cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QUENCHING OF A RETINAL TRIPLET STATE BY A NITROXYL RADICAL

Abstract— The long lived triplets from all-trans retinal and 11-cis retinal are quenched by a nitroxyl radical, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoyl, with essentially identical rate constants. The rates vary with solvent but do not correlate with solvent polarity. The results confirm implications of earlier work with oxygen quenching and are compatible with the view that isomerization occurs in non-relaxed triplets or that the triplet (or triplets) observed spectroscopically decay by way of a single triplet state which has a small electronic energy gap to ground state isomers.
Strategies to minimize the fuel consumption of passenger cars during car-following scenarios

The way in which a vehicle is driven significantly affects its fuel consumption. This paper analyses the fuel-optimal driving strategies of a traditional vehicle equipped with a continuously variable transmission in car-following scenarios. A minimal-fuel-consumption problem is formulated, which is numerically solved using the Gauss pseudospectral method. The identified optimal manoeuvres were found to demonstrate two types of behaviour depending on the vehicle speed: pulse-and-gliding (PnG) and constant speed (CS). Further analyses indicate that the difference in behaviours mainly depends on the engine fuelling characteristics (both static and transient) and the road load. As the preceding vehicle’s speed increases, the optimal manoeuvre changes from partial PnG to full PnG, and finally to CS. In the full-PnG strategy, the engine switches between the minimum brake specific fuel consumption point and the idling point while the range error oscillates between its upper and lower bounds. The period, duty cyc...
Personal self‐esteem, collective self‐esteem, and self‐concept clarity as moderators of the impact of perceived consensus on stereotypes

Past research has demonstrated that in‐group consensus information influences individual stereotypic beliefs. This study examined the moderating role of personal self‐esteem, collective self‐esteem, and self‐concept clarity. Participants estimated the prevalence of characteristics possessed by African‐Americans and estimated the views held by fellow students. One week later, participants were told that their fellow students' views were either more positive or more negative than the participants' original estimates. Participants with high identity, high public collective self‐esteem, and low self‐concept clarity were more likely to conform to the new consensus information. These results suggest that the racial beliefs of others significantly alter the racial attitudes of people who are chronically unsure of their self‐attributes and whose identities are invested in their group membership.
Beyond tie-ing up endothelial adhesion: new insights into the action of angiopoietin-1 in regulation of microvessel permeability.

The growth factor angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) has been identified as the primary activating ligand for Tie2, a tyrosine kinase receptor highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells.1 Genetic studies using targeted mutations in mice have demonstrated that Tie2 activation by Ang1 is crucial for angiogenesis, vascular remodelling, and vascular maturation.2 However, the angiogenic functions of Ang1 are distinct from those of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Transgenic mice studies have revealed that blood vessels induced by VEGF overexpression are leaky, whereas blood vessels induced by Ang1 overexpression are not only non-leaky, but also resistant to vascular leakage during inflammation.3 Previous studies using inflammatory mediator-stimulated animals or cultured endothelial cells have identified the permeability protective effects of Ang1 to be mediated through inhibition of endothelial gap formation4 and strengthening of endothelial adhesion.5 In a new study featured in this issue of Cardiovascular Research , Salmon et al. 6 report the effect of Ang1 on the endothelial glycocalyx and propose a novel mechanism for the permeability protective action of Ang1. Using individually perfused mesenteric microvessels with the Landis-Michel technique,7,8 Salmon et al. quantified the direct effect of Ang1 on water and albumin permeability in intact microvessels by measuring permeability … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 304 293 1515; fax: +1 304 293 3850. E-mail address : phe{at}hsc.wvu.edu
Proton magnetic resonance study in high polymers

Proton magnetic resonance absorption has been studied in uncured as well as in heataged cured samples of high polymers: epoxy-resin-modified polyester-amide (Bondar), polyvinyl acetal (Formvar), glycol-glycerol terephthalate (Isonel), and Terebec. The resonance absorption line in the uncured stage of all the above compounds is very complex; in the cured stage, however, it consists of a broad line with a narrow line superposed on it. It has been shown that this technique is very useful for determining the uncured material remaining at any stage during the curing process. Also it is indicated that the aging of the polymeric material at high temperature is the result of two processes, crosslinking and scission of the molecules, which take place simultaneously.
Classification of Neocortical Neurons Using Affinity Propagation

Determining the circuitry of the neocortex requires an understanding of its components, which in turn necessitates a classification scheme of neocortical neurons. The neocortex consists primarily of excitatory pyramidal neurons (~80% of neocortical neurons) and inhibitory interneurons (~20% of neocortical neurons). Neocortical interneurons are ideally positioned to control circuit dynamics. GABAergic interneurons, in particular, largely contribute to the vast morphological and physiological variability of the cortex. However, much is still not known regarding these interneurons. Here we use unsupervised learning methods, such as PCA followed by k-means analysis, to create quantitative and unbiased classification schemes. We explored the use of affinity propagation, a novel exemplar-based method of cluster analysis, to quantitatively classify a diverse set of 337 neocortical interneurons. Each neuron was characterized by whole- cell recordings done by patch-clamping and complete 3D anatomical reconstructions. It was revealed that each interneuron subtype is characterized by a unique set of morphological and electrophysiological features that allowed for specialized function within the neocortical circuit. Affinity propagation may then be used to classify neurons, the first step to reverse engineer a neocortical circuit.
Automated vehicle control developments in the PATH program

The accomplishments to date on the development of automatic vehicle control technology in the Program on Advanced Technology for the Highway (PATH) at the University of California, Berkeley, are summarized. The basic principles and assumptions underlying the PATH work are identified, and the work on automating vehicle lateral (steering) and longitudinal (spacing and speed) control is explained. For both lateral and longitudinal control, the modeling of plant dynamics is described, and the development of the additional subsystems needed (communications, reference/sensor systems) and the derivation of the control laws are presented. Plans for testing on vehicles in both near and long term are discussed. >
A review of mixed methods research on bullying and peer victimization in school

Recognizing the negative outcomes associated with experiences in bullying at school, educational researchers, school officials, and policy-makers have called for more rigorous research on bullying in school. Research on bullying behavior in school has primarily been examined using quantitative methods. Mixed methods research in the field of education has gained ground in recent years. However, no systematic review of mixed methods studies on bullying and peer victimization has been conducted to date. The major focus of this article is to review empirical studies on bullying in schools using mixed methods. In particular, we examine research studies on bullying in schools within the contexts of new insights, complementary findings, and divergent findings. Directions for conducting mixed methods research on bullying and peer victimization are also discussed.
Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Characteristics of Wings with Conformal Control Surfaces for Morphing Aircraft

Investigations are conducted on lifting surfaces with conventional and conformal trailing-edge control surfaces. The Sohngen inversion formula is used with the thin-airfoil integral equation to determine the aerodynamic pressure for various control surface chord-to-airfoil chord ratios. Comparisons to a conventional control surface show increases in lift and pitching moment of the airfoil with a conformal control surface. Aerodynamic pressure distributions acting on a wing with control surfaces are determined with the vortex lattice technique. Predicted aerodynamic pressures and roll moments are compared to available wind-tunnel data and provide a more general understanding of theaerodynamicbehavior observed there. Roll performance of a rectangular wing is determined for various control surface chord-to-wing chord ratios. It is found that the maximum roll rate is greater for a wing with a conformal control surface, but has a lower reversal dynamic pressure than the wing with a conventional control surface. The aerodynamic and aeroelastic results obtained from this investigation provide some insight for wings designed with conformal control surfaces.
Effect of Recurrent Mitral Regurgitation Following Degenerative Mitral Valve Repair: Long-Term Analysis of Competing Outcomes.

Abstract Background The risk for and consequences of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) following degenerative mitral valve repair are poorly understood. Objectives This study sought to examine recurrent MR risk along with reoperation and survival rates. Methods We evaluated patients undergoing primary mitral repair for isolated degenerative MR over 1 decade. Median follow-up was 11.5 years (interquartile range: 9.2 to 13.6 years) and was 99% complete. Multivariate analysis of post-repair MR recurrence employed Cox proportional hazards and multistate modeling. Results A total of 1,218 patients met the study criteria; the mean age was 64 ± 13 years, mean ejection fraction was 63 ± 9%, and 864 (71%) patients were men. Prolapse was posterior in 62%, bileaflet in 26%, and anterior in 12%. The 15-year incidence of recurrent MR (i.e., MR ≥2) was 13.3%, incidence of mitral reoperation was 6.9%, and overall mortality was 44.0%. Repair before 1996 independently predicted MR recurrence (hazard ratio: 1.52). Additional determinants were: age, mild intraoperative residual MR, anterior leaflet prolapse, bileaflet prolapse, perfusion time >90 min, and lack of annuloplasty. Recurrence of moderate or greater MR was associated with adverse left ventricular remodeling and increased likelihood of death (hazard ratio: 1.72). Among those undergoing repair after 1996, MR recurrence rate was 1.5 per 100 patient-years during the first year post-repair, decreasing markedly to 0.9 thereafter. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that recurrent MR following degenerative mitral valve repair is associated with adverse left ventricular remodeling and late death. The incidence of MR recurrence decreases markedly following the first year after intervention. A transparent discussion of recurrent MR risk has pressing relevance when referring patients with complex mitral valve prolapse.
A new compound class of log-logistic Weibull–Poisson distribution: model, properties and applications

A new class of distributions called the log-logistic Weibull–Poisson distribution is introduced and its properties are explored. This new distribution represents a more flexible model for lifetime data. Some statistical properties of the proposed distribution including the expansion of the density function, quantile function, hazard and reverse hazard functions, moments, conditional moments, moment generating function, skewness and kurtosis are presented. Mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, Renyi entropy and distribution of the order statistics are derived. Maximum likelihood estimation technique is used to estimate the model parameters. A simulation study is conducted to examine the bias, mean square error of the maximum likelihood estimators and width of the confidence interval for each parameter and finally applications of the model to real data sets are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed distribution.
Epineural Tube Repair

Peripheral nerve injury is a common condition in both civil and military circumstances, which results on morbidities that are usually both permanent and significant. Typical symptoms are sensory and motor function defects that could result in complete paralysis of an affected limb or development of intractable neuropathic pain. Approximately 100,000 patients undergo peripheral nerve surgery in the United States and Europe annually. While direct end-to-end nerve repair yields the best outcomes, other means of nerve repair have to be employed if tension-free or minimal tension coaptation of nerve stumps cannot be achieved.
Tenure: Academic Freedom Underrated

The concepts that are most commonly associated with the term tenure are censorship, free thought, freedom of expression, academic freedom, job security and due process. The word professor indicates one that professes or declares. While the word tenure simply means the manner or term of holding something such as property position or an office. This discussion will examine tenure in terms of a position. A position that is protected from summary dismissal: hence tenure as it relates to academic freedom.
Response 2 to "Towards a Gerontoludic Manifesto"

Responses to commentary, “Toward a gerontoludic manifesto,” by Bob De Schutter and Vero Abeele in Anthropology & Aging Vol36, no.2, the special issue on “Aging the Technoscape,” followed by a reply by the commentary authors.
Lattice Regression

We present a new empirical risk minimization framework for approximating functions from training samples for low-dimensional regression applications where a lattice (look-up table) is stored and interpolated at run-time for an efficient implementation. Rather than evaluating a fitted function at the lattice nodes without regard to the fact that samples will be interpolated, the proposed lattice regression approach estimates the lattice to minimize the interpolation error on the given training samples. Experiments show that lattice regression can reduce mean test error by as much as 25% compared to Gaussian process regression (GPR) for digital color management of printers, an application for which linearly interpolating a look-up table is standard. Simulations confirm that lattice regression performs consistently better than the naive approach to learning the lattice. Surprisingly, in some cases the proposed method — although motivated by computational efficiency — performs better than directly applying GPR with no lattice at all.
LINING OF AUTOGENOUS VEIN PATCH GRAFTS OF SMALL CANINE ARTERIES.

SummaryThe inner lining of autogenous vein patch grafts placed into small canine arteries by microsurgical techniques was studied. The grafts placed in 22 femoral arteries of 13 dogs were kept in place from 2 days to 76 weeks. Aortography disclosed patency of all the arteries grafted with no or slight dilatation at the site of operation.En face silver preparations disclosed that the intimal surfaces of the grafts were covered with endothelium after the 4th day. Endothelial cells were demonstrated in pellicle preparations. The patch contributed its own substance, particularly elastic fibers, to the repair of the arterial wall.
Native Hawaiian Insects Attracted to the Semiochemical Methyl Eugenol, Used for Male Annihilation of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

This study addressed the potential susceptibility of native Hawaiian insects to the semiochemical methyl eugenol used for male annihilation of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The effects of trap type (methyl eugenol, methyl eugenol + toxin, toxin only, and control) and trap height (0, 1, 2, or 4 m above ground) were studied in native forest on the island of Kauai. A malaise trap was used to determine the relative abundance of insects in the immediate vicinity of the methyl eugenol traps. Seven species of native Hawaiian Drosophilidae, two species of Muscidae, and one species of Phoridae were found to be attracted to methyl eugenol. For four other taxa, including species of Miridae, Anobiidae, and Proctotrupidae, attraction to methyl eugenol is suggested but equivocal. For all species except Drosophila villosipedis (Drosophilidae) and Brachyserphus hawaiiensis (Proctotrupidae) both males and females were attracted to methyl eugenol. For Drosophila perissopoda , Drosophila basimacula , Scaptomyza varipicta , and Scaptomyza rostrata , ground level traps caught significantly more individuals than traps above ground, and for all drosophilids, 4-m high traps caught the fewest individuals. Among non-Drosophilidae, trap height was not a significant factor in captures for only the Anobiidae and Sarona species (Miridae). Megaselia sp. (Phoridae) was similar to Scaptomyza tantalia (Drosophilidae) in that almost all individuals were captured in ground level traps. Orthotylus sp. (Miridae) was the only species in which 4-m high traps caught the greatest number of individuals. For Lispocephala species (Muscidae) and B. hawaiiensis , 1–2-m high traps tended to catch more individuals than the ground-level or 4-m high traps. Malaise trap data suggest that methyl eugenol traps either attracted these species roughly in proportion to their local abundance ( D. villosipedis , D. basimacula ) or they captured only a portion of the local pool of individuals ( S. varipicta , D. perissopoda , D. kokeensis , Lispocephala spp. ). Because of the low level of attraction displayed by the native insects and the potential to mitigate the impact by placement of baits in the forest canopy, it is suggested that an environmentally acceptable application of methyl eugenol can be devised for use in the Hawaiian Islands.
Pituitary refractoriness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: its importance in ending the luteinizing hormone surge in the cyclic rat.

AbstractA study was conducted to assess the importance of pituitary refractoriness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in ending the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and in modulating the associated surge of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in rat plasma. Phenobarbital-blocked proestrous rats were infused iv with LHRH at a constant rate of 50 ng/hr to restore the rising and plateau phases of the spontaneous surges of LH and FSH in plasma. Refractoriness to LHRH was demonstrated for LH but not FSH release when LHRH was infused beyond 2 hr. The plasma LH declined from high levels from 2 to 4.5 hr of infusion while the plasma FSH remained at an elevated plateau. The decline in plasma LH was not as rapid as that observed when the infusion was ended. Injection of a large dose (1 μg) of LHRH at 2 or 3.5 hr after the start of infusion caused substantial increases in plasma LH and FSH but only the LH response after the later injection was less than that observed in other rats given the...
A New Approach for Modeling the Unsteady Behavior of Trailing Line Axial Vortices

A state variable procedure has been developed that can be used to study the influence of non-equilibrium pressure gradient forces on the stability of axial trailing-line vortices. In addition to previously-developed modified Navier-Stokes equations, a Poisson equation governing perturbation pressure fluctuations was developed that is of the same differential order as the velocity perturbation equations. A normal mode analysis was utilized to formulate the small perturbations in the vortical flow with radially-varying amplitudes, producing a system of ordinary differential equations governing the evolution of the normal modes in the flow. This has resulted in a more-consistent approach for analyzing the stability and unsteady behavior of these axial vortices.
Electrical stress distribution in high voltage DC solid dielectric cables

Insulation resistivity was measured as a function of temperature and electrical stress on slabs of solid dielectric. These data were empirically fitted to a resistivity equation using a time-sharing computer. The transcendental stress equation is then solved for each dielectric using a computer program written for this purpose. Parameters which affect stress distribution are temperature, electrical stress, voltage, cable geometry, and time of electrification.
Quantifying the Uncertainty of Energy Creation from Solar and Wind Farms in Different Locations

This paper illustrates how to assess the risk associated with solar and wind farm energy creation by identifying the critical operational factors and then developing multivariate models. The study reveals that a dependence on solar and wind could place consumers at risk of interrupted service given the state of contemporary battery technology. Large scale electricity storage is not currently available which places a contingency risk on electricity generating capacity. More so, maintaining system stability where solar and wind play a significant role in generating electricity is a growing challenge facing utility operators. Therefore, the authors demonstrate how to build a model that quantifies uncertainty by matching uncontrollable supply to uncontrollable demand where a gravity battery may be installed as a buffer. This novel approach generalizes to fossil fuel and nuclear plant operations because demand fluctuations could be managed by storing surplus energy into a gravity battery to meet high peak periods.
Mechanism of cholestasis. 6. Bile acids in human livers with or without biliary obstruction.

The bile acid pattern was determined in 12 surgical biopsy specimens, and in four necropsy specimens of human liver. In normal livers, cholic acid is usually the predominant one. Only traces of lithocholic acid were found. In severe biliary obstruction, cholic acid rose conspicuously, whereas chenodeoxycholic acid rose only when cholestasis was protracted. In the patient with the most prolonged jaundice, chenodeoxycholic acid exceeded cholic acid. Lithocholic acid and bile acid sulfate esters comprised only a minor fraction of the total bile acids in cholestasis. The sum of deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid parallels the degree of feathery degeneration as an expression of cholestatic liver cell injury. It is assumed that the rise of cholic acid, which does not appreciably interact with the microsomal biotransformation system in contrast to the dihydroxylated bile acids, represents a transient protective mechanism in human extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
Engineers’ Responsibilities for Global Electronic Waste: Exploring Engineering Student Writing Through a Care Ethics Lens

This paper provides an empirically informed perspective on the notion of responsibility using an ethical framework that has received little attention in the engineering-related literature to date: ethics of care. In this work, we ground conceptual explorations of engineering responsibility in empirical findings from engineering student’s writing on the human health and environmental impacts of “backyard” electronic waste recycling/disposal. Our findings, from a purposefully diverse sample of engineering students in an introductory electrical engineering course, indicate that most of these engineers of tomorrow associated engineers with responsibility for the electronic waste (e-waste) problem in some way. However, a number of responses suggested attempts to deflect responsibility away from engineers towards, for example, the government or the companies for whom engineers work. Still other students associated both engineers and non-engineers with responsibility, demonstrating the distributed/collective nature of responsibility that will be required to achieve a solution to the global problem of excessive e-waste. Building upon one element of a framework for care ethics adopted from the wider literature, these empirical findings are used to facilitate a preliminary, conceptual exploration of care-ethical responsibility within the context of engineering and e-waste recycling/disposal. The objective of this exploration is to provide a first step toward understanding how care-ethical responsibility applies to engineering. We also hope to seed dialogue within the engineering community about its ethical responsibilities on the issue. We conclude the paper with a discussion of its implications for engineering education and engineering ethics that suggests changes for educational policy and the practice of engineering.
How Emerging Memory Technologies Will Have You Rethinking Algorithm Design

We are on the cusp of the emergence of a new wave of nonvolatile memory technologies that are projected to become the dominant type of main memory in the near future. A key property of these new memory technologies is their asymmetric read-write costs: Writes can be an order of magnitude or more higher energy, higher latency, and lower (per-module) bandwidth than reads. This high cost for writes motivates a rethinking of algorithm design towards "write-efficient" algorithms and data structures that reduce their number of writes. Many popular techniques for sequential, distributed, and parallel algorithms are tuned to the setting where reads and writes cost the same, and hence need to be revisited. Prior work on reducing writes to contended cache lines in shared memory algorithms can be useful here, but with the new technologies, even writes to uncontended memory is costly. Moreover, the new technologies are unlikely to replace the fastest cache memory, motivating the study of a multi-level memory hierarchy comprised of smaller symmetric level(s) and a larger asymmetric level. Lower bounds, too, need to be revisited in light of asymmetric costs. This talk provides background on these emerging memory technologies, highlights the progress to date on these exciting research questions, and touches on a few of the many open problems.
Modelling the stochastic nature of the available coefficient of friction at footwear-floor interfaces.

AbstractThe available coefficient of friction (ACOF) is a measure of the friction available between two surfaces, which for human gait would be the footwear–floor interface. It is often compared to the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) to determine the likelihood of a slip in gait. Both the ACOF and RCOF are stochastic by nature meaning that neither should be represented by a deterministic value, such as the sample mean. Previous research has determined that the RCOF can be modelled well by either the normal or lognormal distributions, but previous research aimed at determining an appropriate distribution for the ACOF was inconclusive. This study focuses on modelling the stochastic nature of the ACOF by fitting eight continuous probability distributions to ACOF data for six scenarios. In addition, the data were used to study the effect that a simple housekeeping action such as sweeping could have on the ACOF.Practitioner Summary: Previous research aimed at determining an appropriate distribution for...
The opposition effect and its relationship to sediment density in BRDF measurements from the Algodones Sand Dunes System

Density, particle size distribution, surface moisture, and mineral content are some important geophysical properties that affect the bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF) of particulate media such as sand. According to radiative transfer theory, several of these geophysical properties are known to directly affect the overall level of reflectance, as well as the functional form of the opposition effect, for homogeneous, particulate media.1 Most sands are composite, i.e. non-homogeneous, and do not follow the standard distributions (with approximate analytical solutions) for particle size. Therefore, conventional radiative transfer models need to be modified to account for the complex nature of sand. In this work, we examine the impact of density on the functional form of the opposition effect, and we show that differences in density are expressed in a characteristic way. The measurements are collected using the laboratory and field-deployable Goniometer of the Rochester Institute of Technology-Two (GRIT-T). And, the results are based on sediment samples collected from the Algodones Sand Dunes System in southeastern California during the NASA Algodones Dunes Field Experiment conducted in March 2015.
Interactive Crowd-Behavior Learning for Surveillance and Training

The proposed interactive crowd-behavior learning algorithms can be used to analyze crowd videos for surveillance and training applications. The authors' formulation combines online tracking algorithms from computer vision, nonlinear pedestrian motion models from computer graphics, and machine learning techniques to automatically compute trajectory-level pedestrian behaviors for each agent in the video. These learned behaviors are used to automatically detect anomalous behaviors, perform motion segmentation, and generate realistic behaviors for virtual reality training applications.
Anti–Hepatitis Virus Agents

Antiviral therapy for hepatitis viruses, in particular hepatitis C virus (HCV), has evolved dramatically over the past 5 to 10 years. This chapter reviews agents that have been, or are being, developed to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Chapter 32) and HCV (Chapter 54) infections. Detailed information is provided for approved agents and those in advanced stages of clinical development. Agents in earlier stages of development are described more briefly. Agents approved but rarely if ever used for a specific pathogen have been removed from this edition (e.g., interferon-α and HBV). The reader is referred to the respective disease-specific chapters for full discussions of the viral agents and the diseases they cause.
Impact of Horizontal Resolution (1/12° to 1/50°) on Gulf Stream Separation, Penetration, and Variability

AbstractThe impact of horizontal resolution (1/12° to 1/50°; 6 to 1.5 km at midlatitudes) on Gulf Stream separation, penetration, and variability is quantified in a series of identical North Atlantic experiments. The questions the authors seek to address are twofold: 1) Is the realism of the modeled solution increased as resolution is increased? 2) How robust is the modeled mesoscale and submesoscale eddy activity as a function of grid spacing and how representative is it of interior quasigeostrophic (QG) or surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) turbulence? This study shows that (i) the representation of Gulf Stream penetration and associated recirculating gyres shifts from unrealistic to realistic when the resolution is increased to 1/50° and when the nonlinear effects of the submesoscale eddies intensifies the midlatitude jet and increases its penetration eastward, (ii) the penetration into the deep ocean drastically increases with resolution and closely resembles the observations, and (iii) surface power spec...
Source biases in midlatitude magnetotelluric transfer functions due to Pc3-4 geomagnetic pulsations

The magnetotelluric (MT) method for imaging the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth is based on the assumption that source magnetic fields can be considered quasi-uniform, such that the spatial scale of the inducing source is much larger than the intrinsic length scale of the electromagnetic induction process (the skin depth). Here, we show using EarthScope MT data that short spatial scale source magnetic fields from geomagnetic pulsations (Pc’s) can violate this fundamental assumption. Over resistive regions of the Earth, the skin depth can be comparable to the short meridional range of Pc3-4 disturbances that are generated by geomagnetic field-line resonances (FLRs). In such cases, Pc’s can introduce narrow-band bias in MT transfer function estimates at FLR eigenperiods (~ 10–100 s). Although it appears unlikely that these biases will be a significant problem for data inversions, further study is necessary to understand the conditions under which they may distort inverse solutions.
External Beam Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers

Thyroid cancers include a diffuse group of histologies having intrinsically different biological behaviors and natural histories. Given the location of the thyroid gland in close proximity to major organs, such as the larynx, recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, carotid artery, and esophagus, it is well recognized that local control remains itself an important endpoint in the treatment of all these malignancies. With the exception of lymphomas, surgery remains the primary treatment modality. In general, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), as a locoregional treatment, is indicated in situations where surgery or other alternative relatively less toxic therapies, such as 131I or potentially more specifically targeted systemic therapies, are deemed inappropriate or unsuccessful.
39 kDa receptor-associated protein is an ER resident protein and molecular chaperone for LDL receptor-related protein.

Abstract The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a multifunctional endocytic receptor with the ability to bind and endocytose several structurally and functionally distinct ligands. A 39 kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) inhibits all ligand interactions with LRP in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that RAP is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein. The tetrapepetide sequence HNEL at the C-terminus of RAP is both necessary and sufficient for RAP retention within the ER. Metabolic labeling combined with cross-linking studies show that RAP interacts with LRP in vivo. Pulse-chase analysis reveals that this association is transient early in the secretory pathway and coincides with LRP aggregation and reduced ligand binding activity. Both internal triplicated LRP binding domains on RAP and multiple RAP binding domains on LRP appear to contribute to the aggregation of LRP and RAP. Dissociation of RAP from LRP results from the lower pH encountered later in the secretory pathway and correlates with an increase in LRP ligand binding activity. Taken together, our results thus suggest that RAP functions intracellularly as a molecular chaperone for LRP and regulates its ligand binding activity along the secretory pathway.
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of the Biodeterioration of Human Hair Buried in Soil and Immersed in Water

Forensic scientists are frequently called upon to examine minute bits of physical evidence that may be transferred between a criminal and the scene of his crime or the criminal and his victim. These minute bits of evidence are referred to as trace evidence. They are used to associate a suspect in a criminal case with a particular crime. Trace evidence includes glass particles, soil, paint chips and smears, textile fibers and hairs.
Evaluation of chronic toxicity of sodium chloride or potassium chloride to a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) in water exposures using standard and refined toxicity testing methods

Freshwater mussels are generally underrepresented in toxicity databases used to derive water quality criteria, especially for long-term exposures. Multiple tests were conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KCl) to a unionid mussel (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea). Initially, a 4-wk NaCl test and a 4-wk KCl test were conducted starting with 2-mo-old mussels in water exposures with and without a thin layer of sand substrate. A feeding study was conducted later to refine test conditions for longer-term 12-wk exposures, and 3 chronic NaCl tests were then conducted following the refined method to assess the influence of test duration (4-12 wk) and age of organisms (starting age ∼1 wk to 2 mo) on mussel sensitivity. Biomass (total dry wt of surviving mussels in a replicate) was generally a more sensitive endpoint compared to survival and growth (length and dry wt). In the 4-wk NaCl or KCl test started with 2-mo-old juveniles, a 20% effect concentration (EC20) based on biomass (264 mg Cl/L from the NaCl test or 8.7 mg K/L from the KCl test) in the exposure with sand was 2-fold lower than the EC20 in the exposure without sand. The longer-term 12-wk NaCl tests started with the 1-wk-old and 2-mo-old juveniles were successfully completed under refined test conditions based on the feeding study, and younger juveniles were more sensitive to NaCl than older juveniles. The NaCl toxicity did not substantially change with extended exposure periods from 4 to 12 wk, although the 4-wk EC20s for biomass were slightly greater (up to 37%) than the 12-wk EC20s in the 2 longer-term exposures. Including the toxicity data from the present study into existing databases would rank fatmucket the most sensitive species to KCl and the second most sensitive species to NaCl for all freshwater organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3050-3062. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Integrated high electron mobility transistors in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures for amplification at sub-Kelvin temperatures

We demonstrate the use of custom high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures to amplify current from quantum dot devices. The amplifier circuit is located adjacent to the quantum dot device, at sub-Kelvin temperatures, in order to reduce the impact of cable capacitance and environmental noise. Using this circuit, we show a current gain of 380 for 0.56 μW of power dissipation, with a bandwidth of 2.7 MHz and current noise referred to the input of 24 fA/Hz1/2 for frequencies of 0.1–1 MHz. The power consumption required for similar gain is reduced by more than a factor of 20 compared to a previous demonstration using a commercial off-the-shelf HEMT. We also demonstrate integration of a HEMT amplifier circuit on-chip with a quantum dot device, which has the potential to reduce parasitics and should allow for more complex circuits with reduced footprints.
ASPIRIN FOR THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: AN UPDATED META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS

Aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events remains controversial. In recent months, new RCTs have been reported, describing conflicting results. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis of RCTs with the largest sample ever reported. Relevant RCTs were included, and RRs
Super- and submodularity of stopping games with random observations

Models of learning and experimentation based on two-armed Poisson bandits addressed several important aspects related to strategic and motivational learning, but they are not suitable to study effects that accumulate over time. We propose a new class of models of strategic experimentation which are almost as tractable as exponential models, but incorporate such realistic features as dependence of the expected rate of news arrival on the time elapsed since the start of an experiment. In these models, the experiment is stopped before news is realized whenever the rate of arrival of news reaches a critical level. This leads to longer experimentation times for experiments with possible breakthroughs than for equivalent experiments with failures. We also show that the game with conclusive failures is supermodular, and the game with conclusive breakthroughs is submodular.
Abstract 1542: Bispecific T cell engager-induced toxicity in an immunocompetent solid tumor model

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and bispecific T cell engagers have demonstrated clinical efficacy, however are often accompanied by severe toxicity including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Mechanistic understanding of the development of these toxicities and testing of therapeutic interventions is limited by a lack of suitable immunocompetent pre-clinical models. We have developed both human and murine versions of a bispecific molecule with specific activity against target expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. These bispecific proteins are constructed from the extracellular portion of either mouse or human NKG2D receptor and target cells expressing the cognate ligands by redirecting T cells through their CD3 binding arm. Using the murine bispecific protein, mNKG2DxCD3, we have developed an immunocompetent mouse tumor model which exhibits treatment induced toxicity and recapitulates key features similar to those observed in human CRS. Toxicity was observed between the 2nd and 4th bispecific protein injections but was not observed following subsequent injections. Monitoring of toxicity kinetics showed transient symptoms peaking 3-4 hours following bispecific protein injection with complete resolution after 8 hours. Weight loss and elevated plasma cytokines including IFNγ, IL6, TNFα, IL2 and IL10 were also associated with toxicity. Pathology analysis showed a reduction in white pulp in the mouse spleens, however, other organs evaluated (brain, kidney, lung and heart) were normal. Using mouse genetic knockout models, we were able to show that T cells, IFNγ and Perforin were required for development of this toxicity. Additionally, In vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells was sufficient to prevent the onset of toxicity. These findings highlight the importance of T cell activation and function and shed light on the mechanistic underpinnings of bispecific T cell engager protein induced toxicity. Citation Format: Claire Godbersen-Palmer, Tiffany Coupet, Zakaria Grada, Charles Sentman. Bispecific T cell engager-induced toxicity in an immunocompetent solid tumor model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1542.
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Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified

A heterogeneous group of mature T-cell lymphomas that do not fulfill criteria for currently known specifically defined types of mature T-cell lymphoma. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) not otherwise specified (NOS) accounts for 30 % of PTCL in Western countries. Most patients are adults with a median age of 60 years old. Children are rarely affected. The male to female ratio is 2:1.
Design of Marketplaces for Smart Manufacturing Services

Abstract The future of manufacturing depends on the successful implementation of two terms: cyber-physical systems (CPS) and micro-services. CPS technologies are transforming the way manufacturing components interact, just as the Internet has transformed the interaction with information. A micro-service is an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely-coupled, independent, and self-executable programs that can be composed to provide various capabilities of large, monolithic manufacturing applications such as ERP and MES. The transition to such a modular structure enables two important features. First, micro-services can be sourced on a pay-as-you-go fashion from a large, diverse, and growing number of independent providers, thus opening the manufacturing space to new players such as innovative and agile startups. Second, those micro-services can be viewed as building-blocks for creating on-demand, complex, custom processes that address the specific needs of users. Taken together, micro-services, the platforms on which they reside, and service vendors constitute a multi-platform marketplace. This article first provides an overview of new manufacturing paradigms enabled by CPS and micro-services. It then formalizes the multi-platform marketplaces for micro-services as multi-layer networks of collaborating-competing agents with different interests, policies, capabilities, and technologies. It finally formulates a research methodology for optimizing the policies and interactions through the theories of matching markets and multi-agent reinforcement learning.
Innovation abounds in cancer therapy

For decades, the treatment modalities for patients with cancer have included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Each of these, individually, have demonstrated merit in their own right, and in some situations their combinations or sequences has led to improvements over existing standards. There
Sodium hydrogen exchanger 9 NHE9 (SLC9A9) and its emerging roles in neuropsychiatric comorbidity

Variations in SLC9A9 gene expression and protein function are associated with multiple human diseases, which range from Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to glioblastoma multiforme. In an effort to determine the full spectrum of human disease associations with SLC9A9, we performed a systematic review of the literature. We also review SLC9A9's biochemistry, protein structure, and function, as well as its interacting partners with the goal of identifying mechanisms of disease and druggable targets. We report gaps in the literature regarding the genes function along with consistent trends in disease associations that can be used to further research into treating the respective diseases. We report that SLC9A9 has strong associations with neuropsychiatric diseases and various cancers. Interestingly, we find strong overlap in SLC9A9 disease associations and propose a novel role for SLC9A9 in neuropsychiatric comorbidity. In conclusion, SLC9A9 is a multifunctional protein that, through both its endosome regulatory function and its protein-protein interaction network, has the ability to modulate signaling axes, such as the PI3K pathway, among others.
Fuzzy Math, Disclosure Regulation, and Market Outcomes: Evidence from Truth-in-Lending Reform

Consumer installment lenders prefer to market “low monthly payments” and shroud interest rates. Why not voluntarily disclose rates? We show that when an interest rate is not disclosed, most consumers substantially underestimate it using information on the monthly payment, loan principal and maturity. This “fuzzy math” or “payment/interest bias” helps explain why lenders shroud rates and thereby violate the Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA) even under the threat of fines and litigation. So does TILA have any teeth? We identify within-household interactions between policy-induced variation in the strength of TILA enforcement across lenders and time, payment/interest bias, and interest rates on actual loans. More biased households pay roughly 400 basis points more than less-biased households, but only on loans from lenders facing relatively weak TILA enforcement. The results link a cognitive bias to firm strategy and market outcomes, show that mandated disclosure can attenuate those links, and highlight the importance of enforcement costs.
Training a diverse workforce to address the opioid crisis

This article describes an interprofessional workforce development program that aims to train current and future behavioral health professionals in culturally- and developmentally-appropriate, integ...
Gene-occupation interactions in lung cancer risk--letter.

Malhotra and colleagues ([1][1]) report significant gene–occupation exposure interactions involving several genes implicated in the etiology of lung cancer, including those comprising the B-cell antigen receptor pathway. B cells produce immunoglobulins (Ig), which are important players in humoral
Staying True To The Script: A Dramaturgical Examination of From The Mississippi Delta: Endesha Ida Mae Holland

iv Beyond the Script 1 Obituary 30 The Script 32 The Staged Reading Process 37 Flyer 41 Actor Responses 42 Reviews 43 Etymology 46 Terms and their Meanings 52 Music 53 Poetry 62 Geography 65 Images 67 Past Productions 68 Bibliography 70 Vita 72