cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroantennogram and Behavioral Responses of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Putrescine and Ammonium Bicarbonate Lures

At present, the most effective synthetic lures for pest Anastrepha fruit flies are multicomponent blends that include ammonia and the diamine synergist putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane). Both chemicals generally have been regarded as protein cues that result in female-biased attraction. Using electroantennography (EAG) and flight tunnel bioassays, this study evaluated response of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) to vapors released from commercial lure formulations of ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine. Over a range of doses tested, EAG response to ammonium bicarbonate was equivalent for both sexes, but female response was significantly greater than male response to putrescine and to a 1:1 mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine. Amplitude of EAG response to the mixture was approximately equal to the summation of responses to the individual substrates. Using a fixed dose of substrate, EAG measurements from females 1-14 d old indicated that antennal sensitivity to both lures varied according to physiological state of the fly. Peak response to ammonium bicarbonate was recorded from immature females, peak response to putrescine from sexually mature females. In bioassays, more females were captured with ammonium bicarbonate plus putrescine than with ammonium bicarbonate alone. This difference was not observed in males, resulting in a higher female to male ratio in captures with ammonium bicarbonate plus putreseine (3:1) versus ammonium bicarbonate alone (1:1). Results suggest that separate olfactory receptors are involved in detection of the two semiochemicals, and that the putrescine component is primarily responsible for the female-biased attraction.
Study of Automatic Separation System of Coal and Gangue by IR Image Recognition Technology

Separation of coal and gangue is an important procedure in coal production. Present separating technology has such defects as low efficiency, high pollution, high energy consumption, and high cost. Based on the analysis of grey value of digital images, we prompt a new separation method using image segment. Optimizing ordinary illumination, infrared light is used in lighting part. Algorithm is designed in the basis of histogram character of coal and gangue. Automatic recognition is realized to the segment of coal and gangue, which reach the aim of lower energy consumption and reduce pollutant discharge.
In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. IV: Simulating Variations in Human Breath Profiles for Realistic DPI Testing.

Abstract Background: The amount of drug aerosol from an inhaler that can pass through an in vitro model of the mouth and throat (MT) during a realistic breath or inhalation flow rate vs. time profile (IP) is designated the total lung dose in vitro, or TLDin vitro. This article describes a clinical study that enabled us to recommend a general method of selecting IPs for use with powder inhalers of known airflow resistance (R) provided subjects followed written instructions either alone or in combination with formal training. Methods: In a drug-free clinical trial, inhaler-naive, nonsmoking healthy adult human volunteers were screened for normal pulmonary function. IPs were collected from each volunteer inhaling through different air flow resistances after different levels of training. IPs were analyzed to determine the distribution of inhalation variables across the population and their dependence on training and airflow resistance. Results: Equations for IP simulation are presented that describe the data ...
Critical number ordering policy for LIFO perishable inventory systems

Abstract This paper considers a stochastic perishable product inventory system characterized by LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) issuing, critical number ordering and a two-period lifetime. Exact and approximate closed form expressions for expected outdates are derived. The approximation, which is straightforward to compute, is shown to be accurate over a wide range of model parameters. The paper concludes by comparing optimal policies and expected costs in the LIFO system with the corresponding policies and costs in a system controlled by FIFO (First-In-First-Out) issuing.
NASA Structural Analysis Report on the American Airlines Flight 587 Accident - Local Analysis of the Right Rear Lug

A detailed finite element analysis of the right rear lug of the American Airlines Flight 587 - Airbus A300-600R was performed as part of the National Transportation Safety Board s failure investigation of the accident that occurred on November 12, 2001. The loads experienced by the right rear lug are evaluated using global models of the vertical tail, local models near the right rear lug, and a global-local analysis procedure. The right rear lug was analyzed using two modeling approaches. In the first approach, solid-shell type modeling is used, and in the second approach, layered-shell type modeling is used. The solid-shell and the layered-shell modeling approaches were used in progressive failure analyses (PFA) to determine the load, mode, and location of failure in the right rear lug under loading representative of an Airbus certification test conducted in 1985 (the 1985-certification test). Both analyses were in excellent agreement with each other on the predicted failure loads, failure mode, and location of failure. The solid-shell type modeling was then used to analyze both a subcomponent test conducted by Airbus in 2003 (the 2003-subcomponent test) and the accident condition. Excellent agreement was observed between the analyses and the observed failures in both cases. From the analyses conducted and presented in this paper, the following conclusions were drawn. The moment, Mx (moment about the fuselage longitudinal axis), has significant effect on the failure load of the lugs. Higher absolute values of Mx give lower failure loads. The predicted load, mode, and location of the failure of the 1985-certification test, 2003-subcomponent test, and the accident condition are in very good agreement. This agreement suggests that the 1985-certification and 2003- subcomponent tests represent the accident condition accurately. The failure mode of the right rear lug for the 1985-certification test, 2003-subcomponent test, and the accident load case is identified as a cleavage-type failure. For the accident case, the predicted failure load for the right rear lug from the PFA is greater than 1.98 times the limit load of the lugs. I.
Gene expression profiling in brain of mice exposed to the marine neurotoxin ciguatoxin reveals an acute anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective response.

Background: Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are polyether marine neurotoxins and potent activators of voltage-gated sodium channels. This toxin is carried by multiple reef-fish species and human consumption of ciguatoxins can result in an explosive gastrointestinal/neurologic illness. This study characterizes the global transcriptional response in mouse brain to a symptomatic dose of the highly toxic Pacific ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 and additionally compares this data to transcriptional profiles from liver and whole blood examined previously. Adult male C57/BL6 mice were injected with 0.26 ng/g P-CTX-1 while controls received only vehicle. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 24 hrs and transcriptional profiling was performed on brain RNA with Agilent whole genome microarrays. RT-PCR was used to independently validate gene expression and the web tool DAVID was used to analyze gene ontology (GO) and molecular pathway enrichment of the gene expression data. Results: A pronounced 4°C hypothermic response was recorded in these mice, reaching a minimum at 1 hr and lasting for 8 hrs post toxin exposure. Ratio expression data were filtered by intensity, fold change and p-value, with the resulting data used for time course analysis, K-means clustering, ontology classification and KEGG pathway enrichment. Top GO hits for this gene set included acute phase response and mono-oxygenase activity. Molecular pathway analysis showed enrichment for complement/coagulation cascades and metabolism of xenobiotics. Many immediate early genes such as Fos, Jun and Early Growth Response isoforms were down-regulated although others associated with stress such as glucocorticoid responsive genes were up-regulated. Real time PCR confirmation was performed on 22 differentially expressed genes with a correlation of 0.9 (Spearman’s Rho, p < 0.0001) with microarray results. Conclusions: Many of the genes differentially expressed in this study, in parallel with the hypothermia, figure prominently in protection against neuroinflammation. Pathologic activity of the complement/coagulation cascade has been shown in patients suffering from a chronic form of ciguatera poisoning and is of particular interest in this model. Anti-inflammatory processes were at work not only in the brain but were also seen in whole blood and liver of these animals, creating a systemic anti-inflammatory environment to protect against the initial cellular damage caused by the toxin.
Full-potential LAPW electronic structure study of δ - plutonium and the (001) surface

The electronic and geometric properties of bulk fcc $\ensuremath{\delta}$-plutonium and the quantum size effects in the surface energies and the work functions of the (001) ultrathin films (UTF) up to seven layers have been investigated with periodic density-functional theory calculations within the full-potential--linearized-augmented-plane-wave (FP-LAPW) approach as implemented in the WIEN2k package. The effects of several approximations have been examined: (i) nonspin polarization (NSP) versus spin polarization (SP); (ii) scalar-relativity [no spin-orbit coupling (NSO)] versus full-relativity [i.e., with spin-orbit (SO) coupling included]. Our calculations show that both spin-polarization and spin-orbit coupling play important roles in determining the equilibrium atomic volume and bulk modulus for $\ensuremath{\delta}$-plutonium. Our calculated equilibrium atomic volume of $178.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}{.}^{3}$ and bulk modulus of 24.9 GPa at the fully relativistic level of theory, i.e., spin-polarization and spin-orbit coupling included, are in good agreement with the experimental values of $168.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}{.}^{3}$ and 25 GPa (593 K), respectively. In particular, the energy difference brought by spin-orbit coupling, $\ensuremath{\sim}7\text{--}8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, is dominant, but the energy difference brought by spin-polarization, from a few tenths to 2 eV, has a stronger dependence on the atomic volume. Features of the density of states show that $5f$ electrons are more itinerant when the volume of $\ensuremath{\delta}$-plutonium is compressed and they are more localized when the volume is expanded, which provides evidence to explain the origin of the volume expansion between the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ phases. The calculated equilibrium lattice constants at different levels of approximation are used in the surface property calculations for the thin films. The surface energy is found to be rapidly converged at all four level approximations, NSP-NSO, NSP-SO, SP-NSO, and SP-SO. The semi-infinite surface energy is predicted to be 0.692 eV at the full relativistic level with spin-polarization and spin-orbit coupling. Quantum size effect for the work function is not pronounced for the (001) surface at the LAPW level of theory.
Dispersed phase back transport during ultrafiltration of cutting oil emulsions with a spinning membrane disc geometry

Abstract A commercial centrifugal rotary membrane module was used for the ultrafiltration of oil–water emulsions (droplet radius 50–3000 nm). This configuration can achieve high shear rates (>10 5 s −1 ) which are decoupled from the bulk recirculation rate. Fluxes were in the pressure controlled regime above 600 rpm with transmembrane pressures up to 345 kPa. The pressure dependent flux behaviour suggests that concentration polarization or gel formation was minimal. The dominant back transport mechanism was determined by comparing various back transport mechanisms to the permeation drag force. Back transport mechanisms included Brownian diffusion, shear induced diffusion, lateral migration, viscous drag, centrifugal and DLVO forces. The effect of the membrane surface porosity and Sherwood's correction for Stokes's law on the permeation drag were also studied. Viscous drag was the dominant force on droplet sizes between 50–1000 nm and was the only mechanism which could overcome the permeation drag force. Lateral migration was significant for droplets between 1000–3000 nm which were present in small quantities.
Rethinking error injection for effective resilience

Soft errors, caused by radiation, have become a major challenge in today's computer systems and networking equipment, making it imperative that systems be designed to be resilient to errors. Error injection is a powerful approach to evaluate system resilience, and current practice is to inject errors in architectural registers of processors, program variables of applications, or storage elements in the hardware model. This paper, using answers to frequently asked questions, discusses the need for rethinking conventional approaches to error injection, showing data from recent research and our simulation results. Approaches to improving current error injections are also suggested.
Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation

Spatial navigation is often used as a behavioral task in studies of the neuronal circuits that underlie cognition, learning and memory in rodents. The combination of in vivo microscopy with genetically encoded indicators has provided an important new tool for studying neuronal circuits, but has been technically difficult to apply during navigation. Here we describe methods for imaging the activity of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus with subcellular resolution in behaving mice. Neurons that expressed the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3 were imaged through a chronic hippocampal window. Head-restrained mice performed spatial behaviors in a setup combining a virtual reality system and a custom-built two-photon microscope. We optically identified populations of place cells and determined the correlation between the location of their place fields in the virtual environment and their anatomical location in the local circuit. The combination of virtual reality and high-resolution functional imaging should allow a new generation of studies to investigate neuronal circuit dynamics during behavior.
ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in the rat parotid basolateral plasma membrane is regulated by calmodulin.

Abstract Calmodulin regulation of ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activity was assessed in inverted basolateral plasma membrane vesicles (BLMV) isolated from rat parotid gland. The initial rate of Ca2+ transport in media containing 100 n m Ca2+ was stimulated by ~60% at maximal concentrations (300 n m ) of exogenously added calmodulin (CAM) Half-maximal activation was obtained at 50 and 175 n m CAM in KCl and mannitol containing assay media, respectively. In the KCl medium, addition of 300 n m CAM increased the affinity of the BLMV Ca2+ transport activity for Ca2+ from ~70 n m , in the absence of added CAM, to ~50 n m .Vmax was consistently increased by ~20% under these conditions. When BLMV were treated with ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethylether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (200 μ m ), the affinity of the transporter for Ca2+ decreased by 50% to ~150 n m , with no change in Vmax When CAM was added to the EGTA-treated membranes, Ca2+ transport activity was comparable to that obtained when CAM was added directly to control, untreated BLMV. The CAM antagonists, trifluoperazine (TFP), W-7, and calmidazolium, inhibited Ca2+ transport in the presence of CAM. Half-maximal inhibition of transport was achieved by 12 μ m TFP and 20 μ m W-7. Calmidazolium (1 μ m ) inhibited Ca2+ transport by 75%. The inhibitory effects on ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport exerted by these agents were not due to an increase in the passive permeability of the membranes to Ca2+. Furthermore, in the absence of added CAM, the inhibitory effects of these agents on initial Ca2+ transport rate was decreased. The data presented suggest that the Ca2+-dependent interaction of CAM with the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transporter in rat parotid BLMV modifies the kinetic properties of this Ca2+ transporting mechanism.
Mode of delivery preferences in a diverse population of pregnant women

Objective The objective of the study was to assess women's preferences for vaginal vs cesarean delivery in 4 contexts: prior cesarean delivery, twins, breech presentation, and absent indication for cesarean. Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of pregnant women at 24-40 weeks' gestation. After assessing stated preferences for vaginal or cesarean delivery, we used the standard gamble metric to measure the strength of these preferences and the time tradeoff metric to determine how women value the potential processes and outcomes associated with these 2 delivery approaches. Results Among the 240 participants, 90.8% had a stated preference for vaginal delivery. Across the 4 contexts, these women indicated that, on average, they would accept a 59-75% chance of an attempted vaginal birth ending in a cesarean delivery before choosing a planned cesarean delivery, indicating strong preferences for spontaneous, uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Variations in preferences for labor processes emerged. Although uncomplicated labor ending in vaginal birth was assigned mean utilities of 0.993 or higher (on a 0-1 scale, with higher scores indicating more preferred outcomes), the need for oxytocin, antibiotics, or operative vaginal delivery resulted in lower mean scores, comparable with those assigned to uncomplicated cesarean delivery. Substantially lower scores (ranging from 0.432 to 0.598) were obtained for scenarios ending in severe maternal or neonatal morbidity. Conclusion Although most women expressed strong preferences for vaginal delivery, their preferences regarding interventions frequently used to achieve that goal varied. These data underscore the importance of educating patients about the process of labor and delivery to facilitate incorporation of informed patient preferences in shared decision making regarding delivery approach.
Missing the target? Correspondence of fertility intentions and behavior in the U.S

Building on a framework suggested by Bongaarts (2001)and using data from the 1979 National LongitudinalSurvey of Youth, we describe the correspondencebetween intended family size and observed fertilityfor the 1957 to 1961 birth cohorts of U.S. women andmen. Over an 18-year period (1982–2000), we showthat while aggregate intentions are quite stable,discrepancies are very common at the individual level.Women and men were more likely to err in predictingnumber of additional births in the period 1982–2000 thanto hit their target number. A very strong predictor of over-and underachieving fertility is initial intended parity. Thosewho intended more than two children tended to have fewerchildren than intended, while those who intended fewer thantwo children tended to have more children than intended. Inaddition and consistent with life course arguments, thoseunmarried in 1982, childless in 1982, and (for women) stillin school in 1982 were most likely to underachieve their 2000intended parity (i.e., have fewer children than intended). Weconclude by reflecting on how the circumstances that allowdiscrepancies between intentions and behavior to almost``balance'' in the U.S. may cumulate differently elsewhere toproduce much lower fertility.
Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism

Children with Autism often show difficulties in adapting to change. Previous studies of cortisol, a neurobiologic stress hormone reflecting hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, in children with autism have demonstrated variable results. This study measured cortisol levels in children with and without Autism: (1) at rest; (2) in a novel environment; and (3) in response to a blood draw stressor. A significantly higher serum cortisol response was found in the group of children with autism. Analysis showed significantly higher peak cortisol levels and prolonged duration and recovery of cortisol elevation following the blood-stick stressor in children with autism. This study suggests increased reactivity of the HPA axis to stress and novel stimuli in children with autism.
Synthesis and structural analysis of the first nanosized platinum-gold carbonyl/phosphine cluster, Pt13[Au2(PPh3)2]2(CO)10(PPh3)4, containing a pt-centered [Ph3PAu-AuPPh3]-capped icosahedral Pt12 cage

The preparation and molecular structure of the initial nanosized platinum−gold carbonyl cluster, Pt13[Au2(PPh3)2]2(CO)10(PPh3)4 (1), are described. A comparative analysis reveals its pseudo-D2h geometry, consisting of a centered Pt13 icosahedron encapsulated by two centrosymmetrically related bidentate [Ph3PAu−AuPPh3]-capped ligands along with 4 PR3 and 10 CO ligands, to be remarkably similar to that of the previously reported Pt17(μ2-CO)4(CO)8(PEt3)8 (2). Reformulation of 2 as Pt13[(PtPEt3)2(μ2-CO)]2(CO)10(PEt3)4 emphasizes the steric/electronic resemblance of the bulky-sized bidentate [Ph3PAu−AuPPh3] and [(PtPEt3)2(μ2-CO)] capping ligands in 1 and 2, respectively, as well as their identical electron counts of 162 cluster valence electrons for a centered Pt13 icosahedron. We hypothesize that analogous steric effects of their ligand polyhedra in 1 and 2 play a crucial role along with electronic effects in the formation and stabilization of these two nanosized clusters that contain an otherwise unknown cen...
MNDO calculations on borazine derivatives. The substitution of one [HNBH] fragment for one [HCCH] fragment in benzene to form the azaborines and the nature of the cyclotrimer of the 1,2‐isomer

The three azaborine isomers with the formula C4H6BN, 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,3-azaborine (I, II, and III), have been examined using MNDO (modified neglect of diatomic overlap) calculations. The most stable azaborine was I (heat of formation -8.147 kcal/mol), followed by II (+11.60 kcal/mol) and III (+16.64 kcal/mol). Qualitatively, although the π- and π*-orbitals calculated for the azaborines exhibited an ordering similar to that in benzene and borazine, the HOMO/LUMO energy differences (9.27, 9.68, and 8.44 eV, respectively) were smaller than was the difference calculated for borazine (12.81 eV), but of the same magnitude as the difference for benzene (9.76 eV). With the exception of borazine, each molecule had a π-orbital for the HOMO and a π*-orbital for the LUMO; borazine's LUMO was a π*-orbital. The calculated shapes and atomic contributions for the π-and π*-orbitals of the azaborines were best described as “hybrids” of the π- and π*-orbitals of benzene and borazine. As was observed for the π- and π*-orbitals of borazine, the azaborines exhibited increased orbital density at the nitrogen atom in the π-bonding orbitals and at boron in the π-antibonding orbitals, as would be predicted from electronegativity considerations. Although I and II exhibited significant double- and single-bond localization, all of the ring bonds in III were delocalized. The delocalization in III was not uniform but, rather, resembled two inequivalent fused allyl systems. The cyclotrimer (IV) of 1,2-azaborine (heat of formation -44.07 kcal/mol), based purely on thermodynamic considerations, was predicted to form spontaneously from three monomer molecules with the concurrent loss of three molecules of dihydrogen. The cyclotrimers that could theoretically be produced from 1,2-azaborine without the loss of dihydrogen (IVc and IVt) were each calculated to be less stable (heats of formation +24.45, and +33.29 kcal/mol, respectively) than was the experimentally observed IV. The carbon molecules triphenylene (TP) and cis- and trans-4a,4b,8a,8b,12a,12b- hexahydrotriphenylene (TPc and TPt) (heats of formation +76.79, +101.6, and +103.1 kcal/mol, respectively) were each calculated to be less stable than were the azaborine cyclotrimer analogs, as was observed in comparisons of benzene with the azaborines and borazine.
Studies on the growth of Eikenella corrodens strain 23834

The growth characteristics and nutritional requirements of Eikenella corrodens strain 23834 were studied. Generation times, growth rates, and cell yields were determined employing a basal medium supplemented with yeast extract (YE), vitamins, amino acids, phosphate, nitrogen, and sulfate. Incubation was in a variety of air, CO2, and N2 atmospheres. Incubation statically in air or in 10% CO2+ 90% air did not affect the growth rate, while Na2CO3, bubbling with various atmospheres, shaking, or anaerobic incubation all decreased the growth rate. Atmospheric CO2 was found not to be a requirement for growth. The addition of 1-2.5% YE decreased the generation time and increased the cell yield. The growth-promoting factor(s) of YE was a low molecular weight, water-soluble, dialyzable substance which is stable to and not extractable by chloroform-methanol. Vitamins and amino acids singly or in combination were slightly growth-promoting and purines, pyrimidines, and acetate had no effect on Eikenella growth. Increasing concentrations of phosphate inhibited growth, while nitrate but not sulfate proved essential for growth.
Local mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites

The inclusion of a nanoparticle into a polymer matrix is studied by efficient Monte Carlo simulations. The resulting structural changes in the melt and glass exhibit a strong dependence on the strength of the polymer attraction to the surface of the filler. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite are analyzed in detail through a formalism that permits calculation of local elastic constants. The average shear and Young's modulus of the nanocomposite are higher than those of the pure polymer for neutral or attractive nanoparticles. For repulsive particles, these moduli are lower. Simulation of local properties reveals that a glassy layer is formed in the vicinity of the attractive filler, contributing to the increased strength of the composite material. In contrast, a region of negative moduli emerges around repulsive fillers, which provides a mechanism for frustration relief and a lowering of the glass transition temperature.
When is a user not a user?: Who are we? What do we do?

Our profession is debating hotly our professional objectives, techniques, and terminology. User-interface design speaks of users, design, and computer-based systems. Are there terms that would be more helpful to convey the right meaning of users, design, and user-interfaces? For that matter, what should we call ourselves and what we do?
Postnatal regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by leptin: implications for energy balance and body weight regulation.

Leptin is produced mainly by adipose tissue and has been shown to regulate feeding, energy balance and neuroendocrine function. Regulation of energy homeostasis by leptin is thought to be mediated by hypothalamic neuropeptides, at least in adult rodents. The neonatal period is a critical stage of development during which mammals have to optimize caloric intake to support growth and development, as well as maintain body temperature. It is likely that leptin is involved in the transition from preweaning to adult metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effect of leptin treatment on body weight and adiposity between neonatal and adult mice. We also determined whether well known hypothalamic neuropeptide targets, e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) were regulated in a pattern consistent with their presumed roles as mediators of leptin action. Once daily intraperitoneal leptin injection for 7 days did not alter body weight, fat content or expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNAs in 10-day-old mice. In contrast, leptin decreased body weight and adiposity, increased CART and suppressed NPY and AGRP mRNA expression in adult mice. These results are consistent with previous studies showing that the timing of leptin's anorectic action develops after weaning. Furthermore, the association between leptin's ability to influence body weight in adult mice but not in neonates, and the regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA expression, is consistent with the view that these peptides mediate leptin's effects on energy balance.
Students’ Explanations of their Data Handling: Implications for transfer of learning

The study explored the origins of students’ data handling knowledge and skills employed during secondary Science lessons. Transfer of learning was explored in an authentic school context, describing when transfer does and does not occur, conditions that appear to foster transfer, and impacts of different types of transfer on teaching and learning. The data sets collected through case study methods consisted of 13 units of Science lesson observations and interviews with 60 students and 11 teachers over the course of one academic year. Students’ claims of where, when, and how they acquired data handling knowledge and skills were described and analyzed to determine whether transfer occurred or new teaching was required. The findings strongly suggest that transfer does occur among secondary school classrooms, having both positive and negative outcomes for learning and performance. Thus, educators and researchers need to rethink expectations about and implications of this transfer.
Characters and phylogenetic relationships of nectar-feeding bats, with descriptions of new Lonchophylla from western South America (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllini)

ABSTRACT The Neotropical Lonchophyllini (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) currently comprise four genera and thirteen species of nectar-feeding bats. These species often are separated into larger-bodied (eight species) and smaller-bodied (five species) forms to aid in identification. Our morphological and morphometrical analyses of the smaller Lonchophyllini revealed the existence of two distinctive, previously undescribed species of bats of the genus Lonchophylla from western South America. We describe a new form from Amazonian Peru as Lonchophylla pattoni and one from western Colombia as Lonchophylla cadenai. Phyllogenetic analysis of the Lonchophyllini based primarily on morphological characters indicates that these two new species are closely related to Lonchophylla thomasi.
Resonance states in Li- and B-

We have observed resonance structures in detached electron spectra arising from fast collisions of Li{sup {minus}} and B{sup {minus}} ions with gas targets. The structures are associated with the autodetaching decay of shape resonance states. Using Shore parametrization, we obtain resonance energies and widths of 50(6) and 64(25) meV, respectively, for the Li{sup {minus}}(2{ital s}2{ital p}{sup 3}{ital P}) state and 104(8) and 68(25) meV, respectively, for the tentatively identified B{sup {minus}}(2{ital p}{sup 2}{sup 1}{ital D}) state. Other resonances in B{sup {minus}} remain unidentified. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Synthesis and Structures of Dinuclear 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate Complexes of Ruthenium

Reaction of 3,5-(CF3)2PzLi with [Cp*RuCl2]n (2:1) in diethyl ether at −78 °C gives [(Cp*RuLi)2(μ4-O)(μ2-Cl)(μ-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3] (1) in 75% yield [3,5-(CF3)2Pz = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate]. With a 1:1 ratio of [Cp*RuCl2]n to 3,5-(CF3)2PzLi, dark-green crystalline [Cp*Ru(μ-Cl)]2(μ-3,5-(CF3)2Pz) (2) is produced in ca. 50% yield. The reaction of 3,5-(CF3)2PzLi with [RuCl2(1,4-Me,iPrC6H4)]2 in diethyl ether at −78 °C gives the chloride-bridged dimer [RuCl(η6-1,4-Me,iPrC6H4)(μ-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)]2 (3) in 65% yield. The reaction of Cp*Ru(OSO2CF3)2 with 3,5-(CF3)2PzLi (2:1) in diethyl ether at −78 °C produced the unusual dinuclear RuIII−RuIII complex [Cp*Ru(μ-O)(μ-η5,η1-C5Me4CH2)Ru(η1-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)]·0.25Et2O (4) in 75% yield. Complexes 1–4 have been characterized spectroscopically and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
An accelerated sodium resistance test for IC passivation films

A low level IC burn-in failure mechanism caused by post-passivation sodium contamination has been observed. An accelerated stress test has been developed based on SIMS, SEM and TEM analysis. The results have been compared to burn-in data. Four types of passivation films and two types of assembly processes were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this test.
Smokeless nicotine administration is associated with hypertension but not with a deterioration in glucose tolerance in rats

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. To further investigate the relationship of nicotine with other cardiac risk factors, we studied the impact of nicotine on blood pressure and glucose tolerance. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive nicotine or placebo pellets implanted subcutaneously. Weight gain was controlled by pair-feeding, and was not significantly different between nicotine- and placebo-treated animals. Blood pressure (in mm Hg) increased throughout a 3-week treatment period in nicotine-treated animals and was significantly higher (P < .05 by two-way ANOVA) than in placebo-treated rats. Blood pressure returned to normal within 1 week following exhaustion of the pellets. Oral glucose tolerance tests performed 2.5 weeks after pellet placement showed similar glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) profiles by two-way ANOVA. In summary, smokeless nicotine exposure leads to sustained but reversible hypertension without deterioration in glucose tolerance or insulin action when weight gain is controlled. We conclude that in rats smokeless nicotine adversely affects the coronary risk profile by increasing blood pressure.
An animal model for mania : preliminary results

Abstract 1. 1. In human bipolar patients mania and bipolar depression are both characterized by decreased membrane Na,K-AtPase activity. Additionally, digoxin neurotoxicity in patients frequently presents with symptoms of mania or depression. 2. 2. These findings suggest that central nervous system Na,K-ATPase inhibition may play a pathophysiologic role in bipolar illness. 3. 3. The authors tested this hypothesis by administering intracerebroventricular (ICV) ouabain to rats at sublethal doses. The authors then measured behavioral activity as total square crossings in an open field. 4. 4. Motoric activity was significantly increased by ICV administration of 5 μl of ouabain at 10-3 M. This preliminary study suggests that ICV ouabain administration may provide a useful animal model of mania that is based on observed biochemical changes in humans.
The Application of Operations Research in Commercial Banking Companies

This paper presents a “snapshot” view of the current level of use of operations research by 52 of the 100 largest commercial banking companies in the United States. The paper indicates which operations research methods are being used on a selected set of 18 important problems in commercial banking, a measure of the extent of use of the various operations research methods on the problems, and an indication of the impact of bank size on the use of operations research by the banks.
Infinite Renormalization of the Hamiltonian Is Necessary

We show that the unrenormalized Hamiltonian in quantum field theory is unbounded from below whenever lowest‐order perturbation theory indicates that this is true. We conclude that perturbation theory is an accurate guide to the divergence of the vacuum energy in quantum field theory.
Adherence and outcomes of patients treated with dabigatran: Pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic versus usual care

Purpose The results of a study to determine whether pharmacist monitoring in the crucial first months of dabigatran therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter can help optimize adherence and stroke-prevention outcomes are presented. Methods A retrospective preimplementation–postimplementation study was conducted at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital to evaluate dabigatran adherence and treatment outcomes in a group of patients whose therapy was monitored by anticoagulation clinic (ACC) pharmacists ( n = 20) and a historical comparison group ( n = 48) that received usual care (UC). The primary endpoint was the medication possession ratio (MPR) averaged across each group over three months (acceptable adherence was defined as an MPR of ≥80%); three secondary endpoints (dabigatran-related bleeding and incident stroke and venous thromboembolism) were evaluated. Results Relative to the UC group, ACC-monitored patients were significantly more likely to have undergone recommended baseline laboratory tests before dabigatran initiation ( p = 0.02). ACC patients were also more likely to have MPR values of ≥80% at the end of the three-month follow-up period (25% of patients versus 10% of patients), although the difference was not statistically significant; the mean MPR values in the ACC-monitored and UC groups were 93.1% and 88.3%, respectively. Aside from one episode of major gastrointestinal bleeding, none of the evaluated adverse outcomes occurred in either group. Conclusion VA patients treated with dabigatran for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter and followed by a pharmacist-managed ACC did not differ significantly from similar patients receiving UC in the proportion adherent with dabigatran therapy or in the frequency of minor or major bleeding episodes. Thromboembolic events and strokes were absent in both groups.
Mosaicism of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in females heterozygous for the Lesch-Nyhan mutation.

Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated thymidine-H3 incorporation into peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro was inhibited by 8-azaguanine (AG) in cells from normal individuals, but not in cells from boys with the Lesch-Nyhan (L-N) syndrome. Artificial cell mixtures in which the AG-resistant minority L-N population comprised more than 1.0% of the total were clearly differentiated from normals by this technique. The method was used to search for blood cell mosaicism in females heterozygous for the X-chromosomal L-N mutation. In three adolescent girls, a minority population of AG-resistant lymphocytes comprising 5–10% of the total was found, while no such mosaicism was detected in a heterozygous woman of 40. Although blood cell mosaicism had not previously been found in female carriers of the L-N mutation, the sensitivity of the present method exceeds that of previous studies. Our findings suggest that in vivo selection against lymphocytes with the L-N mutation does occur but is not absolute and may be age related. The present method has applications in studying this phenomenon, and, with modification, may provide a direct assay system to detect the in vivo frequencies of AG-resistant lymphocytes.
Ethanol-associated olfactory stimuli reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior after extinction and modify extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens

BACKGROUND: Alcohol craving or automatic behavioral responses provoked by alcohol-related cues are thought to contribute to relapse risk in abstinent individuals. However, there is to date only limited direct experimental evidence that supports this hypothesis. The present study employed an operant response-reinstatement model to examine the effects of ethanol-associated environmental stimuli on alcohol-seeking behavior and extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were prepared with intracerebral guide cannulae for microdialysis and trained to operantly self-administer ethanol in the presence of discrete olfactory discriminative stimuli (Sdelta's) signaling the availability of ethanol (10% w/v) versus a nonrewarding stimulus (a 50 microM quinine HCl solution). After the discrimination learning phase, responding for ethanol (and quinine) was extinguished by withholding the drinking solutions as well as the corresponding Sdelta's. After reaching and maintaining an extinction criterion of < or = 5 responses/session, the rats were exposed noncontingently to the ethanol and nonreward Sdelta's but without the availability of ethanol or quinine. RESULTS: The ethanol Sdelta's, but not nonreward Sdelta's, elicited significant recovery of responding. Exposure to the operant chamber during a 20 min "waiting period" before presentation of the Ss's was associated with a small but significant increase in dialysate DA levels. Subsequent exposure to the ethanol Sdelta and onset of the reinstatement session was accompanied by a small but significant decrease in DA efflux. Exposure to the nonreward Sdelta did not alter DA levels. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral data confirm that ethanol-predictive discriminative stimuli reliably elicit ethanol-seeking behavior after extinction. The increase in DA efflux during the waiting period confirms earlier findings and suggests that anticipation of access to ethanol activates mesolimbic DA neurons. The decrease in DA efflux after onset of the reinstatement session in animals that were presented with the ethanol Sdelta's may reflect neurochemical events associated with the mismatch between the predicted (i.e., ethanol availability) and actual (i.e., absence of ethanol) stimulus events. This possibility is supported by the lack of changes in DA efflux in rats that were presented with the nonreward Sdelta's, a test condition that did not involve such a mismatch. Overall, the findings provide further evidence for a role of conditioning processes in the control of alcohol-seeking behavior and, by extension, support the hypothesis that conditioned responses to drug-related stimuli may be an important factor in chronic alcohol abuse and relapse.
Gender differences in attributions for triathlon performance

Causal attributions given by athletes for performance can influence performance satisfaction, expectation of future success, and persistence in training and competition. Young and inexperienced athletes often show gender differences in sport attribution, with males attributing success to controllable or stable factors like ability and effort, and females attributing success to uncontrollable or unstable factors like luck and social support. Would older, more experienced female triathletes also show a self-defeating attribution style and see themselves with little control over sport performance? Using questionnaires, 624 triathletes (mostly white, 443 males, 181 females) rated the importance of 13 attributions for triathlon performance. Unlike past research, female triathletes attributed more importance than males to factors they can attempt to control (psychological state, diet, and weight). After a recent success, female triathletes downplayed the importance of luck and social support.
Theiler's virus infection induces TLR3-dependent upregulation of TLR2 critical for proinflammatory cytokine production.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection directly induces many proinflammatory genes, including type I interferon (IFN) and a variety of cytokine genes. These virus-induced cytokines are a critical factor in developing TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. We have previously reported that the major activation signal for the cytokine genes is mediated via TLR3. In this study, we describe that TLR2 is upregulated via TLR3 signal and cooperatively participates in the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2, and CCL5 genes following TMEV infection. The expression of these genes was significantly impaired in both TLR2-deficient and TLR3-deficient primary astrocytes. However, the induction of type I IFNs was not affected by TLR2-deficiency in the primary cells. TMEV infection led to TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation, but not IRF3 or IRF7 activation critical for type I IFN production. More importantly, TLR3 was required for TMEV-induced early TLR2 upregulation in primary astrocytes leading to the production of TLR2-dependent cytokines such as IL-6. Interestingly, soluble factor(s) produced via TLR2/3-dependent signals appears to be partially associated with the downstream cytokine production. These results indicate that TMEV utilizes TLR3-induced TLR2 to induce inflammatory cytokines, which are critical to the development of immune-mediated demyelinating disease.
A Comparison of Radiation Budgets in the Fram Strait Summer Marginal Ice Zone

Results are presented from calculations of radiation budgets for the sea-ice and the open-water regimes in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Fram Strait, from measurements of surface irradiances and meteorological conditions made during the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment. Simultaneous measurements on either side of the ice edge allowed a comparison of the open-water and the sea-ice environments. The results show significant differences between the radiation budgets of the two regimes in the MIZ. The open water absorbed twice as much radiation as did the ice, and the mean cooling rate of the atmosphere over water was approximately 15 percent larger than that over ice. Calculated fluxes and atmospheric cooling rates were found to compare well with available literature data.
Securing electronic health records with novel mobile encryption schemes.

Mobile devices have penetrated the healthcare sector due to their increased functionality, low cost, high reliability and easy-to-use nature. However, in healthcare applications the privacy and security of the transmitted information must be preserved. Therefore applications require a concrete security framework based on long-term security keys, such as the security key that can be found in a mobile Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The wireless nature of communication links in mobile networks presents a major challenge in this respect. This paper presents a novel protocol that will send the information securely while including the access privileges to the authorised recipient.
The haecceity theory and perspectival limitation

(1989). The haecceity theory and perspectival limitation. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 295-305.
Cytosine arabinoside enhancement of gamma irradiation induced mutations in human T-lymphocytes.

The frequency of 6-thioguanine resistant (TGr) mutants induced in human G0 phase T-lymphocytes by 200 cGy of gamma irradiation is greatly enhanced by incubation with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) after irradiation. The mutant frequency increased with increasing incubation time in ara-C for up to 2 hr. This mutation induction required a phenotypic expression time of 5-8 days mass culture growth, similar to that found with mutants induced by 300 cGy of irradiation alone. Southern blot analysis of 40 isolated mutant clones revealed 8 independent mutations by T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement patterns. Four of these eight showed hprt gene structural alterations (0.50). An alternative method to allow phenotypic expression was developed to minimize the isolation of hprt/TCR sibling mutants. The use of in situ expression in the microtiter dish wells resulted in the isolation of 17 independent mutations in 19 mutant clones. Ten of these 17 mutations showed hprt structural alterations (0.59). The high fraction of mutations involving structural alterations detected by Southern blot analysis is consistent with the known induction of chromosome aberrations by irradiation plus ara-C treatment. We propose that both the increase in Mf and the increase in the incidence of hprt gene structural alterations are due tomore » the accumulation of strand breaks in repairing regions of DNA under these conditions of ara-C induced inhibition of repair. We further propose that upon release of the ara-C inhibition, these repairing regions can interact to yield both gene mutations and chromosome aberrations.« less