cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of the 13C NMR Shifts in Two Tetradehydrocyclodecabiphenylenes and Related Aryl and Biphenylenylacetylenes

Abstract The 13 C spectra of 5,6,9,10-tetradehydrocyclodeca[1,2,3,4-def]-benzo [7,8]biphenylene, 1 , and 5,6,9,10-tetradehydrocyclodeca [1,2,3,4-def]-naphtho [2,3-7,8]biphenylene, 2 , are reported as are those of a number of simpler acetylenic hydrocarbons used as spectral references. Most of the shifts can be assigned unambiguously. The acetylenic shift assignments were verified by ortho-proton, sp-carbon ( 1 H(1)- 13 C sp (3)) decoupling experiments. A simple additive shift correlation is found for the hydrocarbons containing unstrained acetylenic groups. However, significant discrepencies are found for the 13 C shifts for the strained hydrocarbons 1 , 2 , 1,2-bis(phenylethynyl)-benzene, 12 , and 2,3-bis(phenylethynyl)-naphthalene, 13. The discrepencies are particularily large for carbons near the triple bonds and are attributed to a combination of strain, rehybridization, and other proximity effects related to the interaction between the ortho-substituted acetylenic carbons.
Mixture Estimation From Multichannel Image Data

The following problem arises in Computer vision, diagnostic medical imaging, and remote sensing: At each pixel in an image a vector of observations is measured, and the distribution of these measurements is approximated by a mixture model. The goal is to estimate the mixing proportions of the classes by pixel in the image together with any unknown parameters in the latent distributions. In many problems of this type, it is appropriate to incorporate constraints on mixing proportions. This article deals with spatial smoothness constraints, which have been found useful in analyzing sequences of emission tomography images. An estimation methodology using penalized likelihood with multiple smoothing parameters is proposed. Numerical methods for implementing this methodology are developed. This includes an importance sampling technique for approximating the effective degrees of freedom of the solution. The methodology is illustrated with an application to the analysis of a dynamic emission tomography study usi...
International Open Access Week at Small to Medium U.S. Academic Libraries: The First Five Years

Abstract This research seeks to expand the body of knowledge surrounding International Open Access Week (OA Week) practices among small to medium-sized U.S. institutions, examining the rationales guiding these, and creating a baseline activity inventory which may be elaborated upon as open access continues to evolve and as OA Week matures beyond its fifth (2013) anniversary. An electronic survey with closed- and open-ended questions was used to collect data, which were analyzed for recurring themes. Of respondents whose campuses did observe OA Week, the most reported reason for doing so was related to supporting the library's educational outreach program; fewer respondents cited the library's philosophical commitment to open access. Lack of time was the most frequently given reason for OA Week non-participation, however around one quarter of non-participating respondents reported that they were unaware of OA Week, and another quarter reported that it did not figure in their strategic plan. The conditions that were found to best support celebrating OA Week included a grasp of the principles guiding OA on the part of at least one librarian, reinforced by: the educational mission of the library; adequate personnel; and sufficient time for planning. This exploratory study yields points for library- and self-assessment.
Purification and characterization of Aplysia atrial gland secretory granules containing egg-laying prohormone-related peptides

A purification scheme is described for the isolation of secretory granules containing egg-laying prohormone-related peptides from the atrial gland of Aplysia californica, an exocrine organ in the reproductive tract. Granules were purified by differential centrifugation of atrial gland homogenates followed by centrifugation on continuous Percoll-sucrose gradients. Quantitative enzyme assays in conjunction with electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that secretory granules thus isolated were significantly purified with respect to other subcellular organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the majority (approximately 85%) of the purified secretory granules were immunoreactive for A-NTP (N-terminal peptide), a cleavage product of the egg-laying prohormone-related A and A' precursors (residues 22-34). The purified granules represented an enriched source of peptides that were readily resolved by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Changes to journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

This issue of The Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (JPKPD) brings several changes. The Commentary from the leaders of the American Society of Pharmacometrics indicates that JPKPD will now serve as an official publication of this relatively new and energetic scientific group. Its members (including me) have been long-time supporters of the Journal and we look forward to JPKPD continuing to be a forum for not only innovative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling efforts, but also showcasing a growing array of pharmacometric and quantitative and systems pharmacology contributions to the literature. We are pleased to welcome Peter Bonate as a new Associate Editor and representative of ASoP. His knowledge and experience will be invaluable in dealing with the increasing complexity in use of mathematics, statistics, and software engineering to describe the myriad properties of drugs interacting with physiological systems. Suk-Jae Chung, from the College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea, joined us as an Associate Editor at the beginning of 2011 to help maintain our visibility as a forum for contributions from throughout the world. William F. Elmquist, who has served as Associate Editor since 1998, is stepping down, joining our list of distinguished Emeritus Editors. We thank him for his many years of great service. Finally, you will notice some changes in format of JPKPD, particularly the increase in page sizes and use of double columns. This matches the appearance of the majority of scientific journals. This will also help us accommodate an increased number of articles per issue. Your contributions and attention are most welcomed in helping to maintain JPKPD as the premier site for publication of theoretical and applied research relevant to diverse drugs and biotech products.
Impact of spatio-temporal heterogeneities and lateral stirring and mixing on mid-water biotic interactions

article i nfo We study the impact of spatial and temporal inhomogeneities in the flux of particles on particle-biology interactions in the mesopelagic zone using a flux-prey-predator model. The mid-water biology is found to affect significantly the carbon flux associated with the sinking particles. Although the annual mean export flux at the bottom of the zone (taken to be at 1000 m depth) is changed at most 25% in the experiments reported here, the timing and amplitude of pulses of the bottom flux are very dependent on the way the flux at the top of the zone (taken to be 100 m depth) is packaged in time and space. The apparent sinking speed, based on the arrival of pulses of the export flux at the bottom of the zone (1000 m), can vary from 5 m day −1 to 30 m day −1 . Lateral stirring and mixing also impact the temporal and spatial distributions of the particle flux. A useful metric in determining the impact of stirring and mixing is the "mix-down depth" which combines the effects of the initial patch size, strength of stirring, diffusion and sinking rate. When the mix- down depth is small compared to the depth to which biological interactions are important, then the impact of stirring and mixing is large, producing significant changes to the temporal behavior of the export flux and reducing spatial inhomogeneities. The results have implications for the sampling of the carbon flux associated with sinking particles and the representativeness of point measurements.
The structure and dynamics of ACTH (1-10) on the surface of a sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelle: a molecular dynamics simulation study.

Abstract ACTH (1–10), an adrenocorticotropin hormone fragment, was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in the NPT ensemble in an explicit sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelle. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements were incorporated during the equilibration stage of the simulation. The analyses of the trajectories from the subsequent unrestrained MD showed that ACTH (1–10) does not conform to a helical structure at the micelle-water interface; however, the structure is amphipathic. The loss of the helical structure is due to decreased intramolecular hydrogen bonding accompanied by an increase of hydrogen bonding between the amide hydrogens of the peptide and the micelle head-groups. ACTH (1–10) was found to lie on the surface of the SDS micelle. Most of the hydrophobic interactions came from the side-chains of Met-4, Phe-7 and Trp-9. The peptide bonds were either hydrated or involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Decreased hydration for the backbone ...
Effect of Personal and Cultural Beliefs on Medication Adherence in the Elderly

Approximately 50% of patients across all age groups with varied types of medical conditions do not adhere to their prescribed medication regimens. Medication nonadherence is common in older adults who are often prescribed medications for age-related chronic disorders. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of personal and cultural beliefs on older adults' medication adherence through a review of research studies published in journals across different disciplines. A systematic literature search using ten databases found 14 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Belief-laden variables including self-efficacy (i.e. the belief that one can perform a specific behaviour under differing conditions), medication efficacy, confidence in the physician's knowledge, perceptions about natural products and home remedies, beliefs of control (over one's health), and illness perceptions were found to be significantly related to medication adherence among older adults. However, several measurement, design and sampling problems were identified in this review. The majority of the studies in the review evaluated older adults' medication adherence by self-report and used cross-sectional designs and convenience samples. Future studies should utilise prospective longitudinal designs and a more objective measure of medication adherence, such as electronic event monitoring, when examining factors related to older adults' medication adherence. Future research should also evaluate belief-related variables in larger and more ethnically diverse samples of older adults. Implications for assessment and intervention are evident from this literature review of the effect of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence in older adults.
Investigation on liquid-solid extraction system of polyvinylpyrrolidone-(NH4)2SO4-H2O by using bromopyrogallol red as extractant

In the presence of ammonium sulphate or other inorganic salts, the aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can be separated into liquid and solid phases. The distribution behaviour of bromopyrogallol red (BPR), Cu(II), Bi(III), Sc(III) and Zr(IV) between the liquid and solid phases was studied. The quantitative extraction separation of some metal ions based on this system was carried out by controlling the acidity of the solution. The extraction mechanism for the PVP solid phase was further discussed.
Mice deficient in fas ligand (gld) or fas (lpr) show few alterations in granulopoiesis.

Abstract Evidence exists that the life span of mature, circulating neutrophils is influenced by apoptosis induced by interactions between Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas (CD95). However, the role of FasL/Fas-mediated apoptosis in granulopoiesis has not been explored. The present study assessed differences in granulopoiesis between normal (B6) mice and mice carrying mutations in the genes for FasL (B6/gld) or Fas (B6/lpr). Granulopoiesis was examined by quantitating mature granulocytes in the blood, committed myeloid progenitor cells (or colony-forming units; CFU) in the bone marrow (BM), and granulocyte lineage cells in the BM. The present study also characterized through flow cytometry the ability of GR-1+granulocyte lineage cells from B6, B6/gld,and B6/lprmice to undergo spontaneous apoptosisin vitro. In comparison to B6 mice, B6/gldmice (but not B6/lprmice) showed small, but significant increases in the number and percentage of blood granulocytes and in the number of myeloid CFU. However, the number and percentage of GR-1+granulocyte lineage cells in the BM were similar in the three strains. The rate of spontaneous apoptosis of GR-1+granulocyte lineage cells also did not differ between B6, B6/gld,and B6/lprmice. In B6 and B6/gldmice, Fas expression on granulocyte lineage cells was downregulated in conjunction with a decrease in forward-angle light scatter (fsc) and externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), two measures of apoptosis. These results suggest that FasL–Fas interactions play only a minor role in modulating numbers of committed myeloid progenitor cells and the size of the peripheral pool of mature granulocytes. Interactions between FasL and Fas do not influence the size of the BM pool of granulocyte lineage cells or the ability of those cells to undergo spontaneous apoptosis.
Characterization of African dust transported to Puerto Rico by individual particle and size segregated bulk analysis

[1] As part of the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE), airborne and surface dust particle samples from Africa were collected and subjected to bulk elemental and single-particle analysis. Airborne samples were collected on polycarbonate filters at various altitudes and underwent single-particle scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis with X-rays (EDAX) to derive elemental ratios of key soil elements. Particle chemistry was related to size and morphological characteristics. At the principle surface site, particles were collected on a Davis Rotating Drum (DRUM) cascade impactor strips in eight stages from 0.1 to 12 μm at 4 hour time resolution. These samples were subjected to X-ray florescence (XRF) to determine bulk elemental composition from Al through Zn. The elemental data showed good correlation between the DRUM and the aircraft samples. Cluster analysis of single-particle data resulted in 63 statistically significant clusters. Several clusters can be easily related to their parent mineralogical species. However, as dust particles are to a large extent aggregates, most clusters are based on a continuum of varied mineralogical species and cannot be easily categorized. With 60,500 total particles counted from the airborne filters, a statistically significant number of large particles could be analyzed. Estimated mean surface area modal diameter is ∼5 μm, with an average aspect ratio of 1.9. An apparent change in source region is seen in the morphological data and non alumino-silicate minerals but is not seen in the aluminum to silicon ratio. We suspect homogenization during long-range transport.
Is perception of a dance phrase affected by physical movement training and experience

Recent neuroimaging evidence has suggested that expert dancers have stronger activation than novices in areas of parietal cortex while watching dance. The role of parietal cortex in the processing of spatial information could suggest that expert dancers are more attuned than novice dancers to spatial cues while watching dance. Instead of focusing on the perceiving of the expert, this study sought to extend the findings from neuroscience by assessing what is consciously perceived by the expert. Twelve expert and 12 novice dancers watched a 30 s contemporary dance phrase and then completed a questionnaire that assessed memory in four different categories: Shape, Space, Time, and Effort. Results showed that, overall, experts recalled the phrase with greater accuracy than novices. It was further shown that there was a statistically significant difference between novices and experts in accuracy of recall in the category of Space. This difference was not present in any of the other three categories. Implication...
The beta adrenergic theory of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma

I n 1931, one of the founding fathers of American allergy research, Francis M. Rackemann, wrote the following lines: “The situation is somewhat analogous to that of a loaded gun. A good deal of knowledge is being obtajned about the great variety of triggers (extrinsic and intrinsic causes) which fire the charge; but why is the gun loaded? And what constitutes this load?“1 These questions refer to the fact that only a minority of the total population shows some form of atopic hypersensitivity despite that, by and large, identical conditions of antigenie exposure must be presumed to exist for all members of the same population. 2l 3 The nature of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma (or in any other manifestation of atopic allergy), which determines that only a relatively confined segment of a given population shows asthmatic reactivity, i.e., is affected pathologically, is as yet unexplained, but ithas been traditionally approached through immunological concepts. These concepts derive from an association of a physiochemically and biologically distinct antibody, the reagin, with this disorder, and the production and unusual reactivity of this type of antibody is thought to account for the atopic abnormality in asthma. * However, as has been extensively discussed,5 immunological concepts cannot easily account for some of t,he significant facts surrounding this disease. Therefore, based on model experiments and other considerations, an alternative to the classical concept, which came to be known as the bet,a adrenergic
The formation histories of galaxy clusters

Abstract A sample of hundreds of simulated galaxy clusters is used to study the statistical properties of galaxy cluster formation. Individual assembly histories are discussed, the degree of virialization is demonstrated and various commonly used formation times are measured and inter-compared. In addition, the fraction of clusters which have “recently” undergone a major merger or significant mass jump is calculated as a function of lookback time and interval. The fraction of three- and four-body mergers is also studied.
The diffusivity of hydrogen through Pd-based solid solutions containing rhodium and platinum

Abstract An electrochemical technique has been used to measure the diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd-based solid solutions containing up to 60 at.% Pt and 33 at.% Rh in the temperature range 280–360 K. The results show that the addition of either substitutional solute to the Pd-lattice decreases the diffusivity of hydrogen in the f.c.c. matrix. The diffusion data have been discussed in terms of the cell model for solid solutions. In the case of the Pd-Pt-H system, the kinetic data are in accord with the predictions of the cell model and interaction parameters derived from independent thermodynamic studies.
Axially symmetric turbulent boundary layers on cylinders: mean velocity profiles and wall pressure fluctuations

Experimental measurements of the mean velocity profiles produced by axially symmetric turbulent boundary layers on cylinders of various diameters are described. The profile measurements were made with very small hot wires developed for this investigation. Measurements of the wall shear stress on cylinders ranging from 0.02 to 2.0 in. in diameter are also reported. In the boundary layer on cylinders, well-defined regions exist in which the two-dimensional law of the wall and a three-dimensional wake law are valid. There was no evidence that the boundary layer was not fully turbulent even on the cylinders of smallest diameter. Measurements of wall pressure fluctuations beneath the boundary layer on a 1 in. diameter cylinder are also described. The results were much the same as those previously reported by Willmarth & Yang (1970) for a 3 in. diameter cylinder. The only difference was the discovery that the wall pressure was correlated in the transverse direction approximately half-way around the cylinder. This was not true on the 3 in. diameter cylinder.
Co-ordination Assumptions and Multiple Equilibria

Perfect competition, 262. — The case of monopoly, 266. — Other market forms, 271. — Vertical integration, 275. — Policy implications, 276. — Economic development, 276.
Designing assistive technology for blind users

This project reports on an observational and interview study of a non-sighted person to develop design insights for enhancing interactions between a blind person and everyday technological artifacts found in their home such as wristwatches, cell phones or software applications. Analyzing situations where work-arounds compensate for task failures reveals important insights for future artifact design for the blind such as the value of socialization, tactile and audio feedback, and facilitation of user independence.
Bulimia nervosa and depression: A theoretical and clinical appraisal in light of the binge—purge cycle

This review seeks to familiarize clinicians with several major theoretical perspectives on the relationship between bulimia nervosa and depression. It begins by clarifying the affective changes which occur within the binge-purge cycle. Six hypotheses relating negative affect to bulimia nervosa are then reviewed in light of these changes, with their strengths, weaknesses and clinical implications clearly outlined. The author concludes that, although none of these perspectives has received universal support, recent hypotheses which focus upon specific portions of the binge-purge cycle are best suited to integration. These include the restraint, escape and hopelessness hypotheses. An integrative model is proposed to account for data across the binge-purge cycle, to assist in understanding the maintenance of bulimia nervosa, and to guide clinical intervention.
Instructional practices of part‐time and full‐time faculty

Exploring differences between instructional practices of full-time and part-time faculty, this chapter reveals that the average time spent by part- and full-time faculty in most classroom instructional practices is essentially equivalent. However, differences emerge regarding time spent in various classroom practices, the availability of faculty to students outside class, and faculty connections with colleagues and the institution.
The effect of a support group on grieving individuals' levels of perceived support and stress

Abstract This study examined the effects of support group participation on bereaved individuals' levels of perceived support and stress. Using a single group pretest/posttest design, data were collected from a convenience sample of 21 grieving individuals who participated in 10 weekly support group sessions. Perceived stress decreased significantly ( P
Optimal input shaper design and application to high speed Robotic workcells

This work addresses the design of optimal input shaper and its application to the motion control of a robotic workcell. An optimal shaper is proposed to tradeoff performance and robustness according to assembly specifications of the workcell. The optimal shaper, along with standard shaper designs such as Zero Vibration (ZV), Zero Vibration and Derivative (ZVD), and Extra Insensitive (EI) are applied to conduct cycle time testing on a two-axis Adept Technology Robotic Workcell. The performance of each shaper is evaluated with respect to residual vibration, robustness, and speed. Specifically, the workcell performance for various unknown loading conditions is observed. It is shown that the optimal shaper produces the best overall results.
Electric Energy Challenges of the Future

This is a panel presentation which is part of a full panel entitled "The Future Grid to Enable Sustainable Energy Systems." The presentation is a description of `Thrust area #1' of a U. S. Department of Energy initiative on the future grid. Thrust area #1 is entitled “Electric Energy Challenges of the Future.” This thrust area relates to the design, operation, and conjectural configuration of the electric transmission grid in the United States to the year 2050. The main subjects discussed are: the actual configuration of the grid; the use of HVDC in the grid; the use of advanced overhead conductor technologies; the development of energy storage and its impact; a discussion of various `what if' scenarios, and the impact of those scenarios on the transmission grid. Part of the work described relates to system operation.
6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione blocks the cytotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate, but not quisqualate, in cortical cultures.

: Based on radioligand binding and electrophysiological studies, quinoxalinediones such as 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) have been shown to be potent competitive antagonists at the quisqualate and kainate subtypes of the glutamate receptor. In this report we have examined the effects of DNQX on excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and evoked neurotransmitter release. DNQX was found to be a potent neuroprotective agent against glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotoxicity. The data suggest that this neuroprotective activity of DNQX is due to its antagonism of the coagonist activity of glycine at the NMDA receptor–channel complex. The specificity of DNQX for the glycine site associated with the NMDA receptor–channel complex was confirmed in radioligand binding and neurotransmitter release studies. DNQX also prevented kainate neurotoxicity and kainate-evoked neurotransmitter release, presumably by direct competition for the kainate receptor. DNQX, however, did not prevent quisqualate neurotoxicity, suggesting that a novel quisqualate-preferring receptor insensitive to DNQX may mediate quisqualate toxicity.
The Future of Scientific Computing

Summary The computer, though with us only about twenty years, is an integral part of our society. It has evolved in these twenty years from early devices, in which storage for even a few hundred characters represented the ultimate in design, to a machine capable of storing millions of alphanumeric characters which are callable in microseconds. With such machines now, and more highly advanced machines promised, we are able to do numerical weather prediction for a few days, and are looking to extend this to prediction over a span of a month. This will be possible as we design machines with more built in operations, greater storage capacity, and more flexible input-output devices. As machines acquire these capabilities, we are finding it possible for several users to share the machine simultaneously in a direct way formerly known as‘debugging at the console'. This technique, formerly thought to be wasteful of machine time, has allowed rapid resolution of subtle programming errors, and facilitates discovery of methods of attack on certain problems. An important consequence of this technique is the possibility of using the machine to teach students.
Suppression of heavy fermions by high fields in CeCu6.

Measurement of the specific heat of CeCu/sub 6/ in fields to 24 T between 1.8 and 8 K and of the magnetization in fields to 20 T at 1.3 and 4.2 K is reported. The value of ..gamma.. ( = CT) in 24 T is 350 mJmol K/sup 2/. The slope of the CT-vs-T/sup 2/ data, proportional to the Debye temperature, in 24 T is the same as that for LaCu/sub 6/ in zero field, with no low-temperature upturn in the CT data in 24 T observed. These data indicate that we achieve complete suppression of the heavy-fermion ground state in CeCu/sub 6/ with this high applied magnetic field. These results are in sharp contrast with results on uranium systems, indicating a fundamental difference in the heavy-fermion ground state. Implications for de Haas-van Alphen experiments are discussed
Conformal episcleral plaque therapy

Purpose : Episcleral plaque therapy (EPT) with sealed 125 I sources is widely used in the treatment of choroidal melanoma. In EPT, as elsewhere in radiotherapy, concern for normal tissue tolerance has frequently been a dose-limiting factor. The concept of conformal therapy, which seeks to improve dose homogeneity within the tumor and greatly reduce the dose to uninvolved structures may provide a solution to this problem. Radioactive sources are typically distributed uniformly over the surface of an episcleral plaque and are sometimes offset slightly from the scleral surface to reduce the dose to the sclera relative to the apex and prescribed therapeutic margin at the tumor base. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for scleral dose to exceed the dose to the apex of intermediate to tall tumors by a factor of 4 or more. The availability of low-energy sealed sources such as 125 I prompted the development of gold-backed plaques to shield noninvolved periocular tissues. The concept of shielding can be extended to include collimation of individual sources. The potential advantages of individual source collimation include reduced scleral dose, more homogeneous tumor dose, and superior shielding of adjacent normal structures such as the fovea as compared to previous plaque designs. Methods and Materials: A three-dimensional treatment-planning system has been extended to design a plaque that incorporates individually collimated 125 I sources. Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) and radiochromic film were used to compare calculated dose-rate distributions with measured dose rates in an acrylic phantom. Results: Calculations predict that source collimation in the form of a slotted gold plaque will achieve the purposes of the study. The collimating effect of the slots is demonstrated qualitatively using radiochromic film, and the accuracy of the calculation is demonstrated quantitatively with TLD. Conclusion: The episcleral plaque described in this report is simpler to assemble than previous plaque designs. It produces a more homogeneous dose distribution in the tumor, reduces scleral dose by up to 50% as compared to conventional designs, and significantly reduces radiation dose to uninvolved structures adjacent to the plaque.
Adapting a biomass simulation model to a tropical grassland

Abstract A plant biomass simulation model developed for shortgrass prairie was adapted to a contrasting, more productive tropical grassland site. Both the sites were dominated by C4 grasses. No structural change in the model was found to be necessary. However, parameters related to photoysynthetic allocation, effects of nitrogen and soil water potential on growth, and root death had to be modified.
The Surgical Treatment of Circumscribed Intrathoracic Lesions: Lesions Found on Routine Thoracic Roentgenologic Examinations, with Absence of Subjective Symptoms *

The value of routine roentgenograms of the thorax in disclosing the presence of lesions of the thorax in patients who have no subjective symptoms suggesting intrathoracic disease is shown in the foregoing series of 291 various types of extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary lesions which I have treated surgically. In 52 of these cases the patients did not have any symptoms indicating the presence of a lesion. The most important consideration in this group of 52 cases is that in 12 the lesion was found to be malignant. In nine of these 12 cases the tumors were early primary malignant processes, and surgical removal was achieved at a time when the results of such a procedure are most favorable. Three of the 12 malignant lesions were metastatic, and it is probable that removal will give only a palliative result. Forty of the 52 symptomless lesions were benign, and removal of them was attained before they had caused any serious injury to surrounding structures or had undergone malignant change. The importance of a complete clinical examination or, if necessary, exploratory thoracotomy to establish a definite diagnosis and institution of early surgical treatment, is shown by the various types of lesions found in this series of 52 cases of symptomless thoracic tumors: 12, or 23 per cent, of the lesions were malignant.
Multi-service multi-carrier broadband MIMO distributed antenna systems for in-building optical wireless access

A novel broad spectrum band-shifting technique is experimentally demonstrated to simultaneously transmit broadband (500MHz to 3 GHz) multi-service, multi-carrier MIMO signals for in-building radio-over-fiber based wireless distributed antenna systems. The proposed scheme uses fewer local oscillators and does not require any service-specific narrowband band pass filters, thus upgrading of existing non-MIMO services to MIMO services or adding new MIMO services would be easier and cost-effective.
γ-Tubulin Overexpression in Sertoli Cells In Vivo. II: Retention of Spermatids, Residual Bodies, and Germ Cell Apoptosis

The degree of germ cell dependence on Sertoli cell-mediated activities has been a subject of considerable attention. Sertoli cell secretory pathways have been extensively studied both in an effort to understand their normal physiologic roles and as targets for pharmacologic and toxicant activity. To determine the degree to which normal spermatogenesis depends on key functions of the Sertoli cell microtubule network, adenoviral vectors that overexpress the microtubule nucleating protein, γ-tubulin, were delivered to Sertoli cells in vivo. γ-Tubulin overexpression disrupts the Sertoli cell microtubule network (as described in the companion article); leads to gross disorganization of the seminiferous epithelium, inducing retention of spermatids and residual bodies; and causes germ cell apoptosis. These data are consistent with earlier studies in which toxicants and pharmacologic agents were used to disrupt microtubule networks. These data confirm that Sertoli cell microtubule networks play an important role in maintaining the organization of the seminiferous epithelium and that in the absence of an intact Sertoli cell microtubule network, germ cell viability is impaired.
A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Genes That Affect Somatic Homolog Pairing in Drosophila

In Drosophila and other Dipterans, homologous chromosomes are in close contact in virtually all nuclei, a phenomenon known as somatic homolog pairing. Although homolog pairing has been recognized for over a century, relatively little is known about its regulation. We performed a genome-wide RNAi-based screen that monitored the X-specific localization of the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, and we identified 59 candidate genes whose knockdown via RNAi causes a change in the pattern of MSL staining that is consistent with a disruption of X-chromosomal homolog pairing. Using DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we confirmed that knockdown of 17 of these genes has a dramatic effect on pairing of the 359 bp repeat at the base of the X. Furthermore, dsRNAs targeting Pr-set7, which encodes an H4K20 methyltransferase, cause a modest disruption in somatic homolog pairing. Consistent with our results in cultured cells, a classical mutation in one of the strongest candidate genes, pebble (pbl), causes a decrease in somatic homolog pairing in developing embryos. Interestingly, many of the genes identified by our screen have known roles in diverse cell-cycle events, suggesting an important link between somatic homolog pairing and the choreography of chromosomes during the cell cycle.
Bi-directional communication among "smart" components in a networked control system

Increased availability of electronics at much lower costs have helped to create a new breed of control system components; so called "smart" components, which can perform control responsibilities in the actuator and sensor components as well as in the controller. "Smart" components can communicate bi-directionally in networked control systems. Our results show that an "ideal" system with bidirectional communications is equivalent to a single loop control system in terms of performance. However, performance improvements are possible in "non-ideal" cases. Using bi-directional communications can also improve the control system design process since it facilitates the configuration and re-configuration. Building cost effective modular control systems using bi-directional controls appears increasingly attractive.
THE CARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIMATE AND THE CLIMATOP, THE PART OF THE FORESTRY, IN BRAŞOV

The climate represents:  climatic elements witch make the definition of the climatop;  radiant energy: which represents the sunlight and the heat;  thermal regime elements;  the wet regime: evaporation and perspiration;  pluviometer regime  wind regime
Radar Modeling Of Tropical Mangal Forest Stands

Radar modeling of mangal forest stands in the Sundarbans area of southern Bangladesh is discussed. The modeling uses radar system parameters with forest data on tree height, spacing, biomass, species combinations, and water content (including slightly conductive water) in leaves and trunks of the mangal. For Sundri and Gewa tropical mangal forests, six model components are proposed; the models are required to explain the contributions of various combinations of forest species in the attenuation and scattering of mangal-vegetated nonflooded or flooded surfaces. Statistical data of simulated images have been compared with those of SIR-B images both to refine the modeling procedures and to characterize the model output appropriately. The possibility of delineation of flooded or nonflooded boundaries is discussed.
Suppression of noise amplification during colour correction

This paper relates to correcting colours in digital photography. Three low pass filters are used to prevent noise amplification during colour correction. It is well known that a straightforward application of a low pass filter reduces the sharpness of an image. The filtering is applied in a non-conventional way which naturally compensates for the blur introduced by filtering. This compensation is achieved by combining data from all the colour channels, thus preserving the original sharpness of the image. This method is particularly useful, but not limited to, CMOS image sensor based digital cameras.
New perspectives on software maintenance processes

The policies of the maintenance organization, techniques used, types of changes attempted, times when they are attempted, and nature of the product all shape the maintenance process. The authors suggest that no single fixed maintenance process can meet all these needs, but that all views should be consolidated in a single framework. This is done by using the notions of process programming and process environments to provide a structure within which users can alter tools and processes to support all maintenance needs and approaches in a user-tailorable, dynamically adaptable, and incrementally implementable way. Consideration of the demands and ramifications of process programming leads to the discovery of the importance of process maintenance, dynamic maintenance, process execution history maintenance, and product-related process maintenance. These notions, which broaden and complicate the understanding of maintenance, also suggest a software life-cycle model that unifies development and maintenance. >
Stratification of Breast Cancer Risk in Women With Atypia: A Mayo Cohort Study

Purpose Atypical hyperplasia is a well-recognized risk factor for breast cancer, conveying an approximately four-fold increased risk. Data regarding long-term absolute risk and factors for risk stratification are needed. Patients and Methods Women with atypical hyperplasia in the Mayo Benign Breast Disease Cohort were identified through pathology review. Subsequent breast cancers were identified via medical records and a questionnaire. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using standardized incidence ratios, comparing the observed number of breast cancers with those expected based on Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Age, histologic factors, and family history were evaluated as risk modifiers. Plots of cumulative breast cancer incidence provided estimates of risk over time. Results With mean follow-up of 13.7 years, 66 breast cancers (19.9%) occurred among 331 women with atypia. RR of breast cancer with atypia was 3.88 (95% CI, 3.00 to 4.94). Marked elevations in risk were seen ...
Quinobis(imidazolylidene): Synthesis and Study of an Electron‐Configurable Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Carbene) and Its Bimetallic Complexes

Reaction of bromanil with N,N′-dimesitylformamidine followed by deprotonation with NaN(SiMe3)2 afforded 1,1′,3,3′-tetramesitylquinobis(imidazolylidene) (1), a bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) with two NHC moieties connected by a redox active p-quinone residue, in 72 % yield of isolated compound. Bimetallic complexes of 1 were prepared by coupling to FcN3 (2) or FcNCS (3; Fc=ferrocenyl) or coordination to [M(cod)Cl] (4 a or 4 b, where M=Rh or Ir, respectively; cod=1,5-cyclooctadiene). Treatment of 4 a and 4 b with excess CO(g) afforded the corresponding [M(CO)2Cl] complexes 5 a and 5 b, respectively. Analysis of 2–5 by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the electron-deficient quinone did not significantly affect the inherent spectral properties or coordination chemistry of the flanking imidazolylidene units, as compared to analogous NHCs. Infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry revealed that decreasing the electron density at MLn afforded an increase in the stretching energy and a decrease in the reduction potential of the quinone, indicative of metal–quinone electronic interaction. Differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry of the metal-centered oxidations in 2–4 revealed two single, one-electron peaks. Thus, the metal atoms bound to 1 are oxidized at indistinguishable potentials and do not appear electronically coupled. However, the metal–quinone interaction was used to increase the electron density at coordinated metal atoms. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the average νCO values for 5 a and 5 b decreased by 14 and 15 cm−1, respectively, upon reduction of the quinone embedded within 1. These shifts correspond to 10 and 12 cm−1 decreases in the Tolman electronic parameter of this ditopic ligand.
A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a brief cannabis universal prevention program among adolescents in primary care

AIMS: To examine the efficacy of a brief intervention delivered by a therapist (TBI) or a computer (CBI), in preventing cannabis use among adolescents in urban primary care clinics. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial comparing: CBI and TBI versus control. SETTING: Urban primary care clinics in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Research staff recruited 714 adolescents (ages 12-18) who reported no lifetime cannabis use on a screening survey for this study, which included a baseline survey, randomization (stratified by gender and grade) to conditions (control; CBI; TBI), and 3, 6, and 12 month assessments. MEASUREMENTS: Using an intent to treat approach, primary outcomes were cannabis use (any, frequency); secondary outcomes included frequency of other drug use, severity of alcohol use, and frequency of delinquency (among 85% completing follow-ups). FINDINGS: Compared with controls, CBI participants had significantly lower rates of any cannabis use over 12 months (24.2%, 16.8%, respectively, p CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents in urban primary care in the United States, a computer brief intervention appeared to prevent and reduce cannabis use. Both computer and therapist delivered brief interventions appeared to have small effects in reducing other risk behaviors, but these dissipated over time. Language: en
Mass spectra of B, B′‐disubstituted bis(amino)diboranes(4)

The mass spectra of five B,B′-disubstituted derivatives of the bis(amino)diboranes(4). Most of the fragmentations postulated have a precedent in similar processes of isoelectronic and/or isopolar species and are supported by the occurrence of metastable peaks.
Exploring the role of gaze behavior and object detection in scene understanding

We posit that a person’s gaze behavior while freely viewing a scene contains an abundance of information, not only about their intent and what they consider to be important in the scene, but also about the scene’s content. Experiments are reported, using two popular image datasets from computer vision, that explore the relationship between the fixations that people make during scene viewing, how they describe the scene, and automatic detection predictions of object categories in the scene. From these exploratory analyses, we then combine human behavior with the outputs of current visual recognition methods to build prototype human in the loop applications for gaze-enabled object detection and scene annotation.
Targeting tumors using nanoparticle platforms: a phase I study of a systemically administered gene therapy system.

The potential for nonviral gene therapy to treat cancer has been limited by the difficulty of targeting therapeutic genes to tumors. In this issue of Molecular Therapy, Senzer et al.1 show evidence of specific tumor targeting as well as clinical efficacy in a phase I trial of a nonviral vector. This is the first phase I clinical trial to demonstrate tumor specificity and uptake by metastatic tumors of a systemically delivered liposomal nanoparticle. Importantly, the therapeutic nanoparticle elicited minimal side effects and the majority of patients demonstrated stable disease. This phase I trial has shown this delivery system to be a safe, stable, efficient, and tumor-specific drug delivery platform for systemic administration.
Restraint and seclusion: A review of the literature.

Objective The author reviewed the literature published since 1972 concerning restraint and seclusion. Method The review began with a computerized literature search. Further sources were located through citations from articles identified in the original search. Results The author synthesized the contents of the articles reviewed using the categories of indications and contraindications; rates of seclusion and restraint as well as demographic, clinical, and environmental factors that affect these rates; effects on patients and staff; implementation; and training. Conclusions The literature on restraint and seclusion supports the following. 1) Seclusion and restraint are basically efficacious in preventing injury and reducing agitation. 2) It is nearly impossible to operate a program for severely symptomatic individuals without some form of seclusion or physical or mechanical restraint. 3) Restraint and seclusion have deleterious physical and psychological effects on patients and staff, and the psychiatric consumer/survivor movement has emphasized these effects. 4) Demographic and clinical factors have limited influence on rates of restraint and seclusion. 5) Local nonclinical factors, such as cultural biases, staff role perceptions, and the attitude of the hospital administration, have a greater influence on rates of restraint and seclusion. 6) Training in prediction and prevention of violence, in self-defense, and in implementation of restraint and/or seclusion is valuable in reducing rates and untoward effects. 7) Studies comparing well-defined training programs have potential usefulness.