cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actor–partner model of physiology, negative affect, and depressive symptoms in mother–child dyadic interactions:

Mother–child interactions can be emotionally charged, particularly when mothers experience difficulties with depression. Further, variation in the tone of such interactions has been linked to variation in youth functioning. Yet, little is known about the role of emotion regulatory processes during mother–child interactions. This study examined negative affective transactions between mothers and youth across 5-min conflict and fun-activity planning discussions, in relation to depressive symptoms and maternal and youth respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Maternal depressive symptoms predicted more negative affect. Maternal and youth RSA interacted with maternal depressive symptoms to predict both overall affect and the stability of affect across time. The beneficial effects of youth RSA were stronger, but maternal RSA weaker, in the face of elevated maternal depression.
Genome-wide identification of alternatively spliced mRNA targets of specific RNA-binding proteins.

Background Alternative splicing plays an important role in generating molecular and functional diversity in multi-cellular organisms. RNA binding proteins play crucial roles in modulating splice site choice. The majority of known binding sites for regulatory proteins are short, degenerate consensus sequences that occur frequently throughout the genome. This poses an important challenge to distinguish between functionally relevant sequences and a vast array of those occurring by chance. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we have used a computational approach that combines a series of biological constraints to identify uridine-rich sequence motifs that are present within relevant biological contexts and thus are potential targets of the Drosophila master sex-switch protein Sex-lethal (SXL). This strategy led to the identification of one novel target. Moreover, our systematic analysis provides a starting point for the molecular and functional characterization of an additional target, which is dependent on SXL activity, either directly or indirectly, for regulation in a germline-specific manner. Conclusions/Significance This approach has successfully identified previously known, new, and potential SXL targets. Our analysis suggests that only a subset of potential SXL sites are regulated by SXL. Finally, this approach should be directly relevant to the large majority of splicing regulatory proteins for which bonafide targets are unknown.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Prototypical Mulliken Donor−Acceptor Complex: C2H4···Br2

We report a new dual nozzle late mixing scheme for the trapping and interrogation of prereactive donor−acceptor complexes that is used initially to examine photoinduced electron transfer in the prototypical Mulliken donor−acceptor (halogen-bonded) π-complex, C2H4···Br2. Excitation into the intense charge-transfer band of the complex leads exclusively to the anti conformer of the single reaction product, 1,2-dibromoethane, in agreement with the Mulliken theory of electron transfer.
A model of macroinvertebrate trophic structure and oxygen demand in freshwater wetlands

Abstract We present a model of macroinvertebrate trophic structure, detrital cycling, and dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics in shallow freshwater wetlands with varying allochthonous subsidies. The model is based on field data of primary and secondary production in municipal wastewater-fed and river-fed constructed wetlands in central Ohio, USA. State variables for primary production include macrophyte, periphyton, and metaphyton biomass. Macroinvertebrate biomass is segregated by functional feeding group and includes collectors, scrapers, shredders, and predators. Model simulations demonstrate the association of water column dissolved oxygen, primary production, allochthonous organic matter, and the structure of the macroinvertebrate community. The quality and quantity of allochthonous carbon is shown to have considerable importance, not only as a food source but also as an oxygen sink. Allochthonous carbon equivalent to 5% of autochthonous production increases the macroinvertebrate standing crop by 4–17%, depending on particle size. A large allochthonous subsidy also reduces the simulated average diel dissolved oxygen and increases the percentage of hypoxia-tolerant macroinvertebrates. Simulations show both the heterotrophic response and the changes in community structure brought about by an allochthonous subsidy.
Clinical trials with antipyretic drugs in febrile children: A position statement on exclusion criteria

Clinical trials of antipyret.ic drugs in febrile children are difficult to conduct when exclusion criteria are so restrictive that a sufficient number of patients cannot be recruited to define efficacy for labeled use in the population. Recent use of an antipyretic drug is one such exclusion criterion that limits enrollment and consumes a great amount of triage time and effort. This paper examines the basis for this exclusion criterion, its impact on clinical trials undlerway in the Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit (PPRU) Network, and alternatives that permit the exclusion of this criterion without compromising the study design or the outcome of data analysis.
What makes computational open source software libraries successful

Software is the backbone of scientific computing. Yet, while we regularly publish detailed accounts about the results of scientific software, and while there is a general sense of which numerical methods work well, our community is largely unaware of best practices in writing the large-scale, open source scientific software upon which our discipline rests. This is particularly apparent in the commonly held view that writing successful software packages is largely the result of simply 'being a good programmer' when in fact there are many other factors involved, for example the social skill of community building. In this paper, we consider what we have found to be the necessary ingredients for successful scientific software projects and, in particular, for software libraries upon which the vast majority of scientific codes are built today. In particular, we discuss the roles of code, documentation, communities, project management and licenses. We also briefly comment on the impact on academic careers of engaging in software projects.
Use of microsatellite paternity analysis to determine male mating success in the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

I tested the effects of male body size on male mating behavior and reproductive success in the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. In two separate behavioral experiments (male–male competition and no-competition), I tested the predictions that (1) larger males out-compete smaller males for mates and (2) small males increase their number of mating attempts in the absence of a larger competitor. I estimated male mating success both indirectly (via behavioral experiments) and directly (using microsatellite DNA to assign parentage) and compared the two measures. Results from behavior experiments showed that, when in direct competition, large males were more aggressive and attempted more copulations than small males. In addition, paternity analyses illustrated that large males sired more offspring. I found no significant correlations between male body size (and other correlated traits) and mating success in a male–male competition study, suggesting that relative male size influences male mating behavior but absolute male size does not. When competition was removed, small males mated at equal rates to larger males. Finally, indirect estimates of male reproductive success explained about 67% of the variation in parentage by males, suggesting that indirect measures of mating are good predictors of actual male reproductive success in mosquitofish.
Adjuvant Effect of Respiratory Irritation on Pulmonary Allergic Sensitization: Time and Site Dependency

It has been suggested that airway irritation, by acting as an adjuvant, as well as producing damage, may be an important factor related to asthma. The present study examined the window of time following acute upper and lower airway irritant exposure to determine the period of increased risk of immunological sensitization. Brown Norway rats were exposed to 87 ppm NO2 or 1000 ppm NH3 for 1 hr. A 30-min ovalbumin (OVA) exposure of 18.14 microg/liter air was given at various times based upon the time course of irritant associated inflammatory response (either immediately prior to or 1 or 7 days after the irritant exposure). OVA-only, NO2-only or NH3-only controls, and saline controls were also studied. Weekly booster exposures of OVA (or saline) were given. Circulating OVA-specific IgE, IgA, and IgG levels were quantified periodically during the 6 weeks of the study. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was also performed to examine the inflammatory response to allergic and irritant challenge. Significant increases in OVA-specific IgE, IgG, and IgA antibody titers were seen in rats given the sensitizing OVA exposure within 1 day of the NO2, but not NH3 exposures. Enhancement of cellular infiltrate in BAL was noted in groups given the sensitizing OVA exposure within 1 day of the NO2 or NH3. It is concluded that the inflammatory and immunological response to antigen exposure can be modified by the site of respiratory tract irritation and the relative times of irritant and antigen exposure.
U.S.-China Trade Negotiations: Practices, Procedures and Outcomes

This study sought to examine and identify (1) the mechanics of U.S.-China trade negotiations; (2) how a company prepares for such negotiations; (3) the factors that contribute to the success or failure of such negotiations; and (4) the outcomes of such negotiations. Data pertaining to these characteristics were collected from 138 U.S. firms engaged in China trade. Relationships between certain variables, such as extent of preparation for the negotiations, type of programs used, and incidences of success were examined. Based on these results, implications for management were drawn.
A model for database allocation incorporating a concurrency control mechanism

The impact of incorporating a specific concurrency control mechanism (CCM) into the file allocation problem (FAP) is discussed. Depending on the specific CCM use, the communication flows in a network will vary. To allocate data optimally, one must identify the exact communication flows in the network. It is this aspect that has been ignored in past research on the FAP. A linear mixed-integer programming model formulated for the FAP is given. The model incorporates the WRITE LOCKS ALL-READ LOCKS ONE mechanism for concurrency control. A special algorithm based on the implicit representation of variable upper bounds is developed to solve the model. Detailed analysis for various configurations of a network is performed. Several potential applications for the model are identified. >
Relationships Between the Surface Activity and Cholinesterase Inhibition of Mono- and bis[3-(N,N-Diethylcarbamoyl)piperidino]alkanes

The static surface tension of equimolar aqueous solutions of a series of mono- and bis[3-( N , N -diethylcarbamoyl)piperidino]alkanes and of two mono[3-( N , N -diethylcarbamoyl)pyridinium]alkanes has been determined. The extent of relationships existing between the surface activity of these compounds and their inhibitory effect upon human plasma pseudo-cholinesterase is reported.
Psychologic stress related to injury and impact on sport performance

Injury rates are high among children and adolescent athletes. Psychosocial stressors, such as personality, history of stressors, and life event stress can influence injury occurrence. After injury, those same factors plus athletic identity, self-esteem, and significant others—such as parents, coaches, and teammates—can affect injury response, recovery and subsequent sport performance. Goal setting, positive self-talk, attribution theory, and relaxation or mental imagery are psychologic interventions that can help injured athletes cope with psychosocial stressors. Medical professionals should be aware of the potential influence that psychosocial stressors and psychologic interventions can have on injury occurrence, injury recovery, and sport performance.
Power and Action in Critical Theory Across Disciplines: Implications for Critical Community Psychology

Although critical scholarship and community psychology share similar aspirations, the links between them remain unexplored and under-theorized. In this article we explore the implications of critical scholarship in various specialties for the field of community psychology. To understand the contributions of critical scholarship to a theory of power and action for social change, we conducted a systematic analysis of a ten-year period of publications in seven journals associated with the critical scholarship tradition. We created precise criteria for the concepts of power and action and applied them to the publications. Results indicate an interesting paradox at play. Whereas community psychology is more action oriented than critical scholarship, its actions fall short of challenging institutionalized power structures and the status quo; and whereas critical scholarship is more challenging of the status quo than community psychology in theory, it has failed to produce viable actions that challenge the status quo. We discuss the implications of this state of affairs for the development of a more critical community psychology.
Fabricating Plastic Microfluidic Devices With Photodefinable Microvalves for Protein Separations

This paper describes the results of fabricating plastic microfluidic devices and creating a microvalve array for protein separation. Plastic devices are selected due to low cost of raw materials, bio-compatibility, and disposability. Although the methods for fabricating plastic devices have appeared in literature, reports typically indicate one set of conditions that yield functional devices. We report a systematic study of fabrication process parameters including compression rate, molding temperature, and the compression force used by a hydraulic press. Their effects on the device thickness, channel dimension, and pattern transfer fidelity will be discussed. In addition, we investigated creating an array of pseudo-microvalves using photodefinable, in situ gel polymerization. The valves were developed for introducing two types of separation media for performing two-dimensional protein separation in a microfluidic device. We also demonstrated rapid protein separation using the mechanism for the first dimension, isoelectric focusing.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Analysis of the 1030-cm-1 band of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using Polarized Raman microscopy

Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze uniaxially oriented fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. The second-order and fourth-order Legendre polynomials of the orientation distribution function of the 1030-cm−1 vibrational band were determined to be zero for samples of low-to-moderate orientation. Because this band was assigned to the gauche conformation of the ethylene glycol unit, the orientation of the gauche configuration of ethylene glycol units in PET for PET of low-to-moderate orientation was random. This was consistent with the assumptions used by Ward and coworkers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 47–52, 2004
Fracture of fused silica with 351 nm laser-generated surface cracks

Laser-induced-surface-flaw experiments on fused silica at 351 nm and 500 ps pulse duration are reported here. Specimens with surface flaws produced at a measured exit-surface damage threshold fluence of Fexit/th = 10 J/cm2 were irradiated at a constant fluence of FL = 1.8 × Fexit/th by different numbers of laser pulses, N = 110 to 520. Micrograph observations show that (i) the produced cracks have a semielliptical shape and (ii) the material strength predictions based on the radial crack depth (normal to the surface) instead of the crack surface length (parallel to the surface) are in good agreement with measured strengths obtained using a four-point bending fixture. The underlying basis of conventional crack analysis is first examined critically and is argued to be deficient in the way the failure strength for the cracks is related to the characteristic parameters of crack geometry. In general, it is necessary to incorporate a residual term into the failure strength formulation. The crack depth and the failure strength are found to increase and decrease with the number of laser pulses, respectively.
Arrhythmias associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection

Summary A 7-week-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus infection abruptly developed complex cardiac arrhythmias in association with a low serum magnesium level. The arrhythmias were successfully treated with a single intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate. The child was subsequently found to have a significant atrial septal defect.
Marriage Promotion Policy and Family Inequality

In 1996, Congress overhauled welfare policy to promote marriage and work as ways to lift American families out of poverty. Almost all of the funding for governmental marriage promotion has been devoted to relationship skills programs intended to help couples strengthen their relationships, encourage them to marry, and thereby prevent poverty. Marriage promotion policy has sparked intense debate, especially over the connection between marriage and family inequality. While advocates of the policy argue the government should promote marriage because it fosters social and economic well-being, critics challenge the assumption that marriage itself causes these benefits or will help lift poor families out of poverty. Recent sociological research on why poor and low-income couples marry less finds that they tend not to marry if they cannot meet a specific economic threshold. This suggests that rather than promoting the view that relationship skills en route to marriage can help prevent poverty, marriage promotion policy could likely better serve disadvantaged families by acknowledging and addressing the socioeconomic roots of family inequality.
Tourism and tradition in Bali

Abstract Although the growth of tourism in Bali has been welcomed by the central Indonesian government as a source of foreign exchange earnings and as a stimulating influence on the local economy, the planners there are concerned with the possible adverse effects of cultural disruption brought about by large influxes of foreign (Western) tourists. This paper details the attempts which have been made in Bali to achieve controlled social and economic modernization with reference to the development of the tourist industry.
Methodological and Content Review of Lesbian-, Gay-, and Bisexual-Related Articles in Counseling Journals: 1990-1999

Despite the reduction of overt heterosexist biases in the psychological literature, questions exist about the content and methodology of articles on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues in the counseling literature. This study provides a content and methodological analysis of 119 LGB-related articles that were published in eight major counseling journals from 1990-1999 and extends past reviews by examining issues related to bisexuality. Increasing integration of LGB issues in the counseling literature was apparent, as were methodological improvements in empirical research. Various limitations also emerged, such as the need for more theory-based research, instrument development, and attention to within-group differences (e.g., bisexual people and LGB people of color). Findings are discussed against the backdrop of the sociopolitical context of American psychology, with an emphasis on implications for future LGB-related research, practice, and training.
Proposal for making a beam of antihydrogen by two charge exchange events

We have performed calculations of two successive charge transfers in a geometry that could generate a beam of antihydrogen atoms () or reliably produce cold without having to reach extremely cold plasma temperatures. The basic idea is similar to that proposed by Hessels et al (1998 Phys. Rev. A 57 1668) except that the order of the charge transfers is reversed. A beam of highly-excited (Rydberg) Cs atoms passes through an antiproton () plasma where a charge transfer can take place; the result is an exotic Rydberg atom (Cs+ ion and a bound ) which has approximately the original velocity of the Cs atom since the Cs+ mass is much greater than that of the . This exotic Rydberg atom travels into a positron plasma where a second charge exchange gives antihydrogen (). The velocity distribution of the resulting is directly related to the original velocity of the Rydberg Cs atom. The binding energy of the is roughly that of the original Cs Rydberg atom; thus, the starting state of the can be controlled by choosing the initial state of the Cs atom. Because the Cs+ binding energy can be controlled in the charge transfer, this first step, by itself, could be of interest to the exotic atom community.
Travel Demand and Charging Capacity for Electric Vehicles in Rural States: Vermont Case Study

As the number of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, planners must consider not only how this fuel switch may affect the electrical power infrastructure but also mobility. The suitability and charging requirements of these vehicles may differ in rural areas, where the electrical grid may be less robust and the number of miles driven higher. Although other studies have examined issues of regional power requirements of EVs, none has done so in conjunction with the spatial considerations of travel demand. For the forecast of both the future spatial distribution of EVs and the ability of these vehicles to meet current daily travel demand, this work used three data sets: the National Household Travel Survey, geocoded Vermont vehicle fleet data, and a geocoded data set of every building in the state. The authors considered spatial patterns in daily travel and home-based tours to identify optimal EV-charging locations and any area types that are unsuited for widespread electric vehicle adoption. Hybrid vehicles w...
Fast adaptive algorithms for micromagnetics

Evaluation of the long-range magnetostatic field is the most time-consuming part in a micromagnetic simulation. In a magnetic system with N particles, the traditional direct pairwise summation method yields O(N/sup 2/) asymptotic computation time. An adaptive fast algorithm fully implementing the multipole and local expansions of the field integral is shown to yield O(N) computation time. Fast Fourier transform techniques are generalized to entail finite size magnetic systems with nonperiodic boundary conditions, yielding O(N log/sub 2/ N) computation time. Examples are given for calculating domain wall structures in Permalloy thin films. The efficiency of the fast Fourier transform makes it almost always the faster method for any large-size system, while the multipole algorithm remains effective for more complex geometries and systems with highly irregular or nonuniform particle distributions. >
De minimis risk concepts in the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Part 3: The establishment of cutoff levels of regulatory concerns in the treatment of severe accident issues

The nuclear accident at Three Mile Island nine years ago triggered a re-examination of the safety philosophies at the NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission). This led to the establishment of the Severe Accident Policy in 1985 and the Safety Goals Policy in 1986. Continued efforts by the nuclear industry and its regulators are directed to reducing still further the risks of nuclear accidents and to improving quantitative methods of probabilistic risk assessment. Despite the potentially large consequences of a nuclear accident, the probabilities of such accidents are being rendered sufficiently small for many plants to make meaningful the application of de minimis risk concepts as cutoff levels of regulatory concern in the treatment of severe accident issues. The complexities and uncertainties of nuclear risk assessment present a difficult challenge of risk communication essential to public acceptance of the nuclear energy option. This paper is Part III of a three part series exploring the implicit and explici...
Managing the Mainstream An Analysis of Teacher Attitudes and Student Performance in Mainstream High School Programs

Four studies were undertaken in 12 urban high schools to explore the accommodative power of mainstream secondary schools and the extent to which teacher attitudes and student behaviors contributed to failure of learning disabled students in regular high school classes. Findings suggest that mainstream teachers recognize the low achievement of LD students but do very little that is different instructionaily when these students are assigned to regular-content classes. The one adjustment that is commonly made is to lower grading standards so that LD students have a good chance of passing the course. In fact, most LD students received passing grades in most of their mainstream courses and most failing grades were in courses in which attendance records were extremely poor.
Time Phasing Aircraft R&D Using the Weibull and Beta Distributions

Early research on time phasing primarily focuses on the theoretical foundation for applying the cumulative distribution function, or S-curve, to model the distribution of development expenditures. Minimal methodology prior to 2002 provides for estimating the S-curve’s parameter values. Brown et al. (2002) resolved this shortcoming through regression analysis, but their methodology is not specific to aircraft and does not consider aircraft-specific variables, such as first flight. Using a sample of 26 Department of Defense aircraft programs, we build upon Brown et al.’s work by examining whether a model driven by aircraft-specific variables can more accurately predict budget requirements. As a baseline, we compare our model to the commonly cited 60/40 “rule of thumb,” which assumes 60% expenditures at 50% schedule. We discover that our developed Weibull model explains 74.6% of total variation in annual budget, improving the estimation of budgets by 6.5%, on average, over the baseline 60/40 model.
Assessment and Treatment Planning for Groups

Since the 1960s, group counseling has been used extensively to meet a wide variety of educational and therapeutic needs. Counseling groups are used in schools, mental health settings, and business and industry to both ameliorate emotional difficulties and promote knowledge and healthy development. Many factors have contributed to the popularity of group treatment. The group offers an opportunity for a person to benefit from the insights, perspectives, role modeling, and feedback of other group members. Group participants can practice new ways of communicating and relating to others in a safe and helpful setting. Counseling groups can reduce isolation and create a sense of belonging. As clients interact with people who have similar problems, their own difficulties become more understandable and less frightening, which leads to better self-acceptance.
Real-time camera-based face detection using a modified LAMSTAR neural network system

This paper describes a cost-effective, real-time (640x480 at 30Hz) upright frontal face detector as part of an ongoing project to develop a video-based, tetherless 3D head position and orientation tracking system. The work is specifically targeted for auto-stereoscopic displays and projection-based virtual reality systems. The proposed face detector is based on a modified LAMSTAR neural network system. At the input stage, after achieving image normalization and equalization, a sub-window analyzes facial features using a neural network. The sub-window is segmented, and each part is fed to a neural network layer consisting of a Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The output of the SOM neural networks are interconnected and related by correlation-links, and can hence determine the presence of a face with enough redundancy to provide a high detection rate. To avoid tracking multiple faces simultaneously, the system is initially trained to track only the face centered in a box superimposed on the display. The system is also rotationally and size invariant to a certain degree.
Deontic Morality and Control: The Significance of the Possibility of Being without Deontic Anchors

TRANSITION AND SYNOPSIS There are no deontic anchors in deterministic worlds. Some indeterministic worlds in which agents lack even proximal control over their decisions or actions will also be bereft of deontic anchors. Why should this matter? I explore this question in the present and in the subsequent four chapters. I begin in this chapter, by registering one cost of being without deontic anchors: A number of our reactive attitudes such as indignation, resentment, and forgiveness properly require that persons perform at least some actions that are wrong. A world devoid of deontic anchors, then, is a world devoid of the grounds for such attitudes. We value these attitudes or sentiments insofar as we believe that they have legitimate grounds. Hence, a world with these attitudes or sentiments but without rational grounds for them, would be a world deprived of something deemed morally valuable. In the next chapter (Chapter 10), I lay out an argument for the thesis that no one can be appraisable – that is, praise- or blameworthy – for any of one's deeds in a world lacking in deontic anchors. The argument hinges on what I have dubbed the “Objective View” of blameworthiness and its praiseworthiness analogue: One is morally blameworthy for performing an action only if that action is morally wrong; and one is praiseworthy for performing an action only if that action is morally permissible or obligatory. Though many find it plausible, I believe that the Objective View is false.
Nationwide Trends and Variations in Urological Surgical Interventions and Renal Outcome in Patients with Spina Bifida.

Purpose: Bladder dysfunction in patients with spina bifida can lead to significant morbidity due to renal insufficiency. Indications for surgery vary among institutions and the impact is unclear. We examined trends and variations in urological interventions and chronic renal insufficiency in patients with spina bifida.Materials and Methods: We reviewed NIS (Nationwide Inpatient Sample) for all patients with spina bifida treated from 1998 to 2011. We used ICD-9-CM codes to identify urological surgery and chronic renal insufficiency. We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficients between rates of spina bifida related bladder surgeries and rates of chronic renal insufficiency outcomes by state. Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the associations between rates of spina bifida related surgery and chronic renal insufficiency across treatment years.Results: We identified 427,616 spina bifida hospital admissions. Mean patient age was 26 years and 56% of patients were female. Of the admission...
Criteria for assessing accomplishment of poliomyelitis control.

The goals of control of poliomyelitis include the control of paralytic poliomyelitis, of infection by polioviruses, and of the presence and spread of polioviruses in the environment. Criteria for assessing control of paralytic poliomyelitis include required and special reporting, data from hospitals and clinics, and lameness surveys. Control of infection is evaluated by immunization histories, studies of vaccine quality and usage, and by serologic surveys for antibody prevalence. Environmental control is measured by lack of reported cases, lack of wild polioviruses in sewage, and the absence of poliovirus in the stools of healthy persons who have not received oral poliovirus vaccine. Each country must determine its own objective for control and the criteria most suited for measuring the attainment of those goals. The advantages and disadvantages of these different criteria are discussed. Developing countries will have to place primary reliance on school and household lameness surveys to evaluate control of poliomyelitis since other methods are too expensive and/or require strong health infrastructures. Developed countries can use regular and special surveillance systems for reporting cases, laboratory diagnosis for confirming suspected and vaccine-associated cases, and serologic surveys for monitoring the need and progress of immunization programs. As an epidemiologist, I view the control of an infectious disease at three levels: first, and most important from the standpoint of public health, the control of the clinical manifestations, as reflected in morbidity, disability, and mortality data, which for poliomyelitis means primarily the control of paralytic disease; second, the control of human infection with the infectious agent; and third, the control of the presence and transmission of the agent in the environment, which for poliomyelitis means control of human excretion of the virus. The global achievement of all three levels of control would result in the eradication of the disease, the infection, and even the need for immunization. However, the level of control attainable within each country will vary according to economic, demographic, environmental, social,
Patterns of insulin secretion and responsiveness in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on 16 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 15 Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) by challenging them with an intravenous glucose load of 0.125 g/100 g body weight. Serum glucose and insulin were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. In a second experiment, oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) was performed with a glucose load of 170 mg/100 g body weight. Serum glucose and insulin were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. A third experiment examined in vivo insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake via the insulin suppression test. Glucose (8 mg/kg/min), insulin (2.5 to 4.0 mU/kg/min), and somatostatin (1 ng/kg/min) were infused for 3 h. Steady state serum glucose (SSSG) and serum insulin (SSSI) were determined at 0, 140, 160, and 180 min. IVGTT data indicated that serum glucose values were significantly increased in the WKY compared to the SHR at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. Glucose clearance rates between 15 and 60 min were significantly (P less than .0001) lower in WKY (0.65 +/- 0.07%/min) compared to SHR (1.91 +/- 0.17%/min). The SHR exhibited an exaggerated 15-min peak in insulin secretion that was lacking in the WKY in response to an intravenous glucose load. OGTT data also indicated that the area under the serum insulin curves was higher in the WKY than in the SHR (P less than .017). Peripheral insulin sensitivity showed that despite comparable SSSI levels between the two strains, SSSG values were 31% higher in the SHR compared to the WKY (P less than .001). Thus, it appears that the WKY has a diminished insulin secretory capacity in response to a glucose load, while the SHR has lower tissue responsiveness to insulin's action.
Quantum Chromodynamics on a Lattice

The phenomenological description of hadrons in terms of quarks continues to be successful; the most recent advance was the description of the new particles as built from charmed quarks. Mean-while theoretical advances have led to the formulation of a specific field theory of quarks, namely “quantum chromodynamics1.” In quantum chromodynamics, the standard quarks of the quark model are each xeroxed twice to make three different “colors” of quarks, say red, yellow and blue quarks. The three colors form the basis for an SU(3) group (this group is a second SU(3) group, in addition to the Gell-Mann-Ne’eman SU(3).) The quarks interact with an octet of colored vector mesons called gluons. The theory is renormalizable and in some ways is similar to quantum electrodynamics. There is one very crucial difference however: in quantum chromodynamics the gluons interact with themselves. A consequence of this interaction is “asymptotic freedom2.” Asymptotic freedom arises as follows. The fundamental interactions of quarks and gluons are modified by “radiative” corrections of higher order in the quark-gluon coupling constant. These radiative corrections depend on the quark and gluon momenta. A careful analysis shows that the cumulative effect of radiative corrections to all orders can be characterized by a momentum-dependent effective coupling constant. The effective coupling is found to vanish in the limit of large momenta (to be precise, large momentum transfers between the quarks and gluons). This is called asymptotic freedom. As a result of asymptotic freedom the quarks can behave as nearly free particles at short distances; this is required to explain the high energy electron scattering experiments3. Meanwhile the interactions of quarks at long distances can be strong enough to bind the quarks into the observed bound states; protons, mesons, etc.
EPR Study of UV-Irradiated Thymidine Microcrystals Supports Radical Intermediates in Spore Photoproduct Formation

Spore photoproduct is a thymidine dimer formed when bacterial endospore DNA is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The mechanism of formation of this thymidine dimer has been proposed to proceed through a radical-pair intermediate. The intermediate forms when a methyl-group hydrogen atom of one thymidine nucleobase is transferred to the C6 position of an adjacent thymidine nucleobase, forming two species, the TCH2 and TH radicals, respectively. Using a series of thymidine isotopologues and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we show that microcrystals of thymidine exposed to UV radiation produce these two radical species. We observe three sources that donate the additional hydrogen at the C6 position of the TH radical. One of the three sources is the methyl group of another thymidine molecule in a significant fraction of the TH species. This lends support to the radical-pair intermediate proposed in the formation of spore photoproduct.
Changing the Conversation About Opioid Tapering.

The editorialists discuss Frank and colleagues' findings and how they show that it is possible to reduce opioid use and associated risks while reducing pain and improving function and quality of life.
Use of Artificial Urinary Sphincter and Slings to Manage Neurogenic Bladder Following Spinal Cord Injury—Is It Safe?

As an examination of available literature, this review summarizes the use of artificial urinary sphincters and urethral slings in patients with spinal cord injury and neurogenic bladder. A majority of studies are small and retrospective in nature. Study populations are frequently non-randomized with mixed etiology, including those with and without spinal cord injury. Sphincter use has been infrequently studied in females and remains the gold standard in males. New directions in research describe the use of robotic implantation to decrease complications. Artificial urinary sphincter use in patients with spinal cord injury appears to be relatively safe. They achieve continence in most patients (89%, range 23–100%), though on review have high removal and revision rates. These are typically due to infection, erosions, and mechanical failure. Synthetic and autologous slings are described with continence rates of 33–90.9% and reoperations due to erosions occurring with a 3–11% rate.
Graph theory applications in FOCUS-compliant ship designs

Recent developments in the storage of system data in the Navy's data repository, LEAPS, using the FOCUS product meta-model have opened the doors to graph-theory applications in the design of Navy ship systems in the early stages of design. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to extract graphs from ship data and present pertinent applications of such graphs including a vulnerability metric for early-stage design, an equipment-sizing algorithm for automated system design, and a network design process that includes vulnerability assessment with preliminary ship arrangements.
Optimizing the User Experience: Identifying Opportunities to Improve Use of an Inpatient Portal

Background Patient portals specifically designed for the inpatient setting have significant potential to improve patient care. However, little is known about how the users of this technology, the patients, may interact with the inpatient portals. As a result, hospitals have limited ability to design approaches that support patient use of the portal. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the user experience associated with an inpatient portal. Methods We used a Think-Aloud protocol to study user interactions with a commercially available inpatient portal—MyChart Bedside (MCB). Study participants included 19 English-speaking adults over the age of 18 years. In one-on-one sessions, participants narrated their experience using the MCB application and completing eight specific tasks. Recordings were transcribed and coded into three dimensions of the user experience: physical, cognitive, and sociobehavioral. Results Our analysis of the physical experience highlighted the navigational errors and technical challenges associated with the use of MCB. We also found that issues associated with the cognitive experience included comprehension problems that spurred anxiety and uncertainty. Analysis of the sociobehavioral experience suggested that users have different learning styles and preferences for learning including self-guided, handouts, and in-person training. Conclusion Inpatient portals may be an effective tool to improve the patient experience in the hospital. Moreover, making this technology available to inpatients may help to foster ongoing use of technology across the care continuum. However, deriving the benefits from the technology requires appropriate support. We identified multiple opportunities for hospital management to intervene. In particular, teaching patients to use the application by making a variety of instructional materials available could help to reduce several identified barriers to use. Additionally, hospitals should be prepared to manage patient anxiety and increased questioning arising from the availability of information in the inpatient portal application.
Experimental islet transplantation

Transplantation of the islets of Langerhans offers the possibility of curing diabetes, but the problem has turned out to be more complex than was envisioned in the early 1970s when the first successful experimental transplants were performed in rodents [1, 2]. Much energy has been devoted to transplantation of human islets obtained from cadaver donors into the liver, via the portal vein of immunosuppressed type I diabetics [3, 4]. These efforts have been disappointing because most have failed within a short period of time. The failures are interesting contrasts to the far more impressive results obtained with whole pancreas transplants and islet autotransplants [5, 6].
Efficiency, liberty and justice in screening for phenotypic variation.

The scientific and social issues raised by the subject of this conference—phenotypic variation and risk assessment—are clearly significant. What is less clear is why one should turn to philosophy for enlightenment on questions that appear to depend more on technologic complexities. Yet once we ask what we should do with our scientific knowledge, we have entered the realm of non-scientific values and in the case before us, of conflict between values. On the one hand is the important non-moral value efficiency; on the other hand are the moral values justice and liberty. A mature science and technology of screening for phenotypic variation could hold great promise for enhancing efficiency. And a tool for public policy decision-making such as cost-benefit analysis that so emphasizes efficiency might well commend the technology for just that reason. Yet if we did adopt large scale screening for phenotypic variation, we could do grave damage to justice and liberty.
Potentiation of Cytokine-Mediated Restriction of Legionella Intracellular Replication by a Dot/Icm-Translocated Effector.

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is ubiquitous in freshwater environments, where it replicates within unicellular protozoa. However, L. pneumophila is also an accidental human pathogen that can cause Legionnaires’ disease in immunocompromised individuals by uncontrolled replication within alveolar macrophages. To replicate within eukaryotic phagocytes, L. pneumophila utilizes a Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to translocate a large arsenal of over 300 effector proteins directly into host cells. In mammals, translocated effectors contribute to innate immune restriction of L. pneumophila. We found previously that the effector LegC4 is important for L. pneumophila replication within a natural host protist but is deleterious to replication in a mouse model of Legionnaires’ disease. In the present study, we used cultured mouse primary macrophages to investigate how LegC4 attenuates L. pneumophila replication. We found that LegC4 enhanced restriction of L. pneumophila replication within macrophages activated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interferon gamma (IFN-γ). In addition, expression of legC4 was sufficient to restrict Legionella longbeachae replication within TNF- or IFN-γ-activated macrophages. Thus, this study demonstrates that LegC4 contributes to L. pneumophila clearance from healthy hosts by potentiating cytokine-mediated host defense mechanisms. IMPORTANCELegionella spp. are natural pathogens of protozoa and accidental pathogens of humans. Innate immunity in healthy individuals effectively controls Legionella infection due in part to rapid and robust production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting from detection of Dot/Icm-translocated substrates, including effectors. Here, we demonstrate that the effector LegC4 enhances proinflammatory host restriction of Legionella by macrophages. These data suggest that LegC4 may augment proinflammatory signaling or antimicrobial activity of macrophages, a function that has not previously been observed for another bacterial effector. Further insight into LegC4 function will likely reveal novel mechanisms to enhance immunity against pathogens.
Directional Ranging for Enhanced Performance of Aided Pedestrian Inertial Navigation

We present a ranging-based aiding method for pedestrian inertial navigation, utilizing not only ranging readouts, but also orientation of the ranging sensors. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrated improvements in navigation accuracy using the method. Kalman Filter (KF) was implemented to merge inertial navigation with Zero-Velocity-Update (ZUPT) algorithm and foot- to- foot directional ranging information. The improvement of navigation accuracy was achieved purely algorithmically without any increase in complexity of the hardware. We demonstrated experimentally that the navigation errors can be improved by about two times using the method.
Half-life limit ofMg19

A search for $^{19}\mathrm{Mg}$ was performed using projectile fragmentation of a $150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}∕\text{nucleon}$ $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}$ beam. No events of $^{19}\mathrm{Mg}$ were observed. From the time of flight through the fragment separator an upper limit of $22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{ns}$ for the half-life of $^{19}\mathrm{Mg}$ was established.