cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrusive gravity currents

(Received 5 May 2006 and in revised form 1 August 2006) The speed of a fluid intrusion propagating along a sharp density interface is predicted using conservation of mass, momentum and energy. For the special case in which the intrusion density equals the depth-weighted mean density of the upper and lower layers, the theory of Holyer & Huppert (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 100, 1980, p. 739) predicts that the intrusion occupies one-half the total depth, its speed is one-half the interfacial long-wave speed and the interface ahead of the intrusion remains undisturbed. For all other intrusion densities, the interface is deflected vertically by a long wave that travels ahead of the intrusion and thereby changes the local upstream conditions. In these cases, the conservation equations must be matched to an exact solution of the two-layer shallow water equations, which describe the spatial evolution of the nonlinear wave. We obtain predictions for the intrusion speed that match closely with experiments and numerical simulations, and with a global energy balance analysis by Cheong, Keunen & Linden (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 552, 2006, p. 1). Since the latter does not explicitly include the energetics of the upstream wave, it is inferred that the energy carried by the wave is a small fraction of the intrusion energy. However, the new more detailed model also shows that the kinematic influence of the upstream wave in changing the level of the interface is a critical component of the flow that has previously been ignored.
Transcription profiling reveals mitochondrial, ubiquitin and signaling systems abnormalities in postmortem brains from subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence.

Alcohol abuse is a common human disorder with high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. To identify candidate mechanisms for alcohol abuse, the expression of 12,626 genes was measured in postmortem temporal cortex from 11 subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence, with or without other psychiatric diagnoses and compared pairwise with the expression in 11 nonalcoholic subjects matched for the other psychiatric diagnoses and demographics. Genes were defined to have altered expression in alcohol abuse if: 1) the gene showed decreased expression in at least 10 of 11 subjects with alcohol abuse, or showed increased expression in at least 10 of 11 subjects with this diagnosis compared to matched non-abusers (P 0.007, 2 test); or 2) the difference in the mean abuser/ non-abuser ratio for the gene from value of 1.0 was significant at P 0.05 (one sample t-test). In subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence, 163 genes were changed significantly. The most abundant and consistent changes were in gene families encoding mitochondrial proteins, the ubiquitin system, and signal transduction. These alterations indicate disturbances in energy metabolism and multiple signaling mechanisms in the temporal cortex of subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence. We hypothesize that these mechanisms may be related to alcohol abuse traits or longterm effects of alcohol. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of woody plant restoration in the Middle Rio Grande: Ten years after

Native riparian cottonwood (Populus deltoides) dominated habitats are declining throughout the southwestern United States and being replaced by the exotic salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis) dominated systems. Restoration efforts have often involved removing salt cedar and simulating or restoring overbank flooding timed with seed rain of cottonwood and willow (Salix spp.). Success is then often assessed by examining seedling densities of the native species and their known competitive superiority over salt cedar at this stage. We measured plots in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, USA that had been cleared of salt cedar a decade earlier, compared the initial seedling community to the established community, and determined variables important in predicting establishment of cottonwood. During the decade since establishment, the proportion of cottonwood and seep willow (Baccharis glutinosa) increased, while salt cedar and coyote willow (S. exigua) decreased. Proportion of community foliar volume changed little for salt cedar (17.0 to 17.6%), while it increased for cottonwood (25.5 to 63.3%). Cottonwood dominated (> 70%) the overstory. Initially established woody stem density (all species) was the only predictor of the percent of cottonwood canopy cover a decade later as declining coyote willow allowed for greater cottonwood growth. No abiotic variables were important in predictions of subsequent cottonwood community establishment, probably because these variables were similar among sites in this active floodplain. High initial cottonwood and salt cedar seedling densities were related to lower cottonwood foliar volume and smaller individual tree diameters a decade later. Low initial densities of cottonwood allowed individuals to grow rapidly to a greater height, dominating the canopy. Restoration biologists should therefore consider areas that have low initial cottonwood seedling densities as potentially very successful if their goal is to produce a stand of large cottonwoods in a relatively short time.
Simulated and experimental dynamic response characterization of an electromagnetic microvalve

Abstract The dynamic response of two electromagnetically actuated microvalves operating in open-air conditions are measured experimentally and simulated using a three-dimensional fluid–structural finite element model. Open-air conditions mean that the fluid inlet and outlet are not pressurized. The dynamic response of the membrane is obtained experimentally by exciting the valve with a step voltage signal of 1 kHz and measuring the membrane vertical displacement using a Polytec Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) system. Vibration analysis of the experimental data provides dynamic parameters such as natural frequency, air damping coefficient, spring constant, and settling time of the membrane. An electromagnetic force model based on the reluctance method is constructed and validated from the experimental data. The validated electromagnetic force model and corrected material properties are then used in a three-dimensional, fluid–structural finite element model to simulate membrane dynamics. Pertinent dynamic parameters such as resonance frequency, spring constant, microvalve closing time, settling time of the membrane, and actuation energy of the microvalve are finally compared with the simulated results. The comparison of experimental and simulation results shows that the finite element model accurately reproduces the dynamics of the membrane in the slip-flow region. A valid simulation method can then be used to simulate microvalve dynamic response in pressurized flow conditions and evaluate new designs. Valve closing time of less than 150 μs is demonstrated in one valve design. The energy required to close the microvalve is in the range of 300–678 μJ.
Interspecific competition in a pecan–cotton alleycropping system in the southern United States: Production physiology

A study was conducted on a Red Bay sandy loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) in Jay, Florida, USA, to investigate how interspecific interactions between pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) would affect cotton leaf morphology and gas exchange and thereby biomass and lint yield. We quantified specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration, stomatal conductance, and net canopy photosynthetic index (CNPI) from cotton with and without aboveground and belowground interactions. To separate roots of cotton and pecan, polyethylene-lined trenches were installed (barrier treatment) parallel to tree rows in half the number of plots. Results showed that SLA for barrier and nonbarrier plants was 61% and 47% higher, respectively, compared with the monoculture cotton. Monoculture plants exhibited higher CNPI (70.7 μmol·m–2·s–1) compared with the barrier (52.7 μmol·m–2·s–1) and nonbarrier plants (18.3 μmol·m–2·s–1). SLN was similar for both the barri...
An investigation into the applicability of customised charts for the assessment of fetal growth in antenatal population at Blackburn, Lancashire, UK

The antenatal population at Blackburn, Lancashire, UK is diverse, with 35% non-Caucasian, mainly of Indo-Pakistani origin. The department currently uses standard growth charts, based on the Caucasian population for assessment of fetal growth. This study was designed to ascertain whether the use of customised growth charts (CGCs) in our antenatal population can improve the identification of true growth restriction and decrease the number of interventions for suspected growth restriction. CGCs were generated for 109 women induced for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and fetal biometry plotted. The centile range on the CGC was compared with standard charts. Results showed that women of Indian and Pakistani origin were greatly over-represented in the study group. A total of 58% of the cases induced for IUGR had babies within the normal range on CGC. Had CGC been used 54.4% of growth scans and 53% of antenatal day unit (ADU) appointments for fetal monitoring would have been unnecessary. Our study shows that introduction of CGC in our practice could lead to a very significant reduction in interventions for suspected growth restriction.
Adriamycin resistance and radiation response

Abstract Mammalian cells (V79) in culture developed resistance to Adriamycin during continuous exposure to low levels of drug. This resistance was accompanied by change in X-ray survival properties which, in turn depended upon the isolation of subpopulations from resistant sub lines. These changes in X-ray survival properties were characterized by reduced D Q values and a decrease in the D 0 . However, these changes were not observed together in the same cell sub line. Adriamycin-resistant cells did not appear to be radiation damage repair deficient. Other phenotypic changes (cell morphology, DNA content and chromosome number) suggested mutational events coincident with the development of Adriamycin resistance.
The temporal structure of the HF and VHF radiation Produced by intracloud lightning discharges

Measurements of the radio frequency emissions produced by large-amplitude intracloud lightning impulses are presented in correlation with the associated electric radiation field. The RF radiation starts at almost the same time as the field, and the peak RF tends to occur during the initial half cycle of the field pulse. This temporal behavior is in marked contrast to that exhibited by the RF during the return stroke portions of cloud-to-ground flashes.
Use of Polytrifluorochloroethylene in Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy*

Methods of fabricating Raman scattering tubes and infra-red absorption cells of chemically resistant polytrifluorochloroethylene are described. Curves showing the infra-red transmission of the material are given. Approximate values for the visible and ultraviolet transmission are also included.
An observationally based conceptual model of warm oceanic convective rain in the tropics

Abstract Distinctively different Z–R relations for initial convective and transition rain at the surface were found during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment. Initial convective rain (of 20–30-min duration) is marked by nearly constant median volume diameter of Do ≈ 2 mm and narrow drop size spectra, while R rises to >50 mm h−1. The constant form of the drop spectra independent of rain rate indicates an equilibrium distribution that accounts for the near linearity between Z and R. The form of the distribution differs from those previously reported, however. In contrast, the airborne raindrop measurements at 3 km in climatologically similar conditions show size spectra closely resembling the equilibrium collision–coalescence–breakup spectra of Hu and Srivastava and others at R > 20 mm h−1. The center of the plateau (of near-constant size) of these spectra repeatedly occurs at a drop size of 1 ± 0.1 mm whose fall speed equals the updraft speed. This suggest...
Crony Capitalism and Social Engineering: The Case against Tax-Increment Financing

Tax-increment financing (TIF) is an increasingly popular way for cities to promote economic development. TIF works by allowing cities to use the property, sales, and other taxes collected from new developments — taxes that would otherwise go to schools, libraries, fire departments, and other urban services — to subsidize those same developments. While cities often claim that TIF is "free money" because it represents the taxes collected from developments that might not have taken place without the subsidy, there is plenty of evidence that this is not true. First, several studies have found that the developments subsidized by TIF would have happened anyway in the same urban area, though not necessarily the same location. Second, new developments impose costs on schools, fire departments, and other urban services, so other taxpayers must either pay more to cover those costs or accept a lower level of services as services are spread to developments that are not paying for them. Moreover, rather than promoting economic development, many if not most TIF subsidies are used for entirely different purposes. First, many states give cities enormous discretion for how they use TIF funds, turning TIF into a way for cities to capture taxes that would otherwise go to rival tax entities such as school or library districts. Second, no matter how well-intentioned, city officials will always be tempted to use TIF as a vehicle for crony capitalism, providing subsidies to developers who in turn provide campaign funds to politicians. Finally, many cities use TIF to persuade developers to build "new-urban" (high-density, mixed-use) developments that are supposedly greener than traditional designs but are less marketable than low-density suburbs. Albuquerque, Denver, Portland, and other cities have each spent hundreds of millions of dollars supporting such developments when developers would have been happy to build low-density developments without any subsidies. TIF takes money from schools, fire departments, libraries, and other urban services funded by property taxes. By eliminating TIF, state legislatures can help close current budget gaps and prevent cities from taking even more money from these urban services in the future.
A Retrospective Analysis and Comparative Study of Stony Coral Assemblages in Biscayne National Park, FL (1977–2000)

The hardbottom, patch, and bank reefs of Biscayne National Park (BNP) are among the most northern reef communities in the Florida Keys reef tract. The close proximity of BNP reefs to highly developed areas (i.e., the greater Miami metropolitan area) make them both heavily used and susceptible to a multitude of anthropogenic stresses. This study analyzes a unique 1977–1981 data set on stony-coral abundances and percent cover, collected from eight reefs in BNP, and compares this more than 25-year old data set with published data from surveys conducted from 1994–1996 and 1998–2000. In 1977–81, stony-coral cover on the eight reefs ranged between 8% and 28%, whereas coral cover reported from surveys in 1998–2000 ranged between 0.4% and 10%. Significant declines in cover of all coral species were seen at BNP reefs in the ? 20 years between data sets, although few changes were observed in species richness and taxonomic distinctness values. Spatial differences were observed between lagoonal patch reefs and outer bank reefs, consistent with previous reports of greater loss of coral cover on offshore reefs. Previous reports have suggested that high juvenile coral mortality due to fish predation, physical stresses, and thermal stresses have contributed to reduced cover at offshore BNP reefs.
The Synthesis of Two Potent β-3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists

This contribution describes the initial preparation of two potent β-3 receptor agonists 1 and 2. Subsequent scale up of these two compounds was required for further evaluation and proceeded via a c...
European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae as Vectors of Fusarium moniliforme, Causing Kernel Rot and Symptomless Infection of Maize Kernels

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the ability of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae to act as vectors of Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. from maize leaf surfaces to kernels. Leaf surfaces of plants in the dough stage were sprayed with a spore suspension of F. moniliforme strain EA-2, after which plants were manually infested with O. nubilalis larvae or kernels were mechanically wounded. In 2 greenhouse experiments, O. nubilalis larvae significantly increased incidence of kernel rot symptoms and symptomless infection. Strain EA-2 was detected on O. nubilalis larvae, in plant debris in the leaf axils, and in 28–39% of F. moniliforme -infected kernels from plants manually infested with O. nubilalis. In the field, O. nubilalis infestation significantly increased incidence of kernel rot symptoms (1995) and symptomless infection (1994 and 1995). Symptomless infection was highest for treatments in which larvae were artificially contaminated with F. moniliforme strain EA-4 prior to manual infestation of plants. F. moniliforme strain EA-2 (from leaf surfaces) and strain EA-4 (from larvae) were recovered from kernels in the O. nubilalis -infested treatments in 1995. Results indicated that O. nubilalis larvae can act as vectors of F. moniliforme, increasing symptoms of Fusarium kernel rot and symptomless infection of kernels by F. moniliforme. Kernel wounding also is an important factor contributing to this disease.
The afterlife: beyond belief

When a Christian refers to the future full realization of the kingdom of God in an afterlife, it is typically assumed that she is expressing (or implying) beliefs about the existence and activity of God in conjunction with supernatural beliefs about an otherworldly realm and the possibility of one’s personal survival after bodily death. In other words, the religious language is interpreted in a realist fashion and the religious person here is construed as a religious believer. A corollary of this widely-held realist view is the assumption that if one were to conclude that there is no good reason to believe the asserted claims—for example, no reason to believe that we may survive our bodily deaths in a heavenly realm—then there is no reason to engage in the use of such religious language and the practices which accompany it. I argue that this assumption is false—that there is a meaningful way to use such language in a religious context that does not rest on believing supernatural claims. Against the backdrop of Kant’s discussion of a kingdom of ends understood as a regulative ideal, I argue that religious discourse about the kingdom of God being brought to fruition may be reinterpreted as a useful fiction to draw our attention to and engage our emotions with a distinctive ideal of restorative justice. Though I and others have previously offered fictionalist accounts of language about God, I extend the view here to some religious language about the afterlife.
Benign chondroblastoma of the pattella. A case report.

A case of benign chondroblastoma involving the patella has been reported. To Our knowledge, this is the first recorded chondroblastoma in this site.
An insulin-IAPP hybrid peptide is an endogenous antigen for CD4 T cells in the non-obese diabetic mouse

BDC-6.9, a diabetogenic CD4 T cell clone isolated from a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, responds to pancreatic islet cells from NOD but not BALB/c mice. We recently reported that a hybrid insulin peptide (HIP), 6.9HIP, formed by linkage of an insulin C-peptide fragment and a fragment of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is the antigen for BDC-6.9. We report here that the core 12-mer peptide from 6.9HIP, centered on the hybrid peptide junction, is also highly antigenic for BDC-6.9. In agreement with the observation that BALB/c islet cells fail to stimulate the T cell clone, a single amino acid difference in the BALB/c IAPP sequence renders the BALB/c version of the HIP only weakly antigenic. Mutant peptide analysis indicates that each parent molecule-insulin C-peptide and IAPP-donates residues critical for antigenicity. Through mass spectrometric analysis, we determine the distribution of naturally occurring 6.9HIP across chromatographic fractions of proteins from pancreatic beta cells. This distribution closely matches the profile of the T cell response to the fractions, confirming that 6.9HIP is the endogenous islet antigen for the clone. Using a new MHC II tetramer reagent, 6.9HIP-tet, we show that T cells specific for the 6.9HIP peptide are prevalent in the pancreas of diabetic NOD mice. Further study of HIPs and HIP-reactive T cells could yield valuable insight into key factors driving progression to diabetes and thereby inform efforts to prevent or reverse this disease.
Effects of intratracheal exposure of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) on the activation of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and its protection by antioxidant liposome

Exposure of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) to guinea pigs causes lung injury by infiltration of neutrophils in interstitial lung spaces. A unique MAPK-regulated transcription factor, C/EBP (CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein), regulates the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), involved in recruiting neutrophils in lung. The present study was to determine if CEES exposure causes activation of C/EBP, in particular the predominant β-isoform and if so whether it can be prevented by intratracheal delivery of an antioxidant liposome containing N-acetyl cysteine and tocopherols. Lung injury was developed in guinea pigs by intratracheal exposure of CEES (0.5 mg/kg). The antioxidant liposome was given intratracheally 5 min after CEES exposure, and the animals were sacrificed after 30 days. CEES exposure caused a 2.3-fold increase in the activation of C/EBP accompanied with a 45% and 121% increase in the protein level of C/EBP β and ICAM-1, respectively, and this effect was counteracted by the antioxidant liposome.
The HB22.7 Anti-CD22 Monoclonal Antibody Is an Effective Platform for CD22-Targeted Antibody Drug Conjugates for Treatment of Lymphoma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract 1653 Many non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) initially respond to therapy, but relapse; at that point further treatment is often limited by chemotherapy-related toxicity. CD22 is a valid target for immunotherapy of NHL and ALL. We have shown that the anti-CD22 ligand blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb), HB22.7, has significant activity. Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) are emerging as the next generation of targeted therapies for lymphoid neoplasms as they may be designed to be effective but with manageable toxicity. We sought to determine if HB22.7 could be used as a platform for CD22-targeted ADCs for the treatment of lymphoid neoplasms. We describe here the effect H22.7-saporin (SAP), a novel ADC composed of HB22.7 and a ribosome inactivating protein on ALL and NHL models. The in vitro cytotoxicity of HB22.7-SAP was assessed using two pre-B cell ALL lines REH and JM1, and NHL cell lines Ramos, Raji, Granta 519, SU-DHL-4, and DOHH-2. HB22.7-SAP had IC 50 values of 0.7 and 1.2 ng/mL in ALL and 1.0–8.4 ng/mL in the NHL cell lines. Free HB22.7 plus SAP did not have any cytotoxic effect using the same doses. HB22.7-SAP was not cytotoxic to CD22 negative Jurkat cells. To evaluate HB22.7-SAP9s in vivo efficacy against a model of human ALL, NOD/SCID mice were injected with REH leukemia cells. Twenty-four hours later the mice were treated with PBS, free HB22.7 plus SAP, or HB22.7-SAP. Treatment was continued twice weekly for 4 weeks. Mice were euthanized at the onset of hind limb paralysis. The median survival was 52 days as compared to 20 days for the untreated mice (p To assess efficacy in a human model of NHL, Raji cells were injected into the flank of previously radiated, female, athymic nude mice. Tumors grew until they reached 100–200 mm 3 (day 0). Mice were then exposed to HB22.7-SAP, PBS, or free HB22.7 plus free SAP. Each treatment was administered intraperitoneally, weekly for 3 weeks. To assess significance of starting tumor volume on HB22.7-SAP-mediated tumor growth inhibition, a second model initiated therapy 24 hours after tumor implantation and used the same dose and drug schedule. During the first 14 days, HB22.7-SAP (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth (p This study demonstrates the promising in vivo and in vitro activity of HB22.7 when used as a platform for CD22-targeted ADCs. The HB22.7-SAP ADC is both specific and cytotoxic to CD22 expressing malignant lymphocytes and that translates into significant efficacy against NHL and ALL. When compared to other anti-CD22 mAb we hypothesize that HB22.7-based ADCs will prove to be potent cytotoxic drugs in-part due to their unique ability to block ligand binding thus conferring an independent lymphocidal property. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Paranasal sinus lymphoma: Retrospective review with focus on clinical features, histopathology, prognosis, and relationship to systemic lymphoma.

Background Paranasal sinus lymphoma is a rare clinical entity. Methods We conducted a retrospective case series of 68 patients with biopsy-confirmed paranasal sinus lymphoma with attention on systemic disease association. Results Of 63 patients with paranasal sinus lymphoma, 35 (56%) had systemic involvement. Four patient groups were identified: (1) primary paranasal sinus lymphoma (44%); (2) systemic disease occurring concurrently with paranasal sinus lymphoma (25%); (3) paranasal sinus lymphoma with relapse of preexisting systemic lymphoma (22%); and (4) progression to systemic disease after primary paranasal sinus lymphoma (8%). Most of the patients with systemic disease were diagnosed at 50 + years and had positive smoking histories. There was a trend toward disease activity in the neighboring ocular location. For patients with preexisting systemic lymphoma, the mean time to paranasal sinus lymphoma was 65 months. When systemic lymphoma developed after localized paranasal sinus lymphoma, mean time to progression was 23 months. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma was the most common paranasal sinus lymphoma. Conclusion There is a risk of systemic involvement during the disease course of paranasal sinus lymphoma. Biopsy is the preferred first management step and should precede debulking or mass resection in nonemergent cases. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1065–1070, 2017
Remarks on the discovery of carbonic anhydrase

The search for the catalyst that liberates the body’s CO2 from HCO– 3 from blood during its 1-s transit through the lung capillaries ended in an almost dead heat in 1932–33 between Norman U. Meldrum and Francis J. W. Roughton in Cambridge and William C. Stadie and Helen O’Brien at the University of Pennsylvania. Horace Davenport has written several pungent articles about the discoverers of carbonic anhydrase (Davenport, 1980, 1984) from his personal experiences at Oxford and Cambridge a little later. His tutor at Oxford was John Philpott who developed the ur-technique for the measurement of the rate of the reversible reactions of CO2/HCO– 3 as a student laboratory demonstration. Davenport spent a week in Cambridge with Vernon Booth, Roughton’s colleague and assistant, in the course of his studies. I worked with Roughton in Philadelphia and in Cambridge in the 1950’s on CO2 rapid reactions in blood, knew Stadie as a medical student and junior faculty member at Penn and through my family. I have continued an active interest in carbonic anhydrase (CA) ever since and as a result have gleaned a few facts to add to the story. Assembling the fine details of the search for the enzyme that accelerates CO2 reactions presents a lesson in humility, even seen through a retrospectroscope. Many very able investigators took what now appear to be circuitous routes to the truth and some never got there.
Rapid evaluation of two-dimensional retarded time integrals

Abstract We present two methods for rapid evaluation of two-dimensional retarded time integrals. For example, such integrals arise as the z = 0 trace U ( t , x , y , 0 ) of a solution U ( t , x , y , z ) to 3 + 1 wave equation □ U = − 2 f ( t , x , y ) δ ( z ) forced by a “sheet source” at z = 0 . The spatial Fourier transform of a two-dimensional retarded time integral involves a temporal convolution with the zeroth order Bessel function J 0 ( t ) . Appealing to work by Alpert, Greengard, and Hagstrom and by Xu and Jiang on rational approximation in the Laplace-transform domain, our first method relies on approximation of J 0 ( t ) as a sum of exponential functions. We achieve approximations with double precision accuracy near t ≃ 0 , and maintain single precision accuracy out to T ≃ 10 8 . Our second method involves evolution of the 3 + 1 wave equation in a “thin block” above the sheet, adopting the radiation boundary conditions of Hagstrom, Warburton, and Givoli based on complete plane wave expansions. We review their technique, present its implementation for our problem, and present new results on the nonlocal spacetime form of radiation boundary conditions. Our methods are relevant for the sheet-bunch formulation of the Vlasov–Maxwell system, although here we only test methods on a model problem, a Gaussian source following an elliptical orbit. Our concluding section discusses the complexity of both methods in comparison with naive evaluation of a retarded-time integral.
Ombudsman Offices and Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Brazilian Workplace

This paper discusses the adoption by Brazilian companies of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods for individual workplace conflicts. Brazil is an interesting case to study ADR due to its hi...
36–43: Chicago, 1950–1962

Within weeks of arriving at the University of Chicago, Hayek began targeting academics for McCarthyite liquidation. His fellow Austrian and Foundation for Economic Freedom trustee, William Paton, asked him to assist their (successful) campaign against Lawrence Klein at the University of Michigan (for which Paton was rewarded with Mont Pelerin Society membership). After 1945, Hayek also benefited from the tax-exempt donor class network (a ‘knowledge’ community continues to support Austrian economics). Ayn Rand’s novels act as adolescent recruiting vehicles for the Austrian School—this chapter also explores the all-night hypnotic effect that Rand (an amphetamine and tobacco addict) had on ‘free’ market advocates—including Mises, Rothbard and the Chair of the Federal Reserve in the build-up to the Global Financial Crisis, Alan Greenspan.
Effects of irradiation on the reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis

Rotylenchulus reniformis is an agricultural pest of economic and regulatory importance. The effects of irradiation on second-stage juveniles (J2) of R. reniformis were evaluated in a glasshouse bioassay. Nematodes were irradiated in an aqueous solution in plastic tubes within cored Ipomoea batatas roots. Radiation treatment doses ranged from 100 to 2000 Gy. After irradiation, nematodes were inoculated into pots containing I. batatas plants and plants were harvested after 3 months to evaluate nematode reproduction. No live R. reniformis were recovered from plants inoculated with irradiated J2 treated with a radiation dose of 300 Gy or higher. Reproductive potential was significantly reduced at radiation doses as low as 100 Gy compared with untreated controls. A radiation dose of 300 Gy should provide quarantine security for commodities infected with R. reniformis .
A systematic review of food insecurity among US students in higher education

Accumulating evidence suggests that food insecurity in US colleges and universities is higher than in US households, making this a new public health priority. We conducted a systematic review of fo...
Comparisons of (p,p′) and (p,n) Reaction Measurements

Comparison of absolute differential cross-section values for the 12C(p,p′) reaction to the T=1, 15.11 MeV (1+) and 16.11 MeV (2+) states with absolute values for their respective analog states at 0.0 and 1.0 MeV excited by the 12C(p,n)12N reaction may be used to determine neutron detection efficiencies for large volume neutron detectors at intermediate energies as reported by C. A. Goulding at this conference. In doing this, use is made of the relation1 $$ 2\frac{{d\sigma }}{{d\Omega }}(p,p') = \frac{{d\sigma }}{{d\Omega }}(p,n) $$ which holds for such analog states when isospin conservation is assumed. In the case of 12C(p,p′) and 12C(p,n) reactions careful independent determinations of neutron detection efficiencies by using the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction2 or by Monte Carlo calculation3 have established the validity of the relation to an accuracy of ± 10%. It is now interesting to consider how well comparisons using this relation, together with the facts that the (p,n) reaction T=0 targets excite T=1 states while the (p,p′) reaction excites both T=0 and T=1 states, may be employed to study other nuclei. In order to investigate this question, 28Si(p,p′) and 28Si(p,n)28P reaction data are compared at 62 and about 120 MeV proton energies in this paper.
Wildland Fire Management: Movement Towards Enabling Resiliency?

Wildfires in the western US are changing. Research suggests they are expanding in size and duration. The results include civilian and firefighter fatalities, record destruction and damage to homes and infrastructure, and increasing costs to agencies responsible for fire management. Two developments within the framework of wildland fire management suggest potential movement towards enabling resiliency. One of these is development of the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy. The other is a state-level initiative, Colorado’s Task Force on Wildfire Insurance and Forest Health. A goal of both processes is to seek methods which allow human populations and infrastructure to withstand a wildfire without loss of life and property. One implication will be how these initiatives enable resiliency within the larger subject of disaster management. Another will be to potentially apply this type of strategy development and working group methodology to other appropriate fields of disaster management.
EFFECT OF SHOCK-RE-SHOCK ON SPALLATION OF TITANIUM DIBORIDE

Present work investigates the effect of shock-reshock on the spall threshold of TiB2 when initially shocked around 6.78 GPa i.e. above its “first yield” and also evaluates in-situ high pressure x-ray diffraction of Mazurenko et al who found that the compressibility of TiB2 was higher at 4.0 GPa than either at the ambient condition or at 6.5 GPa.
Destabilization of zirconia by phosphoric acid

The effect of temperature, grain size, and chemical composition on the rate at which cubic zirconia is changed to monoclinic zirconia by phosphates was examined. Both phosphoric acid and aluminium phosphate will destabilize zirconia. Usable mixes can be formulated if sufficient lime is added. It is necessary to add larger amounts of lime to maintain cubic zirconia for acceptable thermal shock resistance. (FS)
Maternal Perception of the Onset of Lactation: A Valid Indicator of Lactogenesis Stage II?

The measurement of milk transfer (MT) by test weighing is the ,,gold standard“ for documenting the onset of lactogenesis stage II (OL)1; however, test weighing is impractical for routine use. From a public health perspective, maternal perception (MP) of the timing of OL may be a useful proxy for OL, as it describes when women actually feel their milk ,,came in.“ This study compares the determinants and consequences of delayed OL, as measured by both MT and MP.
Towards a Global Theory of Singularly Perturbed Dynamical Systems

Dynamical systems with multiple time scales arise naturally in many domains. Models of neural systems provide the principal motivation for this paper. Most of the previous mathematical analysis of qualitative properties of multiple time scale systems has dealt with local phenomena that occur in low dimensions. The neural system models raise questions that lie beyond the scope of existing work. Our aim here is to outline a theory that extends the local theory to a description of qualitative features of the global dynamics for systems with two time scales. We fill in portions of this outline within the context of systems that have two slow variables and two fast variables. Even within this low dimensional setting, most basic questions about global properties remain unanswered.
Long-lived triplet excited state in a platinum(ii) perylene monoimide complex.

We report the synthesis and solution based photophysical properties of a new Pt(II)-terpyridine complex coupled to a perylene monoimide (PMI) chromophoric unit through an acetylene linkage. This structural arrangement resulted in quantitative quenching of the highly fluorescent PMI chromophore by introducing metal character into the lowest energy singlet state, thereby leading to the formation of a long-lived PMI-ligand localized triplet excited state (τ = 8.4 μs). Even though the phosphorescence from this triplet state was not observed, highly efficient quenching of this excited state by dissolved oxygen and the observation of singlet oxygen photoluminescence in the near-IR at 1270 nm initially pointed towards triplet excited state character. Additionally, the coincidence of the excited state absorbance difference spectra from the sensitized PMI ligand using a triplet donor and the Pt-PMI complex provided strong evidence for this triplet state assignment, which was further supported by TD-DFT calculations.
Parenting Practices, Parent–Child Relationship, and Perceived Academic Control in College Students

We examined the associations among parent–child relationships, two types of parenting practices (helicopter parenting and autonomy support), and college students’ perceived academic outcomes. Participants were from a private university in Upstate New York. Structural equation modeling was utilized to examine the above associations. Results showed that mothers’ autonomy support was positively associated with children’s academic control, whereas fathers’ helicopter parenting was negatively related to children’s academic control. Regarding the mediation effects, the mother–child relationship mediated the association between mothers’ two types of parenting practices and children’s academic control. However, the mediating effects of the father–child relationship in the association between fathers’ two types of parenting practices and children’s academic control were not significant. Consequently, our findings indicate that helicopter parenting and autonomy support could be related to fathers’ and mothers’ parenting contexts. We suggest that autonomy support is an appropriate parenting practice for promoting college students’ academic success as well as enhancing the parent–child relationship. In addition, we suggest that helicopter parenting is not advantageous for developing college students’ academic control, but could be beneficial for the parent–child relationship. These mixed effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ relational and academic-related outcomes should be investigated further. Moving beyond the dichotomous perspective regarding autonomy support and helicopter parenting, we believe that it is necessary to strengthen understanding of their merits and provide guidance for parents who have college-aged children to enable them to employ more developmentally appropriate parenting practices.
EXPLORATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BLACK BOX METHOD IN DEVELOPING EXPERIMENTAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION DESIGN LEARNING

Experimental of visual communication design became one of the courses deepening of visual communication design. In the process of learning of experimental courses visual communication design through the application of its methodology process. Design methods known and continually introduced applicability through three methods: Glass Box Method, Black Box Method, and Self Organization. Black Box Method is a method that is applied in the design of technical learning project designed to explore creative ideas, concept design, artistic technique, presentation of the artistic design and value of the message through the visual language. It led this study to test the effectiveness of the Black Box Method exploration activities in learning and development of learning through the experimental process of visual communication design. The other objective of the reaearch is to recommend the Black Box Method as an alternative method to increase the effectiveness of the process of learning development of Experimental visual communication design. This is a qualitative research. Described the factual data findings reflectively regarding the learning process and the effectiveness of the Black Box Method found in the field. Purposive sampling was used to determe the subject of research, the instrument used in this study with the help of procedure method application process questionnaire, student worksheets, and the creation of visual communication design work to see the effectiveness of the method. Data collection procedures using a model of reflection (Reflection-in-Action) by Ralph (designing reflexively and intuitively). The degree of confidence (credibility) developed by Lexy J. Meleong is used to analyse the data through the process of checking the validity of the data . The researchers hope the results of this study were able to do a test of the effectiveness of Black Box Method exploration activities in the learning process and the development of learning through experimental visual communication design process. The researchers tried to convey the results of research which recommended Black Box Method as an alternative method in increasing the effectiveness of the process of learning development of Experimental vidual communication design. Keywords: exploration, affectivity, Black Box Method, Learning Development , and Eksperimental visual communication design
DRIVERS OF THE DECISION TO BIOPSY AND FOLLOW-UP OF SMALL SUSPICIOUS THYROID NODULES.

Objectives: In 2015, updated American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommended observation for suspicious sub-centimeter thyroid nodules, based on their indolent course. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of biopsy in suspicious thyroid nodules since the introduction of these guidelines, including factors contributing to clinical decision-making in a tertiary care center. Methods: Retrospective study of patients in Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN with new, sub-centimeter suspicious thyroid nodules (by report or by sonographic features) between March 2015 and November 2017, not previously biopsied. Results: We identified 141 nodules in 129 patients: mean age 58.1 ± 14.1, 74% female, 87% Caucasian. The frequency of biopsy in suspicious thyroid nodules was 39%. Ultrasound features that were the strongest predictors for biopsy on multi-variate analysis included: nodule volume (OR 37.3 [7.5-188.7]), radiology recommendation for biopsy (OR 2.6 [1.8-3.9]) and radiology report of the nodule as "suspicious" (OR 2.1 [1.4-3.2]). Patient's age and degree of comorbidities did not change likelihood for biopsy, nor did it vary by clinician type or how the nodule was initially found (incidentally or not incidentally). Among 86 nodules that were not biopsied, 41% had no specific follow-up recommendations. Conclusions: One third of suspicious thyroid nodules underwent biopsy since release of updated ATA guidelines. Factors driving thyroid biopsy seem to be associated with nodule characteristics but not with patient factors including age and comorbidities. Further studies and development of decision aides may be helpful in providing individualized approaches for suspicious thyroid nodules.
Impact of germline and somatic cell cycle checkpoint kinase mutations on breast cancer presentation and prognosis

Cell cycle checkpoint kinases activated by DNA repair pathways, ATM/Chk2 and ATR/Chk1 are important tumor suppressors. Germline mutations in these genes associate with increased cancer incidence. Specifically, ATM and CHEK2 germline variants associate with increased incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer with poor patient outcome. More recent investigations identified somatic inactivation of ATM/Chk2 as causal to endocrine therapy resistance in ER+ breast cancer patients. However, the relative contributions of germline and somatic inactivation of these cell cycle checkpoint kinases to ER+/HER2- and ER-/PR-/HER2- or triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence and tumor characteristics has not yet been systematically assessed. Here, we comprehensively compare associations of ATM/CHEK2 and ATR/CHEK1 germline and somatic mutations with age, tumor stage and PR status at diagnosis, and metastatic potential using a meta-dataset compiled from six independent primary and metastatic patient datasets. We observe significantly higher frequency of ATM (29.6%) and CHEK2 (9.5%) mutations in metastatic ER+/HER2- breast cancers relative to TNBC (~11% and 5% respectively) (p=0.03). CHEK2 mutations associate with higher PR positivity, higher tumor stage and younger age at diagnosis for metastatic ER+/HER2- breast cancer patients. These associations are primarily driven by germline, rather than somatic CHEK2 mutations. However, both germline and somatic mutations in CHEK2 that are deleterious (nonsense, frameshift or splice site) associate with more rapid disease progression on early rounds of endocrine therapy when compared to tumors with wildtype CHEK2 or with missense mutations in CHEK2. These results provide the first systematic analysis of the contribution of germline and somatic cell cycle checkpoint kinase mutations to tumor characteristics affecting patient prognosis and treatment response. Results of this study suggest potential for streamlined testing for status of these checkpoint kinases as prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers for ER+/HER2- breast cancer patients.
The Southern Pine Beetle

The Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most destructive insect pest of pine forests in the southeastern United States and in parts of Mexico and Central America (Fig. 1). This is a well-worn statement but is nonetheless richly deserved and quite accurate. The beetle epitomizes the definition of its genus, killer of trees. As such, D. frontalis can overcome even vigorous trees when its populations are large. In the United States, the southern pine beetle primarily colonizes loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. enchinata) pines, both of which are important sources of pulp and timber. These pines are fast-growing species, inhabiting some of the finest timber-growing land on the continent. In addition, most watersheds in the southern pine forest are dominated by these species, and in many recreational areas high-valued old growth pine prevail.
A three-dimensional ultrasound investigation of the uvular rhotic: German /R/ in six prevocalic contexts

The German rhotic is classified in the standard variety as a uvular trill, but has been shown to demonstrate considerable variation as a result of phonetic reduction processes. Most previous work on the German /R/ has focused on its acoustic properties or its phonological patterning in particular prosodic positions, rarely addressing vowel quality and having limited means to investigate articulation. This paper presents data from a 3D/4D ultrasound investigation of word-initial /R/ in six prevocalic contexts from two L1 German speakers. The vowel space was found to be consistent with Pouplier et al. (2004). The findings indicate that a groove along the posterior dorsum accompanies trilling and that /R/ may be susceptible to coarticulatory effects from a following vowel. Specifically, tongue body height during /R/ articulation can pattern with a following vowel, inhibiting trilling and thus resulting in a fricative, complementing the EMA findings of Schiller & Mooshammer (1995). This study therefore contributes to the body of literature concerning the diversity of rhotics as a class and the variability of the German rhotic in particular.