cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of standards for surface analysis

As the use of surface analysis increases, the need for standards (reference procedures, reference data, and reference materials) becomes more urgent. This article describes recent activities and current plans of three organizations that are active in developing standards for surface analysis: Committee E-42 on Surface Analysis of the American Society for Testing and Materials; the Surface Chemical Analysis Working Party of the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS); and the Working Group on Surface Analysis of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Recalibrating the Barometer Is It Time to Take a Critical Look at Noninvasive Approaches to Measuring Filling Pressures

The ability to measure pressures within the heart has been one of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic tools within the cardiologist’s armamentarium over the past half century. Whereas this measurement initially required direct left ventricular puncture,1 transeptal catheterization,2 or retrograde placement of a catheter into the left ventricle, the advent of the Swan-Ganz catheter allowed for accurate estimation of left-sided filling pressures without requiring arterial or intraventricular access. These measurements have been useful to diagnose and treat hemodynamic compromise resulting from cardiac and pulmonary disease and other critical conditions associated with abnormal or unknown volume status. Article p 62 Accurate assessment of left-sided intracardiac filling pressures is particularly crucial for the management of chronic heart failure, in which congestion causes most of the disabling symptoms and hospitalizations.3 High left-sided filling pressures predict rehospitalizations and death, and the degree to which pressures can be reduced predicts survival.4 Skilled estimation of jugular venous pressure, particularly in conjunction with orthopnea, provides the most reliable clinical evidence of elevated left-sided filling pressures.5 However, the accuracy of jugular venous pressure for the detection of elevated right atrial pressure is <75%. The concordance of right-sided and left-sided pressures is about 75% in chronic heart failure without known pulmonary disease,6 and lower when intrinsic lung or pulmonary vascular disease may uncouple ventricular filling pressures. Brain natriuretic peptide levels do not add to the clinical examination in assessing the elevation of filling pressures during admission with chronic heart failure5 and do not change rapidly enough to guide therapy in the inpatient setting7. A reliable noninvasive method to assess elevated filling pressures and their reduction during therapy would refine our current approach to therapy of decompensated heart failure. Noninvasive approaches to measuring intracardiac pressures, particularly diastolic pressures, have been …
Effects of shaving methods and intraoperative irrigation on suppurative mediastinitis after bypass operations

To investigate the effects of the hair removal methods and intraoperative irrigation on suppurative mediastinitis after cardiopulmonary bypass operations, 1,980 consecutive adult patients over a 2-year period in our institution were prospectively randomized to manual shaving versus electrical clipping of hair before the skin incision, and to povidone-iodine solution (0.5%) versus saline solution mediastinal and subcutaneous irrigation before wound closure. The overall incidence of suppurative mediastinitis was 0.86% (17/1,980). The infectious rate was significantly higher in the manually shaven (13/990) than in the electrically clipped patients (4/990) with an odds ratio of 3.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 9.32; p = 0.024). It was also higher in the povidone-iodine group (11/990) than in the saline group (6/990), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.16). Fourteen patients were treated with operative debridement with closed tube irrigation, with one failure requiring a conversion to an open wound. Two patients were successfully treated with primary open wound procedures followed by delayed muscular flap closures, and 1 patient succumbed to rapid and profound sepsis soon after open drainage. We conclude that electrical clipping is superior to manual shaving in the prevention of suppurative mediastinitis. The routine use of povidone-iodine (0.5%) irrigation was of no benefit in this study and may increase the incidence of infection due to its known suppressive effects on local leukocytes and fibroblasts. Furthermore, operative debridement with closed tube irrigation was successful in treating the majority of cases in this series.
Spray Irrigation Effects on Surface-Layer Stability in an Experimental Citrus Orchard during Winter Freezes

Observations taken by two surface radiation and energy budget stations deployed in the University of Florida/ Institute for Food and Agricultural Service experimental citrus orchard in Gainesville, Florida, have been analyzed to identify the effects of sprayer irrigation on thermal stability and circulation processes within the orchard during three 1992 winter freeze episodes. Lapse rates of temperature observed from a micrometeorological tower near the center of the orchard were also recorded during periods of irrigation for incorporation into the analysis. Comparisons of the near-surface temperature lapse rates observed with the two energy budget stations show consistency between the two sites and with the tower-based lapse rates taken over a vertical layer from 1.5 to 15 m above ground level. A theoretical framework was developed that demonstrates that turbulent-scale processes originating within the canopy, driven by latent heat release associated with condensation and freezing processes from water vapor and liquid water released from sprayer nozzles, can destabilize lapse rates and promote warm air mixing above the orchard canopy. The orchard data were then analyzed in the context of the theory for evidence of local overturning and displacement of surface-layer air, with warmer air from aloft driven by locally buoyant plumes generated by water vapor injected into the orchard during the irrigation periods. It was found that surface-layer lapse rates were lower during irrigation periods than under similar conditions when irrigation was not occurring, indicating a greater degree of vertical mixing of surface-layer air with air from above treetops, as a result of local convective overturning induced by the condensation heating of water vapor released at the nozzles of the sprinklers. This provides an additional explanation to the well-accepted heat of fusion release effect, of how undertree irrigation of a citrus orchard during a freeze period helps protect crops against frost damage.
Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Model for Market Clearing With Contingencies

Planning for contingencies typically results in the use of more expensive facilities before disruptions. It leads to different prices and energy availability at various network locations depending on how the contingency analysis is performed. In this paper we present a two-stage stochastic programming model for incorporating contingencies. The model is computationally demanding, and made tractable by using an interior-point log-barrier method coupled with Benders decomposition. The second-stage optimal recourse function (RF) defines the most economically efficient actions in the post-contingency state for returning the system back to normal operating conditions. The approach is illustrated with for two examples: small (with 8 buses/11 branches) and IEEE medium-scale (with 300 buses/411 branches).
Counter‐Cyclical Property Taxation1

trusted with the task of maintaining a stable level of economic activity without much fiscal cooperation from local and state governments. However, tax experts and economists long have been concerned with how to coordinate local expenditures and revenues with the ups and downs of business in order that stabilization and counter-depression policies of the federal government may be made more effective. By examining the chief types of services performed at the state and local levels, and by investigating state and local financial statistics during the past few decades, we observe that expenditures by local and state governments have been inflexible downward. Federal expenditures, on the other hand, have fluctuated much more widely over the years; presumably because they are much influenced by national security expenditures. As for tax revenues, federal government (as well as the state governments) revenues have demonstrated much more violent fluctuation than have local revenues over the cycles. The cyclical behavior of tax bases upon which governments assess a major portion of total taxes accounts for the phenomenon. About 90 per cent of local tax revenues has been derived from general property taxation for the past few decades, whereas the state governments assess less than 5 per cent of total tax revenues from general property taxation; and the federal government, of course, assesses no property taxes. Just as the property tax is the pillar of local revenues, individual income and corporate income taxes are backbone of federal revenues. In the states, consumption taxes seem to be the major source of revenues. In the fiscal year 1952, property taxes amount to 88 per cent of total local tax collections; consumption taxes are 58 per cent of total state tax collections (state individual and corporation income taxes represented 18 per cent of total taxes). Individual and corporation income taxes were 82 per cent of total federal tax collections.2 In terms of cycle-sensitiveness, federal revenues are the most sympathetic; state revenues rank next (consumption expenditures, the tax base for most state
Knowledge About E-Cigarette Constituents and Regulation: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Young Adults

Objectives To examine young adults' knowledge of e-cigarette constituents and regulation and its association with product use and self-reported exposure to marketing. Methods Young adults (18-34 years, N = 1,247) from a U.S. web panel were surveyed in March 2014. Using multinomial logistic regressions, self-reported exposure to marketing was examined as a predictor of whether participants responded correctly (reference category), incorrectly, or "don't know" to four knowledge items-whether e-cigarettes contain nicotine, contain toxic chemicals, are regulated by government for safety, and are regulated for use as a cessation aid. Analyses adjusted for demographics and smoking status and were weighted to match the U.S. young adult population. Results Most respondents did not know if e-cigarettes, contain toxic chemicals (48%), are regulated for safety (61%), and are regulated as cessation aids (68%); fewer than 37% answered all of these items correctly. Current users of e-cigarettes (past 30 days) had a lower likelihood of being incorrect about safety testing (p = .006) and being regulated as a cessation aid (p = .017). Higher exposure to e-cigarette marketing was associated with a lower likelihood of responding "don't know" than being correct, and with a higher likelihood of being incorrect as opposed to correct about e-cigarettes containing nicotine. Conclusions Knowledge about e-cigarette constituents and regulation was low among young adults, who are the largest consumer group for these products. Interventions, such as warning labels or information campaigns, may be necessary to educate and correct misinformation about these products.
Cornual, interstitial, and angular pregnancies: clarifying the terms and a review of the literature

The terms "cornual," "interstitial," and "angular" pregnancies are used inconsistently in the literature. Some sources use "interstitial" and "cornual" synonymously, while others reserve "cornual" for gestations in bicornuate or septate uteri; others distinguish interstitial from angular pregnancy, while in practice, many physicians are unfamiliar with the latter designation. This article aims to clarify the terms and review the literature with respect to diagnosis and prognosis, with attention to the potential roles of 3D ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
Tolerance induced by inhaled antigen involves CD4+ T cells expressing membrane-bound TGF-β and FOXP3

Under normal circumstances, the respiratory tract maintains immune tolerance in the face of constant antigen provocation. Using a murine model of tolerance induced by repeated exposure to a low dose of aerosolized antigen, we show an important contribution by CD4(+) T cells in the establishment and maintenance of tolerance. The CD4(+) T cells expressed both cell surface and soluble TGF-beta and inhibited the development of an allergic phenotype when adoptively transferred to naive recipient mice. While cells expressing cell surface TGF-beta were detectable in mice with inflammation, albeit at a lower frequency compared with that in tolerized mice, only those from tolerized mice expressed FOXP3. Blockade of TGF-beta in vitro and in vivo interfered with immunosuppression. Although cells that expressed TGF-beta on the cell surface (TGF-beta(+)), as well as the ones that did not (TGF-beta(-)), secreted equivalent levels of soluble TGF-beta, only the former were able to blunt the development of an allergic phenotype in mice. Strikingly, separation of the TGF-beta(+) cells from the rest of the cells allowed the TGF-beta(-) cells to proliferate in response to antigen. We propose a model of antigen-induced tolerance that involves cell-cell contact with regulatory CD4(+) T cells that coexpress membrane-bound TGF-beta and FOXP3.
N-acetylaspartylglutamate: a transmitter candidate for the retinohypothalamic tract.

Abstract The retinohypothalamic tract is the neural pathway mediating the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals. Important targets for these retinal fibers are the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which are thought to be primary sites for the biological clock. The neurotransmitters that operate in this projection system have not yet been determined. Immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay performed with affinity-purified antibodies to N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) demonstrate that this neuron-specific dipeptide, which may act as an excitatory neurotransmitter, is localized extensively in the retinohypothalamic tract and its target zones, including the SCN. Optic nerve transections resulted in significant reductions in NAAG immunoreactivity in the optic chiasm and SCN. Analysis of NAAG concentrations in micropunches of SCN, by means of radioimmunoassay, showed approximately 50% reductions in NAAG levels. These results suggest that this peptide may act as one of the neurotransmitters involved in retinohypothalamic communication and circadian rhythm entrainment.
Elite and Upper Class in Philadelphia, 1914

This study examines the relationship between the Philadelphia elite and upper class in 1914. Much of this study is a historical replication of Baltzell's (1958) empirical analysis of the Philadelphia elite and upper class in 1940. Data on the occupations, educational attainments and affiliations, club memberships, and religious affiliations of upper-class and non-upper-class members of the Philadelphia elite in 1914 generally are comparable to those presented by Baltzell for 1940. These and other data suggest that a caste-like, socially exclusive, upper class had emerged in Philadelphia by approximately 1914.
The impact of webpage content characteristics on webpage visibility in search engine results (part I)

Content characteristics of a webpage include factors such as keyword position in a webpage, keyword duplication, layout, and their combination. These factors may impact webpage visibility in a search engine. Four hypotheses are presented relating to the impact of selected content characteristics on webpage visibility in search engine results lists. Webpage visibility can be improved by increasing the frequency of keywords in the title, in the full-text and in both the title and full-text.
Romantic Unions in an Era of Uncertainty: A Post-Moynihan Perspective on African American Women and Marriage

This article provides a brief overview of how African American women are situated in and around the thesis of the Moynihan Report. The authors take the lens of uncertainty and apply it to a post-Moynihan discussion of African American women and marriage. They discuss uncertainty in the temporal organization of poor women's lives and in the new terrains of gender relationships and how both influence African American women's thoughts and behaviors in their romantic relationships and marriages. They argue that much is to be learned from by focusing the lens in this way. It allows us to look at the contemporary romantic relationship and marriage behaviors of African American women in context and in ways that do not label them as having pathological behaviors that place them out of sync with broader societal trends.
Redesign of process map to increase efficiency: Reducing procedure time in cervical cancer brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose To increase intraprocedural efficiency in the use of clinical resources and to decrease planning time for cervical cancer brachytherapy treatments through redesign of the procedure's process map. Methods and Materials A multidisciplinary team identified all tasks and associated resources involved in cervical cancer brachytherapy in our institution and arranged them in a process map. A redesign of the treatment planning component of the process map was conducted with the goal of minimizing planning time. Planning time was measured on 20 consecutive insertions, of which 10 were performed with standard procedures and 10 with the redesigned process map, and results were compared. Statistical significance (p Results Twelve tasks involved in cervical cancer brachytherapy treatments were identified. The process map showed that in standard procedures, the treatment planning tasks were performed sequentially. The process map was redesigned to specify that contouring and some planning tasks are performed concomitantly. Some quality assurance tasks were reorganized to minimize adverse effects of a possible error on procedure time. Test dry runs followed by live implementation confirmed the applicability of the new process map to clinical conditions. A 29% reduction in planning time (p Conclusions A process map for cervical cancer brachytherapy was generated. The treatment planning component of the process map was redesigned, resulting in a 29% decrease in planning time and a streamlining of the quality assurance process.
Identification of selective lead compounds for treatment of high-ploidy breast cancer

Increased ploidy is common in tumors but treatments for tumors with excess chromosome sets are not available. Here, we characterize high-ploidy breast cancers and identify potential anticancer compounds selective for the high-ploidy state. Among 354 human breast cancers, 10% have mean chromosome copy number exceeding 3, and this is most common in triple-negative and HER2-positive types. Women with high-ploidy breast cancers have higher risk of recurrence and death in two patient cohorts, demonstrating that it represents an important group for improved treatment. Because high-ploidy cancers are aneuploid, rather than triploid or tetraploid, we devised a two-step screen to identify selective compounds. The screen was designed to assure both external validity on diverse karyotypic backgrounds and specificity for high-ploidy cell types. This screen identified novel therapies specific to high-ploidy cells. First, we discovered 8-azaguanine, an antimetabolite that is activated by hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), suggesting an elevated gene-dosage of HPRT1 in high-ploidy tumors can control sensitivity to this drug. Second, we discovered a novel compound, 2,3-diphenylbenzo[g]quinoxaline-5,10-dione (DPBQ). DPBQ activates p53 and triggers apoptosis in a polyploid-specific manner, but does not inhibit topoisomerase or bind DNA. Mechanistic analysis demonstrates that DPBQ elicits a hypoxia gene signature and its effect is replicated, in part, by enhancing oxidative stress. Structure-function analysis defines the core benzo[g]quinoxaline-5,10 dione as being necessary for the polyploid-specific effects of DPBQ. We conclude that polyploid breast cancers represent a high-risk subgroup and that DPBQ provides a functional core to develop polyploid-selective therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(1); 48-59. ©2015 AACR.
High Thermal Stability of La2O3- and CeO2-Stabilized Tetragonal ZrO2.

Catalyst support materials of tetragonal ZrO2, stabilized by either La2O3 (La2O3–ZrO2) or CeO2 (CeO2–ZrO2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C with NH4OH or tetramethylammonium hydroxide as the mineralizer. From in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements, the calcined La2O3–ZrO2 and CeO2–ZrO2 supports were nonporous nanocrystallites that exhibited rectangular shapes with a thermal stability of up to 1000 °C in air. These supports had an average size of ∼10 nm and a surface area of 59–97 m2/g. The catalysts Pt/La2O3–ZrO2 and Pt/CeO2–ZrO2 were prepared by using atomic layer deposition with varying Pt loadings from 6.3 to 12.4 wt %. Monodispersed Pt nanoparticles of ∼3 nm were obtained for these catalysts. The incorporation of La2O3 and CeO2 into the t-ZrO2 structure did not affect the nature of the active sites for the Pt/ZrO2 catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction.
Effects of continuous positive airway pressure/positive end-expiratory pressure and pressure-support ventilation on work of breathing, using an animal model.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)/positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) on work of breathing (WOB). METHODS: With 13 anesthetized lambs we measured WOB with an esophageal balloon and flow signals. All the animals were sedated, intubated, and ventilated, using 2 pediatric ventilators (Servo 300 and VIP Bird). Ventilator settings were CPAP of 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O and PSV of 5 and 10 cm H2O with PEEP of 0, 5, and 10 cm H2O. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: With the Servo 300 the total WOB (WOBT) increased between CPAP/PEEP of 0 and 10 cm H2O (p ≤ 0.0001) and between CPAP/PEEP of 5 and 10 cm H2O (p ≤ 0.0002). With the Servo 300 the addition of PSV decreased WOBT (p ≤ 0.003). With the VIP Bird the WOBT significantly increased between CPAP/PEEP of 0 and 10 cm H2O (p ≤ 0.02) and between CPAP/PEEP of 5 and 10 cm H2O (p ≤ 0.03). With PSV the WOBT was lower only at PSV 10 cm H2O (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: WOBT increased as CPAP/PEEP was increased, and PSV lowered WOBT. We hypothesize that in a healthy animal model increased CPAP/PEEP may cause alveolar overdistention.
Propagation characteristics of short-period Sn and Lg in the Middle East

Abstract We present propagation characteristics of the short-period regional seismic phases Sn and Lg for the Middle East. Digital waveform data from the Iranian Long Period Array (ILPA) and the Global Seismic Network (GSN) stations ABKT (Alibek, Turkmenistan), ANTO (Ankara, Turkey), KEG (Kottamya, Egypt), and KIV (Kislovodsk, Georgia) were used in this study. Three-component rotated seismograms were bandpass filtered (0.5 to 5.0 Hz) and examined for the presence and strength (amplitude) of Sn and Lg relative to the Pn and Pg phases. The short-period Sn and Lg waveforms show great variability. Sn propagates efficiently for paths crossing the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas as well as for paths passing north of the Greater Caucasus, Alborz, and Kopet-Dag Mountains. Generally, Sn is not observed or propagates inefficiently for paths with segments beneath the Turkish plateau and northern Iranian plateau, consistent with a previous study by Kadinsky-Cade et al. (1981). This study finds that the zone of inefficient Sn propagation coincides with a zone of low Pn velocities ( Pn tomography. Lg is consistently not observed for paths crossing the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas. Lg propagates efficiently for paths crossing the northern Arabian shield. Generally, Lg propagates efficiently for paths contained within the Turkish-Iranian plateau. Paths in the Middle East greater than about 2000 km consistently show no or little Lg energy. The correspondence of zones of inefficient Sn propagation and low Pn velocities suggests that high temperatures and partial melt lie at shallow depths in the upper mantle beneath the Turkish plateau and northern Iranian plateau. The presence of water, presumably due to subduction of hydrated oceanic crust, lowers the solidus temperature and enhances partial melt. Lg is blocked by oceanic crustal structures as well as by structural and topographic variations associated with tectonic boundaries.
The Clinical Application of the Hippuric Acid and the Prothrombin Tests

A survey of recent advances in medicine and surgery yields numerable examples of problems solved by laboratory methods which had completely defied all approaches by purely clinical means. No better illustration can be cited than the recognized dangers confronting the jaundiced patient who required surgical treatment. All the surgeon's clinical experience availed him little in determining the extent to which the liver had been injured; nevertheless this information was highly desirable for determining the type of anesthesia, the possible postoperative course, and numerous other factors. Furthermore while it was clearly recognized that every jaundiced patient was potentially in jeopardy of serious and occasional fatal hemorrhage, it was neither possible to predict clinically which subjects would bleed, nor to take steps to prevent this catastrophic complication. Two simple tests developed during the past six years have been accepted rather widely by American surgeons as definite aids, particularly in the surgery of the biliary tract in meeting the two problems just presented. The first of these tests is the hippuric acid synthesis as a means for determining liver function; the second, the quantitative method for estimating the prothrombin concentration of the blood.
Increased Perithecium Formation and Hybridization in Flooded Cultures of a Homothallic Ascomycete

Flooding or atomizing full-grown cultures of a homothallic form of Hypomyces solani with water alone hastened and increased perithecium formation. By applying conidial suspensions in both of these ...
Research Methods Appropriate and Applicable to Global Surgery

The research possibilities for global surgery are vast, perhaps indefinably broad. The agenda and prioritization of research for our field has been more thoroughly elucidated in Chap. 8; including who should set the agenda. As the field is so open, there are perhaps innumerable methodologies for generating and disseminating knowledge. In this chapter we begin with a discussion of special considerations for the conduct of research in resource-poor settings. Following that, we will provide an overview of several domains of academic inquiry that figure prominently in global surgery research, and provide some specific examples from these domains. This overview is not meant to be either an exhaustive list, or a deep dive into any research approach. Rather, we hope to inspire our readers to think broadly and collaboratively as they embark on a global surgery research career.
Auditory brainstem maturation in normal‐hearing infants born preterm: a meta‐analysis

AIM: Children born preterm often have neurodevelopmental problems later in life. Abnormal maturation of the auditory brainstem in the presence of normal hearing might be a marker for these problems. We conducted a meta-analysis of auditory brainstem response (ABR) latencies at term age to describe differences in auditory brainstem maturation between normal-hearing preterm and term-born infants. METHOD: Computerized databases were searched for studies published between 1995 and 2014 that reported ABR measurements at term age in infants born preterm in a case-control design. Five peaks reflect the conduction of a neural signal along the brainstem auditory pathway. We collected I to V interpeak latency data, and III to V interpeak latency data, which refers to the more central part of the pathway. RESULTS: Preterm-born infants' III to V interval is significantly longer compared to infants born at term (0.081ms, effect-size=0.974), which also reflects on the I to V interval. Moreover, significantly increased ABR interpeak latencies of infants born preterm are related to lower gestational age and the need for neonatal intensive care treatment. INTERPRETATION: The delayed conduction time towards and into the auditory brainstem at term age suggests atypical maturation of the brainstem in normal-hearing infants born preterm. Both the duration of gestation and the consequences of the preterm birth (intensive care needed) negatively affect maturation of the auditory brainstem, which may influence later development.
The Clinical Study of Children Bone Deformity

ObjectiveTo explore the relationships of bone deformity and delayed rickets. MethodsWith cases contrast and clinical investigation,85 cases of bone deformity and 50 cases of healthy children were tested by serum calcium,phosphous,alkaline phosphatase,bone alkaline phosphatase(BALP)and X-ray inspection. ResultsIncreased sweating,limb pain,disability in limbs and muscular spasms were the main clinical symptoms of 85 cases of bone deformity,with the age of 5-16 years old. Pigeon breast and knock-knee were the more common signs. The positive reaction of serum calcium ,phosphous,alkaline phosphatase were all lower. The positive reaction of BALP(BALP250U/L) was 14.1%.The diagnosis of delayed rickets was made. There was a significant difference between two groups (p0.05). ConclusionsWe must be paid attention to the diagnosis of children bone deformity and the diagnosis and prevention of delayed rickets.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions

This chapter presents antigen-antibody reactions. When a B cell is first stimulated by antigen, the antigen must interact with antibody on the lymphocyte surface. To do this, the antigen must combine with a portion of the antibody molecule called the combining site. Once this is accomplished, the cell is stimulated to produce antibody that is secreted, interacts with, and ultimately sequesters the antigen that caused the initial stimulation. Most techniques used to demonstrate antigen-antibody reactions involve reacting putative immune serum with antigen. Whatever the test situation, a characteristic reaction between antigen and antibody occurs. The presence of antibodies in the serum is affected by an appropriate immunization schedule and the control of other variables. To complete the mixture of bacteria or erythrocytes and complement, a thermolabile component of serum must be added. Lysis of the antigens then occurs by means of antibodies known either as bacteriolysins or hemolysins, depending upon the antigen that induced their production.
Cultural Models of Health and Illness

The highly subjective nature of illness and the frequent ambiguity in diagnosis, management, and treatment require patients and providers to frame illness experiences in terms of meaningful concepts and vocabularies. For physicians this framing is based on the language of science; for patients it is often based on cultural beliefs, practices, and local vocabularies of distress. The ambiguity inherent in the subjective experience of disease means that researchers and practitioners must be aware, not only of culturally bounded illnesses, but of the potential impact of culture on all aspects of the experience of illness. In this chapter we review a long tradition of research that illustrates the important role that culture plays in the subjective experience of illness, and we discuss the implications of culture for epidemiology, health services research, and medical practice.
College Textbook Publishing: Three Microeconomic Applications

Based on the author’s many years of experience in college textbook publishing, this article discusses three topics relevant to the textbook-publishing business: (a) the motivations of the author an...
What triggers imposter phenomenon among academic faculty? A critical incident study exploring antecedents, coping, and development opportunities

ABSTRACTDespite research on imposter phenomenon among graduate students, few researchers have explored how academic faculty copes with the psychological stress resulting from questioning their professional legitimacy and expertise. We examined the predicating events that trigger imposter tendencies among academic faculty, their applied coping skills at mitigating such experiences and types of institutional resources that could support faculty struggling with imposter phenomenon. We position our study within identity theory and suggest that the emergence of imposter phenomenon could be a formative part of how faculty form their professional identity. Using critical incident technique (CIT) to analyse faculty narratives (n = 16), we identified four specific incidents that triggered faculty imposter experiences, four distinct coping methods used to interrupt the imposter cycle, and perceived needs and resources around institutional support. We also identified gender differences in incidents and coping respon...
Gaming for (Citizen) Science: Exploring Motivation and Data Quality in the Context of Crowdsourced Science through the Design and Evaluation of a Social-Computational System

Citizen Sort, currently under development, is a web-based social-computational system designed to support a citizen science task, the taxonomic classification of various insect, animal, and plant species. In addition to supporting this natural science objective, the Citizen Sort platform will also support information science research goals on motivation for participation in social-computation and citizen science. In particular, this research program addresses the use of games to motivate participation in social-computational citizen science, and explores the effects of system design on motivation and data quality. A design science approach, where IT artifacts are developed to solve problems and answer research questions is described. Research questions, progress on Citizen Sort planning and implementation, and key challenges are discussed.
An investigation of trastuzumab-induced cardiac dysfunction in adults with gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer.

e15005 Background: The indication for trastuzumab therapy has broadened to target HER-2 amplification in non-breast malignancies. We assessed the incidence of trastuzumab-induced cardiac dysfunctio...
Novel application of published risk factors for methicillin-resistant S. aureus in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.

MRSA ABSSSIs are associated with a significant clinical and economic burden, however rapid identification of MRSA remains a challenge. This study aimed to use a novel method of predictive modeling to determine those at highest risk of MRSA ABSSSIs. Risk factors for MRSA were derived from a combination of previously published literature and multivariable logistic regression of individual patient data (IPD) using the “adaptation method.” A risk-scoring tool was derived from weight-proportional integer-adjusted coefficients of the predictive model. Likelihood ratios were used to adjust posterior probability of MRSA. Risk factors were identified from 12 previously published studies and adapted based on IPD (n = 236). Risk factors were: history of diabetes with obesity (aOR = 2.3), prior antibiotics (90 days) (aOR = 2.8), chronic kidney disease/hemodialysis (aOR = 1.3), intravenous drug use (aOR = 3.2), previous MRSA exposure/infection (12 months) (aOR = 2.6), previous hospitalization (12 months) (aOR = 1.2), and HIV/AIDS (aOR = 3.3). Baseline prevalence of MRSA was 42.7%. Scores ranged from 0 - 8 points. Post-test probability of MRSA: score 0 = 15.0%; score 1 – 2 = 56.0%; score ≥ 3 = 75.0%. The newly derived scoring tool is proof-in-concept of the adaptation method. This study is hypothesis generating and such a tool remains to be validated for clinical use.
Cognitive Styles and the Acquisition of a Complex Aerial Maneuver

Approximately equal number of male (45) and female (43) Air Force Academy cadets learned a complex aerial maneuver (chandelle) on a desk-top flight simulator. These cadets had participated in a previous experiment (Koonce & Berry, 1980) where they were given a battery of tests which tapped several cognitive and perceptual-motor areas. Of special interest in the present study was the relationship of the various congitive factors to the rate of acquisition of the complex aerial maneuver. Prior to the introduction of the complex maneuver all subjects were trained to criterion level on four basic instrument flight maneuvers (Koonce & McCley, 1980). Then they learned how to fly the complex maneuver with the number of trials required to reach criterion performance as the dependent variable. Results indicated cognitive factors were very significant in predicting complex maneuver performance. Additionally, individually tailoring the regression equations by sex as opposed to utilizing a general overall regression ...
In Situ Skin Tailoring for Myelomeningocele Repair

Purpose: We are presenting a new technique for myelomeningocele repair in children. The currently used technique is associated with occasional difficulty of skin closure and excessive blood loss. Our modifications are meant to eliminatethese difficulties.Study design: Thirty children below 6 months of age have been operated upon in the last 5 years, all having meningo/myelomeningoceles of medium to large sizes. Methods: Direct sac opening was used instead of peripheral elliptical skin incision. Skin was approximated at the end of the procedure and excess skin was shaved with scissors.Results: Our technique offers many advantages. Most importantly, is accurate skin tailoring so that ultimate usage of available skin becomes possible. Furthermore, blood loss is significantly reduced. Conclusion: The technique proposed in this work represents a valuable modification of meningo/myelomeningocele repair. (2012ESJ006)
Identification of novel plasma cell subsets in a mouse model of SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease driven by the secretion of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) from a subset of terminally differentiated B cells, called plasma cells (PC). PC persist in the bone marrow for the lifetime of the host, posing challenges for the development of therapies for SLE and other autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms of long-term persistence of PC are poorly understood. Utilizing the congenic New Zealand Black Autoimmunity 2 (NBA2) mouse strain, which develops IgG ANA similar to SLE, our lab has identified novel subsets of mature bone marrow PC. which are highly heterogeneous in both phenotype and function. We have characterized these populations of PC based on the expression of CD93 and CXCR3. While CD93+ PC are largely quiescent, CXCR3+ PC are highly proliferative in the bone marrow. In addition, CXCR3+ PC are highly enriched for IgG secretion, while CD93+ PC are enriched for IgA secretion. CD93+ PC are detected in the bone marrow of B6 mice at early time points after immunization with KLH, whereas CXCR3+ PC are nearly absent in the bone marrow yet are present in the spleen. In contrast, significant numbers of both CD93+ and CXCR3+ PC are found in both the spleen and bone marrow of NBA2 mice. Characterization of transcription factors reveals that all PC populations express high levels of BLIMP-1 and IRF-4, demonstrating their commitment to a mature PC fate. These data suggest that distinct subpopulations of PC may be responsible for the pathogenesis of SLE. Current research is focused on elucidating the mechanism by which distinct PC subsets give rise to ANA.
Utilization of problem-based learning in an entrepreneurship business planning course

This article demonstrates the implementation and efficacy of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in an undergraduate entrepreneurship business planning course. Throughout the course, ill-structured problems arise that require independent thinking and ongoing problem solving with students taking responsibility for their own learning. The course incorporates the latest classroom technology and how that technology is utilized to deliver self-directed learning. The PBL methodology is then evaluated in light of anonymous student survey results. The objective is to create a framework for future assessment in evaluating PBL in the business planning course.
The impact of the maternal-foetal environment on outcomes of surgery for congenital heart disease in neonates.

OBJECTIVES Pregnancies with congenital heart disease in the foetus have an increased prevalence of pre-eclampsia, small for gestational age and preterm birth, which are evidence of an impaired maternal-foetal environment (MFE). METHODS The impact of an impaired MFE, defined as pre-eclampsia, small for gestational age or preterm birth, on outcomes after cardiac surgery was evaluated in neonates (n = 135) enrolled in a study evaluating exposure to environmental toxicants and neuro-developmental outcomes. RESULTS The most common diagnoses were transposition of the great arteries (n = 47) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 43). Impaired MFE was present in 28 of 135 (21%) subjects, with small for gestational age present in 17 (61%) patients. The presence of an impaired MFE was similar for all diagnoses, except transposition of the great arteries (P < 0.006). Postoperative length of stay was shorter for subjects without an impaired MFE (14 vs 38 days, P < 0.001). Hospital mortality was not significantly different with or without impaired MFE (11.7% vs 2.8%, P = 0.104). However, for the entire cohort, survival at 36 months was greater for those without an impaired MFE (96% vs 68%, P = 0.001). For patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, survival was also greater for those without an impaired MFE (90% vs 43%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS An impaired MFE is common in pregnancies in which the foetus has congenital heart disease. After cardiac surgery in neonates, the presence of an impaired MFE was associated with lower survival at 36 months of age for the entire cohort and for the subgroup with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Presupposition as investigator certainty in a police interrogation: The case of Lorenzo Montoya's false confession

This article presents an analysis of the use by police investigators of presupposition-bearing questions (PBQs) in interrogation as a process for communicating certainty of guilt. Among the techniq...
A Phenotypic Cell-Binding Screen Identifies a Novel Compound Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

We describe a “phenotypic cell-binding screen” by which therapeutic candidate targeting cancer cells of a particular phenotype can be isolated without knowledge of drug targets. Chemical library beads are incubated with cancer cells of the phenotype of interest in the presence of cancer cells lacking the phenotype of interest, and then the beads bound to only cancer cells of the phenotype of interest are selected as hits. We have applied this screening strategy in discovering a novel compound (LC129-8) targeting triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). LC129-8 displayed highly specific binding to TNBC in cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor tissues. LC129-8 exerted anti-TNBC activity by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, downregulating cancer stem cell activity and blocking in vivo tumor growth.
Spasticity and Its Management in Children

Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome with variable features depending on the underlying disease process. Treatment of spasticity should be guided by the impact of spasticity on function. A stepwise approach to treatment, beginning with basic physical measures, and progressing through medications to more permanent neurolytic and orthopedic procedures, is advocated. Clinical evaluation of the patient before and during treatment is crucial for selection of appropriate therapeutic measures.
A contribution to the embryology ofStrombosia ceylanica Gardn

The present account deals with some aspects of floral morphology and embryology ofStrombosia ceylanica.
Region- and time-dependent gene regulation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex of a PTSD-like mouse model

Posttraumatic stress disorder is developed by exposure to a threatening and/or a horrifying event and characterized by the presence of anxiety, hyperarousal, avoidance, and sleep abnormality for a prolonged period of time. To elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms, we constructed a mouse model by electric foot shock followed by situational reminders and performed transcriptome analysis in brain tissues. The stressed mice acquired anxiety-like behavior after 2 weeks and exaggerated startle response after 4 weeks. Avoidance latency and freezing behavior were sustained up to 5 weeks post stress and abnormal static behavior was observed during the sleep period. RNA sequencing was performed in two of the emotional regulatory regions, anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, at 2 and 5 weeks post stress. More than 1000 differentially expressed genes were identified at 2 weeks in both regions. The number of the regulated genes remained constant in amygdala at 5 weeks post stress, whereas those in anterior cingulate cortex were plummeted. Although synaptic remodeling and endocrine system were the most enriched signaling pathways in both anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, the individual gene expression profile was regulated in a region- and time-dependent manner. In addition, several genes associated with PTSD involved in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis were differentially regulated. These findings suggested that global gene expression profile was dynamically regulated in accordance with the disease development stage, and therefore targeting the distinct signaling molecules in different region and development stage might be critical for effective treatment to PTSD.
Effects of Solvent Coordination Strength on the Morphology of Solution-Processed BiI3 Thin Films

The remarkable performance of Pb halide perovskites in optoelectronic devices is complicated by concerns over their toxicity, which has motivated a search for Pb-free alternatives that have similar...
Examining the Effects of Different Teaching Strategies on Metacognition and Academic Performance

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different metacognitive interventions on knowledge and regulation of cognition, as well as academic performance (i.e., exam and final grades)...
Capitalism and the Shift to Sugar and Slavery in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Barbados

The origins of capitalism in the British West Indies began as part of the revolutionary shift to sugar and slavery in Barbados in the second quarter of the 17th-century. This study examines the origins of capitalism in Barbados through the exploration of the historical record and archaeological findings from Trents Plantation and other early colonial estates in Barbados. The expansion of agro-industrial sugar production into the English colony of Barbados set in motion a dramatic shift in social and economic structures. Social and economic change resulted from the intersection of access to investor capital, dramatic profits rapidly amassed through the production of a commoditized cash crop, sugar, and a related shift in the labor force to a reliance on large numbers of enslaved laborers from Africa. The change took place rapidly during a period of political turmoil in England that resulted in laissez-faire governance and a void in administrative oversight in the West Indies. The social and economic changes seen in the archaeological record at Trents, and actuated across Barbados, had a dramatic impact on the broader Atlantic World, inclusive of the Americas, Europe, Africa, and their trading partners across the globe.