cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinase regulation of Na+ −K+ −2Cl− cotransport in primary afferent neurons

The Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1 is expressed in sensory neurons where it accumulates intracellular Cl− and facilitates primary afferent depolarization. Depolarization of primary afferent fibre terminals interferes with the gating of incoming sensory signals to the spinal cord. The cotransporter belongs to a family of ion transporters which are sensitive to changes in cell volume. Cell shrinkage, through mechanisms that are still unknown, leads to the phosphorylation and activation of NKCC1. Similarly, axotomy results in increased NKCC1 phosphorylation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. This review summarizes the work on the kinases that directly mediate NKCC1 activation. These are the sterile-20-like kinases SPAK and OSR1. Upon their activation through phosphorylation by upstream kinases, SPAK and OSR1 bind to specific peptides located in the cytosolic N-terminal tail of NKCC1, phosphorylate, and stimulate cotransport activity. Expression of SPAK and OSR1 varies from tissue to tissue, but in DRG neurons and in spinal cord, SPAK and OSR1 expression levels are similar. In DRG neurons, both kinases participate in the modulation of NKCC1, as the knockdown of one kinase only results in a partial decrease of NKCC1 function, while the knockdown of both kinases is additive. The identity of the kinases (e.g. WNK kinases) that possibly act upstream of SPAK and OSR1 is also discussed.
High power-density single-chamber fuel cells operated on methane

Single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells (SC-SOFCs) incorporating thin-film Sm_(0.15)Ce_(0.85)O_(1.925) (SDC) as the electrolyte, thick Ni + SDC as the (supporting) anode and SDC + BSCF (Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)) as the cathode were operated in a mixture of methane, oxygen and helium at furnace temperatures of 500–650 °C. Because of the exothermic nature of the oxidation reactions that occur at the anode, the cell temperature was as much as 150 °C greater than the furnace temperature. Overall, the open circuit voltage was only slightly sensitive to temperature and gas composition, varying from ∼0.70 to ∼0.78 V over the range of conditions explored. In contrast, the power density strongly increased with temperature and broadly peaked at a methane to oxygen ratio of ∼1:1. At a furnace temperature of 650 °C (cell temperature ∼790 °C), a peak power density of 760 mW cm^(−2) was attained using a mixed gas with methane, oxygen and helium flow rates of 87, 80 and 320 mL min^(−1) [STP], respectively. This level of power output is the highest reported in the literature for single chamber fuel cells and reflects the exceptionally high activity of the BSCF cathode for oxygen electro-reduction and its low activity for methane oxidation.
Congenital Anomalies Involving the Coronary Sinus

A classification is presented of anomalies involving the coronary sinus. These anomalies are classified into four anatomic groups on the basis of (1) enlargement of the coronary sinus, (2) absence of the coronary sinus, (3) atresia of the right atrial coronary sinus ostium, and (4) hypoplasia of the coronary sinus. Anomalies involving the coronary sinus often are associated with other venous anomalies, either of the systemic or the pulmonary circulation. In some there is no basic disturbance of the circulation. Those conditions involving the coronary sinus which are of major functional significance participate in shunts, either left-to-right or right-to-left in nature. Enlargement of the coronary sinus in the absence of a shunt usually indicates that a systemic venous channel joins the coronary sinus anomalously.
Influence of molecular weight and degree of segregation on local segmental dynamics of ordered block copolymers

Experiments in the context of block copolymer electrolyte materials have observed intriguing dependence of the ionic conductivities upon the polymer molecular weight and the degree of segregation between the blocks. Such results have been partly rationalized by invoking the spatial extent of dynamical inhomogeneities that manifest in ordered phases of block copolymers comprised of a rubbery and a glassy block. Motivated by such observations, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the extent of spatial inhomogeneities in segmental dynamics of lamellar diblock copolymer systems where the blocks possess different mobilities. We probed the local average relaxation times and the dynamical heterogeneities as a function of distance from the interface. Our results suggest that the relaxation times of rubbery segments are strongly influenced by both the spatial proximity to the interface and the relative mobility of the glassy segments. Scaling of our results indicate that the interfacial width of the ordered phases serves as the length scale underlying the spatial inhomogeneities in segmental dynamics of the fast monomers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016
The First Lady of Radio: Eleanor Roosevelt's Historic Broadcasts

If media historians need to be reminded that Eleanor Roosevelt—the third in a family dynasty of extraordinary public servants—revolutionized the airways with her radio broadcasts on matters domesti...
A University-Based Categorical Program in Medical Technology

In 1989, the University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine developed an academic categorical program. The intent was to respond to decreased enrollment in its medical technology educational program and an increased need for technologists in clinical laboratories in the Northwest. As of June 1993, the program had admitted 57 students; 49 had successfully completed their studies by mid-1994. Although the number of students applying for admission to the medical technology program has been increasing, it is expected that the alternative categorical program will continue to be offered. The program allows students to acquire training in clinical laboratory science with special competence in chemistry, hematology, and microbiology. Students and institutional employers alike have received the program with enthusiasm.
Free energy landscape approach to aid pure phase synthesis of transition metal (X=Cr, Mn and Fe) doped bismuth titanate (Bi2Ti2O7)

Abstract A density functional theory study of Cr, Mn and Fe substitutions in Bi2Ti2O7 (BTO) photocatalysts is presented. We performed a stability analysis from our total energy calculations and have determined formations of dopant inspired phases are detrimental to the overall photocatalytic performance of X-doped BTO. From our calculated formation energies and electronic structures it is shown that X substitution of Ti is least stable and should be associated with formation of secondary phases more so than X substitution of Bi. This result contradicts the many experimental studies which suggest transition metal dopants always substitute Ti in BTO, but on the other hand, explains the poor photocatalytic response beyond what has become known as the critical dopant concentration.
Sharp transitions in random key graphs

Random key graphs have received much interest and been used in diverse applications. A random key graph with n nodes is constructed as follows: each node selects a set of Kn different items uniformly at random from the same pool of Pn distinct items, and two nodes establish an undirected edge in between if and only if they share at least one item. For such graph denoted by G(n, Kn, Pn), we present the following results in this paper.
2-Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 Polymorphisms, and Detoxification of Volatile Organic Carcinogens and Toxicants in Tobacco Smoke

Cigarette smoke contains relatively large quantities of volatile organic toxicants or carcinogens such as benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. Among their detoxification products are mercapturic acids formed from glutathione conjugation, catalyzed in part by glutathione S-transferases (GST). A randomized phase II clinical trial with a crossover design was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural product formed from gluconasturtiin in certain cruciferous vegetables, on the detoxification of benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde in 82 cigarette smokers. Urinary mercapturic acids of benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde at baseline and during treatment were quantified. Overall, oral PEITC supplementation increased the mercapturic acid formed from benzene by 24.6% (P = 0.002) and acrolein by 15.1% (P = 0.005), but had no effect on crotonaldehyde. A remarkably stronger effect was observed among subjects with the null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1: in these individuals, PEITC increased the detoxification metabolite of benzene by 95.4% (P < 0.001), of acrolein by 32.7% (P = 0.034), and of crotonaldehyde by 29.8% (P = 0.006). In contrast, PEITC had no effect on these mercapturic acids in smokers possessing both genes. PEITC had no effect on the urinary oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α or the inflammation biomarker prostaglandin E2 metabolite. This trial demonstrates an important role of PEITC in detoxification of environmental carcinogens and toxicants which also occur in cigarette smoke. The selective effect of PEITC on detoxification in subjects lacking both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes supports the epidemiologic findings of stronger protection by dietary isothiocyanates against the development of lung cancer in such individuals. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 598-606. ©2016 AACR.
Analysis on 5644 pesticides poisoning cases seeked advice

Objective To find out the epidemiologic characteristics of the cases seeked advice for pesticides poisoning in China.Method The cases were computed by Excel according to the consultation-phone record and analyzed by SPSS11.5 statistics software.Result A total of 5 644 cases were collected by phone record from 2001 to 2005.Among them,the occupational incidence and non-occupational poisoning accounted for 15.5% and 84.5% respectively.Their average age was 33.4 years,82% were 15～59 years old,the 0～14 years old patients were mainly induced by non-occupational cause such as wrong-taking;additionally,majority of the male patients were caused by occupational poisoning,and majority of the female patients were caused by non-occupational causes.Conclusion More attention should be paid to pesticides poisoning by the government,and medical workers should also actively engage in the public health.
Influence of Assembly Force in a PEMFC under a Lifetime Test

The lifetime performance was investigated by assembling the single cell of PEMFC under a series of holding forces ranging from 0.45 to 11.3 MPa and reassembled under optimal holding force.The polarization and power density curves were obtained during different periods of operating time up to 2000 hours and the fuel cell catalyst activation regions in the polarization curves were analyzed to evaluate the electrochemical kinetic parameters.The results revealed that the holding forces affected not only the internal contact resistances,but also the kinetic parameters which might be caused by the change of the MEA microstructures.The apparent degradation observed at higher current densities after 2000 h lifetime test under the optimal holding force of 3.2 MPa was due mainly to the increases of the catalyst particle sizes.However,the agglomeration in the particle sizes of cathode catalyst after 2000 h lifetime test at 3.2 MPa was less severe than that without optimal assembly force control.
Erosion Analysis of the Bi-Cone Type Hydrocyclones Based on the Discrete Phase Model

Based on the computational fluid dynamic method,the erosion locations of the inner wall of the common bi-cone type hydrocyclones were analyzed using Gambit modeling and the discrete phase model(DPM) in Fluent software,including the tangential inlet,connection of the cyclone chamber and big-cone section,and the connection of the big cone and small cone.The erosion status of the improved cyclones were significantly amended,and the separation efficiency was also increased.Meanwhile,the pressure characteristics of the bi-cone type hydrocyclones were analyzed.Numerical simulation provides a basis for the further studying the influence of the characteristics parameters of bi-cone type hydrocyclones on separation efficiency and guiding the optimum design of the structure of hydrocyclones.
Transdermal Delivery of Etoposide Phosphate I: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Cancer chemotherapy frequently requires long periods of multiple intravenous infusions that often results in patients opting out of treatment. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of delivering one of these anticancer agents: etoposide phosphate (ETP) transdermally using iontophoresis and a combination of iontophoresis/microporation. The iontophoresis conditions for ETP were first optimized in vitro then tested in vivo in a rabbit model. Both ETP and its active form etoposide (VP) were quantified in dermis (via microdialysis sampling) and in plasma, with a specially developed high-performance liquid chromatography method. In vitro, the amount of total etoposide permeated and the steady state flux increased (p < 0.05) with increase in iontophoretic current densities (100-400 μA/cm(2)). At 300 μA/cm(2), microporation/iontophoresis further improved both parameters by 2- and 2.8-fold, respectively. In vivo, exposure increased proportionally to current density in plasma, whereas dermal concentration dropped significantly at the highest current density. Microporation led to a 50% increase in Cmax and AUClast values in both skin and plasma. In conclusion, a mild current density (300 μA/cm(2)) and a small surface area (10.1 cm(2)) achieved and maintained the minimum effective concentration for the entire duration of electrical current delivery; microporation further increased the plasma concentrations at the same current density.
Costs of induced defenses for the invasive plant houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale L.) and the potential importance for weed biocontrol

Inducible plant defenses—those produced in response to herbivore feeding—are thought to have evolved as a cost-saving tactic that allows plants to enact defenses only when needed. The costs of defense can be significant, and loss of plant fitness due to commitment of resources to induced defenses could affect plant populations and play a role in determining the success or failure of weed biocontrol. We used methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to experimentally induce defenses without herbivores in invasive houndstongue plants (Cynoglossum officinale L.) in the field and measured resulting growth and fitness (plant size, seed number, and seed weight). MeJA-treated plants emitted large amounts of plant volatiles and produced leaves with twice as many trichomes as untreated plants. Plants with activated defenses had fewer leaves, were smaller, and produced nutlets that weighed less than plants not investing in defenses. These data indicate that herbivore-induced defenses are costly for houndstongue plants in their invaded range and represent significant indirect costs of herbivory beyond direct feeding damage (e.g., loss of photosynthetic tissue). Notably, the magnitude of defenses elicited upon feeding varies greatly by herbivore species and a better understanding of the costs of defense could help us predict which potential biocontrol herbivores are most likely to be effective.
Applications to natural ecosystems

Different water-controlled ecosystems for which valuable and extensive experimental data are available are studied in this chapter using the stochastic description of soil moisture dynamics and vegetation water stress developed before. Previous chapters have pointed out how some physiological features of plants interacting with soil and climate characteristics may produce very different features in soil moisture dynamics. These are frequently observed in field studies where the intricate interconnection between causes and effects has been found to give rise to the development of strategies for optimum soil moisture exploitation and drought adaptation (e.g., Kemp and Williams, 1980; Sala et al. 1982a,b; Joffre and Rambal, 1993; Larcher, 1995; Linhart and Grant, 1996). Perhaps one of the most typical examples of the links between physiological characteristics of vegetation and soil moisture is the interplay among plant rooting depth, soil moisture fluctuations, and water use efficiency. For example, it was seen in Figure 4.10 that shallow-rooted plants produce high-variance soil moisture dynamics requiring high water use efficiency to exploit the ephemeral soil moisture availability. These high transpiration rates, in turn, cause an even faster decay of soil moisture that further enhances the effect of soil shallowness. The more slowly varying soil moisture dynamics of soils with deep-rooted vegetation seems instead to privilege strategies of careful soil moisture use, which contribute to make soil moisture dynamics even slower (see Section 7.1). This chapter focuses on some specific water-controlled ecosystems in order to investigate the environmental and physiological origin of their distinctive features.
Paleodietary analysis of the sacrificial victims from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan

The consumption of different types and quantities of food frequently serves as a practice that expresses and reinforces social distinctions among individuals within complex societies. This study explores the dietary behavior of probable sacrificial victims interred within the offering complex underlying the Feathered Serpent Pyramid as a line of evidence concerning the identities and life experiences of individuals selected for inclusion within one of Teotihuacan’s public monuments. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope values from rib samples of 12 individuals within the Feathered Serpent Pyramid complex were compared with those of 14 individuals interred in residential contexts within the city. Results provide new information concerning daily subsistence at Classic period Teotihuacan (ca. A.D. 200–600) and highlight the dietary distinctiveness of individuals interred within the Feathered Serpent Pyramid as compared to the general residential population of the site, particularly in terms of the carbon isotope composition of protein sources consumed by a number of the sacrificial victims. Oxygen isotope analysis suggests that most individuals from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid resided within the local Teotihuacan area during the years immediately prior to their deaths, indicating that the unique dietary pattern seen in stable carbon isotope values cannot be attributed to nonlocal residence prior to sacrifice. Rather, these dietary differences may suggest that the group of individuals selected for interment within the Feathered Serpent Pyramid offering complex maintained a distinctive social or economic identity as compared to the rest of the Teotihuacan population during their lives.
Engagement and communication among participants in the ClinSeq Genomic Sequencing Study.

PURPOSE As clinical genome sequencing expand its reach, understanding how individuals engage with this process are of critical importance. In this study, we aimed to describe internal engagement and its correlates among a ClinSeq cohort of adults consented to genome sequencing and receipt of results. METHODS This study was framed using the precaution adoption process model (PAPM), in which knowledge predicts engagement and engagement predicts subsequent behaviors. Prior to receipt of sequencing results, 630 participants in the study completed a baseline survey. Engagement was assessed as the frequency with which participants thought about their participation in ClinSeq since enrollment. RESULTS Results were consistent with the PAPM: those with higher genomics knowledge reported higher engagement (r = 0.13, P = 0.001) and those who were more engaged reported more frequent communication with their physicians (r = 0.28, P < 0.001) and family members (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) about ClinSeq. Characteristics of those with higher engagement included poorer overall health (r = -0.13, P = 0.002), greater seeking of health information (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), and more recent study enrollment (r = -0.21, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data support the importance of internal engagement in communication related to genomic sequencing.Genet Med 19 1, 98-103.
Climate change and water-related ecosystem services: impacts of drought in California, USA

We investigated the potential impacts of climate change on water‐related ecosystem services (). Based on the review of the recent literature, we concluded that climate change will have substantial ...
Using the Social Determinants of Health as a Framework to Examine and Address Predictors of Depression in Later Life

Depression in later life is an important public health concern. Comprehensive assessments incorporating all key areas of the social determinants of health (SDOH) framework can assist in developing effective interventions to ensure mental health for the increasing older adult population. This study uses the SDOH model for identifying, evaluating, and addressing risk factors that contribute to depression in older adults. Secondary data analysis of the Health and Retirement Study was used to conduct a hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine predictors of depression in later life. The SDOH key areas were used as a framework for the regression model. The main findings showed predictors of depression were health and social support, emphasizing the importance of aging in place. Implications for practice include the provision of services within the home, neighborhood, and community to maintain older adults within the least restrictive environments where they can maximize healthy living and continue to maintain connections with their social support networks.
Clustering with Adaptive Manifold Structure Learning

Construction of a reliable similarity matrix is fundamental for graph-based clustering methods. However, most of the current work is built upon some simple manifold structure, whereas limited work has been conducted on nonlinear data sets where data reside in a union of manifolds rather than a union of subspaces. Therefore, we construct a similarity graph to capture both global and local manifold structures of the input data set. The global structure is exploited based on the self-expressive property of data in an implicit feature space using kernel methods. Since the similarity graph computation is independent of the subsequent clustering, the final results may be far from optimal. To overcome this limitation, we simultaneously learn similarity graph and clustering structure in a principled way. Experimental studies demonstrate that our proposed algorithms deliver consistently superior results to other state-of-the-art algorithms.
Constrained Iterative Learning Control with PSO-Youla Feedback Tuning for Building Temperature Control * *This work was supported by the National Foundation of Research (NRF) of Singapore and China Scholarship Council (CSC) Scholarship.

Abstract In building temperature control, one of the main challenges is to maintain good performance in the presence of disturbances from both outdoor weather and indoor human activities. Considering the fact that such disturbances contain both repetitive patterns and non-repetitive uncertainties, this paper proposes a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) iterative control algorithm that synthesizes iterative learning control (ILC) and iterative feedback tuning (IFT) together. Based on lifting technique and Youla-parametrization, the 2-DOF controller design, i.e., the design of ILC and IFT, is formulated into one constrained optimization problem where an optimal combination of the learning matrix and feedback controller is found in each iteration with guaranteed stability. To make the synthesized problem solvable, techniques such as stabilizing projection and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are utilized in finding the optimal solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by simulations on a four-room building control testbed system.
Chinese language learners’ anxiety toward chat partners in computer-mediated communication

Studies have shown foreign language anxiety (FLA) can negatively impact learners’ performance in the classroom, but learners experience less FLA during computer-mediated communication (CMC) activities. Although it has been documented that communicating with native speakers (NSs) can make foreign language learners more anxious, very few empirical studies have compared learners’ anxiety levels toward different online chat partners. The current study investigated intermediate Chinese language learners’ FLA in online text CMC activities chatting with NSs and non-native speakers (NNSs). The quantitative data analyses showed that there was a significant difference in the anxiety level between chatting with NSs and NNSs in text-based CMC: chatting with NSs made Chinese learners more anxious than chatting with NNSs. Language confidence and partner familiarity were the two main factors mediating the anxiety. Practical pedagogical implications and future research directions were discussed.
Impact of centrifugal drifts on ion turbulent transport

The influence of sonic toroidal rotation on gyrokinetic stability and transport is studied, with important implications for heavy impurity dynamics. When centrifugal drifts and electrostatic trapping corrections are included, significant modifications to the calculated transport of heavy impurities are observed. These high-rotation corrections add to the standard Coriolis drift and toroidal rotation shear drive which are normally included in gyrokinetics. Yet, because of their complexity, centrifugal and electrostatic trapping terms (quadratic in the main ion Mach number) are not generally included in gyrokinetic codes. In this work, we explore the implications of using reduced descriptions of the rotational physics. For heavy impurities such as tungsten, cross terms due to the centrifugal force can dominate the rotation dynamics, and neglecting them is shown to lead to large errors in the impurity particle flux.
Prospects for Compliance

Problems of ensuring compliance are central to the negotiation process. Disputes do not necessarily end when the parties first reach agreement. New issues may arise, and settlements may come unglued. Similarly, ambiguity in the language of the agreement may also frustrate implementation. Just as negotiation often begins before the parties sit down to bargain, so may it continue after they leave the table. The period of implementation tests the imagination and energy of the parties; if their agreement proves inadequate, the parties must renegotiate.
Defining Socially and Psychologically Desirable Body Weights and the Psychological Consequences of Weight Loss and Regain

Obesity is viewed as a common condition in the United States with an estimated prevalence of as high as 24% for men and 27% for women (Kuczmarski, 1992). The enormity of public concern about obesity is reflected by the estimated $55 billion to be spent annually in the United States by 1995 for weight loss products and services (Marketdata Enterprises, 1989). While the diet industry still commands enormous profits and professionally led weight control programs are the standard treatment offered to those presenting with obesity, there has been a growing wave of public discontentment with both commercial and professional programs over the past several years. This has been partially fueled by highly publicized Congressional and FTC hearings charging the commercial dieting industry with misleading and fraudulent advertising.
The Effect of Shear Deformation on the Bending and Buckling of Anisotropic Laminated Plates

A Mindlin-type shear deformation theory is applied to the bending and buckling analysis of anisotropic, rectangular plates. Approximate solutions to the governing partial differential equations are obtained utilizing the Galerkin method. Three sets of boundary conditions are considered. Numerical results are obtained in conjunction with symmetrically-laminated composite plates. Accuracy of the numerical method is investigated along with the effects of bending-twisting coupling on maximum deflection under transverse load and on critical buckling loads. Arbitrary combinations of inplane normal and shear forces are included in the buckling analysis. Numerical results indicate that the effect of bending-twisting shear coupling depends on plate thickness.
Mathematics on a Quantum Computer

In this chapter we gave but a taste of these developments. The quantum counting algorithm is especially noteworthy since it combines ideas from both Grover’s algorithm and phase estimation. Moreover, quantum counting is practically useful as it can be used as a preliminary step in a quantum search when the number of solutions to the search problem is not known a priori. Hallgren’s algorithm for solving Pell’s equation is noteworthy because it represents a significant extension of Shor’s algorithm to the case of periodic functions having an irrational period. Quantum random walks are noteworthy because they have stimulated a great many new ideas for quantum algorithms and have also contributed to new physics understanding of transport phenomena in materials. Quantum algorithms that work on times series data and 2D images are possible, but these require that the data be encoded in a quantum state prior to the application of the quantum algorithm. This generally requires a computational cost that is proportional to the size of the data. Nevertheless, this could still be advantageous if subsequent quantum processing is exponentially faster than classical alternatives.
Rational Basis Loses Its Bite: Justice Kennedy's Retirement Removes the Most Lethal Quill from LGBT Advocates' Equal-Protection Quiver

Justice Kennedy did not just strike down laws that targeted sexual orientation; he did violence to them; by striking them down on rationality review as lacking any legitimate—let alone important or compelling—interest, he wiped out a considerable body of anti-LGBT legislation. This article surveys cases, including LGBT-rights cases, that applied so-called “rational basis with a bite,” or what the article calls “incursive rational-basis review.” Though the Court never deemed LGBT Americans to be politically powerless for purposes of calling them a suspect class, it did repeatedly deem them to be politically unpopular, thereby triggering a potent species of rational-basis review that shifts the burden to the government, requiring it to proffer a legitimate interest after a court has already found the government’s interest to be illegitimate—a nearly impossible burden, indeed. So this level of review, somewhat paradoxically, has been more dangerous for the government than the dreaded “strict scrutiny,” which a court applies to smoke out any improper purpose. A court applies incursive rational-basis review, on the other hand, when it has already found an improper purpose. A new socially conservative majority likely will consider LGBT Americans neither politically powerless nor politically unpopular. So LGBT advocates will have lost the most lethal quill in their quiver, leaving them adrift on a sea of constitutional uncertainty and, for now at least, largely hamstrung in their continuing fight for legal equality.
Abstract A29: The CUTO panel of patient-derived NSCLC cell lines reveals unique molecular characteristics and responses to targeted therapies

Cell lines generated from human tumors have been an invaluable tool in dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer biology and for cancer drug development. The large library of original human lung cancer cell lines established by Minna and Gazdar, though instrumental in investigating various aspect of lung cancer biology, lacks examples of some of the diverse mutations responsible for this cancer. The CUTO (Colorado University Thoracic Oncology) cell line series, initiated in 2011, had the goal of curating a new panel of cells derived from NSCLC patients with distinct oncogenic drivers. By generating multiple, unique cell lines representing each oncogene driver subset, we believe that these lines would allow study of interpatient variability that underlie differential patient responses and duration of response to targeted therapies. The current CUTO panel consist of 33 cell lines with either 1) gene rearrangements in ALK, RET, ROS1 or NTRK1; 2) activating mutations in the ERBB gene family including exon 20 insertions in EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) as well as rare mutations in EGFR; and 3) inactivation of the NF1 gene either as a concurrent mutation with other oncogenic alterations or as the sole driver mutation. For cells harboring gene rearrangements we have amassed four EML4-ALK lines, two KIF5B-RET cell lines, five ROS1 fusion lines (3 CD74-ROS1, 1 SDC4-ROS1, and 1 TPM3-ROS1), and one MPRIP-NTRK1 cell line. Our ERBB mutant lines include one cell line with HER2 exon 20 insertion, three lines with different exon 20 insertions in EGFR, and two EGFR mutant cell lines with compound mutations. We present our characterization of these cell lines in terms of their proliferation profiles and molecular signaling pathways in the presence of targeted inhibition. The derivation and characterization of these cell lines have facilitated the study of cell signaling in oncogene-driven cancer, have helped identify new resistance mechanisms, and have facilitated drug development for rare oncogenes such as NTRK1 gene fusions and EGFR exon 20 insertions. We expect that this growing library of cell lines will continue to further our understanding of oncogenic-driven tumor biology and provide mechanistic insight towards the development of novel therapeutics and drug combinations. Citation Format: Anh Tuan Le, Adriana Estrada-Bernal, Laura Schubert, Andrea Doak, Nan Chen, Kurtis Davies, Aria Vaishnavi, Mary Jackson, Vignesh Narayana, Kimi Kondo, John Mitchell, Michael Weyant, Tom Purcell, Paul Bunn, Ross Camidge, Janet Freeman-Daly, Robert Doebele. The CUTO panel of patient-derived NSCLC cell lines reveals unique molecular characteristics and responses to targeted therapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR-IASLC International Joint Conference: Lung Cancer Translational Science from the Bench to the Clinic; Jan 8-11, 2018; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(17_Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
Abstract 1754: Monoubiquitinated γ-H2AX - a more specific biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks

DNA double-strand brakes (DSBs) are a highly toxic form of DNA damage originating from many endogenous and exogenous sources. Cells employ specialized mechanisms for rapid detection and repair of these lesions. Histone H2AX phosphorylated at Ser139 (known as γ-H2AX) acts as a central platform for recruitment of other components of DSB repair. γ-H2AX assessment is currently the most widely used approach for quantitation of DSBs. However, γ-H2AX can be also induced by certain nongenotoxic stressors and during apoptosis, which can lead to false positive observations, especially in prolonged exposures. γ-H2AX undergoes RNF168-mediated K13/K15 monoubiquitination which is necessary for the recruitment of the downstream DSB repair factors. This ubiquitination event is rarely analyzed despite its functional importance. We examined formation and detection of γ-H2AX and its mono- (ub1) and diubiquitinated (ub2) forms in several human cell lines in response to mechanistically distinct inducers of DSBs and false-positive DSBs stressors. We found that γ-H2AX-ub forms were poorly detected using some common blotting procedures and antibodies. Under optimized conditions, γ-H2AX-ub1 was the predominant form accounting up to 80-90% of total γ-H2AX in primary human cells and its formation was strictly associated with the presence of DSBs. γ-H2AX and γ-H2AX-ub1 showed similar dose dependence and disappearance kinetics whereas H2AX-ub2 form was a more stable and dose-independent product. Unlike γ-H2AX, its ubiquitinated forms were not observed in the absence of DSBs (heat-shock or during apoptotic DNA cleavage). Apoptotic cells showed cleavage of the γ-H2AX-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168. Our findings demonstrate that the ub1 form is a major fraction in the overall formation of γ-H2AX and its quantitation offers advantage in specificity for nonapoptotic DSBs. Citation Format: Michal W. Luczak, Anatoly Zhitkovich. Monoubiquitinated γ-H2AX - a more specific biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1754.
Pelvis: Normal Anatomy

This chapter discusses the normal anatomy of the pelvis, detailing imaging findings of both the female and male pelvis. Basic anatomic measurements of pelvic organs as well as normal anatomic findings on imaging are introduced.
INSM1 Is a Highly Specific Marker of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Primary Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Appendix, and Pancreas.

Objectives INSM1 has been described as a sensitive and specific neuroendocrine marker. This study aims to compare INSM1 with traditional neuroendocrine markers in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Methods Retrospective review (2008-2018) was used to retrieve paraffin-embedded tissue from 110 gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms and controls that was subsequently stained with INSM1, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56, and Ki-67. Results INSM1 was positive in 16 of 17 (94.1%) gastric, 17 of 18 (94.4%) pancreatic, 13 of 18 (72.2%) small bowel, 17 of 21 (81.0%) colonic, and 26 of 36 (72.2%) appendiceal tumors. INSM1 was positive in 58 of 70 (82.9%) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, 17 of 20 (85.0%) poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, 8 of 11 (72.7%) low-grade goblet cell adenocarcinomas (grade 1), and 6 of 9 (66.7%) high-grade goblet cell adenocarcinomas (grade 2/3). INSM1 sensitivity for neuroendocrine neoplasms (80.9%) was less than that of synaptophysin (99.1%), chromogranin (88%), and CD56 (95.3%); specificity was higher (95.7% vs 86.0%, 87.3%, and 86.0%, respectively). Conclusions INSM1 is a useful marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine and mixed neuroendocrine neoplasms. Compared with traditional neuroendocrine markers, INSM1 is less sensitive but more specific.
Factors Associated With Seizure Onset in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a higher prevalence of epilepsy compared with general populations. In this pilot study, we prospectively identified baseline risk factors for the development of seizures in individuals with ASD and also identified characteristics sensitive to seizure onset up to 6 years after enrollment in the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network. METHODS Children with ASD and no history of seizures at baseline who either experienced onset of seizures after enrollment in the Autism Treatment Network or remained seizure free were included in the analysis. RESULTS Among 472 qualifying children, 22 (4.7%) experienced onset of seizures after enrollment. Individuals who developed seizures after enrollment exhibited lower scores at baseline on all domains of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, greater hyperactivity on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (25.4 ± 11.8 vs 19.2 ± 11.1; P = .018), and lower physical quality of life scores on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (60.1 ± 24.2 vs 76.0 ± 18.2; P < .001). Comparing change in scores from entry to call-back, adjusting for age, sex, length of follow-up, and baseline Vineland II composite score, individuals who developed seizures experienced declines in daily living skills (-8.38; 95% confidence interval -14.50 to -2.50; P = .005). Adjusting for baseline age, sex, and length of follow-up, baseline Vineland II composite score was predictive of seizure development (risk ratio = 0.95 per unit Vineland II composite score, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 0.99; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ASD at risk for seizures exhibited changes in adaptive functioning and behavior.
Changes in heart transplant waitlist and posttransplant outcomes in patients with restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the new heart transplant allocation system.

Historically, patients with restrictive (RCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) experienced longer wait-times for heart transplant (HT) and increased waitlist mortality. Recently, a new HT allocation system was implemented in the United States. We sought to determine the impact of the new HT system on RCM/HCM patients. Adult patients with RCM/HCM listed for HT between November 2015 and September 2019 were identified from the UNOS database. Patients were stratified into two groups: old system and new system. We identified 872 patients who met inclusion criteria. Of these, 608 and 264 were classified in the old and new system groups, respectively. The time in the waitlist was shorter (25 vs. 54 days, P < .001), with an increased frequency of HT in the new system (74% vs. 68%, P = .024). Patients who were transplanted in the new system had a longer ischemic time, increased use of temporary mechanical circulatory support and mechanical ventilation. There was no difference in posttransplant survival at 9 months (91.1% vs. 88.9%) (p = .4). We conclude that patients with RCM/HCM have benefited from the new HT allocation system, with increased access to HT without affecting short-term posttransplant survival.
Growth promotant implants in suckling calves and stocker cattle

Growth promotant steroid implants increase average daily gain (ADG) by approximately 5% when used in suckling calves, and approximately 14% when used in stocker cattle. Implants used during the suckling or stocker phase do not affect subsequent growing or finishing performance, nor diminish the performance response to implants used during subsequent production phases. Weight added due to the use of implants is, generally speaking, cumulative over the productive life of the animal. In carcasses with a similar degree of marbling, implants do not affect tenderness or eating satisfaction of beef. Dosage of implant should be matched to the weight and age of the animal and to the level of nutrients available; that is, suckling calves should be given a mild implant approved for use in suckling calves, whereas weaned stocker calves grazing a moderate-quality and abundant-quantity forage base should be given a moderate dose implant approved for use in grazing cattle. There is a risk that implants given to replacement heifers at birth may reduce subsequent pregnancy rate; if a single estrogenic implant is provided after 1 to 3 months of age the risk is minimal. A 5% increase in ADG for calves gaining 1.88 lb (0.85 kg)/day for 100 days after implant administration through weaning equates to 9.4 additional pounds (4.26 kg) per calf for sale at weaning, which, based on a $1.82/lb market value for 500 lb (226.80 kg) calves with a 14 cent/lb slide from 500 to 600 pounds (226.80 kg to 272.16 kg), results in an additional $10.40 per calf sold at weaning.
Production performance of cows raised with different postweaning growth patterns

The period of heifer development is a relatively small fraction of a cow's life; however, her pattern of growth may have permanent effects on her productivity as a cow. We hypothesized that altering the growth pattern during the peri-pubertal period would increase life-time productivity across genetic types of Bos taurus cows. The objective was to determine the stayability, calf production, and weight of calf weaned across six calf crops. Heifers (n = 685) were placed on one of two developmental programs at 256 ± 1 d of age. Control heifers received a diet that provided 228 kcal ME·(body weight [BW], kg) -0.75 daily, and stair-step heifers were allocated 157 kcal ME·(BW, kg)-0.75 daily for 84 or 85 d, and then the daily allocation was increased to 277 kcal ME·(BW, kg)-0.75. Stair-step heifers (0.33 ± 0.02 kg/d) had a lower average daily gain (ADG) than control heifers (0.78 ± 0.02 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 1, and stair-step heifers (0.93 ± 0.03 kg/d) had a greater ADG than controls (0.70 ± 0.03 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 2. There were no treatment (P = 0.28) or breed type differences (P = 0.42) for the proportion of cows weaning a calf; however, the proportion of cows weaning a calf decreased with cow age (P < 0.001). Calves from stair-step dams had heavier weaning weights (193 ± 1 kg) compared to control calves (191 ± 1 kg; P = 0.007). There was not a treatment (P = 0.25) or breed type differences in cumulative BW weaned (P = 0.59). A diverse genetic population of cattle within B. taurus was tested and responses in calf production did not differ between stair-step growth pattern and a more constant nonobese growth pattern.
The relevance of theories of political economy to the understanding of financial reporting in South Africa: the case of value added statements

In South Africa there has been a sustained increase in the level of publication of the value added statement since the mid 1980s. Currently nearly 50% of all companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange publish a value added statement as part of their annual financial statements and a much higher proportion of the top 100 companies in the industrial sector publish the statement. The aim of this research is to contribute towards an understanding of the motivation for the sustained high level of publication of the value added statement, which is confined to South Africa at present. The findings indicate that legitimacy theory and the political economy of accounting theory provide the best explanation for the continued publication of the statement in South Africa. Evidence was also found that supports the use of the value added statement for legitimising current action and behaviour rather than reporting objectively on social issues. This paper extends the literature on legitimacy theory to a social disclosure, the publication of the value added statement. It also contributes to the literature by showing that legitimising behaviour is also observed when a major political change brings uncertainty as to society's expectations of the economic system and the role of private enterprise.
Glucocorticoids and Stress-Induced Changes in the Expression of PERIOD1 in the Rat Forebrain

The secretion of glucocorticoids in mammals is under circadian control, but glucocorticoids themselves are also implicated in modulating circadian clock gene expression. We have shown that the expression of the circadian clock protein PER1 in the forebrain is modulated by stress, and that this effect is associated with changes in plasma corticosterone levels, suggesting a possible role for glucocorticoids in the mediation of stress-induced changes in the expression of PER1 in the brain. To study this, we assessed the effects of adrenalectomy and of pretreatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, mifepristone, on the expression of PER1 in select limbic and hypothalamic regions following acute exposure to a neurogenic stressor, restraint, or a systemic stressor, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) in rats. Acute restraint suppressed PER1 expression in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTov) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEAl), whereas 2DG increased PER1 in both regions. Both stressors increased PER1 expression in the paraventricular (PVN) and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the piriform cortex (Pi). Adrenalectomy and pretreatment with mifepristone reversed the effects of both stressors on PER1 expression in the BNSTov and CEAl, and blocked their effects in the DMH. In contrast, both treatments enhanced the effects of restraint and 2DG on PER1 levels in the PVN. Stress-induced PER1 expression in the Pi was unaffected by either treatment. PER1 expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master circadian clock, was not altered by either exposure to stress or by the glucocorticoid manipulations. Together, the results demonstrate a key role for glucocorticoid signaling in stress-induced changes in PER1 expression in the brain.