cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptor doping of (Al,Ga)As using carbon by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract Carbon doping of Al x Ga 1− x As with x = 0 to 0.3 has been investigated using trimethylarsine (TMAs) as the carbon precursor. Carbon concentrations from 5×10 17 to ⋍ 10 20 cm -3 have been achieved using AsH 3 /TMAs mixtures or TMAs alone. The carbon concentration increases with aluminum composition and decreasing AsH 3 /TMAs ratio. A contraction in the lattice constant is observed for carbon concentrations larger than ⋍ 10 18 cm -3 which is attributed to substitutional carbon. The carbon incorporation is non-uniform at higher carbon concentrations. The electrical activation of carbon in (Al,Ga)As is however, very low, of the order of 5%.
Effect of marihuana upon peripheral vision as a function of the information processing demands in central vision.

Detection of peripheral light stimuli was examined with 12 Ss under 4 treatment levels of smoked marihuana. Marihuana severely impaired detection performance and the decrement was linearly related to dose. Information-processing demands from the central fixation light did not affect the degree of impairment.
Quantification of regional left ventricular wall motion in newborns by color kinesis.

Abstract Background: Normal values for regional left ventricular wall motion, although documented in adults, have not been reported in healthy newborns. Methods: This study prospectively evaluated global and segmental systolic and diastolic cardiac function by color kinesis in clinically asymptomatic healthy newborns. Results: Eighty-eight asymptomatic infants who were less than 48 hours old were studied. Systolic and diastolic parameters of global and regional left ventricular function are reported as means ± SD, medians, 5th and 95th percentiles to establish the normative values for newborns. The reported fractional area changes during systole and diastole are similar to the reported normal values for older subjects. Higher body surface area significantly correlated with an increased peak velocity during systole, and fractional area changes during filling of the lateral wall. Conclusions: Our report of left ventricular regional wall-motion characteristics of healthy newborns, as evaluated by color kinesis, may help in the objective evaluation and management of newborns suspected to have global or segmental ventricular dysfunction. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:356-63.)
Surface asperity deformation during sheet forming

Abstract A model for the flattening of asperities on the surface of a sheet undergoing plastic deformation is proposed. A viscoplastic finite element analysis was used to determine the effect of strain rate and straining direction on the rate of flattening of two dimensional asperities resulting from a normal pressure applied with a smooth tool. The strain rate components in the plane of the sheet are treated as independent of the normal pressure. The results can be used to model the evolution of the contact area fraction at the interface as a function of the straining direction in the sheet and the normal pressure.
Efficient modelling and synthesis procedure of asynchronous sequential logic elements

A model and procedure are developed for synthesising asynchronous sequential logic elements (ASLEs). This model represents the functional behaviour with a more compact form, and the procedure can synthesise them more efficiently than the traditional one. With the delineation of inputs as mode inputs,level inputs and edge inputs from the design specification, a set of equations can be generated which describes the logic module's functional behaviour. The calculated states from these equations have bipartite adjacency relationships, which can easily be mapped onto an n-cube to obtain race-free state assignments. This procedure can also be applied for the synthesis of an asynchronous sequential logic circuit (ASLC) which has many data inputs and a small number of control inputs.
Pain Management Practices by Internal Medicine Residents—A Comparison Before and After Educational and Institutional Interventions

We aimed to improve internal medicine residents' deficiencies in pain management and evaluate the effectiveness of our intervention, which included an interactive conference series, e-mail vignettes, and didactic sessions. An anonymous survey was administered at the beginning and at the end of an academic year, before and after the intervention, respectively. We analyzed 65 preintervention and 63 postintervention surveys. Self-perception of competency in pain management increased from 40% to 60% (P = .02). Perception of adequacy of training increased from 38.5% to 55.6% (P = .05). Opioid conversion skills improved by 25% (P = .02). Overall, knowledge did not change significantly, except in the subgroup of residents who had completed the oncology rotation from 0.60 to 0.72 (P = .003). ``Opiophobia'' improved by 20% (P = .05). Documentation of pain improved (rank correlation = 21; P = .02). We concluded that educational and institutional interventions administered over an academic year improved pain managem...
Studies of unconsolidated sediments - I: Quartz fabric of current and wind ripple marks

Die Technik der Impragnierung locker gefugter Sedimente mit Kunststoffen zur Herstellung orientierter Dunnschliffe fur Gefugestudien wird beschrieben. Die Orientierung des Quarzgefuges von durch Wind- und Wasserwirkung gebildeten Rippelmarken wurde in dieser Weise untersucht und verglichen. Die durch Wasserstromungen gebildeten Rippel zeigen einen hoheren Grad und einen etwas anderen Gesamtcharakter der Regelung. Die Unterschiede in der Grosenverteilung der Quarzkorner in den beiden Arten von Rippelmarken gehen klar aus Mikrophotographien hervor.
Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist’s guide to reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) react preferentially with certain atoms to modulate functions ranging from cell homeostasis to cell death. Molecular actions include both inhibition and activation of proteins, mutagenesis of DNA and activation of gene transcription. Cellular actions include promotion or suppression of inflammation, immunity and carcinogenesis. ROS help the host to compete against microorganisms and are also involved in intermicrobial competition. ROS chemistry and their pleiotropy make them difficult to localize, to quantify and to manipulate — challenges we must overcome to translate ROS biology into medical advances.
Biopolis: Asian Science in the Global Circuitry

Biopolis is the major life sciences investment by Singapore to become a global player in a new knowledge economy, as well as a promissory construction, a future-oriented emergent form of life const...
Dependence of HL-60 myeloid cell differentiation on continuous and split retinoic acid exposures: Precommitment memory associated with altered nuclear structure

The cell differentiation of HL-60 human leukemic promyelocytes along the myeloid pathway due to various continuous and distributed exposures to retinoic acid was studied. HL-60 myeloid differentiation was a continuously driven process; significant terminal cell differentiation occurred only after a minimum exposure to inducer of two division cycles. Cells so committed to differentiation retained a heritable, finite memory of differentiation commitment over a further division cycle. Prior to becoming committed, cells acquired precommitment memory of exposure to inducer. Precommitment memory abbreviated the subsequent exposure to inducer needed for commitment to differentiation. Precommitment memory was semistable. It was heritable, but was lost after four division cycles. The acquisition and loss of precommitment memory correlated with alterations in nuclear architecture detected by narrow angle light scatter using flow cytometry. The altered nuclear architecture first occurred before any overt cell differentiation or growth arrest. It was thus an early event in the induced program of terminal cell differentiation. Alterations in relative abundances of cytoplasmic proteins also occurred prior to overt cell differentiation or growth arrest. One of these was a 17 kdalton, anionic, probably Ca2+ binding, protein. Retinoic acid thus induced early cellular changes, including cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations, within one cell cycle when cell differentiation was not yet apparent.
Losartan-Induced Angioedema

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of angioedema associated with losartan administration.CASE SUMMARY:A 45-year-old white man with a history of hypertension and gout was treated with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide, allopurinol, and colchicine. The patient experienced two episodes of angioedema within a 10-hour period. On both occasions the symptoms resolved after treatment.DISCUSSION:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are associated with a relatively high incidence of angioedema. The incidence of angioedema secondary to losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is unknown. The patient reported in this case differs significantly from the two cases reported in the literature because he had normal renal function, no previous exposure to ACE inhibitors, the reaction was of late onset, and the symptoms recurred.CONCLUSIONS:This case suggests that losartan can induce late-onset angioedema in patients with normal renal function and that the reaction can recur after initial resolution of the symptoms.
Application of Heme Oxygenase-1, Carbon Monoxide and Biliverdin for the Prevention of Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs frequently in a variety of clinical settings, including mesenteric artery occlusion, abdominal aneurism surgery, trauma, shock, and small intestinal transplantation, and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although the exact mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R injury have not been fully elucidated, it is generally believed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mediators generated in the setting of oxidative stress, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), play important roles. Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into equimolar quantities of biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO), while the central iron is released. An inducible form of HO (HO-1), biliverdin, and CO, have been shown to possess generalized endogenous anti-inflammatory activities and provide protection against intestinal I/R injury. Further, recent observations have demonstrated that exogenous HO-1 expression, as well as exogenously administered CO and biliverdin, have potent cytoprotective effects on intestinal I/R injury as well. Here, we summarize the currently available data regarding the role of the HO system in the prevention intestinal I/R injury.
The Dependence of Auditory Nerve Rate Adaptation on Electric Stimulus Parameters, Electrode Position, and Fiber Diameter: A Computer Model Study

This paper describes results from a stochastic computational neuron model that simulates the effects of rate adaptation on the responses to electrical stimulation in the form of pulse trains. We recently reported results from a single-node computational model that included a novel element that tracks external potassium ion concentration so as to modify membrane voltage and cause adaptation-like responses. Here, we report on an improved version of the model that incorporates the anatomical components of a complete feline auditory nerve fiber (ANF) so that conduction velocity and effects of manipulating the site of excitation can be evaluated. Model results demonstrate rate adaptation and changes in spike amplitude similar to those reported for feline ANFs. Changing the site of excitation from a central to a peripheral axonal site resulted in plausible changes in latency and relative spread (i.e., dynamic range). Also, increasing the distance between a modeled ANF and a stimulus electrode tended to decrease the degree of rate adaptation observed in pulse-train responses. This effect was clearly observed for high-rate (5,000 pulse/s) trains but not low-rate (250 pulse/s) trains. Finally, for relatively short electrode-to-ANF distances, increases in modeled ANF diameter increased the degree of rate adaptation. These results are compared against available feline ANF data, and possible effects of individual parameters are discussed.
Selective innervation of types of fibres in developing rat muscle

The technique of glycogen depletion has been used to identify the types of muscle fibres innervated by individual motor neurones in the neonatal rat. This analysis shows that neonatal motor units are highly biased in their fibre type composition, even at times when the fibres receive extensive polyneuronal innervation. This finding suggests that the innervation of muscle fibres is somehow sorted according to type during early development. This sorting does not appear to occur during the removal of the polyneuronal innervation because little, if any, increase in the bias of unit compositions occurs as the number of synapses present in the muscle is reduced 2- to 3-fold. To determine whether the sorted innervation might be explained by a selective synaptogenesis, a study was made of the type compositions of units formed by reinnervation of neonatal soleus muscle. Glycogen depletion of single units 2 weeks following crush of the soleus nerve at postnatal day 2 showed that most of them (10/12) had biased type compositions which could not be explained by a random reinnervation. The location of fibres in the reinnervated motor units suggests that the regenerating axons innervated a novel set of fibres. The differentiation of fibres into types was apparently not changed during their reinnervation. These results imply that regenerating motor neurones in the neonatal rat selectively reinnervate muscle fibre types. These and other studies further imply that the organization of fibres into motor units during normal development does not occur, as is widely believed, by a random innervation of naive fibres and their subsequent differentiation under the influence of innervation.
The pyrrolopyrimidine U101033E is a potent free radical scavenger and prevents Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation in synaptosomal membranes

Abstract The pyrrolopyrimidine U101033E is a therapeutic compound potentially useful in stroke, head injury and other oxidative stress conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques of spin labeling and spin trapping in conjunction with measures of lipid and protein oxidation have been used to investigate the proposed antioxidant capacity of U101033E. We report potent antioxidant activity of this agent in aqueous cell-free solution as measured by spin trapping. U101033E significantly ( P N - t -butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN)-radical adduct by 17.1% at a concentration of 1 μM, four orders of magnitude less than the concentration of PBN. As measured by the decrease in signal intensity of lipid-resident nitroxide stearate spin probes, an EPR assay for lipid peroxidation, this pyrrolopyrimidine compound efficiently protected against hydroxyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation in cortical synaptosomal membranes deep within the membrane bilayer, but not closer to the membrane surface. In addition, U101033E partially prevents synaptosomal protein oxidation in the presence of Fe(II); however, U101033E demonstrates some protein oxidative effects itself. These results are supportive of the proposed role of U101033E as a lipid-specific antioxidant, especially for protection against lipid peroxidation that occurs deep within the membrane bilayer, but raise some potential concerns about the oxidative nature of this agent toward proteins.
Inhibition of Hemagglutinins by N-Substituted Glycosylamines*

The inhibition reaction has been used to explore further the chemical nature of the Rh antigens, D, C and E, using a number of N-substituted glycosylamines as inhibitors. A marked inhibition of the anti-Rh sera by the p-aminophenol compounds was noticed. Of the various compounds tested, p-hydroxy-N-phenyl-d-galactosylamine seem to be the best inhibitor of anti-D sera. The best inhibitor of the anti-C was p-hydroxy-N-phenyl-d-ma::nosylamine. Anti-E was inhibited by this compound as well as by p-hydroxy-N-phenyl-l-mannosylamine and p-hydroxy-N-phenyl-l-glucosylamine. Activity of the l-sugar derivatives was observed, especially in the inhibition of anti-E and anti-D. The three Rh antigens seem possibly to show a basic resemblance in structure.
A flexible full-body tactile sensor of low cost and minimal connections

In this paper, we introduce a new tactile sensor made of textiles. It has the basic structure of a matrix tactile sensor but uses only four connections to measure the magnitude and position of applied pressure, similar to the analog tactile sensor, which is widely used in touch screens and touch pads. The structure and model of the sensor are introduced. Although we could not map the exact contour of the contact area due to limited connections, the maximum number of touch points in each direction could be detected. The sensor could be used as the full-body tactile sensor for a robot, the smart carpet for a security room and so on.
Scaffolding across the lifespan in history-dependent decision-making.

We examined the relationship between pressure and age-related changes in decision-making using a task for which currently available rewards depend on the participant’s previous history of choices. Optimal responding in this task requires the participant to learn how his or her current choices affect changes in the future rewards given for each option. Building on the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition, we predicted that when additional frontal resources are available, compensatory recruitment leads to increased monitoring and increased use of heuristic-based strategies, ultimately leading to better performance. Specifically, we predicted that scaffolding would result in an age-related performance advantage under no pressure conditions. We also predicted that, although younger adults would engage in scaffolding under pressure, older adults would not have additional resources available for increased scaffolding under pressure-packed conditions, leading to an age-related performance deficit. Both predictions were supported by the data. In addition, computational models were used to evaluate decision-making strategies employed by each participant group. As expected, older adults under no pressure conditions and younger adults under pressure conditions showed increased use of heuristicbased strategies relative to older adults under pressure and younger adults under no pressure, respectively. These results are consistent with the notion that scaffolding can occur across the life span in the face of an environmental challenge.
The S cell: an interneuron essential for sensitization and full dishabituation of leech shortening

Sensory neurons in the leech excite the S interneuron, which in turn excites motoneurons that shorten the leech, although activity in the S cell reportedly cannot by itself shorten the animal. Experiments were performed in semi-intact leeches using established dishabituation and sensitization protocols. S-cell activity increased during reflexive shortening once the animal was sensitized or dishabituated with a strong shock. S-cell activity otherwise was not associated with shortening. To test the role of the S-cell in dishabituation and sensitization of the shortening reflex, single S cells were ablated in vivo by intracellular injections of pronase. S-cell lesions reduced but did not eliminate dishabituation; however, sensitization was completely disrupted. This was consistent with recent evidence that separate processes contribute to dishabituation and sensitization. Since the S cell in each ganglion is a link in a rapidly conducting chain along the length of the animal, it may be sufficient to break the chain at a single point to eliminate sensitization.
The “Modern” View of Heart Failure How Did We Get Here?

The inauguration of a new journal provides a unique opportunity to look back on the way that we arrived at our present state of understanding. In the case of heart failure, it is possible to trace a remarkable history that, for Western medicine, extends back to clinical descriptions collected in works attributed to Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Since the fifth century BCE, physicians and scientists have approached this clinical syndrome in at least 9 different ways (Table). The increasing rapidity with which these views have changed illustrates how new knowledge has narrowed the gap between clinical medicine and basic science.1 View this table: Table. Changing Views of Heart Failure The present article describes how our understanding of heart failure has evolved over the past 2500 years. Having been active in this area since the 1950s and having shared many reminiscences with my father, Louis N. Katz, who played an active role in academic cardiology between the 1920s and 1970s, I have included several personal insights about progress since the beginning of the 20th century. Patients with what may have been heart failure are described in ancient Greek and Roman texts, but edema, anasarca, and dyspnea, the most common clinical manifestations mentioned in early writings, have other causes. Difficulties in evaluating these clinical descriptions are due partly to lack of pathophysiological understanding of disease, which was then viewed as an imbalance between opposing humors (Figure 1). Figure 1. Two views of the circulation. A, Galen’s view. Pneuma derived from air (blue) reaches the heart from the lungs via the venous artery (pulmonary artery) and arterial vein (pulmonary veins). Natural spirits that enter the heart from the liver (green), along with vital spirits (heat) generated in the left ventricle, are distributed throughout the body by an ebb and flow in the arteries (red). Animal …
The Political Scientist as Local Campaign Consultant.

During my 45 years as an academic, I have followed the admonition sometimes attributed to the legendary Jedi warrior Obi-Wan Kenobe that political scientists should “use [their] power for good and not for evil.” In this spirit, I have devoted substantial portions of my career to public service by providing strategic advice and campaign management to candidates for small state and local elective offices—state legislature, county commission, city clerk or treasurer, school board, and the like—and supporters of citizen ballot initiatives. These campaigns generally cannot afford the professional campaign assistance that is now virtually a necessity for winning elections at all levels of government.
Pictionaire: supporting collaborative design work by integrating physical and digital artifacts

This paper introduces an interactive tabletop system that enhances creative collaboration across physical and digital artifacts. Pictionaire offers capture, retrieval, annotation, and collection of visual material. It enables multiple designers to fluidly move imagery from the physical to the digital realm; work with found, drawn and captured imagery; organize items into functional collections; and record meeting histories. These benefits are made possible by a large interactive table augmented with high-resolution overhead image capture. Summative evaluations with 16 professionals and four student pairs validated discoverability and utility of interactions, uncovered emergent functionality, and suggested opportunities for transitioning content to and from the table.
New mechanism for complement killing of Gram- negative bacteria

The complement system plays a strategic role in the vertebrate immune system in protecting the host from infection by numerous pathogenic agents. The system consists of at least 30 proteins that orchestrate attack on pathogenic agents. Although the susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to complement attack has been under investigation for over 100 years, the mechanism(s) by which the complement directly kills Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli J5) is not understood. Inner membrane damage to E. coli J5 by complement with the subsequent release of cytoplasmic and periplasmic markers are important for killing. That observation has been extended to show that complement attack on Gram-negative bacteria prevents the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a lethal by-product of glucose metabolism. It is very important to know that lysozyme is not required for killing by C5b-9 complexes. That is, C5b-9 complexes kill bacteria but lysis of the organisms do not occur in lysozyme depleted or lysozyme neutralized serum. Killing is a function of damage or injury to the cytoplasmic membrane in E. coli J5 by C5b-9 complexes with the subsequent accumulation of a toxic by-product (methylgloxal) from glucose metabolism. Key words: Complement proteins, Gram-negative bacteria, cytoplasmic membrane, methylglyoxal.
Leadership curriculum in undergraduate medical education: A study of student and faculty perspectives

Background: Leaders in medicine have called for transformative changes in healthcare to address systems challenges and improve the health of the public. The purpose of this study was to elicit the perspectives of students, faculty physicians and administrators regarding the knowledge and competencies necessary in an undergraduate leadership curriculum.Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted using focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with faculty physicians and administrative leaders, as well as a written survey of medical student leaders.Results: Twenty-two faculties participated in focus groups and interviews; 21 medical students responded to the written survey. Participants identified emotional intelligence, confidence, humility and creativity as necessary qualities of leaders; and teamwork, communication, management and quality improvement as necessary knowledge and skills. Students perceived themselves as somewhat or fully competent in communication (90%), conflict resolution (7...
Nonconcurrent error detection and correction in fault-tolerant linear finite-state machines

In this paper, we construct fault-tolerant linear finite-state machines (LFSMs) in which error detection and correction can be performed nonconcurrently (e.g., periodically). More specifically, by jointly choosing the state encoding constraints and the redundant dynamics of the fault-tolerant LFSM, we enable an external checker to detect and identify errors due to past faults based on the current, possibly corrupted state of the LFSM. The paper presents systematic constructions of fault-tolerant LFSMs based on a characterization of nonconcurrent error detection/correction in terms of state encoding constraints and redundant dynamics. In particular, we develop a scheme that uses Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) coding and obtains fault-tolerant LFSMs that require 2D additional state variables and have the ability to correct up to D errors in any state variable at any time step in the time interval consisting of the latest N time steps of operation. The construction uses the minimum possible number of additional state variables and requires an error detecting/correcting mechanism with computational complexity that is only linear in N.
Sport psychologists' perceptions of sport and mental health practitioners

Abstract This study surveys recently graduated sport psychology (SP) doctoral students' (N = 34) educational backgrounds, work experiences, and perceptions of the professional field of SP inside and outside the realm of academia. Special attention was given to subjects' perceptions and expectations with regard to applied work in SP, actual work experiences, and income. Findings indicate that almost all graduates are spending their time in a variety of work activities, i.e., some combination of teaching, research, consulting, administration, and coaching, with a strong emphasis on teaching in an academic institution. Gender analysis revealed that, in general, females earned 74% of what males earned; females earned 53% of what males earned outside academia. Graduates' personal comments suggest a concern about consumer demand and financial support offered applied professionals in SP as well as the adequacy of their own training to provide applied services. Implications for AAASP and SP program directors are ...
Orlov dissident trial in perspective

(1978). Orlov dissident trial in perspective. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 5-6.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for veterans exposed to military sexual trauma: rationale and implementation considerations.

ABSTRACTMilitary sexual trauma (MST) represents a significant public health concern among military personnel and Veterans and is associated with considerable morbidity and suicide risk. It is estimated that 22% of Veteran women and 1% of Veteran men experienced sexual assault or repeated, threatening sexual harassment during their military service. Exposure to traumatic stress has detrimental effects on emotion regulation, which refers to a set of strategies used to modulate different components of emotion at different points on the trajectory of an emotional response. Mindfulness-based interventions offer approaches to health that focus on mind and body practices that can help regulate the experience and expression of difficult emotions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an evidence-based therapy shown to be effective for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. This article discusses the rationale for providing MBSR to Veterans who have been exposed to MST. The article also di...
Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm: Comparative Larval Populations and Insecticidal Control on Sweet Corn in Florida

Ten insecticides, singly or in combination, were evaluated on the ears of sweet corn during 1973–75 for effectiveness in controlling the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The fall armyworm was the more abundant species. Compared to highly effective methomyl as a standard, the following compounds gave good worm control when used alone: chlorpyriphos, leptophos, tetrachlorvinphos, and Bay NTN 9306 ( O -(4-(methylthio)-phenyl) S -propylphosphorodithioate). TH 6040 (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea) at 0.2 lb AI/acre, or FMC 33297 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±) cis-trans -3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) at 0.15 lb were inadequate. Toxaphene was not very effective when used singly but gave good control when combined with methomyl or methyl parathion; chlordimedant form was of little value when used with toxaphene. A combination spray containing only 0.125 Ib AI/acre of each methomyl and chlordimeform appears very promising for controlling both insect species as it was highly effective in the spring and fall.
Nanosecond-Regime Correlation Time Scales for Equilibrium Protein Structural Fluctuations of Metal-Free Cytochrome c from Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy and the Dynamic Stokes Shift

We used picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the fluorescence Stokes shift (FSS) response function of metal-free (or free-base, fbCytc) cytochrome c under the solution conditions that favor the native states of ferricytochrome c (FeCytc) and Zn II-substituted cytochrome c (ZnCytc). The intrinsic porphyrin chromophore serves in these experiments as a fluorescent probe of the structural fluctuations of the surrounding protein and solvent. Demetalation of the porphyrin destabilizes the folded structure of cytochrome c owing to the loss of the axial metal-histidine and metal-methionine bonds. Thus, these experiments examine how the time scales detected in a dynamic solvation experiment in a chromoprotein report changes in the character of motion. The FSS response function in fbCytc in water and pH 7 is well described by a biexponential response over the 100 ps to 50 ns regime with time constants of 1.4 and 9.1 ns; under similar conditions, ZnCytc exhibits a biexponential FSS resp...
Selection for Body Weight at Eight Weeks of Age.19. Influences of Heterozygosity and Dwarfism on Early Egg Production and Associated Traits

Abstract Body weight, body components, and reproductive traits were compared during the first 60 days after onset of lay in pullets from lines of White Plymouth Rocks selected for high or low juvenile body weight, their reciprocal F1 crosses, an F2 cross, and dwarfs from the parental lines. Absolute and relative body weight gains were less for dwarf than for nondwarf pullets in the high weight line. In the low weight line, there were differences in absolute but not relative weight gains. Among nondwarfs, both relative and absolute changes in body weight during the first 60 days of lay were similar for crosses and the high weight parental line, and considerably less for the low weight parental line. Numbers of ovulation were the same for the crosses and the high weight parental line, however, more normal eggs were produced by F1 crosses than either parental line. Rate of production was influenced mainly by variation in body weight at onset of lay in the high weight nondwarfs and low weight dwarfs, and by age at first egg in low weight nondwarf pullets. None of the independent variables had a significant association with normal egg production in crosses and high weight dwarf populations.
Tragedy into policy: a quantitative study of nurses' attitudes toward patient advocacy activities.

Background In 2007 and 2008, 115 patients were found to be either certainly or presumptively infected with the hepatitis C virus through the reuse of contaminated medication vials at two southern Nevada endoscopy clinics. A subsequent joint investigation by federal and state agencies found multiple breaches of infection control protocols. There was also strong anecdotal evidence that among clinic staff, unsafe patient care conditions often went unreported because of a general fear of retaliation. At the request of the Nevada legislature's Legislative Committee on Health Care, a study was conducted to examine Nevada RNs' experiences with workplace attitudes toward patient advocacy activities. This article presents the study findings and reviews how one public health tragedy led to the creation of effective health care policy. Methods A study questionnaire was developed and tested for reliability and validity. Questionnaires were then sent to an initial sample of 1,725 Nevada RNs, representing 10% of all RNs in the Nevada State Board of Nursing database with active licenses and current Nevada addresses. Results The response rate was modest at 33% (564 respondents). Of those who responded, 34% indicated that they'd been aware of a patient care condition that could have caused harm to a patient, yet hadn't reported it. The most common reasons given for nonreporting included fears of workplace retaliation (44%) and a belief that nothing would come of reports that were made (38%). Conclusions The study findings underscore the need for a shift in organizational culture toward one that encourages clear and open communication when patient safety may be in jeopardy. These findings were ultimately used to support the passage of whistleblower protection legislation in Nevada. Keywords Las Vegas hepatitis C outbreak, patient advocacy, whistleblower.
Chemotherapy of Bladder Carcinoma with Cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin

AbstractWe assigned 49 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to 1 of 3 groups: 21 patients (group 1) received cyclophosphamide alone, 10 patients (group 2) received adriamaycin alone and 18 patients (group 3) received cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. The objective responses were 52.3 per cent in group 1, 10 per cent in group 2 and 50 per cent in group 3. These results suggest a significant activity of the drugs (especially in groups 1 and 3) tested in bladder cancer.
Automated information technology in Air Force optometry.

Background Military optometry is experiencing changes at an unprecedented rate. Despite decreased staffing and budgets, the military must deal with more complicated deployment requirements as it takes on more humanitarian missions. New and emerging technologies, particularly automated information systems, will enhance its ability to meet these challenges. Methods Workgroups consisting of Army, Navy, and Air Force optometrists are developing operational strategies to meet future demands, employing 1) analysis to identify opportunities for business process improvement, 2) software prototyping to elicit and test automated system concepts and 3) functional economic analysis to evaluate the costs and benefits of automated information technologies. Results The workgroups have developed an operational concept that incorporates the development of a comprehensive Defense Vision Information System (DVIS). The DVIS is an automated information system that supports five general functional areas: 1) deployment readiness, 2) clinical examinations, 3) vision conservation (preventive medicine), 4) resource management, and 5) expert referencing. A full-scope DVIS will require integration with other military systems such as personnel, logistics, and existing hospital information systems. Conclusions Technology will enable the military to expand the scope and nature of optometry services through automation. The ultimate goal of automation is to support providers through efficient clinical operation and quick access to quality information for decision making. Eye care providers and patients will benefit as we use technology to optimize quality and cost effectiveness in the wartime and peacetime delivery of primary eye care.
Single-pion production in p ¯ p interactions near threshold

Results are reported on the reaction $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{N}N\ensuremath{\pi}$ at center-of-mass energies of 2.063, 2.094, and 2.114 GeV. The cross sections for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production at these energies are 22 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 7, 35 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 9, and 126 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 26 \ensuremath{\mu}b; those for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ production are 20 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 7, 41 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10, and 79 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 20 \ensuremath{\mu}b and 16 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 6, 43 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10, and 47 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 16 \ensuremath{\mu}b, respectively. The cross section obeys the energy dependence of phase space and joins smoothly onto data at higher energies. The cross section as a function of energy is relatively well fitted by a calculation based on current-algebra predictions of soft-pion emission. Resonance production is small, but there is a possible $I=1$ enhancement which may be the $S(1930)$. Our highest energy $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{p}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ channel may proceed approximately 50% through $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)\overline{p}+\overline{\ensuremath{\Delta}}(1236)p$. Predicted nonstrange exotic mesons coupled preferentially to $\overline{N}N$ and $\overline{N}N\ensuremath{\pi}$ are not seen.
A Class of Models for Mutual Entrainment of an Ensemble of Neurons

In the preceding chapter, the question has been raised: How can the Orcadian wake-sleep rhythm be so precise in its timing? A possible answer to this question, to be considered here, is that one might be able to construct a very reliable pacemaker out of an array of cellular components which are individually far less reliable: units which are very erratic in their cycle-to-cycle behavior, and which, while similar to each other in basic functioning, differ appreciably one from another in their quantitative characteristics. If a precise pacemaker is to emerge from the behavior of a heterogeneous ensemble of “sloppy” cellular elements, those components must interact with each other in some sort of a nonadditive fashion, and this chapter is ultimately concerned with a formulation of how coupling of that sort might take place. As a necessary prelude to that formulation, however, we must consider in some detail the behavior of the erratic elements of which the ensemble is composed, when they are acting in complete independence of each other.
Chemistry of Sustainable Energy

Understanding the chemistry underlying sustainable energy is central to any long-term solution to meeting our future energy needs. Chemistry of Sustainable Energy presents chemistry through the lens of several sustainable energy options, demonstrating the breadth and depth of research being carried out to address issues of sustainability and the gl
Conjugated Dynamic Modeling on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery With Non-Constant Variance for Renewable Power Plant Applications

A parametric modeling study has been carried out to investigate the effect of change in operating conditions on VRFB performance. The objective of this research is to develop a computer program to predict the dynamic behavior of single cell VRFB combining fluid mechanics, reaction kinetics, and electric circuit. This paper deals with the exact solutions obtained by solving the governing differential equations of VRFB by using Maple 2015. Calculations were made under electrolyte concentrations of 1M–3M of V2+, charging-discharging current of 1.85A–3.85A, and tank to cell ratio of 5:1 to 10:1. Results show that the discharging time increases from 2.2 hours to 6.7 hours when the value of electrolytes concentration of V2+ increases from 1M to 3M. However, the charging time decreases from 6.9 hours to 3.3 hours with the increment of applied current from 1.85A to 3.85A. Additionally, when the tank to cell ratio is increased from 5:1 to 10:1, the charging-discharging time increased from 4.5 hours to 8.2 hours. Ampere-hour capacity of the cell was found to increase when molar concentration of vanadium and, tank to cell ratio were increased.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity

International agreements mandate the expansion of Earth's protected-area network as a bulwark against the continued extinction of wild populations, species, and ecosystems. Yet many protected areas are underfunded, poorly managed, and ecologically damaged; the conundrum is how to increase their coverage and effectiveness simultaneously. Innovative restoration and rewilding programmes in Costa Rica's Area de Conservacion Guanacaste and Mozambique's Parque Nacional da Gorongosa highlight how degraded ecosystems can be rehabilitated, expanded, and woven into the cultural fabric of human societies. Worldwide, enormous potential for biodiversity conservation can be realized by upgrading existing nature reserves while harmonizing them with the needs and aspirations of their constituencies.
High-Density Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

Recent advances in spinal cord stimulation have resulted in new stimulation platforms, which hold great promise in expanding the capabilities of implantable neuromodulation, to produce analgesia for a wider array of patients and patient syndromes. Traditionally, tonic stimulation at low frequencies has resulted in improved analgesia and function for those suffering from neuropathic pain syndromes to include neuropathy, failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and angina/vascular insufficiency. Multiple attempts to improve analgesia for those suffering from mechanical or nociceptive pain with stimulation have proven elusive. The application of higher frequency rates in spinal cord stimulation has, in preliminary work, shown promise for low back pain, while maintaining efficacy for neuropathic pain syndromes. This chapter examines one of the theories put forth regarding new stimulation platforms, specifically that frequency alone is not the critical concept, but the combination of pulse width, frequency, and amplitude resulting in increased charge delivery to the target tissue may be key in understanding how to provide better analgesia to patients with nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
Invasive Breast Cancer Therapy 2017: How Well Are We Hitting the Target?

Invasive breast cancer is a major cause of death due to cancer for American women. Progress against this disease has only been achieved through a better understanding of the cellular and molecular aspects of breast cancer. To begin with cancer of the breast is not just a loco-regional control issue. In fact, metastatic disease from invasive breast cancer is not a one-way street in that metastases metastasize and send clusters of tumor cells that migrate to other sites of the disease including back to the primary tumor. Since invasive breast cancer at diagnosis is a systemic disease, adjuvant therapy has been initially started with relatively nonselective cytotoxic agents and latter with the use of endocrine therapy. The response rate to endocrine therapy improved once we knew which cancers expressed the actionable target. Endocrine therapy was the first targeted therapy but resistance to it is common in the adjuvant setting and essentially universal in the metastatic setting. Use of everolimus and palbociclib to interdict additional signaling pathways are proof positive that new-targeted agents can overcome resistance to endocrine therapy. In the adjuvant setting the risk of a patient’s having metastatic disease can be approximated by knowing the histological type of breast cancer, size of invasive component of the primary, presence or absence of lymph node or lymphovascular space involvement, the degree of histological atypia, the presence or absence or estrogen, progesterone or Her-2 neu and the patient’s menopausal status. Her-2 neu positive breast cancers have been converted from the most aggressive tumors to very curable cancers in the adjuvant setting by the use of Her-2 neu specific antibodies, such as trastuzumab, to the cell surface portion of the molecule. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy has been further refined on 2 fronts. First, smaller estrogen positive node negative breast cancers benefit from tamoxifen and some benefit more or less from additional therapy with chemotherapy based on the use of predictive models. For larger node positive breast cancers, adjusting the schedule of mostly S-phase cytotoxic chemotherapy to account for tumor cell growth kinetics has improved overall survival. Unfortunately, triple negative breast cancers lack a defined actionable target. Thus, the poorer survival in this group is not understood despite the initial good response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Refinements in the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel by using an albumin carrier have also proved beneficial to patients with metatstatic breast cancer. Additional refinements in drug carriers or other delivery systems should help in the care of those with metastatic disease. Only by accounting for the tumor’s cellular biology, growth kinetics, and the targeted drug’s pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics will blocking or overcoming resistance to targeted therapy be accomplished.
Liver Regeneration in the Acute Liver Failure Patient.

Liver regeneration after simple resection represents a unique process in which the organ returns to its original size and histologic structure. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in elucidating the mechanisms associated with regeneration after loss of hepatic mass. Liver regeneration after acute liver failure shares several of these classical pathways. It differs, however, in key processes, including the role of both differentiated and stemlike cells. This article outlines these differences in addition to new molecular mechanisms, including immunomodulation, microRNAs, and the gut-liver axis. In addition, applications to the patient population, including prognostication and stem cell therapies, are explored.