cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The faculty and the future

The history of higher education belies the common assumption that educational institutions are static and that faculty oppose change. Many faculty do, however, resist innovation, a resistance based not in reactionism but in a basic concern that innovators are losing sight of the centrality of the faculty role in education. That concern, although understandable, has no basis in fact, as a review of current alternative models makes clear. Indeed, one can postulate that no alternative model that avoids or minimizes the impress of the faculty can expect to meet the requirements for effective learning. Developments of the 1970s should be seen as attempts to restore earlier values of teaching and learning while responding in a new social context to a highly diverse, mass student body. The implications of this assumption bode extremely well for the future.
Tooth whitening: facts and fallacies.

Since the introduction of nightguard vital bleaching (tray bleaching) in 1989, dentistry has witnessed an astronomical rise in the interest in tooth whitening.1 As a result, the most frequently asked question is, 'what bleaching technique works best?' Virtually all of today's whitening approaches work, because bleach is bleach. Whether a nightguard bleach is used with only 10% carbamide peroxide (which contains only 3% hydrogen peroxide), over-the-counter (OTC) whitening strips are applied containing 6% hydrogen peroxide, or an in-office bleach is employed using 25–35% hydrogen peroxide, the end results can potentially be the same. Similarity of results is possible because the mechanism of action is the same: oxidation of organic pigments or chromogens in the tooth. Granted, some bleaching approaches are more expeditious than others, owing to differences in concentration or exposure time. But as just noted, the most important factors in the efficacy of any bleaching treatment are concentration of the bleaching agent and duration of the exposure time.
Within-Host Whole-Genome Deep Sequencing and Diversity Analysis of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Reveals Dynamics of Genomic Diversity in the Absence and Presence of Immune Pressure

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children and an important respiratory pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised. While population-wide molecular epidemiology studies have shown multiple cocirculating RSV genotypes and revealed antigenic and genetic change over successive seasons, little is known about the extent of viral diversity over the course of an individual infection, the origins of novel variants, or the effect of immune pressure on viral diversity and potential immune-escape mutations. To investigate viral population diversity in the presence and absence of selective immune pressures, we studied whole-genome deep sequencing of RSV in upper airway samples from an infant with severe combined immune deficiency syndrome and persistent RSV infection. The infection continued over several months before and after bone marrow transplant (BMT) from his RSV-immune father. RSV diversity was characterized in 26 samples obtained over 78 days. Diversity increased after engraftment, as defined by T-cell presence, and populations reflected variation mostly within the G protein, the major surface antigen. Minority populations with known palivizumab resistance mutations emerged after its administration. The viral population appeared to diversify in response to selective pressures, showing a statistically significant growth in diversity in the presence of pressure from immunity. Defining escape mutations and their dynamics will be useful in the design and application of novel therapeutics and vaccines. These data can contribute to future studies of the relationship between within-host and population-wide RSV phylodynamics. IMPORTANCE Human RSV is an important cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. RSV circulating in a community appears to change season by season, but the amount of diversity generated during an individual infection and the impact of immunity on this viral diversity has been unclear. To address this question, we described within-host RSV diversity by whole-genome deep sequencing in a unique clinical case of an RSV-infected infant with severe combined immunodeficiency and effectively no adaptive immunity who then gained adaptive immunity after undergoing bone marrow transplantation. We found that viral diversity increased in the presence of adaptive immunity and was primarily within the G protein, the major surface antigen. These data will be useful in designing RSV treatments and vaccines and to help understand the relationship between the dynamics of viral diversification within individual hosts and the viral populations circulating in a community.
Search for consistent interactions of the Rarita-Schwinger field

Bilinear, nonderivative couplings of the massive Rarita-Schwinger (RS) field are investigated. The most general coupling of this type involves 14 $\mathrm{SL}(2, C)$ irreducible tensors. Eleven of these are considered individually and in various groups; the theory turns out to be inconsistent at both classical and quantized levels, except for a particular coupling to two vector and two scalar fields. The latter case, however, turns out to be equivalent to the free-field case, leading to the conjecture that all the consistent nonderivative "couplings" of the RS field must be equivalent to the free-field case. The analysis also shows that, for weak external fields, the same expression governs both the classical and the quantum inconsistencies for any interaction.
The Diogenes Approach to Testable Fault-Tolerant Arrays of Processors

This paper describes by a series of examples a strategy for designing testable fault-tolerant arrays of processors. The strategy achieves fault tolerance by introducing redundancy in an array's communication links rather than in its processing elements (PE's). The major characteristics of the designs produced are as follows.
Extracellular H+ iontophoresis modifies responses to γ-aminobutyric acid and cyanide of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons in rats

Abstract Responses of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons, recorded in the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata, to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cyanide microiontophoreses were examined during H + iontophoresis in anesthetized rats. Extracellular H + iontophoresis attenuated GABA-evoked decreases and enhanced cyanide-induced increases in the neuronal activity, but had no effect on the neuronal activity when applied alone. Opposite responses were produced during OH − iontophoresis. Similar effects were also observed on the glycine-evoked inhibition of these neurons during H + and OH − iontophoreses, suggesting that H + modulation of the GABA-evoked inhibition may not result from a specific action at the GABA receptor-channel complex. It is concluded that extracellular H + ions exert a modulatory action on responses of the reticulospinal vasomotor neurons to other neuro-active substances and may significantly contribute to hypoxic-ischemic cardiovascular regulation.
A Primer on Federal Income Tax Service

A subject that often causes trouble for reference librarians is federal income tax research and the use of tax services. This article describes the sources of federal income tax law, sources used to interpret the tax laws, and the services that pull all of this information together for the researcher.
Sniper: A framework for detecting attack attempts to open source web applications at the run time

Open source web applications offer webmasters and owners like you free solutions for building personal, business, official and social network websites. On the other hand, open source web applications allow attackers a complete map of its structure, design and functionality. In fact, using open source web applications is a double-edged sword in that it supplies both attackers and defenders more control over their security aspect. Well-known attacks are aimed access resources that are not referenced by the web application and lead to information discloser. Inspired by the idea of a sniper lurking in the shadows of civilization as a secret guard, this paper proposes a framework-named Sniper-to improve the security of open source web applications. Mimicking a real sniper who hides in the bushes to watch and eliminate dangerous enemies, the proposed Sniper framework is hidden within the web application to capture potential attackers. To illustrate further, if an attacker approaches your website seeking sensitive data, Sniper will be there watching to detect the intrusion, notify the webmaster anonymously, and block the attacker based on predefined thresholds. Therefore, Sniper identifies and mitigates attack attempts ahead of time by monitoring suspicious traffic intended to reach forbidden or sensitive areas. Sniper was implemented and tested using three different open source web applications. As a webmaster, I cannot imagine a better lights-out monitoring solution that not only notifies me, but also blocks potentially malicious access.
Analysis of Ori-S sequence of HSV-1: identification of one functional DNA binding domain

Using gel retardation assays, we have detected an Ori-S binding activity in the nuclear extract of HSV-1 infected Vero cells. The sequence-specific DNA binding activity seems to be identical to that described by Elias et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 6322-6326, 1986). This activity fails to retard a mutant origin DNA that has a 5 bp deletion in the reported protein binding site along with an A to T substitution at a position 16 base-pairs away from the site. This mutant also failed to replicate in a transient replication assay, thus correlating binding of the factor on the origin to replication efficiency. Using crude nuclear extracts as the source of the factor and with the help of footprint and gel retardation analyses, we confirmed that protection is only observed on the preferred site of binding on and near the left arm of the Ori-S palindrome. In order to analyze the sequence specificity of the binding we have generated a set of binding site mutants. Competition experiments with these mutant origins indicate that the sequence 5'-TTCGCACTT-3' is crucial for binding.
The Role of the Farm Foundation in Agricultural Economics

5W 5 HEN I first joined the staff of the Farm Foundation, I spent considerable time attending meetings and conferences. One day one of the individuals that I had seen at many of these conferences said to me, "Every place I go I see you. What is your racket, Joe?" It happened that Henry C. Taylor, who was managing director at that time, was standing next to me, and before I had time to gather my thoughts for a proper reply, he said, "Oh, he has the same function that yeast has in bread." I have often thought of that remark, and after almost thirty years, I can hardly think of a more apt reply. The Farm Foundation is, indeed, much like a leavening agent, for one of its avowed aims is to start action that is self-sustaining and self-multiplying. The principal founder of the Farm Foundation was Alexander Legge, who was president of the International Harvester Company at the time of his death. At one time he served as chairman of the Farm Board, and this gave him an excellent opportunity to talk with many farmers, businessmen, statesmen, and educators regarding his pet project, a fund that could be used to improve rural life. No agency existed for this specific purpose at the time, and he persuaded others to join with him in sponsoring a foundation. Frank 0. Lowden, another founder, showed his belief in the usefulness of such a foundation by a bequest in his will accompanied by these words: "The quantity and the quality of the rural population is a major and most important factor in determining in the long run the strength, the character, and the well-being of the people of the nation." The trust agreement which established the Farm Foundation in 1933 provides for the direction of its activities by a Board of Trustees of not fewer than 21 members. For purposes of insuring sound and effective management based upon broad information, seven of these Trustees are to be chosen at large; five are to be experienced in farming; three are to be selected from the executive, teaching, experimental, or extension staffs of the state universities maintaining agricultural departments; and the re-
Earth science instruction with digital data

Abstract Earth Science instruction is challenged today by rapid information growth and a need to integrate information from a number of disciplines. Fortunately, most of this information is in digital form, so the computer's capacity to integrate, process and display data can help students learn from data. The Lamont Data Viewer, originally developed for research, has been modified to help students with this task. With it, students can view large data sets as maps, cross-sections or x–y plots of subdata sets or make calculations on the data set and view the resulting data as similar displays. All calculations and data transformations are made on a large Lamont server with the resulting figure or table being transmitted to the user via the Internet. Consequently, students can easily and rapidly access and process large data sets from disparate disciplines and view the resulting figures and tables in similar formats. Easy access to large Earth Science data sets adds a new dimension to the way students can learn about the Earth and requires certain data analysis skills. The educational value of acquiring and using such skills is beyond dispute, for they teach how science is done and are applicable to both scientific and nonscientific inquiry. Nevertheless, learning directly from data is a little explored activity, below the graduate level, and much needs to be learned to maximize the gain from this form of pedagogy.
Magnetic cellular nonlinear network with spin wave bus

We describe and analyze a magnetic cellular nonlinear network using spin waves for information exchange. The network consists of magneto-electric cells integrated onto a common ferromagnetic film-spin wave bus. A magneto-electric cell is an artificial multiferroic comprising piezomagnetic and piezoelectric materials, which electric and magnetic polarizations entangled via the magneto-electric coupling. A bit of information is encoded into the cell's magnetic polarization, which is controlled by the applied electric field. The cell interacts with other cells not directly but via the spin waves propagating in the spin wave bus. The latter makes it possible to control the intercell communication by an external global parameter-magnetic field. We present the results of numerical modeling illustrating network performance. The utilization of spin waves offers an intrigue possibility to exploit wave phenomena at nanometer scale for building low-power dissipating and multi-functional logic devices for special task data processing. The disadvantages and shortcomings of the magnetic network with spin wave bus are also discussed.
Microbial, Chemical and Methane Production Characteristics of Anaerobically Decomposed Refuse With and Without Leachate Recycling

Abstract Microbial and chemical characteristics of refuse in an active state of methane production, incubated in the laboratory with and without leachate recycle, were compared. There were no significant differences in the total anaerobic population or the sub-populations of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, acetogenic or methanogenic (based on acetate or H 2 CO 2 utilization) bacteria in refuse incubated with or without leachate recycle. Therefore, leachate recycle may be used to accelerate refuse decomposition in laboratory-scale test lysimeters without changing the microbial composition of the aforementioned trophic groups. Differences in soluble constituent concentrations and methane production patterns between leachate recycle and non-leachate recycle containers were attributed to the mixing associated with leachate recycle. Under certain circumstances, leachate recycle is a useful technique for acceleration of refuse decomposition in the laboratory, thus reducing the period of time required to study the effect of an addition to the refuse ecosystem on methane production.
Believing others: Pros and cons

Abstract In open environments there is no central control over agent behaviors. On the contrary, agents in such systems can be assumed to be primarily driven by self interests. Under the assumption that agents remain in the system for significant time periods, or that the agent composition changes only slowly, we have previously presented a prescriptive strategy for promoting and sustaining cooperation among self-interested agents. The adaptive, probabilistic policy we have prescribed promotes reciprocative cooperation that improves both individual and group performance in the long run. In the short run, however, selfish agents could still exploit reciprocative agents. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that the exploitative tendencies of selfish agents can be effectively curbed if reciprocative agents share their “opinions” of other agents. Since the true nature of agents is not known a priori and is learned from experience, believing others can also pose its own hazards. We provide a learned trust-based evaluation function that is shown to resist both individual and concerted deception on the part of selfish agents in a package delivery domain.
Genetic Architecture of MicroRNA Expression: Implications for the Transcriptome and Complex Traits

We sought to comprehensively and systematically characterize the relationship between genetic variation, miRNA expression, and mRNA expression. Genome-wide expression profiling of samples of European and African ancestry identified in each population hundreds of miRNAs whose increased expression is correlated with correspondingly reduced expression of target mRNAs. We scanned 3′ UTR SNPs with a potential functional effect on miRNA binding for cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for the corresponding proximal target genes. To extend sequence-based, localized analyses of SNP effect on miRNA binding, we proceeded to dissect the genetic basis of miRNA expression variation; we mapped miRNA expression levels—as quantitative traits—to loci in the genome as miRNA eQTLs, demonstrating that miRNA expression is under significant genetic control. We found that SNPs associated with miRNA expression are significantly enriched with those SNPs already shown to be associated with mRNA. Moreover, we discovered that many of the miRNA-associated genetic variations identified in our study are associated with a broad spectrum of human complex traits from the National Human Genome Research Institute catalog of published genome-wide association studies. Experimentally, we replicated miRNA-induced mRNA expression inhibition and the cis-eQTL relationship to the target gene for several identified relationships among SNPs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in an independent set of samples; furthermore, we conducted miRNA overexpression and inhibition experiments to functionally validate the miRNA-mRNA relationships. This study extends our understanding of the genetic regulation of the transcriptome and suggests that genetic variation might underlie observed relationships between miRNAs and mRNAs more commonly than has previously been appreciated.
The influences of reproductive status and acute stress on the levels of phosphorylated delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus

In the hippocampus, ovarian hormones and sex can alter the trafficking of delta opioid receptors (DORs) and the proportion of DORs that colocalize with the stress hormone, corticotropin releasing factor. Here, we assessed the effects of acute immobilization stress (AIS) and sex on the phosphorylation of DORs in the rat hippocampus. We first localized an antibody to phosphorylated DOR (pDOR) at the SER363 carboxy-terminal residue, and demonstrated its response to an opioid agonist. By light microscopy, pDOR-immunoreactivity (ir) was located predominantly in CA2/CA3a pyramidal cell apical dendrites and in interneurons in CA1-3 stratum oriens and the dentate hilus. By electron microscopy, pDOR-ir primarily was located in somata and dendrites, associated with endomembranes, or in dendritic spines. pDOR-ir was less frequently found in mossy fibers terminals. Quantitative light microscopy revealed a significant increase in pDOR-ir in the CA2/CA3a region of male rats 1 h following an injection of the opioid agonist morphine (20 mg/kg, I.P). To look at the effects of stress on pDOR, we compared pDOR-ir in males and cycling females after AIS. The level of pDOR-ir in stratum radiatum of CA2/CA3a was increased in control estrus (elevated estrogen and progesterone) females compared to proestrus and diestrus females and males. However, immediately following 30 min of AIS, no significant differences in pDOR levels were seen across estrous cycle phase or sex. These findings suggest that hippocampal levels of phosphorylated DORs vary with estrous cycle phase and that acute stress may dampen the differential effects of hormones on DOR activation in females.
Synergistic Rise in Ca2+Produced by Somatostatin and Acetylcholine in Ciliary Body Epithelial Cells

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to demonstrate the presence of somatostatin receptors on the nonpigmented epithelial cells of the rabbit ciliary body and their link with intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis. Freshly excised rabbit ciliary processes and nonpigmented cell layer explants were loaded with the fluorescent dye fura-2, and free-Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in the nonpigmented cells was measured with fluorescence ratio imaging. The cells were continuously perfused, and drugs were added to the perfusate. Somatostatin-14 (SS14, 0.1–1.0 μ m ) or acetylcholine (ACh, 10 μ m ) applied alone produced small increases in [Ca 2+ ] i . However, SS14 (0.1 μ m ) in combination with ACh (10 μ m ) induced a massive increase in [Ca 2+ ] i (25.7±3.3 times the baseline level, n =28). The dose-response curve for SS14 (in the presence of 10 μ m ACh) was sigmoidal with an EC 50 of 3.9 n m and Hill coefficient of 2.5, indicating the requirement for multiple SS receptor activation. Somatostatin-28 could mimic the effect of SS14, although a much higher concentration was required. Shifting the SS14 dose–response curve to the right by about two-orders of magnitude resulted in a fit to the SS28 data. The response to ACh+SS14 could not be blocked by the α 2 -adrenergic blocker yohimbine (Yoh, 10 μ m ) or the A 1 -specific adenosinergic antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 1 μ m ). Incubation of the tissue with pertussis toxin (PTx, 1 μg ml −1 ) did not alter the response to ACh alone but eliminated the synergistic effect of somatostatin. We conclude that nonpigmented epithelial cells of the rabbit ciliary body possess a novel somatostatin receptor whose activation can synergistically potentiate the rise in [Ca 2+ ] i produced by ACh. This potentiation appears to occur via a pertussis-toxin-sensitive pathway, perhaps through G i .
(+)-1(S), 5(R), 8(S)-8-phenyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-8-ol n,o-methylboronate (2) and its enantiomer, chiral chemzymes which serve as catalysts for their own enantioselective synthesis

Abstract An efficient synthesis of (+)-1( S ), 5( R ), 8( S )-8-phenyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-8-ol ( 1 ) and its enantiomer is described. The B-methyloxazaborolidine derivatives ( 2 ) of these amino alcohols are excellent catalysts (chemzymes) for the enantioselective reduction of a variety of achiral ketones to chiral secondary alcohols, e.g. acetophenone, 98% ee; pinacolone, 98% ee; α-tetralone, 97% ee; and 2-bromo-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 98% ee. The oxazaborolidine 2 is a catalyst for the enantioselective synthesis of 14 , a starting material for the synthesis of chiral 2 itself.
Immunology: Guide for a cell-fate decision

How does an immature cell know how to develop into a specialized one? A fortunate observation has revealed one of the cues that guide precursor immune cells to their ultimate fate.
Limitations of the COS approximation as applied to the cosmic-ray anisotropy

Abstract A systematic study is presented of the COS approximation as applied to the class of spinning charged particle detectors that measure solar and galactic cosmic-ray anisotropies. This study includes the derivation of: (1) the general COS approximation equations and their limitations for any harmonic component of the anisotropy, (2) the realistic errors for each harmonic component produced by the Poisson statistical fluctuations, and (3) the first order geometric smoothing effects caused by real charged particle telescopes. A computer simulation of the COS approximation is developed to test the reliability of the derived error relations and to examine effects associated with limited count rates. We find that not only anisotropy amplitude increased above its proper value at low count rates, but at any count rate an isotropic background anisotropy exists and is equal to ∼✓(3/C)±✓(1/C) , where C is the total number of counts.
The effectiveness of social reinforcement as a function of changes in rate of reinforcement

Abstract One hundred and twenty subjects were divided into two groups, receiving either 100% or 33% reinforcement for the emission of the “correct” emotional-labeling response during an acquisition phase of 60 trials. This phase was followed by 60 trials during which conditions of none, or low change, moderate change, and substantial change from the base-line rates were established, thereby giving us three positive-discrepancy groups and three negative-discrepancy groups of 20 subjects each. Changes in the effectiveness of social reinforcement were assessed by comparing, through the use of difference scores, the average number of correct responses made during the last two blocks of the shift phase with the average number of correct responses made during the last two blocks of the acquisition series. As hypothesized, a significant interaction between the initial rate of reinforcement and amount of change was obtained. A negatively accelerated linear trend was found for the 100% groups and a quadratic trend peaking at the moderate-change level for the 33% groups. These results were interpreted as indicating the importance of direction as well as of the magnitude of change. Contrary to a second hypothesis, positivity of subjects' mood changes was significantly affected only by magnitude of change. It was also found that subjects who valued the experimenter's approval and who encountered a substantial decrement in rate of approval were more likely to be resistant to extinction and to volunteer for an unpleasant experiment than were their counterparts who received a substantial increase in rate of approval. These reactions were taken as supporting the notion, derived from the senior author's SRS model, that subjects may use ingratiation tacties to reduce disparities between current and past levels of reinforcement.
Pressure Tuning Spectroscopy of Mn 2+ in Bulk and Nanocrystalline Sulfide Semiconductors

We report the results of high pressure luminescence studies of the emission of Mn 2+ in bulk Zn 0.55 Ga 0.30 S up to ∼214 kbar, bulk ZnS up to ∼184 kbar, and nanocrystalline ZnS (∼8 nm particle sizes) up to ∼300 kbar. We observed a strong redshift with pressure (-30(3) cm −1 /kbar) for the 4 T 1 → 6 A 1 emission transition of Mn 2+ in all three systems. We also observed emission quenching at high pressure in all three systems and attribute the quenching to a pressure induced phase change of the ZnS host lattice to a rocksalt (NaCl) phase.
A Local-View Array Library for Partitioned Global Address Space C++ Programs

Multidimensional arrays are an important data structure in many scientific applications. Unfortunately, built-in support for such arrays is inadequate in C++, particularly in the distributed setting where bulk communication operations are required for good performance. In this paper, we present a multidimensional library for partitioned global address space (PGAS) programs, supporting the one-sided remote access and bulk operations of the PGAS model. The library is based on Titanium arrays, which have proven to provide good productivity and performance. These arrays provide a local view of data, where each rank constructs its own portion of a global data structure, matching the local view of execution common to PGAS programs and providing maximum flexibility in structuring global data. Unlike Titanium, which has its own compiler with array-specific analyses, optimizations, and code generation, we implement multidimensional arrays solely through a C++ library. The main goal of this effort is to provide a library-based implementation that can match the productivity and performance of a compiler-based approach. We implement the array library as an extension to UPC++, a C++ library for PGAS programs, and we extend Titanium arrays with specializations to improve performance. We evaluate the array library by porting four Titanium benchmarks to UPC++, demonstrating that it can achieve up to 25% better performance than Titanium without a significant increase in programmer effort.
The preauricular tubed pedicle flap.

. Tubed pedicle flaps find limited application for the cutaneous surgeon, but the preauricular area offers particular advantages in reconstructing certain congenital or acquired defects on the pinnae. These flaps are two-staged procedures, the utmost care being required in pre-surgical assessment and careful handling of the transposing pedicles. The attached vascular pedicle virtually guarantees success in transferring thicker portions of preauricular tissue into deep defects on the auricle. The reconstructive surgeon will find the challenges rewarding in achievement of aesthetic results with difficult problems. To date we have performed 36 two-staged pedicled auricular reconstructive procedures with no untoward complications or sequelae.
Hydrodynamic modelling of the liquid-solid behaviour of the circulating particulate bed electrode$

Experimental and modelling investigations of the hydrodynamics of the internal flow structure in the circulating particulate bed electrode (CPBE) are reported. The CPBE, a hybrid between an expanded packed bed and an entrained/fluidized bed, is particularly well suited for many electrochemical applications such as metal recovery and pollution treatments for metal containing effluents. This study deals with the fundamental hydrodynamics and particle dynamics of the CPBE. A mathematical model of the CPBE has been developed which successfully describes the motion of the particles and the fluid in the bed. It is shown that many of the flow characteristics of the circulating bed can be predicted using fundamental data. The validity of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing predictions to experimental observations of several bed characteristics under various operating conditions.
The determination of cobalt by oxidation with potassium molybdicyanide

Abstract Cobalt has been determined titrimetrieally and coulometrically by oxidation of the bivalent ion with potassium molybdicyanide, K3Mo(CN)8, in ammoniacal medium. The break in potential at the equivalence-point is approximately 0.6 volt. Manganese is not oxidized stoichiometrically in citrate media, but the total of cobalt and manganese may be obtained in the presence of fluoride. Iron interferes when fluoride, but not when citrate is used as the complexing agent. The method, therefore, is not directly applicable to steels where both iron and manganese are present.
Affective relationship between the speaker and listener: An alternative to the approach‐avoidance model

The authors question the appropriateness of the simple approach‐avoidance model as a description of the affective relationship between communicator and auditor. A factor analytic study is presented that supports Davitz's earlier contention that there are two qualitatively distinct types of negative affective relationships: moving against and moving away. An additional illustrative study explores some relationships between this model of affect and the dimensions of credibility.
Systematic behavior in alkaline earth spectra: a multichannel quantum defect analysis

"Two-electron" atoms are more complex than "one-electron" atoms because of electron-electron interactions. This leads to spectra that are not well understood. Using multiple photon excitation and ionization detection, we have extensively studied Rydberg series of states in Ca, Sr, and Ba. The spectroscopic data were interpreted by using multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT). In this context, systematic trends in the atom series Ca, Sr, and Ba are discussed.
Investigation of Learning Measures as Screening Procedures with Kindergartners.

Four repeated measures approaches to assessment were tested for their relationship to intelligence test scores, teacher ratings, and two criterion-referenced measures. One hundred and eighteen kindergarteners were tested, using one of the four procedures. Simple correlational analysis indicated that although last-day scores generally improved predictability over first-day scores, this improvement was not statistically significant. The educational usefulness of these procedures was questioned, due to relatively low correlations.
Environmental fate and chemistry of raloxifene hydrochloride.

Raloxifene hydrochloride is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women. Excretion of raloxifene occurs through the feces of patients. Raloxifene has the potential to be discharged into waste treatment systems after therapeutic use. Raloxifene hydrochloride was investigated using a battery of studies designed to describe its physical/chemical characteristics and define its fate in the environment. The mean measured solubility of raloxifene hydrochloride (± standard deviation) was 345.2 ± 15.6 μg/ml, 13.3 ± 0.6 μg/ml, 0.9224 ± 0.015 μg/ml, and 627.4 ± 132.0 μg/ml in aqueous buffers at pH 5, 7, and 9 and in unbuffered water, respectively. Raloxifene exhibited a mean molar absorptivity of 34,000 and a wavelength absorbance maximum at 287 nm for pH 5 and 7 aqueous buffer solutions and 297 nm at pH 9. Mean measured Km values were 516 ± 17, 1,323 ± 91, and 1,556 ± 135 at pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively. After 5 d at 50°C, raloxifene hydrolyzed 8.02, 10.61, and 23.81% in pH 5, 7, and 9 aqueous buffers, respectively. In a 28-d hydrolysis study at 25°C, the calculated first-order hydrolysis rates were 6.92 × 10−4, 1.70 × 10−3, and 7.66 × 10−3/d, and the corresponding half-lives were 1,001, 410, and 90 d in pH 5, 7, and 9 aqueous buffers, respectively. Raloxifene sorbed significantly to sewage treatment solids with Freundlich isotherm adsorption coefficients K between 2,000 and 3,000. Raloxifene degraded rapidly in the presence of sewage solids. In a system containing 0.470 g/L sludge solids, the raloxifene biodegradation rate and half-life were 0.0966/h and 7.17 h, respectively. In a 28-d aerobic—aquatic biodegradation study containing 30 mg/L sludge solids, the raloxifene biodegradation rate and half-life were 0.0188/d and 37 d, respectively. Given the fate and behavior of raloxifene in these studies, it is anticipated that raloxifene would rapidly dissipate in the environment.
Fast multi-task learning for query spelling correction

In this paper, we explore the use of a novel online multi-task learning framework for the task of search query spelling correction. In our procedure, correction candidates are initially generated by a ranker-based system and then re-ranked by our multi-task learning algorithm. With the proposed multi-task learning method, we are able to effectively transfer information from different and highly biased training datasets, for improving spelling correction on all datasets. Our experiments are conducted on three query spelling correction datasets including the well-known TREC benchmark dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method considerably outperforms the existing baseline systems in terms of accuracy. Importantly, the proposed method is about one order of magnitude faster than baseline systems in terms of training speed. Compared to the commonly used online learning methods which typically require more than (e.g.,) 60 training passes, our proposed method is able to closely reach the empirical optimum in about 5 passes.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Amorphous Cobalt-Phosphorus Alloy Films

Thin (∼50 nm), amorphous cobalt-phosphorus alloy films are grown by chemical vapor deposition on SiO 2 using a dual-source chemistry of dicobaltoctacarbonyl and trimethylphosphine at 350°C and 1.2 Pa. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates the films are not composed of typical phosphides of cobalt and that carbon impurities are incorporated in the film. Films show good thermal stability, maintaining their amorphous nature after being annealed for 3 h at 500°C.
Molecular mechanisms to improve nerve regeneration following damage to the immature peripheral nervous system.

Defects in human limb growth and development are typically attributed to genetic and environmental factors and less commonly to the role of the nervous system. Chronic lack of neural activity, whether due to disuse, environmental factors, or, most commonly, nerve trauma, adversely affects muscle, bone, and joint development. The most prominent example of this problem is disruption of the brachial plexus during birth, a condition that can affect the entire upper limb. The dynamic interactions between motor nerve axons and skeletal muscle fibers have been well described. During late fetal and early postnatal human development, muscle tissue provides crucial trophic support to influence motor-neuron survival and differentiation. In return, motor-neuron innervation and activity provide signals that result in muscle growth and differentiation, including increased synthesis of contractile proteins, clustering of acetylcholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions, and the ultrastructural shaping of the mature neuromuscular junction. Early interactions between motor axons and muscles also prune multiple axonal inputs to each muscle fiber (polyneuronal innervation) to a one-to-one ratio between axon terminals and muscle fibers, thereby facilitating coordination between nerves and muscles. The loss of motor innervation during this critical period results in substantial loss of spinal cord motor neurons due to a lack of muscle-derived trophic support, preventing restoration of full muscle function1,2. Loss of muscle contraction during growth causes joint contractures3. Similar to motor axons, neonatal sensory neurons require trophic support (in particular, nerve growth factor) from target tissue. Interruption in the supply of this trophic support results in loss of a large proportion of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, which inevitably restricts sensory reinnervation2. Loss of limb innervation in the fetal or perinatal period also results in reduced growth and development of bone, as evidenced by decreased size, incomplete formation of attachment …
Economic Culture and Moral Assumptions in a Chinese Village in Fujian

Abstract In this paper I argue that traditional Chinese economic culture has been overshadowed by Confucian ideologies that uphold the moral high ground of benevolence and self-righteousness, and conversely undermine the practical and the utilitarian. The Confucian anti-commerce doctrine, and later, the doctrines of communism, consistently obscured Chinese economic culture. It was not until the post-Mao policy after 1980 that we find the revival of this hidden economic culture. Based on extended fieldwork in Lin Village, Fujian, in 1984–1985 and in 1997, this paper examines the moral assumptions of the village's economic system. Among the key features of this economic system are belief in inborn inequality among human beings, gender inequality, competitive and exploitative market behaviors, and the circulation of a wide range of commodities, including not only goods and services as ordinarily understood, but also human beings and life itself.
A Novel Experimental Strategy to Assess the Metabolic Effects of Selective Activation of a Gq-Coupled Receptor in Hepatocytes In Vivo

Increased hepatic glucose production is a key pathophysiological feature of type 2 diabetes. Like all other cell types, hepatocytes express many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are linked to different functional classes of heterotrimeric G proteins. The important physiological functions mediated by Gs-coupled hepatic glucagon receptors are well-documented. In contrast, little is known about the in vivo physiological roles of hepatocyte GPCRs that are linked to G proteins of the Gq family. To address this issue, we established a transgenic mouse line (Hep-Rq mice) that expressed a Gq-linked designer receptor (Rq) in a hepatocyte-selective fashion. Importantly, Rq could no longer bind endogenous ligands but could be selectively activated by a synthetic drug, clozapine-N-oxide. Clozapine-N-oxide treatment of Hep-Rq mice enabled us to determine the metabolic consequences caused by selective activation of a Gq-coupled GPCR in hepatocytes in vivo. We found that acute Rq activation in vivo led to pronounced increases in blood glucose levels, resulting from increased rates of glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. We also demonstrated that the expression of the V1b vasopressin receptor, a Gq-coupled receptor expressed by hepatocytes, was drastically increased in livers of ob/ob mice, a mouse model of diabetes. Strikingly, treatment of ob/ob mice with a selective V1b receptor antagonist led to reduced glucose excursions in a pyruvate challenge test. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of Gq-coupled receptors in regulating hepatic glucose fluxes and suggest novel receptor targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Aster and Brachyactis in Illinois

The need for a comprehensive study and taxonomic revision of asters in Illinois becomes apparent when one looks at the varied treatments of this genus in the principal floristic literature of the state (G.N. Jones 1945, 1950, 1963; Jones and Fuller 1935: Mohlenbrock 1975. 1986; Mohlenbrock and Ladd 1978. Three factors contribute to the differences found in these works: the number of taxa recorded for Illinois, nomenclatural considerations such as those dictated by the principle of priority, and differences in taxonomic concepts and interpretations. In the first edition of Flora of Illinois (G.N. Jones 1945). 33 species are treated under Aster, not counting hybrids. Three additional species appear in the third edition (G.N. Jones 1963): A. chasei G.N. Jones in Jones & Fuller, a species newly described from Illinois: A. tartaricus L.f.. an occasionally escaped cultivated species; and A.parviveps (Burgess in Britton & Brown) Mack. & Bush, probably inadvertently omitted from the first two editions but included in Jones and Fuller (1955). In the most recent (Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois. Mohlenbrock (1986) treats 35 species. A notable change involves the transfer of A. ptarmicoides (Nees) Torrey & Gray to Solidago. In this revision, I recognize 31 species of Aster in the state of Illinois. My research has concentrated on New World and some Old World species of Aster (sensu lato) forever 15 years (A.G. Jones 1974, 1977, 1978a, b, c. I980a, b, 1982, 1983,1984, 1987; Jones and Hiepko 1981; Jones and Young 1983; Jones and Lowry 1986; and others), and much additional infomation has been introduced in this current study. My taxonomic concepts are summarized in the conspectus of classification of Illinois Aster species.
Book Review: What is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

This PDF file contains the editorial “Book Review: What is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology” for JNP Vol. 2 Issue 01
Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers from modified oleic acid

Two novel potentially biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers with unique structure and morphology were prepared from modified oleic acid. The hardness and mechanical properties were controlled by adjusting the soft segment concentration (SSC). Epoxidized methyl oleate was converted to methyl-9- or −10-hydroxystearate (hydroxystearate) by catalytic hydrogenation. The formed hydroxystearate was transesterified with 1,6-hexanediol to obtain polyesterpolyol with molar mass 2500. Segmented polyurethanes with 50% and 70% SSC were prepared using the prepolymer method by reacting polyesterpolyol with diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as chain extender. Thermal and mechanical properties of the polymers indicated good micro-phase separation. Both soft and hard segments displayed a certain degree of crystallization. Tensile strengths were 18 and 2.4 MPa for samples with 50% and 70% SSC, respectively. Elongations of 130% (50% SSC) and 43% (70% SSC) were somewhat lower than in comparable materials, presumably due to lower molar mass. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils from two environmental transects in the USA

Abstract Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) of both archaeal and bacterial origin form the basis of new temperature proxies applicable to soil, and lake and marine sediments. In soil, branched GDGTs are prevalent and their abundance of methyl or cyclic groups has been calibrated to mean annual temperature (MAT) using MBT and CBT indices. However, soil pH is also known to be an important variable controlling the distribution of branched GDGTs. Precipitation amount helps control soil moisture, as well as pH, and soil moisture is a leading variable affecting microbial diversity and activity in soil. We have evaluated the distribution of GDGTs from two soil transects in the USA: a dry, western transect covering six western states and a wet, east coast transect from Maine to Georgia in order to assess the effect of precipitation on the distribution of soil GDGTs. Our results show distinctly different GDGT distributions across climatic regions, with dry western soils characterized predominantly by thaumarchaeotal isoprenoid (iso) GDGTs and as a consequence, low BIT index values (0.2–0.6) and moist-temperate, east coast transect soils expressing mostly branched (br) GDGTs and higher BIT values (0.9–1). The predominance of iso GDGTs in the western soils is related to the degree of aeration, which in turn is related to precipitation amount, and also to soil pH. We also observed a substantial increase in the offset between measured MAT and MBT/CBT-based MAT below an annual precipitation of 700–800 mm yr −1 , implying an impact of precipitation amount on MBT/CBT-based temperature reconstruction. The data suggest that, while soil tetraethers work well as a temperature proxy in moist-temperate regimes, they do not produce reliable measurements of temperature in sediments sourced from areas with −1 precipitation. Moreover, erosion of soils with low BIT values into lacustrine or marginal marine environments will not be detected via the BIT index, which can potentially affect paleotemperature reconstruction from sediments, and so provide erroneous estimates of soil carbon delivery. BIT index values also show a correlation with precipitation amount. The abundance of iso GDGTs in western transect soils allowed calculation of TEX 86 values, but no correlation was found between TEX 86 calculated temperature and mean annual temperature.