cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Anthropology and Social Science History.

In the 1970s, when the social science history movement emerged in the United States, leading to the founding of the Social Science History Association, a simultaneous movement arose in which historians looked to cultural anthropology for inspiration. Although both movements involved historians turning to social sciences for theory and method, they reflected very different views of the nature of the historical enterprise. Cultural anthropology, most notably as preached by Clifford Geertz, became a means by which historians could find a theoretical basis in the social sciences for rejecting a scientific paradigm. This article examines this development while also exploring the complex ways cultural anthropology has embraced—and shunned—history in recent years.
Universal deformation rings for the symmetric group S5 and one of its double covers

Abstract Let S 5 denote the symmetric group on 5 letters, and let S ˆ 5 denote a non-trivial double cover of S 5 whose Sylow 2-subgroups are generalized quaternion groups. We determine the universal deformation rings R ( S 5 , V ) and R ( S ˆ 5 , V ) of each mod 2 representation V of S 5 that belongs to the principal 2-modular block of S 5 and whose stable endomorphism ring is given by scalars when it is inflated to S ˆ 5 . We show that for these V , a question raised by the first author and Chinburg concerning the relation of the universal deformation ring of V to the Sylow 2-subgroups of S 5 and S ˆ 5 , respectively, has an affirmative answer.
Cognitive Anthropology and Research on Effective Principals.

Recent research suggests not only that the principal's leadership is important in creating a successful school, but also that the perceptions of those who work in a school might be significant mediating variables. One set of methods for uncovering subjects' perceptions and understandings is discussed in this article. The methods have been developed by cognitive anthropologists and are generally referred to as ethnographic semantics. Findings from a study of a successful principal in which the ethnographic semantics methodology was employed are presented, and the study is used as the basis for critiquing the utility of this methodology for investigating principals and other educational leaders.
Neoplasms produced from C3H/10T 1/2 cells attached to plastic plates; saturation density, anchorage dependence and serum requirement of in vitro lines correlated with growth aggressiveness in vivo.

The C3H/10T 1/2 embryo cell line, which is nontumorigenic when inoculated subcutaneously in saline suspension, produces tumors when implanted subcutaneously attached to 1 × 5 × 10 mm plastic plates. Under these in vivo conditions there is direct selection for “spontaneous” transformants that have undergone the specific cellular alterations required for neoplastic behavior. This is in contrast to the conventional situation where transformants are obtained in vitro and are only secondarily tested in vivo for neoplastic behavior. Early passages of cell lines from four different C3H/10T 1/2 tumors explanted back in culture were quantitatively examined for tumorigenicity and for alteration in the properties of density inhibition, anchorage dependence, serum requirement, and plasminogen activator production. A fairly consistent quantitative relationship was found between the degree of growth aggressiveness in vivo and the degree of expression of these phenotypic markers of the transformed state in vitro during early passages of the cell lines after tumor explantation.
On the analogy between plates and disks

The well-known analogy between elastic plates and disks of uniform thickness is extended to inelastic plates and disks of varying thickness.
Spontaneous roughening and vacancy dynamics on Si(1 0 0)-2×1:Cl

Abstract In this Letter we provide real-time STM evidence for spontaneous roughening on Cl-terminated Si(1 0 0)-2×1 surfaces. Dimer vacancy strings are shown to dissociate into individual single-atom vacancy strings. These strings can be separated by single or double rows of Si dimers, producing regions with local 3×2 and 5×2 structures, respectively. The dynamical rearrangements reported here are driven by the reduction in steric interactions on the roughened surface. For Cl, the driving force is small and these local rearrangements are often reversible. However, certain vacancy configurations pin the rearrangement yielding stable surface structures.
Ma Bell's orphan: US cellular telephony, 1947–1996

Abstract The AT&T Bell System invented cellular telephony and deployed the world's first prototype cellular system. Strangely, neither AT&T nor its spin-off Regional Bell Operating Companies capitalized on that technological lead, and cellular telephony in the US slipped behind that in other developed countries. This turnaround is explained as a combination of a competency trap that blinded the AT&T Bell System leadership to the importance of the wireless telephony market and the lead their cellular system offered, coupled with a failure of institutional agency required to organize and direct the emerging industry resulting from the death of the AT&T Bell System.
Effect of salicylate on outer hair cell plasma membrane viscoelasticity: studies using optical tweezers

ABSTRACT The plasma membrane (PM) of mammalian outer hair cells (OHCs) generates mechanical forces in response to changes in the transmembrane electrical potential. The resulting change in the cell length is known as electromotility. Salicylate (Sal), the anionic, amphipathic derivative of aspirin induces reversible hearing loss and decreases electromotile response of the OHCs. Sal may change the local curvature and mechanical properties of the PM, eventually resulting in reduced electromotility or it may compete with intracellular monovalent anions, particularly Cl  , which are essential for electromotility. In this work we have used optical tweezers to study the effects of Sal on viscoelastic properties of the OHC PM when separated from the underlying composite structures of the cell wall. In this procedure, an optically trapped microsphere is brought in contact with PM and subsequently pulled away to form a tether. We measured the force exerted on the tether as a function of time during the process of tether growth at different pulling rates. Effective tether viscosity, steady-state tethering force extrapolated to zero pulling rate, and the time constant for tether growth were estimated from the measurements of the instantaneous tethering force. The time constant for the tether growth measured for the OHC basal end decreased 1.65 times after addition of 10 mM Sal, which may result from an interaction between Sal and cholesterol, which is more prevalent in the PM of OHC basal end. The time constants for the tether growth calculated for the OHC lateral wall and control human embryonic kidney cells as well as the other calculated viscoelastic parameters remained the same after Sal perfusion, favoring the hypothesis of competitive inhibition of electromotility by salicylate. Keywords: amphipathic drugs, cochlea, electromotility, optical trapping
Gender-Related Perceptions and Stress, Anxiety, and Depression on the Flight Deck

This study explored gender-related perceptions among male and female pilots and the extent to which such perceptions may cause workplace stress, anxiety, or depression which may affect female pilots. This study utilized two measuring instruments on a sample that consisted of 83 pilots. The two measurement instruments used where the Aviation Gender Attitude Questionnaire (AGAQ) to measure gender bias and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) to measure stress, depression, and anxiety among female pilots. There was a significant difference found between men and women across all AGAQ factors. While the results of this study concurred with research that suggests that female pilots are at greater risk for negative perceptions and sexism by male pilots, the results did not indicate any greater degrees of depression, stress, or anxiety in women as compared with their male counterparts.
Fighting Mallory the Insider: Strong Write-Once Read-Many Storage Assurances

We introduce a Write-Once Read-Many (WORM) storage system providing strong assurances of data retention and compliant migration, by leveraging trusted secure hardware in close data proximity. This is important because existing compliance storage products and research prototypes are fundamentally vulnerable to faulty or malicious behavior, as they rely on simple enforcement primitives that are ill-suited for their threat model. This is hard because tamper-proof processing elements are significantly constrained in both computation ability and memory capacity-as heat dissipation concerns under tamper-resistant requirements limit their maximum allowable spatial gate-density. We achieve efficiency by 1) ensuring the secure hardware is accessed sparsely, minimizing the associated overhead for expected transaction loads, and 2) using adaptive overhead-amortized constructs to enforce WORM semantics at the throughput rate of the storage server's ordinary processors during burst periods. With a single secure coprocessor, on commodity x86 hardware, the architecture can support unlimited read throughputs and over 2500 write transactions per second.
Gulag, the Musical: Performing Trauma in North Korea through Yoduk Story

Yoduk Story is the first known North Korean dissident musical, staging a fictional account of the authors' traumatic memories and experiences in a gulag. Despite the creators' indictment of North Korea as a human rights violator and Yoduk Story's efforts to subvert everything that the North Korean state represents, the musical borrows from North Korean propaganda techniques, including propagandist revolutionary operas.
The hydrolysis of triphosphoinositide by a phosphodiesterase in rat kidney cortex.

Abstract The hydrolysis of triphosphoinositide by a phosphodiesterase has been demonstrated in rat kidney cortex. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that the enzyme activity was predominantly found in the supernatant fraction. After acid precipitation and ammonium sulfate fractionation, the soluble enzyme was free from triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase activity. Although the partially purified enzyme did not require added divalent cations for activity, it was strongly inhibited by EDTA (0.1 m m ). In the absence of EDTA, added MgCl 2 or CaCl 2 depressed the enzyme activity. The enzyme preparation was specific to polyphosphoinositides; it did not attack phosphatidylinositol and other phospholipids. It hydrolyzed both diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide with the formation of 1,2-diglyceride and organic phosphate.
Structure of Spinach Nitrite Reductase: Implications for Multi-electron Reactions by the Iron-Sulfur:Siroheme Cofactor

The structure of nitrite reductase, a key enzyme in the process of nitrogen assimilation, has been determined using X-ray diffraction to a resolution limit of 2.8 A. The protein has a globular fold consisting of 3 alpha/beta domains with the siroheme-iron sulfur cofactor at the interface of the three domains. The Fe(4)S(4) cluster is coordinated by cysteines 441, 447, 482, and 486. The siroheme is located at a distance of 4.2 A from the cluster, and the central iron atom is coordinated to Cys 486. The siroheme is surrounded by several ionizable amino acid residues that facilitate the binding and subsequent reduction of nitrite. A model for the ferredoxin:nitrite reductase complex is proposed in which the binding of ferredoxin to a positively charged region of nitrite reductase results in elimination of exposure of the cofactors to the solvent. The structure of nitrite reductase shows a broad similarity to the hemoprotein subunit of sulfite reductase but has many significant differences in the backbone positions that could reflect sequence differences or could arise from alterations of the sulfite reductase structure that arise from the isolation of this subunit from the native complex. The implications of the nitrite reductase structure for understanding multi-electron processes are discussed in terms of differences in the protein environments of the cofactors.
A DEMONSTRATION OF AUTO‐SHAPING WITH MONKEYS

The Brown-Jenkins auto-shaping procedure for pigeons was found applicable to monkeys. Repeated pairings of lighted keys with reinforcement generated key-pressing behavior. The animals rapidly learned a simultaneous light-dark discrimination. The topographies of key-pressing and magazine behavior differed; the food tray was not illuminated.
Color Photographic Index of Fall Chinook Salmon Embryonic Development and Accumulated Thermal Units

Background Knowledge of the relationship between accumulated thermal units and developmental stages of Chinook salmon embryos can be used to determine the approximate date of egg fertilization in natural redds, thus providing insight into oviposition timing of wild salmonids. However, few studies have documented time to different developmental stages of embryonic Chinook salmon and no reference color photographs are available. The objectives of this study were to construct an index relating developmental stages of hatchery-reared fall Chinook salmon embryos to time and temperature (e.g., degree days) and provide high-quality color photographs of each identified developmental stage. Methodology/principal findings Fall Chinook salmon eggs were fertilized in a hatchery environment and sampled approximately every 72 h post-fertilization until 50% hatch. Known embryonic developmental features described for sockeye salmon were used to describe development of Chinook salmon embryos. A thermal sums model was used to describe the relationship between embryonic development rate and water temperature. Mean water temperature was 8.0 degrees C (range; 3.9-11.7 degrees C) during the study period. Nineteen stages of embryonic development were identified for fall Chinook salmon; two stages in the cleavage phase, one stage in the gastrulation phase, and sixteen stages in the organogenesis phase. The thermal sums model used in this study provided similar estimates of fall Chinook salmon embryonic development rate in water temperatures varying from 3.9-11.7 degrees C (mean=8 degrees C) to those from several other studies rearing embryos in constant 8 degrees C water temperature. Conclusions/significance The developmental index provides a reasonable description of timing to known developmental stages of Chinook salmon embryos and was useful in determining developmental stages of wild fall Chinook salmon embryos excavated from redds in the Columbia River. This index should prove useful to other researchers who wish to approximate fertilization dates of Chinook salmon eggs from natural redds, assuming the thermal history of embryos is known.
The implication of tobacco use in the young adult with head and neck cancer

To define the biologic characteristics of head and neck cancer in the young adult, the clinical course of 83 previously untreated patients less than or equal to 40 years of age with head and neck cancer was reviewed retrospectively. Their course was compared to that in a randomly chosen, concurrently treated, site-matched and stage-matched older head and neck cancer population (matched control). Patterns of recurrence as well as overall disease-free survival in each of the two populations were not significantly different. An important stratification factor, however, was related to tobacco usage. Thirty percent of the young patients denied using tobacco compared with only 9% of the controls (P less than 0.05). The 5-year disease-free survival rate of the young adults who did not use tobacco was 66% compared with 86% for their matched control group with a history of smoking. These differences were most significant in young adults with Stage II disease (P less than 0.05 by log-rank testing). The growth and progression of head and neck cancer in the young adults is characterized by tobacco use patterns; a family history of head and neck cancer in five of 17 nontobacco using young adults raises the issue of an inherent genetic determinant.
The Mechanisms by Which Adaptive One-factor-at-a-time Experimentation Leads to Improvement

This paper examines mechanisms underlying the phenomenon that, under some conditions, adaptive one-factor-at-a-time experiments outperform fractional factorial experiments in improving the performance of mechanical engineering systems. Five case studies are presented, each based on data from previously published full factorial physical experiments at two levels. Computer simulations of adaptive one-factor-at-a-time and fractional factorial experimental were carried out with varying degrees of pseudo-random error For each of the five case studies, the average outcomes are plotted for both approaches as a function of the strength of the pseudo-random error. The main effects and interactions of the experimental factors in each system are presented and analyzed to illustrate how the observed simulation results arise. The case studies show that, for certain arrangements of main effects and interactions, adaptive one-factor-at-a-time experiments exploit interactions with high probability despite the fact that these designs lack the resolution to estimate interactions. Generalizing from the case studies, four mechanisms are described and the conditions are stipulated under which these mechanisms act.
Whole blood viscosity and arterial thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To determine if whole blood viscosity (WBV), a rheologic variable contributing to risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the general population, is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), particularly SLE patients with a history of thrombotic or atherothrombotic events. Because the high rates of arterial and venous thrombosis in lupus cannot be explained by traditional risk factors, elevated WBV may be an easily measurable nontraditional risk factor to identify SLE patients at high risk for thrombotic events. Methods Sixty SLE patients (30 with a history of a thrombotic event) and 20 matched controls were recruited into the study. The thrombosis group was further subdivided into an arterial thrombosis group (n = 17). WBV values were determined at 9 different shear rates (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 1,000 seconds−1). WBV was then compared between groups by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results SLE patients with a history of arterial events had significantly elevated WBV relative to either controls (P = 0.022) or SLE patients without arterial events (P = 0.014). WBV in the total SLE group did not differ from controls. Differences in WBV were most prominent at lower shear rates (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 seconds−1). Anticoagulation, prednisone dose, and antiphospholipid antibodies did not significantly impact WBV. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that WBV is selectively elevated in patients with SLE with a history of arterial events. Although this association is striking, longitudinal studies are needed to assess the positive predictive value of WBV for atherothrombotic events in SLE.
131 ECHO EVALUATION OF CARDIAC STATUS IN HOMOZYGOUS SICKLE CELL DISEASE (SS)

Cardiac size and function were evaluated in 47 clinically-well non-hypertransfused children with SS, age 0. 6 to 19 years, using echocardiography. Steady-state hemoglobin ranged from 5. 5 to 10. 0 gm%; in 29, ≥7 gm% (gp A) and in 16, 2 SD from N mean) were observed for RVD (in 22%), LAD (in 54%), LVD (in 52%), W (in 28%), M (in 61%), Q (in 50%), VCF (in 7%) and PEP/ET (in 34%). Group t-tests vs N showed significant differences (p<0. 001) except for VCF. Gp B had greater LVD, M, and LAD than gp A (p<0.01 to <0.05). The degree of abnormality did not correlate with age. Children with SS have cardiac volume overload and a compensated high-output state. The abnormal LV wall and PEP/ET seen in certain patients may suggest secondary myocardial disease.
Synthesis of Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes That Contain 3,3‘-Dialkyl-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetramethyl-1,1‘-biphenyl-2,2‘-diolates (Alkyl = t-Bu, Adamantyl). Catalysts for Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis Reactions

Two 3,3‘-dialkyl-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetramethyl-1,1‘-biphenyl-2,2‘-diols (where alkyl = t-Bu, adamantyl) were prepared in two steps and resolved as the menthol phosphate derivative. Addition of the dipotassium salt of each biphenolate to various Mo(N-Aryl)(CHR)(OTf)2(DME) complexes produced racemic and enantiopure compounds of the type Mo(N-aryl)(CHR)(biphenolate). X-ray crystallographic studies of syn-Mo(N-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)(CHCMe2Ph)[(S)-Biphen] and syn-Mo(N-2-CF3C6H4)(CHCMe3)[(S)-Biad](pyridine) proved the absolute stereochemistry of the biphenolate ligands. Neophylidene and neopentylidene complexes were found to have predominantly the syn conformation in solution. The [syn]/[anti] equilibrium constant for Mo(N-Aryl)(CHR)[Biphen] complexes increased in magnitude with decreasing size of the arylimido ligand, and decreased upon reducing the steric bulk of the alkylidene substituent. The rates of exchange of syn and anti isomers, as determined by single-parameter line shape analysis and by spin saturation transfer, we...
Rationalization of incisor shape: experimental-numerical analysis.

Abstract Statement of problem. Moving from the posterior segment in the anterior direction within the dental arch, the process of "incisivization" takes place. The occlusal table is gradually replaced by an incisal edge that has the function of cutting. Purpose. This study considers these genetically controlled changes by using strain gauge measurements and finite element analyses to rationalize the clinical and biologic advantages of incisal form. A direct clinical link in the common esthetic procedure of anterior veneering is expected. Material and methods. Six maxillary incisors were mounted in a positioning device and equipped with 2 strain gauges bonded to the palatal surface: gauge 1 (G1) in the concavity and gauge 2 (G2) on the cingulum. A 50 N load was applied on the palatal side of the incisal edge, perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. Displacement of the load tip and the palatal strain were recorded after successively removing one third, two thirds, and the total thickness of the facial enamel. The same experiment was reproduced with the finite element method (FEM). Four additional experimental designs were tested with the FEM by simulating the progressive thinning and elimination of palatal enamel and a thickened palatal lobe. Surface tangential stresses and local strain in the area corresponding to gauges 1 and 2 were calculated from the postprocessing files. Results. The FEM was validated by experimental results considering both displacement of the load tip (~120 ± 30 μm) and tangential surface strain at G1/G2. Recorded strains were always higher in the concavity when compared with the cingulum; high tensile strains were recorded at G1 after the total removal of the facial enamel. The entire facial surface was submitted to compressive forces. Subsequent compressive stresses were higher (~150 MPa) when facial enamel was thin or when the palatal enamel was removed. However, their absolute value never reached the elevated and potentially harmful tensile stresses measured in the palatal concavity, especially in the absence of facial enamel (272 MPa). Multiple experimental cracks were generated in the remaining palatal enamel as a consequence of stress redistribution. However, smooth and convex surfaces with local enamel bulk such as the cingulum, the marginal ridges, and the facial cervical third of the anatomic crown showed the lowest stress level. The optimal configuration with regard to the stress pattern was given by the modified natural tooth that exhibited thick palatal enamel and a mostly convex palatal surface. Conclusions. Palatal concavity that provides the incisor with its sharp incisal edge and cutting ability proved to be an area of stress concentration. This shortcoming can be compensated by specific areas that feature thick enamel such as the cingulum and the marginal ridges. When enamel is worn or removed from the facial surface, its replacement should be carried out by using materials with properties similar to enamel to restore the original biomechanical behavior of the tooth. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:345-55.)
Synergistic degradation of dentin by cyclic stress and buffer agitation

Secondary caries and non-carious lesions develop in regions of stress concentrations and oral fluid movement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cyclic stress and fluid movement on material loss and subsurface degradation of dentin within an acidic environment. Rectangular specimens of radicular dentin were prepared from caries-free unrestored 3rd molars. Two groups were subjected to cyclic cantilever loading within a lactic acid solution (pH=5) to achieve compressive stresses on the inner (pulpal) or outer sides of the specimens. Two additional groups were evaluated in the same solution, one subjected to movement only (no stress) and the second held stagnant (control: no stress or movement). Exterior material loss profiles and subsurface degradation were quantified on the two sides of the specimens. Results showed that under cyclic stress material loss was significantly greater (p≤0.0005) on the pulpal side than on the outer side and significantly greater (p≤0.05) under compression than tension. However, movement only caused significantly greater material loss (p≤0.0005) than cyclic stress. Subsurface degradation was greatest at the location of highest stress, but was not influenced by stress state or movement.
Metrics for the comparison of parallel algorithms and their design methodologies

Abstract The purpose of this research is to ascertain the impact that the additional information required to specify parallel algorithms, such as synchronization and resource sharing, will have on their structural complexity. With this in mind, a set of metrics are developed that extend the traditional metrics for sequential algorithms to the parallel domain. Both sequential and parallel algorithms can be described in this more general framework. These metrics are then used to compare the structure of a sequential bisection root finding algorithm and its parallel counterpart. Through this comparison we see that the major increases in complexity occur in the sequential segments of the parallel code. This phenomenon, designated subsidization , is discussed in detail and its implications for the design of parallel algorithms are given.
Dst is not a pure ring-current index

The Equatorial Dst Ring-Current Index, Dst, distributed internationally by the World Data Center C2 for Geomagnetism (Faculty of Science, Kyoto University) is widely used in geophysics as an indicator of geomagnetic storm behavior. At the recent Chapman Conference on Magnetic Storms held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., from February 11 to 16, 1996, three of the conference summary speakers formally announced that the Dst index should not be considered to be a simple representation of the ring current of a storm because other sources significantly contribute to that index formulation. This assertion went unchallenged by those in attendance. Such understanding represents a major change from the traditional belief that the index is a direct result of the geomagnetic storm-time growth and recovery of a Saturnlike ring of particles encircling the Earth. This old model is indeed beautiful, but inherently wrong and inadequate for the many uses to which Dst has been assigned over the years. The paragraphs below describe some of the backgrou nd for this new viewpoint and suggest how the characteristic storm shape may arise.
Crystallization and decomposition of co-sputtered amorphous silicon-aluminum thin films

Abstract The crystallization of co-sputtered Si-Al amorphous alloys was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Si65Al35 and Si61Al39 films crystallize at 270 and 240 °C, respectively, into crystalline Si (c-Si) and crystalline Al (c-Al) phases by nucleation and growth of ‘spherulites’, which are three-dimensional colonies of fine c-Si and c-Al grains. When homogeneous precrystallization of Al phase is absent in the amorphous matrix, each spherulite possesses strong in-plane Al {111} texture. The activation energy for the growth rate of the spherulites is 1.2 ± 0.1 eV, while that for the nucleation rate is 2.1 ± 0.1 eV for Si65Al35 and 1.9 ± 0.1 eV for Si61Al39. A simulation of the reaction based on the classical transformation theory was able to reproduce the DSC profiles of these samples. During the growth of spherulites, in situ high-resolution TEM revealed a several-nanometer-thick Al layer between the amorphous matrix and the growing crystalline Si phase. This finding and the activation energy for the growth rate support a mechanism whereby the growth of the spherulites is limited by the diffusion of Si within the cAl phase.
The Influence of Thyroprotein-Feeding on Semen Quality

Abstract The effects of hypothyroidism on semen quality have been reported by Shaffner and Andrews (1948). It was shown that the feeding of thiouracil lowered semen quality as measured by both fertility tests and laboratory criteria. On the basis of this work, it was reasoned that the feeding of thyroprotein might improve the quality and/or quantity of semen especially when fed to older males. Therefore, a preliminary study was made on the effects of mild hyperthyroidism on semen production. EXPERIMENTAL Eleven two-year-old Barred Rock males were maintained in individual cages and fed an all-mash diet. Samples of semen were collected weekly and evaluated by the techniques previously described (loc. cit.). Observations were also made on comb area and body weight. After six weeks of preliminary testing, the males were divided into two comparable groups and on April 23, 1947, treatment was begun. A group of six males was fed thyroprotein at . . .
Uptake of endogenous cholesterol by a synthetic lipoprotein.

Abstract The addition of cholesterol-poor phospholipid liposomes to canine plasma in vivo and in vitro substantially alters the distribution of phospholipids, apoproteins, and, especially, cholesterol. In vivo, intravenously injected phospholipid liposomes remain discrete particles, which are readily distinguished from the normally occurring lipoproteins by their buoyant density and electrophoretic mobility. They acquire unesterified cholesterol from endogenous sources, there by producing an acute rise in the concentration of this sterol in plasma. The liposomes also accumulate endogenous proteins, one of which is identified as apolipoprotein A-I. In vitro, phospholipid liposomes incubated with plasma acquire unesterified cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I at the expense of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), the major carrier of cholesterol in normal canine plasma. In exchange, the HDL particles are enriched in phospholipids and become larger. At sufficiently high concentrations, the liposomes nearly completely deplete HDL of its unesterified cholesterol. Thus, there are generated two types of particles, both rich in apolipoprotein A-I and phospholipid, but one (modified HDL) containing mainly esterified cholesterol in its core and the other (modified liposomes) containing mainly unesterified cholesterol at its surface. It is concluded that phospholipid liposomes produce important changes in the distribution of lipids and protein in canine plasma, particularly at the expense of HDL. These changes appear to favor the mobilization of tissue cholesterol into the plasma, and may have application to atherosclerosis.
The Effect of Ga Content on the Recombination Behavior of Grain Boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The highest efficiency CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) based solar cells have been produced from films with x∼0.3 which gives a value of Eg around 1.1-1.2eV. Increasing the Ga content of the CIGS absorber provides an increase in Voc, allows tuning of the band gap that can enhance performance under actual operating conditions, and potentially makes it possible to use CIGS films in multi-junction devices. However, champion cells have not yet been produced for values of x significantly greater than 0.3. This work focuses on how increased Ga content in CIGS films affects the recombination behavior of grain boundaries. Cathodoluminescence spectral imaging (CLSI) measurements on fully processed devices allow us to compare device properties with recombination behavior and optical properties of grain boundaries in films with different Ga content. Our data suggests that grain boundaries in high efficiency films with x∼0.3 exhibit a significant red shift in the CL spectra whereas grain boundaries in films with higher Ga content typically show either a small shift or none at all. This shift indicates band bending near the boundaries which could enhance charge separation and subsequent collection of carriers generated near grain boundaries. This is investigated statistically to identify trends in different regions of the films.
Face Recognition Using Independent Gabor Wavelet Features

We introduce in this paper a novel Independent Gabor wavelet Features (IGF) method for face recognition. The IGF method derives first an augmented Gabor feature vector based upon the Gabor wavelet transformation of face images and using different orientation and scale local features. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) operates then on the Gabor feature vector subject to sensitivity analysis for the ICA transformation. Finally, the IGF method applies the Probabilistic Reasoning Model for classification by exploiting the independence properties between the feature components derived by the ICA. The feasibility of the new IGF method has been successfully tested on face recognition using 600 FERET frontal face images corresponding to 200 subjects whose facial expressions and lighting conditions may vary.
HNO Signaling Mechanisms

Abstract Due to recent discoveries of important and novel biological activity, nitroxyl (HNO) has become a molecule of significant interest. Although it has been used in the past as a treatment for alcoholism, it is currently being touted as a treatment for heart failure. It is becoming increasingly clear that many of the biological actions of HNO can be attributed to its ability to react with specific thiol- and, possibly, heme-proteins. Herein is discussed the chemistry of HNO with likely biological targets. A particular focus is given to targets associated with the pharmacological utility of HNO as a cardiovascular agent and for the treatment of alcoholism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1649–1657.
Black Cultural Capital, Status Positioning, and Schooling Conflicts for Low-Income African American Youth

Previous literature has failed to empirically demonstrate the conceptual distinction that social scientists make between "dominant" and "non-dominant" cultural capital. This article provides evidence of the coexistence of these two forms of capital within the social and academic lives of poor ethnic minority students. Using in-depth interviews with 44 low-income African American youth, I illustrate how these students negotiate their perceptions of the differential values placed by educators on these two forms of capital. Often, scholars research the effects of (dominant) cultural capital in social reproduction across various social classes, but not the influence of (non-dominant) cultural capital on status relations within socially marginalized communities. By taking into account the interplay between these two forms of capital in the lives of low-income minority students, researchers might develop a more complete and nuanced understanding of how culture ultimately affects the prospects of mobility for lower status social groups.
Solution of inverse heat conduction problems with phase changes by the mollification method

Abstract The mollification method, originally developed for the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem, is implemented as a front-tracking, space marching, finite difference procedure to determine the location of the solid/liquid interface in one-dimensional melting problems. The technique is “reversible” in the sense that if the temperature history is approximately known at two arbitrary points in the liquid region or in the solid region, the Stefan problem is solved by marching forward or backward in space. The method is also applied to the solution of the inverse Stefan problem, where the temperature and heat flux histories are measured at the transient front interface and the temperature and heat flux histories at the fixed boundary are desired. The accuracy of the algorithm is illustrated by several linear and nonlinear examples where exact and noisy data are considered.
Recognizing new activities with limited training data

Activity recognition (AR) systems are typically built to recognize a predefined set of common activities. However, these systems need to be able to learn new activities to adapt to a user's needs. Learning new activities is especially challenging in practical scenarios when a user provides only a few annotations for training an AR model. In this work, we study the problem of recognizing new activities with a limited amount of labeled training data. Due to the shortage of labeled data, small variations of the new activity will not be detected resulting in a significant degradation of the system's recall. We propose the FE-AT (Feature-based and Attribute-based learning) approach, which leverages the relationship between existing and new activities to compensate for the shortage of the labeled data. We evaluate FE-AT on three public datasets and demonstrate that it outperforms traditional AR approaches in recognizing new activities, especially when only a few training instances are available.
MyD88 and Trif Target Beclin 1 to Trigger Autophagy in Macrophages

The Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an instructive role in innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing specific molecular patterns from pathogens. Autophagy removes intracellular pathogens and participates in antigen presentation. Here, we demonstrate that not only TLR4, but also other TLR family members induce autophagy in macrophages, which is inhibited by MyD88, Trif, or Beclin 1 shRNA expression. MyD88 and Trif co-immunoprecipitate with Beclin 1, a key factor in autophagosome formation. TLR signaling enhances the interaction of MyD88 and Trif with Beclin 1, and reduces the binding of Beclin 1 to Bcl-2. These findings indicate TLR signaling via its adaptor proteins reduces the binding of Beclin 1 to Bcl-2 by recruiting Beclin 1 into the TLR-signaling complex leading to autophagy.
Rhinoplasty for cleft and hemangioma-related nasal deformities.

Cleft lip rhinoplasty presents a unique set of challenges to the facial reconstructive surgeon. The procedure itself is considered both functional and cosmetic, and while the outward appearance is most noticeable, cosmesis cannot be addressed adequately without also addressing the functional deformities in cleft lip nasal rhinoplasty. Unilateral and bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities and hemagioma-related deformities are discussed, and the surgical corrections described.
A defense of equal opportunity for welfare

Christiano urges that "From the fact that voluntary renunciation forfeits one's right to equal welfare it does not follow that each person ought to be provided with equal opportunities for welfare." I agree. It was for this reason that I expressly stated in the article he is attacking that the examples of voluntary renunciation suggest rather than entail the reasonableness of an equal opportunity ideal. The claim I actually made concerns this objection to equality of welfare: The welfare levels that individuals reach depend on their preferences and preferences are (at least to some degree) within their voluntary control, so equality of welfare is not a plausible interpretation of equality so long as equality is construed as a component of distributive justice that determines what the state owes individuals by way of fair treatment. I claimed that this objection provides no reason to reject a welfare or preference satisfaction interpretation of equality. The objection merely shows that the equality that should matter is not simply equality in the final welfare levels that individuals reach. The objection calls for the formulation of a properly qualified or revised welfarist principle of equality. Nothing Christiano says gives any reason to reject this analysis. Before exploring the credentials of equal opportunity for welfare as an ideal of distributive equality it will be useful to clear up one confusion. Welfarism (or subjectivism) as I understand it holds that in the theory of distributive justice the best measure of individuals' shares
Factor VIIa-mediated tenase function on activated platelets under flow.

Summary. Background: Tissue factor (TF) and/or active factor (F)VIIa may be stored inside resting platelets. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine if platelets, following activation of GPVI, could support tenase and prothrombinase activity without any exogenously added tissue factor. Methods: Thrombin (IIa) formation on gel-filtered platelets with added factors or the clotting of platelet-free plasma (PFP) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) supplemented with corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) (to inhibit factor XIIa) was studied in well plate assays with a fluorogenic thrombin substrate or in flow assays by fibrin visualization. Results: Pretreatment of convulxin (CVX)-stimulated, fibrinogen-adherent, gel-filtered platelets with anti-TF, anti-FVII/VIIa, or 1 nm PPACK [inhibitor of FVIIa, factor XIa and factor (F)IIa] delayed fibrin deposition on platelets perfused with PFP/CTI at 62.5 s−1. Anti-TF or anti-FVII/VIIa also attenuated thrombin generation in plate assays using recalcified PRP/CTI treated with CVX. Anti-TF or anti-FVII/VIIa (but not inhibited factor IXa) delayed the burst in thrombin production by gel-filtered platelets suspended in prothrombin and CVX by 14 min and 40 min, respectively. Anti-FVII/VIIa completely eliminated thrombin generation on fibrinogen-adherent, gel-filtered platelets pretreated with 10 µm PPACK and 10 µm EGR-CK [inhibitor of factor (F)Xa], rinsed, and then supplemented with CVX, prothrombin, and FX. Addition of anionic phospholipid to PFP/CTI or to a mixture of prothrombin, FX, and recVIIa was not sufficient to generate detectable tenase activity. Lastly, isolated, unactivated neutrophils suspended in FX, FII and recVIIa supported a very low level of thrombin generation sensitive to antagonism of P-selectin, CD18, and TF. Conclusions: Activated platelets supported tenase and prothrombinase activity by elevating the function or level of FVIIa and exposing active FVIIa or FVIIa-cofactor(s), distinct from anionic lipid, that may be, in part, TF.
Adaptive model-based neural network control

A form of adaptive model-based control is proposed and experimentally evaluated. An adaptive model-based neural network controller (AMBNNC) uses multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks to estimate the payload during high-speed manipulator motion. The payload estimate adapts the feedforward compensator to unmodeled system dynamics and payload variation. The neural nets are trained through repetitive training on trajectory tracking error data. The AMBNNC was experimentally evaluated on the third link of a PUMA-560 manipulator. Tracking performance was evaluated for a wide range of payload and trajectory conditions and compared to a nonadaptive model-based controller. The superior tracking accuracy of the AMBNNC demonstrates the potential of the technique. >
A Characterization of Banach Spaces Containing l1

Abstract It is proved that a Banach space contains a subspace isomorphic to l1 if (and only if) it has a bounded sequence with no weak-Cauchy subsequence. The proof yields that a sequence of subsets of a given set has a subsequence that is either convergent or Boolean independent.
Molecular systematics and Pleistocene biogeography of Mesoamerican flying squirrels

Abstract Populations of flying squirrels from the Mesoamerican highlands represent the least understood members of the genus Glaucomys. Traditionally, these populations have been considered to be southern disjuncts of the southern flying squirrel (G. volans), a species that is widespread across the deciduous and mixed-deciduous forests of eastern North America. The limited number of museum specimens of Mesoamerican flying squirrels has made discerning the systematic and biogeographic relationships of these populations a challenge. We used ancient DNA techniques to extract, amplify, and sequence a 571-base pair segment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b gene from 22 of 34 available museum specimens. Mesoamerican flying squirrel data were combined with homologous sequences from representative populations of Glaucomys from the United States and Canada. This combined data set was analyzed using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results indicate that G. volans is monophyletic and contains 2 monophyle...
Palatal erosion and oronasal fistulation following covered nasopharyngeal stent placement in two dogs

Treatment options for dogs with nasopharyngeal stenosis include fluoroscopic placement of metallic stents. Reported complications include entrapment of hair and food, obstruction and persistent nasal discharge. Two toy breed dogs were examined for persistent nasal discharge and halitosis at 4 and 20 months after placement of permanent metallic stents for acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. Full thickness defects were found in the palate of both dogs, with extensive communication between the mouth and the nasal passages. Portions of the metal stent were observed within the lesion in both patients. Additional treatment was declined by the owner of one dog; the stent was removed through the fistula in the other dog. Palatal erosion with secondary oronasal fistulation is a potential complication of nasopharyngeal stent placement in dogs.
Finite element simulation of biphasic soft tissue contact with application to the shoulder joint

We describe a method to simulate cartilage contact in diarthrodial joints such as the hip, knee and shoulder. The method derives time-dependent contact boundary conditions using kinematic, kinetic and geometric data that is collected experimentally and utilized to define the finite element (FE) analysis. The nonlinearity associated with contact is approximated using a penetration-based method, thus reducing the nonlinear problem to two linear ones, and greatly reducing the computational resources necessary. The method is applied to four shoulder models, allowing comparison of results that may be related to joint degeneration are compared.
Extending path profiling across loop backedges and procedure boundaries

Since their introduction, path profiles have been used to guide the application of aggressive code optimizations and performing instruction scheduling. However, for optimization and scheduling, it is often desirable to obtain frequency counts of paths that extend across loop iterations and cross procedure boundaries. These longer paths, referred to as interesting paths, account for over 75% of the flow in a subset of SPEC benchmarks. Although the frequency counts of interesting paths can be estimated from path profiles, the degree of imprecision of these estimates is very high. We extend Ball Larus (BL) paths to create slightly longer overlapping paths and develop an instrumentation algorithm to collect their frequencies. While these paths are slightly longer than BL paths, they enable very precise estimation of frequencies of potentially much longer interesting paths. Our experiments show that the average cost of collecting frequencies of overlapping paths is 86.8%, which is 4.2 times that of BL paths. However, while the average imprecision in estimated total flow of interesting paths derived from BL path frequencies ranges from -38 % to +138 %, the average imprecision inflow estimates derived from overlapping path frequencies ranges only from -4% to +8%.