cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPIT Detection and Prevention Method in VoIP Environment

In order to resolve the SPIT (Spam over Internet telephony) security risk in the ALL-IP convergence network, a detection and prevention method based on feedback judgment is proposed in this paper. Introducing the participation of the users and combining the mechanism of trust and reputation can make the direct and indirect use of feedback simple effective and lossless. Improved inference algorithm embodies the distribution characteristic of SPIT behavior and reflects the weight relation of factors which influence the result. In addition, the incremental learning algorithm gives the Real-time trust and reputation. The algorithm dynamically integrates the trust with the reputation and makes a Comprehensive Evaluation of the SPIT. Experiment and analysis results show the better accuracy and sensitivity of the method, indicate the efficiency of the detection and prevention.
HIV: How science shaped the ethics

AIDS is a debilitating and fatal disease that was first identified as an infectious disease syndrome in the 1970s. The discovery of a nearly universally fatal infectious and rapidly spreading disease in the post-antibiotics era created apprehension in the medical community and alarm in the general population. Questions about how patients should be handled in medical and nonmedical settings resulted in the ostracizing of many AIDS patients and inappropriate patient management. Scientific investigation into modes of disease transmission and control helped to shape the management of AIDS patient care in such a way that ethical and protective practices could be developed. In this article I discuss some of the ethical questions that were addressed by appropriate scientific inquiry.
Preoperative Percutaneous Cranial Nerve Mapping in Head and Neck Surgery

Objective To identify and map the course of the peripheral branches of the cranial nerve preoperatively and percutaneously. Design Prospective study. Preoperative percutaneous nerve mapping performed prior to the operation under deep sedation or general anesthesia without muscle paralysis. Setting Private office surgery suite, freestanding surgery center, and regional medical centers. Patients A total of 142 patients undergoing head and neck surgery and facial plastic surgery between August 1994 and July 1999. Intervention Monopolar probe was used for nerve stimulation. Electromyographic reading was done through intramuscular bipolar recording electrodes. The equipment used was a nerve monitor. Results The mandibular divisions were tested in 142 cases, the frontal division in 60 cases, the accessory nerve in 12 cases, and the hypoglossal nerve in 3 cases. Satisfactory mappings were obtained in 115 cases of the mandibular division, 49 cases of the frontal division, 8 cases of the accessory division, and 1 case of the hypoglossal nerve. Conclusions Preoperative percutaneous nerve mapping is a new method of identifying the location of the peripheral branches of the cranial nerves. Identifying and mapping the course of peripheral branches of the cranial nerves safely assists the head and neck surgeon in the placement of incisions in a favorable location and in the dissection of the area involving the nerves. Mapping alerts the surgeon to an area containing a nerve and allows the surgeon to avoid just the specific area where a nerve is present, preventing large-scale abandonment of unmapped areas for fear of potential nerve damage.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson: “Finding Out” What Matters in the World of National Politics

Romer, D., Kenski, K., Winneg, K., Adasiewicz, C., & Jamieson, K. H. (2006). Capturing campaign dynamics 2000 and 2004: The National Annenberg Election Survey. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylva...
Self-association of arrestin family members.

Mammals express four arrestin subtypes, three of which have been shown to self-associate. Cone photoreceptor-specific arrestin-4 is the only one that is a constitutive monomer. Visual arrestin-1 forms tetramers both in crystal and in solution, but the shape of its physiologically relevant solution tetramer is very different from that in the crystal. The biological role of the self-association of arrestin-1, expressed at very high levels in rod and cone photoreceptors, appears to be protective, reducing the concentration of cytotoxic monomers. The two nonvisual arrestin subtypes are highly homologous, and self-association of both is facilitated by IP6, yet they form dramatically different oligomers. Arrestin-2 apparently self-associates into “infinite” chains, very similar to those observed in IP6-soaked crystals, where IP6 connects the concave sides of the N- and C-domains of adjacent protomers. In contrast, arrestin-3 only forms dimers, in which IP6 likely connects the C-domains of two arrestin-3 molecules. Thus, each of the three self-associating arrestins does it in its own way, forming three different types of oligomers. The physiological role of the oligomerization of arrestin-1 and both nonvisual arrestins might be quite different, and in each case it remains to be definitively elucidated.
Academic and Social Functioning Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Latent Class Analyses of Trajectories from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to exhibit significantly lower academic and social functioning than other children. Yet the field currently lacks knowledge about specific impairment trajectories experienced by children with ADHD, which may constrain early screening and intervention effectiveness. Data were analyzed from a nationally representative U.S. cohort in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K) for 590 children (72.7 % male) whose parents reported a formal diagnosis of ADHD. Children's math, reading, and interpersonal skills were assessed at 5 time points between kindergarten and fifth grade. Growth mixture model analyses indicated 4 latent trajectory classes for reading, 8 classes for math, and 4 classes for interpersonal skills. Membership in reading and math trajectory classes was strongly related; overlaps with interpersonal skills classes were weaker. Trajectory class membership was correlated with demographic characteristics and behavioral functioning. Children with ADHD display substantial heterogeneity in their reading, math, and interpersonal growth trajectories, with some groups of children especially likely to display relatively severe levels of academic and social impairment over time. Early screening and intervention to address impairment, particularly reading difficulties, among kindergarten students with ADHD is warranted.
The Biologic Spectrum of Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Prospects

Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinal tumor in adults and is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis. Thymomas are a diverse group of epithelial neoplasms with a behavioral spectrum that spans the complete clinical gamut from entirely benign to highly aggressive, lethal thymic carcinomas. The biologic behavior seems to depend primarily on the clinical stage at presentation and histologic subtype. This article discusses thymic organogenesis, Masaoka staging, WHO histologic classification of thymoma and thymic carcinoma, and selected molecular characteristics that highlight this diversity. This discussion will further underscore both the similarities and differences between categories of thymic epithelial neoplasms and offer support for the notion that tumor heterogeneity and/or tumor progression may explain the observed clinical variation in behavior. Recommendations are offered for future investigational approaches to further the understanding of the complexity of these tumors.
MULTI-SENSOR MULTI-RESOLUTION IMAGE FUSION FOR IMPROVED VEGETATION AND URBAN AREA CLASSIFICATION

In this paper, we perform multi-sensor multi-resolution data fusion of Landsat-5 TM bands (at 30 m spatial resolution) and multispectral bands of World View-2 (WV-2 at 2 m spatial resolution) through linear spectral unmixing model. The advantages of fusing Landsat and WV-2 data are two fold: first, spatial resolution of the Landsat bands increases to WV-2 resolution. Second, integration of data from two sensors allows two additional SWIR bands from Landsat data to the fused product which have advantages such as improved atmospheric transparency and material identification, for example, urban features, construction materials, moisture contents of soil and vegetation, etc. In 150 separate experiments, WV-2 data were clustered in to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 spectral classes and data fusion were performed with 3x3, 5x5, 7x7, 9x9 and 11x11 kernel sizes for each Landsat band. The optimal fused bands were selected based on Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, RMSE (root mean square error) and ERGAS index and were subsequently used for vegetation, urban area and dark objects (deep water, shadows) classification using Random Forest classifier for a test site near Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California, USA. Accuracy assessment of the classified images through error matrix before and after fusion showed that the overall accuracy and Kappa for fused data classification (93.74%, 0.91) was much higher than Landsat data classification (72.71%, 0.70) and WV-2 data classification (74.99%, 0.71). This approach increased the spatial resolution of Landsat data to WV-2 spatial resolution while retaining the original Landsat spectral bands with significant improvement in classification.
Reconceptualizing Sociogeographic Context for the Study of Drug Use, Abuse, and Addiction

Problem drug use, including abuse and addiction, are public health concerns that have wide-ranging social consequences. Among the many social factors identified as relevant for illicit drug use and abuse, community context remains relatively understudied by comparison with individual, family, and peer risk factors. Yet, the etiology of drug abuse points to characteristics of individuals that tend to cluster within disadvantaged neighborhood contexts (e.g., poverty, single-parent families, and early childhood behavioral problems). In this chapter, we propose a new conceptualization of sociogeographic context for analyzing the potentially complex relationships between contextual risk factors and drug use, abuse, and addiction. Our conceptualization goes beyond the conventional notion of local context as comprised of static neighborhood conditions to encompass dynamic patterns of movement of local residents and non-residents across time and space that affect individual behaviors in significant ways. We suggest that some types of individual and community spatio-temporal use patterns may contribute to problematic drug behaviors because they generate higher levels of social isolation.
Social Structure and Reproductive Strategy in Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana)

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain intraspecific variation in ungulate behavior based on ecological variables. Two hypotheses that relate reproductive strategy and social structure to forage availability were tested using data collected on a small, indigenous population of 20 or fewer individuals of Ovis canadensis mexicana in southwestern New Mexico. The reproductive strategy of this population differed from that predicted by the hypotheses. The social structure of this population differed from that reported for alpine populations of O. canadensis ; however, these differences reflected the reproductive strategy rather than temporal variation in forage availability. The reproductive strategy displayed by this population may represent a response to low population density.
N+3 and N+4 Generation Aeropropulsion Engine Combustors: Part 6: Operating Conditions, Target Goals and Lifted Jets

This paper summarizes academically simulated takeoff and cruise operating conditions for the N+3 and N+4 generation combustion systems and comparison likewise with the N and N+1 generation aeroengines in addition to GE9X and RB3025, potential engines introduced as marketing campaign start for the next upgrade of the B777. The technological challenges are summarized in order to meet very demanding NOx, CO and HC emissions goals without adversely impacting other design requirements that have generally been taken for granted for the rich-dome aeroengines. Technology assessments follow for several approaches including axially staged combustors with lifted LDI JIC compared to late lean concepts currently being followed by the power generation OEM’s. Premix and LDI approaches involving the use of variable geometry actuations are evaluated in addition to past and ongoing activities for developing several promising LDI concepts along with status on modeling capabilities that could be used for extending to axially staged micro LDI jets to be discussed in future publications.
The Structure of Negotiations

Having analysed the tactics open to both sides in the period preceding direct negotiations, we must now turn our attention to the actual process of negotiating itself, and analyse the elements in the process of settling of conflict by trading concessions and conditional promises on some bilateral basis.
Pathological alterations of Wilm′s tumor after interventional chemotherapy

Purpose To discuss the effect of interventional chemotherapy on the pathological change of Wilm's tumor. Methods A comparative analysis of pathological findings was made in 30 cases of Wilm's tumor subjected to interventional chemotherapy before operation, 16 Wilm's tumors with chemical therapy before operation, 17 Wilm's tumor tissues without any therapy before operation and 20 Wilm's tumor tissues obtained by needle biopsy. TUNEL staining and SP immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the tumor cell apoptosis and the expression of PCNA in every 15 tissues of the former three groups. Results In the interventional therapy group, the average thickness of pseudo fibrous capsule was 2.4±0.7 mm, the ratio of the average necrosis area to the whole tumor area was 77.5%, and 93.3 per cent of middle vessels became occlusion. In addition, yellowy lipiodol emulsion left and lots of foaming histiocytes infiltration were observed in all the tumor cases; in the chemical therapy group, the average thickness of pseudo fibrous capsule was 2.1±0.9 mm, the ratio of the average necrosis area to the whole tumor area was 51.2%, 43.8 per cent of middle vessels became occlusion; in the only operation group, the average thickness of pseudo fibrous capsule was 1.1±0.4 mm, the ratio of the average necrosis area to the whole tumor area was 14%, and no middle-sized vessels became occlusion. Compared with the histological changes of needle biopsy in interventional group before and after operations, necrosis was seldom observed in mesenchymal type but prominent in other type, especially in embryonic type. The tumor proliferating activity decreased significantly in the interventional therapy group than in the only operation group. On the other side, the apoptotic cells increased significantly but no difference from that in chemical therapy group. Conclusions Interventional chemotherapy before operation can promote vessel necrosis and occlusion, massive tumor necrosis with fibrous tissue proliferation and pseudo fibrous capsule formation; Yellowy lipiodol emulsion left and a lot of foaming histiocytes infiltration can help kill tumor cells; Histologic type of tumors is related to therapy sensitivity; Interventional therapy can inhibit tumor development by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
Influence of Fasting and Postfast Diet Energy Level on Feed Intake, Feeding Pattern and Blood Variables of Lambs

Trials were conducted to determine the influence of feed and water deprivation on feed intake, plasma glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), urea-N (PUN), serum insulin and growth hormone (GH) in lambs. In Trial 1, 12 Hampshire X Suffolk lambs (avg wt 30.5 kg) were deprived of feed and water for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. During the first 8 d of realimentation, feed intake was depressed more (P less than .05) by longer periods of deprivation. In Trial 2, 12 crossbred lambs (avg wt 50 kg) were deprived of feed and water for 0 or 72 h. During the first 4 d of realimentation, feed intake was lower (P less than .05) in deprived than in fed lambs. The depressed feed intake could be detected within 30 min of feeding. In Trial 3, 12 crossbred lambs (avg wt 40 kg) were fasted for 0 or 72 h, and blood samples were obtained at -5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min postprandial. On the 1st d of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had abnormal serum hormone patterns compared with nonfasted controls. On d 2 of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had higher (P less than .05) insulin, glucose and FFA than controls. On d 4 of realimentation, lambs previously fasted had higher insulin:GH ratios and lower PUN than controls. Results of these trials suggest that depriving lambs of feed and water for 72 h reduces subsequent feed intake for 4 d or more. Postprandial blood metabolite patterns are abnormal for a similar length of time.
23 The effect of trial duration on instrumented measures of single-limb stance postural control in those with chronic ankle instability

Background Static postural control impairments are often identified in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Objective To examine the effect of trial duration on the assessment of postural control in people with CAI. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Laboratory. Participants Twenty-five individuals with self-reported CAI (7 Males; age = 23.86 ± 3.90 years; height = 170.33 ± 11.69 cm; body mass = 76.33 ± 15.28 kg) participated. Inclusion criteria included ≥1 previous ankle sprain, ≥2 episodes of “giving way” in the previous three months, and ≤ 24 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool. Interventions Barefoot single-limb stance on a forceplate was used to assess postural control. Three 10-second trials were collected in eyes open and closed conditions. Data collected during each trial were analysed as the initial 2.5 s (2.5 sec), the initial 5 s (5 sec) and 10 s (10 sec). Main outcome measurements Independent variables included vision (open, closed) and duration (2.5 sec, 5 sec, 10 sec). Dependent variables included time-to-boundary (TTB) variables: mean of TTB minima (TTB-mean) and standard deviation of TTB minima (TTB-SD) in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. For each TTB variable, a 2 × 3 ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD post hoc comparisons examined differences between vision and duration. Alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results Significant vision and duration main effects and vision-by-duration interactions were identified for all TTB variables (p Conclusions Postural control improved with longer trial durations during eyes open conditions but not during eyes closed conditions. This suggests people with CAI may not recover from the perturbation of moving into single-limb stance during eyes closed conditions.
Identifying the Burden(s)

One of the consistent difficulties of the burdensharing debate is that the ‘burden’, a term which implies notions of equality or inequality, is a subjective measurement. The US position often stresses ‘quantitative’ measures of expenditure to prove that its erstwhile allies should do more. The US’s European allies, when they reply, are more fond of the less quantifiable measures that emphasize hidden costs, social dislocation and the provision of rent-free land, or the differences in cost structures between a conscript and a volunteer military system. The two types of burden I have termed ‘input’ and ‘output’ respectively.
Implications for Alzheimer’s disease of an atomic resolution structure of amyloid-β(1–42) fibrils

The article by Walti et al. (1) in PNAS is a milestone in biomedicine. It describes in atomic detail fibrils that form the plaques in diseased brains, first observed by Alois Alzheimer 110 y ago. These extracellular fibrils are now known to be composed of amyloid-β, a peptide of various lengths between 38 and 43 residues, proteolytically cleaved from the cell-surface membrane protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP). Amyloid-β(1–42) is more cytotoxic than its cousin, shorter by two residues, amyloid-β(1–40), for which structures have been known for several years (2). Because of its role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease, the structure of amyloid-β(1–42) has been eagerly awaited, and now two independent studies simultaneously describe identical, disease-relevant fibrils: the report by Walti et al. (1) is from the laboratories of Meier and Riek at Eidgenossiche Technische Hochschule Zurich and Bockmann at Lyon, and the other is from Griffin at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Linse at the University of Lund, Sweden (3). These structures are determined largely from distance constraints between pairs of isotopically labeled atoms measured by solid-state NMR. Computer-aided energy minimization of the amyloid-β(1–42) peptide chains yields a “bundle” of atomic models, each obeying the distance constraints. That is, the final structure is a constrained set of closely related models, rather than a single structure as yielded by a high-resolution X-ray determination or a direct image produced by cryo-EM. Although it is not possible to be certain that there is no other model that also fits the same NMR constraints, alternative models become increasingly improbable as the number of distance constraints grows. Confidence in the amyloid-β(1–42) structure is reinforced by the essentially identical results of the two independent studies. For the Walti et al. (1) structure, the rmsd of backbone atoms of the 10 lowest-energy atomic … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: david{at}mbi.ucla.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Active shortening within the Himalayan orogenic wedge implied by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake

The Himalaya grow as the Indian Plate is thrust beneath Tibet. Analysis of surface deformation caused by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake suggests slip on smaller-scale faults at the foot of the high Himalaya help build Earth’s highest peaks.
Welfare Mothers Speak

Abstract Recipients of AFDC are rarely asked what they think about welfare reform. As part of a mulufaceted research effort designed to move the welfare debate in the state of Maine beyond myths and stereotypes, a coalition of activists, service providers and academics created the AFDC Parent Survey and disseminated it to a random sample of AFDC families (n = 929). This article presents a thematic analysis of the narrative data resulting from the three open-ended questions on this survey which asked respondents what they needed in order to become economically self-sufficient. Six conceptual themes emerged from the data: struggling against odds; children are priority; catch-22; give us a chance; division of the oppressed; and thank you for listening. These six themes are presented through direct quotes from the respondents and implications of this research are discussed.
Peptides and Brain Pathology

Over 30 different peptides have been identified in the central nervous system.1 Thus, any investigation of the role of neuropeptides in pathology is certain to produce variety and diversity. The explosive rate at which new neuropeptides have been discovered over the last decade has meant that our understanding of their possible functions in the central nervous system has lagged far behind. It seems clear that the neuropeptides along with amino acids and monoamines play an integral role as neurotransmitters in the communication network of the brain. Thus, the discovery of abnormalities in the synthesis, release, or receptor binding of the neuropeptides appears to offer the keys to unlocking many of the secrets of neurological and psychiatric disease. At present, however, our knowledge of the pathophysiological processes in which neuropeptides are involved is rudimentary. In this chapter we attempt to place in perspective some of the exciting glimpses of the role of peptides in brain pathology that have been obtained over the past few years. Also, making use of the known effects of neuropeptides in animals, we attempt to pinpoint the areas in which it appears most likely that neuropeptides will be found to play an important role in pathological processes.
New Details on a FOIA Request

The International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence recently published an article in which I described my attempts (and those of others, including the non-governmental National Securi...
Definitions and Criteria for Stem Cells

The working definition of a stem cell includes self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into several cell types. There are also aspects of clonality and potency. Stem cells can be derived from early embryos after the formation of the blastocyst or from fetal, postnatal, or adult sources. Neural stem cells (NSCs) arise from embryonic ectoderm that forms neuroepithelial cells. The neuroepithelial cells generate radial glia that produce fetal and adult NSCs within the central nervous system (CNS). Adult NSC and restricted progenitors are found in the several regions of the CNS throughout life. Human embryonic stem cells, with their ability for self-renewal, clonal capacity, normal karyotype, and potential to form NSCs, easily may be the best source of NSCs and progenitors for treating disease. However, the complexity of NSCs, neural patterning, and the formation of multiple populations of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes warrant the need for intense studies to characterize these cells and to define the microenvironment that will be needed to support them in the diseased CNS. Ways to produce well-defined populations, avoid oncogenicity, and ensure survival need to be clarified before clinical application can begin.
Multilevel Modeling in Family Violence Research

Family violence researchers often use an ecological perspective to describe persons nested within groups. Further, family violence researchers frequently investigate whether group characteristics impact individual outcomes. The theoretical orientation and research designs typically used therefore present opportunities to utilize multilevel modeling (MLM) for clustered designs. It is widely understood that MLM corrects standard errors for grouped data, though other approaches can address this issue. Importantly, MLM presents a structured approach to the examination of group differences in outcomes, group differences in the association between the characteristics of persons and these outcomes, and the explanation of group differences using group-level characteristics. This journal frequently receives studies that use MLM for clustered designs, and a set of analytical guidelines may assist authors in preparing such articles so as to properly implement and better leverage the power of MLM to advance family violence research. I describe MLM for the new user, providing guidance on estimation of these models in the context of two examples. In addition, for more experienced users of MLM, I argue for greater attention to between-group and compositional effects that may be prevalent in family violence research, and the opportunities they may raise for a better understanding of the complexities at the group level. In closing I discuss some extensions of MLM and place MLM in the context of research design, providing guidelines for designing, carrying out, and reporting findings from studies that use these methods.
Columbium metal by the aluminothermic reduction of Cb 2 O 5

A practical process has been developed for the preparation of high-purity, ductile columbium metal. The process consists of reducing Cb2O5 with aluminum powder in a “bomb”-type reduction. The massive columbium contains approximately 2 wt % Al and 0.8 wt % O2. These impurities, along with nitrogen and iron, can be satisfactorily removed in subsequent treatments by volatilization. Much of the impurities in the as-reduced columbium can be removed by heating in vacuum to 2000°C for 8 hr, leaving a sponge. These impurities may also be largely removed by heating for a shorter time at 2200°C; however, some loss of the columbium is encountered. Heating to 1800°C for 8 hr was found to be less efficient for impurity removal.
Characteristics and Role Demands of Entrepreneurship1

In the past decade interest in teaching and research on entrepreneurship has grown dramatically. More than one hundred universities now offer new venture creation and entrepreneurship courses that ...
The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome and Sex on the DNA Methylome in Schizophrenia

Introduction. The mechanism by which metabolic syndrome occurs in schizophrenia is not completely known; however, previous work suggests that changes in DNA methylation may be involved which is further influenced by sex. Within this study, the DNA methylome was profiled to identify altered methylation associated with metabolic syndrome in a schizophrenia population on atypical antipsychotics. Methods. Peripheral blood from schizophrenia subjects was utilized for DNA methylation analyses. Discovery analyses ( ) were performed using an epigenome-wide analysis on the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip based on metabolic syndrome diagnosis. A secondary discovery analysis was conducted based on sex. The top hits from the discovery analyses were assessed in an additional validation set ( ) using site-specific methylation pyrosequencing. Results. A significant increase in CDH22 gene methylation in subjects with metabolic syndrome was identified in the overall sample. Additionally, differential methylation was found within the MAP3K13 gene in females and the CCDC8 gene within males. Significant differences in methylation were again observed for the CDH22 and MAP3K13 genes, but not CCDC8, in the validation sample set. Conclusions. This study provides preliminary evidence that DNA methylation may be associated with metabolic syndrome and sex in schizophrenia.
Photosystem I Complex of Higher Plants: Purification and Characterization of its Two Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes

Higher plants’ photosystem I (PSI) contains two chlorophyll-protein complexes: a core complex (CCI) and an antenna complex (LHCI) (1). While only light harvesting occurs in the LHCI complex, primary photochemistry as well as some light harvesting take place in CCI, which contains the reaction center (P700). CCI has been purified and characterized by Bengis and Nelson (2) and Nechushtai et al (3,4) from Swiss chard, Spirodella and spinach. The purified CCI complex contains 7 polypeptide subunits in the range of 8–70 KDa, 50–60 chl a and 1–2 B carotene molecules, and all the primary electron acceptors of PSI i.e. A1-A4 (4). Subunit I (the P700 apoprotein(s)), is coded in the chloroplast genome and has been cloned and sequenced (5,6). Subunit II is nuclear encoded (3,5) and proposed to function in the assembly of CCI. Subunit III has an allosteric effect on the binding of plastocyanin to P700 (7) and the other low molecular weight subunits have been proposed to contain the primary electron acceptors of PSI (2,8).
Developments in mcirobial leaching—mechanisms of manganese solubilization

Microorganisms can be used to solubilize managenese in manganiferous oxide ores. The organisms usually use manganese as a terminal electron acceptor reducing it to Mn(II). Manganese-reducing organisms have been isolated from freshwater and ocean sediments, marine nodules, and ore samples. These organisms require, an organic source of carbon which can be provided in the form of molasses or other food industry waste products. The manganese-reducing bacteria and fungi can be used to extract manganese from low-grade, manganiferous ore, to separate manganese from iron in ferromanganiferous ore, and to release silver from refractory manganese oxide ores.
Comparison of Curved and Straight Anchor Insertion for SLAP Repair: A Cadaveric Study.

Purpose To compare a curved drill guide with a straight guide for suture anchor placement into the posterosuperior glenoid from an anterolateral portal with respect to glenoid perforation, drill contact with the suprascapular nerve, and maximum load. Methods Ten bilateral pairs of fresh human cadaveric shoulders were randomized to the curved technique on 1 side and the straight technique on the contralateral side. An anterolateral trans-rotator cuff portal was used for placement of anchors at the posterior (11 o’clock right shoulder) and far posterior (10 o’clock right shoulder) positions on the glenoid with a 24-mm drill stop, and the drill tip was marked with ink. Specimens were dissected for glenoid perforation and drill contact with the suprascapular nerve. The maximum load of each anchor was measured using a material testing system. Results Glenoid perforation occurred in 30% in the curved group and 60% in the straight group overall (P = .01). Ink markings demonstrated a direct hit on the suprascapular nerve in most of the penetrations (13 of 18) but was not significantly different between the curved and straight guides (P = .25). Maximum load of the posterior anchor was greater in the curved group than that in the straight group (199.5 vs 146.7 N, respectively; P = .01). Conclusions The curved technique has a lower rate of glenoid perforation and greater maximum load than the straight technique. However, the curved technique can result in glenoid perforation and injury to the suprascapular nerve, and we do not recommend it. Clinical Relevance Placing suture anchors through an anterolateral portal with a curved guide provides a more optimal trajectory with decreased risk of glenoid perforation and superior biomechanical strength than that with the straight guide, but it is not safe.
A Dual Band Modified Sierpinski Antenna for WiFi Applications

A dual band modified Sierpinski antenna for WiFi applications. The design is based on Sierpinski triangle fractal printed and it covers both the 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz Wifi Band. The antenna has a maximum gain of ~3.6 dBi and total size of 5.5×4 cm. An overview of the antenna design along with the full wave simulation is provided.
On Semisimple Hopf Algebras of Dimension 2m, II

In this paper we classify, up to equivalence, all semisimple nontrivial Hopf algebras of dimension 22n+1 for n ≥ 2 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 with the group of group-like elements isomorphic to \(\mathbb {Z}_{2^{n}}\times \mathbb {Z}_{2^{n}}\). Moreover we classify all such nonisomorphic Hopf algebras of dimension 32 and show that they are not twist-equivalent to each other. More generally, given an abelian group of order 2m−1 we give an upper bound for the number of nonisomorphic nontrivial Hopf algebras of dimension 2m which have this group as their group of group-like elements.
Snobol bulletin no. 1

It is appropriate to begin the first issue of the SNOBOL Bulletin by giving a brief survey of the SNOBOL processors currently available. This information has been derived from a number of sources, and its accuracy unfortunately cannot be guaranteed. In particular, the list may unintentionally omit a co-author of a SNOBOL implementation which we know of only indirectly. Any additions or corrections supplied by our readers will be greatly appreciated.
A Method for Developing Postweld Heat Treatments and Evaluating Effects of Residual Elements on Heat-Affected Zone Tempering Resistance

A method was developed to define a postweld subcritical heat treatment to provide optimum ductility of the heat-affected zone. The results have been used to define the post-weld heat treatment included as part of welding procedure qualification tests. By themselves, required qualification tests, which involve tensile, bend, and sometimes impact, can be misleading because they are not primarily designed to evaluate heat-affected zone ductility. The test method involved generating a heat-affected zone (HAZ), extracting a series of as-welded cross sections, heat treating each section at varying times and temperatures, measuring the peak heat-affected zone hardness, and defining the heat-affected zone ductility by correlating the peak HAZ hardness with the Hollomon-Jaffe parameter associated with each time and temperature. Several heats of CrMo and CrMoV turbine alloys were studied in this manner to define their weld HAZ tempering response and to evaluate specific tempering effects of residual alloy element content.
A data-driven approach to investigate the impact of air temperature on the efficiencies of coal and natural gas generators

Abstract The efficiency of a thermoelectric generator is dependent on a number of operational and climatic variables, including ambient air temperature. To date, there has not been a data-driven analysis of the impacts of climate variability on electricity generator performance that includes a statistically representative set of generators. This study develops regression models to estimate changes in the efficiencies of over one thousand coal and natural gas generators as a function of ambient air temperature and operational variables, across different fuel types, prime movers, cooling systems, and climate zones during the years ranging from 2008 to 2017. The efficiencies of generators with dry cooling, particularly those in hot and dry climates, demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to increases in ambient temperature. Results for generators utilizing wet cooling systems were largely inconclusive, most likely because other factors, such as cooling water temperature, are better predictors of efficiency. Natural gas combustion generator efficiencies exhibit large sensitivities to rises in air temperature in theoretical models but had a counterintuitive trend in our findings, where losses were relatively small in the hottest and driest climates. This result is likely due to the fact that natural gas combustion generators in hot and arid regions often utilize inlet air cooling technologies to reduce the temperature of ambient air before it enters the compressor, thereby mitigating efficiency losses. The analytical framework developed offers generalized methods for cleaning, processing, and merging federally available electricity generation and climate datasets to increase their value in future studies.
Posting Exercise Activity on Social Media for Self-Efficacy and Well-Being

This study provided a test of social cognitive theory’s less studied constructs: social persuasion, emotional experiences, and mastery experiences, on self-efficacy and well-being among individuals...
A Generalized Central Limit Conjecture for Convex Bodies

The central limit theorem for convex bodies says that with high probability the marginal of an isotropic log-concave distribution along a random direction is close to a Gaussian, with the quantitative difference determined asymptotically by the Cheeger/Poincare/KLS constant. Here we propose a generalized CLT for marginals along random directions drawn from any isotropic log-concave distribution; namely, for x, y drawn independently from isotropic log-concave densities p, q, the random variable 〈x, y〉 is close to Gaussian. Our main result is that this generalized CLT is quantitatively equivalent (up to a small factor) to the KLS conjecture. Any polynomial improvement in the current KLS bound of n1∕4 in \(\mathbb {R}^n\) implies the generalized CLT, and vice versa. This tight connection suggests that the generalized CLT might provide insight into basic open questions in asymptotic convex geometry.
The peripheral blood transcriptome in septic cardiomyopathy: an observational, pilot study.

Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is common in sepsis and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, allows improved identification of impaired cardiac contractility. The peripheral blood transcriptome may be an important window into SCM pathophysiology. We therefore studied the peripheral blood transcriptome and LV GLS in a prospective cohort of patients with sepsis. In this single-center observational pilot study, we enrolled adult patients (age > 18) with sepsis within 48 h of admission to the ICU. SCM was defined as LV GLS > − 17% based on echocardiograms performed within 72 h of admission. We enrolled 27 patients, 24 of whom had high-quality RNA results; 18 (75%) of 24 had SCM. The group was 50% female and had a median (IQR) age of 59.5 (48.5–67.0) years and admission APACHE II score of 21.0 (16.0–32.3). Forty-six percent had septic shock. After filtering for low-expression and non-coding genes, 15,418 protein coding genes were expressed and 73 had significantly different expression between patients with vs. without SCM. In patients with SCM, 43 genes were upregulated and 30 were downregulated. Pathway analysis identified enrichment in type 1 interferon signaling (adjusted p < 10−5). In this hypothesis-generating study, SCM was associated with upregulation of genes in the type 1 interferon signaling pathway. Interferons are cytokines that stimulate the innate and adaptive immune response and are implicated in the early proinflammatory and delayed immunosuppression phases of sepsis. While type 1 interferons have not been implicated previously in SCM, interferon therapy (for viral hepatitis and Kaposi sarcoma) has been associated with reversible cardiomyopathy, perhaps suggesting a role for interferon signaling in SCM.
Patient-Reported SRS-24 Outcomes Scores After Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Have Improved Since the New Millennium.

Abstract Study Design Observational. Objective To examine changes in patient-reported two-year postoperative outcomes via the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-24 Outcomes Instrument from 2001 through 2015. Summary of Background Data Techniques for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have evolved over the years, but it is unclear how these changes have impacted patient-reported outcomes. Methods AIS patients with two-year postoperative follow-up from a prospective multicenter registry were divided into three-year groups based on trends in surgical approach and construct type (2010–2014: 52% anterior, 43% posterior hybrids; 2005–2011: 3% anterior, 5% posterior hybrids; 2012–2015: 0% anterior, 0.2% posterior hybrids). Because of the ordinal scale (1-5) and bipolar nature of the response sets for the SRS-24, domain/total scores were categorized as ≤3 (predominantly negative) or 4-5 (predominantly positive). Variables were compared across the three groups. Results A total of 1,695 patients were analyzed; 172 (2010–2014), 926 (2005–2011), and 597 (2012–2015). Average age was 14.7 ± 2 years, the average primary curve was 55° ± 13°, and the group was primarily female (82%). There was a decline in the rate of positive scores for preoperative pain and self-image across the three groups (p Conclusion The percentage of patients with positive postoperative SRS scores has increased in the modern era, providing evidence that newer surgical techniques are resulting in improved outcomes based on the patients' perspectives. Interestingly, recent patients were more afflicted with negative pain and self-image before surgery.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy, Full-Term Infants Under 7 Months of Age.

Abstract Purpose To describe symptoms of gastrointestinal distress experienced by healthy, full-term infants in the first 7 months of life and test the psychometric properties of the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (IGSQ). Design and methods Parents of infants Results IGSQ scores decreased significantly with increased infant age, from a median of 28 at 0–2 months to 23 at 6–7 months old. The IGSQ had acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74). IGSQ total score was significantly correlated with I-GERQ-R total score (Spearman's rho (rs) = 0.69, p Conclusions Gastrointestinal symptoms decrease with increasing age in the first 7 months of life. The IGSQ has evidence of acceptable internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity. Practice implications These data can be used to guide IGSQ score interpretation.
A Community Arts Program for Underserved Children: Getting Things Done and Member Development

The Program: The AmeriCorps ArtsUSF program was a federally funded outreach program that provided hands-on arts experience to underserved children in culturally and economically deprived communities in and around a large metropolitan area. The project had two components: Getting Things Done (GTD) and Member Development (MD). Objectives : The goals of GTD were to help improve the communities’ self-image, stability, and culture by providing accessible, safe, and affordable cultural activities and programs. The goals of MD were to help the AmeriCorps volunteer artist-teacher members develop an awareness of societal problems, teaching and class management skills, and to become responsible citizens. Methods : GTD goals were measured using a quantitative survey instrument developed for the program. Pre (November) and post (May) data were compared using paired one-tailed t-tests to see if there were significant changes. MD outcomes were summarized from content analysis of member journals. Results : Data showed progress in all measured items, particularly, integrating arts to life, group problem-solving skills, attitude on diversity, and attitude on being-kind-to-each-other. Factor analysis results demonstrated strong connections among arts skills, expression through the arts, art appreciation skills, and integrating arts to life. There was an association among class learning skills, attitude on diversity, and attitude on being kind-to-each-other. Independent problem-solving skills were associated with expressive skills through the arts, integrating arts to life, attitude on diversity, and class learning skills. In the post data, independent problem-solving skills were further related to anti-drug, alcohol, and smoking attitude, and art skills. Members expressed that AmeriCorps ArtsUSF experience provided a life-changing impact on them. Seeing the effects of their input on other, they realized that one way of achieving the American dream was by helping others. Conclusion : The program gave a sense of pride and ownership to the underserved communities, and the experience gave the artist-members the confidence and self-esteem necessary to pursue their own life’s goals. Novelty : Federally funded, community-wide supported program with novel program and curriculum. Improvement : The initial phase could be better organized and more affective narratives could be added in the survey instrument.
Bump’em: an Open-Source, Bump-Emulation System for Studying Human Balance and Gait

Fall-related injury is a significant health problem on a global scale and is expected to grow with the aging population. Laboratory-based perturbation systems have the capability of simulating various modes of fall-inducing perturbations in a repeatable way. These systems enable fundamental research on human gait and balance and facilitate the development of devices to assist human balance. We present a robotic, rope-driven system capable of rendering bumps and force-fields at a person's pelvis in any direction in the transverse plane with forces up to 200 N, and a 90% rise time of as little as 44 ms, which is faster than a human’s ability to sense and respond to the force. These capabilities enable experiments that require stabilizing or destabilizing subjects as they stand or walk on a treadmill. To facilitate use by researchers from all backgrounds, we designed both a configuration with simpler open-loop force control, and another with higher-performance, closed-loop force control. Both configurations are modular, and the open-loop system is made entirely from 3D-printed and catalog components. The design files and assembly instructions for both are freely available in an online repository.