cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Service Use Across the Life Course Among Adults With Psychiatric Disorders and Prior Suicidal Behavior

Objective:Little is known about mental health service use by adults with prior suicidal behavior and current mood or anxiety disorders. This study determined nationally representative prevalence estimates of current mental health service use by these adults, examining racial-ethnic, age, and gender differences.Methods:Service use across the life course was examined with Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Survey data from 1,139 adults with a history of suicidal behavior and current mood or anxiety disorders.Results:Overall service use was 47.3%. Across the life course, African Americans showed increasing service use that paralleled use by non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and others, whereas use by these three groups decreased in the latter half of the life course (p interaction=.01).Conclusions:Adults with prior suicidal behavior and current mood or anxiety disorders have low mental health service use. Findings of racial-ethnic disparities in use can help identify those in need of care.
“Paradise Is Under the Feet of Your Master”: The Construction of the Religious Basis of Racial Slavery in the Mauritanian Arab-Berber Community

Few stories about the practice of slavery in Mauritania have received much national and international press attention as a result of the arrest and trial of Birame Ould Abeid, the President of an anti-slavery non-governmental organization (NGO) called Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement in Mauritania (IRA). The arrest came in relation to the burning of some outdated Islamic books of the Mālikī School of jurisprudence. These are books that IRA views as a justification for the continued enslavement of Hratin in Mauritania. The present article probes the psychological and religious dimensions of racial slavery in Mauritanian Arab-Berber society. I contend that the Arab-Berber religious scholars have developed twisted interpretations of Islam, to justify the legality of the enslavement of Hratin. I treat the instrumentalization of books-burning event by the mainstream media in Mauritania, as an attempt to suppress any oppositional voices that may subvert the dominant narrative about sla...
The Future of Pragmatism’s Second Life

I view the revival of pragmatism, without manifesto, as a demand for fresh clues about the directives of its second life, and explore the prospects and possible gains of four proposals: (i) the primacy and artifactuality of persons; (ii) the mongrel nature of ordinary discourse; (iii) the discursivity of normativity; (iv) the abductive turn.
The Institute for Numerical Analysis of the National Bureau of Standards

(1951). The Institute for Numerical Analysis of the National Bureau of Standards. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 372-379.
Decreased Resistance to Tumor Cells after Stress, Followed by Increased Resistance.∗:

SummaryApproximately one thousand Sprague-Dawley white rats were subjected to the stress of a celiotomy at various intervals (0 to 30 days) before inoculation with Walker 256 tumor cells. The low resistance noted when cells were injected at the time of stress (as measured by a take of 90%) increased gradually from day to day reaching the control value (60%) by the eighth day, but continued to show an increased resistance for several more days, with a take of only 41% on the 18th day. The resistance decreased rather sharply to a take of 79% on the 20th day, coming back to the control level of 60% within the next few days.
The biophilic city and the quest for paradise

Purpose – This paper explores the possibilities for global concepts of paradise to serve a cross-cultural urban environmental discourse. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more widespread mobilization of support for biophilic urbanism. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology deployed in the paper draws from original and secondary sources from a variety of regions, cultures, and religions surrounding the concept of paradise. These concepts are then compared and contrasted with the discourse of biophilic urban environmental planning. Findings – The comparison of cross-cultural descriptions of paradise finds strong similarities across cultures. In addition, it finds close, symbolic connection between secular and religious concepts of paradise and the scientific attributes of urban biophilic planning. These connections open the possibility for closer unification between secular and religious discourses in the pursuit of the development of more biophilic urban designs. Originality/value – Th...
Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone that is synthesised by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta. The hormone is homologous in structure with human luteinising hormone (hLH) and shares with hLH similar qualitative biological actions on the ovary and the testis (Bishop, Nureddin and Ryan, 1976). Whereas the major function of hLH in women is to act synergistically with FSH to produce ovulation and initiate development of the corpus luteum, the function that hCG appears to serve is to convey a hormonal stimulus from the implanted, fertilised ovum to the corpus luteum which calls forth an augmented production of steroid hormones. Its action in the first few days after fertilisation stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progestins by the corpus luteum to prevent the decline in luteal function that normally occurs in an infertile menstrual cycle (Ross et al., 1970; Vande Wiele et al., 1970). hCG is bound at the same receptors as hLH in the ovary (Kammerman et al., 1972; Gospodarowicz, 1973) and the testis (Catt and Dufau, 1973).
Production of Iron Nuggets Using Carbon-Bearing Pellets at Laboratory Scale

The reduction experiment was carried out,using carbon-bearing pellets which were mainly made of iron concentrate,pulverized coal and limestone,at 1573K,1623K,1673K with different heating time.The distribution of sulfur was also calculated.The results show that: at 1673K,12min,iron nuggets and slag can separate well.The carbon and sulfur content of nuggets is 3.53% and 0.17%,the internal organizational structure of nuggets consists mainly of pearlite and cementite.The slag mainly contains calcium silicate(CaSiO3) and dicalcium silicate(Ca2SiO4),and the others are monticellite(CaMgSiO4) and vitreous.About 24.61% of sulfur is entering the slag,and 61.91% into the iron,13.48% get into the air.
Survival of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients With ALK Polysomy vs ALK-EML4 Rearrangement Identified by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 15%. Polysomy is commonly seen in a wide variety of cancers and plays an oncogenic role. A fusion oncogene consisting of an inversion in chromosome 2, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4), is …
Predicting benefit of spinal manipulation for low back pain.

Two systematic reviews found that spinal manipulation is superior to sham therapy or placebo in patients with acute low back pain, and has effectiveness similar to analgesics, physical therapy, or usual care by a primary care physician.
Binding Site Recognition and Docking Dynamics of a Single Electron Transport Protein: Cytochrome c2

Small diffusible redox proteins facilitate electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis by alternately binding to their redox partners and integral membrane proteins and exchanging electrons. Diffusive search, recognition, binding, and unbinding of these proteins often amount to kinetic bottlenecks in cellular energy conversion, but despite the availability of structures and intense study, the physical mechanisms controlling redox partner interactions remain largely unknown. The present molecular dynamics study provides an all-atom description of the cytochrome c2-docked bc1 complex in Rhodobacter sphaeroides in terms of an ensemble of favorable docking conformations and reveals an intricate series of conformational changes that allow cytochrome c2 to recognize the bc1 complex and bind or unbind in a redox state-dependent manner. In particular, the role of electron transfer in triggering a molecular switch and in altering water-mediated interface mobility, thereby strengthening and weakening comple...
Level estimation for sparse reconstruction in discrete tomography

In discrete tomography (DT), the goal is to reconstruct from multiple linear projections an unknown image, which is known to have few distinct pixel level intensities. Such images arise in tomography problems where very high contrast is expected, e.g., in angiography medical imaging. A common assumption for DT is that the set of possible intensity levels is known in advance. However, determining the intensity levels is a difficult problem, coupled with measurement calibration and the used reconstruction algorithm. We introduce an unsupervised DT algorithm that jointly reconstructs the image and estimates the unknown intensity levels. Our algorithm alternates between (i) an l 1 sparse recovery step with a reweighed cost function that pushes the reconstructed values close to the estimated intensities, and (ii) an estimation step for the most likely intensity levels. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed algorithm successfully estimates the unknown levels and leads to high quality reconstruction of angiographic images.
Improved double noise coupling ΔΣ analog-to-digital converter

In Jung et al. (Electron Lett 48(10):557---558, 1), a double noise coupling scheme was proposed for ΔΣ analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to achieve wideband and high accuracy performance combined with low power consumption. In this paper, an improved version of double noise coupling ΔΣ ADC is presented. The improved architecture reduces the power consumption significantly, by reducing the output swing of the second integrator in the modulator. Also, the improved double noise coupling ΔΣ ADC relaxes the feedback timing of the modulator using a triple sampling technique (Kanazawa et al. in IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference, 2). Thus, there is no need to have high-speed comparator and DEM circuitry even for high-speed applications. By using both techniques, the performance of the double noise coupling ΔΣ ADC can be improved significantly.
Streaming Video Identification for Caching and Sharing

Video streaming is the major network traffic in the present days. Thus understanding the video traffic and optimizing the video traffic can help controlling the bandwidth utilization. In this paper, we present a method to identify videos of common interest so that bandwidth-saving methods can be developed. The paper introduces a way to recreate the initial part of the video, from which frames are extracted. These frames that come from various different video traces are compared to finalize whether two different traces of video traffic belong to the same video content or not. The analyzed result is then utilized by the router to manage the caching and sharing of these contents for multiple users in a LAN. Further, multicast is proposed to be used inside the LAN.
Intertrial reward (ITR) and delay of reward: Effects on resistance to extinction

Six groups of rats (N =10) were trained to traverse a straight runway. Two of the groups were trained under regular consistent- and partial- reward procedures, i.e., RRRRR and RNRNR. Two additional groups were trained under the partial reward schedule above but, in addition, received ITR(r), i.e., RNrRNrR. One such group received ITR after a wait of 15 sec in the Intertrial interval box, another after a wait of 30 sec. The remaining two groups were trained under either 15-see or 30-sec partial delay of reward, i.e., RDRDR. The results of an extinction phase showed that ITR and delayed reward are not identical processes. ITR was found to decrease resistance to extinction only in the 30-sec wait condition.
Integration of Heat Treatment with Shot Peening of 17-4 Stainless Steel Fabricated by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is a promising powder-based additive manufacturing process for fabrication of near-net-shape parts. However, the typically poor fatigue performance of DMLS parts must be addressed for use in demanding industrial applications. Post-treatment can be applied to enhance the performance of such components. Earlier attempts at inducing grain refinement through severe plastic deformation of part surfaces using shot peening improved the physical and mechanical properties of metals without chemical alteration. However, heat treatment can modify the surface-hardening effects attained by shot peening. Hence, we examined the feasibility of applying shot peening combined with heat treatment to improve the performance of DMLS-fabricated 17-4 stainless steel parts through microstructural evolution studies and hardness measurements. Compared to a specimen treated only by shot peening, the sample exposed to additional heat treatment showed increased hardness due to aging of the dominant phase.
Hospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion

Abstract Background Context Interhospital competition has been shown to influence the adoption of surgical techniques and approaches, clinical patient outcomes, and health care resource use for select surgical procedures. However, little is known regarding these dynamics as they relate to spine surgery. Purpose This investigation sought to examine the relationship between interhospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion. Study Design/Setting This study used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset, years 2003, 2006, and 2009. Patient Sample Patients were included based on the presence of the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes corresponding to lumbar spinal fusion, as well as on the presence of data on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). Outcome Measures The outcome measures are perioperative complications, defined using an ICD-9-CM coding algorithm. Materials and Methods The HHI, a validated measure of competition within a market, was used to assess hospital market competitiveness. The HHI was calculated based on the hospital cachement area. Multiple regression was performed to adjust for confounding variables including patient age, gender, primary payer, severity of illness score, primary versus revision fusion, anterior versus posterior approach, national region, hospital bed size, location or teaching status, ownership, and year. Perioperative clinical outcomes were assessed based on ICD-9-CM codes with modifications. Results In total, 417,520 weighted patients (87,999 unweighted records) were analyzed. The mean cachement area HHI was 0.31 (range 0.099–0.724). The average patient age was 55.4 years (standard error=0.194), and the majority of patients were female (55.8%, n=232,727). The majority of procedures were primary spinal fusions (92.7%, n=386,998) and fusions with a posterior-only technique (81.5%, n=340,271). Most procedures occurred in the South (42.5%, n=177,509) or the Midwest (27.0%, n=112,758) regions. In the multiple regression analysis, increased hospital competitive intensity was associated with an increased total complication rate (odds ratio [OR] 1.52, p Conclusions Increased interhospital competitive intensity is associated with increased odds of complications, increased total charges, and prolonged LOS following lumbar spine fusion. These differences are generally highest among state-owned and urban teaching hospitals. Differences in outcome related to hospital competition may be due to suboptimal resource allocation. Identifying differences in perioperative outcomes associated with hospital market competition is important in the contemporary environment of health care reimbursement reform and hospital consolidation. Perioperative outcome disparities between highly competitive and minimally competitive areas should be monitored and further studied.
On the upper semicontinuity of global attractors for damped wave equations

We provide a new proof of the upper-semicontinuity property for the global attractorsadmitted by the solution operators associated with some strongly damped wave equations. In particular,we demonstrate an explicit control over semidistances between trajectories in the weak energy phasespace in terms of the perturbation parameter. This result strengthens the recent work by Y. Wang andC. Zhong [7].
Drivers of on-farm diversification in the Italian peri-urban agriculture

During the last decade peri-urban agriculture has been deeply investigated not only from an economic perspective, but also for its important impact on land use as well as on environmental and social dynamics. Building on the recent literature, the paper looks at the multifunctional role of peri-urban agriculture in Italy through a comparative analysis of a number of farms located within the main Italian urban poles. The analysis sheds light on both the internal and external drivers of farmers’ decision-making process about income diversification towards multifunctional activities. The article shows that, in the post productivist paradigm of multifunctional agriculture, peri-urban farms can play a pivotal role in a sustainable land use and enhancing the entrepreneurs’ behaviour in providing a broad variety of social and economic services to the urban population.
Mutual Exchange: Caregiving and Life Enhancement in Siblings of Individuals With Developmental Disabilities:

Individuals with disabilities increasingly live at home. This study focuses on experiences of adult siblings (aged 18 years and older) in the United States who have a brother or sister with an intellectual/developmental disability. It is based on qualitative survey data (n = 224). We coded narratives of siblings’ experiences and identified themes, correlating themes with demographic characteristics. The major finding was that narratives of the youngest age group (aged 18-25 years) had the highest number of direct care codes. This group of siblings also had the highest number of codes indicating that their lives were enhanced by their brother or sister. To account for this, we utilize the mutual exchange theory of care from sociology and a social model of disability. As a result, we suggest a richer theoretical understanding of care and disability that can capture these nuances, and comment on some of the historical tensions between disability studies and caregiving.
Benefit‐Risk Summary of Regorafenib for the Treatment of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma That Has Progressed on Sorafenib

On April 27, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved regorafenib for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had previously been treated with sorafenib. Approval was based on the results of a single, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RESORCE) that demonstrated an improvement in overall survival (OS). Patients were randomly allocated to receive regorafenib160 mg orally once daily or matching placebo for the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle. The trial demonstrated a significant improvement in OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.79, p < .0001) with an estimated median OS of 10.6 months in the regorafenib arm and 7.8 months in the placebo arm. A statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) based on modified RECIST for HCC [Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:52-60] (HR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.37-0.56, p < .0001) was also demonstrated; the estimated median PFS was 3.1 and 1.5 months in the regorafenib and placebo arms, respectively. The overall response rate, based on modified RECIST for HCC, was 11% in the regorafenib arm and 4% in the placebo arm. The toxicity profile was consistent with that observed in other indications; the most clinically significant adverse reactions were palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, diarrhea, and hypertension. Based on the improvement in survival and acceptable toxicity, a favorable benefit-to-risk evaluation led to approval for treatment of patients with advanced HCC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Regorafenib is the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma that has progressed on sorafenib and is expected to become a standard of care for these patients.
Determinants of medical tourism destination selection process

Even though American health care providers have incessantly raised their prices, medical insurers have managed to achieve (greater) profitability covering fewer services for a smaller number of cli...
Multi-faceted Characterization of Wet-milled Griseofulvin Nanosuspensions for Elucidation of Aggregation State and Stabilization Mechanisms.

Characterization of wet-milled drug suspensions containing neutral polymer–anionic surfactant as stabilizers poses unique challenges in terms of assessing the aggregation state and examining the stabilization mechanisms. Using a multi-faceted characterization method, this study aims to assess the aggregation state of wet-milled griseofulvin (GF) nanosuspensions and elucidate the stabilization mechanisms and impact of stabilizers. Two grades, SSL and L, of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) with molecular weights of 40 and 140 kg/mol, respectively, were used as a neutral stabilizer at concentrations varying from 0 to 7.5% (w/w) without and with 0.05% (w/w) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The aggregation state was examined via laser diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, and rheometry. Zeta potential, stabilizer adsorption, surface tension, and drug wettability were used to elucidate the stabilization mechanisms. The results suggest that deviation from a uni-modal PSD and pronounced pseudoplasticity with power–law index lower than one signify severe aggregation. Polymer or surfactant alone was not able to prevent GF nanoparticle aggregation, whereas HPC–SDS combination led to synergistic stabilization. The effect of polymer concentration was explained mainly by the stabilizer adsorption and partly by surface tension. The synergistic stabilization afforded by HPC–SDS, traditionally explained by electrosteric mechanism, was attributed to steric stabilization provided by HPC and enhanced GF wettability/reduced surface tension provided by SDS. Zeta potential results could not explain the mitigation of aggregation by HPC–SDS. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the elucidation of the complex effects of HPC–SDS on GF nanosuspension stability entails a multi-faceted and comprehensive characterization approach.
Decompensation of Pre-Existing Esotropia during Occlusion Therapy

Decompensation of pre-existing esotropia occurred in three patients while undergoing occlusion therapy for strabismic amblyopia. None of the patients had anisometropia or uncorrected refractive err...
To Determine the Active and Inactive Hours for Sound Sows When Housed in Individual Pens

There are currently no analgesic drugs specifically approved for pain relief in livestock by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, the objective of this study was to (1) identify the active hours of sound sows and (2) use this information to watch these active hours of the same sows when lame and after pain mitigation treatments. To avoid confounding injury due to aggression, twelve, clinically normal, mixed-parity, crossbred sows were purchased from a commercial producer in Iowa and housed in individual pens at Iowa State University. One 12 v black and white CCTV camera was affixed above the pen. Video was captured onto a DVR at 10 frames per second in black and white mode. Scoring of video began at 0600 and ended at 1800 and two postures (active and inactive), out of pen or unknown were collected. All behavioral data were expressed as percentages and were subjected to a square root arcsine transformation process to normalize the distribution. Transformed data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS®. A P value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant. No differences were observed for out of pen (P = 0.24) or unknown (P = 0.71) for the sows. There was a difference for the time spent active (P = 0.0003) versus inactive (P = 0.0052) over the 12-h for sows. Sows were most active at 0800 (59 %) and at 1600 (66 %) which corresponded to the feeding schedule. The least active hours were 0600, 0700, and 1700 h respectively. In conclusion the critical active hours for these sows were around feeding schedules. Therefore, it is beneficial to watch from 0800 to 1659 to capture when the sows are most active in their home pen environment.
Springsteen & I: A Documentary Analysis of Springsteen’s Fan Base

Music is an international code of interaction which allows listeners to enhance their knowledge of other countries and cultures. This paper offers a study of music fandom, of the ways in which people form special, sustained attachments to musical performers or genres. The focus for this study is to analyze the 2013 documentary, Springsteen & I through the lens of studies of fandom . This documentary is comprised of fan clips and, using this movie as a cultural artifact, we examine the documentary to see how Springsteen fans, both in the United States and internationally, employ their activities and experiences with the music of this artist.
Is scaling up harder than scaling down? How children and adults visually scale distance from memory.

Abstract In three experiments (N = 288), we examined how the direction of the scale translation impacts how 4- to 5-year-old children and adults visually scale distance from memory. Participants first watched an experimenter place an object on a learning mat and then attempted to place a replica object on a test mat that was either identical (no scaling task) or different in scale (scaling task). In Experiment 1, both children and adults had difficulty scaling up from 16 to 128 in. (1:8 scaling ratio) but not scaling down from 128 to 16 in. (8:1 scaling ratio), suggesting that scaling up was harder than scaling down. In Experiment 2, we reduced the scaling ratio from 1:8 to 1:2 and found that children and adults had no difficulty scaling up from 16 to 32 in. or scaling down from 32 to 16 in.. In Experiment 3, we kept the scale ratio the same (1:2) but increased the size of the test mat and found that participants had difficulty with both scaling up from 32 to 64 in. and scaling down from 128 to 64 in.. We conclude that scaling up is not harder than scaling down. Rather, visually scaling distance is more difficult when participants cannot view both edges of the test mat simultaneously while making the scale translation. Across all experiments, 4- to 5-year-olds were less accurate than adults in their placements overall, but they exhibited the same patterns of performance on the scaling and no scaling tasks, suggesting that visual scaling processes are age-independent. The General Discussion focuses on how visual scaling emerges from a complex interplay of cognitive processes and visual constraints.
A Clinical Study on Audiological Evaluation in Patients with Active Squamous Variety of Chronic Otitis Media Following Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy with Ossicular Reconstruction.

To evaluate hearing results following canal wall down mastoidectomy with ossicular reconstruction for Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media of Active Squamosal variety & evaluate various factors related to surgery impacting hearing results. This prospective study involves 40 patients of active squamosal variety of chronic otitis media who attended ENT OPD and underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy with ossiculoplasty during the period from November 2014 to October 2015. All the patients were subjected to pre and 3 months post-op hearing assessment. Based on the hearing outcome, we expressed our study results into two groups, those with statistically significant improvement after surgery (T1) and those whose hearing got worsened or remained the same (T2). The mean post operative hearing gain of patients was 5.25 ± 7.30 dB, The median post-op hearing gain was 5.20 dB. Mean pre-operative hearing loss (AB gap) was 41.28 dB. Mean post-operative hearing loss (AB gap) was 36.24 with the average 3 months post-operative hearing gain was 5.2 dB, which reflects a definite improvement. There is a statistically significant hearing improvement (with an average of 5.2 dB AB gap closure) following Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy with ossiculoplasty as established in the study.
Absurdity in the Statehouse: Burlesque Legislation and the Politics of Rejection

This manuscript analyzes the public debate over legislation designed to mock and reject regulations of abortion in the United States. The bills, such as one in Texas requiring men to remain abstine...
Civic-University Synergy: Addressing Fair Housing Through Innovative Community Programming

With the anticipated implementation of the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) ruling, the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) initiated a civic-university partnership between themselves; the University of California, Davis Center for Regional Change; and the University of Kentucky Community Innovation Lab, to design a training program that would provide organizational leadership with the skills and knowledge necessary to implement the AFFH ruling. This case study examines the dynamic civic-university collaboration and provides lessons learned from the experience.
Probing the Small-Scale Matter Power Spectrum with Large-Scale 21-cm Data

The distribution of matter fluctuations in our universe is key for understanding the nature of dark matter and the physics of the early cosmos. Different observables have been able to map this distribution at large scales, corresponding to wave numbers $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}10\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, but smaller scales remain much less constrained. In this work we study the sensitivity of upcoming measurements of the 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen to the small-scale matter power spectrum. The 21-cm line is a promising tracer of early stellar formation, which took place in small haloes (with masses $M\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{6}--{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$), formed out of matter overdensities with wave numbers as large as $k\ensuremath{\approx}100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Here we forecast how well both the 21-cm global signal, and its fluctuations, could probe the matter power spectrum during cosmic dawn ($z=12--25$). In both cases we find that the long-wavelength modes (with $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}40\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) are highly degenerate with astrophysical parameters, whereas the modes with $k=(40--80)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are more readily observable. This is further illustrated in terms of the principal components of the matter power spectrum, which peak at $k\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ both for a typical experiment measuring the 21-cm global signal and its fluctuations. We find that, imposing broad priors on astrophysical parameters, a global-signal experiment can measure the amplitude of the matter power spectrum integrated over $k=(40--80)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with a precision of tens of percent. A fluctuation experiment, on the other hand, can constrain the power spectrum to a similar accuracy over both the $k=(40--60)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $(60--80)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ranges even without astrophysical priors. The constraints outlined in this work would be able to test the behavior of dark matter at the smallest scales yet measured, for instance probing warm-dark matter masses up to ${m}_{\mathrm{WDM}}=8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ for the global signal and 14 keV for the 21-cm fluctuations. This could shed light on the nature of dark matter beyond the reach of other cosmic probes.
The roles of history, chance, and natural selection in the evolution of antibiotic resistance

History, chance, and selection are the fundamental factors that drive and constrain evolution. We designed evolution experiments to disentangle and quantify effects of these forces on the evolution of antibiotic resistance. History was established by prior antibiotic selection of the pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii in both structured and unstructured environments, selection occurred in increasing concentrations of new antibiotics, and chance differences arose as random mutations among replicate populations. The effects of history were reduced by increasingly strong selection in new drugs, but not erased, at times producing important contingencies. Selection in structured environments constrained resistance to new drugs and led to frequent loss of resistance to the initial drug. This research demonstrates that despite strong selective pressures of antibiotics leading to genetic parallelism, history can etch potential vulnerabilities to orthogonal drugs.
From bricks and mortar to remote teaching: a teacher education programme‘s response to COVID-19

The spread of COVID-19 pandemic swept the globe with incendiary events that transformed not only economies and health, but also education at all levels, in all nations, and to all people. The effec...
An experimental investigation of a square supersonic jet and impinging jet on an inclined plate

Supersonic free jets and impinging jets are found in many engineering applications, such as short and vertical take-off and landing vehicles, cold gas dynamic spray processes, hot surface cooling mechanisms, and turbomachinery systems. The flow characteristics of a supersonic square jet discharging into the ambient and a supersonic jet impinging on a 45° inclined surface were experimentally investigated for nozzle-pressure-ratios (NPRs) of 4.8 and 5.9. Experimental measurements of impinging jets were acquired for nozzle-to-plate distances of 0.82Dj and 1.8Dj, where Dj is the jet hydraulic diameter. The velocity fields in the central plane of the jet were obtained using planar particle image velocimetry. The flow characteristics of the supersonic jets, including mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, were computed from the acquired two-dimensional two-component velocity vector fields, and statistical profiles were compared for different NPRs and nozzle-to-plate distances. For supersonic free jets, the acquired statistical results revealed the presence of multiple shock cells along the streamwise direction. Impinging jet measurements revealed the presence of shock cells in the vicinity of the nozzle outlet, oblique plate shocks near the impingement location, and several tail shocks along the streamwise direction. Spatial turbulent velocity cross correlations were calculated for various points located along the shear layers to investigate the characteristics of turbulent features, such as the shape, orientation, and integral length scales of the studied configurations. In addition, a proper orthogonal decomposition analysis was applied to the instantaneous velocity fields to identify the statistically dominant flow structures that play an important role in the flow field characteristics of supersonic free jets and supersonic impinging jets.
Baffled clarification basin hydrodynamics and elution in a continuous time domain

Abstract Clarification basins have been implemented for millennia as a unit operation (UO). Modern basins are intended to manage hydrologic/hydraulic phenomena while sequestering particulate matter (PM) and PM-bound constituent loads. Water treatment systems, subject to steady flows, have used baffles to modulate dead zones, residence time and hydrodynamics. Yet, permeable baffling impacts to larger-scale basin hydrodynamics subject to highly unsteady continuous time domain flows is a novel investigation. In this study, in situ monitoring and numerical simulations are conducted for a full-scale prototype urban drainage basin, while geometrically oversized with respect to the relatively coarse particle size distribution and hydraulic loading, retrofitted with gabion baffles composed of crushed carbonated recycled concrete. A 40-day tracer monitoring of hydrodynamics within the retrofit basin is tested against a novel application of a depth-averaged unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS) as a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model in the OpenFOAM framework. A dual-peak elution pattern is observed in response to tracer injections in the physical and simulated (fully transient and quasi-steady) results. Short-circuiting around the baffles in the as-built retrofit is elucidated with monitoring and modeling. Simulations of retrofit configurations (pre-retrofit, as-designed, as-built and impervious baffles) indicate, in comparison to the pre-retrofit, a well-baffled system reduces short-circuiting, delays elution, and improves PM separation. Permeable baffles provide hydrodynamic benefits as compared to impervious baffles. The novel application of this depth-averaged URANS CFD model accommodates complex geometry and physics; and elucidates contrasting Reynolds number distributions of inter- and intra-baffle flows. The CFD model with continuous time domain flows is a viable tool for design, analysis, permitting and management of basins with or without baffle retrofits. The model extends insights beyond analytical tools and complements tools such as the SWMM (Stormwater Management Model).
Evaluation of Small- and Medium-Sized Display Market Forecasts

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate small- and medium-sized display market forecasts made by a market research firm. Hypotheses concerning the relationship between stages of technology development and the accuracy of market forecasts are first developed. The hypotheses are then tested and evaluated using the data issued by one market research company, Techno Systems Research (TSR). Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and nonparametric simple regression are the statistical methods used.The results of the data analysis showed that the forecasts made by the market research company are dependable for mature technology in mature markets, whereas for a new technology their forecasts are inaccurate. Furthermore, the accuracy of forecasts quite often does not improve over time.To our knowledge, no prior published works examine the accuracy of the forecasts made by market research firms. This research shows that small- and medium-sized display manufacturers have to be cautious when using forecast data from market research firms.
The Potential Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting ~50 million people worldwide. To date, there is no cure and current therapies have not been effective in delaying disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and to rethink possible therapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) has recently received growing attention for its potential role in sporadic AD. The virus is a ubiquitous human pathogen that infects mucosal epithelia and invades the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host to establish a reactivable, latent infection. Upon reactivation, HSV1 spreads back to the epithelium and initiates a new infection, causing epithelial lesions. Occasionally, the virus spreads from the PNS to the brain after reactivation. In this review, we discuss current work on the pathogenesis of AD and summarize research results that support a potential role for HSV1 in the infectious hypothesis of AD. We also highlight recent findings on the neuroinflammatory response, which has been proposed to be the main driving force of AD, starting early in the course of the disease. Relevant rodent models to study neuroinflammation in AD and novel therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Throughout this review, we focus on several aspects of HSV1 pathogenesis, including its primary role as an invader of the PNS, that should be considered in the etiology of AD. We also point out some of the contradictory data and remaining knowledge gaps that require further research to finally fully understand the cause of AD in humans.
Attacking Text Classifiers via Sentence Rewriting Sampler.

Most adversarial attack methods on text classification can change the classifier's prediction by synonym substitution. We propose the adversarial sentence rewriting sampler (ASRS), which rewrites the whole sentence to generate more similar and higher-quality adversarial examples. Our method achieves a better attack success rate on 4 out of 7 datasets, as well as significantly better sentence quality on all 7 datasets. ASRS is an indispensable supplement to the existing attack methods, because classifiers cannot resist the attack from ASRS unless they are trained on adversarial examples found by ASRS.
Standalone Antitrust Labor Immunity

Growing economic inequality and wage stagnation have raised serious social justice concerns, igniting a broad debate on their causes and possible solutions. Antitrust scholars have discussed a number of approaches, including Professors Herbert Hovenkamp and Ioana Marinescu’s recommendation of stronger efforts to identify and prohibit anticompetitive mergers in labor markets. This article proposes an additional approach – one that simply asks antitrust law to step back more fully from the seller side of labor markets, through the enactment of a standalone antitrust labor exemption to supplement the existing “Clayton Act” exemption. This new exemption would immunize from the Sherman Act the collective bargaining of all who rely primarily on their personal labor, not the labor of others or capital, for their livelihoods. It would enable workers, broadly defined, to band together to secure a more equitable share of overall productivity gains without antitrust exposure. The article explains the need for this supplemental legislation by identifying the limitations of the Clayton Act exemption, particularly the limited universe of those who can take advantage of it due to its being bound to federal labor laws. The article recognizes some of difficult issues that would arise from a broader reach, particularly when workers are permitted to bargain as a unit with multiple business buyers, as contrasted with workers for a single “employer” bargaining as a unit with that “employer,” and proposes an accommodation. The article also considers whether the exemption should have application if the buyers of labor are consumers, and concludes that it should, subject to a few limiting principles.
NASA/General Electric Broad-Specification Fuels Combustion Technology Program: Phase I

Programme destine a developper la technologie requise pour utiliser les combustibles avec des proprietes elargies par les turbines a gaz d'aviation. La premiere phase de ce programme consiste en une evaluation experimentale de trois concepts differents de chambre de combustion
Effects of opioid-limiting legislation on postoperative opioid use in shoulder arthroplasty in an epidemic epicenter.

Background The current opioid epidemic in the United States has become a public health crisis with an estimated 150 daily deaths and nearly 47,000 opioid-related deaths in the United States in 2017 alone. Sensible prescriber practice changes have been a focus of policymakers to decrease the total number of narcotic pain medications in circulation. In the state of Ohio, opioid prescription limits for acute pain were enacted in August 2017. However, given the association of acute opioid exposure with long-term use and lack of assessment of these policies, there is an unmet need to evaluate the effects of similar legislation in Ohio on postoperative opioid dosing after shoulder arthroplasty. This study evaluates the effects of opioid prescription–limiting legislation in Ohio on postoperative opioid dosing in shoulder arthroplasty and assesses risk factors related to long-term opioid use. Methods All patients undergoing primary and revision shoulder arthroplasty over a 5-year period performed by a single surgeon were included. The pre-legislation (PRE) and post-legislation (POST) groups were defined as patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty before August 31, 2017 and on or after August 31, 2017, respectively. The Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System was queried for controlled-substance prescriptions from 30 days preoperatively to 90 days postoperatively. Patients were designated as opioid tolerant if they had filled an opioid prescription within 30 days of surgery. A binary logistic regression analysis was applied to assess factors related to long-term opioid use. Results A total of 334 patients were categorized into 2 cohorts: PRE (n = 99) and POST (n = 235). Accounting for legislative effects, we observed significant reductions in cumulative morphine milligram equivalent (MME) dosing in the opioid-naive patients in the 7-day and 30-day postoperative periods (450.0 MMEs in PRE group vs. 210.0 MMEs in POST group, P Conclusion Opioid prescription–limiting legislation for acute pain in the state of Ohio is associated with a notable reduction in opioid MME dosing in the 90-day postoperative period after shoulder arthroplasty, particularly in opioid-naive patients in the first 30 days postoperatively. Preoperative opioid tolerance is correlated with significantly higher MME dosing postoperatively after shoulder arthroplasty.
Formation and Functioning of Self Help Groups: Micro Evidence from Himachal Pradesh

The study shows successful functioning of self help groups formed by rural females in terms of indicators such as frequency of meetings held, attendance in the meetings, the proportion of members borrowing from groups, amount borrowed, amount saved, proportion of groups linked to banks, and so on. The average amount borrowed, both per group and per member, for different purposes did increase significantly over time. Of the total amount borrowed in the process of internal loaning, the consumption purposes and nonagricultural activities each accounted for around two-fifths and remained nearly unchanged over time. More than four-fifths of groups had got linked to the banks. Regarding purposes of loan from banks, the amount borrowed for agricultural activities in successive rounds of bank linkages remained nearly unchanged in comparison to that borrowed for non-agricultural activities which registered significant increase. The results of logit regression further revealed that while number of years of acquaintance among members and the proportion of group members belonging to near-landless category reduced the probability of a group defaulting in repayment, the proportion of members belonging to low income group actually raised it. The results, however, did not support the hypotheses that social cohesion of the groups in terms of similar caste affiliations of the members and their small size enhance the probability of high repayment performance.
Stochastic Relations Interpreting Modal Logic

We propose an interpretation of modal logic through stochastic relations, providing a probabilistic complement to the usual nondeterministic interpretations using Kripke models. A simple temporal logic and a logic with a countable number of diamonds illustrate the approach. The main technical result of this paper is a probabilistic analogon to the well-known Hennessy-Milner Theorem characterizing models that have the same theories for their states and bisimilarity as equivalent properties. This requires the study of congruences for stochastic relations that underly the interpretation, for which a general bisimilarity result is also established. The results depend on the existence of semi-pullbacks for stochastic relations over analytic spaces.