cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical repellency in birds: Relationship between chemical structure and avoidance response

We examined how molecular structure of 24 anthranilate and benzoic acid derivatives correlated with drinking behavior in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris. The effectiveness of bird repellents was associated with basicity, the presence of an electron-donating group in resonance with an electron-withdrawing carboxylic group on a phenyl ring, and a heterocyclic ring in the same pi cloud plane as the phenyl ring. Of the benzoic acid derivatives tested in this study, methyl, ethyl, dimethyl, and linalyl anthranilate as well as anthranilic acid and 4-ketobenztriazine were repellent to birds. Water consumption was significantly reduced relative to control levels at concentrations as low as 0.05% (weight/volume) for the best repellents. Further statistical tests showed that reduction in consumption for the best repellents was absolute, not significantly different from zero consumption. Anthranilic acid isomers were moderately good repellents. The ability to generate a model predicting repellency allows for the efficient identification and development of ecologically sound, nonlethal, taxa-specific repellents to be used for the protection of wildlife in agricultural and industrial applications.
Observations of complex terrain flows using acoustic sounders: Echo interpretation

We examine methods for the interpretation of sodar facsimile records obtained in the study of complex terrain flows. Acoustic scattering theory is presented first and then interpreted using a simpolified second-order turbulence closure scheme. The use of this theory suggests the strong sensitivity of acoustic scatter to changes in the wind shear. With this introduction, detailed sodar facsimile records, temperature and wind profiles, and model calculations follow. Characteristic scattering patterns are described for simple drainage jets, complex basin flows, convection with a capping inversion, stratus, and dynamical instabilities. Examples are also shown of bistatic facsimile records detailing the strong temporal and spatial variability in small-scale turbulence.
The 1 , 2 , 3-Conjecture And 1 , 2-Conjecture For Sparse Graphs

The 1, 2, 3-Conjecture states that the edges of a graph without isolated edges can be labeled from {1, 2, 3} so that the sums of labels at adjacent vertices are distinct. The 1, 2-Conjecture states that if vertices also receive labels and the vertex label is added to the sum of its incident edges, then adjacent vertices can be distinguished using only {1, 2}. We show that various configurations cannot occur in minimal counterexamples to these conjectures. Discharging then confirms the conjectures for graphs with maximum average degree less than 8/3. The conjectures are already confirmed for larger families, but the structure theorems and reducibility results are of independent interest.
The antifungal activity of normal and host-compromised saliva on spaceflight fungal phenotypes

Phenotypic variants of parent strains ofChaetomium globosum, Trichophyton terrestre, Rhodotorula rubra, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed to pooled salivary samples contributed by healthy individuals and three groups of outpatients receiving radiation treatment for malignancies, protracted corticosteroid regimes for renal complications, and insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. Significant variations occurred in fungal growth rates according to phenotype association with specific salivary samples.
Intrinsic disorder in the kinesin superfamily

Kinesin molecular motors perform a myriad of intracellular transport functions. While their mechanochemical mechanisms are well understood and well-conserved throughout the superfamily, the cargo-binding and regulatory mechanisms governing the activity of kinesins are highly diverse and, in general, incompletely characterized. Here we present evidence from bioinformatic predictions indicating that most kinesin superfamily members contain significant regions of intrinsically disordered (ID) residues. ID regions can bind to multiple partners with high specificity and are highly labile to post-translational modification and degradation signals. In kinesins, the predicted ID regions are primarily found in areas outside the motor domains, where primary sequences diverge by family, suggesting that the ID may be a critical structural element for determining the functional specificity of individual kinesins. To support this concept, we present a systematic analysis of the kinesin superfamily, family by family, for predicted ID regions. We combine this analysis with a comprehensive review of kinesin-binding partners and post-translational modifications. We find two key trends across the entire kinesin superfamily. First, ID residues tend to be in the tail regions of kinesins, opposite the superfamily-conserved motor domains. Second, predicted ID regions correlate to regions that are known to bind to cargoes and/or undergo post-translational modifications. We therefore propose that the ID residue is a structural element utilized by the kinesin superfamily in order to impart functional specificity to individual kinesins.
Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment

Introduction: Conservatives and the Welfare State Part I. Analytical Foundations: 1. The logic of retrenchment 2. The context for retrenchment politics Part II. The Politics of Programmatic Retrenchment: 3. Retrenchment in a core sector: old age pensions 4. Retrenchment in a vulnerable sector: housing 5. Retrenchment in a residualized sector: income support Part III. The Embattled Welfare State: 6. Reagan, Thatcher and the welfare state 7. Social policy in an era of austerity.
Experimental studies on the yield behavior of ductile and brittle aluminum foams

Abstract Specimen size effects are a major cause of the unreliability of foam models in finite element codes. Here, the modified Arcan apparatus is used to investigate the biaxial yielding of ductile and brittle Al foams. This apparatus subjects a central section of a “butterfly-shaped” specimen to a uniform state of plane stress. The stresses have local maxima at the central section, thus ensuring that yielding occurs there. A yield envelope, which directly relates to the crushing process, can then be determined. Size effects are introduced when using conventional methods such as tri-axial or plate-shear tests. In such tests, averages of stress and strain are measured. These measures do not represent the actual yield event, because foam's internal structure is inhomogeneous and so is the deformation field. Strain localization and failure can occur at any weak layer of cells in the bulk. In this study, we have performed a series of biaxial tests on isotropic Alporas and anisotropic Hydro closed-cell Al foams of approximately equal densities. Alporas failed locally by a ductile phenomenon of progressive crushing of cells. It also possessed uniaxial strength asymmetry. Hydro specimens parallel and perpendicular to ‘foam rise’ were investigated. The Hydro foam developed a local, characteristic brittle crack at loads in the vicinity of the yield point. Phenomenological yield surfaces, which incorporate these features are obtained for the foams, and show dependence on both the deviatoric and hydrostatic stresses. We also provide expressions for the shear and hydrostatic strengths in terms of the uniaxial strengths. Finally, the size-independence of the yield surface is verified using the uniaxial compression of tapered specimens.
Plasma replacement for in vitro culture of Plasmodium knowlesi.

Of six fractions of human plasma tested, only Cohn's fraction IV -4 was effective for the replacement of whole plasma from monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) for the in vitro culture of Plasmodium knowlesi . The effects observed on multiplication and morphology of parasites suggest a specific role of some substance or substances in fraction IV-4.
AGING AND COOKING EFFECTS ON SENSORY TRAITS OF PORK FROM PIGS OF DIFFERENT BREED LINES

The effects of postmortem aging time (2, 9, and 16 days) and endpoint cooking temperature (60, 70, and 80C) on the eating characteristics of pork longissimus (LD) muscle were evaluated. Gilts (n=60) were from 4 different commercial hybrid genotypes (15 pigs/genotype) selected to produce a range of intramuscular fat. Results suggest that LD muscle from genotype 2, which was selected for its propensity to increase marbling had higher intramuscular fat content, tenderness and juiciness scores than that from the other genotypes (P < 0.05). Increasing aging time from 2 to 16 days increased sensory juiciness and tenderness, and decreased instrumental shear force and cooking loss (P < 0.05). Aging for nine days decreased shear force (P < 0.05) but had no effect on tenderness and juiciness scores and cooking loss when compared to 2 days aging. Increasing endpoint temperature increased cooking loss and shear force, and decreased tenderness (P < 0.05) and juiciness.
Mathematical model of biofilm induced calcite precipitation

Microbially modulated carbonate precipitation is a fundamentally important phenomenon of both engineered and natural environments. In this paper, we propose a mixture model for biofilm induced calcite precipitation. The model consists of three phases - calcite, biofilm and solvent - which satisfy conservation of mass and momentum laws with addition of a free energy of mixing. The model also accounts for chemistry, mechanics, thermodynamics, fluid and electrodiffusion transport effects. Numerical simulations qualitatively capturing the dynamics of this process and revealing effects of kinetic parameters and external flow conditions are presented.
Coupling Between the Modeling and Controller-Design Problems—Part II: Design

In Part I of this paper, the coupling between the modeling and controller-design problems was quantified in terms of the size of the set of models from which satisfactory controllers may be derived. Herein, the significance of this coupling in controller design is exploited in the formulation of a simultaneous approach to modeling and controller design. The goal is to minimize the worst-case control effort subject to constraints on worst-case performance. It is proven that, by allowing the controller-design model and the controller to vary simultaneously, this approach yields a potential reduction in the control effort required to satisfy the prescribed performance goals in comparison to the traditional sequential approach. Two simple examples illustrating the benefits of this approach are also presented.
Identification of the high-risk infant from placental phase microscopy

Fresh placental tissue was studied by phase contrast microscopy following 125 normal and complicated pregnancies. 76 infants were full-term, 29 premature, 11 small for gestational age, and 9 from insulin-dependent diabetics. The fetal outcome was correlated with the placental score determined by grading pathological features in the 1) syncitium (hypoplasia, hyperplasia); 2) stroma (edema and intravillous hemorrhage); and 3) vascularity of the villus (congestion, ishemia and avascularity). A total score of 0 indicated normal features for gestational age. Significant correlation was observed between placental score, fetal mortality and morbidity. The mortality was 52% (11/21) with placental scores 6 or above; whereas only 2 of 104 infants with scores below 6 died (p < .001). The table below shows results in infants below 37 weeks. 19 of the 21 infants with scores of 6 or above presented with problems of extra-uterine adaption including asphyxia, anemia, respiratory problems, in contrast to 12 of 104 with scores below 6 (p < .001). All infants with severe hyaline membrane disease (arterial PO2 <50 mm. Hg. in 100% O2) had scores above 6 and demonstrated placental vascular changes with syncitial hypoplasia. Phase microscopy of the placenta is a simple (ten minute) procedure and appears to be helpful in predicting fetal outcome.
A history of chronic opioid usage prior to kidney transplantation may be associated with increased mortality risk

Chronic opioid usage (COU) for analgesia is common among patients with end-stage renal disease. In order to test whether a prior history of COU negatively affects post-kidney transplant outcomes, we retrospectively examined clinical outcomes in adult kidney transplant patients. Among 1064 adult kidney transplant patients, 452 (42.5%) reported the presence of various body pains and 108 (10.2%) reported a prior history of COU. While the overall death or kidney graft loss was not statistically different between patients with and without a history of COU, the cumulative mortality rate at 1, 3, and 5 years after transplantation, and during the entire study period, appeared significantly higher for patients with than without a history of COU (6.5, 18.5, and 20.4 vs. 3.2, 7.5, and 12.7%, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for potential confounding factors in entire cohorts and Cox regression analysis in 1:3 propensity–score matched cohorts suggest that a positive history of COU was significantly associated with nearly a 1.6- to 2-fold increase in the risk of death (hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.60, and hazard ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.42, respectively). Thus, a history of chronic opioid usage prior to transplantation appears to be associated with increased mortality risk. Additional studies are warranted to confirm the observed association and to understand the mechanisms.
Role of homocysteinylation of ACE in endothelial dysfunction of arteries

The direct impact of de novo synthesis of homocysteine (Hcy) and its reactive metabolites, Hcy-S-S-Hcy and Hcy thiolactone (HCTL), on vascular function has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that Hcy synthesized within endothelial cells affects activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by direct homocysteinylation of its amino- and/or sulfhydryl moieties. This covalent modification enhances ACE reactivity toward angiotensin II (ANG II)-NADPH oxidase-superoxide-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Mesenteric and coronary arteries isolated from normal rats were incubated for 3 days with or without exogenous methionine (Met, 0.1–0.3 mM), a precursor to Hcy. Incubation of arteries in Met-free media resulted in time-dependent decreases in vascular Hcy formation. By contrast, vessels incubated with Met produced Hcy in a dose-dependent manner. There was a notably greater de novo synthesis of Hcy from endothelial than from smooth muscle cells. Enhanced levels of Hcy production significantly impaired shear stress-induced dilation and release of nitric oxide, events that are associated with elevated production of vascular superoxide. Each of these processes was attenuated by ANG II type I receptor blocker or ACE and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. In addition, in vitro exposure of purified ACE to Hcy-S-S-Hcy/HCTL resulted in formation of homocysteinylated ACE and an enhanced ACE activity. The enhanced ACE activity was confirmed in isolated coronary and mesenteric arteries that had been exposed directly to Hcy-S-S-Hcy/HCTL or after Met incubation. In conclusion, vasculature-derived Hcy initiates endothelial dysfunction that, in part, may be mediated by ANG II-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase in association with homocysteinylation of ACE.
Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders

Abstract Objective The research literature on psychosocial disability and work in mood disorders has either focused on relatively short-term course, or did not consider direct comparisons of these domains across all three of the affective subtypes of bipolar I (BP-I), bipolar II (BP-II), and unipolar major depressive disorders (UP-MDD). Methods Mean composite measures of psychosocial impairment and months at specific levels of overall and work impairment were compared for 158 BP-I, 133 BP-II, and 358 UP-MDD patients based on semi-structured interviews conducted during 15 years of follow-up in the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS). These are contrasted with a single month of psychosocial impairment ratings for a sample of 1787 subjects with no current psychiatric disorder. Results Patients with mood disorders experienced some degree of disability during the majority of long-term follow-up (54 to 59% of months), including 19 to 23% of months with moderate and 7 to 9% of months with severe overall impairment. Severe disability occurred a substantial percentage of time only in the specific area of work role function. BP-I patients were completely unable to carry out work role functions during 30% of assessed months, which was significantly more than for UP-MDD and BP-II patients (21% and 20%, respectively). Conclusions These findings have public health, economic, and clinical importance, and underscore the need to reduce the chronicity and impairment associated with these three prevalent affective disorder subtypes. Interventional research is just beginning to address these challenges.
Human neutrophil response to short-term exposure to F-75 cobalt-based alloy.

The effect of biomaterials on the activation of human neutrophils was studied. Human neutrophils were incubated with F-75 cobalt-based alloy or polystyrene microspheres of a nonphagocytosable size with two times total neutrophil plane surface area. Scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM, TEM), energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) were used to analyze changes in cellular morphology and metal content. This report presents evidence that human PMNs display morphological changes related to foreign material challenge, including activation on F-75 bead surfaces, pinocytosis of corrosion products, formation of intracellular vacuoles, degranulation, etc. Moreover, when PMNs were present, the corrosion release rate of F-75 increased as much as three times over cell-free controls. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conditional expectation and the Bergman projection

For any σ-algebra of measurable subsets of the unit disk generated by a finite Blaschke product, we prove that the associated conditional expectation operator commutes with the Bergman projection operator if and only if the σ-algebra is generated by a monomial. In the process, a formula for the conditional expectation operator (under certain assumptions) is obtained. When compared with earlier results of A.B. Aleksandrov concerning conditional expectation associated with σ-algebras of measurable subsets of the circle, our results exhibit a stark contrast between the way conditional expectation operators act in the Bergman and Hardy space settings.
A model of presinusoidal portal hypertension.

The etiology of idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) is not known. To obtain clues to the pathogenesis, an attempt was made to produce a hepatic lesion similar to that in IPH by repeated injections of aggregated killed non-pathogenic E. coli directly into the portal vein. In the treated dogs, histology of the liver showed dense fibrosis in the portal tract and an aberrant vasculature around the portal area after 1 month. Portal pressure was elevated and middle-to-small-sized portal branches were decreased in number as studied by portography. These changes closely mimic those seen in human IPH. The possibility is discussed that chronic entrance of an antigen such as bacteria from the intestine to the portal venous system plays an etiologic role in IPH.
Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River

Empty Nets is a disturbing history of broken promises and justice delayed. It chronicles a native people's fight to maintain their livelihood and culture in the face of an indifferent federal bureaucracy and hostile state governments. In 1939, the U.S. Government promised to provide Columbia River Indians with replacements for traditional fishing sites flooded in the backwater of the Bonneville Dam. Roberta Ulrich recounts the Indians sixtyyear struggle, in the courts and on the river, to persuade the government to keep its promise. From the beginning, the battle was intertwined with the tribes larger effort to assert treatyguaranteed fishing rights. Ulrich deftly examines a host of other issues?including declining salmon runs, industrial development, tribal selfgovernment, and recreation that became enmeshed in the tribes? pursuit of justice. Her broad and incisive account ranges from descriptions of the dam's disastrous effec ts on a salmondependent culture to portraits of the plights of individual Indian families. Descendants of those to whom the promise was made and ac tivists who have s pent their lives working to acquire the sites reveal the remarkable patience and resilience of the Columbia River Indians. In a new epilogue, Ulrich updates the story of the treaty fishing sites? now all nearly completed, nd describes political and cultural developments since 1999, including a major new component: the planned reconstruc tion of the Celilo Indian Village. And yet des pite the everchanging circumstances surrounding the treaty sites, the tribes? objec tive remains the same. In the words of Donald Sampson, former executive direc tor of the Columbia River InterTribal Fish Commission, ?Our people's desire is simple to preserve the fish, to preserve our way of life, now and for future generations.?
The neglected capital

Here in the United States we have enjoyed unparalleled opportunities for the development of an industrial economy. ‘About one-hundrccl and seventy-five million people furnish the world’s wealthiest market for industrial products and services. ;\bundant supplies of raw matcarials have contributed to the development of large and efficient plants. and a plentiful supply of manpower has been available to manage anti operate them. ,-ind, when domestic markets could not absorb our full production, our products could almost alwa>.s be sold in intc‘rnational markets. Xow, for the first time, it appears that our privileged position is being seriously challenged. Other areas in the world are developing their industries on the American pattern, c -tnd it is foolish to think that none of them will be able to duplicate our success. The A\siatic nations, for example, ha\~e tremendous potential. rilready the Japanese have beconlc an important factor in many areas of world trade. Departing from their traditional emphasis on inespensive textiles and novelty items, the), are now producing precision instruments, high-quality optical goods, and a wide variety of other desirable and well-made items for the A4merican consumer. OnI!recently the first shipment of Japanese-made automobiles reached our west coast. .A11 this has taken place in a ten-year period. It is difficult to imagine what effect the same level of industrial de\-elopment in (‘hina, India, and ;\siatic Russia would have on worltl trade, but we cannot ignore the possibilit\-. These nations are dcveloping their industries, and in years to come will play an important part in international trade. Their conll)inctl “ca1~tix.e” market must escectl one billion persons. Latin 2-\merica, too, will be a factor in future world competition. I:p to the present, most industrial development there has been made possible by the help of British, German, and T;nited States capital ant1 industrial know-how. But, as these Latin &American nations progress toward economic maturity, we can expect them to stand on their own feet industrially, and to provide ne\v competition for I4merican industr!, in world markets. The Latin A1mcrican “captive” market consists of :ll)out 1 15 million persons. .\ncl thcrc is always Russia, lvith its “captixrc” lnarket (cxctutling
Early temperamental predictors of Stroop Interference to threatening information at adolescence

Abstract Adolescents who had been classified as behaviorally inhibited in the second year of life were given a version of the Stroop Interference test using words from three different affective categories: threatening, positive, and neutral. Examination of the longest latencies produced by each subject revealed that those adolescents who had been inhibited as young children, compared with those who had been uninhibited, had more words with threatening symbolic content among their longest latencies. This result suggests that some important aspects of the original temperamental profile have been preserved over an 11-year period. The modified Stroop Interference test may be a sensitive probe for an underlying psychological/physiological vulnerability, which is apparently present in inhibited youngsters, that may place child at risk for later anxiety disorder.
Pathogen Levels, Lysozyme, and Cortisol Response in Channel Catfish with Susceptibility Differences to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Differences in bacterial loads, clearance rates, nonspecific immune response, and cortisol response were measured for three family groups of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus susceptible to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and three ESC-resistant families. Resistant families had lower mortality during challenge (P < 0.0001). Bacterial loads on day 5 postexposure were higher (P < 0.01) in susceptible families than resistant families for blood, kidney, and spleen. Blood, kidney, and spleen bacterial levels were highly correlated. Pathogen clearance was evident by day 12 in fish from the susceptible families and measurable only in kidney and spleen from resistant families on day 20. Lysozyme activity increased on day 1 (P = 0.0074) in resistant fish and on day 2 in susceptible fish (P < 0.0001). An acute stress response was evident for both resistant (21.4 ± 1.7 ng/mL [mean ± SD]) and susceptible families (30.0 ± 1.6 ng/mL). Plasma cortisol levels were elevated in susceptible fish throughout ch...
Highly independent olfactory receptor sites for naturally occurring bile acids in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

(1) Electro-olfactogram recording was used to determine whether the olfactory epithelium of adult sea lamprey is specifically sensitive to bile acids, some of which have been hypothesized to function as pheromones. Ten bile acids were selected from 38 which had already been pre-screened for olfactory activity. These compounds were first tested on their own, then as adapting stimuli, and finally as components of mixtures (2) The lamprey-specific bile acids, petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid, were the most potent compounds tested. Five other bile acids were also detectable at picomolar concentrations. Petromyzonol sulfate had a distinctive dose-response curve. (3) Cross-adaptation demonstrated that sensitivity to bile acids is attributable to at least four independent classes of olfactory receptor sites and that both the nature and position of conjugating group(s) are critical to receptor specificity. Notably, petromyzonol sulfate has its own highly specific and independent receptor site. The situation for unconjugated bile acids was more complex and there appeared to be several sub-classes of receptor sites for these compounds. (4) Mixture studies largely confirmed the cross-adaptation results, describing receptor site independence for the same four sets of odorants. Mixture enhancement was also seen when expected and there was no evidence of mixture suppression. (5) Together, these data demonstrate that conspecific bile acids are discriminated by the olfactory epithelium of the sea lamprey, supporting the possibility that these compounds may function as migratory pheromones.
The dietary rehabilitation clinic: Evaluative report of a behavioral and dietary treatment of obesity*

This paper describes an intensive, outpatient treatment program for 229 patients in an applied clinical setting. One purpose is to bring the behavioral treatment of obesity beyond the demonstration stage by presenting an evaluative report of the Dietary Rehabilitation Clinic (DRC), an intensive weight reduction ongoing clinic at Duke University. The program includes a 700 calorie diet served in the clinic dining room where patients eat three meals each day; a behavior modification program; daily dietary, behavioral, and medical supervision; a patient education lecture series; physical activity; and a general medical program. Overall, treatment is designed to help each patient learn new eating habits; learn about foods, and achieve the goal of changed behavior necessary for maintenance of weight loss and general good health. Over one-half of patients lost 20 or more pounds, and approximately one-quarter lost 40 or more pounds.
Scalar-diffraction line response

The exact line-response function for scalar diffraction is found, valid at all distances from a diffracting plane. This is the complex amplitude in the field beyond an infinitesimal slit that is illuminated at normal incidence by a plane wave. The line response is quite simple and is easily evaluated numerically. It has an even simpler asymptotic form, which is accurate in the near field. The diffracted field beyond a plane at which the amplitude varies in one direction is found by convolving the line-response function with the complex amplitude in the plane.
Some variations on a counterfunctional digital camera

This Pictorial takes a different look at digital cameras and photos. It frames this look within a counterfunctional design perspective. This works is presented not as a design process documentation, but rather as a type of visual-textual design artifact. We see it as a means to present new concepts composed of both the textual-theoretical and visual-designerly varieties. While cameras and photos are the ostensible thematic focus, these technologies are in turn used as a focusing device for a broader conceptual theme: designing digital limitations.
Organosilicate-polymer drug delivery systems: controlled release and enhanced mechanical properties

Dexamethasone-loaded poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVAc) nanocomposites were fabricated via solution-casting with three different organosilicates for study in a drug delivery system. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all three nanocomposites were in an intercalated morphology. Release studies of dexamethasone into phosphate-buffered saline revealed that the presence of silicates reduced the rate of drug release, and this reduction was a function of volume fraction of silicate in the composite, as well as the aspect ratio of the silicate layers. It was also found that the presence of silicate in a nanocomposite resulted in an increase in the Young's modulus as compared to the pure polymer, and this increase was also a function of the volume fraction of silicate present as well as the aspect ratio of the silicate layers. Silicates are a viable additive to EVAc drug delivery systems, providing controlled release characteristics as well as enhanced mechanical properties in an economically and biologically safe manner.
H2 ELIMINATION PRODUCTS FROM NEUTRAL ZR + ALKENE REACTIONS IN THE GAS PHASE

Identification of the metal-containing products of reactions of the neutral transition metal atom Zr(4d25s2, 3F) with ethylene and propylene is accomplished using one-photon ionization at 157 nm and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reactions proceed in a fast flow reactor at 298 K with He/N2 buffer gas at 0.6 Torr. Mass spectra of the products of both Zr + C2H4 and Zr + C3H6 indicate that H2 elimination occurs as the primary reaction step. The efficiency of the Zr + C2H4 reaction shows that there is no barrier larger than about 2 kcal/mol above reactants along the entire reaction path. This corroborates an earlier theoretical prediction by Blomberg and Siegbahn of facile H2 elimination by ground-state Zr. For the secondary reactions ZrC2H2 + C2H4 and ZrC3H4 + C3H6 and for the reactions ZrO + C2H4 and ZrO + C3H6, mass spectra again indicate that H2 elimination occurs. Rate constant measurements using photoionization detection show that the presence of the C2H2 and C3H4 ligands enhances the reaction ef...
Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations in coordinate space: Neutron-rich sulfur, zirconium, cerium, and samarium isotopes

Using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean field theory in coordinate space, we investigate ground state properties of the sulfur isotopes from the line of stability up to the two-neutron dripline $(^{34\ensuremath{-}52}\mathrm{S})$. In particular, we calculate two-neutron separation energies, quadrupole moments, and rms radii for protons and neutrons. Evidence for shape coexistence is found in the very neutron-rich sulfur isotopes. We compare our calculations with results from relativistic mean field theory and with available experimental data. We also study the properties of neutron-rich zirconium $(^{102,104}\mathrm{Zr})$, cerium $(^{152}\mathrm{Ce})$, and samarium $(^{158,160}\mathrm{Sm})$ isotopes which exhibit very large prolate quadrupole deformations.
Optimal Orbital Rendezvous Maneuvering for Angles-Only Navigation

A NGLES-ONLY navigation has great potential for orbital rendezvous, satellite formation flight, and other relative motion applications, but is often discarded because of its inherent and misunderstood limitation in determining range. A common consensus in the published literature, regardless of the application, is that maneuvers are generally required to obtain target observability when using only anglemeasurements [1–6]. For the bearings-only tracking problem, Nardone and Aidala [7] and Hepner and Geering [8] also showed that certain types of maneuvers, particularly those maneuvers that cause position changes that lie along the instantaneous bearing lines associated with a constant velocity trajectory, do not necessarily guarantee observability. If certain maneuvers produce observability and others do not, then the next natural step that has received considerable attention is to determinewhichmaneuvers and trajectories are optimal in maximizing observability [9–16]. Despite these significant advances in deriving optimal maneuvers for the bearings-only tracking problem, these results are typically established on the premise of a constant moving target, an assumption valid for many naval applications that motivated the earlier research efforts but not applicable to orbital rendezvous. Although the influence of maneuvering for angles-only navigation has been considered for orbital rendezvous [17–19], there does not exist in the published literature derivations of performing optimal maneuvers to maximize observability. This Note develops the mathematical framework to analytically derive optimal maneuvers for angles-only navigation using a previously derived observability criteria [20–22]. The concept of having levels or degrees of observability is formally defined as a function of the measurement error and then used to form the theoretical foundation to derive optimal maneuvers that maximize the observability of the relative state. A simple yet common orbital rendezvous example is provided to illustrate the possibility of designing optimal orbital rendezvous maneuvers for angles-only navigation. Although the topic is introduced in the context of orbital rendezvous, the fundamental concepts can be applied to any linear dynamic system (and extended to nonlinear systems) for which the relative position and velocity are estimated using only angular measurements.
My professor is so unfair: Student attitudes and experiences of conflict with faculty

A survey of 308 students revealed that student–faculty conflict is widespread, with approximately one-third of all students reporting a conflict they have pursued. In assessing student knowledge of ombuds processes as an option to resolve conflicts, approximately half of all students had heard of the ombuds office at their institution but had limited understanding of the functions of the office, and virtually none of those surveyed had used the office.
Predicting success: Optimizing phase II ALS trials for the transition to phase III

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research is advancing quickly, but the transition from phase II to phase III trials remains particularly challenging. In part, this is because of the paradox of phase II ALS trials – they are expected to inform researchers about safety, tolerability, dosage selection, and efficacy using a small number of patients, and relying on essentially the same outcome measures used in phase III trials. We examined pharmacokinetics in the cerebrospinal fluid and pharmacodynamic markers to demonstrate target engagement. In addition, primary outcome measures are often not specified or do not reach pre-specified goals for significance. We conclude that future trials should include pharmacokinetic (preferably in CSF) and pharmacodynamic markers of target engagement when possible. Primary endpoints should be pre-specified. Inclusion criteria should be used to reduce heterogeneity and target a relevant subpopulation of people with ALS when possible. Multiple phase II trials might...
Relaxation and Electromagnetic Response of a Superconductor in a State of Supercurrent Flow

The situation is investigated in which a superconductor in a state of supercurrent flow and near the transition temperature is exposed to an alternating electric field. The induced alternating current is shown to exhibit a frequency dependence ${(1\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\Omega}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{R}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is due to a relaxation process in the Cooper-pair density. The relaxation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ is determined by electron-phonon collisions (collision time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$), in which case ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{R}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}{[\frac{{T}_{c}}{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$; impurity scattering is important only under certain conditions, in which case ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{R}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}{[\frac{{T}_{c}}{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}]}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ sec.
Long-term histopathologic findings in human corneal wounds after refractive surgical procedures

Objective To describe the human corneal histopathology after laser in situ keratomileusis, photorefractive keratectomy, astigmatic keratoplasty, clear corneal refractive lens surgery, conductive keratoplasty, and intrastromal corneal ring segment placement. Design Retrospective histopathologic study and selected literature review. Methods Ninety-four postmortem corneas from 49 patients and 10 corneal button specimens from 6 patients with previous refractive surgery were collected from eye banks and refractive surgeons in North America. This observational case series evaluated the pathologic findings in the wounds of these corneas in the context of previous studies. Results Three histopathologic types of corneal wound-healing responses were present in corneas after refractive surgery. The first was an epithelial cell modification that reestablished a smooth anterior corneal surface through basal epithelial cell hypertrophy, by epithelial hyperplasia, or both. The second was the production of a hypercellular fibrotic stromal scar, and the third was the production of a hypocellular primitive stromal scar. Although only the hypercellular fibrotic stromal scar could be identified on gross examination, all three wound responses were identified with light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Confocal microscopy also identified these three processes but with less detail and resolution. Conclusion Understanding the locations, clinical appearance, and functional attributes of these wound-healing responses will help guide evolving techniques or adjunctive treatments.
Tritium and stable isotopes of magmatic waters

Abstract To investigate the isotopic composition and age of water in volcanic gases and magmas, we analyzed samples from 11 active volcanoes ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt to rhyolite: Mount St. Helens (USA), Kilauea (USA), Pacaya (Guatemala), Galeras (Colombia), Satsuma Iwo-Jima (Japan), Sierra Negra and Alcedo (Ecuador), Vulcano (Italy), Paricutin (Mexico), Kudryavy (Russia), and White Island (New Zealand). Tritium at relatively low levels (0.1–5 T.U.) is found in most emissions from high-temperature volcanic fumaroles sampled, even at discharge temperatures >700°C. Although magmatic fluids sampled from these emissions usually contain high CO2, Stotal, HCl, HF, B, Br, 3He R/RA, and low contents of air components, stable isotope and tritium relations of nearly all such fluids show mixing of magmatic volatiles with relatively young meteoric water (model ages≤75 y). Linear δD/δ18O and 3H/δ18O mixing trends of these two end-members are invariably detected at arc volcanoes. Tritium is also detected in fumarole condensates at hot spot basalt volcanoes, but collecting samples approaching the composition of end-member magmatic fluid is exceedingly difficult. In situ production of 3H, mostly from spontaneous fission of 238U in magmas is calculated to be 0.05 T.U.).
Evidence against T-cell development in the adult human intestinal mucosa based upon lack of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase expression

Several lines of evidence indicate that a subset of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL), particularly those which express the CD8 alpha alpha homodimer, mature extrathymically. This study confirms that a small fraction of adult human iIEL also express the CD8 alpha alpha homodimer and demonstrates that most of these cells in the small intestine are T cells using the alpha beta T-cell receptor (TCR). Whether these cells or other subsets of adult human iIEL mature extrathymically in the intestine was assessed by measuring the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT), an enzyme expressed exclusively by immature lymphocytes. Very low levels of TdT message could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in some iIEL samples. The level of TdT expression was assayed by competitive PCR amplification and compared with thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. These measurements indicated that the number of immature T cells expressing TdT in the intestinal epithelium was less than one cell per 10(7) lymphocytes. This demonstrates that there are few if any TdT expressing immature T cells in the adult human intestinal mucosa and indicates, therefore, that T-cell development in the intestinal mucosa does not contribute significantly to the T-cell repertoire of the adult human intestine.
Leg autotomy of adult diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in response to tarsal contact with insecticide residues

Up to 74% of adult diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella (L.), autotomized one or both metathoracic legs after tarsal contact with insecticide residues. In bioassays with fenvalerate, the LC50, was 478 ng/cm2, and the autotomy response peaked at 100 ng/cm2. Scanning electron microscopy showed a smooth abscission at the joint between the trochanter and femur. In comparison with moths retaining all their legs, those that autotomized recovered faster from knockdown. Leg autotomy in insects was thought to be primarily a mechanism for escaping entrapment, but it may aid in escaping the effects of toxins.
Deep-Brain Stimulation — Entering the Era of Human Neural-Network Modulation

The research of Alim Benabid and Mahlon DeLong — just recognized with the Lasker–Debakey Clinical Medical Research Award — has led to improved lives for more than 100,000 people with Parkinson's disease or other neurologic or neuropsychiatric disorders.
Two-particle correlations involving neutral strange particles

Two-particle correlation functions $R(\ensuremath{\Delta}y)$ have been studied for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}_{S}^{0}{K}_{S}^{0}$, ${K}_{S}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ pairs in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 250 GeV/c. Dynamical correlations are estimated by subtracting a Monte Carlo calculation containing only energy and momentum conservation correlations. ${K}_{S}^{0}{K}_{S}^{0}$ correlation is found to be considerably larger than ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ correlation, while ${K}_{S}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ correlations are small.
Spherically symmetric solutions in five-dimensional general relativity

The most general time-independent spherically symmetric (in the usual three space dimensions) solution to the five-dimensional vacuum Einstein equations is found, subject to the existence of a Killing vector in the fifth direction. The significance of these solutions is discussed within the context of a previously proposed extension of the Kaluza-Klein model in which the universe, although (4+1)-dimensional, has evolved over cosmic times into an effectively (3+l)-dimensional one.
Pollination ecology of Aloe divaricata, Berger (Liliaceae) : an endemic plant species of south-west Madagascar.

The reproductive biology and pollination ecology of an endemic plant species ( Aloe divaricata ) of Madagascar was studied in order to understand the relative significance of various flower visitors to fruit set success. The flowers were hermaphrodite and protandrous, and were primarily visited by souimanga sunbirds ( Nectarinia souimanga ) and stingless bees ( Trigona sp.). Flower development and phenology were examined. Fruit set success of flowers from which sunbirds were excluded was significantly lower than that of flowers visited by both bees and sunbirds. Sunbirds ( Nectarinia souimanga ) appeared to be the most effective pollinators of Aloe divaricata , although numerous stingless bees ( Trigona sp.) also visited the flowers. The latter visitors did not seem to play any role in Aloe divaricata pollination.
Effects of Active and Inactive Phospholipase D2 on Signal Transduction, Adhesion, Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis in EL4 Lymphoma Cells

The phosphatidylcholine-using phospholipase D (PLD) isoform PLD2 is widely expressed in mammalian cells and is activated in response to a variety of promitogenic agonists. In this study, active and inactive hemagglutinin-tagged human PLD2 (HA-PLD2) constructs were stably expressed in an EL4 cell line lacking detectable endogenous PLD1 or PLD2. The overall goal of the study was to examine the roles of PLD2 in cellular signal transduction and cell phenotype. HA-PLD2 confers PLD activity that is activated by phorbol ester, ionomycin, and okadaic acid. Proliferation and Erk activation are unchanged in cells transfected with active PLD2; proliferation rate is decreased in cells expressing inactive PLD2. Basal tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is increased in cells expressing active PLD2, as is phosphorylation of Akt; inactive PLD2 has no effect. Expression of active PLD2 is associated with increased spreading and elongation of cells on tissue culture plastic, whereas inactive PLD2 inhibits cell spreading. Inactive PLD2 also inhibits cell adhesion, migration, and serum-induced invasion. Cells expressing active PLD2 form metastases in syngeneic mice, as do the parental cells; cells expressing inactive PLD2 form fewer metastases than parental cells. In summary, active PLD2 enhances FAK phosphorylation, Akt activation, and cell invasion in EL4 lymphoma cells, whereas inactive PLD2 exerts inhibitory effects on adhesion, migration, invasion, and tumor formation. Overall, expression of active PLD2 enhances processes favorable to lymphoma cell metastasis, whereas expression of inactive PLD2 inhibits metastasis.