cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Trends in Underlying Etiologies in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: An Analysis in United States from 2002-2009 (IN2-2.003)

Objective: To determine the national trends in etiologic causes including large vessel disease, cardio-embolic disease, and other less prevalent causes such as arterial dissection and hypercoagulable states among patients admitted with ischemic stroke. Background Significant advancements in prevention of ischemic stroke related to atrial fibrillation and carotid stenosis are expected to reduce the rate of strokes related to such etiologies. Design/Methods: We identified all ischemic strokes admitted in United States from the Nationwide Inpatient Survey (NIS) dataset during the period ranging from 2002 to 2009. NIS is the largest all-payer inpatient care database in the United States focusing on identification, tracking, and analyzing national trends in health care utilization. We used the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) primary diagnosis codes to identify the patients admitted with ischemic stroke and the secondary diagnosis codes to identify patients with underlying carotid artery stenosis, atrial fibrillation, hypercoagulable states, and arterial dissection. Patients were further sub-stratified by age tertiles, ( 65years) and gender. Results: Of the 42, 78,993 ischemic stroke patients admitted during the study period, 1365938 (31.9%) were found to have carotid stenosis, 749084 (17.5%) had atrial fibrillation, 15189 (0.4%) had hypercoagulable states, and 13115 (0.3%) had underlying arterial dissection. Underlying atrial fibrillation increased from 16.2 – 18.6% (p=00), carotid stenosis from 27.8 to 33.7% (p=00), arterial dissection from 0.05 to 0.52% (p=00) from 2002-2009. No significant trends were noted within strata defined by gender or age. Conclusions: There appears to a continuing increase in ischemic stroke with underlying atrial fibrillation, carotid stenosis, and arterial dissections. Further primary prevention strategies are required to detect and modify the risk associated with such etiologies. Disclosure: Dr. Pawar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jadhav has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chaudhry has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hassan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rodriguez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Suri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Qureshi has nothing to disclose.
Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions

The long-held view that homeostatic mechanisms are integrated by the nervous and endocrine systems has recently been expanded by information that these systems interact with the immune system. Immune responses alter neural and endocrine function, and in turn, neural and endocrine activity modifies immunologic function1. Many regulatory peptides and their receptors previously thought to be limited to the brain or the immune system are now known to be expressed by both. Findings that link immune and neuroendocrine function provide explanations for the response of the pituitary and adrenal glands to infection and inflammation and the alterations in pituitary-thyroid and . . .
ScaffoldSeq: Software for characterization of directed evolution populations.

ScaffoldSeq is software designed for the numerous applications-including directed evolution analysis-in which a user generates a population of DNA sequences encoding for partially diverse proteins with related functions and would like to characterize the single site and pairwise amino acid frequencies across the population. A common scenario for enzyme maturation, antibody screening, and alternative scaffold engineering involves naive and evolved populations that contain diversified regions, varying in both sequence and length, within a conserved framework. Analyzing the diversified regions of such populations is facilitated by high-throughput sequencing platforms; however, length variability within these regions (e.g., antibody CDRs) encumbers the alignment process. To overcome this challenge, the ScaffoldSeq algorithm takes advantage of conserved framework sequences to quickly identify diverse regions. Beyond this, unintended biases in sequence frequency are generated throughout the experimental workflow required to evolve and isolate clones of interest prior to DNA sequencing. ScaffoldSeq software uniquely handles this issue by providing tools to quantify and remove background sequences, cluster similar protein families, and dampen the impact of dominant clones. The software produces graphical and tabular summaries for each region of interest, allowing users to evaluate diversity in a site-specific manner as well as identify epistatic pairwise interactions. The code and detailed information are freely available at http://research.cems.umn.edu/hackel. Proteins 2016; 84:869-874. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IceCube simulation production and the transition to IceProd2

IceCube's simulation production relies largely on dynamic, heterogeneous resources spread around the world. Datasets consist of many thousands of job workflow subsets running in parallel as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and using varying resources. IceProd is a set of Python daemons which process job workflow and maintain configuration and status information on jobs before, during, and after processing. IceProd manages a complex workflow of DAGs to distribute jobs across all computing grids and optimize resource usage. IceProd2 is a new version of IceProd with substantial increases in security, reliability, scalability, and ease of use. It is undergoing testing and will be deployed this fall.
Quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N Oxides I. Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli by 2,3-Dihydroxymethyl-quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N-oxide

SummaryThe effect of 2, 3-dihydroxy-methyl-quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N-oxide on the in-corporation of precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli 266 was studied using radioisotopic techniques. The data clearly indicate that the activity of 2, 3-dihyroxymethyl-quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N-oxide is in the inhibition of DNA synthesis although whether the effect is direct or indirect has not been clarified yet.
Effective Stimulation of Crop-Sacs by Prolactin in Hypophysecto-mized and in Adrenalectomized Pigeons

SummaryIn all of 20 pigeons completely hypophysectomized from 1 to 287 days earlier the crop-sacs were stimulated by prolactin to proliferation, and often to crop-milk formation within 4 days. These complete responses were obtained in both very immature and in adult individuals. Quantitative measurements made on the operated adults show, however. that their crop-sac response is only about one-eighth that of unoperated mature pigeons.Complete adrenalectomy did not prevent the usual response of the crop-sacs to prolactin in a test started 4 days after operation. Thyroidectomy did not significantly affect tlie usual crop-sac response to prolactin in a pigeon operated 176 days earlier.
Roles of Th17 cells and IL-17 expression in RSV bronchiolitis

Objectives To study the roles of Th17 cells in peripheral blood and the serum level of IL-17 in children with acute respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) bronchiolitis. Methods A total of 28 children with RSV bronchiolitis were selected as bronchiolitis group, among whom twelve cases were assigned into severe group and sixteen cases were assigned into mild group according to the severity of illness. Twelve cases with acute asthma were selected as asthma group. Ten children without recent infection waiting for surgery were chosen as controls. The percentage of Th17 cells in peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry. The serum level of IL-17 was detected by ELISA. The association of severity of illness with the percentage of Th17 cells and the level of IL-17 was studied in children with acute RSV bronchiolitis. Results The serum level of IL-17and the percentage of Th17 cells were significantly higher in the severe bronchiolitis group than those in the control group and mild bronchiolitis group(P0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the severe bronchiolitis group and the asthma group(P0.05). Conclusions The percentage of Th17 cells and serum level of IL-17 are increased in children with acute RSV bronchiolitis, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of RSV bronchiolitis.
Accidental Death of Residents in Wuhua County,2006-2011

Objective To investigate the trend of accidental death in Wuhua county,in order to provide the scientific basis for formulate the corresponding prevention and control strategy.Methods Collecting and analyzing the accidental death deta of all populations death monitoring data in Wuhua county in 2006 to 2011 years.Results 2328 people were accidental death,the average mortality rate was 30.18/105,accounted for 6.46% and ranked No.5 of all causes of death.The accidental death rate of male and female were 39.38/105 and 20.43/105 respectively.The rate of male was higher than that of female.The top of accidental death causes were motor vehicle traffic accident,drowning,suicide,accidental drop and accidental poisoning.Except the zero age group,the accidental death ascended following growing age.Drowning was the first accidental death cause of the groups of age 0 to 4 and age 5 to14 years old,with the composition ratio of 63.58% and 57.08%.Motor vehicle traffic accident was the top one of 15 years old or above the group.Suicide was the 2nd place of the groups of age 25 to 59.Accidental falling off was the 2nd place of 60 years old or above the group.Conclusion Accidental injury were already becoming was the main death causes of residents in Wuhua county.The main accidental death causes were traffic accidents,drowning and suicide,therefore the government should enhance the attention,and fully implemented the three-grade injury prevention strategy measures to control.
The binding of sulfaphenazole to fetal, neonatal, and adult human plasma albumin.

In man, sulfaphenazole has a lower affinity for the albumin of the fetus and neonate than for that of the adult. Removal of bound endogenous anions from neonatal albumin by treatment with charcoal at pH 3.0 restored the affinity of the protein for sulfaphenazole to the adult level. Prior treatment of adult albumin with bilirubin reduced the affinity of the protein for sulfaphenazole to that observed in fetal and neonatal albumins. Thus the reduced affinity of su1faphenazole for fetal and neonatal albumin compared to that for adult albumin probably is the result of the presence of a tightly bound endogenous ligand, such as bilirubin, on fetal and neonatal albumin.
Thomson Scattering Diagnostic for Intense Relativistic Electron Beam Experiments

Thomson scattering (TS) of ruby laser light by plasma electrons has become a widely used diagnostic for making non-perturbing, accurate measurements of electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) with good spatial and temporal resolution [1]. The application of TS reported here is unusual in its requirement for fast time resolution (~ 1 nsec), and is unique as regards the harsh experimental environment in which good signal-to-noise has been obtained [2]. The adverse environment includes high doses of X-rays and EMP, as well as high fill pressures (5-630 Torr) of air in which the plasma is created, and the attendant problems with luminescence of the air and laser breakdown of the air.
Nucleation of marine aerosols: A Laboratory observation

Publisher Summary The impact of atmospheric aerosol—that is, solid or liquid particles, on the radiation budget of the earth–atmosphere system is manifold, either directly through scattering and absorption in the solar and thermal infrared spectral ranges or indirectly by the modification of the microphysical properties of clouds, which affect their radiative properties. The generation of maritime cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) through the ejection of jet and film droplets from bursting whitecap-produced bubbles on the ocean surface is well documented. The processes involved in the transformation—evaporation and crystallization—of these liquid droplets into their solid form under varying conditions has not previously attracted much attention from atmospheric researchers.
Work-Up of the Patient with Acute Neurological or Psychiatric Manifestations

Many inherited metabolic diseases lead to neurologic or psychiatric manifestations, often as the leading symptoms. A substantial number of patients present with acute encephalopathy to emergency departments where the emergency doctor/neurologist is confronted with coma, acute ataxia, extrapyramidal symptoms, stroke, and/or psychosis. Metabolic disorders must be included in the diagnostic work-up from the beginning. Acute metabolic cerebral edema must be especially quickly recognized and treated in order to prevent herniation and death. All too often, only a diagnosis of encephalitis is initially pursued. In addition to diagnostic constellations of metabolites in body fluids, important diagnostic clues, such as white matter abnormalities, cortical or cerebellar atrophy, and injury of the basal ganglia, can be derived from cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Spectral distribution of the product of two random matrices based on binary block codes

In this paper, we study the spectral distribution of the product of two random matrices based on binary block codes, and prove that if the dual distances of the underlying codes are large enough, the asymptotic spectral distribution will be close to a deterministic limit in the sense of Le´vy distance. These results extend our previous work on this topic, and strengthen its applications to joint randomness testing.
Developing Consumer-Centered Healthcare Public Reports: Understanding the Healthcare Consumers’ Decision Making Process

One of the key challenges for designers of healthcare public reports is the development of a presentation format that accurately communicates the variability in the quality of care among hospital s...
Retrograde–Antegrade Accelerated Trap Obliteration: A Modified Approach to Transvenous Eradication of Gastric Varices

This series presents a hybrid technique for obliteration of gastric varices (GVs) termed retrograde-antegrade accelerated trap obliteration that employs sclerosant agent instillation under concurrent inflow and outflow vessel occlusion with coils or plugs. Six patients (mean age, 56 y) with GVs were treated in 2014 and 2015. Technical success rate was 100%. Five patients completed 30-day follow-up. There were no procedure-related complications, and clinical success rate was 100%, with no bleeding recurrence over a mean follow-up of 298 days ± 178. GV obliteration rate was 100% (n = 4) at a mean of 157 days ± 158. This limited experience suggests that the described technique represents a viable approach to GV obliteration.
ISOTERMAS DE DESSORÇÃO DAS SEMENTES DE PIMENTA MALAGUETA

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as isotermas de dessorcao das sementes de pimenta malagueta para as temperaturas de 30 a 50 °C e atividade de agua entre 0,29 a 0,90 (decimal) utilizando o metodo estatico-gravimetrico. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o modelo de Oswin Modificado foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais das isotermas de dessorcao, para o intervalo de temperatura e atividades estudadas sobre a agua. Observou-se tambem que, as isotermas possuem formato sigmoidal, caracteristico do tipo II, e que para um valor constante de atividade de agua com aumento da temperatura ha uma reducao do teor de agua de equilibrio.
Demographic Change, Latino Countermobilization, and the Politics of Immigration in US Senate Campaigns:

Demographic changes from decades of mass immigration and shifts in internal migration patterns are upending the traditional racial composition of many states throughout the United States, transform...
Nematode C. elegans: Genetic Dissection of Pathways Regulating Seizure and Epileptic-Like Behaviors

Abstract The past decade has seen increasing reports on genetic variants associated with human diseases. Determining the causality of such variants requires better understanding of the functions of disease-associated genes. Researches conducted using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have had tremendous impact in the discovery of fundamental mechanisms underlying the development and function of the nervous system. This chapter focuses on studies relevant to the overarching goals in the investigation of causes and cures in seizure and epilepsy. Many genes implicated in seizure or epilepsy in humans are conserved in C. elegans. Genetic dissection of seizure or epilepsy-like phenotypes in C. elegans has revealed molecular and physiological similarities to those implicated in human epileptogenesis. Here, we review the studies using C. elegans locomotor circuit to model seizure/epilepsy, and further discuss how the findings can contribute to the mechanistic understanding of genetic factors in the treatment of seizure and epilepsy.
Performance and Cost Considerations for Providing Geo-Elasticity in Database Clouds

Online applications that serve global workload have become a norm and those applications are experiencing not only temporal but also spatial workload variations. In addition, more applications are hosting their backend tiers separately for benefits such as ease of management. To provision for such applications, traditional elasticity approaches that only consider temporal workload dynamics and assume well-provisioned backends are insufficient. Instead, in this article, we propose a new type of provisioning mechanisms—geo-elasticity, by utilizing distributed clouds with different locations. Centered on this idea, we build a system called DBScale that tracks geographic variations in the workload to dynamically provision database replicas at different cloud locations across the globe. Our geo-elastic provisioning approach comprises a regression-based model that infers database query workload from spatially distributed front-end workload, a two-node open queueing network model that estimates the capacity of databases serving both CPU and I/O-intensive query workloads and greedy algorithms for selecting best cloud locations based on latency and cost. We implement a prototype of our DBScale system on Amazon EC2’s distributed cloud. Our experiments with our prototype show up to a 66% improvement in response time when compared to local elasticity approaches.
A Coordinated Utility Emergency Response: Addressing Information-Sharing Barriers for Utilities and Emergency Response Organizations

Natural gas is an increasingly important energy source for the United States and is being used in more critical operations, such as power plants, military installations, and hospitals. These facilities and others are increasingly turning toward natural-gas-powered distributed generation (DG) and microgrids to provide reliable generation. DG provides back-up power for communications, water and waste water pumping, and other critical facilities, with a growing need for communications to drive sensor and control functions for other utility infrastructures. Damage to natural gas infrastructures can have cascading impacts throughout the energy supply chain.
Interactions between wingless and frizzled molecules in Drosophila.

Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying growth and patterning of tissues has been enormously increased due to a convergence of the fields of developmental genetics and cancer research. Systematic screens in organisms such as Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and more recently the zebrafish have produced a wealth of genes and proteins that regulate development. At the same time, searches for genes implicated in cancer, either as dominant or as recessive (tumor suppressor) genes, have yielded an equally impressive list of important regulators of growth. There are now also numerous examples of genes found to control normal growth but to cause cancerous growth when misregulated. One of the best examples is the Wnt gene family. We will summarize our current view of how Wnt proteins signal, and the evidence that proteins of the Frizzled (Fz) family mediate Wnt signaling by acting as specific cell surface receptors.
Emergency Medicine Resident Self-Assessment of Clinical Teaching Compared to Student Evaluation Using a Previously Validated Rubric.

Abstract Purpose The quality of clinical teaching in the emergency department from the students' perspective has not been previously described in the literature. Our goals were to assess senior residents' teaching ability from the resident/teacher and student/learner viewpoints for any correlation, and to explore any gender association. The secondary goal was to evaluate the possible impact of gender on the resident/student dyad, an interaction that has previously been studied only in the faculty/student pairing. Methods After approval by an institutional review board, a 1-year, grant-funded, single-site, prospective study was implemented at a regional medical campus that sponsors a 4-year dually approved emergency medicine residency. The residency hosts both medical school students (MSs) and physician's assistant students (PAs). Each student and senior resident working concurrently completed a previously validated ER Scale, which measured residents' teaching performance in 4 categories: Didactic, Clinical, Approachable, and Helpful. Students evaluated residents' teaching, while residents self-assessed their performance. The participants' demographic characteristics gathered included prior knowledge of or exposure to clinical teaching models. Gender was self-reported by participants. The analysis accounted for multiple observations by comparing participants' mean scores. Findings Ninety-nine subjects were enrolled; none withdrew consent. Thirty-seven residents (11 women) and 62 students (39 women) from 25 MSs and 6 PA schools were enrolled, completing 517 teaching assessments. Students evaluated residents more favorably in all ER Scale categories than did residents on self-assessments (P Implications MS and PA students evaluated teaching by EM senior residents statistically significantly higher than did EM residents on self-evaluation when using the ER Scale. Students did not evaluate residents' teaching with any difference by gender, although male residents routinely self-assessed their teaching abilities more positively than did female residents. These findings suggest that, if residency programs utilize resident self-evaluation for programmatic evaluation, the gender of the resident may impact self-scoring. This cohort may inform future study of resident teaching in the emergency department, such as the design of future resident-as-teacher curricula.
Destructive testing and computer modeling of a scale prestressed concrete I-girder bridge

Abstract Currently, there is a limited amount of published information on failures of prestressed concrete bridges subjected to shear and moment. A scale prestressed concrete bridge was constructed to investigate the ultimate behavior of the bridge with particular focus on load distribution after cracking and on contribution of full-depth diaphragms to structural capacity. A point load was applied at the quarter-span point of the bridge over an interior girder. As the loaded girder failed, the diaphragm-girder connection cracked. Torsion was observed to cause cracking in the exterior girder and the end diaphragm rotated away from the bridge as the deck deformed. A punching shear failure ended the test, however damage indicative of two-way slab behavior was observed in the deck. This failure suggests that post girder failure, the diaphragms provide an important means of load transfer, allowing moment redistribution in the deck and potentially increasing capacity. Testing in the elastic range compared favorably with respect to deflections and shear distribution factors from a grillage model, a 2-D finite element model and a 3-D finite element model.
Linguistic Influence on Russian and American Ethnobiological Categorization

In the Russian language, nouns are classified by gender and animacy, whereas in English, nouns are not. Using triad-sorts of names for biological and non-biological taxa, a comparison of results provided by native speakers of both languages reveals that cognitive categorizations of animate and inanimate nomenclatural forms differ significantly between speakers of Russian and American English. Speakers of American English appear to categorize names for living nouns more by phenotype than do Russians, who in turn appear to classify nouns more frequently on the basis of linguistic features such as gender. These results are believed to be pertinent to the elicitation and construction of folk ethnobiology taxonomies.
Magnetoreception and Biomineralization of Magnetite in Amphibians and Reptiles

Many amphibians and reptiles are seasonally migratory, traveling to and from suitable breeding, feeding, or hibernation grounds. These creatures also carry out small-scale directed movements in local areas. As juveniles, they must locate appropriate areas for growth and maturation, often in environments vastly different from those into which they hatched. Thus, soon after hatching, sea turtles scrabble up through the sand and find their way down the beach to the ocean, while tadpoles, after spending several weeks in an aquatic environment, metamorphose into frogs and climb out of their ponds onto dry land. As adults, the amphibians and reptiles slither, stalk, or swim about in search of food and shelter and to escape predators.
Genitourinary manifestations of endometriosis with emphasis on the urinary tract

Endometriosis is a common benign condition affecting women. The disease has a broad spectrum of presentations from incidental lesions in asymptomatic women to causing significant and debilitating morbidity in others. Ectopic endometrial glands are located in predictable locations throughout the pelvis, including implantation on the ovaries and in the rectouterine cul-de-sac. Less commonly, the urinary tract may be involved. As genitourinary manifestations may remain symptomatically occult or masquerade as other diagnoses, it is essential for the radiologist to be aware of the imaging features, consider this diagnosis, and potentially save the patient from delayed treatment.
Mol­ecular and crystal structure, lattice energy and DFT calculations of two 2′-(nitro­benzo­yloxy)aceto­phenone isomers

The two isomers 2′-(4-nitro­benzo­yloxy)aceto­phenone (systematic name: 2-acetyl­phenyl 4-nitro­benzoate) (I) and 2′-(2-nitro­benzo­yloxy)aceto­phenone (systematic name: 2-acetyl­phenyl 2-nitro­benzoate) (II), both C15H11NO5, with para and ortho positions of the nitro substituent have been crystallized and studied. It is evident that the variation in the position of the nitro group causes a significant difference in the mol­ecular conformations: the dihedral angle between the aromatic fragments in the mol­ecule of I is 84.80 (4)°, while that in the mol­ecule of II is 6.12 (7)°. Diffraction analysis revealed the presence of a small amount of water in the crystal of I. DFT calculations of the mol­ecular energy demonstrate that the ortho substituent causes a higher energy for isomer II, while crystal lattice energy calculations show that the values are almost equal for two isomers.
Building Grounds for Release: Women’s Perceptions of a Community Corrections Program

Few studies have examined the role halfway houses play in helping women navigate the transition from prison to community. To add to this research, my article explores the perceptions and experiences of women residing at a New Jersey female halfway house upon their release from prison. In-depth qualitative interviews with 33 women that I conducted were analyzed to understand the prison to halfway house transition. The study aims to answer the following questions: How does the halfway house help and/or hinder the reentry process? How do women perceive the halfway house during this transitional phase? The results of my research provides support for the argument that more residential opportunities should be provided for returning prisoners as they begin the reentry process.
The Role of Conjunctive Representations in Regulating Actions

Abstract Action selection appears to rely on conjunctive representations that nonlinearly integrate task-relevant features (Kikumoto & Mayr, 2020). We test here the corollary hypothesis that such representations are also intricately involved during attempts to stop an action—a key aspect of action regulation. We tracked both conjunctive representations and those of constituent rule, stimulus, or response features through trial-by-trial representational similarity analysis of the EEG signal in a combined, rule-selection and stop-signal paradigm. Across two experiments with student participants (N = 57), we found (a) that the strength of decoded conjunctive representations prior to the stop signal uniquely predicted trial-by-trial stopping success (Exp. 1) and (b) that these representations were selectively suppressed following the onset of the stop signal (Exp. 1 and 2). We conclude that conjunctive representations are key to successful action execution and therefore need to be suppressed when an intended action is no longer appropriate. Statement of Relevance Some theorists have posited that as a necessary step during action selection, action-relevant features need to be combined within a conjunctive representation that is more than the sum if its basic features. Consequently, such representations should also play a critical role when trying to stop an intended action—a key aspect of self-regulation. However direct evidence of conjunctive representations has been elusive. Using a method for tracking both conjunctive and basic-feature representations on a trial-by-trial basis in the EEG signal, we show that the stronger the conjunctive representations, the harder it was to stop the intended action. Furthermore, the stopping process also selectively reduced the strength of conjunctive representations. These results further our knowledge about action regulation by showing that conjunctive representations are a necessary precursor for carrying out actions successfully and for that reason also need to be the target of self-regulatory stopping attempts.
Use of intracavitary-ECG for tip location of femorally inserted central catheters.

Femorally inserted central catheters (FICCs) are frequently required for central access in children. Ultrasound can accurately locate the catheter tip in most cases and its use is increasing in cli...
Young adult food safety knowledge gaps and perceptions of roommates’ food handling practices: A survey of university students in Indiana

Abstract A lack of safe food handling knowledge and practices can contribute to a higher risk of foodborne illnesses from meals prepared at home. Young adults, an important consumer group, can be at an increased risk for foodborne illness due to their risky food behaviors. This study surveyed university students, as examples of young adults, to identify food safety knowledge, reveal knowledge gaps, and explore perception change resulting from living with roommates. The survey included questions about food safety knowledge, self-efficacy of safe food handling practices, and participants' perceptions of their roommates' safe food handling capabilities. A total of 2678 students completed the survey. Gender, age, previous food safety training, college major, and ethnicity have a significant impact on students’ food safety knowledge. White (non-Hispanic) students had a higher knowledge score (7.68) than Asian (6.19) or Hispanic (6.57) students. Similarly, students in biology-focused majors had higher scores (7.78) than those not in biology-focused majors (7.11). Most students (65%) did not know that meat and poultry should not be washed under running water. Many students failed to practice food safety recommendations, such as using food thermometers, even if they knew it was the correct thing to do. Most students (57%) believed they did a better job of keeping the kitchen clean than their roommates (23%). As the number of roommates in the house increased, participants were 1.60 times more likely to believe that their kitchen would be in better condition if they did not have any roommates. Future food safety education programs should be developed to fill the knowledge gaps and address challenges facing young adults especially when living with roommates. Educators can create food safety materials for those who are entering university which will prepare them for ahead of time. Materials can also target current university students, those who are not in biology-focused majors, and those from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
Input From Practice: Reshaping Dental Education for Integrated Patient Care

Among the primary challenges in advancing the practice of integrated primary dental and medical health care is the appropriate educational and clinical preparation of a dental workforce that can function and flourish within integrated care environments. Most dental schools train to traditional concepts and standards of dental care delivery which may be inconsistent with those of integrated care and could deter the entry and retention of graduates in contemporary, non-traditional practice models. To better understand how the dental school curriculum should be modified to accommodate integrative care models, a number of patient care organizations actively engaged in dental-medical integration were site visited to gain insight into the readiness of newer graduates, with emphasis on the DMD/DDS graduate, to function in integrated practice. Leaders, practicing clinicians and staff were interviewed and common observations and themes were documented. Conclusions and recommendations from this interview series were recently published in a five-part Special Report in the Journal of Dental Education.(1–5) This current manuscript will focus on those educational components that integrated care organizations identify as absent or inadequate in current dentist training which must be addressed to meet the unique expectations and requirements of integrated patient care. These changes appear pivotal in the preparation of a dental clinician workforce that is respectful and receptive to new practice concepts, adaptative to new practice models, and competent in new care delivery systems.
Seek and Find: Current Prospective Evidence for Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Imaging to Detect Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Context Men with biochemically relapsed prostate cancer face a clinical conundrum. Depending on the detected distribution of disease, treatment goals may range from cure with focal therapy to palliative with systemic therapy to expectant observation. Retrospective studies of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based imaging demonstrate higher disease detection rates than conventional imaging. Objective This review focuses on available prospective evidence for diagnostic use of PSMA-based imaging to accurately restage recurrent prostate cancer and explores the potential clinical impact, near future uses, and challenges for PSMA-based imaging in this setting. Evidence acquisition PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for prospective studies with primary, secondary, or exploratory endpoints evaluating PSMA-based imaging for patients with recurrent prostate cancer published in English in the past 10 yrs. Evidence synthesis We reviewed 48 prospective studies evaluating the role of PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) in recurrent prostate cancer. These studies establish the diagnostic accuracy and safety of PSMA PET using the 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-DCFPyL radiotracers even at lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (0.5 ≤ PSA Conclusions There is now higher-level regulatory-quality prospective evidence for PSMA-based imaging for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer. There is prospective evidence of superiority over cross-sectional imaging and bone scintigraphy, as well as for the alterations in disease management as a result of PSMA-based imaging. Patient summary When the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is rising after primary therapy, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) is excellent at detecting and localizing prostate cancer, even at low PSA levels. Those who benefit best from treatment modifications based on PSMA PET findings are yet to be defined.
Probability and Random Variables

A brief outline of the important ideas and results from classical theory of measure and probability are presented in this chapter. This is not intended for the first reading of the subjects, but rather as a review and a reference. In the last section we lay out some basic notations that will be repeatedly used throughout the book.
Automated Detection and Classification of Pavement Distresses using 3D Pavement Surface Images and Deep Learning

Pavement distresses lead to pavement deterioration and failure. Accurate identification and classification of distresses helps agencies evaluate the condition of their pavement infrastructure and a...
Fascist foodways: Ricettari as propaganda for grain production and sexual reproduction

Food connects people and land, a link that the Italian Fascist regime exploited through their seizure of local culinary culture for the promotion of national demographic goals. This article traces ...
Theory of mind, mental state talk, and discourse comprehension: Theory of mind process is more important for narrative comprehension than for informational text comprehension.

Abstract We investigated the relations among theory of mind (ToM), mental state talk, and discourse comprehension. Specifically, we examined the frequency of mental state talk in children’s oral recall of narrative texts and informational texts as well as relations among ToM, mental state talk (inclusion of mental state words in the recall of narrative and informational texts), and narrative and informational text comprehension. Results from children in Grade 4 (N = 132; Mage = 10.39 years) revealed that a greater number of mental state talk instances appeared in children’s recall of narrative texts than in their recall of informational texts, but the mean number also differed across texts within a genre. ToM skill predicted the extent of mental state talk in narrative texts and informational texts, and the relation was stronger for narrative texts than for informational texts, after accounting for vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, working memory, and attentional control. Mental state talk in narrative texts was extremely strongly related to narrative comprehension, whereas mental state talk in informational texts was weakly related to informational text comprehension. Results suggest that ToM skill relates to mental state talk in the recall of texts, and both ToM and mental state talk play greater roles in comprehension of narrative texts than in comprehension of informational texts.
Serotype-based evaluation of an optogenetic construct in rat cortical astrocytes

Optogenetics is a modern technique which has been recently expanded to non-neuronal cell types, e.g., astrocytes, and involves targeted gene delivery of light-sensitive ion channels like Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Optogenetic regulation of astrocytic activity can be used for therapeutic intervention of several neurological disorders. Astrocytic gene delivery, viz adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, have proven to be robust, time-, and cost-efficient contrary to the generation of transgenic animal models. When transducing astrocytes with an AAV vector, it is imperative to perform a serotype evaluation of the AAV vector due to variability in serotype transduction efficiency depending on species, target region and construct length. Rats have been a very successful animal model for studying a variety of brain disorders, from which ChR2-based intervention of astrocytes will benefit. However, the most efficient AAV capsid serotype targeting astrocytes for ChR2 expression in the in vivo rat brain cortex has not been characterized. To address this, we have evaluated AAV serotypes 1, 5, and 8 of the vector AAV-GFAP-hChR2(H134)-mCherry targeting astrocytes in the rat brain neocortex. Results show that serotype 8 exhibits promising transduction patterns, as it has demonstrated the highest tangential and radial viral spread in the rat brain. Our research will facilitate translational research for future applications of optogenetics involving the transduction of rat brain cortical astrocytes.
Personalization, Fairness, and Post-Userism

The incorporation of fairness-aware machine learning presents a challenge for creators of personalized systems, such as recommender systems found in e-commerce, social media, and elsewhere. These systems are designed and promulgated as providing services tailored to each individual user’s unique needs. However, fairness may require that other objectives, possibly in conflict with personalization, also be satisfied. The theoretical framework of post-userism, which broadens the focus of design in HCI settings beyond the individual end user, provides an avenue for this integration. However, in adopting this approach, developers will need to offer new, more complex narratives of what personalized systems do and whose needs they serve.
Treatment of Musculo-Skeletal Disorders

Movement of the body or any of its external parts is made possible by what may be called the musculo-skeletal system. This consists of the bony skeleton which holds the body together and provides a framework for support, and joints which permit the various kinds of movement. The extensive and powerful movements of the arms and legs, the skilled and intricate movements of the fingers, the expressive movements of the face and jaw, the limited twisting movements in the spinal column are all activities of the musculo-skeletal system. The power for these movements is provided by actively contracting muscles. Strong tendons and ligaments hold the bones together and attach the muscles to the bones. Finally, the control of these movements is provided by the nervous system, the brain which determines the nature of the voluntary as well as the involuntary movements, the nerves which carry the impulses from the brain to the muscles it directs, and the reflex arc which provides a constant tone or tension to the muscles and keeps them from being flabby when not actively and forcefully contracting. The proper integration of these makes possible smooth, coordinated, powerful, skilled and purposeful movements. A disturbance in any of these may cause muscular movements to be painful, involuntary, weak, jerky, gross, uncoordinated or purposeless.
A Multiagent Approach to Identifying Innovative Component Selection

Though there is a clear correlation between profitability and innovativeness, the steps that lead to designing a “creative” product are elusive. In order to learn from past design successes, we must identify the impact of design choices on the innovativeness of an entire product. This problem of quantifying the impact of design choices on a final product is analogous to the problem of ‘credit assignment’ in a multiagent system. We use recent advances in multiagent credit assignment to propagate a product’s innovativeness back to its components. To validate our approach we analyze products from the Design Repository, which contains thousands of products that have been decomposed into functions and components. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach by assessing and propagating innovation evaluations of a set of products down to the component level. We then illustrate the usefulness of the gathered component-level innovation scores by illustrating a product redesign.
Search Intermediary Elicitations During Mediated Online Searching

What elicitations or requests for information do human search intermediaries make to patrons search with information requests that require an online search? What intermediary elicitations occur before and during an online search? Why do human search intermediaries make elicitations? This study reported in this paper investigated search intermediary elicitations during mediated online searching. A study of 40 online reference interviews involving 1557 search intermediary elicitations, found 15 different types of search intermediary elicitations to patrons. The elicitation purposes included search terms and strategies, database selection, relevance of retrieved items, and patrons' knowledge and previous information-seeking. Analysis of the patterns in the types and sequencing of elicitations showed significant strings of multiple elicitations regarding search terms and strategies, and relevance judgments. This paper discusses the implications of the findings for training search intermediaries and the design of interfaces eliciting information from end-users.
On producing exactly rounded results in digit-serial on-line arithmetic

The input and output of an on-line computation involving redundant numbers must generally be compatible with standard nonredundant formats. When rounding of a result is required in the last computation step, the process can be combined with on-the-fly conversion of the redundant output into nonredundant form and thus introduces no extra delay. However, if multiple on-line operations are to be performed before obtaining a final result, the preceding method would be inapplicable to the intermediate results. We present a solution scheme where rounding (subtraction of ulp, no action, addition of ulp) is represented by an additional digit attached to the number, thus obviating the need for modifying any of the previously produced digits. This added digit forms a second least-significant digit (LSD), leading to the designation "double-LSD numbers" for the resulting representation. We show that on-line arithmetic with double-LSD numbers is only slightly more complex than with ordinary signed-digit numbers.
When Animal Owners Attack: Veterinary Malpractice in Illinois

Although many attorneys are knowledgeable of medical and legal malpractice, few are familiar with veterinary malpractice. This article will explain the evolving role animals are taking in shaping malpractice law, how the State of Illinois is specifically affected, and why animal-related practice might become more common in the future.
Limitations imposed by Fabry-Perot sliding filters on soliton WDM transmission

Summary form only given. In a soliton transmission line with Fabry-Perot etalons as sliding-frequency guiding filters, the channel spacing is determined by the separation between the frequencies at the peaks of the filter transmission function. By changing the free spectral range of the filter one may bring the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) channels closer. On the other hand, the filter characteristics cannot be changed arbitrarily because at some parameter values the soliton cease to propagate stably. We analyze how closely one can bring WDM channels with Fabry Perot etalons while maintaining stable soliton propagation.
PERCOLATIVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN Mg1-xB2

Using various synthesis techniques, we have obtained a number of interesting results regarding the magnesium diboride system. First, we have observed a maximum Tc of 42 K in Mg1-xB2 films on crystalline boron substrates, which is significantly higher than the reported value of 39 K. Furthermore, our study of Mg-vacant Mg1-xB2 specimens, fabricated by using high-pressure (35 MPa) sintering, provides convincing evidence for electronic phase separation, probably induced by Mg-vacancy clustering.
Effects of Multi-Scale Heterogeneity

At different measurement scales it is possible that different variability in local properties can dominate the process of upscaling. This chapter addresses a number of such complex media and shows how it may be possible to use percolation concepts at, e.g., both the pore scale and at the geologic scale in the same problem. At the same time it demonstrates that, for the case of nested heterogeneity, the scale dependence of the mean permeability can be understood only when it is clear that the effective permeability at a given scale has no relationship to the mean value of the permeability at smaller scales.