cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Well-typed Lightweight Situation Calculus

Situation calculus has been widely applied in Artificial Intelligence related fields. This formalism is considered as a dialect of logic programming language and mostly used in dynamic domain modeling. However, type systems are hardly deployed in situation calculus in the literature. To achieve a correct and sound typed program written in situation calculus, adding typing elements into the current situation calculus will be quite helpful. In this paper, we propose to add more typing mechanisms to the current version of situation calculus, especially for three basic elements in situation calculus: situations, actions and objects, and then perform rigid type checking for existing situation calculus programs to find out the well-typed and ill-typed ones. In this way, type correctness and soundness in situation calculus programs can be guaranteed by type checking based on our type system. This modified version of a lightweight situation calculus is proved to be a robust and well-typed system.
Chapter 7 - On the Origin of Cumulus Parameterization for Numerical Prediction Models

This chapter focuses on the early history of cumulus parametrization for numerical prediction models mainly in the 1960s through the early 1970s. The origin of cumulus parameterization is traced as a necessary means to perform stable time integrations of the primitive equation atmospheric models with moist physical processes. In the early days of numerical weather prediction during the 1950s, most of the prediction models were formulated using a quasi-geostrophic assumption. The chapter explains the three factors involved in the design of cumulus parameterization under the scenario of cooperative interaction between cumulus convection and its environment There are two independent roots in the early history of cumulus parameterization. One is the concept of conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) as a theory of cooperative interactions between cumulus convection and its environment for cyclone-scale development. The other root is the practice of convective adjustment to stably integrate the primitive equation models in a conditionally unstable moist environment, such as in the tropics.
The predominant defect in dilute melanocytes is in melanosome distribution and not cell shape, supporting a role for myosin V in melanosome transport

Mice with mutations at the dilute locus, which encodes the heavy chain of a type V unconventional myosin, exhibit a reduction in coat colour intensity. This defect is thought to be caused by the absence in dilute melanocytes of the extensive dendritic arbor through which these cells normally deliver pigment-laden melanosomes to keratinocytes. The data on which this conclusion has been based can also be explained, however, by a defect in the outward transport of melanosomes within melanocytes of normal shape. To resolve this question, we compared the shape and pigment distribution within melanocytes present in primary cultures prepared from the epidermis of C57BL/6J pups that were either wild type (D/D) at dilute or homozygous for the dilute null allele d120J. These same comparisons were also performed on melanocytes in situ, where antibodies to the membrane tyrosine kinase receptor cKIT were used to visualize melanocy te cell shape independent of pigment distribution. Wild type melanocytes were found to be dendritic and to have melanosomes distributed throughout their dendrites both in vitro and in situ. Mutant melanocytes were also found to be dendritic in both cases, but their melanosomes were highly concentrated in the cell body and largely excluded from dendrites. We conclude, therefore, that the predominant defect in dilute melanocytes is in melanosome distribution, not cell shape. These results argue that the myosin V isoform encoded by the dilute locus functions in dendritic extensions to move melanosomes from their site of formation within the cell body to their site of intercellular transfer at dendritic tips. This conclusion is consistent with our recent demonstration by immunolocalization that the dilute myosin V isoform associates with melanosomes in mouse melanocytes
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoacetamide†

(1; R1 = Me, R2 = Me) [7417-67-6] C3H6N2O2 (MW 102.11) InChI = 1S/C3H6N2O2/c1-3(6)5(2)4-7/h1-2H3 InChIKey = FFLFWNRFMZRFKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R1 = Me, R2 = Pr) [16395-81-6] C5H10N2O2 (MW 130.17) InChI = 1S/C5H10N2O2/c1-3-4-5(8)7(2)6-9/h3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = XPQQMTYSKBRMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3; R1 = Bu, R2 = Me) [14300-06-2] C6H12N2O2 (MW 144.20) InChI = 1S/C6H12N2O2/c1-3-4-5-8(7-10)6(2)9/h3-5H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = RPNWAEKMPVJROR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4; R1 = Bu, R2 = Et) [99389-05-6] C7H14N2O2 (MW 158.23) InChI = 1S/C7H14N2O2/c1-3-5-6-9(8-11)7(10)4-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = AZPQACCDLDOSGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (alkylating agent;2 source of diazomethane;3 useful as activated acylating agent;4 precursor to esters and alkenes1a,5, 6) Physical Data: 1 bp 115–116 °C/760 mmHg. 2 bp 59–60 °C/14 mmHg. 3 bp 35–37 °C/0.1 mmHg. 4 bp 63–65 °C/6 mmHg. Solubility: sol benzene, Et2O, CHCl3, acetone. Preparative Methods: nitrosation of N-alkyl amides with Sodium Nitrite/acid mixtures, Nitrosyl Chloride, or Nitrogen Dioxide.10 N-Deprotonation of the amide with n-Butyllithium or Sodium Hydride, followed by treatment with nitrosonium salts11 or Nitrogen Dioxide,12 is a second approach that is particularly useful in the preparation of thermally labile nitrosoamides. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the stability of N-nitrosoamides is dependent largely on steric factors.1a,7 For N-nitrosoacetamides, RN(NO)COMe, compounds with a primary N-alkyl group are stable for weeks at 25 °C if kept dry; decomposition occurs at approx 75 °C. Compounds with secondary N-alkyl groups decompose at 25 °C (t1/2 about 0.5 h). Compounds with tertiary alkyl groups must be synthesized and utilized at low temperatures. Alkyl substitution on the acyl group leads to increases in decomposition rates similar to those for the alkyl group. N-Nitrosoamides are decomposed by acids and bases. Nitrosoamides bearing small alkyl groups possess potent mutagenic8 and carcinogenic9 (local and systemic) activity. Use in a fume hood and take reasonable precautions.
Memory of the magnetic field applied during cooling in the low‐temperature phase of magnetite: Grain size dependence

[1] Low-temperature magnetic hysteresis properties of polycrystalline magnetite samples were studied as a function of the magnetic field (HFC) applied during cooling from 300 K to 10 K. The samples ranged in mean grain size from 0.04 to 100 μm, representing mostly single-domain (SD), pseudosingle-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetic states. The low-temperature field memory effect, a striking ability of magnetite to memorize the field HFC, is well expressed in PSD magnetite samples (mean grain size ranging from 0.15 to 5 μm). The field memory effect manifests itself as an inflection point of a magnetic hysteresis loop, located in the vicinity of HFC. The effect is greatly reduced in the samples containing larger than 5 μm magnetite grains and is absent in the sample containing large (40 to 200 μm) MD grains. Little or no distortion of hysteresis loops is observed in the samples dominated by SD magnetic grains. The experimental results confirm that the low-temperature field memory effect is a generic property of PSD magnetite and give further support to a phenomenological model in which the field memory originates from an interplay between the magnetic and twin domains in monoclinic magnetite. The observed grain size dependence of the effect implies that the PSD state is a physically distinct magnetic state, rather than simply a manifestation of SD and MD mixing. The distinction is determined by the relative effect of twinning-related crystalline defects on the remagnetization process.
Aberrant Water Homeostasis Detected by Stable Isotope Analysis

While isotopes are frequently used as tracers in investigations of disease physiology (i.e., 14C labeled glucose), few studies have examined the impact that disease, and disease-related alterations in metabolism, may have on stable isotope ratios at natural abundance levels. The isotopic composition of body water is heavily influenced by water metabolism and dietary patterns and may provide a platform for disease detection. By utilizing a model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes as an index case of aberrant water homeostasis, we demonstrate that untreated diabetes mellitus results in distinct combinations, or signatures, of the hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios in body water. Additionally, we show that the δ2H and δ18O values of body water are correlated with increased water flux, suggesting altered blood osmolality, due to hyperglycemia, as the mechanism behind this correlation. Further, we present a mathematical model describing the impact of water flux on the isotopic composition of body water and compare model predicted values with actual values. These data highlight the importance of factors such as water flux and energy expenditure on predictive models of body water and additionally provide a framework for using naturally occurring stable isotope ratios to monitor diseases that impact water homeostasis.
Length and dipole moment of TMV by laser signal‐averaging transient electric birefringence

Transient electric birefringence experiments have been performed on well-characterized highly monodisperse samples of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Experiments and calculations are presented that show that the sensitivity and accuracy of the traditional transient electric birefringence technique can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude through the use of a low-powered laser and crystal polarizing optics, signal averaging, and digital data processing. Measurements of the field-free decay of the birefringence yield for the rotational diffusion coefficient, DR = 318 ± 3 sec−1. The length of the rodlike virion, calculated from the Broersma equation with this value of DR and a rod diameter of 15 nm, is 292.5 ± 1.0 nm. Measurements of the growth of the birefringence when an electric field is applied across the sample yield μ2/kT(α∥ − α⊥) = 0.47 ± 0.07, where μ is the permanent dipole moment (assumed parallel to the symmetry axis of the virus) and α∥ − α⊥ is the electrical polarizability anistropy of the virus. Using the value of α∥ − α⊥ measured by O'Konski et al., we then obtain μ = 2.5 × 10−14 esu cm.
An Analysis of Argumentation Discourse Patterns in Elementary Teachers' Science Classroom Discussions.

This multiple case study investigated how six elementary teachers’ argumentation discourse patterns related to students’ discussions in the science classroom. Four categories of classroom characteristics emerged through the analysis of the teachers’ transcripts and recorded class periods: Structure of teacher and student argumentation, directionality, movement, and structure of student talk. Results showed that the differences between the teachers’ discourse patterns were related to their modified reformed teaching observation protocol (RTOP) scores and to how the interaction of those differences affected student learning. Teachers with high RTOP scores were more likely to challenge their students’ claims, explanations, and defenses and to provide less guidance and more waiting time for their students’ responses than teachers with medium- and low-level RTOP scores. Students in the high-level teachers’ classes challenged, defended, rejected, and supported each other’s ideas with evidence and required less guidance than students in the medium-level and low-level teachers’ classes.
Familial Cultural Values, Depressive Symptoms, School Belonging and Grades in Latino Adolescents: Does Gender Matter?

Past studies document that Latino familial cultural values (i.e. familism, affiliative obedience and filial obligation) protect against depressive symptoms and promote academic resilience in adolescence. However, some studies suggest that familial cultural values differ across gender, with females reporting greater obligations and fewer freedoms compared to their male counterparts. We examined the relationship between familial cultural values, gender, depressive symptoms and school outcomes in a sample of 179 Latino adolescents (52.9 % female; mean age = 14). Females reported greater levels of familism and greater filial obligations. We also found greater familism to be associated with fewer depressive symptoms and greater sense of school belonging for both genders. Similarly, moderate levels of filial obligations were associated with better grades across genders. In contrast, filial obligation and affiliative obedience were associated with fewer depressive symptoms only for females. While these values serve an equally protective function in the academic adjustment of both females and males, familial cultural values may be uniquely protective for females against depressive symptoms. Effective interventions for Latino youth should capitalize on the protective and resilient effects of familial cultural values and be cognizant of the role gender plays in the relationship between these values and outcomes.
Effect of β-D-xylosides on collagen synthesis in cultured fibroblasts

Abstract Cultured normal human skin fibroblasts were incubated with [14C]proline in the presence and absence of 1.0 mM p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylose. Formation of non-dialyzable hydroxyproline was used as a measure of collagen synthesis. Although total [14C]proline incorporation was similar in the two cultures, [14C]hydroxyproline formation was significantly decreased in the β-xyloside-treated cultures. Increasing the period of incubation increased the radioactivity of the insoluble collagen fraction in untreated fibroblasts, however, in β-xyloside-treated cultures no such increase was observed. In contrast to the decreased production of collagen, growth of cells in the presence of the β-xyloside induced the synthesis of high levels of soluble glycosaminoglycans as measured by 35SO4 incorporation into isolated polysaccharide.
Mitigating Threats to Collaboration and CMC: Identifying Antecedents of Online Deviance

Technology is a catalyst for communication and collaboration, and the use of information systems for these applications is prevalent. While there are countless benefits associated with communication and collaboration tools, detriments do exist. One pitfall is the prevalence of deviant behaviors online which can jeopardize the effectiveness of these tools. This paper presents the results of a study designed to investigate antecedents of online deviant behavior. The results indicate that impulsiveness, moral relativity, the perception of harm to others, and guilt influence the propensity for computer users to commit deviant acts. The implications and limitations of this work, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Thin Films. II. Theory of Linewidths

The ferromagnetic-resonance linewidth $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ from two-magnon processes in thin films is calculated. The results are quite different from those in spheroidal samples in general, since both the densities of states and the scattering Hamiltonians are different. It is shown that it should be possible to choose the radius and thickness of a ferromagnetic insulator thin film in such a way to make the frequency of the main-resonance mode lie well below the frequencies of all other magnetic modes. The resulting small $\ensuremath{\Delta}H'\mathrm{s}$ make the films important for studying ferromagnetic-resonance linewidths and afford a useful low-loss system. For scattering centers (such as pits and scratches on the surface of the sample or etch pits extending through the sample thickness) which are smaller than the film thickness, the results are similar to those of Sparks, Loudon, and Kittel (SLK) for a spherical sample. A modification of the SLK result is given which removes the divergence in $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ at parallel resonance and also makes $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ go smoothly to zero at perpendicular resonance. For scattering centers which are larger than the film thickness, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ has a rather large maximum at an angle approximately one-half way between perpendicular and parallel resonance, in contrast to the small-scattering-center result of a maximum at parallel resonance. In addition to these results for the main-resonance mode, it is shown that the mode-number-$n$ dependence of the two-magnon linewidths of exchange modes (having negligible microwave demagnetization energy) varies in a rather complicated way from $\ensuremath{\Delta}H\ensuremath{\sim}{n}^{3}$ for small $n$ to $\ensuremath{\Delta}H\ensuremath{\sim}{n}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}H\ensuremath{\sim}n$ for intermediate $n$ to $\ensuremath{\Delta}H\ensuremath{\sim}{n}^{0}$ for large $n$.
Explaining Local Government Cooperation on Public Works: Evidence from Michigan

In recent years, analysts have begun to study cooperation on public services among local governments. These studies often have concluded that services with scale economies are likely candidates for shared service delivery. This article contributes to the emerging literature on this topic by examining interlocal service arrangements for 10 public works services in Michigan. Despite the fact that public works exhibit substantial scale economies, many local governments do not cooperate on these services. Empirical studies of local government contracting suggest four groups of factors that may help explain why local governments opt to collaborate on public services: local economic factors, characteristics of the communities in areas adjacent to the local government, demographic characteristics of the local government, and the influence of policy and planning networks. The authors use data on the service delivery arrangements from 468 general-purpose local governments in Michigan to examine the role played by ...
Dilute-acid pretreatment of corn stover using a high-solids percolation reactor.

Pretreatment of corn stover by dilute sulfuric acid was investigated using a laboratory percolation (flowthrough) reactor operated under high-solids conditions. The effects of reaction conditions and operating parameters on the performance of the percolation reactor were investigated seeking the optimal range in which acceptable levels of yield and sugar concentration could be attained. It was demonstrated that 70–75% recovery of xylose and 6 to 7% (w/w) xylose concentration were attainable. The high sugar concentration was obtained as a result of dense packing of dry corn stover and the low liquid throughput. Xylose was mostly unreacted, rather than decomposed. The cellulose and the unreacted xylan of treated corn stover were both effectively hydrolyzed by a “cellulase” enzyme preparation that also exhibits some activity on xylan. The xylose yield was affected significantly by the flow rate under the same reaction time and conditions. This behavior appears to be related to sugar decomposition, mass transfer resistance, and the fact that acid is neutralized by the buffering components of the biomass.
Electromagnetic Fields and Massive Bodies

We consider an example of the effects of massive bodies on static electromagnetic fields in general relativity which yields considerable insight into the fadeaway of multipole moments in nonspherical perturbations of gravitational collapse. We calculate the electromagnetic field of an electrostatic or magnetostatic multipole of fixed strength placed at the center of a massive, nonrotating, spherical shell. If we consider a sequence of static solutions in which the massive shell approaches its own Schwarzschild radius, we find that except in the monopole ($l=0$) case the value of the multipole moment measured by a distant observer goes to zero. Thus, for an arbitrary (but finite) stationary charge and current distribution inside the shell, in the limit as the shell approaches its Schwarzschild radius the only property of the distribution which can be measured by an external observer is the total electric charge.
Management of irreversible dementia

Abstract This article describes a multidisciplinary approach to the patient with irreversible dementia. Many such patients continue to enjoy life, and their adjustment can be facilitated by attention to their somatic and emotional problems. An improved, well-structured environment and an understanding family are particularly important. The author discusses the use of the ben zodiazepines for insomnia and neuroleptics for emotional and behavioral problems.
Fieller's theorem, the likelihood and the delta method

This note discusses the direct likelihood estimation of ratio parameters. The method is based on the use of nonlinear regression models from the exponential family. The variances of the maximum likelihood estimates are identical with values obtained from the corresponding generalized linear models and the delta method (Bishop, Fienberg, and Holland, Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1975), but are easier to calculate. The approach is illustrated by means of a number of examples, including a rather complex logistic regression model. We also discuss the connection between confidence intervals obtained from Fieller's theorem and large-sample intervals obtained from the information matrix. We conclude from this comparison and from the examples that direct maximum likelihood estimation of ratios offers a useful alternative to traditional methods based on linear models, especially for complex data sets.
Far infrared magneto-absorption of hydrogenic donors in GaAsAl0.3G0.7As quantum wells

Abstract Far infrared magneto-absorption measurements have been performed on a 375 A GaAsAl 0.3 Ga 0.7 As multiple quantum well in which shallow donors have been selectively doped at the well edges. The measurements were made with a Fourier spectrometer in conjunction with a 9 T superconducting magnetic. With the applied magnetic field parallel to the superlattice growth direction, reductions in the 1s-2p intraimpurity transition energy relative to the three-dimensional limit are observed, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. However, measurements made with the magnetic field slightly inclined from the growth direction deviate from the expected behavior near magnetic fields where the energy of the 2p + state crosses the second subband. These deviations are attributed to mixing of the 2p + impurity state associated with the lowest subband with impurity states derived from the second subband. The experimental results are compared with a simple calculation which treates the coupling of the impurity states perturbatively.
Prostaglandin E analogue inhibition of intrinsic factor release.

In many mammalian species (including humans) the parietal cell secretes both acid and intrinsic factor (IF). The aim of this study was to examine the direct effect of prostaglandin E analogues on basal and stimulated IF release in isolated, enriched rabbit parietal cells. The effects of graded concentrations (10−12 to 10−6 M) of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) and 16-methyl,16-hydroxyl prostaglandin E, (misoprostol) on submaximal histamine-stimulated (10−6 M) secretion were tested. Both analogues failed to alter basal release of IF or aminopyrine accumulation (indirect measure of acid secretion). Increasing concentrations of DMPGE2 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of IF release (22 ± 8% decrease at 10−9 M; p < 0.05) and a maximal effective response at 10−7 M (54 ± 9%; p < 0.005). Dose-dependent inhibition of IF secretion was also observed with increasing concentrations of misoprostol, with a 22 ± 7% decrease at 10−9 M (p < 0.05) and maximal effective inhibition at 10−6 M (47 ± 8%; p < 0.01...
Placental transfer and tissue localization of digoxin in the pregnant rat.

Abstract Serum and tissue digoxin concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay in maternal and fetal animals at various times following the injection of pregnant rats, on Days 19 or 20 of gestation, with digoxin (0.1 mg/kg iv). Maternal serum digoxin concentrations were 3.5 to 5 times greater than corresponding fetal concentrations during the early period of sampling (2–10 min) and ranged from 1.8- to 2.7-fold higher for the remainder of each experiment. The elimination of digoxin from maternal serum followed a biexponential pattern ( t 1 2 α = 0.36 hr ; t 1 2 β = 3.52 hr ; K el = 0.39 hr −1 ) and was similar to that observed in placental tissue and the fetal circulation. Maternal tissue concentrations of digoxin were highest in the liver followed in descending order by the skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney. The distribution pattern in fetal tissues differed significantly as indicated: heart > kidney > liver. These data have demonstrated that digoxin is rapidly transferred across the placenta of the pregnant rat. Differences in the fetal/maternal tissue distribution patterns of the drug may reflect developmental influences upon tissue binding and/or regional perfusion.
Synthesis of multiple platinum-attached iron oxide nanoparticles

Multiple, small platinum (Pt, ∼2 nm) attached iron oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using two different approaches. One approach involves growing Pt nanoparticles onto iron oxide seeds in an organic solvent followed by a phase transfer process. We discovered that the surfactant packing density on the seed NPs played a critical role in multiple Pt nucleation. The presence of Pt nanoparticles on the seeds was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high angle annular dark-field imaging. Alternatively, multiple Pt nanoparticles were deposited onto polyacrylic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous solution where the Pt nanoparticles were linked to the polymer coatings. The capability of growing multiple Pt nanoparticles on oxide seeds will be directly beneficial to both catalytic research and nanomedicine.
Reye's syndrome: a challenge not limited to critical care nurses

Nursing care of the patient with Reye's syndrome has traditionally been viewed as a challenge for critical care nurses at regional health care facilities; however, experience and medical research indicate that pediatric nurses should be able to play a part in detection, support, follow-up care, and education, with the hope of improving the morbidity and mortality rates for Reye's syndrome.To execute an effective part in the care of a child with Reye's syndrome, familiarity with its signs and symptoms, as well as an understanding of basic diagnostic and treatment measures, is required. Another important consideration is that nurses be able to institute such procedures for the child as well as provide support for the parents through empathy and communication.This article reviews the etiology and pathophysiology of Reye's syndrome, explains signs and symptoms helpful in reaching a diagnosis, and discusses medical and nursing management of the child. It also suggests roles that nurses can play in augmenting c...
Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with hazardous waste sites

The occupational effects of toxic substances have been well documented. However, both exposure time and level of exposure differ between those exposed on the job and those exposed due to residence near a hazardous waste site, resulting in differing health effects. This study examines the possible connection between residential proximity to a hazardous waste site and rates of mortality due to cancer. Results indicate that counties with hazardous waste sites are more likely to have higher total cancer rates and higher rates of respiratory and digestive cancers. Moreover, the analysis suggests that the Superfund Program has not identified the most hazardous sites, as was intended by Congressional Legislation.
Optimization of global kinetics parameters for heterogeneous propellant combustion using a genetic algorithm

We examine the combustion of heterogeneous propellants for which, necessarily, the chemical kinetics is modelled using simple global schemes. Choosing the parameters for such schemes is a significant challenge, one that, in the past, has usually been met using hand-fitting of experimental data (target data) for global burning properties such as steady burning rates, burn-rate temperature sensitivity, and the like. This is an unsatisfactory strategy in many ways. It is not optimal; and if the target set is large and includes such things as stability criteria, or bounds, difficult to implement. Here we discuss the use of a general optimization strategy which can handle large data sets of a general nature. The key numerical tool is a genetic algorithm that uses MPI on a parallel platform. We use this strategy to determine parameters for HMX/HTPB propellants and AP/HTPB propellants. Only one-dimensional target data are used, corresponding to the burning of pure HMX (AP) or a homogenized blend of fine HMX (AP)...
Effects of triangular flow on di-hadron azimuthal correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Using the AMPT model for relativistic heavy ion collisions, we have studied the di-hadron azimuthal angular correlations triggered by emitted jets in $\text{Au}+\text{Au}$ collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathit{NN}}}=200$ GeV and impact parameter $b=8$ fm. A double-peak structure for the associated particles at the away side of trigger particles is obtained after subtracting background correlations due to the elliptic flow. Both the near-side peak and the away-side double peaks in the azimuthal angular correlations are, however, significantly suppressed (enhanced) in events of small (large) triangular flow or triangularity in the initial collision geometry as a result of fluctuations. After subtraction of background correlations due to the triangular flow, the away-side double peaks change into a single peak with broad shoulders on both sides. The away side of the di-hadron correlations becomes essentially a single peak after further subtraction of higher-order flows.
Heat-conduction theory for composite materials

The problem of the macroscopic conduction of heat in a composite medium is considered. The medium consists of inclusions of arbitrary geometry embedded in a matrix. Starting with an analysis of the micro-conduction in a suitably defined representative volume, a fourth order equation governing the macro-conduction is deduced together with appropriate boundary conditions. The theory closely resembles the mechanical theory of non-simple materials of grade 2 developed by Toupin [2]. In particular, the well known characteristic material length encountered in stress-gradient theories is evaluated in terms of constituent material properties. It is further shown, as a basis of the theory, that anatural ratio exists between the dimensions of a local representative volume and those of a unit-cell given by the ratio of the classical Voigt and Reuss bounds on the effective diffusivities. In consequence, application of the theory hinges on the evaluation of certain material constants from given information on the inclusion arrangement in a representative volume of specific dimensions. Differences in the behaviour of media with different inclusion distributions depend entirely on the magnitude of such constants.
A general analytical model for predicting the transverse effective thermal conductivities of woven fabric composites

Abstract The analytical characterization of transverse effective thermal conductivities of plain weave, twill weave, fourharness irregular satin weave, as well as five- and eight-harness satin weave fabric composites has been performed. The intrinsic geometrical relations among the unit cells of these five types of composites are identified first. An analytical model for determining the composite transverse effective thermal conductivities is then developed based on the geometrical relations and the microstructure of eight-harness satin fabric composite. Closed-form solutions have been derived.
The time course of learned helplessness, inactivity, and nociceptive deficits in rats

Abstract Four experiments are reported which explore the nature of the effects of inescapable shock on subsequent shuttlebox escape learning. The first experiment demonstrated that shuttle escape deficits dissipate within 48 hr after treatment with inescapable shock. Experiment 2 showed that exposure to inescapable shock suppressed unlearned activity in the shuttlebox and that this activity deficit recovered within 48 hr. Experiment 2A demonstrated that this shuttlebox crossing decrement was at least partly attributable to the inescapability of the shocks. These results suggested that activity factors might partly mediate the shuttle escape learning deficit reported in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 explored the possibility that activity and shuttle escape learning deficits are subserved by the effects of inescapable shock on pain sensitivity. The results supported this notion. It was found that rats were less sensitive to painful stimulation 24 hr after inescapable shock and that this analgesic tendency also dissipated within 48 hr after pretreatment. The implications of these results were discussed.
Evidence of sex differences in the relationship between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress: 2005–2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Cigarette use is highly prevalent in psychiatric populations. Studies suggest that smokeless tobacco use is not significantly associated with past-year psychiatric morbidity, with evidence that tobacco use differ among sexes. The relationships between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress, major depressive episode and anxiety disorder were therefore examined. Sex differences in the aforementioned relationship were also examined. A total of 133,221 adults from four successive independent samples of the 2005–2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were included. Prevalence odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic factors, survey year, pregnancy (women only), past-year medical morbidity, past-year psychiatric comorbidity, and past-year substance use disorders. No associations were demonstrated among smokeless tobacco users. Statistically significant sex differences were found for current tobacco use and serious psychological distress (p < 0.001). Both male and female smokers were significantly more likely to have serious psychological distress and anxiety disorder compared to never users, while only female smokers were more likely to have major depressive episode. The strongest associations were found for anxiety disorder among all adults as well as both sexes. The null associations for both sexes for smokeless tobacco may support a reduced risk profile. Female cigarette smokers may be more vulnerable to subclinical distress and depression than males. Studies using other nationally representative samples are needed to confirm these data.
Dearomatization of Naphthalene: Stereoselective cis-1,4 Tandem Additions Promoted by Osmium(II)

The naphthalene complex of pentaammineosmium(II) (1) reacts with four different classes of electrophiles to form 1-naphthalenium species 2−5. These η3-allyl complexes react stereospecifically with a variety of nucleophiles to form cis-1,4-dihydronaphthalene complexes. The entire reaction sequence may be performed outside a glovebox in two steps using conventional techniques.
On the potential change in solar radiation over the US due to increases of atmospheric greenhouse gases

Abstract Solar radiation is the most important source of renewable energy available to reduce fossil CO2 atmospheric emissions and also is an important factor in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy considerations. Solar radiation may be affected by climate changes induced by CO2 emissions. In this study, a refined regional climate model was used to generate seasonal global radiation climatologies for the US under the present and mid 21st century enhanced atmospheric CO2 level. Simulated seasonal-mean daily global radiation (direct plus diffuse incident radiation on a horizontal surface) under the present climate showed overall reasonable agreement with observed patterns but with negative biases in most locations. In most of the US, the enhanced CO2 simulation (future climate) showed a trend of decreased seasonal-mean daily global radiation availability in the range of 0–20%. The most noticeable decrease was simulated in the western US during fall, winter, and spring. In small areas in the southern and northwestern US some increase in global radiation was simulated. Changes in global radiation during summer were relatively low.
AN ESSENTIALLY SINGULAR CLASSICAL LIMIT

Abstract A simple variant of the problem of a particle in a box is shown to have an essential singularity in the classical limith→0.
Exploitation of Seed Aggregates by Merriam's Kangaroo Rat: Harvesting Rates and Predatory Risk

The simple cost—benefit model of foraging and patch usage of Gilliam and Fraser (1987) was tested for Dipodomys merriami, using data from the laboratory and field. Costs are modeled as the risk of being preyed upon while foraging from a particular patch and benefits as the amount of energy harvested per unit time. The model predicts that foraging rodents should choose patches where the risk: gain ratio is minimal. Field tests of the model using three types of 1—g seed samples (i.e., pure milo, pure millet, and a mixed sample of the two) showed that the extent to which seed aggregates were exploited (an estimate of patch residency time) increased with the rate at which seeds are harvested (determined through laboratory trials) and decreased with increasing predatory risk as apparently affected by microhabitat and nocturnal illumination. The patch encounter rate for single seeds and 1—g seed aggregates did not differ, but rodents consistently removed a greater proportion of seeds from the latter. These resu...
Forecasting Materials Damage from Air Pollution

Abstract Forecasts of materials damage from air pollution require (a) knowledge of a “damage function,” (b) an estimate of the exposure of materials to pollutants and other factors that enter into the dose relationship, and (c) the quantity and characteristics of the exposed materials. Uncertainty about any of these factors can lead to unacceptable uncertainty or bias in damage forecasts. Particular attention is given to the influence of the spatial units used to derive forecasts of materials damage. Environmental corrosion can vary significantly over relatively small geographic areas; accordingly, the choice of spatial unit can have an impact on forecasts of damage. The environmental factors that influence materials damage may not be independent over the time of exposure. There appears to be some evidence, for example, that SO2 is not independent of time of wetness, both factors in metal corrosion.
Reflux and Acid Peptic Diseases in the Elderly

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder among elderly patients seeking medical care. Diagnosis and management of GERD in the older patient is a unique challenge for both the primary care provider and the gastroenterologist. Such patients may have atypical symptoms, more severe disease, and a higher rate of complications such as erosive esophagitis, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Moreover, the elderly may be more sensitive to the morbidity and mortality of the available treatments for GERD. A careful and vigilant approach to the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of reflux disease in the elderly is warranted.
Fabrication of DNA microarrays onto polymer substrates using UV modification protocols with integration into microfluidic platforms for the sensing of low-abundant DNA point mutations.

Abstract We describe the microfabrication and operational characteristics of a simple flow-through biochip sensor capable of detecting low abundant point mutations in K- ras oncogenes from genomic DNA, which carry high diagnostic value for colorectal cancers. The biochip consisted of an allele-specific ligase detection reaction (LDR) coupled to a universal array for interrogating multiple mutations simultaneously from a clinical sample. The integrated sensing platform was micro-manufactured from two different polymers, polycarbonate, PC, which was used for the LDRs, and poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, which was used to build the microarray. Passive elements were hot embossed into the PC and PMMA microchips and then, the chips assembled into a three-dimensional architecture with the interconnect fabricated from an elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, to produce a leak-free connection between the biochips. The array in PMMA was produced using a photomodification process, which involved three steps; (1) UV (254 nm) exposure of the polymer surface; (2) EDC coupling of amine-terminated oligonucleotide probes to the surface (via an amide bond) and; (3) washing of the surface. The LDR/hybridization flow-through biochip performed the entire assay at a relatively fast processing speed: 6.5 min for on-chip LDR, 10 min for washing, and 2.6 min for fluorescence scanning (total processing time = 19.1 min) and could screen multiple mutations simultaneously for high throughput applications at a level of one mutant sequence in 100 wild-type sequences.
Analysis of perceptions

Perceptrons are self-organizing or adaptive systems proposed by Frank Rosenblatt as greatly simplified models for biological brains. The main objective is to begin to explain how the brain performs its functions in terms of its structural components. Consequently the methodology consists largely of investigating the behaviour of neural networks which, except for oversimplification, are not unreasonable models of the brain structure, and searching for non-trivial psychological behaviour. This is in contrast with the customary engineering approach of first deciding what function is to be performed and then designing a system to perform the desired function.A perceptron is a network consisting of ideal neurons, similar to those of McCulloch and Pitts, connected together more or less at random, subject to certain organizational constraints and laws of growth. In this paper we give a brief introduction to the subject and describe some of the results of the mathematical analysis of several such systems; namely 'simple' perceptrons and 'four layer series-coupled' perceptrons.
The use of a radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of malignancy

Using a double antibody radioimmunoassay test, α-fetoprotein was elevated (i.e., over 40 ng/ml) in 72% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 75% of patients with teratocarcinoma or embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis, 23% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma, 18% of patients with gastric carcinoma, 5% of patients with colonic carcinoma, and 7% of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma studied. In contrast to these positive findings in patients with cancer, none of the 210 normal controls over 1 year of age and only 1 of the 300 patients with chronic nonhepatic diseases other than ataxia telangiectasia had elevated levels. All of the 40 patients studied with the immunodeficiency disease, ataxia telangiectasia, had elevated AFP levels in accord with the view that these patients have a defect in organ differentiation. The radioimmunoassay for AFP was of special value in monitoring the effectiveness of therapy of certain forms of malignancy (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, and teratocarcinoma of the testis), since the product of a few tumor cells was detectable with this assay when AFP was undetectable as assessed by agar diffusion tests and when the residual tumor could not be detected by other clinical parameters.
Acid dissociation of cyclohexaamylose and cycloheptaamylose

Abstract Acid dissociation constants of aqueous cyclohexaamylose (6-Cy) and cycloheptaamylose (7-Cy) have been determined at 10–47 and 25–55°C, respectively, by pH potentiometry. Standard enthalpies and entropies of dissociation derived from the temperature dependences of these pKa's are ΔH0 = 8.4 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1, Δ S 0 = −28. ± 1 cal mol −1 0 K −1 for 6-Cy and ΔH0 = 10.0 ± 0.1 kcal mol−1, Δ S 0 = −22.4 ±0.3 cal mol −1 0 K −1 for 7-Cy. Intrinsic 13C nmr resonance displacements of anionic 6- and 7-Cy were measured at 30°C in 5% D2O ( v v ). These results indicate that the dissociation of 6- and 7-Cy involves both C2 and C3 20-hydroxyl groups. The thermodynamic and nmr parameters are discussed in terms of interglucosyl hydrogen bonding.
Mutation of the 9' leucine in the GABAA receptor γ2L subunit produces an apparent decrease in desensitization by stabilizing open states without altering desensitized states

A conserved leucine near the middle (9' position) of the second transmembrane domain of ligand-gated ion channels has been implicated in both gating and desensitization. Specifically, L9'S and L9'T mutations decreased agonist EC50, decreased apparent desensitization and prolonged deactivation in members of the LGIC superfamily, suggesting that this residue may regulate channel properties including desensitization. GABA(A) receptors desensitize in three phases, but in previous 9' leucine studies, only slow phases of desensitization were resolved. We used excised patches containing alpha1beta3gamma2L or alpha1beta3gamma2L(L9'S) GABA(A) receptors and combined single channel recording and concentration jump techniques to reevaluate the effects of this mutation on desensitization. Although desensitization extent was decreased in mutated channels, desensitization still occurred in three phases, suggesting that desensitized states may be intact. Interestingly, deactivation rate was slowed by the mutation, opposite to that expected if desensitization was attenuated. alpha1beta3gamma2L(L9'S) receptor single channels had increased open durations. Simulations revealed that stabilizing the open state (by decreasing the channel closing rate) could account for multiple macroscopic findings: left-shifted GABA EC50, smaller extent of desensitization, slower desensitization rate, and longer deactivation. We concluded that changes in efficacy can alter macroscopic desensitization without affecting desensitized states per se.
Universal type structures with unawareness

Infinite hierarchies of awareness and beliefs arise in games with unawareness, similarly to belief hierarchies in standard games. A natural question is whether each hierarchy describes the playerʼs awareness of the hierarchies of other players and beliefs over these, or whether the reasoning can continue indefinitely. This paper constructs the universal type structure with unawareness where each type has an awareness level and a belief over types. Countable hierarchies are therefore sufficient to describe all uncertainty in games with unawareness.
Of Snails and Horsetails: Anatomical Empiricism in the Early Modern Period

This chapter addresses the issue of medical empiricism from a different perspective, focusing not primarily on therapy but rather on anatomy and specifically on the problem of generalization of knowledge and the tension between the uniformity and diversity of nature. In order to come to grips with this issue, it considers three levels of diversity: diversity among species; diversity among organisms within a species; and diversity within an individual organism, with regard to age, for example. The two perspectives, one based primarily on therapies and the other on anatomy, are not entirely unrelated, because the anatomical study of diversity within an organism, or among organisms within the same species, for example, have profound medical and therapeutic implications; moreover, in the early modern period, different animal species were used for physiological and medical investigations, with differences among species proving of crucial significance. Snails and horsetails proved especially challenging in the chapter. Keywords: anatomy; horsetails; medical empiricism; Snails; therapies