cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SR 141716A differentially attenuates the behavioral effects of Δ9-THC in rhesus monkeys

The prototypic cannabinoid CB1 antagonist SR 141716A is one important pharmacologic tool for examining CB1 receptors that mediate the behavioral and physiologic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC). This study examined the effects of SR 141716A on the rate-decreasing, hypothermic and discriminative stimulus effects of delta9-THC in rhesus monkeys. In monkeys (n=4) responding under a multiple fixed ratio (FR-10:FR-10) schedule of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination, the potency of i.m. delta9-THC to decrease responding in the food component (ED50=0.64 mg/kg) was threefold greater than its potency in the stimulus-shock termination component (ED50=2.14 mg/kg). In the same monkeys, hypothermia was induced by delta9-THC at a dose (e.g. 0.32 mg/kg) that did not alter responding in either schedule component; the maximum decrease was 2.1 degrees C at a dose of 3.2 mg/kg. A dose of 0.32 mg/kg of SR 141716A, significantly attenuated delta9-THC-induced hypothermia without attenuating the rate-decreasing effects of delta9-THC in either component of the multiple schedule. The largest dose of i.m. SR 141716A that was studied, 1.0 mg/kg, significantly decreased rectal temperature and responding in the food component but did not significantly decrease responding in the stimulus-shock termination component of the multiple schedule. In a separate group of monkeys (n=3) that discriminated i.v. delta9-THC (0.1 mg/kg) while responding under an FR-5 schedule of stimulus-shock termination, SR 141716A (0.32 and 1 mg/kg) significantly increased the ED50 of the delta9-THC by 2.3- and 3.7-fold, respectively. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the behavioral effects of delta9-THC are not equally attenuated by SR 141716A.
Methods for Assessing Child and Family Outcomes in Early Childhood Special Education Programs Some Views from the Field

Although many concerns have been raised about methods of assessing outcomes in early childhood special education programs, professionals in the field are nevertheless faced with the need to select ...
Reducing the effects of dredged material levees on coastal marsh function: sediment deposition and nekton utilization.

Dredged material levees in coastal Louisiana are normally associated with pipeline canals or, more frequently, canals dredged through the wetlands to allow access to drilling locations for mineral extraction. The hydrologic impact on marshes behind the levee is of concern to coastal resource managers because of the potential impact on sediment transport and deposition, and the effect on estuarine organism access to valuable nursery habitat. This study examined the effects of gaps in dredged material levees, compared to continuous levees and natural channel banks, on these two aspects of marsh function. Field studies for sediment deposition were conducted biweekly for a year, and nekton samples were collected in spring and fall. Variation in nekton density among study arears and landscape types was great in part because of the inherent sampling gear issues and in part because of differences in characteristics among areas. Nekton densities were generally greater in natural compared to leveed and gapped landscapes. Differences in landscape type did not explain patterns in sediment deposition. The gaps examined appear to be too restrictive of marsh flooding to provide efficient movements of floodwaters onto the marsh during moderate flooding events. The “trapping” effect of the levees increases sediment deposition during extreme events. Gapping material levees may be an effective method of partially restoring upper marsh connection to nekton, but this method may work best in lower elevation marshes where nekton use is greater.
A Quantitative Study of Certain Changes in Schizophrenic Patients under the Influence of Sodium Amytal

(1940). A Quantitative Study of Certain Changes in Schizophrenic Patients under the Influence of Sodium Amytal. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 67-86.
Spectral dependence of texture features integrated with hyperspectral data for area target classification improvement

Hyperspectral data were assessed to determine the effect of integrating spectral data and extracted texture feature data on classification accuracy. Four separate spectral ranges (hundreds of spectral bands total) were used from the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Haralick texture features (contrast, entropy, and correlation) were extracted from the average gray-level image for each of the four spectral ranges studied. A maximum likelihood classifier was trained using a set of ground truth regions of interest (ROIs) and applied separately to the spectral data, texture data, and a fused dataset containing both. Classification accuracy was measured by comparison of results to a separate verification set of test ROIs. Analysis indicates that the spectral range (source of the gray-level image) used to extract the texture feature data has a significant effect on the classification accuracy. This result applies to texture-only classifications as well as the classification of integrated spectral data and texture feature data sets. Overall classification improvement for the integrated data sets was near 1%. Individual improvement for integrated spectral and texture classification of the “Urban” class showed approximately 9% accuracy increase over spectral-only classification. Texture-only classification accuracy was highest for the “Dirt Path” class at approximately 92% for the spectral range from 947 to 1343nm. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of texture feature data for more accurate analysis of hyperspectral data and the importance of selecting the correct spectral range to be used for the gray-level image source to extract these features.
Phylogenetic evidence of noteworthy microflora from the subsurface of the former Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota

Molecular characterization of subsurface microbial communities in the former Homestake gold mine, South Dakota, was carried out by 16S rDNA sequence analysis using a water sample and a weathered soil‐like sample. Geochemical analyses indicated that both samples were high in sulphur, rich in nitrogen and salt, but with significantly different metal concentrations. Microbial diversity comparisons unexpectedly revealed three distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the archaeal phylum Thaumarchaeota, typically identified from marine environments, and one OTU belonging to a potentially novel phylum that fell sister to Thaumarchaeota. To our knowledge this is only the second report of Thaumarchaeota in a terrestrial environment. The majority of the clones from Archaea sequence libraries fell into two closely related OTUs and were grouped most closely to an ammonia‐oxidizing, carbon‐fixing and halophilic thaumarchaeote genus, Nitrosopumilus. The two samples showed neither Euryarchaeota nor Crena...
FUEL OIL EFFECTS ON MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA ROOTS1

ABSTRACT To investigate the toxic action of petroleum on root tissue of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel., the acute effects of weathered No. 2 fuel oil on plasmalemma permeability were studied. A mixture of fuel oil and deionized water was weathered outdoors for four days, after which the fuel oil was decanted off. Root tissue samples (1 g, wet weight) were exposed to weathered fuel oil, heavy mineral oil, mineral oil plus 1% weathered fuel oil, or deionized water (control) for 10 minutes. Tissue samples were placed subsequently in 25 mL of 0.5 mM sodium phosphate solutions buffered at pH 6.8. Tissue viability and conductivity, soluble carbohydrates, ribose, and free amino acids in the solutions were monitored. Five hours after treatment, the colon-metric viability assay of extracts from roots treated with fuel oil had 68% less absorbance than controls, indicating that weathered fuel oil significantly reduced viability in the treated roots. Significantly higher levels of conductivity, soluble...
Effect of day of prostaglandin F2α treatment on selection and development of the ovulatory follicle in heifers

In previous studies of heifers with two follicular waves during an estrous cycle, the dominant follicle of Wave 1 was first detected ultrasonically on approximately the day of ovulation (Day 0) when its diameter was 4–5 mm. On average, it grew linearly for 6 days (growing phase), remained the same size for 6 days (static phase), and then regressed (regressing phase). The dominant follicle of Wave 2 was first detected on approximately Day 9 and became the ovulatory follicle. In the present experiment, nonbred and bred heifers were treated with a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2α (25 mg) on Days 5, 8, or 12, when the dominant follicle of Wave 1 was expected to be in the growing, static, and regressing phase, respectively. There were no significant effects of breeding status on any end point. The hypothesis that growth of the dominant follicle during Wave 1 and response to prostaglandin F2α treatment is different between bred and nonbred heifers was not supported. Ovulation occurred from the dominant follicle of Wave 1 in 5 of 5, 6 of 6 and 0 of 4 heifers treated on Days 5, 8, and 12, respectively (P<0.005). Wave 2 was not detected in the Day-8 heifers, but was the origin of the ovulatory follicle in the Day-12 heifers. The results supported the hypothesis that the dominant follicle of Wave 1 is viable (capable of ovulation) before detection of Wave 2. For heifers treated on Days 5, 8, and 12, the ovulatory follicle had a mean diameter of 13.8, 17.3, and 11.8 mm, respectively, on the day of treatment and a mean diameter of 16.0, 19.5, and 16.4 mm, respectively, on the day prior to ovulation (significant increase between treatment and day prior to ovulation for each group). The results supported the hypothesis that the static-phase dominant follicle of Wave 1 is capable of further growth after luteolysis, even though it has apparently reached maximum diameter. The interval from treatment to ovulation was significantly shorter in Day-5 heifers (mean, 3.0 days) than in Day-12 heifers (mean, 4.5 days). In summary, the viable dominant follicle present at the time of luteolysis increased in diameter and became the ovulatory follicle.
Political redistricting by computer

The problems of political redistricting are considered and a computer method for redistricting is presented. Criteria for acceptable redistricting are discussed, including population equality, compactness, contiguity, and preservation of natural and/or political boundaries. Only nonpartisan criteria are considered. Using 1970 Bureau of Census population data, specific results are given for the ten Congressional Districts in the state of Missouri and for the seven St. Louis County Council seats. Results from the use of the algorithm indicate the feasibility of political redistricting with the aid of a computer.
Mangrove-bank sedimentation in a mesotidal environment with large sediment supply, Gulf of Papua

The most extensive mangrove forests on Earth are associated with major river systems. The Indo-Pacific region has numerous large rivers that discharge onto broad continental shelves, and mangroves occur widely along these coastlines. In the Gulf of Papua (GOP) alone, there are >3350 km2 of mangrove forests, the majority of which (2900 km2) are associated with the Fly, Kikori, and Purari River deltas. This study examines data from 28 vibracores to describe preserved sedimentary strata and to determine rates of sediment accumulation in this dynamic coastal environment. The observations suggest a common stratigraphy is contained in prograding mangrove banks of the mesotidal western GOP, and that it is similar to mud-dominated and physically stratified stratigraphy recorded by other intertidal areas (with and without mangroves) experiencing large tidal range (>2 m) and sediment supply (e.g., Ganges–Brahmaputra and Yangtze River deltas). Grain-size, sedimentary-structure, radionuclide and remotely sensed data are analyzed, and four stratigraphic facies are identified: (1) supratidal to high-tidal muds; (2) mid-tidal sandy muds; (3) low-tidal sand and mud; and (4) subtidal channel sands. Supratidal and high-tidal sediments of GOP mangrove forests are typically muddy, but can have high sand contents (>30%) in areas exposed regularly to ocean waves. These muds can be homogenous, but commonly have physical structures (laminations and bedding), probably reflecting high rates of sediment accumulation relative to bioturbation. Mangrove muds may have low water contents due to infrequent inundation and, because of their cohesive nature and abundant roots, can form steep intertidal banks and erosional scarps. Mid-tidal and low-tidal sediments are thinly laminated ( 2 mm) laminations, likely deposited from fluid-mud transport. Channel sediments have thin and thick mud and sand laminations, but are identified by thick (>5 cm) sand beds. A conceptual model of mangrove-bank progradation is created using sedimentological and radionuclide data. Maximum sediment accumulation rates were determined using steady-state 210Pb profiles, and greatest mean rates are found in mid-tidal areas (4.4 cm/year; 3.9 g/cm2/year). Slower accumulation occurs in high-tidal and low-tidal areas (1.8 and 1.5 cm/year, respectively; 1.2 and 1.0 g/cm2/year, respectively). Remotely sensed data indicate that areas of erosion and accretion co-exist in the Kikori-Purari region. Very large 210Pb accumulation rates were measured in areas of significant accretion, supporting the validity of the calculated rates. In areas of rapid accretion, cores can have non-steady-state or event-related 210Pb profiles, reflecting episodic sedimentation or complex radionuclide scavenging dynamics. Most cores from the Fly River delta are of this type. Sediment trapping in western GOP mangroves is estimated to account for 2–14% of the total GOP sediment load.
Politics and Psychosis

The author rereads the transmission of adaptation of psychoanalysis to untenable politics (in the case, specifically, of the so-called Lobo-Cabernite Affair in Brazil) as the ongoing predicament of "not seeing" the historical settings of psychoanalysis in its at once indefensible and aggrandized state as "greater psychoanalysis" (Freud plus every brand of new analysis or psychotherapy that takes its departure from his original work). From within this perspective, politics must be charted alongside psychosis in that outer space of psychic reality that draws psychoanalytic work onward. The psychotic is not a system error nor is the ghost beholden to the systematic generation of secrecy (among other ego idylls). The ghost is, like the psychotic, other. The author excavates John Rittmeister's readings (from 1937 to 1943) of the borderline in politics as in psychosis along which psychoanalysis expands its transferential range of legibility and analysis as the ghost writing or the unread in this case of the "Bo...
Congenital epulis (gingival granular cell tumor): Ultrastructural evidence of origin from pericytes

The congenital epulis (gingival granular cell tumor) is a rare lesion of unknown origin found only in newborn infants. Remarkable similarities are noted between this lesion and the adult granular cell tumor (myoblastoma) by both light and electron microscopy. An electron microscopic study of a lesion from the anterior mandibular ridge in a newborn male infant was performed. No Schwann cells, axon fibers, odontogenic elements, or any muscle cells could be found. Cytoplasmic features were similar to those in adult granular cell tumors. Cells which appeared to be in a transitional state, not yet true granular cells, were found juxtaposed to the vessels in the position of pericytes. Fine-structure details of these cells were consistent with pericytes. Cells of this type found farther from the vessels appeared more like the typical granular cells. The cells were filled with structures of the autophagic type devoid of normal cell organelles. These findings support the theory that these are nonneoplastic, degenerative, or reactive lesions arising from a mesenchymal cell, possibly the pericyte.
A LOSS MECHANISM FOR THE PIERRE SHALE

A theoretical study is made of a fairly simple model of an elastic solid in which losses are attributed to both the shear modulus and the bulk modulus. Each of these elastic parameters is represented by a circuit containing two springs and one dashpot. This is a modification of the usual Kelvin solid that has finite stiffness at infinite frequency. The four relaxation times introduced in the model are determined to fit the experimental data presented by McDonal et al. (1958). It is shown that one can obtain a very good representation of their experimental data with the model described above. The wave equation for an elastic solid is given in a canonical form so that one can compare easily the behavior of different models of the elastic parameters.
Art and Science in Challenging Needs Assessments: A Case Study

This paper describes a needs assessment project that implemented two distinctive features to address challenges often faced in the needs assessment process. First, a pre-assessment planning process was developed that successfully educated clients about the analysis process, generated management commitment, identified and prioritized key performance issues, and established an outcomes-oriented strategic focus for the assessment. Second, to analyze team performance issues, a theory-to-practice process was developed that involved the use of discovery-oriented inquiry within the project context (an inductive approach) with a deductive approach grounded in existing academic research and theory. The complementary and integrated use of these approaches yielded a more comprehensive understanding of the team performance problems, thorough analysis of those problems, and more focused and refined performance improvement recommendations.
A mathematical model of vasoreactivity in rat mesenteric arterioles. II. Conducted vasoreactivity

This study presents a multicellular computational model of a rat mesenteric arteriole to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms involved in the generation of conducted vasoreactivity. The model comprises detailed descriptions of endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle (SM) cells (SMCs), coupled by nonselective gap junctions. With strong myoendothelial coupling, local agonist stimulation of the EC or SM layer causes local changes in membrane potential (V(m)) that are conducted electrotonically, primarily through the endothelium. When myoendothelial coupling is weak, signals initiated in the SM conduct poorly, but the sensitivity of the SMCs to current injection and agonist stimulation increases. Thus physiological transmembrane currents can induce different levels of local V(m) change, depending on cell's gap junction connectivity. The physiological relevance of current and voltage clamp stimulations in intact vessels is discussed. Focal agonist stimulation of the endothelium reduces cytosolic calcium (intracellular Ca(2+) concentration) in the prestimulated SM layer. This SMC Ca(2+) reduction is attributed to a spread of EC hyperpolarization via gap junctions. Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate, but not Ca(2+), diffusion through homocellular gap junctions can increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in neighboring ECs. The small endothelial Ca(2+) spread can amplify the total current generated at the local site by the ECs and through the nitric oxide pathway, by the SMCs, and thus reduces the number of stimulated cells required to induce distant responses. The distance of the electrotonic and Ca(2+) spread depends on the magnitude of SM prestimulation and the number of SM layers. Model results are consistent with experimental data for vasoreactivity in rat mesenteric resistance arteries.
ENERGY, URBAN FORM AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY

Abstract A frequently suggested strategy for alleviating transportation energy shortage is to reduce travel demands by altering the patterns of land uses in cities. This paper examines this strategy by exploring the interface between urban structure, transportation energy consumption, and transportation policy. The interrelationships between travel demand and urban form are first examined, and research attempts to clarify and model these relationships are reviewed. The role of transportation as a land use development control is discussed, and the use of “transportation performance standards” is proposed as a method for integrating transportation energy considerations into land development controls and decisions.
Combustion of a Spinning Fuel Droplet

Abstract A theoretical investigation into the effects of rotation on the burning characteristics of an isolated fuel droplet is presented. Rotation induces a secondary flow in the gas phase inward towards the droplet poles and outward from the equator. Overall, additional heat is transported from the flame to the droplet, enhancing the vaporization and burning processes and shortening the droplet lifetime. Explicit expressions are given for the burning rate and for the variations in the droplet diameter. The distorted flame shape and the modified flame stand-off distance are also determined. Although it enhances the burning, the swirling makes the flame more susceptible to extinction. It is found that when extinction occurs it first takes place locally either at the poles of the flame sheet or at the equator, depending on how far conditions are from stoichiometry
Responses of molecular indicators of exposure in mesocosms: common carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to the herbicides alachlor and atrazine

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were treated in aquatic mesocosms with a single pulse of the herbicides atrazine or alachlor to study the bioavailability and biological activity of these herbicides using molecular indicators: Liver vitellogenin gene expression in male fish for estrogenic activity, liver cytochrome P4501A1 gene expression, and DNA damage in blood cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis method. Both alachlor and atrazine showed dose-related increases in DNA strand breaks at environmentally relevant concentrations (<100 ppb). Gene expression indicators showed that neither herbicide had estrogenic activity in the carp, whereas atrazine at concentrations as low as 7 ppb induced cytochrome P4501A1. These results support the study of molecular indicators for exposure in surrogate ecosystems to gauge relevant environmental changes following herbicide treatments.
The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A Theistic Model and Measure for Assessing Spiritual Development

The Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI) is a relationally-based measure designed to assess two dimensions of spiritual development: Awareness of God and Quality of Relationship with God. The present article reports the results of two studies: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of a revised SAI, which replicated five factors, and a factor analysis of a revised SAI with a new Impression Management (IM) subscale. Results supported the factor structure of the SAI and the homogeneity of the IM scale. Correlations of the SAI subscales with the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised, the Bell Object Relations Inventory, the Defense Styles Questionnaire, and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory also supported the construct validity of the SAI. Two-step multiple regressions supported the incremental validity of the SAI. Suggestions for future research and implications for clinical use of the instrument are discussed.
Preparation of aluminum-rich Beta zeolite

Abstract Beta zeolite, containing 10.3 Al atoms per tetragonal unit cell ( Si Al = 5.2 ), has been synthesized. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and chemical analysis were used to characterize the samples. The TGA study indicated that Beta zeolites at Si Al contain only one type of tetraethylammonium (TEA) species and at Si Al >7.5 two types of TEA species. 27 Al and 29 Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra confirmed that in as-synthesized Beta all Al atoms are present in the zeolite framework positions. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of chemisorbed pyridine were used to investigate the acidic properties of the aluminum-rich Beta zeolite.
Classification and regression trees

Classification and regression trees are machine-learning methods for constructing prediction models from data. The models are obtained by recursively partitioning the data space and fitting a simple prediction model within each partition. As a result, the partitioning can be represented graphically as a decision tree. Classification trees are designed for dependent variables that take a finite number of unordered values, with prediction error measured in terms of misclassification cost. Regression trees are for dependent variables that take continuous or ordered discrete values, with prediction error typically measured by the squared difference between the observed and predicted values. This article gives an introduction to the subject by reviewing some widely available algorithms and comparing their capabilities, strengths, and weakness in two examples. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 14-23 DOI: 10.1002/widm.8 This article is categorized under: Technologies > Classification Technologies > Machine Learning Technologies > Prediction Technologies > Statistical Fundamentals
Predation by invertebrate predators on the colonial rotifer Sinantherina socialis

. Colonies of the freshwater colonial rotifer Sinantherina socialis (Monogononta, Flosculariidae) have been shown to be unpalatable to a variety of small-mouthed, zooplanktivorous fishes. To test whether invertebrate predators ingest the rotifer S. socialis, we conducted two types of experiments: (1) Microcosm experiments—in separate experiments, four invertebrate predators (i.e., dragonfly nymphs, damselfly nymphs, notonectids, and Hydra) were offered prey either singly or in combination. Prey were comprised of S. socialis; Epiphanes senta, a solitary, free-swimming rotifer; and Daphnia magna, a microcrustacean. In each experiment, the percent of prey surviving after 12, 18, and 24 h was recorded. (2) Paired-feeding experiments—in separate experiments, predators were offered prey in a pairwise fashion, in which members of D. magna were alternated with a rotifer, either S. socialis or E. senta. The results of the microcosm experiments showed that, after 24 h, 60–100% prey items of S. socialis survived the predators, but significantly fewer individuals of E. senta (6–89%) and D. magna (<25%) survived. When offered rotifers and individuals of D. magna simultaneously, predators tested consistently consumed more specimens of Daphnia. However, predators significantly reduced percent survival in E. senta but not in S. socialis. Predators, given a choice between the two rotifer species, all consumed significantly more specimens of E. senta than S. socialis after 24 h. In the paired-feeding experiments, three of the four predators captured members of S. socialis, but these colonies were frequently released rather than ingested, although in some cases colony structure was seriously disrupted. Our results suggest that the unpalatable nature of members of S. socialis to certain fishes extends to several invertebrate predators, but the nature of the putative factor(s) responsible for this remains unknown.
Rheological Behavior of Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers: Effects of Thermal and Deformation Histories

Abstract The effects of thermal and deformation histories on the rheological behavior of thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers (TLCPs) were investigated using a cone-and-plate rheometer. For the study, two TLCPs were used: (1) the copolyester consisting of 73 mol % hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 27 mol % 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) (Vectra A900) having the clearing temperature (Tcl) close to or above thermal degradation temperature (ca. 350°C) and (2) an aromatic polyester, poly [(phenylsulfonyl)-p-phenylene 1,10-decamethylene-bis(4- oxybenzoate)] (PSHQ10) having a Tcl of 175°C, which was synthesized in our laboratory. In the use of PSHQ10, we were able to control the initial conditions of the specimens before being subjected to shear flow in the nematic region by first heating a solvent-cast specimen to the isotropic state and then cooling slowly to the nematic region. This was not possible, however, for Vectra A900. We found that the first normal stress difference (N1) of PSHQ10 in the nematic st...
Beta dose calculation in human arteries for various brachytherapy seed types

This dissertation explores beta dose profiles of microspheres packed in arteries, various source geometries of 142 Pr that can be used for therapeutic purposes, and dosebackscatter factors for selected beta sources. A novel treatment method by injecting microspheres into feeding arteries of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is under preclinical investigation. To optimize radiationdose to the clinically important area, i.e., arterial wall, preliminary dosimetric studies were needed. Monte Carlo calculations were performed for several geometries simulating arteries filled with microspheres packed by random packing methods. Arterial radii used in the simulation varied from 50 μm to 3 mm; microsphere radii varied from 10 μm to 0.7 mm. Dose varied significantly as a function of microsphere size, for constant arterial sizes. For the same sizes of arteries, significant dose increase was observed because of inter-artery exposure for large arteries (>0.1 cm radius) filled with large microspheres (>0.03 cm radius). Dose increase between small arteries (<0.03 cm radius) was less significant. The dose profiles of prototype 142 Pr beta brachytherapy sources were calculated using MCNP 4C Monte Carlo code as well as dose point kernel (DPK) for selected cases. Dose profiles were similar to those for beta sources currently used indicating that 142 Pr can substitute for current sources for certain cases. The DPK and MCNP results matched closely. Backscattering of electrons is a prominent secondary effect in beta dosimetry. The backscattering is closely correlated with factors such as geometry of source and scattering material, and composition of scattering material. The backscattering factors were calculated for selected beta sources that are currently used as well as for other potentially useful sources. The factors were calculated as a function of distance from the interface between water and scatterers. These factors were fit by a simple function for future incorporation into a DPK code. Backscattering effect was significant for short distances from interfaces between water and scattering material.
N−C Bond Formation Promoted by a Hafnocene Dinitrogen Complex: Comparison of Zirconium and Hafnium Congeners

Nitrogen−carbon bond formation from coordinated dinitrogen has been observed upon addition of 2 equiv of PhNCO to the hafnocene dinitrogen complex, [(η5-C5Me4H)2Hf]2(μ2,η2,η2-N2). The resulting product most likely arises from initial NC cycloaddition of the first equivalent of heterocumulene, followed by carbonyl insertion of a second equivalent into the newly formed hafnium−nitrogen bond. The resulting product has considerable hafnium imido character, as evidenced by the metrical parameters determined from the solid-state structure as well as reactivity studies, whereby PhNCO, p-tolyl isocyanate, and t-BuC⋮CH each undergo cycloaddition with the hafnium−nitrogen bond. The origin of the nitrogen−carbon-forming chemistry is likely derived from the reluctance of the hafnocene dinitrogen complex to undergo ligand-induced N2 isomerization, as was observed with the zirconium congener.
Gender Differences in the Effects of Community Violence on Mental Health Outcomes in a Sample of Low-Income Youth Receiving Psychiatric Care

Previous research suggests that community violence impacts mental health outcomes, but much of this research has not (a) distinguished between different types of community violence, (b) examined gender differences, and (c) focused on youth living in urban poverty. The current study addresses these questions. Participants were 306 youth (23 % girls) and one parent/guardian receiving outpatient psychiatric services for disruptive behavior disorders in a large urban city. Youth and parents reported on youth's experience of different types of community violence (being a direct victim, hearing reports, and witnessing violence), and whether violence was directed toward a stranger or familiar. Outcomes included youth externalizing, internalizing, and posttraumatic stress symptoms assessed via parent and youth reports. Being a direct victim of violence accords risk for all mental health outcomes similarly for both boys and girls. However, gender differences emerged with respect to indirect violence, such that girls who hear reports of violence against people they know are at increased risk for all assessed mental health outcomes, and girls who witness violence against familiars are at increased risk for externalizing mental health symptoms in particular. There are gender differences in violence-related mental health etiology, with implications for intervention assessment and design.
Women's off-farm work and gender stratification

Abstract We argue that the traditional conjugal division of labour found in the household reflects more general patterns of gender stratification as deplcted in theories of patriarchal capitalism. We selected the farm household in order to explore empirically factors affecting the organization of family work roles. Data are from a survey of 416 married farm couples from Louisiana. The suggestion that women in higher status occupations exercise more control over their domestic situation finds no support within our farm family data. The kind of off-farm occupation of farm husbands, on the other hand, has some effect on how record-keeping activities are allocated, more wives being involved when the husband has a blue collar job off the farm. These findings suggest that the more directly household labour is linked to the economic welfare of the family, the greater the influence of the male's human capital characteristics on the allocation of those tasks. Women's responsibility for household tasks not directly related to the family's economic situation remains resistant to both the human capital and socialization factors we examined. The nature of these relations suggests that the patriarchal capitalism model offers a credible explanation and should provide the stimulus for continued empirical research.
Precessional dynamics of elemental moments in a ferromagnetic alloy

We demonstrate an element-specific measurement of magnetization precession in a metallic ferromagnetic alloy, separating Ni and Fe moment motion in Ni81Fe19. Pump-probe X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), synchronized with short magnetic field pulses, is used to measure free magnetization oscillations up to 2.6 GHz with elemental specificity and a rotational resolution of < 2 deg. Magnetic moments residing on Ni sites and Fe sites in a Ni81Fe19(50nm) thin film are found to precess together at all frequencies, coupled in phase within instrumental resolution of 90 ps.
DNA amplification fingerprinting using arbitrary oligonucleotide primers

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) is a strategy for genetic typing and mapping that uses one or more very short (≥5 nt) arbitrary oligonucleotides to direct the enzymatic amplification of discrete portions of a DNA template resulting in a spectrum of products characteristic of the DNA starting material. Polymorphisms from simple banding patterns are useful as genetic markers while more complex and informative patterns are suitable for DNA fingerprinting. The use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining can adequately resolve the spectrum of DAF products into detailed and reproducible patterns.
Microwave properties of free-standing dielectric films

Measurement of the broadband (15-150 GHz) microwave dielectric properties of free-standing films is demonstrated using the technique of coherent microwave transient spectroscopy. The accuracy of the method is verified by experiments on a fused silica sheet whose dielectric properties are well known. Results of measurements on (∼200 μm thick) polymer films are presented
Feminist Family Sociology: Some Reflections

Abstract Teaching is a political act in the broadest context of that word; some person is choosing, for whatever reasons, to teach a set of values, ideas, assumptions, and pieces of information, and in so doing, to omit other values, ideas assumptions, and pieces of information. … To omit women entirely makes one kind of political statement; to include women as a target for humor makes another. To include women with seriousness and vision and with some attention to the perspective of women as a hitherto subordinate group is simply another kind of political act (Howe 1983: 111).
Analyzing the Relationship between Environmental Planning Policies and Climate Change: Multinomial Logit Regression Model Evaluation of Tarrant County, Texas

Climate change is regarded as one of the greatest challenge human society is facing in this century. The debate on climate change raises the issue of the need to mainstream climate change mitigation in environmental planning. However this has remained research rhetoric and is not transformed to practice. One reason for this gap between research and environmental planning practice might be lack of empirical evidences that analyzes if a relationship between environmental planning policies and climate change mitigation exists. Most planners consent that cities have an ability to mitigate climate change by integrating and implementing environmental policies. However, lack of statistical studies supporting the ability of environmental planning policies in mitigating climate change might have probably halted the process of mainstreaming climate change mitigation in urban planning to some extent. This study evaluated 30 cities comprehensive plans in Tarrant County, Texas for the presence of environmental planning policies that focus on climate change mitigation. Multinomial logistic regression analysis signifies that city’s environmental planning policies have an ability to mitigate climate change. Thereby, this research has an implication for mainstreaming environmental planning policies in urban planning accordingly mitigate climate change from a local level perspective.
Effects of isotopic substitution on the critical behavior of aqueous solutions of n‐dodecylhexaoxyethylene glycol monoether (C12E6)

The critical behavior of a nonionic surfactant, n‐dodecylhexaoxyethylene glycol monoether (C12 E6) in D2O, is examined using static and dynamic light scattering and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Modification of the short‐range attractive interactions responsible for phase separation by substitution of D2O for H2O has no effect on the measured universal critical exponents describing the divergence of the correlation length (ν=0.6±0.05) and the isothermal compressibility (γ=1.2±0.1) although such substitution results in a reduction of both the nonuniversal amplitudes and critical temperatures. The measured exponents are the same as those of binary molecular fluids. However, in contrast to binary fluids, significant deviations from the Ornstein–Zernike form are observed at intermediate length scales in SANS measurements near the critical point. Isotopic substitution also preserves the dynamic scaling of the Kawasaki form for the measured Rayleigh linewidth, as found previously for H2 O (Ref. 1). How...
Milking Cows with Positive Pressure Stimulation in Late Lactation

Abstract Twelve Holstein cows in second halves of lactations were divided into two groups of six each, designated "unstimulated" and "stimulated" groups. Over a preliminary 11 days, all cows were stimulated before each milking by a 1-min hand wash. After this period, premilking preparation and stimulation routines were changed for both groups. The "unstimulated" group was changed to a milking routine that included no premilking udder stimulation. The "stimulated" group was treated for the 1st min after cup application with positive pressure (raising pressure at the pulsator's air vent to about 80 kPa above atmospheric). Both groups of cows were milked twice daily by these two routines for 56 days. "Stimulated" cows showed no significant difference of milk production compared with cows given no premilking udder stimulation. Both average fat percent and milk fat yield was greater for cows given positive pressure than for those receiving no premilking stimulation. Cows given positive pressure stimulation did not differ significantly in protein percentage or production from unstimulated cows, nor did positive pressure stimulation affect machine-on time, residual milk yield, or prolactin or cortisol release. Cows given positive pressure stimulation showed a more rapid rise of concentration of oxytocin in serum than cows given no stimulation.
Synthesis and characterization of carbon-supported transition metal oxide nanoparticles — Cobalt porphyrin as catalysts for electroreduction of oxygen in acids

Abstract Unpyrolyzed, non noble metal catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR), denoted MeOx–CoP/C, were obtained using a two-step procedure. The procedure consisted of a synthesis of carbon-supported transition metal (Me═Co, or Ni, or Fe) nanoparticles, followed by adsorption of cobalt porphyrin (CoP). TEM and XPS analyses confirm the formation of nanoparticles and the presence of transition metal oxides. Rotating disk electrode measurements showed that the as-synthesized materials exhibit catalytic ORR activity in acidic medium toward oxygen reduction, which is higher than that of cobalt porphyrin on carbon. This reveals that the metal oxide nanoparticles enhance the activity of the metalloporphyrin without being electroactive themselves. The catalytic activity follows the sequence: CoOx–CoP/C > NiOx–CoP/C > FeOx–CoP/C, showing the influence of nature of the transition metal on the enhancing effect. The presence of a cobalt center incorporated in the macrocycle was found to be essential to the oxygen reduction reaction, appearing thus to be the catalytic active site of the reaction. Our data suggest the ORR occurs at a single active site.
Should ML be Object-Oriented?

At a fundamental level, functional and object-oriented programming languages are all `higher-order', in the sense that they support computing with values that are themselves pieces of program code encapsulated with a local environment. In functional languages these `active' values are functions, while in object-oriented languages they are objects. Both styles of higher-order language claim to provide good support for writing adaptable programs, but functional and object-oriented languages achieve this adaptability in different ways: functional programs rely on parameterisation at the value, type and module level, while object-oriented languages rely primarily on subtyping and implementation inheritance. Here we compare these two approaches, mainly in terms of the features and properties of their type systems, and consider the benefits and disadvantages of unifying (or merging) the two paradigms by adding object-oriented features to ML as a base language. We argue that while some of the simpler aspects of object-oriented languages are compatible with ML, adding a full- edged class-based object system to ML leads to an excessively complex type system and relatively little expressive gain, especially if we aim to preserve that mostly functional style of programming that is a major advantage of ML.
Magnetohydrodynamic aggregation of cholesterol and polystyrene latex suspensions

Abstract The aggregation state of flowing (0.49 m s−1linear velocity) colloidal dispersions of polystyrene latex microspheres (certified particle diameter of 156 ± 6 nm; measured diameter, 156 ± 3 nm at pH 5.3 in 50 mMNaCl) in NaCl solution and cholesterol (measured diameter, 533 ± 9 nm at pH 5.3), stabilized in NaCl solution by sodium taurodeoxycholate, was studied using photon correlation spectroscopy. For cholesterol suspensions having electrolyte concentrations close to the critical coagulation concentration (50 mMNaCl), pronounced aggregation was observed after 15 to 30 min of recirculation in the presence of an orthogonally applied magnetic field (2.0, 1.0 and 0.15 T). In all experiments with cholesterol, aggregation was followed by a period of deaggregation, after which aggregation again occurred. Comparable effects were not observed when cholesterol suspensions were recirculated in the absence of the magnetic field or when the suspensions were exposed to an equivalent magnetic field in the absence of flow. For cholesterol suspensions, the increase in particle size was most pronounced at 0.15 and 1.0 T rather than at 2.0 T. Aggregation effects were also observed when suspensions of polystyrene latex in 200 mMNaCl were made to flow through a 1.0-T field. In both systems, the magnetic aggregation does not appear to involve direct interaction between the field and the solid phase, but is interpreted in terms of orthokinetic effects involving magnetohydrodynamic changes in the flow profile resulting from the presence of the transverse field.
A theory of local limiting speed in dynamic fracture

Abstract A nonlinear continuum analysis is developed to show that stable, steady-state crack motion is limited not only by the macroscopic Rayleigh wave speed as asserted by the established theory of dynamic fracture, but also by a local wave speed governed by the elastic response near the crack tip. The local limiting speed ensures that a subsonic steady-state field can be established in highly nonlinear material regions prior to rupture. A two-dimensional triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor interatomic bonding is studied as a model nonlinear elastic solid that is isotropic under infinitesimal strains, but becomes anisotropic and nonlinear when the lattice is heavily stretched. The local limiting speed is determined by considering the most critical state of deformation on the verge of bond rupture. If the critical state is assumed to be under equibiaxial stressing, the local limiting speed is found to be v 1 = c s σ max μ , where cs is the macroscopic shear wave speed, μ is the shear modulus and σmax is the equibiaxial cohesive strength of the solid (i.e. the maximum equibiaxial tensile stress that a flawless solid can stand without spontaneous rupture). The generality of this result is discussed by relaxing the restrictions in the model problem. It is also shown that lattice dispersion in front of a crack tip can further reduce the speed of bond-breaking stress waves with wavelength on the order of a few atomic spacings. This study lends further support for a viewpoint previously discussed by the author that high speed dynamic fracture involves a competition between a high inertia local crack-tip field and the surrounding low inertia apparent crack field. Motivated by recent molecular dynamics simulations of crack propagation in a 6–12 Lenard-Jones lattice, a variational principle for steady-state deformation is used together with a conjugate gradient minimization algorithm to compute atomistic responses near the tip of a crack moving with constant speed in a similar Lenard-Jones lattice. The computation is performed over a block which moves with the crack and is subjected along the boundary to a low inertia displacement field based on existing solutions for cracks moving in linear elastic solids. The critical velocity at the onset of local crack branching is found to be 0.30cs, in almost exact agreement with the earlier molecular dynamics study. In this case, the local limiting speed is calculated to be v1 = 0.37cs, which is 20% larger than the observed value. This difference can be attributed to the effects of local lattice dispersion. The results are fully supportive of the notion that global-local inertia competition is a key to understanding dynamic fracture instabilities.