cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered pressor response to norepinephrine in calcium- and vitamin D-deficient rats.

Norepinephrine (NE: 100–1000 ng/kg) pressor response studies in calcium- (0.005, 0.17, 1.4, and 2.8% in diet) and vitamin D-supplemented (0, 95, 190, and 950 U vitamin D3/day) normotensive consciou...
Energy Finite Element Method

The energy finite element method was developed to predict the average response of built-up structural acoustic systems consisting of subsystems such as rods, beams, plates, and acoustical enclosures. The methodology for predicting the behavior in the subsystems is based on a diffuse energy field approximation that is most appropriate for high frequency analysis where traditional finite element approaches become expensive. Subsystems are coupled together using net energy flow and energy superposition principles.
Distribution of Metallogenic Provinces in Relation to Major Earth Features

Aus der Theorie und den Beobachtungen in Zusammenhang mit der globalen Tektonik ergeben sich neue Wege 1) fur die Abgrenzung und Verteilung einiger metallogenetischer Provinzen bezogen auf die Platten in ihrer heutigen Position; 2) bei der Aufstellung von moglichen, unterschiedlichen genetischen Modellen; und 3) bei der Analyse der Verteilung alterer Lagerstatten in Bezug auf a) ihre ursprungliche Zusammengehorigkeit oder b) die Lage und Beschaffenheit fruherer Plattenrander.
Microloans, education and growth

This paper constructs a two‐period overlapping generations model of human capital investment decisions where a microloan program designed to finance entrepreneurial activities is active. It is shown that, in the presence of human capital externalities, microloans that are small and have immediate repayment can be growth depressing, and welfare decreasing, through their effect on the opportunity cost of schooling. By increasing the opportunity cost of schooling, such microloans divert investment away from human capital: by failing to internalize the social returns to education, households’ individually optimal investment decisions in the face of microcredit availability act to depress the growth of the economy and result in suboptimal welfare outcomes. Conditions under which these negative effects can occur are identified and potential solutions are suggested.
Amelioration of left hand apraxia in a patient with callosal disconnection by use of mirror visual feedback therapy (P5.023)

Objective: NA Background: A callosal disconnection syndrome can interrupt the transfer of verbal information from dominant hemisphere to non-dominant hemisphere leading to an inability of non-dominant hand to follow a verbal command. We present a patient with stroke where mirror visual feedback (MVF) was useful in treating left hand apraxia due to callosal disconnection syndrome. Design/Methods: A 45-year-old right-handed woman presented with abulia, akinetic mutism, and mild right-sided hemiparesis. MRI of the brain showed acute infarction in the territory of left pericallosal artery affecting left corpus callosum and pericallosal region and regions of the left medial frontal cortex. Later, she developed a frontal variant of alien hand syndrome in her right hand and apraxia of left hand. On verbal motor command, her right hand would compulsively and repeatedly perform the command with normal praxis unless asked to stop while left hand would slowly initiate the action only when the right hand is stopped with an inability to pantomime and complete the action. However, she used both hands in coordination without any difficulty when it involved no verbal command. After exposure to MVF, the left-hand apraxia improved as she performed given task with better speed, accuracy, and ability to pantomime. Results: NA Conclusions: MVF was originally introduced in amputees with phantom limb pain and is now being recognized as an effective neurorehabilitation technique in other neurological disorders. Although the precise physiological mechanism behind the benefit of MVF is still not entirely clear, MVF could be useful in improving motor performance in stroke patients suffering from callosal disconnection syndrome likely by activation of mirror neuron system in the premotor cortex of a single hemisphere without the need of interhemispheric transfer of information– verbal in our case. Study Supported by: NA Disclosure: Dr. Patira has nothing to disclose.
How should unconventional oil and gas be regulated? The role of natural resource dependence and economic insecurity

Abstract The U.S. is undergoing a rapid energy transition, driven in large part an explosion in oil and gas production driven by unconventional drilling technologies. Some communities have embraced the boom in new oil and gas production, often resisting efforts to regulate the oil and gas industry. On the other hand, some states and municipalities have effectively banned new oil and gas drilling. In this paper, we examine how natural resource dependence, local economic conditions, and perceived economic benefits relate to support for restrictive oil and gas regulations in Colorado, US. Using representative survey data, our results suggest that perceived benefits, especially in the form of tax revenue, predict oil and gas policy preferences, while local and personal economic circumstances have little impact.
What Are the Fiscal Costs of a (Great) Recession

Programs supporting the financial sector comprised most of the fiscal outflow during the Great Recession.
DAPLE and MPDZ bind to each other and cooperate to promote apical cell constriction.

The genes encoding MPDZ and DAPLE are mutated in human non-syndromic congenital hydrocephalus. DAPLE is a non-receptor activator of Heterotrimeric G-proteins recently shown to control epithelial re...
Teratogenic Drug Topiramate Upregulates TGFβ1 and SOX9 Expression in Primary Palatal Mesenchyme Cells

Topiramate is a commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drug with over 8 million prescriptions dispensed annually. Topiramate use during pregnancy has been linked to significantly increased risk of babies born with orofacial clefts (OFCs). However, the exact molecular mechanism of topiramate teratogenicity is unknown. We used an unbiased antibody array analysis to test the effect of topiramate on human embryonic palatal mesenchyme (HEPM) cells. This analysis identified 40 differentially expressed proteins, showing strong connectivity to known OFC genes. However, among known OFC genes, only TGF{beta}1 was significantly upregulated in the antibody array analysis. Next, we validated that topiramate could increase expression of TGF{beta}1 and of downstream target phospho-SMAD2 in primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells. Furthermore, we showed that topiramate treatment of primary MEPM cells increased expression of SOX9. SOX9 overexpression in chondrocytes is known to cause cleft palate in mouse. We propose that topiramate mediates upregulation of TGF{beta}1 signaling through activation of {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the palate. TGF{beta}1 and SOX9 play critical roles in orofacial morphogenesis, and their abnormal overexpression may underlie the teratogenic effects of topiramate.
Cross-sectional survey of complementary and alternative medicine used in Oregon and Southwest Washington to treat multiple sclerosis: A 17-Year update.

Abstract Background In 2001, we conducted a survey on use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) in Oregon and Southwest Washington to treat their disease. Objectives, Methods In 2018, we administered a revised survey in the same region to describe updated patterns of CAM use in pwMS and to compare changes in use, perceived benefit, and patterns of communication between participants and providers regarding CAM over the past 17 years. Results 81% of respondents in 2018 (n = 1014) used a CAM supplement (vitamins, minerals, herbs), 39% used mind-body therapies (mindfulness, massage), 41% used specific diet, and 81% used exercise to treat their multiple sclerosis. Since 2001, use of supplements, exercise, and mind-body therapies have increased (65% to 81%, 67 to 81%, and 14% to 39%). Participants were also nine times more likely to speak to their neurologists about CAM use (6.7% to 55.4%). In 2018, factors associated with CAM use included female sex, progressive disease, and longer time since multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Conclusion These findings highlight the high and increasing prevalence of CAM use in pwMS and factors associated with CAM use, and underscore the importance of research to investigate safety and efficacy of these therapies.
A homodimeric aptamer variant generated from ligand-guided selection activates T-cell receptor cluster of differentiation three complex

Recently, immunotherapeutic modalities with engineered cells and monoclonal antibodies have been effective in treating several malignancies. However, growing evidence suggests that immune-related adverse events (irAE) lead to severe and long-term side effects. Most iRAEs involve prolonged circulation of antibodies. To address this problem, nucleic acid aptamers can serve as alternative molecules to design immunotherapeutics with high functional diversity and predictable circulation times. Here, we report the first synthetic prototype consisting of DNA aptamers, which can activate T-cell receptor cluster of differentiation 3 (TCR-CD3) complex in cultured T-cells. We show that activation potential is similar to that of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TCR-CD3, suggesting the potential of aptamers in developing efficacious synthetic immunomodulators. The synthetic prototype of anti-TCR-CD3e, as described herein, was designed using aptamer ZUCH-1 against TCR-CD3e, generated by Ligand Guided Selection (LIGS). Aptamer ZUCH-1 was truncated and modified with nuclease-resistant RNA analogs to enhance stability. Several dimeric analogs with truncated and modified variants were designed with variable linker lengths to investigate the activation potential of each construct. Among them, dimeric aptamer with approximate dimensions similar to those of an antibody showed the highest T-cell-activation, suggesting the importance of optimizing linker lengths in engineering functional aptamers. The observed activation potential of dimeric aptamers shows the vast potential of aptamers in designing synthetically versatile immunomodulators with tunable pharmacokinetic properties, expanding immunotherapeutic designs with the use of nucleic acid-based ligands such as aptamers.
Investigation of femur fracture potential in common pediatric falls using finite element analysis

A finite element (FE) model of an 11-month-old child's femur was developed to evaluate fracture risk in short-distance feet-first falls and bed falls. Pediatric material properties were applied to the FE model. Femur loading was derived from previously conducted fall experiments using a child surrogate where fall conditions (e.g., fall height, impact surface) were varied. Fracture thresholds based on principal stress and strain were used to examine potential for fracture. Peak stress/strain were significantly greater for feet-first falls from greater heights and onto harder impact surfaces. Feet-first falls exceeded some, but not all fracture thresholds. Bed falls did not exceed any fracture thresholds.
Treatment of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

The past 10 years have borne witness to increased recognition and diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS). Additionally, during this time period, the number of treatment options available for MS patients has increased significantly, as has the number of studies evaluating the use of these therapies in children. Though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not formally approved any of these therapies for use in pediatric MS, a number of injectable, oral, and intravenous treatments are currently being used off-label in these children. Disease modifying therapy should be initiated promptly following a diagnosis of MS. The patient and family should be engaged in the choice of therapy as this is likely to promote adherence. First-line options include any of the injectable therapies (glatiramer acetate, interferon beta), which have roughly similar efficacy (approximately 30 % reduction of clinical relapses). If a patient has breakthrough disease or persistent, unmanageable side effects, transition to a different first-line therapy or escalation to a second-line therapy, such as natalizumab, should be considered. Though the efficacy of second-line agents is higher, the potential risk of serious adverse effects also increases. New therapies, including oral agents, are now being rigorously studied with pediatric clinical trials and may provide safe alternatives for patients that are either unresponsive or intolerant to currently available medications. When necessary, acute exacerbations can be treated with corticosteroids. Intravenous methylprednisolone at a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day (maximum dose 1000 mg/day) for 3–5 days is recommended with severe attacks. If patients are unresponsive to corticosteroids, treatment with either intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange may be required. Fatigue, spasticity, and pain can also occur in pediatric patients with MS. Medications are needed if symptoms are severe and impact quality of life.
Impact OF The Menu Labeling Act Upon The Market Value Of Foodservice Firms

The Menu Labeling Act (MLA), which requires restaurants to provide customers with nutritional information, has encountered implementation difficulties for more than 8 years, owing to the imposition...
Control of Uncertain Multiagent Systems With Spatiotemporal Constraints

In this article, we propose a new distributed control algorithm for multiagent systems with single-integrator dynamics subject to spatial and temporal constraints in the presence of vanishing and nonvanishing system uncertainties. In particular, the proposed approach guarantees a user-defined performance bound on the system error signal of each agent (spatial constraints), where an error-dependent learning rate is used in the adaptive control architecture. In addition, the multiagent system achieves a prescribed finite-time convergence to the position of a time-varying leader (temporal constraint), where we make use of a time transformation approach. This time transformation links a prescribed finite-time interval to a stretched infinite-time interval, where we perform the stability analysis on the latter interval. The efficacy of the proposed control architecture is also demonstrated through a numerical example.
Structure-activity relationship of antibacterial bio-based epoxy polymers made from phenolic branched fatty acids

Abstract In order to study the structure-activity relationship of antibacterial bio-based epoxy polymers made from phenolic branched fatty acids (phenolic BCFAs), a series of curing agents (i.e., phenolic BCFA-amides (phenolic BCFAAs)) were prepared from phenolic BCFAs and polyamines at 90 ℃ and 160 ℃. Those phenolic BCFAs were made from phenol, thymol, carvacrol, and creosote, respectively, while the polyamines were ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and hexamethylenediamine (HDA). The prepared curing agents were then used to make different antimicrobial bio-epoxy polymers with a commercial epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). All the monomers were thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Two bio-epoxy polymers, phenol-BCFA (EDA) and creosote BCFA (EDA), were found to be most active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leaching experiments on the phenol-BCFA (EDA) showed no signs of small molecules (i.e., biocides) leaking out of the polymer to inactivate the bacteria. Most importantly, the reusability study indicated that the polymer was inherently antibacterial and maintained its efficacy for at least three uses. This study presents important findings on the antimicrobial activity of individual phenolics, polyamines and molecular weights of the curing agents, and the evidence demonstrates that the amphiphilicity contributes to the key impact of the antimicrobial activity of the bio-epoxy polymers.
A survey of safe landing zone detection techniques for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

Abstract The age of automation is upon us. Few decades earlier, nearly all the flying vehicles were human-controlled. Nowadays, almost every air vehicle is partially automated or getting closer to full automation. This race towards full automation has led to the introduction of features like autopilot. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the tiniest version of all types of air vehicles. The widespread usage of autonomous UAVs has spawned the need for safe landing zone (SLZ) detection techniques for UAV landing. A SLZ detection becomes an important face of a mission when the UAV needs emergency landing due to the technical difficulties or adverse weather conditions on the way of its operation. Before directly proceeding for landing, a UAV has to decide whether the landing zones are safe or not. On-board visual sensors provide potential information of the ground surface in the form of image or signal. Different image processing and safe landing area detection (SLAD) algorithms are then used to identify the best possible landing sites from the input data. In this survey, we discuss indoor and outdoor landing zone detection techniques. We further classify outdoor landing zones as either static or dynamic and discuss existing literature in the specific categories. We critique the shortcomings of existing SLZ detection techniques while also acknowledging their contributions. Further, we point to potential areas of improvement and future directions of the safe landing zone detection algorithms we surveyed. This survey paper may be a useful tutorial for understanding the types of landing zones and landing zone detection techniques for the UAVs, the strengths of zone detection algorithms, and the open areas for future improvement and research.
The Role of Science in a Changing Society

The word “science” comes from the Latin scientia which means knowledge and, by common usage, science has come to mean knowledge of nature. Actually I prefer understanding of nature, its forces and its materials. These are the two principal items of nature which make up the material universe. There are also space and time which I will not deal with tonight. Science is a part of our culture, the definition of which is the state of advancement of civilization. So, science is as much a part of our culture as is art or music or writing or any other intellectual activity.
How often should a firm modify its products? A Bayesian analysis of automobile modification cycles

In this paper, we develop and estimate a series of Bayesian generalized gamma family and mixture family models of product modification timing that take into account both firm- and industry-specific effects that are time varying. Our models are capable of capturing non-standard modification behavior such as multi-modality and non-monotonicity in the hazard rates motivated by real data. Additionally, we explore the existence of latent groups with respect to product modification timing strategies. The models are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods using a panel data from the automotive industry that covers 50 years and contains 6598 car model-year observations for 683 car models. The results reveal the non-monotonic modification behavior over time and the existence of three latent groups. Larger product portfolios and higher industry product proliferation lengthen the modification time. Brand and competitive modification dynamism increases the frequency of major modifications.
Proteolysis in intestinal disease.

Summary Proteolytic activity in the feces of fifty cases of various types of intestinal disease was investigated. There were normal controls, and also a study of the contents of the small intestine of four patients. Proteolysis of egg albumin, muscle and gastric mucin were tested. Ulcerative colitis cases showed wide variations in stool proteolysis. In two cases there was a pronounced digestion of mucin. Single patients with five other diseases possessed similar mucin proteolyzing substances, which appear dissimilar from the known small intestinal enzymes, and are as yet not identified. This and other problems relating to proteolytic enzymes in the intestine provide a promising field of investigation.
Germline Structure and Differential Utilization of Igha and Ighb VH10 Genes

Ab heavy chains encoded by mouse VH10 genes have been of particular interest due to their frequent association with DNA binding. We reported previously that VH10 sequences are over-represented in the preimmune repertoire considering the apparent number of germline-encoded VH10 gene segments. In this report, we show that the VH10 family consists of three and two germline genes in the Igha and Ighb haplotypes, respectively. The complete nucleotide sequences of these five genes, including promoters and recombination signal sequences, were determined and allow unambiguous assignment of allelic relationships. The usage of individual VH10 genes varied significantly and ranged from 0.2% to an extraordinary 7.2% of the VH genes expressed by splenic B cells. Since the promoter and recombination signal sequence elements of all five VH10 genes are identical, we suggest that the few amino acid differences encoded by these five germline VH10 genes determine their representation in the preimmune repertoire. Rearrangements of the most frequently used VH10 gene have an apparent bias for histidine at position 95 of complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3). These CDR3s are also biased for asparagine, an amino acid associated with the CDRs of DNA binding Abs. Together, these results suggest that high VH10 gene use is the result of B cell receptor-mediated selection and may involve DNA and/or ligands that share antigenic features with DNA.
Intervention with Children

Intervening in the lives of children, adolescents, and their families is a challenging and dynamic process. Selecting evidence-based interventions that will help children and adolescents who are at risk for emotional and behavioral problems to confront diversity and promote resiliency is a critical task facing social workers across the child-serving systems. This chapter examines the development of evidence-based practices with children and adolescents at risk of emotional and behavioral problems, summarizes evidence-based practices that are currently being used across child-serving systems, explores the limitations of implementing evidence-based practice interventions, and discusses the implications for social work intervention practice with these children and adolescents. The evidence-based practices reviewed include child and family interventions (cognitive-behavioral therapy, parent management training models, and multidimensional therapeutic foster care) and school-wide, community interventions ( multisystemic therapy, brief strategic family therapy, Families and Schools Together, Strengthening Families Program and Project Achieve). Keywords: evidence-based child and adolescent interventions; social work interventions with children and adolescents; child emotional and behavioral health services; techniques for working with children; adolescents and families; child/adolescent risk and resiliency
Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation as a Regulatory Modality: Implications for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure

Phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins has been recognized for decades, and the regulation of pyruvate- and branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenases by an atypical kinase/phosphatase cascade is well established. More recently, the development of new mass spectrometry-based technologies has led to the discovery of many novel phosphorylation sites on a variety of mitochondrial targets. The evidence suggests that the major classes of kinase and several phosphatases may be present at the mitochondrial outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and matrix, but many questions remain to be answered as to the location, timing, and reversibility of these phosphorylation events and whether they are functionally relevant. The authors review phosphorylation as a mitochondrial regulatory strategy and highlight its possible role in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Congest Heart Fail.
Functional analysis of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expressed in bacteria

The cDNA encoding the 50-kDa subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II from adult rat brain was cloned into the bacterial expression vector pK223-2 and produced in bacteria. Extensive modification of the cDNA was required to express detectable levels of enzyme. The activity of the bacterially expressed kinase was stringently dependent on Ca2+/CaM but did not exhibit cooperative activation kinetics characteristic of the forebrain enzyme and required 10-fold greater amounts of CaM for half-maximal activation. The bacterially expressed enzyme displayed an apparent Km for a synthetic peptide substrate similar to that of the forebrain enzyme (12 and 10 microM, respectively). Limited proteolysis maps of autophosphorylated peptides, and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the bacterially expressed enzyme was structurally and immunologically indistinguishable from the 50-kDa subunit of the rat forebrain holoenzyme. The bacterially expressed enzyme became Ca2+/CaM-independent after Ca2+/CaM-dependent autophosphorylation in a fashion identical to the forebrain enzyme.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Temozolomide on a Daily-for-5-Days Schedule in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies

PURPOSE: To determine the principal toxicities, characterize the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of temozolomide (TMZ) on a daily-for-5-days schedule, and recommend a dose for subsequent disease-directed studies in both minimally pretreated (MP) and heavily pretreated (HP) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received TMZ as a single oral dose daily for 5 consecutive days every 28 days. TMZ doses were escalated from 100 to 150, and 150 to 200 mg/m2/d in separate cohorts of MP and HP patients. PK plasma was sampled on days 1 and 5. TMZ concentrations were analyzed and pertinent PK parameters were related to the principal toxicities of TMZ in PD analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were treated with 85 courses of TMZ. Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were the principal dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of TMZ on this schedule. The cumulative rate of severe myelosuppressive effects was unacceptably high at TMZ doses exceeding 150 mg/m2/d in both MP and HP patients. TMZ was absorbed rap...
Characterization of Cytochrome P450 Mechanism-Based Inhibition

Oxidative metabolism mediated by the group of hepatic enzymes known as the cytochrome P450 represents a significant clearance pathway for many drugs prescribed today. Given the poor predictability of preclinical in vivo models for toxicity, in vitro systems continue to provide important experimental support for safe therapeutics. This article discusses various aspects of characterization of cytochrome P450 mechanism-based inhibition. Keywords: oxidative metabolism; cytochrome p450; therapeutics; hepatic enzymes; drug development
Acetylcholine Receptor Channels Activated by a Single Agonist Molecule

The neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is an allosteric protein that alternatively adopts inactive versus active conformations (R↔R∗). The R∗ shape has a higher agonist affinity and ionic conductance than R. To understand how agonists trigger this gating isomerization, we examined single-channel currents from adult mouse muscle AChRs that isomerize normally without agonists but have only a single site able to use agonist binding energy to motivate gating. We estimated the monoliganded gating equilibrium constant E1 and the energy change associated with the R versus R∗ change in affinity for agonists. AChRs with only one operational binding site gave rise to a single population of currents, indicating that the two transmitter binding sites have approximately the same affinity for the transmitter ACh. The results indicated that E1 ≈ 4.3 × 10−3 with ACh, and ≈1.7 × 10−4 with the partial-agonist choline. From these values and the diliganded gating equilibrium constants, we estimate that the unliganded AChR gating constant is E0 ≈ 6.5 × 10−7. Gating changes the stability of the ligand-protein complex by ∼5.2 kcal/mol for ACh and ∼3.3 kcal/mol for choline.
ON UNSTEADY STATE MOVING BOUNDARY PROBLEMS FOR NON-PLANE GEOMETRIES

The free boundary present in a class of Stefan''s problems in spherical geometries introduces a nonlinearity and thus imposes a formidable obstacle to exact solutions inspite of a number of recent studies claiming the contrary. The degree of approximation affected by the so-called pseudo-steady-state solution is still undetermined.
Theory of Antiferromagnetic Resonance

The spin resonance condition $\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}={H}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{[{H}_{A}(2{H}_{E}+{H}_{A})]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ previously given by Kittel for a disk-shaped single-domain uniaxial or cubic antiferromagnetic crystal at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with ${H}_{0}$ parallel to the domain axis is extended by classical calculations to cover finite temperature, ellipsoidal shape, orthorhombic symmetry, generalized two-lattice anisotropy, and arbitrary static field direction. The normal precessional modes are discussed. A quantum-mechanical derivation of the resonance equations is carried out by the method developed by Van Vleck for ferromagnetic resonance; no new features are introduced by the quantum-mechanical calculation. Several factors contributing to the line width are considered. Existing experimental data on antiferromagnetic resonance are reviewed; the data are scanty and taken in circumstances not closely related to the situation envisaged by the theory.
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC IN THE MODELING OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

Abstract The design of a control strategy involves the consideration of a mathematical model of the corresponding process and includes the solution of a control problem. In particular, optimal control problems are viewed and solved as mathematical programming problems by optimizing an objective function over a feasible region defined by constraints. Clearly, the process model must be expressed in constraint form. However, consistency assumptions regarding the process behavior lead to the consideration of conditional piece-wise functions or logical sentences in the corresponding model that are not in constraint form. For this, two methodologies based on analogies from mathematical logic for the transformation of the aforementioned functions into mixed-integer linear constraints have been developed, and they are presented by applying them in a flow function that is met in the modeling of surface street signal systems.
Sub-shot-noise FM noise spectroscopy of trapped rubidium atoms

We demonstrate that the large FM noise of a semiconductor laser can be combined with a squeezed AM noise spectrum to make a sub-shot-noise, FM-noise-based spectroscopic measurement. In particular, we probe the spectrum of magneto-optically trapped and cooled rubidium atoms using the FM noise on squeezed AM background noise. The natural absorption line as well as a stimulated Raman transition are clearly visible in the FM-to-AM converted noise even though the signal is below the classical shot-noise level.
Phase I/II study of 131 I-MIBG with vincristine and 5 days of irinotecan for advanced neuroblastoma

Phase I/II study of 131 I-MIBG with vincristine and 5 days of irinotecan for advanced neuroblastoma
Mistake in Contract Formation

A contract would not be binding if it could be repudiated later by a party who found it to be disadvantageous. But the point of a contract is that each party can obtain something of more value to himself than the performance he promises in return. The law reconciles these considerations by providing that sometimes a party who has made a mistake will obtain relief, and sometimes he will not. As we will see, the classical formulation of when he can obtain relief is when he has made a mistake as to the "substance" of the performance for which he is contracting. According to the classical formulation, he cannot obtain relief when he has merely made and error in "motive," that is, in his reasons for wanting that performance. The formula "error in substance" has been rejected or reinterpreted by many jurists because, if it neglects the parties' motives for contracting, it seems irrelevant to what they were trying to accomplish. Thus, they have tried take the parties' motives into account, either by reformulating the concept of an "error in substance" or by rejecting it. At the same time, they have insisted that a mere error in the motive of a party does not matter. The result, as one might expect, has been confusion. We will first examine the efforts that have been made to dis-
Children with spina bifida are at risk for low bone density.

Background Patients with spina bifida frequently sustain lower extremity fractures which may be difficult to diagnose because they feel little or no pain, although the relative contributions of low bone density to pain insensitivity are unclear. Routine dual-energy xray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning is unreliable because these patients lack bony elements in the spine, and many have joint contractures and/or implanted hardware.
Surface and interfacial structure of epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films on (0 0 1) Si grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Effects of relaxation of interfacial misfit strain and non-stoichiometry on surface morphology and surface and interfacial structures of epitaxial SrTiO 3 (STO) thin films on (0 0 1) Si during initial growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were investigated. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were employed. Relaxation of the interfacial misfit strain between STO and Si as measured by in situ RHEED indicates initial growth is not pseudomorphic, and the interfacial misfit strain is relaxed during and immediately after the first monolayer (ML) deposition. The interfacial strain up to 15 ML results from thermal mismatch strain rather than lattice mismatch strain. Stoichiometry of STO affects not only surface morphology but interfacial structure. We have identified a nanoscale Sr 4 Ti 3 O 10 second phase at the STO/Si interface in a Sr-rich film.
High Precision Tracking Control Using Piezoelectric Actuator Network

Although piezoelectric actuators have been widely used in active control, the hysteresis nonlinearity and the non-minimum phase characteristic could potentially deteriorate the system performance, especially in high precision control applications under disturbance. In this study, a resistance/inductance circuit is connected to the piezoelectric actuator to form an actuator network. With the actuator dynamics, the system model can be directly cast into the state-space whereas the system nonlinearity appears as explicit functions of the state variables. We then develop an integral continuous sliding mode control scheme to tackle the hysteresis nonlinearity and the disturbance issues. Instead of inverse hysteresis cancellation which might not be reliable due to the measurement noise, a direct piezoelectric hysteresis compensation can be achieved using this control strategy. The newly developed control scheme combines the advantages of both integral control and continuous sliding mode control with cubic state feedback. Not only can the control action react efficiently and effectively for the non-minimum phase response, but also, a zero steady state tracking error is guaranteed. Detailed analysis and case studies demonstrate that this new methodology can lead to improved tracking control precision, enhanced control robustness, and smoother control action.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Disorder and correlations in extended superconducting nanostructures

Abstract Experiments are presented on the magnetic properties of two types of extended superconducting nanostructures where disorder can be introduced in a controlled way. Magnetotransport measurements on Nb films overlaying arrays of 250-nm diameter Ni dots show that the superstructure observed at higher multiples of the matching field H 0 = Φ 0 / a 2 , where a =560 nm is the dot lattice constant, are systematically suppressed as disorder is introduced into the dot arrays. In arrays of superconducting rings in external fields corresponding to half-integral numbers of flux quanta per ring, flux quanta trapped in individual rings repel each other due to the magnetic coupling between rings, and the system is analogous to an Ising antiferromagnet. Disorder enters through small, random variations in ring sizes, and plays the role of a random field in the Ising model. SQUID magnetometry and scanning Hall microscopy (SHM) were used to probe the dynamics and specific magnetic configuration of square, honeycomb, kagome, and triangular lattice arrays containing up to 10 6 micron-size Al rings. The dynamics are dominated by a temperature-dependent energy barrier E B and hysteresis in the flux state of the ring populations. This population hysteresis is directly observed in ∂ M /∂ T measurements. SHM measurements at Φ 0 /2 per ring show antiferromagnetic correlations that can be suppressed by going to higher flux fractions due to increases in the effective random field.
Inorganic oxide core, polymer shell nanocomposite as a high K gate dielectric for flexible electronics applications.

Organic/inorganic core shell nanoparticles have been synthesized using high K TiO2 as the core nanoparticle, and polystyrene as the shell. This material is easy to process and forms transparent continuous thin films, which exhibit a dielectric constant enhancement of over 3 times that of bulk polystyrene. This new dielectric material has been incorporated into capacitors and thin film transistors (TFTs). Mobilities approaching 0.2 cm2/V·s have been measured for pentacene TFTs incorporating the new TiO2 polystyrene nanostructured gate dielectric, indicating good surface properties for pentacene film growth. This novel strategy for generating high K flexible gate dielectrics will be of value in improving organic and flexible electronic device performance.
Decreased expression of the gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor gene in intestinal adenomas of multiple intestinal neoplasia mice and in colonic adenomas of familial adenomatous polyposis patients.

Gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (GKLF) is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, the expression of which is associated with growth arrest. We compared Gklf expression in intestinal and colonic adenomas to normal mucosa in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, respectively, using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In Min mice, the level of Gklf transcript is highest in normal-appearing intestinal tissues and decreases as the size of the adenoma increases. In FAP patients, the level of GKLF transcript is lower in adenomas compared to paired normal-appearing mucosa from the same patient or normal colonic mucosa from control individuals without FAP. The possibility of DNA methylation as a cause for the decreased expression of Gklf in adenomas of Min mice was investigated by methylation-specific PCR. Results indicate that the Gklf gene is not methylated in either normal or tumorous tissues. The findings of our study are therefore consistent with the potential role of GKLF as a negative growth regulator of gut epithelial cells.
Alternate programming structures for bank portfolios

Abstract Recently a number of mathematical programming models have been developed to assist banks in their portfolio (balance sheet) management decision making. Generally, the model structures used may be classified as either linear, linear goal, or two-stage linear programming. Of these, linear programming models are the most common. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the optimal bank portfolio management solutions produced by each of the above programming structures. In addition, a new model structure, two-stage linear goal programming, is developed and compared to the other structures. From a decision-making perspective, this new model structure is found to provide additional useful information.
Do brief personalized feedback interventions work for mandated students or is it just getting caught that works

Studies evaluating the efficacy of brief interventions with mandated college students have reported declines in drinking from baseline to short-term follow-up regardless of intervention condition. A key question is whether these observed changes are due to the intervention or to the incident and/or reprimand. This study evaluates a brief personalized feedback intervention (PFI) for students (N = 230) who were referred to a student assistance program because of infractions of university rules regarding substance use to determine whether observed changes in substance use are attributable to the intervention. Half the students received immediate feedback (at baseline and after the 2-month follow-up), and half received delayed feedback (only after the 2-month follow-up). Students in both conditions generally reduced their drinking and alcohol-related problems from baseline to the 2-month follow-up and from the 2-month to the 7-month follow-up; however, there were no significant between-group differences at either follow-up. Therefore, it appears that the incident and/or reprimand are important instigators of mandated student change and that written PFIs do not enhance these effects on a short-term basis but may on a longer term basis.
Distinct injury markers for the early detection and prognosis of incident acute kidney injury in critically ill adults with preserved kidney function

The use of novel biomarkers to detect incident acute kidney injury (AKI) in the critically ill is hindered by heterogeneity of injury and the potentially confounding effects of prevalent AKI. Here we examined the ability of urine NGAL (NGAL), L-type fatty acid–binding protein (L-FABP), and cystatin C to predict AKI development, death, and dialysis in a nested case–control study of 380 critically ill adults with an eGFR over 60ml/min per 1.73m 2 . One-hundred thirty AKI cases were identified following biomarker measurement and were compared with 250 controls without AKI. Areas under the receiver-operator characteristic curves (AUC-ROCs) for discriminating incident AKI from non-AKI were 0.58 (95% CI: 0.52–0.64), 0.59 (0.52–0.65), and 0.50 (0.48–0.57) for urine NGAL, L-FABP, and cystatin C, respectively. The combined AUC-ROC for NGAL and L-FABP was 0.59 (56–0.69). Both urine NGAL and L-FABP independently predicted AKI during multivariate regression; however, risk reclassification indices were mixed. Neither urine biomarker was independently associated with death or acute dialysis (NGAL hazard ratio 1.35 (95% CI: 0.93–1.96), L-FABP 1.15 (0.82-1.61)), although both independently predicted the need for acute dialysis alone (NGAL 3.44 (1.73–6.83), L-FABP 2.36 (1.30–4.25)). Thus, urine NGAL and L-FABP independently associated with the development of incident AKI and receipt of dialysis but exhibited poor discrimination for incident AKI using conventional definitions.
Face recognition using new SVRDM support vector machine

Face recognition with both pose and illumination variations is considered. In addition, we consider the ability of the classifier to reject non-member or imposter face inputs; most prior work has not addressed this. A new SVRDM support vector representation and discrimination machine classifier is proposed and initial face recognition-rejection results are presented.
Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS): International Accountability and Implications for Science Instruction

International educational comparisons are relatively recent phenomena and have long been the source of international debate. Since the formation of the International Association for the Evaluation ...
Exercise testing in children with congenital heart disease before and after surgical treatment

Pre- and postoperative exercise tests were performed on 12 children with severe congenital heart disease (CHD) (age, 4–12 years). Oxygen uptake, blood pressure, and heart rate responses to exercise were measured. Exercise test time and the tolerable speed of the treadmill increased significantly after the operation. When pre- and postoperative values were compared, exercise heart rates did not change in most of the children, while delta systolic blood pressure rose significantly. The significant increase in peak oxygen consumption (VO2/Kg) values also revealed that there was an improvement in their exercise capacity after the operation.
Effect of Electromagnetic Vibration on Microstructures of Semi-Continuous Casting AZ80 Magnesium Alloy Billet

Microstructures and macrosegregation of AZ80 magnesium alloy billets cast with and without the electromagnetic vibration were investigated. Compared with the conventional DC casting, microstructures of the billet have been greatly refined and the macrosegregation had been effectively reduced in electromagnetic vibration casting conditions. Increasing the electromagnetic vibration intensity, including both the stationary magnetic field and alternating magnetic field, leads to finer grains and more uniform distribution of solute elements in the billet.
Usefulness of corticosteroid therapy for protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan procedure.

Chronic pleural and pericardial effusions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after the Fontan procedure. Frequently, these patients manifest a protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), defined as severe loss of serum proteins into the gut, with clinical sequelae of edema, anasarca and immunodeficiency.1 Despite standard therapy which includes nutritional alterations, diuretics and serial albumin infusions, mortality remains high.2 We report 2 cases of severe PLE after the Fontan procedure successfully managed with corticosteroid therapy.
Low-energy beta spectroscopy using pin diodes to monitor tritium surface contamination

We show that tritium betas emitted from a surface can be counted using a pin photodiode as a solid state charged particle detector. Furthermore, we show that the range of tritium betas through air is sufficient to allow measurement of tritium on samples in air by this method. These two findings make possible a new method to survey tritium surface contamination which has advantages over existing methods. We have built and tested several prototype instruments which use this method to measure tritium surface contamination, including a compact portable unit. The design of these instruments and results from tests and calibrations are described. Potential applications of this new method to monitor tritium are discussed.
Renal transplantation I. Use of donor organs with multiple vessels

Abstract The Cleveland Clinic experience in transplanting 46 kidneys with multiple vessels is reported. Suggested surgical techniques for the vascular anatomosis are recommended and long-term results of function and complications are reported. These kidneys can be safely and effectively used from both related living and cadaver donors.
Direct Measurement of Surface Defect Level Distribution Associated with GaAs Antiphase Boundaries

Using an electrostatic force microscope, we measure surface contact potential (SCP) variations across antiphase boundaries (APBs) on GaAs films grown on Ge substrates. The SCP at the APBs is consistently and reproducibly measured to be 30 mV higher than that at GaAs domains. This is due to Fermi levels being pinned at different surface states. The identical electrical behavior observed for all APBs indicates that they are the lowest energy {l_brace}110{r_brace} orientation. The sign of observed Fermi level shift is consistent with a prevalence of Ga-Ga bonds at real {l_brace}110{r_brace} APBs. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}