cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"With Faces Hidden While the Walls Were Tightening": Applying International Human Rights Standards to Forensic Psychology

Although there are now robust bodies of literature in both Alaw and psychology and in international human rights law, there has been remarkably little written about the specific relationship between forensic psychology and international human rights standards (and about the relationship between mental disability law and such standards in general). Attention is paid when it appears that state psychiatry or psychology is used as a tool of political oppressions e.g., in the former Soviet Union or in China, but the literature is strangely silent on questions dealing with the extent to which forensic psychology practice comports with international human rights norms. Studies done by groups such as Mental Disability Rights International (MDRI) and Mental Disability Advocacy Centre (MDAC) reveal serious and systemic problems in this area, and evidence suggests that, in many nations, little has been done to correct violations of such norms. In this paper, I seek to offer some preliminary insights into this issue by looking at (1) the range of cases in which forensic psychologists typically evaluate persons in the criminal justice system and then testify about their findings, (2) the range of standards of practice imposed in such matters, (3) the traditional role of forensic psychiatrists in institutional litigation in the United States, (4) the extent to which the work of forensic psychologists is examined critically by courts and/or licensing boards, (5) the special issues posed when this question is examined in the context of nations with developing economies, (6) the relevant international mental health norms, and (7) the extent to which such work meets international human rights norms. I will conclude by offering some suggestions about how such norms can more effectively be met (focusing specifically on how information about such norms can effectively be disseminated in nations with developing economies), by recommending that licensing and review boards specifically build such norms into their evaluation processes, and by considering different strategies to best insure that there is adherence to such norms in forensic practice.
Chapter 3 Models fail

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the failing of models and discusses a particular modeling effort that illustrates the crucial validity issues that can arise. Modeling is a delicate business, in which strong simplification is essential, however oversimplification can be lethal. Model validity is a multifaceted concept. No model-validity procedure now in use provides a simple ‘litmus' test of a given model's adequacy. When a sensitivity analysis is performed by those who created the original model, it is limited by any ‘blind spots' in their perspective. Researchers sometimes defend their models by offering evidence that, even if key assumptions or parameters were altered in plausible ways, the conclusions of the analysis would scarcely be affected. Such demonstrations of ‘robustness' imply that it would be picayune to criticize specific details of modeling because nothing consequential depends on them. Such sensitivity analyses are highly persuasive, and deservedly so. The chapter presents a few case studies, proposes and explores the concept of successful modeling, and offers some final observations.
H ∞ compensator design with minimal order observers

A method based on bounded real lemma is presented for designing observer-based proper reduced-order H∞ compensators. The proposed compensators are shown to include the strictly proper full-order central H∞ compensators as a special class. A compensator design algorithm along with a numerical example is included to illustrate the use of the proposed compensator design equations.
Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala

Antagonists of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptors disrupt several forms of learning1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Although this might indicate that NMDA-receptor-mediated processes are critical for synaptic plasticity, there may be other mechanisms by which NMDA-receptor antagonism could interfere with learning1,9,10,11,12. For instance, fear conditioning would be blocked by microinfusion of the NMDA-receptor antagonist AP5 (D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate) into the basolateral amygdala6,13,14 if AP5 inhibited routine synaptic transmission, thereby reducing the ability of stimuli to activate amygdala neurons15,16. In second-order fear conditioning17,18, the reinforcer is a fear-eliciting conditioned stimulus rather than an unconditioned stimulus. Expression of conditioned fear is amygdala-dependent19,20 and so provides a behavioural assessment of the ability of the reinforcer to activate amygdala neurons in the presence of AP5. We report here that intra-amygdala AP5 actually enhances expression of conditioned fear to the conditioned stimulus that provides the reinforcement signal for second-order conditioning. Nevertheless, acquisition of second-order fear conditioning is completely blocked. Our findings strongly support the view that NMDA receptors are critically involved in synaptic plasticity.
The Timing and Value of Forecast and Recommendation Revisions: Do Analysts Receive Early Peek at Good News?

This paper evaluates the information content of analysts' one-quarter ahead earnings forecast revisions and recommendation revisions at various points in time relative to earnings announcement dates. We conduct three sets of tests to evaluate the information content of revisions. Across all tests, we find that the revisions are least informative in the week after earnings announcements and that the information content of revisions generally increases over event time. We find a sharp increase in the information content of upward forecast revisions and recommendations upgrades, but we do not find a similar increase for downward revisions and recommendation downgrades.
Characterization of Cav1.4 Complexes (α11.4, β2, and α2δ4) in HEK293T Cells and in the Retina

In photoreceptor synaptic terminals, voltage-gated Cav1.4 channels mediate Ca(2+) signals required for transmission of visual stimuli. Like other high voltage-activated Cav channels, Cav1.4 channels are composed of a main pore-forming Cav1.4 α1 subunit and auxiliary β and α2δ subunits. Of the four distinct classes of β and α2δ, β2 and α2δ4 are thought to co-assemble with Cav1.4 α1 subunits in photoreceptors. However, an understanding of the functional properties of this combination of Cav subunits is lacking. Here, we provide evidence that Cav1.4 α1, β2, and α2δ4 contribute to Cav1.4 channel complexes in the retina and describe their properties in electrophysiological recordings. In addition, we identified a variant of β2, named here β2X13, which, along with β2a, is present in photoreceptor terminals. Cav1.4 α1, β2, and α2δ4 were coimmunoprecipitated from lysates of transfected HEK293 cells and mouse retina and were found to interact in the outer plexiform layer of the retina containing the photoreceptor synaptic terminals, by proximity ligation assays. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings of transfected HEK293T cells, channels (Cav1.4 α1 + β2X13) containing α2δ4 exhibited weaker voltage-dependent activation than those with α2δ1. Moreover, compared with channels (Cav1.4 α1 + α2δ4) with β2a, β2X13-containing channels exhibited greater voltage-dependent inactivation. The latter effect was specific to Cav1.4 because it was not seen for Cav1.2 channels. Our results provide the first detailed functional analysis of the Cav1.4 subunits that form native photoreceptor Cav1.4 channels and indicate potential heterogeneity in these channels conferred by β2a and β2X13 variants.
Abstract W MP42: Early Treatment With Minocycline Promotes Neurovascular Remodeling of Tight Junctions Facilitating Recovery After Stroke in Rat Brain

Minocycline (Mino) reduces reperfusion injury and inflammation after stroke in animals and humans, but the late effects on remodeling of the neurovascular unit are less well studied. Previously, we showed that tight junction proteins (TJPs) disappeared from microvessels after reperfusion injury, reappearing in newly formed vessels in peri-infarct regions (peri-I) at 3 weeks, and that MMPs are involved in BBB restoration during recovery. Prior studies of Mino investigated short-term neuroprotective effects with or without tPA. We hypothesized that early treatment with Mino would improve neurovascular remodeling during recovery. To test the hypothesis, we monitored the time course of neurovascular remodeling after spontaneous and Mino-induced stroke recovery. Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats had a 90 min transient MCAO with reperfusion. At the onset of reperfusion they received a single dose of Mino (3 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle. They were studied at multiple times up to 4 weeks with MRI, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry. A single dose of Mino significantly reduced the infarct size and tissue loss in the ischemic hemispheres compared to vehicle-treated rats from 2 to 4 weeks as measured with anatomical T2 MRI and ADC. FA measured at 4 weeks showed improved white matter recovery. ASL showed that Mino improved cerebral blood flow in peri-I by 7 days after reperfusion. BBB permeability in peri-I was reduced with Mino at 4 weeks using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. By 4 weeks, Mino induced higher levels of TJPs (occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-5), and MMP-3. We found that active microglia/macrophages, surrounding and within the peri-I, expressed both pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β and IL-10) at 4 weeks. Western blot analysis showed that treatment with Mino significantly reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and increased levels of TGF-β and IL-10. Our results suggest that the early treatment with Mino significantly promotes later neurovascular remodeling during stroke recovery by: 1) reducing brain tissue loss; 2) enhancing TJP formation in newly formed vessels; and 3) accelerating functional alteration of microglia activation from pro-inflammatory stage to anti-inflammatory stage.
Spin Dependent Effective Interaction for Medium Energy Nucleon-Nucleus Scattering

The study of nucleon-nucleus scattering at medium energies is one of the fundamental subjects in nuclear physics. As the incident nucleon energy becomes much greater than the Fermi energy of the nucleus, the interpretation of the scattering data in terms of the effective nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction and nuclear structure should become more straightforward. Once the scattering process is well understood, analysis of the data might reveal new elements of nuclear structure and reaction dynamics.
There exists a neural network that does not make avoidable mistakes

The authors show that a multiple-input, single-output, single-hidden-layer feedforward network with (known) hardwired connections from input to hidden layer, monotone squashing at the hidden layer and no squashing at the output embeds as a special case a so-called Fourier network, which yields a Fourier series approximation properties of Fourier series representations. In particular, approximation to any desired accuracy of any square integrable function can be achieved by such a network, using sufficiently many hidden units. In this sense, such networks do not make avoidable mistakes. >
Compliant Motion Control for Robot Manipulators (Input-Output Approach)

The work presented here is a controller design methodology for robot manipulators based on the input-output functional relationships [26] in the dynamic behavior of the robot manipulator and environment. This controller guarantees: 1) the robot end-point follows an input command vector "closely" when the robot is not constrained by the environment, and 2) the contact force is a function of the same input command vector fused in the unconstrained environment) when the robot is constrained by the environment. The controller is capable of "handling" both types of constrained and unconstrained maneuverings, and is robust to bounded uncertainties in the robot dynamics. The controller does not need any hardware or software switch for the transition between unconstrained and constrained maneuvering. A set of experiments has been carried out in reference 14 and 15 to show how this unified approach can develop compliant motion in a constrained maneuvering.
Introduce XBRL To Business Students

This paper informs business instructors and educators about XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) so that they can introduce it to their students and expand their students’ understanding of how it relates to the accounting profession. Even though the financial community has entered a new age with this standardized reporting language, many business educators and even accountants old and new to the profession are not informed about XBRL nor have an idea of its potential benefits. With this paper, educators and students can learn the definition of XBRL, its history, and its current uses. The information educates the reader about the evolution of XBRL over the past two decades as well as its benefits so readers can become aware of the value of this now-worldwide application. The paper includes the SEC and FDIC adoption of this computer language as an international standard that aims to improve the speed, accuracy, and transparency of business reporting.
Economic Markets and Higher Education: Ethical Issues in the United States and China

Educational values in both the United States and in China have suffered from the social and political reach of economic markets in each society. The models for counteracting the marketization of values in higher education can however be found in each country’s past educational traditions. Surprisingly, the developmental values inherent in small liberal arts college teaching dovetail easily with the personal developmental benefits in the pedagogy of classical Confucian academies, as both center on the validation of the process by which students learn for themselves.
Agent Orange exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder

Evidence of organic psychological deficits in Vietnam veterans exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange was established through a neuropsychological battery. Also, the exposed Vietnam veterans, in contrast to a matched control group of Vietnam veterans, showed a significantly higher rate of posttraumatic stress disorder and its associated features: depression, anxiety, and increased aggression. The latter was subdivided into uncontrollable pressures, verbal violence, violence against objects, assaults, and suicidal thoughts. Active cases of chloracne, a medical indicator, were used to determine Agent Orange exposure.
OSP(1,1|2) and Parisi-Sourlas supersymmetry for closed strings

Abstract Nonabelian OSP(1,1|2) generators for a closed string are constructed and the hole role of subsidiary constraints in dealing with the zero modes is explained.
Design of luminescence-based temperature sensors

ABSTRACT The temperature dependence ofluminescence lifetimes can be used as a temperature monitor. We describe asimple, widely applicable model for the temperature dependence ofemitting species. Equations are provided for thedependence ofthe lifetime versus temperature and other parameters, as well as a figure of merit for lifetime sensors. Usingthis model we then explore such questions as what is the appropriate combination of rate constants and energy gap foroptimizing sensor performance at different temperatures? Based on these results we show that transition metal species orphosphorescent organic molecules offer the greatest opportunities for molecular design of sensors with very highsensitivities. 2. INTRODUCTION There has been an explosion of interest in the design and application ofluminescence probes and sensors.Particularly promising are devices based on luminescent materials as the sensor or molecular reporter; these sensors havegood potential for sensitivity and specfficity. Examples include remote fiber optic based luminescence sensors for
High-speed 2-D and 3-D animation on the IBM PC/XT/AT

This article describes programs for performing high-speed two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) animation on IBM PC/XT/AT and compatible machines that use the color/graphics adapter. Machine language routines interfaced through BASIC allow the user to store screen images in memory as they are created by user software and then to display the sequence of images at rates of up to 60 frames per second. A BASICA 3-D graphics editor that can be used with the routines permits the user to create wire-frame objects and to move them about rigidly in conceptual space while projecting them onto the display screen. These programs should find application in the study of visual perception and cognition.
Macronutrient content of plant-based food affects growth of a carnivorous arthropod

Many arthropods engage in mutualisms in which they consume plant-based foods including nectar, extrafloral nectar, and honeydew. However, relatively little is known about the manner in which the specific macronutrients in these plant-based resources affect growth, especially for carnivorous arthropods. Using a combination of laboratory and field experiments, we tested (1) how plant-based foods, together with ad libitum insect prey, affect the growth of a carnivorous ant, Solenopsis invicta, and (2) which macronutrients in these resources (i.e., carbohydrates, amino acids, or both) contribute to higher colony growth. Access to honeydew increased the production of workers and brood in experimental colonies. This growth effect appeared to be due to carbohydrates alone as colonies provided with the carbohydrate component of artificial extrafloral nectar had greater worker and brood production compared to colonies deprived of carbohydrates. Surprisingly, amino acids only had a slight interactive effect on the proportion of a colony composed of brood and negatively affected worker survival. Diet choice in the laboratory and field matched performance in the laboratory with high recruitment to carbohydrate baits and only slight recruitment to amino acids. The strong, positive effects of carbohydrates on colony growth and the low cost of producing this macronutrient for plants and hemipterans may have aided the evolution of food-for-protection mutualisms and help explain why these interactions are so common in ants. In addition, greater access to plant-based resources in the introduced range of S. invicta may help to explain the high densities achieved by this species throughout the southeastern United States.
Functional diversity in resource use by fungi

Fungi influence nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, as they are major regulators of decomposition and soil respiration. However, little is known about the substrate preferences of individual fungal species outside of laboratory culture studies. If active fungi differ in their substrate preferences in situ, then changes in fungal diversity due to global change may dramatically influence nutrient cycling in ecosystems. To test the responses of individual fungal taxa to specific substrates, we used a nucleotide-analogue procedure in the boreal forest of Alaska (USA). Specifically, we added four organic N compounds commonly found in plant litter (arginine, glutamate, lignocellulose, and tannin-protein) to litterbags filled with decomposed leaf litter (black spruce and aspen) and assessed the responses of active fungal species using qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction), oligonucleotide fingerprinting of rRNA genes, and sequencing. We also compared the sequences from our experiment with a concurrent warming experiment to see if active fungi that targeted more recalcitrant compounds would respond more positively to soil warming. We found that individual fungal taxa responded differently to substrate additions and that active fungal communities were different across litter types (spruce vs. aspen). Active fungi that targeted lignocellulose also responded positively to experimental warming. Additionally, resource-use patterns in different fungal taxa were genetically correlated, suggesting that it may be possible to predict the ecological function of active fungal communities based on genetic information. Together, these results imply that fungi are functionally diverse and that reductions in fungal diversity may have consequences for ecosystem functioning.
Induction of human T-cell tolerance to pig xenoantigens via thymus transplantation in mice with an established human immune system.

Thymus xenotransplantation has been shown to induce tolerance to porcine xenografts in mice and to permit survival of α1,3Gal-transferase knockout porcine kidney xenografts for months in nonhuman primates. We evaluated the ability of porcine thymus xenotransplantation to induce human T-cell tolerance using a humanized mouse (hu-mouse) model, where a human immune system is preestablished by implantation of fetal human thymus tissue under the kidney capsule and intravenous injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Human T-cell depletion with an anti-CD2 mAb following surgical removal of human thymic grafts prevented the initial rejection of porcine thymic xenografts in hu-mice. In these hu-mice, porcine thymic grafts were capable of supporting human thymopoiesis and T-cell development, and inducing human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenoantigens. Human T cells from these mice responded strongly to third-party pig, but not to the thymic donor swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-matched pig stimulators in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. Anti-pig xenoreactive antibodies declined in these hu-mice, whereas antibody levels increased in nontolerant animals that rejected porcine thymus grafts. These data show that porcine thymic xenotransplantation can induce donor-specific tolerance in immunocompetent hu-mice, supporting this approach for tolerance induction in clinical xenotransplantation.
Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Evolution over Complex Terrain. Part II: Factors Controlling Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Structure

Abstract The development of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) over a sloping plateau upwind of a high mountain barrier is studied with a numerical model and field observations. Six numerical simulations and one observed case are used to describe the effects of wind speed, wind direction, and sunset mixed-layer depth on the NBL structure 6 h after sunset. When there is a component of wind into barrier, a two-layer structure develops. A 75-175-m-deep inversion layer that is topped by a 200-300-m-deep, less stable transition layer extends over the length of the plateau. Shear between the 3–4 m s−1 drainage winds in the inversion layer and the large-scale wind mix cold air vertically to build the transition layer. The inversion layer appears to be relatively insensitive to changes in the external parameters, but transition-layer depth is proportional to wind speed.
Terrorism and foreign direct investment in spain and greece

This paper puts forward a time-series methodology for quantifying the impact that terrorist incidents have had on net foreign direct investment. For Spain, a transfer function is used for quantification purposes, while, for Greece, a VAR model is employed. Terrorism had a significant and persistent negative impact on net foreign direct investment--a year's worth of terrorism discouraged net foreign direct investment by 13.5 percent annually in Spain and by 11.9 percent annually in Greece. The cumulative effect on foreign-held capital is indicated. It shows that smaller countries that face a persistent threat of terrorism may incur economic costs in the form of reduced investment and growth. Copyright 1996 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Applying linear spectral unmixing to airborne hyperspectral imagery for mapping crop yield variability

This study evaluated linear spectral unmixing techniques for mapping the variation in crop yield. Both unconstrained and constrained linear spectral unmixing models were applied to airborne hyperspectral imagery recorded from a grain sorghum field and a cotton field. A pair of plant and soil spectra derived from each image was used as endmember spectra to generate unconstrained and constrained plant and soil cover fractions. Yield was positively related to plant fractions and negatively related to soil fractions. For comparison, all 5151 possible narrow-band normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) were calculated from the 102-band images and related to yield. Plant fractions provided better correlations with yield than the majority of the NDVIs. These results indicate that plant cover fraction maps derived from hyperspectral imagery can be used as relative yield maps to characterize crop yield variability.
Adult laryngotracheal stenosis: etiology and surgical management.

Purpose of reviewThe most common causes of laryngotracheal stenosis have changed over the last 100 years, with external trauma and infection being supplanted by iatrogenic trauma from intubation and tracheotomy. Modern-day surgeons continue to struggle with the prevention and the treatment of this d
Surfactant-Templated mesoporous metal oxide nanowires

We demonstrate two approaches to prepare mesoporous metal oxide nanowires by surfactant assembly and nanoconfinement via sol-gel or electrochemical deposition. For example, mesoporous Ta2O5 and zeolite nanowires are prepared by block copolymer Pluronic 123-templated sol-gel method, and mesoporous ZnO nanowires are prepared by electrodeposition in presence of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, in porous membranes. The morphologies of porous nanowires are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses.
A neurophysiological analysis of sensitivity to γ-aminobutyric acid blockers late in chick development

Abstract The sensitivity of multiunit discharges (bursts) to topically applied bicuculline and bicuculline methiodide was examined in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the chick embryo late in chick development (13 to 19 days). These putative blockers of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-sensitive synapses were found to have quite different effects on spontaneous burst activity throughout development. Bicuculline at any of the dosages utilized had no predictable effect on electrophysiologic parameters at any age. Bicuculline methiodide enhanced burst activity from 14 days, and had little effect or a slight depressive influence on Day 13. Enhancement included an increase in burst frequency in all embryos after Day 13; burst content and duration were greater after Day 14. The increase in this effect after Day 14 and the sensitivity of bicuculline methiodide enhancement to MgSO4 suggests that spontaneous activity patterns are being determined at this time by GABA-sensitive inhibitory synapses. This sensitivity of the embryonic cord to such GABA blockers is reminiscent of that to strychnine and may indicate a concomitant emergence of pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory systems in spinal cord development.
Coping with Payola: Field Ventures from Mindanao

Based upon on-site observations and field interviews in the northwest coastal region of Mindanao of the southern Philippines, this paper presents a typology of bribery and extortion. The manner in which payola is paid under-the-table in the routine life of locals is discussed along with how such activity appears to be approaching normality. Of concern is how a payola-abundant landscape affects the fieldworker. Several of Donald Black's propositions are given further clarification.
Physical Chemistry of Freeze-drying: Measurement of Sublimation Rates for Frozen Aqueous Solutions by a Microbalance Technique

The sublimation rate of frozen solutions was studied as a function of freezing rate, thickness of dried product (l), temperature, residual air pressure, and solute concentration. Data are presented for pure water, aqueous potassium chloride, aqueous povidone, and aqueous dobutamine hydrochloride-mannitol (System I). The resistance of the dried product to water vapor flow (Rp) was evaluated from the sublimation rate and the sample temperature. The primary experimental technique was based on freeze-drying a cylindrical microsample isothermally, with the sample suspended from one arm of a vacuum microbalance. Methodology to evaluate resistance data from vial freeze-drying experiments is also described. In separate experiments, samples in the form of a thin (15-microns) film were visually observed through a microscope during freeze-drying. Freeze-drying of most samples appeared to occur by water vapor escaping through open channels created by prior sublimation of ice. Contrary to the usual theoretical model, Rp is neither independent of temperature nor directly proportional to l. Rather, Rp decreases with increasing temperature and the l dependence is normally of the form Rp = (A0 + A1l)/(1 + A2l), where Ai (i = 0, 1, 2) are constants. In several cases, Rp is very large near l = 0, decreases sharply at l congruent to 0.1 cm, and obeys the above equation where l greater than 0.2 cm, a result suggesting an amorphous surface skin which cracks on desorption of water. The temperature dependence of Rp suggests that, as the sample temperature approaches the eutectic (or collapse) temperature, hydrodynamic surface flow of adsorbed water is an important flow mechanism.
A 3.7 mW Low-Noise Wide-Bandwidth 4.5 GHz Digital Fractional-N PLL Using Time Amplifier-Based TDC

A digital fractional-N PLL that employs a high resolution TDC and a truly $\Delta \Sigma$ fractional divider to achieve low in-band noise with a wide bandwidth is presented. The fractional divider employs a digital-to-time converter (DTC) to cancel out $\Delta \Sigma$ quantization noise in time domain, thus alleviating TDC dynamic range requirements. The proposed digital architecture adopts a narrow range low-power time-amplifier based TDC (TA-TDC) to achieve sub 1 ps resolution. By using TA-TDC in place of a BBPD, the limit cycle behavior that plagues BB-PLLs is greatly suppressed by the TA-TDC, thus permitting wide PLL bandwidth. The proposed architecture is also less susceptible to DTC nonlinearity and has faster settling and tracking behavior compared to a BB-PLL. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process, the prototype PLL achieves better than ${-}$ 106 dBc/Hz in-band noise and 3 MHz PLL bandwidth at 4.5 GHz output frequency using 50 MHz reference. The PLL consumes 3.7 mW and achieves better than 490 fs $ _{{\rm rms}}$ integrated jitter. This translates to a FoM $ _{{\rm J}}$ of ${-}$ 240.5 dB, which is the best among the reported fractional-N PLLs.
Restricted Pulmonary Function in Cystic Fibrosis

Some patients with cystic fibrosis have reduced pulmonary volumes, indicating a restrictive pattern of pulmonary disease. We identified ten patients with pulmonary functional evidence of restriction among 158 patients with cystic fibrosis followed at the University of California San Diego Medical Center in 1984 and 1985. We characterized the radiographic, pulmonary functional, and clinical characteristics of these restricted patients compared to matched nonrestricted patients. Pulmonary volumes were measured by three different techniques: plethysmography; nitrogen washout; and radiography. Except for plethysmographic pulmonary volumes, there were no significant differences between the matched restricted and nonrestricted patients. Radiographic pulmonary volume tended to overestimate gas volume measured by the other techniques. Differences among these techniques (thought to represent air-space filling) correlated best with radiographic evidence of air trapping and bronchial markings and not with parenchymal lesions. Serial pulmonary function tests demonstrated changes in pulmonary volume in several patients and a trend toward improvement in pulmonary volume in the restricted patients over time. We conclude that restricted pulmonary function does not necessarily indicate more severe disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and may be reversible in some. The mechanism of restriction may be related more to radiographic evidence of airway disease than to parenchymal abnormalities.
Automated upgrading of component-based applications

Frameworks and libraries change their APIs. Migrating an application to the new API is tedious and disrupts the development process. Although some tools and ideas have been proposed to solve the evolution of APIs, most updates are done manually. Our study of the API changes in five components revealed that over 80% of the changes that break existing applications are caused by refactorings. This suggests that refactoring-based migration tools should be used to effectively upgrade applications. We propose an approach that is both automated and safe, without any overhead on the component producers. First, component refactorings are automatically detected (either inferred or recorded), then they are incorporated into applications by replaying.
FDG imaging of a pulmonary artery sarcoma

Fluorine-18-2-fluro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomographic tumor imaging was employed to aid in the diagnosis of a patient with a right hilar mass. Based on preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings, a right pneumonectomy was performed for what proved to be a pulmonary artery sarcoma.
Effects of non-uniformities on the hardening of crystals

Abstract The ease of motion of a dislocation in a crystal is influenced by changes in lattice parameter and elastic modulus. For solid solutions where such changes are gradual the hardening is negligible, but for abrupt changes, such as occur at a precipitate, the effect is important. The changes in lattice parameter lead to the production of interface dislocations and suggest a work hardening model for one class of precipitation hardened alloys. Interface dislocations may also affect flow near a free surface.
POD-Based reduced-order models with deforming grids

Proper orthogonal decomposition based reduced order modeling (POD/ROM) is examined with deforming grids. POD/ROM is a technique that operates in an index-space for computations, not typically accounting for grid dynamics. Two model problems are presented to demonstrate the method of accounting for the effects of grid deformation on POD/ROM. The analytical solution of flow about an oscillating cylinder and potential flow over an oscillating panel. The accuracy and robustness of POD/ROM on deforming grids are compared to that of rigid grid POD/ROM. Deforming grid POD/ROMs are found to require more modes than rigid grid POD/ROMs for similar accuracy levels. In addition, for deforming grids, POD/ROMs are less accurate when the grid deformation is significantly altered from the deformations seen in the POD/ROM development. To address these issues, a new technique is developed that compares the relative grid motion between the POD/ROM creation and execution. The technique determines the current relative grid deformation and selects the best POD/ROM from those available.
A cloned extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor: Molecular mediator of the actions of extracellular Ca2+ on parathyroid and kidney cells?

Calcium ions serve multiple biological roles; therefore, maintaining a nearly constant extracellular ionized calcium concentration (Ca2,) is a critical function of free-living terrestrial organisms. Tetrapods have evolved a homeostatic system for accomplishing this goal that has two key elements [1] (Fig. 1): The first are cells that "sense" (that is, recognize and respond to) small physiologically-relevant changes in Ca2, including parathyroid cells and thyroidal C-cells, which secrete, respectively, less parathyroid hormone (PTH) and more calcitonin (CT) in the presence of elevated levels of Ca20 [1, 21. The second element are the effector tissues that translocate Ca20 ions in response to calciotropic hormones (that is, kidney, bone and intestine) [1, 2]. The receptor-mediated mechanisms through which classical calciotropie hormones, such as PTH, calcitonin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D regulate their target tissues has been the focus of intense studies. In contrast, much less has been known until recently about the mechanisms underlying Ca20-sensing by parathyroid and C-cells. Recent application of molecular techniques, however, has shown that Ca2)-sensing, like the sensing of many other extracellular first messengers, involves a cell surface, Ca20sensing receptor (CaR) that is a member of the superfanuly of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) [3]. Moreover, the receptor is present not only in classic Ca20-sensing cells, like parathyroid cells, but also in effector elements of the mineral ion homeostatic system, such as the kidney [3, 4]. Finally, studies on the role of the CaR in inherited diseases of Ca20-sensing have yielded novel insights into the basis for previously poorly understood direct actions of Ca20 on renal function.
Anaerobic O-demethylation of chlorinated guaiacols byAcetobacterium woodii andEubacterium limosum

The acetogenic bacteriaEubacterium limosum andAcetobacterium woodii are strict anaerobes with the ability to metabolizeO-methyl substituents of aromatic compounds. In investigating the versatility of the O-demethylating activity of these acetogens, we examined the anaerobic O-demethylation of chlorinated guaiacols (2-methoxyphenols). Anaerobic cell suspensions of bothE. limosum andA. woodii were able to O-demethylate di-, tri- and tetrachloroguaiacols to the corresponding catechols. The chlorocatechols accumulated and were not further metabolized. A chlorine substituent in the positionortho to the methoxyl-group hindered, but did not completely inhibit O-demethylation. Similar O-demethylation of chloroguaiacols has been observed in anaerobic sediments. The O-demethylating enzyme(s) of both strains seem to be fairly non-specific.
Impaired Activity of the γ-Glutamyl Cycle in Nephropathic Cystinosis Fibroblasts

Cystinotic patients have been shown to excrete in their urine high levels of pyroglutamate, an intermediate metabolite of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent gamma-glutamyl cycle, which is responsible for glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Human fibroblasts were used to study the mechanisms leading to pyroglutamate accumulation in nephropathic cystinosis (NC). We show that inhibition of ATP synthesis caused a marked intracellular accumulation of pyroglutamate, reflecting decreased GSH synthesis. Despite similar degrees of ATP depletion, pyroglutamate increased more in cystinotic fibroblasts than in controls, while GSH decreased to lower levels. In addition, cystinotic cells exposed to oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) were unable to increase their GSH concentration above baseline. These results could not be attributed to differences in mitochondrial oxidative activity or to increased apoptotic cell death. Together, these results support the hypothesis that cysteine derived from lysosomal cystine efflux limits the activity of the gamma-glutamyl cycle and GSH synthesis.
Images of black people in late mediaeval and early modern Japan 1543–1900

(1995). Images of black people in late mediaeval and early modern Japan 1543–1900. Japan Forum: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Entrepreneurship in Regional and Local Development

This article surveys the topic of entrepreneurship within the processes of regional and local development. The issue of entrepreneurship is complex, and the interest in it shown by researchers and ...
The contemporary foreclosure crisis and US crime rates

Foreclosure rates in America reached unprecedented levels during the last half of the 2000s, and many observers have speculated that elevated crime rates were one of the probable negative collateral consequences of this trend. We examine this issue with a comprehensive county-level analysis of the role of foreclosure in shaping contemporary crime patterns, highlighting the possibility of theoretically informed non-linear and conditional relationships. Multivariate regression models that account for the well-documented spatial autocorrelation of crime rates and the possible endogeneity of foreclosure reveal a positive association between rates of foreclosure and property crime that accelerates significantly once foreclosure rates attain historically high levels. Multiplicative models indicate that this pattern holds for burglary across diverse county conditions, but the observed non-linear effect of foreclosure on robbery rates is limited primarily to areas that also exhibit relatively high levels of resource deprivation and limited new housing construction.
Vacuum requirements for negative ion transmission in tandem Van de Graaff accelerators

Abstract The attenuation of heavy negative ions OH − , Br − , and I − at 4, 6, and 8 MeV in O 2 and C 10 H 22 O was measured using the unique capability of the three-stage MP Van de Graaff Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The results are relevant to the new and larger tandem accelerators presently under design and construction. If average residual gas pressures can be maintained at 10 −7 torr, negative ion losses due to gas stripping will be less than 1%.
TB: the Yin and Yang of lipid mediators

There is a growing appreciation of the diverse roles that lipid mediators play in modulating inflammatory responses during infection. In the case of tuberculosis, virulent mycobacteria induce host production of anti-inflammatory mediators, including lipoxins, which limit the host inflammatory response and lead to necrotic cell death of infected macrophages. Recent work using the zebrafish model suggests that, while excess anti-inflammatory lipoxins are host detrimental during mycobacterial infections, excess pro-inflammatory lipids also drive host susceptibility. The balance of these inflammatory states is influenced by common human genetic variation in Asia. Fuller understanding of the mechanisms of eicosanoid-mediated inflammatory imbalance during tuberculosis infection has important implications for the development of adjunctive therapies.
The ArsD As(III) metallochaperone.

Arsenic, a toxic metalloid widely existing in the environment, causes a variety of health problems. The ars operon encoded by Escherichia coli plasmid R773 has arsD and arsA genes, where ArsA is an ATPase that is the catalytic subunit of the ArsAB As(III) extrusion pump, and ArsD is an arsenic chaperone for ArsA. ArsD transfers As(III) to ArsA and increases the affinity of ArsA for As(III), allowing resistance to environmental concentrations of arsenic. Cys12, Cys13 and Cys18 in ArsD form a three sulfur-coordinated As(III) binding site that is essential for metallochaperone activity. ATP hydrolysis by ArsA is required for transfer of As(III) from ArsD to ArsA, suggesting that transfer occurs with a conformation of ArsA that transiently forms during the catalytic cycle. The 1.4 A x-ray crystal structure of ArsD shows a core of four β-strands flanked by four α-helices in a thioredoxin fold. Docking of ArsD with ArsA was modeled in silico. Independently ArsD mutants exhibiting either weaker or stronger interaction with ArsA were selected. The locations of the mutations mapped on the surface of ArsD are consistent with the docking model. The results suggest that the interface with ArsA involves one surface of α1 helix and metalloid binding site of ArsD.
Temperature dependence of the infrared refractive index of sapphire

Infrared domes on guided missiles are aerodynamically heated nonuniformly. Because the index of refraction is temperature dependent, the temperature gradient can cause image blur and bore-sight error. The temperature dependence of the infrared refractive index has not been directly measured in sapphire, a popular dome material. However, an accurate model of the temperature-dependent infrared refractive index can be obtained from visible measurements of the refractive index, far-infrared reflectance measurements, and infrared measurements of the absorption coefficient. Visible measurements determine the contribution to the refractive index from electronic transitions. Far-infrared measurements determine the contributions from fundamental lattice vibrations (phonons). Infrared absorption data are used to determine parameters in a multiphonon sum band model. By applying the Hilbert transform to this multiphonon absorption model, a model for the multiphonon refractivity is obtained. Two- and three-phonon contributions to the refractive index are important for an accurate model that includes temperature dependence. Results for the ordinary ray and extraordinary ray are obtained.
Mikulicz's syndrome with fever as an unusual complication of thiouracil therapy.

“IODINE MUMPS” has long been known to the medical profession as a rare, toxic reaction to iodine (1). Indeed iodine has been reported as an etiologic factor in some cases of Mikulicz's syndrome (3). An analogous phenomenon has been reported to occur in patients receiving thiouracil in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis (4). The present report deals with the detailed description of a patient who developed fever and a generalized swelling of the salivary and lacrimal glands while taking thiouracil. Following recovery, a sialogram showed evidence of structural damage to at least one of the salivary glands. CASE REPORT A. L., Lab. #25523, a white female aged 50, was admitted to the medical service of the Massachusetts General Hospital on February 23, 1945. She complained of a goiter, weight loss and nervousness. In 1942 she first noticed in her neck a lump which produced no symptoms. At about the same time she was treated in another hospital with x-ray and radium for epidermoid cancer of the cervix.
Possible atomic diffusion of Cu in glassy Cu-As-Se

Due to its impact on various metastable changes in the electrical conductivity, atomic diffusion in amorphous semiconductors has become a very important subject. In the glassy Ag-As-S system, previous measurements suggest that the increase in the ionic conductivity for T > 300 K is probably due to atomic diffusion of Ag. In this paper, the temperature and compositional dependences of the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times T1 and T2, respectively, of 63Cu NMR are used to investigate the possibility of Cu atomic diffusion in glassy Cu-As-Se. For T 300 K, however, we observe a sharp decline of T1 and T2. Also, the magnetization recovery curves appear to fit a stretched exponential M = Moexp[-(t/T1)suα] with α = 1/2. We interpret these results as suggesting that the relaxation process at high temperatures is probably dominated by an inhomogeneous diffusion of copper atoms.
Habitat Associations of Age-0 Cutthroat Trout in a Spring Stream Improved for Adult Salmonids

ABSTRACT Native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in the Snake River watershed use streams formed by large springs for spawning and nursery habitat. Several spring streams have been modified to enhance abundance of adult salmonids, but the habitat associations of age-0 cutthroat trout in these systems are undescribed. We assessed the frequency of collection of age-0 cutthroat trout in riffles, riffle margins, pool margins, and backwaters from late June to the middle of August 2000 in a spring stream with such modifications. The proportion of sites in which age-0 cutthroat trout were collected increased up to the middle of July and then decreased. We found substantially lower frequencies of collection of age-0 cutthroat trout in riffles compared to the three stream-margin habitat types. Age-0 cutthroat trout appeared to select shallow, low-velocity, stream-margin habitat with cover that provided protection from piscivorous adult salmonids and avian predators. Our observations suggest that modification ...
Signal-Detection Analysis of the Müller-Lyer and the Horizontal-Vertical Illusions

Perceptual error in the Muller-Lyer and the Horizontal-Vertical illusions was quantified using nonparametric signal-detection measures of sensitivity and response bias. Sensitivity scores were positively related to signal strength with the greatest values observed for the strongest signals. Sensitivity at each signal strength did not differ between the two illusions. Response-bias scores were inversely related to signal strength, with the most conservative biases observed for the strongest signals. Response biases for each signal strength were significantly more conservative for the Horizontal-Vertical than for the Muller-Lyer illusion.