cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Great Depression and the New Deal . By Robert F. Himmelberg. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 184. $39.95.

In this new addition to the Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Twentieth Century, Robert Himmelberg does a masterful job of creating the kind of teaching and reference tool that the series aims to provide. Following the prescribed format, he moves from a chronology and narrative overview of, topical essays on, and evaluative conclusions about the Great Depression and New Deal to sections containing biographical profiles and primary documents, a glossary of selected terms, a photo essay, and an annotated bibliography. In doing so, he draws upon an extensive knowledge and sophisticated understanding of the subject, its historiography, and what is involved in teaching it. And the result is a remarkably full realization of what series guidelines have called for, namely a reliable and readable book illuminating a “defining” historical event, up to date in its evidence and analysis, and so constructed as to serve both as a work of reference and a history in its own right. The book should be particularly useful for secondary-school- and college-student research, as preparatory reading for classroom discussions, and as a ready reference and introductory guide in public and academic libraries and on instructors' bookshelves.
Acute kidney injury and aberrant planar cell polarity induce cyst formation in mice lacking renal cilia

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of cysts in the renal parenchyma and progressive decline in renal function. Recent studies suggest that PKD arises from abnormalities of the primary cilium. We have previously shown that kidney-specific inactivation of the ciliogenic gene Kif3a during embryonic development produces kidney cysts and renal failure. Here, we used tamoxifen-inducible, kidney-specific gene targeting to inactivate Kif3a in the postnatal mouse kidney. Kidney-specific inactivation of Kif3a in newborn mice resulted in the loss of primary cilia and produced kidney cysts primarily in the loops of Henle, whereas inactivation in adult mice did not lead to the rapid development of cysts despite a comparable loss of primary cilia. The age-dependence and locations of the cysts suggested that cyst formation required increased rates of cell proliferation. To test this possibility, we stimulated cell proliferation in the adult kidney by inducing acute kidney injury and tubular regeneration. Acute kidney injury induced cyst formation in adult Kif3a mutant mice. Analysis of pre-cystic tubules in Kif3a mutant mice showed that the loss of cilia did not stimulate cell proliferation but instead resulted in aberrant planar cell polarity as manifested by abnormalities in the orientation of cell division. We conclude that primary cilia are required for the maintenance of planar cell polarity in the mammalian kidney and that acute kidney injury exacerbates cystic disease.
Exploring Teachers' Knowledge of Strategic Study Activity.

AbstractThirty-seven elementary and secondary school teachers were surveyed concerning their knowledge about task-specific study strategies. Ten of these teachers were also interviewed to validate and extend the survey data. Although virtually all of the teachers reported awareness of study strategies, particularly rehearsal strategies, their descriptions of strategy instruction very often focused on teacher-directed activities for learning content. Teachers seldom reported providing students with metacognitive components of strategy instruction—where, when, or why strategies should be used. This study suggests that teachers should be instructed on the nature and value of study strategies, the way of teaching these strategies, the modeling of strategic mental processes, and the role of metacognitive knowledge as a determinant of the effective use of study strategies.
Extreme Response Style and Acquiescence among Hispanics The Role of Acculturation and Education

Secondary analyses were carried out with four large data sets that included responses by Hispanics (N = 1,908) and by non-Hispanic Whites (N = 14,425). Results are fairly consistent in showing that Hispanics prefer extreme responses to a greater extent than non-Hispanic Whites. In general, Hispanics prefer to agree with a given item more than non-Hispanic Whites. Two significant variables seem to affect the rate at which these response styles are chosen. First, the level of acculturation among Hispanics affects the level of extreme and acquiescent responses so that as Hispanics acculturate they tend to choose these types of response less frequently. The less educated respondents (less than 12 years of formal education) tend to make more extreme choices than the more highly educated (those with at least a secondary education). Gender does not affect these response sets in a consistent fashion.
Informed non-dissent: a better option than slow codes when families cannot bear to say "let her die"

Some families want to decide whether their loved one will receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other resuscitative efforts. Some families want the doctor to decide. Most families want a ...
Absence of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2 Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Background and Purpose— The chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), is a major factor driving leukocyte infiltration into the brain parenchyma in a variety of neuropathologic conditions associated with inflammation, including stroke. In addition, recent studies indicate that CCL2 and its receptor (CCR2) could have an important role in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. This study evaluated the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in regulating postischemic inflammation, BBB breakdown, and vasogenic edema formation. Methods— CCR2−/− and CCR2+/+ mice were subjected to focal transient cerebral ischemia. BBB permeability and brain edema formation were observed at days 1 and 5 of reperfusion by evaluating the product surface area for fluorescein isothiocyanate–albumin and measuring water and electrolyte contents. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess leukocyte infiltration. cDNA gene and protein arrays for inflammatory cytokines were used to assess inflammatory profiles in CCR2+/+ and CCR...
An SEU-hardened CMOS data latch design

A single-event-upset hardened CMOS data latch design is described. The hardness is achieved by virtue of the design; thus no fabrication process or design ground-rule development is required. Hardness is gained with comparatively little adverse impact on performance. Cyclotron tests have provided hardness verification. >
The Ice Age. A Very Short Introduction

This small (11 cm × 17.5 cm ) and short (163 page) book presents many interesting snippets of information on some of the earlier advocates for our recent (Quaternary) Ice Age and a reasonable summa...
Estimation of value at risk by extreme value methods

Value at Risk (VaR) is defined as a low quantile in the distribution of financial profits and losses. It is the most commonly used measure of market risk in the financial industry. The methods currently used for estimation of VaR have various short comings as they are not aimed specifically at modeling the tails of the distribution of profits and losses; extreme value methods may prove valuable towards improving the current estimation methods. In this paper we give an overview of the current state of the art in applying extreme value methods to financial data and the problems encountered when doing so. We compare the performance of methods currently used for estimation of VaR to the performance of various extreme value methods and outline advantages and drawbacks of the different methods.
Exploring the Origins of Royalty Disputes

Today the most common area of dispute among oil and gas developers and their landowner or mineral owner lessors is the calculation of royalty. This article examines the various instruments encountered in the oil and gas industry that create a royalty obligation: the oil and gas lease that creates the landowner or mineral owner's "royalty," conveyances out of the mineral interest of a "nonparticipating royalty," and assignments out of the oil and gas lease of an "overriding royalty." The jurisprudential foundations for royalty disputes are examined by studying the "royalty value theorem" and the phenomenon of "linear enhancement of production value." The impact of regulatory change is examined in an effort to explain the recent flurry of gas royalty litigation. An appendix to the article provides "A Concise History of Federal Natural Gas Regulation." A systematic approach to royalty calculation is provided by first identifying the substance at issue (e.g., oil, gas, condensate, distillate, natural gasoline, casinghead gas). Next, the lease or other relevant document is examined to determine the basic royalty measure being employed (e.g., share of the production, market value, market price, proceeds, amount realized, etc.). The next critical step is identifying the specific location where the royalty must be determined. This provides, in many states, the line of demarcation between production costs and post-extraction costs and investments that must be accounted for to determine the royalty value at a designated location. Other contracts potentially impacting the calculation of royalty are also surveyed, to include: pooling agreements, unit agreements, operating agreements, gas balancing agreements, sales agreements, gathering and transportation agreements, treatment agreements, processing agreements, marketing agreements, and division orders. The jurisprudence of royalty calculation is examined by studying judicial applications of the implied covenant to market that result in a modification of the express terms of the oil and gas lease to achieve a royalty calculation more favorable to the lessor. This is contrasted with courts that leave the parties to the terms of their contract by refusing to allow implied terms to negate the express terms of the oil and gas lease.
Time and frequency-gated FID: new insights into the vibrational dephasing of water

The ultrafast frequency-resolved upconverted vibrational free induction decay (FRU-FID) of HDO in D2O was measured, allowing extraction the amplitude and phase of the coherent transient. FRU-FID signals show evidence of λ-dependent dynamics.
Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe disease with high mortality.It is characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance,leading to right ventricular failure,and death.Remarkable advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension have been gained in recent years.Standardized diagnoses and treatment for patients will help to improve their quality of life and prognosis.
Simulation Algorithm for 454 Pyrosequencing Sequencers

Recent advance of environment genome and deep sequencing technologies has expanded our understanding of composition and structure of microbial community based on 16SrRNA gene sequences.However,the complexity and difficulty of separation of the environmental samples and lack of ground-truth make it difficult to analyze the microbes quantificationally.Thus,simulation datasets will be useful in developing novel softwares because it not only helps us explore the microbial structure quantitatively,but also allow us to construct benchmark studies for evaluating existing methods for processing 16SrRNA sequences data.In the present work,based on error-prone PCR model and making use of the normal distribution model,a simulation algorithm for 454sequencer(Tsim)was established to simulate the process of sequencing by synthesis.The simulation results show that the simulator can effectively simulate 454sequencing process.
Research and Inquirement about School Sports and Injury in Lanzhou City

Using the whole survey method,researching the Characteristic and regularity of elementary and secondary pupil's injury.The research defined the focal point of the work in sports injury.The main reason of injury is the pupils themseves,teaching element,cite equipment.Sports injury is the first hurt in school,It accured 33.67% every year's hurt.The boys are higher than the girls.We should take the strict precaution measure from teacher to pupil.
IEEE standard logic symbols, why use them?

The evolution of logic symbols is traced from MIL-STD-806 and AIEE No.91-1962 to today's ANSI/IEEE Std 91. A brief introduction to dependency notation is presented. Dependency notation is a symbolic language that shows exact relationships between ports without necessarily showing how they are implemented. Some users refer to symbols in accordance with IEEE 91 as functional logic symbols (FLS). The requirements for understanding FLS are outlined, the arguments against it are examined, and the alternatives are considered. >
The Early History and Personal Start-Up Stories of Synchrotron Radiation Research at Cornell University

Synchrotron radiation (SR) research at Cornell University is presently carried out at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), a National X-ray Facility on the Cornell Electron/Positron Storage Ring (CESR), a machine mainly dedicated to X-ray production and supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Each year, over a thousand scientists and students use a dozen X-ray stations for multidisciplinary research in physics, chemistry, biology, environmental and materials sciences, and engineering on a machine typically operating with compact undulators at 5.3 GeV and 100 to 200 mA.
Diameter dependent polarization in ZnO/MgO disk-in-wire emitters: Multiscale modeling of optical quantum efficiency

Abstract A multiscale computational study is performed to investigate how electronic structure, optical transitions, and terminal characteristics of nanostructured ZnO/MgO disk-in-wire emitters are governed by an intricate coupling of size-quantization, atomicity, and built-in structural and polarization fields. As for the models, an 8-band sp3 (with spin) atomistic tight-binding basis set was used to construct the Hamiltonian of the device in wurtzite crystal symmetry. Strain and the associated distortions of bond directions and bond lengths were modeled via the valence force-field (VFF) molecular mechanics framework. Specifically, in this work, a recently proposed ab initio based diameter-dependent model for the piezoelectric fields was implemented, which, as compared to the conventional diameter-independent model, was found to curb the influence of spontaneous (pyroelectric) polarization significantly. This particular finding is further illustrated through the calculation of electronic bandgap and localization of wavefunctions, optical emission characteristics, and the internal quantum efficiency of the device.
Exploratory study of fission product yield determination from photofission of Pu239 at 11 MeV with monoenergetic photons

Measurements of fission product yields play an important role for the understanding of fundamental aspects of the fission process. Recently, neutron-induced fission product-yield data of $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ at energies below 4 MeV revealed an unexpected energy dependence of certain fission fragments. In order to investigate whether this observation is prerogative to neutron-induced fission, a program has been initiated to measure fission product yields in photoinduced fission. Here we report on the first ever photofission product yield measurement with monoenergetic photons produced by Compton back-scattering of FEL photons. The experiment was performed at the High-Intensity Gamma-ray Source at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory on $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=11$ MeV. In this exploratory study the yield of eight fission products ranging from $^{91}\mathrm{Sr}$ to $^{143}\mathrm{Ce}$ has been obtained.
A phase I study of the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vatalanib (PTK787/ZK 222584) and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer

4122 Background: The VEGF pathway is the predominant mediator of angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Vatalanib (PTK787/ZK 222584) is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of all known VEGF receptors. We initiated a phase I study of vatalanib and gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled. Previous adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with fluorouracil was allowed. Gemcitabine was given by fixed-dose rate infusion weekly x 3 in a 28-day cycle, and vatalanib was given orally daily. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) are defined as any grade 3/4 toxicity during the first cycle. The dose levels are as follows: Results: To date, 11 patients are evaluable for toxicity (5M/6F; median age 62 years, range 40–82 years; median KPS 90%). Thus far, 42 cycles have been given, with a median of four cycles per patient. Two patients have experienced DLT. The first patient (cohort 1) experienced grade 3 diarrhea and hypokalemia...
Nuclear Weapons Proliferation Theory and the Case of Iran

International relations scholars have attempted to develop a theory of nuclear weapons proliferation using three primary frameworks: systemic, domestic, and normative. Analyses under these frameworks depict Iranâ€™s elites as having pursued a nuclear capability chiefly to promote regime development and also in an attempt to propel itself to great power status and international prestige. To a large extent, this counters the systemic argument that states mainly proliferate when faced with a viable, external threat. An examination of the particular case of Iran demonstrates that domestic politics and established norms can be as predictive of nuclear proliferation tendencies as the security argument, which is the most frequently applied model to proliferation cases. Each is context-dependent and one theory of nuclear proliferation will not apply automatically to every case, thus policy-makers must not simply expect states to only proliferate when faced with outside challenges.
National trend survey of hospitalized patients with febrile seizure in the United States.

Abstract Purpose Several studies have reported the prevalence and incidence of febrile seizure (FS) among children in the USA and other countries. However, recent trends in FS among hospitalized children, hospital course, and risk factors for its severity remain unknown at a national level in the USA. Method Hospital discharge records of patients with FS aged Results A decreasing trend in total annual hospitalization rates due to FS was observed, ranging from 59.0 per 100,000 children in 2003 to 40.8 per 100,000 children in 2012 (p Conclusions Total hospitalization rates due FS is decreasing, and race/ethnicity and geographic locations of the patients were associated with FS severity.
When the world calls for emergency services, who answers? A surgeon general’s perspective on running a high performance health services organization

This article records an interview by the author with Vice Admiral (retired) Matthew L. Nathan, 37th surgeon general of the United States (U.S.) Navy and chief of the U.S. Navy’s Bureau of Medicine ...
Water and air temperature impacts on rice ( Oryza sativa ) phenology

Air temperature (Ta) is commonly used for modeling rice phenology. However, since the growing point of rice is under water during the vegetative and the early part of the reproductive period, water temperature (Tw) is likely to have a greater influence on crop developmental rates than Ta during this period. To test this hypothesis, we monitored Tw, Ta, and crop phenology in three commercial irrigated rice fields in California, USA. Sampling locations were set up on along a transect from the water inlet into the field. (Water warms up as it moves into the field.) Ta averaged 22.7 °C across sampling locations within each field, but average seasonal Tw increased from 22 °C near the inlet to 23.4 °C furthest away from the inlet. Relative to Tw furthest from the inlet, low Tw near the inlet delayed time to panicle initiation (PI 5 days) and heading (HD 8 days) and the appearance of one yellow hull on the main stem panicle (R7 9 days). Using Tw instead of Ta when the active growing point is under water until booting (midway between PI and HD) in a thermal time model improved accuracy (root-mean-square error, RMSE) for predicting time to PI by 2.5 days and HD by 1.6 days and R7 by 1.8 days. This model was further validated under more typical field conditions (i.e., not close to cold water inlets) in six locations in California. Under these conditions, average Tw was 2.6 °C higher than Ta between planting and booting, primarily due to higher daily maximum Tw values. Using Tw in the model until booting improved RMSE by 1.2 days in predicting time to HD. Using Tw instead of Ta during this period could improve the accuracy of rice phenology models.
Bulk Dissipation in Shear Layers with Suction

Although turbulence presents some of the most challenging unsolved problems in theoretical physics and applied mathematics, there are quantities we may hope to be able to bound even when we cannot compute them exactly. In this report we describe some of the ways of doing this within the context of a flow in a shear layer with injection and suction at the boundaries. We obtain bounds on the rate of viscous energy dissipation, valid for turbulent flows as well as for any laminar (steady or unsteady) flows, that may be directly compared to that in an exact solution for a flow with the same boundary conditions.
Rotational and segmental motions in the lipids of human plasma lipoproteins.

Abstract Natural abundance 13C NMR spectra of high density, low density, and very low density lipoproteins isolated from human plasma have been recorded and assigned, and the spin lattice relaxation times (T1) of some well resolved resonances have been determined. The 13C NMR spectra reflect differences in protein-lipid ratios and in lipid composition between the three classes of lipoproteins. All three lipoproteins yield numerous narrow 13C resonances assignable to the lipid component. The high density lipoprotein also yields several narrow peaks that arise from the protein moiety. All of the above narrow resonances must originate from liquid-like lipid and protein components. T1 values of lipid carbon resonances of lipoproteins and some model systems yielded semiquantitative information about rotational and segmental mobilities of the lipid components of lipoproteins. The T1 values of C6 of the cholesteryl moiety of high and low density lipoproteins revealed that the fused ring systems occupy regions of much higher microviscosity than that of the aqueous environment. T1 values of carbons of fatty acyl chains yielded information about segmental motions of these chains in the environment of the lipoprotein complex. Segmental mobilities of fatty acyl chains are identical, within experimental error, in high density and low density lipoproteins, despite marked compositional (and probably structural) differences. T1 values of fatty acyl chains of very low density lipoproteins are slightly longer than the corresponding values of the denser lipoproteins, a result that suggests somewhat greater segmental mobilities in very low density lipoproteins. Our 13C T1 values indicate that all or most of the lipid molecules of plasma lipoproteins, although in a liquid-like state, are significantly restricted in their rotational and segmental mobilities relative to lipids in organic solvents.
Capsid-Incorporation Strategy To Display Antigens for an Alternative Adenoviral Vector Vaccine Approach

The adenovirus (Ad) is widely used as a vaccine because of its ability to induce a cellular and humoral immune response. In addition, human clinical trials have validated the safety and efficacy of Ad as a vaccine vector. The traditional approach for employing the adenovirus as vaccine is to configure the antigen genes into the expression cassette of the Ad genome. An alternative method for inducing an immune response is the "capsid-incorporation" strategy. This strategy is based upon the incorporation of proteins or peptides into the capsid proteins. This review will focus on the established uses of this approach as well as highlighting the new developments regarding the capsid-incorporation strategy.
Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Platforms

In this paper, we present a method for comparing and evaluating different collections of machine learning algorithms on the basis of a given performance measure (e.g., accuracy, area under the curv...
TH-D-204-00: The Pursuit of Radiation Oncology Performance Excellence

The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act was signed into law in 1987 to advance U.S. business competitiveness and economic growth. Administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, the Act created the Baldrige National Quality Program, now renamed the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program. The comprehensive analytical approaches referred to as the Baldrige Healthcare Criteria, are very well suited for the evaluation and sustainable improvement of radiation oncology management and operations. A multidisciplinary self-assessment approach is used for radiotherapy program evaluation and development in order to generate a fact based knowledge driven system for improving quality of care, increasing patient satisfaction, building employee engagement, and boosting organizational innovation. The methodology also provides a valuable framework for benchmarking an individual radiation oncology practice against guidelines defined by accreditation and professional organizations and regulatory agencies. Learning Objectives: 1.To gain knowledge of the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program as it relates to Radiation Oncology. 2.To appreciate the value of a multidisciplinary self-assessment approach in the pursuit of Radiation Oncology quality care, patient satisfaction, and workforce commitment. 3.To acquire a set of useful measurement tools with which an individual Radiation Oncology practice can benchmark its performance against guidelines defined by accreditation and professional organizations and regulatory agencies.
Penalized Spline of Propensity Methods for Treatment Comparison: Rejoinder

We thank the discussants for their constructive comments and additional suggestions, and here address the questions they raised, focusing particularly on the applicability of PENCOMP to other causa...
Well-being, affective commitment and job satisfaction: influences on turnover intentions in casual dining employees

This case study examines a large franchise of an American style casual dining chain. The purpose of this research was to determine whether new changes to the operational procedures of a restaurant ...
Development and Implementation of Real-Time Web-Based Dashboards in a Multisite Transfusion Service.

Background: In hospital transfusion services, visualization of blood product inventory in the form of web-based dashboards has the potential to improve the workflow and efficiency of blood product inventory management. While off-the-shelf “business intelligence” solutions by external vendors may offer the ability to display and analyze blood bank inventory data, laboratories may lack resources to readily access this technology. Using in-house talent, our transfusion service developed real-time, web-based dashboards to replace manual processes for managing both blood product inventory and cooler tracking at two large academic hospital blood banks. Methods: Dashboards were developed using Hypertext Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets, and Hypertext Preprocessor scripting/programming languages. Data are extracted in real time from Sunquest (v7.3) Laboratory Information Systems Database (InterSystems Cache) and are refreshed every 2 min. Data are hosted internally by our institution's web servers and are accessed on a webpage via Microsoft Group Policy shortcuts. Results: Dashboards were designed and implemented to provide a fully customizable, dynamic, and secure method of displaying blood product inventory and blood product cooler status. Transfusion service staff utilized dashboard data to maintain adequate blood product supply, modify blood product replacement orders to prevent excess inventory, and transfer short-dated blood products between our facilities to minimize wastage. Conclusions: Dashboard technology can be readily implemented at hospital transfusion services with minimal capital expenditure. The implementation of real-time web-based dashboards for blood product inventory and cooler management at our centers facilitated on-demand blood product monitoring and replaced a tedious, manual process with a user-friendly and intuitive electronic tool.
Discriminatively Learning Inverse Optimal Control Models for Predicting Human Intentions

More accurately inferring human intentions/goals can help robots complete collaborative human-robot tasks more safely and efficiently. Bayesian reasoning has become a popular approach for predicting the intention or goal of a partial sequence of actions/controls using a trajectory likelihood model. However, the mismatch between the training objective for these models (maximizing trajectory likelihood) and the application objective (maximizing intention likelihood) can be detrimental. In this paper, we seek to improve the goal prediction of maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning (MaxEnt IRL) models by training to maximize goal likelihood. We demonstrate the benefits of our method on pointing task goal prediction with multiple possible goals and predicting goal based activities in the Cornell Activity Dataset (CAD-120).
Feminist Approaches to Border Studies and Gender Violence: Family Separation as Reproductive Injustice

In 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Director Thomas Homan announced that the Trump administration would adopt a “zero-tolerance” policy for anyone,...
RapidPlan development of VMAT plans for cervical cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries.

Abstract Cervical cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) largely due to limited resources and insufficient staffing. Knowledge-based planning (KBP) could alleviate understaffing issues by streamlining the radiotherapy treatment planning process. Varian's KBP system (RapidPlan) was used to develop a model capable of producing volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for cervical cancer patients. Plan data from 46 patients previously treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) were used to create and train the model which was then applied to 32 patients excluded from the training process. Dose volume histogram (DVH) values for the planning target volume (PTV_High), bladder, rectum, and bowel were evaluated for the validation plans and found to have satisfied the required PTV coverage and organ-at-risk (OAR) dose constraints. The average value for PTV_High D95.0% was 48.0 Gy (sd = 3.0 Gy) for existing clinical plans and 48.4 Gy (sd = 2.6 Gy) for the validation plans. The mean dose for the bladder, rectum, and bowel was 39.8 Gy (sd = 3.9 Gy), 41.6 Gy (sd = 5.2 Gy), and 21.6 Gy (sd = 5.0 Gy) for existing clinical plans and 38.9 Gy (sd = 4.0 Gy), 40.3 Gy (sd = 4.8 Gy), and 21.5 Gy (sd = 4.6 Gy) for validation plans, respectively. A TOST test showed that the p values for the PTV_High D95.0% (p
Sidewall channel fabrication using membrane projection lithography and metal assisted chemical etching

Channels that run parallel and beneath the surface of an Si substrate are fabricated by first forming submicrometer sized disks of Au onto etched sidewall features in Si. The disks are formed by fabricating a patterned membrane mask of electron beam resist and evaporating Au at a 45 ° angle with respect to the substrate surface. Metal assisted chemical etching is then applied to remove the Si beneath the Au disks to form channels that lie perpendicular to these disk surfaces. Channels on the order of 300 nm in diameter have been fabricated by the combination of these techniques.Channels that run parallel and beneath the surface of an Si substrate are fabricated by first forming submicrometer sized disks of Au onto etched sidewall features in Si. The disks are formed by fabricating a patterned membrane mask of electron beam resist and evaporating Au at a 45 ° angle with respect to the substrate surface. Metal assisted chemical etching is then applied to remove the Si beneath the Au disks to form channels that lie perpendicular to these disk surfaces. Channels on the order of 300 nm in diameter have been fabricated by the combination of these techniques.
Pediatric Orphan Drug Indications: 2010-2018

BACKGROUND: Orphan drug development is crucial for children, who are disproportionately affected by rare diseases. Data are lacking on the number, nature, and benefit of recently approved pediatric orphan indications. METHODS: We classified the 402 orphan indications the US Food and Drug Administration approved between 2010 and 2018 as “pediatric” if they were approved for children only or targeted pediatric diseases. We determined the number of unique diseases targeted by pediatric orphan indications and calculated the proportion that were for (1) novel drugs, (2) non-novel drugs approved to treat ≥1 common disease, and (3) non-novel drugs approved only to treat rare diseases. Among pediatric orphan indications eligible for US Food and Drug Administration breakthrough designation (granted to drugs potentially representing major therapeutic advances), we calculated the proportion receiving this designation. RESULTS: Of the 402 orphan indications, 136 (33.8%) were pediatric. These 136 indications targeted 87 unique diseases; 21 diseases were targeted by ≥1 indication. Of the 136 pediatric orphan indications, 60 (44.1%) were for novel drugs, 45 (33.1%) were for non-novel drugs approved to treat ≥1 common disease, and 31 (22.8%) were for non-novel drugs approved only to treat rare diseases. Among 97 indications eligible for breakthrough designation, 20 (20.6%) received this designation. CONCLUSIONS: Recent orphan drug development has increased the availability of treatments for pediatric rare diseases. Most pediatric orphan indications expanded use of existing drugs, and many targeted the same disease. Some indications may represent breakthroughs, but substantial unmet need for treatments remains for most pediatric rare diseases.
New OPTN Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplant (SLKT) Policy Improves Racial and Ethnic Disparities

(1) Background: On 10 August 2017, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) adopted standardized eligibility criteria to properly determine which transplant candidates should undergo Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplant (SLKT). Racial and ethnic disparities have not been examined after 2017. Therefore, using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), we aim to evaluate post-graft survival outcomes among Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics. (2) Methods: Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models are used to compare post-transplant graft survival for Caucasians, African Americans (AAs), and Hispanics. Competing risk analysis is used to evaluate the cumulative incidence of death or re-transplantation with re-transplantation and death as competing risks. (3) Results: On multivariate Cox regression analysis, no differences in graft survival are found in AA (hazard ratio (HR): 1.30; 95% CI: 0.74–2.29 p = 0.354) or Hispanics (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.70–2 p = 0.520) compared to Caucasians after 2017. On competing risk analysis of the risk of death with re-transplantation as a competing risk, no difference is found between ethnic minorities after 2017. There is a similar finding from competing risk analysis of the risk of re-transplantation with death as a competing risk. (4) Conclusion: After introducing standardized eligibility criteria for SLKT allocation, the post-graft survival outcomes remain similar between the different racial and ethnic groups, displaying the benefits of adopting such policy in 2017.
Avoiding The Double Descent Phenomenon of Random Feature Models Using Hybrid Regularization.

We demonstrate the ability of hybrid regularization methods to automatically avoid the double descent phenomenon arising in the training of random feature models (RFM). The hallmark feature of the double descent phenomenon is a spike in the regularization gap at the interpolation threshold, i.e. when the number of features in the RFM equals the number of training samples. To close this gap, the hybrid method considered in our paper combines the respective strengths of the two most common forms of regularization: early stopping and weight decay. The scheme does not require hyperparameter tuning as it automatically selects the stopping iteration and weight decay hyperparameter by using generalized cross-validation (GCV). This also avoids the necessity of a dedicated validation set. While the benefits of hybrid methods have been well-documented for ill-posed inverse problems, our work presents the first use case in machine learning. To expose the need for regularization and motivate hybrid methods, we perform detailed numerical experiments inspired by image classification. In those examples, the hybrid scheme successfully avoids the double descent phenomenon and yields RFMs whose generalization is comparable with classical regularization approaches whose hyperparameters are tuned optimally using the test data. We provide our MATLAB codes for implementing the numerical experiments in this paper at this https URL.
Use of Flap Salvage for Lower Extremity Chronic Wounds Occurs Most Often in Competitive Hospital Markets.

Wounds in the comorbid population require limb salvage to prevent amputation. Extensive health economics literature demonstrates that hospital activities are influenced by level of market concentration. The impact of competition and market concentration on limb salvage remains to be determined. Methods Admissions for chronic lower extremity wounds in nonrural hospitals were identified in the 2010-2011 National Inpatient Survey using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. The study cohort consisted of admitted patients receiving amputations, salvage without flap techniques (eg, skin grafts), or salvage with flap techniques. The all-service Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), which is a commonly used tool for market and antitrust analyses, was used to measure hospital competition. Multinomial regression analysis accounting for the complex survey design of the NIS was used to determine the relationship between the HHI and hospital adoption of limb salvage controlling for patient, hospital, and market factors. Results The study cohort represents 124,836 admissions nationally: 89,880 amputations, 26,715 salvage without flap techniques, and 8241 salvage flap techniques. Diabetics accounted for 64.1% of all study admissions. Hospitals in highly competitive markets performed more flaps for chronic lower extremity wounds than noncompetitive markets. Controlling for other factors, hospitals in highly competitive markets, relative to those in highly concentrated markets, were 2.48 percentage points more likely to perform limb salvage with flaps (P < 0.01). Other factors were less predictive. Conclusion Increased hospital competition is the strongest systems-level predictor of receipt of lower extremity flaps among patients with chronic wounds. Improving access to reconstructive limb services must consider the competitive structure of hospital markets.
Mental health and resilience during the coronavirus pandemic: A machine learning approach.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored risk and resilience factors of mental health functioning during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: A sample of 467 adults (M age = 33.14, 63.6% female) reported on mental health (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], and somatic symptoms), demands and impacts of COVID-19, resources (e.g., social support, health care access), demographics, and psychosocial resilience factors. RESULTS: Depression, anxiety, and PTSD rates were 44%, 36%, and 23%, respectively. Supervised machine learning models identified psychosocial factors as the primary significant predictors across outcomes. Greater trauma coping self-efficacy and forward-focused coping, but not trauma-focused coping, were associated with better mental health. When accounting for psychosocial resilience factors, few external resources and demographic variables emerged as significant predictors. CONCLUSION: With ongoing stressors and traumas, employing coping strategies that emphasize distraction over trauma processing may be warranted. Clinical and community outreach efforts should target trauma coping self-efficacy to bolster resilience during a pandemic.
'Stony the Road' to Change: Black Mississippians and the Culture of Social Relations

This book is the result of an ethnographic study on the impact of Black cultural diversity on social action. The ethnography has three important characteristics. First, it incorporates the multiple perspectives of the ethnographer with the diverse voices of the people through an unusual form of reflexivity that provides additional insight for the descriptions, analyses, and conclusions of the book. This epistemological method is used to challenge traditional structures of ethnographies. Secondly, it argues for the consideration of non-traditional approaches to studying the Black experience - a focus away from race relations and issues of class and an emphasis on intragroup interaction and diversity. Thirdly, it investigates the processes, social institutions, and structures within the Black community of a small college town that influence social change and social action since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.
APIs, Standards, and Databases

For wide acceptance of biometrics, standards for interfaces and methods for performance evaluation are needed. Unfortunately, at the hardware level, the devices for biometrics still remain non-inter-operable except when sharing a common existing standard such as NTSC video. However, at the next level several standards are in the process of being developed and promoted. For instance, the Bio API [11,215] is a standard for the application programming interface allowing the decoupling of biometrics-technologies from the applications that use them. In terms of standardized evaluation, NIST is playing an important role in designing several fingerprint databases [222–226] and conducting speaker verification tests. Similarly, the US Department of Defense runs the FERET and FRVT face recognition tests. This chapter will further describe the current inter-operability standards and common public databases.
Postradiation Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Masquerading as an Axillary Artery Pseudoaneurysm

Background A 68-year-old woman with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm recently status after first-stage elephant trunk procedure with right brachiocephalic artery endarterectomy and reimplantation of the innominate and left carotid using a 14 × 10-mm branch graft presented to clinic with increasing pain in her right arm and shoulder for 2 weeks. She also had a remote history of radiation to the right axilla for breast cancer. On physical examination, she had a tender mass under her clavicle, numbness in shoulder and right hand weakness. Computed tomography scan revealed a 5.3 × 4.3-cm coarsely rim calcified lesion in the right axillary region reported as a pseudoaneurysm. Methods She was taken to the operating room for exploration. After obtaining proximal and distal control, the mass revealed to be a solid tumor. The mass was removed, taking care to avoid the axillary artery and medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. Results Pathology revealed an extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Conclusions Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is an extremely rare primary bone cancer, making up
Grain Boundary Sliding and Creep Fracture of Metals under Multiaxial Stresses

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of high temperature creep fracture are known to involve the nucleation, growth and coalesence of intergranular cavities. Yet these processes are rarely the controlling factors in creep fracture. The redistributions of stress that occur in a creeping solid are usually more important. Grain boundary sliding can lead to stress concentrations on grain boundaries that are perpendicular to the maximum principal stress and this can cause those grain boundaries to cavitate and fail more quickly than others. This observation has important implications for creep fracture under multiaxial stresses and can be used to develop a parameter for predicting creep fracture of metals and alloys under different loading conditions. The parameter is expected to be valid for alloys that exhibit grain boundary sliding and fail by cavitation of grain boundaries perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. An analysis given by Anderson and Rice is used to show that, prior to cavitation, the average tensile stress on grain boundary facets perpendicular to the maximum principal stress is approximately σ F =2.24σ 1 –0.62 (σ 2 +σ 3 ) where σ 1 >σ 2 >σ 3 are the principal stresses. This quantity, called the principal facet stress, can be used to predict multiaxial creep fracture from uniaxial rupture data for several materials.
Fine-needle aspiration of epithelioid sarcoma: cytology findings in nine cases.

BACKGROUND Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare tumor with characteristic morphologic and immunohistochemical features. It can be confused histologically and cytologically with a variety of benign and malignant lesions, including a granulomatous process, synovial sarcoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. The objective of this study was to define the cytologic features of this rare tumor. METHODS The cytologic features of nine histologically confirmed epithelioid sarcomas were analyzed. The criteria evaluated included cell size and shape, cell borders, cluster organization, cytoplasmic characteristics, nuclear and nucleolar features, and background characteristics. RESULTS In most cases, single, dispersed cells represented the predominant pattern, with only a few small clusters present. The cells were mostly round with interspersed spindle cells and mild to moderate pleomorphism. The nuclei were large and eccentrically located, with a plasmacytoid appearance. A pale zone in the perinuclear area was evident in three of nine cases. Well-defined cell borders with intercellular spaces between malignant cells were observed in eight cases. In three cases, a granuloma-like structure was identified. In two cases, the cells were mostly spindle and showed greater cellular pleomorphism. CONCLUSION Epithelioid sarcoma is an uncommon tumor with a wide range of differential diagnoses, especially in cytology specimens. Awareness of its existence and knowledge of its cytologic features are important for a correct diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:246–251. © 2001 American Cancer Society.