cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education and training in nutrition support pharmacy practice.

The contributions of nutrition support teams are well established in the United States.1–5 Pharmacists have been intimately involved since the inception of these teams, especially with the provision of parenteral nutrition.1,6 The first documentation of the pharmacist’s role on the nutrition support team was published nearly three decades ago.1 As technology advanced, nutrition support therapy became exceedingly more complex, and pharmacy nutrition support training became more formalized, the role of the pharmacist has continued to evolve into more diverse clinical roles.7–10 The University of Tennessee was among the first institutions in the country where a pharmacist was intimately involved in a clinical role on the nutrition support service. At first, the team was comprised of a physician and pharmacist, and only patients using parenteral nutrition were seen.1 They subsequently added a nurse and a dietitian to complete the multidisciplinary service. Due to the complexity of providing safe and effective metabolic support in patient care, the current role of the multidisciplinary members of the nutrition support team necessitates advanced education and training. There is some published information regarding educational efforts by dietitians11,12 and physicians13,14 for advanced nutrition support education and training, but data regarding specialized nutrition support education and training for pharmacists are lacking. This editorial highlights our approach at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center to provide an individual with the appropriate skills and knowledge to function as a clinical pharmacy practitioner, educator, and researcher. Elements of the education and training pathway, illustrated in Figure 1, are described in this report. Although it is our opinion that this figure reflects the optimal training pathways, the availability of specialized residencies and fellowships in pharmacy nutrition support unfortunately is limited. In a national survey of 166 individuals practicing in pharmacy nutrition support in 1990 and 1991, only 40% had a doctor of pharmacy degree, 35% had completed a general or pharmacy practice residency, and 16% completed a specialty residency or fellowship in nutrition support.15 With the adoption of a 6-y Doctor of Pharmacy program by all colleges of pharmacy and the continued growth of pharmacy practice residencies, these demographics have likely changed since that initial survey from over a decade ago.
Endoscopic versus traditional approaches for excision of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Objectives: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is an uncommon neoplasm originating in the nasopharynx. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endoscopic approaches had been effective without increasing intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, complications, and rate of recurrence as compared with traditional surgical approaches. Study Design: Retrospective chart review to compare outcomes in six consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic resection with outcomes of traditional external excision of JNA at Mayo Clinic between 1975 and 2004. Methods: The medical records of patients who underwent either endoscopic or external surgical resection of JNA were reviewed retrospectively. The main outcome measures were intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, complications, and recurrence. We review the reasons why we developed our current endoscopic approach to resection and highlight some of the obstacles we have encountered. Results: We identified 65 patients treated for JNA during the studied interval. Their mean age was 15 (range 6–35) years. Six consecutive patients underwent successful resection of JNA by way of an endoscopic approach since 2001. Compared with the conventional surgery group, the endoscopic group had less intraoperative blood loss (225 vs. 1,250 mL), a lower occurrence of complications (1 patient vs. ≥ 30 patients), shorter length of hospital stay (2 vs. 5 days), and lower rate of recurrence (0% vs. 24%). Conclusion: Endoscopic removal of JNA tumor appears to be safe and effective. Recurrence was not appreciably affected by approach.
Improved accuracy using recursive Bayesian estimation based language model fusion in ERP-based BCI typing systems

RSVP Keyboard™ is an electroencephalography (EEG) based brain computer interface (BCI) typing system, designed as an assistive technology for the communication needs of people with locked-in syndrome (LIS). It relies on rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) and does not require precise eye gaze control. Existing BCI typing systems which uses event related potentials (ERP) in EEG suffer from low accuracy due to low signal-to-noise ratio. Henceforth, RSVP Keyboard™ utilizes a context based decision making via incorporating a language model, to improve the accuracy of letter decisions. To further improve the contributions of the language model, we propose recursive Bayesian estimation, which relies on non-committing string decisions, and conduct an offline analysis, which compares it with the existing naive Bayesian fusion approach. The results indicate the superiority of the recursive Bayesian fusion and in the next generation of RSVP Keyboard™ we plan to incorporate this new approach.
Loss of Focal Adhesion Kinase Enhances Endothelial Barrier Function and Increases Focal Adhesions

Objective To determine the role of FAK in the regulation of endothelial barrier function. Methods Stable FAK knockdown HLEC were generated by lentiviral infection of FAK shRNA. Measurements of isometric tension and transendothelial electrical resistance were performed. Results A FAK knockdown human pulmonary endothelial cell line was generated by lentiviral infection with FAK shRNA and resulted in greater than 90% reduction in FAK protein with no change in Pyk2 protein. Loss of FAK altered cell morphology and actin distribution in both pre- and post-confluent endothelial cells. Large, polygonal shaped endothelial cells with randomly organized stress fibers were identified in pre-confluent cultures, while in confluent monolayers, endothelial cells were irregularly shaped with actin bundles present at cell margins. An increase in the number and size of vinculin plaques was detected in FAK-depleted cells. FAK knockdown monolayers generated a greater transendothelial electrical resistance than controls. Thrombin treatment induced similar changes in TER in both FAK knockdown and control cell lines. FAK-depleted endothelial cells developed a higher stable basal isometric tension compared to control monolayers, but the increase in tension stimulated by thrombin does not differ between the cell lines. Basal myosin II regulatory light chain phosphorylation was unaltered in FAK-depleted cells. In addition, loss of FAK enhanced VE-cadherin localization to the cell membrane without altering VE-cadherin protein levels. Conclusions The loss of FAK in endothelial cells enhanced cell attachment and strengthened cell-cell contacts resulting in greater basal tension leading to formation of a tighter endothelial monolayer.
Regression Analysis of Low Kill Potential Defect Mechanisms (Moving Beyond Contingency Analysis)

A means of measuring the yield influence for high density, low kill potential defect mechanisms is presented. The method can be applied to wafers individually and is only, marginally more expensive to implement than a least squares fit, but has a much smaller standard error and provides a clear indicator of impact on yield. The ability to tolerate up to 50% outliers enables the method to analyze zone-based data and consequently be resilient to the presence of systematic yield profiles. This is achieved by focusing on the zone specific, kill ratio per defect. This can greatly improve the estimate of yield impact on priority wafers when affected by a defect mechanism whose density varies wildly between wafers, or confirm the validity of the standard defect classification kill ratios. For wafers with typical levels of defectivity, the method can confirm the results of traditional contingency table analysis, with the added confidence that the results are based on a curve fit to any progressive yield response, rather than a single calculation.
Nucleotide sequence of Bacillus phage phi 29 genes 14 and 15: homology of gene 15 with other phage lysozymes.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of Bacillus phage phi 29 genes 14 (g14) and 15 (g15) have been determined and shown to encode proteins with molecular weights of 15,014 and 28,022, respectively. The g14 open reading frame (ORF) was confirmed by sequencing a sus14(1241) mutant. Gene product 15 (gp15) has considerable homology with Salmonella phage P22 lysozyme and lesser homology with Escherichia coli phage T4 lysozyme. Putative translation signals are identified. In addition, the role of a previously described promoter, B2, is discussed.
Diagnosing perceptual distortion present in group stereoscopic viewing

Stereoscopic displays are an increasingly prevalent tool for experiencing virtual environments, and the inclusion of stereo has the potential to improve distance perception within the virtual environment. When multiple users simultaneously view the same stereoscopic display, only one user experiences the projectively correct view of the virtual environment, and all other users view the same stereoscopic images while standing at locations displaced from the center of projection (CoP). This study was designed to evaluate the perceptual distortions caused by displacement from the CoP when viewing virtual objects in the context of a virtual scene containing stereo depth cues. Judgments of angles were distorted after leftward and rightward displacement from the CoP. Judgments of object depth were distorted after forward and backward displacement from the CoP. However, perceptual distortions of angle and depth were smaller than predicted by a ray-intersection model based on stereo viewing geometry. Furthermore, perceptual distortions were asymmetric, leading to different patterns of distortion depending on the direction of displacement. This asymmetry also conflicts with the predictions of the ray-intersection model. The presence of monocular depth cues might account for departures from model predictions.
DIFFERENCES IN COHESION BETWEEN HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE FOOTBALL TEAMS AND STARTERS AND NONSTARTERS

The Group Environment Questionnaire was administered at the end of the season to 44 football players from a large high school, 25 players from a medium-sized high school, and 52 players from a Nati...
Review: various interventions increase smoking cessation rates

(2000) BMJ 321, 355. Lancaster T, Stead L, Silagy C, et al, . for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group. . Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. . Aug 5; . : . –8 . [OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] QUESTION: Are smoking cessation interventions effective? Reviews were identified by searching the Cochrane Library . Reviews were selected if they included randomised controlled trials of interventions to reduce or prevent tobacco use that had ≥6 months of follow up with outcomes of sustained abstinence or point prevalence stop rates. Extracted data included interventions and outcomes. 20 systematic reviews were available in the Cochrane Library . One review (including 31 trials and >26 000 participants who were smokers) examined simple advice given by doctors during routine care and showed that the intervention increased quit rates (weighted odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.0). Another review of individual counselling given by nurses also showed increased stopping rates. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation, in the forms of individual counselling (1 review) or group therapy (1 review), showed increased stopping rates. The review of individual counselling (9 trials) … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DLancaster%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%26rft.volume%253D321%26rft.issue%253D7257%26rft.spage%253D355%26rft.epage%253D358%26rft.atitle%253DRegular%2Breview%253A%2BEffectiveness%2Bof%2Binterventions%2Bto%2Bhelp%2Bpeople%2Bstop%2Bsmoking%253A%2Bfindings%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BCochrane%2BLibrary%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.321.7257.355%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10926597%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=bmj&resid=321/7257/355&atom=%2Febmed%2F6%2F2%2F43.atom
Extension of flash exchange gas chromatography to ethyl esters of higher organic acids

Abstract The method of flash exchange to form esters of organic acids for gas chromatography has been modified for use with argon ionization detectors and extended to include organic acids of carbon content through C18. An aliquot of a mixture of potassium (or sodium) salts of organic acids and potassium ethyl sulfate in water is drawn into a hypodermic needle containing diatomaceous earth. The water is removed by warming the mixture in the needle in a convection oven at 100°. The needle is connected to a source of argon (15 p.s.i.g.) and then inserted into a pre-heated (275°) section of the gas chromatography column. As the exchange reactions to form ethyl esters take place, the products are swept into the column by the argon gas stream. Chromatograms of the esters contain sharp, well-separated peaks. Use of the method to confirm the identity of organic acids in fermented liquors used in bread production is described.
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Traffic Information System for the Work Zone Based on Dedicated Short-Range Communication: Development and Field Demonstration

This paper describes the architecture, functionality, and field demonstration of a newly developed dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)-based vehicle-to-infrastructure communication system for improving traffic efficiency and safety in work-zone-related congestion buildup on U.S. roadways. The goal was to develop a portable system that could be easily deployed at a work-zone site to acquire and communicate important travel information, such as the start of congestion (SoC) and travel time (TT) of the driver. With this information, drivers could make informed decisions about route choice and be prepared for upcoming congestion. The system is composed of a portable roadside unit, which can engage the onboard units (OBUs) of traveling vehicles with DSRC technology to acquire necessary traffic data (speed, time, and location). With the acquired data, the roadside unit periodically estimates the SoC and the TT, which are broadcast to all vehicles in the coverage range. An OBU receiving the broadcast mess...
TH‐C‐330D‐03: Web‐Based Education: Current and Future Resources and Applications

The course will present a review of web based educational materials for medical physicists. This material can be divided into a number of broad categories. These include: 1) Materials that are available to the physicist that can be used as part of a program for teaching radiology residents, radiation oncology residents, medical physics students and technologists; 2) Materials that can assist the physicists in self‐directed professional development and maintenance of certification; 3) Materials that are designed for use by students and physicists in developing areas; and 4) Materials that are designed to help physicists locate and use materials in the other categories. This lecture will review materials in the various categories to assist medical physicists with locating and using appropriate materials. Educational Objectives: 1. The participant will become aware of educational materials that are available on the web. 2. The participant will be able to locate appropriate materials for web based SDED. 3. The participant will be aware of the many different professional areas in which web based materials exist.
Dopamine: a prolactin-inhibiting hormone.

A. Introduction DOPAMINE (DA) is an interesting and versatile compound. In the central nervous system (CNS) it is involved with the control of fine movements and mental processes. Its association with disorders such as Parkinsonism and schizophrenia is well recognized. In the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis, DA is the primary physiological inhibitor of PRL secretion. Currently, this catecholamine represents the only nonpeptidergic hypothalamic agent with a well defined hypophysiotropic function. By virtue of its dual role as a neurotransmitter and a hormone, DA provides perhaps the best example of neuroendocrine interactions. It also possesses a more universal property. In all hormonal systems studied thus far, whether at the hypothalamic, posterior pituitary, or anterior pituitary level, DA functions as an inhibitor. Perhaps the common denominator to these diverse cells is the presence of D2 DA receptors, which are negatively linked to the adenylate cyclase system.
Design and performance of a multi-stage cylindrical reconnection launcher

A multistage launcher was designed and assembled by stacking six coil assemblies end-to-end in a support housing which also aligns the system. Each coil is powered by its own capacitor bank which is triggered when an optical sensor in each stage determines that the projectile is in the firing position. The induction launch technology is successfully demonstrated for multistage systems. A 5 kg projectile can be accelerated from 12 m/s to 335 m/s with an average of 200 kJ stored in each of six stages. Calculations of launcher performance with the digital simulation code, WARP-10, are in good agreement with experiments. >
Assessment of radiation safety instructions to patients based on measured dose rates following prostate brachytherapy

PURPOSE: To validate radiation safety instructions to patients and to evaluate the potential radiation doses to members of the public after 125 Io r 103 Pd prostate implantation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Radiation dose rate measurements were made in the immediate postoperative period on 636 consecutive patients with stage T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent transperineal 125 Io r 103 Pd implantation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the period from August 1995 through January 2003. RESULTS: The mean radiation dose rate at the anterior skin surface following a prostate implant was 37 µSv/hr for 125 I and 8 µSv/hr for 103 Pd. At 30 cm from the anterior skin surface, these dose rates were reduced to 6 µSv/hr for 125 I and 3 µSv/hr for 103 Pd. At 1 m from the anterior skin surface the dose rates from both types of implants were reduced to less than 1 µSv/hr. The effect of body weight on dose rates from 125 I sources was examined for a select sub-group of patients and the measured dose rate was found to decrease with increasing body weight. In another group of patients, dose rate measurements were made on both lateral skin surfaces and were less than 16.8 µSv/hr in all cases. Assuming a 33% occupancy factor and utilizing the mean measured dose rate for 125 I, the time required to reach an effective dose equivalent limit of 5 mSv for caregivers was estimated to be 19 days on contact with the skin surface. Using a similar calculation, the lifetime doses for 125 I at a distance of 30 cm from the anterior skin surface, as well as the lifetime doses for 103 Pd on contact with the skin surface and at 30 cm from the anterior skin surface can be shown to be less than 5 mSv. CONCLUSIONS: The large number of cases available for this study permits a validation of radiation safety recommendations and provides concrete information from which the permitted exposure times following implantation can be estimated. The data support the conclusion that patients treated with these implants do not represent a radiation risk to members of the public. 2004 American Brachytherapy Society. All rights reserved.
A mechanism for branchial acid excretion in marine fish: identification of multiple Na+/H+ antiporter (NHE) isoforms in gills of two seawater teleosts

Both Na+/H+ exchange and the electrogenic extrusion of H+ via an H+-ATPase have been postulated to drive acid excretion across the branchial epithelium of fishes. While the H+-ATPase/Na+ channel system appears to be the predominant mechanism in some freshwater species, it may play a reduced role in seawater and brackish-water animals, where high external Na+ concentrations may thermodynamically favor Na+/H+ exchange driven by a Na+/H+ antiporter (NHE). In this study, we used molecular and immunological methods to assess the role of NHE isoforms in the branchial epithelium of the marine long-horned sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus) and the euryhaline killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).Northern blot analysis of RNA probed with the human NHE-1 BamHI fragment suggested the presence of homologous gill NHE mRNA in sculpin. RT-PCR on gill RNA isolated from sculpin recovering from metabolic acidosis provided evidence for two distinct NHE isoforms; one with 76 % amino acid homology to mammalian NHE-2, and another 92 % homologous to trout erythrocytic beta-NHE. Killifish also have transcripts with 91 % homology to beta-NHE. Immunological detection using monoclonal antibodies for mammalian NHE-1 revealed a protein antigenically similar to this isoform in the gills of both species. Metabolic acidosis caused an approximately 30-fold decrease in expression of the NHE-1-like protein in sculpin. We speculate that beta-NHE in the gills plays the intracellular ‘housekeeping’ roles described for mammalian NHE-1. During systemic acidosis, apical gill NHE-2 (which is sensitive to external amiloride and low [Na+]) in parallel with a dramatic suppression of basolateral NHE-1 activity enhances net capdelta H+ transfers to the water.
Yogacara Buddhism: a sympathetic description and suggestion for use in Western theology and philosophy of religion

A defense of Yogacara Buddhism in light of contemporary trends in Western philosophy and theology, this paper begins with an historical survey and proceeds with a comparative analysis. Yogacara was successful in addressing the same problems 1600 years ago that many in the West have failed to address, or even recognize today. With its metaphysical and epistemological implications, Yogacara may also be employed in the resolution of, or continuing investigation into, long-standing problems within Christian theology over and against the Greek metaphysics of presence.
Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems

No species can maximize growth, reproduction and competitive ability across all environments, so the success of invasive species is habitat-dependent. Nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats, a pattern consistent with traits generally associated with successful invaders (high growth rates, early reproduction and many offspring). However, invaders do colonize resource-poor environments, and the mechanisms that allow their success in these systems are poorly understood. Traits associated with resource conservation are widespread among species adapted to resource-poor environments, and invasive species may succeed in low-resource environments by employing resource conservation traits such as high resource-use efficiency (RUE; carbon assimilation per unit of resource). We investigated RUE in invasive and native species from three habitats in Hawaii where light, water or nutrient availability was limiting to plant growth. Here we show that across multiple growth forms and broad taxonomic diversity invasive species were generally more efficient than native species at using limiting resources on short timescales and were similarly efficient when RUE measures were integrated over leaf lifespans. Our data challenge the idea that native species generally outperform invasive species under conditions of low resource availability, and suggest that managing resource levels is not always an effective strategy for invasive species control.
Real-Time Immune Monitoring to Guide Plasmid DNA Vaccination Schedule Targeting Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We have previously reported that a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) could elicit PAP-specific T cells in patients with early recurrent prostate cancer. In the current pilot trial, we sought to evaluate whether prolonged immunization with regular booster immunizations, or “personalized” schedules of immunization determined using real-time immune monitoring, could elicit persistent, antigen-specific T cells, and whether treatment was associated with changes in PSA doubling time (PSA DT). Experimental Design: Sixteen patients with castration-resistant, nonmetastatic prostate cancer received six immunizations at 2-week intervals and then either quarterly (arm 1) or as determined by multiparameter immune monitoring (arm 2). Results: Patients were on study a median of 16 months; four received 24 vaccinations. Only one event associated with treatment >grade 2 was observed. Six of 16 (38%) remained metastasis-free at 2 years. PAP-specific T cells were elicited in 12 of 16 (75%), predominantly of a Th1 phenotype, which persisted in frequency and phenotype for at least 1 year. IFNγ-secreting T-cell responses measured by ELISPOT were detectable in 5 of 13 individuals at 1 year, and this was not statistically different between study arms. The overall median fold change in PSA DT from pretreatment to posttreatment was 1.6 (range, 0.6–7.0; P = 0.036). Conclusions: Repetitive immunization with a plasmid DNA vaccine was safe and elicited Th1-biased antigen-specific T cells that persisted over time. Modifications in the immunization schedule based on real-time immune monitoring did not increase the frequency of patients developing effector and memory T-cell responses with this DNA vaccine. Clin Cancer Res; 20(14); 1–13. ©2014 AACR .
PrPl: a decentralized social networking infrastructure

This paper presents PrPl, a decentralized infrastructure that lets users participate in online social networking without loss of data ownership. PrPl, short for private-public, has a person-centric architecture--each individual uses a Personal-Cloud Butler service that provides a safe haven for one's personal digital assets and supports sharing with fine-grain access control. A user can choose to run the Butler on a home server, or use a paid or ad-supported vendor of his choice. Each Butler provides a federation of data storage; it keeps a semantic index to data that can reside, possibly encrypted, in other storage services. It uses the standard, decentralized OpenID management system, so users can use their established personas in accessing the data.One pre-requisite to the success of a platform is the availability of applications, which means that ease of application development is essential. We have developed a language called SociaLite, based on Datalog, that allows developers to use a simple declarative database query to access the large collection of private data served up by the Butlers in our social circle running under different administrative domains.We have developed a prototype of the PrPl infrastructure and implemented a number of simple social applications on the system. We found that the applications can be written in a small number of lines of code using SociaLite. Preliminary experimental results suggest that it is viable to enable sharing of private social data between close friends with a decentralized architecture.
Interference analysis for spot beam partitioning in cellular satellite communication systems

It is observed that the sub-beam approach will reduce the gain requirements by 3 dB and 3.6 dB or partition factors of four and seven, respectively. This implies more than 50% reduction in the aperture size. The interference study shows that the partition factor of seven results in high levels of interference as the sub-beams are defined at only 0.4 dB down relative to the peak, and the half power beamwidth is quite broad so that spatial isolation can not work favorably to reduce interference levels. However, the partition factor of four produces similar interference levels as the spot beam configuration (26.92 versus 26.87) using only half of the aperture size. The investigation shows that the spot beam partitioning is a good technique to reduce the antenna size while maintaining the system requirements, such as edge gain and center to center interference.
Kant's Permissive Law: Critical Rights, Sceptical Politics

In recent years, English-language scholars have begun to approach the daunting field of Kant's politics by way of its technical core: the deduction of private right. In this interpretive project, t...
Design and implementation of a 100 MHz centralized instruction window for a superscalar microprocessor

The maxim of the superscalar architecture is that higher performance can be achieved by executing multiple instructions simultaneously. This can be realized on hardware by using a centralized instruction window. We present the design and implementation of a centralized instruction window capable of out-of-order issue and completion of four instructions per cycle. A compact layout (6.4 mm by 2.2 mm) of a 32-entry instruction window resulted from a full-custom design in 1.0 /spl mu/m (drawn) 3-layer metal CMOS technology. The layout was verified by simulation and shown to operate at a clock frequency over 100 MHz.
EAA receptors in the dorsomedial hypothalamic area mediate the cardiovascular response to activation of the amygdala

The role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in mediating the cardiovascular response to activation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) was examined using c...
The evolution of morphogenetic fitness landscapes: conceptualising the interplay between the developmental and ecological drivers of morphological innovation

Here I show how fitness landscapes can be used to understand the relative importance of developmental and ecological change in initiating morphological innovation. Key is the use of morphogenetic ‘rules’ as the axes of the landscape, which enables explicit incorporation of the contribution that specific morphologies make to fitness. Four modes of fitness landscape evolution are identified: (1) change in the density of peaks on the landscape, driven by an increase in the number of selective pressures encountered; (2) change in the dimensionality of the landscape through the addition of morphogenetic rules; (3) change in the size of one or more dimensions of the landscape through elaboration of already existing morphogenetic rules; and, (4) shifting the position of peaks in the landscape. Morphological innovation is initiated by ecological change in Mode (1), for example the Cambrian explosion of animals, and Mode (4), for example, when taxa such as sticklebacks make a shift in environment, or during coevolutionary escalation. Morphological change is initiated by developmental innovation for Mode (2), typified by some macroevolutionary innovations, such as the emergence of jaws, and in Mode (3), for example, in the differentiation of flower morphology facilitated by gene duplication of the B-class developmental genes.
On the Application of Brownian Motion in Teaching Physical Chemistry

Some aspects of the theory of transport are elucidated by an stochastic approach; we derive Ficks second law, and discuss the relevant points of the theory of Brownian motion, which allow to determine Avogadros constant, N0. At the end we use the formulation of the paper to estimate N0
Concentration of pp125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the myotendinous junction

Focal adhesion kinase is a recently characterized tyrosine kinase that is concentrated at focal contacts in cultured cells. It is thought to play an important role in the regulation of the integrin-based signal transduction mechanism involved in the assembly of this membrane specialization. In this study, we examined the immunocytochemical distribution of focal adhesion kinase in Xenopus skeletal muscle and its role in the formation of two sarcolemmal specializations, the myotendinous junction and the neuromuscular junction, using a monoclonal antibody (2A7) against this protein. Immunoprecipitation of Xenopus embryonic tissues with this antibody demonstrated a single band at a relative molecular mass of 116 kDa. A distinct concentration of immunolabeling for focal adhesion kinase was observed at the myotendinous junction of muscle fibers in vivo. At this site, the labeling for this protein is correlated with an accumulation of phosphotyrosine immunolabeling. Focal adhesion kinase was not concentrated at the neuromuscular junction in muscle cells either in vivo or in vitro. However, it was localized at spontaneously formed acetylcholine receptor clusters in cultured Xenopus myotomal muscle cells, although its distribution was not exactly congruent with that of the receptors. In these cells, the accumulation focal adhesion kinase was induced by polystyrene microbeads. In addition, beads also induce the formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters and myotendinous junction-like specializations. By following the appearance of the focal adhesion kinase relative to the formation of these sarcolemmal specializations at bead-muscle contacts in cultured muscle cells, we conclude that the accumulation of this protein was in pace with the development of the myotendinous junction, but occurred well after the clustering of acetylcholine receptors. These results suggest that focal adhesion kinase may be involved in the development and/or maintenance of the myotendinous junction through an integrin-based signaling system. Although it can accumulate at acetylcholine receptor clusters formed in culture, it does not appear to be involved in the development of the neuromuscular junction.
Hydrological Cycle Scenarios, Deep Ocean Circulation, and Century/Millennium Climate Change: A Simulation Study Using an Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Sheet Model

Rapid climate changes (Dansgaard-Oeschger events) during most of the last glaciation and during the last deglaciation, seen in the Greenland ice cores and a deep sea sediment core in the North Atlantic, are likely caused by dynamical instability of the climate system itself. Here we present, with a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere-ice sheet energy-salt balance model (ESBM), oscillatory feedback mechanisms to explain these climate changes. The major physical mechanisms active in the model are latitudinal heat and salt transports by the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic, surface ocean freshwater fluxes associated with melting and growing continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere and with Atlantic to Pacific water vapor transport. The primary positive feedback is between the production of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the meridional salinity flux to the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean. The principal negative feedback is between the freshwater flux either to or from the continental ice sheets and meridional heat flux to the high-latitude North Atlantic accomplished by the thermohaline circulation.
Statistical methods for detecting differentially methylated regions based on MethylCap-seq data.

Abstract DNA methylation is a well-established epigenetic mark, whose pattern throughout the genome, especially in the promoter or CpG islands, may be modified in a cell at a disease stage. Recently developed probabilistic approaches allow distributing methylation signals at nucleotide resolution from MethylCap-seq data. Standard statistical methods for detecting differential methylation suffer from 'curse of dimensionality' and sparsity in signals, resulting in high false-positive rates. Strong correlation of signals between CG sites also yields spurious results. In this article, we review applicability of high-dimensional mean vector tests for detection of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and compare and contrast such tests with other methods for detecting DMRs. Comprehensive simulation studies are conducted to highlight the performance of these tests under different settings. Based on our observation, we make recommendations on the optimal test to use. We illustrate the superiority of mean vector tests in detecting cancer-related canonical gene pathways, which are significantly enriched for acute myeloid leukemia and ovarian cancer.
Tunneling and Relaxation in Low Temperature Systems

The tunneling of heavy atoms in molecular systems, both in the gas phase and in condensed phases, is an archetypical quantum phenomenon, and as such, has been of great interest to physical scientists for the last 60 years. The standard textbook treatment [1] is to consider a symmetric double well potential, and calculate the effect of tunneling on the splitting of the energy levels which would be degenerate in the absence of tunneling. This one dimensional system can be solved using the WKB approximation, or by simple numerical procedures. Such a one dimensional model does not contain all the physics of tunneling in real systems, since in most cases, the tunneling system is coupled to other coordinates in the molecule or condensed phase. This coupling can lead to relaxation (broadening of the energy levels), dephasing, and in some cases to symmetry breaking. By the latter, I mean that the energy level splitting due to tunneling is zero when coupling to the other modes is considered, even though it is non zero in the absence of that coupling. This kind of symmetry breaking has been considered in detail in the last few years by a number of workers [2,3,4,5]; in the present lecture, I will follow the work of Harris and Silbey [4], and proceed in a didactic fashion, making contact with other work as it is necessary.
Interparticle force conferred by capillary-condensed liquid at contact points

Abstract The accompanying paper (B. Elbirli, L. Vergara-Edwards, and R. W. Coughlin, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87 , 31(1982)) gives experimental results of contrary and diverse trends in the dependence of the shear stress of beds of powders upon humidity. The interpretation of these diverse trends calls upon the theory of capillarity to describe the forces conferred by liquid condensed at points of particle contact. This Part I paper reviews the theory with special emphasis on the role played by particle shape and roughness in the forces exerted by capillary-condensed liquid. Kelvin's equation is introduced to connect the curvature of the liquid surface with its relative vapor pressure. These theoretical aspects and their limitations are evoked and discussed as an introduction to experimental results reported in the Part II paper.
Ecological relations among space, time and thermal niche axes.

While the physical environment is often viewed as that with which an organism must contend, and the biotic environment as including resources that may be exploited, interactions occurring between the physical and biotic portions of animal niches suggest that animals also exploit their physical environments. The space and time required for physiological optimal interactions with the environment represent units with which the thermal environment can be quantified as an ecological resource. Characteristics of the thermal environment that an animal experiences within its home range have been incorporated into measures to quantify the quality of the home range with respect to temperature relations, to evaluate the importance of thermal transients to an animal, and to assess temporal aspects of habitat exploitation. Since the thermal environment is physiologically important to animals, and since there can be competition for space and time, this approach provides a bridge between physiological and population/evolutionary ecology.
Diffuse Optical Tomography of Heterogeneous Fluorophore Lifetimes

We examine the fractional contributions of individual fluorophore in heterogeneous samples, previously demonstrated in cuvette and FLIM, with diffuse optical tomography. Experimental results from phantoms are compared with simulations at multiple frequencies.
Unpacking 'Give Back Box:': A Social Enterprise at the Intersection of Leadership, Innovation, and Sustainability

Once the domain of government agencies and non-profit organizations, a social enterprise integrates social benefits such as employment and sustainability into a for-profit firm’s mission. The social enterprise (SE) bottom line includes both economic and social value, reflecting an intersection of the Jesuit leadership tradition with commercial business enterprise. This case study describes the start-up of Give Back Box (GBB), a Chicago-based social enterprise that supports recycling and repurposing. GBB’s business model involves providing a convenient, no-cost opportunity to follow up an online purchase by recycling the shipping box to forward unneeded items to charities. GBB was founded in 2012 by two entrepreneurs with expertise in global business as well as online retailing. Thus, this case also addresses the entrepreneurial dimension of SE by illustrating the close link between social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. Following its initial pilot phase, GBB has grown steadily, receiving impressive media coverage that has included articles in Forbes, Fast Company, and a feature on NBC’s ‘Today’ show. In 2013 another partner joined GBB: a Colombian engineer with an MBA from a U.S. Jesuit business school who has sought to apply business principles and Jesuit values in his work as a GBB partner. This case study describes the start-up’s inception, its mission and business plan, and its achievements to date, together with recommendations for other SE start-ups.
Review: Italy: Modern Architectures in History by Diane Ghirardo

Diane Ghirardo Italy: Modern Architectures in History London: Reaktion Books, 2013, 336 pp., 207 b/w illus. $29.95 (paper), ISBN 9781861898647 When we think of the history of modern architecture the story might revolve around the Germans and the Bauhaus, but Diane Ghirardo’s Italy: Modern Architectures in History might give us pause, since it reminds us of a more fundamental driver of “the modern,” namely, the rise of the nation-state. This was a significant aspect for the Prussians during the Enlightenment, and indeed some have argued that Friedrich Schinkel was, in a sense, the first modern for the Germans. But the German unification as such took place only in 1871, and though there are many parallels, the Italian situation was considerably more stressed, for they not only had to build a nation-state after 1861 out of the chaos of unification but also had to do so in the vortex of modern industrialization. Timing was everything; the Greeks won their independence in 1830, but the Greeks never accepted—or perhaps one can say embraced— “the crisis of modernity” in quite the same way as the Italians. The task of creating Italy’s image fell, of course, to the architects, city designers, and artists whose accomplishments gave visible definition to the question of what a national architecture should look like, especially in comparison with the architecture of countries far ahead in the modernization enterprise. The Italians were not alone in that general ambition. The Americas were equally concerned with developing a national style, as were many of the other European nations in the era of Romantic nationalism. But the Italian story remains unique, given the tension between that nation’s deep history and its now-nationalized civilizational ambitions. Unique to the Italian perspective was the situation that the country was not a colonial power with access to far-flung resources. In 1861, it was largely a rural nation. The scale of the transformation should, therefore, not be underestimated. …
Transvaginal bowel evisceration following robot-assisted radical cystectomy

Transvaginal evisceration of the bowel has been found to most commonly occur following hysterectomy. To date, the reports of this complication following radical cystectomy are minimal. Herein, we report a case of transvaginal bowel evisceration 45 days following robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) in a postmenopausal woman.
Tunable THz metamaterial and plasmonic devices based on graphene

Two approaches for constructing terahertz reconfigurable devices, namely: (i) graphene-only plasmonic structures, and (ii) graphene-metal hybrid metamaterials, are analyzed and compared from the perspectives of: quality factor, extinction-ratio, unit cell dimensions, and tunability range.
A Review of My Name Is Not Chief: The Life of an American Indian

My Name Is Not Chief: The Life of an American Indian. B. Blue and K. Koppelman, Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2015, 234 pages, $16.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-5049-6780-8.The book My Name Is Not C...
Review of "The Language of Technical Communication," by Gallon, R. (2016). Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press

Ray Gallon's collection The Language of Technical Communication attempts to standardize the terminology used in the field by offering concise definitions for 52 key terms, each authored by a contributor with relevant expertise. As a reference work, this book resists summarization. In this review, I will instead assess the text according to criteria appropriate for a reference: ease of use, selection of included terms, and quality of the definitions provided. Although Gallon forwards no explicit thesis, by prioritizing information related to content management, the book does make a claim about the future of communication design. Individuals who are new to the field or whose responsibilities are expanding into content management will find The Language of Technical Communication valuable, while scholars and experienced communication designers will appreciate the contributors' consistent emphasis on the future of the discipline.
Saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy - maladapted, irregular, curved, and slow.

Background and objectives Slowed and curved rapid eye movements, saccades, are the well-known features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We hypothesized that the saccades in PSP are not only slow and curved, but they are also irregular and have timing deficits. Methods We tested this hypothesis in 12 patients with PSP by measuring vertical and horizontal visually guided saccades using a limbus tracker. Results Both, horizontal and vertical saccades were slow and had irregular trajectory and velocity profiles, but deficits were much more robust in vertical saccades. The irregularity in the saccade velocity was due to premature interruptions that either completely stopped the eyes, or moved the eyes at much slower velocity along or in the opposite direction of the ongoing saccade. The direction of the eyes’ trajectory was often changed after the interruption. We simulated a conductance based single-compartment model of the burst neurons embedded in local feedback circuit for saccade generation. This model mimicked anatomical and physiological realism, while allowing the liberty to selectively change the activation of individual burst neurons or the pause neurons. The PSP saccades were comparable to the simulations during reduced activity of the inhibitory and excitatory burst neurons. Conclusion PSP saccades are due to the paucity in burst generation at the excitatory and imprecise timing signal from the inhibitory burst neurons. Premature discharge of the inhibitory burst neuron further leads to breaks in the saccade trajectory, and maladaptive superior colliculus activity leading to aberrant saccades changing the intended trajectory of the ongoing saccade. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.