cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innervation of teeth and periodontium after enzymatic removal of collagenous elements.

Abstract 1. 1. The innervation of human and monkey teeth and their periodontium was studied by Pearson's silver gelatin method. The jaws and teeth were fixed in a formol-acetic acid-alcohol mixture, decalcified, dehydrated, and embedded in nitrocellulose in the usual manner. The embedded specimens were sectioned at 25 to 100 micra, and the cut sections were exposed to enzymatic hydrolysis before silver impregnation. 2. 2. The common pulpal nerve arises as a union of the branches of the various dental nerves which enter the apical periodontal membrane of all the surfaces surrounding the tooth. In the coronal portion of the pulp the common pulpal nerve breaks up into cuspal nerves which course toward the cuspal horns. The termination of these nerves is mainly in the odontoblastic layer; however, a few nerves enter the predentine, where they form a loop to return to the odontoblastic layer. 3. 3. The nerve supply to the periodontal membrane arises from the dental and interalveolar nerves, branches of the alveolar nerves. The dental nerve fibers supply the periapical region and pass gingivally to form a united bundle with the perforating branches of the interalveolar nerves. 4. 4. Two types of nerve endings are found in the periodontal membrane. (1) Nonmedullated nerve fibers may unite at their terminals to form an arborization. Fine delicate fibrils arise from this network to end as “free nerve endings” among the stroma cells, cementoblasts, and cementum. (2) Medullated fibers may lose their myelin sheath, and the naked fibrils terminate into an elongated spindlelike structure. 5. 5. Gingival innervation is derived from two sources: (1) fibers arising from the nerves of the periodontal membrane and (2) fibers originating from the labial or palatal nerves. As these fibers pass through the connective tissue, terminal twigs are given off which supply the tunica propria. Intrapapillary and intraepithelial nerve endings are scarce in the epithelial attachment and marginal gingiva. On the other hand, attached gingiva contains both types of nerve endings.
Reduced bone formation and relatively increased bone resorption in absorptive hypercalciuria

Absorptive hypercalciuria (AH), a common stone-forming condition characterized biochemically by intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium and hypercalciuria may be associated with bone loss. In AH type I (AH-1), hypercalciuria persists despite restriction in dietary calcium intake. We therefore hypothesized that the skeleton may contribute to the hypercalciuria in this subgroup of patients. Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies were performed on nine stone-formers with AH-1 and on nine matched normal subjects. After stabilization on a stone-prevention diet, calcium homeostasis in the stone formers was then evaluated on inpatient constant metabolic diet before and after short-term blockade of bone resorption by alendronate (10mg daily, 17 days total). Compared with controls, the stone-formers had lower indices of bone formation (osteoblast surface/bone surface 1.8±2.1 vs 3.0±1.5%, P =0.04; wall thickness 35.8±6.9 vs 47.2±7.6%, P =0.001) and relatively higher bone resorption (osteoclast surface/bone surface 0.4±0.2 vs 0.2±0.2%, P =0.05). In the stone-formers, a short-term course of alendronate treatment corrected fasting urinary calcium (0.14±0.06 to 0.06±0.04mg Ca/mg Cr, P =0.001) and marginally reduced 24-h urinary calcium by 48mg/day ( P =0.06). Increased intestinal calcium absorption and hypercalciuria persisted, but estimated calcium balance improved ( P =0.007). Our results suggest that the hypercalciuria of AH-1 originates primarily from intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, but bone resorption in excess of bone formation may contribute.
CONCENTRATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES DURING LACTATION.♦ 1331

Background. Human milk oligosaccharides help to protect infants against microbial toxins and pathogens. Variation in the structures or concentrations of protective oligosaccharides during lactation could result in different levels of protection.
Potentiation of Developing Synapses by Postsynaptic Release of Neurotrophin-4

Abstract The hypothesis that synaptic functions can be regulated by neurotrophins secreted from the postsynaptic cell was examined in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures. Neuromuscular synapses formed on myocytes overexpressing neurotrophin-4 (M+ synapses) exhibited a higher level of spontaneous synaptic activity and enhanced evoked synaptic transmission as compared to those formed on normal control myocytes (M− synapses). The NT-4 effects involve a potentiation of presynaptic transmitter secretion as well as a lengthening of the mean burst duration of postsynaptic low conductance acetylcholine channels. Repetitive stimulation of either the presynaptic neuron or the postsynaptic myocyte led to a potentiation of synaptic transmission at M+ synapses. All potentiation effects of NT-4 overexpression were abolished by the extracellular presence of TrkB-IgG but not by the presence of TrkA-IgG, indicating that postsynaptic secretion of NT-4 was responsible for the synaptic modification.
When clinical trials fail to address treatment gaps: the failure of niacin-laropiprant to reduce cardiovascular events.

Introduction: The Heart Protection Study-2-THRIVE trial (official title: A Randomized Trial of the Long-term Clinical Effects of Raising HDL Cholesterol With Extended Release Niacin/Laropiprant) was designed to investigate the effect raising HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) with extended release niacin (ERN) 2 g plus laropiprant (LRPT) 40mg daily versus placebo on the time to the first major vascular event (composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], coronary heart disease [CHD] death, stroke, or arterial revascularization) in patients with a history of occlusive arterial disease (MI, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, or diabetes with other CHD) who were receiving simvastatin 40 mg daily as background therapy. Methods: Prior to randomization, the trial incorporated a runin phase in which 42,424 participants received open-label treatment with simvastatin 40 mg daily to achieve a total cholesterol level<135 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L) or simvastatin 40 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg daily when this goal was not achieved. In the second part of the run-in phase, the remaining 38,369 participants received ERN/LRPT 1 g/40 mg nightly for 4 weeks followed by ERN/LRPT 2 g/40 mg nightly for an additional 3 to 6 weeks. At the end of the run-in phase, participants were randomized into the trial if they were able to tolerate the study medications and their adherence to ERN/LRPT and simvastatin or simvastatin/ezetimibe was 90 % or higher. A total of 25,673 participants were randomized to receive ERN/LRPT or placebo, and were followed for a median of 3.9 years.
Endocarditis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: a case report and review of the literature

We report a case of subacute bacterial endocarditis associated with small vessel vasculitis and a strongly positive cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) test. It is important to recognize this cause of positive c-ANCA because infectious endocarditis may closely mimic the clinical manifestations of ANCA-associated vasculitides such as Wegener granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis. Furthermore, ANCA-associated vasculitis may result in noninfectious endocarditis, which may be confused with bacterial endocarditis. In this paper, we review reported cases of ANCA-positive bacterial endocarditis and compare them to the reported cases of ANCA-associated idiopathic vasculitis with endocardial compromise.
The role of reactive oxygen species in TNFα-dependent expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Engagement of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by its signal transduction ligands is implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. TNFalpha, a proinflammatory cytokine, is a potent inducer of RAGE expression in endothelial cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by TNFalpha stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induce RAGE expression. The complex III of mitochondrial respiratory chain appears to be the primary source of ROS. The gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase appears to be the source of ROS that induces TNFalpha-dependent mitochondrial ROS generation and subsequent RAGE expression. We also demonstrate that the ROS-mediated RAGE induction occurs via activation of NF-kappaB, a proinflammatory transcription factor. Thus, stimulation of HUVECs by TNFalpha evokes the following sequence of events: stimulation of NADPH oxidase --> generation of ROS --> activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain --> stimulation of NF-kappaB activity --> induction of RAGE expression.
Adolescent peer group identification and characteristics: A review of the literature

This study provides an exhaustive review of 44 peer-reviewed quantitative or qualitative data-based peer-reviewed studies completed on adolescent peer group identification. Adolescent peer group identification is one's self-perceived or other-perceived membership in discrete teenage peer groups. The studies reviewed suggest that adolescent peer groups consist of five general categories differentiable by lifestyle characteristics: Elites, Athletes, Academics, Deviants, and Others. We found that the Deviant adolescent group category reported relatively greater participation in drug use and other problem behaviors across studies, whereas Academics and Athletes exhibited the least participation in these problem behaviors. Additional research is needed in this arena to better understand the operation of adolescent group labels.
The Study of Digital Ultrasonic Bone Conduction Hearing Device

This paper introduces a novel hearing aid named artificial ultrasonic bone conduction hearing device, which is different from the traditional hearing aid in two sides: 1) sound conduction manner, 2) human perceptive principles. We focus on discussing the structure of the hearing aid and the research of frequency transposition algorithm. In addition, we design algorithm experimental platform and some sample electromechanical transducers
Philosophy, Engineering, and the Sciences

Philosophers aim for universal truths, but in that effort, when the empirical details are ignored, the philosophical story may end up missing the mark. Here it is argued that when attention is applied to the details, the Old Story that engineering is applied science falls apart. It is further argued that attempts to establish some kind of epistemic authority for science over engineering are simply misguided.
Malignant mixed mullerian tumour of the endometrium with a synchronous ovarian cancer- a rare association

Synchronous malignancies of genital tract are extremely uncommon especially those with independent histopathologies. We are reporting a rare case with a unique presentation. A 79 year old nulliparous lady presented with foul smelling discharge and bleeding per vaginum. Examination revealed an abdominopelvic mass and a friable polypoidal growth projecting from the cervical os. Biopsy of the polyp indicated mixed malignant mullerian tumour. CT scan revealed a large ovarian tumour with solid and cystic areas indicating ovarian malignancy. During laparotomy patient was also found to have chronic inversion of uterus secondary to the polypoidal growth protruding from the cervix. Histopathology confirmed mixed malignant mullerian tumour of the endometrium and serous cyst adenocarcinoma of the right ovary.
p120-catenin: Past and present

p120-catenin was first described in 1989 as a Src substrate whose phosphorylation correlated with transformation. It was identified by cDNA cloning in 1992, and shown to interact with cadherins in 1994. Though enigmatic for some time, p120 has emerged as a master regulator of cadherin stability, and an important modulator of RhoGTPase activities. With the discovery of p120 family members and evidence for fundamental roles in cell biology and cancer, the field has expanded dramatically in recent years. As an introduction to this collection of reviews on p120 and its relatives, the editors have requested a personal commentary and historical perspective on the discovery of p120. The anecdotal parts have no particular purpose, but are mostly unpublished and perhaps of interest to some.
TISSUE CHANGES AND SODIUM BALANCE IN PANTOTHENIC ACID-DEFICIENT RATS

Liopid depletion, or hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal cortex, has been recorded by numerous investigators of pantothenic acid deficiency (Daft and Sebrell, 1939; Nelson, 1939; Ashburn, 1940; Mills et al., 1940; Morgan and Simms, 1940 (a); Salmon and Engel, 1940; Mushett and Unna, 1941; Supplee et al., 1942 and Deane and McKibbin, 1946). Ashburn (1940) suggested that these morphological changes may be accompanied byvarying degrees of adrenal cortical insufficiency. The occurrence in deficient animals of sudden prostration, gastro-intestinalsymptoms (Shaeffer et al., 1942) and a terminal, picture consistent with severe dehydration would seem to support this concept. Also consistent with this premise is the decreased resistance to water intoxication in pantothenic acid deficient animals observed by Gaunt et al., 1946. Furthermore, pantothenic acid deficient rats have been observed to consume larger quantities of salt when on a self-selection salt intake than do similarly treated controls (Supplee et al...
Methylphenidate May Treat Apathy Independent of Depression

OBJECTIVETo report a case of apathy treated with methylphenidate in which improvement in apathy was independent of improvement of depression.CASE SUMMARYA 47-year-old woman with a 20-year history of recurrent major depression was diagnosed as having significant apathy with lack of initiative and motivation. Over the course of a 4-week treatment regimen with methylphenidate, her apathy, as measured by the Apathy Evaluation Scale, improved, with her score decreasing from 57 to 31. During this period, her depression, as assessed by the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, remained unchanged.DISCUSSIONOur report of improvement of apathy with methylphenidate is consistent with other reports in the literature, although previous studies have not specifically used the rating scales to assess apathy. Even though this patient had experienced apathy for a long time, it had not been detected due to lack of direct questioning. In this case, as noted, the improvement of apathy was independent of improvement in...
Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex

Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with substantial costs. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that selection from coevolving pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing despite these costs. We used experimental coevolution to test the Red Queen hypothesis and found that coevolution with a bacterial pathogen (Serratia marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we found that coevolution with the pathogen rapidly drove obligately selfing populations to extinction, whereas outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coevolution. Thus, consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis, coevolving pathogens can select for biparental sex.
Ecologocentrism: Unworking Animals

. . . with a glance toward those who, in a society from which I do not exclude myself, turn their eyes away when faced by the as yet unnamable which is proclaiming itself and which can do so, as is necessary whenever a birth is in the offing, only under the species of the nonspecies, in the formless, mute, infant, and terrifying form of monstrosity. — Jacques Derrida, “Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences” (293) Whoever is the wisest among you is also just a conflict and a cross between plant and ghost. — Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (6)
Sublethal Acute and Chronic Exposure of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to the δ-Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis

Sublethal exposure of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae to the d-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis variety tenebrionis (Berliner) caused a dose-dependent reduction in feeding and weight gain when tested in a leaf disk bioassay. The highest doses of chronic (continuous-lower concentration) exposure resulted in peak foliage consumption on day 1 as compared with peak consumption on days 3 and 4 when exposure was acute (24-h higher concen- tration). Dose and exposure regimen interacted significantly in their effects on the extension of development. When development time was analyzed separately for each exposure regimen, only acute exposure caused significant delays in development that extended through to adult eclosion. The efficiency of conversion of ingested material to biomass (ECI) declined significantly with both exposure regimens. The lethal and most sublethal effects of exposure to d-endotoxin were not cumulative, in that similar total doses, whether delivered acutely or chronically, produced different effects. Female adults that survived acute and chronic exposure to d-endotoxin as larvae had significantly reduced weight and longevity, and tended to produce fewer eggs (45 and 44% reduc- tions in acute and chronic exposures, respectively) when compared with control adults. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and net reproductive rate (R0) also appeared to be reduced.
AGL80 Is Required for Central Cell and Endosperm Development in Arabidopsis

During plant reproduction, the central cell of the female gametophyte becomes fertilized to produce the endosperm, a storage tissue that nourishes the developing embryo within the seed. The molecular mechanisms controlling the specification and differentiation of the central cell are poorly understood. We identified a female gametophyte mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana , fem111 , that is affected in central cell development. In fem111 female gametophytes, the central cell9s nucleolus and vacuole fail to mature properly. In addition, endosperm development is not initiated after fertilization of fem111 female gametophytes. fem111 contains a T-DNA insertion in AGAMOUS-LIKE80 ( AGL80 ). FEM111/AGL80 is a member of the MADS box family of genes that likely encode transcription factors. An AGL80–green fluorescent protein fusion protein is localized to the nucleus. Within the ovule and seed, FEM111/AGL80 is expressed exclusively in the central cell and uncellularized endosperm. FEM111/AGL80 expression is also detected in roots, leaves, floral stems, anthers, and young flowers by real-time RT-PCR. FEM111/AGL80 is required for the expression of two central cell–expressed genes, DEMETER and DD46 , but not for a third central cell–expressed gene, FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED2 . Together, these data suggest that FEM111/AGL80 functions as a transcription factor within the central cell gene regulatory network and controls the expression of downstream genes required for central cell development and function.
Noise clustering algorithm revisited

Dave's (1991) noise clustering (NC) algorithm is revisited. In the original NC algorithm, the distance of a noise prototype from all the points was defined to be a constant value /spl delta/. While this idea works well in detecting a variety of cluster shapes in noisy data, use of the same constant value of /spl delta/ makes NC somewhat limited in its scope. The authors allow S to take different values for different feature vectors, and find interesting results due to this modification. It is shown that the membership generated by NC algorithm is a product of two terms, one is the original fuzzy c-means (FCM) membership responsible for data partitioning, and the other is a robust M-estimator type weight (or like a generalized possibilistic membership) that achieves a mode seeking effect, and imparts robustness. In this light, it is shown that the NC technique is a generalization of the possibilistic clustering technique. An interesting fact about the robust component of the NC membership is regarding the appearance of term related to the harmonic mean distance of a point from all the classes. The role of this term is discussed along with other possible generalizations, including one that makes the generalized NC a fuzzy c-class extension of robust M-estimators.
Fluoxetine, but not tricyclic antidepressants, potentiates the 5-hydroxytryptophan-mediated increase in plasma cortisol and prolactin secretion in subjects with major depression or with obsessive compulsive disorder.

It has been suggested that the clinical efficacy of chronic treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine and perhaps all antidepressants is due to their ability to enhance serotonergic activity. The effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine or tricyclic antidepressants on the L-5-hydroxytryptophan (200 mg, L-5-HTP; PO)–induced increases in plasma cortisol and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were studied in patients with major depression or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Administration of L-5-HTP increased plasma cortisol and PRL levels in medicated and unmedicated patients with major depression or OCD. The L-5-HTP–induced cortisol and PRL responses were significantly higher in fluoxetine-treated than in tricyclic-treated or unmedicated major depressed patients. The latter two groups did not differ significantly in their cortisol or PRL responses to L-5-HTP. The L-5-HTP–induced increases in cortisol and PRL in fluoxetine-treated patients with major depression or OCD were not significantly different. The results suggest that fluoxetine, but not tricyclic antidepressants, potentiates 5-HT receptor–mediated stimulation of cortisol and PRL secretion in humans, consistent with available evidence that fluoxetine treatment, but not tricyclic antidepressants, increases central serotonergic activity in patients with MD or OCD by a presynaptic mechanism.
Does household enrolment reduce adverse selection in a voluntary health insurance system? Evidence from the Ghanaian National Health Insurance System

In August 2003, the Ghanaian Government made history by implementing the first National Health Insurance System (NHIS) in sub-Saharan Africa. Within 2 years, over one-third of the country had voluntarily enrolled in the NHIS. To discourage households from selectively enrolling their sickest (high-risk) members, the NHIS in the Nkoranza district offered premium waivers for all children under 18 in exchange for full household enrolment. This study aimed to test whether, despite this incentive, there is evidence suggestive of adverse selection. To accomplish this, we examined how the observed pay-off from insurance (odds and intensity of medical consumption) responds to changes in the family enrolment cost. If adverse selection were present, we would expect the odds and intensity of medical consumption to increase with family enrolment cost. A number of econometric tests were conducted using the claims database of the NHIS in Nkoranza. Households with full enrolment were analysed, for a total of 58 516 individuals from 12 515 households. Our results show that household enrolment cost is not correlated with (1) odds or intensity of inpatient use or (2) odds of adult outpatient use, and is weakly correlated with the intensity of outpatient use. We also find that household enrolment costs are positively correlated with the number of children in the household and the odds and intensity of outpatient use by children. Thus, we conclude that the child-premium waiver is an important incentive for household enrolment. This evidence suggests that adverse selection has effectively been contained, but not eliminated. We argue that since one of the main objectives of the NHIS was to increase use of necessary care, especially by children, our findings indicate a largely favourable policy outcome, but one that may carry negative financial consequences. Policy makers must balance the fiscal need to contain costs with the societal objective to cover vulnerable populations.
Insurgent-Population Ties and the Variation in the Trajectory of Peripheral Civil Wars

This article seeks to account for the variation in the trajectory of conflict in the context of peripheral civil wars by emphasizing the importance of rebel-population ties. In examining the trajectory of peripheral civil wars, it expands the range of outcomes traditionally examined in the literature. The empirical validity of the theoretical argument is tested using a new data set of 166 rebel groups involved in 58 peripheral insurgencies between 1960 and 2010. I trace social embeddedness of rebel groups to pre-war political processes and institutions. Rebel groups are coded on six characteristics to create a 7-point rebel-type scale as a measure of their embeddedness in the population. The results provide support to the argument that the social embeddedness of a rebel group exercises a significant effect on the trajectory of peripheral civil wars. However, the substantive effect of embeddedness on some outcomes is more pronounced than on others.
Induced radial velocity in nonstationary electric arcs

An analysis is presented of the effects of induced radial velocity on the thermal behavior of a nonstationary electric arc. An interrupted dc arc is simulated by treating the linearized equations for a cylindrical plasma, initially at a uniform temperature, when the wall temperature is suddenly changed by a small amount from the gas temperature. Due to compressibility, a radial wave motion is set up within the gas which causes rapid interior temperature changes on a time scale much smaller than the conduction time constant. For example in a 5-mm diameter SF 6 arc, which is initially at a temperature of 11 000°K, the central temperature will change by 20 percent in 1 µs, while the conduction time constant is 100 µs. The possible importance of this behavior for circuit breaker arcs is discussed.
Mapping tasks into fault tolerant manipulators

The application of robots in critical missions in hazardous environments requires the development of reliable or fault tolerant manipulators. In this paper we define fault tolerance as the ability to continue the performance of a task after immobilization of a joint due to failure. Initially, no joint limits are considered, in which case we prove the existence of fault tolerant manipulators and develop an analysis tool to determine the fault tolerant work space. We also derive design templates for spatial fault tolerant manipulators. When joint limits are introduced, analytic solutions become infeasible but instead a numerical design procedure can be used, as is illustrated through an example. >
Hormonally active peptides in human milk

Human milk contains many hormone and hormone-like peptides. The gastrointestinal tract of newborn infants exhibits lower proteolytic activity than in adults and higher "permeability" for macromolecules. Studies in experimental animals demonstrate that several peptides (epidermal growth factors, insulin-like growth factor I and bombesin) after orogastric administration exhibit effects on the small intestine and other organs (liver or pancreas). Few studies performed in human neonates suggest a "survival" of epidermal growth factor in their gastric content. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of milk-borne hormonally active peptides. This need is stressed by the fact that several of those known to be present in human milk were found to be low or not detectable in infant formulae (epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, parathyroid hormone-related peptide.
Measuring the Changing Composition and Mass of Evaporating Fuel Films

When a fuel spray impinges on an interior surface of an engine, a thin liquid film can form. The relatively slow evaporation of the film has been shown to be a cause of increased pollutant emissions and reduced engine performance. To improve the understanding of how fuel films affect engine emissions and performance, a research program was initiated to study the physical processes involved in the evaporation of films composed of mixtures of hydrocarbons. The specific goal of the research reported here is to develop a method of simultaneously measuring the mass and composition of evaporating films. This method enables one to compute the evaporation rate of each component in the film. To our knowledge, these composition measurements are the first direct, time-resolved measurements of the changing composition of an evaporating liquid film composed of multiple volatile components. Mass and composition of evaporating liquid films were measured quantitatively using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Evaporation rates for pure solvents and mixtures were determined through a calibration of the FT-IR measurements and these results were validated by measurements acquired with an analytical balance. The FT-IR also measured compositional changes for bi-component mixtures during the evaporation process. Three of the hydrocarbon solvents studied were hexane, cyclohexane, and 3-methylpentane. These were chosen for their similarities in molecular weight and physical properties as well as their comparatively unique infrared absorption spectra. Isooctane was also used because of its prevalence as a gasoline substitute in many engine studies and because of its slow evaporation rate compared to the smaller hydrocarbons. Solvents were studied individually and in various mixtures. Based on these preliminary results the method developed here is expected to be an important tool for studying the transport processes in an evaporating film.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A selective relay amplifier for recording WWV time signals

A selective relay amplifier for recording the WWV time signals is described. It is made selective for the 440 cycle note of the WWV signal and thus makes possible the accurate recording of the breaks in the 440 cycle note which come at specified minutes.
Inflation illusion and stock returns

A large sensitivity of stocks' earnings yield to inflation suggests that the value of these stocks is highly influenced by inflation illusion. We construct an inflation illusion factor by buying stocks with large earnings yield sensitivities on inflation and selling stocks with small earnings yield sensitivities on inflation. This factor has a return of approximately 5% per year and is priced in the cross sectional asset returns. Low asset growth stocks have greater exposure to the inflation illusion factor than their counterparts, and they are also underpriced at times of high inflation. Our results are robust for a number of controls.
Fourier analysis of fluctuations of oxygen tension and blood flow in R3230Ac tumors and muscle in rats.

Tumor hypoxia is a major barrier to tumor radiation therapy. Typically tumor hypoxia occurs in two forms: chronic and acute. Although the existence of acute hypoxia has long been acknowledged, its ...
Probing Xist RNA Structure in Cells Using Targeted Structure-Seq.

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Xist is a master regulator of X-chromosome inactivation in mammalian cells. Models for how Xist and other lncRNAs function depend on thermodynamically stable secondary and higher-order structures that RNAs can form in the context of a cell. Probing accessible RNA bases can provide data to build models of RNA conformation that provide insight into RNA function, molecular evolution, and modularity. To study the structure of Xist in cells, we built upon recent advances in RNA secondary structure mapping and modeling to develop Targeted Structure-Seq, which combines chemical probing of RNA structure in cells with target-specific massively parallel sequencing. By enriching for signals from the RNA of interest, Targeted Structure-Seq achieves high coverage of the target RNA with relatively few sequencing reads, thus providing a targeted and scalable approach to analyze RNA conformation in cells. We use this approach to probe the full-length Xist lncRNA to develop new models for functional elements within Xist, including the repeat A element in the 5’-end of Xist. This analysis also identified new structural elements in Xist that are evolutionarily conserved, including a new element proximal to the C repeats that is important for Xist function.
Strategic Risk Management with Externalities

This paper studies the dynamic risk management of highly-levered financial institutions within a structural model of credit risk. We consider a context in which systemic default induces externalities that amplify the private cost of financial distress. This represents a source of strategic interaction and mandates an analysis of financial institutions' asset allocations in coalescence. We derive a unique strategic equilibrium in which two similar financial institutions adopt polarized and stochastic risk management, without sacrificing full diversification. Both institutions are concerned with maintaining sufficient wealth in adverse states. However, the conservative institution reduces its risk exposure, whereas the aggressive institution optimally gambles on positive and negative outcomes by taking long and short positions in risky securities over time. We further analyze the implications for debt pricing and distress probabilities.
Post-discharge Complications of Stroke

Post-discharge complications in patients with ischemic stroke are common and can interfere with recovery. There is an emphasis on aggressively preventing and managing these complications in order to improve long term stroke outcome, as well as decrease morbidity and mortality. In fact, the benefit of dedicated stroke unit care has been largely attributed to better prevention and treatment of medical and neurological complications. In this chapter we will review complications arising in ischemic stroke patients after discharge, including the epidemiology, causation, and management.
The Antitumor Efficacy of IL2/IL21-Cultured Polyfunctional Neu-Specific T Cells Is TNFα/IL17 Dependent

Purpose: Infusion of HER2-specific T cells, derived from vaccine-primed patients and expanded with IL2/IL12, has induced tumor regression in a minority of patients with metastatic treatment-refractory HER2 + breast cancer. We questioned whether alteration of cytokine growth factors used to culture vaccine–primed T cells could improve antitumor activity. Experimental Design: Using the TgMMTV-neu murine mammary tumor model, we cultured T cells derived from mice immunized with a previously defined neu class II peptide, p98-114 (neu p98), and evaluated different cytokine combinations for expansion. Results: Infusion of neu p98-specific T-cell lines derived from all cytokine conditions evaluated resulted in significant antitumor activity compared with infused naive splenocytes ( P P + cells were significantly increased after the infusion of IL2/IL21 cultured T cells as compared with tumors treated with T cells expanded under other cytokine conditions ( P Conclusions: Expansion of HER2 vaccine–primed T cells with IL2/IL21 may have the potential to effectively mediate tumor regression when used in adoptive transfer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2207–16. ©2015 AACR .
Spatial mode analysis of an elliptical-core, few-mode, optical fiber for MIMO-less space-division-multiplexing

We measure the mode coupling matrix for a 0.5km elliptical-core few-mode fiber supporting six spatial modes (HG00, HG01, HG10, HG02, HG20, and HG11) at 980nm. We demonstrate low crosstalk <-16dB between any pairs of modes even under severe bending. EC-FMFs are suitable for short-reach MIMO-less transmission.
EVOLUTION AND SPECIATION OF HOST PLANT SPECIFIC YEASTS.

SUMMARY In summary, three stages in the for- mation of species are discernible in cactus inhabiting yeasts. Pichia heedii may rep- resent the initial stage in host race for- mation and exhibits a single gene change accompanying the shift of host plants within the same subtribe. Pichia ame- thionina could represent the final stage of host race formation and the beginning of the speciation stage. This species shows changes at two independent loci when it shifts between two related subtribes of cactus, and exhibits postmating break- down for hybrids of the host varieties. The varieties differ by their resistance to tri- terpene glycosides found in one subtribe of columnar cacti. This difference is shown to be controlled by a single tem- perature sensitive gene and this genetic difference may be singularly responsible for the divergence of the two varieties. The two varieties of Pichia opuntiae may illustrate the final stage of the speciation process. This species shows considerable metabolic change when it shifts between hosts of different cactus tribes and dem- onstrates prezygotic barriers to gene ex- change.
Kinetic Evidence of a Noncatalytic Substrate Binding Site That Regulates Activity in Legionella pneumophilal-Serine Dehydratase

The l-serine dehydratase from Legionella pneumophila (lpLSD) has recently been shown to contain a domain (β domain) that has a high degree of structural homology with the ASB domain of d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, this domain has been shown by sequence homology to be present in all bacterial l-serine dehydratases that utilize an Fe–S catalytic center. In PGDH, l-serine binds to the ACT domain to inhibit catalytic activity. However, substrate must be bound to the ASB domain for serine to exert its effect. As such, the ASB domain acts as a codomain for the action of l-serine. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of l-serine binding to lpLSD demonstrates that l-serine binds to a second noncatalytic site and produces a conformational change in the enzyme. The rate of this conformational change is too slow for its participation in the catalytic cycle but rather occurs prior to catalysis to produce an activated form of the enzyme. That the conformational c...
Ozone Synthesis Using Shielded Sliding Discharge: Effect of Oxygen Content and Positive versus Negative Streamer Mode

A shielded sliding discharge reactor operated with nanosecond pulsed power produced ozone with an increased energy yield and in concentrations comparable to commercially available ozone generators. The ozone concentration from air was 4 to 13 g/Nm3 with an energy yield of 110 to 75 g/kW·h in negative streamers and 4 to 9 g/Nm3 with an energy yield of 65 to 40 g/kW·h in positive streamers. As the oxygen content in the feed gas was gradually increased, the ozone concentration and energy yield increased, while the difference between efficiencies of positive and negative streamer mode diminished. Ozone concentration from pure oxygen in both positive and negative streamer mode was 10 to 50 g/Nm3 with an energy yield of 250 to 120 g/kW·h.
An analysis of wind field estimation and exploitation for quadrotor flight in the urban canopy layer

Although unmanned air vehicles' increasing agility and autonomy may soon allow for flight in urban environments, the impact of complex urban wind fields on vehicle flight performance remains unclear. Unlike synoptic winds at high altitudes, urban wind fields are subject to turbulence generated by the buildings and terrain. The resulting spatial and temporal variation makes inference about the global wind field based on local wind measurements difficult and prevents the use of most simple wind models. Fortunately, the structure of the urban environment provides exploitable predictability given a suitable computational fluid dynamics solver, a representative 3D model of the environment, and an estimate of the expected prevailing wind speed and heading. The prevailing wind speed and direction at altitude and computational fluid dynamics solver can generate the corresponding wind field estimate over the map. By generating wind fields in this way, this work investigates a quadrotor's ability to exploit them for improved flight performance. Along with the wind field estimate, an empirically derived power consumption model is used to find minimum-energy trajectories with a planner both aware of and naive to the wind field. When compared to minimum-energy trajectories that do not incorporate wind conditions, the wind-aware trajectories demonstrate reduced flight times, total energy expenditures, and failures due to excess air speed for trajectories across MIT campus.
Is the Upturn in the Source Counts Caused by Primeval Radio Galaxies

During the last decade several deep surveys have been made with various aperture synthesis radio telescopes. At milliJansky levels important contributions were made with the WSRT 3 km array and the Cambridge One Mile Telescope. At sub-milliJansky levels surveys have been done with the VLA and the WSRT down to rms noise values of ~10 μJy.
Coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis underlying acute myocardial infarction.

Autopsy and clinical studies indicate that coronary thrombosis plays a key role in the development of acute transmural myocardial infarction and possibly in unstable angina and sudden cardiac death. The pathogenesis of coronary thrombosis is complex. It involves thedynamic interplay among the atherosclerotic arterial wall, vasomotor influences, cellularand humoral mediators, and the blood coagulation pathways
Health Literacy and Women's Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background: Health literacy is thought to impact women's reproductive health, yet no comprehensive systematic reviews have been conducted on the topic. Our objective was to systematically identify, investigate, and summarize research on the relationship between health literacy and women's reproductive health knowledge, behaviors, and outcomes. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used to guide this review. English language, peer-reviewed research articles indexed in MEDLINE as of February 2015 were searched, along with study results posted on Clinicaltrials.gov. Articles were included if they (1) described original data-driven research conducted in developed countries, (2) were published in a peer-reviewed journal, (3) measured health literacy using a validated assessment, (4) reported on the relationship between health literacy and reproductive health outcomes, related knowledge, or behaviors, and (5) consisted of a study population that included reproductive age women. Results: A total of 34 article...
Genetic drivers of vulnerability and resistance in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with very poor outcomes despite modern therapies in both children and adults (1⇓–3). In PNAS, Oshima et al. elucidate both the mutational landscape as well as patterns of clonal evolution of pediatric relapsed ALL and identify potential therapeutic targets in this challenging illness (4). Although prior studies have performed SNP array analysis (SNPa), whole-exome sequencing (WES), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and/or mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at diagnosis and relapse (Table 1), the majority of prior analyses have focused on relapsed pediatric B-ALL specifically. Here, the authors performed WES of 55 pediatric ALL patients (33 T-cell ALL and 22 B-cell precursor ALL) at diagnosis, remission, and relapse and complemented these data with RNA-seq of a validation cohort of 49 paired diagnosis/relapse B-ALL patient samples. This analysis has allowed for reevaluation of the pattern of clonal evolution in relapsed ALL and revealed that the majority of relapsed ALLs (∼85%) contain only some of the genetic lesions present in the major clone at diagnosis. In contrast, only in 4% of cases did the relapsed clones contain all mutations present at diagnosis plus additional secondary relapse-specific lesions. Together, these data identify that linear evolution is rarely involved in tumor progression in ALL and that relapsed ALL originates primarily as derivatives of ancestral subclones related to, but distinct from the main leukemic population present at diagnosis. This conclusion extends previous observations of the clonal basis of relapsed ALL by Mullighan et al. (5), which used SNPa to reveal that cells responsible for relapse were often minor subpopulations of the cells responsible for initial disease (Table 1). View this table: Table 1. Genomic analysis of relapsed ALL In addition to evaluating the clonal … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: abdelwao{at}mskcc.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
High-efficiency, high-temperature mid-infrared (λ ≥ 4 µm) InAsSb/GaSb lasers

With 2 mu m pumping, a 4 mu m InAsSb/GaSb double heterostructure laser operated at 86.5 K yielded 11% slope power efficiency and 16 mW CW power. Pulsed operation up to 211 K was observed. The threshold and efficiency were studied as functions of temperature and pump wavelength.
Depletion of AADC activity in caudate nucleus and putamen of Parkinson's disease patients; implications for ongoing AAV2-AADC gene therapy trial

In Parkinson’s disease (PD), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of L-DOPA (Sinemet) to dopamine (DA). Previous studies in PD animal models demonstrated that lesion of dopaminergic neurons is associated with profound loss of AADC activity in the striatum, blocking efficient conversion of L-DOPA to DA. Relatively few studies have directly analyzed AADC in PD brains. Thus, the aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of regional changes in AADC activity, DA, serotonin and their monoamine metabolites in the striatum of PD patients and experimentally lesioned animals (rat and MPTP-treated nonhuman primate, NHP). Striatal AADC activity was determined post mortem in neuropathologically confirmed PD subjects, animal models and controls. A regional analysis was performed for striatal AADC activity and monoamine levels in NHP tissue. Interestingly, analysis of putaminal AADC activity revealed that control human striatum contained much less AADC activity than rat and NHP striata. Moreover, a dramatic loss of AADC activity in PD striatum compared to controls was detected. In MPTP-treated NHP, caudate nucleus was almost as greatly affected as putamen, although mean DA turnover was higher in caudate nucleus. Similarly, DA and DA metabolites were dramatically reduced in different regions of PD brains, including caudate nucleus, whereas serotonin was relatively spared. After L-DOPA administration in MPTP-treated NHP, very poor conversion to DA was detected, suggesting that AADC in NHP nigrostriatal fibers is mainly responsible for L-DOPA to DA conversion. These data support further the rationale behind viral gene therapy with AAV2-hAADC to restore AADC levels in putamen and suggest further the advisability of expanding vector delivery to include coverage of anterior putamen and the caudate nucleus.