cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late Effects of Treatment in Survivors of Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for late sequelae of treatment in patients who survived for more than 10 years after the diagnosis of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 77 survivors (median follow-up duration, 16.7 years), 44 (group A) had received chemotherapy, 18 (group B) had received chemotherapy and cranial irradiation, and 15 (group C) had received chemotherapy, total-body irradiation, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Late complications, tobacco use, and health insurance status were assessed. RESULTS: Growth abnormalities were found in 51% of survivors, neurocognitive abnormalities in 30%, transfusion-acquired hepatitis in 28%, endocrine abnormalities in 16%, cataracts in 12%, and cardiac abnormalities in 8%. Younger age at the time of diagnosis or initiation of radiation therapy, higher dose of radiation, and treatment in groups B and C were risk factors for the development of academic difficulties and greater decrease in height Z s...
Why valves leak : A search for the cause of fugitive emissions

To better focus fugitive emission control efforts, a number of valves that were removed from service due to poor emissions control performance were inspected for signs of damage to the stein sealing system. Corrosion and pitting of the stem were found to be the highest identifiable causes of high valve fugitive emissions. Most valves, however, had no identifiable damage and poor emissions control performance in these cases is believed to be due to poor packing materials or poor packing installation procedures. 4 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
The Ecumenical Vision of the Apostle Paul and its Relevance for Contemporary Search for Full Unity of all Christians

The current study seeks to examine the contribution of the apostle Paul to the search for the unity of all Christians. The study aims at addressing the following set of questions: what is Paul’s vision for Christian unity? What is his precise contribution to the unity of the early Christian community? In which ways is Paul’s vision of, and his contribution to Christian unity still relevant, and even necessary for the contemporary quest for the full visible unity of the church? The main thesis that lurks in the background of this study is that Paul’s vision of Christian unity is deeply Christocentric and that even if the Pauline Churches experienced unity in their diversity, such unity was a dynamic process leading up to full communion. The study proceeds in four moments: In the first place, the study explores Paul’s view of Christian unity. Secondly, the study investigates the central aspects of Paul’s ecumenical legacy in view of establishing his contribution towards the unity of Christians. Thirdly, the research investigates the significance of Paul’s vision of Christian unity for contemporary search for full and visible unity. Finally, the study concludes with some remarks and challenging insights for those engaged in ecumenical dialogues.
Altered endothelium-mediated relaxation after denervation of growing rabbit ear artery.

Abstract The relaxation response to methacholine and sodium nitroprusside was examined in ring segments from the posterior auricular artery and its continuation the central ear artery rabbits 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks following unilateral adrenergic and sensory denervation. The maximal relaxation achieved by methacholine (endothelium-dependent) was significantly depressed in the denervated arteries compared with the contralateral controls. Sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent relaxant agent) elicited the maximal relaxation in all tissues. These results demonstrated impaired arterial endothelium-dependent relaxation to methacholine after chronic denervation.
An Algorithm for Solving Boundary Value Problems

In this paper a numerical algorithm, based on the decomposition technique, is presented for solving a class of nonlinear boundary value problems. The method is implemented for well-known examples, including Troesch's and Bratu's problems which have been extensively studied. The scheme is shown to be highly accurate, and only a few terms are required to obtain accurate computable solutions.
The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943–1953

Donald Filtzer, The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943–1953 (2010), 410 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, £65.00/$110.00)...
Review of the National Ignition Campaign 2009-2012

The National Ignition Campaign (NIC) was a multi-institution effort established under the National Nuclear Security Administration of DOE in 2005, prior to the completion of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in 2009. The scope of the NIC was the planning and preparation for and the execution of the first 3 yr of ignition experiments (through the end of September 2012) as well as the development, fielding, qualification, and integration of the wide range of capabilities required for ignition. Besides the operation and optimization of the use of NIF, these capabilities included over 50 optical, x-ray, and nuclear diagnostic systems, target fabrication facilities, experimental platforms, and a wide range of NIF facility infrastructure. The goal of ignition experiments on the NIF is to achieve, for the first time, ignition and thermonuclear burn in the laboratory via inertial confinement fusion and to develop a platform for ignition and high energy density applications on the NIF. The goal of the NIC was to develop and integrate all of the capabilities required for a precision ignition campaign and, if possible, to demonstrate ignition and gain by the end of FY12. The goal of achieving ignition can be divided into three main challenges. The first challenge is defining specifications for the target, laser, and diagnostics with the understanding that not all ignition physics is fully understood and not all material properties are known. The second challenge is designing experiments to systematically remove these uncertainties. The third challenge is translating these experimental results into metrics designed to determine how well the experimental implosions have performed relative to expectations and requirements and to advance those metrics toward the conditions required for ignition. This paper summarizes the approach taken to address these challenges, along with the progress achieved to date and the challenges that remain. At project completion in 2009, NIF lacked almost all the diagnostics and infrastructure required for ignition experiments. About half of the 3 yr period covered in this review was taken up by the effort required to install and performance qualify the equipment and experimental platforms needed for ignition experiments. Ignition on the NIF is a grand challenge undertaking and the results presented here represent a snapshot in time on the path toward that goal. The path forward presented at the end of this review summarizes plans for the Ignition Campaign on the NIF, which were adopted at the end of 2012, as well as some of the key results obtained since the end of the NIC.
The management of porphyria cutanea tarda

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), the commonest of all porphyrias, is usually characterized by blisters and fragility of skin in light-exposed areas. It can be clinically indistinguishable from other disorders including variegate porphyria and the diagnosis can only be made by rigorous biochemical analysis. PCT does not cause acute attacks of porphyria. It is usually an acquired condition caused by inhibition of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme in the liver. Hereditary haemochromatosis, hepatitis C virus infection, alcohol, oestrogens and a family history of PCT are the major risk factors for the condition and should be searched for specifically in all patients. Liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, is common in patients with PCT, and should be investigated for at presentation by means of a liver biopsy where possible. Patients with severe hepatic pathology or longstanding untreated PCT need to be monitored for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in the long term. Low dose twice weekly chloroquine is the mainstay of treatment, but venesection should be used in patients with severe iron overload or hepatitis C-related liver disease. Subsequently, long-term follow-up is needed in all patients to monitor for relapse.
The history of medicine in Tudor times: an historiographical survey.

(1971). The History of Medicine in Tudor Times: An Historiographical Survey. The Historian: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 365-384.
A generalized method of subcloning DNA fragments by restriction site reconstruction: application to sequencing the amino-terminal coding region of the transforming gene of Gazdar marine sarcoma virus

Abstract The technique of restriction site reconstruction was generalized so as to allow the subcloning of any DNA fragment and its subsequent reexcision with EcoRI, XbaI, XhoI or HindIII. After excision, the 3' terminus of each strand will be derived from the starting nucleic acid, permitting the use of such fragments as primers for nucleotide sequencing by primer extension methods. The technique was used to subclone a 56 base pair BstNI-DdeI fragment of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV) as a unique HindIII-HindIII fragment. This fragment then served as a primer to sequence a portion of the RNA genome of Gazdar murine sarcoma virus (Gz-MSV). The nucleotide sequence which was obtained indicated that the transforming gene of Gz-MSV arose by at least two recombination events involving murine leukemia virus (MLV) and the cellular homologue c-mos. This analysis suggests that a virus indistinguishable from Mo-MSV was an intermediate in the formation of Gz-MSV.
Immunohistochemical localization of a low molecular weight, soluble protein from bovine lingual epithelium.

A low molecular weight (LMW) protein was isolated from bovine tongue epithelium and an antiserum to this protein elicited in rabbits. The indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was used to localize LMW protein in several tissues from six mammalian species: cow, rat, mouse, squirrel, rabbit, and man. Immunoreactivity was demonstrable in stratified squamous epithelia from skin, tongue, cheek, esophagus, vagina, and palate. Epidermal derivatives, such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands and ducts of certain glands were also positively stained. Cornea exhibited weak immunoreactivity as did rabbit bladder. Other types of epithelia including those seen in kidney, thyroid, intestine, trachea, liver, submandibular gland, pancreas and uterus, were not immunoreactive when tested with antiserum to LMW protein. The antiserum was rendered unreactive after absorption with LMW protein but, when absorbed with a keratin polypeptide, most of the immunoreactivity was preserved. It is concluded that the distribution of the soluble LMW protein is similar to that of the insoluble keratin proteins in stratified squamous epithelia but the former is not demonstrable in many simple epithelia that contain keratins
Genetically Engineered Nanostructure Devices

Material variations on an atomic scale enable the quantum mechanical functionality of devices such as resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), quantum well lasers, and heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs). The design and optimization of such heterostructure devices requires a detailed understanding of quantum mechanical electron transport. The Nanoelectronic Modeling Tool (NEMO) is a general-purpose quantum device design and analysis tool that addresses this problem. NEMO was combined with a parallelized genetic algorithm package (PGAPACK) to optimize structural and material parameters. The electron transport simulations presented here are based on a full band simulation, including effects of non-parabolic bands in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the electron transport and Hartree charge self-consistency. The first result of the genetic algorithm driven quantum transport calculation with convergence of a random structure population to experimental data is presented.
The trichotomy of HAVING queries on a probabilistic database

We study the evaluation of positive conjunctive queries with Boolean aggregate tests (similar to HAVING in SQL) on probabilistic databases. More precisely, we study conjunctive queries with predicate aggregates on probabilistic databases where the aggregation function is one of MIN, MAX, EXISTS, COUNT, SUM, AVG, or COUNT(DISTINCT) and the comparison function is one of =, ?,?,>,?, or <. The complexity of evaluating a HAVING query depends on the aggregation function, ?, and the comparison function, ?. In this paper, we establish a set of trichotomy results for conjunctive queries with HAVING predicates parametrized by (?, ?). For such queries (without self-joins), one of the following three statements is true: (1) the exact evaluation problem has $${\mathcal P}$$ -time data complexity. In this case, we call the query safe. (2) The exact evaluation problem is $${{\sharp{\mathcal P}}}$$ -hard, but the approximate evaluation problem has (randomized) $${{\mathcal P}}$$ -time data complexity. More precisely, there exists an FPTRAS for the query. In this case, we call the query apx-safe. (3) The exact evaluation problem is $${{\sharp{\mathcal P}}}$$ -hard, and the approximate evaluation problem is also hard. We call these queries hazardous. The precise definition of each class depends on the aggregate considered and the comparison function. Thus, we have queries that are (MAX,? )-safe, (COUNT,? )-apx-safe, (SUM,=)-hazardous, etc. Our trichotomy result is a significant extension of a previous dichotomy result for Boolean conjunctive queries into safe and not safe. For each of the three classes we present novel techniques. For safe queries, we describe an evaluation algorithm that uses random variables over semirings. For apx-safe queries, we describe an FPTRAS that relies on a novel algorithm for generating a random possible world satisfying a given condition. Finally, for hazardous queries we give novel proofs of hardness of approximation. The results for safe queries were previously announced (in Re, C., Suciu, D. Efficient evaluation of. In: DBPL, pp. 186---200, 2007), but all other results are new.
Pregnancy Stimulation of DNA Synthesis and Uterine Blood Flow in the Guinea Pig

Pregnancy stimulates DNA synthesis in uterine artery smooth muscle cells. Unknown is whether DNA synthesis increases in all layers of the vessel wall in uterine or nonuterine vessels, the distribution and time course of the proliferative response in relation to the rise in uterine blood flow, and the extent to which a pregnancy-induced rise in DNA synthesis can be mimicked by chronic estradiol treatment. To measure DNA synthesis, we implanted bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 400 mg) s.c. for 14-d periods in three nonpregnant, nine pregnant, three vehicle, and five estradiol (2.5 mg/14 d)-treated guinea pigs. Uterine blood flow was measured in four nonpregnant and 18 pregnant animals using radiolabeled microspheres. Pregnancy stimulated DNA synthesis in the adventitia, media, and intima of the uterine artery, radial artery (the vessels deriving from the main uterine artery and entering the uterine wall), and uterine vein but not in the aorta or mesenteric artery. Maximal uterine artery medial area and labeling indices in all layers of the uterine artery, uterine vein, and the radial artery adventitia were attained by mid-pregnancy(d 28-42 of the guinea pig's 63-day gestation), whereas DNA synthesis increased progressively until term in the radial artery media and intima. The greatest rise in uterine artery blood flow (y) occurred after peak proliferation in the uterine artery and in concert with radial artery medial and intimal proliferation (y = 1.99·100.023x where x is day postconception). 17β-Estradiol treatment for 14 d in ovariectomized guinea pigs increased DNA synthesis in the radial artery adventitia and tended (p = 0.08) to increase labeling indices in the media of all vessels examined but did not fully reproduce the effects of pregnancy. We concluded that pregnancy-related, possibly hormonal stimuli prompted growth in all layers of the uterine artery wall by mid-pregnancy and served to initiate a rise in uterine blood flow. The resultant increase in flow and shear stress likely stimulated DNA synthesis in the radial artery which helped sustain the rise in flow near term.
Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of SPAST, the Gene Most Frequently Mutated in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower extremities, due to axonal degeneration in the corticospinal motor tracts. HSPs are genetically heterogeneous and show autosomal dominant inheritance in ∼70–80% of cases, with additional cases being recessive or X-linked. The most common type of HSP is SPG4 with mutations in the SPAST gene, encoding spastin, which occurs in 40% of dominantly inherited cases and in ∼10% of sporadic cases. Both loss-of-function and dominant-negative mutation mechanisms have been described for SPG4, suggesting that precise or stoichiometric levels of spastin are necessary for biological function. Therefore, we hypothesized that regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of SPAST are important determinants of spastin biology, and if altered, could contribute to the development and progression of the disease. To examine the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SPAST, we used molecular phylogenetic methods to identify conserved sequences for putative transcription factor binding sites and miRNA targeting motifs in the SPAST promoter and 3′-UTR, respectively. By a variety of molecular methods, we demonstrate that SPAST transcription is positively regulated by NRF1 and SOX11. Furthermore, we show that miR-96 and miR-182 negatively regulate SPAST by effects on mRNA stability and protein level. These transcriptional and miRNA regulatory mechanisms provide new functional targets for mutation screening and therapeutic targeting in HSP.
An automatic comparator for measurement of spectra

A digital computer has been programmed to find and measure spectral lines using a list of transmission values at equal intervals along a spectrum plate. The apparatus for making the list and the general computing scheme are described. The computer output consists of the position, wavenumber, intensity, and shape for each line found. Over 200 lines/min are processed by the computer. Readings are made as well as can be done by an operator using a photoelectric comparator.
Reusable framework for Web-based teleoperation

The advent of the WWW presents an opportunity for a wide audience to make use of telemanipulation. Unfortunately, current efforts in Web-based telemanipulation are primarily undertaken by individual groups and lead to a plethora of specific solutions, instead of a general, reusable framework. Because of this, any groups seeking to enter into this field must spend a large amount of time building the interfaces necessary for remote monitoring and manipulation. Our proposed solution to this problem is to build a general framework of Java-based components that allow researchers to focus on their particular applications instead of building the infrastructure for Web interaction themselves. These components only require researchers to build an interface to our framework, instead of implementing a complete end-to-end solutions. This framework is designed to enable the manipulation of simple to medium complexity devices via the WWW. Example application domains include small robotic vehicles and robotic arms.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impaired TrkB receptor signaling underlies corticostriatal dysfunction in Huntington's disease.

SUMMARY Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. The debilitating choreic movements that plague HD patients have been attributed to striatal degeneration induced by the loss of cortically supplied brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here, we show that in mouse models of early symptomatic HD, BDNF delivery to the striatum and its activation of tyrosine-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors were normal. However, in striatal neurons responsible for movement suppression, TrkB receptors failed to properly engage postsynaptic signaling mechanisms controlling the induction of potentiation at corticostriatal synapses. Plasticity was rescued by inhibiting p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) signaling or its downstream target phosphatase-and-tensin-homolog-deletedon-chromosome-10 (PTEN). Thus, corticostriatal synaptic dysfunction early in HD is attributable to a correctable defect in the response to BDNF, not its delivery.
Multiple scattering of conduction electrons at disordered metal surfaces

A conduction-electron probability of specular reflection and higher-order diffraction from an atomically smooth but contaminated metal surface is calculated for the full range of surface disorder. The average-$t$-matrix approximation is used to obtain the average surface-scattered-electron wave function and current density. The effects of multiple scattering between adsorbed impurities and of evanescent waves at the surface are especially considered. A resonance, in the conduction-electron probability of specular reflection from the surface, that is associated with both multiple scattering and the presence of a diffracted wave is found. The multiple-scattering theory is shown to predict minimum diffuse conduction-electron scattering at full coverage of adsorbate and maximum diffuse scattering at half coverage of adsorbate in agreement with experiment and in contradistinction to a single-scattering theory.
Application of a Softly Broken Supersymmetric Model to the Properties of the Scalar Neutrino

We describe a simple, softly broken supersymmetric model of electroweak interactions. In its simplest form, supersymmetry breaking is imposed via explicit mass terms for scalar quarks and leptons. We apply this model to the discussion of the decay properties of the scalar neutrino ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$. The one-loop process ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ ($\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=\mathrm{photino}$) is computed as well as multibody (tree-level) decays of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$. The relative branching ratios are crucial for determining the phenomenological signatures of the scalar neutrino. Complications to the model due to Majorana mass terms for the gauge fermions are discussed. Explicit Feynman rules for the model are listed.
Chloride Transport Inhibition Causes Calcium-Dependent Arrhythmic Activity in Isoproterenol-Treated Rabbit Cardiomyocytes

During s-adrenergic stimulation, chloride outward current mediated by CFTR has been proposed to aid repolarization and shorten action potential duration. With sustained stimulation and absent a Cl- extrusion mechanism, CFTR-mediated outward current may result in intracellular Cl- accumulation and collapse of the Cl- electrochemical gradient, leading to arrhythmias. Recently, we identified robust expression of an electroneutral K-Cl cotransporter (KCC) in vertebrate cardiomyocytes and have proposed that it plays a crucial role in Cl- homeostasis by countering channel-mediated Cl- accumulation during s-adrenergic stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that both CFTR and KCC activity are critical during s-adrenergic stimulation in paced (1Hz) acutely isolated adult rabbit cardiomyocytes. Application of novel inhibitors of either CFTR (10µM CFTR Inh-172) or KCC (2µM 11k) did not appreciably alter the regular Ca transients during steady state pacing in rabbit cardiomyocytes. Addition of 300nM isoproterenol increased Ca transient amplitude and accelerated [Ca]i decline (as expected). However, in this state, the application of either CFTR or KCC inhibitor induced prominent aftercontractions, indicative of cellular Ca overload and arrhythmogenic activity. We hypothesized that these two inhibitors elicit arrhythmic activity via distinct mechanisms: CFTR inhibition may acutely prolong action potentials directly contributing to Ca loading (independent of altered [Cl-]i), whereas KCC inhibition might allow CFTR current to dissipate the [Cl-]o/[Cl-]i gradient and thus indirectly reduce CFTR-mediated outward current (by reduced driving force). We are currently testing this working hypothesis using a novel ratiometric fluorescent protein-based Cl- sensor.
Total Cross Sections at High Energies

The relations sigma ( pi /sup -,p) > sigma ( pi /sup +/,p), sigma (K/ sup -,p) > sigma (K/sup + ,P), and sigma (p(with bar on top),p) > sigma (p,p) up to 20 Bev are considered under a hypot hesis on generalized isospin independence. This states that the isospin of the LAMBDA particle is zero; all hyperons have strangeness of the samc sign; thc strangeness of all hyperons is negative; and the pi and K mesons have baryon number zero. Othcr reIations may bc considered under these conditions. (L.N.N.)
Control of cell proliferation

Much effort has gone into understanding the factors which regulate the growth of mammalian cells. Normal cells can exist in a proliferating state, or they can leave the cell division cycle and pass into a resting state, where they remain viable and functional for long periods. It is the switch between these alternative possibilities of cycling growth and quiescence that is of paramount importance in growth regulation. In the normal situation, there is a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. The movement of cells between the quiescent and growing state is under precise regulation in order to ensure the correct balance. In cancer this regulation is altered such that the rate of cell proliferation exceeds the rate of cell death. It is thus important to learn about the regulatory processes and how they are disrupted in the cancer cell. Evidence for alterations in these control events in tumor cells comes from in vitro experiments. Several culture conditions that are suboptimal for cell growth, as well as certain drugs, reversibly shift normal tissue culture cells into a quiescent state, whereas under the same culture conditions or in the presence of the same drugs certain transformed, tumor-forming cells continue to traverse the cell cycle. This suggests a derangement of regulatory biochemical mechanisms. We are already in a position to take empirical advantage of these observations. In mice we are attempting to use “protective” drugs such as the ones which have been found to be effective in cell culture to shift reversibly and selectively the rapidly proliferating cells of the bone marrow, intestinal epithelium, and lymph nodes into a quiescent state. Such protective drugs would then protect these normal tissues, which are generally the most susceptible to the toxicity of anti-cancer drugs, from the cytotoxicity of growth-specific antineoplastic agents. The tumor cells, which would not be stopped by these protective drugs, would still be killed. This project is major, and full of uncertainties as to how all of the normal cells will respond and how each tumor type (which differs in its control characteristics, among other things) will respond. Studies of this sort should be applicable to the treatment of at least some tumors. As we apply these ideas, we will increasingly develop a stock of information on which to base further approaches to cancer chemotherapy.
Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly reported in children with autism, complicate clinical management, and may contribute to behavioral impairment. Reports of deficiencies in disaccharidase enzymatic activity and of beneficial responses to probiotic and dietary therapies led us to survey gene expression and the mucoepithelial microbiota in intestinal biopsies from children with autism and gastrointestinal disease and children with gastrointestinal disease alone. Ileal transcripts encoding disaccharidases and hexose transporters were deficient in children with autism, indicating impairment of the primary pathway for carbohydrate digestion and transport in enterocytes. Deficient expression of these enzymes and transporters was associated with expression of the intestinal transcription factor, CDX2. Metagenomic analysis of intestinal bacteria revealed compositional dysbiosis manifest as decreases in Bacteroidetes, increases in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and increases in Betaproteobacteria. Expression levels of disaccharidases and transporters were associated with the abundance of affected bacterial phylotypes. These results indicate a relationship between human intestinal gene expression and bacterial community structure and may provide insights into the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disturbances in children with autism.
Non-ambipolr electron extraction from a weakly magnetized RF plasma

Summary form only given. Electron extraction at electron sheaths (i.e. positive going anode sheaths) is studied in weakly magnetized RF inductive plasmas. As with DC plasmas produced with hot filaments, it is shown that all of the electrons created by ionization in the plasma can be extracted from the plasma. The electrons are extracted through a grounded ring and in the presence of a weak axial magnetic field, only a small fraction of the electrons are lost to the ring. All of the ions are lost to a negatively biased conducting cylinder which also serves as a Faraday shield for the RF. Experiments are reported with argon and xenon plasmas having densities of 1011 cm-3 to 10 12 cm-3. Magnetic fields were as high as 100 gauss at the extraction ring. Extracted electron currents were as high as 4 A. The necessary condition for all of the electrons to be extracted is that the area ratio between the ion loss area and the electron loss area is at least memiY, where mi is the ion mass and me is the electron mass. The bias on the ion cylinder is chosen so that the biased boundary is much more negative than the floating potential, so that electron losses to the boundary can be neglected
Three-Dimensional Visualization of FKBP12.6 Binding to an Open Conformation of Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor

The cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) from dog binds predominantly a 12.6-kDa isoform of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP12.6), whereas RyR2 from other species binds both FKBP12.6 and the closely related isoform FKBP12. The role played by FKBP12.6 in modulating calcium release by RyR2 is unclear at present. We have used cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques to determine the binding position of FKBP12.6 on the surface of canine RyR2. Buffer conditions that should favor the "open" state of RyR2 were used. Quantitative comparison of 3D reconstructions of RyR2 in the presence and absence of FKBP12.6 reveals that FKBP12.6 binds along the sides of the square-shaped cytoplasmic region of the receptor, adjacent to domain 9, which forms part of the four clamp (corner-forming) structures. The location of the FKBP12.6 binding site on "open" RyR2 appears similar, but slightly displaced (by 1-2 nm) from that found previously for FKBP12 binding to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor that was in the buffer that favors the "closed" state. The conformation of RyR2 containing bound FKBP12.6 differs considerably from that depleted of FKBP12.6, particularly in the transmembrane region and in the clamp structures. The x-ray structure of FKBP12.6 was docked into the region of the 3D reconstruction that is attributable to bound FKBP12.6, to show the relative orientations of amino acid residues (Gln-31, Asn-32, Phe-59) that have been implicated as being critical in interactions with RyR2. A thorough understanding of the structural basis of RyR2-FKBP12.6 interaction should aid in understanding the roles that have been proposed for FKBP12.6 in heart failure and in certain forms of sudden cardiac death.
Thermodynamics of melting–dictated contributions to mechanical performance of crystalline materials

A simple thermodynamic analysis of deformation–dictated melting of crystalline materials that serves to determine an upper bound for work of deformation in reversible deformation, or recoverable work in dissipative deformation, is presented here. It should apply to all crystalline materials, except chemically crosslinked polymers. Depending on the nature of the failure process in a given material, the phenomenon of concern here can serve to enhance or limit the mechanical performance of crystalline materials.
A Kinematic Description of the Temporal Characteristics of Jaw Motion for Early Chewing: Preliminary Findings.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to describe age- and consistency-related changes in the temporal characteristics of chewing in typically developing children between the ages of 4 and ...
Assessing Narratives of Children From Diverse Cultural/Linguistic Groups

This article examines issues in the assessment of oral narratives of children from diverse cultural/ethnic backgrounds. First, we argue that narrative contextualization processes are culture-specif...
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic small cell carcinoma from extrapulmonary sites

Like a pulmonary counterpart, extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (SCC) is an aggressive tumor with a high rate of metastasis. Forty-nine fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) (36 patients) of various primary sites other than the lung diagnosed as metastatic SCC (including Merkel cell carcinoma) were reviewed. FNABs were derived from lymph nodes (20), liver (7), bone (2), breast (1), pancreas (1), and skin/soft tissue (18). Primary tumor sites included the prostate (14), skin (11; Merkel cell carcinoma), cervix (5), urinary bladder (3), urethra (1), ovary (1), and parotid (1). Aspirates revealed predominantly dispersed single tumor cells with occasional clustering. Tumor cells were small with scant cytoplasm, fine powdery chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear molding, mitotic figures, and apoptotic bodies were frequently observed. In four cases, findings from the FNABs were used to render the initial diagnosis of SCC. FNAB is useful for determining whether metastases contain a SCC component, a finding that may alter clinical management. Cytologically, SCC from different primary sites cannot be differentiated, and its distinction requires clinical and radiographic correlation.
Segregation at the surfaces of CuxPd1 − x alloys in the presence of adsorbed S

Abstract The influence of adsorbed S on surface segregation in Cu x Pd 1 − x alloys (S/Cu x Pd 1 − x ) was characterized over a wide range of bulk alloy compositions ( x = 0.05 to 0.95) using high-throughput Composition Spread Alloy Film (CSAF) sample libraries. Top-surface and near-surface compositions of the CSAFs were measured as functions of bulk Cu composition, x , and temperature using spatially resolved low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Preferential segregation of Cu to the top-surface of the S/Cu x Pd 1 − x CSAF was observed at all bulk compositions, x , but the extent of Cu segregation to the S/Cu x Pd 1 − x surface was lower than the Cu segregation to the surface of a clean Cu x Pd 1 − x CSAF, clear evidence of an S-induced “segregation reversal.” The Langmuir–McLean formulation of the Gibbs isotherm was used to estimate the enthalpy and entropy of Cu segregation to the top-surface, Δ H seg ( x ) and Δ S seg ( x ), at saturation sulfur coverages. While Cu segregation to the top-surface of the clean Cu x Pd 1 − x is exothermic (Δ H seg H seg > 0) for S/Cu x Pd 1 − x . Segregation to the S/Cu x Pd 1 − x surface is driven by entropy. Changes in segregation patterns that occur upon adsorption of S onto Cu x Pd 1 − x appear to be related to formation of energetically favored Pd S bonds at the surface, which counterbalance the enthalpic driving forces for Cu segregation to the clean surface.
Who Am I? How Asking the Question Changes the Answer

The present research examines how self-concept clarity moderates the impact of feedback about one's self-knowledge. A preliminary study shows that individuals with higher clarity expect the process of defining who they are to be easier than those with lower clarity. Two experiments then test the effect of self-concept clarity on the experience of self-elaboration under conditions of either doubt or confidence. The results suggest that people with higher self-concept clarity show greater differences in self-evaluations based on whether their experience of describing the self is nested within ease and confidence or difficulty and doubt. We suggest that this effect may be a result of the different expectations high- and low-clarity individuals have for the task of describing the self.
Multiple beam splitter using volumetric multiplexed Fresnel zone plates fabricated by ultrafast laser-writing

A simple approach to producing a 1×N beam splitter is demonstrated by fabricating a volumetric multiplex phase Fresnel zone plate in bulk transparent material. This comprised four layers of zone plates created in borosilicate glass by femtosecond laser direct-writing, each shifted laterally relative to the illumination axis, creating four separate beamlets. Since the power transmitted in each beamlet is proportional to the diffraction efficiency of the corresponding zone plate, the power ratios can be customized by adjusting the fabrication parameters of each layer. This approach demonstrates the potential of femtosecond laser direct-writing for the fabrication of complex optical elements in transparent media as components of integrated monolithic photonic devices.
Financial Planning Strategies of High School Seniors: Removing Barriers to Career Success

This study explored the postsecondary financial planning of graduating 12th graders as a barrier to educational and career decision making and success. Seniors planning on pursuing postsecondary education (N = 744) from 16 high schools completed an online survey measuring their plans for financing their postsecondary education. They also provided information regarding their academic achievement, motivation, certainty, and postsecondary goals and plans. Students clustered into 4 distinct financial planning strategy groups. These financial planning clusters were evident across a diverse sample of high schools. Almost half of all graduating 12th graders had limited financial planning strategies. Groupings and strategies employed by students were significantly related to career development theory and research. The critical role for career development services in promoting student success is discussed.
The DExH/D protein family database

DExH/D proteins are essential for all aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and processing, in the replication of many viruses and in DNA replication. DExH/D proteins are subject to current biological, biochemical and biophysical research which provides a continuous wealth of data. The DExH/D protein family database compiles this information and makes it available over the WWW (http://www.columbia.edu/~ej67/dbhome.htm ). The database can be fully searched by text based queries, facilitating fast access to specific information about this important class of enzymes.
Investigation of Geotechnical Parameters Affecting Electrical Resistivity of Compacted Clays

AbstractThe use of resistivity imaging (RI) in subsurface investigation has increased in recent years. RI is a non-destructive method and provides a continuous image of the subsurface. However, only qualitative evaluation of the subsurface can be obtained from RI. The correlations between RI results and geotechnical engineering properties of soils have become important for site investigation using this method. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the geotechnical parameters affecting electrical resistivity of compacted clays. Understanding the influential factors will be helpful in determining the correlations between RI results and geotechnical properties of soil. The effects of moisture content, unit weight, degree of saturation, specific surface area, percentages of pores, and ion composition on soil resistivity were investigated. Soil samples used were classified as highly plastic clay (CH) according to the Unified Soil Classification System. High-energy X-ray fluorescence tests...
Cardiomyocyte autophagy: metabolic profit and loss

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, even despite recent scientific and technological advances and comprehensive preventive strategies. The cardiac myocyte is a voracious consumer of energy, and alterations in metabolic substrate availability and consumption are hallmark features of these disorders. Autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient response to metabolic insufficiency, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of heart pathologies. However, the precise role of autophagy in these contexts remains obscure owing to its multifarious actions. Here, we review recently derived insights regarding the role of autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, highlighting its effects on metabolism.
A note on weighted buddy systems for dynamic storage allocation

In this paper we first show that the Shen and Peterson System [1] is a combination of two Fibonacci buddy systems [2, 3]. Then we present a generalized Shen and Peterson system. The generalized system has more flexibility in the generation of fixed size blocks. For the generalized system, the algorithm for the determination of the buddy of any released block is easier than that of the Shen and Peterson system.
Molecular dynamics calculation of the activation volume for water exchange on Li

The activation volume of water exchange around Li+ (aq) was determined from reactive flux calculations using molecular dynamics simulations with a classical force field. The barrier height for exchange decreases with pressure, giving a negative activation volume, in agreement with the current paradigm for inferring exchange mechanism from activation volume. However, it is also demonstrated that pressure-dependent transmission effects make a significant contribution to the overall activation volume. These calculations indicate that small activation volumes should not be regarded as mechanistically indicative because of the potential contributions from transmission effects.
Symbolic Politics and Policy Feedback: The United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and American Refugee Policy in the Cold War

Immigration scholars routinely overlook the 1968 U.S. Senate ratification of the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, an international treaty defining a refugee in ideologica...
Functional interaction between telomere protein TPP1 and telomerase

Human chromosome end-capping and telomerase regulation require POT1 (Protection of Telomeres 1) and TPP1 proteins, which bind to the 3' ssDNA extension of human telomeres. POT1-TPP1 binding to telomeric DNA activates telomerase repeat addition processivity. We now provide evidence that this POT1-TPP1 activation requires specific interactions with telomerase, rather than it being a DNA substrate-specific effect. First, telomerase from the fish medaka, which extends the same telomeric DNA primer as human telomerase, was not activated by human POT1-TPP1. Second, mutation of a conserved glycine, Gly100 in the TEN (telomerase essential N-terminal) domain of TERT, abolished the enhancement of telomerase processivity by POT1-TPP1, in contrast to other single amino acid mutations. Chimeric human-fish telomerases that contained the human TEN domain were active but not stimulated by POT1-TPP1, showing that additional determinants of processivity lie outside the TEN domain. Finally, primers bound to mouse POT1A and human TPP1 were activated for extension by human telomerase, whereas mPOT1A-mTPP1 was most active with mouse telomerase, indicating that these mammalian telomerases have specificity for their respective TPP1 proteins. We suggest that a sequence-specific interaction between TPP1 in the TPP1-POT1-telomeric DNA complex and the G100 region of the TEN domain of TERT is necessary for high-processivity telomerase action.
Physiological Characteristics of a Molt and Second Cycle of Egg Laying in Turkey Breeder Hens

Large White turkey hens were housed in light-controlled pens in molting experiments. In each experiment, a group of hens was molted (MO) and nonmolted control hens (CON) were maintained in an adjacent room. Body weight and absolute and relative weights (g organ weight/100 g body weight) of the ovary with ova, oviduct, and liver were observed in MO and CON throughout the molting period and after photostimulation. Further determinations were made of the percentage of liver dry matter (PLDM) and ash (PLA). The MO hens lost body weight during feed deprivation but regained it and continued to gain body weight until they were heavier at the beginning of the second cycle than at the end of the first cycle. Hematocrit and body temperature of MO hens exhibited significant (p less than or equal to .05) changes during molt. Hen-day egg production averaged 44.7% +/- 1.3 during the second cycle. Mean value for eggs per hen-housed was 62.6 +/- 1.8. Egg weight remained constant (96.8g +/- .2 g) and egg specific gravity averaged 1.076 +/- .0001 in MO hens. The molt was characterized by significantly (P less than or equal to .05) reduced relative liver weight during feed deprivation, decreased relative ovary and oviduct weights that did not begin to increase until after photostimulation. No consistent differences were observed in PLDM or PLA.
User Experiences and Differences in Viewing Architectural Images with Various Interfaces

This paper proposes an empirical approach to the visualization phase of architectural images, employing established concepts, methodologies, and measurement techniques found in media psychology and user-centered studies. The paper proposes a human-centered approach for conceptualizing visualization technologies and evaluating the quality concept of images to simulate a satisfactory architectural experience. The authors use psychophysiological measures to capture the affective component of image quality experience facilitated by different displays, including immersive and nonimmersive displays. These types of visualizations are important for empirically evaluating the experiential aspects of an architectural space and other types of images.
A generalization of Sperner's lemma

Abstract A brief proof is given of a generalization of Sperner's lemma to certain finite partially ordered sets.
Nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage P22 gene 19 to 3 region: identification of a new gene required for lysis.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a 2558-bp region of bacteriophage P22 at the right end of the genetic map between genes 19 and 3 was determined. A new gene that is partially required for lytic growth, named gene 15 , was noted. P22 mutants were constructed which lack gene 15 function, and the gene 15 product was found to be required for lysis in the presence of some divalent cations. It has extensive amino acid sequence similarity with the phage λ Rz gene, which has a similar function, and weak similarity to the phage T7 18.5 gene which previously had no known function. A hybrid P22 phage, in which the T7 18.5 gene replaces the P22 gene 15 , exhibits the plating properties of wild-type P22, strongly suggesting that the two genes have similar functions. In addition, deletions were constructed which show that phage P22 has no additional genes required for lytic growth or lysogeny between genes 19 and 3 .