cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the peptide 310-helix ? ?-helix equilibrium with double label electron spin resonance

Over the last several years we have used spin labeling as a means for exploring the structure of helical peptides. Two nitroxide labels are engineered into a peptide sequence and distances are ranked with electron spin resonance (ESR). We have found that there is a significant amount of 310–helix in 16–residue model peptides containing only L–amino acids. This review covers several facets of the methodology including spin labeling strategy, interpretation of ESR spectra and the influence of molecular dynamics on the spectral line shapes. Also covered are recent findings of a length–dependent 3l0-helix α-helix transition and the role of Arg+ in the stabilization of specific helix structures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The clinical and economic consequences of screening young men for genital chlamydial infection.

Background: Wide-scale application of urine-based screening of asymptomatic men for chlamydial infection has not been thoroughly assessed. Goal: The goal was to compare clinical and economic consequences of three strategies: (1) no screening (2) screening with ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay of urine and (3) prescreening urine with a leukocyte esterase test (LE) and confirming positives with LCR. Study Design: We used a decision analytic model. Results: At a chlamydia prevalence of 5% the no screening cost was $7.44 per man screened resulting in 522 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) per 100000 men. LE-LCR was most cost-effective preventing 242 cases of PID over no screening at an additional cost of $29.14 per male screened. The LCR strategy prevented 104 more cases of PID than LE-LCR but cost $22.62 more per male screened. For this to be more efficient than LE-LCR the LCR assay cost needed to decline to <$18. Conclusion: At a chlamydia prevalence of 5% LE-LCR is the most efficient use of resources. If LCR cost decreases or chlamydia prevalence increases the LCR strategy is favored. (authors)
Design and implementation of an intelligent end-to-end network QoS system

End-to-End guaranteed network QoS is a requirement for predictable data transfers between geographically distant end-hosts. Existing QoS systems, however, do not have the capability/intelligence to decide what resources to reserve and which paths to choose when there are multiple and flexible resource reservation requests. In this paper, we design and implement an intelligent system that can guarantee end-to-end network QoS for multiple flexible reservation requests. At the heart of this system is a polynomial time algorithm called resource reservation and path construction (RRPC). The RRPC algorithm schedules multiple flexible end-to-end data transfer requests by jointly optimizing the path construction and bandwidth reservation along these paths. We show that constructing such schedules is NP-hard. We implement our intelligent QoS system, and present the results of deployment on real world production networks (ESnet and Internet2). Our implementation does not require modifications or new software to be deployed on the routers within network.
Optimization of a Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Reaction Methodology for the Analysis of Castor Oil Using Experimental Design

The aim of this work was to optimize a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)/enzymatic reaction process for the determination of the fatty acid composition of castor seeds. A lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) was used to catalyze the methanolysis reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2). A Box-Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate effects of various values of pressure (200-400 bar), temperature (40-80 °C), methanol concentration (1-5 vol %), and water concentration (0.02-0.18 vol %) on the yield of methylated castor oil. Response surfaces were plotted, and these together with results from some additional experiments produced optimal extraction/reaction conditions for SC-CO2 at 300 bar and 80 °C, with 7 vol % methanol and 0.02 vol % water. These conditions were used for the determination of the castor oil content expressed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in castor seeds. The results obtained were similar to those obtained using conventional methodology based on solvent extraction followed by chemical transmethylation. It was concluded that the methodology developed could be used for the determination of castor oil content as well as composition of individual FAMEs in castor seeds.
Fowl cholera immunization in turkeys. I. Efficacy of various cell fractions of Pasteurella multocida as vaccines.

Cell fractions of Pastuerella multocida (P-1059) were tested as vaccines against fowl cholera in turkeys. These fractions were culture filtrate, cell wall, and cytoplasm. A second culture filtrate preparation made from cells grown on blood-agar rather than the standard medium was also tested along with a “combination” preparation made by recombination of the cell fractions. Each preparation was tested in three vehicles: saline, alum (0.5%), and Freund Incomplete Adjuvant (50%). The turkeys vaccinated with these preparations were challenged by exposure to an experimental epornitic of fowl cholera. The combination fraction appeared to be the most promising vaccine when compared to the protective action of the commercial bacterin included in the test as a positive control.
A Novel Carbon Isotope Biomarker for Dietary Sugar

Light element isotope signatures have been used to study food webs in many ecological niches, including those of ancient humans, but to a far lesser extent in modern humans. A recent paper presented results from a pilot study testing the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis of alanine to measure an individual's sugar intake in the United States. A strong correlation was found between the enrichment of (13)C in alanine and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. This candidate biomarker of sugar consumption deserves further consideration as an objective marker for use in the study of the relationship between sugar intake and health.
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN A LIZARD COMMUNITY ON GRENADA

In June 2002, we studied the natural history of Ameiva ameiva and sympatric anoles, Anolis aeneus and A. richardii, in an altered habitat on Grenada to test three predictions regarding intraspecific interactions in Ameiva, intrageneric interactions between anoles, and interfamilial interactions between Ameiva and anoles. Our data generally supported our first prediction that characteristics of an insular population of A. ameiva would essentially mirror those described for other insular populations of West Indian congeners, were less supportive of our second prediction that structural habitat use and diets would indicate interspecific resource partitioning between anoles, and strongly supported our third prediction that anoles would spend less time on the ground when Ameiva were active. Based on tests that indicated that Ameiva were predators of anoles, we suggest that predator-avoidance is the most parsimonious explanation for the apparent adjustments in foraging strategy.
Lossy Source Coding via Markov Chain Monte Carlo

We propose an implementable new universal lossy source coding algorithm. The new algorithm utilizes two well-known tools from statistical physics and computer science: Gibbs sampling and simulated annealing. In order to code a source sequence xn, the encoder initializes the reconstruction block as x circn = xn, and then at each iteration uniformly at random chooses one of the symbols of x circn, and updates it. This updating is based on some conditional probability distribution which depends on a parameter beta representing inverse temperature, an integer parameter k = o(log n) representing context length, and the original source sequence. At the end of this process, the encoder outputs the Lempel-Ziv description of x circn, which the decoder deciphers perfectly, and sets as its reconstruction. The complexity of the proposed algorithm in each iteration is linear in k and independent of n. We prove that, for any stationary ergodic source, the algorithm achieves the optimal rate-distortion performance asymptotically in the limits of large number of iterations, beta, and n.
Creating new β cells: cellular transmutation by genomic alchemy

To address insulin insufficiency, diabetes research has long focused on techniques for replacing insulin-producing β cells. Studies in mice have suggested that, under some conditions, α cells possess the capacity to transdifferentiate into β cells, although the mechanisms that drive this conversion are unclear. In this issue, Bramswig et al. analyzed the methylation states of purified human α, β, and acinar cells and found α cells exhibit intrinsic phenotypic plasticity associated with specific histone methylation profiles. In addition to expanding our understanding of this potential source of β cells, this compendium of carefully generated human gene expression and epigenomic data in islet cell subtypes constitutes a truly valuable resource for the field.
Recursive density-matrix-spectral-moment algorithm for molecular nonlinear polarizabilities

An iterative algorithm is developed for calculating nonlinear optical polarizabilities using a series of generalized sum rules that resemble the Lanczos algorithm and connect spectral moments of the driven single‐electron density matrix to ground state charge distributions and bonding network. The size scaling and saturation of off‐resonant polarizabilities (up to seventh order) of polyacetylene oligomers with up to 300 carbon atoms is analyzed in terms of collective electronic oscillators. Simple analytical expressions for size and bond‐length alternation dependence of off‐resonant polarizabilities are derived using a single‐oscillator approximation.
Chronic Aspiration Without Gastroesophageal Reflux as a Cause of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Neurologically Normal Infants

Objective: To describe 13 neurologically normal infants with chronic respiratory symptoms who had swallowing dysfunction with silent chronic aspiration without gastroesophageal reflux (GER) as the cause of their respiratory symptoms. Background: Infants with neurologic disorders and infants with GER are known to have chronic respiratory symptoms. Isolated swallowing dysfunction and aspiration without GER in neurologically normal infants have not been widely reported. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: A tertiary pulmonary-care center at a children’s hospital. Patients: One hundred twelve otherwise healthy infants referred for respiratory symptoms who underwent esophageal pH studies and videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VSSs). Methods: The records of infants referred between January 1997 and December 1999 to the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology who underwent 24-h esophageal pH monitoring and VSS as part of an evaluation for recurrent stridor and/or wheezing were reviewed. Significant GER was diagnosed if the percentage of time with esophageal pH 6%. Infants included in the study presented with recurrent respiratory symptoms, were born at term, were neurologically normal, had normal results of esophageal pH studies, but had abnormal results of VSSs (n 13). Results: All 13 infants presented with a variety of recurrent respiratory symptoms including wheezing and intermittent stridor. Ten of 13 infants had spitting and/or choking episodes with feeding. The mean ( SD) age at the onset of symptoms was 2.0 1.6 months, and the mean age at VSS was 5.9 3.4 months. All 13 infants had normal results of 24-h esophageal pH studies but had abnormal results for VSSs. All infants had evidence of swallowing dysfunction and direct silent aspiration of liquids with thin consistency. Six infants also were aspirating liquids with thick and/or semi-thick consistencies. None of the infants had evidence of structural anomalies on esophagograms. Nine infants were treated with thickened food, and in four infants oral feedings were stopped. Three of these infants required nasojejunal feeding, and one infant required gastrostomy tube feeding. VSSs were repeated every 3 months. In all infants, swallowing dysfunction resolved within 3 to 9 months. All infants tolerated the resumption of oral feeding. Videofluoroscopic documentation of the resolution of aspiration was followed by the resolution of respiratory symptoms in all infants. Conclusion: There is a subgroup of otherwise healthy infants, presenting with wheeze and/or stridor, who have isolated swallowing dysfunction and silent aspiration as the cause of their respiratory symptoms. (CHEST 2001; 120:1190–1195)
Effect of Flooding on a Population of Mice

A study of the effect of spring flooding on the movements of a marked population of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis , was conducted in Wood County, Ohio. The study area included 0.71 acre and was flooded on two separate occasions; once the leaf litter was so saturated as to be uninhabitable. Live traps and nest boxes were used to obtain recapture data from which home ranges of the 19 resident mice were calculated by the boundary-strip method. Home ranges averaged 0.19 acre for resident males and 0.20 acre for females. Flooding did not cause enlargement of home ranges, but did lead to increased use of the peripheral portions of the established home range and above-ground nesting sites. Flooding did not seem to inhibit movements of the mice within the area nor was it detrimental to their numbers.
Sepiapterin reductase regulation of endothelial tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide bioavailability.

Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the final step of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) biosynthesis and the first step of H4B regeneration from an exogenous precursor sepiapterin. Despite the potential ...
Use of 2D FDTD simulation and the determination of the GPR travel path angle for oblique B-scans of 2D geometries

Scattering from a subsurface point object, such as a reinforcing steel bar embedded concrete or a tunnel buried in sand, results in a B-scan contour that is essentially hyperbolic as the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) passes over the object. The shape of the hyperbola can be used to determine the angle at which the GPR traveled over the point object. This information is very useful in determining the orientation and size of an object such as reinforcing steel, buried utilities, and subsurface tunnels. A 2D Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method can be used to simulate the GPR B-scan when the geometry is invariant in the third dimension and the sensors are appropriately located. The shape of the hyperbola extracted from 3D simulation, analogous to field-collected data, can be compared to a library of hyperbolas extracted from 2D simulations and used to determine the angle of the GPR travel path from the cross-sectional plane.
Predictors of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplant recipients.

CAV remains a leading cause of late graft loss and mortality among survivors of pediatric heart transplantation. We sought to define the incidence of CAV and identify its predictors in pediatric heart transplant recipients. The OPTN/UNOS database was analyzed for pediatric recipients who underwent heart transplant between 1987 and 2011. The primary end-point is time from heart transplantation to development of CAV (CAV-free survival). To identify predictors of CAV-free survival, demographic and transplant data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier survival method and Cox proportional hazards regression. Of 5211 pediatric heart transplant recipients with at least one-yr follow-up, the incidence of CAV at five, 10, and 15 yr was 13%, 25%, and 54%, respectively. Multivariate analysis found that risk of CAV was associated with the following variables: Recipient age 1-4 yr (HR 1.25), 5-9 yr (1.45), 10-18 yr (1.83), donor age >18 yr (1.34), re-transplantation (2.14), recipient black race (1.55), and donor cigarette use (1.54). Older recipient and donor age, recipient black race, donor cigarette use, and re-transplantation were highly associated with shorter CAV-free survival.
Voice Matters: Buffering the Impact of a Negative Climate for Women in Science:

The current study examined whether women scientists’ perceptions of voice moderate the impact of poor workplace climates on job satisfaction and whether effective leadership and mentoring promote women’s voice. Survey data were collected from 135 faculty women in the natural sciences. The results from multiple regression analyses indicated that negative (e.g., sexist, hostile) departmental climates were related to lower job satisfaction. However, voice interacted with climate, such that women who perceived that they had more voice in departmental matters showed higher levels of job satisfaction than those who perceived having less voice. An additional regression indicated that mentoring by other women (but not men) in academia and effective departmental leadership were positively related to women’s sense of voice. Theoretical and practical implications for the retention and success of women in male-dominated fields are discussed.
A Personal Perspective on the Treatment of Three Cases of Narcissistic Vulnerability

ABSTRACT This article is a response to the commentaries of Nancy McWilliams (2012) and Kenneth Levy (2012) concerning my treatment of three patients—Alex, Brian, and Candace—whose presenting difficulties included a narcissistic personality disturbance and who were treated using Mitchell's (1988) integrated treatment model. In addition to responding to particular points raised by McWilliams' more "artistic" and Levy's more "scientific" perspectives, I provide a more personal context and view of my experience in providing therapy to these three patients.
Analog Source Exchange with the Help of a Relay

The problem of bidirectionally transmitting two analog sources over a fading channel with the help of a relay is studied. In the regime of high signal-to-noise ratios, upper and lower bounds on the exponent of the end-to-end expected distortion are derived. It is shown that simple two-way relaying protocols based on the separation of source and channel coding can provide significant improvements in the distortion exponent over their one-way counterparts. In particular, in the regime of low channel bandwidth to source bandwidth ratios, an amplify-and-forward scheme is shown to achieve good distortion performance, albeit at the cost of large feedback overhead. In the regime of high bandwidth ratio, even better performance is achieved by a novel adaptive decode-and-forward scheme that successfully exploits low-rate feedback from the relay to the source nodes.
Is there evidence for flow in heavy ion collisions

Abstract Calculations using a transverse hydrodynamical model with a phase transition in the equation of state are compared to recent heavy ion data. We argue that hydrodynamics alone cannot reproduce the low p T part of the experimental spectrum.
Roles of RseB, σE, and DegP in Virulence and Phase Variation of Colony Morphotype of Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium capable of causing serious and often fatal wound infections and primary septicemia. We used alkaline phosphatase insertion mutagenesis to identify genes necessary for the virulence of this pathogen. One mutant had an in-frame fusion of ′phoA to the gene encoding RseB, a periplasmic negative regulator of the alternative sigma factor σE. σE controls an extensive regulon involved in responding to cell envelope stresses. Colonies of the rseB mutant were less opaque than wild-type colonies and underwent phase variation between translucent and opaque morphologies. rseB mutants were attenuated for virulence in subcutaneously inoculated iron-dextran-treated mice. To obtain insight into the role of rseB and the extracytoplasmic stress response in V. vulnificus, mutants with defined mutations in rseB and two important members of the extracytoplasmic stress regulon, rpoE and degP, were constructed for analysis of virulence, colony morphology, and stress-associated phenotypes. Deletion of rseB caused reversible phase variation in the colony morphotype that was associated with extracellular polysaccharides. Translucent and transparent morphotype strains were attenuated for virulence. rpoE and degP deletion mutants were sensitive to membrane-perturbing agents and heat but were not significantly attenuated for V. vulnificus virulence in mice. These results reveal complex relationships between regulation of the extracytoplasmic stress response, exopolysaccharides, and the virulence of V. vulnificus.
ELIZA — a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine

ELIZA is a program operating within the MAC time-sharing system of MIT which makes certain kinds of natural language conversation between man and computer possible. Input sentences are analyzed on the basis of decomposition rules which are triggered by key words appearing in the input text. Responses are generated by reassembly rules associated with selected decomposition rules. The fundamental technical problems with which ELIZA is concerned are: (1) the identification of key words, (2) the discovery of minimal context, (3) the choice of appropriate transformations, (4) generation of responses in the absence of key words, and (5) the provision of an editing capability for ELIZA “scripts”. A discussion of some psychological issues relevant to the ELIZA approach as well as of future developments concludes the paper.
Electron exchange polymers. XVII. Some new methylated poly(vinylhydroquinones)

2,5-Dimethoxy-3,6-dimethylstyrene was prepared by dehydration of 2'-hydroxyethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzene and 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4,6-trimethylstyrene was prepared by dehydration of 2'-hydroxyethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4,6-trimethylbenzene and by dehydration of the 1'-hydroxyethyl isomer. Preparation of the intermediates is described. These two relatively stable vinyl monomers were polymerized by cationic initiation to the corresponding polystyrenes, which were demethylated under acid conditions to the corresponding poly(vinylhydroquinones). Some crosslinking occurred during demethylation of the poly(2,5-dimethoxy-3,6-dimethylstyrene). These methyl-substituted polyvinylhydroquinones are new redox (electron exchange) polymers. They were prepared in order to obtain redox polymers more stable to oxidation than polyvinylhydroquinone. Oxidation of poly(3,4,6-trimethylstyrene) yielded the flattened potentiometric titration curve characteristic of electron exchange polymers.
Weight Change and Body Composition in Patients With Parkinson's Disease

Abstract Objective To compare reports of weight loss and actual measures of body composition to predict nutritional risk in patients with Parkinson's disease and matched control subjects. Design Patients and control subjects were asked to record prior changes in weight and activity. Body composition was then compared in both groups using percentage ideal body weight (IBW), body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, midarm muscle circumference, and percentage body fat (BF) as determined by bioelectrical impedance. Subjects Fifty-one free-living patients with Parkinson's disease and 49 matched control subjects were recruited from the neurology clinic and the surrounding area. Main outcome measures We anticipated that reported weight loss would be greater and actual measures of body composition would show greater nutritional risk in the patients with Parkinson's disease. Statistical analyses performed χ 2 Analysis was used to determine differences in the ratio of patients and control subjects who lost weight. Paired t tests were used to compare amount of weight change and measures of body composition. Correlations were performed among measures of weight change, body composition, and associated disease factors. Results Patients with Parkinson's disease were four times more likely to report weight loss greater than 10 lb than the matched control subjects (odds ratio>4.2). Patients reported a mean (±standard deviation) weight loss of 7.2±2.9 lb and control subjects reported a mean weight gain of 2.1±1.6 lb ( P P P P P P Conclusions/application Patients with Parkinson's disease appear to be at greater nutritional risk than a matched population. Simple screening and assessment tools can be used to detect nutritional risk. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:979-983.
Panel Methods for Free Surface Flows

Two boundary-element methods are presented for the solution of potential flows arising from the interaction of floating bodies with the free surface. The first problem studies the radiation and diffraction of monochromatic surface waves by stationary three-dimensional marine structures and the second models the generation and propagation of steady surface waves by a ship advancing with forward speed.
Assimilation of enterprise technology upgrades: a factor-based study

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the differences in the propensity of firms to initiate and commit to the assimilation of an enterprise technology upgrade. A research model is proposed that examines the influences that four technological and four organisational factors have on predicting assimilation of a technology upgrade. Results show that firms with a greater propensity to assimilate the new enterprise resource planning ERP version have a higher assessment of relative advantage, IS technical competence, and the strategic role of IS relative to those firms with a lower propensity to assimilate a new ERP version.
Testing, Interpreting, and Reporting Results

Rule V-A01 : Determine adequacy of visual acuity (i.e., near vision), visual fields, and visual attention before administering tests that require reading or other vision-related functions. If there are correctible problems, provide appropriate corrections. If there are problems that cannot be corrected, take vision-related limitations into account in test selection and interpretation.
Collective Preferences in Democratic Politics: The Structure and Causes of Information Effects

Simulating the opinions of a hypothetical fully informed public reveals that surveyed opinion is influenced in significant ways by the low levels and uneven social distribution of political knowledge. But Chapter 4 has left us with something of a mystery. Each individual making up the collective has a fixed amount of political knowledge at the time they express their opinions in surveys. If the size of information effects were merely determined by these fixed levels of political knowledge, such effects should be approximately the same size across questions and within individuals. Yet they are not. Individual-level effects are larger for some topics, smaller for others. They are more randomized in some questions, so that they bias the collective preference hardly at all, and more systematically distributed in others. Information effects also have consistent patterns of directional impact for certain types of questions. When controlling for information asymmetries, collective opinions become less approving of presidents and Congress, less hawkish and isolationist on foreign policy, less conservative on social and equal rights issues, and more conservative on governance, environmental, and morality issues. If levels of general political knowledge are constant within individuals, then variance in the size and direction of information effects must arise from something else besides knowledge, or something that works in conjunction with knowledge, or something that conditions the impact of knowledge. Some of this variance may be attributed directly to the topical domains of different questions, which cover issues more and less familiar to the typical survey respondent.
Scanning technology selection impacts acceptability and usefulness of image-rich content

Objective: Clinical and research usefulness of articles can depend on image quality. This study addressed whether scans of figures in black and white (B&W), grayscale, or color, or portable document format (PDF) to tagged image file format (TIFF) conversions as provided by interlibrary loan or document delivery were viewed as acceptable or useful by radiologists or pathologists. Methods: Residency coordinators selected eighteen figures from studies from radiology, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology journals.With original PDF controls, each figure was prepared in three or four experimental conditions: PDF conversion to TIFF, and scans from print in B&W, grayscale, and color. Twelve independent observers indicated whether they could identify the features and whether the image quality was acceptable. They also ranked all the experimental conditions of each figure in terms of usefulness. Results: Of 982 assessments of 87 anatomic pathology, 83 clinical pathology, and 77 radiology images, 471 (48%) were unidentifiable. Unidentifiability of originals (4%) and conversions (10%) was low. For scans, unidentifiability ranged from 53% for color, to 74% for grayscale, to 97% for B&W. Of 987 responses about acceptability (n¼405), 41% were said to be unacceptable, 97% of B&W, 66% of grayscale, 41% of color, and 1% of conversions. Hypothesized order (original, conversion, color, grayscale, B&W) matched 67% of rankings (n¼215). Conclusions: PDF to TIFF conversion provided acceptable content. Color images are rarely useful in grayscale (12%) or B&W (less than 1%). Acceptability of grayscale scans of noncolor originals was 52%. Digital originals are needed for most images. Print images in color or grayscale should be scanned using those modalities.
Health-related quality of life among veterans in addictions treatment: identifying behavioral targets for future intervention.

Background US veterans report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) relative to the general population. Identifying behavioral factors related to HRQoL that are malleable to change may inform interventions to improve well-being in this vulnerable group.
Hematology: Vacuolated Neutrophils Can Predict Serious Infection

We reviewed 148 cases in which vacuolated neutrophils were recognized on examination of peripheral blood smears by the medical technologist and confirmed by the pathologist. There was a high correlation between the presence of vacuolated neutrophils and one or more positive microbiologic cultures. Of interest was the observation that vacuolated neutrophils occurred in serious infections from various sites, not necessarily the blood. Among blood cultures, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism. In other types of cultures, S aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common organisms, followed by Escherichia coli. As a quality assurance measure, we propose that vacuolated neutrophils be designated as a “panic value,” requiring notification of the attending physician.
Seasonal Abundance of Cereal Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Virginia Small Grains and Corn

Fields of soft red winter wheat, winter barley, and spring oats grown in eastern Virginia were monitored every 3 to 7 days in April and May during 1980–1982 to determine the incidence of Oulema melanopus (L.). Population peaks were attained in wheat and barley around mid-May and reached densities of 31.7 and 14.7 beetles per 0.3 m of row, respectively. Populations reached 196.7/0.3 m of row in spring oats in late May. ‘Coker 747’ and ‘McNair 1003’ wheat varieties had higher mean population levels than the other three varieties surveyed. ‘Barsoy’ barley had lower infestations than ‘Boone’ and ‘Rapidan.’ Fields with highest O. melanopus densities, regardless of variety, were those expressing poor growth characteristics. Egg deposition in mid-April contained a higher incidence of multiple-egg clusters (two or more laid touching end to end) than during May. First preaestival adults were observed in field corn in early June. Peak population densities of over 24/0.5 m of row occurred between 10 and 15 June, then populations rapidly declined. Oulema melanopus were significantly more abundant on corn field edges than in the interior. Significantly more beetles were observed on field corn margins next to small grain than were observed adjacent to wooded areas.
Epidemic of Influenza in Chongqing,2010

Objective To provide scientific evidence for developing the influenza prevention and control strategy in Chongqing by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Chongqing in 2010.Method Descriptive epidemiology analysis was conducted on the influenza monitoring results in Chongqing in 2010,which including the reported clinical diagnosed cases from medical institutions at all levels,influenza monitoring in sentinel hospitals,monitoring of outbreaks and network laboratory influenza-like illness pathogen monitoring.Result Totally 61 H1N1 influenza A cases were reported in Chongqing in 2010,with 1 death case,the incidence rate was 0.21/105,and case fatality rate was 1.61/105.The reported cases ranked 6 in the 26 categories of class B infectious diseases.For seasonal influenza,955 cases and 1 death case were reported,with the incidence rate was 3.369/105,and case fatality rate was 0.1047/105,and the reported cases ranked 5 in the 11 categories of class B infectious diseases.,The H1N1 A virus was the dominate strain in January 2010;and the seasonal B type was the dominate strain during February to June;which during July to September was seasonal A type;tha type A and type B were alternated during October to December.Patients were distributed in 34 districts/counties,cases reported in Fulig,Yuzhong and Yongchuan ranked top 3.The male to female ratio was 1.25∶1;most cases were student and children.There were 12 ILI(influenza-like illness) outbreaks reported around the city,totally 295 cases were reported.After sampling monitoring,10 outbreaks(83.3%) were identified as influenza epidemic;epidemic peaked in March to April and July to August;10 outbreaks occurred in schools,accounting for 83.33%;2 cases were nosocomial infection,accounting for 16.67%.Conclusion The epidemic of influenza was at a low level and main in sporadic in Chongqing Municipality in 2010.Schools are key sites of influenza outbreaks,the students are the most suffering population
Epidemiological analysis of rabies in Pingyuan,2001-2010

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Pingyuan and to develop the prevention and control measures.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to study the epidemiological characteristics of rabies over between 2001 and 2010 in Pingyuan.Results 16 cases of rabies were found.The average annual incidence rate was 0.64 /10 million and the mortality was 100%.The peak incidence was in autumn(50%).The disease was predominantly found in rural areas.Farmers and students were the major target groups.The incidence in the male and female subjects was 5:3.62.5% of victims were in the age group of 40～70 years old.The incubation period was short when the wound was in the head and face regions,and the incubation period was longer when the bite was on the leg.87.5% of the victims did not receive immunization and standard wound treatment.Conclusion A comprehensive preventive measure is required to prevent rabies.Strengthening of the canine management,increasing health education in the farmers and students are also required.Proper wound treatment and improved rabies vaccination rate can reduce morbidity.
Lipid utilization for egg formation in broiler breeders

Energy utilization is a key component of animal production. The study of the mechanisms by which lipids and carbohydrates are mobilized and deposited in the egg, can give us clues about how breeders utilize energy during the production period. Is the dietary energy directly utilized during yolk formation or is there a dynamic metabolic system that consistently provides nutrients to the egg at the expense of body tissue? Are the fatty acids in the yolk derived from direct intestinal absorption, endogenous synthesis, or maternal body stores? Do the systems change as the breeder ages and egg production decreases? The aim of the present studies was to better understand the mechanisms of energy partitioning in broiler breeder hens.
Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Queen Reproductive Potential Affects Queen Mandibular Gland Pheromone Composition and Worker Retinue Response.

Reproductive division of labor is one of the defining traits of honey bees (Apis mellifera), with non-reproductive tasks being performed by workers while a single queen normally monopolizes reproduction. The decentralized organization of a honey bee colony is maintained in large part by a bouquet of queen-produced pheromones, the distribution of which is facilitated by contact among workers throughout the hive. Previous studies have shown that the developmental fate of honey bee queens is highly plastic, with queens raised from younger worker larvae exhibiting higher measures of reproductive potential compared to queens raised from older worker larvae. We investigated differences in the chemical composition of the mandibular glands and attractiveness to workers of “high-quality” queens (i.e., raised from first instar worker larvae; more queen-like) and “low-quality” queens (i.e., raised from third instar worker larvae; more worker-like). We characterized the chemical profiles of the mandibular glands of high-quality queens and low-quality queens using GC-MS and used the worker retinue response as a measure of the attractiveness to workers of high-quality queens vs. low-quality queens. We found that queen quality affected the chemical profiles of mandibular gland contents differently across years, showing significant differences in the production of the queen mandibular pheromone (“QMP”) components HVA and 9-HDA in 2010, but no significant differences of any glandular compound in 2012. We also found that workers were significantly more attracted to high-quality queens than to low-quality queens in 2012, possibly because of increased attractiveness of their mandibular gland chemical profiles. Our results indicate that the age at which honey bee larvae enter the “queen-specific” developmental pathway influences the chemical composition of queen mandibular glands and worker behavior. However, these changes are not consistent across years, suggesting that other external factors may play important roles in modulating queen quality.
SU-C-202-01: Incorporating Time-Dependent Hypoxia in IMRT Planning

Purpose: To incorporate uncertainties in oxygenation of tumor cells into radiation therapy planning via robust optimization. The model is demonstrated using a clinical prostate cancer case. Methods: The tumor oxygenation levels are determined based on pre- and mid-treatment PET scans. To account for oxygenation changes, we use a radio-sensitivity factor for the effective dose necessary to treat hypoxic cells. Due to the unpredictable nature of re-oxygenation of hypoxic cells, the radio-sensitivity factor and its change is modeled to reside in a time-dependent uncertainty set. This uncertainty can adapt to both pre- and mid-treatment scans, resulting in a two-stage robust treatment planning model. We develop a robust counterpart reformulation that transforms the original NP-hard problem into a linear program consisting of finitely many linear constraints, which can be solved efficiently. Results: The robust plan is compared to both the corresponding fractionated plan which ignores hypoxia, and to the commonly practiced dose-escalated plan that uniformly increases dose based on initial oxygen concentrations. For PTV, the robust plan improves D50, D95, and EUD by 4% on average compared to fractionated, and by 11% compared to the optimal escalated plan. Moreover, the robust plan spared organs at risk similar to the fractionated plan, while the escalated plan led to over 170% increase of Bladder D30. Conclusion: The proposed robust adaptive model can improve tumor coverage by increasing dose to hypoxic tumor voxels that is overlooked by common fractionated treatments. In addition, the robust model anticipates the re-oxygenation process, thus reducing the excess dose at later fractions in comparison to uniform dose-escalation methods.
Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century: Economic Analysis or Tract for the Times?

I argue that the French economist Thomas Piketty's 2014 (American) bestseller Capital in the Twenty-First Century is not the treatise of economic analysis that its author purports it to be, but is ...
Zinc-air and other types of metal-air batteries

Zinc-air batteries are of great interest to observers of metal-air battery chemistry. These batteries have been around for a long time in the primary form and now seem to be reaching the point where they may appear on the market in medium- to large-scale applications in the secondary form. Though not the most energy-dense batteries that exist in theory, the chemistry of zinc-air cells is very approachable with current technologies and highly cost effective. This chapter details the fundamentals of zinc-air cell chemistry, the factors which could make or break a desirable commercialization of this technology, and recent advances in zinc-air battery chemistry that are driving the present research environment. Other metal-air systems will also be discussed using zinc-air as a baseline point of comparison.
Resilient Distributed DC Optimal Power Flow Against Data Integrity Attack

This paper investigates and addresses the vulnerability of the distributed DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) algorithm to data integrity attacks. In particular, we first show that a compromised distributed controller on a single bus could manipulate the power dispatch result by sharing false information to neighboring buses. Two malicious scenarios of launching the data integrity attack are considered, namely economic-driven and infeasibility-driven attacks, respectively. These vulnerabilities demonstrate a growing need for anomaly detection and mitigation mechanisms that fit into the distributed power system framework to counteract highly skilled malicious cyber attackers. We then introduce a resilient distributed DC-OPF algorithm with an embedded attack-resilient control mechanism. It performs two major functions in a fully distributed way: 1) verifying the correctness of the shared information from neighboring buses while protecting each other’s privacy and 2) identifying the compromised distributed controllers and recovering the optimal power dispatch result from the impact of data integrity attacks. The effectiveness of the proposed attack-resilient mechanism is illustrated through case studies in the IEEE 14-bus system.
Longitudinal Associations of Local Cigarette Prices and Smoking Bans with Smoking Behavior in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined associations of geographically proximal cigarette prices with within-person changes in smoking outcomes or assessed interactions between cigarette prices and smoking bans. METHODS We linked neighborhood cigarette prices (inflation-adjusted) at chain supermarkets and drug stores and bar/restaurant smoking ban policies to cohort participants (632 smokers from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2001-2012, baseline mean age 58 years) using geocoded retailer and participant addresses. We used fixed-effects models to investigate associations of within-person changes in price and ban exposures with within-person changes in five smoking outcomes: current smoking, heavy (≥10 cigarettes) smoking, cessation, relapse, and intensity (average number of cigarettes smoked per day, natural log transformed). We assessed intensity associations among all smokers, and heavy (≥10 cigarettes per day) and light (<10) baseline smokers. Finally, we tested interactions between cigarette price and bans. RESULTS A $1 increase in price was associated with a 3% reduction in risk of current smoking (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93, 1.0), a 7% reduction in risk of heavy smoking (aRR: 0.93; CI = 0.87, 0.99), a 20% increase in risk of smoking cessation (aRR: 1.2; CI = 0.99, 1.4), and a 35% reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by heavy baseline smokers (ratio of geometric means: 0.65; CI = 0.45, 0.93). We found no association between smoking bans and outcomes, and no evidence that price effects were modified by the presence of bans. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore the importance of local prices, but not hospitality smoking bans, in influencing older adults' smoking behaviors.
Modeling and Investigation on Electromagnetic Noise in PM Motors With Single- and Double-Layer Concentrated Winding for EV and HEV Application

The radial force and the torque pulsation are identified as two main causes of electromagnetic noise and vibration in permanent magnet (PM) motors for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EVs systems. The aim of this paper is to systematically investigate the influence of pole and slot number combinations on noise and vibration characteristics of fractional-slot PM motors with either single- or double-layer concentrated windings. Preferentially, the explicit magnetic field equations are developed for analyzing the radial vibration force and the torque pulsation by the aid of Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping. Subsequently, an in-depth investigation of pole ( $2p$ ) and slot ( $Q_{s}$ ) number combinations is carried out to provide a detailed finding of noise behaviors due to the electromagnetic origins. The investigation on the electromagnetic noise is performed depending on the several major $S_{\mathrm{ pp}}$ families. Finally, the relationship between the vibration mode order and the torque variation is established to provide the comprehensive characteristics of the electromagnetic noise.
Direct Schmid–Leiman Transformations and Rank-Deficient Loadings Matrices

The Schmid-Leiman (S-L; Psychometrika 22: 53-61, 1957) transformation is a popular method for conducting exploratory bifactor analysis that has been used in hundreds of studies of individual differences variables. To perform a two-level S-L transformation, it is generally believed that two separate factor analyses are required: a first-level analysis in which k obliquely rotated factors are extracted from an observed-variable correlation matrix, and a second-level analysis in which a general factor is extracted from the correlations of the first-level factors. In this article, I demonstrate that the S-L loadings matrix is necessarily rank deficient. I then show how this feature of the S-L transformation can be used to obtain a direct S-L solution from an unrotated first-level factor structure. Next, I reanalyze two examples from Mansolf and Reise (Multivar Behav Res 51: 698-717, 2016) to illustrate the utility of 'best-fitting' S-L rotations when gauging the ability of hierarchical factor models to recover known bifactor structures. Finally, I show how to compute direct bifactor solutions for non-hierarchical bifactor structures. An online supplement includes R code to reproduce all of the analyses that are reported in the article.
Structural Load Estimation Using Machine Vision and Surface Crack Patterns for Shear-Critical RC Beams and Slabs

AbstractThis paper presents the results of using machine vision to relate surface observations to quantitative load level estimates in structural components. In particular, image-processing and mac...