cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent devices

An ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in bulk ZnS at different electric fields is presented. Scattering mechanisms associated with polar optical phonons, acoustic phonons (through deformation potential coupling), intervalley scattering, and impurities (neutral and ionized), are included in a nonparabolic multivalley model. Simulation indicates that the polar optical phonon and intervalley scattering mechanisms are dominant, whereas neutral and ionized impurity scattering are of no significance in determining the high‐field electron transport in bulk ZnS. The simulated results show that approximately 26% of the electrons possess total energies exceeding 2.1 eV, the threshold energy for Mn impact excitation, at an electric field of 1 MV/cm. This fraction of electrons with energies exceeding 2.1 eV is estimated to be 50% and 65% at electric fields of 1.5 and 2.0 MV/cm, respectively. Transient overshoot effects are found to be of negligible importance in the operation of alternating‐current thin‐film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. The steady‐state electron distribution at high fields is sufficiently energetic to explain the observed efficiency of ACTFEL devices. No evidence for a significant electron population with energies in excess of 5 eV is found, even during the brief nonstationary regime, and thus very few carriers possess sufficient energy to induce band‐to‐band impact ionization.
Gun barrel erosion studies utilizing ion beams

Abstract Ion implantation and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) have been utilized as tools to study the migrational behavior of selected erosive light elements (C, N, H) in gun barrel materials. This study was initiated to help provide more quantitative data on light element migration to aid erosion modelers, help promote use of environmentally friendly protective coatings, and better understand erosion mechanisms caused by hot, high pressure, light element propellant gases interacting with the bore surfaces of gun barrels. H depth profile measurements showed concentrations up to several atomic percent (at.%) in gun barrel materials after firing. Ion implanted 13 C marker layers were used in conjunction with NRA to measure the low temperature diffusion of C in gun barrel steel, electroplated Cr, and Ta (a candidate coating for gun barrel liners), following controlled thermal annealing. Ion beam analysis also showed unexpectedly high (∼8 at.%) N concentrations in the near surface (0–2-μm depth) region of gun steel test nozzles exposed to test firings of high-N-containing propellants. This combustion-induced nitriding phenomena appear correlated with reduced erosion of these test nozzles, suggesting a competition between N and C interactions on gun steel surfaces.
Oscillatory combustion of aluminized composite propellants

The unsteady combustion of aluminized composite propellants (Al/AP/HTPB) was studied using laser recoil and other measurements. It was found that propellants with fine aluminum ( 15%) produced large aluminum agglomerates and a strong low-frequency (
Multinomial Runs Tests to Detect Clustering in Constrained Free Recall

Abstract Psychologists often want to detect category structure in subjects' free recall protocols. Although runs tests based on the binomial distribution are commonly used to detect nonrandomness within a sequence, many research situations require tests based on the multinomial distribution. We propose a test of randomness versus clustering based on the number of runs in multinomial data. We illustrate its use with data from a mass communication experiment using a constrained free recall procedure.
Electron scattering multipoles for symplectic shell model applications

The charge and current density multipoles used in calculating electron scattering form factors are given in a form suitable for second-quantized SU (3) shell-model applications. The expressions are exact representations of the density multipoles, extend over all major oscillator shells, and are tailored for symplectic shell-model applications. Through a SU(3) tensor decomposition of these multipoles, the importance of considering multiple irreps in symplectic model calculations for ds-shell nuclei is explored, as well as the extent to which higher shell correlations will influence form factor predictions. Results for SU(3) model applications to 20Ne, 22Ne, and 24Mg are given and the significance of the theory for symplectic model applications is discussed. The relation of this general fermion formulation to a restricted harmonic oscillator boson representation is also demonstrated.
Biochar successfully replaces activated charcoal for in vitro culture of two white poplar clones reducing ethylene concentration

Biochar (BC) is a carbon rich product resulting from the biomass pyrolysis process and there have been no reports until now on BC effects in tissue cultures as a suitable substitute for activated charcoal (AC). The results of an experiment on two clones of white poplar (Populus alba L.) grown in culture media with different amounts of BC (0, 0.5 and 1.5 g/dm3) showed that its addition did not damage the plants and there were no significant differences comparing the data obtained for the same concentrations of AC. Both BC and AC addition was shown to increase root dry biomass and number of roots per shoot and these effects appeared to be independent of genotype and concentrations of the added products. A greater elongation was also recorded for shoots grown on a substrate containing BC than those grown on media without BC. These effects did not seem to be caused by darkening due to the addition of BC as there are no significant differences between the temperatures of the different culture media, but are probably due to the adsorption of molecules such as ethylene. Indeed, during the experiment, the hormone concentration in the atmosphere was lower in vials containing the media with BC than the BC-free ones after 14 and 21 days: the lower amount of ethylene in the medium with BC could explain the difference in shoot elongation and the abundant root biomass since high ethylene concentration could inhibit organogenesis.
Physical aggression as a function of manifest anxiety

The relationship between physical aggression and anxiety was investigated in 40 college males by allowing them to compete in a task involving reaction time with opponents who attempted to give them increasingly intense shocks. The high anxious Ss appeared to respond to the increasing attack in a more fearful manner than the low anxious Ss. However, the Ss who scored low on the MAS were no more aggressive than the Ss who scored high on the MAS. The results suggest that a person’s underlying emotional state and overt aggressiveness can vary in a relatively independent manner.
The neutrino see-saw in SO(10)

Abstract When a predictive and apparently realistic model for the quark mass matrices is extended to the leptons by using an SO(10) framework, it is found that the mass matrix of heavy “right-handed” neutrinos is likely to be close to a singular one. This may result in a variety of interesting patterns for the neutrino masses which are analyzed and compared with experiment.
Maximizing aggregated revenue in sensor networks under deadline constraints

We study the problem of maximizing the aggregated revenue in sensor networks with deadline constraints. Our model is that of a sensor network that is arranged in the form of a tree topology, where the root corresponds to the sink node, and the rest of the network detects an event and transmits data to the sink over one or more hops. We assume a time-slotted synchronized system and a node-exclusive (also called a primary) interference model. We formulate this problem as an integer optimization problem and show that the optimal solution involves solving a Bipartite Maximum Weighted Matching problem at each hop. We propose a polynomial time algorithm based on dynamic programming that uses only local information at each hop to obtain the optimal solution. Thus, we answer the question of when a node should stop waiting to aggregate data from its predecessors and start transmitting in order to maximize revenue within a deadline imposed by the sink. Further, we show that our optimization framework is general enough that it can be extended to a number of interesting cases such as incorporating sleep-wake scheduling, minimizing aggregate sensing error, etc.
Assessing Wesley Wildman’s Religious Philosophy As Multidisciplinary Comparative Inquiry

Wesley Wildman is one of the foremost philosophers of religion calling for the evolution of the discipline from its present narrow focus on theistic beliefs to become a discipline concerned with religions in all their diversity. Towards this end, he proposes that philosophers of religion understand what they do as multidisciplinary comparative inquiry. This article assesses his proposal.
Regulation of adipose triglyceride lipase by fasting and refeeding in avian species

Lipolysis in fat tissue is a process that is not fully understood. Increasing knowledge of the process could allow for increased feed efficiency and reduced fat content, which would lower feeding costs for poultry production. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is an adipose-specific enzyme that cleaves at the Sn-1 position of triglycerides, releasing nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) into the bloodstream. Adipose triglyceride lipase has recently been cloned in avian species. For further understanding of how ATGL responds to environmental stimuli, we fasted 21-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens for 24 h. Adipose and liver tissues were collected before the fasting period and at its conclusion, as well as 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after being refed. Blood samples were also collected at these time points. Additionally, tissue samples were collected from 30 quails subjected to the same fasting period, with refeeding time points of 2, 4, and 8 h. Adipose triglyceride lipase in tissue samples was analyzed via Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Protein and RNA levels of ATGL were high in the birds after the fasting period. Ribonucleic acid levels quickly returned to control levels following refeeding. Protein levels, however, remained high in the chicken throughout the 4- and 8-h refeeding time points. For the quail samples, ATGL protein returned to normal levels at 8 h. To relate the release of NEFA into the blood with ATGL expression, plasma analysis was done. Nonesterified fatty acids were significantly higher after the fasting period than the control and returned to control levels by 4 h after refeeding. The quick return of the RNA to control levels suggests that ATGL production was stimulated during the fasting period but inhibited once food was reintroduced. The immediately lowered NEFA levels suggest that the residual high amounts of ATGL protein shown by Western blot were no longer functioning. This suggests the existence of a mechanism to inactivate the active form of ATGL, possibly through posttranslational modification of the protein.
Laser-Based Measurement of Temperature or Concentration Change at Liquid Surfaces

We present a noncontact laser-based thermoreflectance technique to measure changes in temperature or concentration at a liquid surface. Changes in temperature and, for multi-component liquid mixtures, concentration result in a change in the liquid index of refraction, which alters the reflectivity of the liquid surface. An intensity-stabilized diode laser and silicon photodiode are used to monitor the surface reflectivity. Temperature variations in 1-propanol, methanol, ethanol, and water are measured with uncertainties of 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, and 3.7°C, respectively, For binary mixtures, the concentration of a methanol-propanol mixture is measured with an uncertainty of 0.3 percent. The experimental configuration is noninvasive, simple in design, and inexpensive. The technique can be used over a wide range of time scales, ranging from micro-seconds to minutes, and can achieve high spatial resolution by focusing the probe laser beam to a small spot size on the liquid surface
The Life Course of Leisure-Oriented Retirement Communities

Abstract Leisure-oriented retirement communities (LORCs) are specifically designed to meet the housing needs of a small but important sector of older population. This research involved informal follow-up site visits to seven LORCs that were the focus of previous research in the 1980s. In general, the communities were found to have remained viable by adjusting to changes in both the housing market and the needs and preferences of residents. Interviews with key informants at each site suggest that, despite economic and social pressures, the viability of these communities has been characterized by the autonomy and stability of community organization and quality of life, as indicated through amenities packages.
A structured approach to a diagnostic of collective practices.

“How social norms change” is not only a theoretical question but also an empirical one. Many organizations have implemented programs to abandon harmful social norms. These programs are standardly monitored and evaluated with a set of empirical tools. While monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of changes in objective outcomes and behaviors is well developed, we will argue that M&E of changes in the wide range of beliefs and preferences important to social norms is still problematic. In this paper, we first present a theoretical framework and then show how it should guide social norms measurement. As a case study, we focus on the harmful practice of child marriage. We show how an operational theory of social norms can guide the design of surveys, experiments and vignettes. We use examples from existing research to illustrate how to study social norms change.
Effects of administration of ergotamine tartrate on fertility of yearling beef bulls

Sixteen yearling bulls were utilized to investigate administration of ergotamine tartrate on semen parameters, fertilization, and endocrinology. Bulls were allotted to a control diet of cracked corn, corn silage, and soybean meal (CON, n = 8) or a diet supplemented daily with 40 microg/kg body weight of ergotamine tartrate (ET, n = 8). Blood samples, average daily gain, scrotal circumference and rectal temperatures were collected every 14 day. Semen samples were obtained every 60 day and evaluated for motility and morphology. Scrotal temperatures were obtained by thermography immediately before electroejaculation. Semen from a subset of bulls from each treatment was also evaluated for in vitro fertilization. Administration of ET increased rectal temperature and resulted in lower scrotal temperatures compared to CON bulls (P < 0.05). However, prolactin, scrotal circumference, testosterone, and semen motility and morphology did not differ between groups throughout the experimental period (224 day). Cleavage rates of embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) with semen of bulls, fed with ET, were reduced compared to CON (P < 0.05); however, development of cleaved embryos to blastocyst did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, extended exposure of bulls to ET appeared to reduce fertilization potential of sperm.
Developmental status of the U.S. Army's new handheld standoff mine detection system (HSTAMIDS)

The creation of a new handheld mine detection system for the U.S. Army, known as HSTAMIDS, was initiated in 1996. Following the current 30 month effort, which commenced in May 1996, production of HSTAMIDS will lead to replacement of the U.S. Army's present handheld metallic mine detection system, designated by the Army as the AN/PSS-12. Two competing HSTAMIDS designs are being fabricated by separate contractors. Each system is comprised of multisensor approaches of metallic and nonmetallic sizes varying from antipersonnel to antitank-sized mines. Stand-off alerting as to the presence of mines, out to 10 meters, is also provided by HSTAMIDS. This paper updates the program status and discusses developmental progress of the competing systems. Discussion of their performance during testing conducted by the Army test community in July/August 1998 is presented.
IMPACT OF SMOKING BAN ON CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY: LESSONS TO LEARN FROM MICHIGAN

Cigarette smoking is well known to increase mortality and morbidity. Smoking bans/smoke-free laws are public policies prohibiting tobacco smoking in workplaces and/or public spaces. Michigan State's “Smoke Free Air Law” restricting indoor public smoking came into effect in May 2010. However, its
In vivo chlorine and sodium MRI of rat brain at 21.1 T

MR imaging of low-gamma nuclei at the ultrahigh magnetic field of 21.1 T provides a new opportunity for understanding a variety of biological processes. Among these, chlorine and sodium are attracting attention for their involvement in brain function and cancer development. MRI of 35Cl and 23Na were performed and relaxation times were measured in vivo in normal rat (n = 3) and in rat with glioma (n = 3) at 21.1 T. The concentrations of both nuclei were evaluated using the center-out back-projection method. T 1 relaxation curve of chlorine in normal rat head was fitted by bi-exponential function (T 1a = 4.8 ms (0.7) T 1b = 24.4 ± 7 ms (0.3) and compared with sodium (T 1 = 41.4 ms). Free induction decays (FID) of chlorine and sodium in vivo were bi-exponential with similar rapidly decaying components of $$ T_{{2{\text{a}}}}^{*} = 0.4 $$ ms and $$ T_{{2{\text{a}}}}^{*} = 0.53 $$ ms, respectively. Effects of small acquisition matrix and bi-exponential FIDs were assessed for quantification of chlorine (33.2 mM) and sodium (44.4 mM) in rat brain. The study modeled a dramatic effect of the bi-exponential decay on MRI results. The revealed increased chlorine concentration in glioma (~1.5 times) relative to a normal brain correlates with the hypothesis asserting the importance of chlorine for tumor progression.
Coding of level of ambiguity within neural systems mediating choice

Data from previous neuroimaging studies exploring neural activity associated with uncertainty suggest varying levels of activation associated with changing degrees of uncertainty in neural regions that mediate choice behavior. The present study used a novel task that parametrically controlled the amount of information hidden from the subject; levels of uncertainty ranged from full ambiguity (no information about probability of winning) through multiple levels of partial ambiguity, to a condition of risk only (zero ambiguity with full knowledge of the probability of winning). A parametric analysis compared a linear model in which weighting increased as a function of level of ambiguity, and an inverted-U quadratic models in which partial ambiguity conditions were weighted most heavily. Overall we found that risk and all levels of ambiguity recruited a common “fronto - parietal - striatal” network including regions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus, and dorsal striatum. Activation was greatest across these regions and additional anterior and superior prefrontal regions for the quadratic function which most heavily weighs trials with partial ambiguity. These results suggest that the neural regions involved in decision processes do not merely track the absolute degree ambiguity or type of uncertainty (risk versus ambiguity). Instead, recruitment of prefrontal regions may result from greater degree of difficulty in conditions of partial ambiguity: when information regarding reward probabilities important for decision making is hidden or not easily obtained the subject must engage in a search for tractable information. Additionally, this study identified regions of activity related to the valuation of potential gains associated with stimuli or options (including the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices and dorsal striatum) and related to winning (including orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum).
Grain Refinement of Direct Chill Cast 7050 Aluminium Alloy with Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field

Low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) process was used to make 7050 aluminum alloy 162mm ingots and study its effect on the as-cast microstructure. Effects of electromagnetic field parameters such as frequency and current intensity on microstructures were systemically investigated. The results showed that LFEC has a significant grain refining effect on 7050 alloy. The microstructures of LFEC ingot from the border to the center of the cross section are all equiaxed or nearly equiaxed grains which are much finer and more uniform than those of DC cast ingot. It was also found that electromagnetic field frequency and current intensity play important roles on the microstructure refinement. The discussion was mainly focused on the mechanism of grain refinement by LFEC process.
Differential cross section of the reaction π+ +p→K+ +Y* (1385) at 4.0 and 5.05 GeV/c

Abstract Approximately 1900 events were obtained in the differential cross section measurements of the reaction π + +p→K + +Y * (1385). Forward peaks were found with slopes of 2.3 ± 0.3 and 2.6 ± 0.4 (GeV/ c ) −2 for 4 and 5.05 GeV/ c respectively. This data together with that in other decuplet production reactions gives evidence of a large SU(3) violation as would be expected from the mass splitting of the strange and non-strange exchanged particles.
Studies of acoustical performance of a multi-cylinder engine exhaust muffler system

Abstract Among the various descriptors of a multi-cylinder engine exhaust muffler system performance, it is evident that insertion loss and radiated sound pressure are the most useful. Insertion loss depicts the effectiveness of a muffler, whereas radiated sound pressure level is the design criterion used to meet the noise regulations. The main difficulty in prediction of these descriptors is the characterization of the source. In addition, both flow and temperature gradient effects have to be included in the modeling. This paper describes a theoretical acoustical model to predict insertion loss and radiated sound pressure level, in which the source impedance is obtained from measurement (see the accompanying paper) and from which the source strength is estimated. Also, both flow and temperature gradient effects are included in the analysis. The implications due to the various assumptions for the source impedance in the modeling have been investigated. The studies are carried out on two exhaust system configurations. Good agreement is obtained provided the measured impedance is used and also if mean flow and temperature gradient effects are included in the theoretical model.
UTILIZATION OF THE NEPHRECTOMIZED MOUSE FOR DETERMINING THRESHOLD EFFECTS OF MRI CONTRAST AGENTS

Abstract The tissue concentration of an extravascularly distributed MRI contrast agent required to achieve a 20% change in the MRI signal intensity (SI) of skeletal muscle was determined using radiolabeled gadoteridol administered to nephrectomized mice. This minimal change in the quantified SI was reliably detected qualitatively in the MR muscle images. MR images of muscle were acquired following each intravenous injection of six sequential doses of 0.8 μmol of 153 Gd-labeled gadoteridol. A 2.0 T imaging spectrometer and a T 1 -weighted spin-echo pulse sequence were used to acquire the MR images. After imaging, the injected 153 Gd in muscle was measured, and the 153 Gd assay results were used to determine the gadoteridol concentration in muscle following each injection. The muscle concentrations of gadoteridol were then correlated to the quantified enhanced MR SI of muscle. Using the 20% factor, it was concluded that the amount of gadoteridol necessary to achieve a reliable change in the SI of muscle was 33 ± 10 nmol/g-skeletal muscle.
Precise identification of individual promoters for transcription of each strand of human mitochondrial DNA

The major site of in vivo transcriptional initiation for both heavy and light strands of human mitochondrial DNA is the displacement-loop region. Transcripts synthesized in vitro by human mitochondrial RNA polymerase were mapped to the nucleotide level and have identical 5' end map positions to those reported for in vivo primary transcripts. An ordered series of deletion clones, whose template sequences were truncated at either the 5' or 3' end, was used to identify the precise mitochondrial DNA sequence required for initiation of transcription. The data provide a definitive assignment of the promoter for heavy-strand transcription occurring within -16 to +7 of the transcriptional start site 16 nucleotides upstream of the 5' end of the gene for tRNAPhe and of the promoter for light-strand transcription occurring within -28 to +16 of the transcriptional start site at the 5' end of "7S RNA." Within each control sequence is a candidate promoter whose consensus sequence is 5'-CANACC(G)CC(A)AAAGAPyA-3' and in both cases transcriptional initiation occurs within six to eight nucleotides of the 3' end of this sequence. The transcriptional start site is an integral part of each promoter and each promoter can function in the absence of the other.
Measurement of Amide Hydrogen Exchange by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine amide proton/deuteron (H/D) exchange rates. The method has broad application to the study of protein conformation and folding and to the study of protein-ligand interactions and requires no modifications of the instrument. Amide protons were allowed to exchange with deuterons in buffered D2O at room temperature, pD 7.25. Exchanged deuterons were "frozen" in the exchanged state by quenching at pH 2.5, 0 degree C and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The matrix mixture consisted of 5 mg/mL alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, acetonitrile, ethanol, and 0.1% TFA. The matrix was adjusted to pH 2.5, and the chilled MALDI target was rapidly dried. Deuteration of amide protons on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was measured after short times of incubation in deuterium by pepsin protein digestion and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The unseparated peptic digest was analyzed in a single spectrum of the mixture. From five spectra, H/D exchange rates were determined for some 40 peptides covering 65% of the protein sequence.
Quasilinear multistep methods and variable step predictor-corrector methods for neutral functional differential equations

The theory of quasilinear multistep methods and predictor–corrector methods for neutral functional differential equations is developed. The theorem about the asymptotic behaviour of the global discretization error of quasilinear methods, which forms a theoretical basis for step control strategy for predictor–corrector methods for neutral equations, is given. Some problems of implementation of these methods are also addressed, and the results of numerical experiments are presented.
Secondary minimum interactions and heterocoagulation encountered in the aqueous processing of alumina—zirconia ceramic composites

Abstract Heterocoagulatien calculations are used to explain the various colloidal stability phenomena encountered aqueous binary suspensions that contain alumina and zirconia. Differential sedimentation of the particulates leads to a non-uniform oxide distribution in the pellets prepared by the pressure filtration of stable systems, yet consolidation under the conditions that promote a weak secondary minimum association of the dissimilar oxides makes the microstructures in the pellets uniform. This effect depends on the filtration pH. The mutual association is favored in stable systems if the zeta potentials of the unlike particles arc of the same sign but differ significantly in magnitude. The best consolidation conditions for this binary system occur in the pH range 5–6, where each oxide is positively charged. The critical depths of the secondary minimum depend on the particle sizes and may exceed 1O kT . Pre-exposure of zirconia to aluminum chloride and pre-exposure of each oxide to polyacrylic acid can alter the material distribution in pellets made from colloidally stable systems. Either additive's effect depends on its concentration and the filtration pH. Adsorption of either aluminum-containing species or polymer makes the heteroassociation of alumina and zirconia particles less favorable.
Premonitory symptoms in epilepsy

We studied premonitory symptoms in 128 patients with partial and 20 patients with primary generalized epilepsy. Sixty symptoms were reported by 43 (29%) patients, all of whom had partial seizure disorders (P < .01). Symptoms began at least 30 minutes before seizure onset, lasted 10 minutes to 3 days, and were continuous. Irritability, depression, headache, 'funny feeling', and confusion were the most common symptoms. Premonitory symptoms are a warning system in some patients and may permit therapeutic interventions.
Group Socialization: Theory and Research

Moreland and Levine (1982) proposed a model of group socialization that describes and explains the passage of individuals through groups. In that model, the relationship between the group and the individual is assumed to change in systematic ways over time and both parties are viewed as active social influence agents. This chapter summarizes the group socialization model, discusses theoretical elaborations and extensions of the model, and reviews some empirical studies stimulated by the model.
SU-E-T-362: Use of a MEMS Accelerometer to Monitor Breathing Motion

Purpose: Breathing motion is routinely monitored for purposes of gating a linear accelerator beam during radiotherapy treatment or for binning CT images during a 4D CT scan. This study proposes the use of a MEMS (micoelectromechanical system) accelerometer placed on a patient's chest to measure the timing and magnitude of regular breathing motion. A small package of electronics (Fig 2.) can be assembled with a battery which can unobtrusively be placed on a patient under their gown precluding the need to expose their skin as required by other camera‐based monitoring systems. The accelerometer communicates with a computer running specialized software that displays a breathing pattern viewable by the radiation therapists at the control console. Methods: A 12‐bit ST Microelectronics accelerometer (LIS3DH) of dimensions 3×3×1 mm connected to a 5×6 cm breadboard (Fig. 1) was used to measure breathing motion under simulated treatment conditions for this pilot study. The accelerometer can transfer data at rates ranging from 100 to 1600 Hz via either a USB cable or Bluetooth that relays acceleration data to a computer running a MATLAB program. The high‐speed data rate allows data averaging which aids in the reduction of signal noise. The accelerometer provides an acceleration resolution of 9.8×10−3 m/sec2. We are currently investigating the use of a new low‐noise 16‐bit accelerometer which will improve signal to noise response. Results: Fig. 3 shows accelerometer data acquired at a rate of 100Hz during regular breathing while placed on a subject's chest. High speed data rates allow for averaging (20 points, in this case) which reduces noise but does not affect the breathing trace period or amplitude. Conclusion: This pilot study used an accelerometer placed on a subject's chest to measure breathing motion during radiotherapy treatments. The small size of the electronics package can easily be placed on a patient under their gown.
A Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Separation of Hydrofluorocarbons Using Zeolites

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as HFC-134a (CF3CFH2), are replacing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in many applications because of their low ozone depletion potentials. The more complex chemical syntheses of HFCs, however, may not provide the molecular species desired with sufficient purity, leading to the need to separate reaction products. An important example is provided by the separation of the isomers HFC-134a and HFC-134 (CF2HCF2H) over the faujisitic zeolite NaX (Na86Al86Si106O384). An understanding of the fundamental mechanism controlling this separation involves the unusual aspect that HFC-134 can exist as either a trans or gauche conformer; a key factor is that the trans conformer is nonpolar whereas the gauche conformer is highly polar. Here we report the results of a Raman scattering study which show the trans-gauche population ratio for HFC-134 adsorbed on NaX is decreased as much as 20-fold compared to the gas phase. Furthermore, the conformational ratio changes with HFC loading, the polar gauc...
High-frequency behavior of the laminar jet flame subjected to transverse sound waves

A theoretical treatment is given of the local burning-rate response to a sound wave acting transverse to a laminar jet flame in the limit of very high frequency. Primary attention is directed to evaluation of the burning-rate “transfer function” as measured by the local burning-rate perturbation divided by the local pressure perturbation. The results are described concerning their effect on combustion instability. It is shown that, despite many outward appearing differences, the high-frequency behavior is similar in form and magnitude to previous treatments of longitudinal waves acting upon the burning process. However, a new effect is shown to enter at moderate frequencies, a displacement effect, which has no counterpart with longitudinal waves. It is also shown that boundary-layer theory is inadequate to describe the steady-state jet flame if anything but the high-frequency limit is to be obtained in the unsteady state.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Cardiotrophin 1 Increase Strength and Mass of Extraocular Muscle in Juvenile Chicken

Strabismus is a misalignment of the visual axes or restriction of the range of gaze that can have many causes, including altered contractility of extraocular muscles (EOMs). It is a common disorder affecting 4% to 6% of the population. In infants, strabismus disrupts the development of neurovisual circuits for normal binocular vision and can cause severe deficiencies, such as amblyopia. Most strabismus treatment is surgical and limited to the manipulation of elastic muscle forces (recession and resection) and muscle pulling directions (transposition).1 Pharmacologic manipulations of intrinsic muscle properties are promising alternatives, but these approaches, except for botulinum toxin,2 are largely experimental.3–5 The early postnatal or posthatch period is critical for EOM morphogenesis, force development,6,7 and myosin heavy chain isoform transition in EOMs.7,8 Trophic adjustments during this critical phase of development may alter the structure and function of muscles and thus may improve eye alignment in the strabismic condition.3,5 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) promote the survival and growth of cells as an anabolic hormone.7,9 IGFs regulate the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells to induce myogenesis and regenerate muscle.10,11 These properties have prompted studies to strengthen underacting EOMs by local application of IGFs. Injection and sustained release of IGFs increase the strength and myofiber size of EOMs in adult rabbits.12–14 In embryonic chickens, both exogenous and endogenous IGF1 strengthen EOMs,15 with multiple sources of IGF1 contributing.16 IGF1 and other cytokines, such as cardiotrophin 1 (CT1), induce the proliferation of activated satellite cells.17–20 During muscle growth and hypertrophy, these cytokines enhance satellite cell proliferation and differentiation.21 CT1 can increase EOM strength when applied to the orbit of embryonic chickens.15 We asked in this study whether IGF1 and CT1 can strengthen maturing (posthatch day 7–14) EOMs, whether the combination of IGF1 and CT1 has additive effects, and how such treatment affects muscle properties such as muscle mass, myofiber area, and myofiber diameter and number or length. This was examined after 1 week of treatment, as in previous studies.12,14 In addition, we asked whether these trophic factors can increase the proliferation of activated satellite cells in EOMs in vivo and which parameters of muscle alteration are associated with IGF1- and CT1-induced increases of EOM strength.
Ionic conductivity of alkali metal chloroaluminates

Abstract The electrical conductivity of three alkali metal chlorluminates has been investigated from room temperature to above the melting point. Ionic conductivities at 25°C are 1.2 × 10 −6 , 3.5 × 10 −7 and 3.2 × 10 −9 omh −1 cm −1 , and activation enthalpies are 0.47, 0.46 and 0.53 eV for LiAlCl 4 , NaAlCl 4 and KAlCl 4 .
Crystal and molecular structure of [Cu(5'-inosine monophosphate) (dipyridylamine) (H2O)]2.4H2O.

Abstract The ternary complex [Cu(5′-IMP)(dpa)(H2O)]2 has been prepared and its structure analyzed by x-ray diffraction. It has a dimeric structure in which the 5′-IMP ligands coordinate solely through their phosphate groups. This geometry is in marked contrast to that of another Cu 5′- IMP ternary complex, [Cu(5′-IMPH)(bipy)(H2O)2]+, which shows metal binding through the purine base rather than the phosphate group.
Physical models of transtensional folding

Physical models of transtensional deformation indicate the formation of folds for a range of plate divergence angles from 0° to 30°. Folds are upright and fold axial planes are vertical for all angles of oblique divergence. The transtensional fold hinges are initiated parallel to the direction of the maximum horizontal infinitesimal extension and rotate with the maximum horizontal finite extension toward parallelism with the oblique movement direction (not the shear-zone boundary). Large amounts of hinge-parallel extension occur during fold formation and material lines are observed to rotate through the fold hinges during progressive deformation. The transtensional folding experiments reinforce the pitfalls of assuming a simple coincidence between geological structures and strain or stress. For the 22° and 30° obliquely divergent experiments, the observed fold axial planes are not perpendicular to the maximum contraction direction (S 3 ) or the inferred maximum compressive stress direction (σ 1 ). Consequently, one must be cautious in making interpretations of principal strain directions, and especially principal stress directions, based on the orientations of folds formed in transtension.
Jovian Ultraviolet Reflectivity Compared to Absorption by Solid Ammonia

Abstract A simplified model of Jovian clouds was used to fit the shape of the geometric albedo curve between 1800 and 1950 A. Absorption by uniform layers of gaseous and solid cubic ammonia over a gray surface resulted in a curve that was in good agreement with reported experimental measurements.
Setting a violence prevention agenda at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Historically, public health has affected quality of life through the application of scientific methods to solve health problems and broad implementation of the answers to those problems. The public health approach is multidisciplinary and scientific, and is explicitly directed toward identifying effective approaches to prevention. This article provides an overview of the public health approach in the areas of violence prevention. In particular, we describe the unique role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in violence prevention and control, and CDC efforts in terms of our current mission, organizational structure, research, and programs. We also describe the application of the public health approach to specific areas of violence prevention. Examples include CDC activities in priority areas including family and intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, and suicide prevention. Emerging research priorities and trends in those areas are also discussed. Issues related to the implementation and dissemination of effective programs and policies are addressed, as well as prospects and challenges to the full realization of public health objectives.
Short Communication: Modified Schreiber Test for Evaluation of Mozzarella Cheese Meltability

Modifications to the traditional Schreiber test for evaluation of cheese meltability were proposed. We investigated the effect of oven temperatures in the range of 60 to 232°C and of three heating surfaces, namely, glass Petri dish, aluminum plate, and stainless steel on the extent of cheese spread. Determinations were made measuring both the maximum diameter and area of spread. Five shredded Mozzarella cheeses supplied by a commercial manufacturer were used. From the results, it is proposed that the Schreiber test for evaluation of cheese meltability should be modified such that the tests are performed at a lower temperature (90°C) on an aluminum plate and that the area of the melted cheese is measured as an indicator of cheese meltability.
Design of an agile manufacturing workcell for light mechanical applications

This paper introduces a design for agile manufacturing workcells intended for light mechanical assembly of products made from similar components (i.e. parts families). We define agile manufacturing as the ability to accomplish rapid changeover from the assembly of one product to the assembly of another product. Rapid hardware changeover is made possible through the use of robots, flexible part feeders, modular grippers and modular assembly hardware. The flexible feeders rely on belt feeding and binary computer vision for Dose estimation. This has a distinct advantage over non-flexible feeding schemes such as bowl feeders which require considerable adjustment to changeover from one part to another. Rapid software changeover is being facilitated by the use of a real-time, object-oriented software environment, modular software, graphical simulations for off-line software development, and an innovative dual VMEbus controller architecture. These agile features permit new products to be introduced with minimal downtime and system reconfiguration.
Quality of cryopreserved testicular sperm in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia.

AbstractPurpose: Sperm retrieved by testicular sperm extraction is routinely used to attempt pregnancy by in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection. We evaluated the efficacy of cryopreserving testicular sperm collected by testicular sperm extraction at diagnostic biopsy.Materials and Methods: A total of 73 men with obstructive and 42 with nonobstructive azoospermia underwent testicular sperm extraction at diagnostic biopsy. Sperm was retrieved and cryopreserved in all cases of obstruction and in 15 of nonobstructive azoospermia cases. Before freezing we determined sperm count, motility, morphology and viability, and after thawing we assessed sperm motility and viability. In 17 couples a total of 20 cycles of in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection were performed and fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates were determined in cases of obstruction and nonobstruction.Results: Sperm count and morphology were lower in the testicular biopsies of men with nonobstructive versus o...
Ovarian cystic teratoma: determined phenotypic response of keratocytes and uncommon intracystic floating balls appearance on sonography and computed tomography.

Ovarian cystic tumors (dermoid cysts), derived from totipotent cells, are composed mainly of a cyst lined entirely or partly by epithelium resembling keratinized epidermis with sebaceous and sweat glands. The term dermoid emphasizes the preponderance of ectodermal tissue, with the elements derived from other germ layers being inevitably present. 1,2 Sonography 3,4 and computed tomography (CT) 5,6 can easily facilitate diagnosis of these benign cystic fatty tumors. Generally, cystic teratomas are classified into 1 of 3 categories on the basis of their configuration and components. The first type shows layering of floating debris within a tumor 6,7 ; the second type has nodular or palm tree-like mural protrusions 3,7 ; and the third type shows a fat-fluid level. 3 We report a case of a dermoid cyst that had none of the classic sonographic features. Instead, multiple mobile fat balls were seen within the cyst, and no features of calcification, tooth, or bone were shown on sonography and CT. Also, the golden brown color of the hair in the dermoid was similar to that of the patient's scalp hair. To our knowledge, that feature, showing the determined nature of keratocytes, has not been discussed before in the literature. We present unusual sonographic and CT features of a cystic ovarian teratoma with intracystic mobile spherical masses. The spherical fat balls, spme of which were admixed with hair, caused the striking feature of multiple floating masses in the cyst.
A stable flow-induced structured phase in wormlike micellar solutions

A stable flow-induced transition of a wormlike micellar solution to a structured solution phase is studied. This transition occurs when the solution is flowed through a specially designed microfluidic device. Rheological properties of the structured phase are presented along with a simple model for structure formation. We model the solution and structure formation using a network scission model that contains two species of interacting, elastically-active micellar chains. The model permits transition to the structured state when the chains experience a high degree of elongation primarily due to extensional strains that are present in the microchannel flow but absent in conventional shear flows.
Diabetes and acute coronary syndromes

Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are at a high risk for subsequent cardiovascular events but derive, at the same time, greater benefit from evidence-based therapy than non-diabetic individuals. State-of-the-art anti-thrombotic therapy includes a triple anti-platelet combination - aspirin, clopidogrel and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors - and unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin. For low- or medium-risk individuals, a treatment based on aspirin, clopidogrel and bivalirudin is a valuable alternative. Prasugrel, a new and more potent inhibitor of the platelet P2Y(12) receptor, has to be regarded as the most promising anti-thrombotic agent for diabetic patients with ACS. This agent may replace clopidogrel - and possibly GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors - in the future. In addition to aggressive anti-thrombotic therapy, diabetic patients should undergo systematic early invasive angiography if presenting with non-ST-segment elevation ACS, and immediate percutaneous coronary intervention if presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Indeed, the benefit derived from these strategies appears to be more pronounced in the diabetic population than in non-diabetic individuals. Despite the benefit, multiple surveys have demonstrated that, in the setting of ACS, diabetic patients receive evidence-based therapy less frequently than non-diabetic counterparts.
Elections and reform: The adoption of civil service systems in the U.S. states:

Most government bureaucracies in developed countries use civil service systems. What accounts for their adoption? We develop and test a model of bureaucratic reforms under repeated partisan competi...
Parenting and the workplace: The construction of parenting protections in United States law

In this paper, I discuss the shortcomings of the legal protections that exist for pregnancy, breastfeeding, and parenting for United States' workers. The two main sources of protection for pregnancy and parenting in United States employment law are the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) and the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). Both, I argue, contain inadequate protections for the needs of pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers, as well as their infants. I consider what it is about the way these statutes conceptualize the needs of pregnant women, mothers, and their babies, that prevents more robust protection of their needs. I then compare the minimal protection afforded American women and families with more progressive policies in other countries to highlight the possibilities that arise when the state affirmatively supports working parents and their children.