cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Soil Moisture and Texture on Oviposition Preference of the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

To determine oviposition preference of the bean leaf beetle, 500 females were given a choice of three soils (sandy clay loam, loamy sand, and organic) at four soil moistures (oven dry, 1,000 mbar, 100 mbar, and saturation). Soil moisture was maintained during the 48-h oviposition period by rope wicks of different lengths. The beetles laid the most eggs in the organic soil, followed by the sandy clay loam, then the loamy sand. Wet and moist treatments were preferred to the dry treatments, with few eggs being laid in the oven-dried soil. Differences in oviposition are related to soil c1oddiness, color, and water holding capacity
Compliance with immunizations in splenectomized individuals with hereditary spherocytosis.

Overwhelming infection by encapsulated bacteria is a significant risk of splenectomy. Strict adherence to immunizations against encapsulated organisms is recommended. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine immunization status after splenectomy in the hereditary spherocytosis (HS) population. As HS is most often autosomal dominant, we used a strategy of ascertaining older affected individuals by expanding pedigrees from patients in our pediatric hematology center. Only 26% of asplenic patients reported receiving all recommended post-splenectomy vaccines. This study demonstrates that pediatric hematology clinics have a unique opportunity to provide or recommend catch-up and booster vaccinations to splenectomized adult relatives of their patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:865–867. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Birth and Growth of Concepts

This article describes what the earliest concepts are like and presents a theory of the spatial primitives from which they are formed. The earliest concepts tend to be global, like animal and container, and it is hypothesized that they consist of simplified redescriptions of innately salient spatial information. These redescriptions become associated with sensory and other bodily experiences that are not themselves redescribed, but that enrich conceptual thought. The initial conceptual base becomes expanded through subdivision, sometimes aided by language that points up these divisions or suggests new spatial analyses, and by the analogical extension of spatially derived concepts to nonspatial domains. This formulation is contrasted with Fodor's (1998) metaphysical theory of concept formation.
Fiber-compatible K/sup +/-Na/sup +/ ion-exchanged channel waveguides: fabrication and characterization

A systematic study of waveguides fabricated by K/sup +/-Na/sup +/ exchange in soda-lime silicate and BK7 glasses is presented. The measured K/sup +/ concentration profile, the refractive index profile, and the diffusion profile obtained by solving the one-dimensional diffusion equation are correlated to explain the differences in the index profiles in the two glasses. The mobility of the potassium ions was measured by fabricating waveguides using electromigration. Surface waveguides formed by diffusion from a molten KNO/sub 3/ salt bath were buried by applying an electric field. Single-mode channel waveguides for operation at a wavelength of 1.3 mu m that exhibit excellent mode matching with conventional optical fibers, achieving a fiber-waveguide insertion loss of less than 1 dB for a 20-mm-long waveguide, have been obtained. >
Self-image complexity and identity formation in adolescence: Longitudinal studies.

Using a specially designed Q-sort technique, multiple self-images which were held by each of 60 adolescents were studied. Sixty normal and psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents were tested initially and then every 6 months for 12–18 months. Each subject's self-images were analyzed in terms of their complexity. Results showed that, as predicted, the patients and normals differed significantly. The patients had consistently lower complexity scores on each trial. The patients' and normals' patterns of complexity scores are discussed in terms of their reflecting the ego identity configurations described clinically by Erikson and operationally defined herein.
Quantification of the extent of non-proportional viscous damping in discrete vibratory systems

The primary objective of this paper is to present several numerical indices developed to determine quantitatively the extent of non-proportional damping present within a discrete vibratory system. A total of five distinct indices are considered. Two of these are based on the complex modes of a generally damped system, and three are based on the configuration of the system damping matrix after transformation into real normal coordinates. Each index has been normalized so that it assumes values between zero (proportional damping case) and one. Application of the indices is illustrated through a four degree of freedom system example problems. As part of this exercise, an effort is made to relate the magnitudes of the indices to the frequency response errors induced by two proportional damping approximations often found in the literature.
Service attributes: Expectations and judgments

Consumers' expectations regarding a product or service they would select for a particular usage situation may determine a reference point that impacts how they judge products or services they plan to use in that situation. We hypothesize that perceptual judgment of an attribute that is less important to a consumer's choice decision is more heavily influenced by the reference point than is judgment of an attribute that is more important to the choice. We support our hypothesis with experimental results in a service industry application. Further, we estimate a model and use the obtained parameter values to predict judgment of the service for a holdout usage situation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wide bandwidth slow light using a Raman fiber amplifier

We demonstrate an all-optical tunable pulse delay scheme that utilizes the power-dependent variation of the refractive index that accompanies stimulated Raman scattering in an optical fiber. Using this technique, we delay 430-fs pulses by up to 85% of a pulse width. The ability to accommodate the bandwidth of pulses shorter than 1 ps in a fiber-based system makes this technique potentially viable for producing controllable delays in ultra-high bandwidth telecommunication systems.
Modified virtual build methodology for computer-aided ergonomics and safety

In the past, computer-based ergonomic analysis has been time-consuming and has required many assumptions when the virtual human motion paths have been programmed. Hence, it appears that many in the human factors and ergonomics profession have not developed much expertise in the Digital Human Modeling area. The Virtual Build method first demonstrated by the Ford Motor Company appears to improve the accuracy and speed of the ergonomic analyses used in design of assembly processes. It allows capture of real-motion and virtual process interaction rather than assuming expected posture and task motion. A variation of the Virtual Build methodology, presented in this article, affords the benefit that both product and process design can be analyzed prior to production and limitations have been overcome. Hardware limitations in the Virtual Build environment previously prevented transfer of the data collection and analysis methods to the real manufacturing environment and limited the ability to validate the predictions from the virtual industrial environment. Preliminary results of the case illustrating the modified Virtual Build research methodology presented in this article appear to be promising in support of computer-aided ergonomics and safety for design of new or existing workstations and consumer products. A mixed-mode virtual-real environment that provides force feedback can be used to supplement the experimental setup and improve fidelity of the interactions in a work design assessment. A summary of the comfort assessment for a product design example that was tested with constrained human motion is outlined in the results section and presented in the context of a summary of key issues in Virtual Interactive Design and Virtual Build Assessments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 413–422, 2007.
The use of van der waals molecules to identify spectroscopic origins

Abstract A technique for identifying the origin band of an electronic transition is described. The technique utilizes the increased linewidth of helium van der Waals complexes caused by vibrational predissociation when the molecular part of the complex is vibrationally excited. The method is applied to the visible spectrum of chromyl chloride, and we conclude that the d 5 band of chromyl chloride is not a second electronic origin.
Lipid products formed during desaturation of (1-14C) stearyl CoA by hen liver microsomes.

A number of lipid products are formed during the desaturation of stearyl CoA by hen liver microsomes. This article presents an analysis of the products formed when [1-14C] stearyl CoA is incubated with hen liver microsomes for various time periods. [1-14C] Oleyl CoA was the first radioactive unsaturated product formed. Synthesis of phospholipids containing [1-14C] oleic acid occurs only after the desaturase activity has begun to decline. The specific radioactivity of [1-14C] oleyl CoA was similar to the specific radioactivity of [1-14C] stearyl CoA at all time periods tested. The specific radioactivities of [1-14C] oleic acid and phospholipids containing [1-14C] oleic acid were much lower than that of the [1-14C] stearyl CoA.
Pressure Pulsation in Solid-Phase Fermentation

Inadequate dissipation of heat generated by biologic activities has prevented the use of solid-phase fermentation in large-scale applications. This study deals with the cooling effects of pressure pulsation on solid, porous beds. Pressure pulsation also enhances evaporation of medium moisture, which is also described. Computer software has been developed for on-line control of heat accumulation and moisture loss involving automatic variation in pressure pulsation frequency and airflow direction as well as replenishment of water. Aspergillus niger NRRL3 was cultivated on a moist, solid medium made of wheat bran and ground corncobs to produce cellobiase. During 100 h of fermentation, the maximum temperature inside the solid bed was kept under 40°C, and the medium water content was successfully maintained between 61 and 65%, which was optimal for cell growth. Cells grew heavily on the solid-phase substrate and distributed uniformly. With good on-line control of temperature and moisture, the 12-L fermentor provided a better environment for enzyme production than 250 mL flasks did.
Defensive spray of the bombardier beetle: a biological pulse jet

The defensive spray of the bombardier beetle Stenaptinus insignis is ejected in quick pulses (at about 500 pulses per second) rather than as a continuous stream. The pulsation may be a consequence of intermittency in the explosive chemical process that generates the spray. The ejection system of the beetle shows basic similarity to the pulse jet propulsion mechanism of the German V-1 "buzz" bomb of World War II.
Demonic possession and poetic exorcism in early modern france

New Historicist critics have recently drawn our attention to the errant nature of historiographical production. Michel de Certeau has reminded us that history refers both to a reality and a closed discourse. Stephen Greenblatt too considers mobility to be central to the historiographical method, noting that since Herodotus historical authority has been legitimized by eyewitness accounts of foreign lands and peoples. This essay will reconsider the vagaries of history in two sixteenth-century French documentations of demonic possessions. It will explore the role of gender and mimesis in these accounts and the means by which demonic ventriloquism is tied to the performance of power. Literary portrayals of witches and the demonic in works by Pierre de Ronsard and Agrippa d’ Aubigne will further illustrate the uses of traditional gender topoi to figure the foreign and subversive in a time of religious conflict and social change.
Alternative Work Schedules in Local Government: Cui Bono?

Recently there has been an increase in the number of cities contemplating and implementing alternative work schedules, particularly compressed workweeks, often to decrease energy costs for the orga...
Plurality preference digraphs realized by trees, II: on realization numbers

Abstract A digraph D with vertex set X = { x 1 , x 2 ,…, x n } is realizable by a connected graph G if there exists a subset C = { c 1 , c 2 ,…, c n } of vertices of G so that for all distinct i and j in {1, 2,…, n }, x i x j is an arc of D if and only if more vertices of G are closer to c i than to c j . For a positive integer n , let F n denote the family of digraphs of order n which are realizable by trees. For a fixed D∈ F n , the realization number of D , denoted α (itD), is the smallest order of a tree which realizes D . Let α( F n )=max{α(D):D∈ F n }. In this paper α( F n ) is determined explicitly.
Social evil: A response to Adams

Before I address Marilyn Adams's fine paper directly, I would like to set forth a brief fable. Once upon a time, when the dreary winter of positivism had passed, analytic philosophers felt themselves free to take religion seriously. So they began to look for problems they could solve with their well-honed analytic tools. Soon they formulated the logical problem of evil, which is a modern version of an old Epicurean worry. Is the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good God consistent with the existence of evil or of certain kinds or amounts of evil? In connection with this problem it might be said that if J. L. Mackie had not existed, it would have been necessary to invent him.1 Armed with the new modal logic, the philosophers worked out the now celebrated free-will defense. It is generally agreed that it constitutes an adequate solution to the logical problem of evil. Making use of the techniques and results of contemporary epistemology, the philosophers also tackled the evidential or probabilistic problem of evil. Does the existence of evil or of the kinds or amounts of evil within our ken render belief in the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good God improbable to the point of irrationality? No consensus on an answer to this question has yet emerged, but some new and powerful lines of argument have been formulated and are currently under discussion. Of course analytic philosophers of religion realize that much of what religious traditions have found perplexing about evil does not fall squarely under either of these two problem headings. However some of the remainder can be dismissed on the grounds that it gives rise to merely pastoral problems, and some can, under the present academic division of labor, be relegated to other disciplines such as theology or biblical studies. And so the story ends happily with analytic philosophy of religion having vindicated, once again, its claim to be a progressive problem-solving enterprise.
A Comparison of Iothalamate-GFR and Serum Creatinine-Based Outcomes: Acceleration in the Rate of GFR Decline in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension

In renal clinical trials, both slope-based and time-to-event renal outcomes have been used. These outcomes are typically based on estimates of GFR obtained using creatinine or iothalamate GFR (iGFR). The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) was a trial in 1094 African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, which examined the effects of two levels of BP control and three antihypertensive regimens. This study compared the effects of the AASK interventions on outcomes based on serum creatinine with corresponding outcomes based on iGFR using 9742 matched pairs of iGFR and serum creatinine measurements. The iGFR-based outcomes included (1) a time-to-event composite outcome including a 50% GFR decline, ESRD, or death; (2) a composite outcome including a 50% GFR decline or ESRD; (3) mean decline in GFR in the first 3 mo after randomization (acute slope); (4) mean decline in GFR starting 3 mo after randomization (chronic slope); and (5) mean decline in GFR from baseline (total slope). The corresponding creatinine-based outcomes were (1) a composite of doubling of serum creatinine, ESRD, or death and (2) a composite of doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD and acute, chronic, and total slopes defined by the mean change in estimated GFR (eGFR), where eGFR was estimated from a regression equation for GFR depending primarily on serum creatinine and developed in AASK enrollees. Mean changes in iGFR and eGFR were also compared under extended models that allowed for the possibility that the rate of GFR decline may change over time during the chronic phase. an apparent acceleration in rate of decline of renal function over time was found. Subtle differences were observed between effects of the interventions on some of the creatinine and iGFR slope-based outcomes, but the main conclusions of the trial were similar for the serum creatinine and iothalamate-based measurements. This has important implications for the design of clinical trials with renal outcomes.
Left Visual Field Superiority in a Letternaming Task for Both Left- and Right-handers

Abstract Subjects identified on the basis of sex, handedness, handwriting posture performed a letter-naming task. Single letters were shown briefly in the left or right visual field and the subject was required to name the letter as quickly as possible. Both left- and right-handers had shorter response latencies when the stimulus was presented in the left visual field. Response latency decreased across trials, however, the decrement was largest to right visual field stimuli. In addition, males produced significantly faster reaction than did females.
Multifactoral Nature of Spinal Cord Circulation

Since 1988, our paraplegia risk has been one-tenth the risk of the standard Crawford technique with or without assisted circulation. This significant reduction in paraplegia risk was accomplished with a factoral problem-solving approach that demonstrated the additive effects of early intercostal artery ligation, moderate surface cooling, cerebral spinal fluid drainage, and endorphin receptor blockade (naloxone) as the primary factors involved.
Stability of distributed estimators for linear stochastic systems

In this paper we examine the stability of estimators on the infinite time horizon in the case where mismatch exists between the true system and the system model assumed by the filters. A counterexample is given to show that standard stability requirements on the true system and the filters are not sufficient to guarantee that covariance of the error between the actual state and the estimate remains finite in the limit. Sufficient conditions for uniformly bounded error covariance are presented and in a special case, necessary and sufficient conditions are given. These will ensure that a filter is implementable and will remain stable over the infinite time horizon. We also show that an asymptotically stable system will not necessarily have finite state covariance in the limit as t ∞, and give the necessary and sufficient conditions to assure boundedness of the covariance.
Changes in electrodic reaction rates due to elastic stress and stress-induced surface patterns

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of elastic stresses and surface patterns on electrodic reaction rates. There are several well known processes that affect electrodic reaction rates such as rupture of passive layers, repassivation, and hydrogen adsoption, among others. Our main goal in this paper is to isolate the direct influence of elastic stresses and surface patterns on reaction rates. To this end, we propose an extended Butler–Volmer equation that incorporates the effect of stress and surface curvature on the chemical potential. The proposed extension of the Butler–Volmer equation is sensitive to both the magnitude and the tensile or compressive nature of the stress field. Our numerical studies show that, depending on the electrodic material, stress and surface curvature can produce a significant shift of the chemical potential, and hence, amplify or reduce electrodic reaction rates. We verified the shift in reaction rates predicted by our proposed continuum model using ab-initio electronic structure calculations. As an application of our proposed model, we demonstrate how a stress field in an electrodic domain may significantly affect the evolution of an anodic dissolution front.
Temperature dependence of stacking faults in catalyst-free GaAs nanopillars

Impressive opto-electronic devices and transistors have recently been fabricated from GaAs nanopillars grown by catalyst-free selective-area epitaxy, but this growth technique has always resulted in high densities of stacking faults. A stacking fault occurs when atoms on the growing (111) surface occupy the sites of a hexagonal-close-pack (hcp) lattice instead of the normal face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice sites. When stacking faults occur consecutively, the crystal structure is locally wurtzite instead of zinc-blende, and the resulting band offsets are known to negatively impact device performance. Here we present experimental and theoretical evidence that indicate stacking fault formation is related to the size of the critical nucleus, which is temperature dependent. The difference in energy between the hcp and fcc orientation of small nuclei is computed using density-function theory. The minimum energy difference of 0.22 eV is calculated for a nucleus with 21 atoms, so the population of nuclei in the hcp orientation is expected to decrease as the nucleus grows larger. The experiment shows that stacking fault occurrence is dramatically reduced from 22% to 3% by raising the growth temperature from 730 to 790 ° C. These data are interpreted using classical nucleation theory which dictates a larger critical nucleus at higher growth temperature.
Binocular depth perception and the corpus callosum

Abstract An object lying directly behind or in front of the fixation point has images that project to separate hemispheres through the two eyes. A split-brain human cannot interpret the depth of such an object although his peripheral stereopsis is normal. There must be an interhemispheric link for binocular integration in central vision.
Analysis of an Idealized Directionally Solidified FCC Material

Directionally solidified materials are being increasingly used in aircraft engines. These alloys are anisotropic due to the well aligned crystalline structure with additional considerations including large grain sizes and perturbations in the local orientation. In this paper, the Bishop-Hill method is combined with nonlinear optimization techniques to predict the anisotropic plastic behavior of an ideal directionally solidified FCC material subjected to off-axis uniaxial loadings. A comparison of these results is made with a continuum theory.
Cutaneous ureterostomy in adults

In the patient with metastatic carcinoma, urinary diversion is usually achieved with indwelling ureteral stents or placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. Most forms of surgical diversion carry an unacceptable morbidity rate, especially in the debilitated patient. Over a fifteen-year period (1974-1989), 29 adult patients with pelvic malignancy (32 ureters) underwent palliative cutaneous ureterostomy. This previously reported technique involves transverse nephropexy and construction of a stoma using a small skin flap. Indications included ureteral obstruction or severe urinary tract symptoms. Hydroureter, often considered a precondition for this procedure, was not present in several patients and was not a prerequisite to success. Complications related to the procedure included one postoperative death due to stroke, one death due to uremia and sepsis, and one instance of severe renal arterial stenosis resulting in renal failure. Preservation of renal function was possible in the 10 patients known to have survived from one to thirteen years postoperatively; only 3 patients eventually required stomal revision. By adherence to the surgical techniques described, the usually high incidence of stomal stenosis was avoided. Our experience reveals that although the indications for cutaneous ureterostomy are limited, this procedure can provide an alternative to permanent nephrostomy drainage or to a higher risk intestinal urinary diversion in carefully selected patients with a reasonable life expectancy.
Acute Toxicity of Iodine to Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

As part of the screening process for a fish parasiticide (a tri-iodinated ion exchange resin), the acute toxicity of diatomic iodine (19) to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was determine~. The general use of chlorine, another halogen, as a disinfectant and antifouling chemical has led to many studies documenting its severe toxicity to fish at low concentrations (ZILLICH 1972, BRUNGS 1973). The only known information concerning the toxicity of iodine to fish is reported by GOZLAN (1968) who found that 8.0 mg/liter was lethal to a species of mullet (Mugil sp.). The exposure period was not reported.
Survivors of homicide victims: Factors that influence their well-being

Although survivors of homicide victims are recognized as a distinct bereaved population, little attention has been given to concepts of posthomicide wellness and the conditions that advance survivors' healing. This article examines the well-being of survivors through interviews and focus groups with survivors and victim assistance providers. Data were analyzed using a combination of template analysis and grounded theory, qualitative approaches that serve to broaden existing theory and prior research about homicide bereavement so that survivors' functioning can be assessed outside of theory built principally on death due to natural causes or through the lens of complicated bereavement. Findings include eight dimensions of well-being: (a) movement/intentionality, (b) stagnation, (c) reckonings, (d) injustice, (e) factors in the criminal justice system that help or hinder, (f) the role of time, (g) faith, and (h) family and friends. Findings suggest that posthomicide well-being is associated with cognitive a...
Gas-laser frequency control for passive cavity-ring gyros

The frequency stability of a helium-neon laser can be significantly enhanced by locking the laser's frequency to a resonance of an optical cavity. This frequency stabilization is achieved by electronic feedback and sensor control of the laser's cavity length and discharge current. The frequency-locking technique described in this paper may be applied to passive resonant ring gyros and toward improving frequency standards and length measurements. When this technique was applied to a 169-cm/sup 2/ passive cavity, a random error of 0.0078 Earth rate units was obtained, with a 10 s averaging time. Although the performance of this instrument is about one order of magnitude above the shot noise limit, extrapolation of this performance to proposed large passive resonant-ring gyros indicates the desired sensitivity for precision-rate sensor testing, geophysical investigations, and relativity experiments is attainable.
α-and β-Amino Ketones and Corresponding Secondary Alcohols

Abstract Basic ketones of the types RCOCH 2 CH 2 NR’ 2 and RCOCH 2 NR’ 2 were prepared bythe use of the Mannich reaction or from a phenacyl halide. Some of the ketoneswere reduced to the corresponding secondary alcohols. A number of quaternarysalts of the ketones and alcohols were synthesized.
IMPORTANCE OF AORTIC STENOSIS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Recent myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with increased risk among patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, little is known about the incidence of aortic stenosis (AS) and its clinical significance when identified in patients presenting with acute MI. We examined the
Propagation of Spherical Waves in Locally Homogeneous Random Media

The propagation of spherical waves in a turbulent medium is considered. In particular, the case of nonstationary statistics is examined in general and then applied to the specific case of vertical propagation in the atmosphere. The analysis uses the Rytov approximation and the perturbation technique of J. B. Keller. The model of Cn2(h) variation is exponential and similar to that utilized by Tatarski.The results are compared to other known results for plane and spherical waves in both homogeneous and locally homogeneous random media. In addition, the optimum aperture results of D. L. Fried are examined for this nonstationary case. The marked dependence on the height of the observer and parameters describing the turbulence distribution are noted.
A Numerical Method for Studying Liquid Drop Behavior: Simple Oscillation

Abstract A new technique for simulating liquid drop behavior on the computer is described. Sample computations and results are presented for the case of a simple drop oscillation. The computing method is based on an extension of the Marker-and-Cell method, and includes the effects of surface tension in a way similar in several important respects to that of B. J. Daly. The geometry is presently constrained to be axisymmetric. Available theory pertinent to the drop oscillation problem (and sufficient to give a reasonably definitive check on the model's accuracy) is reviewed. For small-amplitude oscillations (to which the theory applies) the agreement between theory and numerical prediction is very good. The predicted characteristics of the large-amplitude oscillation are discussed.
Demonstration of the effect of piezoelectric polarization vector on the performance of a vibration energy harvester

This manuscript is motivated by research that shows the shear, d 15 , mode energy harvesters offer significant improvement in power generation over the traditional normal, d 31 , mode based harvesters. The premise behind this study is to examine the effect of expanding the design domain of PZT based energy harvesters by considering an arbitrary poling angle. In the first part of the manuscript, we derive the equation of motions of a harvester based on Timoshenko beam theory in an unimorph configuration. The resulting equations are solved using a Rayleigh Ritz analysis. The electric displacement depends on both the normal and shear strain. Thus the proposed device operates using a combination of shear and normal modes to extract power. The extent to which each mode is used depends on the polarization orientation. We examine the effect of poling on the fundamental short and open circuit frequencies. Next, the poling angle is examined over a range to determine the effect on the power harvested at the fundamental modal frequencies of the system. The study demonstrates that an arbitrary poled piezoelectric increases the power that the harvester produces over traditionally poled devices; however, the performance is highly dependent on the geometry.
A decomposition procedure for large-scale optimum plastic design problems

A decomposition procedure is proposed in this paper for solving a class of large-scale optimum design problems for perfectly-plastic structures under several alternative loading conditions. The conventional finite element method is used to cast the problem into a finite dimensional constrained nonlinear programming problem. Structures of practically meaningful size and complexity tend to give rise to a large number of variables and constraints in the corresponding mathematical model. The difficulty is that the state-of-the-art mathematical programming theory does not provide reliable and efficient ways of solving large-scale constrained nonlinear programming problems. The natural idea to deal with the large-scale structural problem is somehow to decompose the problem into a collection of small-size problems each of which represents an analysis of the behaviour of each finite element under a single loading condition. This paper proposes one such way of decomposition based on duality theory and a recently developed iterative algorithm called the proximal point algorithm.
Intralesion Injection of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Alters Glial Reactivity to Neural Trauma

A traumatic injury to the rat brain is known to induce astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy leading to astrogliosis. In addition, trauma also induces microglial proliferation in the brain. Since basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is believed to play a role in mediating glial responses to brain injury, we examined the effects of bFGF administration on astrocyte and microglial proliferation and astrocyte hypertrophy resulting from a traumatic injury to the rat brain. Intracerebroventricular infusion of bFGF for 2 days prior to and following injury failed to alter glial reactivity. In contrast, a single intralesion injection of bFGF immediately after injury increased total cell division 2 and 5 days later, with an exclusive effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein-negative glia which consisted mostly of cells of macrophage-microglial phenotype. In addition, bFGF also enhanced injury-induced astrocyte hypertrophy. These results support a role for bFGF in macrophage-microglia proliferation and astrocyte hypertrophy following brain injury. They also suggest that alteration of injury responses of nonneuronal cells of the brain may be a potential side effect of intracerebral administration of bFGF.
Interrelationships among Agronomic and Seed Quality Traits in an Interspecific Soybean Recombinant Inbred Population

The objectives of this study were to evaluate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] agronomic and quality traits and to examine correlations among traits in an interspecific soybean population. The agronomic traits included maturity, plant canopy height, canopy spread, leaflet length, leaflet width, seed yield, and seed size. The seed quality traits were sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose content. A total of 308 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) were developed from the cross between a large-seeded Glycine max breeding line (V71-370) and a small-seeded Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc. accession (PI 407162). Normal distribution was observed for most of the traits with a slight skewness towards the G. soja parent. Most correlation coefficients were highly significant, such as the positive correlation between yield and sucrose and between seed size and sucrose. Genotype X environment interaction was significant for all of the agronomic traits but not for sugar contents. Maturity, seed size, and sucrose content were highly heritable, whereas plant height, canopy spread, leaflet length, leaflet width, yield, stachyose content, and raffinose content had relatively low broad-sense heritabilities. Our findings suggest that the lack of genotype X location effects on sugar content favors progress through selection, but the strong correlation among the sugars may hinder progress in selecting lines that are high in sucrose but low in raffinose and stachyose over different environmental conditions. The information on heritabililty and interrelationships among the agronomic and seed quality traits will be helpful to breeders in constructing their breeding populations and implementing selection strategies.
Nature of the change produced in catalase by lyophilization

Abstract Beef liver catalase has been lyophilized by three controlled procedures, and variables governing the lyophilization process have been studied. Two components designated as Component I and Component II have been detected in the lyophilized catalase by ultracentrifugation, and the same components plus a polymer of Component I have also been demonstrated by Sephadex column chromatography. Components I and II have been separated by a chemical procedure as well as by Sephadex column chromatography, and Component I has also been isolated by ultracentrifugation. Component I, which appears to be a hematin-containing catalase subunit of 88,000 molecular weight, has a spectrum which differs from that of unlyophilized catalase, is entirely reducible by Na2S2O4, and is devoid of catalase activity. Component II is a mixture of what appears to be whole molecule catalase that has been changed conformally, together with unchanged native catalase. The percentage of unchanged native catalase in Component II can vary from 7 to 22% depending upon the conditions of lyophilization. Component II has a spectrum that is indistinguishable from native catalase in form (extinction coefficients differ slightly) and is reducible by dithionite to an extent which depends inversely upon the amount of native catalase (not reducible) that is present. The spectrum of dithionite-reduced Component II containing the least amount of native catalase differs in form from that of reduced Component I in the visible region. The ratio of Component I to Component II can be varied according to the method of lyophilization. Component I can be obtained for chemical study without being contaminated to a serious extent by Component II through the use of the proper lyophilization procedure. No way has yet been found to separate conformally changed whole molecule catalase from residual native catalase in Component II. Conformally changed whole molecule catalase is apparently noncrystallizable but is similar in solubility behavior to native catalase. The question of whether conformally changed whole molecule of Component II has catalytic activity has been examined, and it appears likely that this material can have essentially zero activity or considerable activity, depending upon the method of lyophilization. Possible theoretical implications concerning the lack of activity of Component I and the diminished activity of Component II are discussed in relationship to the role of hematin as prosthetic group of the enzyme.
Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme

We have found a new way to express the solutions of the RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) equations that allows us to present the turbulent diffusivities for heat, salt and momentum in a way that is considerably simpler and thus easier to implement than in previous work. The RSM provides the dimensionless mixing efficiencies Gamma-alpha (alpha stands for heat, salt and momentum). However, to compute the diffusivities, one needs additional information, specifically, the dissipation Epsilon. Since a dynamic equation for the latter that includes the physical processes relevant to the ocean is still not available, one must resort to different sources of information outside the RSM to obtain a complete Mixing Scheme usable in OGCMs. As for the RSM results, we show that the Gamma-alpha s are functions of both Ri and Rq (Richardson number and density ratio representing double diffusion, DD); the Gamma-alpha are different for heat, salt and momentum; in the case of heat, the traditional value Gamma-h = 0.2 is valid only in the presence of strong shear (when DD is inoperative) while when shear subsides, NATRE data show that Gamma-h can be three times as large, a result that we reproduce. The salt Gamma-s is given in terms of Gamma-h. The momentum Gamma-m has thus far been guessed with different prescriptions while the RSM provides a well defined expression for Gamma-m(Ri,R-rho). Having tested Gamma-h, we then test the momentum Gamma-m by showing that the turbulent Prandtl number Gamma-m/Gamma-h vs. Ri reproduces the available data quite well. As for the dissipation epsilon, we use different representations, one for the mixed layer (ML), one for the thermocline and one for the ocean;s bottom. For the ML, we adopt a procedure analogous to the one successfully used in PB (planetary boundary layer) studies; for the thermocline, we employ an expression for the variable epsilon/N(exp 2) from studies of the internal gravity waves spectra which includes a latitude dependence; for the ocean bottom, we adopt the enhanced bottom diffusivity expression used by previous authors but with a state of the art internal tidal energy formulation and replace the fixed Gamma-alpha = 0.2 with the RSM result that brings into the problem the Ri, R-rho dependence of the Gamma-alpha; the unresolved bottom drag, which has thus far been either ignored or modeled with heuristic relations, is modeled using a formalism we previously developed and tested in PBL studies. We carried out several tests without an OGCM. Prandtl and flux Richardson numbers vs. Ri. The RSM model reproduces both types of data satisfactorily. DD and Mixing efficiency Gamma-h(Ri,Rq). The RSM model reproduces well the NATRE data. Bimodal epsilon-distribution. NATRE data show that epsilon (Ri 1), which our model reproduces. Heat to salt flux ratio. In the Ri much greater than 1 regime, the RSM predictions reproduce the data satisfactorily. NATRE mass diffusivity. The z-profile of the mass diffusivity reproduces well the measurements at NATRE. The local form of the mixing scheme is algebraic with one cubic equation to solve.
Different affective response to opioid withdrawal in adolescent and adult mice.

Abstract Aims Drug withdrawal is suggested to play a role in precipitating mood disorders in individuals with familial predisposition. Age-related differences in affective responses to withdrawal might explain the increased risk of mental illnesses when drug use begins during adolescence. Since there is a lack of animal research examining the effects of opioid withdrawal during adolescence, the present study examined whether there are age-related differences in affective responses to opioid withdrawal. Main methods Adolescent and adult mice were injected with two different morphine regimens, namely low and high, which differed in the dosage. Three and nine days following discontinuation of morphine administration, immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) and locomotion (total distance traveled) were evaluated. Key findings On withdrawal day 3 (WD3), adolescent mice exhibited a decrease in immobility as compared to controls. No significant differences in immobility were observed on withdrawal day 9 (WD9). This effect on FST behaviors was not due to changes in overall motor activity, since no differences in locomotion were observed on either WD3 or WD9 in adolescent mice. In adults, no differences in either FST or locomotor behaviors were observed on WD3. As expected, on WD9, adult mice exhibited an increase in immobility and a decrease in locomotion. Significance This study demonstrates age-dependent differences in both FST scores and locomotor behaviors during opioid withdrawal. FST behaviors are classically used to evaluate mood in rodents, thus this study suggests that opioid withdrawal might affect mood differentially across age.
The Spitzer Survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud: SAGE, A Review of Initial Results

We have performed a uniform and unbiased imaging survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, using the IRAC and MIPS instruments on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. This Spitzer survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud is surveying the agents of a galaxy’s evolution (SAGE), the interstellar medium and stars. The SAGE data are nonproprietary and the team has been creating catalogs and improved images for use by the astronomical community. This paper highlights some of the initial results being published by the SAGE team covering the topics of evolved stars and their mass-loss return to the ISM, young stellar objects and the properties of the ISM dust.
Approximate dynamic programming: lessons from the field

Approximate dynamic programming is emerging as a powerful tool for certain classes of multistage stochastic, dynamic problems that arise in operations research. It has been applied to a wide range of problems spanning complex financial management problems, dynamic routing and scheduling, machine scheduling, energy management, health resource management, and very large-scale fleet management problems. It offers a modeling framework that is extremely flexible, making it possible to combine the strengths of simulation with the intelligence of optimization. Yet it remains a sometimes frustrating algorithmic strategy which requires considerable intuition into the structure of a problem. There are a number of algorithmic choices that have to be made in the design of a complete ADP algorithm. This tutorial describes the author?s experiences with many of these choices in the course of solving a wide range of problems.
Role of uranium speciation in the uptake and translocation of uranium by plants

nation’s uranium ( U ) resources. Unfortunately, emissions and accidental spills have led to soil U contamination at Uranium (U) uptake and translocation by plants was a number of USDOE research laboratories and commercharacterized using a computer speciation model to cial mining facilities. More than 50% of USDOE facilities develop a nutrient culture system that provided U as involved in reactor operations, weapons research, nuclear a single predominant species in solution. A hydroponic fuel production, and waste reprocessing reported that U uptake study determined that at pH 5.0, the uranyl was the most frequent radionuclide contaminant in (UO2+ 2 ) cation was more readily taken up and transloc- groundwater and surface soils (Riley et al., 1992). ated by peas (Pisum sativum) than the hydroxyl and U-contamination at the former Feed Materials carbonate U complexes present in the solution at Production Center at Fernald, OH., led to the addition pH 6.0 and 8.0, respectively. A subsequent experiment of this area to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s tested the extent to which various monocot and dicot National Priorities List as a ‘Superfund’ site. Remediation species take up and translocate the uranyl cation. Of of these contaminated soils is a high priority within the the species screened, tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifol- USDOE primarily because these soils represent a potential ius) and red beet (Beta vulgaris) were the species source of groundwater contamination (Lee et al., 1993). showing the greatest accumulation of U. In addition to As is the case for heavy metals, the current remediation providing fundamental information regarding U uptake technology for U-contaminated sites most often involves by plants, the results obtained also have implications identification of the contaminated soils, mass excavation
Bandas de forajidos en la Frontera Media: los bandidos sociales norteamericanos

En el tardio siglo XIX los norteamericanos romantizaron a un pequeno sector de los forajidos del oeste como bandidos sociales, quienes supuestamente robaban a los ricos para darle a los pobres y defendian a las comunidades locales y a sus propiedades. Comprender el apoyo local dado a la banda de James–Younger en Missouri, y a la banda de Doolin–Dalton en el territorio de Oklahoma, depende de cierta apreciacion del contexto local en el cual operaron tales bandidos. Su mayor atractivo surgio de los medios culturales de la epoca con su ansiedad por la disminucion de la independencia del hombre y las virtudes masculinas.
Global Commodity Chains and Fast Fashion: How the Apparel Industry Continues to Re-Invent Itself

This article examines changes in global commodity chains in the apparel industry, most notably how supply-driven innovations are linked with changing consumer (demand-driven) behaviour. It begins with a discussion of apparel manufacturing as a quintessentially labour intensive, low capital sector that has a long history in advanced economies. In recent decades, however, two forces have resulted in changes in this industry. First, increased liberalized trade regimes (MFA phase-out) have reduced quotas on apparel exports and imports, encouraging emerging economies to embrace this industry as part of their export-led growth strategies. As a consequence, much of apparel manufacturing has shifted to these emerging economies. Second, Western retailers have increasingly pushed supply chain rationalization and improved channel integration to force manufacturers to be more responsive to cost, quality and speed of delivery requirements. Shortened turn-around time for manufacturers now complements low price as the e...