cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skip-gram Language Modeling Using Sparse Non-negative Matrix Probability Estimation

We present a novel family of language model (LM) estimation techniques named Sparse Non-negative Matrix (SNM) estimation. A first set of experiments empirically evaluating it on the On e Billion Word Benchmark [Chelba et al., 2013] shows that SNM n-gram LMs perform almost as well as the well-established Kneser-Ney (KN) models. When using skip-gram features the models are able to match the state-of-the-art recurrent neural network (RNN) LMs; combining the two modeling techniques yields the best known result on the benchmark. The computational advantages of SNM over both maximum entropy and RNN LM estimation are probably its main strength, promising an approach that has the same flexibility in combining arbitrary feature s effectively and yet should scale to very large amounts of data as gracefully as n-gram LMs do.
Presidential address: imagination trumps knowledge.

Abstract Multiple organ failure (MOF) emerged 30 years ago and became our research focus. Over the years, we have proposed a series of cartoons that rallied multidisciplinary translational research teams around common themes to generate “win-win” hypotheses that when tested (right or wrong) have advanced our understanding of MOF. MOF has a bimodal trajectory, and the gut plays a role in both trajectories. Early MOF occurs because of excessive proinflammation (ie, systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS]), and early gut ischemia-reperfusion can amplify SIRS and contribute to the early fulminant SIRS-MOF trajectory. Fortunately, most patients survive early SIRS, but some develop excessive anti-inflammation (ie, compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome). The gut also plays a role in this late indolent compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome–MOF trajectory. Multiple factors cause progressive gut dysfunction such that the gut (an important immunologic organ) worsens compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome and becomes the reservoir for pathogens and toxins that cause late sepsis.
bcl-2 overexpression eliminates deprivation-induced cell death of brainstem auditory neurons

Deprivation of afferent input in young animals results in transneuronal degeneration of postsynaptic sensory neurons in a variety of species and sensory pathways. Transneuronal degeneration is generally not seen in adult animals. The cellular and molecular basis for this dramatic developmental change in susceptibility is not understood. One possibility is that genes involved in the apoptotic process are involved in determining cell death or survival after afferent deprivation. To further investigate this possibility, we performed unilateral cochlear ablation on wild-type and bcl-2-overexpressing mice at a variety of ages. In postnatal day 5 (P5) or P8 wild-type mice, cochlea removal resulted in a 54% or 31% neuronal loss in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), respectively. When the same manipulation is performed on a P30 mouse, no loss of AVCN neurons occurs. This confirmed a rather abrupt change in the sensitivity to disruption of afferent input, a critical period. However, in littermates expressing bcl-2 under a neuron-specific enolase promoter, no significant loss of AVCN neurons was observed at any age after unilateral cochlear ablation. Furthermore, wild-type mice demonstrate rapid expression of activated caspase-3 in AVCN neurons within hours of deafferentation, whereas bcl-2-overexpressing mice do not. This suggests that bcl-2 can influence cell survival after removal of afferent input during the critical period and is consistent with the hypothesis that caspase-3 is one effector of cell death under these circumstances. These data are the first to indicate that known apoptotic mediators can play a role in central neuronal plasticity in models of afferent deprivation.
Compact Thermally Tunable Silicon Wavelength Switch: Modeling and Characterization

A wavelength-selective photonic switch is developed based on a Si microring resonator using thermooptic effect. The 10-mum-diameter microring resonator uses single-mode strip Si waveguides of dimension 0.25 mum times 0.45 mum operating at 1.5 mum. Full-width at half-maximum are in the range 0.1-0.2 nm. The ultrawide tunable range (>6.4 nm) and wide free spectral range (~18 nm) of the switch element enables wavelength reconflgurable multichannel matrix switch by wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing. Average rise delay time of 14 mus with low switching power of 3.15 mW has been achieved with 0.2-nm wavelength tuning and 78 mus, 104 mW for 6.4-nm tuning. Fall delay times are usually less than 10 mus. Thermal simulations show 10%-20% agreement with the measurements up to 3.2-nm tuning. The compact size of the switch shows its potential as an active element in photonic integrated circuits.
Flow Phenomena in the Very Near Wake of a Flat Plate with a Circular Trailing Edge

The very near wake of a flat plate with a circular trailing edge, exhibiting pronounced shedding of wake vortices, is investigated with data from a direct numerical simulation. The separating boundary layers are turbulent and statistically identical thus resulting in a wake that is symmetric in the mean. The focus here is on the instability of the detached shear layers, the evolution of rib-vortex induced localized regions of reverse flow that detach from the main body of reverse flow in the trailing edge region and convect downstream, and phaseaveraged velocity statistics in the very near wake. The detached shear layers are found to exhibit unstable behavior intermittently, including the development of shear layer vortices as in earlier cylinder flow investigations with laminar separating boundary layers. Only a small fraction of the separated turbulent boundary layers undergo this instability, and form the initial shed vortices. Pressure spectra within the shear layers show a broadband peak at a multiple of shedding frequency. Phase-averaged intensity and shear stress distributions of the randomly fluctuating component of velocity are compared with those obtained in the near wake. The distributions of the production terms in the transport equations for the turbulent stresses are also provided.
Identification of Fetal Inflammatory Cells in Eosinophilic/T-cell Chorionic Vasculitis Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization.

ABSTRACT Eosinophilic/T-cell chorionic vasculitis (ETCV) is an inflammatory lesion of placental fetal vessels. In contrast to acute chorionic vasculitis, inflammation in ETCV is seen in chorionic vessel walls opposite the amnionic surface. It is not known whether inflammation in ETCV consists of maternal cells from the intervillous space or fetal cells migrating from the vessel. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to differentiate fetal versus maternal cells in ETCV. Placentas with ETCV, previously identified for a published study, were used. Infant sex in each case was identified using the electronic medical record. For male infants, 3-μm sections were cut from archived tissue blocks from placentas involving ETCV and stained with fluorescent X- and Y-chromosome centromeric probes. A consecutive hematoxylin/eosin-stained section was used for correlation. FISH analysis was performed on 400 interphase nuclei at the site of ETCV to determine the proportion of XX, XY, X, and Y cells. Of 31 ETCV c...
Prefrontaal dopamine en werkgeheugen bij schizofrenie

Schizofrenie is een ziekte die gekarakteriseerd wordt door positieve symptomen (psychoses), negatieve symptomen (apathie, vervlakking) en cognitieve stoornissen. Van de positieve symptomen is bekend dat ze samenhangen met een verhoogd niveau van de neurotransmitter dopamine in het striatum. Het onderliggend pathofysiologisch mechanisme voor de negatieve stoornissen en cognitieve symptomen is echter nog onduidelijk, alhoewel vermoed wordt dat dopamine ook hierbij een rol speelt.
Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma

Ergativity would seem to be non-existant or at least quite rare in Africa. This lack, however, may be related to another continent-wide areal phenomenon: there is a paucity of morphological NP case marking according to either ergative or accusative typologies. It is thus possible that other more subtle attributes of the ergative organization of syntax are what should be sought in Africa. For example, in the Mande languages, as also in Celtic, phonological decay has produced a series of word initial consonant alternations. In Celtic these have come to function as part of a nominative-accusative case marking strategy. The situation is quite similar in Mande, but as this paper details for Lorna, the noun case system is ergative-absolute. And, accordingly, the pronoun system has active-stative characteristics.
The Influencing Role of the Child in Family Decision Making

The role of the child as an influencer of consumer decisions was investigated by studying the interaction between mother and child. Purchase behavior by the mother of a child's preferred packaged c...
Li Po's Inscription for the Great Bell of the Hua-ch'eng Monastery

(1995). Li Po's Inscription for the Great Bell of the Hua-ch'eng Monastery. Tang Studies: Vol. 1995, No. 13, pp. 33-50.
Paris-Trousseau: evidence keeps pointing to FLI1

In this issue of Blood, Stevenson et al describe a family with a homozygous missense mutation in FLI1 that is associated with a platelet phenotype identical to the one observed in Paris-Trousseau syndrome, supporting existing evidence that FLI1 is directly involved in the mechanism of thrombocytopenia observed in this disease.
Can Vascular Patterns on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Help Predict Skin Necrosis after Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy?

Background Nipple-areola complex (NAC) and skin flap ischemia and necrosis can occur after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). The purpose of this study was to correlate vascular findings on MRI with outcomes in patients who underwent NSM. Study Design Female patients at a single institution who underwent NSM and had a preoperative breast MRI between 2010 and 2014 were identified. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, surgical factors, and complications. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed by 2 radiologists, blinded to outcomes, for the presence of dual vs single blood supply to the breast. The association between blood supply on MRI with ischemic and necrotic complications after NSM was analyzed. Results One hundred and sixty-four NSM procedures were performed in 105 patients (mean age 45.5 years, range 25 to 69 years) who had a preoperative MRI. The majority of procedures were performed for malignancy (89 of 164 [54.3%]) or prophylaxis (73 of 164 [44.5%]). Nipple-areola complex or skin flap ischemia or necrosis occurred in 40 (24.4%) breasts. Ischemia or necrosis after NSM was less likely to occur in breasts with dual compared with single blood supply (20.8% vs 38.2%; p = 0.03). There was no association between surgical complications and age, BMI, smoking history, previous radiation therapy, indication for NSM, surgical specimen weight, surgical incision type, reconstruction approach, or operating surgeon on univariate analysis. Conclusions Preoperative MRI characterization of breast vascularity can be considered when planning NSM. The presence of a dual blood supply to the breast on MRI is associated with a decreased risk of nipple-areola complex and skin flap ischemia and necrosis after NSM.
Two-Color Lateral Flow Assay for Multiplex Detection of Causative Agents Behind Acute Febrile Illnesses

Acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AFIs) represent a significant health burden worldwide. AFIs can be caused by infection with a number of different pathogens including dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya viruses (CHIKV), and their differential diagnosis is critical to the proper patient management. While rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for the detection of IgG/IgM against a single pathogen have played a significant role in enabling the rapid diagnosis in the point-of-care settings, the state-of-the-art assay scheme is incompatible with the multiplex detection of IgG/IgM to more than one pathogen. In this paper, we present a novel assay scheme that uses two-color latex labels for rapid multiplex detection of IgG/IgM. Adapting this assay scheme, we show that 4-plex detection of the IgG/IgM antibodies to DENV and CHIKV is possible in 10 min by using it to correctly identify 12 different diagnostic scenarios. We also show that blue, mixed, and red colorimetric signals corresponding to IgG, IgG/IgM, and IgM po...
Stochastic Integrals and Quadratic Variation

Continuous local martingales and semimartingales; quadratic variation and covariation; existence and basic properties of the integral; integration by parts and Ito’s formula; Fisk-Stratonovich integral; approximation and uniqueness; random time-change; dependence on parameter
Family meals and adolescent perceptions of parent–child connectedness

Affirming parent–child interactions, leading to Parent–Child Connectedness (PCC), may provide protective factors that support positive adolescent behaviors and health outcomes; shared family meals are thought to reinforce these interactions. Eight hundred and fifty-five adolescents, ages 9–13, attending six health education centers in the US were surveyed regarding their attitudes about selected interactions they share with their parents. This study used the variables of frequency of parent–child communication, feeling loved by parents, perceived emotional support, time spent with parents, and parental involvement in school to operationalize PCC. With the exception of gender, family structure, and parental involvement at school, all construct variables were positively associated with frequency of family meals. The results of this study expand understanding of the association of family meals with PCC by investigating the influence of family constellation on PCC, whether PCC varies by caregiver and inquirin...
Lassa and Ebola virus inhibitors identified using minigenome and recombinant virus reporter systems.

Lassa virus (LASV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) infections are important global health issues resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. While several promising drug and vaccine trials for EBOV are ongoing, options for LASV infection are currently limited to ribavirin treatment. A major factor impeding the development of antiviral compounds to treat these infections is the need to manipulate the virus under BSL-4 containment, limiting research to a few institutes worldwide. Here we describe the development of a novel LASV minigenome assay based on the ambisense LASV S segment genome, with authentic terminal untranslated regions flanking a ZsGreen (ZsG) fluorescent reporter protein and a Gaussia princeps luciferase (gLuc) reporter gene. This assay, along with a similar previously established EBOV minigenome, was optimized for high-throughput screening (HTS) of potential antiviral compounds under BSL-2 containment. In addition, we rescued a recombinant LASV expressing ZsG, which, in conjunction with a recombinant EBOV reporter virus, was used to confirm any potential antiviral hits in vitro. Combining an initial screen to identify potential antiviral compounds at BSL-2 containment before progressing to HTS with infectious virus will reduce the amount of expensive and technically challenging BSL-4 containment research. Using these assays, we identified 6-azauridine as having anti-LASV activity, and demonstrated its anti-EBOV activity in human cells. We further identified 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine as having potent anti-LASV activity, with an EC50 value 10 times lower than that of ribavirin.
Horse, Wheel, and Saddle: Recent Works on Two Ancient Military Revolutions

Military revolutions are a normal consequence of the central role of military institutions in complex societies. They have everywhere occurred regularly, if infrequently; they are scarcely limited to Western Europe, or even to the modern world. This essay discusses recent writings on two military revolutions in the ancient world, both centered on the military horse: first, its domestication and its role in pulling war chariots; second, the transition from horse driving to horse riding in battle. The chariot revolution of the second millennium BC profoundly reshaped warfare and transformed polities all across Eurasia. The cavalry revolution of the first millennium BC proved equally transformative and far longer lasting. Despite the controversy that has come to surround the concept of military revolution, it may still be fruitfully applied to important aspects of the large-scale historical interactions between societies and their armed forces.
Accuracy and variability of texture-based radiomics features of lung lesions across CT imaging conditions

Texture analysis for lung lesions is sensitive to changing imaging conditions but these effects are not well understood, in part, due to a lack of ground-truth phantoms with realistic textures. The purpose of this study was to explore the accuracy and variability of texture features across imaging conditions by comparing imaged texture features to voxel-based 3D printed textured lesions for which the true values are known. The seven features of interest were based on the Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM). The lesion phantoms were designed with three shapes (spherical, lobulated, and spiculated), two textures (homogenous and heterogeneous), and two sizes (diameter < 1.5 cm and 1.5 cm < diameter < 3 cm), resulting in 24 lesions (with a second replica of each). The lesions were inserted into an anthropomorphic thorax phantom (Multipurpose Chest Phantom N1, Kyoto Kagaku) and imaged using a commercial CT system (GE Revolution) at three CTDI levels (0.67, 1.42, and 5.80 mGy), three reconstruction algorithms (FBP, IR-2, IR-4), four reconstruction kernel types (standard, soft, edge), and two slice thicknesses (0.6 mm and 5 mm). Another repeat scan was performed. Texture features from these images were extracted and compared to the ground truth feature values by percent relative error. The variability across imaging conditions was calculated by standard deviation across a certain imaging condition for all heterogeneous lesions. The results indicated that the acquisition method has a significant influence on the accuracy and variability of extracted features and as such, feature quantities are highly susceptible to imaging parameter choices. The most influential parameters were slice thickness and reconstruction kernels. Thin slice thickness and edge reconstruction kernel overall produced more accurate and more repeatable results. Some features (e.g., Contrast) were more accurately quantified under conditions that render higher spatial frequencies (e.g., thinner slice thickness and sharp kernels), while others (e.g., Homogeneity) showed more accurate quantification under conditions that render smoother images (e.g., higher dose and smoother kernels). Care should be exercised is relating texture features between cases of varied acquisition protocols, with need to cross calibration dependent on the feature of interest.
PERIODIC ENVIRONMENTS, HARVESTING, AND A RICCATI EQUATION

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on periodic environments, harvesting, and a Riccati equation. It discusses the autonomous logistic equation of population growth in which where r ( t ) and K ( t ) are T -periodic functions. This can be regarded as a model for the growth of a population where the intrinsic growth rate r ( t ) and the carrying capacity K ( t ) show periodic fluctuations. This chapter highlights the existence of a T -periodic solution x *( t ) that satisfies inf K ( t ) ≤ x *( t ) ≤ sup K ( t ), and it also discusses a few of its asymptotic properties. The principal results can be obtained by a simple direction field argument and some known properties of the Riccati differential equation. The chapter presents an extension of the results to the case where the population is being proportionally harvested in a periodic manner.
Analytical sample preparation, preconcentration and chromatographic separation on carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent sorbents with unique properties that have allowed them to be used for sample preparations in chemical analysis as well as chromatographic separations. They show high specific sorption capacity even for low molecular weight compounds such as CO2 and methane, and at the same time, their nonporous structures provide faster mass transfer which allows efficient desorption of large molecules from their surface. Therefore, CNTs have been used as sorbents for small as well as macromolecules. This review highlights the applications of CNTs and CNT-based materials in some important analytical scale separations, namely stationary phase in gas, liquid and electro chromatography, sorbents for gas phase preconcentration, solid phase extraction, solid phase micro extraction and membrane separations.
MIC: Enabling Efficient Concurrent Use of Multiple Network Interfaces on Mobile Systems

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are provisioned with multiple network interfaces capable of data connectivity such as the cellular radio, WiFi, bluetooth, and others. However, restrictions from the carrier side allow us to use only one of the interfaces at any given time, and not allow us to fully utilize all the data links in a mobile device's arsenal. We propose MIC, an architecture to enable concurrent, efficient, multi-interface connectivity. MIC begins with the observation that a large fraction of mobile traffic is HTTP [3], [4]. By modifying the HTTP support libraries in the Android Framework, MIC provides the ability to utilize multiple interfaces for the same connection while maintaining the application as well as OS semantics. This allows for users to re-flash the system software on their phones to enable multi-interface connectivity and use it in a seamless manner without changing the apps or need any modifications to the server.
U.S. stock market P/E ratios, structural breaks, and long-term stock returns

Our study investigates structural changes in the market P/E ratio and shows how structural changes affect long-term stock market returns. Using the cumulative sum control chart and the Bai-Perron algorithm, we identify multiple structural breakpoints in the market P/E ratio and find that those structural changes are significantly perceived over the long run. Unlike previous studies that do not consider structural changes, our study is the first one that shows how structural changes asymmetrically influence long-term stock returns depending on the high or low P/E period. This implies that structural changes in the market P/E ratio play an important role in explaining long-term stock returns. We propose that structural changes should be taken into account in some manner to establish the relationship between P/E ratios and long-term stock returns.
Ocean carbon-cycle dynamics and atmospheric Pco2

Mechanisms are identified whereby processes internal to the oceans can give rise to rapid changes in atmospheric P CO2 . One such mechanism involves exchange between the atmosphere and deep ocean through the high-latitude outcrop regions of the deep waters. The effectiveness of communication between the atmosphere and deep ocean is determined by the rate of exchange between the surface and deep ocean against the rate of biological uptake of the excess carbon brought up from the abyss by this exchange. Changes in the relative magnitude of these two processes can lead to atmospheric p co2 values ranging between 165 p.p.m. (by volume) and 425 p.p.m. compared with1 2 a pre-industrial value of 280 p.p.m. Another such mechanism involves the separation between regeneration of alkalinity and total carbon that occurs in the oceans because of the fact that organic carbon is regenerated primarily in the upper ocean whereas CaCO 3 is dissolved primarily in the deep ocean. The extent of separation depends on the rate of CaCO 3 formation at the surface against the rate of upward mixing of deep waters. This mechanism can lead to atmospheric values in excess of 20000 p.p.m., although values greater than 1100 p.p.m. are unlikely because calcareous organisms would have difficulty surviving in the undersaturated surface waters that develop at this point. A three-dimensional model that is being developed to further study these and other problems provides illustrations of them and also suggests the possibility that there is a long-lived form of non-sinking carbon playing a major role in carbon cycling.
Humankind’s Place in a Phylogenetic Classification of Living Primates

In order to accurately place humankind in a phylogenetic classification of Primates it is necessary to know the phylogenetic relationships among all members of the order. Toward this end, we present a consensus view of primate phylogeny based on DNA nucleotide sequence evidence and local molecular clock calculations constrained by fossil evidence for the majority of primate genera. These data place the two chimpanzee species as the sister group of humans, and the three species together form a clade that is the sister group of gorillas. Humans and chimpanzees shared a most recent common ancestor (mrca) between five and six million years ago. Using the objective yardstick of time of origin as the means for assigning taxonomic rank, we find that humans and chimpanzees should be recognized as members of different subgenera within the genus Homo. Under this arrangement, humankind is called Homo (Homo) sapiens while the common chimpanzee and bonobo chimpanzee are called Homo (Pan) troglodytes and Homo (Pan) paniscus, respectively. All extant apes are placed in the family Hominidae. Additionally, the age based phylogenetic classification of the order Primates suggests that among cercopithecid genera Theropithecus and Lophocebus should be reduced to subgeneric rank within the genus Papio, Mandrillus should be reduced to subgeneric rank within the genus Cercocebus, and Erythrocebus should be reduced to subgeneric rank within the genus Chlorocebus. Furthermore, the platyrrhine genus Cacajao should be reduced to subgeneric rank within the genus Chiropotes. The average age of generic crown groups of mammals was estimated across the class Mammalia and was found to be >8 Ma, much earlier than the mrca of chimpanzees and humans. The age of sampled mammalian generic crown groups ranges from 2 to 21 million years ago. Recognizing chimpanzees as members of the human genus and all the apes as members of the human family, highlights the urgent need to protect these close relatives from extinction and to conserve the natural habitats of primates.
LUSTRE: An Interactive System for Entity Structured Representation and Variant Generation

Many data analysis and data integration applications need to account for multiple representations of entities. The variations in entity mentions arise in complex ways that are hard to capture using a textual similarity function. More sophisticated functions require the knowledge of underlying structure in the representation of entities. People traditionally identify these structures manually and write programs to manipulate them: such work is tedious and cumbersome. We have built LUSTRE, an active learning based system that can learn the structured representations of entities interactively from a few labels. In the background, it automatically generates programs to map entity mentions to their representations and to standardize them to a unique representation. Furthermore, LUSTRE provides a user-friendly interface to allow user declaratively specify normalization and variant generation functions for downstream applications.
Diagnosis and Analysis of Wall Bushing Typical Partial Discharge Fault in Switchgear

There are many reasons for the partial discharge in switchgear, so to achieve the safety and reliability operation of switchgear is more important. The internal partial discharge of wall bushing in switchgear are researched by employing the transient earth voltage detection method, ultrasonic detection method and ultra high frequency detection method based on the partial discharge case. Based on the related testing data, the amplitude, type and reason of partial discharge are discussed, and the location of partial discharge are accomplished by using the method of the acoustic-electric location method. The signal of partial discharge of wall bushing disappears after the treatment. The study shows that it can provide a reference basis for the practical measurement and accurate location for the internal partial discharge fault of wall bushing in the switchgear.
A Versatile ReRAM-based Accelerator for Convolutional Neural Networks

Though recent progress in resistive random access memory (ReRAM)-based accelerator designs for convolutional neural networks (CNN) achieve superior timing performance and area-efficiency improvements over CMOS-based accelerators, they have high energy consumptions due to low inter-layer data reuse. In this work, we propose a multi-tile ReRAM accelerator for supporting multiple CNN topologies, where each tile processes one or more layers in a pipelined fashion. Building upon the fact that a tile with large receptive field can be built with a stack of smaller (3×3) filters, we design every tile with 9 processing elements that operate in a systolic fashion. Use of systolic data flow design maximizes input feature map reuse and minimizes interconnection cost. We show that 1-bit weight and 4-bit activation achieves good accuracy for both AlexNet and VGGNet, and design our ReRAM based accelerator to support this configuration. System-level simulation results on 32 nm node show that the proposed architecture for AlexNet with stacking small filters can achieve computation efficiency of 8.42 TOPs/s/mm2, energy efficiency of 4.08 TOPs/s/W and storage efficiency of 0.18 MB/ mm2 for inference computation of one image in the CIFAR-100 dataset.
The genomic architecture of fitness is a major driver of population viability during rapid environmental change

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe rapid global loss of biodiversity calls for a robust understanding of how populations will respond demographically to environmental change. The viability of many populations will depend on their ability to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Heritability of traits under selection is known to affect the efficacy of adaptation. However, the effects of the genetic architecture underlying the heritability of selected traits (e.g., the number and effect sizes of the causal loci) on population viability remain poorly understood. We found from a wide range of deterministic theoretical models and individual-based simulations of divergent life histories (approximating corals and large mammals) that the genetic architecture of a selected trait can strongly affect population viability during selection associated with a rapidly shifting phenotypic optimum. Polygenic architectures (i.e., many loci, each with a small phenotypic effect) appear to confer greater adaptation and higher population viability than genetic architectures including large-effect loci responsible for 50-90% of the initial heritability of selected traits. Our results also suggest that the viability of populations with large-effect loci can depend strongly on initial allele frequencies, with already-frequent and very rare positively-selected alleles conferring low adaptive potential and viability compared to moderately low large-effect allele frequencies. These results uncover a crucial role of the genetic architecture underlying the heritability of fitness traits in determining eco-evolutionary dynamics and population viability during rapid environmental change.
Example of Longitudinal Studies

In this chapter, we look beyond the first test and provide sample longitudinal studies. Here we attempt to answer the questions: “Why test?” “How to intervene?” “What are the expected outcomes?” As examples we offer a diabetic and a hypertensive patient as examples.
System Integration of Nanostructured Materials for Point-of-Care Immune Biosensing

We report on system integration of plasmonic nanoparticles and a few-layered molybdenum disulfide (M0S2) photoconductive nanochannel sheet on a silicon substrate. Plasma-assisted electrostatic bonding and van der Waals bonding are employed to create a high-sensitivity photoelectronic biosensor for immunological analysis.
Modeling the relationship between estimated foliar fungicide use and soybean yield losses due to foliar fungal diseases in the United States

ABSTRACT Fungicide use in the United States to manage soybean diseases has increased in recent years. The ability of fungicides to reduce disease-associated yield losses varies greatly depending on multiple factors. Nonetheless, historical data are useful to understand the broad sense and long-term trends related to fungicide use practices. In the current study, the relationship between estimated soybean yield losses due to selected foliar diseases and foliar fungicide use was investigated using annual data from 28 soybean growing states over the period of 2005 to 2015. At a national scale, a significant quadratic relationship was observed between total estimated yield losses and total fungicide use (R2 = 0.123, P
GIS: An Updated Primer on a Powerful Management Tool

One of the most significant technological developments for forest and natural resource organizations during the past century has been the advent of geographic information systems (GIS). For a variety of reasons, includingincreased mapping and analytical capabilities, affordability, and accessibility, GIS has become a standard planningand analysis tool for many organizations. This article presents a brief history of the development of GIS and examines some current challenges and opportunities facing GIS use in forest and natural resource management, including those related to data collection and accuracy, data structures, personnel, legal issues, and user certification. Organizations that use GIS should be aware of these challenges and opportunities, and be prepared to address them if GIS implementation is to be successful.
A quantal code for touch intensity in C. elegans

Researchers have already determined the molecular identity of many mechanoreceptive ion channels. The next major challenge is to determine how these channels work together in a sensory neuron to transform mechanical stimuli into depolarizing currents in a way that can encode different stimuli. For
Laser Hazard Analysis for Ultra-Fast Sub-Nanosecond, Mode-Locked Near Infrared Lasers Operated with Pulse Repetition Frequencies Above the Critical Frequency

Ultra fast, sub-nanosecond (picosecond to femtosecond) duration, laser pulses present unique challenges when performing laser safety analysis involving mode-locked lasers, which operate at pulse repetition frequencies above the critical frequency in the near infrared wavelength bands. Two specific cases are presented, one such case that agrees and one that disagrees with the general rule on critical frequency. The results show that in all cases the appropriate maximum permissible exposure is always the smallest of the values calculated from ANSI rule 1, 2 and 3.
Promoting Wellness Through Mobile Health Technology in a College Student Population: Protocol Development and Pilot Study

Background: The health and well-being of college students has garnered widespread attention and concern in recent years. At the same time, the expansion and evaluation of digital technologies has grown in recent years for different target populations. Objective: This protocol aims to describe a pilot feasibility study on wearables to assess student interest and to gather baseline data from college freshmen, for the academic year 2019 to 2020. Methods: All full-time college freshmen residing in a single residence hall were eligible to participate. Study invitations were sent by post and email 5 weeks prior to move-in. Web-based enrollment and in-person attendance at study orientation sessions were mandatory. We provided the incoming freshmen with a wearable and study app. Wearable data and weekly survey data will be collected through the study app and analyzed. We have collected demographic, enrollment, and attrition data and the number and type of support requests from students. Results: The planning phase of the WearDuke initiative was completed in 2018 to 2019, and the pilot study was launched in July 2019. Of the 175 students invited, 120 enrolled and 114 started the study; 107 students remained active participants till the end of the fall semester. For Apple Watch participants (the majority of study population), weekly survey completion rates ranged from 70% (74/106) to 96% (95/99). Conclusions: Halfway through the pilot, we noticed that the initiative has been received positively by the students with minimal attrition. The short- and long-term benefits may be substantial for students, the campus, the utilization of health services, and long-term health.
Fundamentals of Macroscopic Chemical Analysis: A Foundation-Level Course for a New Chemistry Curriculum.

Fundamentals of Macroscopic Chemical Analysis is a newly developed foundation-level course that integrates concepts from traditional physical and analytical chemistry courses. The course was designed to serve majors in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology as well as pre-health professional students. The main goal of this course is to develop the ideas of energy, stability, and direction of changes for chemical systems. Students develop the idea of free energy through thermodynamic laws and apply the concept of free energy to develop the quantitative picture of selected physical and chemical equilibrium systems.
Trends in Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations, Characteristics, and Valve Operations in Patients With Opioid Use Disorders in the United States: 2005-2014.

Background To evaluate changes in patient characteristics and outcomes for infective endocarditis (IE) related to opioid use disorder (OUD), we used the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS)...
Collective Bargaining During Times of Crisis: Recommendations from the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 dramatically changed employment across sectors in 2020. This Viewpoint essay examines public sector labor relations during the pandemic and describes the impact bargaining process used to protect public employees. We draw on our own experience in impact bargaining negotiations and the public labor relations, conflict management, and civil service reform literatures to develop recommendations for public union labor leaders in times of crisis. We suggest that public unions have an important role in crisis management, but must act strategically in order to develop good working relationships with leadership and successfully negotiate employee protections in uncertain times. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Active Process Control in Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing – The Quality by Control (QbC) Paradigm

Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing is essentially in a steady state, or in a state of control, in process operation, by which variations in critical material/product properties and process parameters can be monitored and controlled in real time within an acceptable range that enables the comprehensive implementation of the Quality by Design (QbD) principles. This advantage, facilitated by the implementation of active process control, has recently been evolving and nurturing a new paradigm of Quality by Control (QbC) in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing. The concept of QbC has acquired acknowledgement in recent applications in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing and bioprocessing.
It\( {\hat{\text{o}}} \) Integration and Quadratic Variation

Local and finite-variation martingales, completeness, covariation, continuity, norm comparison, uniform integrability, Cauchy-type inequalities, martingale integral, semi-martingales, continuity, dominated convergence, chain rule, optional stopping, integration by parts, approximation of covariation, Ito’s formula, local integral, conformal mapping, Fisk–Stratonovich integral, continuity and approximation, random time change, dependence on parameter, functional representation.
Tuning Floating-Point Precision Using Dynamic Program Information and Temporal Locality

We present a methodology for precision tuning of full applications. These techniques must select a search space composed of either variables or instructions and provide a scalable search strategy. In full application settings one cannot assume compiler support for practical reasons. Thus, an additional important challenge is enabling code refactoring. We argue for an instruction-based search space and we show: 1) how to exploit dynamic program information based on call stacks; and 2) how to exploit the iterative nature of scientific codes, combined with temporal locality. We applied the methodology to tune the implementation of scientific codes written in a combination of Python, CUDA, C++ and Fortran, tuning calls to math exp library functions. The iterative search refinement always reduces the search complexity and the number of steps to solution. Dynamic program information increases search efficacy. Using this approach, we obtain application runtime performance improvements up to 27%.
Techniques, Outcomes, and Complications of Preloaded, Trifolded Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Using the DMEK EndoGlide.

Purpose To describe 2 insertion techniques, outcomes, and complications of preloaded, trifolded Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) cases using the DMEK EndoGlide inserter. Methods This retrospective, consecutive case series analyzed the first 35 cases using the DMEK EndoGlide performed between October 2018 and October 2019 at a single center. Preloaded, trifolded DMEK tissues were delivered through a fluid-injected or pull-through technique. To inject the tissue, a burst of fluid was delivered into the lumen of the injector with a second instrument. Postoperatively, best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), pachymetry, graft survival, and complications were assessed. Results Thirty-five eyes of 29 patients underwent DMEK alone (n = 11), with cataract surgery (n = 21), or with additional surgeries (n = 3). Of these, 19 (54.3%) grafts were injected. Video analysis revealed a median time of 3.5 minutes from graft insertion to opening for gas insertion. Median preoperative BSCVA of 0.398 logMAR improved to 0.097 logMAR (P = 0.02) at 9 months. Median pachymetry decreased from 619 μm to 551 μm (P = 0.03) at 9 months. Median donor endothelial cell count of 2890.5 cells/mm2 reduced to 2123 cells/mm2 (26.6% endothelial cell loss; P = 0.008) 6 months postoperatively. One (2.9%) graft failed due to inverted marking at the eye bank and subsequent reverse implantation. Conclusions Pre-loaded, tri-folded tissues can be implanted with acceptable levels of endothelial cell loss. We describe a no-touch method of injecting pre-loaded, tri-folded tissue and highlight incorrect marking as a potential complication. This may not be identifiable intraoperatively due to lack of scroll formation.
How do communicative cues shape the way that dogs (Canis familiaris) encode objects

Our human capacity to efficiently learn from other individuals is unparalleled in any nonhuman species. Some scholars argue that our propensity to learn socially is supported by an early-emerging expectation that communicative cues will convey generic information (Csibra & Gergely, 2011). In the current 2 studies, we examine whether this expectation about generic information is unique to humans by testing a species that readily attends to human cues-dogs. Specifically, we adapted a violation of expectation paradigm previously used with human infants to examine whether communicative cues lead dogs to selectively encode generic, kind-relevant information about objects (e.g., shape). Prior work has demonstrated that human infants are more likely to notice unexpected changes in kind-relevant information in communicative contexts (i.e., when an agent points to the object; Yoon et al., 2008). In contrast, across 2 studies (N = 136), dogs were no more likely to notice kind-relevant changes in communicative contexts than noncommunicative contexts. These findings suggest that although dogs attend to human communicative cues, such cues do not shape the way that dogs encode objects. More broadly, this finding lends support to the claim that our early-emerging generic expectation crucially supports our human capacity to efficiently learn from one another. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Multiple approaches to multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis results from the failure of several different regulatory mechanisms designed to protect against autoimmunity, suggesting multiple targets for therapeutic intervention. Three papers in this issue suggest that if tolerance to components of the nervous system is not maintained in the thymus and autoimmunity ensues, the extent of brain damage can be checked by blockade of glutamate receptors on neurons and oligodendrocytes ( 56–70 ).
Detecting signatures of positive selection in partial sequences generated on a large scale: pitfalls, procedures and resources

Studying the actions of selection provides insight into adaptation, population divergence and gene function. Next-generation sequencing produces large amounts of partial sequences, potentially facilitating efforts to detect signatures of selection based on comparisons between synonymous (d(S)) and nonsynonymous (d(N)) substitutions, and single nucleotide polymorphism assays placed in selected genes would improve the ability to study adaptation in population surveys. However, sequences generated by these technologies are typically short. In nonmodel organisms that are a focus of evolutionary studies, the lack of a reference genome that facilitates the assembly of short sequences has limited surveys of positive selection in large numbers of genes. Here, we describe a series of steps to facilitate these surveys. We provide PERL scripts to assist data analysis, and describe the use of commonly available programs. We demonstrate these approaches in six salmon species, which have partially duplicated genomes. We recommend using multiway blast to optimize the number of alignments between partial coding sequences. Reading frames should be manually detected after alignment with sequences in Genbank using the BLASTX program. We encourage the use of a phylogenetic approach to separate orthologs from paralogs in duplicated genomes. Simple simulations on a gene known to have undergone selection in salmon species, transferrin, showed that the ability to detect selection in short sequences (<600 bp) depended on the proportion of codons under selection (1-2%) within that sequence. This relationship was less relevant in longer sequences. In this exploratory study, we detected 11 genes showing evidence of positive selection.
Mapping the auxin-binding site of auxin-binding protein 1

Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative receptor for the class of plant growth hormones designated auxins of which indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the predominant endogenous member. ABP1 is a homodimeric glycoprotein consisting of subunits of 163 amino acid residues. We have performed a structural study of ABP1 that has localized a region along its primary sequence that is involved in hormone binding. We have used the photoaffinity labeling agent, 5-[7-3H]azidoindole-3-acetic acid (5-[3H]N3IAA), an active auxin analog, to covalently label residues that are within, or near, the auxin-binding site. Photolabeled ABP1 was digested to completion with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were purified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. When 5-[3H]N3IAA was used at a concentration of 0.5 microM (one order of magnitude below the Kd for 5-N3IAA) only one peptide was labeled at a high specific activity. Labeling was blocked by the presence of 50 microM IAA, indicating that the interaction is specific. Sequence analysis determined that this tryptic fragment was derived from Ile130 to Leu145 of ABP1. We suggest that residue Asp134 is the specific target of the photolabeling and is within 1.48 A of the postulated hydrophobic platform of the auxin-binding site. We propose that Trp136 may serve as this hydrophobic platform in the binding site for the aromatic rings of auxins.