cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oviposition, Fecundity, and Fertility of the Salt Marsh Deer Fly, Chrysops Fuliginosus (Diptera: Tabanidae)

A method of obtaining large numbers of fertile Chrysops fuliginosus eggs in the laboratory is reported. Fecundity of inseminated and virgin females exceeded 100 during the 1st ovarian cycle; fertility ranged between 73% and 84%. The number of virgin females that oviposited was inversely proportional to the length of time larvae were held in captivity. Females allowed to feed on 10% sucrose solutions oviposited more readily than did unfed females, but fecundity was unaffected by the addition of sugar supplements. Follicular degeneration, marked by irregular yolk distribution and degenerated follicular epithelium, was observed in 5 unfed females. Two egg masses, containing 18 and 26 eggs, were found in the salt marsh on the undersides of Spartina alterniflora leaves overhanging drainage ditches.
Estradiol promotes the rewarding effects of nicotine in female rats

It is presently unclear whether ovarian hormones, such as estradiol (E2), promote the rewarding effects of nicotine in females. Thus, we compared extended access to nicotine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) in intact male, intact female, and OVX female rats (Study 1) as well as OVX females that received vehicle or E2 supplementation (Study 2). The E2 supplementation procedure involved a 4-day injection regimen involving 2 days of vehicle and 2 days of E2 administration. Two doses of E2 (25 or 250μg) were assessed in separate groups of OVX females in order to examine the dose-dependent effects of this hormone on the rewarding effects of nicotine. The rats were given 23-hour access to nicotine IVSA using an escalating dose regimen (0.015, 0.03, and 0.06mg/kg/0.1mL). Each dose was self-administered for 4 days with 3 intervening days of nicotine abstinence. The results revealed that intact females displayed higher levels of nicotine intake as compared to males. Also, intact females displayed higher levels of nicotine intake versus OVX females. Lastly, our results revealed that OVX rats that received E2 supplementation displayed a dose-dependent increase in nicotine intake as compared to OVX rats that received vehicle. Together, our results suggest that the rewarding effects of nicotine are enhanced in female rats via the presence of the ovarian hormone, E2.
Teaching About Psychosocial Aspects of Disability Emphasizing Person–Environment Relations

This article presents some psychosocial aspects of disability linked to the person–environment relation that teachers should share in the psychology classroom. Disability is an often-overlooked form of diversity, one that teachers should discuss alongside race, gender, sexual orientation, social class/socioeconomic status (SES), religiosity, and aging. The experience of disability and disability culture are important topics that should be shared with and understood by secondary and postsecondary students, particularly because people with disabilities are no longer at the social margins of everyday life in the United States. To that end, I review definitions for disability as well as a nascent model for understanding the experience of disability, some select but fundamental psychosocial constructs regarding disability, and a representative negative (stigma and stereotyping) and positive (disability identity) context example from the social psychological literature on disability. I then close with suggestio...
Culture and Immortalization of Pancreatic Ductal Epithelial Cells

Some populations of the epithelial cells from the duct and ductular network of the mammalian pancreas have been isolated and maintained in vitro for up to 3 mo. These cells express many of the surface factors that are unique to them in vivo. They also retain significant drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing capacity in vitro. In this chapter we review the progression of the methods for the isolation, culture and maintenance in vitro for these cells from the earliest when only duct/ductular fragments were obtainable to the current ones which provide epithelial cells. The critical steps in the isolation process are identified and strategies are provided to facilitate these steps. These include the selection of tissue digestive enzymes, the importance of extensive mincing before culture and the importance of roles of some co-factors used in the culture medium.
The Role of Brain in Glucose Metabolism

…Hence we could say that in a diabetic individual the liver secretes too much. The matter which produces sugar cannot be transformed into a product with a more complex organization. The dis-assimilation has become prevalent. Therefore we can consider diabetes as a disease of the nervous system caused by excessive activation of the disassimilator nerve of the liver, which drives the premature disassimilation of [glycogen, translator note] matter that would otherwise be used for nutrition. Hence the treatment of diabetes should address the nervous system. Stimulating the sympathetic nerve could be a valuable tool. But, in order to achieve a treatment with a rationale based on physiology, we should answer many questions, which are still awaiting a solution from the science of physiology.
Pictures in Our Head and Sociocultural Issues of the Moving Image

AbstractThis article reports research conducted to examine the images and stereotypes of the Native Americans as presented by the film industry. Extensive literature review and detailed discussion of several films will illustrate thai die inuige of the Natives had l"een established long before film was invented, and with a few exteptions, it has remained the same since then. Stereotypes were created to confirm the superiority of Western civilization, to fierpeluate the mylfts on which the American nation was built, and to offer entertainment through literature, art, and film. Film, because of ils visual nature and mass appeal, played a major role in perpetuating the misconceptions about Native Americans.
Cultural variation in antismoking video ads between the United States, Taiwan, and China

Antitobacco advertisement components, including types of messages and advertising appeals, have not been evaluated among multinational groups. This study identified and compared the content of antismoking video ads across three countries. We reviewed 86 antismoking video advertisements for the following information: severity of the consequences of smoking, types of risks, appeals to audiences' self-efficacy, benefits of not smoking, targeted social-ecological level and types of message appeal used. Two researchers independently coded each advertisement with an average inter-coder reliability of 0.79.Analyses showed a variety of focuses: smoking-related health risks (86%), severe consequences of smoking (54.7%), self-efficacy beliefs (40.7%) and benefits of not smoking (84.9%). Compared to the United States and Taiwanese ads, Chinese ads were more likely to target at the community level (10% versus 23.3% versus 47.2%). Additionally, 55% of the United States ads used the fear approach, whereas 61.1% of Chinese ads used the social approach. Taiwanese ads were evenly distributed among both approaches. In conclusion, the countries used different targeting strategies and approaches during message delivery. Although China's neighboring country, Taiwan, has many similar cultural aspects, including the same language, they are greatly influenced by US antitobacco campaigns. As a result, Taiwan's tobacco campaigns appear to have similar components to both China and the United States. Further research is warranted to understand the reasons for each method and to examine the effectiveness of the ads in reducing smoking rates.
Failures Guide Probabilistic Search for a Hard-to-Find Test

Previous research has firmly established the NPcomplete nature of the fault detection problem. Various algorithms and techniques have been developed to tackle the worst case computation time for test generation due to the increasing complexity of digital circuits. The development of these techniques over the past 50 years has improved a lot of commercial EDA tools. The efficiency of these tools coupled with the considerable long research period has led to claims that ATPG research may have reached itsr maturity. However, whenever traditional algorithms started hitting their limits, studies in non-traditional techniques have improved test coverage. This paper proposes a foray in the realm of quantum computing in order to find tests for hard to detect stuck-at faults. We were encouraged by a reduced complexity quantum search for an element in an unsorted database proposed by Grover and the similarity of that problem to the search for a test in the vector space. Thus, it may be possible to find tests for the last few difficult to detect stuck-at faults much faster than other contemporary algorithms. This paper presents results of various benchmark circuits by comparing the time taken for our algorithm to run with FastScan's ATPG tool. It is shown that for a difficult todetect fault with limited backtracking, FastScan struggles to finda test while our algorithm is able to efficiently find the test inreasonable time.
How to Remediate Learners on a Short Clinical Rotation: Getting the Learner Back on Track

Regular feedback is essential for students and residents to achieve expected competencies. But what should be done when learners do not show improvement despite being given appropriate feedback? There are many barriers to helping these learners progress: attending physicians are busy, clinical rotations are short, and it can be emotionally taxing to embark on remediation. Yet remediation is necessary to help our learners succeed. This chapter presents strategies to recognize when there is a need for remediation, diagnose the type of learner deficit, and build an appropriate action plan.
ACRL and Community College Libraries: We've Been Framed!

ABSTRACTThe change to the ACRL Framework from a set of standards that was created in 2000 has been the subject of much debate. The impact on community colleges is considered in this opinion piece.
A Multigene Test Could Cost-Effectively Help Extend Life Expectancy for Women at Risk of Hereditary Breast Cancer

Abstract Background The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends that women who carry gene variants that confer substantial risk for breast cancer consider risk-reduction strategies, that is, enhanced surveillance (breast magnetic resonance imaging and mammography) or prophylactic surgery. Pathogenic variants can be detected in women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer syndromes by multigene panel testing. Objectives To investigate whether using a seven-gene test to identify women who should consider risk-reduction strategies could cost-effectively increase life expectancy. Methods We estimated effectiveness and lifetime costs from a payer perspective for two strategies in two hypothetical cohorts of women (40-year-old and 50-year-old cohorts) who meet the National Comprehensive Cancer Network–defined family history criteria for multigene testing. The two strategies were the usual test strategy for variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 and the seven-gene test strategy for variants in BRCA1 , BRCA2 , TP53 , PTEN , CDH1 , STK11 , and PALB2 . Women found to have a pathogenic variant were assumed to undergo either prophylactic surgery or enhanced surveillance. Results The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the seven-gene test strategy compared with the BRCA1/2 test strategy was $42,067 per life-year gained or $69,920 per quality-adjusted life-year gained for the 50-year-old cohort and $23,734 per life-year gained or $48,328 per quality-adjusted life-year gained for the 40-year-old cohort. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the seven-gene test strategy cost less than $100,000 per life-year gained in 95.7% of the trials for the 50-year-old cohort. Conclusions Testing seven breast cancer–associated genes, followed by risk-reduction management, could cost-effectively improve life expectancy for women at risk of hereditary breast cancer.
The Relationship Between Automatic Thoughts and Depression in a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Exploring Temporality and Causality

Depression in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is highly prevalent and related to worse adherence to antiretroviral therapy, but is amenable to change via CBT. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) specifically addresses negative automatic thoughts (ATs) as one component of the treatment. There is little research on the temporal nature of the relation between ATs and depression. HIV-positive adults with depression (N=240) were randomized to CBT-AD, information/supportive psychotherapy for adherence and depression (ISP-AD), or one session of adherence counseling alone (ETAU). ATs were self-reported (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire; ATQ) and depression was assessed by blinded interview (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MADRS) at baseline, and 4-, 8-, and 12-months. We performed autoregressive cross-lagged panel models. Broadly, decreases in ATs were followed by decreases in depression, but decreases in depression were not followed by decreases in ATs. In CBT-AD, decreases in ATs were followed by decreases in depression, and vice versa. However, in the ISP group, while depression and ATs both significantly influenced each other, not all relations were in the direction expected. This study adds to the evidence base for cognitive interventions to decrease depression in individuals with a chronic medical condition, HIV/AIDS.
Abundances of Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic Rays from the SuperTIGER Instrument

R. P. Murphy∗1, W. R. Binns1, R. G. Bose1, T. J. Brandt2, P. F. Dowkontt1, T. Hams 2,6, M. H. Israel1, A. W. Labrador3, J. T. Link2,6, R. A. Mewaldt3, J. W. Mitchell2, B. F. Rauch1, K. Sakai2,6, M. Sasaki2,6, E. C. Stone3, C. J. Waddington4, J. E. Ward1,‡, and M. E. Wiedenbeck5† 1 Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130 USA 2 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA 3 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA 4 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA 5 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA 6 Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) ‡ Now at Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Bellaterra, Spain
Effect of an overhead shield on gamma-ray skyshine

A hybrid Monte Carlo and integral line-beam method is used to determine the effect of a horizontal slab shield above a gamma-ray source on the resulting skyshine doses. A simplified Monte Carlo procedure is used to determine the energy and angular distribution of photons escaping the source shield into the atmosphere. The escaping photons are then treated as a bare, point, skyshine source, and the integral line-beam method is used to estimate the skyshine dose at various distances from the source. From results for arbitrarily collimated and shielded sources, the skyshine dose is found to depend primarily on the mean-free-path thickness of the shield and only very weakly on the shield material.
A Cognitive Science Approach to Case-Based Planning

In this chapter, we will review our current work in case-based approaches to planning. Our research examines the organization and structure of episodic memory as determined by its functional role in guiding reasoning. The theoretical thrust is based upon the intuition that a large part of the reasoning process is guided by the contents and organization of events in memory. The major goal of this work is the development of functional explanations of the representational organization and conceptual vocabularies that support reasoning tasks. Our current work can be characterized in terms of three major tasks: Uncovering vocabularies for describing causal similarities between episodes in memory. Examining the use of features in the access and retrieval of cases from memory. Understanding the role of memory organization in the support of opportunistic planning and problem solving.
Molten Salt Electrolytes in Secondary Batteries

In this paper I intend to present an introduction to molten salt electrolytes; the emphasis will be on melts of interest in rechargeable batteries.
Electronic Behavior Differences in Muscle Membranes

The development of techniques for the study of charge transfer processes in ‘sheets’ of cells from metabolically viable systems has led to many interesting areas of investigation (Allen, 1989), (Allen & Geffert, 1989a).
Organizational Effectiveness and Its Attainment

Organizations have been defined as purposeful systems choicefully designing their subsystems to attain organizational effectiveness (OE). With the growing complexity of modern organizations and globalization of competition, the concept of OE and how it can be achieved through appropriate motivational structures and reward systems have gained increased attention but hitherto eluded satisfactory answers. This chapter proposes that attempting a universally applicable definition of OE and a universal prescription for its attainment are nonfunctional. Instead, a meaningful, culture-specific approach to understanding and attaining OE is advocated. That is, rather than fruitlessly attempting to integrate the plethora of OE models suggested in the literature, this chapter conceptualizes a model of OE from the perspective of the cultural orientations of the members within organizations. With such a perspective, purposeful theory building can progress. The model proposed also indicates how managers operating in different parts of the world will differ both in the criteria they set to measure OE and in designing the organizational systems to attain it.
The Impact of External Beam Radiation Therapy on Oxidative Damage in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) Prostate Cancer Model (P05-022-19)

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is one of the most common treatments for primary prostate cancer. The primary limitation for EBRT is the potential for damage to surrounding tissues. Epidemiological evidence indicates that tomato products are associated with reduced PCa progression. Tomatoes contain carotenoids and other potent antioxidants that may protect the surrounding tissue from the detrimental effects of EBRT. The objective of this pilot study is to determine if tomato feeding can alter early inflammatory and oxidative events following a single dose of radiation that may predict a more successful therapeutic outcome. To test this hypothesis, male TRAMP mice (n = 60) were provided a powdered AIN-93 G diet (Control) or an AIN-93 G diet modified to contain 10% lyophilized tomato paste (TP; n = 30) beginning at 4 weeks of age. Mice were monitored by ultrasound biweekly for in vivo tumor detection and 3-D volumetric growth measurement. Tumors were irradiated with 7.5 gy (n = 15 per diet) or 0 gy (sham, n = 15 per diet) of radiation by a Cobolt-60 source once the animal had a 1000 mm³ tumor. Animals were euthanized after 24 hours and carotenoids were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the tumor and liver. Sections of tumor, liver, kidneys, bladder, lymph, bladder and intestines were stained by hematoxylin and eosin-stained (HE will protect surrounding tissues from inflammatory and oxidative damage (reducing circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines); and will reduce histopathological markers of inflammation in surrounding tissues following a single exposure to 60-CO radiation in the TRAMP model. This study will provide important preclinical data to inform future clinical trials that may positively affect dietary recommendations for EBRT to improve therapeutic outcomes. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it efficient in both time and resources and utilizes water as the solvent. 3-Aminocrotononitrile or an appropriate α-cyanoketone is combined with an aryl hydrazine and dissolved in 1 M HCl. The mixture is then heated in a microwave reactor at 150 °C, typically for 10-15 min. The product can be readily obtained by basifying the solution with 10% NaOH and isolating the desired compound with a simple vacuum filtration. The use of water as a solvent in this reaction lends to its ease and utility in production, and this method is easily reproducible with a variety of functional groups. Typical isolated yields range from 70-90%, and reactions can be performed on the milligram to gram scale with little to no change in observed yields. Some of the applications of these molecules and their derivatives include pesticides, anti-malarials, and chemotherapeutics, among many others.
An Empirical Study of Political Control over Immigration Adjudication

Immigration plays a central role in the Trump Administration’s political agenda. This Article presents the first comprehensive empirical assessment of the extent to which immigration judges (IJs), the administrative officials charged with adjudicating whether a given noncitizen will be deported from the United States, may be influenced by the presidential administration’s political preferences. We constructed an original dataset of over 830,000 removal proceedings decided between January 2001 and June 2019 after individual merits hearings. First, we found that every presidential administration—not just the current one—disproportionately appointed IJs with backgrounds in the former Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Homeland Security, or the Department of Justice—agencies responsible for prosecuting noncitizens. Second, using logistic regression to control for more than a dozen variables that might impact a decision to order removal, we found that the identity of the administration that appointed an IJ is not a statistically significant predictor of the likelihood of an IJ ordering removal. That is, after controlling for other variables, we did not find that Trump-appointed judges were any more likely to order removal than appointees of other presidents. Finally, we found that the presidential administration in control at the time of the decision is a statistically significant predictor of removal rates in certain circumstances. For example, IJs who were appointed by President George W. Bush (Bush II) were more likely to order removal during the Trump presidency than during prior administrations. Specifically, when all other variables were held constant, Bush II-appointed IJs were 22% less likely to order removal during the Obama presidency than during the Trump presidency and 22% less likely to order removal during the Bush II presidency than during the Trump presidency. These results suggest that a sitting president may exert some measure of direct or indirect influence over IJs’ removal decisions, undermining the assumption of administrative adjudicators’ independence.
Tonto and The Lone Ranger: Nostalgic Kitsch or Post-racial Backlash?

Turner’s chapter problematizes the casting of Johnny Depp as Tonto in the 2013 remake of The Lone Ranger by reading that choice through a colorblind ideology that enables whitewashed casting and rewards the commodification of Native American culture. Despite being made an honorary member of the Comanche nation due to the cultural sensitivity Depp supposedly brought to his role as Tonto, the casting of Depp and the historical inaccuracies that run rampant throughout the film underscore the exploitability of all things “Native” in popular culture regardless of their relation to history or reality.
Reproductive-state dependent changes in saccular hair cell density of the vocal male plainfin midshipman fish.

Abstract The plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) is a nocturnal, seasonally breeding, intertidal-nesting teleost fish that produces social acoustic signals for intraspecific communication. Type I or “nesting” males produce agonistic and reproductive-related acoustic signals including a multiharmonic advertisement call during the summer breeding season. Previous work showed that type I male auditory sensitivity of the saccule, the primary midshipman auditory end organ, changes seasonally with reproductive state such that reproductive males become more sensitive and better suited than nonreproductive males to detect the dominant frequencies contained within type I vocalizations. Here, we examine whether reproductive type I males also exhibit reproductive-state dependent changes in hair cell (HC) density in the three putative auditory end organs (saccule, lagena, and utricle). We show that saccular HC density was greater in reproductive type I males compared to nonreproductive type I males, and that the increase in HC density occurs throughout the saccular epithelium in both the central and marginal epithelia regions. We also show as saccular HC density increases there is a concurrent decrease in saccular support cell (SC) density in reproductive type I males with no overall change in total cell density (i.e., HC + SC). In contrast, we did not observe any seasonal changes in HC density in the utricle or lagena between nonreproductive and reproductive type I males. In addition, we compare the saccular HC densities in reproductive type I males with that of reproductive females and show that females have greater saccular HC densities, which suggest a sexually dimorphic difference in HC receptor density between the two sexual phenotypes, at least during the summer breeding season.
Intersectional health and wellbeing analysis of racial/ethnic sexual gender minority young adults among an urban minority-serving institution campus community

This paper features an intersectional SWOT analysis conducted at a minority-serving institution within a US Midwest urban setting, to inform the development of harm-reduction services for racial/et...
Exchange bias in La0.7Sr0.3CrO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/La0.7Sr0.3CrO3 heterostructures

In the recent past, heterostructures of magnetic oxide thin films have attracted a great deal of research excitement due to very interesting physical properties such as antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling, tunable exchange-bias, interfacial driven magnetic properties and high mobility electron gas across the interfaces. In this work, we report on the comprehensive magnetic properties observed from the heterostructures of (2 unit cells) La0.7Sr0.3CrO3/(8 unit cells) La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/(2 unit cells) La0.7Sr0.3CrO3, which are epitaxially deposited on SrTiO3 substrate by plasma-assisted oxide molecular beam epitaxy. Using SQUID magnetometer, the magnetic properties are studied when the magnetic field was applied both in plane and out of plane. The Curie temperature of this structure is found to be at 290 K. Most significantly, at 2 K, we observed a complete up/down shift (along magnetization axis) of hysteresis loop when the sample was cooled under a magnetic field of ± 5000 Oe in the in-plane configuration. We believe that the strong antiferromagnetic (super) exchange coupling of Mn-Cr across the two interfaces is responsible for the observed exchange bias. We will present and discuss our in-detailed experimental findings collected on this heterostructure as a function of temperature and magnetic field.
Are There Differences in Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Department Patients Related to Utilization Frequency

OBJECTIVES The increasing frequency of visits to the pediatric psychiatric emergency department in the United States signals a need for a better understanding of factors contributing to more frequent utilization. This study examined characteristics of patients associated with higher utilization of the pediatric psychiatric emergency department to increase understanding of this group of patients. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study. Data were abstracted from the electronic medical record system from January 2012 to December 2017 for patients with a completed mental health consultation. There were 8504 total encounters for 6950 unique patients during this period. Analyses were conducted to test associations between maximum number of visits in any 1-year period for each patient and demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Younger age was independently associated with greater mean number of visits within any 1 year. No independent associations were found between maximum number of visits within 1 year and sex, race, language, insurance type, distance from emergency department, time spent in the emergency department, or reason for visit. CONCLUSIONS The greater emergency department use by younger children found in this study may be an indicator of insufficient treatment at other levels of care. Additional research examining more demographic variables and demographic characteristics in greater detail is needed to fully characterize the most frequent users of costly pediatric psychiatric emergency department care.
Conversion to belatacept within 1-year of renal transplantation in a diverse cohort including patients with donor-specific antibodies.

Early conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor to belatacept has the potential to improve long-term renal allograft function; however, there remains limited experience with this strategy among African Americans and patients with preformed donor-specific antibodies (DSA). To examine these subgroups, we performed a single-center review of kidney transplant recipients converted to belatacept within 1-year of transplant between 01/2011 and 10/2017. All patients received lymphocyte-depleting induction with maintenance tacrolimus and mycophenolate +/- corticosteroids. Patients were switched to belatacept for clinical indication and followed from date of conversion until allograft failure or study conclusion. The primary endpoint at 1-year was a composite of allograft loss, biopsy proven rejection, de novo DSA formation, proteinuria, and declining renal function. Thirty-two patients were included in the review. The majority were African American, and 28.1% had DSA at transplant. Patient and allograft survival at 1-year was 96.9% and 93.8%, respectively, and estimated glomerular filtration rate improved from 41.9 to 58.4 mL/min. No African Americans or patients with pretreatment DSA developed rejection or allograft failure within 1-year. The only clinical variable correlated with suboptimal allograft function was baseline weight ≥80 kg (OR = 6.2; 95% CI, 1.2-32.3). Early conversion to belatacept appears safe for select patients with DSA and African Americans receiving lymphocyte-depleting induction.
Expertise effects on attention and eye-movement control during visual search: Evidence from the domain of music reading.

Experts in many domains use their domain-specific knowledge to rapidly locate relevant information. To explore this ability in music reading, we contrasted the eye movements of 30 expert musicians (with at least 10 years of music reading training) and 30 non-musicians (who could not read music) while they completed a visual search task that required them to match a section of a complex piano music score (i.e., the search template) to its identical counterpart within a larger music score (i.e., the search array). Critically, both the search template and array were presented simultaneously throughout each trial in the experiment, which allowed for visual comparisons between the search template and the array. Relative to the non-musicians, the experts had higher accuracy and also spent more time looking at the relevant regions and less time looking at irrelevant regions. Also, as evidence that the experts and non-musicians adopted qualitatively different search strategies, the experts spent more time than non-musicians looking at the search template at the beginning of the trial, and the experts returned to this region less often than non-musicians. Taken together, our results indicate that experts use domain-specific knowledge in the form of “chunks” (Chase & Simon, 1973a, 1973b) and “templates” (Gobet & Simon, 1996b, 2000) to acquire accurate representations of highly complex search templates.
Structure and function of a malaria transmission blocking vaccine targeting Pfs230 and Pfs230-Pfs48/45 proteins

Proteins Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 are Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking (TB) vaccine candidates that form a membrane-bound protein complex on gametes. The biological role of Pfs230 or the Pfs230-Pfs48/45 complex remains poorly understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of recombinant Pfs230 domain 1 (Pfs230D1M), a 6-cysteine domain, in complex with the Fab fragment of a TB monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4F12. We observed the arrangement of Pfs230 on the surface of macrogametes differed from that on microgametes, and that Pfs230, with no known membrane anchor, may exist on the membrane surface in the absence of Pfs48/45. 4F12 appears to sterically interfere with Pfs230 function. Combining mAbs against different epitopes of Pfs230D1 or of Pfs230D1 and Pfs48/45, significantly increased TB activity. These studies elucidate a mechanism of action of the Pfs230D1 vaccine, model the functional activity induced by a polyclonal antibody response and support the development of TB vaccines targeting Pfs230D1 and Pfs230D1-Pfs48/45. With the aim to advance the development of a P. falciparum transmission blocking vaccine, Singh et al. determine the crystal structure of Pfs230D1 in complex with the Fab fragment of TB mAb 4F12. They further study the cellular localization of Pfs230 on the surface of sexual stages of parasites and the effect of combining TB mAbs against Pfs230 and Pfs48/45.
Conductivity of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride (EMIC) and Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) Ionic Liquids at Different Temperatures and AlCl3 Mole Fractions

The conductivity (k) of ionic liquid (IL) comprising a melt of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) with different AlCl3 mole fractions (XAl) and temperatures (343-383 K) are reported. XAl values of 0.6, 0.643, and 0.667 in EMIC-AlCl3 IL are selected to maintain the desired Lewis acidity. Precise and fast conductivity measurements and the behavior of anion species in IL are studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The measured k data followed the Arrhenius law using which the activation energies (Ea) of conduction are determined. The conductivity of EMIC-AlCl3 IL decreased with the higher XAl. EMIC-AlCl3 with XAl=0.6 exhibited higher k (5.58 S m–1) at 383 K and lowest Ea (4.25 KJ mol–1) among studied parameters. Based on the thermodynamic calculations, the differences in conductivities are attributed to the interplay of anion concentration, the molecular structure, cation-anion interactions, and hydrogen bonds in the IL.
Repurposing nucleoside analogs for human coronaviruses

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.
A (Slightly) Improved Bound on the Integrality Gap of the Subtour LP for TSP.

We show that for some $\epsilon > 10^{-36}$ and any metric TSP instance, the max entropy algorithm returns a solution of expected cost at most $\frac{3}{2}-\epsilon$ times the cost of the optimal solution to the subtour elimination LP. This implies that the integrality gap of the subtour LP is at most $\frac{3}{2}-\epsilon$. This analysis also shows that there is a randomized $\frac{3}{2}-\epsilon$ approximation for the 2-edge-connected multi-subgraph problem, improving upon Christofides' algorithm.
Integrating Rubric-Based Metacognitive Reflection to Improve Scientific Research Presentations

Research mentors can play an active role in helping their students develop oral communication skills by implementing formative assessment activities in their group meetings. A rubric can be used as a formative assessment tool that helps a student understand the achievement target they are working toward, where they are relative to the achievement target, and how to close the gap between where they are and where they need to be. In this article, we present a rubric-based activity to help undergraduate students develop scientific oral communication skills during their summer undergraduate research experiences. Our approach uses a rubric of our own design to help guide students through metacognitive reflection to improve their oral presentations. Here, we present findings on the effectiveness of this rubric-based activity and discuss its implications on student growth. While our results focus on undergraduate student development in the research laboratory, we expect this activity can also be used in training graduate students to give effective scientific presentations.
Designing Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Macrocycles with Polyradical Character and Global (Anti)Aromaticity

Polyradical character and global (anti)aromaticity are fundamental concepts that govern rational design of cyclic conjugated macromolecules for optoelectronic applications. Here, we have designed donor-acceptor (D-A) macromolecules with ring topology along with their pi-spacer derivatives, and analyzed their unique electronic properties with density functional theory (DFT). The macromolecules with n = 8 and 16 repeat D-A units display similar singlet-triplet energy gap and have closed-shell electronic configuration with no diradical character (y0 = 0). These macromolecules also display global nonaromatic character, which is supported by NICS(0), AICD, and 2D-ICSS analysis. However, the derivatives with pi-spacer (n = 8-pi) develop near pure open-shell character (y0=1) with increased singlet-triplet gap. Furthermore, these derivatives display global antiaromaticity in the singlet ground-state according to Huckel's rule, and global aromaticity in the lowest triplet state following Baird's rule, and have a very high polyradical character, which is not reported for D-A type macromolecules. The calculated absorption spectra with time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) indicates intensive light absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region broadening to 2500 nm. These macrocycles also display a size-dependent absorption maxima when the number of repeat units increased from n = 8 to 16. Furthermore, due to the development of open-shell character in the pi-spacer derivatives, a significant red-shift in the absorbance wavelength is observed.
Patriline differences reveal genetic influence on forewing size and shape in a yellowjacket wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, 1978).

The wing venation is frequently used as a morphological marker to distinguish biological groups among insects. With geometric morphometrics, minute shape differences can be detected between closely related species or populations, making this technique useful for taxonomy. However, the direct influence of genetic differences on wing morphology has not been explored within colonies of social insects. Here, we show that the father’s genotype has a direct effect on wing morphology in colonies of social wasps. Using geometric morphometrics on the venation pattern, we found significant differences in wing size and shape between patrilines of yellowjackets, taking allometry and measurement error into account. The genetic influence on wing size accounted for a small part of the overall size variation, but venation shape was highly structured by the differences between patrilines. Overall, our results showed a strong genetic influence on wing morphology likely acting at multiple levels of venation pattern development. This confirmed the pertinence of this marker for taxonomic purposes and suggests this phenotype as a potentially useful marker for phylogenies. This also raises doubts about the strength of selective pressures on this phenotype, which highlights the need to understand better the role of wing venation shape in insect flight.
Identification of microsomal rat liver carboxylesterases and their activity with retinyl palmitate

Retinyl esters are a major endogenous storage source of vitamin A in vertebrates and their hydrolysis to retinol is a key step in the regulation of the supply of retinoids to all tissues. Some members of nonspecific carboxylesterase family (EC 3.1.1.1) have been shown to hydrolyze retinyl esters. However, the number of different isoenzymes that are expressed in the liver and their retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity is not known. Six different carboxylesterases were identified and purified from rat liver microsomal extracts. Each isoenzyme was identified by mass spectrometry of its tryptic peptides. In addition to previously characterized rat liver carboxylesterases ES10, ES4, ES3, the protein products for two cloned genes, AB010635 and D50580 (GenBank accession numbers), were also identified. The sixth isoenzyme was a novel carboxylesterase and its complete cDNA was cloned and sequenced (AY034877). Three isoenzymes, ES10, ES4 and ES3, account for more than 95% of rat liver microsomal carboxylesterase activity. They obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics for hydrolysis of retinyl palmitate with Km values of about 1 micro m and specific activities between 3 and 8 nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein. D50580 and AY034877 also hydrolyzed retinyl palmitate. Gene-specific oligonucleotide probing of multiple-tissue Northern blot indicates differential expression in various tissues. Multiple genes are highly expressed in liver and small intestine, important tissues for retinoid metabolism. The level of expression of any one of the six different carboxylesterase isoenzymes will regulate the metabolism of retinyl palmitate in specific rat cells and tissues.
A delta-modulated analog-to-digital conversion technique for digital microsensors

A delta modulation loop is used as the analog-to-digital conversion circuit for microsensors. The delta modulator oversamples and modulates the analog sensor signal into a high frequency 1-bit digital pulse stream. Various kinds of sensor devices can be directly connected to the delta modulation loop. Non-ideal effects of the analog circuits accumulate errors and degrade the system's performance. A set of specification for these analog circuits is defined to achieve 10-bit resolution. >
Raman Noise Figure in Dispersion-Managed Fibers

Exact and approximate analytic expressions are derived for Raman noise figure (NF) in backward-pumped dispersion-managed fibers (DMFs) of arbitrary topology. Measured NF is in excellent agreement with the theory. Results are used to optimize the noise performance of DMFs.
The production of hyperammonemia in dogs with eck fistula

Summary Human banked blood stored in several anti-coagulant-containing solutions for varying periods was administered to mongrel dogs with portacaval shunts. The magnitude of rise in the animal's blood ammonia was not significantly affected by the free ammonia content of the blood administered. Curves for systemic blood ammonia produced by this regimen were compared with curves obtained when isonitrogenous amounts of casein or casein hydrolysate were administered. In view of the almost identical patterns of rise in blood ammonia obtained when whole blood or casein hydrolysate was fed and the lack of valid differences in mean hourly levels of blood ammonia between dogs fed blood or whole casein, casein feeding does not appear to hold great promise as a method for prevention of hyperammonemia in patients with liver disease and associated meat intoxication. The somewhat lower values for blood ammonia observed after feeding of whole casein as compared with whole blood may be explained on the basis of a slower rate of proteolysis and, thus, delayed absorption of the amino acids and ammonia released from whole casein.
Studies on polynucleotide-small molecule interactions: III. The effect of diamines on helical polynucleotides

Abstract 1. 1. The study of the effects of aliphatic diamines on the thermal stability of polynucleotides has been extended to an investigation of the interaction of these cations with the helical duplexes poly-A-poly-U and poly-I-poly-C. In both instances there is stabilization which decreases in the order Mg2+≅ diaminoethane>diaminopentane>diaminooctane, i.e. an “abnormal” order as compared to DNA. 2. 2. In aqueous mixtures of organic solvents diamines produce a profound stabilization of DNA with respect to thermal helix → coil transition. The absolute stabilization decreases in the order H2O > H2O-glycol >H2O-dimethylsulfoxide >H2O-dimethylformamide for any one cation, while in any one solvent the order of effectiveness for different cations is Mg2+ ⩽diaminoethane diaminooctane (the “usual” order, observed previously). 3. 3. Diamines also protect DNA against denaturation by acid. This effect is, however, chain length independent and does not alter any of the spectrophotometrically observable changes produced in DNA as a result of protonation. 4. 4. The addition of amines to DNA produces a relatively insignificant change in viscosity while lowering the sedimentation rate of high-molecular-weight DNA by about 50%. 5. 5. These and other results previously reported have been interpreted in terms of a model which postulates strong and specific interactions between two binding sites on the two antiparallel strands of a DNA helix and the added diamines, leading to a profound alteration in the “atmosphere” in the immediate vicinity of the stacked base pairs.
Dependable system upgrade

The rate of innovations in technologies has far exceeded the rate of adopting them in at least the past 20 years. To fully realize the potential of innovations, a paradigm shift is needed, from a focus on enabling technologies for completely new installations to one which is designed to mitigate the risk and cost of bringing new technologies into functioning systems. In this paper, we show that real time control software can be dependably upgrade online via the use of analytically redundant controllers.
The effects of degree of mixing and concentration of carbon black on the tensile properties of filled elastomers

Based on the concept of entropy of mixing, a new method for determining the degree of mixing of the filler in a polymer matrix has been established. The measurement used in this method is based on a new variable, the effective volume fraction of the filler, ϕ′, which is a function of the mixing index, A, and the volume fraction of the filler, ϕ. The mixing index can be determined from the tensile modulus data of filled elastomers. Excellent agreement is obtained between the mixing index and the dispersion of the filler as determined by a morphological study of cryogenically fractured surfaces of filled elastomers. Using the new variable, the effective volume fraction of the filler, useful relationships for the tensile modulus and the ultimate stretch ratio of filled elastomer have been established. Experimental data confirm that these relationships can well describe the effects of concentration and degree of mixing on the two tensile properties of filled elastomers.
Knowledge of self, mother, and father in preterm and full-term toddlers

Abstract Full-term and preterm toddler's featural knowledge of self, mother, and father was assessed in relation to individual differences in age, attachment status, and cognitive ability. No relation was found between infants' knowledge of self and the predictor variables at 13 months. Different factors, however, were related to infants' knowledge of mothers' and fathers' features. Hierarchical regressions revealed that at 20 months, after controlling for the relation between complexity of knowledge and MDI Bayley scores, full-term infants who were securely attached to their mothers demonstrated more complex knowledge of her than insecurely attached infants or premature Infants' knowledge of self at 20 months and father at both 13 and 20 months was significantly related to attachment status but not term status. These data are discussed in the context of possible differential influences of term status on infant-mother and infant-father interactions.