cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefit-cost analysis model of using class F fly ash-based green cement in masonry units

Abstract Green Cement (GC) is considered as a potential alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). There are major drawbacks associated with OPC, such as the emission of greenhouse gasses and high-energy consumption from cement production. Recycling fly ash and using it to replace cement has positive impacts on our environment, such as conserving landfill spaces, conserving natural resources, reducing CO2 emissions, and saving energy. Fly ash can be further recycled into value-added building products by developing fly ash-based green cement. This study presents an examination of the Benefit-Cost Analysis Model (BCAM) to characterize the environmental impact of masonry units produced from OPC or GC. Output from BCAM includes the monetary value of energy use, raw materials, atmospheric emissions, social costs of CO2, tax costs of carbon's emissions, and avoiding land filling of fly ash. This study has found that Mix (1) which is for OPC has a direct cost of raw materials only, on average $0.460/square foot, and an indirect cost (the monetary value of benefit-cost analysis model, as a result of negative impacts) of on average $0.152/square foot. Therefore, the total cost is $0.612/sf. Mix (2) which is for GC with NaOH as an activator has a direct cost of raw materials only, on average $2.28/sf, and a saving (the monetary value of benefit-cost analysis model, as a result of positive impacts) of on average $-1.057/sf. Therefore, the actual cost (direct cost - savings) is on average $1.222/sf. Mix (3) which is for GC with Na2SO4 as an activator has a direct cost of raw materials only, on average $0.943/sf and a saving of on average $-1.057/sf. Therefore, the actual cost is on average $-0.114/sf. The negative cost means that there is a saving as a result of monetary value of the positive impacts.
Plane-Front Solidification

In Chapter 5 the importance of formulating solute mass balances during solidification was considered from the perspective of deriving the laws of chemical macrosegregation. Specifically, the Gulliver-Scheil equations were derived from an interfacial mass balance that ignored the influences of solute transport within the solid phase. In addition, it was also found convenient to impose the condition of ‘perfectly efficient’ convective mixing in the melt, an assumption that precludes the need to consider solute transport through the melt via atomic diffusion. Efficient mixing homogenizes the melt throughout the solidification process, keeping the residual melt concentration everywhere the same at each instant of time.
A generalized Neuberger identity for the inner product of symmetric products of tensors

If V is a complex finite dimensional inner product space, and q is a positive integer, then T q(V) denotes the set of all q-linear -valued functions with domain V×V×···×V-(q copies), and S q(V) denotes the subspace of T q(V) whose elements are the fully symmetric q-linear -valued functions. If A∈S n (V) and B∈S p (V), then we define the tensor product, A⊗B, and the symmetric product, A·B, in the usual way, and obtain an inner product, and norm, on T q(V) by extending the inner product on V. Neuberger showed that if A,C∈S n (V) and , then where , and, for each i, is a certain map on that is linear in its first position and conjugate linear in its second position to an appropriate set of mixed tensors. We extend Neuberger's identity to the case , , , and where p + n = q + r. The new identity is where and .
Kinetics of liquid phase catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether

ABSTRACT The kinetics of the liquid phase catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether were investigated. The experiments were carried out under low concentrations of feed in a 1-L stirred autoclave, according to a statistical experimental design. The inert liquid phase used for this investigation was a 78:22 blend of paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils. A complete thermodynamic analysis was carried out in order to determine the liquid phase concentrations of the dissolved species. A global kinetic model was developed for the rate of dimethyl ether synthesis in terms of the liquid phase concentration of methanol. The activation energy of the reaction was found to be 18,830 cal/gmol. Based on a step-wise linear regression analysis of the kinetic data, the order of the reaction which gave the best fit was 0.28 with respect to methanol. Effects of the solid to liquid and the gas to liquid mass transfer resistances on the kinetic rate have also been investigated.
Effect of gamma irradiation on stress corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel under ITER-relevant conditions

Abstract Stress corrosion crack growth tests were conducted on Type 316 SS and PCA sensitized to 5 C/cm 2 at 100°C in deionized water with 10 ppm Cl − . A constant K test specimen was cylically loaded at 1 Hz with an R of 0.5 and a δ K of 11 MPa√m in an autoclave immersed in a 60 Co source. Tests were conducted at 0, 2.3 × 10 2 , and 6.5 × 10 5 rad/h. The average crack velocities were found to be 2.0 and 1.5×10 5 mm/cycle for the Type 316 SS and PCA, respectively, in the absence of gamma irradiation and 1.3 and 0.74×10 −5 mm/cycle, respectively, at both gamma fluxes. Gamma irradiation may have shifted the potential to more reducing rather than more oxidizing, as observed by others in high-temperature water with low O 2 activity. This study suggests that there is no significant detrimental effect of gamma irradiation on the subcritical crack growth behavior of unirradiated Type 316 SS and PCA at ITER-relevant conditions.
Changes in the Manufacture of Expanded Microporous Polytetrafluoroethylene: Effects on Patency and Histological Behavior when Used to Replace the Superior Vena Cava

Abstract Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used clinically and experimentally as a vein substitute. Since its introduction, changes have been made in the manufacture of the material. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of pore size (fibril length), PTFE cover, and spiral tube support on long-term patency and histological behavior when this material is used as a replacement for the precava in the dog. A graft of 30-μ pore size has adequate fibroblastic ingrowth, a neointima of 200 μ or less, and the best long-term patency. The PTFE cover results in less fibroblastic involvement of the prosthetic graft and prevents late occlusion caused by transmural fibrosis in the 90-μ graft. The spiral support does not affect patency and may be indicated when external pressure on the tube must be avoided.
In vitro translation of influenza virus messenger RNAs

Abstract A wheat embryo translation system was used to study the translation of influenza virus messenger RNAs. In this in vitro system, the influenza virus proteins, P1 and P2, the nucleoprotein NP, the matrix protein M, and the nonstructural protein NS1 were made but synthesis of the glycosylated proteins, the hemagglutinin, and the neuraminidase was not detected. Products of the in vitro reaction were identified by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide maps. This confirmed the existence of the nonstructural protein NS1 as a protein separate from the M protein. No evidence was found in the in vitro system for the presence of NS2, a low molecular weight nonstructural protein, which has been described in the literature.
Clinical experience using 5% hypertonic saline as a safe alternative fluid for use in trauma.

Background Published experience of hypertonic saline (HTS) use in resuscitation has described the use of commercially unavailable 7.5% solutions. The purpose of this study was to compare our experience with the administration of commercially available 5% HTS solution with that of well-matched controls who did not receive HTS. Methods Prospective observational study of 51 trauma patients receiving 500 mL of 5% HTS during initial resuscitation. Patients who received HTS were 1:2 matched using age, gender, Injury Severity Score, Coma Score, Head Abbreviated Injury Scale, and injury mechanism to trauma patients who did not receive HTS. The laboratory values and outcomes of the two groups were compared. Results Patients receiving HTS demonstrated no difference from the matched cohort in mean pH, international normalized ratio, or p/f ratios at 8 hours or 24 hours. The mean serum sodium of the HTS group was higher than controls at 8 hours (143.1 vs. 150.1 mg/dL, p or=3 (25.0% vs. 42.5%). The mean ventilator days were 7.3 for HTS group and 9.2 for the non-HTS group. Conclusion Although serum sodium remained increased for several days after HTS administration, no adverse sequelae as a result of hypernatremia resulted. Commercially available 5% HTS solution is safe for use in the resuscitation of trauma patients and may improve outcomes in a selected subset of patients with head injury.
ReaxFF Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation of adsorption and dissociation of oxygen on platinum (111)

Abstract Atomic-level Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations equipped with a reactive force field (ReaxFF) are used to study atomic oxygen adsorption on a Pt(111) surface. The off-lattice GCMC calculations presented here rely solely on the interatomic potential and do not necessitate the pre-computation of surface adlayer structures and their interpolation. As such, they provide a predictive description of adsorbate phases. In this study, validation is obtained with experimental evidence (steric heats of adsorption and isotherms) as well as DFT-based state diagrams available in the literature. The ReaxFF computed steric heats of adsorption agree well with experimental data, and this study clearly shows that indirect dissociative adsorption of O 2 on Pt(111) is an activated process at non-zero coverages, with an activation energy that monotonically increases with coverage. At a coverage of 0.25 ML, a highly ordered p(2 × 2) adlayer is found, in agreement with several low-energy electron diffraction observations. Isotherms obtained from the GCMC simulations compare qualitatively and quantitatively well with previous DFT-based state diagrams, but are in disagreement with the experimental data sets available. ReaxFF GCMC simulations at very high coverages show that O atoms prefer to bind in fcc hollow sites, at least up to 0.8 ML considered in the present work. At moderate coverages, little to no disorder appears in the Pt lattice. At high coverages, some Pt atoms markedly protrude out of the surface plane. This observation is in qualitative agreement with recent STM images of an oxygen covered Pt surface. The use of the GCMC technique based on a transferable potential is particularly valuable to produce more realistic systems (adsorbent and adsorbate) to be used in subsequent dynamical simulations (Molecular Dynamics) to address recombination reactions (via either Eley–Rideal or Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms) on variously covered surfaces. By using GCMC and Molecular Dynamics simulations, the ReaxFF force field can be a valuable tool for understanding heterogeneous catalysis on a solid surface. Finally, the use of a reactive potential is a necessary requirement to investigate problems where dissociative adsorption occurs, as typical of many important catalytic processes.
Appearance of complex components in a random bigraph

This is an investigation into the limiting distribution of the sparse connected components in an n1 × n2 bipartite multigraph with approximately ½n edges, where n1, n2 ≈ ½n. We will show that the probability of finding no complex components in a random n1 × n2 bigraph, with approximately ½n edges, is asymptotically the same as for random graphs with n vertices and approximately ½n edges, namely √2/3. In addition, we will show that, for n1 × n2 multi-bigraphs, the probability distribution for finitely many bicyclic components, tricyclic components, etc., with no components having more than a given number of cycles, asymptotically equals the corresponding distribution for random multigraphs with n vertices and approximately half as many edges. As an application of this analysis we present a method for estimating the efficiency of memory access in a distributed, replicated data base.
Bax-independent inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-XL

THE Bcl-2-related protein, Bcl-xL, has been shown to block apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli1–5 and to be a stronger protector against apoptosis than Bcl-2 under certain circumstances2,5. Using site-specific mutagenesis, we show here that the amino-acid residues critical for protection of cells by Bcl-xL against Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis are clustered within the Bcl-2-homology regions 1 and 2 (BH1 and BH2 regions). The residues necessary for Bcl-xL function are not identical to those required for Bcl-2 function6. Although it has been suggested that heterodimerization between Bcl-xL and Bax is essential for the anti-death activity of Bcl-xL (refs 7,8), our results suggest that the interaction with Bax is not required for Bcl-xL to exert its death-repressing activity. Specific mutations that disrupt the ability of Bcl-xL to interact with Bax or Bak still preserve 70–80% of the anti-death activity of wild-type Bcl-xL.
GLUTAMYL, ASPARTYL AND AMIDE MOIETIES OF CEREBRAL PROTEINS: METABOLIC ASPECTS IN VITRO

— The total mixed proteins (excluding proteolipids) were isolated from cat cerebral cortex and subjected to acid and enzymic hydrolyses. Analyses on the hydrolysates were carried out by specific enzymic procedures to determine the glutamyl, glutaminyl, aspartyl and asparaginyl composition. The content of total glutamyl and total aspartyl residues was the same in all types of protein samples, with average values of 78 and 58 /miol/100 mg of protein, respectively. In biopsy samples approximately 45 per cent of each total was in the amide form. Preparation of slices of cerebral cortex for incubation was associated with deamidation in situ of 16 per cent of the protein-bound glutaminyl residues. The extent of deamidation was not increased by incubation or by prolonged hypoxia and was unaffected by prior anaesthesia or by incubation of slices with 10 mM-NH4Cl or 40 mM-malonate. Slices prepared from animals intoxicated with methionine sulphoximine exhibited no deamidation. No deamidation was observed for slices of subcortical white matter, liver, kidney, testis or diaphragm of the cat. Cortical proteins from other species appeared to behave similarly to those of the cat. The 5-4 μmol of NH3 released/g of fresh cortex could account for about 85 per cent of the endogenous free ammonia regularly encountered in such slices. Hence the labile fraction of protein-bound glutaminyl amide groups represents, as previously suspected, a major source of endogenous cerebral NH3. Proteins isolated from cerebral cortical slices incubated with L-[U-14C]glutamic acid or L-[U-14C]glutamine contained 105 (±0.095) per cent of the total 14C metabolized. The ratios (x 100) of protein to free pool specific radioactivities (c.p.m.μmol) of glutamic acid and of glutamine were in the range 0-22 to 0-42, or of the same order as previously reported for other amino acids. Comparable results were obtained with proteins isolated from cerebral cortical slices incubated with 10 mM-15NH4Cl or L-[amide-15N]glutamine or both. In the amide N of protein-bound glutaminyl residues the atoms per cent excess 15N ranged from 007 to 0-42. This degree of labelling could be accounted for completely by the turnover of the entire glutaminyl moiety, as indicated by the 14C studies. Simultaneous analyses of free pool NH3 and glutamine suggested that transfer of glutamine from medium to slice involves deamidation as it is taken up and reamidation after entry.
Comparative metabolic study of older infants fed infant formula, transition formula, or whole cow's milk

Abstract “Transition” or “follow-up” formulas are formulas distinct in composition from “starter” infant formulas and are used in feeding infants six months of age or older. We have performed metabolic balance studies in nine children between the ages of six and nine months using a randomized double blind cross- over design. Three diets were fed: a cow's milk-based “follow-up” formula (FUF), a standard cow's milk-based infant formula (IF), or whole cow's milk (WCM). Weight gain (g/day) was equivalent among the three groups. Fecal excretion of energy was higher on WCM than on the other two diets, with the only significant difference being between WCM and IF. Fecal excretion of fat was greater on WCM and FUF than IF (20.4%, 17.8%, and 8.4% respectively). Carbohydrate excretion and nitrogen retention were similar on all 3 formulas. Although always normal, serum albumin significantly decreased at the end of the FUF dietary period. Urine osmolality was abnormally high during the WCM period, but always within normal limits while on FUF or IF. Within the context of this study, the FUF had metabolic advantages when compared to WCM but not to the IF.
Sampling, Recruitment, and Retention in a Bereavement Intervention Study: Experiences from the Living After Loss Project

This article reports on the sampling and recruitment challenges, as well as the strategies used to address them in the Living After Loss (LAL) project, a bereavement intervention study conducted in Salt Lake City and San Francisco comparing two 14-week group conditions with follow-up. We encountered three major challenges: 1) difficulty determining eligibility for some potential participants who were contacted, 2) locating and recruiting nonwhites, and 3) unavailable phone numbers for approximately one-third of those we attempted to contact. Despite these challenges, we achieved a 42% response rate with a sample size of 328 participants comprising 15% nonwhite. Eighty-five percent of the participants completed all of the follow-up data points. Leading factors in participants' decisions to join and remain in the study were 1) opportunities to obtain help and support, 2) to potentially help other bereaved individuals, 3) to contribute to research, and 4) their on-going interactions with a professional, empathetic, and culturally sensitive project staff. Effectively focusing recruitment efforts and carefully and systematically training research staff were among the most effective strategies we employed and therefore suggest for those planning similar investigations.
The 3D modeling and SI/PI co-sim analysis for mixed-referenced high speed GDDR5

In this paper, a methodology for combined simulation (co-sim) of power and signal to ensure a proper signal-to-power-ground ratio in vertical connections is presented. Capturing the vertical return current, power-to-signal, and signal-to-signal crosstalk simultaneously and accurately requires the modeling of the entire memory channel using 3D tools. Combined simulations allow a highly sensitive analysis in the design of vertical return path such as plated-through-hole (PTH) and ball grid array (BGA) connections. Proposed co-sim methodology is demonstrated with GDDR5 memory channel simulations based on two validation boards with a throughput-computing, high-performance processor. As a result of the analysis, design guidelines and recommendations were defined.
A synthetic approach to polyene macrolides. Macrolide and polyene generation

Abstract The 26-membered ring skeleton of tetrin-A has been synthesized using palladium based macrolactonization and elimination reactions.
Unique properties of cell wall-associated β-glucosidases

Abstract Two maize ( Zea mays L.) root cell wall-associated β-glucosidases were compared to two cellular forms. The ionically bound cell wall enzyme was more difficult to dissociate from the cell wall compared to artifactually bound cytosolic β-glucosidase activity. The ionically bound cell wall enzyme also had an isoelectric pH of 6.8–7.0 compared to the acid p I of the cytosolic enzyme (4.8–5.2). A second cell wall enzyme was very tightly bound to the cell wall and could not be extracted with 3 M NaCl or LiCl. Both the ionically bound cell wall β-glucosidase and the tightly bound β-glucosidase were more thermostable at 40°C and 50°C compared to the cytosolic enzyme and the particulate intracellular isozyme. The tightly bound cell wall β-glucosidase was the only thermostable enzyme at 60°C.
Alterations in the fraction of oxygen in inspired gas affect rates of renal prostaglandin E2 synthesis in anesthetized dogs.

Reductions of oxygen in inspired gas from 20% to 15%, in anesthetized dogs, reduced arterial PO2 and increased the renal efflux of PGE2 but not PGF2a . Renal blood flow, blood pressure, plasma renin activity as well as arterial pH and PCO2 were unaffected. PGs may mediate the renal hemodynamic or excretory consequences of alterations in PO2. In addition, minor variations in PO2 might account, in part, for the variable renal venous PGE2 concentrations reported under basal conditions.
Solid particle erosion of graphite-epoxy composites

Abstract The erosion of graphite-epoxy composites by solid (sand) particle impingement is correlated by the equation e = Ψd Γ [ V sin ( α + β )] γ where the system constants Ψ, β, Γ and γ are experimentally determined and d , V and α are the particle size, velocity and impact angle, respectively.
Detection of protein conformational change by optical second-harmonic generation

An ability to detect and track conformational change in real time is essential to understanding the dynamic relationship between structure and function in biological molecules. Here I show that second-harmonic generation (SHG), a surface-selective technique, offers a new means to probe structural dynamics. A protein, calmodulin, was labeled with a second-harmonic-active dye and immobilized to a surface. Although neither the labeling nor the immobilization was done in a site-specific manner, an overall net orientation of the labels was produced relative to the surface plane. Conformational change of the protein induced by calcium alters the average tilt angle of the labels and causes a change in the intensity of second-harmonic radiation generated by the surface. As SHG is spatially and temporally coherent and depends quantitatively on the structural details of a surface, the method described here should serve as the starting point for more detailed studies of the mechanism of conformational change in molecules, as well as related topics such as protein folding. SHG’s surface selectivity also suggests its use in a range of biological applications which require detection of surface-bound molecules.
Effect of Decoupling of Molecular Segments, Microscopic Stress‐Transfer and Confinement of the Nanophases in Semicrystalline Polymers

Semi-crystalline macromolecules are globally metastable, multi-phase systems with phase dimensions ranging from micrometers to nanometers. The polymer molecules, being usually longer than one micrometer, cross the boundaries and decouple at the interfaces. This decoupling is often not complete and different degrees of influence are extended across the interfaces. Thermodynamically, crystals can be characterized by their melting behavior and non-crystalline phases by their glass transition. On weak coupling, the non-crystalline segments only show a broadening of the glass transition to higher temperature. With stronger coupling, non-crystalline material may remain solid at the transition of the bulk-amorphous phase and form a separate, rigid-amorphous nanophase, or rigid amorphous fraction, RAF. The RAF undergoes its glass transition either below, at, or even above, the melting temperature. In the presence of a RAF, the semi-crystalline polymers may be a system of three or more types of phases with different relaxation effects due to the coupling between the phases. This and other examples of decoupling are discussed here and a general concept is developed. This applies to positional decoupling at positions of chemical changes within the molecule, such as in copolymers, and to physical changes, such as in entanglements, and is not limited to decoupling atmore » interfaces. Finally, it is pointed out that there is also the possibility of a temporal decoupling of thermodynamically simultaneous changes, which on sufficiently slow kinetics in one may change to consecutive changes. Many of these aspects of decoupling on a molecular scale influence the macroscopic properties and must be considered for the analysis and application of modern materials.« less
Criteria establishing biofilm-kinetic types

Abstract A graphical procedure for assessing the nature of substrate penetration within a biofilm is developed. This procedure, which is based on a measure of the effectiveness of substrate utilization by biofilm microorganisms, is used to determine when simple analytical solutions of biofilm models can be used accurately. These analytical solutions correspond to extreme values of bulk substrate concentration and cases where the biofilm is fully penetrated or deep. Minimum values of the effectiveness are related to biofilm thickness.
NOT SO FAST, MY FRIEND: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE RACE DISPARITY IN PROMOTIONS AMONG COLLEGE FOOTBALL COACHES

To better understand persistent racial inequality in occupational mobility, we examine the influence of race and social capital on the promotions of 320 assistant college football coaches. The results from quantitative analyses demonstrate that social capital matters a great deal for promotions, but its impact is contingent on the race of the respondent. Specifically, network connections to heterogeneous contacts (racially heterophilous ties, weak ties, and high-status ties) appear to be more effective for black coaches than for white coaches. The findings underscore the importance and complexity of the relationships between race, social capital, and occupational mobility.
Formation and Structural Composition of Larval Striped Mullet Otoliths

Abstract The otoliths of larval fish may be useful data-storage systems if the mechanisms of formation and carbonate deposition are discerned. Striped mullet Mugil cephalus were reared from hatching under controlled laboratory conditions. The start and periodicity of otolith growth increments were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and ratios of stable isotopes in otolith carbonate were determined. Otoliths formed their first increment 1 day after the larvae hatched and increment formation continued on a daily schedule regardless of growth rate. Electron microscopy revealed a transition area in otoliths that corresponded to the time of yolk-sac absorption. Isotopic analyses showed that otolith carbonate is deposited in disequilibrium with the ambient water chemistry, in contrast to prevailing theory.
Maintaining Stimulant Waveforms in Large Volume Microfluidic Cell Chambers

Stimulation of cells with temporal waveforms can be used to observe the frequency-dependent nature of cellular responses. The ability to produce and maintain the temporal waveforms in spite of the broadening processes that occur as the wave travels through the microfluidic system is critical for observing dynamic behaviors. Broadening of waves in microfluidic channels has been examined, but the effect that large-volume cell chambers have on the waves has not. In this report, a sinusoidal glucose wave delivered to a 1-mm diameter cell chamber using various microfluidic channel structures was simulated by finite element analysis with the goal of minimizing the broadening of the waveform in the chamber and maximizing the homogeneity of the concentration in the chamber at any given time. Simulation results indicated that increasing the flow rate was the most effective means to achieve these goals, but at a given volumetric flow rate, geometries that deliver the waveform to multiple regions in the chamber while maintaining a high linear velocity produced sufficient results. A 4-inlet geometry with a 220-μm channel width gave the best result in the simulation and was used to deliver glucose waveforms to a population of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The result was a stronger and more robust synchronization of the islet population as compared with when a non-optimized chamber was used. This general strategy will be useful in other microfluidic systems examining the frequency-dependence nature of cellular behavior.
Endoscopically Assisted Open Removal of Laterally Herniated Lumbar Discs

BACKGROUND Adequate treatment of laterally herniated lumbar discs presents a surgical challenge. All fragments compressing the nerve root should be removed without destruction of the overlying facet joint. To accomplish this goal many techniques have been proposed, each with specific limitations. METHODS In a small group of patients we have used a small malleable endoscope to assist in the removal of laterally herniated discs. Via a small laminotomy, the nucleus was removed in a standard manner and then the lateral disc material removed under direct endoscopic visualization. RESULTS There were no operative complications and the nerve root was visualized and decompressed in all patients. There has been no recurrence of pain or development of spondylolisthesis. CONCLUSION This technique negates removal of portions of the facet joint and provides adequate nerve root decompression.
Thirty Millimeter Keyboards: How Good are They?

A German regulation specifies that the height of the home row of a keyboard must not exceed 30 mm (1.2 inches) above the top of the table. Results of a study comparing heights of 30, 38 and 45 millimeters show that performance on the higher keyboards was significantly superior to the 30 mm height. Also, questionnaire data showed significant operator preference for the higher keyboards.
Canonical Forms for Symplectic and Hamiltonian Matrices

This paper gives a constructive method for finding canonical forms for symplectic and Hamiltonian matrices. No restrictions are made on the eigen values or their multiplicity. Real canonical forms are treated in detail.
Small interfering RNA mediated Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 inhibition upregulates the heat shock response in a murine fibroblast cell line

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a highly conserved multifunctional enzyme, and its catalytic activity is stimulated by DNA breaks. The activation of PARP-1 and subsequent depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contributes to significant cytotoxicity in inflammation of various etiologies. On the contrary, induction of heat shock response and production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) is a cytoprotective defense mechanism in inflammation. Recent data suggests that PARP-1 modulates the expression of a number of cellular proteins at the transcriptional level. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated PARP-1 knockdown in murine wild-type fibroblasts augmented heat shock response as compared to untreated cells (as evaluated by quantitative analysis of HSP-70 mRNA and HSP-70 protein expression). These events were associated with increased DNA binding of the heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), the major transcription factor of the heat shock response. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in nuclear extracts of the wild type cells demonstrated that PARP-1directly interacted with HSF-1. These data demonstrate that, in wild type fibroblasts, PARP-1 plays a pivotal role in modulating the heat shock response both through direct interaction with HSF-1 and poly (ADP-ribosylation).
From theory to practice in exodontia.

Abstract A theory of exodontia is discussed by the author which adheres closely to physiologic tooth movement. The axioms involved are those concerning the fulcrum of the tooth, normal tooth movement, and the effect of forces on the periodontal membrane. The evolved theory within itself gives rise to definite techniques, and a pattern of forceps design. It is hoped that this article will stimulate some thought along these lines in order that the practice of exodontia be placed on a more scientific foundation.
Determination of kinetic energy release for direct photodissociation process by one-dimensional TOF photofragment translational spectroscopy

Abstract A simple method is developed for the measurement of the most probable recoil velocity of photofragments produced from direct (fast, nonstatistical) photodissociation of neutral molecules. The time-of-flight (TOF) distribution of photoions, produced by a linearly polarized laser, is measured in a pulsed-acceleration TOF mass spectrometer with a small detection solid angle, in which a delay time is introduced between the photolysis laser and the acceleration voltage pulses. From the delay time dependence of the TOF peak positions of I + , the most probable recoil velocity of the ground electronic state of the iodine produced in 266 nm photodissociation of C 2 H 5 I is determined, which agrees with the value determined by high resolution TOF photofragment translational spectroscopy within 2%.
Changing Direction: British Military Planning for Post-war Strategic Defence, 1942-47

Changing Direction is essential reading for anyone interested in the emerging Cold War and the new edition contains remarkable new material from the latest declassified files. It reveals the furious arguments of Whitehall warriors on the brink of a dangerous new community - everything is here." Professor Richard Aldrich, University of Nottingham
Predicting neurologic deterioration in patients with cerebellar hematomas

Background: Patients with cerebellar hematomas may appear stable but may worsen suddenly. Whether certain clinical or CT scan findings predict worsening is not known. Methods: We reviewed clinical and neuroimaging data in 72 patients with cerebellar hematomas at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1993 to identify predictive features for neurologic deterioration. Patients presenting in coma and patients with vascular malformations or malignancies were excluded. Data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher9s exact test, with calculation of odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on appropriate variables. Results: Thirty-three patients (46%) deteriorated, with a decrease in level of consciousness, new brainstem signs, or worsened motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Clinical and neuroradiologic predictors for neurologic deterioration at p Conclusion: Patients with a cerebellar vermian hematoma or acute hydrocephalus are at high risk for neurologic deterioration. These patients should be carefully monitored and are more likely to require consideration for neurosurgical intervention.
Cocaine increases Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 protein expression in the rat striatum in vivo

Psychostimulants activate the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) cascade in the limbic reward circuit and thereby trigger a transcription-dependent mechanism underlying enduring synaptic plasticity related to addictive properties of drugs of abuse. The Ras-specific activator, Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor (Ras-GRF), is predominantly expressed at synapses and is thought to actively regulate Ras-MAPK responses to changing synaptic signals. In this study, a possible influence of cocaine on Ras-GRF gene expression at the protein level in the rat striatum was investigated in vivo. A single systemic injection of cocaine induced an increase in Ras-GRF1 protein levels in both the dorsal (caudoputamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens) striatum. The increase in Ras-GRF1 proteins was dose-dependent and was a delayed and transient event. In contrast to Ras-GRF1, a closely related Ras-GRF2 showed no change in its protein abundance following cocaine administration. These data identify the Ras activator, Ras-GRF1, although not Ras-GRF2, as a susceptible target to cocaine stimulation in striatal neurons.
Molecular drug targets in myeloproliferative neoplasms: mutant ABL1, JAK2, MPL, KIT, PDGFRA, PDGFRB and FGFR1

Therapeutically validated oncoproteins in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include BCR-ABL1 and rearranged PDGFR proteins. The latter are products of intra- (e.g. FIP1L1-PDGFRA) or inter-chromosomal (e.g. ETV6-PDGFRB) gene fusions. BCR-ABL1 is associated with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and mutant PDGFR with an MPN phenotype characterized by eosinophilia and in addition, in case of FIP1L1-PDGFRA, bone marrow mastocytosis. These genotype-phenotype associations have been effectively exploited in the development of highly accurate diagnostic assays and molecular targeted therapy. It is hoped that the same will happen in other MPN with specific genetic alterations: polycythemia vera (JAK2 V617F and other JAK2 mutations), essential thrombocythemia (JAK2V617F and MPL515 mutations), primary myelofibrosis (JAK2 V617F and MPL515 mutations), systemic mastocytosis (KITD816V and other KIT mutations) and stem cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ZNF198-FGFR1 and other FGFR1 fusion genes). The current review discusses the above listed mutant molecules in the context of their value as drug targets.
Incorporation of a flexible, pyridine-functionalized Diaza-crown ether into discrete supramolecules via coordination-driven self-assembly.

A flexible, pyridine-functionalized diaza-crown ether was self-assembled into discrete supramolecules of differing stoichiometries upon combination with various organoplatinum molecules. They are c...
Potential Value of Triple Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention

To the Editor: We present (see the Table) our meta-analyses of the effects of antiplatelet regimens on the end point of stroke in long-term secondary stroke prevention trials (CAPRIE1 and AAASPS2; references for all other trials are in antiplatelet trialist articles3,4). Statistically significant results are indicated by their 95% confidence intervals (CI). That aspirin (ASA) is better than placebo is well demonstrated statistically ( P <0.001), but the benefit is modest: a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 16%. The benefit from dipyridamole (DP) monotherapy appears to be similar to that of ASA. The ADP receptor antagonists (ADPRAs) clopidogrel and ticlopidine are perhaps somewhat more effective …
Indentation Testing of Thin Films and Hard Materials

Indentation testing techniques can provide important information about the near-surface mechanical and deformation properties of solids. Properly executed and interpreted, such techniques can provide information regarding hardness, elastic modulus, compressive yield strength (for metals), fracture toughness (in ceramics) and residual stresses (in ceramics). However, the apparent simplicity of the test procedures often belie the difficulties of obtaining quantitative information on specific properties of interest.
Analysis and feasibility of chemical recording using thermosensitive liposomes

A new generation of inertial measurement technology is being developed enabling a 10-micron particle to be "aware" of its geospatial location and respond to this information. The proposed approach combines an inertially-sensitive nanostructure or nano fluid/structure system with a nano-sized chemical reactor that functions as an analog computer. Originally, a cantilever-controlled valve used to control a first order chemical reaction was proposed. The feasibility of this concept was evaluated, resulting in a device with significant size reductions, comparable gain, and lower bandwidth than current accelerometers. New concepts with additional refinements have been investigated. Buoyancy-driven convection coupled with a chemical recording technique is explored as a possible alternative. Using a micro-track containing regions of different temperatures and thermosensitive liposomes (TSL), a range of accelerations can be recorded and the position determined. Through careful design, TSL can be developed that have unique transition temperatures and each class of TSL will contain a unique DNA sequence that serves as an identifier. Acceleration can be detected through buoyancy-driven convection. As the liposomes travel to regions of warmer temperature, they will release their contents at the recording site, thus documenting the acceleration. This paper will outline the concept and present the feasibility.
Best constants in some operator smoothness estimates

Abstract We provide a short proof of the inequality (cf. Ben-Artzi and Klainerman [Regularity and decay of evolution equations, preprint] and Kato and Yajima [Rev. Math. Phys. 1 (1989), 481–496]) ∝ −∞ ∞ ∥(1 + x 2 ) − 1 2 (1 − Δ) 1 4 e itΔ u∥ 2 dt ⩽ C ∥u∥ 2 with explicit (essentially exact) values for C.
Short-term regulation of hydroxylase cofactor activity in rat brain.

: Differential drug effects on hydroxylase cofactor activities were observed in the corpus striatum and the locus coeruleus when conditions of sacrifice were controlled. A conformational stability-dependent variable degree of stoichiometric coupling between quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase and tyrosine hydroxylase is proposed as a short-latency influence on hydroxylase cofactor levels.
A psychological method to investigate verbal concepts

Abstract The method of sorting is used to study how lexical information might be organized and stored in memory. Judges sort a set of lexical items into clusters, and data from several judges are pooled. The number of judges putting a pair of items into the same cluster is taken as a measure of the proximity of those two items. Constraints on the resulting data that are attributable to the method itself and consequences following from different structural hypotheses are considered. Data for 48 common nouns are used to test the assumption that when items are clustered it reflects a decision to ignore particular conceptual features that would normally distinguish those items, and an argument is made that the conceptual features used by most judges derive from presuppositions and assertions contained in the definitions of the nouns.
Automatic extraction of informative blocks from webpages

Search engines crawl and index webpages depending upon their informative content. However, webpages --- especially dynamically generated ones --- contain items that cannot be classified as the "primary content", e.g., navigation side-bars, advertisements, copyright notices, etc. Most end-users search for the primary content, and largely do not seek the non-informative content. A tool that assists an end-user or application to search and process information from webpages automatically, must separate the "primary content blocks" from the other blocks. In this paper, two new algorithms, ContentExtractor, and FeatureExtractor are proposed. The algorithms identify primary content blocks by i) looking for blocks that do not occur a large number of times across webpages and ii) looking for blocks with desired features respectively. They identify the primary content blocks with high precision and recall, reduce the storage requirement for search engines, result in smaller indexes and thereby faster search times, and better user satisfaction. While operating on several thousand webpages obtained from 11 news websites, our algorithms significantly outperform the Entropy-based algorithm proposed by Lin and Ho [7] in both accuracy and run-time.
Environmental politics and policy

Preface Figures, Tables, Boxes, and Maps About the Author 1. After Earth Day 2. Making Policy: The Process 3. Making Policy: Institutions and Politics 4. Common Policy Challenges: Risk Assessment and Environmental Justice 5. More Choice: The Battle over Regulatory Economics 6. Command and Control in Action: Air and Water Pollution Regulation 7. A Regulatory Thicket: Toxic and Hazardous Substances 8. Energy: America's Energy Politics in Transformation 9. 635 Million Acres of Politics: The Battle for Public Lands 10. Climate Change, Domestic Politics, and the Challenge of Global Policymaking List of Abbreviations Index
Ventilation and respiratory mechanics during exercise in younger subjects breathing CO2 or HeO2

To determine if ventilation (VE) during maximal exercise would be increased as much by 3% CO2 loading as by resistive unloading of the airways, we studied seven subjects (39 +/- 5 years; mean +/- S.D.) during graded-cycle ergometry to exhaustion while breathing: (1) room air (RA); (2) 3% CO2, 21% O2, and 76% N2; or (3) 79% He and 21% O2). VE and respiratory mechanics were measured during each 1-min increment (20 or 30 W) in work rate. VE during maximal exercise was increased 21 +/- 17% when breathing 3% CO2 and 23 +/- 16% when breathing HeO2 (P < 0.01). Further, the ventilatory response to exercise above ventilatory threshold (VTh) was increased (P < 0.05) when breathing HeO2 (0.89 +/- 0.26 L/min/W) as compared with breathing RA (0.65 +/- 0.12). When breathing HeO2, end-expiratory lung volume (% total lung capacity, TLC) was lower during maximal exercise (46 +/- 7) when compared with RA (53 +/- 6, P < 0.01). In conclusion, VE during maximal exercise can be augmented equally by 3% CO2 loading as by resistive unloading of the airways in younger subjects. This suggests that in younger subjects with normal lung function there are minimal mechanical ventilatory constraints on VE during maximal exercise.
Is there an association between vulvodynia and interstitial cystitis

Abstract Objective: To prospectively evaluate the relationship between vulvodynia and interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods: Patients who were referred to a tertiary care clinic with vulvodynia refractory to standard therapies were evaluated for interstitial cystis (IC) via history, physical examination, and cystoscopy with hydraulic bladder dilation. Patients diagnosed with IC were offered treatment. Primary outcome measures were a change in average daily pain score based on 11-point Likert scale, and an investigator-rated clinical impression of pain at 6 months. Results: Twenty-five patients were evaluated for IC. Seventeen patients (68%) were diagnosed with IC, three patients (12%) had equivocal findings, and five patients (20%) had no evidence of IC. Therapy was initiated for the 17 patients diagnosed with IC, with a reduction in average daily pain score from 7.5 to 2.9 at 6 months. Using the investigator-rated impression of pain, 7/17 patients (41%) had significant improvement in their pain, 8/17 patients (47%) were moderately improved, and 2/18 (12%) were minimally improved. Conclusions: Sixty-eight percent of women with refractory vulvodynia were found to have IC. Therapy for IC improved pain scores at 6 months for vulvodynia patients with co-existing IC; 41% were significantly improved and 47% mod-erately improved. These findings suggest an association between vulvodynia and IC. Assessment for IC is warranted for patients with vulvodynia refractory to other therapies.
Transmission of EHV-1 by Horses with EHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy: Implications for Biosecurity and Review

Although myeloencehalopathy due to Equine Herpesvirus-1 occurs infrequently, multiple horses may be affected during an outbreak and mortality may be high. In January of 2003, six horses from a large outbreak of EHV-1 respiratory and neurological disease were referred to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for treatment of incapacitating myeloencephalopathy. Following introduction of these horses, we documented transmission of EHV-1 to five bystander horses in our hospital and indirectly to a sixth horse at a distant site. We concluded that one or more of the horses from the outbreak was shedding EHV-1 while displaying signs of myeloencephalopathy. Our experiences demonstrated the erroneous nature of the commonly held assumption that horses with EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy are no longer shedding virus. Horses with EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy should be strictly quarantined. Vigorous biosecurity measures should be instituted, including quarantine of the affected premises for a minimum of 21 days following the last clinical evidence of active EHV-1 disease.
Photooxidation of Hydrogen-Terminated Si(111) Surfaces Studied by Optical Second Harmonic Generation

Photooxidation of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces in air has been studied by using optical second harmonic generation (SHG) in reflection from the silicon surface. The mechanism of photooxidat...