coated magnetic particles: Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity

Abstract The photocatalytic properties of magnetic iron(II,III) oxide particles coated with different wt% of commercially available P25 TiO2 (P25) using a simple wet impregnation method were measured. The produced materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, ICP, Magnetic Property Measurement System (MPMS) and BET (N2). After calcination at 500 °C of the magnetic particles that was loaded only with P25, the P25 was strongly bound through a redox reaction with the magnetic particles. It was found that the P25 surface coverage was almost complete (>95%) at a 1:1 mass loading ratio; at higher P25 mass ratios, a thicker coating was obtained. However, the photocatalytic degradation rates of terephthalic acid (TPA) and phenol for these particles at all P25 loadings was lower than those obtained for pure P25 on a per TiO2 mass basis. Precoating the magnetic particles with a SiO2 sol-gel layer prevented the electron hole migration and oxidation of magnetite to hematite, but also led to a weakly bound P25 layer that was removed by rinsing. This was overcome by adding a second TiO2 sol-gel on top of the SiO2 coated magnetic particles coating for anchoring the P25 particles to the surface. While magnetic particles consisting of a silica undercoat followed by a TiO2 sol-gel coating as the photocatalytic layer have been reported, our approach is to use the TiO2 sol-gel coating as an adhesion layer to anchor P25 particles. The P25 adhered strongly to this underlying TiO2 sol-gel layer without significant loss of surface area. In both P25 and our produced photocatalyst, during the photocatalytic reaction P25 is in direct contact with water and the process occurs on the P25 and water interface. As a result, the photocatalytic degradation rates of TPA and phenol by the P2- coated magnetic particles were found to be equivalent to those of P25. The pseudo-first order rate constants in the P25 mass basis for photocatalytic degradation of TPA were 0.0152 ± 0.003 min−1 and 0.0144 ± 0.007 min−1 using pure P25 and SiO2 sol-gel/TiO2 sol-gel/P25 coated magnetic particles, respectively. The rate constant for phenol photocatalytic degradation was reported 0.09 ± 0.02 min−1 for pure P25 and 0.10 ± 0.04 min−1 for SiO2 sol-gel/TiO2 sol-gel/P25 coated magnetic particles. The similar specific surface area of the P25 powder and the P25 anchored to the surface in SiO2 sol-gel/TiO2 sol-gel/P25 coated magnetic particles is the reason for these similarity for rate constants.
Applications of Evolving Robotic Technology for Head and Neck Surgery.

Objective:Assess the use and potential benefits of a new robotic system for transoral radical tonsillectomy, transoral supraglottic laryngectomy, and retroauricular thyroidectomy in a cadaver dissection.Methods:Three previously described robotic procedures (transoral radical tonsillectomy, transoral supraglottic laryngectomy, and retroauricular thyroidectomy) were performed in a cadaver using the da Vinci Xi Surgical System. Surgical exposure and access, operative time, and number of collisions were examined objectively.Results:The new robotic system was used to perform transoral radical tonsillectomy with dissection and preservation of glossopharyngeal nerve branches, transoral supraglottic laryngectomy, and retroauricular thyroidectomy. There was excellent exposure without any difficulties in access. Robotic operative times (excluding set-up and docking times) for the 3 procedures in the cadaver were 12.7, 14.3, and 21.2 minutes (excluding retroauricular incision and subplatysmal elevation), respectivel...
Mesoscale Wind Signatures along the Carolina Coast

Abstract Coastal winds immediately offshore of North and South Carolina often exhibit a mesoscale diffluent–confluent pattern that appears to be governed by the coastal configuration and oceanic thermal field. The stationary pattern roughly parallels the coastline within 50 km of shore during winter when synoptic-scale conditions support northerly winds. Data obtained during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) are statistically analyzed to document the surface winds in this offshore zone. Several specific examples of the mesoscale pattern are presented and compared with results from a simple theoretical model with diabatic heating. For an inviscid flow over an isolated bell-shaped heat source, the air parcels rise in the vicinity of the heating region and descend on both the upstream and downstream sides. A confluent zone is produced in the vicinity of the heat source. With an idealized heat source resembling the observed pattern of sensible heat flux, the flow pattern is similar to that observ...
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE OF THE HEART: I. Report of Two Cases in Siblings with Chemical and Pathologic Studies

Two cases of glycogen storage disease of the heart occurring in siblings are reported. The first patient died at the Babies Hospital in 1922 and the diagnosis was established at autopsy. The second patient was admitted in 1948 and died after 33 days in the hospital. The family history reveals that the mother of the two patients had eight other children, of whom two are suspected of having succumbed to the same condition. Detailed clinical, chemical and pathologic studies were carried out on the second patient. Numerous chemical determinations were performed both before and after death. The pathologic changes were characteristic of those previously described in cases of glycogen storage disease of the heart. Despite the name of the disease, the abnormal glycogen accumulation and the consequent altered cellular structure were not limited to the heart, but were found in many other organs and tissues of the body. The chemical data revealed an apparently normal sequence of events in the mechanisms for carbohydrate metabolism that could be investigated. It was therefore hypothesized that the metabolic error lay in an excessive rate of accumulation of glycogen in the tissues. It was suggested that this might be consequent to the formation of a polysaccharide closely allied to glycogen, but differing from it in its chemical structure, or to inability of these patients to transform carbohydrate to fat.
A Justification for Tap Dancing in the Physical Education Program—Emphasizing a Creative Approach

(1934). A Justification for Tap Dancing in the Physical Education Program—Emphasizing a Creative Approach. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 28-63.
Effect of Sample Matrix Dehydration During Supercritical Fluid Extraction on the Recoveries of Drug Residues from Fortified Chicken Liver

The role of H 2 O in the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of zoalene (3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide) and its metabolites from fortified chicken livers is reported. Dehydration of the sample matrix during SFE results in adsorption of the analytes, limiting their extraction. Adding 0.5 mL of additional water to the sample matrix prior to SFE prolongs the effective extraction period, thereby increasing the recoveries of the metabolites 12-20%. The following recoveries are found for zoalene, 3-amino-5-nitro-o-toluamide, 5-amino-3-nitro-o-toluamide, and N 5 -acetyl-3-nitro-o-toluamide extracted from a liver-Na 2 SO 4 mixture with added H 2 O at 60°C and 1034 bar (density, 1.069) using 3 L CO 2 /min (expanded gas) for 30 min : 87, 92, 77, and 66%, respectively.
Projective Techniques in Interviewing Farmers

Projective techniques offer one means of obtaining some types of hard-to-get data. The present comparison with direct questioning indicates that projective techniques are rapport-builders and are o...
Abstract A91: Racial and urban/rural disparities in treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer among Medicare beneficiaries in Alabama, 2000–2003

Introduction: In 2005, non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) incidence and mortality rates in Alabama (77.5 per 100,000 population and 65.0, respectively) exceeded corresponding rates in the U.S. (67.7 and 52.8, respectively). Within Alabama, incidence and mortality vary by race, urban/rural residence, and other demographic characteristics. We examined racial (black versus white) and geographic (urban versus rural residence) differences in stage at diagnosis of NSCLC and treatment received (i.e., surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy) among Medicare beneficiaries in the state. Methods: We linked Alabama State Cancer Registry data with Medicare claims to identify beneficiaries with NSCLC (either American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] stages I–IV or unknown stage) diagnosed in 2000–2003. We examined distributions of NSCLC by race and geography, and applied multivariate logistic regression to compute odds of receiving stage‐specific treatment among beneficiaries. Results: There were 3,929 beneficiaries with NSCLC: 86.7% were white, 13.3% black, 50% resided in the state9s 55 rural counties, and 50% in the remaining12 urban counties. Blacks and whites in urban counties had slightly higher proportions of resectable NSCLC (stages I, II, IIIA) (36.2% and 47.2%, respectively) compared with blacks and whites in rural counties (31.2% and 44.2%, respectively). Proportions of unknown stage were higher among blacks and whites in rural counties (38.9% and 29.7%, respectively) compared with blacks and whites in urban counties (24.3% and 21.2%, respectively). Blacks had a 37% lower odds of undergoing surgery than whites (OR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41–0.96). This racial disparity was greater in rural counties, where the odds of blacks undergoing surgical resection were 52% lower than the odds for whites (OR, 0.48;CI 0.28–0.84). Among black beneficiaries who underwent surgery, those residing in urban counties had higher proportions of receipt of any adjuvant therapy (39.6%) than those in rural counties (19.2%). Among surgically‐treated whites, the receipt of any adjuvant therapy was similar in both types of counties (approximately 32%). Conclusions: Disparities in receipt of treatment for NSCLC in Alabama exist. Future studies should focus on the reasons for these differences, which may be associated with access to health care in different counties, patients9 knowledge of and beliefs about available treatment for their cancer, and physicians9 attitudes toward treating patients with lung cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A91.
DISPERSAL, GENE FLOW, AND ALLELIC DIVERSITY BETWEEN LOCAL POPULATIONS OF THOMOMYS BOTTAE POCKET GOPHERS IN THE COASTAL RANGES OF CALIFORNIA.

We studied Thomomys bottae pocket gophers from 1979 to 1982 to determine if the amount of gene flow between local populations was sufficient to reduce allele frequency differences between them. Dispersal was quantified using three different trap techniques, and genetic changes in the population were monitored using protein variants. Additional allele frequency data were available for 1976 and 1977. We observed dispersal to be common in pre-reproductive juvenile females throughout the breeding season of their birth. Males on the other hand tended to disperse only from the end of the breeding season. Although dispersal was common, 63% of adults appeared to be recruited within 40 m of where they were born. Gene flow occurred into both established populations and into vacant habitat, but it was too low to reduce the differences in gene frequencies between the fields over seven years. We conclude that allelic diversity in T. bottae populations is a balance between random drift due to small effective population size and gene flow.
Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Increased Porphyrinuria Occurring in Seven Painters

Summary and Conclusions1. The urine of 7 painters showed increased porphyrinuria as compared with the amount present in the urine of 45 control subjects. 2. In every instance this increased porphyrinuria decreased following the administration of nicotinic acid. 3. These studies suggest that nicotinic acid may play a role in the metabolism of porphyrins.
Strucutral characteristics of human immunoglobulins.

Alterations of the serum concentration or functional properties of immunoglobulins characterize a number of disorders of interest to clinicians. Four major classes of immunoglobulins are recognized (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD) and a fifth (IgE) has been postulated. The current status of studies of immunoglobulin structure is reviewed.
Experimental infection of calves with two strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus: virus recovery and clinical reactions

Fifteen calves were inoculated with a mixture of two strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the cytopathogenic NADL strain which had been passaged over 20 times n vitro, and the non-cytopathogenic FCS strain, passaged only once after isolation from fetal calf serum. In a second experiment, seven calves received the NADL strain, and eight the FCS strain. The clinical and virological results of the two experiments were compared. In dual infections, the NADL strain interfered with the replication of the FCS strain resulting in less severe disease than the FCS strain alone. The FCS-BVDV was recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs and buffy coat cells whereas the NADL-BVDV was recovered only from nasopharyngeal swabs. The cytopathogenicity of the two strains did not change after passage in vivo. The differences observed are discussed in relation to cultural history and cytopathogenicity.
Impact of Climate Change Factors on Weeds and Herbicide Efficacy

Abstract Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and associated changes in global temperature and precipitation are major concerns for future weed management and crop production. This review focuses on the impacts of climate change factors on the growth of weeds and the potential variations in the efficacy of herbicides under changing climate conditions. Weeds are likely to show greater resilience and better adaptation to changes in CO2 concentrations and rising temperature in competition with crops due to their diverse gene pool and greater physiological plasticity. Weeds with C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways may exhibit differential responses to higher CO2 levels and temperatures, which can affect the dynamics of crop–weed competition. In addition to its positive impact on weed growth, climate change factors could influence the efficacy of many herbicides, making weed management a major challenge for sustainable crop production. To enhance our understanding of the impact of climate change factors on herbicide efficacy, it is important to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions on various herbicide modes of action. Environmental factors such as CO2, light, temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture differentially affect the uptake, translocation, and activity of different herbicide chemistries. Furthermore, interactions among these environmental factors may have unpredictable effects on herbicide activity. Existing literature suggests that climate change factors impacts vary not only within herbicide modes of action but also among herbicides belonging to same mode of action, so making generalized assumptions for each mode of action is difficult. Extensive research on the impact of climate change factors and their interactions on all commonly used herbicides is necessary to understand the implications for weed management in future climate scenarios.
A brief introduction to influenza A virus in swine.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae virus family cause one of the most important respiratory diseases in pigs and humans. Repeated outbreaks and rapid spread of genetically and antigenically distinct IAVs represent a considerable challenge for animal production and public health. Bidirection transmission of IAV between pigs and people has altered the evolutionary dynamics of IAV, and a "One Health" approach is required to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in both hosts and improve control strategies. Although only subtypes of H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are endemic in swine around the world, considerable diversity can be found not only in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes but in the remaining six genes as well. Human and swine IAVs have demonstrated a particular propensity for interspecies transmission, leading to regular and sometimes sustained incursions from man to pig and vice versa. The diversity of IAVs in swine remains a critical challenge in the diagnosis and control of this important pathogen for swine health and in turn contributes to a significant public health risk.
Youth, heroism and war propaganda: Britain and the young maritime hero, 1745–1820

In Youth, heroism and war propaganda D.A.B Ronald charts the emergence of the young hero in British naval news-reporting, propaganda, literature and poetry from the aftermath of the 1745 Jacobite R...
Abstract 122: Conflicts of Interest in Recent Cardiology Guidelines vs. Other Professional Society Statements

Background: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Council for Medical Subspecialty Societies (CMSS) recommended in 2010 that the majority of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) committee members be free of relevant conflicts of interest (COI). No such recommendation exists for other statements (expert consensus, practice management, appropriate use criteria, health policy and competence and training statements) produced by professional societies, and it is unclear whether there is a difference in the percentage of reported COI between these statements and CPG. Methods: We analyzed the recent AHA/ACCF guidelines and focused guideline updates, compared with other AHA/ACCF statements from 2010-2011. We catalogued the number and types of COI self-reported by participants, including chairpersons, authors/committee members and reviewers. Participation in production of one CPG or statement was considered a single episode. A COI was considered to be the report of an affiliation with one or more commercial entities by one individual in one episode. Affiliations with non-commercial entities (e.g. NIH) were excluded. COI were categorized according to type (research grant, honoraria/speaker’s bureau, consultant/advisory board, stock/other ownership, expert witness). Results: Disclosure information was available for 11 CPG and 17 other statements and comprised episodes by 834 individuals. The number of episodes per individual participant averaged 1.2 (range, 1- 7) for both CPG and for other statements. In a majority (51%, 579/1129) of the episodes, a COI was reported (54% of CPG and 51% of other statements). The most common form of COI was consultancy (32%, 370/1129), followed by research grant (30%, 339/1129), honoraria/speakers’ bureau (17%, 191/1129), institutional, organizational or other financial benefit (6%, 72/1129), stock/other ownership (5%, 55/1129), and expert witness (5%, 55/1129). Consultancy was reported in 37% (214/571) of episodes in CPG and 30% (156/558) in other documents. COI was reported by >50% of individuals for 7/11 of the CPG and 9/17 of other statements. The chairperson/first author reported COI in 4/11 of the CPG and 11/17 of other statements. Conclusion: There was no difference in commercial COI’s reported by participants in CPGs or other professional society statements. Consultancy and research grants were much more common than other forms of COI. More than half of cardiology CPG writers and reviewers and some of the chairpersons in 2010 and 2011 CPG report COI, despite the IOM and CMSS recommendations.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Nanoparticles on Skin Allergy

In recent years there has been considerable effort to understand the interaction of nanomaterials with the skin. In this study we use an in vivo mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis to investigate how nanoparticles (NPs) may alter allergic responses in skin. We investigate a variety of NPs that vary in size, charge and composition. Results show that small (<200 nm) negative and neutral charged NPs exhibit an immunosuppressive effect but that positively charged NPs do not. Confocal imaging suggests positively charged NPs may penetrate skin to a lesser extent and thereby are less able interact with and alter the local immune responses. Interestingly, negatively charged silica (20 nm) NPs suppress allergic response to two chemically distinct sensitizers; 1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene and 2-deoxyurushiol. Skin wiping and NP application time studies suggest that the immunomodulatory mechanism is not due solely to the blocking of sensitizer adduct formation in skin. Results suggest that NPs modulate early immune events that impact mast cell degranulation. Our study shows for the first time the potential to modulate the elicitation phase of the allergic response which depends on the NP charge and composition. These finding can be used to inform the design topical therapeutics to mitigate allergic responses in skin.
Data-Pattern Enabled Self-Recovery Low-Power Storage System for Big Video Data

The growing popularity of powerful mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet devices has resulted in the exponential growth of demand for video applications. However, due to the large video data size and intensive computation, mobile video applications require frequent embedded memory access, which consumes a large amount of power and limits battery life. In this paper, we present a low-cost self-recovery video storage system by investigating meaningful data patterns hidden in big video data, by introducing data mining techniques to the hardware design process. We propose a two-dimensional data-pattern approach to explore horizontal data-association and vertical data-correlation characteristics. Such data relationship discovery and pattern identification enable a new dimension for the hardware design space and bring self-recovery ability to memories in the presence of bitcell failures. Based on the identified optimal data patterns, we present a low-cost and efficient SRAM design to enable data self-recovery at low voltages. A 45nm 32 kb SRAM is implemented that delivers good video quality at near-threshold voltage (0.5 V) with negligible area overhead (7.94 percent).
Drug Use and Incarceration among Rural Appalachian Women: Findings From a Jail Sample.

Background/Objective: The purpose of this paper is to examine drug use and incarceration history among rural Appalachian women. Methods: This study involved random selection, screening, and intervi...