cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Vector-Valued Cauchy Stress 2-Form and Its Stress Rate

Using exterior differential forms, basic equations of continuum mechanics are presented in direct notation. To this end, Elie Cartan’s vector-valued Cauchy stress 2-form is introduced. Its Lie derivative along the world line becomes the Truesdell stress rate. In the presentation, the notation adopted by Theodore Frankel (The Geometry of Physics, Cambridge, New York, 1997) is utilized. With the use of exterior differential forms, complicated computations in tensor analyses in curvilinear coordinates are dramatically simplified. As specific examples, the following subjects are presented: (i) Piola transformations of the Cauchy stress 2-form and (ii) simple shear deformation using the Lie derivative of the Cauchy stress 2-form, i.e., the Truesdell stress rate. It is known that under monotonic shear loading, if inappropriate stress-rates are used, shear stress oscillates. With the use of geometrically correct stress-rate, the shear stress monotonically increases. Thereby, the search for an appropriate stress rate reduces to the correct definition of the stress 2-form and the computation of its Lie derivative with respect to velocity.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of detergents on in vitro 7α‐hydroxycholesterol formation by rat liver microsomes

Formation of 7α-hydroxycholesterol by rat liver microsomes was quantitated using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Microsomes from normal rat livers incubated for different periods were found to yield increased 7α-hydroxycholesterol with time. This was also true when incubations contained Tween-80, but in this instance, the rate of 7α-hydroxycholesterol production was lower and dependent on the concentration of Tween used. Similarly, Triton X-100, Renex-30, Kyro EOB, Cutscum, and Emulgen 911 all lowered the formation of 7α-hydroxycholesterol by rat liver microsomes, whereas Triton WR-1339 stimulated its production. Analysis of data obtained from following the enzyme reaction over an extended period using an integrated Michaelis-Menten equation indicated the enzyme possesses a very significant affinity for the product (Ks>Kp). Similar analysis shows that Tween-80 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
Studies of the solid and gaseous products from laser pyrolysis of coal

Abstract Laser pyrolysis of coal yields a variety of gaseous and solid products. Irradiation with high energy from a pulsed ruby laser produces 1. (1) a gas having a high concentration of hydrogen and acetylene and 2. (2) a solid having approximately the same elemental composition as the original coal. Low-energy irradiation with a continuous C0 2 laser produces 1. (1) a complex mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon gases and 2. (2) a low-ash solid having a slightly lower C/H ratio than the parent coal. The solid has several interesting characteristics including a very low density and a high solubility in benzene. A high-resolution mass spectrum of this material revealed that it is a very complex mixture of organic molecules with many of the characteristics of coal. The solid has also been investigated by gel-permeation chromatography and catalytic dehydrogenation.
Primal and dual formulations of sequential gradient-restoration algorithms for trajectory optimization problems

One of the most effective first-order algorithms for solving trajectory optimization problems is the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (SGRA). Originally developed in the primal formulation, this algorithm is extended to incorporate a dual formulation. Both the primal formulation and the dual formulation involve a sequence of two-phase cycles, each cycle including a gradient phase and a restoration phase. In turn, each iteration of the gradient phase and the restoration phase requires the solution of an auxiliary minimization problem (AMP). In the primal formulation, the AMP is solved with respect to the variations of the state, the control, and the parameter. In the dual formulation, the AMP is solved with respect to the Lagrange multipliers. A characteristic of the dual formulation is that the AMPs associated with the gradient phase and the restoration phase of SGRA can be reduced to mathematical programming problems involving a finite number of parameters as unknowns. A comparison of the primal formulation and the dual formulation is presented. The comparison is done in terms of several trajectory optimization problems having current aerospace interest.
Interaction of water with iron and titanium oxide surfaces: Goethite, hematite, and anatase

Abstract The adsorption of water at various activation temperatures by αFeOOH (goethite), αFe2O3 (hematite), and TiO2 (anatase) was studied. At each activation temperature, total water adsorption was divided into physical and chemical adsorption and compared with the total surface area of the solid. Until removed by high temperature activation, chemisorbed water on hematite prevented the complete coverage of the surface by water in the monolayer region. Both αFeOOH and Ti02 exhibited complete coverage by water at all activation temperatures and per unit surface had greater reactivity towards water than αFe2O3. The conversion of αFeOOH to αFe2O3 was followed by both water and n-butylamine adsorption. The differences noted in adsorption data are explained in terms of surface acidity. The Frenkel-Halsey-Hill equation was applied to water adsorption in the multilayer region of the iron oxides.
Multi-source energy harvester to power sensing hardware on rotating structures

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to meet 20% of the nation's energy needs through wind power by the year 2030. To accomplish this goal, the industry will need to produce larger (>100m diameter) turbines to increase efficiency and maximize energy production. It will be imperative to instrument the large composite structures with onboard sensing to provide structural health monitoring capabilities to understand the global response and integrity of these systems as they age. A critical component in the deployment of such a system will be a robust power source that can operate for the lifespan of the wind turbine. In this paper we consider the use of discrete, localized power sources that derive energy from the ambient (solar, thermal) or operational (kinetic) environment. This approach will rely on a multi-source configuration that scavenges energy from photovoltaic and piezoelectric transducers. Each harvester is first characterized individually in the laboratory and then they are combined through a multi-source power conditioner that is designed to combine the output of each harvester in series to power a small wireless sensor node that has active-sensing capabilities. The advantages/disadvantages of each approach are discussed, along with the proposed design for a field ready energy harvester that will be deployed on a small-scale 19.8m diameter wind turbine.
SUN-SHADE ADAPTABILITY OF THE RED MANGROVE, RHIZOPHORA MANGLE (RHIZOPHORACEAE) : CHANGES THROUGH ONTOGENY AT SEVERAL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Rhizophora mangle L., the predominant neotropical mangrove species, occupies a gradient from low intertidal swamp margins with high insolation, to shaded sites at highest high water. Across a light gradient, R. mangle shows properties of both "light-demanding" and "shade-tolerant" species, and defies designation according to existing successional paradigms for rain forest trees. The mode and magnitude of its adaptability to light also change through ontogeny as it grows into the canopy. We characterized and compared phenotypic flexibility of R. mangle seedlings, saplings, and tree modules across changing light environments, from the level of leaf anatomy and photosynthesis, through stem and whole-plant architecture. We also examined growth and mortality differences among sun and shade populations of seedlings over 3 yr. Sun and shade seedling populations diverged in terms of four of six leaf anatomy traits (relative thickness of tissue layers and stomatal density), as well as leaf size and shape, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf internode distances, disparity in blade-petiole angles, canopy spread: height ratios, standing leaf numbers, summer (July) photosynthetic light curve shapes, and growth rates. Saplings showed significant sun/shade differences in fewer characters: leaf thickness, SLA, leaf overlap, disparity in bladepetiole angles, standing leaf numbers, stem volume and branching angle (first-order branches only), and summer photosynthesis. In trees, leaf anatomy was insensitive to light environment, but leaf length, width, and SLA, disparities in bladepetiole angles, and summer maximal photosynthetic rates varied among sun and shade leaf populations. Seedling and sapling photosynthetic rates were significantly depressed in winter (December), while photosynthetic rates in tree leaves did not differ in winter and summer. Seasonal and ontogenetic changes in response to light environment are apparent at several levels of biological organization in R. mangle, within constraints of its architectural bauplan. Such variation has implications for models of stand carbon gain, and suggest that response flexibility may change with plant age.
Fourier Analysis and Cortical Architectures

The use of visual representations in which pixel-size and local neighborhood topology are not constant is termed space-variant vision. This is the dominant visual architecture in all higher vertebrate visual systems, and is coming to play an important role in real-time active vision applications in the form of log-polar, foveating pyramid, and related approaches to machine vision.The breaking of translation symmetry that is unavoidably associated with space-variant vision presents a major algorithmic complication for image processing. In this paper we use a Lie group approach to derive a kernel which provides a generalization of the Fourier Transform that provides a quasi-shift invariantf2f2We use the term quasi-shift invariant to refer to the non-uniform sampling nature of space-variant maps like the log-polar mapping. Thus, for example, if an object is shifted across the aperture of a space-variant system, our methods will produce invariance up to, but not including, the application of a band-pass filter that is position dependent. This will be made clear in the text.template matching capability in the distorted (range) coordinates of the space-variant mapping. We work out the special case of the log-polar mapping, which is the principle space-variant mapping in use; in this case, we call the associated integral transform the `exponential chirp transform? (ECT). The method is, however, general for other forms of mapping, or warp, function.Examples from the two-dimensional (image processing) log-polar transformation are presented along with the demonstration that the ECT preserves the foveating aspect of the space domain mapping, and therefore provides a quasi-shift invariant realization for the applications of matched filter and phase-only filter. This work provides, for the first time, a conceptual basis for combining global spatial frequency methods with space-variant mappings in a way which is consistent with the anatomical fact that human vision, at the cortical level, takes place in log-polar coordinates.
Quantitative Nanostructure−Activity Relationship Modeling

Evaluation of biological effects, both desired and undesired, caused by manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) is of critical importance for nanotechnology. Experimental studies, especially toxicological, are time-consuming, costly, and often impractical, calling for the development of efficient computational approaches capable of predicting biological effects of MNPs. To this end, we have investigated the potential of cheminformatics methods such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to establish statistically significant relationships between measured biological activity profiles of MNPs and their physical, chemical, and geometrical properties, either measured experimentally or computed from the structure of MNPs. To reflect the context of the study, we termed our approach quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship (QNAR) modeling. We have employed two representative sets of MNPs studied recently using in vitro cell-based assays: (i) 51 various MNPs with diverse metal cores (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2008, 105, 7387-7392) and (ii) 109 MNPs with similar core but diverse surface modifiers (Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 1418-1423). We have generated QNAR models using machine learning approaches such as support vector machine (SVM)-based classification and k nearest neighbors (kNN)-based regression; their external prediction power was shown to be as high as 73% for classification modeling and having an R(2) of 0.72 for regression modeling. Our results suggest that QNAR models can be employed for: (i) predicting biological activity profiles of novel nanomaterials, and (ii) prioritizing the design and manufacturing of nanomaterials toward better and safer products.
NUCLEAR DATA SHEETS for A = 85

Abstract Available experimental nuclear data have been examined and utilized to prepare level schemes and decay properties for the mass number A=85 chain. Inconsistencies found in the data are noted. The compilation has revealed a lack of information for most of the nuclei in this A-chain and, hence, few firm spin and party assignments could be made. Data received prior to September 1970 have been included. One paper received after that time has been added in proof.
Associations of Stressful Life Events and Marital Quality

This is an exploration of whether stressful life events were related to 200 couples' marital quality after four or five years of marriage. Implications for measuring influence of stressful life events on marital quality are discussed.
Nondestructive evaluation of cork enclosures using terahertz/millimeter wave spectroscopy and imaging

Natural cork enclosures, due to their cell structure, composition, and low moisture are fairly transparent to terahertz (THz) and millimeter waves enabling nondestructive evaluation of the cork's surface and interior. It is shown that the attenuation coefficient of the defect-free cork can be modeled with a Mie scattering model in the weakly scattering limit. Contrast in the THz images is a result of enhanced scattering of THz radiation by defects or voids as well as variations in the cork cell structure. The presence of voids, defects, and changes in grain structure can be determined with roughly 100-300 μm resolution.
Moving knowledge into action: developing the rapid synthesis and translation process within the interactive systems framework.

The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation presents an overall framework for translating knowledge into action. Each of its three systems requires further clarification and explanation to truly understand how to conduct this work. This article describes the development and initial application of the Rapid Synthesis and Translation Process (RSTP) using the exchange model of knowledge transfer in the context of one of the ISF systems: the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System (see [special issue “introduction” article] for a translation of the Wandersman et al. (Am J Community Psychol 41:3–4, 2008) article using the RSTP). This six-step process, which was developed by and for the Division of Violence Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with partners, serves as an example of how a federal agency can expedite the transfer of research knowledge to practitioners to prevent violence. While the RSTP itself represents one of the possible functions in the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System, the resulting products affect both prevention support and prevention delivery as well. Examples of how practitioner and researcher feedback were incorporated into the Rapid Synthesis and Translation Process are discussed.
Data Curation Is for Everyone! The Case for Master's and Baccalaureate Institutional Engagement with Data Curation.

This article describes the fundamental challenges to data curation, how these challenges may be compounded for smaller institutions, and how data management is an essential and manageable component of data curation. Data curation is often discussed within the confines of large research universities. As a result, master's and baccalaureate institutions may be left with the impression that they cannot engage with data curation. However, by proactively engaging with faculty, libraries of all sizes can build closer relationships and help educate faculty on data documentation and organizational best practices. This article describes experiences from one master's comprehensive institution as it engages with data management. In a period of several months, James Madison University went from no formal data advising to a coordinated data management support plan for faculty. Collaboration across campus—and across institutions—can help make data curation an accomplishable goal. This article provides guidance on how t...
A heuristic for gene selection and visual prediction of sample type

In this paper, we introduce a heuristic method for gene selection. We target this method, coupled with RadViz visualisation, to the visual prediction of tissue samples which may exist in normal and disease states. As a result of this coupling, the gene selection process, predictive model training and evaluation as well as the model's application for tissue sample prediction can all be intuitively visualised. Such integrated visual analytics enhance the insight provided by classical statistics and machine learning methods. The case study shows our proposed method is cost effective and achieves competitive performance when compared with several widely used techniques.
A patient's race/ethnicity does not explain the underuse of appropriate adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer.

Introduction To improve colorectal cancer outcomes, appropriate adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy) should be given. Numerous studies have demonstrated underuse of adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. The current study examines variables associated with underuse of adjuvant therapy. Methods Three population-based databases were linked: California Cancer Registry, California Patient Discharge Database, 2000 Census. All colorectal cancer patients diagnosed from 1994 to 2001 were studied. Patient characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, payer, diagnosis year, socioeconomic status) were used in five multivariate regression analyses to predict receipt of chemotherapy for Stage III colon cancer, and receipt of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for Stages II, III rectal cancer. Results The overall cohort was 18,649 Stage III colon cancer and Stages II, III rectal cancer patients. Mean age was 68.9 years, 50 percent male, 74 percent non-Hispanic white, 6 percent black, 11 percent Hispanic, 9 percent Asian, and 65 percent had no significant comorbid disease. Receipt of chemotherapy was 48 percent for Stage III colon cancer, 48 percent for Stage II rectal cancer, and 66 percent for Stage III rectal cancer. Receipt of radiation therapy was 52 percent for Stage II rectal cancer and 66 percent for Stage III rectal cancer. In all five models, low socioeconomic status predicted underuse of chemotherapy or radiation therapy (P Conclusions Most literature identifies race/ethnicity as the reason for disparate receipt of adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. Using a more robust database of three population-based sources, our analysis demonstrates that socioeconomic status is a more important predictor of (in)appropriate care than race/ethnicity. Explicit measures to improve care to the poor with colorectal cancer are needed.
Teaching Human Development A Case for Blended Learning

This article makes a case for the use of blended learning in teaching human development as a means to encourage higher-order student learning outcomes. The authors review literature regarding the use and effectiveness of blended learning, discuss an illustrative example of a redesign of a human development course, present outcomes from a quasi-experimental comparison of delivery methods (e.g., blended vs. face-to-face lecture), and consider the strengths and weaknesses of the blended approach.
Recording the control flow of parallel applications to determine iterative and phase-based behavior

Many applications exhibit iterative and phase-based behavior. We present an approach to detect and analyze iteration phases in applications by recording the execution control flow graph of the application and analyzing it for loops that represent iterations. Phases are then manually marked and performance profiles are captured in alignment with the iterations. By analyzing how profiles change between capture points the differences in execution behavior between iterations can be highlighted.
A Further Study of Partial Reinforcement in the Turtle

Abstract Two matched groups of mature painted turtles, Chrysemys picta picta, were trained in a simple runway, one with partial and the other with consistent reinforcement, following which both groups were extinguished. The partially reinforced animals ran more slowly in acquisition, but showed somewhat greater resistance to extinction. The results are compared with those obtained in analogous experiments with other animals.
Structure of Pearls

IN a recent paper by Dr. Orton and myself (Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc., vol. 14, No. 4, in the press) it has been pointed out that a thin, brown horny layer occurs in the form of a skin on the inner surface of the shell of oysters (Ostrea edulis), and is especially well developed in those from the Fal Estuary beds, in addition to the four normal strata found in the shells of lamellibranchs. This layer was found to peel off in specimens collected in the autumn of 1926, thus indicating that it was secreted at the end of the autumn period of growth. Layers of similar material have been found by us in sections of oyster shells (O. edulis) and by Romer in the shell of Margaritana (Zeitschrift fur wissensch. Zoologie, 1903, 437, Taf. XXXI., Fig. 14), alternating with layers of nacreous material. It is well known from the work of Herdman and Jameson that the structure of pearls from Margaritifera vulgaris is intimately related to the structure of the shell, and that new shell growth and pearl growth are probably comparable phenomena. It is also known that layers of brown material similar to that found in shells are also found in some pearls. The occurrence of a layer of brown horny material on or in the shells of O. edulis indicated, therefore, that similar layers might be found in the pearls taken from O. edulis.
Control of the initiation and termination of kinesin-1-driven transport by myosin-Ic and nonmuscle tropomyosin.

Summary Intracellular transport is largely driven by processive microtubule- and actin-based molecular motors. Nonprocessive motors have also been localized to trafficking cargos, but their roles are not well understood [1–7]. Myosin-Ic (Myo1c), a nonprocessive actin motor, functions in a variety of exocytic events, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. To investigate the interplay between myosin-I and the canonical long-distance transport motor kinesin-1, we attached both motor types to lipid membrane-coated bead cargo, using an attachment strategy that allows motors to actively reorganize within the membrane in response to the local cytoskeletal environment. We compared the motility of kinesin-1-driven cargos in the absence and presence of Myo1c at engineered actin/microtubule intersections. We found that Myo1c significantly increases the frequency of kinesin-1-driven microtubule-based runs that begin at actin/microtubule intersections. Myo1c also regulates the termination of processive runs. Beads with both motors bound have a significantly higher probability of pausing at actin/microtubule intersections, remaining tethered for an average of 20 s, with some pauses lasting longer than 200 s. The actin-binding protein nonmuscle tropomyosin (Tm) provides spatially specific regulation of interactions between myosin motors and actin filaments in vivo [8–12]; in the crossed-filament in vitro assay, we found that Tm2-actin abolishes Myo1c-specific effects on both run initiation and run termination. Together, these observations suggest Myo1c is important for the selective initiation and termination of kinesin-1-driven runs along microtubules at specific actin filament populations within the cell.
Languages of Loyalty: Gender, Politics, and Party Supervision in Uzbekistan, 1927–41

E ven after Soviet military and political control had been established in Central Asia in the early 1920s, Bolshevik activists on the ground appeared to occupy a very weak position. Few in number, lacking financial resources, largely ignorant (and disdainful) of local cultures, and possessing a Marxist program designed for an industrial society, these activists in many ways seemed fish out of water. How did Soviet authorities go about finding-or creating-sympathetic cohorts of indigenous men and women? The critical need for such cohorts, after all, helped make korenizatsiia, or "nativization," in which building local cadres became a top priority, the major expression of Soviet nationality policy during the 1920s.I
Near-least-squares radio frequency interference suppression

We present an algorithm for the removal of narrow-band interference from wideband signals. We apply the algorithm to suppress radio frequency interference encountered by ultra- wideband synthetic aperture radar systems used for foliage- and ground-penetrating imaging. For this application, we seek maximal reduction of interference energy, minimal loss and distortion of wideband target responses, and real-time implementation. To balance these competing objectives, we exploit prior information concerning the interference environment in designing an estimate-and-subtract-estimation algorithm. The use of prior knowledge allows fast, near-least-squares estimation of the interference and permits iterative target signature excision in the interference estimation procedure to decrease estimation bias. The results is greater interference suppression, less target signature loss and distortion, and faster computation than is provided by existing techniques.
Cross-talk between Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α (PPARα) Signaling Pathways: GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITION OF PPARα TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY MEDIATED BY STAT5b *

Hepatic peroxisome proliferation induced by structurally diverse non-genotoxic carcinogens is mediated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARalpha) and can be inhibited by growth hormone (GH). GH-stimulated Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (JAK2/STAT5b) signaling and the PPAR activation pathway were reconstituted in COS-1 cells to investigate the mechanism for this GH inhibitory effect. Activation of STAT5b signaling by either GH or prolactin inhibited, by up to 80-85%, ligand-induced, PPARalpha-dependent reporter gene transcription. GH failed to inhibit 15-deoxy-Delta12, 14-prostaglandin-J2-stimulated gene transcription mediated by an endogenous COS-1 PPAR-related receptor. GH inhibition of PPARalpha activity required GH receptor and STAT5b and was not observed using GH-activated STAT1 in place of STAT5b. GH inhibition was not blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059. STAT5b-PPARalpha protein-protein interactions could not be detected by anti-STAT5b supershift analysis of PPARalpha-DNA complexes. The GH inhibitory effect required the tyrosine phosphorylation site (Tyr-699) of STAT5b, an intact STAT5b DNA binding domain, and the presence of a COOH-terminal trans-activation domain. Moreover, GH inhibition was reversed by a COOH-terminal-truncated, dominant-negative STAT5b mutant. STAT5b must thus be nuclear and transcriptionally active to mediate GH inhibition of PPARalpha activity, suggesting an indirect inhibition mechanism, such as competition for an essential PPARalpha coactivator or STAT5b-dependent synthesis of a more proximal PPARalpha inhibitor. The cross-talk between STAT5b and PPARalpha signaling pathways established by these findings provides new insight into the mechanisms of hormonal and cytokine regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferation.
Specific membrane receptors for diferric-transferrin in cultured rat skeletal myocytes and chick-embryo cardiac myocytes

A classical approach was used to determine whether myocyte cultures exhibited diferric-transferrin binding phenomena consistent with the presence of specific, high-affinity membrane receptors. Experiments were performed using a continuous cell line, designated L-6, derived from rat skeletal muscle, as well as primary cultures of chick-embryo cardiac myocytes. Rat transferrin isolated from pooled serum was used in experiments involving L-6 cells, and ovotransferrin isolated from hen's egg white was used with the chick-embryo cardiac myocytes. The data from equilibrium binding experiments, corrected for nonspecific binding, and analyzed by Scatchard analysis indicated that there were approximately 2 x 10(5) transferrin receptors per L-6 myocyte and 2 x 10(4) ovotransferrin receptors per cardiac myocyte present, under the conditions used for the equilibrium binding experiments. Whereas the L-6 myocytes grew exponentially under the assay conditions, the cardiac-myocyte cultures were in a non-dividing state. It is thought that the differences in receptor number per cell reflect changes arising form the differing ion demand made by the cells, under these two growth conditions. It is clear that myocytes acquire iron from diferric (ovo)transferrin in a process that involves high-affinity, specific binding to membrane receptors.
The need for evidence-based research ethics.

Burris and Davis (2009) raise questions regarding the potential for institutional review boards (IRBs) to require empirical assessment of risk prior to the initiation of research, as a form of “due...
Characteristics of Wave Groups for the Evaluation of Ship Response in Irregular Seas

A method to evaluate ship response in heavy seas is presented. A ship maneuvering in a stochastic environment is difficult to model because of the rarity and significant nonlinearity of the large motion responses. In the proposed method, critical wave groups are defined and used to separate the complexity of the nonlinear dynamics of ship response from the complexities of a probabilistic description for the response. In this formulation, wave groups may be considered as a possible method to solve the problem of rarity. With the characteristic information about the wave groups, the problem of rarity can be solved in a deterministic manner. Characteristics, including the distributions for the number of waves in a group and wave amplitude, period, and steepness for the waves in a group are presented.
Infrared energy levels and intensities of carbon dioxide. Part 3.

Updated tables of vibrational energy levels, molecular constants, band origins, and intensities for carbon dioxide in the infrared region of the spectrum are presented. These tables are references for the AFGL Atmospheric Absorption Line Parameters Compilation.
A sensitive period for shibboleths: The long tail and changing goals of speech perception over the course of development

It is clear that the ability to learn new speech contrasts changes over development, such that learning to categorize speech sounds as native speakers of a language do is more difficult in adulthood than it is earlier in development. There is also a wealth of data concerning changes in the perception of speech sounds during infancy, such that infants quite rapidly progress from language-general to more language-specific perceptual biases. It is often suggested that the perceptual narrowing observed during infancy plays a causal role in the loss of plasticity observed in adulthood, but the relationship between these two phenomena is complicated. Here I consider the relationship between changes in sensitivity to speech sound categorization over the first 2 years of life, when they appear to reorganize quite rapidly, to the "long tail" of development throughout childhood, in the context of understanding the sensitive period for speech perception.
Use of a Pictographic Diagram to Decrease Parent Dosing Errors With Infant Acetaminophen: A Health Literacy Perspective

Abstract Objective Medication dosing errors by parents are frequent. We sought to whether a pictographic dosing diagram could improve parent ability to dose infant acetaminophen, and to determine whether pictogram benefit varies by health literacy level. Methods We conducted an experimental study of parents presenting with their children to an urban public hospital pediatric clinic. Caregivers were randomized to dose infant acetaminophen with a standard dropper using text-only or text-plus-pictogram instructions (pictographic diagram of dose). The primary outcome variable was dosing accuracy (error defined as >20% deviation above/below dose; large overdosing error defined as >1.5 times recommended dose). Caregiver health literacy was assessed by means of the Newest Vital Sign measure. Results A total of 299 parents were assessed (144 text-only instructions; 155 text plus pictogram); 77.9% had limited health literacy (Newest Vital Sign score 0–3). Text-plus-pictogram recipients were less likely to make an error compared to text-only recipients (43.9% vs 59.0%, P = .01; absolute risk reduction, 15.2% [95% confidence interval, 3.8–26.0]; number needed to treat, 7 [4–26]). Of text-plus-pictogram recipients, 0.6% made a large overdosing error compared to 5.6% of text-only recipients (absolute risk reduction, 4.9% [0.9–10.0]; number needed to treat, 20 [10–108]). Pictogram benefit varied by health literacy, with a statistically significant difference in dosing error evident in the text-plus-pictogram group compared to the text-only group among parents with low health literacy (50.4% vs 66.4%; P = .02), but not for parents with adequate health literacy ( P = .7). Conclusions Inclusion of pictographic dosing diagrams as part of written medication instructions for infant acetaminophen may help parents provide doses of medication more accurately, especially those with low health literacy. High error rates, even among parents with adequate health literacy, suggest that additional study of strategies to optimize dosing is needed.
Tectonic complexities in the South Fiji marginal basin

Two magnetic lineation patterns occur in the South Fiji marginal basin. North-soudl lineation, which are parallel to the Lau-Colville ridge, are identified as anomalies 8 through 12 (29-35 m.y.B.P.). The inferred age of the basin in- creases eastward to the ridge. These identifications are consistent with DSDP drilling results and suggest that at least part of the basin formed in the Oligocene. These results, together with our previous study of magnetic lineations in the Shikoku basin south of Japan, also imply that the mechanism of crustal accretion in marginal basins is similar to that at mid-ocean ridges. Unidentified east-west-trending lineations west of the north-south pattern suggest a com- plicated tectonic history for the South l:iji basin. It seems that the evolution of the basin involved more than just one simple two-limb spreading system.
Fragmentation and reactions of organophosphate ions produced by electrospray ionization

Abstract Electrospray ionization of some organophosphate esters has been studied in both an LCQ ™ ion trap mass spectrometer and a VG Quattro II ™ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The structures and fragmentations of the ions have been investigated by CID experiments with up to MS 4 being performed in the ion trap. There is a difference in the CID of the protonated methyl esters compared with that of the ethyl and isopropyl esters with the former eliminating methanol and the latter alkenes. Use of partially deuterated dimethyl methylphosphonate has allowed the observation of the migration of a methyl group from the phosphorus to the oxygen of a PO bond. A process which we describe as a ‘pseudometastable decay’ of an ion has also been observed.
A modular spherical harmonics approach to the neutron transport equation

A modular nodal method was developed for solving the neutron transport equation in 2-D xy coordinates. The spherical harmonic expansion was used for approximating the second-order even-parity form of the neutron transport equation. The boundary conditions of the spherical harmonics approximation were derived in a form to have forms analogous to the partial currents in the neutron diffusion equation. Relations were developed for generating both the second-order spherical harmonic equations and the boundary conditions in an automated computational algorithm. Nodes using different orders of the spherical harmonics approximation to the transport equation were interfaced through mixed-type boundary conditions. The determination of spherical harmonic orders implemented in the nodes were determined by the scheme in an automated manner. Results of the method compared favorably to benchmark problems.
Postharvest Application of Organic and Inorganic Salts for Suppression of Silver Scurf on Potato Tubers.

ABSTRACT Seven organic and inorganic salts were tested for suppression of silver scurf, a postharvest disease of potato tubers caused by Helminthosporium solani. Potassium sorbate, calcium propionate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and ammonium bicarbonate were added to V8 agar at concentrations of 0.06–0.2 M. Radial growth of H. solani was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by all salts at all concentrations. All salts except sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate were fungicidal at 0.2 M. Effects of postharvest salt treatments on disease severity and sporulation of H. solani on inoculated and naturally infected potato tubers were evaluated in separate experiments. Greenhouse-grown tubers were inoculated with H. solani spore suspensions (2 × 105 spores/ml), incubated for 5 days, dipped into 0.2 M solutions of each of the salts, and incubated in a moist chamber at 22–24°C for 6 weeks. All salt treatments prevented lesion development and sporulation of...
Factors related to end-systolic volume are important determinants of peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity.

BACKGROUNDThree important determinants of left ventricular (LV) peak early diastolic filling rate, which is related directly to the magnitude of the transmitral pressure difference, are the rate of LV isovolumic pressure fall (T1/2), left atrial (LA) pressure at mitral valve opening (X1), and end-systolic volume (ESV).METHODS AND RESULTSTo delineate the relative degrees to which these factors contribute to the magnitude of peak early diastolic filling rate, we measured LA and regional intra-LV pressures with micromanometers, LV volume with contrast angiography, and peak transmitral flow velocity (E) with transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in 16 anesthetized closed-chest dogs. E did not correlate significantly with either X1 (r = -0.255) or T1/2 (r = -0.281). Multivariate analysis, with E entered as the dependent variable and X1 and T1/2 as independent variables, also failed to reach significance (R = 0.310). E correlated significantly with ESV (r = -0.633, p less than 0.009). Using multivariate anal...
Particle swarm optimization for efficient selection of hybrid electric vehicle design parameters

It has been proven in literature that both the drivetrain as well as control strategy parameters have significant effects on the performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). A global optimization methodology based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented in this paper for the parameter optimization of parallel hybrid electric drivetrain and control strategy simultaneously. The developed methodology aims at improvement in terms of fuel economy, without compromising driving performance. Simulation results show an improvement in the fuel economy, emissions, and overall drivetrain efficiency, which prove the potential of the optimization technique.
Experimental assessment of the short- and long-term effects of 222Rn from domestic shower water on the dose burden incurred in normally occupied homes

Previous studies of the effects of 222 Rn in drinking water have centered on the long-term or chronic exposure to 222 Rn and its decay products. In this study, the possible effects that the transient increase caused by the release of 222 Rn from shower water can have on the 222 Rn concentration have been studied. In addition, the increment in the lung dose incurred by the occupants of a normally occupied home and the long-term increase in the 222 Rn concentration and the associated dose in the home has also been examined. Various parameters are of interest including the release of the 222 Rn from the shower water, the role of ventilation as a removal mechanism, and the behavior of the aerosol present in the home. Experimental work was performed in a shower stall constructed in the laboratory and in a bathroom in a normally occupied home. The home was supplied with water containing around 550 kBq m -3 of 222 Rn. A transfer coefficient around 0.70 and equilibrium factors up to 0.69 were measured in the laboratory. The ventilation rates measured in the home were in agreement with those found in the literature, 0.5-4.0 h -1 . The dose incurred was assessed using the lung dose model developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Calculations indicated that for homes with 222 Rn in the domestic water similar to the experimental home, the short-term exposure during showering could contribute a 17% increase in dose over the average daily dose. However, the increase in the long-term average concentration caused by the release of 222 Rn from water use in the home could more than double the average daily dose. Thus, the focus of concern regarding radon in domestic water should be primarily on its effects on the long-term airborne 222 Rn concentration.
Collective steropsis on the hypercube

A cooperative algorithm for extracting disparity information from stereo image pairs has been implemented on the NCUBE hypercube computer.Software is written in C-langauge, using communication routines of the “Crystalline Operating System” CrOSIII designed at Caltech within the Caltech Concurrent Computation Program. Some tests have been done using Julesz's random-dot stereograms.Although the software is reasonably versatile and can be easily adapted for different flavors of stereo algorithms, the method used is that presented by Marr and Poggio [REF.1].As a preliminary stage for the stereo matching problem, a “filtering” program to extract physically meaningful primitives from images of a given scene has been written and tested on various types of images.
Low-back disorder risk in automotive parts distribution

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the low-back disorder (LBD) risk in jobs found in automotive parts distribution centers. This descriptive study analyzed 53 jobs at seven automotive distribution facilities in the northern United States. Data were collected using the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) and analyzed using the LMM LBD risk model. To assess the reliability of the sampling process, split-test reliability coefficients were calculated and found to be 0.90. Results indicate that, on average, the jobs in automotive parts distribution are moderately high risk (mean=56%, s.d.=11%); however, nearly half the sample had LMM LBD risk probability values greater than the 60% mark that has been used as a cut point in defining “high” risk [Marras W.S. et al., 2000. Prospective validation of a low-back disorder risk model and assessment of ergonomic interventions associated with manual materials handling tasks. Ergonomics 43, 1866–1886]. Many of the jobs contain trunk motions that are associated with high LBD risk; however, many of these same jobs had relatively low lifting frequencies which moderated the risk estimates. Relevance to industry This study benchmarks the LBD risk levels within automotive parts distribution.
On the detection of newly created CN radicals in comets

Laboratory investigations of CN radical formation by photodissociation of parent molecules have suggested the possibility of observing emission lines in cometary spectra from newly formed CN radicals. These laboratory studies have shown that high initial internal excitation of CN is the rule with excitation of rotational levels N up to 70. In the collisionless environment of the cometary atmosphere this initial excitation would yield a corresponding distribution for the lowest vibrational level of the ground X(2) Sigma (+) state. Our calculations show that it is feasible with present observational techniques to detect photochemically excited lines with N approx. equal to 30 in the 0-0 band of the violet system.
Nitrogen fertilization effects on jojoba seed production

Abstract Although jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. Schneider) has been cultivated in the United States for many years, information is limited on the plant's nitrogen (N) requirement. A 10-year field study, which began with 2-year-old plants, evaluated the effect of N application rates on growth, flower bud survival, seed yield, seed weight, seed wax content and leaf blade total N content of three clones. Nitrogen rates were 0, 30 and 60 kg N per ha per year for the first 4 years and then were increased to 0, 60 and 120 kg N per ha per year for the remaining 6 years of the study. Nitrogen rates had a significant effect on growth in height in only 1 year. Growth was generally less in years when high seed yields were produced. Seed yields were increased linearly by N rate in 4 of the 7 years that crops were produced. Nitrogen rate had no effect on flower bud survival. Highest bud survival followed winters with temperatures no lower than −3°C and little or no survival occurred when temperatures reached −6 or −7°C. Seed weight was increased by N in 3 of the 7 years. A negative linear relationship existed between seed yield and seed weight. In 5 of the 7 years, seed wax content was reduced as the N rate was increased. Seed yields of clones varied among years, but AT-1310 had the highest seed wax content in 4 of the 7 years. Leaf blade total N content generally increased linearly as the N rate was increased after the first 3 years of the study. Based on leaf N content and seed yields obtained over a 7-year period, it appears that a leaf N content lower than 2% from July through September is associated with reduced seed yield in the following crop year.
An N-terminal Region of Sp1 Targets Its Proteasome-dependent Degradation in Vitro

The transcription factor Sp1 is important for the expression of many cellular genes. Previously, it was shown that reduced O-glycosylation of Sp1 is associated with increased proteasome susceptibility. Sp1 undergoes proteasome-dependent degradation in cells stressed with glucose deprivation and adenylate cyclase activation, and this process is blocked in cells treated with glucosamine. In this study, using a reconstituted in vitro system, we identified the principal structural determinant in Sp1 that targets Sp1 for proteasome-dependent degradation. We found by using deletion analysis that the N-terminal 54 amino acids of Sp1 is required for Sp1 degradation. This element can act as an independent processing signal by directing degradation of an unrelated protein. Recognition of this Sp1 element by the proteasome-dependent system is saturable, and ubiquitination of this element is not required for recognition. Time course experiments revealed that Sp1 degradation is a two-step process. First, a discrete endoproteolytic cleavage occurs downstream of the target region immediately C-terminal to Leu56. The Sp1 sequence C-terminal to the cleavage site is subsequently degraded, whereas the N-terminal peptide remains intact. The identification of this Sp1 degradation-targeting signal will facilitate the identification of the critical proteins involved in the control of Sp1 proteasome-dependent degradation and the role of OGlcNAc in this process.