cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Produce BDNF Support Regrowth of Chronically Injured Serotonergic Axons

Cells genetically modified to release a variety of growth and/or neurotrophic factors have been used for transplantation into the injured spinal cord as a means to deliver therapeutic products. Axon growth into and through such transplants has been demonstrated after intervention after an acute injury. The present study examined their potential to support regeneration in a chronic injury condition. Five weeks after a cervical hemisection in adult rats, the lesion site was debrided of scar tissue and expanded in both rostral and caudal directions. Animals received a transplant of cultured normal fibroblasts (control) or fibroblasts genetically modified to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Six weeks later, animals were killed to determine the extent of growth of serotonergic axons into the transplant. Axons immunoreactive for serotonin (5-HT-ir) were found to cross the rostral interface of host spinal cord readily with either type of fibroblast cell transplant, but the number and density of 5-HT-ir axons extending into the BDNF-producing transplants was markedly greater than those in the control fibroblasts. Axons coursed in all directions among normal fibroblast transplants, whereas growth was more oriented along a longitudinal plane when BDNF was being released by the transplanted cells. The length of growth and the percentage of the transplant length occupied by 5-HT-ir axons were significantly greater in BDNF-producing transplants than in the normal fibroblasts. Many serotonergic axons approached the caudal end of the BDNF-producing cell transplants, although most failed to penetrate the host spinal cord distal to the lesion. These results indicate that whereas fibroblast cell transplants alone can support regrowth of axons from chronically injured supraspinal neurons, modification of these cells to produce BDNF results in a significant increase in the extent of growth into the transplant.
Effects of Erythropoietin on Activation of Cas pase-3 in Newborn Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region Pest Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of erythro po ietin on prevention hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and activation of Casp ase-3 in Hippocampal CA1 region in newborn rats. Methods7 d Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into hypoxic-ischemic (HI) group (n=11), recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treated group (n=11), and sham-op erated control group (n=9). HIBD was established in both HI group and rhEPO treated group. The number of rats animals with spontaneous left-turn in two gro ups was counted respectively at subsequent different time: 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. Th e expression and distribution of activated Caspase-3 was detected by immunohist ochemistry analysis. The positive cells were calculated in hippocampal CA1 regio n of every groups.ResultsTwo rats in HI group and one in rhE PO treated group died from continuous convulsion during hypoxia. all survival ra ts in up two groups had spontaneously left-turn Compared with HI group, the r ate of spontaneous left-turn was dramatically lower in rhEPO treated group (HI group vs rhEPO treated group, 1/10 vs 6/9, P=0.0198) at 24 h after hypox ia. The positive stained cells were distributed dispersively in the brain of con trol group, and more intensively in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the o ther two groups. In CA1 region, the number of positive cells in HI group, was si gnificant higher than that in control group ( 41.38 ±2.09 vs 10.52±2.70 , P0.01) and rhEPO treated group (41.38 ±2.09 vs 22.63±3.17, P 0.01). ConclusionrhEPO might alleviate the HIBD in newbor n rats though inhibiting the activation of Caspase-3, and it might become a pro mising drug used in clinic treatment to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Oxymatrine on Cardiac Muscle Injury in Rats with Septic Shock

Objective To explore the protective effects of oxymatrine(OMT) on cardiac muscle in rats with septic shock.Methods 56 male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups:sham operation group,OMT control group,model(CLP)group,CLP+OMT(52,26,13 mg·kg-1) group,positive control group.The effects of oxymatrine on cardiac pathological and ultramicrostructure changes were observed in rat with septic shock.Serum tumour necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)and plasma lactic dehydrogenase(PLDH)were determined by radioimmunoassay and colorimetric method,respectively.Results OMT could decrease significantly the PLDH(P0.01)and TNF-a(P0.05 or P0.01)levels.OMT could improve the cardiac pathological and ultramicrostructure injury in the CLP+OMT high and middle group as well as in the OMT+DEX group.Conclusion OMT could antagonize the cardiac muscle injury in rats with septic shock.
Intraspinal epidermoid tumor of the sacral canal presenting with urinary retention.

AbstractA case of epidermoid tumor of the sacral area with S3 root irritation resulting in bladder dysfunction is presented and its possible relationship to spinal puncture is discussed. Precautions should be taken to prevent this complication by using a stylet instead of a plain needle. The recognition of this complication should always be in the differential diagnosis of a child with back pain, gait abnormality and bladder dysfunction with a history of spinal puncture.
S2M: A Stochastic Simulation Model of Poliovirus Genetic State Transition

Modeling the molecular mechanisms that govern genetic variation can be useful in understanding the dynamics that drive genetic state transition in quasispecies viruses. For example, there is considerable interest in understanding how the relatively benign vaccine strains of poliovirus eventually revert to forms that confer neurovirulence and cause disease (ie, vaccine-derived poliovirus). This report describes a stochastic simulation model, S2M, which can be used to generate hypothetical outcomes based on known mechanisms of genetic diversity. S2M begins with predefined genotypes based on the Sabin-1 and Mahoney wild-type sequences, constructs a set of independent cell-based populations, and performs in-cell replication and cell-to-cell infection cycles while quantifying genetic changes that track the transition from Sabin-1 toward Mahoney. Realism is incorporated into the model by assigning defaults for variables that constrain mechanisms of genetic variability based roughly on metrics reported in the literature, yet these values can be modified at the command line in order to generate hypothetical outcomes driven by these parameters. To demonstrate the utility of S2M, simulations were performed to examine the effects of the rates of replication error and recombination and the presence or absence of defective interfering particles, upon reaching the end states of Mahoney resemblance (semblance of a vaccine-derived state), neurovirulence, genome fitness, and cloud diversity. Simulations provide insight into how modeled biological features may drive hypothetical outcomes, independently or in combination, in ways that are not always intuitively obvious.
A Primer on Series Solutions

In this chapter, the Separation of Variables method is used to find a solution to the finite cable equation. The cable is subjected to an impulse of current at some location on the cable itself and the corresponding solution must be written as an infinite series in terms of what are called Fourier sin and cosine series. The convergence of Fourier series is proven and MatLab code for various computations for approximations to the full series solution are discussed so that numerical approximations can be generated to cable problems. This requires a return to a careful discussion of how to inner product calculations with functions and the needed MatLab code. These codes are then used to approximate various functions using both Fourier sin and Fourier cosine series. Then, all the tools are pulled together to find numerical approximations to a cable model with impulse current inputs. Finally, a careful explanation why the series solution solves the original cable model is presented.
Living longer with help from others: Seeking advice lowers mortality risk.

Associations between self-sufficiency and advice seeking with mortality risk were examined to assess the long-term implications of individualistic and interpersonally oriented strategies. Wave 1 participants from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States ( N = 6116, 25-75 years, Mage = 46.38 years) completed questionnaires assessing demographics, self-sufficiency, advice seeking, social support, and health. Cox proportional hazard models indicated that each standard deviation increase in seeking advice was associated with an 11 percent decreased hazard of dying 20 years later. Self-sufficiency was not significantly related. Future research should examine contexts in which interpersonal strategies are adaptive, as seeking advice from others promotes longevity.
Effect of Low Rotation Rate on Steady Convection During the Solidification of a Ternary Alloy

We consider the problem of steady convective flow during the directional solidification of a horizontal ternary alloy system rotating at a constant and low rate about a vertical axis. Under the limit of large far-field temperature, the flow region is modeled to be composed of two horizontal mushy layers, which are referred to here as a primary layer over a secondary layer. We first determine the basic state solution and then carry out linear stability analysis to calculate the neutral stability boundary and the critical conditions at the onset of motion. We find, in particular, that there are two flow solutions and each solution exhibits two neutral stability boundaries, and the flow can be multi-modal in the low rotating rate case with local minima on each neutral boundary. The critical Rayleigh number and the wave number as well as the vertical volume flux increase with the rotation rate, but the flow is found to be less stabilizing as compared to the binary alloy counterpart flow. The effects of low rotation rate increase the solid fraction and the liquid fraction at certain vertically oriented fluid lines, and the highest value of such increase is at a horizontal level close to the interface between the two mushy layers.
Relationships Informing Process

For the past century, education scholars, teachers, and politicians have attempted to respectively theorize, practice, and institutionalize descriptions of democracy. Today, however, modern cultural and societal realities create special challenges for taking up this work. The ways in which mobile technologies have penetrated all aspects of life have altered the ways in which we associate with each other; while these technologies have made business more efficient and communication between people easier, technology provides us with a number of paradoxes in terms of the ways we associate with others.
Tropomyosin and α-actinin cooperation inhibits fimbrin association with actin filament networks in fission yeast

We previously discovered that competition between fission yeast actin binding proteins (ABPs) for association with F-actin helps facilitate their sorting to different F-actin networks. Specifically, competition between actin patch ABPs fimbrin Fim1 and cofilin Adf1 enhances each other’s activities, and rapidly displaces tropomyosin Cdc8 from the F-actin network. However, these interactions don’t explain how Fim1, a robust competitor, is prevented from associating equally well with other F-actin networks. Here, with a combination of fission yeast genetics, live cell fluorescent imaging, and in vitro TIRF microscopy, we identified the contractile ring ABP a-actinin Ain1 as a key sorting factor. Fim1 competes with Ain1 for association with F-actin, which is dependent upon their residence time on F-actin. Remarkably, although Fim1 outcompetes both contractile ring ABPs Ain1 and Cdc8 individually, Cdc8 enhances the bundling activity of Ain1 10-fold, allowing the combination of Ain1 and Cdc8 to inhibit Fim1 association with contractile ring F-actin.
Status rigidity and competition

This paper offers the first quantitative comparison between two organizational status hierarchies. I study the incentive structures and the competition for quality in two wine-growing areas in Bord...
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with 3D-Navigation Guided Cortical Bone Trajectory Screws for L4/5 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: 1-Year Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes.

Objective We describe our technique and evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes for patients undergoing L4/5 posterior lumbar interbody fusion with 3D-navigation guided cortical bone trajectory screws (PLIF-CBT) for grade 1 or 2 degenerative spondylolisthesis with a minimum follow-up time of 12 months. Methods A single-institution series of 18 patients was evaluated with data prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. Pain and disability scores were collected preoperatively and at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively, including back and bilateral leg pain visual analog scores (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. Radiographic fusion was assessed as complete, partial, or none based on the presence of bridging bones across the disc space, posterior elements, or both. Results Patients demonstrated statistically significant reductions in back pain VAS (P = 0.0025), leg pain VAS (P Conclusions PLIF-CBT can be performed in a safe and reproducible fashion with excellent clinical outcomes at 1 year postoperatively. The outcomes did not correlate with fusion status, which was unexpectedly low at 37.5% without significant hardware abnormalities necessitating reoperations. PLIF-CBT offers several perioperative advantages compared with traditional open PLIF and requires longer-term studies to demonstrate its durability with regard to improvement in clinical pain and radiographic endpoints, including anterior and/or posterior element fusion.
Oxidized Phospholipids Differentially Reprogram Macrophages for Redox Homeostasis or Inflammation

Macrophages control tissue homeostasis by sensing and responding to redox stress signals. Here we show that macrophages selectively detect different oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) species and respond by inducing antioxidant or pro-inflammatory programs. Mechanistically, truncated oxidized phosphatidylcholine (OxPC) species suppress mitochondrial respiration via TLR2-dependent ceramide production and redirect TCA metabolites to GSH synthesis, which is accompanied by Hif1α and Nrf2-dependent gene expression, characteristic of the Mox phenotype. In contrast, full-length OxPC species induce pro-inflammatory gene expression. We also find that oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine (OxPE) species induce antioxidant gene expression while also inducing Il6 . Surprisingly, OxPEs inhibit LTA-induced Il1β gene expression in a concentration dependent manner. In lean adipose tissue, most macrophages resemble Mox, with a quiescent bioenergetic profile. However, diet-induced adipose tissue expansion leads to a disproportional increase in pro-inflammatory full-length OxPC and OxPE species and accumulation of M1/M2 macrophages with a highly energetic metabolism. These data demonstrate that macrophages can recognize variations in tissue oxidation status, represented by OxPL, and respond by modulating metabolism and bioenergetics to support antioxidant or pro-inflammatory programs.
The Use of Inhibitors in Acid Solutions Employed to Clean Water Pipes

Corrosion could probably be called the public enemy No. 1 in the water works field, and unfortunately, is still at large in most sections of the country. It has been conservatively estimated that corrosion alone costs the taxpayers of New York City from four to ten million dollars annually. There are two different phases to the corrosion problem. First, the prevention of corrosion, which has been so ably covered in the various journals and publications, and second, the removal of accumulated corrosion products. This brief paper will deal only with the second phase of the problem. Frequent examples have been cited where ninety to ninety-five percent of the original carrying capacity of pipes has been restored by mechanical scrapers, but frequently the pipe linings were injured during the cleaning operation and rapid corrosion and tuberculation followed. This method of removing corrosion materials cannot be applied to small pipes and services and in many cases expensive replacements have been necessary, involving the cost of replacing walls and floors. As a result numerous attempts have been made to remove the accumulated materials with acid, which were in most cases unsatisfactory as the scale was variable in thickness and the time of contact could not be regulated to prevent the acid from attacking the walls of the pipe. The steel industry has for many years made use of a process called "pickling," which is the removal of scale by immersion in an acid. It was found that the addition of certain organic materials, such as aniline, pyridine, quinoline, quinoline ethiodide, certain cold tar products, and even bran, flour and glue, greatly decreased the destruction of clean metal and yet permitted the solution of the scale. Such materials have been called "inhibitors."
Implementation of green computing in IBM HPC software stack on accelerator based super computing

Computational requirements of the high performance computing servers and their power consumptions have increased over the period of time. The major power consumption components are processors and the main memory in the servers. The multi-core era bring the quad, hexa or an octa cores into a single socket, the total power consumption of the server is reduced by the way of various energy aware kernel implementations. I.e., the energy aware kernel will bring the processor/core into sleep modes (or) lower clock speeds during the time of CPUs are not utilized for a finite interval of time. Additionally, the green and energy-aware implementations are done by the way of (i) processor affinity or binding tools (ii) energy aware scheduling techniques (iii) case study by power and performance trade-offs (iv) On-demand compute awareness in the kernel (v) dynamic frequency scaling etc. into the software stack. Herewith, we discussed the various possibilities of energy-aware implementations in the software stack thereby the best application performance and the optimal power/energy efficiency can be obtained within a given power budget and using various user defined performance metrics & constrains.
Extending the Marshmallow Challenge: Team Building Exercise Based on Design Thinking

This activity builds upon The Marshmallow Challenge developed by Tom Wujek, and has been showcased among other places, on his website (https://www.tomwujec.com/), in a TED talk (https://www.ted.com/talks/tom_wujec_build_a_tower), and in the literature across a variety of disciplines. The purpose for using this activity has been twofold. First, the exercise introduces the concept of design thinking. Design thinking is a collaborative and systematic process for creative problem solving. The design thinking approach is used extensively in this course that asks students to work throughout the semester to develop a new product idea from concept to prototype, and to plan for product launch. Second, the exercise is the first of several that focus on team building. It is therefore applicable for courses in a range of disciplines that utilize team projects and/or to foster team work. The goal of the exercise is for small teams to compete to create the tallest freestanding structure out of a limited set of materials provided by the instructor - 20 sticks of spaghetti, one yard of tape, one yard of string, and one marshmallow that must be placed at the top. The teams are given 18 minutes to complete the exercise. After the exercise is completed and a winner declared, the faculty member poses questions to the teams on factors that contributed to their success and failure, students watch the TED talk, and are debriefed by the faculty member. The students learn that successful innovation involves including multiple perspectives, each member's skills, and iterative trial and error.
PREVALENCE OF LOW E-WAVE PROPAGATION INDEX IN PATIENTS WITH MRI PROVEN LEFT VENTRICULAR THROMBUS

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) in both acute and chronic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality through cardioembolic events and impacts anticoagulation decisions. We previously described the E wave propagation index (EPI), a novel echocardiographic-based parameter that
Orbital-angular-momentum azimuthal phase-shift-keying via digital holography through turbulent media

We report a digital holographic technique for retrieving the OAM azimuthal phase difference of coherent beams co-propagating through turbulence. Experimental results suggest that OAM phase-shift keying schemes are feasible for large-bandwidth free-space optical communication.
Organic–mineral interfacial chemistry drives heterogeneous nucleation of Sr-rich (Bax, Sr1−x)SO4 from undersaturated solution

Sr-bearing marine barite [(Ba x , Sr 1− x )SO 4 ] cycling has been widely used to reconstruct geochemical evolutions of paleoenvironments. However, an understanding of barite precipitation in the ocean, which is globally undersaturated with respect to barite, is missing. Moreover, the reason for the occurrence of higher Sr content in marine barites than expected for classical crystal growth processes remains unknown. Field data analyses suggested that organic molecules may regulate the formation and composition of marine barites; however, the specific organic–mineral interactions are unclear. Using in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), size and total volume evolutions of barite precipitates on organic films were characterized. The results show that barite forms on organic films from undersaturated solutions. Moreover, from a single supersaturated solution with respect to barite, Sr-rich barite nanoparticles formed on organics, while micrometer-size Sr-poor barites formed in bulk solutions. Ion adsorption experiments showed that organic films can enrich cation concentrations in the adjacent solution, thus increasing the local supersaturation and promoting barite nucleation on organic films, even when the bulk solution was undersaturated. The Sr enrichment in barites formed on organic films was found to be controlled by solid-solution nucleation rates; instead, the Sr-poor barite formation in bulk solution was found to be controlled by solid-solution growth rates. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for Sr-rich marine barite formation and offers insights for understanding and controlling the compositions of solid solutions by separately tuning their nucleation and growth rates via the unique chemistry of solution–organic interfaces.
Under pressure: The pros and cons of putting time pressure on your salesforce

Abstract Time pressure is a fact of life for sales employees. However, its unintended consequences have mostly been ignored. This research leverages dual-process theory to investigate the positive and negative consequences of time pressure for both the firm and the employees themselves. Using data from 216 B2B salespeople across multiple industries, we find that individuals who feel pressure exert more effort and exhibit more creative behaviors in their work. However, these employees are also more likely to make unethical decisions. We also uncover that time management skills moderate the relationship between time pressure and both effort and unethical behavior. This insight adds to the already substantial literature on the importance of time management. Taken together we extend the discussion on time pressure in the sales profession, suggesting how managers can use it to their advantage while mitigating potentially negative effects.
Effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of metformin

This study's primary objective was to fully characterize the pharmacokinetics of metformin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) versus nonpregnant controls. Steady-state oral metformin pharmacokinetics in pregnant women with GDM receiving either metformin monotherapy (n = 24) or a combination with glyburide (n = 30) as well as in nonpregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n = 24) were determined utilizing noncompartmental techniques. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were collected at delivery from 38 women. With both 500- and 1000-mg doses, metformin bioavailability, volume of distribution beta (V β ), clearance, and renal clearance were significantly increased during pregnancy. In addition, in the women receiving metformin 500 mg, significantly higher metformin apparent oral clearance (CL/F) (27%), weight-adjusted renal secretion clearance (64%), and apparent oral volume of distribution beta (V β /F) (33%) were seen during pregnancy. Creatinine clearance was significantly higher during pregnancy. Increasing metformin dose from 500 to 1000 mg orally twice daily significantly increased V β /F by 28%, weight-adjusted V β /F by 32% and CL/F by 25%, and weight-adjusted CL/F by 28% during pregnancy. Mean metformin umbilical cord arterial-to-venous plasma concentration ratio was 1.0 ± 0.1, venous umbilical cord-to-maternal concentration ratio was 1.4 ± 0.5, and arterial umbilical cord-to-maternal concentration ratio was 1.5 ± 0.5. Systemic exposure after a 500-mg dose of metformin was lower during pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant women with T2DM. However, in patients receiving metformin 1000 mg, changes in estimated bioavailability during pregnancy offset the changes in clearance leading to no significant change in CL/F with the higher dose. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Gestational diabetes mellitus complicates 5%-13% of pregnancies and is often treated with metformin. Pregnant women undergo physiological changes that alter drug disposition. Preliminary data suggest that pregnancy lowers metformin concentrations, potentially affecting efficacy and safety. This study definitively describes pregnancy's effects on metformin pharmacokinetics and expands the mechanistic understanding of pharmacokinetic changes across the dosage range. Here we report the nonlinearity of metformin pharmacokinetics and the increase in bioavailability, clearance, renal clearance, and volume of distribution during pregnancy.
Marijuana Impairs the Accuracy of Eyewitness Memory and the Confidence–Accuracy Relationship Too

Many factors that affect eyewitness identification accuracy do not affect the accuracy of high-confidence identifications. This is critical because legal cases are more likely to be prosecuted if they involve high-confidence eyewitnesses. Using a confidence–accuracy characteristic (CAC) analysis, we tested whether marijuana affects eyewitness memory generally and the accuracy of high-confidence judgments specifically. Marijuana users (N = 114) were randomly assigned to a marijuana or control condition and participated in a face recognition memory test with confidence ratings. Marijuana reduced identification accuracy (Cohen's d = .47), and the proportion correct for positive identifications, even at high-confidence, was significantly lower in the marijuana than control condition. Furthermore, marijuana impaired metacognitive awareness more generally; control (but not marijuana) participants provided more high-confidence ratings to faces studied for 5 s than 1.5 s. All high-confidence identifications are not equally likely to be correct, and stoned eyewitnesses do not make good eyewitnesses.
Differential Outcomes and Clinical Challenges of NAFLD With Extreme Obesity.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with obesity. The prevalence of extreme obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) of 50 kg/m2 or higher, is rising more rapidly than overall obesity. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and performance of noninvasive fibrosis assessment tools in NAFLD with or without extreme obesity. A retrospective analysis was performed in 304 patients with NAFLD with extreme obesity and compared them to patients with NAFLD with BMI of 40 kg/m2 or less, matched for age, gender, race, and liver fibrosis stage. The mean age of the NAFLD with extreme obesity cohort was 55.9 years, BMI 55 kg/m2, and 49.7% had cirrhosis at initial evaluation. Baseline cirrhosis and coronary artery disease were associated with increased risk of death, and dyslipidemia with decreased risk of mortality. Age, insulin use, hypertension, albumin and platelet count were associated with cirrhosis. Fifteen percent of patients had weight-loss surgery, but this was not associated with survival or risk of cirrhosis. Of the 850 abdominal ultrasound scans performed in 255 patients, 24.1% were deemed suboptimal for hepatocellular carcinoma screening. The mean NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) in the extreme obesity cohort, versus a propensity-matched cohort with BMI of 40 kg/m2 or less, was significantly different for both low fibrosis (F0-F2) (0.222 vs. -1.682, P < 0.0001) and high fibrosis (F3-F4) (2.216 vs. 0.557, P < 0.001). Conclusion: NAFLD with extreme obesity is associated with increased risk of liver-related and overall mortality. Accurate noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis, low rates of weight loss surgery, and high failure rate of ultrasound were identified as clinical challenges in this population.
Zur Struktur von Systemen

In Abschnitt 1.2 wurde schon auf die Bedeutung der Struktur hingewiesen. Die Struktur eines Gegenstandes dient als Leitfaden bei der Organisation von Informationen. Eine Struktur oder ein Muster kann als eine Grundlage bei der Interpretation von Beobachtungen dienen. Eine Beobachtung mag zuerst bedeutungslos erscheinen, aber wenn man weis, das sie in eine der in begrenzter Anzahl vorhandenen Kategorien passen mus, so hilft dies der Identifikation. Strukturen bestehen in vielen Ebenen oder Hierarchien. Jede Struktur kann aus Unterstrukturen bestehen. In diesem Abschnitt werden die Strukturkonzepte behandelt, die in diesem Buch zur Darstellung von Systemen benutzt werden. Dies sind: die geschlossene Systemgrenze, die Ruckkopplungsschleifen, die Zustands- und die Flusgrosen und innerhalb der Flusgrosen das Systemziel, der beobachtete Systemzustand, die Diskrepanz und die Aktion. Diese Strukturteile sind in der folgenden Hierarchie von uber- und untergeordneten Komponenten zusammengestellt: I. Das geschlossene System, dessen Verhalten innerhalb der Systemgrenze unabhangig von auseren Einflussen verursacht wird. A. Die Ruckkopplungsschleife als das Grundelement, aus dem Systeme zusammengesetzt sind. 1. Systemzustande als der eine fundamentale Typ der Variablen in einer Ruckkopplungsschleife. 2. Flusgrosen (oder Entscheidungsregeln) als der andere Typ von Grundvariablen in einer Ruckkopplungsschleife: a) das Ziel als Komponente einer Flusgrose; b) der beobachtete Systemzustand, der mit dem Ziel verglichen wird; c) die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Ziel und den beobachteten Gegebenheiten; d) die Handlung, die aus der Diskrepanz von Soll- und Istzustand resultiert.
Can Personalized Neoantigens Raise the T Cell Bar

Ott et al. report the results of a phase 1B study in which a personalized neoantigen vaccine was combined with programmed death receptor-1 blockade in patients with advanced cancers. The study provides a framework for combinatorial vaccine therapies that could mount robust T cell responses, enhance tumor killing, and provide clinical benefit.
Acetazolamide-Triggered Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy in a Toddler with Gastroenteritis: A Case Report

Acetazolamide is an infrequently prescribed medication in the outpatient pediatric setting, as one of its major indications is for the treatment of glaucoma, which is a largely adult disease. Though incredibly rare, serious neurologic side effects such as stroke, flaccid paralysis, and coma can occur after its administration. This case presentation of acute flaccid paralysis with metabolic derangement underscores the unusual, yet possible, toxic-metabolic and neurologic sequelae that can occur in an already acidotic host (in this case, caused by gastroenteritis) with acetazolamide ingestion. Life-threatening conditions must always be ruled out in patients who present with encephalopathy, but a medication history was crucial in clinching this case's unifying diagnosis. While there are case reports highlighting the rare central nervous system toxicities associated with acetazolamide ingestion, to our knowledge, none exist in the pediatric literature.
Moral clarity decreases as viewer age increases: a content analysis of the moral values and reinforcement cues depicted in popular U.S. children’s television

Evidence suggests that exposure to narrative media content emphasizing the importance of moral intuitions can increase the extent to which children value those intuitions. This is especially the ca...
Growth and sexual dimorphism of the hyoid bone and its relationship to the mandible from birth to 19 years: A three-dimensional computed tomography study.

The hyoid bone and the hyomandibular complex subserve the functions of respiration, deglutition, and speech. This study quantified the growth of the hyoid bone and the hyomandibular relationships in males and females from birth to 19 years. Using 97 computed tomography (CT) scans, from a previous study (Kelly et al., 2017) on mandibular growth from 49 individuals (16 with longitudinal scans), landmarks were placed on 3D CT models and used to calculate four distance, and three angular measurements. A general increase in growth trend was observed in hyoid bone linear measurements-length, width, and depth-as well as relational mandible-to-hyoid distance, throughout the developmental ages examined in both males and females, with most variables having larger measurements for females up to age 10 years. A general decrease in all three angular measurements was observed in both males and females up to approximately age 12 years, at which time male angular measurements gradually increased with significant sexual dimorphism emerging after age 15 years. As expected, postpubertal males had greater hyoid angle than females; they also had greater hyoid angle of inclination than mandible body inclination (with inclination relative to the anterior-posterior nasal plane), likely related to hyo-laryngeal descent. This study contributes to normative data on hyoid bone and hyomandibular relational growth in typically developing individuals and provides a baseline against which structural and functional influences on anatomic growth may be examined by clinical disciplines that address the aerodigestive and speech functions, as well as the fields of anatomy, forensics, and anthropology.
Neural systems and the emotion-memory link

The present brief review for this Special Issue summarizes some of the original research on the emotional modulation of memory. The review begins by highlighting the pioneering research from James L. McGaugh and colleagues demonstrating modulatory effects of post-training drug administration on memory consolidation, in particular the stress hormone epinephrine. The subsequent discovery of a critical role for the basolateral amygdala in emotional modulation of memory is described. Within the context of a multiple systems approach to memory focusing on selective roles for the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum in cognitive and habit memory, the original studies indicating that robust emotional arousal can bias animals and humans toward the predominant use of habit memory are reviewed. This effect of emotional arousal on the relative use of multiple memory systems depends on a modulatory role of the basolateral amygdala. Finally, we briefly consider how an emotion-induced enhancement of dorsolateral striatal-dependent memory may be relevant to understanding maladaptive habitual behaviors in certain human psychopathologies.
Efficient Multi-sensor Aided Inertial Navigation with Online Calibration

In this paper, we design a versatile multi-sensor aided inertial navigation system (MINS) that can efficiently fuse multi-modal measurements of IMU, camera, wheel encoder, GPS, and 3D LiDAR along with online spatiotemporal sensor calibration. Building upon our prior work [1] –[3], in this work we primarily focus on efficient LiDAR integration in a sliding-window filtering fashion. As each 3D LiDAR scan contains a large volume of 3D points which poses great challenges for real-time performance, we advocate using plane patches, which contain the environmental structural information, extracted from the sparse LiDAR point cloud to update/calibrate the system efficiently. The proposed LiDAR plane patch processing algorithm (including extraction, data association, and update) is shown to be efficient and consistent. Both Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations and real-world datasets with large-scale urban driving scenarios have been used to verify the accuracy and consistency of the proposed MINS algorithm.
Genetic markers in glioblastoma: prognostic significance and future therapeutic implications.

Summary:Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the highest-grade infiltrative astrocytoma and also the most common. It is generally associated with a dismal prognosis (mean survival 11 months), yet individual patient survivals vary. Histologic parameters have had limited value in predicting survival among
FPCA-II Concluding Remarks

We live in interesting times. Modern technology is turning much of our world upside-down and inside-out; this is especially true in the realm of communication. This conference, the latest in a long series organized by Andre Heck and his collaborators, has made it clear where we are, how we got here, and (so far as one can see into the future) where we go from here for the professional communication between astronomers, and with the general public.
Metacognitive and Nonmetacognitive Reliance on Affect as Information in Judgment

We propose that the reliance on feelings as information in judgment may involve two separate mechanisms: one involves a metacognitive assessment of whether one's feelings should be trusted in the judgment; the other is more mindless reliance on feelings without much consideration for their perceived diagnosticity. Consistent with this proposition, results from four experiments indicate that, when cognitive resources are available, the influence of integral (target-induced) and incidental (mood-induced) affect on judgment depends on the momentary trust that people have in their feelings, suggesting that feelings are metacognitively assessed in terms of perceived diagnosticity. In contrast, when cognitive resources are limited, the influence of integral and incidental affect on judgment does not depend on the perceived diagnosticity of the feelings, suggesting usage of feelings without metacognitive assessment.
Some Expected Mechanical Characteristics of Lunar Dust: A Geological View

The engineering properties of the lunar regolith reflect aspects of the original parent rock and the consequences of hypervelocity meteor bombardment. Compared to the Earth the geologic nature of the lunar regolith is quite distinct. On scales relevant to machinery, heterogeneity with respect to size and composition is much higher. But the total range in composition is much more restricted. Both facts have implications for predictions of properties, such as abrasion, which will be required by design engineers for constructing equipment for lunar use. Abrasion is related to hardness and hardness is a commonly measured property for both minerals and engineering materials. Although different hardness scales are routinely employed for minerals and engineering materials, a significant amount of literature is available relating the two. In this paper we discuss how to relate hardness to abrasion for the design of lunar equipment. We also indicate how abundant the various mineral phases are and typical size distributions for lunar regolith.
Design of sytems with concurrent error detection using software redundancy

Self-checking programming is a system level concurrent error detection technique. This approach achieves error detection by introducing software redundancy in the form of executable assertion into the program to check the correct operation of the system during its execution. Both hardware and software faults that affect the specified behavior of the program therefore can be detected. This thesis deals with a theoretical and experimental study of the scheme of self-checking programming. It addresses three issues. First, it deals with the design issues of self-checking programs. Two approaches are presented. The first approach derives the assertions from the text of the program design based on a set of formal transformation rules. The second approach employs data encoding schemes in which the program is designed to process information encoded in some error detecting code, and error detection is performed by observing the program coded output. Examples are given to illustrate the application of these techniques. The second part deals with the development of a technique which can be used to analyze the error coverage of the proposed concurrent error detection scheme. The technique is essentially a fault simulation method. Simulated faults are introduced into the program at various levels (target programming language level or assembly language level) to produce mutant programs. These mutants are then executed to measure the ability of the set of assertions to distinguish the program from its mutants. This strategy is used in the experiments to study the effectiveness of five sample self-checking programs that include a navigation program of about 1000 lines of code. The results show that self-checking programming is an inexpensive and effective approach to provide concurrent error detection. The automation issues are addressed in the last part of the thesis. The application of automated reasoning techniques to the problem of self-checking program design is discussed. A knowledge base is employed to support the understanding of the program design. The knowledge that includes programming knowledge and domain knowledge is presented in clause form in the Knowledge Base. A program design is also stored internally as clauses, and the assertions are derived by applying logic resolution and demodulation to these clauses.
CHAPTER 44 – Aplastic Anemia

Publisher Summary There are two types of aplastic anemia: congenital and acquired. The acquired form represents over 90% of cases and usually results from an autoimmune attack against hematopoietic stem cells. The most common clinical manifestations reflect the low blood counts and include dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, easy bruising, petechia, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, heavy menses, headaches, and fever. The primary diagnostic procedure, in addition to a complete blood count, leukocyte differential, and reticulocyte count is the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. The clinical response of aplastic anemia to immunosuppressive therapy provides the first data suggesting that aplastic anemia is immune mediated. More recently, it has been shown that the bone marrow in aplastic anemia is infiltrated with lymphocytes that secrete Th1 cytokines. Skewing of the Vβ repertoires demonstrated by CDR3 spectratyping further suggests that this is an antigen-driven autoimmune disorder. Moreover, newer methodologies are beginning to allow the study of the rare target cell populations in aplastic anemia.
Competitive Networks and School Leaders’ Perceptions The Formation of an Education Marketplace in Post-Katrina New Orleans

School choice policies are often based on the idea that competition will generate better outcomes for all students. Yet there is limited empirical research about how school leaders actually perceive competition and whom they view as rivals. Drawing on concepts from economic sociology, I study principals’ competitive networks and the sets of schools they view as rivals, and I use network and statistical analysis to explore factors that explain the existence of a competitive tie between two schools. Most school leaders perceived some competition, but the extent to which they competed with other schools varied significantly. Factors that predicted a competitive relationship between two schools included geography, student transfers, school performance, principal characteristics, and charter network.
Crystal Structures and Inhibitors of Proteins Involved in IL‐2 Release and T Cell Signaling

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a structural overview of several important enzymes involved in T cell signaling and Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) release, and a summary of potential opportunities for the design of inhibitors that might improve upon Cyclosporin and FK‐506. The chapter describes the process through which potent inhibition of calcineurin readily translates into potent in vivo inhibition of IL‐2 secretion and immunosupression. The chapter identifies several other protein kinases that are implicated in signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) receptor and secretion of IL‐2 by T cells. While Zap‐70 is an established target for treating immune disease, the TEC‐family kinases are new and promising targets for treating immune disease. Inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is the most recent of these to be highlighted and is located immediately downstream of Lymphocyte specific kinase (Lck). It appears to be an attractive alternative to calcineurin as a therapeutic target, although inhibitors suitable for in vivo and clinical use are yet to be presented.
The duality of haptic and visual search for object recognition

The similarity between the manner in which objects may be explored using visual and haptic (touch) sensing is investigated. An undersea telerobotic manipulator system application is considered. The experimental evidence provides support for the hypothesis that there is strong correlation between haptic sensing and the foveal component of visual sensing at least as far as exploratory search is concerned. Experiments using these sensory modalities indicated the equivalence of information provided by each. This is in contrast to traditional scanpath search, which is also investigated for the object set under study. >
Instructional Outreach to High Schools: Should You Be Doing It?

Academic librarians have recognized the need for and the benefits of instructional outreach to high schools, but faced with budgetary challenges, increasing workloads, and other pressures, librarians sometimes struggle to determine if and how they can work with high schools. This paper will seek to provide practical direction in considering these questions. Using the library high school outreach program at Kent State University Informed Transitions as a sample case, this paper will share observations, discuss practical considerations, and offer recommendations that will serve to guide academic librarians in determining what role they can play in providing instructional outreach to local high schools.
Performance criteria for relational databases in different normal forms

With the increase in client-server and other applications that are dependent on telecommunications possibilities and the use of dispersed and distributed processing, desire for access to organizational databases will increase. The increasing demands on databases make efficient storage space and access time important issues. In this article we illustrate criteria for measuring efficiency of database access as applications expressed in different normal forms. The efficiency measures are (1) actual memory space use, (2) time use, and (3) average number of operations performed. These are tested based on an optimal data search simulation of 25 different database cases for four distinct queries in both third and fourth normal form, and actual space and time use and average number of operations required by 208 subjects who performed the same queries in third and fourth normal form. We find that in almost all studied cases where there are multivalued dependencies, the fourth normal form is more efficient. These techniques, particularly the simulation and the experimental method, may be used as efficiency measures when establishing the ideal form for a new database.