cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A substance in conditioned medium which enhances the growth of small numbers of chick embryo cells

Abstract Medium obtained from high concentrations of chick embryo cells contains a factor which enhances the growth of small numbers of these cells. The conditioned medium obtained from very crowded cultures inhibits cell growth when used at high concentrations, and enhances cell growth when used at low concentrations. The growth enhancing activity is quickly lost at elevated temperatures and can be removed from the medium by prolonged high speed centrifugation. No activity can be demonstrated in the pellet, but a fraction of the initial activity can be recovered from the material immediately overlying the pellet. It is concluded that the growth enhancing activity resides in a large molecule or in aggregated molecules.
A comparison of discharge functional status after rehabilitation in skilled nursing, home health, and medical rehabilitation settings for patients after lower-extremity joint replacement surgery.

Abstract Mallinson TR, Bateman J, Tseng H-Y, Manheim L, Almagor O, Deutsch A, Heinemann AW. A comparison of discharge functional status after rehabilitation in skilled nursing, home health, and medical rehabilitation settings for patients after lower-extremity joint replacement surgery. Objective To examine differences in outcomes of patients after lower-extremity joint replacement across 3 post–acute care (PAC) rehabilitation settings. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs; n=5), inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs; n=4), and home health agencies (HHAs; n=6) from 11 states. Participants Patients with total knee (n=146) or total hip replacement (n=84) not related to traumatic injury. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure Self-care and mobility status at PAC discharge measured by using the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Patient Assessment Instrument. Results Based on our study sample, HHA patients were significantly less dependent than SNF and IRF patients at admission and discharge in self-care and mobility. IRF and SNF patients had similar mobility levels at admission and discharge and similar self-care at admission, but SNF patients were more independent in self-care at discharge. After controlling for differences in patient severity and length of stay in multivariate analyses, HHA setting was not a significant predictor of self-care discharge status, suggesting that HHA patients were less medically complex than SNF and IRF patients. IRF patients were more dependent in discharge self-care even after controlling for severity. For the full discharge mobility regression model, urinary incontinence was the only significant covariate. Conclusions For the patients in our U.S.-based study, direct discharge to home with home care was the optimal strategy for patients after total joint replacement surgery who were healthy and had social support. For sicker patients, availability of 24-hour medical and nursing care may be needed, but intensive therapy services did not seem to provide additional improvement in functional recovery in these patients.
Analysis of Proposals for the Floating-Point Standard

The committee considered three major proposals. Although the one adopted is nontraditional and seems radically different from the others, it shares many details with them.
Nonthermal Water Splitting on Rutile TiO2: Electron-Stimulated Production of H2 and O2 in Amorphous Solid Water Films on TiO2(110)

The electron-stimulated reactions leading to H2 and O2 and the electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of H2O from 0 − 60 ML films of amorphous solid water (ASW) adsorbed on TiO2(110) are investigated as a function of film thickness and isotopic composition at 100 K. For 100 eV incident electrons, both the H2 and O2 ESD yields have maxima when the ASW coverage is ∼20 monolayers (ML), while the H2O ESD yield increases monotonically with water coverage. All the products reach a coverage-independent yield above 40−50 ML. Experiments using layered films of H2O and D2O demonstrate that the molecular hydrogen is produced in reactions that occur preferentially at or near both the ASW/TiO2 interface and the ASW/vacuum interface. However, electronic excitations or ionic defects created within the interior of the ASW films by the energetic electrons can subsequently migrate to the interfaces where they initiate reactions. Electron irradiation of ASW films results in the formation of bridge-bonded hydroxyls on TiO2(110...
Upregulation of CD11A on hematopoietic stem cells denotes the loss of long-term reconstitution potential

Small numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate large numbers of mature effector cells through the successive amplification of transiently proliferating progenitor cells. HSCs and their downstream progenitors have been extensively characterized based on their cell-surface phenotype and functional activities during transplantation assays. These cells dynamically lose and acquire specific sets of surface markers during differentiation, leading to the identification of markers that allow for more refined separation of HSCs from early hematopoietic progenitors. Here, we describe a marker, CD11A, which allows for the enhanced purification of mouse HSCs. We show through in vivo transplantations that upregulation of CD11A on HSCs denotes the loss of their long-term reconstitution potential. Surprisingly, nearly half of phenotypic HSCs (defined as Lin-KIT(+)SCA-1(+)CD150(+)CD34-) are CD11A(+) and lack long-term self-renewal potential. We propose that CD11A(+)Lin-KIT(+)SCA-1(+)CD150(+)CD34- cells are multipotent progenitors and CD11A-Lin-KIT(+)SCA-1(+)CD150(+)CD34- cells are true HSCs.
Digitizing the skies

Charting the skies is the most ancient of astronomical pursuits. Now, in the spirit of the age, astronomers are busily paving their own information superhighways, and compiling digital road maps to guide them along. This happy activity was very apparent at a recent meeting, where we learned that numerous ambitious projects are being planned or are underway to map the sky at wavelengths ranging from the radio to the X-ray. Each digital survey will produce a census of all sources detected down to its appropriate flux limit, numbering thousands, millions or even billions.
Doppler Tomography of Accretion Disks and Streams in Close Binaries

The application of tomography to the study of gas flows in interacting binaries has led to fascinating images of the Cataclysmic Variables and Algol-type binaries. Such detailed images are currently unachievable using direct-imaging techniques. Numerous images of accretion flows have now been derived from optical and ultraviolet spectra and they have been used to identify multiple emission sources including the gas stream, accretion disk, accretion annulus, shock regions, and the chromosphere of the mass loser. It was difficult to distinguish between the separate sources of emission since these sources have overlapping velocities in the Doppler tomogram. However, with the aid of a new spectral synthesis code, we can now systematically extract the individual emission sources to sequentially isolate the images of the disk and gas stream. With these new tools, we have begun to extract the critical properties of the disk and gas stream more accurately than previously possible.
Thermodynamics: What One Needs to Know

Thermodynamics is the foundation of many of the topics of interest in the religion-science dialogue. Here a nonmathematical outline of the principles of thermodynamics is presented, providing a historical and conceptually understandable development that can serve teachers from disciplines other than physics. The contributions of Gibbs to both classical and rational thermodynamics, emphasizing the importance of the ensemble in statistical mechanics, are discussed. The seminal ideas of Boltzmann on statistical mechanics are contrasted to those of Gibbs in a discussion of the microscopic interpretation of the second law. The role of information theory is discussed, and the modern ideas of Prigogine and nonequilibrium are outlined in some detail with further reference to the second law. Implications for our interaction with God are considered.
Comparison of transport protocols for high-speed data networks

Due to increasing developments in large (gigabit) application programs, very large scale integration (VSLI) technology, high speed transmission media, high speed data networks, and others, researchers question the ability of most existing transport protocols to handle enormous amounts of data efficiently. Applications such as video conferencing, distributed processing, and real-time imaging requires protocols and networks that are capable of providing large bandwidths and low delays. Transport and network mechanisms implemented in VSLI allow a substantial amount of protocol processing to be performed in hardware. Several performance criteria are placed on existing transport protocols to meet the needs of gigabit applications. This paper compares the different transport protocols, such as Delta-t, Network Block Transfer (NETBLT), Transport Protocol Class 4 (TP4), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Versatile Message Transaction Protocol (VMTP), in terms of the following transport services: connection management, data transfer, and flow and error control.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth and development of larval northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) in relation to phytoplankton abundance

SUMMARY. 1. Tadpoles of Acris crepitans were collected from two ponds in central Illinois, Depth, water temperature, distance from shore and water samples were taken at each sample site. The potential for food limitation and non-random habitat selection were examined. 2. Algal densities from water samples averaged over 1.0× 106 cells ml−1 in Scott's pond hut only 4.6×103 cells ml−1 in Vic's pond. 3. Guts of tadpoles from Scott's pond contained more algal cells than did guts of tadpoles from Vic's pond. Tadpoles from Scott's pond were consistently larger and more advanced in development than tadpoles collected from Vic's pond at the same lime. Therefore, tadpoles of Scott's pond were able to utilize the higher algal densities whereas tadpoles of Vic's pond may be food-limited, causing reduced growth and development. 4. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to test whether sites with different numbers of tadpoles could be distinguished based on environmental variables. Canonical function I was primarily a measure of water depth at a sample site. This function was significant in Scott's pond only. Sites containing one or more tadpoles were not easily distinguished from each other, but were found in consistently shallower water than sites where no tadpoles were found.
Combustion wave speeds of nanocomposite Al/Fe2O3: the effects of Fe2O3 particle synthesis technique

Abstract Combustion wave speeds of nanoscale aluminum (Al) powders mixed with iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) were measured as a function of Fe 2 O 3 synthesis technique and fuel/oxidizer composition. Three reactant synthesis techniques were examined; two focus on sol–gel processing of nanoscale Fe 2 O 3 particles and the third utilizes commercially available nanoscale Fe 2 O 3 powder. Nanoscale aluminum particles (52 nm in diameter) were combined with each oxidizer in various proportions. Flame propagation was studied by igniting low-density mixtures and taking data photographically with a high-speed camera. Both open and confined burning were examined. Results indicate that the combustion wave speed is a strong function of the stoichiometry of the mixture and a slightly fuel-rich mixture provides an optimum combustion wave speed regardless of oxidizer synthesis technique. Oxidizers processed using sol–gel chemistry originally contained impurities which retarded the combustion wave speeds. When the same oxidizers are annealed at moderate temperatures, the new heat-treated oxidizer shows a dramatic improvement, with combustion wave speeds on the order of 900 m/s.
A Lower Ordovician paleomagnetic pole from the Oneota dolomite, Upper Mississippi River Valley

Of 149 oriented specimens of the lower Ordovician Oneota dolomite subjected to stepwise thermal or alternating-field demagnetization, 50 contained a characteristic shallow east-southeasterly or west-northwesterly component of magnetization identifiable on orthogonal vector projections. For 48 other specimens the demagnetization trajectories defined greats-circle paths which intersect close to the characteristic direction. The site-mean directions for the characteristic component were determined by using both the characteristic directions and great-circle data, and these yield a formation-mean direction obtained from 10 sites with a declination of 105°, an inclination of +2°, and a precision parameter k of 17.6 (α95 = 11.9°). The mean of the site virtual poles falls at 10.4° N, 166.4° E (K = 48.0, A95 = 7.0°), which is close to previously published late Cambrian paleopoles. Both polarity groups have predominantly positive inclinations, suggesting the presence of an uncleaned downward component whose unblocking-temperature and coercivity spectra overlap very strongly with those of the characteristic magnetization. We interpret this downward component as a drilling-induced remanent magnetization, and we hope to have removed its contribution by averaging the dual-polarity results. Multicomponent magnetizations were also present in samples collected from blocks of Oneota dolomite incorporated into the overlying New Richmond sandstone (lower Ordovician), but only six out of eight samples yielded well-defined greats-circle paths. The best fit intersection of these defines a northerly and steep recent component, while the directions of the higher-stability components are different for each block. Due to the small number of samples and imperfect resolution of magnetic directions, the conglomerate test is not conclusive; nevertheless it suggests that the stable remanence in the Oneota dolomite was acquired prior to the deposition of the New Richmond sandstone.
A Fast Method for reaching Equilibrium in the Ultracentrifuge

THE inherent power of the equilibrium method1 for study of molecular weight, polydispersion, and activity coefficients in the ultracentrifuge has been limited by the length of time required to reach equilibrium. We have found that this time can be appreciably reduced by using the synthetic boundary cell2 and by selecting the starting conditions—speed of the ultracentrifuge, the relative heights and the relative concentrations of the two layers—in accordance with a mathematical analysis of the approach to equilibrium.
A neural network for data association in a multiple-target tracking system

A neural network for performing data association in a multitarget tracking system is described. Computer simulations have been conducted, and the results are presented. The solution to the data association problem, and therefore the design of the neural network is based on the minimization of a properly defined energy function. The derivation of the energy function is presented. The scoring function to be optimized is the sum of the probabilities of measurement-to-track file associations. The latter are derivable from a Kalman filter, which maintains the track files. The simulations indicate the ability of the neural network to converge quickly to the optimal hypothesis, which has the maximum score, given a reasonable difference in score between the optimal and nearest suboptimal hypothesis. >
Critical Buckling Pressure of Veins

Vein tortuosity is often seen as a consequence of venous hypertension and chronic venous disease. However, the underlying mechanism of vein tortuosity is unclear. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that hypertensive pressure causes vein buckling that leads to tortuous veins. We determined the buckling pressure of porcine jugular veins and tested the mechanical properties of these veins. Our results demonstrated that veins buckle when the transmural pressure exceeds a critical pressure that is not much higher than normal venous pressure. The critical pressure was found to be strongly related to the axial strain in the veins. Our results are useful in understanding the development of varicose veins.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Techniques for rigid fixation of cochlear implants to the skull

Cochlear implants have become the standard of care for the aural rehabilitation of those patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. Device migration of the receiver stimulator package after implantation has been a potential cause of device failure. Fixation techniques of the cochlear implant receiver stimulator package to the skull to prevent this complication are described.
Poison extraction as related to cellular ultrastructure.

Current knowledge concerning cellular ultrastructure is examined for information regarding possible and probable locations of organic poisons in living organisms. A discussion of physical, chemical, and biochemical structure and function in the hepatic cell suggests that a concentration of organic poisons may exist in the endoplasmic retiadum. Methods of differential and complete extractions are related to the characteristics of that particular ultrastructure.
Regulation of maternal Wnt mRNA translation in C. elegans embryos

The restricted spatiotemporal translation of maternal mRNAs, which is crucial for correct cell fate specification in early C. elegans embryos, is regulated primarily through the 3′UTR. Although genetic screens have identified many maternally expressed cell fate-controlling RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), their in vivo targets and the mechanism(s) by which they regulate these targets are less clear. These RBPs are translated in oocytes and localize to one or a few blastomeres in a spatially and temporally dynamic fashion unique for each protein and each blastomere. Here, we characterize the translational regulation of maternally supplied mom-2 mRNA, which encodes a Wnt ligand essential for two separate cell-cell interactions in early embryos. A GFP reporter that includes only the mom-2 3′UTR is translationally repressed properly in oocytes and early embryos, and then correctly translated only in the known Wnt signaling cells. We show that the spatiotemporal translation pattern of this reporter is regulated combinatorially by a set of nine maternally supplied RBPs. These nine proteins all directly bind the mom-2 3′UTR in vitro and function as positive or negative regulators of mom-2 translation in vivo. The net translational readout for the mom-2 3′UTR reporter is determined by competitive binding between positive- and negative-acting RBPs for the 3′UTR, along with the distinct spatiotemporal localization patterns of these regulators. We propose that the 3′UTR of maternal mRNAs contains a combinatorial code that determines the topography of associated RBPs, integrating positive and negative translational inputs.
Using a Geriatric Mentoring Narrative Program to Improve Medical Student Attitudes Towards the Elderly

This study examined first-year medical student attitudes concerning the elderly before and after instituting a geriatric mentoring program. The program began and ended with a survey designed to assess students' attitudes toward the elderly. During the mentoring program, students visited the same senior for four visits throughout the academic year. After each visit, students were required to write a narrative that included reflections on assigned themes. Comparisons of pre- and postsurvey data indicated that students became more positive in their attitudes toward older patients after the geriatric experience. Narratives indicated students were highly engaged in the visits with their seniors.
Use of multifractal seismic waveform parameters to characterize the hydraulic properties of fractured media: numerical experiments

SUMMARY The multifractal characteristics of seismic waveforms that have propagated through fractured media were studied using numerical experiments. The study suggests that multifractal waveform parameters (i.e. information dimension, correlation dimension, curvature and range indices) bear correlations with the hydraulic properties of the fractured media. The characteristic waveform parameters were estimated from a multifractal analysis of 1-D synthetic seismograms generated using a variation of the reflectivity method. Waveforms from fractured zones were obtained by a superposition of reflections from horizontal fractures with a varying distribution of fracture length, aperture and spacing. The constructive and destructive interferences of the composite reflections from the fractures in the fractured layer result in waveforms that possess multifractal attributes. The characteristic parameters extracted from the waveforms are shown here to correlate with the hydraulic properties of the fractured rockmass, which include the fracture permeability, the discontinuity index and the fracture density parameter.
Association of Polymorphisms in Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I and Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Genes with Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

To examine the relationship of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) genes with resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, 100 HIVseronegative men who had been exposed repeatedly to HIV-1 were compared with 184 men who had seroconverted to HIV positive and had lower risk. In the univariate analysis, the HLA-A2 supertype, excluding A*0201 (HLAA2/6802 supertype; odds ratio [OR], 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33‐4.84; ) was associated with P p .009 resistance to HIV-1 infection; the effect was the result of the presence of the A*0205 subgroup alleles. Susceptibility was associated in univariate analysis with the B*35 Px alleles (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.08‐0.99; ), which P p .037
Conservation of genetic diversity in the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum (Polygonaceae)

The purpose of his research was to describethe organization of genetic variation in thefederally endangered plant taxon Eriogonumovalifolium var. vineum using allozymes. Such information can help prioritize sites andmanagement choices for capturing andmaintaining genetic variation and can reducethe number of populations necessary to committo conservation, thus reducing costs andconflicts with competing land uses. Information on genetic diversity patterns alsoprovides insight into evolutionary anddemographic history of a taxon which canprovide means to assess future risk of erosionof diversity. Similar to other Eriogonumovalifolium varieties, E. ovalifoliumvar. vineum is diverse atboth the taxon (proportion of polymorphic loci[P] = 0.55 and alleles per locus [A] =5.45 [SD = 2.5]) and population (P = 0.56 [SD =0.11] and A = 2.68 [SD = 0.35]) levels. Gene diversity (He) withinpopulations averaged 0.19 (SD = 0.03). Wefound some evidence for limited clonalreproduction within populations. Populationswere moderately differentiated from one another(ΘS = 0.14) and showed moderatedeviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumwithin populations (f = 0.14 and F =0.19). Mean Nei's genetic distance (D)among all pairs of populations was 0.02. Populations with high levels of multiplemeasures of genetic diversity, high levels ofdifferentiation, and low levels of apparentinbreeding are suggested as conservationpriorities.
The disposition of hepatitis C antibody-positive patients in an urban hospital

Previous studies have indicated that only 26-61% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody-positive patients are referred to specialists who treat HCV. However, these studies were conducted in homogeneous populations and before pegylated interferon and ribavirin became the standard of care for chronic HCV infection. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the percentage of HCV antibody-positive patients who were referred to specialists for further management in an urban, racially diverse population, (ii) to determine the percentage of referred patients who attend specialty clinics, and (iii) to identify factors that predict referral and follow-up. All patients with a positive HCV antibody test in 2005 were identified by an inquiry of Epic, our electronic medical record system. All medical records were reviewed for demographics, location where the test was ordered (inpatient vs outpatient), specialty ordering the test, referral, clinic attendance, detectability of HCV RNA and liver function tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate each variable's effect on referral and clinic attendance. Overall, 251 of 375 (67%) antibody positive patients were referred to HCV specialists. Of the 251 referrals, 166 (66%) attended at least one specialty clinic appointment. Patients were more likely to be referred if their HCV antibody was ordered in the outpatient setting (77% outpatient vs 38% inpatient, P < 0.001) ordered by a family practitioner (79% FP vs 64% for internal medicine doctor vs 58% for all other specialties, P = 0.01) had detectable RNA (88% detectable vs 65% not detectable vs 23% RNA status not available, P < 0.001) or elevation of alanine aminotransferase (75% elevated vs 56% not elevated, P < 0.001). Location, HCV RNA status and ALT elevation remained significant in a multivariate logistic regression model. These data confirm that up to one-third of HCV antibody-positive patients are not referred to HCV specialists, despite the availability of improved treatment regimens. Additional patients are lost to follow-up after being referred. The reasons for suboptimal referral and specialty clinic attendance rates are probably multifactorial. Institution of reflexive RNA testing for positive antibody tests and additional education of those physicians who encounter HCV-positive individuals may improve both rates.
Collective Electronic Oscillators for Nonlinear Optical Response of Conjugated Molecules.

Abstract The nonlinear optical polarizabilities of conjugated molecules are calculated and analyzed using a few collective electronic normal modes. A firm relationship between the optical response and ground state charge distributions and bonding network is established. The resulting physically intuitive picture relates the optical response directly to motions of charges in real space, identifies the origin of the scaling and saturation of optical nonlinearities with size, and has interference effects naturally built in. Drastic reduction in computational effort makes the present approach particularly attractive for computing and high order polarizabilities of large molecules.
Performance analysis of two-hop relayed transmissions over Rayleigh fading channels

Closed form expressions for the statistics of the harmonic mean of two independent exponential variates are presented. These statistical results are then applied to study the performance of wireless communication systems with non-regenerative relays over flat Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that these results can either be exact or tight lower bounds on the performance of these systems depending on the choice of the relay gain. More specifically, outage probability formulas for noise limited systems are obtained. Furthermore, outage capacity and bit error rate (BER) expressions for binary differential phase shift keying are derived. Finally, comparisons between regenerative and non-regenerative systems are presented. Numerical results show that the former systems clearly outperform the latter ones for low average signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). They also show that the two systems have similar performance at high average SNR.
Expectation, Reality, and Rectification: The Merits of Failed Service Learning

Prompted by Cushman's and Grabill's call to "ask and answer the difficult questions" about service learning ( Reflections 2009), this article addresses the difficult question of "what happens when service learning goes wrong." Authors engaged in family history writing and service learning with a local historical group. When the project was unable to be sustained, authors theorized a three-part methodological continuum of expectation, reality , and rectification to articulate the merits of failed attempts at service learning.
Self-Assembly of Glass-Ceramic / CdSe / Protein Aggregations in the Optical Trap

Aggregations, created in 2-component suspension inside the optical trap zone were studied. Particles of porous glass-ceramic of CaO-TiO2-P2O5 composition and 1–50 um size were mixed with BSA molecules in water or with CdSe-TOPO 20 nm particles in toluene. Dynamic aggregations up to 300 um size were created inside the optical trap. These aggregations in comparison with one-component aggregations have a 30% higher growth rate. This effect could be explained by the stronger bonding of the protein molecules and CdSe-TOPO particles inside the glass-ceramic particle aggregations. Micro-Raman spectra, taken from dynamic and stable permanent aggregations show several new peaks, possibly associated with creation of chemical bonds.
Correlation between the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility, strain and X-ray Texture Goniometry in phyllites from Crete, Greece

Abstract A comparison of petrofabric and strain in phyllitic rocks from Crete, Greece has been undertaken using Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) at room and low temperature, the Projected Dimension Strain method (PDS), and X-ray Texture Goniometry (XTG) of phyllosilicates. The magnetic (at room and low temperature) and strain fabrics show similar orientations, with the minimum axes of the AMS ellipsoid coincident with the flattening direction of a pronounced solution mass-transfer deformation (SMT). The kmax axes of the AMS and the maximum stretching axis of the deformation overlap in the NNE–SSW direction, parallel to the axes of macroscopic folds. The quantitative relationship between the absolute values of strain and AMS is unclear. Nevertheless, a degree of correlation is found between the Woodcock diagram values of AMS and strain. Sx values discriminate better the clustered samples of kmax whereas the girdled samples of kmax are better differentiated with the Sz values. The stacking of the octahedral layers in micas correlates with Sx in the clustered kmax axes fabrics. The lack of a clear quantitative relationship is probably related to the generation of new phyllosilicates during folding and SMT deformation.
A strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs asymmetric cladding gain-coupled DFB laser with titanium surface gratings by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

A single growth step ridge waveguide InGaAs-GaAs distributed feedback (DFB) QW laser with second-order Ti surface gratings is described. The Ti gratings introduce a periodic variation of the loss in the cavity to promote single frequency emission. The device operates on single longitudinal and lateral modes, with a threshold current of 27.9 mA and more than 30 dB of side-mode suppression.
Do State-funded Property Tax Exemptions Actually Provide Tax Relief? Georgia’s HTRG Program

We examine the effect of a state-funded property tax homestead exemptions on the burden of property taxes. This class of exemptions is characterized by a grant from the state to local governments that is intended to replace the reduction in property tax revenue due to the exemption. The median voter model predicts that part of the homestead exemption will be used to increase expenditures. In addition, fiscal illusion could reduce the effectiveness of this type of grant in lowering the tax burden. We test these predictions for the Georgia’s Homeowner’s Tax Relief Grant program by separately using panels of county-level data and school system data. We find that over one-third of funds transferred to counties through this program are used to increase revenues rather than provide tax relief. We find evidence of possible fiscal illusion for school systems.
Schooling for "Good Rebels": Socialist Education for Children in the United States, 1900-1920

Acknowledgments Introduction: History, Politics, and Curriculum: The Example of Socialist Sunday Schools 1. American Socialism during the Progressive Era: Politics, Culture, and Education 2. Socialist Sunday Schools and Related Schools: Historical Overview 3. Case Studies: New York City, Rochester, and Milwaukee 4. Organizing Socialist Sunday Schools: Rationales, Problems, and Governance 5. Teachers and Students 6. Socialist Sunday School Curriculum 7. The Socialist Alternative: Perspectives on Teaching and Curriculum Conclusion: Our Socialist Past, Our Curriculum Future Notes Index
A Benthic Front in the Straits of Florida and Its Relationship to the Structure of the Florida Current

Abstract Observations from CTD tow-yos and microstructure profiles indicate the presence of a benthic front near 450-m depth on the western side of the Straits of Florida at 27°N. The front is at midslope and approximately beneath the axis of the Florida Current. There is a 0.2 kg m−3 jump in density across the front, and the bottom boundary layer changes thickness from 10–20 m upslope to 50–70 m downslope of the front. Axial currents exhibit very strong vertical shear and cyclonic vertical vorticity upslope of the front in contrast to the significantly weaker vertical shears and anticyclonic vertical vorticity observed downslope. All these features, with the exception of the anticyclonic vorticity downslope of the front, are consistent with a model of barotropically forced flow through a stratified channel with a sloping sidewall. An arrested boundary layer regime is predicted to develop on the sloping sidewall upslope of a height hp ≡ fL/N, where f is the Coriolis parameter, L is the width of the flat-b...
THE PRESENCE OF IA ANTIGENS ON THE SURFACE OF LEUKEMIC CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF A TUMOR SPECIFIC TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGEN

A closely related series of B cell leukemias of inbred strain 2 guinea pigs are available for study. There is strong evidence that these variants all arose from a single cell since all the variants, although having slightly different karyotypes have the same marker chromosome and all share the same surface IgM idiotype. Four of the 5 lines of leukemia have a strong TSTA as measured by immunization tests in syngeneic animals. One line lacks a TSTA and also lacks surface Ia antigens (a part of the MHC of the guinea pig). Criss cross immunization protection tests demonstrate that the TSTA of the Ia negative variant is present but not immunogenic. These studies demonstrate a close functional relationship between Ia antigens and TSTA's. An immunogenic KC1 extract from the L 2 C has been prepared; studies are now in progress to characterize the molecular species in the KC1 extract which acts as the TSTA.
Effect of End-Chain Polarity on the Mesophase Stability of Some Substituted Schiff-Bases

The mesophase transition temperatures and heats of transitions of two series of novel substituted benzylideneaminoacetophenones were measured. The geometry of corresponding members of the two series was kept closely similar while changing their polar character by selecting n-alkoxy groups as substituents for series A and by replacing a methylene group by an oxygen atom in series B. Oxygen substitution reduces nematic stability relative to the smectic phase, and lowers the transition temperatures of the mesophases throughout the series. The heats of transitions and the associated entropy changes are generally higher in series B. The thermal properties are insensitive to the location of the oxygen atom in the end-chain. The data indicate that dispersion forces dominate over permanent dipole interactions in determining mesophase stability.
Photophoresis of irradiated spheres: absorption centers

The source function describing the distribution of the power dissipation inside irradiated spherical particles is evaluated and is shown to be sensitive to minor errors in evaluating the Ricatti–Bessel functions used in describing the electric field within the particle. Errors in the functions that lead to only 1 or 2% errors in the total rate of energy absorption completely distort the temperature distribution within a particle and the associated photophoretic force. Representative calculations of the source function are provided for size parameters in the range 0.5 < πD/λ < 20 for selected refractive indices (n = 1.5−5 for k = 0.2, k = 0.01−10 for n = 1.3−3.0).
Experimental Evidence for the Existence of the HO2−H2O Complex

Complex formation in the interaction of HO2 with H2O was studied using Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. Studies were carried out between 230 and 298 K in the presence of excess H2O. On the basis of measurements of HO2 disappearance, equilibrium constants (Kc) for the formation of the complex were determined to be 1.7 × 10-16, 4.1 × 10-17, and ≤4 × 10-18 cm3 molecule-1 at 230, 250, and 298 K, respectively. The enthalpy for the reaction forming the complex was determined to be −36 ± 16 kJ mol-1. This is in good agreement with previous estimates made from kinetic measurements and theoretical calculations.
Synthesis of 2H-1,4-thiazin-3(4H)-one 1-oxide and 2H-1,4-thiazin-3-(4H)-one 1,1-dioxide, structural analogs of uracil

The synthesis of 1,4-thiazine 1-oxide and 1,1-dioxide analogs of the antibiotic emimycin is described. Reaction of methylthioglycolate with 1-bromo-2,2-diethoxyethane gave methyl (2,2-diethoxyethylthio)acetate (2). Treatment of 2 with methanolic ammonia followed by cyclization furnished 2H-1,4-thiazin-3(4H)-one (5). Oxidation of 5 with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid converted it to 2H-1,4-thiazin-3(4H)-one 1-oxide (6). Oxidation of 2 with potassium permanganate, followed by treatment with methanolic ammonia, and cyclization gave 2H-1,4-thiazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxide.
PS-280 Surface Film Fromation in Vitro By Infant And Therapeutic Surfactants: Role Of Surfactant Protein B

Background Essential surfactant properties include transfer to gas-liquid interface, reduction of surface tension and film replenishment during respiratory cycles. Objective To compare component-specific film formation properties of infant and therapeutic surfactants. Design/methods Using a multiwell fluorescence assay, we compared maximal fluorescence (Max), time to reach Max (tMax) and phospholipid concentration for ½ maximal signal (½Max) for calfactant (CAL), poractant (POR), beractant (BER), colfosceryl palmitate (COL), with surfactant from immature infants with RDS. Dose-response studies were performed for addition of SP-B, albumin and budesonide. Results Max and ½Max values for CAL were higher/similar to those of rat surfactant. There were significant differences between CAL and other therapeutic surfactants for Max (CAL >COL >POR >BER) whereas ½Max were similar except for COL. In surfactant from 39 infant tracheal aspirates, ½Max was inversely correlated with SP-B content (p = 0.001). Addition of SP-B to samples with low endogenous content ( Conclusions This assay reveals differences in film formation efficiency for therapeutic surfactants reflecting differences in SP-B content and lipid composition. Film formation by infant surfactant is strongly influenced by SP-B content. The findings support the key physiological role of SP-B and the safety of surfactant as anti-inflammatory drug vehicle.
Mass spectrometry- and lysine amidination-based protocol for thermodynamic analysis of protein folding and ligand binding interactions.

Described here is a mass spectrometry-based covalent labeling protocol that utilizes the amine reactive reagent, s-methyl thioacetimidate (SMTA), to study the chemical denaturant-induced equilibriu...
A far-field approximation for high-speed impulsive noise prediction

A derivation of a new far-field approximation to the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) quadrupole that utilizes integration in the direction normal to the rotor disk without further approximation of the quadrupole source strength is presented. The acoustic analogy approach is used because it is compatible with the robust predictions of thickness and loading noise based on the FW-H equation. The far-field approximation leads to quadrupole integrals of the same form as current thickness and loading noise calculations. The approximate geometry is valid for a far-field observer in the vicinity of the rotor plane-exactly where experimental and theoretical results indicate high-speed impulsive noise radiates. The paper demonstrates the efficiency, robustness, and accuracy of this quadrupole prediction methodology for a hovering rotor. Quadrupole noise contributions from sources moving at supersonic speeds are also discussed.
Baseband Multipath Fading Simulator

A device is described which was built to provide representative fading multipath channel behavior for the investigation of communication system performance. The unit is based on the tapped delay line approach and operates in the band of 50 to 8000 c/s. The tap modulation functions are camgenerated with adjustable correlation. Fading bandwidths of 0 to 5 c/s are available, and 30 hr of operation are possible at a fading bandwidth of 1 c/s with no repetition of the pattern. Dual diversity output and additive noise and interference facilities are provided. In the HF mode, test results are presented showing Rayleigh amplitude fading and flat phase statistics for any input frequency between 300 and 3300 c/s. The unit is also used for underwater path simulation by substituting a tape recorder with multiple pickups as the delay device. In this mode, delay spreads of up to 10 sec may be obtained. Finally, elementary sonar path simulation is achieved by using the tape delay system for outgoing and return-path simulation coupled with a tapped delay line for target highlight synthesis.
Commentary: Traumatic Biliary Strictures—Comprehensive Management of Benign Biliary Stenosis and Injury

Professor Schwab presents a concise and excellent overview of biliary injuries and provides the reader with several important guiding principles for the early management. He emphasizes (a) Damage Control surgery and resuscitation, (b) use of simple maneuvers to provide control of bile drainage/leakage/repair, and (c) involvement of a hepatobiliary surgeon once physiologic recovery has been achieved.
Cytokines profiles post influenza virus infection

Influenza is an acute upper respiratory tract infection caused by the influenza virus and regulated by the host immune system.Throughout the whole infectious process,interleukins and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) are actively involved in the regulation of innate immune response,activation of adaptive immunity,levels of reactions and clearance of pathogens.On the other hand,hyperactivation of inflammatory cytokines may lead to severe immunopathological damage.
Stability and Reactivity of 1,3-Benzothiaphosphole: Metalation and Diels–Alder Chemistry

The synthesis and functionalization of the parent 1,3-benzothiaphosphole is reported. The phosphole could not be isolated, but the compound could be manipulated in solution to produce several new phosphorus compounds. Metalation of the 2-position using lithium diisopropylamide proceeded smoothly according to 31P NMR spectroscopy, and quenching with trimethylsilyl chloride resulted in the desired 2-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-benzothiaphosphole. The P═C bond of the thiaphosphole was also explored as a dienophile in Diels–Alder reactions with isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, 2,3-dibenzylbutadiene, and cyclopentadiene. The fused-ring structures were fully characterized, and a solid-state molecular structure of the 2,3-dimethylbutadiene cycloadduct was obtained. Residual dipolar coupling (RDC) NMR experiments were used to assign major and minor products for the isoprene and cyclopentadiene adducts.
Identification of Potential Strain Heterogeneities During Wetting-Induced Compaction

Compaction upon wetting has been reported to occur in various types of unsaturated soils with damaging consequences for infrastructure in field applications. This deformation process is often referred to as “wetting-collapse”, implying that it may be unstable in nature. Recent evidences also indicate that compaction localization represents a possible mode of deformation during wetting, even in the presence of oedometric loading paths. Despite this, little work has been done from a mechanistic perspective to assess the susceptibility of these processes to localization instability. Here we assess the potential for strain localization during wetting through controllability analyses defined in light of a second-order work expression for unsaturated soils. A hydro-mechanical constitutive model with suction-dependent hardening is used to simulate classic experimental data, and the controllability criteria are specialized to capture the potential for shear band formation for a range of band inclinations under water content-controlled and suction-controlled wetting paths. The effect of changes in material characteristics was evaluated, showing that the potential for strain localization upon water-injection increases with increasing values of suction-induced hardening, and that non-associativity may have an effect on both the potential for localization under rapid wetting, as well as on the range of band angles over which it may occur. Specifically, it is possible to distinguish two well-defined stress regions, one within which strain localization is first possible with horizontal band inclinations and another in which inclined localization zones tend to be more critical. Such results provide insight on the factors that may contribute to strain localization during wetting and find general applicability in the interpretation of the response of geo-structures subjected to intense hydrologic forcing.
On-line fault diagnosis of multi-phase drives using self-recurrent wavelet neural networks with adaptive learning rates

In this paper, a robust fault diagnosis strategy for open switch faults isolation in multiphase drives using machine learning techniques is designed. An adaptive self-recurrent wavelet neural network as a nonlinear system identifier provides estimate of a nonlinear model to generate appropriate fault symptoms based on the gate signals and actual motor currents. The significant contribution of this work is combining component-based and system-based fault diagnosis methods. A component-based signal is defined as the input of the identifier, while a system-based signal is used as the output. Advantage of the proposed method is the ability of detecting inverter faults in less than one millisecond without deploying extra hardware. This method is applicable in current controlled, speed controlled, and speed sensorless systems. The fault detection scenario is followed by a classifier to locate the fault. Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machines have been implemented to identify the fault location. The evaluations are supported by a laboratory setup.