cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing therapy and maximizing outcomes in rectal cancer.

gallbladder cancer: Not ready to be used. J Clin Oncol 26:4522-4523, 2008; author reply 4524-4526 29. Wang SJ, Fuller CD, Kim JS, et al: Prediction model for estimating the survival benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for gallbladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:2112-2117, 2008 30. Knight Cancer Institute of Oregon Health and Science University: Gallbladder Cancer Adjuvant Therapy, 2011. http://skynet.ohsu.edu/nomograms/gallbladder/ 31. National Lunch Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, et al: Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 365:395-409, 2010 32. Sox HC: Better evidence about screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med Aug 365:455-457, 2011 33. Henschke CI, Naidich DP, Yankelevitz DF, et al: Early lung cancer action project: Initial findings on repeat screenings. Cancer 92:153-159, 2001 34. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE, et al: CT screening for lung cancer: Five-year prospective experience. Radiology 235:259-265, 2005 35. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Sloan JA, et al: Screening for lung cancer with low-dose spiral computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:508-513, 2002 36. International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, et al: Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med 355:1763-1771, 2006 37. Bach PB, Jett JR, Pastorino U, et al: Computed tomography screening and lung cancer outcomes. JAMA 297:953-961, 2007 38. Wang SJ, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Kim JS, et al: Parametric survival models for predicting the benefit of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in gallbladder cancer. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2010:847-851, 2010 39. Ahmed FE, Vos PW, Holbert D: Modeling survival in colon cancer: A methodological review. Mol Cancer 6:15, 2007 40. Anderson JR, Cain KC, Gelber RD, et al: Analysis and interpretation of the comparison of survival by treatment outcome variables in cancer clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rep 69:1139-1146, 1985 41. Smith LK, Lambert PC, Botha JL, et al: Providing more up-to-date estimates of patient survival: A comparison of standard survival analysis with period analysis using life-table methods and proportional hazards models. J Clin Epidemiol 57:14-20, 2004
cDNA Technologies and their application to drug resistance research: power, potential and problems

Abstract The effectiveness of systemic chemotherapy is dramatically limited by both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Several new technologies have been developed over the last decade to more rapidly identify underlying genetic alterations that impart a drug-resistant phenotype. Techniques such as cDNA-based subtraction technologies, SAGE analysis, and most recently cDNA array and high-density micro-array technologies have rapidly expanded our ability to detect changes in RNA transcription in drug-resistant tumors. These technologies are currently being applied to generate a large number of new hypotheses regarding the regulatory molecules underlying the drug-resistance phenotype. These techniques suggest that there is a large number of transcriptional changes which occur in the drug-resistance phenotype and future work will need to focus on dissecting which of these transcriptional changes are central to the drug resistance phenotype, both in vitro, and more importantly within clinical neoplasia.
Agricultural Economists in the Information Age: Awareness, Usage, and Attitudes toward Electronic Bibliographic Databases

The construction, content, and potential use of electronic bibliographic databases is discussed. A survey of AAEA members indicates that both usage and unawareness of these databases are significant; that research and government agricultural economists are disproportionately users of electronic bibliographic databases, while extension and agribusiness agricultural economists are disproportionately nonusers; that such databases average 28.9% useful citations for agricultural economics searches, though this percentage can be raised with help from a professional librarian; and that AAEA members favor having their literature citations in electronic form.
Reactive polymer coatings: a first step toward surface engineering of microfluidic devices.

We report fabrication, characterization, and use of microfluidic analysis devices containing surface-immobilized cell-capturing molecules. Amino-terminated biotin ligands are immobilized onto the luminal surface of a microdevice and effectively support self-assembly of proteins, antibodies, and mammalian cells. For this purpose, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization is used to functionalize PDMS-made microfluidic devices with poly[para-xylylene carboxylic acid pentafluorophenolester-co-para-xylylene]. The resulting reactive coating shows excellent adhesion when deposited in thin films (∼100 nm, and the distribution of the pentafluorophenol ester groups is reasonably uniform within the microchannel inner surface, as examined by fluorescence microscopy. The utility of these devices for cell-based bioassays is demonstrated by monitoring the concentration-dependent effect of the disintegrin echistatin on cell adhesion. The described assay format could be relevant to clinical research in various field...
Social regulation of electric signal plasticity in male Brachyhypopomus gauderio

In animal communication, the social context that elicits particular dynamic changes in the signal can provide indirect clues to signal function. Female presence should increase the expression of male signal traits relevant for mate-choice, while male presence should promote the enhancement of traits involved in male-male competition. The electric fish Brachyhypopomus gauderio produces a biphasic electric pulse for electrolocation and communication. Pulse amplitude predicts the signaler’s body size while pulse duration predicts circulating androgen levels. Males enhance pulse amplitude and duration when the numbers of males and females increase simultaneously. Here we tested the relative effects of female presence and male presence on male signal enhancement, and whether the size of the male competitor affected this enhancement. We found that male presence drives the enhancement of both pulse amplitude and second phase duration, independently of the size of the male competitor. Female presence induces the enhancement of pulse duration, but not pulse amplitude. These data suggest that males probably attend to information about a competitor’s body size coded by pulse amplitude and attend to aggressiveness coded by a competitor’s pulse duration, both potential predictors of fight outcome. Females may be primarily concerned about information on reproductive condition coded by pulse duration.
Platelet rich plasma treatment for chronic Achilles tendinosis.

Background: Chronic Achilles tendinosis is a relatively common but difficult orthopedic condition to treat. In this study, autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP), a concentrated bioactive blood component rich in cytokines and growth factors, was evaluated to determine its potential long-term efficacy in treating chronic cases of Achilles tendinosis resistant to traditional nonoperative management. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis who did not respond to a minimum of 6 months of traditional nonoperative treatment modalities were treated with a single ultrasound guided injection of PRP. AOFAS scoring was completed for all patients pretreatment and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-treatment. MRI and/or ultrasound studies were completed for all patients pre-treatment and at 6 months post-treatment. Prior to the PRP treatment all of the patients in this study were considering surgical Achilles repair for their severe symptoms. Results: The average AOFAS score increased from 34 (r...
Procedural sedation and analgesia in children

Providing relief from pain and anxiety associated with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has become an ethical imperative in children, as well as a measured quality of care from the family perspective. This, along with a tremendous increase in the number of procedures performed in children outside the operating room, has placed an increasing demand for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) to be provided by nonanesthesiologists. Safe sedation for children requires a systematic approach with careful pre-sedation assessment and patient selection, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, clear understanding of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of sedation medications that are used, and necessary skills to rescue the patient from sedation related adverse outcomes. In this article, we review the indications for PSA in children, the principles of providing safe and effective sedation, including pre-sedation assessment and monitoring during sedation, adverse events related to sedation and pharmacology of commonly used drugs for sedation. In addition, we also present the alternative and adjunctive nonpharmacologic approaches that can be used in children requiring PSA.
Binary Decision Diagrams

This paper describes a method for defining, analyzing, testing, and implementing large digital functions by means of a binary decision diagram. This diagram provides a complete, concise, "implementation-free" description of the digital functions involved. Methods are described for deriving these diagrams and examples are given for a number of basic combinational and sequential devices. Techniques are then outlined for using the diagrams to analyze the functions involved, for test generation, and for obtaining various implementations. It is shown that the diagrams are especially suited for processing by a computer. Finally, methods are described for introducing inversion and for directly "interconnecting" diagrams to define still larger functions. An example of the carry look-ahead adder is included.
Disappearance of hyperscaling at low temperatures in non-Fermi-liquid CeCu 5.2 Ag 0.8

Following the recently published results (down to 0.3 K) on magnetic-field induced non-Fermi-liquid behavior in polycrystalline ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{6\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{x}$ $(0.09lxl1.2)$ we present here specific heat C measurements down to $T=70\mathrm{mK}$ on a ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{5.2}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{0.8}$ single crystal. In the single crystal we find that in a critical magnetic field ${B}_{c}$ only along the magnetic easy (c) axis, where the long-range antiferromagnetic order ${(T}_{N}=0.7\mathrm{K}$ in $B=0\mathrm{T})$ is just suppressed to $T=0,$ a quantum critical point is reached with non-Fermi-liquid properties down to our lowest temperature of measurement. The lowest temperature $C/T$ data, $B\ensuremath{\parallel}c,$ for $Bg{B}_{c}$ are proportional to $1\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{aT}}^{0.5},$ a temperature dependence proposed in the Gaussian ( weakly interacting spin fluctuations) self-consistent renormalized spin-fluctuation theory. In contrast, the data at higher temperatures---including scaling with ${B/T}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ of both C and magnetization as a function of B---require a non-Gaussian strongly interacting spin-fluctuation model. In order to test this apparent crossover in behavior we have examined the scaling of $C(B)$ for $Tl0.2\mathrm{K}$ and find that the high-temperature scaling with ${B/T}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ (``hyperscaling'') does not function at the lowest temperatures.
Preparation and Separation of C60 Photopolymers for the Physical Chemistry Instructional Laboratory

We report the development of a new physical chemistry laboratory exercise that uses gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to study pristine and photopolymerized C60 materials. GPC is a well-known method for probing molecular weight distributions because of its ability to separate macromolecules based upon size. In this experiment students are interested in the changing molecular weight distribution with irradiation. Students inject both pristine and photoirradiated C60 into the system and analyze the retention time data with a differential UV detector set at 300 nm. The observation of higher molecular weight oligomers upon irradiation is consistent with intermolecular bond formation by the proposed [2 + 2] cycloaddition pathway. The implementation of this laboratory in the classroom has been very successful, generating consistently positive feedback from the students.
Panoptes: Crowd-sourced Cars with a Cause

There is no consolidated, integral, quantifiable, granular, updated source of information for the roads we traverse and the environment we live in everyday. This leads to ambiguity about road conditions, which is tolerable during normal conditions but extremely problematic in adverse conditions such as snow blockages, water-logging due to storms, degraded roads and potholes. Without such knowledge, city authorities cannot take effective action against such problems. Also, one only has knowledge about ones immediate surroundings in a car, and not what to expect further down the road. Our approach is to deploy a number of embedded modules capable of sensing, computing and reporting, each of which can simply be plugged into any vehicle. Hence this enables each vehicle's connectivity to the cloud and larger coverage as compared to static sensors. The data reported by each module itself might be prone to errors. Therefore, the cloud crowd sources the data from these modules and merges it to increase confidence in the information. Our work, Panoptes, demonstrates these aspects through crowdsourced pothole detection for city roads.
Measurement of Calcineurin Phosphatase Activity in Cell Extracts

Abstract The calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin is an important molecular target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Complexes of CsA and FK506 with their immunophilin ligands interact with calcineurin in vitro, resulting in the inhibition of its serine/threonine phosphatase activity toward polypeptide substrates. In order to demonstrate that CsA and FK506 inhibit calcineurin in vivo, we developed an assay to measure calcineurin phosphatase activity in crude cell extracts. We have previously reported that incubation of intact cells with nanomolar concentrations of either CsA or FK506 results in potent inhibition of calcineurin activity in a variety of cell lines. Here we discuss in detail the methodology and applications of the cell extract calcineurin assay.
Development of a 4096 element MEMS continuous membrane deformable mirror for high contrast astronomical imaging

Presented in this paper is the development of a 4096 element continuous membrane deformable mirror under development for the Gemini Planet Imaging instrument designed for extra solar planet detection. This deformable mirror will enable the next generation of adaptive optics ("Extreme" AO) capable of achieving contrasts of up to 10 8 , required to detect these planets that are obscured by the brightness of its parent star. This surface micromachined MEMS deformable mirror will have an active aperture of 25.2mm consisting of thin silicon membrane mirror supported by an array of 64x64 electrostatic actuators exhibiting no hysteresis and sub-nanometer repeatability. This deformable mirror will be capable of 4μm of stroke, have a surface finish of <10nm RMS with a fill factor of 99.8%, and be capable of frame rates in excess of 2.5kHz. This development effort combines new design features, fabrication processes and packaging methods with those developed for commercially available 1024 and 140 element MEMS deformable mirrors to achieve unprecedented performance and reliability.
Studies on the mode of action of calciferol. X. 24-Nor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, an analog of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 having "anti-vitamin" activity.

24-Nor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, an analog of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, has been chemically synthesized in six steps. This steroid was tested in chicks, in vivo, for its ability to generate the classic vitamin D mediated responses of stimulation of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization. Although the 24-nor-25-OH-vitamin D3 itself exhibited no biological activity in these assays, the analog was found to inhibit the normal responses produced by a physiological dose of vitamin D3. These results suggest that 24-nor-25-OH-vitamin D3 may satisfy certain requirements expected of a calciferol “anti-vitamin.”
A Guide to Published Literature Relating to the Authoritarian Personality Through 1956

(1958). A Guide to Published Literature Relating to the Authoritarian Personality Through 1956. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 171-199.
Parenting Deficits of Mothers Living with HIV/AIDS who have Young Children.

The purpose of this study was to examine a model of the relationships between parenting deficits and skills, along with child outcomes, in a sample of mothers living with HIV (MLH) and their 6- to 14-year-old children. Sixty-two MLH (61% Latina, 26% black, 3% white, and 10% multiracial) and their well children (age 6–14) were recruited from the greater Los Angeles, California, region to participate in an intervention (IMAGE: Improving Mothers’ parenting Abilities, Growth, and Effectiveness) designed to assist MLH with parenting and self-care skills. Constructs examined included parenting deficits, parenting skills, and child outcomes. Covariance structural modeling was used for the analyses. Covariance structural modeling confirmed the hypothesized set of construct associations. As predicted, fewer parenting deficits were associated with better parenting skills, which, in turn, were associated with better child outcomes. This study delineated further the parenting issues with which MLH struggle, providing...
Skill requirements of senior‐level logisticians: a longitudinal assessment

Purpose – The logistics discipline has been characterized by tremendous change since the early 1990s. One result is that the logistician's relevant skill set has likely changed as well. To this end, the present paper aims both to update, and to provide a longitudinal perspective of, a 1991 study that investigated the skill requirements of senior‐level logistics managers using the business, logistics, management (BLM) framework.Design/methodology/approach – Both studies used survey research of executive search firms to collect the relevant data. The surveys were transmitted via postal mail in the 1991 study and were transmitted electronically in the present study.Findings – The results from the current study reinforce the 1991 study, which suggested that logisticians should be managers first and logisticians second. Comparison between the earlier and current study suggest a high degree of similarity in terms of the most important logistics skills, with less similarity in terms of business and management sk...
Supercritical water oxidation of acetic acid by potassium permanganate

Abstract Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of acetic acid by potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) was studied. The experiments were performed in a batch reactor at temperatures and pressures, respectively, ranging from 400 °C to 460 °C and from 275 bar to 350 bar. For comparison purposes, other oxidants, such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, CuH 2 O 2 , FeH 2 O 2 and MnSO 4 H 2 O 2 , were studied. Subcritical tests with potassium permanganate were also conducted at temperatures of 250°C, 300°C and 350°C. The order of acetic acid destruction effectiveness was found to be KMnO 4 > Cu-H 2 O 2 > FeH 2 O 2 > MnSO 4 H 2 O 2 > H 2 O 2 > O 2 at a temperature of 400°C, density of 0.3 g/ml and reaction time of less than 10 min. The acetic acid destruction efficiency by potassium permanganate was 77% at a temperature of 400°C, density of 0.3 g/ml and a reaction time of 2.5 min. Under similar conditions, only 40% of acetic acid was destroyed at 250°C. Potassium permanganate was demonstrated to be an effective oxidant for SCWO of acetic acid.
When Who I Am Impacts How I Am Represented: Addressing Minority Student Issues in Different Contexts. Racial Identity in Context for the Gifted African American Student.

The role of race in the lives of gifted African American students is an understudied phenomenon. The discourse in the literature regarding the influence of racial identity on academic achievement has been relatively narrow, often ignoring such important conceptual issues as the fact that racial identity is dynamic across situations; that race is not important to all African Americans; that the individual's assessment of what is African American is most important; and that racial identity cannot be understood without examining the social context. This critical review of the literature draws on both developmental and social psychological research to suggest that these assumptions are shortsighted and lead to unnecessarily simplistic recommendations for intervention and policy.
Protein Promoting Vibrations in Enzyme CatalysisA Conserved Evolutionary Motif

A computational method to identify residues important in creating a protein promoting vibration (PPV) in enzymes was previously developed and applied to horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH), resulting in the identification of eight important residues. From these residues, we define a sequence motif, the PPV generating sequence, and find it to be unique and general to a larger group of alcohol dehydrogenases from diverse sources, demonstrating that nature has selected for the PPV generating sequence. Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase • enzyme catalysis • protein dynamics • quantum tunneling • promoting vibration • sequence homology • multiple alignment • computational algorithms • molecular dynamics • protein design
Investing in new parameter values in the discounted EOQ model

Cet article continue dans la lignee des articles precedents de l'auteur, a considerer les parametres du modele de la quantite economique a commander comme des variables de decision, en introduisant une fonction de cout d'investissement qui reflete le cout de les faire varier, et d'etudier le probleme d'optimisation qui s'ensuit
Global Health Needs and the Short-Term Medical Volunteer: Ethical Considerations

Through many conversations with health professionals throughout the United States on such matters, I have come to a clear realization. Those who write and talk about the dream of global health equity can make people think, but can not make them care. It is only through direct involvement with the poor in the developing world (or here at home) that medical students and others in the medical profession at large will find reasons to care and, ultimately, find ways to change the health of the world’s most vulnerable—Edward O’Neil, Jr., MD (2006a, p. 848).
A woman of the land.

This cross-cultural study presents the life history of an 85-year-old Australian woman's health, illness and care experiences. The data were obtained from interviews over a four-month period. Content analysis was used to discover domains of meaning and formulate categories. The findings are ordered according to the following cultural themes: being a woman of the land, learning to get good feelings and ways to manage unsettling times. "Hardiness" and "keenness for learning" emerge for potential consideration in nursing practice and research.
The yeast MSH1 gene is not involved in DNA repair or recombination during meiosis

Abstract Six strong homologs of the bacterial MutS DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene have been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. With the exception of the MSH1 gene, the involvement of each homolog in DNA repair and recombination during meiosis has been determined previously. Five of the homologs have been demonstrated to act in meiotic DNA repair (MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 and MSH4) and/or meiotic recombination (MSH4 and MSH5). Unfortunately the loss of mitochondrial function that results from deletion of MSH1 disrupts meiotic progression, precluding an analysis of MSH1 function in meiotic DNA repair and recombination. However, the recent identification of two separation-of-function alleles of MSH1 that interfere with protein function but still maintain functional mitochondria allow the meiotic activities of MSH1 to be determined. We show that the G776D and F105A alleles of MSH1 exhibit no defects in meiotic recombination, repair base–base mismatches and large loop mismatches efficiently during meiosis, and have high levels of spore viability. These data indicate that the MSH1 protein, unlike other MutS homologs in yeast, plays no role in DNA repair or recombination during meiosis.
Creep cavities in copper: An ultrasonic-velocity and composite-modeling study

Abstract This study considered cavities produced in polycrystalline copper by high-temperature tensile creep. Experimentally, we measured longitudinal sound-wave velocities, both parallel and perpendicular to the stress axis. Theoretically, we used a scattered-plane-wave ensemble-average model to predict the effects of voids on sound velocity. The model contains several void-geometry variables: volume fraction, shape, orientation. Comparison of model and velocity measurements shows: (a) voids are nonspherical, (b) voids are oblate spheroidal, (c) voids do not orient randomly, (d) disc-shaped voids tend to orient perpendicular to stress axis. All model predictions agree with metallography. The sound velocities showed also that the copper contains texture and that the texture changes during heating. Neutron pole figures confirm the ultrasonic-velocity texture prediction.
Ising formulations of many NP problems

We provide Ising formulations for many NP-complete and NP-hard problems, including all of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. This collects and extends mappings to the Ising model from partitioning, covering and satisfiability. In each case, the required number of spins is at most cubic in the size of the problem. This work may be useful in designing adiabatic quantum optimization algorithms.
Using alumni research to assess a veterinary curriculum and alumni employment and reward patterns.

Rationale for the study – The purpose of the study was to obtain an outcomes assessment of the professional degree program of a veterinary college and to determine whether recently published national gender differences were true for a program that has always been predominantly female. Methodology – A survey was developed and mailed to all alumni of the veterinary degree program at North Carolina State University. Anonymous responses were collected by an independent organization for summation. Results were expressed numerically where possible, although the survey included numerous opportunities for textual responses. Responses were stratified by year of graduation, in five-year increments, and by gender of the respondents. Results 1. Sixty-one percent of graduates remained within North Carolina. 2. While most of the prerequisite courses were considered useful preparation for the curriculum, physics and calculus were exceptions. 3. Over half the alumni thought time allocations to specific courses were appro...
Cholinergic effects on adrenergic neurotransmitters in rabbit brain parts

Abstract A cholinergic-adrenergic coupling in the case of the EEG antirecruitment effects of anticholinesterases in rabbits was demonstrated in this laboratory. To further investigate this phenomenon, experiments were carried out in rabbits to determine the effects of the anticholinesterase, diisopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP), upon the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the midbrain-diencephalon and the caudate nucleus brain areas. Pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, JB835, and the monoamine precursor, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), caused an expected elevation in both the norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the midbrain-diencephalon and to a lesser extent in the caudate nucleus. When DFP was given to animals pretreated with JB835-DOPA combinations a significant decrease in the levels of norepinephrine was observed, while dopamine levels were markedly elevated, primarily in the midbrain-diencephalon. Both the norepinephrine decrement and the dopamine increment were partially blocked by atropine, while atropine methyl nitrate blocked only the elevation of the dopamine levels. It was concluded that the central actions of DFP result in the decrease of norepinephrine levels, while the dopamine levels become elevated in response to the peripheral effects of DFP. Certain aspects of the cholinergic-adrenergic coupling indicated by these experiments are discussed with regard to the localization of these two systems.
Circular dichroism spectra of oriented and unoriented deoxyribonucleic acid films--a preliminary study.

Abstract The circular dichroism and absorbance spectra of both oriented and unoriented DNA films (Escherichia coli and calf thymus DNA's) were studied as a function of salt of the nucleic acid (sodium and lithium), salt ion concentration and the relative humidity (100% hydrated down to 34% r.h. † ). At 92% or higher humidities sodium and lithium salts of sheared or sonicated E. coli and calf thymus DNA showed a CD spectra that was essentially the same as that of the nucleic acids in solution. Presumably these films are of the DNA in the B form. At humidities in the range of 75 to 66% r.h. films with 3% sodium content by weight showed a CD spectra very similar to that of double-stranded RNA in solution or the A form geometry. However, LiDNA at low humidity showed a different CD spectra in which the positive 275 nm peak disappears and which shows similarities with the CD spectra of DNA solutions in which the salt concentrations are in the range of 4 to 6 m for both NaCl and LiCl. This type of spectra is presumably a C form geometry type. The calf thymus DNA at low humidities and low sodium ion concentrations shows very high magnitude ellipticities and a non-conservative type CD spectrum which is probably due to aggregation artifacts or strong optical interaction between close packed molecules in the film. In the case of the oriented DNA films it is shown that the CD spectra obtained, which shows a very high angular dependence as the film is rotated about the axis of the beam, can be interpreted as the sum of two components. By the use of Jones matrix calculus a general formula is developed which gives the apparent CD spectra of films having both linear and circular dichroism and linear and circular birefringence. For films that are reasonably thin and are only partially oriented these formulas reduce to a particularly simple form, the sum of the actual circular dichroism term plus a linear dichroism component which is a function of the orientation of the fast axis of the oriented DNA film with respect to the CD apparatus parameters. Using the formula, both the CD spectra and a linear dichroism spectra are obtained giving an insight into the orientation of the optical transitions of the DNA as it is found in the film. These equations give evidence for the possible existence of an n−π ∗ transition below 240 nm and probably centered at 225 nm.
Dopamine receptors re-explained

Abstract The pharmacological classification of dopamine receptors is controversial. While as many as five subclasses of dopamine receptors have been proposed, in this review we attempt a synthesis which suggests that the preponderance of data can be encompassed by a model proposing only two major classes of dopamine receptors. Hopefully, this review will provide the reader with a useful conceptual framework within which to evaluate future research on dopaminergic pharmacology.
Enzymatic acitivity in tubulin preparations: cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase activity of brain microtubule protein.

— Cyclic-AMP stimulates phosphorylation of Hf1 and Hf2b histone fractions and of protamine by tubulin preparations. Lyophilization of the tubulin removes the requirement for cyclic-AMP; the kinase is fully active in the absence of cyclic nucleotide. The casein kinase activity of tubulin is independent of cyclic-AMP. Only cyclic-IMP can replace cyclic-AMP at the low concentrations at which the cyclic-AMP is effective. 5′-AMP inhibits basal levels of Hf 1 histone phosphorylation. Several attempts have been made to separate the kinase activity from tubulin. Both tubulin and kinase activity are precipitated by vinblastine. Mg2+ precipitation of tubulin inactivates the kinase; there is no evidence that the precipitation step removes the kinase from tubulin. Tubulin which has been assembled into microtubules, collected by centrifugation and disassembled, retains its kinase activity. Kinase activity and tubulin co-elute from DEAE-cellulose. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that tubulin, prepared by fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by elution from DEAE Sephadex with 0-8 M KC1 and concentration by reprecipitation with ammonium sulfate has a closely associated, cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase activity, which may be intrinsic to the tubulin peptides themselves.
Perspective: Water cluster mediated atmospheric chemistry

The importance of water in atmospheric and environmental chemistry initiated recent studies with results documenting catalysis, suppression and anti-catalysis of thermal and photochemical reactions due to hydrogen bonding of reagents with water. Water, even one water molecule in binary complexes, has been shown by quantum chemistry to stabilize the transition state and lower its energy. However, new results underscore the need to evaluate the relative competing rates between reaction and dissipation to elucidate the role of water in chemistry. Water clusters have been used successfully as models for reactions in gas-phase, in aqueous condensed phases and at aqueous surfaces. Opportunities for experimental and theoretical chemical physics to make fundamental new discoveries abound. Work in this field is timely given the importance of water in atmospheric and environmental chemistry.
Porous silicon templates for electrodeposition of nanostructures

We report the fabrication and characterization of porous silicon templates for electrodeposition of high aspect ratio one-dimensional metallic nanostructures (nanowires/nanoparticles) in them. Even though nanostructures/nanowires in the past have been fabricated in alumina, polymer or silica templates, the advantages of this approach are the possibility for seamless integration of nanostructures with other silicon components, and silicon based sensors because of better physical and electrical interconnection between the nanostructure and the silicon substrate. In this work, fabrication and characterization of nanowires/nanostructures such as single-segment Ni–Fe and Au and two-segment Ni–Fe/Au electrodeposited in the porous silicon template are presented. The templates with ordered and controlled nanometer-sized pores, 40 nm and 290 nm in diameter, were created through porous Si etching. The morphology, composition and structural characteristics of the template and of the single-segment Ni–Fe and Au and two-segment Ni–Fe/Au nanostructures of diameter 275±25 nm, length up to 100 μm and pitch of 1 μm were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The micrographs confirm that the plating parameters have a strong influence on morphology and composition of the structures. Further, the Ni–Fe images show the formation of both vertical and branched nanowires along with nanoparticles, from breakage/discontinuous growth of nanowires. Ni–Fe nanostructures were further analyzed for temperature-dependent magnetization and magnetization vs. magnetic field measurements using a commercial physical property measurement system. They reveal no magnetic anisotropy of the nanostructures probably due to a balance between ‘reduced’ shape anisotropy from branched and rough pore surfaces and magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Estimation of spectrum occupancy in heterogeneous radio access environments using random spectral sampling

In this paper, we investigate the performance of randomized spectral sampling for temporal characterization of spectrum occupancy in wideband spectrum sensing. The theoretical framework for performance analysis is developed for scenarios involving heterogeneous radio access technologies (RAT). We propose a channel — agnostic random sampling approach for wideband spectrum occupancy modeling across low-to-high occupancy settings. The performance is studied for various randomized spectral sampling schemes using spectrum measurements in Worcester, MA spanning 800MHz–1GHz.
Expectations of Gifted Junior High Students for a Summer Enrichment Program: A Concept Map

Intervention with the gifted through summer programs is briefly discussed with particular attention to student expectations. An argument is made for theoretically based research on the academic expectations of gifted adolescents. Concept mapping is described as an alternative methodological approach to such research, and a concept map is presented of gifted students' expectations for a summer enrichment program. Findings are discussed as they relate to research and intervention with gifted adolescents, and implications for follow-up are outlined.
Toward a methodology of evaluating serials vendors

Les diffuseurs de periodiques americains qui offrent un service gestionnaire aux bibliotheques font l'objet d'une etude detaillee de facon a pouvoir etablir des criteres de choix parmi les services offerts
Can antidepressants be used to treat the schizophrenia prodrome? Results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents.

OBJECTIVE This study reports the results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents considered to be in the prodromal (i.e., prepsychotic) phase of schizophrenia. METHOD Forty-eight adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years) participating in the initial phase of the Recognition and Prevention (RAP) program (1998-2005) were included in the current report. Individuals were selected from the overall sample (N = 152) if they had: (1) displayed attenuated positive symptoms, (2) been treated pharmacologically for at least 8 weeks, and (3) been followed up for at least 6 months (mean follow-up = 30.5 months). RESULTS Two types of medication were naturalistically prescribed: antidepressants (N = 20) or second-generation antipsychotics (N = 28), with polypharmacy common. The 2 treatment groups did not differ in baseline symptom profiles, with the exception of disorganized thinking, which was more severe in second-generation antipsychotic-treated adolescents. Twelve of the 48 adolescents (25%) developed a psychotic disorder, with all converters having been prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. There were no conversions among antidepressant-treated adolescents (log-rank chi(2) = 7.36, df = 1, p = .007). Treatment outcome, however, was confounded, since 11 of the 12 converters were nonadherent. Adolescents, in general, were more likely to be nonadherent to second-generation antipsychotics (61%, 17/28) than to antidepressants (20%, 4/20; chi(2) = 7.86, p = .005). Improvement in 3 of 5 positive symptoms over time was significant (p < .001) and similar for both medications. Disorganized thought, however, did not improve regardless of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Nonrandom assignment limits comparisons between antidepressants and anti-psychotics in this study. However, with follow-up, a number of adolescents meeting criteria for prodromal schizophrenia were successfully treated with antidepressants. At present, a substantial number of false positives among the antidepressant-treated subgroup cannot be ruled out. However, the findings suggest that, in some cases, it might be preferable to begin treatment with antidepressants and progress to antipsychotics once symptoms intensify, since adherence to the latter is difficult to maintain.
Towards a multi-segment ambulatory microrobot

The kinematic design of a multi-segment ambulatory microrobot inspired by centipedes is presented. The kinematics of five repeated segments joined by a flexible backbone of rigid links and flexures are described and simulated. The kinematic model was used to guide the design of an individual two degree of freedom segment, which was fabricated using the Smart Composite Microstructures process. Testing and analysis of a suspended segment displayed motion similar to that predicted by the model. Multiple segments can be joined to a flexible backbone to create a multi-segment structure capable of a variety of gaits. Due to its modular, multi-legged, and compact design, this robot has the potential to serve as a platform for swarm robotics applications, advance control techniques for ambulatory systems, and inspire batch fabrication of microrobots.
Strength and reliability of carbon-fiber-reinforced cement composites

Abstract The effect of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of cement paste composites is studied. The addition of polyacrylonitrite-based carbon fiber to a cementitious paste matrix results in a significant improvement in the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. The uniaxial tensile strength results are obtained using the novel cementitious composites axial tensile technique. The addition of 1,2 and 3 %vol. of carbon fiber to a cement matrix results in an increase in the uniaxial tensile strength of 32, 48 and 56%, respectively. The enhancement of the composite flexural strength was more significant, as compared to the uniaxial tensile strength. The flexural strength of cement matrix increased by 72, 95 and 138% with the addition of 1,2 and 3 %vol. of carbon fiber, respectively. Weibull statistics indicate that reliability in flexure was not enhanced by fiber addition and there was no correlation between the percent fiber loading and the reliability of the composites. However, the reliability of the carbon-fiber-reinforced composite in tension was greatly improved and there is a positive correlation between fiber loading and the Weibull modulus, m.
The Relationship of Outcome to Commonly Used Quantitative Assessments of Prenatal Cocaine Use

The Relationship of Outcome to Commonly Used Quantitative Assessments of Prenatal Cocaine Use
Molecular regulation of hepatocyte generation in adult animals.

In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Bisgaard et al report the expression of the gp340/DMBT1 gene in oval cells proliferating in rat liver during the generation of new lineages of hepatocytes from stem/progenitor cells, but not in the new hepatocytes themselves. 1 Bisgaard et al cloned and sequenced the gp340/DMBT1 gene that is expressed in rat liver oval cells, demonstrating that it is a splice variant of a gene family that codes for a class of related proteins that includes the opsonin receptor, which participates in innate immunity, and the ductin/ebnerin/hensin group of proteins that modulate the differentiation and function of several types of epithelial cells. The gp340/DMBT1 gene, which may have a critical role in regulating the differentiation of hepatocytes from oval cells, joins several other immune modulating genes that participate in the molecular regulation of hepatocyte generation in adult animals. In this commentary we attempt to place this new information in the context of current insights into the molecular regulation of hepatocyte formation in livers of adult animals.
Determining an organization's information requirements: a state of the art survey

The issue of information requirements of an organization and their specifications span two isolated territories. One territory is that of organization and management and the other belongs to technicians. There is a considerable gap between these two territories. Research in requirements engineering (technician's side) has primarily concentrated on designing and developing formal languages to document and analyze user requirements, once they have been determined. This research has ignored the organizational issues involved in information requirements determination. Research in the field of organization and management has addressed the organizational issues which affect information requirements of an organization. Various frameworks reported in the literature provide insights, but they cannot be considered as methods of determining requirements. Little work has been done on the process of determining requirements. This process must start with the understanding of an organization and end with a formal specification of information requirements. Here, it is worth emphasizing the fact that the process of determining and specifying information requirements of an organization is very different from the process of specifying design requirements of an information system. Therefore, program design methodologies, which are helpful in designing a system are not suitable for the process of determining and specifying information requirements of an organization.This paper discusses the state of the art in information requirements determination methodologies. Excluded are those methodologies which emphasize system design and have little to offer for requirements determination of an organization.
Fate of Staphylococcus aureus in whey, whey cream, and whey cream butter.

Abstract Fresh Cheddar cheese whey was inoculated with ca. 10 6 Staphylococcus aureus /ml and held at 4, 25, and 37°C for 48h. Numbers of staphylococci decreased in whey at 25 and 37°C and decreased or remained constant in whey at 4°C. When Cheddar cheese whey was neutralized with sodium hydroxide before inoculation with ca. 10 2 or 10 6 S. aureus /ml, numbers of the bacterium increased at all incubation temperatures. Viability of S. aureus strains in whey butter made from inoculated whey cream (from Cheddar cheese whey) was determined. Whey cream was either neutralized to a titratable acidity of .15% or untreated before inoculation with ca. 10 4 S. aureus /ml. Butter churned from the whey cream was held at 4, 25, and 30°C for up to 4 wk. Viability of S. aureus was enhanced in lightly salted (1%) whey cream butter and in butter made from neutralized whey cream. Strains of S. aureus did not survive in unsalted or in salted (1.5%) butter made from untreated whey cream.
CABIBBO ANGLE AND 27-PLET DRIVING TERMS.

Abstract It is shown that a modification of the equations yi - √3 dijkyjyk = gi to include 27-plet driving terms contained in second order electromagnetic and non-leptonic part of current-current interactions leads to a discrete non-zero value for the Cabibbo angle.
Partial molar volumes of oxide components in silicate liquids

Densities of 21 silicate liquids have been determined from 1,000 ° to 1,600 ° C. The compositions studied contain from two to eight oxide components and have the following ranges in composition (mole %): SiO2, 35–79%; TiO2, 4–36%; Al2O3, 5–25%; FeO, 11–41%; MgO, 7–28%; CaO, 7–35%; Na2O, 5–50%; and K2O, 4–20%. The compositions thus cover the upper range observed in magmas for each oxide. Precision for each determination of liquid density is always better than ±1%.
Origin of Amino Acids and Organic Sugars in Interstellar Clouds

A theoretical model is outlined for the chemical manufacture of interstellar amino acids and sugars. Both organic molecules are formed inside the bulk interior of icy grain mantles photoprocessed by ultraviolet starlight. At first, ultraviolet photolysis creates a high concentration of free radicals in the mantles. Thereafter, the heat input from grain-grain collisions causes radicals to react chemically with one another and manufacture large organic molecules having a high molecular weight. Chemical explosions of processed mantles eject large fragments of organic dust into the ambient gaseous medium. The large fragments break up into smaller ones by sputtering and ultimately by photofission of individual molecules. A sizeable concentration of large organic molecules is still present in the gas phase as a consequence of balancing the molecule rate of supply from exploding grain mantles with the rate of molecule destruction. The model chemistry based on radical-radical reactions would explain the existence of both the amino acid glycine (NH2CH2COOH) and the sugar glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO). Glycolaldehyde was recently detected in millimeter-wave rotational transition emission from the star-forming cloud Sagittarius B2.