cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesion at polymer–polymer interfaces: a rigidity percolation approach

Abstract A theory of fracture of entangled polymer interfaces was developed which was based on the bridge entanglement concept and the vector percolation model of Kantor and Webman, in which the modulus E is related to the lattice bond fraction p, via E ~ [p – pc]τ. The Hamiltonian for the lattice was replaced by the strain energy density function of the bulk polymer, U = σ2/2E, where σ is the applied stress and p was expressed in terms of the normalized entanglement density ν, using the entanglement molecular weight, ν ~ Me−1. The polymer fractured critically when p approached the percolation threshold pc, which was accomplished by utilizing the stored strain energy in the network to randomly disentangle or fracture [p – pc] bonds. The fracture energy was found to be G1c ~ [p – pc]. When applied to interfaces of width X, containing an areal density Σ of chains, each contributing L minor chain entanglements, the percolation term p ~ Σ L/X and the percolation threshold was related to Σc, Lc, or Xc. This gave a unified theory of fracture for the virgin state of polymers in the bulk and a variety of polymer interfaces. The fracture strength σ of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers in the bulk could be well described by the net solution, σ = [E Do ρ/16 Me]1/2, where Do is the bond energy and ρ is the density [R.P. Wool, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Phys. 43 (2005) 168]. It was found to be in excellent agreement with a large body of data. Fracture by disentanglement was found to occur in a finite molecular weight range, Mc M*, and τ ~ M3, when M
Stein's method in a two-dimensional coverage problem

Abstract Consider a Poisson process of unit squares in the plane, with intensity θ. Let q ( L , θ) be the chance that an L × L square is completely covered by the randomly-positioned unit squares. Stein's method is used to give explicit bounds on q ( L , θ), improving on the known asymptotic ( L , θ → ∞) results.
Magnetic and structural characteristics of Ho6Fe23 deuterides

Abstract The pressure-composition isotherm of the Ho6Fe23D2 system at 0°C was established, revealing the presence of two plateau regions. Using the isotherm, five compositions of the Ho6Fe23Dx system (x = 0, 1.5, 8.2, 12.1, 15.7) were selected for investigation. These were examined by X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. The cubic lattice of the host metal is maintained to x = 8.2. A tetragonal structure develops at x = 12.1, but this reverts to cubic symmetry at the highest deuterium concentration studied. The observed structural changes are ascribed to preferential site occupancies by deuterium. Absorption of 15.7 deuterium atoms per formula unit in Ho6Fe23 caused a 10.2% increase of the unit cell volume. Increase in the deuterium content resulted in a striking increase in the Curie temperature Tc and in a linear decrease in compensation temperature Tcomp. The saturation magnetization changed smoothly as the system changed from one structure type to another. There appears to be a significant increase in Fe magnetic moment upon deuterium absorption, which is ascribed to the removal of electrons from the 3d iron band by deuterium.
Infrared and raman spectral studies of γ-butyrolactam complexes of antimony(III), bismuth(III) and mercury(II) halides

Complexes SbCl3(BuL)2, SbBr3(BuL)2, BiCl2(BuL)2.5, and HgCl2(BuL) (BuL = γ-butyrolactam) have been prepared and investigated spectroscopically. Infrared and Raman assignments for the solids are discussed, with special emphasis on metal-ligand vibrations. All BuL molecules are shown to be coordinated through oxygen, as indicated by the internal ligand frequency shifts. Structure considerations are presented for the solid-state species.
Reuse of Agricultural Drainage Waters: AN Economic Analysis

The profitability of reusing agricultural drainage water for crop production depends on the salt tolerance of the crop being grown the salt concentration of the drainage water, the cost of obtaining it and price of good water. In the this paper the economics of drainwater resue is examined for six crops in two areas of southern California. The results suggest that drainwater reuse is not profitable for the fruit and vegetable crops considered but is profitable for the field crops considered when the price of good water is relatively high and cost of obtaining the draingage water is low.
Noise induced hearing loss in fetal sheep.

Abstract The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was recorded in utero from chronically instrumented fetal sheep prior to and following exposure of pregnant ewes to intense broadband noise (120 dB SPL for 16 h). ABRs were elicited by clicks and tone bursts (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) delivered through a bone oscillator secured to the fetal skull. Latency-intensity functions for most of the four vertex-positive waves (labelled I–IV) were prolonged and ABR thresholds were temporarily elevated by an average of 8 dB following the noise exposure. Results show that exogenous sounds can penetrate the uterus and result in alterations of the fetal ABR.
Analyzing the causal factors of carbon stores in a subtropical urban forest

Abstract Studies of forests and urban forest ecosystems have documented the various biophysical and socioeconomic correlates of carbon storage. Tree cover in particular is often used as a determinant of carbon storage for local and national level urban forest assessments. However, the relationships among variables describing the biophysical and socioeconomic environment and carbon are not simple statistical ones. Instead, there are complex interactions that can have either a unidirectional causal effects, or produce indirect effects through interactions with other ecosystem structure and landscape characteristics. Thus, understanding the direct and indirect effects of structure, composition, and landscape characteristics is key to quantifying ecosystem services. This study used field data from plots across an urban watershed, site-specific biomass equations, and structural equation modeling of urban forest structure and landscape variables to quantify the causal influences of tree cover, land use, stand density, species composition and diversity on carbon stores. Our path analysis shows that the effect of tree cover on carbon stores is not only direct but also indirect and influential through basal area and composition. Findings suggest that species composition, species diversity and land use have much more complex relationships than previously reported in the urban forest literature. The use of path analysis in these types of studies also presents a novel method to better analyze and quantify these direct and indirect effects on urban forest carbon stores. Findings have implications for urban forest ecosystem assessments that use tree cover as the sole metric for inferring ecosystem functions and services.
A Combined Orbital and Antral Approach to Surgical Decompression of the Orbit

A combined orbital decompression procedure has been found effective in treating proptosis. The procedure includes a lower eyelid incision by an ophthalmologist to expose the floor of the orbit, while a Caldwell-Luc antrotomy is performed simultaneously by an otolaryngologist. The ophthalmologist has a better view of the contents of the orbit and the anterior orbital floor. The otolaryngologist has better access to the posterior orbital floor and ethmoid sinus. Together, isolation and preservation of the second division of the fifth cranial nerve are facilitated. The headlight worn by each surgeon helps illuminate the other's field of dissection. This combined approach offers advantages over separate operations.
Separable solutions for a rotating superfluid-normal fluid system

A simple model for the rotating two-fluid system with cylindrical symmetry is examined. Separable solutions for the rates of rotation are found. These solutions have a time-invariant spatial dependence of the rotation rates, whose overall scale\(\tilde \Omega _s (t)\) evolves with time according to\(\tilde \Omega _s (t) = {{\tilde \Omega _s (0)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\tilde \Omega _s (0)} {(1 \pm \alpha \tilde \Omega (0)t)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {(1 \pm \alpha \tilde \Omega (0)t)}}\), where α is a constant determined by the mutual friction parameters. Experimental prospects are discussed.
Optically Augmented 3-D Computer

In order to achieve high performance parallel computing in terms of bandwidth versus power consumption and volume, denser and faster means of implementing interconnections while minimizing power and crosstalk are required. Global interconnections can be implemented using free-space interconnect technology and can be coupled to 3-D electronic processing stacks such as those developed at Hughes Research Laboratories or Irvine Sensors Corp. to obtain an optoelectronic 3-D computer with increased throughputs for routing or sorting operations. To this end, the 3-D optoelectronic architecture needs to be designed for optimal performance, light transmitters and receivers need to be integrated with the 3-D VLSI stacks to allow optical inputs and outputs, and free-space optical interconnect elements need to be assembled with the modified 3-D stacks. In this paper, the concepts of the technology and architecture of the optically augmented 3-D computer are evaluated.
Excimer-laser-induced oxidation of diborane: Formation and isolation of HBO, HB18O AND H3B3O3 in argon matrices

Abstract An excimer laser operating at 193 nm has been employed in conjunction with the matrix isolation technique to study the reaction of B2H6 with oxygen atoms. N2O and O2 were used as photolytic oxygen atom sources, and a number of oxidation products were detected. Absorptions near 750 and 1813 cm−1 were assigned to H11BO; experiments with 18O led to production of HB18O for the first time, and the identification of two of the fundamentals of this species. Also, H3B3O3 was detected near 910, 1380 and 2610 cm−1. In addition, the most intense fundamental of BH3 was tentatively identified at 1138 cm−1. These observations support the most recently postulated mechanism for the oxidation of diborane, and the suggested intermediacy of HBO in the process.
Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis NHX Antiporters: The Role of the Vacuole in Cellular Turgor and Growth

Intracellular Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of Na+ and K+. In plants, NHXs direct the movement of Na+ or K+ across the tonoplast and into the vacuole (or other organelles) by catalyzing the exchange of Na+ and/or K+ for H+. The electrochemical H+ gradients
Left Ventricular Systolic Dyssynchrony in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

Background Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony in pediatric patients with heart failure (HF) have not been adequately evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate LV systolic dyssynchrony in pediatric patients with HF and normal children. Methods Among a total of 68 patients, 22 had HF and 46 were normal. Doppler tissue imaging, M-mode echocardiography, and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography were performed. Intraventricular dyssynchrony using the maximal difference in time to peak myocardial systolic contraction (Ts), the standard deviation of Ts of 12 LV segments, septal–to–posterior wall motion delay, and interventricular dyssynchrony by measuring aortic and pulmonary pre-ejection delays were obtained. Results The maximal difference in Ts (patients with HF, 91.27 ± 31.18 msec; controls, 45.93 ± 21.29 msec; P P P P = .03) were significantly prolonged in the HF group. Defining systolic dyssynchrony as a standard deviation of Ts > 31 msec (+2 standard deviations of normal controls) and a maximal difference in Ts > 89 msec in normal controls and 18 patients with HF due to dilated cardiomyopathy was included for analysis of systolic dyssynchrony; it was present in three (6.5%) and two (4.3%) controls and in nine (50%) and 10 (55%) patients with HF due to dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Low ejection fraction, elevated LV end-diastolic volume, and elevated LV end-systolic volume had significant correlations with systolic dyssynchrony. QRS duration was not significantly correlated with measures of dyssynchrony. Conclusions Systolic mechanical dyssynchrony is common in pediatric patients with HF. QRS duration is not a determinant of systolic dyssynchrony in pediatric patients. Echocardiographic measurements of systolic dyssynchrony are feasible in pediatric patients.
The economic effects of withdrawn antidumping investigations: is there evidence of collusive settlements?

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of antidumping cases initiated from 1990 to 1997 that ended in withdrawn petitions without a suspension agreement or voluntary restraint agreement. Monthly import data are used to estimate the price and quantity effects of the withdrawn cases. The estimated effects of the petition being withdrawn do not support the accepted wisdom that withdrawn petitions are a signal of collusion. This is an important issue, since out-of-court settlements of unfair trade cases which restrict quantities or increase prices are not only welfare reducing but are also actionable under the antitrust laws; they are not exempt under the Noerr–Pennington doctrine.
Self-perception of when old age begins for Cambodian elders living in the United States

Objective To deepen the understanding of the life course of refugees this study explores the question: when do Cambodian elders perceive the beginning of old age?
Phase relations in the hydrogen-austenite system

Abstract X-ray diffraction was used to determine phase relationships and lattice strain as a function of hydrogen concentration and temperature in 310S and 304 austenitic stainless steels. Uniform concentrations of hydrogen were introduced into 20 μm thick foils by cathodic polarization at 35, 55 and 75°C. Hydrogen remained in solid solution in the stable 310S austenite lattice up to concentrations of approximately 16 at.% at 35°C at which point a hydrogen-rich f.c.c. phase ( γ ∗ ) with a 6% volume increase and a hydrogen-rich h.c.p. phase ( ϵ ∗ ) formed in the hydrogen-saturated austenite lattice. The γ:γ ∗ solvus curve was constructed for the hydrogen-310S stainless steel system. In the metastable 304 alloy the ϵ ∗ phase formed instead of γ ∗ at hydrogen concentrations above approximately 8 at.%. There was no evidence of formation of α′-(b.c.c.) martensite in either alloy. The partial molar volume change due to hydrogen in the 310S alloy, as determined by the X-ray diffraction technique, was measured to be Δν/Ω = 0.200 ± 0.005 independent of the charging temperature.
Defending Your Android App

In recent years, applications in the Google Play Store have been targets for attackers. Hackers have used a slew of techniques to analyze and modify Android developers' apps. Attackers are modifying app content so they can take advantage of unknowing users. They are also analyzing app content so they can create clones of legitimate apps. Using techniques like reverse engineering, debugging attacks, and dynamic library manipulation, attackers are hacking android apps. We chose to test these techniques against certificate pinning, a method used to authenticate SSL/TLS certificates to prevent MiTM attacks. The research we conducted focused on: (1) Finding apps from the Google Play Store that employ certificate pinning as a security measure for its communications. (2) Studying the three different methods (debugging attacks, reverse engineering, and dynamic library manipulation) used for bypassing certificate pinning on Android Devices. (3) Testing the apps with each tool to see if we could bypass the certificate pinning. (4) After determining the effectiveness of the three methods, we decided to research and develop practices that would allow developers to harden their applications. Our objective is to show these deterrents succeed at protecting against these attacks.
Choice of Stimulator Frequency for Tactile Arrays

An experiment is described that tested subjects' ability to recognize letters presented tactually by an array of airjets in a manner simulating a moving belt. Recognition accuracy was measured as a function of reading rate and stimulator frequency. For constant stimulus pulsewidth, performance increased significantly as stimulator-repetition rate was increased from 20 to 160 pps. A second experiment is discussed that is designed to measure the spatial resolution of two hypothetical neural systems, which are the basis for tactile sensations. The data presented indicate that sensitivity to differences in amplitudes of two stimulators is comparable for spacings of 6-10mm on the fingertip. At spacings of 2 mm there is a significant difference between the two systems with the superior resolution obtained at the high frequencies.
Light-force technique for measuring polarizabilities.

We have developed a light-force technique for measuring polarizabilities. This new method uses the polarizaton forces experienced by an atom in the intense, inhomogeneous electric field of a standing-wave laser to deduce the polarizability. Using a Nd:YAG laser at {lambda}{sub SW}=1.064 {mu}m for the light force, we measured the polarizability of rubidium at this wavelength to be {alpha}({omega}{sub SW})=114{plus minus}9 A{sup 3} ({sigma}). Conversion of this ac polarizability to a static value using a semiempirical formula gives a value of {alpha}{sub dc}=52 A{sup 3}, within 10% of the best published experimental results.
Effects of free and macromolecular-bound TXA2 receptor antagonist BM 1..505 on U46619-induced platelet aggregation

Abstract The goal of this study was to synthesize a macromolecular probe of the TXA 2 receptor antagonist BM13.505 which is unable to penetrate the platelet membrane for localization and characterization of the TXA 2 receptor. The active NHS-ester of BM13.505 was synthesized and purified. It was used for covalent coupling of BM13.505 to bovine serum albumin, a macromolecular carrier. Inhibitory effects of free and macromolecular bound BM13.505 on aggregatory properties of U46619-stimulated platelets were measured and compared to TXA 2 generation in platelets, as determined by TXB 2 radioimmuno assay. No inhibitory effects of free and macromolecular-bound BM13.505 on ADP- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation were observed. Equimolar concentrations of free or macromolecular bound BM13.505 inhibited U46619-induced platelet aggregation and TXA 2 generation with equal potency. IC 50 -values for platelet aggregation inhibition by free and macromolecular bound BM13.505 were 64 nM and 96 nM respectively. It appears that the TXA 2 receptor ligand binding site is located close to the outer membrane surface of platelets. Interaction of macromolecular bound BM13.505 with the platelet thromboxane receptor does not depend on the availability of the free carboxyl residue in BM13.505. The method for coupling a TXA 2 receptor antagonist to a macromolecule will aid in constructing probes for the localization and characterization of the TXA 2 receptor.
Asymmetry of configuration space induced by unequal crossover: implications for a mathematical theory of evolutionary innovation

Evolution can be regarded as the exploration of genetic or morphological state space by populations. In traditional models of population and quantitative genetics, the state space can be formally represented as a configuration space with clearly defined concepts of neighborhood and distance, defined by the action of variational operators such as mutation and/or recombination. In this paper, we describe a process where no genetic configuration space closure (and hence, no non-arbitrary notion of distance and neighborhood) exists. The process is gene duplication by means of unequal crossover, which we regard as an example of an "innovation" process that changes the state space of the system rather than exploring a closed state space. We assert that such processes are qualitatively distinct from representations of the adaptation process, which occur on regular configuration spaces.
Patterns and Predictors of Inpatient Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in a Large Academic Hospital

OBJECTIVES: Most research on hospital falls has focused on predictors of falling, whereas less is known about predictors of serious fall-related injury. Our objectives were to characterize inpatients who fall and to determine predictors of serious fall-related injury. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study of 1,082 patients who fell (1,235 falls) during January 2001 to June 2002 at an urban academic hospital. Multivariate analysis of potential risk factors for serious fall-related injury (vs no or minor injury) included in the hospital's adverse event reporting database was conducted with logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI 95 ). RESULTS: The median age of patients who fell was 62 years (interquartile range, 49-77 years), 50% were women, and 20% were confused. The hospital fall rate was 3.1 falls per 1,000 patient-days, which varied by service from 0.86 (women and infants) to 6.36 (oncology). Some (6.1%) of the falls resulted in serious injury, ranging by service from 3.1% (women and infants) to 10.9% (psychiatry). The most common serious fall-related injuries were bleeding or laceration (53.6%), fracture or dislocation (15.9%), and hematoma or contusion (13%). Patients 75 years or older (aOR, 3.2; CI 95 , 1.3-8.1) and those on the geriatric psychiatry floor (aOR, 2.8; CI 95 , 1.3-6.0) were more likely to sustain serious fall-related injuries. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in fall rates and fall-related injury percentages by service. More detailed studies should be conducted by floor or service to identify predictors of serious fall-related injury so that targeted interventions can be developed to reduce them.
Identification and Characterization of the Carboxyl-terminal Region of Rat Dentin Sialoprotein

Two acidic proteins, dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), are present in the extracellular matrix of dentin but not in bone. These two proteins are expressed in odontoblasts and preameloblasts as a single cDNA transcript coding a large precursor protein termed dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). DSPP is specifically cleaved into two unique proteins, DSP and DPP. However, the cleavage site(s) of DSPP and the mechanisms for regulating the cleavages are unknown. To identify the specific site(s) of DSPP that are cleaved when the initial translation product is converted to DSP and DPP, we performed a detailed analysis (Edman degradation and mass spectrometry) on selected tryptic peptides of a size originating from the COOH-terminal region of rat DSP. After cleavage with trypsin, the DSP fragments were separated by a two-dimensional method (size-exclusion chromatography followed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography). We characterized 13 peptides from various regions of DSP. The analyses showed that peptide Ile409-Tyr421 was the major COOH-terminal fragment, ending at Tyr421 only 9 residues from the NH2 terminus of DPP. Peptide Gln385-His406 represented a second, minor COOH-terminal peptide that terminated at His406. Both of these residues are well beyond the COOH terminus predicted previously by two independent studies estimating that rat DSP contained 360–370 amino acids. Careful studies on two peptides showed that, among 9 potential casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, 2 serines were phosphorylated. We found that rat DSP was heterogeneous with respect to phosphorylation, because this same peptide sequence eluted in two discrete peaks, one with 2 phosphoserines and the other having 1. The finding that 3 lysines just preceding the COOH termini were modified by a 43-Da substituent (possibly a carbamoyl substituent) suggests that the lysines in this region were particularly susceptible to attachment of this substituent.
Interactions between adaptive coping and drinking to cope in predicting naturalistic drinking and drinking following a lab-based psychosocial stressor.

Abstract Using alcohol to cope (i.e., coping motivation) and general coping style both are theorized and demonstrated empirically to lead to problematic drinking. In the present study, we sought to examine whether these factors interact to predict alcohol use, both retrospectively reported and in the lab following a stressor task. Social drinkers (N = 50, 50% women) received the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and then consumed beer under the guise of a taste test. A Timeline Followback interview to assess past month alcohol use, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ), and the COPE (to assess adaptive coping) were administered prior to the laboratory challenge. Multiple regression models were used to examine DMQ coping motives, adaptive coping, and their interaction as predictors of milliliters (mls) of beer consumed in a clinical laboratory setting. The association between coping motives and mls beer was positive at both high and low levels of adaptive coping, but at low levels of adaptive coping, this association was stronger. In contrast, there was no interaction between adaptive coping and coping motives in predicting quantity and frequency of drinking in the prior month. Findings suggest that stronger coping motives for drinking predict greater alcohol consumption following a stress provocation to a greater extent when an individual is lacking in adaptive coping strategies. As both general coping skills and coping motives for alcohol use are responsive to intervention, study of the conditions under which they exert unique and interactive effects is important.
Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous and directed mast cell motility

Migration is a fundamental function of immune cells, and a role for Ca2+ in immune cell migration has been an interest of scientific investigations for many decades. Mast cells are the major effector cells in IgE-mediated immune responses, and cross-linking of IgE-FceRI complexes at the mast cell surface by antigen activates a signaling cascade that causes mast cell activation, resulting in Ca2+ mobilization and granule exocytosis. These cells are known to accumulate at sites of inflammation in response to parasite and bacterial infections. Using real-time imaging, we monitored chemotactic migration of RBL and rat BMMCs in response to a gradient of soluble multivalent antigen. Here, we show that Ca2+ influx via Orai1 plays an important role in regulating spontaneous motility and directional migration of mast cells toward antigen via IgER complexes. Inhibition of Ca2+ influx or knockdown of the Ca2+ entry channel protein Orai1 by shRNA causes inhibition of both of these processes. In addition, a mutant Syk− shows impaired spontaneous motility and chemotaxis toward antigen that is rescued by expression of Syk. Our findings identify a novel Ca2+ influx-mediated, Orai1-dependent mechanism for mast cell migration.
Mortality in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus and HIV: Could antiretroviral therapy make a difference?

risk of mortality attributable to HIV-HBV coinfection and the impact of coinfection on HIV disease progression. In the combined analysis of 12,382 patients, they found an excess risk of all-cause mortality attributable to the effect of HIV-HBV coinfection (pooled effect estimate, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.64). They did not, however, find an increased risk of AIDS progression or decreased efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among patients who had hepatitis B surface antigen detected. The limitations of their analysis include the addition of publications from Asia, in which the mode of transmission (vertical or childhood) and type of HBV genotypes (genotype B and C) are very different from those in Western countries [9]. Differences in the duration of infection and HBV genotype may present a risk of death that varies from that in Western countries [10]. However, the authors did perform a sensitivity analysis to examine the impact of specific publications on overall risk. Another limitation of the meta-analysis is the lack of HBV load data, which makes it difficult to determine if individuals with high HBV loads were at increased risk of liver disease progression, compared with those with low HBV loads or inactive carriers who may not have been at risk at all. Additionally, it is unknown what proportion of the HIV-HBV‐coinfected population also was infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or had diabetes or other comorbidities that might have affected risk of death. Regardless of the study’s limitations, these findings are important because they establish that HBV, which is a vaccinepreventable disease, is associated with an excess risk of all-cause mortality. In light of these findings, there needs to be a renewed focus on the prevention of HBV infection in adults. The incidence of acute
A novel molecular approach to modeling phase change in micro-fluidic systems

The dimensions and time-scales of operation encountered in micro-fluidic systems often require that the fluid behavior is considered and analyzed over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Such wide ranges of conditions are often inherent in systems where the fluid changes phase. The accurate prediction of phase change and its impact on the thermal and mechanical behavior of a system is critical for many engineering applications. This study demonstrates that fluid behavior can be modeled, including phase change prediction, over wide ranges of conditions using compact expressions that are consistent with molecular behavior analyses. The proposed approach is applied to model the phase change and the fluid ejection in a thermally-driven fluid micro-ejector. The operation of the ejector is analyzed through several phases, starting with a simple heating pulse model, followed by fluid superheating and bubble formation, and finally through droplet ejection and bubble collapse.
Flow-induced segregation in confined multicomponent suspensions: effects of particle size and rigidity

The effects of particle size and rigidity on segregation behaviour in confined simple shear flow of binary suspensions of fluid-filled elastic capsules are investigated in a model system that resembles blood. We study this problem with direct simulations as well as with a master equation model that incorporates two key sources of wall-normal particle transport: wall-induced migration and hydrodynamic pair collisions. The simulation results indicate that, in a mixture of large and small particles with equal capillary numbers, the small particles marginate, while the large particles antimarginate in their respective dilute suspensions. Here margination refers to localization of particles near walls, while antimargination refers to the opposite. In a mixture of particles with equal size and unequal capillary number, the stiffer particles marginate while the flexible particles antimarginate. The master equation model traces the origins of the segregation behaviour to the size and rigidity dependence of the wall-induced migration velocity and of the cross-stream particle displacements in various types of collisions. In particular, segregation by rigidity, especially at low volume fractions, is driven in large part by heterogeneous collisions, in which the stiff particle undergoes larger displacement. In contrast, segregation by size is driven mostly by the larger wall-induced migration velocity of larger particles. Additionally, a non-local drift-diffusion equation is derived from the master equation model, which provides further insights into the segregation behaviour.
Analytic results for roots of two irrational functions in elastic wave propagation

The velocities of Rayleigh surface waves and, when they exist, Stoneley interface waves can be obtained as the roots of two irrational functions. Here previous results are extended by using standard operations related to the Wiener-Hopf technique to provide expressions in quadrature for these roots.
DNA damage signalling prevents deleterious telomere addition at DNA breaks

The response to DNA damage involves regulation of several essential processes to maximize the accuracy of DNA damage repair and cell survival. Telomerase has the potential to interfere with repair by inappropriately adding telomeres to DNA breaks. It was unknown whether cells modulate telomerase in response to DNA damage to increase the accuracy of repair. Here, we report that telomerase action is regulated as a part of the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Using yeast, we show that the main ATR/Mec1 DNA damage signalling pathway regulates telomerase action at DSBs. After DNA damage, MEC1-RAD53-DUN1-dependent phosphorylation of the telomerase inhibitor Pif1 occurs. Using a separation of function PIF1 mutation, we show that this phosphorylation is specifically required for the Pif1-mediated telomerase inhibition that takes place at DNA breaks, but not for that at telomeres. Hence DNA damage signalling down-modulates telomerase action at DNA breaks through Pif1 phosphorylation, thus preventing aberrant healing of broken DNA ends by telomerase. These findings uncover a new regulatory mechanism that coordinates competing DNA end-processing activities and thereby promotes DNA repair accuracy and genome integrity.
Visible and uv Laser Oscillation at 118 Wavelengths in Ionized Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Oxygen, and Other Gases

Laser oscillation has been observed at one hundred and eighteen wavelengths in ionized neon, argon, krypton, xenon, oxygen, and other gases in the spectral range 2677 A to 7993 A. Of these lines, ninety-six have been definitely identified, and arise from singly, doubly, and triply ionized atoms. A 2-m, pulsed dc discharge was employed. Measured and calculated wavelengths and level classifications are tabulated. The majority of the laser lines observed are shown by comparison with calculated relative line strengths to be the strong lines predicted by L-S coupling that possess lower levels optically connected to the ion ground state. The rules ΔS = 0, ΔJ = ΔL = +1 are reasonably well obeyed, although violations of L-S restrictions on core change and multiplicity are also observed. Evidence of upper level population by electron collision with ground-state ions is presented. The time dependence of laser output under pulsed excitation is discussed.
A new performance bound for PAM-based CPM detectors

It is well understood that the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) representation of continuous phase modulation (CPM) can lead to reduced-complexity detectors with near optimum performance. It has recently been shown that the PAM representation also extends to CPM schemes with multiple modulation indexes (multi-h CPM). In this paper, we present a detector for multi-h CPM which is based on the PAM representation. We also give an exact expression for the pairwise error probability for the entire class of PAM-based CPM detectors (single- and multi-h, optimal, and reduced-complexity) over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and show that this bound is tighter than the previously published bound for approximate PAM-based detectors. In arriving at this expression, we show that PAM-based detectors for CPM are a special case of the broad class of mismatched CPM detectors. We also show that the metrics for PAM-based detectors accumulate distance in a different manner than metrics for other CPM detectors. These distance properties are especially useful in applications with greatly reduced trellis sizes. We give thorough examples of the analysis for different single- and multi-h signaling schemes. We also apply the new bound in comparing the performance of PAM-based detectors with other reduced-complexity detectors for CPM.
E-resolution: extension of resolution to include the equality relation

The E-Resolution inference principle described in this paper is a single-inference logic system for the first-order predicate calculus with equality. Special axioms for equality (i.e., axioms for symmetry, reflexivity, transitivity, and substituti - vity) are not required to be added to the original set of clauses. Other advantages of E-Resolution are the relatively small number of intermediate clauses which must be retained in a proof and the distinct possibility that search strategies suitable for Resolution will also be suitable for E-Resolution.Although it is not known whether or not E-Resolution is complete, this topic is currently being investigated by the author.
Expanding the Boundaries of Anthropology: The Cultural Criticism of Gloria Anzaldúa and Marlon Riggs

For the meeting of the American Anthropological Association in 1992, Lisa Rofel organized an invited panel titled "Expanding the Boundaries: Anthropology and Cultural Critique" focusing on the work of two important cultural critics, Gloria Anzaldua and Marlon Riggs. Although neither Anzaldua nor Riggs are anthropologists, they have a good deal to say to anthropologists. As Rofel wrote in her proposal, [t]he work of these scholars has helped us to rethink the intersections of gender, race/ ethnicity, and sexuality, and, indeed, to rethink the entire concept of'culture.' Their writings and productions, as part of 'minority discourse' in the U.S., have provided us with the tools by which to critique anthropology and to move anthropology into a postcolonial, postmodern world." The original plan was for both Anzaldua and Riggs to be present and for Renato Rosaldo and me to serve as discussants after the screening of Riggs' film Tongues Untied. For reasons of illness, Anzaldua and Riggs were unable to attend, but to honor their presence even in their absence, I made the introductory remarks which I have expanded upon in this essay, and the Riggs film was screened to a large and enthusiastic audience. This panel provided the occasion for what I felt was a belated, and very necessary, conversation between American anthropology and the cultural criticism of American minority poet-critics (cf. Freedman 1992). That it was centrally placed on the program of the Association meetings signaled a historic moment for anthropology. The year 1992 was thick with quincentenary recuperations of the tangled history of encounters, expulsions, and expropriations set in motion by the European conquest of the Americas — a history in which many of anthropology's roots are embedded. It was not only appropriate, but urgent, that 1992 come to stand for the beginning of an anthropological dialogue with the creative scholarship that American people of color have been producing for the last several decades. This is scholarship that, as in the work of Anzaldua and Riggs, is transforming the very terms and possibilities of cultural representation. I believe this is an exciting moment for anthropology — crisis and all—because we are becoming aware of our silences; our tongues are starting to be untied. And yet I think we can go farther and should go farther in our selfcritique and in our exploration of other ways of telling anthropological stories. The focus of anthropology on faraway cultures made us unaware, until recently, of the internally colonized cultures within this America that we were always leaving behind in search of the Other somewhere else. We traveled back and forth, from our comfortable posts in the American academy to sites across the border, without questioning sufficiently the privileges and exclusions at home that made our work possible in the first place. As Gloria Anzaldua has stated in an interview, "Even though we are in the United
Theoretical noise-limited sensitivity of classical interferometry

The signal-to-noise ratios for the path-stabilized, the active-heterodyne, the Sag, and the Fabry-Perot interferometers are calculated for cases in which dynamic surface displacements are detected. Expressions for the minimum-detectable displacements are given for the sensitivity limit of each interferometer. It is found that the ultimate sensitivities of the interferometers considered are nearly equal for similar conditions of use. Sensitivity values are shown to be about 10−15 m Hz−1/2 for systems that use typical laboratory instruments.
Questions pertaining to the etiology and pathophysiology of polymyositis/ dermatomyositis☆

Abstract Polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of skeletal muscle and skin that is associated with a pattern of disordered immunity which allows it to be classified as a rheumatic, connective-tissue, or collagen-vascular disease. While relatively uncommon among the rheumatic disorders, it nevertheless receives a considerable degree of attention in the medical literature. Between 1980 and 1986, approximately 1000 English language citations of publications dealing with this disease have appeared in the Medline data base. Since the annual incidence of PM/DM in the United States is approximately 5 cases per million population1 and the current United States population is 242,000,000, on average there has been one paper published for every 8.47 new cases recorded during each of these years. One might reasonably expect that, under such close scrutiny, even the most complicated of disorders would yield at least some of its secrets. A review of the literature, however, reveals that this is still a relatively mysterious disease process, a testament to the great challenge faced by the clinical investigator in defining the basic mechanisms underlying the complex human afflictions that are associated with a disordered immune response. The inherent weaknesses of experimental design and execution that often make it difficult to compare the results of different clinical studies (eg, inconsistent diagnostic criteria, failure to account for variable states of disease activity and differences in treatment regimens) have also contributed to the basis of the controversy that continues to pervade discussions of causation in PM/DM. Below, we will review current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of PM/DM, focusing particularly on evidence that suggests that this condition may result from a genetically determined aberrant immune response to an infectious agent.
Reconfigurable Receiver With Radio-Frequency Current-Mode Complex Signal Processing Supporting Carrier Aggregation

A software-defined radio receiver that is suitable for intra-band carrier aggregation is demonstrated. The RF front-end frequency selectivity is enhanced by the combination of the passive mixer and a proposed reconfigurable transimpedance amplifier. High order bandpass filtering function with frequency notches can be achieved at the front-end. Current domain complex signal processing is explored to select and separate multiple channels concurrently. The receiver contains a variety of functional building blocks that can be connected in different ways to form various architectures. The fine-grained programmability of component parameters and reconfigurability of receiver schemes enable optimum performance under varying signal and blocker scenarios. A proof-of-concept CMOS chip fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology is presented that supports up to three-channel aggregation. The receiver operates at any frequency between 0.5 to 3 GHz. The frequency separation between the concurrent RF channels can be tuned anywhere between 0 to +100 MHz. The concurrent receiver scheme can also be explored to reject large near-band blockers for high dynamic range.
Impact of ventricular ectopic burden in a premature ventricular contraction-induced cardiomyopathy animal model.

Background Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) have been associated with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (CM) in some patients. Objective The purpose of this study was to understand the cardiac consequences of different PVC burdens and the minimum burden required to induce left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Methods Right ventricular apical PVCs at a coupling interval of 240 ms were introduced at different PVC burdens in 9 mongrel canines. A stepwise increase in PVC burden was implemented every 8 weeks from 0% (baseline), 7%, 14%, 25%, 33% to 50% using our premature pacing algorithm. Echocardiogram and 24-hour Holter were obtained at 4- and 8-week period for each PVC burden with a single blinded reader assessing all echocardiographic parameters including those assessed by speckle tracking imaging (EchoPAC workstation, General Electric). CM was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 10% points. Interleukin-6 and pro–brain natriuretic peptide levels were obtained at the end of each PVC burden. Results The mean LVEF (mean heart rate) at 8 weeks for each PVC burden (0%, 7%, 14%, 33%, and 50%) were 57% ± 2.9% (85 ± 13 beats/min), 54.4% ± 3% (81 ± 10 beats/min), 53.3% ± 5% (77 ± 12 beats/min), 51.1% ± 4.2% (79 ± 14 beats/min), 47.7% ± 3.8% (80 ± 14 beats/min), and 44.7% ± 1.9% (157 ± 43 beats/min). PVC-induced CM was present in 11.1%, 44.4%, and 100% of animals with 25%, 33%, and 50% PVC burden, respectively. E/A ratio and radial strain decreased while left atrial size increased beyond 33% PVC burden. No changes in pro–brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 levels were noted at any PVC burden. Conclusion LV systolic function (LVEF and radial strain) declined linearly as PVC burden increased. PVC-induced CM developed in some canines with 25% and 33% PVC burden, but developed in all animals with 50% PVC burden.
Surface energy fluctuation effects in single crystals of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles

Surface energy is a fundamental material property that determines important functions such as catalytic, sensing, and imaging properties. Over the past century, various experimental studies and models including the broken bond theory and Wulff construction have been developed to analyze surface free energies. However, it remains a challenge to measure or predict thermal fluctuation effects on surface energies. In particular, crystals of functionalized building blocks, such as self-assembling proteins and DNA-functionalized nanoparticles, assembled via the specific surface interactions of the building blocks, are highly sensitive to thermal fluctuations. In the case of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles, it has been shown that the crystals are formed as a result of thermally active hybridizations. We show here that the surface energy along different planes can be obtained from the ratio of hybridization events. The surface energy fluctuations in these systems are shown to bear a nearly linear correlation with the fluctuations in DNA hybridization events in the bulk. We further demonstrate that short DNA chains and high DNA loading increase the volume density of the DNA sticky ends. The relationship between thermally active hybridizations and surface energy found here can be used to aid the design of single crystals of functionalized colloids with active surface groups.
Osteogenin: Role in Bone Induction and Repair

Bone has considerable potential for repair and regeneration. The aim of this article is to provide a concise review of bone induction. It presents the hypothesis that endogenous growth and differentiation factors isolated from bone matrix in conjunction with exogenous growth factors isolated from elsewhere will initiate and promote cartilage and bone repair. The potential for regeneration and repair of skeletal tissue is well known from the days of Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Almost a century ago Senn (1) described the utility of decalcified bone implants in the care of osteomyelitis. Pierre Lacroix (2), a Belgian orthopaedic surgeon proposed that bone may contain a substance christened “osteogenin” which may initiate bone growth. Marshall Urist (3) made the key discovery that demineralized, lyophilized bone matrix induced bone formation. Bone induction by demineralized bone matrix recapitulates the stages of long bone development (4–7).