cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airway resistance and work of breathing in tracheostomy tubes

Recommendations for sizing of tracheostomy tubes are generally based on anatomic considerations with the largest fitting tube most commonly placed. Once in the tracheostomy site, the tube assumes the new role of the upper airway. Consideration of the airway resistance of each tracheostomy tube and change in work of breathing are important in maintaining the respiratory system homeostasis. The airflow dynamics of neonatal, pediatric, and adult tracheostomy tubes were studied. Flow rates were plotted against change in pressure for inspiratory and expiratory flows and resistances for each tube were calculated. The expiratory resistances were larger for the neonatal tubes and pediatric tubes 0 and 00, while inspiratory resistances were the limiting factor in the adult tubes and the larger pediatric tubes. Comparison of calculated resistances of the tracheostomy tubes was made with known physiologic airway resistances. Adult tubes 8 and 10 most closely simulated the upper airway resistance of adults and neonatal tube 0 appeared most appropriate for the newborn. Work of breathing was determined for each tracheostomy tube. Increasing tube diameter as well as decreasing tidal volume and respiratory rate decreased the amount of work required to maintain a given flow.
Psychosocial Adjustment, School Outcomes, and Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With Same-Sex Parents

This study examined associations among family type (same-sex vs. opposite-sex parents); family and relationship variables; and the psychosocial adjustment, school outcomes, and romantic attractions and behaviors of adolescents. Participants included 44 12- to 18-year-old adolescents parented by same-sex couples and 44 same-aged adolescents parented by opposite-sex couples, matched on demographic characteristics and drawn from a national sample. Normative analyses indicated that, on measures of psychosocial adjustment and school outcomes, adolescents were functioning well, and their adjustment was not generally associated with family type. Assessments of romantic relationships and sexual behavior were not associated with family type. Regardless of family type, adolescents whose parents described closer relationships with them reported better school adjustment.
200 nm gated field emitters

The fabrication and electrical characteristics of 200-nm chromium-gated silicon field emitters are reported. These gated emitters are the smallest yet reported. A turn-on voltage of approximately 35 V represents a sublinear scaling of device operating voltage with device size. Emitter failures appear to be very similar to failures of 2- mu m devices produced using the same process. >
Synthesis and characterization of lanthanide halide scintillating nanocrystals for gamma radiation detection

Colloidal synthesis of core/shell nanocrystals with cerium-doped lanthanum fluoride core and undoped lanthanum fluoride shell, and of core/shell nanocrystals with hygroscopic cerium-doped lanthanum bromide core and undoped lanthanum fluoride shell is reported. The nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, steady state UV-VIS optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and by photoluminescence lifetime measurements. Radiation hardness testing results are described. Scintillation tests were performed on the cerium-doped lanthanum fluoride nanocrystalline material exposed to low-level gamma irradiation.
Role of pathogens in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthe...
Contribution of specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors to pathogenesis of pneumonia in a neonatal mouse model of infection.

We sought to identify which Pseudomonas aeruginosa products are involved initiating respiratory tract infection. Defined mutants derived from strain PAO i.e., PAOR1 (lasR),PAO-pmm (algC) (an LPS mutant), and AK1152 (which is Fla- and lacks functional pili), were significantly less virulent than PAO1 in a BALBc/ByJ neonatal mouse model of infection as measured by their abilities to cause acute pneumonia, bacteremia, and death. All three mutants were also less adherent to epithelial cells in an in vitro binding assay. PAOR1 and AK1152 were less able to elicit epithelial production of interleukin-8 than PAO1. LasR was found to be required for the optimal expression of neuraminidase under conditions of increased osmolarity, as might be present in certain pathological conditions. PAO-exsA::omega,, which lacks exoenzyme S expression, was fully virulent, causing at least as much pathology as PAO1. The expression of several P. aeruginosa virulence factors appears to be required to establish pulmonary infection in the neonatal mouse.
Brief Report: The Accuracy of Parents for the Thoughts and Feelings of Their Adolescent Suffering from Chronic Fatigue: A Preliminary Study of Empathy

Objective This study examined the actual and estimated empathic accuracy (EA) of the parents of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods The actual EA of both parents (n ¼24) was assessed in relation to the thoughts and feelings of their child (n ¼14) about CFS and about other life events. Adolescents were also asked to estimate the parents’ EA. Results For the actual EA, both parents were significantly less accurate regarding the adolescent’s thoughts and feelings about CFS than about other life events. Fathers were just as empathically accurate as mothers. For the estimated EA, however, results indicated that adolescents perceived their mother to be more empathically accurate than their father. Actual EA and estimated EA about CFS were negatively correlated for fathers, not for mothers. Conclusions Results are discussed in terms of the importance of assessing EA in relation to other dimensions of empathic understanding and distress in the observer.
Nucleon matrix elements with domain wall fermions

Abstract We present the status of our calculation of the first few moments of the nucleon structure functions. Our calculations are done using domain wall fermions in the quenched approximation with the DBW2 gauge action at 1.3GeV inverse lattice spacing.
Generalized Derivations and nth Power Maps in Rings

We prove that a Jordan (φ, θ)-derivation of a 2-torsion free semiprime ring, with θ an automorphism, must be a (φ, θ)-derivation. This is then used to show more generally that an additive mapping of a semiprime ring to itself that behaves like a generalized (φ, θ)-derivation on nth powers is, in fact, a generalized (φ, θ)-derivation of the ring.
Evaluating the Importance of Business Location Factors: The Influence of Facility Type

This study examines two important issues concerning the evaluation of business location factors. First, in contrast to many analyses that seek to determine the influence of a single factor or set of factors on site selection, this study aims to measure the relative importance of a wide range of factors. Second, it investigates the extent to which the perceived importance of a given location factor varies based on the type of facility in question. While there is a substantial amount of research devoted to identifying industry-specific location factors, little is known about the influence that facility type has on the assessment of location criteria. Drawing on original survey data collected from real estate professionals in the U.S., we found significant differences in the mean ratings for more than half of the 39 location factors on the basis of facility type. In particular, “corporate/office” respondents were significantly more likely than “manufacturing” or “retail” respondents to assign higher ratings to “quality-of-life” location factors, such as crime rates, amenities, housing, and schools. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on location theory.
Total synthesis of (-)-heptemerone B and (-)-guanacastepene E.

A concise, stereoselective, and convergent total synthesis of the unnatural enantiomer of the neodolastane diterpenoid heptemerone B has been completed. Saponification of (−)-heptemerone afforded (−)-guanacastepene E. The absolute stereochemistry of (−)-heptemerone B was thus established as 5-(S), the same as (−)-guanacastepene E. The longest linear sequence of the synthesis comprises 17 (18) steps from simple known starting materials. Our general synthetic approach integrates a diverse set of reactions, including an intramolecular Heck reaction to create one quaternary stereocenter and a cuprate conjugate addition for the establishment of the other. The central seven-membered ring was closed with an uncommon electrochemical oxidation, whereas the five-membered ring was formed through ring-closing metathesis. The absolute configuration of the two key building blocks was established through an asymmetric reduction and an asymmetric ene reaction.
Characterization of Glutamate Uptake into Synaptic Vesicles

Recent evidence indicates that L-glutamate is taken up into synaptic vesicles in an ATP-dependent manner, supporting the notion that synaptic vesicles may be involved in glutamate synaptic transmission. In this study, we further characterized the ATP-dependent vesicular uptake of glutamate. Evidence is provided that a Mg-ATPase, not Ca-ATPase, is responsible for the ATP hydrolysis coupled to the glutamate uptake. The ATP-dependent glutamate uptake was inhibited by agents known to dissipate the electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane of chromaffin granules. Hence, it is suggested that the vesicular uptake of glutamate is driven by electrochemical proton gradients generated by the Mg-ATPase. Of particular interest is the finding that the ATP-dependent glutamate uptake is markedly stimulated by chloride over a physiologically relevant, millimolar concentration range, suggesting an important role of intranerve terminal chloride in the accumulation of glutamate in synaptic vesicles. The vesicular glutamate translocator is highly specific for L-glutamate, and failed to interact with aspartate, its related agents, and most of the glutamate analogs tested. It is proposed that this vesicular translocator plays a crucial role in determining the fate of glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
Transforming Teacher Education to Reform America’s P-20 Education System:

Moving beyond reform, teacher education programs need to be transformed to better prepare teachers, school counselors, and administrators to teach, guide, and lead in this complex society. Educator...
Tabletop versus Microcomputer-Assisted Speech Management: Response Evocation Phase

This is the third in a series of studies on the use of microcomputers with speech-delayed children. Two repeated-measures designs (n = 15) and five case studies were completed to compare tabletop management at early and late stages of the response development phase with two comparable, computer-assisted drill-and-practice activities. Discrimination of correct articulatory responses was mediated by the clinician in all modes, rather than by speech recognition hardware, but all contingent reinforcement in the computer modes was presented by animation graphics. The two computer modes were identical except for the addition of fantasy involvement in one of the modes. Findings indicated that the three modes of intervention were equally effective, efficient, and engaging. Subject-level analyses suggested that microcomputer software has excellent potential to engage children in drill-and-practice for late-phase response evocation, when the target sound is stimulable, but limited usefulness with young children at early-phase response evocation, when specific articulatory behaviors need to be cued. Discussion considers learning, child, and hardware/software factors in microcomputer-assisted speech management.
Water Protects Graphitic Surface from Airborne Hydrocarbon Contamination

The intrinsic wettability of graphitic materials, such as graphene and graphite, can be readily obscured by airborne hydrocarbon within 5–20 min of ambient air exposure. We report a convenient method to effectively preserve a freshly prepared graphitic surface simply through a water treatment technique. This approach significantly inhibits the hydrocarbon adsorption rate by a factor of ca. 20×, thus maintaining the intrinsic wetting behavior for many hours upon air exposure. Follow-up characterization shows that a nanometer-thick ice-like water forms on the graphitic surface, which remains stabilized at room temperature for at least 2–3 h and thus significantly decreases the adsorption of airborne hydrocarbon on the graphitic surface. This method has potential implications in minimizing hydrocarbon contamination during manufacturing, characterization, processing, and storage of graphene/graphite-based devices. As an example, we show that a water-treated graphite electrode maintains a high level of electro...
The Impact of DNA Methylation in Hematopoietic Malignancies

Aberrant DNA methylation is a characteristic feature of cancer including blood malignancies. Mutations in the DNA methylation regulators DNMT3A, TET1/2 and IDH1/2 are recurrent in leukemia and lymphoma. Specific and distinct DNA methylation patterns characterize subtypes of AML and lymphoma. Regulatory regions such as promoter CpG islands, CpG shores and enhancers show changes in methylation during transformation. However, the reported poor correlation between changes in methylation and gene expression in many mouse models and human studies reflects the complexity in the precise molecular mechanism for why aberrant DNA methylation promotes malignancies. This review will summarize current concepts regarding the mechanisms behind aberrant DNA methylation in hematopoietic malignancy and discuss its importance in cancer prognosis, tumor heterogeneity and relapse.
Neutron Cross Section Processing Methods for Improved Integral Benchmarking of Unresolved Resonance Region Evaluations

In this work we describe the development and application of computational methods for processing neutron cross section data in the unresolved resonance region (URR). These methods are integrated with a continuous-energy Monte Carlo neutron transport code, thereby enabling their use in high-fidelity analyses. Enhanced understanding of the effects of URR evaluation representations on calculated results is then obtained through utilization of the methods in Monte Carlo integral benchmark simulations of fast spectrum critical assemblies. First, we present a so-called on-the-fly (OTF) method for calculating and Doppler broadening URR cross sections. This method proceeds directly from ENDF-6 average unresolved resonance parameters and, thus, eliminates any need for a probability table generation pre-processing step in which tables are constructed at several energies for all desired temperatures. Significant memory reduction may be realized with the OTF method relative to a probability table treatment if many temperatures are needed. Next, we examine the effects of using a multi-level resonance formalism for resonance reconstruction in the URR. A comparison of results obtained by using the same stochastically-generated realization of resonance parameters in both the single-level Breit-Wigner (SLBW) and multi-level Breit-Wigner (MLBW) formalisms allows for the quantification of level-level interference effects on integrated tallies such as k eff and energy group reaction rates. Though, as is well-known, cross section values at any given incident energy may differ significantly between single-level and multi-level formulations, the observed effects on integral results are minimal in this investigation. Finally, we demonstrate the calculation of true expected values, and the statistical spread of those values, through independent Monte Carlo simulations, each using an independent realization of URR cross section structure throughout. It is observed that both probability table and OTF treatments reproduce the true expected values, calculated by averaging the results of many independent simulations, quite well. However, the spread of independent calculation results is shown to be relatively significant. The k eff eigenvalues for fast spectrum systems can differ by more than 250 pcm from one simulation to the next.
Chaetotaxy of first-instar Campylothorax sabanus (Wray), and description of three new Campylothorax species from Hispaniola (Collembola, Paronellidae)

ABSTRACTThe dorsal chaetotaxy of adult Campylothorax species is considerably reduced, making homology determinations difficult. Previous studies demonstrated that homology of the adult chaetotaxy can be established by analysis of the primary chaetotaxy of first-instar larvae. The goals of the present study are to provide a description of the complete dorsal chaetotaxy of first-instar C. sabanus (Wray, 1953) in order to evaluate the homology of elements recently proposed for adult Campylothorax, to evaluate new morphological characters useful to diagnose species, and to report on the species of Campylothorax on the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola. As a result of the analysis of primary chaetotaxy it is concluded that: (1) on thorax (Th.) 2 chaeta p4 is incorporated (as a multiplet) into the p3 complex, whereas the latero-external microchaeta corresponds to p6e; (2) on abdomen (Abd.) 3 the lateral mesochaetae belong to series 7 (i.e., a7, m7 and p7); (3) on Abd. 4 the inner macrochaetae correspond to...
Intermediates and Spectators in O2 Dissociation at the RuO2(110) Surface

Using plane wave DFT calculations, we identify various configurations of peroxo-like and superoxo-like molecular oxygen adsorbed at the RuO2(110) surface. All configurations are found to be metasta...
Design and Application of the Distribution Fault Assistant Analysis System

According to the large qualities and analysis complexity of the distribution faults, this paper designs and implements a distribution fault assistant analysis system. This system is integrated with many data sources such as EMS, PMS and OMS, it fetches remote signal, remote measurement, protection signal, operation ticket, work ticket and other auxiliary data through the trip accidents, uses smart algorithms such as the breaker type automatic recognition and line fault anticipation based on timing information for preprocessing, and provides user-friendly operation interface. Meanwhile, using the concept and relevant technologies of the big data, the distribution faults are combined with inner and outer factors such as line overload, maintenance, lightning and weather for correlation analysis and mining. This system has been applicated in the fault analysis of Jiangsu 110 k V and below distribution network, which remarkably increased the efficiency and accuracy of the analysis, and effectively supported the decision-making of the distribution operation and maintenance.
The best leaders.

Today's movements away from authoritarian leadership emphasizes team development. People are experiencing with a leadership that empowers, rather than a leadership that is, itself, powerful. But how do you become a leader who empowers others? What are the characteristics of "best leaders"? From listening skills to getting feedback and including people in the process of change, effective leaders help others move towards the goal, ultimately thinking, "We did this ourselves."
Management of elevated blood lead in Tennessee's children: questions a physician might ask.

OBJECTIVES: To present the most commonly asked questions health care providers have about the management of a child with elevated blood lead, and the answers based on current guidelines. METHODS: Questions answered in this paper were selected based on recall of three years' experience as a statewide physician lead consultant in Alabama and Tennessee. RESULTS: 20 questions are presented, along with relevant Tennessee resources for obtaining more information and medical consultation. CONCLUSIONS: Tennessee's Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program has the resources to assist health care providers with any child who presents with lead poisoning. No Tennessee health care provider should lack the knowledge to manage any lead poisoned child.
Ampullary Tubal hydatidiform mole treated with linear salpingotomy: A case report

BACKGROUND: While tubal pregnancies are common, only approximately 30 tubal hydatidiform moles have been reported. Most have been treated with salpingectomy. This case entails a tubal hydatidiform mole treated with salpingotomy without complications, persistence or recurrence. CASE: A 25-year-old woman with an ampullary tubal pregnancy at 8 weeks' gestation underwent a laparoscopic salpingotomy. Preoperative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was 6,909 mIU/mL. Pathology confirmed a partial hydatidiform mole. Three weeks postoperatively the hCG was 6 mIU/mL. CONCLUSION: Tubal hydatidiform molar pregnancies are rare. Those which occur in the ampullary portion of the fallopian tube can be treated with linear salpingotomy.
Gas Turbine Heavy Hybrid Powertrain Variants. Opportunities and Potential for Systems Optimization

Widespread use of alternative hybrid powertrains is currently inevitable, and many opportunities for substantial progress remain. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to reduce petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. This capability is mainly attributed to (a) the potential for downsizing the engine, (b) the potential for recovering energy during braking and thus recharging the energy storage unit, and (c) the ability to minimize the operation of the engine outside of its most efficient brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) regime. Hybridization of the Class 8, heavy-duty (HD) powertrain is inherently challenging due to the expected long-haul driving requirements and limited opportunities for regenerative braking. The objective of this project is to develop control strategies aiming at optimizing the operation of a Class 8 HEV that features a micro-turbine as the heat engine. The micro-turbine application shows promise in fuel efficiency, even when compared to current diesel engines, and can meet regulated exhaust emissions levels with no exhaust after-treatment system. Both parallel and series HEV variants will be examined to understand the merits of each approach of the micro-turbine to MD advanced powertrain applications. These powertrain configurations enable new paradigms inmore » operational efficiency, particularly in the Class 8 truck fleet. The successful development of these HEV variants will require a thorough technical understanding of the complex interactions between various energy sources and energy consumption components, for various operating modes. PACCAR will be integrating the first generation of their series HEV powertrain with a Brayton Energy micro-turbine into a Class 8 HD truck tractor that has both regional haul and local pick-up and delivery (P&D) components to its drive cycle. The vehicle will be deployed into fleet operation for a demonstration period of six (6) months to assess real world operating benefits of the advanced powertrain. A parallel variant of the micro-turbine powertrain will be built and sent to the ORNL Vehicle Systems Integration Laboratory.« less
Reports from the Shang: A Corroboration and Some Speculation

Scholars trained in Taiwan tend to read the oracle-bone crack notation as shang chi , “highly auspicious”; scholars in the People's Republic read the same graphs as erh kao ,“two reports.” In the first part of this article, a reexamination of the evidence, which was significantly assisted by Ho Hou-hsuan's presence at Berkeley, leads me to conclude that, contrary to what I wrote in Sources of Shang History , erh kao is the correct reading. The second part of the article considers the possible meaning of various kao crack notations, how certain strategic period II inscriptions might be punctuated and translated, and how we can explain the disappearance of kao and the appearance of chi , “auspicious,” as a crack notation in period III and later; some account of the discussions at the Berkeley “Workshop on Divination and Portent Interpretation in China” is provided. Finally, I suggest that kao , “report,” may have referred to the sounds produced by the cracking, but it is clear that we need to know more about the technical aspects of crack production. The comments of five scholars on the hypotheses proposed are given at the end of the article, together with my reply.
Erythrodermic psoriasis: pathophysiology and current treatment perspectives

Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) is a rare and severe variant of psoriasis vulgaris, with an estimated prevalence of 1%-2.25% among psoriatic patients. The condition presents with distinct histopathologic and clinical findings, which include a generalized inflammatory erythema involving at least 75% of the body surface area. The pathogenesis of EP is not well understood; however, several studies suggest that the disease is associated with a predominantly T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype. Given the morbidity and potential mortality associated with the condition, there is a need for a better understanding of its pathophysiology. The management of EP begins with a comprehensive assessment of the patient's presentation and often requires multidisciplinary supportive measures. In 2010, the medical board of the US National Psoriasis Foundation published consensus guidelines advocating the use of cyclosporine or infliximab as first-line therapy in unstable cases, with acitretin and methotrexate reserved for more stable cases. Since the time of that publication, additional information regarding the efficacy of newer agents has emerged. We review the latest data with regard to the treatment of EP, which includes biologic therapies such as ustekinumab and ixekizumab.
Past meets future in the present: Self-reflection as a rehearsal method in Albertine in Five Times

AbstractIn rehearsal of Michel Tremblay’s play, the impact of self-reflection on personalization and characterization of the actresses in Albertine in Five Times was assessed through quantitative and qualitative methods. In a sample of freshmen and juniors majoring in Theatre/Communications and Theatre, actresses reflected on and characterization by writing a letter to self, journaling, and sharing in a verbal check-in before rehearsal. The hypothesis that written reflection on personalization and characterization would have a greater impact than the daily verbal check-in was rejected. The daily verbal check-in was perceived to have a significant impact on personalization and characterization of Theatre/Communications majors and freshmen more than journaling or writing letters to self. Juniors perceived that all three methods of self-reflection impacted personalization and characterization. The actresses perceived that the daily verbal check-in enhanced awareness of the cast as an ensemble. Self-reflectio...
Parallelized Ligand Screening Using Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization.

Protein–ligand interactions are frequently screened using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The dissociation constant (KD) of a ligand of interest can be determined via a spin–spin relaxation measurement of a reporter ligand in a single scan when using hyperpolarization by means of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP). Despite nearly instantaneous signal acquisition, a limitation of D-DNP for the screening of protein–ligand interactions is the required polarization time on the order of tens of minutes. Here, we introduce a multiplexed NMR experiment, where a single hyperpolarized ligand sample is rapidly mixed with protein injected into two flow cells. NMR detection is achieved simultaneously on both channels, resulting in a chemical shift resolved spin relaxation measurement. Spectral resolution allows the use of reference compounds for accurate quantification of concentrations. Simultaneous use of two concentration ratios between protein and ligand broadens the range of KD that ...
Influence Lost, Influence Regained

Ralph Waldo Emerson would probably not be displeased with the state of research on human infancy. His extolment of the moral superiority of Sel f-Reliance, and his belief that this virtue is especially evident in the behavior of “children, babes, and brutes,... their mind being whole, their eye as yet unconquered” (Emerson, 1865/1883, p. 50), appears to be in tune, although admittedly in an exaggerated way, with the strong emphasis upon nonsocial forces and individual behavior in contemporary research on infant development. Clearly, Emerson’s view was a most radical one that, in essence, completely dismissed the role and significance of social influence. Although not as markedly slanted as Emerson’s perspective, modern research on infancy has been inclined to view the infant as a rather self-reliant organism and has played down the impact of social influence and socialization on development.
What Competencies Do Sub-Baccalaureate Degrees Teach? Retrospective Reports from College Graduates

ABSTRACTSub-baccalaureate degrees represent a growing and distinctive sector of American higher education. However, policymakers and community colleges lack a clear understanding of the specific competencies learned in these programs that are useful in graduates’ careers. In particular, they overlook non-academic skills. This study uses qualitative interviews with sub-baccalaureate degree alumni (n = 98) to elucidate graduates’ perspectives on the range of competencies learned in sub-baccalaureate degree programs. Graduates reported learning several competencies that remained salient in the long term: cognitive processes and strategies, content knowledge, work ethic, self-efficacy, teamwork, and professional skills. In addition, this study analyzes whether disadvantaged students were more likely to report learning certain competencies. By describing a fuller range of valuable non-academic competencies, as well as how different student populations may vary in learning these competencies, this study contrib...
Cryo-EM structure of human adenovirus D26 reveals the conservation of structural organization among human adenoviruses.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause acute respiratory, ocular, and gastroenteric diseases and are also frequently used as gene and vaccine delivery vectors. Unlike the archetype human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5), human adenovirus D26 (HAdV-D26) belongs to species-D HAdVs, which target different cellular receptors, and is differentially recognized by immune surveillance mechanisms. HAdV-D26 is being championed as a lower seroprevalent vaccine and oncolytic vector in preclinical and human clinical studies. To understand the molecular basis for their distinct biological properties and independently validate the structures of minor proteins, we determined the first structure of species-D HAdV at 3.7 A resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. All the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs), including HVR1, have been identified and exhibit a distinct organization compared to those of HAdV-C5. Despite the differences in the arrangement of helices in the coiled-coil structures, protein IX molecules form a continuous hexagonal network on the capsid exterior. In addition to the structurally conserved region (3 to 300) of IIIa, we identified an extra helical domain comprising residues 314 to 390 that further stabilizes the vertex region. Multiple (two to three) copies of the cleaved amino-terminal fragment of protein VI (pVIn) are observed in each hexon cavity, suggesting that there could be ≥480 copies of VI present in HAdV-D26. In addition, a localized asymmetric reconstruction of the vertex region provides new details of the three-pronged "claw hold" of the trimeric fiber and its interactions with the penton base. These observations resolve the previous conflicting assignments of the minor proteins and suggest the likely conservation of their organization across different HAdVs.
When Primary Care Providers (PCPs) Help Patients Choose Prostate Cancer Treatment

Background The role of primary care providers (PCPs) in decision making around cancer care remains largely unknown. We evaluated how frequently men with localized prostate cancer report receiving help from their PCP about their treatment, and whether those men who do are less likely to receive definitive treatment. Methods We mailed surveys to men newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2012 and 2014 in the greater Philadelphia region. Participants were asked whether their PCP helped decide how to treat their cancer. The outcome was receipt of definitive treatment (either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy). Results A total of 2386 men responded (adjusted response rate, 51.1%). Among these men, 38.2% reported receiving help from their PCP regarding choosing a treatment, and 79.6% received definitive treatment. In adjusted analyses, non-Hispanic black men (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-2.27) were more likely than non-Hispanic white men to report receiving help from their PCP. However, men who did receive help were not more likely to forgo definitive treatment overall (P = .58) or in the subgroups of men who may be least likely to benefit from definitive treatment. Conclusions Though a substantial proportion of men reported receiving help from their PCP about prostate cancer treatment, these discussions were not associated with different treatment patterns. Further effort is needed to determine how to optimize the role of PCPs in supporting patients to make preference-sensitive cancer decisions.
Training data reduction in deep neural networks with partial mutual information based feature selection and correlation matching based active learning

In this paper, we develop a novel scheme to reduce the amount of training data required for training deep neural networks (DNNs). We first apply a partial mutual information (PMI) technique to seek for the optimal DNN feature set. Then we use a correlation matching based active learning (CMAL) technique to select and label the most informative training data. We integrate these two techniques with a DNN classifier consisting of layers of unsupervised sparse autoencoders and a supervised softmax layer. Simulations are then conducted over the breast cancer data set from the UCI repository to show that this scheme can drastically reduce the amount of labeled data necessary for the DNN training, and can guarantee the superior performance in reduced training data sets.
Arterial Pressure Increases in Dogs with Chronic Hyperinsulinemia if COX-2 Is Inhibited.

P175 A series of studies has shown that chronic insulin and glucose infusion does not increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs, but we have shown that the same infusion protocol or infusion of the glucose alone increases arterial pressure in rats. Thromboxane (TX) and prostaglandin (PG) production increase during the infusion, and the pressor response in rats is TX-dependent. This study tested whether in dogs PG production prevents arterial pressure from increasing. Six dogs were instrumented and assigned in random crossover design to chronic cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition or vehicle. Following control measurements, hyperinsulinemia was induced in all dogs with a 6-day iv. infusion of 50% dextrose (950 ml or 475 g glucose/day), which raised plasma insulin from 14±3 to 45±5 μU/ml with no significant change in blood glucose during the infusion. MAP (measured 24 h/d) decreased in control dogs during glucose infusion as shown previously but increased significantly in the dogs with COX-2 inhibition (between-group difference ∼ 9 mm Hg). Heart rate increased similarly in both groups, as shown previously, and there were no between-group differences in sodium excretion. The acute depressor response to a 10 mg iv. bolus of arachidonic acid was blocked completely in dogs during COX-2 inhibition but there was no GI distress associated with chronic inhibitor treatment. This is the first study to report a chronic pressor response with hyperinsulinemia in dogs and it also suggests that the inability to detect this relationship previously was due to COX-2-mediated prostaglandin production.
Efficient channel estimation for massive MIMO systems via truncated two-dimensional atomic norm minimization

In millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation in the presence of sparse multipath fading boils down to two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation followed by path gain estimation. To achieve super-resolution angle estimation at affordable complexity, this paper develops an efficient channel estimation approach by applying a truncated atomic norm minimization (T-ANM) technique, which is implemented via partial antenna activation during training-based channel estimation. This technique makes use of a key observation that the sparse scattering characteristics of mmWave MIMO channel gives rise to a low-rank two-level Toeplitz structure in the angular domain. Because of the low-rank property, only a subset of the transceiver antennas needs to be activated to save training resources. Meanwhile, the Toeplitz structure enables ANM-based gridless 2D DOA estimation via reduced-size semidefinite programming. Simulation results show that the proposed reduced-size method can achieve comparable spectral efficiency as the full-size benchmark method at much lower computational complexity and shorter sensing time.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Models and Methods

Non-steady-state drug concentrations and concomitant pharmacological effects are an attractive data source for learning about dose-response, because experiments can be done quickly, and hence in available clinical settings. However a potential pitfall of this kind of experiment is clear from a plot of effect and drug observations vs time: often the two resulting curves seem to be “out of phase”. To give an example, the upper panels of Figure 1 show simulated data with the maximal value of the effect occurring before the maximal drug concentration. The reverse situation is shown in the lower panels of Figure 1: the maximal value of the effect occurs after the maximal drug concentration. In either case a plot of observed effects (connected in time order) vs observed drug concentration describes a loop. A “literal” interpretation of such a plot suggests that different effect levels occur at the same drug concentration level (at different times).
Template Secondary Structure Promotes Polymerase Jumping During PCR Amplification

Pairs of primers flanking known miniTn10 transposon insertion sites were used to confirm the presence of the transposon in DNA isolated from Legionella pneumophila mutants. It was expected that the polymerase chain reaction products derived from the mutant template would be larger than those from the wild-type (WT) template due to the presence of the 1.8-kb transposon. Instead, it was observed that the mutant template yielded a product of almost the same size as that yielded by WT template. We present evidence to indicate that the aberrant product from the mutant template is a direct result of secondary structure of the template resulting from an inverted repeat sequence present in the miniTn10 transposon.
Taking Plausibility Seriously: The Cognitive Basis of Theory Development in Comparative Politics

Why do political scientists frequently regard the process tracing involved in theory construction as an serendipitous, art-like craft that defies systematic quality judgments about the resulting hypotheses? On closer inspection, theory construction involves conjectures and beliefs about the world that are generated through inductive reasoning whose quality cognitive psychologists long have studied. Drawing on this literature, this paper identifies six particular forms of cognitive bias and uses them to assess the plausibility of seven theoretical propositions put forth by the nine contributions to the recent literature on the historical origins of electoral systems. It demonstrates that plausibility of theories can be assessed independently and prior to their empirical testing. Taking plausibility more seriously ultimately would provide an additional criterion for evaluating theories that could complement standard quantitative testing and thus improve the dialogue between qualitative and quantitative research on which theory development depends.
Masculinity Unmasked in Lidia Falcón'sTu único amor

Studies of Lidia Falcon's theatre have focused exclusively on the female figure in her works. As one who is intensely interested in the dynamics of gender relationships and gender constructs, Falco is understandably just as concerned with the characterization and conceptualization of her male characters. Other than in passing however, no study of Spain's premier feminist playwright has focused on the construction of masculinity in her theatre. Focusing on what is certainly one of Falcon's most representative short plays and, without a doubt, her most intriguing treatment of gender dynamics, Tu unico Amor, the present article illustrates that gender relations are neither casual nor accidental. More specifically, it demonstrates that the construct of masculinity is neither an inborn characteristic nor a monolithic social construct but evolves instead in the context of a particular political and material reality. Through an analysis of the dynamic interplay between male and female in Falcon's play, little-known and well-hidden truths are revealed about what it means to be male and pertinent questions are raised about masculinity and the ideology that informs it.
First-Order Algorithms for Optimization Problems with a Maximum Eigenvalue/Singular Value Cost and or Constraints

Optimization problems with maximum eigenvalue or singular eigenvalue cost or constraints occur in the design of linear feedback systems, signal processing, and polynomial interpolation on a sphere. Since the maximum eigenvalue of a positive definite matrix Q(x) is given by max‖y‖=1〈(y, Q(x)y〉, we see that such problems are, in fact, semi-infinite optimization problems. We will show that the quadratic structure of these problems can be exploited in constructing specialized first-order algorithms for their solution that do not require the discretization of the unit sphere or the use of outer approximations techniques.
What is the Function of Song Learning in Songbirds

In this paper we approach the question of the function of song learning in songbirds by addressing the more particular question of why a bird chooses the particular songs he does from among the many songs he hears during his song learning period. Our generalizations about song learning are derived from observations of a sedentary (nonmigratory) population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). We examine this question in the field, rather than in the laboratory, because we believe that the variables controlling song selection are social and ecological. We proceed from the hypothesis that song learning is an adaptive strategy, and attempt to identify the specific design features and overall function of this strategy in our particular study species. From our studies, we have identified several design features which, taken together, serve to maximize the number of songs the young bird will share with his neighbors, especially his near neighbors, in his first breeding season. Why should it be advantageous for the bird to have songs he shares with his neighbors? We suggest four possible, non-mutually exclusive advantages, and discuss the evidence in support of the fourth one. First, shared songs may be attractive to females. Second, shared songs may provide a mechanism by which two neighbors might effectively codefend their territories against other birds: each bird would effectively be mimicking the other while repelling prospective intruders. Third, shared songs may function as a “badge” of familiarity among territorial males; shared songs are a reliable signal of familiarity since they must be learned in the local neighborhood. Fourth, at least in song sparrows, shared songs appear to facilitate communication among neighboring birds. In particular, a bird uses the songs he shares with a neighbor to direct his song to that bird. We conclude by noting the paradox that songbirds have the ability to improvise new songs (demonstrated in lab experiments), yet in the field birds of most species faithfully copy the songs of their older neighbors. We suggest that song researchers need to ponder this paradox, and figure out why it is so important for a songbird to have the same songs as his neighbors.
Today was not a good day: offender accounts of the incidents that led to their admission to drug court

ABSTRACTOne method that has been touted to help end mass incarceration is using intermediate sanctions. While intermediate sanctions often present as attractive options, there is evidence that as p...
Upregulation of Orexin in the Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to Salt Sensitive Hypertension

Orexin and orexin receptors are extensively expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the hyperactivity of PVN orexin contributes to increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA)...
The Advisory Board Perspective from a Campus Community-Based Participatory Research Project on Sexual Violence.

Background This article presents the experience of one community-based participatory research (CBPR) board and moves board feedback beyond its dialogue with affiliated researchers, expanding the conversations to the broad research community. Methods The board member authors of this article were part of the Sexual Health Initiative to Foster Transformation (SHIFT), which had some of the highest subject participation rates within the literature on college sexual assault-84% in a daily diary study (N = 427) and 67% in a survey of 2,500 randomly selected students-and enjoyed an overall positive sentiment. Results and conclusions Based on the experience of board members this article outlines four recommendations for the construction of CBPR studies: meeting frequently, co-education of board members and researchers, addressing power and privilege, and prioritizing highly valued participation, with mutual respect for and recognition of distinct roles and expertise.
Mission-Based/Non-Financial Performance Metrics for Nonprofit Organizations: Policy and Practice: An Abstract

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the tax regulatory and enforcement agency of the US federal government that grants, reviews, and revokes tax exempt status. In the initial NPO application, the IRS scrutinizes each nonprofit organization’s (NPO) application to determine worthiness for the coveted status. Recently, the service came under pressure for politically biased treatment of certain organizations’ applications, with some applications being delayed for years.