cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Planar Array for Digital Beamforming and Direction-of-Arrival Estimations

A compact uniplanar design of 2-D antenna arrays is presented for digital beamforming (DBF) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimations. The array is based on switchable microstrip slot antennas that are series fed in one dimension and parallel fed in the other dimension. In conjunction with spatial multiplexing of local elements (SMILE) techniques, the array is able to use both the series- and parallel-fed antennas for 2-D beamforming and DOA estimations. The combination of series and parallel feeding provides a simple way of constructing 2-D DBF arrays with a simple and uniplanar feed network. Other advantages are its low cost and compatibility with a microwave integrated circuit process for the receiver system. A 4 times 4 receiving array test bed at a 5.5-GHz operating frequency is fabricated, and DBF and DOA tests on this test bed are successfully demonstrated.
Minimum-cost virtual-topology adaptation for optical WDM mesh networks

This study considers reducing cost to ISPs by allowing them to dynamically lease only the required amount of bandwidth from network operators in order to satisfy their customers' traffic needs. Network operators can also generate additional revenue from this approach by leasing out the spare bandwidth to time-of-the-day-insensitive applications. We study a virtual-topology adaptation model for the ISP based on minimizing its total dollar cost for running its network. Relative to the flat-rate model (where the ISP's topology is fixed based on worst-case traffic), our minimum-cost virtual-topology adaptation method can yield significant cost savings of over 21% (based on a US ISP network employing realistic traffic and bandwidth costs). Our optimization approach is based on a mixed integer linear program (MILP) which nominally adds or deletes one link (lightpath) in the ISP's virtual topology at a time after a certain observation period, which is a few hundreds of seconds.
Nosocomial Branhamella catarrhalis in a paediatric intensive care unit: risk factors for disease.

Abstract There have been few reports on Branhamella catarrhalis as a nosocomial pathogen, and no risk factors for nosocomial infection have been identified. We report 11 cases (mean age 22 months) of nosocomial Branhamella catarrhalis respiratory tract infection in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a two-year period. There were 2 cases of pneumonia and 9 cases of bronchitis. Branhamella catarrhalis was the sole isolate recovered in 6 cases and was associated with other respiratory pathogens in 5 cases. A case-control study with two age-matched controls per patient (mean age 24·1 months) was undertaken to identify potential risk factors for infection; risk factors identified were the presence of an endotracheal tube ( p p B. catarrhalis isolates from PICU patients revealed no plasmids. B. catarrhalis should be considered a potential nosocomial pathogen.
Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation

Summary Reasons for performing study: Subjective evaluation of mild lameness has been shown to have poor interobserver reliability. Traditional methods of objective lameness evaluation require specialised conditions and equipment. Wireless inertial sensor systems have been developed to allow for simple, rapid, objective lameness detection in horses trotted over ground. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivities of an inertial sensor system and subjective evaluation performed by experienced equine practitioners at detecting lameness in horses. We hypothesised that the inertial sensor system would identify lameness at a lower level of sole pressure than a consensus of 3 experienced equine veterinarians. Methods: Fifteen horses were fitted with special shoes that allowed for lameness induction via sole pressure. Horses were simultaneously evaluated by 3 equine veterinarians and a wireless inertial sensor system. Horses were subjected to multiple trials: 1) before inserting the screw; 2) after inserting the screw to just touch the sole; and 3) after tightening the screw in half turn increments. The number of screw turns required for lameness identification in the correct limb by the inertial sensors and by consensus of 3 equine veterinarians was compared using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The inertial sensor system selected the limb with the induced lameness after fewer screw turns than did the 3 veterinarians (P<0.0001). The inertial sensor system selected the correct limb before the 3 veterinarians in 35 trials (58.33%), the evaluators selected the correct limb before the inertial sensors in 5 trials (8.33%), and in 20 trials (33.33%) they selected the correct limb at the same time. Potential relevance: The inertial sensor system was able to identify lameness at a lower level of sole pressure than the consensus of 3 equine veterinarians. The inertial sensor system may be an effective aid to lameness localisation in clinical cases.
Melancholia: The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Depressive Illness

List of patient vignettes Acknowledgements Preface 1. Melancholia: a conceptual history 2. Melancholia defined 3. Defining melancholia by psychopathology 4. Defining melancholia: laboratory tests 5. Examination for melancholia 6. The differential diagnosis of melancholia 7. Suicide in melancholia 8. Electroconvulsive therapy for melancholia 9. Achieving effective ECT 10. The validity of the pharmacotherapy literature in melancholia 11. Basic pharmacotherapy for melancholic patients 12. Pharmacotherapy of melancholia: complicating circumstances.
Maximal reverse skyline query

Given a set S of sites and a set O of objects in a metric space, the Optimal Location (OL) problem is about computing a location in the space where introducing a new site (e.g., a retail store) maximizes the number of the objects (e.g., customers) that would choose the new site as their "preferred" site among all sites. However, the existing solutions for the optimal location problem assume that there is only one criterion to determine the preferred site for each object (i.e., the metric distance between objects and sites), whereas with numerous real-world applications multiple criteria are used as preference measures. In this paper, for the first time we develop an efficient and exact solution for the so-called Multi-Criteria Optimal Location (MCOL) problem that can scale with large datasets. Toward that end, first we formalize the MCOL problem as maximal reverse skyline query (MaxRSKY). Given a set of sites and a set of objects in a d-dimensional space, MaxRSKY query returns a location in the space where if a new site s is introduced, the size of the (bichromatic) reverse skyline set of s is maximal. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to define and study MaxRSKY query. Accordingly, we propose a baseline solution for identification of the optimal location.
Symbiont distribution along a light gradient within an intertidal cave

The potentially lethal bleaching of invertebrates through loss of their algal symbionts is a major global conservation issue; cnidarians in such interactions could potentially withstand environmental change by having multiple symbiotic partners whose physiologies vary with critical field parameters such as temperature and light. Spatial variation in symbiont distributions in the field is a strong indicator of such potential. We show that, in an association between an abundant temperate sea anemone and its two endosymbionts, the dinophyte Symbiodinium muscatinei (zooxanthellae) and an unidentified green alga (zoochlorellae), densities and ratios of anemones’ symbionts change along a light gradient generated by intertidal caves in Washington state. In the laboratory, the photosynthetic performance of zooxanthellate anemones exceeded that of zoochlorellate anemones under high irradiance levels (.100 mmol quanta m 22 s 21 ). Further, field sampling revealed that caves are divided into three distinct regions based on anemones’ algal complements: a brown region of zooxanthellate anemones near the mouth of the cave, a green region of zoochlorellate anemones in the middle of the cave, and a white region of algae-free anemones near the back of the cave. These data, together with field reciprocal transplant experiments showing algae-free anemones’ ability to regrow algae consistent with local physical conditions, suggest that algal performance (vs. host selection) determines observed variation in these symbioses. Our results support the idea that temperate, as well as tropical, host‐symbiont associations can respond plastically to environmental change. Our data also suggest that intact symbioses in adult hosts are surprisingly stable; bleaching may be required in rearranging host‐symbiont associations.
Randall K. Wilson. America's Public Lands: From Yellowstone to Smokey Bear and Beyond

Randall Wilson is interested in roughly 650 million acres of federal land that the United States collectively manages through its federal government. In a nation where the logic of private property...
Smoking Among Low-Income Pregnant Women: An Ethnographic Analysis

This article presents findings from a qualitative study of 53 low-income women who were smokers at the onset of pregnancy. Study participants were interviewed during pregnancy to document smoking trajectories and factors contributing to, or undermining, harm reduction and quit attempts. Thirty percent of women quit smoking completely, 43% engaged in sustained harm reduction, and 26% reduced their smoking levels intermittently. Case studies of women are presented to illustrate reasons for quitting, harm reduction practices, and factors influencing relapse and smoking continuation. Women's motivations to quit are highlighted. Moral identity as a mother was found to be a key motivating factor behind women's quit attempts. Future programs targeting this population would do well to acknowledge moral identity as an issue and recognize the challenges of quitting for women with limited social support and little control over their immediate environment.
Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison: The Reproduction of Juvenile Justice for Young Adolescents Charged With Murder

In Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the sentencing of juveniles to death violated the constitutional amendment against cruel and unusual punishment. Similarly, the Court most recently decided that life without parole for nonhomicide offenses is also unconstitutional (Graham v. Florida, 2010). Part of the reason for the Court’s decisions is the lack of consensus as to the appropriateness of punishing juveniles as if they were adults. To examine the extent to which there is consensus as to the capital penalties for capital crimes, this article examines a population of young juveniles who were initially charged with murder, and then subsequently convicted in criminal court and sentenced to life in prison. As is the case with adults, not all juveniles were convicted in criminal court for their initial charge of murder. But unlike for adults, a proportion of eligible juveniles were adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court or received youthful offender in criminal court, resulting in a l...
Demand-Driven, Symbolic Range Propagation

To effectively parallelize real programs, parallelizing compilers need powerful symbolic analysis techniques [13, 6]. In previous work we have introduced an algorithm called range propagation [4] that provides such capabilities. Range propagation has been implemented in Polaris, a parallelizing Fortran compiler being developed at the University of Illinois [7]. Because the algorithm is relatively expensive and several compilation passes make use of it, we have studied opportunities for increasing its efficiency. In this paper we present an algorithm that provides range analysis on-demand. We have implemented this algorithm in Polaris as well, and have measured its effectiveness.
Management of Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence is a common condition that often impairs quality of life. It is generally caused by a variety of conditions that are associated with anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction and/or diarrhea. A detailed characterization of symptoms, particularly bowel habits, is useful for assessing symptom severity and guiding management. A careful digital rectal examination is invaluable for gauging anal resting and squeeze pressures and anorectal evacuation. Tests should be tailored to age, symptom severity, and response to previous therapy. Anorectal manometry and sphincter imaging are useful starting tests. Depending upon the clinical circumstances, additional testing and therapeutic options may be useful. Fecal continence can be improved by measures to regulate bowel habits and pelvic floor retraining. Surgical repair of anal sphincter defects improves fecal continence in the short but not in the long term. Newer surgical therapies and devices are of limited and/or unproven utility.
Requirement for Integrase during Reverse Transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and the Effect of Cysteine Mutations of Integrase on Its Interactions with Reverse Transcriptase

Retroviral integrase catalyzes the essential step of integrating a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral genome into a host cell chromosome. Mutational studies have revealed that integrase is involved in additional steps of viral replication, but the mechanism for the pleiotropic effect is not well characterized. Since Cys residues generally play crucial roles in protein structure and function, we introduced Cys-to-Ser substitutions at positions 56, 65, and 130 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase to determine their effects on integration activity and viral replication. None of the substitutions significantly affected the enzymatic activities in vitro. When introduced into the NL4-3 molecular clone of HIV-1, mutant viruses encoding Cys mutations at positions 56 and 65 of integrase replicated similarly to the wild-type virus in CD4+-T-cell lines, whereas the C130S-containing virus was noninfectious. The entry and postintegration steps of the viral life cycle for all mutant viruses were normal, and all had particle-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. However, early reverse-transcribed DNA products were absent in the lysate of cells infected with the C130S mutant virus, indicating that the mutation abolished the ability of the virus to initiate endogenous reverse transcription. Coimmunoprecipitation using purified integrase and RT showed that the C-terminal domain of wild-type HIV-1 integrase interacted with RT. The interaction between integrase and RT was not affected in the presence of a reducing or alkylating agent, suggesting that the interaction did not involve a disulfide linkage. The C130S substitution within the core region may disrupt the protein recognition interface of the C-terminal domain and abolish its ability to interact with RT. Our results indicate that integrase plays an important role during the reverse-transcription step of the viral life cycle, possibly through physical interactions with RT.
Long-term outcomes of the Ross operation in children and adults

Abstract As the popularity of the Ross operation grows, so does the population of patients with a pulmonary autograft in the aortic position and a pulmonary homograft in the pulmonary position. Initial success with the surgery has been encouraging. However, concerns are now being raised regarding the consequences of trading one-valve disease for the possibility of two-valve disease. These include autograft longevity, homograft longevity, reoperation rates, sequelae of coronary reimplantation, arrhythmias and exercise performance. We are now several decades from the inception of the procedure and can begin to critically evaluate the long-term success and morbidity of the Ross operation.
Van der Waerden, Goudsmit, and Heisenberg: A Letteral Triangle

This chapter presents very important post-war correspondence between Van der Waerden, Heisenberg, and Goudsmit. They discuss goals and deeds of the Third Reich physicists. Heisenberg presents his version of his famous September 1941 Copenhagen meeting with Bohr.
An Investigation of Film Thickness Effect on Mechanical Properties of Au Films Using Nanoindentation Techniques

This paper presents the results of nanoindentation experimental studies of Au thin films with different thicknesses. The effects of film thickness and microstructure on the hardnesses of electron-beam deposited Au films were studied in terms of Hall-Petch relationship. The effects of different thicknesses on indentation size effects (ISE) are explained within the framework of mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) theory using the concept of microstructural length scale.
Localization from connectivity: 1-Bit maximum likelihood approach

We consider the problem of determining the location of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor ad hoc network when only connectivity information is available, i.e., one only knows if a pair of nodes are within a fixed radio range (distance) of each other but does not have access to exact or even approximate distance information. We propose a maximum likelihood based reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the node positions in a d-dimensional Euclidean space. The original problem formulation results in constrained minimization of a negative log-likelihood with respect to n × n symmetric positive semidefinite matrices Q for an n-node network, and is a convex optimization problem. We recast this problem into a non-convex optimization problem with respect to X where Q = X T X. We link our algorithm to existing results which confirm that the nonconvex optimization problem with m × n X provides a global solution to its convex equivalent for certain choices of m. We demonstrate that our algorithm is empirically successful for both uniform and irregular networks, using only a few anchor nodes. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate improved performance of the proposed algorithm relative to the MDS algorithm and a variant.
Resistance to Biotype C Greenbug in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats Derived from Triticum tauschii

Resistance to Biotype C Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was identified in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal var. strangulata and T. tauschii var. typica were sources of resistance in the synthetic hexaploid wheat tested. Resistance from typica was dominant and that from strangulata was incompletely dominant. Genes for resistance from the 2 sources may differ. Greenbug resistance from T. tauschii var. strangulata and ‘Amigo’ wheat (derived from rye) were controlled by different genes. The 18 synthetic hexaploids were found to be susceptible to Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal, Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici Eriks, and wheat streak mosaic virus.
Visualization of Matrix Singular Value Decomposition

(1983). Visualization of Matrix Singular Value Decomposition. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 161-167.
Inline Protein A Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies

Purification of antibodies is an important first step to produce material for in depth characterization of biotherapeutics. To reduce the resource burden incurred by protein purification, we developed a high throughput protein A affinity capture step coupled to inline mass spectrometry (PrA-MS). Our method enables both UV quantitation of antibodies and product characterization of an intact molecule with microgram quantities of material. When purification and analysis are coupled along with the low material demand, PrA-MS is widely applicable to protein characterization and is uniquely advantageous for moieties that rely on molecular stoichiometry. Two model systems were studied using PrA-MS and are presented here: (a) bispecific antibodies (bsAb) and (b) glycan engineered antibodies. In the bsAb samples, hetero- and homodimer species, along with partial molecule, were readily identified and quantified directly from harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF). In the glycan engineered antibodies, fully afucosylate...
Modeling the effect of elastic point contact on dynamic response

We present a general, theoretical model describing the three-dimensional elastic behavior of point contacts. We provide a prescription for employing the model in a variety of physical systems and describe in detail how the model enables the use of lower-dimensional dynamic models while including approximate three-dimensional behavior of elastic point contacts. We conduct a series of experiments to validate the model for extensional and cantilever oscillators, and find good agreement between our measurements and the predictions of the model. We observe that the phenomenological effects of elastic point contacts can be significant and believe that our model will be useful to a broad range of research and engineering disciplines.
Measuring the Spatial Pattern of Ethnic Groups in San Antonio's Eastside: A Spatial Analysis Approach with the Colocation Quotient

The study of cities has evolved and shifted paradigms from the early local resources viewpoint, to the morphology perspective, and to the more recent spatial approach. Through these different angle...
An unusual cause of thigh pain in colonic cancer. Inflammatory oncotaxis

Colonic carcinoma metastasis in order of frequency to the liver, lung, bone and brain. Metastases elsewhere are unusual. We report a very rare case of metastatic spread to skeletal muscle and skin. There follows a review of the theories of anomalous metastatic localization. Inflammatory oncotaxis is offered as the most likely explanation of this phenomenon. The importance of good history taking in colorectal cancer follow up clinics is emphasised.
Functional Dyspepsia and Gastroparesis.

Background: Upper gastrointestinal disorders typically present with common symptoms. The most relevant non-mucosal diseases are gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia and rumination syndrome. The literature pertaining to these 3 conditions was reviewed. Key Messages: Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach. The cardinal symptoms include postprandial fullness (early satiety), nausea, vomiting and bloating. The most frequently encountered causes of these symptoms are mechanical obstruction (pyloric stenosis), iatrogenic disease, gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, cyclical vomiting and rumination syndrome. The most common causes of gastroparesis are neuropathic disorders such as diabetes, idiopathic, post-vagotomy and scleroderma among myopathic disorders. Principles of management of gastroparesis include exclusion of mechanical obstruction with imaging and iatrogenic causes with careful medication and past surgical history. Prokinetics and anti-emetics are the mainstays of treatment. Functional dyspepsia is characterized by the same symptoms as gastroparesis; in addition to delayed gastric emptying, pathophysiological abnormalities include accelerated gastric emptying, impaired gastric accommodation and gastric or duodenal hypersensitivity to distension and nutrients. Novel treatments include tricyclic antidepressants in patients with normal gastric emptying, acotiamide (acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor) and 5-HT1A receptor agonists such as buspirone. Rumination syndrome is characterized by repetitive regurgitation of gastric contents occurring within minutes after a meal. Episodes often persist for 1-2 h after the meal, and the regurgitant consists of partially digested food that is recognizable in its taste. Regurgitation is typically effortless or preceded by a sensation of belching. This has been summarized as a ‘meal in, meal out, day in, day out' behavior for weeks or months, differentiating rumination from gastroparesis. Patients often have a background of psychological disorder or a prior eating disorder. Treatment is based on behavioral modification. Conclusion: Precise identification of the cause and pathophysiology of upper gastrointestinal symptoms is essential for optimal management.
TH-AB-209-01: Making Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) Practical for in Vivo Imaging by Integration of a Dedicated High-Performance X-Ray Source in Conjunction with Micro-CT Functionality

Purpose: To make benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) practical for routine preclinical imaging tasks with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by deploying, integrating, and characterizing a dedicated high-performance x-ray source and addition of simultaneous micro-CT functionality. Methods: Considerable research effort is currently under way to develop a polychromatic benchtop cone-beam XFCT system capable of imaging GNPs by stimulation and detection of gold K-shell x-ray fluorescence (XRF) photons. Recently, an ad hoc high-power x-ray source was incorporated and used to image the biodistribution of GNPs within a mouse, postmortem. In the current work, a dedicated x-ray source system featuring a liquid-cooled tungsten-target x-ray tube (max 160 kVp, ∼3 kW power) was deployed. The source was operated at 125 kVp, 24 mA. The tube's compact dimensions allowed greater flexibility for optimizing both the irradiation and detection geometries. Incident x-rays were shaped by a conical collimator and filtered by 2 mm of tin. A compact “OEM” cadmium-telluride x-ray detector was implemented for detecting XRF/scatter spectra. Additionally, a flat panel detector was installed to allow simultaneous transmission CT imaging. The performance of the system was characterized by determining the detection limit (10-second acquisition time) for inserts filled with water/GNPs at various concentrations (0 and 0.010–1.0 wt%) and embedded in a small-animal-sized phantom. The phantom was loaded with 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 wt% inserts and imaged using XFCT and simultaneous micro-CT. Results: An unprecedented detection limit of 0.030 wt% was experimentally demonstrated, with a 33% reduction in acquisition time. The reconstructed XFCT image accurately localized the imaging inserts. Micro-CT imaging did not provide enough contrast to distinguish imaging inserts from the phantom under the current conditions. Conclusion: The system is immediately capable of in vivo preclinical XFCT imaging with GNPs. Micro-CT imaging will require optimization of irradiation parameters to improve contrast. Supported by NIH/NCI grant R01CA155446; This investigation was supported by NIH/NCI grant R01CA155446
Ecto-5’-Nucleotidase (CD73): Genomic Cloning and Characterization of Regions Upstream of the Translation Start Site

Ecto-5’-nucleotidase (5’-NT, CD73) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates to the corresponding nucleosides, which are then able to enter cells via facilitated diffusion and participate in purine salvage or are catabolized to uric acid. 5’-NT is expressed on a variety of cell types including lymphocytes, transitional cell mucosa, the basal layer of nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium, and the stromal cells of human breast cancers.1 There are at least three examples where 5’-NT and adenosine deaminase (ADA), a second purine salvage pathway enzyme, are expressed in a reciprocal fashion in adjacent layers of cells: the thymus2, 3, the developing mouse embryo4, and the retina5. Additionally, an examination of the specific cell types which express 5’-NT and ADA in murine gastrointestinal tract tissues revealed that ADA was localized to the superficial layers of the squamous epithelium of the tongue and esophagus6, while 5’-NT was found in the basal layer of human oral mucosa, a similar tissue1. Because 5’-NT and ADA are expressed in a reciprocal manner in some tissues, we hypothesize that these molecules may share genetic elements which regulate their expression in a coordinated manner. In order to evaluate this hypothesis extensive characterization of the 5’-NT promoter region is necessary. This initial characterization will create a framework upon which additional experiments can directly assess the interactions between factors which regulate the expression of 5’-NT and ADA.
The key to a data parallel compiler

We present a language-driven strategy for the construction of compilers that are inherently data-parallel in their design and implementation. Using an encoding of the inter-node relationships between nodes in an AST called a Node Coordinate Matrix, we demonstrate how an operator called the Key operator, that applies a function over groupings of array cells grouped and ordered by their keys, when used in conjunction with a Node Coordinate Matrix, permits arbitrary computation over sub-trees of an AST using purely data-parallel array programming techniques. We discuss the use of these techniques when applied to an experimental commercial compiler called Co-dfns, which is a fully data-parallel compiler developed using the techniques discussed here.
The ‘Reality’ of Contradiction

‘Logic’, Hegel writes, ‘is the all-animating spirit of all sciences, the determinations of thought as found in logic are the pure spirits’ (En.L, §24, add. 2). The theological scenario sketched out above provides the context for what I have called the ‘banalization’ which Hegel’s doctrine of contradiction undergoes in the course of the development of his system. Hegel leaves no doubt that it is precisely in logic, in the study of pure thought, that we achieve the rational cognition of God. But since God as ‘essence’ is ‘the infinite goodness that lets its own show freely issue into immediacy and grants it the joy of xistence’ (En.L, §131, add.), it is necessary to know God as well in the concrete forms of manifestation or Erscheinungsformen of this essence: to discover’His’ truth in the untruth of everything which is not ‘Him’.Thus, just as God who is infinite ‘spirit’ animates the entire universeof merely finite modes of existence, so too logic as the science of infinite form is the ‘spirit’ which ‘animates’ all merely finite sciences. Whatever determinations are to be found in logic, or in thought which is as yet without content, must then be rediscovered - as I said above, somehow and in some (namely, finite) form - in the investigation of the concrete contents which thought ‘gives itself in reality. Such determinations must be shown themselves to have reality.
Challenges for a new bilingual program: Implementing the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme in four Colombian schools

The International Baccalaureate (IB) has expanded in Latin America. Drawing from a larger multi-sited qualitative case study, we examined the challenges associated with the implementation of the IB...
Treatment of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage with Recombinant Factor VIIa in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies.

Abstract Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a potentially life-threatening pulmonary complication in patients following hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) or acute leukemia induction therapy. This syndrome is associated with a high mortality rate. Current management strategies include high-dose steroids, platelet transfusions and mechanical ventilatory support to treat acute respiratory failure. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is approved for treatment of bleeding in patients with hemophilia A/B with inhibitors. A greater understanding of the mechanism by which rFVIIa restores hemostasis has become available; with the in-vitro evidence supporting that the thrombin burst achieved by rFVIIa is independent of the presence or binding to tissue factor. This insight has suggested a range of other potential clinical uses for the drug. We report our experience of using rFVIIa for the treatment of DAH in the setting of HSCT and acute leukemia induction therapy. We treated 5 episodes of DAH in 4 adult patients with hematologic malignancies. Two patients had undergone matched unrelated donor HSCT. Clinically, DAH was suspected because of progressive respiratory failure. DAH was confirmed by radiologic and bronchoscopic exams. All patients received high-dose steroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics and respiratory support, as indicated. Packed red cells and platelets were transfused to keep the hemoglobin above 8gm/dL and platelets above 50,000/μL. Patients received boluses of rFVIIa at 90mcg/kg, every 3-12 hrs. The dose of rFVIIa ranged from 7,200–28,000 mcg/day. All five episodes of DAH achieved clinicoradiologic improvement. No toxicity or adverse events were observed with rFVIIa use. Our experience indicates that rFVIIa might be an effective treatment option for patients with DAH, post-HSCT or acute leukemia induction therapy. The optimal dosing schedule in this clinical situation needs to be studied. Patient demographics and outcomes Patient Diagnosis Pre-intervention rFVIIa used (microgms) PRBC/Platelet transfused (units) Clinical outcome OW ALL-MUD, BMT, day +75 8.8/12,000 24000/d X 4days 3/10 100 Non-rebreather to 6L nasal cannula O2 OW ALL-MUD, BMT, day +80 8/8,000 28000/d X 4 days 6/14 Ventilatory support to successful weaning CS Relapsed AML, S/P induction 8.8/19,000 8400/d X 2 days 2/4 O2 requirement decreased LW CML blast crisis, S/P induction 8.6/101,000 10800/d X 2 days 4/1 Clinically no bleeding, decreased O2 requirement RB Relapsed ALL 8.7/7,000 7200/d X 1 day 2/4 Ventilatory support to successful weaning
"Save or Create": The Practical Asymmetry of Judgment Training in Decision Making in Neonatology-When Basic Desires Clash With Preparation to Act.

Humans have a basic desire to procreate and use a complex social structure to encourage protection and nurturing of their offspring to be fruitful and successful, creating an incentive to repeat th...
Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive Tract

Publisher Summary Bats exhibit considerable diversity in their reproductive characteristics. These are of interest and importance for several reasons. Because many bat species are both small and abundant, it is feasible to collect specimens exhibiting major reproductive states and to conduct thorough comparative investigations. The latter can, in turn, provide insights into how and why particular characteristics may have evolved. This would be much more difficult or impossible with many other mammalian groups (for example, primates) because of animal cost and/or availability problems. This can provide a perspective on the evolution of mammalian reproduction that one might have trouble in acquiring through comparative studies of unrelated groups (for example, rodents and primates) or within other common but less diversified orders. A better knowledge of how bats reproduce is important to the proper management or rescue of wild populations that are increasingly threatened by human activities, and to the successful propagation of captive populations in zoological parks for educational purposes. Finally, bats exhibit reproductive specializations which are sometimes either uniquely similar to those of primates or unusual when compared to those operative in more commonly studied mammals.
More on Plagiarism in the Social Sciences

This research presents the results of a follow-up survey to journal editors more than a decade after Enders and Hoover (Journal of Economic Literature 42(3):487–93). The original survey asked editors about their definition of plagiarism and known cases. This work investigates what, if anything, has changed in regards to how journal editors react to suspected plagiarism and if the definition of plagiarism has changed. In addition to surveying editors of economics journals, we have surveyed many more editors, including political science, sociology, and others, to contrast differences that might exist. There is great variation within disciplines regarding the appropriate definition of plagiarism or punishments but fairly consistent agreement across disciplines.
The Logic of Nature: Complementarity and the New Biology

The vitalism-mechanism controversy was a preoccupation of Niels Bohr’s father, a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen, and a frequent topic of discussion at the family residence. Although the terms are now archaic, the distinction between a living organism, which must interact with its environment, and a detailed scientific description of that organism, which must treat the system as isolated or isolatable, remains ambiguous. Bohr dealt with fundamental ambiguities in biology the same way that he dealt with fundamental ambiguities in quantum physics—analyze the conditions for observation required for unambiguous description and avoid appeals to extra-scientific or metaphysical constructs.1
Did a novel virus contribute to late blight epidemics

Abstract Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight. In this study, we characterized a novel RNA virus, Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2 (PiRV-2). The PiRV-2 genome is 11,170 nt and lacks a polyA tail. It contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) with short 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions. The ORF is predicted to encode a polyprotein of 3710 aa (calculated molecular weight 410.94 kDa). This virus lacks significant similarity to any other known viruses, even in the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region. Comparing isogenic strains with or without the virus demonstrated that the virus stimulated sporangia production in P. infestans and appeared to enhance its virulence. Transcriptome analysis revealed that it achieved sporulation stimulation likely through down-regulation of ammonium and amino acid intake in P. infestans. This virus was faithfully transmitted through asexual reproduction. Survey of PiRV-2 presence in a P. infestans collection found it in most strains in the US-8 lineage, a very successful clonal lineage of P. infestans in North America. We suggest that PiRV-2 may have contributed to its success, raising the intriguing possibility that a potentially hypervirulent virus may contribute to late blight epidemics. Author Summary Potato late blight, the notorious plant disease behind the Irish Potato Famine, continues to pose a serious threat to potato and tomato production worldwide. While most studies on late blight epidemics focuses on pathogen virulence, host resistance, environmental factors and fungicide resistance, we present evidence in this study that a virus infecting the causal agent, Phytophthora infestans, may have played a role. We characterized a novel RNA virus, Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2 (PiRV-2) and examined its effects on its host. By comparing identical P. infestans strains except with or without the virus, we found that PiRV-2 stimulated sporulation of P. infestans (a critical factor in late blight epidemics) and increased its virulence. We also profiled gene expression in these strains and identified potential molecular mechanisms through which PiRV-2 asserted its sporulation stimulation effect. In a survey of PiRV-2 presence in a P. infestans collection, we found PiRV-2 in most isolates of the US-8 clonal lineage, a very successfull ineage that dominated potato fields in North America for several decades. We suggest that PiRV-2 may have contributed to its success. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that a potentially hypervirulent virus may contribute to late blight epidemics.
Achievement gap in online and hybrid courses versus face-to-face courses among engineering and computer science students

This Research Work in Progress Paper presents the comparison of the student achievement gap in online courses and traditional face-to-face courses among engineering and computer science students. The hypothesis of the work is: Online courses in Engineering and Computer Science College do not increase the achievement gap among the underserved groups compared to face-to-face courses. The analyses include the data for about 4800 students which used to evaluate the student performance in about 150,000 courses. The results indicates that there is no sign of the gender gap and low enrolment of underserved populations in online and hybrid courses compared to face-to-face courses. In fact, the data shows that the achievement gap among most underserved populations was reduced in online and hybrid courses compared to face-to-face courses for the college of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento between 2005 and 2017.
Cluster indicator decomposition for efficient matrix factorization

We propose a new clustering based low-rank matrix approximation method, Cluster Indicator Decomposition (CID), which yields more accurate low-rank approximations than previous commonly used singular value decomposition and other Nystrom style decompositions. Our model utilizes the intrinsic structures of data and theoretically be more compact and accurate than the traditional low rank approximation approaches. The reconstruction in CID is extremely fast leading to a desirable advantage of our method in large-scale kernel machines (like Support Vector Machines) in which the reconstruction of the kernels needs to be frequently computed. Experimental results indicate that our approach compress images much more efficiently than other factorization based methods. We show that combining our method with Support Vector Machines obtains more accurate approximation and more accurate prediction while consuming much less computation resources.
Using Interorganizational Communication Networks to Predict Terrorist Attacks

Although not as common as more traditional organizations such as firms, nonprofits, and governments, terrorist organizations also create interorganizational communication (IC) relationships. The pu...
Transcription of Bacterial Chromatin

Decades of research have probed the interplay between chromatin (genomic DNA associated with proteins and RNAs) and transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) in all domains of life. In bacteria, chromatin is compacted into a membrane-free region known as the nucleoid that changes shape and composition depending on the bacterial state. Transcription plays a key role in both shaping the nucleoid and organizing it into domains. At the same time, chromatin impacts transcription by at least five distinct mechanisms: (i) occlusion of RNAP binding; (ii) roadblocking RNAP progression; (iii) constraining DNA topology; (iv) RNA-mediated interactions; and (v) macromolecular demixing and heterogeneity, which may generate phase-separated condensates. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and, in combination, mediate gene regulation. Here, we review the current understanding of these mechanisms with a focus on gene silencing by H-NS, transcription coordination by HU, and potential phase separation by Dps. The myriad questions about transcription of bacterial chromatin are increasingly answerable due to methodological advances, enabling a needed paradigm shift in the field of bacterial transcription to focus on regulation of genes in their native state. We can anticipate answers that will define how bacterial chromatin helps coordinate and dynamically regulate gene expression in changing environments.
The effects of microhabitat specialization on mating communication in a wolf spider

Author(s): Rosenthal, MF; Hebets, EA; Kessler, B; McGinley, R; Elias, DO | Abstract: Animal signals experience selection for detectability, which is determined in large part by the signal transmission properties of the habitat. Understanding the ecological context in which communication takes place is therefore critical to understanding selection on the form of communication signals. In order to determine the influence of environmental heterogeneity on signal transmission, we focus on a wolf spider species native to central Florida, Schizocosa floridana, in which males court females using a substrate-borne vibratory song. We test the hypothesis that S. floridana is a substrate specialist by 1) assessing substrate use by females and males in the field, 2) quantifying substrate-specific vibratory signal transmission in the laboratory, and 3) determining substrate-specific mating success in the laboratory. We predict a priori that 1) S. floridana restricts its signaling to oak litter, 2) oak litter best transmits their vibratory signal, and 3) S. floridana mates most readily on oak litter. We find that S. floridana is almost exclusively found on oak litter, which was found to attenuate vibratory courtship signals the least. Spiders mated with equal frequency on oak and pine, but did not mate at all on sand. Additionally, we describe how S. floridana song contains a novel component, chirps, which attenuate more strongly than its other display components on pine and sand, but not on oak, suggesting that the ways in which the environment relaxes restrictions on signal form may be as important as the ways in which it imposes them.
Machine Learning-based Prediction for Phase-Based Dynamic Architectural Specialization

Embedded computing systems are becoming increasingly complex, now performing tasks that were generally limited to desktop computing systems. However, embedded system designers are still required to adhere to stringent embedded design constraints (e.g., energy and area requirements) when designing such increasingly complex systems. To meet these constraints, configurable hardware components introduce configurable parameters (e.g., CPU voltage and frequency, cache size, cache associativity, cache line size, pipeline depth/width, etc.) that can be tuned to specific values to meet different design constraints (e.g., area, energy, performance, etc.) and user demands (e.g., increased battery life, increased performance, or a desired trade off), which translates to a better quality of the user experience. However, determining these specific parameter values is increasingly difficult and time-consuming as the configurable parameter design space increases. This issue is further complicated when considering that each application has a different set of optimal/best parameter values based on these demands and requirements. Furthermore, repetitious application behavior, known as phases, which occur throughout an application's runtime, can be exploited by tracking each phase's unique optimal parameter values; resulting in a multiplicative increase or an exponential increase in the size of the size of the configuration space. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based methodology to significantly reduce the time required to find the optimal configurable parameter values for the instruction and data caches for each application phase. In our method, we use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the optimal configuration for application phases. We collect execution statistics for use as features for an application phase and use feature reduction to significantly reduce the features size. We show that ANNs exhibit high, stable accuracy over multiple training and testing iterations. We also show that applications exhibit low energy degradations (less than 1%) for both the instruction and data caches using our methodology.
Dealing with extreme data diversity: extraction and fusion from the growing types of document formats

The growth in text data available online is accompanied by a growth in the diversity of available documents. Corpora with extreme heterogeneity in terms of file formats, document organization, page layout, text style, and content are common. The absence of meaningful metadata describing the structure of online and open-source data leads to text extraction results that contain no information about document structure and are cluttered with page headers and footers, web navigation controls, advertisements, and other items that are typically considered noise. We describe an approach to document structure and metadata recovery that uses visual analysis of documents to infer the communicative intent of the author. Our algorithm identifies the components of documents such as titles, headings, and body content, based on their appearance. Because it operates on an image of a document, our technique can be applied to any type of document, including scanned images. Our approach to document structure recovery considers a finer-grained set of component types than prior approaches. In this initial work, we show that a machine learning approach to document structure recovery using a feature set based on the geometry and appearance of images of documents achieves a 60% greater F 1 - score than a baseline random classifier.