cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Letter from the Editor of the Elementary Science Education Issues of JSTE

Welcome to the November Elementary Science Education (ESE) issue of the Journal of Science Teacher Education (JSTE). Formerly Journal of Elementary Science Education, the journal was officially merged with JSTE in 2010 when I took over as editor. Since that time, ESE has been published as two stand-alone issues yearly (No. 2 and 7), and we have received a steady flow of submissions related to elementary science education (68 in 2011, and 63 already as of October 2012). A special thank you to all the editorial review board members who have worked with us through that transition; the thoughtfulness of their reviews has helped ensure the high quality of manuscripts selected for inclusion in these issues. As we near 2013, we will undergo yet another transition—one that is intended to bring greater coherence to the journal and to establish its niche in science teacher education. The ESE issues will now appear as a regular section on Elementary Science Teacher Education (ESTE). As editor of this section, I believe the transition will allow for a more regular presence of elementary-focused research within each issue, and also help ensure authors’ work appears in a timely manner in print form following acceptance for publication. That said, volume 23 issue seven will be the last stand-alone issue of ESE. The ESTE Section, like JSTE more broadly, will serve as a forum for disseminating high quality research and theoretical position papers concerning the preparation and inservice education of teachers of science. I look forward to receiving manuscripts from our readers that communicate important ideas, theories, research, and field-oriented information related to policy, supervision, curriculum, instruction, and assessment in elementary science teacher education.
About the Destruction, Continuation, and Transformation of Art

In his article "About the Destruction, Continuation, and Transformation of Art" Frank Maet offers an answer to the question raised by Arthur C. Danto's thesis how to discern art from non-art? Maet considers art from the perspective of a technologically mediated reality and he distinguishes three different views on contemporary visual art: the destruction, the continuation, and the transformation of art. Maet considers these three artistic views as different strategies to deal with our current technological condition and evaluates the merits of each of them. He argues that our thoroughly designed reality turns the strategy of artistic destruction into a dangerous and sometimes even life-threatening strategy and that existing theories of art advocating the continuation of art fall short in taking into account popular and commercial products. According to Maet, we have to opt for a radical transformation of the concept of art and redefine art in light of the current digitalization as a specific kind of technology. Frank Maet, "About the Destruction, Continuation, and Transformation of Art" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 15.3 (2013): Thematic Issue Literacy and Society, Culture, Media, and Education. Ed. Kris Rutten and Geert Vandermeersche
Oxidation of nitrite and hydroxylamine byAspergillus flavus, peroxidase and catalase

Nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by high concentrations of beef-liver catalase and byAspergillus flavus hyphal extracts. From 80 to 90 % of the nitrite-nitrogen is recovered as nitrate. The fungal enzyme is soluble and non-cytochrome-linked. It is distinct from the fungal catalase and apparently acts peroxidatively. Hydroxylamine is metabolized by high concentrations of catalase, and about half of the hydroxylamine which disappears is recovered as nitrate. Horseradish peroxidase catalyzes the formation of nitrate in the presence of hydroxylamine, apparently by oxidizing a product of the spontaneous decomposition of the nitrogen compound.A. flavus extracts do not oxidize hydroxylamine.
Cardiac Alternans Occurs through the Synergy of Voltage- and Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms

Cardiac alternans is characterized by alternating weak and strong beats of the heart. This signaling at the cellular level may appear as alternating long and short action potentials (APs) that occur in synchrony with alternating large and small calcium transients, respectively. Previous studies have suggested that alternans manifests itself through either a voltage dependent mechanism based upon action potential restitution or as a calcium dependent mechanism based on refractoriness of calcium release. We use a novel model of cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in the rat ventricular myocyte that includes 20,000 calcium release units (CRU) each with 49 ryanodine receptors and 7 L-type calcium channels that are all stochastically-gated. The model suggests that at the cellular level in the case of alternans produced by rapid pacing, the mechanism requires a synergy of voltage- and calcium-dependent mechanisms. The rapid pacing reduces AP duration and magnitude reducing the number of L-type calcium channels activating individual CRUs during each AP and thus increases the population of CRUs that can be recruited stochastically. Elevated myoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium, [Ca2+]i and [Ca2+]SR respectively, increases ryanodine receptor open probability (Po) according to our model used in this simulation and this increased the probability of activating additional CRUs. A CRU that opens in one beat is less likely to open the subsequent beat due to refractoriness caused by incomplete refilling of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR). Furthermore, the model includes estimates of changes in Na+ fluxes and [Na+]i and thus provides insight into how changes in electrical activity, [Na+]i and sodium-calcium exchanger activity can modulate alternans. The model thus tracks critical elements that can account for rate-dependent changes in [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i and how they contribute to the generation of Ca2+ signaling alternans in heart.
Effects of forskolin and cholera toxin on cyclic AMP release in a neurotensin-secreting rat C-cell line

The effects of forskolin and cholera toxin on the regulation of cAMP release were studied in a neurotensin-secreting rat C-cell line. The interaction of these agents with norepinephrine, a potent neurotensin secretagogue, was also investigated. Forskolin stimulated cAMP release 10(2)-10(3) fold while it increased neurotensin release 2-3 fold. Cholera toxin caused a 10(2)-10(3) fold increase in cAMP release and had no effect on neurotensin release. We conclude that the 44-2 C-cells provide a new model for studying the regulation of the concomitant (via forskolin) or independent (via cholera toxin) secretion of cyclic AMP and/or neurotensin.
A RAPID PROCEDURE FOR THE PURIFICATION OF 124 kDALTON PHYTOCHROME FROM AVENA

— A modification of previously published procedures is described which permits the preparation of high-purity 124 kDa phytochrome within 14 h. The last 5 h are used for chromatography on a molecular sieve column, so all the handling steps are completed within 9 h. The procedure is simpler and faster than previously published methods.
Abstract 5007: RSK isoform regulation of migration and invasion in glioblastoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with high mortality in patients due in large part to the highly migratory and invasive nature of glioma cells. The 90kDa ribosomal S6 Kinases (RSKs) are a family of serine/theronine kinases that are an integral component of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/ mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is highly active in many types of cancer. The RSK family contains four human isoforms (RSK1-4) that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, and motility, however a role for individual RSK isoforms in GBM cell invasion has not clearly been defined. Here, we analyze the roles of RSK1-4 in glioblastoma cell invasion. Using transwell assays and a novel three-dimensional tumor spheroid assay, we found that the highly specific RSK inhibitor, BI-D1870, decreases glioblastoma cell motility and invasion. To identify which RSK isoform was associated with this decrease in invasion, we knocked down each RSK isoform using lentiviral mediated shRNA transduction and found that different RSK isoforms could decrease invasion depending on the cell line, without significantly affecting proliferation. Additionally, RSK2 knockdown in primary patient-derived glioblastoma cells decreased cell migration, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients overexpressing RSK2 had a poorer prognosis compared to those expressing normal levels of RSK2. Our studies support a differential role for individual RSKs in glioblastoma invasion, suggesting that targeting RSKs may provide an effective means for the treatment of glioblastoma. Citation Format: Amanda Prechtl, Florian Sulzmaier, Pengfei Jiang, Santosh Kesari, Joe Ramos. RSK isoform regulation of migration and invasion in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5007. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5007
FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN AXISYMMETRIC PIPE FLOWS

A Galerkin-type finite-element approach was used to study the effect of two-dimensional wall conduction on laminar convective heat transfer inside pipe flows. This conjugate heat transfer problem was studied for cases in which the external surface of the pipe is subjected to constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature conditions. The wall conduction effects were found to be more significant for low Peclet number flows than their high Peclet number counterparts. The extent of preheating extends as far as 22 radii and 7 radii for constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature conditions, respectively.
η4-Benzocyclobutadiene-η5-cyclopentadienylcobalt, a new “aromatic” sandwich complex

Abstract Reaction of 1,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)- cis - cis -3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne with CpCo(CO) 2 gives η 4 -1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzocyclobutadiene-η 5 -cyclopentadienylcobalt. Desilylation with fluoride results in the parent compound, the first known benzocyclobutadiene sandwich complex. NMR analysis provides evidence for diatropic character of the complexed as opposed to the free ligand.
Simultaneous achievement of low insertion loss, high contrast and low operating voltage in asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulator

A normally-on high-performance asymmetric Fabry–Perot modulator using the quantum confined Stark effect in GaAs quantum wells confined by short period AlAs–GaAs superlattices is reported. The modulator is the first of this type to exhibit simultaneously low insertion loss ( 68%) and practically infinite contrast at the Fabry–Perot resonance for an operating voltage swing of under 4 V.
A comparative study of spectrin: a protein isolated from red blood cell membranes.

Abstract 1. 1. A membrane-bound protein, called spectrin, has been solubilized from human, guinea pig, horse, sheep, and rabbit erythrocyte ghosts by dialysis against EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol. 2. 2. Spectrin accounted for approx. 20% of the total membrane protein in all these species and was free of carbohydrate and lipid. 3. 3. Spectrin preparations from each species were homogeneous when studied by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoprecipitin reactions. 4. 4. Spectrin appeared to be a very similar, possibly homologous, protein in the red cell membranes of different species. The amino acid compositions and electrophoretic patterns were nearly identical. Antiserum to guinea pig and human spectrin cross-reacted with all the other species. 5. 5. Comparison by disc gel electrophoresis of peptides produced by CNBr cleavage of human, horse, and sheep spectrin showed similar numbers of peptides but different electrophoretic migrations, indicating some differences in amino acid sequence in the different molecules.
Two dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of exercise-induced left and right ventricular asynergy: Correlation with thallium scanning☆

Adequate real time two dimensional echocardiograms were prospectively obtained before and immediately after graded treadmill exercise testing in 41 of 48 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization for suspected coronary artery disease. Findings were correlated with thallium perfusion scans performed 5 to 10 minutes and 3 hours after the same exercise test. Exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities were detected in 19 of 23 patients with significant coronary artery disease and no prior myocardial infarction as well as in all 5 patients with known previous infarction. Three patients with coronary artery disease experienced new isolated right ventricular asynergy with exercise that would have been missed if only the left ventricle had been evaluated. Exercise-induced thallium perfusion defects showed good correlation with exercise-induced asynergy as detected with echocardiography. Two dimensional echocardiography performed immediately after treadmill stress testing is a feasible and rewarding technique in the evaluation of patients suspected to have coronary artery disease.
Shock produced by the application of tourniquets to the hind limbs of rats.

Summary1. A method for producing tourniquet shock in rats is described. The method yields graded and reproducible results.2. The percentage survival of rats to tourniquet shock was progressively decreased as the time of tourniquet application was increased. Following 3% hours of tourniquets 100% of the rats survived, while after 4 hours of tourniquets only 3% survived.3. Rats which had tourniquets applied for 4 hours with periods of release for 1 to 6 hours, followed by a second application of tourniquets, showed 100% in contrast to 3% survival for those without replacement, while 87.5% survived when the tourniquets were replaced after 7 hours.4. The degree of hemoconcentration developing in rats in tourniquet shock was approximated by hemoglobin determinations. Increases in hemoglobin ranged between 27 and 52%.
The effects of a water-soluble petroleum fraction on the neuroid electrical activity of the hydroid coelenterate Tubularia crocea

Abstract Several properties of the excitable epithelium of the hydroid coelenterate, Tubularia crocea, are affected by a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Platform Holly, Monterey Formation, crude oil (100% WSF= 20 ppm total hydrocarbons). In a flowing seawater system, 0·5 ml pulses of 1 WSF cause a significant increase in the epithelial pulse activity, while a 10·min exposure to 0·1% WSF produces a significant increase in the epithelial pulse frequency. Electrophysiological responses to the volatile and non-volatile subfractions are equal, but significantly lower than those to the whole WSF. Behaviorally, the 100% WSF elicits a more vigorous proximal tentacle closure than either its volatile or non-volatile subfraction. However, the closure response to the volatile subfraction exceeds that for the non-volatile component. Of the two epithelial neuroid pulse systems, the hydranth pulse (HP) system is affected to a greater extent than the neck pulse (NP) system. During 10 minutes' treatment with 100% WSF the amplitude of the neck pulses and hydranth pulses declined by 50% and 80%, respectively. The maximum 3H-toluene uptake from 100% WSF also occurs within this period, and sodium and calcium concentrations fluctuate rapidly. These results suggest that a rapid bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons by T. crocea alters membrane permeability, upsetting critical ion gradients which, in turn, alter the firing frequency of the epithelial conducting systems. This study demonstrates that concentrations of WSF approaching environmentally realistic levels (in areas of chronic pollution) alter the epithelial conducting systems that co-ordinate important elements of behavior in Tubularia. This system provides a sensitive neuroid-behavioral assay for aquatic contaminants.
Robust, Adaptive Q-Parameterization for Feedback Control of Vibro-Acoustic Systems

An adaptive, single-mode feedback controller for vibroacoustic applications is developed based on the IMC form Q-parameterization. By structuring the Q-parameter as a third-order filter with fixed dynamics and an adaptable gain, the resulting controller is robust to changes in plant natural frequency variation. Analysis shows the advantages of using a highly-damped plant model in terms of increased stability and performance robustness, and was proven by closed-loop simulations on a single-mode plant with a time-varying natural frequency. Even with a natural frequency variation of ±50%, the adaptive-Q controller was able to decrease the squared plant output response to white noise disturbance by an order of magnitude, outperforming an optimally-tuned positive position feedback controller.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England

The article studies the evolution of the constitutional arrangements in seventeenth-century England following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. It focuses on the relationship between institutions and the behavior of the government and interprets the institutional changes on the basis of the goals of the winners—secure property rights, protection of their wealth, and the elimination of confiscatory government. We argue that the new institutions allowed the government to commit credibly to upholding property rights. Their success was remarkable, as the evidence from capital markets shows.
Buoyancy‐Driven Rotating Boundary Currentsa

: The structure of boundary currents formed from intermediately dense water introduced into a rotating, stably stratified, two-layer environment is investigated in a series of laboratory experiments, performed for Froude numbers ranging from 0.01 to 1. The thickness and streamwise velocity profiles in quasi-steady currents are measured and found to agree with analytic solutions and numerical models. A sloping boundary in a stratified background results in robust stability at all experimental Froude numbers. Such stability is in sharp contrast to the rapid breakup into eddies of such a current flowing against a vertical boundary, or of a current flowing along a slope in a uniform background. The possibility of wave radiation supported by a variety of wave mechanisms found in the ambient fluid might account for the observed stability.
MINCED FISH FLESH FROM NONTRADITIONAL GULF OF MEXICO FINFISH SPECIES: BACTERIOLOGY

Fresh and frozen minced fish flesh was prepared from sheepshead, black drum, croaker, sand trout, tilapia, and mullet. Aerobic plate counts (APC, at 25°C) of fresh mince ranged from 1.2 × l05/g (sheepshead) to 2.6 × 108/g (tilapia), those of frozen mince (2 months at -20°C) from 7.9 × 103/g (sheepshead) to 7.9 × l06/g (tilapia). In most cases only minor changes in count occurred during scaling, heading, and evisceration. Counts usually increased during flesh/bone separation. Coliform counts of frozen minced flesh ranged from 11.2 to >ll00/g. Fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the frozen mince of tilapia, croaker, and black drum (range 1.2-254.3/g), coagulase positive staphylococci in tilapia, sheepshead, and mullet (range 3.6-200/g). The microbial types present in the freshly minced product were similar to those present in the whole fish. Moraxella-Acinetobacter sp. were the most prevalent microbial types in the fish before, during, and after processing into minced fish flesh.
Bi2S3 nanonetwork as precursor for improved thermoelectric performance

Abstract Nanostructured Bi2S3 bulks made from solution synthesized and surface-treated nanonetworks show a thermoelectric figure-of-merit of 0.5 at 450 °C, a 60% increase compared with the non-treated samples. The Bi2S3 nanonetworks was either washed in N2H4 diluted by alcohol or annealed in H2/Ar. Surface treatments remove chemicals or absorbed molecules on the surface of Bi2S3 particles, leading to a significant decrease or even elimination of barrier energy at grain boundaries and hence yield a higher power factor. The crystallo-graphically perpendicular nanostructures within networks prevent the grain growth during the sintering process and therefore result in fine grains.
Development of the direct stress solution technique for three‐dimensional hydrodynamic models using finite elements

Velocity varies rapidly near sheared boundaries. Therefore in many practical fluid problems it can be inefficient to solve discrete equations with velocity as the dependent variable. Conversely, shear stress varies slowly near sheared boundaries, suggesting that it may be well suited for use as the dependent variable in discrete equations. This paper describes a formulation of the internal mode equations for a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model using shear stress as the dependent variable. The resulting direct stress solution (DSS), coupled with a spatial discretization using linear finite elements, yields a system matrix that can be set up and solved with the efficiency of a banded matrix with bandwidth 8. If the eddy viscosity distribution is assumed to be piecewise linear over the depth (with an arbitrary number of time-varying segments), the recovery of velocity from stress can be easily accomplished in closed form, thereby avoiding any difficulty resulting from the logarithmic singularity in the velocity profile that occurs at a boundary. Results from tidal and wind-driven test cases with realistic boundary layers are used to demonstrate the accuracy and computational advantages of a DSS formulation versus a standard velocity-based formulation.
FAS mRNA editing in human systemic lupus erythematosus

FAS/FASL system plays a central role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. Human Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes. It remains unclear whether a defective FAS/FASL system is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this study, we have discovered a novel nucleotide insertion in FAS mRNA. We demonstrate that this novel FAS mutation occurs at mRNA levels, likely through a site-specific mRNA editing process. The mRNA editing mutation is unique for human FAS because the similar mRNA editing event is absent in other human TNF receptor (TNFR) family genes with death domains (DR5, DR6, and TNFR1) and in murine FAS. The adenine insertion mutation in the coding region message causes the alteration of human FAS mRNA reading frame. Functionally, cells expressing the edited FAS (edFAS) were refractory to FAS-mediated apoptosis. Surprisingly, cells from SLE patients produced significantly more edFAS products compared to cells from normal healthy controls. Additionally, we demonstrated that persistent engagement of T-cell receptor increases human FAS mRNA editing in human T cells. Our data suggest that the site-specific FAS mRNA editing mutation may play a critical role in human immune responses and in the pathogenesis of human chronic inflammatory diseases. Hum Mutat 32:1268–1277, 2011. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acoustic interactions with surface-adhered fine particles

Abstract In practically all cleansing processes, the degree of contaminant removal is a function of how effectively an applied force can be coupled to particles adhering to substrate surfaces. This work represents a study of acoustic wave interactions with micron and sub-micron particulate matter adhered to substrates. The results demonstrate that efficient use of acoustic energy can provide the removal force necessary to overcome particle/surface adhesion of most materials. The experimental portion of the investigation includes: morphological characterization of particulate contaminants before and after cleansing, characterization of the acoustic field during the removal process, and a parametric study of removal efficiencies as a function of the acoustic wave form and intensity. In performing the present experiments a correlation was observed between the degree of wave steepening and the removal rates of particulate contaminants.
Brief recordings. Rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with Hageman trait.

UPON activation, the Hageman factor in plasma initiates blood coagulation as well as events that lead to the release of biologically active polypeptides, called kinins. Kinins produce signs of infl...
A comparison of peroxidase- and fluorochrome-conjugated antisera for the demonstration of surface and intracellular antigens.

Abstract The preparation of highly effective peroxidase-labeled F(ab′) 2 antibody fragments allowed the development of direct immunoperoxidase techniques analogous to existing immunofluorescent methodology. Peroxidase-labeled and rhodamine-labeled antisera were used in parallel experiments to demonstrate lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin, B-lymphocyte alloantigens and the intracellular immunoglobulin of cultured lymphoblastoid cells and mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence were comparable in specificity and sensitivity. Intracellular immunoglobuin was demonstrated by direct immunoperoxidase in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded bone marrow biopsies of patients with multiple myeloma. Current immunoperoxidase methodology was modified to avoid nonspecific interference by endogenous peroxidase activity and the tissue affinity of peroxidase. Immunoperoxidase was found to be a reasonable alternative to immunofluorescence for lymphocyte analysis, offering the advantages of permanent slide preparations, improved cytomorphologic detail, routine light microscopic examination, and application to fixed tissue sections, where immunofluorescence is unsuccessful.
Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of sinoatrial entrance block evaluated by direct sinus node electrography: Prevalence, relation to antegrade sinoatrial conduction time, and relevance to sinus node disease

When AV conduction is normal, the absence of VA conduction is not abnormal. Analogous information about retrograde sinoatrial conduction is not available. Although the premature atrial stimulas (PAS) technique can demonstrate the presence of sinoatrial entrance block (SAEB), both its prevalence and its relationship to antegrade SA conduction are unknown. Using PAS, we determined the incidence of SAEB in 59 patients with known or suspected dysrrhythmias or conduction defects to be 6.8%. Using catheter recorded sinus node electrograms (SNE), we then directly measured sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) in three patients with SAEB. Antegrade SACT was normal in two and prolonged in one. Only the latter had sinus node dysfunction recognized by ECG and/or conventional sinus node testing. We conclude that SAEB occurs infrequently, may occur when antegrade SACT is normal, is probably analogous to behavior at the AV node, and should not be used as an indicator of sick sinus syndrome.
Targeting the complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases

The importance of the complement system in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has long been recognized. However, despite an unprecedented amount of SLE clinical trial activities ongoing at this time, complement inhibitors have been omitted from the therapeutic assault on this disease. We review data generated from murine lupus that provide scientific support for the study of human SLE. Also reviewed is the sole study of a complement inhibitor, eculizumab, performed in patients with SLE. We conclude with a review of other inflammatory diseases where ongoing programs might provide the groundwork for the development of complement inhibitors in SLE.
Prohormone processing in permeabilized cells: Endoproteolytic cleavage of prosomatostatin in the trans-Golgi network

Abstract Many peptide hormones are synthesized as larger precursors which undergo endoproteolytic cleavage at paired basic residues to generate a bioactive molecule. Morphological evidence has implicated either the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or immature secretory granules as the site of prohormone cleavage. To identify the site where prehormone cleavage is initiated, we have used retrovirally infected rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells which express high levels of prosomatostatin, proSRIF, (Stoller TJ, Shields D (1988) J Cell Biol 107, 2087–2095). By incubating these cells at 20°C, a temperature that prevents exit from the Golgi apparatus, proSRIF accumulated quantitatively in the TGN and no proteolytic processing was evident. Following the 20°C block, the cells were permeabilized and proSRIF processing determined. Cleavage of proSRIF to the mature hormone was approximately 35–50% efficient, required incubation at 37°C and ATP hydrolysis, but was independent of GTP or cytosol. The in vitro ATP-dependent proSRIF processing was inhibited by inclusion of chloroquine, a weak base, CCCP, a protonophore, or by pre-incubating the permeabilized cells with low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide or bafilomycin, both inhibitors of vacuolar-type ATP-dependent proton pumps. These data suggest that ATP is required for generation of an acidic pH in the lumen of the TGN which is necessary for the activity of prohormone processing enzymes. By exploiting a permeabilized cell system, we have demonstrated that proSRIF cleavage is initiated in the TGN, in a reaction which is facilitated by a Golgi-associated vacuolar type ATPase.
Blending Theories for Instructional Design: Creating and Implementing the Structure, Environment, Experience, and People (SEEP) Model.

This article proposes an instructional design model for blended learning writing courses for English language learners (ELLs). It will do so by combining the main points of the cognitive load, activity, sociocultural, and transactional distance theories to present four tenets essential for optimal learning for ELLs: structure, environment, experience, and people (SEEP). To do so, this article will first review these four theories looking specifically at the ways in which theyinform the SEEPinstructional design model. The second section of this article will then makerecommendations for implementing and evaluating the SEEP model in instructional design practice for designing blended learning courses for this particular group. It is hoped that these principles can be used to inform the design of blended learning writing courses for ELLs, therefore improving teaching practices, and ultimately, increasing the effectiveness of the material.
Multifrequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance study of the S2 state of the photosystem II manganese cluster.

Multifrequency electron spin–echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy is employed to measure the strength of the hyperfine coupling of magnetic nuclei to the paramagnetic (S = 1/2) S2 form of photosystem II (PSII). Previous X-band-frequency ESEEM studies indicated that one or more histidine nitrogens are electronically coupled to the tetranuclear manganese cluster in the S2 state of PSII. However, the spectral resolution was relatively poor at the ∼9 GHz excitation frequency, precluding any in-depth analysis of the corresponding bonding interaction between the detected histidine and the manganese cluster. Here we report ESEEM experiments using higher X-, P-, and Ka-band microwave frequencies to target PSII membranes isolated from spinach. The X- to P-band ESEEM spectra suffer from the same poor resolution as that observed in previous experiments, while the Ka-band spectra show remarkably well-resolved features that allow for the direct determination of the nuclear quadrupolar couplings for a single I...
Adrenal Imaging: Why, When, What, and How? Part 3. The Algorithmic Approach to Definitive Characterization of the Adrenal Incidentaloma

W109 er hand, characterizing a lesion as benign in these circumstances potentially permits curative therapy for the primary disease, particularly if there is no other evidence of metastatic disease. It is therefore absolutely crucial that the adrenal imager chooses the correct adrenal diagnosis because error can lead to devastating consequences for the patient. Therefore, simple lesion detection, or sensitivity, although ideally close to 100% is less critical. If a lesion is detected but deemed indeterminate, the referring physician (and patient) is left not knowing what it is, and definitive treatment of any underlying malignancy is delayed until a diagnosis can be made, with percutaneous biopsy for instance. It is specificity, or the ability of the adrenal imager to define the specific adrenal diagnosis that is critical because the referring physician can now confidently embark on the correct therapeutic approach. In other words, it is far preferable to hesitate and deem a lesion as indeterminate rather than incorrectly characterize it as benign when malignant or vice versa. But, considering that it is now usually possible to definitively characterize such lesions with confidence, it behooves the adrenal imager to be familiar with an effective algorithm that permits such accuracy. Before embarking on an algorithm that enables differentiation between benignity and malignancy, it should be stressed that some lesions are hyperfunctioning and hormone producing. The precise percentage of lesions that manifest their cause through hormone production is unknown, but it is thought to be sufficiently high by endocrinologists. Their current recommendations, therefore, are to evaluate every patient with an incidentally detected adrenal mass with hormonal testing. Considering that millions of lesions across the United States are detected every year and most will prove not to be hyperfunctioning, this may seem excessive, parAdrenal Imaging: Why, When, What, and How? Part 3. The Algorithmic Approach to Definitive Characterization of the Adrenal Incidentaloma
The structure of certain subgroups of the Picard group

A torsion-free discrete subgroup G of PSL(2, C) acts as a group of isometries of hyperbolic 3-space H3. The resulting quotient manifold M has H3 as its universal covering space with G as the group of cover transformations. We shall give examples where M has finite hyperbolic volume and is a link complement in S3. In these examples, G is a subgroup of the Picard group and in most cases is given as an HNN extension or a free product with amalgamation of kleinian groups with fuchsian groups as amalgamated or conjugated subgroups.
Test point selection using wavelet transforms for mixed-signal circuits

With growing complexity of today's ICs, it is desirable to improve traditional testing methods to increase the IC manufacturing throughput. If one can select a limited number of points to test the circuit from a given test pattern, the time required for testing can be greatly reduced. This paper presents a method for circuit testing by combining the wavelet transform and test point selection. An example using an 8-bit D/A converter is used to demonstrate the algorithm.
Errors in Operational Spreadsheets

Spreadsheets are used in almost all businesses, for applications ranging from the mundane to the missioncritical. Errors in the data, formulas, or manipulation of spreadsheets could be costly, even devastating. The received wisdom is that about 5% of all formulas in spreadsheets contain errors, and this rate is consistent across spreadsheets. However, this estimate is based on five studies, some of which are quite informal, and a total of only 43 spreadsheets. Our research was designed to deepen our understanding of spreadsheet errors. Specifically, we address three questions about errors in operational spreadsheets: what is the aver age cell error rate, how does it differ among spreadsheets, and what types of errors are most prevalent? We created a spreadsheet auditing protocol and applied it to 50 diverse operational spreadsheets. We found errors in 0.9% to 1.8% of all formula cells, depending on how errors are defined. We also found that the error rate differed widely from spreadsheet to spreadsheet. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]
CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES OF STANDARD AND NERVE-INTACT MUSCLE GRAFTS IN THE RAT

The contractile properties of standard and nerve-intact grafts of extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were compared in vitro. Fourteen days after grafting, the time to peak tension and the half-relaxation times of nerve-intact grafts were shorter than those of standard grafts, but both were longer than control values. By 60 days, these variables attained normal values. At every sample period, the tetanic tensions of nerve-intact grafts were higher than those of standard grafts. Even at the early sampling periods, the twitch-tetanic tension ratios of nerve-intact grafts were close to normal values, whereas those of standard grafts were higher than normal. Stabilized nerve-intact grafts had a larger mass and greater maximum tetanic tension development than standard grafts, but were more fatigable. Compared with control EDL muscles, stable nerve-intact grafts show no differences except for lessened fatigability, whereas standard grafts demonstrate significant functional deficits.
Aiming for the Outliers: Cancer Precision Medicine through Targeting Kinases with Extreme Expression

With the increasing availability of highly potent, pharmacologically active, and selective protein kinase inhibitors, identification of individuals who would benefit from targeted kinase inhibitors could facilitate application of precision medicine strategies for cancer therapy. A recent study by Kothari and colleagues reports preclinical studies that highlight the potential of targeting kinases with extreme expression for cancer precision medicine, warranting further clinical investigation of an individual-specific outlier kinase targeting approach.
Diffusion Kinetics of Orange-II in Nylon 661:

The effect of draw ratio on the diffusion kinetics of Orange-II in nylon 66 has been investigated in an infinite dyebath buffered at pH 5.8 at temperatures between 40° and 102° C. Diffusion coefficients were ohtained by applying Hill's equation to the total amount of dye adsorbed as a function of time. As the fiber is drawn, there is very little reduction in the equilibrium adsorption of dye, but the diffusion coefficient is reduced to about one-half its previous value for each integral unit of draw ratio. Activation energy for diffusion increases from about 22 to about 28 kcal/mole as the draw ratio increases from 1.0 to 5.99.The effect of a boiling water pretreatment on the rate of diffusion relative to un treated samples depends upon the temperature at which they are compared. Even though the density increases upon treatment, the rate of diffusion is greater when dyed at 60° but lower when dyed at 102°. The wet treatment lowers the activation energy for diffusion to about 18 kcal/mole, a value which is...
A Regression Model in TensorPCA Subspace for Face Image Super-resolution Reconstruction

A regression model in the tensorPCA subspace is proposed in this paper for face super-resolution reconstruction. An approximate conditional probability model is used for the tensor subspace coefficients and maximum-likelihood estimator gives a linear regression model. The approximation is corrected by adding non-linear component from a RBF-type regressor. Experiments on face images from FERET database validate the algorithm. Although each projection coefficient is estimated by a local estimator, tensorPCA subspace analysis is still a global descriptor, which makes the algorithm have certain ability to deal with partially occluded images.
The Apparel Industry Response to “Sweatshop” Concerns: A Review and Analysis of Codes of Conduct

SUMMARY The apparel industry has faced increased scrutiny in recent years due to governmental and consumer concern over the use of “sweatshop” labor in the production of goods. This is particularly true for those firms that use foreign suppliers. As a result, purchasing managers for U.S. apparel manufacturers and retailers have found themselves faced with the challenge of ensuring that their merchandise is produced under humane, equitable conditions, even though suppliers may be located in distant markets outside of the corporate umbrella. This study reviews industry responses to this challenge. Industry initiatives, such as the Apparel Industry Partnership Agreement and the National Retail Federation Statement of principles on Supplier Legal Compliance, are discussed, and the content of codes of conduct from major manufacturers and retailers are analyzed. The review indicates that while many firms have codes of conduct, there is only limited uniformity across codes, the codes lack substantial detail, and the codes are particularly lax in the area of monitoring and enforcement.
Advance reservation frameworks in hybrid IP-WDM networks

New e-Science and grid applications require the coordination of geographically distributed scientific instruments along with data and computing resources. Due to the quality of service requirements of these applications, these distributed resources can be connected by a wavelength-routed optical network, allowing each application to get dedicated bandwidth. These networks are referred to as LambdaGrids. One important service provided in these networks is advance reservation. Applications need to coordinate the use of both grid resources and the network. Advance reservation allows these applications to reserve bandwidth in advance to guarantee availability. In this article, we discuss different networks and frameworks that support advance reservation of bandwidth. We discuss the general architecture of each network and the type of advance reservation services supported.
Characteristics of single particle coal combustion

A two-color optical pyrometer has been developed to measure the burning history of singlecoal particles. From the intensity traces at two wavelengths information on burning times, burning temperatures, the duration of a volatile flame, and projected areas were obtained for two lignite and three bituminous coals. The coals were pulverized, classified in 38–45 and 90–105 micron size ranges, and burned at furnace temperatures of 1250 and 1700 K in atmospheres containing from 15% to 100% oxygen. The intensity traces at short times showed the influence of either attenuation by volatiles or, in some cases, an intense peak attributed to luminous radiation by soot. A model was developed to simulate the combustion of a coal particle. Model predictions of the duration of volatile flames were in agreement with the values inferred from the intensity traces. Burning times predicted by the model were in partial agreement with measured values. At 1700 K the bituminous coal burned close to the predicted diffusion-limited times while the lignite coal took longer. At 1250 K the experimental burn-out times for all coals were longer than predicted. Possible reasons for the low predictions may be differences in volatile yields and retardation of the reaction by finely distributed ash particles.
Why Siblings Are Important Agents of Cognitive Development: A Comparison of Siblings and Peers

This study explored older siblings' and peers' influence on young children's cognitive development. Although we anticipated many similarities in siblings' and peers' influence, our principal goal was to test the hypothesis that siblings are unique agents of cognitive development. Young children, their older siblings, and an older, familiar peer first participated in an unstructured building session where each built their own construction. Then, one of the older children taught the younger child how to copy a model windmill. Finally, the younger child was given an individual posttest in which he or she copied the windmill. Although there were many similarities in older siblings' and peers' guidance, the results highlighted the uniqueness of the sibling relationship. In the unstructured building session, young children were more likely to observe, imitate, and consult their older siblings than their older peers, and older siblings were more likely than older peers to provide them with guidance spontaneously. In the teaching session, older siblings provided more explanations and positive feedback and gave learners more control of the task than older peers. However, older siblings' behavior was not independent from the learners', as young children often prompted the siblings' explanations and pressured them into giving them more control of the task. These differences in teaching and learning strategies affected young children's task mastery; Children taught by siblings obtained higher posttest scores than children taught by peers. The discussion interprets these findings within the context of shared and unique functions of siblings and peers in cognitive development and highlights the role of the learner in promoting his or her own development.
Capacity allocation for business processes with QoS requirements: a heavy traffic approach

The Business Process Execution Language for Web services (BPEL) provides a common standard for modeling and sharing business processes across enterprises via Web services. Business applications that handle different operations within a business process usually share computational capacity. In this paper, we provide a method to allocate computational capacity across these applications. Our method takes the following factors into consideration: random arrivals of business process instances, service time fluctuations of business applications, quality of service (QoS) requirements, and the composition structure of the business process specified by BPEL. Using heavy traffic approximations, we formulate and solve the capacity allocation problem as a nonlinear optimization problem with QoS constraints; our method also gives a pessimistic bound on the maximum sustainable request rate the system can support
Mixed Pathologies in Autopsied Brains of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (P05.056)

Objective: To study the occurrence of concomitant pathologies in autopsied brains of patients with Alzheimer9s disease. Background Alzheimer9s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving a progressive dementia that affects memory and intellectual abilities. A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer9s disease (AD) requires both a clinical history of dementia and neuropathologic confirmation at autopsy. Recent studies of autopsied brains of patients with AD have shown additional co-morbid neuropathologies that could contribute to the dementia. We report our findings of mixed pathologies in autopsied brains of patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD, confirmed by neuropathology. Design/Methods: We did a retrospective study of the neuropathology reports of 374 autopsied brains of patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD who had donated their brains to an AD brain bank from the year 1985 to 2011. We analyzed the histopathology reports of the brains diagnosed as AD on neuropathologic criteria for additional co-morbid pathologies that could contribute to the dementia. Results: In the 374 autopsies, AD was confirmed on histopathology in 291 (77.8%) by Khachathurian and CERAD criteria. In the 291 patient brains with AD, 22 % had amyloid angiopathy, 22.7 % had concomitant cerebral infarction, 4.5 % had evidence of Parkinson9s disease (Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra in the midbrain), 1.7 % had diffuse cortical Lewy body disease. AD, amyloid angiopathy and cerebral infarction co-existed in 4.1 % of the autopsied brains. Conclusions: We describe the patterns of histopathological changes in autopsied brains of patients with AD confirmed on neuropathology. A significant proportion of patients with AD had additional co-morbid brain pathologies that could have contributed to the dementia. Disclosure: Dr. Husain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Naveen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Baudendistel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grossberg has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis as a consultant. Dr. Grossberg has received research support from Novartis, Forest Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Chand has received personal compensation for activites with Teva Neuroscience and Allergan, Inc. as a speaker. Dr. Chand has received research support for the ANDANTE Study.