cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graded Exercise Testing in a Pediatric Weight Management Center: The DeVos Protocol.

Abstract Background: In this article, we describe a protocol used to test the functional capacity of the obese pediatric patient and describe the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) of patients seeking treatment at a pediatric weight management center. Methods: One hundred eleven (mean age, 12.5 ± 3.0 years) patients performed a multistage exercise test on a treadmill, of which 90 (81%) met end-test criteria and provided valid VO2peak data. Peak VO2 was expressed: (1) in absolute terms (L·min−1); (2) as the ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed per minute relative to total body mass (mL·kg−1·min−1); and (3) as the ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed per minute relative to fat-free mass (mL·FFM·kg−1·min−1). Results: Mean BMI z-score was 2.4 ± 0.3 and the mean percent body fat was 36.5 ± 9.7%. Absolute VO2peak (L·min−1) was significantly different between sexes; however, relative values were similar between sexes. Mean VO2peak was 25.7 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1 with a range of 13.5–36.7 mL·kg−1·min−1. Conclusio...
The Breeding and Feeding of Thoracic Surgeons

Abstract A brief recapitulation of the history of The American Board of Thoracic Surgery reveals that in its 27-year lifetime it has strived to improve the quality of thoracic surgical training. Most recently the Board has decided that candidates from unapproved programs who begin their training after June 30, 1976, will be ineligible for the Board examination. A population of approximately 2,000 thoracic surgeons should be more than adequate to provide patient care in the United States. At the present rate of certification the thoracic surgeon population would number about 4,000 within 25 years. With the birth rate in the United States nearing zero population growth, the number of new thoracic surgeons trained and certified each year must be limited, and it is imperative that the profession rather than the federal government be in control of this. Continuing education and evaluation of clinical competence will soon be required in the specialty of thoracic surgery. Cooperation among the major groups concerned with thoracic surgery is necessary for successful development of continuing education and the necessary evaluation of competence.
Surviving a public health crisis: tips for communicators.

(2003). Surviving a Public Health Crisis: Tips for Communicators. Journal of Health Communication: Vol. 8, No. sup1, pp. 126-127.
The Mothers and Toddlers Program, an attachment-based parenting intervention for substance using women: Post-treatment results from a randomized clinical pilot

This is a report of post-treatment findings from a completed randomized pilot study testing the preliminary efficacy of the Mothers and Toddlers Program (MTP), a 12 week attachment-based individual parenting therapy for mothers enrolled in substance abuse treatment and caring for children ages birth to 36 months. Forty-seven mothers were randomized to MTP versus the Parent Education Program (PE), a comparison intervention providing individual case management and child guidance brochures. At post-treatment, MTP mothers demonstrated better reflective functioning in the Parent Development Interview, representational coherence and sensitivity, and caregiving behavior than PE mothers. Partial support was also found for proposed mechanisms of change in the MTP model. Together, preliminary findings suggest that attachment-based interventions may be more effective than traditional parent training for enhancing relationships between substance using women and their young children.
Current Religious Trends in China

Chinese nation traditionally secular and now a fertile field for the spread of scientific materialism. Whether one accepts either the papal or the secularist judgment as correct, or fastens upon some other conclusion, depends partially on how one chooses to interpret the conflicting reports which come dribbling out of disorganized China. Amid the confusion it is possible to discern the fomenting of forces which may eventuate into a lengthy national struggle between secularism and Christianity. But at the present time it seems as inaccurate to call China an irreligious nation as it is fantastic to call her Christian.
Chinese Reproductive Policy at the Turn of the Millennium: Dynamic Stability

This article reports and discusses these policy developments. The first part provides background. Thus the first section reviews recent program reforms from which the Decision and Law emerged and recent population trends to which they respond. The second section discusses how regime transition and leadership succession are changing the birth program. The second part treats policy formulation. Thus the third section summarizes the 2000 Decision and legislative issues as the immediate background of the 2001 Law. The fourth section assesses stability and change in the 2001 Law and a fifth section identifies some progressive and problematic silences in it. The third part illustrates policy implementation. Thus the sixth section reports recent program activities in birth planning and reproductive health while the seventh section outlines the programs mass organizations and international relations. The eighth section notes organizational constraints and environmental processes that will condition the actual impact of policy on citizens. The conclusion briefly sketches debate over how to evaluate the program. The complete text of the 2001 Law is translated in the Documents department of this issue. (excerpt)
Molecular structure of As2S3 glass

Abstract A systematic reduction in the concentration of SS bonds in As 2 S 3 bulk glass is deduced from 125 Te and 129 I Mossbauer spectroscopy experiments, as the quencg temperature of melts, Tq, exceeds 800°C.
The Rock History Reader

The Rock History Reader THEO CATEFORIS (ED.) New York: Routledge, 2007 ISBN 978‐0‐415‐97501‐8 360 pp., $34.95 As college courses in rock music continue to proliferate, publishers issue more and mor...
Small-animal PET imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor positive tumor with a 64Cu labeled affibody protein.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has become an attractive target for cancer molecular imaging and therapy. Affibody proteins against EGFR have been reported, and thus, we were interested in evaluating their potential for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of EGFR positive cancer. An Affibody analogue (Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907) binding to EGFR was made through conventional solid phase peptide synthesis. The purified protein was site-specifically coupled with the 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tris-aceticacid-10-maleimidethylacetamide (maleimido-mono-amide-DOTA) to produce the bioconjugate, DOTA-ZEGFR:1907. 64Cu labeled probe 64Cu-DOTA-ZEGFR:1907 displayed a moderate specific activity (5−8 MBq/nmol, 22−35 μCi/μg). Cell uptake assays by pre-incubating without or with 300 times excess unlabeled Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907 showed high EGFR-specific uptake (20% applied activity at 0.5 h) in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cancer cells. The affinity (KD) of 64Cu-DOTA-ZEGFR:1907 as tested by cell saturation analysi...
Protein engineering: Check nature first, then evolve.

Ten significantly active new (R)-transaminases, still very rare enzymes, were found among 21 designed variants obtained from nothing more than existing transaminase structures and alignment of pertinent fingerprints of annotated sequences.
A web-based system for design artifact modeling

Abstract Engineering product development in today's industry is becoming increasingly knowledge intensive. The NIST Design Repository Project, at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is working to develop infrastructural technologies to support the use of design repositories in industry. In contrast to traditional design databases, design repositories more actively support knowledge-based design, serving not only as archives, but as repositories of heterogeneous information that are designed to enable representation, capture, sharing, and reuse of corporate design knowledge. This paper presents a language that has been developed for the modeling of engineering design artifacts. The implementation of a prototype tool suite, which includes intelligent web-based interfaces that allow distributed users to create, edit and browse design repositories, is also described.
Negotiating Historical Narratives: An Epistemology of History for History Education.

Historians typically tell stories about the past, but how are we to understand the epistemic status of those narratives? This problem is particularly pressing for history education, which seeks guidance not only on the question of which narrative to teach but also more fundamentally on the question of the goals of instruction in history. This article explores the nature of historical narrative, first, by engaging with the seminal work of Hayden White, and second, by developing the critique of White by David Carr. The picture of historical inquiry that emerges is one in which the fundamental cognitive activity is one of negotiating among narratives. Students, like historians, like any of us, come to the work of historical inquiry in possession of prior narratives, which are then thrown into an encounter with other narratives of varying size and scope. Good historians enact the negotiation among narratives responsibly and well, demonstrating the virtues of historical interpretation. History education, therefore, ought to help students improve their historical interpretations at the same time as it fosters those qualities that make them good interpreters.
Planarization of a CMOS die for an integrated metal MEMS

This paper describes a planarization procedure to achieve a flat CMOS die surface for the integration of a MEMS metal mirror array. The CMOS die for our device is 4 mm × 4 mm and comes from a commercial foundry. The initial surface topography has 0.9 μm bumps from the aluminum interconnect patterns that are used for addressing the individual micro mirror array elements. To overcome the tendency for tilt error in the planarization of the small CMOS die, our approach is to sputter a thick layer of silicon nitride (2.2 μm) at low temperature and to surround the CMOS die with dummy pieces to define the polishing plane. The dummy pieces are first lapped down to the height of the CMOS die, and then all pieces are polished. This process reduces the 0.9 μm height of the bumps to less than 25 nm.
Upregulation of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Indirect Pathway Increases Locomotion but Does Not Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Brain imaging studies performed in humans have associated low striatal dopamine release and D2R binding with alcohol dependence. Conversely, high striatal D2R binding has been observed in unaffected members of alcoholic families suggesting that high D2R function may protect against alcohol dependence. A possible protective role of increased D2R levels in the striatum is further supported by preclinical studies in non-human primates and rodents. Here, we determined whether there is a causal relationship between D2R levels and alcohol intake. To this end, we upregulated D2R expression levels in the nucleus accumbens of the adult mouse, but selectively restricted the upregulation to the indirect striatal output pathway, which endogenously expresses D2Rs. After overexpression was established, mice were tested in two models of free-choice alcohol drinking: the continuous and intermittent access two-bottle choice models. As anticipated, we found that D2R upregulation leads to hyperactivity in the open field. Contrary to our expectation, D2R upregulation did not reduce alcohol intake during continuous or intermittent access or when alcohol drinking was tested in the context of aversive outcomes. These data argue against a protective role of accumbal indirect pathway D2Rs in alcohol consumption but emphasize their importance in promoting locomotor activity.
Heavy metal inhibition of barley root plasma membrane-bound Ca2+-ATPase and its reversal by monovalent cations

Abstract When applied in the physiological pH range at 16°C, divalent cations such as Cd 2+ , Uo 2+ 2 , and Ca 2+ inhibit the Ca 2+ -ATPase activity associated with plasma membrane microsomes isolated from roots of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conquest). This inhibition results from a restriction of the motional freedom of the polar head groups which partially form the enzyme's microenvironment. Moreover, this inhibition could be removed by monovalent cations, such as Na + , which displace the divalent cation from its binding site at the lipid head group. These results suggest that acidic phospholipids constitute part of the ATPase microenvironment.
Ten year follow up of patients referred for CABG from a single DGH.

Sir,—Bathgate and Irving have wisely pointed out that the 10 year overall clinical results of coronary bypass can be disappointing.1 However, patients with severe class IV angina experienced pronounced symptom relief, allowing return to work in 91 of 100 …
Raman lidar measurements of atmospheric properties

The capability of Raman lidar techniques to make accurate measurements of the structure properties and species of the atmosphere has been investigated. The LAMP lidar which was developed at PSU during the past several years has focused on the application of Raman vibrational and rotational scattering results. Measurements have been carried out during several campaign periods which demonstrate the performance of Raman lidar techniques compared to standard rawmsonde balloon payload measurements. The investigation has included water vapor and molecular nitrogen profiles determined from the 1st Stokes vibrational Raman transitions from laser wavelengths of 532 nm, 355 nm and 266 nm. The profiles of the N2 vibrational Raman scatter provide true extinction measurements in the lower atmosphere. Water vapor profiles are determined from the ratio of signals measured at the following wavelength pairs: 660/607, 407/387 and 294/283. The fact that the profile is determined from a signal ratio removes most of the factors which would result in errors in the profiles. The temperature structure has been measured using the rotational Raman scattering in the region between 526 and 532 nm. Measurements have been carried out to evaluate the performance and show the capability of Raman lidar to measure the profiles of atmospheric structure properties and water vapor in the lower atmosphere during night conditions and to determine the daytime measurement capability.
Separation of Bovine Sarcoplasmic Proteins by Vertical Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Vertical electrophoresis utilizing polyacrylamide gels varying in concentrations from 5 to 20% was employed to separate bovine sarcoplasmic proteins by both continuous and discontinuous techniques. Results of a series of electrophoretic runs indicated that a gel concentration of 10% was optimum for separating these proteins. In terms of resolution, reproducibility and sharpness of boundaries of the separated protein bands, the discontinuous technique was found to be superior to the continuous procedure. Electrophoresis of the sarcoplasmic extracts by the discontinuous technique resulted in the separation of 18 electrophoretically different sarcoplasmic proteins.
Congenital Spherocytosis is Often Not Hereditary

A retrospective study of 50 patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) from 41 families seen between 1967 and 1979 at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, and Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Manchester, England is described. Nineteen patients (38%) had no family history of spherocytosis and in 12 patients (24%), tests on the family showed no evidence of disease. Various modes of inheritance are discussed in the light of these results. The traditional name for the condition (hereditary spherocytosis) is considered unsuitable as it is clearly inaccurate in many cases. The name congenital spherocytosis would be more appropriate.
CRT-81 Avoiding The Low Road. Cath Access Site and Acute Kidney Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an important complication following cardiac catheterization, and it is not only the result of contrast medium exposure. Contrast independent factors such as atheroembolic phenomenon as a result of instrumentation of the abdominal aorta contribute to the development of
Emotion in Organizations: Main Currents:

Cet article aborde la question des emotions dans les organisations dans une perspective sociologique. L'A. passe en revue des theoriciens qui soutiennent l'idee systemique que les emotions ne sont pas des processus isoles et individuels, mais sont de nature sociale. Ce corpus de litterature est presente en contrepoint et comme defi aux theoriciens psychodynamiques qui ont historiquement proclame que l'aire des emotions residait sur le terrain de l'individu. Des considerations sociologiques sont apportees sur la relation des emotions a la rationalite, sur le fondement theorique des emotions et sur le controle des emotions par ceux qui sont en position de pouvoir et de domination
Reconstructing the rate of accumulation of lake sediment: The effect of sediment focusing

Use of accumulation rates of pollen or minerals to infer regional history is complicated by nonuniform deposition of lake sediment. Sediment focusing, direction of sediment to the deepest part of a basin, can introduce a discrepancy between changes in accumulation rates measured directly from sediment cores and actual changes in influx of sediment or pollen to a lake. This difference depends on values and temporal variation of the ratio of mean depth to maximum depth in a basin as it fills. Several models of sediment accumulation show how measurements from a single core can be transformed to yield basinwide influx rates, and how the distortion due to sediment focusing can be assessed. Basins shaped like hyperboloids or frustums may introduce much greater distortions than basins conforming to ellipsoid or sinusoid shapes.
SIMULTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF THE LASSA VIRUS N AND GPC GENES FROM A SINGLE RECOMBINANT VACCINIA VIRUS

A new transfer vector was constructed that directs the insertion of two heterologous genes into the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene during a single recombination event. This vector, pDAVAC2, contains bidirectional vaccinia P7.5 early/late promoter elements and two unique cloning sites. cDNA clones containing the complete coding sequences for the Lassa virus (Josiah strain) nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (GPC) genes were inserted into the vaccinia TK gene using this transfer vector. The recombinant virus, V-LSGN-II, expressed proteins in cell culture that appeared to be authentic with respect to electrophoretic mobility, glycosylation, and post-translational cleavage. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) of recombinant virus-infected cells demonstrated both the bright granular and diffuse patterns of staining characteristic of the Lassa nucleoprotein and glycoprotein, respectively. Electron-dense inclusion bodies typical of arenavirus-infected cells were observed by electron microscopy in V-LSN and V-LSGN-II-infected cells, but not in V-LSGPC-infected cells. Mice inoculated with V-LSGN-II by intraperitoneal injection developed serum antibodies that reacted with authentic Lassa proteins in immunofluorescence and radioimmune precipitation assays. This recombinant virus represents an additional candidate for a Lassa fever vaccine and demonstrates the feasibility of expressing any two genes of interest in a single recombinant vaccinia virus through the use of the transfer vector pDAVAC2.
An Investigation of Reading Retardation

* Accepted for publication by Buford Johnson of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on November 5, 1937.
Fates of Organic Compounds from Niagara Falls Dumpsites in Lake Ontario

Abstract Sediment samples from the western portion of Lake Ontario were analyzed for chlorinated organic compounds using gas chromatography and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. Both electron impact and negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry were employed. Many of the chlorinated compounds previously found to be leaking into the Niagara River from waste disposal sites in the city of Niagara Falls were identified in the sediments of Lake Ontario. In particular, two unique chlorofluorinated compounds were found in the lake's sediment, showing that stable compounds introduced into the Niagara River accumulate to detectable levels 100 km away in Lake Ontario. Chlorinated styrenes as well as several highly chlorinated poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also found. Their exact origin is uncertain at this time.
Embedding philosophers in the practices of science: Bringing humanities to the sciences

The National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States, like many other funding agencies all over the globe, has made large investments in interdisciplinary research in the sciences and engineering, arguing that interdisciplinary research is an essential resource for addressing emerging problems, resulting in important social benefits. Using NSF as a case study for problem that might be relevant in other contexts as well, I argue that the NSF itself poses a significant barrier to such research in not sufficiently appreciating the value of the humanities as significant interdisciplinary partners. This essay focuses on the practices of philosophy as a highly valuable but currently under-appreciated partner in achieving the goals of interdisciplinary research. This essay advances a proposal for developing deeper and wider interdisciplinary research in the sciences through coupled ethical-epistemological research. I argue that this more robust model of interdisciplinary practice will lead to better science by providing resources for understanding the types of value decisions that are entrenched in research models and methods, offering resources for identifying the ethical implications of research decisions, and providing a lens for identifying the questions that are ignored, under-examined, and rendered invisible through scientific habit or lack of interest. In this way, we will have better science both in the traditional sense of advancing knowledge by building on and adding to our current knowledge as well as in the broader sense of science for the good of, namely, scientific research that better benefits society.
Effect of Bromotetramisole on Renal Phosphate Excretion

Levamisole inhibits alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in kidney brush border membranes and increases phosphate excretion in vivo in dogs and rats. I-p-Bromotetramisole (I-BR) is a more potent analog of levamisole in regard to inhibition of ALP activity in vitro, but had no effect on phosphate transport by in vitro proximal tubules of the rabbit. Since its effect on phosphate excretion in vivo has not been studied, the present study tested the effects of infusion of I-BR on phosphate excretion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPi) was measured in thyroparathyroidectomized Sprague-Dawley rats before and during a systemic infusion at 0.8 ml/min of 10 mM I-p-Bromotetramisole oxalate (I-BR, n = 6), or the inactive isomer d-p-Bromotetramisole oxalate (d-BR, n = 5). The FEPi increased significantly from 4.7% +/- 0.9% to 13.4% +/- 3.1% in response to I-BR whereas there were no changes in FEPi with inactive d-BR. In conclusion, systemic infusion of I-p-Bromotetramisole increases FEPi in Sprague-Dawley rats.
A dosimetric comparison of fan-beam intensity modulated radiotherapy with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery for treating intermediate intracranial lesions.

Abstract Purpose: To compare and evaluate treatment plans for the fan-beam intensity modulated radiotherapy and the Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treating medium-size intracranial lesions (range 4–25 cm 3 ). Methods and Materials: Treatment plans were developed for the Leksell Gamma Knife and a fan-beam inverse treatment planning system for intensity modulated radiotherapy. Treatment plan comparisons were carried out using dose-volume histogram (DVH), tissue-volume ratio (TVR), and maximum dose to the prescription dose (MDPD) ratio. The study was carried out for both simulated targets and clinical targets with irregular shapes and at different locations. Results: The MDPD ratio was significantly greater for the Gamma Knife plans than for the fan-beam IMRT plans. The Gamma Knife plans produced equivalent TVR values to the fan-beam IMRT plans. Based on the DVH comparison, the fan-beam IMRT delivered significantly more dose to the normal brain tissue than the Gamma Knife. The results of the comparison were found to be insensitive to the target locations. Conclusion: The Gamma Knife is better than the fan-beam IMRT in sparing normal brain tissue while producing equivalent tumor dose conformity for treating medium-size intracranial lesions. However, the target dose homogeneity is significantly better for the fan-beam IMRT than for the Gamma Knife.
A 9 GHz silicon monolithic integrated TR switching circuit

A silicon monolithic integrated antenna TR switching circuit has been developed for operation at 9 GHz as part of a program for the investigation of Molecular Electronics for Radar Applications (MERA). The circuit is on a silicon chip 10 mils thick and 100 mils square. It consists of a microwave microstrip transmission line containing surface oriented diodes which alternately switch a transmitted or received signal to or from an antenna leg. Bias is supplied to the switching diodes through quarter wavelength meander line chokes which are by-passed to ground by thin film capacitors. The diode structures provide greater than 25 db of isolation between the receive leg and the transmit leg at 9 GHz. A typical reverse bias capacitance for these diodes is 0.008 pF.
Asynchronous breeding in the socially monogamous prairie vole

At least two hypotheses have been proposed for why animals should breed synchronously: (1) to swamp predators and reduce the probability of offspring being killed and (2) to promote monogamy when paternal care is important for offspring survival. Thus prey and monogamous species are likely candidates for synchronous breeding. We conducted an experiment to determine if a prey species, the monogamously breeding prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)), breeds synchronously. We conducted eight replicates in which we placed six nulliparous females and six adult males in semi-natural enclosures for 18–21 days to determine if they bred synchronously. The time of conception ranged from 2 to 18 days within replicates with no indication of breeding synchrony within any of the populations. Thus neither predator avoidance nor paternal care models were supported for prairie voles. We conclude that rodents in general are not good models for breeding synchrony and that females use alternative mating tactics t...
Relay node placement in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of many low cost sensor nodes that can perform sensing, simple computation, and short range communications. To maximize the life time of a WSN, relay nodes are placed to perform communication. In the single-tiered relay node placement problem, the sensor nodes can also participate in the forwarding of the packets of other nodes. In the two-tiered relay node placement problem, only the relay nodes forwards the packets from other nodes. In this talk, we will present the state of the art in the area of relay node placement, ranging from coverage to connectivity and to survivability, and from unconstrained problem to constrained problem. In most cases, efficient approximation algorithms are known.
Text mining driven drug-drug interaction detection

Identifying drug-drug interactions is an important and challenging problem in computational biology and healthcare research. There are accurate, structured but limited domain knowledge and noisy, unstructured but abundant textual information available for building predictive models. The difficulty lies in mining the true patterns embedded in text data and developing efficient and effective ways to combine heterogenous types of information. We demonstrate a novel approach of leveraging augmented text-mining features to build a logistic regression model with improved prediction performance (in terms of discrimination and calibration). Our model based on synthesized features significantly outperforms the model trained with only structured features (AUC: 96% vs. 91%, Sensitivity: 90% vs. 82% and Specificity: 88% vs. 81%). Along with the quantitative results, we also show learned “latent topics”, an intermediary result of our text mining module, and discuss their implications.
A Comparison of Bulk Estuarine Turnover Timescales to Particle Tracking Timescales Using a Model of the Yaquina Bay Estuary

The ability to determine a bulk estuarine turnover timescale that is well defined under realistic conditions is in high demand for estuarine research and management. We compare how turnover timescales vary with tidal and river forcing from idealized forcing scenarios using a three- dimensional circulation model of the Yaquina Bay estuary in order to understand the limitations and benefits of different timescale methods for future application. Using model results, we compare bulk formula approaches—the tidal prism meth- od, freshwater fraction method, and a relatively new estuarine timescalecalculationmethodbasedonthetotal exchangeflow (TEF)—to directly calculated timescales from particle track- ing inorder toassessthe utility ofthe bulkformula timescales. All of the timescales calculatedhad similar magnitudes during high river discharge but varied significantly at low discharge and had different dependences on tidal amplitude. Even in the application of a single estuary-averaged timescale, we did not find that any of the bulk timescales described the estuary over a realistic range of tidal and river discharge forcing. During high discharge, the Yaquina Bay timescale is on the order of 2-5 tidal cycles based on the particle tracking analysis, but during low discharge, the turnover time varies across methods and spatial considerations appear to be more important.
The practice of medical ethics: A structuralistic approach

Structuralist ethics is an alternative to utilitarianism and deontology. But it also incorporates these ethical approaches in a larger frame. Rule utilitarianism and rule deontology are correlated to psychological thought factors and phenotypical biological factors. Act utilitarianism and act deontology are correlated to emotive psychological factors and genotypical biological factors. A teleology links all six factors. While the roots of this teleology are Aristotelian, use of the techniques of the linguistics of genetic epistemology provides a working model not only to show the interplay of the six elements but also to provide a pragmatic approach to the practice of medical ethics. Three cases are discussed and the structuralist methodology applied.
Identification of an Upstream Enhancer within a Functional Promoter of the Human Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Gene and Its Alternative Promoter Usage

Knockout of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene results in disrupted placental architecture, imbalanced bone development, and losses of functional neurons. We here report the identification of an enhancer in a functional human LIFR gene promoter and alternative promoter usage by this gene. A single transcription start site was identified in placental JEG-3 cells and a genomic clone containing 4876-nucleotide upstream sequences was found to have promoter activity in JEG-3 cells. However, in osteogenic sarcoma U-2 OS cell, Northern blot using a probe of the first exon detected in JEG-3 cells failed to detect LIFR transcripts. 5′-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) revealed an alternative first exon and a 0.6-kilobase pair (kb) 5′-flanking region possessed promoter activity in U-2 OS cells. For the 4.8-kb promoter active in placental cells, a minimal promoter was localized within −162 nucleotides. Three regions increased and one inhibited promoter activity. Subcloning of an activation region (−4876 to −3453 nucleotides) into SV40 promoter either upstream or downstream in either orientation to the luciferase reporter resulted in 10–35-fold luciferase induction, demonstrating the characteristics of an enhancer. Transfections into nine cell lines of different tissue origin indicated that the cloned promoter and enhancer in the 4.8-kb fragment was placental tissue-specific. A 226-base pair fragment (−4625 to −4400 nucleotides) was further localized as the minimal enhancer region, in which deletion of either element A (−4625 to −4581 nucleotides) or element B (−4418 to −4400 nucleotides) resulted in the loss of enhancer activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that these two elements bind to specific nuclear proteins individually. In the middle region between element A and B, disruption of enhancer integrity also led to a loss of enhancer activity, although two SP1 and three NF-κB/c-Rel binding sites did not contribute to enhancer function. These results demonstrate a complex regulation of the human LIFR gene, including alternative promoter usage and tissue-specific elements at the transcription level.
Minimal processing and edible coating effects on composition and sensory quality of mini-peeled carrots

Coating treatment did not affect fresh carrot flavor or aroma, sweetness, bitterness, harshness or taste preference. Total terpenoids declined 72% after 17 days storage, with the major loss occurring within 3 days after minimal processing. α- and β-carotene declined 18% and 14% within 3 days after minimal processing with no further loss. Peel tissue contained less β-carotene than phloem tissue, and its removal was not responsible for loss of β-carotene. The edible coating did not affect terpenoid or carotene content.
WE-C-T-617-07: Using X-Ray Spectrometry to Quantify the Effects of Emission Anisotropy On Air-Kerma-Strength Measurements of Prostate Brachytherapy Seeds

Purpose: To utilize the results of prostate brachytherapy seed x‐ray spectrometry to quantify the effects of emission anisotropy on air‐kerma‐strength measurements. Method and Materials: Air‐kerma strength was calculated from x‐ray spectra measured with a high‐purity germanium detector with the seed rotated at 90‐degree intervals about an axis perpendicular to the mid‐point of the long axis of the seed. The “air‐anisotropy ratio”, αS, was formed by taking the quotient of the air‐kerma strength of the seed with the long axis perpendicular to the detector face and the air‐kerma strength of the seed with the long axis parallel to the detector face. The resulting quantity αS is a quantitative measure of in‐air anisotropy, which has a significant effect on the relative responses of secondary‐standard well chambers and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Wide‐Angle Free‐Air Chamber (WAFAC) primary standard. Results: Values of αS for various seed models are influenced by the presence of end welds, seed internal geometry, and the incorporated radionuclide. In comparing αS among seeds, a lower value indicated that the output of the seed was more directional (along the transverse axis), such that less emission was “missed” by the WAFAC (8 degree half‐angle) that was detected by the well chamber (approximate 4π geometry). Conclusion: The quantity αS has proven to be a useful parameter for explaining differences in well‐chamber response observed for different seed models having the same emergent spectrum on their transverse axis. It also has been used to identify aberrantly produced seeds that are not representative of those calibrated previously by NIST. Characterization of seed anisotropy is necessary in order to maintain accuracy in the transfer of air‐kerma‐strength standards from NIST to the AAPM Accredited DosimetryCalibration Laboratories and to seed manufacturers.
Disinformation: The Use of False Information

The distinction between misinformation and disinformation becomes especially important in political, editorial, and advertising contexts, where sources may make deliberate efforts to mislead, deceive, or confuse an audience in order to promote their personal, religious, or ideological objectives. The difference consists in having an agenda. It thus bears comparison with lying, because “lies” are assertions that are false, that are known to be false, and that are asserted with the intention to mislead, deceive, or confuse. One context in which disinformation abounds is the study of the death of JFK, which I know from more than a decade of personal research experience. Here I reflect on that experience and advance a preliminary “theory of disinformation” that is intended to stimulate thinking on this increasingly important subject. Five kinds of disinformation are distinguished and exemplified by real life cases I have encountered. It follows that the story you are about to read is true.
A model for summer undergraduate research experiences in emerging technologies

Integrating emerging technologies into the curriculum is expected in our evolving discipline, although finding the time to master these can prove difficult. Institutional expectations for scholarly achievement need not take precedence; the use of an overarching theme for a summer research experience is presented as one approach to join a group of people with a unifying topic for study and discussion leading to the natural incorporation of the emergent technology into the curriculum.This paper presents a successful model for undergraduate summer research where participants, both faculty and students, investigated information security (IS) topics and learned from IS professionals. This was applied to individual research projects in disconnected areas in computing. The unifying experiences encouraged a collegial and supportive environment, firmly establishing peer and faculty / student collaboration. Student perceptions about the field and career options were positively effected, leading to increased interest in the emergent area as well as in future graduate studies.
Perceived Structure of Aggressive and Assertive Behaviors

Teachers rated the social behavior, aggressive and otherwise, of high school students according to a 25-item adjective checklist. Principal components analysis of the rating scales yielded five fac...
A 15‐year West Antarctic climatology from six automatic weather station temperature and pressure records

[1] Apart from a small number of mostly coastal stations with human observers, automatic weather stations (AWS) are the dominant source of direct measurements of near-surface climate parameters on the West Antarctic ice sheet. To help alleviate the shortage of surface meteorological data in Antarctica and to better exploit this invaluable data resource, we have used artificial neural network (ANN)-based techniques to extend and fill data gaps in selected AWS records. Climatological analyses of the complete 15-year temperature and pressure records (1979–1993) are reported here for six West Antarctic AWS sites (Siple Station, Byrd, Lettau, Marilyn, Elaine, and Ferrell) spanning ∼90° of longitude. Three sites (Siple, Lettau, and Marilyn) show significant warming trends during the austral summer season (December–February). Warm anomalies of 2°–5°C appeared at all sites during 1980 (winter) and 1989 (winter-spring) with a cold anomaly of up to 3°C during fall 1982. Average intersite seasonal correlation comparisons are highest during fall and winter and lowest in summer; Byrd correlates with no other sites in summer. All sites have short, sharp temperature transitions during the fall and spring seasons and a relatively stable winter season with occasional early to midwinter warmings. Typical winter season conditions are present for up to 5–6 months of the year. An exception occurs at Byrd during 1988 and 1989, when climatologically normal winter conditions did not appear to become fully established. Mean monthly temperatures during this unusual period were 5°–10°C above normal.
A multifunctional acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from Hedera helix L. (English ivy) can synthesize 16- and 18-carbon monoene and diene products.

A desaturase with 83% sequence identity to the coriander Δ4-16:0-ACP desaturase was isolated from developing seeds of Hedera helix (English ivy). Expression of the ivy desaturase in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of 16:1Δ4 and its expected elongation product 18:1Δ6 (petroselinic acid). Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in the accumulation of soluble, active protein that was purified to apparent homogeneity. In vitro assays confirmed Δ4 desaturation with 16:0-ACP; however, with 18:0-acyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturation occurred at the Δ9 position. The ivy desaturase also converted 16:1Δ9-ACP and 18:1Δ9-ACP to the corresponding Δ4,9 dienes. These data suggest at least two distinct substrate binding modes, one placing C4 at the diiron active site and the other placing C9 at the active site. In the latter case, 18:0 would likely bind in an extended conformation as described for the castor desaturase with 9-carbons accommodated in the cavity beyond the dirron site. However, Δ4 desaturation would require the accommodation of 12 carbons for C16 substrates or 14 carbons for C18 substrates. The amino acids lining the substrate binding cavity of ivy and castor desaturases are conserved except for T117R and P179I (castor/ivy). Paradoxically, both substitutions, when introduced into the castor desaturase, favored the binding of shorter acyl chains. Thus, it seems likely that Δ4 desaturation would require a non-extended, perhaps U-shaped, substrate conformation. A cis double bond may facilitate the initiation of such a non-extended conformation in the monounsaturated substrates. The multifunctional properties of the ivy desaturase make it well suited for further dissection of the determinants of regiospecificity.
Region-based segmentation using a simulated charged fluid

A computer simulation of a Charged Fluid was developed to segment objects in medical images. A Charged Fluid conceptually consists of charged particles, each of which exerts a repelling electric force upon the others. In our approach, we treat the image gradients as potential wells where a simulated Charged Fluid flows through. The evolution of a Charged Fluid consists of two different procedures. One allows Charged Fluid elements to advance toward new positions in the simulation along the direction of their total effective forces. The other allows Charged Fluid elements to flow along the contour until an electrostatic equilibrium is achieved. The procedure is repeated until all Charged Fluid elements reside on the boundaries of objects being segmented. Preliminary segmentation results were obtained using this new technique to segment irregular objects in medical images.
Gender Variation in Extracurricular Activity Participation and Perceived Life Chances in Trinidad and Tobago Adolescents

Participation in extracurricular activities has surfaced as an important context for adolescent development and may be a fruitful avenue for fostering future attitudes, a concept shown to predict adolescent behaviors. In this study of youth from Trinidad and Tobago, we examined gender differences in activity participation and perceived life chances in 1,385 adolescents (59% male). Trinidadian adolescents were highly active, on average, participating in three activities. More males were involved in athletic and organized groups, whereas more females participated in artistic and religious activities. Artistic and athletic activity participation predicted positive perceived life chances, even after controlling for academic achievement. Artistic activities were especially beneficial for predicting future attitudes for males compared to females.
Distinct mechanisms of a phosphotyrosyl peptide binding to two SH2 domains

Protein phosphorylation is very common post-translational modification, catalyzed by kinases, for signaling and regulation. Phosphotyrosines frequently target SH2 domains. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins and for regulation of important pathways. Phosphorylation of both Y342 and Y346 in Syk linker B is required for optimal signaling. The SH2 domains of Vav1 and PLC-γ both bind this doubly phosphorylated motif. Here we used a recently developed method to calculate the effects of Y342 and Y346 phosphorylation on the rate constants of a peptide from Syk linker B binding to the SH2 domains of Vav1 and PLC-γ. The predicted effects agree well with experimental observations. Moreover, we found that the same doubly phosphorylated peptide binds the two SH2 domains via distinct mechanisms, with apparent rigid docking for Vav1 SH2 and dock-and-coalesce for PLC-γ SH2.
Detection of pentatetraene by reaction of the ethynyl radical (C2H) with allene (CH2CCH2) at room temperature

The reaction of ethynyl radical (C2H) with allene (C3H4) at room temperature is investigated using an improved synchrotron multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometer (MPIMS) coupled to tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation from the Advanced Light Source at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The orthogonal-accelerated time-of-flight mass spectrometer (OA-TOF) compared to the magnetic sector mass spectrometer used in a previous investigation of the title reaction (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9, 4291) enables more sensitive and selective detection of low-yield isomeric products. The C5H4 isomer with the lowest ionization energy, pentatetraene, is now identified as a product of the reaction. Pentatetraene is predicted to be formed based on recent ab initio/RRKM calculations (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 2606) on the C5H5 potential energy surface. However, the computed branching fraction for pentatetraene is predicted to be five times higher than that for methyldiacetylene, whereas experimentally the branching fraction of pentatetraene is observed to be small compared to that of methyldiacetylene. Although H-atom assisted isomerization of the products can affect isomer distribution measurements, isomerization has a negligible effect in this case. The kinetic behavior of the several C5H4 isomers is identical, as obtained by time-dependent photoionization spectra. Even for high allene concentrations (and hence higher H-atom concentrations) no decay of the pentatetraene fraction is observed, indicating that H-assisted isomerization of pentatetraene to methyldiacetylene does not account for the difference between the experimental data and the theoretical branching ratios.
Do Federal Budget Deficits Crowd Out or Crowd In Private Investment

Abstract In this paper we try to shed some empirical light on the crowding-in versus crowding-out controversy in macroeconomics. Using quarterly data from the U.S. over 1947–1992 period and cointegration analysis, we estimate an investment function and provide evidence supporting the crowing-in argument.
Reading anne frank and elie wiesel: voice and gender in stories of the holocaust

I consider two life stories, Anne Frank: A Diary of a Young Girl and Night, that have played major roles in shaping collective memories of the Holocaust in the United States. These collective representations, including I argue, widely read personal accounts of the Holocaust, add to and surpass personal experience as a source of knowledge. The two stories are examined through lenses of gender. I draw from the Durkheimian tradition of collective representations and argue that the reception and popularity ofthis pair of stories have been constituted by their gendered nature