cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry

Since the demise of Logical Positivism the purely normative approach to philosophy of science has been increasingly challenged. Many philosophers of science now consider themselves as naturalists and it becomes a matter of which particular variety they are willing to support. As is well known, one of the central issues in the debate over naturalism concerns whether philosophy offers a privileged standpoint from which to study the nature of science, or whether science is best studied by studying science itself.1 The situation is often summarized by the aphorism that one cannot derive an “ought from an is.” It does not appear as though we should be entitled to draw normative conclusions about how science should ideally be conducted by merely observing the manner in which it is conducted at present, or was conducted in the past, since this appears to be a circular argument. Indeed the only circumstance in which the die-hard normative epistemologist would contemplate any input from naturalism would be if it could be shown conclusively that rational agents were literally incapable of thinking in the manner which the normative scheme requires that they should.2 I am speaking as though the normative approach is somehow more respectable and that naturalism represents a recent intruder onto the philosophical scene. I am suggesting that the burden of proof lies with the naturalists to show that their position can have some influence on normative philosophy and not vice versa. This may indeed be the case at the present time but things were not always this way. Normative philosophy and philosophy of science did not always hold center stage. It arose as a result of the work of Gottlob Frege in Jena at the end of the 19th century. Frege’s development of modern logic rapidly led to attempts to base all of philosophy on the analysis of language, a program that was furthered by Russell, Wittgenstein, Carnap, and many others. Frege’s program led to the overthrow of the then current naturalistic philosophy, which looked to scientific discoveries and scientific practice for philosophical enlightenment. Before Frege, the study of psychology and evolutionary biology were indeed highly regarded among philosophers of the day. In particular, psychologism was not
The Effects of Personal Agency on Regret

In this paper, we examine the role of personal agency as a key antecedent of regret that individuals experience when the outcome of their decision is unfavorable. In contrast to previous research that documents its exacerbating role, we find that personal agency mitigates regret under certain circumstances. A series of experimental studies show that personal responsibility for the decision may attenuate subjective perceptions of the extent of failure and mitigate regret. However, when the superior outcome of the foregone option is known and the failure of the chosen option is irreversible, personal agency may amplify regret. We also find that subjective failure perceptions mediate the relationship between personal agency and regret levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND THE MONEY MARKET TO 1600

This paper describes the evolution of the bill of exchange in medieval and early modern Europe both as a means of remittance and as an instrument of credit. It examines the evolution of the instrument, its use in remittance, its effect on international bullion flows, and its use as an instrument of credit. The paper also describes the international network of exchange markets on which the use of the bill of exchange relied. The paper concludes with a discussion of the emergence of negotiability in Antwerp in response to problems in the system of settlement. An Appendix describes the determination of exchange rates in this period.
Changing Changing Attitudes by Behaviors

(1978). Changing Changing Attitudes by Behaviors. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, Including Leisure Today, pp. 20-21.
Principles of Japanese discourse: Narrative R2: Ari to Kirigirisu (“The Ant and the Grasshopper”) from Mirai isoppu (“Future Aesop's Fables”) by Shin'ichi Hoshi

introduction Aesop's fables are well-read by Japanese children. Shin'ichi Hoshi, one of the most celebrated short story writers in Japan, wrote a series of short stories titled Mirai Isoppu “Future Aesop's Fables.” This 1982 collection contains several up-dated versions of well-known Aesop's fables, one of which is Ari to Kirigirisu “The Ant and the Grasshopper.” In this “new” version of the story, Hoshi presents a critical view of some contemporary societies where the abundance of food challenges the traditional work ethic and social values. Pre-reading tasks Do you know any fables, old tales, fairy tales of Japan? Do you recall fables and stories you read in your childhood in your own culture? Can you recite any one of Aesop's fables? If you answered positively to any of the questions, summarize one of the stories you know in Japanese. Recalling Entry 8 on narratives, think of an expected beginning, middle, and end along with a likely plot development of a typical Japanese story. Would such a plot coincide with that of the Aesop's fable? With other stories do you know? If you are not familiar with the original version of “The Ant and the Grasshopper,” here is the story taken from a collection of Aesop's Fables (1960:137). In this story a cicada appears instead of a grasshopper.
Metabolic rates, genetic constraints, and the evolution of endothermy

The metabolic distinction between endotherms and ectotherms is profound. Whereas the ecology of metabolic rates is well studied, how endotherms evolved from their ectothermic ancestors remains unclear. The aerobic capacity model postulates that a genetic constraint between resting and maximal metabolism was essential for the evolution of endothermy. Using the multivariate breeders' equation, I illustrate how the (i) relative sizes of genetic variances and (ii) relative magnitudes of selection gradients for resting and maximal metabolism affect the genetic correlation needed for endothermy to have evolved via a correlated response to selection. If genetic variances in existing populations are representative of ancestral conditions, then the aerobic capacity model is viable even if the genetic correlation was modest. The analyses reveal how contemporary data on selection and genetic architecture can be used to test hypotheses about the evolution of endothermy, and they show the benefits of explicitly linking physiology and quantitative genetic theory.
Comparative Effectiveness Research

Hospital librarians support patient care, research, and education by practicing in an evidence-based way. This practice should now include performing comparative effective research: searching for w...
General policy needs for information in the 21st century, and challenges facing the Census Bureau in meeting these expectations

Important transitions under way here and abroad suggest that the framework of our informal national measurement system must evolve to meet new policy needs. Current trends signal that this framework must allow for designing policy responses to a likely shift in global power. Perhaps the other major new change relates to changes in the environment, especially as these changes interact with the population, housing, and economic domains that the census measures. In this paper, I address broad framework questions, and sketch out likely directions for policy measurement, with particular attention to interactions across what have been designed as discrete measurement domains.
Employment arrangement fit for IT professionals: an examination of the importance of fit components

A model of employment arrangement fit for IT professionals has been proposed by Enns, Ferratt, and Prasad (2002). An expanded version of that model used in this study includes eleven employment arrangement characteristics (e.g., job/income security). Consistent with the definition of fit based on needs and supplies (Kristof, 1996), fit is the degree to which the actual amount of a characteristic supplied by the employer is congruent with the IT professional's preferences (or needs). The major issue examined in this study is whether the relationship between fit and various outcome variables is moderated by the importance of the characteristics on which fit is assessed, as hypothesized by Kristof. Data have been collected from over 500 IT professionals. This research-in-progress will present the results of analyzing the data to examine the moderating effects of importance. Implications for theory, measurement, and analysis will be discussed.
Activation of the trapezius muscle during varied forms of Kendall exercises.

Abstract The trapezius muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining proper shoulder mechanics and is often considered a source of weakness and dysfunction in patients. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation patterns of the middle and lower trapezius during four prone horizontal abduction exercises of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). Methods The muscle activation patterns of 19 female and 13 male volunteers were measured using surface EMG during horizontal arm abduction exercises commonly used in rehabilitative settings. Each subject performed 10 repetitions of horizontal abduction (ABD) at each position using only the weight of the arm. Function was assessed during shoulder horizontal abduction while positioned at: 75°, 90°, 125° and 160° of GHJ ABD. Electromyographic activity was collected during the concentric phase during each test repetition in the lower (LTRAP) and middle trapezius (MTRAP). A repeated measure ANOVA was performed followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results The MTRAP had significantly greater recruitment at 90° and 125°, compared to 160°. Similarly, results for the lower trapezius indicated that recruitment at 90° and 125° was significantly greater than 160°. Conclusion Most significant muscle activation for the middle and lower trapezius occurred at 90° and 125° of GHJ ABD. For the clinician, training at 90° is easy to identify, and provides maximal activation, negating the need for multiple training angles.
The influence of 18flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on the management of gastroesophageal junction carcinoma

Abstract Background The influence of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with flourodeoxyglucose (FDG) on decision making for the treatment of patients with esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma is unclear as is the utility of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) as a prognostic indicator. Methods This study was a retrospective review of EGJ carcinoma cases at a single institution during a 5-year period. Results FDG-PET altered treatment in 13 of 64 patients (20%). Of these, 21 patients had PET scans before and after undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) as well as surgery. Patients who had a decrease in SUV >50% had a 12-month disease-free survival advantage over patients a decrease in SUV P = .025). Conclusions FDG-PET alters treatment in a significant number of patients with EGJ carcinoma. A >50% decrease in SUV after CRT is associated with an improved prognosis.
Differential Expression of B1-containing Transcripts in Leishmania-exposed Macrophages

When the parasitic protozoanLeishmania infect host macrophage cells, establishment of the infection requires alteration in the expression of genes in both the parasite and the host cells. In the early phase of infection of macrophages in vitro, Leishmania exposure affects the expression of a group of mouse macrophage genes containing the repetitive transposable element designated B1 sequence. InLeishmania-exposed macrophages compared with unexposed macrophages, small (∼ 0.5 kilobase) B1-containing RNAs (small B1-RNAs) are down-regulated, and large (1–4 kilobases) B1-containing RNAs (large B1-RNA) are up-regulated. The down-regulation of small B1-RNAs precedes the up-regulation of large B1-RNAs inLeishmania-exposed macrophages. These differential B1-containing gene expressions in Leishmania-exposed macrophages were verified using individual small-B1-RNA and large B1-RNA. The differential expressions of the B1-containing RNAs at the early phase of Leishmania-macrophage interaction may associate the establishment of the leishmanial infection.
The Interacting Binding Domains of the β4 Integrin and Calcium-activated Chloride Channels (CLCAs) in Metastasis

CLCA (chloride channel, calcium-activated) proteins are novel pulmonary vascular addresses for blood-borne, lung-metastatic cancer cells. They facilitate vascular arrest of cancer cells via adhesion to β4 integrin and promote early, intravascular, metastatic growth. Here we identify the interacting binding domains of endothelial CLCA proteins (e.g. hCLCA2, mCLCA5, mCLCA1, and bCLCA2) and β4 integrin. Endothelial CLCAs share a common β4-binding motif (β4BM) in their 90- and 35-kDa subunits of the sequence F(S/N)R(I/L/V)(S/T)S, which is located in the second extracellular domain of the 90-kDa CLCA and near the N terminus of the 35-kDa CLCA, respectively. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent, pull-down, and adhesion assays, we showed that glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins of β4BMs from the 90- and 35-kDa CLCA subunits bind to the β4 integrin in a metal ion-dependent manner. Fusion proteins from fibronectin and the integrins β1 and β3 served as negative controls. β4BM fusion proteins competitively blocked the β4/CLCA adhesion and prevented lung colonization of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. A disrupted β4BM in hCLCA1, which is not expressed in endothelia, failed to interact with β4 integrin. The corresponding CLCA-binding domain of the β4 integrin is localized to the specific determining loop (SDL). Again enzyme-linked immunosorbent, pull-down, and adhesion assays were used to confirm the interaction with CLCA proteins using a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein representing the C-terminal two-thirds of β4 SDL (amino acids 184–203). A chimeric β4 integrin in which the indicated SDL sequence had been replaced with the corresponding sequence from the β1 integrin failed to bind hCLCA2. The dominance of the CLCA ligand in β4 activation and outside-in signaling is discussed in reference to our previous report that β4/CLCA ligation elicits selective signaling via focal adhesion kinase to promote metastatic growth.
Helicons, Magnetoplasma Edge, and Faraday Rotation in Solid State Plasmas at Microwave Frequencies

The effect of magnetic field on propagation of electromagnetic waves through free carrier plasmas in semiconductors is discussed. The Faraday configuration and the parameter ranges ωc,ωp ≫ ω and ωc ≫ τ−1 are specifically considered. Dispersion of helicon waves, propagation near the magnetoplasma edge and (ωp2 = ωωc), the Faraday rotation are developed in terms of the one-electron Drude theory. Microwave transmission measurements at 35 Gc/s on n-type InSb are presented. Experiments near the magnetoplasma edge yield the value of the static dielectric constant of the InSb lattice Kl = 19.3 ± 0.8. Faraday rotation, observed beyond the edge, is found to be extremely large. Some practical possibilities for this effect are considered.
Image and reality: initial assessments of soil fertility in New Zealand 1839–55

Summary This paper examines the informational component of the image‐making process in an historical context. It focuses on the emigration of settlers from Britain to New Zealand in the period 1839–55. The major objective is to establish the images created about soil fertility in the promotional literature and to compare these with the appraisals made of soil fertility by the settlers during the first year of settlement. The expectations of the emigrants were found to be largely based on the images used by pamphlet writers and promoters. The appraisals made also reflected strongly the information content of the promotional images.
Aligned-Parallel-Corpora Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Arabic Mention Detection

In the last two decades, significant effort has been put into annotating linguistic resources in several languages. Despite this valiant effort, there are still many languages left that have only small amounts of such resources. The goal of this article is to present and investigate a method of propagating information (specifically mentions) from a resource-rich language such as English into a relatively less-resource language such as Arabic. We compare also this approach to its equivalent counterpart using monolingual resources. Part of the investigation is to quantify the contribution of propagating information in different conditions - based on the availability of resources in the target language. Experiments on the language pair Arabic-English show that one can achieve relatively decent performance by propagating information from a language with richer resources such as English into Arabic alone (no resources or models in the source language Arabic). Furthermore, results show that propagated features from English do help improve the Arabic system performance even when used in conjunction with all feature types built from the source language. Experiments also show that using propagated features in conjunction with lexically-derived features only (as can be obtained directly from a mention annotated corpus) brings the system performance at the one obtained in the target language by using feature derived from many linguistic resources, therefore improving the system when such resources are not available.
Chemical Sterilization of Honey Bee Spermatozoa in vitro

INSECT chemosterilants can act either by attacking the gamete (direct action) or by interfering with the tissues or nutrients that support the gamete (indirect action)1. It is hard to tell whether the chemosterilant acts directly or indirectly when the developing gamete is under the nutritional and regulatory control of the parent organism. But because adult male insects usually have a full complement of mature spermatozoa immediately after eclosion, only a directly acting chemosterilant should be effective for adult males. The male organism would then serve only as a receptacle for the interaction between the sperm and the chemical. When Herskowitz2 used vaginal douches to insert a mutagen into inseminated female Drosophila, he obtained the first indication of mutagenic effects of a chemical on sperm outside the male organism. Because honey bees, Apis mellifera L., can be successfully fertilized by artificial insemination, we could test the direct action hypothesis by treating bee semen in vitro with the chemosterilant tris(l-aziridmyl)phosphine oxide (tepa) and determining the effect of the treated semen on the reproduction of the queen bees.
Ethical Leadership and Followers’ Moral Judgment: The Role of Followers’ Perceived Accountability and Self-leadership

A two stage model was developed and tested to explain how ethical leadership relates to followers’ ethical judgment in an organizational context. Drawing on social learning theory, ethical leadership was hypothesized to promote followers’ self-leadership focused on ethics. It was found that followers’ perceived accountability fully accounts for this relationship. In stage two, the relationship between self-leadership focused on ethics and moral judgment in a dual decision-making system was described and tested. Self-leadership focused on ethics was only related to moral judgment when followers use active judgment as opposed to their intuition. This provides support that a deliberate application of self-leadership focused on ethics leads to higher moral judgment. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research opportunities are discussed.
Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production in mixtures of high-moisture and dry maize☆

Abstract High-moisture (26·6–27·9% m.c.) and dry (9·8% m.c.) fractions of white and yellow maize were examined for fungal development and aflatoxin production during an 8-week incubation at 25°C. Treatment procedures included blending of either high-moisture white with dry yellow or high-moisture yellow with dry white maize fractions (average moisture in blend, 14%) and inoculation of some test maizes with A. flavus spores. At sampling time white and yellow components of maize blends were manually separated and all of the maize samples were analyzed for levels of moisture, fungal infection and aflatoxin. Moisture levels in maize blends equilibrated rapidly during the initial 2–4 days of incubation; neither dry yellow nor dry white exceeded 13% moisture during the trial period. Only a limited incidence of A. flavus was observed on uninoculated maize. but in samples treated with A. flavus spores a high infection rate developed; from 58 to 98% of the kernels in dry fractions of inoculated blends were infected with A. flavus during the trial. Aflatoxin was detected in high-moisture maize and in both high-moisture and dry fractions of inoculated maize blends. Up to 500 μg aflatoxin B1/kg of corn was found after the 8-week incubation in a dry fraction of inoculated maize blends.
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY: THE BRAZILIAN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY

This paper reviews the growth of the Brazilian aircraft industry, and evaluates the strategic choices and government policies that have influenced its development. Brazil's goals of military independence, technological development and improvement of its balance of payments have influenced the development path chosen and the requirements for success. Brazil's attempts to overcome the barriers to achieving technological competence, cost competitiveness, market acceptance and financial sustainability are described. It is argued that the government has played a crucial role in providing financial resources and a protected domestic market, but that it has allowed the key enterprise, Embraer, to maintain an emphasis on commercial viability and international competitiveness. Embraer's emphasis on product niches where it has potential competitive advantages has been a key to its success. It is argued that a clear competitive strategy, based on a thorough analysis to the key success factors in the industry, is a vital link between government goals and support and international competitive success.
Combined influences of particulate and dissolved factors in the toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa (NRC-SS-17) to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus

The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus is subject to the combined influence of particulate and dissolved factors derived from the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicity manifests itself through reduction of cohort survivorship and probably though reduction of cohort reproduction. Toxic effects are seen only when there is a particulate food material available in suspension, either M. aeruginosa itself or another food type which may act as a carrier for a dissolved toxic factor. Regardless of exact mechanism, the presence of a toxic strain of this blue-green may lead to diminution of population growth of co-occurring rotifer populations.
Situational Constraints and Work Outcomes: The Influences Of a Frequently Overlooked Construct

We present a conceptual framework specifying the hypothesized influences of situational constraints on work outcomes and individual difference to work outcome associations. In addition to reviewing the relevant literature and discussing the implications for researchers and practitioners, we suggest a systematic program of needed research.
Two models of mistake‐making in professional practice: moving out of the closet

Nurses make mistakes in practice despite the culturally based expectation of perfection. Such a disparity between reality and expectation calls members of the profession to question the current attitudes toward mistakes in practice. Two explanatory models of the origin of mistakes are presented. The Perfectibility Model holds that any error or harm is caused by an individual practitioner's lack of knowledge or motivation. The Faulty Systems Model offers a broader explanation of human error. I conclude that a Faulty Systems Model is more comprehensive and more effective for managing mistakes. Integrating the Faulty Systems Model into practice and education can result in more ethically fitting responses to errors and ultimately better outcomes for nurses, institutions and patients.
DO FRUGIVORES RESPOND TO FRUIT HARVEST? AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHORT-TERM RESPONSES

Many nonexperimental studies have shown positive correlations between resource abundance and vertebrate abundance. These relationships, however, are difficult to interpret because of confounding factors that may independently determine the abundance of vertebrates and their resources. Moreover, verifying links between vertebrate and resource abundance is complex because human perception of resource abundance may differ from that of nonhuman vertebrates and because manipulating resource abundance on an ecolog- ically meaningful scale is difficult. We studied the dependency of frugivores on fruit abundance in eastern Amazonian floodplain forests dominated by one species of palm tree (Euterpe oleracea) from which people harvest fruit. We first compared spatial and temporal use by frugivorous parrots of four sites dominated by E. oleracea and four sites with no E. oleracea. Parrots spent 48- 92% more time in the former, where their activity over the fruiting season mirrored the abundance of fruits. To test whether fruit abundance was the mechanism underlying these patterns, we removed fruit at two intensities in replicated 1.8-ha plots, and then monitored responses of frugivorous birds and mammals. High-intensity removal (75% of ripe fruit harvested) significantly reduced the number of frugivorous bird individuals by 29% and the length of frugivorous bird visits by 68%, relative to controls. In contrast, low-intensity removal (41% of ripe fruit removed) had no impact on these metrics. Frugivore species richness did not differ among treatments and controls, but the composition of the frugivore community was altered by harvest, with the presence of 11 species being linked to fruit abundance. Nonfrugivorous birds did not respond to either intensity of fruit harvest. The number of fruit-eating mammal species was 58% lower in both the low- and high-removal treatments, relative to control plots. These results verify that fruit abundance influences the species composition of frugivore communities and the abundance and foraging behavior of individual species. They also document short-term dependency of fruit-eating mammals on fruit abundance. Harvest of fruit from forest systems, a common practice in tropical forests, therefore can affect pop- ulations of fruit-eating animals.
Personality Correlates of the Group Personality Projective Test vs Personality Factors

The 16 PF and Group Personality Projective Test were administered to 128 college freshmen and sophomores enrolled in an introductory psychology course. There were no significant correlations between the 16 PF and Group Personality Projective Test scales. Nor were there any significant correlations between individual subtests and sex. One correlation with age was significant. For the 16 PF, 19 significant intercorrelations were found and two significant correlations within scales of the Group Personality Projective Test. Questions concerning concurrent validity are raised by the results as are questions relating to the purity of the 16 PF factors.
Substrate specificity of D-galactose oxidase

Abstract The rate of oxidation of methyl ethers of D -galactose and 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -galactose, and of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing D -galactosyl residues having a free hydroxyl group at C-6, has been followed by various procedures that depend either upon the hydrogen peroxide or the aldehyde groups produced, or upon the unoxidized D -galactose residues remaining in the reaction mixture. Derivatives of D -galactose having substituents on the hydroxyl group at C-4 are not oxidized. 2-Amino-2-deoxy- D -galactose residues having glycosyl substituents at C-3 are not oxidized by the enzyme, and therefore, neither are chondroitin 4-sulfate nor dermatan sulfate. No completely satisfactory procedure was found for following the oxidation reaction to termination, which, in none of the cases studied, was 100% complete.
Novel control of the position-dependent expression of genes in hepatocytes: the Glut-1 transporter.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the restricted position-dependent expression of the Glut-1 glucose transporter in the plasma membrane to a small population of parenchymal cells in rat liver. On the basis of earlier studies in which the erythroid/brain (Glut-1) glucose transporter isoform was detected by immunofluorescence only in the last two hepatocytes surrounding the terminal hepatic venule,1 investigators in Jorge Gumucio's laboratory at the University of Michigan sought to determine the molecular basis for the observation. To study the expression of this transporter in individual hepatocyte populations (periportal vs perivenous), the authors used the digitonin/collagenase cell isolation method. Their conclusions rest on two assumptions: (1) the modified digitonin/collagenase method of hepatocyte isolation used in the studies adequately separates periportal and perivenous cells, and (2) the Glut-1 protein distribution in isolated hepatocyte populations reflect...
Cognitive restructuring and progressive relaxation for treatment of empirical subtypes of speech-anxious subjects

Cluster analysis methods were used to empirically generate two theoretical typologies of anxiety responding, and their interaction with cognitive restructuring and progressive relaxation for the treatment of speech anxiety was evaluated. Results indicated only partial replication of the theoretical typologies. Both treatment groups significantly improved on four self-report measures of anxiety compared to wait list control. Behavioral and physiological measures did not discriminate between treated and untreated groups. Tests for interaction resulted in few significant effects. However, obtained significant interactions were in agreement with theoretical predictions, with subtypes defined by low physiological reactivity performing poorly in progressive relaxation relative to cognitive restructuring.
Quenching of the emission of tryptophan, tyrosine, and serum albumins by cupric ion

The effect of cupric ion on the emission of tryptophan, tyrosine, and serum albumins is studied by emission spectroscopy and lifetime measurements. It is found that whenever cupric ion is bound to tryptophan or tyrosine, their emissions are quenched completely. The quenching may be due to an electron transfer mechanism. The fluorescence of complexes of cupric ions with serum albumins is partially quenched; this is because energy is transferred from tryptophan to the complexed cupric ions by a dipolar energy transfer mechanism. It is deduced from the present study that the tryptophan in the human serum albumin molecule is between 11 and 16 A from the nearest eupric ion binding sites (assumed to be at the surface of the protein) and that one of the tryptophan in the bovine serum albumin molecule is very close to the cupric ion binding sites and the other is near the center of the bovine serum albumin molecule. It is also found that the deuterium solvent effect on serum albumin fluorescence is very small, and that the quenching of bovine serum albumin fluorescence at the N-F transition is the result of quenching of the fluorescence of both tryptophans. The phosphorescence lifetime apparatus, capable of measuring decay times of signals with intensities changing over a few orders of magnitude, and the ratio spectrofluorometer, both of which were constructed in this laboratory, are also described.
Synthesis of Naphthotocopherol

THE method of Tishler et al.1 for the synthesis of naphthotocopherol consistently yielded a product contaminated with as much as 5 per cent of naphthotoco-pheryl acetate. The contaminant was detected by infrared spectroscopy and was isolated by thin-layer chromatography2. Since thin-layer chromatographic purification was not suitable for preparing sufficient quantities of the naphthotocopherol for investigations in biological systems, the method reported here was developed.
Sintering of boundary porosity in welded niobium bicrystals

Abstract An analogy is drawn between void shrinkage in the final stage of sintering and the elimination of porosity in the boundary of a welded bicrystal. Niobium bicrystals of zero degree and 35–50 ° misorientation were made, and annealed at temperatures of 1650 °–2000 °C. A high, initial sintering rate decreases rapidly to a low, constant rate in the time interval in which excess dislocations climb to an equilibrium configuration. This initial rate is strongly dependent on weld pressure. It is inferred that dislocations are the predominant vacancy sinks in shrinking the boundary voids. No effect of boundary misorientation was observed.
Antigen- and histamine H1 receptor-mediated relaxation of guinea pig isolated trachea

We have investigated the effect of challenge in vitro with specific antigen (ovalbumin) on actively sensitized guinea pig tracheal rings maximally precontracted with methacholine. Ovalbumin relaxed the trachea in a concentration-dependent fashion with a negative log ED50 value (g/ml) of 7.0 +/- 0.3. In 16 experiments, the maximum antigen-induced relaxation was 26 +/- 3% of complete relaxation induced by 10(-3) M papaverine (mean +/- S.E.M.). Antigen-induced relaxations were selectively antagonized by diphenhydramine. Similarly, histamine relaxed the precontracted tracheal smooth muscle with a negative log molar ED50 of about 4.5 and a maximum effect of 28 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 20). Histamine-induced relaxations were antagonized by diphenhydramine and mepyramine but were unaffected by cimetidine, metiamide or burimamide. Dimaprit (10(-5)-10(-3) M) did not relax the precontracted trachea. Indomethacin significantly inhibited relaxation induced by both antigen and histamine. In contrast, phenidone or 5,8,11,14-eicosa-tetraynoic acid had no effect on relaxation but reversed the inhibition by indomethacin. Neither propranolol (10(-6) M) nor removing the tracheal epithelium inhibited histamine-induced relaxation. These results suggest that antigen-induced relaxation of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle involves activation of histamine H1 receptors and can occur independently of arachidonic acid metabolism, beta-adrenoceptor activation or airway epithelium.
Iris unwrapping using the Bresenham circle algorithm for real-time iris recognition

An efficient parallel architecture design for the iris unwrapping process in a real-time iris recognition system using the Bresenham Circle Algorithm is presented in this paper. Based on the characteristics of the model parameters this algorithm was chosen over the widely used polar conversion technique as the iris unwrapping model. The architecture design is parallelized to increase the throughput of the system and is suitable for processing an inputted image size of 320 × 240 pixels in real-time using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. Quartus software is used to implement, verify, and analyze the design’s performance using the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. The system’s predicted processing time is faster than the modern iris unwrapping technique used today∗.
Role of surfactant in composite latex particle morphology

Composite particles were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization at 70°C using K2S2O8 as initiator and two different nonionic surfactants. Monodisperse polystyrene latex particles were used as seed and methyl methacrylate was used as second-stage monomer. When the surfactant, polyethylene oxide–propylene oxide (Pluronic F-108), was used, the final particle morphology showed that the PMMA (core) was partially covered by polystyrene. However, when nonyphenol polyethylene oxide (Igepal Co-990) was used as surfactant, one observed a reversed type of encapsulation (i.e., PS core is partially engulfed by PMMA). The interfacial tensions of the polymer phase against water containing the appropriate surfactant were measured by the drop-volume method and used in a mathematical model based on thermodynamic analysis to predict the equilibrium particle morphology. The observed particle morphologies were found to differ from the predicted morphologies at low conversion of the second-stage monomer but agreed with it at higher conversion.
Cardiac Dysfunction Occurs in the HIV-1 Transgenic Mouse Treated with Zidovudine

Cardiomyopathy in AIDS is an increasingly important clinical problem. Mechanisms of AIDS cardiomyopathy were explored using AIDS transgenic mice that express replication-incompetent HIV-1 (NL4-3delta gag/pol). Transgenic and FVB/n mice (n = 3 to 6 per cohort) received water ad libitum with and without zidovudine (3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine; AZT; 0.7 mg/ml) for 21 or 35 days. After 21 days, echocardiographic studies were performed and abundance of mRNA for cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2), sodium calcium exchanger (NCX1), and atrial natriuretic factor were determined individually using Northern analysis of extracts of left ventricles. After 35 days, contractile function and relaxation were analyzed in isolated work-performing hearts. Histopathological and ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) changes were identified. After 21 days, molecular indicators of cardiac dysfunction were found. Depressed SERCA2 and increased atrial natriuretic factor mRNA abundance occurred in left ventricles from AZT-treated transgenic mice. NCX1 abundance was unchanged. Eccentric left ventricle hypertrophy was determined echocardiographically. After 35 days, cardiac dysfunction was worst in AZT-treated and AZT-untreated transgenic mice. Decreases in the first derivative of the maximal change in left ventricle systolic pressure with respect to time (+dP/dt) occurred in transgenic mice with and without AZT. Increased half-time of relaxation and ventricular relaxation (-dP/dt) occurred in AZT-treated and -untreated transgenic mice. Increased time to peak pressure was found only in AZT-treated transgenic mice. In AZT-treated FVB/n mice, -dP/dt was decreased. Ultrastructurally, mitochondrial destruction was most pronounced in AZT-treated transgenic mice, but also was found in AZT-treated FVB/n mice. Transgenic mice that express HIV-1 demonstrate cardiac dysfunction. AZT treatment of FVB/n mice causes mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations that are similar to those in other species. In transgenic mice, AZT treatment worsens molecular and ultrastructural features of cardiomyopathy. HIV-1 constructs and AZT each contribute to cardiac dysfunction in this murine model of AIDS cardiomyopathy.
Translating Current Science into Materials for High School via a Scientist–Teacher Partnership

Scientist-teacher partnerships are a unique form of professional devel- opment that can assist teachers in translating current science into classroom instruction by involving them in meaningful collaborations with university researchers. However, few reported models aim to directly alter science teachers' practices by supporting them in the development of curriculum materials. This article reports on a multiple case study of seven high school science teachers who attended an ongoing scientist- teacher partnership professional development program at a major Southeastern research university. Our interest was to understand the capacity of this professional development program for supporting teachers in the transfer of personal learning experiences with advanced science content and skills into curriculum materials for high school students. Findings indicate that, regardless of their ultimate success constructing curriculum materials, all cases considered the research grounded pro- fessional development supports beneficial to their professional growth with the exception of collective participation. Additionally, the cases also described how supports such as professional recognition and transferability served as affordances to
Evidence-Based Effective Practices With Older Adults

Older persons constitute an increasingly large population with significant mental health challenges. The authors review outcome research for both diagnosable conditions and late-life transitions as a basis for evidence-based practice with this population. Implications for clinical practice in professional counseling. counselor education and supervision, and research are considered.
Potential for thermal damage to articular cartilage by PMMA reconstruction of a bone cavity following tumor excision: A finite element study.

Abstract Benign, giant cell tumors are often treated by intralesional excision and reconstruction with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The exothermic reaction of the in-situ polymerizing PMMA is believed to beneficially kill remaining tumor cells. However, at issue is the extent of this necrotic effect into the surrounding normal bone and the adjacent articular cartilage. Finite element analysis (ABAQUS 6.4-1) was used to determine the extent of possible thermal necrosis around prismatically shaped, PMMA implants (8–24 cc in volume), placed into a peripheral, sagittally symmetric, metaphyseal defect in the proximal tibia. Temperature/exposure time conditions indicating necrotic potential during the exotherm of the polymerizing bone cement were found in regions of the cancellous bone within 3 mm of the superior surface of the PMMA implant. If less than 3 mm of cancellous bone existed between the PMMA implant and the subchondral bone layer, regions of the subchondral bone were also exposed to thermally necrotic conditions. However, as long as there were at least 2 mm of uniform subchondral bone above the PMMA implant, the necrotic regions did not extend into the overlying articular cartilage. This was the case even when the PMMA was in direct contact with the subchondral bone. If the subchondral bone is not of sufficient thickness, or is not continuous, then care should be taken to protect the articular cartilage from thermal damage as a result of the reconstruction of the tumor cavity with PMMA bone cement.
Vasodilator responses of coronary resistance arteries of exercise-trained pigs.

BACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that vasodilator responses of porcine coronary resistance arteries are increased by exercise training.METHODS AND RESULTSYucatan minia...
Ion–atom merged-beams measurements

Abstract The ion–atom merged-beams apparatus at Oak Ridge National Laboratory measures benchmark total charge-transfer cross sections for a variety of multicharged ions with atomic H from keV/u down to meV/u center-of-mass collision energies. The apparatus has recently been upgraded and moved to the new high voltage platform where a permanent magnet ECR ion source provides intense high-velocity ion beams. Upgrades to the merged-beams apparatus include more accurate beam profiles and a shortened merge path to increase the angular acceptance of the apparatus. An observed factor of four decrease in the angular divergence of the ion beam translates into access to lower collision energies with higher resolution. The higher velocity ion beams will enable charge transfer measurements with heavier ions, and measurements with both H and D at eV/u energies and below to directly observe the isotope effect.
Carbaryl, a Carbamate Insecticide, Is a Ligand for the Hepatic Ah (Dioxin) Receptor☆

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates many of the biological and toxicological actions of a variety of hydrophobic natural and synthetic chemicals, including the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin). Induction of CYP1A1 gene expression is one such response that is known to be regulated by the AhR complex. It was recently reported (Ledirac et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144, 177-182, 1997) that, although carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide, can induce AhR-dependent expression of CYP1A1, it was not an AhR ligand. Since this apparent ligand-independent activation of the AhR is difficult to reconcile given what is known about the mechanism of AhR action, we have examined the ability of carbaryl to stimulate the AhR signaling pathway. Not only was dioxin responsive element-driven luciferase gene expression induced by carbaryl in stably transfected mouse, rat, guinea pig, and human cells, gel retardation analysis revealed that carbaryl stimulated AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro and in cells in culture. Dose-response experiments revealed that carbaryl was 300,000-fold less potent that the prototypical inducer, TCDD, in both inducing luciferase gene expression and stimulating AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro, suggesting that carbaryl itself was the inducing agent. The identification of carbaryl as an AhR ligand was demonstrated by its ability to competitively inhibit [3H]-TCDD to the guinea pig hepatic cytosolic AhR. Our results confirm that carbaryl is both a weak AhR ligand and inducer of AhR-dependent gene expression and argue against its proposed ligand-independent mechanism of AhR activation.
Mineralogy, aqueous alteration, and primitive textural characteristics of fine-grained rims in the Y-791198 CM2 carbonaceous chondrite: TEM observations and comparison to ALHA81002

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the microtextural and mineralogical characteristics of fine-grained rims in the unbrecciated CM2 chondrites, Y-791198 and ALHA81002, in an effort to provide constraints on the origins of the rims themselves. Our TEM observations show that the rims in Y-791198 are composed of two distinct types of region, sulfide-poor and sulfide-rich, that are intermixed in a complex manner at the micron to submicron level. The sulfide-poor regions are largely composed of amorphous silicate material or nanocrystalline serpentine, but rare fibrous and coarse-grained serpentine grains have also been identified. No fine-grained cronstedtite or tochilinite were observed, although coarse-grained lumps of tochilinite are present in the rims. In contrast, the sulfide-rich regions are characterized by the presence of a myriad, nanometer-sized Fe, Ni sulfide grains (pentlandite with some Ni-rich pyrrhotite) embedded within an amorphous silicate similar in composition to that of the sulfide-poor regions. The sulfide-rich regions also contain rare phases such as olivine, and Fe, Ni metal grains with grain sizes that are always >100 nm in size. Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals that the fine-grained rims consist of a mosaic of irregularly-shaped sulfide-poor and sulfide-rich-regions with sizes of about 0.2–0.5 μm, that have been compacted together during parent body lithification. Despite aqueous alteration, the distinct mineralogical characteristics of these different regions are preserved on a fine-scale and probably represent primitive heterogeneity in the dust from which these rims formed. Serpentine is much better developed and more widespread in the fine-grained rims of ALHA81002 than Y-791198. Complex mats of serpentine fibers are commonly found and cronstedtite and tochilinite are plentiful. Anhydrous minerals such as olivine are rare and have usually been replaced by serpentine. Like Y-791198, all the fine-grained rims studied in ALHA81002 show the same mineral assemblages and textural characteristics throughout and between rims. The homogeneity of the mineralogy, textural relationships and degree of hydration in the rims of these two chondrites is more consistent with parent-body alteration than with pre-accretionary alteration.