cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer for solar energy conversion

In Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), energy non-radiatively transfers from a blue-shifted emitter to a red-shifted absorber by dipole–dipole coupling. This study shows that plasmonics enables the opposite transfer direction, transferring the plasmonic energy towards the short-wavelength direction to induce charge separation in a semiconductor. Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET) differs from FRET because of the lack of a Stoke's shift, non-local absorption effects and a strong dependence on the plasmon's dephasing rate and dipole moment. PIRET non-radiatively transfers energy through an insulating spacer layer, which prevents interfacial charge recombination losses and dephasing of the plasmon from hot-electron transfer. The distance dependence of dipole–dipole coupling is mapped out for a range of detuning across the plasmon resonance. PIRET can efficiently harvest visible and near-infrared sunlight with energy below the semiconductor band edge to help overcome the constraints of band-edge energetics for single semiconductors in photoelectrochemical cells, photocatalysts and photovoltaics. Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer is revealed and explored for solar energy harvesting from visible and near-infrared light.
Acoustically Propelled Nanomotors for Intracellular siRNA Delivery

An effective intracellular gene silencing strategy based on acoustically propelled nanowires modified with an interfering RNA’s (siRNA) payload is described. The gold nanowires (AuNW) are wrapped with a Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) DNA strand, which serves to anchor the siRNA therapy. The ultrasound (US)-powered propulsion of the AuNW leads to fast internalization and rapid intracellular movement and hence to an accelerated siRNA delivery and silencing response. To optimize the micromotor gene silencing procedure, the influence of motion, time, and siRNA dosage was investigated, leading up to a 94% silencing after few minutes treatment with US-propelled siRNA–AuNWs, and to a dramatic (∼13-fold) improvement in the silencing response compared to the static modified nanowires. The ability of the nanomotor-based method for gene silencing has been demonstrated by measuring the GFP silencing response in two different cell lines (HEK-293 and MCF-7) and using detailed control experiments. The viability of t...
Optical Multidimensional Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Atomic Vapors and Semiconductors

Optical multidimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy excites a sample with a sequence of ultrafast pulses. A spectrum is constructed by taking Fourier transforms with respect to pulse delays, which are interferometrically controlled.
Deregulated c-Myc prematurely recruits both Type I and II CD95/Fas apoptotic pathways associated with terminal myeloid differentiation

Previously we have reported that deregulated expression of c-myc in normal and leukemic myeloid cells blocked differentiation and, concomitantly, induced p53-independent apoptosis. Here, we show that this morbidity was due to premature recruitment of the Fas/CD95 cell death pathway which normally operates to induce apoptosis at the end of the terminal myeloid differentiation program. Analysis of the regulated components of this pathway revealed that IL6-mediated induction of differentiation resulted in rapid cell surface expression of CD95 receptor. Deregulated c-myc prevented the downregulation of CD95 ligand by maintaining its transcription, but caused premature downregulation of c-FLIP. First, the Type II (mitochondria-dependent, bcl-2-sensitive) and, then, the Type I (mitochondria-independent, bcl-2-insensitive) pathway were activated. Stable exogenous c-FLIP expression completely rescued the apoptotic phenotype. Furthermore, when the deregulated c-myc transgene was stably transduced into bone marrow cells from Fas(lpr/lpr) (CD95 receptor mutant) and FasL(gld/gld) (CD95 ligand mutant) mice, cell death was significantly suppressed relative to c-myc-transduced wild type bone marrow cells upon induction of differentiation. These data indicate that c-myc-mediated apoptosis associated with blocks in myeloid differentiation is dependent on the Fas/CD95 pathway. Our findings offer important new insights into understanding how deregulated c-myc alters normal blood cell homeostasis, and how additional mutations might promote leukemogenesis.
New Concepts and Methods in the Study and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

This paper reviews progress in the use of 24-hour distal esophageal pH monitoring in the study of gastroesophageal reflux. This technique records acid exposure as numbers of reflux episodes and time required by the esophagus to return this acid juice to the stomach. These data afford an opportunity to conceptualize the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in relation to physiologic activities such as alimentation, sleep, and postural change. This knowledge will enable the clinician to critically focus attention on important issues of patient management and therapy as they relate to the pathophysiology of this disease.
Individualism and Divorce

In a sample of 26 nations, crude divorce rates in 1980 were associated with individualism scores obtained from samples of workers for one international company in those nations.
Large Strain Extrusion Machining on 6013 Aluminum Alloy

Heat-treatable 6xxx series aluminum alloys are attractive to the automotive industry for car body sheet applications, particularly for their low densities. Traditionally, aluminum alloy sheets are manufactured by multi-step rolling of cast slabs and annealing. To reduce the processing steps required to make sheet, large strain extrusion machining (LSEM), a shear-based single-step deformation process, was used to create continuous strip from a 6013 aluminum alloy as a model material system. Microstructure and mechanical property of the strips, subjected to a variety of deformation parameters (strains, strain rates and temperatures), were characterized using optical microscopy and Vickers hardness test.
Design and fabrication of a two-mile disk-loaded linear electron accelerator

A two-mile electron linear accelerator designed to produce an electron beam of high intensity in the energy range of 10 to 40 Bev for purposes of physics research is now being constructed on a site near the Stanford University campus. Stanford is carrying out this work under a prime contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy commission. The estimated total construction cost of this accelerator is $114 million. The construction schedule calls for completion by July 1st, 1966. A general view of the accelerat or and the experimental area is shown in Pig. 1.
1.5 dimensional circular pattern filter for multiscale lung nodule detection

The work presented is an important step in computerized lung nodule detection. The existing schemes proposed in the literature are generally two-step procedures, i.e., segmentation of suspicious areas followed by a differentiation of nodules from lung and chest structures. The algorithms in these schemes for the suspicious area segmentation are all based on 2-D matched filtering techniques which may not be robust in the situations where lung structures overlap with nodules. The 1.5-D circular pattern filter proposed in this paper uses a grouped local gradient characteristics method which is insensitive to overlapped structures, but sensitive to a pre-defined shape, such as circular area. A set of multiscale filters combined with a multiscale stability analysis provides a very effective method for detection of lung modules of different sizes.
Control of a nonlinear plant with two level input using a tabular adaptive-predictive model

Tabular adaptive predictive model for trajectory following control of nonlinear plant with switched two-level input
Microbial Control of Arthropod Pests in Small Fruits and Vegetables in Temperate Climate

Several small fruit and vegetable cropping systems in temperate regions are ideal for using entomopathogens for pest management. A variety of arthropod pests that cause damage to underground and aboveground plant parts are controlled using entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and baculoviruses. Some examples of microbial control with natural epizootics or application of commercial formulations include Bacillus thuringiensis for managing the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella , in crucifers; the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata , in potato; the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana , in grape; the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua , in strawberry; entomopathogenic fungi for managing the brown stink bug, Riptortus linearis , in soybean; different species of aphids in cabbage, celery, and lettuce; and the Western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus , and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae , in strawberry; entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata , in vegetables; Otiorhynchus spp. and the raspberry crown borer, Pennisetia marginata , in various small fruits; the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon , in strawberry and vegetables; and the spotted wing Drosophila , Drosophila suzukii , in caneberries; baculoviruses for S. exigua , P. xylostella ; and the potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella , in potatoes; the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea , in strawberry; and the grape leaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians , in grape. These examples demonstrate the potential of various entomopathogens in developing integrated pest management strategies for small fruits and vegetables.
Observations on The Future of Nuclear Power and How to Get There

I am pleased to have been given this opportunity to address this International Conference on Preparing the Ground for Renewal of Nuclear Power by video, although I regret missing personal discussions with each of you. As some of you know, I have been associated with nuclear power development since its earliest 1940’s days. Viewed from this half-century of experience, I will summarize my perceptions on the future of nuclear power.
Spirituality, Belief, and Relationship

Individuals are not entities onto themselves, but rather function within the framework of relations with others. Most, if not all, spiritual and religious paths provide guidance on how individuals are to behave toward each other in the context of family and other relationships. This chapter explores precepts across faiths that may be critical to an understanding of relationship patterns and/or that may serve as the impetus for change in the way an individual relates to others.
Implementing High-performance Complex Matrix Multiplication via the 3m and 4m Methods

In this article, we explore the implementation of complex matrix multiplication. We begin by briefly identifying various challenges associated with the conventional approach, which calls for a carefully written kernel that implements complex arithmetic at the lowest possible level (i.e., assembly language). We then set out to develop a method of complex matrix multiplication that avoids the need for complex kernels altogether. This constraint promotes code reuse and portability within libraries such as Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms and BLAS-Like Library Instantiation Software (BLIS) and allows kernel developers to focus their efforts on fewer and simpler kernels. We develop two alternative approaches—one based on the 3m method and one that reflects the classic 4m formulation—each with multiple variants, all of which rely only on real matrix multiplication kernels. We discuss the performance characteristics of these “induced” methods and observe that the assembly-level method actually resides along the 4m spectrum of algorithmic variants. Implementations are developed within the BLIS framework, and testing on modern hardware confirms that while the less numerically stable 3m method yields the fastest runtimes, the more stable (and thus widely applicable) 4m method’s performance is somewhat limited due to implementation challenges that appear inherent in nature.
Steam Reforming of Acetic Acid over Co-Supported Catalysts: Coupling Ketonization for Greater Stability

We report on the markedly improved stability of a novel 2-bed catalytic system, as compared to that of a conventional 1-bed steam reforming catalyst, for the production of H2 from acetic acid. The 2-bed catalytic system consists of (i) a basic oxide ketonization catalyst for the conversion of acetic acid to acetone, and (ii) a Co-based steam reforming catalyst, both catalytic beds placed in sequence within the same unit operation. Steam reforming catalysts are particularly prone to catalytic deactivation when steam reforming acetic acid, used here as a model compound for the aqueous fraction of bio-oil. Catalysts consisting of MgAl2O4, ZnO, CeO2, and activated carbon (AC) both with and without Co-addition were evaluated for conversion of acetic acid, and its ketonization product, acetone, in the presence of steam. It was found that over the bare oxide support only ketonization activity was observed, and coke deposition was minimal. With addition of Co to the oxide support steam reforming activity was faci...
Worldwide Dissatisfaction With the Diagnostic Process and Initial Treatment of PCOS.

Commentary on the importance of the findings in “Delayed Diagnosis and a Lack of Information Associated With Dissatisfaction in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.”
Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms characterize cardiac arrest survivors' perceived recovery at hospital discharge.

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, not cognitive or functional impairment, are associated with cardiac arrest survivors' negative recovery perceptions at hospital discharge. Methods Prospective observational cohort of cardiac arrest patients admitted between 9/2015–5/2017. Survival to discharge with sufficient mental status to complete a psychosocial interview was the main inclusion criterion. Perceived recovery was assessed through the question, “Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from your arrest?” The following measures were examined as potential correlates of perceived recovery: Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale, Cerebral Performance Category, Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D), and PTSD Checklist–Specific (PCL-S). Logistic regression evaluated associations between perceived recovery and potential correlates of recovery. Results 64/354 patients (58% men, 48% white, mean age 52 ± 17) were included. 67% (n = 43) had a negative recovery perception. There were no differences among patients' cognitive and functional domains. In individual models, patients with higher PCL-S and CES-D scores were more likely to have a negative recovery perception after adjusting for age and gender (OR: 1.2, 95% CI [1.1, 1.4], p = 0.003) and (OR: 1.1, 95% CI [1.0, 1.1], p = 0.05). Conclusions Within one month after a cardiac arrest event, survivors' negative recovery perceptions are associated with psychological distress.
Capacitively Driven Global Interconnect With Energy-Efficient Receiver Based on Magneto-Electric Switching

We model a capacitively driven, low-swing, global interconnect circuit based on a receiver that utilizes magnetization switching induced by the magneto-electric (ME) effect. Capacitively driven wire was recently shown to be effective in improving the performance of global interconnects. Such techniques can reduce the signal swing in the interconnect with the use of a capacitive divider network, which does not require an additional voltage supply. However, the large reduction in signal swing makes it necessary to use differential signaling and amplification for successful regeneration at the receiver, which add wire area and require static power. The ME effect has been shown to reverse the magnetization of a nanomagnet by applying a low voltage to an adjacent multiferroic oxide. Here, we propose a receiver based on the ME effect that uses the low voltage at the receiving end of the global wire to switch a nanomagnet. The nanomagnet is also used as the free layer of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), the resistance of which is tuned through the ME effect. This change in MTJ resistance is converted to full-swing binary signals with simple digital components. This process allows capacitive, low-swing interconnection without differential signaling or amplification, which leads to significant energy efficiency. Our simulation results indicate that for 5–10 mm long global wires in IBM 45 nm technology, the capacitive ME design consumes one third the energy of a full-swing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) design and one half the energy of a differential amplifier low-swing capacitive CMOS design.
Measurement of Gas Evolution from PUNB Bonded Sand as a Function of Temperature

Gas evolved from the thermal decomposition of the binder can greatly deteriorate the quality of sand castings. Binder gas models used in casting simulations require knowledge of the binder gas mass and molecular weight evolution, but available data are limited. In the present study, the mass and molecular weight of gas evolved from phenolic urethane no-bake (PUNB) bonded sand are measured as a function of temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis is used to determine the changes in the binder mass with temperature. The binder is found to be fully pyrolyzed at temperatures above 710C (1310F), with its mass reduced by 82%. Up to 100°C/min (180°F/min), the binder decomposition does not appear to be a strong function of the heating rate. The evolved volume of the binder gas during heating and cooling is measured using a specially designed quartz manometer with a liquid metal as the working fluid. During heating at 2°C/min (3.6°F/min), the binder gas molecular weight is found to decrease in a complex manner from 375 g/mol at 115C (239F) to 33.3 g/mol at 898C (1648F). When the binder pyrolysis is complete above 710C (1310F), the binder gas is incondensable, but continues to decompose to lower molecular weight compounds until at least 1350C (2462F). If the binder is heated to a temperature not exceeding 510C (950F), the binder gas partially condenses during subsequent cooling; this condensation occurs below 165C (329F).
The map z → λ (z+1/z) and roughening of chaos, from linear to planar (computer-assisted homage to K. Hokusai)

The terms “chaos” and “order in chaos” prove extremely valuable but elude definition. It remains important to single out instances when the progress to planar chaos can be followed in a detailed and objective fashion. This paper proposes to show that an excellent such example is provided by the iterates of a map for which z and λ are both complex. The subject of this map is touched upon in M 1982F{FGN| but only on page 465, which was added in 1983, in the second printing. Therefore, the present paper is self-contained.
Overview of precision oncology trials: challenges and opportunities

Introduction: In recent years, the therapeutic management of selected patients with cancer has shifted toward the ‘precision medicine’ approach based on patient’s mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and t...
Unusual Neisseria species as a cause of infection in patients taking eculizumab

Summary Background Non-meningococcal, non-gonococcal Neisseria spp. are typically commensal and rarely cause invasive disease. Eculizumab is a terminal complement inhibitor that increases susceptibility to meningococcal disease, but data on disease caused by typically-commensal Neisseria spp. are lacking. This series describes postmarketing reports of typically-commensal Neisseria spp. disease in patients receiving eculizumab. Methods We searched the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and medical literature for reports of commensal Neisseria spp. disease in patients receiving eculizumab, from eculizumab U.S. approval (2007) through January 31, 2018. Results We identified seven FAERS reports (including one case also reported in the literature) of non-meningococcal, non-gonococcal Neisseria disease, including N. sicca (mucosa)/subflava (n = 2), N. cinerea (n = 2), N. sicca (mucosa) (n = 1), N. mucosa (n = 1, with concurrent alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus bacteremia), and N. flavescens (subflava) (n = 1). Four cases had sources of patient immunosuppression in addition to eculizumab. Three patients had sepsis (n = 2) or septic shock (n = 1). Five patients were bacteremic. All patients were hospitalized; the infections resolved with antibiotics. Conclusions Our search identified seven cases of disease from typically commensal Neisseria spp. in eculizumab recipients. These findings suggest that any Neisseria spp. identified from a normally sterile site in an eculizumab recipient could represent true infection warranting prompt treatment.
Interplay Between the Persistent Random Walk and the Contact Inhibition of Locomotion Leads to Collective Cell Behaviors

Cell migration plays an important role in physiology and pathophysiology. It was observed in the experiments that cells, such as fibroblast, leukocytes, and cancer cells, exhibit a wide variety of migratory behaviors, such as persistent random walk, contact inhibition of locomotion, and ordered behaviors. To identify biophysical mechanisms for these cellular behaviors, we developed a rigorous computational model of cell migration on a two-dimensional non-deformable substrate. Cells in the model undergo motion driven by mechanical interactions between cellular protrusions and the substrate via the balance of tensile forces. Properties of dynamic formation of lamellipodia induced the persistent random walk behavior of a migrating cell. When multiple cells are included in the simulation, the model recapitulated the contact inhibition of locomotion between cells at low density without any phenomenological assumptions or momentum transfer. Instead, the model showed that contact inhibition of locomotion can emerge via indirect interactions between the cells through their interactions with the underlying substrate. At high density, contact inhibition of locomotion between numerous cells gave rise to confined motions or ordered behaviors, depending on cell density and how likely lamellipodia turn over due to contact with other cells. Results in our study suggest that various collective migratory behaviors may emerge without more restrictive assumptions or direct cell-to-cell biomechanical interactions.
PD-L1 expression, DNA mismatch repair genes, and HPV types in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

5533Background: Previous studies observed low PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer, and that high PD-L1 expression is associated with deficient DNA mismatch repair genes and poor prognosis. No study...
Assessment of the regional distribution of normalized circumferential strain in the thoracic and abdominal aorta using DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) of the aortic wall offers the potential to improve patient-specific diagnostics and prognostics of diverse aortopathies by quantifying regionally heterogeneous aortic wall strain in vivo. However, before regional mapping of strain can be used to clinically assess aortic pathology, an evaluation of the natural variation of normal regional aortic kinematics is required. Aortic spiral cine DENSE CMR was performed at 3 T in 30 healthy adult subjects (range 18 to 65 years) at one or more axial locations that are at high risk for aortic aneurysm or dissection: the infrarenal abdominal aorta (IAA, n = 11), mid-descending thoracic aorta (DTA, n = 17), and/or distal aortic arch (DAA, n = 11). After implementing custom noise-reduction techniques, regional circumferential Green strain of the aortic wall was calculated across 16 sectors around the aortic circumference at each location and normalized by the mean circumferential strain for comparison between individuals. The distribution of normalized circumferential strain (NCS) was heterogeneous for all locations evaluated. Despite large differences in mean strain between subjects, comparisons of NCS revealed consistent patterns of strain distribution for similar groupings of patients by axial location, age, and/or mean displacement angle. NCS at local systole was greatest in the lateral/posterolateral walls in the IAAs (1.47 ± 0.27), medial wall in anteriorly displacing DTAs (1.28 ± 0.20), lateral wall in posteriorly displacing DTAs (1.29 ± 0.29), superior curvature in DAAs 50 years (2.29 ± 0.58). The distribution of strain was strongly influenced by the location of the vertebra and other surrounding structures unique to each location. Regional in vivo circumferential strain in the adult aorta is unique to each axial location and heterogeneous around its circumference, but can be grouped into consistent patterns defined by basic patient-specific metrics following normalization. The heterogeneous strain distributions unique to each group may be due to local peri-aortic constraints (particularly at the aorto-vertebral interface), heterogeneous material properties, and/or heterogeneous flow patterns. These results must be carefully considered in future studies seeking to clinically interpret or computationally model patient-specific aortic kinematics.
Optimization-Based Design of Active and Stable Nanostructured Surfaces

Advances in heterogeneous catalysis are being enabled by ever-growing control over the structure of surfaces at the atomic scale. To propose new defected catalytic surfaces, there is a need to syst...
Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in poor ovarian responders with four or fewer oocytes retrieved

To assess whether preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) at the blastocyst stage improves clinical outcomes compared with transfer of embryos without PGT-A in poor ovarian response (POR) patients. Retrospective cohort study of IVF cycles from 2016 to 2019 at a single academic fertility center. IVF cycles with POR and four or fewer oocytes retrieved were stratified into PGT-A (n = 241) and non-PGT (n = 112) groups. In PGT-A cycles, trophectoderm biopsy, next-generation sequencing with 24-chromosome screening, and single euploid frozen embryo transfer were performed. In non-PGT cycles, fresh or frozen transfer of untested embryos on day 3 or 5 was performed. Main outcomes included live birth rate and miscarriage rate per retrieval. Patients who underwent PGT-A cycles were significantly less likely to reach embryo transfer compared with those who underwent non-PGT cycles (13.7% vs 70.6%). The live birth rate per retrieval did not differ between the PGT-A and non-PGT groups (6.6% vs 5.4%). Overall, the miscarriage rate was low. The PGT-A group demonstrated a significantly lower miscarriage rate per retrieval (0.4% vs 3.6%) as well as per pregnancy (5.9% vs 40.0%) compared with the non-PGT group. The number needed to treat to avoid one clinical miscarriage was 31 PGT-A cycles. PGT-A did not improve live birth rate per retrieval in POR patients with four or fewer oocytes retrieved. PGT-A was associated with a lower miscarriage rate; however, a fairly large number of PGT-A cycles were needed to prevent one miscarriage.
XGMix: Local-Ancestry Inference With Stacked XGBoost

Genomic medicine promises increased resolution for accurate diagnosis, for personalized treatment, and for identification of population-wide health burdens at rapidly decreasing cost (with a genotype now cheaper than an MRI and dropping). The benefits of this emerging form of affordable, data-driven medicine will accrue predominantly to those populations whose genetic associations have been mapped, so it is of increasing concern that over 80% of such genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted solely within individuals of European ancestry. The severe under-representation of the majority of the world9s populations in genetic association studies stems in part from an addressable algorithmic weakness: lack of simple, accurate, and easily trained methods for identifying and annotating ancestry along the genome (local ancestry). Here we present such a method (XGMix) based on gradient boosted trees, which, while being accurate, is also simple to use, and fast to train, taking minutes on consumer-level laptops.
Infection-Induced Porcine Ex Vivo Corneal Wound Model to Study the Efficacy of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Entry and Replication Inhibitors

Corneal infections by viruses and bacteria can result in ocular surface defects, ulcers, or wounds. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a human virus with global seroprevalence in the range of 60-90%. While the virus more commonly causes mucocutaneous lesions including ulcers on the face and mouth, it is also a leading cause of infection-associated blindness. In this chapter, we discuss an in-depth protocol required to evaluate corneal damage due to HSV-1 infection using porcine models of ex vivo infection. Our methods can be adapted to study similar infections caused by other viruses and bacteria.
Factors Associated With Increased Risk of Serious Ocular Injury in the Setting of Orbital Fracture

Importance Orbital fractures are common in ocular trauma, and there is a need to develop predictive tools to estimate risk of concurrent ocular injury. Objective To identify clinical and radiographic features that are associated with increased risk of substantial ocular injury in the setting of orbital fracture. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective consecutive case series of patients who sustained orbital fractures between 2012 and 2018. Examinations were done at 1 of 2 level 1 trauma centers in the emergency or inpatient setting. A total of 430 consecutive patients (500 eyes) between 2012 and 2017 met inclusion criteria for the training sample. After building a predictive model, 88 additional consecutive patients (97 eyes) between 2017 and 2018 who met inclusion criteria were collected as a test sample. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was substantial ocular injury distinct from orbital fracture. Results The mean age of our patient population was 53.5 years (range, 16-100 years). The overall rate of substantial ocular injury was 20.4%, and the rate of injury requiring immediate ophthalmic attention was 14.4%. Five variables were found to be associated with increased risk of substantial ocular injury: blunt trauma with a foreign object (odds ratio [OR], 19.4; 95% CI, 6.3-64.1;P Conclusions and Relevance A minority of patients with an orbital fracture had a substantial ocular injury. Certain radiographic and clinical findings were associated with substantial ocular injury. Testing of the algorithm in prospective longitudinal settings appears warranted.
An Investigation of the Fish Population Within the Inland Waters of Horn Island, Mississippi, A Barrier Island in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

An investigation to ascertain the species composition and the relative abundance of the fish population within the inland waters of Horn Island, Mississippi, a member of the offshore barrier island chain, was made from August 1965 to September 1966, and 69 species representing 58 genera and 35 families were encountered. In respect to the fishes certain biological and physical factors were noted. Forty-nine collecting stations were established on the island, and these were categorized according to the nature of their appearance and location. A salinity range from fresh to 29.9 ppt. was recorded for the sampled bodies of water, with the high salinity areas being under the influence of Mississippi Sound waters. Fishes with both marine and brackish water affinities were collected. Euryhaline species were taken from both fresh water and water which was approaching fresh; however, no true fresh water fishes were obtained. Members of the Atherinidae, Cyprinodontidae, and Poeciliidae (Menidia beryllina, Cyprinodon variegatus, Fundulus similis, Gambusia affinnis, and Poecilia latipinna) contributed most conspicuously to the fish population. Other families which were encountered formed somewhat less conspicuous elements in the population. The killifishes and poeciliids are capable of completing their life histories in the majority of examined areas, and these species contributed most obviously to the permanent occupancy of the inland waters due to their established resident breeding populations.
The Other Molecules in Ancient Bone: Noncollagenous Proteins and DNA

Bone and dentin, the collagen containing hydroxyapatite tissues of the vertebrates, contain a wide variety of other proteins. These noncollagenous proteins (NCP) derive from the specialized cells of hard tissues, and also from circulating blood plasma. An important reference point in the history of bone cell NCP characterization was the isolation and purification of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein, osteocalcin or bone Gla protein, by two laboratories in the 1970s (Hauschka et al. 1975; Price et al. 1976). In rapid succession throughout the 1980s osteonectin (Termine et al. 1981), two proteoglycans (Fisher et al. 1983), two sialoproteins (Franzen and Heinegard 1985; Kinne and Fisher 1987), and an additional Gla-containing protein (Price et al. 1983) were described. While there are a variety of NCPs in dentin, this tissue differs from bone in that more than half of all the noncollagenous protein is a single product, phosphophoryn (DiMusio and Veis 1978). Phospho-phoryn is a unique protein dominated by aspartic and phosphoserine amino acid residues. Developing enamel contains yet another distinct set of NCPs, the amelogenins (Sasaki et al. 1984), and the larger, acidic, enamelins (Termine et al. 1980).
Weighted fuzzy learning vector quantization and weighted generalized fuzzy c-means algorithms

This paper proposes a family of weighted fuzzy learning vector quantization algorithms, which include as a special case the existing fuzzy learning vector quantization algorithms. Under certain conditions, the proposed algorithms result in clustering algorithms that can also be derived using alternating optimization. The original fuzzy c-means (FCM) and generalized FCM (GFCM) algorithms can be obtained as a special case of the resulting clustering algorithms. The proposed formulation also provides the basis for the development of weighted GFCM algorithms, which are experimentally evaluated and compared with existing clustering algorithms.
The step-by-step development of epithelial cancer: from phenotype to genotype.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the step-by-step development of epithelial cancer from phenotype to genotype. Cancer research has at least two major objectives: (1) the understanding of the cancer phenotype and the way it develops and evolves as the immediate basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and (2) the elucidation of the fundamental molecular-biochemical-biological modulations that underlie the development of the cancer phenotype, and its continual evolution to increasingly malignant behavior. The second objective is to add an important facet to the current concepts of basic biology, both “normal” and in disease. In many research enterprises that fall under the rubric of cancer research, both of these major objectives are important and relevant, even though the therapeutic aspects may dominate. Because epithelial cancers and their preceding and precursor epithelial changes are known only by their phenotypes, it is important to delineate these in a scientifically meaningful way. The major objective of this area of cancer research is to delineate the phenotype of the cells of each major step on the path to cancer and to change the phenotype as to prevent or even delay its evolution to carcinoma. Although the knowledge of altered genotypes may ultimately prove to be necessary for us to understand the way cancer develops, it is axiomatic that knowledge of altered phenotypes is a necessary prerequisite. There are at least three major patterns for epithelial cancer development in humans and animals. Patterns I and II are commonly seen and studied in humans. Pattern III appears to be rare, if it occurs at all, in humans.
Language Contact and New Dialect Formation: Evidence from German in North America

When viewing language and dialect contact through the lens of the social settings of variation and acquisition, it becomes apparent that the types and degrees of conservatism in colonial dialects of German are tightly tied to the varieties learned and the patterns of acquisition in the community. Working within the framework of recent theories on stability in language contact and new dialect (koine) formation, the authors explore what the basic social settings of some German-American immigrant communities in Indiana and Wisconsin reveal about the structural consequences of language and dialect contact.
Adverse effects of antidepressant drugs. Part 1: monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclics.

This review discusses the adverse effects of 3 categories of antidepressant drugs; the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), the tricyclic compounds (in part 1 of the review) and the newer (‘second generation ’) drugs which differ structurally and pharmacologically from previous antidepressants as well as from each other (in part 2 of the review appearing in the next issue of the journal).
Microeconomics : behavior, institutions, and evolution

In this novel introduction to modern microeconomic theory, Samuel Bowles returns to the classical economists' interest in the wealth and poverty of nations and people, the workings of the institutions of capitalist economies, and the coevolution of individual preferences and the structures of markets, firms, and other institutions. Using recent advances in evolutionary game theory, contract theory, behavioral experiments, and the modeling of dynamic processes, he develops a theory of how economic institutions shape individual behavior, and how institutions evolve due to individual actions, technological change, and chance events. Topics addressed include institutional innovation, social preferences, nonmarket social interactions, social capital, equilibrium unemployment, credit constraints, economic power, generalized increasing returns, disequilibrium outcomes, and path dependency.Each chapter is introduced by empirical puzzles or historical episodes illuminated by the modeling that follows, and the book closes with sets of problems to be solved by readers seeking to improve their mathematical modeling skills. Complementing standard mathematical analysis are agent-based computer simulations of complex evolving systems that are available online so that readers can experiment with the models. Bowles concludes with the time-honored challenge of "getting the rules right," providing an evaluation of markets, states, and communities as contrasting and yet sometimes synergistic structures of governance. Must reading for students and scholars not only in economics but across the behavioral sciences, this engagingly written and compelling exposition of the new microeconomics moves the field beyond the conventional models of prices and markets toward a more accurate and policy-relevant portrayal of human social behavior.
Concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in serum of normal infants receiving various feedings.

Sera of normal full-term infants, 2 weeks to 5 months of age, were analyzed for concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus. Concentrations of calcium were not found to be significantly influenced by age, sex or type of feeding, the mean value being 9.6 mg/100 ml. Concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in sera of groups of infants receiving a variety of feedings were not well correlated with phosphorus content of the feedings. The mean concentration of inorganic phosphorus in sera of infants 2 weeks to 2 months of age was 7.0 mg/100 ml, approximately two-thirds of the values falling between 6.0 and 8.0 mg/100 ml. The mean concentration of inorganic phosphorus in sera of infants 2 to 5 months of age was 6.5 mg/100 ml, approximately two-thirds of the values falling between 5.8 and 7.4 mg/100 ml. Mean concentration of inorganic phosphorus in sera of boys was significantly greater than in sera of girls, particularly during the first two months of life. The importance of this observation is uncertain.
First limits on WIMP dark matter from the XENON10 experiment

. XENON10 is a dual phase liquid/gas xenon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for the direct search of Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) Dark Matter (DM). The detector, located in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, aims at measuring the recoil energy from elastic WIMP-nucleus scattering. It distinguishes electronic interactions (gamma and beta backgrounds) from nuclear recoils based on a different ratio in yields of ionization charge and scintillation light. This discrimination technique reduces background by a factor of 200 – 1000 in the energy range of interest, at a nuclear recoil acceptance of 50%. Background is further reduced by the self-shielding properties of liquid xenon, as the 3D position resolution of the TPC is used to define an inner fiducial volume of low background. XENON10 was extensively calibrated with gamma and neutron sources. A blind search, with data cuts fixed a priori based on calibration data and 16 days of unblinded background data, had an exposure of 136 kg days at a fiducial mass of 5.4 kg. We report our first upper limit on WIMP DM interactions of 8.8 × 10-44 cm2 for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c2, which is a factor of 2.3 below the best previous limit.
Electrophoretic properties of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in erythrocytes of subjects with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; E.C. 2.4.2.8) has been studied in erythrocytes of patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The location of this enzyme in gel was determined by radiochemical assay. Inosine monophosphate (the reaction product of HGPRT with radioactive hypoxanthine and 5-phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate) was precipitated in the gel at the site of its formation with lanthanum chloride. The zone containing radioactive inosine monophosphate was located by continuous monitoring of mechanically fractionated gels in a scintillation spectrometer. The sensitivity of this method has permitted the detection of the very low HGPRT activity in the electropherograms of hemolysates of patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Among six patients, four had a mutant enzyme which migrated 15% faster than the normal; the other two had a mutant enzyme with about 12% faster migration. These mutants were designated HGPRT-LN and HGPRT-LN slow, respectively. These observations indicate that the mutant gene on the X chromosome codes for a protein of altered structure.
Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection of Phenol and NADH for Enzyme Immunoassay

Abstract Enzyme immunoassays based on chromatographic separation and amperometric detection of an enzyme generated product have been investigated. These assays combine the selectivity of the antigen/antibody reaction with the high sensitivity of thin layer amperometry. The feasibility of utilizing LCEC as a detection scheme was demonstrated using the Syva EMIT® kit for phenytoin. NADH production by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was monitored following a homogeneous procedure. Heterogeneous assays were developed for alkaline phosphatase labeled species which were based upon LCEC determination of phenol. Assays were designed for a common serum glycoprotein (orosomucoid) and a clinically important drug (digoxin). Detection limits approach the pg/mL level and as such may prove fruitful in the quantitation of numerous antigens of clinical interest.
Observations of a daytime birthing event in wild titi monkeys (Callicebus oenanthe): implications of the male parental role

Behaviors displayed during birth events, including prenatal, parturition, and postpartum periods, can give insight into caretaking roles in species in which the offspring is cared for by individuals other than the mother. Titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, exhibit a pair-bonded social system along with intense male care of offspring. Here, I report the first case of a birth seen in the wild in a group of Callicebus oenanthe, a little-known species in northern Peru, and describe infant care and development during the first few months after birth. Detailed behavior during the birth sequence as well as ad libitum data postpartum were recorded on nursing and infant care behaviors, including infant carrying, infant grooming, anogenital cleaning, protection, playing, and food sharing. In the 3 h preceding and during parturition, the male remained in contact with or in close proximity to the female (<1 m). The male licked and examined the newborn 3 min after parturition, carried the infant within 24 h after birth, was the main carrier of the infant, and was the predominant manual groomer of the infant during the first 4 months after birth. I argue that the male plays an integral role during the birth in order to establish his bond with the infant as well as reinforce infant care duties to the female and in predator vigilance. In light of various explanations for the exhibition of intense paternal care, I suggest that the male titi monkey provides infant care to release the female of these duties in order that she may spend more time foraging, thus potentially increasing the pair’s overall reproductive output.
Behavioral responses of seven species of asteroids to the asteroid predator, Solaster dawsoni (responses of asteroids to the predator Solaster dawsoni)

Seven asteroid species common to the northern California coast were studied for their defensive responses to the predator Solaster dawsoni. The presence or absence of an escape response was used to predict whether or not these species were susceptible to predation from Solaster. Strong escape responses were displayed by Patiria miniata, Henricia leviuscula, Leptasterias hexactis, Pycnopodia helianthoides, and small Pisaster ochraceus. Subsequent capture and consumption of Patiria, Henricia, Leptasterias and small P. ochraceus were observed. Solaster attacked all Pisaster spp. tested, but Pisaster brevispinus and larger P. ochraceus protected themselves from predation by utilizing their pedicellariae against Solaster whenever contact occurred. Dermasterias imbricata appeared to be immune to predation by Solaster. Contact between these two asteroids failed to elicit a defensive response in the former or an attack by the latter asteroid.
Meiotic studies of Robertsonian polymorphisms in the South American marsh rat, Holichilus brasiliensis

Meiosis was studied in male South American marsh rats (1) to help clarify the mechanisms that allow unusually high levels of Robertsonian (Rb) polymorphisms to be maintained in wild populations of these animals and (2) to test competing assumptions in two distinct models of chromosomal speciation. In both simple Rb heterozygotes and Rb heterozygotes with monobrachial homology, no univalency was observed in prophase I or metaphase I. Rates of nondisjunction were uniformly low (less than 10%) and did not differ significantly among any of the animals studied, regardless of karyotype and in contrast to the frequency of nondisjunction in other mammalian species. Robertsonian heterozygotes exhibited significantly more chiasmata than did homozygotes, largely owing to an increase in the number of terminally located chiasmata. There was a significant bias favoring the transmission of two acrocentrics over the single metacentric for some Rb rearrangements in the heterozygous state. In addition, the frequency of sex-chromosome univalency increased with increasing Rb heterozygosity, although the ratio of X- and Y-bearing secondary spermatocytes did not differ significantly from 1:1, and no secondary spermatocytes were observed that were nullisomic or disomic for an X or Y chromosome.
Rotating flow over long shallow ridges

The flow of a rotating homogeneous, incompressible fluid past a long ridge is investigated. An analysis is presented for flows in which E ≪ 1, Ro ∼ E½, H/D ∼ E0, h/D ∼ E½ and cosα ∼ E0 where E is t...