cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antimitotic action of griseofulvin does not involve disruption of microtubules.

THE antimitotic action of griseofulvin in plant and mammalian cells has been attributed to a colchicine-like disruption of microtubules. Treatment of Vicia faba, Allium root tips or HeLa cells with griseofulvin, for example, resulted in the accumulation of cells at metaphase1–3. The griseo-fulvin-inhibited cells contained abnormal arrays of chromosomes, identical to those produced by treatment of dividing cells with colchicine. Using polarization microscopy, Malawista et al.4 found that the addition of 10−5 M griseofulvin to dividing Pectinaria oocytes reduced the size of the nieiotic spindles, as measured by loss of birefringence. This action was considerably more rapid than with either podophyllotoxin or vinblastine sulphate; moreover, on removal of the griseofulvin, recovery of the spindle also occurred much more rapidly4. Recent evidence indicates that several of the drugs which arrest metaphase interfere with microtubule function through different mechanisms. Colchicine and the vinca alkaloids, for example, bind to tubulin (microtubule protein) at different molecular sites5,6. Griseofulvin does not prevent the binding of colchicine to tubulin, nor does it affect the ability of the vinca alkaloids to stabilize the colchicine binding activity of tubulin5. This suggests that griseofulvin does not bind at either the colchicine or vinca alkaloid binding sites.
CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE DE-EXCITATION OF HELIUM METASTABLE ATOMS BY COLLISIONS WITH ATOMS

The lifetimes of metastable helium atoms $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ and $\mathrm{He}(2^{1}S)$ were measured by a time-resolved optical absorption technique in the afterglow of a pulsed helium discharge at 10-mm pressure with small concentrations of various impurity gases added. The following de-excitation cross sections in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ have been determined for $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$: Ne\char22{}0.28, Ar\char22{}6.6, Kr\char22{}10.3, Xe\char22{}13.9, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$\char22{}6.4, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$\char22{}6.0. The uncertainties are estimated to be \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% for the rare gases and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50% for the molecular gases. $\mathrm{He}(2^{1}S)$ cross sections were measured to be Ne\char22{}4.1, Ar\char22{}55, Kr\char22{}64, and Xe\char22{}103, all times ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The neon cross section is believed reliable to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% but the remaining singlet cross sections may be too high by as much as a factor 2 or 3. The cross sections refer to de-excitation by ionizing collisions except in the case of neon where neon excitation occurs. Competing destruction processes render the singlet cross-section analysis somewhat uncertain except in the case of neon.
Comparisons of Annular Hydrodynamic Structures in 3D Fluidized Beds Using X-Ray Computed Tomography Imaging

Fluidized beds are common equipment in many process industries. Knowledge of the hydrodynamics within a fluidized bed on the local scale is important for the improvement of scale-up and process efficiencies. This knowledge is lacking due to limited observational technologies at the local scale. This paper uses X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging to describe the local time-average gas holdup differences of annular hydrodynamic structures that arise through axisymmetric annular flow in a 10.2cm and 15.2cm diameter cold flow fluidized bed. The aeration scheme used is similar to that provided by a porous plate and hydrodynamic results can be directly compared. Geldart type B glass bead, ground walnut shell, and crushed corncob particles were studied at various superficial gas velocities. Assuming axisymmetry, the local 3D time-average gas holdup data acquired through X-ray CT imaging was averaged over concentric annuli, resulting in a 2D annular and time-average gas holdup map. These gas holdup maps show that four different types of annular hydrodynamic structures occur in the fluidized beds of this study: zones of (1) aeration jetting, (2) bubble coalescence, (3) bubble rise, and (4) particle shear. Changes in the superficial gas velocities, bed diameters, and bed material densities display changes in these zones. The 2D gas holdup maps provide a benchmark that can be used by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) users for the direct comparisons of 2D models, assuming axisymmetric annular flow. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007119]
Variances, repeatabilities, and age adjustments of yield and fertility in dairy cattle.

Breeding receipts from artificial insemination were matched with records of milk yield from northeastern United States. Nine measures of yield and 10 measures of fertility were investigated. A completely random model with herd-year-season, sire, and interaction of sire by herd-year-season was applied by parity; interaction of sire by herd-year-season was not important except possibly for fertility of virgin heifers. Sires accounted for 6 to 7% of yield variation and herd-year-seasons accounted for about 45%. Measures of fertility had small sire variances, and herd-year-season variance was much smaller than for yield. Effects of age within parity were significant for yield from ordinary least-squares analysis. Age adjustment factors were obtained for measures of yield. Repeatabilities of first- and second-parity yield ranged from .40 to .61 whereas repeatabilities of fertility were .03 to .13. Repeatabilities of virgin heifer and first-parity fertility were .01 to .03, suggesting heifer and cow fertility may not be related.
The selection of an Ada compiler for a real-time embedded avionics application

This paper addresses the selection of an Ada cross-compiler, run-time system, and associated tools from a VAX/VMS1host to a Mil-Std-1750A target processor (DOD79). The selection process was performed as part of a proposal for an airborne embedded, multi-tasking avionics application which is scheduled to enter the requirements phase in the fall of 1989.A previous project, the GPSDR (Global Positioning Software Demonstration Receiver) Navigation Software for the TOPEX (Topographical Experiment) / Poseidon satellite, also involved the coding of Ada for a Mil-Std-1750A application from a VAX/VMS host. That project also included a thorough evaluation of the VAX/1750 cross-compilers for Ada and C (DAVIS88) that were available at that time (the fall of 1987). That compiler evaluation and completion of that project therefore contributed to this compiler evaluation. The GPSDR software was also real-time embedded software (which in that case executed on a satellite), so that project was comparable in many ways to the this software project. The compiler comparison results documented here are different from the compiler selection for the GPSDR, because this analysis was performed a year after the TOPEX GPSDR compiler analysis, and the cross-compilers studied have matured substantially in that year.The TOPEX GPSDR effort indicated that Ada can be used for an embedded application with real-time memory and throughput requirements. Assembly language code was necessary only for the ROM area. Although of concern, memory and throughput did not have as tremendous an impact on the design and implementation of the GPSDR as they have had on other Ada embedded projects. That was primarily because of the care with which the cross-compiler selection was made.
Every Voice Matters: The Importance of Advocacy

Over the years parents, professionals, and politicians have come together to advocate on behalf of children’s rights. Advocacy can occur individually, collectively, or a combination of both. Although some advocacy efforts are more successful than others, it is the process of the advocacy and voices behind it that matter most. In this guest editorial, the history of two major advocacy organizations and ideas for becoming an advocate are discussed.
TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 are potential growth regulators for medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas: Evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis☆

Abstract Our previous investigations of transforming growth factor types β1 and β2 (TGFβs) showed negative or positive autocrine growth regulation of gliomas in vitro. Near-diploid gliomas were inhibited by the TGFβs, whereas a stimulatory response correlated with progressive anaplasia and karyotypic divergence. We have tested the hypothesis that cytogenetic aberrations may be associated with conversion of TGFβ autoregulation from inhibitory to stimulatory among other cultured neuroectodermal tumors. Anchorage-independent growth and karyotypic aberrations supported the malignant nature in vitro of two medulloblastoma (MBL), two primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and two ependymoma (EPD) cultures. Transforming growth factor type β1 and/or TGFβ2 RNA was evident by Northern blot analysis among these cell cultures. By radioreceptor assay active TGFβ was present in conditioned medium in concentrations of 0 to 14 ng/mL, whereas the total amount of active and latent TGFβ secreted was in the range of 3 to 118 ng/mL. Expression of the TGFβ radioreceptor (TGFβ-R) types I and II was shown by cross-linking assay. Responses to exogenous TGFβ were determined by [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation, cell counts, and anchorage-independent clonogenicity. Exogenous TGFβ was growth inhibitory for the near-diploid MBL, PNET, and EPD in vitro, as well as antagonistic to the mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin. In contrast, MBL, PNET, and EPD with a hyperdiploid subpopulation were stimulated to proliferate in monolayer culture or soft agar by TGFβ1 and TGFβ2. The growth response did not correlate with TGFβ-R type. Autocrine regulation was supported by antibody neutralization experiments performed with quiescent cells in the absence of exogenous TGFβ. Anti-TGFβ antisera enhanced the growth of TGFβ-inhibited cultures, whereas the TGFβ-stimulated cultures were inhibited by the antisera. Karyotypic divergence seemed to predict response as MBL, PNET, and EPD with hyperdiploid elements exhibited autocrine TGFβ-stimulation. In contrast, the near-diploid cultures were inhibited by the TGFβs. By analogy with the gliomas, conversion of TGFβ autocrine regulation from inhibition to stimulation may be a late progression marker of anaplasia among MBL, PNET, and EPD. Secretion of this TGF, which serves both as a mitogen and immunosuppressive agent, may contribute to the adverse prognosis of hyperdiploid neuroectodermal neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS).
Failure of development of the growing breast after radiation therapy

Four cases are presented in which young girls received radiation therapy to treat childhood malignancies. Subsequently, one breast, which had been included in the radiation field in each case did not develop. This phenomenon has been seen after orthovoltage as well as supervoltage therapy, but is not mentioned in recent diagnostic imaging literature.
Hemodynamic effects of increasing the heart rate in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of pacing the right atrium to produce sinus tachycardia of moderate degree for sustained periods were studied in thirteen patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Although the mean remained stable, the cardiac outputs fell in six patients. In five of these, the fall in cardiac output was one liter per minute or more. In addition, five of the six patients showed electrocardiographic evidence of a previous myocardial infarction. Two patients developed atrial fibrillation during pacing and did not return to sinus rhythm until several hours after pacing had been stopped. Possible mechanisms for the changes in cardiac outputs noted have been discussed. Our data suggest that tachycardias of moderate degree may produce a reduction in the cardiac output, or angina pectoris in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease.
The use of a sequential routing delay in the study of time dependent neutron thermalization

Abstract The problem of relative normalization of different time dependent neutron thermalization spectra is overcome by the use of a device which sequentially increments the time at which the spectra is measured and routes the information to the proper location in the memory of a time analyser.
A graph-theoretic approach for addressing trenching constraints in wind farm collector system design

This paper addresses the topic of automatically computing cable layout designs of large scale wind farms. A network of cables in a wind farm's electrical collector system collects power generated by turbines and brings to the wind farm substation. Frequently, sections of the land area of a large wind farm are restricted for excavating and burying these cables, i.e. trenching. Such restrictions might arise from the landowners, presence of water bodies etc. It is important to take into consideration these real-life constraints in the process of automating designs of optimal wind farm electrical collector systems. This paper presents a graph-theory based methodology for addressing these trenching constraints in optimal collector system designs. The developed methodology has been tested on a real-life large wind farm.
Music preference and taste cultures among adolescents

(1993). Music preference and taste cultures among adolescents. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 55-69.
Cherenkov Imaging Techniques for the Future High Luminosity Machines

The paper discusses Cherenkov Ring Imaging detectors for use in future high luminosity colliders, such as B-factories, or hadron machines, such as the Eloisatron.
Recovery from latent extinction

A 2 by 5 design was utilized to investigate two levels of reward magnitude under conditions including the administration of nonrewarded placements to rats in the start box, mid box, and goal box of a straight runway, with two conditions used as controls for the latent extinction effect. High reward Ss showed faster recovery of start times under partial reinforcement but did not differ from low reward Ss in a prior stage of 100% reward. Nonplacement control Ss displayed faster recovery under partial reward than did Ss in the latent extinction conditions.
Identification of a Heroin Diluent: One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Proton and Carbon‐13 NMR Studies of Procaine Hydrochloride: Computational Studies of Procaine and Its Conjugate Acid

An unknown powder was recently acquired by street ethnographers from a distributor who routinely “cut”, adulterated and diluted, his heroin with this product. We present here the results of one‐ and two‐dimensional (1D and 2D) proton and carbon‐13 NMR studies of this material that resulted in its identification as procaine hydrochloride. In addition, we give the results of ab initio molecular modeling calculations (Hartree‐Fock level, 6‐31G* basis set) for both procaine free base and for its protonated conjugate acid.
Analysis of linearized version of active contours without gradient

This article details the linearization of the active contours without gradient model first developed by Tony Chan and Luminita Vese. The numerical discretization is presented with a discussion of consistency, stability and convergence, and the model is tested with several images. Results show that the convergence of the linear method is accurate, fast and robust in the presence of noise.
Certain immunologic substances in the serum of patients with myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases

Abstract Serum anti-heart hemagglutinins occurred in 29 per cent of patients with myocardial infarction, as compared to 6 per cent of normal control subjects, had a high prevalence in patients with rheumatic heart disease, occurred in 2 of 5 with a cardiomyopathy, and had a very low frequency in individuals who had noncardiac diseases with or without a vascular component. Serum inhibitors of anti-heart hemagglutinations were found in one half of the patients with myocardial infarction and in those having diseases with vascular involvement, e.g., lupus erythematosus, pulmonary embolism, and syphilitic aortitis. The inhibitors found associated with cardiovascular diseases inhibit at either the antigen or antiserum site during the hemagglutination test, whereas the normal sera which display inhibition do so at both sites, suggesting a lack of anti-heart specificity. From these data it appears that, with the sequential use of both the anti-heart hemagglutination technique and the inhibition test, positive results can be obtained in over one half of the patients with myocardial infarction. As diagnostic adjuncts, these tests still offer only limited assistance in the clinical detection of cardiovascular diseases. A positive anti-heart hemagglutination inhibition test alone appears to be related to less specific vascular damage.
Single-cycle performance of idealized liquid-fueled pulse detonation engines

Single-cycle performance estimates of an idealized liquid-fueled pulse detonation engine (PDE) are derived from numerical simulations of detonation of JP-10 fuel droplets in oxygen and in air. Results for a range of fuel droplet sizes, as well as results when some of the fuel is prevaporized, are discussed. For JP-10‐O2, calculations indicate that fuel-based specific impulse is comparable between different cases when the detonation is fully developed by the time it reaches the end of the detonation tube. Time-dependent thrust results, however, depend significantly on the initial form of the fuel. Degradation in total performance occurs when droplet sizes are so large that full transition to a self-propagating state cannot be reached by the end of the tube. For JP-10‐air mixtures, results are similar, but stricter constraints on droplet size and prevaporization level for near-full performance exist. (Smaller droplet sizes and higher levels of prevaporization are required.) Introduction of some initial vapor fuel or heating of the detonation tube extends the droplet size limits at which near-full performance is obtained. More generally, results suggest that, for small enough droplets and/or with sufficient prevaporization of the fuel, liquid-fueled PDEs will provide comparably efficient single-cycle propulsive performance to gaseous fueled PDE devices. Nomenclature A = cross-sectional area of detonation tube Bi = transfer number of the ith droplet C Di = drag coefficient of the ith droplet c p = heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure c p,v = heat capacity of the fuel vapor at constant pressure cv = heat capacity of the gas at constant volume d pi = diameter of the ith droplet
40 MHz Doppler characterization of umbilical and dorsal aortic blood flow in the early mouse embryo.

Abstract Physiological study of the developing mouse circulation has lagged behind advances in molecular cardiology. Using an innovative high-frequency Doppler system, we noninvasively characterized circulatory hemodynamics in early mouse embryos. We used image-guided 43 MHz pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler ultrasound to study the umbilical artery and vein, or dorsal aorta in 109 embryos. Studies were conducted on embryonic days (E) 9.5–14.5. Heart rate, peak blood flow velocities, and velocity time integrals in all vessels increased from E9.5–14.5, indicating increasing stroke volume and cardiac output. Heart rate, ranging from 192 bpm (E9.5) to 261 bpm (E14.5), was higher than previously reported. Placental impedance, assessed by the time delay between the peaks of the umbilical arterial and venous waveforms and by venous pulsatility, decreased with gestation. Acceleration time, a load-independent Doppler index of cardiac contractility, remained constant but seemed sensitive to heart rate. High-frequency PW Doppler is a powerful tool for the quantitative, noninvasive investigation of early mouse circulatory development.
Synthesis and structure of BiFe1.35Al1.65(BO3)4

Abstract Single crystals of the title composition have been grown from a Bi 2 O 3 B 2 O 3 flux. The compound crystallizes in the huntite structure (space group R 32) and constitutes the first example with Bi occupying the (a) site in such a composition. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern and cell parameters are reported.
A Binational Model of Collaboration for Enhancing Cross-border ID Surveillance

This demonstration describes the cross-border collaborative process used by the One Border One Health (OBOH) Surveillance Committee for the development of a transparent methodology to identify and prioritize high-risk zoonotic infectious disease agents along the California-Baja California border.
The development of a taxonomy of wrongdoing in medical practice and research.

Abstract “Ethical disasters” or egregious violations of professional ethics in medicine often receive substantial amounts of publicity, leading to mistrust of the medical system. Efforts to understand wrongdoing in medical practice and research are hampered by the absence of a clear taxonomy. This article describes the authors' process of developing a taxonomy based on (1) reviews of academic literature, ethics codes, government regulations, and cases of wrongdoing; (2) consultation with experts in health law and healthcare ethics; and (3) application of the taxonomy to published cases of wrongdoing in medical research and practice. The resulting taxonomy includes 14 categories of wrongdoing in medical practice and 15 categories of wrongdoing in medical research. This taxonomy may be useful to oversight bodies, researchers who seek to understand and reduce the prevalence of wrongdoing in medicine, and librarians who index literature on wrongdoing.
Emergent properties of spatially organized poly(p-xylylene) films fabricated by vapor deposition

Abstract A novel bottom-up process to deposit structured poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) polymer films, based on oblique angle vapor deposition polymerization, is introduced. In this process, monomer vapors produced by pyrolysis of chemically functionalized p-xylylene precursors are directed at an oblique angle towards a surface to initiate structured polymer growth. Inclined deposition induces growth of PPX nanofibers leading to a nanostructured surface comprising clusters of ∼100–150 nm diameter nanocolumns. Morphology of these films can be controlled by manipulating the substrate rotation during oblique angle deposition (i.e., helical, chevron and columnar morphology). The morphology of the nanostructured PPX films are characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The Gender of the Joke: Intimacy and Marginality in Murri Humour

ABSTRACTMurri Aboriginal humour performances are expressive events in which bodily experiences of policing and agency are discursively commented on in ways that expose Australia's naturalised rationalisations of indigenous governance. Drawing on the ‘out-of-the-way’ position of an indigenous minority encapsulated in the body of the nation-state and the Murri body's intimate ‘out-of-the-way’ folds and crannies, Murri humour delimits and mocks the marginal location Murri people are imagined to spatially and morally occupy within Australia. This work examines how gendered humour renders the Murri individual and social body legible to and for a Murri audience. Such humour performances engage the local and the global, the modern and the traditional, and the hegemonic and the counter-hegemonic in ways that link intimacy, bodies and embodiments to these macro-processes. Unraveling such binaries produces a nuanced analysis in which embodied social actions and sly social critique are captured as they are experienc...
Electronic Resource Management Systems in Practice

Electronic resource management (ERM) systems have inundated the library marketplace. Both integrated library systems (ILS) vendors and subscription agents are now offering products and service enha...
Repeatability and classifier bias in computer-aided diagnosis for breast ultrasound

The purpose was to investigate the repeatability and bias of the output of two classifiers commonly used in computeraided diagnosis for the task of distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. Classifier training and testing were performed within a bootstrap approach using a dataset of 125 sonographic breast lesions (54 malignant, 71 benign). The classifiers investigated were linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and a Bayesian Neural Net (BNN) with 5 hidden units. Both used the same 4 input lesion features. The bootstrap .632plus area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used as a summary performance metric. On an individual case basis, the variability of the classifier output was used in a detailed performance evaluation of repeatability and bias. The LDA obtained an AUC value of 0.87 with 95% confidence interval [0.81; 0.92]. For the BNN, those values were 0.86 and [.76; .93], respectively. The classifier outputs for individual cases displayed better repeatability (less variability) for the LDA than for the BNN and for the LDA the maximum repeatability (lowest variability) lied in the middle of the range of possible outputs, while the BNN was least repeatable (highest variability) in this region. There was a small but significant systematic bias in the LDA output, however, while for the BNN the bias appeared to be weak. In summary, while ROC analysis suggested similar classifier performance, there were substantial differences in classifier behavior on a by-case basis. Knowledge of this behavior is crucial for successful translation and implementation of computer-aided diagnosis in clinical decision making.
Exchange Rate Flexibility, Volatility, and Domestic and Foreign Direct Investment

The impact of exchange rate regimes on domestic and foreign investment in the presence of a short-run Phillips curve is investigated. Producers may diversify internationally to increase the flexibility of production, thereby diversifying country-specific productivity and monetary shocks. Aggregate investment is shown to be higher under a fixed exchange rate than under a flexible exchange rate for both productivity and monetary shocks. Welfare is not, however, necessarily higher under either regime: a flexible exchange rate stabilizes employment in the presence of real shocks at the cost of reduced expected GNP and investment.
Analysis of Sunspot Area over Two Solar Cycles

We examine changes in sunspots and faculae and their effect on total solar irradiance during solar cycles 22 and 23 using photometric images from the San Fernando Observatory. We find important differences in the very large spots between the two cycles, both in their number and time of appearance. In particular, there is a noticeable lack of very large spots in cycle 23 with areas larger than 700 millionths of a solar hemisphere which corresponds to a decrease of about 40% relative to cycle 22. We do not find large differences in the frequencies of small to medium spots between the two cycles. There is a decrease in the number of pores and very small spots during the maximum phase of cycle 23 which is largely compensated by an increase during other phases of the solar cycle. The decrease of the very large spots, in spite of the fact that they represent only a few percent of all spots in a cycle, is primarily responsible for the observed changes in total sunspot area and total sunspot deficit during cycle 23 maximum. The cumulative effect of the decrease in the very small spots is an order of magnitude smaller than the decrease caused by the lack of large spots. These data demonstrate that the main difference between cycles 22 and 23 was in the frequency of very large spots and not in the very small spots, as previously concluded. Analysis of the USAF/NOAA and Debrecen sunspot areas confirms these findings.
NATURAL KILLER CELL RECEPTORS

In the past year, significant strides have been made in understanding natural killing, the process whereby natural killer cells lyse target cells. Recognition of susceptible targets and activation now appear to be mediated by a natural killer cell receptor that binds carbohydrate determinants on target cells and initiates target lysis. Conversely, receptors have been identified that bind MHC class I molecules on targets that inhibit natural killer cell activation. These findings provide the basis for understanding the molecular processes in the initial steps of natural killing.
Modified atmosphere packaging of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L., ev. ‘Sams’) fruit: metabolic responses to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and temperature

Abstract The influence of O2, CO2 partial pressures (pO2pkg and pCO2pkg, respectively), and temperature on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Sam’) fruit respiration was examined in modified atmosphere (MA) packages. Ranges of pO2pkg and pCO2pkg were created by sealing 2–20 fruit in 76.6 μm (3 mil) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) packages stored at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 °C. Steady-state pO2pkg and pCO2pkg were attained within 2 (25 °C) to 10 (0 °C) days. Respiration rates were calculated based on polymer film permeability, thickness, and surface area, steady-state pO2pkg and pCO2pkg, and packaged fruit mass. The Michaelis–Menten equation combined with Q10 was used to model steady-state O2 uptake as a function of temperature and pO2pkg. Estimated maximum respiration at 0 °C (rO2max,0), Q10, and k1/2 values for a combined model (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C) were 36 nmol kg−1 s−1, 2.5, and 0.3 kPa O2, respectively. Estimated k1,2 values increased slightly from 0.3 kPa at 0 °C to 1.0 kPa at 25 °C. The fermentation induction point (FIP), as determined by a specific increase in respiratory quotient (RQ) and ethanol production, also increased from under 1 at 0 °C to over 4 kPa at 25 °C. Removing CO2 from the package did not influence pO2pkg, respiration rates or headspace levels of ethanol or acetaldehyde. Shelf life, as determined by visual appearance, principally decay incidence, was an inverse function of temperature, but was not related to package pO2pkg, pCO2pkg, or respiration rate. CO2 levels usually considered fungistatic (pCO2pkg over 10 kPa) were attained in LDPE packaging of sweet cherries only when fruit were anaerobic.
Chimeric (α/β + α)-Peptide Ligands for the BH3-Recognition Cleft of Bcl-xL: Critical Role of the Molecular Scaffold in Protein Surface Recognition

Molecules that bind to specific surface sites on proteins are of great interest from both fundamental and practical perspectives. We are exploring a ligand development strategy that is based on oligomers with discrete folding propensities ("foldamers"); we target a specific cleft on the cancer-associated protein Bcl-xL because this system is well characterized structurally. In vivo, this cleft binds to alpha-helical segments (BH3 domains) of other proteins. We evaluated several types of helical foldamer, built entirely from beta-amino acid residues or from mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acid residues, and ultimately identified foldamers in the latter class that bind very tightly to Bcl-xL. Our results suggest that combining different types of foldamer backbones will be an effective and general strategy for creating high-affinity and specific ligands for protein surface sites.
Short synthesis of the C1-C14 stretch of discodermolide from building blocks prepared by asymmetric catalysis.

A convergent and stereoselective synthesis of the C1−C14 stretch of (+)-discodermolide demonstrates the utility of the “asymmetric catalysis approach” to complex polypropionates. The preparation of...
“THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY”: COLLABORATION WITH TALCOTT PARSONS1

Parsons and I were friends and colleagues from 1963 until his death in 1979. I recall, herein, a small part of our personal and intellectual relationship, especially that portion having to do with the creation of The American University.
The “Mood Theory”: A Study of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy *

This paper is concerned with assessing the stability of the American public's attention to foreign affairs, and the relationship of this to public support of international programs and commitments. In particular, the paper presents an empirical investigation of the evidence for the “mood theory” proposed by Gabriel Almond as one element of his classic study, The American People and Foreign Policy.The mood theory contends, first of all, that attention to or interest in foreign policy is generally low and subject to major fluctuations in times of crisis.The characteristic response to questions of foreign policy is one of indifference. A foreign policy crisis, short of the immediate threat of war may transform indifference to vague apprehension, to fatalism, to anger; but the reaction is still a mood.On the basis of this premise about attention, Almond predicts that the public will not provide stable support for international commitments undertaken by the U.S. Government.Because of the superficial character of American attitudes toward world politics … a temporary Russian tactical withdrawal may produce strong tendencies toward demobilization and the reassertion of the primacy of private and domestic values.The acceptance of this view by scholars is evidenced by its presentation in important textbooks and treatises. As far as I have been able to determine it has not been challenged.The empirical investigation in this paper considers evidence on both of these variables—attention=interest, and support for foreign policy commitments.
On the question of parentage of localized states

Abstract It is shown that localized states within a gap between valence and conduction bands have either purely conduction or purely valence band parentage even for strong band mixing by the impurity. The demonstration is by direct numerical calculation for a very simple model as well as by argument. Our conclusions tend to confirm the assumptions of Cohen, Fritzsche and Ovshinsky in their model of covalent amorphous semiconducting alloys.
The Influence of Speech Rate Stereotypes and Rate Similarity or Listeners' Evaluations of Speakers:

In this study, the effects of speaker speech rate level, the degree of similarity between listener and speaker rates, and context on listeners' evaluative judgments of speakers were examined. After their own speech rates were assessed, subjects listened to passages of a male speaker, using a fast, moderate or slow speech rate. Also, subjects were told the passages were excerpts from either an informal conversation or an employment interview. After listening to the speech sample, subjects evaluated the speaker on competence and social attractiveness measures. Results indicated that listeners found a speaker with moderate to relative faster rates (actual and perceived) more competent and socially attractive than a speaker with slower rates. Listeners also preferred speakers with rates similar to or marginally faster than their own. The results regarding context were equivocal. Neither main nor interaction effects involving context emerged on either the competence or social attractiveness measures. However, ...
Effect of the manufacturing process on the interfacial properties and structural performance of multi-functional composite structures

A composite integral armor (CIA) structure consists of various layers such as ceramics, rubber and polymer composites assembled in a precise sequence to provide superior ballistic and structural performance at low areal density. CIA structures were originally manufactured in a labor-intensive multi-step process. In recent years, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) has emerged as an affordable manufacturing method for CIA structures. In this paper, the relationship between the manufacturing processes (i.e. VARTM and multi-step) and the mechanical performance of CIA beams is investigated by four-point bend tests. The behavior of the CIA is found to be highly dependent on the mechanism of stress transfer between the layers and the structures are found to fail progressively and provide significant ductility and capacity. The VARTM process is found to produce structures with superior mechanical performance. Moreover, the level of interface adhesion achieved during processing is shown to control the structural behavior of the CIA. Consequently, the Mode I fracture testing of VARTM and multi-step manufactured double-cantilever beams, representative of one interface of the CIA, is characterized. The resistance to crack growth of the specimens is also related to the manufacturing process, with the VARTM specimens achieving the highest fracture toughness.
Transvaginal ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy.

Abstract Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in 139 patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Among these patients, 22 ectopic pregnancies and 117 intrauterine pregnancies were eventually confirmed. Transvaginal ultrasonography definitively identified 18 of 22 (82%) ectopic pregnancies at initial evaluation by either direct visualization of an ectopically placed gestational sac ( N = 14) or failure to visualize an intrauterine gestational sac combined with a level of the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin >1300 mlU/ml (First International Reference Preparation) ( N = 4). Transvaginal ultrasonography definitively diagnosed 103 of 117 (88%) intrauterine pregnancies at initial evaluation. Eighteen patients could not be definitively diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography at initial evaluation because nonvisualization of a gestational sac and a β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin value N = 4), early intrauterine pregnancy ( N = 4), and complete abortion ( N = 10).
The origin of California’s zero emission vehicle mandate

The California Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) rule, adopted in 1990, is arguably one of the most daring and controversial air quality policies ever adopted. Some consider it a policy failure, while others credit it with launching a revolution in clean automotive technology. This paper is the first systematic empirical study of the policy process that resulted in the adoption of the ZEV mandate. We draw upon theoretical frameworks of the policy process, empirical data from public documents, and personal interviews with key stakeholders, to explain how a confluence of technology, policy,
Prediction of Temperature Distributions and Thermal Expansions Within a Fixed Disk-Drive Storage System

The increase in the track densities of disk drive systems has caused the sensitivity of the read/write head alignment to thermal expansions to be a primary design concern. A simple thermal model for predicting the transient temperature distributions and resulting thermal expansions within a disk drive has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing a thermal prediction code in the design process. Experimental measurements of the temperatures within an actual disk drive, including the radial temperature profile on the rotating disks, were made to compare with the model’s predictions. The air temperature in the gaps between corotating disks is nearly 10 percent warmer than air elsewhere within the disk-drive, and there is less than a 2 percent radial temperature variation along the disks. The steady-state temperatures within a disk-drive are very sensitive to slight changes in external heat transfer coefficient under free convection cooling. Thermal expansion predictions imply that thermal gradients along the hub caused by heat sources in the base and axial change in the arm position between neighboring disks are the major contributions to off-track errors.
Aging attenuates the pituitary response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Context: Complex changes in GnRH secretion occur with aging in women, but little is known about the effect of aging on the pituitary per se. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether pituitary responsiveness to GnRH is attenuated with aging. Design and Setting: A GnRH antagonist and graded doses of GnRH were used to isolate pituitary responsiveness in Clinical Research Center studies at an academic medical center. Subjects: Subjects were healthy postmenopausal women (PMW) aged 48–57 yr (n = 10) or 70–77 yr (n= 9). Interventions: A suppressive dose of the NAL-GLU GnRH antagonist (150 μg/kg sc) was administered and was followed by GnRH doses of 25, 75, 250, or 750 ng/kg iv every 4 h. Results: The LH response to GnRH was attenuated with aging (P = 0.05) with an interaction between age and dose (P = 0.01) such that the LH amplitude was less in older PMW at the higher doses (250 ng/kg, 50 ± 9 vs. 29 ± 4.9 IU/liter, for young and old PMW, respectively, P = 0.02; and 750 ng/kg, 97.7 ± 11 vs. 70.2 ...
In Vitro Estimation of Relative Iron Availability in Breads and Meals Containing Different Forms of Fortification Iron

An in vitro method was used to estimate relative availabilities of eight iron fortification sources under a variety of conditions. The eight iron sources examined were: ferrous sulfate, ferric orthophosphate, ferric sodium pyrophosphate, ferrous fumarate, reduced iron (hydrogen), reduced iron (carbonyl) and two sources of reduced iron (electrolytic). When incorporated into breads or complex meals, seven of the sources tested showed only slight differences in relative availability compared to the ferrous sulfate control. Ferric orthophosphate showed consistently lower relative availability. The baking process did not substantially alter the relative availabilities of nonheme iron in breads and meals containing the different iron fortification sources. Variation in meal composition had a greater influence on the availability of the nonheme iron in the meal than the form of fortification iron incorporated into the meal.
Angiotropic Large Cell Lymphoma (Intravascular Lymphomatosis) Occurring After Follicular Small Cleaved Cell Lymphoma

Angiotropic large cell lymphoma is a rare, aggressive type of malignant lymphoma that primarily involves intravascular spaces and most often has clinical manifestations in the skin and central nervous system. Virtually any organ can be affected, however, including the lymph nodes and spleen. Peripheral blood involvement is usually not detectable morphologically. Conventional lymphoma in association with this entity has also been described. Herein we present a case of angiotropic lymphoma of B-cell lineage that affected the liver and skin. Reanalysis of a lymph node specimen that had been excised 3 years previously demonstrated a follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of possible evolution of follicular lymphoma to large cell lymphoma of angiotropic type.
A Triangle Shape Dipole Antenna with Enhanced Pattern Stability for Wideband Phased Antenna Array Systems

This paper presents a new wideband microstrip fed antenna for phased array applications. The presented antenna consists of two modified triangle shape dipoles, and provides wide usable bandwidth of 84% and 93% impedance bandwidth for phased antenna array systems. In addition, it provides endfire radiation patterns with high gain, low cross polarization level, and wide beamwidth
Cr:LiSr 0.8 Ca 0.2 AlF 6 tunable laser

A new congruent melting compound intermediate between the solid solutions of LiCaAlF6 and LiSrAlF6 is reported. When doped with Cr3+ ion, the new compound (Cr:LiSr0.8Ca0.2AlF6) has demonstrated room-temperature lasing in the spectral region from 750 to 950 nm. This material has mechanical properties similar to those of Cr:LiCaAlF6 and a broadband laser tuning range similar to that of Cr:LiSrAlF6. Long-pulse, flash-lamp-pumped lasing with 1.25% overall efficiency is reported by using a rod cut from an earlier boule.
Annual Variations in Length of Copepods in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda1

Measurements of cephalothorax length were made on the females of five species of oceanic copepods for the period from January 1958 through August 1959. The seasonal length variations of the three species of Pleuromamma (P. piseki, P. abdominalis and P. xiphias) followed the cycle in total phytoplankton. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the mean lengths of P. abdominalis and P. piseki and the mean quantity of phytoplankton of the month previous to sampling, but there was no correlation between length and temperature.The seasonal length variations of females of Haloptilus longicornis and Lucicutia flavicornis differed in pattern from that of the Pleuromamma species and no correlation was found between their mean lengths and the annual cycles of phytoplankton or temperature. These species may feed selectively on some possibly unmeasured fraction of the plankton or on particulate organic matter.Previous work has shown that in waters with a wide temperature range there is a high negative correlation between length and temperature and no correlation between length and phytoplankton. In other regions with an intermediate temperature range the sizes of successive generations of copepods are correlated to almost equal degree with the temperature and the quantity of phytoplankton available during growth. In the Sargasso Sea, where there is a narrow temperature range but a definite seasonal cycle in total phytoplankton, the length variations of the Pleuromamma species are correlated with the phytoplankton cycle and not with temperature.
Real-Time PCR in Clinical Microbiology: Applications for Routine Laboratory Testing

Real-time PCR has revolutionized the way clinical microbiology laboratories diagnose many human microbial infections. This testing method combines PCR chemistry with fluorescent probe detection of amplified product in the same reaction vessel. In general, both PCR and amplified product detection are completed in an hour or less, which is considerably faster than conventional PCR detection methods. Real-time PCR assays provide sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of conventional PCR combined with Southern blot analysis, and since amplification and detection steps are performed in the same closed vessel, the risk of releasing amplified nucleic acids into the environment is negligible. The combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, and speed has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to culture- or immunoassay-based testing methods for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the application of real-time PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
In-Flight Calibration of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Laser Rangefinder

Abstract The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission began a year-long rendezvous with 433 Eros on 14 February 2000. The NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR) will measure ranges from the spacecraft to the surface of Eros with a single shot accuracy of a few meters. The NLR topographic data, when combined with doppler tracking of the spacecraft, will enable determinations of the asteroid's shape, mass, and density and will contribute to understanding of its internal structure and collisional evolution. NLR is the first space-borne laser altimeter with an in-flight calibration capability, achieved by means of an optical fiber which directs a small portion of every outgoing laser pulse back to the receiver with a known, fixed time delay. Key results of groundbased and in-flight calibrations of NLR are presented for: in-flight measurement of receiver noise statistics, confirmation of instrument stability over the 4-year cruise to Eros, absolute calibration of range measurements for ideal targets (flat, uniform surfaces normal to the boresight), and a prediction of single-pulse detection probability and range errors in the presence of pulse dilation from nonideal target surfaces, based on a Webb's approximation model of receiver performance. We find that pulse dilation is the major source of uncertainty in the single-shot range measurements from NLR, and that this uncertainty is consistent with the 6-m range measurement requirement for NEAR.