cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Developmental Framework for Collaboration in Child-Serving Agencies.

Collaboration for the purpose of interdependent problem solving represents a fundamental reform of services for children with serious emotional disturbance and their families, which have typically been categorical, poorly coordinated, costly, overly restrictive, and frequently provided outside of the children's home communities. This article presents a developmental framework for collaboration that is based on the experience of families, service providers, administrators, and community members who have been involved in local collaborative processes in their own communities. The framework provides those interested in building collaboration a clear identification of the stages of collaborative development, defining characteristics of each stage, collaborative activities typical of that stage, and identification of the catalyst for change to the next stage. The results of this project indicate that while well-developed professional collaboration is a necessary component of collaboration, it is not sufficient in and of itself. The sites participating in this project related their experiences in building collaborative processes to both the development of strong interagency collaborations and the development of family participation. Their experience indicates that these two processes must be fully developed and woven together to achieve the goal of true collaboration.
Real-time atmospheric compensation using stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation

We review what is, to our knowledge, the first successful demonstration of atmospheric compensation employing a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) based on ordinary stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). The principal challenge in using SBS in this application is to reach SBS threshold despite the significant losses inherent in the atmospheric propagation. In our system, the required gain of 95 dB is provided by backward-Raman amplifiers. >
Fracture of brittle solids: Chemical processes in crack propagation: kinetic fracture

In developing the Griffith–Irwin fracture mechanics of chapters 2 and 3 we presumed that equilibrium brittle fracture properties are governed by invacuo surface energies. In practice, most fractures take place in a chemically interactive environment. The effects of environment on crack propagation can be strongly detrimental. One of the most distinctive manifestations is a rate-dependent growth, even at sustained applied stresses well below the ‘inert strength’, with velocities sufficiently high as to be clearly measurable but too low as to be considered inertial. We use the term kinetics (typical velocity range ≈ m s -1 down to and below nm s -1 ) to distinguish from true dynamics (velocity range ≈ m s -1 to km s -1 ). Kinetic crack propagation (alternatively referred to as ‘slow’ or ‘subcritical’ crack growth) is notable for its extreme sensitivity to applied load, specifically to G and K . It tends also to depend on concentration of environmental species, temperature, and other extraneous variables. How does kinetic behaviour reconcile with the Griffith concept? A crack growing at constant velocity at a specific driving force implies a condition of steady state, whereas Griffith deals explicitly with equilibrium states. Experimentally, it is found that velocity diminishes with decreasing G or K until, at some threshold , motion ceases. On unloading the system still further the crack closes up and, under favourable conditions, heals , even in the presence of environmental species.
Conflict Management Strategies And Manifest Conflict: Do They Matter In Buyer/Seller Relationships?

This study addresses the gap in research concerning conflict and conflict management in buyer/seller relationships. Two types of manifest conflict, functional and dysfunctional, were tested to determine the distinct effect of each on the buyer/seller relationship and to determine if the two types of conflict are determined in some way by the choice of one of five management strategies available to the seller.
A Long, Strange Trip: My First Year Challenging the Constitutionality of Obamacare

This article chronicles the (first) year I spent opposing the constitutionality of Obamacare: Between debates, briefs, op-eds, blogging, testimony, and media, I have spent well over half of my time since the legislation’s enactment on attacking Congress’s breathtaking assertion of federal power in this context. Braving transportation snafus, snowstorms, and Eliot Spitzer, it’s been an interesting ride. And so, weaving legal arguments into first-person narrative, I hope to add a unique perspective to an important debate that goes to the heart of this nation’s founding principles. The individual mandate is Obamacare’s highest-profile and perhaps most egregious constitutional violation because the Supreme Court has never allowed – Congress has never claimed – the power to require people to engage in economic activity. If it is allowed to stand, then no principled limits on federal power remain. But it doesn’t have to be this way; as the various cases wend their way to an eventual date at the Supreme Court, I will be with them, keeping the government honest in court and the debate alive in the public eye.
Systems of Mating. II. the Effects of Inbreeding on the Genetic Composition of a Population.

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Transport properties of electrons in energy band tails

Abstract Transport properties of electrons in energy band tails of disordered semiconductors are studied experimentally using a material system in which (i) the width and shape of the band-tail are approximately known and (ii) the Fermi energy is controllable. The material is heavily-doped, closely-compensated, crystalline n-GaAs whose compensation ratio can be made arbitrarily close to unity by the use of two techniques that are described in detail. This control of the Fermi level through compensation permits the measurement of the transport properties of electrons at various energies in the band-tail. Using band tails having a width of ∼50 meV, measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the d.c. conductivity and Hall coefficient, the frequency dependence of the a.c. conductivity and the electric field dependence of the d.c. conductivity (the last two at low temperatures). The evidence demonstrates the progressively greater localization of states deeper in the tails. No sign is found of...
ADJECTIVES AS INFORMATION SOURCES FOR READING-COMPREHENSION TEST ITEMS

To replicate Bradley's (1970) investigation of various parts-of-speech as information sources for responses to reading-comprehension test items, 180 Ss in Grades 3, 4, and 5 were assigned to treatment groups which corresponded to grammatical deletions made in the reading paragraphs. Nouns were confirmed as the primary information source and adjectives were not confirmed as an information source. It was concluded that some artifact of task, administration, or random error was responsible for the previous finding of adjectives as information sources for responses to reading-comprehension test items.
Monitoring Phospholipase A 2 Activity with Gd-encapsulated Phospholipid Liposomes

To date, numerous analytical methods have been developed to monitor phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. However, many of these methods require the use of unnatural PLA2 substrates that may alter enzyme kinetics, and probes that cannot be extended to applications in more complex environments. It would be desirable to develop a versatile assay that monitors PLA2 activity based on interactions with natural phospholipids in complex biological samples. Here, we developed an activatable T1 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent to monitor PLA2 activity. Specifically, the clinically approved gadolinium (Gd)-based MR contrast agent, gadoteridol, was encapsulated within nanometer-sized phospholipid liposomes. The encapsulated Gd exhibited a low T1-weighted signal, due to low membrane permeability. However, when the phospholipids within the liposomal membrane were hydrolyzed by PLA2, encapsulated Gd was released into bulk solution, resulting in a measureable change in the T1-relaxation time. These activatable MR contrast agents can potentially be used as nanosensors for monitoring of PLA2 activity in biological samples with minimal sample preparation.
Inhibition of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidation by ammonia.

THE toxic responses of plants to ammonia supplied as anhydrous or aqueous ammonia or ammonium salts are well documented1–3; but relatively little is known regarding the means by which toxicity to either plant or animal cells is brought about4. In the course of an investigation of this problem it was found that ammonia strongly inhibits the exogenous utilization of glucose, pyruvate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate and malate by a number of intact tissues and particulate preparations from plant sources. Of the Krebs' cycle substrates, succinate was inhibited less by ammonia than the others used. This partial resistance of succinate oxidation to ammonia inhibition pointed toward a possible effect on diphosphopyridine nucleotide since this does not serve as a co-factor for succinate oxidation. To investigate this question further, studies were made of the effect of ammonia on the reduction and oxidation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in homogenates of red beet-root, using the 340 mµ absorption peak of the reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Homogenates of the fresh root of red beet (Beta vulgaris) were prepared in the cold by hand grinding and centrifugation. The suspending medium was 0.2 M tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 8.5 containing 1.0 M sucrose and 5 × 10−3 M ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid.
Frequency and hold time effects on crack growth of Ti24Al11Nb at high temperature

Abstract An investigation has been conducted to evaluate the effects of cyclic frequency and hold times on crack growth in a representative α 2 titanium aluminide, Ti24Al11Nb at 49 °C. Fatigue crack propagation experiments conducted over a wide range of frequencies from 0.01 to 100 Hz indicate a strong dependence of d a /d N upon cyclic loading frequency Superposition of hold time at maximum load has a deceleration effect of the growth rate per cycle whereas superposition of a hold time at minimum load results in a higher crack growth rate which is attributed to enhanced environmental degradation. It is postulated that the hold time at maximum load results in an interaction of the environmental effect with a retardation effect due to the crack tip blunting as a consequence of creep under maximum applied load. The frequency and hold time behavior is rationalized in terms of a complex interaction between fatigue, blunting owing to creep and environmental degradation through a simple model which considers the interaction effects.
Permutation-based biometric authentication protocols for mitigating replay attacks

A biometric replay attack occurs when a victim's biometric information (in the form of a template) is stolen by a hacker as it is transmitted over a network and used by the hacker to impersonate the victim to gain unauthorized access. Biometric replay attacks can be particularly devastating because the victims of these attacks cannot easily alter their biometrics or the templates associated with their biometrics [1]. In an effort to mitigate biometric replay attacks, the authors of [2] proposed two biometric authentication protocols. These protocols are based on two principles: (a) it is possible to evolve a set of distinct feature extractors (FEs) and (b) distinct FEs produce distinct templates. These principles gave rise to the concept of disposable FEs (and templates). In this paper, we introduce two additional protocols based on disposable FEs and templates. Our results show that these new protocols can be used more efficiently than the two proposed in [2].
Agent gender and firm compliance in relational exchanges

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a gender effect exists in firm compliance decisions in relational supply chain exchanges.Design/methodology/approach – To test the authors' hypotheses, a scenario‐based experiment was conducted with undergraduate and graduate business students from three different US universities. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses.Findings – The results show that after controlling for the control variables, a gender effect on compliance in the buyer‐supplier relationship was found. This finding indicates support for the gender role hypothesis and not for the gender stereotype or gender equality hypotheses.Originality/value – Compliance in relational exchanges has been studied over the last few years. However, the literature is vacuous of gender effect studies in firm compliance decisions. The paper fills a void in the literature by reporting on the existence of gender effect in compliance decisions in relational supply chain exchanges.
Predicting Decision Outcomes: Have We Put the Cart before the Horse in Anthropological Studies of Decision Making?

169-2 13. Romero, C. 1928 Informe Prefectural. Potosi: El Potosi. Schultz, T. 1964 Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press. Schulze, W. 1974 The Optimal Use of Non-Renewable Resources: The Theory of Extraction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 1 :53-73. Shirley, M. 1983 Managing State-Owned Enterprises. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 577. Stiglitz, J. 1975 The Efficiency of Market Prices in Long-Run Allocation in the Oil Industry. In Studies in Energy Tax Policy. G. Brannon, ed. Pp. 124-16 1. Cambridge: Ballinger. Solow, R., and F. Wan 1976 Extraction Costs in the Theory of Exhaustible Resources. Bell Journal 7:359-370. ' Sweeney, J. 1977 Economics of Depletable Resources: Market Forces and Intertemporal Bias. Review of Economic Studies 44: 125-142. Tandeter, E. 198la La produccion como actividad popular: ladrones de minas en Potosi. Nova Americana 4:43-65. 198 lb Forced and Free Labour in Late Colonial Potosi. Past and Present 93:98-136. Thomas, R., B. Winterhalder, and S. McRae 1979 An Anthropological Approach to Human Ecology and Adaptive Dynamics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 22: 1-46. United Nations 1972 Small-Scale Miningin the DevelopingCountries. New York: United Nations. 1978 Small-Scale Mining of the World. New York: United Nations. Weitzman, M. 1976 The Optimal Development of Resource Pools. Journal of Economic Theory 12:35 1-364. Wepper, G. W. 1 9 14 Tungsten in Bolivia. The Engineering and Mining Journal 97(7):1251-1252. Werner, O., and G. Schoepfle 1984 Handbook of Ethnoscience. Santa Monica: Sage Publications. West, R. 1978 The Advantages of Scale in Relation to the Vertical Stages of Mining Operations. In Small-Scale Mining of the World. Pp. 102-135. New York: United Nations. World Bank 1979 Development Problems in Mineral Exporting Countries. Washington D.C.: World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 354. 1982 Staff Appraisal Report, Morocco. Pilot Project for SmallScale Mining (manuscript). Wright, T. 198 1 A Method of "Evading Management": Contract Labor in Chinese Coal Mines Before 1937. Comparative Studies in Society and History 23(4):656-678. Yarroll, W. H., and F. T. Davis 1975 The Economics of Small Milling Operations. Mineral Industries Bulletin 18(6): 1-1 5. Predicting Decision Outcomes: Have We Put the Cart before the Horse in Anthropological Studies of Decision Making?
The effect of vitamin B12 on phytoplankton growth and community structure in the Gulf of Alaska

A majority of eukaryotic phytoplankton species require an exogenous source of vitamin B12 for growth and recent field studies in some coastal and polar regions indicate that the addition of vitamin B12 alone, or with another limiting nutrient can influence the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass. We quantified the concentrations and uptake rates of vitamin B12, characterized phytoplankton community composition, and examined the ability of vitamin B12 to alter the growth and composition of phytoplankton communities in the Gulf of Alaska. Picoplankton (0.2–2 μm) were responsible for the majority of vitamin B12 uptake in both coastal and high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions and B12 concentrations and uptake rates were higher in HNLC regions compared to coastal regions with higher iron (Fe) concentrations. During vitamin amendment experiments, B12 alone or in conjunction with other limiting nutrients (N or Fe) significantly enhanced algal biomass and increased the growth rates of multiple groups of larger (> 2 μm) phytoplankton. This included ecologically significant, B12 auxotrophs such as Gymnodinium sp. and Alexandrium sp. (in the costal experiment) as well as Chaetoceros sp. and Gymnodinium sp. (in the HNLC experiment). The ability of vitamin B12 to shape algal community composition in coastal and HNLC areas of the Gulf of Alaska, even in cases where it does not limit total phytoplankton production, suggests that it may influence carbon export in this and other polar ecosystems.
Quantifying High-Frequency Wind Energy Flux into Near-Inertial Motions in the Southeast Pacific

AbstractWind-forced internal waves close to the inertial frequency are ubiquitous throughout the world’s oceans, but observational constraints on their global energetics and impact on subsurface mixing remain scarce. This study reports on velocity measurements from three Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorers (EM-APEX) deployed in February 2009. These floats observed downward-propagating near-inertial internal waves near the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. These waves were episodic and enhanced at middepth between 500 and 1000 m. Depth-integrated kinetic energy varied between 1 and 7 kJ m−2 and averaged 1.6 kJ m−2 with typical group velocities of 40 m day−1, implying an average energy flux of 3 mW m−2 at the mixed layer base decreasing to approximately 25% of that value at 1500 m. Modeled currents forced by reanalysis winds along each float track agree with observed surface currents from EM-APEX, provided that mixed layer depth is restricted to the layer of weak...
General occurrence of binding to acetylcholinesterase-substrate complex in noncompetitive inhibition and in inhibition by substrate.

Abstract To assess the relative importance of binding to enzyme-substrate complex (E·S) and to acetylenzyme (EA), noncompetitive inhibition has been studied in hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) of cationic and uncharged substrates — acetylcholine (AcCh), 3,3-dimethylbutyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, 2-(methylammonio)ethyl acetate, 2-(N,N-diethyl-N-n-butylammonio)ethyl acetate (DEBAAc) and 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl acetate. For the N-trimethyl quaternary ions related to AcCh, tetramethylammonium ion, choline and choline ethyl ether, noncompetitive inhibition (Kl(nonc)) is more favorable with the slower substrates than with AcCh, i.e., when E·S>EA, and is attributed to formation of enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complexes, E·S·I′. Noncompetitive inhibition by tetraethyl-, tert-butyl- and isopropylammonium ions, and acetamidocholine and its lower dimethyl analogue, is also attributed to E·S·I′ complexes. Peripheral binding of these inhibitors decreases acylation more than deacylation. Some tertiary dimethylammonio ions have more favorable Ki(nonc) values with AcCh, decreasing deacylation more than acylation. The substrate DEBAAc is a more effective noncompetitive than competitive inhibitor in hydrolysis in AcCh, indicating that it binds more strongly in a peripheral site than in the active site of the free enzyme. In its hydrolysis by AcChE, it acts as its own noncompetitive inhibitor, by this non-productive binding. Formation of E·S·I′ complexes is a general characteristic of hydrolysis by AcChE and decrease in rates at high concentrations of AcCh and related substrates is attributed to peripheral regulatory site binding, formation of E·S·S′ complexes, rather than to binding to the acetylenzyme.
Multi-fusion Based Distributed Spectrum Sensing against Data Falsification Attacks and Byzantine Failures in CR-MANET

In mobile ad-hoc cognitive radio networks (CRMANET), accurately identifying primary user spectrum occupancy is an important requirement in successful utilization of the spectrum by the secondary user. This is made difficult by malicious mobile secondary users launching spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks, byzantine failures of devices, primary user signal fading, and hidden terminal problems. Another ability of these malicious users is to use their mobility to hide under the changing neighborhood. Existing state of the art techniques either consider a centralized approach in decision making or when considering an ad-hoc network, do not take into account the mobility of the devices which adds unique limitations. We present a light weight multi-fusion based distributed spectrum sensing scheme (MFDSS) in a mobile ad-hoc secondary user network to overcome the aforementioned problems. MFDSS allows each secondary user to collect semi-global information to make decisions in a distributed manner. It uses outlier detection and data fusion to remove incorrect sensing data generated by byzantine failures. Reputation information of the devices is used to suppress a SSDF attack. MFDSS incorporates a reputation propagation and fusion scheme to prevent malicious devices from hiding behind changing topology and to maintain the freshness of the reputation information. Additionally, MFDSS includes an incubation period to discourage devices from changing identity to perform a Sybil attack or to mask a bad reputation. Detailed analysis is presented and the results show significant improvement in correct primary user spectrum occupancy identification. We also show that without the reputation propagation of MFDSS, a malicious device is able to move its position and hide its malicious intentions in the new neighborhood.
The use of chitosan to damage Cryptococcus neoformans biofilms

The use of indwelling medical devices (e.g. pacemakers, prosthetic joints, catheters, etc) continues to increase, yet these devices are all too often complicated by infections with biofilm-forming microbes with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defense mechanisms. We investigated the ability of chitosan, a polymer isolated from crustacean exoskeletons, to damage biofilms formed by the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay and CFU determinations, we showed that chitosan significantly reduced both the metabolic activity of the biofilms and cell viability, respectively. We further demonstrated that chitosan penetrated biofilms and damaged fungal cells using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Notably, melanization, an important virulence determinant of C. neoformans, did not protect cryptococcal biofilms against chitosan. The chitosan concentrations used in this study to evaluate fungal biofilm susceptibility were not toxic to human endothelial cells. Our results indicate that cryptococcal biofilms are susceptible to treatment with chitosan, suggesting an option for the prevention or treatment of fungal biofilms on indwelling medical devices.
Vitamin D and retinoblastoma. The presence of receptors and inhibition of growth in vitro.

• The vitamin D receptor has been found in several human organs not involved in calcium metabolism and in several malignant neoplasms found in humans. The role of the receptor in these tissues is unclear. There is, however, a relationship between the presence and quantity of the vitamin D receptor in a malignant cell line and the antineoplastic effect of vitamin D on that cell line. We found that Y-79 retinoblastoma cells have receptors specific for calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). Scatchard analysis of the receptor data shows a quantity of 56 000 receptors per retinoblastoma cell. These receptors have a dissociation constant of 1.18 nmol/L. Retinoblastoma cells treated with 10−9mol/L of calcitriol for nine days had 15% less cell growth than the control cells. Further studies of the effect of vitamin D on retinoblastoma may warrant its inclusion in chemotherapeutic protocols for the treatment of this childhood affliction.
Some quantitative free associative correlates of noble's m

Three studies explore relationships between measures of associative meaningfulness derived from free association data, and independent measures derived from Noble's conception, m . Under certain conditions m is substantially negatively correlated with the number of different free association responses (regardless of probability of occurrence), and, hence, negatively with H , the average associative uncertainty of a stimulus. However, these relationships are by no means general over all types and frequencies of stimuli: they occur only ( a ) for CVC trigrams, but not for CVC words; ( b ) for a word sample which includes items with word frequencies ranging as low as
Solvent dependency of rotational barriers in ethamivan and comparison to nikethamide.

Abstract Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were employed to examine the effects of solvent environment on rotational barriers in two drugs known to cause widespread stimulation in the mammalian central nervous system: ethamivan and nikethamide. Total NMR bandshape analysis was performed for the exchanging alkyl carbon resonances of these compounds as a function of temperature in six solvent systems: D 2 O, CH 3 OD, CH 3 CH 2 OD, CDCl 3 , C 6 D 6 and CF 3 CH 2 OH. The rate constants for rotation about the amide bond obtained in this way were used to calculate free energy (ΔG‡), enthalpy (ΔH‡) and entropy (ΔS‡) of activation parameters for this process. Our results indicate that the magnitude of rotational barriers is affected markedly by (1) the size and polarity of the solvent molecules, and (2) the nature of the aromatic ring system attached to the amide grouping. Comparative interpretation of the thermodynamic parameters in light of the structures of nikethamide and ethamivan (in the various solvent systems examined) has further clarified the manner in which hydrogen bonding interactions between solvent molecules and the carbonyl oxygen of these analogues stabilize transition state conformers.
Ribonucleotide reductase activity during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase activity has been measured during the course of one cell-division cycle in a synchronous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme activity was distinctly periodic, rising from an initial low level to a maximum early in the S phase, then declining at the end of this phase. The increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity began just prior to the onset of DNA synthesis and coincided with the appearance of buds on the yeast cells. Cycloheximide added at various times during the cell cycle blocked the increase (but not the decline) of ribonucleotide reductase activity; it also inhibited DNA synthesis and bud development. 5-Fluorouracil inhibited DNA synthesis and prevented bud maturation (but not initiation or growth); however, it stimulated an increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity for prolonged periods. Uracil reversed the inhibitory effects of fluorouracil, but not its enhancement of ribonucleotide reductase activity.
Using the Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Nonhuman Primate Model for Studying Non-AIDS Comorbidities

With the advent of antiretroviral therapy that can control virus replication below the detection levels of conventional assays, a new clinical landscape of AIDS emerged, in which non-AIDS complications prevail over AIDS-defining conditions. These comorbidities are diverse and affect multiple organs, thus resulting in cardiovascular, kidney, neurocognitive and liver disease, osteopenia/osteoporosis, and cancers. A common feature of these conditions is that they are generally associated with accelerated aging. The mechanism behind these comorbidities is chronic excessive inflammation induced by HIV infection, which persists under antiretroviral therapy. Progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) closely reproduces these comorbidities and offers a simplified system in which most of the traditional human risk factors for comorbidities (i.e., smoking, hyperlipidemia) are absent. Additionally, experimental conditions can be properly controlled during a shorter course of disease for SIV infection. As such, NHPs can be employed to characterize new paradigms of AIDS pathogenesis and to test the efficacy of interventions aimed at alleviating non-AIDS-related comorbidities.
NMR probe of metallic states in nanoscale topological insulators.

A $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ NMR study of bismuth telluride nanoparticles as a function of particle size revealed that the spin-lattice relaxation is enhanced below 33 nm, accompanied by a transition of NMR spectra from the single to the bimodal regime. The satellite peak features a negative Knight shift and higher relaxivity, consistent with core polarization from $p$-band carriers. Whereas nanocrystals follow a Korringa law in the range 140\char21{}420 K, micrometer particles do so only below 200 K. The results reveal increased metallicity of these nanoscale topological insulators in the limit of higher surface-to-volume ratios.
Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity identified the ferric sulphate mineral jarosite and possible relicts of gypsum at the Meridiani Planum landing site1. On Earth, jarosite has been found to form in acid mine drainage environments, during the oxidation of sulphide minerals2, and during alteration of volcanic rocks by acidic, sulphur-rich fluids near volcanic vents3. Jarosite formation is thus thought to require a wet, oxidizing and acidic environment. But jarosite on Earth only persists over geologically relevant time periods in arid environments because it rapidly decomposes to produce ferric oxyhydroxides in more humid climates4. Here we present equilibrium thermodynamic reaction-path simulations that constrain the range of possible conditions under which such aqueous alteration phases are likely to have formed on Mars. These calculations simulate the chemical weathering of basalt at relevant martian conditions. We conclude that the presence of jarosite combined with residual basalt at Meridiani Planum indicates that the alteration process did not proceed to completion, and that following jarosite formation, arid conditions must have prevailed.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Calcium-binding Protein from the Extrapallial Fluid of the Mollusc, Mytilus edulis

In the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis shell thickening occurs from the extrapallial (EP) fluid wherein secreted shell matrix macromolecules are thought to self-assemble into a framework that regulates the growth of CaCO3 crystals, which eventually constitute ∼95% of the mature shell. Herein is the initial report on the purification and characterization of a novel EP fluid glycoprotein, which is likely a building block of the shell-soluble organic matrix. This primary EP fluid protein comprises 56% of the total protein in the fluid and is shown to be a dimer of 28,340 Da monomers estimated to be 14.3% by weight carbohydrate. The protein is acidic (pI = 4.43) and rich in histidine content (11.14%) as well as in Asx and Glx residues (25.15% total). The N terminus exhibits an unusual repeat sequence of histidine and aspartate residues that occur in pairs: NPVDDHHDDHHDAPIVEHHD∼. Ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrate that the protein binds calcium and in so doing assembles into a series of higher order protomers, which appear to have extended structures. Circular dichroism shows that the protein-calcium binding/protomer formation is coupled to a significant rearrangement in the protein's secondary structure in which there is a major reduction in β-sheet with an associated increase in α-helical content of the protein. A model for shell organic matrix self-assembly is proposed.
Naloxone blocks exercise-stimulated water intake in the rat.

Abstract To examine whether opiate receptors modulate exercise-induced water intake, we measured water intake during four consecutive hours after a one-hour swim stress in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Increased cumulative water intake was found four hours following exercise and this response was naloxone-reversible (P = 0.06). Suppression of water intake in the naloxone-treated, exercised group was most marked in the first two hours after exercise (P
CT Tumor Sizing as a Quantitative Imaging Biomarker: When is Bias Relevant?

When change in tumor size is estimated, it is commonly assumed that precision (variance) is the only performance metric of interest. In this manuscript, we explore the impact of bias on quantitative measurement error.
Annihilation contributions in a Wilson-loop formalism.

The neglected annihilation contributions in the Wilson-loop formalism of Eichten and Feinberg are defined and calculated. An annihilation time scale is introduced to discriminate the glueball contributions from true annihilation contributions to isoscalar-pseudoscalar-meson states. In this formalism it is found that there is no mixing between two quarkonium states with different quark masses through the annihilation diagram. In a fixed state the annihilation contributions oscillate as functions of the annihilation time scale, and so provide a possible mechanism to shift the mass of \ensuremath{\eta} upward instead of downward as in the QED case.
Moving CME closer to the clinical encounter: The promise of quality management and CME

The purpose of this article is to set the context for the articles in this special edition on continuing medical education (CME) and quality management (QM). We provide a brief review of the evolution of the current forms of quality management and CME that will improve our understanding of each as we begin to examine how QM systems and CME can work together. This improved understanding about QM systems and how they work is an important prerequisite for developing working alliances between CME and QM systems.
A Design Study of a Fan Augmented Ramjet

The characteristics of a hybrid propulsion system, which fills the gap between turbojets and ramjets, are presented. The hybrid system is a fan augmented ramjet and consists of a ramburner fed by an externally driven low pressure ratio fan. Cycle analyses, performance estimates and, scaling relationships for subsonic and supersonic operation, and a preliminary design of a subsonic version are presented. A 50 to 100 percent improvement in cruise performance above that of a ramjet can be expected in the subsonic regime.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
The occurrence of avitaminosis A in diseases of the liver.

The dark adaptation test for Vitamin A deficiency was utilized in 36 patients with various forms of liver disease. The results show that this procedure is of value in the estimation of hepatic parenchymal damage with the inference that such a process is associated with a change in Vitamin A metabolism. Jaundice of itself showed no particular effect on dark adaptation. The prothrombin level did not parallel the dark adaptation test in 50% of the cases investigated, although the liver function tests and dark adaptation were indicative of liver damage.
Investigating the effects of long-term hydro-climatic trends on Midwest ice jam events

Abstract Ice freezeup, breakup and jamming events on northern rivers can cause extensive flooding, damage infrastructure, impede navigation, and impact stream stability and the environment. Under a changing climate the ice regime will change as well, meaning increased risk and uncertainty for affected areas. The layman's perception is that climate change is causing warming that is reducing the length of the ice season, so there will be less ice and less damaging impacts from river ice. The concept of ‘less ice’ is supported by studies showing shorter ice-affected seasons. However several studies have found that in temperate regions, the effects of climate trends – increasing temperatures and precipitation – may actually exacerbate problems. In recent years, communities in the Midwest U.S. have experienced long duration ice jam events that have resulted in flooding, damages and evacuations. This study presents a first step in identifying trends in damaging ice events in the Midwest. We analyzed the ice regime of three rivers in the region to determine if trends in the hydro-climatic data support the increasing number of damaging freezeup jams observed in recent years, but no regional pattern in trends related to breakup jams were found. We found statistically increasing trends in discharge and precipitation, with no corresponding increase in winter period temperature, which provide evidence for the change in the ice regime for this region. A hindcasting analysis was used to construct a more complete record of historical ice events. This analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in frequency of freezeup jams for most sites and no regional trend in the frequency of midwinter or spring breakup jams. Some increase in the freezeup jam strength was indicated by an increasing trend in the number of freezing degree days (FDD) in the freezeup jam formation period. Communities need to shift their emergency preparedness for river ice problems from the existing focus on relatively regular, short-acting spring breakups. Future emergency management plans need to prepare to respond to the risk and impact of freezeup jams that, according to this analysis, are increasing in frequency and strength while occurring with less predictability and having longer term effects if they freeze in place.
A new partial volume segmentation approach to extract bladder wall for computer-aided detection in virtual cystoscopy

We propose a new partial volume (PV) segmentation scheme to extract bladder wall for computer aided detection (CAD) of bladder lesions using multispectral MR images. Compared with CT images, MR images provide not only a better tissue contrast between bladder wall and bladder lumen, but also the multispectral information. As multispectral images are spatially registered over three-dimensional space, information extracted from them is more valuable than that extracted from each image individually. Furthermore, the intrinsic T 1 and T 2 contrast of the urine against the bladder wall eliminates the invasive air insufflation procedure. Because the earliest stages of bladder lesion growth tend to develop gradually and migrate slowly from the mucosa into the bladder wall, our proposed PV algorithm quantifies images as percentages of tissues inside each voxel. It preserves both morphology and texture information and provides tissue growth tendency in addition to the anatomical structure. Our CAD system utilizes a multi-scan protocol on dual (full and empty of urine) states of the bladder to extract both geometrical and texture information. Moreover, multi-scan of transverse and coronal MR images eliminates motion artifacts. Experimental results indicate that the presented scheme is feasible towards mass screening and lesion detection for virtual cystoscopy (VC).
Myometrial cells undergo fibrotic transformation under the influence of transforming growth factor beta-3.

Objective To examine the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 on immortalized myometrial and leiomyoma cell lines cloned from primary cell cultures of surgical specimens, and to determine whether such treatment alters myometrial cell extracellular matrix (ECM) expression. Design Laboratory study. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) Immortalized myometrial and leiomyoma cells from patients with symptomatic leiomyomata. Intervention(s) Tissue culture, followed by cellular, RNA, and protein analysis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cell proliferation, alteration in ECM component expression. Result(s) Immortalized leiomyoma and myometrial cells demonstrate increased mRNA and protein production of the ECM proteins, collagen 1A1 (15.0-fold), fibronectin 1 (2.93 fold), and connective tissue growth factor (9.40-fold) with exogenous TGF-β3 stimulation. Notably, the expression of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, and connective tissue growth factor in myometrial cells increase to similar expression levels as those found in leiomyoma cells. In addition, TGF-β3 decreased production of genes involved in matrix resorption, including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (0.65-fold) and -11 (0.68-fold). Conclusion(s) TGF-β3 induced a molecular phenotype in myometrial cells that was similar to leiomyoma cells, with elevated production of ECM-related genes and decreased production of ECM degradation–related genes.
Pain: a verbal response.

Abstract Definitions of pain have been ambiguous: sometimes it has been treated as a response; sometimes as a drive or state: and still other times as a stimulus variable. The medical-physiological study of pain has taken three routes: a search for a standard pain-causing stimulus; analysis of the neurological bases of pain; and, methods for alleviating pain. In contrast, it is argued here that the reality of pain resides solely in a subject's report of it. The verbal report is the product of social training, and in each society is shaped to conform with conventional models of pain. Accordingly, the principles and techniques of behavior modification ought to be applicable in the practical management of pain in psychological, medical, and other behavioral contexts.
Fractional trajectories: Decorrelation versus friction

Abstract The fundamental connection between fractional calculus and subordination processes is explored and affords a physical interpretation of a fractional trajectory, that being an average over an ensemble of stochastic trajectories. Heretofore what has been interpreted as intrinsic friction, a form of non-Markovian dissipation that automatically arises from adopting the fractional calculus, is shown to be a manifestation of decorrelations between trajectories. We apply the general theory developed herein to the Lotka–Volterra ecological model, providing new insight into the final equilibrium state. The relaxation time to achieve this state is also considered.
A survey of optimization procedures for stable structures and transition states

We examine a variety of methods for obtaining the stable geometry of molecules and the transition states of simple systems and summarize some of our findings. We find the most efficient methods for optimizing structure to be those based on calculated gradients and estimated second derivative (Hessian) matrices, the later obtained either from the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton update method or from approximations to the coupled perturbed Hartree–Fock method. For uncovering transition states we find particularly useful a variety of the augmented Hessian theory used to uncover regions of the potential energy hypersurface with one and only one negative eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix characterizing the catchment region of the transition state. Once this region is found we minimize the norm of the gradient vector to catch the nearest extreme point of the surface. Examples of these procedures are given.
Improvised Educational Devices

Studying abroad changes students in unexpected and remarkable ways. This article shows how students in the University of Georgia Cannes Film Festival Study Abroad Program navigate paths toward more cosmopolitan worldviews, thanks in part to improvised educational practices. I write from an autoethnographic perspective, informed by Bhabha, Said, and Appiah, as I explore how my students’ study abroad experiences with the European Other awaken memories of my first encounters, as a wide-eyed Midwestern boy, with European cosmopolitanism decades ago.
Metropolitan-area networks

Metropolitan-area networks (MAN), which fill the gap between local area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs), are discussed. MANs were originally oriented toward data, but now often carry voice and video traffic as well. Supplying more bandwidth than LANs, they support two-way communication over a shared medium such as an optical-fiber cable, and may offer point-to-point high-speed circuits or packet-switched communication. The two most favored topologies, double-star and double-ring, are described and emerging MAN protocols are examined. >
Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Block Copolymer Templates

Large pore periodic mesoporous organosilicas have been synthesized using a triblock copolymer template. Organosilicas with pore sizes ranging from 6−20 nm have been prepared under acidic conditions.
Higher Income And Uninsured: Common Or Rare?

Massachusetts plans to penalize those who do not have health insurance, targeting higher-income people. Are higher-income Americans a small or substantial share of the uninsured? The U.S. Census Bureau reports that one in three Americans without health insurance lived in a household with income greater than $50,000 in 2005. Many of these higher-income uninsured people do not fit the profile of free-riders who have the money but are unwilling to buy coverage. A majority have lower incomes but live with others; only together are they higher income. For others, higher income or lack of insurance is transient.
Predictive formulae for unpaced line efficiency

One of the classic problems of industrial engineering is how to accurately predict the efficiency of an unpaced production line for any number of workstations, any interstation buffer capacities, and for realistic workstation processing time distributions. Existing predictive models are analysed and the most promising one extended and refined. The result is the most comprehensive and realistically applicable predictor available today, with precision a full order of magnitude better than that of any previous model.
Space—The Primal Frontier? Spatial Cognition and the Origins of Concepts

The more carefully we look, the more impressive the repertoire of infant concepts seems to be. Across a wide range of tasks, infants seem to be using concepts corresponding to surprisingly high-level and abstract categories and relations. It is tempting to try to explain these abilities in terms of a core capacity in spatial cognition that emerges very early in development and then gets extended beyond reasoning about direct spatial arrays and events. Although such a spatial cognitive capacity may indeed form one valuable basis for later cognitive growth, it seems unlikely that it can be the sole or even primary explanation for either the impressive conceptual capacities of infants or the ways in which concepts develop.