cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel use of the Hotelling observer for computer-aided diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules

We propose to investigate a novel use of the Hotelling observer for the task of discrimination of solitary pulmonary nodules from a database of regions that were all deemed suspicious. A database of 239 regions of interest (ROIs) was collected from digitized chest radiographs. Each of these 256x256 pixel ROIs contained a suspicious lesion in the center for which we have a truth file. For our study, 25 separate Hotelling observers were set up in a 5x5 grid across the center of the ROIs. Each separate observer was designed to 'observe' a 15x15 pixel area of the image. Leave-one-out training was used to generate 25 output observer features. These 25 features were then narrowed down using a sequential forward searching linear discriminant analysis. The forward search was continued until the accuracy declined at 13 features and the subset was used as the input layer to an artificial neural network (ANN). This network was trained to minimize mean squared error and the output was the area under the ROC curve. The trained ANN gave an ROC area of .86. In comparison, three radiologists performed at ROC area indexes of .72, .79, and .83.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mn–Mn interaction in adenylylated and unadenylylated glutamine synthetase*

Summary The distance between the two catalytically important metal ions of glutamine synthetase was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Mn(II) binds more tightly to the n1 site of this enzyme in the presence of methionine sulfoximine and the influence of Mn(II) bound at the n2 site on the EPR spectrum of Mn(II) at n1 was studied. A monotonic increase in the EPR spectrum of Mn(II) was observed at Mn:E (subunit) ratios of 0 to 0.8. After this point as Mn(II) was added to about 1.8 Mn:E, a decrease in the EPR signal was observed. This phenomenon was found for both adenylylated and unadenylylated forms of glutamine synthetase. The data were analyzed using a theory for dipolar electron-electron relaxation and a distance of 10–12 A was computed for the Mn(II)–Mn(II) separation. These data demonstrate that both modified and unmodified forms of glutamine synthetase which have different catalytic activities have a similar spatial relationship between the two catalytic metal ion sites.
Generalized localization model of relaxation in glass-forming liquids.

Glassy solidification is characterized by two essential phenomena: localization of the solidifying material's constituent particles and a precipitous increase in its structural relaxation time τ. Determining how these two phenomena relate is key to understanding glass formation. Leporini and coworkers have recently argued that τ universally depends on a localization length-scale 〈u2〉 (the Debye–Waller factor) in a way that depends only upon the value of 〈u2〉 at the glass transition. Here we find that this ‘universal’ model does not accurately describe τ in several simulated and experimental glass-forming materials. We develop a new localization model of solidification, building upon the classical Hall–Wolynes and free volume models of glass formation, that accurately relates τ to 〈u2〉 in all systems considered. This new relationship is based on a consideration of the anisotropic nature of particle localization. The model also indicates the presence of a particle delocalization transition at high temperatures associated with the onset of glass formation.
Fear and Accountability at the End of an Era

A JL jLlate 2007 bipartisan report issued by a panel of scholars and politicians proposed "smarter, more collaborative policies" to un? derpin a new, forward-looking agenda for U.S. domestic and for? eign affairs (Armitage & Nye 2007). The Armitage-Nye report, considered together with the ramping up of a presidential cam? paign in which "Change" has emerged as a key issue, strongly suggest that the post-9/11 era as we have known it will come to a close in early 2009. The opportunity to imagine a radically differ? ent future is more than welcome, as the period since the attacks of 9/11 has been one of grief, trauma, and fear as well as growing anger and anxiety about the direction of U.S. policy and gover? nance. The post-9/11 era has also been a time of war, with military force deployed as the primary tool of American foreign policy, and, as charged in the Armitage-Nye report, of fear used to justify pol? icies of aggression. On a related note, the era has seen law de? ployed as a weapon of war, including in the broad and ill-conceived global war on terror, through invigorated laws of surveillance and investigation; reliance on torture, rendition, and summary execu? tion of terror suspects; increased penalties for aiding terrorism; and expanded executive privilege and secrecy. Those seeking change have questioned the legality of these and other reactive measures. As politicians, pundits, and laypeople chart new courses
Theory, Observation and Scientific Realism

A normative constraint on theories about objects which we take to be real is explored: such theories are required to track the properties of the objects which they are theories of. Epistemic views in which observation (and generalizations of it) play a central role, and holist views which see epistemic virtues as applicable only to whole theories, are contrasted in the light of this constraint. It's argued that global-style epistemic virtues can't meet the constraint, although (certain) epistemic views within which observation (and, more generally, thick epistemic access) are centralized do meet it.
A kinetic approach to nucleation in condensed systems

Abstract A recently published theory for homogeneous nucleation in dilute systems (Katz and Wiedersich 1977), which clearly distinguishes between the thermodynamic and kinetic quantities involved, is generalized so as to include condensed systems. We show that in these systems the nuclei are structural fluctuations and present a topological procedure for their identification. An expression for the steady-state nucleation rate is then derived from the growth and decay rates of these nuclei. The departure rate of atoms leaving a nucleus is calculated from the nucleus size distribution in an equilibrium system at the same temperature by assuming that the effect of a change in concentration or pressure is to change the departure rate by the same factor for nuclei of all sizes. The driving force for nucleation is shown to be the ratio of the impingement rates modified by a factor related to the velocity of the phase boundary in macroscopic samples (instead of the free-energy difference between the nuclei and t...
Expectancy set, self-reported expectancies and predispositional traits: predicting interest in violence and erotica.

To investigate the role of alcohol expectancies in predicting postdrinking behavior, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, an instrument assessing alcohol expectancies was devised for later use in prediction. Factor analyses with split-sample validation confirmed 3 factors (11 total items): disinhibition, aggression and sexuality. In Study 2, expectancies, Buss-Durkee hostility and Mosher sex-guilt were assessed in a preexperimental questionnaire session. In a subsequent drink administration session, an expectancy set manipulation led subjects to expect alcohol or to expect tonic. To assess postdrinking behavior, interest in violent, erotic and violent-erotic materials was measured unobtrusively using an ad lib slide-viewing task. Consistent with the hypotheses, expectancies in conjunction with trait hostility significantly predicted violence viewing and violent-erotica viewing for expect alcohol, but not expect tonic controls. Moreover, after variance due to hostility was accounted for, expectancies pr...
Using Neural Network Analysis to Define Methods of DINA Model Estimation for Small Sample Sizes

The DINA model is a commonly used model for obtaining diagnostic information. Like many other Diagnostic Classification Models (DCMs), it can require a large sample size to obtain reliable item and examinee parameter estimation. Neural Network (NN) analysis is a classification method that uses a training dataset for calibration. As a result, if this training dataset is determined theoretically, as was the case in Gierl’s attribute hierarchical method (AHM), the NN analysis does not have any sample size requirements. However, a NN approach does not provide traditional item parameters of a DCM or allow for item responses to influence test calibration. In this paper, the NN approach will be implemented for the DINA model estimation to explore its effectiveness as a classification method beyond its use in AHM. The accuracy of the NN approach across different sample sizes, item quality and Q-matrix complexity is described in the DINA model context. Then, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation algorithm and Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation is used to extend the NN approach so that item parameters associated with the DINA model are obtained while allowing examinee responses to influence the test calibration. The results derived by the NN, the combination of MCMC and NN (NN MCMC) and the combination of JMLE and NN are compared with that of the well-established Hierarchical MCMC procedure and JMLE with a uniform prior on the attribute profile to illustrate their strength and weakness.
Stratigraphic and paleoclimatic analysis of late Pleistocene tropical southeast Pacific cores (with an appendix by N. J. Shackleton)

Factor analysis of dissolution-resistant species of planktonic foraminifera in the >250 μm fraction of seabed and core samples from the tropical southeast Pacific yields five mappable varimax assemblages. The distribution of these assemblages in core tops is more related to the subsurface thermal structure than to the surface temperature. A transfer function relating the assemblages in core tops to the temperature at 200 m is applied to five cores. Cycles of estimated temperature in three cores are approximately in phase with climatic cycles in Atlantic cores spanning the past 200,000 yr, and display amplitudes on the order of 5°C. Two zones of increased calcium carbonate dissolution occur in these three cores. These zones occur in the transition from interglacial to glacial intervals. Temperature variations inferred are ascribed to fluctuations of the main thermocline, and the inference is made that during cold intervals the thermocline was displaced upward as the central water mass was areally diminished. A model of circulation dynamics suggests that such areal diminution would be associated with an intensified circulation. No significant fluctuations in the estimated 200 m temperature are inferred for a core in the Galapagos area during the last glacial, but a pronounced peak of high-latitude species Globorotalia inflata does occur. This peak is judged to reflect the removal of a low-oxygen ecological barrier.
Closed-end investment companies: Historic returns and investment strategies

Abstract Studies conducted in the past have identified inefficiencies in the market for Closed-End Investment Company (CEIC) shares. In addition, studies have demonstrated the potential for trading strategies to exploit these inefficiencies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of achieving excess returns through the utilization of relatively simple strategies not requiring continuous monitoring of discount(s) or frequent trading. Our investigation demonstrates that realizing excess returns through the use of simple mechanical trading strategies will not be possible.
Firearm injuries and children: A policy statement of the American Pediatric Surgical Association

Received June 29, 2013; Accepted July 9, 2013. From the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University o School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (Nance), Lucile Pack Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Pa (Krummel), and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Medi Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (Oldham). Correspondence address: Michael L Nance, MD, FAC Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Schoo 34 and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. e email.chop.edu
Synthesis of Ethylene Hydridotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate Triphenylphosphine Complexes of Rhodium and Iridium and Their Reactions with Hydrogen

Solutions of TpM(C2H4)2 (M = Rh (1a) and Ir (1b)) react with 1 equiv of PPh3 to yield TpM(PPh3)(C2H4) (2a,b). The new complexes adopt trigonal-bipyramidal structures in solution with triphenylphosp...
Transmissibility Determination from Variable Discharge Pumping Tests

A rapid graphical technique for the determination of aquifer transmissibility from a variable discharge pumping test is presented. The data required include the variation of discharge with time during the pumping test and a record of the recovery ar an observation well after the well was shut off. An example using a synthetic well data is provided.
Dual innervation of the foot and the control of foot movement by the central nervous system in Mytilus Edulis (Bivalvia)

Abstract 1. Nerve cutting experiments show that contraction and extension of the foot are controlled by the pedal ganglia. The cerebral ganglia exert a tonic influence tending toward extension; the visceral ganglia tend to cause contraction. 2. Application of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and acetycholine to the foot and ganglia causes contraction; application of 5-hydroxytryptamine causes extension. 3. Destruction of dopaminergic nerves by 6-hydroxydopamine prevents contraction; destruction of serotonergic nerves by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine prevents extension. 4. Dual innervation of the foot and control of contraction by dopaminergic nerves and of extension by serotonergic nerves is proposed.
The Extinction Law in the Open Cluster NGC 457 and the Intrinsic Energy Distribution of phi Cassiopeiae (F0 Ia)

Five early B-type stars near the main-sequence turnoff in NGC 457 have been observed at low dispersion with the short-wavelength prime and the long-wavelength redundant cameras of the IUE satellite. The equivalent widths of spectral features that are particularly strong and sensitive to temperature and luminosity were computed in the cluster stars and in 20 lightly reddened stars of types O9-B3 and luminosity classes III-V. The comparison of the equivalent widths provides a reliable method for finding matching pairs. Having identified the best comparison star for each program star, binned fluxes were used to determine the mean extinction curve. In order to cover the visible region, monochromatic fluxes of Phi Cas were derived from observations with the intensified Reticon scanner mounted on the No. 2 0.9 m telescope of KPNO, and they were dereddened with the mean extinction curve of Savage and Mathis. Thus, the intrinsic energy distribution of Phi Cas were determined from 1500 to 5800 A for use in a detailed model-atmosphere analysis.
Historical perspectives of velo-cardio-facial syndrome

Abstract Although the complete story depends on clinicians from a variety of fields, including cardiology, endocrinology, dysmorphology, cytogenetics, and immunology, the history of what is called velo-cardio-facial syndrome began in a craniofacial clinic in New York. The history is intertwined with that of DiGeorge syndrome, and more complete understanding of the phenotype was aided by improvements in cytogenetic techniques. A plea is made to drop the term CATCH 22, as it is unnecessarily negative for referring to patients with VCFS.
Stability of Proofs for High Predicted Difference Holstein Sires

Abstract Evaluations by modified contemporary comparisons of sires from United States Department of Agriculture sire summary lists were used to examine stability of sire evaluations for bulls with at least one predicted difference for milk exceeding 453 kg. Each bull's evaluation first exceeding 453 kg was compared to his most recent evaluation. Average decline within paired summaries was 21 kg for 236 available bulls and 28 kg for a subset of 73 bulls with 95% or higher Repeatability on most recent summary. Last available predicted difference with Repeatability equal to or exceeding 95% was linearly related to evaluations first exceeding 45 3 kg but quadratically related to change in Repeatability within paired summaries. Minimum expected last predicted difference occurred at Repeat-abilities between 70 and 79% with small and sizeable increases, respectively, projected for higher and lower Repeatabilities. Predicted difference at a given time was far more important in explaining differences in last available evaluations than was Repeatability at that time. Declines in predicted difference above 70% Repeatability may come partially from differences in genetic and managemental characteristics of herds in which sires are tested originally and herds in which they subsequently receive heavy use.
Learning of Dynamic Display Aac Technologies by Typically Developing 3-Year-Olds: Effect of Different Layouts and Menu Approaches

The present study investigated the learning demands of dynamic display augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies that differed in system layout and menu page approaches for 3-year-old children. Ten typically developing children were randomly assigned to each of 3 technology approaches and were asked to located vocabulary items within a play context. Results indicated that the children had difficulty with all of the technologies on initial exposure. After the 1st learning session, children performed significantly better with AAC technologies in a contextual scene format than in a grid format. Some limited generalization to new vocabulary was evident. AAC technologies for young children need to be redesigned to better reflect the developmental models of children. Results are discussed with implications for practice and suggestions for future research.
N-Acyl-N'-arylpiperazines as negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1: identification of VU0469650, a potent and selective tool compound with CNS exposure in rats.

Development of SAR in an N-acyl-N′-arylpiperazine series of negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1 using a functional cell-based assay is described in this Letter. Characterization of selected compounds in protein binding assays was used to aid in selecting VU0469650 for further profiling in ancillary pharmacology assays and pharmacokinetic studies. VU0469650 demonstrated an excellent selectivity profile and good exposure in both plasma and brain samples following intraperitoneal dosing in rats.
Bayesian modeling of continuously marked spatial point patterns

Many analyses of continuously marked spatial point patterns assume that the density of points, with differing marks, is identical. However, as noted in the seminal paper of Goulard et al. (Scand J Stat 23:365---379, 1996), such an assumption is not realistic in many situations. For example, a stand of forest may have many more small trees than large, hence the model should allow for a higher density of points with small marks. In addition, as suggested by Ogata and Tanemura (Biometrics 41:421---433, 1985), the interaction between points should be a function of their mark, allowing, for example, the range of interaction for large trees to exceed that of smaller trees. The aforementioned articles use frequentist inferential techniques, but interval estimation presents difficulties due to the extremely complex distributional properties of the estimates; it might be possible, however, to use parametric bootstrap methodology for such inferences (Baddeley et al. in J Roy Stat Soc Ser B 67:617---666, 2005). We suggest the use of Bayesian inferential techniques. Although a Bayesian approach requires a complex, computational implementation of (reversible jump) Markov Chain Monte Carlo methodology, it enables a wide variety of inferences (including interval estimation). We demonstrate our approach by analyzing the well known Norway spruce dataset.
Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Arterial Elastin With Cholesterol Effect

Elastin is a protein in the extracellular matrix that provides critical mechanical properties of elasticity and extensibility to many connective tissues, including arteries. Such properties of elastin allow arteries to accommodate deformations encountered during physiological functions. Elastin is subjected to changes in mechanical properties upon exposure to various chemical environments. Elastin is a hydrophobic protein, which makes it an attractive site for the deposition of hydrophobic ligands such as cholesterol [1]. Cholesterol is a type of lipid that gradually builds up along arterial wall with aging and pathological conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Expansion of a superbubble in a uniform magnetic field

The effects of interstellar magnetic fields on the evolution and structure of superbubbles are investigated. First, the governing equations for propagation of a radiative shock are derived and solved analytically in the limit of high expansion velocity. A numerical code able to solve them in the general case and discuss the numerical results is then presented. It is found that magnetic fields of the strength present in the Galactic disk do not significantly modify the overall shape and dimensions of a superbubble. They reduce the volume of the interior cavity by one-third on average during the expansion phase. The shell elongates slightly in the direction of the external field. Magnetic pressure dominates over gas pressure in most of the shell and forces it to thicken substantially. Finally, because of the transverse mass motions which take place from the magnetic poles to the equator, the column density at the poles is reduced by typically a factor of 10. 48 refs.
An Investigation into the Importance of Polymer-Matrix Miscibility Using Surfactant Modified Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation, namely finding a suitable matrix–analyte combination, has been one of the most important concerns in using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for synthetic polymers. Herein we report the novel use of surfactants in the polymer sample preparation procedure. Specifically, three nonionic surfactants were investigated for MALDI analysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This approach resulted in major enhancements in the PMMA molecular ion signals with dithranol as the matrix. The results illustrate the importance of polymer–matrix miscibility in optimizing MALDI investigations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic domain decomposition and grid modification for parabolic problems

Abstract A dynamic grid modification and domain decomposition method is given and analyzed for parabolic problems. This method allows one to apply different domain decompositions, and different grids and interpolation polynomials on the subdomains at different time levels when necessary. The procedure relies on an implicit Galerkin method in the subdomains and explicit flux calculation on the inter-domain boundaries. In addition, a dynamic finite element scheme is proposed and analyzed, which is applicable to general parabolic problems. These methods are well suited to large-scale time-dependent problems involving localized phenomena, such as sharp fronts or layers, which also change with time. Convergence and stability analyses in the L 2 norm are given. Numerical experiments are provided to check the performance of the methods and make comparison with other methods.
Internal charge distribution of iodine adatoms on silicon and silicon oxide investigated with alkali ion scattering

Abstract Time-of-flight spectra were collected for low energy 7 Li + and 23 Na + ions backscattered from Si(1 1 1) surfaces covered with sub-monolayers of iodine. Li ions singly scattered from the iodine adatoms have consistently larger neutralization probabilities than those scattered from the silicon substrate, and the neutralization decreases with off-normal emission. This indicates that the internal charge distribution of the iodine adatoms is not uniform, presumably due to attraction of electron density to the positively charged bonding Si atom. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows that iodine adsorbed on pre-oxidized Si bonds through the oxygen atom, forming hypoiodite (–OI) moieties. The neutralization of 23 Na + backscattered from such iodine adatoms is independent of the emission angle, indicating that there is less charge rearrangement than for iodine bonded directly to Si.
De Re Language, De Re Eliminability, and the Essential Limits of Both

De re modality is eliminable if there is an effective translation of all wffs into non-de re equivalents. We cannot have logical equivalence unless ‘logic’ has odd theses, but we can have material equivalence by banning all essences, something the non-de re facts let us do, or by giving everything such humdrum essences as self-identity and banning the more interesting ones. Eliminability cannot be got from weaker assumptions, nor independent ones of even modest generality. The net philosophical import is that, quite apart from the merits of essentialism, de re language has scant utility.
Mechanisms of G6PD isozyme pattern changes at fertilization.

The electrophoretic pattern of G6PD changes in sea urchin egg supernatants, gels, and pellets (homogenized in 0.01 M MgCl2, 0.01 M Tris, pH 8, and centrifuged at 4 × 104g) within the first minute following sperm penetration. Therefore, the changes in pattern are an early event of egg activation and are not changes in gene activity. Calcium ionophore activation causes similar changes in G6PD in unfertilized eggs, so calcium is probably involved directly or indirectly. Treatment with 1 mg/ml of G6P and/or NADP, DTT, or papain also causes changes in the isozyme patterns, but the resulting patterns are different from patterns obtained from the fertilized fractions, and each treatment produces a unique pattern. The results lead to the conclusion that the different patterns of unfertilized and fertilized eggs are due to enzyme posttranslational modification. Different patterns may result from intrinsic differences in (1) —SH reduction or levels of glutathione, (2) substrate and cofactor levels, or (3) proteolytic enzymes released naturally or as a result of homogenization.
Prediction of Ablation Rates from Solid Surfaces Exposed to High Temperature Gas Flow

A mathematical model and a solution algorithm is developed to study the physics of high temperature heat transfer and material ablation and identify the problems associated with the flow of hydrogen gas at very high temperatures and velocities through pipes and various components of Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motors. Ablation and melting can be experienced when the inner solid surface of the cooling channels and the diverging-converging nozzle of a Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motor is exposed to hydrogen gas flow at temperatures around 2500 degrees Kelvin and pressures around 3.4 MPa. In the experiments conducted on typical NTR motors developed in 1960s, degradation of the cooling channel material (cracking in the nuclear fuel element cladding) and in some instances melting of the core was observed. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study based on two types of physics based mathematical models that were developed to simulate the thermal-hydrodynamic conditions that lead to ablation of the solid surface of a stainless steel pipe exposed to high temperature hydrogen gas near sonic velocities. One of the proposed models is one-dimensional and assumes the gas flow to be unsteady, compressible and viscous. An in-house computer code was developed to solve the conservations equations of this model using a second-order accurate finite-difference technique. The second model assumes the flow to be three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible and viscous. A commercial CFD code (Fluent) was used to solve the later model equations. Both models assume the thermodynamic and transport properties of the hydrogen gas to be temperature dependent. In the solution algorithm developed for this study, the unsteady temperature of the pipe is determined from the heat equation for the solid. The solid-gas interface temperature is determined from an energy balance at the interface which includes heat transfer from or to the interface by conduction, convection, radiation, and ablation. Two different ablation models are proposed to determine the heat loss from the solid surface due to the ablation of the solid material. Both of them are physics based. Various numerical simulations were carried out using both models to predict the temperature distribution in the solid and in the gas flow, and then predict the ablation rates at a typical NTR motor hydrogen gas temperature and pressure. Solid mass loss rate per foot of a pipe was also calculated from these predictions. The results are presented for fully developed turbulent flow conditions in a sample SS pipe with a 6 inch diameter.
Aqueous Catalytic Disproportionation and Oxidation of Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide, a byproduct of combustion exhaust, is a key species that leads to urban photochemical smog. Nitric oxide exhibits low aqueous solubility, and it has proved difficult to remove NO from gas streams by aqueous scrubbing methods. A catalyst for the aqueous disproportionation of NO to nitrous oxide and aqueous nitrite has been developed with wood-derived activated carbons. Addition of palladium or platinum metal to the carbon support significantly accelerates catalysis. The carbon-supported catalyst was not poisoned by sulfur oxides. The reaction is thought to involve the reduction of surface-bound nitric oxide dimers. The reducing equivalents stem from the oxidation of NO to NO2-. Addition of oxygen as an alternative electron acceptor during the reaction immediately arrested nitrous oxide formation, and all the nitric oxide was removed from the gas stream as aqueous nitrite. This demonstrates the feasibility of removing SOx and NOx simultaneously by low-temperature aqueous scrubbing.
Na3Ti2(PO4)3 as a sodium-bearing anode for rechargeable aqueous sodium-ion batteries

Na3Ti2(PO4)(3) synthesized as fine carbon-coated powders is demonstrated for the first time to be a suitable sodium-bearing anode material for rechargeable aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ANaBs). Importantly, Na3Ti2(PO4)(3) is found to be stable in deoxygenated water, enabling use of this material in aqueous systems. As a sodiated anode, it allows use of sodium-depleted cathode materials that require supply of sodium-ions from the anode. As an example, we demonstrate for the first time the use of olivine FePO4 as a cathode in an ANaB. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A note on the Structure of Turán Densities of Hypergraphs

Let r ≥ 2 be an integer. A real number α ∈ [0, 1) is a jump for r if there exists c > 0 such that no number in (α, α + c) can be the Turan density of a family of r-uniform graphs. A result of Erdős and Stone implies that every α ∈ [0, 1) is a jump for r = 2. Erdős asked whether the same is true for r ≥ 3. Frankl and Rodl gave a negative answer by showing an infinite sequence of non-jumps for every r ≥ 3. However, there are still a lot of open questions on determining whether or not a number is a jump for r ≥ 3. In this paper, we first find an infinite sequence of non-jumps for r = 4, then extend one of them to every r ≥ 4. Our approach is based on the techniques developed by Frankl and Rodl.
Lunar laser ranging

At the 1990 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md., on Tuesday morning, May 29, there will be the special joint Geodesy-Planetology session Apollo Lunar Laser Ranging and Our Lunar Return. This session of invited papers will focus on and, yes, celebrate lunar laser ranging, which has been made possible by simple laser reflectors of the type first left by Buzz Aldrin on the powdery surface of the Sea of Tranquility. The session has been arranged to recall that on July 20 of this past year we celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the first human landing on the Moon.
Age‐related differences in patients with nonpalpable breast carcinomas

BACKGROUND. The survival benefit of screening mammography may be influenced by the age of the screened population. The current series examines the influence of age on the clinical, histopathologic, and prognostic features of nonpalpable breast carcinoma. METHODS. Needle localization and biopsy of suspicious mammographic lesions identified 173 breast carcinomas that were occult by physical examination. The mammographic appearance, the tumor histology and size, as well as axillary lymph node and estrogen receptor status of these carcinomas were reviewed. RESULTS. Mammographic findings of a mass or density (without calcifications) were most common (46%) and the majority of tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma (70%). The median age of the patients was 59 years. Tumor histology and mammographic findings varied by age : women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) had a median age of 50 years, whereas patients with invasive ductal carcinoma without associated intraductal tumor had a median age of 65 years. Both younger age (P = 0.001) and microcalcifications (P = 0.0001) were strongly correlated with DCIS. The mean greatest tumor dimension was 1.34 cm. Axillary metastases were found in 21%, 15%, and 50% of invasive tumors with sizes of 2 cm, respectively, and were uninfluenced by age. Estrogen receptor analysis of invasive tumors was >10 fmol/mg in 47% and 84% of women aged 50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Mammographically detected lesions in younger women are typified by a higher incidence of DCIS or tumors with an intraductal component. Nonpalpable invasive carcinomas in women ≤50 years and >50 years appear to be biologically similar by virtue of axillary lymph node status, although estrogen receptor positive tumors are more common in older patients. These age-related differences may partially account for age-related variations in the survival impact of mammographic screening programs.
A Changing Capacitor Technology - Failure Mechanisms and Design Innovations

During the past few years the ac capacitor industry has seen almost a complete change in dielectrics, electrodes, and impregnants. The dielectric has changed from paper to all poly-propylene film, the electrode from plain foil to either metallized film, metallized paper, or embossed foil, and the fluids have changed from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) to those based on hydrocarbon or phthalate ester chemistries. This paper discusses the rational behind this changing technology, the improved performance aspects of these new designs, and some of the degradation mechanisms that have accompanied these changes.
Acoustic cavitation events during microsecond irradiation of aqueous solutions

The acoustic boundary conditions at the site of laser irradiation affects the onset of cavitation when stress- confined laser pulses are used. This study reports the thresholds for cavitation when the laser pulse length exceeds the stress confinement time by a factor of eight. The cavitation threshold was defined as the loss of an acoustic signal from the collapse of the cavitation bubble in room temperature dye solutions. The threshold temperature increase for cavitation at a free surface was 13 plus or minus 3 degrees Celsius, at the tip of a 200 micrometer fiber in an aqueous solution was 17 plus or minus 2 degrees Celsius, and at the interface of two acoustically matched boundary materials was 80 plus or minus 20 degrees Celsius.
Stochastic positive real lemma and synchronization over uncertain network

In this paper, we prove the stochastic version of the Positive Real (PR) Lemma, to study the stability problem of nonlinear systems in Lure form with stochastic uncertainty. We study the mean square stability problem of systems in Lure form with stochastic parametric uncertainty affecting the linear part of the system dynamics. The stochastic PR Lemma result is then used to study the problem of synchronization of coupled Lure systems, with stochastic interaction over the network. We provide sufficiency condition for the synchronization of such network system. The sufficiency condition for synchronization, is a function of nominal (mean) coupling Laplacian eigenvalues and the statistics of link uncertainty in the form of coefficient of dispersion (CoD). Under the assumption that the individual subsystems have identical dynamics, we show that the sufficiency condition is only a function of a single subsystem dynamics and mean network characteristics. This makes the sufficiency condition attractive from the point of view of computation for large size network systems. Interestingly, our results indicate that both the largest and the second smallest eigenvalue of the mean Laplacian play an important role in synchronization of complex dynamics, characteristic to nonlinear systems. Simulation results for network of coupled oscillators with stochastic link uncertainty are presented to verify the developed theoretical framework.
The income--fertility relationship: effect of the net price of a child .

This article examines the relationship between income and completed family size in empirical fertility models. The relationship, which is hypothesized to be positive, often is negative in empirical studies. This perverse result is thought to occur because of the many correlations between income and other factors that affect fertility. In this research, these other factors—such as the net price of a child, the opportunity cost of the wife’s time, and supply factors—are statistically controlled, and the income effect is positive and significant. When the net price of a child is not controlled, however, the income effect becomes negative and significant.
Fossil Land Mammal from Antarctica

A fossil land mammal, apparently the first found in Antarctica, belongs to the extinct marsupial family Polydolopidae. The fossils were recovered from rocks about 40 million years old on Seymour Island, in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The newly discovered marsupials support theories that predicted their former presence in Antarctica and strengthen proposals that Australian marsupials perhaps originated from South American species that dispersed across Antarctica when Australia still was attached to it, prior to 56 million years ago.
Fluticasone propionate powder administered through Diskhaler versus triamcinolone acetonide aerosol administered through metered-dose inhaler in patients with persistent asthma

Abstract Background: Attempts to delineate efficacy and safety differences among inhaled corticosteroids have been difficult because of the lack of well-controlled, comparative studies reported in the medical literature. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study was conducted in 24 outpatient centers. A total of 291 male and female patients at least 12 years of age with asthma (FEV 1 between 50% and 80% of predicted value), who had previously received maintenance therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate or triamcinolone acetonide, were switched to treatment with fluticasone propionate powder (250 μg twice daily), triamcinolone acetonide aerosol (200 μg four times daily), or placebo for 24 weeks. Results: Mean increase in FEV 1 from baseline to end point was significantly ( p = 0.009) greater in patients switched to treatment with fluticasone compared with patients switched to treatment with triamcinolone (0.27 L and 0.07 L, respectively). At end point, mean increase in morning peak expiratory flow from baseline was 21 L/min with fluticasone compared with mean decreases of 6 L/min and 28 L/min with triamcinolone and placebo, respectively ( p p p = 0.035, fluticasone vs placebo). Conclusion: Fluticasone propionate powder twice daily (500 μg/day) was superior in efficacy to triamcinolone acetonide aerosol four times daily (800 μg/day) in patients with persistent asthma. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:467-74.)
Shanghai Pudong: Urban Development in an Era of Global–Local Interaction

The 2008 Olympics brought world attention to the speed and assertiveness of China‘s self-conscious projection of its modernity in the form of spectacular urban built projects. Before Beijing‘s transformation, came Shanghai‘s Pudong, following the earlier instant metropolis of the Pearl River Delta‘s Shenzhen. Indeed, the two main questions dealt with in this book concern =the main factors responsible for the speed achieved by the Pudong development‘ (p. 337) and the extent to which this phenomenon =reflect[ed] the characteristics of a developmental state‘ (p. 337). Key explanations focus on the role of new networks leading to new forms of urban governance, along with the role of global and intellectual capital underlying the project and its contribution to shaping the form of the city. A basic question dealt with in this case study concerns whether the urban outcome of the avowedly developmental state‘s drive can serve as a replicable or desirable model for other countries climbing the ladder of modernization. The assertion that China‘s ascension poses an alternative to prevailing models based on earlier and largely Western-derived experience generates much attention — laying aside the example of Japan, which pioneered successful modernization transformation in Asia.
Elementary framework for cold field emission

This work presents a framework for treating cold field emission that includes the effects of quantum confinement. The framework is used to generate equations predicting the emitted current density (ECD) from quantum-confined emitters of various geometries. Quantum confinement of the emitter electron supply leads to a monotonic decrease in the total ECD as the emitter dimensions decrease and as a result, the Fowler-Nordheim equation over-predicts the ECD from quantum-confined emitters.
Identification and fractionation of human milk oligosaccharides by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

It has been shown that the retention times of oligosaccharides containing N-acetyl amino sugars in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are sensitive both to chain length and to stereochemical differences. Data showing that oligosaccharides of human milk can be fractionated according to stereochemistry on C-18 columns using water as eluant, is presented. Detection at the nanomolar level is possible using ultraviolet absorption at 190 nm as a result of the acetamido group. The separation of linkage isomers by fractionation of two tetrasaccharides of identical carbohydrate composition, lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose, and by the separation of two isomeric pentasaccharides, lacto-N-fucopentaose I and II, is shown. In some cases it was possible to preparatively fractionate pure oligosaccharides from complex mixtures. The identity and purity of the oligosaccharides was determined by proton-nuclear magnetic resonances spectroscopy at 300 MHz using the method of Vliegenthart and co-workers (B. Fournet, G. Montreuil, L. Strecker, J. Dorland, J. Haverkamp, J. F. G. Vliegenthart, J. P. Binette, and K. Schmid (1978) Biochemistry 17(24), 5206; J. F. G. Vliegenthart, H. V. Halbeek, and L. Dorland (1981) Pure Appl. Chem. 53, 45) in which "structural reporter" protons are identified for the different isomeric oligosaccharides. In addition to assignment of the anomeric proton resonances, it was possible to assign H4 of galactose linked at O3 as well as fucose H5 and H6 resonances.
Coping Styles and Response Distortion on Self-Report Inventories Among High School Athletes

Abstract In the present study, I examined the relationship between social desirability, competitive state anxiety, and perceived coach support among male and female high school tennis players (N = 270). On the basis of SCAT (Martens, 1977) and M-C SDS scores (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960), I developed four stress coping style groups. Results did not reveal significant differences between these groups on the reporting of CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1982) subscales. However, athletes high in social desirability reported significantly greater coach support than athletes low in social desirability, F(1, 269) = 6.24, p < .02. These conflicting results suggest that the effect of response distortion on self-report measures be more closely scrutinized according to variables such as sport type, level of expertise, and degree of mental skills training. The continued use of social desirability instruments is encouraged to assess the general accuracy of conclusions drawn from self-report data.
Time, Energy, and Territoriality of the Anna Hummingbird (Calypte anna)

The male Anna Hummingbird accommodates seasonal changes in energy demands by varying its allocation of time and energy among different activities; total energy expenditures change relatively little. Augmented terrritorial defense during the breeding season is made possible by increased feeding efficiency due to the availability at this time of very nectar-rich flowers.
Manufacturing training symbols from future bits: a novel approach to estimate time-varying flat-fading channels

This paper presents a state generated training symbol (SGTS) algorithm as a channel estimation scheme for sequence detector under time-varying flat-fading channels. The basic idea of SGTS is that data-aided unknown parameters estimation can be embedded into the structure of the Viterbi algorithm. By using a systematic convolutional code, the unknown parameter estimation in SGTS will use a future training sequence manufactured by the current state before the actual Viterbi decoding process, which is distinct from the well-known per-survivor processing (PSP) algorithm. Simulation results show that the novel SGTS-based sequence detector has similar performance with lower computation load compared with the PSP-based one. Furthermore, SGTS can coordinate with PSP. The resulting sequence detector achieves significant performance improvements with better channel estimation, especially under fast fading channels.
The Arabidopsis SYN3 cohesin protein is important for early meiotic events

α-Kleisins are core components of meiotic and mitotic cohesin complexes. Arabidopsis contains four genes that encode α-kleisin proteins: SYN1, SYN2, SYN3 and SYN4. SYN1, a REC8 ortholog, is essential for meiosis, while SYN2 and SYN4 appear to be SCC1 orthologs and function in mitosis. SYN3 is essential for megagametogenesis and is enriched in the nucleolus of meiotic and mitotic cells. In this study the role of SYN3 during meiosis was investigated by characterization of plants that express SYN3-RNAi constructs from either meiotic DMC1, native SYN3, or inducible PX7 promoters. Reduction of SYN3 caused defects in homologous chromosome synapsis and synaptonemal complex (SC) formation during male and female meiosis. Consistent with this observation, relatively little signal for the SC component ZYP1 was detected on the chromosomes of SYN3-RNAi plants. ZYP1 transcript levels were relatively normal, but several transcripts for genes that encode proteins involved in meiotic recombination were altered, which suggested that a reduction in SYN3 may inhibit meiotic progression by alteration of meiotic gene expression.
The Applications of Closure Phase to Astronomical Imaging

Closure phase is a number measured by triplets of Michelson interferometers that is completely independent of certain types of otherwise severe instrumental errors. In the 30 years since closure phase was invented, it has been applied to a diverse number of different problems in astronomical imaging. Methods based on the closure phase now allow imaging of complex objects in the presence of severe aberrations and are vital to the success of modern, high-resolution astronomical imaging both at radio and at optical wavelengths. Over the past 10 to 15 years, the concept of closure phase has been extended and generalized. One of the most important advances has been the development of automatic or self-calibration techniques. This article reviews closure phase methods and some of the many spin-offs and related ideas.