cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicity, Joint Action, and Mean Time of Mortality of Dipel 2X, Avermectin B1, Neem, and Thuringiensin Against Beet Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Toxicity of Dipel 2X, avermectin B1, and neem to beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was determined using neonate larvae in a diet-incorporation bioassay. LC50’s for Dipel 2X, avermectin B1, and neem in diet medium were 196 μg/ml, 0.814 μg (AI)/ml, and 0.116 μl/ml, respectively. Combinations of ABG-6162 (an experimental formulation of thuringiensin) and Dipel 2X resulted in potentiation, whereas combinations of neem with avermectin B1 or Dipel 2X produced an antagonistic effect. There was no significant linear relationship in mean time of mortality across all concentrations within a toxicant except for ABG-6162. Mean time of mortality was significantly different among toxicants. These times for Dipel 2X, avermectin B1 neem, and ABG-6162 were 3.06, 4.13, 5.42, and 6.23 d, respectively. Mean time of mortality for toxicant combinations was variable and provided insight into modes and sites of action for compounds applied individually or jointly.
EUV and optical lithographic pattern shift at the 5nm node

At the 5 nm technology node there are competing strategies for patterning: high-NA EUV, double patterning 0.33 NA EUV and a combination of optical self-aligned solutions with EUV. This paper investigates the impact of pattern shift based on the selected patterning strategy. A logic standard cell connection between TS and M0 is simulated to determine the impact of lithographic pattern shift on the overlay budget. At 5 nm node dimensions, high-NA EUV is necessary to expose the most critical layers with a single lithography exposure. The impact of high-NA EUV lithography is illustrated by comparing the pattern shift resulting from 0.33 NA vs. 0.5x NA. For the example 5 nm transistor, cost-beneficial lithography layers are patterned with EUV and the other layers are patterned optically. Both EUV and optical lithography simulations are performed to determine the maximum net pattern shift. Here, lithographic pattern shift is quantified in terms of through-focus error as well as pattern-placement error. The overlay error associated with a hybrid optical/self-aligned and EUV cut patterning scheme is compared with the results of an all EUV solution, providing an assessment of two potential patterning solutions and their impact the overall overlay budget.
Experimental Measurements of Cycle Averaged Forces for a Flapping Wing Vehicle

In this work, experimental measurements of cycle-averaged forces produced by a flapping wing micro air vehicle are provided. The measurements are taken with a one degree-of-freedom force balance. The vehicle is mounted in different orientations so that cycle-averaged lift and drag can be measured. A variety of wing flapping frequencies are examined as well as different split-cycle parameters. The cycle-averaged measurements are compared to theoretical values obtained with a blade element model. The primary objective of this work is to determine if a blade element based aerodynamic model can accurately predict the cycle-averaged forces produced by wing flapping.
Porcine parvovirus infection in vitro: a study model for the replication of parvoviruses. I. Replication at different temperatures. 1.

SummaryThe replication of a porcine parvovirus (PPV, strain G10/1) at different incubation temperatures was studied in the SK cell line. Temperatures of 28, 33, 37, and 40° were applied. No significant differences were observed between maximum virus and HA titers when grown at 28, 33, and 37°, however virus and HA production was delayed with falling temperatures. At 40° virus replication was suppressed shortly after its onset, resulting in probably an abortive infection. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants seem to be not involved.The virus growth curves and the cell-multiplication and mitotic-index figures showed a close relation, indicating that certain functions of the cellular growth cycle are essential for PPV replication.The results are discussed in connection with experiences with other viruses. The PPV-SK cell system is suggested as a model for further studies of parvovirus replication.
Research on Education Mechanism of Ideological Politics:Origin,Significance and Line

A research on education mechanism of ideological politics is the requirement of education of ideological politics,the necessary result of its epistemic logic,new subject of its theoretic research and evidence for its practice.
TEnest 2.0: Computational Annotation and Visualization of Nested Transposable Elements

Grass genomes harbor a diverse and complex content of repeated sequences. Most of these repeats occur as abundant transposable elements (TEs), which present unique challenges to sequence, assemble, and annotate genomes. Multiple copies of Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons can hinder sequence assembly and also cause problems with gene annotation. TEs can also contain protein-encoding genes, the ancient remnants of which can mislead gene identification software if not correctly masked. Hence, accurate assembly is crucial for gene annotation. We present TEnest v2.0. TEnest computationally annotates and chronologically displays nested transposable elements. Utilizing organism-specific TE databases as a reference for reconstructing degraded TEs to their ancestral state, annotation of repeats is accomplished by iterative sequence alignment. Subsequently, an output consisting of a graphical display of the chronological nesting structure and coordinate positions of all TE insertions is the result. Both linux command line and Web versions of the TEnest software are available at www.wiselab.org and www.plantgdb.org/tool/, respectively.
Microdissection of Histologic Sections

The molecular analysis of human cancer is complicated by the difficulty in obtaining pure populations of tumor cells to study. One traditional method of obtaining a pure representation has been establishing cancer cell lines from primary tumors. However, this technique is time consuming and of low yield. Artifacts of cell culture include the selection of genetic alterations not present in primary tumors (1,1) and the alteration of gene expression as compared to primary tumors (3). When molecular techniques move from experimental to diagnostic settings, the need for robust, reproducible and "real time" testing will probably therefore require the direct analysis of tissue samples.
Paying for the Sins of Their Clients: The EEOC's Position that Staffing Firms Can Be Liable When Their Clients Terminate an Assigned Employee for a Discriminatory Reason

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC ) takes the remarkable position that an employment staffing firm should be liable under the federal employment-discrimination statutes when the firm's client terminates an employee assignment for a discriminatory reason, unless the firm takes “corrective measures within its control.” The position is remarkable because it presumes an employer can be liable for an adverse employment action taken by neither it nor any of its agents. It also presumes an employer can be liable when neither it nor any of its agents acted with a discriminatory motive. The EEOC is attempting to extend the rule of liability for coworker and third-party harassment to tangible employment actions by third parties, despite such extension being inconsistent with the statutes. While no one disagrees that a staffing firm must hire and make job assignments in a non-discriminatory manner, the EEOC's position that a staffing firm can be liable for a client's discriminatory termination of an employee assignment should be rejected by the courts.
A micro-cam actuated linear peristaltic pump for microfluidic applications

Abstract A linear peristaltic pump has been designed, fabricated, and tested for microfluidic applications. The operation of the pump is based on synchronously compressing the microfluidic channel with a miniature cam-follower system. The flexible microfluidic channel was fabricated with elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using soft lithography. The miniature cam-follower system was fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The prototype pump is self-priming and tolerant of bubbles. The pumping flowrate under zero back pressure increases with the rotation speed of the cams within the tested speed range. A maximum pumping flow rate of 274 μL/min was achieved at a driving speed of 170 rpm. The maximum back pressure was over 36 kPa. The pump has simple structure, low cost, and is easy to control. It has great potential for application in high flow rate, high back pressure and none contact pumping environment for point-of-care (POC) microfluidics.
Polypoid Nevus of Pregnancy and Milk Line Nevi

The so called polypoid nevus of pregnancy is a compound nevus which enlarges and darkens during pregnancy, and displays unusual histological features. The milk line nevi are nevi excised in the axillary, breast, umbilical and perineal areas; this group of lesions occasionally shows a histological picture simulating melanoma.
Using nonverbal signals to request help during human-robot collaboration

Non-humanoid robots are becoming increasingly utilized for collaborative tasks that rely on each collaborator's ability to effectively convey their mental state while accurately estimating and interpreting their partner's knowledge, intent, and actions. During these tasks, it may be beneficial or even necessary for the human collaborator to assist the robot. Consequently, we explore the use of nonverbal signals to request help during a collaborative task. We focus on light and sound as they are commonly used communication channels across many domains. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of three nonverbal help signals that vary in urgency. Our results show that these signals significantly influence the human collaborator's and their perception of the collaboration.
A Game-theoretic Approach to Data Interaction: A Progress Report

As most database users cannot precisely express their information needs in the form of database queries, it is challenging for database query interfaces to understand and satisfy their intents. Database systems usually improve their understanding of users' intents by collecting their feedback on the answers to the users' imprecise and ill-specified queries. Users may also learn to express their queries precisely during their interactions with the database system. In this paper, we report our progress on developing a formal framework for representing and understanding information needs in database querying and exploration. Our framework considers querying as a collaboration between the user and the database system to establish a mutual language for representing information needs. We formalize this collaboration as a signaling game between two potentially rational agents: the user and the database system. We believe that this framework naturally models the long-term interaction of users and database systems.
Practical considerations in the modeling of field emitter arrays with line charge distributions

Predictive models of field emission remain elusive, in part, due to the sensitivity of this process to emitter surface details at length scales ranging from macroscopic to atomic. Moving towards more fully predictive models requires that we develop techniques to disentangle contributions of features on the largest length scales, which can be easily measured and controlled, from contributions on smaller length scales, which are generally difficult to measure or control. Here, specific challenges are addressed, with an emphasis on comparisons between a Line Charge Model (LCM) and experimental measurements of ungated carbon fiber field emitter arrays. The LCM with appropriate corrections is used to understand the macroscale contributions to field enhancement and emission current for physical emitters, with contributions from the microscale structure isolated using suitable approximations. We will show that excellent agreement can be obtained between the LCM and experiments when the net contributions of the m...
Bank Credit Supply and Shadow Mortgage Growth

With a novel application of a simple supply-demand decomposition methodology to residential mortgage markets, I analyze the role of bank credit supply, shadow lender’s own supply, and local demand in lending growth by shadow mortgage companies. I show that shadow lending grew faster in counties exposed to increases of bank credit supply. At the same time, shadow firms’ own supply shocks explain more variation in shadow lending growth than bank supply shocks. These results suggest that shadow lenders have operational advantages over banks, but are also connected to them, perhaps via warehouse lines of credit.
Use of a Modified Gompertz Equation to Predict the Effects of Temperature, pH, and NaCl on the Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A Heated in Infant Formula.

The heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes was determined in infant formula for all possible combinations of temperature (50, 55, and 60°C), pH level (5, 6, and 7), and NaCl concentration (0, 2, and 4%). Survival curves were fit using nonlinear regression with a Gompertz equation. The Gompertz equation was flexible enough to fit the three most commonly observed survival curves: linear curves, those with an initial lag region followed by a linear region, and sigmoidal shaped. Parameter estimates obtained by the method of nonlinear least squares were used to describe the effect(s) of different heating treatments on the lag region, death rate, and tailing region of survival curves. These estimates were further used to predict single and interactive effects of temperature, pH, and percentage of NaCl on the log of the surviving fraction (LSF) of bacteria. Interactions among these variables significantly (P ≤ .05) affected the LSF. Generally, increased pH or NaCl concentration lead to an increased LSF, whereas increased time or temperature lead to a decreased LSF. All multiple-factor interactions significantly (P ≤ .05) affected the LSF. The correlation of observed LSF versus predicted LSF (R2 = .92) indicated that the estimated Gompertz equation was in close agreement with the observation. This study demonstrated that the Gompertz equation and nonlinear regression can be used as an effective means to predict survival curve shape and response to heat of L. monocytogenes under many different environmental conditions.
FDA analysis of patients with baseline autoimmune diseases treated with PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy agents.

3018Background: With FDA approval of three novel agents targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint pathway in multiple tumor types, use of these agents in the clinical setting is becoming increasingly common. However, little is published on their use in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases. We therefore aimed to collect safety data on patients with a history of autoimmune diseases treated with PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy agents in a clinical trial setting. Methods: Data on patients with a history of autoimmune disease were collected for four different PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy agents. Information collected included name of autoimmune disease, corticosteroid dependency at baseline, duration of dosing, immune-related adverse events (iRAEs) and worsening of underlying autoimmune disease. Results: In total, 552 patients enrolled in 22 clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy agents were identified with a history of autoimmune disease. None were known to be dependent on systemic corticosteroids at baseline. ...
Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Case Study for Agricultural Tractors

To reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, there is an increasing interest in electrification of non-road mobile machinery such as agricultural tractors (ATs). This paper presents a high-fidelity forward model for series hybrid electric agricultural tractors (HEATs). To tackle the control problem caused by the mixed power loads and complicated tractor-implement operations, two benchmarking rule-based power management strategies, thermostat (TC) and power follower control (PFC), are designed and investigated. Based on the typical working cycles, the simulation results show PFC realizes better performance in saving fuels and reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at the cost of producing more particulate matter (PM).
Application of non–stationary non–Euclidean model of inelastic deformations to rock cutting

Abstract Rock behavior does not fit the classical theory of continuum mechanics at high level of stresses with respect to the tensile strength because of rock heterogeneous structure. Particularly, rock failure may be accompanied by initiation of zonal disintegration. The key to building the non–classical model of rock failure is the granulated structure. Deformations of solid bodies with microscopic flaws can be described within the scope of non–Euclidean geometry, and the non–trivial deformation incompatibility can be referred to as a failure parameter. The new dynamic model presented in this paper enables one to predict the failure zones to initialize and develop them as a periodic structure. The non–Euclidean description of this phenomenon initiates two unusual material constants that can be called “inelastic” moduli. The coupled model must include a fourthorder parabolic equation to find a disintegration thermodynamic parameter. The equation should be solved together with the classical hyperbolic system of equations for continuous medium dynamics. In the classical approach to the rock cutting problem, the fracture is caused by critical shear stresses when the failure criterion based on the Tresca (or more general Mohr) theory is applied. In this case, it is difficult to predict the chip size and optimal depth of cut because the criterion is beyond the model. Another flaw of the conventional approach is that it is hard to explain a dynamic hardening effect in the scope of local models of plasticity. In this paper, the developed dynamic theory of zonal disintegration (Dorovsky et al., 2015) is applied to the numerical analysis of rock cutting by polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit cutter process. It has been shown that the initial shear stress at the cutter tip causes the disintegration (destruction) developing deep into the medium and along the cutting direction with contouring of the rock failure scale. The appearance of plasticity effects at the yield stress above tensile/shear strength allows us to come up with an adequate description of the dynamic hardening observed in recent laboratory experiments.
Functional domains in the heavy-chain region of factor XI: a high molecular weight kininogen-binding site and a substrate-binding site for factor IX.

To probe the molecular interactions of factor XI we have prepared two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs; 5F7 and 3C1), each of which binds the heavy chain of reduced and alkylated factor XIa. Competitive solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) binding studies revealed that 5F7 and 3C1 are directed against different epitopes within factor XI. One antibody (5F7) blocked the surface-mediated proteolytic activation of factor XI and its binding to HMW kininogen, but had no effect on factor-XIa- catalyzed factor IX activation. The other antibody (3C1) is a competitive inhibitor of factor-IX activation by factor XIa, but blocked factor-XI binding to HMW kininogen only at 1,000-fold higher concentration than 5F7. Moreover, HMW kininogen had no effect on the kinetics of factor-XIa-catalyzed factor-IX activation. Furthermore, factor XI CNBr peptide fragments that bind to the 5F7 and 3C1 antibodies were isolated. The peptides that bound to the 5F7 antibody blocked the binding of HMW kininogen to factor XI but did not inhibit factor-XIa-catalyzed factor-IX activation. However, the peptides isolated by the 3C1 antibody inhibited factor-XIa-catalyzed factor-IX activation and had no effect on factor-XI binding to HMW kininogen. Our results indicate that distinct functional domains within the heavy chain region of factor XI are important for the binding of factor XI to HMW kininogen and for activation of factor IX by factor XIa.
In-process Microstructure Tuning in Solid-State Ambient Condition Metal Direct Manufacturing

Abstract Acoustoplastic Metal Direct-write (AMD), a recently demonstrated metal direct manufacturing technique, uses acoustic energy to enable deformation and deposition of voxels of fully dense material from metal filaments. Voxel by voxel, this technique is capable of creating high density (> 99.5%) metal parts at room temperature and in ambient conditions without post-processes. To understand the microstructure evolution of the component during the fabrication process, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis was performed on three successive layers in a built part. No significant effect of the deposition of additional material was observed on the lower layers. Hence, by manipulating the microstructure of each voxel during deposition process, the microstructure of the bulk of the component can be potentially controlled.
Breaking Proportional Recovery After Stroke

People with hemiparesis after stroke appear to recover 70% to 80% of the difference between their baseline and the maximum upper extremity Fugl-Meyer (UEFM) score, a phenomenon called proportional recovery (PR). Two recent commentaries explained that PR should be expected because of mathematical coupling between the baseline and change score. Here we ask, If mathematical coupling encourages PR, why do a fraction of stroke patients (the "nonfitters") not exhibit PR? At the neuroanatomical level of analysis, this question was answered by Byblow et al-nonfitters lack corticospinal tract (CST) integrity at baseline-but here we address the mathematical and behavioral causes. We first derive a new interpretation of the slope of PR: It is the average probability of scoring across remaining scale items at follow-up. PR therefore breaks when enough test items are discretely more difficult for a patient at follow-up, flattening the slope of recovery. For the UEFM, we show that nonfitters are most unlikely to recover the ability to score on the test items related to wrist/hand dexterity, shoulder flexion without bending the elbow, and finger-to-nose movement, supporting the finding that nonfitters lack CST integrity. However, we also show that a subset of nonfitters respond better to robotic movement training in the chronic phase of stroke. These persons are just able to move the arm out of the flexion synergy and pick up small blocks, both markers of CST integrity. Nonfitters therefore raise interesting questions about CST function and the basis for response to intensive movement training.
Reproductive cycle and gonadal development of the Atlantic sea urchin Arbacia punctulata in the Gulf of Mexico: changes in nutritive phagocytes in relation to gametogenesis

The annual reproductive cycle comprises steady gametogenic activities that synchronize gonadal maturation and spawning rhythms, which are important for aquatic organisms including marine echinoderm...
Land use change and collaborative manureshed management in New Mexico.

Agricultural communities of New Mexico regularly redistribute manure nutrients from dairies to nearby croplands to fulfill agronomic nutrient needs and protect water quality. Yet competition for water resources can result in land use change that affects these cooperative manure transfers. Focusing on three clusters of New Mexico dairy farms and their surrounding lands (three manuresheds), we calculated the magnitude of land use changes in 2008-2019 and the balance between manure nutrient supply and crop demand in 2019 to assess how past change may predict future prospects for sustainable management. The overall magnitude of change was small, with each manureshed experiencing a different complement: an exchange of cropland and rangeland in the Roosevelt manureshed (7,975 ha rangeland to cropland; 7,624 ha cropland to rangeland), a 464-ha gain in cropland but a 1,187-ha loss of "spreadable" land (cropland, rangeland, fallow) to developed land in the Dona Ana manureshed, and relatively minor changes in the Chaves manureshed. Nutrient supply and demand were mainly in balance, but a surplus of manure phosphorus (P) in the Chaves manureshed and a thin margin of P assimilation by croplands in the Roosevelt manureshed point to the need for preserving existing croplands and understanding of effects of dairy manure on shortgrass rangeland. Our assessment suggests that an ideal scenario would entail manure being generated in landscapes with portfolios of productive lands that can sustainably use the manure nutrients to minimize environmental quality concerns and agronomic tradeoffs. Coordinated, participatory, and interdisciplinary research and planning are needed.
Evidence-based practice knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers.

ABSTRACT This study assessed nurses' knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers related to evidence-based practice (EBP). Nurses reported highly positive attitudes toward EBP, and relatively strong EBP knowledge and practices, but they also identified several barriers. Removing barriers and building on strengths may close this knowledge-practice gap.
A long-range, recurrent neuronal network linking the emotion regions with the somatic motor cortex

Summary Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are designed to learn sequential patterns in silico, but it is unclear whether and how an RNN forms in the native networks of the mammalian brain. Here, we report an innate RNN, which is formed by the unidirectional connections from three basic units: input units arriving from emotion regions, a hidden unit in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and output units located at the somatic motor cortex (sMO). Specifically, the neurons from basal lateral amygdala (BLA) and the insular cortex (IC) project to the mPFC motor-cortex-projecting (MP) neurons. These MP neurons form a local self-feedback loop and target major projecting neurons of the sMO. Within the sMO, the neurons in the infragranular layers receive stronger input than the neurons in supragranular layers. Finally, we show in vivo evidence that the communications from the emotion regions to the sMO are abolished when MP neurons are chemogenetically silenced.
Special Topics and Applications

Pseudodifferential operators are tools. How efficient such tools can be was first evidenced by their application to uniqueness in the Cauchy problem by A. Calderon (ca. 1957, see Calderon [1]) and their role in the proof of the Atiyah-Singer index formula (ca. 1963, see Atiyah and Singer [1]). As often happens in mathematics, they had already been used earlier in disguised form. But it is those two spectacular successes that convinced several analysts (J. J. Kohn and L. Nirenberg [1], L. Schwartz, A. Unterberger, and J. Bokobza [1, 2], Calderon himself, R. Seeley [1], L. Hormander [4]) of the timeliness of a comprehensive and more precise theory.
Chapter 11 – Commentary

Publisher Summary This chapter traces the development of the study of justice and emotions. Emotions are central to the study of justice. Recently, researchers have begun to ask questions that move the study of justice and emotion beyond the traditional equity model and its focus on outcome distributions. Some of the questions are a result of a move toward examining variations in discrete emotions, while others are derived from newer models of justice that challenge some of the basic assumptions of the traditional equity model. The most widely utilized formulation of micro-level justice is the equity model. In this model, inequity is said to exist when an actor's inputs are not equivalent to his or her outcomes, or when the ratio of the actor's inputs to outcomes is not equivalent to those of a comparison with other or exchange partner. Though the equity model has been presented in slightly different ways by different scholars, a shared assumption is that inequity results in emotional distress. The basic assumptions of the equity model are used to explain why individuals value fair procedures. Specifically, fair procedures are expected to increase positive outcomes which, in turn, bring about positive emotions.
Experimental evaluation of friction estimation and compensation techniques

Experimental results are reported on friction estimation and compensation. The goal of this experimental study is to help understand the nature of friction as well as to demonstrate the application of theoretical results of earlier studies. With a simple apparatus to produce varying levels of friction, four friction estimation and compensation algorithms were investigated and experimental data were collected for each. The experimental results revealed that all the tested algorithms are effective for compensation of friction but behave differently in estimation of friction.
A Hybrid Symbolic/Finite-Element Algorithm for Solving Nonlinear Optimal Control Problems

The general code described is capable of solving difficult nonlinear optimal control problems by using finite elements and a symbolic manipulator. Quick and accurate solutions are obtained with a minimum for user interaction. Since no user programming is required for most problems, there are tremendous savings to be gained in terms of time and money.
Usable speech measures and their fusion

Usable speech is a novel concept related to the co-channel speech problem. Co-channel speech occurs when more than one person is talking at the same time. The idea of usable speech is to identify and extract those portions of co-channel speech that are still useful for speech processing applications such as speaker identification or speech recognition, which do not work in cochannel environments. Usable speech measures are features that are extracted from the co-channel signal to detect the presence of usable as well as co-channel (unusable) speech. Several usable speech measures are currently being developed; however, these measures detect only about 75% of the usable speech. To improve on this performance, nonlinear estimation and Bayesian classification are used to fuse the information in two recently proposed usable speech measures. Using fusion resulted in a 15% increase in hits (usable speech frames detected) and a 37% decrease in false alarms.
Occlusion-Based Snow Accumulation Simulation

We present a fast technique for the simulation of accumulated snow. Our technique is based on two phenomena; local occlusion of small holes and ditches, and the global influence of a skylight. We use ambient occlusion to predict the shape and location of snow accumulation and direct illumination from the skylight to simulate the melting and sublimation of snow as dissipation. The snow is simulated as a 3D layer that is added to the input scene. Our technique is a fast approximation and does not aim to be used for small and local features within a simulation. A scene with over 500k triangles can be calculated in about seven minutes on a standard computer and the major part of the calculation runs on the GPU. Results of our algorithm should be used for large distance views.
Applications of the theory of optimal control of distributed-parameter systems to structural optimization

An extension of classical methods of optimal control theory for systems described by ordinary differential equations to distributed-parameter systems described by partial differential equations is presented. An application is given involving the minimum-mass design of a simply-supported shear plate with a fixed fundamental frequency of vibration. An optimal plate thickness distribution in analytical form is found. The case of a minimum-mass design of an elastic sandwich plate whose fundamental frequency of free vibration is fixed. Under the most general conditions, the optimization problem reduces to the solution of two simultaneous partial differential equations involving the optimal thickness distribution and the modal displacement. One equation is the uniform energy distribution expression which was found by Ashley and McIntosh for the optimal design of one-dimensional structures with frequency constraints, and by Prager and Taylor for various design criteria in one and two dimensions. The second equation requires dynamic equilibrium at the preassigned vibration frequency.
Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of β-Glucosidase Mutants in Saccharomyces lactis

Mutants with reduced activity for beta-glucosidase (beta-d-glucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.21) were isolated from the haploid yeast Saccharomyces lactis. Tetrad analysis indicated that in each mutant a single genetic factor, closely linked or allelic to the structural gene for beta-glucosidase (B locus), is responsible for the decreased activity. beta-Glucosidases produced by wild-type and mutant strains are similar in molecular size and charge but differ in catalytic properties, thermal stability, and serological specificity, indicating that mutants are in the structural gene. All mutants retained their capacity to be induced by either methyl-beta-d-glucoside or glucose. In all cases, the mutant phenotype was dominant in heterozygous diploids.
Interfacial bond strength of paper-polypropylene-paper laminates

The bond strength of paper-polypropylene-paper (PPP) laminates was measured using a peel test. Testing was performed on the as-received laminates of different manufacturers, after thermal aging in air and nitrogen, after static thermal aging in oil at room temperature and 90 degrees C, and after cyclic thermal aging in oil. Initial peel strengths ranged from 25 to 141 N per meter of width. The results of thermal aging ranged from a slight increase to a decrease of about 50% in peel strength. Aging in oil at room temperature had a smaller effect on peel strength. Thermal ageing in oil caused a decrease of up to 80% of the initial peel strength. Under cyclic thermal aging as in seen in actual cable use, some specimens delaminated while other were markedly weakened. It is believed that differential swelling of the paper and polypropylene was the primary cause of failure, as most specimens failed adhesively. The laminate with the highest initial peel strengggs not always the strongest under actual use. >
Hypomagnesemia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients dialyzed with a low-magnesium peritoneal dialysis solution.

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown a decrease in serum magnesium (Mg) concentration when continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients previously maintained on a 1.0 –1.2 mEq/L Mg per...
Volume production of unique plastic surface-mount modules for the IBM 80-ns 1-Mbit DRAM chip by area wire bond techniques

The implementation of a 26-lead small-outline J-lead (SOJ) integrated-circuit surface-solder plastic package is described. A plastic SOJ package for this chip design which, by conventional wire bond methods, is neither feasible nor manufacturable is used. The packaging method, developed in parallel with device design, takes advantage of unconventional chip input/output (I/O) pad placement to produce an internal package construction called area-wire-bond (A-wire) which complements mechanical, thermal, and electrical device performance functions. Data gathered during the qualification of the manufacturing lines have shown that A-wire packages consistently exceed established IBM reliability criteria for semiconductor packages. >
Chapter 8. Treatment of Acute Myocardial Ischemia

Publisher Summary A number of important advances have been made toward understanding the mechanisms underlying ischemia-induced myocardial damage. In recent times, the primary focus of investigation in this area has been concerned with the importance of oxygen-derived free radicals, ion fluxes, and the inflammatory response particularly the role of the neutrophil in mediating ischemia-induced cell injury and cardiac dysfunction. This chapter describes the important pharmacological approaches and the agents reported in the recent literature for limiting acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Many of the biochemical and functional abnormalities, associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, are actively being studied experimentally. A number of agents appear to improve the postischemic contractile function and/or reduce infarct size in the experimental models. These encouraging results suggest that ischemia-induced myocardial injury may be further attenuated by appropriate pharmacological intervention in conjunction with early reperfusion. The role of oxygen-derived free radicals and the efficacy of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in myocardial ischemia, with evolving infarction in humans, may be clarified as clinical trials progress. Newer pharmacological interventions aimed at inhibiting the neutrophil functional responses during the process of myocardial infarction is likely to offer the most promise in the pharmacotherapy of this disease.
Control of renal medullary blood flow by vasopressin V1 and V2 receptors.

Experiments were performed in anesthetized renal-denervated rats to determine the contribution of renal medullary vasopressin V1 and V2 receptor stimulation in the regulation of renal medullary blood flow. Renal medullary interstitial infusion of the selective V1 agonist [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]vasopressin (2 ng.kg-1.min-1) significantly decreased outer medullary blood flow by 15% and inner medullary blood flow by 35%, as measured with implanted optical fibers for laser-Doppler flowmetry. Medullary interstitial infusion of equimolar doses of arginine vasopressin (AVP) also decreased outer medullary blood flow by 15% but decreased inner medullary blood flow by only 17%, a decrease significantly less than that during the infusion of the V1 agonist. These results were confirmed in videomicroscopy experiments on the exposed papilla, which demonstrated that the V1 agonist and AVP decreased descending and ascending vasa recta capillary red blood cell velocity and calculated blood flow, with greater decreases during infusion of the V1 agonist. In further laser-Doppler flowmetry studies, stimulation of V2 receptors by medullary interstitial infusion of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (2 ng.kg-1.min-1) or AVP in rats pretreated with the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Ala-NH2]AVP increased renal medullary blood flow by 16 +/- 3 and 27 +/- 8%, respectively. The present experiments indicate that vasopressin V1 receptor stimulation serves to decrease renal medullary blood flow while V2 receptor stimulation appears to increase renal medullary blood flow; however, the net effect of AVP is to decrease renal medullary blood flow.
Electroconvulsive shock differentially increases binding to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes in discrete regions of rat brain

Quantitative in vitro autoradiographic methods were used to examine for the effect of repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on binding to subtypes of the alpha-1 receptor in rat brain. Rats were treated once daily for 10 d with ECS or sham ECS, then killed, and brains were removed and sectioned for autoradiographic analysis. Total alpha-1 binding (including both alpha-1a and alpha-1b subtypes) was assessed with [3H]prazosin; alpha-1b binding was assessed with [3H]prazosin in the presence of 10 nM WB4 101 to mask alpha-1a binding; and alpha-1a binding was assessed with [3H]WB4 101. ECS caused a significant increase in [3H]prazosin binding in most cortical regions: this increase was confined to a band corresponding to cortical laminae I-III. Subtype analysis indicated that the increase in cortical binding was due to an increase in binding to the alpha-1b subtype. Dense alpha- 1 binding was detected in most thalamic nuclei: however, only 1 small area, the parafascicular nucleus, showed a significant increase in alpha-1 binding following repeated ECS. The only other region where ECS was shown to significantly affect alpha-1 binding was the amygdala. Binding to all regions of the amygdala except the central nuclei was increased by ECS: in the lateral amygdala, this was due primarily to an increase in alpha-1b binding, while in the remaining regions the increase was primarily an alpha-1a phenomenon. Thus the effect of repeated ECS on alpha-1 binding in rat brain was found to be confined to several specific regions of the cortex, thalamus, and amygdala. Furthermore, in each of these regions, the ECS effect was limited to 1 or the other of the 2 subtypes of the alpha-1 receptor.
Places of Inequality, Places of Possibility: Mapping “Opportunity in Geography” Across Urban School-Communities

For decades, research on geography of opportunity has indicated that where people live impacts their access to opportunities, especially education. Most research on geography of opportunity has focused on spatial inequality between low and high opportunity neighborhoods, which has unintentionally fostered narrow perspectives about low-opportunity neighborhoods that often obscure the assets within them. As such, the purpose of this study is to examine what I call opportunity in geography, which is a conceptual and research approach that reconsiders low-opportunity, urban communities of color as not only places of inequality, but also places of possibility. To illustrate the approach, this study uses Geographic Information Systems to map institutional assets across the two lowest opportunity neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan, according to poverty and educational attainment rates. Asset-based community development is used to conceptually frame this study and to guide the analysis. Findings indicate that, collectively, the two lowest opportunity neighborhoods in Detroit have a total of 85 institutional assets, including: 48 places of worship, 19 schools at the K-12 level, 11 community centers, 4 hospitals, 2 libraries, and 1 university. The study concludes with a discussion about the tensions in this work as well as implications for policy and future research.
Reducing the oil content in coated and deep-fried chicken using whey protein

Whey protein has been investigated for its oil barrier properties in fried foods. Whey protein has been implemented successfully non-film forming applications to reduce the fat content of deep-fried chicken. As a 10% postbreading dip, whey protein solutions significantly lowered oil absorption of boneless patties by 37% compared to undipped controls. In bone-in chicken thighs, 10% whey protein postbreading dip caused a 15% reduction in oil absorption during frying which was doubled by 10% β-lactoglobulin postbreading dip at pH 2. A 30% lipid reduction was observed in deep-fried battered and floured chicken strips when the strips were dipped in a 10% solution of denatured whey protein prior to frying compared to control chicken strips. When added to the batter of deep-fried chicken nuggets, a significant fat reduction was observed for nuggets to which 3% whey protein was added to the batter compared to the control. In chicken strips that were marinated in a 15% solution of whey protein, a 35% fat reduction was observed. In spite of these results, questions that still remain. These studies have been undertaken in fully cooked products, not in raw coated or par-fried products. The impact of rethermalization method is not known. Only preliminary research on the impact of WPI on the frying oil with respect to the formation of polar materials has been undertaken. On the positive side, the processes for introducing whey protein as an oil inhibition agent utilize processing steps that are already very common, e.g. incorporation into the batter or a marinade. Whey protein has the potential to be employed as an oil inhibiting agent in fried foods especially as it is relatively inexpensive and easy to come by.
Stay Alive, Don't Give Up: DUE and SDC Reduction with Memory Repair

Memory faults are the most common fault in current systems. Strong memory error protection techniques prevent most memory faults from immediately affecting applications and the system, but come at a high and possibly increasing cost as system size increases and fabrication technology continues to scale. To effectively protect against memory faults and errors, a combination of online error-checking and correcting codes are used in conjunction with module replacement. This paper makes two contributions. First, we study the magnitude of the silent data corruption problem when faulty modules are replaced in a timely manner. Second, we show that currently rarely-used fine-grained repair mechanisms drastically reduce both the module replacement rate and the risk of silent data corruption in large systems.
Infrared Reflection of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 Ceramics

The dielectric function of the ordered Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 ceramics was investigated by the infrared reflectance spectra taken over the 50–4000-cm−1 range. The detailed crystal structure of the specimen was examined by the Rietveld method. The space group of trigonal D3d3 and the degree of long-range order of 0.97 for Mg and Ta atomic arrangement were confirmed. The reflectance spectra were analyzed on the basis of the four-parameter semiquantum model assuming 16 infrared active vibrational modes allowed for the related D3d3 structure. The lowest-frequency optical mode was found at 60 cm−1, which can be assumed to involve the motions of the heavy TaO6 octahedra.
CATION-PROMOTED ASSOCIATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI PHOSPHOCARRIER PROTEIN IIAGLC WITH REGULATORY TARGET PROTEIN GLYCEROL KINASE : SUBSTITUTIONS OF A ZINC (II) LIGAND AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUCER EXCLUSION

In Escherichia coli, inducer exclusion is one mechanism by which glucose prevents unnecessary expression of genes needed for metabolism of other sugars. The basis for this mechanism is binding of the unphosphorylated form of the glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system, IIAGlc (also known as IIIGlc), to a variety of target proteins to prevent uptake or synthesis of the inducer. One of these target proteins is glycerol kinase (EC 2.1.7.30, ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase), which is inhibited by IIAGlc. Glycerol kinase is the only IIAGlc target protein for which the structure of the complex is known. Association of these two proteins forms an intermolecular binding site for Zn(II) with metal ligands contributed by each protein, and Zn(II) enhances IIAGlc inhibition [Feese, M., Pettigrew, D. W., Meadow, N. D., Roseman, S., and Remington, S. J. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3544−3548]. Here, we show that the Zn(II) enhancement can be des...
Mechanical properties of model atherosclerotic lesion lipid pools.

Structural analysis of atherosclerotic coronary arteries has suggested that stress concentrations are associated with plaque rupture and that these stress concentrations are critically dependent on the geometry and mechanical properties of the fibrous cap and lipid pool. Recent clinical trials of lipid-lowering therapy have shown a significant reduction in cardiac events associated with plaque rupture perhaps because of the changing composition of subintimal lipid pools. To test the hypothesis that changes in lipid composition can change the mechanical properties of lipid pools, we measured the dynamic shear moduli of combinations of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, phospholipids, and triglycerides similar to those found in atherosclerotic lesions. Increasing the cholesterol monohydrate concentration from 0% to 50% increased the real component of the dynamic shear modulus (storage modulus or stiffness) by 4.5 times at a frequency of 1 Hz (P < .001). All specimens demonstrated an increase in stiffness with increasing frequencies of stress ranging from 0.1 to 3 Hz. We conclude that the stiffness of model atherosclerotic plaque lipid pools is related to the concentration of cholesterol monohydrate crystals. Because the relative concentration of cholesterol monohydrate increases during early regression of experimental atherosclerosis, the resultant stiffening of the lipid pool may reduce stresses in plaque caps. However, the magnitude of the contribution of changing lipid stiffness to the reduction of cardiac events seen in clinical studies is unclear.