cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stretching Law of War Detention Too Far

This article focuses specifically on the appropriateness of indefinite detention under the laws of war that the Obama Administration is establishing for certain detainees currently at Guantanamo, and possibly others in the future. In particular, this article argues that the indefinite detention regime ongoing and proposed for the future diverges in critical ways from traditional law of war detention.Although additional process is a positive step, process alone cannot answer deeper questions about the lawfulness of an indefinite detention regime in general or the lawfulness of such detention for particular individuals. One important foundational question, therefore, is whether characterizing the detention of these forty-eight individuals – and likely others in the future – as “under the laws of war” is truly an accurate label. The law of war does indeed provide for detention without charge of both prisoners of war and civilians in certain circumstances; the question here is whether the indefinite detention currently at issue can truly be called “law of war” detention or whether it is a perversion of that concept, the proverbial square peg in a round hole.This article highlights three problems with the current and proposed indefinite detention of terrorist suspects, problems that expose how this system stretches the traditional notion of law of war detention beyond its limits – problems of definition, problems of purpose and problems of posture. Problems of definition involve the geography of the battlefield and the temporal parameters of a conflict with terrorist groups. Problems of purpose occur because the nature of the current indefinite detention regime suggests that the detention is punitive in nature, even if not formally so, whereas law of war detention is traditionally protective in purpose and scope. Problems of posture exist because the indefinite detention regime is a system created in a reactive posture, one designed to meet a desired result rather than one developed proactively within an existing legal framework. While there is no doubt that new conflicts pose new questions and challenges, the failure to engage in foundational discussions about the nature of U.S. counter-terrorism goals and legal parameters has meant that the U.S. is continually operating from a reactive posture rather than on the basis of established criteria, standards and guidelines for future engagements. The end result: indefinite detention cannot rightly be termed “law of war detention” or detention “under the laws of war” without unduly stretching the fabric of traditional law of war detention too far.
GRIN lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography with fast dynamic focus tracking

In this manuscript, a GRIN (gradient index) lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with dynamic focus tracking is presented. Current endoscopic OCT systems have a fixed focal plane or working distance. In contrast, the focus of this endoscopic OCT probe can dynamically be adjusted at a high speed (500 mm/s) without changing reference arm length to obtain high quality OCT images for contact or non-contact tissue applications, or for areas of difficult access for probes. The dynamic focusing range of the probe can be from 0 to 7.5 mm without moving the probe itself. The imaging depth is 2.8 mm and the lateral scanning range is up to 2.7 mm or 4.5 mm (determined by the diameter of different GRIN lens rods). Three dimensional imaging can be performed using this system over an area of tissue corresponding to the GRIN lens surface. The experimental results demonstrate that this GRIN lens rod based OCT system can perform a high quality non-contact in vivo imaging. This rigid OCT probe is solid and can be adapted to safely access internal organs, to perform front or side view imaging with an imaging speed of 8 frames per second, with all moving parts proximal to the GRIN lens, and has great potential for use in extremely compact OCT endoscopes for in vivo imaging in both biological research and clinical applications.
Fast and slow implementations of relaxed clock methods show similar patterns of accuracy in estimating divergence times

Phylogenetic analyses are using increasingly larger data sets for estimating divergence times. With this increase in data sizes, the computation time required is becoming a bottleneck in evolutionary investigations. Our recent study of two relaxed-clock programs (BEAST and MultiDivTime [MDT]) showed their usefulness in time estimation; however, they place a significant computational time burden on biologists even for moderately small data sets. Here, we report speed and accuracy of another relaxed-clock program (MCMCTree, MC2T). We find it to be much faster than both MDT and BEAST while producing comparable time estimates. These results will encourage the analysis of larger data sets as well as the evaluation of the robustness of estimated times to changes in the model of evolutionary rates and clock calibrations.
Letter by Wexler and Feldman regarding article, "Socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis".

We read with great interest the research by Ranjit et al1 in the November 20, 2007, issue of Circulation . The link between socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in blacks, is well documented.2,3 As discussed by Ranjit et al,1 what is less clear is whether inflammation is linked to SEP and CVD. Should it become possible to explain the linkage between SEP, CVD, and inflammation, it would then theoretically become possible to target multipart interventions designed to address these various factors. Ranjit et al1 …
Self-Organization and Migration of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Filaments in Argon Gas Flow

Observations of atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge are conducted through a water-filled electrode in atmospheric-pressure argon gas flow. Quasi-symmetric self-organized discharge filaments were observed. The streamers moved with the gas flow, and the migration velocity increased with increasing gas velocity.
Determination of surface coverage for tetraphenylporphyrin monolayers using ultraviolet visible absorption and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies

The surface coverage of thiolated tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives assembled on gold has been determined using ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy was used to calculate the surface concentration of porphyrin molecules through two independent approaches: the first measured the porphyrin concentration in solution after the displacement of a porphyrin monolayer from the gold surface; and the second directly exploited the absorptivity of the monolayers. Furthermore, we determined experimentally the extinction coefficients for the porphyrin monolayers and verified that the extinction coefficients are in agreement with a simple theoretical model that is frequently applied to porphyrin monolayers. Two separate models, both based on a uniform overlayer, were applied to the XPS data to determine the surface concentration of the porphyrin monolayers. Finally, for comparison of the UV/Vis and XPS results, a model of an ordered tetraphenylporphyrin arrangement on a surface was utilized to calculate coverage. The results of these two spectroscopic techniques differed by as much as a factor of 4, but they were generally comparable to those for related porphyrin systems. Determination of the surface coverage of monolayers is often challenging, thus the comparison of two independent experimental techniques allows for a more accurate estimation of monolayer coverage, and demonstrates the often unrealized potential to calculate the coverage of organic monolayers using XPS. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A neural network-based approach to active structural mode suppression for flexible transport aircraft

The dynamics of the first few structural bending modes in large, flexible transport aircraft are typically characterized by low frequency and light damping. In a scenario where the frequencies of these modes are in close proximity with the rigid body modes, notch filtering yields undesirable results, and active control must be used to suppress structural excitation. This paper develops a methodology for the design of a structural mode suppression system using an ordered neural network-based approach. The resulting control system is robust over a set of linear plant models, which are used as a training set during the neural control design process for the original nonlinear system.
Mother—infant bonding: The status of this critical-period hypothesis

Bonding is the process which occurs soon after birth in which a mother forms an affectionate attachment to her infant. Early research suggested that separation of mother from the infant in the first postpartum hours and days damages the formation of that bond with deleterious consequences for maternal behavior and child development. Much of the more recent research refutes these findings. The research both favoring and not favoring the bonding hypothesis is critically reviewed, with the evidence generally not supporting the notion that early and extended contact is crucial to the mother—infant bond.
Synthetic Support of De Novo Design: Sterically Bulky [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Models

A twisted mimic: Upon oxidation of [(μ-SCH2C(CH3)2CH2S-){FeI(CO)2PMe3}2], rearrangement yields the mixed-valent FeIFeII cation in a square-pyramid/inverted square-pyramid geometry with a semibridging CO ligand, closely mimicking the [FeFe] hydrogenase enzyme active site. According to de novo design principles, the steric effect of bridgehead bulk in the S–S bridging ligand stabilizes this structure in the absence of the protein matrix.
Outcomes after photoselective vaporization of the prostate and transurethral resection of the prostate in patients who develop prostatic obstruction after radiation therapy.

Objective To compare the need for repeat treatment or urinary diversion in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) compared with photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) after brachytherapy or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods The prostate cancer database of Cleveland Clinic includes 3600 patients who have undergone prostate brachytherapy and 2500 patients who have undergone EBRT. We cross-referenced these patients with the electronic medical record to identify patients who required PVP or TURP after radiation. The primary outcome was the need for any further intervention after PVP or TURP, including bladder neck incision, repeat TURP, or permanent supravesicular diversion. Results Sixty of the 3600 patients (1.7%) required prostate reduction surgery after brachytherapy. Of these 60 patients, 19 of 40 (47.5%) who underwent TURP required further intervention, and 10 of 20 patients (50%) who underwent PVP required subsequent intervention. Twenty-eight of the 2500 patients (1.1%) required prostate reduction surgery after EBRT. Of these 28 patients, 5 of 18 patients (27.8%) who underwent TURP required further intervention, and 5 of 10 patients (50%) who underwent PVP required subsequent intervention. Following either type of radiation there was not a significant difference in the need for further treatment based on the type of surgery (P >.999 for brachytherapy; P = .412 for EBRT). The median time between radiation and prostate reduction surgery is 20.2 months (range, 14.6-27.6) after brachytherapy and 53.3 months (range, 27.5-53.3) after EBRT (P = .0005). Conclusion This study suggests that PVP and TURP are comparable in treating prostatic obstruction after brachytherapy or EBRT. However, obstruction after brachytherapy occurs earlier compared with after EBRT.
Effect of acetaldehyde, arsenite, ethanol, and heat shock on protein synthesis and chilling sensitivity of cucumber radicles

Exposure to a chilling temperature of 2.5degreesC for 96 h inhibited the subsequent growth of cucumber seedling radicles at 25degreesC by 92%. Exposing seedling with 5 +/- 1 mm long radicles to acetaldehyde vapour (275 mul l(-1)) or to an aqueous ethanol solution (0.6 M) for 2 h, or to 45degreesC for 10 min before chilling, increased chilling tolerance so that the chilling treatment reduced growth by only 47, 39 or 36%, respectively. All of these effective treatments induced the synthesis of a number of proteins, and suppressed de novo protein synthesis (i.e. the incorporation of [S-35]-methionine) by about 70%. In contrast, treatment for 2 h with an aqueous arsenite solution (100 muM) had no effect on chilling sensitivity or the incorporation of [S-35]-methionine, yet it induced the synthesis of a complement of proteins that were similar to that induced by the effective heat-shock treatment. A unique protein or set of proteins may be responsible for heat-shock-induced chilling tolerance, but none was detected. The ability of various abiotic stresses to suppress protein synthesis may be more important in increasing tolerance to chilling injury than their ability to induce the synthesis of specific proteins.
The effect of activity on oxygen consumption, oxygen debt, and heart rate in the lizards Varanus gouldii and sauromalus hispidus

Oxygen consumption and heart rate were measured during rest and activity in the lizardsVaranus gouldii andSauromalus hispidus. Oxygen debt was calculated from postactive oxygen consumption. Standard metabolic rates of the two animals are similar butVaranus consumes much more oxygen during activity than doesSauromalus (Fig. 1–3). The latter has a constant active metabolic rate above 30 ° C and accumulates a large oxygen debt, which is repayed slowly (Fig. 4).Varanus recovers rapidly from activity (Fig. 5), presumably because of the smaller lactacid debt incurred. Heart rate increment inSauromalus is high (Fig. 8). This variable cannot be responsible for the limitation of active oxygen consumption; calculations of oxygen pulse suggest that an inability to increase A-V difference and/or stroke volume are implicated (Fig. 9).Varanus have evolved mechanisms to sustain high levels of oxygen consumption superior to those of other reptiles investigated. The role of anaerobiosis in the biology of both animals is discussed.
Analysis Of Overlay Distortion Patterns

A comprehensive geometrical approach is presented for the least-squares analysis of overlay distortion patterns into useful, physically meaningful systematic distortion subpatterns and an essentially non-systematic residue. A scheme of generally useful distortion sub-patterns is presented in graphic and algorithmic form; some of these sub-patterns are additions to those already in widespread use. A graphic and geometric approach is emphasized rather than an algebraic or statistical approach, and an example illustrates the value in utilizing the pattern-detecting ability of the eye-brain system. The conditions are described under which different distortion sub-patterns may interact, possibly leading to misleading or erroneous conclusions about the types and amounts of different distortions present. Examples of typical interaction situations are given, and recommendations are made for analytic procedures to avoid misinterpretation. It is noted that the lower-order distortion patterns preserve straight-line linearity, but that higher-order distortion may result in straight lines becoming curved. The principle of least-squares analysis is outlined and a simple polynomial data-fitting example is used to illustrate the method. Algorithms are presented for least-squares distortion analysis of overlay patterns, and an APL2 program is given to show how this may easily be implemented on a digital computer. The appendix extends the treatment to cases where small-angle approximation is not permissible.
Some Aspects of Information Theory in Gambling and Economics

We discuss applications of information theory to the fields of gambling and economics, such as the problem of gambling on horse races with causal side information, and process of portfolio selection in the stock market. One of the center points is the gambling strategy proposed by Kelly, that, on the one hand, gave a real-life situation of a communication channel without optimum coding in which the rate of transmission is significant. On the other hand, its optimization process opened the door for the theory of rebalanced portfolios with known underlying distributions. We also overview the work on universal portfolios with and without side information, which yield portfolio strategies that have the same exponential rate of growths as the ones achieved by the best state-constant and constant rebalanced portfolios chosen after the stock outcomes are revealed. We do not intend to be encyclopedic, the topics included are bounded to reflect our own research interest.
Predicting Appearance from Measured Microgeometry of Metal Surfaces

The visual appearance of many materials is created by micro-scale details of their surface geometry. In this article, we investigate a new approach to capturing the appearance of metal surfaces without reflectance measurements, by deriving microfacet distributions directly from measured surface topography. Modern profilometers are capable of measuring surfaces with subwavelength resolution at increasingly rapid rates. We consider both wave- and geometric-optics methods for predicting BRDFs of measured surfaces and compare the results to optical measurements from a gonioreflectometer for five rough metal samples. Surface measurements are also used to predict spatial variation, or texture, which is especially important for the appearance of our anisotropic brushed metal samples.Profilometer-based BRDF acquisition offers many potential advantages over traditional techniques, including speed and easy handling of anisotropic, highly directional materials. We also introduce a new generalized normal distribution function, the ellipsoidal NDF, to compactly represent nonsymmetric features in our measured data and texture synthesis.
Federalism, Mandates and Individual Liberty

This article presents the missing federalism and individual liberty portion of Chief Justice Roberts’ health care case opinion. It illuminates and reinforces the commerce power and limited and enumerated powers arguments he makes there just as the Tenth Amendment and the doctrine of federalism more generally illuminate and reinforce the commerce power and the doctrine of limited and enumerated powers in constitutional law and doctrine. It also answers and explains the claims made by the Chief Justice’s critics on and off the bench that his opinion and similar arguments made by like-thinking lower court judges and law professors use a semi-respectable cover of federalism and enumerated powers arguments to mask their real constitutional doctrine and goals — turning back commerce power doctrine to the bad old days of Hammer v. Dagenhart and economic due process doctrine to the much-maligned case of Lochner v. New York. These critics, in effect, take the Chief Justice and his supporters here to be conservative deconstructionists, intent on reversing the status and valorization of the current constitutional canon and anti-canon.The Chief Justice’s critics are right to say that his opinion is based on (largely unstated) individual liberty grounds, but they are wrong to charge that these are economic due process grounds. The unconstitutionality of individual economic mandates can be established without turning back the constitutional clock or overturning modern precedent. It can be better accomplished in a doctrine of federalism and individual liberty fully consistent with Supreme Court precedent since 1937, including the health care case. This argument brings together the doctrine of the Court’s state anti-commandeering cases and their Tenth Amendment/individual liberty decision in Bond v. United States to argue for the unconstitutionality of individual economic mandates and appeals to the spirit as well as the letter of the Constitution.These critics misperceive the differences between their constitutional vision and that of Chief Justice Roberts, taking them to involve a difference in canons, when instead they arise out of a difference in constitutional gestalts. The two sides here do not follow different cases; they only have different takes on the same cases. Chief Justice Roberts’ critics overlook the view of federalism and individual liberty here presented, mainly because there is no logical space for it in their constitutional worldview which, for example, sees the Tenth Amendment as merely a truism. For this reason, they wrongly conclude that those holding opposing views can only do so because they reject post-1937 constitutional precedent and doctrine and wish to bring back Lochner, Hammer and the constitution in exile.
A Survey of Architectural Techniques for Managing Process Variation

Process variation—deviation in parameters from their nominal specifications—threatens to slow down and even pause technological scaling, and mitigation of it is the way to continue the benefits of chip miniaturization. In this article, we present a survey of architectural techniques for managing process variation (PV) in modern processors. We also classify these techniques based on several important parameters to bring out their similarities and differences. The aim of this article is to provide insights to researchers into the state of the art in PV management techniques and motivate them to further improve these techniques for designing PV-resilient processors of tomorrow.
Novel Insights Into Molecular Indicators of Response and Resistance to Modern Androgen-Axis Therapies in Prostate Cancer

While androgen ablation remains a mainstay for advanced prostate cancer therapy, nearly all patients will inevitably develop disease escape with time. Upon the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer, other androgen-axis-targeted treatments may be added in an effort to starve the disease of its androgen signaling. Nevertheless, additional androgen-pathway resistance usually develops to these novel hormonal therapies. In this review, we will discuss the resistance mechanisms to modern androgen-axis modulators and how these alterations can influence a patient's response to novel hormonal therapy. We conceptualize these resistance pathways as three broad categories: (1) reactivation of androgen/AR-signaling, (2) AR bypass pathways, and (3) androgen/AR-independent mechanisms. We highlight examples of each, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to overcome these resistance mechanisms.
Salary survey of hospital pharmacy residency programs

The original purpose of this survey was to obtain sufficient salary information on residency programs to assist us in evaluating our residents' annual stipend. The data reported are intended to assist other hospital pharmacists and administrators in their efforts to maintain a fair and equitable stipend for residents in hospital pharmacy.
Pharmacokinetics Study of Guangtongxiao Foam Aerosols in Human Plasma

Objective: To investigate pharmacokinetics process of the major components of Guangtongxiao foam aerosols tetrahydropalmatine( THP) and berberine hydrochloride( Ber) in human. Method: Using LC-MS /MS to measure plasma concentration at different time after rectal administration concentration of Guangtongxiao foam aerosols was determined,Win Nonlin software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. Result: In the range of 0. 000 594-1. 188,0. 000 536-1. 072 μg · L- 1,THP,Ber showed good linearity,high,medium and low recovery rates of THP,and Ber,day and inter-day precision met the demands of quantification,T max were( 132. 5 ±25. 5),( 132. 5 ±30. 1) min,C max were( 0. 55 ± 0. 30),( 0. 31 ± 0. 32) μg·L- 1. Conclusion: LCMS / MS had good selectivity,high sensitivity for the determination of plasma sample,and can be used successfully in the study of the dynamics of human plasma that contain Guangtongxiao foam aerosols.
Successful Multistaged Surgical Management of Secondary Aortoesophageal Fistula With Graft Infection

Secondary aortoenteric fistula is a rare and dreaded complication of aortic graft replacement. This case demonstrates successful management of a patient with thoracic aortic graft infection resulting in aortoesophageal fistula and the feasibility of combined endovascular approach as a temporary measure to stabilize the patient in extremis, followed by a definitive surgical repair. The patient had a remote history of descending aortic repair and an emergent thoracic endovascular aortic repair for upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2 months ago. We performed a three-staged operation involving extraanatomic bypass, total infected aortic graft excision, and primary closure of the esophageal perforation with muscle flap coverage, from which he eventually recovered.
Maternal peripheral concentrations of estradiol, estrone, cortisol, and progesterone during late pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and after experimental fetal anencephaly and fetal death.

Abstract Estradiol, estrone, cortisol, and progesterone were measured serially in maternal venous plasma during late pregnancy in four intact rhesus monkeys (Macsca mulatta) and in six monkeys with experimental anencephaHc fetuses (functionally hypophysectomized fetuses). Estradiol and estrone increased gradually and significantly (P
X-ray Perspectives of Early Type Galaxies

We present recent results on the X-ray properties of early type galaxies. We construct a bias-corrected X-ray luminosity function of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) and discuss its implication on the nature of LMXBs. We compare LMXBs associated with blue (metal poor), red (metal rich) globular clusters and field LMXBs to understand the X-ray signature of the formation and evolution of galaxies (as well as GCs and LMXBs). With high S/N XMM-Newton spectra, we present well-constrained measurements of ‘super-solar’ metal abundances in the hot ISM and discuss the relative importance of Type II and Type Ia SNe in the metal enrichment. Finally, we present the evidence of the interaction of the hot ISM with the radio jets/lobes and the ambient ICM and discuss the feedback between AGN and ISM, ram pressure stripping and ICM metal enrichment.
New Emergency Medicine Paradigm via Augmented Telemedicine

In many emergency scenarios, medical care is initially provided by first responders in the field and later by physicians at designated centers. In the setting of traumatic injury, the so-called “golden hour,” the efficiency of patient triage and medical transport may greatly affect the outcomes of emergency treatment. In current practice, the initial communication and interaction between physician and first responders is limited to voice or, in rare instances, video conferencing, while the attending physicians cannot receive other more comprehensive, critical patient information. This paper proposes to address these fundamental technology gaps and information bottlenecks by leveraging the state-of-the-art 3D teleimmersion and augmented reality (AR) technologies.
Regulatory Issues in Molecular Diagnostics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulatory issues in molecular diagnostics. Molecular diagnostics is a relatively new and still relatively small subspecialty of laboratory medicine; one might presume that it would be somewhat lacking in regulatory standards and attention from regulatory agencies. The initial and most basic standard a molecular diagnostic laboratory must meet, just like any clinical laboratory, is CLIA certification. CLIA certification is administered under the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and often implemented (for laboratory inspections) at the state level. Any laboratory doing testing on human specimens and reporting the results to physicians or patients for use in medical management must obtain and retain CLIA certification to be compliant with federal law. It makes no difference whether the testing is performed in a “research” laboratory or whether the patients are billed for the service; if results are given out, it is considered clinical testing and subject to CLIA. This becomes an issue in certain areas of molecular diagnostics, such as mutation testing for rare genetic disorders, for which there may be only a single research laboratory in the world working with a particular disease gene.
Photoconductive semiconductor switches for high-power, short-pulse applications

Large photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) are being developed for high-power (10 MW-100 GW) applications that demand high reliability (108 shots), fast-rise times (100 ps), low jitter (50 ps), high-repetition rates (10 kHz–100 MHz), and efficient optical activation. We have tested a variety of silicon and GaAs switches in the linear-switching mode (where one absorbed photon creates one electron-hole pair).
Programmed Death-1 Culls Peripheral Accumulation of High-Affinity Autoreactive CD4 T Cells to Protect against Autoimmunity

Summary Self-reactive CD4 T cells are incompletely deleted during thymic development, and their peripheral seeding highlights the need for additional safeguards to avert autoimmunity. Here, we show an essential role for the coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in silencing the activation of high-affinity autoreactive CD4 T cells. Each wave of self-reactive CD4 T cells that escapes thymic deletion autonomously upregulates PD-1 to maintain self-tolerance. By tracking the progeny derived from individual autoreactive CD4 T cell clones, we demonstrate that self-reactive cells with the greatest autoimmune threat and highest self-antigen affinity express the most PD-1. Reciprocally, PD-1 deprivation unleashes high-affinity self-reactive CD4 T cells in target tissues to exacerbate neuronal inflammation and autoimmune diabetes. Reliance on PD-1 to actively maintain self-tolerance may explain why exploiting this pathway by cancerous cells and invasive microbes efficiently subverts protective immunity, and why autoimmune side effects can develop after PD-1-neutralizing checkpoint therapies.
Contesting intersex: the dubious diagnosis

As the Western world has increasingly come to frame gender as a spectrum and sexuality as quintessentially diverse, Contesting Intersex provides an absorbing background of an often overlooked biolo...
Immune Complex Proteomes: Tools for Vaccine Discovery

World-wide in tropical and subtropical areas, approximately 200 million cases of malaria are reported annually with about 1 million deaths occurring in children under the age of 5 years. Data from proteomic studies are providing new strategies for identifying Plasmodium falciparum proteins with malaria vaccine and therapeutic potential. Purified native and recombinant proteins, and heterogeneous mixtures of proteins have been used traditionally for proteome analysis using 2-D gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed by the identification and excision of differential protein spots stained on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) gels and analysis by mass spectrometry. The use of antibodies to add specificity to the identification of proteins analyzed by proteomics provides a practical benefit in small scale studies, in small laboratory settings, to identify changes in protein expression observed in normal and pathogenic states in humans. Antibodies can also be used to identify stage specific and developmental changes occurring in parasitic infections and in identifying expressed proteins of parasite origin present in human serum. The need for additional levels of specificity in protein identification was recognized in the initial reports of protein identification by sequencing followed by database searches for unambiguous identification of correct proteins [1]. The use of antibodies; either unlabeled or tagged to capture antigens followed by mass spectrometry
Steering Clear of the Dead: Avoiding Ancestors in the Moquegua Valley, Peru

Ancestors are a central and recurring theme in scholarship on mortuary practices in the pre-Hispanic Andes. Archaeological and ethnohistoric data indicate that in many times and places the dead were critical social actors. Physical interaction with the bodies and spaces of ancestors was important in legitimizing claims to heritage, land, resources, and status. Yet, relatively neglected in the literature on Andean attitudes to the dead is how people dealt with other people's ancestors. To address this, I examine how a Late Intermediate Period community, who circa AD 1250 occupied an earlier terminal Middle Horizon village in southern Peru, managed interactions with their predecessors’ dead. Excavations at the site reveal considerable evidence for active avoidance of cemeteries associated with the older village, which contrasts with the re-utilization of earlier domestic space. Moreover, aversion to the ancestors of others was practiced alongside active engagement with the new community's “own” dead. Drawing on Lau's recent (2013) discussion of alterity in the ancient Andes, I propose that just as interacting with one's own ancestors is frequently interpreted as a way of reifying belonging, steering clear of the dead can be equally powerful in community building and identity negotiation during major sociopolitical upheaval. [alterity, funerary practice, Andean South America]
Effects of Currency Substitution on the Response of the Current Account to Supply Shocks

Standard real models predict that a permanent increase in oil prices would result in a current account surplus. The surplus occurs because investment falls while saving remains unchanged. This paper shows that if currency substitution is introduced into the analysis, a permanent increase in oil prices could cause a current account deficit. Furthermore, the greater the dependence of the economy on oil, the larger will be the deficit. The availability of foreign money makes it optimal for the public to decrease saving following the terms of trade deterioration. The fall in saving could more than offset the decline in investment.
Psychometric properties of the intuitive eating scale-2 (IES-2) in a culturally diverse Hispanic American sample.

Abstract Background Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating tendency consistently associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes, including lower risk for obesity and eating disorders (EDs). Obesity rates are disproportionately high in Hispanic American populations, yet the properties of intuitive eating remain to be examined in such samples. Method The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) in a Hispanic American sample of adult college students (N = 482), and related IES-2 scores to levels of disordered eating, body mass index (BMI), fruit and vegetable consumption, and body shape satisfaction. Results The final confirmatory factor analysis supported a three factor, 11 item measure with the subscales of Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons, Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues, and Body Food Choice Congruence. The Unconditional Permission to Eat subscale could not be replicated in the current sample. As predicted, scores on the revised measure differed by BMI category and body shape satisfaction, and correlated with disordered eating tendencies and fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusion The current findings demonstrate that the modified IES-2 is better tailored to assess the cultural nuances influencing intuitive eating and can advance understanding how intuitive eating is understood and practiced in Hispanic Americans, compared to the original measure.
An Added Exception to the TBT Agreement After Clove , Tuna II , and Cool

In three 2012 cases, the World Trade Organization (WTO) found a United States regulation inconsistent with Article 2.1 but consistent with Article 2.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). Article 2.1 contains the TBT Agreement’s nondiscrimination obligations and Article 2.2 requires regulations to not be more trade restrictive than necessary. Despite the fact that violating Article 2.1 does not necessarily implicate Article 2.2, international trade theorists questioned whether the Appellate Body purposely avoided finding any of the regulations more trade restrictive than necessary. This Note argues that the Appellate Body showed its preference for finding violations under Article 2.1, as opposed to Article 2.2, by making it difficult for complainants to succeed with an Article 2.2 claim. Because it was more comfortable finding violations under the guise of discrimination, however, the Appellate Body added a necessity test to Article 2.1. Although this reading of Article 2.1 limits the regulatory authority of WTO Members, it successfully tests necessity and thus gives the TBT Agreement force, while also showing deference to regulatory sovereignty by functioning like an exception provision.
Justice-involved veterans: a critical review and future research

With increasing focus on military veterans returning to civilian life and the multitude of difficulties they face, a population of increasing concern is the justice-involved veteran. In this manusc...
A New Frontier in Curing Corneal Blindness.

What was very likely the first allogeneic corneal transplantation took place in the 1830s, when the Irish surgeon Samuel Bigger performed the procedure on a blinded gazelle’s eye.1 Then, in 1905, n...
Power transmission: Where the offshore wind energy comes home

Abstract A rich literature exists on benefits of community involvement and believed effects of offshore wind power structures, but little is known about how the public perceives electricity transmission via submarine power cables. Yet, it is when transmission comes ashore that residents most acutely come face to face with offshore wind. In two U.S. communities we elicited early reactions to submarine power cables using in-person interviews and a mail survey. Results indicate the public is relatively unfamiliar with potential risks or benefits, yet concerns emerged regarding conflicts with ocean users (especially the fishing community) and human health and safety, although others expect benefits and most expect no effect. Residents prefer cables to connect to land under “natural” areas rather than inhabited coastal areas. Further, strong majorities prefer a submarine power cable network with few shore connections compared to each wind project installing its own cable, with more cable connections to land.
Wave Field Splitting, Invariant Imbedding, and Phase Space Methods in Acoustical Imaging

Due to the extremely large size of realistic three-dimensional ocean propagation problems, there is a desire to incorporate marching (one-way) methods into the solution algorithm for the elliptic, frequency-domain formulation. This has provided the impetus for the development of the “marching elliptic methods”.1 Such methods generally require (1) the backpropagation of a wave field component and (2) the knowledge of both the wave field and its normal derivative on an initial plane. The first requirement leads to an ill-posed problem, requiring a regularization which effectively filters out the evanescent portion of the spectrum1 or a stability requirement which ultimately limits the spatial resolution.1 For strongly backscattering environments, such filtering can result in spurious oscillations in the wave field, reflecting the important role played by the high-frequency portion of the spectrum under such conditions.1 The second requirement is even more problematical. For the elliptic problem, both the wave field and its normal derivative cannot be independently specified on the initial plane.1 Given the initial wave field, the determination of the corresponding normal derivative requires scattering data from the entire domain. Constructing this scattering information, however, effectively solves the original problem.
Teaching free speech across the communication studies curriculum

ABSTRACTWhile we applaud the efforts of those instructors who teach classes in free speech, we recognize that as a discipline we are often missing important opportunities to teach students about fr...
Rapid and efficient in vitro excision of BAC sequences from herpesvirus genomes using Cre-mediated recombination

Cre-mediated recombination is a widely used technique for the re-arrangement of DNA sequences that are bracketed by loxP recognition sites. This bacteriophage P1 enzyme is commonly used to excise the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequence, a vector sequence used for large herpesvirus genomes for the purposes of propagation and manipulation in Escherichia coli. Most methods utilize cell lines that can be induced for the expression of Cre enzyme to facilitate this excision. In addition, methods have been developed that express Cre from the virus genome and enable auto-excision of the BAC plasmid. We report a versatile and rapid in vitro method based on purified Cre enzyme to carry out the same process in a test tube and does not require cell line generation or cloning into the virus genome. This method greatly increases the repertoire of methods available to modify the genome prior to reconstitution of virus infectivity in a mammalian host.
Entrenchment, Managerial Shirking, and Investment

We examine the effects of entrenchment on corporate investment and firm performance. To achieve identification, we use a novel measure of entrenchment and an instrumental variable based on firms’ IPO cohort. We find that entrenchment reduces capital expenditures, R&D, and productivity, weakens a firm’s competitiveness in the product market, and diminishes firm value. These findings are consistent with the shirking hypothesis that entrenchment enables managers to slack off and dodge responsibilities of overseeing investment projects.
Management by the Numbers: A Formal Approach to Deriving Informational and Distributional Properties of “Unmanaged” Earnings

We explore the theoretical relation between earnings and market returns as well as the properties of earnings frequency distributions under the assumption that managers use unbiased accounting information to sequentially decide on real options their firms have and report generated earnings truthfully, with the market pricing the firm based on those reported earnings. We generate benchmarks against which empirically observed earnings‐returns relations and aggregate earnings distributions can be evaluated. This parsimonious model shows a coherent set of results: reported losses are less persistent than reported gains, decision making diminishes the S‐shaped market response to earnings and earnings relate to returns asymmetrically in the way documented by Basu [1997]. Furthermore, the implied frequency distribution of aggregate earnings is neither symmetric nor necessarily single‐peaked. Instead, it may exhibit a kink at zero and look similar to the plots reported by Burgstahler and Dichev [1997]. However, within our model, none of these phenomena are due to reporting noise, bias, or some undesirable strategic managerial behavior. They are the natural consequences of using past earnings as the basis for value increasing managerial decision making that in turn generates the future earnings on which future decisions will be based.
Chinese in France: diasporic experiences vary depending on generation and age of arrival

The objective of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to the successful or unsuccessful integration of the Chinese diaspora in France. There is already a significant amount of lite...
The nuclear variant of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (nBMP2) is expressed in macrophages and alters calcium response

We previously identified a nuclear variant of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), named nBMP2, that is translated from an alternative start codon. Decreased nuclear localization of nBMP2 in the nBmp2NLStm mouse model leads to muscular, neurological, and immune phenotypes—all of which are consistent with aberrant intracellular calcium (Ca2+) response. Ca2+ response in these mice, however, has yet to be measured directly. Because a prior study suggested impairment of macrophage function in nBmp2NLStm mutant mice, bone marrow derived (BMD) macrophages and splenic macrophages were isolated from wild type and nBmp2NLStm mutant mice. Immunocytochemistry revealed that nuclei of both BMD and splenic macrophages from wild type mice contain nBMP2, while the protein is decreased in nuclei of nBmp2NLStm mutant macrophages. Live-cell Ca2+ imaging and engulfment assays revealed that Ca2+ response and phagocytosis in response to bacterial supernatant are similar in BMD macrophages isolated from naive (uninfected) nBmp2NLStm mutant mice and wild type mice, but are deficient in splenic macrophages isolated from mutant mice after secondary systemic infection with Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting progressive impairment as macrophages respond to infection. This direct evidence of impaired Ca2+ handling in nBMP2 mutant macrophages supports the hypothesis that nBMP2 plays a role in Ca2+ response.
Sorption of Colloids, Organics, and Metals onto Gas-Water Interfaces: Transport Processes and Potential Remediation Technology

The knowledge gap on vadose zone colloid transport limits predicting contaminant transport at many DOE sites, and remains an outstanding scientific challenge. Although the process of contaminant sorption at mineral surfaces has received much recognition as a major mechanism controlling contaminant behavior in subsurface environments, virtually little attention has been given to the possibility of contaminant sorption at gas-water interfaces, a major interface in the vadose zone. Moreover, little effort has yet been advanced to optimize such interactions for the purpose of facilitating in-situ remediation. Gas-water interfaces, unlike water-solid interfaces, are mobile. Therefore, associations of contaminants with gas-water interfaces can be very important not only in subsurface contaminant distributions, but also in contaminant mobilization, and potentially in remediation. The first objective of this project was to develop a fundamental understanding of interactions between contaminants and gas-water interfaces. For surface-active molecules, surface excesses can be determined through the Gibbs equation combined with measuring changes in surface tension with respect to changes in their solution concentration. However, for surface-active colloids, surface tension changes are too small to measure. Until initiation of this research project, there were no techniques available for quantifying sorption of colloids at gas-water interfaces. The second purpose of themore » proposed research, based on improved understanding gained in the first phase studies, was to develop a sorptive microbubble remediation technique, using surfactant stabilized microbubbles (fine gas-bubbles, 1-15 {micro}m in diameters) for subsurface in-situ remediation.. In the saturated zone, both pump-and-treat, and air sparging remediation methods are ineffective at displacing contaminants in zones that are ''advectively inaccessible''. Stable microbubbles might be able to migrate beyond preferential flow pathways through buoyant rise. Oxygen and nutrient delivery for promoting aerobic degradation of organic contaminants, and surfactant delivery for emulsifying NAPLs are potential benefits of microbubble injection.« less