cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scientific discourse in three urban classrooms: The role of the teacher in engaging high school students in argumentation

Argumentation is a core practice of science and has recently been advocated as an essential goal of science education. Our research focuses on the discourse in urban high school science classrooms in which the teachers used the same global climate change curriculum. We analyzed transcripts from three teachers' classrooms examining both the argument structure as well the dialogic interactions between students. Between 19% and 35% of the discourse focused on scientific argumentation in that students were using evidence and reasoning to justify their claims. Yet in terms of dialogic interactions, only one teacher's classroom was characterized by student-to-student interactions and students explicitly supporting or refuting the ideas presented by their peers. This teacher's use of open questions appeared to encourage students to construct and justify their claims using both their scientific and everyday knowledge. Furthermore, her explicit connections to previous students' comments appeared to encourage students to consider multiple views, reflect on their thinking and reflect on the thinking of their classmates. This study suggests that a teacher's use of open-ended questions may play a key role in supporting students in argumentation in terms of both providing evidence and reasoning for students' claims and encouraging dialogic interactions between students. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:203–229, 2010
Exotic mammal diagnostic endoscopy and endosurgery

Despite the extensive use of endoscopy in avian and domestic animal practice, inclusion of exotic mammals (rabbits, rodents, ferrets, and so forth) in the endoscopist's case load is a much more recent phenomenon. Initially used as a means for the detailed evaluation of the oral cavity, rigid endoscopy has also become invaluable for the evaluation of the nasal cavity, urogenital tract, and increasingly for laparoscopic procedures. This article summarizes the most common procedures used by the author for first opinion and referral cases, and introduces some of the recent developments that are expected to become the standard of care in exotic animal practice in the future.
Model-based face tracking for dense motion field estimation

When estimating the dense motion field of a video sequence, if little is known or assumed about the content, a limited constraint approach such as optical flow must be used. Since optical flow algorithms generally use a small spatial area in the determination of each motion vector the resulting motion field can be noisy, particularly if the input video sequence is noisy. If the moving subject is known to be a face, then we may use that constraint to improve the motion field results. This paper describes a method for deriving dense motion field data using a face tracking approach. A face model is manually initialized to fit a face at the beginning of the input sequence. Then a Kalman filtering approach is used to track the face movements and successively fit the face model to the face in each frame. The 2D displacement vectors are calculated from the projection of the facial model, which is allowed to move in 3D space and may have a 3D shape. We have experimented with planar, cylindrical, and Candide face models. The resulting motion field is used in multiple frame restoration of a face in noisy video.
Rossby Wave Scales, Propagation, and the Variability of Eddy-Driven Jets

The eddy-driven jet is located in the midlatitudes, bounded on one side by the pole and often bounded on the opposite side by a strong Hadley-driven jet. This work explores how the eddy-driven jet and its variability persistwithin these limits.It is demonstrated in a barotropicmodelthat asthe jetis locatedat higherlatitudes, theeddylengthscaleincreasesaspredictedbysphericalRossbywavetheory,andtheleadingmodeofvariability of the jet changes from a meridional shift to a pulse. Looking equatorward, a similar change in eddy-driven jet variabilityisobservedwhenitismovedequatorwardtowardaconstantsubtropicaljet.Inboththepolewardand equatorwardlimits,thechangeinvariabilityfromashifttoapulseisduetothemodulationofeddypropagation and momentum flux. Near the pole, the small value of beta (the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity) and subsequent lack of wave breaking near the pole account for the change in variability, whereas on the equatorwardsideofthejetthestrongsubtropicalwindscanaffecteddypropagationandrestrictthemovementofthe eddy-driven jet or cause bimodal behavior of the jet latitude. Barotropic quasilinear theory thus suggests that the leading mode of zonal-wind variability will transition from a shift to a pulse as the eddy-driven jets move poleward with climate change, and that the eddy length scale will increase as the jet moves poleward.
Tracking of object with SVM regression

This paper presents a novel feature-matching based approach for rigid object tracking. The proposed method models the tracking problem as discovering the affine transforms of object images between frames according to the extracted feature correspondences. False feature matches (outliers) are automatically detected and removed with a new SVM regression technique, where outliers are iteratively identified as support vectors with the gradually decreased insensitive margin /spl epsi/. This method, in addition to object tracking, can also be used for general feature-based epipolar constraint estimation, in which it can quickly detect outliers even if they make up, in theory, over 50% of the whole data. We have applied the proposed method to track real objects under cluttering backgrounds with very encouraging results.
Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes

Temperate forests of North America are thought to be significant sinks of atmospheric CO2. We developed a below-ground carbon (C) budget for well-drained soils in Harvard Forest Massachusetts, an ecosystem that is storing C. Measurements of carbon and radiocarbon ( 14 C) inventory were used to determine the turnover time and maximum rate of CO2 production from heterotrophic respiration of three fractions of soil organic matter (SOM): recognizable litter fragments (L), humified low density material (H), and high density or mineral-associated organic matter (M). Turnover times in all fractions increased with soil depth and were 2-5 years for recognizable leaf litter, 5-10 years for root litter, 40-100+ years for low density humified material and >100 years for carbon associated with minerals. These turnover times represent the time carbon resides in the plant + soil system, and may underestimate actual decomposition rates if carbon resides for several years in living root, plant or woody material. Soil respiration was partitioned into two components using 14 C: recent photosynthate which is metabolized by roots and microorganisms within a year of initial fixation (Recent- C), and C that is respired during microbial decomposition of SOM that resides in the soil for several years or longer (Reservoir-C). For the whole soil, we calculate that decomposition of Reservoir-C contributes approximately 41% of the total annual soil respiration. Of this 41%, recognizable leaf or root detritus accounts for 80% of the flux, and 20% is from the more humified fractions that dominate the soil carbon stocks. Measurements of CO 2 and 14 CO2 in the soil atmosphere and in total soil respiration were combined with surface CO2 fluxes and a soil gas diffusion model to determine the flux and isotopic signature of C produced as a function of soil depth. 63% of soil respiration takes place in the top 15 cm of the soil (O + A + Ap horizons). The average residence time of Reservoir-C in the plant + soil system is 81 years and the average age of carbon in total soil respiration (Recent-C + Reservoir-C) is 41 years. The O and A horizons have accumulated 4.4 kgC m -- 2 above the plow layer since abandon- ment by settlers in the late-1800's. C pools contributing the most to soil respiration have short enough turnover times that they are likely in steady state. However, most C is stored as humified organic matter within both the O and A horizons and has turnover times from 40 to
The relationship between molecular parameters and polymer distribution and the ability of a polymer to improve the resilience of cotton fabrics

Elastic properties are found to be critical parameters for polymers which improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton fabric. Those molecular factors which results in optimum recovery of a polymer film from distortion (i.e., stretching) are shown to be directly related to the ability to improve fabric wrinkle recovery. Further, those molecular factors which inhibit the tendency of a polymer to form ordered structures allow the inherent flexibility of the polymer to be utilized in storing energy of distortion. This energy is then available, if the polymer is properly distributed on the fabric, to help overcome the fabric's frictional resistance to recovery. The most advantageous distribution of polymer is one in which interfiber and interyarn elastic bridges are formed.
Radiocontrast-Induced Acute Renal Failure

The intravascular administration of iodinated radiocontrast media can lead to acute renal dysfunction. Even small changes in renal function have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, making the prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy of paramount importance. This review summarizes the principal risk factors for radiocontrast nephropathy and evidence-based preventive strategies that should be used to limit its occurrence. Risk factors for radiocontrast nephropathy include preexistent kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, dose of radiocontrast used, advanced congestive heart failure, and intravascular volume depletion. Proven preventive measures include volume expansion with intravenous saline or sodium bicarbonate and the use of low-osmolar or iso-osmolar radiocontrast media. Studies evaluating N-acetylcysteine have been conflicting, with meta-analyses suggesting a small beneficial effect. Studies of other pharmacologic agents have not demonstrated clinical benefit.
Congruence Classes Modulo a Polynomial

In Chapter 6 we constructed the rings ℤ/mℤ by looking at congruence classes of integers modulo m. For m a prime, ℤ/mℤ turned out to be a field. In Chapter 20 we introduced congruences modulo a polynomial. In this chapter we consider congruence classes modulo a polynomial.
Forecasting Energy Development Scenarios to Aid in Conservation Design

Rapid increases in development of both renewable and traditional hydrocarbon energy resources seem certain and will probably affect up to 20 percent of the major terrestrial ecosystems in the western United States ( chap.2; McDonald et al.2009). Growing concerns over the potential social and biological impacts of climate change, with related calls to reduce carbon emissions, have intensified demands to develop renewable energy resources (Brooke2008). Nevertheless, fossil fuels will continue as a primary source of energy, with ramifications for the western United States, where a substantial portion of domestic onshore hydrocarbon resources are found ( chap.2). Exploitation of a wider portion of our domestic energy resources will increase the likelihood of conflicts between energy development and conservation and necessitate more proactive approaches to environmental mitigation ( chap.9).
An Indomitable Spirit of Black Studies

I first knew of Dr. Robert Chrisman through the pages of The Black Scholar during my graduate school days. But I never met him in person until he became a professor at the University of Nebraska around the year 2000. I always knew through TBS of Chrisman’s passion for Marxism as the preeminent political and economic tool for liberating black communities in the USA, Africa, and the African diaspora. I studied Marxism informally as an undergraduate and formally and seriously as a graduate student. The more I studied Marxism, its theories, its factional ideologies, its practices, and its histories, the more I became skeptical of Marxism as a tool or even its ends. However, Marxism’s seductive idealism (rhetoric, language, symbolism, activism) never ceased challenging me. Shortly after Chrisman arrived in Nebraska, he summoned six or so professors with different disciplinary backgrounds and research foci to an informal meeting where he proposed that we start a group that would develop actionable progressive research agenda. I shared his goal that we collaborate to make a difference in the lives of others. He already knew that I was allergic to Marxism as a socioeconomic tool of development. I noted that I support progress as long as he does not regard “progressiveness” as necessarily synonymous with its leftist sense. For me progress need not be defined in purely leftist or rightist terms. I added that I hunger for a multidimensional conception of progress that has no radical root in a hard conservative or liberal ground. His response suggested strongly to me that I was dealing with a formidable cultural warrior with an ability to absorb empathically not only the core things that divide him and others at the points of departure but also the core things that potentially or presumably unify him and others relative to the ends of humanity: such ends as social and economic justice and freedom of humans to be themselves for the clear benefit of one another and their communities. During some of Chrisman’s Nebraska years, the group discussed intensely and substantively for several hours monthly and sometimes weekly the challenges and possible solutions regarding the political and social conditions or situations of mostly blacks in the United States, Cuba, and certain countries in Africa and the African diaspora. During these meetings, I experienced many moments of what it means to be a relentless, seasoned, savvy, and non-dogmatic Marxist fighter for all, especially black folks. Activist Chrisman arguably made his best marks with the best parts of Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Che.
Effects of sublethal doses of methoprene on reproduction and longevity of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Larvae of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen), were exposed to either of two sublethal doses of the insect growth regulator methoprene. The longevity and fertility of adults that eclosed were determined. Methoprene-treated females initiated vitellogenic oocyte development sooner but laid fewer eggs over a 5-d period than untreated females. However, the fertility of oviposited eggs was unchanged by methoprene treatment. A higher percentage of methoprene-treated males compared with untreated were infertile, due largely (but not entirely) to incomplete rotation of the external genitalia. Adult life spans of treated females were shorter than those of control females. Results indicate that sublethal doses of methoprene can significantly affect the fitness of a dipteran insect and must be considered when estimating the potential for evolution of resistance to this insecticide.
Theory of Molecular Cooling Using Optical Frequency Combs in the Presence of Decoherence

A semiclassical theory demonstrates that a single, phase modulated optical frequency comb may be used to control dynamics in ultracold gases aiming at creation of deeply bound ultracold molecules from Feshbach states.
Free-Energy Landscape for Peptide Amphiphile Self-Assembly: Stepwise versus Continuous Assembly Mechanisms

The mechanism of self-assembly of 140 peptide amphiphiles (PAs) to give nanofiber structures was investigated using a coarse-grained method to quantitatively determine whether the assembly process involves discrete intermediates or is a continuous process. Two novel concepts are introduced for this analysis, a cluster analysis of the time dependence of PA assembly and use of the fraction of native contacts as reaction coordinates for characterizing thermodynamic functions during assembly. The cluster analysis of the assembly kinetics demonstrates that a pillar-like intermediate state is formed before the final cylindrical semifiber structure. We also find that head group assembly occurs on a much shorter time scale than tail group assembly. A 2D free-energy landscape with respect to the fraction of native contacts was calculated, and the pillar-like intermediate structure was also found, with free energies about 1.2 kcal/mol higher than the final state. Although this intermediate state exists for only hun...
The World Sugar Economy in War and Depression, 1914-40

This important collection of studies constitutes the most detailed examination of the sugar trade during the years 1914-1939.
Nomenclature in Aspergillus and Penicillium

(1957). Nomenclature in Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mycologia: Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 644-662.
Inhaler Technique in Children With Asthma: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background Pediatric asthma is an important public health problem worldwide. The primary methods of medication delivery are inhalation devices. Objectives This systematic review examined: 1) what is the prevalence of correct inhaler technique among children with asthma, 2) are educational interventions associated with improved rates of correct inhalation technique, and 3) is improved inhaler technique associated with improved asthma outcomes? Data Sources We included experimental and observational studies through searches of PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL Complete, and clinicaltrials.gov. Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants, and Interventions Studies were eligible for this review if at least 1 outcome measure of the study included and reported results of child/adolescent inhaler technique. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods The following information was extracted from each included study: study design (experimental vs observational), and outcomes data. The Downs and Black checklist was used to appraise study quality. Results Twenty-eight studies were eligible for inclusion. We found that inhaler technique is generally very poor among children, but is better when children use their metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) with spacers. Technique in using turbuhalers and diskus inhalers is better than in MDI, but still poor. Counseling children on correct inhaler technique was associated with improved technique among children in multiple studies. Limitations We examined articles published in English. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Inhaler technique in children is generally poor. Physicians and other members of the health care team should instruct children and their caregivers on the proper use of their inhalation devices at every opportunity and correct mistakes when made to ensure effective medication delivery. Registry This systematic review was registered under the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, PROSPERO CRD42015025070 (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015025070).
Snapchat is more personal

Snapchat is a social media platform that allows users to send images, videos, and text with a specified amount of time for the receiver(s) to view the content before it becomes permanently inaccessible to the receiver. Using focus group methodology and in-depth interviews, the current study sought to understand young adult (18-23 years old; nź=ź34) perceptions of how Snapchat behaviors influenced their interpersonal relationships (family, friends, and romantic). Young adults indicated that Snapchat served as a double-edged sword-a communication modality that could lead to relational challenges, but also facilitate more congruent communication within young adult interpersonal relationships. Young adults report perceived influence of Snapchat on relationships.Snapchat perceived to facilitate both positive and negative relational interactions.Snapchat use reserved for closest relationships, not strangers.
Analysis of monitoring Results of rural drinking water quality in Huaibei city from 2009 to 2011

Objective To know the status of rural drinking water quality in Huaibei city and provide a scientific basis for improving the drinking water quality.Methods Drinking water were sampled in rural area of Huaibei from 2009 to 2011,then detected and evaluated in accordance with the national standard.Results For 763 samples of drinking water,the qualified rate was 48.4%.The qualified rates of rural drinking water from centralized and decentralized water supply points were 53.0% and 20.4% respectively and there was a significant difference betwecn twb group(P0.01).The qualified rates of rural drinking water in wet season and dry season were 47.9% and 48.8% respectively.The unqualified item were fluoride,total hardness,opacity,visible objects,total coliform and sulfate.Conclusion Rural drinking water quality in Huaibei city is not fine.So the construction and the management of drinking water projects should be strengthened in the rural areas.
Factors affecting performance of air tonometry using the TONOCAP.

Saline tonometry has been replaced by automated air tonometry (TONOCAP®). As with saline tonometry there are some pitfalls to consider. We investigated the influence of different filling handicaps to the tonometry catheter sampling balloon on measurement of regional PCO 2 (PrCO 2 ). In an in vitro set-up, PrCO 2 was measured using the TONOCAP® at intervals of 10 minutes from a 8F tonometry catheter sampling balloon placed in a container with constant PCO 2 (PcCO 2 ). Catheter alarms displayed by the TONOCAP® device were noted. The following experiments were performed: A) control measurement without modifications; B) adding deadspace of 7 ml into the sampling line; C) placing the sampling balloon in a 3 ml syringe; D) cross-clamping of the sampling balloon. Each experiment was performed four times using two catheters on two TONOCAP® devices. Differences between PcCO 2 and PrCO 2 were calculated as Pc-rCO 2 . Results are presented as mean±SD and were compared using ANOVA with Scheffe's correction. Pc-rCO 2 in the control set-up (A) amounted to 0.16±0.22%. Increasing catheter deadspace (B) resulted in a higher Pc-rCO 2 of 3.2±0.57% (P<0.0001). Restriction of balloon expansion (C) caused an Pc-rCO 2 gap of 1.17±0.36% (P<0.0001). With filling restriction (D) the Pc-rCO 2 gap increased to 3.87±0.29% (P<0.0001). The catheter alarms provided were not able to indicate all catheter problems and initial alarms disappeared although the problems continued. We conclude that impaired catheter deadspace to balloon volume relation can negatively influence accuracy of PrCO 2 measurement by the TONOCAP®.
Religiosity, Developmental Context, and Sexual Shame in Pornography Users: A Serial Mediation Model

ABSTRACTThis study adds two possible extensions to a previously supported model by proposing a serial mediation model with religiosity, moral disapproval, and perceived addiction mediating the relationship between childhood household religiosity and sexual shame. The 358 participants are a subset of a larger study examining romantic partner relationship satisfaction and pornography use. Participants included men and women who indicated intentionally viewing pornography within the six months prior to their participation. Though the total effect of childhood household religiosity on sexual shame was not significant, the serial mediation model was supported. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Altered follicular development in clomiphene citrate versus human menopausal gonadotropin-stimulated cycles for in vitro fertilization.

The pattern of periovulatory and luteal phase serum estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P) as well as follicular fluid (FF) E 2 , P, androgen, gonadotropin, and prolactin concentrations of eight women undergoing clomiphene citrate (CC)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation and eight women undergoing human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)/hCG stimulation of follicular development for the purpose of in vitro fertilization were compared. Ovulation was induced with either a 5-day course of CC (100mg/day beginning on day 5 of the cycle) or an individualized hMG regimen, and laparoscopy was performed 36hours after hCG administration. The length of the luteal phase was significantly longer ( P 2 levels differed significantly ( P 2 levels were lower in the early and midluteal phase in CC-stimulated cycles; in addition, a delayed second E 2 peak was observed in the late luteal phase in these women. Serum P levels, however, were lower in the hMG-stimulated group. Analysis of FF hormone concentrations revealed significantly ( P 2 and androsterone in the FF of hMG-treated patients. It is concluded that follicular development in CC-stimulated cycles differs markedly from that in hMG-stimulated cycles. These differences may reflect either an altered follicular maturational process or may represent a direct inhibitory effect of CC on follicular steroidogenesis.
Conducting a Family Conference

Much has been recommended and written about seeing the family together in the medical setting (1–3). However, the specifics of conducting a family conference have yet to be spelled out. That is the purpose of this chapter. We will offer a concrete, step-by-step guide to conducting a family conference in a medical setting. It is not the only way to conduct a family conference, but is one effective way to conduct a family conference.
A Hero Without Nostos: Ulysses’ Last Voyage in Twentieth-Century Italy

The article reviews the reception of Ulysses’ last voyage in twentieth-century Italy. Ulysses’ last voyage is used by Italian authors to discuss different and often opposing views of the ideal human life as well as the intellectual and existential angsts of the twentieth century. In addition, the Italian twentieth-century Ulysses becomes part of a metapoetic discourse, as going back to the Homeric and Dantesque myths of Ulysses for an artist also means interrogating oneself on the possibility of creating something new within a long tradition. This metaliterary dimension adds to the modern Italian reception of Ulysses, making it a unique case of the intersection of many different layers of reception both in chronological and thematic terms.
Effects of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 on the U.S. Energy Industry

This empirical research paper uses a combination of archival data and hand collected data to examine firms’ from the U.S. energy industry response to the tax holiday for repatriations provided under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. The findings of the research paper suggest firms repatriated substantial sums during the holiday period provided by the Act. However, the energy industry did not repatriate foreign earnings to the extent other industries did. The largest firms in the oil and gas industry did not repatriate any funds under the terms of the Act. Further, the study identified only 10 multinational oil and gas firms that repatriated any earnings during the holiday period and these firms repatriated less, both absolutely and relative to total assets, than other repatriating firms.
Brief Report: SETD2 Mutation in a Child with Autism, Intellectual Disabilities and Epilepsy

Whole exome sequencing (WES) has been utilized with increasing frequency to identify mutations underlying rare diseases. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are genetically heterogeneous, and novel genes for these disorders are rapidly being identified, making these disorders ideal candidates for WES. Here we report a 17-year-old girl with ASD, developmental delay, ID, seizures, Chiari I malformation, macrocephaly, and short stature. She was found by WES to have a de novo c.2028delT (P677LfsX19) mutation in the SET domain-containing protein 2 (SETD2) gene, predicted to be gene-damaging. This case offers evidence for the potential the role of SETD2 in ASD and ID and provides further detail about the phenotypic manifestations of mutations in SETD2.
Filtered Through the Lenses of Self: Experiences of Two Preservice Music Teachers

In this study, I explored ways in which two preservice music teachers’ views of themselves operated as personalised lenses for their teaching and learning experiences. I observed and talked with the participants throughout an academic year as they interacted with university and public school instructors, peers, family members, and public school students. Focusing on events and ideas they emphasised in our conversations, I constructed narratives to highlight ways in which self-views filtered their experiences and influenced their actions. Both general teacher educators (Feiman-Nemser, 2001; Pajares, 1992; Richardson, 1996; Wideen, Mayer- Smith, & Moon, 1998) and music teacher educators (Kokoski, 1991; Kukanauza, 2001; Schmidt, 1998; Snyder, 1997; Stegman, 2001) have reported that preservice teachers’ ideas and beliefs can exert powerful effects on teaching behaviours.
A simple multi-player video game framework for experimenting and teaching cultural understanding

We have created a game called Culture Code that allows researchers and teachers to host online games where teams have asynchronous abilities. Inspired by the game Barnga [11], which is designed to "explore factors related to communication problems in intercultural situations", our game, Culture Code, takes Barnga's basic mechanics and extends them. In Barnga, some players enter a game where they do not know the game rules resulting in a disadvantage compared to others who already know the rules. This mechanic is meant to simulate the disadvantages of someone entering a culture where the rules aren't explained. We extend this idea into out frame-work in which players are divided into teams, and each team's capabilities can be uniquely defined. This framework can be used to create a wide variety of scenarios to facilitate experiments and teaching points related to cultural advantages and disadvantages.
Room temperature Plasma Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition Al 2 O 3 film's encapsulation application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) are made from multilayer organic polymers and electrodes that can produce light. However, OLEDs are required to be protected from oxygen, moisture by encapsulation or seal, generally using a metal cap. The metal cap is heavier, larger and expensive. On the other hand, Plasma Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Al 2 O 3 film is dense, thin, and conformal [1–2]. These properties are ideal for encapsulation thin films. Room temperature (25 °C) Al 2 O 3 films were deposited using Cambridge Nanotech Fiji ALD system by oxygen plasma assisted atomic layer deposition with Trimethyl Aluminum (TMA) as the precursor, which had good uniformity and density across an area of 80 cm2. Veeco Nanoman AFM 3D images in Fig. 1 revealed that films were smooth and uniform, as none of the films had roughness more than 1 nm at different thicknesses. Al 2 O 3 films' roughness slightly increased with increasing the film's thickness. The Al 2 O 3 film's dielectric constant was extracted and calculated based on C-V curve, and dielectric constant 7.1 indicated a good quality of Al 2 O 3 film at room temperature using plasma ALD, compared with 3 being the worst quality of Al 2 O 3 film and 9 the best.
Tone Jammer Suppression in a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver using Adaptive Lattice and Transversal Filters

Least-mean-squared (LMS) adaptive filtering can be used to suppress narrow-band jamming in a direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum receiver. This paper compares the performance of adaptive lattice and adaptive transversal filter structures for single and multiple tone jammers. A Texas Instruments TMS32010-based test system is described-which allows the generation of bit-error-rate (BER) results for both filter structures. Results are presented for single and multiple tone jammers having constant and swept frequencies.
Change in Oxygen Consumption Following Inhalation of Albuterol in Comparison with Levalbuterol in Healthy Adult Volunteers.

Albuterol is the most commonly used β agonist to treat reversible lower airway obstruction. Albuterol contains a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. Levalbuterol contains the single R form enantiomer. Levalbuterol is frequently prescribed to limit cardiovascular toxicity. We examined changes in oxygen consumption (V’O2) and heart rate (HR) following administration of albuterol and levalbuterol. This is a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled study of healthy adult volunteers. Subjects separately received albuterol (5 mg) and levalbuterol (2.5 mg) aerosolized over 15 min. V’O2 and vital signs were measured before the medications and 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min after. We enrolled 24 volunteers with a median age of 32 years. Compared to baseline, there was a significant maximum increase in V’O2 following administration of both albuterol (median 17% (1, 3 IQR 9, 43%) p < 0.001) and levalbuterol (median 23% (1, 3 IQR 10, 32%) p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the maximum increase in V’O2 following administration of albuterol compared to levalbuterol (p = 0.57). Compared to baseline, there was a significant maximal increase in HR with both albuterol (median 30% (1, 3 IQR 19, 43%) p < 0.001) and levalbuterol (median 23% (1, 3 IQR 19, 31%) p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant greater increase in maximal HR following administration of albuterol as compared to levalbuterol (p = 0.009). Albuterol and levalbuterol both cause a significant increase in V’O2 and HR. There was no significant difference between albuterol and levalbuterol regarding the maximum increase in V’O2. There was a statistically significant but likely clinically insignificant difference in maximum increase in HR in patients with adequate oxygen delivery when comparing albuterol to levalbuterol.
Influence of feeding a fish oil‐containing diet to mature, overweight dogs: Effects on lipid metabolites, postprandial glycaemia and body weight

Summary The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding a fish oil (FO)-containing diet on lipid and protein metabolism, postprandial glycaemia and body weight (BW) of mature, overweight dogs. Seven female dogs were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control (CO) or FO (FO), in a crossover design. Experimental periods were 69 day, separated by a washout period of 30 day. At the beginning of the experiment, and at 30 and 60 day of feeding the experimental diets, the dogs were infused with D-glucose (2 g/kg BW) through an intravenous catheter. Blood samples were collected for 3 hr to perform a glucose tolerance test. Nitrogen balance measurements began at 06:30 on d 63 of each experimental period and ended at 06:30 on d 69. On d 66 of each period, a single dose (7.5 mg/kg) of 15N-glycine was administered orally for determination of protein turnover. Incremental area under the curve and glucose concentration at peak did not differ between treatments or among sampling days within treatment. Glucose half-life tended to decrease (p < .10) in the FO treatment on day 30 when compared to baseline (day 0). β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triglycerides did not differ within or between treatments. Cholesterol decreased (p < .05) on the FO treatment on day 30, 60 and 69 when compared to day 0. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased (p < .05) in the FO treatment on day 69 when compared to day 0. Body weight, food intake, faecal excretion, DM and N digestibilities, N balance and protein turnover were not different between diets. Overall, FO-containing diet decreases cholesterol in mature overweight dogs; however, further research is warranted to verify the effects of FO on glucose metabolism.
A Different Carbon Tax: The Sustainable Green Tariff

Two heated current political arguments focus on carbon taxes and tariffs. This essay will develop an argument for linking carbon emissions with tariffs, through a tax on goods entering a country based on the method of transport and distance traveled, rather than based on the country of origin or category of the product. The result would be to encourage more sustainable local production, to reduce currently externalized costs of carbon emissions, to generate new tax revenues to fund reductions in regressive social insurance taxes, and to provide benefits for those adversely affected by carbon emissions.
Cleaning and pelliclization

The final step in the reticle manufacturing process takes place in the Cleaning and Pelliclization Area. Traditionally, this area covers reticle clean, pellicle mount, and particle inspection. Pellicles are used to protect the clean reticle: the pellicle membrane holds air borne particles away from the surface of the reticle, thus out of the focal plane, so the particles won't print on the wafer. The pellicle surface can tolerate larger particles than the reticle surface, making the reticle/pellicle combination more reliable in wafer fab. In the past, the Cleaning and Pelliclization Area's main concern has been "soft" defects. Soft defects can be defined as any defect that can be removed by cleaning, such as particles, contamination, residue, stains, etc. The inspection tools used to verify the Cleaning and Pelliclization process have been focused on soft defect detection, i.e. particle inspection systems. Hard defects then, are defined as any defect involving the photomask substrate, such as missing or extra chrome, glass flaws, or scratches. The increased use of automation in the Cleaning and Pelliclization process forces concern and inspection for hard defects. The only important specification in the Cleaning and Pelliclization process is zero defects, at a given size level. The given size level is complicated by the various locations of concern: the pellicle surfaces, the pattern side surfaces, and the glass side surfaces. As die sizes continue to increase, reticles have fewer dies. This places a tremendous responsibility on the Cleaning and Pelliclization area to deliver a reticle with zero printable killer defects, and zero defects that may move from a non-printing position into a printing position. This paper will first cover defect definitions, locations, specifications, and the current status of the Cleaning and Pelliclization process in Production today, the process geared for 16-megabit DRAM specifications. The general process flow and the current trends in processing and equipment will be reviewed. Next, the process for the 64-megabit DRAM's, currently in development mode, will be discussed. Finally, the future projections for the needs in the Cleaning and Pelliclization Area to meet the challenges for the phase shift mask (PSM) and DUV technologies, and the 256-megabit DRAM process will be reviewed.
Current Status and Future Directions

Previous chapters have summarized findings and discussed some issues germane to specific areas such as the prevention of behavioral and social problems, academic problems, and so on. The intent of this last chapter is to highlight some important findings and themes that have emerged across these different areas. In doing so, some liberties have been taken in synthesizing prevention research. Investigators have not used the same terminology or measurement procedures across studies, so some judgments and inferences have been made. Programs also vary greatly in their scope and focus, so there are exceptions to each of the following comments and recommendations. Although it is impossible to do justice to all of the prevention programs that have been discussed in earlier chapters, the following sections emphasize some important discoveries and principles that have emerged among diverse interventions. The first section summarizes the general outcomes of prevention, the second section offers some guidelines for improving interventions, and the final section offers a few comments on the future.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau

The neural protein tau was first identified and purified in 1975 as a protein that copurifies with tubulin and assembles tubulin subunits into microtubules (1). Although tau has been studied intensively for almost 30 yr, many aspects of tau structure, function, and regulation remain unclear. Whereas tau is widely appreciated to be important in normal neurodevelopment (reviewed in refs. 2,3), it is most widely known because it is the major component of the intraneuronal “neurofibrillary tangles” associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology (4–7). In addition to Alzheimer’s disease, these insoluble and abnormal tau tangles are also associated with numerous other neurodegenerative disorders known collectively as “tauopathies.” This chapter will discuss historical and current research regarding normal tau structure, function, and regulation as well as possible molecular mechanisms of tau-mediated neuronal cell death in disease.
Cognitive Effects of Physostigmine and Choline Chloride in Normal Subjects

This chapter presents the results of two studies investigating the effects of cholinomimetic drugs on cognitive functioning in humans. Experiment I investigated the effects of physostigmine, a drug which inhibits cholinesterase and thereby slows the destruction of acetylcholine (Koelle, 1975). Experiment II investigated the effects of precursor loading with choline chloride; this procedure may increase brain acetylcholine and central cholinergic activity (Cohen and Wurtman, 1976; Haubrich et al., 1975). These studies were undertaken because previous work both with animals and with humans indicates that cholinergic mechanisms play an important role in cognitive activities such as learning and memory. One hypothesis of particular interest to us was that some aspects of human cognitive functioning may be improved by giving drugs that increase the level of central cholinergic activity.
An algorithmic solution of N-person games

Two-person, perfect information, constant sum games have been studied in Artificial Intelligence. This paper opens up the issue of playing n-person games and proposes a procedure for constant sum or non-constant sum games. It is proved that a procedure, maxn, locates an equilibrium point given the entire game tree. The minimax procedure for 2-person games using look ahead finds a saddle point of approximations, while maxn finds an equilibrium point of the values of the evaluation function for n-person games using look ahead. Maxn is further analyzed with respect to some pruning schemes.
Changing Concepts in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s: More Overlap and Similarities

In addition to more clinical reports of overlapping phenomenology, an expanding number of recent, comparative, basic science, and preclinical studies from various US and UK laboratories found surprising similarities between patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (Table 11.1). Over 150 studies from the 1990s and 2000s were reviewed that either compared some aspects of the two diagnoses and/or supported bipolar disorder as a “bona fide” disorder. Some of these comparative studies are summarized with selected authors’ quotes in Tables 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, and 11.61.
Technical Report: Toward a Scalable Algorithm to Compute High-Dimensional Integrals of Arbitrary Functions

Neutron experiments at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) frequently generate large amounts of data (on the order of 106-1012 data points). Hence, traditional data analysis tools run on a single CPU take too long to be practical and scientists are unable to efficiently analyze all data generated by experiments. Our goal is to develop a scalable algorithm to efficiently compute high-dimensional integrals of arbitrary functions. This algorithm can then be used to integrate the four-dimensional integrals that arise as part of modeling intensity from the experiments at the SNS. Here, three different one-dimensional numerical integration solvers from the GNU Scientific Library were modified and implemented to solve four-dimensional integrals. The results of these solvers on a final integrand provided by scientists at the SNS can be compared to the results of other methods, such as quasi-Monte Carlo methods, computing the same integral. A parallelized version of the most efficient method can allow scientists the opportunity to more effectively analyze all experimental data.
Integrity Training: The Importance of a Moral Resoning and Rigorous Evaluations

Another regular “go to” in the anti-corruption tool box of rule of law development professionals is to implement some form of police integrity training.
Assessing Maternal and Fetal Risks Associated with Prolonged Induction of Labor.

Objective To assess whether prolonged induction of labor was associated with increased maternal or neonatal morbidity. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing induction of labor at a single institution. We included women with singletons ≥ 36 weeks with initial cervical dilation ≤4 cm. Prolonged induction of labor was defined as lasting > 36 hours from the time of initial method to delivery. A 2-to-1 propensity score-matched analysis was performed between women with and those without prolonged induction of labor. Maternal outcomes were cesarean delivery, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, postpartum hemorrhage, severe perineal laceration, and length of postpartum admission. Neonatal outcomes included Apgar scores, umbilical artery pH, and neonatal intensive care admission. Results Among 2,021 women, 407 (20.1%) had a prolonged induction. In unadjusted analyses, prolonged induction of labor was associated with increased cesarean delivery and chorioamnionitis. After 2-to-1 propensity score matching, there were 267 women with prolonged induction and 424 controls. Women with prolonged induction of labor had higher rates of cesarean delivery (35.6 vs. 16%, p Conclusion Overall length of induction impacts maternal outcome.
Lo extraño del animal. Hacia una ecología queer en la poesía de Olvido García Valdés

espanolLa poesia de Olvido Garcia Valdes se ha estudiado como una poetica de oposicion al discurso patriarcal. En efecto, la poeta asegura que ella escribe “radicalmente en femenino”. La gramatica de genero supone en este sentido un sitio privilegiado de emision del discurso poetico. Sin embargo, el dialogo afectivo con la naturaleza, un elemento crucial en la poetica valdesina de la extraneza, desestabiliza la integridad sexual en la subjetividad poetica. Este argumento se asienta en una metodologia que yuxtapone el poder transformador de la energia emocional/afectiva acumulada en el poema, con la elaboracion formal de una ecologia queer que manifiesta la continuidad existencial entre la subjetividad poetica y lo/la/el otro/a. En la poesia de Garcia Valdes, la representacion del dinamismo afectivo del cuerpo en el lenguaje excede la constitucion gramatical de sus propios limites, un exceso que termina por cuestionar la coherencia discursiva de la experiencia sexual en el poema. EnglishThe poetry of Olvido Garcia Valdes has been studied in opposition to patriarchal discourse. Indeed, the poet says that she writes “radically in feminine”. The grammar of gender supposes, in this sense, a privileged locus of emission of the poetic speech. However, the affective dialogue with nature, a crucial element in the Valdesian poetics of strangeness, destabilizes sexual integrity in the poetic subjectivity. This argument is grounded in a methodology that juxtaposes the transformational power of emotional/affective energy accumulated in the poem, with the spatial form of a queer ecology that manifests the existential continuity between the self and a gender neutral other. In the poetry of Garcia Valdes, the representation of the affective dynamism of the body in language exceeds the grammatical constitution of its own limits, a textual excess that results in questioning the discursive coherence of the sexual experience in the poem.