cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of the O Antigen from Citrobacter 139

Abstract The biosynthesis of the O antigen of Citrobacter 139 (Escherichia coli 3 Zurich 4,5,12:z20) was shown to proceed through a series of lipid-linked intermediates, similar to those involved in O-antigen synthesis in Salmonella. Galactose was the first sugar incorporated, followed by rhamnose and mannose. Abequose was incorporated from cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-abequose only when all three of the other nucleotide sugars (uridine diphosphate galactose, guanosine diphosphate mannose, and thymidine diphosphate rhamnose) were present. Rhamnosyl-galactosyl 1-phosphate and mannosyl-rhamnosyl-galactosyl 1-phosphate were identified as the products of mild alkaline hydrolysis of the lipid-linked intermediates.
Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 mRNAs from genital condylomata acuminata.

We have identified and mapped a number of RNA species of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 from condylomata acuminata by the electron microscopic R-loop technique. Each of the early (E)- and late (L)-region open reading frames (ORFs) deduced from the DNA sequences was represented in one or more transcripts. In addition, RNA species that could encode the modulator of DNA replication and the repressor of transcription, functions recently identified in the genetically similar bovine papillomavirus type 1, were also detected. Some ORFs were 5' proximal in one or more transcripts, whereas others were not 5' proximal in any species, suggesting that internal initiation of translation might be required to gain access to these latter ORFs. Virtually all transcripts had their 5' ends located in the E region and were polyadenylated at one of two sites, i.e., at the end of the E region or at the end of the L region. The great majority of the RNAs were derived from the E region of the genome, with one species approximately 50 to 100 times more abundant than the others. For most of the RNAs, the 5' end mapped near nucleotide 700; minor populations had 5' ends near nucleotide 100 or 1200. By correlating our mapping data with the genomic DNA sequences as well as available RNA structures and cDNA sequences of several papillomaviruses, we predict a number of mRNA splice donor and acceptor sites and suggest that the papillomaviruses have sophisticated usage of ORFs through alternative promoters, mRNA splice sites, and polyadenylation sites.
Positively Charged Oligo[Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Fumarate] Scaffold Implantation Results in a Permissive Lesion Environment after Spinal Cord Injury in Rat

Positively charged oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] (OPF+) scaffolds loaded with Schwann cells bridge spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions and support axonal regeneration in rat. The regeneration achieved is not sufficient for inducing functional recovery. Attempts to increase regeneration would benefit from understanding the effects of the scaffold and transplanted cells on lesion environment. We conducted morphometric and stereological analysis of lesions in rats implanted with OPF+ scaffolds with or without loaded Schwann cells 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after thoracic spinal cord transection. No differences were found in collagen scarring, cyst formation, astrocyte reactivity, myelin debris, or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) accumulation. However, when scaffold-implanted animals were compared with animals with transection injuries only, these barriers to regeneration were significantly reduced, accompanied by increased activated macrophages/microglia. This distinctive and regeneration permissive tissue reaction to scaffold implantation was independent of Schwann cell transplantation. Although the tissue reaction was beneficial in the short term, we observed a chronic fibrotic host response, resulting in scaffolds surrounded by collagen at 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that an appropriate biomaterial scaffold improves the environment for regeneration. Future targeting of the host fibrotic response may allow increased axonal regeneration and functional recovery.
The intellectual structure and interdisciplinary breadth of Knowledge Management: A bibliometric study of its early stage of development

This study explores the intellectual structure and interdisciplinary breadth of Knowledge Management in its early stage of development. Intellectual structure is established by a principal component analysis applied to an author co-citation frequency matrix. The author co-citation frequencies were derived from the 1994-1998 academic literature and captured by the single search phrase of “Knowledge Management.” Four factors were labeled Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning, Knowledge-based Theories, and The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Organizations. The interdisciplinary breadth surrounding Knowledge Management mainly occurs in the discipline of management. Empirical evidence suggests that the discipline of Computer Science is not a key contributor as originally hypothesized.
Multiobject Spectroscopy of Young Star Clusters in NGC 4676

Galaxy interactions are known to trigger starbursts. The young star clusters formed in mergers may be young globular clusters. The ages of these young star clusters yield the timing of interaction-triggered star formation and provide an important way to reconstruct the history of merging galaxies. Here we present the first results from our investigation into age and metallicity of 12 young clusters in the merging galaxy pair NGC 4676, using spectra from the multiobject Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) on Keck. For 10 clusters, comparison of the Balmer emission lines with model equivalent widths (EWs) yields ages less than 10 Myr. Two spectra display Balmer absorption lines typical of star clusters dominated by A-type stars, with estimated ages of about 170 Myr. These ages are comparable to the dynamical age of the tidal tails and are consistent with star formation triggered during the first passage of the pair. The locations of these two clusters in the tidal tails are generally consistent with predictions of shock-induced star formation models. One of these older objects appears unresolved on the image and is luminous enough to qualify as a young globular cluster. Using EWs of the diagnostic lines [O II] and [O III], we obtain oxygen abundances in the range 7.3 < 12 + log(O/H) < 9.0. These values show a nearly flat distribution along the northern tail, suggesting efficient gas mixing in the tail.
Characterization of single biological membranes at the solid–liquid interface by X-ray reflectivity

Abstract We demonstrate that 18 keV X-rays can be used to perform reflectometry on single, phospholipid bio-membranes at the solid–liquid interface. Two different membrane systems were investigated; a single component, fluid phase membrane of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and a two component, predominantly gel phase membrane composed of 1:9 1,2-dilauryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC):1,2-distearyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC). The increased dynamic range of X-ray reflectivity over comparable neutron reflectivity measurements enabled the density distribution of the membranes to be determined with much greater precision. The increased resolution allowed subtle features in membrane structure and leaflet segregation to be revealed. Previously, characterization of biomimetic structures normal to a “buried” interface was the domain of neutron reflectivity.
Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulent Flows in Locally Constricted Conduits: A Comparison Study

In numerous internal flow systems the velocity field can undergo all flow regimes, that is, from laminar, via transitional, to fully turbulent. Considering two test conduits with local constrictions, four turbulence models, with an emphasis on low-Reynolds-number (LRN) turbulence models, were compared and evaluated. The objective was to identify a readily available LRN turbulence model with which incompressible laminar-to-turbulent velocity and pressure fields in complex three-dimensional conduits can be directly computed. The comparison study revealed that the renormalization group (RNG) κ-e and Menter κ-ω models amplify the flow instabilities after tubular constrictions and hence fail to capture the laminar flow behavior at low Reynolds numbers
Pompeii on the Mississippi: The View From New Orleans

Hurricane Katrina's landfall on August 29, 2005, has had a profound affect on the lives of everyone living in coastal Louisiana and Mississippi. Leaving behind a vast swath of destruction and many dead, the storm has reshaped lives, careers, and perspectives. This article is largely a personal statement about a university professor's experience of teaching a course on Pompeii in post-Katrina New Orleans. For 6 years she has taught a course on the material culture and lives of the Romans at Pompeii. Lecturing on the destruction of that city in January 2006, less than 3 weeks after her own return to New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, led her to consider what lessons might be gained from Pompeii and other past disasters. The article shares this professor's experience in teaching a freshman orientation course that attempts to understand Hurricane Katrina within a historical framework, examining past catastrophic events in urban areas and developing new approaches to the Pompeii course, linking it to the Katrina disaster and New Orleans' recovery. The author offers some brief comments on an aspect of the public discourse about Katrina, the comparison of New Orleans' disaster with the destruction of Pompeii.
cis-Platinum-induced hypomagnesemia and peripheral neuropathy

From January 1980 to September 1981, sixty-nine gynecologic oncology patients received cis-platinum at 4-week intervals. Serum magnesium was drawn prior to cis-platinum administration and then at regular intervals thereafter. cis-Platinum toxicity, especially peripheral neuropathy, was monitored closely. Forty-one patients developed hypomagnesemia; thirty-one of these patients developed signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. None of the sixteen patients with normal serum magnesium levels demonstrated any evidence of neurotoxicity. Peripheral neuropathy was the major dose-limiting factor. Variables related to hypomagnesemia and peripheral neuropathy were analyzed in this patient population. It was concluded that cis-platinum-induced hypomagnesemia, as well as peripheral neuropathy, were dependent on the total dose received by a patient.
Differential Stark shifts in the hydrogen maser

The theory of the Stark shift of hydrogen ground-state hyperfine levels has been tested at the 2.4% level of accuracy in a hydrogen maser. The quadratic-Stark-shift coefficient for the hyperfine-transition frequency was experimentally found to be delta..nu.. x 10/sup -14/ Hz (V/m)/sup -2/, where the electric field was perpendicular to the axis of quantization. The quoted uncertainty corresponds to one standard deviation. The uncertainty has contributions from the statistics of the data and from systematic effects. A number of possible sources of systematic error or unwanted frequency shifts has been tested. The theoretically predicted coefficient delta..nu.. x 10/sup -14/ Hz (V/m)/sup -2/ is in reasonable agreement with the present experimental result.
Self-consistent calculation of electron density in a two-channel modulation-doped structure

Abstract A method of self-consistent calculation of energy levels, electron density and conduction band-edge profile is described. Schrodinger's equation is solved by using a variational approach that reduces it to a matrix equation. The solution of the matrix eigenvalue problem gives all the solutions and eigenenergies for a given conduction band-edge profile. Poisson's equation is then solved to get the new profile and the procedure is repeated till convergence is reached. The results of application of this method to two structures are described. One is a single-channel modulation-doped structure and the other is a two-channel modulation doped structure. The calculation is carried out for the AlGaAs-GaAs material system. The implications of this calculation on device performance are pointed out. The two-channel structure is expected to result in higher drain currents but about the same transconductance value as the single-channel structure. Possible complications in applying this procedure to more complex structures are discussed.
Increasing and decreasing protein stability: Effects of revertant substitutions on the thermal denaturation of phage λ repressor

The thermal denaturations of five revertant lambda repressors containing single amino acid substitutions in their N-terminal domains have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Two substitutions slightly decrease stability, and the remaining three render the protein more stable than wild type. The Gly48----Asn and Gly48----Ser proteins are 4 degrees C more stable than wild type. These two substitutions replace an alpha helical residue, and in each case a poor helix forming residue, glycine, is replaced by a residue with a higher helical propensity. We also present data showing that one revertant, Tyr22----Phe, has reduced operator DNA binding affinity despite its enhanced stability.
Biochemistry. Single-handed cooperation.

Our bodies use only 'left-handed' amino acids and 'right-handed' sugars. Hints are now emerging on how this handedness evolved and how cooperativity among like-handed molecular components came about.
The integrity mindset: an obligation to ourselves and others.

Scientists and scholars should cultivate and maintain an integrity mindset. This involves the ability to build habits consciously to counteract systematic cognitive errors that undermine effective decision making. Both individuals and institutions need these habits to support ethical well-being of teaching and research in a system that has some dysfunctional elements that can be seen to reward questionable or selfish conduct that undercuts achieving the highest standards of integrity. Key junctures at which to develop an integrity mindset include: framing questions in designing experiments; critiquing students; sharing results with collaborators; writing up work for publication; pursuing disagreements with others; and assessing allegations of improper practice or misconduct. When we teach and talk about the responsible conduct of research, including discussing straightforwardly the places the formal and hidden curricula deviate from each other, we must do so in the integrity mindset.
Interfacial Events Associated with Case II Diffusion in the Poly(Methylmethacrylate)/CH3OH System:

Surface plasmon (SP) resonance measurements were used to monitor Case II swelling events in the poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)/CH3OH system on the nanometer-length scale. A simple one-dimensional swelling model effectively correlates measured shifts in SP angular resonance positions to instantaneous film thickness, z, and permeant volume fraction, p. Swelling motions in continuous polymer films less than 10 nm in thicknesses are easily resolved. Permeant molecules are incorporated at the PMMA interface by a mechanism consistent with a modified Thomas-Windle (TW) model. Temperature differences in sorption kinetics are interpreted in terms of differences in how the elongational viscosity of PMMA depends on temperature. Efflux profiles show evidence of a two-part sample reconstruction process from the rubbery to the glassy state, in which CH3OH leaves the sample rapidly, followed by a slower return of the PMMA chains to their original density. While interfacial swelling motions appear in general form to mirror those of the macroscopic sample surface, measured interfacial penetrant volume fraction values differ from those measured on the macroscopic-length scale in that they exhibit a substantial dependence on sample temperature.
The Effects of a Contingency Contracting Program on the Nocturnal Enuresis of Three Children.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a contingency contracting program to eliminate nocturnal enuresis of three children ages 5 to 12. Methods: The program was implemented...
Transferability and Fine-Mapping of Genome-Wide Associated Loci for Adult Height across Human Populations

Human height is the prototypical polygenic quantitative trait. Recently, several genetic variants influencing adult height were identified, primarily in individuals of East Asian (Chinese Han or Korean) or European ancestry. Here, we examined 152 genetic variants representing 107 independent loci previously associated with adult height for transferability in a well-powered sample of 1,016 unrelated African Americans. When we tested just the reported variants originally identified as associated with adult height in individuals of East Asian or European ancestry, only 8.3% of these loci transferred (p-values≤0.05 under an additive genetic model with directionally consistent effects) to our African American sample. However, when we comprehensively evaluated all HapMap variants in linkage disequilibrium (r2≥0.3) with the reported variants, the transferability rate increased to 54.1%. The transferability rate was 70.8% for associations originally reported as genome-wide significant and 38.0% for associations originally reported as suggestive. An additional 23 loci were significantly associated but failed to transfer because of directionally inconsistent effects. Six loci were associated with adult height in all three groups. Using differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns between HapMap CEU or CHB reference data and our African American sample, we fine-mapped these six loci, improving both the localization and the annotation of these transferable associations.
Abstract A30: Integrated analysis of genomic data and annotations in cancer research

Many cancer researchers are currently generating heterogeneous genomic data sets containing mRNA expression, array based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and other information from multiple patients. In the near future, data sets will likely include proteomics, methylomics, and high throughput sequencing data. Analytical tools that integrate these different data types to prioritize genes for further study have lagged, however. With this in mind, we have implemented a standalone software application that integrates CGH and mRNA expression profiling data. This application implements several different methods to generate ranked lists of genes and genomic regions based on breakpoint frequency, aberration frequency, and the impact of copy number changes on mRNA expression. The software is Java GUI based, with abstracted object models that can be extended as new genomic data types and annotations become available. We used this application to analyze aCGH datasets generated from 22 primary pancreatic tumor xenografts and mRNA expression datasets from 16 of the 22 samples. Genes which were located near a putative breakpoint and whose expression levels were high in a majority of the xenografts samples were considered putative targets. Preliminary IHC analysis of pancreas primary tumor tissue microarrays confirms one of these putative targets, Chemokine (CXC motif) Ligand 5 (CXCL5). By allowing cancer researchers to correlate genomic aberrations with expression data, we believe that this application will generate more meaningful targets for further biomarker identification and/or drug target discovery. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A30.
Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low‐glycaemic index diet? Yes

Summary A reduction in dietary fat has been widely advocated for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications. However, the efficacy of low-fat diets has been questioned in recent years. One potential adverse effect of reduced dietary fat is a compensatory increase in the consumption of high glycaemic index (GI) carbohydrate, principally refined starchy foods and concentrated sugar. Such foods can be rapidly digested or transformed into glucose, causing a large increase in post-prandial blood glucose and insulin. Short-term feeding studies have generally found an inverse association between GI and satiety. Medium-term clinical trials have found less weight loss on high GI or high glycaemic load diets compared to low GI or low glycaemic load diets. Epidemiological analyses link GI to multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors and to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Physiologically orientated studies in humans and animal models provide support for a role of GI in disease prevention and treatment. This review examines the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of a low GI diet, and whether such diets should be recommended in the clinical setting.
Zone Plate Determination of Dominant Wave-Length of Filtered Lamp Light

Use is made of the enormous inverse chromatic aberration of a zone plate to determine the dominant wave-length, so far as the eye is concerned, of the light from a lamp of definite color temperature transmitted through members of a group of gelatin filters. For representative members of the group this wave-length is compared with the center of gravity of the luminosity curve plotted with the aid of the energy distribution of the lamp, the transmission percentages for the filters and the visibility curve for the normal eye.
Source Credibility and Attitude Certainty: A Metacognitive Analysis of Resistance to Persuasion

Recent research (Tormala & Petty, 2002) has demonstrated that when people resist persuasion, they can perceive this resistance and become more certain of their initial attitudes. This research explores the role of source credibility in determining when this effect occurs. In two experiments, participants received a counterattitudinal persuasive message. When participants counterargued this message, they became more certain of their attitudes, but only when it came from a source with high expertise. When the message came from a source with low expertise, resisting it had no impact on attitude certainty. This effect was shown using both a traditional measure of attitude certainty (Experiment 1) and a well-established consequence of certainty—the correspondence between attitudes and behavioral intentions (Experiment 2). In addition, the effect was confined to high elaboration conditions, and occurred even when participants were not explicitly instructed to counterargue. These results are consistent with a metacognitive framework proposed to understand resistance to persuasion.
Process Artifacts Defined as an Aspectual Service to System Models

Process artifacts identified from a process description often implicitly bias and cross-cut the definition of generic services from various tools that assist/automate process activities. The resulting toolsupport is tightly coupled with the process definition it supports, leading to poor adaptability when the required artifacts or process activities evolve/change. This issue is of further concern while providing toolsupport for assisting knowledge-intensive process activities through an interactive exploration of related knowledge-bases. Therefore, our focus is on early separation of process related cross-cutting concerns from generic tool-support services for creating, browsing, accessing, querying, inferencing, and visualizing associated knowledge-bases. We discuss our approach in the context of designing tool support for a system security Certification and Accreditation (C&A) process automation based on service-oriented and aspect-oriented design paradigms.
Effect of cooling rate on lipid crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions.

Abstract The effect of cooling rate on the destabilization of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions was studied as a function of oil content (20% and 40% o/w), homogenization conditions, and crystallization temperatures (10, 5, 0, −5 and −10 °C). The lipid phase was a mixture of anhydrous milk fat and soybean oil, and whey protein was used as the emulsifier. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the crystallization and melting behaviors; while a vertical scan macroscopic analyzer measured the physicochemical stability. Slow cooling rate increased the stability of emulsions with 20% oil. In addition, slow cooling promoted the onset of crystallization and delayed crystal growth. These effects were more significant in emulsions formulated with 20% oil and formulated under processing conditions that resulted in bigger droplet sizes (∼0.9 μm).
An analytic solution for the orbital perturbations of the Venus Radar Mapper due to gravitational harmonics

Hill's variational equations are solved analytically for the orbital perturbations of a spacecraft nominally in an elliptic orbit around a non-spherical body. The rotation of the central planet about its spin-axis is not considered in the analysis. The perturbations are restricted to the planetary gravitational harmonics only. An extremely simple algorithm is derived to transform the spherical harmonic potentials to the orbital coordinate system, and the resulting accelerations are shown to be simply trigonometric functions of the true anomaly. With the principal matrix solution for the differential equations of the adjoint system given in closed form, the orthogonality of the trigonometric functions makes it possible to obtain an analytic solution for the non-homogeneous problem, at intervals of 2 pi in true anomaly. The solution for orbital perturbations can be extended over several revolutions by applying well-known results from Floquet's theory. The technique is demonstrated with results presented on the spacecraft periapsis altitude for the forthcoming Venus Radar Mapper Mission.
Detection of desialylated forms of human chorionic gonadotropin

Urinary forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with oligosaccharides deficient in sialic acid content (ashCG) have been reported to be excreted by patients with choriocarcinoma in greater amounts than by healthy, pregnant women. Although ashCG potentially could be a useful marker for the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, the methods previously used for its detection were not suitable for routine clinical application. Therefore, we have devised a simpler method which can provide specific and sensitive measurements of ashCG in urine. This method, which is designated as a lectin-immunoradiometric assay (LIRMA), employs an agarose-coupled lectin to selectively extract the ashCG, which is then quantified directly with a purified and radiolabelled rabbit antibody. The LIRMA has been applied to demonstrate that there is an increased excretion of ashCG by choriocarcinoma patients. It is also applicable, in principle, for the study of any glycoprotein which has a reduced content of sialic acid in its carbohydrate side chains.
Interferometry for the evaluation of the dynamical optical and mechanical properties of transparent materials

Abstract A theory is developed which leads to an interferometric method for determining the dynamic ratio, Poisson's ratio to the modulus of elasticity, and the dynamic stress-optical coefficients of transparent plates, both during the same set of tests and without attaching mechanical or electrical sensors on the surface of the specimen. The method requires a monochromatic light source, that is, a parallel beam is directed perpendicularly to the vicinity of a crack tip which exists in the plate specimen under investigation. The rays impinging on the crack tip are transmitted through the plate and reflected by the two parallel surfaces of the plate. At the same time, because of the variation of the optical path (index of refraction and thickness of the plate) in the said area, the rays are refracted in such a way as to form two caustic surfaces, one by the transmitted and one by the reflected rays. These two caustic surfaces, when intercepted with two opaque screens, provide two strongly illuminated curves of a general epicycloid shape called caustics. The size of the caustics is directly related to the applied load, the material properties and the distance specimen-screen. Their ratio, however, as it is taken at equally distant screens, depends only on the optical and mechanical properties of the material in question. In addition, an interferogram consisting of fringes, as formed from rays reflected by the two surfaces of the plate, is obtained. The fringe number depends on the wavelength of the light source and the optical path. When the plate specimen is loaded, the optical path changes. This results in a change of the fringe number and consequently to a displacement of fringes with respect to a reference point as they are observed on an opaque screen. The ratio of the two caustics, taken during a static test, and the number of displaced fringes per applied load, taken during a dynamic test, provide enough information for the determination of the aformentioned mechanical and optical parameters. Experiments conducted according to the method developed on acrylic plates and for a tensile impulse of total time duration of 600 μsec produced a reduced by 23.5% ratio of Poisson's ratio to modulus of elasticity from the static value and a reduced by 21% stress-optical coefficient from the static value.
Optical and tribological properties of heat-treated diamond-like carbon

Diamond-like carbon, or DLC, films, prepared by the rf plasma decomposition of acetylene, have been deposited at substrate temperatures of 100 to 250 °C, with the substrate at a negative bias of 80 V dc. The DLC films have been annealed in vacuum at temperatures up to 600 °C for 3–4 h. The optical properties of the as-deposited and annealed films have been characterized by ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The wear resistance of the thin DLC films and their friction coefficients have been characterized by a specially designed tribotester. The stresses in the films have also been determined. No significant differences were found between the index of refraction and IR absorption spectra of the as-deposited films, or films annealed at up to 390 °C. The DLC films begin losing hydrogen after annealing above 390 °C and only sp2 bond carbon is observed after annealing at 590 °C. The wear behavior of the as-deposited films was identical for all deposition temperatures. DLC films deposited at 250 °C were more stable and could withstand higher annealing temperatures than films deposited at lower temperatures, and remained wear resistant after annealing at 390 °C.
Comorbidity of Psychiatric Diagnoses with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Childhood Trauma

ABSTRACT Objective This study examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, trauma exposure, gender, and diagnostic comorbidity in a sample of 59 Cambodian young adults (29 male and 30 female) who survived massive trauma as children. Method: Psychiatric diagnoses were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R- Non- Patient version, a structured diagnostic interview, and trauma exposure was measured with a Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Results A significant number of those with PTSD (59%) had one or more additional DSM-III-R Axis I disorders. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were the most common comorbid disorders. Somatoform pain disorder was also found to coexist with PTSD but only among females. Women were also found to have higher levels of both current and lifetime PTSD symptoms. Conclusion Trauma symptoms were related to exposure and exposure was related to age, but age was not related to symptoms. The findings suggest that the significant levels of comorbid diagnoses previously found to exist with PTSD in people traumatized as adults can be found among survivors of massive childhood trauma. Also, the rate of PTSD diagnoses found in this sample 15 years after the trauma of Pol Pot is comparable to findings previously reported in studies of Cambodian youths and shows that the effects of trauma experienced in childhood persist into early adulthood.
Field theory of the two-dimensional Ising model: Conformal invariance, order and disorder, and bosonization.

In this paper we review the critical Ising model by using the properties of conformal invariance. We use the known mapping of the Ising model to a theory of Majorana fermions and recognize that the self-duality property appears as a double degeneracy of the periodic ground state. The Ising model is doubled obtaining an Ashkin-Teller model (two Ising models coupled with a four-spin coupling) at the decoupling point. Using the bosonization technique this model is mapped onto the Gaussian model at a particular value of the temperature (K=1/\ensuremath{\pi}). This allows us to give the expressions for products of order, disorder, and energy operators of both Ising models in terms of operators in the Gaussian model. We compute several correlation functions of order, disorder, energy and spinor operators and show that they reproduce the operator product expansions predicted by conformal invariance. We explicitly discuss the physics by which the correlation functions obtained from the Gaussian model (a theory with conformal anomaly c=1) reproduce those of the Ising model (c=1/2). This provides a proof of Kadanoff and Brown's equivalences and conjectures. We provide a simple prescription to compute all n-point correlation functions at criticality, including mixed correlations of order, disorder, energy, and spinor operators. A bosonized form of the continuum limit of the transfer matrix for the critical Ising model is constructed. It is nonlocal and contains both spin-wave and vortex operators of the Gaussian model.
Electron microscope observations on thick filaments isolated from striated muscle.

The size and appearance of thick filaments isolated in homogenates of rabbit skeletal muscle and the barnacle Balanus aquilia have been examined in the electron microscope. Specimens were prepared for microscopy by negative staining and by critical point drying followed by shadowing with platinum. The filaments from both types of muscle are about 180 A in diameter, but those from the barnacle muscle are several times as long as the filaments from rabbit skeletal muscle. Ultrastructure consisting of about 4–6 longitudinal strands has been observed in both types of filaments. In the specimens prepared by critical point drying, surface detail, attributed to the cross bridges or projections, has been observed, although in some instances the surfaces of the filaments appear to be smooth.
Relation of Temperature to Quantity of Forage Consumed by Chickens on Range

Abstract Marked week-to-week fluctuations in forage consumption by chickens on range have been reported in previous studies (Wood, 1956; and Wood et al., 1958). In attempting to explain these fluctuations such variables as kind of pastures, stage of forage growth and age, sex, breed, and individuality of the ranging bird have all been proffered as contributing factors. It was shown that a considerable quantity of forage may be consumed by some birds on occasion. For example (Wood et al., 1958), 60 grams of fresh bluegrass was recovered from the crop of a 23-week-old White Rock male and 53 grams of ladino clover from a 24-week-old White Rock pullet. On a dry matter basis these amounts represented 33.4% and 35.9% respectively of the total feed intake. Quantities as large as this are, of course, the exception but do indicate that forage may be consumed in substantial amounts. It was discerned further that…
The Structure of the Follistatin:Activin Complex Reveals Antagonism of Both Type I and Type II Receptor Binding

TGF-beta ligands stimulate diverse cellular differentiation and growth responses by signaling through type I and II receptors. Ligand antagonists, such as follistatin, block signaling and are essential regulators of physiological responses. Here we report the structure of activin A, a TGF-beta ligand, bound to the high-affinity antagonist follistatin. Two follistatin molecules encircle activin, neutralizing the ligand by burying one-third of its residues and its receptor binding sites. Previous studies have suggested that type I receptor binding would not be blocked by follistatin, but the crystal structure reveals that the follistatin N-terminal domain has an unexpected fold that mimics a universal type I receptor motif and occupies this receptor binding site. The formation of follistatin:BMP:type I receptor complexes can be explained by the stoichiometric and geometric arrangement of the activin:follistatin complex. The mode of ligand binding by follistatin has important implications for its ability to neutralize homo- and heterodimeric ligands of this growth factor family.
Computing for global development: is it computer science research?

CatePoverty and the associated su erings remain a global challenge, with over a billion people surviving on less than a dollar a day. Technology, applied appropriately, can help improve their lives. Despite some clear examples of technical research playing a key role in global development, there is a question that repeatedly arises in this area: can technologies for developing regions be considered a core area of computer science research? In this note, we examine some of the arguments on both sides of this question, deliberately avoid answering the question itself (for the lack of community consensus), and provide some suggestions for the case where the answer is in the affirmative.
Effects of volume averaging on the line spectra of vertical velocity from multiple-Doppler radar observations

Calculations of the ratio of the true one-dimensional spectrum of vertical velocity and that measured with multiple-Doppler radar beams are presented. It was assumed that the effects of pulse volume averaging and objective analysis routines is replacement of a point measurement with a volume integral. A u and v estimate was assumed to be feasible when orthogonal radars are not available. Also, the target fluid was configured as having an infinite vertical dimension, zero vertical velocity at the top and bottom, and having homogeneous and isotropic turbulence with a Kolmogorov energy spectrum. The ratio obtained indicated that equal resolutions among radars yields a monotonically decreasing, wavenumber-dependent response function. A gain of 0.95 was demonstrated in an experimental situation with 40 levels. Possible errors introduced when using unequal resolution radars were discussed. Finally, it was found that, for some flows, the extent of attenuation depends on the number of vertical levels resolvable by the radars.
Serial assessment of left ventricular chamber stiffness after acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Left ventricular (LV) systolic function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been the subject of detailed studies during the last decade, but diastolic phenomena during and after AMI are less well understood. Recently, it has been shown that early filling deceleration time accurately predicted LV chamber stiffness in an experimental model. To assess changes of LV stiffness after AMI, we studied 116 consecutive patients with 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations 1, 2, 3, 7, 21, and 42 days after AMI. Coronary angiography was performed in 101 patients. For the entire study group, deceleration time decreased nonsignificantly on day 2 and subsequently increased on days 3 (p = 0.001) and 7 (p = 0.036), returning toward initial values afterward. Deceleration time was shorter in large (peak creatine kinase level > 1,000 U/L) versus small infarcts (p = 0.0008) and in patients with anterior versus inferior AMI (p = 0.02); there was no difference between patients with good and poor (⩽45%) ejection fraction. These data indicate that increased LV stiffness can be detected 24 to 48 hours after AMI, but returns to normal within several days. Chamber stiffness is higher in large and anterior infarcts, but appears to be independent of LV systolic function.
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infected individuals

Characterization of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical to the rational design of an effective AIDS vaccine. In this study, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) were found in blood samples from HIV-1-infected individuals. CTL targets were prepared by immortalizing B cells from ten seropositive and six seronegative individuals, and then infecting these cells with recombinant vaccinia viruses containing HIV-1 genes. CTL directed against autologous B lymphoblasts expressing HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were detected in fresh blood samples from eight HIV-1 seropositive subjects, but in no seronegative controls. The effector cells were identified as major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes. Because the HIV-1 pol gene is highly conserved among different isolates and generates both humoral and cellular immune responses, it bears consideration for inclusion in a candidate AIDS vaccine.
The identification and interaction of network, intranetwork, and ephemeral-region magnetic fields

Network magnetic fields are described as the dynamic product of the merging and cancelling of intranetwork fields, ephemeral regions, and the remnants of active regions. The similarities of these phenomena with solar magnetic features are pointed out. The intranetwork magnetic fields are characterized by the flow of successive fragments in approximately radial patterns away from their apparent source sites.
Protection Against Diabetogenic Action of Alloxan.

SummaryIn the present study the following compounds offered protection against the diabetogenic action of alloxan: nicotinamide, benzamide, propylene glycol, N-propyl and isopropyl alcohols. The modes of action of these compounds are as yet unknown.
Advanced Endodermal Sinus Tumor With Contralateral Dermoid Tumor During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Summary Objective An endodermal sinus tumor (EST) of the ovary and a contralateral dermoid cyst occur rarely in pregnancy. Alternative treatment for reducing the long-term sequelae in both the mother and fetus should be considered during pregnancy. Case Report At 27 weeks of gestation, a patient was diagnosed with advanced EST, FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage IIIc, by magnetic resonance imaging and surgery. Following optimal debulking surgery, three cycles of multi-agent chemotherapy, consisting of 25 mg/m 2 cisplatin and 100 mg/m 2 etoposide on days 1 to 4, were instituted at 21-day intervals. Maternal serum !-fetoprotein and CA125 titers soon returned to normal pregnancy levels. A healthy male infant was delivered at 38 weeks of gestation by cesarean section, after which a second-look laparotomy was performed. The micropathologic findings were negative for malignancy, except that a dermoid tumor of the right ovary was confirmed. Consolidation treatment with two cycles of chemotherapy, consisting of 20 mg/m 2 cisplatin and 100 mg/m 2 etoposide on days 1 to 5 and a total of 30 mg/day of bleomycin on days 6 and 7, was administered at 28- day intervals. The patient had no evidence of disease for 16 months, and her infant son has shown adequate growth and normal development. Conclusion For pregnant women with an EST of the ovary, the optimal treatment modalities might be initial optimal debulking surgery followed by alternative chemotherapy, and further standard chemotherapy after delivery.
Mixing and moving in the gut

The mammalian intestinal tract when isolated in vitro remains a complex integrated system of musculature, secretory epithelium, blood vasculature, and enteric nervous system that may be influenced by release of mediators from enteroendocrine cells and elements of the enteric immune/inflammatory system. When isolated in vitro the small and large intestine is therefore amenable to study at multiple levels of biological organisation. Stevens et al investigated fluorometric changes in Ca2+ in a window (∼1 mm2) of longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus and presumed network of interstitial cells of Cajal exposed by dissection in a 4 cm-long flat sheet preparation of guinea pig distal colon and extrapolated their observations to mixing and propulsive motility in the whole gut. The results confirm the critical importance of Ca2+ in excitation–contraction coupling in smooth muscle and as a charge carrier in the generation of action potentials in both the muscle and myenteric neurones. Calcium waves, as mentioned in the title, are presumed to be a reflection of the propagation of muscle action potentials and associated muscle contraction. The authors’ descriptions of the spread of the Ca2+ waves in the 1 mm2 patch of tissue and collisions of waves as they spread into the same region from opposite directions show in another format the well known functional syncytial properties of intestinal smooth muscle and cell-to-cell electrical conduction across gap junctions in this tissue. The authors’ …
Chemical potential by gradual insertion of a particle in Monte Carlo simulation

The chemical potential of a fluid can be determined in a Monte Carlo simulation by gradually turning on or off the interaction of one particle with the other particles. This method, which can be employed at densities where a direct use of the Widom formula is impractical, has been tested on a two-dimensional fluid of particles with a Lennard-Jones pair interaction.
Transperineal Photodynamic Ablation of the Canine Prostate

AbstractPurpose: Experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of transperineal interstitial photodynamic therapy on the canine prostate.Materials and Methods: Mongrel dogs were injected intravenously with the photosensitizer, tin (II) ethyl etiopurpurin dichloride. Twenty-four hours later, 2 optical fibers were implanted in 1 hemisphere of the prostate, which was then treated with red light (660 nm.).Results: Acutely, the treated areas showed extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. At 3 and 6 weeks, the treated lobes were largely replaced by fibrous connective tissue.Conclusion: Transperineal photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate in feasible. Further preclinical investigation is warranted to determine the applicability of this approach to the treatment of localized prostate cancer.
Damage tensors and the crack density distribution

Abstract The paper presents an algorithm for the derivation of damage tensors emphasizing its relationship with the actual and approximate crack density distributions. The proposed model is illustrated using scalar, second and fourth order continuous tensor approximations of some typical two and three dimensional crack distributions. It is also shown that the occurrence of regions with negative crack density (anticrack regions) is in many cases a common and as yet unexplored feature of the approximate solutions.
EMG Biofeedback and Exercise for Treatment of Cervical and Shoulder Pain in Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study

Background: Chronic or recurrent musculoskeletal pain in the cervical and shoulder region is a common secondary problem after spinal cord injury (SCI), reported by 30% to 70% of individuals. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training, in addition to a standard exercise program, on reducing shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users with SCI. Methods: Fifteen individuals with SCI, C6 or lower, who were manual wheelchair users with shoulder pain were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interventions. The Exercise group (n = 7) received instruction on a standard home-based exercise program. The EMG Biofeedback plus Exercise group (n = 8) received identical exercise instruction plus EMG biofeedback training to improve muscle balance and muscle relaxation during wheelchair propulsion. Shoulder pain was assessed by the Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) at baseline, at posttest 10 weeks after the start of intervention, and at follow-up 16 w...