cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response Competition and the Trial-Spacing Effect in Autoshaping with Rats

Abstract Two experiments studied the relationship between contextual conditioning, reinforcer quality (food pellets, sugar solution), and the trial-spacing (TS) effect. In a contextual conditioning situation, Experiment 1 showed that Feeder responses (nose inserted into the feeder) were more frequent after training with pellets than with the sugar solution, but Rearing responses (standing on hind legs with front legs on the air or on a wall) were more frequent with the sugar solution than with pellets. In an autoshaping situation, Experiment 2 showed that when the solution is used as the reinforcer, a robust TS effect emerges in lever pressing as a result of very low levels of lever-pressing responses in the massed condition. When food pellets are used as the reinforcer, no evidence was found of a TS effect. The results of Experiment 2 were analyzed in relation to the levels of Feeder and Rearing responses, which were shown to be, respectively, noncompetitive and competitive in relation to lever-pressing. A hypothesis based on response competition can account for most aspects of the present results, which are also discussed in relation to models stressing the processing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and a mediating role for contextual conditioning.
The effect of short‐term, low‐dose tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressant treatment on satiation, postnutrient load gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed for patients with functional dyspepsia. However, the effect of tricyclic antidepressants on satiation and gastric emptying remains unclear, and there are no data for tetracyclic compounds. To compare the effects of nortriptyline (maximum dose: 50 mg daily) and mirtazapine (30 mg daily) vs placebo on gastric emptying, gastric satiation and postprandial symptoms after a nutrient load in healthy volunteers. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated gastric function before and after 14 days of nortriptyline (n = 13), mirtazapine (n = 13), or placebo (n = 14) in healthy volunteers. Validated methods were used to study gastric emptying ((13)C-octanoate) and satiation postnutrient drink test. The three arms were comparable with regard to age, gender, body mass index and hospital anxiety/depression scale. There were no statistically significant effects of mirtazapine or nortriptyline on gastric emptying compared to placebo (P = 0.34). Maximum tolerated volume was similar on drug and placebo (P = 0.56). Aggregate symptom score 30 min postmaximum tolerated volume after nutrient drink challenge on placebo was 132 (+/-21), vs 165 (+/-21) on mirtazapine, and 126 (+/-21) on nortriptyline 50 mg respectively (P = 0.28). Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressant agents do not appear to have significant effects on gastric motor or satiation postnutrient challenge in healthy individuals at the doses tested.
Isolation and Culture of Human Endometrial Glands

A simple method for isolation of glands from human endometrium has been developed. The procedure involves collagenase digestion of the endometrial tissue and filtration through sieves of various pore sizes. Isolated glands retained on the sieves were washed and collected in culture dishes. Tubular organization of the isolated glands was ascertained by examination of the preparations under inverted microscope and light microscopy of stained sections. The appearance of the glands was found to reflect different functional states of the endometrium and, possibly, to reveal abnormalities. Growth of monolayers of epithelial cells derived from the glands was observed within 24 h of culturing. Electron microscopy of the cells in 7-day monolayer preparations from both proliferative and secretory endometrium revealed the characteristic features of human endometrial epithelial cells, viz. presence of microvilli and desmosome-like junctions. Nuclear bodies were observed in cells derived from both types of endometrium.
Skin Involvement With Pneumocystis Despite Dapsone Prophylaxis:A Rare Cause of Skin Nodules in a Patient With AIDS

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is among the most common life-threatening opportunistic infections that occurs in those with HIV infection and a depleted absolute CD4+ T- lymphocyte count. Fortunately, with the advent of effective prophylaxis, this AIDS-defin- ing complication is diminishing. Rarely, Pneumocystis carinii (P carinii) occurs outside the lungs, typically in the setting of prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine or no prophylaxis at all. This is the case of a man with ad-vanced AIDS and bilateral hyperpigmented axillary nodules secondary to cutaneous pneumocystosis. Unlike most other examples of extrapulmonary P carinii , dissemination occurred without documented pulmonary infection and despite prophylaxis with high-dose dapsone. A biopsy should be performed on unusual cutaneous lesions in the setting of advanced AIDS because unexpected findings may have important therapeutic implications.
Lawyer Fiction in the Saturday Evening Post: Ephraim Tutt, Perry Mason, and Middle-Class Expectations

Part of the Law Commons Publication Information Published as David Ray Papke, Lawyer Fiction in the Saturday Evening Post: Ephraim Tutt, Perry Mason, and Middle-Class Expectations, 13 Cardozo Stud. L. & Literature 207 (2001). © 2001 by the Cardozo School of Law. Copying and permissions notice: Authorization to copy this content beyond fair use (as specified in Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law) for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the Regents of the University of California on behalf of the Cardozo School of Law for libraries and other users, provided that they are registered with and pay the specified fee via Rightslink® on Caliber (http://legacy.ucpress.net/) or directly with the Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com.
The Development of Criminal Style in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Separating the Lemmings from the Loners

Despite broad consensus that most juvenile crimes are committed with peers, many questions regarding developmental and individual differences in criminal style (i.e., co-offending vs. solo offending) remain unanswered. Using prospective 3-year longitudinal data from 937 14- to 17-year-old serious male offenders, the present study investigates whether youths tend to offend alone, in groups, or a combination of the two; whether these patterns change with age; and whether youths who engage in a particular style share distinguishing characteristics. Trajectory analyses examining criminal styles over age revealed that, while most youth evinced both types of offending, two distinct groups emerged: an increasingly solo offender trajectory (83%); and a mixed style offender trajectory (17%). Alternate analyses revealed (5.5%) exclusively solo offenders (i.e., only committed solo offenses over 3 years). There were no significant differences between groups in individuals’ reported number of friends, quality of friendships, or extraversion. However, the increasingly solo and exclusively solo offenders reported more psychosocial maturity, lower rates of anxiety, fewer psychopathic traits, less gang involvement and less self reported offending than mixed style offenders. Findings suggest that increasingly and exclusively solo offenders are not loners, as they are sometimes portrayed, and that exclusively solo offending during adolescence, while rare and previously misunderstood, may not be a risk factor in and of itself.
II. PREGNANDIOL AND ESTROGEN OUTPUT IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CYSTIC MASTITIS

THE TERM chronic cystic mastitis has been used for decades to denote a benign lesion of the breast which is neither inflammatory, nor neoplastic. Recent studies indicate that the changes in this disease are associated with endocrine disturbance. Since the condition is no longer considered to be inflammatory the more recent terms suggested include mammary dysplasia, mastopathy, fibrocystic disease and mammary nodosity. Chronic cystic mastitis or mammary dysplasia comprises three groups of cases. Mild or early cases with painful dense mammary tissue are usually referred to as painful breasts or mastodynia. Cases with more persistent and definite nodularity are referred to as adenosis, shotty breasts or Schimmelbusch disease, after Schimmelbusch who described microscopically the proliferative changes in this condition (I). The third group of cases known as cystic disease is usually unrelated to the other two groups of cases. It is characterized by the development of one or more cysts of appreciable size in w...
Neonatal growth of testosterone propionate‐treated embryos 1 2

Synopsis Studies on birds treated in ovo with testosterone (TP) indicate that while food conversion of the birds was essentially the same, control birds grew significantly faster. Growth rate was improved when the TP birds were fed a penicillin‐supplemented ration. Penicillin also improved the growth rate of control birds but not to the same extent. These findings indicate that the immunological incompetence of TP birds may be contributing to the slow growth but this is not the sole contributory factor. Blood glucose levels at hatching were similar in TP and control birds. Analyses when the birds were consuming basal or penicillin‐supplemented ration ad libitum revealed significantly lower blood sugar levels in the TP birds. According to a glucostatie theory, a higher blood sugar level might have depressed the appetite. However, since the TP birds have lower blood sugar levels and eat less, it was not affecting the appetite. Conversely, a significant correlation between weight gains and blood sugar levels...
Immunohistochemical analysis of sentinel lymph nodes from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Immunohistochemical analysis of sentinel lymph nodes from patients with breast carcinoma and melanoma has been shown to increase the sensitivity for detecting lymph node metastases. To the authors' knowledge, this technique has not been described in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. METHODS Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed on 26 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma between 1997 and 1999. All sentinel lymph nodes were analyzed with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and then analyzed with immunohistochemical staining to evaluate whether this additional technique would increase the number of patients found to have lymph node metastasis. RESULTS The median age of the patients in the current study was 67 years and the median tumor size at the time of presentation was 2 cm. Lymph node metastases were identified in 5 of the 26 patients (19%). Three of these five lymph node positive patients were identified with H&E staining. The remaining two patients were identified only after immunohistochemical analysis. The median follow-up in this group of lymph node positive patients was 14 months, with 2 of the 5 lymph node positive patients developing a recurrence. The median follow-up in the 21 patients who were lymph node negative was 19 months, with only 1 patient having developed a recurrence at the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical analysis of sentinel lymph nodes from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma appears to increase the sensitivity of detecting clinically occult lymph node metastases. Cancer 2001;92:1650–55. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Physical Changes in Milk Proteins at Elevated Temperatures as Determined by Light Scattering. II. Interaction between β-Lactoglobulin and Whole, α-, and κ-Casein in Buffer

Summary Application of the technique of light scattering to the study of heat-induced bovine milk casein interactions with β -lactoglobulin was made. Marked aggregation of β -lactoglobulin was observed at 70 and 90C. Interaction of both α -casein and κ -casein with β -lactoglobulin was observed at 90C, but not with α -casein at 30C. The addition of para-hydroxymercuribenzoate appeared to inhibit the stabilizing interaction at elevated temperatures between whole casein and β -lactoglobulin. Covering the air surface of β -lactoglobulin solutions and β -lactoglobulin-casein mixtures with mineral oil prevented the appearance of a precipitate at the surface.
Introduction to spectral deconvolution

Abstract An introduction to the theory of Fourier self-deconvolution is given. Using this technique, the widths of bands in an infrared spectrum may be reduced to the point that resolution of completely overlapping spectral features can be affected. The effects of noise and side-lobes are discussed, and methods to minimize each are described. The procedure required to deconvolve a spectrum is illustrated by a practical example.
Experimental validation of large eddy simulations of flow and heat transfer in a stationary ribbed duct

Abstract Accurate prediction of ribbed duct flow and heat transfer is of importance to the gas turbine industry. The present study comprehensively validates the use of large eddy simulations (LES) for predicting flow and heat transfer with measured flowfield data in a stationary duct with 90° ribs and elucidates on the detailed physics encountered in the developing flow region, the fully developed region, and the 180° bend region. Among the major flow features predicted with accuracy are flow transition at the entrance of the duct; the distribution of mean and turbulent quantities in the developing, fully developed, and 180° bend; the development of secondary flows in the duct cross-section and the 180° bend; and friction and heat transfer augmentation. At the duct inlet, both the computations and experiments show that the peak turbulence intensities reach values as high as 40% in the streamwise and spanwise directions and 32% in the vertical direction, and a comparison of values along the centerline of the developing flow region shows that the mean flow and turbulent quantities do not become fully developed until they reach beyond the seventh rib of the duct. Turbulence intensities in the 180° bend are found to reach values as high as 50%, and local heat transfer comparisons show that the heat transfer augmentation shifts towards the outside wall downstream of the bend with little or no shift upstream. In addition to primary flow effects, secondary flow impingement on the smooth walls is found to develop by the third rib, while it continues to evolve downstream of the sixth rib. In all different aspects, it is found that LES produces the correct physics both qualitatively and quantitatively to within 10–15% of experiments.
Using low cost game controllers to capture data for 6th grade science labs

This paper describes a cooperative design project to develop ways to use Nintendo Wii Remotes as inexpensive data acquisition tools for science. In collaboration with a 6th grade physics instructor and his students, we have developed software tools and curriculum that enable science teachers and students to repurpose gaming technologies to study concepts such as velocity and acceleration. The project involved a year's observation of students' project based learning in a 6th grade physics class, followed by a year of design experimentation to engage students in integrating game controllers into their projects. Using the insights from their observations and suggestions, we created three different Wii Remote-based setups that used the IR camera and the accelerometer to help students glean data from their projects. In this paper, we provide an overview of the project, and then offer data that demonstrates the added value across the material, social, experiential, and temporal aspects of inquiry science activity. We conclude by identifying key design opportunities within this space.
Spatial Light Modulators For Laser Beam Control

Basic operations demanded of spatial light modulators are reviewed, and brief descriptions given of major recent developments and their motivations.
Reading in the wake: Supplementary remarks on the Dreamtime

Had the opinions of the critics and of the author collided over a book, then "diving into the wreck" and delving ever more deeply into the points of disagreement might offer an option at once romantically inviting and intel lectually responsible, if also a little indulgent for the author As luck would have it, such is not the case here, and my response accordingly will be in terms of the positions that various parties occupy and the relations (or non relations) in which these positions are situated Such an account could turn into a retrospective on a series of close calls and missed appointments, even though its intent is not to ascribe or take any blame, it all might prove rather
SURGERY n-TRIVIALITY AND COMPANION TORI

We define a knot K to be surgery n-trivial if there exists a collection of m-disjoint crossing circles for K such that twisting along any 0<m≤n of them turns K into the unknot. We use techniques from the theory of sutured 3-manifolds to study the question of whether, in the case that K is a non-trivial satellite, these crossing circles can be chosen to be disjoint from a companion torus of K. We show that if the twists are taken to have order bigger than one the answer to this question is yes. As a consequence of this we show that, under the hypothesis that the twists used have order bigger than one, the only knot that is surgery n-trivial for all n∈N, is the unknot.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Pentobarbital Induce Different Conformational Rearrangements in the GABAA Receptor α1 and β2 Pre-M1 Regions

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding to GABAA receptors (GABAARs) triggers conformational movements in the α1 and β2 pre-M1 regions that are associated with channel gating. At high concentrations, the barbiturate pentobarbital opens GABAAR channels with similar conductances as GABA, suggesting that their open state structures are alike. Little, however, is known about the structural rearrangements induced by barbiturates. Here, we examined whether pentobarbital activation triggers movements in the GABAAR pre-M1 regions. α1β2 GABAARs containing cysteine substitutions in the pre-M1 α1 (K219C, K221C) and β2 (K213C, K215C) subunits were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and analyzed using two-electrode voltage clamp. The cysteine substitutions had little to no effect on GABA and pentobarbital EC50 values. Tethering chemically diverse thiol-reactive methanethiosulfonate reagents onto α1K219C and α1K221C affected GABA- and pentobarbital-activated currents differently, suggesting that the pre-M1 structural elements important for GABA and pentobarbital current activation are distinct. Moreover, pentobarbital altered the rates of cysteine modification by methanethiosulfonate reagents differently than GABA. For α1K221Cβ2 receptors, pentobarbital decreased the rate of cysteine modification whereas GABA had no effect. For α1β2K215C receptors, pentobarbital had no effect whereas GABA increased the modification rate. The competitive GABA antagonist SR-95531 and a low, non-activating concentration of pentobarbital did not alter their modification rates, suggesting that the GABA- and pentobarbital-mediated changes in rates reflect gating movements. Overall, the data indicate that the pre-M1 region is involved in both GABA- and pentobarbital-mediated gating transitions. Pentobarbital, however, triggers different movements in this region than GABA, suggesting their activation mechanisms differ.
Food Resource Management Education With SNAP Participation Improves Food Security.

Objective: To determine the influence of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and participant demographics on nutrition education outcomes. Methods: At program enrollment (pre) and 1 month later (post), a statewide convenience sample of adults, who participated in the Plan, Shop, Save, and Cook program, completed a 7-item questionnaire to evaluate change in resource management skills (RMS) and running out of food before the end of the month. Results: Percent of participants (n ¼ 3,744) who reported behavioral improvements in RMS ranged from 38.8% in comparing pricesto 54% inreadinglabels.Femalegender and Hispanic ethnicity were positively related to pre‐post RMS change (P ¼ .001). Participants who received SNAP food assistance and made greater pre‐post improvement in RMS reported the greatest decrease in running out of food (P ¼ .001). Conclusions and Implications: Both food assistance and education on nutrition and resource management are needed to reduce food insecurity in SNAP-eligible audiences.
Lessons from KATP Channels with Diabetogenic Mutations in Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 (SUR1)

Numerous mutations have been identified in SUR1 (ABCC8) subunit of the neuroendocrine type KATP channel in subjects with neonatal diabetes, neonatal diabetes plus epilepsy and/or other neurological features, maturity-onset diabetes of young, and later-onset diabetes. Patch-clamping, single-channel kinetics analysis, affinity photolabeling and molecular modeling were used to clarify how diabetogenic mutations in different parts of SUR1 affect open probability and sulfonylurea inhibition of SUR1/Kir6.2 KATP channel. Essentially all tested diabetogenic mutations in the canonical TMD1-NBD1-TMD2-NBD2 ABC exporter core of SUR1 hyperactivated KATP by stabilizing the stimulatory Mg-nucleotide bound (outward facing) state of SUR1 without affecting the intrinsic gating of KATP channel or its sensitivity to inhibitory nucleotides. Hyperstimulated mutant channels showed attenuated sulfonylurea inhibition in the presence, but not the absence, of stimulatory MgATP/ADP, indicating that KATP with SUR1 in the inward facing state has the lowest Kd for sulfonylureas. Diabetogenic mutations in the non-canonical TMD0-L0 part of SUR1 hyperactivated KATP by destabilizing its long-lived closed state with the highest affinity to inhibitory ATP or by strengthening the functional coupling between the MgATP/ADP-bound SUR1 core and the active (burst) state of the Kir pore. Mutations destabilizing the long-lived closed state compromised sulfonylurea inhibition of KATP in the absence of nucleotides but not the drug-induced release of stimulatory nucleotides. The findings support the mechanistic model (FEBS Letters, 585:3555-9) in which the TMD0-L0 module couples the SUR1 core with the KATP pore, define the most common ABCC8-associated mechanisms of KATP hyperactivity, and largely explain why the majority of diabetic subjects with mutant SUR1 require body-weight normalized doses of sulfonylureas exceeding those recommended by the FDA for treatment of common type 2 diabetes.
Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole using a HPLC assay

A pharmacokinetic study was carried out on six normal healthy adults with average creatinine clearances ranging from 94.8 to 129.3 ml/min. Cefamandole, 15 mg/kg, was administered intravenously over a period of 10 min. Frequent and prolonged samplings of blood and urine were made. Specimens were assayed by a sensitive, accurate, and reproducible HPLC assay. An excellent computer fit to a threecompartment body model was observed. T1/2α, β, and γ were 5.1, 23.6, and 74.2 min, respectively. The relatively long terminal T1/2and the area under the curve (AUC) contributed by the γ phase being 31% suggest that a multicompartmental kinetic nature of cefamandole cannot be ignored. Volume of distribution (VDSS)averaged 11.8 liters, and the serum clearance was 200 ml/min. Ninetysix percent was excreted in the urine, and therefore a very high urinary concentration was achieved. The concentration in the plasma exceeds the MIC of many grampositive and negative organisms for many hours.
DOPAMINE INFUSION ACUTELY INHIBITS THE TSH AND PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO TRH

Ten normal males were given 100 mug TRH, and blood samples obtained for serum TSH and serum prolactin. After a period of at least one week, the TRH test was repeated while the patients were receiving a dopamine infusion. Both the TSH and prolactin response to TRH were inhibited by dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons may act through the pituitary-portal system to play a role in the regulation of TSH and prolactin secretion.
Hypercapnic hypoxia compromises bactericidal activity of fish anterior kidney cells against opportunistic environmental pathogens.

Abstract Acute hypoxia can cause massive fish and shellfish mortality. Less clear is the role that chronic sublethal hypoxia might play in aquatic animal health. This study tested whether production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bactericidal activity of fish phagocytic cells are suppressed under the conditions of decreased oxygen and pH and increased carbon dioxide which occur in the blood and tissue of animals exposed to sublethal hypoxia. Anterior head kidney (AHK) cells of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus , were exposed in parallel to normoxic (pO 2 =45 torr, pCO 2 =3·8 torr, pH=7·6) or hypoxic (pO 2 =15 torr, pCO 2 =8·0 torr, pH=7·0) conditions and stimulated with a yeast cell wall extract, zymosan, or live Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Hypercapnic hypoxia suppressed zymosan-stimulated ROS production by 76·0% as measured in the chemiluminescence assay and by 58·5% in the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay. The low O 2 , high CO 2 and low pH conditions also suppressed superoxide production by 75·0 and 47·3% as measured by the NBT assay at two different challenge ratios of cells:bacteria (1:1 and 1:10, respectively). In addition to its effects on ROS production, hypercapnic hypoxia also reduced bactericidal activity by 23·6 and 72·5% at the 1:1 and 1:10 challenge ratios, respectively. Low oxygen levels alone (pO 2 =15 torr, pCO 2 =0·76 torr, pH=7·6) did not significantly compromise the killing activity of cells challenged with equal numbers of V. parahaemolyticus . At the higher 1:10 AHK:bacteria challenge ratio, low oxygen caused a small (26·3%) but significant suppression of bactericidal activity as compared to aerial conditions (pO 2 =155 torr, pCO 2 =0·76 torr, pH=7·6). This study demonstrates that while hypoxia alone has detrimental effects on immune function, suppression of phagocytic cell activity is compounded by naturally occurring conditions of hypercapnia and low pH, creating conditions that might be exploited by opportunistic pathogens. These results indicate that the adverse health effects of chronic hypercapnic hypoxia might greatly exceed the effects of low oxygen alone.
Buckling and yielding behavior of unstiffened slender, moderate, and stocky low yield point steel plates

Abstract Steel plates may be classified as slender, moderate, and stocky based on their distinctive behavior characterized by geometrical buckling and material yielding. Slender plates undergo elastic buckling first and then yield in the post-buckling stage, while stocky plates yield first and then undergo inelastic buckling. Moderate plates, on the other hand, buckle and yield simultaneously. The development of low yield point (LYP) steel enables the application of steel plates with improved buckling and energy absorption capacities as lateral force-resisting and energy dissipating elements in structures. On this basis, buckling and yielding behavior of LYP steel plates with various support and loading conditions is studied in this paper from the point of view of their application in steel plate shear wall (SPSW) systems. The limiting thicknesses of standalone plates corresponding to concurrent geometrical buckling and material yielding are determined theoretically and verified through detailed numerical simulations. Effects of using LYP steel and plate aspect ratio parameter on the required limiting plate thickness as an effective parameter in seismic design of SPSW systems are investigated as well. In addition to the studies on the performance of plates with two and four restrained edges and also applicability of some extrapolation techniques for predicting the critical buckling load of moderate plates, detailed studies are performed on determination of the limiting plate thickness in code-designed SPSW systems. Based on the findings of this study, some practical recommendations are provided for efficient seismic design of SPSW systems with LYP steel infill plates.
Gender-role conflict scale: college men's fear of femininity

Gender-role conflict exists when gender roles have negative consequences for people. This research reports initial validity and reliability data on measures of gender-role conflict for men. Two measures, Gender Role Conflict Scale I and II (GRCS-I and GRCS-II) were constructed to assess patterns of gender-role conflict described in the literature. GRCS-I assesses men's personal gender-role attitudes, behaviors, and conflicts. GRCS-II assesses men's gender-role conflicts in specific gender-role conflict situations. Both GRCS measures and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) were administered to male college students (N=527). Initial factor-analytic data for GRCS-I and GRCS-II demonstrated eight meaningful factors. Acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities were found for both measures. MANOVA, ANOVA, and Tukey procedures indicated differences for subjects across the four PAQ categories. Significant gender-role conflict differences across the factors were found for men who were instrumental, expressive, or both instrumental and expressive. Results of these differences are reported, as well as implications for future development of both scales.
Investigation of intensity thresholds for ultrasound tissue erosion.

Abstract— Our previous studies have shown that short intense pulses delivered at certain pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) can achieve localized, clean erosion in soft tissue. In this paper, the intensity thresholds for ultrasound induced erosion and the effects of pulse intensity on erosion characterized by axial erosion rate, perforation area and volume erosion rate were investigated on in vitro porcine atrial wall tissue. Ultrasound pulses with a 3-cycle pulse duration and a 20-kHz PRF were delivered by a 788-kHz single element focused transducer. I SPPA values of 1000 to 9000 W/cm 2 were tested. Results show the following: (1) the estimated intensity threshold for generating erosion was at I SPPA of 3220 W/cm 2 ; (2) the axial erosion rate increased with higher intensity at I SPPA ≤ 5000 W/cm 2 , while decreased with higher intensity at I SPPA ≥ 5000 W/cm 2 ; and (3) the perforation area and the volume erosion rate increased with higher intensity.
An Investigation on Experienced Teachers’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Instructional Theories and Practices

Instructional practices in schools have been constantly changing over the years, and educators’ knowledge about these practices is an important factor that influences their effective use. This paper presents an examination of teachers’ knowledge and perception of 24 instructional practices commonly used in the field of education, especially in the field of technology-based teaching and learning. Data from 162 experienced teachers who had enrolled in teacher education courses in two universities were collected from 2005 to 2007. Consistent with the literature, findings suggest that teachers with higher degrees and more teaching experience are aware of and understand more about educational practices. A predictive model was developed from this study.
Carcass Yield and Weep Loss from Fast-Food Cuts After Processing Broilers Using Extremes in Stunning Current and Slush-Ice Chilling

Six-week-old broilers were compared in yield and weep loss when stunned using either 25 or 125 mA current followed by slush-ice chilling where resultant carcasses were either held static for 4 h or subjected to 45 m of tumbling. Treatments were factorially arranged among the populations of 32 pens (24 birds per pen) that had been reared under common conditions. Tumbling increased chill water uptake, abdominal fat content, and yield of whole carcasses, whereas no differences occurred as a result of the stunning treatments. Carcasses were separated into a nine-piece cut immediately after chilling. All parts lost weight from weepage during the subsequent 24 h, and weep from total parts was greater when carcasses had been tumbled than held static. Keel portion breasts and drumsticks continued a weight advantage from water uptake with tumble chilling, but wings, thighs, and split breast lost this additional water and were similar to those respective parts static chilled. High stunning current led to an increased amount of keel portion breast, regardless of chilling treatment, with subsequent weep not being affected. Alterations in yield that occur because of chilling procedure are substantial and not equivalent among parts, whereas stunning has little impact and is focused on the breast.
Illusory Expectations Can Affect Retrieval-Monitoring Accuracy

The present study investigated how expectations, even when illusory, can affect the accuracy of memory decisions. Participants studied words presented in large or small font for subsequent memory tests. Replicating prior work, judgments of learning indicated that participants expected to remember large words better than small words, even though memory for these words was equivalent on a standard test of recognition memory and subjective judgments. Critically, we also included tests that instructed participants to selectively search memory for either large or small words, thereby allowing different memorial expectations to contribute to performance. On these tests we found reduced false recognition when searching memory for large words relative to small words, such that the size illusion paradoxically affected accuracy measures (d scores) in the absence of actual memory differences. Additional evidence for the role of illusory expectations was that (a) the accuracy effect was obtained only when participants searched memory for the aspect of the stimuli corresponding to illusory expectations (size instead of color) and (b) the accuracy effect was eliminated on a forced-choice test that prevented the influence of memorial expectations. These findings demonstrate the critical role of memorial expectations in the retrieval-monitoring process.
Rational Control of Viscoelastic Properties in Multicomponent Associative Polymer Networks

We report here the formation and dynamic mechanical properties of metallo-supramolecular networks formed by mixtures of bis-Pd(II) and Pt(II) cross-linkers with poly(4-vinylpyridine) in DMSO. Precise control over the dynamic mechanical properties of the bulk materials is achieved through the dissociation kinetics of the metal−ligand coordination bond responsible for cross-linking, the density of the cross-links, and the relative amounts of multiple cross-links. In networks formed from multiple types of cross-linkers, discrete contributions from each type of cross-linker are evident in the bulk mechanical properties, rather than an average of the contributing species. The heterogeneous rheology is consistent with simple models, to the extent that complex viscoelastic responses can be rationally engineered.
Measuring Population Transmission Risk for HIV: An Alternative Metric of Exposure Risk in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the US

Background Various metrics for HIV burden and treatment success [e.g. HIV prevalence, community viral load (CVL), population viral load (PVL), percent of HIV-positive persons with undetectable viral load] have important public health limitations for understanding disparities. Methods and Findings Using data from an ongoing HIV incidence cohort of black and white men who have sex with men (MSM), we propose a new metric to measure the prevalence of those at risk of transmitting HIV and illustrate its value. MSM with plasma VL>400 copies/mL were defined as having ‘transmission risk’. We calculated HIV prevalence, CVL, PVL, percent of HIV-positive with undetectable viral loads, and prevalence of plasma VL>400 copies/ml (%VL400) for black and white MSM. We used Monte Carlo simulation incorporating data on sexual mixing by race to estimate exposure of black and white HIV-negative MSM to a partner with transmission risk via unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Of 709 MSM recruited, 42% (168/399) black and 14% (44/310) white MSM tested HIV-positive (p<.0001). No significant differences were seen in CVL, PVL, or percent of HIV positive with undetectable viral loads. The %VL400 was 25% (98/393) for black vs. 8% (25/310) for white MSM (p<.0001). Black MSM with 2 UAI partners were estimated to have 40% probability (95% CI: 35%, 45%) of having ≥1 UAI partner with transmission risk vs. 20% for white MSM (CI: 15%, 24%). Discussion Despite similarities in other metrics, black MSM in our cohort are three times as likely as white MSM to have HIV transmission risk. With comparable risk behaviors, HIV-negative black MSM have a substantially higher likelihood of encountering a UAI partner at risk of transmitting HIV. Our results support increasing HIV testing, linkage to care, and antiretroviral treatment of HIV-positive MSM to reduce prevalence of those with transmission risk, particularly for black MSM.
Perceived impacts of climate change, coastal development and policy on oyster harvesting in the Southeastern United States

Abstract Oyster harvest has long been an important industry of the eastern coast of the United States. However, coastal development, overfishing and climate change are threatening this industry and way of life. This study examines the perspectives of oyster harvesters and merchants in Brunswick County, North Carolina, USA to explore their capacity to adapt to these changing conditions. Using in-person, semi-structured interviews researchers collected information from seventeen interviewees, generating qualitative data that were analyzed using MAXQDA software. From the data collected several themes emerged revealing mixed sentiments on the impacts of climate change but a widespread sense that development and regulations threaten livelihoods and cultural heritage. This social–ecological system (SES), created through centuries of regulation, is experiencing rapid population growth with concurrent coastal development; it also includes oyster industry workers who have limited voice in decision-making but are affected by the political ecology of the region. Deliberately including oyster harvesters and merchants when formulating and implementing policy can help to strengthen the adaptive capacity of this SES while sustaining Brunswick County׳s coastal heritage.
The Genome-Scale Metabolic Extreme Pathway Structure in Haemophilus influenzae Shows Significant Network Redundancy

Genome-scale metabolic networks can be characterized by a set of systemically independent and unique extreme pathways. These extreme pathways span a convex, high-dimensional space that circumscribes all potential steady-state flux distributions achievable by the defined metabolic network. Genome-scale extreme pathways associated with the production of non-essential amino acids in Haemophilus influenzae were computed. They offer valuable insight into the functioning of its metabolic network. Three key results were obtained. First, there were multiple internal flux maps corresponding to externally indistinguishable states. It was shown that there was an average of 37 internal states per unique exchange flux vector in H. influenzae when the network was used to produce a single amino acid while allowing carbon dioxide and acetate as carbon sinks. With the inclusion of succinate as an additional output, this ratio increased to 52, a 40% increase. Second, an analysis of the carbon fates illustrated that the extreme pathways were non-uniformly distributed across the carbon fate spectrum. In the detailed case study, 45% of the distinct carbon fate values associated with lysine production represented 85% of the extreme pathways. Third, this distribution fell between distinct systemic constraints. For lysine production, the carbon fate values that represented 85% of the pathways described above corresponded to only 2 distinct ratios of 1:1 and 4:1 between carbon dioxide and acetate. The present study analysed single outputs from one organism, and provides a start to genome-scale extreme pathways studies. These emergent system-level characterizations show the significance of metabolic extreme pathway analysis at the genome-scale.
Diagenesis, sediment strength, and pore collapse in sediment approaching the Nankai Trough subduction zone

A minor amount of opal cement inhibits consolidation of sediment approaching the Nankai Trough subduction zone at Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1173 and 1177. Secondary and backscattered electron images of sediments from Site 1173 reveal a low-density, silica phase (opal-CT) coating grain contacts. The grain-coating cement is more widespread in the upper Shikoku Basin facies than in the lower Shikoku Basin facies. Numerical models of opal-CT content display increases with depth through the cemented upper Shikoku Basin section. Once temperature increases above ∼55 °C, the rate of opal-CT dissolution outpaces precipitation, the cement can no longer support the overburden, and the open framework of the sediment begins to collapse. Cementation followed by cement failure is consistent with observed anomalies in porosity, seismic velocities, and shear rigidity. Porosity is anomalously high and nearly constant near the base of the upper Shikoku Basin facies, whereas seismic velocity increases with depth in the same interval. Across the boundary between the upper Shikoku Basin facies and the lower Shikoku Basin facies, there are step decreases in porosity from ∼60% to ∼45%, P-wave velocity from ∼1800 m/s to ∼1650 m/s, and S-wave velocity from ∼550 m/s to ∼300 m/s. Similar cementation and porosity collapse may be important in other locations where heating of hemipelagic deposits, with minor amounts of opal, is sufficient to trigger opal diagenesis.
A reliable ordered delivery protocol for interconnected local area networks

We present-the Totem multiple-ring protocol, a novel reliable ordered multicast protocol for multiple interconnected local-area networks. The protocol exhibits excellent performance and maintains a consistent network-wide total order of messages despite network partitioning and remerging, or processor failure and recovery with stable storage intact. The Totem protocol is designed for fault-tolerant distributed systems, which replicate data to guard against failures and must ensure that replicated data remain consistent despite failures. The network-wide total order of messages provided by Totem simplifies the maintenance of consistency of replicated data, and, thus, eases the development of fault-tolerant distributed systems.
Lossless watermarking of compressed media using reversibly decodable packets

Entropy coded multimedia signals such as JPEG and MPEG-1 and 2 have little or no error resiliency. To counter this situation, researchers have proposed using reversible VLCs (RVLC) to identify and limit error propagation. To bring error resiliency to Huffman-coded streams, a bidirectionally decodable packet has been introduced. This packet can be decoded in both directions to trap corrupted VLCs. Recognizing that watermark bits can be injected into the bitstream as forced bit errors, we have developed a watermarking algorithm around this decoder. The original decoder, however, is not able to track bit errors down to individual bits. We have developed an algorithm to restore the original unwatermarked bitstream. As a result of introducing watermark bits in the stream, serious synchronization issues arise at the decoder. The two-way decoding algorithm is capable of resolving and identifying existing resync markers and reestablishing synchronization. The algorithm has been successfully applied to several MPEG-2 video streams.
Phylogenetic analysis and secondary structure of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage RNA required for DNA packaging

An unusual RNA molecule encoded by the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 is a structural component of the viral prohead and is required for the ATP-dependent packaging of DNA. Here we report a model of secondary structure for this prohead RNA developed from a phylogenetic analysis of the primary sequences of prohead RNAs of related phages. Twenty-nine phages related to phi 29 were found to produce prohead RNAs. These RNAs were analyzed by their ability to replace phi 29 RNA in in vitro phage assembly, by Northern blot hybridization with a probe complementary to phi 29 RNA, and by partial and complete sequence analyses. These analyses revealed four quite different sequences ranging in length from 161 to 174 residues. The secondary structure deduced from these sequences, in agreement with earlier observations, indicated that prohead RNA is organized into two domains. The larger 5'-domain (Domain I) is composed of 113-117 residues and contains four helices. Three of these helices appear to be organized into a central stem that is interrupted by two unpaired loops and the fourth helix and loop. The smaller 3'-domain (Domain II) is composed of 40-44 residues and consists of two helices. Domains I and II are separated by 8-13 unpaired residues. Nuclease cleavage occurs readily in this single-stranded joining region, and this cleavage allows the subsequent separation of the two RNA domains. The separated Domain I is fully active in DNA packaging in vitro. The functional significance and biological role of Domain II are unknown. The phylogenetic secondary structure model provides a basis for further analysis of the role of this RNA in bacteriophage morphogenesis.
Lower bound on BER of finite-length turbo codes based on EXIT characteristics

We present a generalized extrinsic information transfer characteristics of the iterative turbo decoding algorithm. By using this tool, we obtain a lower bound on the bit error rate performance of the finite-length turbo codes showing a gentle waterfall over a wide waterfall region.
Proof strategies for hardware verification

Ascertaining correctness of digital hardware designs through simulation does not scale-up for large designs because of the sheer combinatorics of the problem. Formal verification of hardware designs holds promise because its computational complexity is of the order of number of different types of components (and not number of components in the design). This approach requires the specification of the behavior and the design in a formal language, and reason with them using a theorem prover. In this paper we attempt to develop a methodology for writing and using these specifications for some important classes of hardware circuits. We examine digital hardware verification in the HOL-90 environment. (HOL-90 is a proof checker written in Standard ML which assists in mechanically checking a formal proof of hardware correctness.) In particular, we analyze proofs for a variety of circuits, and develop proof strategies for combinational circuits and restricted sequential circuits. Overall, this approach makes the theorem proving task less tedious and provides guidance to the user in carrying out proofs.
An SVM based classification approach to speech separation

Monaural speech separation is a very challenging task. CASA-based systems utilize acoustic features to produce a time-frequency (T-F) mask. In this study, we propose a classification approach to monaural separation problem. Our feature set consists of pitch-based features and amplitude modulation spectrum features, which can discriminate both voiced and unvoiced speech from nonspeech interference. We employ support vector machines (SVMs) followed by a re-thresholding method to classify each T-F unit as either target-dominated or interference-dominated. An auditory segmentation stage is then utilized to improve SVM-generated results. Systematic evaluations show that our approach produces high quality binary masks and outperforms a previous system in terms of classification accuracy.