cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and Visual Assessments toward Potential Sub-mSv or Ultrafast FDG PET Using High-Sensitivity TOF PET in PET/MRI

Newer high-performance time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) systems have the capability to preserve diagnostic image quality with low count density, while maintaining a high raw photon detection sensitivity that would allow for a reduction in injected dose or rapid data acquisition. To assess this, we performed quantitative and visual assessments of the PET images acquired using a highly sensitive (23.3 cps/kBq) large field of view (25-cm axial) silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based TOF PET (400-ps timing resolution) integrated with 3 T-MRI in comparison to PET images acquired on non-TOF PET/x-ray computed tomography (CT) systems. Whole-body 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT was acquired for 15 patients followed by whole body PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with an average injected dose of 325 ± 84 MBq. The PET list mode data from PET/MRI were reconstructed using full datasets (4 min/bed) and reduced datasets (2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 min/bed). Qualitative assessment between PET/CT and PET/MR images were made. A Likert-type scale between 1 and 5, 1 for non-diagnostic, 3 equivalent to PET/CT, and 5 superior quality, was used. Maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean) of normal tissues and lesions detected were measured and compared. Mean visual assessment scores were 3.54 ± 0.32, 3.62 ± 0.38, and 3.69 ± 0.35 for the brain and 3.05 ± 0.49, 3.71 ± 0.45, and 4.14 ± 0.44 for the whole-body maximum intensity projections (MIPs) for 1, 2, and 4 min/bed PET/MR images, respectively. The SUVmean values for normal tissues were lower and statistically significant for images acquired at 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 min/bed on the PET/MR, with values of – 18 ± 28 % (p < 0.001), − 16 ± 29 % (p = 0.001), − 16 ± 31 % (p = 0.002), − 14 ± 35 % (p < 0.001), and − 13 ± 34 % (p = 0.002), respectively. SUVmax and SUVpeak values of all lesions were higher and statistically significant (p < 0.05) for 4, 2, 1, 0.50, and 0.25 min/bed PET/MR datasets. High-sensitivity TOF PET showed comparable but still better visual image quality even at a much reduced activity in comparison to lower-sensitivity non-TOF PET. Our data translates to a seven times reduction in either injection dose for the same time or total scan time for the same injected dose. This “ultra-sensitivity” PET system provides a path to clinically acceptable extremely low-dose FDG PET studies (e.g., sub 1 mCi injection or sub-mSv effective dose) or PET studies as short as 1 min/bed (e.g., 6 min of total scan time) to cover whole body without compromising diagnostic performance.
A hearing test simulator GUI for clinical testing

This paper presents an overview of a useful MATLAB based GUI for hearing testing to evaluate the subjects’ hearing ability in noisy environments with different SNR values. With this software package, the examiner will be able to identify which words are correctly perceived and then collect test data in various conditions to measure the performance of the subjects in hearing tests. From the subjects’ responses, word recognition rates are saved by the examiner with different noise types such as babble, traffic, machinery, and white noise. Additionally, the subjective tests are completed through repeated testing circles. All hearing testing data and word recognition rate are saved into the database for later use purpose and analysis. This computer aided simulation makes a reliable and cost effective to create real environmental conditions for clinical testing. Our MATLAB based GUI addresses the needs of both clinical evaluation and engineering.
Adult Psychoeducational Disorders: An Integrated Approach:

Older adults have for years endured without remediation the problems stemming from learning dysfunctions. This article describes a program that offers educational therapy within the context of fami...
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) may arise sporadically or in the presence of genetic disorders, including neurofibromatosis (NF) types 1 and 2, schwannomatosis, and in patients with large genetic deletions involving the CDKN2A gene. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for symptomatic PNSTs and offers patients a potential cure; however, pre-existing conditions or tumor location may limit a patient's surgical options. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of selected PNSTs that are not amenable to surgical resection. Here, we present a case report of a 49-year-old patient with multiple neurofibromas who underwent RFA treatment of two symptomatic retroperitoneal neurofibromas and review previously reported cases of percutaneous treatment of PNSTs.
Maintenance of Certification: Glass Not Entirely Empty?

Gray and colleagues report that Maintenance of Certification is correlated with small improvements in performance on several Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) metrics. The e...
SPINAL CORD INJURIES Urologic Care

Abstract In recent years the survival rate in the patient with spinal cord injury is improving. Renal failure remains the principal cause of death if the patient has a poor (unbalanced) bladder. In the good reflex bladder group, just as many succumb from nonrenal causes. In most of the patients with upper motor neuron lesions, a reflex bladder develops, and with the use of intermittent catherization, external sphincterotomy, and sacral rhizotomy the bladder should remain catheter free. Irreversible vesicoureteral ref ex subjects some patients to Foley catheter drainage. Vesicoureteroplasty is indicated if the patient has a good reflex bladder. Transureteroureterostomy has its place in failed vesicoureteroplasty. Under certain conditions, an ileal conduit is definitely of benefit. We are conservative in recommending an ileal conduit, since deterioration of many renal units can be reversed by treatment directed toward the bladder. Severe hydronephrosis is best handled with loop nephrostomies.
Physics of Widely Tunable VCSELs with Coupled Cavities

The behavior of a tunable VCSEL is governed by the resonances of a semiconductor cavity and an air cavity. By designing a semiconductor cavity which is antiresonant at the tuning center, the free spectral range is maximized at the edges of the tuning range.
Der Kitsch im 20. Jahrhundert

Im Zeitraum von 1900 bis 1910 lassen sich in Romanen sowie privaten Korrespondenzen von deutschsprachigen Schriftstellern vereinzelt Nutzungen des Kitschbegriffs ausmachen, die teilweise bereits wichtige Aspekte der spateren Kitschdiskussion streifen. So bezeichnet die Figur Andreas in Heinrich Manns 1900 erschienenem Roman Im Schlaraffenland ein paar Lampen, die Adelheid fur sie beide erstanden hat, als „susen Kitsch“, da sie „ganz ohne kunstlerischen Ernst“ angefertigt wurden und verbindet den Kitsch so in diesem Passus, in dem der Begriff in pejorativer Weise und ohne weitere Ausdifferenzierung genutzt wird, mit der Suse, die sich im 20. Jahrhundert nachhaltig als typisches Attribut des Kitsches etabliert (vgl. hierzu Brod, Martens und Glaser Kapitel 5.1.1, 5.1.3 und 5.1.5).
EFFECTS OF OUABAIN ON IN VITRO FROG STOMACH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of ouabain on in vitro frog stomach. Both H + and Cl are actively secreted by the mammalian and frog stomach. It has been proposed that the secretion of Cl takes place through a NaCl cotransport system located in the nutrient (basolateral) membrane. The energy for the transport comes from a Na–K ATPase pump located also in the nutrient membrane. To investigate the extent to which this pump controls secretion of ions, experiments were designed using ouabain, a well-known inhibitor of the Na–K ATPase pump. An in vitro method was used on gastric mucosa of Rana pipiens mounted between a pair of cylindrical chambers. All experiments were started with physiological solutions. The transmembrane resistance, the transmembrane potential difference (PD), and the H + secretory rate were recorded. Two pairs of electrodes were used, one for sending current and the other for measuring the PD. Histamine was added to the nutrient solution. Ouabain was added to the nutrient solution. It was found that the addition of ouabain resulted in a substantial decrease in PD. The PD remained positive after 60 min. No major change was observed in H + secretory rate and resistance.
‘Low & plain stile’: poetry and piety in English Benedictine convents, 1600–1800

This article examines the functional nature of English Benedictine poetry in order to understand the bespoke literary systems that flourished within convent settings. Even as form has emerged as a primary concern within scholarship on early modern women writers, so too are literary critics starting to show interest in the early modern convent as a site of literary production. Uniting these two scholarly strands, this article explores the formal implications of texts written by and for the six English Benedictine convents founded on the Continent during the early modern period. This analysis of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Benedictine poetics reveals that English cloisters on the Continent actively cultivated alternative approaches to textual production, developing monastic modes at odds with the secular literary system of the time. Poetry provides an ideal case study for this discussion of convent style due to its relatively high status among literary forms. By considering Benedictine theories of speech as well as the formal qualities of the verse that nuns read and wrote, this essay will outline how the English Benedictine convents on the Continent developed a distinctive literary system that rejected secular modes in favour of a poetics aligned with monastic humility.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in Dementias

In comparison with PET neuroimaging, brain perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) generally has suboptimal spatial resolution and detection sensitivity (Davison and O’Brien, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29:551–561, 2014). However, the clinical utility of brain perfusion SPECT has increased due to more widespread availability and lower costs compared to those of PET. Furthermore, dual-session brain perfusion SPECT studies with and without challenge of Diamox (acetazolamide), a cerebrovascular dilating agent, can evaluate cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) (Gupta et al., Stroke 43:2884–2891, 2012). This unique functional neuroimaging protocol not only helps differentiate cerebrovascular diseases from neurodegenerative dementias but also plays an important role in risk evaluation and stratification for cerebral ischemic events in selected patients. In conjunction with clinical presentation and other neuroimaging (CT, MRI, or PET) findings, altered perfusion patterns on brain SPECT can be interpretated with a certain level of confidence, as presented in this chapter, for at least the following neurological conditions: normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VD), and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA).
Equilibrium Models in Economics: Purposes & Critical Limitations, by Lawrence A. Boland

The concept of equilibrium is a cornerstone of economics, presented in “Economics 101” and pervasive in economics research. Despite this, significant limitations still exist when attempting to cons...
Clarity on Cronbach's Alpha Use

The Cronbach’s alpha (α) statistic is regularly reported in science education studies. However, recent reviews have noted that it is not well-understood. Therefore, this commentary provides additional clarity regarding the language used when describing and interpreting alpha and other estimates of reliability.
Pollen and yeast change nectar aroma and nutritional content alone and together, but honey bee foraging reflects only the avoidance of yeast

Floral nectar often contains pollen and microorganisms, which may change nectar's chemical composition, and in turn impact pollinator affinity. However, their individual and combined effects remain understudied. Here we examined the impacts of the nectar specialist yeast, Metschnikowia reukaufii, and the addition of sunflower (Hellianthus annus) pollen. Pollen grains remained intact, yet still increased yeast growth and amino acid concentrations in nectar, whereas yeast depleted amino acids. Pollen, but not yeast, changed nectar sugar concentrations by converting sucrose to its monomers. Both pollen and yeast contributed emissions from nectar, though yeast volatiles were more abundant than pollen volatiles. Yeast volatile emission was positively correlated with pollen concentration and cell density, and yeast depleted a subset of pollen-derived volatiles. Honey bees avoided foraging on yeast-inoculated nectar and foraged equally among uninoculated nectars regardless of pollen content, underscoring the importance of microbial metabolites in mediating pollinator foraging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The surgical debrief: Just another checklist or an instrument to drive cultural change?

Abstract Introduction Post-procedural debrief is recommended to improve patient safety. We examined operating room (OR) clinicians’ perceptions of the impact of a multi-disciplinary debrief on OR culture. Methods A survey was administered to 182 OR clinicians at a major academic medical center. Attitudes toward the surgical debrief and its effect on patient safety and OR culture were evaluated. Results Majority of clinicians (58.2%) believed creating a culture of safety in the OR was a shared care team responsibility, however, surgical attendings and trainees were more likely to assign this responsibility to the surgical attending. Few circulating nurses and trainees felt comfortable initiating a surgical debrief. Overall clinicians agreed that a debrief would impact both patient safety outcomes and OR culture. Conclusions Clinicians felt implementation of a surgical debrief would positively affect the OR culture of safety by improving interdisciplinary communication and influencing the power hierarchy that exists in many ORs.
Realignment and Recidivism Revisited: A Closer Look at the Effects of California’s Historic Correctional Reform on Recidivism Outcomes:

California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment has received considerable attention nationally as a watershed moment in the movement to downsize prisons. The present study leverages data collected in 1...
Carotid Artery Stenosis in the Setting of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Clinical and Technical Considerations of Carotid Stenting.

Objective No consensus exists regarding the safety and efficacy of treatment of carotid stenosis before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Our objective was to review our series of patients treated for carotid stenosis with stenting in the setting of severe aortic valve disease and TAVR to evaluate its safety and efficacy. Methods We reviewed patients who underwent carotid stenting in the setting of preoperative work-up or after TAVR from August 2012 through January 2015. Perioperative patient outcomes were collected to assess the safety and efficacy of carotid stenting. Results Five patients (4 men, 1 woman; median age, 83 years; range, 72–88 years) underwent successful carotid stenting before (median, 30 days before; range, 2 days–3 months) TAVR. The median extent of carotid stenosis was 80% (range, 75%–90%), but the diagnoses were incidental and all patients were asymptomatic. One patient suffered acute systolic heart failure during stenting requiring emergent balloon aortic valvuloplasty and vasopressor therapy. Median intensive care unit stay was 1 day (range, 1–16 days) for all patients, and 1 day for patients treated electively. The median hospital stay was 1 day (range, 1–16 days) for all patients, and 1 day for patients treated electively. All patients were discharged home. None suffered immediate or delayed neurological complications. Conclusions We successfully performed carotid stenting in 5 patients before TAVR for severe aortic pathology. These patients require intensive care and careful monitoring. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine whether carotid stenting in the setting of TAVR can provide long-term neurological benefits.
A review of noise impacts from offshore oil-gas production activities on the marine biota

A review on marine noise that originates from vessel traffic, oil-gas exploration activities, machinery and propeller noise, research activities, military sonar, and dredging are discussed. Some of the impacts from marine noise pollution include, egg-larvae mortality, feeding and breeding problem, stress, damage of tissue and organs, masking, hearing loss, behavioral changes, and communication problem. Noise pollution affects marine mammals and fish to experience pathological effects, behavioral changes, and feeding-mating- breeding-nursing disruptions. Long term monitoring is vital for critical and sensitive species in areas of concern such as restricted migratory routes, spawning area, feeding-breeding-nursing grounds, and resting places. A multidisciplinary study was undertaken by the US Navy to develop a software by integrating expertise from acoustics, oceanographic modeling, marine mammal biology, oceanography, naval operations, and environmental compliance for simulating animal movement.
THE MEIOTIC BEHAVIOR OF GROSSLY DELETED X CHROMOSOMES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The disjunction of a series of X chromosome deletions (constructed by deleting, with x irradiation, all but a negligible amount of the euchrozmatin of the X and a variable amount of the proximal heterochrozanatin) was studied in X/X/ Del females, attached-X/Del females, and attached-XY/Del males. With one interesting exception, the data agree with the nations of Gershenson. The exception was found in the results from matings of males carrying the attached XY chromosome and certain of the deletions. Among their progeny the deletion is recovered in constderably more than half of the individuals whereas tae XY is recovered in considerably less than half. The following points have been established: Egg counts have shown that this is not zygote mortality. The fact that the deletions are recovered in excess of 50 percent of the progeny elizaninates meiotic chromosome loss as the explanation of the discrepancy. Evidence is presented indicating an autosomal influence on this phenomenon. Finally, it has not yet been possible to determine the physical basis of these results. However, it appears that whatever the physical basis, this phenomenon could cause meiotic drive in a population. (auth)
Separation of variables and Fourier series

In the applications which we will study in this chapter, we will be confronted with the following problem.
Tripartite regulation of Gln3p by TOR, Ure2p, and phosphatases.

Gln3p is a GATA-type transcription factor responsive to different nitrogen nutrients and starvation in yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent evidence has linked TOR signaling to Gln3p. Rapamycin causes dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Gln3p, thereby activating nitrogen catabolite repressible-sensitive genes. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of this process is lacking. In this study, we show that Tor1p physically interacts with Gln3p. An intact TOR kinase domain is essential for the phosphorylation of Gln3p, inhibition of Gln3p nuclear entry and repression of Gln3p-dependent transcription. In contrast, at least two distinct protein phosphatases, Pph3p and the Tap42p-dependent phosphatases, are involved in the activation of Gln3p. The yeast pro-prion protein Ure2p binds to both hyper- and hypo-phosphorylated Gln3p. In contrast to the free Gln3p, the Ure2p-bound Gln3p is signifcantly resistant to dephosphorylation. Taken together, these results reveal a tripartite regulatory mechanism by which the phosphorylation of Gln3p is regulated.
After the injury

For many a neuropsychologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, other mental health provider or medical specialist, no clinical situation is more professionally challenging or daunting than the patient w...
The experience of cognitive change in women with breast cancer following chemotherapy.

Change in cognitive function is one side effect of chemotherapy reported in some breast cancer survivors sometimes years after treatment. These symptoms include subtle changes in memory, concentration, and executive functioning. The purpose of this study was to uncover the meaning of cognitive change in women with breast cancer, how symptoms are experienced and become evident, how symptoms impact roles in personal and professional lives, and how women cope with these changes. An interpretive phenomenological study was conducted with seven women with breast cancer, between the ages of 42–59, who had completed standard chemotherapy treatment within the past 12 months. Participants completed two in-depth semistructured interviews 1 month apart and maintained a written journal. van Manen’s framework for interpretive phenomenology revealed five essential themes: noticing the difference, experiencing cognitive changes, interacting socially, coping, and looking forward. Analysis also includes a description of the phenomenon in relation to the lifeworld existentials of lived space, lived body, lived time, and lived human relation. The experience of cognitive change could not be isolated or studied separately from the context of the women’s reality of having breast cancer. This study provides clarity related to the impact of cognitive change and how women cope with these changes in relation to their daily roles and responsibilities. Information is provided that elucidates the effect on employment issues that can influence financial and social well-being of women who are breast cancer survivors living with chemotherapy-related cognitive changes.
Particle cloud flames in acoustic fields

Results are presented on a study of flames supported by clouds of particles suspended in air, at pressures about 100 times lower than normal. In the experiment, an acoustic driver (4-in speaker) placed at one end of a closed tube, 0.75-m long and 0.05 m in diameter, disperses a cloud of lycopodium particles during a 0.5-sec powerful acoustic burst. Properties of the particle cloud and the flame were recorded by high-speed motion pictures and optical transmission detectors. Novel flame structures were observed, which owe their features to partial confinement, which encourages flame-acoustic interactions, segregation of particle clouds into laminae, and penetration of the flame's radiative flux density into the unburned particle-cloud regimes. Results of these experiments imply that, for particles in confined spaces, uncontrolled fire and explosion may be a threat even if the Phi(0) values are below some apparent lean limit.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS TO GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE IN MICE • 528

We have previously demonstrated that GnRH analogs modulate the severity of disease in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although GnRH antagonists ameliorated disease in intact and castrated male and female NZB F1 hybrid mice, GnRH agonists exacerbated disease activity in females only, regardless of ovariectomy. Because estrogens are known to increase the expression of the GnRH receptor at the level of the pituitary, and because lymphocytes are thought to express the GnRH receptor, we speculated that the increased responsiveness to GnRH observed in females might relate to increased expression of the GnRH receptor on lymphoid cells in females. We used competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantitate the expression of GnRH receptor mRNA in whole spleen in intact and castrated male and female NZB F1 hybrid mice after treatment with GnRH analogues and vehicle. Unexpectedly, we found that GnRH receptor expression was higher in males than in females, regardless of treatment. Using a constant amount (1.3 fg) of a competitive DNA fragment in each PCR reaction tube, we found a ratio of product:competitor of 2.76 ±.87 in males and a ratio of 1.1 ±.4 in females (p = 0.05; n = 10/group). We performed additional experiments in a normal mouse strain (DBA/2) to test immune responsiveness to GnRH in vitro. We measured thymidine uptake to quantitate proliferative responsiveness of splenic mononuclear cells to mitogen in the presence of various physiological concentrations of GnRH. Females responded with an increase in proliferative response to Concanavalin A at all concentrations of GnRH from 10 -7 M to 10 -11 M: Δ c.p.m. using 10 -9 M GnRH = 18,809 ± 2,514 compared to medium. Males responded with a decrease in proliferation at all GnRH concentrations tested:Δ c.p.m. using 10 -9 M GnRH = -13,791 ± 6705 compared to medium (p = 0.004; n=5 experiments). We conclude that gender differences in responsiveness to GnRH may contribute to the gender differences in the immune system and/or to the gender differences in the expression of autoimmune diseases.
Malignant Bone Tumors of the Chest

Malignant bone tumors constitute only 0.2% of all tumors. Bone sarcomas occur at a rate approximately one tenth that of sarcomas of the soft tissue. Malignant bone tumors of the chest wall and sternum are even more rare because most bone tumors occur in the long bones or joints. Because of the relative paucity of experience treating these malignancies, progress in successful therapies has been limited. Chondrosarcomas remain the most common bony malignant chest wall lesions and are discussed elsewhere in this issue. Other lesions in descending order of incidence include Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, solitary plasmacytoma, and Askin tumors. This article reviews these remaining five malignant bony chest wall tumors, along with their symptoms, presentations, and current approaches to therapy.
TRADITION, MODERNITY, AND POSTMODERNITY IN SYMBOLISM OF DEATH

Serving as replicas of the social structures of communities, cemeteries can be analyzed for the cultural patterns they reflect as an historical record. Currently, American culture, referred to as a...
Thermal Chemistry of Iodomethane on Ni(110). 2. Effect of Coadsorbed Oxygen

The effect of coadsorbed oxygen on the thermal chemistry of iodomethane on Ni(110) single-crystal surfaces was studied by temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that extensive molecular desorption occurs at temperatures approximately 60 K higher than those seen for the desorption of multilayer CH3I on the clean surface, and that the activation of the C−I bond in the adsorbed iodomethane is deferred but not fully eliminated by the coadsorbed oxygen. The selectivity for the conversion of the surface methyl intermediates produced by the C−I bond scission is also affected by the oxygen precoverage. In broad terms, a decrease in methane production is accompanied by the formation of heavier hydrocarbons, mainly ethane and ethylene but also some propene and butene. Most of these hydrocarbons are presumably produced via a mechanism centered on a methylene insertion step, but additional low-temperature (∼190 K) ethylene and ethane are also made by direct coupling of me...
Performance-driven hand-drawn animation

We present a novel method for generating performance-driven, "hand-drawn" animation in real-time. Given an annotated set of hand-drawn faces for various expressions, our algorithm performs multi-way morphs to generate real-time animation that mimics the expressions of a user. Our system consists of a vision-based tracking component and a rendering component. Together, they form an animation system that can be used in a variety of applications, including teleconferencing, multi-user virtual worlds, compressed instructional videos, and consumer-oriented animation kits.This paper describes our algorithms in detail and illustrates the potential for this work in a teleconferencing application. Experience with our implementation suggests that there are several advantages to our hand-drawn characters over other alternatives: (1) flexibility of animation style; (2) increased compression of expression information; and (3) masking of errors made by the face tracking system that are distracting in photorealistic animations.
Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe

We have examined the circuitry connecting the posterior parietal cortex with the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. HRP-WGA and tritiated amino acids were injected into subdivisions 7m, 7a, 7b, and 7ip of the posterior parietal cortex, and anterograde and retrograde label was recorded within the frontal motor and association cortices. Our main finding is that each subdivision of parietal cortex is connected with a unique set of frontal areas. Thus, area 7m, on the medial parietal surface, is interconnected with the dorsal premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, including the supplementary eye field. Within the prefrontal cortex, area 7m's connections are with the rostral sector of the frontal eye field (FEF), the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus, and the anterior bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus (Walker's area 45). In contrast, area 7a, on the posterior parietal convexity, is not linked with premotor regions but is heavily interconnected with the rostral FEF in the anterior bank of the superior arcuate sulcus, the dorsolateral prefrontal convexity, the rostral orbitofrontal cortex, area 45, and the fundus and adjacent cortex of the dorsal and ventral banks of the principal sulcus. Area 7b, in the anterior part of the posterior parietal lobule, is interconnected with still a different set of frontal areas, which include the ventral premotor cortex and supplementary motor area, area 45, and the external part of the ventral bank of the principal sulcus. The prominent connections of area 7ip, in the posterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus, are with the supplementary eye field and restricted portions of the ventral premotor cortex, with a wide area of the FEF that includes both its rostral and caudal sectors, and with area 45. All frontoparietal connections are reciprocal, and although they are most prominent within a hemisphere, notable interhemispheric connections are also present. These findings provide a basis for a parcellation of the classically considered association cortex of the frontal lobe, particularly the cortex of the principal sulcus, into sectors defined by their specific connections with the posterior parietal subdivisions. Moreover, the present findings, together with those of a companion study (Cavada and Goldman-Rakic: J. Comp. Neurol. this issue) have allowed us to establish multiple linkages between frontal areas and specific limbic and sensory cortices through the posterior parietal cortex. The networks thus defined may form part of the neural substrate of parallel distributed processing in the cerebral cortex.
Semiclassical time‐correlation function approach to collisional energy transfer into many‐atom systems

Cross sections for energy transfer into many-body systems can be expressed in terms of time-correlation functions (TCFS) of transition operators. A semiclassical version is presented by treating internal motions as quantized and relative motions as classical. The time evolution of internal motions can be calculated in the Heisenberg picture and avoids expansions in target states. The decoupling of fast and slow internal motions is treated and applied to vibrational–rotational decoupling in polyatomic molecules. Results are presented for Li+-CO2 collisions.
Semantics-based reverse engineering of object-oriented data models

We present an algorithm for reverse engineering object-oriented (OO) data models from programs written in weakly-typed languages like Cobol. These models, similar to UML class diagrams, can facilitate a variety of program maintenance and migration activities. Our algorithm is based on a semantic analysis of the program's code, and we provide a bisimulation-based formalization of what it means for an OO data model to be correct for a program.
On energy detection for cooperative spectrum sensing

Energy detection has been used almost exclusively in spectrum sensing. This paper studies the potential optimality (or sub-optimality) of the energy detector in spectrum sensing for two systems: one employing a single node and the other using multiple nodes, i.e., cooperative spectrum sensing. We consider both Gaussian channels as well as fading channels with different signaling from the primary user. For a single node case, we show that the energy detector is provably optimal for most cases and for the case when it is not theoretically optimal, its performance is nearly indistinguishable from the true optimal detector. For cooperative spectrum sensing, however, the problem becomes extremely complicated. The presence of the common signal from the primary user introduces dependence among the observations at different nodes; it is well known that for decentralized detection with dependent observations, designing optimal local decision rules typically is an NP problem. Using a recently proposed framework for distributed detection with dependent observations, we establish the optimality of energy detector for several cooperative spectrum sensing systems and point out difficulties for the remaining cases.
Characterization and measurement of TCP traversal through NATs and firewalls

In recent years, the standards community has developed techniques for traversing NAT/firewall boxes with UDP (that is, establishing UDP flows between hosts behind NATs). Because of the asymmetric nature of TCP connection establishment, however, NAT traversal of TCP is more difficult. Researchers have recently proposed a variety of promising approaches for TCP NAT traversal. The success of these approaches, however, depend on how NAT boxes respond to various sequences of TCP (and ICMP) packets. This paper presents the first broad study of NAT behavior for a comprehensive set of TCP NAT traversal techniques over a wide range of commercial NAT products. We developed a publicly available software test suite that measures the NAT's responses both to a variety of isolated probes and to complete TCP connection establishments. We test sixteen NAT products in the lab, and 93 home NATs in the wild. Using these results, as well as market data for NAT products, we estimate the likelihood of successful NAT traversal for home networks. The insights gained from this paper can be used to guide both design of TCP NAT traversal protocols and the standardization of NAT/firewall behavior, including the IPv4-IPv6 translating NATs critical for IPv6 transition.
Alterations in Enzyme Activity and Hyperexcitability in the Chronic Undercut Cerebral Cortex of Monkey

SUMMARY The epileptic model, chronic undercut cerebral cortex of monkey, was studied with regard to enzyme activity and to hyperexcitability monitored physiologically. The enzyme activities evaluated included transmitter-related enzymes, monoamine oxidase, tyrosine hydroxylase, acetylcholine esterase and choline acetylase; a membrane-related enzyme, NaK-dependent ATPase; and an energy-process-related enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase. Only monoamine oxidase was significantly increased in undercut cortex over control values. Hyperexcitability in the form of spontaneous spiking and prolonged afterdischarge characterized the undercut cortex. RESUME On a etudie un modele epileptique de cortex cerebral isole, chronique, chez le singe par rapport aľactivite enzymatique et au degreďhyperexcitabiliteelectrique. Les activites enzymatiques etudiees comprennent les “transmitter-related” enzymes, la monoamine oxydase, la tyrosine hydroxylase, ľacetylcholine esterase; une enzyme de la membrane, la Na/K-dependante ATPase, et les enzymes de processus energetiques et la dehydrogenase succinique; seule la monoamine oxydase etait augmentee de facon significative par rapport aux valeurs de controle; le cortex isole par section sous piale (undercut cortex) montre une hyperexcitabilite caracterisee par des pointes spontanees et par des post-decharges plus longues. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG An einem Epilepsiemodell, dem chronisch unterschnittenen Cortex von Affen, wurden die Enzymaktivitat und die Hyperexzitabilitat auf physiologische, durch einen Monitor applizierte Reize gepruft. Die untersuchten Aktivitaten betreffen Enzyme, die mit der Reizubertragung zusammenhangen: Monoaminooxydase, Tyrosinhydroxylase, Acetylcholinesterase und Cholinacetylase, ein die Membran-funktion betreffendes Enzym: Natrium-Kalium abhangige ATPase, ein in den Energieprozess eingreifendes Enzym: Succinyldehydrogenase. Nur die Werte der Monoaminooxidase im unterschnittenen Cortex uberstiegen signifikant die Kontroll-werte. Der unterschnittene Cortex zeichnet sich durch eine Hyperexzitabilitat in Form spontaner spike-Entladungen und verlangerter Nachentladungen aus. RESUMEN Se estudia la actividad encimatica y la hiperexcitabilidad provocada fisiologicamente en un “modelo” epileptico constituido por una preparation cronica de cortex cerebral aislado del mono. Se evaluan las actividades encimaticas correspondientes a encimas transmisoras, monoaminoxidasa, hidrolasa tirosinica, esterasa acetilcolinica; asi como el ATPase dependiente de sodio y potasio, y la deshidrogenasa succinica. Solamente se observa un aumento significativo de la monoaminoxidasa por encima de los valores normales. Una hiperexcitabilidad en forme de descargas expontaneas de spikes y de prolongadas post-descargas caracterizan al cortez aislado en estas condiciones.
In Transition: The Special Nature of Leadership Change

ABSTRACT Research libraries are in a time of major transitions and changes. Research library leadership is also transitioning. This article will define transition, explore its many manifestations, and provide strategies and tools for institutions and individuals dealing with transitional environments. Transition provides special opportunities and challenges for research libraries moving forward, not only at the administrative level but at all levels of the organization.
Cell-specific RNA-binding proteins in human disease.

Cell-specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are involved in a variety of processes that are critical for appropriate protein expression (e.g., alternative splicing of messenger RNAs and translational control). Perturbation of the normal functions of RBPs has been implicated in a number of clinical disorders. Disease-related RBPs include the CELF proteins, which are believed to play roles in normal heart and skeletal muscle development and in the pathology of myotonic dystrophy; the Nova autoimmune antigens, which are neuron-specific proteins involved in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative syndrome paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia; and the alphaCP proteins, which were originally discovered by virtue of their connection to alpha thalassemia. These proteins are representative of a potentially large repertoire of cell-specific RBPs that, together, help to distinguish among the various cell types. Structure/function studies of these RBPs have begun to yield important insights into how they help to shape the protein expression programs unique to heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and other tissues.
The radiolytic reduction of mercuric chloride in aqueous sugar solutions

Abstract The reduction of HgCl2 has been measured in Co-60 γ-irradiated aqueous glucose, fructose and sucrose solutions. G-Values for reduction, G(R), are substantially greater than 6 molecules per 100 eV in all systems from 1% by weight sugar to greater than 50%. Chain reduction occurs in glucose and fructose solutions with maximum G(R) values of 18–20 molecules per 100 eV occurring at 24% (1.0 M) sugar. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which HgCl radicals react with the organic solute to produce chain propagating free radicals. A dose rate independence of the chain length, after a brief “induction” period, is explained in terms of a chain termination by the incorporation of HgCl in growing Hg2Cl2 particles. Reduction of Ag(I) and Cu(II) in aqueous sucrose and fructose systems took place with G(R)
Monitor optimization via stutter-equivalent loop transformation

There has been significant interest in equipping programs with runtime checks aimed at detecting errors to improve fault detection during testing and in the field. Recent work in this area has studied methods for efficiently monitoring a program execution's conformance to path property specifications, e.g., such as those captured by a finite state automaton. These techniques show great promise, but their broad applicability is hampered by the fact that for certain combinations of programs and properties the overhead of checking can slow the program down by up to 3500%.We have observed that, in many cases, the overhead of runtime monitoring is due to the behavior of program loops. We present a general framework for optimizing the monitoring of loops relative to a property. This framework allows monitors to process a loop in constant-time rather than time that is proportional to the number of loop iterations. We present the results of an empirical study that demonstrates that significant overhead reduction that can be achieved by applying the framework to monitor properties of several large Java programs.
On the structure of artificially generated water wave trains

The structure of an artificially generated sinusoidal water wave train of fixed frequency under the influence of wind is analyzed. Artificially generated waves of 1 Hz are studied at seven wind speeds in the range of 140-400 cm/s. It is observed that the water wave train deformed by wind consists of two components at both the fundamental mode and the harmonics. The amplitude and phase of the wave components are derived, and the dispersion relation and component phase speeds are examined. The data reveal that the amplitude of the forced and free-traveling second harmonics correlate with previous theories, and that the deviation of the measured phase speed from the linear theory is caused by the nonlinearity of the primary wave, the interaction between short gravity waves and the primary wave, and the advection effects of wind drift.
Further adventures of Wigner's friend

L'A. denonce l'attitude traditionnelle concernant la mecanique quantique qui consiste a soutenir la possibilite que la dynamique lineaire originale est la dynamique correcte de l'etat quantique du monde physique dans sa globalite. L'A. montre qu'il est impossible de determiner quelles predictions sont exactes concernant les resultats d'experiences specifiques
Enhancing the Therapy Relationship in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Psychotic Symptoms

The article demonstrates how acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may effectively alter the function of positive psychotic symptoms and how functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) may provide a ...
Stratified distribution of synapses in the inner plexiform layer of primate retina

Distributions of bipolar (B) and amacrine (A) synapses and postsynaptic ganglion cell (G) dendritic profiles in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) were analyzed in EM montages of monkey central and human foveal and peripheral retinae. Synapses and profiles were counted and plotted for each 5% interval of IPL, with 0% at the inner edge of the inner nuclear layer and 100% at the outer edge of the ganglion cell layer. In monkey and human retinae, both A and B synapses occur throughout the IPL, but the ratio of A to B synapses varies from 2:1 to more than 6:1. In the monkey central retina, four bands of A conventional synapses are concentrated at 15, 35, 60, and 80% depth. In the human foveal slope, there are two main A bands at 45 and 85%, whereas in the human periphery, there are five bands at 15, 35, 60, 75, and 90%. In both species, A processes containing large dense-core vesicles are concentrated in three bands at 10-20, 50, and 80-90% depth, corresponding to previously described levels of peptides, dopamine, and GABA. B ribbon synapses are distributed fairly evenly throughout the IPL, with a suggestion of four broadly overlapping bands. Most B ribbons are presynaptic to one A and one G (B----A/G). In the human, there are significantly more B dyads with postsynaptic G's (B----A/G, B----G/G) in the fovea (91%) than in the periphery (66%), implying greater A cell processing peripherally. Also in the human, B terminals containing glycogenlike granules are concentrated in the outer half of the IPL, with agranular terminals in the inner half. Our results demonstrate multiple strata containing different types of synaptic contacts in primate IPL.
Nitrous Oxide Decomposition and its Reaction with Atomic Oxygen

Abstract The thermal decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2 0) was studied in a single-pulse shock tube in the temperature range 1300 to 1950 ° K at a total concentration of 2 x 10− 5 moles/ cc. The Arrhenius rate constant for the reaction N2O + M→ N2 O+ M is given by K1 = 1013.1 exp (-44,100/ RT) a/ mole sec. The ratio of the rate constants for the two competing secondary reactions, N2O + O→ N2 + O2 and N2O + O → NO + NO was also determined and was found to be K3 / K2 The overall rate of N2 O decomposition is also discussed and the results of previous investigators are compared to the findings reported here
The aggregate behavior of branch points: theoretical calculation of branch point velocity

In our first work in this research thread, we demonstrated that turbulence-created optical vortices are created innitesimally close together in pairs of opposite helicity--call these creation pairs. In that rst work, we postu- lated that creation pairs separate as they propagate, and that they carry both the velocity of, and distance to, the turbulence layer that created them. Subsequent experimental papers have demonstrated this to be true. Our purpose here is to ll two gaps in our original theoretical results and demonstrate both how, in a mathematical treatment, turbulence-created optical vortices can have the velocity of the turbulence layer that created them, and also, present calculation of their separation velocity.
Hippocrates and cardiology.

Abstract Background Although Hippocrates has been traditionally recognized worldwide as the father of medicine, the fact that he was seminal in the development of cardiology is much less well appreciated. Therefore his role in forming the foundation of scientific practice of cardiology needs to be defined. Methods This article was based on a personal 3-day visit in 1999 to the island of Kos, the birthplace of Hippocrates, and further research on the subject on return to the United States. Results Considering the fact that all the references to the heart and diseases of the heart were recorded almost 2500 years ago at a time when knowledge of anatomy was fragmentary and pathophysiology practically nonexistent, Hippocrates had truly accomplished a remarkable task in describing the various disorders of the heart and blood vessels, defining the methods of diagnosis and treatment, and outlining the prognostic factors and preventive measures. Conclusions Hippocrates was the pioneer in carefully documenting and thoughtfully interpreting case studies, an essential prerequisite to the coupling of clinical, physiologic, and pathologic features of diseases in the practice of cardiology that characterized the beginning of modern scientific medicine in the Renaissance. (Am Heart J 2001;141:173-83.)