cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Integrated Day Care Program: An Example in Korea

This paper introduces the performance of a combination of feeding service, nutrition education, and family planning education executed by CARE in Korea during 1973–1975 in coordination with the government and U.N. World Food Programme. The incentive generated by the feeding service helped the program to induce low-income mothers to participate in the nutrition and family planning education subprograms and to keep them involved. Through the integrated day care program, using existing facilities, the role of day care has evolved into a new form which provides a broader service supportive of both children and mothers.
Cloning and functional expression of a swelling-induced chloride conductance regulatory protein, plCln, from rabbit ocular ciliary epithelium.

Abstract The cDNA encoding a swelling-induced chloride conductance regulatory protein, plcln, was cloned from rabbit ciliary epithelium by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. The open reading frame encoding 236 amino acids possesses high amino acid identity (93/%) with the previously cloned plclnfrom human ciliary epithelium. Outwardly rectifying currents were recorded in Xenopus oocytes injected with plclncRNA, a result consistent with plclnexpression in ciliary epithelium. A widespread distribution and marked expression of plclnmRNA in both nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells and pigmented ciliary epithelial (PE) cells was found for the first time. In situ hybridization analysis showed that plclnexpression is more abundant in NPE than PE. These findings are consistent with the idea that plclnmay be an important regulatory element in these secretory cells.
Left testicular and groin pain: An unusual presentation for perforated appendicitis

A 12 yr old black male presented with a 3 day history of left inguinal and testicular pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and fever. Left groin exploration demonstrated a markedly inflammed patent process vaginalis containing purulent exudate. Concomitant abdominal exploration demonstrated a perforated gangrenous appendix with diffuse peritonitis.
Some properties of structural equivalence measures derived from sociometric choice data

I discuss and illustrate the extent to which different relation measures and pattern similarity measures can be expected to generate different structural equivalence results. Measures of network relations and pattern similarity are reviewed to establish clear comparisons between structural equivalence measures. Using Monte Carlo sociometric choice data drawn from four strategically designed study populations, alternative relation and pattern similarity measures are combined in a factorial design generating six measures of structural equivalence within each study population. I report the magnitudes of differences between structural equivalence measures within populations, compared across populations. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) There is significant reliability across alternative measures. (2) This reliability increases with the clarity of boundaries between statuses in a study population. (3) The noticeable differences between structural equivalence measures that exist under conditions at all weaker than strong equivalence are principally a function of how relations are measured rather than how relation pattern similarities are measured. Two inferences are drawn for applied network analysis: (1) Structural equivalence should be computed from path distance measures of network relations (however normalized) rather than being computed directly from patterns of binary choice data. (2) Renewed methodological attention should shift from how we measure pattern similarity to how we measure relationships.
The Upstream Direct Repeat Sequence of Prague A Rous Sarcoma Virus Is Deficient in Mediating Efficient Gag Assembly and Particle Release

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) contains two approximately 135-nt imperfect direct repeats composed of smaller repeats, dr1 (approximately 100 nt) and dr2 (approximately 36 nt), that are between the env and src genes and downstream of src in the 3' untranslated region, respectively. It has previously been shown that a Prague A RSV mutant in which both dr1 sequences are deleted is defective at several points in the virus life cycle, including unspliced RNA and env mRNA stability, unspliced RNA transport, and virus particle assembly. A defect in unspliced RNA transport occurs because a cytoplasmic transport element is present within the dr1. We have suggested that the defect of particle production may arise from the failure of the unspliced RNA to be targeted to sites in the cytoplasm where its translation is favorable for Gag protein assembly. In this report, we have further investigated the function of the direct repeats by comparing virus mutants containing either a single upstream or downstream dr1 sequence. Both mutants were delayed in replication compared to the wild-type; the mutant with a single upstream dr1 (delta DDR) is significantly more defective than the mutant with a single downstream dr1 (delta UDR). While both mutants appear capable of efficiently transporting unspliced RNA to the cytoplasm, the delta DDR mutant with only the upstream dr1 is defective in its ability to support Gag assembly and particle release. The replication defect cannot be repaired by placing the upstream dr1 at the location of the downstream dr1 in the 3' untranslated region. A single point mutation in the upstream dr1 (U to C) restored replication and particle production to near normal levels. The results suggest that unspliced RNA transport and Gag assembly functions may be mediated by different elements within the dr1 and that the Prague A upstream dr1 is defective in the latter but not the former function.
Comparison of 3-D multi-lag cross- correlation and speckle brightness aberration correction algorithms on static and moving targets

Phase correction has the potential to increase the image quality of 3-D ultrasound, especially transcranial ultrasound. We implemented and compared 2 algorithms for aberration correction, multi-lag cross-correlation and speckle brightness, using static and moving targets. We corrected three 75-ns rms electronic aberrators with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) auto-correlation lengths of 1.35, 2.7, and 5.4 mm. Cross-correlation proved the better algorithm at 2.7 and 5.4 mm correlation lengths (P < 0.05). Static cross-correlation performed better than moving-target cross-correlation at the 2.7 mm correlation length (P < 0.05). Finally, we compared the static and moving-target cross-correlation on a flow phantom with a skull casting aberrator. Using signal from static targets, the correction resulted in an average contrast increase of 22.2%, compared with 13.2% using signal from moving targets. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) increased by 20.5% and 12.8% using static and moving targets, respectively. Doppler signal strength increased by 5.6% and 4.9% for the static and moving-targets methods, respectively.
Genetic disruptions of O/E2 and O/E3 genes reveal involvement in olfactory receptor neuron projection.

The mammalian Olf1/EBF (O/E) family of repeated helix-loop-helix (rHLH) transcription factors has been implicated in olfactory system gene regulation, nervous system development and B-cell differentiation. Ebf ( O/E1 ) mutant animals showed defects in B-cell lineage and brain regions where it is the only O/E family member expressed, but the olfactory epithelium appeared unaffected and olfactory marker expression was grossly normal in these animals. In order to further study the mammalian O/E proteins, we disrupted O/E2 and O/E3 genes in mouse and placed tau-lacZ and tau-GFP reporter genes under the control of the respective endogenous O/E promoters. Mice mutant for each of these genes display reduced viability and other gene-specific phenotypes. Interestingly, both O/E2 and O/E3 knockout mice as well as O/E2/O/E3 double heterozygous animals share a common phenotype: olfactory neurons (ORN) fail to project to dorsal olfactory bulb. We suggest that a decreased dose of O/E protein may alter expression of O/E target genes and underlie the ORN projection defect.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION XIX. THE PRODUCTION OF PERSISTENT HYPERTENSION IN SHEEP AND GOATS

Persistent hypertension has been produced in the goat and sheep by constriction of the main renal arteries. The presence or absence of accompanying uremia depends upon the degree of constriction of the renal arteries. In both sheep and goat, constriction of one main renal artery also caused elevation of the blood pressure which tended to persist longer than in the dog. Excision of the one kidney with main renal artery constricted resulted in a prompt (24 hours) return of the blood pressure to normal. In the animals with hypertension of long duration but without renal excretory insufficiency, (the "benign" phase) no significant arterio- or arteriolosclerosis developed as a result of the hypertension alone. In the animals that had both hypertension and renal excretory insufficiency, (the "malignant" phase) the typical terminal arteriolar lesions developed in many organs. These lesions consisted of necrosis and fibrinoid degeneration of arterioles and necrotizing arteriolitis which should not be confused with arteriolosclerosis. The same humoral mechanism which is responsible for experimental renal hypertension in the dog and other animals also obtains in the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension in the sheep and goat.
Entsorgung von Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulsionen durch Elektrokoagulation

Separation of oil-water emulsions by electrocoagulation. Separating emulsified fluid drops or suspended solid particles from oil-water mixtures is one of the central problems of disposal technology. Reprocessing used emulsions or suspensions, however, is complicated by emulsion stabilisers and impurities. The efficiency of mechanical separation methods often leaves much to be desired, so that flocculants or demulsifiers are added. These additives are expensive, produce secondary waste, and may have adverse effects on the properties of the resultant product as far as its reuse or disposal is concerned. Electrocoagulation, a treatment process developed at Battelle, has none of these drawbacks. It is based on the fact that the stability of colloids, suspensions, and emulsions is critically influenced by electric charges being repelled by like charges on the surface of particles. Therefore, if additional electric charges are supplied to the charged particles via appropriate electrodes, the surface charge of the particles is neutralised and several particles combine into larger, separable agglomerates. The process-technological design is such that the emulsion (or suspension) flows through an electrochemical cell where it is demulsified. Energy consumption for this is low, chemicals need not be added, and no secondary waste results. Thus, a pretreatment process is available with which the separating efficiency of existing processes can be increased without having to modify the relevant apparatus significantly.
Heart rate and avoidance conditioned activity in rats.

Summary In accordance with the determination of base-line heart rate and running in an activity wheel, 14 Long-Evans male rats were given ten 30 minute sessions of Immobile-Avoid conditioning followed by 30 minute sessions of Active-Avoid conditioning. Control Ss were yoked to the experimental Ss. Experimental Ss made significantly fewer responses in the immobile-avoid period and significantly more responses in the active-avoid period than did the yoked control Ss. Heart rate was correlated with skeletal activity both for experimental and control Ss. For experimental Ss, low heart rate was concomitant with a low amount of activity in the immobile-avoid period and high heart rate was concomitant with greater skeletal activity in the active-avoid period. These results support the position that heart rate is secondary to responses of the somatic-motor system and that heart rate during immobile-avoid or active avoid conditioning is more closely related to the level of somatic-motor activity than to the emotio...
PROTECTING RIGHTS OF SUBJECTS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE U.S.A.

Abstract Our Chairman requested me to survey for you certain developments on this topic in the United States. This was not meant to ignore other countries but rather to provide information which could be compared with that from other countries and to suggest some subjects for reflection and discussion. Because the United States has the largest body of researchers in psychology, changes often arrive there first. Thus, as you read this account, you may wish to consider whether certain current American regulations and laws are desirable, whether similar rules may be developing in your own countries, and whether other directions should be sought to protect subjects and to promote ethical standards in research.
A study of the innervation of the anterior esophagus of Busycon canaliculatum—I. Innervation pattern and evidence of the presence of catecholaminergic neurohumors

Abstract 1. 1. The distal and proximal segments of the anterior esophagus of Busycon canaliculatum were examined for the presence of biogenic amines using histochemical and chromatographic techniques. 2. 2. Glyoxylic acid treatment of the esophagus, esophageal nerve and buccal ganglia revealed green fluorescing, catecholaminergic, varicose axons. 3. 3. Chromatographic analysis using high performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of dopamine in all structures containing fluorescent nervous structures. 4. 4. The possible function of dopamine in the esophageal musculature is considered.
A numerical investigation of supersonic nozzle boundary layer transition

The boundary layer stability within the high-area-ratio nozzle at NASA Lewis was tested at five chamber pressure conditions. For all nozzle conditions examined, Taylor-Goertler vortices grew more rapidly than Tollmien-Schlichting waves. The experimental heat flux was accurately predicted by a laminar boundary layer computation, thereby confirming the laminar nature of the nozzle boundary layer flow. When the chamber pressure was increased in a series of cases, the transition point occurred farther upstream. The number of vortices contained in the dominant instability increased with chamber pressure.
Osmotic stress-dependent conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene in the halophyte, Allenrolfea occidentalis

Abstract Four salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 ) commonly present in the salt playas stimulated the conversion of ACC to ethylene in the halophyte, Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Wats.) Kuntze. Melibiose, a disaccharide ubiquitous in various plant organs, and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) a man-made osmoticum also promoted the ACC to ethylene conversion. With all the osmotica tested, the highest stimulation of ACC to ethylene occurred at the osmotic level that was similar to the sap of the plant tissue. The results suggest that it is not the nature of the osmoticum but rather the intensity of the stress that stimulates the ACC to ethylene conversion.
PLANNING THROUGH RESIDENTIAL CLUBS: HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOCIATIONS

Private homeowners’ associations now govern over 18% of the American population, enforcing contractual land-use restrictions and providing what would otherwise be municipal services. The rapid spread of these associations in new housing construction is explained by rising land costs, constraints on the ability of local governments to raise property taxes, and consumer preferences. Because these associations resemble club economies in significant respects, they provide an opportunity to test whether these private associations can provide services more efficiently than municipalities. Departures from the assumptions of the club economy model are noted, including the lack of options for consumer choice that undermine the consent-based rationale.
Synthesis of ultrafine glass particles by laser ablation of microspheres

Abstract We describe a new method for producing ultrafine glass particles that employs pulsed-laser ablation of microspheres. Experiments were conducted using pulsed laser wave-lengths from 248 to 1064 nm with ≈ 10 ns pulses and with initial microsphere diameters from 8 to 60 μm. The ejected nanoparticles were collected on silicon substrates for analysis by computer-aided image processing of SEM micrographs to determine the effect of experimental parameters on the particle size distribution. Results showed mean particle diameters were as small as 59 nm and generally inversely proportional to laser fluence. The particle size distributions were closely log-normal with small geometric standard deviations.
Image-Based Focusing

Lens focusing using a hardware model of a retina (Reticon RL256 light sensitive array) with a low cost processor (8085 with 512 bytes of ROM and 512 bytes of RAM) was built. This system was developed and tested on a variety of visual stimuli to demonstrate that: a)an algorithm which moves a lens to maximize the sum of the difference of light level on adjacent light sensors will converge to best focus in all but contrived situations. This is a simpler algorithm than any previously suggested; b) it is feasible to use unmodified video sensor arrays with in-expensive processors to aid video camera use. In the future, software could be developed to extend the processor's usefulness, possibly to track an actor by panning and zooming to give a earners operator increased ease of framing; c) lateral inhibition is an adequate basis for determining best focus. This supports a simple anatomically motivated model of how our brain focuses our eyes.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Association Between Life Event Stressors and Low Birth Weight in African American and White Populations: Findings from the 2007 and 2010 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) Surveys

We examined the association between life events stressors during pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW) among African Americans and Whites, while systematically controlling for potential confounders including individual characteristics and city-level variations and clustering. We analyzed data from 4970 women with singleton births who participated in the 2007 and 2010 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the association between emotional, financial, spousal and traumatic stressors and LBW among African Americans and Whites. Potential confounders included were: the city-level Economic Hardship Index, maternal demographics, pre-pregnancy conditions, insurance, behavioral risk factors and social support. African Americans were significantly more likely to experience any domain of stressors during their pregnancy, compared to Whites (p < 0.001). Only the association between financial stressors and LBW was significantly different between African Americans and Whites (p for interaction = 0.015). Experience of financial stressors during pregnancy was significantly associated with LBW among African Americans (adjusted odds ratio = 1.49; 95 % confidence interval = 1.01–2.22) but not Whites. Differential impact of financial stressors during pregnancy may contribute to racial disparities in LBW between African Americans and Whites. We showed that financial life event stressors, but not other domains of stressors, were more likely to impact LBW among African Americans than Whites. Initiatives aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of financial stress during pregnancy may contribute to reducing disparities in birth outcomes between African Americans and Whites.
NASA revises shuttle schedule

The new schedule for Space Shuttle missions and expendable launch vehicles (ELV's) calls for a 7-month delay in sending up the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA was forced to put off launching the telescope until February 1990 to keep the Magellan and Galileo missions within their narrow launch windows. The first post-Challenger shuttle launch is now scheduled for late this month. Discovery's most recent delays were due to a hydrogen leak discovered July 29 that has still not been corrected and an engine valve malfunction during an August 4 test fire.
Benefits of preventive dentistry in children: Cost factors and public policy

Dental caries in children is now recognized as a preventable disease. The use of fluoride and sealants has produced a major reduction in caries prevalence among school aged children in the United States and other countries. A portion of the child population who are educationally and socioeconomically disadvantaged are not fully receiving these benefits. Public policy, insurance and medicaid groups must be made aware of these preventative measures and strategies developed to implement them.
Effect of organic fertilisers on the greening quality, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents of turf-type endophytic tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea

Increasing concern about the potential negative environmental impact of chemical fertilisers used in urban landscapes has provided impetus to develop organic fertilisers. However, little is known about the effect of organic fertilisers on turfgrass quality, growth and stress resistance. This study compared the effect of 11 organic fertilisers, applied at manufacturer's recommended rates, on greening quality, shoot and root growth, and shoot nutrient (an indication of nutrient uptake) and alkaloid content (an indication of insect resistance) in endophytic (infected with the fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue in the greenhouse. We measured turfgrass greening quality on a 1-9 scale weekly (9 being the highest), shoot and root growth monthly, and shoot contents of macro- and micronutrients and of various alkaloids at the end of 4 months. The results show that Corn Gluten and Cockadoodle Doo produce the highest turfgrass greening quality and shoot growth. Nature's Touch with enzymes enhanced root growth, and thus resulted in high root:shoot ratio, especially in third and fourth months after application. Compared with the most commonly used chemical fertiliser, Scott's Turf Builder, the organic fertilisers Cockadoodle Doo, Corn Gluten and Nature's Touch with enzymes generally resulted in better turf greening quality. Although Cockadoodle Doo, Vigoro and Scott's Turf Builder resulted in higher macronutrient contents in turfgrass shoots, there was no significant correlation between the nutrient contents in the fertilisers and in the shoots four months after application. Significant differences were found for all measured alkaloids in turfgrass shoots among the 13 treatments, and these differences varied with fertiliser. Overall, organic fertilisers produced higher turfgrass greening quality, root and shoot growth and insect resistance capacity (alkaloid content) compared with the chemical fertiliser, Scott's Turf Builder. On the basis of the high to excellent turfgrass greening quality ratings, root:shoot ratio, shoot nutrient and alkaloid contents in this study, we conclude that Cockadoodle Doo, Vigoro and Nature's Touch with enzymes are relatively superior organic fertilisers.
Dimensionality Reduction for Histogram Features Based on Supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization

Histogram-based image features such as HoG, SIFT and histogram of visual words are generally represented as high-dimensional, non-negative vectors. We propose a supervised method of reducing the dimensionality of histogram-based features by using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). We define a cost function for supervised NMF that consists of two terms. The first term is the generalized divergence term between an input matrix and a product of factorized matrices. The second term is the penalty term that reflects prior knowledge on a training set by assigning predefined constants to cannot-links and must-links in pairs of training data. A multiplicative update rule for minimizing the newly-defined cost function is also proposed. We tested our method on a task of scene classification using histograms of visual words. The experimental results revealed that each of the low-dimensional basis vectors obtained from the proposed method only appeared in a single specific category in most cases. This interesting characteristic not only makes it easy to interpret the meaning of each basis but also improves the power of classification.
Power and the limits of reactive agents

Abstract This paper shows how reactive agents can solve complex tasks without requiring any internal state and demonstrates that this is due to their ability to coordinate perception and action. By acting (i.e., by modifying their position with respect to the external environment and/or the external environment itself), agents partially determine the sensory patterns they receive from the environment. Agents can take advantage of this ability to: (1) select sensory patterns that are not affected by the aliasing problem and avoiding those that are; (2) select sensory patterns in which groups of patterns requiring different answers do not strongly overlap; (3) exploit the fact that, given a certain behavior, sensory states might indirectly encode information about useful features of the environment; (4) exploit emergent behaviors resulting from a sequence of sensory–motor loops and from the interaction between the robot and the environment. The relation between pure reactive agents and pure representational agents is discussed and it is argued that a large variety of intermediate cases between these two extremes exists. In particular, attention is given to the case of agents that encode in their internal states what they did in the previous portion of their lifetime which, given a certain behavior, might indirectly encode information about the external environment.
Parallelization of ensemble neural networks for spatial land-use modeling

Artificial neural networks have been widely applied to spatial modeling and knowledge discovery because of their high-level intelligence and flexibility. Their highly parallel and distributed structure makes them inherently suitable for parallel computing. As the technology of parallel and high-performance computing evolves and computing resources become more widely available, new opportunities exist for spatial neural network models to benefit from this advancement in terms of better handling computational and data intensity associated with spatial problems. In this study, we present a hybrid parallel ensemble neural network approach for modeling spatial land-use change. Our approach combines the shared-memory paradigm and the embarrassingly parallel method by leveraging the power of multicore computer clusters. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by the parallelization of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network models, which have been extensively used in land-use modeling applications. We adopt an ensemble structure of neural networks to train multiple models in parallel and make use of the entire dataset simultaneously. We evaluate the proposed parallelization approach by examining performance variation of training datasets with alternative sizes. Experimental results reveal great potential of higher performance achievement when our hybrid parallel computing approach is applied to large spatial modeling problems.
An Experience Integrating Computerized Library Instruction into the Pharmacy College Curriculum

ABSTRACTThis article describes a program to integrate computerized library instruction into the pharmacy curriculum. Students must satisfactorily complete a sequence of computerized instruction modules during their six years of study. Pharmaceutical education outcomes of this program are: continuity of instruction; uniformity, because it is mandatory this program will ensure that all students graduate with the same exposure and information competencies; relevance, gained by closely tying the modules to other required courses; comprehensive coverage of information resources; and teaching independent, life-long information seeking skills. The first four modules are available through the college network allowing for flexible, self-paced learning. Initial faculty response has been positive. Students find the modules an effective learning device. The modules will continue to be assessed as they are implemented.
Demonstration of multipoint design procedures for transonic airfoils

Two multipoint design procedures were applied to reduce the wave drag of a baseline airfoil at two design points. The first procedure iteratively averages two intermediate airfoil shapes, each one redesigned at one of the two design points, to develop an improved airfoil. The second procedure iteratively averages two pressure distributions, each one obtained from an intermediate airfoil redesigned at one of the two design points, to develop an improved airfoil. Successful application of each procedure to design an improved airfoil for design points with similar chordwise pressure distributions, shock locations, and shock strengths is demonstrated. Application of a combination of both procedures to design an improved airfoil at design points with dissimilar chordwise pressure distributions, shock locations, and shock strengths is also presented. Results from wind tunnel tests of the baseline airfoil and of the improved airfoil for the dissimilar design points verified the predicted drag improvements.
Influence of field margins and landscape context on ground beetle diversity in Wisconsin (USA) potato fields

The influence of natural areas on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity and community composition in Wisconsin potatoes was assessed at local and large spatial scales. To accomplish this, ground beetle communities were sampled in potatoes and grassy field-margin habitats set in landscapes composed of varying amounts of natural area. At a local scale, field-margin habitats supported more, and different, carabid species than potatoes. Large carabids, brachypterous species, species typical of dry habitats and species that feed on seeds were all underrepresented in potatoes compared to field margins. However, the amount of field-margin habitat surrounding potatoes did not affect carabid community structure in the crop. At a larger scale, beetle diversity in potatoes increased and community composition changed with increases in the amount of natural area within 1.5 km of the crop. However, this effect was not evident in adjacent field-margin habitats. These results suggest that the amount of natural area surrounding potatoes affects the composition of potential crop colonizers at a large spatial scale but that disturbances currently limit the types of species that colonize potatoes.
Muscle as a “Mediator” of Systemic Metabolism

Skeletal and cardiac muscles play key roles in the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis and display remarkable plasticity in their metabolic responses to caloric availability and physical activity. In this Perspective we discuss recent studies highlighting transcriptional mechanisms that govern systemic metabolism by striated muscles. We focus on the participation of the Mediator complex in this process, and suggest that tissue-specific regulation of Mediator subunits impacts metabolic homeostasis.
GO Visual Browser

Biologists commonly annotate genome and protein properties using ontology terms. While biologists have a deep understanding of the underlying biology, they rarely have a good understanding of the semantic networks used to represent domain ontologies. This paper presents the design and implementation of the GO Visual Browser: a new tool to provide visualization of Gene Ontology terms and relationships, as well as retrieval of associated genomic data. Browsing involves selecting a term and type of ontology relationship, and then displaying an interactive map with all of the related terms. This map can then be used to search a genome database for all features, related sequences, and metadata annotated with the selected ontology terms. Our code is fully functional and is being distributed as open source software.
Determining ease of access to arms methodology and coding

This paper aims to establish an initial determination of what the primary indicators of the ease of access to small arms and light weapons are. Guns are so abundant and ubiquitous in most parts of the world that the right question to ask is not how many guns are out there but what are the conditions, or lack thereof, that promote the ease of access. This paper also aims to offer researchers with initial tools for coding indicators for the ease of access in future investigations on this important topic. At the outset, I introduce three sets of indicators: legal, ‘black market feeder indicators’, and socialeconomic indicators.
Full-band CA/Monte Carlo modeling of ultrasmall FETs

Abstract The modeling of ultra-small MOSFETs is presented using a newly developed full-band, hybrid ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC)-cellular automata (CA) device simulator. In this hybrid approach charge transport is simulated using the CA in regions of momentum space where most scattering events occur and the EMC elsewhere, thus optimizing the trade-off between the fast, but memory-consuming CA method and the slower EMC method. In order to efficiently model 3D ultra-small FETs, the hybrid algorithm is coupled self-consistently with a 2D and 3D multi-grid Poisson solver.
An Analysis of Swendsen–Wang and Related Sampling Methods

Convergence rates, statistical efficiency and sampling costs are studied for the original and extended Swendsen-Wang methods of generating a sample path (S j , j ≥ 1) with equilibrium distribution π, with r distinct elements, on a finite state space X of size N 1 Given S j-1 , each method uses auxiliary random variables to identify the subset of X from which S j is to be randomly sampled. Let π min and π max denote respectively the smallest and largest elements in π and let N, denote the number of elements in π with value π max . For a single auxiliary variable, uniform sampling from the subset and (N 1 - N r )π min + N r π max 1, our results show rapid convergence and high statistical efficiency for large π min /π max or N r /N 1 and slow convergence and poor statistical efficiency for small π min /π max and N r /N 1 Other examples provide additional insight. For extended Swendsen-Wang methods with non-uniform subset sampling, the analysis identifies the properties of a decomposition of π(x) that favour fast convergence and high statistical efficiency. In the absence of exploitable special structure, subset sampling can be costly regardless of which of these methods is employed.
Prediction of survival in patients with head and neck cancer using the histoculture drug response assay.

Background Chemoresponse is a significant outcome predictor in patients with head and neck cancer, regardless of the treatment modality used. The histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) has been shown to be a reliable method for in vitro chemoresponse assessment. In this study, we have correlated the HDRA assessment with survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Method Tumor specimens from 41 of 42 patients undergoing treatment for HNSCC were successfully evaluated by the HDRA. Tumor tissue was histocultured on Gelfoam sponges gel in 24-well plates, followed by treatment with cisplatin (15 μg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (40 μg/mL) in triplicate. A control group received no drug treatment. After completion of drug treatment, the relative cell survival in the tumors was determined using the MTT assay. The inhibition rate (IR) for each drug was calculated relative to the control for each case, and sensitivity was defined as a tumor IR of greater than 30%. Treatment was based on established protocols for the location and stage of the tumor and included surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. Survival comparisons were performed using the generalized Wilcoxon test for the comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results Resistance to 5-fluorouracil was present in 13 cases (32%), to cisplatinum in 13 cases (32%), and to both agents in 11 cases (27%). The 2-year cause-specific survival was significantly greater for patients sensitive to 5-fluorouracil (85% vs 64%; p = .04), cisplatinum (86% vs 64%; p = .05), or both agents (85% vs 63%; p = .01). The association between HDRA assessment of chemoresponse and clinical outcome remained significant even after controlling for the effects of TNM stage and the presence of recurrent cancer at presentation by multivariate analysis. Conclusions Chemosensitivity determined by the HDRA seems to be a strong predictor of survival in patients with advanced HNSCC and should be considered further. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): a hidden case of Müllerian mimicry

Abstract The Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae) contains over 100 described species in 11 genera. All are diurnal, with brightly-coloured, presumably aposematic wing patterns. Larval hostplants are exclusively in the genusPassiflora(Passifloraceae) except for two new records, reported here, fromTurnera(Turneraceae). A comparative morphological study of 26 representative josiine species yielded 86 characters from adults, larvae and pupae, all of which are figured and discussed. Phylogenetic analysis of these data produced a single most-parsimonious cladogram. According to the phylogenetic results: (1) monophyly of the Josiini is strongly supported; (2) the currently accepted generic classification is in disarray; (3) morphological character variation is extensive, and adult traits reflect phylogeny more effectively than do those of immature stages; (4) wing pattern types have undergone convergent evolution. A rare phenotype, longitudinal wing stripes, appears in two widely divergent clades, suggesting the evolution of Mullerian mimicry within the Josiini.
Role of plutonism in low-pressure metamorphic belt formation

Wickham and Oxburgh1 recently proposed that low-pressure/high-temperature (low-P/high-T) metamorphism in the eastern Pyrenees, and possibly all low-P/high-T metamorphic belts, resulted from anomalously high mantle heat flow brought about by rifting. Their model is largely constrained by the presence of nearby synmetamorphic rift-related sedimentary rocks and the interpretation that the migmatites and granites are the product of in situ melting in the presence of an anomalously steep geotherm. Here we present an alternative model, in which low-P/high-T metamorphism (pro-grade reactions at pressures near or below the Al2SiO5 triple point) results from contact effects near sill-like igneous intrusions at intermediate crustal levels. Low-P/high-T conditions can be achieved through this process in regions of continent–continent collision with normal mantle heat flux as well as in zones of extension. Our model is based on studies of the low-P/high-T metamorphic terrane in the New England Appalachians.
Hydrogeologic role of geologic structures. Part 1: the paradigm

Abstract Grouting to reduce fracture permeability is one option for minimizing ground water inflow to a large, acid-producing lead-zinc mine in fractured metamorphic rock in north Idaho. For grouting to reduce mine water inflow effectively, the hydrogeologic characteristics of the various scales of structurally controlled fracturing must be identified and a conceptual model of the ground water flow system must be developed. This paper is the first of two papers which use fracture mapping, geologic structural mapping, and a series of underground hydraulic stress tests to develop a conceptual model of structurally controlled ground water flow in the vicinity of the mine. These data were collected in an effort to identify order within the structurally controlled spatial permeability distribution. Geologic structural discontinuities, ranging from joints to faults that extend for several miles, form a geologic structural hierarchy in the rock surrounding the mine. The tiers of the hierarchy control ground water flow into the mine at different scales. The most prominent faults control ground water inflow on the scale of the entire mine. Various levels of hydraulic continuity are evident within the rock mass bounded by two of the most prominent faults. The highest level of hydraulic continuity appears to be associated with a set of sub-parallel, steeply dipping faults. Minor faults, joints, and relict bedding planes to a limited extent connect the fractures of this set and form a lower level of hydraulic continuity. The next lower level of hydraulic continuity within the hierarchy is related to a major fault that is characterized in drill core by abundant gouge. The hydraulic continuity of the matrix within the unfractured quartzite is the lowest level within the hierarchy. These levels constitute the components of the order within the spatial permeability distribution that we have interpreted from the structural and hydraulic stress test data.
Somatic Reduction of Tetraploid Sorghum to Diploid Mutants following Colchicine Treatment

COLCHICINE treatment of seedlings of certain sorghum lines has resulted not only in the expected polyploids, but also in diploid plants which are mutant for many characters. Some of these diploid mutants breed true immediately while others give segregating progenies1–3. The original hypothesis to explain their appearance suggested that a somatic reduction of the chromosomes (similar to that observed by Huskins4) occurred and was followed by duplication. These mechanisms could result in the concentration of chromatin from ancestors of a putative allopolyploid. However, investigations have produced either no or little cytological evidence for duplication or relocation of chromatin5,6. In addition, mutant characters which have been studied have shown Mendelian inheritance7–10. The alternative hypothesis was then proposed that, in addition to a balanced somatic reduction of the chromosomes after application of colchicine, mutations at many loci also occurred prior to duplication back to the diploid number.
Numerical simulation of instantaneous backflow through central clearance of bileaflet mechanical heart valves at closure: shear stress and pressure fields within clearance

Instantaneous backflow through central clearance of bileaflet heart valves at the instant of closure is investigated. An Edwards-Duromedics valve in the mitral position is employed to measure the transient pressures near the entrance and exit region in an in vitro flow chamber. A region surrounding the clearance is modelled, and two-dimensional quasi-steady-state numerical simulations are performed, with the measured transient pressure difference across the clearance as a driving force for the flow. The results show that pressure difference several times larger than the driving pressure used to close the valve is established across the clearance for about 0.5 ms at the moment of closure. The resulting average wall shear stress is an order of magnitude larger than the turbulent Reynolds stresses reported distal to the valve during opening. A local jump in the shear stress distribution and fall in the pressure distribution are observed at the entrance region. Rounding of the corners in the channel entrance attenuates these spikes. The results of the study indicate that backflow through clearance at closure may be one reason for the haemolysis and thrombosis associated with mechanical heart valves, despite the short duration of the flow field.
Invariant NKT Cells as Initiators, Licensors, and Facilitators of the Adaptive Immune Response

In the past, the neural reflex arc provided immunologists with a useful analogy for understanding the adaptive immune response ([Fig. 1][1]) . A revisit to the concept of the immune reflex arc, in which the immune response is divided into an afferent limb, central processing mechanism, and efferent
Initiation factor eIF2γ promotes eIF2–GTP–Met-tRNA i Met ternary complex binding to the 40S ribosome

In contrast to prokaryotic elongation factor EF-Tu, which delivers aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosomal A-site, eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 binds methionyl initiator transfer RNA (Met-tRNA(i)(Met)) to the P-site of the 40S ribosomal subunit. The results of directed hydroxyl radical probing experiments to map binding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF2 on the ribosome and on Met-tRNA(i)(Met) revealed that eIF2γ primarily contacts the acceptor stem of Met-tRNA(i)(Met) and identified a key binding interface between domain III of eIF2γ and 18S rRNA helix h44 on the 40S subunit. Whereas the analogous domain III of EF-Tu contacts the T stem of tRNAs, biochemical analyses demonstrated that eIF2γ domain III is important for ribosome, not Met-tRNA(i)(Met). Thus, despite their structural similarity, eIF2 and EF-Tu bind tRNAs in substantially different manners, and we propose that the tRNA-binding domain III of EF-Tu has acquired a new ribosome-binding function in eIF2γ.
The Lincoln Middle School Paradigm Shift: A Case Study.

This case study is presented for use with graduate students in educational administration. The intent is to further those students’ preparation to deal with cultural and organizational change, along with the examination of the role of the administrative team as instructional leaders. One of the primary roles of the building principal is to be the instructional leader and create a climate that is conducive to learning. The scenario for this case is built around a negative atmosphere that will require campus-level administrators to transform the campus into a high-performing school in a brief period of time.
Two-step photoconductivity: determination of impurity levels of Er3+ relative to the host bands of Gd2O3

A two-step photoconductivity measurement in Gd 2 O 3 :Er 3+ is used to determine the location of the f 11 energy levels of Er 3+ with respect to the host bands of Gd 2 O 3 . Photoconductivity (PC) experiments were performed with both a tunable UV source and with 488 nm Ar + excitation, as well as in the presence of both light sources. Using only the UV source, PC features with onsets at 240 and 340 nm are identified as direct band gap excitation and two-step excitation involving excited state absorption on Er 3+ respectively; the latter is confirmed by its quadratic dependence on intensity. Under simultaneous Ar + excitation, which enhances the population of the metastable 4 S3/2 Er 3+ excited state population, the PC feature with a 340 nm onset increases dramatically and its magnitude depends linearly on both UV and Ar + laser intensity, supporting its interpretation as resulting from excited state absorption form the 4 S 3/ 2 metastable Er 3+ excited state. The 340 nm onset of the signal allows one to place the 4 I 15/2 ground state at 0. 7±0.2eV below the top of the valence band. The lowest 4f 10 5d level then lies close to the bottom of the conduction band and its overlap with the conduction band is thought to enhance the second step in the photoionization process.
Starting a nurse-managed center for older adults: the needs assessment process.

Summary Nursing centers can be a vital part of the plan to meet the health needs of the coming “age wave”. Nurses, who provide both the care for chronic illness and the means for preventing the onset of chronic disability, are in key positions to influence the evolving health care system to create new systems of community-based care. The time for NMCs is, perhaps, now or never. Conducting a thorough needs assessment is the first important step.