cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Ethical issues in surrogate motherhood

T he ACOG Committee on Ethics issued a thoughtful opinion on surrogacy (Number 88, November 1990). I find myself in agreement with virtually all points in the opinion, with the exception of the committee's endorsement of commercial surrogacy. Commercial surrogacy arrangements, whether they involve payment to a broker in addition to the surrogate, or to the surrogate alone, are ethically unacceptable and ought to be prohibited by law. Some critics of surrogacy contend that the practice itself constitutes exploitation of women. This makes it appear as if surrogacy is unethical because it is an instance of a more general moral wrong. According to one feminist who opposes surrogacy, "When a woman provides womb service, the feminist issue surfaces. Women object to being baby factories or sex objects because it offends their human dignity . . . . ,,1 And further: "This is going to end up as the final exploitation of women. It is always going to be poor women who have the babies and rich women who get them." These statements confuse two distinct issues: first, the alleged exploitation of individual women; and second, a potential for class exploitation, because poorer women will be the ones serving as surrogates for the more well-to-do. These would be sound objections to surrogacy if it were clearly a form of exploitation. When feminists charge that surrogacy itself exploits women, they are being paternalistic. They are questioning women's ability to know their own interests and to enter an agreement knowingly and competently. It is likely that commercial surrogacy does have a coercive aspect, because moneyespecially a large enough sum--can serve as a coercive inducement to do something a person might not otherwise do voluntarily. But that speaks more to the exploitation of poorer classes of women, which is a genuine moral worry, than it does to the exploitation of women in general. Feminists who oppose surrogacy presume to speak for all women. But what they are really saying is that those who elect to enter surrogacy arrangements lack the capacity to choose, and stand in need of protection. It is difficult to identify the precise features of surrogacy that could justify calling it exploitation. Evidence suggests that women who have served as surrogates are not the poorest of the poor. For the most part, their personal or family income levels fall in the range of "lower-middle-class," rather than © 1991 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/91/$3.50
Using stochastic control with data compression perspectives to enhance P300 Neural Communication Prostheses

We design a study assess to improve the speed in a P300 Brain-Computer Interface, originally described by Farewell and Donchin in 1988. A grid of characters is displayed on a screen randomly, and when the character of interest is illuminated, 300 ms afterwards a deflection in the EEG signal is generated. In such scenarios, the time to specify a menu option is proportional to its size. Most researchers in the past have considered fixed menu size and focused on more advanced statistical detection/classification techniques. We propose to use statistical language structure to introduce a new degree of freedom in this paradigm. Finding the optimal policy to display menus, given previously conveyed characters, can be cast in terms of ldquodynamic programmingrdquo or ldquostochastic controlrdquo. We illustrate how the optimal policy of this dynamic programming problem satisfies a menu depth to character probability relation analogous to that of the Huffman code in data compression and information theory. By exploiting this optimality property, we illustrate how the state space of the stochastic control problem can be greatly diminished (from exponential growth to linear growth), and we exhibit optimal policies for a probabilistic model pertaining to the statistical structure of the English language.
A componential view of configural cues in generalization and discrimination in Pavlovian conditioning

This paper describes three theoretical approaches to the representation of configural cues in generalization and discrimination in Pavlovian conditioning: that of the Rescorla-Wagner model, the Pearce model, and the authors' 'replaced elements' model. We summarize the results of a generalization experiment using the rabbit Pavlovian conditioned eyeblink response where animals were trained with cues A, AB, or ABC, and tested with A, AB, and ABC. The pattern of generalization decrement in testing supported the replaced elements model.
The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Stimulant Addiction

Objectives: Stimulant users smoke cigarettes at high rates; however, little is known about the relationship between tobacco and stimulants. Methods: Our goal in this article is to synthesize a growing literature on the role of cigarette smoking in stimulant addiction. Results: Early nicotine exposure may influence the development of stimulant addiction. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest a facilitatory role of nicotinic agonists for stimulant addiction. Smoking appears to be associated with more severe stimulant use and poorer treatment outcomes. Conclusions: It is important to assess smoking and smoking-related variables within stimulant research studies to more fully understand the comorbidity. Integrating smoking cessation into stimulant treatment may improve nicotine and stimulant treatment outcomes.
Unroofing Maine: Relating pressure of crystallization, thermochronological data, tectonics, and topography

Abstract We gathered data on the age and depth of crystallization of mid-Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks from 64 sites in and near Maine and also a time series of rock temperatures from the Casco Bay area of Maine. By fitting a trend surface to some of our geobarometric data, we estimated total erosion at the Casco Bay site in the last 284 m.y. and thus the geothermal gradient at that time. The temperatures could thus be converted to a time-series of erosion. Assuming Airy isostasy, we then obtained a time series of the mean height of the land surface above present sea level, represented by H. Of four erosion laws fit to the latter, a power law, E = νpHu where E is the erosion rate, and νp and u are fitting parameters, provides the best fit without excessive mathematical complexity. However, the exponent, u, is (unexpectedly) 6 km and that it likely began in the late middle Paleozoic, thus extending earlier estimates of this component of displacement backward in time and upward in magnitude. A decrease in denudation rate in the early Mesozoic is interpreted as reflecting suturing of Gondwana and Laurentia to form Pangea; the denudation rate increased again following Mesozoic rifting. This latter increase occurs later to the northwest, suggesting retreat of a rift-flank escarpment at a rate of a few tenths of a millimeter per year. Using our full geobarometric data set, we calculated an average value of u of 1.2. We then generated topographic maps of the state at 380, 320, and 200 Ma. At 380 Ma, the mountains of western Maine were likely somewhat higher than today's Rocky Mountains. Drainage then was to the northeast, contributing sediment to the Maritimes Basin. The Alleghanian collision at ~ 320 Ma raised comparable mountains somewhat nearer the present coast in western Maine. Following Mesozoic rifting drainage was also to the southeast, into rift basins bordering the opening Atlantic Ocean. Since the Devonian, an average of > 9 km of rock have been eroded from Maine.
Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico

Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico. Alexander S. Dawson. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004. 240 pp.
Learning a classification model for segmentation

We propose a two-class classification model for grouping. Human segmented natural images are used as positive examples. Negative examples of grouping are constructed by randomly matching human segmentations and images. In a preprocessing stage an image is over-segmented into super-pixels. We define a variety of features derived from the classical Gestalt cues, including contour, texture, brightness and good continuation. Information-theoretic analysis is applied to evaluate the power of these grouping cues. We train a linear classifier to combine these features. To demonstrate the power of the classification model, a simple algorithm is used to randomly search for good segmentations. Results are shown on a wide range of images.
Retrorsine in breast milk influences copper handling in suckling rat pups

Abstract Aims: To explore the hypothesis that a second xenobiotic agent is required with excess copper to produce Indian Childhood Cirrhosis, this study investigated the effect of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine fed to the mother during the suckling period upon the serial changes in neonatal copper status. Methods: Female Wistar rats with new-born litters were fed either a control or a retrorsine (50 mg/kg) diet. At 0, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18 and 21 days, pups from each litter were weighed, sacrificed and their livers removed for copper, DNA and metallothionein analysis. Serum samples were assayed for caeruloplasmin oxidase activity and albumin. Results: 1) Higher than adult level of hepatic copper in normal rats which rose post-natally before declining from day 11 after birth, 2) raised hepatic copper concentrations and total copper in the retrorsine group from day 15; levels were higher than adult at birth, 3) reduced serum caeruloplasmin oxidase activity and albumin levels in retrorsine group, but both groups lower than adult, 4) lower hepatic metallothionein levels in retrorsine group, but both groups higher than adult, and 5) reduced liver DNA in the retrorsine group when expressed as total DNA and per gram of tissue. These changes were not secondary to under-nutrition as a small study on under-nourished rat neonates showed that copper handling is not significantly altered when compared to well-nourished rats. Conclusions: Retrorsine passing to rat neonates via breast milk causes: 1) the accumulation of hepatic copper, 2) impairment of the rise in serum caeruloplasmin, which could indicate a decline in synthesis or failure of copper incorporation into the apo-protein, 3) a decrease in hepatic metallothionein and serum albumin levels, again suggesting diminished protein synthesis, and 4) reduced hepatic DNA indicative of decreased cell number but increased cell size. Accumulation of liver copper but reduction of copper-binding proteins could result in free copper and explain the synergistic hepatotoxicity of copper and retrorsine.
A glass float line simulation: modeling methodology and applications

A glass float line begins as a continuous process, liquid glass in a furnace, being pulled down a cooling conveyor in a continuous ribbon of glass. The process then becomes discrete as the ribbon is scored and broken into individual streams. Using some insight, a simulation model is developed that is strictly discrete. Four applications of the model are presented. The first demonstrates how the model assists with the day to day operation of the float line. A second application looks at modifying the control rules which sequence and schedule the glass production. The final two applications show how the model is used to study design alternatives for a future float line.
Toward a paperless development environment

Describes the process being used to implement a paperless environment, called TEDIUM, for the design, construction, and maintenance of computer software applications. The underlying paradigm for this research is not one of artificial intelligence (AI). Nevertheless, the methods used are equally appropriate for the development of AI tools and environments. TEDIUM is an environment designed to support the development of interactive information systems. The author gives an overview of the problem being addressed, describes an environment that offers a solution to that problem, and discusses the methods used to evaluate and improve the environment. >
Perfluorooctanoic acid: Relationship between repeated inhalation exposures and plasma PFOA concentration in the rat

Abstract A large database exists describing the pharmacokinetic behavior of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) following oral exposure. The objective of this study was to examine the concentration- and time-dependence of the pharmacokinetics of inhaled PFOA in rat plasma to determine equivalent inhalation and oral (from literature values) exposure levels. The study was comprised of two separate experiments: a single 6-h inhalation exposure and repeated inhalation exposures for 3 weeks (6 h per day, 5 days per week). In both experiments, male and female rats were exposed nose-only to aerosol atmospheres of either 0, 1, 10, or 25 mg/m3 PFOA. In the single exposure experiment, blood was drawn via the tail vein pre-exposure, four times concurrent to exposure, and six times post-exposure up to 24 h. In the repeated exposure experiment, blood was collected immediately before and after exposure 3 days per week. Plasma PFOA concentrations were quantitated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Following the single exposures, plasma PFOA concentrations were directly proportional to airborne concentrations in both male and female rats. Elimination of PFOA from the plasma was sex-dependent, with female rats eliminating PFOA much more rapidly than male rats. Following repeated PFOA exposure, there was little daily PFOA carryover observed in plasma samples from female rats, while males demonstrated an accumulative pattern over the 3-week period. Peak post-exposure PFOA plasma concentrations in female rats averaged 1, 2, and 4 μg/mL when exposed to 1, 10, and 25 mg/m3 PFOA, respectively, and returned to baseline levels by the time of the next pre-exposure sample collection. Male rats reached steady state plasma concentrations of 8, 21, and 36 μg/mL (ppm) after 3 weeks of exposure to 1, 10, and 25 mg/m3 PFOA, respectively. These results demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic properties of inhaled PFOA in male and female rats are similar to those observed in male and female rats following oral dosing with PFOA. It is thus possible to use this internal dose metric (plasma PFOA) for route-to-route dose extrapolation, with inhalation exposures of 1, 10, and 25 mg/m3 PFOA corresponding to oral doses of approximately 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg in rats.
Orthotopic cardiac prosthesis for two-staged cardiac replacement

Abstract Clinical experience with cardiac transplantation has evidenced the feasibility of cardiac replacement in man but has made apparent the need for a mechanical device that will provide circulation and sustain life in emergency conditions while a suitable allograft is obtained. The cardiac prosthesis used in a 47 year old man consisted of two reciprocating pumps constructed entirely of synthetic materials and activated pneumatically in the orthotopic position by a control console connected by tubes passed through the patient's chest wall. The device supported the patient's circulation for 64 hours while a donor for cardiac transplantation was obtained. Death of the recipient from Pseudomonas pneumonia occurred 32 hours after the allografting. The first successful prolonged use of a total mechanical substitute for the human heart is recorded.
A shrunken-2 Transgene Increases Maize Yield by Acting in Maternal Tissues to Increase the Frequency of Seed Development

The maize (Zea mays) shrunken-2 (Sh2) gene encodes the large subunit of the rate-limiting starch biosynthetic enzyme, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Expression of a transgenic form of the enzyme with enhanced heat stability and reduced phosphate inhibition increased maize yield up to 64%. The extent of the yield increase is dependent on temperatures during the first 4 d post pollination, and yield is increased if average daily high temperatures exceed 33°C. As found in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa), this transgene increases maize yield by increasing seed number. This result was surprising, since an entire series of historic observations at the whole-plant, enzyme, gene, and physiological levels pointed to Sh2 playing an important role only in the endosperm. Here, we present several lines of evidence that lead to the conclusion that the Sh2 transgene functions in maternal tissue to increase seed number and, in turn, yield. Furthermore, the transgene does not increase ovary number; rather, it increases the probability that a seed will develop. Surprisingly, the number of fully developed seeds is only ∼50% of the number of ovaries in wild-type maize. This suggests that increasing the frequency of seed development is a feasible agricultural target, especially under conditions of elevated temperatures.
A study of the ring-opening of lactides and related cyclic esters by Ph2SnX2 and Ph3SnX compounds (X = NMe2, OR)

Ph3SnX reacts with L-lactide in the order X=NMe2∼OMe≫OPri>OBut in the initial ring-opening event. The rate of ring-opening of methyl substituted 1,4-dioxane-2,5-diones decreases with methyl substitution and ring-opening of 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione is not observed. From studies of the reaction between Ph3SnOPri and L-lactide the activation parameters ΔH≠=13(1) kcal mol−1 and ΔS≠=−37(3) eu have been determined. Ph3SnNMe2 reacts with cyclic esters and propylene carbonate at low temperatures to give isolable ring-opened products. The compound Ph3Sn[OCHMeC(O)OCHMeC(O)X] (where X=NMe2, OMe) are labile in solution at room temperature, yielding Ph3Sn[OCHMeC(O)X] and Ph3Sn[OCHMeC(O)]nX, where n≥3, by transesterification, along with other minor products due to phenyl/OR group transfer (i.e., Ph4Sn). Ph2Sn(NMe2)2 and L-lactide react to give Ph2Sn[OCHMeC(O)NMe2]2 by ring-opening of L-lactide followed by rapid amidation. A related compound, Ph2Sn[OCHMeC(O)OPri]2, is also formed in the reaction between Ph2Sn(OPri)2 and L-lactide but is more labile toward further ring-opening of L-lactide.
A successful experiment in leveraging research investment

The ARL Federated Laboratory for Advanced and Interactive Displays begun in 1996 has proven to be a highly successful experiment in leveraging research investment for the Army, industry and academia. The research is exploring human-computer interfaces to dramatically improve the interface between Army users and their information systems for the Army After Next. Leveraging of university research grants, industrial internal R&D funds and other governmental agency funding has substantially amplified all consortia members investments.
Superhydrophobic metallic surfaces functionalized via femtosecond laser surface processing for long term air film retention when submerged in liquid

Femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) is a powerful technique used to create self-organized microstructures with nanoscale features on metallic surfaces. By combining FLSP surface texturing with surface chemistry changes, either induced by the femtosecond laser during processing or introduced through post processing techniques, the wetting properties of metals can be altered. In this work, FLSP is demonstrated as a technique to create superhydrophobic surfaces on grade 2 titanium and 304 stainless steel that can retain an air film (plastron) between the surface and a surrounding liquid when completely submerged. It is shown that the plastron lifetime when submerged in distilled water or synthetic stomach acid is critically dependent on the specific degree of surface micro- and nano-roughness, which can be tuned by controlling various FLSP parameters. The longest plastron lifetime was on a 304 stainless steel sample that was submerged in distilled water and maintained a plastron for 41 days, the length of time of the study, with no signs of degradation. Also demonstrated for the first time is the precise control of pulse fluence and pulse count to produce three unique classes of surface micron/nano-structuring on titanium.
Long-time stress relaxation of a filled elastomer in vacuum environments

Samples of a filled elastomeric ablative material were stored at 45 C and 10 to the -6th torr for 7 months. Their tensile stress-relaxation modulus at constant strain was measured throughout the 7 months. Results of the testing are discussed primarily by comparisons of the data to atmospheric-pressure moduli (determined in this work for shorter periods of time) and with moduli predicted from short-time testing. Confirmation of the strengthening effects of vacuum on this composite was obtained. The use of time-temperature superposition techniques as an approximate accelerated testing procedure for this material under these conditions was also verified.
Characteristics of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Plus Substance Use Disorder: The Role of Psychiatric Comorbidity

The objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or substance use disorder (SUD), especially in the context of comorb...
Neuropsychological Screening in Correctional Settings

Central nervous system dysfunction is an important factor to consider in inmate management. Unfortunately, this issue frequently is neglected in correctional settings. This article discusses several management and rehabilitation issues for inmates with brain impairment. The authors propose a general neuropsychological screening approach for the correctional psychologist that will provide data to facilitate numerous inmate disposition decisions. Moreover, this screening approach is time and cost efficient, relatively easy to administer and score, and likely to be sensitive to a variety of brain pathologies.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF TARSOCRURAL JOINT CARTILAGE IN NORMAL ADULT HORSES

Ultrasonographic examination of the tarsus was performed on four clinically and radiographically normal limbs of adult horses. Particular attention was paid to the articular cartilage surfaces of the trochlear ridges of the talus and the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. Two separate measurements of articular cartilage thickness were acquired from a longitudinal view at each site. Anatomy was confirmed with post mortem dissection. Ultrasonography was found to be a practical method for imaging the articular cartilage over the trochlear ridges of the talus and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. The cartilage appeared as a hypoechoic band overlying the hyperechoic subchondral bone. The mean cartilage thickness over the lateral and medial trochlear ridges of the talus and the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia were 0.57 mm, 0.58 mm and 0.7 mm respectively. These measurements may have value for comparison to thickened cartilage and lesions of osteochondrosis and abnormally thinned cartilage of osteoarthritis. Ultrasound examination was not helpful in evaluating the proximal and distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints, the close proximity of the articular surfaces obscured visualization of the articular cartilage.
Variability of area measurements obtained with different intravascular ultrasound catheter systems: Impact on clinical trials and a method for accurate calibration

Abstract Background: Atherosclerotic plaque burden is the major end point in ongoing progression trials. Intravascular ultrasound allows precise measurements of coronary artery dimensions. However, the variability of measurements among different catheter systems is incompletely characterized. Methods: Intravascular ultrasound imaging was performed in a cylindric phantom with 5 sections of different, known, cross-sectional area ranging from 3.24 to 27.99 mm 2 . A total of 3637 measurements with different catheter systems (Atlantis SR and Ultracross, Scimed/Boston Scientific; and Invision and Avanar, Jomed) were performed. Measurements were divided into model building and validation datasets. For each catheter, calibration models were developed. Results: Overestimation and underestimation of the true cross-sectional area of up to 18% was observed with different catheter systems. Calibration equations for the different systems could be developed that predicted the true diameter and area with high statistical precision (adjusted R 2 > 0.99). Conclusions: Area measurements vary among different intravascular ultrasound catheter systems. Calibration equations can correct for these differences and allow the comparison of measurements among catheters. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:277-84.)
Estrogen receptor alpha deficiency protects against development of cognitive impairment in murine lupus

One of the more profound features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is that females have a 9:1 prevalence of this disease over males. Up to 80% of SLE patients have cognitive defects or affective disorders. The mechanism of CNS injury responsible for cognitive impairment is unknown. We previously showed that ERα deficiency significantly reduced renal disease and increased survival in lupus-prone mice. We hypothesized that ERα deficiency would be similarly protective in the brain, and that ERα may play a role in modulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and/or neuroinflammation in lupus-prone mice. MRL/lpr ERα+/+ and ERαKO mice (n = 46) were ovariectomized, received 17β-estradiol pellets, and underwent radial arm water maze (WRAM) and novel object recognition (NOR) testing starting at eight weeks of age. Mice were sacrificed and brains were hemisected and processed for either immunohistochemistry, or hippocampus and parietal cortex dissection for Western blotting. MRL/lpr ERαKO mice (n = 21) performed significantly better in WRAM testing than wild-type MRL/lpr mice (n = 25). There was a significant reduction in reference memory errors (P <0.007), working memory errors (P <0.05), and start arm errors (P <0.02) in ERαKO mice. There were significant differences in NOR testing, particularly total exploration time, with ERα deficiency normalizing behavior. No significant differences were seen in markers of tight junction, astrogliosis, or microgliosis in the hippocampus or cortex by Western blot, however, there was a significant reduction in numbers of Iba1+ activated microglia in the hippocampus of ERαKO mice, as evidenced by immunohistochemietry (IHC). ERα deficiency provides significant protection against cognitive deficits in MRL/lpr mice as early as eight weeks of age. Additionally, the significant reduction in Iba1+ activated microglia in the MRL/lpr ERαKO mice was consistent with reduced inflammation, and may represent a biological mechanism for the cognitive improvement observed.
A phase variable PM machine model for integrated motor drive systems

This paper introduces a physical phase variable model of PM synchronous machines as well as its practical implementation in Simulink. The rotor position dependence of stator winding inductances is calculated by energy perturbation method using nonlinear transient FE solutions. The variation of the flux linkage contributed by permanent magnets is obtained from nonlinear transient FE analysis as well. The cogging torque is evaluated and taken into account. An adjustable inductance component is constructed for building such a physical phase variable model in Simulink. The performance of the physical phase variable model is compared with the results from the dq-model and the full FE model of machines. The physical phase variable model provides the same simulation results compared with the FE model at much faster simulation speed. Implementation results of integrated drive simulation examples using the physical phase variable model are presented.
RGD PET: From Lesion Detection to Therapy Response Monitoring

In the past 20 y or so, molecular imaging has been well recognized, and numerous imaging probes have been developed along with the advancement and emergence of novel imaging techniques. With exquisite sensitivity and specificity, PET became the workhorse in the field, especially for oncologic
The Climate Experiences of Students in Introductory Biology

Understanding course climate is important for improving students’ experiences and increasing the likelihood of their persistence in STEM fields. This study presents climate survey results from 523 students taking introductory biology at the University of Michigan. Principal component analysis revealed that a student’s climate experience is comprised of five main elements: comfort, school avoidance, relationship to course, academic stress, and discomfort. Of these climate factors, comfort, school avoidance, and relationship to course were significant predictors of course satisfaction, and academic stress was a significant predictor of persistence. The results indicated the importance of a positive climate that is facilitated by the instructor in order to promote a positive student experience. Climate may be an important metric for institutions to track across time and course.
Women’s Body Images

The psychology of physical appearance is organized around two perspectives—the “outside view” and the “inside view” (Cash, 1990). The first perspective considers how attributes of human appearance, such as physical attractiveness, height, weight, hair color, etc., influence social perceptions, cognitions, and behaviors. From this viewpoint, researchers study appearance stereotyping and seek to understand whether people who differ vis-a-vis certain physical characteristics receive different social treatments and outcomes (Bull & Rumsey, 1988; Cash, 1990; Jackson, 1992). The second perspective is the self-view of one’s appearance, which defines the construct of “body image” (Cash & Pruzinsky, 1990, in press; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999).
Fantasy Objects: The Perception of Safety of Emergency Shelter in Place Kits

ABSTRACTUsing interview data (n = 30) of residents in Calhoun County, Alabama, we examine the meaning respondents give to the objects (shelter-in-place kits) disseminated to residents in order to manage risk of accidents from Anniston Army Depot’s Chemical Weapons storage and incinerator activities. Our research builds on previous research examining how organizations engage in ‘fantasy planning,’ where they create plans that objectively do not increase safety but do create the perception of safety within the organization and especially the public.
"If You Put All The Pieces Together...": Attitudes Towards Data Combination and Sharing Across Services and Companies

Online services often rely on processing users' data, which can be either provided directly by the users or combined from other services. Although users are aware of the latter, it is unclear whether they are comfortable with such data combination, whether they view it as beneficial for them, or the extent to which they believe that their privacy is exposed. Through an online survey (N=918) and follow-up interviews (N=14), we show that (1) comfort is highly dependent on the type of data, type of service and on the existence of a direct relationship with a company, (2) users have a highly different opinion about the presence of benefits for them, irrespectively of the context, and (3) users perceive the combination of online data as more identifying than data related to offline and physical behavior (such as location). Finally, we discuss several strategies for companies to improve upon these issues.
Effectiveness of Six Insecticide Treatment Strategies in the Reduction of German Cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) Populations in Infested Apartments

Six insecticide treatment strategies that included the use of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos were evaluated in apartments infested with Blattella germanica (L.). Following treatments, populations were monitored monthly for 4 months with sticky traps. Strategies which used chlorpyrifos were the most effective in reducing cockroach populations. Inclusion of dichlorvos in spray mixtures did not increase the effectiveness of chlorpyrifos. Dichlorvos total-release aerosol bombs were effective only when used immediately following an application of chlorpyrifos. Populations increased in 37.5% of the apartments that were next to units treated with chlorpyrifos plus dichlorvos, while populations increased in 50% of the apartments adjacent to units treated with dichlorvos total-release bombs.
Thinking about DeepQA beating Human Champions

The DeepQA question answering system of IBM beat two human champions on U.S.Jeopardy Show in 14th-16th February,2011.It obviously shows that Watson,IBM's super computer,outperforms human intelligent behaviors.It is a great milestone in the history of Artificial Intelligence.This paper reviews some gain and loss of natural language processing and automatic question answering technologies.The paper is written for the thirty-year ceremony of the Chinese Information Processing Society of China.
Molecular mobility in glassy dispersions

Dielectric spectroscopy was used to characterize the structural relaxation in pharmaceutical dispersions containing nifedipine (NIF) and either poly(vinyl) pyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). The shape of the dielectric response (permittivity versus log time) curve was observed to be independent of temperature. Thus, for the pure NIF as well as the dispersions, the validity of the time-temperature superposition principle was established. Furthermore, though the shape of the full dielectric response varied with polymer concentration, the regime related to the α- or structural relaxation was found to superimpose for the dispersions, though not with the response of the NIF itself. Hence, there is a limited time-temperature-concentration superposition for these systems as well. Therefore, in this polymer concentration range, calculation of long relaxation times in these glass-forming systems becomes possible. We found that strong drug-polymer hydrogen bonding interactions improved the physical stability (i.e., delayed crystallization) by reducing the molecular mobility. The strength of hydrogen bonding, structural relaxation time, and crystallization followed the order: NIF-PV P>NIF-HPMCAS>NIF. With an increase in polymer concentration, the relaxation times were longer indicating a decrease in molecular mobility. The temperature dependence of relaxation time, in other words fragility, was independent of polymer concentration. This is the first application of the superposition principle to characterize structural relaxation in glassy pharmaceutical dispersions.
Effects of Network Structure on Costly Coordination

Coordination is often required for satisfactory solutions to social problems. Two factors that affect the ability of groups to solve coordination problems are the information actors have about the actions of others and the costs of taking an action. We utilize a network approach to model the structure of communication between actors and test experimentally how the communication structure affects coordination when actions are costly. We find that the addition of costs causes a significant increase in the amount of time it takes for coordination to occur and that costs cause players to change the strategy they use to resolve the coordination dilemma. Furthermore, the effect of increased costs is not constant across the various network structures. Both more edges (communication) and higher degree variance (leadership) can attenuate the effect of costs to take an action. These results suggest that when designing or studying institutions we will want to account for the communication structures created by the institutions and how this structure may affect coordination.
Artful pedagogy: (En)visioning the unfinished whole

ABSTRACTThe hum of florescent lights still drone quietly in the background just as they did in the high school art classrooms of the authors, only now they are teaching research methods and educational theory and practice in the academy, not sculpture, ceramics, drawing, or painting1 1 Occasionally we refer to Sara's and Kelly's experiences as high school art teachers and assistant professors. We find it important to note that the third author, Nicole, is a graduate student enrolled in the Art Therapy program at Florida State University, which is nestled in the Art Education Department.. Once high school art educators, drawn to teaching and learning with and through the arts, the vantage points of the authors have now shifted as they find themselves situated at two large research universities. In these higher education spaces the authors are once again finding ways to artfully engage in the reciprocal process of teaching and learning. Although the locations have changed, the authors still feel seduced by ...
Immunohistologic Dissection of the Human Kidney Using Monoclonal Antibodies

AbstractNine murine monoclonal antibodies which detect differentiation antigens of the human kidney are described. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase studies demonstrate that these antigens are expressed by different cell types comprising the nephron. Monoclonal antibody MA99 detects a glycoprotein complex of the glomerular basement membrane. Monoclonal antibody S4 detects a glycoprotein of 160,000 daltons (gp160) expressed by glomerular and proximal tubular epithelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies S23, S27 and S6 immunoprecipitate a glycoprotein of 120,000 daltons (gp120) found on cells of the proximal tubule and portions of Henle’s loop. Monoclonal antibody C26 identifies a glycoprotein of 40,000 daltons (gp40) expressed by cells of the distal and collecting tubules. Monoclonal antibodies M2 and S8 are specific for A and B blood group antigens, respectively, found on cells of the collecting tubule in individuals of the respective blood type. This panel of antibodies is useful in the study of normal ...
Microbiology and management of sinusitis.

Revue: La sinusite se developpe en general comme une complication d'une inflammation, virale ou allergique, du tractus respiratoire superieur. Les pathogenes bacteriens contribuent au processus inflammatoire: le Streptococcus pneumoniae, l'Haemophilus influenzae et le Moraxella catarrhalis predominent dans la sinusite aigues, alors que les bacteries anaerobiques et le Staphylococcus aurcus sont predominants dans la sinusite chronique. Le Pseudomona aeruginosa est apparu comme un pathogene potentiel chez les patients immunocompromis et chez ceux qui ont des tubes nasaux ou des catheters. Plusieurs de ces micro-organismes, retrouves dans la sinusite, sont devenus resistants aux penicillines soit a travers la production de betalactamase (H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, Fusobacterium sp. et Prevotella sp.) ou soit encore a travers les changements dans la proteine penicillin-binding (S. pneumoniae). La pathogenicite des bacteries productrices de beta-lactamase est exprimee directement par leur habilete a causer des infections et indirectement par la production de beta-lactamase. (Conclusions: La pathogenicite indirecte est transmise non seulement par la survie a la therapie par penicilline, mais aussi par la protection de pathogenes penicillino-susceptibles au medicament. Les caracteristiques de virulence directe et indirecte de ces bacteries necessitent l'administration d'une therapie antimicrobienne appropriee dirigee contre tous les pathogenes dans les infections mixtes. Une therapie appropriee avec antimicrobien et decongestionnants lorsqu'indique avec un drainage chirurgical et une correction de la pathologie, constitue la cle de voute de la conduite a tenir face a la sinusite.
Introductory Fisheries Analyses with R

A How-To Guide for Conducting Common Fisheries-Related Analyses in R Introductory Fisheries Analyses with R provides detailed instructions on performing basic fisheries stock assessment analyses in the R environment. Accessible to practicing fisheries scientists as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate students, the book demonstrates the flexibility and power of R, offers insight into the reproducibility of script-based analyses, and shows how the use of R leads to more efficient and productive work in fisheries science. The first three chapters present a minimal introduction to the R environment that builds a foundation for the fisheries-specific analyses in the remainder of the book. These chapters help you become familiar with R for basic fisheries analyses and graphics. Subsequent chapters focus on methods to analyze age comparisons, age-length keys, size structure, weight-length relationships, condition, abundance (from capture-recapture and depletion data), mortality rates, individual growth, and the stock-recruit relationship. The fundamental statistical methods of linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nonlinear regression are demonstrated within the contexts of these common fisheries analyses. For each analysis, the author completely explains the R functions and provides sufficient background information so that you can confidently implement each method. Web Resource The author’s website at http://derekogle.com/IFAR/ includes the data files and R code for each chapter, enabling you to reproduce the results in the book as well as create your own scripts. The site also offers supplemental code for more advanced analyses and practice exercises for every chapter.
Stability of alcohol use and teen dating violence for female youth: A latent transition analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Alcohol use is one of the most widely accepted and studied risk factors for teen dating violence (TDV). Too little research has explored longitudinally if it is true that an adolescent's alcohol use and TDV involvement simultaneously occur. In the current study, we examined whether there were latent status based on past-year TDV and alcohol use and whether female adolescents changed their statuses of TDV and alcohol use over time. METHODS The sample consisted of 583 female youths in seven public high schools in Texas. Three waves of longitudinal data collected from 2011 to 2013 were utilised in this study. Participants completed self-report assessments of alcohol use (past-year alcohol use, number of drinks in the past month and episodic heavy drinking within the past month) and psychological and physical TDV victimisation and perpetration. Latent transition analysis was used to examine if the latent status based on TDV and alcohol use changed over time. RESULTS Five separate latent statuses were identified: (i) no violence, no alcohol; (ii) alcohol; (iii) psychological violence, no alcohol; (iv) psychological violence, alcohol; and (v) physical and psychological violence, alcohol. Latent transition analysis indicated that adolescents generally remained in the same subgroup across time. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence on the co-occurrence of alcohol use and teen dating violence, and whether teens' status based on dating violence and alcohol use are stable over time. Findings from the current study highlight the importance of targeting both TDV and substance use in intervention and prevention programs. [Choi HJ, Elmquist J, Shorey RC, Rothman EF, Stuart GL,Temple JR. Stability of alcohol use and teen dating violence for female youth: Alatent transition analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:80-87].
Rectum and bladder spacing in cervical cancer brachytherapy using a novel injectable hydrogel compound

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate injection of a novel hydrogel (TraceIT; Augmenix, Waltham, MA) between the cervix, rectum, and bladder in female cadavers compared with, and in addition to, the current standard of gauze packing, for organ-at-risk sparing in cervical cancer brachytherapy planning. Methods and Materials This brachytherapy cadaver study used T2-weighted MRI and CT imaging to compare three scenarios: ( 1 ) gauze packing alone, ( 2 ) hydrogel injection placed in the cervical fornices and rectovaginal septum, and ( 3 ) gauze packing in conjunction with hydrogel injection. Hydrogel distribution was evaluated. Doses to 2 cm 3 volumes ( D 2cc ) for the rectum, bladder, and sigmoid were collected. Statistical significance ( p t test. Results Hydrogel was successfully injected to space the bladder and rectum from the cervix in all five cadavers. The spacer was easily identifiable on both CT and MRI. The use of hydrogel in addition to packing resulted in a 22% decrease in rectum D 2cc dose ( p = 0.02), a 10% decrease in bladder D 2cc ( p = 0.27), and no change in sigmoid D 2cc dose. No difference was observed between hydrogel only vs. gauze packing only. Conclusions Our results revealed a significant clinically meaningful decrease in rectal D 2cc associated with the use of hydrogel in addition to gauze packing—TraceIT hydrogel holds promise as a spacer in cervical cancer therapy.
Immunohistochemistry in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The World Health Organization's Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues (Swerdlow et al. (eds) WHO Classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, 4th edn. WHO Press, Lyon, 2008) created a classification scheme incorporating genetic, molecular, morphologic, and immunophenotypic characteristics. The diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia requires equal to or greater than 20% blasts (except in some cases with specific cytogenetic abnormalities or in erythroleukemia). The diagnostic work up typically includes morphologic, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic features. This generally includes evaluation of the peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, and bone marrow trephine biopsy. As stated in the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, "the contribution of an adequate bone marrow biopsy cannot be over stated" (Swerdlow et al. (eds) WHO Classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, 4th edn. WHO Press, Lyon, 2008). The evaluation of the bone marrow biopsy provided the necessary material for immunohistochemical studies used for both diagnosis and prognosis.The following text will focus on the utilization of immunohistochemical studies in the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Other methodologies will be discussed elsewhere in this volume.