cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Origin, Context and Function of Consular Diptychs

Members of the late Roman elite commemorated the holding of certain offices by the distribution of ivory diptychs. This paper attempts to show how diptychs came to play this role; that they were not originally distributed by consuls but by any official who provided games; that they had nothing to do with the ecclesiastical diptychs that are first heard of at about the same time; that the custom spread from east to west, not from west to east; and that the earliest western consular diptychs are not illustrated with scenes from games because there were no multi-day consular games at Rome before the fifth century.
Acoustics, perception, and production of legato articulation on a digital piano

This study investigated the perception and production of legato ("connected") articulation in repeatedly ascending and descending tone sequences on a digital piano (Roland RD-250s). Initial measurements of the synthetic tones revealed substantial decay times following key release. High tones decayed faster than low tones, as they did prior to key release, and long tones decayed sooner than short tones because of their more extensive prerelease decay. Musically trained subjects (including pianists) were asked to adjust the key overlap times (KOTs) of successive piano tones so that they sounded optimally, minimally, or maximally legato. The results supported two predictions based on the acoustic measurements: KOTs for successive tones judged to be optimally or maximally legato were greater for high than for low tones, and greater for long than for short tones, so that auditory overlap presumably remained more nearly constant. For minimal legato adjustments the effect of tone duration was reversed, however. Adjusted KOTs were also longer for relatively consonant tones (three semitones separation) than for dissonant tones (one semitone separation). Subsequently, KOTs were measured in skilled pianists' legato productions of tone sequences similar to those in the perceptual experiment. KOTs clearly increased with tone duration, an effect that was probably motoric in origin. There was no effect of tone height, suggesting that the pianists did not immediately adjust to differences in acoustic overlap. KOTs were slightly shorter for dissonant than for consonant tones. They also varied with position in the ascending-descending tone sequences, indicating that the pianists exerted strategic control over KOT as a continuous expressive dimension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Representing measures for R(X) and their Green's functions

Abstract Let X be a compact subset of the complex plane with a nonempty interior, R ( X ) the uniform closure in C ( X ) of the rational functions with poles off X , and m a representing measure on ∂X for the functional on R ( X ) of evaluation at a point a in int X . Let N 2 be the space of functions f in L 2 ( m ) satisfying ∝ f dm = ∝ f K dm = 0 for all h in R ( X ), and let T be the operator on N 2 of multiplication by z followed by projection onto N 2 . The spectral properties of T are investigated and shown to depend in part on the behavior of the so-called Green's function of m . In case m is the harmonic measure on ∂X for a the latter function is the classical Green's function for int X with singularity at a . Special attention is paid to the case where X is the closure of a finitely connected Jordan domain whose boundary curves are analytic. In that context, new proofs are given of Beurling's invariant subspace theorem and of Forelli's theorem on extreme points in the unit ball of the Hardy space H 1 ( m ).
A Comparison of Asian American, Caucasian American, and Chinese College Students: An Initial Report.

This study of Asian American, Caucasian American, and Chinese college students examined the relationship between participants' career choices and parental influence. The results showed that the Asian American and Chinese college students were more likely than were Caucasian American students to choose Investigative occupation types (J. L. Holland, 1985) and that their choices were more likely to be influenced by their family. Este estudio de estudiantes universitarios Asiatico Americanos, Caucasico Americanos, y Chinos examino la relacion entre la eleccion de carrera de los participantes y la influencia de los padres. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes universitarios Asiatico Americanos y Chinos fueron mas probables a escojer los tipos de ocupacion Investigativos (J. L. Holland, 1985) y a ser mas influenciados por su familia, que los estudiantes Caucasico Americanos.
Comparison of soil test extractants on Alabama soils

Abstract The purpose of this research was to compare results of several solutions for the extraction of P, K, Ca, and Mg in Alabama soils. Fifty soils from each of three soil groups ranging from sands to clay loams were selected for analysis. The soils were analyzed by Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, Bray‐Kurtz P1 and by the Mississippi method of Lancaster (modified for Alabama). Values for P, K, Ca, and Mg were plotted against Mehlich 1 results, the procedure presently used in Alabama. Also, all soils were extracted with ammonium acetate for cation comparisons with the other four methods. Good correlations were obtained for all comparisons among extractants.
Reacting to reactance: An Interpersonal interpretation of the need for freedom

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the conditions under which the negative consequences of social influence attempts can be mitigated by freedom-affirming interventions. Eighty-eight high school girls received an influence message, presumably written by a co-worker, containing either a threat or a promise. In addition, subjects were or were not given a choice option as to mode of compliance, if they chose to comply with the message. In half the cases, the Interpersonal condition, subjects received their choice/no choice option from their co-worker; in the other half of the cases, the Noninterpersonal condition, subjects were assigned the choice/no choice option by a random event unknown to the influencing agent. As anticipated, in the Interpersonal as compared to the Noninterpersonal condition, (a) threats produced greater compliance when a choice was offered than when it was not, and (b) promises and threats were more equivalent in gaining compliance when a choice was offered than when it was not. These results, which suggest that in a social setting individuals' concerns about freedom are interpersonally motivated, are discussed in terms of their relation to and implications for reactance theory.
PS2-05: New HMORN Member: The Essentia Institute of Rural Health

Background/Aims The Essentia Institute of Rural Health (EIRH) conducts clinical, translational and health services research. Essentia Health (EH), headquartered in Duluth, MN, is EIRH’s parent organization. EH was created in 2004, and is an integrated health system serving mostly rural populations in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and Idaho. EIRH’s mission is to improve the health and health care for the rural population in the United States through research and education. The vision of the institute is: by 2018 to be recognized as a national leader for research and education for the health and health care of patients in the rural United States. In 2011, EIRH became a member of HMORN.
Calibration of Br/Cl fractionation during subcritical phase separation of seawater: Possible halite at 9 to 10°N East Pacific Rise

Abstract Experiments were conducted to assess Br Cl fractionatiodn during phase separation of seawater at 400°C and 250 to 275 bars. These conditions are applicable to the 9–10°N EPR system where low Cl concentrations and low Br Cl rations in vent fluids have been attributed to phase separation of seawater at conditions below the critical point of seawater (408°C, 300 bars). The level of Br Cl fractionation observed in experiments is well below that needed to account for Br Cl systematics at EPR 9–10°N. Based on our experimental results, we propose an alternative model involving dissolution and precipitation of halite to account for the anomalous Br Cl data at 9–10°N. Halite can be predicted to form at pressure and temperature conditions prevailing during eruption of magma at mid-ocean ridges. Subsequent changes in physical conditions, however, would induce halite to dissolve, and thus, decrease Br Cl ratios of vent fluids.
Global alliance for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis

Chronic filarial disease with lymphedema is affecting about 15 million individuals worldwide, India alone accounts for 38% of the total disease. The disease causes physical disability, psychological despair, social isolation, and loss of economic productivity to the tune of about 1.5 billion dollars annually in India alone. The global elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) programme has been launched in many countries. It was felt that LF, though not usually deadly, is a prime disabler both of people and of progress. Yet it is a disease that is curable with the right resources and political will. Thus under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO) emerged the global alliance in the year 2000 for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (GAELF). The goal of the alliance was set to eliminate LF as a public health menace by 2020. Their strategy is, the entire population at risk in the endemic areas is to be treated with annual single dose of filaricidal drug combination of albendazole and DEC for 4-5 years to cover the life span of the adult filarial worms.
Curvilinear Coordinate Condition for Antiplane Strain Deformation in Power Law Plastic Solid

A desirable curvilinear coordinate system for problems in antiplane strain is one in which the shear stress acting across orthogonal trajectories is either zero or has the maximum value. In elastic isotropic solid problems any coordinate system given by z ≡ x+iy = f (w) ≡ f (u + iv) satisfies this condition. This paper examines some requirements for curvilinear coordinate systems with a power law plastic solid (of power m). In particular, if the curvilinear trajectories are given by x = x (u, v) and y = y (u, v) the trajectories must satisfy the equationwhere 7 represents either x or y.
Normal coordinate analysis of CF3CH3 and CF3CD3

Abstract To correct an error in previous work, a new normal coordinate analysis has been made of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane. The analysis, based on a Urey-Bradley potential function, has been extended to the deuterated isomer, CF3CD3.
Relations among delay discounting, addictions, and money mismanagement: implications and future directions.

Background: Delay discounting is a reduction in the subjective value of a delayed outcome. Elevated delay discounting is a type of impulsivity that is associated with harmful behaviors, including substance abuse and financial mismanagement. Methods: Elevated delay discounting as related to addiction and financial mismanagement was reviewed from psychological, neurobiological, and behavioral economic perspectives. Results: Addiction and financial mismanagement frequently co-occur, and elevated delay discounting may be a common mechanism contributing to both of these problematic behaviors. Conclusions: Future research on the relationships between delay discounting, substance abuse, and financial mismanagement can provide important insights for developing improved prevention and treatment strategies.
African American English: A Linguistic Introduction

Introduction 1. Lexicons and meaning 2. Syntax Part 1. Verbal markers in AAE 3. Syntax Part 2. Syntactic and morphosyntactic properties in AAE 4. Phonology of AAE 5. Speech events and rules of interaction 6. AAE in literature 7. AAE in media 8. Attitudes and education.
Capital Inflows, Sterilization, and Commercial Bank Speculation: The Case of the Czech Republic in the Mid-1990s

The paper analyzes the relationship between large-scale capital inflows and sterilization efforts in the Czech Republic during 1993-96 using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, which consists of domestic credit, foreign reserves, and domestic and foreign interest rates. The analysis finds that despite initial success in sterilizing capital inflows, this strategy proved increasingly costly and ultimately unsustainable as domestic interest rates attracted more capital inflows. The commercial banks exploited a profitable sterilization game, whereby they borrowed cheaply abroad and invested the funds domestically in high-yielding sterilization bonds.
Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 mediates apoptosis in response to activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase.

The interferon-inducible, double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (PKR) plays a role in viral pathogenesis, cell growth, and differentiation and is implicated as a tumor suppressor gene. Expression of atrans-dominant negative, catalytically inactive mutant PKR protected NIH3T3 cells from apoptosis in response to either treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), serum deprivation. In cells expressing mutant PKR, TNFα, but not dsRNA induced transcription from a nuclear factor κ B-dependent promoter, demonstrating specificity for dsRNA in signaling through the PKR pathway. Serum or platelet-derived growth factor addition to serum-deprived mutant PKR-expressing cells induced transcription of the early response genes c-fos and c-jun, indicating that the immediate early response signaling was intact. Overexpression of wild-type PKR in a transient DNA transfection system was sufficient to induce apoptosis. TNFα-induced apoptosis correlated with increased phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α), the primary physiological substrate of the PKR. Furthermore, forced expression of a nonphosphorylatable S51A mutant eIF-2α partially protected cells from TNFα-induced apoptosis, and expression of a S51D mutant eIF-2α, a mutant that mimics phosphorylated eIF-2α, was sufficient to induce apoptosis. Taken together, these studies identify a novel requirement for PKR in stress-induced apoptosis that is mediated through eIF-2α phosphorylation.
Novel germline PALB2 truncating mutations in African American breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that the partner and localizer of breast cancer 2 (PALB2) acts as a bridging molecule between the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2 proteins and is responsible for facilitating BRCA2-mediated DNA repair. Truncating mutations in the PALB2 gene reportedly are enriched in patients with Fanconi anemia and breast cancer in various populations. METHODS: The authors evaluated the contribution of PALB2 germline mutations in 279 African American women with breast cancer, including 29 patients with a strong family history, 29 patients with a moderate family history, 75 patients with a weak family history, and 146 patients with nonfamilial or sporadic breast cancer. RESULTS: After direct sequencing of all the coding exons, exon/intron boundaries, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of PALB2, 3 novel, monoallelic, truncating mutations (1.08%; 3 in 279 patients) were identified (c.758dupT [exon 4], c.1479delC [exon 4], and c.3048delT [exon 10]) together with 50 sequence variants, 27 of which were novel. None of the truncating mutations were identified in a group of 262 controls from the same population. CONCLUSIONS: PALB2 mutations were present in both familial and nonfamilial breast cancers among African Americans. Rare PALB2 mutations accounted for a small but substantial proportion of patients with breast cancer. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using a freshly-made or recycled imidazolium-based ionic liquid

This paper reports the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using a freshly-made or recycled 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triflylmethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Tf2N]) ionic liquid (IL). Iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5), which dissolves in [BMIM][Tf2N], thermally decomposed and subsequently oxidized to form iron oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles separated out automatically from the imidazolium-based ionic liquid mixtures. Multiple additional runs were tested in making iron oxide nanoparticles using recycled ionic liquid. The iron oxide nanoparticles made were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HR-TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The structure and thermal stability of the IL was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). We found that iron oxide nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution could be obtained. The [BMIM][Tf2N] ionic liquid showed no degradation based on the TGA and FT-IR study. The solvent-recyclable process of making size-controlled nanoparticles should have a broad impact on the application of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in the synthesis of nanomaterials.
A finiteness theorem for primal extensions

A set W@?V(G) is called homogeneous in a graph G if 2=<|W|=<|V(G)|-1, and N(x)@?W=N(y)@?W for each x,y@?W. A graph without homogeneous sets is called prime. A graph H is called a (primal) extension of a graph G if G is an induced subgraph of H, and H is a prime graph. An extension H of G is minimal if there are no extensions of G in the set ISub(H)@?{H}. We denote by Ext(G) the set of all minimal extensions of a graph G. We investigate the following problem: find conditions under which Ext(G) is a finite set. The main result of Giakoumakis (Discrete Math. 177 (1997) 83-97) is the following sufficient condition.TheoremIf every homogeneous set of G has exactly two vertices thenExt(G)is a finite set. We extend this result to a wider class of graphs. A graph is simple if it is isomorphic to an induced subgraph of the path P"4.TheoremIf every homogeneous set of G induces a simple graph thenExt(G)is a finite set. We show that our result is best possible in the following sense. Specifically, we prove that for every non-simple graph F there exist a graph G and a homogeneous set W of G such that W induces a subgraph isomorphic to F and Ext(G) is infinite.
Evidence for Many Resolvable Structures within Conformation Types of Electrosprayed Ubiquitin Ions

A new two-dimensional ion mobility spectrometry approach combined with mass spectrometry has been used to examine ubiquitin ions in the gas phase. In this approach ions are separated in an initial drift tube into conformation types (defined by their collision cross sections) and then a gate is used to introduce a narrow distribution of mobility-separated ions into a second drift tube for subsequent separation. The results show that upon selection a narrow peak shape is retained through the second drift tube. This requires that at 300 K the selected distribution does not interconvert substantially within the broader range of structures associated with the conformation type within the ∼10−20 ms time scale of these experiments. For the [M + 7H]7+ ion, it appears that many (∼5−10) narrow selections can be made across each of the compact, partially-folded, and elongated conformer types, defined previously (Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 1999, 187, 37−47).
College Alcohol Use and the Embodiment of Hegemonic Masculinity among European American Men

This article concerns alcohol use as it pertains to the construction of White masculinity through an analysis of students’ accounts. Seventy-eight face-to-face interviews were conducted with volunteer female and male, African American, European American, heterosexual and homosexual students at a mid-sized university. Results suggest that the meaning of public drinking is to express a form of masculinity. In students’ gendered descriptions of their own and peers’ drinking behavior, alcohol use among White men was found to symbolize the embodiment of hegemonic masculinity. Masculinities were constructed via drinking stories, the body’s ability to tolerate alcohol, and the relevance of drinking too little or not at all, which symbolized weakness, homosexuality, or femininity. Implications for social policy and future research are discussed.
Clinical efficacy of methadone in patients refractory to other μ‐opioid receptor agonist analgesics for management of terminal cancer pain. Case presentations and discussion of incomplete cross‐tolerance among opioid agonist analgesics

Background. Development of tolerance to opioid analgesics occurs often in patients with cancer-related pain. Cross-tolerance among opioid analgesics provides the physician with a major management problem. Incomplete cross-tolerance among opioid analgesics has been demonstrated to occur in animals and humans. The current study provides clinical evidence of the incomplete cross-tolerance of methadone with a number of μ-opioid agonist analgesics in patients with advanced cancer-related pain. Results. Patients presented in the current study had cancer-related pain refractory to other μ—opioid receptor agonist analgesics as evidenced by inadequate analgesia despite escalation of opioid dose. All patients were adequately managed by conversion of their opioid dose to methadone. Additionally, the dose of methadone required to establish and maintain analgesia in these patients was modest compared with previous opioid dose requirements. Conclusions. Methadone is a potent opioid analgesic that demonstrates incomplete cross-tolerance with other μ-opioid receptor agonist analgesics. Conversion of the opioid-tolerant patient with cancer-related pain to methadone may represent an important therapeutic option in the management of patients with this difficult problem.
Psychophysiological arousal in older adults: a critical review.

Abstract In spite of the relatively high prevalence rates of anxiety disorders (AD) and related symptoms, very little is known about the experience, presentation, and assessment of anxiety in later life. Because the physiology of the autonomic nervous system changes with age, an enhanced understanding of how these developmental changes affect the somatic–physiological response patterns to anxiety-evoking stimuli among older adults may help explain whether we can generalize current assessment and treatment practices and procedures for AD from younger to older adults. In this paper, we describe and critically evaluate studies that have employed psychophysiological recording of autonomic arousal to anxiety-arousing or stressful stimuli among samples of younger and older adults. The conclusions one can draw from the review are quite limited by both the paucity of relevant literature and the methodological limitations of the published studies.
Entangled task dismensions: An impediment to interpersonal learning

The effects of intercorrelated task dimensions on interpersonal learning (IPL) were investigated. Each S was first trained to utilize one of two different judgment policies for a two-cue probability learning task. Ss were then paired so that in each pair S1 had been trained to depend in a positive, linear fashion upon one cue and to ignore the other, and S2 had been trained to depend upon the cue S1 ignored and to ignore the cue upon which S1 depended. Each pair then worked together on a task in which they were required to reach a mutually agreeable public judgment on 10 trials. For half the pairs (Group I) the task-trial cues were highly intercorrelated (+.90): for the other half (Group II) the cues were orthogonal. An interpersonal-prediction task followed. IPL about the Other, as measured by the correlation of one S's judgments with the other S's predictions of his judgments, was significantly better for Group II (p < .001). Differences in IPL were not a result of group differences in amount or type of communication during interaction. Group differences in IPL disappeared after Group I also had access to a set of task trials with orthogonal cues. The results demonstrate that IPL is a function of the properties of the task system the Ss encounter, as well as the properties of the cognitive system the Ss bring to the task.
A comprehensive life cycle analysis of cofiring algae in a coal power plant as a solution for achieving sustainable energy

Algae cofiring scenarios in a 360 MW coal power plant were studied utilizing an ecologically based hybrid life cycle assessment methodology. The impacts on the ecological system were calculated in terms of cumulative mass, energy, industrial exergy, and ecological exergy. The environmental performance metrics, including efficiency, loading, and renewability ratios were also quantified to assess the sustainability of cofiring scenarios from a holistic perspective. The analysis results revealed that cumulative mass and ecological exergy consumption were higher for algae cofiring compared to single coal firing due to high material and energy inputs for the algae cultivation. On the contrary, total energy and industrial exergy utilization were reduced with an increasing share of algae cofiring where algae is dried with solar energy. Additionally, natural gas dried algae cofiring scenarios had a lower renewability ratio in comparison with single coal firing. The results of this study are vital for the policy makers to decide on more environmentally friendly algae cofiring options by considering the potential impacts on ecological system.
Legal Issues and the Handicapped Infant: From Policy to Reality.

PL 94-142, the Education for Handicapped Children Act (EHA), was designed to ensure appropriate educational services for all handicapped children ages 3 through 21. As states use this legislation in developing regulations to serve handicapped infants birth through 2, confusing and discrepant practices are occurring to the detriment of the handicapped infant. While the effort of these states to provide services to infants is commendable, EHA regulations may be inappropriate because of the unique nature and needs of infants.
Is glucose transport enhanced in virus-transformed mammalian cells? A dissenting view

Much of the literature on the uptake of glucose by untransformed and transformed animal cells is based on experiments carried out with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG). Results obtained with this analog can be ambiguous, since 2-DOG can be phosphorylated by hexokinases of animal cells. An intracellular trapping mechanism is thus provided. Therefore, the total flux of 2-DOG into the cell is a resultant of both transport and hexokinase action, and the measurement of total 2-DOG incorporation is a valid measurement of transport only if 2-DOG is phosphorylated as rapidly as it enters the cell. Evidence is presented here that this is not necessarily the case; significant levels of free intracellular 2-DOG approaching external concentrations were found in untransformed and transformed mouse 3T3 cells even at early times during uptake. Differences in total intracellular 2-DOG between untransformed and transformed cells were accounted for entirely by 2-deoxyglucose phosphate. Thus, it appears the apparent increase of 2-DOG uptake accompanying transformation in these cell lines is not due to an effect on the transport process, but on enhanced phosphorylation, which is a reflection of an alteration in the regulation of glycolysis. The ambiguity introduced by phosphorylation can be obviated by the use of an analog that cannot be phosphorylated, such as 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. The rate of transport and efflux of this sugar was not found to be different in untransformed versus transformed 3T3 cells. Moreover, deficiencies of this analog as a substrate for the glucose transport system are pointed out.
Minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach

Background: The technique of thyroidectomy mandates adequate visualization of the operative field to identify pertinent anatomical structures. The purpose of this prospective review was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach. Methods: All patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy were assessed by retrospective review of a prospective database. Results: Thirty-eight patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach. Thirty-five of 38 cases were successfully completed endoscopically with a mean OR time of 190 min. One patient experienced a permanent recurrent laryngeal palsy. Conclusion: Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach is a feasible procedure. As in conventional thyroid surgery, great care should be exercised when dissecting the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Epidemiological monitoring for emerging infectious diseases

The Homeland Security News Wire has been reporting on new ways to fight epidemics using digital tools such as iPhone, social networks, Wikipedia, and other Internet sites. Instant two-way communication now gives consumers the ability to complement official reports on emerging infectious diseases from health authorities. However, there is increasing concern that these communications networks could open the door to mass panic from unreliable or false reports. There is thus an urgent need to ensure that epidemiological monitoring for emerging infectious diseases gives health authorities the capability to identify, analyze, and report disease outbreaks in as timely and efficient a manner as possible. One of the dilemmas in the global dissemination of information on infectious diseases is the possibility that information overload will create inefficiencies as the volume of Internet-based surveillance information increases. What is needed is a filtering mechanism that will retrieve relevant information for further analysis by epidemiologists, laboratories, and other health organizations so they are not overwhelmed with irrelevant information and will be able to respond quickly. This paper introduces a self-organizing ontology that could be used as a filtering mechanism to increase relevance and allow rapid analysis of disease outbreaks as they evolve in real time.
New adsorption states of hydrogen on sulfur modified Ru(001)

We have carried out studies of hydrogen adsorption on sulfur covered Ru(001) and observed two weak hydrogen adsorption states with desorption temperatures at 135 K and 265 K. The existence of these hydrogen states is attributed to the long-range electronic effects of sulfur adatoms in addition to their site blocking, and also to the repulsive interactions among coadsorbed hydrogen within a p(2×2)-S structure.
Photochemistry of adsorbed trimethylindium at 222 nm

Abstract The photolysis mechanisms of trimethylindium (In(CH 3 ) 3 ) adsorbed on a quartz surface at 150 K has been studied by time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) using electron impact ionization and resonance-enhanced multiphonon ionization techniques. Photolysis of adsorbed TMI at 222 nm results in the deposition of indium metal on the surface and the ejection of neutral and ionic fragments. The gas phase photofragments observed were the neutral products In(CH 3 ) 2 , InCH 3 , In, CH 3 and the ions, In + and InCH 3 + . The neutral product TOF profiles were characterized by different temperatures.
Interinstitutional Comparison of Risk-Adjusted Mortality and Length of Stay in Congenital Heart Surgery

Background Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS) and basic Aristotle scores (BCS) have been shown to correlate with mortality and length of stay (LOS) after congenital heart surgery. Interinstitutional comparisons using these scores, as well as comprehensive Aristotle score (CCS), have not been demonstrated. Methods We recorded age, weight, RACHS, BCS, CCS, mortality, and LOS for 1,103 patients undergoing cardiac surgery between September 1, 2004, and June 1, 2007, at two institutions. We used binary logistic and multiple linear regressions to evaluate determinants of mortality and LOS, respectively, the C statistic to compare the predictive power of the three scoring systems for mortality, the odds ratio to compare the two institutions, and regression coefficients to compare scoring systems and institutions for LOS. Results Raw mortality was 2.9% at both institutions. Final logistic regression models contained only CCS. Odds ratios for death at institutions 1 and 2 were 1.25 and 1.26, respectively (not significant). C statistics for RACHS, BCS, and CCS were 0.73, 0.63, and 0.81, respectively ( p = 0.01 for CCS versus BCS; p = 0.02 for CCS versus RACHS). Final regression model for LOS retained age, RACHS, and CCS ( R 2 = 0.44). The RACHS regression coefficient was greater for institution 2. Conclusions The CCS tends to have more predictive power than RACHS and BCS for mortality. The LOS is moderately correlated with CCS, RACHS, and age together, but the model is a poor predictor of individual LOS. The LOS for RACHS category 6 cases differed between the institutions. This study suggests methods that can be used to compare institutions in a risk-adjusted manner.
Experimental Validation of Frozen Modes Guided on Printed Coupled Transmission Lines

Previous work has theoretically demonstrated that nonreciprocal slow-wave modes, namely, “frozen modes,” can be supported on a pair of coupled transmission lines printed on a magnetic substrate. Small antennas have also been designed by exploiting these modes. However, to date, we have yet to demonstrate and observe their existence experimentally. To this end, we construct two printed prototypes comprised of several unit-cells and employ the “T-matrix method” to determine the dispersion properties by measuring the S-parameters of these finite periodic prototypes. The printed unit-cell is designed to exhibit a unique stationary inflection point in the dispersion diagram corresponding to a frozen mode with almost zero group velocity. Through careful measurements and calculations, the frozen mode is observed to propagate at a significantly slower speed (286 times slower) than the speed of light. Importantly, this extraction method can be applied to any other periodic layout to obtain related dispersion properties.
Imaging arterial cells, atherosclerosis, and restenosis by multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy

By integrating sum-frequency generation (SFG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) on a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope platform, multimodal nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging of arteries and atherosclerotic lesions was demonstrated. CARS signals arising from CH2-rich membranes allowed visualization of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in a carotid artery. Additionally, CARS microscopy allowed vibrational imaging of elastin and collagen fibrils which are rich in CH2 bonds in their cross-linking residues. The extracellular matrix organization was further confirmed by TPEF signals arising from elastin's autofluorescence and SFG signals arising from collagen fibrils' non-centrosymmetric structure. The system is capable of identifying different atherosclerotic lesion stages with sub-cellular resolution. The stages of atherosclerosis, such as macrophage infiltration, lipid-laden foam cell accumulation, extracellular lipid distribution, fibrous tissue deposition, plaque establishment, and formation of other complicated lesions could be viewed by our multimodal CARS microscope. Collagen percentages in the region adjacent to coronary artery stents were resolved. High correlation between NLO and histology imaging evidenced the validity of the NLO imaging. The capability of imaging significant components of an arterial wall and distinctive stages of atherosclerosis in a label-free manner suggests the potential application of multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy to monitor the onset and progression of arterial diseases.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human APOE4 increases microglia reactivity at Aβ plaques in a mouse model of Aβ deposition

Background Having the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE-ϵ4) allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is influenced by APOE genotype. Transgenic mice co-expressing five familial AD mutations (5xFAD) in the presence of human APOE alleles (ϵ2, ϵ3 or ϵ4) exhibit APOE genotype-specific differences in early Aβ accumulation, suggesting an interaction between APOE and AD pathology. Whether APOE genotype affects Aβ-plaque-associated neuroinflammation remains unclear. In the current study, we address the role of APOE genotype on Aβ-associated microglial reactivity in the EFAD transgenic mouse model.
The IGF1 small dog haplotype is derived from Middle Eastern grey wolves

Background: A selective sweep containing the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene is associated with size variation in domestic dogs. Intron 2 of IGF1 contains a SINE element and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in all small dog breeds that is almost entirely absent from large breeds. In this study, we surveyed a large sample of grey wolf populations to better understand the ancestral pattern of variation at IGF1 with a particular focus on the distribution of the small dog haplotype and its relationship to the origin of the dog. Results: We present DNA sequence data that confirms the absence of the derived small SNP allele in the intron 2 region of IGF1 in a large sample of grey wolves and further establishes the absence of a small dog associated SINE element in all wild canids and most large dog breeds. Grey wolf haplotypes from the Middle East have higher nucleotide diversity suggesting an origin there. Additionally, PCA and phylogenetic analyses suggests a closer kinship of the small domestic dog IGF1 haplotype with those from Middle Eastern grey wolves. Conclusions: The absence of both the SINE element and SNP allele in grey wolves suggests that the mutation for small body size post-dates the domestication of dogs. However, because all small dogs possess these diagnostic mutations, the mutations likely arose early in the history of domestic dogs. Our results show that the small dog haplotype is closely related to those in Middle Eastern wolves and is consistent with an ancient origin of the small dog haplotype there. Thus, in concordance with past archeological studies, our molecular analysis is consistent with the early evolution of small size in dogs from the Middle East. See associated opinion by Driscoll and Macdonald: http://jbiol.com/content/9/2/10
Detecting Runtime Environment Interference with Parallel Application Behavior

Many performance problems observed in high end systems are actually caused by the runtime system and not the application code. Detecting these cases require parallel performance tools to incorporate information about the runtime system; however many current tools do not. We present a test suite for evaluating the ability of performance tools to reach correct diagnosis in cases where a problem is caused by the runtime environment. We include a set of results for one of the tests, which measures application performance as NFS server load is increased. We also present a model for performance diagnosis that combines system and application level information.
Ground‐penetrating radar imaging of twelfth century Romanesque foundations beneath the thirteenth century Gothic abbey church of Valmagne, France

Ground-penetrating radar surveys with closely spaced profiles using 500- and 800-MHz antennae were performed on the fine gravel floor of the Gothic abbey church of Valmagne, near Montpellier, in south-central France. The accessible floor area of the choir, transept and nave was surveyed to locate and preliminarily interpret the remains of the twelfth century Romanesque building beneath the existing building. Processed two-dimensional ground-penetrating radar profiles and constructed time-slice images show distinct reflection events associated with the twelfth century foundations. The GPR technique is calibrated against a known buried limestone pier belonging to the earlier Romanesque construction. It proved challenging to differentiate the remains of the twelfth century building from the existing building and the host geology because the dielectric contrasts between them is low. Preliminary interpretation of the results suggest that the Romanesque pier abuts and continues under a thirteenth century pier at the intersection of the ambulatory and transept of the existing church. In addition, the twelfth century building appears to have had a rectangular sanctuary flanked by chapels of unequal width opening off a transept comparable in width and length with the existing transept and a nave comparable in length with the existing nave. The results of this study are significant to medieval architectural history since they reveal new subsurface constraints on the nature of Cistercian construction in Languedoc. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear Coastal and Equatorial Jets

Abstract Nonlinearities weaken westward equatorial jets and cause them to be shallower and broader than their linear counterparts. Nonlinear eastward equatorial jets, on the other hand, are more intense, deeper and narrower than linear jets. Since nonlinear effects are important on time scales longer than about one week, winds that fluctuate on such time scales introduce hysteresis effects and can generate flow with a complicated vertical structure in the surface layers of the equatorial oceans. Coastal jets differ from equatorial jets in that they are only weakly influenced by nonlinearities; this result could change if alongshore pressure forces are taken into account.
Effects of Interferon β on Transcobalamin II-Receptor Expression and Antitumor Activity of Nitrosylcobalamin

Background The ubiquitous plasma membrane transcobalamin II receptor (TC II-R) mediates uptake of cobalamin (Cbl; vitamin B12), an essential micronutrient. Tumors often require more Cbl than normal tissue, and increased Cbl uptake may result from increased TC II-R expression. To examine whether Cbl could therefore be used as a carrier molecule to target a chemotherapy drug, we tested an analogue of Cbl with nitric oxide as a ligand, nitrosylcobalamin (NO-Cbl). Because interferon beta (IFN-beta) has antitumor effects and increases expression of some membrane receptors, we examined whether it may enhance the effects of NO-Cbl. Methods Antiproliferative effects of NO-Cbl were assessed in 24 normal and cancer cell lines. Xenograft tumors of human ovarian cancer NIH-OVCAR-3 cells were established in athymic nude mice, and tumor growth was monitored after treatment with NO-Cbl and IFN-beta, both individually and concomitantly. TC II-R expression and apoptosis was monitored in vitro and in vivo. RNA protection assays and mitochondrial membrane potential assays were used to distinguish the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, respectively. Results Cancer cell lines were more sensitive to NO-Cbl (with ID(50)s [the dose that inhibits growth by 50%] as low as 2 microM) than normal cell lines (with ID(50)s of 85-135 microM). Single-agent NO-Cbl and IFN-beta treatment of NIH-OVCAR-3 xenografts induced tumor regression, whereas combination treatment induced tumor eradication. IFN-beta treatment increased TC II-R expression in vitro and uptake of [(57)Co]cobalamin in vivo. Compared with NIH-OVCAR-3 cells treated with NO-Cbl, cells treated with NO-Cbl and IFN-beta were more apoptotic and expressed higher mRNA levels of various apoptosis-associated genes. No changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in cells treated with NO-Cbl. Conclusion NO-Cbl inhibited tumor growth in vivo by activating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The increased expression of TC II-R induced by IFN-beta resulted in enhanced antitumor effects with NO-Cbl both in vitro and in vivo.
Transfer Printing Techniques for Materials Assembly and Micro/Nanodevice Fabrication

Transfer printing represents a set of techniques for deterministic assembly of micro-and nanomaterials into spatially organized, functional arrangements with two and three-dimensional layouts. Such processes provide versatile routes not only to test structures and vehicles for scientific studies but also to high-performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems, including those in flexible electronics, three-dimensional and/or curvilinear optoelectronics, and bio-integrated sensing and therapeutic devices. This article summarizes recent advances in a variety of transfer printing techniques, ranging from the mechanics and materials aspects that govern their operation to engineering features of their use in systems with varying levels of complexity. A concluding section presents perspectives on opportunities for basic and applied research, and on emerging use of these methods in high throughput, industrial-scale manufacturing.
Infarct growth despite full reperfusion in endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke

Aim To explore the predictors of infarct core expansion despite full reperfusion after intra-arterial therapy (IAT). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 604 consecutive patients who underwent IAT for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke in two tertiary centers (2008–2013/2010–2013). Sixty patients selected by MRI or CT perfusion presenting within 11.6 mL. Results Mean age was 67.0±13.7 years, 56% were men. Mean National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 16.2±6.1, time from onset to puncture was 6.8±3.1 h, and procedure length was 1.3±0.6 h. MRI was used for baseline core analysis in 43% of patients. Mean baseline infarct volume was 17.1±19.1 mL, absolute infarct growth was 30.6±74.5 mL, and final infarct volume was 47.7±77.7 mL. Overall, 35% of patients had SIG. Three of 21 patients (14%) treated with stent-retrievers had SIG compared with 14 of 39 (36%) with first-generation devices. Eight of 21 patients (38%) with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV t-PA) had infarct growth compared with 25/39 (64%) without. 23% of patients with SIG had a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at 3 months compared with 48% of those without SIG. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that race affected infarct growth. Use of IV t-PA (p=0.03) and stent-retrievers (p=0.03) were independently and inversely correlated with SIG. Conclusions Despite full reperfusion, infarct growth is relatively frequent and may explain poor clinical outcomes in this setting. Ethnicity was found to influence SIG. Use of IV t-PA and stent-retrievers were associated with less infarct core expansion.
OrganicPad: an interactive freehand drawing application for drawing Lewis structures and the development of skills in organic chemistry

Lewis structures are important for learning chemistry as they serve as an essential link between the structure of chemical compounds and their function. Unfortunately, the creation of valid Lewis structures remains an elusive goal for many students. In recent years, several web-based programs have been created that allow students to receive immediate feedback on the structures that they draw; however, the interface in most of these programs is not naturalistic, and there is a significant learning curve for students. This article describes the development, features, and pilot testing of OrganicPad, an innovative and user-friendly program that has been designed to allow students to draw Lewis structures by using the natural user interface of a Tablet PC.
On the dynamical evolution of a three-level atom with atomic motion in a lossless cavity

Abstract The dynamical evolution of a moving three-level atom in Λ -configuration interacting with two quantized modes (or one quantized mode and a classical field) in coherent states inside an ideal cavity is studied using density matrix equations. The spatial field mode structures of the cavity are taken into account in this study. We also discuss analytic results under certain parametric conditions pertaining to nonlinear transient effects similar to self-induced transparency, adiabatic following, etc. The possibility of realizing an optical switching in such system is also described.