cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coeliac disease: Evaluation of diagnosis in children and teenagers.

Abstract Background Coeliac disease is no longer a rare disease, but has a rising prevalence, especially in children, with a shift from malabsorption syndrome to a more subtle presentation. Therefore, European guidelines regarding the diagnosis of coeliac disease were changed in 2012. If laboratory tests are positive, children can now be diagnosed without performing an endoscopy. The aim of this study was to characterize the Swiss patients, who have been diagnosed with coeliac disease. Methods This is a retrospective study of Swiss paediatric patients who have been diagnosed with coeliac disease according to European guidelines between 01/2011 and 11/2020. The data needed was extracted from medical records. Results A total of 369 children were included in the study. The main complain was abdominal pain (118; 32%), followed by failure to thrive/gain weight (92; 24.9%). 10% (37/367) of all patients had no symptoms at all. In 72.6% (268/369) of all patients, an endoscopy was performed due to lower antibodies. Mean values for ferritin, vitamins D and B12 as well as folic acid were within normal range. Conclusion In our cohort of patients, females were clearly more often affected and also showed a small deviation in height and weight. Our finding of 10% of all patients having no symptoms at all is in line with other studies observing a decline in symptoms. A complicating factor for the clinician is the fact that overall no vitamin deficiencies were detected. As the incidence continues to rise but the clinical presentation of coeliac disease is changing from a malabsorption syndrome to a silent disease, further observational studies are needed to monitor this trend.
Prosperity Unbound: Building Property Markets With Trust

Elena Panaritis is an institutional economist, action leader and social entrepreneur. In more than a decade as an economist at the World Bank, she spearheaded property rights reforms around the world. She is the recipient of the International Best Practice and Innovation Award for her groundbreaking work in Peru, where 9 million people became part of the middle class and the formal market in only 3 years. Her book Prosperity Unbound: Building Property Markets with Trust expounds on her methodology and offers practical guidance for policy makers, government officials, private investors and entrepreneurs who want to create or strengthen property markets and transform "unreal estate" to real estate. Bob Litan, VP of the Kauffman Foundation calls the book a “real contribution to science”.
CHAPTER 32 – Olfaction

This chapter provides an overview of the human olfactory system, beginning with the peripheral receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and the first relay in the olfactory bulb. The projections of the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortical areas are described in macaque monkeys, and the comparable olfactory areas in the human brain are described. It is noted that humans are generally considered “microsmatic,” with a relatively poorly developed olfactory system compared to that of “macrosmatic” mammals. Indeed, the structure and lamination of the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory cortex are not as well-defined in humans as in rodents and carnivores. Further, the olfactory structures certainly do not make up as large a fraction of the forebrain in humans as in rats and cats. However, almost all the major olfactory structures found in rats are also present in humans, and in absolute terms the human structures are far from rudimentary. Finally, olfactory projections to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and frontal cortex are discussed, based on experimental work in monkeys and on functional imaging studies in humans.
Mechanism of reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Studies with 7-methyldihydrofolate as a model compound.

Abstract 7-Methyl-7,8-dihydrofolate was used as a model compound to study the mechanism of reduction of 7,8-dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. 7-Methylfolate is not a substrate but is a competitive inhibitor of folate reductase (Ki = 1.3 x 10-6 m). Since 7-methyl-7,8-dihydrofolate could not be prepared by dithionite reduction of 7-methylfolate, a new method involving reduction with zinc dust in 1.0 m NaOH was used. When this reduction was performed in the presence of tritiated water, tritium was incorporated not only at position 7, but also at carbon 9 and in the 7-methyl group of 7-methyl-7,8-dihydrofolate. As a result of the study of the mechanism of reduction of 7-methyl-7,8-dihydrofolate to 7-methyltetrahydrofolate by different agents, the following was established. (a) The reduction with dithionite proceeds entirely through an intramolecular rearrangement involving elimination of hydrogen from carbon 7. (b) The catalytic hydrogenation in water proceeds almost entirely by the direct addition of hydrogen to the 5,6-double bond. (c) The reduction with borohydride proceeds mainly through the direct addition of hydrogen as in b, and to the lesser extent through rearrangement as in a. The implications of these results with respect to the mechanism of reduction of dihydrofolate are discussed.
Mechanisms of damage to the lung surfactant system. Ultrastructure and quantitation of normal and in vitro inactivated lung surfactant.

Abstract This study provides a structural, functional and biochemical basis for the characterization and quantitation of normal and in vitro inactivated lung surfactant. 1. 1| Normal lung surfactant . Rabbit lung washing was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 450 g to obtain the cellular sediment A. The supernatant was centrifuged for 90 minutes at 100,000 g yielding sediment B and supernatant C. All fractions were lyophilized and weighed. In addition, sediments A and B were processed for histochemistry and electron microscopy. Surface tension measurements revealed minimum surface tension (γ min ) of 0–5 dynes/cm with 5 mg of lung washing or with 2 mg of sediment B. By contrast, even with 20 mg of sediment A or supernatant C, γ min was above 18 dynes/cm. By electron microscopy sediment B was composed mainly of myeloid figures. Biochemical determinations of lyophilized fractions revealed that more than 80% of the noncellular phospholipids present in the bulk sedimented into the strongly surface active sediment B, which was found to contain an average of 721 μg phospholipids/mg dry weight, with 90% of the phospholipid being phosphatidyl choline. Fractions A and C revealed relatively low phospholipid values, 214 μg/mg dry weight and 129 μg/mg dry weight, respectively. 2. 2| In vitro inactivation of lung surfactant . (a) Interaction of lung washing with serum resulted in a seemingly reversible form of surfactant inactivation, since sediment B of the surface inactive washing-serum mixture revealed a high phospholipid content and a γ min of 0–5 dynes/cm with 2 mg of lyophilized material. (b) Following interaction of lung washing with heparinized or recalcified citrated plasma, a clot rapidly developed in the washing-plasma mixture due to the strong thromboplastic activity of surfactant. By electron microscopy the clot contained in addition to fibrinous deposits, packed macrophages, and numerous myeloid figures. Similar changes but no cells were observed in the clot formed in a mixture of cell-free surfactant suspension with plasma. Lipid analysis and isotopic tracing studies indicated that the clot incorporated 50–60% of the surfactant phopsholipids present in the plasma inactivated lung extracts. On the other hand the eluate of the washing-plasma mixture yielded a sediment B with low phospholipid content and γ min of 20–25 dynes/cm. This form of surfactant inactivation can be defined, therefore, as a coagulative type of surfactant depletion, and may represent the mechanism of surfactant deficiency and membrane formation in hyaline membrane disease of the newborn and in other pathologic conditions of the lung associated with formation of hyaline membranes.
Characteristics of Price Informative Analyst Forecasts

We examine the effect of signal attributes and analyst identity on the price impact of an earnings forecast revision. We measure the price impact immediately upon the release of a forecast, as well as over the next twenty-four months. We find that an analyst's own prior forecast and the consensus forecast at the time of the release are both important in determining the price impact of a revision. Specifically, "confirming" signals (revisions that are above (or below) both the prior consensus and the analyst's own prior forecast) have much greater price impact than "conflicting" signals (revisions that are in between the prior consensus and the analyst?s own prior forecast). We document a substantial post-revision price drift after the release of confirming signals. Upward (downward) confirming revisions are associated with higher (lower) future size-adjusted returns. The predictive power of these confirming revisions is large even after controlling for price momentum, firm size, and the B/M ratio. The main predictive power derives from the direction of the confirming signal. Controlling for the direction of the revision, the magnitude of the revision is unimportant in return prediction. We also examine the relation between analyst identity and price impact. Specifically, we evaluate the incremental price effect associated with revisions issued by Institutional Investor All-Stars, Wall Street Journal Award Winners, and analysts deemed to be more accurate by the Park and Stice (2000) algorithm. We find that the immediate price respond is greater for revisions issued by all the "superior" analysts. In the following months, revisions by II-All Stars exhibit weaker price drifts, and revisions by the Park and Stice (2000) analysts exhibit stronger price drifts. However, taken together, signal attributes are more important than analyst identity in the prediction of subsequent stock returns.
The Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution And Polarization Of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) During 1997

Comets, such as C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), are important to studies of the origins of the solar system because they are believed to be frozen reservoirs of the most primitive pre-solar dust grains and ices. Here, we report 1.2–18.5 μm infrared (IR) spectrophotometric and polarimetric observations of comet Hale-Bopp. Our measurements of the spectral energy distribution (SED) and IR polarization near perhelion passage suggest that emission from the coma was dominated by scattering and thermal emission from sub-micron sized dust grains. Hale-Bopp's surprising brightness may have been largely a result of the properties of its coma grains rather than the size of its nucleus. The thermal emission continuum from the grains had a superheat of S = Tcolor/TBB ≥ 1.7, the peak of the 10 μm silicate emission feature was 1.7 mags above the carbon grain continuum, and the albedo (reflectivity) of the grains was ≥ 0.4 at a scattering angles, θ ≥ 135°
MNP: R Package for Fitting the Multinomial Probit Model

MNP is a publicly available R package that fits the Bayesian multinomial probit model via Markov chain Monte Carlo. The multinomial probit model is often used to analyze the discrete choices made by individuals recorded in survey data. Examples where the multinomial probit model may be useful include the analysis of product choice by consumers in market research and the analysis of candidate or party choice by voters in electoral studies. The MNP software can also fit the model with different choice sets for each individual, and complete or partial individual choice orderings of the available alternatives from the choice set. The estimation is based on the efficient marginal data augmentation algorithm that is developed by Imai and van Dyk (2005).
Use of Audio Signals for Chatter Detection and Control

This paper compares various sensors and shows that a microphone is an excellent sensor to be used for chatter detection and control. Comparisons are made between the microphone and some other common sensors (dynamometers, displacement probes, and accelerometers) regarding sensing of unstable milling. It is shown that the signal from the microphone provides a competitive, and in many instances a superior, signal tht can be utilized to identify chatter. Using time domain milling simulations of low-radial-immersion, low-feed, finishing operations it is shown that for these cuts (especially at relatively high speeds) chatter is not adequately reflected in the force signal because of the short contact time, but that it is clearly seen in the displacement signal. Using the dynamics of existing production milling machines it is shown how the microphone is more suitable to chatter detection than other remotely placed displacement sensors, especially in cases that involve flexible tooling and workpieces. Aspects important for practical implementation of a microphone in an industrial setting are discussed. Limitations of the microphone are addressed, such as directional considerations, frequency response, and environmental sensitivity (i.e., workspace enclosure, room size, etc). To compensate for expected unwanted noises, commonly known directionalization techniques such as isolation, collection, and intensity methods are suggested to improve the ability of the microphone to identify chatter by reducing or eliminating background and extraneous noises. Using frequency domain processing and the deterministic frequency domain chatter theory, a microphone is shown to provide a proper and consistent signal for reliable chatter detection and control. Cutting test records for an operating, chatter recognition and control system, using a microphone, are presented; and numerous examples of chatter control are listed which include full and partial immersion, face-and end-milling cuts.
Advanced yield enhancement: integrated yield analysis

Modern wafer fabs generate an immense volume of process and electrical test data for process monitoring, yield improvement, and device characterization. The data can be in the form of in-line process control measurements (CD, overlay, film thickness, etc.), defect wafer maps, die sort maps, and parametric test results. It is a significant challenge to manage and extract the information needed for process monitoring, device diagnostics, yield enhancement, and failure analysis. This paper describes how a Yield Management System (YMS) can be used to facilitate collection, extraction, and analysis of fab data. One of the primary functions of the YMS is to serve as a datahub for the collection of (patterned and unpatterned) wafer inspection data. The YMS provides a single interface from which fab personnel can access multiple data types such as defect data from in-line wafer inspections, wafer yield data from electrical test, equipment data from the WIP system, etc. The YMS also provides tools for chart creation, correlation, and analysis. Examples of how to use a YMS to improve fab monitoring and increase productivity are provided. The benefits and issues for implementing a yield management system are discussed.
Pressure-induced structural phase transformation in cobalt(II) dicyanamide.

In situ synchrotron powder diffraction has been used to probe the pressure-dependent structural properties of the magnetic molecular framework material Co(dca)2 [dca = dicyanamide or N(CN)2−]. An orthorhombic (Pmnn) to monoclinic (P21/n) transformation to a high-pressure phase, namely γ-Co(dca)2, occurs at 1.1 GPa. Structural determination of γ-Co(dca)2 shows that the rutile-like topology of the pristine material is retained at high pressures, with the lower symmetry allowing a progression of volume-reducing structural distortions. γ-Co(dca)2 was stable at the maximum pressure measured of 4.2 GPa. Both phases were soft, with bulk moduli (B0) for α-Co(dca)2 and γ-Co(dca)2 of 13.15 (18) and 9.0 (6) GPa, respectively. Modest uniaxial negative linear compressibility (K) of the order of −4 TPa−1 was observed over the entire measured pressure range.
Synthesis and Copper Coordination Chemistry of Hindered 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Ligands with Amide Appendages

Copper complexes of the new ligands1a LPiv and LRAmR‘ that comprise 1,4-diisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononanes linked to secondary and tertiary amide groups were prepared and characterized, with a particular view toward evaluating amide structural, spectroscopic, and potential hydrogen-bonding influences of relevance to ongoing copper−dioxygen reactivity studies. X-ray crystal structures of the Cu(I) complexes [LCu(CH3CN)]X (L = LHAmMe, X = ClO4; L = LPiv, X = CF3SO3) revealed typical 4-coordinate geometries with the amide dangling free, while those of the Cu(II) compounds [LCuCl]X (L = LHAmMe, X = ClO4; L = LMeAmH, X = PF6) and [LPivCu(O3SCF3)]O3SCF3 showed 5-coordinate square pyramidal geometries with the amide coordinated to the metal via its carbonyl oxygen atom. Analysis of FTIR spectra of the aforementioned compounds and the carbon monoxide adducts [LMeAmR‘Cu(CO)]SbF6 (R‘ = H or Me) allowed (i) identification of signatures of amide structural features, hydrogen bonding, and metal coordination and (ii)...
Effects of cooling prefrontal cortex on cell firing in the nucleus medialis dorsalis

Abstract The spike activity of single units of the thalamus was explored during hypothermia of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys trained to perform a delayed response (DR) task. Lowering prefrontal temperature to 15–20 °C — measured subdurally — induced a profound and reversible deficit of DR performance and a concomitant alteration of firing in cells of the parvocellular portion of the nucleus medialis dorsalis (MDpc). Spontaneous firing frequency was diminished in most of the units affected, while a tendency to grouped, rhythmic discharge was generally accentuated. The normal firing patterns related to DR performance were modified by prefrontal cooling in 63% of the units examined in MDpc. Prefrontal cooling induced a disruption of the sustained elevations of discharge shown by certain types of units during the delay period of DR trials. Sustained activation was attenuated, abbreviated or converted into a paradoxical inhibition as a result of cooling. The effects of prefrontal cooling on behavior and on unit activity in medialis dorsalis are discussed in the context of what is known about input and output connections of the prefrontal cortex. It is apparent that cryogenic depression of this cortical region interferes with the normal neural processes that constitute the substrate of short-term memory function.
Resistive gas sensors based on colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solids for hydrogen sulfide detection

Abstract Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) is emerging as new substitution gas sensing materials due to the excellent accessibility of gas molecules to CQD surfaces realized via surface ligand removal. Here we demonstrated highly sensitive and selective H2S gas sensors based on PbS CQD solids. The sensor resistance decreases upon H2S gas exposure and the response is defined as the ratio of the sensor resistance in clean air to that in H2S gas. As the operating temperature increased within the range 50–135 °C, the sensor response increased while the response and the recovery time decreased. The sensor was fully recoverable toward 50 ppm of H2S at 108 °C and the highest response was 2389 at 135 °C with the response and recovery time being 54 s and 237 s, respectively. The dependence of sensor response on the H2S gas concentration in the range of 10–50 ppm is linear, suggesting a theoretical detection limit of 17 ppb toward H2S at 135 °C. Meanwhile, the sensor showed superb response selectivity toward H2S against SO2, NO2 and NH3. We propose that the PbS CQDs film where the surface states determine the conduction type via remote doping may undergo a p-to-n transition due to H2S exposure at elevated temperatures.
Proliferation and differentiation of progeny of ovine unilocular fat cells (adipofibroblasts).

The responsiveness of progeny of sheep-derived unilocular fat cells (adipofibroblasts) to dexamethasone, insulin, insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was determined in a clonal culture system. Primary cultures of mature adipocytes were obtained from intermuscular adipose tissue (semimembranosus/semitendinosus seam depot) of sheep by ceiling culture techniques. Following degeneration of unilocular fat droplets and re-establishment of fibroblasticlike adipofibroblasts, all adipofibroblasts adhering to upper flask surfaces were collected and isolated away from fibroblasts (which had no multilocular vesicles) by Percoll® gradient centrifugation. Progeny derived from a single adipofibroblast were isolated and tested for the ability to proliferate, differentiate, and accumulate lipids. Stock cultures of adipofibroblasts reached confluence in 5 d and were induced to differentiate from 7 to 9 d with dexamethasone-methyl isobutylxanthine-insulin (DMI). Incubation with insulin, IGF-I, GH, or FGF prior to confluence followed by induction with DMI produced no direct (priming) effect on subsequent differentiation. When substituted individually in place of DMI during the 2 d differentiation/induction period, all factors induced differentiation of cultured adipofibroblasts as determined by lipogenesis (P<.05) and lipoprotein lipase activity (P<.05). Thus, isolated adipofibroblasts from sheep muscle may be induced by hormones and growth factors to display mature adipocyte morphology in cell culture. Further definition of the adipofibroblast culture system may aid in the identification of mechanisms regulating adipocyte development in sheep skeletal muscle, as well as in the study of intercommunication between fat and muscle cells.
Electron spin-phonon interaction symmetries and tunable spin relaxation in silicon and germanium

Compared with direct-gap semiconductors, the valley degeneracy of silicon and germanium opens up new channels for spin relaxation that counteract the spin degeneracy of the inversion-symmetric system. Here the symmetries of the electron-phonon interaction for silicon and germanium are identified and the resulting spin lifetimes are calculated. Room-temperature spin lifetimes of electrons in silicon are found to be comparable to those in gallium arsenide, however, the spin lifetimes in silicon or germanium can be tuned by reducing the valley degeneracy through strain or quantum confinement. The tunable range is limited to slightly over an order of magnitude by intravalley processes.
Should each core with prostate cancer be assigned a separate gleason score

If multiple biopsy cores contain prostate cancer with differing Gleason scores, should an overall Gleason score be assigned, or should each core be graded separately? We obtained data on 127 men with prostate cancer on needle biopsy who underwent subsequent radical prostatectomy at our institution. We compared the Gleason scores found on needle biopsy with the grade and stage (organ-confined, extra-prostatic extension, positive seminal vesicles or lymph nodes) at radical prostatectomy. On biopsy, 40 men had a pure Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7, 25 men had a Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7 with a Gleason score of 3 + 3 = 6 on a separate core of the biopsy specimen, 27 men had a pure Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8, and 35 men had a Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8 with separate cores containing Gleason pattern grade 3. A Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8 with pattern grade 3 in other cores had a more advanced stage than a pure Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7 (P = 0.008). There was no clear pattern analyzing pathological stage of men with a pure Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7 in comparison with those with Gleason scores of 4 + 3 = 7 and 3 + 3 = 6 in other cores. The group with a Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8 and Gleason pattern grade 3 on other cores had a higher overall grade on radical prostatectomy than the group with a pure Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7 (P = 0.001). If one had assigned an overall Gleason score, then a biopsy with Gleason score 4 + 4 = 8 on 1 or more cores and some pattern grade 3 in other cores, would be designated as a Gleason score of 4 + 3 = 7. Based on our findings, patients with a Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8 on one or more cores with pattern grade 3 in other cores should be given a final Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8 instead of 4 + 3 = 7, because these patients are more likely to have higher stage and grade on radical prostatectomy, comparable to a pure Gleason score of 4 + 4 = 8. Each core should be assigned a separate Gleason score, especially in cases with high Gleason score cancer on at least 1 core.
Sex differences in sex drive, sociosexuality, and height across 53 nations: testing evolutionary and social structural theories.

By analyzing cross-cultural patterns in five parameters—sex differences, male and female trait means, male and female trait standard deviations—researchers can better test evolutionary and social structural models of sex differences. Five models of biological and social structural influence are presented that illustrate this proposal. Using data from 53 nations and from over 200,000 participants surveyed in a recent BBC Internet survey, I examined cross-cultural patterns in these five parameters for two sexual traits—sex drive and sociosexuality—and for height, a physical trait with a biologically based sex difference. Sex drive, sociosexuality, and height all showed consistent sex differences across nations (mean ds = .62, .74, and 1.63). Women were consistently more variable than men in sex drive (mean female to male variance ratio = 1.64). Gender equality and economic development tended to predict, across nations, sex differences in sociosexuality, but not sex differences in sex drive or height. Parameters for sociosexuality tended to vary across nations more than parameters for sex drive and height did. The results for sociosexuality were most consistent with a hybrid model—that both biological and social structural influences contribute to sex differences, whereas the results for sex drive and height were most consistent with a biological model—that evolved biological factors are the primary cause of sex differences. The model testing proposed here encourages evolutionary and social structural theorists to make more precise and nuanced predictions about the patterning of sex differences across cultures.
Going Green: One Library's Journey Toward Sustainability

The Duke University Medical Center Library created and implemented a sustainability plan as a way of contributing to the University's institutional goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2024. An internal working group coordinated efforts to implement more environmentally friendly practices, create awareness of the importance of this project, and obtain staff buy-in. As a result, the Library was awarded the University's Green Workplace certification. This article will share not only the process for implementing sustainability initiatives, but will also detail some practices that other libraries can achieve.
Modulation of the induction or expression of psychostimulant sensitization by the circumstances surrounding drug administration.

The conditions necessary to induce psychomotor sensitization and to promote its expression are not well understood. Two examples are reviewed here of how the circumstances surrounding drug administration ("set and setting") can powerfully modulate the sensitization produced by psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine. In the first example it is suggested that repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs may induce "neural sensitization" (i.e., produce relevant adaptations in the nervous system). The circumstances surrounding drug administration may determine, however, whether neural sensitization is expressed in behavior. In the second example it is suggested that the circumstances surrounding drug administration may determine whether sensitization is induced at all, or at least the rate and extent of sensitization produced by a given dose of a drug. It is concluded that psychomotor sensitization is not an inevitable consequence of exposure to psychostimulant drugs, but is the result of interactions amongst the pharmacological actions of drugs and the circumstances surrounding drug administration.
Code Synchronization, Cyclotomy, and Finite Geometry

The paper surveys some recent combinatorial constructions of optimal comma-free codes being cosets of linear codes that explore cyclotomy and partitions of hyperplanes or complements of hyperplanes in a finite projective geometry.
Carcass traits, muscle characteristics, and palatability attributes of lambs expressing the callipyge phenotype

Abstract Dorset×Suffolk crossbred wethers expressing a normal phenotype (normal, n=10) and callipyge phenotype (CLPG, n=9) were fed individually and slaughtered upon reaching maximum growth potential. Carcass weight did not differ (P>0.05), but fat thickness was lower (0.30 vs. 0.56 cm), ribeye area was greater (24.4 vs. 16.6 cm2), and USDA yield grade was improved (1.6 vs. 2.6) for CLPG carcasses (P
Presenilin, Notch, and the genesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Elucidation of the proteolytic processing of the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) has revealed that one of the two proteases (γ-secretase) that cleave APP to release amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is likely to be presenilin. Presenilin also mediates the γ-secretase-like cleavage of Notch receptors to enable signaling by their cytoplasmic domains. Therefore, APP and Notch may be the first identified substrates of a unique intramembranous aspartyl protease that has presenilin as its active-site component. In view of the evidence for a central role of cerebral build-up of Aβ in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, this disorder appears to have arisen in the human population as a late-life consequence of the conservation of a critical developmental pathway.
Trifluoromethyl-substituted indenyl rhodium and iridium complexes are highly selective catalysts for directed hydroboration reactions

Rhodium and iridium catalysts containing trifluoromethyl-substituted indenyl ligands (Ind‘MCod, Ind‘ = C9H7, (1-CF3)C9H6, (2-CF3)C9H6, (1,3-CF3)2C9H5) have been developed for the directed hydroboration of 4-(benzyloxy)cyclohexene to cis-3-(benzyloxy)cyclohexanol. Compared to unsubstituted complexes, trifluoromethyl substitution yields a 3−10% increase in selectivity which is attributed to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the trifluoromethyl group. Rhodium complexes give selectivities of 74−84%, and iridium complexes give high levels of selectivity (93−98%).
Angiographic demonstration of gastrointestinal neurofibromas in von Recklinghausen's disease

Two cases of intestinal neurofibromas which were demonstrated during mesenteric arteriography are described. In 1 patient, tumors located in the jejunum and distal ileum were the apparent source of gastrointestinal bleeding. In another case, a neurofibroma of the proximal jejunum was an incidental finding during evaluation for severe pancreatitis and bleeding from esophageal varices.
Major element analysis of natural silicates by laser ablation ICP-MS

The complete chemical analysis of natural silicates has previously been accomplished only by combining laser ablation ICP-MS with electron microprobe (EMP) analysis to provide complementary information on major element constituents. Here, we present a method for laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of major elements in silicate glasses and minerals that, when applied using a 193 nm laser system coupled to an ICP-MS, provides precision and accuracy comparable to that of EMP techniques. Replicate analyses of USGS glass reference materials BCR-2G and BHVO-2G have internal precision of 1–4%, and are accurate to better than 5%. Further, the LA-ICP-MS method was applied to volume-averaged analysis of a heterogeneous silicate to yield compositions that are more precise than EMP and more accurate for minor elements, particularly MnO.
The role of coronary microvascular disorder in congestive heart failure

common causes of heart failure are coronary heart disease (coronary artery atherosclerosis), hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and heart valve disease ([4][1]). Accordingly, the most common models of heart failure are coronary arterial occlusion, temporally (partially) or permanently (completely);
Beryllium-10 in a Manganese Nodule

Analyses of beryllium-10 activity in two sections of a manganese nodule indicate an accumulation rate that compares well with such rates measured by other methods on different nodules. The observed specific activity of beryllium-10 in the nodule is in accord with the calculations based on the production of beryllium-10 by cosmic rays in the atmosphere and with the geochnemistry of beryllium in the ocean.
Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and survey studies of attitude change.

Two quite different types of research design are characteristically used to study the modification of attitudes through communication. In the first type, the experiment, individuals are given a controlled exposure to a communication and the effects evaluated in terms of the amount of change in attitude or opinion produced. In the alternative research design, the sample survey, information is secured through interviews or questionnaires both concerning the respondent's exposure to various communications and his attitudes and opinions on various issues. The picture of mass communication effects which emerges from correlational studies is one in which few individuals are seen as being affected by communications. Communications of the type studied by survey researchers usually involve reaching the individual in his natural habitat, with consequent supplementary effects produced by discussion with friends and family. The nature of individual differences in susceptibility to persuasion via communication has been the subject of a number of the recent studies.
A proportional measure of stuttering adaptation.

This paper suggests a measure of stuttering adaptation which can be used to determine whether the subjects in two or more groups adapt proportionally to the same degree. The slope of an adaptation ...
Unbalanced growth as a normal feature of development of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

In this study we have investigated the rates and spatial patterns of chromosome replication and cell elongation during the growth phase of wild-type and facultatively prey-independent mutant strains of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. For the facultatively prey-independent mutants, the total DNA content of synchronously growing cultures was found to increase exponentially, as the multiple chromosomes within each filamentous cell replicated simultaneously. Cell mass, measured as total cellular protein, also increased exponentially during this period, apparently by means of multiple elongation sites along the filament wall. The relative rates of DNA and protein synthesis were unbalanced during growth, however, with the cellular concentration of DNA increasing slightly faster than that of protein. The original cellular DNA: protein ratio was restored in the progeny cells by continued protein synthesis during the septation period that follows the termination of DNA replication. Because of technical problems, these experiments could not be conducted on the wild-type cells, but similar results are assumed. This unusual pattern of unbalanced growth may represent an adaptation by bdellovibrios to maximize their progeny yield from the determinate amount of substrate available within a given prey cell.
Weight change affects serum leptin and corticosterone in the collared lemming.

The aim of this study was to determine whether photoperiod-induced changes in body and fat mass are accompanied by changes in leptin and corticosterone concentrations in collared lemmings. At weaning, eighty male lemmings were maintained in either long photoperiod (LD, n=40) or short photoperiod (SD, n=40). Ten weeks post-weaning lemmings were weighed and assigned to a secondary photoperiod that consisted of either remaining in the same photoperiod or being transferred to the alternate photoperiod (LD–LD, LD–SD, SD–SD, and SD–LD; n=20 per group). Ten days post-switch, half the animals from each group were sacrificed. The remaining animals were sacrificed on day 21 post-switch. Blood was collected for determination of serum leptin and corticosterone, and carcasses were analyzed for body composition. LD–SD lemmings gained the most weight, whilst SD–LD lemmings lost weight. SD–LD lemmings had significantly lower leptin levels relative to fat mass than SD–SD lemmings. Corticosterone levels were higher in the SD–LD than SD–SD lemmings on both days 10 and 21. Levels were not significantly different between LD–LD and LD–SD lemmings; however by day 21 the levels were slightly lower in the LD–SD lemmings. Discussion. Lemmings showed seasonally appropriate body weight changes in response to the changing photoperiod. Weight loss was associated with higher corticosterone, and lower leptin levels adjusted for fat mass. Neither relative leptin levels, nor corticosterone levels changed significantly with weight gain. Our results indicate that corticosterone and leptin are associated more with seasonal weight loss than weight gain in lemmings.
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a 15-month-old child

This case report describes a young child with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, a very rare condition in pediatrics. The anesthetic management for resection of the aneurysm and repair of the aorta are presented, and special considerations for pediatric patients are discussed.
Perceptually lossy compression of documents

The main cost of owning a facsimile machine consists of the telephone charges for the communications, thus short transmission times are a key feature for facsimile machines. Similarly, on a packet-routed service such as the Internet, a low number of packets is essential to avoid operator wait times. Concomitantly, the user expectations have increased considerably. In facsimile, the switch from binary to full color increases the data size by a factor of 24. On the Internet, the switch from plain text American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encoded files to files marked up in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) with ample embedded graphics has increased the size of transactions by several orders of magnitude. A common compressing method for raster files in these applications in the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) method, because efficient implementations are readily available. In this method the implementors design the discrete quantization tables (DQT) and the Huffman tables (HT) to maximize the compression factor while maintaining the introduced artifacts at the threshold of perceptual detectability. Unfortunately the achieved compression rates are unsatisfactory for applications such as color facsimile and World Wide Web (W3) browsing. We present a design methodology for image-independent DQTs that while producing perceptually lossy data, does not impair the reading performance of users. Combined with a text sharpening algorithm that compensates for scanning device limitations, the methodology presented in this paper allows us to achieve compression ratios near 1:100.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Qualitative analysis of physical and mathematical approximations necessary for induced radioactivity calculations in fusion devices

Abstract When engineers and designers of fusion research and power reactors require information related to the induced radioactivity in the first wall, blanket and shield, they turn to one of many codes to generate a solution. Unfortunately, these codes all make physical and mathematical approximations in order to turn a functionally infinite and highly complicated problem into a more manageable, simple problem. This paper examines these approximations, namely, the handling of loops in the decay scheme, the truncation of the decay scheme, and the modeling of pulsed/intermittent operation histories, as physical approximations and the choice of a solution method as a mathematical approximation. The final recommendation is a code that uses an exact representation of the pulsing history, handles loops by unraveling, truncates the decay schemes with a relative sub-tree production rule modified by a stable truncation restriction and uses an adaptively chosen analytical or Laplace inverse mathematical solution method.
Pathway and endpoint free energy calculations for cyclic nucleotide binding to HCN channels

cAMP and cGMP differentially bind to and regulate a variety of proteins, including cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-regulated (HCN) channels. Previous site-directed mutagenesis studies have isolated two conserved residues that are critical for enabling certain channels to selectively bind cGMP relative to cAMP. However, no definitive mechanism has been identified that explains the preferential activation of other channels by cAMP. Here we apply computational binding free energy methods, including thermodynamic integration, linear interaction energy, and continuum electrostatic calculations, to gain insights into the mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide selectivity. Consistent with experimental observations, computational results for the cAMP-selective HCN channels show that the binding free energy of cAMP is lower (more favorable) than that of cGMP. Surprisingly, cAMP selectivity is not due to its preferential contacts with protein, but rather reflects the greater hydration energy of cGMP relative to cAMP, resulting in a greater energetic cost for cGMP binding.
Non-monotone submodular maximization under matroid and knapsack constraints

Submodular function maximization is a central problem in combinatorial optimization, generalizing many important problems including Max Cut in directed/undirected graphs and in hypergraphs, certain constraint satisfaction problems, maximum entropy sampling, and maximum facility location problems. Unlike submodular minimization, submodular maximization is NP-hard. In this paper, we give the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for maximizing any non-negative submodular function subject to multiple matroid or knapsack constraints. We emphasize that our results are for non-monotone submodular functions. In particular, for any constant k, we present a (1/k+2+1/k+e)-approximation for the submodular maximization problem under k matroid constraints, and a (1/5-e)-approximation algorithm for this problem subject to k knapsack constraints (e>0 is any constant). We improve the approximation guarantee of our algorithm to 1/k+1+{1/k-1}+e for k≥2 partition matroid constraints. This idea also gives a ({1/k+e)-approximation for maximizing a monotone submodular function subject to k≥2 partition matroids, which improves over the previously best known guarantee of 1/k+1.
Using computer controlled physical models to analyze computer integrated manufacturing systems

Abstract It is usually difficult to design and install complex computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems without a large amount of time spent on debugging. In many cases miniature computer controlled physical models can provide information that reduces the time spent in the design and installation of larger systems. This paper describes how miniature physical models can be used to help industrial engineers design and install CIM systems.
Intrarenal Blood Flow in Children with Normal Kidneys and Congenital Heart Disease: Changes Attributable to Angiography

Extract: Thirty 133Xe determinations of renal blood flow were made in 20 children ranging in age from 16/12 to 10 9/12 years. In six normal kidneys average blood flows to the outer and inner cortex were 374 and 44 ml/min/100 g, respectively. Mean fractional flows to these areas were 84 and 15 ml/min/100 g, respectively. In nine children with congenital heart disease (CHD) who were not in congestive heart failure and who were evaluated before angiography, a defect in outer cortical flow was demonstrated. Average blood flows to the outer and inner cortex were 250 ml/min/100 g (P 0.0005) and 27 ml/min/100 g (P 0.22). Mean fractional flows were 76% (P 0.03) and 24% (P 0.015), respectively. After cardiac angiography, a decrease in outer conical flow occurred. The second flow study was performed 8–30 min after injection of contrast media (Hypaque-M, 75%) in amounts which ranged from 1.2 to 3.5 ml/kg body wt. After angiography, blood flows to the outer and inner cortex were 186 ml/min/100 g (P 0.001) and 24.5 ml/min/100 g (P 0.68). Average fractional flow to the outer, 74% and inner, 26% cortex, did not change (P 0.71). Speculation: Kidneys of children with CHD have decreased outer cortical flow, which may result in increased renal renin production. Therefore, a child with CHD may suffer the long term consequences of hyperreninemia. Furthermore, the balance of any metabolic system whose metabolic pathways involve the outer cortex may be altered and hemodynamic response to stressful clinical situations may be greater in the kidneys of children.
Internally oxidized cobalt-rich amorphous alloys for potential magnetic recording media application

Abstract A new class of nanostructured magnetic materials which hold potential for novel recording media is described. Methods for minimizing intercrystalline interactions and reducing wear and corrosion by suitable coatings are obtained using the process of internal oxidation and crystallization of amorphous Co 95.26− x Fe 4.74 (BSi) x alloys. Such a process leads to solid state dispersions of single-domain isotropic cobalt particles coated with a borosilicate layer which provides compositional separation between the cobalt grains. Dramatic microstructural differences were observed between samples of different metalloid compositions. The ribbons produced from compositions Co 75.26 Fe 4.74 Si 2 B 18 and Co 74.26 Fe 4.74 Si 13 B 8 proved to be the most promising for recording media application in terms of magnetic properties (coercivity 1200–1400 Oe) as well as morphological properties (size less than 300 A). High coercivities obtained from these alloys are attributable to the increased surface anisotropy due to interactions between the Co particles and the borosilicate layer.
Plant Density and Environment Effects on Orchardgrass–White Clover Mixtures

Earlier research indicated that orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars affected white clover (Trifolium repens L.) stolon structure during establishment. We conducted a field study to determine if plant density and environment modified the effect of orchardgrass cultivars on white clover. 'Dawn' and 'Pennlate' orchardgrasses were established at 10-, 20-, or 40-cm spacings in mixture with 'Will' white clover in a systematic plant spacing design. Plots were established in September 1996 on a Hagerstown, Berks, or Rayne soil in central Pennsylvania. Orchardgrass was harvested monthly from May to September 1997 and 1998 to determine yield and tiller number per plant. White clover plants were dug from each plant spacing and site in the fall to determine stolon structure. Orchardgrass cultivar did not affect white clover stolon structure. Orchardgrass and white clover plants were larger and more complex on the Hagerstown soil than on the lower fertility Berks and Rayne soils. The highest stolon densities occurred at the 40-cm plant spacing on the Hagerstown soil in 1998 with >22 m of main stolon m -2 along with 8 m of first-order branches and 1 m of second-order branches. On the Rayne soil, plant spacing had little effect on stolon structure. Weed competition was greater on the Rayne soil (788 plants m -2 from 33 species) than on the higher fertility Hagerstown soil (157 plants m -2 from 19 species). Interspecific competition, edaphic factors, and climate interacted to govern the structure of white clover stolons and overwhelmed orchardgrass cultivar effects.