cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The enumeration of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona by a bioluminescence atp assay

A rapid method for enumerating viable Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona cells was investigated using a bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. The ATP was assayed by the Juciferin—laciferasc bioluminescence reaction. Samples of serovar pomona grown in liquid polysorbate 80-bovinc albumin (P80-BA) medium for 1-3 days were analysed for ATP content, culture density (nephelometry), direct cell count and'most probable number of viable cells (MPNVC) as determined by the dilution tube technique. A linear relationship was found between ATP content and the number of viable cells over the range of 4 × 10 8 to 8 × 10 9 leptospires/ml. Over this range the correlation coefficient for ATP content versus viable cells (0.96) was similar to the coefficient for culture density versus the number of viable cells. The coefficient for direct counts versus the number of viable cells was smaller. The bioluminescence assay of bacterial ATP is a promising method for enumerating viable leptospires in pure culture.
Evaluating Students on Probation and Determining Intervention Strategies: A Comparison of Probation and Good Standing Students:

During the 1998 academic year, this study surveyed probation and good standing students at Los Angeles Southwest College and analyzed their responses with respect to a variety of different variable...
The shift of the emission lines of Cr and Ni produced by argon and helium

Abstract The shifts of all strong emission lines of neutral Cr and Ni in the wavelenght ranges of 3014–5328 A, and 3050–3619 A, respectively, with argon and of 3017–4651 A and 3369–3619 A, respectively, with helium have been measured. The temperatures and the relative densities (r.d.) of the gases at which observations were made are, respectively, 3230°K and 28–104 for Ar and 3600°K and 60–108 for He. The shift vs. r.d. relationship for 14 CrI lines and 11 NiI lines with argon, and 12 Cr lines and a single Ni line with helium, are tabulated. Some lines show a linear dependence of shift on r.d. and some behave linearly for low r.d. but quadratically for higher r.d. The general statements about the behavior of the relative shifts of spectral levels with respect to L and S values are the same as those for the FeI lines. The normal fine-structure levels (many multiplets of CrI) behave in their relative shifts oppositely to those of inverted levels (FeI), although the behavior depends on the more detailed structure of the levels.
The prediction of the vibratory airloads of helicopter rotors in forward flight

The determination of the vibratory airloads generated by helicopter rotors in forward flight presents a difficult problem in unsteady aerodynamics. However, their analytical prediction in the design phase is essential if the vibration level is to be controlled and rotor fatigue loads minimized. Recent advances in developing free-wake vortex theories for rotors in forward flight which are sufficiently compact for design purposes, yet agree well with the experimentally-determined blade loads, are discussed. The effects of modifications in blade geometry and of blade elasticity on the vibratory loads are shown.
Treatment of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors with gamma knife radiosurgery: report of two cases and review of literature.

Background and importance Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as a treatment option has not been described in the management of typical intracranial solitary fibrous tumors. Clinical presentation After presenting with visual decline, case A underwent a bioccipital craniotomy during which 90% of tumor was thought to have been resected. She unfortunately required re-resection 56 months later for recurrence when she again presented with progressive visual decline, altered mental status, and headaches. A subtotal resection was performed, because there was extensive tumor involvement of the torcula, straight sinus, and bilateral transverse sinuses. She was subsequently referred for GKRS. Although neurologically intact, with the exception of an upper extremity tremor, case B had undergone 7 surgeries for a posterior fossa tumor over the several decades preceding GKRS. The tumors targeted with GKRS were found on serial MRI scans and were thought to be asymptomatic at the time of treatment. At 7 and 14 months after GKRS, case A experienced tumor shrinkage, which remained stable 20 months after treatment. Effective local tumor control was seen in case B with tumor shrinkage at 3, 8, and 13 months after treatment. However, repeat GKRS was required for case B, because an out-of-field recurrence was found 15 months after the initial GKRS. Conclusion Based on this report and available information in the literature, radiosurgery appears to be a reasonable approach for patients with recurrent or residual intracranial solitary fibrous tumors.
Zirconium hydrogen phosphate/disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer composite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract A series of zirconium hydrogen phosphate/disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymer composite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications were prepared and characterized by optical clarity, water absorption, proton conductivity measurements, mechanical testing, direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance, and methanol permeability. Composite membranes incorporating up to 40 wt.% of zirconium phosphate were prepared by an in situ precipitation method. In this method, the water-swollen acid form of directly prepared disulfonated copolymer films were immersed in aqueous solutions of zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl2) at 80 °C, followed by treatment in 1 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution for 24 h. During this time the zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZrP) nanoparticles precipitated in the swollen pores of the membrane. The content of ZrP in the composite membranes was controlled by the concentration of ZrOCl2 solution, and was determined by weight difference. Zirconium hydrogen phosphate concentration was also dependent upon the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the polymer as well as the temperature at which the copolymers were acidified. The composite films had good thermal stability and excellent retention of zirconium hydrogen phosphate after water treatment at 120 °C for 100 h. Although the composite membranes exhibited lower proton conductivity than the pure copolymer membranes at room temperature, the presence of the inorganic particles led to an improvement in high-temperature conductivity. For example, fully hydrated membranes (40 mol% disulfonation) with 38 wt.% zirconium hydrogen phosphate had a conductivity of 0.06 S/cm at room temperature and linearly increased up to 0.13 S/cm in water vapor at 130 °C, whereas the pure copolymer which had 0.07 S/cm at room temperature only reached a conductivity of 0.09 S/cm at 130 °C.
The effect of handling habituation on the acquisition and retention of an avoidance response (Kamin effect) in rats

Three groups of 10 rats were given handling habituation prior to training to a criterion of three total avoidance responses and tested for retention after 0, 1, or 24 h. Three other groups were not handled but were trained and tested in an identical fashion. Results indicated that handling habituation did not facilitate original learning, nor did it prevent a retention decrement at the 1-h interval, the Kamin effect.
Body mass index and depressive symptoms in older adults: the moderating roles of race, sex, and socioeconomic status.

Objective Although the long-term health risks associated with obesity in older adults have been well documented, less is known about the psychological consequences. The current study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and subsequent depressive symptoms. The authors anticipated that BMI would predict depressive symptoms, and that this relationship would be greater among women, individuals of higher socioeconomic status (SES), and white subjects. Methods A three-year longitudinal epidemiological design was employed. Participants were obtained from a biracial sample of community-dwelling older adults (N = 2406) and were interviewed in their home by trained interviewers. A comprehensive survey assessed age, gender, race, SES (education and income), and health functioning variables. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. BMI was derived from self-reported weight and height. Results BMI was found to predict depressive symptoms. Contrary to predictions, the influence of BMI on depressive symptoms was greater for African Americans than whites and, in particular, African Americans with less education. There were no sex differences. Conclusion Among older adults, BMI was associated with depressive symptoms although the effect size was small. Factors contributing to this relationship may differ from those observed in younger populations, for example, health functioning may play a larger role. Obesity appears to have the most adverse impact on those who are most likely to be overweight, lower SES African Americans.
Synthesis and biological activities of flavolipids

Syntheses of the bacterial surfactants 6S,6S-, 9S,9S-, and 9U,9U-flavolipids confirmed the structures proposed for them from spectroscopic analysis of a flavolipid mixture and made pure flavolipids available for the first time. All three synthetic flavolipids and a straight chain analogue were found to be weakly cytotoxic and to inhibit metastatic cancer cell migration, with 9U,9U-flavolipid (the most abundant natural flavolipid) having the most activity. Biosynthetic routes to the branched side-chains of the flavolipids are suggested, and it is proposed that branched chains are employed to hinder biodegradation.
Development of stripped-cladding optical fiber sensors for continuous monitoring. I. Theoretical study of a referencing method for measuring refractive indices of fluids

Abstract Intrinsic waveguide optical sensors, IWOS, formed by an exposed core (modified in some cases with a material sensitive to a target parameter), in contact with a measured fluid, have diverse applications. We have identified a novel referencing method for this type of sensor. The referencing method is a self-calibrating procedure that allows for development of portable sensors capable of continuous monitoring. This paper examines the theoretical basis of the proposed referencing method and constitutes a first step in the practical design of such optical sensors. Since the most commonly measured parameter with such sensors is the real term ( n ) of the complex refractive indices ( m = n + k i), real index of refraction for different fluids and glass waveguide materials are used to investigate sensor responses. Case studies, in which n core > n measured fluid and n core n measured fluid are considered, suggest that an easily configurable optical photo-refractometer can be designed with a variable dynamic range. This means that IWOS physicochemical detection characteristics (extent of reaction, species concentrations, etc.) can be usefully related to refractive index variations through self-calibrating strategies. It is also shown that portable spectrophotometers allow for measurement of spectral signals that are diagnostic of the measured material.
Effects of tensile strain and fluid flow on osteoarthritic human chondrocyte metabolism in vitro

This study examined the hypothesis that tensile strain and fluid flow differentially influence osteoarthritic human chondrocyte metabolism. Primary high-density monolayer chondrocytes cultures were exposed to varying magnitudes of tensile strain and fluid-flow using a four-point bending system. Metabolic changes were quantified by real-time PCR measurement of aggrecan, IL-6, SOX-9, and type II collagen gene expression, and by determination of nitric oxide levels in the culture medium. A linear regression model was used to investigate the roles of strain, fluid flow, and their interaction on metabolic activity. Aggrecan, type II collagen, and SOX9 mRNA expression were negatively correlated to increases in applied strain and fluid flow. An effect of the strain on the induction of nitric oxide release and IL-6 gene expression varied by level of fluid flow (and visa versa). This interaction between strain and fluid flow was negative for nitric oxide and positive for IL-6. These results confirm that articular chondrocyte metabolism is responsive to tensile strain and fluid flow under in vitro loading conditions. Although the articular chondrocytes reacted to the mechanically applied stress, it was notable that there was a differential effect of tensile strain and fluid flow on anabolic and catabolic markers.
Inferring 3D structure from three points in rigid motion

We prove the following: Given four (or more) orthographic views of three points then (a) the views almost surely have no rigid interpretation but (b) if they do then they almost surely have at most thirty-two rigid interpretations. Part (a) means that the measure of “false targets”, viz., the measure of nonrigid motions that project to views having rigid interpretations, is zero. Part (b) means that rigid interpretations, when they exist, are not unique. Uniqueness of interpretation can be obtained if a point is added, but not if views are added. Our proof relies on an upper semicontinuity theorem for proper mappings of complex algebraic varieties. We note some psychophysical motivations of the theory.
Roles of Sexual Objectification Experiences and Internalization of Standards of Beauty in Eating Disorder Symptomatology: A Test and Extension of Objectification Theory.

This study extends the literature on eating disorder symptomatology by testing, based on extant literature on objectification theory (B. L. Fredrickson & T. Roberts, 1997) and the role of sociocultural standards of beauty (e.g.. L. J. Heinberg. J. K. Thompson, & S. Stormer, 1995), a model that examines (a) links of reported sexual objectification experiences to eating disorder-related variables and (b) the mediating roles of body surveillance, body shame, and internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty. Consistent with hypotheses, with a sample of 221 young women, support was found for a model in which (a) internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty mediated the links of sexual objectification experiences to body surveillance, body shame, and eating disorder symptoms, (b) body surveillance was an additional mediator of the link of reported sexual objectification experiences to body shame, and (c) body shame mediated the links of internalization and body surveillance to disordered eating.
Asynchronous Task Execution in Networked Control Systems Using Decentralized Event-Triggering

Abstract This paper studies decentralized event-triggering in networked control systems (NCSs), where all communication/computation tasks are executed asynchronously. A decentralized event-triggered data transmission scheme is proposed under this framework. We show that if the weighted sum of all minimal transmission periods and all types of delays is bounded, the resulting NCS is asymptotically stable. This condition suggests a tradeoff between the system performance and the overall communication and computational resources, which can serve as a basis for scheduling data traffic over the network and also computational tasks.
The creep behavior of In-Ag eutectic solder joints

The addition of 3 wt.% Ag to In results in a eutectic composition with improved mechanical properties while only slightly lowering the melting temperature. Steady-state creep properties of In-Ag eutectic solder joints have been measured using constant load tests at 0, 30, 60, and 90°C. Constitutive equations are derived to describe the creep behavior. The data are well represented by an equation of the form proposed by Dorn: a power-law equation applies to each independent creep mechanism. Two parallel mechanisms were observed for the In-Ag eutectic joints. The high-stress mechanism is a bulk mechanism with a thermal dependence dominated by the thermal dependence of creep in the Inrich matrix. The low-stress mechanism is a grain boundary mechanism. Results of this work are discussed with regard to creep behavior of typical eutectic systems.
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defences during ischaemia and reperfusion of the equine ascending colon

Summary Oxidative damage can occur during ischaemia and reperfusion of the intestine. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration can be used to determine the amount of lipid peroxidation that has occurred. Glutathione peroxidase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are important elements of cellular defence against reactive oxygen metabolites. Tissue levels of MDA, glutathione peroxidase, G6PD, and SOD were measured in an experimental model of equine ascending colonic ischaemia and reperfusion. Complete segmental colonic ischaemia (3 h) followed by 30 mins of reperfusion was studied in 8 horses. Ischaemia increased the concentration of MDA and decreased the SOD activity; glutathione peroxidase and G6PD remained unchanged. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation occurs during ischaemia of the colon and is associated with a decrease in the cellular defence against free radical attack.
Energy transfer between photosystem II units in a connected package model of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis.

Abstract A model of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis, presented previously in a tripartite format, is used in a bipartite format to analyze energy transfer between photosystem II units. The model is used to develop analytical expressions for the photochemical properties of chloroplasts that include a term for the probability for energy transfer between photosystem II units. In particular, a normalized plot of the fluorescence of variable yield as a function of the closure of photosystem II reaction centers permits the evaluation of the energy transfer parameter. Data from a study by Melis [Melis, A. (1978) FEBS Lett. 95, 202-206] are used to estimate that the probability for energy transfer between photosystem II units in the α component of photosystem II was approximately 0.57 when the photosystem II reaction centers were all open and 0.83 when the centers were closed. This connected package model appears to provide a better description of the system than the matrix model that was used previously.
Prediction of pneumoconiosis risk by bioassays of particulate from occupational exposures.

Abstract A set of short-term animal bioassays was evaluated for its ability to predict occupational risk of pneumoconiosis. The method uses dust samples from granite and talc industries that have been previously studied epidemiologically. A sampler has been developed to collect respirable dust, comparable to that obtained from personal samplers worn by exposed workers, in quantities suitable for bioassays (> 100 mg). The collected dust was mechanically removed from the membrane filter and ultrasonically resuspended in normal saline for intratracheal instillation in hamsters. The dust size distribution was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Addition of lung surfactant to the saline solution apparently changed the size distribution. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize and quantitate crystalline silica. Standardized respirable dusts (aluminium oxide and quartz) were also used. Pulmonary bioassays in hamsters were used to estimate the inflammatory response, oedema, release of cellular enzymes and alteration of in situ phagocytosis after exposure to instilled dusts. The inflammatory response was estimated by measuring changes in the number and type of cells present in multiple lung lavages. Oedema was quantitated by measurements of serum albumin in the lung lavage fluid. Alterations in in situ phagocytosis were assayed by the ‘lambda’ technique, which estimates the fraction of instilled radioactive gold colloid ingested by pulmonary phagocytic cells. The enzymes measured included lactate dehydrogenase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, peroxidase and elastase.
Evaluation of RNA Secondary Structure Motifs using Regression Analysis

Recent experimental evidences have shown that ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays a greater role in the cell than previously thought. An ensemble of RNA sequences believed to contain signals at the structure level can be exploited to detect functional motifs common to all or a portion of those sequences. We present here a general framework for analyzing multiple RNA secondary structures. A family of related RNA structures may be analyzed using statistical regression methods. In this work, we extend our previously developed algorithm, Seed, that allows to explore exhaustively the search space of RNA sequence and structure motifs. We introduce here several objective functions based on thermodynamic free energy and information content to discriminate native folds from the rest. We assume that the variation across the various scores can be represented by a statistical model. Regression analysis permits to assign separate weight for each score, allowing one to emphasize or compensate the variance that differs across the different scores. A statistical model can be formulated using techniques from regression analysis to obtain a template or scoring model that is able to identify putative functional regions in RNA sequences. We show that thermodynamic based regression models are effective to associate the variation of scores obtained from different functions. The models can generally identify motifs with high measures of specificity and positive predicted value to known motifs. A good scoring method will allow to eliminate invalid motifs thereby reducing the size of the hypothesis space.
English Civil War Politics and the Religious Settlement

One of the more active historical controversies centers around the precise relationship of religion to politics during the period of the English Civil War. While all historians recognize the crucial role played by Puritans in the rebellion against Charles I, the extent to which religious considerations influenced political activity within the Long Parliament remains open to question. A major reason for the dispute is that terms used by contemporaries tend to be misleading. Thus, the two parties which are said to have dominated the Long Parliament during the 1640s are known by descriptive names (“the Presbyterians” and “the Independents”) that the bear little resemblance to their actual platforms.
Adoption of Intervention-Based Assessment for Special Education Trends in Case Management Variables

The education reform movement in the United States promises to expand the role of school psychologists by reducing psychometric activities in favor of intervention-based assessment (IBA), which inv...
Commercial and Military Diving in the United States Today

The history of man's endeavors in diving is traced from its inception several thousand years ago through the introduction and validation of saturation diving techniques. Today both military and commercial divers are capable of diving to deep depths for unlimited bottom times using saturation diving systems. An overview of the varied diving missions routinely performed by the military and commercial sectors is presented in three broad categories--unique military missions requiring highly specialized breathing equipment, relatively shallow surface supported diving operations and saturation diving. Analysis reveals a very limited need for deep diving in the military whereas the commercial diving sector is thriving in meeting the demands for saturation diving in support of the offshore petroleum industry. A review of the types of underwater breathing apparatus used by conventional and saturation divers today is offered as well as an assessment of future trends to satisfy the deep diving needs of the 21st century.
PICOPHYTOPLANKTON SEASONAL CYCLE AT THE SIO PIER, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA

The abundance of phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes in water samples from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier have been followed at least weekly for more than two years using flow cytometry. These cyanobacteria show a seasonal cycle with generally lower cell numbers during the winter, a “bloom” as water temperatures increase, and higher cell numbers during the summer. However the population abundance appears to be more variable and the magnitude of the annual change in cell number is less than reported for coastal Massachusetts by Waterbury et al. (1986). Isolates have been obtained from pier samples and genetic characterization using rpoC1 (RNA polymerase) sequence data is in progress. The PUB:PEB chromophore ratios of isolates assayed using fluorescence excitation spectra range from about 0.4 (low PUB) to 0.7 (mid-PUB) for isolates grown under white light. The physiological and genetic characterization of isolates is being used to examine the similarities and differences of cyanobacterial populations from different coastal regimes. Similarly a picoeukaryote has been isolated that has a flow cytometric signature similar to the natural population. It appears to be a small nonmotile prasinophyte.
Research NoteSell First, Fix Later: Impact of Patching on Software Quality

We present a model of fixing or patching a software problem after the product has been released in the market. Specifically, we model a software firms trade-off in releasing a buggy product early and investments in fixing it later. Just as the marginal cost of producing software can be effectively zero, so can the marginal cost of repairing multiple copies of defective software by issuing patches. We show that due to the fixed cost nature of investments in patching, a software vendor has incentives to release a buggier product early and patch it later in a larger market. Thus, a software monopolist releases a product with fewer bugs but later than what is socially optimal. We contrast this result with physical good markets where market size does not play any role in quality provision. We also show that for comparable costs, a software monopolist releases the product with more bugs but invests more in post-patching support later than the physical good monopolist.
Viking: a multi-spanning-tree Ethernet architecture for metropolitan area and cluster networks

Simplicity, cost effectiveness, scalability, and the economies of scale make Ethernet a popular choice for local area networks, as well as for storage area networks and increasingly metropolitan-area networks. These applications of Ethernet elevate it from a LAN technology to a ubiquitous networking technology, thus prompting a rethinking of some of its architectural features. One weakness of existing Ethernet architecture is its use of single spanning tree, which, while useful at avoiding routing loops, leads to low link utilization and long failure recovery time. To apply Ethernet to cluster networks and MANs, these problems need to be addressed. We propose a multi-spanning-tree Ethernet architecture, called Viking, that improves both aggregate throughput and fault tolerance by exploiting standard virtual LAN technology in a novel way. By supporting multiple spanning trees through VLAN, Viking makes the most of the inherent redundancies in most mesh-like networks and delivers a multi-fold throughput gain over single-spanning-tree Ethernet with the same physical network topology. It also provides much faster failure recovery, reducing the down-time to a sub-second range from that of multiple seconds in single-spanning-tree Ethernet architecture. Finally, based only on standard mechanisms, Viking is readily implementable on commodity Ethernet switches without any firmware modifications.
Why is Convertible Debt Subordinated? An Investment-Based Agency Theory

This paper offers an agency-based explanation for the junior priority status of convertible bonds. Using a simple economic model, I show that when convertible and straight debt have equal priority, shareholders can prefer value-decreasing projects, which results in wealth transfers from bondholders to shareholders; and I prove that this problem is solved when convertible debt is subordinated. Empirical evidence supports the theory. I find that firms with greater potential for investment-based agency conflicts are more likely to issue subordinated convertible debt, and firms with senior convertible debt are more likely to deviate from the optimal investment policy.
P-glycoprotein influences the brain concentrations of cetirizine (Zyrtec), a second-generation non-sedating antihistamine.

Recent in vitro studies have suggested that P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and passive membrane permeability may influence the brain concentrations of non-sedating (second-generation) antihistamines. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of Pgp-mediated efflux on the in vivo brain distribution of the non-sedating antihistamine cetirizine (Zyrtec), and the structurally related sedating (first-generation) antihistamine hydroxyzine (Atarax). In vitro MDR1-MDCKII monolayer efflux assays demonstrated that cetirizine was a Pgp substrate (B-->A/A-->B + GF120918 ratio = 5.47) with low/moderate passive permeability (PappB-->A = 56.5 nm/s). In vivo, the cetirizine brain-to-free plasma concentration ratios (0.367 to 4.30) were 2.3- to 8.7-fold higher in Pgp-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, hydroxyzine was not a Pgp substrate in vitro (B-->A/A-->B ratio = 0.86), had high passive permeability (PappB-->A + GF120918 = 296 nm/s), and had brain-to-free plasma concentration ratios >73 in both Pgp-deficient and wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that Pgp-mediated efflux and passive permeability contribute to the low cetirizine brain concentrations in mice and that these properties account for the differences in the sedation side-effect profiles of cetirizine and hydroxyzine.
A note on the definition of pH

Abstract Some considerations are presented towards the possible establishment of a rational definition of pH and remarks are made concerning Valensi's suggested definition based upon the concept of compensated ionic activity coefficient.
Endothelial Cell-Mediated Antigen Presentation

Immune recognition of endothelial cells (ECs) has been implicated in a number of vascular diseases. Although ECs have been shown to stimulate T lymphocytes in vitro, these conditions were not physi
Release of Phosphorus from Phytate by Natural Lactic Acid Fermentation

Natural lactic acid fermentation of corn significantly reduced phytate levels and thus increased the amount of Fiske-Subbarow positive phosphorus (free). Sixteen bacterial strains isolated from a natural lactic fermentation of corn meal had active phytases.
A Full-Duplex, Single-Frequency-Controlled Phased Array

A full-duplex frequency-controlled phased array is demonstrated. Scanning is achieved through the use of a single VCO without any change in the radiated frequency. A compact, novel feed network is designed to distribute the VCO signal to a set of heterodyne mixers. Patterns in both transmit and receive mode demonstrate 40deg of scanning
"Do I know you?" The role of significant others in general social perception.

This research used an idiographic method to examine the proposition that significant others are mentally represented as well-organized person categories that can influence social perception even more than representations of nonsignificant others, stereotypes, or traits. Together, Studies 1 and 2 showed that significant-other representations are richer, more distinctive, and more cognitively accessible than the other categories. Study 3 replicated the accessibility data and gauged inferential power by indirectly activating each category in a learning trial about a fictional person and then testing recognition memory. The results showed that participants made more category-consistent false-positive errors about targets who activated significant others vs. any other category. This constitutes the first experimental demonstration of transference and has implications both for social categorization and for basic personality processes.
Spectral Mixture Analysis of the Urban Landscape in Indianapolis with Landsat ETM+ Imagery

This paper examines characteristics of urban land-use and land-cover (LULC) classes using spectral mixture analysis (SMA), and develops a conceptual model for characterizing urban LULC patterns. A Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of Indianapolis City was used in this research and a minimum noise fraction (MNF) transform was employed to convert the ETM+ image into principal components. Five image endmembers (shade, green vegetation, impervious surface, dry soil, and dark soil) were selected, and an unconstrained least-squares solution was used to un-mix the MNF components into fraction images. Different combinations of three or four endmembers were evaluated. The best fraction images were chosen to classify LULC classes based on a hybrid procedure that combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms. The results indicate that the SMAbased approach significantly improved classification accuracy as compared to the maximum-likelihood classifier. The fraction images were found to be effective for characterizing the urban landscape patterns.
XPAND: an efficient test stimulus compression technique

Combinational circuits implemented with exclusive-or gates are used for on-chip generation of deterministic test patterns from compressed seeds. Unlike major test compression techniques, this technique doesn't require test pattern generation with don't cares. Experimental results on industrial designs demonstrate that this new XPAND technique achieves exponential reduction in test data volume and test time compared to traditional scan and significantly outperforms existing test compression tools. The XPAND technique is currently being used by several industrial designs.
Molecular simulation of adsorption sites of light gases in the metal-organic framework IRMOF-1

Abstract Molecular simulations are known to be able to reproduce many experimental isotherms of adsorbates in the metal-organic framework IRMOF-1. Here, we show that also the positions and occupations of the adsorption sites of argon and nitrogen match well with experiments. At 30 K the molecules are localized around their crystallographic sites, while at room temperature the molecules are spread throughout the pore volume. The orientations found for individual nitrogen molecules differ from those found experimentally, although the average orientations agree well. We elucidate the pore filling mechanism for both argon and nitrogen. In addition we compute the binding energy at sites for individual argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, and propane molecules and show that for all molecules the preferred site is near the zinc–oxygen cluster in the cavities where the linkers point outward. The second site, higher in energy, is near the zinc–oxygen cluster in the cavities where the linkers point inward, and the least energetically favorable site is above and beneath the linker molecule. We explain why the site in the smaller cavities is only filled up at high loadings.
Factors Shaping Physicians’ Willingness to Accommodate Medication Requests

Medical decisions, including physicians' prescribing behaviors, are shaped by a complex interplay of clinical and nonclinical factors. We aim to determine how physician, patient, and relationship characteristics influence physicians' decisions to accommodate brand-name prescription drug requests. We applied multivariate logistic regression to data from the Attitudinal and Behavioral Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Promotion of Prescription Drugs physician survey. We used a national probability sample of 500 primary care and specialty physicians reporting on a clinical encounter that involved a prescription drug request. Independent variables include physician's assessment of the patient's understanding of risks and benefits of a requested medication, whether the patient had the condition the drug treats, duration of the clinical relationship, and physician's age, area of practice, years of experience, and gender. These variables were used to predict whether the physician prescribed the requested drug. Physicians were more willing to accommodate requests when they believed that patients had a clear understanding of the drug's risks and when patients had the condition the drug treats. Primary care practitioners, compared to specialists, had higher odds of prescribing a requested drug. We conclude that clinical and communicative factors shape physicians' decisions to prescribe requested brand-name drugs. Findings offer insight into the influence that direct-to-consumer advertising can have in medical encounters, and may guide efforts to enhance physician-patient communication and shared decision making.
On the Time Dynamics of Optical Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence With Feedback

In the turbulent atmosphere, wavefront predistortion based on receiver-to-transmitter feedback can significantly improve the performance of optical communication systems that employ sparse aperture transmit and receive spatial diversity. The time evolution of the atmosphere, as wind moves turbulent eddies across the propagation path, can limit any improvement realized by wavefront predistortion with feedback. The improvement is especially limited if the latency is large or the feedback rate is small compared to the time it takes for turbulent eddies to move across the link. In this paper, we develop a physics based channel model that describes the time evolution of atmospheric turbulence. Based on that channel model, we derive theoretical expressions relating latencies - such as feedback latency and channel state estimate latency - and feedback rate to optimal performance. Specifically, we find the theoretical optimal average bit error rate as a function of fundamental parameters such as wind speed, atmospheric coherence length, feedback rate, feedback latency, and channel state estimate latency. Further, we describe a feedback strategy to achieve the optimal bit error rate. We find that the sufficient feedback rate scales linearly with the inverse of the atmospheric coherence time and sub-linearly with the number of transmitters. Under typical turbulence conditions, low-rate feedback, of the order of hundreds of bits per second, with associated latencies of less than milliseconds is sufficient to achieve most of the gain possible from wavefront predistortion.
Conformational stability in dinucleoside phosphate crystals. Semiempirical potential energy calculations for uridylyl-3'-5'-adenosine monophosphate (UpA) and guanylyl-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate (GpC).

Synopsis Classical potential energy calculations were performed for the dinucleoside phosphates UpA and GpC. Two widely accessible low-energy regions of conformation space were found for the u', w pair. That of lowest energy contains conformations similar to helical RNA, with w' and w in the vicinity of 300' and 280°, respectively. All five experimental observations of crystalline GpC, two of ApU, and the helical fragment of ApApA fall in this range. The second lowest region has w' and w at about 20" and 80°, respectively, which is in the general region of one experimentally observed crystalline conformer of UpA, and the nonhelical region of ApApA. It is concluded that GpC and ApU, which were crystallized as either sodium or calcium salts, are shielded from each other in the crystal by the water of hydration and are therefore free to adopt their predicted in vacuo minimum energy helical conformations. By contrast, crystalline UpA had only 112 water per molecule, and was forced into higher energy conformations in order to maximize intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Calm Economics

This column discusses several symptoms of a#x201C;calm economics,a#x201D; including an economic narrative, an economic archetype, insight about causation, awareness about limits, and recognizable generality.
Energy and spin dependence of fission: /sup 1/H and /sup 4/He emission from /sup 1/94Hg compound nuclei

Reactions of /sup 1/2C and /sup 1/9F have been used to produce /sup 1/94Hg compound nuclei at excitation energies of 98 and 142 MeV. This combination of entrance channels permits the separation of energy and spin effects on the exit channels. Fission probability clearly increases with angular momentum at fixed energy. However, there is no increase in the cumulative fission fraction from 98 to 142 MeV for essentially constant spin domain. In contrast the probabilty of /sup 1/H and /sup 4/He evaporation increases rapidly with energy and seems to shield the system from fission.
Practitioner Note: APEC Multilingual International Trade Project Toward End-to-End e-Commerce for SMEs

As Internet use continues to grow worldwide, its potential to facilitate e-commerce and international trade, especially among small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), is well recognised. However, ...
The Importance of Ernest: Poetic Vanguardism and Popular Revolution in Capel Lofft’s Forgotten Epic

In 1839 Britain teetered on the threshold of a revolution. The poet Capel Lofft aspired to trigger it by disseminating his incendiary epic, Ernest; or, Political Regeneration , among the working classes. Ernest narrates the sanguinary triumph of a popular insurgency, and provides a blueprint for founding a democratic-communist republic. This essay seeks to recuperate Lofft and draw attention to his forgotten masterpiece of Chartist poetry. I make a case for Ernest’s literary merit and historical interest, highlighting its standing as the British nineteenth century’s most strident justification of political violence. My reading of the poem shows that Lofft uses a logic of vanguardism to synthesize two deeply antithetical convictions: radical egalitarianism, on the one hand, and belief in the inherent superiority of the poet, on the other. In his eponymous protagonist, Lofft creates a seductive image of the committed artist-revolutionary, and thereby sublimates his own conflicting ideas about the poet’s relation to the demos. Lofft proved incapable of quelling his ambivalence in life, however. He swiftly withdrew Ernest from circulation, stifling his own call to revolt—and ensuring that his poem would be neglected by posterity.
Noteworthy Records of Mexican and Central American Bats

Twenty-seven species of bats which are rare in collections and/or which constitute noteworthy records of range extension are discussed. Two are new to Mexico: 8 to Chiapas, 3 to Veracruz, 4 to Honduras, 6 to Nicaragua, one to Panama, 2 to Guatemala. The systematic status of Sturnira mordax (Goodwin) is discussed. Weights, measurements and biological data are included for most species.
Abortive Reconstruction: Federal War Labor Policies, Union Organization, and the Politics of Race, 1917–1920

During the early months of 1919, the term “Reconstruction,” of concern to few but historians and the friends and foes of D.W. Griffith in the years immediately preceding the Great War, was again on the lips of Americans. Alabama State Federation of Labor President, William L. Harrison, noted that “Since the signing of the Armistice, and the cessation of hostilities, the questions of reconstruction and re-adjustment are being diligently studied by the people generally.” Out of the war, he argued, came “new and progressive ideas on reconstruction.” He was right. As the war ended, dozens of books and articles bearing titles like Reconstructing America, Democracy and Reconstruction, and Social Reconstruction joined a new journal called Reconstruction: A Herald of the New Time. This literature celebrated the role that a strong federal government had played in helping workers secure the right to join unions during the war, and it laid out hopeful plans for what the government might do to solve the “labor question” after the war. Such ideas helped convince Harrison's counterpart, Florida State Federation of Labor President John H. Mackey, that the postwar era would bring “a silver ray which carries with it wondrous tidings for the uplift of the masses.”
Magnesium retention in 12 to 48 month-old children.

Objectives: In adults, adaptation to changes in magnesium intake is largely due to changes in fractional magnesium absorption and urinary magnesium excretion. We sought to examine whether these homeostatic mechanism also occurred in young children.Methods: Children, 12–48m old were studied (n=30). They were adapted to a home diet representative of their usual magnesium intake for 7d then admitted for a stable isotope study. Children received 5mg Mg-25 intravenously, and 10mg Mg-26 orally (5mg with breakfast and 5mg with lunch). Magnesium absorption was calculated from the relative fractional excretion of the oral and intravenous isotopes in the urine samples. Endogenous fecal magnesium absorption was calculated in a subgroup from the fecal and urinary excretion of the intravenous tracer.Results: Magnesium intake (mean ± SD; 106 ± 25mg/d) was significantly greater than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) described by the Institute of Medicine in the US (65 mg/d, p < 0.0001). Across the range of intake ...
Embryonic cardiotoxicity of weak aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and CYP1A inhibitor fluoranthene in the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).

High affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, such as certain polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), cause severe cardiac teratogenesis in fish embryos. Moderately strong AHR agonists, for example benzo[a]pyrene and β-naphthoflavone, are capable of causing similar cardiotoxic effects, particularly when coupled with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) inhibitors (e.g., fluoranthene (FL). Additionally, some weaker AHR agonists (carbaryl, 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, and phenanthrene) are known to also cause cardiotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos when coupled with FL; however, the cardiotoxic effects were not mediated specifically by AHR stimulation. This study was performed to determine if binary exposure to weak AHR agonists and FL were also capable of causing cardiotoxicity in Atlantic killifish Fundulus heteroclitus embryos. Binary exposures were performed in both naive and PAH-adapted killifish embryos to examine resistance to weak agonists and FL binary exposures. Weak agonists used in this study included the following: carbaryl, phenanthrene, 2-methylindole, 3-methylindole, indigo, and indirubin. Carbaryl, indigo, and indirubin induced the highest CYP1 activity levels in naive killifish embryos, but no significant CYP1 induction was observed in the PAH-adapted killifish. Embryos were coexposed to subteratogenic levels of each agonist and 500μg/L FL to assess if binary administration could cause cardiotoxicity. Indigo and indirubin coupled with FL caused cardiac teratogenesis in naive killifish, but coexposures did not produce cardiac chamber abnormalities in the PAH-adapted population. Knockdown of AHR2 in naive killifish embryos did not prevent cardiac teratogenesis. The data suggest a unique mechanism of cardiotoxicity that is not driven by AHR2 activation.
The effects of impurities and heat treatment on the internal friction of tungsten at high temperatures

An improved internal friction technique was used to study the relaxation processes in pure tungsten and the following alloys: commercially doped tungsten (218W), W-1 pct ThO2, 218W-3 pct Re, and 218W-20 pct Re. Internal friction experiments were performed on worked and recrystallized specimens in the temperature range of 300° to 3000°K. The effects of impurities and alloying additions on the damping and recrystallization behavior of tungsten are demonstrated. It is further shown that the internal friction curves can conveniently be used to determine the temperature of primary and secondary recrystallization. The important effect of impurities on the microstructure and high temperature strength is also revealed by the temperature dependence of shear modulus.