cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential toxicities of TCDD in vivo among normal, c-src knockout, geldanamycin- and quercetin-treated mice.

Although we have previously reported the result of our preliminary study on the reduced toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in vivo in male c-src deficient, -/+ B6, 129-src(tmlSor) mice as compared to those in wild-type mice, there are still two major shortcomings of the above study: (a) the low number of individuals tested, (b) in some of the comparison tests, C57BL/6J mice (i.e. inbred B6 mice) were used as wild-type control mice. Since then we increased our laboratory breeding program and thereby the availability of B6, 129-/+, -/- and true littermate wild-type +/+ individual mice. The results of critical in vivo toxicity comparison tests, involving 6-13 mice per test group, showed that there are considerable variations expressed in toxicity within each group of c-src deficient mice. Nevertheless, when a large enough number of individuals were tested two toxic effects were found to be less expressed in src-deficient mice. They were: (a) excess fatty deposits and (b) the mottled appearance of the liver which were commonly observed in TCDD-treated wild type mice, but not in c-src deficient mice. The former trend was also confirmed by both liver lipid analysis and histological examinations of the affected livers. As for the biochemical parameters, the hepatic nuclear protein binding to C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein) response element appears to be uniformly reduced by the action of TCDD in + / + mice, but not in -/+ or -/- mice.
Uptake of a superparamagnetic contrast agent imaged by MR with high spectral and spatial resolution.

Conventional MRI implicitly treats the proton signal as a single, narrow Lorentzian. However, water signals in vivo are often inhomogeneously broadened and have multiple resolvable components. These components represent discrete populations of water molecules within each pixel which are affected differently by physiology and contrast agents. Accurate measurement of each component of the water resonance can improve anatomic and functional MR images and provide insight into the structure and dynamics of subpixelar microenvironments. This report describes high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MR imaging of rodent prostate tumors before and after injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. HiSS datasets were used to synthesize images in which intensity is proportional to peak height, peak frequency, and linewidth. These images showed anatomic features which were not clearly delineated in conventional T2 and gradient echo images. HiSS images obtained after injection of the contrast agent showed T *2 and T1 changes which were not seen in conventional images. These changes are associated with microvessel density and permeability. The results suggest HiSS with superparamagnetic contrast agents has the potential to improve characterization of tumors. Magn Reson Med 43:633–639, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence for collagen in a fossil of the Lower Jurassic.

A WELL preserved specimen of Pholidophorus bechei Agassiz has been described from the Lower Lias of England1. The presence along its body axis of a conspicuous series of epineural intermuscular bones made it seem worth while to examine the microstructure of some endochondral bone of the head using the electron microscopic techniques recently developed for the investigation of fossil calcined tissues2–7. Preliminary results obtained with a specimen of this find are reported here.
Molecular-Level Analysis of Shock-Wave Physics and Derivation of the Hugoniot Relations for Fused Silica

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations are employed in this study to investigate various aspects of shock waves in fused silica (a pure SiO2 amorphous material used in transparent-armor applications). Equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations are used first to validate that the initial (unshocked) fused silica possesses the appropriate mass density and microstructure (as characterized by its partial Si-Si, Si-O, and O-O radial distribution functions). Next, non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations are employed, within a continuously contracting computational-cell scheme, to generate planar longitudinal (uniaxial motion) shocks of different strengths. By examining and quantifying the dynamics of shock-wave motion, the respective shock-Hugoniot relations (i.e., functional relations between various material-state variables in the material states produced by the shocks of different strengths) are determined. This methodology suggested that irreversible non-equilibrium deformation/damage processes play an important role in the mechanical response of fused silica to shock loading and that the “equilibrium” procedures for Hugoniot determination based on the equation of state and the Rankine-Hugoniot equation may not be fully justified. Finally, the non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations were used to identify the main microstructure modifying/altering processes accompanying the shock-wave motion through fused silica.
Determination of inositol hexanicotinate in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection

A HPLC method with UV detection at 262nm was developed to analyze inositol hexanicotinate in rat plasma. Plasma samples were extracted with an equal volume of acetonitrile, followed by dilution with mobile phase buffer (5mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0) to eliminate any solvent effects. Inositol hexanicotinate and the internal standard (mebendazole) were separated isocratically using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (35:65, v/v, pH 6.0) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min and a reverse-phase XTerra MS C(18) column (4.6mmx150mm, 3.5microm). The standard curve was linear over a concentration range of 1.5-100.0microg/mL of inositol hexanicotinate in rat plasma. The HPLC method was validated with intra- and inter-day precisions of 1.55-4.30% and 2.69-21.5%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day biases were -0.75 to 19.8% and 2.58-22.0%, respectively. At plasma concentrations of 1.5-100microg/mL, the mean recovery of inositol hexanicotinate was 99.6%. The results of a stability study indicated that inositol hexanicotinate was unstable in rat plasma samples, but was stable in acetonitrile extracts of rat plasma for up to 24h at 4 degrees C. The assay is simple, rapid, specific, sensitive, and reproducible and has been used successfully to analyze inositol hexanicotinate plasma concentrations in a pharmacokinetic study using the rat as an animal model.
Membrane Conductances and Spectral Sensitivities of Pecten Photoreceptors

The electrical and spectral properties of depolarizing (proximal) and hyperpolarizing (distal) photoreceptors in the eye of the scallop, Pecten irradians, were examined. Both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses are associated with an increase in membrane conductance; in addition, the depolarizing response is characterized by a secondary decrease in conductance at light intensities which inactivate the response. Both responses can be reversed in polarity by applied current across the cell membrane. The depolarizing response has a reversal potential of approximately +10 mv, whereas the estimated reversal potential for the hyperpolarizing response is near -70 mv. The two responses have the same spectral sensitivity function, which agrees with a Dartnall nomogram for a rhodospin with a λmax at 500 nm. It is suggested that the photochemical reactions produce different end products which give responses of opposite polarity in proximal and distal cells, or alternatively, that the reactions of the respective cell membranes to the same end product are different.
Preferential distal radius fracture in right-handed individuals presenting to an ED.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a lateralizing predisposition toward injury in right hand-dominant (RHD) individuals. The distal radius fracture was used as the injury for evaluation because it is easily defined and can be objectively documented by roentgenography. A prospective case-series design was used to include consecutive RHD patients with a distal radius fracture. There were 86 women with an average age of 63.1 ± 17.9 years and 41 men with an average age of 44.0 ± 17.6 years with a significant difference between ages ( P P
Studies on the specificity of neurochemical and behavioral effects of LSD-25

Abstract Brain perfusion experiments of conscious rats engaged in operant behavior and administered fluoxetine or LSD, with or without prior injection of 5-HTP, indicate there is probably more than one functional pool of 5-HT in the CNS. Furthermore, the fact that prior loading with the precursor is necessary before unmasking an effect of LSD suggests the LSD-sensitive pool is newly synthesized and represents only a small fraction of total CNS serotonin. Separating the effects of LSD's behavioral action into pausing (disruption) and depressed responding rate, with or without pausing, enabled us to demonstrate blockade of the disruption by methysergide without blockade of the decreased responding rate. Mianserin blocks both effects of LSD's action. We suggest that behavioral effects of low doses of LSD are due to sympathetic arousal and may offer a model for agitated depression and/or anxiety and that drugs of the mianserin-type may prove useful for treating some forms of anxiety, as well as a depression.
Late graft loss and long-term outcome after isolated intestinal transplantation in children

Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine causes of late graft loss and long-term outcome after isolated intestinal transplantation in children at a single center. Methods: All children who underwent primary isolated intestinal transplantation at our center with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were the subject of this retrospective study.
Treatment of paruresis with in vivo desensitization: A case report

In vivo desensitization was employed with a patient exhibiting chronic paruresis. Measures of urination delay, and subjective units of distress were obtained at pre-training, during training, at a generalization trial, and at a follow-up assessment. Urine volume was also measured at pre-and post-training. There was shorter delay in urination, greater urine output, and less subjective anxiety following treatment. These effects were also demonstrated during a generalization post-test in which the patient was exposed to an unknown observer. A follow-up trial involving exposure to a second unknown observer indicated that treatment effects were maintained at 7.5 months following treatment.
Evolving Self-Care in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Diabetes Mellitus

Individuals with schizophrenia have higher rates of diabetes mellitus as compared with the general population, but little is known about their diabetic self-care. This grounded theory study was conducted to develop a theory of self-care for individuals with comorbid schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and diabetes. Twenty-six interviews were conducted among 11 respondents with varying degrees of ability to care for these coexisting illnesses. Respondents identified psychiatric symptoms as a major barrier to diabetic self-care. The resulting theory of Evolving Self-Care describes the process by which respondents developed self-care health beliefs over time to help them successfully manage their psychiatric disorder and diabetes. Categories include mastering mental illness, accommodating diabetes, and striving for health. When providing care to patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and diabetes, advanced registered nurse practitioners are encouraged to provide education about the negative consequences of psychosis on diabetes self-care.
Neurotrophin receptors: Old friends with new partners.

Neurotrophins are important regulators of embryonic development and adult function of most populations of neurons in vertebrate nervous systems. This signaling system regulates many diverse activities, including survival, axon outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity. In mammals, neurotrophin action is mediated by four receptors, p75NTR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Although early studies viewed these receptors as solitary agents in the cells outer membrane, recent discoveries reveal that the cell outer membrane is a crowded and highly interactive neighborhood. Neurotrophin receptors partner with a diverse array of membrane proteins, dramatically expanding their functional repertoire. This review will focus on some of the most recent discoveries concerning the promiscuous partnering of neurotrophin receptors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2010
Learning chemistry from text: The effect of decision making

Two experiments examined the relative effects of questions requiring decisions, statements providing the decision information to students, questions not requiring decisions, and control procedures on students' memory for chemistry text reading materials. Experiment 1 employed immediate recall. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that students who made and justified decisions about the contents recalled significantly more information than students in any other condition. In addition, students who answered questions that did not require decisions recalled significantly more of the content than students in the control or the statements conditions. No other contrasts reached significance. Experiment 2 employed delayed recall assessed one week after reading. The results confirmed those of Experiment 1. The overall results of the study are discussed in terms of an elaboration perspective on memory.
Transient responses of a modeled bursting neuron: analysis with equilibrium and averaged nullclines

We utilized a state-space approach to study the dynamics of a modeled bursting neuron consisting of 11 state variables. Such an approach may be used on a high-order system when a small number of variables are rate-limiting and dominate the dynamics of the model. Calculation of equilibrium and averaged nullclines and saddle-node bifurcations of the full and reduced models provided measures that indicated the transition between silence and spiking and the dynamics of the system during both the silent and spiking phases of the burst cycle. The relative stability of tonic beating solutions in the presence and absence of 5-HT was calculated in the state-space of the slow variables and related to specific biophysical mechanisms. The results were compared with similar simulations performed in Butera et al. (1995) which utilized a current-voltage (I-V)-based method for analysis. While the state-space method is sometimes more difficult to link to specific biophysical mechanisms, it offers a wider portrait of the dynamics of the system. In contrast, the use of I-V plots offers a direct relationship to biophysical processes, but provides no information on the dynamics of non-voltage-dependent processes such as Ca\(^{2+}\).
The role of non-coding RNAs in diabetic nephropathy: Potential applications as biomarkers for disease development and progression

Diabetic nephropathy, a progressive kidney disease that develops secondary to diabetes, is the major cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries, and contributes significantly to increased morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes. Although the causes of diabetic nephropathy are not fully understood, recent studies demonstrate a role for epigenetic factors in the development of the disease. For example, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), have been shown to be functionally important in modulating renal response to hyperglycemia and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Characterization of miRNA expression in diabetic nephropathy from studies of animal models of diabetes, and in vitro investigations using different types of kidney cells also support this role. The goal of this review, therefore, is to summarize the current state of knowledge of specific ncRNAs involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy, with a focus on the potential role of miRNAs to serve as sensitive, non-invasive biomarkers of kidney disease and progression. Non-coding RNAs are currently recognized as potentially important regulators of genes involved in processes related to the development of diabetic nephropathy, and as such, represent viable targets for both clinical diagnostic strategies and therapeutic intervention.
A note on the Entscheidungsproblem

In a recent paper the author has proposed a definition of the commonly used term “effectively calculable” and has shown on the basis of this definition that the general case of the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in any system of symbolic logic which is adequate to a certain portion of arithmetic and is ω-consistent. The purpose of the present note is to outline an extension of this result to the engere Funktionenkalkul of Hilbert and Ackermann.In the author's cited paper it is pointed out that there can be associated recursively with every well-formed formula a recursive enumeration of the formulas into which it is convertible. This means the existence of a recursively defined function a of two positive integers such that, if y is the Godel representation of a well-formed formula Y then a(x, y) is the Godel representation of the xth formula in the enumeration of the formulas into which Y is convertible.Consider the system L of symbolic logic which arises from the engere Funktionenkalkul by adding to it: as additional undefined symbols, a symbol 1 for the number 1 (regarded as an individual), a symbol = for the propositional function = (equality of individuals), a symbol s for the arithmetic function x+1, a symbol a for the arithmetic function a described in the preceding paragraph, and symbols b1, b2, …, bk for the auxiliary arithmetic functions which are employed in the recursive definition of a; and as additional axioms, the recursion equations for the functions a, b1, b2, …, bk (expressed with free individual variables, the class of individuals being taken as identical with the class of positive integers), and two axioms of equality, x = x, and x = y →[F(x)→F(y)].
Fallout from Nuclear Detonations of February and April 1960

A sharp increase in the ratio of strontium-89 to strontium-90 in rain was observed at Fayetteville, Arkansas, after the French nuclear detonations of February and April 1960. Experimental data obtained suggest the possibility that part of the debris from atom bombs detonated in the tropical region may enter the stratosphere.
Use of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate as a probe of gastric vesicle transport.

The interaction of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) with vesicles derived from hog fundic mucosa was studied in the presence of valinomycin and with the addition of ATP. Evidence was found for two classes of sites, those rapidly accessible to ANS with aK D of 7.5 μm and those slowly accessible, but rapidly accessed in the presence of valinomycin with aK D of 2.5 μm. ATP transiently increases the quantum yield of the latter ANS binding sites only in the presence of valinomycin, but does not alter the number ofK D of those sites. The time course of this increase correlates with H+ uptake and Rb+ extrusion by those vesicles and H+ carriers such as tetrachlorsalicylanilide or nigericin abolish the ATP response. With ATP addition in the presence of SC14N and valinomycin there is transient uptake of SCN−. It is concluded that ANS is acting as a probe of a structural change dependent on a potential and H+ gradient.
Occlusion and the single denture.

Abstract A technique for constructing dentures opposed by natural teeth is described. The method uses the functionally generated-path technique for developing the occlusion. The method provides a means for making duplicate dentures with minimal additional time and cost. The clinical and laboratory procedures are essentially the same as for the usual denture techniques, except in the use of the functionally generated path. The occlusal surfaces of the denture teeth are fitted to the stone core representing the generated path.
A central limit theorem for mixing stationary point processes

Abstract Suppose A 0 is a strictly stationary, second order point process on Z d that is ∅-mixing. The particles initially present are then continually subjected to random translations via random walks. If A n is the point process resulting at time n , then we prove, under certain technical conditions, that the total occupation time by time n of a finite nonempty subset B of Z d , namely, S n ( B )= Σ n k =1 A k ( B ), is asymptotically normally distributed.
Cluster Model Studies of Oxygen-Bridged Cu Pairs in Cu−ZSM-5 Catalysts

Effects of the support environment on the existence of Cu ion pairs in Cu-exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts are examined using density functional theory. Results for the molecular and electronic structures of O- and O2-bridged Cu oxocations ([CuOCu]2+ and [CuO2Cu]2+) are presented, including two distinct isomers for the latter. Both types of oxocations are predicted to be strongly bound for conditions likely to occur in the zeolite. The zeolite framework is represented by a variety of cluster models, including a previously established single-T-site model and larger multi-T-site models specific to particular binding sites in ZSM-5. With the largest models, bent Cu−Ox−Cu structures are found with Cu−Cu distances consistent with X-ray absorption data for Cu−ZSM-5. Implications for catalytic chemistry, including a proposed pathway for O2 formation and subsequent desorption from oxidized Cu sites in the zeolite, are discussed.
Use-dependent effects of amiodarone on Vmax in cardiac Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers.

Abstract Superfusion with 5 μg/ml amiodarone for 3–4h induced use-dependent V max block in dog Purkinje and guinea pig ventricular muscle fibers. The recovery from block was exponential with τ of 289 ± 30 ms in Purkinje (n = 7)and 282 ± 47 ms in muscle (n = 6) fibers. The onset of frequency-dependent V max block was rapid, i.e. reached steady state after 4.2 ± 0.5 beats (n = 5). The combination of rapid interaction with sodium channel and the reported action potential lengthening make amiodarone unique among Class I antiarrhythmic drugs.
Heat conduction in eccentric annuli

Abstract Under the assumption of constant properties and negligible axial effects, heat conduction in the radial direction through concentric annuli is a straightforward, 1-dim. problem. However, when the annular region is shifted from the centerline, the analysis must be made in two dimensions. A theoretical, experimental, and numerical study has been made of the 2-dim. temperature distributions for a system of eccentric annuli. Two boundary conditions are examined. The first is an angular temperature function on the outer boundary. The second is a convective boundary condition with a constant heat transfer coefficient and a constant ambient temperature. The general solutions are described which are valid for any size annular region and any degree of eccentricity. The evaluation of the analytical solutions are verified by an appropriate experiment. Several numerical approximations are examined for their suitability in handling the eccentric problem.
America and the World: Issues in the Teaching of U.S. Foreign Policy

in world affairs and the axis around which so much of global politics revolves, there can be few subjects as politically central or intellectually challenging as U.S. foreign policy. In this review essay, I examine some of the ways that U. S. foreign policy is (and might be) conceptualized in political science courses both in the United States and elsewhere; I consider several approaches to teaching-mostly at the undergraduate level-and explore the theoretical, historical, and normative assumptions that structure courses. My observations are based on an analysis of 29 syllabi in the subfieldmost of them supplied by the staff of Perspectives on Politicsthat come from private and public research universities as well as liberal arts colleges. Most of the syllabi are recent, but some
Ventriculosubgaleal shunts at Columbus Children's Hospital: neurosurgical implant placement in the neonatal intensive care unit

Object The authors review all cases in which ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) shunts were placed at Columbus Children's Hospital for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in order to assess the surgical procedure, effectiveness of surgery, and complications of cerebrospinal fluid diversion to the subgaleal space. The purpose of the review is to make a comparison between cases in which shunts were placed in the operating room (OR) and those in which they were placed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Considerations and complications specific to patient transport to the OR or surgical implantation in the NICU are discussed. Methods Seventeen infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were treated with VSG shunt placement over a period of 4 years. A retrospective analysis of these cases was performed to evaluate multiple aspects of the procedure. Specifically, the surgical procedure, duration of shunt function prior to shunt conversion, neuroimaging changes, operative complications, and risk of in...
Adaptation of the child and family to life with a chronic illness

Chronic illness in a child produces stress for both the child with the illness and the family of which he or she is a part.1 Today, it is estimated that greater than one-tenth of children are living with some form of chronic illness or condition.2–3 Faced with this stress, children and families are required to adapt to potential physical, emotional, social, and financial challenges. Professionals providing health care have an opportunity to influence how children and families interpret and adapt to these challenges. Guidance can be drawn from the multiple theoretical perspectives that have explored the process of adaptation to chronic illness.
Associations and recognition learning

A paired-associate- (PA) to-recognition transfer task was used to assess whether associations among words can influence recognition learning. Positive transfer was obtained when the correct words for recognition were presented for PA learning, and negative transfer was obtained when the incorrect words for recognition were presented for PA learning. The associations formed during PA learning did not influence recognition learning.
A Proposed Nationwide Reporting System to Satisfy the Ethical Obligation to Prevent Drug Diversion–Related Transmission of Hepatitis C in Healthcare Facilities

In 2012, dozens of patients of Exeter Hospital in New Hampshire contracted new hepatitis C infections that were tracked back to a cardiac technician who ultimately confessed to drug diversion. A multistate epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C cases occurring in multiple hospitals revealed that the technician had been fired from prior institutions due to similar drug diversion activity, about which Exeter Hospital had not been notified. In this article, we highlight the institutional ethical issues raised by this outbreak, and propose a national centralized reporting system to support institutional fulfillment of the ethical obligation to protect the health of patients by preventing such nosocomial outbreaks.
Empathy, Respect, and Humanitarian Intervention

This essay explores several moral attitudes that undergird a commitment to humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian intervention is usually understood to mean assistance or relief, often in the form of a rescue response by the international community to such emergencies as natural disasters, systematic human rights violations, or genocides that take place within the borders of sovereign states. But the term can equally mean aid before the fact, or prevention, as well as longer-term commitments to international justice that go beyond emergency relief. Whether the aid is relief or prevention, short- or long-term, and however it relates to broader questions of international justice, the same question applies: How do we come to feel the ethical imperative to ally ourselves with those outside our borders? If, as Kant puts it, “ought implies can,” then what makes the “oughts” of intervention psychologically feasible? Of course in international affairs the issue is, more typically, whether certain proposed interventions are politically feasible, Do they promote our national interest? Are they cost effective? Even more practically, will food relief get where it is intended to go? Do the rules of military engagement allow us to protect the victims we are trying to help?
Propensity score adjustment with several follow-ups

Propensity score weighting adjustment is commonly used to handle unit nonresponse. When the response mechanism is nonignorable in the sense that the response probability depends directly on the study variable, a followup sample is commonly used to obtain an unbiased estimator using the framework of two-phase sampling, where the follow-up sample is assumed to respond completely. In practice, the followup sample is also subject to missingness. We consider propensity score weighting adjustment for nonignorable nonresponse when there are several follow-ups and the final follow-up sample is also subject to missingness. We propose two methods, one using calibration weighting and the other using a conditional likelihood using a so-called reverse conditional probability. Both methods provides consistent estimates under correct specification of the response model. A limited simulation study is used to compare the estimators. The proposed methods are applied to the real data example in a Korean household survey of employment.
Ictus expectoratus: a sign of complex partial seizures usually of non-dominant temporal lobe origin.

Abstract Spitting (or expectoration) is rarely seen with seizures. In Western society, spitting is a striking behavioral aberration. A 13-year-old child had intermittent agitated behavior, episodes of rage, spitting and confusion lasting up to 2 minutes. He stood up in church and told the preacher to ‘shut up and sit down'. Epilepsy monitoring revealed spitting with polysharp and spike seizures resolved over the right temporal lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right temporal lobe ganglioglioma. Spitting seizures resolved after resection. Ictal expectoration is rare. It may occur with epigastric aura, nausea, chewing, swallowing and fumbling. Literature review disclosed 17 cases, 12 of which arose from the non-dominant hemisphere. Most regressed with surgery and anticonvulsants.
Aspartate-induced neuronal necrosis in infant mice: protective effect of carbohydrate and insulin.

Infant mice given large doses of glutamate or aspartate develop hypothalamic neuronal necrosis. Studies by others demonstrated that simultaneous administration of carbohydrate or prior injection with insulin markedly decreased glutamate‐induced neuronal damage. We investigated whether carbohydrate and insulin exert a similar protective effect against aspartate‐induced neuronal necrosis. Eight‐day‐old mice administered aspartate at 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight developed neuronal necrosis (45.9 ± 7.2 and 80.8 ± 17.3 necrotic neurons/section, respectively). When carbohydrate (1 g/kg body weight) was administered simultaneously no lesions were detected in mice administered 750 mg/kg body weight aspartate, while 30.1 ± 74.2 necrotic neurons/section were noted at 1000 mg aspartate/kg body weight. Mice administered 1000 mg/kg body weight aspartate with prior injection of insulin had 28.4 ± 72.6 necrotic neurons/section, while 4.2 ± 1.4 necrotic neurons/section were noted in insulin treated mice given 750 mg as...
Silicon photonic wire evanescent field sensors: From sensor to biochip array

Silicon photonic wire waveguides have a remarkably high response to surface molecular binding. Evanescent field waveguide sensors based on silicon can be interrogated using Mach-Zehnder interferometers, ring resonators, or by probing surface gratings in a reflection geometry. This paper compares these approaches from a theoretical viewpoint and through recent experimental results, with the goal of defining a path from our existing individual sensors to practical biosensor array chips.
Volatile communication between plants that affects herbivory: a meta‐analysis

Volatile communication between plants causing enhanced defence has been controversial. Early studies were not replicated, and influential reviews questioned the validity of the phenomenon. We collected 48 well-replicated studies and found overall support for the hypothesis that resistance increased for individuals with damaged neighbours. Laboratory or greenhouse studies and those conducted on agricultural crops showed stronger induced resistance than field studies on undomesticated species, presumably because other variation had been reduced. A cumulative analysis revealed that early, non-replicated studies were more variable and showed less evidence for communication. Effects of habitat and plant growth form were undetectable. In most cases, the mechanisms of resistance and alternative hypotheses were not considered. There was no indication that some response variables were more likely to produce large effects. These results indicate that plants of diverse taxonomic affinities and ecological conditions become more resistant to herbivores when exposed to volatiles from damaged neighbours.
Analysis of double-layer capacitors supplying constant power loads

Double-layer capacitors are a recent technology based on the well-known electrochemical phenomenon of extremely high capacitance/unit area in an electrode-electrolyte interface and the high surface area achievable in activated carbon fibers. Capacitances are available in the range of a few farads to a few hundred farads. The energy stored in a bank of double-layer capacitors is related to the capacitance and the square of the voltage. The voltage of the capacitor bank decreases as energy is drawn by an external load. Seventy-five percent of the initial energy stored in the capacitor bank can be utilized if the voltage is allowed to decrease to one-half of its initial value. Because very few loads can tolerate a significant deviation in terminal voltage, a DC-DC converter can be connected between the capacitor bank and load to maintain a constant load voltage as the capacitor bank voltage decreases. A numerical procedure for computing the amount of time that a capacitor bank can supply a constant power load through a DC-DC converter is presented. The effective specific energy, which is defined as the ratio of the energy delivered to the load divided by the volume of the capacitor bank, can then be calculated and utilized to compare different bank configurations for a particular load.
Organizational culture influence on service delivery: A mixed methods design in a child welfare setting

Abstract Despite the growing acknowledgement that mixed methods can be useful to better understand complex organizational cultures, there are few examples of studies, which demonstrate how organizational culture studies combine quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study within the child welfare setting. The purpose of the article is to illustrate how a concurrent triangulation was accomplished in a single organizational culture study in a child welfare agency. A sample of 92 employees was selected from a Midwestern private, non-profit, faith-based child welfare agency. Four distinct methods were used to measure organizational culture and its influence on service delivery which allowed for greater validity by collecting different data bearing on the same organizational culture phenomena. Strengths and implications are discussed.
Predicting Success in Online Psychology Courses: Self-Discipline and Motivation

This article addresses factors associated with student success in online psychology courses. Prior to beginning an online course, students completed measures of self-discipline and motivation, time commitment, study skills, preference for text-based learning, access to technology, and technology experience. Schrum and Hong (2002) proposed that these student characteristics predict online course success. I used scores on these factors to predict student performance in online introductory psychology and online human growth and development courses. Self-discipline and motivation was the only factor predictive of online psychology course success. My results contradict the model proposed by Schrum and Hong but are consistent with research on the role of motivation in success.
Digital flat panel cockpit displays and specification

Flight instrument design has begun to include a new, digital electronic technology for the display head: active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD). This is a significant design transition and applies across the board to new systems, complete cockpit modernization programs, and individual instrument replacement projects. AMLCD-based instruments are digital and are expected to have a substantially higher mean time between failure compared to both electromechanical and CRT-based instruments, which are typically analog. Thus, the new technology will pay for itself. Furthermore, AMLCDs are truly sunlight-readable and can provide large display areas enabling formats which increase situational awareness. We have the opportunity with this new technology to establish a common critical item products for sunlight-readable, color and greyscale capable, flat panel displays for military applications. >
Towards resilient critical infrastructures: Application of Type-2 Fuzzy Logic in embedded network security cyber sensor

Resiliency and cyber security of modern critical infrastructures is becoming increasingly important with the growing number of threats in the cyber environment. This paper proposes an extension to a previously developed fuzzy logic based anomaly detection network security cyber sensor via incorporating Type-2 Fuzzy Logic (T2 FL). In general, fuzzy logic provides a framework for system modeling in linguistic form capable of coping with imprecise and vague meaning of words. T2 FL is an extension of Type-1 FL which proved to be successful in modeling and minimizing the effects of various kinds of dynamic uncertainties. In this paper, T2 FL provides a basis for robust anomaly detection and cyber security state awareness. In addition, the proposed algorithm was specifically developed to comply with the constrained computational requirements of low-cost embedded network security cyber sensors. The performance of the system was evaluated on a set of network data recorded from an experimental cyber security test-bed.
Effect of lysine side chain length on intra-helical glutamate--lysine ion pairing interactions.

Ion pairing interactions between oppositely charged amino acids are important for protein structure stability. Despite the apparent electrostatic nature of these interactions, the charged amino acids Lys, Arg, Glu, and Asp have a different number of hydrophobic methylenes linking the charged functionality to the backbone. To investigate the effect of Glu (and Asp) side chain length on ion pairing interactions, a series of 36 monomeric α-helical peptides containing Zbb-Xaa (i, i+3), (i, i+4), and (i, i+5) (Zbb = Aad, Glu, Asp; Xaa = Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap) sequence patterns were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy at pH 7 and 2. Peptides with Glu and Aad exhibited similar helicity and pH dependence, whereas peptides with Asp behaved distinctly different. The side chain interaction energetics were derived from the CD data using the nesting block method coupled with modified Lifson-Roig theory. At pH 7, no Zbb-Xaa (i, i+5) interaction was observed, regardless of side chain length (consistent with the...
The dielectric properties of canine and normal and neoplastic splenic tissues

The dielectric properties of normal canine spleens containing neoplastic lesions are discussed. Six splenic tumors were examined: two hemangiosarcomas, two mast cell tumors, one lymphosarcoma and one metastatic heart base tumor. The dielectric properties of the neoplastic tissues were compared to those of the nonneoplastic tissue. No significant differences between neoplastic and normal tissues are seen. >
Modular computer simulation of advanced telecommunications modems

A modular technique for modelling and simulating advanced telecommunications modems by computer is described. This technique is a unique FORTRAN simulation tool called MODSIM developed for modelling telecommunications modems and their associated channels. Modems ranging in data rate from 300 b/s to 19200 b/s can be modelled using the MODSIM technique. A detailed description of the simulation program is included. Special attention is given to some of the more challenging simulation areas, such as the echo canceller and adaptive equalizer modules. A specific example of how MODSIM was used to model the CCITT V.32 9600-b/s echo-cancelling modem is discussed. Performance results predicted by the simulation are provided and are compared with theoretical performance characteristics for this modem. >
Definition of a lipopolysaccharide-responsive element in the 5'-flanking regions of MuRantes and crg-2.

Abstract Macrophages are stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative organisms. The changes in LPS-stimulated macrophages include transcriptional activation of multiple immediate-early genes, which may contribute to the natural immunity to microorganisms. We have defined by deletion and mutational analysis LPS-responsive elements (LREs) in two chemokine genes, MuRantes and crg-2, which are activated in an immediate-early manner. LRE consists of two motifs, TCAYR, which is an AP-1 half site with two flanking bases, and (A/T) (G/C)NTTYC(A/T)NTTY, which resembles in part the interferon-stimulated responsive element (ISRE). The orientation of these two motifs relative to each other in MuRantes differed from that in crg-2. These two motifs are separated by 10 and 6 nonconsensus nucleotides in the MuRantes and crg-2 LREs, respectively. Stimulation of macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells with alpha/beta interferon did not activate MuRantes, indicating that the ISRE-like motif in MuRantes does not have ISRE activity. Upon stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS, proteins capable of binding to LRE accumulate in the nuclei as measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These LRE-binding proteins include c-Jun and CREB.
Using Self-congruity and Ideal Congruity to Predict Purchase Intention

The changing environment in Europe opens up new market opportunities for consumer product firms. This change challenges firms to approach decision making with the aid of strategic marketing, including knowledge of consumer reactions to products. Since self-concept and image congruity are important to understanding consumer behavior, the study was conducted to determine the self-image/product-image of European consumers related to an American automobile, the Ford Escort. Results indicated that a relationship does exist between self-image/product-image congruity and intention to purchase.
A Comparison Between Power Injection and Impulse Response Decay Methods for Estimating Frequency Averaged Loss Factors for SEA

Damping measurements on vehicle subsystems are rarely straightforward due to the complexity of the dynamic interaction of system joints, trim, and geometry. Various experimental techniques can be used for damping estimation, such as frequency domain modal analysis curve-fitting methods, time domain decay-rate methods, and other methods based on energy and wave propagation. Each method has its own set of advantages and drawbacks. This paper describes an analytical and an experimental comparison between two, widely used loss factor estimation techniques frequently used in Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA). The single subsystem Power Injection Method (PIM) and the Impulse Response Decay Method (IRDM) were compared using analytical models of a variety of simulated simple spring-mass-damper systems. Frequency averaged loss factor values were estimated from both methods for comparison. The parameters of the analytical models were varied to study the effects of the total number of modes, amount of damping, location of modes within frequency bands, and the width of the frequency bands on loss factor estimation. The analytical study showed that both methods give accurate loss factor values as long as one modal resonance is present in each frequency band and as long as the damping values remain realistic for linear systems. These analytical results were confirmed experimentally by measuring the loss factors of simple steel plates, with and without damping treatments applied.
Dissolved Oxygen Variations in Stratified Lakes

A mathematical model describing the dissolved oxygen variations in a stratified lake is developed. The model is one-dimensional and includes DO variations with depth and time. The model describes the combined effect of reaeration, photosynthetic oxygenation; vertical mixing and oxygen uptake. A method of calculating hypolimnetic oxygen uptake rates is presented, and the possible role of benthal oxygen uptake is analyzed. A series of model computations using finite-difference methods demonstrates that hypolimnetic oxygen levels within stratified lakes were more sensitive to both vertical mixing and oxygen uptake than to either photosynthetic oxygenation or reaeration.
Childhood Nature Experiences Across Residential Settings: Rural, Suburban, and Urban

Much concern has been raised over the past decade that children are not engaging in outdoor play as frequently as in past generations. Little is known, however, about the specific interactions that children have with natural environments and the variability in nature-related free play and recreation among children. This chapter includes a review of literature on nature experiences throughout the childhood life span across different types of urban, rural, and suburban settings. Of interest is how rural childhoods compare to those of other settings, taking into account the traditional imagery and ideology of rural places being close to nature and safe for children. The chapter draws upon two studies of university students from the Midwestern United States reflecting back upon their childhood experiences with outdoor recreation and play. Findings indicated K.S. Lekies (*) • J.D. Brensinger School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA e-mail: lekies.1@osu.edu; brensinger.2@osu.edu # Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2015 C. Freeman et al. (eds.), Risk, Protection, Provision and Policy, Geographies of Children and Young People 12, DOI 10.1007/978-981-4585-99-6_22-1 1 that individuals who grew up in rural areas reported significantly more experiences in recreational and play activities than those from other areas, with most differences being between urban and suburban youth compared to rural youth. More understanding is needed about current experiences in different types of communities, accessibility to natural areas, impacts of agricultural and land use changes, and variations among children and youth.