cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model for Collision Processes in Gases: Small-Amplitude Oscillations of Charged Two-Component Systems

The general features of the small-amplitude oscillations of a two-component ionized gas are discussed. The effects of the random thermal motions of ions and electrons are described by one-particle distribution functions. When collisions are neglected, there are two types of waves for a given wavelength. One is a high-frequency electron plasma oscillation, slightly modified by ionic motions. The other is the Tonks-Langmuir positive-ion oscillation which is shown to be undamped when the electron temperature is considerably greater than the ion temperature. The effects of collisions are treated by a kinetic model which satisfies the conservation laws, and provides for energy and momentum exchange between components. The low-pressure waves are damped primarily because of the decreasing electron temperature with increasing collision frequency. The validity of transport treatments is investigated. At high density and high frequency one finds the correct sound wave for a mixture of gases. Study of the frequency as a series of inverse powers of the collision frequency shows that the first-power term yields absorption independent of the electric charge. Higher powers give contributions to the absorption and dispersion which depend on electrical polarization as well as on diffusion, viscosity, and heat conductivity. The behavior at the more frequently realized case of low frequency and high pressure depends on the electric charge more directly.
In vivo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in rat brain via the phospholipid methylation pathway.

The in vivo synthesis of brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was examined. (H-3)methyl)methionine was infused i.c.v., by indwelling cannula, and brain samples were taken 0.5-18 h thereafter and assayed for (H-3)PC, as well as for its biosynthetic intermediates (H-3)phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine ((H-3)PMME) and (H-3)phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine ((H-3)PDME), and for (H-3)lysophosphatidylcholine ((H-3)LPC) and S-(H-3)adenosylmethionine ((H-3)SAM). Most of the (H-3)PC (79-94 percent) was present ipsilateral to the infusion site; indicating that the radioactivity in the (H-3)PC was primarily of intracerebral origin, and not taken up from the blood. Moreover, only very low levels of (H-3)PC were attained in brains of animals receiving (H-3)methionine i.p. and these levels were symmetrically distributed. (H-3)PMME and (H-3)PDME turned over with apparent half-lives of 2.2 h and 2.4 h. In contrast, the accumulation of brain (H-3)PC was biphasic, suggesting the existence of two pools, the more labile of which turned over rapidly (t(sub 1/2) = 5 h) and was formed for as long as (H-3)PMME and (H-3)PDME are present in the brain, and another, which was distinguishable only at 18 h after the (H-3)methionine infusion. (The latter pool may have been synthesized from (H-3)choline that was released via the hydrolysis of some of the brain (H-3)PC previously formed by the methylation of PE.) Subcellular fractionation of brain tissue obtained after in vivo labelling with (H-3)methionine revealed that mitochondrial PC had the highest specific radioactivity (dpm per micromol total lipid phosphorus), and myelin the least. These observations affirm that rat brain does synthesize PC in vivo by methylating PE, and the technique provides an experimental system which may be useful for examining the physiological regulation of this process.
Pathway-Based Feature Selection Algorithm for Cancer Microarray Data

Classification of cancers based on gene expressions produces better accuracy when compared to that of the clinical markers. Feature selection improves the accuracy of these classification algorithms by reducing the chance of overfitting that happens due to large number of features. We develop a new feature selection method called Biological Pathway-based Feature Selection (BPFS) for microarray data. Unlike most of the existing methods, our method integrates signaling and gene regulatory pathways with gene expression data to minimize the chance of overfitting of the method and to improve the test accuracy. Thus, BPFS selects a biologically meaningful feature set that is minimally redundant. Our experiments on published breast cancer datasets demonstrate that all of the top 20 genes found by our method are associated with cancer. Furthermore, the classification accuracy of our signature is up to 18% better than that of vant Veers 70 gene signature, and it is up to 8% better accuracy than the best published feature selection method, I-RELIEF.
Operant Behavior of a Chronic Alcoholic Under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval Schedules of Reinforcement Using Alcohol as a Reinforcer

Summary One chronic male alcoholic was used in an experimental designed to investigate the feasibility of using the free operant technique, in a restricted laboratory setting, as a means of analyzing the behavior patterns of an alcoholic. Further, the variability of the reinforcing value of beverage alcohol was investigated under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval schedules of reinforcement. The subject was run for 192 consecutive hours under both non-drinking and drinking conditions. Operant and temporal data on response rate and beverage alcohol consumption were collected Whisky as a reinforcer with an alcoholic generated response behavior under fixed ratio and fixed interval schedules similar to the performance found in infrahuman subjects and in retarded and non-retarded children. The temporal analysis suggested that work patterns may be evident in the alcoholic working and drinking practices.
Thermodynamic properties of lexan polycarbonate from 110–560°k

The heat capacity of Lexan polycarbonate has been accurately measured on samples of different degrees of crystal Unity. No low temperature transitions are observed in Cp. The usual discontinuity in Cp at the glass temperature is observed at 142°C. for a completely amorphous sample. In semicrystalline samples the change in Cp at Tg is greatly suppressed by the presence of crystallites. The crystalline regions of the polymer exhibit melting over the range 200–250°C. and a latent heat accompanies the melting process. From the magnitude of this latent heat the per cent crystallinity has been calculated as 17% (powder sample) and 24% (solvent crystallized sample). Upon slow cooling from the melt a completely amorphous sample is obtained.
Direct electrophoretic detection of the allelic state of single DNA molecules in human sperm by using the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract We have developed a procedure that allows the detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products derived from a single target DNA molecule in a human sperm without using radioactive probes. With this method, three genetic loci present in a single sperm can be amplified simultaneously. The amplification procedure is specific as well as efficient and permits detection of the PCR product by ethidium bromide staining after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When allele-specific PCR primers that differ in length are used, the size of the PCR products of different alleles also vary in length, allowing the allelic state at each locus to be determined electrophoretically. Studies on individual sperm by using this procedure should facilitate the measurement of genetic recombination in humans over small physical distances. The ability to directly analyze the allelic state of PCR products from one cell rapidly and simply will also be useful for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease, especially in the analysis of single blastomeres taken from in vitro fertilized eggs prior to implantation.
Measurement of the formation of betaine aldehyde and betaine in rat liver mitochondria by a high pressure liquid chromatography-radioenzymatic assay.

A new assay procedure for measurement of rat liver mitochondrial choline dehydrogenase was developed. Oxidation of [methyl-14C]choline to [methyl-14C]betaine aldehyde and [methyl-14C]betaine was measured after isolating these compounds using HPLC. We observed that NAD+ was required for conversion of betaine aldehyde to betaine in rat liver mitochondria. In the absence of this cofactor, oxidation of choline led to the accumulation of betaine aldehyde. The apparent Km of the mitochondrial choline dehydrogenase for choline was 0.14-0.27 mM, which is significantly lower than previously reported. A partially purified preparation of choline dehydrogenase catalyzed betaine aldehyde formation only in the presence of exogenous electron acceptors (e.g., phenazine methosulfate). This preparation failed to catalyze the formation of betaine even in the presence of NAD+, indicating that betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase may be a separate enzyme from choline dehydrogenase.
TUBERIZATION OF THE COLORADO WILD POTATO AS AFFECTED BY X-RADIATION.

The Colorado wild potato (Solanum jamesii) is the only species among more than 100 different kinds of plants that the writer (6) has irradiated in which a plant organ has made greater growth leading to increased weight as a result of the treatment. The growth and development of the underground parts of 22 species (7) exposed to medium doses showed detrimental effects to adventitious, fibrous, and tap roots. Corms and bulbs of certain species of Iridaceae and Liliaceae, although less sensitive than tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke, agree in showing retarded growth. The wild potato was the only species, among those in which the underground organs especially were studied, for which a dose favoring tuber production was found. Jacobson (2) reported that by x-radiation the crop of one variety of cultivated potatoes was increased 84 per cent, in weight over the control plants, while with another variety the increase was as much as 200 per cent. He stated that not only was each tuber larger than normal but that there was an increase in the total number as well. Sprague and Lenz (9) from preliminary experiments concluded that strong doses may reduce the number of tubers formed, but that such tubers attain a greater size so that the total production is not lowered. In the writer's preliminary experiments (3) with cultivated potatoes grown in the greenhouse, tubers which were given light doses of x-rays formed more young tubers per hill than did the controls, but the average weight was less than that for the controls. Consequently the average total weight per hill was practically the same for controls and experimental plants. Since only a very limited number of cultivated potatoes could be grown in the greenhouse at one time, further experiments were carried on with the Colorado wild potato which has proved to be useful in ecological experiments (8) since it requires little room and matures quickly. A summary (1) of the studies reporting stinmlative action of x-radiation has pointed out that in the great majority of cases where it has occurred, light doses have been used. Experiments of two seasons, in which the use of light doses on the wild potato failed to give increased production, have been previously reported (5). Eesults based on 14,000 tubers obtained from the second year's experiment, indicated that the controls and experimental plants did not vary more in yield than would two groups of untreated plants.
The role of animal studies in supporting human assisted reproductive technology

Although average success rates of human IVF have increased progressively during the past two decades, the efficiency of this technique, based on each embryo produced or transferred, is still low. High success rates are usually achieved by transferring several embryos to the patient, which is often associated with multiple pregnancies. The quality of in vitro produced embryos is a major area that needs attention. Because there is no in vivo database for human embryos, the properties of normal embryos are not known, and so it is difficult to know how to improve quality and viability. In addition, selection of the most viable embryos for transfer is a rather subjective process. The origins of human assisted reproductive technology (ART) are based on animal ART; however, the two areas of research (animal and human ART) appear to have become disconnected. Re-examination of progress in animal ART could help improve human embryo quality and thereby assist efforts to sustain high pregnancy rates with only one or two embryos transferred. Some key areas in which animal ART can help guide progress in human ART are discussed.
Of What Value is a Job Attitude? A Socio-Cognitive Analysis

Job attitudes are often weakly predictive of job-related behaviors. A socio-cognitive model is presented to demonstrate why job attitudes are important, to identify their structural and functional properties, and to specify when they predict behavior. According to this model, attitudes are represented in memory by a cognitive structure consisting of an object label, an evaluative summary of that object, and a knowledge structure. This structure serves several functions: it allows individuals to make sense of their social world (heuristic and schematic functions of attitudes) and to maintain self-worth (self functions of attitudes). Finally, we use the socio-cognitive model to identify six propositions for increasing the attitude-behavior relationship.
Minimization of a Protein−DNA Dimerizer

A protein−DNA dimerizer constructed from a DNA-binding polyamide and the peptide FYPWMKG facilitates the binding of a natural transcription factor Exd to an adjacent DNA site. The Exd binding domain can be reduced to a dipeptide WM attached to the polyamide through an e-aminohexanoic acid linker with retention of protein−DNA dimerizer activity. Screening a library of analogues indicated that the tryptophan indole moiety is more important than methionine's side chain or the N-terminal acetamide. Remarkably, switching the stereochemistry of the tryptophan residue (l to d) stabilizes the dimerizer•Exd•DNA ternary complex at 37 °C. These observations provide design principles for artificial transcription factors that may function in concert with the cellular regulatory circuitry.
Surveillance of Bungowannah Pestivirus in the Upper Midwestern USA

Summary Pestiviruses, a genetically and antigenically highly diverse group, include one of the most historically significant swine pathogens, that is, classical swine fever virus. In Australia, investigations into swine outbreaks characterized by neonatal mortality, stillbirths and mummified foetuses resulted in the discovery of a new pestivirus, Bungowannah virus. This finding raised the possibility that Bungowannah virus, or a variant thereof, was circulating in swine herds elsewhere in the World. If so, it raised the possibility of a pestivirus emerging as a new swine disease with unknown consequences for animal health and food safety. Thus, we developed three specific qRT-PCR assays to evaluate tissue samples from undiagnosed cases of abortion or respiratory disease for evidence of Bungowannah virus. Examination of 64 samples collected between the Fall of 2007 and Spring of 2010 tested negative for all three genes examined. We conclude that Bungowannah-like pestivirus is unlikely to be present in swine in the upper Midwestern USA.
Non-isothermal circuit for SOI MOSFETs for electrothermal simulation of SOI integrated circuits

A non-isothermal circuit is proposed in this work for SOI MOSFETs, derived from a previously developed steady-state SOI heat flow model. The heat flow model was developed from the heat flow equation in SOI structure accounting for the non-isothermal profile on the Si island, heat loss to BOX and heat flow to FOX and metal contacts. A non-isothermal circuit for SOI MOSFETs has been presented and applied to electrothermal simulation of a cascode SOI current mirror. It was demonstrated that change in layout structure may evidently vary heat flow in devices/interconnects and alter device temperatures and thermal coupling among devices.
Biochemical Basis of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Perinatal hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neurologic disease during the neonatal period. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), is associated with a high mortality and morbidity rate, including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and seizures [1]. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia is about 1.0–1.5% in most centers and is usually related to gestational age and birth weight. It occurs in 9.0% of infants less than 36 weeks’ gestation and in 0.5% of infants more than 36 weeks’ gestation [2, 3]. The etiology of perinatal HIE includes those circumstances that can affect the cerebral blood flow in the fetus and newborn compromising the supply of oxygen to the brain. They may develop antepartum (20%), intrapartum (30%), antepartum and intrapartum (35%), or postpartum (10%) [4].
Accounting for patient heterogeneity in phase II clinical trials

Phase II clinical trials typically are single-arm studies conducted to decide whether an experimental treatment is sufficiently promising, relative to standard treatment, to warrant further investigation. Many methods exist for conducting phase II trials under the assumption that patients are homogeneous. In the presence of patient heterogeneity, however, these designs are likely to draw incorrect conclusions. We propose a class of model-based Bayesian designs for single-arm phase II trials with a binary or time-to-event outcome and two or more prognostic subgroups. The designs' early stopping rules are subgroup specific and allow the possibility of terminating some subgroups while continuing others, thus providing superior results when compared with designs that ignore treatment-subgroup interactions. Because our formulation requires informative priors on standard treatment parameters and subgroup main effects, and non-informative priors on experimental treatment parameters and treatment-subgroup interactions, we provide an algorithm for computing prior hyperparameter values. A simulation study is presented and the method is illustrated by a chemotherapy trial in acute leukemia.
Sample Size Calculation and Power Analysis: A Quick Review

Diabetes educators conducting research need a basic understanding of statistical concepts so study findings are useful and can be read with confidence. Selecting an adequate sample size is a key step that needs to be considered early in the process of designing a research study. A sample size too small will not provide reliable answers to the study questions asked or research hypotheses needing to be tested. A sample size that is too big can make the study unwieldy, wasting both time and effort. An adequate sample size uses resources and time in the most cost-effective manner and is essential to producing useful research findings. The purpose of this article is to understand the importance of selecting an adequate sample size in gaining information from a small group (sample) that can be generalized to a larger group (population) along with discussing power analyses.
Anticoagulation, Centrifligation Time, and Sample Replicate Number in the Microhematocrit Method for Avian Blood

Abstract THE determination of hematocrit (Hct) is commonly employed as a measure of the erythrocyte concentration in the blood. Most studies in avian hematology have employed macro Hct methods, requiring at least 1 ml. of blood and centrifugation for 30 min. or more. There has, however, been increasing adoption of the more rapid, and more accurate, microcapillary method (McGovern et al., 1955), as developed for mammalian blood from the methods of Guest and Siler (1934), Hamre (1940), Strumia et al. (1954), and others. This method employs glass capillary tubes, 0.06 ml. of blood, and centrifugation for less than 10 min. The micro-Hct method was employed on avian blood in the early 1940’s by Hamre and McHenry (1942) and again by Johnston (1955). Although the method has been used in many avian studies more recently, certain methodological aspects have apparently received little attention. These include the topics of anticoagulation, sampling precision, and …
Does an unspecified cosmological constant solve the problem of time in quantum gravity

In unimodular gravity, an unspecified cosmological constant appears as a variable canonically conjugate to a four-volume variable, the cosmological time. It was suggested that this time sets the conditions of quantum measurements and solves thereby the interpretation problems of quantum geometrodynamics. By analyzing the relationship of the cosmological time to hypertime (the collection of spacelike hypersurfaces), we highlight the difficulties of such a position. The constraint system of parametrized unimodular gravity implies that the cosmological time labels only equivalence classes formed by hypersurfaces separated by a zero four-volume, while individual spacelike hypersurfaces within an equivalence class are physically irrelevant. As a result, unless complemented by a hypertime variable, cosmological time does not uniquely set the conditions for measuring geometric variables either in the classical or in the quantum theory.
Functional ankle instability and health-related quality of life.

Context: To our knowledge, no authors have assessed health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in participants with functional ankle instability (FAI). Furthermore, the relationships between measures ...
Determinants of acute and long-term response to converting enzyme inhibitors in congestive heart failure

Abstract In 42 patients with moderate-to-severe congestive heart failure (CHF), the acute hemodynamic and neurohumoral response to the converting enzyme inhibitors (CEIs) captopril (CPT) and teprotide were measured. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was elevated and correlated with control plasma norepinephrine (PNE) but not with any of the control hemodynamics. Acutely after CEIs, significant ( p p p r = −0.64), PCWP ( r = −0.60), MAP ( r = −0.66), SVR ( r = −0.61), and PVR ( r = −0.61). Long-term CPT therapy in 12 of these patients resulted in symptomatic improvement and a marked increase in exercise tolerance (7.4 to 10.4 minutes, p
Velocity Dispersion In Layered Media

Summary Velocity dispersion in stratified media depends upon the impedance contrast between contiguous layers and the ratio (R) of the wavelength to the layer thickness. The goal of the present work is to understand the scale dependence of propagation velocities in periodically layered media. We based our analysis in 1-D wave equation forward modeling. The numerical simulation was performed on 9 layered models with impedance contrast ranging from 1.05 to 1.99. The analysis showed that the maximum R which RT can be used to estimate travel time is about 2, and the minimum which effective media theory is valid varies from 21 to 25. Mie and Rayleigh scattering zones are located near 4 and 5
Reflections on the lowly PVC.

Using a healthy degree of editorial license, we wanted to set the scene for the excellent study by El Kadri et al in this issue of HeartRhythm by reflecting on how much we have learned about premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in the span of 5 decades or so. PVCs were first considered a harbinger of risk in patients with structural heart disease. This was largely informed by the initial observations in the critical care unit caring for patients early after myocardial infarction. The association between PVCs and increased risk of sudden death in ambulatory patients was demonstrated in an analysis from the Tecumseh Study. Patients with PVCs had a 6-fold increase in sudden death over a follow-up period of 6 years. Reports by Bigger et al for the Multicenter Post Infarction Research Group clearly demonstrated that in patients convalescing from acute infarction, a high burden of PVCs (43 per hour) as well as reduced ejection fraction was associated with an increased risk of total mortality and death caused by arrhythmia. The PVC hypothesis—that frequent PVCs served as the trigger that launched lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias and that successful antiarrhythmic drug treatment would reduce risk—was tested in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) and soundly refuted. Furthermore, the Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) study, among other findings, further dissociated PVC burden and specifically successful treatment of PVCs with antiarrhythmic drugs from subsequent risk of sustained ventricular arrhythmias. These disappointing results turned focus away from PVC burden as a risk factor for poor outcome in patients with structural heart disease. Interest in PVCs was reawakened by initial case reports followed by an initial clinical series of patients without preexisting heart disease who had frequent PVCs and potentially reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Yarlagadda et al studied 27 patients with “repetitive monomorphic ventricular ectopy” who were referred for catheter ablation. Their study demonstrated several important findings: (1) successful ablation (achieved in 7/8 patients with LV dysfunction) resulted in dramatic improvement in LV function; (2) LV dysfunction was observed with as few
Discrete-time local dynamic programming

Optimal control theory is a powerful analytical tool useful for many diverse fields, including biological motor control, where the theory is used to predict characteristics of motor control problems under optimal conditions. However, finding solutions to these control problems can be very difficult when examining biological systems, where nonlinearity and stochasticity are typical. In an effort to overcome this dilemma and analyze more realistic problems, we present an algorithm that approximates the solution to the discrete-time Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. As with similar local dynamic programming algorithms, the algorithm approximates a local solution around a nominal trajectory and progressively improves the trajectory and the value function's local estimate. Using this algorithm, we obtain optimal solutions for a single joint musculo-skeletal system. In particular, we take advantage of this new algorithm to examine solutions with fast and discontinuous dynamics and non-Gaussian noise. These solutions are examined for some of the stereotypical responses of biological systems, such as the tri-phasic muscle activations and bell-shaped velocity profiles. The results are also compared with their deterministic counterparts, emphasizing the need for stochastic solutions.
Total internal reflection mirrors and etched beam splitters for compact photonic integrated circuits

TIR mirrors and etched beam splitters based on weakly guided waveguides are demonstrated in GaAs/Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As system. Mirror loss of 0.45 dB is measured. Resonators with 1.2 dB round trip loss and 7.6 nm FSR are also demonstrated.
Old Wine in Old Bottles: Simplification of Family Status Tax Issues

Decades of discussion about simplifying family status tax issues have not produced meaningful reform. The article suggests a different approach to thinking about simplification. It proposes looking at various provisions from a design perspective and asking what form the rules might take if one were designing an income tax with various goals. After teasing out the goals that Congress might have with respect to the standard deduction, exemptions, the earned income tax credit, the child credit and the dependent care credit, the article offers two proposals structured from a design perspective. It also considers other incremental reform.
An Overview of Two-Piece Die Cast Aluminum Intake Manifold Joining

Etude generale de l'assemblage d'une tubulure d'admission en aluminium coulee en coquille en deux parties
NUCLEAR MIGRATION RATES IN COPRINUS CONGREGATUS: A NEW RECORD?

Rippel, A. 1940. Energy considerations on the efficiency of fat synthesis by microorganisms. Arch. Mikrobiol. 11: 271-284. Singh, J., T. K. Walker, and M. L. Meara. 1955. The component fatty acids of the fat of Aspergillus nidulans. Biochem. J. 61(1): 85-88. Spiteri, J. 1954. Partition chromotography of fat acids. Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 33: 1355-62. Woodbine, M. 1959. Microbial fat: Microorganisms as potential fat producers. Prog. Industr. Microbiol. 1: 179-245. -, M. F. Gregory, and T. K. Walker. 1951. Microbiological synthesis of fat: Preliminary survey of the fat producing moulds. J. Exp. Bot. 2(5): 204-211.
The Emperor's Itch.

Standing with his right hand tucked inside his waistcoat, Napoleon I of France looks off in deep thought, in Jacques-Louis David’s 1812 painting Napoleon in His Study. Though this stance appears regal, there are speculations that this iconic pose was merely a facade for his scratching convenience. At a time when scabies ran rampant, it is no surprise that some believe that Napoleon probably had “the itch.” We now know “the itch” is attributed to scabies, which came from the Latin term scabere—“to scratch.” This condition manifests as pruritic rashes in the human host following colonization of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei in the skin as a result of skin-to-skin contact with an infected host. This infestation is classically seen as papules or burrows, which are thread-like tunnels under the skin f i l led with egg cases and mite fecal pellets. When these burrows are not concealed by papular or vesicular lesions, the parasite itself can be seen at the end of the tunnel as a black dot. Giovan Cosimo Bonomo first described the mite in 1687. However, the causal relationship between the mite and the itching symptoms was not elucidated until 1834 when Simon Francois Renucci, a Corsican medical student, used a needle probe to remove a mite from a young female patient with “the itch.” The key component of his procedure was based on the needle technique of Corsican market women: excavating near the vesicle’s center. Our understanding of the disease was furthered by entomologist Kenneth Mellanby, who noted the small mite burden in the scabietic soldiers he studied and established the person-to-person body contact mode of disease transmission. Today, scabies continues to be a problem in impoverished communities and in sexually active, immunosuppressed, or elderly individuals. But was Napoleon’s pose truly attributed to scabies? Reuben Friedman, an American physician, debunked this theory in 1940. He presented some evidence: Napoleon took many sulfur baths, and Empress Josephine was not known to have scabies. What he actually suffered from, Friedman argued, was dermatitis herpetiformis, which is now clearly linked with celiac disease. Blistering rashes accompanied by intense itching and burning are its hallmarks. Was Napoleon’s stance a consequence of his urge to scratch? No one knows for sure. Whether it was scabies or dermatitis herpetiformis, the Emperor’s affliction is a reality for many patients today. Both conditions can be masked by common features of papules, vesicles, and erosions, prompting misdiagnoses. Fortunately, thanks to histological examination, the Emperor’s itch is now an unraveled mystery and treatable affliction.
Preliminary Observation of Ketogenic Diet Therapy for Children with Intractable Epilepsy

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of ketogenic diet therapy for children with intractable epilepsy and its safety.Methods Fifteen patients with intractable epilepsy were treated with ketogenic diet that was modified specifically for Chinese people.The compliance,seizure frequency and side effects were followed up.Results Twelve patients maintained on the treatment for 1 month.Among them,the reduction of seizure frequency in 10 patients exceed 50%.Ten patients maintained on the treatment for 3 months.Among them,the reduction of seizure frequency in 8 patients exceed 50%.Five patients maintained on the treatment for more than 6 months.The reduction of seizure frequency all exceed 50%.The reduction of seizure frequency in 4 patients exceed 90%.The seizures of 3 patients were controlled completely.Ten patients among all cases had various adverse effect,such as nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,constipation,hypoglycemia(nonsymptomatic),hyperlipemia and damage of liver function and so on,which could eliminate by anti-symptomatic treatment.Conclusions Ketogenic diet is effective and safe in Chinese children with intractable epilepsy with modified methods specifically for Chinese.The effect is unrelated with seizure types obviously.
Surface modification of nano-TiO_2 and its application to waterborne coatings

The formula of waterborne styrene-acrylicemulsion coatings and preparation method of modified nano-TiO2waterborne coatings were introduced.The optimaldosages of dispersant,coupler,nano-TiO2and pH valuewere confirmed by the orthogonal test and single factors testas follows:m(sodium hexametaphosphate) 0.5 g,V(cou-pling agents) 1.5 mL,w(TiO2) 0.5% and pH of 7.8.Compared with the common waterborne coatings,the newlyprepared nano-coatings have excellent physical properties.The adhesion is up to 1 grade,water resistance more than120 h,alkalinily resistance more than 96 h and scrubresistance more than 5 000 times.
Pleural Myiasis Associated With Pleural Angiosarcoma

Myiasis refers to a parasitic infestation of vertebrate mammals by dipterous larvae (maggots) of higher flies. Infections in humans typically occur in tropical and subtropical regions, regions with limited medical access, and areas with poor hygiene and living conditions. Infestations in humans have been described in subcutaneous, nasal, ocular, oropharyngeal, and orotracheal cases; however, reports of pulmonary myiasis in humans in the United States and other developed countries are extremely rare. We describe a patient with recently diagnosed primary pleural angiosarcoma who presented to our clinic for the management of a thoracostomy tube and was diagnosed with pleural myiasis.
Nontraditional Education for Surgeons

Suggestions for continuing education for small-town surgeons include the “reverse sabbatical,” the “gown and country exchange,” a resident student program, and a mini-residency to aid surgeons in learning new techniques.
STAC: A tool for Static Textual Analysis of Code

Static textual analysis techniques have been recently applied to process and synthesize source code. The underlying tenet is that important information is embedded in code identifiers and internal code comments. Such information can be analyzed to provide automatic aid for several software engineering activities. To facilitate this line of work, we present STAC, a tool for supporting Static Textual Analysis of Code. STAC is designed as a light-weight stand-alone tool that provides a practical one-stop solution for code indexing. Code indexing is the process of extracting important textual information from source code. Accurate indexing has been found to significantly influence the performance of code retrieval and analysis methods. STAC provides features for extracting and processing textual patterns found in Java, C++, and C# code artifacts. These features include identifier splitting, stemming, lemmatization, and spell-checking. STAC is also provided as an API to help researchers to integrate basic code indexing features into their code.
Copper Nanofilament Formation during Unipolar Resistance Switching of Electrodeposited Cuprous Oxide

An emerging nonvolatile, solid-state memory is resistance random access memory (RRAM). RRAM is based on reversible switching of resistance in semiconductor and insulator thin films. Here, unipolar resistance switching is demonstrated in electrodeposited films of [111]-textured cuprous oxide (Cu2O). The textured Cu2O is electrodeposited from a highly alkaline bath using tartrate as the complexing agent. The switching is observed in a cell composed of a film of Cu2O sandwiched between Au and Au–Pd contacts. The switching is attributed to the formation and rupture of a Cu nanofilament in the Cu2O. The initial resistance of the cell is 6.5 × 106 Ω, and a conducting filament is formed in the film by scanning the applied electric field to 6.8 × 106 V m–1. The cell is then reversibly cycled between a low resistance state of 16.6 Ω and a high resistance state of 4 × 105 Ω by the SET and RESET processes. In the low resistance state, the resistance decreases linearly with decreasing temperature, consistent with met...
Exploiting randomness in sketching for efficient hardware implementation of machine learning applications

Energy-efficient processing of large matrices for big-data applications using hardware acceleration is an intense area of research. Sketching of large matrices into their lower-dimensional representations is an effective strategy. For the first time, this paper develops a highly energy-efficient hardware implementation of a class of sketching methods based on random projections, known as Johnson Lindenstrauss (JL) transform. Crucially, we show how the randomness inherent in the projection matrix can be exploited to create highly efficient fixed-point arithmetic realizations of several machine-learning applications. Specifically, the transform's random matrices have two key properties that allow for significant energy gains in hardware implementations. The first is the smoothing property that allows us to drastically reduce operand bit-width in computation of the JL transform itself. The second is the randomizing property that allows bit-width reduction in subsequent machine-learning applications. Further, we identify a random matrix construction method that exploits the special sparsity structure to result in the most hardware-efficient realization and implement the highly optimized transform on an FPGA. Experimental results on (1) the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification and (2) the principal component analysis (PCA) show that with the same bit-width the proposed flow utilizing random projection achieves an up to 7× improvement in both latency and energy. Furthermore, by exploiting the smoothing and randomizing properties we are able to use a 1-bit instead of a 4-bit multiplier within KNN, which results in additional 50% and 6% improvement in area and energy respectively. The proposed I/O streaming strategy along with the hardware-efficient JL algorithm identified by us is able to achieve a 50% runtime reduction, a 17% area reduction in the stage of random projection compared to a standard design.
The role of interpersonal attachment styles in shaping consumer preferences for products shown in relational advertisements

Abstract The present research adopts an attachment theory perspective to advance new insights into the effectiveness of advertising strategies that depict interpersonal relationships. Although pictures, and specifically pictures of relationships (e.g., friends), make up an increasingly large portion of advertisements, scant research has examined how depictions of relationships impact consumer evaluations of advertised products. The present research demonstrates that the effectiveness of ads which depict interpersonal relationships, including romantic partnerships and friendships, is associated with consumers' interpersonal attachment styles. Specifically, individuals with highly anxious attachment styles are unlikely to purchase products shown in relational ads; whereas, individuals with less anxious and more secure attachment styles are more likely to purchase these products. Importantly, perceptions of fit (i.e., the extent to which an advertised product is perceived as a good fit with oneself) mediate the relationship between interpersonal attachment style and consumers' likelihood of purchasing products shown in advertisements that portray relationships.
Correlation of HuR cytoplasmic expression in pancreatic cancer and overall patient survival when treated with gemcitabine in the adjuvant setting

11097 Background:The Hu/ELAV mRNA binding protein HuR is normally localized to the nucleus and is activated upon stress. Previously, we observed that HuR expression is predominantly cytoplasmic in ...
Condensation Reactions of Lysine in the Presence of Polyadenylic Acid

Since the existence of life depends upon the genetic code, an understanding of the code’s origins and evolution is crucial to the understanding of how life began. Recent discussions (1–6) have dealt with amino acid and nucleic acid abiogeneses and how these may have been coupled to give rise to the genetic code. The papers of Crick (6) and Orgel (7) contain detailed theoretical analyses of the problem. One of the conclusions presented was that there may have been prebiological polynucleotides with catalytic properties. There are presently two extreme views on the origin of the genetic code, one that an amino acid’s codon resulted from a direct interaction between the amino acid and its codon, and the other that the assignment of a codon to a particular amino acid was purely arbitrary. Since the theory that the codon assignments are “accidental” is not subject to experimental verification, the case would seem to rest on proving or disproving the “direct interaction” hypothesis.
“I can’t pay more” versus “It’s not worth more”: Divergent effects of constraint and disparagement rationales in negotiations

Abstract Past research paints a mixed picture of rationales in negotiations: Some findings suggest rationales might help, whereas others suggest they may have little effect or backfire. Here, we distinguish between two kinds of rationales buyers commonly employ – constraint rationales (referring to one’s own limited resources) and disparagement rationales (involving critiques of the negotiated object) – and demonstrate their divergent effects. Across four studies, we examined spontaneous rationales and manipulated rationale content, finding that constraint rationales have more positive effects on instrumental (e.g., counteroffers) and relational (e.g., trust) outcomes than disparagement rationales. Mediation analyses suggest constraint, but not disparagement, rationales are taken by sellers as signaling a buyer's limit. We also demonstrate a role for information, showing that the divergence between these rationales’ effects is attenuated when the seller has little information about their object’s value. Overall, our results show how and why rationales can help or hurt negotiators.
Collective Turnover: The Loss of Human Capital and Stars

Recent years have witnessed significant research interest in unit and organizational performance consequences associated with collective-level turnover. In a relatively short period of time, quite ...
Consistent Target Ranges for Several Monetary Aggregates

With the passage of Concurrent Resolution 133 and the subsequent passage of the Humphrey Hawkins Act in 1978, the Federal Reserve has been required to provide Congress with information on its objective for monetary growth. Since the adoption of this reporting requirement, the Federal Reserve has chosen to provide Congress with multiple objectives, including objectives for the aggregates now known as M1, M2, and M3. From time to time, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board has testified that one or more of the several aggregates for which the Fed has indicated its objectives will be considered to have greater importance than the others in the setting of monetary policy. For example, on February 16, 1983, Chairman Volcker testified before the Committee on Housing, Banking and Urban Affairs of the U.S. Senate that “Against all this background, the Committee decided that, for the time being, it would place substantial weight on the broader aggregates, M2 and M3, in the belief that their performance relative to economic activity may be more predictable in the period ahead.”1
Physician-Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia: Some Relevant Differences

Yale Kamisar, in a series of influential articles on physicianassisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia, has written eloquently in opposition to legalizing these practices.' Today he revisits the first of these articles, his seminal 1958 article, Some Non-Religious Views Against Proposed "Mercy-Killing" Legislation.2 In that paper Professor Kamisar used the distinction between the law on the books and the law in action to quiet concerns about the harsh consequences of a blanket prohibition on mercy killing." A blanket prohibition, after all, if strictly applied, would impose criminal punishment on physicians and relatives whose complicity in bringing about the death of a patient, or loved one was justified by the dying person's desperate condition and lucid wish to die. It would impose criminal punishment, that is, on innocent people. To mitigate this difficulty, Kamisar argued that, while the law on the books rightly criminalizes all acts of mercy killing, the law in action, given the possibilities of prosecutorial forbearance and jury nullification, recognizes exceptions and thus can be relied on to protect such innocent people from criminal punishment.4 Revisiting this argument, Kamisar
Management of Acute Fingernail Injuries

This article describes and illustrates the process of nail regeneration and suggests specific management for acute nail bed injuries. The management consists of direct, nail matrix repair and nail matrix split grafting. Postoperative care following nail bed injuries is also discussed.
Abstract TMP105: Subclinical Hypertension as a Predictor of Moyamoya Syndrome in Patients With Down Syndrome

This study sought to investigate subclinical changes in blood pressure in patients with Down syndrome prior to the acute presentation of patients with moyamoya syndrome (MMS) and compares this to p...
Cardiac Aging: From Humans to Molecules

Aging results in a number of structural and functional changes at the macroscopic (e.g. ventricular wall thickness, declining aerobic capacity, etc.) and microscopic (e.g. ion channels, signal transduction, etc.) level. Macroscopically, cardiac muscle displays significant structural modifications but relatively little functional change at rest. It is with exercise and microscopic level examination that dramatic cardiac differences are uncovered between young and old individuals. In an effort to provide a useful reference to the cardiovascular researcher, we provide a review of the field of cardiac-aging research across the spectrum of change with a special focus on discoveries at the microscopic level.
SWIM: an exemplar for evaluation and comparison of self-adaptation approaches for web applications

Research in self-adaptive systems often uses web applications as target systems, running the actual software on real web servers. This approach has three drawbacks. First, these systems are not easy and/or cheap to deploy. Second, run-time conditions cannot be replicated exactly to compare different adaptation approaches due to uncontrolled factors. Third, running experiments is time-consuming. To address these issues, we present SWIM, an exemplar that simulates a web application. SWIM can be used as a target system with an external adaptation manager interacting with it through its TCP-based interface. Since the servers are simulated, this use case addresses the first two problems. The full benefit of SWIM is attained when the adaptation manager is built as a simulation module. An experiment using a simulated 60-server cluster, processing 18 hours of traffic with 29 million requests takes only 5 minutes to run on a laptop computer. SWIM has been used for evaluating self-adaptation approaches, and for a comparative study of model-based predictive approaches to self-adaptation.