cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing on Encrypted Data

What if you want to query a search engine, but don't want to tell the search engine what you are looking for? Is there a way that you can encrypt your query, such that the search engine can process your query without your decryption key, and send back an (encrypted) response that is well-formed and concise (up to some upper bound on length that you specify)? The answer is yes, if you use a "fully homomorphic" encryption scheme. As another application, you can store your encrypted data in the "cloud", and later ask the server to retrieve only those files that contain a particular (boolean) combination of keywords, without the server being able to "see" either these keywords or your files. We will present a recent fully homomorphic encryption scheme. In particular, we will highlight the main ideas of the construction, discuss issues concerning the scheme's performance, and mention other applications.
The Trial of Abner Baker, Jr., MD: Monomania and McNaughtan Rules in Antebellum America

On the third of October 1845, in a small mountain community in Kentucky, Abner Baker, Jr., MD, was executed for the murder of his brother-in-law Daniel Bates. At the trial Baker's attorney argued unsuccessfully that at the time of the crime the accused suffered from monomania, a form of mental disease, and therefore should not be held responsible for the act. The trial bears historical significance by the fact that it took place only a year after the formation of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, the first professional organization of psychiatrists in the United States, and two years after the McNaughtan ruling in British jurisprudence which molded the insanity plea around the concept of “knowing right from wrong.” Because it took place at this particular juncture in the history of both law and medicine, it provides a revealing portrait of how medical and legal concepts on insanity interacted with the indigenous social and political circumstances of antebellum America.
A maid in servitude: Filipino domestic workers in the Middle East

This paper presents Filipino economic history as a way to provide a brief background to the events that precipitated one Filipino woman’s migration to the Middle East. Her story is not rare but shares in common patterns with the stories of many other female contract workers, especially domestic workers. It chronicles government policies and business practices that profit from their remittances. It is being retold here so that the invisible world of female contract workers and, more often than not, the poor conditions under which they live and labour, might be better understood.
The Role of Media System Development in the Emergence of Postmaterialist Values and Environmental Concern: A Cross‐National Analysis*

Important theories related to the social development of environmental concern and attitudes ascribe different roles to the media. Inglehart's materialist–postmaterialist value shift thesis sees the development of a more advance media system as promoting pro-environmental values. Gerbner's cultivation theory, on the other hand, sees the media as promoting consumerist tendencies, which run counter to environmental concern. This study examines the effect of media system development on postmaterialist values and environmental concern at the national and individual levels. Controlling for other factors known to impact the emergence of environmental concern, the overall effect of media system development is largely negative. However, this result should be considered in light of interactions within and among other key variables. Hierarchical linear modeling is employed to examine the impact of media system development on environmental concern considering individual- and country-level predictors. Results indicate media system development uniquely explains a small but significant amount of variation in individual-level environmental concern. Findings are discussed in the theoretical context of country-level predictors of environmental concern.
Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling by Chloroquine

Previously, we demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory drug chloroquine (CQ) inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha transcription. To define further the mechanism of CQ, we studied the effect of this drug on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways involved in regulation of TNF production. CQ interfered with phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and the ERK-activating kinases mitogen-activating protein/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2. Both CQ and PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor, reduced luciferase reporter activity driven by human TNF promoter sequences. However, CQ appeared to mediate these effects by deactivating Raf, the upstream activator of MEK. These findings were supported by functional data demonstrating that CQ and PD98059 interfered with TNF expression in several human and murine cell types while neither inhibitor blocked TNF production in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, a cell line that does not require MEK-ERK signaling for TNF production. Finally, we evaluated whether CQ could sensitize HeLa cells to undergo anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis, an effect observed when ERK activation is interrupted in this cell line. CQ rendered HeLa cells sensitive to anti-Fas treatment in a manner similar to PD98059. Taken together, these data argue that therapeutic concentrations of CQ interfere with ERK activation by a novel mechanism, an effect that could be responsible, at least in part, for the potent anti-inflammatory effects of this drug.
Pseudofluency in adults who stutter: the illusory outcome of therapy.

The majority of therapy programs for people who stutter are aimed at modifying the entire speech output by using techniques that reduce the overt signature events. Use of these techniques for extended time periods are thought to induce true fluency that is automatic, natural, and effortless. It is proposed that the present form of therapeutic intervention induces pseudofluency rather than true fluency. Pseudofluency is the speech posttherapy of persons who stutter, free of the discrete signature events of stuttering, but replaced by cognitively mediated gestures that are embedded as continuous prolongation or masked stuttering events throughout the speech act. This may account for the high rate of relapse and the problems associated with the maintenance, stability, and naturalness of speech after stuttering therapy.
Upper critical field and vortex lattice of f-wave superconductors UPt3

We re-examine theoretically the upper critical field of UPt3 for both ∥ and ∥. We find that the f-wave superconductor(or E2ustate) recently identified can describe the upper critical field determined experimentally consistently, if we assume that the spin component of the order parameter is parallel to the c-axes. The related vortex lattice is also considered.
Classifying server behavior and predicting impact of modernization actions

Today the decision of when to modernize which elements of the server HW/SW stack is often done manually based on simple business rules. In this paper we alleviate this problem by supporting the decision process with an automated approach based on incident tickets and server attributes data. As a first step we identify and rank servers with problematic behavior as candidates for modernization using a random forest classifier. Second, this predictive model is used to evaluate the impact of different modernization actions and suggest the most effective ones. We show that our chosen model yields high quality predictions and outperforms traditional linear regression models on a large set of real data.
The effect of powder forming method on the pull-out flaw populations observed on polished surfaces of alumina ceramics

Quantitative image analysis was used to study the effect of the powder forming method on the population of pull-out flaws for polished surfaces of dense alumina ceramics. By comparing the area fractions, the size distributions and the extreme values of the pull-out areas it was concluded that slip casting with dispersed slips resulted in significantly fewer and smaller pull-outs compared to slip casting with flocculated slips or powder pressing. The implications of these observations for the effect of the powder forming method on the strength of alumina ceramics are discussed.
Tagging text with a probabilistic model

Experiments on the use of a probabilistic model to tag English text, that is, to assign to each word the correct tag (part of speech) in the context of the sentence, are presented. A simple triclass Markov model is used, and the best way to estimate the parameters of this model, depending on the kind and amount of training data that is provided, is found. Two approaches are compared: the use of text that has been tagged by hand and comparing relative frequency counts; and use text without tags and training the model as a hidden Markov process, according to a maximum likelihood principle. Experiments show that the best training is obtained by using as much tagged text as is available, a maximum likelihood training may improve the accuracy of the tagging. >
The mechanism of aromatic dealkylation in methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion on H-ZSM-5: What are the aromatic precursors to light olefins?

Abstract Co-reactions of 7.5–9.3 kPa of DME with 4 kPa of toluene, p-xylene, and 4-ethyltoluene on H-ZSM-5 at 523–723 K at low conversions ( 13 C/ 12 C show that carbons originating from the aromatic ring are incorporated into ethene and propene. A comparison of the predicted 13 C-contents of ethene and propene postulated on the basis of the paring, side-chain, and ring-expansion aromatic dealkylation mechanisms based on the experimentally observed isotopologue distribution of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, and 4-ethyltoluene reveal that the predicted 13 C-content of ethene and propene from 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene via the paring mechanism most closely match the experimentally observed 13 C-contents of ethene and propene (
U.S. technological leadership: Where did it come from and where did it go?

Abstract During the quarter century following the Second World War, the United States was the world's most productive economy by virtually all measures, and the technological leader across a very broad front. This paper is concerned with the sources of U.S. technological leadership during that era, and the reasons for the erosion of that leadership. It is proposed that there were two distinguishable components of post-war U.S. technological dominance. One was a lead in mass production industries, and this was of long standing. The other was leadership in high technology industries due to massive American investments in science and technology, eduction, and research and development; and this was new. The U.S. advantage in mass-production industries eroded when, after Bretton Woods, the world became a common market. The U.S. preeminence in high technology industries diminished as other countries matched U.S. investments in science and technology. It is argued that since the late 1960s, the major industrial nations are bound together technologically as never before.
Persistence of song types in Darwin's finches, Geospiza fortis, over four decades

Learned bird songs evolve via cultural evolution, with song patterns transmitted across generations by imitative learning. In Darwin9s finches of the Galapagos Islands, males learn songs from their fathers, and song types can be maintained across multiple generations. However, little is known about the time frame over which specific song types are preserved, in the face of copy errors and corresponding modifications to song structure. Here we investigate cultural evolution in songs of male Geospiza fortis , at Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, comparing songs recorded in 1961 by R. Bowman (20 individuals) to those recorded in 1999 by J. Podos (16 individuals). For each individual, we characterized four timing and six frequency parameters, and assessed inter-individual variation in song structure using multivariate analysis. Several 1961 song types persisted into 1999, some with remarkable fidelity. Variation among song types was extensive during both years, and we detected no changes in 10 vocal parameters across the sampling period. These results illustrate temporal continuity in a culturally acquired trait, and raise questions about mechanisms that promote stability in song structure.
Epstein-Barr virus serology

Abstract Because of the ubiquitous nature of EBV, most people are infected with this virus by the time they are adults. People acquire the virus at an early age, earlier in developing countries and in socioeconomically deprived areas of the United States, where about 80% of 5-year-old children are seropositive. In economically privileged areas, only about 40–50% of children are seropositive by age 5. Infections during childhood are usually asymptomatic. In contrast, 50% of adolescents who become infected with EBV develop the fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, and atypical lymphocytosis characteristic of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM). Heterophil antibodies, which are the basis for screening tests for IM, usually appear in the serum of these patients. However, approximately 10% of patients (more commonly children) with EBV induced IM do not develop heterophil antibodies. For this reason, tests for specific antibody-mediated immune responses to EBV may be necessary for diagnosis.
Time-resolved photoluminescence studies of Mg-doped AlN epilayers

Mg-doped AlN epilayers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition have been studied by deep UV time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. A PL emission line at 6.02 eV has been observed at 10 K in Mgdoped AlN, which is about 40 meV below the free-exciton (FX) transition in undoped AlN epilayer. Temperature dependent measurement of the PL intensity of this emission line also reveals a binding energy of 40 meV. This transition line is believed to be due to the recombination of an exciton bound to neutral Mg acceptor (I 1 ) with a binding energy, E bx of 40 meV. The recombination lifetime of the I 1 transition in Mg doped AlN have been measured to be 130 ps, which is close to the expected value. Excitation intensity dependence of time-resolved PL for Mg-doped AlN epilayer is also measured to understand carrier and exciton dynamics.
Corrosion-Inhibiting Systems for Durable Concrete Bridges. II: Accelerated Laboratory Investigation

Nine commercially available corrosion-inhibiting systems for use in concrete structures exposed to corrosive environments were evaluated on bridge barrier walls and in electrochemical cells. The results of this study are presented in two companion papers reporting on a five-year field evaluation and an accelerated laboratory investigation. The latter, presented in this paper, included the assessment of the effect of the corrosion inhibitors on the oxidation and reduction reactions by the cyclic voltammetry method, and their effectiveness in delaying or reducing corrosion by measurements of chloride thresholds and corrosion rates. The results indicated that the inorganic admixture and some organic admixtures performed very well in the saturated calcium hydroxide solution (pH of 12.6); however, their performance improvement over the control was not observed in a simulated concrete pore solution (pH of 13.5). Although tests in simulated concrete pore solutions cannot adequately simulate all the complex conditions usually found in the field, they were very useful to rapidly identify the effects of the corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion reactions, and to provide supporting information to the corresponding field evaluation.
Control of cuticle formation by wing imaginal discs in vitro.

Abstract Wing discs from late final-instar Ephestia larvae form only pupal cuticle when immediately implanted into pupae which subsequently undergo metamorphosis. However, either pupal or adult structures are made in vitro depending on (1) the ecdysterone dose and/or (2) disc cell proliferation. Continuous culture in ecdysterone (0.5–5.0 μg/ml) results in the appearance of transparent cuticle. On the basis of several criteria, this untanned cuticle is postulated to be scaleless adult cuticle. Discs pulsed with 0.5 μg/ml ecdysterone for 48–120 hr, or with 5.0 μg/ml for 24 hr, formed tanned cuticle. Lower doses of ecdysterone (i.e., 0.5 μg/ml for 24 hr or continuous exposure to 0.05 μg/ml) trigger adult scale formation. Enhancement of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation by these latter doses suggests the occurrence of disc cell divisions and polyploidization. The choice between pupal and adult pathways by wing discs of this age can be controlled exclusively by ecdysterone; juvenile hormone need not be involved in vitro .
Food Selection by Larval Paddlefish Polyodon spathula Supplied with Rice Bran to Promote Production of Live Foods, with Prepared Diets, or with their Combination in Earthen Ponds

Food selection of larval paddlefish Polyodon spathula was evaluated by gut analysis in nine 0.02-ha ponds either fertilized with rice bran (RB) to promote zooplankton production, supplied with prepared diets (PD), or with a combination of rice bran and prepared diet (CB). After 40 d, mean fish yields in RB and CB ponds were significantly higher (P 0.05) in survival among treatments. Cladocerans were the main Live food items selected by paddlefish in RB and CB ponds. Chironomid larvae were the main food items selected by paddlefish in PD ponds. Less than 10% of the food found in paddlefish guts was prepared diets in PD and CB ponds. Prepared diets apparently were not as available to the fish or were not as preferred by the fish as Live foods. Levels of un-ionized ammonia were significantly greater in CB and PD ponds than that in RB ponds. Decomposition of uneaten high-protein diets in PD and CB ponds probably led to production of ammonia. Elevated un-ionized ammonia levels during week 5 caused abnormal swimming behavior and some paddlefish mortalities in PD and CB ponds. Based upon these results, use of RB or other organic fertilizers to promote zooplankton production is recommended over direct feeding or a combination of fertilization and feeding for larval paddlefish in earthen ponds.
Reduced El Niño–Southern Oscillation during the Last Glacial Maximum

El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major source of global interannual variability, but its response to climate change is uncertain. Paleoclimate records from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) provide insight into ENSO behavior when global boundary conditions (ice sheet extent, atmospheric partial pressure of CO2) were different from those today. In this work, we reconstruct LGM temperature variability at equatorial Pacific sites using measurements of individual planktonic foraminifera shells. A deep equatorial thermocline altered the dynamics in the eastern equatorial cold tongue, resulting in reduced ENSO variability during the LGM compared to the Late Holocene. These results suggest that ENSO was not tied directly to the east-west temperature gradient, as previously suggested. Rather, the thermocline of the eastern equatorial Pacific played a decisive role in the ENSO response to LGM climate.
Numerical Simulation of Blood Flow in the Renal Arteries: Influence of the Ostium Flow Diverter

The tendency of atherosclerotic plaques to develop at arterial branch points is likely due to both the hemodynamics and macromolecular environment associated with these branch points. Arterial branches experience flow separation, which results in regions of low shear stress[1–3], and contributes to longer residence times that may allow for deposition of pro-atherogenic material in the vessel wall [2]. In addition, low shear stress itself may provide cellular signals that alter the tissue microenvironment in favor of atherogenesis [3, e.g.].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Relative effects of biological amendments and crop rotations on soil microbial communities and soilborne diseases of potato

Abstract Various biological amendments, including commercial biocontrol agents, microbial inoculants, mycorrhizae, and an aerobic compost tea (ACT), were evaluated, alone and in conjunction with different crop rotations, for their efficacy in introducing beneficial microorganisms, affecting soil microbial community characteristics (SMCC), and reducing soilborne diseases of potato in greenhouse and field trials in Maine. Most amendments successfully delivered microorganisms into the soil, altering microbial populations and activity in accordance with the particular organisms added, and significantly altering SMCC (as determined by FAME analysis) to various degrees from 2 to 24 weeks. Amendment effects were greatest early on (2 weeks after amendment), but effects associated with crop treatment became more dominant at subsequent assessments (10 and 24 weeks after amendment). In field trials, effects on microbial characteristics, soilborne diseases and tuber yield were variable, with some microbial inoculants and a biostimulant producing no significant effects, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae, reduced stem canker and black scurf by 17–28%. When used in three different 2 yr crop rotations (barley/ryegrass, barley/clover, and potato, all followed by potato), biological amendments reduced soilborne disease and improved yield in some rotations, but not others. Soil-applied ACT and the combination of ACT with a mixture of beneficial microorganisms (Mix) reduced stem canker, black scurf, and common scab on tubers by 18–33% and increased yield 20–23% in the barley/ryegrass rotation, but not in the other rotations. Mix also reduced disease (20–32%) in the barley/clover rotation only. None of the amendments significantly reduced disease in continuous potato plots. Both crop rotation and amendment treatments significantly affected SMCC, but rotation effects were more dominant. These results indicate that certain rotations were better able to support the added beneficial organisms from amendments and enable more effective biological control, and also that favorable crop rotations may be more effective than amendments in manipulating or altering SMCC. Establishment and persistence of amendment effects may depend on many factors, but an effective and supportive crop rotation is apparently important.
Quantal release in cut muscle: Effects of limited calcium availability

Abstract The effects of altering calcium/magnesium ratios (Ca ++ /Mg ++ ) were tested on the rat diaphragm cut muscle preparation. Decreasing Ca ++ /Mg ++ did not alter MEPPs, but evoked release was significantly depressed. The decrease in quantal content (m) was a function of Ca ++ /Mg ++ , and a plot of log m vs. log Ca ++ /Mg ++ indicated a power relationship of 3.69. Although low Ca ++ /Mg ++ caused a significant reduction in the probability of release (p), the quantal distribution was still best described by binomial statistics. Mobilization measured at high frequency (150 Hz) was reduced by decreasing Ca ++ /Mg ++ . Verapamil decreased m and n, but did not alter mobilization or p. The highest concentration employed (300 uM) decreased MEPP frequency and produced conduction block to high frequency EPP trains. Thus it appears that altering the effective calcium concentration has different effects on transmitter release as compared to verapamil.
Developmental Expression of PEPT1 and PEPT2 in Rat Small Intestine, Colon, and Kidney

Mammalian peptide transporters (PEPT1 and PEPT2) play a pivotal role in the absorption of small peptides from the intestine and kidney, respectively, and in the disposition and targeting of peptide or mimetic drugs. However, there are few reports on the molecular basis of their regulation, especially in the young. The aim of this study was to determine the developmental expression of intestinal and renal oligopeptide transporters in rats from embryonic to adult ages. Intestinal segments were collected (i.e. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) along with whole kidney, and their mRNA and protein levels were measured. Expression levels of PEPT1 were maximal 3-5 d after birth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and then declined rapidly. Expression was increased transiently at d 24, most notably in the ileum. Adult protein levels were approximately 70% of that observed on d 3-5. Significant PEPT1 expression was observed in colon during the first week of life, but levels were undetectable shortly thereafter through adulthood. PEPT1 and PEPT2 expression is less regulated in rat kidney and more pronounced in older animals. Peptide transporters were also present as early as d 20 of fetal life for all tissues tested. These results are unique in providing the developmental expression of peptide transporter mRNA and protein in distinct regions of the small intestine, colon, and kidney in rat. Our findings suggest that intestinal expression of PEPT1 is induced postpartum, possibly by suckling, and again at the time of weaning, and that the colon may participate in peptide transport early in life.
Evolutionary changes over the last 1000 years of reduced sulfur phases and organic carbon in varved sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin, California

Abstract Sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) of the last 1000 years were analyzed for elemental sulfur (Se), mineral sulfide sulfur (Sm), lipid-based organically bound sulfur (Sx), residual organically bound sulfur (So), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN). The approximate annual resolution of the time-series data permitted us to evaluate the influence of oceanic variables on the benthic environment and the accumulating varved sediment in the SBB. A bacterial mat community at or near the sediment surface is influencing sediment porosity and the production and distribution of Se. Early diagenesis dampens the amplitude of environmental signals in the geochemical time series. The concentrations of Sm and So increase with burial depth, at the expense of decreasing concentrations of Sx and Se. At depths greater than 5.5 cm, corresponding to an age of 7 years, Sm becomes the largest pool of reduced sulfur. It requires approximately 500 years of primarily bacterially mediated diagenesis, equivalent to a burial depth of ~ 1.4 m, for SBB sediments to gradually approach and finally enter the region assumed to represent typical “normal” marine sediments on a plot of weight percent TOC vs. Sm.
On the distribution of a second degree polynomial statistic in singular normal var1aies

This note provides an alternative proof of a basic theorem on the distribution of a second degree polynomial statistic in noncentral singular normal variates originally proven by Rayner and Livingstone (1965)
Testing a Community College Institutional Effectiveness Model for “Academic-Transformation” Student Success

This report tested a community college performance excellence model (Eggleston, Gibbons, & Vera, 2007) for student success for first-time-in-college (FTIC) students enrolled in a mandatory Academic-Transformation course. Using data from an earlier study (Goomas & Clayton, 2013), students enrolled in distance-learning sections compiled higher percentages of “at-risk” grades than “success” grades. In testing the performance model used by Eggleston (2013) and Eggleston et al. (2007), a large enrollment masked this at-risk condition. It is important to understand that enrolling students in distance-learning Academic-Transformation coursework may be placing FTIC students, many of whom are first-generation students, at-risk, just as they are starting community college.
Mathematical structure of the Bethe--Salpeter equation for massless exchange reinvestigated

Solutions of the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation for two scalar particles of arbitrary masses interacting through an exchange of a massless scalar particle are reinvestigated by means of a new method, applicable to the problem irrespective of the metric (Euclidean or pseudo-Euclidean) of the underlying four-momentum space. This enables one to perform a step-by-step comparison of the solving procedure as applied on one hand to the "original" equation (with underlying pseudo-Euclidean metric), and to the corresponding Wick equation (obtained from the former by formally performing the Wick rotation without prior proof of its actual validity) on the other hand. At a certain point (compare the results of Secs. IV and V, respectively) the kernels of the appropriate transformed integral equations corresponding to the two cases become manifestly analytically different. This finding seems not only to render the Wick rotation\char22{}$a$ posteriori\char22{}invalid, but also to preclude one\char22{}in the realistic (i.e., "original") case\char22{}from obtaining the well-known Wick-Cutkosky solutions (reproduced fully in the case of the Wick equation). Although the "original" version of the BS equation is thus found too difficult to solve exactly (due to the presence of an additional parameter in the kernel), the method developed leads in a most natural way to an exactly soluble model of the BS equation obtained by retaining the pseudo-Euclidean metric but replacing the Feynman propagator ${D}_{F}$ for the exchange particle by the "relativistic Coulomb" propagator $\overline{D}$ (half the difference between "advanced" and "retarded" propagators). This model exhibits a marked correspondence\char22{}in its nonrelativistic limit\char22{}with the Schr\"odinger solution of the Coulomb problem. It should finally be noted that our method avoids any series expansions of the results what-soever (partial-wave expansion included) which would otherwise tend to obscure clear-cut "analytic" conclusions by posing convergence problems, and thus aims always at obtaining a closed-form expression for the total (off mass shell) scattering amplitude.
The Measurement of the Phase Velocity of Ground-Wave Propagation at Low Frequencies over a Land Path

The paper describes the measurement of the change of phase with distance of a 127.5-kc/s wave over a particular inhomogeneous land path and the deduction of the mean velocity.The measuring system made use of transmissions from stations of the English chain of the Decca Navigator System, and the path studied was that between the Lewes (Sussex) and Warwick stations (177 km). With the aid of a mobile phase-measuring equipment the difference between the phase of the signal from one transmitter and that of the signal from the other transmitter was measured with an accuracy of 0.25° at 25 points along the path. From these results and a knowledge of the exact position of the points it was possible to plot a curve showing the deviation of the measured phase from that calculated on the assumption of a velocity equal to that in free space.The mean velocity deduced for the path was 299 230 ± 12 km/sec.An examination was made of the measured change of phase along the path in relation to the profile and geological structure. Although there was no definite evidence of the phase of the wave being affected by the ground contours, the influence of the nature of the soil was very marked. A detailed study of the geological structure was undertaken and the electrical characteristics of each section of the path were assessed. A high velocity over ground of good conductivity and a low velocity over ground of poor conductivity was clearly shown.Comparisons between the measurements and the phase changes derived by a method based on theoretical curves of phase lag over homogeneous ground showed good correlation. They also confirmed the theoretical predictions of a characteristic phase disturbance at the boundary between sections of differing conductivity. It is concluded that this method of phase determination over an inhomogeneous path is one which offers a good approximation to the phase changes actually taking place.
Effect of Raw‐Material Ratios on Absorption of Whiteware Compositions

The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient and most useful experimental design for multiple-factor experimentation. The fired absorptions of a series of whiteware compositions are expressed as a function of the composition variables and temperatures. These variables are X1= clay/ flux, X2= clay/flint, X3= nepheline syenite/ feldspar, and X4= firing temperature. This relationship represents the “best” second-order approximation to the true but unknown relationship between the absorption and the variables. The equation points out the contribution of each variable to the fired absorption as well as the effect of one variable as influenced by a second. The errors associated with each coefficient in the equation are included along with errors of predicted absorptions.
On the velocity of conduction in nerve fibers with saltatory transmission.

Using an electrical model to represent certain features of a nerve fiber together with a one-factor theory of excitation, an expression is obtained for the velocity of propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber exhibiting saltatory transmission. The velocity shows a maximum with respect to internodal length. A critical internodal length, a critical radius, and a critical value for the resistance of the external medium are required in order to make transmission of the impulse possible.
Molecular interactions with ice: Molecular embedding, adsorption, detection, and release

The interaction of atomic and molecular species with water and ice is of fundamental importance for chemistry. In a previous series of publications, we demonstrated that translational energy activates the embedding of Xe and Kr atoms in the near surface region of ice surfaces. In this paper, we show that inert molecular species may be absorbed in a similar fashion. We also revisit Xe embedding, and further probe the nature of the absorption into the selvedge. CF4 molecules with high translational energies (≥3 eV) were observed to embed in amorphous solid water. Just as with Xe, the initial adsorption rate is strongly activated by translational energy, but the CF4 embedding probability is much less than for Xe. In addition, a larger molecule, SF6, did not embed at the same translational energies that both CF4 and Xe embedded. The embedding rate for a given energy thus goes in the order Xe > CF4 > SF6. We do not have as much data for Kr, but it appears to have a rate that is between that of Xe and CF4. Tentatively, this order suggests that for Xe and CF4, which have similar van der Waals radii, the momentum is the key factor in determining whether the incident atom or molecule can penetrate deeply enough below the surface to embed. The more massive SF6 molecule also has a larger van der Waals radius, which appears to prevent it from stably embedding in the selvedge. We also determined that the maximum depth of embedding is less than the equivalent of four layers of hexagonal ice, while some of the atoms just below the ice surface can escape before ice desorption begins. These results show that energetic ballistic embedding in ice is a general phenomenon, and represents a significant new channel by which incident species can be trapped under conditions where they would otherwise not be bound stably as surface adsorbates. These findings have implications for many fields including environmental science, trace gas collection and release, and the chemical composition of astrophysical icy bodies in space.
An Investigation of Pumped Storage Scheduling

This paper describes how a digital computer program intended for system planning studies was used to investigate several questions related to pumped storage planning and operation. Among the items investigated were reservoir size, the influence of cycle efficiency on pumped storage capacity factor and operating cost, and the effect of load forecasting deviations on system economy. A brief description of the program is provided.
Control of Hv1 Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Opening by Changes in the Transmembrane Voltage and pH Gradients

Hv1 proton channels contain a voltage sensor (VS) domain that is homologous to that of tetrameric voltage-gated cation channels (VGCs) and voltage-sensitive phosphatases (VSPs), but cooperative channel gating by changes in both membrane potential (Vm) and the transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH = pHO - pHI) is apparently unique to Hv1. The mechanism underlying Vm-ΔpH coupling in Hv1, which results in a linear −40 mV/ΔpH unit shift in the GH+-V relation, is not well understood. In order to isolate ΔpH-dependent steps in the Hv1 activation pathway, we measured the effect of changing ΔpH on expressed H+ currents using patch clamp electrophysiology. We show here that Hv1 opening exhibits both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent kinetic components, but closing is purely voltage-dependent. The forward time constant for the final charge-translocating step in Hv1 activation gating is steeply ΔpH-dependent at acidic pHI but only weakly sensitive to ΔpH at alkaline pHI. In addition, we find that at high pHI, a voltage-independent transition becomes rate-limiting for channel opening. Analysis of the relative contributions of voltage-dependent and -independent Hv1 gating components demonstrates that both are necessary to explain the linear Vm-ΔpH relation between pHI 4.5 and 7.5. The effect of changes in ΔpH on Hv1 gating contrasts with Ci-VSP, indicating that Hv1 is particularly well tuned to respond to small perturbations in ΔpH over the physiological range (pHI ≈ pHO). We propose a new multi-state model to account for complex gating in Hv1 in which VS activation and channel opening occur in distinct transitions and display different sensitivities to changes in ΔpH. Vm-ΔpH coupling in Hv1 thus represents an integrated response to changes in both voltage-dependent and -independent gating steps.
Numerical solution of random nonlinear equations

A secant method for solving random nonlinear algebraic and transcendental equations in one unknown is presented. The convergence and order of convergence of the method is established. Its practical mplementation to approximate the mean and the variance of solutions of random equations is discussed. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the method
Influence of Emotionally Charged Information on Category-Based Induction

Categories help us make predictions, or inductions, about new objects. However, we cannot always be certain that a novel object belongs to the category we are using to make predictions. In such cases, people should use multiple categories to make inductions. Past research finds that people often use only the most likely category to make inductions, even if it is not certain. In two experiments, subjects read stories and answered questions about items whose categorization was uncertain. In Experiment 1, the less likely category was either emotionally neutral or dangerous (emotionally charged or likely to pose a threat). Subjects used multiple categories in induction when one of the categories was dangerous but not when they were all neutral. In Experiment 2, the most likely category was dangerous. Here, people used multiple categories, but there was also an effect of avoidance, in which people denied that dangerous categories were the most likely. The attention-grabbing power of dangerous categories may be balanced by a higher-level strategy to reject them.
Microwave conductivity of d-wave superconductors.

We calculate the microwave conductivity of a ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ superconductor in the presence of elastic impurity scattering and inelastic scattering due to antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. The low-temperature conductivity does not simply reflect the linear temperature dependence of the number of quasiparticles in a d-wave system, as often supposed. We compare with recent data on high-quality ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.95}$ single crystals.
Mixing of Singlet and Triplet Pairing for Surface Superconductivity

We consider structure of the Cooper wave function for superconductivity in a surface layer. Broken space inversion at the surface results in lifted spin degeneracy and in two branches of the gapped energy spectrum as caused by the spin-orbit interaction. The pair wave function consists of a mixture of both singlet and triplet components. Anisotropy of the Knight shift measurable in the NMR experiments is calculated in the whole temperature regime. Implications for a few known experimental situations is briefly discussed.
Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene and Trichloroethylene Catalyzed by Vitamin B12 in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems

The reduction of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) catalyzed by vitamin B{sub 12} was examined in homogeneous and heterogeneous (B{sub 12} bound to agarose) batch systems using titanium(III) citrate as the bulk reductant. The solution and surface-mediated reaction rates at similar B{sub 12} loadings were comparable, indicating that binding vitamin B{sub 12} to a surface did not lower catalytic activity. No loss in PCE reducing activity was observed with repeated usage of surface-bound vitamin B{sub 12}. Carbon mass recoveries were 81-84% for PCE reduction and 89% for TCE reduction, relative to controls. In addition to sequential hydrogenolysis, a second competing reaction mechanism for the reduction of PCE and TCE by B{sub 12}, reductive {beta}-elimination, is proposed to account for the observation of acetylene as a significant reaction intermediate. Reductive {beta}-elimination should be considered as a potential pathway in other reactive systems involving the reduction of vicinal polyhaloethenes. Surface-bound catalysts such as vitamin B{sub 12} may have utility in the engineered degradation of aqueous phase chlorinated ethenes. 19 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Bubble-scale model of foam mechanics:mMelting, nonlinear behavior, and avalanches

By focusing on entire gas bubbles, rather than soap films or vertices, a microscopic model was recently developed for the macroscopic deformation and flow of foam in which dimensionality, energy storage, and dissipation mechanisms, polydispersity, and the gas-liquid ratio all can be varied easily [D. J. Durian, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4780 (1995)]. Here, a more complete account of the model is presented, along with results for linear rheological properties as a function of the latter two important physical parameters. It is shown that the elastic character vanishes with increasing liquid content in a manner that is consistent with rigidity percolation and that is almost independent of polydispersity. As the melting transition is approached, the bubble motion becomes increasingly nonaffine and the relaxation time scale appears to diverge. Results are also presented for nonlinear behavior at large applied stress, and for the sudden avalanchelike rearrangements of bubbles from one tightly packed configuration to another at small applied strain rates. The distribution of released energy is a power law for small events, but exhibits an exponential cutoff independent of system size. This is in accord with multiple light scattering experiments, but not with other simulations predicting self-organized criticality.
Detecting Insider Threats: Who Is Winning the Game?

Preventing, detecting, and responding to malicious insider activity poses a significant challenge to enterprise and organizational security. Studies continue to show the insider threat problem has not abated, and may be increasing. We could speculate on cause, perhaps looking at workforce demographics, new information sharing technologies, or evolving policies regarding personal devices in the workplace. But regardless of the factors driving this trend, the problem of trusted individuals causing harm to the organization by exploiting authorized access is ancient, and will remain a serious problem ad infinitum. The cycle is familiar to security professionals: attackers determine methods of attack, defenders develop countermeasures, attackers determine new methods of attack, and so on. So where do we stand today? What new capabilities are malicious insiders exploiting, and how are cybersecurity professionals countering those attacks? Is one side significantly "ahead" of the other? In this talk, we'll address those questions, looking at trends in insider attacks and emerging workplace issues that may influence an employee's decision to act maliciously. We'll look at new techniques being published for detecting suspicious activity, including solutions that look for anomalous cyber indicators as well as those that try to identify behavioral concerns among the workforce. We'll highlight barriers to effective insider threat research, such as limited access to real data sets that include ground-truth on insider activity, and share methods for overcoming those challenges. The talk will conclude with a discussion of key areas for future work.
Abstract C40: Large-scale isolation of prostate cancer cells by combining leukapheresis and elutriation with chemoaffinity capture

Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are shed from either the primary tumor or its metastases. These disseminated CTCs are directly responsible for the most cancer deaths and the major cause of prostate cancer-related mortality. Therefore, the earlier detection of CTCs and the ability to remove CTCs from circulation could result in more positive patient outcomes. However, capturing low abundant CTCs from peripheral blood remains a challenge. The cell-surface enzyme prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an important biomarker in prostate cancer research. Its upregulation on prostate tumor cells has attracted significant attention as a target for imaging and therapeutic agents. We recently developed a technology to enrich CTCs from a large blood volume by combining apheresis and elutriation technologies with a CTC selection technology based on immobilized high-affinity irreversible PSMA inhibitor. The commercial centrifugal apheresis and elutriation processes can concentrate PCTCs from large blood volumes in a standard elutriator. In this presentation, we will describe a selective and sensitive methodology to enrich, capture, and quantify metastatic prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: Lisa Y. Wu, Dana E. Abernathy, TianCheng Liu, Bernard J. Van Wie, William C. Davis, Clifford E. Berkman. Large-scale isolation of prostate cancer cells by combining leukapheresis and elutriation with chemoaffinity capture [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C40.
SOI Nanofet Devices For Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Biomolecules

In this work the fabrication and fluidic testing of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) field effect devices for the label-free detection of biological molecules are presented. Devices with widths varying from the nanoscale (50 nm) to the microscale (2 um) regime are fabricated on the same chip using standard top-down microfabrication techniques and electron beam lithography. During the fabrication, several steps focus on ensuring that the resulting devices have proper insulation for stable operation in fluidic environments, including a deposited high integrity passivation layer to insulate all but the active areas of the devices. Both normal dry and wet electronic operation of the FET devices are demonstrated. The resulting devices are observed to be fully functional in ionic fluid environments up to very high voltages, with much longer lifetimes than other comparable devices in the literature. Further, the devices are shown to be highly sensitive to charge, using both DC and AC sensing schemes.Though much work has been completed over the past few years on similar devices, such important factors as device characteristics, sensing schemes, and testing parameters vary widely from work to work. It not yet clear what factors need to be optimized towards the goal of realizing maximal device sensitivity, or how these factors should be optimized. An experimental analysis is presented towards such an optimization, including a detailed characterization of the effect of device width on the final device sensitivity (enabled by the simultaneous fabrication of both nanowire and “nanoplate” devices on the same platform), a comparison of AC and DC sensing schemes, and the optimization of operating biases while sensing. This analysis enables further work to proceed in the most efficient and informative way possible to reach the maximum sensitivity limit of the devices to target analytes.