cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of the momentum spectrum of secondary shower particles from high-energy collisions — I

The nature of the laboratory momentum spectra of the secondary shower particles from high-energy nuclear interactions (Ep⩾14 GeV) is investigated. By folding the well-established distribution for the transverse momentum,pt, of the secondary shower particles obtained at various primary energies with the differential space angular distributions of shower secondaries, the differential momentum spectrum in the laboratory system is found to be well represented by $$N\left( p \right)dp = N_0 \exp \left[ {{{ - e_1 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - e_1 } {p^{c_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p^{c_2 } }}} \right]\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {p^{1 + \alpha } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p^{1 + \alpha } }}} \right)\left[ {{{1 - l} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 - l} {\left( {10p} \right)^{c_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {10p} \right)^{c_2 } }}} \right]dp.$$ It is shown that a power law representation does not fit the whole range of the momentum spectrum. The spectrum obtained utilizing a constant value for the transverse momentum differs appreciably from the above for momenta less than 1 GeV/c.
Pannexin 1, an ATP Release Channel, Is Activated by Caspase Cleavage of Its Pore-associated C-terminal Autoinhibitory Region

Pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels mediate release of ATP, a "find-me" signal that recruits macrophages to apoptotic cells; PANX1 activation during apoptosis requires caspase-mediated cleavage of PANX1 at its C terminus, but how the C terminus inhibits basal channel activity is not understood. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that the C terminus interacts with the human PANX1 (hPANX1) pore and that cleavage-mediated channel activation requires disruption of this inhibitory interaction. Basally silent hPANX1 channels localized on the cell membrane could be activated directly by protease-mediated C-terminal cleavage, without additional apoptotic effectors. By serial deletion, we identified a C-terminal region just distal to the caspase cleavage site that is required for inhibition of hPANX1; point mutations within this small region resulted in partial activation of full-length hPANX1. Consistent with the C-terminal tail functioning as a pore blocker, we found that truncated and constitutively active hPANX1 channels could be inhibited, in trans, by the isolated hPANX1 C terminus either in cells or when applied directly as a purified peptide in inside-out patch recordings. Furthermore, using a cysteine cross-linking approach, we showed that relief of inhibition following cleavage requires dissociation of the C terminus from the channel pore. Collectively, these data suggest a mechanism of hPANX1 channel regulation whereby the intact, pore-associated C terminus inhibits the full-length hPANX1 channel and a remarkably well placed caspase cleavage site allows effective removal of key inhibitory C-terminal determinants to activate hPANX1.
Hydride Preconcentration for Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Studies are presented describing an improved application of the NaBH4 reduction of soluble arsenite to form arsine as a preconcentration approach for ultra-trace level arsenic determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Specialized analyte introduction techniques are described for elimination of reaction by-products that would normally extinguish a medium power plasma discharge. An approach is presented to minimize the need for background correction and facilitate a superior arsenic detection limit (≤0.03 ng/ml) in a relatively inexpensive 1.2 kW inductively coupled plasma system.
Adaptable Software and Hardware: Problems and Solutions

Software reusability, system adaptability, and supercomputer system performance are the three important issues of modern mission-critical computing now faced by the defense department in its embedded computer system applications. The first issue has to do with the tremendous costs involved throughout the life cycle of a system, caused primarily by the rapid growth in the cost of software development, maintenance, and enhancement. Better life-cycle models and the use of more abstract, reusable resources and patterns (or, in general, knowledge) are needed to improve the productivity of software people. The second issue, adaptability, arises from the continual changes that occur during the long life of DOD mission-critical systems, as well as the fact that such systems must accommodate large dynamic variations of incoming data and meet different computational requirements at different stages of the system. These requirements suggest the introduction of adaptable software and hardware resources and environments to produce systems that will (1) take advantage of advances of both software and hardware over the next decade, (2) meet continuously changing mission needs. The third issue is the fact that required system performance has advanced to a point beyond what the existing technology base can handle. The increase in military weaponmore » sophistication and the growing complexity of mission applications impose formidable throughput requirements, demanding advanced hardware and system architectures to provide real-time supercomputing capabilities.« less
Systematizing planning and formative phases of HIV prevention research: Case studies from Brazil, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan.

Objectives International Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is vulnerable to contextual, political, and interpersonal issues that may hamper researchers’ abilities to develop and sustain partnerships with local communities. This paper responds to a call for systematizing CBPR practices and to the urgent need for frameworks with potential to facilitate partnership building between researchers and communities in both “developed” and “developing” countries.
The oxidation of aryl diselenides with an equimolar amount of -butyl hydroperoxide: Evidence against the formation of significamt amounts of a selenenic anhydride

Abstract Reaction of equimolar quantities of an aryl diselenide ( 1 ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide does not lead, as has been suggested, to a substantial amount of the corresponding selenenic anhydride ( 4 ), but rather to a mixture of seleninic anhydride ( 2 ) and unreacted diselenide. In a mole ratio of 1:2.
Protein synthesis by liver ribosomes from aged rats

Abstract The age-related decrease in protein synthesis by cell-free has been traced to a factor which can be obtained by high salt extraction of young polysomes. Such extracts, when added to old ribosomes in young post-ribosomal supernate, stimulate the level of Poly(U)-directed protein synthesis. Extracts of old polysomes have essentially no effect. The deficient factor is not EF-2 and is highly unlikely to be EF-1, as this component resides almost entirely in the post-ribosomal supernates used in the reaction mixture. Since initiation factors are not necessary for Poly(U)-directed protein synthesis and EF-1 and EF-2 do not appear to be involved, the nature of the soluble factor which is deficient in old ribosomes appears to lie outside of proteins which are commonly implicated in the age-related slowing of protei synthesis.
The Changing Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Bacteremia in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients

The impact of the rising prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and changes in transplant techniques on risk of VREB (VRE bacteremia) early after HSCT is not known. This is a retrospective study of 247 adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT in the years 2008 and 2009 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Sixty-eight of 247 (27.5%) patients were VRE colonized on pretransplant screening. VRE was the leading cause of bacteremia in the first 30 days after HSCT; 23 of 43 (53.5%) patients with positive blood cultures had VRE. Only 13 (57%) of the 23 patients with early VREB were colonized with VRE on pre-HSCT screening cultures. Mortality was directly attributable to VRE infection in 9% of patients with early VREB. VRE is emerging as the most common cause of preengraftment bacteremia in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT, and is associated with substantial mortality. Pre-HSCT screening for VRE with stool cultures will not identify all patients who are at risk for VREB. The use of alternate agents with activity against Gram-positive bacteria for fever and neutropenia early after HSCT should be evaluated further in prospective studies.
Frontal polymerization of a cyanate ester

Thermal frontal polymerization is an exothermic process that uses a propagating wave to polymerize monomers via an external heat source, such as a soldering iron, to initiate front propagation. Herein, for the first time, the curing of a cyanate ester via thermal frontal polymerization is described with two different external heat sources. However, issues of bubbling due to vaporization of the amine catalyst generally resulted in incomplete frontal polymerization when a soldering iron was used as the external heat source. To counter this issue, dual-strip polymerization systems were used, wherein the heat from the exothermic polymerization of a free-radical system was used to initiate the frontal polymerization of a cyanate ester system with an amine catalyst. As a result, complete frontal polymerization occurred. Additionally, the effect of the width of the acrylate strip and its impact on the front temperature, initial velocity, and steady-state velocity of the adjacent cyanate ester system were studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Accessibility in smartphone applications: what do we learn from reviews?

We explored the efficacy of smartphone App reviews to understand the user experience reports that may facilitate ranking and provide insight about accessibility gaps. The main goal was to analyze the contents of the reviews to infer the presence and polarity of accessibility information. In particular, we focused on applications that are used by the users who are blind or visually impaired. In this pilot study, the contents of 173 reviews from 25 applications were analyzed. The proposed system automatically detects accessibility information in the reviews and also tests their polarity. Such a system would be useful in application ranking based on accessibility features and improve the users' interaction experiences.
Translocation of dopamine and binding of WIN 35,428 measured under identical conditions in cells expressing the cloned human dopamine transporter

Translocation of [3H]dopamine and binding of [3H]WIN 35,428 were measured in intact C6 glioma cells expressing the cloned human dopamine transporter (hDAT) under identical conditions of assay buffer (phosphate-Krebs) and temperature (25°C) with uptake at initial velocity and binding at equilibrium. In the intact cells, [3H]dopamine uptake was a one-component process; in contrast, [3H]WIN 35,428 binding included both a high-affinity component, inhibitable by micromolar concentrations of dopamine, and a low-affinity component only partially inhibited by millimolar concentrations of dopamine. Binding (high-affinity) over uptake Ki ratios were on the average 2.3 for the inhibitors WIN 35,428, cocaine, GBR 12909, and BTCP. The potency of dopamine in inhibiting its own translocation was close to that in inhibiting [3H]WIN 35,428 binding consonant with a more rapid reorientation step of the DAT in the C6-hDAT system than in rat striatal synaptosomes. The similarity in turnover values of the DAT estimated in the current experiments with the C6-hDAT system and in our previous study on rat striatal synaptosomes, performed under comparable conditions, suggest that all DAT's inserted into the C6 cell membrane are functionally active.
Functions of Tropomyosin's Periodic Repeats†

Tropomyosin binds along actin filaments and regulates actin-myosin interaction in muscle and nonmuscle cells. Seven periodic amino acid repeats are proposed to correspond to actin binding sites, and the middle periods are important for cooperative activation of actin by myosin. The functional contributions of individual periods were studied in mutants in which periods 2-6 were individually deleted from rat striated muscle alphaalpha-tropomyosin or replaced with a leucine zipper sequence. Unacetylated recombinant tropomyosins were assayed for actin binding, regulation of the actomyosin ATPase with troponin, cooperative myosin S1-induced binding to actin, and thermal stability. Tropomyosin function is relatively insensitive to deletion of period 2, but loss increases as the deletion is shifted toward the C-terminus. Retention of function upon deletion of the periodic repeats is in the order of 2 > 3 approximately 4 approximately 6 >> 5. Internal periods are important for specific functions and are not quasiequivalent. Deletion of period 5 (residues 166-207), and especially deletion or replacement of residues 166-188, a constitutively expressed region encoded by exon 5, had severe consequences on actin affinity and cooperative myosin S1-induced binding to actin. Period 6, residues 208-242, part of the troponin binding site, is required for full inhibition of the actomyosin ATPase in the absence of calcium. The effect of the deletion can depend on its context, suggesting that sequence alone is not the only factor important for function. We propose that the local structure and stability, and consequent flexibility, of the coiled coil are major determinants of actin affinity.
Correlations between fatty acid distribution in phospholipids and the temperature dependence of membrane physical state

Cytoplasmic membranes of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli have been studied using spin labeled hydrocarbon probes. These studies reveal that the membrane lipids undergo changes of state at critical temperatures which reflect the physical properties of the fatty acid supplement supplied to the cells during growth. The critical temperatures observed in spin labeled membranes correlate with characteristic temperatures in membrane functions. Lipid analysis reveals that fatty acid composition and distribution in membrane phospholipids are primary determinants of the temperatures at which changes of state are observed in membrane lipids. Fatty acid composition and distribution can also produce unique interactions between certain spin label probes and their lipid environment.
URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA IN TWO PAIRS OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS

Urticaria pigmentosa occurred in both members of two pairs of twins. Identical blood typings, HLA histocompatibility and appearance strongly indicate that each pair of twins is monozygotic. Except for cutaneous lesions, there were no clinical or roentgenologic evidences of systemic mastocytosis. But latent diabetes mellitus was found in one member. Literature reporting monozygotic twins with urticaria pigmentosa will be discussed in this paper.
Cocoa Enriched Diets Enhance Expression of Phosphatases and Decrease Expression of Inflammatory Molecules in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons

Activation of trigeminal nerves and release of neuropeptides that promote inflammation are implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The overall response of trigeminal nerves to peripheral inflammatory stimuli involves a balance between enzymes that promote inflammation, kinases, and those that restore homeostasis, phosphatases. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on the expression of key inflammatory proteins in trigeminal ganglion neurons under basal and inflammatory conditions. Rats were fed a control diet or an isocaloric diet enriched in cocoa for 14days prior to an injection of noxious stimuli to cause acute or chronic excitation of trigeminal neurons. In animals fed a cocoa-enriched diet, basal levels of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAP) phosphatases MKP-1 and MKP-3 were elevated in neurons. Importantly, the stimulatory effects of acute or chronic peripheral inflammation on neuronal expression of the MAPK p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) were significantly repressed in response to cocoa. Similarly, dietary cocoa significantly suppressed basal neuronal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as well as stimulated levels of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proteins implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine and TMJ disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that a dietary supplement can cause upregulation of MKP, and that cocoa can prevent inflammatory responses in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Furthermore, our data provide evidence that cocoa contains biologically active compounds that would be beneficial in the treatment of migraine and TMJ disorders.
Arytenoid Repositioning Device

Objectives:We report development of a device and technique to manage laryngeal paralysis through minimal-access arytenoid adduction (for unilateral paralysis) and arytenoid abduction (for bilateral paralysis).Methods:A human cadaver study coupled with directed engineering was used to develop instrumentation designed to secure the muscular process of the arytenoid into favorable adducted or abducted positions. Digital video, photography, and 3-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) imaging of cadaveric larynges were done to evaluate the surgical technique.Results:Testing of prototypes identified the ideal implant to be a 0.36-mm wire with a distal spring-wound coil placed through a trocar via a small drill hole in the anterior thyroid cartilage. An endoscopic view of transilluminated light through the pyriform sinus mucosa identified the tip location of the trocar adjacent to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. Placement of the device through the trocar permitted rotation to engage the muscular...
Survival probabilities for interstellar hydrogen flowing into the interplanetary system from far regions of the heliosphere

The expressions for 'survival' probabilities are presented for an atomic hydrogen particle moving on a trajectory from far regions of the heliosphere to the vicinity of the sun. Three 'destroying' processes have been considered; photoionization, charge transfer and electron ionization. The solar wind has been assumed to be a two-flux steady stream radially expanding with constant flow velocity. Recent profiles of solar-wind electron temperature have been used. The results can be useful for theoretical analyses as well as for analysis of spaceflight observations.
An analysis and comparison of estimation methods for self-referencing equations

Self-referencing equations (SREs) play an important role in modeling stand and individual-tree growth and yield. Over the decades, forest modelers have applied ordinary least-squares (OLS) or generalized least-squares to fit SREs (namely, the SRE method). In this article, we discuss the statistical properties of the SRE method via theoretical and empirical analyses. The SRE method has its disadvantages: (i) the parameter estimates are not the OLS estimates; (ii) the standard errors of the parameters are underestimated; (iii) the model mean squared error is overestimated; and (iv) the model random errors are always correlated and have heterogeneous variances. Thus, statistical inferences based on these model statistics may not be valid. In addition, there is no simple way to overcome these problems, because they arise from the data structures used for model fitting. This study demonstrates that the disadvantages of the SRE method can be circumvented by fitting the corresponding base model, rather than the ...
Fuzzy logic resource manager: tree structure and optimization

Modern naval battleforces generally include many different platforms each with onboard sensors such as radar, ESM, and communications. The sharing of information measured by local sensors via communication links across the battlegroup should allow for optimal or near optimal decisions. A fuzzy logic expert system has been developed that automatically allocates electronic attack (EA) resources in real-time. Genetic algorithm based optimization is conducted to determine the form of the membership functions for the fuzzy root concepts. The resource manager is made up of four trees, the isolated platform tree, the multi-platform tree, the fuzzy parameter selection tree and the fuzzy strategy tree. The isolated platform tree provides a fuzzy decision tree that allows an individual platform to respond to a threat. The multi-platform tree allows a group of platforms to respond to a threat in a collaborative fashion. The fuzzy parameter selection tree is designed to make optimal selections of root concept parameters. The strategy tree is a fuzzy tree that an agent uses to try to predict the behavior of an enemy. Finally, an example is provided that shows how the resource manager uses its subtrees to deliver high quality responses for many demanding scenarios.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reversible Axial Segregation in Rotating Granular Media

Binary mixtures of granular media having differing diameters are combined in a horizontal cylinder and rotated like a drum mixer about its long axis. Within a few minutes of rotation at 15 rpm axial segregation occurs and the mixture separates into relatively pure alternating bands of the individual components along the axis of rotation. We describe an experimental system whereby the mixed state can be restored by changing the speed of rotation. The sensitivity of the reversible axial segregation effect to systematic variations of the glass bead diameter is reported. Measurements of the dynamic angle of repose of the mixed and segregated phases support an explanation for the reversible axial segregation effect involving the competition between axial drift and diffusion currents, leading to a diffusion equation with a negative effective diffusion coefficient.
Teen Drivers, Education, and Licensing: A Panel Discussion

Research and education aimed at reducing the crash risk of young drivers has become a top priority to researchers and educators around the world. This panel provides an overview of some of these recent and ongoing efforts. To that end, the purpose of this panel is to: 1) raise awareness of human factors and ergonomics researchers of research needs and problems relevant to teen drivers and education, 2) provide a forum for discussion in this area, and 3) provide a paper summarizing key issues including teenage drivers, driver education, and driver licensing.
Who Owns the Child? Divorce and Child Custody Decisions in Middle Class Families.

The motivation for this article stems directly from the publication of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973) by Goldstein, Freud and Solnit. The authors argue that the parent awarded custody in divorce proceedings should have the right to allow or refuse the other parent access to the child. It is my contention that these guidelines are not in the best interests of children. This paper proposes the adoption of uniform statutes regarding child custody in divorce cases. In the event of a divorce, it is proposed that children be given to the “joint custody” of both parents provided the courts find no overriding reason why it would be in the best interests to award custody of the child to only one parent.
Multistage stochastic programming approach for offshore oilfield infrastructure planning under production sharing agreements and endogenous uncertainties

Abstract The paper presents a new optimization model and solution approach for the investment and operations planning of offshore oil and gas field infrastructure. As compared to the conventional models where either fiscal rules or uncertainty in the field parameters is considered, the proposed model is the first one in the literature that includes both of these complexities in an efficient manner. In particular, a tighter formulation for the production sharing agreements based on our recent work, and a perfect positive or negative correlation among the endogenous uncertain parameters (field size, oil deliverability, water–oil ratio and gas–oil ratio) is considered to reduce the total number of scenarios in the resulting multistage stochastic formulation. To solve the large instances of the problem, a Lagrangean decomposition approach allowing parallel solution of the scenario subproblems is implemented in the GAMS grid computing environment. Computational results on a variety of oilfield development planning examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the model and the proposed solution approach.
Surgeon Experience Level Affects Mechanics of the Pivot Shift Test for Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Elbow

Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow occurs secondary to an injury to the lateral ulnar collateral ligament and lateral stabilizing structures [2]. The lateral pivot-shift test (PST) is a clinical examination for diagnosing PLRI [1]. The test involves moving the elbow from full extension to flexion while applying simultaneous supination torque, valgus moment, and axial compression [2]; a positive result is characterized by ulnohumeral subluxation that is seen clinically as posterolateral movement of the radial head and an incongruent radiocapitellar joint [2]. The PST is difficult to reliably reproduce in an office setting [3]. This can be due to patient-guarding or inexperience of the examiner. It is likely that the experienced examiner may perform the test differently from the inexperienced examiner. The PST has not previously been characterized biomechanically in the laboratory. Thus, the objective of this study is to fully characterize the biomechanics of the PST for PLRI. We will evaluate the repeatability of the PST across multiple surgeons and determine how the clinician’s level of training affects their method of testing. These results will be useful in developing training guidelines to standardize PST application as well as to improve accuracy.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A minimally invasive surgical treatment for inappropriate sinus tachycardia

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormally elevated heart rate at rest and an exaggerated rate response to physical activity. In most patients the condition is refractory to dietary modification and medical management. Despite reports of successful catheter ablation of the sinoatrial node, patients do fail to respond to this therapy. This report describes a case of IST, refractory to medical therapy and catheter ablation, that was successfully treated surgically with a novel minimally invasive off-pump approach.
Demo: WiFlow: real time travel time estimation using wi-fi monitors

A real-time travel time estimation system is demonstrated that uses Wi-Fi monitors deployed along surface streets to capture Wi-Fi packets from smartphones in passing vehicles. Travel time is estimated based on observations of the same vehicle by two or more monitors.
Tension-Compression Fatigue of a SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite at Elevated Temperature

Tension-compression fatigue behavior of a non-oxide ceramic composite with a multilayered matrix was investigated at 1200°C in laboratory air. The composite was produced via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The composite had an oxidation inhibited matrix, which consisted of alternating layers of silicon carbide and boron carbide and was reinforced with laminated Hi-Nicalon™ fibers woven in an eight-harness-satin weave (8HSW). Fiber preforms had pyrolytic carbon fiber coating with boron carbon overlay applied. Tension-compression fatigue behavior was studied for fatigue stresses ranging from 80 to 200 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz. The R ratio (minimum stress to maximum stress) was −1.0. Fatigue run-out was defined as 2×105 cycles. Fatigue limit was 80 MPa. Specimens that achieved fatigue run-out were subjected to tensile tests to failure to characterize the retained tensile properties. The material retained 100% of its tensile strength. Reductions in tensile modulus and in compressive modulus were negligible. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated.© 2012 ASME
Immune stimulation following dermal exposure to unsintered indium tin oxide

AbstractIn recent years, several types of pulmonary pathology, including alveolar proteinosis, fibrosis, and emphysema, have been reported in workers in the indium industry. To date, there remains no clear understanding of the underlying mechanism(s). Pulmonary toxicity studies in rats and mice have demonstrated the development of mediastinal lymph node hyperplasia and granulomas of mediastinal lymph nodes and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues following exposure to indium tin oxide. Given the association between exposure to other metals and the development of immune-mediated diseases, these studies were undertaken to begin to investigate the immuno-modulatory potential of unsintered indium tin oxide (uITO) in a mouse model. Using modifications of the local lymph node assay, BALB/c mice (five animals/group) were exposed topically via intact or breached skin or injected intradermally at the base of the ear pinnae with either vehicle or increasing concentrations 2.5–10% uITO (90:10 indium oxide/tin oxide,...
Influence of the technological factors on the quality of quartz steelcasting nozzles

To produce quartz nozzles of uniform vertical and transverse density by slip-casting the slip must be of optimal density (1.73−1.76 g/cm3) and the stabilization period of optimal length (at least 30 h).
Modelling thermal environment of a recirculating aquaculture facility

Abstract Economic viability of fish production in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) facility depends, in part, on minimizing the energy requirements of operating such facilities. A step-wise, steady-state thermal model was developed to simulate the RAS thermal environment and energy expenditure for heating, ventilation, water pumping, biofilter operation, and lighting over a production cycle. The model was validated using temperature and energy data collected from the RAS facility of Virginia Tech during 1992. Simulations were performed with various production scenarios. Heating makeup water and the building required the most energy (40–70% of total), followed by water pumping, biofilter operation, lighting, and ventilation. The heating energy requirement of the facility increased with an increase in either fish stocking density or wastewater discharge from the facility due to increased heat loss through water replacement. However, the energy cost of production ($/kg) was the lowest for high stocking-density production scenario. Heat recovery from discharged wastewater is recommended to reduce the energy cost of fish production in RAS.
The Revival of Economics at the FTC in the 1960s

This paper examines the declining role of economists at the Federal Trade Commission between 1914 and 1960 and the subsequent growth in their role in the 1960s, including the unique role accorded the Chief Economist as advisor to the Commission and individual Commissioners. It discusses in detail five major contributions of the Bureau of Economics in the 1960s:(1) origins and evolution of a Line-of-Business Reporting Program; (2) contributions to a National Commission on Food Marketing; (3) report on Corporate Mergers; (4) affirmative Disclosure of the Octane Ratings of Gasoline; and (5) FTC Premerger Notification Programs.
Computational and Experimental Analyses of the Transmembrane Domain Dimerization of IRE1α Protein

The Inositol-requiring 1α protein (IRE1α) is a type I transmembrane protein essential for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response that promotes cell survival by reducing the level of misfolded/unfolded proteins. IRE1α consists of an N-terminal luminal domain, a single-pass transmembrane (TM) spanning segment and a cytosolic region, which contains a kinase domain and an endoribonuclease (RNase) domain. Upon ER stress, the IRE1α protein dimerizes to activate its cytoplasmic kinase and RNase domains. Dimerization by either the luminal or the cytosolic domains can enhance IRE1α enzymatic activity. Current information on the TM domain of the IRE1α protein does not exist. Therefore, we designed a model TM segment which contains the potential TM domain sequence predicted by several TM prediction servers. using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we confirmed that the model TM peptide has α-helical conformation in POPC liposome. SDS-PAGE and FRET analyses further showed that the TM peptide forms dimers and higher-order oligomers. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to determine potential mechanism(s) wherein the TM domain of IRE1α could dimerize and regulate IRE1α activity. We arbitrarily assigned three different conformations (face-to-face, face-to-back, and back-to-back) and embedded two TM molecules in POPC bilayers for each conformation in the MD simulations. The simulations revealed that the back-to-back is the most favorable conformation for inducing dimerization of the TM peptide. In addition, the computational results predicted that the TM dimerization is mediated by the SxxLxxx sequence motif. Further mutation analyses in cells showed that the TM domain plays a key role in regulating the dimerization as well as the protein activities. The combination of computational and experimental studies provided potential insight into how the TM domain could impact the dimerization of IRE1α.
Ten things higher education needs to know about GIS in primary and secondary education

This paper examines the status of efforts to implement GIS in Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K-12) education in the United States. Factors promoting and impeding the growth and diffusion of GIS are identified and suggestions for action on the part of higher education GIS specialists are made. In the United States more science teachers have adopted GIS geography/social studies teachers for several reasons. These include science teacher preservice preparation and the essentially different natures of the respective disciplines. Preservice education and teachers' perceptions of geography emerge as key factors influencing the diffusion of GIS in K-12 classrooms. The need for on cognition and GIS before effective curricula and instruction can be developed is emphasized. Three strategies directed at higher education GIS specialists may help implement this eduational innovation. They are: (1) modelling GIS instruction in content classes; (2) including GIS in preservice preparation classes; and (3) outreach to professors who tach educational technology to educate than regarding GIS. The addendum by Paul Heinrich which follows this paper compares US and UK experiences in the diffusion of GIS in elementary and secondary schools.
Verbal (animal) fluency scores in age/grade appropriate minority children from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Two hundred-thirteen children in grades 1 through 8 were asked to rapidly generate as many names of animals as they could in 60 seconds. These children were age appropriate for their grade level in school, did not receive any form of special education services, and as a group showed (estimated) average intellectual ability. They were primarily from minority (particularly Hispanic) backgrounds and came from families with low socioeconomic status. Normative data are presented. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the age range/grade level score accounted for 21.5% of the variability in fluency scores and the Vocabulary level of the child accounted for an additional 5.7%. Level of performance on this animal fluency task was not lower than what has been reported in primarily white children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds. (JINS, 2008, 14, 143–147.)
Subclavian thrombosis following hockey injuries

Subclavian thrombosis is not an uncommon disease following an injury. It has been reported following se vere trauma to mere hyperabduction of the arm. Hereto fore it has not been reported following a hockey injury. I wish to report two cases where subclavian thrombosis occurred following a hockey injury. The records of the National Hockey League for a 3-year period along with the world literature have been reviewed. The mecha nisms producing the thrombosis and pathogenesis are described along with the modes of diagnosis and treat ment.
Signature construction and matching for fault diagnosis in manufacturing processes through fault space analysis

Variation-source identification in manufacturing processes is highly desired since it enables improvements in product quality. Recently, data-driven variation-source identification has received considerable attention. This paper presents a systematic variation-source identification method by assuming a linear model between the quality measurements and process faults. The noise term in the model is assumed to have a simple form. The variation-source identification is achieved through the testing of the common eigenspace between the fault signatures and the covariance matrix of the newly collected samples. Three types of fault signatures are constructed from either one or two covariance matrices for pattern matching. A systematic procedure to construct the signature is presented. A case study of a machining operation is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Influence of developmental environment on male‐ and female‐mediated sperm precedence in Drosophila melanogaster

Length of the sperm flagellum and of the female's primary sperm-storage organ, the seminal receptacle (SR), exhibit a pattern of rapid correlated evolution in Drosophila and other lineages. Experimental evolution studies with Drosophila melanogaster indicate that these traits have coevolved through sexual selection, with length of the SR representing the proximal basis of female sire discrimination, biasing paternity according to sperm length. Here, we examine the impact of experimentally varying the developmental environment, including larval density and larval and adult nutrition, on sperm length, SR length and on the pattern of sperm precedence. Expression of SR length was far more sensitive to variation among developmental environments than was sperm length. Nevertheless, there was striking co-variation in sperm and SR length. The developmental environment of both females and second males, but not first males, significantly contributed to variation in male competitive fertilization success.
Grocery Bag Bans and Foodborne Illness

Recently, many jurisdictions have implemented bans or imposed taxes upon plastic grocery bags on environmental grounds. San Francisco County was the first major US jurisdiction to enact such a regulation, implementing a ban in 2007. There is evidence, however, that reusable grocery bags, a common substitute for plastic bags, contain potentially harmful bacteria. We examine emergency room admissions related to these bacteria in the wake of the San Francisco ban. We find that ER visits spiked when the ban went into effect. Relative to other counties, ER admissions increase by at least one fourth, and deaths exhibit a similar increase.
The emergence of social and political complexity in the Shashi-Limpopo Valley of Southern Africa, AD 900–1300: ethnicity, class, and polity

The emergence of social and political complexity in the Shashi-Limpopo Valley of Southern Africa, AD 900–1300: ethnicity, class, and polity, by John Anthony Calabrese, Oxford, Archaeopress, BAR Int...
Rapid deformation rates along the Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah, from first GPS measurements with implications for earthquake hazard

Anomalously high rates of crustal deformation have been measured at the Basin-Range transition to the Rocky Mountains along the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, by repeated Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. Four GPS field campaigns (1992–1995) and comparisons with older (1962–1991) geodetic data have revealed east-west extensional strain at a rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 µstrain/yr corresponding to a 2.7 ±1.3 mm/yr rate of horizontal displacement across a 55-km wide area. This rate is more than 20% of the total ∼12 mm/yr extension rate across of the ∼800-km wide Basin and Range province. It is also two to three times larger than the average Late Quaternary fault slip rate on the Wasatch fault and tens of times larger than the displacement rates inferred from the cumulative seismic moments of historic earthquakes. While we do not yet know the source of this unexpected contemporary deformation, possible mechanisms include homogeneous crustal extension, loading of the Wasatch and adjacent faults, and pressure solution creep. If the Wasatch fault is being loaded by this high strain rate, it increases the expected peak ground acceleration significantly from standard values. These new findings demonstrate the importance of GPS in earthquake hazard assessment.
Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes

Heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery are used to assess cardiac parasympathetic tone in human studies, but in some cases these indexes appear to yield discordant information. We utilized pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that selectively augments the parasympathetic efferent signal, to further characterize parasympathetic regulation of rest and postexercise heart rate. We measured time- and frequency-domain indexes of resting heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery in 10 sedentary adults and 10 aerobically trained athletes after a single oral dose of pyridostigmine (30 mg) and matching placebo in randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. In sedentary adults, pyridostigmine decreased resting heart rate [from 66.7 (SD 12.6) to 58.1 beats/min (SD 7.6), P = 0.005 vs. placebo] and increased postexercise heart rate recovery at 1 min [from 40.7 (SD 10.9) to 45.1 beats/min (SD 8.8), P = 0.02 vs. placebo]. In trained athletes, pyridostigmine did not change resting heart rate or postexercise heart rate recovery when compared with placebo. Time- and frequency-domain indexes of resting heart rate variability did not differ after pyridostigmine versus placebo in either cohort and were not significantly associated with postexercise heart rate recovery in either cohort. The divergent effects of pyridostigmine on resting and postexercise measures of cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary subjects confirm that these measures characterize distinct aspects of cardiac parasympathetic regulation. The lesser effect of pyridostigmine on either measure of cardiac parasympathetic tone in the trained athletes indicates that the enhanced parasympathetic tone associated with exercise training is at least partially attributable to adaptations in the efferent parasympathetic pathway.
Finite Sample Monte Carlo Studies: An Autoregressive Illustration

Abstract In this paper the problem of choosing among point estimators on the basis of their small sample properties is discussed from the sampling point of view. The indeterminacy of most Monte Carlo studies is analysed and resolved within the framework of statistical decision theory. A first order autoregressive model is worked through in detail both for its own sake and to illustrate how a complete Monte Carlo study might be done.
5′-Proximal Hot Spot for an Inducible Positive-to-Negative-Strand Template Switch by Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

Coronaviruses have a positive-strand RNA genome and replicate through the use of a 3' nested set of subgenomic mRNAs each possessing a leader (65 to 90 nucleotides [nt] in length, depending on the viral species) identical to and derived from the genomic leader. One widely supported model for leader acquisition states that a template switch takes place during the generation of negative-strand antileader-containing templates used subsequently for subgenomic mRNA synthesis. In this process, the switch is largely driven by canonical heptameric donor sequences at intergenic sites on the genome that match an acceptor sequence at the 3' end of the genomic leader. With experimentally placed 22-nt-long donor sequences within a bovine coronavirus defective interfering (DI) RNA we have shown that matching sites occurring anywhere within a 65-nt-wide 5'-proximal genomic acceptor hot spot (nt 33 through 97) can be used for production of templates for subgenomic mRNA synthesis from the DI RNA. Here we report that with the same experimental approach, template switches can be induced in trans from an internal site in the DI RNA to the negative-strand antigenome of the helper virus. For these, a 3'-proximal 89-nt acceptor hot spot on the viral antigenome (nt 35 through 123), largely complementary to that described above, was found. Molecules resulting from these switches were not templates for subgenomic mRNA synthesis but, rather, ambisense chimeras potentially exceeding the viral genome in length. The results suggest the existence of a coronavirus 5'-proximal partially double-stranded template switch-facilitating structure of discrete width that contains both the viral genome and antigenome.
Semiconductor Surface Transformations for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion

The issue of photoelectrode stability, while simultaneously maintaining efficient operation in aqueous solutions, is addressed for energy converting half cells and complete photoelectrocatalytic structures. The historical development of stability concepts, their realization and recent advances are described. Examples are presented that span the time from the inception of photoelectrochemical energy conversion to present day's renewed interest in storable solar energy. The application of (photo)corrosion processes for in-situ synthesis of protective coatings is described and chemical and electronic analyses of the interphases formed are given. Future development and innovation routes will be discussed.
Using an electromagnetic simulation tool for a course on electronics packaging

SPEED97, an electromagnetic simulation program for electronics packaging developed by Sigrity, Inc., has previously been used to present concepts in signal integrity to a graduate level packaging course offered in an electrical engineering department. The demonstrations conducted by the instructor were judged to be informative and interesting by students and a professor who sat in the class. Sigrity has subsequently released a demonstration version of the SPEED97 program (and more recently a demonstration version of an updated program, SPEED2000) that is available at no cost from the Sigrity web site. Students therefore have access to the basic program themselves and not just viewing examples presented by the instructor. The simulation tool was used in homework assignments to illustrate ideas, reinforce learning, and to develop advanced topics in signal integrity.