cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin grafting in otologic surgery

In the postoperative healing phase after auditory canalplasty or open cavity mas to idec tomy, re-epithelialization of these areas may be very slow or problematic. Exposed surfaces may predispose patients to secondary infection and result in recurrent otorrhea. Numerous methods of promoting the healing of the external auditory canal and mastoid cavity after such operative procedures have been explored. One such method is split-thickness skin grafting of the exposed area, a technique first described by Karl Thiersch in the 1800's. In recent years, Thiersch skin grafting has been advocated by numerous investigators. In this review of Thiersch skin grafting, the indications for and methodology of this technique are explored. In 1587, Gasparo Taglacozzi first described the transfer of skin and subcutaneous tissue from one part of the body to another. His landmark publication describing pedicle grafting techniques gave rise to the art of reconstructive surgery. 1 In the late 1800s, Karl Thiersch advanced the techniques of autotransplantat ion. He adapted the pinch graft technique forwarded by Jacques Louis Rieverdin in 1869, developing the concept of splitthickness skin grafting in otologic surgery. 2 In 1893, Siebenmann first advanced the concept of using the Thiersch method of skin grafting in the postoperative mastoid cavity to promote healing. 3 Although such grafting was popular through the early 1900s, it was no longer commonly used by the 1950s. In more recent years, investigators such as Guilford and Wright, 4 Crem5 6 7 13 ers and Smeets, Morris et al, and many others have re-explored the use of split-thickness and full-thickness skin grafts in the repair of the postoperative external auditory canal and mastoid cavity linings. Because of their work the technique of Thiersch grafting has been reborn in the field of otology. Morris et al, in 1992, reported on the experience of 54 patients undergoing Thiersch grafting at the Minnesota Ear Head and Neck Clinic. They proposed that, based on their experience, the use of split-thickness skin grafts in promoting healing of exposed external auditory canal and mastoid cavity surfaces was suited for patients with copious postoperative granulation tissue, a moist, thin epithelium lining the surgical cavity, and persistent otorrhea. They did not recommend the use of grafting if squamous epithelialization had started and was progressing well. In their study, 98% of patients had at least 75% uptake of the grafted material 2 weeks postoperatively, and 86% of patients had complete healing of the area at 1 year. The types of operations leading to grafting in this
Base-emitter diffusion capacitance in GaAlAs/GaAs HBTs

The voltage dependence of the base–emitter diffusion capacitance in a single heterojunction GaAIAs/GaAs HBT is discussed. It is found that conventional transistor capacitance models are not accurate for these devices. An empirical expression is given which may be used to model this diffusion capacitance.
Bilateral pheochromocytoma: the application of a plasma catecholamine bioassay for tumor localization.

Abstract Report is made of a patient with bilateral pheochromocytoma in whom a bioassay of plasma catecholamines was useful in the localization of the tumor near and attached to the right adrenal gland.
Smoldering initiation in cellulosics under prolonged low-level heating

Scant field information and the difficulty of conducting long-term research experiments on the low-level heating of cellulosics until ignition occurs have led to the advancement of an incipient smoldering ignition predictive model.
A Simultaneous-Equations Model of Urban Growth and Migration

Abstract The objectives of this study are twofold. First, a simultaneous-equations model that takes into account the interactions between various economic aspects of urban growth and migration to and from urban areas is specified. Second, the model is estimated for two different time periods, 1950–60 and 1960–70, with the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area as the basic urban geographic unit. Included among the jointly dependent variables are civilian labor force out-migration, civilian labor force in-migration, income change, manufacturing employment change, government employment change, other nonmanufacturing employment change, and unemployment change. Significant interactions among the various endogenous variables are uncovered for both time periods studied.
MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITIES OF SERUM LIPOPROTEINS DETECTED WITH SERA OF TRANSFUSED PATIENTS.

Summary 1 Precipitins were found in the sera of 18 patients who had received multiple transfusions. 2 The precipitins reacted with a lipid-containing serum protein present in some individuals, but not others. Using two of the antisera, the antigen was shown to be a low density beta lipoprotein. 3 The frequency of precipitin formation appears to be higher in transfused patients with thalassemia than in other transfused patients. 4 There is no apparent correlation between formation of antibodies to lipoproteins and to white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. 5 Using two immunological and one epidemiological technique, it was shown that there were at least five and possibly seven different specificities among eleven of the antisera which were tested. Resume 1 Des precipitines ont ete trouvees dans le serum de 18 patients qui avaient recu plusieurs transfusions. 2 Ces precipitines reagissaient avec des proteines seriques contenant des lipides presentes chez certains individus, mais, pas chez d'autres. En utilisant deux de ces anti-serums, on a pu demontrer que l'antigene est une beta-lipoproteine de basse densite. 3 La frequence de formation des ces precipitines apparait etre plus grande chez les patients transfuses atteint de thalassenie que chez d'autres patients transfuses. 4 Il semble qu'il n'y a pas de correlation entre la formation de ces anticorps diriges contre les lipoproteines et les leucocytes, les erythrocytes et les plaquettes. 5 Grâce a deux techniques immunologiques et a une technique epidemiologique, on a pu demontrer qu'il y avait au moins cinq, et peut-etre sept, specificites diffe-rentes parmi onze des anti-serums qui ont ete etudies. Zusammenfassung 1 In den Seren von 18 Patienten, die gehauft Transfusionen erhalten hatten,wurden Prazipitine gefunden. 2 Die Prazipitine reagierten mit einem lipidhaltigen Serumeiweis, welches bei einzelnen Individuen vorkam, bei anderen aber fehlte. Mit zwei Antiseren wurde gezeigt, das das betreffende Antigen ein β-Lipoprotein niederer Dichte darstellt. 3 Es scheint, das die Haufigkeit der Bildung von Prazipitinen bei polytransfundierten Thalassamiepatienten gruser ist als bei Patienten, die aus anderen Grunden gehauft Transfusionen erhalten hatten. 4 Es besteht offenbar keine Beziehung zwischen der Antikurperbildung gegen Lipoproteine und derjenigen gegen Leukozyten, Erythrozyten und Plattchen. 5 An Hand von zwei immunologischen und einer epidemiologischen Technik wurde gezeigt, das in den 11 untersuchten Seren mindestens funf, muglicherweise aber sieben differente Antikurperspezifitaten enthalten waren.
Noninvasive detection of passively targeted poly(ethylene glycol) nanocarriers in tumors.

The present studies noninvasively investigate the passive tumor distribution potential of a series of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanocarriers using a SkinSkan spectrofluorometer and an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) 100. Fluorescein conjugated PEG nanocarriers of varying molecular weights (10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 kDa) were prepared and characterized. The nanocarriers were administered intravenously to female balb/c mice bearing subcutaneous 4T1 tumors. Passive distribution was measured in vivo (λ(exc), 480 nm; λ(em), 515-520 nm) from the tumor and a contralateral skin site (i.e., control site). The signal intensity from the tumor was always significantly higher than that from the contralateral site. Trends in results between the two methods were consistent with tumor distribution increasing in a molecular weight-dependent manner (10 lung > spleen > liver > kidney > muscle > heart, thus validating the in vivo studies. The results of the current studies suggest that noninvasive dermal imaging of tumors provides a reliable and rapid method for the initial screening of nanocarrier tumor distribution pharmacokinetics.
Design and Bench-Top Testing of Multiplexed Fiber Delivered Laser Ignition System for Natural Gas Engines

Past research has demonstrated the feasibility of using optical sparks for engine ignition, and has shown potential benefits associated with reduced cyclic variability and increased rate of cylinder pressure rise, thus extending the lean operating limit of natural gas engines. This contribution details the design and bench-top testing of a fiber-optic delivery system for ignition of natural gas engines. The system is designed for use on a Caterpillar G3516C engine and is comprised of a single Nd:YAG laser as the energy source, a multiplexer for switching the beam between cylinders, fiber optics to deliver the laser pulses to individual cylinders, and optical plugs to couple the beam into the cylinders. The optical fibers are a critical component of the system and discussion of use of both solid core silica fibers and cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow fibers is included. The multiplexer design is presented and optical testing of the multiplexed fiber delivery on the bench-top is reported. Design considerations for engine integration are introduced.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The spectrum of the multigroup neutron transport operator for bounded spatial domains

The spectrum of the multigroup neutron transport operator A is studied for bounded spatial regions D which consist of a finite number of material subregions. Our main results provide simple conditions on the material cross sections which guarantee that (1) A possesses eigenvalues in the finite plane; (2) A possesses a ’’leading’’ eigenvalue λ0 which is real, not less than the real part of any other eigenvalue, and to which there corresponds at least one nonnegative eigenfunction ψλ0; and (3) A possesses a ’’dominant’’ eigenvalue λ0 which is real, simple, greater than the real part of any other eigenvalue, and whose eigenfunction ψλ0 satisfies ψλ0⩾0 and ∫ψλ0d2Ω≳0. We give examples to illustrate the results and to show that a leading eigenvalue need not be simple, nor its eigenfunction(s) positive.
Effects of Male Removal on Spatial Distribution of Bobcats

CARPENTER, C. P. 1970. Some observations on the rusty spotted genet (Genetta rubiginosa zuluensis). Lammergeyer, 11:60-63. Di)CKER, G. 1965. Das Verhalten der Schleichkatzen (Viverridae). Handbuch der Zoologie, Berlin, 8(38):1-48. EISENBERG, J. F. 1981. The mammalian radiations: an analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 610 pp. IKEDA, H., M. IZAWA, M. BABA, M. TAKEISHI, T. DoI, AND Y. ONO. 1983. Range size and activity pattern of three nocturnal carnivores in Ethiopia by radio-telemetry. J. Ethology, 1:109-111. IKEDA, H., Y. ONO, M. BABA, T. DOI, AND T. IWAMOTO. 1982. Ranging and activity patterns of three nocturnal viverrids in Omo National Park, Ethiopia. African J. Ecol., 20:179-186. MACDONALD, D. W., F. G. BALL, AND N. G. HOUGH. 1980. The evaluation of home range size and configuration using radio-tracking data. Pp. 405-524, in A handbook of biotelemetry and radio tracking (C. J. Amlaner, and D. W. Macdonald, eds). Pergamon Press, New York, 804 pp. PALOMARES, F. 1986. Ecologia de la gineta y del meloncillo en el Parque Nacional de Dofiana. Tesina de Licenciatura, Univ. Granada, Granada, Spain, 186 pp. ROWE-ROWE, D. T. 1970. The development and behaviour of a rusty-spotted genet, Genetta rubiginosa Pucheran. Lammergeyer, 13:29-44. SCHLAWE, L. 1980. Zur geograhischen Verbreitung der Ginsterkatzen, Gattung Genetta G. Cuvier, 1816. Faunistische Abhandlunge, 7(15):147-161. VAN WINKLE, W., D. C. MARTIN, AND M. J. SEBETICH. 1973. A home range model for animals inhabiting an ecotone. Ecology, 54:205-209. WASER, P. M. 1980. Small nocturnal carnivores: ecological studies in the Serengeti. African J. Ecol., 18:167-185.
Bilateral pulmonary agenesis: Association with the hydrolethalus syndrome and review of the literature from a developmental field perspective

Only a few cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis have been reported. Recently we saw such a case in an infant with the hydrolethalus syndrome. This observation seems to indicate that bilateral pulmonary agenesis is a severe expression of a developmental field defect that usually is represented by abnormal lung lobation or hypoplasia. The previously reported cases are discussed from the perspective of the developmental field concept.
Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Arsenic, Lead, Chromium, and Cadmium in a Metal-contaminated Histosol

Abstract The chemical and mineralogical forms of As, Pb, Cr, and Cd were studied in a metal-contaminated organic soil (Histosol) that received runoff and seepage water from a site that was once occupied by a lead smelter. Soil samples were collected from different depth intervals during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed using bulk powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron-based micro X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD), and micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-SXRF) spectroscopy. There was a clear pattern of mineral distribution with depth that indicated the presence of an intense redox gradient. The oxidized reddish brown surface layer (0–10 cm) was dominated by goethite (α-FeOOH) and poorly crystalline akaganeite (β-FeOOH). Lead and arsenic were highly associated with these Fe oxides, possibly by forming inner–sphere surface complexes. Gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) was abundant in the layer as well, particularly for samples collected during dry periods. Fe(II)-containing minerals, such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and siderite (FeCO 3 ), were identified in the intermediate layers (10–30 cm) where the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides occurred. A number of high-temperature minerals, such as mullite (3Al 2 O 3 ·2Si 2 O), corundum (α-Al 2 O 3 ), hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ), and wustite (FeO) were identified in the subsurface and they probably formed as a result of a burning event. Several sulfide minerals were identified in the most reduced layers at depths > 30 cm. They included realgar (AsS), alacranite (As 4 S 4 ), galena (PbS), and sphalerite (Zn, Fe 2+ )S, and a series of Fe sulfides, including greigite (Fe 2+ Fe 3+ 2 S 4 ), pyrrhotite (Fe 1 − x S), mackinawite (FeS), marcasite (FeS 2 ), and pyrite (FeS 2 ). Most of these minerals occurred as almost pure phases in sub-millimeter aggregates and appeared to be secondary phases that had precipitated from solution. Despite the elevated levels of Cd in the soil, no specific Cd phases were identified. The complex mineralogy has important implications for risk assessment and the design of in-situ remediation strategies for this and similar metal-contaminated sites.
Separation of hexane isomers through nonzeolite pores in ZSM-5 zeolite membranes

Permeation of n-hexane and 2,2-dimethylbutane (DMB) through two tubular ZSM-5 zeolite membranes was studied as a function of temperature and isomer partial pressures. The maximum permeation selectivity is 650, obtained at high n-hexane pressures. Though the single-gas isomers permeate at similar rates, the presence of n-hexane decreases the DMB permeance dramatically, whereas n-hexane permeation is unaffected by DMB. The nonzeolite pores appear to be different in size or number in the two membranes, whose pores saturate at different n-hexane pressures. Membranes with smaller nonzeolite pores exhibit pore saturation. The dependence of permeance on partial pressure and temperature indicates that most of the DMB permeance is through nonzeolite pores, which can be blocked by preferential n-hexane adsorption. These pores are larger than zeolite pores but are apparently in the nanopore size range.
Myc and a Cdk2 senescence switch

Cdk2 has been shown to have an unanticipated role in suppressing Myc-induced senescence. This has implications for how c-Myc overcomes failsafe mechanisms to induce tumorigenesis and suggests that the inhibition of Cdk2 may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cancer.
Small heat-shock proteins, IbpAB, protect non-pathogenic Escherichia coli from killing by macrophage-derived reactive oxygen species.

Many intracellular bacterial pathogens possess virulence factors that prevent detection and killing by macrophages. However, similar virulence factors in non-pathogenic bacteria are less well-characterized and may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease. We hypothesize that the small heat shock proteins IbpAB, which have previously been shown to reduce oxidative damage to proteins in vitro and be upregulated in luminal non-pathogenic Escherichia strain NC101 during experimental colitis in vivo, protect commensal E. coli from killing by macrophage-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using real-time PCR, we measured ibpAB expression in commensal E. coli NC101 within wild-type (wt) and ROS-deficient (gp91phox-/-) macrophages and in NC101 treated with the ROS generator paraquat. We also quantified survival of NC101 and isogenic mutants in wt and gp91phox-/- macrophages using gentamicin protection assays. Similar assays were performed using a pathogenic E. coli strain O157:H7. We show that non-pathogenic E. coli NC101inside macrophages upregulate ibpAB within 2 hrs of phagocytosis in a ROS-dependent manner and that ibpAB protect E. coli from killing by macrophage-derived ROS. Moreover, we demonstrate that ROS-induced ibpAB expression is mediated by the small E. coli regulatory RNA, oxyS. IbpAB are not upregulated in pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and do not affect its survival within macrophages. Together, these findings indicate that ibpAB may be novel virulence factors for certain non-pathogenic E. coli strains.
Do elderly patients benefit from laparoscopic colorectal surgery

The steadily increasing age of the population mandates that potential benefits of new techniques and technologies be considered for older patients. To analyze the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic (LAP) colorectal surgery in elderly compared to younger patients, and to patients who underwent laparotomy (OP). A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent elective sigmoid colectomies for diverticular disease or ileo-colic resections for benign disorders; patients with stomas were excluded. There were two groups: age < 65 years (A) and age ≥ 65 years (B). Parameters included demographics, body mass index (BMI), length of operation (LO), incision length (LI), length of hospitalization (LOS), morbidity and mortality. 641 patients (M/F – 292/349) were included between July 1991 and June 2006; 407 in group A and 234 in group B. There were significantly more LAP procedures in group A (244/407 – 60%) than in group B (106/234 – 45%) – p = 0.0003. Conversion rates were similar: 61/244 (25%) in group A, and 25/106 (24%) in group B (p = 0.78). There was no difference in LO between the groups in any type of operation. LOS was shorter in patients in group A who underwent OP: 7.1 (3–17) days versus 8.7 (4–22) days in group B (p <0.0001), and LAP: 5.3 (2–19) days versus 6.4 (2–34) days in group B (p = 0.01). In both groups LOS in the LAP group was significantly shorter than in OP group. There were no significant differences in major complications or mortality between the two groups; however, the complication rates in the OP groups were significantly higher than in LAP and CON combined (p = 0.003). Elderly patients who undergo LAP have a significantly shorter LOS and fewer complications compared to elderly patients who undergo OP. Laparoscopy should be considered in all patients in whom ileo-colic or sigmoid resection is planned regardless of age.
Investigation of Flow Conditioners for Compact Jet Engine Simulator Rig Noise Reduction

The design requirements for two new Compact Jet Engine Simulator (CJES) units for upcoming wind tunnel testing lead to the distinct possibility of rig noise contamination. The acoustic and aerodynamic properties of several flow conditioner devices are investigated over a range of operating conditions relevant to the CJES units to mitigate the risk of rig noise. An impinging jet broadband noise source is placed in the upstream plenum of the test facility permitting measurements of not only flow conditioner self-noise, but also noise attenuation characteristics. Several perforated plate and honeycomb samples of high porosity show minimal self-noise but also minimal attenuation capability. Conversely, low porosity perforated plate and sintered wire mesh conditioners exhibit noticeable attenuation but also unacceptable self-noise. One fine wire mesh sample (DP450661) shows minimal selfnoise and reasonable attenuation, particularly when combined in series with a 15.6 percent open area (POA) perforated plate upstream. This configuration is the preferred flow conditioner system for the CJES, providing up to 20 dB of broadband attenuation capability with minimal self-noise.
A context-sensitive middleware for dynamic integration of mobile devices with network infrastructures

Network infrastructures (NI), such as the Internet, grid, smart spaces, and enterprise computing environments usually consists of computing nodes that are stationary, provide the backbone for environment sensing and high-performance computing and communication. NI, in addition, may have various types of application software for performing resource-intensive computation. On the other hand, recent advances in the embedded systems and wireless communication technologies have increased the flexibility of using mobile devices for various practical applications. Mobile devices mostly execute application software that improves the personal productivity of the user. However, despite the rapid technology advances, mobile devices are expected to be always resource poor in comparison with the computing resources in the NIs. On the other hand, the computing resources in an NI cannot readily add the flexibility to individual users due to their fixed location and size. It is therefore desirable to combine the respective strengths of mobile devices and network infrastructures (NI) whenever possible. Dynamic integration is the process using which a mobile device can detect, communicate with, and use the required resources in nearby NIs in an application-transparent way. The benefit of dynamic integration is that the applications in both mobile device and NI can interoperate with each other as if a mobile device itself is an integral part of the NI or vice versa. In this paper, a context-sensitive middleware, called Reconfigurable Context-Sensitive Middleware (RCSM), is presented for addressing this dynamic integration problem. A novel feature of RCSM is that its dynamic integration mechanism is context-sensitive, and as such the integration between the application software in a mobile device and an NI can be restricted to specific contexts, such as a particular location or a particular time. RCSM, furthermore, provides transparency over the dynamic resource discovery and networking aspects so that application-level cohesion can be easily achieved. The integration process does not force any development-time restrictions on the application software in an NI. Our experimental results, based on the implementation of RCSM in integrated ad hoc and infrastructure-based IEEE 802.11 test bed environment, indicate that the integration process is lightweight and results in reasonably high performance in PDA-like devices and desktop PCs.
The rings of stable rational functions: Algebraic properties

A recent approach for treating a variety of control problems is to work with matrix fraction representations over the rings of stable or causal stable rational functions of the transfer matrices. This approach is very similar in nature to the polynomial fractional methods. This paper extends the idea of the polynomial models of FUHRMANN to the rings of stable and causal stable rational functions. A natural realization theory is thus developed for matrix fraction representations of transfer matrices over these rings. As an application of the new theory developed, linear matrix equations QX + RY = T and QX + YR = T over the rings of stable and causal stable rational functions are reduced to finite number of linear equations over the base field.
Lens‐preferred activity of chicken δ1‐ and δ2‐crystallin enhancers in transgenic mice and evidence for retinoic acid‐responsive regulation of the δ1‐crystallin gene

There are two tandemly linked delta-crystallin genes [5' delta 1 -delta 2 3'] in the chicken, with the delta 1-crystallin gene being expressed much more highly (50-100-fold) in the embryonic lens than the delta 2-crystallin gene. Previous transfection experiments have shown that a lens-preferred enhancer exists in the third intron of each chicken delta-crystallin gene. In the present investigation we have used transgenic mice to establish that both the chicken delta 1- and delta 2-crystallin enhancers are preferentially active in the mouse lens in combination with their homologous promoter and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. The promoter/ CAT constructs lacking the enhancers were inactive in the transgenic mice. In one case, a truncated delta 2-crystallin promoter (-308/+24) in combination with the enhancer was also active in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of the transgenic mice, which could prove useful in future experiments. Finally, retinoic acid receptors (RAR beta) activated the delta 1-crystallin, but not the delta 2-crystallin enhancer in teh recombinant plasmids in cotransfected embryonic chicken lens epithelial cells treated with retinoic acid. This activation did not occur when using the care enhancer (fragment B4) lacking surrounding flanking sequences (fragment B3 and B5) of the enhancer. Together these experiments show that the chicken delta-crystallin enhancers show lens-preference in transgenic mice despite the absence of delta-crystallin in this species and add retinoic acid nuclear receptors to the growing list of transcription factors (including Pax-6, Sox-2, and delta EF3) that directly or indirectly contribute to the high expression of the delta 1-crystallin gene in the lens.
Iron Modulates the Differentiation of a Distinct Population of Glial Precursor Cells into Oligodendrocytes

Iron deficiency in children is associated with a number of neural defects including hypomyelination. It has been hypothesized by others that this hypomyelination is due to a failure in myelin production. Other possibilities include failure in the generation of oligodendrocytes from their precursor cells or an interruption in oligodendrocyte maturation. These hypotheses are based on the observations that there is a peak in brain iron uptake in vivo that coincides with the period of greatest myelination and that a shortage of iron leads to myelination deficiency. We now demonstrate that iron availability modulates the generation of oligodendrocytes from tripotential-glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells isolated from the embryonic day 13.5 rat spinal cord. In contrast, we found no effects of iron on oligodendrocyte maturation or survival in vitro, nor did we find that increasing iron availability above basal levels increases oligodendrocyte generation from bipotential oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte/oligodendrocyte precursor cells (O-2A/OPCs). Our results raise the possibility that iron may affect oligodendrocyte development at stages during early embryogenesis rather than during later development.
Odor recognition memory is better under bilateral than unilateral test conditions.

Abstract Two odor memory tests were administered unilaterally (left and right) and bilaterally to the same set of 24 men and 24 women on two test occasions. These tests were (i) a “multipletarget” test (MTT) in which three target stimuli were selected, after 10-, 30-, and 60-sec retention intervals, from stimulus sets containing both target and distracter stimuli, and (ii) a 9-item “single-target” three-choice test (STT), in which single stimuli were selected from stimuli sets containing two distracters. Overall, odor memory scores were higher under bilateral than unilateral testing, and higher on the second than on the first test session. Unilateral testing resulted in a monotonic delay-related forgetting function. No differences were observed in the odor memory test scores of the left and right sides of the nose, and no significant correlations were present between these scores and scores on a battery nonolfactory memory tests. On the STT, the female, but not the male, subjects demonstrated better performance on the second, than on the first, test session. The results of this study imply that odor memory is facilitated centrally by bilateral activation, and that a memory system may exist for odors which is distinct from other memory systems.
Liver transplantation and cell therapies for inborn errors of metabolism

Liver transplantation is now very successful with >85 % long term survival into adult life. When considering the impact of liver transplantation for metabolic disease two independent factors need to be considered; whether or not the defect causes liver disease and whether or not it is confined to the liver. When considering transplantation many factors need to be considered including the local success of transplantation, the impact of the metabolic disease on the patient and family and the potential for future therapeutic developments. Where transplantation is undertaken for a liver based defect there is a lifelong complete correction of the defect. Where there is a residual extrahepatic defect this will have an impact on the outcome of liver transplantation and the severity of this defect must be considered as part of the transplant assessment process. Access to a multi-disciplinary team with expertise in metabolic disease, liver disease and other relevant organ based specialists is crucial. Most children will receive transplantation from cadaveric donor but living related transplantation from a heterozygote parent is usually safe and effective. Auxiliary liver transplantation has a small but useful role where partial correction of the defect is helpful and there is a future prospect of gene therapy. The first-generation of hepatocyte transplants have shown proof of principle but to date have had a rather modest and temporary metabolic effect. Stem cells may have the potential to produce a more sustained and significant metabolic correction, but must be shown to be effective in controlled trials.
The Early Development of Electronic pH Meters

A 19-year-old undergraduate at the University of Chicago, Kenneth Goode, in 1921 came up with the idea of an electronic pH meter, worked out some of its initial problems, and set in motion an international scientific effort that culminated in the current, wide availability of electronic pH meters. Except for the replacement of vacuum tubes by solid-state electronics, modern pH meters closely follow his original designs.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND

(1956). MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 175-196.
Cardiokymography: quantitative analysis of regional ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.

Regional anterior left ventricular function was analyzed with cardiokymography in 24 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization for suspected coronary artery disease. The noninvaslve kymographic tracing was recorded simultaneously with left ventricular pressure and normalized for differences in amplification. In 10 patients with normal anterior wall motion on ventriculography, the cardiokymogram revealed uniform inward motion during ejection, comprising 88 ± 4 percent (mean ± standard error of the mean) of total amplitude. Little change in amplitude was observed during isovolumic relaxation (−3 ± 7 percent). The remaining 14 patients all had significant coronary artery disease affecting the anterior wall of the left ventricle. In seven patients, with anterior dyssynchrony or hypokinesia, or both, the cardiokymogram revealed a significant decrease in systolic inward motion to 57 ± 9 percent of total amplitude (P < 0.002) and a significant increase in isovolumic relaxation amplitude to 35 ± 18 percent (P < 0.02). In the other seven patients, with anterior aklnesla or dyskinesia, or both, the cardiokymogram exhibited outward rather than Inward motion during ejection (−40 ± 11 percent). These observations in man are similar to those made with directly Implanted length gauges or ultrasonic crystals in animals subjected to acute myocardial ischemia. The data suggest that cardiokymography is capable of providing a clinical nonlnvaslve analog tracing that corresponds to normal and ischemic left ventricular wall motion. The technique therefore appears applicable to the noninvasive detection and serial evaluation of regional Ischemic contraction abnormalities in man.
Apoptotic Cell Death During Treatment of Leukemias

The apoptosis-associated DNA strand breaks were detected in situ, in individual leukemic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of over 110 patients with different types of leukemia (ALL, AML, CML in blastic crisis, APL), prior to and during routine chemotherapy. The DNA strand breaks were labeled with digoxigenin- or biotin-conjugated dUTP in the reaction catalyzed by exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and the cells, counterstained for DNA, were analyzed by bivariate flow cytometry. The proportion of cells with DNA strand breaks prior to therapy, most likely reflecting spontaneous apoptosis, varied from 0.1 to 16%, but in the large majority of cases was below 3%. Administration of drugs of different classes, which included DNA topoisomerase I (Topotecan) and II (mitoxantrone, VP-16) inhibitors, antimetabolite (ara-C) or microtubule poison (Taxol), all triggered the appearance of cells with extensive DNA breakage, typical of apoptosis, to up to 80%. The peak of the response, measured as maximal percent of cells with DNA strand breaks, which varied between individual patients by as much as factor 10, was generally seen between 8 to 24 h after the initial administration of DNA topoisomerase inhibitors, and somewhat later (48-72 h) during the response to Taxol or ara-C. Thus, the data show that the response to treatment with a variety of drugs, in terms of induction of apoptosis, can be conveniently measured by the present method. The prognostic value of the apoptotic index, before, as well as during treatment, is being estimated for each type of leukemia, in the ongoing prospective studies.
Tissue nucleotides in experimental hydrocortisone diabetes in guinea pigs.

Guinea pigs have been made diabetic by subcutaneous administration of hydrocortisone. Nucleotides and related compounds have been determined in liver, ery throcytes and pancreas of diabetic and normal animals by utilization of anion exchange chromatography and specific enzymatic assays. Changes in components of pancreas and erythrocytes were minor and of questionable significance. The decrease in uridine diphosphate glucose and uridine diphosphate Nacetylglucosamine in liver of diabetic animals was highly significant. The diabetic animals also showed an increased level of adenosine triphosphate in liver. (Endocrinology 77: 467, 1965)
The Ethics of Mechanical Support: The Need for New Guidelines

Each generation of physicians has been faced with new therapies or technologies that have dramatically changed the way medicine is practiced. Usually, mainstream adoption of such medical advances has been an uncomplicated process. Occasionally, these advances require a thorough reexamination of the way that we approach medical care because they represent such a change in patient management that our conventional assumptions no longer apply. New-generation ventricular assist devices (VADs) represent such a technology. VADs have been used in humans for nearly 50 years, but they have only recently seen widespread adoption to the point that they present today's clinicians with ethical challenges on a large scale. In many cases, these issues arise from patient non-compliance or other disruptive behaviors. Similar issues have been seen with organ transplantation, but guidelines and protocols for patient selection and organ allocation have been established, making psychosocial considerations, such as non-compliance and anti-social behavior, part of the selection process. In this way, the ethical issues surrounding organ transplantation have been mitigated, if not solved. To address the growing ethical problems generated by VAD implantation, similar guidelines are necessary. In the 1990s, VADs were used primarily in patients awaiting transplantation who needed interim support until a suitable organ could be identified. For the most part, they were implanted only in transplant centers as a bridge to transplantation (BTT), and VAD candidates were judged by the same criteria used to evaluate patients for transplantation. Thus, if patients were not candidates for transplantation, they were not candidates for VAD insertion. The decision to exclude certain candidates from VAD therapy was made easier because of the linkage of VADs to organs for transplantation, which are a scarce resource, was widely believed to justify limiting their use to situations in which the chance of success was good.
Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity: Modeling Erikson’s Core Stages Over 34 Years

Erikson’s core stages (trust, identity, and ego integrity) were modeled over 34 years from college through the late 1950s among 175 men and women tested on the Inventory of Psychosocial Development (Constantinople, Dev Psychol 1:357–372, 1969) testing the hypothesis that each, although united by the theme of wholeness and continuity, would show distinct developmental trajectories. Stage 1 (Trust versus Mistrust) followed a positive linear trajectory and Stage 5 (Identity versus Diffusion) followed a curvilinear trajectory that leveled off in middle adulthood. Stage 8 (Ego Integrity versus Despair) followed a curvilinear trajectory with an increasing trend in middle adulthood. The unique trajectories for each of the psychosocial crisis stages were expected on the basis of Erikson’s theory. In addition, there was also significant variability in either the mean or slope of each stage demonstrating individual differences in change, a central tenet of Erikson’s life span developmental approach.
Molecular Approaches Toward Resistance to Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Basic research in molecular plant nematology is expanding the inventory of knowledge that can be applied to provide crop resistance to parasitic nematodes in an economically and environmentally beneficial manner. Approaches to transgenic nematode control can be classified as acting (1) on nematode targets, (2) at the nematode–plant interface, and (3) in the plant response. Strategies aimed at nematode targets include disruption of nematode intestinal function through recombinant plant expression of protease inhibitors or Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) toxins, expression of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that cause silencing of essential nematode genes, disruption of sensory nervous system function, and generation of nematicidal metabolites. Methods directed at disruption of the nematode–plant interface include expression of proteins, or dsRNAs, that block the function of nematode parasitism gene products involved in migration through the plant vasculature or feeding site establishment, production of molecules repellent to the nematode, or conversion of the plant to a non-host. Approaches acting through the plant response include expression of a cloned plant resistance gene triggering a hypersensitive response, expression of gene(s) deleterious to the feeding site with a feeding site-specific promoter, and conversion of the plant from sensitive to tolerant. Degrees of resistance have been demonstrated through recombinant expression of protease inhibitors, dsRNAs, and cloned plant resistance genes, although none of these discoveries has yet reached commercialization. The focus of molecular plant nematology on root-knot and cyst nematodes makes it likely that transgenic technology will first be commercially applied to these sedentary endoparasites with eventual application to other species. Successful commercialization of biotechnology-derived crops with nematode resistance that result in large yield benefits for producers as well as environmental benefits will be an important milestone for the discipline of molecular plant nematology and should accelerate further progress.
Generation of Lineage-Related, Mucosally Transmissible Subtype C R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Capable of AIDS Development, Induction of Neurological Disease, and Coreceptor Switching in Rhesus Macaques

Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions are initiated with CCR5 (R5)-using viruses across mucosal surfaces, with the majority in regions where HIV type 1 (HIV-1) clade C predominates. Mucosally transmissible, highly replication competent, pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) encoding biologically relevant clade C envelopes are therefore needed as challenge viruses in vaccine efficacy studies with nonhuman primates. Here we describe the generation of three lineage-related subtype C SHIVs through four successive rapid transfers in rhesus macaques of SHIVC109F.PB4, a molecular clone expressing the soluble-CD4 (sCD4)-sensitive CCR5-tropic clade C envelope of a recently infected subject in Zambia. The viruses differed in their monkey passage histories and neutralization sensitivities but remained R5 tropic. SHIVC109P3 and SHIVC109P3N were recovered from a passage-3 rapid-progressor animal during chronic infection (24 weeks postinfection [wpi]) and at end-stage disease (34 wpi), respectively, and are classified as tier 1B strains, whereas SHIVC109P4 was recovered from a passage-4 normal-progressor macaque at 22 wpi and is a tier 2 virus, more difficult to neutralize. All three viruses were transmitted efficiently via intrarectal inoculation, reaching peak viral loads of 107 to 109 RNA copies/ml plasma and establishing viremia at various set points. Notably, one of seven (GC98) and two of six (CL31, FI08) SHIVC109P3- and SHIVC109P3N-infected macaques, respectively, progressed to AIDS, with neuropathologies observed in GC98 and FI08, as well as coreceptor switching in the latter. These findings support the use of these new SHIVC109F.PB4-derived viruses to study the immunopathology of HIV-1 clade C infection and to evaluate envelope-based AIDS vaccines in nonhuman primates.
Semantic Differential Technique in the Comparative Study of Cultures1

M OST comparisons across cultures are extremely difficult when they concern nonmaterial traits. In part, this is an obvious consequence of the subjective nature of comparisons; in part also, however, this difficulty is attributable to the fact that nonmaterial traits must often be assessed through the medium of language. Indeed, if the Sapir-Whorf psycholinguistic relativity hypothesis were taken literally and considered completely general to all aspects of human cognition, such comparisons would be impossible. The essential point is this: to note differences within any phenomenal domain and order them in any rigorous fashion, one must have certain similarities underlying the phenomena as a frame of reference against which to compare them. Only to the extent that physical objects share such attributes as length, weight, and volume, and to the extent that these attributes can be abstracted and quantified, can comparison be made on anything other than an intuitive basis. The denotative or referential uses of terms-the way the lexicon carves up the world-appear largely arbitrary and unique to particular languages until the ethnolinguist discovers a framework of semantic components that can be imposed comparably on these phenomena. In closely analogous fashion, our own researches over the past few years provide evidence for a universal framework underlying certain affective or connotative aspects of language. These findings enliven the possibility of constructing instruments for measuring these aspects of "subjective culture" comparably in diverse societies-in effect, circumventing the language barrier.' Since the affective reactions people make to symbols and events are important determiners of their overt behaviors with respect to these symbols and events, having comparable means of measuring affective meanings assumes some importance in a world that is rapidly shrinking psychologically, socially, and politically.
Development of social category representations: early appreciation of roles and deontic relations.

Three experiments explored the significance of deontic properties (involving rights and obligations) in representations of social categories. Preschool-aged children (M = 4.8), young school-aged children (M = 8.2), and adults judged the centrality of behavioral, psychological, and deontic properties for both familiar (Experiments 1 and 2, Ns = 50 and 52, respectively) and novel (Experiment 3, N = 64) social categories. Preschool-aged children were the most consistent in treating deontic properties as central: Knowing a person’s social category membership was more informative about obligations than about behavioral frequencies or psychological preferences. Adults treated deontic properties as central to some categories but also recognized a set that was primarily predictive of psychological dispositions. The results argue for the significance of deontic properties in the development of social cognition.
The Structure and Organization of Government: Concepts and Issues

The most basic question about the structure and organization of government is Why we should be concerned about this question at all?' Many of us trained in political science programs during the behavioral revolution were taught to believe that the structures of government were insignificant as a focus for research. The structures ofgovernment became encapsulated in an opaque black box; that part of the political system where decisions were made. Fortunately, this view no longer prevails and there is increasing interest in structural questions, in part generated by the increasing interest in the state as a focus for political inquiry (Dyson, 1980; Benjamin and Elkin, 1985). Much of the work on the state as yet, however, leaves that concept largely undifferentiated and has not dealt systematically with the structure of the state apparatus. Thus, concern for the development of state theory, as well as the concerns of those interested in public policy, has returned structural questions to a more central position in political science.