cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Biosynthesis of Potential Psychotogens Derived from Dopamine

Normal mental functions can be disrupted by many kinds of drugs. Hallucinogens are of special interest because of their ability to impair higher centers without producing substantial effect on other functions of the central nervous system. While the mechanism of action of hallucinogens has not been clarified, the striking structural resemblance between certain of these agents and several central nervous system transmitters has not gone unnoticed (Osmond and Smythies, 1952; Snyder and Merril, 1965). Mescaline, for example, bears a strong structural similarity to dopamine, and, among indoles, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and bufotenin resemble serotonin (Figure 1). The hallucinogenic properties of these biogenic amine congeners are well documented for mescaline (Kapadia and Fayez, 1970) and for the indoles (Fujimori and Alpers, 1970).
Multiple exciton generation for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions with quantum yields exceeding 100

Multiple exciton generation (MEG) in quantum dots (QDs) has the potential to greatly increase the power conversion efficiency in solar cells and in solar-fuel production. During the MEG process, two electron–hole pairs (excitons) are created from the absorption of one high-energy photon, bypassing hot-carrier cooling via phonon emission. Here we demonstrate that extra carriers produced via MEG can be used to drive a chemical reaction with quantum efficiency above 100%. We developed a lead sulfide (PbS) QD photoelectrochemical cell that is able to drive hydrogen evolution from aqueous Na2S solution with a peak external quantum efficiency exceeding 100%. QD photoelectrodes that were measured all demonstrated MEG when the incident photon energy was larger than 2.7 times the bandgap energy. Our results demonstrate a new direction in exploring high-efficiency approaches to solar fuels. Multiple exciton generation has been shown to improve the performance of quantum-dot-based solar cells. Yan et al. now apply it to photoinduced hydrogen production and present a system using PbS quantum-dot photoelectrodes that yields an external quantum efficiency of over 100%.
Pre-existing Psychiatric Illness is Associated With Increased Risk of Recurrent Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.

Background The increased prevalence of psychiatric illness among patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) has been previously described. Objectives We sought to assess the effect of pre-existing psychiatric illness on clinical outcomes following the diagnosis of TC. Methods Adults diagnosed with TC at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 1999 and 2015 were included in the study. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify any pre-existing mood, anxiety, or schizophrenia-spectrum illness before TC presentation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test for independent association of pre-existing psychiatric illness with 30-day mortality and recurrent TC; Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to evaluate for association with long-term mortality. Results Among 306 patients diagnosed with TC during the study period, 114 (37%) had a pre-existing psychiatric illness. In all, 43 (14%) and 88 (29%) patients died within 30 days of index diagnosis and as of last medical record review, respectively. Of the 269 who survived their index hospitalization, 19 (7%) had a confirmed recurrent episode of TC. In multivariable analyses, pre-existing psychiatric illness was not associated with increased 30-day ( P = 0.320) or long-term ( P = 0.621) mortality. Pre-existing psychiatric illness was associated with higher risk of recurrent TC (odds ratio=7.44, 95% CI: 2.30–24.01, P Conclusions Pre-existing psychiatric illness was associated with an increased risk of recurrent TC. No significant association was noted between pre-existing psychiatric illness and survival.
Exquisite Slaves: Race, Clothing, and Status in Colonial Lima

In Exquisite Slaves, Tamara J. Walker examines how slaves used elegant clothing as a language for expressing attitudes about gender and status in the wealthy urban center of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Lima, Peru. Drawing on traditional historical research methods, visual studies, feminist theory, and material culture scholarship, Walker argues that clothing was an emblem of not only the reach but also the limits of slaveholders' power and racial domination. Even as it acknowledges the significant limits imposed on slaves' access to elegant clothing, Exquisite Slaves also showcases the insistence and ingenuity with which slaves dressed to convey their own sense of humanity and dignity. Building on other scholars' work on slaves' agency and subjectivity in examining how they made use of myriad legal discourses and forums, Exquisite Slaves argues for the importance of understanding the body itself as a site of claims-making.
On the Carcinogenicity of Marijuana Smoke

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa I.) has become the second most widely used smoke product in the Western World1-2-3-4. Marijuana smoke, however, is inhaled in significantly lower doses than tobacco smoke and its effect is predominantly psychotomimetic with some acute toxic side effects. Nevertheless, information as to the carcinogenicity of this inhalant is needed. Since most marijuana smokers are also cigarette smokers, it needs furthermore to be determined whether marijuana smoke can potentiate the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke.
Testando Teorias da Referência

Abstract: How should we test theories of reference? The accepted practice is to test them against the referential intuitions of philosophers. Machery et al (2004) wonder why it is appropriate to rely on the intuitions of philosophers rather than those of the folk. I wonder why it is appropriate to rely on referential intuitions at all. We should not go along with the common philosophical view that these intuitions are a priori. Philosophers might follow linguists in thinking that linguistic intuitions are “the voice” of our linguistic competence. But this view is false. Rather than relying solely on the indirect evidence of intuitions, theories of reference need direct evidence from linguistic usage. The paper considers the problems of doing this. Resumo:Como devemos testar teorias de referencia? A pratica aceita e testa-las diante das intuicoes de referencia dos filosofos. Machery e colegas (2004) se perguntam por que e apropriado confiar nas intuicoes dos filosofos em vez de naquelas das pessoas comuns. Eu me pergunto por que e apropriado confiar em intuicoes de referencia em absoluto. Nao devemos seguir a posicao filosofica comum de que essas intuicoes sao a priori. Os filosofos poderiam seguir os linguistas em pensar que as intuicoes linguisticas sao “a voz” da nossa competencia linguistica. Mas essa posicao e falsa. Em vez de confiar exclusivamente na evidencia indireta das intuicoes, as teorias da referencia precisam de evidencias diretas advindas do uso linguistico. Este trabalho considera os problemas em se fazer isso.
A Taylor series approach to the robust parameter design of computer simulations using kriging and radial basis function neural networks

Robust parameter design is used to identify a system's control settings that offer a compromise between obtaining desired mean responses and minimising the variability about those responses. Two popular combined-array strategies - the response surface model (RSM) approach and the emulator approach - are limited when applied to simulations. In the former case, the mean and variance models can be inadequate due to the high level of nonlinearity within many simulations. In the latter case, precise mean and variance approximations are developed at the expense of extensive Monte Carlo sampling. This paper extends the RSM approach to include nonlinear metamodels, namely kriging and radial basis function neural networks. The mean and variance of second-order Taylor series approximations of these metamodels are generated via the multivariate delta method and subsequent optimisation problems employing these approximations are solved. Results show that improved mean and variance prediction models, relative to the RSM approach, can be attained at a fraction of the emulator approach's cost.
Green nanofillers: Plant virus reinforcement in hydrophilic polymer nanocomposites

Abstract Aqueous polymeric systems are critical components for a bevy of uses, most notably in biomedical sciences. However, these materials typically have inherently weak mechanical properties. A critical area of research in recent years is the development of new biocompatible nanofillers to reinforce these polymeric matrices and enhance mechanical properties. In particular, high aspect ratio nanotubes provide the greatest mechanical reinforcement when blended into composite materials. Unfortunately, there are few options for water dispersible nanofillers that would be appropriate for water-soluble polymers. In this study, a plant virus protein nanotube, tobacco mosaic green mild virus (TMGMV), was used to strengthen two hydrophilic composites. In the first example, a cross-linked poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) hydrogel (PPEGMEA) was synthesized with varying amounts of TMGMV. TMGMV was an effective reinforcing agent at low concentrations, increasing the storage and compressive modulus when compared to neat PPEGMEA hydrogels. To further validate the broad applicability of TMGMV reinforcement, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/TMGMV composite films were studied. TMGMV was found to have a similar reinforcing effect on these film systems. Rod-shaped viruses may represent a broad based reinforcing agent for aqueous systems in the future.
Teachers' and Parents' Perceptions of Parental Involvement on Inner City Children's Academic Success

Parental involvement (PI) is an important factor in children's academic learning. In this study, teachers' and parents' perceptions of parental involvement on inner city children's academic success were examined. The setting of the study was in an inner city Tittle I elementary school with a 90% African American student population. A purposeful random sampling method was used in the study. Fifty five parents and 14 teachers participated in the study. The Parental Involvement Survey was used to collect data from the 69 participants. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS. The findings revealed that parents and teachers perceived that family, extended family, and community support were important for inner city children's academic success. Teachers and Parents differed significantly on parental expectations, rewards, and educational decision making for the children. The paper discussed the implications of the research findings as well as suggestions for future research.
Diesel Fuel Consumption During Chisel Plowing

Introduction Direct energy expenses (diesel, gasoline, propane, electricity) total more than $1 billion annually for Iowa farmers. Farm management techniques such as adjusting tractor gear and throttle settings or reducing tillage depths can reduce diesel fuel consumption for row crop production. This study is being conducted over multiple years to measure the effects of energy management techniques on tractor fuel consumption during spring and fall field operations.
Severe ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Requiring Exchange Transfusion

ABO incompatibility (ABOi), the most common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), is nearly always mild and treatable with phototherapy. Reports of ABOi HDN requiring neonatal exchange transfusion are extremely rare since the inception of modern guidelines. Here, a case of ABOi HDN clearly met criteria for exchange transfusion. An O-positive African American mother delivered a B-positive neonate that quickly developed hyperbilirubinemia. The neonatal DAT was positive from anti-B and anti-A,B, and maternal IgG titer was 1024. Double volume exchange transfusion resulted in a favorable outcome. Given early discharge of newborns, further understanding of factors predicting severe disease is needed.
Two-Color Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission Spectroscopy Tracks Cofactor Protonation State in a Class I Ribonucleotide Reductase

Proton transfer reactions are of central importance to a wide variety of biochemical processes, though determining proton location and monitoring proton transfers in biological systems is often extremely challenging. Herein, we use two-color valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC XES) to identify protonation events across three oxidation states of the O2 -activating, radical-initiating manganese-iron heterodinuclear cofactor in a class I-c ribonucleotide reductase. This is the first application of VtC XES to an enzyme intermediate and the first simultaneous measurement of two-color VtC spectra. In contrast to more conventional methods of assessing protonation state, VtC XES is a more direct probe applicable to a wide range of metalloenzyme systems. These data, coupled to insight provided by DFT calculations, allow the inorganic cores of the MnIV FeIV and MnIV FeIII states of the enzyme to be assigned as MnIV (μ-O)2 FeIV and MnIV (μ-O)(μ-OH)FeIII , respectively.
Functional Communication Training: The Strength of Evidence Across Disabilities:

Functional communication training (FCT) is a commonly used, often recommended intervention that involves teaching a functionally equivalent communicative response to replace challenging behavior. T...
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Home Transitions Multidisciplinary Care Coordination Reduces Readmissions for Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES To compare rates of 30‐ and 90‐day hospital readmissions and observation or emergency department (ED) returns of older adults using the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Health Plan Home Transitions (HT) with those of Medicare fee‐for‐service (FFS) controls without HT. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Analysis of home health and hospital records from 8 UPMC hospitals in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, from July 1, 2015, to April 30, 2017. PARTICIPANTS HT program participants (n=1,900) and controls (n=1,300). INTERVENTION HT is a care transitions program aimed at preventing readmission that identifies older adults at risk of readmission using a robust inclusion algorithm; deploys a multidisciplinary care team, including a nurse practitioner (NP), a social worker (SW), or both; and provides a multimodal service including personalized care planning, education, treatment, monitoring, and communication facilitation. MEASUREMENT We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the effects of HT on the odds of hospital readmission and observation or ED return, controlling for index admission participant characteristics and home health process measures. RESULTS The adjusted odds of 30‐day readmission was 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11–0.87, P = .03) and of 90‐day readmission was 0.47 (95% CI=CI = 0.26–0.85, P = .01), for participants at medium risk of readmission in HT who received a team visit. The adjusted odds of 30‐day readmission was 0.29 (95% CI = 0.10–0.83, P = .02) for participants at high risk of readmission in HT who received a team visit. The adjusted odds of 30‐day observation or ED return was 1.90 (95% CI = 1.28–2.82, P = .001) for participants at medium risk of readmission in HT who received a team visit. CONCLUSION The HT program may be associated with lower odds of 30‐ and 90‐day hospital readmission and counterbalancing higher odds of observation or ED return. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:156–163, 2019.
Documenting Past Climate ChangeOpen image in new window

Already in the 1830s Charles Lyell realized that there had been major changes in Earth’s climate over time. Alexander Agassiz’s championing of the idea of an ice age in 1840 introduced the idea that the climate had been radically different in the not too distant past.
Sensitivity of inherent optical properties from ocean reflectance inversion models to satellite instrument wavelength suites.

The Earth science community seeks to develop climate data records (CDRs) from satellite measurements of ocean color, a continuous data record which now exceeds twenty years. Space agencies will launch additional instruments in the coming decade that will continue this data record, including the NASA PACE spectrometer. Inherent optical properties (IOPs) quantitatively describe the absorbing and scattering constituents of seawater and can be estimated from satellite-observed spectroradiometric data using semi-analytical algorithms (SAAs). SAAs exploit the contrasting optical signatures of constituent matter at spectral bands observed by satellite sensors. SAA performance, therefore, depends on the spectral resolution of the satellite spectroradiometer. A CDR spanning SeaWiFS, MODIS, OLCI, and PACE, for example, would include IOPs derived using varied wavelength suites if all available wavelengths were considered. Here, we explored differences in derived IOPs that stem simply from the use of (eight) different wavelength suites of input radiometric measurements. Using synthesized data and SeaWiFS Level-3 mission-long composites, we demonstrated equivalent SAA performance for all wavelength suites, but that IOP retrievals vary by several percent across wavelength suites and as a function of water type. The differences equate to roughly ≤ 6, 12, and 7% for adg (443), aph (443), and bbp (443), respectively, for waters with Ca ≤ 1 mg m-3. These values shrink for sensors with similar wavelength suites (e.g., SeaWiFS, MODIS, and MERIS) and rise to substantially larger values for higher Ca waters. Our results also indicate that including 400 nm (in the case of OLCI) influences the derived IOPs, using longer wavelengths (>600 nm) influences the derived IOPs when there is a red signal, and, including additional spectral information shows potential for improved IOP estimation, but not without revisiting SAA parameterizations and execution. While modest in scope, we believe this study contributes to the knowledge base for CDR development. The implication of ignoring such an analysis as CDRs continue to be developed is a prolonged inability to distinguish between algorithmic and environmental contributions to trends and anomalies in the IOP time-series.
Sodium Metal Anodes: Emerging Solutions to Dendrite Growth

This comprehensive Review focuses on the key challenges and recent progress regarding sodium-metal anodes employed in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs). The metal anode is the essential component of emerging energy storage systems such as sodium sulfur and sodium selenium, which are discussed as example full-cell applications. We begin with a description of the differences in the chemical and physical properties of Na metal versus the oft-studied Li metal, and a corresponding discussion regarding the number of ways in which Na does not follow Li-inherited paradigms in its electrochemical behavior. We detail the major challenges for Na-metal systems that at this time limit the feasibility of SMBs. The core Na anode problems are the following interrelated degradation mechanisms: An unstable solid electrolyte interphase with most organic electrolytes, "mossy" and "lath-like" metal dendrite growth for liquid systems, poor Coulombic efficiency, and gas evolution. Even solid-state Na batteries are not immune, with metal dendrites being reported. The solutions may be subdivided into the following interrelated taxonomy: Improved electrolytes and electrolyte additives tailored for Na-metal anodes, interfacial engineering between the metal and the liquid or solid electrolyte, electrode architectures that both reduce the current density during plating-stripping and serve as effective hosts that shield the Na metal from excessive reactions, and alloy design to tune the bulk properties of the metal per se. For instance, stable plating-stripping of Na is extremely difficult with conventional carbonate solvents but has been reported with ethers and glymes. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) such as beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), sodium superionic conductor (NASICON), and sodium thiophosphate (75Na2S·25P2S5) present highly exciting opportunities for SMBs that avoid the dangers of flammable liquids. Even SSEs are not immune to dendrites, however, which grow through the defects in the bulk pellet, but may be controlled through interfacial energy modification. We conclude with a discussion of the key research areas that we feel are the most fruitful for further pursuit. In our opinion, greatly improved understanding and control of the SEI structure is the key to cycling stability. A holistic approach involving complementary post-mortem, in situ, and operando analyses to elucidate full battery cell level structure-performance relations is advocated.
Condensation of 2-methylindole with acetophenones: An unexpected formation of 2-arylanilines

Abstract2-Methylindole condenses with acetophenones under acidic conditions to produce 2-arylanilines in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeds well with a range of 3′- and 4′- substituted ...
The effect of executive function on adherence with a cardiac secondary prevention program and its interaction with an incentive-based intervention.

Abstract Participation in secondary prevention programs such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces morbidity, mortality, and hospitalizations while improving quality of life. Executive function (EF) is a complex set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate behavior. EF predicts many health-related behaviors, but how EF interacts with interventions to improve treatment adherence is not well understood. The objective of this study is to examine if EF predicts CR treatment adherence and how EF interacts with an intervention to improve adherence. Data were collected from 2013 to 2018 in Vermont, USA. 130 Medicaid-enrolled individuals who had experienced a qualifying cardiac event were enrolled in a controlled clinical trial and randomized 1:1 to receive financial incentives for completing secondary prevention sessions or to usual care. In this secondary analysis, effects of EF on CR adherence (defined as completing ≥30/36 sessions) were examined in 112 participants (57 usual care, 55 intervention) who completed an EF battery. Delay-discounting, a measure of impulsivity, predicted CR adherence (p = 0.01) and interacted with the incentive intervention, such that those who exhibited greater discounting of future rewards benefitted more from the intervention than those who discounted less (F(1, 104) = 5.23, p = 0.02). Better cognitive flexibility, measured with the trail-making-task, also predicted CR adherence (p = 0.02). While EF has been associated with adherence to a variety of treatment regimens, this interaction between an incentive-based intervention to promote treatment adherence and EF is novel. This work illustrates the value of considering individual differences in EF when designing and implementing interventions to promote health-related behavior change.
Rasch Basics for the Novice

At times it can be overwhelming for the beginner to learn how to confidently interpret Rasch results. This chapter presents (1) the basics of Rasch theory, (2) a user-friendly overview of key indices in Rasch analysis and how to interpret those indices, (3) an overview of specific types of Rasch presentation techniques that can be used to communicate Rasch analyses for peer-reviewed papers, and (4) a discussion of the common aspects of Rasch that can be hard for the beginner to grasp. Upon reading this chapter—the new Rasch learner will have a solid foundation which will enable a basic Rasch analysis to be carried out. Also, the new Rasch learner will be able to confidently read articles which have made use of Rasch analysis techniques.
Efficient LPBF process simulation using finite element modeling with adaptive remeshing for distortions and residual stresses prediction

Abstract As-built metallic parts manufactured by the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process are usually associated with high residual stresses and distortions due to the thermal cycles during the process. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is widely used to simulate the build process with the assumption of the lumped layer thickness. This paper proposes an adaptive remeshing framework by which the assumed layer thickness value can be reduced while minimizing model size and the number of nodes. Preliminary results show that model results find good agreement with experimental results and previous FEM predictions, along with significant computational reduction.
Chapter 8 – Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), the most recently classified form of cardiomyopathy, is characterized by abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle (LV), most commonly at the apex. It may be associated with LV dilation or hypertrophy, systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, or various forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). Affected individuals are at risk of LV or right ventricular failure, or both. Genetic inheritance arises in at least 30–50% of patients, and several genes that cause LV noncompaction have been identified. These genes appear to generally encode sarcomeric (contractile apparatus) or cytoskeletal proteins, although, in the case of LVNC with CHD, disturbance of the Notch signaling pathway appears to be part of a “final common pathway” for this form of the disease. In addition, disrupted mitochondrial function and metabolic abnormalities have a causal role as well. Treatments focus on improvement of cardiac efficiency and reduction of mechanical stress in those with systolic dysfunction. Further, arrhythmia therapy and implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of sudden death are mainstays of treatment when deemed necessary and appropriate. In this chapter, a current view of left ventricular noncompaction is outlined.
To err is human, to forget is device-related: A cautionary note for endoscopists.

Background: In the United States, ∼5 million endoscopies are performed annually. Contaminated endoscopes account for more nosocomial infections than any other medical device, but the vast majority of such events go unreported. We found no reports in the literature or the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database of the incident described below. Methods: During a colonoscopy, the operator noticed resistance while advancing a clipping wire through the channel. A balloon-tipped catheter sheath was then extruded into the colonic lumen. The sheath and endoscope were withdrawn without incident, and the procedure was completed with a different endoscope. According to equipment logs, the last time that type of balloon-tipped catheter was used occurred 20 days prior, resulting in 20 patients having potentially been exposed to an incompletely disinfected device. Interrogation of the endoscope with various inserts revealed that the presence of a retained sheath would allow passage of all types of guide wires, (snips, snares, etc), including the cleaning brush. The only device whose passage would have been prevented by a retained sheath was a vascular clipping device. A review of procedure notes and interviews of involved physicians revealed that such clippings were performed as recently as 2 days prior to the incident, thus reducing the number of potentially exposed to 2, plus the index. The county and state health departments were notified, a MAUDE report was filed, and patients were notified and offered free testing for bloodborne and enteric pathogens. Discussion: The root causes of the exposure included the absence of a closed-loop feedback for removable components (similar to an operating room sponge count), an inexperienced endoscopy technologist, and, in our opinion, a design flaw of the sheath that allows the sheath to enter the channel. Specifically, unlike other sheath brands, this brand lacks a large, irremovable warning flag that precludes channel entry (Fig. 1). Had we not been able to trace the use of each individual endoscope (n = 45) in the clinic and link each to specific patients, procedures, and reprocessing logs, we would have had no way to determine the extent of exposures. This incident, which we present as a cautionary tail to others, highlights (1) a possible equipment design flaw, (2) the importance of closed-loop feedbacks for removable components, (3) the criticality of detailed procedure notes along with granular cleaning and reprocessing logs traceable to every endoscope, and (4) the challenge of communicating risk of disease transmission to patients. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Co-assessment Through Digital Technologies

This chapter reveals ways in which governments from across the United States are using different forms of co-assessment to enhance public services. Specifically, this chapter looks at how the monitoring or evaluating of a wide range of problems that exist in society is being facilitated by advances in information and communication technology (ICT). The author has proposed a classification system for these ICT-enabled co-assessment technologies that can help scholars and practitioners alike in evaluating the depth and scope of the public engagement that these co-assessment strategies might require when implemented by a government. The type and quality of the assessment data that are created is not dependent on this proposed scale that ranges from ‘less’ to ‘more’ active involvement by the public.
New Bank and Transportation Stock Indexes from 1793 to 1871, with Comparisons Across Region and Sector, and Against Prior Indexes

Good data on US stock market returns before the advent of the Cowles’ (1939) dataset in 1871 have been scarce. Small samples and an inability to observe dividends render current estimates suspect. I report total return for a much larger sample of stocks before 1871 than heretofore seen. I observe prices and dividends for all the large banks trading in the markets of Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Virginia, where past research had been confined mostly to banks headquartered in New York. I also observe prices and dividends for all the large turnpikes, canals, and railroads that traded in this period. In both cases I find significant survivorship bias in prior compilations. Banks that went bust or went to the wall in the Panics of 1819 and 1837 have been ignored. Early transportation firms that soared on speculation and then collapsed without ever paying a dividend have also been omitted from the record. Likewise, the dividend cuts and omissions characteristic of hard times have been overlooked. Net of correcting these survivorship biases, in the period before the Civil War I find significantly lower stock market returns than reported in Siegel (2014). I likewise find bonds out-performing stocks during this period. The paper concludes with a discussion of why stocks should have performed poorly, and bonds well, under the distinctive macroeconomic conditions that prevailed before the Civil War. [This paper has been updated by later work. See revision notes that follow this abstract.]
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSRUCTION IN CHILDREN: OUTCOMES OF QUADRICEPS VERSUS HAMSTRING AUTOGRAFTS:

Background:Emerging evidence has suggested reduced donor site pain and equivalent/improved functional outcomes in adults undergoing ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with quadriceps (QT) autograft versus h...
Drinking (wine) again: always the same, even in a pandemic?

The present research explores the role of wine’s social and coping benefits during stressful times (e.g. COVID-19 shutdown). This research operationalizes one factor that captures perceived value from wine due to social benefits and a second factor that captures the perceived value from wine due to benefits that help one cope with anxious times. A research framework is proposed and explored using mediation analyses. Results across two studies suggest that life situations relate to both wine’s social value and need for coping. Both wine's social value and coping value help drive wine consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Wine Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: A Current Analysis of General Surgery Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND Local, regional, and national diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives have been established to combat barriers to entry and promote retention in surgery residency programs. Our study evaluates changes in diversity in general surgery residency programs. We hypothesize that diversity trends have remained stable nationally and regionally. MATERIALS AND METHODS General surgery residents in all postgraduate years were queried regarding their self-reported sex, race, and ethnicity following the 2020 ABSITE. Residents were then grouped into geographic regions. Data were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, and chi-square analyses. RESULTS A total of 9276 residents responded. Nationally, increases in female residents were noted from 38.0 to 46.0% (P < .001) and in Hispanic or Latinx residents from 7.3 to 8.3% (P = .031). Across geographic regions, a significant increase in female residents was noted in the Northwest (51.9 to 58.3%, P = .039), Midwest (36.9 to 43.3%, P = .006), and Southwest (35.8 to 47.5%, P = .027). A significant increase in black residents was only noted in the Northwest (0 to 15.8%, P = .031). The proportion of white residents decreased nationally by 8.9% and in the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, and Southwest between 5.5 and 15.9% (P < .05). DISCUSSION In an increasingly diverse society, expanding the numbers of underrepresented surgeons in training, and ultimately in practice, is a necessity. This study shows that there are region-specific increases in diversity, despite minimal change on a national level. This finding may suggest the need for region-specific DEI strategies and initiatives. Future studies will seek to evaluate individual programs with DEI plans and determine if there is a correlation to changing demographics.
The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women and Archaic Greece

This book examines the extant fragments of the archaic Greek poem known in antiquity as Hesiod's Catalogue of Women. Kirk Ormand shows that the poem should be read intertextually with other hexameter poetry from the eighth to sixth century BCE, especially Homer, Hesiod, and the Cyclic epics. Through literary interaction with these poems, the Catalogue reflects political and social tensions in the archaic period regarding the production of elite status. In particular, Ormand argues that the Catalogue reacts against the 'middling ideology' that came to the fore during the archaic period in Greece, championing traditional aristocratic modes of status. Ormand maintains that the poem's presentation of the end of the heroic age is a reflection of a declining emphasis on nobility of birth in the structures of authority in the emerging sixth century polis.
Optimization of Complex Column Networks with Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

Abstract Complex column networks including Petlyuk, Kaibel, divided wall columns, side-stripper and rectifiers have better energy efficiency than simple separation networks. We present automatic and systematic computer-aided design and synthesis of complex column networks with heat-integrated configurations to separate multicomponent mixtures. Automatic synthesis of complex column is a challenging problem because the rigorous mass, equilibrium, summation and heat (MESH) equations lead to non-smooth fragmented search spaces. Therefore global optimization methods involving both structural and parametric degrees of freedom can currently not handle this problem and find realizable optimal energy efficiency in practice. To tackle the network synthesis problem, we proposed the following design and optimization approaches. First we apply an inverse design methods based on temperature collocation which substantially reduces the problem dimension. This method identifies the design feasibility keeping final product purities. Second, we developed hybrid genetic algorithm, in which stochastic GA elements can be combined with a local deterministic search. At first stage, GA explores the design space until individual network solutions begin to coalesce and confines the region with niche technique. The gradient-based local optimizer refines a solution to local optimality. This hybrid scheme enables to find out all global and local solutions and thus improves computation speed and accuracy of the solutions. Our novel methods allow the global search for feasible, effective and optimal energy efficient designs of the complex distillation column network in a fully automatic fashion. We used the rigorous commercial flowsheet simulator AspenPlus to validate the result and both results are very close each other. The automatic and rigorous flowsheet synthesis is apt to systematically address industrial-size process design problems such as the synthesis of energy-efficient separation networks, layout of biorefineries with novel feedstocks or sustainable process for reduction of greenhouse gases emissions.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) (Millon, 2006) is one of nine published measures that operationalize Theodore Millon's (1969, 1996) evolutionary model of personality and psychopathology. Other Millon tests include the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Since its introduction in 1977, the MCMI has become one of the most frequently used instruments for the examination of personality disorders and clinical syndromes. There are over 500 empirical studies based on this measure, as well as seven MCMI-related books. Among personality tests, only the Rorschach and the MMPI-2 have produced more research during the past 15 years. Recent reviews of this literature are available in Choca (2004) and Craig (2005). Keywords: clinical syndromes; DSM-IV; personality disorders; psychopathology; Theodore Millon
Long-range studies of the biologic behavior of the human uterine cervix

Abstract In an attempt to define the etiological factors important in the genesis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, a large group of normal women has been followed for over 5 years. An initial careful history and physical examination have been followed by periodic pelvic examinations, vaginal cytology, and biopsies of the cervix. There appears to be a definite relationship between cervical metaplasia and age, as well as a correlation between metaplasia and the presence of cervical eversion in the patient under the age of 40 years. The suggested relationships of pregnancy, the menopause, and other uterine disease were found to represent merely the altered prevalence found within the age groups involved. In this series no relationship could be shown between cervical metaplasia and race, marital status, menarche, time of menopause, type of menopause (physiologic or surgical), pregnancy, leukorrhea, bloody discharge, history of venereal disease, use of contraceptives, circumcision of husband, height, weight, body type, size of breasts, presence of enlarged inguinal nodes, gravidity, parity, clinical parity of the cervix, type of cervical mucosa, size or irregularity of the uterus, adnexal or rectal pathology. Because of the low incidence of cervical malignancy in the general population and the comparatively small group of such patients studied, no direct evidence has yet been obtained concerning the relationship between cervical metaplasia and cervical malignancy. Continuation of this study with the accumulation of additional data may provide definitive information and answers to these problems.
Split Hubbard bands at low densities

We present a numerical scheme for the Hubbard model that throws light on the rather esoteric nature of the upper and lower Hubbard bands, which have been invoked often in literature. We present a self-consistent solution of the ladder-diagram equations for the Hubbard model, and show that these provide, at least in the limit of low densities of particles, a vivid picture of the Hubbard split bands. We also address the currently topical problem of decay of the doublon states that are measured in optical trap studies, using both the ladder scheme and also an exact two-particle calculation of a relevant Green's function.
Metabolic regulation of steroidogenesis in isolated adrenal cells of rat. Relationship of adrenocorticotropin-, adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-stimulated steroidogenesis with the activation of protein kinase.

The data presented with the isolated adrenal cells, in the present study, show that adrenocorticotropin in the physiological concentration range stimulates the synthesis of guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP), protein kinase activity, and steroidogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner without detectable rise in the levels of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Millimolar concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, which stimulate corticosterone synthesis, also activate kinase activity and steroidogenesis in a sigmoid concentration-response manner. The process of phosphorylation activated by corticotropin, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP is not inhibited by eyeloheximide or actinomyin D. It is therefore proposed that the hormonal responses mediated by cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP are via the protein kinase enzymatic steps, and the inhibitory effect of' cycloheximide and actinomycin D in corticotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis follows this step. In conjunction with our previous observations that the biosynthetic steps from (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol to corticosterone are neither inhibited by cycloheximide nor affected by cyclic GMP, it is inferred that the rate-limiting step of adrenal steroidogenesis is the transformation of cholesterol to (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol and this very step is regulated by cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP. Of further significance are the findings that micromolar concentrations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, which do not stimulate steroidogenesis, effectively stimulate protein kinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. It is therefore concluded that all cyclic-nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activities of the cell are not necessarily related to steroidogenesis.
Light, genotype, and abscisic acid affect chloroplast positioning in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves in distinct ways

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity, genotype, and various chemical treatments on chloroplast movement in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. After treatment at various light intensities (dark, low, and high light), leaf discs were fixed with glutaraldehyde, and imaged using confocal laser microscopy. Each chloroplast was assigned a horizontal (close to pore, center, or epidermal side) and vertical (outer, middle, inner) position. White light had a distinct effect on chloroplast positioning, most notably under high light (HL) when chloroplasts on the upper leaf surface of wild-type (WT) moved from epidermal and center positions toward the pore. This was not the case for phot1-5/phot2-1 or phot2-1 plants, thus phototropins are essential for chloroplast positioning in guard cells. In npq1-2 mutants, fewer chloroplasts moved to the pore position under HL than in WT plants, indicating that white light can affect chloroplast positioning also in a zeaxanthin-dependent way. Cytochalasin B inhibited the movement of chloroplasts to the pore under HL, while oryzalin did not, supporting the idea that actin plays a role in the movement. The movement along actin cables is dependent on CHUP1 since chloroplast positioning in chup1 was significantly altered. Abscisic acid (ABA) caused most chloroplasts in WT and phot1-5/phot2-1 to be localized in the center, middle part of the guard cells irrespective of light treatment. This indicates that not only light but also water stress influences chloroplast positioning.
Assimilation and subcellular partitioning of elements by grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient.

Abstract Chronic exposure to polluted field conditions can impact metal bioavailability in prey and may influence metal transfer to predators. The present study investigated the assimilation of Cd, Hg and organic carbon by grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio , collected along an impact gradient within the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Adult shrimp were collected from five Staten Island, New York study sites, fed 109 Cd- or 203 Hg-labeled amphipods or 14 C-labeled meals and analyzed for assimilation efficiencies (AE). Subsamples of amphipods and shrimp were subjected to subcellular fractionation to isolate metal associated with a compartment presumed to contain trophically available metal (TAM) (metal associated with heat-stable proteins [HSP – e.g., metallothionein-like proteins], heat-denatured proteins [HDP – e.g., enzymes] and organelles [ORG]). TAM- 109 Cd% and TAM- 203 Hg% in radiolabeled amphipods were ∼64% and ∼73%, respectively. Gradients in AE- 109 Cd% (∼54% to ∼75%) and AE- 203 Hg% (∼61% to ∼78%) were observed for grass shrimp, with the highest values exhibited by shrimp collected from sites within the heavily polluted Arthur Kill complex. Population differences in AE- 14 C% were not observed. Assimilated 109 Cd% partitioned to the TAM compartment in grass shrimp varied between ∼67% and ∼75%. 109 Cd bound to HSP in shrimp varied between ∼15% and ∼47%, while 109 Cd associated with metal-sensitive HDP was ∼17% to ∼44%. Percentages of assimilated 109 Cd bound to ORG were constant at ∼10%. Assimilated 203 Hg% associated with TAM in grass shrimp did not exhibit significant variation. Percentages of assimilated 203 Hg bound to HDP (∼47%) and ORG (∼11%) did not vary among populations and partitioning of 203 Hg to HSP was not observed. Using a simplified biokinetic model of metal accumulation from the diet, it is estimated that site-specific variability in Cd AE by shrimp and tissue Cd burdens in field-collected prey (polychaetes Nereis spp.) could potentially result in up to ∼3.2-fold differences in the dose of Cd assimilated by shrimp from a meal in the field. The results of this study also suggest that chronic field exposure can impact mechanisms of metal transport across the gut epithelium that do not influence carbon assimilation. Differences in the assimilation and subcellular partitioning of metal may have important implications for metal toxicity in impacted shrimp populations.
Characterization of rabbit surfactant-associated proteins.

In the present study, the apolipoproteins associated with a purified surfactant fraction isolated from lung lavage of adult rabbits were characterized. Surfactant purity was assessed by the glycerophospholipid composition and by electron microscopic examination. The purified surfactant was delipidated and the apolipoproteins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By use of this technique at least eight proteins or families of proteins were found to be associated with surfactant. Four of these apolipoproteins were families of proteins of 55–70, 29–36, 26–28 and 22–23 kilodaltons (kDa). All of these apolipoprotein families had acidic isoelectric points (pI < 5.6), and were specifically bound to a Con A-Sepharose matrix, indicative that these apolipoprotein families are modified by oligosaccharide side-chains. The finding that neuraminidase treatment degraded the 29–36 kDa family is suggestive that this apolipoprotein family contains sialic acid residues. Three major proteins of 66, 43–45 and 35 kDa and a minor protein of 86 kDa were also observed. These proteins had isoelectric points in the more neutral range (pI 6.0–6.5). The 66 kDa protein (pI 6.4) had the same apparent molecular weight and isoelectric point as the major protein of delipidated rabbit serum and as purified rabbit albumin, which suggests that this protein is albumin. These findings are indicative that the apolipoproteins of surfactant are more numerous and complex than previously reported.