cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Henry Rowland: the ruler of the grating

Apart from Albert Michelson, Henry Rowland was the most famous American experimental physicist during the last quarter of the 19th century. He was born in 1848 in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, and, like his father and grandfather before him, seemed destined for the ministry.
Network meta-analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.

e12071Background: The NCCN recommends several adjuvant regimens for early stage breast cancer (ESBC) that have not been directly compared in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) making the optimal regimen unclear. Regimens of interest include dose dense doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel (DDAC-T), doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel (ACwkT), docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (TAC), and docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC) x 4 cycles. This is the first network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the effectiveness of these regimens. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to identify RCTs that included the above regimens. To complete the network, doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC), doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel (AC-T) every 3 wks, and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel (AC-D) every 3 wks were included. Primary outcomes were progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) estimated as odds ratios (OR). OR > 1 indicat...
Sparse tableau relaxation for the optimal power flow problem

Optimal power flow (OPF) approaches employing such methods as semi-definite programming have garnered considerable interest in the literature of the last decade. The OPF formulations for these approaches have almost universally relied on Y bus admittance matrix representations, which derive from nodal analysis, and restrict allowable network elements to be voltage-controlled only. Limitations of nodal analysis long been recognized, and to overcome these, commercial power system software often employs modified nodal analysis (MNA). However, with OPF requiring many monitored links with constrained flows, the work here argues for a formulation even more versatile than MNA: Sparse Tableau Formulation (STF) of network constraints, with multi-port representation of individual components. The vast majority of transmission network components (e.g., transmission lines, transformers) have multi-port voltage-current behavior that is well-modelled as linear. Therefore, nonlinearities appear only in equations associated with generation and load at each bus. Utilizing STF, these sources of nonconvexity are confined to constraints local to each bus. This opens the door to simple, engineering-based convex relaxations. We introduce a constant current source at each bus, with these sources' values bounded in a manner that contains any feasible current produced by the actual generator or load model. The tightness of the relaxation is shown to improve when angle constraints are provided, and a DCOPF-based heuristic method is proposed to obtain such angle bounds.
Compressed Learning for Tactile Object Recognition

We present a framework for object recognition using robotic skins with embedded arrays of tactile sensing elements. Our approach is based on theoretical foundations in compressed sensing and compressed learning. In our framework, tactile data is compressed during acquisition, potentially in-hardware, and we perform recognition directly on the compressed data. This dimensionality reduction allows for accurate recognition with a small number of training samples, reducing the time and computational effort needed to train the classifier. In addition, for tasks where the full-resolution tactile array signal is needed, it can be recovered efficiently from the compressed signal. We evaluate our method using data generated from a tactile array simulator. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in recognizing surface roughness using data from a physical system. Evaluation results show our approach achieves high recognition accuracy, even with a compression ratio of 64:1.
Psychosocial predictors in the transition from acute to chronic pain: a systematic review

AbstractChronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is a major health problem which psychosocial factors have significant implications in. There is a gap in regards to evidence for the prevention of chronicity specifically addressing psychological and social domains. Four databases were searched with terms related to “psychosocial”, “acute pain”, and “chronic pain”. A total of 1,389 studies were identified in which titles, abstracts, and full texts were assessed for inclusion criteria. A data template was used to capture pertinent details, and overall themes and patterns were organized according to type of pain examined and psychosocial variables measured. Of the 18 articles that met inclusion criteria, fifteen (83%) of the articles reported an association between psychosocial factors and chronicity. A total of 5 of the studies (29%) demonstrated that depression was a possible predictor and 6 (35%) of the studies found fear-avoidance to be associated with chronicity. This review provides evidence that psychosocial fac...
Liposaccharides and Capsules of the HAP Group Bacteria

As with other Gram-negative bacteria, the liposaccharides (LS) and capsules of the organisms of the Haemophilus, Actinohacillus, and Pasteurella (HAP) group serve as the principal interface between the organism and the environment, As such, they play a fundamental role in determining an organism’s pathogenic potential, Understanding the interactions between the bacterium and its environment at a structure/function level as well as those factors which provide a protective rather than destructive host response is important in improving our ability to limit these organisms’ potential to cause disease.
Systematic review of effectiveness and complications of adhesiolysis in the management of chronic spinal pain: an update.

BACKGROUND Percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis are interventional pain management techniques used to treat patients with refractory low back pain due to epidural scarring. Standard epidural steroid injections are often ineffective, especially in patients with prior back surgery. Adhesions in the epidural space can prevent the flow of medicine to the target area; lysis of these adhesions can improve the delivery of medication to the affected areas, potentially improving the therapeutic efficacy of the injected medications. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review utilizing the methodologic quality criteria of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Review Group for randomized trials and the criteria established by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) for evaluation of randomized and non-randomized trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and update the effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain due to radiculopathy, with or without prior lumbar surgery, since the 2005 systematic review. METHODS Basic search identified the relevant literature, in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and BioMed databases (November 2004 to September 2006). Manual searches of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and abstracts from scientific meetings within the last 2 years were reviewed. Randomized and non-randomized studies are included in the review based on criteria established. Percutaneous adhesiolysis and endoscopic adhesiolysis are analyzed separately. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was significant pain relief (50% or greater). Other outcome measures were functional improvement, improvement of psychological status, and return to work. Short-term relief was defined as less than 3 months, and long-term relief was defined as 3 months or longer. RESULTS Studies regarding the treatment of epidural adhesions for the treatment of low back and lower extremity pain were sought and reviewed. The evidence from the previous systematic review was combined with new studies since November 2004. There is strong evidence for short term and moderate evidence for long term effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopy. CONCLUSION Percutaneous adhesiolysis and spinal endoscopy may be effective interventions to treat low back and lower extremity pain caused by epidural adhesions.
The Sad Opaqueness of the Environmental Crisis in Madagascar

The deteriorating state of Madagascar's environments, constitutes an enigma that has so far proved insoluble. The island nation has turned to dissolving local land rights in nationalised parkland by turning to the Yellow­stone conservation paradigm of instituting more exclusionary land from which local people are removed and excluded. The environmental crisis to which these measures respond are real and worrisome. Anthropologists in­volved in conservation have limited their involvement in the greening of Madagascar to their specialisations or sub disciplines. This has led to a mud­dled anthropology of conservation in which one side cancels out the other or, more often, the conservation core or elite peripheralises the side critical of conservation projects. I argue that anthropologists would be more effective if they sought a middle ground and conducted team fieldwork. The six papers in this special section investigate the theoretical middle ground, paving the way for future explorations of the methodological turn to work side by side and pooling our subdisciplinary training to resolve the environmental crisis by keeping people in the environment.
Gross Domestic Product

Gross domestic product (GDP) provides an imperfect estimate of economic conditions in different nations. Various statistical methods have been developed to improve the accuracy of GDP in assessing economic performance. Alternative measures of economic performance have been developed, but GDP is still a leading measure of national economic performance. Keywords: measurement and data on national income; underground economies; statistical malfeasance
The co-offender as counterfactual: a quasi-experimental within-partnership approach to the examination of the relationship between race and arrest

Estimate the relationship between race and arrest within co-offending partnerships using a quasi-experimental framework. More specifically, this study argues that when two offenders commit an offense together (i.e., co-offend), the characteristics of the offense and victim are the same and can be removed as possible confounding variables. In this way, co-offenders can serve as counterfactual observations to one another, allowing for quasi-experimental analysis of the effects of race on arrest likelihood. The current study restructures data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) into a multi-level format wherein level-1 information on offender demographics and arrest are nested within a level-2 file containing information on co-offending partnerships, offense characteristics, and victim characteristics. By restricting the data to co-offending partnerships and examining within-partnership differences in arrest, the analysis examines racial differences in arrest given that two offenders commit the same offense together against the exact same victim. While a traditional logistic regression approach suggests that black offenders are less likely than white offenders to be arrested (OR = 0.749), the quasi-experimental analysis examining within-partnership differences suggests the opposite: black offenders are more likely than their white co-offending partners to be arrested for an offense (OR = 1.031). These results have two implications. First, traditional regression analyses of the relationship between race and arrest may be subject to significant selection and omitted variable bias. Second, there is potential racial disparity in co-offender arrest: black co-offenders are more likely than their white partners to be arrested for the same violent offense.
State Feedback Sliding Mode Control Law Design for Grid-Connected Wind Turbine Model

$A$ grid-connected wind turbine system is considered for power system studies. The wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. The fifth-order system is divided into two third-order systems representing in direct and quadrature components. Sliding mode controllers are designed for the nominal system to output rotor voltages. The Super-twisting scheme is adopted to eliminate the chattering in the switching relay. A three-phase fault on the grid side with 150 msec. duration time is applied to test the reliability of the closed-loop system. Computer simulation results show that the control system effectively clears the fault and maintains the stability of the system.
Blue Light Emitting Defective Nanocrystals Composed of Earth‐Abundant Elements

Copper-based ternary (I-III-VI) chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) are compositionally-flexible semiconductors that do not contain lead (Pb) or cadmium (Cd). Cu-In-S NCs are the dominantly studied member of this important materials class and have been reported to contain optically-active defect states. However, there are minimal reports of In-free compositions that exhibit efficient photoluminescence (PL). Here, we report a novel solution-phase synthesis of ≈4 nm defective nanocrystals (DNCs) composed of copper, aluminum, zinc, and sulfur with ≈20 % quantum yield and an attractive PL maximum of 450 nm. Extensive spectroscopic characterization suggests the presence of highly localized electronic states resulting in reasonably fast PL decays (≈1 ns), large vibrational energy spacing, small Stokes shift, and temperature-independent PL linewidth and PL lifetime (between room temperature and ≈5 K). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest PL transitions arise from defects within a CuAl5 S8 crystal lattice, which supports the experimental observation of highly-localized states. The results reported here provide a new material with unique optoelectronic characteristics that is an important analog to well-explored Cu-In-S NCs.
INFRARED STUDIES OF HYDROGEN BONDING IN METHANOL, ETHANOL AND t-BUTANOL *

Abstract The infrared spectra of methanol, ethanol and t -butanol have been examined in the 3 μ (OH stretching) region. The alcohols were studied in CCI 4 solution over a concentration range 0·005–1·0 M and a temperature range-15° to +60°C. Quantitative measurements of the intensity of the sharp OH band near 3630 cm -1 yielded values for the equilibrium constants and the following values for the enthalpies of dimer formation: methanol, 9·2 ± 2·5; ethanol, 7·2 ± 1·6; t -butanol, 4·8 ± 1·1 kcal/mole of dimer. Integrated intensities were found for the dimer band near 3500 cm -1 and the polymer band near 3350 cm -1 and were compared with published systematics of H-bond systems. The high values of ΔH , together with the frequency shift and intensity data, suggest that the alcohol dimer is cyclic with two non-linear hydrogen bonds. The intensity of the bands due to CH stretching modes in methanol and ethanol have been found to be temperature- and concentration-dependent, though not to as great a degree as the OH vibrations. This intensity effect is due to perturbations by the H-bond which are probably transmitted only as far as the α carbon atom.
Pulmonary Mucormycosis: Risk Factors, Radiologic Findings, and Pathologic Correlation.

Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) is an uncommon fungal infection most often seen in immunocompromised patients. The fungus grows on decaying food, soil, and animal excrement. Patients usually become infected by inhalation of spores. The most common risk factors include diabetes mellitus, hematologic malignancy, and solid organ or stem cell transplant. PM can have a nonspecific appearance at imaging. For example, early imaging may show peribronchial ground-glass opacity. Later, the disease progresses to consolidation, nodules, or masses. Because patients are usually immunocompromised, the differential diagnosis often includes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Various radiologic findings suggestive of PM have been identified to help differentiate it from IPA. For example, the reverse halo sign is more closely associated with PM than with IPA. The reverse halo sign is an area of ground-glass opacity surrounded by a rim of consolidation. In addition, the presence of pleural effusions and more than 10 nodules is more suggestive of PM than it is of IPA. PM can progress rapidly in neutropenic patients. Identification of the hyphae in tissue by using endobronchial or percutaneous sampling can allow differentiation from IPA and help confirm the diagnosis of mucormycosis. Because of the high mortality rate associated with PM, early identification of the disease is critical for an improved likelihood of survival. A multimodality treatment approach with antifungal agents and surgical debridement has been shown to improve outcomes. The authors review the risk factors for PM, describe its imaging appearance and disease process, and describe the treatment of the disease. ©RSNA, 2020.
Evaluating Native Bee Communities and Nutrition in Managed Grasslands

Native pollinators are important for providing vital services in agroecosystems; however, their numbers are declining globally. Bees are the most efficient and diverse members of the pollinator community; therefore, it is imperative that management strategies be implemented that positively affect bee community composition and health. Here, we test responses of the bee and flowering plant communities to land management treatments in the context of grasslands in the upper Midwestern United States, a critical area with respect to bee declines. Twelve sites were selected to examine floral resources and wild bee communities based on three different types of grasslands: tallgrass prairie remnants, ungrazed restorations, and grazed restorations. Total bee abundance was significantly higher in ungrazed restorations than remnants, but there were no significant differences among grasslands in community composition or Shannon diversity. Across the three grassland types we also examined mass and lipid stores as nutritional health indicators in three sweat bees (Halictidae), Augochlora pura, Agapostemon virescens, and Halictus ligatus. Although there were no differences in lipid content, total average bee mass was significantly higher in Ag. virescens collected from ungrazed restorations as compared to remnants. Floral abundance of native and non-native species combined was significantly higher in grazed restorations compared to remnants and ungrazed restorations. However, ungrazed restorations had higher abundance and richness of native flowering ramets. These data suggest that bee abundance and nutrition are driven by high abundance of native flowering plant species, rather than total flowering plants.
Large array of low-frequency readout quantum capacitance detectors

Quantum capacitance detectors (QCDs) are photon shot noise-limited terahertz detectors based on a single Cooper-pair box superconducting qubit. The QCD has demonstrated photon shot noise-limited performance for 1.5 THz radiation under loading conditions between 10 − 20 and 10 − 18 W and single-photon detection and counting at that frequency. We report here fabrication and preliminary characterization of a 441 pixel array of QCDs with readout frequencies between 700 and 850 MHz.
Why Is the Biodegradation of Polyfluorinated Compounds So Rare

Thousands of heavily fluorinated chemicals are found in the environment, impact human and ecosystem health, and are relatively resistant to biological and chemical degradation. Their persistence in the environment is due to the inability of most microorganisms to biodegrade them. Only a very few examples of polyfluorinated compound biodegradation are known, and the reported rates are very low. This has been mostly attributed to the low chemical reactivity of the C-F bond. This Perspective goes beyond that explanation to highlight microbiological reasons why polyfluorinated compounds resist metabolism. The evolutionary and physiological impediments must be appreciated to better find, study, and harness microbes that degrade polyfluorinated compounds.
Multi-scale modeling of high-temperature polymer matrix composites for aerospace applications

In this chapter, a novel numerical–experimental methodology is outlined to predict delamination in pristine as well as isothermally aged (in air) polymer matrix composites. A rate-dependent viscoelastic cohesive layer model was implemented in an in-house test-bed finite element analysis (FEA) code to simulate the delamination initiation and propagation in unidirectional polymer composites before and after aging. This unified multi-scale model is fully rate-dependent and does not require a preassigned traction–separation law. The actual shape of traction–separation law depends on (1) the strain rate via the viscoelastic constitutive relationship, (2) the degree of thermo-oxidative aging via the changes in the experimentally measured creep compliance due to oxidation, and (3) the evolution of the internal state variable defining the state of damage. To determine the model parameters, double cantilever beam experiments were conducted on both pristine and isothermally aged IM-7/bismaleimide (BMI) composite specimens. The J-integral approach was adapted to extract cohesive stresses near the crack tip. A principal stretch-dependent internal damage state variable defines the damage in the cohesive layer. Within the cohesive layer, pristine and cohesive stresses were compared to estimate the damage parameters. Once the damage parameters had been characterized, the test-bed FEA code employed a micromechanics-based viscoelastic cohesive layer model to simulate interlaminar delamination. From a numerical stability standpoint, the viscous regularization effect of the viscoelastic constitutive equations in the cohesive layer helps mitigate numerical instabilities caused by elastic energy released due to crack growth, thereby enabling the FEA model to simulate the load–deflection response of the composite structure well beyond peak load. The present cohesive layer-based FEA model was able to accurately predict not only the macro-level load–displacement curve, but also the micro-level crack growth history in IM-7/BMI laminate before and after thermal aging, using only three parameters.
Economic Development: A Poverty Solution for the Rural South?

The 1970 census showed the South to have 41.3% of the US rural population and 44% of the poor with only 31% of the population. Economic development in the rural South has been limited by a lack of financial and physical capital and by a tradition of discriminatory and conservative institutional practices that restrict development. An experimental Federal program of low-interest loans recognized these problems in the Area Redevelopment Act (ARA) of 1961, later replaced by the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 and the Rural Development Act of 1972. Each of these assumed an infrastructure for job creation and failed to provide for human resource development. The search for an acceptable policy alternative to this approach may find an answer in community and development corporations (CDCs), which transcend political boundaries and allow local people to own and control the businesses they organize or attract, but which are bound by the local financial capability. The authors feel that, until policies recognize the need to have a national balance of urban and rural life, Federal intervention should be confined to a supportive role. 23 references. (DCK)
Dispersion in pulsed systems—I: Heterogenous reaction and reversible adsorption in capillary tubes

Abstract The dispersion of a pulse of solute in a capillary tube undergoing irreversible, heterogeneous reaction or reversible adsorption at the tube wall is considered in order to test certain concepts regarding the construction of dispersion equations. To compare theory and experiment, computer experiments have been performed which indicate that the time dependence of the coefficients in a general dispersion equation may be quite complex. For sufficiently long times the computer experiments provide confirmation of the well-established Taylor-Aris result in addition to providing the first experimental proof of the Golay theory for reversible adsorption.
Mixed discrete and continuous algorithms for scheduling airborne astronomy observations

We describe the problem of scheduling astronomy observations for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, an airborne telescope. The problem requires maximizing the number of requested observations scheduled subject to a mixture of discrete and continuous constraints relating the feasibility of an astronomical observation to the position and time at which the observation begins, telescope elevation limits, Special Use Airspace limitations, and available fuel. Solving the problem requires making discrete choices (e.g. selection and sequencing of observations) and continuous ones (e.g. takeoff time and setup actions for observations by repositioning the aircraft). Previously, we developed an incomplete algorithm called ForwardPlanner using a combination of AI and OR techniques including progression planning, lookahead heuristics, stochastic sampling and numerical optimization, to solve a simplified version of this problem. While initial results were promising, ForwardPlanner fails to scale when accounting for all relevant constraints. We describe a novel combination of Squeaky Wheel Optimization (SWO), an incomplete algorithm designed to solve scheduling problems, with previously devised numerical optimization methods and stochastic sampling approaches, as well as heuristics based on reformulations of the SFPP to traditional OR scheduling problems. We show that this new algorithm finds as good or better flight plans as the previous approaches, often with less computation time.
Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies.

Automaticity is a hallmark feature of walking in adults who are healthy and well-functioning. In the context of walking, ‘automaticity’ refers to the ability of the nervous system to successfully control typical steady state walking with minimal use of attention-demanding executive control resources. Converging lines of evidence indicate that walking deficits and disorders are characterized in part by a shift in the locomotor control strategy from healthy automaticity to compensatory executive control. This is potentially detrimental to walking performance, as an executive control strategy is not optimized for locomotor control. Furthermore, it places excessive demands on a limited pool of executive reserves. The result is compromised ability to perform basic and complex walking tasks and heightened risk for adverse mobility outcomes including falls. Strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity are not well defined, which is due to both a lack of systematic research into the causes of impaired automaticity and to a lack of robust neurophysiological assessments by which to gauge automaticity. These gaps in knowledge are concerning given the serious functional implications of compromised automaticity. Therefore, the objective of this article is to advance the science of automaticity of walking by consolidating evidence and identifying gaps in knowledge regarding: a) functional significance of automaticity; b) neurophysiology of automaticity; c) measurement of automaticity; d) mechanistic factors that compromise automaticity; and e) strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity.
Stocking Density Effects on Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Market Size Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Culture density in excess of a critical threshold can result in a negative relationship between stocking density and fish production. This study was conducted to evaluate production characteristics of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, reared to market size in production-scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) at three different densities. Cobia (322 ± 69 g initial weight) were reared for 119 d at densities to attain a final in-tank biomass of 10, 20, or 30 kg/m3. The specific objective was to determine the effects of in-tank crowding resulting from higher biomass per unit rearing volume independent of system loading rates. Survival was ≥96% among all treatments. Mean final weight ranged from 2.13 to 2.15 kg with feed conversion efficiencies of 65–66%. No significant differences were detected in growth rate, survival, feed efficiency, or body composition. This study demonstrates that cobia can be reared to >2 kg final weight at densities ≤30 kg/m3 under suitable environmental conditions without detrimental effects on production.
Space observations of the zodiacal light

A listing and discussion are given of balloon, rocket, satellite, and space probe observations of the zodiacal light. The paucity of space observations in several critical areas (e.g., in the ultraviolet and near the sun) is noted and suggestions are made for experiments to meet these needs.
Decision tree models for profiling ski resorts' promotional and advertising strategies and the impact on sales

Based on survey data, this paper builds decision tree models to profile the online and mobile technologies and services that ski resorts use for their promotional and advertising strategies for two important segments, namely millennials (less than and equal to 35) and non-millennials (greater than 35). The technologies and services include resort websites, microblogging services, and online coupon services. The decision tree models reveal that ski resorts use specific strategies for these segments. Also, the paper reveals the impact that the technologies and services have on resort sales. The impact is positive and both immediate and sustained in nature. The research is the first of its type in the ski industry and represents a novel use of decision tree models for profiling promotional and advertising strategies.
On conflict over natural resources

Abstract This paper considers a game theoretic framework of repeated conflict over natural resource extraction, in which the victory in each engagement is probabilistic and the winner takes all the extracted resource. Every period, each contesting group allocates its capabilities, or power, between resource extraction and fighting over the extracted amount. The probability of victory rises with fighting effort, but a weaker group can still win an encounter. The victorious group wins all of the extracted resources and converts them to power, and the game repeats. In one model, groups openly access the resource. In a variant of the model, the stronger group can access a larger part of the resource than its rival, while in a second variant of the model the advantage of the dominant group is made more decisive than in the first two models. Our models generate outcomes that mimic several aspects of real-world conflict, including full military mobilization, defeats in one or repeated battles, victories following defeats, changes in relative dominance, and surrender. We examine comparative dynamics with respect to changes in the resource attributes, resource extraction, initial power allocation, fighting capabilities, and power accumulation. The policy implications are evaluated, and future research avenues are discussed.
Ab Initio Studies of ClOx Reactions: VI. Theoretical Prediction of Total Rate Constant and Product Branching Probabilities for the HO2 + ClO Reaction

The reaction of HO2 with ClO has been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital and variational transition state theory calculations. The geometric parameters of the reaction system HO2 + ClO were optimized at the B3LYP and BH&HLYP levels of theory with the basis set 6-311+G(3df,2p). Both singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces were predicted by the modified Gaussian 2 (G2M) method. On the singlet surface, the reaction forms two HOOOCl isomers lying below the reactants by 20 kcal/mol. Their stabilization contributes significantly to the observed overall HO2 + ClO rate constant. The predicted high- and low-pressure association rate constants for the 150−600 K range can be represented by k∞ = 9.04 × 10-17 T1.22 exp(897/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k0 = 9.33 × 10-24 T-3.45 exp(472/T) cm6 molecule-2 s-1 for N2 as the third-body. Dissociation of these excited HOOOCl intermediates produces HO + ClOO, HCl + 1O3, HOCl + 1O2, and HO + OClO as minor products via multistep mechanisms. On the triplet surface, fo...
Plasma steroid hormone levels in free-living Wilson's phalaropes, Phalaropus tricolor

Abstract Blood samples collected from free-living Wilson's phalaropes during the reproductive season were analyzed for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol-17β, and progesterone. Levels of testosterone were seven times greater in nonincubating males than in females. During incubation males underwent a reduction in testosterone and dihydrotestosterone to levels similar to those of females. Estradiol-17β values were higher in females than in incubating males and comparable to values reported for other avian species. Progesterone was significantly greater in females than in incubating or nonincubating males. Maximum levels of progesterone were detected in laying females. Progesterone levels increased in males during incubation while testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels decreased. These results indicate that the greater intensity of competition for mates among females and exclusive male parental care characteristic of this species is not based upon a reversal of the typical avian levels of androgens and estrogens in males and females.
The spatial dynamics of U.S. fertility, 1970-1990.

This multiregional analysis of US fertility over time was based on the Duel Expansion Method framework of Casetti: a procedure to examine spatial variation in temporal trends and temporal variation in spatial trends. Background information on fertility trends was presented prior to description of the theoretical model. Socioeconomic and ethnic factors were important in characterizing the spatial pattern of fertility. Fertility has been declining in the southeast and increases have been evidenced in California and Texas. The model attempt to explain the pace of fertility decline and the spatial pattern that had changed over time. Data were obtained on the total fertility rate (TFR) by state for 1970 1980 and 1987. The results of the stepwise regression indicated the presence of variation in TFR by space and time. New England showed more rapid declines in TFR than the West Coast. This trend could be accounted for by the presence of a rural and economically lagging population but the south also experienced rapid declines. The declines were probably reflective of the growing ethnic minority concentration in the western region with higher fertility norms. The highest levels of TFR were in the South and by 1980 all regions had a decline in TFR. The slowest declines occurred in the West. Southern fertility appeared to be converging with the national norm while the northeast was slightly below the national norm. By 1990 the pattern had switched from a north-south pattern to an east-west pattern. Regions over time have become more homogeneous which means that urbanization and educational factors are probably not relevant.
Effect of puromycin in vivo on the synthesis of protein, RNA and phospholipids in rat tissues☆

Abstract The intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg. puromycin every hour for 4 hr. into 250–300-g. rats reduced protein synthesis in vivo in uteri, liver, heart, kidney, and thymus to 10, 15, 36, 40, and 49% of controls, respectively. Under these same conditions ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was not inhibited in any tissue studied except the thymus. The synthesis of phospholipid in the liver and uteri was not inhibited, but a stimulatory response to puromycin was observed. These results are discussed with regard to the use of puromycin in studying the role of protein synthesis in certain physiological processes.
Simultaneous measurements of testosterone and three 5a -reduced androgens in the venous effluent of immature rat testes in situ

Abstract Simultaneous measurements were made by radioimmunoassay of testosterone, 17β-hydroxy-5 a -androstan-3-one (DHT), 5 a -androstane-3 a, 17 β -diol (3a-diol), and 5 a-androstane-3 β, 17β-diol (3β-diol) in the testicular venous plasma (TVP) and peripheral plasma (PP) of 30, 45, and 55 day old rats. At 30 days of age, the preponderant androgen in both plasmas was 3a-diol but testosterone predominated by day 55. Testosterone levels increased with age in both TVP (6.39, 15.08, and 54.93 ng/ml on days 30, 45, and 55 respectively) and PP (0.13, 0.56, and 1.02 ng/ml on days 30, 45 and 55 respectively) whereas 3a-diol concentrations decreased in TVP (48.07 ng/ml, day 30; 24.85 ng/ml, day 55) though not peripherally (range: 0.41–0.52 ng/ml). DHT was low in both TVP and PP and appeared to rise only slightly although the increase was not statistically significant. Levels of 3β-diol remained low and unchanged. These observations suggest that the total androgen content of the venous effluent from the prepubertal rat test is is quite high and that significant changes in peripheral interconversions of androgens are occurring during sexual maturation.
Stress calculations for assemblies of inelastic speres in uniform shear

Previous work on assemblies of inelastic, frictional disks is extended to three dimensions in a molecular-dynamics study of steady shearing flow of an idealized granular material consisting of equal-sized spherical particles that are smooth but inelastic. Cumulative time and space averages are calculated for several diagnostic quantities including the kinetic and potential energy densities, the R.M.S. (deviatoric) velocity and both the kinetic and potential contributions to each component of the stress tensor. Under steady-state shearing deformation the kinetic-energy-density (granular temperature) generally is found to increase as the solids fraction is decreased and decrease as the binary-collision coefficient-of-restitution is decreased. For constant coefficient-of-restitution interactions the calculated stresses increase generally with the square of the strain rate, with exceptional behavior noted at extremes in solids loadings. The general trends of the calculated stresses and velocities are in substantial agreement with the Lun et al. linearized perturbation of Chapman-Enskog theory for slightly inelastic spheres. However, some significant differences are noted at very low (ν 0.5) solids fractions. A variable coefficient-of-restitution interaction interaction model (decreasing as the impact velocity increases) results in calculated stresses that deviate from the constant coefficient-of-restitution behavior in a manner similar to that predicted by Lun and Savage. The calculated stresses are in rough agreement with experimental measurements; however, the calculated shear-stress to normal-stress ratio for spheres with coefficients of restitution between 0.8 and 0.95 are significantly below experimentally measured values for glass and polystyrene beads in annular shear cell tests. Based on effects seen in two-dimensional calculations, the inclusion of interparticulate friction and particle rotations are expected to significantly reduce the discrepancy.
Overview of the Proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) Family of Transporters: Characterization, Function and Role in the Transport of the Drug of Abuse γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid

The transport of monocarboxylates, such as lactate and pyruvate, is mediated by the SLC16A family of proton-linked membrane transport proteins known as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Fourteen MCT-related genes have been identified in mammals and of these seven MCTs have been functionally characterized. Despite their sequence homology, only MCT1–4 have been demonstrated to be proton-dependent transporters of monocarboxylic acids. MCT6, MCT8 and MCT10 have been demonstrated to transport diuretics, thyroid hormones and aromatic amino acids, respectively. MCT1–4 vary in their regulation, tissue distribution and substrate/inhibitor specificity with MCT1 being the most extensively characterized isoform. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to endogenous substrates, MCTs are involved in the transport of pharmaceutical agents, including γ-hydroxybuytrate (GHB), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), salicylic acid, and bumetanide. MCTs are expressed in a wide range of tissues including the liver, intestine, kidney and brain, and as such they have the potential to impact a number of processes contributing to the disposition of xenobiotic substrates. GHB has been extensively studied as a pharmaceutical substrate of MCTs; the renal clearance of GHB is dose-dependent with saturation of MCT-mediated reabsorption at high doses. Concomitant administration of GHB and l-lactate to rats results in an approximately two-fold increase in GHB renal clearance suggesting that inhibition of MCT1-mediated reabsorption of GHB may be an effective strategy for increasing renal and total GHB elimination in overdose situations. Further studies are required to more clearly define the role of MCTs on drug disposition and the potential for MCT-mediated detoxification strategies in GHB overdose.
Selection of a variant lymphoma cell deficient in adenylate cyclase

Isoproterenol, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, was used to select a stable variant clone of mouse lymphosarcoma cells deficient in the enzyme. The inability of four different stimulators to activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in the variant, in contrast to its wild-type parent, implies that in normal cells one type of adenylate cyclase molecular can respond to different activators.
Vibro-acoustic modulation nondestructive evaluation technique

Nonlinear acoustic technique has been recently introduced as a new tool for nondestructive inspection and evaluation of fatigued, defective, and fractured materials. Various defects such as cracks, debonding, fatigue, etc. lead to anomalous high level of nonlinearity as compared with flawless structures. One of the acoustic manifestations of such nonlinearity is the modulation of ultrasound by low frequency vibration. Two methods employing the nonlinear interaction of ultrasound and vibration were developed, namely vibro-modulation (VM) and impact-modulation (IM) methods. VM method employs forced harmonic vibration of a structure tested, while IM method uses impact excitation of structure natural modes of vibration. The feasibility tests were carried out for different objects and demonstrated high sensitivity of the methods for detection of cracks in steel pipes and pins, bonding quality in titanium and thermoplastic plates used for airspace applications, cracks in combustion engine, adhesion flaws in bonded composite structures, and cracks and corrosion in reinforced concrete. The model of the crack allowing to describe the modulation of sound by vibration is discussed. The developed nonlinear technique demonstrated certain advantages as compared with the conventional linear acoustic technique, specifically discrimination capabilities, sensitivity, and applicability to highly inhomogeneous structures.
Recruitment limitation modifies the net effects of shared enemies on competitively inferior plants

Summary 1 Generalist enemies often influence communities by differentially impacting species. The net effect of a shared enemy on the fitness of an individual depends upon the direct effects on that individual, its competitors and the nature of competition among individuals. 2 I present a stochastic model for predicting the net effect of shared enemies on competitively inferior individuals in plant communities that exhibit enemy-induced recruitment limitation. 3 When the probability of enemy-induced recruitment failure is included, it is not necessary that a shared enemy have a greater direct effect on the superior competitor to have a positive net effect on competitively inferior individuals. Nor is it sufficient. Specifically, a shared enemy can have a positive net effect on an inferior competitor even if it has a larger negative direct effect on the inferior competitor. Alternatively, a shared enemy may have a negative net effect on an inferior competitor even if it has a larger negative direct effect on the superior competitor. The net effect of the shared enemy on inferior competitors depends strongly on the trade-off betweens the gains the inferior competitor receives by the enemy-induced recruitment limitation of the superior competitor and the losses received in its ability to win sites through competition. 4 Recruitment limitation modifies the net effect of the shared enemy on the inferior competitor most strongly if dispersal is of short scale and effective fecundities are low. A spatially explicit simulation model was used to show that under these conditions, the individual level effects predicted by the analytical model scale up to the population level. The situations where these results are likely to be important in natural communities are discussed. 5 Synthesis. The effects of enemies and recruitment limitation on plant community structure have each been well studied individually. I find that these factors can interact to produce non-intuitive effects on community structure. Moreover, I find that the importance of this interaction depends strongly on the length scales through which plants interact with the environment. These results emphasize the importance of considering the role of spatial processes in models of plant communities.
Prevention of Excess Hemolysis During Cardiopulmonary Bypass by the Use of Mannitol

Mannitol infusion has significantly decreased plasma hemoglobin build-up rate in mitral and aortic valvular replacement. This occurred before hemoglobin appeared in the urine, and was unrelated to the binding of hemoglobin by haptoglobin. The mechanism by which mannitol decreases the build-up rate of plasma hemoglobin is unknown, but seems to be other than by renal excretion of hemoglobin.
DYNAMICS OF CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS IN POLYMER SOLUTIONS WITH SPATIOTEMPORAL CORRELATED NOISE

We study the problem of concentration fluctuations in polymer solutions under the influence of spatiotemporal correlated noise. We find that in contrast to the case of white noise, where the dynamic structure function is characterized by a single decay rate ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{k}}$ which is given in terms of the static structure function g(k) in the colored noise case, the decay rate takes a different form depending on a characteristic wave vector \ensuremath{\kappa}, given by the solution of the equation 1+${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}^{2}$-\ensuremath{\tau}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}$=0, with \ensuremath{\xi} being the correlation length of the polymers and \ensuremath{\tau} being the correlation time of the colored noise. For the wave vector k\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\kappa}, the decay rate is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{k}}$, just as in the white noise case. For k=\ensuremath{\kappa}, the decay rate is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}$, but the decay is modified by an extra factor (1+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}$t) where t is the time. For k\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\kappa}, the decay rate is (1+${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$${\mathit{k}}^{2}$)/\ensuremath{\tau}. Since our result should hold as long as the correlation time \ensuremath{\tau} is not exactly zero, it should lead to experimentally verifiable consequences in dynamic light scattering in polymer solutions in short time scales.