cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ties That Bind: Economic and Social Interactions in Early-Colonial New Mexico, A.D. 1598-1680

Regional economic transactions in early-colonial New Mexico (1598–1680) have frequently been overlooked as archaeologists and historians focused on large scale, long-distance trade in the imperial economy or smaller scale household production. The few discussions of the regional economy, transactions within the colony, have generally described it as “primitive” and “crude.” There was, however, an active regional economy during this period that resulted in movement of goods between colonists’ and native peoples’ households. The nature of these interactions depended largely on the social identity of the household. In addition, the movement of goods bound households socially as well as economically. Analyzing economic interactions on the regional scale provides a better understanding the colonization process in general because economic restructuring is one way in which empires integrate newly conquered territories. In early-colonial New Mexico, more specifically, economic interactions formed one bridge between the individual household economies and the imperial economy.
What Is the Purpose of Retribution

The essential challenge to retribution from the Abolitionists is that it, like revenge, violates the Intending Harm Requirement. That is, uniquely among moral practices, it appears to involve intentionally inflicting harm on persons. However, we construct an alternative account of both revenge and retribution, according to which each aims not at intending harm for its own sake, but at the defense of honor. As Nietzsche correctly recognized, the revenger aims to restore the honor he has lost by being the object of an unjustified attack. Retribution involves the very same motive, although it is carried out by public authorities on behalf of the victim. A historical analysis reveals the fundamental continuity between revenge and honor; the public authority took over the administration of justice in order to limit violence and control the excesses of private revenge and feuding. If this is correct, it answers the Abolitionist challenge; both revenge and retribution aim not at harm but at the restoration of honor.
PcrA Helicase, a Molecular Motor Studied from the Electronic to the Functional Level

Molecular motors are adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) hydrolysis-driven, cellular proteins responsible for a wide variety of different tasks, such as transport, energy metabolism, and DNA processing. Their operation cycle spans a wide range of length and time scales, from the localized and fast chemical reaction in the catalytic site(s) to the large scale and much slower conformational motions involved in the motors' physiological function. From a computational point of view, this means that currently there exists no single approach capable of capturing the whole spectrum of events during molecular motor function. In the present review, we show for PcrA helicase, a molecular motor involved in the unwinding of double-stranded DNA, how a combination of computational approaches can be used to examine PcrA's function in its entirety as well as in detail. Combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations are used to study the catalytic ATP hydrolysis event and its coupling to protein conformational changes. Molecular dynamics simulations then provide a means of studying overall PcrA function on a nanosecond time scale. Finally, to reach physiologically relevant time scales, i.e., milliseconds, stochastic simulations are employed. We show that by combining the three stated approaches one can obtain insight into PcrA helicase function.
Are on-line patient portals meeting test result preferences of caregivers of children with cancer? A qualitative exploration.

Background Management of pediatric cancer entails frequent laboratory and radiology testing to monitor response to treatment, side effects, and possible relapse of disease. Little is known about how caregivers of children with cancer would like to receive results of these tests and whether on-line patient portals may meet those preferences. Procedures One-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 caregivers of children with cancer purposively sampled for breadth on demographic characteristics. Inductive qualitative content coding/analysis was utilized to distill caregiver's preferred methods for test result acquisition and their views of using an on-line patient portal to do so. Results The relative prioritization of speed of information and mode of communication (i.e., "in person," by phone, etc.) revealed three preference styles. Factors including type of testing, type of result, and the time course within their child's care modified these preferences, and the desire to reduce anxiety played a central role. Caregivers recognized advantages of portal use including getting results "fast," being able to visualize trends in results, "keeping a record," and not interfering with clinic flow. Perceived disadvantages included the results being "complicated" or easily misunderstood, and learning results prior to disclosure by care team. Conclusion This study provides insight into the importance of understanding of how caregivers want test results and how they utilize the portal. Preferences for result acquisition vary on many factors and include the desire to decrease anxiety. As portal use increases, we have a duty to integrate this technology responsibly.
Pre-Operative Counseling and Intraoperative Considerations and Instruments

The pre-operative discussion with the patient and planning prior to the surgical repair is important for patient satisfaction and for a successful open globe repair. A detailed discussion should involve the patient and relevant family members. Only after the patient has a clear understanding of the plan and the associated risks, benefits, and alternatives can open globe repair proceed. Then, it is helpful to have a carefully thought out plan for the globe exploration and repair and ensure that all necessary equipment and instruments are functional and available prior to starting the surgery.
Maximum CO2 Utilization by Nutritious Microalgae

High-protein microalgae are a promising alternative to soy for more rapidly and sustainably produced protein-rich animal feed. However, there are still significant barriers to be overcome in growing nutritious microalgae, recovering nutrients from wastewater, and fixing CO₂ from flue gas in full-scale sustainable operations. Currently, it is generally assumed that nutritious microalgae, including Scenedesmus obliquus, are inhibited by CO₂ levels characteristic of industrial flue gases. Experiments in a 2 L photobioreactor with the ability to control CO₂ concentrations and pH demonstrated that the inhibition of S. obliquus was not important until 10% CO₂ and was not prohibitively reduced even at 35% CO₂. The rate of growth exceeded all values in the literature for S. obliquus at concentrations greater than 2.5% CO₂, and the amino acid content of the microalgae was equal or superior to that of soy. A substrate inhibition model indicated that CO₂ levels comparable to flue gases do not substantially inhibit S. obliquus growth, with careful pH control. The model indicated maximum biomass productivity of 640 ± 100 mg L–¹ d–¹ at 4.5% CO₂ (Kₘ of 0.8 ± 0.4% CO₂, Kᵢ of 26 ± 9% CO₂, and vₘₐₓ of 860 ± 120 mg L–¹ d–¹), which exceeds previously measured biomass productivity values at inhibitory CO₂ concentrations. Protein contents of S. obliquus and soy were comparable.
The Csound book: perspectives in software synthesis, sound design, signal processing, and programming

Created in 1985 by Barry Vercoe, Csound is one of the most widely used software sound synthesis systems. Because it is so powerful, mastering Csound can take a good deal of time and effort. But this long-awaited guide will dramatically straighten the learning curve and enable musicians to take advantage of this rich computer technology available for creating music. Written by the world's leading educators, programmers, sound designers, and composers, this comprehensive guide covers both the basics of Csound and the theoretical and musical concepts necessary to use the program effectively. The thirty-two tutorial chapters cover: additive, subtractive, FM, AM, FOF, granular, wavetable, waveguide, vector, LA, and other hybrid methods; analysis and resynthesis using ADSYN, LP, and the Phase Vocoder; sample processing; mathematical and physical modeling; and digital signal processing, including room simulation and 3D modeling. Supplemental Content is now available for download at http://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262522618
Fine structure of annellophores: IV. Spilocaea pomi

Gonidial ontogeny in Spilocaea pomi was examined by electron microscopy. Conidium secession left the lower layer of the conidium-delimiting septum as the apex of the annellophore. Annellations were conspicuous, but the distance between successive annellations varied. Observations suggested that occasionally annellophores may shorten. Annellophore walls appeared multilayered.
Systemic factors as mediators of brain homeostasis, ageing and neurodegeneration.

A rapidly ageing population and a limited therapeutic toolbox urgently necessitate new approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Brain ageing, the key risk factor for neurodegeneration, involves complex cellular and molecular processes that eventually result in cognitive decline. Although cell-intrinsic defects in neurons and glia may partially explain this decline, cell-extrinsic changes in the systemic environment, mediated by blood, have recently been shown to contribute to brain dysfunction with age. Here, we review the current understanding of how systemic factors mediate brain ageing, how these factors are regulated and how we can translate these findings into therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell-extrinsic changes in the systemic environment, transported to the site of action by the blood, have recently been shown to contribute to brain ageing. In this Review, Pluvinage and Wyss-Coray discuss how circulating molecules in the blood modulate brain function in health, ageing and disease.
Developing scientific decision making by structuring and supporting student agency

Students improve their ability to engage in scientific practice when exposed to introductory physics laboratories that encourage agency.
Safety and Feasibility of Simultaneous Transcarotid Revascularization With Flow Reversal and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Concomitant Carotid Artery Stenosis and Coronary Artery Disease.

Objective:The management of patients with combined severe carotid artery and coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. Transcarotid stenting with flow reversal (TCAR) is a novel hybrid techni...
Political engagement and wellbeing among college students

Abstract Political engagement may be associated with wellbeing among college students in complex ways. The present study examines the associations between six forms of political engagement (activism, expressive political behaviors, traditional political behaviors, political groups, student leadership, and cultural/ethnic organizations) and multiple wellbeing outcomes among college students (N = 10,824) across 28 universities. Overall, the pattern of findings suggests that “traditional” political behaviors are weakly positively associated with wellbeing and “non-traditional” (expressive and activism forms of political engagement) are weakly negatively associated with wellbeing. Findings vary somewhat for students across racial/ethnic background.
“This Pandemic Is Making Me More Anxious about My Welfare and the Welfare of Others:” COVID-19 Stressors and Mental Health

COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing guidelines have changed many aspects of people's daily lives including the way that they interact within their social environment. Pandemics are inherently social phenomena, and public health measures intended to curtail transmission of COVID-19 (e.g., quarantine and social distancing) have consequences for individuals with anxiety and depression. Using qualitative methods, respondents with previously diagnosed anxiety or depression identified ways in which COVID-19 affected their symptoms at multiple levels of the social ecological model (SEM). Key themes reported were organized following the SEM. Emergent themes at the individual level are isolation/loneliness, fear of contracting COVID-19, and uncertainty about the future. Themes at the interpersonal level are: fears of family contracting COVID-19, separation from family members, and domestic relationships. Themes at the level of community and societal stressors are: employment, community and societal systems, media, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings demonstrate the ways that mental health, physical health/safety, and social environments are interrelated in the experience of COVID-19 for individuals diagnosed with anxiety or depression. These findings make a significant contribution to the literature as this is the first article to document mental health stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with diagnosed anxiety and depressive disorders.
Introduction: British Women in the Italian Risorgimento

This introductory chapter begins with the correspondence of Julia Salis Schwabe, a respectable widow of a Manchester factory owner, and Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi regarding a shipment of socks and handkerchiefs she planned to send to the famed general. Using Schwabe’s interest in the Risorgimento as an entry, the chapter provides a basic political history of Italian Unification as well as an overview of the various ways British men and women contributed to Italian Unification and state-building. In the following section, the chapter then discusses the major features of nineteenth-century feminism before arguing that British women’s participation in the Risorgimento forms a key part of Victorian feminism. To conclude, the chapter justifies the parameters of the book, including the five major protagonists of the project, time frame, and sources, before providing brief chapter outlines.
Using the Unified Medical Language System to Expand the Operative Stress Score - First Use Case.

ABSTRACT Background The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) maps relationships between and within >100 biomedical vocabularies, including Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, creating a powerful knowledge resource which can accelerate clinical research. Methods We used synonymy and concepts relating hierarchical structure of CPT codes within the UMLS, (1) guiding surgical experts in expanding the Operative Stress Score (OSS) from 565 originally rated CPT codes to additional, 1,853 related procedures; (2) establishing validity of the association between the added OSS ratings and 30-day outcomes in VASQIP (2015-2018). Results The UMLS Metathesaurus and Semantic Network was converted into an interactive graph database ( https://github.com/dbmi-pitt/UMLS-Graph ) delineating ontology relatedness. From this UMLS-graph, the CPT hierarchy was queried obtaining all paths from each code to the hierarchical apex. Of 1,853 added ratings, 43% and 76% were siblings and cousins of original OSS CPT codes. Of 857,577 VASQIP cases (mean age, 64±11years; 91% male; 75% white), 786,122 (92%) and 71,455 (8%) were rated in the original and added OSS. Compared to original, added OSS cases included more females (14% versus 9%) and frail patients (25% versus 19%) undergoing high stress procedures (11% versus 8%; all P Conclusions The synonymy and concepts relating biomedical data within the UMLS can be abstracted and efficiently used to expand the utility of existing clinical research tools.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenases, and the Cell Cycle

Elucidating the pathogenesis of colon cancer, one of the commonest fatal malignancies in the Western world, represents an important challenge for biomedical science. The seminal observation that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer1 has ushered in a new approach to the study of colon cancer.
Adaptive access control in coordination-based mobile agent systems

The increased pervasiveness of mobile devices like cell phones, PDAs, and laptops draws attention to the need for coordination among these networked devices. The very nature of the environment requires devices to interact opportunistically when resources are available. Such interactions occur unpredictably as device users have no advance knowledge of others they will encounter. The openness of these environments also requires users to protect themselves and their data from unwanted interactions while maintaining desired, yet unscripted, coordination. As the ubiquity of communicating mobile devices increases, the number of applications supported by the network grows drastically and managing access control is crucial to such systems. Application agents must directly manipulate and examine access policies because these networks are often decoupled from a fixed infrastructure, rendering reliance on centralized servers for authentication and access policies impractical. In this paper, we explore context-aware access control policies tailored to the needs of agent coordination in open environments that exhibit mobility. We propose and evaluate novel constructs to support such policies, especially in the presence of large numbers of highly dynamic application agents.
Poverty, professionalism, and politics.

This paper, and the one that follows, are drawn from a special Plenary Session on “Values and Economics in the Delivery of Human Services” at the 49th annual meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association. This, the session's keynote address, examines the problems that pollution poses to the nation's economy, and foresees an era of diminished growth necessitating a redistribution of wealth and a new approach to the funding of human services. A concerted Crusade by professionals on behalf of human welfare is called for, to replace the current competition for available funds.
DNA stability and DNA binding proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the initial studies that focus on characterizing the factors that contribute to the stability of the genomes of hyperthermophiles, both extrinsic factors, such as the intracellular ionic environment and so-called histone like DNA binding proteins, and intrinsic factors, such as DNA base composition and topology. Hyperthermophiles probably also have very efficient DNA repair mechanisms, but research in this area has been limited, although initial characterizations of red homologs, a photolyase, and superoxide dismutases have been reported. The chapter discusses thermal degradation and chemical degradation at high temperature of DNA. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes also contain DNA binding proteins that are clearly involved in genome compaction. These abundant structural proteins contribute to both the local and global architecture of genomes, but they also participate directly in regulating gene expression, and most probably in thermophiles, also in genome thermostabilization. During DNA replication, recombination, and transcription, the topology of a circular DNA molecule change, and topoisomerases are employed to adjust and stabilize the topology of the circular genomes of prokaryotes.
Semiconvection and the RR Lyrae Variables

Theoretical computations (Hoyle and Schwarzschild, 1955; Faulkner, 1966; Iben and Rood, 1970; Demarque and Mengel, 1971a, b) have identified the horizontal-branch stars in globular clusters with the evolution phase in which helium burns within a convective core and hydrogen burns in a shell outside the convective core. Most computations for such double-energy-source models have indicated that the evolution proceeds smoothly on a nuclear time scale during the horizontal-branch phase, leading to small predicted rates of change in the RR Lyrae pulsation period (Iben and Rood, 1970). Sweigart and Demarque (1972) have recently considered the effects of semi-convection on the horizontal-branch evolution of typical Population II stars and have suggested that changes in the composition distribution within the core may occur on a time scale considerably shorter than the nuclear time scale during the phase immediately preceding core-helium exhaustion. It has been found that the composition distribution generated by the growth of a semiconvective zone in the layers surrounding the convective core can become unstable when Y c , the helium abundance within the convective core, decreases below roughly 0.12. The changes in the internal structure caused by this instability result in relatively rapid movement of the models in the HR diagram and consequently produce large predicted rates of change in the RR Lyrae pulsation period. The possibility that RR Lyrae period changes may be associated with the behavior of the semiconvective zone has been previously suggested by Schwarzschild (1970). A similar instability may occur in the late core-hydrogen burning phase for stars around 10 M ⊙. Percy (1970) has noted the coincidence of β Cephei stars with stellar models containing semiconvective zones. It is tempting to suggest that such an instability in the semiconvective zone could also be related to the β Cephei phenomenon.
Dynamic test generation to find integer bugs in x86 binary linux programs

Recently, integer bugs, including integer overflow, width conversion, and signed/unsigned conversion errors, have risen to become a common root cause for serious security vulnerabilities. We introduce new methods for discovering integer bugs using dynamic test generation on x86 binaries, and we describe key design choices in efficient symbolic execution of such programs. We implemented our methods in a prototype tool SmartFuzz, which we use to analyze Linux x86 binary executables. We also created a reporting service, metafuzz.com, to aid in triaging and reporting bugs found by SmartFuzz and the black-box fuzz testing tool zzuf. We report on experiments applying these tools to a range of software applications, including the mplayer media player, the exiv2 image metadata library, and ImageMagick convert. We also report on our experience using SmartFuzz, zzuf, and metafuzz.com to perform testing at scale with the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). To date, the metafuzz.com site has recorded more than 2; 614 test runs, comprising 2; 361; 595 test cases. Our experiments found approximately 77 total distinct bugs in 864 compute hours, costing us an average of $2:24 per bug at current EC2 rates. We quantify the overlap in bugs found by the two tools, and we show that SmartFuzz finds bugs missed by zzuf, including one program where Smart-Fuzz finds bugs but zzuf does not.
U.S. climate change program releases annual report

The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) has issued its Fiscal Year 2007 report to the U.S. Congress documenting the program's previous year's activities and its plans for the current year. The CCSP coordinates climate change research across 13 federal agencies and departments and oversees the creation and publication of the 21 CCSP synthesis and assessment reports, the first of which was published in April 2006. During FY2007, CCSP will focus on several areas including integrating new remotely sensed measurements of clouds and aerosols into climate prediction, acquiring a source for Landsat-like imagery, developing research and regional partnerships to help the nation cope with drought, and quantifying the North American carbon budget.
Withdrawal Rate Strategies for Retirement Portfolios: Preventive Reductions and Risk Management

This paper builds on the work of Stout and Mitchell (2006), Stout (2008), and Blanchett and Frank (2009) by creating a preventive approach to withdrawal management. Proactive strategies, which reduce the withdrawal rate before there are insufficient funds, are shown to significantly reduce the probability of ruin (shortfall) while maintaining the average withdrawal rate. The paper also explores the micro effects of strategy changes by dividing the simulation iterations into groups which have been positively or negatively affected by any particular change, and demonstrates that conventional reporting of the effectiveness of withdrawal rate management techniques can be improved by examining additional moments of the distribution. Data covers 1926-2008 and the mortality table is extended to 108 years.
Towards settlement science: a research agenda for urban geography

Originally presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers (held in Chicago, Illinois, in March of 2006), this collection of papers addresses issues of human population distribution, specifically the use of new science and technology applications to geolocate precisely where human beings are on the surface of our planet. Ranging from metrics to measure error in global population datasets, to the delicate job of defining neighborhood boundaries both socially and spatially, to the technique of merging census and biophysical data to yield a composite vulnerability map for a hazard-prone area, these articles showcase the growing power of geographic information systems combined with satellite imagery resources to provide a far fuller representation of where we are. All the papers take as their premise the necessity of going ‘‘below’’ the national level in data specificity to examine conditions closer to the ground. This has the effect of moving the science of human population settlement a step closer to creation of meaningful regions with coherent and agreed-upon characteristics defined through geodemographic methods. Through these future efforts we can envision a new data-driven definition of human residence, rendered not merely in terms of state affiliation or latitude-longitude of population centroids but socially-defined place characteristics. We live in an auspicious time for urban and population geography, on the cusp of an era in which new remotely-sensed data and global positioning system (GPS)-enabled ground sensing data can be used to create meaningful new delineations of conditions relating to population settlement on the ground as they vary around the world. We have an opening for applying the best thinking of demographers, urban geographers, remote sensing (R/S) experts, planners, development practitioners and disaster first-responders to develop a system of population estimation and place characterization that can be used for multiple research aims and program applications. In effect, our striving to apply the best in geospatial technology and innovative thinking to solve the challenge of human geolocation requires us to understand the spatial characteristics of populations, by going beyond mere delineation of urban extents and the simple arithmetic projection of population growth rates, and into the realm of compiling, modeling, and analyzing qualities of the populations themselves expressed in meaningful units. The papers in this special issue explore a range of methodologies and approaches and examine conceptual issues surrounding such spatial population modeling. Besides setting the context for the papers, this introduction will: initiate discussion of ‘‘where D. R. Rain (&) The George Washington University, 1957 E St., NW, Suite 512, Washington, DC 20052, USA e-mail: david.rain@gwu.edu
Commonplace Tools for Studying Commonplace Interactions: Practitioners' Notes on Entry-Level Video Analysis:

The advent of two technologies - inexpensive video recorders and digital video annotation software - is revolutionizing the study of human interaction. With palm-held camcorders, researchers can now easily collect video data in the field, where humans interact most naturally. More important, using free digital video annotation software, one can annotate and analyze video data on a laptop. In this methods review, we discuss our own experience with such tools in the study of gesture and language. We note points of general interest to researchers of other disciplines, and conclude with a discussion of new issues raised by the presence of readily available multimedia data.
Tritium sorption in lithium-bismuth and lithium- aluminum alloys

Abstract The sorption of tritium by molten lithium-bismuth, Ļi-Bi (15 at.% lithium), and solid equiatomic lithium-aluminum, LiAl, was investigated to evaluate the potential application of both materials in controlled thermonuclear reactors. The solubility of tritium in molten LiBi is less than 0.1 ppb at 500–700 °C and tritium partial pressures of 10−1–10−3 Torr. Therefore, extraction of tritium from molten Li2BeF4 salt with LiBi is not practical. The solubility of hydrogen in solid LiAl (50 - 50 at.%) at 500 °C follows Sieverts' Law; the Sieverts' constant was measured to be 1.9 (±0.1) × 104 Torr 1 2 /atomic fraction. Tritium sorption in LiAl ranged from 0.01 to 7 ppm at 400–600 °C at respective tritium partial pressures of 0.14 – 0.52 Torr.
Photoexcitation dynamics and laser action in solutions and films of PPE-PPV copolymer

We used a variety of ultrafast and steady-state spectroscopy techniques to study the photoexcitation dynamics and laser action in dilute and concentrated solutions and in thin films of poly(phenylene-ethynylene)/poly(phenylene-vinylene) [PPE-PPV] copolymer. We found that the primary photoexcitations in PPE-PPV solutions are relatively long-lived singlet excitons with lifetime of about 600 ps, consistent with the high-photoluminescence quantum efficiency. The singlet excitons have three distinct photoinduced absorption (PA) bands spanning the mid-IR and near-IR spectral ranges, which are correlated with a strong stimulated emission (SE) band in the blue spectral range. In thin PPE-PPV films, however, the SE band is much weaker because of its overlap with a new PA band that is due to long-lived polaron pairs. As a result we found laser action in dilute PPE-PPV solutions but not in films; this represents the first laser action reported in PPE-type polymers. A study of laser action in solutions of various copolymer concentrations confirms the lack of lasing in concentrated solutions and explains its absence in films. The polaron pair species, triplet excitons that are generated via intersystem crossing, and isolated charged polarons that are generated from polaron pair dissociation are also studied using steady-state spectroscopies.
A fallacious argument against moral absolutes

The denial of moral absolutes rests, I think, on a seductive but fallacious argument, which I shall attempt both to expound and to refute here. Human beings are highly complex creatures living in a highly complex world. Every human being is different from every other, every interaction or relationship between or among human beings is unique. Hence also every occasion for moral choice is also unique, and all those action kinds - be theyadultery, murder, rape, theft, ortorture on which moralists are accustomed to pass judgment include an enormous variety of differing transactions, which ideally ought to be evaluated one by one. Moreover, each proposed action has a variety of different aspects: intention, foreseen consequence, conventional meaning, and symbolic significance for example, which bear on moral choice in a wide variety of ways. Moral rules are therefore rules of thumb, open to exceptions whenever persuasive arguments for making them are provided.
It’s about time: On the semiotics of temporality

Abstract Multiple planes of temporality in language, including real-time indexicality, tropical or poetic entextualizations, the diachrony of codes, and the cultural constructs of time, are explored from a semiotic perspective. Empirical data from papers in this journal issue by Davidson, Perrino, Wirtz, and Lempert are reinterpreted in terms of complex intersections of the representational axis and the interactional axis of texts, in which either poetic constructions or reflexive calibrations function indexically to charge the present with the sedimented value of the distanced past.
Trypanosoma cruzi: identification of a cell surface polysaccharide.

Abstract An immunogenic polysaccharide prepared by phenol-water extraction of Trypanosoma cruzi was characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography. The polysaccharide was shown to be a cell surface constituent by adsorption of rabbit anti-polysaccharide serum with live culture forms of the protozoa. The cell surface localization of the antigen was visualized using fluorescein- and ferritin-conjugated antibodies.
Using Simulation to Bridge Communication and Cultural Barriers in Health Care Encounters: Report of an International Workshop

Abstract This article reports on a workshop conducted for the purpose of teaching culturally competent communication through the use of high fidelity patient simulation (HFPS). The workshop was held at the 9th International Meeting on Simulation in Healthcare, organized by the Society for Simulation in Healthcare and held at Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in January 2009. The objective of the workshop was to stimulate discussion among health care educators about state-of-the-art methods of incorporating cultural awareness and sensitivity into communication skill development through the use of HFPS scenarios. Introductory background and significance information, workshop materials, interactions from the workshop groups, and a summary of the themes that emerged from the workshop experience are presented.
Use of Prostaglandin F2α as a Postpartum Reproductive Management Tool for Lactating Dairy Cows

This study compared three programs for reproductive management of the postpartum period for reproductive performance and net economic benefit within three dairy herds (n = 1624 cows). Cows on one program received PGF alpha injection at 25 to 32 d postpartum for reproductive therapy, and cows on a second program received additional PGF2 alpha at 39 to 46 d postpartum for synchronization of estrus. These programs were compared with a postpartum program of rectal palpation based on veterinary intervention. Survival analysis indicated that cows receiving PGF2 alpha for reproductive therapy and synchronization of estrus had an 11% higher rate of first AI and 10% higher rate of pregnancy than did cows receiving the rectal palpation. No differences existed between the cows receiving rectal palpation and those receiving the PGF2 alpha. Because overall conception rates and conception rates at first AI did not differ among programs, the improved reproductive performance of cows receiving PGF2 alpha for both therapy and synchronization may be attributed to greater synchronization of estrus, which resulted in improved estrus detection. A partial budget indicated that the PGF2 alpha programs were less expensive than the rectal palpation program. When PGF2 alpha was used for postpartum reproductive therapy and synchronization of estrus, reproductive performance and net economic benefit were increased compared with those of the other programs.
Anglo and Mexican-American adult children's feelings toward their aging parents

Abstract This article questions whether Anglo and Mexican-American adult males and females feel and behave differently toward their aging parents. The sample consisted of 315 Anglo and Mexican-American staff and faculty from two universities in Austin, Texas, who were between 35–45 years of age and had at least one living parent. Respondents were given a questionnaire that included information on (a) attachment behavior (proximity of living arrangements between adult children and their aging parents, frequency of visits and phone calls to their aging parents) and (b) feelings of attachment (level of closeness, value consensus, compatibility, and perception of parent's personality traits). A 2 × 2 fixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test these hypotheses of the study. Results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the way Anglo and Mexican-American children feel and behave toward their mothers and fathers. There were no differences between gender groups in the way they felt and behaved toward their mothers and fathers.
Workshop on the major histocompatibility complex in infectious disease epidemiology.

A workshop, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, on the use of histocompatibility phenotype as a variable in epidemiologic studies of infectious diseases was held in Bethesda, Maryland on March 2 and 3, 1978. The Workshop chairman was J. Thomas Grayston and the group chairmen and rapporteurs were John E. Craighead, R. Gordon Douglas, David T. Karzon, Wilma B. Bias, W. Paul Glezen and Andre J. Nahmias. Those presenting were D. Bernard Amos, Rene R. P. de Vries, Robert Elston, William D. Hillis, Jogn B. Robbins, Pablo Rubenstein, Julius Schachter, Paul I. Terasaki, Jon J. van Rood and Edmond J. Yunis. Other participants included E. Russell Alexander, Philip S. Brachman, Mary J. Carter, Richard G. Cornell. John R. David, Earl L. Diamond, Roger Detels, David Drutz, Bo Dupont, King K. Holmes, Adel Mahmoud, William H. Marine, Robert W. McCollum, Kenneth McIntosh, Max R. Mickey, Arnold S. Monto, John N. Neff, Roger D. Rossen and Donovon J. Thompson. The organizing committee consisted of David W. Alling, Carl Cohen, George T. Curlin, Raphael Dolin, Bernard W. Janicki, Albert Z. Kapikian, Eric A. Ottesen, Fred J. Payne, and Ethan M. Shevach.
The reduction of statistical uncertainties assigned to measurements of nuclear processes

Abstract The proper application of the binomial distribution is shown to give a reduced value for the variance assigned to measurements of appropriate nuclear processes even when the initial number of particles under consideration varies. The method is illustrated by several examples incorporating physical and Monte Carlo experiments.
FAILED ANTERIOR URETHROPLASTY: GUIDELINES FOR RECONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: We analyzed the methods and outcomes of repeat urethroplasty in men with recurrent stricture after the failure of previous anterior urethroplasty.Materials and Methods: In 31 men with recurrent stricture after previous urethroplasty anterior urethral reconstruction was performed. Reconstructive methods varied according to stricture length and location.Results: End-to-end urethroplasty performed in 11 of 13 men with short (average 1.8 cm.) bulbar strictures was successful in all. Patch graft urethroplasty was successfully done in 4 men with intermediate (average 4.4 cm.) strictures. Penile circular fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty performed in 13 of 14 men with long or distal strictures (average 8 cm.) was successful in 10 (79%). Overall excellent results were obtained in 28 of the 31 cases (90%).Conclusions: Guidelines for urethral reconstruction after failed anterior urethroplasty are predicated on stricture length, location and severity. Circular fasciocutaneous flap urethroplasty is ...
Gadd45γ is androgen-responsive and growth-inhibitory in prostate cancer cells

In our previous microarray analysis searching for genes differentially regulated by androgens in the rat ventral prostate, we identified GADD45γ (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible, gamma) as one of the genes up-regulated by androgens. GADD45γ was initially identified to be a gene involved in negative growth control and its overexpression induced cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro. In this study, we showed that GADD45γ was transiently up-regulated by androgens in the androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. The GADD45γ up-regulation was blocked by an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, bicalutamide, suggesting the involvement of the androgen receptor. However, this up-regulation was inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that GADD45γ induction by androgens requires new protein synthesis. Overexpression of GADD45γ inhibited cell growth of LNCaP and PC3 cells and resulted in dramatic morphological changes in both cell lines, arguing that GADD45γ is likely to participate in the differentiation program induced by androgens in the prostate. The above observations provide evidence that GADD45γ is an androgen-responsive gene with growth-inhibitory activity in human prostate cancer cells.
Complex permeability measurements of radial-anisotropy thin-film magnetic toroidal cores

This paper presents complex permeability measurements of a series of multi-layer thin-film radially anisotropic toroidal cores, which can be effectively used in toroidal inductors for high-frequency power applications. Good performance of radially anisotropic cores enables the miniaturization of magnetics while maintaining high efficiency for achieving power-supply-in-package or power-supply-on-chip. The cores were created through sputter deposition of nano-composite Co-Zr-O in the presence of a radial magnetic field to induce radial anisotropy. Measurements were performed using an impedance analyzer, a commercial magnetic material test fixture, and a custom-built test fixture, which allows measuring cores that are smaller than the minimum size supported by the commercial fixture. Tested samples have an outer diameter of 5.5 mm, inner diameters of 1.7, 2.3, and 3.4 mm, with magnetic film thicknesses of 6, 10, and 40 μm per sample. Small-signal measurements show that the toroidal cores reach quality factors above 100 below 100 MHz. Furthermore, the measurements show that the real part of the relative permeability does not vary across the tested samples, but the self-resonant frequency and quality factor depend on the inner diameter and magnetic film thickness. Wire-wound toroidal inductors using the radially anisotropic cores were built and tested to verify the core characteristics.
The tris(carbonato)dioxouranium(VI) ion: A structural model for uranium 4f7/2, 5/2 X-ray photoelectron spectra satellite structures for oxide and oxygen coordination cores

Abstract An ambient pressure synthesis of potassium tris(carbonato)dioxouranium(VI), K4UO2(CO3)3, is reported in which a hydrolyzed uranyl salt (the first report of reacting a non-stoichiometric uranium mixture starting material to form the title compound) is reacted with potassium carbonate at ambient pressure to produce pure, high quality, large crystals of the title compound. The compound has been characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, along with X-ray single-crystal diffraction confirmatory data that have been reported previously. Binding energies and line widths, along with the concomitant associated satellite structure of the photoelectron peaks, are reported and compared to those of similar compounds. The uranium 4f7/2, 5/2 X-ray photoelectron lines show distinct, unique satellite features whose mechanisms of formation are discussed.
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) prepared by chemical vapor deposition : Influence of monomer selection and reaction conditions on film composition and luminescence properties

The influence of reaction conditions and monomer selection on the resulting film composition and luminescence properties of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) prepared by chemical vapor deposition is investigated. Greater aliphatic hydrocarbon incorporation into the polymer is observed when α,α‘-dibromo-p-xylene is used as the starting monomer, as compared to α,α‘-dichloro-p-xylene. This difference has implications for the peak photoluminescence output of the resulting PPV films, with the Br-PPV shifted to higher energies compared to Cl-PPV. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, the reaction pathway for aliphatic hydrocarbon incorporation into the polymer chain is determined to be fragmentation of the monomer during the pyrolysis step.
An improved cathepsin-D substrate and assay procedure

Abstract Ten analogs of the peptide A-Phe(NO2)-Phe-Val-Leu-B were synthesized and tested as substrates for cathepsin D and pepsin. The best substrate found for cathepsin D, Phe-Ala-Ala-Phe(NO2)-Phe-Val-Leu-OM4P (kcat = 2.9 s−1; Km = 7.1 μ m ), has the largest k cat K m value (408 m m −1 s−1) reported to date for this enzyme. The effect of peptide structure on solubility and kinetic parameters is discussed. The peptide provides a useful new substrate for continuous assay of cathepsin D.
Effect of improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction on long-term survival in revascularized patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction

The importance of improvement in the ejection fraction to the prognosis of revascularized patients with ischaemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is uncertain. Methods and results Eighty-seven patients with ischaemic LV dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 29+ 8% by biplane Simpson's) had dobutamine echocardiography before revascularization (coronary bypass graft surgery-81, percutaneous interven- tion-6). Follow-up echocardiograms were performed a mean of 4.8+ 6.2 months after revascularization. An 8% increase in the ejection fraction was considered significant (two times the inter-observer difference of 3.7%). Patients were followed for cardiac death. During a mean follow-up of 5.2+ 3.9 years, there were 20 (23%) cardiac deaths. Class 3/4 heart failure, increasing low-dose wall motion score, increasing % non-viable myocardium, and digoxin use in follow-up were univariate predictors of death. Beta-blocker use, ejection fraction improvement, angina, aspirin use, and increasing fractional shortening were univariate predictors of survival. Ejection fraction improvement (P ¼ 0.02, hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 0.26), digoxin use in follow-up (P ¼ 0.006, HR ¼ 5.85), and low-dose wall motion score (P ¼ 0.017, HR ¼ 4.78) were independent predictors of outcome. In step-wise analysis, low-dose wall motion score added incremental prognostic value to ejection fraction improvement (P ¼ 0.003), and digoxin use in follow-up (P ¼ 0.003) added incremental value to a low-dose score and ejection fraction improvement.
Molecular basis of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most important member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci and one of the most abundant colonizers of human skin. While for a long time regarded as innocuous, it has been identified as the most frequent cause of device-related infections occurring in the hospital setting and is therefore now recognized as an important opportunistic pathogen. S. epidermidis produces a series of molecules that provide protection from host defenses. Specifically, many proteins and exopolymers, such as the exopolysaccharide PIA, contribute to biofilm formation and inhibit phagocytosis and the activity of human antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, recent research has identified a family of pro-inflammatory peptides in S. epidermidis, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which have multiple functions in immune evasion and biofilm development, and may be cytolytic. However, in accordance with the relatively benign relationship that S. epidermidis has with its host, production of aggressive members of the PSM family is kept at a low level. Interestingly, in contrast to S. aureus with its large arsenal of toxins developed for causing infection in the human host, most if not all “virulence factors” of S. epidermidis appear to have original functions in the commensal lifestyle of this bacterium.