cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causality-Interpretation and the Precipitation of Distress

Summary Relationships were predicted between the theme of voluntary control (VC) and actual reality events which precipitate distress, and between VC and interpretations of distressing events. A coding system for VC was applied to the TAT stories of 89 males and 96 females. 20 males and 20 females who scored high on VC and 20 males and 20 females who scored low on VC described three distressing experiences. As predicted, high VC Ss compared with low VC Ss tended to be particularly distressed by actual failures, and low VC Ss tended to be distressed by actual object losses. The predicted relationship between VC and interpretations of distressing events was not significant.
Walking distance by trip purpose and population subgroups.

Background Walking distance is an important concept in the fields of transportation and public health. A distance of 0.25 miles is often used as an acceptable walking distance in U.S. research studies. Overall, research on the distance and duration of walking trips for different purposes and across different population groups remains limited. Purpose This study examines the prevalence of walking and distances and durations of walking trips for different purposes among U.S. residents. Methods The distances and durations of walking trips for different purposes across population groups were compared using nationally representative data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). Distance decay functions were used to summarize the distribution of walking distances and durations for different purposes and population subgroups. Data were analyzed in 2011. Results Sixteen percent of respondents had at least one daily walking trip. The mean and median values for walking distance were 0.7 and 0.5 miles, respectively. For walking duration, the mean and median values were 14.9 and 10 minutes. About 65% of walking trips were more than 0.25 miles in distance, and about 18% of walking trips were more than 1 mile. Large variations were found among various purposes for both distance and duration. The distances and durations of walking for recreation were substantially longer than those for other purposes. People with lower versus higher household income walked longer distances for work but shorter distances for recreation. Conclusions Only a small fraction of respondents walk, but trips longer than 0.25 miles are common. There is substantial variability in the distance and duration of walking trips by purpose and population subgroups. These differences have implications for developing strategies to increase physical activity through walking.
The p53 gene family.

p73 and p63 are two recently discovered p53 homologs. Like p53, these proteins can recognize canonical p53 DNA-binding sites and, when overproduced, can activate p53-responsive target genes and induce apoptosis. Unlike p53, these genes undergo complex alternative splicing which, at least in the case of p63, yields proteins with widely divergent biological properties. In addition p73 and p63 are, in contrast to p53, rarely mutated in human cancer. Furthermore, p73 inactivation is not required for viral transformation. Thus, there is currently no firm evidence that p63 and p73 should be considered tumor suppressors. The early suggestion that monoallelic expression of p73 contributed to carcinogenesis needs to be interpreted cautiously in light of data showing interindividual and intraindividual variation with respect to monoallelic expression of p73 and the finding that p73 mRNA levels are generally increased, rather than decreased, in a host of tumors relative to normal cells.
Inverter Output Filter Effect on PWM Motor Drives of a Flywheel Energy Storage System

NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has been involved in the research and development of high speed flywheel systems for small satellite energy storage and attitude control applications. One research and development area has been the minimization of the switching noise produced by the pulsed width modulated (PWM) inverter that drives the flywheel permanent magnet motor/generator (PM M/G). This noise can interfere with the flywheel M/G hardware and the system avionics hampering the full speed performance of the flywheel system. One way to attenuate the inverter switching noise is by placing an AC filter at the three phase output terminals of the inverter with the filter neutral point connected to the DC link (DC bus) midpoint capacitors. The main benefit of using an AC filter in this fashion is the significant reduction of the inverter s high dv/dt switching and its harmonics components. Additionally, common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) voltages caused by the inverter s high dv/dt switching are also reduced. Several topologies of AC filters have been implemented and compared. One AC filter topology consists of a two-stage R-L-C low pass filter. The other topology consists of the same two-stage R-L-C low pass filter with a series connected trap filter (an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel). This paper presents the analysis, design and experimental results of these AC filter topologies and the comparison between the no filter case and conventional AC filter.
The binding of benz(a)anthracene derivatives to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and mammary tissue following exposure to laboratory light.

Abstract 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 7-methoxymethyl-12-methylbenz (a)anthracene (MeO-DMBA) are converted to a number of products during short exposures in aqueous suspension to laboratory illumination. The mixture of products binds to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) while inhibiting its activity but there is no apparent relationship between the binding and inhibition of enzyme activity. There is little, or no, binding or enzyme inhibition when the compounds are protected from light. 7-Bromomethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (Br-DMBA) binds to GPDH whether photoactivated or not but enzyme inhibition depends upon light exposure. The binding of light-exposed DMBA by surviving rat mammary tissue was five-times greater than with the unchanged hydrocarbon. Binding of MeO-DMBA products also occurred after light exposure but not in the dark.
Biomass conversion to liquid fuels: potential of some Arizona chaparral brush and tree species.

Arizona chaparral brush and tree species can be converted into high-grade liquid hydrocarbon fuels by indirect liquefaction in which pyrolysis is followed by catalytic liquefaction. Here we have examined various Arizona chaparral species and other woody plants for oil and hydrocarbon content and as biomass feedstocks for pyrolytic conversion to high-grade liquid fuels. Although no tested species contained enough oils or hydrocarbons to be considered useful sources, gasification data show that they are all promising biomass feedstocks for pyrolytic conversion to liquid fuels. Olefin yield from biomass gasification, which is an indicator of liquid hydrocarbon yield, may be influenced by feedstock composition. If some particularly outstanding biomass feedstocks were discovered, then manipulation of the vegetation to favour those species could be a management alternative to prescribed burning or chemical control. Because most of the chaparral species tested produced pyrolysis gas of comparable olefin content, however, harvesting of chaparral without regard to species composition is indicated.
An On-line Probabilistic Paradigm for Optimal Disassembly Planning

Disassembly is of growing importance in material and product recovery. However, the deployment of this process is complicated due to the lack of a priori information necessary for its control and planning. This paper develops a predictive model to tackle this problem.
The effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates and pancreatic exocrine and biliary secretion in man.

Malabsorption and diarrhea in hyperthyroidism has been attributed in part to an increased rate of gastrointestinal transit as measured with barium sulfate suspension. Data are unavailable on the effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates of normal food and pancreatic enzyme secretion. These functions have been studied in 4 hyperthyroid patients and compared to results obtained when treatment achieved euthyroidism. Pancreatic trypsin secretion was half the euthyroid level in the hyperthyroid state. No significant change in bile salts occurred, although there was a tendency for a greater proportion of dihydroxy bile salts while hyperthyroid. Gastric emptying rates of a mixed fat, protein, and carbohydrate liquid meal were normal. Similarly the gastric emptying rate of a beef stew plus chicken liver meal was normal. We conclude that in hyperthyroidism gastric emptying rates of “physiologically active” food is normal. Pancreatic enzyme secretion is depressed in hyperthyroidism and may contribute to maldigestion.
Polymorphisms and methylation of the reduced folate carrier in osteosarcoma.

High-dose methotrexate is a standard component in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. Impaired methotrexate uptake associated with decreased reduced folate carrier expression is a common mechanism of methotrexate resistance in osteogenic sarcoma samples. We investigated whether promoter methylation and polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region are involved in regulating reduced folate carrier expression. In a cohort of 66 osteogenic sarcoma specimens, quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism were performed. We found detectable levels of promoter methylation in 84.3% of samples. When related to the reduced folate carrier mRNA levels, a trend was observed that reduced folate carrier expression is lower in samples (median, 0.7) with greater than 10% DNA methylation as compared with those (median, 2.3) with less than 10% DNA methylation. The heterozygous polymorphisms of 2582 T/G and 2617C/T in the 3′ untranslated region showed reduced folate carrier expression (median, 0.9) as compared with the wild-type 2582T and 2617C (median, 4.2). The data suggest promoter methylation and polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region of the reduced folate carrier may be involved in its transcriptional regulation in osteogenic sarcoma. Further study is required to confirm this finding.
High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition of Cultivars, Germplasm, and Parents of U.S. Red Winter Wheat

Variation in high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition is related to genotypic variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) end-use quality. No systematic survey of the HMW glutenin subunit composition of U.S. winter wheat cultivars, parental lines, and advanced experimental lines was determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (.)
The function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in cancer

SHP-1, an SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells and behaves as a key regulator controlling intracellular phosphotyrosine levels in lymphocytes. SHP-1 has been proposed as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in lymphoma, leukemia and other cancers, as it functions as an antagonist to the growth-promoting and oncogenic potentials of tyrosine kinase. The decreased levels of SHP-1 protein and SHP-1 mRNA observed in various leukemia and lymphoma cell lines have been attributed to either the methylation of the promoter region of the SHP-1 gene or the post-transcriptional block of SHP-1 protein synthesis. In contrast, SHP-1 protein is normally or over-expressed in some non-lymphocytic cell lines, such as prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer cell lines. SHP-1 expression also is decreased in some breast cancer cell lines with negative expression of estrogen receptor as well as some prostate and colorectal cancer cell lines. These data suggest that SHP-1 can play either negative or positive roles in regulating signal transduction pathways. Dysfunction in SHP-1 regulation can cause abnormal cell growth and induce different kinds of cancers. In this paper, we summarize recent studies on the expression and regulation of SHP-1 protein and its pathological function in the development of lymphoma, leukemia and other cancers.
Can Oscillations Grow in a Sunspot Umbra

Umbral flashes and running penumbral waves have been attributed by Moore (1972) to overstable oscillations in the umbra. His numerical results were derived by inserting physical conditions at two particular depths beneath the umbral surface. Seven variables must be specified at each point. We have extended Moore's analysis to examine the depth-dependence of overstable oscillations in a recently computed umbral model. Electrical conductivity is evaluated taking full account of partial ionization and magnetic fields. In the surface layers, within 250 km of the top of the umbral convection zone, the conductivity is so low that Joule dissipation is more rapid than the growth rate of oscillations. In these layers, Moore's results are therefore not applicable. At greater depths, oscillations can grow and we agree with Moore that both umbral flashes and penumbral waves may be due to overstable oscillations. However, we suggest that both phenomena can arise at the same depth in the spot, and not in two layers, as Moore suggests. The umbral model we used is based on Opik's cellular convection model. The interaction between the vertical magnetic field and convection is included by varying the diameter of the cell, and not its height. The diameter is assumed to be proportional to the distance that gas diffuses relative to the field during its upward convection.
The coupling of epigenome replication with DNA replication

In multicellular organisms, each cell contains the same DNA sequence, but with different epigenetic information that determines the cell specificity. Semi-conservative DNA replication faithfully copies the parental nucleotide sequence into two DNA daughter strands during each cell cycle. At the same time, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are either precisely transmitted to the daughter cells or dynamically changed during S-phase. Recent studies indicate that in each cell cycle, many DNA replication related proteins are involved in not only genomic but also epigenomic replication. Histone modification proteins, chromatin remodeling proteins, histone variants, and RNAs participate in the epigenomic replication during S-phase. As a consequence, epigenome replication is closely linked with DNA replication during S-phase.
Increased Frequency of Regulatory T Cells Accompanies Increased Immune Activation in Rectal Mucosae of HIV-Positive Noncontrollers

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a major site of HIV replication and CD4+ T cell depletion. Furthermore, microbial translocation facilitated by mucosal damage likely contributes to the generalized immune activation observed in HIV infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg) help maintain homeostasis and suppress harmful immune activation during infection; however, in the case of persistent viral infections such as HIV, their role is less clear. Although a number of studies have examined Treg in blood during chronic infection, few have explored Treg in the gastrointestinal mucosa. For this study, paired blood and rectal biopsy samples were obtained from 12 HIV noncontrollers (viral load of >10,000 copies/ml plasma), 10 HIV controllers (viral load of <500 copies/ml plasma for more than 5 years), and 12 HIV seronegative control subjects. Noncontrollers had significantly higher percentages of Treg in rectal mononuclear cells (RMNC), but not in blood, compared to seronegative subjects (P = 0.001) or HIV controllers (P = 0.002). Mucosal Treg positively correlated with viral load (P = 0.01) and expression of immune activation markers by CD4+ (P = 0.01) and CD8+ (P = 0.07) T cells. Suppression assays indicated that mucosal and peripheral Treg of noncontrollers and controllers maintained their capacity to suppress non-Treg proliferation to a similar extent as Treg from seronegative subjects. Together, these findings reveal that rather than experiencing depletion, mucosal Treg frequency is enhanced during chronic HIV infection and is positively correlated with viral load and immune activation. Moreover, mucosal Treg maintain their suppressive ability during chronic HIV infection, potentially contributing to diminished HIV-specific T cell responses and viral persistence.
Effect of LSD on Pace of Performing a Variety of Tasks

During the past few years, as part of a program of research evaluating the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), a number of studies have been reported which involved a formal analysis of changes in the spacial properties of objects. These changes were considered relatively independent of their occurrence in the course of time (Liebert, et al., 1957, 195s; Krus & Wapner, 1959; Wapner & G u s , 1959). While convenient for purposes of analysis, this focus does not fully describe the behavioral operations of the organism in its transactions with environmental objects; rather, a more comprehensive analysis must, of necessity, consider spatio-temporal aspects of the organism's activity. A step in rhis direction is taken in the present paper which considers temporal aspects of behavior, in rhis case, the pace of carrying out n variety of tasks. The tasks selected to assess LSD-induced changes in pace were drawn from some situacions utilized in a larger unpublished study whose purpose was co inquire into the interrelationships becween the races of activity manifested in operations representative of various levels of organization, e.g., physiological, sensori-motor, perceptual, and concepn~al. The principal criterion for selecting situations from the larger battery was that the task be reliable. The six tasks so chosen had uncorrected test-retest reliabilities ranging from + .91 to + .96, and sampled the routine activities of rapping, psychomotor line-drawing, card sorting, handwriting, and addition.
The effect of neonatal treatment with capsaicin on focal arteriolar insudation

There is evidence that peptide neurotransmitters (e.g., substance P, neurokinin A, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide) from sensory nerves play a part in vasoregulation. We examined the effect of neonatal treatment with capsaicin, a procedure that causes permanent impairment of primary sensory neurons, on a recently described arteriolar response to inflammation, focal arteriolar insudation (FAI). FAI occurs at a distance from the site of injury, in arterioles supplying that area, and is first observed 6 hr after onset of inflammation and maximally at 24 hr; the affected arterioles show dilation, with increased endothelial permeability and occasional smooth muscle cell damage. In our model, inflammation is induced by implanting a sterile plastic disk in the connective tissue superficial to the rat cremaster muscle. When carbon black is injected intravenously 24 hr later, FAI in the cremaster arterioles can be detected on light microscopy as areas of carbon extravasation; and the length of affected segments is morphometrically measured. The capsaicin-pretreated group showed a marked decrease in FAI compared to the controls. Mean FAI in the capsaicin group (12 animals) was 1.8 +/- 2.4 (SD) mm/cremaster compared to 5.6 +/- 5.1 for the control group (12 animals). P less than 0.003. These results provide evidence that this arteriolar response to inflammation is modulated in part by capsaicin-sensitive neurons.
Use of semipermeable polyurethane hollow fibers for pituitary organ culture.

A new model for organ culture of endocrine tissue is described. Rat anterior pituitary fragments were cultured for 4 wk within semipermeable polyurethane isocyanate hollow fibers. Growth hormone and prolactin, two of the anterior pituitary hormones, were released into the medium during the entire culture period. Electron microscopy of the pituitary fragments after 2 wk in in culture showed a rim of viable tissue in all specimens examined. Individual cells, from this outer rim, exhibited excellent organelle preservation and numerous secretory granules. Experiments involving potassium depolarization and 10−6 M dopamine provided evidence for the normal responsiveness of the cultured pituitary tissue to both stimulatory and inhibitory factors. These studies illustrate the potential utility of the described organ culture system for further investigations of endocrine physiology.
An eye-tracking study on the role of scan time in finding source code defects

An eye-tracking study is presented that investigates how individuals find defects in source code. This work partially replicates a previous eye-tracking study by Uwano et al. [2006]. In the Uwano study, eye movements are used to characterize the performance of individuals in reviewing source code. Their analysis showed that subjects who did not spend enough time initially scanning the code tend to take more time finding defects. The study here follows a similar setup with added eye-tracking measures and analyses on effectiveness and efficiency of finding defects with respect to eye gaze. The subject pool is larger and is comprised of a varied skill level. Results indicate that scanning significantly correlates with defect detection time as well as visual effort on relevant defect lines. Results of the study are compared and contrasted to the Uwano study.
Factor VII deficiency presenting as a possible child abuse

A previously healthy 3 month old male presented to care following focal seizure activity involving the right side of the face. No history of trauma was reported. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a large left sided subdural hematoma with extension to the interhemispheric fissure (Fig. 1). Screening laboratory studies included a complete blood count (CBC), revealing anemia (hemoglobin 7.8, hematocrit 23; normal ranges 9–14 and 28–42 respectively), and prolonged coagulation studies, including a prothrombin time (PT) of 41.9 (normal range 10.8–14.7) and a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of 42 (normal range 23–37). Results were confirmed on immediate repeat sampling. Dilated fundoscopic examination and a skeletal survey were normal. Physical examination revealed no cutaneous injuries. A hypocoagulable panel was obtained which revealed Factor VII activity of 1.5 % (normal range 51–150 %). No Factor VII inhibitor was demonstrated. The remainder of the hypocoagulable panel, including Factor II, V, IX, X, and XIII activity and Von Willebrands screen was normal. Treatment with transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) corrected the anemia, but did not reverse coagulopathy. Factor VII replacement (NovoSeven) was then administered which resulted in a prompt improvement in coagulation (PT 11.3, PTT 31). Ultimately, a broviac catheter was surgically placed in the patient, enabling long term treatment with daily NovoSeven. The infant also began anti-epileptic therapy with Levetiracetam which continued for 2 months. He had no seizures following the second day of hospitalization. Following a marginally successful subdural tap, serial cerebral ultrasounds demonstrated resolution of the subdural hematoma over time, negating any need for surgical intervention. Since diagnosis, the child has had no known medical complications of hypocoagulation.
Analysis of glycosphingolipid-derived oligosaccharides by high pH anion exchange chromatography.

As an adjunct to existing thin layer and column chromatographic methods for the identification of glycolipids a method that utilizes the high pH anion chromatographic (HPAEC) analysis of the oligosaccharides released from the glycolipids by endoglycoceramidase has been developed. Using a Dionex Carbo Pak PA1 column and elution with a linear gradient of sodium acetate in 0.2M NaOH, the elution times of eight neutral and fourteen acidic oligosaccharides derived from glycolipids were determined. Under these conditions the neutral oligosaccharides were well separated from each other but some of the acidic oligosaccharides had overlapping elution times. The ganglioside-derived oligosaccharides could be further identified by treating them with sialidase or by mild acid hydrolysis and reanalysing the products by HPAEC. The method was applied to the analysis of mixed bovine brain gangliosides. The procedure provides an additional approach for the initial identification of glycolipids by analysing the component oligosaccharides rather than the intact glycolipids.
Synthesis and processing of (Hg,Pb)1Ba2Ca2Cu3Oy superconductors

Abstract Synthesis and processing of bulk (Hg,Pb)Ba2Ca2Cu3Oy (HgPb1223) superconductor using commercial BaCaCuO precursor powders is reported. HgPb1223 is shown to form over a wide range of temperatures, 750–880°C. The microstructure and intergrain connectivity of samples depends strongly on heat treatment and Hg-pressure during synthesis. Use of an external Hg-source during the reaction improves the density of the HgPb1223 products. The chemical nature of the external Hg-source changes the Hg-pressure and influences melting characteristics and grain growth. CaHgO2 is shown to be a particularly effective external Hg-source for producing dense HgPb1223 materials with improved grain growth and texture. Microstructure of HgPb1223 synthesized using CaHgO2 as the external Hg-source is characterized by large colonies of well-aligned superconducting grains. As-synthesized HgPb1223 samples were superconducting with Tc values in the range 132–134 K without post annealing in oxygen or argon. Phase purity and microstructural characteristics are correlated with magnetization measurements.
Logconcave functions: geometry and efficient sampling algorithms

The class of logconcave functions in R/sup n/ is a common generalization of Gaussians and of indicator functions of convex sets. Motivated by the problem of sampling from a logconcave density function, we study their geometry and introduce an analysis technique for "smoothing" them out. This leads to efficient sampling algorithms with no assumptions on the local smoothness of the density function. After appropriate preprocessing, both the ball walk (with a Metropolis filter) and a generalization of hit-and-run produce a point from approximately the right distribution in time O*(n/sup 4/), and in amortized time O*(n/sup 3/) if many sample points are needed (where the asterisk indicates that dependence on the error parameter and factors of log n are not shown). The bounds are optimal in terms of a "roundness" parameter and match the best-known bounds for the special case of the uniform density over a convex set.
Program Provider and Observer Ratings of School-Based Preventive Intervention Implementation: Agreement and Relation to Youth Outcomes

Few prevention studies have examined the degree to which different measures of program implementation adherence predict youth outcomes. The current study was conducted with rural middle school youth participating in a longitudinal school-based preventive intervention program. Study participants' average age at the pretest assessment was 12.3 years. The association between program implementation ratings supplied by provider self-reports and trained independent observer reports were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between measures of implementation and youth outcomes were examined. Results indicated that although program providers tended to report higher implementation than independent observers, most ratings were correlated significantly across raters. Observer-reported implementation ratings significantly predicted several youth substance-related outcomes, while provider-reported self-ratings did not. Program provider characteristics predicted several youth outcomes. Findings suggest that there might be a social desirability bias in provider self-reported ratings of implementation and that caution must be used when interpreting self-reported ratings of implementation.
A Repressor of GATA-Mediated Negative Feedback Mechanism of T Cell Activation

The NF-AT family is a group of potent transcription factors that are essential for T cell activation in vitro. However, NF-ATc2-deficient Th cells display hyperproliferation in response to stimulation, suggesting that NF-ATc2 functions as a negative regulator of Th cell activation/proliferation. In this study we show that the transcriptional repressor of GATA (ROG) is a direct target gene of NF-ATc2 and that NF-ATc2-deficient Th cells are unable to fully up-regulate ROG upon stimulation. Restoration of ROG expression in vivo partly corrects the hyperproliferation of NF-ATc2-deficient Th cells by attenuating TCR signals. Our data, therefore, depict a ROG-mediated negative feedback mechanism of T cell activation.
Rules, Rote, and Analogy in Morphological Formations by Hungarian Children.

This study examines the relative contributions of rote-memorization, analogic formation and rule-operation in the production of plurals by Hungarian children. In order to maximize analogic formations, each of fifteen actual roots was matched to a rhyming nonsense root. The elicited plural responses were characterized in terms of five stages of morphological learning. The importance of rule-operation as an explanation of word formation was evidenced by the fact that children producing responses characteristic of a given stage did not produce responses for later stages. The contribution of analogic formation was seen to be minimal and the effect of rote-memorization only somewhat greater.
Finding Relevant Biomolecular Features

Many methods for analyzing biological problems are constrained by problem size. The ability to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant features of a problem may allow a problem to be reduced in size sufficiendy to make it tractable. The issue of learning in the presence of large numbers of irrelevant features is an important one in machine learning, and recently, several methods have been proposed to address this issue. A combination of machine learning approaches and statistical analysis methods can be used to identify a set of relevant attributes for currently intractable biological problems. We call our framework F/I/E (Focus-Induce-Extract). As an example of this methodology, this paper reports on the identification of the features of mutations in collagen that are likely to be relevant in the bone disease Osteogenesis imperfecta.
Measurement of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH) Activity

The human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; EC 3.3.3.2) is the product of the EXPH2 gene. The sEH catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to an epoxide, resulting in the corresponding diol. Early work suggested a role of sEH in detoxifying a wide array of xenobiotic epoxides; however, recent findings clearly implicate the sEH in the regulation of blood pressure, pain, and inflammation through the hydrolysis of endogenous epoxy fatty acids such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Both expression and activity of sEH are influenced by a wide array of xenobiotics, underlying how environmental contaminants could influence human health through sEH. This unit describes radiometric, fluorimetric, and mass spectrometric assays for measuring the activity of sEH and its inhibition.
Recovery of image blocks using the method of alternating projections

A technique for block-loss restoration in block-based image and video coding, dubbed recovery of image blocks using the method of alternating projections (RIBMAP), is developed. The algorithm is based on orthogonal projections onto constraint sets in a Hilbert space. For the recovery of a linear dimension N size block, a total of 8N vectors are extracted from the surrounding area of an N /spl times/ N missing block. These vectors form a library from which the best matching spatial information for the missing block is extracted. Recovery vectors, including both undamaged and restored damaged pixels, are introduced. The vectors are used to find highly correlated information relating to the lost pixels. To assure continuity with the surrounding undamaged area, three additional convex constraints are formulated. Adherance to these sets is imposed using alternating projections. Simulation results using orthogonal projections demonstrate that RIBMAP recovers spatial structure faithfully. Simulation comparisons with other procedures are presented: Ancis and Giusto's hybrid edge-based average-median interpolation technique, Sun and Kwok's projections onto convex sets-based method, Hemami and Meng's interblock correlation interpolation approach, Shirani et al.'s modified interblock correlation interpolation scheme, and Alkachouh and Bellanger's fast discrete cosine transformation-based spatial domain interpolation algorithm. Characteristic of the results are those of the "Lena" JPEG image when one fourth of periodically spaced blocks in the image have errors. The peak signal-to-noise ratio of the restored image is 28.68, 29.99, 31.86, 31.69, 31.57, and 34.65 dB using that of Ancis and Giusto, Sun and Kwok, Hemami and Meng, Shirani et al., Alkachouh and Bellanger, and RIPMAP, respectively.
Idiopathic granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system in pregnancy: the first case report

Idiopathic granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system (IGANS) is a rare vasculitis primarily affecting the spinal cord and brain not related to any underlying systemic disease. Clinical manifestations range from simple headache to cerebral vascular accidents secondary to vascular occlusion. The management of a pregnancy complicated by multiple risk factors including underlying IGANS is reported. An expectant, empiric approach was adopted and resulted in excellent maternal and neonatal outcomes. The first report of the management of a pregnancy complicated by IGANS is presented. Underlying maternal IGANS may not necessarily represent an indication for pregnancy termination.
Practical Theory: Teaching Political and Economic Citizenship

How can philosophical instruction inform practical analysis and decision making among college students in a way that demonstrably benefits them as individual members of our polity and economy? I pose this question because each year, I introduce classic political theory to first- and second-year college students who simultaneously confront a fiscal crisis in the American state and profound financial challenges as individuals, and I want to ensure that the concepts and analytical strategies we study as theory can meet their most pressing practical needs during the first decade that they are out of college.
Depressive personality traits and dysthymia: a commentary on Ryder and Bagby.

Ryder and Bagby (1999) provide an informative and incisive critique of the validity of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) DSM-IV depressive personality disorder (DPD) diagnosis (APA, 1994). Their review is particularly commendable in its thorough coverage of a substantial amount of clinical, theoretical, and empirical literature. The inclusion of DPD in DSM-V will be controversial, and the ultimate decision will be well informed by their review. Ryder and Bagby, however, express considerable skepticism regarding the validity of the diagnosis and argue for its annexation within the mood disorder diagnosis of dysthymia. My concerns are organized with respect to matters historical, empirical, and conceptual, although the boundaries between these issues are somewhat fluid.
Electrophoretic investigation of the serum proteins of certain birds and their hybrids.

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic comparisons of the serums from certain gallinaceous birds and their hybrids have been obtained. 2. 2. The diagrams and subsequent mobility calculations in the case of the hybrid of the chicken and the ring-necked pheasant showed two closely related, fast-moving peaks which were related to components in the pattern of the parent birds. 3. 3. Other components present in the hybrid serums were electrophoretically identical with components found in one or both hybrids. 4. 4. Greater differences were shown in the case of the hybrid of the chicken and the ring-necked pheasant than in the case of pheasant hybrids.
Right ventricular pacing in MADIT-II: A risk factor for increased mortality, or mainly a marker of increased risk

f s a t p w . q n The potential for right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing to impact clinical outcomes adversely in patients with permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) has led to substantial changes in implantable device algorithms and the manner in which devices are selected and programmed. In this regard, the largely unanticipated observations of the Dual-Chamber and Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) trial provided the trigger; however, findings from studies both preceding and subsequent to DAVID support the notion that chronic RVA pacing increases the risk of both new or worsening heart failure (HF) and of mortality in a certain proportion of paced patients. The DAVID trial comprised ICD patients with ejection fraction (EF) 40% and no pacing indication. In terms of radycardia pacing, devices were programmed to either a backup” pacing mode only (VVI 40 bpm) or the DDDR ode with base rate of 70 bpm. At 18-month follow-up, ndividuals in whom pacing had been programmed to VVI 0 bpm had a low (about 1%) RV pacing frequency and a ignificantly lower incidence of the combined endpoint of eath and HF hospitalizations than did DDDR-paced paients in whom RV pacing frequency was approximately 0%. In reexamining DAVID trial data, Sharma et al determined that RV pacing frequency (primarily RVA pacing) was crucial in determining adverse outcome, whereas other possible contributors, such as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and EF were not. The best separation between higher and lower risk occurred with DDDR pacing 40% versus 40%. Initially, it seemed that the adverse RV pacing effect was primarily a problem in the relatively “sick” ICD population given their usual low left ventricular EF and frequent HF history. However, this assumption was not valid. As previously noted, similar observations were already evident in several pacemaker clinical studies in which impaired left ventricular function was not an issue. For instance, a substudy of the Mode Selection Trial (MOST) examined findings in 1,339 patients with normal baseline QRS dura-
Study of the Structure and Chemistry of Point, Line and Planar Imperfections Via Field-Ion and Atom-Probe Field-Ion Microscopy

We first list, in catalogue form, a number of research subjects which have utilized the fieldion microscope (FIM) and atom-probe field-ion microscope (APFIM) techniques in their solution. Then we present the results of a combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and APFIM study of a grain boundary (GB) in a Mo-5.4 at.% Re alloy, which had been annealed in bulk form for 35 hours at 1273 K to induce Re segregation. A GB with an orientation within ≈0.4° of Σ = 9 was studied employing TEM and analyzed in detail using Bollmann's 0-Lattice theory and Frank's formula. A set of secondary GB dislocations was observed with a spacing of 11.4 nm. The APFIM measurements -- on this same GB -- indicate that it has a Re concentration of ≈9.8 at.%; this value is 1.75 times greater than the matrix's measured concentration of 5.6±0.9 at.% Re. Thus this research constitutes direct and quantitative experimental evidence for solute-atom segregation to a high-angle grain boundary with a relatively high degree of coincidence ( ≈Σ1 = 9 ). These results are consistent with our Monte Carlo simulations of high coincidence twist boundaries and a Σ = 5 tilt boundary in Pt-1.0 at.% Au alloys which show that solute-atom segregation occurs mainly to the dislocation cores. The experimental and simulated values of the enhancement factor are approximately the same.
The shielding effect of wild type iron reducing bacterial flora on the corrosion of linepipe steel

Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) by microbes capable of iron reduction (iron reducing bacteria (IRB)) on API 5L ×52 carbon steel coupons was investigated. A wild type of IRB was isolated and cultivated from a water sample collected from a sour oil well located in Louisiana, USA. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the mixed bacterial consortium contained two phylotypes close to members of the Proteobacteria ( Shewanella oneidensis sp.) and Firmicutes ( Brevibacillus sp.). The corrosion behavior of carbon steel coupons exposed to different media, with and without these microbes, was characterized by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization resistance ( R p ), and a corrosion mechanism has been proposed. The biofilm and pit morphology that developed with time were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Interestingly, surface morphology and electrochemical evaluations confirmed that IRB metabolic activities and resulting biofilms inhibit the corrosion process. The maximum corrosion rate in the biotic system was 4 mpy, while it was 20 mpy in the abiotic solution. Minor isolated pits were revealed in the biotic system, whereas extensive general pitting was found in the abiotic system. Elemental analysis and corrosion product structures were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD confirmed the formation of a significant amount of iron oxide compounds that include iron, Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and iron (II) hydroxide Fe(OH) 2 on the steel surface exposed to a biotic system.
Commercial Flight Crew Decision Making During Low-Visibility Approach Operations Using Fused Synthetic and Enhanced Vision Systems

The use of an enhanced vision (EV) system in civil aircraft is projected to increase rapidly as the Federal Aviation Administration recently changed the aircraft operating rules under Part 91, revising the flight visibility requirements for conducting operations to civil airports. Operators conducting straight-in instrument approach procedures may now operate below the published approach minimums when using an approval EV system that shows the required visual references on the pilot's Head-Up Display (HUD). An experiment was conducted to evaluate the complementary use of synthetic vision (SV) and EV technologies, focusing on new techniques for integration and/or fusion of synthetic and enhanced vision technologies under the newly adopted FAA rules. The current paper describes a fixed-based simulation experiment that evaluated several display concepts located on the pilot-flying HUD and pilot-not-flying auxiliary display. Results specific to flight crew response, during non-normal events and below minimum visibility, using the fused synthetic/enhanced vision system are discussed here. The results demonstrated that the integrated SV/EV display did not adversely impact detection of lateral navigational solution errors on runway incursions. Additionally, flight crews were able to effectively use existing EV system procedures in their decision-making but found the visual transition from an excellent EV image to natural vision by 100 ft height above touchdown to be awkward. Finally, the addition of scene-linked symbology significantly enhanced flight crew go-around decision-making and reduced the number of illegal landings during approaches in which the required visual references to continue the landing were unavailable.
Spins and γ-multipolarities in the decay of 59Fe

Abstract The intensities of 1·10 and 1·29 MeV γ-rays in coincidence with X-rays from K-electron conversion have been measured and the coincident intensity ratio was found to be 8·5 ± 0·2. This ratio was utilized in deducing M1 and E2 characters for 145 and 192 keV transitions respectively. The directional correlation of the 145 keV-1·29 MeV cascade was measured and a value of A2 = −0·09 ± 0·01 obtained. From these and other published data arguments were presented in favor of spin assignments of 5 2 , 3 2 and 1 2 for the 59Co levels at 1·10, 1·29 and 1·43 MeV respectively.
Major plasma glycoproteins of diabetic and nondiabetic Chinese hamsters

Differences were noted in the plasma glycoprotein electrophoretic profile of diabetic versus nondiabetic chinese hamster. The variant plasma proteins were identified by chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures as transferrin (Tf) and alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M). The transferrin variants were line dependent and not altered in streptozotesin induced diabetics. Alpha 2M patterns were changed to that of the diabetics after streptozotesin treatment, and therefore are metabolic variants.
Data Mining and Pattern Matching for Dynamic Origin–Destination Demand Estimation: Improving Online Network Traffic Prediction

Historical traffic data are widely used in the estimation of origin–destination (O-D) demand patterns in simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment models, in the prediction of traffic states, and as a basis for defining traffic management scenarios. This study investigated the determination of historical traffic patterns by applying a classical clustering algorithm to a very large data set of sensor observations over an extended period and identified appropriate patterns for use in the application of traffic estimation and prediction systems. Systematic identification of similarity and dissimilarity of traffic flow data can lead to a systematic process for defining critical demand scenarios for traffic state prediction. The objective was to explore the impact of various demand scenarios on real-time traffic estimation and prediction. A detailed procedure for clustering traffic flow data that is based on the K-means clustering algorithm is presented. The procedure was applied to a subnetwork in Salt Lake...
College students perceptions of womens verbal and nonverbal consent for sexual intercourse.

Most available research on consent given by women for sexual intercourse has examined coercive/ aggressive situations such as rape (Muehlenhard & Linton 1987). These studies have focused on nonconsent (which usually has to be established for a judgment that a rape occurred) rather than on consent. How consent is given a typical dating situation has been studied very little. According to Muehlenhard Powch Phelps and Giusti (1992) there are two ways in which consent and nonconsent can be defined: (a) nonconsent is assumed unless explicit consent is given and (b) consent is assumed unless explicit nonconsent is given. The Antioch College Sexual Offense Policy adopted in 1990 assumes the first definition of nonconsent (Hall 1998). This policy states that consent for sexual behavior must be (a) verbal (b) mutual and (c) reiterated for every new level of sexual behavior. In other words nonconsent is assumed unless explicit verbal consent is given. Interestingly this policy is not based on research. Therefore the intentions of the policy may be good but the practical application may be difficult if the policy requires behavior which differs greatly from the way consent is usually given. If this policy accurately describes typical consent patterns then men and women give explicit verbal consent for every sexual behavior. Research on consent however demonstrates that couples do not typically follow the pattern required by the Antioch policy. (excerpt)