cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missing Data in Biologic Oncology Products

The intent-to-treat principle requires analyses according to the treatment groups to which patients were randomized and that patients be followed to the occurrence of the endpoint or the end of study. This provides unbiased comparisons with valid p values. For many trials the limitations of the data will not be known until the data are analyzed. In this article, the loss-to-follow-up with respect to the intent-to-treat principle on the most important efficacy endpoints was evaluated for clinical trials of anticancer biologic products submitted to the FDA from August 2005 to October 2008. We provide recommendations in light of the results.
Glutathione and metallothionein status in an acute response by Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells to copper in vivo.

Abstract Red glands of Mercenaria mercenaria comprise brown cells that accumulate, detoxify, and excrete copper. Brown cell involvement in metal detoxification is due in part to endogenous glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT). The intent of this study was to test the hypotheses that brown cell GSH functions in protection against Cu2 2+ toxicity, that brown cell GSH provides the initial defense against Cu2 2+ prior to brown cell MT induction, and that MT variants (MTI, MTII), if present are unequal in response to Cu2 2+ . Brown cells were analyzed for GSH and MT after 0.25, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days of treatment of Mercenaria with 0.01 and 0.05 ppm Cu2 2+ . Glutathione initiated the brown cell acute response (within the first day of treatment) to both the 0.01 and 0.05 ppm Cu2 2+ treatments. Metallothionein in brown cells increased to Day 4 during treatment with 0.01 ppm Cu2 2+ , whereas MT concentration was greatest at Day 2 after which it decreased to Day 4 with treatment of 0.05 ppm Cu2 2+ . The change in MTII relative to its control was greater than that of MTI in the brown cell acute response to 0.01 ppm Cu2 2+ and also for Days 0.25 to 2 in response to the 0.05 ppm Cu2 2+ treatment. At Days 3 and 4 with the 0.05 ppm Cu2 2+ the change in MTI/MTII ratio was due to a greater change in MTI than MTII relative to their respective controls. The variants of brown cell MT appear to respond differently to Cu2 2+ depending on the Cu2 2+ treatment concentration.
Scaffolding Second Language Communicative Discourse with Teacher‐Controlled Multimedia

Providing examples of authentic target-language discourse is a challenge for teachers of first- and second-level foreign language courses. The Teacher's Partner is a multimedia tool that assists the teacher by presenting communicative exchanges among native speakers. Compared to videotape, this computer-mediated videodisc permits more precise control over video segmentation–essential for the limited language decoding skills of novice learners. The computer also provides contextualized textual and graphical resources, including a hypertext transcript that will reveal word and phrase definitions and selective grammatical explanations in the target language. The use of the Teacher's Partner influenced the nature of classroom discourse in a French 1 and French 2 class. Year-long research analyzing classroom interaction patterns showed increased use of communicative discourse by a teacher and students in those class periods when the Teacher's Partner was used by the teacher (an increase of 39 percent in French 1 and 55 percent in French 2.) Reflections by the teacher provide a rationale for how this tool scaffolded teacher-student discourse. The challenge of integrating advanced technology into classroom settings is discussed.
Pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis.

Purpose of review Pediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are common pediatric ailments averaging six to eight occurrences a year with 0.5-5% of these progressing to acute sinusitis. A yet undefined number of children progress to chronic sinusitis. Significant resources are spent treating children for sinus infections that would otherwise clear on their own. Practice guidelines for chronic sinusitis are needed. Recent findings Good prospective studies are lacking because of the shear numbers of patients that must be enrolled to obtain a homogeneous population for study. This lack of good prospective studies prevents the development of pediatric practice guidelines for medical and surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Most recent studies focus primarily on pathophysiology and medical management. An area of significant knowledge deficit is the role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in chronic sinusitis. There have been no recent significant changes in the medical or surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis other than the rationale of performing an adenoidectomy prior to endoscopic sinus surgery for eradication of biofilms. Summary Current therapy for pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis continues to be prolonged courses of antibiotics and if the symptoms persist, staged surgical intervention with initial adenoidectomy followed by partial or anterior ethmoidectomy.
An Integrated Theory Of The Adolescent Peak In Offending

Crime rates peak during the adolescent years and decline rapidly thereafter in modern, industrialized societies. This article draws on the leading crime theories and the literature on adolescence developed to offer an integrated theory for the adolescent peak in offending. The peak is said to stem from the essential feature of adolescence in such societies: that adolescents are extended some, but not all, of the privileges and responsibilities of adults. This fact has several effects that increase offending: a reduction in supervision; an increase in social and academic demands; participation in a larger, more diverse, peer-oriented social world; an increased desire for adult privileges; and a reduced ability to cope in a legitimate manner and increased disposition to cope in a criminal manner. These effects increase offending for reasons related to all of the major crime theories and, further, influence and interact with one another to influence crime, thereby dramatically increasing their effect on offe...
Effects of the vanilloid agonist olvanil and antagonist capsazepine on rat behaviors

Vanilloid receptors (VR) are molecular integrators of painful chemical and physical stimuli. Olvanil is an agonist of the vanilloid receptor; capsazepine is a competitive VR antagonist. The authors were interested in investigated the effects of these compounds on anxiety-like behaviors in rats using the elevated plus maze. In addition, the authors examined the effects of olvanil on the Porsolt swim test. Doses of 0, 0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg olvanil, respectively, yielded percent open arm entries at 5 min of 25±10.1, 19.3±7.1, 14.9±5.9 and 0±0. We demonstrated a drug effect by showing that the mean of the 0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg doses was significantly lower than the 0 mg/kg dose at P<.05. In addition, the authors examined the effect of olvanil on the ability of rats to perform in the Porsolt swim test. Float time for rats was tested with 0.1 or 2 mg/kg olvanil and differences between the float times for the lower and higher doses were significant at P<.05. In addition, the effects of various doses of the vanilloid antagonist capsazepine was examined on elevated plus maze behavior. Doses of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg yielded percent time in the open arms at 5 min of 1.46±1.38, 15.05±10.42, 11.54±10.57, and 14.56±7.86. The mean of the 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg doses was significantly greater than the percent time in the open arms for the vehicle, consistent with a drug effect. The results suggest that the vanilloid agonists and antagonists may impact on behaviors involving anxiety and affect. However, it cannot be ruled that the findings could be due to nonspecific motor effect.
Emotion processing in the aging brain is modulated by semantic elaboration.

The neural correlates of emotion processing have been shown to vary with age: older adults (OAs) exhibit increased frontal activations and, under some circumstances, decreased amygdala activations relative to young adults (YAs) during emotion processing. Some of these differences are additionally modulated by valence, with age-related biases toward positive versus negative stimuli, and are thought to depend on OAs’ capacity for controlled elaboration. However, the role of semantic elaboration in mediating valence effects in the aging brain has not yet been explicitly tested. In the present study, YAs and OAs were scanned while they viewed negative, neutral, and positive pictures during either a deep, elaborative task or a shallow, perceptual task. fMRI results reveal that emotion-related activity in the amygdala is preserved in aging and insensitive to elaboration demands. This study provides novel evidence that differences in valence processing are modulated by elaboration: relative to YAs, OAs show enhanced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventrolateral PFC in response to positive versus negative stimuli, but only during elaborative processing. These positive valence effects are predicted by individual differences in executive function in OAs for the deep but not shallow task. Finally, psychophysiological interaction analyses reveal age effects on valence-dependent functional connectivity between medial PFC and ventral striatum, as well as age and task effects on medial PFC-retrosplenial cortex interactions. Altogether, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that valence shifts in the aging brain are mediated by controlled processes such as semantic elaboration, self-referential processing, and emotion regulation.
Rubidium chromium fluoride structures of the hexagonal tungsten bronze type

Abstract RbxCrF3 samples with x = 0.20, 0.25, 0.275 and 0.30 have been studied by selected-area electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy. Four different structure types related to the hexagonal tungsten bronze structure were observed: type (i) with a =2√3aHTB, b = bHTB and c = cHTB; type (ii) with a = aHTB, b = bHTB and c = 3cHTB; type (iii) with a = aHTB, b = bHTB and c = 6cHTB; and type (iv) with a = √3aHTB, b = bHTB and c=3cHTB. The HREM images reveal an ordering of Rb atoms in the hexagonal tunnel sites. Images of models assuming certain ordered occupancies have been calculated and matched with those observed.
Stratification in a pressurized container with sidewall heating

ation of p/z has the same influence on injection as on skin friction under the simplifying assumptions, and Eq (18) is independent of the gas being injected and the wall temperature The solution in Ref 3, being simply that of Chapman and Rubesin with a normal velocity component at the wall, does not consider any interaction between the injected and original gases, thus implying that transport properties are similar In Refs 1 and 4, the authors have considered boundary layers in which there is a large variation of pju A large number of gases viscosities are within a factor of 2 or so; therefore, p/z varies within an order of magnitude as density or molecular weight For an effective average value of C the "reference enthalpy' method has been used, and, at least for the stagnation point solutions, the following relation has proved adequate:
Development of catecholaminergic projections to the spinal cord in the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana

The intent of our study was to determine when catecholaminergic axons grow into each of their adult targets in the spinal cord of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and to identify the origin of catecholaminergic axons in the lumbosacral cord at different stages of development. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive axons, presumed to be catecholaminergic, were demonstrated at different stages of development by the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique of Sternberger. The neurons giving rise to such axons in the lumbosacral cord were identified by using the retrograde transport of Fast Blue and immunofluorescence for tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons. At birth, 12-13 days after conception, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive axons are present in the marginal zone throughout the length of the spinal cord. Such axons are particularly numerous in the dorsolateral marginal zone, the region containing most of them in adult animals. By postnatal day 3, a few immunoreactive axons are present in the intermediate (mantle) zone of the spinal cord; and by postnatal day 8, they are most concentrated in the presumptive intermediolateral cell column. Laminae I and II of the dorsal horn are not innervated by such axons until approximately postnatal day 15. By postnatal day 44, the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive axons in the spinal cord resembles that in adult animals, although some areas may be hyperinnervated. At birth, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive cell bodies are present in all of the brainstem areas providing catecholaminergic projections to the spinal cord in adult animals (Pindzola et al.: Brain Behav. Evol. 32:281-292, '88); and by at least postnatal day 5, lumbosacral injections of Fast Blue retrogradely label tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in all such areas. Retrogradely labeled immunoreactive neurons were also found in areas that do not contain them in adult animals. Such areas include the dorsal part of the nucleus coeruleus and certain areas of the reticular formation. During development, spinally projecting tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons are numerous medial to the nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis (the paralemniscal region), whereas only a few are present in the same location in adult animals. Our results suggest that catecholaminergic axons grow into the spinal cord prenatally, that they innervate their adult targets postnatally and over an extended time period, and that during some stages of development they originate from areas that do not supply them in the adult animal.
Airway obstruction caused by an oleothorax.

T HE AUTHORS recently anesthetized a patient who experienced dyspnea caused by tracheal compression 50 years after surgical creation of an oleothorax. A Clagett procedure was performed to facilitate continuous drainage from the cavity. Because of the unique etiology of her problem, the management differed from that usually recommended for a variable intrathoracic airway obstruction, and the case is presented.
Multiple state emission and related phenomena in transition metal complexes

A.fntroduetion B.Emissionresults (i) Some caveats (ii) Single ring muItiple emission (iii) Distinct orbital multiple emission C. Related phenomena. (i) Eiectrochemical measurements 6) FSR spectra of reduced species (iii) Resonance Raman studies. (iv)MCDspectra D.Modelsystems.. (i) Organic multiple state emitters (ii)~hromium(~)multiple~ateemitte~ (iii)Perspective (iv)Potentialsurfacemodels E.Furtherexperiments Acknowledgement References 325 328 328 329 334 336. 336 340 343 343 343 344 345 346 348 352 353 353
Toward an Empire of Nations: Border‐Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities

I n an appeal to the United Nations in 1980, a self-designated Turkestani emigre organization maintained that the Soviet Union, "one of the largest colonial powers ever," had "swallowed up" Turkestan, "one of the oldest nations in the world." The petitioners characterized the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia, which had eliminated Turkestan, Bukhara, and Khiva in 1924 and distributed their territories among several new Soviet national republics, as an example of "divide and rule."' During the Cold War years, Western observers typically shared this view of the Soviet Union as a colonial empire and "breaker of nations." Writing as the colonies of the British Empire were attaining independence in the 1960s, a number of Western scholars described the Soviet Union as an empire that cloaked its own colonial policy in anti-imperialist rhetoric.2 Soviet scholars vociferously countered such
Graft versus host reaction induced by administration of parental cells: effect on the autoimmune process of NZB/NZW F1 mice.

Abstract Injection of 6-week-old New Zealand (NZB × NZW F 1 ) female mice with parental NZB or NZW spleen cells leads to acceleration of production of antibodies to both single-stranded DNA and thymocytes and to premature reduction in responsiveness to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and mitogens. Paradoxically, however, NZB × NZW F 1 mice injected with parental cells manifest a significantly reduced level of antibodies to native DNA, reduced proteinuria, and prolonged survival. Moreover, New Zealand mice with chronic graft versus host disease develop splenomegaly and significantly elevated serum immunoglobulin concentrations, but no major propensity to develop excessive lymphomas. Finally, the parental splenic cell type responsible for these features is a thy 1.2 bearing radiation-sensitive cell population. The “immunologic storm” produced by injection of parental cells modifies the expression of autoimmunity such that earlier but less pathogenic autoantibodies are produced.
Anti‐Negativity as Form

Agreeing and sympathizing as I do with what I take to be the core of Professor Abraham's argument—that prevailingly American constitutional thought and public reason model their conceptions of liberty and basic rights too much on proprietorship and too little on citizenship—I confine myself here to a suggestion about the framing of the argument.
Optically tunable metamaterial perfect absorber on highly flexible substrate

Abstract We present our recent progress on a highly flexible tunable perfect absorber at terahertz frequencies. Metamaterial unit cells were patterned on thin GaAs patches, which were fashioned in an array on a 10 μm thick polyimide substrate via semiconductor transfer technique, and the backside of the substrate was coated with gold film as a ground plane. Optical-pump THz-probe reflection measurements show that the absorptivity can be tuned up to 25% at 0.78 THz and 40% at 1.75 THz through photo-excitation of free carriers in GaAs layers in presence of 800 nm pump beam. Our flexible tunable metamaterial perfect absorber has potential applications in energy harvesting, THz modulation and even camouflages coating.
Elevated CK-MB with normal total creatine kinase in suspected myocardial infarction: Associated clinical findings and early prognosis

Abstract To test the hypothesis that patients with normal serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) but elevated percentages of MB isoenzyme fractions in suspected myocardial infarction may have sustained clinically significant events, we studied the hospital course of 347 consecutive patients admitted with suspected myocardial infarction. Two hundred twenty-three patients had normal CK levels (182 ± 44 IU) and normal MB percentages (normal group), 68 had elevated levels of both CK (1395 ± 178 IU) and MB percentage (10.5 ± 0.6) (macroinfarction group), and 40 had normal CK levels (96 ± 7 IU) but elevated MB percentages (9.6 ± 0.5) with typical enzyme curves (macroinfarction group). Compared to the normal group, macroinfarction patients were older, had more congestive heart failure, required more intensive monitoring and therapy during longer stays, and sustained a higher in-hospital mortality rate. Thus, these macroinfarction patients are at increased risk and therefore warrant aggressive treatment and further evaluation.
Determination of DMSO in Solutions and Ointments by NMR

An NMR method for the determination of DMSO in ointments and solutions is presented, using methanol as an internal standard. Samples containing from 20 to 0.05 percent (v/v) DMSO were successfully analyzed with this technique.
A plan for the polarimetric remote sensing of the oceans

Polarimetry has the potential to greatly enhance the capabilities of visible and near-IR remote sensing systems. For remote sensing of the oceans, the passive polarimetric signal is a complicated function of solar angle and viewing geometry, along with the confounding effects of the atmosphere. The atmospheric polarization signal becomes dominant as the sensor altitude increases, and this can lead to complications with ground truth measurements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of solar and viewing geometries and sensor altitude to determine a strategy for polarimetric remote sensing of the oceans. A polarimetric radiative transfer code is used to model the nature of polarized light in a coupled atmosphere-ocean system. Viewing geometries are examined to find the look angles and azimuth angles relative to the sun that provide the maximum information about the ocean. The effect of sensor altitude is shown for different aerosol and hydrosol types and concentrations. Finally, the complications of ground truth measurements will be discussed.
Teamwork across Disciplinary Borders: A Bridge between College and the Work Place

Learning the language of the work place in one's chosen field of expertise often goes beyond a well-defined technical curriculum, to encompass skills such as inter-personal relationships, crisis management, and objectivity. Success on the job necessitates the mastery of these other skills almost as much as the acquisition of core technical knowledge. An inter-disciplinary teaming course has been developed to allow students to realize the need for these skills and attempt to impart some of them in a structured environment.
Commercial Motor Carrier Driver Hazards

Pressures from new government legislation (OSHA), organized labor, government regulatory bodies and litigation are forcing designers to consider more carefully the driver's exposure to hazards. Noise, vibration, heat, carbon monoxide and fatigue are the performance stressors discussed. Safety considerations such as visibility workspace comfort, entry-exit and crash worthiness are also presented from the perspective of what standards, practices or information are available or required for truck and bus cab interior design. Language: en
Model transformations to evaluate transient thermal responses at a tissue surface

For a spatially distributed model describing the transient temperature response of a thermistor-tissue system, Wei et al. [J. Biomech. Eng., 117:74-85, 1995] obtained an approximate transformation for fast analysis of the temperature response at the tissue surface. This approximate transformation reduces the model to a single ordinary differential equation. Here, we present an exact transformation that yields a single differential-integral equation. Numerical solutions from the approximate and exact transformations were compared to evaluate the differences with several sets of parameter values. The maximum difference between the exact and approximate solutions did not exceed 15 percent and occurred for only a short time interval. The root-mean-square error of the approximate solution was no more than 5 percent and within the level of experimental noise. Under the experimental conditions used by Wei et al., the approximate transformation is justified for estimating model parameters from transient thermal responses.
The differentiation of bone marrow cells to functional T lymphocytes following implantation of thymus grafts and thymic stroma in nude and AT×BM mice

Abstract Cardiac allografts were used to compare the immunologic capacity of nude mice and adult, thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted (AT × BM) mice. Neither nude nor AT × BM mice were able to reject cardiac allografts of any party. However, both rejected grafts of any party following implantation of neonatal thymus or thymus from 3-week-old syngeneic mice. Irradiated syngeneic thymus grafts (800 R) were equally effective in restoring host responsiveness against allografts. In contrast, allogeneic thymus grafts restored the capacity to reject second-party heart grafts only in AT × BM mice. Second-party grafts persisted indefinitely when placed on nude mice implanted with an allogeneic, unirradiated thymus graft. Third-party grafts transplanted 17 weeks after reconstitution, however, were rejected. Irradiated nude mice given normal littermate bone marrow and simultaneously grafted with second-party thymus and heart allografts also failed to reject their second-party heart grafts. The difference in ultimate capacity to respond between AT × BM and nude mice suggests that a maturational defect exists in the nude mouse enviroment which impedes development of precursor T lymphocytes.
DREAMS: DFM rule EvAluation using manufactured silicon

DREAMS (DFM Rule EvAluation using Manufactured Silicon) is a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the yield-preserving capabilities of a set of DFM (design for manufacturability) rules using the results of logic diagnosis performed on failed ICs. DREAMS is an improvement over prior art in that the distribution of rule violations over the diagnosis candidates and the entire design are taken into account along with the nature of the failure (e.g., bridge versus open) to appropriately weight the rules. Silicon and simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the DREAMS methodology. Specifically, virtual data is used to demonstrate that the DFM rule most responsible for failure can be reliably identified even in light of the ambiguity inherent to a non-ideal diagnostic resolution, and a corresponding rule-violation distribution that is counter-intuitive. We also show that the combination of physically-aware diagnosis and the nature of the violated DFM rule can be used together to improve rule evaluation even further. Application of DREAMS to the diagnostic results from an in-production chip provides valuable insight in how specific DFM rules improve yield (or not) for a given design manufactured in particular facility. Finally, we also demonstrate that a significant artifact of DREAMS is a dramatic improvement in diagnostic resolution. This means that in addition to identifying the most ineffective DFM rule(s), validation of that outcome via physical failure analysis of failed chips can be eased due to the corresponding improvement in diagnostic resolution.
Infrared absorption cross sections for N2O5

Abstract Laboratory measurements of absolute infrared absorption cross sections for three strong bands of N 2 O 5 have been made as a function of temperature from 233 to 350 K. The results of this study confirm most of the recent laboratory studies, indicating reasonable confidence in cross sections for this molecule which are of potential use in its identification and measurement in the atmosphere and in laboratory systems. Beer-Lambert linearity is confirmed and the effect of instrumental resolution on integrated intensities as well as peak cross sections is reported.
SU-E-T-213: Initial Experience with VMAT Plan and Delivery Verification Using a DICOM-RT Framework and Linac Delivery Log Files

Purpose: Mobius3D/MobiusFX (M3D/MFX), a commercial DICOM-RT based plan and delivery verification system, was used to compare calculated and delivered volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) dose distributions using TrueBeam delivery log files (TrajectoryLogs). Methods: M3D/MFX utilizes measured linac commissioning data to generate institution specific beam models for evaluating planned and delivered dose distributions. 30 RapidArc prostate plans and 30 head and neck SmartArc plans were used in this study. For every plan, CT images, contoured structure sets, RT-plan, and RT-dose files were exported to M3D, which recalculated the patients’ planning CT dose distributions using a collapsed-cone-convolutionsuperposition algorithm. MFX utilized the acquired TrajectoryLogs to compute patients’ delivered dose distributions based on actual treatment delivery parameters. The agreement between computed and delivered dose distributions was evaluated utilizing a (3%, 3mm) global 3D-gamma analysis and dose-volume histogram changes for targets and organs at risk. Results: Excellent 3D-gamma agreements were observed for all VMAT plans. On average, for computed and delivered RapidArc and SmartArc plans the gamma passing rates were (99.0%±1.4%) and (96.8%±1.8%), respectively. The average difference for primary target prescription dose percent-coverage between calculated and delivered plans was (− 0.09%±2.52%) for RapidArc and (−2.71%±4.62%) for SmartArc cases. Similarly, the planning target mean dose differences were (1.38%±0.96%) for RapidArc and (1.17%±0.72%) for SmartArc plans. For the prostate plans, the calculated and delivered variations of the maximum dose for a 2cc volume for bladder and rectum were (1.32%±1.26%) and (0.65%±1.44%), respectively. The spinal-cord 2cc maximum dose differences of (3.26%±1.68%) were observed for the SmartArc plans. Conclusions: Clinical quality assurance practice based on linac treatment log files for verification of delivered 3D dose distributions in the patients’ geometries represents a paradigm shift from dose measurements in a phantom. This approach captures treatment planning beam modeling differences as well as the linac uncertainties during treatment delivery of the plan.
Organ conservation in deeply invasive bladder tumors: a valid approach?

The encouraging responses noted in some patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to cis-platinum based chemotherapy have led to the hope that combination therapy utilizing chemotherapy plus limited surgery may make it possible to preserve the bladder in patients with muscle-invading bladder tumors. Despite the conceptual appeal of a bladder-sparing approach, the effectiveness of combined therapy remains unresolved. At present, there are no data to support the routine use of chemotherapeutic agents combined with surgery in the therapy of bladder cancer. The role of neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer will only be defined by the results of properly conducted and controlled randomized studies.
Strategic marketing planning: a twenty‐first century perspective

Looks back at the Viewpoint from the first issue of International Marketing Review in order to reflect on how things have changed in the intervening 21 year period. The author then explains that he sees a continuation of the driving and restraining forces that have shaped global markets for the past half century. If the terrorist and other threats to world peace are contained or resolved, the final critical driver for further globalization is management vision.
Health care worker opinions on use of isolation precautions in long-term care facilities

To address controversies surrounding contact isolation precautions in skilled nursing facilities (SNF), we surveyed 356 nurses and nurses’ aides from 7 SNFs on their opinions regarding benefits and harms of contact isolation precautions. Whereas a majority of health care workers believed that contact isolation reduces transmission of antibiotic-resistant organisms, they were also concerned about potentially harmful consequences to the SNF residents including depression and isolation.
Structure and protein composition of the rotavirus replicase particle.

Abstract To understand the role of viral proteins in the replication of rotavirus RNA, we have characterized the structure of subviral particles (SVPs) that synthesize double-stranded RNA (DS RNA). Pulse-labeling of newly made RNA in infected cells showed that rotavirus DS RNA was synthesized either in single-shell (SS)-like particles or in precursor particles that rapidly mature into SS particles. Experiments using a cell-free system demonstrated that most replicase particles containing newly made DS RNA were of greater density in CsCl than single-shelled (SS) particles. However, this was partly due to the presence of single-stranded RNAs as the treatment of replicase particles with micrococcal nuclease reduced their density to between core particles and SS particles. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that replicase particles, purified by centrifugation on CsCl and glycerol gradients, were similar to SS particles, containing the structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP6. Rotavirus replicase particles were also found to contain the nonstructural proteins NS34 and NS35 and possible host components. The presence of VP6 in enzymatically active replicase particles suggests that, like transcription, this protein maybe required for rotavirus RNA replication.
Cross-hybridization on PCR-spotted microarrays

While more work is certainly necessary to better quantify the effects of hybridization stringency conditions on PCR-spotted microarrays, we find that sequence similarity requirements for observing cross-hybridization on these microarrays are slightly higher than, yet similar to, those observed for oligonucleotide arrays. These results suggest that consideration needs to be given to probe design for genes containing repetitive regions, as cross-hybridization can impact expression studies in two ways: 1) unrelated genes can appear to co-vary by virtue of a cross-hybridizing region; and 2) true expression variations of a gene could be masked by the cross-hybridizing signal of another gene. Both issues become even more of a concern when dealing with transcripts expressed at low levels because a small amount of overlap from an up-regulated gene would provide enough false signal to make covariance seem significant.
Retention of Tritium in Freshwater Marsh Organisms

Tritium retention for snails (Viviparus malleatus, Lymnaea exilis), tadpoles (Rana pipiens), crayfish (Procambarus blandingi), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) was determined over a 48-hour period under laboratory conditions. The organisms were maintained in tritiated water (0.19 μci/ml) for 48 hours prior to transfer to clean flowing-water tanks, and subsequent sampling. Curves for tritium retention were resolved into short and long components. Most of the tritium (96.2 percent or more) was lost in the short component. There were significant differences in the turn-over rates of tritium between species. The half-life of tritium in Viviparus exposed to tritium in food under field conditions was longer than the half-life in Viviparus exposed to tritiated water in the laboratory. The differences in half-life were probably due to differences in exposure time and the type of exposure. The half-life of tritium in mallard ducks exposed to tritium for 2 and 4 weeks at Navarre Marsh was approximately 15 days.
Electron-impact ionization of multiply charged manganese ions

Distorted-wave calculations are carried out for the electron-impact ionization of atomic ions in the Mn isonuclear sequence. Detailed level to level calculations are performed for the dominant excitation-autoionization contributions. The validity of the configuration-average approach is studied and used to calculate direct ionization and higher n excitation-autoionization, when the level to level approach proves computationally too demanding. A combination of the two methods is used to analyze the recent crossed-beams experimental measurements of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{5+},$ ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{6+},$ ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{7+},$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{8+}$ by Rejoub and Phaneuf [Phys. Rev. A 61, 032706 (2000)]. The comparison between theory and experiment indicates that a large fraction of the initial population of each measured ion is in metastable states of excited configurations.
Preparation of colloidal fat suspensions for intravenous use.

SummaryA new method has been presented for the preparation of fat for intravenous administration. Fat prepared in this manner is in the form of a colloidal aqueous suspension with a particle size less than 250mμ.
Bias Momentum Sizing for Hovering Dual-Spin Platforms

An atmospheric flight vehicle in hover is typically controlled by varying its thrust vector. Achieving both levitation and attitude control with the propulsion system places considerable demands on it for agility and precision, particularly if the vehicle is statically unstable, or nearly so. These demands can be relaxed by introducing an appropriately sized angular momentum bias aligned with the vehicle's yaw axis, thus providing an additional margin of attitude stability about the roll and pitch axes. This paper describes a methodical approach for trading off angular momentum bias level needed with desired levels of vehicle response due to the design disturbance environment given a vehicle's physical parameters. It also describes several simplifications that provide a more physical and intuitive understanding of dual-spin dynamics for hovering atmospheric vehicles. This approach also mitigates the need for control torques and inadvertent actuator saturation difficulties in trying to stabilize a vehicle via control torques produced by unsteady aerodynamics, thrust vectoring, and unsteady throttling. Simulation results, based on a subscale laboratory test flying platform, demonstrate significant improvements in the attitude control robustness of the vehicle with respect to both wind disturbances and off-center of gravity payload changes during flight.
AGU Hosts Networking Event for Female Scientists

At Fall Meeting this year I had the pleasure of cohosting a new event, a Networking Reception for Early Career Female Scientists and Students, with Jane Lubchenco, under secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration administrator, and Marcia McNutt, director of the U.S. Geological Survey. AGU recognizes the importance of having a diverse pool of new researchers who can enrich Earth and space sciences with their skills and innovation. That's why one of our four strategic goals is to help build the global talent pool and provide early-career scientists with networking opportunities like this one.
Model-based multisensor data fusion: a minimal representation approach

A general approach to model-based multisensor data fusion using a minimal representation size criterion is described. Each sensor is modeled by a general constraint equation which defines a data constraint manifold (DCM), and observed sensor data populate the measurement space according to these constraints. The choice of multisensor interpretations is based on a minimal representation size criterion which evaluates the complexity through correspondence and encoded errors weighted by relative sensor accuracy and precision. This general framework automatically selects subsets of data features called constraining data feature sets (CDFS) and chooses the CDFS corresponding to a minimal representation interpretation of the observed data. The resulting procedure fuses heterogeneous sensor readings into a single estimation method. The method is illustrated for a visual and tactile data fusion example. The approach generalizes to problems with non-geometric models, and can be used for multisensor system identification in other domains such as process control. >
Seizure-localizing value and functional implications of diffusion-based imaging in epilepsy.

T a T p e p u s f b p u w l c I n this issue, Kim et al. report their findings using diffusion tensor imaging of the uncinate and arcuate fasciculi in leftand right-sided medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) as well s in controls (6). The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) f both fasciculi was increased bilaterally in their epileptic subects, and in left medial temporal epilepsy patients, fractional nisotropy (FA) of the uncinate, but not arcuate, fasciculus was ecreased ipsilaterally. The study is consistent with previous eports of diffusion-based imaging in epilepsy.
Biological invasion alters regional nitrogen-oxide emissions from tropical rainforests

We explored whether the invasion of an exotic, nitrogen (N) fixing tree into native Hawaiian tropical forests has altered regional emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO), two atmospherically important trace gases produced by microorganisms in soils. Ecosystem processes, including nitrification and N-oxide emissions, were not affected by Morella faya (formerly Myrica faya) invasion until it dominated the community with few native species in the overstory or understory. Remote-sensing estimates of upper-canopy leaf N concentration were strongly correlated to N-oxide emissions in ecosystems at the mesic-wet end of a precipitation gradient, where temperatures are warm, relatively constant, and N limits biological processes. In contrast, remotely sensed and field-based canopy chemistry was not related to N-oxide emissions in dry forest ecosystems where the seasonality of temperature and moisture exerted stronger control over soil gas fluxes. Thus, remote sensing of canopy N was useful for estimating the impact of M. faya on regional N-oxide emissions only in regions receiving >1800 mm rainfall annually. Our estimates of N-oxide emissions from M. faya are half as large and 35 times more precise than those made using traditional, plot-level methods of extrapolation. Over the 40 years since its first occurrence in wet forests of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, M. faya has increased N-oxide emissions 16-fold, with its effects most pronounced in summer and at the N-rich centers of dense, monospecific stands.
Analysis of ToxR‐dependent transcription activation of ompU, the gene encoding a major envelope protein in Vibrio cholerae

Summary The membrane proteins ToxR and ToxS regulate a variety of genes associated with the virulence of Vibrio cholerae, the agent of human cholera. One of the ToxRS-regulated genes is the ompU gene, which encodes a porin that may also act as an adhesin. To begin to understand the mechanism of ompU transcription activation by ToxRS, we performed genetic and biochemical studies on the ompU promoter. Deletions with a 58 end-point at or downstream of π128, relative to the start site for transcription, did not direct expression of a lacZ reporter gene in wild-type V. cholerae, although the π128 promoter fragment did direct ToxRS-dependent reporter gene activity under conditions of ToxR overexpression in E. coli. Consistent with the activation data is that membranes containing ToxR and ToxS caused a gel electrophoretic mobility shift when mixed at low concentrations with deletion fragments whose end-point is at π211, but not with π128 or π68 fragments. ToxRS membranes did shift the π128 fragment when added at higher concentrations. DNase I footprinting analysis of ompU promoter DNA complexed with ToxRS membranes demonstrated protection of three sites: an upstream site ranging from π238 to π139, and two downstream sites ranging from π116 to π58 and π53 to π24. Within the DNA protected from DNase I digestion by ToxRS membranes, there are no elements bearing similarity to those identified previously within the promoters of two other ToxR-dependent genes, ctxA and toxT. We suggest a model for transcription activation that involves sequential ToxR-binding events to distinct regions in the ompU promoter.
Determining the Threshold of Stability During Unstable Sitting

Diverse parameters have been developed to quantify spinal stability or system robustness. Kinematic variability (KV) has commonly been used based on the assumption that more robust systems will be able to more effectively reduce system variability. Some of these KV parameters include displacement, standard deviation, RMS area and path velocity of the center of mass (COM) or center of pressure (COP). In addition, stability diffusion analysis and Lyapunov exponents have been used to quantify stability, where lower diffusion or divergence rates indicate a more stable system.© 2009 ASME
Octadecyltriethoxysilane Surface Modification of Zinc Oxide

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is actively investigated for hybrid organic inorganic device applications. The interface greatly influences the electronic properties of these devices. Molecular surface modification of ZnO is being investigated for its potential to control the alignment of energy levels, charge transfer, as well as, interfacial chemical characteristics that influence device fabrication. In this study, octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTES) treatments of thin film ZnO produced by sol-gel decomposition were explored. The ZnO films were hydroxylated and then modified using OTES in solution. The condensation reaction of the OTES at the surface was promoted by the addition of a protoamine catalyst. Contact angle and infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed the surface modification and indicated that the coverage of the OTES was submonolayer. The modified ZnO films were reproducible and stable for long periods. The effects of the modification on subsequently spin-cast poly[3-hexylthiophene](P3HT) and on hybrid ZnO/P3HT organic solar cell performance are discussed.
Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl

Abstract Sprawl has been loosely defined as dispersed and inefficient urban growth. We propose a series of five indicators that examine the per capita consumption of land taken in new development in relation to several critical land resource impacts associated to sprawl including: (1) density of new urbanization; (2) loss of prime farmland; (3) loss of natural wetlands; (4) loss of core forest habitat; and (5) increase of impervious surface. These Land Resource Impact (LRI) indicators were measured for each of New Jersey’s 566 municipalities using a 1986 to 1995 land use/land cover digital database along with US Census population data. By integrating population growth with land resource loss a more nuanced interpretation of land use change is provided than in previous analyses of sprawl.
Prefrontal cortex and recognition memory Functional-MRI evidence for context-dependent retrieval processes

Functional neuroimaging studies of episodic recognition memory consistently demonstrate retrieval-associated activation in right prefrontal regions, including the right anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. In theory, these activations could reflect processes associated with retrieval success, retrieval effort or retrieval attempt; each of these hypotheses has some support from previous studies. In Experiment 1, we examined these functional interpretations using functional MRI to measure prefrontal activation across multiple levels of recognition performance. Results revealed similar patterns of right prefrontal activation across varying levels of retrieval success and retrieval effort, suggesting that these activations reflect retrieval attempt. Retrieval attempt may include initiation of retrieval search or evaluation of the products of retrieval, such as scrutiny of specific attributes of the test item in an effort to determine whether it was encountered previously. In Experiment 2, we examined whether engagement of retrieval attempt is context-dependent by varying the context in which retrieval was performed; this was done by changing test instructions. Importantly, study and test stimuli were held constant, with only the test instructions varying across conditions. Results revealed that the pattern of right prefrontal activation varied across retrieval contexts. Collectively, these experiments suggest that right prefrontal regions mediate processes associated with retrieval attempt, with the probability of engaging these regions depending upon the retrieval context. Conflicting results across previous studies may be reconciled if the influence of retrieval context on the adopted retrieval strategy is considered. Finally, these results suggest that right prefrontal regions activated during recognition are not critical for successful performance as similar magnitudes of activation were present across multiple levels of performance. These findings reconcile imaging results with the selective effects of prefrontal lesions on retrieval-intensive episodic memory tests.