cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous stress-corrosion cracking of high-toughness D6AC steel

The crack growth behavior of D6AC steel as a function of stress intensity, stress and corrosion history, and test technique, under sustained load in filtered natural seawater, 3.3 per cent sodium chloride solution, and distilled water, was investigated. Reported investigations of D6AC were considered in terms of the present study with emphasis on thermal treatment, specimen configuration, fracture toughness, crack-growth rates, initiation period, and threshold. Both threshold and growth kinetics were found to be relatively insensitive to these test parameters. The apparent incubation period was dependent on technique, both detection sensitivity and precracking stress intensity level.
Nondestructive length estimation of an embedded pile through combined analysis of transverse and longitudinal waves

Abstract This paper presents an important modification of the recently developed nondestructive testing method for estimating embedded depth of pile foundations – EDAR – effective dispersion analysis of reflections. The original EDAR method is based on processing dispersive bending wave signals in the frequency-effective wavenumber domain, thus eliminating the need to perform time-domain peak picking that is difficult due to over-distortion of reflected signals. While EDAR was successful in laboratory settings, preliminary field validation resulted in significant errors. After careful examination of the wave physics, it is discovered that both longitudinal and transverse waves need to be carefully included in EDAR analysis. Specifically, it is shown that the initial arrival is dominated by transverse waves, while the reflections are dominated by longitudinal waves, owing to significant attenuation of transverse waves due to compacted soil around the pile. This observation led to a refined EDAR methodology and accurate estimation of embedded pile depth in field settings.
Dynamic Prediction of Building HVAC Energy Consumption by Ensemble Learning Approach

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads contribute a significant portion of energy that a building consumes. Especially for microgrid power systems that operate in island mode, the HVAC loads during daily peak hours can even affect the power quality of the whole grid. Therefore, studying the load behavior of HVAC systems can decrease the energy waste and reduce the risk of overload. However, it is difficult to model the HVAC load due to the essential complexity of the heat transfer mechanisms. In this work, we adopt ensemble learning approaches that consider the load model as a black box and use historical weather data as input and power consumption data as output, to train the HVAC power load model of a building. After setting up the connection between ambient weather conditions and power demands, we are able to dynamically estimate the HVAC power demand for a given day using the weather forecast information.
8 – NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the forces within the nucleus, the conditions under which a nucleus becomes unstable and radioactive, and the relationship of nuclear stability to the abundance of the elements. It discusses the types of nuclear changes, such as α, s, and γ decay, of natural radioactive elements. The chapter explains the bombardment reactions by which many radioactive isotopes and the synthetic elements can be synthesized. It illustrates the fission and fusion reaction. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion bring nuclei into the area of greater stability by increasing the binding energy per nucleon. Nuclides above the stable nuclei curve undergo radioactive decay mainly by positron emission or electron capture. Nuclides below the stable nuclei curve undergo radioactive decay mainly by electron emission. The chapter describes the nuclear power plants in use at the present time and those that may become important in the future.
Magnesium-specific ring expansion/contraction catalysed by the class II diterpene cyclase from pleuromutilin biosynthesis

The class II diterpene cyclase (DTC) from pleuromutilin biosynthesis uniquely mediates 'A' ring contraction of the initially formed decalin bicycle, yielding mutildienyl diphosphate (MPP). Catalysis requires a divalent metal cation co-factor. Intriguingly, selectively with magnesium, this DTC catalyzes ring expansion/contraction between MPP and halimadienyl diphosphate, providing some catalytic insight.
Humanly traversable wormholes

We point out that there can be humanly traversable wormhole solutions in some previously considered theories for physics beyond the Standard Model, namely the Randall-Sundrum model.
A new WENO weak Galerkin finite element method for time dependent hyperbolic equations

Abstract In this paper, we develop a new WENO weak Galerkin finite element scheme for solving the time dependent hyperbolic equations. The upwind-type stabilizer is imposed to enforce the flux direction in the scheme. For the linear convection equations, we analyze the L 2 -stability and error estimate for L 2 -norm. We also investigate a simple limiter using weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methodology for obtaining a robust procedure to achieve high order accuracy and capture the sharp, non-oscillatory shock transitions. The approach applies for linear convection equations and Burgers equations. Finally, numerical examples are presented for validating the theoretical conclusions.
Monopoly's Hidden Justice: How Lax Antitrust Enforcement May Stimulate Charitable Giving and Overcome the Political Economy Barriers to Redistributive Taxation

Antitrust law and competition policy are typically analyzed from a microeconomic perspective, with an emphasis on the effects of monopolies and other restraints of trade on economic efficiency. Rarely do concerns of distributive justice enter into scholarly discussion of industrial regulation; when such concernes to emerge, it is usually to justify breaking up monopolies that benefit the rich. This Article argues that because of the connections between industrial policy and the U.S. tax code, monopolies may actually tend to enhance distributive justice. Thus, a properly calibrated antitrust policy would need to offset the deleterious efficiency outcomes of monopoly using the positive results in terms of distributive justice. The easiest way to achieve optimal distributive justice would be to tax the middle class and give to the poor, but as the Article argues, at least in a stylized view of American political economy, such redistributive taxation is difficult to implement. Policy-makers concerned with achieving "Rawlsian" justice may therefore wish to explore roundabout approaches to redistrubtion. A lax antitrust policy towards industries that cater to middle class consumers but are characterized by ownership concentration, coupled with provisions of the tax code that encourage chartiable giving only by the very rich, may be just such an approach. Whether to avoid taxes or public scorn, monopolists have always tended to give sizable amounts of money to charities. When the government cannot tax the middle class, it may wish to use monopolists in place of the IRS to effect redistributive goals.
When All the PICU's a Platform.

The Internet has vastly expanded the opportunity for patients and families to share their medical narratives with the general public. Yet blogs and social media posts can also prove a source of con...
High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Clinical Review

Given the rapidly evolving nature of the field, the current state of “high-risk” head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) is poorly characterized. Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, workup, risk stratification, staging and treatment of high-risk HNcSCC. Clinical and pathologic risk factors for adverse HNcSCC outcomes are nuanced (e.g., immunosuppression and perineural invasion). Frequent changes in adverse prognosticators have outpaced population-based registries and the variables they track, restricting our understanding of the epidemiology of HNcSCC and inhibiting control of the disease. Current heterogeneous staging and risk stratification systems are largely derived from institutional data, compromising their external validity. In the absence of staging system consensus, tumor designations such as “high risk” and “advanced” are variably used and insufficiently precise to guide management. Evidence guiding treatment of high-risk HNcSCC with curative intent is also suboptimal. For patients with incurable disease, an array of trials are evaluating the impact of immunotherapy, targeted biologic therapy, and other novel agents. Population-based registries that broadly track updated, nuanced, adverse clinicopathologic risk factors, and outcomes are needed to guide development of improved staging systems. Design and development of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in advanced-stage HNcSCC populations are needed to evaluate (1) observation, sentinel lymph node biopsy, or elective neck dissection for management of the cN0 neck, (2) indications for surgery plus adjuvant radiation versus adjuvant chemoradiation, and (3) the role of immunotherapy in treatment with curative intent. Considering these knowledge gaps, the authors explore a potential high-risk HNcSCC treatment framework.
Modeling Supraglacial Ponding and Drainage Dynamics: Responses to Glacier Surface Topography and Debris Flux Conditions

Abstract. Supraglacial ponds play a significant role in the mass loss of many debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya. Glacier surface topography and debris flux conditions are thought to govern supraglacial ponding and drainage. Existing studies, however, have not adequately investigated the relationships and feedbacks between meltwater production, debris transport, topographic evolution and ponding, because field measurements are limited in time and space, and most existing models either neglect these processes or use oversimplified assumptions. Such limitations restrict our understanding of supraglacial hydrology and introduce uncertainties in our assessments of glacier sensitivity to climate forcing. This study develops a more comprehensive numerical model to provide insights into the couplings between topographically-controlled surface ablation, meltwater drainage, ponding, and gravitational debris transport under radiative forcing. We investigate supraglacial ponding and drainage dynamics in response to different topographic and debris flux conditions through numerical simulations based on Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram and several hypothetical scenarios. Results suggest that: 1) Supraglacial ponds make a significant contribution to the total ice loss (more than 20 %) in the lower-mid ablation zone over one ablation season, which elevates the glacier's nonlinear response to radiative forcing. 2) Gravitational debris transport has a non-negligible control on the growth rate of supraglacial ponds by governing debris thickness and ablation rates on the ice-cliffs around ponds. 3) Glacier surface gradient and local topographic depressions control pond formation by affecting supraglacial water storage and drainage. Our simulations provide a possible explanation to the abundance of ponds in the mid ablation zone where slope is gentle and more local depressions are present. These findings may contribute to more accurate predictions of future glacier changes in response to climate change.
Investigation of technologies to improve the visualization of design documents and construction process

x CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 Poor Readability and Inconsistency of Drawings and Specifications 3 Poor Visualization and Inefficiency in Communication 3 STUDY OBJECTIVES 4 METHODOLOGY 4 Task 1 Examination of Existing Problems 5 Task 2 Investigate an Advanced Approach to Acquire Construction Data 5 Task 3 Feasibility Study of Object-Oriented Design and Specifications (OODAS) 5 PROJECTS INVOLVED AND MY CONTRIBUTION 6 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION 7 REFERENCE ; 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS 8 CSI Master Format 9 AASHTO Standard Format 10 Iowa DOT Format 10 SUDAS Format 11 OBJECT-ORIENTED METHOD 12 Basic Concept 12 Application in Civil and Construction Engineering 13 Object-Oriented Data Sharing Methods 14 REFERENCES 15 CHAPTER 3 APPROACHES TO IMPROVE THE READABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 19 ABSTRACT 19 INTRODUCTION 20 OBJECTIVES 20 METHODOLOGY 21
Intravital Imaging of the Kidney in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension

Previous studies performed in rat kidneys shed light on the complexities of glomerular filtration of albumin and reabsorption at the proximal tubule (PT). It is now established that both PT reabsor...
Primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Review of forty-six cases.

Abstract Forty-six cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland diagnosed and treated at the Mayo Clinic through 1964 have been classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of extension beyond the thyroid capsule. In the twenty cases marked by invasive spread or by involvement of local lymph nodes, the treatment was surgical resection (incomplete in eleven) followed by irradiation. Four of these patients survive (three probably cured) and sixteen are dead, of whom fifteen are believed to have died of lymphoma. Ten patients underwent biopsy of invasive inoperable malignant lymphoma and were treated by irradiation. Of these, six are dead of lymphoma and four are living and well twelve to forty-six months after therapy. Sixteen patients whose malignant lymphoma was confined within the capsule of the thyroid were treated by surgical resection (usually complete) with subsequent irradiation in all but one case. Of these, generalized fatal malignant lymphoma is known to have developed in only one. In five cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, lymphoid variant, the therapy was subtotal resection without subsequent irradiation. Over a long period of observation, malignant lymphoma or recurrence has not developed in any patient. The presence or absence of locally invasive tendencies appears to be of major importance in the prognosis of primary thyroidal lymphoma.
Racial Profiling and the Fourth Amendment: Applying the Minority Victim Perspective to Ensure Equal Protection Under the Law

Racial profiling was once thought the figment of an overactive minority imagination. Yet, recent media coverage has thrust the reality of racial bias in law enforcement into the national spotlight. Despite its newfound popularity, the real battle for equal protection and justice under the law has been quietly raging across American courtrooms for decades, and it is a battle that people of color continue to lose. This Note examines the judiciary'S tendency to excise racial perceptions and bias from its analysis of racial profiling cases under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Focusing on the recent profiling case of Brown v. City of Oneonta, this Note suggests that the imposition of race ignorant standards is itself a subtle but powerful vestige of racial bias in the courtroom. By more broadly considering the subjective perceptions of both police and minority victims of discriminatory police practices, courts will be more responsive to the coercive nature of certain police stops, as well as the discriminatory intent behind abusive police
An efficient coding technique for multi-transform image representation

Constrained image representation employing multi-transforms has been recently developed. An efficient coding technique is presented in this paper to code the multi-transform coefficients. An image representation example is presented employing the DCT-Haar combination. The bandlimited nature of the DCT and the Haar spectra allows the scheme to be similar to the JPEG baseline standard. Test subimages with high amount of detail represented using the proposed technique show a SNR improvement of about 3 to 4 dB over using DCT alone. Finally, images, coded at bit rates of 0.44 bits/pixel and 1.23 bits/pixel employing the proposed technique verify the good quality of reconstruction. >
4-Aminopyridine Improves Pulmonary Function in Quadriplegic Humans with Longstanding Spinal Cord Injury

Study Objective. To test the hypothesis that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) might cause clinically evident improvement in pulmonary function in humans with chronic spinal cord injury (chronic SCI). Design. Balanced, open-label study with subjects consecutively enrolled. Setting. Spinal Cord Injury Service, university-affiliated tertiary level care Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients. Seventeen healthy men and women suffering from traumatic SCI (11 quadriplegic, 6 paraplegic patients) for more than 1 year. Interventions. Each subject was given a single dose of 4-AP 10 mg orally in an immediate-release formulation. Measurements and Main Results. Significant increases in mean values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) that persisted for at least 12 hours were demonstrated in quadriplegic patients beginning 6 hours after 4-AP administration. Tests of pulmonary function that demonstrated statistically significant increases at any time were also numerically, if not statistically, increased at 24 hours compared with pretreatment values obtained in 4-AP-naive subjects. Conclusions. The administration of a single dose of an immediate-release formulation of 4-AP to humans with longstanding, traumatic quadriplegia is associated with sustained, clinically meaningful, and statistically significant improvements in pulmonary function. We suggest that the administration of 4-AP may have a salutary effect in patients suffering from SCI and appears to be associated with potentially clinically significant reductions in the pathophysiologic pulmonary sequelae of SCI.
Molecular Basis of Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract Much of the progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal disorders has continued to center on the molecular underpinning of gastrointestinal neoplasia in the 21st century. First, the development of cancer in the setting of inflammatory conditions is well represented by the association of Helicobacter pylori with gastric cancer and of inflammatory bowel diseases with colorectal cancer. Second, the development of cancer in patients with hereditary predisposition syndromes has shed light not only in the mechanisms of hereditary neoplasia, but has also led to major progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of the more common forms of sporadic cancer. The molecular characterization of the steps of gastrointestinal neoplastic development and progression has led to advances in disease diagnosis and treatment and has opened the opportunity for development of more targeted approaches to cancer prevention, surveillance, and novel therapeutics. This chapter focuses on the disease processes that most clearly illustrate the concepts and advances in molecular pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. It includes neoplastic diseases associated with a background of chronic inflammation, well-characterized gastrointestinal hereditary cancer syndromes, and the so-called sporadic cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily reviewing gastric and colonic carcinogenesis.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Triggers Arrest of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Circulation

SAH, blood accumulation in subarachnoid space (SS), is caused by rupture of intracranial aneurisms or by TBI. CSF circulating throughout SS and brain parenchyma forms glymphatic pathways for waste removal. We explored alterations to CSF circulation following SAH in C57BL mice at various time after perforation SAH. Fluorescent microspheres (μS, 0.02, 1.0 mm) were injected into the cisterna magna (CM). One hour later, their spread across the brain was monitored using in vivo multiphoton or ex vivo fluorescence microscopy. In naive mice, from CM μS spread to the brain stem, paraarterially along Willis circle, and further along middle cerebral artery and the ventral surface vessels toward the olfactory bulb. Caudally μS spread down the spinal cord. One hour after SAH, μS were confined to the CM and brain stem region limited by the rostral pons border indicating significant CSF flow impairment. The number of μS distributed to the spinal cord was also greatly reduced. Four days post SAH CSF flow remained arrest...
Teaching Lessons Learned: The ExCEEd Teaching Model

While the first five articles in this Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice JPI series covered a variety of teaching tools and techniques such as the chalkboard, questioning, drama, board notes, physical models, and demonstrations, the previous issue took a broader view and introduced a model instructional strategy. This strategy provides a conceptual framework that an instructor can use to develop classroom instruction in an organized and coherent manner. The strategy reflects the way that students actually learn and prompts the instructor to make conscious decisions about allocating responsibility for student learning and sequencing the contributing activities. This article takes an even wider perspective and attempts to answer the question, What constitutes good teaching? The ExCEEd Teaching Workshop strives to demonstrate and then develop good teaching skills. To do this, good teaching, at some point, must be defined. The ExCEEd Teaching Model represents our best attempt to do this. The ExCEEd Model was developed by examining what attributes make a good teacher, how students learn best, and what tools are available to assist the teacher. The model is based on teaching and learning theory from the literature, supported by years of practical experience from veteran instructors. This article traces the development process of the ExCEEd Teaching Model shown in Fig. 1. Once established, this model serves as a definition of good teaching that can then be used consistently throughout the workshop. Admittedly, many others have attempted to answer this same question, and no two answers are the same. Nevertheless, the ExCEEd Teaching Model is relatively simple; and if an instructor is doing everything in it, he or she is most likely teaching well. Defining high quality teaching is a controversial and perilous task. Teaching is a very personal activity, and no two people do it the same way. Teaching effectiveness is often dependent on the personality and individual talents of the instructor. What works superbly for one teacher may totally flop for another. The answer often becomes, “I can’t define good teaching, but I know it when I see it.” Evidence of good teaching can be seen in the infectious enthusiasm of the teacher, the obvious engagement of the students, the clarity of the presentation, or the successful measured evaluation of what the students have learned. Although there are an infinite number of ways to teach well, there are some consistent elements, activities, and attributes that seem to be present with all good teachers. The ExCEEd Model attempts to capture these.
Acts of Activism: Human Rights as Radical Performance

List of illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Act I. Is it a human being or a girl? Act II. Water rites/rights Act III. Acts of activism Epilogue Appendices: Scripts: Appendix 1. Is it a human being or a girl? Appendix 2. Water rites Bibliography Index.
Adaptive gain control and contrast improvement for medical diagnostic ultrasound B-mode imaging system using charge-coupled devices

A B-mode ultrasound imaging system operates by transmitting a high-frequency sound pulse and measuring the strength and time of flight of the reflected signal. The ultrasound signal may be attenuated as much as 60 dB in its round trip to a target and must be normalized so that contrast is not lost in the far field. Manual controls for adjusting receiver gain versus depth are common in many clinical uses but are impractical in most surgical applications. The goal of this project was to design a circuit to automatically adjust the gain. A two-dimensional low-pass filter is used to approximate the returned signal's local average value which is a measure of the total attenuation, scattering, and beam spreading experienced by the ultrasound energy. The attenuation is compensated by dividing the returned signal by its average value to remove the attenuation. >
Neuronal expression of familial Parkinson's disease A53T α-synuclein causes early motor impairment, reduced anxiety and potential sleep disturbances in mice.

Background Mutations in the human α-synuclein gene lead to early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD); however, phenotypes of α-synuclein mutant mice vary depending upon the promoter driving transgene expression. Objective The goal of this study was to characterize behavior and neurochemical alterations in mice expressing mutant (A53T) human α-synuclein, controlled by a neuron-specific Thy-1 promoter. Our data provide important additional phenotypic and biochemical characterization of a previously generated model of PD. Methods A53T (SNCA) and wild type (WT) littermate mice were evaluated for motor function (rotarod and stride length) and anxiety (elevated plus maze and open field) every 2 weeks. At 24 weeks mice were evaluated in a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). A separate cohort of mice were euthanized at 12, 24 and 36 weeks for immunoblot analysis of α-synuclein, dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum, and hypothalamic serotonin and metabolites were measured. Results SNCA mice display significant motor deficits at 14-18 weeks of age compared to WT mice, which progress over time. CLAMS analysis revealed an increase in activity during the dark phase and a reduction in overall estimated sleep time for SNCA mice compared to WT consistent with clinical reports of sleep abnormalities in PD. A transient change in the levels of DAT appeared at 12 weeks in the striatum and serotonin levels were also altered in the hypothalamus at this time point. Conclusions This PD model displays consistent and clinically relevant motor and sleep phenotypes. Anxiety phenotypes are consistent with other α-synuclein based PD models yet incongruous with typical clinical symptoms. Early increases in serotonin levels potentially explain reductions in anxiety behaviors and sleep.
Measurements of local surface wave speeds by a dual-probe laser interferometer

In a recent paper Huang and Achenbach [1] have reported the development of a dual-probe laser interferometer. In addition to the usual advantages of a laser interferometer such as no contact and point detection, the dual-probe interferometer measures the same signal at two points along its propagation path. Hence the instrument is particularly useful for the measurement of surface wave speed and attenuation. Such measurements provide valuable information on the near-surface material properties as well as the condition of the surface.
CEO Incentives and Product Development Innovation: Insights from Trademarks

We introduce trademarks as a new measure of innovation output, and examine the relation between CEO incentives and trademarks in a broad set of industries. Our new dataset contains over 123,545 USPTO trademark registrations by S&P 1500 firms from 1993 to 2011. As compared with patents, trademarks measure innovation over a wider range of industries and focus on the development portion of innovation that culminates more immediately as new products and services. We find that, on average, firms with more new product trademarks have more volatile stock returns, sales, and earnings after relevant controls, consistent with new trademarks being an indicator of risky product development innovation. We find that the fraction of CEO pay in the form of stock options, the convexity of CEO incentives, and the amount of unvested stock options held by the CEO are strongly positively associated with future trademarks. We also examine subsets of industries based on their patent production, and find generally similar results for all levels of patent-intensive industries. Finally, we document a positive relation between changes in stock option compensation around the implementation of SFAS 123(R) and subsequent changes in trademark creation, suggesting that stock option compensation is an important driver of product development innovation.
Solar radiation charts

A graphical method is presented for determining the average daily radiation on a tilted plane. (SPH)
On the Micromechanics-Based Simulation of Metal Matrix Composite Response

The response of metal matrix composites is affected by factors such as inclusion distribution and shape, inclusion/matrix interfacial bond, residual stresses, and fabrication-altered in situ matrix properties. These effects are studied using a finite-volume micro-mechanics model whose extensive modeling capabilities are sufficient to account for these diverse factors. A consistent micromechanics-aided methodology is developed for extracting the unknown in situ matrix plastic parameters using a minimum amount of experimental data. Subsequent correlation of the micromechanics-based predictions with carefully generated data on off-axis response of unidirectional boron/aluminum composite specimens under tensile and compressive axial loading validates the model's predictive capability and quantifies the importance of each factor.
Strategies for prevention using allied health professionals

Abstract Preventive services which are directed at groups and individuals who are at high risk of some unfavorable outcome should be incorporated into the fabric of medical care practice. Allied health professionals have the required skills to provide preventive services with a greater sense of job satisfaction than do physicians. Experiences to date attest to the usefulness of allied health professionals in meeting the gaps in health care which are largely preventive in nature.
Energy savings horizons for the retrofit of chemical processes. Application to crude fractionation units

This paper focuses on presenting a technique to calculate energy retrofit horizons in process plants. In particular, it focuses on crude fractionation units. The methodology takes advantage of two facts: (a) Pinch-type calculations can be performed using operator type representations and (b) Processes like crude fractionation offer large flexibility in the operating/design parameters. This paper builds on the well-known sequential technique of performing pinch analysis after fixing operating conditions, particularly including heating and cooling targets. The paper analyzes the mathematical properties of the newly introduced implicit pinch operator.
CCAAT Displacement Protein Competes with Multiple Transcriptional Activators for Binding to Four Sites in the Proximal gp91phox Promoter

CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) competes with transcriptional activating proteins for binding to each of four elements within the myeloid-specific gp91(phox) promoter. CDP exhibits the strongest affinity for a site centered at -110 base pairs (bp) of the promoter and progressively weaker affinities for three more distal binding sites. CDP binding to each site is down-regulated during terminal phagocytic differentiation, coincident with induction of gp91(phox) expression. Deletion of the high affinity CDP-binding site at -110 bp leads to inappropriate gp91(phox) promoter activity in HeLa, K562, and HEL cells. An overlapping binding site for the CCAAT box-binding factor CP1 is required for derepressed promoter activity in HeLa and K562 cells, but is dispensable in HEL cells, indicating that different cell types require distinct cis-elements for gp91(phox) promoter activity. Derepressed gp91(phox) promoter activity is further increased upon removal of a second CDP-binding site centered at -150 bp, revealing that CDP represses gp91(phox) expression via multiple cis-elements. We present a model in which restriction of gp91(phox) expression to mature myeloid cells involves competition between transcriptional activators and repressors for binding to multiple sites within the promoter.
The use of free surface constructed wetland as an alternative process treatment train to meet unrestricted water reclamation standards

The purpose of this study was to assess the capability of constructed wetland and a UV disinfection unit to meet Title 22 California Reuse Standards for public use irrigation. This study examines fecal coliform reduction in domestic waste water after receiving treatment through: a constructed open water wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable ultraviolet disinfection unit. The results of the one year pilot project utilized oxidation pond effluent as the influent to the test system. Effectiveness of removal of key constiuents (BOD, TSS, turbidity, fecal coliform, and nitrate nitrogen) along with the cost of the system is compared to the results and costs of other water reuse treatment systems. Long term (12 years) monitoring of the City of Arcata's (California, USA) free surface constructed wetlands has demonstrated high efficiency and reliability in removing suspended solids. The performance data for the proposed pond/wetland/UV system has been incorporated into a decision support model, WAWTTAR (Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies Appropriate for Reuse).
Cell cycle kinetics of the accumulation of heavy and light chain immunoglobulin proteins in a mouse hybridoma cell line

Rates of accumulation of immunoglobulin proteins have been determined using flow cytometry and population balance equations for exponentially growing murine hybridoma cells in the individual G1, S and G2+M cell cycle phases. A producer cell line that secretes monoclonal antibodies, and a nonproducer clone that synthesizes only κ-light chains were analyzed. The pattern for the kinetics of total intracellular antibody accumulation during the cell cycle is very similar to the previously described pattern for total protein accumulation (Kromenaker & Srienc 1991). The relative mean rate of heavy chain accumulation during the S phase was approximately half the relative mean rate of light chain accumulation during this cell cycle phase. This indicates an unbalanced synthesis of heavy and light chains that becomes most pronounced during this cell cycle phase. The nonproducer cells have on average an intracellular light chain content that is 42% lower than that of the producer cells. The nonproducer cells in the G1 phase with low light chain content did not have a significantly higher rate of light chain accumulation relative to other G1 phase nonproducer cells. This is in sharp contrast to what was observed for the G1 phase producer cells. In addition, although the relative mean rate of accumulation of light chain was negative for G2+M phase nonproducer cells, the magnitude of this relative mean rate was less than half that observed for the producer cells in this cell cycle phase. This suggests that the mechanisms that regulate the transport of fully assembled antibody molecules through the secretion pathway differ from those which regulate the secretion of free light chains. The results reported here indicate that there is a distinct pattern for the cell cycle dynamics of antibody synthesis and secretion in hybridomas. These results are consistent with a model for the dynamics of secretion which suggests that the rate of accumulation of secreted proteins will be greatest for newborn cells due to an interruption of the secretion pathway during mitosis.
New method for determining small concentrations of chloride ion

Abstract A new method has been devised for the determination of concentrations of chloride ion from approximately 10 -6 to 2·10 -4 M. The test solution is equilibrated with solid silver chloride, the silver ion concentration is determined by potentiometric titration with iodide ion, and the chloride concentration is calculated by the solubility product principle. Chloride concentrations near 10 -6 M can be determined with an accuracy of about ±5%, and at 10 -5 M the error is within ±0.5%. Chloride concentrations above 2-3· 10 -4 M cannot be accurately determined because of the formation of AgCl 2 - .
Cellular materials–composition, cell-size, thermal conductivity

Composition by weight and volume of a cellular material and how it changes with density is shown in the form of equations. The equations are used to derive the basic relationship between cell size, cell wall thickness, density of cellular material and density of solid and gaseous components. A simplified equation is presented for thermal conductivity of low density cellular materials. It is used to illustrate the contribution of the solid and gaseous components in cellular polystyrene and urethane at various densities. The contribution of factors other than conduction to observed thermal conductivity of cellular polystyrene is compared to that reported for fiber glass insulation. The observed effect of cell size on conductivity is presented and compared to the calculated effect, based on an equation in the literature.
A Substrate in Pieces: Allosteric Activation of Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) by Phosphite Dianion

The ratio of the second-order rate constants for reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and of the neutral truncated substrate glycolaldehyde (GLY) by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+, GPDH) saturated with NADH is (1.0 × 106 M−1 s−1)/(8.7 × 10−3 M−1 s−1) = 1.1 × 108, which was used to calculate an intrinsic phosphate binding energy of at least 11.0 kcal/mol. Phosphite dianion binds very weakly to GPDH (Kd > 0.1 M), but the bound dianion strongly activates GLY toward enzyme-catalyzed reduction by NADH. Thus, the large intrinsic phosphite binding energy is expressed only at the transition state for the GPDH-catalyzed reaction. The ratio of rate constants for the phosphite-activated and the unactivated GPDH-catalyzed reduction of GLY by NADH is (4300 M−2 s−1)/(8.7 × 10−3 M−1 s−1) = 5 × 105 M−1, which was used to calculate an intrinsic phosphite binding energy of −7.7 kcal/mol for the association of phosphite dianion with the transition state complex for the GPDH-catalyzed reduction of GLY. Ph...
Seasonality of phytoplankton production in the Columbia River: A natural or anthropogenic pattern?

Abstract This study evaluated seasonal variability in the quantity and quality of particulate organic matter exported by the Columbia River into its estuary. Samples of suspended particulate material (SPM), collected monthly over a 1 year period (November 1995–October 1996) from a freshwater site in the Columbia River, near the head of its estuary, were analyzed for total aluminum, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PN, respectively) and algal pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). High Al content, averaging 7.9% by weight throughout the year, indicated that detrital minerals accounted for the majority of SPM mass at all times. Organic matter (approximately 2 × POC) varied on a seasonal basis both in terms of its mass contribution to SPM (5–26% by weight) and its chemical composition. In winter, organic matter originated mainly from allochthonous sources, most likely from erosion of soils. Diatoms, the major phytoplankton group present as inferred from pigment analysis, “bloomed” in April–June 1996, resulting in increased autochthonous contribution to POC during spring and summer as well as increased organic matter content of SPM introduced to the estuary. Comparison with results for the same site in the mainstem Columbia obtained between 1990 and 1999 as part of a land-margin ecosystem research project shows that enhanced algal production in springtime is not a feature unique to our data set, at least in the Columbia River’s present highly regulated state of hydrographic operation. The possibility is discussed that recent human influence, principally dam construction, has significantly altered the historical SPM concentration and the chemical composition of its associated organic matter.
Pathophysiology of Preterm Birth: Emerging Concepts of Maternal Infection

Preterm birth remains a significant health concern. Maternal reproductive infections such as bacterial vaginosis pose increased risk for preterm birth, although treatment of bacterial vaginosis has not proven to be universally effective in preterm birth prevention. Maternal oral infection such as clinical periodontal disease has also been identified as a risk factor for preterm birth, and pilot data suggest that oral treatment interventions undertaken during pregnancy may reduce preterm birth risk.
The role of nucleocapsid of HIV-1 in virus assembly.

Abstract The role of the nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 Gag in virus assembly was investigated using Gag truncation mutants, a nucleocapsid deletion mutant, and point mutations in the nucleocapsid region of Gag, in transfected COS cells, and in stable T-cell lines. Consistent with previous investigations, a truncation containing only the matrix and capsid regions of Gag was unable to assemble efficiently into particles; also, the pelletable material released was lighter than the density of wild-type HIV-1. A deletion mutant lacking p7 nucleocapsid but containing the C-terminal p6 protein was also inefficient in particle release and released lighter particles, while a truncation containing only the first zinc finger of p7 could assemble more efficiently into virions. These results clearly show that p7 is indispensable for virus assembly and release. Some point mutations in the N-terminal basic domain and in the basic linker region between the two zinc fingers, which had been previously shown to have reduced RNA binding in vitro [Schmalzbauer, E., Strack, B., Dannull, J., Guehmann, S., and Moelling, K. (1996). J. Virol. 70: 771–777], were shown to reduce virus assembly dramatically when expressed in full-length viral clones. A fusion protein consisting of matrix and capsid fused to a heterologous viral protein known to have nonspecific RNA binding activity [Ribas, J. C., Fujimura, T., and Wickner, R. B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269: 28420–28428] released pelletable material slightly more efficiently than matrix and capsid alone, and these particles had density higher than matrix and capsid alone. These results demonstrate the essential role of HIV-1 nucleocapsid in the virus assembly process and show that the positively charged N terminus of p7 is critical for this role.
Whatever happened to project tinkertoy

It was code-named Project Tinker-toy because it somewhat resembled those children's wooden construction sets. But this was no mere plaything. It was, in the early 1950s, a manufacturing first: what the National Bureau of Standards called mechanized production — the almost 100 percent automatic manufacture of electronic parts and subassemblies.
Child life in the 1990s: changing roles, changing times.

This article presents an overview of the many changes that have occurred in the health care delivery system in the United States over the past few decades and their impact on the child life profession. It focuses upon four key factors: changing technology, rising health care costs, risk, management and liability, and alternative health care delivery systems. Throughout the discussion, potential threats to the traditional child life model are described, as well as opportunities for the survival, growth, and expansion of the child life profession and its commitment to the provision of high‐quality psychosocial care for children in health care settings.
Characterization of Task Specific Force Systems and the Rational Selection of A-Frame Ladders

Because it is inexpensive, an A-Frame ladder is routinely chosen to perform specific aerial work tasks. Presently, these death defying activities cannot be evaluated a priori using information furnished by ladder manufacturers relative to the resistance of their ladders or by trade organizations who cannot define the reasonably foreseeable load environment for various construction tasks. This paper proposes a methodology for rationally evaluating the safety of A-Frame ladders for specific overhead work tasks. A force-plate, normally used in gait testing, is used to safely support workers engaged in a specific work task. The force-plate output can be used to characterize the loading environment for a menu of important operations such as tuck pointing, painting, installation of lighting fixtures, speakers, and ceiling fans. Using statics, the loading menu may be accessed to simulate the forces applied to any ladder under any user profile. The overturning resistance of A-Frame ladders must be established by testing; static stability calculations are unconservative. When the loading environment associated with the installation of a typical ductwork detail was compared to the resistance of a special duty A-Frame ladder, the applied forces sometimes exceeded its lateral resistance. This is consistent with our field experience involving six death cases of sheet metal workers.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of computer characteristics on price in the US computer industry

Abstract The relationship between the cost of a computer and its power is analyzed. Previous work by Grosch, Knight, and Cale et al. has been thoroughly revised. A highly reliable model is developed, with cost as the dependent variable and memory size, millions of instructions per second, (MIPS) memory cycle time and year of introduction as independent variables. This is done for four computer classes: IBM machines, IBM plug-compatible machines, IBM competitor machines, and super-minicomputers. MIPS energes as the single most important predictor of price. Pricing strategies for different computer classes are discerned. The model can be used by both users and manufacturers to determine appropriate computer system prices.
Solid Phase Microextraction for Monitoring Jet Fuel Components in Groundwater

The water soluble fraction of aviation jet fuels was examined using solid phase microextraction. Gas chromatographic profiles of microextracts obtained from the headspace of water samples contaminated by neat jet fuels revealed that each jet fuel possessed a characteristic profile, which suggests that information about fuel type can be obtained from the gas chromatograms of the dissolved hydrocarbons.
Algorithm for solving a linear exchange model with rationing

Abstract An exchange model with fixed prices, linear utility functions and functions that construct the constraints of rationing is considered. A finite algorithm for finding a solution of the model is proposed.
MPP+ and MPDP+ induced oxygen radical formation with mitochondrial enzymes

MPP+ has been reported to inhibit reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase in mitochondria, which results in the formation of O2(.-). The current report demonstrates that H2O2 and HO. are also products of MPP+ interaction with NADH dehydrogenase. It is possible that MPP. formation precedes the formation of some of these active oxygen species. Reducing equivalents for radical formation come from NADH. MPP+ may be capable of interacting with submitochondrial particles at a site other than the rotenone site, which results in some formation of oxygen radicals. Plasma amine oxidase incubations with MPDP+ resulted in O2.- H2O2, and perhaps HO. formation. This is probably due to MPP. formation from the oxidation of MPDP+. This study presents new findings that indicate the potential importance of oxygen radical formation in mitochondria during MPTP toxicity.
β-Endorphin-(1–27): Acetylation of alpha-amino groups enhances immunoreactivity but diminishes analgesic and receptor-binding activities with no changes in circular dichroism spectra

Four synthetic βh-endorphin analogs have been assessed for their immunoreactivity, receptor-binding activity and analgesic potency as well as their α-helical content by circular dichroism. These synthetic analogs are: βh-endorphin-(1–27), [Gln8]-βh-endorphin-(1–27), [Ac-Tyr1]-βh-endorphin-(1–27) and [Ac-Tyr1, Gln8]-βh-endorphin-(1–27). Results show that acetylation caused 3.8–8.8 X increase of immunoreactivity in comparison with the parent analog but abolished receptor-binding and analgesic activities. In addition, acetylation does not alter circular dichrois spectra in 90% methanol. Thus, there is no correlation of α-helix content with biological activities of these four synthetic βh-endorphin analogs.