cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High distribution of CD40 and TRAF2 in Th40 T cell rafts leads to preferential survival of this auto-aggressive population in autoimmunity.

Background CD40-CD154 interactions have proven critical in autoimmunity, with the identification of CD4(lo)CD40(+) T cells (Th40 cells) as harboring an autoaggressive T cell population shedding new insights into those disease processes. Th40 cells are present at contained levels in non-autoimmune individuals but are significantly expanded in autoimmunity. Th40 cells are necessary and sufficient in transferring type 1 diabetes in mouse models. However, little is known about CD40 signaling in T cells and whether there are differences in that signaling and subsequent outcome depending on disease conditions. When CD40 is engaged, CD40 and TNF-receptor associated factors, TRAFs, become associated with lipid raft microdomains. Dysregulation of T cell homeostasis is emerging as a major contributor to autoimmune disease and thwarted apoptosis is key in breaking homeostasis. Methodology/principal findings Cells were sorted into CD4(hi) and CD4(lo) (Th40 cells) then treated and assayed either as whole or fractionated cell lysates. Protein expression was assayed by western blot and Nf-kappaB DNA-binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shifts. We demonstrate here that autoimmune NOD Th40 cells have drastically exaggerated expression of CD40 on a per-cell-basis compared to non-autoimmune BALB/c. Immediately ex-vivo, untreated Th40 cells from NOD mice have high levels of CD40 and TRAF2 associated with the raft microdomain while Th40 cells from NOR and BALB/c mice do not. CD40 engagement of Th40 cells induces Nf-kappaB DNA-binding activity and anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) expression in all three mouse strains. However, only in NOD Th40 cells is anti-apoptotic cFLIP(p43) induced which leads to preferential survival and proliferation. Importantly, CD40 engagement rescues NOD Th40 cells from Fas-induced death. Conclusions/significance CD40 may act as a switch between life and death promoting signals and NOD Th40 cells are poised for survival via this switch. This may explain how they expand in autoimmunity to thwart T cell homeostasis.
Impact of cationic polyelectrolyte on the nanoshear hybrid alkaline pretreatment of corn stover: morphology and saccharification study.

Abstract Cationic polyelectrolyte was first used as the additive in the nanoshear hybrid alkaline pretreatment of corn stover. The novel nanoshear hybrid pretreatment process was recently developed at MSU. The chemical compositions and morphologies were investigated by SEM, TEM, confocal CLSM, and XPS to elucidate the degradation mechanism of cellular structures. At room temperature and fast processing conditions (∼2 min), lignin was found to redistribute on the inner and outer surfaces of the cell wall as lignin aggregate droplets instead of being extracted. Free microfibrils in the residues were also observed. The yields of enzymatic hydrolysis were enhanced for the pretreated corn stover with the aid of polyelectrolyte as an additive. We speculate that lignin was effectively modified which opened up the cell wall structure during the short pretreatment process and prevented non-productive binding of enzymes in the enzyme hydrolysis reaction.
Vanishing of Tor, and why we care about it

Abstract Given finitely generated modules M and N over a local ring R, the tensor product M ⊗ R N typically has nonzero torsion. Indeed, the assumption that the tensor product is torsion-free influences the structure and vanishing of the modules Tor i R ( M , N ) for all i ≥ 1 . In turn, the vanishing of Tor i R ( M , N ) imposes restrictions on the depth properties of the modules M and N. These connections made their first appearance in Auslander's 1961 paper “Modules over unramified regular local rings”. We will survey the literature on these topics, with emphasis on progress during the past twenty years.
The Impact of Professional Certifications on Healthcare Information Technology Use

This study examines the effects of professional certifications such as JCAHO on healthcare information technology (HIT) usage in healthcare organizations and user satisfaction with such usage. Using survey data collected from healthcare administrators in a nation-wide sample of 347 hospitals and long-term care facilities, we provide evidence that professional certifications do indeed enhance HIT usage and user satisfaction, at least within specialized user groups such as healthcare administrators. We further demonstrate that this increase in HIT usage due to professional certifications increases with facility size and is more prominent for larger hospitals than for smaller long-term care facilities, though the same cannot be said of user satisfaction. Our study suggests that professional certifications can be used as a valuable tool for motivating HIT usage, while also drawing attention to an under-examined area of HIT research.
Understand memory, design better vaccines

Naive lymphocytes have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by input from generative organs. In contrast, memory cells or their progeny can last a lifetime. The expanded populations of memory cells and their more widespread distribution provide protection against recurrent infection.
Utilization of the Laplacian method from a lunar observatory

Although preliminary orbit methods do not appear to be urgently needed at the present time (because nominal or design orbits are in themselves satisfactory preliminary orbits), it will not be too long until our observation stations may have the requirement thrust upon them to acquire and to determine the orbit of a vehicle whose orbit was previously unknown to them. This may be particularly true of a lunar observatory where communication problems may be grave, and where an erroneous mid-course correction may cause the space vehicle to be so far from its normal orbit that a new preliminary orbit would have to be generated.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Poly(oxyethylene) Surfactant C12E2 and Water

Constant pressure and temperature (NPT) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to investigate the properties of a binary mixture of the poly(oxyethylene) surfactant C12E2 and water in its liquid crystalline lamellar phase (Lα). The calculated interlamellar spacing and the area per surfactant were found to be in reasonable agreement with X-ray diffraction results. The water molecules were observed to form hydrogen bonded bridged structures linking the oxygen atoms of the same surfactant chain. This interaction leads to a strong preference for the C−C bonds in the headgroup to attain a gauche conformation.
Quantum Size Effects in Carbon Nanotube Intramolecular Junctions

We calculated the effect of varying the length of a metal-semiconductor carbon nanotube junction on its electrical properties. Joining a metallic (5,5) tube to a semiconducting (10,0) tube leads to the creation of new states near the Fermi energy and produces a larger conductance gap (about 2 eV) than the band gap of the semiconducting segment (about 1 eV). The new states reflect the charge transfer from the (5,5) to the (10,0) segment. The larger conductance gap is due to the mismatch in the conducting states of the (5,5) and (10,0) segments. Although the number of states in the vicinity of EF increases significantly with increasing nanotube length, the electrical behavior of the junction does not acquire the characteristics of the semiconducting segment. The calculations suggest that the (5,5)/(10,0) nanotube junction could behave as an intrinsic diode for lengths as small as 4 nm.
An estimate of the temperature and abundance of CH4 and other molecules in the atmosphere of Uranus

Abstract We present a preliminary analysis of CH4 absorptions near 6800 A in new high resolution spectra of Uranus. A curve of growth analysis of the data yields a rotational temperature near 100 K and a CH4/H2 ratio that is 1 to 3 times that expected for a solar type composition. The long pathlengths of CH4, apparently demanded by absorptions near 4700 A, are qualitatively shown to be the result of line formation in a deep, predominantly Rayleigh scattering atmosphere in which continuum absorption is a strong function of wavelength. The analysis of the CH4 also yields a minimum value for the effective pressure of line formation (∼ 2 atm). This value is shown to be twice that expected on Uranus if the atmosphere were predominantly H2. It is speculated that large amounts of some otherwise optically inert gas is present in the Uranus atmosphere. N2 is suggested as a possible candidate since there are cosmogonic reasons why Uranus should contain large amounts of N relative to C, He, and H, and also because the pressure-induced pure rotation spectrum of N2 could possibly account for the low brightness temperatures that have recently been observed at 33 and 350 μm. If N2 is present the planet probably possesses a surface at the 10–100 atmosphere level.
Convenient calibration of FTIR peak ‘size’ for thin organic/polymer films

Thin films of organic/polymer material can be fabricated as self-assembled monolayers and by dip-coating, spin-coating, etc. for use in microelectronics, particularly in applications in the BioChip area, molecular electronics, microfluidics and cell-phone fuel cells. In any analysis the inevitable question is ‘How much’ (not how tall, but how many atoms per square centimeter). A unique feature of organic/polymer films is the molecular vibrations of the organic groups; these can be measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and we will use this method for quantitation. Using weight gain measurements, we provide the methodology for determining the amount of material in a thin film using transmission FTIR. We provide the calibration factors for CH2, C=O, and N–H bonds using Nylon-6 as an example. Films as thin as 200 A are used in this study and we estimate that, under certain conditions, films as thin as a few tens of angstroms could be measured. The calibration factors that we provide can be used directly for films where these functional groups are in similar chemical environments. Where the chemical environments are significantly different, we have suggested a method for determining the appropriate calibration factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breeding behavior, spermatogenesis, and semen production of mature dairy bulls fed rations low in carotene.

Summary and Conclusions Six dairy bulls were fed dry roughages low in carotene and a concentrate deficient in carotene and vitamin A for a period of 16 months without inducing clinical manifestations of vitamin A deficiency or noticeable impairment of semen production. Subsequent changes in the roughage component of the ration of three of the bulls from hay and/or straw to dried beet pulp plus the same concentrate mixture resulted in the development of incoordination, edema of the extremities, papillary hemorrhage, a gradual increase in the per cent of abnormal spermatozoa and a decrease in the per cent of motile spermatozoa, but no consistent change in the number of spermatozoa per milliliter of semen within a period of 40 to 120 days. These three bulls were unable to mount but still retained an unusual amount of libido. This inability to mount was manifested before the changes in semen production. Typical patterns of degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules were found in the three bulls on the carotene-deficient rations. There were few spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids or maturing spermatozoa in the lumen of the tubules. While supplementing the carotene-deficient ration of the other three bulls with carotene in oil prevented the degeneration of the germinal epithelium which characterized those hulls not receiving the supplement of carotene in oil, it produced no consistent changes in semen production which reasonably could be attributed to the carotene. Liver carotene and vitamin A levels of the carotene-deficient bulls were of the order of 30 to 50 γ and 5 to 13 γ per g. of fresh liver, respectively.
ORF1 but not ORF2 dependent differences are important for in vitro replication of PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages singularly or coinfected with PRRSV

The objective of this study was to investigate cytokine expression and in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) emphasizing PCV2 open-reading frame (ORF) origin (PCV2a or PCV2b) and PRRSV strain. Chimeric PCV2 viruses composed of different combinations of ORF1 and ORF2 of PCV2a or PCV2b (chimera PCV2a-2b and chimera PCV2b-2a) were constructed and five different PRRSV isolates were utilized: Type 1 (SD 01-08) or type 2 (NC16845b, VR-2332, MN-184, JA-142). PAMs were infected singularly or with combinations of PCV2b, PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b, and chimera PCV2b-2a, and one of the five PRRSV isolates. Real-time PCR was used to test PAMs (PCV2 mRNA) and supernatants (PRRSV RNA, PCV2 DNA, PCV2 mRNA) harvested at 24, 48, 72 and 96h post inoculation (hpi). Levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by quantitative ELISAs. PCV2 replication in PAMs was limited to groups inoculated with PCV2 strains containing ORF1 of PCV2a (PCV2a, chimera PCV2a-2b). Furthermore, in supernatants, PCV2 mRNA was only detected in groups coinfected with PRRSV regardless of strain at 48hpi supporting an enhancing effect of PRRSV on PCV2 infection. Changes in cytokine levels were minimal and associated with PRRSV strain for TNF-α. In summary, in vitro differences in PCV2 replication in PAMs inoculated with different PCV2-PRRSV combinations were independent of PCV2 ORF2 origin with minimal effects of concurrent PRRSV infection perhaps indicating that PCV2-specific changes in ORF1 may be more important than those in ORF2.
Inhibition of LPS- and CpG DNA-induced TNF-α response by oxidized phospholipids

Lipid oxidation is commonly seen in the innate immune response, in which reactive oxygen intermediates are generated to kill pathogenic microorganisms. Although oxidation products of phospholipids ...
Microcrack zone formation in single phase polycrystals

Abstract The microstructural configuration for the onset of discrete microcrack formation around a primary crack is determined for single phase polycrystals with thermal expansion anisotropy. The calculations of the residual stress field around the primary crack show preferential orientations and sites for discrete microcrack formation. The driving force for such a cracking system is compared with that for primary crack extension to determine the onset configuration. It is found that microcrack zone formation is fully suppressed below a critical grain size, ~ 40% of the critical grain size for spontaneous microcracking. This prediction correlates quite well with the observed onset of microcrack toughening.
Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit gene expression in cultured human fetal and cancer cells of different types and origins.

Background The authors' previous investigations using living cultured human cancer cells and cells isolated from cancer tissues, analytical flow cytometry, and monoclonal antibodies directed to epitopes located in five different sites of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) molecule, identified the presence of membrane-associated hCG, its subunits and fragments, by cells from all cancers, irrespective of type and origin, indicating that the expression of these sialoglycoproteins is a common phenotypic characteristic of cancer. Although benign neoplasms do not express these compounds, cultured human embryonic and fetal cells also express the same materials. To corroborate these findings, five fetal cell lines and 28 cancer cell lines were randomly selected from those previously studied, to determine the presence of translatable levels of hCG-beta (hCG beta) mRNA. Methods All cell lines were grown under identical conditions. Determination of hCG beta mRNA was made by extracting the total RNA from the cells, followed by synthesis of cDNA with RNase H- reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific hCG beta-luteinizing hormone-beta (hLH beta) primers. The presence of amplified hCG beta cDNA was corroborated by hybridization of the product with an hCG beta-specific oligonucleotide and Southern blot analyses of the hybridization products. Gestational choriocarcinoma cells and HeLa adenocarcinoma of cervical cells, known producers of biologically active hCG, were positive control subjects, and human pituitary cells were used as negative control subjects. Results The results showed single and multiple hCG beta gene activation by the fetal cells and the different types of cancer, indicating that at any given time, there is the possibility of activation of as many as four genes of the six genes of the hCG beta-hLH beta gene cluster, even though alternative gene splicing cannot be ruled out. Conclusions In addition to the authors' previous findings, the results of these studies support the concept that cancer is a problem of development and differentiation, and, to the authors' knowledge, prove definitively for the first time that synthesis and expression of hCG, its subunits, and its fragments, is a common biochemical denominator of cancer, providing the scientific basis for studies of its prevention and/or control by active and/or passive immunization against these sialoglycoproteins.
Brownian Fluctuation Spectroscopy Using Atomic Force Microscopes

We examine the use of the thermal fluctuations of the cantilever of an atomic force microscope to study the microrheological behavior of fluids near a solid/liquid interface. A model-independent approach is used for the analysis of power spectral densities and to extract frequency-dependent dissipative and induced-mass contributions of the fluid to the force experienced by the cantilever. The approach provides a framework for the calibration of AFM cantilevers using thermal fluctuations in viscous fluids and for extracting the loss and storage moduli of viscoelastic fluids. The results show that in viscous fluids the excess zero-frequency viscous dissipation (i.e., relative to the magnitude in the bulk) caused by a nearby surface scales inversely with the distance between the cantilever and the surface, in contrast to the inverse cubic scaling assumed in the literature. Interestingly, the observed scaling is practically identical to what is expected for the increase in the hydrodynamic drag on a sphere de...
Analysis of ultracentrifugation interference patterns with image digitizer: Application to molecular weight determination of SRM 1478 polystyrene☆

Abstract A new method for the analysis of ultracentrifugation interference patterns with the use of a commercial image digitizer is given. The application of the method to the sedimentation equilibrium data for SRM 1478 polystyrene leads to a weight-average molecular weight of 37 400 g mol −1 having a sample standard deviation of 0.7% and an expected systematic error limit of 2%.
Great subduction earthquakes studied

Great subduction earthquakes are the largest earthquakes on Earth, and they are associated with the subduction of lithosphere. They rupture the shallow dipping megathrust interfaces between the plates along areas with dimensions up to 1000 km by 200 km. Recent studies on great subduction earthquakes was the focus of the Wadati Conference on Great Subduction Earthquakes, held at the University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute in Fairbanks from September 16 to 19, 1992. About eighty scientists participated in the conference, which was sponsored jointly by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Weibull Strength Scaling for Standardized Rectangular Flexure Specimens

Formulas for the effective volumes and effective surfaces for rectangular bars loaded in flexure are reviewed. The ratio of strengths from any two configurations, such as three-point flexural to four-point, is independent of whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed, if the cross-sectional sizes are the same. Discrimination between volume- or surface-distributed flaw types, based on the strength ratios, is not possible in such cases. On the other hand, conversion of strengths from one configuration to another is very easy if testing is performed in accordance with one of the current world standard test methods.
Conserved Features in Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus Capsids

Abstract Capsids of papilloma and polyoma viruses (papovavirus family) are composed of 72 pentameric capsomeres arranged on a skewed icosahedral lattice (triangulation number of seven, T=7). Cottontail rabbit papillo mavirus (CRPV) was reported previously to be a T=7 laevo (left-handed) structure, whereas human wart virus, simian virus 40, and murine polyomavirus were shown to be T=7 dextro (right-handed). The CRPV structure determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction was similar to previously determined structures of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1). CRPV capsids were observed in closed (compact) and open (swollen) forms. Both forms have star-shaped capsomeres, as do BPV-1 and HPV-1, but the open CRPV capsids are ≈2 nm larger in radius. The lattice hands of all papillomaviruses examined in this study were found to be T=7 dextro . In the region of maximum contact, papillomavirus capsomeres interact in a manner similar to that found in polyomaviruses. Although papilloma and polyoma viruses have differences in capsid size (≈60 versus ≈50 nm), capsomere morphology (11 to 12 nm star-shaped versus 8 nm barrel-shaped), and intercapsomere interactions (slightly different contacts between capsomeres), papovavirus capsids have a conserved, 72-pentamer, T=7 dextro structure. These features are conserved despite significant differences in amino acid sequences of the major capsid proteins. The conserved features may be a consequence of stable contacts that occur within capsomeres and flexible links that form among capsomeres.
Disc type thermal actuator with straight beams for angular motion

Motion of a micro thermal actuator largely depends on its structural topology. This paper presents designs for a novel rotary type micro thermal actuator. This actuator has unique arrangement of hot segments around the cold segment. Upon application of potential difference, hot segments expand against the cold segment of disc and make the cold disc rotate about its center. This rotary motion can be used for various optical applications like, switching, attenuation and diffraction. The actuator has been fabricated using poly MUMPS process technology. An analytical model was used for predicting steady state temperature profile along the actuator length and rotational behavior of the cold disc under different applied voltages. A finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to predict the behavior of the actuator by defining an air volume around the structure and also between structure and substrate. Finally testing was done for predicting feasibility of the actuator. Comparison of the rotational behavior obtained from both analytical model and FEA with that of obtained from testing shows close agreement.
Selective oxidation of alcohols over vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst using hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Oxidation of various alcohols is studied in the liquid phase under nitrogen atmosphere over vanadium phosphorus oxide catalyst in an environmental friendly protocol using hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst and the method are found to be suitable for the selective oxidation of a variety of secondary aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic alcohols to the corresponding ketones. The catalyst is soluble in the reaction mixture; however, it could be re-used by the addition of new batch of substrate along with the solvent and oxidant to the previous reaction mixture. The reaction mechanism is expected to involve a redox cycle in which V 4+ in combination with dynamic V 5+ sites are acting as the active centers. The active V 4+ phase is expected to be a vanadium complex with oxo and phospho ligands.
Epidermal growth factor receptor reactivation induced by E-prostanoid-3 receptor- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme-dependent feedback exaggerates interleukin-8 production in airway cancer (NCI-H292) cells

Airway epithelial cancer cells produce increased amounts of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), inducing pro-tumor responses. Multiple stimuli induce airway epithelial IL-8 production epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dependently, but the mechanisms that exaggerate IL-8 production in airway cancers remain unknown. Here we show that direct activation of EGFR (EGFR-P) by its ligand transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha induces a second EGFR-P in human airway (NCI-H292) cancer cells but not in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, exaggerating IL-8 production in these cancer cells. The second EGFR-P in NCI-H292 cells was caused by metalloprotease TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE)-dependent cleavage of EGFR pro-ligands and was responsible for most of the total IL-8 induced by TGF-alpha. In NCI-H292 cells, TGF-alpha induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-dependent prostaglandin (PG)E2 production and release. PGE2 increased the second EGFR-P and IL-8 production via binding to its Gi-protein-coupled E-prostanoid (EP)3 receptor. In NHBE cells, TGF-alpha-induced EGFR-P did not lead to PGE2 production or to a second EGFR-P, and less IL-8 was produced. Thus, we conclude that a positive feedback pathway involving COX-2/PGE2/EP3 receptor-dependent EGFR reactivation exaggerates IL-8 production in NCI-H292 cancer cells but not in NHBE (normal) cells.
High‐fidelity control of a seismic shake table

A high-fidelity PC-based control system has been developed to improve the tracking characteristics of a small-scale seismic motion simulator used for testing structural control designs. This work outlines the development and testing of the control system. First, the simulator hardware is described in detail. The process of constructing a mechanistic model of the system and identifying model parameters is then described. Next, a closed-loop feedback/feed-forward control algorithm, based on an optimal receding horizon formulation, is developed. The control design was tested and the results indicate that the seismic shake table precisely tracked reference seismic motions.
ELECTRON-EXCITATION--GAMMA-DECAY REACTIONS IN HEAVY NUCLEI.

The feasibility of using the reactions ${e+N({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{i},{J}_{i})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{'}}+,N({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{f},{J}_{f})}{\ensuremath{\searrow}N({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{ff}},{J}_{\mathrm{ff}})+\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ to investigate low-lying states of heavy nuclei is discussed. By detecting the decay photon, the problem of poor energy resolution for high-energy electrons can be circumvented. The formalism for the ${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence cross section is given. The Coulomb distortion of the electron wave functions, which is important for heavy nuclei, is taken into account. Results for the ${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence cross section and the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-detection cross section for several nuclei are given. The $e\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence cross section appears to be feasible when superconducting accelerators became operational. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-detection cross section offers a method for investigating low-lying states with present-day accelerators.
Characterization of the 5′-Flanking Region of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene

Abstract The Hepatocyte growth factor is the most potent mitogen for hepatocytes in primary culture and is involved in liver regeneration. The expression of the gene appears to be tightly controlled by various humoral factors. To understand the molecular mechanism of the gene expression, we cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the 5′-flanking region of the gene. In this region, there are sequences homologous to responding elements of P53, Rb, IL-1, IL-6, glucocorticoids, TPA and TGF-β. We also identified three major transcriptional initiation sites by primer extension analysis of this region. Functional analyses of this region by constructing CAT reporter plasmids indicate that the sequence functions in a tissue specific manner and there is a negative regulatory region which suppresses the gene expression in rat transformed kidney cells.
Computer Usage in Accredited Post-Secondary Culinary Arts Programs

Post-secondary culinary arts programs accredited by the American Culinary Federation (ACF) were surveyed late spring 2001 to determine the level of computer usage in their respective programs. At the time of the survey, there were 104 institutions nationwide holding ACF accreditation, and each of these institutions was sent a written questionnaire. The people to whom the survey was sent were identified as each institution's contact via an official ACF publication listing the accredited programs and contact information. There were 38 institutions that provided usable responses for a 37% response rate. The majority of respondents represented community colleges offering associate's degrees. The survey responses indicated that computer applications are common in the post-secondary culinary arts curriculum. However, the method of use varies considerably from institution to institution. The ACF core course with the highest rate of computer usage was Menu Planning followed closely by Nutrition.
A Frequency Response Method for Determining the Parameters of High-Performance DC Motors

This paper introduces a technique for measuring the parameters of high-performance dc motors. A second-order motor model, under certain conditions, is shown to be equivalent to a series resonant electrical circuit. Frequency response measurements of the motor, when treated as an electrical impedance, form the basis of a measurement technique which has certain practical advantages. Results are compared to measurements made using conventional methods.
Spatial cues play a role in the development of Myxococcus xanthus

Intercellular signaling plays an important role in spatially regulated developmental processes. Myxococcus xanthus C signal transmission during fruiting body formation requires motile, densely packed, well aligned cells. tThe fruiting body consists of two domains: an outer domain which has densely packed, well aligned, motile cells: and an inner domain of more loosely packed, non-motile, sporulating cells. The two domains are characterized by different patterns of C-dependent gene expression, which begins in the outer domain where C-signaling is most efficient, and reaches its maximum in the inner domain. These domains may be maintained by a dynamic mechanism which relies on passive transport of the sporulating cells from the outer domain, where sporulation is initiated, to the inner domain by the motile cells in the outer domain.
The natural transparency and piezoelectric response of the Greta oto butterfly wing

The Greta oto, or the “glasswing butterfly”, is a member of the Ithomiini tribe. Although rare among lepidopteran, the G. oto’s wings are naturally transparent. To understand the material properties of natural transparency, the various structures on the surface of the wings, both the transparent and brown “veins” and wing parameter regions were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), reflectance spectrometry, transmission spectrometry and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in order to investigate their local structure, periodic character, and electromechanical response. Nanosized protuberances in a highly ordered array were found on the surface of the transparent part similar to that of the “corneal nipple array” found in other insects as an antireflective device.
Marker Density and Read Depth for Genotyping Populations Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approaches provide low-cost, high-density genotype information. However, GBS has unique technical considerations, including a substantial amount of missing data and a nonuniform distribution of sequence reads. The goal of this study was to characterize technical variation using this method and to develop methods to optimize read depth to obtain desired marker coverage. To empirically assess the distribution of fragments produced using GBS, ∼8.69 Gb of GBS data were generated on the Zea mays reference inbred B73, utilizing ApeKI for genome reduction and single-end reads between 75 and 81 bp in length. We observed wide variation in sequence coverage across sites. Approximately 76% of potentially observable cut site-adjacent sequence fragments had no sequencing reads whereas a portion had substantially greater read depth than expected, up to 2369 times the expected mean. The methods described in this article facilitate determination of sequencing depth in the context of empirically defined read depth to achieve desired marker density for genetic mapping studies.
Fluid Drag on a Sphere Rolling in a Tube

The incompressible fluid drag force on a sphere rolling at constant speed in a closed-end tube has been analyzed for the case where the tube inside diameter is only slightly larger than the sphere diameter. One drag law is found for Reynolds numbers much less than 75π/4λ1/2 , where λ is a parameter defined by the sphere and tube diameters. A second drag law is found for Reynolds numbers much larger than 75π/4λ1/2 . Experimental results show good agreement with these drag laws. The first law is almost identical with the results of Christopherson and Dowson, and of McNown, et al., for a sphere falling in a vertical tube.
Prediction of high-performance on-chip global interconnection

Different interconnection structures have been proposed to solve the performance limitation caused by scaling of on-chip global wires. In this paper, we give an overview of current on-chip global interconnection structures and provide a simple model to analyze their architecture-level performance metrics. For a new category of global interconnections using on-chip transmission-line (T-line), a general framework is proposed to design and optimize such schemes. A group of experiments is performed to study and compare five different global interconnection structures in terms of latency, energy dissipation, throughput, and signal integrity across multiple technology nodes. The results show that, the T-line structures have the potential to outperform repeated RC wires at future nodes to achieve high-performance, low-power and more reliable global interconnection. Meanwhile, equalization could be helpful to improve the throughput, signal integrity, and power efficiency further.
Growth process modeling of semiconductor nanowires for scale-up of nanomanufacturing: A review

To keep up with the increasing need for nanomanufacturing (NM), research on the scale-up of NM has become an emerging field of study. This review article first discusses the author understanding on research classification of scale-up NM research, which entails scale-up process research and scale-up methodology research. The scale-up methodology research includes establishing modeling, simulation, and control methodologies that enable and support economic production at commercial scale. Since NM process modeling provides the basis for process monitoring and control, guided inspection and sensing strategy, and more-efficient experimental design strategy for robust synthesis of nanomaterials, semiconductor nanowire growth is used as an example to review different process modeling strategies for scalable NM. The modeling strategies from the existing literature on nanowire growth studies are summarized into four categories: (i) physical modeling; (ii) statistical modeling; (iii) physical-statistical modeling; ...
Oversubscription Bounded Multicast Scheduling in Fat-Tree Data Center Networks

Multicast benefits numerous data center applications that require group communication by eliminating sending unnecessary duplicated packets in the network, thus significantly reduces network traffic and improves application throughput. Meanwhile, many data center networks (DCNs) adopt a multi-rooted tree structure called fat-tree, which utilizes rich path multiplicity to deliver high bisection bandwidth. However, currently there is no efficient flow scheduling algorithm for the fat-tree that can route multicast flows appropriately to achieve traffic load balance, thus cannot fully take advantage of this high degree of link parallelism. Besides low bandwidth utilization, unbalanced traffic load distribution also leads to unpredictable network performance and degraded data center agility. In this paper, we study multicast traffic load balance problem in fat-tree DCNs. First, we derive a minimum link oversubscription upper bound in multicast fat-tree DCNs based on a network model that accurately describes the DCN communication environment. Then, we present Oversubscription Bounded Multicast Scheduling (OBMS), a low-complexity multicast flow scheduling algorithm that guarantees bounded link oversubscription and efficient network utilization even under the most congested traffic patterns. Finally, we evaluate the performance of OBMS in an event-driven DCN simulator under various types of traffic patterns, and show that OBMS significantly outperforms other load-balance methods in terms of network throughput and evenness of traffic load distribution.
Moral Treatment: Contexts Considered

Many scholars associate the 19th-century practice of moral treatment with occupational therapy practice. A more thorough understanding of moral treatment is therefore relevant for occupational therapists. This article considers moral treatment within the contexts that shaped both its characteristics and the course of its practice--the medical community and 19th-century society. This consideration may provide therapists with a broader understanding of moral treatment and enable them to address the question of a relationship between the two practices.
Powered Endoscopic Septoplasty for Septal Deviation and Isolated Spurs

Septoplasty is commonly performed for nasal airway obstruction or rhinologic headache due to contact irritation, often in conjunction with other nasal procedures, including cosmetic rhinoplasty and...
Chemoimmunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Woodchuck Model Overcomes Immunologic Tolerance and Restores T-Cell Responses to Pre-S and S Regions of the Viral Envelope Protein

Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection could combine potent antiviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines to overcome immunological tolerance and induce the recovery phenotype to protect against disease progression. Conventional vaccination of woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) elicited differential T-cell response profiles depending on whether or not carriers were treated with the potent antiviral drug clevudine (CLV), which significantly reduces viral and antigen loads. The differential T-cell responses defined both CLV-dependent and CLV-independent epitopes of the pre-S and S regions of the WHV envelope protein. Only combined treatment involving CLV and conventional vaccine therapeutically restored the T-cell response profile of chronic WHV carrier woodchucks to that seen in prophylactic vaccination and in recovery from acute WHV infection. The results have implications for mechanisms of immunological tolerance operating in chronic HBV infection and suggest that such combined chemoimmunotherapy may be useful for treatment of humans with chronic HBV infection.
The rehearsal: an experiment in psychoanalytic education.

Abstract During the year 1972–1973 the psychoanalysts in Cincinnati organized and conducted a series of seminars designed to prepare themselves as a faculty for a new psychoanalytic institute. Although every area has its special history and variables, we imagine that some of our experiences have carry-over and relevance for those planning to initiate psychoanalytic educational programs in their communities, whether they be on a larger scale, such as those leading to provisional institute status, or on a smaller scale, such as initiating one or more new courses in a curriculum.
A Comment on Business Policy Teaching Research

In this article the author provides comments on research that has examined the effectiveness of several different approaches to teaching business policy. The author discusses four educational formats that have been studied and notes the weaknesses associated with each study. The formats examined make use of case studies, simulation methods, in-class activities and variations that include multiple methods. The author's main concerns deal with addressing what students should learn in a business policy course, how these courses should be taught and how teaching methods can be compared. He notes that most research has focused on how to teach, rather than on what to teach and that students will benefit more by determining what is most important for them to learn.
Understanding acculturation among second-generation South Asian Muslims in the United States

This article addresses an understudied area in studies of immigration—why patterns of acculturation of second-generation immigrants vary. To address this question, I draw on ethnographic research c...
From Council to Legislature: Democracy, Parliamentarianism, and the San Blas Cuna

An exposition of the Cuna general congress's procedures, compared to local congress's and the Panamanian legislature's, discloses a tendency toward Western parliamentarianism, a folk conflict model originating in England. Anthropologists have good models for conflict; political scientists have other models for consent. Panama's assembly is shown to be a support structure rather than a demand one. Finally, recommendations are made for using formalization to safeguard indigenous democracy.
Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

We have derived the Hardy-Weinberg law under a set of assumed conditions, only a few of which were stated explicitly. We must now make all of these assumptions explicit, defining terms clearly.
A General Solution to Optimal Fixed-Gain ( $\alpha$ - $\beta$ - $\gamma$ etc.) Filters

A considerable number of papers in the literature provide solutions for fixed-gain filters, such as the $\alpha$ - $\beta$ filter, that minimize the mean squared error under various dynamic models. This note demonstrates that those specialized models are unnecessary as the tools to explicitly find optimal fixed gains for arbitrary observable systems are already in the literature. The results produced by this method agree with published results for specialized algorithms. The solution of this letter also obviates the need for special “aeolotropic” filter design. Code implementing the algorithm and simulations is available in Matlab on IEEEXplore.
TREAT Transient Analysis Benchmarking for the HEU Core

This work was performed to support the feasibility study on the potential conversion of the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) at Idaho National Laboratory from the use of high enriched uranium (HEU) fuel to the use of low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. The analyses were performed by the GTRI Reactor Conversion staff at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The objective of this study was to benchmark the transient calculations against temperature-limited transients performed in the final operating HEU TREAT core configuration. The MCNP code was used to evaluate steady-state neutronics behavior, and the point kinetics code TREKIN was used to determine core power and energy during transients. The first part of the benchmarking process was to calculate with MCNP all the neutronic parameters required by TREKIN to simulate the transients: the transient rod-bank worth, the prompt neutron generation lifetime, the temperature reactivity feedback as a function of total core energy, and the core-average temperature and peak temperature as a functions of total core energy. The results of these calculations were compared against measurements or against reported values as documented in the available TREAT reports. The heating of the fuel was simulated as an adiabatic process. The reported values were extractedmore » from ANL reports, intra-laboratory memos and experiment logsheets and in some cases it was not clear if the values were based on measurements, on calculations or a combination of both. Therefore, it was decided to use the term “reported” values when referring to such data. The methods and results from the HEU core transient analyses will be used for the potential LEU core configurations to predict the converted (LEU) core’s performance.« less
Large-scale Database Query Optimization Technology based on Semantic Caching and Pre-fetch Algorithm

With the application of large-scale database in the background,a distributed database accessing platform based on multi-agent was constructed.Distributed semantic caching and pre-fetch algorithm were studied.The test results show that the statistic query performance was improved markedly.
The effects of some organic "calcium antagonists" on calcium influx in presynaptic nerve terminals.

The actions of the organic "Ca antagonists" verapamil and D-600 were tested on pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from rat brain, and on the frog neuromuscular junction. 45Ca uptake was measured in control media, and in depolarizing media containing either 75 mM potassium or veratridine, an alkaloid that opens sodium channels. The extra uptake induced by depolarizing media appears to be mediated by voltage-sensitive Ca channels. Synaptosome depolarization was indirectly determined with the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye, di-pentyl oxacarbocyanine. Verapamil or D-600 (100 µM) inhibited the K+-induced 45Ca uptake by about two thirds, but had no effect on the K+-induced synaptosome depolarization; this inhibition of Ca uptake is, presumably, due to block of Ca-channels. Veratridine-induced 45Ca influx was more than 80% inhibited by verapamil or D-600 (100 µM), and veratridine-induced depolarization was almost completely blocked. These observations indicate that Na channels as well as Ca channels are inhibited by verapamil and D-600. Recordings of miniature end-plate potentials were used to evaluate the actions of verapamil and D-600 at the frog neuromuscular junction, after miniature end-plate potential frequency had been made sensitive to changes in the bathing Ca concentration by raising the external K+. Miniature end-plate potential frequency was not affected by verapamil(40-50 µM) or D-600 (10 µM) but was significantly reduced by Mn2+ (0.2 mM), a known blocker of Ca channels. Although verapamil and D-600 appear to be very potent antagonists of Ca currents in heart and smooth muscle, we conclude that Ca channels in vertebrate neurons are much less sensitive to these drugs.
The Concept of Projective Identification and Its Clinical Relevance

After briefly reviewing various contributions to the concept of projective identification, the author describes the clinical manifestations of this defense. These include (1) disownment and redirection of an intolerable experience to another, (2) manipulation of the recipient in an attempt to control, and (3) an induction of congruent responses in the recipient. The author then discusses the relevance of this concept from a diagnostic and treatment perspective.