cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The stanford comprehensive medicine unit: Integrating psychiatric and medical care

The treatment of patients with concomitant medical and psychiatric disorders can be facilitated on an integrated medical-psychiatric unit, but formidable administrative barriers must be overcome in establishing such units.
Selection of Skill or Chance Determined Reinforcement as a Function of Locus of Control

nificant correlation between I-E score and number of choices of skilled task. There was a non-significant difference between males' and females' I-E scores. An initially significant difference between males' and females' number of skill choices disappeared when the effect of differences in I-E scores was removed through analysis of covariance. Non-volunteers scored significantly more external than volunteers. The Rotter I-E scale was developed to measure generalized reinforcement expectancies or "locus of control" (Rotter, 1966). Individuals who score as internal on this questionnaire reportedly believe that reinforcements are largely under their own control while individuals who score as external reportedly believe that reinforcements are under the control of luck or other such external factors. Rotter and Mulry (1965) also hypothesized that inter~ ~ nal scorers choose to participate in activities in which they can demonstrate skill, while external scorers choose activities in which outcomes are contingent upon luck. Schneider (1968) demonstrated that male college students' internal-external scores were significantly correlated with their scores on a forcedchoice questionnaire which required them to indicate their preference for skill (e.g., chess, pool) versus chance (e.g., lotteries, slot . machines) activities. Schneider excluded females from this study based on the inference that sexrole identification complicated skill-chance preference. Kahle (1980) found that "internal" male college students selected a task which they were told was skill-related while "external" scorers and those scoring in the middle range on Rotter's I-E scale selected a task which they were told was chance-related. The present study provided an extension of the previous research by considering the correlation between specific scores on Rotter's scale (unlike Kahle's categorization into internal, external, and middle groups) and number of actual skill- versus chance-task choices (unlike Schneider's reliance on inventory responses and Kahle's utilization of a single task). In addition, this study included females in the subject pool and addressed the issue of whether
"Doctor, was this surgery done wrong?" Ethical issues in providing second opinions.

Despite advances in medical knowledge and technology, complications of surgery do occur. While the vast majority of adverse events occur without negligence or error, approximately 28% of complications are due to negligence1. Orthopaedic surgery has a unique place in the field of medical error for two reasons: first, complications in the musculoskeletal system are rarely life-threatening but can result in substantial disability; second, radiographs often provide an open window into past events that is rarely available in other fields. Thus, orthopaedic surgeons are often called upon to review adverse results after operative intervention, and they should have a solid ethical framework and knowledge of relevant law to discuss appropriate issues with patients. A patient's right to his or her own medical information is rooted in the ethical principle of autonomy2. An individual's right to control his or her own body extends to the control of his or her medical information. The principle of autonomy dictates that patients must be informed of all relevant health information to have proper control over their health. According to Professor David Thomasma, “At all times, the default mode should be that the truth is told.”3 Personal autonomy also includes full disclosure of the written medical record. This right of free access to medical records is codified under United States federal guidelines3. Surgeons should be aware that notes and dictations might be scrutinized by patients and third parties for the purpose of litigation or for other reasons. Because patients have a right to medical knowledge, it is the orthopaedic surgeon's duty to be candid with the patient. In the case of the patient above, it is clear that the standard of care has not been met. The recommended fixation of a forearm …
Comparing Antipsychotic Treatments for Schizophrenia: A Health State Approach

The overall impact of first and second generation antipsychotics on quality of life and symptoms of people with schizophrenia remains controversial. We applied health state modeling to data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia study, a randomized trial of antipsychotic medications, and evaluated the likelihood of patients moving to more favorable health states over time. We applied K-means clustering to the data to create discrete groupings of patients with symptom and side effect characteristics that were then validated using quality of life measures. We compared cluster distributions across medications at baseline and 6 months after randomization. 1,049 patients were included in the initial cluster analysis. Five health states were identified: (1) low symptoms and low side effects (LS + LSE) (2) low symptoms and obesity (LS + Ob) (3) high symptoms and low side effects (HS + LSE) (4) high symptoms with depression and akathisia (HS + Dp + Ak) and (5) moderate symptoms and high side effects (MS + HSE). Six-month outcomes among patients randomly assigned to perphenazine, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine were compared. At baseline, almost 20% of patients were in the worst health state (HS + Dp + Ak), with greater decreases at 6 months in this health state for perphenazine (9.2% decrease) and olanzapine (11.1%) groups compared to risperidone (4.7%) and quetiapine (6.7%). This study demonstrated that health state analysis can provide insight into the overall clinical state of patients beyond the mere comparison of average scores and largely confirmed original CATIE findings.
Modeling of the structural acoustic coupling inside a thin cylindrical shell

A fully coupled mathematical model describing the dynamics of a cylindrical structural acoustics problem is presented. The geometry of interest consists of an acoustic field lying inside a vibrating thin cylindrical shell. In this model, the shell dynamics are coupled to the interior acoustic field through pressure and momentum conditions. Because the model will ultimately be used in control applications involving piezoceramic actuators, the loads and material contributions resulting from bonded piezoceramic patches are also included in the discussion. Strong and weak forms of the modeling set of coupled partial differential equations (PDE's) are presented, thus yielding a framework which is amenable to the application of various approximation techniques to the problem of developing schemes for forward simulations, parameter estimation, and application of PDE-based control strategies.
The Use of High Magnesium Limestone in the Diet of the Laying Hen 1. Egg Production

Abstract INTRODUCTION DOLOMITIC limestone, though abundant in many areas of the United States, has not been recommended for use as a calcium supplement in the rations of laying hens since early reports (Hart et al. 1923; Kennard, 1925; and Halpin and Hayes, 1925) indicated that it produced detrimental effects. The agreement between these different reports was excellent. Dolomitic limestone contains about 20.5% calcium and 12% magnesium. All workers listed above found that dolomitic limestone, which has a high magnesium content, tended to decrease egg production in comparison to the oyster shell type supplement. Alder (1927) emphasized that dolomite seemed to not only decrease egg production, but also resulted in a progressive decrease over time of shell thickness. He also found that pullets receiving dolomite became extremely nervous, were easily frightened, and that the birds developed diarrhea. Tully and Franke (1934) in a series of trials lasting five years found no difference…
Utilization and cost analysis of bedside capillary glucose testing in a large teaching hospital: Implications for managing point of care testing

Abstract purpose: To study the use and cost of bedside capillary glucose testing in a large teaching hospital. patients and methods: In a prospective study of 40 inpatient units and 10 outpatient units at Massachusetts General Hospital, records were maintained by each unit of the date, time, operator, and results of patient and quality control tests. Cost analysis was performed using data from time studies, test tallies in logbooks, and hospital administration records. results: The number of glucose meters in the hospital increased from 10 to 54 over a 2-year period. In 1992, 67,596 tests were performed by the bedside method, representing 30.7% of all glucose measurements performed in the institution. The majority of tests (94.7%) were performed on inpatients, and 10.2% of all hospital admissions underwent bedside glucose testing. The impact on the number of glucose tests performed in the clinical laboratories was minimal, indicating that bedside glucose testing was added as an extra test rather than as a substitute for laboratory-based glucose measurements. The cost of bedside glucose testing was $4.19 per test compared with $3.84 in the clinical laboratory. The cost varied from one unit to another (median $5.52, range $3.08 to $48.16), an effect largely attributed to the difference in the volume of tests performed by different units. In seven high-volume units the cost per test was lower than the corresponding value in the laboratory. The cost of bedside glucose testing included labor (80.2%) and supplies (19.8%). The percent of costs attributed directly to patient testing was 57.7%, whereas the costs for all other related activities (training, quality control, and quality assurance) was 42.3%. conclusions: Bedside capillary glucose testing is a rapidly expanding technology and is performed on a significant percentage of hospital admissions. Bedside glucose testing is not inherently more expensive than centralized laboratory measurements but implementation on inefficient care units with low utilization can add substantially to the cost. Much of the excess cost of the bedside method can be attributed to the high costs of quality control and quality assurance, training, and documentation.
Familiar configuration enables figure/ground assignment in natural scenes

VSS05 Abstract Figure/ground organization is a step of perceptual organization that assigns a contour to one of the two abutting regions. Peterson et al showed that familiar configurations of contours, such as outlines of recognizable objects, provide a powerful cue that can dominate traditional f/g cues such as symmetry. In this work we: (1) provide an operationalization of "familiar configuration" in terms of prototypical local shapes, without requiring global object recognition; (2) show that a classifier based on this cue works well on images of natural scenes. Shape context [Belongie, Malik & Puzicha ICCV01,Berg & Malik CVPR01] is a shape descriptor which summarizes local arrangement of edges, relative to the center point, in a logpolar fashion. We cluster a large set of these descriptors to construct a small list of prototypical shape configurations, or "shapemes" (analogous to phonemes). Shapemes capture important local structures such as convexity and parallelism. For each point along a contour, we measure the similarity of its local shape descriptor to each shapeme. These measurements are combined using a logistic regression classifier to predict the figure/ground label. We test it on a Berkeley Figure/ground Dataset which consists of 200 natural images w/ human-marked f/g labels. By averaging the classifier outputs over all points on each contour, we obtain an accuracy of 72% (chance is 50%). This compares favorably to the traditional f/g cues used in [Fowlkes et al 03]. Enforcing consistency constraints at junctions increases the accuracy further to 79%, making it a promising model of figure/ground organization. Figure/Ground Organization Berkeley Figure/Ground Dataset
Novel charged and hydrophilized polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes for forward osmosis

Abstract Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is a material with excellent chemical resistance, and thermal and mechanical stabilities. However, significant drawbacks of PBI that prevent its use as a membrane for water purification applications include hydrophobicity and neutral surface charge at neutral pH values. Surface functionalization was investigated as a means to circumvent these drawbacks by modifying PBI membranes to increase hydrophilicity and surface charge. The modifying agents used for functionalization included: p-phenylene diamine, ethylene diamine, taurine, and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid). Functionalized asymmetric flat sheet PBI membranes were investigated in forward osmosis (FO) applications. The FO process involved semi-permeable flat sheet membranes with an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution and a sodium chloride feed solution. The functionalized membrane surfaces exhibit increased hydrophilicity, surface charge, and reduced pore sizes. Additionally, all membrane modifications show increased water flux and a reduction in sodium chloride transport.
Fine mapping of mitochondrial RNAs derived from the mtDNA region containing a point mutation associated with MELAS

Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a mitochondrial disorder associated with heteroplasmic point mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene. While previous studies have shown that the MELAS mutation at nt-3243 results in impairments in mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiratory chain function, it was not clear whether these were associated with structural alterations in mature RNAs derived from transcription of the region containing the mutation. We have performed fine mapping and high-resolution. Northern analysis of RNAs from cybrids derived from two MELAS patients harboring the nt-3243 mutation. No differences in the size or steady-state levels of transcripts from the 16S rRNA, tRNA(Leu)(UUR), or ND 1 genes (which are contiguous in the mtDNA) were observed between cell lines containing mutated or wild-type mtDNAs. Therefore, it is not likely that the protein synthesis defects observed in cybrids with the MELAS-3243 mutation are directly caused by qualitative alterations in either transcription termination or processing of these mitochondrial RNAs.
Effect of Prolonged Alcohol Administration on Calcium Transport in Heart Muscle of the Dog

The effect of prolonged administration of alcohol on calcium binding and uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and on respiratory function of mitochondria was investigated in heart muscle of dogs. Dogs were paired and maintained with and without alcohol for 6 months; alcohol was administered by adding it to drinking water and food with vitamin supplements. Measurements were made after alcohol had been temporarily withheld for 2 days. Prolonged alcohol ingestion resulted in a decline in calcium binding and uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, suggesting a diminished affinity of the reticular and mitochondrial membranes for calcium ions. The endogenous calcium content of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum decreased. Prolonged alcohol administration failed to alter cardiac contractility, although contraction and relaxation tended to diminish following the administration of angiotensin. The results illustrate that one link in the regulation of the state of contraction or relaxation involving myofibrillar calcium transport is weakened in dogs maintained on alcohol for prolonged periods of time.
Structured Interview to Improve the Reliability and Psychometric Integrity of the Disability Rating Scale

Abstract Malec JF, Hammond FM, Giacino JT, Whyte J, Wright J. Structured interview to improve the reliability and psychometric integrity of the Disability Rating Scale. Objectives To (1) develop a standardized interview for telephone administration, (2) assess the psychometric properties of this interview format (Disability Rating Scale–Postacute Interview [DRS-PI]), and (3) identify additional items to reduce skew. Design Prospective cohort assessment study. Setting Not applicable. Participants Participants (N=406; 287 individuals with traumatic brain injury [TBI], 119 caregivers) in the U.S. TBI Model Systems national database during 1- to 20-year telephone follow-up. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Original Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and DRS-PI variations. DRS-PI questions were developed by consensus of the study investigators; item scores were derived from responses to questions by algorithm. Unnecessary questions were pruned. Results The DRS-PI correlated highly with the original DRS (intraclass correlation, .91) and demonstrated satisfactory construct validity and internal consistency (person separation/reliability, 2.51/.86; item separation/reliability, 16.72/1.00; Cronbach α=.83). Both versions showed substantial skew. For the original DRS, 42% of scores were 0 or 1; for DRS-PI, 44%. Adding several items to the DRS-PI including actual employment status further improved its psychometric properties (person separation/reliability, 3.10/.91; item separation/reliability, 21.42/1.00; Cronbach α=.92) and reduced skew. For the Expanded DRS-PI, 18% of scores were 0 or 1. Conclusions The DRS-PI provides an efficient method to ensure standardized administration of, and correlates highly with, the original DRS. The addition of several new items including actual employment status mitigates skew in postacute samples.
Program ENERGY: Scientists and students in the classroom tackling type 2 diabetes and obesity in elementary schools.

Program ENERGY's goal is to reduce obesity/type 2 diabetes in suburban/rural elementary school children and families by teaching/reinforcing body science, energy balance and healthy behavior choices. Subjects were 2–6 grade children and their families and the approach is an integrated science/math/health enrichment. Children discover, explore, inquire and learn the basis of healthy behaviors in a challenging, scientific setting, with the support of scientists/health professionals/students. Knowledge is brought home and shared with their families. A 32-week program of classroom and gym activities was conducted in second- and third- grade classes in two consecutive school years. Beginning and end of the school year assessments including knowledge and attitudes about food and physical activity, anthropomorphic and behavioral assessments were conducted. Results of pre- and post- tests for year 1 show statistically significant improvements in the intervention school compared to the control school: health and science knowledge, attitudes (e.g. healthy food selection), behaviors (e.g. increased steps, increased body acceptance), and increased interest in science/health-related careers. Improvements were maintained during the second year. The 2-yr intervention had high rates of enrollment and retention, positive evaluations by children and educators, produced significant positive outcomes in health/science knowledge, attitudes (healthy food selection), behaviors (e.g., increased steps, increased body acceptance), and increased interest in science and health-related careers. Program ENERGY is an effective elementary school/family-based intervention with high rates of enrollment/retention, positive evaluations by children/educators that produced significant positive outcomes in health/science knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and increased interest in science- and health-related careers.
Another attempt to define computer science

There are equally important scientific and engineering aspects to computer science; they may be described as follows:SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF COMPUTER SCIENCEThe unique aim of the inductive sciences is to predict the future. This has been accomplished in the physical sciences by means of mathematico-symbolic models; the method has been much less successful in the behavioral and life sciences due to the difficulties of constructing soluble models which are valid over a sufficiently large domain. The advent of the computer has made it possible to construct and resolve models sufficiently complex to be interesting although their domain of validity is still limited: The program is here the model. To a large extent, the utility of the mathematical models (or theories) developed in the physical sciences is predicated on the possibility of developing mathematically generalized analytic solutions which permit predictions of very general types of events. This becomes proportionally more difficult as the model becomes more complicated. Thus even though the computer permits resolution of individual cases which otherwise would not be practically feasible, it cannot provide the power of an analytic solution. Thus the scientific aspects of computer science are similar to those of mathematics: they deal with all facets of the construction and especially the resolution of models embodied in this case by programs. The most fundamental problem is still to obtain (if at all possible) general analytic solutions to classes of algorithmic interactions described by programs and this may be considered as one of the most important long-range goals of computer science. In view of the enormous difficulties expected of such an endeavor, secondary goals must also be pursued; these include theoretical studies of program's schema, development and formal analysis of programming languages, development of more powerful computer systems, etc.ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF COMPUTER SCIENCEThe engineering aspects of computer science are directly related to system design. Defining recursively a system as a collection of interacting objects or systems, we are particularly concerned with systems whose components interact through procedures embodied in computer programs. The aim of engineering is to design a system in such a fashion as to optimize a given criterion function subject to certain given constraints. Thus the design of complex systems where the computer plays a major part requires both extensive knowledge of computer science and of the discipline where the system is utilized. Since a computer system is itself a system of hardware and/or software, computer science design is doubly related to computer science: as the discipline wherein the system is utilized and as the discipline necessary to carry out the design.
Developing and validating trace fear conditioning protocols in C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract Background Classical fear conditioning is commonly used to study the biology of fear, anxiety and memory. Previous research demonstrated that delay conditioning requires a neural circuit involving the amygdala, but not usually the hippocampus. Trace and contextual fear conditioning require the amygdala and hippocampus. While these paradigms were developed primarily using rat models, they are increasingly being used in mice. New method The current studies develop trace fear conditioning and control paradigms to allow for the assessment of trace and delay fear conditioning in C57BL/6N mice. Our initial protocol yielded clear delay and contextual conditioning. However, trace conditioning failed to differentiate from an unpaired group and was not hippocampus-dependent. These results suggested that the protocol needed to be modified to specifically accommodate trace conditioning the mice. In order to reduce unconditioned freezing and increase learning, the final protocol was developed by decreasing the intensity of the tone and by increasing the inter-trial interval. Results Our final protocol produced trace conditioned freezing that was significantly greater than that followed unpaired stimulus exposure and was disrupted by hippocampus lesions. Comparison with existing methods A review of the literature produced 90 articles using trace conditioning in mice. Few of those articles used any kind of behavioral control group, which is required to rule out non-associative factors causing fearful behavior. Fewer used unpaired groups involving tones and shocks within a session, which is the optimal control group. Conclusions Our final trace conditioning protocol can be used in future studies examining genetically modified C57BL/6N mice.
The effect of exogenous prolactin on lactation performance of first-litter sows given protein-deficient diets during the first pregnancy

Twenty-four sows were used to study the effects of dietary protein restriction during pregnancy and exogenous porcine prolactin (pPRL) during late pregnancy and throughout lactation on lactation performance. Eight sows were given a protein-adequate diet containing 179 g crude protein (CP)kg−1 during their first pregnancy while the remaining 16 sows received the same amount of a diet containing 80 g CP kg−1. Eight of the sows given 80 g CP kg−1 during pregnancy were injected with 15 mg pPRL i.m. twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 between day (d) 102.1 (±0.3) of pregnancy and weaning after their first lactation. Pregnant sows offered the low protein diet gained significantly less body weight during gestation and tended to eat less in the subsequent lactation than sows given the protein-adequate diet. Dietary protein had no significant effect on birth weight, milk yield, milk composition or growth rate of the litter during lactation. Neither dietary protein intake during pregnancy nor exogenous prolactin affected the concentrations of plasma glucose, serum insulin, urea or non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during lactation. The concentration of lactose in plasma during lactation was unaffected by treatment, but at d 105 of pregnancy, plasma lactose levels were greater in sows which had received exogenous prolactin (32.4 vs. 6.2 mg l−1, P < 0.05). The concentrations of RNA and DNA in mammary tissue biopsies were unaffected by either dietary protein or pPRL. The concentration of RNA and DNA increased between d 70 and 90 from 0.66 to 2.77 mg g−1 and from 0.54 to 1.19 mg g−1, respectively. Thereafter, RNA increased to 4.40 mg g−1 at d 14 of lactation whilst DNA concentration remained at a similar level of 0.90 mg g−1. Milk yield of sows between d 5 and 8 and between d 19 and 22 of lactation was reduced from 8.36 to 7.00 kg day−1 and from 10.74 to 8.22 kg day−1, respectively, in sows given pPRL. The protein content of colostrum from sows treated with pPRL was reduced from 164 to 104 g kg−1 whereas the fat content increased from 47 to 127 g kg−1. These results indicate that the administration of exogenous pPRL during late pregnancy and throughout lactation initiated lactogenesis prematurely and reduced subsequent milk yield during established lactation.
Hilde Mangold, co-discoverer of the organizer

This personal narrative by Viktor Hamburger occupies a special place among the papers published in the Journal of the History of Biology. Dealing with events of sixty years ago, it provides an invaluable glimpse of the scientific and personal lives of the group of budding young investigators in the laboratory of Hans Spemann in Freiburg. The central figure is Hilde Proescholdt, later Hilde Mangold, who for her doctoral dissertation executed the crucial experiments that demonstrated the nature and location of the organizer that induces the pattern of embryonic differentiation. The resulting paper by Spemann and Hilde Mangold led to Spemann's Nobel Prize in 1935; but Mangold had died long before that, in a tragic accident. This account recalls the life and character of a gifted young woman who should not be forgotten. It is to be read also as a part of the autobiography of Viktor Hamburger, one of the supreme developmental biologists of our time. He was born in 1900, in Landeshut, Silesia then a part of Germany, now a part of Poland. Later, to our good fortune, he settled in the United States. This is not the place for a discussion of his great achievements in neuroembryology, and in gene action during development, at the University of Chicago and later at Washington University in St. Louis. Here he provides a vivid account of what life was like for an eager group of young scientists, in Freiburg and in the beautiful surrounding country of the Black Forest and the Rhine, during the years of hardship that followed the First World War. We hope to hear more from Professor Hamburger, in continuation of this narrative, but in any case this account enriches our appreciation of an important time in the history of modern biology.'
Study of ventilation-perfusion ratio distribution in the anesthetized dog by multiple inert gas washout.

Abstract In order to determine the a / distribution in the anesthetized, artificially ventilated, supine dog, the animal was first allowed to breathe for 20 min a mixture of methane, ethane, nitrous oxide (having Ostwald partition coefficients of 0.04, 0.11, and 0.52, respectively) and oxygen. During the subsequent washout the concentration of the tracer gases was measured at intervals in the expired gas and in the arterial and mixed venous blood, using a gas Chromatograph. When the results were analyzed in terms of a two-compartment system, a distribution pattern, which would be difficult to demonstrate by O 2 and CO 2 pressure differences, was detected. The methane-ethane system indicated the existence of a compartment having a a / of less than 0.10. This low a / compartment has a ventilation of less than 2.4% of the overall alveolar ventilation, but receives 10–29% of the total blood flow.
WikiLeaks and the Perils of Extreme Glasnost

Is Internet freedom an absolute, universal value like freedom of speech? If there are limits, how and by whom can they be established? Is crying fire or scaling firewalls anymore acceptable in cyberspace than in physical space? What is the impact on the discourse between nations, cultures and individuals? In this section, we gather a collage of comments from various key players from Google to Wikileaks to the US State Department along with comments by one of the most cogent analysts of the Net and the president of Turkey.
Space Charge vs. Image Force in Thermionic Emission

This paper is a joint report on work by the two authors, preliminary to further and more detailed publication on different phases of the problems here discussed. Attention is called to certain deficiencies in the Schottky image force as an explanation of the thermionic work function, both on theoretical and experimental grounds. Evidence is advanced to show that space charge is more important than image force over most of the region in which the image force is thought to be valid. It is further shown that space charge with Fermi-Dirac statistics is able to account for observed phenomena of thermionic emission, including the effect of external fields. Numerical examples indicate some of the consequences of this point of view.
Production and measurement of exophthalmos-producing factor in guinea pigs.

Although the extent of proptosis in exophthalmic Graves' disease has been measured directly and shown to correlate with serum content of a bioassayable exophthalmos-producing factor (EPF;1), a comparable relationship in an experimental model has not been reported. Progressive exophthalmos, measured from photographs and expressed as a ratio of intercorneal distance to intersupraorbital ridge distance, was produced in male guinea pigs when thyroid status was altered either by surgical thyroidectomy supplemented with 131I treatment or by the administration of 6-propyl-2 thiouracil (0.1% in chow). In both groups, at time of sacrifice, serum content of EPF estimated by a modified goldfish bioassay using a known exophthalmogenic TSH preparation (Ambinon®, Organon-Oss) as standard was positively correlated (r = 0.804) with the terminal degree of exophthalmos. Daily replacement therapy with T4(15 μg/kg body wt) failed to alter significantly the exophthalmos which developed, even when replacement was initiated pri...
Statistical process monitoring approach for high-density point clouds

Statistical process control (SPC) methods have been extensively applied to monitor the quality performance of manufacturing processes to quickly detect and correct out-of-control conditions. As sensor and measurement technologies advance, there is a continual need to adapt and refine SPC methods to effectively and efficiently use these new data-sets. One of the most state-of-the-art dimensional measurement technologies currently being implemented in industry is the 3D laser scanner, which rapidly provides millions of data points to represent an entire manufactured part's surface. Consequently, this data has a great potential to detect unexpected faults, i.e., faults that are not captured by measuring a small number of predefined dimensions. However, in order for this potential to be realized, SPC methods capable of handling these large data-sets need to be developed. This paper presents an approach to performing SPC using point clouds obtained through a 3D laser scanner. The proposed approach transforms high-dimensional point clouds into linear profiles through the use of Q---Q plots, which can be monitored by well established profile monitoring techniques. In this paper point clouds are simulated to determine the performance of the proposed approach under varying fault scenarios. In addition, experimental studies were performed to determine the effectiveness of the proposed approach using actual point cloud data. The results of these experiments show that the proposed approach can significantly improve the monitoring capabilities for manufacturing parts that are characterized by complex surface geometries.
Synthesis of prostaglandins in cholera toxin-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract The prostaglandin (PG) and adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) responses of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were measured after cholera toxin (CT) exposure to evaluate dose and kinetic relationships. Release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the accumulation of cAMP were dependent on the dose of CT, with an effective dose of approximately 10–100 ng/ml within 4 h; the PGE2 response was about four- to six-fold more than that of PGE1. CHO cells exposed to CT also released increased amounts of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), PGF2α, and 6-keto PGF1α (a non-enzymatic degradation product of prostacyclin). Kinetic analysis of CT-treated cells revealed that small peaks of cAMP accumulation and of PGE1 and PGE2 release were detected at approximately 30 min, but larger, progressive PG and cAMP responses were measured 2–4 h later. Exposure of the cells to relatively high doses of membrane-permeable derivatives of cAMP (1 m m ) and forskolin (10 μ m ) caused PGE2 release. Concomitantly, exogenous PGE2 (100 μ m ) increased intraceliular levels of cAMP. We have considered the interrelationship of the cyclo-oxygenase and the cyclic nucleotide pathways relative to the molecular mechanism of CT.
Identification with Nature: What It Is and Why It Matters

This essay examines the content and significance of the notion of "identification" as it appears in the works of theorists of deep ecology. It starts with the most frequently expressed conception of identification-termed "identification-as-belonging"-and distinguishes several different variants of it. After reviewing two criticisms of deep ecology that appear to target this notion, it is argued that there is a second, less frequently noticed type of identification that appears primarily in the work of Arne Naess-"identification-as-kinship." Following this analysis, it is suggested that identification-as-kinship may be less vulnerable to the criticisms that are aimed at identification-as-belonging.
Concentration of Amino-acids in Rat Muscle and Plasma

NEITHER the precise mechanism of amino-acid transport in muscle nor the means of its regulation is known. In most instances (there are exceptions1,2) what has been examined is the ratio of radioactivity in the tissue water to that in the medium after incubating muscle with a single radioactive amino-acid. There is no assurance that this accurately reflects the concentration ratio for the unlabelled amino-acid. Moreover, these experiments are of the nature of black-box investigations since the concentration of individual amino-acids in rat diaphragm and heart muscle, the two tissues most frequently used for in vitro examination, has only infrequently been reported3. Clearly, what is required of a proper examination of the mechanism, and the hormonal regulation, of amino-acid penetration into muscle is a chemical determination of the exact amount of amino-acids in tissue and medium. Preparatory to such an investigation we have determined the concentration of ninhydrin reacting material in rat diaphragm and heart muscle and in rat plasma.
When Roots Die : Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands

A celebration of the lives and literature of the free descendents of slaves from Barbados and West Africa.
DEPARTURES FROM JEANS' ESCAPE RATE FOR H AND He IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.

Abstract It has long been recognized that thermal, or gravitational, escape must perturb the velocity distribution function of an escaping species so that Jeans' classic escape rate cannot be strictly correct. The magnitude of the appropriate correction remained unknown. Three recent statistical (Monte Carlo) investigations of this problem have produced such discordant correction factors as to prompt yet another such study, reported here. Major differences in approach are (1) realistic atom-atom elastic scattering cross-sections are used instead of an isotropic approximation and (2) program efficiency is increased dramatically by studying the virtual trajectories of atoms missing from the atmosphere instead of the real atoms comprising the atmosphere. Excellent agreement is achieved with one of the previous investigations; the escape rates of hydrogen and helium from the Earth's atmosphere are typically 70–75 per cent and 97–99 per cent of the Jeans rate, respectively.
Cytoprotection by darbepoetin/epoetin alfa in pig tubular and mouse mesangial cells.

Cytoprotection by darbepoetin/epoetin alfa in pig tubular and mouse mesangial cells. Background Erythropoietin has recently been found to have cytoprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina. The purpose of this study was to determine if darbepoetin alfa (DA) has cytoprotective properties in renal tissues. Methods DA was studied in LLC/PK1 and mesangial cells. Renal cellular injury was induced in different experiments by prostaglandin D 2 synthase (PGDS), camptothecin, hydrogen peroxide, and hypoxia. Cellular proliferation and apoptosis were measured [apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay or by caspase-3 activity]. In a separate experiment, an inactive form of erythropoietin alfa was used to study receptor effects. Results DA protected against the antiproliferative effects of PGDS. In both LLC/PK1 (TUNEL and caspase-3) and mesangial cells (TUNEL), DA reduced the apoptotic stimulus of PGDS. Epoetin alfa was also found to reduce apoptosis. In LLC/PK1 cells, DA reduced apoptosis induced by camptothecin, but not hydrogen peroxide. DA reduced LLC/PK1 apoptosis induced by hypoxia when added 24hours before hypoxia, but not when given concurrent with the hypoxic stimulus. Erythropoietin inactive did not protect against PGDS-induced apoptosis. Conclusion DA has renal antiapoptotic effects for both toxic and hypoxic stimuli. The effect may be mediated via the Erythropoietin receptor.
Foraging behaviour and feeding locations of Rock Shags Phalacrocorax magellanicus from a colony in Patagonia, Argentina

During 1996 and 1997, foraging Rock Shags Phalacrocorax magellanicus were studied at Punta Loma, Argentina using radio-transmitters deployed on ten adult shags during the chick-rearing period. Rock Shags undertook 2.6 ± 0.6 sd trips per day. The mean duration of a feeding trip was 2.6 ± 0.7 hours. A bird spent 36% of daylight hours away from the colony on feeding trips, diving for 92% of the foraging trip, and made a mean of 106 dives per foraging trip. Foraging trip duration was strongly correlated with the total number of dives made in one foraging trip. Rock Shags fed mainly in water less than 10 m deep with a gravelly sand bottom and within 5 km of shore. Mean foraging range was 3.8 ± 2.6 km and 2.6 ± 2.3 km for 1996 and 1997, respectively. These results suggest a high foraging effort (diving time per foraging trip) for Rock Shags, presumably associated with poor food conditions close to the colony. Comparison is made with other Phalacrocorax species.
Numerical Experiments in Conformal Mapping by the Method of Orthonormal Polynomials

Conformal maps of simply connected regions onto the interior and exterior of the unit circle can be computed from complex polynomials orthonormal over the boundary of the given region. As an example of this method, maps of ellipses, rectangles, limacons and ovals of Cassini were computed on the IBM 7070. The results indicate that, in general, the method gives good accuracy, but roundoff error can become very serious, indicating the desirability of computing with greater precision. For fourfold symmetric regions, the algorithm can be simplified to decrease significantly the amount of computation resquired to achieve the same accuracy as that achieved by the algorithm for the general case.
Transparent fluorocarbon‐based semi‐II IPN elastomers by high‐energy radiation methods

Semi-II interpenetrating polymer network fluorocarbon elastomers were prepared by the addition of small amounts of a multifunctional monomer to the linear fluorocarbon polymer, followed by radiation polymerization in situ. The linear fluorocarbon is physically bound up with crosslinked network II, producing a semi-IPN of the second kind. Due to the high-energy radiation attack on the fluorocarbon backbone, a significant amount of graft copolymer forms which improves compatibility and yields clear, transparent elastomers. High-energy β and γ radiation produce very similar semi-IPN elastomers. Low-energy UV, which does not promote grafting, produces poorer quality elastomers which show significantly less optical clarity, much lower strength, and higher creep. High-energy radiation also appears to destroy possible incipient crystallinity thought to be present in the linear fluorocarbon material.
Social Cost, Belief Incongruence, and Race—Experiments in Choice Behavior

Summary Seven studies investigated the relative importance of social cost, belief incongruence, and race in the preference for “types” of people or stooges. The Ss in five studies completed a “Person Preference Test.” The test required the Ss to state their preference for eight person types, composed of all possible variations of the three variables across six relationships varying in intimacy. The Ss ranked in order of preference the eight person types, and one study asked the Ss to indicate preference for each of all possible pairs. The results showed that complete congruency (same beliefs, race, and low social costs) is the most important factor. Race is particularly important for the most intimate relationship. Excluding a consideration of complete congruence, the relative importance of the variables were the following: social cost, belief incongruence, and race. Two laboratory studies tended to support the relative importance of social cost, in the preference for stooges differing in social cost, bel...
After Cancún: An Optimistic Case

Is there any hope in the breakdown of trade talks at Cancun? Surely, the developing nations found a new more solidified voice. The so-called Group of 21 may now be a vital force. This economist seeks to trace the outline of a new path for world trade and economic development.
Light responses of Carex planostachys from various microsites in a Juniperus community.

Abstract Juniperus communities are found on over 50 × 106 ha in arid and semiarid habitats in southwestern North America. The drought tolerant sedge Carex planostachys occurs below the canopy in some of these communities. Cover and biomass of C. planostachys are high below the canopy and low in associated gaps. The purposes of this study were to investigate the temporal and spatial physiologic response of C. planostachys to abiotic changes, and determine it's light response characteristics from four contiguous microsites. Net photosynthesis was highest in spring when temperature was cooler and soil water higher, but low carbon uptake continued during summer drought. In addition, C. planostachys demonstrates a capacity to recover from extreme drought, despite water potential measured below −9.0 MPa. Based on physiological light response curves and gas-exchange measurements, C. planostachys appears tolerant of shaded and full sun habitats. Light levels below the canopy were reduced compared to the gaps, but light saturation of C. planostachys did not change and net CO2 uptake was only reduced slightly. Carbon uptake was coupled to light levels and not soil moisture. Observed differences in physiological attributes and variation in C. planostachys cover and biomass correspond to the presence or absence of the canopy. Low light compensation points, coupled with reduced respiratory demand, maximize photosynthetic gain in low light microsites. C. planostachys appears to acclimate across a range of light regimes, suggesting photosynthetic plasticity, allowing growth and survival in diverse light microhabitats. C. planostachys, tolerant of drought, appears anisohydric and demonstrates a capacity to acclimate to sun and shaded habitats, which could allow it to occur across a wider range of arid areas.
Hydrogen Exchange Reveals a Stable and Expandable Core within the Aspartate Receptor Cytoplasmic Domain

Intensive study of bacterial chemoreceptors has not yet revealed how receptor methylation and ligand binding alter the interactions between the receptor cytoplasmic domain and the CheA kinase to control kinase activity. Both monomeric and dimeric forms of an Asp receptor cytoplasmic fragment have been shown to be highly dynamic, with a small core of slowly exchanging amide hydrogens (Seeley, S. K., Weis, R. M., and Thompson, L. K. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 5199-5206). Hydrogen exchange studies of the wild-type cytoplasmic fragment and an S461L mutant thought to mimic the kinase-inactivating state are used to investigate the relationship between the stable core and dimer dissociation. Our results establish that (i) decreasing pH stabilizes the dimeric state, (ii) the stable core is present also in the transition state for dissociation, and (iii) this core is expanded significantly by small changes in electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. These kinase-inactivating changes stabilize both the monomeric and the dimeric states of the protein, which has interesting implications for the mechanism of kinase activation. We conclude that the cytoplasmic domain is a flexible region poised for stabilization by small changes in electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions such as those caused by methylation of glutamate residues and by ligand-induced conformational changes during signaling.
Enrichment of committed stem cells (CFU-C) from human peripheral blood.

SummaryThe residues obtained from single-donor plateletphereses are a reproducible and convenient source of CFU-C as detected by a double-layer agar culture technique. Enrichment of CFU-C is achieved by sequential sedimentation on LSM, macrophage depletion by adherence to plastic, and isopycnic centrifugation on BSA gradients. The final preparation from a single-donor contains approximately 3 × 108 cells, sufficient for 150 quadruplicate cultures. Enrichment of CFU-C was about sixfold and the yield of CFU-C was 76%. Cells from the macrophage-depletion step were suspended in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, frozen, and stored at —70°. After thawing at 37°, CFU-C were enriched by centrifugation on BSA. Frozen cells retained full CFU-C activity for at least 4 weeks.