cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Unilateral Hysterectomy and Ovariectomy on Puberty, Uterine Size and Embryo Development in Swine

Eighty crossbred gilts were assigned randomly to treatments: 1) removal of an ovary and ipsilateral uterine horn (UHO) at 130 d of age and removal of the remaining ovary and uterine horn 12 d post-puberty; 2) UHO at 130 d of age, mated and reproductive tracts recovered when slaughtered at 30 d of gestation; 3) UHO 12 d post-puberty, mated and slaughtered at 30 d of gestation and 4) unoperated controls that were mated and slaughtered at 30 d of gestation. Age of puberty was not affected by treatments. Gilts in treatment 1 had a mean ovulation rate at the pubertal estrus comparable to gilts in treatment 3. But, gilts in treatments 2 and 3 had 16% fewer (P<.01) corpora lutea at 30 d of gestation than control gilts. Length and weight of the remaining uterine horn at 12 d post-puberty for gilts treated at 130 d of age were similar to the averages of gilts left intact. Gilts with one uterine horn had 2.2 fewer live embryos at 30 d of gestation than control gilts (P<.01). But, the proportion of corpora lutea represented by live embryos did not differ significantly among treatments. Gilts with one uterine horn had 1.1 fewer live embryos (P<.15) after adjustment for number of corpora lutea, less uterine space occupied by each embryo (P<.O1) and less total placental membrane per embryo (P<.05) than control gilts. Mean length of the remaining uterine horn was less for treatment 2 than for treatment 3 (P<.01), but time of UHO did not affect measurements of placental membranes and embryos. Number of corpora lutea and measures of uterine size explained from 25 to 67% of the variation within treatments in number of live embryos.
North Atlantic decadal variability and the formation of tropical storms and hurricanes

[1] Both the annual number of Atlantic tropical storms forming south of 23.5°N and of Atlantic major hurricanes increased between the 1970's/1980's and 1995–2000. These increases are coincident with a multi-decadal warming in North Atlantic SST suggesting that the high activity of 1995–2000 may persist for the next ∼10 to 40 years. However, during 1950–2000 strong decadal oscillations are superimposed on the multi-decadal changes in both SST and tropical storms (positive SST anomalies, increased storm activity). We appear to be entering a negative phase of the decadal SST signal implying that tropical storm, and most likely major hurricane, activity may be reduced in the next several years rather than remain at the very high 1995–2000 level when both signals were in their positive phase. Tropical storm activity during 2001 and 2002 is less than the expected only from the multi-decadal signal but for 2002 the main cause may be El Nino.
Dynamic precompensation and output feedback control of integrated process networks

In integrated process networks, the presence of large flowrates induces a time-scale separation of the dynamics where the individual units evolve in a fast time scale while the overall process evolves in a slow time scale. The slow dynamics of such networks are modeled by a high index differential algebraic equation system which, in the case of cascaded control configurations, has a control dependent state-space. We propose a minimal-order dynamic extension to obtain a modified DAE system of index two with a control invariant state-space that can be subsequently used as the basis for controller design. We illustrate this method for a distillation column with large recycle where the top and the bottom compositions are the key outputs to control.
Microsoft And Browsers

The question of Microsoft’s market power (if any) and what to do about it (if anything) has attracted a great deal of attention in the political world and the media, as well as from specialists in antitrust policy. It has also generated significant antitrust litigation. This conference by the Progress & Freedom Foundation is a testament to the convergence of all of these strands of attention.
Macronutrient diet selection in thirteen mouse strains

The strain distribution for macronutrient diet selection was described in 13 mouse strains (AKR/J, NZB/B1NJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, DBA/2J, SPRET/Ei, CD-1, SJL/J, SWR/J, 129/J, BALB/cByJ, CAST/Ei, a...
Mark A. Smith: the scientist, the man.

Alzheimer disease (AD) research suffered a devastating loss with the death of Mark A. Smith on 19 December 2010. In addition to being the most prolific and fifth most cited AD author, Mark had a keen eye for innovation and quality of execution. Investigations into oxidative stress, cell cycle reentry, gonadotropins, mitochondria, metal homoeostasis and other novel ideas owe much of their origin and all of their continued influence to Mark’s unparalleled energy, as well as a progressiveness and generosity that enabled him to share his intellectual achievements and promote his colleagues and trainees. Mark was initially drawn to oxidative stress as a means of understanding the biology of AD and the necessity, in his view, of maintaining a fidelity to evolutionary adaptation for successful ageing. So at a time, when virtually all others were embracing classical notions of gain-of-function toxicity, Mark brought oxidative stress to the forefront with his first studies, one demonstrating glycation and another induction of heme oxygenase 1, in human AD in vivo. As a result, investigation into oxidative stress comprises 5% of the total AD research output and has continued to rise; something that was inconceivable only 20 years ago. In a short period of time, Mark became convinced that oxidation must be part of a programme of changes that surface at the initiation of AD if not sooner. Further demonstrating cell cycle reentry in neurons at risk of death in AD was the first success of his thought process, leading to the ‘two-hit’ hypothesis, in which he proposed that oxidative stress as well as cell cycle conspire to initiate non-apoptotic cell death. As data began to accumulate that the amyloid cascade hypothesis was fundamentally upside down, and the neuroscience community, in the quiet of private reflection, began to see the need for a paradigm shift, Mark’s call for objectivity, both in the literature and with his booming baritone voice in lectures all over the world, was a welcome instillation of courage and inspiration. Perhaps more than Mark realized, he was a voice of strength and scientific values that were badly needed in the face of a peer review system and granting agencies that, in Mark’s words, was caught in a game of ‘follow the leader’. In essence, by questioning the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Mark ushered the return of scientific values, the necessity for objectivity and the necessity to always question, for numerous colleagues thirsting for such a return. Yet questioning the amyloid cascade hypothesis was also a natural continuation of his efforts, and the extension of his experimental evidence and intuition. The notoriety of numerous debates, including the last this past October (Controversies in Neurology, Barcelona, Spain, October 2010), and over a decade of articles claiming analogy to protective responses were simply a continuation of Mark’s inclination towards objective appraisal of the evidence at hand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY Int. J. Exp. Path. (2011), 92, 297–298
Repeating the Race Experience: John Dewey and the History Curriculum at the University of Chicago Laboratory School

Despite the vast literature on Dewey and his laboratory school, most scholars have failed to contextualize Dewey’s pedagogical ideas in the intellectual currents of the period, particularly the his...
Organic acid exudation as an aluminum-tolerance mechanism in maize (Zea mays L.)

In this study, the role of root organic acid synthesis and exudation in the mechanism of aluminum tolerance was examined in Al-tolerant (South American 3) and Al-sensitive (Tuxpeno and South American 5) maize genotypes. In a growth solution containing 6 μM Al3+, Tuxpeno and South American 5 were found to be two- and threefold more sensitive to Al than South American 3. Root organic acid content and organic acid exudation from the entire root system into the bulk solution were investigated via high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis while exudates collected separately from the root apex or a mature root region (using a dividedroot-chamber technique) were analyzed with a more-sensitive ion chromatography system. In both the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive lines, Al treatment significantly increased the total root content of organic acids, which was likely the result of Al stress and not the cause of the observed differential Al tolerance. In the absence of Al, small amounts of citrate were exuded into the solution bathing the roots. Aluminum exposure triggered a stimulation of citrate release in the Al-tolerant but not in the Al-sensitive genotypes; this response was localized to the root apex of the Al-tolerant genotype. Additionally, Al exposure triggered the release of phosphate from the root apex of the Al-tolerant genotype. The same solution Al3+ activity that elicited the maximum difference in Al sensitivity between Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive genotypes also triggered maximal citrate release from the root apex of the Al-tolerant line. The significance of citrate as a potential detoxifier for aluminum is discussed. It is concluded that organic acid release by the root apex could be an important aspect of Al tolerance in maize.
On a contribution to the theory and application of pursuit evasion games

Abstract The necessary and sufficient conditions for the completion of a class of pursuit— evasion games are given. The state variables of the pursuer are assumed to be defined by a set of linear differential equations and the evader's state variables are given by a vector valued non-linear differential equation. The game is defined to be completed if certain (or all) state variables of the pursuer ; i.e. position, velocity, etc. are equal to the corresponding state variables of the evader. The Krein's L-method is used to determine the existence of the optimal completion time and the optimal player strategies. The general results are specialized to the case in which the evader's state vector is also governed by a set of linear differential equations. A computational technique—steepest descent method has been developed to obtain the numerical solution of the game. Three examples are presented to illustrate the method. The first one deals with a linear, second order, pursuit-evasion game with constant coeff...
Activity of antibiotics in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes.

Summary: Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have recurrent infections with catalase-producing organisms, particularly staphylococci, that survive within their leukocytes. To be most effective, antibiotics used to treat infections in CGD patients may need to kill both intracellular and extracellular organisms. We studied the ability of certain antibiotics to penetrate normal and CGD neutrophils and to kill intracellular staphylococci. Trimethoprim and clindamycin were concentrated in normal and in CGD neutrophils; maximum cellular-to-extracellular concentration ratios of clindamycin and of trimethoprim were ∼30 and ∼4, respectively. In contrast, penicillin was excluded from normal neutrophils. Clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and trimethoprim/rifampin significantly reduced the number of viable intracellular staphylococci in normal and CGD neutrophils. After 24 h of incubation in the presence of these antibiotics, the number of viable intracellular staphylococci in normal and CGD neutrophils was similar. In contrast, dicloxacillin, gentamicin, and cephalothin had no significant effect on the number of intracellular staphylococci in normal or CGD neutrophils.
Effect of patterns of shock and nonshock training trials on response alternation and extinction in escape training

Escape behavior was trained under 100% shock schedules or 50% schedules of shock and nonshock presented in single-alternation, random, or counterbalanced sequences. Terminal acquisition was highest for 100% shock. For 50% schedules nonshock trial performance was reliably slower for alternation than for random or counterbalanced sequences; shock trial performance showed no reliable pattern effects. In extinction, performance on early trials decreased reliably for all groups except the 50% alternation group.
The relationship between thought suppression and smoking cessation.

Intrusive thoughts (e.g., anxiety, depression, substance use) are among the most salient symptoms of clinical problems. Therefore, methods of thought suppression have received considerable attention. However, some studies have found that attempts to suppress thoughts precipitate an increase in thoughts. In the case of substance abuse, such thoughts could serve as cues for further use. This study examined the association between thought suppression and quitting smoking in a sample of current and ex-smokers. Using the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), scores were obtained for participants' level of thought suppression. Based on the idea that a greater tendency to suppress thoughts would make quitting smoking more difficult, it was hypothesized that unsuccessful quitters would have higher WBSI scores than smokers who had successfully quit. It was found that mean scores on the WBSI were significantly higher (P<.05) for smokers than ex-smokers. These findings suggest that a tendency toward thought suppression may increase the likelihood that attempts to quit smoking will be unsuccessful.
Shear formula for beams of variable cross section

may be derived for beams of variable cross section. The assumptions and limitation in Eq. (1) are the same as those for constant cross sections and the quantities M, Q, I, and b have the same definition as those in Ref. 1. Equation (1) is valid for beams of variable height and variable thickness (such as tapered I beams), and reduces to the Zuravski formula for constant cross section since then Q and / are constant. Solutions using Eq. (1) will now be compared to those exact solutions obtained by theory of elasticity.
Coagulation of Colloids by Electrolytes

ALTHOUGH the impurities present in a colloid considerably modify its behaviour as regards coagulation by electrolytes, tho importance of this point is still not sufficiently realised by many workers in colloid chemistry. It has been pointed out by one of us (Desai)1 that a colloid can be made to show either normal or abnormal behaviour towards the dilution rule, namely, that tho greater the concentration of a colloid, the greater the amount of an electrolyte required to coagulate it, by varying the amount of the peptising agent present in the colloid by subjecting it to dialysis.
On the contribution of Arthur Cronquist to botanical science at The New York Botanical Garden

The contribution of Dr. Arthur Cronquist to botanical science at the New York Botanical Garden, with which he was associated from 1943 until his death in 1992, is discussed.
Stand structure, composition, and regeneration dynamics following removal of encroaching woody vegetation from Midwestern oak savannas

Woody encroachment has altered oak savannas throughout much of the Midwestern United States. To help understand restoration options, we assessed the impacts of mechanically removing encroaching mesophytic trees and shrubs on structure, composition, and regeneration dynamics in Quercus alba dominated oak savannas in Iowa (n = 4), relative to control sites (n = 4). We monitored stand structure and species composition for the seedling, shrub, sapling, and overstory tree strata for 1 year prior to and 3 years following mechanical removal of encroaching woody vegetation. There was no evidence for differences between treatment and control sites for any study variable prior to treatment implementation. The removal treatment resulted in increased cover by understory vegetation and concomitant reductions in cover by leaf litter and bare ground. Treatment altered overstory tree species composition (assessed by multi-response permutation procedure [MRPP]) in favor of oak species in all 3 years following removal, while shrub and sapling compositions were not statistically different from control sites until the third year following the removal treatment. Seedling composition was unaffected by treatments. We observed a recruitment pulse, with treated sites displaying increased density of shrubs 2 years after and saplings 3 years after removal of encroaching vegetation. Advanced regeneration (saplings size class) was dominated by two species: Ostrya virginiana and Cornus racemosa, which we attribute to vigorous vegetative reestablishment by stump resprouting. Seedlings of Q. alba increased in density throughout the course of this study; however, Q. alba shrub and sapling size classes were unaffected by treatment. We suggest that the encroached savannas in this study represent an alternative stable state, whereby regeneration is dominated by encroaching species even shortly after removal treatments. Continued research during future stages of restoration, which will include prescribed fire, may help to identify effective management options for controlling encroaching woody vegetation and promoting oak regeneration.
Phase-field Modeling of Void Lattice Formation under Irradiation

Abstract We, for the first time, propose a phase-field model to simulate the evolution of void ensembles under irradiation. The model takes into account one-dimensional migration of self-interstitial atoms (1-D SIA), vacancy diffusion, the generation and reaction between SIA and vacancies as well as the nucleation of voids. A one-dimensional random walker model (based on the theory of first-passage processes) is applied to describe the fast 1-D SIA while the Cahn–Hilliard equation is used to describe the slow three dimensional diffusion of vacancies. The coupling of these two methods greatly improves the computational efficiency for a system with strong inhomogeneity and anisotropy of diffusion. The formation of void lattices is simulated with the resultant model. It is found that a void lattice forms when the mobility of the 1-D SIA is four orders of magnitude larger than that of the vacancy mobility. A high generation rate of interstitials during displacement cascades delays the formation of a void lattice.
Radial Variations in the Io Plasma Torus during the Cassini Era

A radial scan through the midnight sector of the Io plasma torus was made by the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph on 14 January 2001, shortly after closest approach to Jupiter. From these data, Steffl et al. (2004a) derived electron temperature, plasma composition (ion mixing ratios), and electron column density as a function of radius from L = 6 to 0 as well as the total luminosity. We have advanced our homogeneous model of torus physical chemistry (Delamere and Bagenal, 2003) to include latitudinal and radial variations in a manner similar to the two-dimensional model by Schreier et al. (1998). The model variables include: (1) neutral source rate, (2) radial transport coefficient, (3) the hot electron fraction, (4) hot electron temperature, and (5) the neutral O/S ratio. The radial variation of parameters 1-4 are described by simple power laws, making a total of nine parameters. We have explored the sensitivity of the model results to variations in these parameters and compared the best fit with previous Voyager era models (schreier et al., 1998), galileo data (Crary et al., 1998), and Cassini observations (steffl et al., 2004a). We find that radial variations during the Cassini era are consistent with a neutral source rate of 700-1200 kg/s, an integrated transport time from L = 6 to 9 of 100-200 days, and that the core electron temperature is largely determined by a spatially and temporally varying superthermal electron population.
Ammonia Switch-Off of Nitrogen Fixation in the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis: Mechanistic Features and Requirement for the Novel GlnB Homologues, NifI1 and NifI2

Ammonia switch-off is the immediate inactivation of nitrogen fixation that occurs when a superior nitrogen source is encountered. In certain bacteria switch-off occurs by reversible covalent ADP-ribosylation of the dinitrogenase reductase protein, NifH. Ammonia switch-off occurs in diazotrophic species of the methanogenic Archaea as well. We showed previously that in Methanococcus maripaludis switch-off requires at least one of two novel homologues of glnB, a family of genes whose products play a central role in nitrogen sensing and regulation in bacteria. The novel glnB homologues have recently been named nifI(1) and nifI(2). Here we use in-frame deletions and genetic complementation analysis in M. maripaludis to show that the nifI(1) and nifI(2) genes are both required for switch-off. We could not detect ADP-ribosylation or any other covalent modification of dinitrogenase reductase during switch-off, suggesting that the mechanism differs from the well-studied bacterial system. Furthermore, switch-off did not affect nif gene transcription, nifH mRNA stability, or NifH protein stability. Nitrogenase activity resumed within a short time after ammonia was removed from a switched-off culture, suggesting that whatever the mechanism, it is reversible. We demonstrate the physiological importance of switch-off by showing that it allows growth to accelerate substantially when a diazotrophic culture is switched to ammonia.
On the use and evaluation of prospective scan methods for health-related surveillance

Summary. We review some prospective scan-based methods that are used in health-related applications to detect increased rates of mortality or morbidity and to detect bioterrorism or active clusters of disease. We relate these methods to the use of the moving average chart in industrial applications. Issues that are related to the performance evaluation of spatiotemporal scan-based methods are discussed. In particular we clarify the definition of a recurrence interval and demonstrate that this measure does not reflect some important aspects of the statistical performance of scan-based, and other, surveillance methods. Some research needs in this area are given.
Factorial Validity of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), Forms 8, 9 and 10: 1981 Army Applicant Sample.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the factor structure of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), Forms 8, 9, and 10. This standardized multiple cognitive abilities battery is the primary selection and classification instrument used by all military services. It consists of eight power and two speed tests. In this investigation the ASVAB 8/9/10 factor structure was compared with that observed for previous samples and for previous forms of the ASVAB. The similarity of factor structure for racial/ethnic and sex subgroups was examined for the purpose of establishing the possible invariance of ASVAB factorial validity across groups. A factor analysis of a sample of 98,689 male and female Army applicants yielded four orthogonal factors accounting for 93% of the total variance: Verbal Ability, Speeded Performance, Quantitative Ability, and Technical Knowledge. Factor analyses of male, female, white, black, and Hispanic subgroups yielded similar results. These analyses provided evidence of ...
588. Structure-Activity Relationships in Two Series of Pyridinium Gemini Surfactants for Gene Delivery

The success of gene therapy as a revolutionary method to treat diseases at their core level relies on the design of transfection systems that can overcome the different delivery barriers present in living organisms. Cationic lipids and related cationic gemini surfactants provide promising alternatives to the use of viruses for delivering genes therapeutically due to important advantages such as low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, but their efficiency must be increased [M. A. Ilies, W. A. Seitz and A. T. Balaban, Curr. Pharm. Design, 2002, 8, 2441; A.J. Kirby et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1448].
Explaining Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Perspective

Recent meta-analytic reviews have documented that the sexes typically differ in a variety of social behaviors, including aggression, helping, nonverbal behavior, and various aspects of inter-action in task-oriented groups. In general, these findings are consistent with a social-role theory of sex differences, which emphasizes the causal impact of gender roles-that is, of people's beliefs about the behavior that is appropriate for each sex. To move beyond the demonstration of consistency between role expectations and social behavior, meta-analyses have examined the moderators and mediators specified by this theoretical model The outcomes of these moderator and mediator analyses are illustrated from several meta-analyses of gender and social behavior. These meta-analyses thus show that quantitative reviewing is not limited to the mere summarizing of research findings; the technique also allows reviewers to examine the plausibility of theories that are relevant to these findings.
Analysis of aircraft fuel line deposits by polarization infrared fourier micro-emission spectrophotometry

Abstract A procedure for the analysis of deposits laid down on solid surfaces is described. No sample preparation is required as the infrared emissivity of the slightly heated sample on its original support is analyzed. The major obstacles on the way toward well-resolved spectra, i.e. (i) random graybody radiation, (ii) poor resolution, (iii) mixing of emission and absorption, are largely overcome by differencing of radiation of mutually perpendicular polarization planes, observation of microscopic areas from large emission angles and by a high degree of temperature uniformity.
OGC standards and the space community — Processes, application and value

Open, consensus-derived interface and encoding standards developed in the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) play an important role in the market for Earth Observation (EO) products and services. This paper describes OGC members' motivations for participation; the basic policies, procedures, programs and organization of the consortium; and the role that OGC standards play in the market.
Trustworthiness, useability, and accessibility of educational research

My contention is that research is under-utilized because of the shortcomings described in this article and because practitioners do not routinely look to research when they make decisions (Carnine, 1995). Researchers must take responsibility not only for systematically remedying these shortcomings but also for trying to influence practitioners to make research findings an integral part of their decision-making process (Carnine, in press, a, b, c, d, e).
Cross-strand pairing and amyloid assembly.

Amino acid cross-strand pairing interactions along a β-sheet surface have been implicated in protein β-structural assembly and stability, yet the relative contributions have been difficult to evaluate directly. Here we develop the central core sequence of the Aβ peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ(16−22), as an experimental system for evaluating these interactions. The peptide allows for internal comparisons between electrostatic and steric interactions within the β-sheet and an evaluation of these cross-strand pair contributions to β-sheet registry. A morphological transition from fibers to hollow nanotubes arises from changes in β-sheet surface complementarity and provides a convenient indicator of the β-strand strand registry. The intrinsic β-sequence and pair correlations are critical to regulate secondary assembly. These studies provide evidence for a critical desolvation step that is not present in most models of the nucleation-dependent pathway for amyloid assembly.
Effects of Tagging on the Growth of Cod

Abstract Atlantic cod were tagged and liberated at sea. Length data from recaptured individuals were examined for growth. Cod marked with Lea tags anchored internally grew at about the same rate as those marked with Petersen discs attached dorsally. The tagged fish grew at about the same rate as untagged fish. The results suggest tagging has little effect on cod growth and are confirmed by reports of cod tagged in aquaria. This is in contrast, however, to reports of other species—freshwater and marine—in which tagging markedly changed their growth rate. The possible reasons for changes in growth of tagged fishes are discussed.
Variability of lip and jaw movements in the speech of children and adults.

One purpose of the present study was to examine displacement variability of lower lip and jaw movements to determine whether sounds that are generally learned earlier and should, therefore, have been
Tamm-Horsfall protein and urinary exosome isolation

Urinary exosomes have been proposed as starting material for discovery of protein biomarkers of kidney disease. Current protocols for their isolation use a two-step differential centrifugation process. Due to their low density, exosomes are expected to remain in the low-speed (17,000 × g ) supernatant and to sediment only when the sample is spun at high speed (200,000 × g ). Analysis using western blot and electron microscopy found that urinary exosomes are also present in the low-speed pellet entrapped by polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein, thus diminishing the procedure's reproducibility. Here we show that addition of dithiothreitol to the low-speed pellet disrupted the polymeric network, presumably by reduction of disulfide bonds linking the monomers. This modification shifted the exosomal proteins from the low- to the high-speed pellet. Also, by shifting the Tamm-Horsfall protein to the high-speed pellet, the use of dithiothreitol makes it feasible to use Tamm-Horsfall protein to normalize excretion rates of exosomal proteins in spot urines. We tested this by western blot, and found that there was a high degree of correlation between exosomal proteins and Tamm-Horsfall protein in the high-speed pellet. Since the yield of exosomes by differential centrifugation can be increased by chemical reduction, Tamm-Horsfall protein may be a suitable normalizing variable for urinary exosome studies when quantitative urine collections are not practical.
Ultrahigh Responsivity Visible and Infrared Detection Using Silicon Nanowire Phototransistors

Nanowire photodetectors can perform exceptionally well due to their unique properties arising from the nanowire geometry. Here we report on the phenomenal responsivity and extended spectral range of scalable, vertically etched, silicon nanowire photodetector arrays defined by nanoimprint lithography. The high internal gain in these devices allows for detection at below room temperatures of subfemtowatt per micrometer visible illumination and picowatt infrared illumination resulting from band to surface state generation.
Immobilization of Arthrobacter simplex cells in thermally reversible hydrogels: comparative effects of organic solvent and polymeric surfactant on steroid conversion

Organic solvents have sometimes been used to increase the solubility of water insoluble substrates for steroid transformation using immobilized whole cells, even though the cell viability is often damaged. Polymeric surfactants which form micelles in aqueous solutions could be used instead of organic solvents to solubilize the steroid. We have successfully utilized this approach by employing a poly(dimethyl siloxane)-poly(ethyleneoxide) (PDMS-PEO) block copolymer surfactant to enhance conversion of hydrocortisone to prednisolone by immobilizedArthrobacter simplex cells, without deactivation of the immobilized cells.
Use of literature by East European scientists: What influences place of publication of sources cited?

The study reported here was undertaken primarly to explore the relationship between the sources of information cited by a scientist and the political ideology of the country in which he or she works. The data used were the sources cited by scientists of the six Warsaw Pact nations of Eastern Europe. The specific hypothesis guiding the study was that, if these countries would be ranked on a scale corresponding to their ideological proximity to the Soviet Union, this ranking could be duplicated on a bibliometric scale : the closer to the Soviet Union the country seemed ideologically, the greater the proportion of the bibliographic references that would relate to Soviet and other Eastern European sources.
Density functional studies of oxidized and reduced methane monooxygenase. Optimized geometries and exchange coupling of active site clusters.

The conflicting protein crystallography data for the oxidized form (MMOHox) of methane monooxygenase present a dilemma regarding the identity of the solvent-derived bridging ligands within the active site: do they comprise a diiron unit bridged by 1H2O and 1OH- as postulated for Methylococcus capsulatus or 2OH- ligands as suggested for Methylosinus trichosporium? Using models derived explicitly from the M. capsulatus and M. trichosporium protein data, spin-unrestricted density functional methods have been used to study two structurally characterized forms of the hydroxylase component of methane monooxygenase. The active site geometries of the oxidized (MMOHox) and two-electron-reduced (MMOHred) states have been geometry optimized using several quantum cluster models which take into account the antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (F) coupling of electron spins. Trends in cluster geometries, energetics, and Heisenberg J values have been evaluated. For the majority of models, calculated geometries are ...
The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Lumbar Spine

Specific surgical advances of the last several decades have enabled spinal surgeons to increasingly preserve more of the normal tissue in efforts to enhance postoperative results. Improvements in viewing technologies, including microscopy, have been a major step. The development of specialized surgical instruments and implants also have allowed for the design of spine procedures that do not require the traditional extent of tissue dissection. A wide variety of spinal pathologies, such as spinal stenosis, herniated nucleus pulposus, and some forms of spinal instability, may be managed successfully with minimally invasive spine surgery techniques. New skills must be mastered to perform safe and effective minimally invasive spine surgery; these new techniques have an inherent learning curve. However, these procedures can be learned through instruction and rely on many of the same principles that practiced spine surgeons are familiar with. Minimally invasive spine surgery may have the potential to significantly reduce perioperative morbidity. Well-designed clinical studies are still needed, however, to compare the benefits of minimally invasive spine surgery with traditional management.
Why are the 3 d -5 d compounds CuAu and NiPt stable, whereas the 3 d -4 d compounds CuAg and NiPd are not

We show that the existence of stable, ordered $3d\ensuremath{-}5d$ intermetallics CuAu and NiPt, as opposed to the unstable $3d\ensuremath{-}4d$ isovalent analogs CuAg and NiPd, results from relativity. First, in shrinking the equilibrium volume of the $5d$ element, relativity reduces the atomic size mismatch with respect to the $3d$ element, thus lowering the elastic packing strain. Second, in lowering the energy of the bonding $6s,p$ bands and raising the energy of the $5d$ band, relativity enhances (diminishes) the occupation of the bonding (antibonding) bands. The raising of the energy of the $5d$ band also brings it closer to the energy of the $3d$ band, improving the $3d\ensuremath{-}5d$ bonding.
Redox Energetics and Kinetics of Uranyl Coordination Complexes in Aqueous Solution

Detailed voltammetric results for five uranyl coordination complexes are presented and analyzed using digital simulations of the voltammetric data to extract thermodynamic (E1/2) and heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetic (k0 and α) parameters for the one-electron reduction of UO22+ to UO2+. The complexes and their corresponding electrochemical parameters are the following: [UO2(OH2)5]2+ (E1/2 = −0.169 V vs Ag/AgCl, k0 = 9.0 × 10-3 cm/s, and α = 0.50); [UO2(OH)5]3- (−0.927 V, 2.8 × 10-3 cm/s, 0.46); [UO2(C2H3O2)3]- (−0.396 V, ∼0.1 cm/s, ∼0.5); [UO2(CO3)3]4- (−0.820 V, 2.6 × 10-5 cm/s, 0.41); [UO2Cl4]2- (−0.065 V, 9.2 × 10-3 cm/s, 0.30). Differences in the E1/2 values are attributable principally to differences in the basicity of the equatorial ligands. Differences in rate constants are considered within the context of Marcus theory of electron transfer, but no specific structural change(s) in the complexes between the two oxidation states can be uniquely identified with the underlying variability in the...
A synthesis of mechanisms for initiation of the cellular (or discontinuous precipitation) reaction

Abstract To provide a basis for understanding mechanisms for initiation of the cellular reaction, the junction of an incoherent grain boundary with microfaceted interfaces at both the rationally and the irrationally oriented interfaces of grain boundary allotriomorphs is examined with the Cahn–Hoffman formalism. When relative values of the three ξ vectors are appropriate, the angle between the grain boundary and a facet at the allotriomorph edge can vary from 0 to 90° and still be in equilibrium throughout this range. Also, the same vector applies everywhere on a given planar facet. With the aid of DIGM, these considerations can permit a grain boundary to migrate part way along the broad face of an allotriomorph to initiate the cellular reaction via the Tu–Turnbull mechanism, or migrate to the allotriomorph end and isolate it a la Hillert–Lagneborg, or entirely fail migration, thereby allowing operation of the Fournelle–Clark mechanism, depending upon relative values of the ξ vector components.
Masking Power of Dental Opaque Porcelains

A technique was developed to qualify the masking power of undiluted opaque dental porcelain by dilution of opaque powder with a clear glaze powder and by extrapolation of quantitative data gathered by reflectance spectrophotometry. Quantification of reflectance data was made on dilute opaque porcelains using the scattering and absorption coefficients in the Kubelka-Munk equation. Qualitative comparisons of undiluted opaque porcelains were made from quantitative data gathered from diluted opaque porcelains.
More and Better Bone Formation for the Elderly

According to the global health observatory, the average life expectancy worldwide is 70 years. In 2011, 11% of the world’s population consisted of people over 60 years old, and this percentage is projected to double by 2050. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are already two major health burdens in
Mean potential energy change in stratified grid turbulence

Laboratory experiments are used to study the effect of stratification and molecular diffusivity on the mean potential energy change due to grid turbulence in a linearly stratified fluid. Two quantities that characterize the potential energy change are the mixing efficiency, defined as the ratio of the mean potential energy change and the work done by the grid on the fluid, and the eddy diffusivity. As the stratification strength, measured by a Richardson number, increases, the mixing efficiency increases in agreement with previous predictions, reaches a maximum of about 6%, and then remains constant for the range of Richardson number used. Results from the present experiments and previous experiments collapse onto a single curve of efficiency versus Richardson number if the methods of computing the efficiency are consistent. Also, the efficiencies in temperature-stratified water and salt-stratified water match within the experimental uncertainty. Like the mixing efficiency, eddy diffusivities do not depend on the molecular diffusivity. Eddy diffusivities decrease as the stratification becomes stronger, though the trend differs from that observed in other towed-grid experiments. One experiment with dynamically active, stable gradients of both temperature and salinity was performed to allow both components to experience the same stratification and stirring strength. Results from this experiment show evidence of differential mixing of temperature and salinity, but experiments with reduced heat losses are required to make definite conclusions.
Congenital tricuspid atresia

Abstract Six fatal cases of primary isolated tricuspid atresia in infants have been described, and thirty-one acceptable similar cases have been collected from the literature. An abnormal superior vena cava, a right atrial Chiari's network, or both were found in the six new patients. The characteristic clinical findings of cyanosis and electrocardiographic left axis deviation aid in the diagnosis. Most patients die before 1 year of age because of congestive heart failure and anoxia. Tricuspid atresia may be satisfactorily explained mechanically by the presence of abnormal blood currents in the primitive right atrium which allow the tricuspid ostium to close. To prolong life, surgical enlargement of the associated interauricular septal defect and creation of a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt are proposed.
Early partial systolic closure of the pulmonic valve relates to severity of pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Ultrasound studies in pulmonary hypertension often show systolic partial closure of the pulmonic valve and early peaking of Doppler pulmonary flow velocity, but these findings are poorly understood. Our initial observations of earlier systolic partial closure with higher pulmonary pressures suggested that this phenomenon might relate to pressure. In 30 patients with documented pulmonary hypertension, the timing of systolic partial closure and the corresponding decrease in Doppler flow velocity related inversely to pulmonary artery pressure at catheterization. Peak flow precedec the systolic velocity decrease and also related inversely to pressure. Since changing flow velocity might reflect a changing driving force across the valve, we examined simultaneous high-fidelity catheter pressure tracings from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from 24 patients with and without pulmonary hypertension. In 30 studies, a positive right ventricular to pulmonary artery pressure gradient was present early in systole, but the gradient decreased to a minimum value in mid-to-late systole. The timing of this minimum also related inversely to pressure. We conjectured that forces opposing ejection occur earlier in pulmonary hypertension, thereby decreasing the forward driving force and allowing earlier partial systolic closure.
Massive Transformation in the Y2O3‐Bi2O3 System

Cubic solid solutions in the Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]-Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3] system with [approximately]25% Y[sub 2]O[sub 3] undergo a transformation to a rhombohedral phase when annealed at temperatures [le]700 C. This transformation is composition-invariant and is thermally activated, and the product phase can propagate across matrix grain boundaries, indicating that there is no special crystallographic orientation relationship between the product and the parent phases. Based on these observations, it is proposed that cubic[r arrow] rhombohedral phase transformation in the Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]-Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3] system is a massive transformation. Samples of composition 25% Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]-75% Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3] with and without aliovalent dopants were annealed at temperatures [le] 700 C for up to 10,000 h. ZrO[sub 2] as a dopant suppressed while CaO and SrO as dopants enhanced the kinetics of phase transformation. The rate of cubic/rhombohedral interface migration (growth rate or interface velocity) was also similarly affected by the additions of dopants; ZrO[sub 2] suppressed while CaO enhanced the growth rate. Diffusion studies further showed that ZrO[sub 2] suppressed while CaO enhanced cation interdiffusion coefficient. These observations are rationalized on the premise that cation interstitials are more mobile compared to cation vacancies in cubic bismuth oxide. The maximum growthmore » rate measured was [approximately]10[sup [minus]10] m/s, which is orders of magnitude smaller than typical growth rates measured in metallic alloys. This difference is explained in terms of substantially lower diffusion coefficients in these oxide systems compared to metallic alloys.« less
Exchange Rate Pass-Through and the Relative Concentration of German and Japanese Manufacturing Industries

Abstract This note examines the rank correlation of export price markups and industrial concentration in German and Japanese manufactures in 1984 and 1986. It gives the most current measures of Japanese manufacturing concentration available in English.
Ecosystem structure in the Brazilian Cerrado: a vegetation gradient of aboveground biomass, root mass and consumption by fire

Conversion to permanent agriculture is rapidly occurring over vast areas of the 1.8 million km2 Brazilian Cerrado; a region that is naturally a mosaic of grasslands, savannas and evergreen tropical woodlands. Yet, few studies have quantified total biomass of plant communities in this ecosystem, particularly the belowground component; a C pool of potential global significance. Total biomass (aboveground and belowground), and the quantity of biomass consumed by fires were measured in four plant communities comprising a vegetation gradient from pure grassland (campo limpo) to a woodland with a closed canopy of tall shrubs and scattered trees (cerrado denso) near Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Total aboveground biomass (TAGB) increased along this gradient from 5.5 Mg ha-' in campo limpo to 29.4 Mg ha-' in cerrado denso. Vegetation structure varied among communities; trees were nonexistent in campo limpo, but were at a density of 1000 ha-' and a biomass of 12.9 Mg ha-' in cerrado denso. Fires consumed 92 and 84% of the TAGB in campo limpo (pure grassland) and campo sujo (savanna), respectively. In cer- rado aberto and cerrado denso, trees and tall shrubs were little affected by fire. Combustion factors of the TAGB in these communities was 54 and 33%, respect- ively. The total biomass consumed by fire ranged from 5.0 Mg ha-' in campo limpo to 13.5 Mg ha-' in cerrado aberto. Compared to other widespread Brazilian ecosys- tems (tropical dry forest and evergreen forest), the Cerrado has a lower aboveground biomass. The TAGB of cerrado denso is <9% of that of Amazonian tropical evergreen forest. The total quantity of biomass consumed by fire, and hence emissions to the atmosphere is lower in intact Cerrado communities com- pared to fires in slashed tropical forest. Total belowground biomass (TBGB) increased from 16.3 Mg ha-' in campo limpo, to 30.1 Mg ha-' in campo sujo, to 46.5 Mg ha-' in cerrado aberto, and to 52.9 Mg ha-' in cerrado denso. This quantity of belowground biomass is similar to, or exceeds that reported for many tropical dry and moist forests. More than 80% of the TBGB occurred in the upper 30 cm of the soil, except for cerrado denso (71%) where a greater proportion of tree roots were present at deeper levels. Root:shoot ratios were very high in all sites ranging from 2.9 in cerrado denso to 7.7 in campo sujo. Total ecosystem plant biomass (the total aboveground biomass and TBGB combined) ranged from 21.9 Mg ha-' in campo limpo to 77.9 Mg ha-' in
Lack of bilateral generalization of adaptation to auditory rearrangement

Intermanual transfer of adaptation to rearranged ear-hand coordination, generated by exposure to auditory rearrangement entailing 30 deg of functional rotation of the interaural axis by electronic pseudophones, was explored using 16 Ss. The results show that, except for one exposure condition, changes in ear-hand coordination that compensate the distortion induced by the pseudophones fail to transfer intermanually. These findings are similar to observations on visual adaptation.