cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single Welfare Mothers' Resistance

Popular conceptions of welfare recipients are congruous with policy constructions that attribute responsibility for poverty to personal decisions and choices. This research investigates the ways welfare mothers resist these negative constructions. Resistance strategies are methods that the participants in this study used to minimize the pejorative constructions associated with a welfare identity. Focus groups with 64 single welfare mothers and personal interviews with eight of those women reveal two categories of resistance strategies—overt and covert. The less common type of resistance practiced by the women participants, perhaps because of risk of punishment, is overt resistance. This includes oppositional culture, fighting the system, and maintaining control in a McDonaldized welfare culture. Covert resistance strategies are avoidance, withdrawal, and dissociation.
CONNECTING THE SUN AND THE SOLAR WIND: COMPARISON OF THE LATITUDINAL PROFILES OF CORONAL AND ULYSSES MEASUREMENTS OF THE FAST WIND

A quantitative comparison of the latitudinal profile of polarized brightness (pB) measurements nearest the Sun at 1.15 R☉ by the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory K-Coronameter and Ulysses interplanetary measurements of the fast solar wind during its first south polar pass, at the declining phase of the solar cycle, is made for the first time to identify the sources of the fast solar wind in the context of coronal density structure. Both profiles are found to have the same shape. At the Sun, the minimum coincides with the radial extension of the coronal hole boundaries. The slight rise and plateau following this minimum toward lower latitudes are identified with the coronal extension of the quiet Sun. The corresponding profile of the in situ measured velocity has a maximum within the angular extent of the polar coronal hole and decreases gradually beyond its boundaries. The latitudinal profile of the proton flux mimics the density profile, implying that the mass-loss rate is lowest within the angular extent of the polar coronal hole. The association of the fast wind with a density profile that reflects the polar coronal hole and the surrounding quiet Sun suggests that the fast wind observed by Ulysses originates from both regions. That these conclusions differ from earlier published analyses of the same Ulysses measurements is a consequence of the quantitative and systematic comparison made between Ulysses and coronal measurements at 1.15 R☉.
Quantitation of methylated hemoglobin via hydrolysis of methyl esters to yield methanol

Abstract Methyl esters formed by methylation of carboxylic acid groups on hemoglobin can be quantitated via GC MS negative-ion chemical ionization analysis of the pentafluorobenzoate derivative of the methanol released from the hemoglobin upon base hydrolysis. Although the method requires extensive cleanup of extracting solvents because of the ubiquitous presence of trace levels of methanol, it is possible to quantitate adducted hemoglobin at levels as low as 4 ng per gram of hemoglobin using [13C,2H3]methyl alcohol as the internal standard. In principle this method can be used in humans as a dosimeter for exposure to environmental methylating or alkylating agents.
Structural reactions of Si?111?7 × 7 with metals

Abstract LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) has been used to characterize the early stages of structural reactions of a clean Si{111}7 × 7 surface with seven metals: Ag, Al, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ta and V. Room-temperature deposition of a few monolayer-equivalents modify the 7 × 7 into an α-7 × 7 structure common to all metals tested. Anneals of the latter structure yield √3 × √3–30° phases which produce different LEED intensities with different metals. Surprising exceptions are the √3 phases produced by Ag and Ta, which have practically identical corresponding LEED spectra. With further anneals, most of the metals tested here ultimately produce a 1 × 1 structure with strong structural similarities to the “quenched 1 × 1” phase that is formed by quenching an allegedly clean 7 × 7 structure from 1200°C to room temperature.
Prey-lithium aversions. III: Buteo hawks

While mammalian predators, such as the coyote, follow an olfactory spoor in hunting, hawks rely primarily on visual information. Also, mammalian predators kill with their teeth, whereas hawks kill with taloned feet and so do not taste their prey immediately. In this experiment, captive Buteo hawks were studied to determine (1) if hawks can learn to avoid prey that have been paired with illness as effectively as the coyote, and (2) if distal visual cues are more significant than proximal taste cues in the conditioning of such aversions. Lithium chloride illness followed consumption of “poison” mice that differed from alternative “safe” mice in taste and/or color. Acquisition, generalization, and extinction data indicated that (1) hawks, like the coyote, can acquire pronounced aversions for prey, and (2) while visual cues were sufficient to inhibit attack directed at the prey, taste cues were much more effective in inhibiting consumption.
Optimal neurocontroller synthesis for impulse-driven systems

This paper presents a new controller design technique for systems driven with impulse inputs. Necessary conditions for optimal impulse control are derived. A neural network structure to solve the resulting equations for optimal control is presented. Solution concepts are illustrated with example problems that exhibit increasing levels of difficulty. Two linear problems, one scalar and one vector and a benchmark nonlinear problem, the Van Der Pol oscillator, are used as case studies. Numerical results show the efficacy of the new solution process for impulse driven systems. Since the theoretical development and the design technique are free from restrictive assumptions, this technique is applicable to many problems in engineering and science.
Auxin production of three phytopathogenic fungi.

(1972). Auxin Production of Three Phytopathogenic Fungi. Mycologia: Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 1180-1183.
Chemical Composition of Gaura drummondii Flower Volatiles

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of the volatiles from the Gaura drummondii (night-blooming) flowers was determined by GC/MS, NMR and IR. The major compounds found were: syn- and anti-2-methyl-butanal oximes. Ten other compounds were also identified.
Third culture kids and the consequences of international sojourns on authoritarianism, acculturative balance, and positive affect

Abstract Third culture kids (TCKs) are the children of parents who live abroad in foreign countries. In this study we examined a population of US TCKs (N = 170) who have repatriated back to the US. We studied the factors that led TCKs to positive and less positive repatriation outcomes, including a focus on the variables of authoritarianism, acculturative balance, and positive affect. Multiple repatriations (i.e., parents moving back to the US between jobs) was related negatively to positive affect in men, and increased levels of authoritarianism in women. On the other hand, postings to multiple countries decreased authoritarianism for both women and men. TCKs who seemed comfortable balancing living abroad and in the US reported both good relationships with their parents and positive affect. Because they live in multicultural environments, TCKs are an important demographic to study in a rapidly globalizing world.
The interleukins, interferons, transforming growth factors, and their assays: An overview

Abstract This review has focused on the interleukin, interferon, and transforming growth factor families of cytokines. The complexity of the cytokine network of interrelating peptides with multiple overlapping regulatory functions is just beginning to be understood. Most of the biologic activities attributed to each cytokine are based on in vitro analysis from a “macroimmunologic” perspective, and therefore only represents a “best guess” of the true potential role of these substances in human immunology. It is also important to keep in mind that the in vivo biologic effects of many of these cytokines are exerted in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion (at a “microimmunologic” level), thus in this in vivo milieu, cytokines may simultaneously be acting synergistically or antagonistically. The significance of their in vivo biologic effects may be distinct from those in vitro effects determined in the cellular immunology laboratory. Through the development of new sensitive immunoassays that can function at the level of a single cell and modern molecular biologic and immunocytochemistry techniques, an appreciation of how the in vivo pleotropic effects of cytokines are regulated is developing.
Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing

2Child underweight state or stunting mainly develops during the fi rst 2 years of life, when mean weight-for-age and length-for-age Z scores of children in Africa and Asia drop to about –2·0, with little or no recovery thereafter. 3
Endo180 Binds to the C-terminal Region of Type I Collagen

Type I collagen is a fibril-forming heterotrimer composed of two α1 and one α2 chains and plays a crucial role in cell-matrix adhesion and cell differentiation. Through a comprehensive differential display screening of oncogenic ras target genes, we have shown that the α1 chain of type I collagen (col1a1) is markedly down-regulated by the ras oncogene through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Although ras-transformed cells are no longer able to produce and secrete endogenous collagen, they can still adhere to exogenous collagen, suggesting that the cells express a collagen binding factor(s) on the cell surface. When the region of col1a1 encompassing the C-terminal glycine repeat and C-prodomain (amino acids 1000–1453) was affinity-labeled with human placental alkaline phosphatase, the secreted trimeric fusion protein could bind to the surface of Ras-transformed cells. Using biochemical purification followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis, we identified this collagen binding factor as Endo180 (uPARAP, CD280), a member of the mannose receptor family. Ectopic expression of Endo180 in CosE5 cells followed by in situ staining and quantitative binding assays confirmed that Endo180 indeed recognizes and binds to placental alkaline phosphatase. The interaction between Endo180 and the C-terminal region of type I collagen appears to play an important role in cell-matrix adhesion.
Cationic polymerizations by aromatic initiating systems. III. Model reactions for initiation and termination using the t-BuCl/φ3Al and Clt-R-Clt/φ3Al systems

Preparatory for the synthesis of terminally functional polyisobutylenes carrying one or two phenyl end groups, model experiments have been carried out using novel tert-butyl chloride/triphenylaluminum and 2,6-dichloro-2,6-dimethylheptane/triphenylaluminum initiating systems. As anticipated, t-BuCl was phenylated by o3Al and the product is tert-butylbenzene. The reaction is extremely rapid and temperature has little effect on it in the 0 to −60°C range. The interaction between the 2,6-dichloro-2,6-dimethylheptane and o3Al was found to be complicated by a proximity effect which leads to proton elimination in addition to phenylation. The formation of the desired diterminally phenylated product is not quanititative even at −60°C.
Heavy ion cratering of gold

Irradiation of gold films with Xe ions in the energy range 50{endash}400 keV has been monitored using {ital in situ} transmission electron microscopy. Craters are produced and annihilated on the irradiated surface at all ion energies studied. Approximately 2{endash}5{percent} of impinging ions in the energy range 50{endash}400 keV produce craters with sizes as large as 12 nm for the higher-energy irradiations. Crater annihilation occurs in discrete steps, due to subsequent ion impacts, or by annealing in a continuous manner due to surface diffusion processes. Crater creation results from flow associated with near surface cascades. Discrete crater annihilation results from plastic flow induced by ion impacts, including those that do not themselves leave a crater, and annealing that may occur during the quenching phase of cascade thermal spikes. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Localized left ventricular aneurysms with normal global function caused by myocarditis

Abstract Left ventricular (LV) aneurysms usually result from coronary artery disease but may also occur in congenital,1 traumatic2,3 or infective heart diseases. LV aneurysms of infective origin are most often caused by Chagas's disease4 and infective endocarditis. Regional wall motion abnormalities have been occasionally observed during viral myocarditis.5 More recently Goudevenous et al6 reported a case of LV aneurysm during Coxsackie B4 virus infection but without histologic evidence of myocarditis. This study reports 2 cases of severe lymphocytic myocarditis presenting with ventricular tachycardia and LV aneurysm.
DATA MINING FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURY RISK: A CASE STUDY

The management of occupational injury is of strategic importance in a company from the organizational, engineering and economic point of view. This work is an attempt to apply data mining techniques to data regarding accidents in a medium-sized refinery. Several techniques were adopted in order to identify the important relationships between risk level and immediate/root causes and corrective actions. As a Data Mining technique were tested: Negative Binomial Regression (NBR), Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID); Exhaustive CHAID; Classification And Regression Trees (CART); Quick, Unbiased, Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems (FIS). The comparison carried out in this study shows through a real application the flexibility and advantages of using the neuro-fuzzy network, a typical soft computing tool. Using these innovative techniques to analyse injury data this study aims to: • obtain a classification of input data according to their importance and/or influence on the risk level in injuries; • assess how a variation in one or more pieces of input data can effect occupational injury and subsequently carry out a sensitivity analysis concerning the probability, the consequences and risks of the injurie events; The analyses carried out indicated important relationships between the variables, providing useful decision-making rules which can be followed when adopting measures for improvement.
Gate tunable MoS 2 -based thermoelectric devices

Two dimensional semiconductors and especially MoS 2 have gained a lot of attention due to their unique properties. Finite bandgap, large I on /I off ratio, good mobility, and nearly perfect subthreshold slope are among some of the features that make these materials attractive to researchers. While electrical transport has been studied extensively on single and multilayers of these Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) [1, 2], to the best of our knowledge, there has been no experimental study on their thermoelectric properties. Recently, it has been predicted that few layers of TMDs can provide extremely large power factor (S 2 σ) and thus large ZT making them promising candidates as the future thermoelectric devices [3]. Here, for the first time, we explore gate-dependent thermoelectric properties of multilayer MoS 2 . As one of the important figures of merit for thermoelectric devices, we also calculate power factor which can then be used to find ZT.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Motion of a Moored Barge

Described is an experimental (both field and laboratory) and theoretical study of motion of a twin hulled moored barge as excited by ocean waves. Comparison of results and conclusions are presented. It is found that the linear theory of ships' motion using the slender-body approximation is an adequate tool for predicting the behavior of moored platforms in Sea States up to three.
Vatless manufacturing of low-moisture part-skim mozzarella cheese from highly concentrated skim milk microfiltration retentates.

Low-moisture, part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella cheeses were made from concentration factor (CF) 6, 7, 8, and 9, pH 6.0 skim milk microfiltration (MF) retentates using a vatless cheese-making process. The compositional and proteolytic effects of cheese made from 4 CF retentates were evaluated as well as their functional properties (meltability and stretchability). Pasteurized skim milk was microfiltered using a 0.1-μm ceramic membrane at 50°C to a retentate CF of 6, 7, 8, and 9. An appropriate amount of cream was added to achieve a constant casein:fat ratio in the 4 cheesemilks. The ratio of rennet to casein was also kept constant in the 4 cheesemilks. The compositional characteristics of the cheeses made from MF retentates did not vary with retentate CF and were within the legal range for LMPS Mozzarella cheese. The observed reduction in whey drained was greater than 90% in the cheese making from the 4 CF retentates studied. The development of proteolytic and functional characteristics was slower in the MF cheeses than in the commercial samples that were used for comparison due to the absence of starter culture, the lower level of rennet used, and the inhibition of cheese proteolysis due to the inhibitory effect of residual whey proteins retained in the MF retentates, particularly high molecular weight fractions.
Heat Inputs to Sub-mK Temperature Cryostats and Experiments from γ-Radiation and Cosmic Ray Muons

We measured the spectrum of energies deposited by γ-radiation, emanating from radioactive materials in the laboratory that houses our mK cryostat, and by cosmic ray muons. This allows us to quantify the heat input that adversely affects the lowest temperature accessible in sub-mK experiments. We use our nuclear stage, stage plate and experimental cell as a prototype “model” system, and calculate the power deposited due to low energy (below 2.65 MeV) background radiation γ quanta (~20 pW). This is significantly less than the power (~120 pW) deposited in the nuclear and experimental stages by muons. Installation of a 5 cm thick lead wall around the cryostat reduced the energy due to the flux of γ quanta by a factor of ~10 to ~2 pW, and the number of γ quanta by a factor of ~20. The lower energy, “soft” cosmic ray component was also affected by introducing the same thickness of lead, reducing the overall count of cosmic ray derived particles by ~15% and the heat leak to ~100 pW.
My Life as a Forensic Radiographer

Abstract This article is a first-person narrative providing insight into the author's work as a member of the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team and her involvement in forensic radiography.
Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops

1 Maintenance of floral diversity throughout the growing season in vineyards in the form of summer cover crops of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and sunflower (Helianthus annus Linnaeus), had a substantial impact on the abundance of western grape leafhoppers, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and associated natural enemies. 2 During two consecutive years, vineyard systems with flowering cover crops were characterized by lower densities of leafhoppers and thrips, and larger populations and more species of general predators, including spiders. 3 Although Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), the most important leafhopper parasitoid, achieved high numbers and inflicted noticeable mortality of grape leafhopper eggs, no differences in egg parasitism rates were observed between cover cropped and monoculture systems. 4 Mowing of cover crops forced movement of Anagrus and predators to adjacent vines resulting in the lowering of leafhopper densities in such vines. 5 Results indicate that habitat diversification using summer cover crops that bloom most of the growing season, supports large numbers of predators and parasitoids thereby favouring enhanced biological control of leafhoppers and thrips in vineyards.
A Quaternary SNARE–Synaptotagmin–Ca2+–Phospholipid Complex in Neurotransmitter Release

The function of synaptotagmin as a Ca2+ sensor in neurotransmitter release involves Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding to its two C2 domains, but this activity alone does not explain why Ca2+ binding to the C2B domain is more critical for release than Ca2+ binding to the C2A domain. Synaptotagmin also binds to SNARE complexes, which are central components of the membrane fusion machinery, and displaces complexins from the SNAREs. However, it is unclear how phospholipid binding to synaptotagmin is coupled to SNARE binding and complexin displacement. Using supported lipid bilayers deposited within microfluidic channels, we now show that Ca2+ induces simultaneous binding of synaptotagmin to phospholipid membranes and SNARE complexes, resulting in an intimate quaternary complex that we name SSCAP complex. Mutagenesis experiments show that Ca2+ binding to the C2B domain is critical for SSCAP complex formation and displacement of complexin, providing a clear rationale for the preponderant role of the C2B domain in release. This and other correlations between the effects of mutations on SSCAP complex formation and their functional effects in vivo suggest a key role for this complex in release. We propose a model whereby the highly positive electrostatic potential at the tip of the SSCAP complex helps to induce membrane fusion during release.
Hellas as a Possible Site of Ancient Ice-Covered Lakes on Mars

Based on topographic, morphologic, and stratigraphic evidence, we propose that ancient water-laid sediment is the dominant component of deposits within Hellas Planitia, Mars. Multiply layered sediment is manifested by alternating benches and scarps visible in Mars Orbiting Camera narrow-angle (MOC NA) images. Viking Orbiter camera and MOC NA images were used to map contacts and stratigraphically order the different materials units within Hellas. Mar's Orbiting Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data reveal that the contacts of these sedimentary units, as well as a number of scarps or other abrupt changes in landscape texture, trace contours of constant elevation for thousands of km, and in one case all around the basin. Channels, consensually interpreted to be cut by water, lead into the basin. MOLA results indicate that the area encompassed by greater Hellas' highest closed contour is nearly one-fifth that of the entire northern plains, making the Hellas 'drainage' area much larger than previously reported. If lakes formed under climatic conditions similar to the modern Martian climate, they would develop thick ice carapaces, then the lakes would eventually sublimate away. Two units within Hellas exhibit a reticulate or honeycomb pattern we speculate are impressions made by lake-lowered ice blocks grounding into initially soft mud.
Inguinal hernia repair in a developing country

Hernia surgery is typically same-day surgery and can be safely conducted in a developing country. We describe a collaborative effort of the American Hernia Society, the Institute of Latin American Concerns, medical industries, the United States Peace Corps, physicians, surgical residents and nurses from many institutions. During three 5-day periods, we operated on 236 patients and repaired 252 hernias (73% inguinal). In addition, an education day for local physicians was conducted on three occasions and included televised live surgical demonstrations and interactive lectures with question and answer sessions. We suggest this to be a viable public health initiative and demonstrate the role of surgeons in advancing and providing state-of-the-art inguinal hernia surgery to a developing country and its underserved population.
Subclavian-artery-to-innominate-vein fistula presenting with congestive failure in a newborn infant.

Congestive heart failure associated with intrathoracic arterio-venous fistula has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously in a newborn infant. A 2×4 mm arterio-venous fistula between the subclavian artery and innominate vein presented on the first day of life with heart failure and required surgical intervention. The uncommon location of the fistula produced potentially misleading radiologic findings. When the infant was 2 days old the fistula and a 12 mm diameter persistent ductus arteriosus were ligated; following this, heart failure regressed.
The Job Market in Psychology: A Survey of Despair

In recent years, applicants for academic psychology jobs have increasingly exceeded available jobs, and projections indicate this trend will worsen over the decade. A survey of applicants and employers using the Eastern Psychological Association Placement Service in 1974 was conducted to learn more about characteristics of applicants and employers and of the search procedures they use. Descriptive data are reported and suggestions are offered for improving the placement procedure.
Unusual attachment behavior exhibited by a urea-resistant mutant of poliovirus type 1.

Abstract A urea-resistant mutant of type 1, LSc poliovirus, called LSc-U r , always produced about 30% of the progeny and 50% of the viral-specific RNA in infected cells as compared to its parent virus. LSc-U r virus was found to attach normally at low multiplicities of infection (m.o.i.) but exhibited autointerference at higher m.o.i. For example, at an m.o.i. of 10, less than 25% of the added virions was cell associated after 90 min. Neither parental LSc nor Mahoney poliovirus exhibited unusual attachment kinetics under comparable conditions. In addition, LSc-U r (m.o.i. = 10) interfered markedly with the attachment of Mahoney poliovirus. These findings were interpreted as resulting from a high particle/PFU ratio for the LSc-U r virus. LSc-U r virus partially purified by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugations still exhibited attachment autointerference at high m.o.i. in contrast to virus purified by CsCl banding which showed normal attachment and a much reduced ability to interfere with the attachment of other polioviruses. These results provide circumstantial evidence that LSc-U r virus preparations contain virion-like particles ( s 20,w of 120–150 S) which compete with the attachment of virions to cell receptors and which are degraded by high concentrations of CsCl.
Real-time database scheduling simplicity

A different paradigm for the field of real-time data processing for command and control (CC we designate an associative processor (AP). The AP, a set processor, uses a single thread instruction stream that can operate on an entire set of data with each instruction. The AP eliminates concurrent processes, the nemesis of multiprocessing, and a real-time C&C problem is shown to be schedulable in polynomial time.
Optical constants of materials for multilayer mirror applications in the EUV/soft x-ray region

Sum rule tests demonstrate that there are deficiencies in the available optical data for materials important in multi-layer mirror applications, such as Si and Mo, leading to errors in the estimation of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index n equals 1 - (delta) + i(beta) ((delta) , (beta) are also known as 'optical constants'). The refractive index of Si is investigated in the region 50 - 180 eV using angle dependent reflectance measurements. It is shown that the reflectance method has limited efficiency in certain energy regions. Transmission measurements for the refractive index of Mo are performed in the energy range 60 - 930 eV. The new experimental results are used in order to form an improved, self-consistent database for the real and the imaginary part of n for Si and Mo and they are compared to the values in the 1993 atomic tables. The normal incidence reflectivities of Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer mirrors are calculated using the new results.
An Efficient Sequential SAT Solver With Improved Search Strategies

A sequential SAT solver, Satori, was recently proposed (Iyer, M.K. et al., Proc. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, 2003) as an alternative to combinational SAT in verification applications. This paper describes the design of Seq-SAT, an efficient sequential SAT solver with improved search strategies over Satori. The major improvements include: (1) a new and better heuristic for minimizing the set of assignments to state variables; (2) a new priority-based search strategy and a flexible sequential search framework which integrates different search strategies; (3) a decision variable selection heuristic more suitable for solving the sequential problems. We present experimental results to demonstrate that our sequential SAT solver can achieve orders-of-magnitude speedup over Satori. We plan to release the source code of Seq-SAT.
Red maple dominance enhances fungal and shredder growth and litter processing in temporary ponds

We used in situ and laboratory mesocosm experiments to test the effects of red maple (Acer rubrum), white oak (Quercus alba), and northern red oak (Q. rubra) leaf litter on microbial biomass and detritivore (Limnephilus indivisus) growth, survival, and organic matter processing in temporary forest ponds. Fungal biomass was highest in red maple leaf litter but was reduced in both maple and oak litter by detritivore presence, indicating a foraging preference based on fungal biomass. Organic matter processing and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) generation rates were highest in red maple treatments containing detritivores, and red maple diets allowed for rapid larval growth and development to adulthood, while oak diets (Q. alba or Q. rubra) resulted in slower development and increased mortality of larvae. Red maple dominance around pond margins may have positive effects on detritivore growth and generation of FPOM in temporary ponds. Because many of the organisms that feed on FPOM also serve as prey for larval amphibians, the effects of increased FPOM production resulting from red maple dominance may travel through the food web to affect higher trophic levels.
Wideband elliptical-ring antenna for L-band communication and radar systems

An elliptical ring antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) line for L-band (1-2 GHz) applications is presented in this paper. The purpose of designing this antenna is to use it as the antenna element of the short-distance data transmission. The wideband performance is achieved by using a truncated ground plane and tuning the major axis length of the elliptical ring. The elliptical ring antenna has a 2:1 VSWR from 0.99 to 1.98 GHz, corresponding to 66% bandwidth. The parameters and the performance of the antenna are presented.
Prediction of viscosities and vapor–liquid equilibria for five polyhydric alcohols by molecular simulation

Abstract Reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics in the canonical ensemble and coupled–decoupled configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble were used to predict the low-shear rate Newtonian viscosities and vapor–liquid coexistence curves for 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, and 1,2,4-butanetriol modeled with the transferable potentials for phase equilibria-united atom (TraPPE-UA) force field. Comparison with available experimental data demonstrates that the TraPPE-UA force field yields very good predictions of the viscosities and vapor–liquid coexistence curves. A detailed analysis of liquid structure and hydrogen bonding is provided.
Parathyroid hormone—Induced retraction of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells is attenuated by the calpain inhibitor N-Ac-Leu-Leu-Norleucinal☆

Abstract Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binding to its osteoblastic receptors stimulates cytoplasmic retraction within minutes. We hypothesized that the calpains ( cal cium-activated pa pain -tike enzymes) contribute to PTH-induced osteoblastic retraction by catalyzing regulatory hydrolysis of cytoskeletal structural proteins or enzymes important in cytokinesis. N -Ac-Leu-Leunorleucinal (ALLN), a reversible calpain inhibitor, was tested for its ability to inhibit PTH-induced retraction in murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. ALLN inhibited PTH-induced retraction for 30 minutes in cells cultured on polystyrene cultureware or gelatin-coated glass cover slips, supporting the hypothesis that PTH-induced activation of the calpains contributes to short-term changes in MC3T3-E1 cell shape. Inhibition of PTH-induced retraction occurred on two substrata, suggesting that interactions between the extracellular matrix and cell surface proteins are not the sole determinants of morphology. Intracellular events, such as hydrolysis of focal adherens junction proteins on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, may contribute to PTH-induced retraction.
Restricted driving for people with epilepsy.

Most countries restrict and regulate driving privileges for people with epilepsy. Some also restrict driving in people with other conditions that may lead to impaired consciousness. The specifics of such restrictions vary greatly from country to country and often reflect the emotions engendered by the issue. All policies are limited by the paucity of data available about the actual risks associated with epilepsy and driving. Two issues—public safety impact and individual impact—must be considered. Public safety impact concerns the contribution of epilepsy to motor vehicle accidents (MVA) in the population. Overall, the number of accidents in the population due to drivers with epilepsy is small—∼1/10,000 in one study1—compared to the number due to other preventable causes such as alcohol consumption, which accounts for 5 to 10% of accidents in the United States and elsewhere. These observations do not distinguish between accidents caused by drivers who are, versus those who are not, in compliance with driving restrictions. Those who violate restrictions may also be self-selected to be poorer drivers in addition to having an increased risk due to the occurrence of seizures while driving. The relative …
Notch2 paves the way to mast cells by Hes1 and Gata3

Once regarded only as a nuisance cell that mediates allergy, mast cells (MCs) have recently gained increasing recognition as a significant regulator of the physiologic and pathologic immune response. For example, MCs not only protect the host against parasites but also play an important antibacterial role in murine models of peritonitis in which MC-deficient mice are acutely sensitive to septic shock-induced death (1, 2). Furthermore, in pathologic immune processes, MCs have been implicated in hypersensitivity and in several autoimmune diseases (3).
Socially optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Abstract This study determines the optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that minimizes the daily cost borne by the society when using this technology. An optimization framework is developed and applied to datasets representing the US market. Results indicate that the optimal range is 16 miles with an average social cost of $3.19 per day when exclusively charging at home, compared to $3.27 per day of driving a conventional vehicle. The optimal range is found to be sensitive to the cost of battery packs and the price of gasoline. When workplace charging is available, the optimal electric driving range surprisingly increases from 16 to 22 miles, as larger batteries would allow drivers to better take advantage of the charging opportunities to achieve longer electrified travel distances, yielding social cost savings. If workplace charging is available, the optimal density is to deploy a workplace charger for every 3.66 vehicles. Moreover, the diversification of the battery size, i.e., introducing a pair and triple of electric driving ranges to the market, could further decrease the average societal cost per PHEV by 7.45% and 11.5% respectively.
Respiration Inhibitors: Complex II

The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are a highly attractive group of fungicides with regard to their history of use, chemical innovations, and spectrum of targeted diseases. They are the most modern, broadly effective fungicide group available to farmers for their disease control programs. As the group name indicates, the mode of action of SDHIs is the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase in the respiration chain. Along with the broadening of their disease control palette, the structural complexity of the SDHIs has been increased. Nevertheless, the currently known SDHIs share common chemical features necessary for fungicidal activity, suggesting a very similar binding to the target as demonstrated here by three-dimensional alignment and computational docking experiments. Different target site mutations have been found in laboratory mutants and field isolates of various fungal species. Modeling studies with different target site mutations indicated that some of the observed target alterations conferring resistance to SDHIs have a direct impact on the binding behavior of SDHIs, whereas other mutations influence SDHI binding by long-range structural rearrangement in the transmembrane region of complex II. A diverse picture is seen regarding the effects of these mutations on the sensitivity toward various SDHIs in various pathogens and thus regarding cross-resistance. Some mutations cause a loss of sensitivity to all currently commercialized SDHIs, but there are also mutations where no complete cross-resistance can be found. Therefore, it can be stated that cross-resistance between SDHIs exists in general, but phenotypically exceptions are observed.
Achieving Marketing Curriculum Integration: A Live Case Study Approach.

Movement toward more active, experiential learning pedagogies is a trend that has found increasing interest in the last decade. The reasons for this interest include creating a more involving and i...
Applications of High Frequency Linear Fiber-Optic Links in Defense Systems

Military aircrafts venturing into harm ways are subjected to missile and antiaircraft artillery attacks guided by RF interrogations from radars on the ground, on intercepting combat aircrafts and on the seeker head of homing missiles. To protect aircrafts against these threats, electronic countermeasures are deployed – in essence detecting and processing of the interrogating radar signals to generate a false return signal that overwhelms the actual return signal from the radar cross section of the aircraft itself. It is preferable that the false return signal be radiated from a high power amplified source located at a substantial physical distance away from the aircraft, to avoid the chance of an accidental acquisition and lock of the radar return from the aircraft. One such system in production is the AN/ALE-55 offered by BAE Systems [228], an aerospace defense company headquartered in the UK. Figure G.1 shows a schematic diagram of this system. Detected interrogating or homing radar signals are processed by countermeasure electronics on board the aircraft where false radar return RF signals are generated, which are then transmitted via a linear fiber-optic link to a decoy towed at a substantial distance behind the aircraft. The received RF-modulated optical signal inside the decoy is then amplified by a high-power RF amplifier and broadcasted. The high radiated RF power from the decoy makes it the preferred target for homing threats.
Word Recognition Processes in College-Age Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a brief review of the previous research on word recognition skills of college-age adults. Unlike the general understanding in the reading field of diminished effects for word reading skills at the higher grades, findings show word reading processes continue to determine reading comprehension success in college-age adults. Instructional implications, based on the review of literacy interventions, are presented in favor of fluency-based activities designed to encourage careful processing of texts with familiar topics and language in the service of building strongly-amalgamated lexical representations.
Preventing Newborn Falls While Supporting Family Bonding.

The Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System is a confidential, statewide Internet reporting system to which all Pennsylvania hospitals, outpatient-surgery facilities, birthing centers, and abortion facilities must file information on incidents and serious events. Safety Monitor is a column from Pennsylvania's Patient Safety Authority, the authority that informs nurses on issues that can affect patient safety and presents strategies they can easily integrate into practice. For more information on the authority, visit www.patientsafetyauthority.org. For the original article discussed in this column or for other articles on patient safety, click on "Patient Safety Advisories" and then "Advisory Library" in the left-hand navigation menu. Language: en
Speed-Selectivity Paradox in the Protein Search for Targets on DNA: Is It Real or Not?

Protein search for targets on DNA starts all major biological processes. Although significant experimental and theoretical efforts have been devoted to investigation of these phenomena, mechanisms ...
The bright choroid plexus on MR: CT and pathologic correlation

Fourteen patients studied with MR imaging were found, incidentally, to have unusually bright, large choroid plexus glomera on T2-weighted sequences. A group of 167 patients was then examined retrospectively for size and intensity of the choroid plexus glomera on T2-weighted images. In the latter group of 167 patients, 66 (39.5%) had bright choroid plexus glomera. Of those who had bright choroid plexus glomera, eight of the 14 initial group and 11 of the 66 patients studied retrospectively had previous CT scans. The typical CT appearance of these bright glomera consisted of nonenhancing central regions of low (but not negative) attenuation with peripheral calcifications in the majority. The remainder showed noncalcified glomera. Fifty-two glomera were obtained at autopsy and examined retrospectively. Eight showed small, variably sized masses with lipid deposits, neuroepithelial microcysts, and peripheral psammoma body calcifications. One patient who died had a bright choroid plexus glomus on MR, and his glomera showed the same pathologic findings. The autopsy findings were believed to be typical pathologically for early xanthogranulomata formation. These early xanthogranulomatous changes appear to be of little clinical significance but must be differentiated from other lesions that can produce bright or enlarged choroid plexus glomera on MR.
The new vegetarians.

Food and other avoidances and attitudes toward health services of 100 young vegetarians are reported.
Differential biologic effects resulting from bimodal binding of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor to myeloid leukemia cells.

Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) bound to ML-1 and HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells in a bimodal manner. Saturable high- affinity binding was maximal at approximately 3 nmol/L rTNF, whereas saturable low-affinity binding reached its maximum at approximately 30 nmol/L. As analyzed by computer program, the observed data fit a two- receptor site model, with p less than .05. High-affinity binding concentrations of rTNF caused the differentiation of both cell lines, whereas low-affinity binding concentrations abolished this effect in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, the type of biologic response elicited with rTNF in these cells is a function of the concentration at which the factor is applied. If generally applicable, this bimodal effect may require consideration when rTNF is to be used therapeutically.
Rate, Composition and Efficiency of Growth in Feedlot Steers Reimplanted with Growth Stimulants

Eighty Charolais-cross steer calves (283 kg) were fed a moderately high-energy (2.89 Mcal ME/kg) diet for 189 d to examine the effects of reimplantation of 36 mg of zeranol (Ralgro) or 200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg estradiol benzoate (Synovex-S) on the rate, composition and efficiency of gain, skeletal size and carcass parameters in a comparative slaughter trial. The implant treatments included unimplanted controls (C), Ralgro initially (R1), Synovex-S initially (S1), Ralgro initially and a reimplant at 84 d (R2) and Synovex-S initially and a reimplant at 84 d (S2). Both implants increased (P less than .06) gains by 8.1% from 0 to 84 d. Ralgro and Synovex-S increased (P less than .01) daily gains by 11.5% and 25.2%, respectively, from 84 to 189 d. The duration of the response to a single implant appeared to be in excess of 140 d; thus, reimplantation did not further increase daily gains. Reimplantation did improve (P less than .05) feed utilization in Ralgro implanted steers, however. Ralgro and Synovex-S increased (P less than .01) the rate of empty body (EB) protein accretion by 14.1% and 24%, respectively, without affecting EB fat growth. The efficiency of protein gain per unit protein (P less than .05) or energy intake (P less than .04) was improved, but the efficiency of energy gain per unit energy intake was not affected by implantation. Carcass weights of implanted steers were 5% greater (P less than .04) when adjusted to an equal carcass fatness. Both growth stimulants increased hip height (P less than .02), wither height (P less than .08) and body length (P less than .08) over C steers at slaughter.
Analysis of modulated signals for direction finding using time modulated arrays

A newer technique in the field of direction finding (DF) is the use of time modulated array (TMA) switching harmonics to detect angle of arrival. A switch is used to introduce harmonics to an incoming signal, which are measured and compared to determine angle of arrival (AoA). The work done on this technique has been mostly theoretical and effects such as signal modulation, symbol rate and signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the incoming wave have not been analyzed. When these modulation effects are considered the current method using TMA does not work as effectively. However, if the switching speed is fast enough, compared to the signal characteristics, the effects on the incoming modulated signal are reduced.
Analysis and Evaluation of Rational Designed Calcium Binding Sites in CD2

Calcium functions as a second messenger. It regulates different biological systems by interaction with proteins with different affinities in different biological environments. Calcium and calcium-binding proteins play central roles in intracellular signal transduction pathways and are associated with a wide-range of effects in health and disease [1]. To reveal the key factors for the calcium binding in proteins, rational design of de novo calcium-binding proteins has been carried out to overcome the drawbacks of natural calcium-binding proteins such as metal-metal interactions and conformational changes. Establishments of the parameters in programs and criteria in screening the output from the computer are the keys for successful design.