cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closed-loop Built in Self Test for PLL production testing with minimal tester resources

Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) are extensively used in modern System on a Chip (SoC) modules for generating timing, clock signal recovery and to provide a timing reference for communication interfaces. Due to their use in crucial and omnipresent applications, PLLs are the only mixed signal components on many otherwise digital blocks. The mixed signal nature makes testing of PLLs complicated as the output test requirements include non-digital parameters such as phase error, lock time, jitter along with the typical frequency locking test. Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) resources needed for these added parameters may require the use of a higher-end ATE for an otherwise digital block, driving up the production test costs. Built in Self Test (BiST) approaches for PLLs need to be carefully designed due to the load-sensitive nature of the internal analog nodes as well as sensitivity of the feedback path to any added delays by the BiST overhead. Our scheme proposes a mixed-signal closed loop complete test solution for a PLL by injecting a BiST signal at non-sensitive internal nodes and observing a low frequency(LF)/DC output in order to perform a pass/fail decision on the PLL. The goal of this scheme is to enable complete production quality at-speed testing of a PLL using minimal ATE resources.
Two-Dimensional Simulation of the Angle of Repose for a Particle System with Electrostatic Charge under Lunar and Earth Gravity

This paper presents a study of the angle of repose of a two-dimensional particle system under the Earth and Moon gravity fields. The particles interact with electrostatic forces in addition to friction. A two-dimensional discrete element method is used in this analysis with two particle shapes, circular and noncircular. The noncircular shape is constructed with overlapping pairs of disks. For the range of parameters studied, the angle of repose shows little sensitivity to gravity. The sensitivity to friction and electrostatic charges can be either significant or negligible, depending on the range of these values. For each contact friction, there is a threshold of electric charge on the particle such that the angle of repose suddenly drops to zero when the charge exceeds this threshold. The existence of this threshold, once validated in three-dimensional systems, may provide an opportunity to measure the electrostatic charges of the lunar dust in situ.
Stereo correspondence through multiple constraint neural networks

A fast and robust artificial neural network algorithm for solving the stereo correspondence problem in binocular vision is described. The stereo correspondence is modeled as a cost minimization problem where the cost is the value of the matching function between the edge pixels along the same epipolar line. A multiple-constraint energy minimization neural network is implemented for this matching process. This algorithm integrates ordering and geometry constraints in addition to uniqueness, continuity, and epipolar line constraints into a neural network framework. The interconnections of the neural network are designed to favor the match selections that follow the ordering constraint. The uniqueness, continuity, epipolar line, and geometry constraints are achieved by exciting and inhibiting neurons, and by injecting external bias currents. The result from the neural network is the solution incorporating simultaneously all the above multiple constraints. Various complexity real images are tested to show the robustness. The algorithm is discussed in detail and experimental results using real images are presented. >
Microwave to terahertz characterization of carbon nanotube materials

Microwave to THz characterizations of standalone MWNT paper and SWNT and few-layer-graphene thin films on glass substrates are presented. The MWNT paper is treated as an effective medium and its complex permittivity and permeability are extracted from both transmission and reflection measurements done in microwave and THz regimes. The results from these two different frequency ranges agree well. Due to its much smaller thickness compared to the characterization wavelength, the SWNT and graphene films are treated as a boundary condition with finite surface conductivity at the air-substrate interface. Their surface conductivities are extracted from the characterization, and show good consistency with reported values in literature at DC and optical frequency ranges. This surface conductivity characterization method is also applied as a verification approach for a potential metallic SWNT removing process using microwave irradiation induced current.
Identification of Hepatic Phospholipidosis Inducers in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes, a Physiologically Relevant Model, Reveals Altered Basolateral Uptake and Biliary Excretion of Anionic Probe Substrates

Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) is characterized by phospholipid accumulation within the lysosomes of affected tissues, resulting in lysosomal enlargement and laminar body inclusions. Numerous adverse effects and toxicities have been linked to PLD-inducing drugs, but it remains unknown whether drug-induced PLD represents a distinct toxicity or cellular adaptation. In silico and immortalized cellular models have been used to evaluate the PLD potential of new drugs, but these systems have some limitations. The aims of this study were to determine whether primary sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) can serve as a sensitive and selective model to evaluate hepatic drug-induced PLD, and to evaluate the impact of PLD on the uptake and biliary excretion of probe substrates, taurocholate (TC) and rosuvastatin (RSV). Rat SCH were cultured for 48 h with prototypic hepatic PLD-inducing drugs, amiodarone (AMD), chloroquine (CHQ), desipramine (DES), and azithromycin (AZI), as well as the renal PLD inducer gentamicin (GTM). LysoTracker Red localization and transmission electron microscopy indicated enlarged lysosomal compartments and laminar body inclusions in SCH treated with AMD, CHQ, DES, and AZI, but not GTM, relative to control. PLD resulted in a 51-92% decrease in the in vitro biliary clearance of both TC and RSV; the biliary excretion index significantly decreased for TC from 88 to 35-73%. These data suggested that PLD significantly reduced both organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated uptake, and bile salt export pump-mediated biliary transport processes. The current study demonstrates that the rat SCH system is a promising model to study hepatic PLD in vitro. Altered hepatic transport of anionic substrates secondary to drug-induced PLD is a novel finding.
Characterization of reduced and oxidized dopamine and 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid, on brain mitochondrial electron transport chain activities.

Abstract Loss of dopamine (DA) homeostasis may be a contributing factor to cell damage in Parkinson's disease (PD). Past studies showing deleterious effects of DA on mitochondrial function, however, have been inconsistent raising questions about mitochondria as a downstream target for DA. Issues such as the dopamine species i.e., reduced or oxidized, time of exposure and the effect of major metabolites such as 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC) may contribute to the disparate findings. The present study used isolated, lysed rat brain mitochondria to characterize the effects of oxidized or reduced DA and DOPAC on complex activities of the electron transport chain (ETC). Time of exposure and quantitation of reduced or oxidized catachols for DA and DOPAC were monitored for all experiments. Reduced DA and DOPAC with or without a 30 min preincubation had no affect on NADH oxidase activity which monitors the activities of complexes I, III and IV. Complex II activity was inhibited by reduced DA (≥ 500 μM), but not by reduced DOPAC and was significantly attenuated by SOD suggesting reactive oxygen species involvement. In contrast, fully oxidized DA and DOPAC dose dependently inhibited NADH oxidase, complex I and complex III activities with IC 50s in the 50–200 μM range. No preincubation was required for inhibition with the catechols when they were fully oxidized. Oxidized DA inhibited complex I only when exposure occurred during stimulated electron flow, suggesting covalent binding of quinones to proteins within active sites of the complex. In intact, well coupled mitochondria, extramitochondrial DA was shown to access the mitochondrial matrix in a dose, time and energy-dependent fashion. The findings suggest that many of the reported inconsistencies with regards to the effects of DA and DOPAC on ETC function can be attributed to the oxidized state of the catechol at the time of exposure. In addition, the findings provide possible downstream targets for DA that could contribute to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in PD.
Host Genetic Variation Affects Resistance to Infection with a Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus in Mice

Despite the prevalence of H5N1 influenza viruses in global avian populations, comparatively few cases have been diagnosed in humans. Although viral factors almost certainly play a role in limiting human infection and disease, host genetics most likely contribute substantially. To model host factors in the context of influenza virus infection, we determined the lethal dose of a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus (A/Hong Kong/213/03) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice and identified genetic elements associated with survival after infection. The lethal dose in these hosts varied by 4 logs and was associated with differences in replication kinetics and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines CCL2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in susceptible DBA/2J mice. Gene mapping with recombinant inbred BXD strains revealed five loci or Qivr (quantitative trait loci for influenza virus resistance) located on chromosomes 2, 7, 11, 15, and 17 associated with resistance to H5N1 virus. In conjunction with gene expression profiling, we identified a number of candidate susceptibility genes. One of the validated genes, the hemolytic complement gene, affected virus titer 7 days after infection. We conclude that H5N1 influenza virus-induced pathology is affected by a complex and multigenic host component.
Neutron Scattering from Charged Polymer Latices

Aqueous suspensions of charged polymer latex particles exhibit several forms of ordered structure, the particular form depending on the size, number density and charge of the latex particles, and on the ionic strength of the aqueous medium. At low ionic strength, the inter-particle potential may become sufficiently long-ranged to generate crystalline order, which usually shows bcc symmetry at low density and becomes fcc above about 3% volume fraction of latex in the system. As the ionic strength increases, the crystalline structure melts, and ordered liquid structures develop. Light scattering may be used to study these structures at low density, but at higher density, where the opacity of the suspensions renders optical techniques intractable, neutron scattering must be used. This paper will review some of the recent small-angle neutron scattering experiments on polymer latex suspensions, in the light of new theoretical methods which permit in situ analysis of the particle size and charge. The discussion will also encompass new experimental methods for studying latex structures under dynamic shear conditions.
Ultrasonographic and urodynamic evaluation after tension free vagina tape procedure (TVT).

Background. This study was carried out to evaluate the urodynamic and ultrasonographic ﬁndings after tension-free vagina tape (TVT) procedure on stress urinary incontinent women.Methods. Ninety women suffering from genuine stress incontinence without pelvic relaxation syndrome underwent surgery. Urodynamic measurement, one-hour pad test and introital ultrasonographic evaluation were performed preoperatively and one year after surgery. Additional ultrasonographic surveillance of the urethra was performed immediately after the operation. The position and mobility of the bladder neck was compared pre-and post-operatively in relation to the inferior edge of the pubic symphysis.Result. Eight women were excluded for various reasons. Among the 82 women who completed the study, 76 (93%) were cured, four were improved and two failed. No major intra-or postoperative complications occurred. The position and mobility of the bladder neck showed no signiﬁcant difference before and after surgery. A urethral knee angle w...
Advanced power management techniques in next-generation wireless networks [Topics in Wireless Communications]

Because mobile devices are equipped with a limited amount of battery power, it is essential to have efficient power management mechanisms in mobile broadband networks such as mobile WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term Evolution that enable always on connectivity. This article presents the state-of-the-art power management methods in next-generation wireless networks with a focus on IEEE 802.16m based next-generation WiMAX networks and 3GPP LTE. To minimize and optimize user equipment power consumption, and further to support various services and large amounts of data transmissions, advanced power conservation mechanisms are being developed in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP. Two advanced power conservation mechanisms, sleep and idle modes, which are enhanced versions of the legacy IEEE 802.16 system's sleep and idle modes, were proposed and adopted in IEEE 802.16m. Similarly, 3GPP LTE adopts a discontinuous reception mechanism for power conservation in RRC_CONNECTED and RRC_IDLE states. Power management techniques in WiMAX and 3GPP LTE provide less control signaling and operational overhead while providing more efficient power saving, and use simpler operation procedures than the existing power management techniques.
Adaptive code modulation for 2D optical memories

Volumetric and page oriented optical storage systems have a great potential for high data density and high speed through page oriented data access (Haichuan Zhang et al, Proc. 18th IEEE Symp. Mass Storage Sys., 2001). However, in order to be practical, they have to maintain data integrity using error correction and modulation codes. The coding comes at a cost of spatial overhead of codeword size over the source data size, and processing time overhead for encoding and decoding. Our proposed adaptive modulation scheme strives to minimize both overheads. It achieves utilization of 74% with constant time complexity, which is competitive with other recently proposed schemes for page-oriented memories.
A Role for c-myc in Chemically Induced Renal-Cell Death

A variety of genes, including c-myc, are activated by chemical toxicants in vivo and in vitro. Although enforced c-myc expression induces apoptosis after withdrawing survival factors, it is not clear if activation of the endogenous c-myc gene is an apoptotic signal after toxicant exposure. The renal tubular epithelium is a target for many toxicants. c-myc expression is activated by tubular damage. In quiescent LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells, c-myc but not max or mad mRNA is induced by the nephrotoxicant S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC). The kinetics of DCVC-induced c-myc expression and apoptosis suggested an association between cell death and prolonged activation of c-myc expression after toxicant exposure. Accordingly, prolonged activation of an estrogen receptor-Myc fusion construct, but not a construct in which a c-Myc transactivation domain had been deleted, was sufficient to induce apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells. Moreover, under conditions in which necrosis was the predominant cell death pathway caused by DCVC in parental cells, overexpressing c-myc biased the cell death pathway toward apoptosis. DCVC also induced ornithine decarboxylase (odc) mRNA and activated the odc promoter. Activation of the odc promoter by DCVC required consensus c-Myc-Max binding sites in odc intron 1. Inhibiting ODC activity with alpha-difluoromethylornithine delayed DCVC-induced cell death. Therefore, odc is a target gene in the DCVC apoptotic pathway involving c-myc activation and contributes to apoptosis. Finally, a structurally related cytotoxic but nongenotoxic analog of DCVC did not induce c-myc and did not activate the odc promoter or induce apoptosis. The data support the hypothesis that activation of apoptotic cell death in quiescent renal epithelial cells involves induction of c-myc. This is the first study to demonstrate that c-myc induction by a specific nephrotoxicant leads to gene activation and cell death.
A Concise and Cascade Synthesis of Batracylin and Substituted Isoindolo[1,2-b]quinazolin-12(10H)-ones.

The synthesis of the title skeleton is readily achieved through a cascade cyclization of 2-cyanomethyl benzoate with aminobenzyl alcohols.
Complex-I Alteration and Enhanced Mitochondrial Fusion Are Associated With Prostate Cancer Progression

Mitochondria (mt) encoded respiratory complex-I (RCI) mutations and their pathogenicity remain largely unknown in prostate cancer (PCa). Little is known about the role of mtDNA loss on mt integrity in PCa. We determined mtDNA mutation in human and mice PCa and assessed the impact of mtDNA depletion on mt integrity. We also examined whether the circulating exosomes from PCa patients are transported to mt and carry mtDNA or mt proteins. We have employed next generation sequencing of the whole mt genome in human and Hi-myc PCa. The impact of mtDNA depletion on mt integrity, presence of mtDNA, and protein in sera exosomes was determined. A co-culture of human PCa cells and the circulating exosomes followed by confocal imaging determined co-localization of exosomes and mt. We observed frequent RCI mutations in human and Hi-myc PCa which disrupted corresponding complex protein expression. Depletion of mtDNA in PCa cells influenced mt integrity, increased expression of MFN1, MFN2, PINK1, and decreased expression of MT-TFA. Increased mt fusion and expression of PINK1 and DNM1L were also evident in the Hi-myc tumors. RCI-mtDNA, MFN2, and IMMT proteins were detected in the circulating exosomes of men with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and progressive PCa. Circulating exosomes and mt co-localized in PCa cells. Our study identified new pathogenic RCI mutations in PCa and defined the impact of mtDNA loss on mt integrity. Presence of mtDNA and mt proteins in the circulating exosomes implicated their usefulness for biomarker development.
Authentication for Web Services via OAuth

Some REST APIs require authentication to access data and services, and many are starting to require use of a more general mechanism named OAuth. This avoids logins and passwords and allows secure three-party interactions between the owner of the data, the application accessing it, and the host of the data and Web service. In this chapter, we describe the OAuth mechanism and how to use the ROAuth package in R to work with REST APIs requiring authentication with OAuth 1.0. We also describe how to work with OAuth 2.0 in R. We illustrate these authentication mechanisms using Dropbox and Google Storage as examples.
TELEVISION A New Schlieren Light Valve for Television Projection

A new television projection system is described. The heart of this light valve is a deformable reflective target consisting of a thin (~2000–6000 A)metal film supported in close proximity to a glass substrate. In operation a video-modulated electron beam scans the target and deforms the metal film analogously to the intensity of the video signal. These deformations control the amount of light from the schlieren projector that falls on the screen. The mechanical and electrical performance of the deformable targets and operation of a specially designed off-axis, reflective schlieren projector are discussed. Display results for the total system are presented.
Changes in volatile and non-volatile flavor chemicals of "Valencia" orange juice over the harvest seasons.

Florida "Valencia" oranges have a wide harvest window, covering four months after first reaching the commercial maturity. However, the influence of harvest time on juice flavor chemicals is not well documented, with the exception of sugars and acids. Therefore, we investigated the major flavor chemicals, volatile (aroma), non-volatile (taste) and mouth feel attributes, in the two harvest seasons (March to June in 2007 and February to May in 2012). Bitter limonoid compounds, limonin and nomilin, decreased gradually. Out of a total of 94 volatiles, 32 increased, 47 peaked mid to late season, and 15 decreased. Juice insoluble solids and pectin content increased over the season; however, pectin methylesterase activity remained unchanged. Fruit harvested in the earlier months had lower flavor quality. Juice from later harvests had a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness, while, many important aroma compounds occurred at the highest concentrations in the middle to late season, but occurred at lower concentrations at the end of the season. The results provide information to the orange juice processing industry for selection of optimal harvest time and for setting of precise blending strategy.
Risky Courtship: Background Contrast, Ornamentation, and Display Behavior of Wolf Spiders Affect Visual Detection by Toad Predators

Males that search widely for females and perform conspicuous courtship displays run a high risk of being detected by their predators. Therefore, gains in reproductive success might be offset by increased mortality due to predation. Male brush-legged wolf spiders (Schizocosa ocreata) with larger decorative traits (foreleg tufts) are preferred by females as mates, but are more readily detected by predators. However, predation risk may also be influenced by the interaction between components of signals and the environment in which signaling occurs. Courting male spiders were readily accepted as prey by a sympatric predator, the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus). We used video playback to tease apart the interactive effect between visual signals and the signaling environment on the ability of toads to detect courting spiders as a function of distance, background contrast, the presence or absence of male foreleg tufts, and behavioral activity. The response of toads to video sequences of male spiders was similar to their response to live male spiders. Toad response varied over distance toward spiders displayed against high contrast (sunny) vs. low contrast (shaded) backgrounds. Beyond 30 cm, more toads detected courting male spiders against light, ‘sunny’ backgrounds and detected them faster when compared to the same spider stimulus against darker, ‘shady’ backgrounds. In choice tests, toads oriented more often toward courting males with leg tufts than those without. Toad responses also varied with male spider behavior in that only videos of moving males were attacked. Latency to orient and detection by toads was significantly greater for walking males than courting males, and this effect was most evident at distances between 30 cm and 50 cm. Results supported that courting wolf spiders are at significant risk of predation by visually acute predators. Distance, background contrast, and the presence of foreleg decorations influence detection probability. Thus, the same complex visual signals that make males conspicuous and are preferred by females can make males more vulnerable as prey to toads.
Embodied interaction

Embodied Interaction, explores the components of interactive media, with a primary focus on the role that interaction design has on virtual experiences. My electronic artwork is concerned with the transformation of the human species, specifically its biological components and its behavioral characteristics. This transformation or evolution is an environmental reaction to the manifestations of science and technology. This presentation examines the need to address the physical body and how the action of users needs to be interconnected with the interface and content of a interactive piece. From the development of opaque sculptural input devices to the use of transparent technologies my interactive installations seeks to examine the process of conditioning users; their predetermined interaction; and the physicality of computing.
SU‐F‐I‐50: Finite Element‐Based Deformable Image Registration of Lung and Heart

Purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used after surgical resection to treat the microscopic disease for malignant pleural mesothelioma and to increase survival rates. Although accurate light delivery is imperative to PDT efficacy, the deformation of the pleural volume during the surgery impacts the delivered light dose. To facilitate treatment planning, we use a finite-element-based (FEM) deformable image registration to quantify the anatomical variation of lung and heart volumes between CT pre-(or post-) surgery and surface contours obtained during PDT using an infrared camera-based navigation system (NDI). Methods: NDI is used during PDT to obtain the information of the cumulative light fluence on every cavity surface point that is being treated. A wand, comprised of a modified endotrachial tube filled with Intralipid and an optical fiber inside the tube, is used to deliver the light during PDT. The position of the treatment is tracked using an attachment with nine reflective passive markers that are seen by the NDI system. Then, the position points are plotted as three-dimensional volume of the pleural cavity using Matlab and Meshlab. A series of computed tomography (CT) scans of the lungs and heart, in the same patient, are also acquired before and after the surgery. The NDI and CT contours are imported into COMSOL Multiphysics, where the FEM-based deformable image registration is obtained. The NDI and CT contours acquired during and post-PDT are considered as the reference, and the Pre-PDT CT contours are used as the target, which will be deformed. Results: Anatomical variation of the lung and heart volumes, taken at different times from different imaging devices, was determined by using our model. The resulting three-dimensional deformation map along x, y and z-axes was obtained. Conclusion: Our model fuses images acquired by different modalities and provides insights into the variation in anatomical structures over time.
Minimum Effective Compost Addition for Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil

Mature yard waste compost was mixed with pesticide-contaminated soil obtained from an agrichemical retail dealership to determine how much compost was needed to significantly stimulate plant growth, microbial activity, and pesticide degradation. The soil initially contained 1.6 mg kg-1 trifluralin, 1.7 mg kg-1 metolachlor, and 2.0 mg kg-1 pendimethalin. Proportions of the mixes were 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40% compost (w/w). Mixtures were planted with sweet corn (Zea mays) and placed in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. Plant dry matter production, microbial activity (dehydrogenase), and pesticide content were determined. Maximal stimulation of plant growth was found at 20% compost, at which amount, plant growth was 154% of growth in only contaminated soil. Significant increases in soil dehydrogenase were seen at 20% and 40% compost with the activity being 18.8 times higher than it was in only contaminated soil. The soil was inhibitory to microbial activity at all rates of compost addition, with no stimulation in microbial activity at <20% compost. Degradation of trifluralin and pendamethalin was increased at compost rates of 20% or more. Only 40% compost significantly stimulated metolachlor degradation. Percentage degradation of the pesticides after 4 weeks of greenhouse incubation and 16 weeks of laboratory degradation was 85% (trifluralin), 100% (metolachlor), and 79% (pendimethalin). The results indicate that addition of relatively large amounts of compost to soils with phytotoxic and antimicrobial properties can significantly improve prospects for successful remediation, but smaller amounts have no significant benefit.
Global synthesis suggests that food web connectance correlates to invasion resistance

Biological invasions are a key component of global change, and understanding the drivers of global invasion patterns will aid in assessing and mitigating the impact of invasive species. While invasive species are most often studied in the context of one or two trophic levels, in reality species invade communities comprised of complex food webs. The complexity and integrity of the native food web may be a more important determinant of invasion success than the strength of interactions between a small subset of species within a larger food web. Previous efforts to understand the relationship between food web properties and species invasions have been primarily theoretical and have yielded mixed results. Here, we present a synthesis of empirical information on food web connectance and species invasion success gathered from different sources (estimates of food web connectance from the primary literature and estimates of invasion success from the Global Invasive Species Database as well as the primary literature). Our results suggest that higher-connectance food webs tend to host fewer invaders and exert stronger biotic resistance compared to low-connectance webs. We argue that while these correlations cannot be used to infer a causal link between food web connectance and habitat invasibility, the promising findings beg for further empirical research that deliberately tests for relationships between food web connectance and invasion.
Investigation of Potential Low Temperature Insulators

The requirement for long-duration (greater than one or two years) space flights is rapidly approaching, and the passive type insulation systems (surface coatings, foams, cork, superinsulations, etc) used for cryogenic tankage In short-duration flights (less than 24 hr) will probably be replaced by active insulation systems (refrigeration systems, reliquefaction systems, etc). The most immediate problem is for intermediate-duration flights (greater than 1 day but less than 1 yr), and for this problem superinsulation or radiation shields appear to be the most attractive insulations. Systems such as NCR-2 and Linde SI-62 have apparent thermal conductivity values when measured under high vacuum between room temperature and -320°F of 1 to 3 × 10-5 Btu-ft/hr-ft2-°F. Evacuated fiberglass and evacuated powder insulations have k-factors approximately 30 to 50 times higher than superinsulations, whereas plastic foams have k-factors 500 to 1000 times higher. If one compares these insulation systems on a kp or (kp) 1/2 basis, the differences between systems are reduced, but the superinsulations are still significantly better than the other passive systems.
Future technology trends for static RAMS

SRAM (static random access memory) design and process requirements are used to project technology constraints for the near future. Previous methods for achieving fast SRAMs are reviewed. Trends interfacing the relationship between technology and chip architecture are then examined, including new packaging constraints. The speed limits for SRAMs of increasing density are explored. The increasing importance of interconnected limitations for circuit choices is discussed. CMOS and BiCMOS circuits are compared. Future packaging, chip size, electromigration, and signal-propagation constraints are treated. The major data-integrity issues (cell stability, data retention and soft-error) are examined for future scaled processes. >
Relationships Matter: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Youth and Adults Working Together as Partners

Highlights of a multi-method research study conducted to understand the perceptions and experiences of youth and adults working together within communities are shared in this article. The results revealed that the most positive youth-adult relationship experiences were those with supportive adults willing to share power with youth, those instituting youth-led endeavors where young people were allowed to demonstrate high levels of involvement and responsibility, and those involving participants who had previously worked as a community partner. Participants in Youth-Led Collaborations were more positive toward their experiences than those in Adult-Led Collaborations and Youth-Adult Partnerships. Also, participants in relationships located in rural areas indicated more positive experiences than those in urban areas. In addition, the critical elements of various youth-adult relationships were also underscored, thus identifying characteristics that have significant importance in nurturing interactions between young people and positive adults.
Molecular catalysis at polarized interfaces created by ferroelectric BaTiO3

The local environment at polarized solid-liquid interfaces provides a unique medium for chemical reactions that could be exploited to control the selectivity of non-faradaic reactions. Polarized interfaces are commonly prepared by applying a voltage to an electrode in an electrolyte solution, but it is challenging to achieve high surface charge densities while suppressing faradaic reactions. Ferroelectric materials have permanent surface charge densities that arise from the dipole moments of ferroelectric domains and can be used to create polarized solid-liquid interfaces without applying a voltage. We studied the effects of ferroelectric oxides on the selectivity of a Rh porphyrin-catalyzed carbene rearrangement. The addition of ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles to the reaction solution changed the product ratio in the same direction and by a similar magnitude as performing the reaction at an electrode-electrolyte interface polarized by a voltage. The results demonstrate that colloidal suspensions of BaTiO3 nanoparticles act as a dispersible polarized interface that can influence the selectivity of non-faradaic reactions.
Integrin extension enables ultrasensitive regulation by cytoskeletal force.

Integrins undergo large-scale conformational changes upon activation. Signaling events driving integrin activation have previously been discussed conceptually, but not quantitatively. Here, recent measurements of the intrinsic ligand-binding affinity and free energy of each integrin conformational state on the cell surface, together with the length scales of conformational change, are used to quantitatively compare models of activation. We examine whether binding of cytoskeletal adaptors to integrin cytoplasmic domains is sufficient for activation or whether exertion of tensile force by the actin cytoskeleton across the integrin–ligand complex is also required. We find that only the combination of adaptor binding and cytoskeletal force provides ultrasensitive regulation. Moreover, switch-like activation by force depends on the large, >130 A length-scale change in integrin extension, which is well tailored to match the free-energy difference between the inactive (bent-closed) and active (extended-open) conformations. The length scale and energy cost in integrin extension enable activation by force in the low pN range and appear to be the key specializations that enable cell adhesion through integrins to be coordinated with cytoskeletal dynamics.
Microstructural Modeling of Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermo-Mechanical Response of Energetic Aggregates to Infrared Laser Radiation and Dynamic Fracture

A dislocation-density based crystalline plasticity, a finite viscoelasticity, and a nonlinear finite-element formulation were used to study the high strain-rate failure of energetic crystalline aggregates. The energetic crystals of RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) with a polymer binder were subjected to high strain-rate tensile loading, and the predictions indicate that high localized stresses and stress gradients develop due to mismatches along crystalline-crystalline and crystalline-amorphous interfaces. These high-stress interfaces are sites for crack nucleation and propagation, and the predictions are used to show how the cracks nucleate and propagate.
System support for the Stanford hand-eye system

The Stanford hand-eye system is implemented as several separate tasks, each executing under a timesharing executive. Development of a programming language (SAIL) and augmentation of the timesharing system were required to provide the necessary data sharing and control flow among the tasks. The SAIL language provides facilities for "associative processing," and is extended to serve the data sharing and communication needs of the hand-eye system. Several user facilities are designed to aid running and debugging the system.
Low and variable ecosystem calcification in a coral reef lagoon under natural acidification

Laboratory-based CO2 experiments and studies of naturally low pH coral reef ecosystems reveal negative impacts of ocean acidification on the calcifying communities that build coral reefs. Conversely, in Palau's low pH lagoons, coral cover is high, coral communities are diverse, and calcification rates of two reef-building corals exhibit no apparent sensitivity to the strong natural gradient in pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωar). We developed two methods to quantify rates of Net Ecosystem Calcification (NEC), the ecosystem-level balance between calcification and dissolution, in Risong Lagoon, where average daily pH is ∼ 7.9 and Ωar ∼ 2.7. While coral cover in the lagoon is within the range of other Pacific reefs (∼ 26%), NEC rates were among the lowest measured, averaging 25.9 ± 13.7 mmol m−2 d−1 over two 4 d study periods. NEC rates were highly variable, ranging from a low of 13.7 mmol m−2 d−1 in March 2012 to a high of 40.3 mmol m−2 d−1 in November 2013, despite no significant changes in temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, Ωar, or pH. Our results indicate that the coral reef community of Risong Lagoon produces just enough calcium carbonate to maintain net positive calcification but comes dangerously close to net zero or negative NEC (net dissolution). Identifying the factors responsible for low NEC rates as well as the drivers of NEC variability in naturally low pH reef systems are key to predicting their futures under 21st century climate change.
Donald Trump, Naturally: Revisionist Environmental Policy, Global Warming Tweets, and the Unexpected Emphasis on Climate Change in the 2016 Campaign

Does Donald Trump’s social media record explain his evolving environmental policy? How has Mr. Trump’s novel political communication strategy, his tens of thousands of Twitter posts (“tweets”), evolved in frequency, form, and content during his political transformation from pre-candidate gadfly to presidential candidate and then as the 45th US President? No policy in the early months of President Trump’s Republican administration had greater transformation than environmental policy, from vivid advocacy of fossil fuel and coal energy production, broad ecological regulatory evisceration, and the US decoupling from the Paris Climate Accord. Given that Donald Trump, less than a decade ago, advocated greater global climate change (gcc) action, Twitter analysis of the ecological contrasts and contradictions between citizen Trump and the 45th US President provides insights on how his 2009–2016 climate change, energy, and environmental tweets explain part of his unique political, and planetary, worldview.
Effects of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance and the production cost of broiler chickens. A total of 120, Indian River, day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four dietary treatment groups such as 100% diet as control treatment and 90%, 80% and 70% diets, in floor pens. All treatments were replicated thrice with 10 birds each in a Completely Randomized Design. Broiler chickens were fed broiler starter diet from day 1 to day 21 and broiler finisher diet from day 22 to day 42. The results revealed that the body weight gain in the birds fed with 90% diet was significantly higher than those of control diet during finisher and overall phases and vice-versa during starter period. The feed intakes of birds were significantly decreased with the severity of feed restriction during all periods. However, significantly the lowest overall feed conversion ratio was reported in the birds fed with 70% diet. Furthermore, higher relative liver and lung weights were observed in the control treatment while they had lower relative heart weight. The spleen was significantly increased in the birds fed with 90% diet. It could be concluded that giving 90% of the recommended diet to the broiler chickens increases growth, immunity and income.
COMPASS 31 – A Refined and Abbreviated Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (P03.019)

OBJECTIVE: To develop an updated, concise, and statistically robust instrument for the standarized assessment of autonomic symptoms. BACKGROUND: The Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) is a well-established questionnaire evaluating severity and distribution of autonomic symptoms. Using a subset of questions, we have generated a validated scoring instrument, the composite autonomic symptom score (COMPASS). An error-prone scoring algorithm, time-consuming administration, and lack of internal consistency necessitated a redesign to an updated, more concise, statistically solid, and broadly applicable tool for autonomic symptom quantification. DESIGN/METHODS: We assessed the internal consistency of COMPASS using Cronbach alpha coefficients based on the ASP of 405 healthy control subjects. Applying a simplified scoring algorithm, we then used exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation and Eigenvalue calculations to extract internally consistent domains and to reduce dimensionality. This was followed by expert revisions to eliminate redundant content and to retain clinically important questions, and final assessment of the new instrument. RESULTS: The new, simplified scoring algorithm alone resulted in higher Cronbach alpha values in all domains. Factor analysis revealed 7 domains with a total of 54 questions retained. Expert revisions resulted in further reduction of questions and domains with a remaining total of 31 questions in 6 domains (COMPASS 31). Measures of internal consistency were much improved compared to COMPASS. Following appropriate weighting, this instrument provides an autonomic symptom score from 0 to 100. CONCLUSIONS: COMPASS 31 is a refined, internally consistent, and markedly abbreviated quantitative measure of autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original ASP and COMPASS, applies a much simplified scoring algorithm, and is suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice. Supported by: In part by National Institutes of Health (NS 32352 Autonomic Disorders Program Project; NS 44233 Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy, U54 NS065736 Autonomic Rare Disease Clinical Consortium, and K23NS075141), Mayo CTSA (UL1 RR24150), and Mayo Funds. Disclosure: Dr. Sletten has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mandrekar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Low has received personal compensation for activities with Chelsea, Pfizer Inc, and WR Medical Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Low has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Autonomic Neuroscience. Dr. Singer has received payments from Jacobus Pharmaceuticals.
Implementation and Performance Comparison of Some Heuristic Algorithms for Block Sorting

Block Sorting is an APX-hard combinatorial optimization problem motivated by applications in genome rearrangements. While previous works on block sorting have mainly focused on theoretical analyses of approximation algorithms, in this work we develop an implementation framework for block sorting in the Java programming language. Our framework uses a simple data structure for a block and includes methods to: manipulate blocks; extract useful information about blocks at various stages in a block sorting algorithm; and perform block moves. We use this framework to implement algorithms for block sorting, based on three different heuristics: 1) each block move guarantees a reduction of at least one block; 2) block moves are performed only on those blocks which are not members of the longest increasing subsequence (of blocks) in the original permutation; and 3) each block move either reduces the number of blocks by two or three blocks, or reduces the number of reversals or inversions in the original permutation. We analyze and compare these algorithms for their performance as the order of permutations is varied, using the measures of number of block moves and approximation ratios when sorting kernelized permutations of a given order. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work that is focused on implementation and experimental performance analysis of any algorithm for block sorting. We believe our results will be useful for researchers and practitioners working in this area.
Pea protein isolate–high methoxyl pectin soluble complexes for improving pea protein functionality: Effect of pH, biopolymer ratio and concentrations

Abstract Recently, there is a strong interest in the incorporation of pea protein as a preferred alternative animal protein into protein fortified beverage because of its cheaper price, more sustainable and gluten free that can be claimed in label. However, poor functionality of pea protein such as acidic solubility and thermal stability has limited their applications in dispersed food systems such as beverage. The aim of this study was to enhance the functionality of pea protein isolate (PPI) by forming soluble complexes with high methoxyl pectin (HMP). The effect of PPI–HMP mixing ratio (1:1–20:1) and PPI concentrations (0.05 and 1.00 wt %) on critical pH transition point (pHs), a key parameter differentiating between soluble and insoluble complexes formation, was investigated using turbidimetric analysis, phase diagram, and ζ–potential. Critical pHs decreased to pH 3.5 as PPI–HMP mixing ratio decreased from 20:1 to 1:1. The ζ–potential results showed a shift in net charge neutrality from pH 4.8 in homogenous PPI solutions to pH 3 for PPI-HPM mixtures with 1:1 ratio. However, HMP induced phase separation of PPI–HMP mixtures at both higher biopolymer concentration (>1.50 wt %) and neutral pH values was observed presumably via a thermal incompatibility mechanism. The pH- percentage solubility of PPI–HMP mixtures at fixed PPI concentration (1.00 wt %) was mixing ratio dependent. When increasing HMP concentration, the pH of minimum protein solubility for biopolymer mixture was shifted towards more acidic condition as compared to PPI alone. Apparent viscosity and thermal denaturation temperature of soluble complexes at fixed PPI concentration (1.00 wt %) slightly increased due to the formation of new net structure in the PPI–HMP systems. The findings derived from this research could provide useful information in the design of pea protein fortified beverage with enhanced pea protein stability.
General Conclusions About Spatial Statistics

This chapter summarizes general findings gleaned from the nine chapters constituting the spatial statistics part of this book. It also introduces a second massively large remotely sensed image for which n exceeds 65 million.