cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chloramphenicol on genetic replication in bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract When bacteria are infected in the presence of chloramphenicol with phage λ (virulent h+) and are then superinfected at various times with a genetically marked phage λ (virulent h), the phage yield obtained by eventual removal of chloramphenicol shows a ratio of genotypes (h+:h) that is independent of the time interval between the two infections. In the corresponding experiments without chloramphenicol, the stated ratio increases rapidly as the time of superinfection is delayed. The λ chromosome, therefore, does not multiply in cultures to which chloramphenicol is added at the time of infection. When the addition of chloramphenicol is made some minutes after infection, a slow multiplication of λ chromosomes in the presence of the antibiotic can be detected by the appropriate schedule of superinfections. Moreover, chromosomes of the genotype that prepared the scene for multiplication, and chromosomes of the genotype that entered the cell after chloramphenicol has been added, multiply equally during the period in chloramphenicol. It follows that the preparatory steps in genetic replication that are inhibited by chloramphenicol are the same for phages of h and h+ genotype, contrary to the expectation if one of these steps is a transfer of genetic information.
Exploring Secondary Students' Knowledge and Misconceptions about Influenza: Development, validation, and implementation of a multiple- choice influenza knowledge scale

Understanding infectious diseases such as influenza is an important element of health literacy. We present a fully validated knowledge instrument called the Assessment of Knowledge of Influenza (AKI) and use it to evaluate knowledge of influenza, with a focus on misconceptions, in Midwestern United States high-school students. A two-phase validation process was used. In phase 1, an initial factor structure was calculated based on 205 students of grades 9–12 at a rural school. In phase 2, one- and two-dimensional factor structures were analyzed from the perspectives of classical test theory and the Rasch model using structural equation modeling and principal components analysis (PCA) on Rasch residuals, respectively. Rasch knowledge measures were calculated for 410 students from 6 school districts in the Midwest, and misconceptions were verified through the χ 2 test. Eight items measured knowledge of flu transmission, and seven measured knowledge of flu management. While alpha reliability measures for the ...
Nerve growth factor depletion by autoimmunization produces thermal hypoalgesia in adult rats

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a role in mechanisms of inflammation and hyperalgesia in adult animals. We sought to determine if NGF depletion produced by autoimmunization of adult rats altered their thermal sensitivity to an acute noxious thermal stimulus. Anti-NGF IgG was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of any tested samples. Only those rats with the highest anti-NGF serum titers showed significant (P
Neutrophils in a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated arthritis: critical producers of Fc receptor gamma, the receptor for C5a, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1.

Objective Neutrophils represent a prominent component of inflammatory joint effusions and are required for synovial inflammation in mouse models, but mechanisms are poorly understood. We developed a system to test the importance of production of specific factors by neutrophils in a mouse model of arthritis.
Black art posters, an incentive to increase study enrollment among Blacks in a large cohort study.

Objective Black art posters were offered to replace or augment the established $10 incentive for questionnaire completion in a longitudinal cohort study.
Numerical calculations of the information capacity of a transmitting antenna

We discuss the information capacity of the transmitting antenna through numerical examples. Antennas with different radiation proportions are considered. It is shown that given an antenna geometry and characteristics, the antenna information capacity can be measured and is limited by an upper bound. We also show that the capacity of a directional antenna is greater than that of an omnidirectional antenna for a given size.
Kinetic isotope and thermodynamic analysis of the nornicotine-catalyzed aqueous aldol reaction

Abstract A series of kinetic isotope effects and thermodynamic studies were performed to test key predictions of a computationally derived model for a nornicotine-catalyzed aqueous aldol reaction. The relative energies of the two computationally-derived transition states were challenged using the proton inventory, which demonstrated that a single water molecule from the solvent is involved in, or before, the rate-limiting step. These results suggest the importance of proton transfer in the aqueous aldol reaction and may assist the development of other aqueous organocatalytic processes.
DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN DNA BINDING MODES of E. coli SSB PROTEIN

Escherichia coli single-stranded (ss)DNA binding (SSB) protein binds ssDNA in multiple binding modes and regulates many DNA processes via protein-protein interactions. Here, we present direct evidence for fluctuations between the two major modes of SSB binding, (SSB)(35) and (SSB)(65) formed on (dT)(70), with rates of interconversion on time scales that vary as much as 200-fold for a mere fourfold change in NaCl concentration. Such remarkable electrostatic effects allow only one of the two modes to be significantly populated outside a narrow range of salt concentration, providing a context for precise control of SSB function in cellular processes via SSB expression levels and interactions with other proteins. Deletion of the acidic C terminus of SSB, the site of binding of several proteins involved in DNA metabolism, does not affect the strong salt dependence, but shifts the equilibrium towards the highly cooperative (SSB)(35) mode, suggesting that interactions of proteins with the C terminus may regulate the binding mode transition and vice versa. Single molecule analysis further revealed a novel low abundance binding configuration and provides a direct demonstration that the SSB-ssDNA complex is a finely tuned assembly in dynamic equilibrium among several well-defined structural and functional states.
A Purple-Colored 1M Mica Clay From Silverton, Colorado

A purple-colored clay of 1M mica polymorph in association with lead-zinc ore was collected from an abandoned mine dump near Silverton. Colorado. Electron micrographs show that the crys- tallites of the clay are less than 2/x in size and have poorly developed hexagonal outlines. Differen- tial thermal and i.r. absorption analyses indicate similarity with those of muscovite. The structural formula of the 1M mica polymorph is (Ki.45 Nao.o2) (Al3.Ts Mgo.19) (Si6.90 Alt.mo) 020 (OH)4. The purple color may be related to trace amounts of manganese in the clay.
Studies on digitalis. III. The influence of triiodothyronine on digitalis requirements.

Three patients with acquired valvular heart disease and cardiac enlargement who were able to perform normal everyday activity without difficulty in the absence of digitalis therapy were exercised while receiving a placebo and again while receiving digoxin. Digoxin administration did not produce a significant change in body weight or in the subjective condition of the individuals. Varying degrees of exercise were performed on a treadmill in a Metabolic Chamber and oxygen consumption was measured cotinuously before, during, and after the period of exercise, utilizing a continuous gas flow paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. The oxygen debt that developed during digoxin administration was compared to that observed during placebo administration. In all patients the oxygen debt was smaller during the period of digoxin administration, although the external work performed was identical. In the first patient, following a 7-minute walk, the oxygen debt was 53 per cent more and following a 10-minute walk it averaged 40 p...
Functional expression and characterization of a purine nucleobase transporter gene from Leishmania major

Leishmania major, like all the other kinetoplastid protozoa, are unable to synthesize purines and rely on purine nucleobase and nucleoside acquisition across the parasite plasma membrane by specific permeases. Although, several genes have been cloned that encode nucleoside transporters in Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei, much less progress has been made on nucleobase transporters, especially at the molecular level. The studies reported here have cloned and expressed the first gene for a L. major nucleobase transporter, designated LmaNT3. The LmaNT3 permease shows 33% identity to L. donovani nucleoside transporter 1.1 (LdNT1.1) and is, thus, a member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. ENT family members identified to date are nucleoside transporters, some of which also transport one or several nucleobases. Functional expression studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that LmaNT3 mediates high levels of uptake of hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenine and guanine. Moreover, LmaNT3 is an...
A Modular, Scalable, Extensible, and Transparent Optical Packet Buffer

We introduce a novel optical packet switching buffer architecture that is composed of multiple building-block modules, allowing for a large degree of scalability. The buffer supports independent and simultaneous read and write processes without packet rejection or misordering and can be considered a fully functional packet buffer. It can easily be programmed to support two prioritization schemes: first-in first-out (FIFO) and last-in first-out (LIFO). Because the system leverages semiconductor optical amplifiers as switching elements, wideband packets can be routed transparently. The operation of the system is discussed with illustrative packet sequences, which are then verified on an actual implementation composed of conventional fiber-optic componentry
Immigration impacts on internal migration of the poor: 1990 census evidence for US states

"This article presents newly-available migration data from the 1990 U.S. census to assess immigration and internal migration components as they affect state poverty populations. New immigrant waves are heavily focused on only a few 'port-of-entry' states. It is suggested that these immigrants have begun to impact upon internal migration into and out of these 'high immigration states', and have also altered the national system of internal migration patterns. This article addresses three questions: How do the magnitudes of poverty population out-migration from high immigration states compare with those of other states? Is this out-migration selective on particular social and demographic groups? Is immigration a significant determinant of internal migration of the poor population? The results of this analysis are consistent with the view that recent, focused immigration is associated with out-migration among a state's poor longer-term residents."
Selections from Current Literature Assessment of older drivers

The ability to travel hither and yon whenever and without dependence on others has become synonymous with independence, autonomy, dignity, self-esteem and the automobile. Losing the ability to drive in today’s modern societies may have serious psychosocial ramifications with potential subsequent adverse biomedical consequences for individuals already facing many losses on the one hand, while sustained driving by the driving impaired increases the likelihood of injuries, hospitalizations and death, on the other. The number of older drivers has and will increase dramatically as populations worldwide continue to age. Family physicians are often approached by family regarding concerns of hazards posed by continued and often insistent driving of older loved ones who are felt to be too functionally impaired to drive. We have been ill equipped and trained to offer counsel, and frequently wonder as to whether this is indeed a problem that is ours to solve. While most governmental agencies deem driving licensure as a privilege and not a right, they have done little to clarify such privilege, nor have they offered guidance one might deem of use in the context of the physician‐patient dyad. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature as it pertains to the pressing problem of clinician involvement. It is an attempt to facilitate the practitioner’s balance as advocate for patient, family and society in the context of biomedical, psychological and sociological variables.
Probabilistic Damage Identification of the Dowling Hall Footbridge Using Bayesian FE Model Updating

This paper presents a probabilistic damage identification study on a full-scale structure, the Dowling Hall Footbridge, through Bayesian finite element (FE) model updating. The footbridge is located at Tufts University campus and is equipped with a continuous monitoring system that measures the ambient acceleration response of the bridge. A set of data is recorded once an hour or when triggered by large vibrations. The modal parameters of the footbridge are extracted based on each set of measured ambient vibration data and are used for model updating. In this study, effects of physical damage are simulated by loading a small segment of footbridge’s deck with concrete blocks. The footbridge deck is divided into five segments and the added mass on each segment is considered as an updating parameter. Overall, 72 sets of data are collected during the loading period (i.e., damaged state of the bridge) and different subsets of these data are used to find the location and extent of the damage (added mass). Adaptive Metropolis Hasting algorithm with adaption on the proposal probability density function is successfully used to generate Markov Chains for sampling the posterior probability distributions of the five updating parameters. Effect of the number of data sets used in the identification process is investigated on the posterior probability distributions of the updating parameters.
Asset Size Distribution Of U.S. Banks Since Riegle-Neal

Previous research considered the immediate impact of the Riegle-Neal Act on the asset size distribution within the U.S. banking industry. That research discovered a decrease in the number of banking institutions in the smallest asset size categories and growth in the number at large and intermediate asset size categories. This paper will extend that previous research to determine whether these changes in the asset size distribution among U.S. banks which occurred during the time and immediately after Riegle-Neal became fully effective have continued in the longer term. Therefore, it will examine the asset size distribution among U.S. banks from 1998 to the present.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Mediation Analyses: What If Planetary Scientists Used Mediation Analysis to Infer Causation?

Mediation analyses have become extremely popular in the social sciences generally, and in social psychology specifically, because they seem to grant the researcher the ability to draw causal conclu...
The comparison of the corrosion of ultrapure iron and low-carbon steel under NaCl-electrolyte droplets

Abstract The corrosion of ultrapure iron under deliquesced NaCl particles was compared with that of low-carbon steel. The critical droplet size for corrosion to occur was larger for ultrapure iron (150–200 μm) than that for low-carbon steel (40–100 μm) indicating a lower corrosion propensity for ultrapure iron. Polarization experiments performed under NaCl micro-droplets showed that ultrapure iron had passivation-like behavior and a pitting-like potential of ∼1.69 VSCE compared to ∼0.4 VSCE for low-carbon steel. The disparity was attributed to a more homogenous and protective iron oxide film on ultrapure iron as compared to that on low-carbon steel.
Center of Gravity Estimation of an Aircraft Solely Using Standard Aircraft Measurement Sensors

In this paper, a novel approach to center of gravity estimation for an aircraft will be investigated. Three separate algorthms have been developed using a physics based approach to optimize center of gravity estimates under dynamic loading conditions on a vehicle. Rigid body motion relationships and aircraft dynamics will be exposed to create estimates of numerous aircraft parameters. Errors between estimates and sensor measurements provide the basis for center of gravity improvement. The first algorithm involves calculation and elimination of imposed loading on the airframe, allowing for determination of new attitude estimates. The second algorithm requires comparison of aircraft estimates of position and velocity in the Earth-fixed coordinate system to GPS and INS information. The third algorithm includes analysis using air data measurements available from onboard sensors to calculated estimates. These innovative approaches to center of gravity estimation remove dependence on detailed and expensive aerodynamic models that require level and steady flight conditions for operation, and limit the introduction of human error that occurs in hand calculation methods. Such improved knowledge can improve aircraft control response, reduce conservative safety factors placed on airframe fatigue calculators, and ensure safe loading scenarios throughout the flight envelope. Simulations using measurement collections from a high performance aircraft for each individual algorithm were performed and included. Additionally a combined algorithm incorporating all three methods was simulated. Each resulted in successful center of gravity localization.
The measurement of the transfer of calcium and phosphorus from foetus to dam in the sheep using a whole body counter.

Summary The transfer of47 Ca and 32from foetus to dam was measured in Scottish Half bred ewes at stages of pregnancy ranging between approximately 110 and 140 days. Calcium-47 passed to the ewe at a rate ranging from 0·36 to 0·075%/hr. of the dose injected into the foetus and 32P at a rate between 0·122 and 0·467% dose/hr., indicating that approximately 0·16 mg. stable Ca and between 0·81 and 1·67 mg. stable P were transferred per hr. These values represent not more than 0·4% and 7·0% respectively of the transfer rate of Ca and P from ewe to foetus at the same stage of pregnancy.
The safety and efficacy of endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy: A cohort study.

Objectives/hypothesis To determine whether the application of laser-assisted techniques for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum would reduce the failure rate of endoscopic procedures without compromising safety or durability. Study design Cohort study with long-term follow-up. Methods We performed a single-institution review of 106 consecutive patients in whom endoscopic laser-assisted diverticulotomy (ELD) or endoscopic stapler-assisted diverticulotomy (ESD) was attempted. The Eating Assessment Tool was collected pre- and postoperatively. Long-term follow-up was conducted on average 2.4 years postoperatively. Results The decision to use either ELD or ESD was made intraoperatively. An endoscopic procedure was successfully completed in 103 of 106 patients (97.2%). Eighty-three patients underwent ELD, 20 underwent ESD, and only three required use of an open approach. No serious complications occurred. Postoperatively, there was a significant reduction in dysphagia symptoms. At follow-up, most individuals had dysphagia scores within the normal range (69%) and were eating a regular diet (73%). Fourteen patients (14%) required revision. Compared to historical data from our institution for ESD alone, the addition of ELD resulted in a reduction in the failure rate without an increase in serious complications. Recurrence rates and long-term outcomes were equivalent. Conclusion Through careful patient selection, appropriate workup, and judicious use of techniques, it was possible to perform endoscopic surgery in a majority of patients without serious complications. Both approaches resulted in short- and long-term symptom management with high levels of satisfaction. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2705-2710, 2016.
Phonon and photon-retention effects on SBS and SRS in microdroplets

A micrometer droplet acts as a waveguide for nonlinear waves generated by a tightly focused incident beam nearly tangent to the droplet equator. The whispering-gallery modes confine the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) by total internai reflection near the droplet surface. The clockwise- and counterclockwise-circulating SBS and SRS will experience either near-forward or nearbackward gain. The sense of circulation can be readily identified by measuring the nonlinear radiation leaking from the two droplet edges, regardless of the detection angle relative to the input-pump-beam direction. The near-forward SBS is easily discriminated from the input-pump beam by placing the detector at an angle to the pump beam direction, e.g., 90° or 160°. The SBS and the SRS images appear as short arcs on the droplet rim, centered about the equator.
Pilot preferences on displayed aircraft control variables

The experiments described here explored how pilots want available maneuver authority information transmitted and how this information affects pilots before and after an aircraft failure. The aircraft dynamic variables relative to flight performance were narrowed to energy management variables. A survey was conducted to determine what these variables should be. Survey results indicated that bank angle, vertical velocity, and airspeed were the preferred variables. Based on this, two displays were designed to inform the pilot of available maneuver envelope expressed as bank angle, vertical velocity, and airspeed. These displays were used in an experiment involving control surface failures. Results indicate the displayed limitations in bank angle, vertical velocity, and airspeed were helpful to the pilots during aircraft surface failures. However, the additional information did lead to a slight increase in workload, a small decrease in perceived aircraft flying qualities, and no effect on aircraft situation awareness.
Antecedents of Childhood Obesity

Obesity is one of the common medical problems currently confronting the physician. This problem has received increased attention, partly because of recognition that the prognosis of treating obesity in adults is extremely poor and that a high proportion of obese adults were obese children. Inasmuch as the results of long-term treatment of overtly obese children are no better than those observed in adults, prevention of the obese state is desirable to help patients who want to avoid a lifetime of dietary restriction.
Abstract 150: Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Biomarkers of Plaque Instability

Objective To identify intraplaque and plasma biomarkers of carotid atherosclerotic plaque instability. We hypothesized that comparison of plaques and plasma from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients would show differences in proteolytic and inflammatory proteins, identifying them as potential markers of an unstable plaque. Methods 42 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (22 women, 20 men, 52-89 years) presenting for carotid endarterectomy had blood samples drawn and carotid plaques processed for protein extraction. The intraplaque expression of proteolytic enzymes (uPA, tPA, PAI-1 and MMP-2) and inflammatory markers (TF, TSP-1, and TNF-α) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Plasma analyte concentrations were assayed with LUMINEX CVD1 and Cytokine panels using LUMINEX technology. Results Intraplaque expression of tPA and uPA was 5.9x and 4.5x higher (n=15, p< .05) respectively in the symptomatic group when compared to the asymptomatic group. The symptomatic group also demonstrated a 4.3x increase in active MMP-2 and a 3.6x increase in PAI-1 expression. Investigation of inflammatory proteins demonstrated 2.7-, 4.7-, and 3.3-fold increases in the expression of TNF- α, TSP-1, and TF, respectively. Plasma levels of MPO, MMP-9, IL8, MCP-1 and TNFα were significantly elevated in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups when compared to healthy controls (n=7, p<0.05). While there was no change in ICAM-1 levels between asymptomatic patients and healthy controls, symptomatic patients demonstrated a 35% decrease (n=7, p<0.05) when compared to controls. Also, plasma PAI-1 levels in asymptomatic patients were 55% lower than in symptomatic patients and 75% lower than in healthy controls. Conclusion Elevated expression of certain inflammatory markers and proteolytic enzymes in carotid plaques was demonstrated in symptomatic patients. Marked differences were also observed in ICAM-1 and PAI-1 expression in the plasma of symptomatic patients relative to asymptomatic patients and healthy controls. This leaves promising avenues for further inquiry into the roles of these proteins in atherosclerotic disease and their potential as clinical biomarkers of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque.
Fast Rate Electrodeposition

Agitation and other means of rapid ion transport and diffusion for achieving fast rate electro-deposition are quantitatively related to other factors influencing the properties and characteristics ...
Supporting Students by Maintaining Professional Well-Being in High-Stress Jobs

Student mental health, well-being, engagement, and deep learning is tied to teacher wellness. Georgia State University’s Center for Research on School Safety, School Climate, and Classroom Management in partnership with The Collaboration and Resources for Encouraging and Supporting Transformations in Education project approached student health, wellness, and achievement by promoting change within teachers. Culturally specific professional development workshops were delivered to teachers, administrators, and other school staff. The workshops positively affected participants’ health and wellbeing through activities focused on identifying the body’s stress response and the development of personalized stress management plans to support healthy lifestyles.
Evaluation framework for power and energy management shipboard distribution controls

Automated power and energy management systems (APEMS) are unifying control systems that coordinate individual power system components and present appropriate information to system operators. This paper presents ongoing work to establish a methodology and framework for evaluating such systems. As the design space offers many degrees of freedom including functional decomposition, choice of sensors, means of communication, and controls, systematic exploration and comparison of viable options is critical to designing a solution that maximizes overall system performance. This paper presents on initial progress towards a new unified, flexible, and scalable methodology that effectively evaluates performance and objectively contrasts candidate APEMS solutions.
miRNA-36 inhibits KSHV, EBV, HSV-2 infection of cells via stifling expression of interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1).

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically associated with all forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma worldwide. Little is currently known about the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in KSHV entry. We recently demonstrated that KSHV induces a plethora of host cell miRNAs during the early stages of infection. In this study, we show the ability of host cell novel miR-36 to specifically inhibit KSHV-induced expression of interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) to limit virus infection of cells. Transfecting cells with miR-36 mimic specifically lowered IFITM1 expression and thereby significantly dampening KSHV infection. In contrast, inhibition of miR-36 using miR-36 inhibitor had the direct opposite effect on KSHV infection of cells, allowing enhanced viral infection of cells. The effect of miR-36 on KSHV infection of cells was at a post-binding stage of virus entry. The highlight of this work was in deciphering a common theme in the ability of miR-36 to regulate infection of closely related DNA viruses: KSHV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplexvirus-2 (HSV-2). Taken together, we report for the first time the ability of host cell miRNA to regulate internalization of KSHV, EBV, and HSV-2 in hematopoietic and endothelial cells.
Videodisc Player utility Programs: Lesson Planner for Demonstrations in Organic Chemistry Videodisc

Lesson Planner is a Microsoft Excel () macro that generates barcodes for video included on the Demonstrations in Organic Chemistry videodisc (). It allows instructors who do not have computer contr...
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity: Diagnostic Criteria, Complications, and Treatment after Traumatic Brain Injury

Dysautonomia, now known as paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a phenomenon described by fever, hypertension, tachycardia, and diaphoresis among other symptoms affecting patients after traumatic brain injury. The goal of this review is to review the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with PSH based on the most current literature. Most recently, PSH has been better defined with a specific scoring system that can be applied in the clinical setting. Treatment of PSH is still quite clinically variable. PSH has been described for decades, but has only achieved consensus definition. Treatment remains variable institutionally. Much further investigation is needed to systematically assess the multiple currently utilized treatment modalities, and their effect on long-term outcomes based on the current defining criteria.
Integrative Physiological Aspects of Brain RAS in Hypertension

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in modulating cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. While the systemic actions of the RAS are widely accepted, the role of the RAS in the brain, its regulation of cardiovascular function, and sympathetic outflow remain controversial. In this report, we discuss the current understanding of central RAS on blood pressure (BP) regulation, in light of recent literature and new experimental techniques. Studies using neuronal or glial-specifc mouse models have allowed for greater understanding into the site-specific expression and role centrally expressed RAS proteins have on BP regulation. While all components of the RAS have been identified in cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, their actions may be site specific. In a number of animal models of hypertension, reduction in Ang II-mediated signaling, or upregulation of the central ACE2/Ang 1–7 pathway, has been shown to reduce BP, via a reduction in sympathetic signaling and increase parasympathetic tone, respectively. Emerging evidence also suggests that, in part, the female protective phenotype against hypertension may be due to inceased ACE2 activity within cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, potentially mediated by estrogen. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of a central renin-angiotensin pathway, although its localization and the mechanisms involved in its expression and regulation still need to be clarified and more precisely defined. All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).
Traffic Flow Modeling of Diverse Work Zone Activities

What effect does work activity type have on traffic conditions in a work zone? This question has still not been answered satisfactorily in practice. Without knowing the true effect a work activity ...
RAGE-dependent VCAM-1 expression in the lung endothelium mediates IL-33-induced allergic airway inflammation.

BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) has been implicated as a critical molecule in the pathogenesis of experimental asthma/allergic airway inflammation (AAI). It has been previously shown that RAGE acts both upstream of interleukin-33 (IL-33) release and downstream of IL-33 release via RAGE-dependent IL-33-induced accumulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lungs, which perpetuate type 2 inflammation and mucus metaplasia. However, the mechanism by which RAGE mediates downstream IL-33-induced type 2 inflammatory responses is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that ILC2s are recruited to the lungs via RAGE-dependent vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression on lung endothelial cells. METHODS House dust mite extract, Alternaria alternata extract, or rIL-33 was used to induce AAI/VCAM-1 expression in wild-type (WT) and RAGE-knockout (RAGE-KO) mice. Intravenous (i.v.) anti-VCAM-1 or intraperitoneal (i.p.) β7 blocking antibody administration was used to determine the role of VCAM-1 in IL-33-induced AAI. RESULTS Enhanced VCAM-1 expression in the lungs by HDM, AA, or rIL-33 exposure was found to be RAGE-dependent. In addition, stimulation of primary mouse lung endothelial cells with IL-33 induced VCAM-1 expression in WT, but not RAGE-KO cells. Administration of VCAM-1 and β7-integrin blocking antibodies reduced IL-33-induced eosinophilic inflammation, mucus metaplasia, and type 2 inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that allergen- and cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression is RAGE-dependent and contributes to lung ILC2 accumulation and downstream eosinophilic inflammation, mucus metaplasia, and type 2 inflammatory responses.
Examining Self-Tracking by People with Migraine: Goals, Needs, and Opportunities in a Chronic Health Condition

Self-tracked health data can help people and their health providers understand and manage chronic conditions. This paper examines personal informatics practices and challenges in migraine, a condition characterized by unpredictable, intermittent, and poorly-understood symptoms. To investigate how people with migraine track and use data related to their condition, we surveyed 279 people with migraine and conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 survey respondents and 6 health providers. We find four distinct goals people bring to tracking and data: 1) answering questions about migraines, 2) predicting and preventing migraines, 3) monitoring and managing migraines over time, and 4) enabling motivation and social recognition. Each goal suggests different needs for the design of tools to support migraine tracking. We also find needs resulting from an individual's goals evolving over time, their varied personal experiences, and their communication and collaboration with providers. We discuss these goals and needs in terms of opportunities for personal informatics tools to facilitate learning to: 1) avoid common pitfalls; 2) support customization and flexibility; 3) account for burden, negativity, and lapsing; and 4) support management with uncertainty.
The Relationship between Computer and Internet Use and Performance on Standardized Tests by Secondary School Students with Visual Impairments

IntroductionThe study presented here explored the relationship between computer and Internet use and the performance on standardized tests by secondary school students with visual impairments.Metho...
Decision Making in the Environment of Heterogeneous Uncertainty

The environment of heterogeneous uncertainty is characterized by the presence of variables in multiple uncertainty formalisms. This paper provides an overview of decision models under several uncertainty frameworks including probability theory, Dempster-Shafer belief function theory and possibility theory. It explores the challenges in pulling them together for decision making. We show that the information of sequence of variable resolution, which was often neglected, actually plays a key role in decision making under heterogeneous uncertainty. A novel approach, based on the well-known folding-back principle, to find the certainty equivalent of acts under heterogeneous uncertainty is proposed.
Total Nutrient Loading of the Lake

The nutrient chemistry data for rivers and effluents must be expressed in terms of transport or loading rates to support an analysis of lake-watershed coupling. Total transport is dealt with in this chapter, which is followed by a dissection of sources and mechanisms of transport in subsequent chapters.
Comparative Models of Overall Circulatory Mechanics

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a class of models that provide a mathematically well-defined analysis of overall circulatory mechanics. The judgment of the fit of a model depends upon two sets of experimental data—one set that the modeler initially used to synthesize the model, and the other set that he selects to check against. A problem that limits the testing and/or utility of a model is the lack of access to outputs of a particular model. Most models are incorporated into complex computer systems, and it is not easy to copy any one of such models even if the facility exists. If an experimenter wants to compare his observations closely related to a particular model, information exchange demands personal communication. Suga published a model of ventricular contraction based on a set of his experimental findings concerning the instantaneous intra-ventricular pressure-volume ratio or volume elastance curve. Suga mathematically showed a close relationship between the empirically obtained pressure-volume ratio curve and the known physiological properties of heart muscle, particularly the force-velocity relation.
Oxygen consumption of desert pupfish at ecologically relevant temperatures suggests a significant role for anaerobic metabolism

Oxygen consumption is oftentimes used as a proxy for metabolic rate. However, pupfish acclimated to ecologically relevant temperatures may employ extended periods of anaerobism despite the availability of oxygen—a process we called paradoxical anaerobism. In this study, we evaluated data from pupfish exhibiting stable oxygen consumption. Routine oxygen consumption ( $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ ) of a refuge population derived from Cyprinodon spp. acclimated to 28 and 33 °C was evaluated at the ecologically relevant assay temperatures of between 25 and 38 °C. Different interpretations of the data are available depending on normalization. For instance, $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ of smaller fish, measured per fish, was remarkably stable over a wide range of assay temperatures and was not different between acclimation groups. However, when measured on a mass-specific basis, $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ in these same smaller fish increases more predictably as temperature increased. $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ of refuge fish and the closely related pupfish, C. nevadensis mionectes, measured near their respective acclimation temperatures, were essentially identical. However, $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ of 28 °C acclimated fish of both species, when measured at 34 °C, was greater than that of the 33 °C acclimated fish measured at 28 °C. We suggest that this observed ‘efficiency’ may result from significant anaerobic metabolism use. Experiments investigating factorial aerobic scope ( $${\text{Ma}}{{\text{x}}_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ / $${R_{V{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}$$ ) yielded values less than 1 in 21–36% of the 33 °C acclimated fish. These values indicate a substantial contribution of anaerobic metabolism to energy utilization by these fish. However, muscle lactate levels are not elevated in exercising fish—a result that is consistent with paradoxical anaerobism use.
Normal cognitive and social development require posterior cerebellar activity

Cognitive and social capacities require postnatal experience, yet the pathways by which experience guides development are unknown. Here we show that the normal development of motor and nonmotor capacities requires cerebellar activity. Using chemogenetic perturbation of molecular layer interneurons to attenuate cerebellar output in mice, we found that activity of posterior regions in juvenile life modulates adult expression of eyeblink conditioning (paravermal lobule VI, crus I), reversal learning (lobule VI), persistive behavior and novelty-seeking (lobule VII), and social preference (crus I/II). Perturbation in adult life altered only a subset of phenotypes. Both adult and juvenile disruption left gait metrics largely unaffected. Contributions to phenotypes increased with the amount of lobule inactivated. Using an anterograde transsynaptic tracer, we found that posterior cerebellum made strong connections with prelimbic, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate cortex. These findings provide anatomical substrates for the clinical observation that cerebellar injury increases the risk of autism.
Electroelastic investigation of drying rate in the direct contact ultrasonic fabric dewatering process

Abstract Ultrasonic vibrations, used to atomize liquids into a fine mist, are a promising solution for the future of efficient clothes drying technology. The world’s first ultrasonic dryer—demonstrated by researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory—successfully applies the scientific principles behind ultrasonic drying, and several working prototypes have been demonstrated. This technology is based on direct mechanical coupling between mesh piezoelectric transducers and wet fabric. During the atomization process, vertical oscillations of a contained liquid, called Faraday excitations, result in the formation of standing waves on the liquid surface. At increasing amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation, wave peaks become extended and form “necks” connecting small secondary droplets to the bulk liquid. When the oscillation reaches an acceleration threshold, the droplet momentum is sufficient to break the surface tension of the neck and enable the droplets to travel away from the liquid. In this work, we investigate the atomization process using an ultrasonic transducer as it pertains to moisture retained within a fabric. An experimentally validated electromechanical analytical-numerical model is proposed. This model bridges the vibrations of a piezoelectric mesh transducer to the critical acceleration needed for fabric drying to occur. Then, the drying rate model is developed, consisting of an initial nonlinear region due to atomization, followed by a linear thermal evaporation region. The models developed identify the influence of key parameters on ultrasonic drying and will aid in improving atomizer design for efficient, timely fabric drying. This study is the first proposed model for the ultrasonic atomization of fabrics saturated with water, applicable to any type of transducer. The results present a non-dimensional equation for the ultrasonic dewatering of fabrics, dependent only on transducer acceleration and the surface area of the cloth. The development of this technology using the proposed physical models will allow for global reductions in electrical demand related to clothes drying.
Primer hallazgo de la familia Trischizostomatidae Lilleborg, 1865 (Amphipoda: Gammaridea: Lysianassoidea) en el Mar Caribe

The first record of an amphipod belonging to the family Trischizostomatidae from the Caribbean Sea is presented.
Comparison of Surface Permanent Magnet Coaxial and Cycloidal Radial Flux Magnetic Gears

Magnetic gears transform power between low-torque, high-speed rotation and high-torque, low-speed rotation using magnetic fields instead of interlocking teeth. This paper uses an extensive parametric finite element analysis study to quantitatively compare the optimal performances of two of the most promising magnetic gear topologies, radial flux coaxial magnetic gears and radial flux cycloidal magnetic gears, in terms of volumetric torque density and permanent magnet gravimetric torque density. At low gear ratios, optimal coaxial gears generally achieve higher torque densities than optimal cycloidal gears. However, at medium and high gear ratios, the cycloidal topology can generally outperform the coaxial topology in both of these metrics unless very thick magnets are used. Additionally, the cycloidal magnetic gear can realistically achieve much higher gear ratios than the coaxial magnetic gear, but the optimal gear ratio for a cycloidal design varies with other design parameters, such as outer radius. However, cycloidal designs suffer from significant fabrication challenges because one rotor's axis orbits the axis of the other rotor. Additionally, cycloidal magnetic gear rotors experience strong magnetic forces, which must be supported by the bearings, whereas the net magnetic forces on each rotor in a coaxial magnetic gear can be canceled out using symmetry.
Rigosertib ameliorates the effects of oncogenic KRAS signaling in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasia.

Aberrant signaling triggered by oncogenic or hyperactive RAS proteins contributes to the malignant phenotypes in a significant percentage of myeloid malignancies. Of these, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), an aggressive childhood cancer, is largely driven by mutations in RAS genes and those that encode regulators of these proteins. The Mx1-cre kras+/G12D mouse model mirrors several key features of this disease and has been used extensively to determine the utility and mechanism of small molecule therapeutics in the context of RAS-driven myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment of disease-bearing KRASG12D mice with rigosertib (RGS), a small molecule RAS mimetic that is in phase II and III clinical trials for MDS and AML, decreased the severity of leukocytosis and splenomegaly and extended their survival. RGS also increased the frequency of HSCs and rebalanced the ratios of myeloid progenitors. Further analysis of KRASG12D HSPCs in vitro revealed that RGS suppressed hyperproliferation in response to GM-CSF and inhibited the phosphorylation of key RAS effectors. Together, these data suggest that RGS might be of clinical benefit in RAS-driven myeloid disorders.
DC data centers

As high-performance computing and data storage transition toward becoming Internet-based services, the world has witnessed an ever-increasing demand for both size and capacity of data centers. The growth of cloud-based services and applications shows no sign of slowing down, with additional custom-hardware for machine learning algorithms beginning to be deployed at scale in dedicated data centers. Today's data centers accommodate many pieces of information technology (IT) equipment such as data-processing units, data storage units, and communication devices. A recent report estimated the energy usage of data centers in the United States (US) alone at 70 billion kW h in 2014, corresponding to 1.8% of the total electric energy consumed in the country [1]. Since the IT equipment requires low DC voltage (typically ranging from a few volts to a few dozen volts) to operate, various power delivery architectures are established to provide low DC voltage from utility and renewable resources. In this case, the power delivery infrastructure in data centers can be considered as a microgrid due to the high installed power capacity and dynamic loads. However, data centers are also quite different than typical DC microgrids in many regards, both in the characteristics of the loads (extraordinarily rapid transients, but all controlled/managed from a central load scheduling interface) and the extreme up-time requirements. This chapter addresses major aspects of power-delivery architectures in data centers such as efficiency, reliability, integration with renewable resources, and protection. A critical evaluation of the technical and commercial barriers to widespread DC power distribution in data centers will be performed, along with a few examples of existing DC data centers.
A kaleidoscope of perspectives on the potential, contributions, and grand vision of a mixed methods approach to educational inquiry

The Merriam-Webster online dictionary describes a kaleidoscope as ‘an instrument containing loose bits of coloured material (such as glass or plastic) between two flat plates and two plan mirrors s...