cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral distribution of CO2 vibrational states produced by collisions with fast hydrogen atoms from laser photolysis of HBra)

193 nm photofragmentation of HBr molecules in HBr/CO2 mixtures produces energetic (∼2.5 eV) hydrogen atoms which vibrationally excite CO2 molecules via an inelastic translation‐vibration/rotation (T‐V/R) energy exchange process. Prompt infrared emission in the 4.3 μm region has been wavelength resolved, and the spectral energy distribution associated with the excited CO2 product was measured. The emission profile is strongly red shifted from the spectral region of the ν3 (0001–0000) fundamental transition indicating that these energetic collisions preferentially produce combination and overtone levels with oscillator strength in the 4.3 μm region. Cold gas filter studies show that significant emission originates from CO2 bend–stretch excitation compared to pure stretching excitation. Approximately 15% of the emission is due to the 0111–0110 transition while the remaining fluorescence has contributions from levels above the 0111 state. The data are in qualitative agreement with theoretical calculations on O/CO2 collisions employing either quasiclassical trajectory or infinite order sudden methods, but do not agree with predictions based upon either (harmonic oscillator) breathing sphere theory or statistical theory.
A survey of native microbial aggregates on alfalfa, clover and mung bean sprout cotyledons for thickness as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy

Abstract In nature, bacteria are often organized in aggregates or biofilms rather than as solitary cells. Biofilms on inert surfaces have been studied in depth using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) with a variety of fluorescent probes. In contrast, there have been few studies of native microbial aggregates or biofilms on living surfaces, including plants. In this study we used CSLM in combination with the LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ Viability Kit (Molecular Probes Inc.) to determine the thickness of native microbial aggregates on alfalfa, clover and mung bean sprouts purchased from retail outlets. A survey of aggregate thickness was made by use of a 20× dry lens primarily due to its large free working distance, broad field of view and the uneven topography and shape of cotyledon surfaces. Values for measured thickness (z-axis) were corrected based on the point spread function of fluorescent latex spheres (1.98 μm in diameter). Aggregates consisted primarily of live bacteria. Aggregates on mung bean cotyledons were significantly (P 0.05) different for aggregates on clover and alfalfa. Bacteria in fully hydrated aggregates as imaged by CSLM appeared to be less densely packed when compared to sprout surface biofilms imaged previously in our laboratory with conventional scanning electron microscopy techniques, most likely due to the presence of hydrated bacterial exopolymers. Despite a lack of considerable thickness, aggregates and biofilms on plant surfaces may harbor plant and human pathogens making their eradication more problematic and also protect pathogens and native bacteria from adverse environmental conditions.
Approximations to the Non-Central t, with Applications

A mildly conservative but very rapid calculation technique is proposed for problems requiring the use of the Non-central t distribution. Examples and a brief table are provided.
Supreme harmony or supreme disharmony? An analysis of Amy Plantinga Pauw's ‘The Supreme Harmony of All‘: The Trinitarian Theology of Jonathan Edwards

Amy Plantinga Pauw's ‘Supreme Harmony of All’ is the first book-length treatment of Jonathan Edwards's trinitarian theology. She argues that his trinitarian thought embodies the emphases and polarities of the Western psychological model and the Eastern social model of the trinity. Throughout the book she details his doctrines of the immanent and the economic trinity in the contrasting categories of the psychological and the social models of the trinity. She recommends his ‘cobbled’ approach as the only effective way to construct a contemporary trinitarian theology. In contrast, I argue that Edwards consistently used the Augustinian mutual love model. Furthermore, he developed social themes within the mutual love model. His usefulness for contemporary trinitarianism is not to suggest an eclectic method of appropriating conflicting conceptualities, but to challenge the common assumption that Western Augustinian trinitarianism is inherently monistic and must be transcended by recourse to the Eastern trinitarian tradition.
Fresh view of light signal transduction in plants

Through photosynthesis, light provides the energy source for plants and, ultimately, for all living organisms. In response to a fluctuating environment, the nonmotile plant must be able to sense varying light signals and to optimize growth and development. Higher plants possess sophisticated photosensory and signal transduction systems to monitor the direction, quantity, and quality of the light signal and to adjust their growth and development through regulated gene expression at every stage of their life cycle, such as germination, seedling development, and flowering. These light-regulated developmental processes are collectively termed photomorphogenesis. Seedling development of higher plants best illustrates the effect of light on plant development. Seedlingsof dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana are able to follow two distinct strategies of development, skotomorphogenesis in darkness or photomorphogenesis in light (Figure 1). Darkgrown seedlings have long hypocotyls, unopened apical hooks, and undeveloped (small and unopened) cotyledons that contain etioplasts. In contrast, l ight-grown seedlings have short hypocotyls, no apical hooks, open and enlarged cotyledons with developed chloroplasts, and a distinctly different pattern of gene expression from that observed in dark-grown plants. At least three families of photoreceptors, phytochromes (red and far red light), blue light receptors, and ultraviolet (UV) light receptors, are utilized to sense the different light wavelengths, and the signals transduced by these receptors coordinately regulate the transcription of specific genes. This review will focus recent progress in the identification and characterization of key components of the light signaling process that controls seedling development. Owing to space limitations, it will concentrate on the genetic analysis of light signaling in the representative system of A. thaliana. Several excellent recent reviews deal more extensively with the photoreceptor phytochrome (Quail, 1991; Furuya, 1993; Vierstra, 1993) with light regulation of gene expression (Gilmartin et al., 1990; Thompson and White, 1991; Kaufman, 1993) and with photomorphogenic mutations (Chory, 1993). Phytochromes Phytochromes are the best-characterized plant photoreceptors, which in higher plants are encoded by a family of genes (e.g., PHYA, PHYB, PHYC, PHYD, and PHYE in A. thaliana). Also, biochemical evidence indicates that at least two types of phytochromes are present: type I, which accumulates to high level only in dark-grown plants, and type II, which is present in both darkand light-grown plants. On the basis of experiments with specific antibodies, it has recently been shown that type I and II phytochromes are encoded by the PHYA and PHYB genes, M inireview
Growth of olfactory epithelial tissue in vitro: lectin staining of axons.

In vitro methods have been used to study several aspects of development of olfactory epithelium. In this paper, the value of growing olfactory tissue in explant cultures is reviewed and some experiments are reported on the identification of lectin receptors on olfactory axons by the use of lectin-gold complexes. Both concanavalin A-gold (con A-gold) and wheat germ agglutinin-gold consistently decorated olfactory axons in explant cultures. Con A-gold also bound to the tips of growth cone filopodia, suggesting the glycoconjugate molecules containing alpha-methyl-pyranoside are important in adherence of growth cones to their substrate. The wide range in density of lectin-gold particles suggested that axons, and the sensory cells from which they arise, are not a uniform population, i.e., they have different molecular fingerprints. This was supported by the observation that soybean agglutinin-gold stained some axons very well, but others remained unstained. Peanut agglutinin did not bind to any axons.
A mitotically unstable supernumerary chromosome with an accumulation mechanism in a grasshopper.

A population of the grasshopper Calliptamus palaestinensisBdhr. from near Jerusalem, Israel was analyzed cytologically. Twenty-two percent of the males had extra heterochromatic chromosome segments or supernumerary chromosomes. The extra segments were present in either a heterozygous or a homozygous condition and in frequencies similar to those expected according to the Hardy-Weinberg law.
FLUORESCENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHROMOSOME LOCATION AND NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS

Human neutrophil nuclei typically consist of three of four large heterochromatic lobes joined by thin, DNA-containing filaments. In addition, some lobes exhibit appendages of various sizes and shapes. Classical genetic and cytological studies suggest that some appendages contain specific chromsomes. The studies reported here provide the first detailed analysis of the spatial relationship between individual chromosomes and recognizable structures in neutrophil nuclei using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Analysis of DNA sequences in chromosomes 2, 18, X, and Y demonstrate that specific lobes in a population of neutrophil nuclei do not have a fied chromosome content. This result implies that chromosomes partition randomly among lobes during neutrophil differentiation. However, neutrophil nuclear topography is not entirely fortuitous. For instance, none of the sequences probed in this study mapped to a filament and most centromeres lie in clusters near the nuclear periphery. In addition, one of the X chromosome centromeres in females and the Y chromosome centromere in males consistently associate with specific nuclear appendages found in a subset of neutrophil nuclei. Chromosomes 2 and 18 occupy discrete nd separate territories within individual lobes and neither territory ever extends into a filament. Surprisingly, the sizes of these territories are not proportional to chromosome length, suggesting that individual neutrophil chromosomes vary in their degree of compaction. These results are discussed in the light of models that attempt to explain nuclear morphology in terms of chromosome spatial organization.
A numerical investigation of the effects of impurity penetration depth on disruption mitigation by massive high-pressure gas jet

The injection of a high pressure jet of noble gas is one possible approach to mitigating potential disruption damage to tokamaks. The efficacy of this approach given only modest penetration of the gas-jet into the plasma is of particular concern in a high absolute pressure device, like Alcator C-Mod (Hutchinson I.H. et al 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 1511) or ITER. To investigate the effectiveness of gas-jet penetration to various depths, a simple radiation model based on a corona equilibrium assumption is employed in resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of an Alcator C-Mod plasma. Destabilization of an m = 2/n = 1 mode is key in each case to the onset of stochasticity producing rapid parallel thermal transport to the impurity cooled region just inside the equilibrium boundary (separatrix). Results indicate that a thermal quench is triggered even at very shallow penetration, but penetration of the impurities to the q = 2 surface affords a significant advantage for hastening the quench onset.
Regression of Coronary Atheromatosis in Rhesus Monkeys

Rhesus monkeys subjected to the atherogenic stimulus of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet showed significant coronary atheromatosis at the end of 17 months. Smaller fibrotic lesions with scant stainable lipid were found in animals that were subsequently fed either of two cholesterol-free diets for 40 months. The average cross-sectional area of the lumen was more than 80% greater in regression animals than in monkeys with baseline atherosclerosis. The data support the hypothesis that uncomplicated coronary atheromas may regress in primates in appropriate dietary settings.
Reply by Authors to S. F. Felszeghy and C, D. Bailey

References 1 Smith, D. R. and Smith, C. V., Jr., "When is Hamilton's Principle an Extremum Principle?" AIAA Journal, Vol. 12, Nov. 1974, pp. 1573-76. Hamilton, W. R., "On a General Method in Dynamics," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, 1934, pp. 247-308. Hamilton, W. R., "Second Essay on a General Method in Dynamics," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 125, 1835, pp. 95-144. Yourgrau, W. and Mandelstam, S., Variational Principles in Dynamics and Quantum Theory, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1968,3rd. ed. Bailey, C. D., "A New Look at Hamilton's Principle," Foundations of Physics Vol. 5, No. 3, Sept. 1975, pp. 433-451. Bailey, C. D., "Application of Hamilton's Law of Varying Action," AIAA Journal, Vol. 13, to be published. Bailey, C. D., "The Method of Ritz Applied to the Equation of Hamilton," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1976, to be published. Bailey, C. D., "Exact and Direct Analytical Solutions to Vibrating Systems with Discontinuities," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 44, No. 1, Jan., 1976, to be published. Bailey, C. D., "Hamilton, Ritz and Elastodynamics," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, to be published.
Commonsense reasoning with rules, cases, and connectionist models: a paradigmatic comparison

Abstract The paper attempts to explore high-level connectionist models for approximate commonsense reasoning from a broad perspective, investigating their connections to two other prominent paradigms: rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning. High-level connectionist models, especially the CONSYDERR architecture, are studied in light of these paradigms. Four criteria are hypothesized regarding these models, and it is concluded that models for approximate commonsense reasoning not only must take into account the conceptual and subconceptual distinction but also make use of the interaction between the two. A related issue is that such models should take into account realistic substrate constraints.
Characterization of a continuous smooth muscle cell line derived from rabbit aorta.

A spontaneously arising continuous cell line (Rb-1) derived from collagenase-elastase digested rabbit aorta has been propagated in vitro for over 100 passages. During this period, the Rb-1 cells remained spindle-shaped and formed regularly oriented parallel bundles. After Passage 50, Rb-1 cells were found to the serum-independent in their growth and reached higher saturation density than rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells. Alpha-actin and desmin filaments were detected by immunostaining in Rb-1 cells and early passage of rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells. The proportion of alpha-actin transcripts in Rb-1 cells was lower than that of transcripts for beta- and gamma-actins. The modal chromosome number was maintained at 44 between Passages 11 and 60, and two marker chromosomes were constantly present Infection of Rb-1 cells with two strains of herpes simples virus type 1 resulted in high titers of virus, whereas a herpes simplex virus type 2 temperature-sensitive mutant replication only at the permissive temperature. The Rb-1 cell line could be used for the study of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and their interaction with viruses.
Intrinsic ultracontractivity and eigenfunction estimates for Schrodinger operators

Let D be a domain in RN, n ⩾ 2, and let H = H0 + V, where H0 is a divergence form uniformly elliptic operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions and V is in the Kato class. Intrinsic ultracontractivity is proved for the semigroup of H when D is Holder domain of order 0 or a uniformly Holder domain of order α for 0 < α < 2. For every α ⩾ 2, there exists a uniformly Holder domain of order α for which the Dirichlet Laplacian is not intrinsically ultracontractive. For a large class of domains it is shown that the heat kernels for H0 and H decay at the same rate at the boundary. Applications are given to the lifetime of conditioned Brownian motion. Some of our results seem to be new even for smooth domains.
Everything Changes Once you Hang: Flesh Hook Suspension

This article describes flesh hook suspension—the act of hanging the human body from hooks inserted into the skin. Topics addressed are the historical roots of suspending, the setting, experiences of the participants, reasons for contemporary suspending, and descriptions of the pre- and post- event. Data were gather from several sources.
Transcriptional Profiling of Krüppel-like Factor 4 Reveals a Function in Cell Cycle Regulation and Epithelial Differentiation

Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an epithelially enriched, zinc finger-containing transcription factor, the expression of which is associated with growth arrest. Constitutive expression of KLF4 inhibits G1/S transition of the cell cycle but the manner by which it accomplishes this effect is unclear. To better understand the biochemical function of KLF4, we identified its target genes using cDNA microarray analysis in an established human cell line containing inducible KLF4. RNA extracted from induced and control cells were hybridized differentially to microarray chips containing 9600 human cDNAs. In all, 84 genes with significantly increased expression and 107 genes with significantly reduced expression due to KLF4 induction were identified. The affected genes are sorted to several clusters on the basis of functional relatedness. A major cluster belongs to genes involved in cell-cycle control. Within this cluster, many up-regulated genes are inhibitors of the cell cycle and down-regulated genes are promoters of the cell cycle. Another up-regulated gene cluster includes nine keratin genes, of which seven are located in a specific region on chromosome 12. The results indicate that KLF4 is involved in the control of cell proliferation and does so by eliciting changes in expression of numerous cell-cycle regulatory genes in a concerted manner. Furthermore, KLF4 regulates expression of a group of epithelial-specific keratin genes in a manner consistent with a potential locus control region function.
Characterization of an orthorhombic crystal form of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli B.

Abstract Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli have been grown using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant. The space group is P212121 with a = 81.8 A , b = 75.2 A , c = 71.3 A . A dimer of Mr = 40,000 occupies the asymmetric unit.
Diagnostic management of neonatal stroke

In this paper the clinical presentation of neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke (NAIS) and neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (NCSVT) is briefly summarised; then a structured hierarchical diagnostic flow is proposed to discern clinical phenotypes underlying neonatal (ischaemic as well as haemorrhagic) stroke. The diagnostic flow proposed following clinical detection or chance imaging finding is an initial step towards standardisation of the mechanisms leading to stroke. For NAIS the sequence is: infection, trauma, embolism, arteriopathy, other, primary thrombosis and unclassified; for NCSVT the sequence is: infection, trauma, venopathy, other, primary thrombosis and unclassified. Such standardisation should guide attempts at prevention and treatment. The analysis of a retrospective personal cohort of 134 newborn infants with stroke, suggest that-for stroke in general-embolism is the most common identifiable mechanism (25%), preceding trauma (10%) and infection (8%). For NAIS the presence of an embolic phenotype is 33% in this cohort. The designation unclassifiable scored 34% for the entire stroke group, 25% for neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke. Complex arterial stroke, with multiple arteries involved-is regularly seen following embolism, infection and cranial trauma.
Propagation of cosmic ray nuclei above 50 GeV/amu

Abstract It is now well-known that the relative abundance of secondary cosmic ray nuclei which are produced by spallation in interstellar space depends on energies. The mechanism responsible for this energy dependence are not well understood because of the scarcity of data on the cosmic ray composition at energy above 50 GeV/amu. The University of Chicago experiment on the Spacelab-2 flown by the Space Shuttle in 1985 is aimed at the measurement of the elemental composition in this unexplored energy regime. Our latest results on the energy dependence of the secondary to primary abundance ratio using the pairs of elements B,C and N,O, are discussed.
Organochlorine pesticide residues in animal feed by cyclic steam distillation.

Etude des taux d'extraction des residus d'organochlores lors du dosage dans des cossettes de betteraves destinees a l'alimentation animale
EVOLUTIONARY REDUCTION OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES: LOSS OF HOST-ALTERNATION IN PEMPHIGUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE).

In a Utah canyon, the aphid, Pemphigus betae, exhibits two life cycles: a cycle involving host-alternation between cottonwood trees and roots of herbaceous plants and a secondarily reduced cycle, in which the cottonwood generations are eliminated so that wingless forms live year round on roots. Relative frequencies of the two life-cycle types vary along a 30-km stretch of the canyon, with the reduced cycle predominating at upper sites. Factors underlying this life-cycle variation were examined with common-garden and transfer experiments. Results showed 1) a facultative increase in production of alternating forms in response to crowding in root colonies, 2) a genetic component to both within- and between-site variation in tendency to produce alternating morphs, and 3) site-specific environmental effects on level of investment in the reduced versus alternating life cycles. Thus, the variation in frequency of life-cycle reduction in this aphid is dependent on a complex of interdependent factors. These include adaptive phenotypic plasticity, microgeographically variable cues affecting mechanisms of morph determination, and genetically based variation in tendency to show reduction versus alternation. Genetic variation between sites corresponds to microgeographic variation in success of life-cycle phases. Where cottonwood hosts are absent (lower elevations) or where the cottonwood phase has low survival (upper elevations), clones tend to produce fewer migrating morphs, as compared to clones from middle elevations, where the cottonwood phase is relatively favorable. Such independence between conditions in alternate phases is a general feature of complex life cycles and can generate strong site-specific selection for permanent life-cycle reduction. Such life-cycle shifts have sometimes been followed by extensive radiations in aphids and other groups.
Determination of the two first non-trivial orientational order parameters in LB films of rod-like molecules by third-order sum frequency mixing

Abstract We demonstrate a new method for investigating orientational order in Langmuir—Blodgett films built from rod-like poly [bis( m -butoxyphenyl) silane] molecules. Two laser beams with different input frequencies ω 1 and ω 2 were collinearly overlapped to generate mixed light at the frequency 2ω 1 +ω 2 using all possible permutations of the beam polarizations. From the independent tensor components of χ( 3 ) (− ω 3 ; ω 1 , ω 1 , ω 2 ) the first non-trivial in-plane order parameters C 2 and C 4 could be deduced with high accuracy. The orientational order could be well described by a two-dimensional diffusion model.
The Effect of Feed-in Tariffs on Renewable Electricity Generation: An Instrumental Variables Approach

While carbon taxes and other market-based instruments are widely regarded as optimal for climate mitigation, political constraints have prevented governments from using them. Instead, narrower instruments, including the feed-in tariff (FIT) for renewable electricity generation, have become popular. However, their causal effect on renewable electricity generation remains subject to uncertainty. We use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of FITs on renewable electricity generation in 26 industrialized countries, 1979–2005. We find that increasing the FIT by one U.S. cent (2000 constant prices) per kilowatt hour increases the percentage change in renewable electricity’s share of the total by 0.11 % points. All else constant, if a country implemented for a decade the sample mean FIT of three U.S. cents, the national share of renewable electricity would increase by 3.3 % points, which is more than the sample mean. In addition to demonstrating that the FIT is an effective way to increase renewable electricity generation, our approach lays the foundation for future studies of the causal effects of renewable energy policies.
Comparative Study of CAD Interrogation Capabilities: Commercial CAD vs. Design Exemplar

The design exemplar has been proposed as an approach to developing a CAD query language based upon an analysis of the design exemplar components, vocabulary, and extensions to support logical connectives. Design engineers create models of design artifacts with commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) solid modeling systems. These systems stop short of providing support for querying and retrieving data from within the CAD data files. The design exemplar data structure and algorithm are offered in this paper as a new tool for interrogation of CAD models. The querying capabilities of a comprehensive commercial CAD system is compared with the querying capabilities of the design exemplar based upon user interaction cues. The results of this comparison indicate that for batch processing of CAD model interrogation, the design exemplar provides, based upon user interaction, a superior and more efficient approach.© 2005 ASME
Rsp5 WW Domains Interact Directly with the Carboxyl-terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II

Abstract RSP5 is an essential gene inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and was recently shown to form a physical and functional complex with RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II). The amino-terminal half of Rsp5 consists of four domains: a C2 domain, which binds membrane phospholipids; and three WW domains, which are protein interaction modules that bind proline-rich ligands. The carboxyl-terminal half of Rsp5 contains a HECT (homologous to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) domain that catalytically ligates ubiquitin to proteins and functionally classifies Rsp5 as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. The C2 and WW domains are presumed to act as membrane localization and substrate recognition modules, respectively. We report that the second (and possibly third) Rsp5 WW domain mediates binding to the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA pol II large subunit. The CTD comprises a heptamer (YSPTSPS) repeated 26 times and a PXY core that is critical for interaction with a specific group of WW domains. An analysis of synthetic peptides revealed a minimal CTD sequence that is sufficient to bind to the second Rsp5 WW domain (Rsp5 WW2) in vitro and in yeast two-hybrid assays. Furthermore, we found that specific “imperfect” CTD repeats can form a complex with Rsp5 WW2. In addition, we have shown that phosphorylation of this minimal CTD sequence on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues acts as a negative regulator of the Rsp5 WW2-CTD interaction. In view of the recent data pertaining to phosphorylation-driven interactions between the RNA pol II CTD and the WW domain of Ess1/Pin1, we suggest that CTD dephosphorylation may be a prerequisite for targeted RNA pol II degradation.
Transcriptional patterns for the thrS-infC-rplT operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The genes coding for threonyl-tRNA synthetase (thrS), translation initiation factor 3 (infC) and ribosomal protein L20 (rplT) are clustered in the Escherichia coli genome. Previous studies had suggested the possibility that the expression of these genes is coupled. The transcriptional events in this operon have now been examined by S1 nuclease mapping and promoter fusion studies. The results indicate that infC-containing mRNAs are initiated from three separate promoters. Two of these are located in the protein-coding region of thrS and one, P12, is the major promoter at all growth rates tested. In addition, there is co-transcription of thrS and infC from the thrS promoter (PT). A single promoter for thrS has been mapped approx. 170 nucleotides upstream from its translation initiation site. Another promoter has been located within the infC-coding region. It is separated from the next downstream gene, rplT, by a transcription end point. However, termination at this region is only 50–70% efficient and transcripts starting at this promoter can read through into rplT. These findings demonstrate that the pattern of transcription in this operon is highly complex and the mRNA levels for each of the genes is determined by a variety of factors, including multiple promoters, co-transcription and readthrough of transcription termination signals.
Identification and quantification of polynuclear aromatic compounds in synthoil by room-temperature phosphorimetry

Abstract Room-temperature phosphorimetry (r.t.p.) is used to identify and quantify polynuclear aromatic compounds in a synthetic fuel (Synthoil). Several trace and major components, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, fluorenes, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, have been identified and determined at concentrations ranging from tens to thousands of parts-per-million. The selectivity of the r.t.p. analysis is greatly improved by using selective heavy-atom perturbation and synchronous excitation scanning.
Free volumes in polystyrene and polyisobutylene

The melt viscosities of polystyrene and polyisobutylene fractions are expressed by a modified Arrhenius (M.A.) temperature equation, η = A exp {B/(T − T0)}, and by a free volume equation, η = A exp 1/{f}, in which f = vf/v, the free volume fraction. Thus, it is assumed that f, as defined, is a linear function of temperature, since f = (T − T0)/B. By this method, the derived “occupied” volume, vs = v −vf, has a temperature dependence which is determined by the temperature coefficients of f and v (i.e., 1/B and αl) and is not related to the experimental αg value for the glass. For polyisobutylene, the temperature coefficient of vs is positive, while for polystyrene it is slightly negative. Possible effects of liquid structure in determining the temperature behavior of vs are suggested. Calculated viscosities and free volume fractions at the glass point, Tg, over a wide range of molecular weight, M, in both polymers lead to the conclusion that the glass transition is primarily an “iso-viscosity” (ηg ≃ 1013 poise), rather than an “iso-free volume”, state. However, in the two polymers, both conditions can exist simultaneously for similar values of M. Thus at equal M,fg = (Tg = T0/B) is about the same for both polymers. For M ≃ 100,000, fg ≃ 0.031. These observations support the view that the glass transition is primarily a kinetic, rather than a thermodynamic, phenomenon. The estimated time dependence of Tg is found to differ in the two polymers at equal M and to vary with M in each case.
Probing Near-Infrared Photorelaxation Pathways in Eumelanins and Pheomelanins

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy readily discerns the two types of melanin pigments (eumelanin and pheomelanin), although fundamental details regarding the optical properties and pigment heterogeneity are more difficult to disentangle via analysis of the broad featureless absorption spectrum alone. We employed nonlinear transient absorption spectroscopy to study different melanin pigments at near-infrared wavelengths. Excited-state absorption, ground-state depletion, and stimulated emission signal contributions were distinguished for natural and synthetic eumelanins and pheomelanins. A starker contrast among the pigments is observed in the nonlinear excitation regime because they all exhibit distinct transient absorptive amplitudes, phase shifts, and nonexponential population dynamics spanning the femtosecond-nanosecond range. In this manner, different pigments within the pheomelanin subclass were distinguished in synthetic and human hair samples. These results highlight the potential of nonlinear spectroscopies to deliver an in situ analysis of natural melanins in tissue that are otherwise difficult to extract and purify.
A protocol for isolating putative Helicobacter pylori from fecal specimens and genotyping using vacA alleles.

Background. This study outlines steps for isolating and culturing Helicobacter pylori from freshly voided fecal specimens and genotyping isolates for vacA alleles. Materials and methods. A family with four H. pylori-infected members participated in this pilot study. Criterion for participation was a positive test for H. pylori by the urea breath test. Fecal specimens from children were taken from a freshly soiled diaper, placed in cold buffer, and prepared for culture in less than 2 hours. Culturing of H. pylori utilized selective culture media and isolates were screened for negative Gram stain, positive catalase and oxidase tests, and positive H. pylori 16S ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Strain types were determined by vacA genotyping. Results. The isolation procedure is relatively simple, although 5–7 days are required for H. pylori culturing. Isolation and purification of DNA eliminated PCR inhibitors and resulted in reliable analyses. All four family members were infected with the same H. pylori strain with a genotype of vacA s1a/m2. Conclusion. This research lays the foundation for developing a routine and direct noninvasive method to detect the presence of H. pylori in fecal specimens. It is especially convenient for diagnosing children and infants, as samples can be obtained from soiled diapers. Culturing H. pylori from fecal samples in certain cases is important for antibiotic resistant studies prior to treating infected patients and for strain genotyping in epidemiological studies to determine transmission.
Specificity of cDNA-expressed human and rodent cytochrome P450s in the oxidative metabolism of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a potent carcinogen, requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P450s (P450s) to electrophilic metabolites that result in DNA modification, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. In this study, we used eight human forms, four rodent forms, and one rabbit form of P450 expressed from recombinant vaccinia or baculovirus vectors to define their specificity for metabolizing DMBA. Of the eight human P450s, 1A1 was the most active (specific activity = 14.7 nmol/min/nmol of P450) in total metabolism of DMBA and showed approximately 6- to 33-fold more activity than other P450s. 2B6, 2C9, and 1A2 were also capable of metabolizing DMBA (2.0–2.5 nmol/min/nmol of P450), whereas 2C8, 2E1, 3A4, and 3A5 exhibited relatively low activities. Among animal P450s, mouse 1A1 exhibited activity similar to that of human 1A1 and had 5.0- to 37-fold more activity than other rodent and rabbit P450s. In regard to enzyme regioselectivity, most human and rodent P450s predominantly formed the 8,9-diol, but human 2B6 and rat 281 preferentially formed the 5,6-diol. In the production of monohydroxymethyl metabolites, all the enzymes yielded more 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7HOM12MBA) than 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7M12HOMBA), except for human 1A1, which presented the reverse selectivity. Human liver microsomes from 10 organ donors were shown to metabolize DMBA and in most circumstances generated the metabolic profile DMBA trans-8,9-dihydrodiol > 7HOM12MBA ≥ DMBA trans-5,6-dihydrodiol ≥ 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene > 7M12HOMBA > DMBA trans-3,4-dihydrodiol. Thus, the combined activity of hepatic microsomal 2C9, 1A2, and 2B6 may contribute to the metabolic activation and the metabolism of DMBA in normal human liver. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Comparison of the uptake and distribution of chromate in rats and mice

The purpose of this study was to evaluate species differences in tissue accumulation of chromium. Rats and mice were orally exposed to Cr(VI) (potassium chromate) via drinking water (8 mg/d/kg body wt for 4 or 8 wk) or by ip injection (0.3 and 0.8 mg/d/kg, for 4 or 14 d). Chromium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and tissues were compared for exposure route and species differences. After oral exposure, irrespective of treatment duration, liver concentrations of chromium were three to four times higher in mice than rats, whereas kidney concentrations were about 50% lower. However, after ip injection, kidney and blood concentrations in rats were two- and four-fold, higher, respectively. Both rats and mice showed high values of Cr concentration in the bone. After single ip injection of Na2 51CrO4; Cr concentrations were higher in the blood of rats than mice both after 24 and 72 h. Red blood cell concentrations of Cr were also greater in rats than mice by approximately threefold, whereas white blood cell Cr concentrations were higher in mice than rats. There was also a twofold greater binding of Cr/μmol of hemoglobin in rats compared to mice. These data indicate that species differences exist for Cr metabolism and that they differ with respect to the route of exposure. These results may be owing to species differences in the reduction of Cr and different binding of Cr to hemoglobin.
Factors associated with reduced yields of delayed plantings of soybean

Field experiments were conducted for four years (1981 to 1984) at Lexington, KY, USA (38° N latitude) to determine the causes of reduced yields associated with delayed plantings of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Five cultivars were planted in mid-May and early July in row spacings ranging from 18 to 89 cm and the plots were irrigated to minimize moisture stress. Yields were significantly reduced by delayed planting because of reductions in the number of seed m−2 and mass seed−1. The yield reduction under irrigation indicates that moisture stress is not a major cause of reduced yields from delayed plantings. The reductions in seed number were associated with lower insolation interception during flowering and pod set and with smaller vegetative mass (g m−2) at growth stage R5 (beginning seed fill). The data suggest that a vegetative mass at R5 greater than that required to intercept 90 % or more of incident insolation is required to maximize seed number. The length of the seed filling period was not affected by planting date. Mass seed−1 was positively related to mean air temperature during seed filling, which suggests that the smaller seed from delayed plantings are a result of the lower temperatures associated with the later maturity.
A Bargaining Model with Incomplete Information

Multiplicity of sequential equilibria is a common problem in bargaining models with incomplete information in which the informed player makes an offer. Most of these equilibria are supported by optimistic conjectures by the uninformed player. This paper re-examines the bargaining model in Rubinstein (1985a, b). Monotonicity restrictions are placed on off-the equilibrium-path beliefs to exclude equilibria supported by optimistic conjectures. Sequential equilibria that survive these restrictions are characterized.
The intermediate filament proteins of rabbit vascular smooth muscle: immunofluorescent studies of desmin and vimentin

The localization of desmin and vimentin in rabbit vascular smooth muscle was studied using the fluorescent antibody technique. Desmin and vimentin were present in the smooth muscle cells of the portal anterior mesenteric vein, renal vein and renal artery. All endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells of the abdominal aorta and main pulmonary artery contained only vimentin. The results suggest that desmin and vimentin are differentially distributed in rabbit vascular smooth muscle and that both may occur in a single blood vessel.
Dual-band filters using complementary split-ring resonator and capacitive loaded half-mode substrate-integrated-waveguide

Novel dual-band bandpass filters are implemented for 3.5GHz and 5.8GHz operation by using the half-mode substrate integrated-waveguide (HMSIW) loaded with a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) and a capacitive metal patch. Forward electromagnetic wave transmission below the characteristic waveguide cutoff frequency is achieved at two arbitrary frequency bands. Relatively independent control of the resonance frequencies, external Q factor and mutual coupling are possible. A dual band resonator and a two-pole miniaturized bandpass filter are demonstrated. The external and internal mutual coupling variations are fully investigated. Full wave structure simulation and measurement results are provided.
Vector potential derivation from scalar potentials

THE AUTHOR recently published Tables of Green's Functions1 for the solution of partial differential equations in rectangular co-ordinates. The Green's Functions, as given in those tables, include only scalar potentials. However, in dealing with the fields due to currents or permanent magnets, vector potentials usually are used. These vector potentials also can be derived from the Tables of Green's Functions as is shown here.
The effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide and glucagon (1-29) on food intake of weanling rats.

Abstract Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and glucagon (GLG) decrease food intake of a number of species. However, the responsiveness of rats to the food intake effects of these peptides may develop differentially due to sex, age and/or developmental state. Male and female weanling rats decreased early dark cycle food intake following the administration of 5 and 10 μg/kg CCK-8 and male rats were more responsive than female rats, p p p
PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE ADAPTATION AND COMPARISON OF IMAGE CODES

We apply a Bayesian method for inferring an optimal basis to the problem of finding efficient image codes for natural scenes. The basis functions learned by the algorithm are oriented and localized in both space and frequency, bearing a resemblance to two-dimensional Gabor functions, and increasing the number of basis functions results in a greater sampling density in position, orientation, and scale. These properties also resemble the spatial receptive fields of neurons in the primary visual cortex of mammals, suggesting that the receptive-field structure of these neurons can be accounted for by a general efficient coding principle. The probabilistic framework provides a method for comparing the coding efficiency of different bases objectively by calculating their probability given the observed data or by measuring the entropy of the basis function coefficients. The learned bases are shown to have better coding efficiency than traditional Fourier and wavelet bases. This framework also provides a Bayesian solution to the problems of image denoising and filling in of missing pixels. We demonstrate that the results obtained by applying the learned bases to these problems are improved over those obtained with traditional techniques.
Processing and characterization of aluminum-based nanothermites

During the past several years, a significant effort has been on investigation of reaction front propagation and the rate of energy release in heterogeneous systems consisting of nanopowder reactants. Substantial size reduction of each reactant powder (e.g. from micro- to nano-size) leads to increase of reaction front propagation in some systems under unconfined conditions by approximately two to three order of magnitude. This paper presents key challenges associated with processing and use of nanothermite materials and characterization of nanoreactants. Reaction constants, such as activation energies and frequency factors were determined using DSC technique for several nanothermite systems based on nanosize aluminum and iron oxide, bismuth trioxide, and molybdenum trioxide. Experimental data of ignition delay times for different nanothermite systems using laser energy source were compared well to those predicted by proposed mathematical model.
Possible Selves, Possible Futures The Dynamic Influence of Changes in the Possible Selves on Community College Returnees’ Persistence Decisions

This qualitative study explored the external and internal reasons involved in students’ decisions to return to college after an extended absence. Specifically, it sought to explore the role of stud...
Dualband FLIR fusion for automatic target recognition

Abstract We investigate the potential benefits of fusing two bands of forward-looking infrared (FLIR) data for target detection and clutter rejection. We propose a similar set of neural-based clutter rejecters and target detectors, each of which consists of an eigenspace transformation and a simple multilayer perceptron. The same architecture is used to operate on either single band or dualband FLIR input images, so that the net effects of dualband fusion can be demonstrated. When the dualband inputs are used, the component bands are combined at either pixel or feature level, thus providing insight into methods of performing data fusion in this particular application. A large set of real FLIR images is used in two series of experiments, one for clutter rejection tasks and the other for target detection tasks. In both series, the results indicate that the dualband input images do improve the performance of the clutter rejecters and target detectors over their single band counterparts. On the other hand, results of the pixel and feature level fusions are quite similar, suggesting that dimensionality reduction by the eigenspace transformation can be performed independently on the two bands.
Typed memory management via static capabilities

Region-based memory management is an alternative to standard tracing garbage collection that makes operation such as memory deallocation explicit but verifiably safe. In this article, we present a new compiler intermediate language, called the Capability Language (CL), that supports region-based memory management and enjoys a provably safe type systems. Unlike previous region-based type system, region lifetimes need not be lexically scoped, and yet the language may be checked for safety without complex analyses. Therefore, our type system may be deployed in settings such as extensible operating systems where both the performance and safety of untrusted code is important. The central novelty of the language is the use of static capabilities to specify the permissibility of various operations, such as memory access and deallocation. In order to ensure capabilities are relinquished properly, the type system tracks aliasing information using a form of bounded quantification. Moreover, unlike previous work on region-based type systems, the proof of soundness of our type system is relatively simple, employing only standard syntactic techniques. In order to show how our language may be used in practice, we show how to translate a variant of Tofte and Talpin's high-level type-and-effects system for region-based memory management into our language. When combined with known region inference algorithms, this translation provides a way to compile source-level languages to CL.
Application-Dependent Testing of FPGAs

Testing techniques for interconnect and logic resources of an arbitrary design implemented into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) are presented. The target fault list includes all stuck-at, open, and pair-wise bridging faults in the mapped design. For interconnect testing, only the configuration of the used logic blocks is changed, and the structure of the design remains unchanged. For logic block testing, the configuration of used logic resources remains unchanged, while the interconnect configuration and unused logic resources are modified. Logic testing is performed in only one test configuration whereas interconnect testing is done in a logarithmic number of test configurations. This approach is able to achieve 100% fault coverage