cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse phase protein array identification of triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and comparison with mRNA molecular subtypes

// Hiroko Masuda 1, 2, 4 , Yuan Qi 3 , Shuying Liu 1 , Naoki Hayashi 1 , Takahiro Kogawa 1, 2 , Gabriel N. Hortobagyi 1 , Debu Tripathy 1 and Naoto T. Ueno 1, 2 1 Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 2 Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 3 Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 4 Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Showa University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Correspondence to: Naoto T. Ueno, email: nueno@mdanderson.org Keywords: triple-negative breast cancer, molecular subtype, functional, proteomics, mRNA microarray Received: October 19, 2016 Accepted: June 27, 2017 Published: July 31, 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis, allows investigation of potential targets at the functional protein level,. We identified TNBC subtypes at the protein level using RPPA and compared them with mRNA molecular subtypes (TNBCtype, TNBCtype-4, and PAM50) that is unique in its availability of both RPPA and mRNA analyses. Methods: We classified the samples from 80 TNBC patients using both k-means and hierarchical consensus clustering analysis and performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We also investigated whether we could reproduce the mRNA molecular subtypes using the RPPA dataset. Results: Both clustering methods divided all samples into 2 clusters that were biologically the same. The top canonical pathways included inflammation, hormonal receptors, and MAPK signaling pathways for the first cluster [“inflammation and hormonal-related (I/H) subtype”] and the GADD45, DNA damage, and p53 signaling pathways for the second cluster [“DNA damage (DD)-related subtype”]. Further k-means cluster analysis identified 5 TNBC clusters. Comparison between sample classification using the 5 RPPA-based k-means cluster subtypes and 6 gene-expression-based TNBCtype molecular subtypes showed significant association between the 2 classifications (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The I/H and DD subtypes identified by RPPA advance our understanding of TNBC’s heterogeneity from the functional proteomic perspective.
Arsenite Binds to the Zinc Finger Motif of TIP60 Histone Acetyltransferase and Induces Its Degradation via the 26S Proteasome

Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant with widespread public health concern. Epidemiological studies have revealed that chronic human exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with the prevalence of skin, lung, and bladder cancers. Aberrant histone modifications (e.g., methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination) were previously found to be accompanied by arsenic exposure; thus, perturbation of epigenetic pathways is thought to contribute to arsenic carcinogenesis. Arsenite is known to interact with zinc finger motifs of proteins, and zinc finger motif is present in and indispensable for the enzymatic activities of crucial histone-modifying enzymes especially the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases (e.g., TIP60). Hence, we reasoned that trivalent arsenic may target the zinc finger motif of these enzymes, disturb their enzymatic activities, and alter histone acetylation. Herein, we found that As3+ could bind directly to the zinc-finger motif of TIP60 in vitro and in cells. In a...
Nanometer Transistors and Their Models

Jan M. Rabaey Nanometer Transistors and Their Models Slide 2.1 As has become apparent in Chapter 1, the behavior of the MOS transistor, when scaled into the sub-100 nm regime, is having a large impact on how and where power is consumed in the next-generation integrated circuits. Hence, any discussion on low-power design should start with a good understanding of the deep submicron MOS transistor, and an analysis of its future trends. In addition, the availability of adequate models, for both manual and computer-aided analysis, is essential. As this book emphasizes optimization, simple yet accurate models that can serve in an automated (MATLAB-style) optimization framework are introduced. Results in this and in the coming chapters are based on the Predictive MOS models, developed byUCB and the University of Arizona, as well as industrial models spanning from 180 nm down to 45 nm. Whenever possible, MATLAB code is made available on the web site of the book.
Nonmetropolitan sexual and gender minority youths' friendships: Perceptions of social support among SGM and non-SGM peers

ABSTRACTSexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at risk of victimization which can lead to poor outcomes. Social support can mitigate the effects of minority stressors, yet little is known about social support among nonmetropolitan SGM youth. This study utilized minority stress theory (Meyer, 2003) and Weeks' (1996) theory of how sexual minority communities are constructed to understand how nonmetropolitan SGM youth perceive the support they receive from SGM and non-SGM friends. Qualitative interviews were conducted with nonmetropolitan SGM youth. Youth received general emotional support, relationship advice, and protection from SGM and non-SGM friends. From their SGM friends, participants reported receiving greater closeness and emotional intimacy and assistance with SGM identity development. Participants indicated that receiving acceptance for their SGM identity was important from their non-SGM friends. Participants also discussed the limits to support their non-SGM friends could offer. Implications ...
Social Capital and Shareholder Activism: Evidence from Shareholder Governance Proposals

We examine whether firms’ social capital reduces shareholders’ demand for corporate governance changes. Using corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance as a proxy for social capital, we find a negative relation between CSR performance and the likelihood of shareholder governance proposals at annual meetings. We also find a negative relation between CSR and the percentage of votes in support for these proposals. When CSR performance is better, governance proposals that pass increases firm value by a greater amount and are more likely to be implemented. Collectively, our results demonstrate that social capital builds shareholder trust, which leads to better governance outcomes.
Renal vein to renal collecting system fistula: An extreme complication from central venous thrombosis secondary to indwelling catheter

Abstract Central venous catheters are routinely used for resuscitation, chemotherapy and nutrition but are not without risk. Central lines are the most common extrinsic cause of venous thrombosis in neonates and infants. We present an ex-36 week 1800g infant baby girl recovering after a staged repair of gastroschisis with ileostomy and mucous fistula formation. The patient was receiving parenteral nutrition through an indwelling saphenous vein tunneled catheter, with its tip in the inferior vena cava. The patient developed polyuria, with a characteristic odor of the parenteral nutrition and a urine analysis showed glucose and triglyceride levels consistent with the composition of the parenteral nutrition fluid. A fluoroscopic cysto-urogram and an inferior vena-cavogram showed a catheter-associated inferior vena cava thrombosis leading to backpressure changes, diverting all intravenous contrast into the right renal vein and to renal collecting system, thus elucidating the route of the parenteral nutrition fluid reaching the bladder. Our case represents an extreme case of complicated central venous thrombosis. We emphasize the importance of practicing a high index of suspicion for thrombotic complications in severely ill neonates with central venous access. An early diagnosis and aggressive management may prevent progression of the disease towards an overwhelming complication.
The Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: Should Patients Want One?

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is a novel device that does not require insertion of a transvenous lead; rather, it delivers 80-J transthoracic shocks via a subcutaneous pulse generator implanted in the left lateral chest and a subcutaneous left parasternal lead-electrode. It recently received approval by U.S. Food and Drug Administration panel on the basis of a 180-day study in 330 patients. However, it has not been shown to be non inferior to current implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and it does not provide either anti-tachycardia or bradycardia pacing. Thus, is this technology ready for widespread application? Specifically, should a patient want one?
Intimacy: A behavioral interpretation

This paper proposes that intimacy is a process that emerges from a sequence of events in which behavior vulnerable to interpersonal punishment is reinforced by the response of another person. These intimate events result in an increase in the probability of behavior vulnerable to interpersonal punishment in the presence of the reinforcing partner. The process results in intimate partnership formation and reports of feeling intimate. In addition to positing an operant process integrating the various components of intimacy, the theory also posits that the punishment of interpersonally vulnerable behavior is an integral aspect of intimate partnership formation and that intimate partnerships can develop that reinforce behavior that may be destructive both to the individual and to others.
Compact Modeling of Phase-Change Memories

A compact model for a phase-change memory cell is presented and confirmed by measurement. The model reproduces the non-linear current-voltage behavior of both set and reset states. The temperature-dependent crystallization and amorphization of the phase-change layer are taken into account in order to express resistance changes between set and reset states. The heat of fusion is also taken into account in the calculation of the amorphization.
A hybrid parallel IDA search

Heuristic search is a fundamental problem-solving method in artificial intelligence. The main limitation of search is its computational complexity which can be overcome by parallel implementation of the algorithms. Distributed tree search and Parallel window search are two of the approaches to parallelizing search algorithms.
Activin signaling informs the graded pattern of terminal mitosis and hair cell differentiation in the mammalian cochlea

The mammalian auditory sensory epithelium has one of the most stereotyped cellular patterns known in vertebrates. Mechano-sensory hair cells are arranged in precise rows, with one row of inner and three rows of outer hair cells spanning the length of the spiral-shaped sensory epithelium. Aiding such precise cellular patterning, differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium is precisely timed and follows a steep longitudinal gradient. The molecular signals that promote auditory sensory differentiation and instruct its graded pattern are largely unknown. Here, we identify Activin A as an activator of hair cell differentiation and show, using mouse genetic approaches, that a local gradient of Activin A signaling within the auditory sensory epithelium times the longitudinal gradient of hair cell differentiation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Activin-type signaling regulates a radial gradient of terminal mitosis within the auditory sensory epithelium, which constitutes a novel mechanism for limiting the number of inner hair cells being produced.
Do queen cuticular hydrocarbons inhibit worker reproduction in Bombus impatiens

Social insect colonies are organized by a reproductive division of labor, in which non-reproductive workers cooperate to rear the offspring of the queen. Queen pheromones, chemical compounds produced by queens that regulate worker fertility, have been identified in a handful of bees, ants, wasps, and termites. However, recent studies on bumblebee (Bombus spp.) queen signals have yielded conflicting findings. Here we provide an independent investigation of experiments to test the hypothesis that queen-produced non-volatile cuticular compounds influence worker’s reproductive behavior. We exposed small groups of Bombus impatiens workers to extracted cuticular compounds from queens collected from either mid-season (pre-reproductive) or late-season (reproductive) colonies and tracked worker reproduction and ovary development. We observed no difference in worker’s ovarian development or egg production when comparing among the mid-season queen extract, late-season queen extract and the solvent control treatments. Our data replicate the finding that body size positively correlates with ovarian development in workers. These results are consistent with recent studies showing that queen cuticular compounds do not inhibit worker reproduction in B. impatiens.
Personality, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Stress in Communal Residences Supporting Recovery.

The current study examined the relationships between a personality metatrait (Stability consisting of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism), self-esteem, and stress in an adult populat...
Developing an Education Budget for Radiology Vice Chairs and Leaders: An ADVICER Template

Rationale and Objectives The Alliance of Directors and Vice Chairs in Education group identified the need to develop an education budget template as resource for our community. Having a framework and working knowledge of budgetary considerations is crucial to those with general oversight and executive managerial responsibility for departmental educational programs. Methods An online survey was sent to all the Alliance of Directors and Vice Chairs in Education members. Survey questions included education funding sources, presence of vice chair of finance, expectation of revenue generation, existing education budget, funding decision-makers, education budget formulation and approval, vice chair of education's role in budget, education budget line items, and income statement review. Results The survey response rate was 41/81 (51%). A majority 26/41 (63%) of respondents had an education budget that typically included funding for all medical students, residents, and fellows but only a minority of respondents report they developed 10/22 (45%), approved 6/22 (27%), or regularly reviewed 6/21 (29%) this budget. In sharp contrast was the role of department chairs and administrators, who presumably all participated in this process. To assist in education budget development and review, as well as meet the need to improve participants' financial accounting knowledge as a key tenet of faculty professional development, the authors developed sample budget templates and an income statement primer. Conclusion Our survey results suggested the need for an educational budget framework and financial accounting resources for those in radiology education posts, and resources have been provided.
Factors Influencing Self-Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Community-Dwelling Adults:

Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) struggle with effective self-management, contributing to poor health outcomes and costly health care. More research is needed to understand the factors influencing COPD self-management better in order to improve outcomes and reduce health care costs for those living with this prevalent chronic illness. The purpose of this article is to describe factors influencing community-dwelling adults' COPD self-management. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 people living with COPD. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach was used to analyze interview data, and it resulted in the identification of themes providing insight into COPD self-management as described by those living with the disease. Specifically, factors impacting engagement in treatment recommendations are described. These findings have implications for informing evidence-based recommendations for self-management support and improving the quality of care provided to those with COPD.
Building Platforms for Collaboration: A New Comparative Legal Challenge

Collaboration has emerged as a panacea for the ills facing societies around the world, and also as a methodology for comparative legal scholars who seek to understand the same. Yet the rise of collaboration as a political and scholarly method masks the substantive and practical challenges of creating productive and meaningful transnational and transcultural relationships. This chapter considers some of these challenges, and also some of the possibilities that are inherent in collaboration, through the example of a recent experiment with Meridian 180, a global engagement platform for policy experimentation founded in 2011.
Chapter 11 – INTRODUCTION

Publisher Summary To study the brain, it is necessary to study perception. Without going into philosophical problems on the relationship between the two, one can begin with the well established fact that the central nervous system develops in complexity hand-in-hand with the complexity of the sensory apparatus. Starting at the periphery, one may analyze the physical signals and observe how they are transformed and transmitted. Then one may be able to guess what the input signifies at subsequent stages until one reach the central parts of the brain itself. Moreover, one may be able to discover general principles of operation in the nervous system on the premise that there are variations on a common theme in its different parts.
Criminal Defence and the International Legal Personality of the Individual

Since the beginning of the Nuremberg trial, the status of the individual in international law has changed. This change is intimately connected with the rights of defence in criminal proceedings, especially in the context of international criminal proceedings. Today, as a matter of right, the individual may make certain claims in international law, and especially in international criminal law and international human rights law related to criminal procedure and substantive criminal law, without relying on a State to make them on his or her behalf. This brief article explores this development of the international legal personality of individuals. It surveys the sources and evidence of international law that can be used by individual defendants in international criminal cases. Finally, it considers an important limit of this development, concerning whether acts of individuals and other private actors “in the field” affect the development of customary international criminal law.
Video games, frustration, violence, and virtual reality: Two studies.

The degree to which the content of video games influences aggression continues to be debated in the scholarly literature. The current article includes two studies, one of which replicates one study from Przybylski et al. (2014, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 106, 441) and the other which extends related concepts into virtual reality. In the first study, two versions of Tetris were examined, differing in levels of difficulty. In the second study, participants played virtual reality games which differed in regard to difficulty and violent content. Difficulty increased hostility in the second study but not the first. Violent content influenced neither hostility nor aggressive behaviour. Results partially supported the frustration theory of aggression, but not theories of violent content effects. Implications for the field are discussed.
Study on Five Cases of an Accessory Left Vertebral Artery on the Aortic Arch

Vascular variations of the head and neck are common, but often go unnoticed because they generally do not present clear clinical symptoms. Lack of awareness of the presence and location of such variations may result in iatrogenic complications or even fatalities. Physicians and surgeons should be cognizant of such variations given their potential clinical significance. Vertebral artery variations are prevalent in both number and origin, but documented infrequently in the literature. Each of the five case studies described here: a White 65-year-old male (Case 1), a White 89-year-old female (Case 2), a White 80-year-old female (Case 3), a White 96-year-old female (Case 4), and a White 95-year-old female (Case 5), presented with an accessory left vertebral artery originating from the aortic arch, between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. This is the most common place for variations of this type in the literature. All five cases, however, also presented with a left vertebral artery branching from the left subclavian artery. For Cases 1 and 3, the accessory left vertebral artery coursed cranially and entered the foramen transversarium at the C5 level. For Case 2, it entered at the C3 level. For Cases 4 and 5, it entered at the C4 level. With a prevalence rate of 7.81%, among a population of 64 donors randomly selected and undergoing cadaveric review, this anatomical variant illustrates the potential frequency, and thus, the clinical importance of extensive anatomical understanding of head and neck vascular variations.
Better interactive astronomy lectures using the Laser-Assisted Student Engagement Routine

In support of teaching astronomy as a human enterprise, modern astronomy teaching often emphasizes visuals—whether heavenly telescope images of the cosmos or graphs depicting the relationships between physical process variables. Well-known suggestions of how to have students individually interact with images and graphics pepper earlier AstroNotes columns: teaching strategies that challenge students to provide missing labels to diagrams or to create their own graphical representations using small, individual whiteboards. We suggest here a method of intellectually engaging large groups of students with a large image or graphic that is projected in the front of the room.
Diagnostic Dilemma of Aspergillus Meningitis in Patients with Hepatitis C co-infection; A Case Series. (3027)

Objective: To describe the diagnostic and management challenges in immunocompromised patients co-infected with aspergillus and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Background: Aspergillus meningitis can occur in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The diagnostic yield is only 39% in immunocompromised patients and 69% in immunocompetent patients. Diagnosis can be challenging, as repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures can be negative. Even with multiple cultures, the diagnostic yield is very low, sometimes requiring a tissue diagnosis. However, prompt recognition and treatment initiation are crucial to minimize morbidity. We present two cases of patients with history of IV drug abuse, who were coinfected with HCV and aspergillus. Design/Methods: A case series. Both of these patients were identified during their admission in the general neurology service and consent was obtained. Results: We present two young Caucasian IVDA patients who presented with fevers, headaches and altered mental status. Initially they were started on empiric antibiotics to cover for various pathogens. Their imaging and multiple negative CSF cultures led to a diagnostic dilemma. Due to progressive decline in their clinical course and to ascertain a diagnosis, a brain biopsy was obtained resulting in tissue diagnosis of fungal meningitis secondary to Aspergillus, with hyphae and granulomas. With appropriate anti-fungal treatment, there was some clinical improvement in one of the cases, but unfortunately for the second case, he had tetra paresis secondary to spinal arachnoiditis. Conclusions: In workup of chronic meningitis, Aspergillus infection should be strongly considered in patients with IVDA and HCV co-infection. HCV has independent neurological complications including transverse myelitis, however, both comorbidities together can cause different symptomatology, which at times is difficult to recognize thus leading to increase morbidity. Multiple CSF cultures are usually recommended, but a tissue diagnosis with biopsy is needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality in these patients. Disclosure: Ms. Anderson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seemiller has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Malik has received research support from National MS Society .
Other Disorders of Childhood

Although described more than a century ago (Gull, 1874), it is only in recent years that the attention of the mental health professions and the general public has become focused on two abnormal eating patterns: anorexia nervosa and bulimia. These disorders are frequently included in literature devoted to childhood problems because both most often originate early in adolescence, although they may persist into adult life. Anorexia nervosa is described in the DSM-III (1980, pp. 67-68) as follows: The essential features are intense fear of becoming obese, disturbance of body image, significant weight loss, refusal to maintain normal body weight, and amenorrhea (in females). The disturbance cannot be accounted for by a known physical disorder. (The term “anorexia” is a misnomer, because loss of appetite is usually rare until late in the illness). Individuals with this disorder say they “feel fat” when they are of normal weight or even emaciated. They are preoccupied with their body size and often gaze at themselves in a mirror. At least 25% of their original body weight is lost, and a minimal normal weight for age and height is not maintained. The weight loss is usually accomplished by a reduction in total food intake, with a disproportionate decrease in high carbohydrate and fat-containing foods, self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, and extensive exercising. The individual usually comes to medical attention when weight loss becomes significant. When it becomes profound, physical signs such as hypothermia, dependent edema, bradycardia, hypotension, lanugo (neonatallike hair), and a variety of metabolic changes occur. Amenorrhea often appears before noticeable weight loss has occurred.
Effect of traumatic spinal cord transection on human upper gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying.

Abstract Whether transection of the spinal cord, above the level of the sympathetic outflow to the gastrointestinal tract, alters human upper gastrointestinal function is yet unknown. In 5 patients with complete high-cord transection (neurologic level above T1), 3 patients with complete low-cord transections (neurologic level T10 or below), and 4 age- and sexmatched healthy controls, the duration of the phases and cycle length of the interdigestive motor complex were similar. However, the percentage of phase III's of the interdigestive motor complex that originated in the antrum and propagated to the duodenum was significantly decreased in patients with high-cord transections compared with healthy subjects (38% vs. 90%; p
Active Galactic Nucleus Black Hole Masses and Bolometric Luminosities

Black hole mass, along with mass accretion rate, is a fundamental property of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Black hole mass sets an approximate upper limit to AGN energetics via the Eddington limit. We collect and compare all AGN black hole mass estimates from the literature; these 177 masses are mostly based on the virial assumption for the broad emission lines, with the broad-line region size determined from either reverberation mapping or optical luminosity. We introduce 200 additional black hole mass estimates based on properties of the host galaxy bulges, using either the observed stellar velocity dispersion or the fundamental plane relation to infer σ; these methods assume that AGN hosts are normal galaxies. We compare 36 cases for which black hole mass has been generated by different methods and find, for individual objects, a scatter as high as a couple of orders of magnitude. The less direct the method, the larger the discrepancy with other estimates, probably due to the large scatter in the underlying correlations assumed. Using published fluxes, we calculate bolometric luminosities for 234 AGNs and investigate the relation between black hole mass and luminosity. In contrast to other studies, we find no significant correlation of black hole mass with luminosity, other than those induced by circular reasoning in the estimation of black hole mass. The Eddington limit defines an approximate upper envelope to the distribution of luminosities, but the lower envelope depends entirely on the sample of AGNs included. For any given black hole mass, there is a range in Eddington ratio of up to 3 orders of magnitude.
Failure analysis of micro-hydroelectric sites in the province of Ifugao, Philippines

Micro-hydroelectric power has the promise of supplying clean renewable energy for remote communities at a cost-effective price. However, previous attempts of implementation suffered from a high failure rate and proved to be unsustainable. This paper presents a failure analysis of multiple micro hydroelectric sites that were built in the province of Ifugao, Philippines. The analysis was done by completing field trips to the failed sites and performing a technical examination of the neglected hydroelectric facilities. Moreover, interviews with multiple community members and officials were held to understand the social, culture and economic context of these systems. The interviews also focused on including female community members to get a gender neutral overview of the community. The study showed that multiple technical, economic and social factors can lead to the failure of the implementation of this technology. A relatively successful micro-hydroelectric system in the province is highlighted to provide a comparison with the other failed sites. The aim of the paper is to provide an insight on the best practices for the future development of micro-hydroelectric systems. The study showed that a sustainable micro-hydroelectric system should address the three pillars of sustainability - social, economic and technical.
Philip and Alex's Guide to Web Publishing

Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Envisioning a Site That Won't Be Featured in Suck.com Chapter 2: So You Want to Join the World's Grubbiest Club: Internet Entrepreneurs Chapter 3: Scalable Systems for Online Communities Chapter 4: Static Site Development Chapter 5: Learn to Program HTML in 21 Minutes Chapter 6: Adding Images to Your Site Chapter 7: Publicizing Your Site (Without Irritating Everyone on the Net) Chapter 8: So You Want to Run Your Own Server Chapter 9: User Tracking Chapter 10: Sites That Are Really Programs Chapter 11: Sites That Are Really Databases Chapter 12: Database Management Systems Chapter 13: Interfacing a Relational Database to the Web Chapter 14: Ecommerce Chapter 15: Case Studies Chapter 16: Better Living Through Chemistry Chapter 17: A Future So Bright You'll Need to Wear Sunglasses Glossary
A history of jökulhlaups from Strandline Lake, Alaska, U.S.A

Jokulhlaups, also known as outburst floods, have occurred every 1 to 5 years from Strandline Lake, one of the largest glacier-dammed lakes in North America. The development of a distinct calving embayment in the lobe of Triumvirate Glacier which dams the lake, as well as the filling of a number of supraglacier pools, appear to be reliable precursors to a jokulhlaup. Analysis of contour maps made from photographs taken immediately before and after the jokulhlaup of 17 September 1982 indicate that over 95% of the lake drains, a volume of approximately 7 × 108 m3 of water. The glacier lobe which dams the lake fractures and subsides during a jokulhlaup, indicating that the release mechanism is hydrostatic lifting of the ice off of a sub-glacial spillway. Evidence from the ice-free margins of the glacier suggests that the spillway may be controlled by bedrock. Large variation in the refilling period of Strandline Lake indicates that the subglacial drainage tunnels can remain open for as much as a few years after a jokulhlaup, before they become sealed by sediments and/or glacier ice.
Computer Assisted Lower Bounds for Atomic Energies

For an atom of nuclear charge Z, the ground state energy is defined to be the lowest possible value of the energy Hamiltonian. We describe an algorithm to produce rigorous lower bounds for the ground state energy of atoms as well as its implementation.
The Canonization of Nice Variables

In a perturbed periodic classical motion, the angle variable may be eliminated either by Kruskal's transformation to ``nice variables'' or, if the system is canonical, by the Poincare‐Von Zeipel method. For systems that possess a Hamiltonian, the present work (i) shows that Kruskal's transformation may be made canonical order by order, (ii) derives a practical formula for achieving this result, and (iii) shows that the two methods are equivalent and may be matched order by order.
The construct validity of conceptual and operational definitions of contextual performance and related constructs

Abstract A number of theorists and researchers have distinguished between the constructs of task performance (i.e., non-discretionary work behaviors) and contextual performance (CP), as well as the related constructs of organizational citizenship behavior, prosocial behavior, and extra-role behavior. In addition, measures of CP have been used in a large number of studies that have attempted to show both their validity and utility. However, an analysis of the conceptual and operational definitions of the CP reveals a number of serious construct validity problems. For example, items in extant CP measures index what are typically regarded as required (non-discretionary) work behaviors. Thus, we describe several CP-related construct validity problems, and illustrate their nature using data from a sample of 98 job descriptions from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the online Occupational Information Network. The same data showed that behaviors that are generally viewed as representative of CP are frequently regarded as being exemplars of task performance. The important implications of the confounding of task performance and CP constructs are considered.
Autocorrelation of Interday Exposures at an Automobile Assembly Plant

This article presents an analysis of interday autocorrelation in the exposure time series of workers in an automobile assembly plant. In all, serial 8-hour time-weighted average exposures for six workers, two each at three separate processes, were monitored for periods ranging from 20 to 110 consecutive days. Autocorrelation was assessed in each case. In general the results support the conclusions of previous investigations, in that relatively little autocorrelation was observed. However, uncertainties regarding the stationarity of the time series over the period of interest highlight potential difficulties in autocorrelation analysis. Particularly, nonrandom events in a plant, such as ventilation and process changes and extended down times, should be considered in any autocorrelation analysis inasmuch as these factors may affect the distributional parameters as well as the stationarity of the time series. In the workplace under study these nonrandom events appear to be more important in the overall asses...
The Display of Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Diagnosticity in Self‐Descriptive Photo Essays

Thirty-seven college men and 57 college women assessed on Gender Diagnosticity (GD), Masculinity (M), and Femininity (F) created self-descriptive photo essays, which were then rated by six judges on 38 personality characteristics, including masculinity and femininity. Lay judges reliably rated men and women's masculinity and femininity from photo essay information. Men's GD strongly correlated with their judged masculinity and femininity, M with judged extraversion, and F with judged warmth and nurturance. However, women's GD correlated most strongly with their judged maladjustment and athleticism, M with dominance and extraversion, and F with adjustment and physical attractiveness. Naive judgments of men and women's masculinity-femininity were strongly linked to other judged personality characteristics, and physical attractiveness was correlated with judgments of women's but not men's masculinity and femininity. The results show that masculinity and femininity make sense to laypeople, are readily judged from multidimensional information, and that for men, GD predicts lay judgments of masculinity and femininity better than M and F do.
The serine-threonine kinase inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) promotes IL-4 production in T helper cells.

The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is a serine-threonine kinase that plays crucial roles in activating the unfolded protein response. Studies suggest that IRE1α is activated during thymic T cell development and in effector CD8+ T cells. However, its role in regulating T helper cell differentiation remains unknown. We find that IRE1α is up-regulated and activated upon CD4+ T cell activation and plays an important role in promoting cytokine IL-4 production. CD4+ T cells from IRE1α KO mice have reduced IL-4 protein expression, and this impaired IL-4 production is not due to the altered expression of Th2 lineage-specific transcription factors, such as GATA3. Instead, IL-4 mRNA stability is reduced in IRE1α KO T cells. Furthermore, treatment of T cells with an IRE1α-specific inhibitor, 4μ8C, leads to a block in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production, confirming the role of IRE1α in the regulation of IL-4. This study identifies a regulatory function for IRE1α in the promotion of IL-4 in T cells.
Copper Removal to PPB Residuals via Iron Coagulants and Biosolids Storage Conditioning

Copper removal to residual parts-per-billion (ppb) levels was achieved in an activated sludge system by employing iron bioflocculation and biosolids storage conditioning. Low copper residuals correlated to an increase in extracellular polysaccharides that were produced by microorganisms within activated sludge. In batch bench-scale tests, supernatant copper levels between 15 and 35 ppb were achieved when employing a coagulant dosage of 15 mg/L (as Fe) and when allowing 18 to 26 h of biosolids storage conditioning to enhance the production of exopolymers. These copper levels were less than half as much as when neither coagulant nor biosolids storage conditioning was employed. Minimum copper residuals occurred in a pH range from 6.5 to 8.8, and when at least half of the biosolids had been stored for a day. Biosolids that were conditioned under a closed-to-oxygen environment yielded the lowest copper residuals among the bench-scale conditions that were tested, and it also produced the largest amounts of extr...
Blood lead (Pb) levels: further evidence for an environmental mechanism explaining the association between socioeconomic status and psychophysiological dysregulation in children.

Objective: The authors recently reported that blood lead (Pb) was a significant mediator for the positive association between socioeconomic status (SES) and peripheral vascular responses to acute stress in children (B. B. Gump et al., 2007). The present study considers the possibility that Pb may also mediate an association between SES and cortisol responses to acute stress. Design: Early childhood Pb exposure was tested as a mediator for cross-sectional associations between SES and cortisol responses. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was cortisol responses to acute stress in 9.5-year-old children (N = 108). Results: Lower family income was associated with significantly greater cortisol levels following an acute stress task. A mediational analysis confirmed that Pb was a significant mediator for this association. Conclusion: These results reaffirm the importance of considering the chemical environment as well as social and psychological environment when evaluating psychophysiological effects of low SES.
Parameter transformation for improved decay rate estimation

Decay rate estimation has been proposed as an effective method for landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection and discrimination when electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors are employed. The phenomenological basis for this strategy is that every object in the target library (i.e., landmine and/or UXO target) possesses a unique set of decay rates that are dependent upon the physical characteristics of the target of interest. In theory, these decay rates can be estimated from the measured EMI response and then utilized for target detection and subsequent discrimination and/or classification. Since the basis for this approach to target detection and identification is that targets are uniquely characterized by their decay rates, discrimination performance is dependent upon decay rate estimation performance. Unfortunately, decay rate estimation is notoriously difficult, and this difficulty adversely impacts target discrimination performance. We propose a parameter transformation to improve both the accuracy and the robustness of decay rate estimation when the decay rates are estimated using nonlinear least squares techniques. We present simulation results showing the improvement in the both the RMS error and the bias of the estimates achieved with the parameter transformation.
Safety of bilateral intravitreal injections delivered in a teaching institution

Intravitreal injection is one of the most common in-office procedures performed in ophthalmic practices. In teaching institutions such as the Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospitals, patient care is delivered by physicians-in-training, while mastering intravitreal injection technique. Infectious endophthalmitis and visual loss are the most feared complications of intravitreal injections, especially in the context of recent outbreaks caused by contaminated compounded medications. Ophthalmologists and ophthalmic educators increasingly face the dilemma of timing as well as balancing the risks and benefits of bilateral treatments required by many patients. In this editorial, we discuss published reports of bilateral injections, summarize our experience with bilateral intravitreal injections in a teaching setting at the Miami VA Hospital and list our recommendations for minimizing the risk of infectious endophthalmitis.
The intrinsic nature of the loss of actomyosin ATPase activity during senescence in the male house fly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract Neither changing the conditions of diet under which adult male house flies are maintained, nor the complete elimination of flight by surgically removing the wings at emergence, affects the age-related loss of actomyosin ATPase activity. These studies strongly support the intrinsic nature of the biochemical senescence of thoracic flight muscle in this species.
Corruption complaints, inequality and ethnic grievances in post-Biafra Nigeria

Based on anthropological field work in southeastern Nigeria, this paper explores the public concerns and everyday experience of corruption in a society still living with the legacies of the Biafran secession attempt. The paper shows how the revival of Igbo nationalism and resentment over perceived marginalisation is fuelled by perceptions that the corrupt machinery of the federal government runs against the interests of the Igbo people, and funnels resources away from the southeast as punishment for the failed separatist struggle more than 40 years ago. Hence, complaints about corruption are used to critique the Nigerian state and other regional or ethnic groups, but they also figure in an internally focused critique by Igbos of their own complicity in Nigeria’s endemic corruption.
DNA-binding domain of GCN4 induces bending of both the ATF/CREB and AP-1 binding sites of DNA.

The interaction of proteins with DNA results, in some cases, in DNA bending, and this might have functional importance. However, when the protein-induced bending of DNA is small, its measurement presents a problem. It is shown that the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorophores placed on the ends of the specially designed U-shaped DNA, which contains the DNA-binding sites at its central part, can be successfully used for this purpose. The lever effect of the arms of such U-shaped DNA ensures that the distance between the fluorophores is very sensitive to bending of the central part. Using this technique, it was shown that (i) the AP-1 and ATF/ CREB binding sites of GCN4 transcription factor are pre-bent to the same extent (� 12 � toward the major groove) and (ii) binding of the GCN4 DNA-binding domain (GCN4-bZIP) results in additional bending of both these target sites but to a greater extent at the ATF/CREB site. In total, in the complex with GCN4-bZIP, the ATF/CREB site is bent by (25 – 2) � and the AP-1 site by (20 – 2) � toward the minor groove.
Primate numerical competence: contributions toward understanding nonhuman cognition

Nonhuman primates represent the most significant extant species for comparative studies of cognition, including such complex phenomena as numerical competence, among others. Studies of numerical skills in monkeys and apes have a long, though somewhat sparse history, although questions for current empirical studies remain of great interest to several fields, including comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology; anthropology; ethology; and philosophy, to name a few. In addition to demonstrated similarities in complex information processing, empirical studies of a variety of potential cognitive limitations or constraints have provided insights into similarities and differences across the primate order, and continue to offer theoretical and pragmatic directions for future research. An historical overview of primate numerical studies is presented, as well as a summary of the 17-year research history, including recent findings, of the Comparative Cognition Project at The Ohio State University Chimpanzee Center. Overall, the archival literature on number-related skills and counting in nonhuman primates offers important implications for revising our thinking about comparative neuroanatomy, cross-species (human/ape) cognitive similarities and differences, and the evolution of cognition represented by the primate continuum.
In Silico Design of Smart Binders to Anthrax PA

The development of smart peptide binders requires an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of recognition which has remained an elusive grail of the research community for decades. Recent advances in automated discovery and synthetic library science provide a wealth of information to probe fundamental details of binding and facilitate the development of improved models for a priori prediction of affinity and specificity. Here we present the modeling portion of an iterative experimental/computational study to produce high affinity peptide binders to the Protective Antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. The result is a general usage, HPC-oriented, python-based toolkit based upon powerful third-party freeware, which is designed to provide a better understanding of peptide-protein interactions and ultimately predict and measure new smart peptide binder candidates. We present an improved simulation protocol with flexible peptide docking to the Anthrax Protective Antigen, reported within the context of experimental data presented in a companion work.