cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential sensitivities of fetal muscle groups to d-tubocurarine

Nine fetal lambs were instrumented for long-term intrauterine recording of electrocorticogram electrooculogram, electyromyogram of the dorsal neck muscle, the quadriceps femoris, and the diaphragm, monitoring of blood pressure, and measurement of heart rate. d -Tubocurarine (0.1 to 0.8 mg) was administered intravenously to the fetus over a 1-minute interval. Increasing doses of d -tubocurarine selectively blocked various muscle groups, with the extraocular muscles being the most sensitive. Comparison of the median effective dose for neuromuscular blockade of the extraocular muscles/nuchal muscle/diaphragm was 1:2.5:6. The duration of action of d -tubocurarine was directly related to the relative sensitivities of the different muscle groups, which are ranked from most sensitive to least sensitive as extraocular muscles, nuchal muscle, and diaphragm. Fetal electrocorticogram continued to cycle despite total neuromuscular blockade. However, there was an increase in synchronized and mixed activity, which was predominantly due to an increase in cycle numbers, and a decrease in desynchronized activity, which was predominantly due to shorter cycle lengths. During total neuromuscular blockade, there was also a significant decrease in heart rate during synchronized and mixed electrocorticogram states but not during a desynchronized electrocorticogram state, thus resulting in a loss of the heart rate difference normally seen between synchronized and desynchronized states. Fetal blood pressure did not change with total neuromuscular blockade.
Finite elements simulation of buoyancy-driven flows with emphasis on natural convection in a horizontal circular cylinder

Abstract A finite element model for density-driven flow based on a penalty function approximation and a Petrov-Galerkin formulation which retains high accuracy for fully irregular meshes is presented and applied to the simulation of natural convection in horizontal circular cylinders heated from below and cooled from above.
The anatomy of social network linkages

Abstract Social network analysis has developed impressively during the last quarter century, producing a variety of formal models and innumerable field studies. However problems of articulation have developed between the formal models and field studies. This paper is predicated upon the judgement that the solution to this difficulty lies in more (not less) highly elaborated formal models. The aim is to present a means for representing a very broad range of social phenomena using digraphs. Departing from an anatomical investigation of the linkages and nodes of conventionally represented network structures, and from a modified exchange-theoretic concept of sanction, means are presented for conceiving social interaction as flows of sanctions and messages which are depicted as arcs in a diagraph whose nodes represent social actors. Means are also presented for representing value systems, belief systems, and message content in digraph terms. Finally, several implications are discussed of the proposed conception of networks. It is suggested that its employment in the field may increase the range of phenomena formally expressible in network models, without thereby making excessive demands for inaccessible data. Second, means are proposed for experimentally realizing selected digraphs in the small-group laboratory and for coordinating field with laboratory investigations. Third, suggestions are made for integrating social network analysis with a formal decision theory, such as mathematical decision theory or bargaining theory. The result is formal models to which systems theory may be applied as a methodology for system simulations.
When Transitions Between Bursting Modes Induce Neural Synchrony

We study the synchronization of bursting cells that are coupled through both excitatory and inhibitory connections. We extend our recent results on networks of Hindmarsh–Rose bursting neurons [Belykh et al., 2014] to coupled Sherman β-cell models and show that the addition of repulsive inhibition to an excitatory network can induce synchronization. We discuss the mechanism of this purely synergenic phenomenon and demonstrate that the inhibition leads to the disappearance of a homoclinic bifurcation that governs the type of synchronized bursting. As a result, the inhibition causes the transition from square-wave to easier-to-synchronize plateau bursting, so that weaker excitation is sufficient to induce bursting synchrony. We dedicate this paper to the memory of Leonid P. Shilnikov, the pioneer of homoclinic bifurcation theory, and emphasize the importance of homoclinic bifurcations for understanding the emergence of synchronized rhythms in bursting networks.
Negative index in the presence of chirality and material dispersion

By using a true phasor approach and slowly varying envelope approximations along with Maxwell's equations and the constitutive relations in their respective domains (time and frequency, respectively), we derive expressions for the allowable propagation vector(s), electromagnetic fields, Poynting vectors, phase, energy, and group velocities in a medium where independent material parameters such as permittivity, permeability, and chirality are frequency dependent, including not only the carrier (e.g., optical) frequency but excursions around the carrier. One definition of negative index, viz., contradirection of the propagation and Poynting vector, demands a large value for the chirality parameter, which may not be physically attainable. We show that by incorporating dispersions in these (independent) material parameters, it may be possible to achieve negative index as defined through contradirected phase and group velocities for a range of carrier frequencies that are lower than the resonant frequency for the aforementioned material parameters as described through the Lorenz (for permittivity and permeability) and Condon (for chirality) models, and without violating the upper bound on the chirality. This has the added advantage that losses will be minimal, and further justifies our approach of using real functions for the material parameters.
Generative and Regulative Issues in Urbanizationto Plan or Not to Plan

This Introduces a Set of six articles discussing propositions about two kinds of planning, labeled by Douglas Uzzell "generative planning" and "regulative planning.” Governmentally sponsored Third World planners have for years promoted urbanization, and now many developing countries have more urban population than can be absorbed by industrial growth. These people attempt to meet their needs through informal economic activity and generative planning. The articles in this issue report on situations in Peru, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Hong Kong, [planning, urbanization, economy, informal sector]
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF LABORATORY-OBSERVED PRESCHOOL BEHAVIORAL DISINHIBITION AT FIVE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP

Background Behavioral disinhibition refers to a temperamental tendency to exhibit boldness, approach, and spontaneity in unfamiliar situations. We previously found it to be associated with childhood disruptive behavior and mood disorders, as well as with parental bipolar disorder. In the present study, our objective was to examine the diagnostic outcome in middle childhood of behavioral disinhibition assessed at preschool age among offspring at risk for anxiety and mood disorders. Methods The sample consisted of 284 children, including offspring of parents with panic disorder or major depression and comparison offspring of parents without these disorders, who had been assessed with laboratory observations of temperament at ages 21 months to 6 years. We reassessed 215 of the children (77%) at 5-year follow-up (mean age 9.6 years) with structured diagnostic interviews. Results Compared with noninhibited, nondisinhibited control subjects, behaviorally disinhibited children had higher lifetime rates of comorbid mood plus disruptive behavior disorders and higher current rates of any disruptive behavior disorder and of oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusions Behavioral disinhibition appears to be a temperamental antecedent of disruptive behavior disorders and their comorbidity with mood disorders in middle childhood, which may be targeted for preventive intervention.
Introduction to Symposium on the Frontiers of Labor Process Theory

Although Karl Marx first conceptualized the labor process in Capital, the explosion of interest in labor process theory (LPT) as an entry point for the study of work did not occur until the last quarter of the 20th century. With the 1974 publication of Harry Braverman’s landmark Labor and Monopoly Capital, Braverman demonstrated how the labor process was crucial to understanding capitalist accumulation and the production of surplus value in the late 20th century. By the late 1970s, LPT had blossomed into a flourishing field with numerous U.S. and British academics both extending and revising Braverman’s theses. Thirty years later, LPT has taken off in numerous directions which were initially unforeseen by the field’s early theorists. Along the way an established international conference and book series emerged which presented (and continues to present) the latest research and theoretical developments in LPT. Thirty-five years after the publication of Labor and Monopoly Capital, this symposium on LPT surveys the developments in the field as LPT has matured, approaching middle age. In this symposium, three of the world’s top LPT scholars have provided significant contributions analyzing the field’s historical stages. In the first essay, Dr. Paul Thompson, Professor and Head of the Department of Human Resource Management at the University of Strathclyde Business School and Dr. Chris Smith, Professor and Head of the School of Management, Royal Holloway, University of London, argue that LPT has continually revitalized itself when confronted by a number of practical and intellectual challenges such as the competition between capitals; the competition between workers as owners of labor power; the clash between technology and people; and the use of new and established employer strategies of extracting more labor power through such things, for example, as deskilling, upskilling, automation, movement of capital, substitution of labor, industrial engineering, and ideological or hegemonic struggles over identity, culture and/or values. In the second essay, Dr. Stephen Ackroyd, Professor of Organisational Analysis at the Lancaster University Management School, provides us with an interpretive history of the developments of LPT in Britain, with brief discussions of developments in the field outside Employ Respons Rights J (2009) 21:251–252 DOI 10.1007/s10672-009-9117-3
Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults.

Summary Background & aims The impact of vitamin D supplementation in overweight and obese adults during resistance training on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance was investigated. Methods Twenty-three overweight and obese (age: 26.1 ± 4.7 y; BMI: 31.3 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 ; 25-hydroxyvitamin D: 19.3 ± 7.2 ng/mL) adults were recruited for participation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were randomly divided into vitamin D (VitD, 4000 IU/d; 5 females, 5 males) and placebo (PL; 7 females, 6 males) groups. Both groups completed 12 weeks of resistance training. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, body composition, and glucose tolerance were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Muscle function (strength and power) was assessed at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results During the intervention, 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased and parathyroid hormone decreased in the VitD group ( P P R 2 = 0.205, P = 0.02). No other improvements were observed with supplementation. Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation in overweight and obese adults during resistance training induced an early improvement in peak power, and elevated vitamin D status was associated with reduced waist-to-hip ratio. Clinical trial registration number: NCT01199926.
A reproductive hazards research agenda for the 1990s. Research Needs Working Group.

There is substantial scientific and public concern about the potential effects of occupational and environmental toxicants on reproductive health. These effects include impaired functioning of the ...
Hydrophobic Interactions between Dissimilar Surfaces

Abstract An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure surface forces between a glass sphere and a silica plate. When the measurements were conducted between untreated surfaces, a “short-range” hydration force with decay lengths of 0.4 and 3.0 nm was observed. When the surfaces were hydrophobized with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), on the other hand, long-range hydrophobic forces with decay lengths in the range of 2–32 nm were observed. The force measurements were conducted between surfaces having similar and dissimilar hydrophobicities so that the results may be used for deriving an empirical combining rule. It was found that the power law force constants for asymmetric interactions are close to the geometric means of those for symmetric interactions. Thus, hydrophobic force constants can be combined in the same manner as the Hamaker constants. A plot of the power law force constants versus water contact angles suggests that the hydrophobic force is uniquely determined by contact angle. These results will be useful in predicting hydrophobic forces for asymmetric interactions and in estimating hydrophobic forces from contact angles.
Improving US Regulation of Imported Foods

This chapter provides an overview of the amalgamation of disparate elements that make up the food import regulatory system in the United States. This patchwork collection of authorities provides a useful laboratory to observe the effectiveness of the different regulatory approaches. The author discusses how this knowledge could best be used to create a more effective, prevention-based import regulatory system.
Differential secretion of proLHRH fragments in response to [K+], prostaglandin E2 and C kinase activation.

Abstract ProLHRH contains the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) decapeptide and a 56 amino acid peptide designated gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP). We studied the effects of various known secretagogues of LHRH on the in vitro release of proLHRH fragments from the median eminence (ME) and subsequently characterized these immunoreactive products according to molecular weight (MW). GAP- and LHRH-like immunoreactive (LI) materials were secreted simultaneously into the media under basai conditions. Prostaglandin E 2 stimulated release of both peptides by approximately 2-fold. Both phorbol ester and [K + ] stimulated release of GAP-LI by 4-fold and LHRH-LI by 9-fold over baseline levels. When materials from [K + ]-stimulated media were separated according to MW by high performance size-exclusion chromatography, a single peak eluted at 1300 MW in the same position as synthetic LHRH. Two GAP-LI peaks were observed. One eluted in the void volume, while the predominant peak co-eluted with synthetic rat GAP 1–56 at approximately 6500 MW. These results indicate that GAP and LHRH are co-secreted, that they are released as intact peptides, and that activation of different intracellular pathways may cause their differential secretion. These results emphasize the importance of using both in vitro and Chromatographie methodologies to evaluate the changes which may occur in LHRH prohormone processing and secretion.
A Cytological Study of a Triploid Rhoeo discolor

Triploid Rhoeo discolor exhibits various chromosomal configurations at diakinesis and metaphase-I. These are univalents, chains of from 2-18 chromosomes, rings containing from 2-4 chromosomes. Triple chiasmata is commonly observed in the triploid. Diploid Rhoeo discolor forms a circle of twelve chromosomes at meiosis. Interstitial chiasmata is reported in 2 cells in the triploid. Pollen fertility is much higher in the diploid than in the triploid. Laggards at anaphase-I and the degeneration of one or more cells in a tetrad is frequently observed in the triploid. The segmental complex formula can be explained on the basis of the complex of diploid Rhoeo, this having a circle of 12 chromosomes. A segmental formula has been evolved for the triploid in which it is supposed that the configuration at diakinesis would be a ring of ring bivalents and rod chromosomes joined together alternately.
Lift and cut biopsy technique for submucosal sampling

The lift-and-cul biopsy technique is proposed for the evaluation of selected lesions of the gastric submucosa. The safety and success of the procedure is due to the use of a biopsy forceps to raise a pedicle of tissue before snaring and electrocoagulation. When the specimen is properly obtained and oriented for sectioning, the procedure consistently yields submucosa. It may offer an alternative to exploratory lapdrotomy for the purpose of adequate biopsy.
The problem of demodulation during inference rule application

This article is the twenty-second of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find criteria for deciding when to permit and when to avoid demodulation during the application of inference rules, focusing mainly on hyperresolution, UR-resolution, and hyperparamodulation. Since these three inference rules admit natural points at which one or more demodulators (rewrite rules) could be applied-for example, after the removal of a literal or the replacement of a term-and since the dominant practice is to demodulate only after an inference rule has been completely applied, the proposed research focuses on an intriguing alternative. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we suggest problems from mathematics, logic, circuit design, program verification, and the world of puzzles.
The Impacts of Employee Benefits, Procedural Justice, and Managerial Trustworthiness on Work Attitudes: Integrated Understanding Based on Social Exchange Theory

Recent public management literature has emphasized the influence of human resource management (HRM) policies, including traditional benefits, family-friendly benefits, procedural justice, and managerial trustworthiness, on work attitudes. However, little research in public administration has explored more detailed impacts of each HRM policy. This article provides an integrated understanding of the impacts of HRM policies using social exchange theory. In addition, the moderating impacts of procedural justice and managerial trustworthiness on the relationship between employee benefits and work attitudes are examined. Using the Federal Human Capital Survey 2008 data set, the authors find that two types of employee benefits, procedural justice, and managerial trustworthiness are positively related to job satisfaction, whereas family-friendly benefits, managerial trustworthiness, and procedural justice are negatively associated with turnover intention. The implications of these findings are thoroughly discussed.
The impact of NSF on the care of patients with kidney disease.

The association of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) with the use of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast agents (GBMCAs) has greatly affected the care of patients with kidney disease. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis has been reported in patients with end-stage renal disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury. The majority of cases have occurred in patients with end-stage renal disease, but cases of NSF have been reported in CKD patients with glomerular filtration rates less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Odds ratios have ranged between 8.97 and 32.5 among patients exposed to GBMCAs. Given the significant morbidity, disability, and mortality associated with NSF, it is imperative to properly and preemptively identify those patients at risk. Patients with end-stage renal disease seem to be at highest risk, particularly those maintained on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Although there are no data to support a role for hemodialysis in reducing the risk for NSF after the administration of GBMCAs, hemodialysis is recommended within 2 to 3 hours. Patients maintained on PD and those with CKD present a challenge, as they do not typically have vascular access for hemodialysis, yet the clearance of GBMCAs is very low, and it may be prudent to consider hemodialysis especially for PD patients. Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast agents are removed by dialysis, with estimates that about 99% of a dose is removed after 3 to 4 sessions of hemodialysis. The elimination half-life averaged 9 hours in patients with stage 4 CKD (glomerular filtration rate 2 ) compared with 1.5 hours in those with normal glomerular filtration rates. This prolonged elimination and longer exposure may be important factors in predisposing to NSF.
Structure of zinc halide-based glasses

Abstract Raman spectroscopic studies on the multicomponent zinc halide-based glasses are summarized and X-ray absorption spectra of the glasses are measured along with zinc halide crystals in order to investigate the structure of the glasses and to obtain the structural parameters. Raman spectra are well explained by a structural model in which the glasses have two types of halides ions, i.e., bridging and non-bridging halide ions, and the glass network is composed of corner-sharing ZnX4 tetrahedra. The X-ray absorption spectra have been analyzed by means of a curve-fitting method using theoretical backscattering amplitudes and phase shifts. Bond distances between zinc and halide ions are shorter than those of the corresponding ZnX2 crystals by 0.01 to 0.02 A. Coordination numbers of the glasses are smaller than those expected from Raman spectroscopy.
Lead free (K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric ceramics and transducers

Recent advances in (K,Na)NbO3-based ferroelectrics is reviewed, with special emphasis on the (K,Na)NbO3-LiTaO3-LiSbO3 system. Processing issues are elaborated on. The importance of precursor purity, moisture sensitivity and oxygen content on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties will be shown. Properties of prototype transducers are given and it will be shown that high performance metrics reminiscent to PZT-4 based transducers can be reached. Origins of high piezoelectric activity in the (K0.5Na0.5Li0.04)(Nb0.86Ta0.04Sb0.06)O3 is discussed, where it will be shown that this particular composition has a polymorphic phase transition in the vicinity of room temperature, and does not exhibit a morphotropic phase boundary..
Classification and equivalence in estimation theory

We give a rapid review of some recent developments in nonlinear filtering and suggest a method of classification of estimation problems based on the Lie algebra generated by the operators which appear in the conditional density equation. This is, to some extent implicit in [1] and [2]. We then go on to study a natural class of automorphisms of this algebra thus giving a systematic method of generating problems of equivalent difficulty. Finally, we give here a new class of nonlinear filtering problems which have filtering equations which are themselves nonlinear in an essential way.
Early Strength Development and Hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement/Calcium Aluminate Cement Pastes

Abstract The early strength development of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)/calcium aluminate cement (CAC) pastes (92.5/7.5, 80/20, and 20/80) was studied. Conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy methods were used to monitor the heat evolution and microstructural changes of these pastes. It is apparent that ettringite formation contributes to the early “set strength” in the 80/20 paste. The OPC hydration seems to be delayed by the presence of CAC.
Antigenic diversity of cytochromes c3 from the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio

An indirect enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISA) was developed for cytochrome c3 using antisera to the cytochromes fromDesulfovibrio africanus Benghazi, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough andDesulfovibrio salexigens British Guiana. The ELISA system was used to test for cross-reactions between these antisera and the heterologous antigens. In contrast to previous experiments using the Ouchterlony technique, all of the cytochromes c3 tested exhibited some degree of cross-reaction. Considerable variation was seen in cross-reactions for cytochromes c3 from differing strains ofD. desulfuricans. This observation raises questions about the taxonomic relatedness of these strains. No cross-reaction was seen with eukaryotic cytochrome c or withD. vulgaris cytochrome c553. The data demonstrate that cytochrome c3 is capable of undergoing nonprecipitating cross-reactions, and thus may not be as immunologically unique as was once thought.
Outcomes of cocaine-induced gastric perforations repaired with an omental patch.

Crack cocaine has been associated with acute gastric perforation. The appropriate surgical treatment and long-term outcomes remain unclear. A retrospective chart review of all gastroduodenal perforations associated with crack cocaine use was performed. Data abstracted included details of short- and long-term outcomes. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to evaluate surgical outcomes. Over the 14-year period ending December 2005, 16 cases of crack-induced gastric perforations were identified. Most (75%) were treated with an omental patch. The other patients underwent a formal antiulcer operation, including one vagotomy and pyloroplasty (V&P), one vagotomy and antrectomy, one subtotal gastrectomy, and one ulcer excision and V&P. All patients after antiulcer procedures were followed for a median of 63 months (range 27–120) with no recurrences. Follow-up data were available in 75% of the omental patch patients. Recurrence of disease was observed in 56% of these omental patch patients at a median of 20 months (range 11–39). Those without recurrence were followed for a median of 67 months (range 12–96). The recurrence rate was borderline lower in the antiulcer group (P = 0.072). Omental patch closure results in a recurrence rate over 50% compared with no recurrence for formal antiulcer procedures.
Law enforcement and the National Violent Death Reporting System: a partnership in the making

“Police agencies throughout the country are realizing the potential of comprehensive, integrated databases for crime fighting and crime prevention. Using data more effectively allows police to do their job better in protecting and defending the citizenry.” Daniel B Bibel, Crime Reporting Unit, Massachusetts State Police The above quote1 provides a backdrop for the importance to law enforcement of comprehensive and integrated databases, such as the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). The NVDRS can aid law enforcement’s efforts to design community level interventions, thereby ultimately reducing crime. Similarly the NVDRS can aid in the development and implementation of strategies to prevent injury and protect and improve health. Collaboration with law enforcement provides public health agencies with increased access to violent death data otherwise unavailable to them. In turn, through collaboration with public health agencies, law enforcement can obtain a more comprehensive view of violent deaths. Case information provided by coroners and medical examiners, death certificates, and child fatality review teams can supplement data routinely collected by law enforcement, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)’s Supplementary Homicide Reports, trace information of firearms gathered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), crime lab case files, state and local police reports, and other investigative records. States that participate in the NVDRS, however, currently collect information from four primary data sources: death certificates, medical examiner/coroner records, law enforcement record, and crime laboratory records. Over time, additional sources that are particularly useful for specific kinds of death may be added to the system.2 A comprehensive view of data from all sources is necessary to fully understand violent deaths in the US. This commentary contains a brief description of the benefits of collaboration between law enforcement and public health in the implementation and utilization of the NVDRS. It contains …
Synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with ribonuclease T1

Abstract The effect of substrate concentrations on the rate of the synthetic reaction of ribonuclease T 1 has been studied to determine conditions favoring optimum incorporation of cytidine into the dinucleotide diphosphate, pG-C. A 4-fold excess of guanosine 5′-phosphate-2′,3′-cyclic phosphate (donor) facilitated 65 % incorporation of cytidine (acceptor). Favorable incorporation of oligocytidylic acids was also obtained although with increasing chain lengths both the rate and extent of synthesis is decreased. Donor excesses which give maximum incorporation of acceptor retard, but do not prevent, ribonuclease T 1 -catalyzed depolymerization of G-C during the condensation of pG > p and C.
Effective and field-effect mobilities in Si MOSFETs

Utilisation a la fois de la mobilite effective et de la mobilite a effet de champ pour caracteriser les MOSFETs. Tels qu'elles sont definis, seule la mobilite effective predit correctement le courant de drain
Estimating Queue Size in a Computer Network Using an Extended Kalman Filter

An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate queue size in a network. This paper presents the derivation of the transient queue behavior for a system with Poisson traffic and exponential service times. This result is then validated for ideal traffic using a network simulated in OPNET A more complex OPNET model is then used to test the adequacy of the transient queue size model when non-Poisson traffic is combined. The extended Kalman filter theory is presented and a network state estimator is designed using the transient queue behavior model. The behavior of the network state estimator is than investigated.
Constructing a Quasi-Controlled Environment A Comparison with Alternatives in an Experimental Law Enforcement Program

Three alternative techniques are utilized for evaluation of a law enforcement experiment. (I) forecasting holding the experimental variables constant to compare with the observed time series, (2) interrupted time series analysis, and (3) contrasting observed experimental results with a controlled environment. Each of the first two have theoretical or practical weaknesses noted in the literature of econometrics and sociometries. The third approach is to construct, from a set of 72 alternatives, a control group appropriate to the circum stances of the test for the purpose of evaluation. A technique is presented for selecting the best quasi-control group. This technique should find suitable application in situations in which the first two alternatives would be inappropriate. Test results do not differ sig nificantly among the three alternatives.
Use of a Heavy Inoculum in the In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of 19 Cephalosporins

The in vitro activity of 19 cephalosporins against 105 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was determined by using a heavy inoculum, i.e., 10(8) to 10(9) organisms per ml, to maximally challenge the antibiotics. The anti-staphylococcal activities of cephaloridine and 87/312 were consistently decreased by the use of a heavy inoculum when compared with the activity obtained with two less-concentrated inocula. The activity of most of the other compounds was also decreased with the use of a heavy inoculum, but this was observed only with selected isolates. Cephapirin, cephalothin, and cefazaflur were the most active drugs against the methicillin-susceptible isolates. Cephaloridine, cefamandole, cefazaflur, and 87/312 had substantial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci even with heavy inocula. With the exception of cefaclor against S. aureus, the orally absorbed cephalosporins were generally one-half to one-sixteenth as active as the parenterally administered cephalosporins. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of five of the 12 parenteral cephalosporins were lower with the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus than with the methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis strains.
Two-Color Electric Field Resolved Transient Grating Spectroscopy of an Oligophenylenevinylene Dimer

Two-color transient grating signals for an oligophenylenevinylene dimer and monomer are measured using spectral interferometry. It is shown that the spectral phases of the signals are particularly sensitive to nuclear dynamics and relaxation.
Dehydration of glucose to organic acids in microporous pillared clay catalysts

Glucose is an abundant and renewable feedstock for chemicals production. The objective of this study was to determine if microporous pillared-clay catalysts could promote the shape-selective, partial dehydration of glucose to organic acids. Iron-, chromium-, and aluminum-pillared montmorillonite catalyst powders were prepared. The iron-pillared montmorillonite had the most open pore structure in the > 10Arange. Pore slit widths of at least 10Aallowed the 8.6Aglucose molecule to diffuse and react directly within the catalyst micro- and meso-pores. Each catalyst powder was reacted with 0.75 M glucose solution (4 g catalyst/150 ml) within a well-mixed Parr autoclave reactor for 0–24 h at temperatures ranging from 130–170°C. All of the catalysts tested promoted four acid-catalyzed reactions: isomerization of glucose to fructose, partial dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), rehydration and cleavage of HMF to formic acid and 4-oxopentanoic acid, and coke formation. The Fe-pillared montmorillonite provided the highest glucose conversion rate, with 100% glucose conversion attained within 12 h at 150°C. This catalyst also provided the lowest selectivity of the HMF (the reaction intermediate) and the highest selectivity of formic acid (the final product) in the bulk phase at an optimum temperature of 150°C. Apparently, the fraction of pores in the 10–25Arange allowed glucose to diffuse into the microporous matrix, but also trapped the bulky HMF molecule within the micropores, thus directing the reaction scheme to the final organic acid products. However, 4-oxopentanoic acid selectivities were low ( < 20%), and coke formation was as high as 0.4 g coke/g catalyst, implying carbonization of final reaction products.
Prostate-specific antigen in clinical practice

Currently, in the United States (US), most prostate cancers are diagnosed through screening with digital rectal examination (DRE) and measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The serum PSA level correlates directly with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness, as well as the outcomes after treatment. PSA testing is also useful in monitoring patients for tumor recurrence after treatment. PSA testing has limited specificity for prostate cancer detection, and its appropriate clinical application has been the topic of debate. Accordingly, several variations on the PSA measurement have emerged as useful adjuncts for prostate cancer screening. These take into consideration additional factors, such as the proportion of different PSA isoforms (free PSA, complexed PSA, pro-PSA and B PSA), the prostate volume (PSA density), and the rate of change in PSA levels over time (PSA velocity or PSA doubling time). Widespread PSA screening is associated with a 75% reduction in the proportion of men who present with metastatic disease since 1985-89 in the US and a 32.5% reduction in the age-adjusted prostate cancer mortality rate through 2003. The history and evidence underlying each of these parameters are reviewed in the following article.
Disney’s Second Line: New Orleans, Racial Masquerade, and the Reproduction of Whiteness in The Princess and the Frog

In New Orleans, second line parades typically run concurrent with main line parades, although they take separate routes and incorporate those who would usually remain on the sidelines. These neighborhood-based parades provide an opportunity for memorialization and the cultivation of critical skills for leadership and community organization. In this essay, I argue that Disney’s The Princess and the Frog plays the role of a “second line” in Disney’s genre of “princess” films. While Disney attempts to produce Princess Tiana as empowered, grounded, and down-to-earth, the colorful film still relies heavily on reproductions of racial ideologies that sanitize the everyday lives of African-Americans and normalize whiteness.
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN TERM AND PRETERM CORD BLOOD MONOCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES. 1737

Phagocytosis is an important element in host defense, and deficiencies may be reflected in decreased immune competence in neonates. In the present study, we analyzed phagocytosis in monocytes and granulocytes from term and preterm cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Heparinized whole blood was incubated(37°C) with formalin-fixed propidium iodide-labeled Staph. aureus (S.a.). RBC were then lysed and samples analyzed by flow cytometry. Internalization of bacteria was confirmed using fluorescent confocal microscopy. Time course analysis indicated that the initial relative rate of phagocytosis observed in full term cord blood monocytes was 57% lower than adult monocytes. Furthermore, phagocytosis of S.a. by full term cord blood monocytes reached maximal levels within 15 min, while phagocytosis in adult monocytes plateaued at approximately 25 min. The relative quantities of bacteria internalized by monocytes were also determined after 20 min incubation with S.a. Cord blood monocytes from both term and preterm (25-32 wk gestational age) neonates contained 61% less S.a. than adult monocytes. Monocytes from preterm infants did not differ significantly from full term. Full term cord blood granulocytes exhibited maximal rates of ingestion which were comparable to adult cells, but 47% less maximal internalization at 20 min incubation. Preterm cord granulocytes exhibited a trend toward diminished internalization relative to full term cells. These data suggest that monocytes and granulocytes from term and preterm neonates exhibit diminished capacity to phagocytize S.a. relative to adult cells.
An Average Distance Based Self-Relocation and Self-Healing Algorithm for Mobile Sensor Networks

The sensing coverage of a wireless sensor network is an important measure of the quality of service. It is desirable to develop energy efficient methods for relocating mobile sensors in order to achieve optimum sensing coverage. This paper introduces an average distance based self-relocation and self-healing algorithm for randomly deployed mobile sensor networks. No geo-location or relative location information is needed by this algorithm thereby no hardware such as GPS is required. The tradeoff is that sensors need to move longer distance in order to achieve certain coverage. Simulations are conducted in order to evaluate the proposed relocation and self-healing algorithms. An average of 94% coverage is achieved in the cases that we are examined with or without obstacles.
The Discretionary Behavior of Principals in Large-City Schbols:

Decisions and the day to day behavior of school principals are explored within the framework of Michael Lipsky's theory of "street-level bureau cracy. "Areas of analysis involve principalship accom...
Dual Channel Detection of Ultra Low Concentration of Bacteria in Real Time and via Scanning Fcs

We describe a novel method to detect very low concentrations of bacteria in water. Our device consists of a portable horizontal geometry small confocal microscope with large pinhole and a holder for cylindrical cuvettes containing the sample. Two motors provide a fast rotational and slow vertical motion of the cuvette so the device looks like a simplified flow cytometer without flow. To achieve high sensitivity the design has two detection channels. Bacteria are stained by two different nucleic acid dyes and excited with two different lasers. Data are analyzed with a correlation filter based on particle passage pattern recognition. The passage of a particle through the illumination volume is compared with a Gaussian pattern in both channels. The width of the Gaussian correlates with the time of passage of the particle so one particle is counted when the algorithm finds a match with a Gaussian in both channels. The concentration of particles in the sample is deduced from the total number of coincident hits and the total volume scanned. This portable setup provides higher sensitivity, low cost and it could have a wide use ranging from clinical applications to pollution monitors and water and air quality control.
Overall damage and elastoplastic deformation in fibrous metal matrix composites

Abstract A phenomenological constitutive model for fibrous composite materials with a ductile matrix is postulated incorporating damage mechanics with micromechanical behavior. The model is first formulated in an undamaged composite system and then transformed consistently achieved in terms of an overall damage tensor M for the whole composite. In the process of formulating this model, interesting results are obtained demonstrating the necessity of using a non-associated flow rule for plasticity in the damaged composite system together with a Hill's type yield criterion. It is also shown that using a Ziegler-Prager kinematic hardening rule for the ductile matrix leads to a general kinematic hardening rule for the composite that is a combination of a generalized Ziegler-Prager model and a Phillips-type model. Finally, an explicit expression for the elastoplastic stiffness tensor for the damaged composite is obtained.
Lattice point theory in polyhedra

The exact order of the remainder term is determined in the formula for the number of lattice points in the region α1∥u1 + b1∥ + α2∥u2 + b2∥ + … + αr∥ur + br∥ ≤ x in dependence on the arithmetical properties of the coefficients α1, α2,…, αr.
Early use of MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in young adults with stroke

article i nfo Objectives: The misdiagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in young adults is a significant problem since patients may have many decades of potential disability. Also, proven therapies for acute stroke may not be administered if there is an initial misdiagnosis. We assessed the hypothesis that early use of MRI, arrival by ambulance, and pre- sentation to a Primary Stroke Center (PSC) would be associated with a reduced rate of misdiagnosis. Methods: A prospective database of young adults (ages 16-49 years) with ischemic stroke (final diagnosis pro- vided by vascular neurologists) was reviewed. We collected information on several variables, including age, race,arrival byambulance,whetherbrainMRIwasperformedwithin48 h,andinitialpresentationtoaPSC.Vari- ables were tested against emergency department (ED) misdiagnosis using univariate and multivariate methods. Results:77 patients with a mean age of 37.9 years were reviewed. 48.3% of patients arrived by ambulance, 53.2% had a brain MRI within 48 h, and 23.4% initially presented to a PSC. The overall rate of ED misdiagnosis was 14.5%. In multivariate testing, performance of MRI within 48 h (p=0.023) was associated with a lower rate of misdiagnosis and age b35 years was linked with greater likelihood of misdiagnosis (p=0.047). Conclusions: Early performance of MRI leads to greater accuracy of stroke diagnosis in young adults presenting to the ED. Patients less than age 35 years have a greater risk of misdiagnosis. ED physicians and neurologists should consider early use of MRI in young adults with stroke-like deficits and diagnostic uncertainty. © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Pharmacologic blockade of 12/15-lipoxygenase ameliorates memory deficits, Aβ and tau neuropathology in the triple-transgenic mice

The 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15LO) enzyme is widely distributed within the central nervous system. Previous work showed that this protein is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and plays an active role in the development of brain amyloidosis in amyloid beta (Aβ)-precursor protein transgenic mice (Tg2576). In the present paper, we studied the effect of its pharmacologic inhibition on the AD-like phenotype of a mouse model with plaques and tangles, the triple-transgenic mice. Compared with mice receiving placebo, the group treated with PD146176, a specific 12/15LO inhibitor, manifested a significant improvement of their memory deficits. The same animals had a significant reduction in Aβ levels and deposition, which was secondary to a decrease in the β-secretase pathway. In addition, while total tau-soluble levels were unchanged for both groups, PD146176-treated mice had a significant reduction in its phosphorylation state and insoluble fraction, which specifically associated with decrease in stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity. In vitro study showed that the effect on tau and Aβ were independent from each other. These data establish a functional role for 12/15LO in the pathogenesis of the full spectrum of the AD-like phenotype and represent the successful completion of the initial step for the preclinical development of 12/15LO inhibitors as novel therapeutic agents for AD.
Observation of multiple vibrational modes in ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with molecular-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy

Multiple vibrational modes have been observed for copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) adlayers on Ag(111) using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Several important new experimental features are introduced in this work that significantly advance the state-of-the-art in UHV-TERS. These include (1) concurrent sub-nm molecular resolution STM imaging using Ag tips with laser illumination of the tip–sample junction, (2) laser focusing and Raman collection optics that are external to the UHV-STM that has two cryoshrouds for future low temperature experiments, and (3) all sample preparation steps are carried out in UHV to minimize contamination and maximize spatial resolution. Using this apparatus we have been able to demonstrate a TERS enhancement factor of 7.1 × 105. Further, density-functional theory calculations have been carried out that allow quantitative identification of eight different vibrational modes in the TER spectra. The combination of molecular-resolution UHV-STM imaging with...
The Heat Content of the Upper Ocean During Coastal Upwelling: Oregon, August 1973

Abstract Data obtained at a time-series station during intense coastal upwelling off Oregon were applied to a model of heat conservation for the upper 8 m, and a thermal eddy diffusivity (horizontal) of 300 M2s−1 was computed. Horizontal advection and horizontal diffusion both appeared to be more important than surface heat exchange in producing changes in heat content. Hourly changes in heat content were quite large, and it appears that advection and diffusion varied appreciably in conjunction with changing tidal currents.