cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of fairness through spite

The presence of apparently irrational fair play in the ultimatum game remains a focal point for studies in the evolution of social behaviour. We investigate the role of negative assortment in the evolution of fair play in the ultimatum game. Spite—social behaviour that inflicts harm with no direct benefit to the actor—can evolve when it is disproportionally directed at individuals playing different strategies. The introduction of negative assortment alters the dynamics in a way that increases the chance fairness evolves, but at a cost: spite also evolves. Fairness is usually linked to cooperation and prosocial behaviour, but this study shows that it may have evolutionary links to harmful antisocial behaviour.
Topical gene silencing by iontophoretic delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide–dendrimer nanocomplex: the proof of concept in a skin cancer mouse model

The study was aimed at investigating the feasibility of using a poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer as a carrier for topical iontophoretic delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein implicated in skin cancer, was used as the model target protein to demonstrate the topical gene silencing approach. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies demonstrated that the iontophoretically delivered ASO–dendrimer complex can reach the viable epidermis in porcine skin. In contrast, passively delivered free or dendrimer complexed ASO was mainly localized to the stratum corneum. The cell uptake of ASO was significantly enhanced by the dendrimer complex and the complex suppressed Bcl-2 levels in the cell. In the skin cancer mouse model, the iontophoretically delivered ASO–dendrimer complex reduced the tumor volume by 45% and was consistent with the reduction in Bcl-2 protein levels. The iontophoretically delivered ASO–dendrimer complex caused significant apoptosis in skin tumor. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate that dendrimers are promising nanocarriers for developing topical gene silencing approaches for skin diseases.
Mutational studies uncover non-native structure in the dimeric kinetic intermediate of the H2A-H2B heterodimer.

Abstract The folding pathway of the histone H2A–H2B heterodimer minimally includes an on-pathway, dimeric, burst-phase intermediate, I2. The partially folded H2A and H2B monomers populated at equilibrium were characterized as potential monomeric kinetic intermediates. Folding kinetics were compared for initiation from isolated, folded monomers and the heterodimer unfolded in 4 M urea. The observed rates were virtually identical above 0.4 M urea, exhibiting a log-linear relationship on the final denaturant concentration. Below ∼ 0.4 M urea (concentrations inaccessible from the 4-M urea unfolded state), a rollover in the rates was observed; this suggests that a component of the I2 ensemble contains non-native structure that rearranges/isomerizes to a more native-like species. The contribution of helix propensity to the stability of the I2 ensemble was assessed with a set of H2A–H2B mutants containing Ala and Gly replacements at nine sites, focusing mainly on the long, central α2 helix. Equilibrium and kinetic folding/unfolding data were collected to determine the effects of the mutations on the stability of I2 and the transition state between I2 and N2. This limited mutational study indicated that residues in the α2 helices of H2A and H2B as well as α1 of H2B and both the C-terminus of α3 and the short αC helix of H2A contribute to the stability of the I2 burst-phase species. Interestingly, at least eight of the nine targeted residues stabilize I2 by interactions that are non-native to some extent. Given that destabilizing I2 and these non-native interactions does not accelerate folding, it is concluded that the native and non-native structures present in the I2 ensemble enable efficient folding of H2A–H2B.
Examination of the SLITRK1 gene in Caucasian patients with Tourette syndrome

Objective – To determine whether variants in the Slit and Trk-like 1 gene (SLITRK1) are present in American Caucasian population of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Methods – We sequenced the 3′-untranslated region for var321 and the whole coding region in the SLITRK1 gene in 82 Caucasian patients with TS from North America. Results – None of the 82 samples from patients with TS showed the non-coding sequence variant (var321). Only one patient with familial TS was heterozygous for a novel 708C > T (Ile236Ile) nucleotide variant. Conclusions – The var321 and mutation(s) in the coding region of the SLITRK1 gene probably are a rare cause of TS in a Caucasian population; therefore, genetic heterogeneity of TS should be considered. Tests designed to detect variant(s) in the SLITRK1 gene probably will not have a diagnostic utility in clinical practice.
Estimation of Overlake Wind Speed from Overland Wind Speed: A Comparison of Three Methods

Abstract Meteorological data gathered by buoys in Lake Erie and recorded at overland weather stations were used to test three different methods for determining overlake wind speed as a function of overland wind speed and the difference between overland air temperature and water temperature. The overall root mean square differences between estimated and observed overlake wind speed ranged from 2.02 to 2.11 m s −1 . Overall correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.69. These values are close to the best values possible for a simple statistical formula relating overlake wind speed to overland wind speed and air-water temperature difference. The conclusion is that statistical methods for determining overlake wind speed from overland wind speed have not improved markedly in over a decade and new methods are called for. It is also shown that for the Great Lakes, as opposed to the open sea, air-water temperature difference is a significant factor in determining overlake from overland wind speed.
Infant psychiatry clinic grand rounds. Unresolved grief: A two-year-old brings her mother for treatment

Rebecca was a 2 1/2 -year-old Caucasian female who was brought to the Infant Psychiatry Clinic by her 28-year-old widowed mother. Her mother's chief concern was around parenting issues as well as how to explain to Rebecca the death of her father. This loss occurred when Rebecca was 6 months old and was a source of great pain and unresolved grief to her mother. Central to this case was the chaotic history of Rebecca's mother, who was a victim of incest from the time she was 13 until she was 23 years old. Both of her parents struggled with chronic alcoholism during much of her childhood. It appeared that a factor precipitating the mother's request for help was her struggle to move out of her own mother's home. This outpatient Infant Clinic case involved two primary goals: (1) the assessment of the parent-child relationship and (2) the development of confidence in this “good enough” mother. Vitally important to the process of treatment was the mother's modulation of timing and frequency of sessions. The issue of pacing was carefully monitored as this mother could have been overwhelmed by delving precipitously into her incestuous history. The use of a structured videotape interview to address mother-child interaction and parenting issues was particularly helpful. Referral to an AlAnon group provided the mother with social support as she separated herself from her alcoholic mother and moved toward autonomy in her own parenting role.
Did Scarlet Fever and Rheumatic Fever Exist in Hippocrates' Time?

Case histories recorded by Hippocrates around 400 B.C. describe the clinical manifestations of scarlet fever and rheumatic fever, although the entities are not identified by name. Although the descriptions are not as detailed or complete as they would be today, they strongly suggest the existence of scarlet fever and rheumatic fever at that time. Hippocrates' references to these illnesses were presumably the first to be documented and/or discovered, as a thorough search of the worldwide medical literature revealed no prior descriptions.
Biological demonstration of estrogenic substances excreted in human saliva.

SummaryEstrogenic substance has been biologically demonstrated in the saliva of a male and female patient receiving 1000 mg of stilbestrol potassium sulfate intravenously.
Computational decision support and the building delivery process: a necessary dialogue

Abstract The current critical discourse of computational design support systems (particularly building performance modeling tools) focuses more often than not on the ‘endogenous’ system problems, that is deficiencies in user communication, absence of integration, and the ‘black-box’ character of the underlying computational routines. As a result of this mostly valid criticism, work has been initiated in various quarters to improve modeling-based decision support environments. This paper argues that parallel efforts are needed to address other factors that go beyond the immediate technical realm of tool-making and involve matters pertaining to issues of building design and construction process at large. The building delivery process has traditionally been regarded as a discrete and sequential set of activities. This state of affairs is the result of a historical evolution driven by many factors, one of which might be the necessity to organize the activities for the purpose of establishing a professional fee structure that is commensurate with the scope of work and level of accountability or responsibility. However, within the context of rapidly changing building technologies, production processes, and knowledge transfer mechanisms, the existing procedural framework no longer seems capable of meeting the increasingly complex demands associated with the creation of the built environment. While the technical capabilities of decision support tools are expanding, they still fall short of challenging the very logic of the often nonintegrated processes they are designated to support. It may be understandable that, as compared to tools, processes tend to be more resilient to structural changes because of their inherent communicative nature, evolved over time through general acceptance and consensus. This paper argues, however, that careful study of the necessary conditions under which significant structural changes in the building delivery process would evolve, can effectively inform the developmental strategies in computational design support toward anticipation and encouragement of such changes.
NGOs, conflict management and peacekeeping

(2000). NGOs, conflict management and peacekeeping. International Peacekeeping: Vol. 7, Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution, pp. 121-141.
Histologic screening for endometrial cancer

Abstract The techniques available for histologic sampling of endometrial tissue are reviewed and their relative accuracy is discussed. A newer modification of the suction curettage is described, and experience in screening 120 patients is presented. In 98 patients the correlation between the histology obtained by suction curettage and subsequent formal sharp curettage under anesthesia is compared. An absolute correlation of over 95% is demonstrated and the discrepancies are explained. No cancers or cancer precursors were missed. The technique is considered useful and accurate for screening patients at risk for endometrial cancer.
Metabolism of aniline under different anaerobic electron‐accepting and nutritional conditions

The biodegradability of aniline was evaluated under two different anaerobic conditions, denitrifying and methano-genic. In addition, under denitrifying conditions, the influence of bicarbonate was studied. Anaerobic sewage digester sludge and estuarine sediment were used as heterogeneous sources of bacteria. Under anaerobic denitrifying conditions amended with bicarbonate, aniline was completely mineralized to CO2 and N2. After an initial lag period, N2 recoveries of 74 and 100% were obtained for sludge and sediment cultures, respectively. Under anaerobic denitrifying conditions with no bicarbonate, aniline depletion was observed; however, stoichiometric quantities of N2 were not produced from mineralization and were in fact inhibited below background controls. Under methanogenic conditions, aniline concentrations remained unchanged for >31 weeks. A metabolite of aniline, 4-hydroxybenzoate, was detected in bicarbonate-amended denitrifying cultures.
Acute Effects of the Human Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor (rTNF) on the Cerebral Vasculature of the Rat in Both Normal Brain and an Experimental Glioma Model

Since its isolation by Carswell et al. in 1975 [1] as the agent responsible for hemorrhagic necrosis of sarcoma, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) has been implicated in a variety of physiological activities. Studies in animal models and humans have shown that at least one of the cytokine’s antitumor actions is mediated through these inflammatory mechanisms, leading to hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors [2]. The successful cloning of TNF-α DNA in 1985 [3] and production of recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α) was followed by an increase in research to more clearly define the specific actions of the cytokine. In vitro, rTNF-α was shown to increase neutrophil adherence to endothelial cells, induce an adhesion-dependent migration of neutrophils through endothelial monolayers, enhance endothelial susceptibility to neutrophil-mediated killing, and stimulate neutrophil respiratory burst and degranulation [4,5]. The mechanism of TNF-α’s action, therefore, is thought to be through neutrophils which, when stimulated by TNF-α, release H2O2, resulting in the production of tissue-damaging oxygen radicals [6]. TNF-α may also be directly cytotoxic for tumor cells through stimulation of the production of oxygen radicals in the cells themselves [7].
Petty syndrome and Fontaine-Farriaux syndrome: Delineation of a single syndrome.

In 1990, Petty et al. described two patients representing a novel syndrome with “congenital progeriod” features and neither had classical progeria nor Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome, though many findings were overlapping. One of the cases had previously been described by Dr. Wiedemann in 1948. The key features of Petty syndrome include pre and postnatal growth restriction, decreased subcutaneous fat with loose skin, enlarged fontanelle with underdeveloped calvarium, coronal synostosis, unruly hair pattern with non-uniform distribution, prominent eyebrows, umbilical hernia, distal digital hypoplasia, and normal or near normal development. Significant overlap to other syndromes, particularly the Fontaine–Farriaux syndrome, is apparent. In 2004, Ardinger postulated that Petty syndrome, like classical progeria, might be secondary to a defect in the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene. The purpose of this paper is to describe two new unrelated cases of this unique syndrome that further delineate the phenotype, compare to phenotypically similar syndromes, and postulate that Petty syndrome could represent a new laminopathy. In addition, evidence suggesting that the Petty syndrome and Fontaine–Farriaux syndromes are variable expressions of the same condition is discussed. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of heparin on endogenous DNA polymerase activity of rat liver nuclei and chromatin fractions.

Abstract 1. 1. Heparin activates endogenous DNA polymerase activity in isolated rat hepatic nuclei to a synthesis rate two to three times the control values, when added in amounts as small as 10% of total nuclear DNA. 2. 2. Cations such as polylysine, polyornithine and unfractionated histones form insoluble complexes with heparin and reverse its effect in either order of addition. 3. 3. Autoradiography demonstrates many apparent new sites of DNA synthesis in heparin-treated nuclei, both in previously inactive and in previously active nuclei. 4. 4. Electron microscopy shows a dramatic change in the chromatin pattern upon treatment with heparin; fiber diameters are significantly decreased, probably indicating loss of supercoiling. 5. 5. The response to heparin of the endogenous polymerase activity in three chromatin fractions is examined. Two of the three fractions show patterns similar to whole nuclei; the third, a high specific activity fraction, has a distinctively different pattern of response to heparin. 6. 6. The kinetic data combined with the behavior of the high specific activity chromatin fraction indicate that the heparin effect on endogenous DNA synthesis may have more than one component.
Large-momentum-transfer Compton scattering

We have used perturbative QCD to calculate the complete set of helicity amplitudes for the real and virtual Compton-scattering reactions {gamma}{sup (*)}{ital p}{r arrow}{gamma}{ital p}, using a variety of wave functions. A particularly interesting feature of these results is the existence of nontrivial phases in the amplitudes, and a great deal of structure in the amplitudes as a function of the virtuality of the initial photon. Results for {ital s}{sup 6} {ital d}{sigma}/{ital dt}({gamma}{ital p}{r arrow}{gamma}{ital p}) are compared to existing data.
Structure of laminar flamelets in premixed turbulent flames

Abstract The method of activation energy asymptotics is used to describe the behavior and characteristics of adiabatic laminar flamelets involving counterflowing reactants and products as they arise in premixed turbulent flames. For moderate and low rates of strain the results are analogous to those obtained in earlier applications of the method, namely, there are reaction surfaces that maintain a diffusive-reactive balance in the first approximation. For high rates of strain we identify an extinction regime in which there is a reaction zone having a diffusive-convective-reactive balance and which thus requires a modification of the usual treatment. The asymptotic analyses are used to give the variation of the rate of product creation over the entire range of Damkohler numbers.
Near-infrared energy distributions of M31

Spectrophotometric data obtained by comparing Spinrad-Taylor (1969) standards with Alpha Lyr are presented, along with a calibration of these data for wavelengths longward of 6000 A. M31 sky measurements made 1 deg south of the nucleus at five wavelengths between 6040 and 10,360 A, inclusive, are compared with near-IR spectrophotometry performed by Spinrad and Taylor (1971), Oke and Schwarzschild (1975), and O'Connell (1976). Agreement and discrepancies among the different data sets are discussed. Some possible explanations of the differences are discounted, and tests are performed which reveal no effects of error in mean extinction and brightness-dependent wavelength response.
Peter Paul Rubens and The Society of Jesus

(1977). Peter Paul Rubens and The Society of Jesus. Konsthistorisk tidskrift/Journal of Art History: Vol. 46, No. 1-4, pp. 48-54.
Smoking and the Blacky orality factors.

Abstract A group of male college students was compared on six orality factors of the Blacky Pictures. Heavy smokers were found to score significantly higher on “oral craving” and to exhibit more defensiveness in a situation involving hostility toward the mother, as compared with nonsmokers. The results confirm the psychoanalytic hypothesis of a relationship between orality and smoking.
Histone Deacetylase 6 Associates With Ribosomes and Regulates De Novo Protein Translation During Arsenite Stress

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is known as a cytoplasmic enzyme that regulates cell migration, cell adhesion, and degradation of misfolded proteins by deacetylating substrates such as α-tubulin and Hsp90. When HaCaT keratinocytes were exposed to 1-200μM sodium arsenite, we observed perinuclear localization of HDAC6 within 30 min. Although the overall level of HDAC6 protein did not change, sodium arsenite caused an increase of HDAC6 in ribosomal fractions. Separation of ribosomal subunits versus intact ribosomes or polysomes indicated that HDAC6 was mainly detected in 40/43S fractions containing the small ribosomal subunit in untreated cells but was associated with 40/43S and 60/80S ribosomal fractions in arsenite-treated cells. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that arsenite caused colocalization of HDAC6 with the ribosomal large and small subunit protein L36a and S6. Both L36a and S6 were detected in the immunocomplex of HDAC6 isolated from arsenite-treated cells. The observed physical interaction of HDAC6 with ribosomes pointed to a role of HDAC6 in stress-induced protein translation. Among arsenite stress-induced proteins, de novo Nrf2 protein translation was inhibited by Tubastatin A. These data demonstrate that HDAC6 was recruited to ribosomes, physically interacted with ribosomal proteins, and regulated de novo protein translation in keratinocytes responding to arsenite stress.
Microinjection into Acanthamoeba castellanii of monoclonal antibodies to myosin-II slows but does not stop cell locomotion

To study the in vivo role of myosin-II in Acanthamoeba castellanii, motile cells were microinjected with monoclonal antibodies raised against the myosin-II heavy chain. All injected cells underwent a transient shock response. It was found that although injection of buffer alone or of an endogenous Acanthamoeba protein decreased the motility of injected cells from 7 microns/min to approximately 3 microns/min, injection of monoclonal antibodies specific for myosin-II decreased motility further to approximately 0.8 micron/min. This effect was seen whether or not the monoclonal antibody to myosin-II inhibited the actomyosin-II MgATPase activity in vitro. Levels of antibody far in excess of endogenous myosin-II concentrations could not completely block amoeboid movement. The morphology of moving antimyosin-II-injected cells was unusual, suggesting a greater defect in the ability to retract the trailing edge of the cell rather than to extend the leading edge. Endosomes frequently disappeared from injected cells, and although buffer-injected cells rapidly recovered visible endosomes (50% recovery at 5 min), endosomes were not seen in antimyosin-II-injected cells until, on the average, approximately 50 min after injection. Injection of a nonspecific antibody or of a nonspecific exogenous protein (ovalbumin) also decreased the mobility of the injected cells beyond that of buffer-injected cells (to approximately 1 micron/min). These cells tended to recover endosomes more rapidly (approximately 25 min) than cells injected with antimyosin-II monoclonal antibodies. The inability of antibodies to myosin-II to inhibit completely any of the movements studied suggests that although myosin-II probably plays a role in these motilities, the cell either routinely uses or can draw upon another cytoplasmic motor to maintain locomotion, organelle movement, contractile vacuole activity, and endocytosis.
Minimal Square Rooting

Binary square rooting algorithms which yield a root in a redundant representation using digits 1, ?1, and 0 are analyzed, particularly those yielding a root in a representation in which the number of nonzero digits is minimal. An algorithm which may lead to any possible minimal representation of the square root is developed.
Ab initio calculations on urea

Multiconfiguration wave functions constructed from contracted Gaussian-lobe functions have been found for the ground and valence-excited states of urea. ICSCF molecular orbitals of the excited states were used as the parent configurations for the CI calculations except for the 1A1(π π*) state. The 1A1(π π*) state used as its parent configuration an orthogonal linear combination of natural orbitals obtained from the second root of a three-configuration SCF calculation. The lowest excited states are predicted to be the n π π* and π π* triplet states. The lowest singlet state is predicted to be the n π π* state with an energy in good agreement with the one known UV band at 7.2 eV. The π π* singlet state is predicted to be about 1.9 eV higher, contrary to several previous assignments which assumed the lowest band was a π π* amide resonance band. The predicted ionization energy of 9.0 eV makes this and higher states autoionizing.
Trauma and progression of marginal periodontitis in squirrel monkeys. III Adaption of interproximal alveolar bone to repetitive injury.

This investigation was designed to test the co-destructive factor hypothesis that a traumatic lesion subjacent to marginal periodontitis alters the progression of the periodontitis and produces angular bony defects. Marginal periodontitis was produced around 28 mandibular teeth in 7 squirrel monkeys by tying a silk ligature at the gingival margin to facilitate plaque accumulation. Six months after inducing periodontitis a severe traumatic lesion was produced subjacent to the marginal periodontitis in 15 of these teeth by thermal injury via the root canal. These specimens (Group I) were analyzed from 3 days to 6 months after injury subjacent to the periodontitis. The duration of periodontitis in the remaining 13 teeth (Group II) was the same as Group I allowing a comparison between the groups. It was concluded that the presence of a severe traumatic lesion and its sequelae subjacent to a marginal periodontitis did affect the progression of the periodontitis when evaluated by apical migration of the junctional epithelium and loss of alveolar bone. Angular bony defects occurred only when periodontitis was induced around isolated tooth surfaces and were related to the presence or absence of the traumatic lesion. Angular defects may be related more to location of etiologic agent than a combination of co-destructive factors.
Estrogen and response to sertraline in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder: a pilot study.

Abstract Objective Pilot study examining the effects of estrogen therapy (ET) on antidepressant response in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods Twenty-two subjects received sertraline at 50 mg/day for one week, with an increase to 100 mg/day at week 2 for a 10-week trial. Transdermal estrogen or placebo patches 0.1 mg were randomly administered concurrent with the initiation of sertraline treatment. The 21 item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21) was administered to all patients at baseline and weekly thereafter. Results Both groups showed a similar significant reduction in HDRS-21 scores by the end of the study. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups at the end of the 10-week trial, but the women receiving sertraline with ET showed significantly greater early improvement (weeks 2–4) compared to the women receiving sertraline with placebo. Conclusions Sertraline is an effective antidepressant for postmenopausal women with MDD. ET does not alter the response rate to antidepressant therapy however ET may play a role in accelerating the antidepressant response.
Design of the Source Development Lab bunch compressor

The accelerator at the Source Development Lab at BNL consists of a 1.6 cell RF photocathode electron gun followed by a 230 MeV SLAC-type linac that includes a magnetic chicane bunch compressor. The nominal specifications call for a 10 ps FWHM bunch of 2nC charge to be compressed in time by a factor of 25 at an energy of 85 MeV. The design of the compressor magnets and the beam dynamics from the gun through the magnetic chicane are described.
Successful resection of anterior and anterolateral lesions at the craniovertebral junction using a simple posterolateral approach.

Tumors at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) often present a challenge due to proximity to vital neurovascular structures. In the last few decades, many authors have proposed complex surgical approaches to access pathologies located anterior or anterolateral to the CVJ with the hopes of reducing morbidity. We propose that the simple posterolateral approach in a semi-sitting position can be used to resect most anterior and anterolateral CVJ tumors safely and effectively. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical series of 10 patients treated by the senior author using the posterolateral suboccipital approach to treat anterior or anterolateral CVJ pathologies. We describe our surgical techniques, outcomes, and present illustrative patients. Gross total resection was achieved in eight patients (80%). Good functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 4–5) was obtained in all patients. Preoperative symptoms and deficits were improved (78%) or stable (22%) in all patients. There was one (10%) surgical complication that was cerebrospinal fluid leak requiring reoperation. There was no permanent morbidity or mortality in this series. There were two (20%) medical complications including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. There were three (30%) transient neurologic complications, dysphagia in two and dysarthria in one, all of which resolved completely in early follow-up. The majority of anterior or anterolateral CVJ lesions can be successfully removed using the simple posterolateral approach.
Studying Service: An Exploration of the Costs and Benefits of Assistance.

If we are to provide systems that benet human users, we need a better understanding of the nature of service. In this paper, we describe the necessary characteristics of a simulator for studying service, and then present M˘DEN, our attempt to satisfy those requirements. We then proceed to describe an initial set of agents that we use to explore the nature of service. Our experiments conrm the usefulness of M˘DEN as a testbed, but also point toward insights into service in general. We end with a discussion of future work intended to explore those insights. Overview In this paper, we address the problem of service. Because the nature of service is difcult to understand, we face particular challenges when trying to build systems that provide valuable service to users. In this section, we describe our view of service and review previous relevant work. Then in the following section, we describe our work extending a world simulator to support the study of service. Next, we present our design and implementation of agents that give and receive service. We follow this with the results of our rst experiments and conclude with a discussion of future work and lessons learned.
Tracking and Characterization of Aircraft Wakes Using Acoustic and Lidar Measurements

Data from the 2003 Denver International Airport Wake Acoustics Test are further examined to discern spectral content of aircraft wake signatures, and to compare three dimensional wake tracking from acoustic data to wake tracking data obtained through use of continuous wave and pulsed lidar. Wake tracking data derived from acoustic array data agree well with both continuous wave and pulsed lidar in the horizontal plane, but less well with pulsed lidar in the vertical direction. Results from this study show that the spectral distribution of acoustic energy in a wake signature varies greatly with aircraft type.
The biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols by brain tissue. Distribution in subcellular fractions as a function of time after intracerebral injection of (2- 14 C)mevalonic acid into 30-day-old rat brain: a period of transition.

— The distribution of [14C]-labeIled material into subcellular fractions of 15-day-old rat brain was studied as a function of time after intracerebral injection of [2-14C]mevalonic acid. As previously shown for adult brain, the data indicated the microsomal fraction to be the site of sterol biosynthesis. The synaptosomal fraction exhibited a marked early uptake of [14C]-nonsaponifiable material. Total radioactivity in both myelin and myelin-like fractions remained low in comparison to that in the other subcellular fractions at all time periods examined. At 2 h after injection, labelled digitonin-precipitable material was demonstrable in all subcellular fractions. Examination of the [14C]-labelled nonsaponifiable material by thin-layer chromatography indicated the rapid appearance of labelled 4-desmethyl sterol in all subcellular fractions, with the most rapid appearance in the myelin fraction, followed in decreasing order by microsomal, synaptosomal, and mitochondrial fractions. Examination of [14C] digitonin-precipitable material from each fraction by the dibromide method demonstrated that although 4-desmethyl sterol appeared quickly, the formation of cholesterol was slow in all fractions, an effect that had been reported earlier for adult brain.
Developing Predictive Approaches to Characterize Adaptive Responses of the Reproductive Endocrine Axis to Aromatase Inhibition: I. Data Generation in a Small Fish Model

Adaptive or compensatory responses to chemical exposure can significantly influence in vivo concentration-duration-response relationships. This study provided data to support development of a computational dynamic model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of a model vertebrate and its response to aromatase inhibitors as a class of endocrine active chemicals. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were either exposed to the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (0.5 or 30 μg/l) continuously for 1, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, or 28 days or exposed for 8 days and then held in control water (no fadrozole) for an additional 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 days. The time course of effects on ovarian steroid production, circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations, and expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in the ovary was measured. Exposure to 30 μg fadrozole/l significantly reduced plasma E2 and VTG concentrations after just 1 day and those effects persisted throughout 28 days of exposure. In contrast, ex vivo E2 production was similar to that of controls on day 8-28 of exposure, whereas transcripts coding for aromatase and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor were elevated, suggesting a compensatory response. Following cessation of fadrozole exposure, ex vivo E2 and plasma E2 concentrations exceeded and then recovered to control levels, but plasma VTG concentrations did not, even after 20 days of depuration. Collectively these data provide several new insights into the nature and time course of adaptive responses to an aromatase inhibitor that support development of a computational model (see companion article).
Clustering based techniques for I/sub DDQ/ testing

A new technique for evaluating I/sub DDQ/ data using a clustering based approach is presented. While prevailing I/sub DDQ/ test techniques rely on a fixed threshold or the current signature of an IC, the proposed technique relies on abnormalities of the I/sub DDQ/ distribution of a device with respect to other devices in the test set. Results of applying this technique to data collected on a high volume graphics chip are described. Results are also compared to the conventional single threshold approach, and benefits of the new technique are presented.
The Car Race Challenge: An Intragroup and Intergroup Exercise.

The Race Challenge exercise helps participants increase their understanding of both intragroup and intergroup dynamics. The challenges posed when group representatives must also participate in cross-functional work teams are integral to the exercise. Important to the exercise is the opportunity to engage in strategies for managing competitive behavior in situations in which collaborative behavior is necessary. The Race Challenge is appropriate for both classroom and corporate training. Comments from undergraduate students and corporate personnel are provided as well as debriefing guidelines. Variations that will increase or decrease the complexity of the exercise are also included.
Critical roles for juvenile hormone and its esterase+ in the prepupa of Trichoplusia ni

In the caterpillar Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) it has been demonstrated by allatectomy that the appearance of juvenile hormone during the prepupal stage is crucial for the successful larval-pupal ecdysis of most larvae. Application of juvenile hormone or juvenile hormone esterase inhibitors at key times disrupted normal development as well. Thus the subsequent disappearance of juvenile hormone is regulated by degradation by juvenile hormone esterase in addition to a hypothetical reduction in biosynthesis. This reduction in juvenile hormone titer in the prepupa is just as critical for normal development as was its previous appearance. These observations on the critical role of juvenile hormone in the prepupa are in contrast to observations in some other species. For instance, in the case of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), juvenile hormone is considered only supplementary to the action of prothoracicotropic hormone in the postwandering stage and primarily is required for normal pupal development. It thus appears that even within the Lepidoptera the role of juvenile hormone in prepupal development can vary dramatically.
Beneficiary or Benefactor Are People More Prosocial When They Reflect on Receiving or Giving

Research shows that reflecting on benefits received can make people happier, but it is unclear whether or not such reflection makes them more helpful. Receiving benefits can promote prosocial behavior through reciprocity and positive affect, but these effects are often relationship-specific, short-lived, and complicated by ambivalent reactions. We propose that prosocial behavior is more likely when people reflect on being a benefactor to others, rather than a beneficiary. The experience of giving benefits may encourage prosocial behavior by increasing the salience and strength of one's identity as a capable, caring contributor. In field and laboratory experiments, we found that participants who reflected about giving benefits voluntarily contributed more time to their university, and were more likely to donate money to natural-disaster victims, than were participants who reflected about receiving benefits. When it comes to reflection, giving may be more powerful than receiving as a driver of prosocial behavior.
Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells: Function and utility of inserting a hole transport and electron blocking layer into the device structure

The function and utility of inserting an in situ polymerizable triphenylamine-containing polyperfluorocyclobutane (TPA–PFCB) as a hole transport and electron blocking layer into the structure of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells were demonstrated. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Jsc) increase, leading to BHJ solar cells with improved power conversion efficiency.
The prognostic significance of specific arterial lesions in acute renal allograft rejection.

Diagnosis of albognaft dysfunction relies on the as- sessment of arterial lesions. This study was designed to eval- uate the prognostic significance of common specific vascular lesions in acute albograft rejection. Renal albognaft biopsies (it = 1 1 1) with acute cellular rejection were scored for endan- tenitis, mononuclear cell adherence to endothelial cells, endo- thebial activation, fibrinoid necrosis, foam cells, and intimal fibrosis. These vascular lesions and other classic histologic features were correlated with outcome. Rejection with endar- tenitis (found in 54% of biopsies) was less responsive to steroid treatment than rejection without endartenitis, as judged by recovery of creatinine in 3 wk (P = 0.03). Larger numbers of sampled arteries improved the predictive accuracy. Sticking of mononuclear cells to endothelial cells also correlated with steroid resistance (P < 0.05). Rejection with or without end- artenitis responded to OKT3/antithymocyte globulin treatment equably well (61% versus 65%, respectively). Rejection with fibrinoid arterial necrosis (4% of biopsies) did not respond to either steroids on antibodies (0%). One-year graft failure was 21 % without endarteritis, 28% with endarteritis, and 100% with fibninoid necrosis. Activated endotheliab cells and inter- stitiab hemorrhage were associated with endartenitis and graft failure (all P < 0.05). None of the other scored features had any statistically significant correlation with outcome. Thus, specific arterial lesions (endartenitis, fibninoid necrosis, acti- vated endothebiab cells, mononuclear cell mangination) and interstitial hemorrhage, but not the extent of the interstitial infiltrate or tububitis, are correlated with response to antirejec- tion therapy and/or 1-yr clinical outcome. Grading systems for therapeutic trials and clinical management should emphasize
Rabi microwave power standard

The performance of a quantum based microwave power standard is presented. The measured incident power is compared to a known value. In order to improve the comparison we have developed, a waveguide micro calorimeter. We have also rebuilt part of the instrument. Results from both systems will be presented.
Looking in the Rear View Mirror: The Effect of Managers’ Professional Experience on Corporate Financial Policy

We track the employment history of over 9,000 managers to study the effects of professional experiences on corporate policies. Our identification strategy exploits exogenous CEO turnovers and employment in other firms. Firms run by CEOs who experienced distress have less debt, save more cash, and invest less than other firms, with stronger effects in poorly governed firms. Past experience has a stronger influence when it is more recent, occurs during salient periods of a managers’ career, or is associated with a negative rather than a positive outcome. We find similar effects on debt and cash, but not investment, for CFOs. The results suggest that policies vary with managers’ experiences and throughout their careers.
The Dependence on Convection Parameterization of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Simulated by the UIUC 11-Layer Atmospheric GCM

Abstract Numerical experiments are conducted using the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), 11-layer atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to investigate the dependence of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TIO) on convection parameterization. Three convection parameterizations have been tested: 1) the UIUC GCM’s original cumulus–convection parameterization, which includes a modified version of the Arakawa–Schubert penetrative–convection parameterization and a middle-level convection parameterization, 2) the parameterization of Kuo, and (3) the moist convective adjustment parameterization of Manabe et al For each parameterization a relative humidity criterion (RHc) for convection or convective heating to occur is used, as in many GCMs. Perpetual-March simulations with these convection parameterizations have been performed for different values of RHc. It is found that the simulated TIO is highly dependent on RHc. As RHc increases, the oscillation in the simulations becomes ...
Euonymus fortunei dominance over native species may be facilitated by plant–soil feedback

Positive plant–soil feedback (PSF) may be a mechanism of invader dominance, whereas PSF is often negative for native species. Previous work in Eastern deciduous forests of North America has shown that the invasive liana Euonymus fortunei participates in a net positive PSF with native groundcover Asarum canadense, indicating that PSF may contribute to invader dominance. However, to identify PSF as a general invasion driver for Euonymus, we must consider the average net pairwise feedback for multiple native–invasive species pairs, and compare this to the average net pairwise feedback amongst native–native pairs. Here, we test E. fortunei in net pairwise feedback against five native species, comparing native–invader feedback to feedback amongst natives over a gradient of light availability. PSF was on average neutral for invader–native pairs and on average negative for native–native pairs, indicating that Euonymus does not face the same constraints that limit the growth of native species. Because even neutral feedback can facilitate invasion, results indicate that PSF may facilitate invader dominance over a broad range of native functional groups and light conditions in Eastern deciduous forest.
Age alters regional distribution of blood flow during moderate-intensity exercise

During dynamic exercise in warm environments, requisite increases in skin and active muscle blood flows are supported by increasing cardiac output (Qc) and redistributing flow away from splanchnic ...
Evidence that trypsin digestion exposes a channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

We present evidence that proteolytic digestion of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with trypsin exposes an ion-ophore that is capable of translocating calcium across the membrane of preloaded vesicles. Net transport of calcium appears to stop when the chemical potential of the ion on both sides of the membrane is equal. The temperature coefficient of steady-state leakage suggests that the ionophore is of the channel or pore type. We suggest that tryptic digestion exposes a channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes through which calcium, and perhaps other ions as well, can diffuse down concentration gradients.
Influence of point-of-sale tobacco displays and plain black and white cigarette packaging and advertisements on adults: Evidence from a virtual store experimental study.

Abstract Introduction We examined the potential impact of banning tobacco displays and mandating plain packaging and cigarette advertisements at the point of sale (POS) on adult outcomes. Methods A virtual convenience store was created with scenarios in which the tobacco product display was either fully visible (status quo) or enclosed behind a cabinet (display ban), and cigarette packs and advertisements were either in full color (status quo) or black and white, text only (plain). A national convenience sample of 1313 adult current smokers and recent quitters was randomized to 1 of 4 conditions and given a shopping task to complete in the virtual store. Main outcomes were participants' self-reported urge to smoke and tobacco purchase attempts in the virtual store. Results Compared with recent quitters in the status quo conditions, recent quitters in the display ban condition had lower urges to smoke (β = − 4.82, 95% CI = − 8.16–− 1.49, p P P Conclusions Policies that ban the display of tobacco products or require plain packaging and advertising at the POS may help reduce adult smoking.
Measuring autocratic regime stability

Researchers measure regime stability in autocratic contexts using a variety of data sources that capture distinct concepts. Often this research uses concepts developed for the study of democratic politics, such as leadership change or institutionalized authority, to construct measures of regime breakdown in non-democratic contexts. This article assesses whether the measure a researcher chooses influences the results they obtain by examining data on executive leadership, political authority, and autocratic regimes. We illustrate the conceptual differences between these variables by extending recent studies in the literature on the political consequences of non-tax revenue and unearned foreign income.
Bag and loop small bowel contouring strategies differentially estimate small bowel dose for post-hysterectomy women receiving pencil beam scanning proton therapy.

AbstractBackground Small bowel (SB) dose-volume relationships established during initial computed tomography (CT) simulations may change throughout therapy due to organ displacement and motion. We investigated the impact of organ motion on SB dose-volume histograms (DVHs) in women with gynecologic malignancies treated with pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy and compared PBS SB DVHs to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Material and methods Post-hysterectomy patients (n = 11) treated for gynecologic cancers were enrolled on an image-guided proton therapy protocol involving CT simulation with full (CTF) and empty (CTE) bladders and weekly/biweekly on-treatment scans. IMRT plans were generated for comparative analysis. SB was contoured as bowel loops or bowel bag. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for matched-pair comparisons of SB, bladder, and rectum dose-volumes between CT scans and between PBS and IMRT plans. Results In PBS loops analysis, on-treatment DVH was significantly higher th...