cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small Towns, Local Control, and Community-Based Colleges.

The issue of local control of public institutions has represented a persistent theme in North American democratic ideology. Nowhere has this appeared more evident than in the organization of public education. The U.S. Constitution delegated the prerogative of public education to the states, and the Survey Ordinance of 1879 established the pattern in the states for placing a school in each community. Likewise, the Canadian Constitution declares public education a provincial domain, and the provinces have decentralized the administration of schools to the local level.1 While two-year denominational colleges had existed in both countries during the 1800s, public junior colleges emerged in the early years of the twentieth century. To a large degree they expressed rural progressivism. These postsecondary schools tended to be extensions of public secondary schools in communities which did not offer postsecondary opportunities afforded by the universities in the larger urban centers.2 Thus, two-year colleges began as small schools within the smaller cities and towns. They began with an inherent commitment to the demographic credo of local control. As the number of two-year colleges increased and as these colleges became entangled in the problems of articulating their programs with universities, state and provincial legislatures enacted legal requirements and master plans for community colleges. The service area of a community college district became a county or combination of counties, a combination of several school districts, or a region within the state or province.3 In this manner, the jurisdictional scope of community colleges grew, yet the historical ties to the parent school district and to the town in which the college campus resided often persisted. Currently most nonurban community colleges maintain service commitments which extend beyond the campus community, yet the mission of these colleges as locally controlled and locally responsive institutions vitally persists.
Metasearching in Boston College Libraries – a case study of user reactions

As the Boston College Libraries prepared to migrate to a new release of MetaLib, a metasearch and portal tool from Ex Libris, the library conducted some informal usability studies on its existing implementation. These studies combined conversations with undergraduate and graduate students about their research style and observations of students conducting searches using MetaQuest. This article reviews the main issues culled from this, focusing on student research style, asking if MetaLib, as an example of a metasearch engine, responds to this need, reviewing the existing MetaLib design issues, and finishes with pointers on where the Boston College Libraries are headed with this product.
A Possible Role for Transforming Growth Factor-β in Systemic Sclerosis

The cause of systemic sclerosis remains unknown, but cellular and molecular mechanisms possibly responsible for the characteristic clinical manifestations of fibrosis and vascular damage (Raynaud's phenomenon, telangiectasias, digital infarction, and renal arteriopathy) are becoming understood in greater detail. One possibly important cytokine is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β); its involvement is reviewed here. With regard to vascular lesions, TGF-β has variably been shown to inhibit endothelial cell growth in vitro but to promote angiogenesis in vivo, a paradox that remains unresolved. Nonetheless, an injurious activity of TGF-β on microvascular endothelial cells could help to explain the intimal proliferation and microvascular obliteration seen. Whether as a result of or as a cause of endothelial cell damage, platelet activation has been well documented in systemic sclerosis and the platelet a granule pool contains a large quantity of TGF-β. TGF-β is also produced by activated macrophages and T cells, both of which are known to occur within systemic sclerosis lesions. An important effect of TGF-β is its stimulation of fibroblast collagen and flbronectin synthesis and their deposition into the extracellular matrix. Stimulation by TGF-β may therefore account for the fibrosis seen in the dermis and in the internal organs. Direct evidence of TGF-β involvement in systemic sclerosis is scanty, and awaits discovery of either an abnormal expression of or response to TGF-β. The biologic effects of TGF-β appear to be regulated at the level of activation from a latent polypeptide precursor form. Descriptions of the importance of this cytokine in pathologic conditions will need to account for this activation and its regulation. Nonetheless, the physiologic effects so far attributed to TGF-β make its involvement in systemic sclerosis an attractive possibility to explain some of the manifestations of this enigmatic disease.
Transformational Leadership Moderates the Relationship Between Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intention Among Community Mental Health Providers

Public sector mental health care providers are at high risk for burnout and emotional exhaustion which negatively affect job performance and client satisfaction with services. Few studies have examined ways to reduce these associations, but transformational leadership may have a positive effect. We examine the relationships between transformational leadership, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention in a sample of 388 community mental health providers. Emotional exhaustion was positively related to turnover intention, and transformational leadership was negatively related to both emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. Transformational leadership moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention, indicating that having a transformational leader may buffer the effects of providers’ emotional exhaustion on turnover intention. Investing in transformational leadership development for supervisors could reduce emotional exhaustion and turnover among public sector mental health providers.
Sirolimus (rapamycin) potentiates cyclosporine in prevention of acute lung rejection

Abstract Background: Cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens (INN: ciclosporin) in human lung transplantation continue to result in a high incidence of acute cellular rejection. We investigated the use of sirolimus, a macrolide with structural similarity to tacrolimus, as monotherapy and in combination with cyclosporine in a rodent lung transplant model. Methods : Orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in Lewis recipients from Brown-Norway donor rats with syngeneic Lewis-to-Lewis controls. Open biopsies were performed on postoperative day 7, and the severity of acute lung rejection was graded by a pathologist blinded to the protocol. Results : All recipients survived despite the amount of acute rejection seen on examination of the biopsy tissue. Lewis-to-Lewis isografts demonstrated near normal pulmonary architecture. Allogeneic recipients receiving high-dose cyclosporine (25 mg/kg) monotherapy showed mild to moderate acute rejection with some perivascular focal interstitial infiltrates. Recipients receiving low-dose cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) monotherapy or low- or high-dose sirolimus (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) monotherapy demonstrated massive cellular infiltration leading to necrosis and infarction and could not be graded. However, the addition of low-dose sirolimus (0.5 mg/kg) to low-dose cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant potentiating immunosuppressive effect, and the addition of high-dose sirolimus (2.0 mg/kg) to low-dose cyclosporine (5.0 mg/kg) demonstrated an even greater effect, with rejection scores better than those obtained with high-dose cyclosporine monotherapy and similar to those obtained with isografts. Conclusions : This study demonstrates that low-dose sirolimus has a cyclosporine-sparing effect and that a higher dose of sirolimus in combination with cyclosporine strongly protects lung allografts from acute cellular rejection. These results suggest that sirolimus may be indicated as an adjunct to current cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens in clinical lung transplantation. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:714-8)
Longitudinal outcomes in spinal cord injury: aging, secondary conditions, and well-being

Abstract Objective: To specify the degree to which current age, duration of injury, and neurologic status affect the frequency of secondary health and psychosocial conditions in persons with long-term spinal cord injury (SCI), using both longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis techniques. Design: Prospective longitudinal examination and data collection involving individuals with SCI studied initially at their 5th, 10th, and 15th anniversaries postinjury, and subsequently 5 years later at their 10th, 15th, and 20th anniversaries postinjury. Setting: Five Regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems. Participants: The 439 individuals who meet the inclusion criteria for the National SCI Database and who are enrolled in a longitudinal study of secondary conditions and SCI. Main Outcome Measures: Physical and psychosocial status at various times postinjury. Results: There are different reports of various conditions when analyzing by neurologic groups, duration of injury, and age. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses also demonstrate different patterns of complications. Conclusions: The longitudinal method, like cross-sectional research, allows for identification of physical and psychosocial changes soon after they occur. Longitudinal research, however, also makes possible the development of predictive models for various long-term outcomes.
Brachial plexus traction injury: quantification of sensory abnormalities.

Objective. Stretch injury to the brachial plexus may occur following traumatic flexion-extension of the cervical spine often seen in motor vehicle accidents or falls. Radiologic and conventional nerve conduction studies are negative in many cases. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to simplify, standardize, and quantify the positive and negative sensory abnormalities that are most often seen during the clinical examination. Methods. Quantitation of thresholds for thermal detection and pain, vibration, pressure pain and elevated arm stress test was performed in a series of 38 patients with the clinical picture of brachial plexus traction injury as well as a group of age and sex matched control subjects. Results. Significant decreases in all evoked pain thresholds, except for heat pain, along with increases in sensory detection thresholds were found in the patient group compared with controls. Discussion. Quantification of sensory findings may greatly facilitate and substantiate the diagnosis of this type of injury. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that brachial plexus traction injury causes dysfunction of small sensory fiber systems and results in a form of neuropathic pain.
Acute psychiatric manifestations of stroke: A clinical case conference

Received Jan. 18, 2002; revision received May 1, 2002; accepted May 16, 2002. From the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital; and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Theodore A. Stern, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Warren 605, Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114; TStern@partners.org (e-mail). Copyright 2003 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Cerebrovascular accidents are common and debilitating medical events that frequently result in significant functional impairment and medical comorbidity. Further, they are associated with substantial emotional and behavioral sequelae that significantly exacerbate such disability. Due to the high rates of psychiatric sequelae of stroke, the general hospital psychiatrist is frequently called on to evaluate and treat poststroke patients. This report presents four cases that illustrate common poststroke scenarios and potential pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment. Each case highlights important clinical points in the evaluation of poststroke psychiatric symptoms.
Eutypa dieback in grapevines: differential production of acetylenic phenol metabolites by strains of Eutypa lata.

The production of acetylenic phenol metabolites in vitro by three strains of the ascomycete Eutypa lata, the causative agent of dying-arm disease in grapevines, has been investigated. Metabolite composition and yields differed significantly between strains and with growth medium but usually reached a maximum after 24-30 days of fungal growth. A general method for the analysis and identification of metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives was developed and individual compounds were quantitated by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and separated by preparative HPLC. The phenolic aldehyde, eutypine (1), reported to be the grape phytotoxin, occurred in only one of the strains examined whereas the primary metabolite was the corresponding alcohol, eutypinol (2), the presumptive detoxification product. A novel metabolite was isolated as a major constituent, together with a minor component, and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods as a methoxyquinol, named eulatinol (4), and a chromene analog (9 )o f2, respectively. The evidence suggests that 1 is not solely responsible for phytotoxicity in grapevines but that dying-arm disease may result from a suite of compounds elaborated by the fungus, with the composition dependent on fungal strain and nutritional source.
Ethylene as a factor regulating the growth of pea epicotyls subjected to physical stress.

Pea epicotyls (Pisum sativum, cv. Alaska) were enclosed in chambers in which their elongation was restricted by means of a foam neoprene stopper or by a medium of glass beads. These treatments increased evolution of ethylene and resulted in reduced length and increased diameter of both the internodes and the cells of the internodes. These responses increased with increasing degrees of restriction. A time-sequence study of the emergence of epicotyls through 90 mm of glass beads showed that an accelerated evolution of ethylene preceded a reduction in elongation. As the epicotyls elongated through the glass bead medium and less resistance was encountered, evolution of ethylene declined and rapid elongation was resumed. The morphological and anatomical effects of a 120-mm column of glass beads were duplicated by applied ethylene concentrations of 0.2 ppm or less. Evolution of CO2 was inhibited slightly by the ethylene treatments. The data indicate that production of ethylene by pea epicotyls is increased by nonwounding physical stress, and that the ethylene acts as an endogenous growth regulator, decreasing elongation and increasing diameter in response to increasing increments of stress.
Regulation of cancer-related gene expression by galectin-3 and the molecular mechanism of its nuclear import pathway

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the β-galactoside-binding gene family, distributes inside and outside the cell and has pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell’cell interaction, and mRNA processing in a specific situation. In particular, Gal-3 in the nucleus plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer-related gene expression, including cyclin D1, TTF-1 and MUC2, presumably associated with tumor progression. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of nuclear import of Gal-3 is very significant and might be developed to the new approach for the cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on the role of Gal-3 in the nucleus and the molecular mechanism of nuclear import pathways of Gal-3, providing the hints for the inhibition of Gal-3 function.
“Women as good citizens, 1830–1920”

(2000). “Women as good citizens, 1830–1920”. The Communication Review: Vol. 4, The Transformation of Civic Life: Michael Schudson's The Good Citizen, pp. 55-64.
Geospatial technologies in the location-aware future

Abstract Arguably, there have been few shifts in the GISciences so paradigmatic as the emergence of locationally-aware mobile devices. GISc researchers in the US have witnessed these changes in just the last crop of PhD students, with topics on location-based services, the geoweb, volunteered geographic information and neogeography, somewhat eclipsing earlier, trendy topics on web-based GIS and interactive digital cartography. Indeed, there are new important players in GISc, with training in and outside of Geography, with backgrounds as diverse as the engineering/computational sciences and the digital humanities as well as critical human geographies. Mobilities researchers, qualitative GIS scholars, cyberinfrastructural scientists, and social and cultural geographers have configured research programs around the proliferation of locationally-aware devices and the ‘big data’ that have emerged from them. In this viewpoint, I shall outline these diverse developments and sketch what I argue are the foundational issues that comprise a research agenda with and about geospatial technologies in the location-aware future: technological development, the social life of data, and the everyday practices around mobile digital devices.
The morphology of the cerebellar nuclei of Galago and Tupaia.

The cerebellar nuclei of the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied. The cerebellar nuclear grey of Galago is divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral nucleus. The lateral nucleus is slightly concave medially suggestive of a primitive hilus. The interpositus nucleus is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a delicate lamina of fibers. The medial cerebellar nucleus is an irregular mass of cells located dorsal to the fourth ventricle. The cerebellar nuclear grey of Tupaia is also divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral cerebellar nucleus. The medial cerebellar nucleus is located dorsal to the fourth ventricle. The nucleus interpositus anterior and nucleus interpositus posterior are joined together and with the lateral nucleus in the caudo-ventral region. The NIA and NIP have an anterior-posterior relationship to each other and the lateral nucleus has no apparent undulations suggestive of early sacculations. The configuration of the cerebellar nuclei of Tupaia more closely resembles the more primitive patterns of the rat, hedgehog, and mole than those of Galago or other primates.
Hemicraniectomy: A new model for human electrophysiology with high spatio-temporal resolution

Human electrophysiological research is generally restricted to scalp EEG, magneto-encephalography, and intracranial electrophysiology. Here we examine a unique patient cohort that has undergone decompressive hemicraniectomy, a surgical procedure wherein a portion of the calvaria is removed for several months during which time the scalp overlies the brain without intervening bone. We quantify the differences in signals between electrodes over areas with no underlying skull and scalp EEG electrodes over the intact skull in the same subjects. Signals over the hemicraniectomy have enhanced amplitude and greater task-related power at higher frequencies (60-115 Hz) compared with signals over skull. We also provide evidence of a metric for trial-by-trial EMG/EEG coupling that is effective over the hemicraniectomy but not intact skull at frequencies >60 Hz. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the hemicraniectomy model provides a means for studying neural dynamics in humans with enhanced spatial and temporal resolution.
Woodland recovery following drought‐induced tree mortality across an environmental stress gradient

Recent droughts and increasing temperatures have resulted in extensive tree mortality across the globe. Understanding the environmental controls on tree regeneration following these drought events will allow for better predictions of how these ecosystems may shift under a warmer, drier climate. Within the widely distributed pinon-juniper woodlands of the southwestern USA, a multiyear drought in 2002-2004 resulted in extensive adult pinon mortality and shifted adult woodland composition to a juniper-dominated, more savannah-type ecosystem. Here, we used pre- (1998-2001) and 10-year post- (2014) drought stand structure data of individually mapped trees at 42 sites to assess the effects of this drought on tree regeneration across a gradient of environmental stress. We found declines in pinon juvenile densities since the multiyear drought due to limited new recruitment and high (>50%) juvenile mortality. This is in contrast to juniper juvenile densities, which increased over this time period. Across the landscape, pinon recruitment was positively associated with live adult pinon densities and soil available water capacity, likely due to their respective effects on seed and water availability. Juvenile pinon survival was strongly facilitated by certain types of nurse trees and shrubs. These nurse plants also moderated the effects of environmental stress on pinon survival: Survival of interspace pinon juveniles was positively associated with soil available water capacity, whereas survival of nursed pinon juveniles was negatively associated with perennial grass cover. Thus, nurse plants had a greater facilitative effect on survival at sites with higher soil available water capacity and perennial grass cover. Notably, mean annual climatic water deficit and elevation were not associated with pinon recruitment or survival across the landscape. Our findings reveal a clear shift in successional trajectories toward a more juniper-dominated woodland and highlight the importance of incorporating biotic interactions and soil properties into species distribution modeling approaches.
Discrete nanoparticles induce loss of Legionella pneumophila biofilms from surfaces

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to induce dispersal events in microbial biofilms but the mechanism of the dispersal is unknown. Biofilms contaminate many man-made aquatic systems such as cooling towers, spas and dental lines. Within these biofilms, Legionella pneumophila is a primary pathogen, leading to these environments serving as sources for disease outbreaks. Here we show a reduction in biofilm bio-volume upon treatment with citrate-coated 6-nm platinum NPs, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated 11-nm gold NPs, and PEG-coated 8-nm iron oxide NPs. Treatment with citrate-coated 8-nm silver NPs, however, did not reduce biomass. The synthesis of NPs that remain dispersed and resist irreversible aggregation in the exposure media appears to be a key factor in the ability of NPs to induce biofilm dispersal.
The glucose‐deprivation network counteracts lapatinib‐induced toxicity in resistant ErbB2‐positive breast cancer cells

Dynamic interactions between intracellular networks regulate cellular homeostasis and responses to perturbations. Targeted therapy is aimed at perturbing oncogene addiction pathways in cancer, however, development of acquired resistance to these drugs is a significant clinical problem. A network-based computational analysis of global gene expression data from matched sensitive and acquired drug-resistant cells to lapatinib, an EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, revealed an increased expression of the glucose deprivation response network, including glucagon signaling, glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis and unfolded protein response in the resistant cells. Importantly, the glucose deprivation response markers correlated significantly with high clinical relapse rates in ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. Further, forcing drug-sensitive cells into glucose deprivation rendered them more resistant to lapatinib. Using a chemical genomics bioinformatics mining of the CMAP database, we identified drugs that specifically target the glucose deprivation response networks to overcome the resistant phenotype and reduced survival of resistant cells. This study implicates the chronic activation of cellular compensatory networks in response to targeted therapy and suggests novel combinations targeting signaling and metabolic networks in tumors with acquired resistance.
Toward the Estimation of Liquid Crystal Display Materials for Waste Management and Other Assessments

A review of the materials used in liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors is followed by the development of a parametric model for the quantification of material masses from waste monitors. The model uses diagonal length as an input which is first translated into a range of screen areas using viewing area aspect ratios. Next, the model divides LCD monitor components into those that are scaled by the screen area and those that are not, and estimates the masses of materials based on when components are removed in a materials recovery facility. Model results are presented as the coefficients of linear functions which allow specific material quantities to be estimated for each diagonal length. Overall the screen area LCD material estimation model results compare well with the published data in terms of both unit masses and individual material masses. The model is applied in an example characterization of material stream purity and suggested for use in materials flow analysis, life cycle assessment and in the quantification of the materials management needs of a certain recycler or in a certain region or country.
The Association of Psychiatric Diagnoses, Health Service Use, and Expenditures in Children with Obesity-related Health Conditions

Objective To examine the association of psychiatric diagnoses and use of health care services in children with obesity-related health conditions. Method A retrospective, longitudinal design was used to examine Medicaid claims data. The data set consisted of 13,688 youth diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, or obesity. Results The presence of any type of psychiatric diagnosis was associated with higher health service use. In particular, the presence of an internalizing diagnosis was more consistently associated with higher service use than the presence of an externalizing diagnosis. Children with both an externalizing and internalizing disorder diagnosis had greater service use than children with a diagnosis in only one of these categories. Conclusions These data highlight a subgroup of children with obesity-related health conditions who are at greater risk for higher health service use, and the need for further research on the association between psychiatric diagnosis and health service use.
Numerical verification of a gap condition for a linearized nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We make a detailed numerical study of the spectrum of two Schr¨ odinger operators L± arising from the linearization of the supercritical nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation (NLS) about the standing wave, in three dimensions. This study was motivated by a recent result of the second author on the conditional asymptotic stability of solitary waves in the case of a cubic nonlinearity. Underlying the validity of this result is a spectral condition on the operators L±, namely that they have no eigenvalues nor resonances in the gap (a region of the positive real axis between zero and the continuous spectrum), which we call the gap property. The present numerical study verifies this spectral condition and shows further that the gap property holds for NLS exponents of the form 2β + 1, as long as β∗ <β 1, where
Diffusion mixing in grid turbulence without mean shear

An experimental examination of the fundamental properties of free turbulent interactions in a mixing flow has been conducted. A turbulent, two-dimensional, incompressible, uniform-density mixing layer was produced by using a parallel bar grid of different bar spacings but the same space to bar diameter ratio M/D = 2. In this unique mixing-flow geometry, two initially parallel flowing streams of air were formed in such a way as to possess the same mean structure but different turbulent kinetic energy. The mixing phenomenon was driven solely by the turbulent kinetic-energy self-diffusion process.The data showed the development of the turbulent properties without the interference caused by turbulence generated by a mean shear flow. A simple diffusion model was constructed by assuming an analogy between the unsteady gradient diffusion process and the transport of turbulent kinetic energy by the fluctuations. An empirical error function least squares curve fit, a diffusional power law and diffusion coefficients were derived. The empirical coefficients of self-diffusion were found to be 10.4 and 68.6 cm2 s−1 for the longitudinal and transverse turbulent energy components, or about a hundred and five hundred times faster than molecular viscous shear diffusion, respectively. This self-diffusion mechanism by microscale size eddies may account for some of the error found by other investigators in balancing the measured terms of the turbulent kinetic-energy equation.
Lost in Space: Geography, Architecture and Culture in Eilís ni Dhuibhne’s The Bray House

It may seem redundant to suggest that “space matters” in postcolonial study, yet postcolonial criticism strangely and ironically elides the vast physical differences among formerly colonized spaces. Given that, in sheer numbers, islands formed roughly 70% of the total British Empire, how island geography influences postcolonial literary narratives of nation formation, both in formal and figurative senses, is a tantalizingly underexplored question. Eilis Ni Dhuibhne’s The Bray House transforms a British Robinsonian-island adventure tale into an ironic depiction of 20th-century Irish culture. Robin narrates Ni Dhuibhne’s novel, telling the story of the expedition, of Ireland before the accident, and of Sweden both before and since. The parallel with and parody of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe in The Bray House extends beyond the joke that Ni Dhuibhne’s Robin is no one’s son. Ni Dhuibhne revises the relationships between architecture and geography found in Defoe’s protocolonial text. Where Defoe models both Britis...
Strategies for Reduced Herbicide Use in Integrated Pest Management

The persistence of weeds in crop production systems leads to significant yield reductions, diminishing profitability, and ultimately translating to higher consumer prices. Chemical weed control has proven to be an economical and cost-effective method to manage weeds in agricultural settings. While herbicides are considered to be valuable tools in pest management, they account for about two-thirds of the total pesticide use in the United States. As the number of hectares planted under row crops is on the rise, management of weeds, especially herbicide-resistant weed biotypes, in cropping systems is increasingly important. Current weed control programs employed in crop production maintain the fields mostly weed-free during the growing season. Managing the flora of such vast expanses of land under high selection-pressure is somewhat unprecedented given the long history of agriculture, and is worthy of scientific inquiry. In response to health and environmental concerns, scientists are exploring new methods to apply herbicides that could reduce the amount of herbicides used. This chapter explores several strategies to reduce herbicide inputs in crop production systems. Strategies such as banding herbicides, precision application, cultural methods, and novel mechanical and biological methods are discussed.
The Mechanism of the Calorigenic Action of Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Na+ + K+-activated adenosinetriphosphatase activity

In an earlier study, we proposed that thyroid hormone stimulation of energy utilization by the Na + pump mediates the calorigenic response. In this study, the effects of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) on total oxygen consumption ( Q O O2 ), the ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption [ Q O O2 ( t )], and NaK-ATPase in liver, kidney, and cerebrum were measured. In liver, ∼90% of the increase in Q O O2 produced by T 3 in either thyroidectomized or euthyroid rats was attributable to the increase in Q O O2 ( t ). In kidney, the increase in Q O O2 ( t ) accounted for 29% of the increase in Q O O2 in thyroidectomized and 46% of the increase in Q O O2 in euthyroid rats. There was no demonstrable effect of T 3 in euthyroid rats on Q O O2 or Q O O2 ( t ) of cerebral slices. The effects of T 3 on NaK-ATPase activity in homogenates were as follows: In liver +81% from euthyroid rats and +54% from hypothyroid rats. In kidney, +21% from euthyroid rats and +69% from hypothyroid rats. T 3 in euthyroid rats produced no significant changes in NaK-ATPase or Mg-ATPase activity of cerebral homogenates. Liver plasma membrane fractions showed a 69% increase in NaK-ATPase and no significant changes in either Mg-ATPase or 59-nucleotidase activities after T 3 injection. These results indicate that thyroid hormones stimulate NaK-ATPase activity differentially. This effect may account, at least in part, for the calorigenic effects of these hormones.
Mutations of the Listeria monocytogenes Peptidoglycan N-Deacetylase and O-Acetylase Result in Enhanced Lysozyme Sensitivity, Bacteriolysis, and Hyperinduction of Innate Immune Pathways

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that is naturally resistant to lysozyme. Recently, it was shown that peptidoglycan modification by N-deacetylation or O-acetylation confers resistance to lysozyme in various Gram-positive bacteria, including L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes peptidoglycan is deacetylated by the action of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (Pgd) and acetylated by O-acetylmuramic acid transferase (Oat). We characterized Pgd−, Oat−, and double mutants to determine the specific role of L. monocytogenes peptidoglycan acetylation in conferring lysozyme sensitivity during infection of macrophages and mice. Pgd− and Pgd− Oat− double mutants were attenuated approximately 2 and 3.5 logs, respectively, in vivo. In bone-marrow derived macrophages, the mutants demonstrated intracellular growth defects and increased induction of cytokine transcriptional responses that emanated from a phagosome and the cytosol. Lysozyme-sensitive mutants underwent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol, resulting in AIM2-dependent pyroptosis. Each of the in vitro phenotypes was rescued upon infection of LysM− macrophages. The addition of extracellular lysozyme to LysM− macrophages restored cytokine induction, host cell death, and L. monocytogenes growth inhibition. This surprising observation suggests that extracellular lysozyme can access the macrophage cytosol and act on intracellular lysozyme-sensitive bacteria.
Partitioning of organic and inorganic components from motor oil into water

Abstract Partitioning of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals from new and used motor oil into water was investigated. Equilibrium distribution of these compounds between water and motor oil was measured using EPA Methods 624, 625, and 200 series. The intent was to establish chemical indicators to assist in identification of groundwater contamination from motor oil disposal/spill sources. Also, data from VOCs and PAHs was used to evaluate Raoult's law (ideal mixtures) behavior for oil-water distribution.
On the Encoding of Arbitrary Geometric Configurations

A method is described which permits the encoding of arbitrary geometric configurations so as to facilitate their analysis and manipulation by means of a digital computer. It is shown that one can determine through the use of relatively simple numerical techniques whether a given arbitrary plane curve is open or closed, whether it is singly or multiply connected, and what area it encloses. Further, one can cause a given figure to be expanded, contracted, elongated, or rotated by an arbitrary amount. It is shown that there are a number of ways of encoding arbitrary geometric curves to facilitate such manipulations, each having its own particular advantages and disadvantages. One method, the so-called rectangular-array type of encoding, is discussed in detail. In this method the slope function is quantized into a set of eight standard slopes. This particular representation is one of the simplest and one that is most readily utilized with present-day computing and display equipment.
Vaginal birth after cesarean among women with gestational diabetes

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine the pregnancy and infant outcomes of women with gestational diabetes who attempted vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare women with gestational diabetes with matched control subjects without diabetes who attempted vaginal birth after cesarean at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 1999. One hundred fifty-six women with gestational diabetes were matched with 272 control subjects. Data were analyzed with the Student t test, χ 2 analysis, and the Fisher exact test. Results: The parities of the women with gestational diabetes and the control subjects were similar, with most having had only one previous pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes were significantly older than control subjects and more likely to be white or Hispanic. Women with gestational diabetes who attempted a trial of labor were significantly more likely than control subjects to be delivered abdominally. Women with gestational diabetes who had a successful vaginal birth after cesarean were significantly more likely than control subjects to have an operative delivery with forceps or vacuum. Conclusion: Women with gestational diabetes are less likely than those without diabetes to have a successful trial of labor. Women with gestational diabetes considering vaginal birth after cesarean should be appropriately counseled about the risk of attempting a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1104-7.)
The Sheffer A-Type 0 Orthogonal Polynomial Sequences and Related Results

In this chapter, we present a rigorous development of I. M. Sheffer’s characterization of the A-Type 0 orthogonal polynomial sequences. We first develop the results that led to the main theorem that characterizes the general A-Type 0 polynomial sequences via a linear generating function. From there, we develop the additional theory that Sheffer utilized in order to determine which A-Type 0 polynomial sequences are also orthogonal. We then address Sheffer’s additional characterizations of B-Type and C-Type, as well as E.D. Rainville’s \(\sigma \) -Type classification. Lastly, we cover J. Meixner’s approach to the same characterization problem studied by Sheffer and then discuss an extension of Meixner’s analysis by W.A. Al-Salam. Portions of the analysis addressed throughout this chapter are supplemented with informative concrete examples.
A Multiple Case Study of Two Teachers' Instructional Adaptations.

Scholars contend that effective teachers adapt their instruction to meet the particular needs of each student. However, little research has studied the ways in which teachers adapt their instruction or their reflections on these adaptations. This article describes a yearlong multiple case study focused on two teachers from different contexts: a Kindergarten teacher in a rural school in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and a sixth-grade teacher in a suburban school in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. This research replicates previous studies of adaptive teaching. Two researchers used classroom observations, post-observation interviews, and artefacts to document these teachers’ instructional adaptations and their reflections on these adaptations. Findings demonstrate the complexity of classroom instruction and the metacognitive processes teachers need to succeed in this complex environment. This study has implications for policy, teacher education, and professional development. Les chercheurs affirment que les enseignants efficaces adaptent leur enseignement de sorte a repondre aux besoins particuliers de chaque eleve. Toutefois, peu de recherche a porte sur les facons dont les enseignants le font ou sur leurs reflexions relatives a ces adaptations. Cet article decrit une etude de cas multiples qui a dure un an et a suivi des enseignants de contextes differents : un enseignant a la maternelle d’une ecole rurale dans le nord-ouest du Pacifique aux Etats-Unis et un enseignant en 6 e dans une ecole de banlieue dans les etats du centre du littoral de l’Atlantique des Etats-Unis. Cette recherche reproduit les etudes anterieures sur l’enseignement adapte. Pour recueillir les adaptations a l’enseignement et les reflexions des enseignants sur celles-ci, deux chercheurs ont eu recours a des observations en salle de classe, des entrevues apres les observations et des artefacts. Les resultats demontrent la complexite de l’enseignement en salle de classe et fait ressortir les processus metacognitifs dont ont besoin les enseignants afin de reussir dans ce milieu complexe. Cette etude a des retombees sur les politiques, la formation des enseignants et le developpement professionnel.
Measuring Emotion: Self-Reports vs. Physiological Indicators

While emotion has gained popularity in political science research, its measurement is still an open question. To date, most work on emotion and behavior relies on survey respondents to accurately and honestly report their emotional responses to relevant stimuli. While this strategy is relatively inexpensive and efficient, its accuracy has been called into question. More specifically, it has been suggested that people (1) have a difficult time pinpointing specific reasons for their attitudes, (2) hesitate to give honest answers when such answers are socially undesirable, and (3) rationalize their answers to such questions for various reasons. An alternative measurement strategy involves recording respondents' physiological responses to stimuli, which indicate activation of the autonomic nervous system. Unlike self-reports, physiological measures are not subject to social desirability bias, and they can capture aspects of emotional response that are beyond respondents' conscious control. Despite a wealth of research from both political science and psychology on the measurement characteristics of emotion self-reports and a large body of psychological research on physiological measures, there is a lack of understanding on the degree to which the two types of measures "converge." Our purpose here is two-fold. First, we examine the extent to which physiological reactions to stimuli influence self-reports. Second, we look for conditions under which one measure outperforms the other in terms of explanation/prediction. In short, we find that self reports are better predictors of political attitudes, but also, self-reports may provide biased estimates of emotions' effects on attitudes in respondents that score high on emotion regulation scales.
Reference and Information Services: An Introduction, Third Edition by Kay Ann Cassell and Uma Hiremath

The first two editions of this book, published in 2006 and 2009, were written for the “intrepid” librarian (as described by the authors) who faced so many new technologies and increasing numbers of...
A transformational journey through birth and death.

Pregnant and with ovarian cancer, a patient inspires a commitment to patient-centered care.
Pragmatism and the americanization of humanist sociology

L'A. tente de montrer que la theorie sociologique humaniste, contrairement a d'autres theories radicales, a ses racines dans la tradition intellectuelle Americaine, et en particulier dans le Pragmatisme Americain. Il opere notamment une distinction entre la theorie critique developpee par l'Ecole de Francfort et la sociologie humaniste. L'A. montre en quoi la sociologie humaniste va au-dela de l'ecole du Pragmatisme en ce qui concerne la reflexion sur les conditions sociales de la liberte
Patient Perceptions of Clinician Self-Management Support for Chronic Conditions

Objectives This study investigates the extent to which patients with chronic conditions perceive that they are receiving clinician self-management support for their conditions, and whether this perceived support is associated with self-management behaviors, such as exercise and taking medications for chronic conditions. Study design A survey of a representative sample of current and retired autoworkers and their spouses, all younger than 65 years, who are or were employed by the 3 major US automobile manufacturing companies. Methods An index of self-management support was constructed from 3 survey questions that asked respondents with chronic conditions about their perceived level of self-management support from clinicians. Multivariate regression analysis examined: a) the extent to which perceived self-management support was influenced by patient engagement and other patient factors, and b) whether self-management support and patient engagement were associated with self-management behaviors, including exercise, use of certain preventive care services, and taking medications for specific chronic conditions. Results Most patients with chronic conditions reported that their clinicians provide some degree of self-management support of their chronic conditions. The extent to which a patient is engaged with their medical care-such as taking notes or bringing along friends or relatives to ask questions-is strongly associated with perceptions that they receive self-management support from their clinicians. Receiving clinician self-management support was modestly associated with most self-management behaviors. Conclusions Receiving self-management support from clinicians can positively influence patient self-management of chronic conditions, but patient engagement with their own healthcare is crucial to whether patients perceive they are receiving such support. Moreover, while patient engagement may influence whether self-management support is given, the study results suggest that self-management support may be just as effective with patients who are less engaged with their healthcare.
Public Philosophy: Cross-cultural and Multi-disciplinary

In this paper I propose a future direction for comparative philosophy on which it enters the space of public philosophy by capitalizing on the fact that it is already cross-cultural, and adding multi-disciplinary research to its proper foundation. This is not a new thesis. Rather, it is an ideological articulation of thought that is already underway in what is sometimes called fusion philosophy, as found in the work of Evan Thompson, Jay Garfield, or Christian Coseru. My articulation begins with a non-exhaustive delineation of distinct types of public-philosophy that are already well known in the public space. One core distinction I draw concerns how the very notion of 'public philosophy' can be understood. I distinguish between the philosophy-to-public direction of fit, on which philosophers enter the public space for some public benefit, and the public-to-philosophy direction of fit, on which the public plays a constructive role in guiding philosophers in some important epistemic manner. Because my position engages the issue of whether "philosophy" can truly be found outside of the west, I offer an account of the relation between science, religion, and philosophy with respect to inquiry into the human condition. In doing so I offer an argument against the view that philosophy can only be found in the west based on the difference between a term in a language and what the term picks out. I close with a discussion of how analytic philosophy, comparative philosophy, and experimental philosophy can come together to form one kind of bidirectional public philosophy.