cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain Activity and Network Interactions Linked to Valence-Related Differences in the Impact of Emotional Distraction

Previous investigations showed that the impact of negative distraction on cognitive processing is linked to increased activation in a ventral affective system (VAS) and simultaneous deactivation in a dorsal executive system (DES). However, less is known about the influences of positive valence and different arousal levels on these effects. FMRI data were recorded while participants performed a working memory (WM) task, with positive and negative pictures presented as distracters during the delay between the memoranda and probes. First, positive distraction had reduced impact on WM performance, compared with negative distraction. Second, fMRI results identified valence-specific effects in DES regions and overlapping arousal and valence effects in VAS regions, suggesting increased impact of negative distraction and enhanced engagement of coping mechanisms for positive distraction. Third, a valence-related rostro-caudal dissociation was identified in medial frontal regions associated with the default-mode network (DMN). Finally, these DMN regions showed increased functional connectivity with DES regions for negative compared with positive distraction. Overall, these findings suggest that, while both positive and negative distraction engage partly similar arousal-dependent mechanisms, their differential impact on WM performance is linked to dissociations in the engagement of, and coupling between, regions associated with emotion processing and higher lever cognitive control.
Fabrication and Testing of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Utilizing a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell

Hydrogen fuel cell powered systems might soon replace the conventional combustion engines used in today's vehicles. Fuel cells hold a great deal of promise for mobile applications including vehicles because they are environmentally friendly and can provide an alternative power supply. They may prove to be the keystone in making traditional electric vehicles a feasible everyday and long-range alternative to conventional combustion driven vehicles. One example of this type of electric vehicle is the New Jersey Venturer, which was equipped with a PEM fuel cell system to demonstrate the use of this new technology.
The Endocrinology of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovulatory menstrual cycle is the result of the integrated action of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and endometrium. Like a metronome, the hypothalamus sets the beat for the menstrual cycle by the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH pulses occur every 1-1.5 h in the follicular phase of the cycle and every 2-4 h in the luteal phase of the cycle. Pulsatile GnRH secretion stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The pituitary gland translates the tempo set by the hypothalamus into a signal, LH and FSH secretion, that can be understood by the ovarian follicle. The ovarian follicle is composed of three key cells: theca cells, granulosa cells, and the oocyte. In the ovarian follicle, LH stimulates theca cells to produce androstenedione. In granulosa cells from small antral follicles, FSH stimulates the synthesis of aromatase (Cyp19) which catalyzes the conversion of theca-derived androstenedione to estradiol. A critical concentration of estradiol, produced from a large dominant antral follicle, causes positive feedback in the hypothalamus, likely through the kisspeptin system, resulting in an increase in GnRH secretion and an LH surge. The LH surge causes the initiation of the process of ovulation. After ovulation, the follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum, which is stimulated by LH or chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) should pregnancy occur to secrete progesterone. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation of the conceptus. Estradiol stimulates the endometrium to proliferate. Estradiol and progesterone cause the endometrium to become differentiated to a secretory epithelium. During the mid-luteal phase of the cycle, when progesterone production is at its peak, the secretory endometrium is optimally prepared for the implantation of an embryo. A diagrammatic representation of the intricate interactions involved in coordinating the menstrual cycle is provided in Fig. 1.
In Pursuit of a National Olympic Team: James G. Merrick and the 1920 Canadian Olympic Track and Field Trials

AbstractFollowing the First World War, Canadian Olympic Committee President James G. Merrick organized an extensive recruitment scheme to assemble the Canadian track and field team for the 1920 Antwerp Games in hopes of reigniting sporting nationalism from coast to coast. Although not a total failure, I argue that Merrick mismanaged arrangements for the track and field team in two important ways. First, he failed to consider the regional implications of sending Coach Walter Knox on an education and recruiting tour of British Columbia and the Prairie Provinces, but not the Maritime Provinces. Secondly, by planning a large-scale system of provincial, regional and national trials in the midst of economic recession, and holding the national finals in Montreal, Merrick gave Central Canadian athletes – Quebec and Ontario – financial and temporal advantages not afforded to their counterparts in the Prairies, Maritimes or British Columbia, stoking the flames of regional discontent. When the national track and fie...
Analysis of Two Freely-Growing Enclosed Populations of the California Vole

Two populations of California voles ( Microtus californicus ) were established in enclosures, and supplied with adequate food and water. Density effects on reproduction, social behavior, molt, ectoparasite load, obesity, and sex ratio were examined. Voles were live-trapped regularly, and all were removed and killed at the end of the experiments, which lasted 10 to 12 months. Both populations grew rapidly after an initial adjustment period during which the founder adults were reduced to one pair. One population grew slightly more rapidly than the other, and reached 2.4 voles/m2. Sex ratios stabilized as numbers increased, favoring a different sex in each population. Wounding was similar in intensity to that found in field populations, except that in the denser population it increased in both sexes toward the end of the experiment. Although all members of each population constituted a single social group or clan, 37% of the older adults showed nonrandom movement patterns. Moreover, there was a clear attempt at social subdivision in both populations although the boundaries were imperfectly maintained. A mite infestation acted in an anti-regulating fashion. Molting was much more frequent and less strongly seasonal than in the field. Females showed a positive correlation between molting and reproduction rather than the expected negative one. While all voles over 25 g contained some kidney fat, obesity was not correlated with reproduction or age, except that the youngest cohort and reproductively active males were slightly less fat. Litter sizes were high and unaffected by density. However, a large percentage of both males and females failed to mature sexually, and this tendency was age-related. Neonatal mortality was also high. Overall population growth, while much lower than the theoretical maximum, was similar to that of other enclosed populations, thus emphasizing the importance of dispersal in normal demography. Other suggested features of this vole's social system are small group size, a tendency toward monogamy, strong presaturation dispersal, and only weak social inhibitions of reproduction.
COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL METHODS FOR TURBINE ENGINE DOVETAIL DESIGN

One of the most significant maintenance drivers in current turbine engines is contact fatigue damage occurring where turbine blades are inserted into the disk. This is commonly referred to as the dovetail slot. The stress state at the dovetail slot is difficult to determine numerically because of the non-linear nature of the contact problem. Because of this, a design methodology based on singular integral equation analysis has been developed. This design methodology is used for the first time to compare the contact stress behavior of similar components from two different turbine engines. The use of singular integral equation methods to analyze these components is supported by a similar analysis on a dovetail experimental fixture. The program indicates that stress predictions by the singular integral equation method compare well to finite element methods for static stress conditions in a dovetail slot. Additionally, the results from the component analysis indicate that there is a correlation between stress state and damage seen during maintenance. However, details concerning the correlation still need to be resolved.
Economic Analysis of Anti-dumping

Economically speaking, dumping means the price discrimination on an identical commodity in the markets of different countries. Legally speaking, however, it refers to those activities in which the export price of the commodity is lower than its normal price and which have been damaging the certain industry of the import countryTo boycott dumping , many countries have worked out and implementied the antidumping acts to counteract the damage from the dumped commodities on the native products. It is reasonable and acceptable to implement the anti-dumping measures to prevent the damage. However, it will affect the normal development of international trade, of the action if anti-dumping exceeds its reasonable scale and level.
Therapeutic Results and Complications of Phacoemulsification in Patients with Cataracts

Objective To investigate the therapeutic results and complications of Phaconemulsification for cataracts.Methods The therapeutic results and complication of 229 cases(256 eyes) of Phacoemulsification were reviewed.Results The postoperative visual acuities with spherical correction or without correction were 0.5 or better than 0.5 in 47.27% at the 1st day,and in 67.58%,80.86%,at the 1st week,the first month respectively.The postoperative astigmatism was 1.5D or less than 1.5D in 63.28% at the 1st week,and in 75.39% at the 1st month.The main complications included posterior capsular rupture,iris injury,corneal endothelial edema,et al.Conclusion The results indicated that the phacoemulsification performed on eyes with cataract was one better way due to fast restoration of visual acuity and low rate of complications.
Neuropharmacologic Evaluation in Spinal Cord Injury Patients Using Membrane Catheter Cystosphincterometry

Synchronous cystosphincterometry with a membrane catheter was done on spinal cord injury patients. Bladder and urethral pressures were monitored quantitatively during vesical filling and emptying. Phentolamine, propantheline and bethanechol chloride were administered to selected patients with bladder and urethral dysfunction. The membrane catheter technique was an excellent method to evaluate the pharmacology of detrusor and urethral function.
An Experiential Approach to Marketing Education

The paper examines two paradoxes in the art of teaching. The first, vocational vs. humanisitic education is illuminated by "selling sprints" created to teach basic selling skills. The second, the process or rationalizing vs. sensitizing human behavior draws from psycholinguistics to support a proposed motto for marketing education.
Heart Disease and Cancer Deaths - Trends and Projections in the United States, 1969-2020.

Introduction Heart disease and cancer are the first and second leading causes of death in the United States. Age-standardized death rates (risk) have declined since the 1960s for heart disease and for cancer since the 1990s, whereas the overall number of heart disease deaths declined and cancer deaths increased. We analyzed mortality data to evaluate and project the effect of risk reduction, population growth, and aging on the number of heart disease and cancer deaths to the year 2020. Methods We used mortality data, population estimates, and population projections to estimate and predict heart disease and cancer deaths from 1969 through 2020 and to apportion changes in deaths resulting from population risk, growth, and aging. Results We predicted that from 1969 through 2020, the number of heart disease deaths would decrease 21.3% among men (-73.9% risk, 17.9% growth, 34.7% aging) and 13.4% among women (-73.3% risk, 17.1% growth, 42.8% aging) while the number of cancer deaths would increase 91.1% among men (-33.5% risk, 45.6% growth, 79.0% aging) and 101.1% among women (-23.8% risk, 48.8% growth, 76.0% aging). We predicted that cancer would become the leading cause of death around 2016, although sex-specific crossover years varied. Conclusion Risk of death declined more steeply for heart disease than cancer, offset the increase in heart disease deaths, and partially offset the increase in cancer deaths resulting from demographic changes over the past 4 decades. If current trends continue, cancer will become the leading cause of death by 2020.
HYBRID OPTICAL BISTABILITY EXPERIMENTS

This chapter focuses on hybrid optical bistability. Hybrid bistable optical device is significant because it provides an ideal plane-wave purely dispersive and well-controlled device that could be used to compare theories and experiments. Any optical phenomenon that leads to an output signal, which is a nonlinear function of a parameter that can be made proportional to the output, will exhibit hybrid optical bistability. Elimination of the optical cavity removes the need for coherent light; any light source with suitable stability characteristics can be used. Hybrid bistable systems place few demands on the light source and optics; any sophistication is usually in the electronics or in the light-electronics interface device. Consequently, there have been many hybrid bistability experiments. They can be divided roughly into two types: (1) those that study some bistability phenomenon such as regenerative pulsations or critical slowing down and (2) those that extend the light-electronics interface systems. A hybrid bistable system is an exact analog of a plane-wave purely dispersive intrinsic bistable system; therefore, many hybrid experiments are very helpful in understanding the behavior of ideal intrinsic devices.
Particulate air pollutants, APOE alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models.

Particulate air pollutants, APOE alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models
Steady Dynein Activity Produces Dynamic Instability and Wavelike Oscillations in a 9-Doublet Finite Element Model of Flagella

The oscillatory, wavelike motion of cilia and flagella remains mysterious, although the basic structure of the 9+2 axoneme and the properties of dynein motors are well known. It is widely believed that feedback from mechanical deformation of the axoneme (microtubule doublet curvature, sliding or spacing, e.g.) to dynein activity leads to dynamic instability and sustained oscillations. However, a prior analysis of the partial differential equations (PDEs) of a simplified, 2-doublet axoneme model suggests that dynamic dynein regulation is not necessary to produce oscillatory behavior.
Risk factors for radiation-induced optic neuropathy: a case-control study.

Importance Identifying risk factors for radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) could promote a more conservative approach to radiation treatment planning in vulnerable patients. Background This study explored possible factors beyond radiation dose associated with the development of RION after external beam radiation therapy. Design This was a retrospective case–control study conducted at a university hospital tertiary care center. Participants Cases (n = 14) meeting criteria for a diagnosis of RION by neuro-ophthalmologic exam were identified from a single-centre neuro-ophthalmology database. Controls (n = 31) without RION were selected from a single-centre radiation oncology database. Methods Controls were matched to cases based upon maximum radiation dose to the optic apparatus. Patient characteristics and treatment parameters were interrogated by univariate analysis for attributes predisposing to RION. Main Outcome Measures The primary parameter was a significant association of patient characteristics or treatment parameters with RION. Results Controlling for radiation dosage, no significant associations for alternative risk factors were identified. Conclusions and Relevance These results support the literature suggesting that the primary risk factor for developing RION is radiation dosage and that additional patient-related and tumour-related risk factors may play only a minor role.
cis or trans with class II diterpene cyclases

Isoprenoid precursors readily undergo (poly)cyclization in electrophilic reaction cascades, presumably as internal addition of the carbon-carbon double-bonds from neighboring isoprenyl repeats readily forms relatively stable cyclohexyl tertiary carbocation intermediates. This hypothesis is agnostic regarding alkene configuration (i.e., Z or E). Consistent with this, here it is shown that certain class II diterpene cyclases, which normally convert (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate to 13E-trans-decalin bicycles, will also act upon (Z,Z,Z)-nerylneryl diphosphate, producing novel 13Z-cis-decalin bicycles instead.
Annual baseflow variations as influenced by climate variability and agricultural land use change in the Missouri River Basin

Abstract The Missouri River system has a large water storage capacity, where baseflow plays an important role. Understanding historical baseflow characteristics with respect to climate and land use impacts is essential for effective planning and management of water resources in the Missouri River Basin (MORB). This study evaluated statistical trends in baseflow and precipitation for 99 MORB minimally disturbed watersheds during 1950–2014. Elasticity of baseflow to climate variability and agricultural land use change were quantified for the 99 studied watersheds. Baseflow was derived from daily streamflow records with a recursive digital filter method. The results showed that baseflow varied between 38 and 80% (0 and 331 mm/year) of total streamflow with an average of 60%, indicating that more than half of streamflow in the MORB is derived from baseflow. The trend analysis revealed that precipitation increased during the study period in 78 out of 99 watersheds, leading to 1–3.9% noticeable increase in baseflow for 68 of 99 watersheds. Although the changes in baseflow obtained in this study were a result of the combined effects of climate and land use change across the basin, upward trends in baseflow generally coincide with increased precipitation and agricultural land use trends in the basin. Agricultural land use increase mostly led to a 0–5.7% decrease in annual baseflow in the basin, except toward east of the basin where baseflow mostly increased with agricultural land use increase (0.1–2.0%). In general, a 1% increase in precipitation and a 1% increase in agricultural land use resulted in 1.5% increase and 0.2% decrease in baseflow, respectively, during the study period. These results are entirely dependent on the quality of data used; however, they provide useful insight into the relative influence of climate and land use change on baseflow conditions in the Great Plains region of the USA.
Atomic-level deformation of CuxZr100-x metallic glasses under shock loading

Plastic deformation mechanisms in CuxZr100-x bulk metallic glasses (MGs) subjected to shock are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. MGs with Cu compositions between 30 and 70 at. % subjected to shock waves generated via piston velocities that range from 0.125 to 2.0 km/s are considered. In agreement with prior studies, plastic deformation is initiated via formation of localized regions of high von Mises shear strain, known as shear transformation zones (STZs). At low impact velocities, but above the Hugoniot elastic limit, STZ nucleation is dispersed behind the shock front. As impact velocity is increased, STZ nucleation becomes more homogeneous, eventually leading to shock-induced melting, which is identified in this work via high atomic diffusivity. The shear stress necessary to initiate plastic deformation within the shock front is independent of composition at shock intensities near the elastic limit but increases with increasing Cu content at high shock intensities. By contrast, both the flow stress in the plastically deformed MG and the critical shock pressure associated with melting behind the shock front are found to increase with increasing Cu content over the entire range of impact velocities. The evolution of the short-range order in the MG samples during shock wave propagation is analyzed using a polydisperse Voronoi tessellation method. Cu-centered polyhedra with full icosahedral symmetry are found to be most resistant to change under shock loading independent of the MG composition. A saturation is observed in the involvement of select Cu-centered polyhedra in the plastic deformation processes at a piston velocity around 0.75 km/s.
Archival Foreclosure: A Scholar's Lawsuit Against the Estate of James Joyce

The increasing scope and duration of copyright protection have had a noticeable impact on archive-based scholarship. More than a few literary estates have hampered scholars' efforts to quote from important documents freely accessible to the public in libraries but not fully usable in published scholarship due to copyright restraints. This paper tells the story of one scholar who fought back by suing the Estate of James Joyce for a judicial declaration that what she planned to do with archival materials was fair use and what the Joyce Estate had been doing to interfere with scholarship was copyright misuse.
Heparin Interaction with Activated Factor X and Its Inhibitor

We would like to present an improved method for the purification of the inhibitor of activated factor X (heparin cofactor, antithrombin III) from various species of plasma, and some observations on the in vitro response of plasma of various species to heparin.
In Situ Measurement of Sediment Acoustic Properties During Coring

The acoustical properties of liquid-saturated and gas-bearing sediments are discussed and related to other sediment properties. A system is described which has been developed for attachment to sediment corers in order to obtain an in situ sound-speed profile during a coring operation. The system uses two electroacoustic transducers mounted in the cutting head of the corer and associated electronic circuitry to measure the travel time of an acoustic pulse traversing the diameter of the sediment core. Results of laboratory and field tests are presented. There is an ongoing study of the feasibility of expanding the sound speed measurement system capabilities to include a measure of sediment acoustic attenuation and internal volume scattering. Each of these measured acoustical parameters is useful for sediment description and gas assessment.
Acousto-Ultrasonic Techniques for Evaluation of Bond Integrity of Composite Repair Patches

Composite materials offer many advantages over conventional materials in structural reinforcement and repair of aging aircraft. Composite repair patches are usually boron/epoxy or carbon/epoxy laminates adhesively bonded to the aluminum substrate where damage, such as fatigue or stress corrosion cracking, exists or is anticipated. Such patches are thin and lightweight, conform to curved surfaces and have high directional strength and stiffness. They can be installed relatively easily without causing damage to the existing structure and they do not cause any problems with fretting, corrosion, undesirable structural changes or balance.
A Digital RNA Signature of Circulating Tumor Cells Predicting Early Therapeutic Response in Localized and Metastatic Breast Cancer.

The multiplicity of new therapies for breast cancer presents a challenge for treatment selection. We describe a 17-gene digital signature of breast circulating tumor cell (CTC)-derived transcripts enriched from blood, enabling high-sensitivity early monitoring of response. In a prospective cohort of localized breast cancer, an elevated CTC-Score after three cycles of neoadjuvant therapy is associated with residual disease at surgery (p=0.047). In a second prospective cohort with metastatic breast cancer, baseline CTC-Score correlates with overall survival (p= 0.02), as does persistent CTC signal after four weeks of treatment (p=0.01). In the subset with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease, failure to suppress ER-signaling within CTCs after three weeks of endocrine therapy predicts early progression (p=0.008). Drug-refractory ER signaling within CTCs overlaps partially with presence of ESR1 mutations, pointing to diverse mechanisms of acquired endocrine drug resistance. Thus, CTC-derived digital RNA signatures enable noninvasive pharmacodynamic measurements to inform therapy in breast cancer.
Trophic Diversification and Speciation – ‘Your Eating Fuels Evolution’

This concluding chapter presents evidence that the dietary basis of fishes and aquatic invertebrates has, due to initial individual specialization, the potential to cause trophic diversification and induce parapatric or even sympatric speciation. Well known examples comprise not only fish and, to a lesser degree, invertebrate species flocks in ancient lakes, but also rapid speciating fish taxa, such as Lepomis gibbosus, Cyprinodon spp., Salvelinus alpinus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and Amphilophus spp. These fish species can radiate within a few decades or even years. Underlying mechanisms are genetics and epigenetics, e.g. the action of microRNAs. From ciliates, which pass acquired properties to hundreds of generations, also methylation of DNA and histones has been reported. Therefore, genetics and epigenetics are not mutually exclusive; rather, they can enforce each other, and non-genetic mechanisms should, therefore, be in the focus of studies to come.
A Stop Is Just a Stop: Terry's Formalism

Terry v. Ohio expanded police authority by creating a new legal category—the stop based on reasonable suspicion, an easier standard to meet than an arrest based on probable cause. The formal line between those two categories, however, has turned out to be blurry. In practice, stops morph easily into arrests even without new evidence, an elision that Terry doctrine does not contemplate. The implications are significant for the enormous misdemeanor arena where legal rules generally lack traction, and Terry stops are common. Once those stops become arrests, they typically convert smoothly into criminal charges, which easily become convictions. Terry stops thus influence eventual outcomes far more than they should given their lightweight evidentiary basis. This slippery slope undermines the integrity of basic distinctions between policing and prosecution throughout the petty offense process, an unprincipled state of affairs exacerbated by the original Terry compromise.
Additively Manufactured Frequency Selective Structures on Curved Surfaces

Two different additive manufacturing methods are employed to pattern a curved plastic surface with a frequency selective structure (FSS). Here, a dielectric lens is used as a proof of concept for a curved surface and the FSS is a bandstop filter designed to operate near 150 GHz. An aerosol jet printing process is used to directly print the FSS onto a planar surface and a lens structure. Additionally, a patterned FSS is demonstrated by printing the test structures with the pattern pre-inset into the dielectric, sputtering them with copper, and then selectively removing the copper from the unpatterned area. This procedure is also known as a damascene-like process. Structures are printed using a Formlabs Form 2 printer, which uses a stereolithography (SLA) technology, and a clear colored high temperature curing resin as the build material. Simulations are performed using ANSYS HFSS and measurements were taken using an Emcore frequency domain THz system.
Adaptive Shape Ripening and Interparticle Bridging of l-Arginine-Stabilized Silica Nanoparticles during Evaporative Colloidal Crystal Assembly.

During evaporative self-assembly of colloidal crystal films, spherical l-arginine-stabilized silica colloids adapt to different close-packed geometries by faceting and forming bridge connections with their nearest neighbors. We systematically studied the morphological changes of 37 and 138 nm diameter colloids during evaporative assembly and compared them to 65 nm Stober silica colloids prepared without l-arginine. Colloidal crystal films were grown from particles that had been dialyzed against water or l-arginine, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and/or l-arginine were added to solutions during colloidal film growth. Solid-state 29Si NMR spectra showed the presence of l-arginine and incompletely condensed silica in colloids grown from silica seeds in l-arginine solutions. These colloids were especially susceptible to chemical ripening during the colloidal assembly process, adopting faceted shapes that reflected the packing symmetry of the colloidal crystal films. The addition of l-arginine and TEOS accelerated these shape changes by catalyzing the hydrolysis and olation of silica and by adding a source of silica to the solution, respectively. This chemistry provides a route to single-component and binary colloidal crystals composed of nonspherical silica building blocks.
The Fluidity of Historical Analysis: Students' Interpretations of "Mendez v. Westminster".

Using research from two eleventh-grade U.S. history classrooms in the San Francisco area, this article examines how students draw on their lived experiences to create historical meanings. Specifically, a three-day lesson on Mendez v. Westminster was used as part of a curricular intervention to explore the following question: How do students use their experiences with race/ethnicity and language to understand how discrimination was enacted in a different time? A grounded theory approach was used to identify patterns and codes from the data including student work, student interviews, and classroom observations. Findings reveal that students’ lived experiences served as a tool for understanding racial/ethnic discrimination and reasons why 1940s Mexican Americans claimed whiteness. At the same time, students’ lived experiences limited their ability to recognize language segregation in the 1940s. Having said this, students in this study view history through various lenses: 1) a racialized lens that recognizes White privilege; and 2) a language lens that reifies language discrimination. The authors conclude by presenting the complexity of students’ intersectional identities in shaping their historical analysis.
A case of heterozygous factor VII deficiency in pregnancy.

Factor VII deficiency is a rare inherited disorder of coagulation. The prevalence of this disorder is estimated at roughly 1:500,000 for homozygotes and 1:350 in heterozygotes (Hunault and Bauer 20...
Review: Furious Hours: Murder, Fraud, and the Last Trial of Harper Lee by Casey Cep

Review of Casey Cep's non-fiction book Furious Hours: Murder, Fraud, and the Last Trial of Harper Lee. Highly recommended.
Louise Bourgeois’s School of Learning and Action

As the essays in this issue amply demonstrate, the French royal midwife Louise Bourgeois (1563–1636), the first woman to have published a medical text in Europe, made many unique contributions to s...
Clinical and genetic analysis of a patient with periventricular nodular heterotopia 7 caused by NEDD4L gene variant

Objective To explore the genetic basis of a patient featuring global developmental delay, intellectual disability, cleft palate, seizures and hypotonia. Methods Clinical examination and laboratory tests were carried out. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient and his parents. Whole genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to next generation sequencing. Candidate variation was analyzed by using bioinformatic software and validated by Sanger sequencing. Results The proband was found to carry a heterozygous c. 2117T>C (p.Leu706Pro) variant of the NEDD4L gene, which was a de novo variant validated by Sanger sequencing and predicted to be likely pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics Guidelines. Conclusion The heterozygous variant of c. 2117T>C (p.Leu706Pro) of the NEDD4L gene probably underlies the disorders in the patient. Key words: Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7; NEDD4L gene; Gene variant; Next generation sequencing
Using telehealth to support pediatricians in newborn care

This clinical scenario-based review will discuss how telehealth programs improve access to specialty care for neonates, their caregivers, and primary care pediatricians. Tele-resuscitation supports pediatricians during complex, high-risk newborn resuscitations, improves the quality of delivery room care, and reduces odds of transfer to a higher level of care. Neonatologists and other pediatric specialists use telehealth to provide more effective consultations that positively influence management decisions and patient outcomes. When neonatologists provide video visits to home and meet virtually with primary care pediatricians, infants discharged from the NICU experience fewer emergency room visits and hospital re-admissions. With further implementation and dissemination of neonatal telemedicine programs, it is important that these programs continue to be thoughtfully designed to achieve measurable value that is relevant to patients and caregivers, providers, healthcare systems, and payers.
God Is Never Ashamed of Us

A youth is curious about why his grandfather, who helped raise him, attends church in a particular way.
An Investigation into Optimal Safety Net Programs

Safety net programs are increasingly used all over the world as a means to provide assistance to poor households, including in very poor countries. However, policy makers are left with little guidance to select among alternative safety net programs and designs. The objective of this paper is to derive the features of the optimum safety net program in an economy with heterogeneous agents with non-observable characteristics. It analyzes a model where the government seeks to maximize a social welfare function through the introduction of a safety net program (cash transfer or public works) financed from a linear tax on income while individuals choose whether to participate in the public works program. After calibrating the model to developing economies, the paper shows that the global optimum safety net program is a cash transfer program while a public works program may be locally optimum depending on the distribution of population skills. The paper analyzes the limitations of the model and suggests extensions with a view towards policy implications.
Increasing the Power of Intergenerational Programs: Advancing an Evaluation Tool:

Intergenerational practitioners responding to a 2018 national survey identified a need for evidence-informed evaluation tools to measure program impact. The Best Practices (BP) Checklist, a 14-item...
The signed mental lexicon: Effects of phonological neighborhood density, iconicity, and childhood language experience

Abstract Most of what is known about the mental lexicon comes from studies of spoken language and their written forms. Signs differ from spoken/written words in two important ways that may affect lexical recognition: their phonological composition is unique (e.g., more simultaneous than serial structure; few minimal pairs) and many signs are iconic. Using an unprimed lexical decision task in American Sign Language (ASL) and the first available estimates of phonological neighborhood density for any sign language, we found that phonological neighborhood density had an inhibitory effect on latency among low frequency signs. This is the first clear evidence that phonological neighbors spontaneously compete during sign recognition. Iconicity negatively affected accuracy but not reaction times, suggesting that iconicity plays a role in task-related decision processes but not lexical retrieval. Many deaf signers have delayed first language acquisition, and we found that language deprivation had lasting, negative effects on phonological processing and sign recognition speed and accuracy. This work indicates that the lexicons of both spoken and signed languages are organized by form, that lexical recognition occurs through form-based competition (most evident for low frequency items), and that form-meaning mappings do not drive lexical access even when iconicity is pervasive in the lexicon.
High-Accuracy Deep Belief Network: Fuzzy Neural Networks Using MRAM-Based Stochastic Neurons

Two-terminal magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) devices provide a recent approach to intrinsically realizing stochastic neuronal behavior in cognitive architectures such as restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) for deep belief networks (DBNs). MRAM-based DBNs have achieved substantial energy and area improvements in comparison with the prior DBN hardware implementations. However, MRAM-based DBNs suffer from low accuracy in image classification. In order to resolve this problem, we present a new DBN-fuzzy system based on the combination of MRAM-based DBNs and fuzzy systems in the interest of improving the accuracy of MRAM-based neural networks. First, the MRAM-based DBN is employed to identify the top recognition results with the highest probability. Second, the fuzzy system is utilized to obtain the top-1 recognition results. We assess the accuracy of neural networks on the MNIST dataset, finding that the top-1 accuracy of the DBN-fuzzy neural network is improved from 64% to 82% in comparison to the MRAM-based DBNs for a $784\times10$ network.
Singularly Perturbed Initial Value Problems

Readers should refer to Murray (1977) and to earlier chemical engineering literature [especially Bowen et al. (1963) and Heinekin et al. (1967)] for experts’ explanations of the significance of the pseudo-steady-state hypothesis in biochemistry. The theory of Michaelis and Menton (1913) and Briggs and Haldane (1925) concerns a substrate S being converted irreversibly by a single enzyme E into a product P. There is also an intermediate substrate-enzyme complex SE. Since the back reaction is negligible, we shall systematically write $$S + E\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{k}_{1}}} \\ \to \\ \leftarrow \\ {{{k}_{{ - 1}}}} \\ \end{array} SE\xrightarrow{{{{k}_{2}}}}P + E. $$
Ingestion in Mammals

Ingestion is a series of biologically complex activities(capture,incision,transport,mastication,swallowingand,in infant mammals, suckling) performed by the oralapparatus. The oral apparatus includes the dentition, themasticatory muscles, numerous bones of the cranium, thesquamosal–dentary joints connecting the lower jaw to theskull, the tongue, and many other structures in the head.Mammals are distinguished from other vertebrates inmany aspects of ingestion. For example, in most othervertebrates, mastication does not occur. Also, foodtransport and swallowing are less complex in othervertebrates and generally involve the coordination offewer muscles and other soft tissue structures. Further-more,sucklingisabehaviourthatisuniquetomammals.Itis not surprising, therefore, that mammals have manybony, muscular, neural and other specializations foringestion that distinguish them from other vertebrates.Among mammals, interspeciﬁc variation in these anato-mical specializations frequently reﬂects the dominantcomponent of a species’ diet, so that we speak ofherbivores, carnivores, insectivores, frugivores and omni-vores. Structures that are adapted in mammals for useduring ingestion include the dentition, the chewingmuscles, the lips and the lip musculature, the cheekmusculature, the cranial bones, the palate, the tongue,and the pharynx.Thedentitionofmammalsisheterodontic,whichmeansthattheteethdonotalllookalikeastheydoinﬁsh,reptilesand most other vertebrates. Instead, mammals haveincisors, canines, premolars and molars in both the upperand the lower jaw. These tooth types are structurallydiﬀerent and each has a specialized function. The incisorsare at the front of the mouth and are usually spatulate inshape. They are used to grab food items, to break smallpieces offoodawayfrom largerpieces, tokill live prey andto gnaw. In some mammals, for example rodents, thecentral incisors are robust, ever-growing teeth specializedfor gnawing and chiselling (
More Capable Warfighting Through Reduced Fuel Burden

Abstract : This report summarizes the work of the Defense Science Board task force on Improving the Fuel Efficiency of Weapons Platforms. The report consists of an Executive Summary; Introduction; major sections on National Security Fuel Use and Global Supply; Linking Fuel Efficiency to Military Capability, National Security and Environmental Security; Improving Platform Fuel Efficiency Through Technology; Findings and Recommendations; and appendices.
A subband coding method for HDTV

This paper introduces a new HDTV coder based on motion compensation, subband coding, and high order conditional entropy coding. The proposed coder exploits the temporal and spatial statistical dependencies inherent in the HDTV signal by using intra- and inter-subband conditioning for coding both the motion coordinates and the residual signal. The new framework provides an easy way to control the system complexity and performance, and inherently supports multiresolution transmission. Experimental results show that the coder outperforms MPEG-2, while still maintaining relatively low complexity.
Neural networks for genome signature analysis

Neural networks show promise for mitigating the combinatorial explosion in genomic data. Researchers are interested in the applicability of neural networks for the design of automatic genomic analysis tools. This: paper describes the application of a variety of neural network models, including back-propagation, radial basis function networks, self-organizing maps, and committee machines, to the problem of gene classification using genome signatures. Results shows that in a two-way classification problem, average accuracies of 97% can be attained with these models, while for a more difficult four-way classification task average accuracy was more than 83%. Methods for developing the training and test data for the signature problem are discussed, as well as modifications to the general algorithms of the neural network models.
Sedimentation equilibrium as thermodynamic tool.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces sedimentation equilibrium as thermodynamic tool. The chapter presents the short column method and diagnostic procedures for detecting the presence of (1) reversible macromolecular association, (2) sample heterogeneity, and (3) thermodynamic non-ideality. The quantitative analysis of equilibrium sedimentation is conducted. This chapter also focuses on the practical application of sedimentation equilibrium to thermodynamic analyses, with an emphasis on interacting systems. One of the virtues of sedimentation equilibrium is that it can be used to determine the molecular weight of both native and denatured molecules. Several methods are proposed for extracting thermodynamic information from sedimentation equilibrium data. The method preferred employs nonlinear least-squares analysis of the primary data, using the equations above to serve as the models. The principal advantages of this approach are that (1) the untransformed data are analyzed, thus minimizing distortion of the data points and the error on them; (2) the fitting functions are derived from thermodynamic first principles, thus lending confidence to the values obtained from the analysis; and (3) an excellent computer program, NONLIN, has been refined for use with sedimentation equilibrium data.
Properties of adenovirus messenger ribonucleic Acid synthesized in vitro.

Adenovirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was used as template for the in vitro synthesis of viral-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA). When the kinetics of the reaction were compared by using native and heat-denatured DNA templates, the latter synthesized RNA at a slower rate. The fate of the DNA after acting as template and physical characteritstics of the RNA product were studied. The DNA template, according to its sedimentation rate, was not significantly degraded by the Micrococcus lysodeicticus RNA polymerase. The products of the RNA polymerase reaction had the following properties. (i) Hybridization experiments revealed a high degree of complementarity (50 to 70%) for its homologous DNA. (ii) A very low complementarity (6 to 7%) was found for its heterologous DNA. (iii) The sedimentation rate of the synthetic RNA in a sucrose gradient was 5 to 10 S when native DNA was used as the template. When heat-denatured DNA was used, the resulting RNA product, free of the template, sedimented at a rate of 3 to 16 S. A rapidly sedimenting (>30 S ) DNA-RNA complex resulted when denatured DNA was the template. The DNA moiety of the complex was sensitive to 125 μg of deoxyribonuclease per ml. The RNA of the complex, however, was fully refractory to 50 μg of ribonuclease per ml. When the adenovirus DNA was sonically treated and then used as template, the RNA product sedimented at 3 to 9 S. The heat-denatured sonically treated DNA template yielded a DNA-RNA complex that also sedimented at an unusually fast rate (>18 S ).
A critical evaluation of isotropic potential functions for chlorine

A survey of many crystal structures shows that short intermolecular chlorine-chlorine contacts are anisotropic. This observation challenges the currently used potential function models which allow only for isotropic exp-6 and coulomb interactions. In this study the polymorphic p-dichlorobenzene DCB system is used to illustrate the difficulties encountered by relying on the isotropic atom-atom approximation. It is found that exp-6 potential functions cannot be extrapolated beyond the range of contacts used in their derivation. Addition of coulomb terms provides needed additional flexibility to the potential function but the derived C-Cl bond polarization is not found to be a constant of the molecule, i.e. the optimum value is not the same for each phase of DCB. Furthermore, no single exp-6 potential function could satisfy the structural constraints provided by the three phases of crystalline DCB and by hexachlorobenzene. These findings are typical of curve-fitting methods which employ an incorrect mathemat...
Objective measures are complementary to, rather than a replacement for, self-reported methods.

Objective measures are complementary to, rather than a replacement for, self-reported methods
Pathways to increase consumer trust in meat as a safe and wholesome food

This paper focuses on the effect of information about meat safety and wholesomeness on consumer trust based on several studies with data collected in Belgium. The research is grounded in the observation that despite the abundant rise of information through labelling, traceability systems and quality assurance schemes, the effect on consumer trust in meat as a safe and wholesome product is only limited. The overload and complexity of information on food products results in misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Functional traceability attributes such as organisational efficiency and chain monitoring are considered to be highly important but not as a basis for market segmentation. However, process traceability attributes such as origin and production method are of interest for particular market segments as a response to meat quality concerns. Quality assurance schemes and associated labels have a poor impact on consumers' perception. It is argued that the high interest of retailers in such schemes is driven by procurement management efficiency rather than safety or overall quality. Future research could concentrate on the distribution of costs and benefits associated with meat quality initiatives among the chain participants.