cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal and Mesodermal Organs

Connective tissues, the vessels, the heart, the blood, and organs of locomotion (such as the skeleton, the bands, and the cross-striated muscles) originate from mesoderm. The mesoderm consists of segmentally arranged somites (dorsal portion of the mesoderm), somitic stalks (intermediary portion of the mesoderm), and nonsegmented somatopleura and splanchnopleura (lateroventral portion of the mesoderm). The cells of the mesoderm in early somite embryos temporarily exhibit an epitheliallike organization. In contrast to the true epitheliums, the basal portions of mesodermal cells extend into processus attaching to neighboring ectodermal and endodermal structures. The cavity formed within the mesoderm, between the somatopleura and splanchnopleura, is the coelom. The cavities present within the somites constitute the myocoele. Stellate cells migrating into spaces between germ layers constitute the mesenchyme, most of which is of mesodermal origin. Some mesenchymal cells, especially around the CNS and in the branchial arches, are of neuroectodermal origin.
Generalized Adaptation to Dysarthric Speech

Purpose Generalization of perceptual learning has received limited attention in listener adaptation studies with dysarthric speech. This study investigated whether adaptation to a talker with dysar...
ENERGY MYTH TWO - THE PUBLIC IS WELL INFORMED ABOUT ENERGY

The American public is highly educated. About 25% of Americans have bachelor’s degrees (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005a). In some cities like Seattle and San Francisco 51% of the population over the age of 25 have bachelor’s degrees (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005b). Additionally, more than 80% of American youth enroll in some form of tertiary education within 5 years of leaving high school (UNESCO, 1998). As an educated nation, we expect people to be well informed about current events and issues facing their communities, especially since information arrives easily into households and businesses via the Internet. Unfortunately, the public is not well informed about a number of issues that face contemporary society like energy and the environment (NEETF and Roper, 2002; NEETF, 2005). Yet because information is so readily available and accessible via search engines and because we are an educated nation, it is tempting to assume that the public is well-informed. Unfortunately, availability of information does not directly translate into increased public understanding. Other factors such as personal motivation greatly affect individuals’ willingness to learn and their awareness and knowledge (Bigge and Hunt, 1980). Furthermore, the sheer quantity of information available to the public is growing so rapidly that no one can be a global scholar. Lyman and Varian published a study How Much Information? 2000 that concluded:
Comparison of polymerization of ancrod and thrombin fibrin monomers

The polymerization of thrombin and ancrod fibrin monomers was studied with a standardized technique that evaluated turbidity changes and protein incorporation into the clot. Ancrod fibrin monomers were found to polymerize more slowly and form less turbid clots (at identical protein concentrations). Changes in ionic strength and pH influences ancrod fibrin monomer polymerization to a greater extent than thrombin fibrin monomer polymerization. Benzyltriethylammonium chloride was shown to be a potent inhibitor of fibrin monomer polymerization, with a greater inhibitory effect on ancrod fibrin monomers than on thrombin fibrin monomers. The differences between ancrod and thrombin fibrin may play a role in the infrequent thrombotic complications reported with ancrod therapy.
[Physiology of the cell surface of Neurospora ascospores; entrance of anions and non-polar compounds].

Acids like hydrogen fluoride, hydrazoic and fluoroacetic have been shown to prevent the germination of ascospores of N. tetrasperma when dormant spores are treated. On the other hand, propionate, cysteine and others are ineffective when used in this way. When activated ascospores were treated, much lower concentrations of the acids were sufficient to poison the spores. As in other systems, these substances are most effective at a pH below their pKa.
Social–Cognitive and Speech Sound Production Abilities of Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Purpose To date, there has been a dearth of systematic research that examines both social–cognitive (SC) and speech sound production (SSP) abilities simultaneously in minimally verbal (MV) children...
Engineered biochar from agricultural waste for removal of tetracycline in water.

For the first time the present study investigated the production, characterization and application of engineered biochar derived from alfalfa hays for removal of tetracycline (TC) in water. The NaOH activation of alfalfa-derived raw biochar (BCR) made significant increase in surface area (796.50 m2/g) and pore volume (0.087 cm3/g). The NaOH-activated BC (BCA) showed much higher adsorption capacity for TC (Qm = 302.37 mg/g) than BCR, but comparable to the commercial activated carbon (Calgon F400). The detailed analyses of the kinetic and isotherm studies suggested the strong chemisorptive interactions between TC and BCA via multiple mechanisms. In addition, intraparticle diffusion was considered as the major limitation for the adsorption of TC onto BCA. Furthermore, the fixed bed experiments revealed that BCA could be a promising adsorbent for treating large volume of TC-contaminated water in columns.
Interactions Between Aminotransferases and Monoclonal Antibodies

The interaction between gaba·transaminase and succinic semildehyde dehydrogenase, two mitochondrial enzymes, have been studied using affinity chromatography, polarization of fluorescence and gel filtration techniques (Hearl and Churchich, 1984). In this report, we have investigated the interaction between gaba·transaminase and monoclonal anti·p·pxy antibodies.
Adaptation of Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models to Unsteady Separated Flow Behind Vehicles

Turbulence model development for aerodynamic applications has for many years concentrated on improving the capabilities of CFD methods for separation prediction. Validation studies of turbulence models in the ‘80th have clearly shown that most turbulence models were not capable of predicting the development of turbulent boundary layers under adverse pressure gradient conditions. Based on that observation, new models were developed to specifically meet this challenge, resulting in a series of models capable of capturing boundary layer separation in good agreement with experimental data (Johnson and King 1984, Menter 1993, Spalart and Allmaras 1994).
Oskar Schlemmer's Vordruck: an absent woman within a Bauhaus canon of the body

This paper considers the Vordruck (form), a template of a male body designed by Oskar Schlemmer in 1928 at the Bauhaus for his course Der Mensch. The Vordruck, whose origins were based on both anci...
"The Crusade Against the Whisker" and the Birth of the Modern Radical Beard

This paper seeks to investigate the shift in style in the last decade of the nineteenth century, when it again became customary for men to shave their beards. In order to address this topic, the historiographies of facial hair, masculinity, and radical politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States demand attention. The convergence of these three areas of study will provide the basis for this examination into this shift in style, and the social meanings that may have been placed on beards and beardlessness during this period in American history.
A fast method for particle tracking and triggering using small-radius silicon detectors

Abstract We propose an algorithm, deployable on a highly-parallelized graph computing architecture, to perform rapid reconstruction of charged-particle trajectories in the high energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider and future colliders. We use software emulation to show that the algorithm can achieve an efficiency in excess of 99.95% for reconstruction with good accuracy. The algorithm can be implemented on silicon-based integrated circuits using field-programmable gate array technology. Our approach can enable a fast trigger for massive charged particles that decay invisibly in the tracking volume, as in some new-physics scenarios related to particulate dark matter. If production of dark matter or other new neutral particles is mediated by metastable charged particles and is not associated with other triggerable energy deposition in the detectors, our method would be useful for triggering on the charged mediators using the small-radius silicon detectors.
Cybersecurity Across All Disciplines in 2020

We need to greatly expand the number of students studying cybersecurity in order to meet the increasing demand for security professionals. As a community, we can use our expertise and alliances with other fields to create interdisciplinary courses and modules to attract diverse students into cybersecurity. For example, Liberal Arts Colleges have a strong core general education curriculum that can be enhanced with cybersecurity concepts. On one hand, students from non-CS majors are important for the cybersecurity workforce as they will be shaping the policies and business processes that affect cybersecurity decisions. On the other hand, well rounded CS students that take interdisciplinary security courses and CS1 will be able to apply the concepts and solve today's complex security problems. This BoF will explore ideas for integrating the technical content of cybersecurity with political science, business, law, psychology, philosophy, international affairs, and others. Participants from colleges, universities and K-12 will be able to co-create plans for these interdisciplinary experiences. We will discuss possible ways to integrate security-related topics hands-on exercises into existing courses from other fields or the general education core curriculum. The questions we will ask are, "Have you created interdisciplinary courses or modules? If so, what was your experience? Were there problems? If you had no resource or policy constraints, what would an interdisciplinary security curriculum look like at your school?" We will generate a list of ideas and disseminate that publicly.
Stability and Change in Early Life Economic Hardship Trajectories and the Role of Sex in Predicting Adolescent Overweight/Obesity

There is evidence that poverty is related to adverse child health outcomes. Yet, evidence is lacking on how economic hardship experiences during early childhood are related to adolescent obesity, how the relationship may differ by child sex, in addition to the potential child and maternal behavioral factors that link economic hardship and adolescent obesity. The purpose of the current study was to address this gap by using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1814). The analytic sample included 50.5% girls, 20% experiencing overweight status, and 19% experiencing obesity. Majority of the adolescents were born to non-Hispanic black (49%), U.S. born (86%), married/cohabitating mothers (61%) with high school or greater level of education (75%). The economic hardship trajectory classes were determined using the latent growth mixture modeling approach and supported a 4-class trajectory model, with 5% of the adolescents in the high-increasing economic hardship trajectory class. The children in the high-increasing economic hardship class had increased odds of developing overweight/obesity in adolescence compared to those in low-stable class. This association was significantly moderated by child sex (i.e., relationship was significant for adolescent boys). Parenting stress and child snacking behaviors did not significantly mediate the association between economic hardship classes and overweight/obesity. Economic hardships that increase through early childhood need to be recognized as an obesity risk factor particularly for adolescent boys.
Treatment of Chronic Active Antibody-mediated Rejection With Pulse Steroids, IVIG, With or Without Rituximab is Associated With Increased Risk of Pneumonia.

Background The risk of infection associated with specific treatments of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection (cAMR) after kidney transplantation remains unknown. Methods This was a single-center study of kidney transplant recipients treated with pulse steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ± rituximab for biopsy-confirmed cAMR. The control group consisted of age- and race-matched patients who underwent donor-specific antibody-based protocol biopsies but had no rejection. We collected data on BK virus (BKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), urinary tract infection (UTI), and pneumonia postbiopsy. Results There were 49 patients in each group. In those with cAMR, 21 (43%) were treated with steroids, IVIG, and rituximab; the remaining received steroids and IVIG only. The risk of graft failure was greater in the cAMR group [22 (45%) vs. 3 (6%), P < 0.001]. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated a significantly greater risk of pneumonia in the cAMR group (P = 0.02). This was confirmed by multivariable Cox regression analyses [Hazard ratio (HR) = 6.04, P = 0.027, 95% CI, 1.22-29.75]. None of the patients with pneumonia were affected by opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, the risk of CMV, UTI, and BKV was not increased. Rituximab was not independently associated with any of the infections studied. Conclusions Treatment of cAMR, but not rituximab, was associated with a 6-fold increased risk of pneumonia. Additional studies are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of prolonged antimicrobial prophylaxis and monitoring strategies, including for hypogammaglobulinemia, to reduce the risk of pneumonia following the treatment of cAMR.
Son preference and the fertility squeeze in India

India's sex ratio at birth (SRB) has become increasingly masculine, coinciding with a declining total fertility rate. Couples often resort to sex-selective abortion or even infanticide to ensure the birth of a son. We use household-level data from all four waves of India's National Family Health Survey (NFHS) to investigate the effect of India's demographic transition on the SRB. Mixed-effects logit regression analysis demonstrates that since the early 1990s, the probability of a third-order birth being male is decreasing in the number of sons previously born, while for second-order births, this effect does not become apparent until the 2000s. Accounting for geographic heterogeneity in the fertility transition, we find additional heterogeneity in son preference and sex selection at the village/neighborhood level. This heterogeneity has strengthened over time at both second- and third-order births and in more and less gender skewed regions of the country, suggesting potential convergence in sex ratios across India. By incorporating the most recent 2015–16 round of the NFHS, we demonstrate that previously documented trends in sex selection continue, and additionally that sex selection is increasingly occurring at lower parities as the desire for a smaller family combines with the traditional preference for sons.
“The Greedy I That Gives”- The Paradox of Egocentrism and Altruism: Terror Management and System Justification Perspectives on the Interrelationship Between Mortality Salience and Charitable Donations Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Why do people give and help others in face of their own mortality salience? The existential struggle with the awareness of death impacts the gamut of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. This multi-method research (ΣN = 1,219) explains the psychosocial impact of COVID-19-related mortality salience on altruism. Drawing from terror management theory, two studies tested death-thought accessibility, mortality salience, and anxiety buffer hypotheses. Study 1 (cross-sectional survey), using structural equation modeling, confirms death anxiety and fear are predictors of powerlessness and materialism which, in turn, predict charitable donations. Study 2 (between-subjects experiment) confirms the causal effects of COVID-19-induced mortality salience on altruism. Controlling income and socioeconomic status, people in the mortality salience treatment condition indicate greater monetary donations ($), ratio of prosocial (altruistic) to proself (egocentric) spending (%), donation of time (hour), monetary valuation of time (hourly rate = $/hour), and economic value of donated time (hourly rate*hour) than the controls. These effects are mediated by powerlessness. Moderating effects of relevant individual difference factors are significant: the greedier, more selfish, narcissistic, materialistic, and system-justifying the donor is, the higher monetary donations, volunteer time, and perceived value of donated time are, only when the COVID-19-induced mortality is made salient but not in the controls. Environmental and dispositional factors jointly influence vulnerability to mortality salience. The paradox of egocentrism and altruism, as an evolutionarily adaptive protective buffer against existential insecurity for social and cultural animals, can help revitalize resilience, thus shedding some lights on the sociopsychological mechanism of consumers' subjective well-being. Implications for consumer affairs, social marketers, and policymakers are discussed.
Warnings in early narrative assessment that might predict performance in residency: signal from an internal medicine residency program.

Narrative assessment data are valuable in understanding struggles in resident performance. However, it remains unknown which themes in narrative data that occur early in training may indicate a higher likelihood of struggles later in training, allowing programs to intervene sooner. Using learning analytics, we identified 26 internal medicine residents in three cohorts that were below expected entrustment during training. We compiled all narrative data in the first 6 months of training for these residents as well as 13 typically performing residents for comparison. Narrative data were blinded for all 39 residents during initial phases of an inductive thematic analysis for initial coding. Many similarities were identified between the two cohorts. Codes that differed between typical and lower entrusted residents were grouped into two types of themes: three explicit/manifest and three implicit/latent with six total themes. The explicit/manifest themes focused on specific aspects of resident performance with assessors describing 1) Gaps in attention to detail, 2) Communication deficits with patients, and 3) Difficulty recognizing the “big picture” in patient care. Three implicit/latent themes, focused on how narrative data were written, were also identified: 1) Feedback described as a deficiency rather than an opportunity to improve, 2) Normative comparisons to identify a resident as being behind their peers, and 3) Warning of possible risk to patient care. Clinical competency committees (CCCs) usually rely on accumulated data and trends. Using the themes in this paper while reviewing narrative comments may help CCCs with earlier recognition and better allocation of resources to support residents’ development.
SMIV: A 16-nm 25-mm² SoC for IoT With Arm Cortex-A53, eFPGA, and Coherent Accelerators

Emerging Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitate system-on-chips (SoCs) that can scale from ultralow power always-on (AON) operation, all the way up to less frequent high-performance tasks at high energy efficiency. Specialized accelerators are essential to help meet these needs at both ends of the scale, but maintaining workload flexibility remains an important goal. This article presents a 25-mm² SoC in 16-nm FinFET technology which demonstrates targeted, flexible acceleration of key compute-intensive kernels spanning machine learning (ML), DSP, and cryptography. The SMIV SoC includes a dedicated AON sub-system, a dual-core Arm Cortex-A53 CPU cluster, an SoC-attached embedded field-programmable gate array (eFPGA) array, and a quad-core cache-coherent accelerator (CCA) cluster. Measurement results demonstrate: 1) 1236x power envelope, from 1.1 mW (only AON cluster), up to 1.36 W (whole SoC at maximum throughput); 2) 5.5-28.9x energy efficiency gain from offloading compute kernels from A53 to eFPGA; 3) 2.94x latency improvement using coherent memory access (CCA cluster); and 4) 55x MobileNetV1 energy per inference improvement on CCA compared to the CPU baseline. The overall flexibility-efficiency range on SMIV spans measured energy efficiencies of 1x (dual-core A53), 3.1x (A53 with SIMD), 16.5x (eFPGA), 54.9x (CCA), and 256x (AON) at a peak efficiency of 4.8 TOPS/W.
Preferential dolomitization in Mio–Pliocene bioclastic clinoforms, Bonaire Island, South Caribbean: insights from petrographic and geochemical analyses

Selective dolomitization, where certain carbonate components are preferentially dolomitized over others, can be significant in the overall dynamic context of the global magnesium cycle. Thus, the abundance of these components can modify the Mg balance between the ocean and sediments, thereby disrupting the Mg cycle in certain geological times. Selective dolomitization may be connected to the apparent correlation between global dolomitization events in the Neogene and the synchronous rise in species abundance of coralline red algae (CRA), but the underlying issue remains unclear. In the Caribbean islands, excellent examples of Neogene partially dolomitized carbonates containing coralline red algal facies are described to understand selective dolomitization of different components (grains and matrix) by examining the well-preserved outcrop of partially dolomitized Mio–Pliocene carbonates at the Seru Grandi locality on Bonaire Island, in the Caribbean. The degree and timing of selective dolomitization of various carbonate components are assessed using petrographical and geochemical methods. The micrite matrix is dolomitized first, followed by coralline red algal bioclasts, and subsequently all other grains. Dolomite crystals appear to originate from within and immediately around coralline algal fragments, suggesting that dolomite could have initiated from internally sourced Mg of the CRA’s high-magnesium calcite skeleton. Collectively, these observations suggest that selective dolomitization is controlled primarily by reactive surface area of the carbonate components, but it is less clear as to whether there is a dependency on original mineralogy.
Topology Optimization under Microscale Uncertainty using Stochastic Gradients

This paper considers the design of structures made of engineered materials, accounting for uncertainty in material properties. We present a topology optimization approach that optimizes the structural shape and topology at the macroscale assuming design-independent uncertain microstructures. The structural geometry at the macroscale is described by an explicit level set approach, and the macroscopic structural response is predicted by the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). We describe the microscopic layout by either an analytic geometric model with uncertain parameters or a level cut from a Gaussian random field. The macroscale properties of the microstructured material are predicted by homogenization. Considering the large number of possible microscale configurations, one of the main challenges of solving such topology optimization problems is the computational cost of estimating the statistical moments of the cost and constraint functions and their gradients with respect to the design variables. Methods for predicting these moments, such as Monte Carlo sampling, and Taylor series and polynomial chaos expansions often require many random samples resulting in an impractical computation. To reduce this cost, we propose an approach wherein, at every design iteration, we only use a small number of microstructure configurations to generate an independent, stochastic approximation of the gradients. These gradients are then used either with a gradient descent algorithm, namely Adam, or the globally convergent method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA). Three numerical examples from structural mechanics are used to show that the proposed approach provides a computationally efficient way for macroscale topology optimization in the presence of microstructural uncertainty and enables the designers to consider a new class of problems that are out of reach today with conventional tools.
Integrals and Logarithms

The radial coordinate of the gyrating bugs and capital compounded “continuously” are both examples of exponential functions, whose relative growth is constant: $$\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = ky.$$ (16-1)
Paediatric and adolescent diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the two acute emergency situations in those who have diabetes mellitus. DKA should be identifiable and is often preventable. Any associated complications of DKA should also be preventable with proper education and treatment. Awareness of presenting signs and symptoms, on the part of the general public, primary care providers and emergency department personnel, should help minimise the severity of DKA through earlier diagnosis and focusing on appropriate physiologic treatment as well as close, ongoing monitoring to minimise potential lethal DKA complications such as cerebral oedema. Missed diagnosis, late diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, delayed treatment and lack of appropriate monitoring are usually associated with more morbidity and mortality as well as increased hospital costs. Insulin treatment is only one part of DKA management. Fluid and electrolyte monitoring and treatment are often a critical aspect of such management. All aspects of DKA recognition, treatment and prevention must be emphasised to decrease DKA morbidity and mortality around the world. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling in nuclear waste isolation: Approximate solutions for flow in unsaturated porous media

Mathematical modeling plays a key role in the design and licensing of repositories for radioactive waste. Because safe isolation of nuclear waste involves extremely long time scales, and there exists very little engineering experience upon which to draw, modeling takes on a particularly crucial role. An example of a model problem motivated by hydrological issues in high-level waste isolation is presented. A repository concept involving storage in rock above the water table requires models for the flow of groundwater in unsaturated, porous media. Such flow is governed by an extremely nonlinear diffusion equation, and poses some difficult numerical challenges. A special form of the hydraulic conductivity function however, results in a linear field equation for steady-state problems, for which a boundary integral method yields very fast solutions.
Auditor Reputation, Auditor Independence and the Stock Market Reaction to Andersen's Clients

In this paper, we study a comprehensive sample of Andersen clients and investigate whether the deterioration of Andersen's reputation after its criminal indictment on March 14, 2002 adversely impacted the perceived credibility of their audit quality. Since these reputational concerns are more of an issue if an auditor's independence is impaired, we investigate the relationship between the abnormal market returns around the indictment announcement for Andersen clients and auditor independence. Our results suggest that when news about Andersen's indictment was released, the market reacted more negatively to Andersen clients than to clients of the other Big Four auditors. More importantly, the indictment period abnormal return is significantly higher when auditor independence is perceived to be high, i.e., the audit firm provides fewer non-audit related services to the client. This result is robust when we include size, book to market ratio, ownership structure, sales growth, leverage and proxies for investor losses as control variables. We also document that when firms announce Andersen's replacement with a non-Big Four auditor, the CAR is significantly negative. This is significantly lower than the return to firms that switch to other Big Four auditors. Collectively, our empirical results provide evidence in support of the notion that auditor reputation and independence have a material impact on audit quality and credibility of audited financial statements, and that the market prices this.
Quality Assurance Study of Caries Risk Assessment Performance by Clinical Faculty Members in a School of Dentistry

The goal of this quality assurance study was to explore the decision making of clinical faculty members at the University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry predoctoral dental clinic in terms of caries risk level assignment using the caries risk assessment (CRA) as part of the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) concept. This research was done in part to determine if additional training and calibration were needed for these faculty members. The study tested the reliability and reproducibility of the caries risk levels assigned by different clinical teachers who completed CRA forms for simulated patients. In the first step, five clinical teachers assigned caries risk levels for thirteen simulated patients. Six months later, the same five plus an additional nine faculty members assigned caries risk levels to the same thirteen simulated and nine additional cases. While the intra-examiner reliability with weighted kappa strength of agreement was very high, the inter-examiner agreements with a gold standard were on average only moderate. In total, 20 percent of the presented high caries risk cases were underestimated at caries levels too low, even when obvious caries disease indicators were present. This study suggests that more consistent training and calibration of clinical faculty members as well as students are needed.
Temporomandibular Disorders: Assessment of Psychological Factors:

Factors such as psychological stress, anxiety, depression, oral habits, and chronic pain behaviors have been found in subgroups of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) patients. This paper reviews the current status of diagnostic methods and instruments designed to identify various psychological factors. The authors offer the following general conclusions: Although the DSM-III-R has significant limitations, it is currently the most common gold standard with which other psychological instruments are compared. There are several specific assessment instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, which have been found to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity scores. In addition, certain simple screening questions may be cost-effective for the identification of psychological factors. Because of studies indicating that the dentists' recognition of psychological factors is inaccurate, a brief screening questionnaire may be useful in TMD patients. The literature does not support the routine use of the MMPI. A major conclusion of this review is that there are several psychological instruments available which have demonstrated reasonable validity through a blind comparison with a gold standard. There is need for further development and testing of brief screening instruments using clinical decision methods.
Mid-infrared reflectance spectra (2.3–22 μm) of sulfur, gold, KBr, MgO, and halon

Biconical diffuse reflectance spectra in the mid-infrared are presented for powder and other solid forms of sulfur, gold, potassium bromide, magnesium oxide, and halon. Comparisons are made with previously published results of other investigators, and recommendations are made regarding the relative usefulnees of these materials as reflectance standards in the mid-IR. Sulfur has strong intrinsic bands at wavelengths greater than 7 microns that must be taken into account for its use as a reflectance standard. Some sulfur samples have hydrocarbon contaminants and in powder form may have adsorbed water, both of which produce bands in the 3-4-micron region. Potassium bromide has several weak intrinsic bands and is very sensitive to adsorbed water contamination; otherwise it is a good IR reference material. Magnesium oxide and halon have major bands structure and low reflectivity at wavelengths greater than 2.6 microns and thus are unsuitable as reference materials in the mid-IR. Vapor-deposited gold on fine sandpaper (600 grit) is very bright, spectrally flat, and fairly diffuse, so it is the superior material (of those examined) for reflectance reference material throughout the IR. Fine gold powder, on the other hand, is much less bright than evaporated gold, and its reflectivity at wavelengths greater than its particle size is highly sensitive to particle packing density.
Beyond cut-set bounds - the approximate capacity of D2D networks

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is emerging as a viable solution for alleviating the severe capacity crunch in content-centric wireless networks. D2D encourages backhaul-free communication directly between devices with similar content requirements grouped into clusters. In this work, a self-sustaining D2D network is considered, where a set of commonly requested files are completely stored within the collective devices memories in a cluster and file requests from devices are serviced by local inter-device multicast transmissions. For such a network, new information theoretic converse results are developed, in the form of a lower bound on the minimum D2D multicast rate as a function of the storage per device. The proposed converse is then used to characterize the approximate tradeoff between the device storage and D2D multicast rate to within a constant multiplicative gap of 8.
Mammacarcinomstaging mittels Sentinel-Lymphadenektomie

Ziel unserer Untersuchungen ist es, die Wertigkeit und Anwendbarkeit der Sentinel-Lymphadenektomie (SLNE) im Hinblick auf das Staging der regionaren Lymphknoten beim Mammacarcinom zu evaluieren. Wie fur das maligne Melanom dokumentiert, stellt der 1. Lymphknoten [Sentinel-Lymphknoten (SLN)] im Lymphabflusgebiet des Primartumors auch gleichzeitig die zu erwartende 1. Lokalisation einer moglichen Lymphknotenmetastasierung dar. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf 12 Patientinnen, wovon die beschriebene Methodik in 11 Fallen anwendbar war. Nur einmal korrelierte das histologische Ergebnis des SLN und des Axilladissektats nicht miteinander; 3 mal war der SLN carcinompositiv. Nach Vorliegen ausreichend groser Patientenzahlen und einer entsprechend langen Nachbeobachtungszeit bietet sich in Zukunft durch die SLNE evtl. die Moglichkeit, die Anzahl der zu Stagingzwecken durchgefuhrten axillaren Lymphknotendissektionen beim Mammacarcinom deutlich zu reduzieren.
Female gigantism in a New Guinea population of the spider Nephila maculata

In many arthropods, female clutch size is positively correlated with female size but the benefits of increased size are presumed to be counterbalanced by the mortality risks incurred through delayed maturation. The orb-weaving spiders of the genus Nephila are characterized in part by large female size, and among species female size declines with increasing latitude, suggesting that one important mortality risk associated with delayed female maturation is the end of the growing season. The best-studied species inhabit strongly seasonal habitats. To explore the hypothesis that female size is limited by season length, I collected data concerning size-dependent growth and development rates, prey capture success, predation risk, and female fecundity from a population of N. maculata inhabiting a nearly aseasonal habitat. Comparisons of these data with observations from another N. maculata population and from congeners inhabiting more seasonal sites support the hypothesis that female size in this genus may be limited primarily by seasons length. Combined with recent phylogenetic evidence that male size is an ancestral characteristic, these results indicate that sexual size dimorphism in this group has evolved due to fitness advantages of delayed female maturation.
Characterization of flow around rectangular bluff bodies at angle of attack

Abstract Using data present in the literature from wind tunnel testing of semi-infinite and infinite rectangular bluff bodies at angle of attack, we develop a simple relation to predict the range of angles of attack where the lift remains approximately constant. This prediction is useful for researchers attempting to develop simplified models of the forces on rectangular bluff bodies. Additionally, prior work has shown that this region of the lift curve is characterized by complex three-dimensional flow, which has consequences for computational simulations.
The resolvent of a singularly perturbed elliptic operator

Abstract Let A and B be uniformly elliptic operators of orders 2 m and 2 n , respectively, m > n . We consider the Dirichlet problems for the equations ( ϵ 2( m − n ) A + B + λ 2 n I ) u ϵ = f and ( B + λ 2 n I ) u = f in a bounded domain Ω in R k with a smooth boundary ∂Ω. The estimate ∥ u ϵ − u ∥ L 2 (Ω) ⩽ Cϵ ¦ λ ¦ −2n + 1 (1 + ϵ ¦ λ ¦) −1 ∥ f ∥ L 2 (Ω) is derived. This result extends the results of [7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18]by giving estimates up to the boundary, improving the rate of convergence in ϵ, using lower norms, and considering operators of higher order with variable coefficients. An application to a parabolic boundary value problem is given.
Research with Children and Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Methodologies, Designs, and Special Considerations

AbstractChronic faligue syndrome (CFS) in children and adolescents presents unique challenges and opportunities to researchers. Issues specific to research conducted on children and adolescents with CFS ate discussed. Such issues include the importance of utilizing a consistent definition of CFS and ascertaining that all participants meet the criteria, the need for attention to wording of questions regarding fatigue, and the significance of medical evaluations as part of a research study. Considerations pertaining to research with minors, such as confidentiality and assent, are explored. Finally, suggestions for future research on children are made.
What is the appropriate paradigm for riparian forest conservation

Abstract Because forest width is thought to be the most relevant metric to ecological communities, it has persisted as the dominant paradigm and focus of management recommendations for riparian forest conservation. Consequently, managers may overlook important effects of the surrounding landscape matrix. We determined if characteristics of the landscape matrix, particularly the amount of urban development surrounding a forest, were better predictors of bird communities than forest width. We sampled breeding-bird communities 3 times each June 2001–2004 in 33 riparian forest sites (69–565 m wide) in Ohio, USA. We examined if bird community structure and composition were more closely associated with forest width or the amount of urban development within 1 km of each forest using canonical correlation analysis. Results indicate that the landscape matrix surrounding these relatively large forest tracts explained >94% of the variation in bird communities compared to
Quantitating coronary collateral flow velocity in patients during coronary angioplasty using a Doppler guidewire

Abstract Quantitation of coronary collateral flow in patients has been limited to angiographic techniques, which are subject to well-known methodologic limitations. The use of a Doppler-tipped angioplasty guidewire permits measurement of both antegrade and retrograde flow distal to totally or subtotally occluded vessels that may be supplied with acutely recruitable or angiographically mature collateral condults. Using coronary flow velocity as an indicator of collateral flow, retrograde flow velocity was quantitated in 17 patients. Mean collateral flow velocity was approximately 30% of normal postangioplasty antegrade flow velocity. The phasic pattern of collateral flow was highly variable, but the retrograde diastolic and systolic flow velocity integrals were 20% and 40% (respectively) of post-procedure antegrade flow velocity. Preliminary studies with pharmacologic stimulation of the contralateral supply artery suggests that collateral flow is not increased by intracoronary nitroglycerin (200 μg) or adenosine (12 μg), but may be markedly augmented during mechanical stimulation of balloon occlusion. These data represent the first in a series of quantitative observations on control of the coronary collateral circulation in humans. Future investigations using the Doppler Flowire (Cardiometrics) will enhance understanding of factors modulating ischemia through collateral supply.
Strain rate effects and temperature history effects for three different tempers of 4340 var steel

Abstract A series of experiments is described in which specimens of AISI 4340 VAR steel are deformed in shear at temperatures ranging from −190°C.to 20°C. The tests were performed in a torsional Kolsky (split-Hopkinson) bar at quasistatic and dynamic strain rates. Before testing, all the specimens were normalized, austenitized and tempered to hardnesses of 55, 44 or 33, on the Rockwell C scale. In addition to constant temperature and constant strain rate tests, a number of experiments were performed to study strain rate and temperature history effects in these three tempers. For this purpose a prestrain was imposed at one temperature and strain rate, followed by continued straining at a new temperature or at a new strain rate. Results provide stress-strain curves in shear for the three tempers of this steel. Temperature effects appear greater between −190°C and −50°C than between −50°C and room temperature, particularly for the 200°C temper, while the strain rate sensitivity is about the same as found in mild steel. History effects are quite small for the 600°C and 425°C tempers, even at large strains. However, for the 200°C temper a prestrain at −50°C followed by a temperature change to −190°C requires a higher flow stress than does deformation imposed entirely at the lower temperature. Anomalous history effects of this nature have been seen before in steels, although this is the first evidence for their association with a particular temper.
Using teacher judgment and IQ to estimate reading and mathematics achievement in a remedial-reading program

This study investigated the relative merits of using teacher judgment and the Slosson Full-Range Intelligence Test to estimate the math and reading achievement of students in a summer remedial-reading program. The subjects included children in grades kindergarten through six who were enrolled in the Auburn University Summer Clinic. Components analyses showed that the Slosson Full-Range Intelligence Test recovered substantially more variance from the distributions of the KeyMath-Revised and the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised than did teacher judgments. Analysis of variance showed that significant differences between the means of the three tests resulted from the inclusion of students with learning disabilities. Implications of the results are discussed.
Stretched Dream Science: The Essential Contribution of Long-Term Naturalistic Studies

Naturalistic observation has a lesser status than experiment in most sciences. In the field of dream study, practitioners of naturalistic and experimental disciplines coexist, with limited mutual respect. Long-term naturalistic observation, though, has unique sensitivities that make it the most effective or the only possible method for many important studies. While there are challenges to integrating naturalistic and experimental disciplines, there are possibilities, and there is a scientific imperative.
Southern hemisphere origins of the 1976 climate shift

[1] Observations from the tropical Pacific Ocean identify an abrupt climate shift in 1976 with surface temperatures changing from cooler than normal to warmer than normal in the span of about 1 year. Model results show that this climate shift originates with subsurface temperature anomalies in the south tropical Pacific Ocean which propagate first to the western boundary, then northward to the equator, and finally eastward along the equator to 140° W where they rise to the surface. The results suggest that changes in the North Pacific respond to changes in the tropical Pacific.
Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. IV. Matrix treatment of hydrophobic bonds in the random coil and of the helix–coil transition for chains of arbitrary length†

The Lifson-Roig matrix theory of the helix–coil transition in polyglycine is extended to situations where side-chain interactions (hydrophobic bonds) are present both in the helix and in the random coil, as discussed for short chains in paper II of this series. It is shown that the conditional probabilities of occurrence of any number and size of hydrophobic pockets in the random coil can be adequately described by a 2 × 2 matrix. This is combined with the Lifson-Roig 3 × 3 matrix to produce a 4 × 4 matrix which represents all possible combinations of any amount and size sequence of α-helix with random coil containing all possible types of hydrophobic pockets in molecules of any given chain length.
The source of origin of PACAP- and VIP-immunoreactive fibers in the laterodorsal division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL), which is known to be involved in the modulation of stress responses, exhibits a dense network of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive (ir) fibers. The origin of the PACAP-ir fibers is unknown, and the origin of the VIP-ir fibers remains uncertain. The most important brain regions connected to the BSTL are the amygdaloid nuclei, the paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, mesencephalic periaqueductal grey, the dorsal and linear raphe nuclei, the parabrachial nucleus, and the dorsal vagal complex. After microinjecting cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in the BSTL as a retrograde tracer, neurons were double labeled for CTB and PACAP or VIP immunohistochemistry and the cells from which the PACAP- and VIP-ir fiber networks in the BSTL originated were identified. Cholera toxin B subunit labeled and VIP-ir cells were found in the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey and the dorsal and linear raphe nuclei, but no double labeled cells were seen in the amygdaloid nuclei or the hypothalamic region. CTB- and PACAP-ir neurons were observed in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal vagal complex. No double labeled perikarya were seen in the parabrachial nucleus or in the amygdaloid nuclei.
Verbal vs non-verbal paired-associates learning in poor and normal readers

Abstract Poor and normal readers were compared on verbal and non-verbal paired-associates tasks involving visual and auditory components. The performance of the poor readers was equivalent to that of the normals on the non-verbal tasks but inferior on the verbal tasks. The results were interpreted as consistent, either with the possibility of select language (intrahemispheric) disorder, in poor readers, or dysfunction, unique to visual-verbal (interhemispheric) integration. These alternatives were discussed, and it was suggested that additional research is needed to evaluate their validity.
Effect of the Quick and Complete Elimination of Vitamin C on the Development of the Oxidized Flavors in Homogenized Milk, with Special Reference to the Action of Daylight

Summary 1. Milk alone, or in the presence of copper, did not develop the oxidized flavors in 7 days when homogenized at pressures of 1,000 lb. or above. 2. Milk from which the vitamin C had been oxidized completely by sunlight, with or without copper, did not develop the oxidized flavors in 7 days in either the homogenized or unhomogenized samples. 3. The addition of commercial vitamin C to milk from which the original vitamin C had been eliminated resulted in oxidized flavors like those produced in the samples from which the original vitamin C had- not been eliminated. 4. The development of the oxidized flavors as affected by the different factors in this study is the same when pasteurization follows homogenization as when it precedes homogenization. 5. Milk from which the vitamin C had been oxidized partially by sunlight, with or without copper, quickly developed a “very oxidized” flavor in both the homogenized and the unhomogenized samples.