cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RNA Immunoprecipitation and Microarray Analysis Show a Chloroplast Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein to Be Associated with the 5' Region of mRNAs Whose Translation It Activates

Plant nuclear genomes encode hundreds of predicted organellar RNA binding proteins, few of which have been connected with their physiological RNA substrates and functions. In fact, among the largest family of putative RNA binding proteins in plants, the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family, no physiologically relevant RNA ligands have been firmly established. We used the chloroplast-splicing factor CAF1 to demonstrate the fidelity of a microarray-based method for identifying RNAs associated with specific proteins in chloroplast extract. We then used the same method to identify RNAs associated with the maize (Zea mays) PPR protein CRP1. Two mRNAs whose translation is CRP1-dependent were strongly and specifically enriched in CRP1 coimmunoprecipitations. These interactions establish CRP1 as a translational regulator by showing that the translation defects in crp1 mutants are a direct consequence of the absence of CRP1. Additional experiments localized these interactions to the 5′ untranslated regions and suggested a possible CRP1 interaction motif. These results enhance understanding of the PPR protein family by showing that a PPR protein influences gene expression through association with specific mRNAs in vivo, suggesting an unusual mode of RNA binding for PPR proteins, and highlighting the possibility that translational regulation may be a particularly common function of PPR proteins. Analogous methods should have broad application for the study of native RNA–protein interactions in both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Comparison of the regulation of the whey acidic protein gene with that of a hybrid gene containing the whey acidic protein gene promoter in transgenic mice.

The developmentally and hormonally regulated expression of the mouse whey acidic protein (WAP) gene and a hybrid gene containing the WAP gene promoter and a cDNA for human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were studied in a line of transgenic mice. During mammary gland development from the mature virgin state to the seventh day of lactation, the relative concentration of WAP mRNA increased about 104-fold, the increase being most pronounced between days 14 and 16 of gestation. In mammary gland organ culture from virgin and midpregnant animals, the concerted actions of insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL were required to increase WAP mRNA levels. Steady state levels of transcripts from the WAP-tPA hybrid gene increased about 100-fold during pregnancy; this occurred mainly around day 10 of gestation. Insulin, hydrocortisone, and PRL were necessary to maintain the levels of WAP-tPA RNA in explants from virgin and pregnant animals, but could not further elevate it. The results suggest that the WAP gene promoter ...
Economic and Demographic Determinants of Canadian Households' Use of and Spending on Alcohol

This article examines the determinants of Canadian household expenditures on alcoholic beverages using double-hurdle models to distinguish between the decision to consume and the decision of how much to consume. Linearity of the alcohol expenditurefunction and thus the applicability of a normality assumption to its errors is examined using Box-Cox and inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) transformations. As important policy decisions affecting alcohol usage cannot be regarded as being independent of those affecting tobacco expenditure, tobacco expenditures are considered here as an important determinant of alcohol usage. Results of Hausman tests and two-step instrumental variables estimation to examine the possibility of simultaneity between household expenditure on alcohol and tobacco are also discussed.
Parallel Feature Selection Inspired by Group Testing

This paper presents a parallel feature selection method for classification that scales up to very high dimensions and large data sizes. Our original method is inspired by group testing theory, under which the feature selection procedure consists of a collection of randomized tests to be performed in parallel. Each test corresponds to a subset of features, for which a scoring function may be applied to measure the relevance of the features in a classification task. We develop a general theory providing sufficient conditions under which true features are guaranteed to be correctly identified. Superior performance of our method is demonstrated on a challenging relation extraction task from a very large data set that have both redundant features and sample size in the order of millions. We present comprehensive comparisons with state-of-the-art feature selection methods on a range of data sets, for which our method exhibits competitive performance in terms of running time and accuracy. Moreover, it also yields substantial speedup when used as a pre-processing step for most other existing methods.
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle in the Athlete

Foot and ankle injuries in athletes are common. Physical therapy plays a fundamental role in the management of sports injuries. The purpose of this article is to (1) raise awareness for using physical therapy for treatment of foot and ankle injuries in athletes, (2) discuss considerations specific to athletes during the rehabilitation process, and (3) increase the reader's knowledge about the in-depth role of physical therapy in the management of foot and ankle injuries in athletes.
Fault tolerant Fermat Number Transform domain adaptive filters based on modulus replication RNS architectures

In previous work it was shown that a combination of Fermat Number Transform (FNT) domain block processing and polynomial ring theory provides computationally efficient fault tolerance for adaptive filters implemented in highly scaled nanotechnology circuits. Since the FNT requires finite field integer arithmetic it is compatible with Modulus Replication RNS (MRRNS) arithmetic that has powerful error detection/correction capabilities as well as the potential for low power realizations. This paper proposes a hybrid combination of Fermat Number Transform block processing and MRRNS coding that can be used to realize adaptive filters that are immune to a wide range of transient and hard errors.
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Activity and Wine Grape Phenology: Implications for Pest Management

We determined the phenology of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), adults in relation to the phenology of wine grapes (Frontenac and Marechal Foch) in Minnesota and Wisconsin vineyards to establish a management window for H. axyridis infestations in wine grapes. In addition, we also assessed the flight activity of H. axyridis in an agricultural landscape. The phenology of berry development and ripening was determined by recording berry size and sugar content of randomly selected berries. The phenology of H. axyridis was determined by tracking its flight activity with yellow sticky cards in vineyards and with a blacklight trap in an agricultural landscape. Berry development and ripening showed three distinct growth periods or phases. The end of growth period I averaged 9 July (Frontenac) and 11 July (Marechal Foch). Veraison, which marks the end of growth period II, averaged 25 July (Frontenac) and 3 August (Marechal Foch). Harvest, the third growth period averaged 18 September for Frontenac and 17 September for Marechal Foch. A major peak of H. axyridis captures occurred between veraison and harvest (i.e., the grape susceptible stage). A similar peak in the summer was observed in the agricultural landscape approximately 10 d before the major peak in the vineyards.
Banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation effects on weed populations in ridge-tilled soybean

Can banded herbicide be eliminated in ridge-tilled soybean (Glycine max)? The effects of banded herbicide, rotary hoeing and cultivation on weed populations and soybean yield in a ridge-tillage system were tested on three farms in Iowa, USA in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, plots either had no herbicide or had herbicide banded in the row at planting in mid-May; all plots received two rotary hoeings and two cultivations. In 1990, treatments were banded herbicide with no rotary hoeing, banded herbicide with one rotary hoeing, and no herbicide with one or two rotary hoeings; all plots received two or three cultivations. In both years, over all weed species [primarily giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)], seedling emergence was highest in late May and early June, with few seedlings emerging after mid-June. Weed populations were highest in May and June, after which rotary hoeing and cultivation reduced weed numbers in all plots. There were no consistent differences among treatments in weed numbers in early August for the 2 years. In both years, there was no significant difference in soybean yield among treatments. Within-farm mean yields ranged from 2.26 to 3.01 Mg ha−1 among farms in 1989 and from 2.07 to 2.93 Mg ha−1 among farms in 1990. Ridge-tillage without herbicide was generally equivalent to ridge-tillage with banded herbicide, with respect to total number of weeds and number of broad-leaved weeds remaining in August after tillage, and to soybean yield.
Trading Costs and Returns for US Equities: The Evidence from Daily Data

This study examines various measures of trading costs estimated from high-frequency data, the extent to which these measures can be estimated from daily data, and finally the relation between the daily-based proxies and stock returns (where trading cost is viewed as a characteristic). The high-frequency estimates of trading cost achieve partial agreement. Posted spreads and effective costs are highly correlated. Price impact measures and other statistics from dynamic models, however, are only modestly correlated with each other. Among the set of proxies constructed from daily data, a Gibbs estimate of the effective cost stands out, achieving a correlation of 0.944 with the corresponding TAQ estimate. Both the Gibbs estimate of effective cost and the illiquidity ratio covary positively with risk-adjusted returns, but the relations exhibit marked seasonality and are not robust to the use of alternative measures of correlation.
A Critical Study of Sjöstrand's Method for Determination of Carboxy Hemoglobin, and the Total Hernoglobin Content of the Human Body

Summary. 1. Rebreathing experiments similar to the procedure in Sjo strand's CO method for determination of blood volume were performed. 2. During these experiments blood samples were drawn and analyzed for their CO content with a method which permitted great accuracy even at low COHb values. 3. The results were used for the calculation of a factor L, which is an expression of the relative affinities of CO and O2 for hemoglobin during the formation of an additional amount of COHb. 4. The results indicate that COHb determinations by analyses of the alveolar air give unreliable results. Determinations of total hemoglobin would occasionally give aberrant results. However, in 5 cases out of 7 the factor L fell within a very narrow range, 219–229. Further investigations will be necessary to explain the reasons for the deviation of the factor L in the other two experiments.
A mitochondrial retroplasmid integrates into mitochondrial DNA by a novel mechanism involving the synthesis of a hybrid cDNA and homologous recombination.

Abstract The Mauriceville and Varkud mitochondrial plasmids of Neurospora spp. are closely related, small circular DNAs that propagate via an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription. Although the plasmids ordinarily replicate autonomously, they can also integrate into mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), yielding defective mtDNAs that in some cases cause senescence. To investigate the integration mechanism, we analyzed four cases in which the Varkud plasmid integrated into the mitochondrial small rRNA gene, three in wild-type subcultures and one in a senescent mutant. Our analysis suggests that the integrations occurred by the plasmid reverse transcriptase template switching between the plasmid transcript and internal sequences in the mitochondrial small rRNA to yield hybrid cDNAs that circularized and recombined homologously with the mtDNA. The integrated plasmid sequences are transcribed, presumably from the mitochondrial small rRNA promoters, resulting in hybrid RNAs containing the 5' segment of the mitochondrial small rRNA linked head-to-tail to the full-length plasmid transcript. Analysis of additional senescent mutants revealed three cases in which the plasmid used the same mechanism to integrate at other locations in the mtDNA. In these cases, circular variant plasmids that had incorporated a mitochondrial tRNA or tRNA-like sequence by template switching integrated by homologous recombination at the site of the corresponding tRNA or tRNA-like sequence in mtDNA. This simple integration mechanism involving template switching to generate a hybrid cDNA that integrates homologously could have been used by primitive retroelements prior to the acquisition of a specialized integration machinery.
Unasked Questions Remain Unanswered: Addressing Learning for All

Researching education is always a challenge. Nearly everyone has a strong sense of what is wrong. Nearly everyone asserts strongly and loudly the correct solution and how to implement it. There is as well impatience with researchers. If we know what is wrong and what is to be done, then we do not need yet another study. At the same time, there is broad agreement that education policy and practice should be evidence-based. Noting that African countries will not meet some of the international education goals, researchers have explored why. How have scholars pursued their research agendasboth what have they done and equally important, what have they not done? How have major unstated assumptions and definitions shaped and constrained the research? Which perspectives, orientations, and issues have received primary attention as a result of the commonly used constructs and analytic tools? Or, from a different vantage point, what have been the unaddressed issues, the unheard voices, and the unexplored non-decisions? Through an extensive review of research on education for all, supplemented with observations drawn from field research on education and development, my concern is to identify questions that remain unasked and to explore the consequences of that inattention.
Grundlagen der Nutzungsrechtsübertragung an Urheberrechtlich Geschützten Computerprogrammen durch den Lizenznehmer (Fundamentals of Licensees' Use Right Transfers on Copyrighted Computer Programs)

Computerprogramme im Sinne des § 69a UrhG sind urheberechtlich geschutzte Sprachwerke. Daher bedarf nicht nur die Benutzung von Computerprogrammen der Erlaubnis, sondern auch deren Weitergabe muss gestattet sein. In diesem Beitrag werden die Moglichkeiten der Ubertragung von Nutzungsrechten an Computerprogrammen durch einen Lizenznehmer an einen Dritten untersucht. Dabei erfolgt keine erschopfende Darstellung und Entscheidung samtlicher Erwagungen und Streitfragen, sondern vielmehr eine grundlegende Analyse ausgewahlter Aspekte der geltenden Rechtslage.Computer programs are literary works, and as such they are protected under the German Copyright Act, §69a. From this copyright protection it follows that both the use of computer programs and the transfer of use rights require permission. This paper aims to analyze the possibilities of a transfer of use rights from a licensee of a computer program to a third party.
A Comparison of Quality of Chicken Fried in Vegetable oil, Chicken Fat or Duck Fat

Abstract A series of studies were conducted in which skimmed chicken fat and dry rendered duck fat were compared to commercial vegetable oil for deep-fat frying of broiler chickens. In experiment 1 the three fats were each treated with butylated hydroxy anisol + butylated hydroxy toluene + silicone at levels of 0.01%, 0.01% and 1 p.p.m., respectively. The fats were heated to 180° C. in two open deep-fat fryers. Opposite halves of chicken conventionally cut and floured were fried for 20 minutes in the two fryers. Within 45 minutes after frying, warm chicken was offered to a 5–10 member panel for triangle testing and hedonic scale grading. After 3 days of frying for about 1/2 hour each day the chicken fat was exchanged for duck fat which was used for 2 days. The vegetable oil remained the same for the 5-day period. In experiment 2, dry-rendered duck fat, vegetable oil, and a mixture of vegetable oil and duck fat (2:1) were used as the cooking oil. Antioxidants were not added to the duck fat as it was used only once. The vegetable oil was of the same type as used in the earlier studies. The results indicated that poultry fats are suitable for chicken frying and at times result in color improvement. These results, and evidence in the literature, suggest that blending of chicken and/or duck fat with vegetable oil could improve the quality of fried chicken, particularly for the first batch cooked in the fresh frying fat.
Trajectories of target reaching arm movements in individuals with spinal cord injury: Effect of external trunk support

Design: Deficits in trunk control due to spinal cord injury (SCI) lead to slower target-reaching movements of the hand. We investigated whether the movement path is also affected, and whether providing external support for the trunk can abolish the kinematic differences. Objective: To compare movement trajectories between individuals with SCI and neurologically normal individuals, with and without external trunk support. Setting: Neural Control/Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA. Methods: Five subjects with levels of injury between C7 and T4 were tested 3–8 years post-injury, and compared with five control subjects. Two targets were employed. Trajectories were recorded by a motion-capture system using infrared emitting markers. Peak speed and path curvature were calculated for the fingertip and for the acromion. Results: Compared with control subjects, the subjects with SCI exhibited lower peak speed of the fingertip but not of the acromion, and less straight paths for both. When the trunk was supported externally, the difference in fingertip speed persisted. The support abolished the difference in path curvature for the fingertip but accentuated that for the acromion. Conclusion: The slower hand movements of individuals with SCI are not simply time-scaled versions of those of normal subjects, and the provision of trunk support does not erase the kinematic differences between the reaching movements of the two groups.
Toxicity of Phosphine to the Life Stages of Four Species of Dermestids

The toxicity of phosphine (H3P) to the life stages of Attagenus megatoma (F.), Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), T. sternale Jayne, and T. variabile Ballion was determined. The egg stage of all 4 species was the most tolerant to phosphine fumigation. With the exception of T. sternale the adult stage was the most susceptible. No single species in all its stages was consistently more tolerant to phosphine than any other species.
DENDROSTILBELLA HANLINII, A NEW SYNNEMATAL HYPHOMYCETE FROM FOREST SOIL IN GEORGIA

The form-genus, Dendrostilbella, is discussed briefly, and a new species, D. hanlinii, is described. References to eighteen species of Dendrostilbella were located and are listed and compared. The concept that Dendrostilbella is exclusively a moniliaceous form-genus is questioned both on the basis of some previous descriptions and on the basis of the appearance of D. hanlinii when grown on different media. The form-genus, Dendrostilbella v. Hohnel, was characterized by Morris (1963) as producing (1) light, capitate synnemata composed of parallel, closely packed, brightly colored to hyaline hyphae, (2) dendroid-verticillate conidiophores, and (3) hyaline, oblong to ellipsoidal, one-celled conidia which are produced singly, and adhere in a mucoid mass. Barron (1968) essentially repeated that description, and said that Dendrostilbella is a genus of moniliaceous, coremial species in which conidiophores branch profusely in the head, and produce numerous, small, hyaline conidia in mucus. He added that the conidiogenous cells appear to be phialides. In their generic keys, Morris (1963) and Barron (1968) treated Dendrostilbella as belonging to Hyalostilbe-Amerosporae and Phialosporae, respectively. Similar form-genera include Stilbella Lindau sensu Sutton (1973), Blistum Sutton (1973), and Crinula Fr. (Korf and Abawi, 1971). For nomenclaturalists and taxonomists, these form-genera plus Stilbum Pers. sensu Hughes (1958) constitute a confusing group of fungi (see: Barron, 1968; Benjamin, 1968; Carmichael et al., 1980; Sutton, 1973). Generally Blistum, Stilbella, and Dendrostilbella are considered moniliaceous, while Crinula and Stilbum (as lectotypified by Hughes in 1958) are considered dematiaceous. However, all are characterized by the production of hyaloconidia (Carmichael et al., 1980). Since Stilbum Tode is recognized as a valid generic name in the Basidiomycetes (Benjamin, 1968; Sutton, 1973), many hyphomycetous species assigned to Stilbum are of uncertain disposition at present. Stilbella has simple to sparingly branched conidiophores (Benjamin, 1968), i.e., Stilbella lacks the distinctively verticillate arrangement of phialides which characterizes Dendrostilbella. At least eighteen species have been included in Dendrostilbella. A chronological list with some annotations follows: DENDROSTILBELLA PRASINULA V. Hohnel (Oesterr. Bot. Z. 55: 22. 1905); the type species, and the
Rapid and accurate measurement of the frequency-frequency correlation function.

Using an implementation of heterodyne-detected vibrational echo spectroscopy, we show that equilibrium spectral diffusion caused by solvation dynamics can be measured in a fraction of the time required using traditional two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Spectrally resolved, heterodyne-detected rephasing and nonrephasing signals, recorded at a single delay between the first two pulses in a photon echo sequence, can be used to measure the full waiting time dependent spectral dynamics that are typically extracted from a series of 2D-IR spectra. Hence, data acquisition is accelerated by more than 1 order of magnitude, while permitting extremely fine sampling of the spectral dynamics during the waiting time between the second and third pulses. Using cymantrene (cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, CpMn(CO)3) in alcohol solutions, we compare this novel approach—denoted rapidly acquired spectral diffusion (RASD)—with a traditional method using full 2D-IR spectra, finding excellent agreement. Though this ...
A new technique of medical imaging - thermoacoustic imaging

A new type of medical imaging technique, thermoacoustic computed tomography (TCT) that is based on the photoacoustic effect, is introduced in this paper. Some other related technical details and principles, such as the resolution and mathematical basis, together with some discussions of TCT, are also included.
Modern coronary rehabilitation. New concepts in care.

Preview The approach to rehabilitative care of coronary patients has changed dramatically in recent years. Emphasis has shifted from highly structured, formal programs to individualized regimens. Why have these changes come about? What are the current recommendations for exercise training? Can new technologies improve education and counseling of coronary patients? Dr Wenger, an advocate of the evolving patterns of coronary rehabilitative care, answers these and other questions and explains the advantages of the new approaches.
It’s Time that You Know: The Shortcomings of Ignorance as Fairness in Employment Law and the Need for an 'Information-Shifting' Model

Knowledge is power; so, too, is the ability to control access to knowledge. When employers have access to information about protected traits — race, sex, religion, caregiving responsibilities, and so on — they may rely on stereotypes or otherwise discriminate on the basis of these traits in making hiring decisions. In recognizing that knowledge provides the power to discriminate, employment law regulates what information is available to employers during the hiring process. Federal and state laws place limits on an employer’s ability to inquire about aspects of a prospective employee’s identity at the hiring stage. Once an employee is hired, however, the law provides no mechanism to reintroduce the protected traits into the employment relationship. Laws barring access to employees’ protected traits then not only impede the exercise of bias in hiring, but also place these traits outside of work life for the duration of the employment relationship, impeding accommodation of these traits. In this way, regulation of preemployment inquiries is an overinclusive approach to preventing hiring discrimination. The extensive breadth of these regulations has ramifications not currently addressed in employment law or scholarship. This Article explores employment law’s reliance on ignorance to achieve fairness through the lens of caregiving responsibilities. By drawing an analogy to John Rawls’s veil of ignorance, and borrowing from feminist and communitarian critiques of Rawls, the Article highlights the limits of the ignorance approach. The Article then proposes an alternative “information-shifting” approach currently utilized in the disability context as a better way for the law to regulate employers’ access to information.
Barriers to Transparency: Rhetorical and Nonrhetorical Constraints on the Efforts of Government Intelligence Whistleblowers

Edward Snowden's disclosure of secret National Security Agency documents in 2013 was the most monumental leak of classified intelligence files in history. In the process of leaking the documents and sustaining their relevance in the public's eyes, Snowden was faced with constraints on his ability to maximize the reformative power of the leak. These constraints were rhetorical and nonrhetorical, meaning they could be changed through discourse, or could not. Concepts from rhetorical scholarship, such as the rhetorical situation and topoi, can help define these various constraints. The main analysis of this essay is an application of these concepts to editorials and news articles related to Snowden and other whistleblowers, such as Chelsea Manning, Julian Assange, Daniel Ellsberg, William Binney and Thomas Drake. Snowden encountered the same constraints as these previous whistleblowers, suggesting they are persistent barriers that future whistleblowers will also have to confront.
Growth stages and hexagonal-rhombohedral structural arrangements in spheroidal graphite observed in ductile iron

Abstract Crystallographic structures of spheroidal graphite particles (graphite nodules) were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Structures of graphite nodules were investigated relative to different stages of nodule growth in ductile iron. Curved graphene layers were observed during the early growth of the graphite nodules. Thin layered stacking faults give rise to streaking in the basal reflections, which give rise to curvature of the nodule and growth steps on the surface. Columnar substructures consisting of parallel peripheral subgrains were found in the outside region of graphite nodules that were formed during the intermediate growth stage. Straight planar graphene layers were observed in the columnar substructures. Crystallographic orientation of graphite showed little change through the subgrain and the c-axes of multiple subgrains in a single columnar substructure were parallel. A method for characterizing the crystal structures of graphite based on the selected area diffraction pattern was introduced. Both hexagonal structure and rhombohedral structure were found in the spheroidal graphite particles. Possible crystallographic defects associated with hexagonal-rhombohedral structure transition were discussed.
An Overview of the Study of Imprecatory Psalms: Reformed and Evangelical Approaches to the Interpretation of Imprecatory Psalms

This article looks at some interpretive issues regarding the so-called imprecatory psalms, focusing on the debate within reformed and evangelical circles. Introductory issues regarding these psalms abound, such as their definition and scope and the question whether they constitute a specific genre or subgenre within the Psalter. More important are hermeneutical issues regarding the rationale or motivation behind these psalms, namely the reasons why they were written in the first place. These issues also inform the relevance for the present day reader, specifically the New Testament reader, or vice versa: the perceived relevance informs the interpreter's stance on the rationale of these psalms. The article argues that reformed and evangelical scholars’ interpretations of imprecation Psalms are largely led by their presuppositions about the relation between the Old and New Testament. The article concludes by suggesting that the deadlock in approaches could be resolved by an in-depth exegesis of the specific psalms taking into account the divergent presuppositions of contemporary interpreters.
The impact of government policies on destination competitiveness in developing economies

The role government plays in destination competitiveness is reflected in a country’s institutional environment. The main premise of this study is to provide a better understanding about the appropriate levels of government involvement in destination competitiveness. Seven countries of the Central American region were analysed over 18 years. The results indicate that not all government decisions impact destination competitiveness in the same way, as some may have more influence than others. For example, an increase in the level of corruption revealed a positive impact on destination competitiveness while lowering taxes did not encourage an increase in destination competitiveness. This study contributes to the academic literature not only from theory building but also practical implication on the role of government.
Metal and Counteranion Nuclearity Effects in Organoscandium-Catalyzed Isoprene Polymerization and Copolymerization

The binuclear organoscandium half-sandwich complexes (Me3SiCH2)2(THF)Sc[C5Me4–Si(CH3)2–(CH2)n–Si(CH3)2-C5Me4]Sc(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (n = 0, Sc-C0-Sc; n = 2, Sc-C2-Sc) and monometallic C5Me4SiMe3Sc(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (Sc1) were prepared and fully characterized by conventional spectroscopic, analytical, and diffraction techniques. These complexes are active catalysts for isoprene polymerization and ethylene/isoprene copolymerization upon activation by the co-catalysts trityl perfluoroarylborate (Ph3C+)B(C6F5)4– (B1) and trityl bisperfluoroarylborate (Ph3C+)2[1,4-(C6F5)3BC6F4B(C6F5)3]2– (B2). Marked catalyst and co-catalyst nuclearity effects on product polymer microstructure are achieved in isoprene polymerization. Thus, the percentage of cis-1,4- units in the polyisoprene products increases from 24% (Sc1) to 32% (Sc-C2-Sc) to 48% (Sc-C0-Sc) as the catalyst nuclearity increases and the Sc···Sc distance contracts. The binuclear catalysts regulate the isometric unit distributions and favor 3,4–3,4–3,4 blocks. Furthe...
Early Single-Sport Specialization: A Survey of 3090 High School, Collegiate, and Professional Athletes.

Background:Youth participation in organized sports in the United States is rising, with many athletes focusing on a single sport at an increasingly younger age.Purpose:To retrospectively compare si...
Deep Scattering Layers of the Northern Gulf of Mexico Observed With a Shipboard 38-kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

layers were analyzed with respect to the timing of the daytime and nighttime diel vertical migrations, and spatial patterns of scattering layers were analyzed with respect to their proximity to mesoscale circulation features associated with upwelling, downwelling, and water depth. The most prominent main scattering layer was consistently found at daytime depth of 450 to 550 m below the surface except during an unusual shoaling event in which a significant shallowing of the layer was observed at 200 to 300 m below the surface. This event coincided with the crossing of a strong frontal boundary between high salinity, blue water and low salinity, green water from the Mississippi River plume. Less prominent secondary scattering layers found deeper than the main scattering layer showed regional variability and appear to be more frequently associated with shallower shelf depths than in the deepwater basin. Variability among deep scattering layers in this region may have important implications for the behavior and interactions of higher trophic levels dependent on these prey layers.
A cybertaxonomic revision of the new dung beetle tribe Parachoriini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and its phylogenetic assessment using molecular and morphological data.

Two Oriental dung beetle genera: Parachorius Harold, 1873 and Cassolus Sharp, 1875 have long had an ambiguous tribal position in Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), but have never been considered as closely related. A recently discovered species representing the morphological link between the two genera gave a hint to their possible close affiliation. To assess phylogenetic and taxonomic placement of these genera, I conducted phylogenetic analyses of global dung beetle samples using morphological (134 taxa, 232 characters) and molecular (551 terminals, 8 gene regions) data. Both morphological and molecular analyses strongly support the monophyly of Parachorius + Cassolus . This leads to the synonymy of Parachorius with Cassolus new synonymy, and resulted in the new generic concept for Parachorius . The isolated phylogenetic position of Parachorius and its morphological distinctiveness from all other known Scarabaeinae tribes suggest recognition of a new tribe, Parachoriini new tribe, to maintain the stability of tribal classification in dung beetles. Investigation of old and recent material of Parachorius revealed a large number of undescribed species and the need for a taxonomic revision of this genus. The revision of Parachorius , powered by the 3i cybertaxonomic tool, is presented in this study. The revised Parachorius is comprised of 19 species from the Oriental and southeastern Palaearctic Regions, of which seven are newly described ( P. asymmetricus new species, P. bolavensis new species, P. longipenis new species, P. newthayerae new species, P. pseudojavanus new species, P. schuelkei new species, and P. solodovnikovi new species). Three species names in Parachorius are synonymized , namely, P. fungorum Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev, 1966 = P. krali Utsunomiya & Masumoto, 2001 new synonymy; P. thomsoni Harold, 1873 = P. lannathai Hanboonsong & Masumoto, 2001 new synonymy; and P. peninsularis (Arrow, 1907) = C. pongchaii Masumoto, 2001 new synonymy. Two species originally described in Cassolus ( C. sumatranus and C. minutus ) are transferred to the genus Panelus Lewis, 1895. The rank of the genus Macropanelus is lowered to a subgenus within Panelus (i.e. Panelus ( Macropanelus ) new status).
Middle Cranial Fossa Approach to Repair Tegmen Defects with Autologous or Alloplastic Graft.

Background Temporal bone tegmen defects may be associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea. A variety of techniques have been used for repair. We report our experience with skull base reconstruction for tegmen defects using either autologous or alloplastic grafts. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with tegmen defects treated from 2007 to 2017 at the University Hospital in Columbia, Missouri, USA. Primary outcome measures were analyzed. Results Twenty-five patients were treated with a middle cranial fossa approach (median age 53, 88% females, median body mass index 34, median follow-up 9 months). Presenting symptoms included CSF leak (92%), hearing loss (44%), imbalance (12%), meningitis (12%), headache (4%), and tinnitus (4%). Most tegmen defects occurred spontaneously (84%) but cholesteatomas (4%), and trauma (12%) also were identified. Pre- and postoperative audiograms were available for 13 patients (52%); 7 (54%) showed objective improvement. Fourteen patients were repaired with autologous bone graft (56%), 7 with alloplastic grafts (28%), and 4 with temporalis fascia only (16%). All patients had resolution of CSF leak. Two patients (8%) suffered wound infections and 3 (12%) had facial and/or petrosal nerve complications. Use of alloplastic graft significantly shortened operative time (allopathic mean 180 minutes vs. autologous mean 208 minutes; P = 0.03). Conclusions CSF otorrhea due to tegmen defects can be repaired via a middle fossa craniotomy using either an autologous or alloplastic graft with equivalent outcomes and efficacy, although alloplastic graft helps reduce operating time.
The Limits to Knowledge in Conservation Genetics

Science is a “way of knowing” (Moore, 1984) that distinguishes itself by developing theories capable of prediction; however, in studies at the interface of evolution and the environment, this task can become formidable. The future direction of evolutionary change is intrinsically unpredictable, because the unit of study (the population) cannot be isolated from changes in its environment. In contrast, the physical sciences and most of Biology have been able to achieve the goal of prediction by studying systems that generally can be understood in terms of their internal properties. Thus, a particular type of cell or organism studied today is expected to be much the same when studied by subsequent generations of biologists. However, this expectation is lost when we are asked to consider populations and communities over even moderate periods of time: changes on the time scale of tens of years are commonplace, often dramatic, and often caused by unpredictable events external to the study unit. Short-term changes are primarily numerical, but evolutionary changes, both adaptive (e.g., Reznick et al., 1997) and random (e.g., due to a population bottleneck), can accumulate rapidly. The stochastic models of ecology and population genetics include unpredictable environmental effects, allowing us to make probabilistic predictions that can be quite precise when we consider averages over large numbers of populations, large numbers of genes, or long periods of time.
Defeminizing Social Policy

Social policy initiatives by the evangelical right and neoconservative movements are reversing liberal programs that have benefitted women. This represents an attempt to defeminize social policy. Essential to this transformation are theoretical interpretations of economics and sociology which, combined with religious conservatism, portend the restoration of patriarchal culture. The ideology guiding the defeminizing of social policy is so pervasive as to suggest that regaining ground lost will be exceedingly difficult for those promoting social services for women.
Amyloidosis cardiomyopathy: update in the diagnosis and treatment of the most common types

Purpose of review The present article provides an update about the recent advances in the diagnosis and management of the most common types of cardiac amyloidosis, including light chain, wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt), and mutant transthyretin (ATTRm). Recent findings The document reviews the utility of diagnostic tools including innovative echocardiographic indices, magnetic resonance T1 mapping and measurement of extracellular volume, and the role and validation of bone scintigraphy for the noninvasive assessment of ATTR amyloidosis. It summarizes the data about therapies for light chain amyloidosis including bortezomib regimens and also novel disease modifying therapies for ATTR amyloidosis such as gene silencers, transthyretin stabilizers, and degraders of amyloid fibrils. Summary The present review provides the readers with the necessary tools in order to recognize and diagnose cardiac amyloidosis early and introduces the recent advances in management that are improving the outcomes of a condition that was considered to be untreatable.
Elaborations in Expository Text Impose a Substantial Time Cost but Do Not Enhance Learning

Textbook passages commonly include elaborations (details supporting main ideas) with the assumption that elaborations will improve learning of the main ideas. However, elaborations increase text length, which subsequently increases the reading time of that text. These observations lead to the two focal questions of interest in the current study: What is the time cost imposed by including elaborations within textbooks? Does the benefit of elaborations for enhancing memory for main ideas outweigh this time cost? In three experiments, students studied elaborated versus unelaborated versions of psychology textbook passages. Two days later, students completed final tests, including cued recall for main ideas and comprehension tests. In all experiments, we found a substantial cost in terms of increased reading time for the elaborated text but no evidence of increased memory for main ideas to offset this cost. To facilitate further interpretation of the similar test performance observed for elaborated versus unelaborated texts, experiment 2 ruled out functional floor or ceiling effects and established that both text versions enhanced learning (but did so to a similar extent). These results indicate that elaborations embedded within textbook passages may not facilitate learning and that unelaborated texts may be more efficient than elaborated texts.
Resource curse? The case of Kern County

Abstract The resource curse occurs when resource-rich nations grow at a slower rate than countries with fewer natural resources. Regional analyses of the resource curse have become more common. Kern County is California's top oil producing region but experiences some of the highest poverty rates in the state. This study employs the Vector Error Correction (VECM) and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models to investigate whether past and present values of resource abundance help explain educational attainment in Kern County. Findings from Kern County are compared with those of similar oil-producing counties in the state. Using data from 1950 to 2015, results indicate that there is no causality between oil, agricultural abundance and education in Kern County, while a long run relationship exists in Fresno County. Mixed results are obtained for Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. Part of the explanation may result from the types of jobs available in these industries.
Potential Mediators of Load-Related Decreases in Movement Quality in Young, Healthy Adults.

Context Predicting and promoting physical performance are important goals within the tactical professional community. Movement screens are frequently used in this capacity but are poor predictors of performance outcomes. It has recently been shown that prediction improved when movement quality was evaluated under load, but the mechanisms underlying this improvement remain unclear. Because balance, range of motion, and strength are mutually relevant to physical performance and movement quality, these attributes may mediate load-related decreases in movement quality and account for the resulting increase in performance prediction. Objective To quantify the roles of balance, range of motion, and strength in mediating load-related decreases in clinical movement-screen scores. Design Crossover study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five male (age = 23.96 ± 3.74 years, height = 178.82 ± 7.51 cm, mass = 79.66 ± 12.66 kg) and 25 female (age = 22.00 ± 2.02 years, height = 165.40 ...
Dyslexia in the Music Classroom: A Review of Literature:

Developmental dyslexia, or specific reading disorder, is a reading impairment characterized by persistent difficulty in word recognition, decoding, and spelling skills in children despite having av...
Antibiotics and Antibiotic Prophylaxis

An understanding of the principles of prescribing antibiotics in dentistry is paramount to their successful use in the outpatient setting. While the number of classes of antibiotics and specific agents useful in the management of routine odontogenic infections is relatively small when compared to those used in medicine, the dentist must understand the major contraindications and warnings associated with antibiotics, as well as their most significant adverse effects and drug interactions. This chapter provides the reader with a description of the various antibiotics routinely prescribed in dental patients, as well as practical considerations that must be understood to ensure their safe and effective use. Finally, the current role of antibiotic prophylaxis and the evidence regarding the use of antibacterial prophylaxis in dentistry are presented.
Reproducing kernel of the space $R^t(K,\mu)$

For $1 \le t < \infty ,$ a compact subset $K$ of the complex plane $\mathbb C,$ and a finite positive measure $\mu$ supported on $K,$ $R^t(K, \mu)$ denotes the closure in $L^t (\mu )$ of rational functions with poles off $K$. Let $\Omega$ be a connected component of the set of analytic bounded point evaluations for $R^t(K, \mu)$. In this paper, we examine the behavior of the reproducing kernel of $R^t(K, \mu)$ near the boundary $\partial \Omega \cap \mathbb T$, assuming that $\mu (\partial \Omega \cap \mathbb T ) > 0$, where $\mathbb T$ is the unit circle.
Is there any harm in administering extra-doses of vaccine to a person? Excess doses of vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2007-2017.

Abstract Background The administration of an extra dose of a vaccine may occur due to a programmatic error (e.g., vaccination error) when there is need to provide one of the antigens of a combination vaccine not readily available as a single antigen, or when there is need to provide immunization in a person with uncertain vaccination histories (e.g., refugees). There is little data available on the safety of an extra dose of vaccine. Objective To assess for the presence of adverse events (AEs) most commonly reported following the administration of excess doses of vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Methods We searched VAERS for US reports where an excess dose of vaccine was administered to a person received from 1/1/2007 through 1/26/2018. We reviewed medical records for all serious reports and a random sample of non-serious reports. The most common AEs among reports of excess dose of vaccine administered were compared with the corresponding AEs for all vaccines reported to VAERS during the same period. Results Out of 366,815 total VAERS reports received, 5067 (1.4%) reported an excess dose of vaccine was administered; 3898 (76.9%) did not describe an adverse health event (AHE). The most common vaccines reported were trivalent inactivated influenza (15.4%), varicella (13.9%), hepatitis A (11.4%), and measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (11.1%). Among reports where only AHEs were reported, the most common were pyrexia (12.8%), injection site erythema (9.7%), injection site pain (8.9%), and headache (6.6%). The percentage of AHEs among these reports was comparable to all reports submitted to VAERS during the same study period. Conclusion More than three-fourths of reports of an excess dose of vaccine did not describe an AHE. Among reports where an AHE event was reported, we did not observe any unexpected conditions or clustering of AEs.
“Je suis Satisfaction:” Russian politics in the age of hybrid media

ABSTRACTThis article traces a hybrid media event that unfolded in Russia in January 2018. Started on YouTube as a homoerotic music video, the so-called Satisfaction Challenge turned into a meme wit...