cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barium modifies the concentration dependence of active potassium transport by insect midgut.

The rate of active K+ transport by the isolated lepidopteran midgut shows a rectangular hyperbolic relation to [K+] over the range 20 to 70mm K+ in the absence of any divalent cation. Addition of Ba++ to the hemolymph (K+ uptake) side introduces a linear component to the concentration dependence, such that active K− transport is decreased at [K+] of 55mm or less, but increased transiently at higher [K+]. As [Ba++] is increased over the range 2 to 8mm the linear component increases and the saturating component decreases; in 8mm Ba++ the concentration dependence is dominated by the linear component. The effect of Ba++ cannot easily be accounted for by simple competition with K+ for basal membrane uptake sites. Similar effects might be exercised by other alkali earth cations, since the concentration dependence of active K+ transport possesses a substantial linear component in solutions containing 5mm Ca++ and 5mm Mg++ (the alkali earth metal concentrations of standard lepidopteran saline).
Sequence and expression of mouse proteasome activator PA28 and the related autoantigen Ki

Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we cloned and sequenced full-length mouse cDNAs for the two homologous subunits of the proteasome activator PA28 (PA28α and PA28β), as well as for the related protein Ki. These proteins are highly conserved among species. Northern blot analysis of PA28a, PA28b, and Ki mRNA demonstrated broad tissue distribution. Although single transcripts were detected for PA28a and PA28b, two different sized transcripts were detected for mouse Ki, suggesting either alternative splicing or alternate polyadenylation sites. The levels of these transcripts increased in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment in mouse H6 hepatoma cells, although PA28a and PA28b were induced to a greater extent than Ki, and the effect of IFN-γ stimulation on Ki expression was transient. Southern blot analysis suggests that both PA28a and PA28b are multiple-copy genes, while Ki is a single-copy gene.
Perimetry, visual evoked potentials and visual evoked spectrum array in homonymous hemianopsia

Confrontation field examination, perimetry, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern hemi-field stimulation and visual evoked spectrum array to flash stimulation were compared in 50 patients with homonymous hemianopsia. Visual field could be examined by confrontation in all patients and demonstrated the field defect in 96% of cases. Goldmann perimetry could only be performed in 60% of patients, but always quantitatively defined the margins of the defect. VEPs could only be tested in 77% of patients and demonstrated an abnormality in 79% of cases. VEPs were absent to stimulation of the affected hemifield in every case of homonymous field defects with macular splitting. Visual evoked spectrum array could be tested in 95% of patients and revealed abnormalities in 67% of cases. The relative value of each test is discussed.
Phorbol Esters Increase Dopamine Transporter Phosphorylation and Decrease Transport Vmax

Abstract: Sodium- and chloride-coupled transport of dopamine from synapses into presynaptic terminals plays a key role in terminating dopaminergic neurotransmission. Regulation of the function of the dopamine transporter, the molecule responsible for this translocation, is thus of interest. The primary sequence of the dopamine transporter contains multiple potential phosphorylation sites, suggesting that the function of the transporter could be regulated by phosphorylation. Previous work from this laboratory has documented that phorbol ester activation of protein kinase C (PKC) decreases dopamine transport Vmax in transiently expressing COS cells. In the present report, we document in vivo phosphorylation of the rat dopamine transporter stably expressed in LLC-PK1 cells and show that phosphorylation is increased threefold by phorbol esters. Dopamine uptake is also regulated by phorbol esters in these cells; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) reduces transport Vmax by 35%. Parallels between the time course, concentration dependency, and staurosporine sensitivity of alterations in transporter phosphorylation and transporter Vmax suggest that dopamine transporter phosphorylation involving PKC could contribute to this decreased transporter function. Phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter by PKC or by a PKC-activated kinase could be involved in rapid neuroadaptive processes in dopaminergic neurons.
Sustainable urban energy-environment management with multiple objectives

Abstract We present a goal programming (GP) model designed to capture multiple objectives involved in sustainable energy-environment management in an urban area. The basic structure in the GP model is a Reference Energy System (RES) that maps the optimal flow of intermediate forms of energy from supply side to demand nodes at the end use level in the four major economic sectors, viz., domestic, transport, industry, and services and commercial. The sustainability objectives include: (a) meeting minimum useful energy demand of each end use in different sectors, (b) maximizing the capacity utilization of power stations and the stock of modal fleet, (c) minimizing expenditure on energy within the budget limits, (d) minimizing emissions of different pollutants with respect to the 1990 loading, and (e) minimizing over-utilization of energy resources. The relative weights of importance of each of the goals and sub-goals have been elicited from experts using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The integrated urban model is used to assist in developing an effective sectoral energy plan and is applied to the city of Delhi (India) to examine the effects in the year 2001 under two scenarios. In the first scenario, the possibilities for improving efficiency and abating pollution are ignored. The second scenario illustrates the effect on emissions by improving device, technology and economic efficiency, while reducing urban traffic congestion. Around 10% energy savings is possible in Delhi under scenario 2, with consequent emission reductions of lead (33%), CO (24%), HCs (21%), SPM (17%), SO2 (12%), NOx, and CO2 (10% each).
Records Management Capacity Assessment System (RMCAS)

The International Records Management Trust has demonstrated that there is currently little capacity or infrastructure in the developing world for managing government records as authentic evidence of policies, transactions, activities and entitlements. Records management itself will not halt corruption and bring about accountability, but it is an essential contributor to public sector integrity. The Records Management Capacity Assessment System (RMCAS) provides a means of assessing records management policies, procedures and resources against established international standards. It uses a diagnostic model, based on the records life cycle, to identify strengths, weaknesses and risk areas, and links with a database of training and capacity-building materials that can be used to plan improvements. Designed initially to measure records and information systems in the financial management, human resource management and legal and judicial areas, it can also be applied generically. The RMCAS software application will shortly be available, free of charge, through the Internet or in CD-ROM format. RMCAS can be applied flexibly to take account of variations in size of institutions and the administrative contexts in which they operate, as well as developmental and national aspirations. It can be applied to both paper and digital records and assesses the relationship between paper and electronic systems.
Evidence of a distinct derangement of opioid tone in hyperinsulinemic patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: relationship with insulin and luteinizing hormone secretion

Recent data indicate that an altered opioid tone could be involved in the LH hypersecretion and metabolic alterations seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of a common mechanism of action of opioids on altered insulin and gonadotropin release in patients suffering from PCOS. Twenty-eight women affected by PCOS and 8 normal ovulatory women were studied; an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and GnRH tests were performed during the follicular phase before and after 6 weeks of naltrexone treatment (50 mg/day, orally). Plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and steroids were assayed in the basal samples, whereas FSH and LH were analyzed during the GnRH stimulus. Insulin and glucose were assayed by the OGTT. Based on the insulinemic response to OGTT, 17 women were classified as hyperinsulinemic and 11 as normoinsulinemic. No difference in glucose and hormone plasma concentrations was observed before and after naltrexone treatment in both groups. Only basal sex hormone-binding globulin values were higher in normoinsulinemic compared to hyperinsulinemic subjects. Administration of the opioid antagonist significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT only in the hyperinsulinemic group. No difference were found in the LH increment after the GnRH stimulus in both group of patients before treatment; on the contrary, naltrexone administration reduced the LH response to GnRH in hyperinsulinemic women but failed to be effective in normoinsulinemic subjects. Only 5 patients showed no concordance of drug-induced changes in insulin and LH secretion. In control subjects, naltrexone failed to have any effect on insulin or LH secretion. These data support the involvement of endogenous opioids in the regulation of insulin and LH secretion in a specific group of PCOS patients exhibiting an exaggerated insulin response to OGTT.
Quercitin-dependent ATPase activity in the hypodermal tissue of Callinectes sapidus during the moult cycle

Abstract Ultrahistochemical evidence for quercitin-sensitive ATPase activity, believed to represent Ca-ATPase activity, in the epidermal tissue underlying the exoskeleton (=hypodermis) of the marine crab, Callinectes sapidus , is presented for different stages of the moult cycle. At premoult stage D 2 , activity in the epidermis was localized along the basolateral membrane below the apical junctions, but at D 3 , activity was only apparent in tissue associated with the carapace suture lines. No evidence of Ca-ATPase activity was found immediately after the moult (A 1 ), but by A 2 , calcification was occurring in the cuticle, and activity was present along the apical membranes and microvilli. At B 2 similar activity was seen, and the apical cytoplasm contained small vacuoles showing activity on their bounding membranes. No activity was seen in intermoult (C 4 ). These data were interpreted to mean that calcium entered the hypodermal cells from the cuticle in D 2 and was pumped out into the intercellular spaces by the activity of Ca-ATPase. This movement decreased greatly as the moult approached (D 3 ) except in the vicinity of the suture lines where resorption of calcium is known to be more extensive. In postmoult stages, the enzyme activity, concentrated at the apical surface of the epidermal cells, was consistent with the net outward transport of calcium toward the cuticle.
Protection of lethally irradiated guinea pigs with fresh and frozen homologous peripheral blood leukocytes

Abstract Lethally irradiated (550 r Co60) Princeton guinea pigs can survive beyond a 30-day period following the early postirradiation infusion of adequate numbers of either fresh (1 × 108) or frozen (1 × 109) homologous peripheral blood leukocytes. Animals infused with larger numbers of fresh homologous cells 24 hr following radiation died, as did all control animals. Animals surviving the lethal period failed to demonstrate any gross evidence of homologous disease as late as 272 days following irradiation. A histopathological study of the surviving animals and animals sacrificed at daily intervals during the postirradiation period (the subject of a separate report) suggests that the infused cells provided a necessary transient mechanism for combating bacterial infection.
Evaluation of materials used for bedding encasement: effect of pore size in blocking cat and dust mite allergen.

Abstract Background: Mattress and pillow encasings are recommended for patients allergic to dust mites. Many encasements block allergen and are vapor permeable but do not allow free passage of air through the material. Recently, breathable fabrics made from tightly woven synthetic fibers or nonwoven synthetics have been recommend as encasements. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for testing encasement materials made of breathable fabrics. Methods: Dust samples containing a known quantity of allergen (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Fel d 1) were pulled across a variety of fabrics using a modified dust trap. Airflow through the dust trap was controlled with a vacuum pump. Five minutes after dust was introduced, the pump was shut off. A filter located downstream of the fabric collected allergen passing through the fabric during the test and was assayed with ELISA for the relevant allergen. Fabrics to be tested were obtained from manufacturers and specialty catalogs. Results: As the average pore size decreases, the airflow through a fabric becomes restricted, and the pressure differential created by the vacuum pump increases. Dust mite allergens (Der f 1 and Der p 1) were blocked below detectable limits by fabrics of less than 10 μm in pore size. Fabrics with an average pore size of 6 μm or less blocked cat allergen (Fel d 1). Conclusion: The method we developed provided a rigorous and reliable test for leakage of common indoor allergens through breathable barrier fabrics. Our results show that tightly woven fabrics and nonwoven synthetic fabrics can block common indoor allergens but still allow airflow. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:227-31.)
The kinetics, stereochemistry, and mechanism of hydrogenation of some tertbutylbenzenes on a rhodium catalyst☆

Abstract The kinetics and stereochemistry of the rhodium-on-alumina-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,3- (1) and 1,4-di-t-butylbenzene (2) have been examined to seek clarification of the mechanism of hydrogenation of the benzene ring. The influence of structure upon the rate is illustrated through comparisons with the rate of hydrogenation of t-butylbenzene (11) and 4-t-butyltoluene (12). Near atmospheric pressure, the rates are zero order in arene, first order in hydrogen, and increase in the sequence 11, 1 . In competitive experiments, the order of reactivity is 11 > 12 > 1 > 2 which yields the relative adsorption coefficients of 3 × 10 2 , 45, 3, and 1, respectively. The possibility that a dissociatively adsorbed benzene is an important entity in the mechanism is discounted because 2 does not exhibit an unusual kinetic order in hydrogen. At low pressures (0.3–2 atm) about 80% of the initial products from 2 is 1,4-di-t-butyl-cyclohexene ( 3 ), the remainder being cis -1,4-di-t-butylcyclohexane ( 6 ). The latter may have formed from the hydrogenation of cis -3,6-di-t-butylcyclohexene ( 5 ) which is also observed. In the low pressure range, the maximum concentration of the intermediate increases with pressure presumably because the rate of hydrogenation of 3 is less dependent upon the hydrogen pressure than the hydrogenation of 2 . The 1,4-ene, 3 , is isomerized to 5 which adds hydrogen faster than does 3 . At high hydrogen pressures, the direct conversion of 2 to saturated products is the dominant process and most of the intermediate 3 is hydrogenated without prior isomerization. Much smaller amounts of the intermediate cyclohexenes are formed from 1 although increasing the pressure increases the maximum amount which is observed (1% at 1 atm, 3.5% at 30 atm). At high pressures (>30 atm) both 1 and 2 yield small amounts of the intermediates. Apparently the orientation of the bulky t-butyl substituents in the arene not only affect the rate of hydrogenation but also determine the proportion of products which are formed via the subsequent alternative reaction paths.
Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses.

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses have not been used extensively in program evaluation, despite their obvious value when public and private resources are limited and several courses of action are feasible. Future developments in this area will require consideration of multiple objectives, limited information, and lack of proficiency of decision makers in the use of these techniques.
Risk factors for concomitant involvement of the female urethra at cystectomy for malignancy

Abstract To examine the risk factors for urethral involvement in female patients after cystectomy for malignancy, a retrospective review of the records of 22 females treated with cystectomy for primary bladder malignancy were examined and analyzed with respect to presence of urethral involvement, tumor location, pathologic stage, tumor grade, lymph node status, and histologic cell type of the cancer. Of the 22 patients studied, three (13.6%) had urethral involvement in the pathologic specimens. Bladder neck tumors represented a 33% risk of urethral involvement and trigonal tumors had a 20% associated risk. Higher pathologic stage corresponded with an increased risk because 18% of stage T3 b and 33% of stage T4 patients had urethral involvement. Transitional cell carcinoma was the only histologic cell type to involve the urethra and represented a 17.6% risk. Any female patient undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer with higher stage tumors (T3 b and T4) involving the bladder neck and trigone should be considered as high risk for urethral involvement and should not be considered a candidate for orthotopic neobladder reconstruction.
Do defoliation and subsequent phytochemical responses reduce future herbivory on oak trees

Perennial plants are thought to respond to partial or complete defoliation by producing new foliage that is less susceptible to herbivores because of induction of allelochemicals. Here, I tested this hypothesis by manually removing primary foliage from branches ofQuercus emoryi (Fagaceae) at two different times in the season and monitoring changes in protein and tannin levels and the amount of herbivory relative to control branches. New, secondary leaves had 2.5 × greater hydrolyzable tannin content than mature foliage of control branches. Condensed tannins, which constitute a relatively low fraction of leaf mass, were lower, while protein content was temporarily greater, in new secondary leaves relative to mature leaves. Despite large increases in hydrolyzable tannins, herbivory levels were greater on refoliated branches than on control branches. New foliage is susceptible to herbivory regardless of when it is produced in the season, possibly because lower toughness and higher water content override any induced or developmentally related changes in allelochemistry. My results do not support the hypothesis that postherbivore changes in phytochemistry protect perennial plants from future herbivory, at least within a growing season.
Exploring breed differences in dogs (Canis familiaris): does exaggeration or inhibition of predatory response predict performance on human-guided tasks?

Domestic dogs', Canis familiaris, responsiveness to human action has been a topic of scientific interest for almost two decades. However, are all breeds of domestic dog equally prepared to succeed on human-guided object-choice tasks? In the current study we compared three breeds of dog with distinct predatory motor pattern sequences still under direct selection pressure today based on their traditional working roles. Airedale terriers (hunting dogs) are bred for a fully intact predatory sequence, matching the wild-type form. Border collies (herding dogs) are bred for an exaggeration of the eye-stalk-chase component of the predatory sequence. Anatolian shepherds (livestock-guarding dogs) are bred for the inhibition of the full predatory sequence. Here we asked whether and how these opposing selection pressures correspond with each breed's tendency to track and follow a human point to a target in an object-choice task. Our results suggest that the presence or exaggeration of key components of the predatory sequence may in fact predict superior initial performance on pointing tasks when compared to a breed selected for its inhibited predatory response. This is the first time relative success on a pointing task has been tied to a known heritable behavioural mechanism (breed-specific motor patterns). However, we also demonstrate that breed-specific differences can sometimes be overcome with additional experience. Thus, an individual's performance on human-guided tasks is still best predicted by a combination of genetic and lifetime factors. Broader implications for the understanding and investigation of canine social cognition are discussed.
Police responses to battering in a progressive pro-arrest jurisdiction

This study was conducted in Boulder County, Colorado, a jurisdiction with a pro-arrest policy in place since 1986 and with a progressive agency, the Domestic Abuse Prevention Project (DAPP), designed to oversee systemic responses to intimate partner battering. The data for this study consist of the 1,521 incident reports of intimate partner battering submitted by Boulder County police in 1994. In addition to examining the types of police responses, we employed multivariate analysis to examine legal and extralegal characteristics potentially related to police responses to battering, using two dependent variables: (1) whether any formal police action was taken, and (2) whether the defendant was taken to jail (the most extreme police response). Overall the findings suggest a far more serious police response to batterers than found in prior studies. Moreover, extralegal factors appeared to play a less prominent role in police decision making than reported in previous studies. The findings indicate the signifi...
Least squares finite-element solution of a fractional order two-point boundary value problem

In this paper, a theoretical framework for the least squares finite-element approximation of a fractional order differential equation is presented. Mapping properties for fractional dimensional operators on suitable fractional dimensional spaces are established. Using these properties existence and uniqueness of the least squares approximation is proven. Optimal error estimates are proven for piecewise linear trial elements. Numerical results are included which confirm the theoretical results.
Patterns of evolution in the manus and pes of non-mammalian therapsids

ABSTRACT In the transition from early synapsids to mammals, the phalangeal formula was reduced from 2-3-4-5-3 (manus) and 2-3-4-5-4 (pes) to 2-3-3-3-3. The standard view is that certain phalanges in digits III and IV were reduced in length to form disc-like elements which were ultimately lost within each non-biarmosuchian therapsid group. This implies at least five separate origins of the mammalian phalangeal pattern. Rowe and van den Heever (1986) argue for a simpler interpretation in which the mammalian formula originated once within therapsids directly from the unreduced sphenacodont condition, with disc-like elements in gorgonopsians and cynodonts being partial reversals or neomorphs. New evidence on the structure and phylogenetic distribution of disc-like phalangeal elements supports the view that they are homologous with unmodified phalanges and that they were reduced in size in the common ancestry of all therapsids. The phylogenetic distribution of discs in early cynodonts suggests that the hypothe...
Medical history and the cardiologist.

The importance of medical history to the cardiologist is a subset of the importance of world history to everyone. We are the intellectual products of the accretions of history, but even the best informed of us have only a superficial idea of how large the foundation really is. Humans spent eons learning to make a good stone arrowhead, and whole cultures can be identified by the shape and quality of their “points”. It is tempting to think that a contemporaneous journal devoted to flint working might have accelerated the development even then. The sum of knowledge produced and collected by humans has fostered the development of the present complex societies, and to a large extent, our control of the environment. For a fuller understanding and enjoyment of the current world processes, it is important to know how they came about. This knowledge is liberating, enriching, and enjoyable. The subject may be even better appreciated if it is not a matter of required study in school. In our society, the persons who are ignorant of the developmental processes are not compelled to revert to a more primitive level of societal or scientific organization. Some may thrive with as little idea of their background as “a tea leaf knows of the history of the East India Company” [l]. We hope that this state of mind does not describe many persons in positions of leadership or research in our society. Reading history can be a source of comfort. There are circumstances in which options, events, or decisions are better understood or may even be excused in the light of history. In a Minneapolis hospital setting, the environment has recently been made smoke free. Protests were registered, some of them by the medical staff. In general, three arguments for permitting smoking in hospitals were advanced: (a)
Maternal Body Image Perception of Overweight and Healthy Children from Low-Socioeconomic Levels in Chile: P038

Maternal Body Image Perception of Overweight and Healthy Children from Low-Socioeconomic Levels in Chile: P038
Structure elucidation of insect pheromones by microanalytical methods

The isolation and identification of pheromones at the microgram level requires specialized techniques. The pheromones are obtained in the purity required for structural studies by high-speed, high-pressure liquid chromatography using silicic acid- and silver nitrate-treated columns and micropreparative GLC. Then, microchemical reactions, including hydrogenation, ozonolysis, and epoxidation are combined with infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral studies to elucidate the structure of these compounds. In many cases these techniques are synergistic when combined. Thus, samples of 5–10 μg of most organic compounds under molecular weight 350 are sufficient for complete structural elucidation by using microchemical and spectroscopic techniques. The reduction in sample (2 μg) size necessary for good PMR spectra is significant because the information provided by this technique is often critical to the elucidation of a structure, and sensitivity of PMR has been one of the limiting factors in microspectroscopic analysis.
Influence of site condition fertilization and spacing on short rotation hardwood coppice and seedling yields

Abstract Coppice and seedling biomass was superior on a relatively more fertile old field (OF) site compared with yields on forest cleared and fertilized (CF) and forest cleared not fertilized (C) sites, and followed the order OF>CF.C. Biomass production ranged from 1·6 dry-28·6 Mg ha −1 for four-year-old seedlings, and 0·9–12·4 Mg ha −1 for two-year-old coppice on the C and OF sites, respectively. Coppice sprout height was generally not related to number of sprouts per stump but was significantly greater as basal diameter of the cut stump increased. Narrower planting spacings generally resulted in greater biomass yields for four-year-old seedlings but trends were less defined for coppice. Seedling yields were greater for four-year-old water-willow oak ( Quercus sp.) with 28·6 Mg ha −1 at a 0·6 × 3·1 m spacing of the OF site. However, biomass yields of four-year-old oak, sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) and sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings were not significantly different at a 0·6 × 3·1 m spacing on the OF site. Coppice yields at two years were greater than same age seedlings on the OF site for all species. Failure to refertilize on the CF site after initial seedling harvests may have resulted in lower two-year coppice yields compared with seedlings of the same age.
Towards optimal convex combination rules for gossiping

By the distributed averaging problem is meant the problem of computing the average value yavg of a set of numbers possessed by the agents in a distributed network using only communication between neighboring agents. Gossiping is a well-known approach to the problem which seeks to iteratively arrive at a solution by allowing each agent to interchange information with at most one neighbor at each iterative step. In the most widely studied situation, gossiping agents i and j update their current estimates xi(t) and xj(t) of yavg by setting their new estimates xi(t+1) and xj(t+1) equal to the average of xi(t) and xj(t). A more general approach is for gossiping agents i and j to use the convex combination update rules xi(t+1) = wxi(t) + (1 - w)xj(t) and xj(t + 1) = wxj(t) + (1 - w)xi(t) respectively where w is a real number between 0 and 1. While for probabilistic gossiping protocols, a largest convergence rate is attained when w = 0.5, for deterministic gossiping protocols this is not the case. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate by computer experiments and analytically studied examples that for deterministic gossiping protocols which are periodic, the value of w which maximizes convergence rate is not necessarily w = 0.5 and moreover, convergence at the optimal value of w can be significantly faster than convergence at the value w = 0.5. Thus this paper's contribution is to provide clear justification for a deeper study of the optimum convergence rate question for gossiping algorithms using convex combination rules.
Alcohol use disorders

Alcohol causes end-organ damage in drinkers, and alcohol dependence is associated with poor self-care, complicating chronic disease management. A drinking history and index of suspicion for alcohol misuse is part of comprehensive medical assessment. Identification of hazardous and harmful drinking, and provision of brief advice and/or referral, should occur in all healthcare episodes. In hospital settings, prevention and management of alcohol withdrawal and Wernicke's encephalopathy are key priorities. In ambulatory settings, regular monitoring and feedback is effective for managing many alcohol-dependent patients.
Women and the social construction of the computing culture: Evolving new forms of computing

Women have been excluded from the mainstream development of computer hardware and software. Consequently there is an imbalance in the masculine and feminine characteristics, functioning and applications of computing. A masculine approach is encoded into the technical personality of computing, and in the skills and knowledge necessary to utilise computers. The feminine perspective broadens the scope and objectives of computing. This paper examines the current computing culture, and proposes new models for computing that embrace the methodology of creative thinking.
A cDNA clone encoding human cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit C alpha.

The authors have determined the nucleotide sequence from both complementary strands of a human cDNA coding for cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit type {alpha} (cAPK-C{alpha}). This cDNA was one of many protein kinase cDNAs isolated from a HeLa cell library by screening with oligonucleotide probes designed to recognize target sequences encoding highly conserved segments within the catalytic domains. The deduced human cAPK-C{alpha} amino acid sequence of 350 residues differs from the bovine and murine sequences at 3 and 7 positions, respectively.
Identification of an N-acetylated microsomal glutathione S-transferase by mass spectrometry

Abstract Microsomal glutathione S -transferase (mGST) was purified to homogeneity from male Sprague-Dawley rat liver, as determined by SDS-PAGE. Removal of Triton X-100 and further separation by reversed phase HPLC revealed two proteins, mGST 1 and mGST 2, in a 1:3 ratio. Analysis of mGST 1 and mGST 2 by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry determined their molecular weights to be 17,354.2 ± 6.6 and 17,397.9 ± 6.6, respectively. mGST 1 was in close agreement with the calculated molecular weight of 17,348, as predicted by the previously reported cDNA sequence. Cyanogen bromide digestion and peptide mapping by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) localized the mass increase to the N-terminal peptide, 1–7. FAB-tandem mass spectrometry of this peptide in conjunction with Edman reactions on the intact protein demonstrated the N-terminal alanine to be acetylated.
PEG “Rescue”: a practical NOTES technique

Dislodged percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes occur commonly and may require urgent surgical intervention in a susceptible patient population. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) may facilitate PEG rescue and avoid the morbidity associated with contemporary surgical techniques. We report a case of a dislodged PEG tube in the early post-operative period with evidence of incomplete gastrocutaneous tract formation and intra-abdominal leakage. Bedside transgastric NOTES exploration facilitated peritoneoscopy, evacuation of intra-abdominal fluid, and re-establishment of the PEG tube through the original gastrotomy tract. Tube feeds were resumed and postoperative contrast fluoroscopy demonstrated no intra-abdominal leakage from the replaced PEG tube. No postoperative complications related to the NOTES procedure were noted at 30 days of follow-up. PEG rescue represents a unique, practical, and empowering application of the burgeoning experience of NOTES.
Particle‐size modification by two size classes of the estuarine copepod Acartia clausi1,2

Two distinct size classes of Acartia clausi were allowed to graze on two different-sized species of the chain-forming diatom Thalassiosira. Both copepod size classes dismembered the larger T. gravida chains, producing a high frequency of smaller particles when T. gravida was in high concentrations. In low particle concentrations of T. gravida, the production of small particles was obscured by ingestion. Some particle dismembering might have occurred with the smaller T. nordenskioldii, but the effect also was masked by ingestion. Such particle modification might require a re-examination of past grazing data. Particle volume ingestion was plotted as a function of particle volume concentration. At high particle densities, both large and small A. clausi could ingest greater volumes of the large T. gravida particles than the smaller T. nordenskioldii particles. At low particle volume densities, both size classes of copepod ingested similar volumes of both diatoms. Large A. clausi ingested greater food volume than small A. clausi, except at the very lowest food volume density (where ingestion was similar). Great variability in the ingestion data occurred as a result of copepod collections in different seasons of different years, and the use of single grazing coefficients is discussed in the light of this variability.
Ratiometric comparison of intense field ionization of atoms and diatomic molecules.

Intense-laser ionization rates for rare gas atoms and diatomic molecules have been precisely compared by making simultaneous measurements of ionization yield vs laser intensity for mixed atomic and molecular targets. At a given laser intensity, the $\mathrm{N}{}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{F}{}_{2}$ ionization yields are slightly greater than that of Ar. Conversely, comparison of $\mathrm{O}{}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{S}{}_{2}$ with Xe indicates significant ionization suppression in these molecules. Recent molecular ionization models that successfully describe ionization suppression in $\mathrm{O}{}_{2}$ and its absence in $\mathrm{N}{}_{2}$ fail to explain our observations in $\mathrm{F}{}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{S}{}_{2}$.
Theories About the Role of Theory in Nonprofit and Philanthropic Studies

As the nonprofit and philanthropic studies field achieves increased acceptance within colleges and universities, academics within the field must confront a conundrum: Most academics are inclined to...
Glutathione S-transferase activities in phytophagous insects: Induction and inhibition by plant phototoxins and phenols

Abstract The effects of two plant phototoxins (xanthotoxin and harmine) and three plant phenols (quercetin, ellagic acid, and juglone) on detoxification enzymes were studied in the polyphagous cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni , and the oligophagous black swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes . In P. polyxenes , glutathione S -transferase (GST) activities toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were 1840 and 1750 nmol CDNB conjugate/mg protein/min in the cytosolic fraction of midgut and fat body, respectively. Dietary xanthotoxin (0.1% fw) increased the activity 2.5 and 2.9-fold in the midgut and fat body, respectively. Xanthotoxin-conjugating GST activity was absent in both tissues. In T. ni , GST activity, 513 nmol CDNB conjugate/mg protein/min in the cytosolic fraction of midgut, was increased almost twofold by dietary xanthotoxin and harmine. Plant phenols effectively inhibited in vitro GST and Se-independent glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activities in a dose-dependent manner in the two species. Both GST and GPOX of P. polyxenes were 2-fold less sensitive to phenol inhibitors than T. ni . GST inhibition differed according to the nature of the inhibitor in P. polyxenes . Quercetin is competitive with CDNB and is non-competitive with respect to GSH. In contrast, inhibition by ellagic acid is non-competitive with CDNB and competitive with GSH. Juglone showed competitive inhibition with both GSH and CDNB.
Dietary modulation of α‐amylase activity in eight geographical strains of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais

Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzymerinhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts. RESUME Modulation alimentaire de l'activite α-amylase de 8 souches geographiques de Sitophilus oryzae et S. zeamais La transformation de rang des valeur d'activite specifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus eleves de ces enzymes predominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge monde ou de riz brun a grains longs. Des niveaux intermediaries d'activite ont ete obtenus chez les insectes eleves sur mais jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux eleves sur ble. Bien que les extraits prepares a partir d'orge presentent une activite inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiees de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentres dans le ble. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secretee anterieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activite de l'amylase chez les charancons consommant du ble. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus eleve que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches elevees sur un regime donne. Des niveaux d'activite significativement differents ont ete trouves suivant les souches pour chacune des deux especes. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces especes, l'intensite de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de cereales peut indiquer leur adequation comme hotes potentiels.
The Temporal Behavior of Numerically Simulated Multicell-Type Storms. Part I. Modes of Behavior

Abstract The temporal behavior of mature multicellular model storms, created in an experiment that varied the vertical wind shear layer depth, is examined herein. These storms form new cells at low levels on the storm's forward side, in or near the forced lifting zone at the edge of the evaporationally chilled subcloud cold-air pool. Each moves upward and rearward within the storm as it intensifies, matures, and decays and becomes replaced by a new cell development. As a result, the storms oscillate in time with respect to updraft intensity and the generation of condensation and surface rainfall. A few model storms oscillate in a simply periodic fashion during maturity, generating a series of nearly identical cells separated by a nearly constant period. Other storms are still periodic but in a more complex fashion, manifesting repeat cycles consisting of two or more cells. Several simulations appear quite aperiodic. Spectral analyses of temporal statistics reveal the existence of a fundamental period of o...
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of phospholipids in human cerebrospinal fluid

Lipid extracts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from children with leukemia were separated on normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) and tandem FABMS/MS. CSF samples from 13 children with leukemia receiving chemotherapy and radiation treatment were analyzed. Analysis of the results permits the identification of phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), diacylglycerol (DAG) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) molecular species. The following changes in the CSF phospholipid composition during treatment with chemotherapy were identified: (i) presence of DAGs and LPCs and (ii) increase in SM relative to PC. A predominance of the C18:1 SM was observed during radiation treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the application of HPLC and FABMS for the analysis of human CSF. The possibility of using FABMS and FABMS/MS for the direct analysis of the total CSF lipid extracts in cancer patients is demonstrated.
Energy-independent effective interactions: Analytic expressions for the required G-matrix energy derivatives

Abstract In a recent paper it has been shown that the successful application of the method of Suzuki and Lee for calculating an energy-independent effective interaction requires that the energy derivatives of the G -matrix be calculated accurately. In that work methods by which these derivatives may be calculated analytically in problems where P , the projection operator which defines the active space, can be written in the center-of-mass and relative coordinates were presented. In this work we extend the applicability of the theory by presenting analytic expressions for calculating the energy derivatives of the G -matrix elements obtained by the method of Barrett et al. Convergence properties of the iterative processes by which the effective interaction is calculated are investigated and guidelines for choosing the starting energy are given. As an example of its use, the theory is applied to the ground state and low-lying resonances of 4 He.
NETWORK DESIGN EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

This paper examines the effects of dynamic user-equilibrium (DUE) traffic assignment with scheduled trip arrival times on network design outcomes in comparison to outcomes with steady-state travel demands. The objective is to minimize systemwide travel cost by considering alternative link improvements to an existing network (e.g., select among budget-constrained subsets of link-improvement candidates). DUE is a temporal generalization of static user-equilibrium (SUE) assignment with additional constraints to insure temporally continuous trip paths and first-in first-out (FIFO) trip ordering between all origin-destination pairs. Previous research has not investigated the effects of dynamic travel demands and schedule delay (i.e., shifts by trips to earlier or later arrival times) on network design with multiple trip origins and destinations. DUE is formulated as a bilevel program of two subproblems solved successively by an iterative algorithm that consistently converges to solutions that closely satisfy t...
Active Transport of Calcium in Membrane Vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei

Active transport of calcium ions has been demonstrated in inside-out membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium phlei mediated by respiratory linked substrates as well as by ATP hydrolysis. The uptake of calcium exhibited an apparent Km of 80 μM and V of 16.6 nmol calcium uptake × min−1× mg protein−1. A fortyfold concentration gradient for calcium ions was calculated for both the ATP-induced and the respiration-induced transport of calcium. Removal of coupling-factor-latent ATPase resulted in the complete loss of ATP-driven Ca2+ transport whereas the respiration-driven uptake was reduced by 40–50%. The uptake of calcium was inhibited by the proton conducting ionophores carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and Gramicidin-D. The accumulated calcium was freely exchangeable with external calcium and was rapidly released by the addition of inhibitors of energy transduction, proton-translocating uncouplers or the ionophore A23187. The uptake of the weak base, methylamine, upon the oxidation of respiratory-linked substrates or the hydrolysis of ATP showed the generation of a proton gradient (inside acidic) which was partially collapsed on the addition of calcium ions. These results suggest that a Ca2+/H+ antiport mechanism may be responsible for the transport of calcium.
Sign of the day-night asymmetry for solar neutrinos

A qualitative understanding of the day-night asymmetry for solar neutrinos is provided. The greater night flux in {nu}{sub e} is seen to be a consequence of the fact that the matter effect in the Sun and that in the Earth have the same sign. It is shown in the adiabatic approximation for the Sun and constant density for the Earth that, for all values of the mixing angle {theta}{sub V} between 0 and {pi}/2, the night flux of neutrinos is greater than the day flux. Only for small values of {theta}{sub V} where the adiabatic approximation badly fails does the sign of the day-night asymmetry reverse.
A General Statistical Procedure for Ground‐Water Detection Monitoring at Waste Disposal Facilities

Nonparametric upper prediction limits for ground-water detection monitoring are developed. The limit is defined as the maximum of a previous background sample of size n (i.e., X(max, n)). The probability that at least one out of the next m measurements (i.e., Y(min, m)) will be less than X(max, n) at each of k monitoring wells is computed. In the context of ground-water monitoring, m is equal to the initial new measurement in a particular monitoring well plus m –1 resamplings of that well. In this way, values of n and m can be selected to assure a desired confidence level (e.g., γ≥ .95). A series of typical examples are described, and a set of Tables that give these probabilities for values of n = 4 to 100, k = 1 to 100, and m = 1 to 3 are provided. Generalization to multiple variables (i.e., indicator parameters) is also discussed.