cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axial curvature and the skew ray error in corneal topography.

Background. Many intuitions about corneal shape are based on corneas with axial symmetry. In that case, the corneal normal intersects the axis of symmetry and there is an unambiguous definition for axial curvature. If, however, the corneal normal is not in the meridional plane, at least three definitions are available. The present paper defines, analyzes, and makes quantitative comparisons among the different definitions of axial curvature. When Placido rings are used as targets, current algorithms incur an error (the skew ray error) because the axial curvature that is measured is different from the axial curvature used for corneal reconstruction. Methods. A cylindrical coordinate system is used that greatly simplifies the visualization and mathematics of skew rays. In the process of handling the axial curvature for different shapes, we develop a number of convenient formulas for handling ellipsoids and bispheres such as occur in keratoconus and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). We also develop a simple approach based on vector cross-products for calculating axial curvature for an arbitrarily placed axis. Results. The skew error is calculated for ellipsoidal and keratoconic corneas, and for corneas that have undergone decentered PRK ablation. For reasonable ellipsoidal and PRK corneas, the skew ray error is found to be negligible. However, for keratoconus and for decentered views of PRK corneas the error can be substantial. The implications of the skew ray ambiguity for instantaneous curvature are also discussed. Conclusions. The formalism developed in this paper facilitates the interpretation of axial curvature maps for corneas that are not axially symmetric. The skew ray error is negligible except for a small class of distorted corneas.
Modelling of the glass microelectrode tip

In the paper a glass microelectrode tip is analysed in terms of an equivalent electrical circuit. It is shown that this electrical circuit, postulated in the literature as an RC circuit, can be verified using the frequency domain methods. Electrodes are placed in feedback with an operational amplifier and subjected to sinusoidal analysis; Bode plots of impedance are generated and used to verify the existence of the parallel RC network at the electrode tip.
Heat capacity and electrical resistivity of nickel in the range 1300-1700 K measured with a pulse heating technique

Measurements of the heat capacity and electrical resistivity of nickel in the temperature range 1300–1700 K by a subsecond duration pulse heating technique are described. The results are expressed by the relations: $$\begin{gathered} C_p = 21.735 + 9.8200 \times 10^{ - 3} T \hfill \\ \rho = 18.908 + 2.3947 \times 10^{ - 2} T \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereC p is in J · mol−1·K−1,ρ is inμΩ·cm, andT is in K. Estimated maximum uncertainties in the measured properties are 3% for heat capacity and 1% for electrical resistivity.
Salt Spray Induces Osmotic Adjustment and Tissue Rigidity in Smooth Cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.)

Salt spray is one of many abiotic factors that can influence plant productivity and species composition in coastal ecosystems. However, little is known about how marsh plants respond physiologically to the accumulation of sea aerosols on foliar tissues. In this study, experimental microcosms maintained in controlled greenhouse conditions were used to evaluate how low- (1.7 mg dm−2 day−1, weekly averages) and high- (8.6 mg dm−2 day−1) salt-spray loads would influence plant–water relations in Spartina alterniflora (Loisel.). While no differences in plant performance (e.g., changes in biomass and leaf area) were observed between the treatments and control plants, a number of physiological modifications attributed to salt spray were observed. In general, salt-treated plants underwent significant decreases in water potential (Ψ) and osmotic potential (Ψ π) and increases in leaf conductance (g) and bulk modulus of elasticity (e). It is likely that these physiological responses were used to generate lower Ψ while maintaining osmotic and water homeostasis. That is, by decreasing Ψ π and increasing g and e, more efficient water flow through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum can be achieved, thus generating lower Ψ without promoting loss of turgor.
REGENTS‘ EXAMINATIONS IN GERMAN1

repay us. In general, it may be said that there is a vast improvement noticeable, when one compares the papers of June 1919 with those of June 1909. That improvement, which on the whole has been steady and progressive,is really indicative of a general improvement in modern language instruction in the High Schools of New York State and particularly of Greater New York. Two factors have more recently interfered with a steadily ascending curve, so far as actual attainment was concerned. One was the distracting influence of the war on both teachers and pupils, the other the very noticeable elimination of Latin as the first foreign language. Considerable time, which formerly was given in the Latin class to the acquisition of grammatical nomenclature, has now to be used in the German class with resulting slower progress. There is now little dispute about the elementary or second year examination. Teachers are pretty well agreed as to what can be attained in two years of high school study. There is usually some easy concrete prose passage to be translated from German into English, and the other questions are clearly designed to test knowledge of inflections and of simple syntax rather than of a large working vocabulary. On the whole, the selections to be translated into English are well chosen. They are concrete, form a thought unit and are not above the mentality of the high school pupil. The heading usually tells the candidate what to expect and is a distinct help. Whether a word may fairly be expected to be known, cannot be answered abstractly. In one context it may be unfair, in
Open source cloud technologies

Open source cloud technologies such as OpenStack, CloudStack, OpenNebula, Eucalyptus, OpenShift, and Cloud Foundry have gained significant momentum in the last few years. For a researcher and practitioner, they present a unique opportunity to analyze, contribute, and innovate new services using these technologies. The first part of the tutorial will provide an overview of OpenStack and CloudStack, two open source infrastructure as a service (IaaS) cloud platforms. The second part of the tutorial will present a detailed analysis of different OpenStack components, namely, glance (image service), nova (compute service), keystone (security service), quantum (network service), and swift (object storage service). In particular, the tutorial will describe the scheduling and provisioning process in OpenStack, and how different configuration options lead to myriad provisioning performance. Further, the tutorial will describe how OpenStack has evolved over releases. Finally, the tutorial will describe weaknesses of OpenStack and highlight important areas where researchers can contribute.
Designing Institutions to Support Local-Level Climate Change Adaptation: Insights from a Case Study of the U.S. Cooperative Extension System

AbstractIn light of global climate change, adaptation will be necessary at all levels of social organization. However, the adaptation literature emphasizes that because the impacts of climate change and vulnerability are locally specific, adaptation is inevitably local. In this paper, in order to inform the design of institutions that can encourage and support effective local-level adaptation, the authors derive principles for their design theoretically and use a case study to explore how these principles could be practically implemented. Ten design principles are synthesized from principles derived from reviews of the literatures on local-level adaptation, usable science, and boundary organizations. Bringing these three literatures together highlights the characteristics of boundary organizations that make them particularly valuable for addressing the challenges of local-level adaptation. The case study then illustrates how an existing boundary organization, The University of Arizona Cooperative Extensio...
What Effect Did the Credit Crisis of 2008 Have on European Exchange Rates

During the recent credit crisis, European currencies tended to depreciate when the domestic country had relatively high long-term interest rates overshooting traditional uncovered interest rate parity. Absolute interest rate differentials, not innovations to the interest rate differential, drove the depreciation. The degree of the crisis, as measured by the TED spread, amplified this effect. Current account deficits, high inflation, and external debt held by governments or by banks only indirectly drove depreciation by creating higher domestic interest rates. In addition to the interest rate effect, Hungary saw currency depreciation relative to other East European currencies as the TED spread widened.
Nonimmunoglobulin e-mediated immune reactions to foods.

Adverse food reactions are abnormal responses to ingested foods. Reactions vary from immunologic to nonimmunologic immune reactions and can be either immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated or non-IgE mediated. Food-induced IgE-mediated reactions range from localized urticaria to anaphylaxis and have been well studied. However, in comparison, there has been significantly less research into non-IgE-mediated food reactions. Non-IgE-mediated reactions can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous symptoms. The most recent evidence suggests that these reactions are probably T-cell mediated as evidenced in lymphocyte proliferation assays. This review will explore the symptoms and testing methods of the most common non-IgE-mediated reactions.
Analysis of joint photographic expert group compression on communications in a telepathology system

ABSTRACT This paper presents a performance evaluation of a digital telepathology system. In telepathology, 5ev- eral operations are involved in displaying source images from a remote microscope on the screen of alocal workstation. At the remote site, images from a microscope are acquired by a camera and framegrabber, compressed, stored, and transferred to the local site. At the local site they are stored, decom- pressed, displayed, and diagnosed by collaborating pathologists. In this paper, we present the evaluationof a Roche Imaging Systems telepathology workstation. During tests, microscope magnification, cameraresolution, color quality, quantization factors of JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) compression, and transmission speed of the communication network were changed. The time of each operation and the size of compressed images were recorded. Analysis of the operation time and image size delineated the characteristics and bottlenecks of operating a digital telepathology system. The results show that
Evolution of a Rapid Hydration Protocol.

The Oncology Division of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) embarked on a comprehensive project to reduce chemotherapy errors. Careful review of all systems revealed many areas for improvement. Using a unique systems improvement approach, the interdisciplinary team carried out many concurrent change projects. This article describes a project carried out by the nursing staff to improve the safety of chemotherapy administration. Nurses realized that the majority of chemotherapy infusions occurred in the evening and nighttime hours after prolonged prehydration, leading to many “handoffs” and possibilities for error. Nurses developed a novel method of prehydration, delivering a large volume of fluid in a rapid infusion. The “Rapid Hydration Protocol” greatly reduced duration of hydration without adverse effects. Rapid hydration decreased the time needed for hydration and the number of nurses involved in the first day of chemotherapy, and contributed to having chemotherapy begin earlier. The projec...
Federalism, Opportunism, and Multilateral Trade Negotiations in Agriculture

When federalist nations are signatories to international economic agreements, potential problems arise because of the inherent conflicts between federal law and legitimate state interests. This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing problems surrounding negotiation, ratification, and implementation of international agreements when federations are signatories. The economic model isolates three factors (the variance of state net benefits under an agreement, individual states' opportunity costs associated with the agreement, and state-supported opportunism) as cost-increasing impediments to the successful institution of international economic agreements and highlights opportunism containment as fundamental to credible commitments in international agreements.
WE‐E‐134‐02: High Resolution Acoustic Angiography for Early Assessment of Tumor Response to Radiation Treatment in Rat Tumor Model

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that acoustic angiography would enable early assessment of tumor response to radiation therapy at multiple timepoints after a single‐fraction radiotherapy treatment. Methods: 15 fibrosarcoma tumor‐bearing rats were irradiated (field‐size:1.8×1.8cm) by 6MV photon beam from a clinical linac. Tumors were implanted subcutaneously in the lower flank area and treated 14 days later (Mean‐diameter: 7.03+/−1.62mm). Animals were randomized into three groups (doses of 0, 5 or 20 Gy). Tumors were imaged prior to treatment (Day 0) using both acoustic angiography (microbubble contrast‐based microvessel imaging) and standard high frequency b‐mode, and then again at Days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18. Tumor volume, and perfused volume ratio (PVR ‐ the ratio of tumor volume with perfused voxels, to total tumor volume) were quantified at each timepoint. Results: The tumors in the 0 or 5 Gy groups continued to grow exponentially after treatment. All animals in the 20 Gy group experienced an inflection point in their growth curve at Day 3, and tumor volume reduced exponentially until Day 12. Three of these tumors are non‐responders(20Gy‐NRs) and had second inflection point at Day 12, and proceeded to increase in volume, on average to their original Day 0 tumor size by Day 18. The other two tumors in the 20 Gy group are responders(20Gy‐R's) and reduced to undetectable tumor volumes by Day 18. The PVR metric for vascularization revealed differences in the 20Gy‐NR and 20Gy‐R groups at Day 12, which correlated with tumor volumetric differences. Conclusion: Our preliminary data indicate that the acoustic angiography‐derived PVR metric can detect rat fibrosarcoma tumors responded (N=2) and those which did not (N=3) to 20 Gy radiation six days before there is a detectable difference in tumor volumes.
PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH CHILDREN: A FURTHER EVALUATION.

Abstract Evidence concerning the appropriateness of defector control groups is conflicting, but it is still probable that such a group yields a suitable baseline for the evaluation of psychotherapy. Twenty-two studies of outcome provided an overall improvement rate of 65.2 per cent which is similar to the rate which was found in studies reviewed earlier, and also to the rate of improvement among defectors. It must still be concluded that there does not seem to be a sound basis for the contention that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from emotional illness in children. The data suggest that the improvement rate varies among psychiatric illnesses, and that future comparisons of treated and defector groups should be made within diagnostic categories.
The Unheard Voices of Santalis: Communicating About Health From the Margins of India

This article takes a culture-centered approach to exploring Santali meanings of health in rural Bengal. My conversations with Santalis and field journal accounts of interactions with Santali men and women bring to the surface critical issues and meaningful theories of health. The discursive constructions demonstrate that Santali health beliefs are polymorphic, accommodating multiple treatment approaches to disease and illness. Critical to Santali discourse is the acknowledgment of barriers created by the socio-politico-cultural structure encompassing Santalis. On one hand, Santalis talk about education as a salvation; on the other hand, they believe that the structure fundamentally needs to be challenged and transformed. Discourses of resistance and revolution emerge in the interviews, suggesting the necessity of locating agency in Santalis and their communities.
Analysis of the structural behavior of the pelvis during lateral impact using the finite element method

Abstract In this study, three-dimensional finite element models were created from computer tomography data to study lateral impact fractures of the pelvis. The models reflect the complex geometry and material properties of the pelvis. The models were compared to published experimental results for validation. Dynamic analyses of the pelvic structure were performed for different peak forces in the range of 5520 to 15 550 N to correspond to the velocities and impulses of real world accidents. The locations of structurally significant regions of the pelvis were identified based upon the stress distribution and upon the energy stored by the pelvis to failure. The impact force which induced fracture of the pelvic bone was 8610 N. The region which failed first in left lateral impact was the right pubic ramus. The fracture pattern was a variant of the lateral compression pelvic injury. The results suggest that the anterior structures of the pelvis are the most sensitive regions. The energy absorbed by the pelvis prior to failure was 8.98 J. The finite element method may be used to determine the strength and energy-absorbing capability of the pelvis for lateral impact loading.
Insensitivity of self-formed quantum dots to substrate surface roughness

Abstract (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum wells and self-formed quantum dots have been grown on smooth and rough substrate surfaces. Photoluminescence experiments indicate that the quantum dots are insensitive to substrate roughness whereas the quantum wells are adversely affected by the roughness. These results show the robustness of quantum dots over quantum wells for optical device applications.
Antibody against purified human hexosaminidase B cross-reacting with human hexosaminidase A

Abstract Human hexosaminidase B has been purified to virtually homogeneous state from placenta. An anti-serum has been prepared in rabbits against the purified preparation. The serum reacted equally with human hexosaminidase B (free of hexosaminidase A) and with human hexosaminidase A (free of hexosaminidase B) as shown by immunodiffusion and by precipitation of enzyme activity from solution.
Self-assembly of cytotoxic peptide amphiphiles into supramolecular membranes for cancer therapy.

Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) provide a versatile platform for the design of complex and functional material constructs for biomedical applications. The hierarchical self-assembly of PAs with biopolymers is used to create robust hybrid membranes with molecular order on the micron scale. Fabrication of membranes by assembling hyaluronic acid with positively charged PA nanostructures containing anti-cancer PAs bearing a (KLAKLAK)2 peptide sequence is reported here. Changes in membrane microstructure as the positively charged PA nanostructures vary from cylindrical nanofibers to spherical aggregates are characterized. Results indicate that formation of highly aligned fibrous membranes requires a threshold concentration of nanofibers in solution. Additionally, variation of PA nanostructure morphology from spherical aggregates to cylindrical nanofibers allows membranes to act either as reservoirs for sustained release of cytotoxicity upon enzymatic degradation or as membranes with surface-bound cytotoxicity, respectively. Thus, the self-assembly processes of these PA-biopolymer membranes can be potentially used to design delivery platforms for anti-cancer therapeutics.
Super Low Density InGaAs Semiconductor Ring-Shaped Nanostructures

We report on the ability to fabricate super low density InGaAs semiconductor ring-shaped nanocrystals on a GaAs (100) surface by molecular beam epitaxy. Specifically, we demonstrate densities down to 2.3 × 106 cm−2 with only self-assembled methods based on droplet epitaxy. This is several orders of magnitude lower than conventional nanostructures. The formation of these ring-shaped nanostructures is driven by a self-assembled indium nanodrilling mechanism and diffusion during crystallization.
Immunochemical studies on monoclonal antibodies to stearyl-isomaltotetraose from C58/J and a C57BL/10 nude mouse.

Abstract Six hybridomas, five from C58/J and one from C57BL/10 nu/nu, immunized with stearyl-isomaltotetraose (S-IM4) were established. One produced IgG3, one IgM and four IgA. The specificities and sizes of the antibody combining sites were determined by quantitative precipitin and ELISA quantitative inhibition assays. All cross-react with α(1→6)dextran B512. Their combining sites were complementary to five to seven glucose residues. Association constants of hybridoma antibodies for dextran B512 ranged from 10 3 to 10 5 ml/g, and for isomaltoheptaose (IM7) from 10 3 to 10 4 M −1 . Two hybridoma antibodies, one IgA and another IgM derived from different fusions have identical inhibition curves and combining sites, and very close association constants. It will be important to establish whether they have very similar or identical nucleotide sequences in their variable regions. These studies provide further insight into the specificity and repertoire of antidextran combining sites.
Phase Transformation Effects on Weld Distortion and Residual Stress Predictions

Welding distortion and residual stress has remained one of the major challenges in manufacturing. Extensive experimental efforts have been made throughout the history of manufacturing to understand and control the welding distortion and residual stresses. Extensive work has also been reported in the past couple decades in using analytical and computational methods to predict and quantify the effect of distortion and residual stress during the welding process. Examples of industrial welding applications using computational methods which highlight the challenges and benefits of using analysis and simulation tools to improve the quality and reduce the time and cost of the welding process development and problem resolution are discussed in [1–3]. One issue with regard to computational weld modeling needing addressed is with regard to material modeling. Since material melts and re-solidifies during welding, the use of a proper ‘weld’ constitutive model is critical. In particular, one issue regarding weld constitutive models is the phase transformations which can be important in some materials during weld solidification. This paper addresses this issue and shows some examples where the phase transformation effect is of second order importance and discusses when it must be properly considered.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Kinetics of the reactions of unsaturated free radicals (methylvinyl and i-C4H3) with molecular oxygen

The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of two unsaturated hydrocarbon free radicals, methylvinyl (CH3CH=CH) and i-C4H3 (CH2=C=C=CH) with molecular oxygen were investigated using a tubular reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. Rate constants were measured as a function of temperature and density in time-resolved experiments. Searches were conducted for possible products to identify reactive routes. The methylvinyl+O2 reaction was studied betweeen 296 and 600 K. The rate constant is essentially constant throughout this range, 7.2(±1.4)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The only reactive route observed is that which yields CH3CHO and HCO, a route analogous to that of the C2H3+O2 reaction. The i-C4H3+O2 reaction rate constant was measured from 296 to 900 K and was found to decrease sharply with increasing temperature, from 4.5(±0.9)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 296 to 6.4(±1.3)×10−13)×10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 900 K corresponding to a T−1.8 power dependence in this temperature range. The reaction rate constants of both reactions studied did not depend on density. No products of the i-C4H3+O2 reaction could bedetected. Possible mechanisms of this reaction are discussed. The role of elementary reactions between unsaturated free radicals and molecular oxygen in combustion processes is briefly reviewed.
Thoughts on the Meaning of Brain Electrical Activity

Recordings of electrical brain activity have provided a rich field of data. These data are harvested at at least two scales of inquiry: scalp recordings from humans have accessed cognitive aspects of the mind/brain relationship, and microelectrode recordings in animals have delineated circuits involved in sensory and motor processes. As yet, there are few studies that have attempted to reconcile the findings obtained at these different scales. It is such reconciliation that we are attempting in experiments performed in our Center for Brain Research and Informational Sciences. A progress report follows. L'enregistrement de l'activite du cerveau a fourni des donnees tres riches qui ont alimente au moins deux niveaux de recherche. Les enregistrements de surface chez l'humain ont permis d'etudier les aspects cognitifs de la relation esprit/cerveau tandis que les enregistrements par microelectrodes chez les animaux ont delimite les circuits sous-jacents aux processus sensoriels et moteurs. Jusqu'a maintenant, ...
Stoichiometric Oxy Functionalization and CH Activation Studies of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) 6-Phenyl-2,2‘-Bipyridine Hydrocarbyl Complexes

A well-defined, thermal-, air-, and protic-stable, bis-bidentate, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(NC)(NNtBu)CH3OTf, (2-CH3; NC = κ2-6-phenyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, NNtBu = κ2-4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridine) has been shown to undergo oxy functionalization with oxidants such as PhI(X)2 (X = OAc, TFA) to generate CH3X (X = OAc, TFA, OTf) in yields ranging from 36 to 67% in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperatures. 2-CH3 is also competent for CH activation, undergoing stoichiometric CH activation in benzene, and catalyzes the H/D exchange reaction between benzene and acids (acetic and trifluoroacetic acid).
Voltage sag mitigation technique for an electric vehicle

A voltage sag mitigation technique is presented that effectively mitigates both temporary voltage sags and prolonged undervoltage conditions for a large electric vehicle. A reserve voltage source with a dc-dc buck converter interface is switched into a series configuration with the main voltage source when a low-voltage condition is detected. The load voltage is then held constant through control of the buck converter duty cycle in response to load variation. Simulation and scaled lab model results show that this technique is an effective method of maintaining a specified voltage level during increased load demand.
Obstetricians' attitudes and beliefs regarding umbilical cord clamping.

AbstractObjective: Although delayed umbilical cord clamping has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and neonatal sepsis, and decrease the need for neonatal transfusions (without affecting cord pH, Apgar scores or the need for phototherapy), the extent to which this practice is being employed is unknown. We conducted a survey of US obstetricians to assess their attitudes and beliefs about cord clamping.Study design: Questionnaires were randomly mailed to members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network (CARN). The data were analyzed using Chi-square and Student t tests.Results: The response rates for the CARN and other ACOG members were 47% and 21%, respectively. Most (88%) responders reported their hospital had no umbilical cord clamping policy. The most frequent response for optimal timing of umbilical cord clamping, regardless of gestational age, was “don’t know”. Potential for neonatal red b...
The reasoning for the advanced placement C++ subset

The programming language used for the Advanced Placement Computer Science (AP CS) courses and examinations will change from Pascal to C++ beginning with the 1998-1999 academic year. This decision, proposed by the AP Computer Science Development Committee and approved by the College Board, was made in 1994. The 5-year transition period was crucial in defining a C++ subset and providing time for the high school teachers teaching AP CS to attend professional development activities. In [1], the authors appear to misunderstand the reasoning and the forces that helped define the AP C++ subset. This paper attempts to correct those.
What is to become of programming

CS1 and CS2 have been revised and currently ACM is exploring the revision of the CS core. General dissatisfaction has been broadly voiced with Curriculum '78 as not being sufficiently mathematical and theoretical. In the same vein the accreditation criteria have been attacked as being too technical and vocational. A strong voice has been raised for a liberal arts view of computer science. Recent texts are incorporating a higher level of abstraction into the freshman year as well as trying to cater to a demand for a survey of the discipline. Does this portend a decline in programming skill? Who will write code in the future? What will be their knowledge and aesthetics? This paper cannot answer all these questions, but it does develop a near-term approach to presenting programming more efficiently in the undergraduate CS curriculum and it suggests that the discipline needs to give some thought to its technology.
Two Efficient Enantioselective Syntheses of 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol

Two enantioselective methods for the synthesis of 2-amino-1-phenylethanol have been developed. The first utilizes an enantioselective oxazaborolidine-catalyzed borane reduction of 2-chloroacetophenone (phenacyl chloride) to give the chiral chloro alcohol in good yield with an ee in the 93−97% range. Reaction with dilute ammonium hydroxide produced the amino alcohol in good yield with a high ee. The second approach involved first the conversion of phenacyl chloride to the succinimido acetophenone which was then hydrogenated using a chiral ruthenium complex in conjunction with a base and an optically active amine (Noyori procedure). This gave the optically active succinimido alcohol in very good yield with an ee of 98%. Hydrolysis with dilute base produced the optically active amino alcohol in very good yield and excellent enantioselectivity.
A graphical interface to telecommunication systems analysis and design

The communications engineering design system (COEDS), a computer-aided design (CAD) tool developed by the University of Kansas for the analysis of colocated telecommunications equipment, is designed as a shell or wrapper around electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) analysis codes previously implemented, providing intelligent user interfaces for data entry, a smart postprocessor to display data in a thought enhancing manner, and all data management functions. The COEDS shell can be applied to other EMI/EMC codes and can be adapted to other large programs. COEDS permits the engineer to determine the interference between communication systems where the principal coupling results from the antenna-to-antenna interactions causing multiple unwanted signals to enter sensitive receivers. An example is shown which demonstrates the block diagram interface, automated program operation, generation of graphical output, and ease of use in changing the design to meet performance criteria. Key features of COEDS are the block diagram editor, the configuration database, the test plan/frequency plan generator, use of a mouse to point and select for all input and execution, and a postprocessor for output displays. >
The optimization of longitudinal convective fins with internal heat generation

Abstract The solution of the optimization problem for longitudinal convective fins of constant thickness, triangular or parabolic profile, and uniform internal heat generation, is presented. The cases considered are those of a given heat generation density, total heat generation, and heat generation per unit width of the fin, when either the heat dissipation or the width of the fin is prescribed. The results are set forth in a nondimensional form, which are presented graphically. The effect of the fin's thermal conductivity upon the optimum dimensions is discussed, and limiting values for the heat generation and the heat dissipation, which may be imposed on the fin for a feasible optimization, are also obtained.
Rapid Prediction of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) Composition Using a Hand-Held Ultrasonic Device

Abstract The ultrasonic velocity of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) samples of varying composition was measured using a handheld device over the temperature range 5 to 30°C. The lipid, water and solids-non-fat contents of mackerel could be determined by analyzing the ultrasonic velocity versus temperature profiles using a semi-empirical equation developed in an earlier study. Measurements at 25°C could be used to provide information about the fat content of the mackerel. These results show that a relatively low-cost hand-held ultrasonic device could be used to analyze the proximate composition of mackerel. The availability of a hand-held ultrasonic device that is simple to use would be useful for grading mackerel according to their composition.
Analytic solution of poro-mechanical problems in a hollow axisymmetric domain

An analytic solution of the coupled poro-mechanical problem in a finite hollow axisymmetric elastic medium is derived. According to Biot theory, we have derived rigorously the coupled elastic poro-mechanical equations and demonstrated that in the axisymmetric problems the diffusion equation can be uncoupled. In the problem of infinite domain the uncoupled diffusion equation is homogeneous and only the diffusion coefficient is changed. In the problem of finite domain the uncoupled equation is non-homogeneous. In fact, it is a linear differential-integral equation. We solve it using the variable separation method in time domain.
Conductance through Multilayer Graphene Films

The ballistic conductance through junctions between multilayer graphene films and several different metals is studied using ab initio calculations within the local density approximation. The system consists of films of up to four graphene layers (Bernal stacking) between metallic electrodes, assuming reasonable metal–graphene epitaxial relationships. For some metals, the conductance decays exponentially with increasing number of layers, while for others the conductance saturates with film thickness. This difference in asymptotic behavior stems from the crystal momentum (mis)match between the bulk Fermi-level states in the electrode and those in the film. In contrast, for sufficiently thin films the bonding between the metal and the adjacent graphene layer dominates, giving a metal dependence for graphene similar to that seen experimentally for single-wall carbon nanotubes. Among the metals considered here, we find Pd to be the best for electrodes to films with up to 4 graphene layers.
The Effect of Profile Elevation on the Relationship between Interest Differentiation and Vocational Identity.

ABSTRACT This study examines the varying relationships between vocational identity and differentiation of vocational interests while taking into account levels of profile elevation as the moderator. The participants were 130 high school students who attended a vocational guidance programme at a youth counselling centre in Korea. The relationship between differentiation and vocational identity was found to be weak positive. Differentiation appeared to be an indicator of vocational identity for students with low and medium profile elevation, but not for those with high profile elevation. The results are compared to previous findings and the implications for Holland's theory and vocational guidance and counselling are discussed.
Morphology of the odontocete melon and its implications for acoustic function

Toothed whales (crown Odontoceti) are unique among mammals in their ability to echolocate underwater, using specialized tissue structures. The melon, a structure composed of fat and connective tissue, is an important component in the production of an echolocation beam; it is known to focus high frequency, short duration echolocation clicks. Here, we report on the morphology of the odontocete melon to provide a comprehensive understanding of melon structure across odontocete taxa. This study examined nine odontocete species (12 individual specimens), from five of the ten extant odontocete families. We established standardized definitions using computed tomography scans of the melon to investigate structure without losing geometric integrity. The morphological features that relate to the focusing capacity of the melon include internal density topography, melon size and shape, and relationship to other forehead structures. The potential for melon structure to act as a filter is discussed: establishing a lower limit to the frequency of sounds that can be propagated through the head. Collectively, the results of this study provide a robust, quantitative and comparative framework for evaluating tissue structures that form a key component of the echolocation apparatus.
High-repetition-rate CF(4) laser.

A 16-μm CF4 laser oscillator has operated at 1 kHz in a cooled static cell. Pump energies required from the low-pressure, Q-switched, cw-discharge CO2 laser were as low as 60 μJ. The laser cavity was a multiple-pass off-axis-path two-mirror resonator in a ring configuration. CF4 laser power at 615 cm−1 and a 1-kHz repetition rate exceeded 300 μW.
Characterization of LQG differential games with different information patterns

A discrete-time linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) differential game is considered where the players have access to unshared control- and measurement-histories. The particular problem that is solved is where one adversary has access to only noisy partial information of the state while the other makes a perfect measurement of the state vector. The system dynamics are assumed linear with additive process noise. The solutions show a significant departure from previously published results. First, process noise is included in the dynamical system and a quadratic weighting in the state is included in the cost criterion. Secondly, no prior assumption is made about the structure of the strategies. Specifically, the equilibrium strategies of both players are shown to be finite-dimensional, not infinite-dimensional as was originally thought. Thirdly, it is assumed that the perfect-measurement adversary's control matrix is in the range space of the other adversary's measurement matrix. Then, by a limit of the linear-exponential-Gaussian game solution to the LQG game solution, it is seen that the partial information player avoids reproducing an estimated version of his adversary's strategy. A key feature of this problem solution is the filter structure of the player with partial measurements. In particular, the error of the filter is a Gaussian random variable whose statistics are independent of the opponent's control history. This filter also allows the partial measurement player to estimate the entire state without having to guess/estimate his opponent's strategy. It is noted that for this class of stochastic games, for all possible pure control strategy pairs, there always exist correlations using which each player can improve his performance. Since the error variance of the filter derived here is independent of the opponent's strategy and his control action, the improvements in cost for each player appears minimal. This property is used to extend the notion of a saddle point for deterministic games to that of a saddle interval in pure strategies for games with uncertainty.
A moment model for vortex interactions of the two-dimensional Euler equations. Part 1. Computational validation of a Hamiltonian elliptical representation

On considere l'evolution de regions finies de vorticite uniforme dans un fluide illimite non visqueux. On fait une analyse de perturbation basee sur l'hypothese que les regions sont eloignees les unes des autres et presque circulaires. On obtient ainsi un systeme infini autocoherent d'equations differentielles regissant les moments de l'espece physique de chaque region
Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas

Abstract Elevated summertime temperatures in urban ‘heat islands’ increase cooling-energy use and accelerate the formation of urban smog. Except in the city’s core areas, summer heat islands are created mainly by the lack of vegetation and by the high solar radiation absorptance by urban surfaces. Analysis of temperature trends for the last 100 years in several large U.S. cities indicate that, since ∼1940, temperatures in urban areas have increased by about 0.5–3.0°C. Typically, electricity demand in cities increases by 2–4% for each 1°C increase in temperature. Hence, we estimate that 5–10% of the current urban electricity demand is spent to cool buildings just to compensate for the increased 0.5–3.0°C in urban temperatures. Downtown Los Angeles (L.A.), for example, is now 2.5°C warmer than in 1920, leading to an increase in electricity demand of 1500 MW. In L.A., smoggy episodes are absent below about 21°C, but smog becomes unacceptable by 32°C. Because of the heat-island effects, a rise in temperature can have significant impacts. Urban trees and high-albedo surfaces can offset or reverse the heat-island effect. Mitigation of urban heat islands can potentially reduce national energy use in air conditioning by 20% and save over $10B per year in energy use and improvement in urban air quality. The albedo of a city may be increased at minimal cost if high-albedo surfaces are chosen to replace darker materials during routine maintenance of roofs and roads. Incentive programs, product labeling, and standards could promote the use of high-albedo materials for buildings and roads. Similar incentive-based programs need to be developed for urban trees.
Biological soil crusts in grazed and ungrazed Wyoming sagebrush steppe

Biological soil crusts are regarded as an indicator of healthy landscapes. To understand the response of biological soil crusts to grazing in northern sagebrush steppe, we examined nine Artemisia-dominated sites in Wyoming where livestock have been excluded for 32–45 years. Using two common sampling methods (20 m line transects and 0.25 m 2 quadrats) we determined biological soil crust cover and richness inside and outside exclosures. Total biological soil crust cover did not differ inside and outside the exclosures at any of the nine sites, regardless of monitoring method. Cover of biological soil crusts using the transect method ranged from 2% to 8% inside and 1% to 6% outside the exclosure. Cover of biological soil crusts using the quadrat method ranged from 2% to 11% inside and 2% to 9% outside the exclosure. Fruticose lichen cover was greater outside the exclosure at two sites (Poison Spider and Lander Ant) using the quadrat method. Both methods show a decrease in moss outside exclosures when assessed across all sites. Lichen and moss richness ranged from 5 to 15 species at each site. Fourteen of the 34 species collected throughout the sites were found only at one of the nine sites, and they did not all occur together or at the same site. Our results suggest that 32–45 years of grazing removal has not increased soil lichen cover but did increase moss cover inside exclosures. Distinguishing biological soil crusts by morphological groups aided recognition of differences that would not be apparent in an analysis by species. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A theory-driven approach to assessing the cognitive effects of PBL

Medical schools are increasingly looking to case-based formats such as problem-based learning (PBL) for their medical students. However, the effects of PBL have not been adequately assessed for an informed decision. An approach to assessment should consider not just the knowledge outcomes expected of all students, but should be tailored to the theoretical goals of PBL: clinical reasoning, integration of scientific and clinical knowledge, and lifelong learning skills. This means that problem-solving processes as well as products need to be measured. In addition, cognitive measures associated with expert performance can be used to assess the extent to which PBL affects the development of expertise. In this study, students taking an elective in PBL were compared with students taking other electives on a realistic pathophysiological explanation task. The problem-solving protocols were examined for coherence, use of science concepts, strategy use, and self-directed learning. The results indicate that cognitive measures can be used to distinguish students who have participated in PBL from their counterparts in terms of knowledge, reasoning, and learning strategies. This suggests that such measures may play a meaningful role in assessment of student learning.
4 The Orthodontic Approach to Class II, Division 1 Malocclusions

In treating Class II Division 1 malocclusions, a working knowledge of facial growth and an ability in use of manipulative appliances are essential. No appliance is capable of stimulating mandibular growth beyond the genetic potential. However, the orthodontist can achieve successful correction by use of extraoral force, Class II intermaxillary elastics, or both. Since growth patterns vary in quality and quantity, rate, and potential, mechanotherapy must be individualized for each specific malocclusion. The orthodontist must be flexible and adapt his mechanics to the growth response of the patient and must take maximum advantage of growth potential during treatment.
Genetic Interactions of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Component FbxA with Cyclic AMP Metabolism and a Histidine Kinase Signaling Pathway during Dictyostelium discoideum Development

Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae with an altered fbxA gene, which is thought to encode a component of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, have defective regulation of cell type proportionality. In chimeras with wild-type cells, the mutant amoebae form mainly spores, leaving the construction of stalks to wild-type cells. To examine the role of fbxA and regulated proteolysis, we have recovered the promoter of fbxA and shown that it is expressed in a pattern resembling that of a prestalk-specific gene until late in development, when it is also expressed in developing spore cells. Because fbxA cells are developmentally deficient in pure culture, we were able to select suppressor mutations that promote sporulation of the original mutant. One suppressor mutation resides within the gene regA, which encodes a cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase linked to an activating response regulator domain. In another suppressor, there has been a disruption of dhkA, a gene encoding a two-component histidine kinase known to influence Dictyostelium development. RegA appears precociously and in greater amounts in the fbxA mutant than in the wild type, but in an fbxA/dhkA double mutant, RegA is restored to wild-type levels. Because the basis of regA suppression might involve alterations in cAMP levels during development, the concentrations of cAMP in all strains were determined. The levels of cAMP are relatively constant during multicellular development in all strains except the dhkA mutant, in which it is reduced at least sixfold. The level of cAMP in the double mutant dhkA/fbxA is relatively normal. The levels of cAMP in the various mutants do not correlate with spore formation, as would be expected on the basis of our present understanding of the signaling pathway leading to the induction of spores. Altered amounts of RegA and cAMP early in the development of the mutants suggest that both fbxA and dhkA genes act earlier than previously thought.