cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression of the neurotrophic pigment epithelium-derived factor in the human ciliary epithelium. Synthesis and secretion into the aqueous humor.

Purpose. To study the expression of the neurotrophic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a protein with neurotrophic and neuronal-survival activities, by the human ocular ciliary epithelium. Methods. Total RNA extracted from human and bovine ocular tissues were screened by Northern blot analysis with cDNA probes for PEDF. Antibodies to PEDF were used to monitor its synthesis and secretion by metabolically labeling ciliary processes in vitro with S5 S-methionine, followed by immunoprecipitation. Pigment epithelium-derived factor antibodies also were used to visualize the cellular distribution of PEDF along the human and bovine ciliary epithelium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to screen cDNA libraries of tissue and cell lines derived from the ciliary epithelium to demonstrate PEDF expression. Results. From a subtractive library of the human ocular ciliary body, the authors identified a cDNA clone exhibiting nucleotide homology with the PEDF. Northern blot analysis indicated that PEDF transcripts are present in all the ocular tissues in the human eye; in the bovine eye, it is expressed preferentially in the retinal pigment epithelium. RT-PCR and PCR demonstrated that the PEDF gene is still transcriptionally active in cultured cell lines derived from the bilayer of the ciliary epithelium. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot (immunoblot) analyses with antisera to the PEDF protein demonstrated that a predominant PEDF form of 46 kDa is synthesized in the ciliary body and is secreted as a glycoprotein of 50 kDa. By indirect immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry, PEDF antibodies decorated both cell types that comprise the ciliary epithelium (nonpigmented and pigmented) and, more distinctively, the plasma-membrane domain of nonpigmented cells in the pars plicata region. Conclusions. These results reveal a new site of synthesis (ciliary epithelium) and accumulation (aqueous humor) of PEDF, and they emphasize its potential importance as a trophic factor in the neuro-differentiated functions of the human ciliary epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:2759-2767.
Leaf Form of the Woody Plants of Indiana as Related to Environment

Paleobotanists commonly use one of two methods to determine the paleoclimate under which a fossil angiosperm flora existed: the nearest living relative method (Axelrod, Bailey, 1969) or the foliar physiognomy method (Dilcher, 1973; Wolfe, 1969, 1971, 1978, 1981; Wolfe, Hopkins, 1967). The nearest living relative method is more subjective than the foliar physiognomy method. Use of the nearest living relative method requires the correct identification of each genus in a fossil flora. If a leaf form is misidentified, the correct identification of its nearest living relative is impossible, and any estimate of paleoclimate based on the climatic tolerances of the wrong living genus and/or species has a high probability of being inaccurate. In addition, the nearest living relative method assumes that a genus has a single and constant response to climate through time (D.L. Dilcher, personal communication).
Metaphors, Similes and Similarity

With few exceptions, recent writers on metaphor begin their discussions with an attack on the traditional view that metaphors are elliptical similes. The elliptical simile view, in its simplest form, is that similes are used to express comparisons and metaphors are simply elliptical similes. For reasons that will emerge later, stated this way, the view is too simple — among other things, it does not always seem possible (or useful) to transpose constructions that are legitimately called metaphors into constructions with the grammatical shape of a simile. For this reason, and for some others, I prefer to say that both similes and metaphors express figurative comparisons: similes explicitly, metaphors implicitly, sometimes, though not always, through elliptical similes. In what follows, I’1l call this the comparativist account of metaphors — or simply comparativism. I have defended this approach to metaphors in detail in Fiquratively Speaking.
Large Deviation Theory

We will find that many of the rare events that we wish to simulate are the result of the occurrence of a large deviation event. In order to develop good simulation strategies for these events, we need to understand something of the probability theory associated with them. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to two of the basic concepts of this important area: Cramer’s Theorem and the Gartner-Ellis Theorem.
From Mechanical Linkages to Electronic Computers: Recollections from Czechoslovakia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Antonin Svoboda's experiences as a computer scientist in Czechoslovakia. An anti-aircraft gun control system within the Czechoslovakian Ministry of National Defense was designed. A calculating punch was designed in Prague that used an algorithmic trick to make division go fast. SAPO was a fault-tolerant computer and was followed by EPOS, which also was a fault tolerant and was multiprogramming and time sharing. It had two CPUs and scratchpad and data-masking. One kind of work that was done with SAPO was tracing of skew rays for photographic lenses. There was a pipeline processor for three-dimensional Fourier synthesis used for crystal structures with up to 40 atoms in the molecule.
Impact of Peanut Depth and Container Size on the Parasitism of Diapausing and Nondiapausing Larvae of Indian Meal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Host mortality and progeny production by the ectoparasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were investigated in response to peanut depths and free space at standard environmental conditions. The free space was created by having four different quantities of peanuts in glass containers of fixed volume or same quantity of peanut in containers of different sizes. Host mortality caused by the parasitoids was significantly higher for diapausing larvae compared with nondiapausing larvae at corresponding peanut depth. Differences in peanut depth affected mortality of nondiapausing larvae exposed to parasitoids but diapausing larvae experienced the same level of mortality. Regardless of container sizes, host mortality was higher than 90.0% for both types of larvae. When equivalent peanut depths were compared, more F1 parasitoids were produced on diapausing larvae than on nondiapausing larvae. Reduced peanut depth affected the sex ratio of parasitoid progeny reared on nondiapausing larvae but not those reared on diapausing larvae. Parasitoid progeny resulting from reduced peanut depth was male-biased and this was more evident with parasitoids that emerged from diapausing host larvae than nondiapausing larvae. Progeny production by H. hebetor was not influenced by container size. This study underscores the fact that host mortality caused by H. hebetor at different peanut depths was significantly different for nondiapausing host larvae, but was not so for diapausing larvae. The container sizes did not affect the performance of H. hebetor in killing P. interpunctella. The entire study emphasizes the potential of diapausing larvae for the rearing of H. hebetor.
“I Wanna Be in the Room Where It Happens”…: Using Curriculum Mapping to Support the Information Literacy Goals of Online Programs

AbstractEmbedding information literacy and instruction within an online program can be a difficult process to begin. Curriculum mapping guides librarians to the courses where their services can hav...
Reducing Postoperative Call Volume Through Verbal Preoperative Education

Objective To improve patient satisfaction and understanding of what to expect after chronic ear surgery and reduce call volume to an otology clinic at an academic tertiary referral center. Study design Quality improvement initiative. Setting A single-academic tertiary referral center. Patients One hundred and ten patients who underwent chronic ear surgery in March to May 2018. Intervention Preoperative counseling over the phone 1 week before surgery. Main outcome measures Patient call volume to the clinic within a 2-week postoperative window, patient understanding, and satisfaction of perioperative course. Results There was a significant increase in patient satisfaction (10.1% increase, 9.8 intervention vs. 8.9 no intervention, p = 0.0032) and in patient understanding of what to expect after surgery (6.7% increase, 9.5 intervention vs. 8.9 no intervention, p = 0.0275). There was a significant decrease in mean number of calls per patient to the clinic (57.6% decrease, 0.31 intervention vs. 0.72 no intervention, p = 0.0105) and in percentage of patients who made any number of calls to the clinic (20% intervention vs. 46%, no intervention, p = 0.00438). Conclusions Verbal preoperative counseling over the phone was effective in significantly reducing unnecessary call volume to the clinic and in improving patient satisfaction and overall understanding of what to expect after surgery.
Focus on Depression and Suicide in the Era of COVID-19

Planned long before the COVID-19 pandemic afflicted millions of people across the globe, this special journal issue focuses on depression and suicidality. This sequel to our noteworthy January 2020...
Investigating Genome Analysis Pipeline Performance on GATK with Cloud Object Storage

Achieving fast, scalable, and cost-effective genome analytics is always important to open up a new frontier in biomedical and life science. Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), an industry-standard genome analysis tool, improves its scalability and performance by leveraging Spark and HDFS. Spark with HDFS has been a leading analytics platform in a past few years, however, the system cannot exploit full advantage of cloud elasticity in a recent modern cloud. In this paper we investigate performance characteristics of GATK using Spark with HDFS and identify scalability issues. Based on a quantitative analysis, we introduce a new approach to utilize Cloud Object Storage (COS) in GATK instead of HDFS, which can help decoupling compute and storage. We demonstrate how this approach can contribute to the improvement of the entire pipeline performance and cost saving. As a result, we demonstrate GATK with IBM COS can achieve up to 28% faster than GATK with HDFS. We also show that this approach can achieve up to 67 % cost saving in total, which includes the time for data loading and whole pipeline analysis.
Impact of Morcellation Method and Site on Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Outcomes in Obese Patients

Objective: This research was conducted to investigate the effect of morcellation method and site on perioperative outcomes in patients with class 3 obesity (body mass indices [BMI] ≥40). Materials ...
Occlusive Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis in a Healthy Neonate With No Identifiable Risk Factors

Abstract Pulmonary artery thrombosis is reported in neonates with risk factors for hypercoagulability. No consensus exists regarding standard therapy for this condition. We present a neonate, with ...
Minimum Wages and Firm Dynamics: Evidence From Costa Rica's Occupation-Based System

This paper analyzes the impact of minimum wages on different margins of firm dynamics using Costa Rica's occupation-specific minimum wage setting. To this purpose, I assemble rich administrative data covering the universe of workers and firms in the 2006-2017 period to construct firm-level exposure measures to the minimum wage policy, and estimate the impact of differential exposure to the minimum wage on firm outcomes at several year horizons. The analysis yields two important results: First, minimum wages induce firms to increase their labor shares, but with a negative and persistent impact on their profitability. The positive effect on the labor shares moderates as firms reduce their employment levels and expand their capital stocks. Second, raising minimum wages increases firm exit and lowers firm entry, with an estimated adverse effect on employment of 0.8 percent due to the missing entrants associated with the policy.
Direct MAP estimation of attenuation sinogram using TOF PET emission data

47 Objectives It has been shown recently (Defrise et. al.) that the attenuation sinogram can theoretically be derived from ideal TOF PET Emission Data using a 2-step method. Here we propose and evaluate a novel one-step Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) approach to directly estimate the attenuation sinogram from TOF PET Emission data with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Methods By incorporating two differential matrixes (with respect to s and Φ) into the discretized TOF data consistency condition, we obtain a linear function B=AX, where X is the unknown attenuation sinogram, B is a function of the measured TOF data, and A can be computed from the measured data and the differential matrices. Based on this linear equation, we developed a MAP estimator, which includes a least-square data-fitting term to account for the noise in B and a quadratic penalty term to impose the smoothness of X, in order to directly estimate the unknown attenuation X up to a constant. The optimization problem is solved using conjugate gradient and Armijo-backtracking line search. The true values in a small region of the sinogram are used to estimate the constant. We performed realistic simulations while modeling Poisson noise of an anthropomorphic phantom to validate our approach and compare its performance to the 2-step method. Results In the noise-free case, the attenuation sinogram estimated by the MAP method yielded significantly (p Conclusions In both noise-free and noisy cases, the MAP method achieved superior estimation accuracy and precision of the attenuation sonogram compared to the 2-step approach, making a promising practical approach for clinical PET data with state-of-art TOF. Research Support NIH R21CA149587 and NIH R01EB013293
Yops of the Pathogenic Yersinia spp.

During their interaction with host cells, the pathogenic Yersinia spp. export a set of proteins known as the Yersinia outer membrane proteins, or Yops. This chapter reviews the work that led to the discovery of the Yops and discusses recent progress made in understanding the expression and function of these proteins. Bacterial infection of the lungs results in pneumonic plague, a form of the disease that is transmissible by aerosolization and that is often fatal. Yersinia enterocolitica is responsible for a variety of human illnesses ranging in severity from mild gastroenteritis to acute terminal ileitis. Various rodents, farm animals, and birds are the normal reservoirs for Y. pseudotuberculosis. The product of yscC shares significant homology with PulD, a protein required for the export of pullulanase by Klebsiella pneumoniae. A number of additional polypeptides (later to be identified as the Yops) were detected in sucrose gradient-purified outer membranes from pYV-containing Y. enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis grown under LCR conditions. The ability of Yersinia strains to induce rounding and detachment of cultured mammalian cells has been referred to as "cytotoxicity". A partial cytotoxic activity is reconstituted if these protein preparations are introduced into HeLa cells by the use of glass carrier beads. This indicates that YopE must enter the cytoplasm of the host cell to be active. Signal transduction is critically involved in a number of cellular host responses to microbial infection.
A Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament in Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus): A Novel Structure Involved in Trunk Movements

Lampreys are capable of a wide range of motions, including flexion, extension, and twisting. Sea Lampreys, in particular, are capable of extreme ventral flexions up to a 90 degree angle, which was ...
Negotiating with Terrorists: The U.S.-Iran Hostage Crisis

The practice of hostage-taking constitutes a form of instrumental terrorism. Terrorists seek to negotiate with authorities using hostages as bargaining chips to achieve their demands. Although many countries have firm policies against making deals with terrorists under the premise that negotiation - understood as a process of concession and compromise - will reward groups for bad behavior, to save lives, negotiation often proceeds. In 1979, Iranians opposed to the Shah's rule, invaded the American embassy in Tehran and held a group of 52 American diplomats and other hostages for 444 days. To secure their freedom, outgoing President Jimmy Carter agreed to unleash $8 billion in frozen Iranian assets. What strategies were used by each side to resolve the conflict? How did particular initiatives influence recipient response? Which strategies were more effective in achieving desired results? In the study, five negotiating strategies are examined: hard and soft bargaining, rights and interest based approaches, and appeal to principles, in the fourteen month chronology of multiple negotiation plans and encounters between the United States and Iran to solve the crisis and reach the terms of agreement specified in the January, 1981 accord. The analysis compares negotiation theory and research findings with outcomes in this case, concluding that neither principled, nor soft, nor rights-based bargaining seemed to work, while power and interest focused approaches had a positive effect on the negotiated outcome. The case yields insight into negotiation contexts where parties of vastly different strength in absolute terms have reversed power positions in bargaining leverage; shows which side tends to follow particular negotiation paths; and how the use of various strategies help or hinder conflict resolution.
Identification of The Binding Site for Ammonia in GMP Reductase

The overall reaction of guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) converts GMP to IMP by using NADPH as a cofactor and it includes two sub-steps: (1) a deamination step that releases ammonia from GMP and forms the intermediate E-XMP*; (2) a hydride transfer step that converts E-XMP* to IMP along with the oxidation of NADPH. The hydride transfer step is the rate limiting step, yet we failed to observe a burst of ammonia release. Meanwhile ammonia cannot stay in the same place where it is formed otherwise it will block NADPH. This observation suggests that ammonia remains bound to the enzyme during the hydride transfer step and there exists ammonia holding site after its release from the formation site. We identified a possible ammonia holding site by inspection of crystal structure of human GMPR type 2. Three candidate amino acids were selected and probed by site directed mutagenesis. The substitutions of all three residues decreased the reduction of GMP at least 50 fold and the oxidation of IMP at least 40 fold, and reduced the intermediate production at least 2 fold. Therefore, these substitutions behave as expected for mutations at the ammonia holding site.
Editorial peer review: methodology and data collection.

Abstract This study reports on the editorial peer review practices of two categories of U.S. medical journals indexed in Index Medicus. Journals in group 1 were included on each of three lists of recommended journals, had a circulation of 10,000, and were cited at least 5,000 times per year. Group 2 journals, also indexed in Index Medicus, met none of the criteria. After being pretested, data were collected through a series of interviews and questionnaires. A summary of the methodology and an analysis of the differences between data collected through questionnaires and interviews is reported. The study concluded that initial interviews are very helpful in designing a questionnaire; a high percentage of editors agreed to be interviewed (100% for sixteen group 1 editors and 93.8% for sixteen group 2 editors); a 69.4% response rate to the mailed questionnaire indicates either sufficient follow-up or a high rate of interest in the subject matter; no trends identified by the questionnaire were reversed by changes in answers given during the interviews; approximately 11% to 15% of the answers differed between the questionnaire and interview methodology; and for some sensitive issues, editors were more likely to give answers on the questionnaire according to what was perceived as the most appropriate answer, rather than the actual practices of the journal.
An angular open mapping theorem

We give an angular open mapping theorem applicable to local approximating cones of the attainable set of an affine control system. The proof is constructive and indicates how to implement a discrete time stabilizing feedback.
Knowledge Consumption to Knowledge Generation: Traveling the Road of Practitioner-Conducted Research

Within the profession of social work there is an enduring discourse about the integration of practice and research, with academic researchers perennially expressing a concern about practitioners inadequately incorporating evidenced-based research into practice. This article, based on a paper presented at the Third International Conference on Practice Research, positions practice-based research as common ground between the at-times adversarial positions of practitioners and academic researchers. It first describes a practice-based study that both advanced social work knowledge in general and contributed to improving practice specifically. Citing examples from the study, the article then explores an evolving definition of practice research and illustrates several factors that facilitate or impede a practitioner initiating and conducting research within a practice setting.
ATR and ATRIP Are Recruited to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Compartments Even though ATR Signaling Is Disabled

Although the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome might be expected to induce a DNA damage response, the ATR kinase is not activated in infected cells. We previously proposed that spatial uncoupling of ATR from its interaction partner, ATRIP, could be the basis for inactivation of the ATR kinase in infected cells; however, we now show that ATR and ATRIP are in fact both recruited to HSV-1 replication compartments and can be coimmunoprecipitated from infected-cell lysates. ATRIP and replication protein A (RPA) are recruited to the earliest detectable prereplicative sites, stage II microfoci. In a normal cellular DNA damage response, ATR/ATRIP are recruited to stretches of RPA-coated single-stranded DNA in an RPA- and kinase-dependent manner, resulting in the phosphorylation of RPA by ATR in damage foci. In contrast, in HSV-1-infected cells, RPA is not phosphorylated, and endogenous phosphorylated RPA is excluded from stage II microfoci; in addition, the recruitment of ATR/ATRIP is independent of RPA and the kinase activity of ATR. Furthermore, we show that ATR/ATRIP play a beneficial role in viral gene expression and virus production. Although ICP0 has been shown to be important for partial inactivation of other cellular DNA repair pathways, we show that ICP0 is not responsible for the inactivation of ATR signaling and, furthermore, that neither ATR nor ATRIP is a target of ICP0 degradation. Thus, ATR and ATRIP may function outside the context of the canonical ATR damage signaling pathway during HSV-1 infection to participate in the viral life cycle.
STABILITY OF CRITICAL VALUES AND ISOLATED CRITICAL CONTINUA

We extend the study of critical points in [4]. We show that isolated components of critical points lying on a levelset can be described by an integer which is a lower bound to the “number” of critical points of any function near to the original one in C1-sup-norm. We also derive a global theorem about continua of critical values similar to that given by Rabinowitz for continua of solutions of certain nonlinear eigenvalue problems. We give a simple application of our abstract results to the problem of bifurcation for gradient systems when the linearization is not completely continuous.
Diagonalization and Unitary Equivalence Modulo Schatten p-Classes

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a commuting tuple A=(A1, …, An) of self-adjoint operators to be simultaneously diagonalizable modulo Cp, 1<p<∞.
Expression of FAP, ADAM12, WISP1, and SOX11 is heterogeneous in aggressive fibromatosis and spatially relates to the histologic features of tumor activity

Aggressive fibromatosis (AF) represents a group of tumors with a variable and unpredictable clinical course, characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of myofibroblastic cells. The optimal treatment for AF remains unclear. Identification and validation of genes whose expression patterns are associated with AF may elucidate biological mechanisms in AF, and aid treatment selection. This study was designed to examine the protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of four genes, ADAM12, FAP, SOX11, and WISP1, that were found in an earlier study to be uniquely overexpressed in AF compared with normal tissues. Digital image analysis was performed to evaluate inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, and correlate protein expression with histologic features, including a histopathologic assessment of tumor activity, defined by nuclear chromatin density ratio (CDR). AF tumors exhibited marked inter- and intratumor histologic heterogeneity. Pathologic assessment of tumor activity and digital assessment of average nuclear size and CDR were all significantly correlated. IHC revealed protein expression of all four genes. IHC staining for ADAM12, FAP, and WISP1 correlated with CDR and was higher, whereas SOX11 staining was lower in tumors with earlier recurrence following excision. All four proteins were expressed, and the regional variation in tumor activity within and among AF cases was demonstrated. A spatial correlation between protein expression and nuclear morphology was observed. IHC also correlated with the probability of recurrence following excision. These proteins may be involved in AF pathogenesis and the corresponding pathways could serve as potential targets of therapy.
Activity of Amphotericin B, 5-Fluorocytosine, and Rifampin Against Six Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus

Amphotericin B in combination with 5-fluorocytosine was synergistic against three clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus and one of three clinical isolates of A. flavus. Amphotericin B in combination with rifampin was synergistic against all six clinical isolates of Aspergillus tested. The levels of 5-fluorocytosine and rifampin required for synergism were higher than clinically achievable concentrations when measurements of synergism were based on visual turbidity; but when the effects of the drugs were measured by inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis or dry-weight increase, much lower concentrations were effective.
Comparisons of elimination by aspects and suppression of aspects choice models based on choice response time

Abstract A. A. J. Marley (1981, Psychometrika, 46, 421–428) proposed an extension of A. Tversky's (1972a, Psychological Review, 79, 281–299) elimination by aspects (EBA) model of preferential choice that generates choice response time predictions. In this article we propose a similar extension of F. Restle's (1961, Psychology of judgment and choice, New York: Wiley) suppression of aspects (SOA) model of conflict resolution. Although both models make identical predictions regarding binary choice probability, we show that it is possible to empirically distinguish the two models with a parameter-free test based on choice response time. Previous research on preferential choice response time supports the extended SOA model over the extended EBA model for the binary choice case, but the opposite is found when more than two alternatives are presented.
Alignment of operations strategy, information strategic orientation, and performance: an empirical study

Functional-level strategic planning should align with and support business-level strategies. Alignment of strategies is presumed to be a positive contributor to business performance just as misalignment is presumed to be a negative contributor. These presumptions should be true for all types of business environments including the e-commerce environment. This study develops and tests these presumptions by examining managers’ perceptions of strategy. Drawing on both operations strategy and information systems strategy literature, this research compares how these managers’ perceptions of operations strategy and information system strategic orientation are aligned in an e-commerce setting. Based on a sample of matched pairs of general managers and operations managers from 176 organisations in the e-commerce industry, hypotheses relating strategy and business performance are tested. The influence of other organisational variables (i.e. operations manager tenure and years of associations with general manager) t...
Growth of high-quality single crystals of FAP (Ca5(PO4)3F) and its isomorphs

The Czochralski crystal growth of calcium fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F and calcium- strontium fluorapatite (Ca1-xSrx)5(PO4)3F is reported. The growth conditions for producing the rare earth and chromium doped crystals of high quality are presented. The influence of the replacement of some calcium for strontium in FAP on crystal quality and on spectroscopic properties is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The evolution of a functional real-time laboratory records retrieval and archival system.

The vast flood of information resulting from medical record keeping in a clinical laboratory must be cataloged and archived. To deal with this problem we designed an approach employing automated report generation by a laboratory computer, data base management of patient laboratory results, and automated microform generation via computer output microform (COM). This paper documents the steps that led to the system we are currently data, creates a microform archive and an on-line index, and serves as the data base for research inquiries. In addition, we have experienced a cost savings over manual procedures and now possess the capability of expansion without the costly addition of personnel.
Systemic self-regulation: A framework for trauma-informed services in residential juvenile justice programs

Most youth detained in juvenile justice facilities have extensive histories of exposure to psychological trauma. Traumatic stress plays a key role in their mental health and behavioral problems and needs, and in their safety and rehabilitation and the security and effectiveness of detention facilities. We provide an overview of the barriers to successful provision of mental health services for youths in juvenile justice facilities, including those involving youth, parents, and juvenile justice residential facility staff and administrators. Next, we discuss the relevance and potential utility of approaching mental health needs using posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and more broadly posttraumatic dysregulation, as an organizing framework. Examples of how a posttraumatic dysregulation perspective can enhance juvenile justice residential facility milieus and services are presented, with an overview of traumatic stress intervention models that have shown promise, or potentially could be deployed, in developing and sustaining trauma-informed juvenile justice facilities.
Characterizing and Optimizing Precipitation Forecasts from a Convection-Permitting Ensemble Initialized by a Mesoscale Ensemble Kalman Filter

AbstractConvection-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model forecasts with 3-km horizontal grid spacing were produced for a 50-member ensemble over a domain spanning three-quarters of the contiguous United States between 25 May and 25 June 2012. Initial conditions for the 3-km forecasts were provided by a continuously cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) analysis–forecast system with 15-km horizontal grid length. The 3-km forecasts were evaluated using both probabilistic and deterministic techniques with a focus on hourly precipitation. All 3-km ensemble members overpredicted rainfall and there was insufficient forecast precipitation spread. However, the ensemble demonstrated skill at discriminating between both light and heavy rainfall events, as measured by the area under the relative operating characteristic curve. Subensembles composed of 20–30 members usually demonstrated comparable resolution, reliability, and skill as the full 50-member ensemble. On average, deterministic forecasts ...
Not yet a democracy: establishing civilian authority over the security sector in Brazil – lessons for other countries in transition

Brazil is considered one of the more successful examples of democratic transition and consolidation in the developing world; and one of the fastest developing and emerging countries. This article contends that Brazil is not yet a fully established democracy, because it lacks the proper civilian checks and balances ensuring full authority over the armed forces, police and secret services. There are five main reasons for this: first, the Constitution does not provide a generalised guide for the institution of civilian oversight. Second, a change of cultural perceptions vis-a-vis the security sector entities is needed. Third, piecemeal rather than holistic or comprehensive legal and institutional transformation has occurred, with little civilian oversight of the armed forces. Fourth, the large structures still held by each of the armed forces require re-articulation and fundamental transformation. Finally, there is no fully fledged civil society participation in security sector life through the media and aca...
Primary, massive calcification of the myocardium

Abstract 1. 1. A case of cardiac rupture through a calcified myocardial infarct, with the intermediate formation of a myocardial aneurysm, is reported. It is suggested that bacteremia resulting from a perinephric abscess, with localization of the inflammatory process in the myocardial aneurysm, brought about this unusual event. 2. 2. Coronary sclerosis is the most common cause of primary, massive, myocardial calcification; its etiologic relationship has been established in ten of fourteen cases reported in the literature and in our own.
Pain, disability, and satisfation outcomes and predictors of outcomes: A practice-based study of chronic low back pain patients attending primary care and chiropractic physicians

Background: Few studies exist on the prognostic value of demographic, clinical, or psychosocial factors on long-term outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain. Objective: This study reports on long-term pain and disability outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain, evaluates predictors of long-term outcomes, and assesses the influence of doctor type on clinical outcome. Methods: Sixty chiropractic (DC) and 111 general practice (MD) physicians participated in data collection for a prospective, longitudinal, practice-based, observational study of ambulatory low back pain of mechanical origin. The primary outcomes, measured at 6 months and 12 months, were pain (by using the Visual Analog Scale), and functional disability (by using the Revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire). Satisfaction was a secondary outcome. Results: Overall, long-term pain and disability outcomes were generally equivalent for patients seeking care from medical or chiropractic physicians. Medical and chiropractic care were comparable for patients without leg pain and for patients with leg pain above the knee. However, an advantage was noted for chronic chiropractic patients with radiating pain below the knee after adjusting for baseline differences in patient and complaint characteristics between MD and DC cohorts (adjusted differences = 8.0 to 15.2; P < .002). A greater proportion of chiropractic patients were satisfied with all aspects of their care (P = .0000). The strongest predictors of primary outcomes included an interaction of radiating pain below the knee with provider type and baseline values of the outcomes. Income, smoking, comorbidity, and chronic depression were also identified as predictors of outcomes in this study. Conclusion: Chiropractic care compared favorably to medical care with respect to long-term pain and disability outcomes. Further study is required to explore the advantage seen for chiropractic care in patients with leg pain below the knee and in the area of patient satisfaction. Identification of patient and treatment characteristics associated with better or worse outcomes may foster changes in physicians' practice activities that better serve these patients' needs.
Spontaneous Dissecting Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery

A case of spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery is presented and the ten other reported cases are reviewed. It is most common in males aged 35 to 41 years. Of eight patients with neurological symptoms, two had transient hemiplegia and five of six first seen with a severe neurological deficit had prodromal symptoms. Angiography revealed a typical "string sign." A method of surgical treatment is illustrated. The importance of emergency angiography and surgery in patients with acute onset of progressive symptoms of cerebral vascular disease is emphasized by this case. The surgical specimen was studied pathologically by serial section. At its origin the dissection measured 3 mm in width and 0.3 mm in length. Proximally the dissection was in the media but distally it lay at the medial-adventitial interface. There was no evidence of cystic medial necrosis but the muscle and elastic tissue of the media had a disorganized arrangement.
Primary Effusion Lymphoma: Cytopathologic Diagnosis Using In Situ Molecular Genetic Analysis for Human Herpesvirus 8

Primary effusion lymphoma is a form of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with neoplastic cells largely limited to proliferation within major body cavities. Human herpes virus-8 is both integral to and required for an unequivocal diagnosis of primary effusion lymphoma. Prior methods for virus identification include DNA extraction with Southern blot analysis or in situ hybridization from paraffin-embedded samples. Our aim is to examine the utility of human herpesvirus-8 identification performed directly on smears from effusion samples by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction in patients with primary effusion lymphoma. Smears and cell block of body cavity fluids from five patients with effusions (three pleural, one peritoneal, and one both pleural and peritoneal) were examined microscopically by conventional Papanicolaou and Romanowsky (Diff-Quik) staining, and by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction for human herpesvirus-8 detection. In situ hybridization was performed also for Epstein-Barr virus (EBER-1, -2), T-cell receptor-β, and kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) mRNA in all cases. Five adults ranged from 40–81 years of age. Three adults were HIV positive, one was a renal transplant recipient, and the oldest patient (Case 3) had the unusual distinction of a normal immune status. Two of three HIV-seropositive patients had concurrent Kaposi sarcoma. All samples were cytologically similar with lymphocytes having large-cell, plasmablastic, and immunoblastic morphology. Malignant cells from effusions were as follows: human herpesvirus-8 positive (all five cases), exhibited κ monoclonal light chain (five cases), Epstein-Barr virus positive (three cases), and T-cell β-gene receptor positive (two cases). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was evident in one peritoneal nodule ( 90% positive in effusions, all κ positive). Six other tissue specimens (lung, bone marrow, spleen, lymph node) were human herpesvirus-8 negative, and showed no evidence of lymphoma. Reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction demonstrated near-complete restriction of human herpesvirus-8–infected malignant lymphoid cells to those in body cavities. Definitive diagnosis of primary effusion lymphoma is possible directly from cytologic smears/cell block by combining cytologic morphology with reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction detection of human herpesvirus-8.
Pooling and Leveraging Knowledge in Changing Networks: The Role of Network Vitality on Innovation

We empirically examine how changes in knowledge held by a firm’s network partners and changes in the partnerships or nodes affect the firm’s ability to draw knowledge from the network and generate ...
House Price Developments in Europe: A Comparison

House prices in Europe have shown diverging trends, and this paper seeks to explain these differences by analyzing three groups of countries: the "fast lane", the average performers, and the slow movers. Price movements in the first two groups are found to be driven mostly by income and trends in user costs, and housing markets in these countries seem relatively more susceptible to adverse developments in fundamentals. Real house price declines among the slow movers are harder to explain, although ample supply, low home ownership, and less complete mortgage markets are likely factors. The impact of macroeconomic, prudential and structural policies on housing markets can be large and should be a factor in policy decisions.
Measuring Extracellular pH in a Lung Fibrosis Model with acidoCEST MRI

Purpose A feed-forward loop involving lactic acid production may potentially occur during the formation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. To provide evidence for this feed-forward loop, we used acidoCEST MRI to measure the extracellular pH (pHe), while also measuring percent uptake of the contrast agent, lesion size, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC).
Prevalence and Correlates of Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep apnea are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical correlates of these problems are poorly understood. Aims: This study was to find out the prevalence and correlates of insomnia and subjects with 'high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)' in adults with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods: One hundred and four adults with CKD were included. Their demographic data, details regarding kidney disease and hemodialysis (HD) were recorded. Presence of insomnia and its severity was assessed. They were screened for sleep apnea using a validated questionnaire. Results: Average age was 54.17 (΁ 12.96) years. 89.4% had stage 5 nephropathy and 78.8% subjects were on regular HD. Males outnumbered females. Insomnia was reported by 35.5%. Among these, 50% had chronic insomnia. Insomnia subjects had higher prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.01) and depression (P < 0.001). Fifty-one percent subjects were at high risk for sleep apnea. They had higher prevalence of diabetes (P < 0.001), coronary disease (P = 0.02), insomnia (P = 0.008), and experienced daytime symptoms of insomnia (P < 0.001). However, in the logistic regression, only male gender (odds ratio, OR = 13.59) and daytime symptoms of insomnia (OR = 7.34) were found to be associated with higher risk for sleep apnea. Conclusion: Insomnia was prevalent in CKD. Nearly half of these patients are at high risk for sleep apnea and a third of them suffer from insomnia. Hence, these patients should be screened for sleep disorders.
Cotton-wool spots and retinal hemorrhages

A56-year-oldwomanwithahistoryofcirrhosissecondarytohepa-titisC(diagnosedin2011),hypothyroidism,andanemiapresentedwith6 months of blurred vision in both eyes. Her home medication regi-men consisted of ribavirin, rifaximin, lactulose, furosemide, spirono-lactone,peginterferonalfa-2a,andlevothy-roxinesodium.Correctedvisualacuitywasrecorded as 20/40 OU. Her pupils, intra-ocularpressure,motility,andconfrontationalvisualfieldswerenormalineacheye.Anteriorslitlampexaminationdemonstratedmildnuclearscleroticcataractsinbotheyes.Dilatedfundusexamination(Figure1)demonstratedmultipleperipapillaryandmacularcotton-woolspotsinboth eyes, dot hemorrhages in both eyes, peripapillary flame hemor-rhageintherighteye,andadischemorrhageinthelefteye.
To Live As Brothers: Southeast Sumatra in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Andaya (Asian studies, U. of Hawaii) examines how the arrival of the Dutch and English impacted the relationship between two kingdoms in Sumatra, the Jambi and the Palembang, who had a long history of cyclical hostility and reconciliation. She focuses on three themes culled from legends and folklore
Application of the Community Readiness Model for Childhood Obesity Prevention

This article describes how the Community Readiness Model was used to initiate childhood obesity prevention in Union County, a rural county in the state of Oregon. The purposes for which the model was utilized were: (1) to determine Union County's stage of readiness to prevent childhood obesity, (2) to identify community members with expertise or interest in children's nutrition and/or physical activity who were willing to serve on a prevention coalition, (3) to engage these community members in developing strategies to increase the county's level of readiness, and (4) to gather qualitative data on community strengths and barriers that could facilitate or hinder the development of an obesity prevention program.
Linac radiation application

The RPI linac, originally built for neutron time-of-flight research, has been modified to allow both low and high electron energy beam radiation studies to be carried out on semiconductors and polymers over the energy range from 5 to 70 meV. Dose rates exceeding 10 11 rad/s (Si) are achieved. The L-band microstructure of the accelerator allows for micropulses of 38 ps with 2 × 10 13 rad/s in the pulse for high dose rate effects studies. Both in-house and external user programs are being carried out in semiconductors radiation effects. High injection effects, recombination mechanisms, and space charge and internally generated fields are being studied at high electron dose rates. Preliminary experiments have been made using the electron beam for radiation curing of polymer material. The high electron and photon energies available allow for greater depth-dose radiation curing control than previously obtainable in thick sections of polymer compounds. Electron and photon dosimetry measurements are also performed to correlate radiation effects with electron and photon energy spectra.
Family planning in the 21st century: perspective of the International Planned Parenthood Federation

Many women still die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth and yet there are an increasing number of women who wish to regulate their fertility and space or limit their child-bearing. This paper, outlining some success stories, elucidates the family planning challenges and identifies key messages to indicate the role that IPPF can play in the 21st century. Issues such as advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights, increased male participation, serving the interests of marginalized groups, appropriate technology, quality of care and cooperation between various partners, all need to be addressed to improve sexual and reproductive health including family planning in the 21st century.
Looking for needles in a haystack: Detecting counterfeits in large scale RFID systems using batch authentication protocol

RFID is a promising technology for anti-counterfeiting since it facilitates processing of product information. In large scale RFID applications (such as — supply chain, retail industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc.) tag authentication is used to detect counterfeit products. However, RFID authentication protocols are mainly per-tag based where reader needs to authenticate tags sequentially one at a time. This increases the protocol execution time due to large volume of authentication data. In this paper, we propose to detect counterfeit tags in large scale system using efficient batch authentication. We propose FSA based protocol, FTest, to meet the requirements of prompt and reliable batch authentication in large scale RFID applications. FTest can determine the validity of a batch of tags with minimal execution time which is a major goal of large scale RFID systems. FTest can reduce protocol execution time by ensuring that the percentage of potential counterfeit products is under the user-defined threshold. The experimental result demonstrates that FTest performs significantly better than the existing counterfeit detection approaches, e.g. authentication techniques.