cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal competition in a nonprofit museum context: development of a scale

External competition and marketing have been extensively researched in the for-profit environment and to a lesser extent in the nonprofit environment. However, the concept of competition within a nonprofit organization is indicative of another type of competition, that of ‘internal competition’. Internal competition, operating in the nonprofit's endemic environment of scarce resources, takes place between departments, between individuals, and even within individuals in terms of time and energy spent on differing objectives. Internal competition manifests itself as internal conflicts over not only objectives but also the means for achieving the objectives. This research examines the construct of ‘internal competition’ in the museum portion of the nonprofit sector where marketing is often seen as a ‘necessary but evil’ tool essential for survival. Museum retailing, which has taken on an increasingly vital role in the financial support of museums, offers an opportunity to analyze the nature of internal competition and for developing a scale for measuring internal competition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Me Generation? The Increasing Self-Interest among Millennial College Students

Each new generation of college-goers presents a new set of challenges for faculty and student affairs educators, and the Millennial Generation has certainly done so since they began arriving on college campuses in 2000. One particular challenge unique to Millennials is that they are highly motivated and high-achieving, and rely on their parents and other authority figures for direction and approval, shifting their loci of control to external players. In this article, the authors summarize research that demonstrates an increase in personally-interested thinking and externality among Millennials, and the implications of these findings for moral judgment development and moral functioning.
Minor planets and related objects. XXVII - Lightcurves of 887 Alinda

Eleven light curves and UBV photometry of the Amor asteroid Alinda, a candidate for having a cometary origin, are analyzed. A probable rotation period of 73 h 58 m + or - 3 m (p.e.) is derived on the assumption of two maxima and two minima per cycle in a composite light curve. An absolute V magnitude of 14.10 + or - 0.08 and a phase coefficient of 0.042 + or - 0.003 mag/deg in V are obtained, along with a B-V color of 0.86 + or - 0.02 and a U-B color of 0.50 + or - 0.05, both extrapolated to zero phase. The rotation period is shown to be the longest yet observed for an asteroid. It is concluded that the colors of Alinda are not unusual for an asteroid, that Alinda is probably not an extinct cometary nucleus, that the slow rotation may be a consequence of one or more collisions, and that the pole of Alinda may be nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic.
Excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy and time-gated Raman microscopy analysis of dental tissues

We applied two new spectroscopic techniques (time-gated Raman microscopy and excitation-emission fluorescence microspectroscopy) to characterize healthy and carious dental tissues. These methods were used together with visual inspection, DIAGNOdent, optical polarization microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical microanalysis to get a more detailed picture of chemical and structural transformations in dental tissues as a result of caries development.
Sensitivity of optical metrology calibration to measured corner cube retroreflector parameters for the Space Interferometry Mission

Picometer scale optical metrology specifications for the Space Interferometry Mission require precision calibration functions involving the optical and orientation characteristics of corner cube retroreflectors. Accurate knowledge of such parameters as the index of refraction of the reflective coating, dihedral between facets, and the orientation of the retroreflector with respect to the interrogating metrology beam and its polarization state is critical. Knowledge errors result in optical path differences that are shown to be on the order of nanometers. These sensitivities are determined from Zemax-generated models and measured parameters. Due to the stringent requirements of SIM, accurate and consistent experimental measurements of corner cube characteristics are required for improved calibration of mission metrology systems. Initial dihedral measurements to within 0.05 arcsecond and refractive indices to within 1% are obtained and integrated into the models.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Infection in an Inner-City Alcohol Treatment Program

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rate was examined in a selected cohort of healthy clients of an inner-city alcohol treatment center from 1990 through 1993. These subjects were also participating in a research protocol (n = 258) designed to assess immunity and HIV risk behaviors in inner city alcohol-dependent persons. Healthy alcohol-abusing heterosexual clients (165) had HIV testing conducted in an inner-city ambulatory alcohol treatment center between September 1990 and December 1993. Respondents were 93.9% African-American and 3.6% Hispanic; 72.1% were male. Anonymous HIV-1 antibody testing was conducted retrospectively for an additional 80 subjects who participated in the research protocol during the same interval, but for whom HIV-1 antibody testing was not conducted clinically at the time. HIV infection rate among the clinic-tested subjects (n = 165) was 4.4% for individuals who were exclusively alcohol-dependent, 1.4% for non-injecting drug use (IDU) mixed substance abusers, and 46.8% for clients with a history of IDU. Rates did not differ among cohorts tested in different years. Among non-injecting drug users tested in the clinic, all infected respondents (n = 3) were women (p = 0.03). Among those tested anonymously (n = 80), however, infection rate for exclusively alcohol-dependent persons was 16.7%, non-IDU mixed abusers 11.1%, and injecting drug users 48.3%, with seropositive males as well as females in each group. HIV infection rates for the pooled samples (n = 245) were 8.7% for exclusively alcohol-dependent persons, 5.1% for mixed abusers, and 54.5% for injecting drug users. Among non-injecting drug users, exclusively alcohol-dependent women had a significantly higher (p < 0.01) infection rate (20.0%) than the remaining females and males. Infection rates among exclusively alcohol-dependent males, male and female polysubstance non-IDU abusers, and injecting drug users were comparable with that seen in an earlier screening in the same clinic in 1989, with apparently little diffusion of infection from the IDU population to other substance abusers. An exception seemed to be exclusively alcohol-dependent females, who show substantially elevated rates. Age, housing, and other social differences may help segregated substance-abusing populations in the relatively small Newark metropolitan area, although not protecting exclusively alcohol-dependent females.
A Quantile‐Fitting Approach to Value at Risk for Options

The curvilinear shape of a bond price‐yield curve implies that risk management based on a linear approximation using duration is only viable for very small changes in interest rates. Not accounting for convexity when there are large yield changes can result in critical errors in measuring or hedging interest rate risk. The linear approximations will under‐or overestimate the value at risk (VaR) for non‐linear financial instruments. Nonlinearity can be particularly problematic if there are large changes in market risk factors. The large changes are more likely to occur when VaR is computed for high confidence levels and/or longer time horizons. Even if the movements in risk factors are small, estimation errors in VaR would get larger as the degree of non‐linearity in financial instruments increases.
The Presence of Active Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Lymphoid Tissue in Patients Coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The existence of extrahepatic replication sites of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains controversial. Highly strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to search for the presence of viral RNA negative strand in lymph nodes from 16 patients with AIDS and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 other human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in lymph node samples from 10 patients (63%) and in PBMC from 5 (36%). This suggests that, at least under circumstances of impaired immunity associated with HIV infection, HCV is lymphotropic in vivo. However, the clinical implications of these findings need to be further investigated.
Partial rescue of the Tbx1 mutant heart phenotype by Fgf8: Genetic evidence of impaired tissue response to Fgf8

Tbx1 is the candidate gene of DiGeorge syndrome and is required in humans and mice for the development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) and aortic arch arteries. Loss of function mutants present with reduced cell proliferation and premature differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells of the second heart field (SHF). Tbx1 regulates Fgf8 expression hence the hypothesis that the proliferation impairment may contribute to the heart phenotype of mutants. Here we show that forced Fgf8 expression modifies and partially rescues the OFT septation defects of Tbx1 mutants but only if there is some residual expression of Tbx1. This genetic experiment suggests that Tbx1, directly or indirectly, affects tissue response to Fgf8. Indeed, Tbx1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts were unable to respond to Fgf8 added to the culture media and showed defective response of Erk1/2 and Rsk1. Our data suggest a coordinated pathway modulating Fgf8 ligand expression and tissue response to it in the SHF.
Introduction of a data schema to support a design repository

This paper presents the data schema required to capture fundamental elements of design information in a heterogeneous repository supporting design reuse. Design information captured by the repository can be divided into seven main categories of artifact-, function-, failure-, physical-, performance-, sensory- and media-related information types. Each of the seven types of design information is described in detail. The repository schema is specific to a relational database system driving the implemented design repository; however, the types of design information recorded are applicable to any implementation of a design repository. The aim of this paper is to fully describe the data schema such that it could be recreated or specialized for industrial or research applications. The result is a complete description of fundamental design knowledge to support design reuse and a data schema specification. The data schema has been vetted with the implemented design repository that contains design information for over 100 consumer electro-mechanical products.
Abstract 3667: Pro-oxidant effects of the green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in oral cancer cells: A role for the mitochondria.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea (Camellia sinensis). Many laboratory studies have demonstrated its potential cancer chemopreventive effects. Previously, we found that EGCG inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in oral squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-25 and SCC-9), and that, EGCG-induced intracellular ROS played a key role in the inhibitory effects. EGCG treatment also caused a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after 72 h, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may have caused the increased intracellular ROS. In the present study, we further explored the role of the mitochondria in EGCG-mediated oxidative stress. We found that EGCG-induced intracellular ROS initially co-localized with the mitochondria of SCC-25 cells (by 1 h) and then spread throughout the cell. Treatment with 100 μM EGCG for 24 h inhibited the activity of mitochondrial membrane complex I by 50% and tended to inhibit complex III. These results demonstrate that EGCG can induce mitochondrial dysfunction in part by impairing electron transfer chain, resulting in increased intracellular ROS. Using qPCR, we found time-dependent changes in several genes. The expressions of thyroid peroxidase (TPO, 2.9-fold), Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3, 2.2-fold) and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2, 1.2-fold) were increased within 6 h treatment. The latter two genes are related to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, respectively. By contrast to cancer cells, EGCG did not induce significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in normal human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF-1). EGCG treatment actually reduced intracellular ROS in HGF-1 cells in contrast to the increase observed in the cancer cell lines, indicating selective pro-oxidant effects of EGCG in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and resultant production of intracellular ROS appear to play a significant role in the inhibitory effects of EGCG against oral cancer cells. The differential responses of cancer cells and normal cells to EGCG are being further studied. Citation Format: Ling Tao, Sarah C. Forester, Joshua D. Lambert. Pro-oxidant effects of the green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in oral cancer cells: A role for the mitochondria. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3667. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3667
Development of a multideveloping photoresist and its application to make liquid crystal display color filter

This paper reports the fabrication of a single expose multidevdoping positive Diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) /Novolak photoresist capable of simplifiying the fabrication process of color filter plates composed of red, green, blue pixels and black matrix. Film thickness retention was measured on multideveloping photoresist(MDPR) containing novolak resins made from various phenolic compounds including cresols, xylenols, trimethylphenol, resorcinol and their copolymers. It was found that there were suitable combinations of phenolic compounds to exhibit appropriate thermal stability, wide process window as well as compatibility to electrodeposition of color films.
Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd Chiari syndrome): possible association with the use of oral contraceptives.

Although cases of hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd Chiari Syndrome) in oral contraceptive (OC) users have been reported in the literature the association has not been definitively established. Hepatic vein thrombosis an uncommon disorder presents with right upper quadrant abdominal pain hepatomegaly and ascites. Diagnostic procedures include hepatic scintiscans ultrasonography computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging determination of intrahepatic pressure liver biopsy and inferior vena cava and hepatic venography. Hepatic vein thrombosis may develop without an apparent underlying cause or as a complication of an illness known to be associated with vascular thromboses such as polycythemia rubra vera or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In relation to the large numbers of women taking OCs there have been very few cases of hepatic vein thrombosis. Evidence linking OC use to the development of hepatic adenomas is far more convincing. In a multicenter case-control study of 33 cases of hepatic vein thrombosis in women 15-45 years of age each of whom was matched to 3-4 controls the relative risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in OC users compared with nonusers was 2.37 (p< 0.02). It was noted that the 1 patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 5 of 12 patients with overt primary myeloproliferative disorder and 7 of 8 patients with a forme fruste of a myeloproliferative disorder were OC users suggesting that OCs--through their thrombogenic action--augmented the thrombotic tendency of the underlying condition. The objectives of therapy in hepatic vein thrombosis are to relieve the hepatic congestion and prevent further clot formation. The majority of patients die within 3 years of diagnosis.
Some Minor Components of Casein and Other Phosphoproteins in Milk. A Review

Abstract γ-Casein and other minor proteins, tentatively designated TS-, R-, and S-casein, have been identified in unfractionated casein by disc gel electrophoresis. γ-Casein is polymorphic and like β-casein it shows three variants of the A type and one B type. So far, no γ-C casein has been observed. The A 2 and B polymorphs of γ- and β-casein show the same amino acid substitutions. The R-casein is found in the A samples; the S-casein is associated with caseins typed B with respect to γ-, β- casein. TS-Caseins occur in all samples and are polymorphic. This review will also discuss recent data other minor caseins, the components of the proteosepeptone fraction, and the phosphoglycoprotein fraction of whey.
Invasive DNA, Chopped and in the CRISPR

In this issue of Structure , Wiedenheft et al. describe the structure and activity of Cas1, the only protein associated with all CRISPR loci. Cas1 is a metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, consistent with a role in the adaptation phase of CRISPR immunity against invading nucleic acids.
Cyclic nucleotide changes in aortic segments derived from hypertensive rabbits.

Abstract Mean blood pressure increase was produced by : (1) renal constriction polus contralateral nephrectomy, and (2) cadmium acetate ingestion. Blood pressure was measured directly via the middle ear artery. Cyclic nucleotide levels were determiend by 125 I-radioimmunoassay. Levels of cAMP were reduced in both hypertensive subgroups when compared to controls. The altered cAMP levels suggest a relationship of this nucleotide to the maintenance of increased blood pressure.
Ethnic differences in the ability of triglyceride levels to identify insulin resistance.

Abstract The Metabolic Syndrome is used to predict the onset of coronary artery disease and Type 2 diabetes. As the predictive value of the Metabolic Syndrome has been challenged, alternative syndromes have been developed. All of these syndromes were developed in populations that were predominantly non-Hispanic white (NHW). They include the Enlarged Waist Elevated Triglyceride Syndrome, the Overweight-Lipid Syndrome and the Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Syndrome. The first applies to postmenopausal women, the second to overweight individuals (BMI≥25kg/m 2 ), and the third to men. Each syndrome uses hypertriglyceridemia as a criterion. However, the definition of hypertriglyceridemia varies by syndrome i.e. TG≥128mg/dL for the Enlarged Waist Elevated Triglyceride Syndrome, TG≥130mg/dL for the Overweight-Lipid Syndrome, ≥150mg/dL for the Metabolic Syndrome, and TG≥176mg/dL for the Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Syndrome. Insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia are highly correlated. But as insulin resistant non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) often have triglyceride (TG) levels below the thresholds set by these syndromes, the ability of either TG or these syndromes to identify high risk NHB is unknown. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002, our goals were to determine by ethnicity: (1) the prevalence of each of these syndromes; (2) the ability of fasting TG concentrations to identify insulin resistance at cut-off levels established by these syndromes, specifically 130, 150 and 176mg/dL. Participants were 2804 adults from NHANES 1999–2002. The cohort was divided into tertiles of homeostasis model assessment. Insulin resistance was defined as the upper tertile (≥2.73). The prevalence of each syndrome was lower in NHB than NHW or Mexican Americans (MA) (all P P
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Net Zero Energy Campus Residence

In response to both global and local challenges, the University of Dayton is committed to building a net-zero energy student residence, called the Eco-house. A unique aspect of the Ecohouse is its cost effectiveness. This paper discusses both the design and cost-benefit analysis of a net-zero energy campus residence. Energy use of current student houses is presented to provide a baseline for determining energy savings. The use of the whole-system inside-out approach to guide the overall design is described. Using the inside-out method, the energy impacts of occupant behavior, appliances and lights, building envelope, energy distribution systems and primary energy conversion equipment are discussed. The designs of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic systems to meet the hot water and electricity requirements of the house are described. Ecohouse energy use is compared to the energy use of the existing houses. Cost-benefit analysis is first performed on house components and then on the whole house. At a 5% discount rate, 5% borrowing rate for a 20 year mortgage, a 35 year lifetime, and an annual fuel escalation rate of 4%, the Ecohouse can be constructed for no additional lifetime cost.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Methyl jasmonate represses growth and affects cell cycle progression in cultured Taxus cells.

Methyl jasmonate elicitation of Taxus cultures enhances paclitaxel accumulation, but represses growth by inhibition of cell cycle progression. Growth repression is evident both at the culture level and transcriptional level. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation is an effective strategy to induce and enhance synthesis of the anticancer agent paclitaxel (Taxol®) in Taxus cell suspension cultures; however, concurrent decreases in growth are often observed, which is problematic for large-scale bioprocessing. Here, increased accumulation of paclitaxel in Taxus cuspidata suspension cultures with MeJA elicitation was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in cell growth, evident within the first 3 days post-elicitation. Both MeJA-elicited and mock-elicited cultures exhibited similar viability with no apoptosis up to day 16 and day 24 of the cell culture period, respectively, suggesting that growth repression is not attributable to cell death. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that MeJA perturbed cell cycle progression of asynchronously dividing Taxus cells. MeJA slowed down cell cycle progression, impaired the G1/S transition as observed by an increase in G0/G1 phase cells, and decreased the number of actively dividing cells. Through a combination of deep sequencing and gene expression analyses, the expression status of Taxus cell cycle-associated genes correlated with observations at the culture level. Results from this study provide valuable insight into the mechanisms governing MeJA perception and subsequent events leading to repression of Taxus cell growth.
Patient self assessment of pregnancy status in the emergency department

Objectives: Pregnancy tests are often performed routinely for female emergency department (ED) patients of reproductive age. One major reason is a perception that patients are unreliable in predicting their own pregnancy status. We hypothesised that patients could reliably predict that they were not pregnant. Methods: The study used a prospective cohort design, in an urban academic ED, from January 19 to May 19, 2004. All patients for whom a pregnancy test was ordered were asked about their sexual history as well as two additional questions: “Do you think you might be pregnant?” and “Is there any chance you could be pregnant?” Patients with already documented pregnancies were excluded. Results: A total of 474 patients had pregnancy tests performed that met inclusion criteria. Eleven (2.3%) tests were positive. Among patients who answered no to both questions (337), one test (0.3%) was positive (negative predictive value (NPV) 99.7%, likelihood ratio (LR) 0.13 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.82)). The other historical factor with a high NPV (100%) was not being sexually active (LR not calculable). All pregnancies occurred in patients with gastrointestinal or genitourinary as the chief complaint: this comprised only 56% of the presentations for which tests were ordered. Conclusion: Sexual history and self assessment can be used as a highly effective predictor of a patient not being pregnant. Given the risks of missed pregnancy in the ED, and low monetary and time cost of pregnancy tests, frequent testing is still recommended in most instances.
Infant heart-rate variability and behavioral developmental status☆

Abstract Physiological recordings of heart rate (HR) and HR variability were taken in a baseline recording of infants at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age. The measures included HR mean, HR standard deviation, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). The Bayley Developmental Exam was given at 26 weeks of age for one group and at 26 and 52 weeks of age for a second group. Parental report of temperament was obtained with the infant Temperament Questionnaire at 26 weeks of age. The Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) was significantly correlated with concurrently recorded HR level and standard deviation of HR. The approach subscale of the temperament rating was consistently positively correlated with RSA at each of the baseline recording ages, whereas the other temperament measures were inconsistently associated with physiological measures. Stability of the HR variability measures was associated with concurrent developmental level, as well as good developmental outcome at 12 months. These results support the position that variability in HR may be indexing important physiological phenomena which are strongly associated with the developmental status of the young infant.
Some theorems to aid in solving the file allocation problem

The file allocation problem — i.e. the problem of finding the optimal set of network sites at which to locate copies of a file — is known to be, in general, polynomial complete. Heuristics and other aids to finding optimal, or near-optimal, solutions are therefore much needed. In this paper we present three theorems which can be applied a priori to indicate that certain sites should (or should not) be included in an optimal allocation.
A personal device for analyzing carbon dioxide in real time and real breath: Experimental investigation and computational simulation

The analysis of breath CO2 provides valuable information of pulmonary and cardiovascular functions, and plays a crucial role in monitoring patients with respiratory problems. Developing portable sensors for real breath CO2 analysis has been challenging because exhaled breath is hot, humid and turbulent. In this work, we have developed, modeled and tested a portable CO2 sensor that can analyze end tidal CO2 concentration in breath and in real time accurately. The key components of the sensor comprise a fluidic system for efficient breath sample delivery and a colorimetric detection integrated into the fluidic system. The modeling includes turbulent mass transport, heat transfer from the samples at body temperature to the device environment, and chemical reaction mechanisms, including multiple reactions pathways and diffusion of CO2 in the sensing layer. Furthermore, the sensor has been tested and compared with a standard commercial CO2 analyzer, and the results are in good agreement with those of the commercial analyzer, and with the modeling.
Observations on the effects of particle rotations on the failure of idealized granular materials

Abstract Based on the computer simulations of biaxial tests, particle rotations are shown to have little influence on the elastic properties of idealized granular materials, but significant effects on their shear strength. The overall peak and residual friction angles, op and or, are smaller than the interparticle friction angle oμ because of the concentration of rotations in shear bands. When particle rotations are artificially prevented, op and or, become larger than oμ and the localized failure patterns become different from those observed experimentally in granular media. The average particle rotation remains small in the complete biaxial specimen, but increases in shear bands. The particle rotations follow an exponential distribution independent of the axial strain. Particle rotations induce twice as many rolling contacts as sliding contacts. Compared to sliding contacts, rolling contacts are oriented differently, generate different fabric tensors, and are less capable of dissipating energy and supporting inclined contact forces.
Conflict resolution strategies in expert scheduling systems: a survey and case study

In the coming years, scheduling will be an increasingly important activity in the manufacturing and aerospace industries, especially at the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Expert systems have successfully been used to aid in the scheduling function. This paper surveys some of the conflict resolution approaches used in building expert scheduling systems, and then examines the feasibility of using an expert systems approach for scheduling activities and resolving conflicts for experimenters to use NASA Goddard-supported satellites. Recommendations for further reading in expert scheduling systems are given.
Real-time adaptive resource management for advanced avionics

This article considers methods for adaptively controlling computer resources in real time. Such methods may prove useful for enabling the reliable use of high-performance, "anytime" control algorithms in avionics systems.
Lidar detection of biological aerosols

This paper reports the results of a system analysis of the performance of a helicopter-based backscatter lidar system for long-range stand-off detection of clouds of biological warfare (BW) agents. With models we developed, we calculated the dispersion, transport, and detectability of a BW agent line-source (`crop-duster'-like) cloud as a function of elapsed time in an employment scenario. For a given BW attack, we calculated the time of first detection, determined the warning time, and from that, estimated the number of troops saved from exposure.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sum degrees-of-freedom of two-unicast wireless networks

We consider two-source two-destination (i.e., two-unicast) multi-hop wireless networks that have a layered structure with arbitrary connectivity. We show that, if the channel gains are independently drawn from continuous distributions, then, with probability 1, two-unicast layered Gaussian networks can only have 1, 3/2 or 2 sum degrees-of-freedom1. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for each case based on the network topology and a new notion of source-destination paths with manageable interference.
Obstructive sleep apnoea, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular outcomes

doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.008, 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.021 This editorial refers to “Benefits of obstructive sleep aponea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long term follow-up study” by O. Milleron et al. on page 728 and “Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome” SR. Coughlin et al. on page 735.3 A growing body of evidence supports an association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that are present in patients with OSA – including sympathetic activation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability, hyperleptinemia, and insulin resistance – may influence the development and progression of cardiac and vascular pathology.1 OSA is widely prevalent in patients with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.1 Our understanding of the relative importance and interactions of these cardiovascular disease mechanisms and risk factors in patients with OSA may have direct implications for the development of targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (termed “metabolic syndrome” in 1981) was recognised as early as the 1920s and is currently thought to be related to the underlying pathophysiology of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.2 The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (2001) proposed a clinically practical approach that establishes the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome when an individual has three of these five characteristics: increased waist circumference, high blood pressure, increased fasting glucose, increased triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Other important features of the metabolic syndrome include microalbuminuria, hypercoagulability, increased inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and sympathetic activation.2 The clustering of cardiovascular disease mechanisms in the metabolic syndrome and OSA are remarkably similar. Patients with OSA have abnormalities in each of the “core” components of the metabolic syndrome – high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, increased waist circumference, low HDL cholesterol, … *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-507-284-2511/255-1144; fax: +1-507-255-7070 E-mail address: somers.virend{at}mayo.edu
Probabilistic Mapping For UAV using Point-mass Target Detection

In this paper, a new method of building a probabilistic occupancy map for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a laser scanning sensor is proposed. For a UAV, target-tracking as well as mapping of obstacles are both important. Instead of using raw measurements to build a map, the proposed algorithm uses a well-known Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) based target formulation and tracking method to flrst process the noisy measurement data. The outputs from this process are used to recursively build the probabilistic occupancy map. The beneflt of this algorithm is attaining high quality occupancy map in spite of noisy sensor measurements simultaneously with the multiple-target tracking. In simulation, the obtained probabilistic occupancy map shows good agreement with the physical layout of the obstacles in the fleld. This shows the potential that the developed method can be used to help the unmanned vehicle navigate the fleld without prior knowledge. For an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), it is essential to be able to identify a safe path and localize its own position to perform a mission. Also, in order to perform a collision avoidance maneuver, the tracking of moving targets is necessary. A forward looking sensor such as a radar or laser scanner can help a UAV detect moving or stationary obstacles, especially when ∞ying in an outdoor environment. There are many tracking algorithms based on the Kalman fllter specialized in tracking a moving target. However, it is also necessary to produce a two-dimensional map of stationary obstacles to plan a safe path for the UAV. The method proposed in this thesis can achieve the tracking of both moving and stationary obstacles in a computationally e‐cient manner. The proposed method uses the outputs from the point mass target-tracking algorithm to generate a map of stationary obstacles. Therefore, the complex data association of large measurements is solved only once. In this paper, a new approach to build the probabilistic occupancy grid map based on the existing target-tracking algorithm will be presented assuming that the position of the vehicle is known. Probabilistic occupancy grid mapping has been very popular for robotic navigation applications and many papers have dealt with methods to update the known or unknown map and localize the position of the robot based on the measurements from sensors such as sonar or laser scanners. 1{3 The map update law has been extended to fllter out the measurements associated with dynamic obstacles in Ref. 4,5. Recently, the probabilistic occupancy grid map was constructed using a quadtree based approach which facilitates access to the information in the map and manages the memory e‐ciently. 6,7 In this paper, the Kalman fllter based Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) technique is used to employ a measurement model and to recursively build the probabilistic map of the sensor fleld. The localization of the unmanned vehicle is not addressed in this paper since our research goal is to provide a fast and robust
Scanning mass spectrometry probe for biochemical imaging

A novel ion source concept for sampling and ionising molecules for mass spectrometric analysis which is amenable for integration with an atomic force microscope is described. This combination enables simultaneous imaging of the topography of complex biological samples as well as their local biochemical make-up. The resulting scanning mass spectrometry probe has potential to become a new tool for spatially and temporally resolved, in-situ mass spectrometric analysis of biological tissues or even a single cell.
Novel Compact Tri-Band Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna Designs

This paper presents a novel miniaturized tri-band antenna which can be used as a single element or as an element of a compact array in MIMO applications. Specifically, the tri-band MIMO antenna has been constructed and used, in arrays of two and four, in a laptop PCMCIA wireless LAN card. The size of the four element MIMO antenna array is 50 mm times 13 mm times 8 mm which translates to 0.4 lambda times 0.1 lambda times 0.07 lambda at 2.45 GHz. The antenna has a return loss lower than -10 dB in the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz, 5.15 to 5.35 GHz, and 5.7 to 5.85 GHz bands. The total active reflection coefficient (TARC) has been calculated for various combinations of excitations of the two-element and four-element MIMO systems. The antenna was simulated using the Ansoft HFSS. MIMO antenna prototypes have been constructed and measured to demonstrate their functionalities
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF MUTANTS THAT SPECIFY KNOTTED LEAVES IN MAIZE

Of seven dominant knotted-leaf mutants tested, six mapped at or near Kn1 on the long arm of chromosome 1, and one was not linked to Kn1. Comparisons of phenotypes among these mutants allowed us to focus on a systematic abnormality: the parenchyma cells associated with lateral veins do not fully differentiate into bundle sheath, mesophyll or upper sclerenchyma. The more dramatic expression of Kn1 mutants-knots, ligule alterations and twisting-is sporadic and dependent on the time when the mutant acts in leaf primordium development. Using lw to mark leaf sectors that lose Kn1 following X-irradiation, we show that the knotted-leaf phenotype encoded by chromosome 1L is autonomous. Analysis of sectors lacking a particular Kn1 gene ( Kn1-N2) suggests that Kn1 itself, rather than a linked modifier gene, is autonomous in the leaf primordium. Aneuploid studies using various translocations involving 1L and marked by Adh1 allozymes are compared. The Kn1 mutant appears to encode a "new" function or a considerable overproduction of an extant product in the leaf. Kn1/- 1L hypoploids either express knotted poorly or not at all; transvection is ruled out, but the cause for this modification of Kn1 expression is not yet known.-Our working hypothesis is that Kn1 mutants permit the expression of a product that is usually not produced in leaf primordial cells. We suggest that this product interferes with the early cell-type commitments of cells near lateral veins. Thus, relatively uncommitted cells are present in more mature blades, where they may divide unexpectedly into knots or may induce bits of ligule.
Comparison of Barbed versus Conventional Sutures for Wound Closure of Radiologically Implanted Chest Ports

Abstract Purpose To retrospectively compare the incidences of complications with barbed suture versus conventional interrupted suture for incision closure in implantable chest ports. Materials and Methods A total of 715 power-injectable dual-lumen chest ports placed between 2011 and 2013 were studied. Primary outcomes included wound dehiscence, local port infection, local infections treated by wound packing, early infections within 30 days, and total infections. A multivariate analysis of independent risk factors for port infection was also performed. Results A total of 442 ports were closed with nonbarbed suture, versus 273 closed with barbed suture. Mean catheter-days in the traditional and barbed groups were 257.9 (range, 3–722) and 189.1 (range, 13–747), respectively ( P P = .04). Percentage of total infections was also significantly higher with traditional suture (9.5% vs 5.1%; P = .03). No difference in rate of infection per 1,000 catheter-days was seen between traditional and barbed suture groups (0.0035 vs 0.0026; P = .17). The rate of local infection with traditional suture was significantly higher (2.7% vs 0.4%; P = .02). Additionally, multivariate analysis identified the use of traditional suture as the only independent risk factor for infection (39% vs 25%; P = .03). Conclusions Barbed suture for incision closure in implantable dual-lumen chest ports was associated with lower rates of dehiscence and potentially lower rates of local infectious complications compared with traditional nonbarbed suture.
The accessory nerve nucleus in the baboon

In the savanna baboon, Papio cynocephalus, the accessory nerve nucleus was identified by using a mixture of 20% free horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 2.5% HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in a 5% aqueous detergent solution (Nonidet P-40). Following surgical exposure of the appropriate nerve branch to the sternocleidomastoid or trapezius muscle, the nerve was transected, placed in an Argyle tubing collar, and bathed in 5-10 microliter of the tracer. After a 48-hour survival time and vascular perfusion-fixation, 40-micron sections of the lower medulla oblongata and the cervical spinal cord were treated according to the tetramethyl benzidine (TMB)-HRP method of Mesulam (J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26: 106-117, 1978). The accessory nucleus extends as a distinct column of neurons from lower medullary levels into the rostral part of C5. One to ten labeled cells were present in each section, and all labeled neurons were located on the side of the bathed nerve. The rostral portion of the accessory nucleus occupies a central position, its intermediate portion occupies a lateral position, and its caudal portion occupies a central position within the ventral horn. All labeled neurons were confined to Rexed's lamina IX, ranged from 15 to 75 micron in diameter, and were either distinctly round (oval) or stellate in shape. Neurons within the baboon accessory nucleus supplying the sternocleidomastoid muscle were located from lower medullary to upper C2 spinal cord levels, while those supplying the trapezius muscle extended from C2 to C5.
Sildenafil Inhibits β-Adrenergic–Stimulated Cardiac Contractility in Humans

Background— Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5A) to elevate intracellular cGMP and to induce vasodilation. This effect has led to its use for treating erectile dysfunction. Although its influence on rest heart function has appeared minimal, recent animal studies suggest that sildenafil can have potent effects on hearts stimulated by β-adrenergic or pressure overloads. We therefore tested whether sildenafil blunts dobutamine-stimulated cardiac function in humans. Methods and Results— Thirty-five healthy volunteers underwent a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which cardiac function was assessed in response to dobutamine before and after oral sildenafil (100 mg, n=19) or placebo (n=16). Echo Doppler and noninvasive blood pressure data yielded load-independent contractility indexes (maximal power index and end-systolic elastance), ejection fraction, and measures of diastolic function. In the initial dobutamine test, systolic and diastolic function improved similarly in both tre...
Antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastomas are highly vascularized and, therefore, antiangiogenic agents are increasingly being explored as therapeutic options. This review summarizes the present data on antiangiogenic agents in glioblastoma treatment. The angiogenic pathway in gliomas and the proposed mechanisms of antiangiogenic agents are reviewed briefly, and details of the drugs in clinical trial are provided. In addition to their effects on blood vessels, these agents also have potent antiedema effects that may have therapeutic benefit. The review concludes with a discussion of the role of biomarkers and neuroimaging in the assessment of tumor response. Although preliminary studies of these drugs in glioblastoma have been promising, larger prospective trials that include survival as an end point will be required to determine the ultimate utility of this class of agents. It seems likely that a combination of antiangiogenesis agents with other cytotoxic therapies will be required to achieve maximal efficacy.
Mechanics, malignancy, and metastasis: the force journey of a tumor cell.

A cell undergoes many genetic and epigenetic changes as it transitions to malignancy. Malignant transformation is also accompanied by a progressive loss of tissue homeostasis and perturbations in tissue architecture that ultimately culminates in tumor cell invasion into the parenchyma and metastasis to distant organ sites. Increasingly, cancer biologists have begun to recognize that a critical component of this transformation journey involves marked alterations in the mechanical phenotype of the cell and its surrounding microenvironment. These mechanical differences include modifications in cell and tissue structure, adaptive force-induced changes in the environment, altered processing of micromechanical cues encoded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and cell-directed remodeling of the extracellular stroma. Here, we review critical steps in this “force journey,” including mechanical contributions to tissue dysplasia, invasion of the ECM, and metastasis. We discuss the biophysical basis of this force journey and present recent advances in the measurement of cellular mechanical properties in vitro and in vivo. We end by describing examples of molecular mechanisms through which tumor cells sense, process and respond to mechanical forces in their environment. While our understanding of the mechanical components of tumor growth, survival and motility remains in its infancy, considerable work has already yielded valuable insight into the molecular basis of force-dependent tumor pathophysiology, which offers new directions in cancer chemotherapeutics.
Catalysis by polyethylenimine derivatives with two functional groups

Modified polyethylenimines have been prepared containing imidazole and dimethylamine functionalities for catalytic purposes, as well as apolar groups to increase binding. The cooperative effect of the two functionalities increases the catalytic effectiveness of these polymers some 2–20-fold, depending on the kinetic parameters being compared.
Shareholder Returns from Supplying Trade Credit

We examine shareholder wealth implications of supplying financing to customers. Robust results show that excess returns and trade receivables are directly and significantly related. Further evidence indicates the value of receivables is higher for suppliers with stronger motives relating to operating and contracting costs. Results also suggest a discounted value of receivables for financially unconstrained firms. Overall, we conclude that investors recognize trade credit as an effective instrument in mitigating frictions hindering sales growth. Thus, certain suppliers are positioned to derive increased strategic benefits from credit policy.
Absolute response error bounds for floating point digital filters in state space representation

The dynamic behavior of state space models for linear systems under the influence of floating point quantization is investigated. Using a previously developed method, tight bounds on the limit cycle amplitudes in each state are derived. It is shown that by using a very small number of mantissa bits for many systems limit cycles occur only in underflow conditions. The results confirm previous knowledge obtained from direct form filters that limit cycles in any linearly stable system implemented in floating point arithmetic can be made arbitrarily small by choosing a sufficiently large mantissa and exponent register length. The analysis also show that the quantization and reformatting scheme have little effect on the derived error bounds. >