cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isostructural or not? Adducts of some aryltin halides with (E)-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene.

The title complexes [μ-(E)-4,4′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)­di­pyridine-κ2N:N′]­bis­[halotris(4-methyl­phenyl)­tin(IV)], [Sn2(C7H7)6X2(C12H10N2)], where halo is chloro (X = Cl) and bromo (X = Br) are isostructural. In both crystals, the mol­ecules lie on inversion centers, and there are voids of ca 80 A3 that could, but apparently do not, accommodate water mol­ecules. The corresponding iodo structure (X = I) is almost, but not quite, isostructural with the other two compounds; when Br is changed to I, the length of the c axis decreases by more than 1 A and the voids are no longer large enough to accomodate any solvent mol­ecule. The related complex [μ-(E)-4,4′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)­di­pyridine-κ2N:N′]­bis­[chloro­tri­phenyl­tin(IV)], [Sn2(C6H5)6Cl2(C12H10N2)], crystallizes in a related structure, but the mol­ecules lie on general rather than on special positions. The molecular structures of the four complexes are similar, but the conformation of the phenyl derivative is approximately eclipsed rather than staggered.
A generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii model for characterizing the hysteresis and saturation nonlinearities of smart actuators

Smart actuators, such as shape memory alloy (SMA) and magnetostrictive actuators, exhibit saturation nonlinearity and hysteresis that may be symmetric or asymmetric. The Prandtl–Ishlinskii model employing classical play operators has been used to describe the hysteresis properties of smart actuators that are symmetric in nature. In this study, the application of a generalized play operator capable of characterizing symmetric as well as asymmetric hysteresis properties with output saturation is explored in formulating a generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii model. The generalized play operator employs different envelope functions under increasing and decreasing inputs to describe asymmetric and saturated output–input hysteresis loops. The validity of the proposed generalized model to characterize symmetric and asymmetric hysteresis properties is demonstrated by comparing the model responses with the measured major and minor hysteresis loops of three different types of actuator, namely SMA, magnetostrictive, and piezoceramic actuators. The simulation results suggest that the proposed generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii model can be directly applied for modeling the hysteresis loops of different smart actuators together with the output saturation.
Does reducing the number of prenatal office visits for low-risk women result in increased use of other medical services?

Objective To determine whether a schedule of fewer prenatal visits than traditional for women with low-risk pregnancies leads to additional medical services outside prescribed prenatal care. Methods In a randomized, controlled trial conducted within a group-model health maintenance organization, we studied 2328 pregnant women judged to be at low risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. After risk assessment and consent, women were assigned to an experimental (nine visits) or a control (14 visits) schedule, with additional visits if requested either by providers after identifying risks or by women seeking additional services. We recorded whether women underwent maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening, obstetric ultrasound examination at 15–24 weeks' gestation, hematocrit testing after 20 weeks, and diabetic screening. We also noted visits to nonobstetric care providers or our emergency care center, telephone calls, and hospitalizations. Results We found no significant differences between the two groups for prenatal blood tests, visits to nonobstetric providers or to the emergency care center, telephone calls from patients, or hospital admissions. A significantly greater percentage of women underwent ultrasound examinations at 15–24 weeks in the control group compared with the experimental group (57.3% and 53.1%, respectively; P = .045). Conclusion The reduction in prenatal visits achieved using the experimental schedule was not accompanied by an increase in the use of other medical services compared with the routine schedule. The use of the schedule proposed by the Expert Panel on the Content of Prenatal Care improved the efficiency of delivery of prenatal care to low-risk women.
Severity and carbamazepine level at time of initial poison center contact correlate with outcome in carbamazepine poisoning.

AbstractWe reviewed data from carbamazepine poisonings reported to the Kentucky Regional Poison Center from January 1986 thorough March 1992 to identify information available at the time of poison center contact which correlates to outcome. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to describe the relationship between two ordinal variable and interval-level variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the relationship between categorical and ordinal variable. Two way analysis of variance was used to test the effect of routine carbamazepine use on final severity and carbamazepine level of 345 reports involving carbamazepine poisoning; 263 (76%) involved only carbamazepine ingestion and formed the database. One hundred eighty four (70%) carbamazepine ingestions occurred in victims ± 17 years old, 79 (30%) occurred in adults. Severity assigned at the time of initial poison center contact was significantly correlated with outcome severity for children and adults (r ± 0.9, p < 0.00001). The amoun...
Conservative homoclinic bifurcations and some applications

We study generic unfoldings of homoclinic tangencies of two-dimensional area-preserving diffeomorphisms (conservative New house phenomena) and show that they give rise to invariant hyperbolic sets of arbitrarily large Hausdorff dimension. As applications, we discuss the size of the stochastic layer of a standard map and the Hausdorff dimension of invariant hyperbolic sets for certain restricted three-body problems. We avoid involved technical details and only concentrate on the ideas of the proof of the presented results.
Place‐Based versus People‐Based Geographic Information Science

Geographic information science and technologies are revolutionizing basic and applied science by allowing integrated holistic approaches to the analysis of geographic locations and their attributes. However, the increasing mobility and connectivity of many people in the world means that the relationships between people and place are becoming more subtle and complex, rendering a place-based perspective incomplete. This article discusses the need to move beyond a placebased perspective in geographic information science to include a people-based perspective (i.e., the individual in space and time). It reviews the theories and technologies that can support the people-based perspective and provides some example applications of the people-based perspective.
Non-random association of human acrocentric chromosomes.

The association of human acrocentric chromosomes was found to be nonrandom using fluorescence technic.
Sober as deviant: the stigma of sobriety and how some college students "stay dry" on a "wet" campus

Social scientists have conducted numerous studies on college students’ binge drinking behavior. They have not, however, conducted any systematic studies of nondrinkers on college campuses. Our stud...
Self-Encapsulation of Poly-2,7-fluorenes in a Dendrimer Matrix

The synthesis and characterization of complex dendritic, rigid rod poly-2,7-fluorene homopolymers and copolymers via a macromonomer approach is reported. Several 2,7-dibromofluorene monomers contai...
Angiotropism of human prostate cancer cells: implications for extravascular migratory metastasis

OBJECTIVES To report several samples of invasive human prostate cancer showing angiotropism, and to use human prostate cancer cells stably expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) in in vitro and in vivo models to assess the dissemination pathway of prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Malignant melanoma and prostate carcinoma cells can migrate along anatomical structures such as nerves; previous studies showed that melanoma cells can be perivascular, on the outside of the endothelium, i.e. they are angiotropic, which suggests the hypothesis that melanoma cells also may migrate along vascular channels, termed ‘extravascular migratory metastasis’ (EVMM). Thus we examined histologically 10 human prostatic carcinoma specimens for the presence of angiotropism. In vitro, the PC-3 prostate cancer cells were co-cultures with capillary-like structures. In vivo, PC-3 cells were implanted on the chick chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM). RESULTS Histologically, in all 10 cases, angiotropism was detected at least focally within the tumour or at the advancing front of the tumour. In vitro, the PC-3 cells spread along the external surface of the vascular tubules; in vivo, PC-3 cells formed a cuff around some vessels a few millimetres beyond the tumour, showing angiotropism. Histopathology of the CAM confirmed the perivascular location of tumour cells and the absence of tumour cells within the vessel lumina. CONCLUSION The presence of angiotropic tumour cells in human invasive prostate cancers, associated with the angiotropism of GFP prostate cancer cells cultivated in vitro and in vivo in angiogenic models, raises the possibility that some prostate tumour cells may migrate along the external surface of vessels as a mechanism of spread, i.e. EVMM.
Procedural justice's relationship with turnover: explaining past inconsistent findings

Despite arguments for a significant negative relationship, there have been ambiguous findings on the empirical relationship between procedural justice and turnover behavior. This study attempts to clarify these past findings by examining the effects of multiple dimensions of procedural justice on the voluntary turnover behavior of nurses in a work-scheduling context (N = 190). The advance notice and consistency dimensions were significantly and negatively correlated with turnover behavior. Two dimensions of procedural justice had divergent effects on actual turnover behaviors in a logistic regression model. Advance notice was negatively related to turnover, while representativeness of views was positively related to turnover. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transana Video Analysis Software as a Tool for Consultation: Applications to Improving PTA Meeting Leadership

The chief aim of this article is to illustrate the potential of using Transana, a qualitative video analysis tool, for effective and efficient school-based consultation. In this illustrative study, the Transana program facilitated analysis of excerpts of video from a representative sample of Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meetings over the course of 1 year. The results of the study gave insight into the impact of various combinations of verbal and nonverbal behaviors of the PTA leader on the reactions of PTA meeting participants. The methods and results from this study illuminate application of Transana to consultation in schools and a variety of other settings and situations, including research and training.
AMPA receptors and synaptic plasticity: a chemist's perspective

The ability of the mammalian brain to undergo experience-based adaptations is among its most important and fascinating properties. Such plasticity is reflected in the capacity of neuronal activity to continuously modify the neural circuitry that underlies thought, feeling and behavior. The locus of this plasticity occurs at the level of synapses, the specialized junctions where one neuron receives chemical signals from another. Synaptic connections become stronger or weaker in response to specific patterns of activity. This activity drives regulated changes in the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neurons and in the receptors localized on postsynaptic neurons. Detailed studies of these receptors have advanced our understanding of synaptic plasticity. However, many key questions remain unresolved, and over the past decade innovative chemical approaches have emerged to tackle them. Here we review these chemical tools and their application to unraveling the molecular basis of synaptic plasticity.
Effects of some organotin compounds on tissueamine levels in rats

Abstract Various organotin compounds were administered intraperitoneally to rats todetermine whether their toxicity might be related to tissue amine levels. Female Osborne-Mendel rats were given a lethal dose of triethyl-, tributyl- or dibutyltin or a non-lethal dose of tri- or dioctyltin. The noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in the brain, heart and adrenals and the 5-hydroxytryptamine level in brain were determined at varying intervals up to 48 hr after treatment. All of the compounds tested lowered brain and heart noradrenaline levels significantly between 2 and 48 hr, as well as brain 5-hydroxytryptamine between 24 and 48 hr. Heart adrenaline levels were increased by triethyl-, tributyl- and dibutyltin while adrenal adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were significantly reduced. The toxicity of these compounds appeared to parallel the release of catecholamines from the adrenals.
Treatment of whooping cough bronchopneumonia

Summary 1. Thirty consecutive patients with whooping cough bronchopneumoniawere treated with large doses of hyperimmune pertussis serum with a mortality rate of 20 per cent. In only nine cases did the temperature become normal within twenty-four to seventy-two hours. 2. Sixteen patients were treated with sulfapyridine with a mortality rate of 25 per cent. Only four cases responded to the drug within four days. 3. Seventy-seven consecutive patients were treated with sulfathiazolewith a mortality rate of 4 per cent. There were thirty-two cases under 1 year of age with two deaths, twenty-four cases from 1 to 2 years with one death, and twenty-one cases from 2 to 7 years of age with no deaths. Improvement did not come by crisis but by lysis, the temperature of the average patient returning to normal in four days. 4. Eighty per cent of the patients responded to sulfathiazole therapy. 5. The blood concentration of sulfathiazole needed for good resultswas relatively low, about 2 to 3 mg. per 100 c.c. of blood.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Sulfonylphosphoramidates: Probing the Electrostatic Preferences of Alkaline Phosphatase

N-Sulfonylphosphoramidates have been synthesized to investigate the electrostatic requirements for binding to alkaline phosphatase. Alkyl- and aryl N-benzylated sulfonamides were phosphorylated with bromophosphates or synthesized via phosphoramidite chemistry in moderate yields (44-77%.) The resulting tribenzylated N-sulfonylphosphoramidates may be deprotected in one step to give the free acids in quantitative yields. Physical data of N-sulfonylphosphoramidates, including pK(a)'s and stability toward hydrolysis, were determined. Inhibition data suggests that AP does not bind trianionic N-sulfonylphosphoramidates better than dianionic N-sulfonylphosphoramidates, although N-sulfonylphosphoramidates are bound tighter than N-phenylphosphoramidate. k(cat) for the hydrolysis of N-sulfonylphosphoramidates by bovine and E. coli alkaline phosphatases is 10-60% that of p-nitrophenyl phosphate.
Regulations and economic incentives to reduce automotive air pollution

Abstract It is difficult to perform a cost-benefit analysis of different regulatory and economic instruments to combat transport-related air pollution since the relationships between emissions, pollutant concentrations and health and welfare effects is subject to lack of information and uncertainty. Alternatively, cost-effectiveness is used to select measures that achieve a predetermined level of air quality at the least possible cost. This paper discusses regulations and economic incentives to reduce automotive emissions in a cost-effective manner. The example of Mexico City is chosen to illustrate the interdependence amongst policy instruments.
Purification and large-scale preparation of antithrombin III

Cutter Biological, Miles Inc., has implemented large-scale isolation and purification of antithrombin III (ATIII) from human blood plasma. The starting material, Cohn fraction IV-1, is suspended and ATIII separated from other proteins by heparin-affinity chromatography. The concentrate is subsequently heated for 10 hours at 60 °C in a solution of 0.5 M sodium citrate to inactivate the causative agents of viral hepatitis B and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. After heating, a second heparin-affinity chromatography step is employed to isolate the active ATIII and to remove heat-denatured protein. The purified solution is compounded with 0.1 M alanine and 0.15 M sodium chloride, filled in vials of 500 or 1,000 IU each, and freeze dried. The final product has a specific activity of not less than 6.4 IU ATIII per mg protein, of which over 90 percent binds to heparin on crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Preclinical and clinical testing have shown this product to be safe for prophylactic and therapeutic administration to persons with congenital deficiency of ATIII.
A New Class of Infinite Products Generalizing Viète's Product Formula for π

We show how functions F(z) which satisfy an identity of the form F(α z) = g(F(z)) for some complex number α and some function g(z) give rise to infinite product formulas that generalize Viete's product formula for π. Specifically, using elliptic and trigonometric functions we derive closed form expressions for some of these infinite products. By evaluating the expressions at certain points we obtain formulas expressing infinite products involving nested radicals in terms of well-known constants. In particular, simple infinite products for π and the lemniscate constant are obtained.
Application of Gradient Search Procedures for the Identification of Unknown System Parameters From System Response Observations

Gradient search procedures application for nonlinear system unknown parameters identification from system dynamic response observations
Asymptotic modulus results for composites containing randomly oriented fibers

Abstract Asymptotic methods are used to obtain simple formulas for use in predicting the effective modulus properties of composite materials containing randomly oriented fibers. Both cases of two and three dimensional random orientation are treated. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results in the two-dimensional case. The results extend and simplify an earlier approach to the problem.
Comment upon “crystal growth of the new superconducting compound Pb0.6Bi3Sr2CaCu3Ox by the flux method”, by H. Wang, S. Shang, Z. Wang and X. Chen

Abstract A suggestion is made that syntactic intergrowths in a “single crystal” had led to the authors [Wang et al., J. Crystal Growth 96 (1989) 221] mistaking the X-ray pattern for that of a new phase.
Impact of attenuated mask topography on lithographic performance

Experimental evaluations were used in conjunction with rigorous electromagnetic simulations to evaluate the affect of attenuated phase-shifting mask (PSM) fabrication processes on lithographic performance. Three attenuated PSMs were fabricated including a normal leaky- chrome reticle and two novel approaches: a recessed leaky-chrome reticle for reduction of edge scattering and a single-layer reticle employing a hydrogenated amorphous carbon film. Direct aerial image measurements with the Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMSTM), exposures on an SVGL Micrascan 92 deep-UV stepper, and TEMPEST simulations were used to explore the effects of edge-scattering phenomena for the different mask topographies. For each reticle, the process window at a feature size of 0.25 micrometers was evaluated for four basic feature types: nested lines, isolated lines, isolated spaces, and contact holes. Further evaluation of the sidewall profiles and the image size on the mask are required to address these discrepancies.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatial and Temporal Model for Electric Vehicle rapid charging demand

In this paper, we present a spatial and temporal model of electric vehicle (EV) charging demand for rapid charging stations located in the urban area. For this problem three lines of investigations have been pursued in the literature: the first one is based on an assumption of a fixed charging station and charging time during the off-peak hours for EV charging demand; the second scenario has limited charging stations at typical locations instead of a mathematical model; and the third one is for charging demands in one way system, such as charging stations nearby highway exists. Hence, from the perspective of a distributed urban transportation system, EV charging demand still has unidentified quantity which varies with respect to charging station location and charging time. In this paper we presents mathematical models for EV charging demand at rapid charging stations. The rapid charging station is formulated as a M/M/s queuing service system. A traffic flow based model generates the arrival rate for EVs to arrive the charging station. The computational results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to estimate the dynamic spatio-temporal charging demands in the large-scale urban traffic environment.
Reproductive status and sex show strong effects on knee OA in a baboon model

Summary Objective We aimed to characterize severity and occurrence of knee osteoarthritis (OA), and effects of age, sex, body mass, and reproductive status on population-level normal variation in this condition in the baboon, a natural model of human knee OA. Methods We visually inspected articular cartilage of distal right femora of 464 baboons (309 females, 155 males) and assigned an OA severity score (comparable to a modified Outerbridge score) from 1 = unaffected to 4 = advanced OA (eburnation). Presence/absence of osteophytes was recorded. We tested for significant effects of age, sex, body mass, and, in females, reproductive status (pre-, peri-, or post-menopausal) on OA. When appropriate, analyses were repeated on an age-matched subset (153 of each sex). Results Knee OA was more frequent and severe in older animals ( P P = 0.0005) with more severe OA in peri- and post-menopausal female baboons, as in humans. Conclusions Idiopathic knee OA is common in adult baboons. Occurrence and severity are influenced strongly by reproductive status in females, and by sex with regard to patterns of disease progression – providing an animal model to investigate sex-specific variation in OA susceptibility in which the environmental heterogeneity inherent in human populations is vastly reduced.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and corticosterone studies in resistant and susceptible rat strains.

In an effort to understand the role of endogenous corticosterone production on the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats, experiments in our study were performed using inbred rat strains that differ in basal corticosterone levels. Levels of corticosterone in serum samples were determined for LEW, WF, LER, and PVG rats, all of which had significantly lower corticosterone levels than BN or F344 rats. However, despite the twofold interstrain differences in basal concentrations, all animals tested showed considerable increases in corticosterone levels after being stressed by anesthesia. A series of determinations of steroid levels was made for LEW and BN rats during the postinflammatory periods of EAE induction; as expected, BN rats (EAE resistant) showed no change from their high basal levels, whereas LEW (EAE susceptible) showed consistent and long-lasting twofold increases in their circulating levels of corticosterone during the inflammatory process. Because the high corticosterone phenotype may be causally related to EAE resistance, [(BN×LEW)×BN]F1 backcross rats were tested for the possible coinheritance of the high corticosterone phenotype and EAE resistance. Contrary to the expectation of genetic linkage, our results demonstrate no correlation between the two genetic traits in this rat strain combination.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. clinical, serologic, immunogenetic, and therapeutic considerations in seventy‐two patients

We studied 72 patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). Forty-nine of the patients had been part of an earlier study. The cutaneous disease was primarily annular in 17 patients, papulosquamous in 48, and a combination in 7. Although the major feature of SCLE is nonscarring, non-atrophy-producing lesions, scarring discoid lesions were observed in 21 patients. Thirty-six patients fulfilled criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytoplasmic antibodies were present in only 22 patients. However, in the group of 23 patients recently analyzed, 13 of 22 tested had anti-Ro (SS-A) and/or anti-La (SS-B). HLA-DR3 was present in 22 of 59 patients. Neither anti-Ro (SS-A) nor HLA-DR3 correlated with any clinical finding. Forty-seven patients have had continued activity of their disease, but in most patients, the disease has been controlled with sunscreens, topical and intralesional corticosteroids, and oral hydroxychloroquine. A broad spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated phenomena can occur in patients with SCLE. The disease is frequently easily controlled, and may become quiescent. This subset of lupus patients is less distinctive than has been previously suggested.
Irreversibility and metastability in spin-glasses. II. Heisenberg model

We numerically compute the various history-dependent magnetizations for Heisenberg spinglasses with and without anisotropy. The exchange interactions are of short range and have a Gaussian probability distribution. Our approach closely follows that of paper I. In the absence of anisotropy, a Heisenberg spin-glass is found to have no irreversibility. The field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetizations are macroscopically equivalent and magnetic hysteresis is absent. This macroscopic reversibility is a consequence of the accessibility of the rotationally degenerate field-cooled state and does not correspond to microscopic reversibility. Both Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) and uniaxial anisotropy introduce macroscopic irreversibility. In the latter case the hysteresis loops are like those which we found for Ising spins. In the former case, in some situations, we find displaced loops, which look similar to those seen in Mn-containing spin-glasses. To get qualitative agreement with experiment, we must also impose a tendency towards ferromagnetism. This ferromagnetic tendency (which corresponds to a displaced Gaussian exchange distribution with ${J}_{0}g0$) is essential in order to maintain rigid rotation of the spins in response to field rotations. This rigidity is a fundamental assumption in other approaches which explain analytically why DM anisotropy leads to displaced hysteresis loops. Finally we study the coexistent (longitudinal) ferromagnetic---(transverse) spin-glass phase proposed by Gabay and Toulouse. The behavior of the coexistent spin-glass is very similar to that of typical spin-glasses in very large applied fields. We see no indication for reentrant behavior, as is often observed experimentally, in our temperature-dependent moderate-field magnetizations. Furthermore, a calculation of the zero-field (${J}_{0},T$) phase diagram for isotropic systems shows no evidence for reentrant behavior. We cannot rule out the possibility that a reentrant transition exists only in some narrow range of low magnetic fields.
The Porro procedure: steps toward decreasing post-cesarean mortality

Abstract In the second part of the 19th century, maternal mortality following classical cesarean section was nearly 100%. In 1876, the Italian obstetrician, Eduardo Porro, developed a cesarean section technique consisting of uterine corpus amputation and suturing of the cervical stump into the abdominal wall incision in an attempt to prevent life-threatening hemorrhage and infection. The successful outcome in Porro’s test case was due to his adherence to surgical principles that are well recognized today, but were not firmly established in 1876. He achieved hemostasis by use of the occluding snare of Cintrat. He irrigated the peritoneal cavity with carbolized sponges, drained the operative bed, and exteriorized the cervical stump in an effort to prevent access of bacteria from the lower genital tract into the peritoneal cavity. Despite the lack of blood products, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics, the Porro operative technique subsequently decreased maternal mortality to 58%. His innovative, carefully planned approach for cesarean hysterectomy was a major innovation in obstetric surgery.
The Total Neutron Cross Section of Nitrogen

The total cross section of nitrogen has been measured for neutrons in the energy range 200 to 1800 kev, using scatterers of liquid nitrogen and of lithium azide. Eleven resonances were found, corresponding to excited states in the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, with natural widths of from 3 to 54 kev. Nine of these can be identified with resonances previously known in the reactions ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}(n,p){\mathrm{C}}^{14}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ or ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}(p,n){\mathrm{N}}^{14}$. From a comparison of the measured and computed elastic scattering cross sections, $J$-values can be assigned to most of the observed states. In some cases the parity also can be determined and the effective level spacing ${D}_{J}$ computed for decay by neutron, proton, or $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle emission. At least for proton emission, it must be concluded that the quantities ${D}_{J}$, which contain implicitly the matrix elements for the transition, can vary by a factor of at least 100.
Plasma Protein(s) Yields Met-Enkephalin-Related Peptides in Near-Micromolar Concentrations when Treated with Pepsin*

Treatment of animal and human plasmas with pepsin yielded large quantities of immunoreactive methionine5-enkephalin (i-met-ENK). The concentrations measured after pepsin treatment were 0.1–0.5 μm, about 1000 times the normal circulating level of i-met-ENK (0.03–0.3 nm). The reaction was shown to be time and pH dependent and to involve the action of pepsin on a protein(s) of about 65,000 mol wt. Pepsingenerated i-met-ENK from rat plasma gave three major peaks during reverse phase HPLC, one of which (∼25% of the total) coeluted with methionine5-enkephalin sulfoxide and also competed in a radioreceptor assay for opiate-related substances. In addition, this material produced met-ENK-like effects on vascular permeability in rat skin and inhibited electrically induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum in a naloxonesensitive manner. The plasma substrate(s) that yielded i-met-ENK was distinguished from adrenal proenkephalins, since partially purified plasma substrate(s) did not liberate i-met-ENK upon...
The Relationship between Outpatient Mental Health Treatment and Subsequent Mental Health Symptoms and Disorders in Young Adults

The objective of this study was to evaluate community-based outpatient mental health services for young adults. Participants were interviewed at ages 21, 24, 27, and 30. Outcomes included: (1) symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, social phobia, dysthymia and post traumatic stress individually and as a global scale; and (2) a dichotomous diagnosis variable inclusive of all above disorders. Treatment was indicated by an outpatient visit to a psychiatrist or other professional. Treatment did not reduce mental disorder or symptoms. Substance use, violence, poverty, community disorganization, and family history of antisocial behavior increased risks for negative outcomes, while social support was protective. The absence of positive findings associated with outpatient treatment is troubling given the empirically supported interventions for the conditions examined. Practitioners, agencies, and managed care organizations share a responsibility to implement effective and comprehensive interventions.
ZINCPharmer: pharmacophore search of the ZINC database

ZINCPharmer (http://zincpharmer.csb.pitt.edu) is an online interface for searching the purchasable compounds of the ZINC database using the Pharmer pharmacophore search technology. A pharmacophore describes the spatial arrangement of the essential features of an interaction. Compounds that match a well-defined pharmacophore serve as potential lead compounds for drug discovery. ZINCPharmer provides tools for constructing and refining pharmacophore hypotheses directly from molecular structure. A search of 176 million conformers of 18.3 million compounds typically takes less than a minute. The results can be immediately viewed, or the aligned structures may be downloaded for off-line analysis. ZINCPharmer enables the rapid and interactive search of purchasable chemical space.
Publish or perish: An evaluation of the quality, quantity, ethics and review process of IEEE/PES: Advanced technology for assisting the review process

The pressure to publish in higher education and research institutions is real. Tenure and promotion along with competition among colleagues push researchers and faculty to generate new knowledge with its reporting in the form of scholarly publications. At times, this pressure is passed down to the graduate students working to complete their degree. With the growth in computers, network accessible databases, and the Internet, the ability to access the works of authors and researchers has been facilitated beyond all expectations. This growth can be both a blessing and a curse. Counting the number of publications produced over a given time period is common to the employment performance evaluation process. This paper deals with advanced technologies for assisting the review process and anti-plagiarism technology tools.
Standardized Testing: How Prepared Are We?:

This case exemplifies the effects of high stakes standardized testing and accountability on education and stakeholders. When schools are pressured for success, educational leaders and teachers often find themselves in circumstances where regulations and procedures are violated, sometimes with noble intent. The case focuses on the ethical and procedural dilemmas faced by an administrator when teachers violate testing policy to give what they view as necessary assistance to students. Background information is provided to allow students to analyze the situation and propose a solution for the school principal.
Error detection of bathymetry data by visualization using GIS

Graphical methods are very efficient means for error detection in large volumes of spatial data. Bathymetry data form the basis for nautical charts that are used by the fishing industry to utilize and manage the fishing resources, and by the fishing communities to study migration and habitat studies of fish. The bathymetry data of the world have been collected over a century and have a wide range of resolution and accuracy. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool to process, analyze, manage, and display spatial data. Marine GIS provides a mechanism for recording data with navigation, creating an efficient digital database, and plotting data on maps. Here, we have used ArcView 3.2 GIS software and its 3D Analyst extension module to visualize bathymetry data that were collected around the Hawaiian Islands. We have also identified some highly erroneous bathymetry data in this data set.
Rituximab: a monoclonal antibody to CD20 used in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.

Background Rituximab is an anti-CD20 chimeric antibody that selectively targets B lymphocytes. Recently, it has been reported to be beneficial in treating pemphigus vulgaris. Objective Our aim was to review the English-language literature on the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) with rituximab and to determine its efficacy and influence on clinical outcome(s). Material and methods A retrospective review of the literature on the use of rituximab in the treatment of PV was conducted. Seventeen patients in 10 reports were described and their data were reviewed. Results The majority of patients received one course of rituximab along with conventional immunosuppressive therapy as concomitant therapy; 88% of the patients demonstrated improvement. More than half of the patients were followed up for more than 6 months after rituximab treatment; they appeared to be clinically disease free, but were still receiving conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Side effects in most patients were transient and infusion related. Serious infections occurred in 4 patients. One patient died. Limitations The sample size of this study is small; there is no uniformity of data collection or measurement of key and critical indices, and follow-up was limited. Conclusion Rituximab may be a promising agent in treatment of PV.
The Interconnection between Sympathetics, Microcirculation, and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension

The pathophysiology of the frequent association of insulin resistance and hypertension has not been elucidated. The skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin resistance; when stimulated with insulin, the hypertensive skeletal muscles extract less glucose than the normotensive. We postulate that hypertension-related changes in the skeletal muscle microcirculation contribute to the impaired glucose uptake in hypertension. Vascular rarefaction in hypertension impairs the delivery of insulin and glucose to muscle cells. Insulin resistance has been described both in human and experimental hypertension and both conditions are associated with vascular rarefaction. Functional studies (response to whole body or forearm exercise) and anatomic investigations (conjunctival photography, mesenteric and muscle biopsies) show vascular rarefaction in human hypertension. In addition, patients with hypertension are known to have a larger proportion of insulin resistant, poorly vascularized fast twitch muscle fibers. A few interventions can increase or decrease insulin resistance and these effects can be explained on hemodynamic grounds. Beta adrenergic blocking agents aggravate insulin resistance, and their main hemodynamic effect is a decrease of cardiac output. Converting enzyme inhibitors, alpha adrenergic blocking agents and possibly calcium antagonists decrease the insulin resistance, and their major hemodynamic effect is vasodilation. Physical training decreases insulin resistance; a higher capillary density in skeletal muscles is the hallmark of physical training. A hypothesis ought to rest on sufficient supporting data and its validity ought to lend itself to experimental verification. We believe our hypothesis meets both criteria. After outlining the supporting evidence we propose a number of tests to prove or disprove the hypothesis. In addition to the testable hypothesis we also speculate on the possible cause of the frequent association between hypertension and insulin resistance. We propose that both insulin resistance and blood pressure elevation represent a facet of the "defense reaction" which might have offered an early survival advantage and may, over evolutionary times, have fostered natural selection of subjects with both conditions.
Effect of rimantadine on influenza virus replication.

SummaryRimantadine hydrochloride in concentrations up to 50 μg/ml inhibits the replication of A/WSN influenza virus in MDCK cells without causing visible cytopathic effects. Virus replication was inhibited when the drug was added immediately following infection, but not when added late in the replicative cycle. Rimantadine does not alter the structural integrity of influenza virus as measured by sedimentation profiles of purified virus in linear sucrose gradients. Addition of drug following the viral adsorption period blocked the stimulation of cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity observed in untreated infected cells, but had no effect on RNA polymerase II activity isolated from uninfected cell nuclei. Rimantadine present 0-8 hr postinfection inhibited the formation of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in infected cells, but when this enzyme was assayed in vitro, rimantadine at concentrations as high as 250 μg/ml did not significantly inhibit polymerase activity. Finally, rimantadin...
Upgrading Minimal-Level Records for a Statewide Database

In 1987, Louisiana initiated the nations's first statewide bibliographic database in CD-ROM format to be linked to an interlibrary loan network referral system. This paper discusses the LAsernet database, and the role that the Louisiana State Library plays in editing and upgrading many of the brief cataloging records supplied by the small public libraries of Louisiana which have neither the cataloging expertise nor the financial resources to do full level cataloging.
Chemical Evolution and Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

Early abundance studies (e.g. Pagel 1968) showed that neutron-capture heavy elements ( Z > 30) are present in halo stars, but deficient relative iron. Truran (1981) argued that at low [Fe/H] the chemical enrichment time scale was shorter than the lifetime of low-mass AGB progenitors, which are the main source of solar system heavy elements. He proposed that in the halo the heavy elements were produced by high mass stars, in type II supernova events (SNII), by rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis (the r-process). Spite & Spite (1978) investigated the trend of heavy element abundances with metallicity, from a small sample of halo stars. They found that at [Fe/H]~ -1.5 the halo [heavy element/Fe] ratio is approximately solar; but at lower [Fe/H] there is a roughly linear decrease of [heavy element/Fe] with declining [Fe/H]. Subsequent observations confirmed the general trend of heavy elements in the halo: [M/Fe]~0 down to [Fe/H]~ -2, followed by a linear decline in [M/Fe] to lower [Fe/H] (e.g. Gilroy et al 1988, Lambert 1987). Additional evidence for the role of SNII in halo heavy element synthesis comes from the trend of [Eu/Fe] with [Fe/H]. Europium is an almost pure r-process element (Kappeler et al. 1989) and its abundance trend with metallicity is similar to the α element trend (e.g. O and Mg made in massive stars). The element ratios show an increase in [M/Fe] as [Fe/H] decreases from 0 to —1; below this point [Eu/Fe] and [α/Fe] remain constant at ~+0.3 dex. For α elements this behavior is thought to be due to the change in the relative contributions from type II SN and type la SN in the disk and halo (Tinsley 1979). The trend for Eu also indicates production by massive stars (e.g. SNII). Near [Fe/H]~ -2.5 Eu appears to decline relative to [Fe/H] (like other heavy elements, but unlike the α elements). This abundance trend has been used to constrain the numerous proposed astrophysical sites of the r-process (e.g. Mathews & Cowan 1990).
A Low Energy Network-on-Chip Fabric for 3-D Multi-Core Architectures

In this paper, we study the network-on-chip (NoC) implemented with new vertical slit field effect transistors (VeSFETs). The unique properties of VeSFET circuits allow for very efficient power saving techniques that are not possible in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based homogeneous 3-D NoCs. We demonstrate that the proposed 3-D hybrid architecture shows significant improvements in all network parameters including latency, power, and energy consumption compared to other practical 3-D NoCs.
Intra‐genomic variation in G + C content and its implications for DNA stable isotope probing

Summary Combining deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-based) stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) with high-throughput sequencing provides a powerful culture-independent means to link microbial metabolic function to genomic information and taxonomic identity. DNA buoyant density (BD) in isopycnic gradients is dependent on both isotope incorporation and G + C content. G + C content varies across a genome but is constrained at rrn operons; hence, the ability to resolve isotopically labelled DNA from unlabelled DNA in SIP may vary between small subunit-ribosomal nucleic acid (SSU rRNA) amplicon and shotgun-read sequencing applications. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the G + C content of genomic DNA fragments that encompassed either an SSU rRNA template (‘amplicon-fragments’) or a shotgun read template (‘shotgun-fragments’). We find that, contrary to expectations, the BD distribution of amplicon-fragments is non-normal and can be highly skewed. Furthermore, the BD distribution of amplicon-fragments can differ substantially from that of shotgun-fragments from the same genome. Our findings demonstrate the impact of G + C content on the downstream applications of DNA-SIP, which will aid in proper experimental design and the development of statistical tests to accurately identify sequences derived from isotopically labelled DNA.
Electrochemical Energy Storage: Applications, Processes, and Trends

Energy consumption in the world has increased significantly over the past 20 years. In 2008, worldwide energy consumption was reported as 142,270 TWh [1], in contrast to 54,282 TWh in 1973; [2] this represents an increase of 262%. The surge in demand could be attributed to the growth of population and industrialization over the years. In 2009, energy consumption was reported as 140,700 TWh, a slight decrease (1.1%) when compared to 2008 due to the world financial crisis [1], while in 2010 there was a rise in the consumption to 149,469 TWh, due to the recovery of the economy at that time [3]. Conversely, the total supply of energy in the world had caught up with the consumption as shown in Table 38.1 [2, 4]. Approximately 10–14% of the total energy supply in the world is delivered as electric energy. In addition, the amount of power supplied by renewables had increased over the years, from 37 TWh in 1973 to 612 TWh in 2008 (as shown in Table 38.1), which represents a growth of 94%. However, the total amount of energy available from renewables based on current technology could reach up to 834,280 TWh (distributed as: 53.2% solar, 20.0% wind, 16.7% geothermal, 8.4% biomass, and 1.7% hydropower); [5] that is, 5.7 times the world energy supply in 2008. Nevertheless, renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind are intermittent and only abundant in certain regions, which causes a limitation on the use and distribution of such sources of energy. An undersized world energy surplus (based on a total energy balance including supply, consumption, and losses) is usually reported annually; a comprehensive analysis is presented in the literature [2].
Effects of total-body x-irradiation on the tissue mast cell.

Summary1. The effect of total-body X-irradiation upon the state of the tissue mast cells in the cheek pouch and/or mesentery in the hamster and the mouse was studied. 2. Following exposure there occurred in the tissue mast cells a series of striking changes the end result of which appeared to be disruption of the cell with dispersion of its contents into the surrounding tissues. 3. The possible relationships of these findings to the hemorrhage and clotting defect of the radiation syndrome were discussed.
Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 differentiation of human pancreatic islet-derived progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal incretin hormone, derived from the processing of proglucagon, that exerts insulinotropic actions on insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells. Recently GLP-1 was shown to stimulate the growth and differentiation (neogenesis) of β-cells and appears to do so by inducing the expression of the homeodomain protein IDX-1 (islet duodenum homeobox-1; also known as PDX-1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene; and as IPF-1, insulin promoter factor), which is required for pancreas development and the expression of β-cell-specific genes. Earlier we identified multipotential progenitor cells in the islet and ducts of the pancreas, termed nestin-positive islet-derived progenitor cells (NIPs). Here we report the expression of functional GLP-1 receptors on NIPs and that GLP-1 stimulates the differentiation of NIPs into insulin-producing cells. Furthermore, confluent NIP cultures express the proglucagon gene and secrete GLP-1. These findings suggest a model of islet devel...