cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligned-fields magnetogasdynamic wakes

The effect of compressibility is included here in a study of wakes created in two-dimensional, steady, aligned-fields, magnetogasdynamic flow past obstacles. The gas is assumed to be viscous, resistive, and thermally conducting. With the Oseen type of approximation as well as the magnetogasdynamic boundary-layer approximation, a great simplification in the formulation of wakes results. The boundary-layer equations, although linearized, still retain the coupling between the velocity, the magnetic, and the temperature fields. The solution of the magnetogasdynamic wake, in general, is a superposition of three individual-wake components, each satisfying a diffusion type of equation. Only one of them is capable of extending upstream. Hence the wake picture is generally characterized by a conventional downstream wake with also the possibility of the existence of an upstream one. To be sure, the general features of the magnetogasdynamic wakes in aligned-fields flows are similar to those of an incompressible fluid; however, the flow now, instead of just being subalfvenic, must be subcritical for the upstream wake to occur. That is, the flow condition corresponding to the occurrence of the upstream wake is such that the sum of the square of the Mach number M ∞ and the square of the Alfven number A ∞ is less than unity. Evidently it is the mechanism of magneto-sonic-wave propagation that modifies the transition of wakes from the Alfvenic point A ∞ = 1 (for an incompressible fluid) to the subcritical are $A^2_\infty + M^2_\infty = 1$ in the Taniuti-Resler diagram.
SU‐E‐T‐806: IMRT Technique for CSI: Better Dose Distribution, Simplified Setup, No Need to Shift Junctions

Purpose: To report an IMRT technique for CSI, which reduces the dose to critical structures in cranial area, improves the dose coverage to PTVs and simplifies the setup. Methods: A supine setup was used for both patient comfort and anesthesia administration in pediatric patients. Patient is immobilized with indexed head rest and face mask, and also with indexed vaclock from the mid‐thigh down to feet. Four half beam (Y1=0) IMRT fields with ISO at the level of the chin to cover the cranial PTV. Cranial PTV is consisted with brain volume plus 5mm margin and portion of the C‐spine superior of the ISO with proper margin. From the first ISO the inferior portion has a PA field (PA1). 2nd PA field (PA2) is added in order to cover the spinal PTV. The spinal PTV is the volume of the spinal canal plus 2cm laterally. The inferior extension of this volume is determined by MRI to cover the thecal nerve. The optimization constrains are applied to maximize the dose coverage of both cranial PTV and spinal PTV, to minimize the dose to parotid glands and lens and to achieve better dose homogeneity. There should be several cm overlap between the two PA fields. During the optimization the leaf sequence forms step wedges in the overlap area and widens the penumbra of these two fields. This makes it more forgiving to the daily patient setup variations. Results: There is 32.8% reduction in mean parotid gland dose, 46.2% reduction for max lens dose without losing dose coverage to brain PTV, compared with the opposite lateral fields setup. The dose homogeneity for the spinal PTV is improved. And the setup is greatly simplified. Conclusions: We have developed a technique which reduces the dose to critical structures and improves the dose coverage and simplifies the setup in CSI.
Using the palaeontological record of Microtus to test species distribution models and reveal responses to climate change

Aim We used newly identified fossil specimens to reconstruct the Quaternary distributions of five Microtus species (Rodentia: Arvicolinae) from the Pacific coast of the United States. We used these distributions to test the hypothesis that when projected onto past, alternative climate surfaces, species distribution models (SDMs) created using only climate variables are concordant with the empirical data of fossil Microtus species occurrences. Location Specimens from 11 fossil localities in California, Oregon and Nevada were identified and evaluated. Methods Geometric morphometrics and discriminant analyses were used to identify fossil Microtus specimens. Using a maximum-entropy modelling approach, the best model for all five species was selected using the Akaike information criterion. Nineteen bioclimate variables were used to create SDMs for the five Microtus species using both Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) models. Results We confidently identified 144 Microtus fossils, including the first fossil specimens of Microtus oregoni and Microtus townsendii. SDMs reconstructed approximately half the extralimital fossil occurrences (i.e. those found outside the present-day range). Those species with extralimital occurrences not reconstructed have niche models primarily influenced by precipitation variables. The two species whose extralimitals were well predicted occupy indistinguishable climatic niches. Main conclusions The ranges of Pacific coast Microtus species have undergone substantial regional contractions since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka). Inconsistencies between LGM SDMs and Quaternary fossil ranges indicate potential problems with LGM precipitation reconstructions, although interspecific interactions are also likely to contribute to these differences. Overall, the study highlights the need for further, detailed, species-level palaeodistributions to put recent observations in a broader temporal context and examine the effectiveness of SDMs coupled with climate models for predicting range dynamics under scenarios of climate change.
Quadratic identities for Ising model correlations

Abstract Quadratic identities for Ising model correlations on a general planar lattice are derived. For the ordinary Ising model, they imply the nonlinear partial difference equations of McCoy and Wu. At the critical temperature Hirota's discrete-time Toda equation is found.
Decreased use of post-renal transplant imaging

Abstract Objectives. The current need to evaluate necessity and cost of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures extends to transplant services. We reviewed our experience over the past 3 years as we have moved away from routine post-transplant nuclear medicine scans, ultrasounds, and cystograms. Methods. From January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1994, 252 kidney transplants were performed at Virginia Mason Medical Center. There were 74 live donor and 178 cadaver donor kidneys transplanted. The records of these patients were reviewed for the type and number of post-transplant imaging done during their initial hospitalization. Results. During the study period, the number of post-transplant imaging studies per patient decreased from 2.7 to 1.4 (P - 0.000), the percentage of patients discharged without any studies rose from 2.8% to 24.4% (P = 0.001), and the trend in 1-year actual graft survival increased from 84.7% to 93.0% (P = 0.187). Conclusions. Post-transplant imaging studies can be safely reduced. Many patients with good initial graft function can avoid having any studies.
Recent advances in the sample preparation, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis and environmental fate of microcystins in water

Abstract This review article covers recent developments in the analysis of microcystins (MCs), the natural toxins produced in cyanobacterial blooms that occur in many eutrophic waters. We report applications of new extraction methodologies, such as immunosorbents for sample preparation, and current advances in liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for detection and identification of new transformation products. Due to the complex nature of MCs, there is a growing interest in analyzing MCs and characterizing their transformation products. The widespread occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic resources that are used for drinking water supply has raised public health concern. In addition, the presence of MCs in surface waters has resulted in poisoning animals and killing fish worldwide. For this reason, we review the fate of MCs in surface waters, and include current knowledge about how various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and sunlight, influence the biodegradation of these toxins under natural conditions. Lastly, we also discuss studies that investigate the potential removal mechanisms of MCs from drinking water supplies, such as advance oxidation processes.
Analysis of Supersonic-Hypersonic Flutter of Lifting Surfaces at Angle of Attack

Several important features of supersonic-hypersonic flutter of lifting surfaces at angle of attack are highlighted in an exploratory study. Three simple analytical methods—a modified strip analysis incorporating shock expansion theory, modified Newtonian flow theory, and local flow piston theory—are employed in order to avoid the usual limitations of piston theory and Newtonian flow theory with regard to Mach number range, angle-of-attack range, and airfoil section. Illustrative flutter calculations have been made for two rectangular wings with diamond airfoils and with pitch and translational degrees of freedom. Results from the modified strip analysis and from the modified Newtonian flow theory are in reasonable agreement with limited available experimental data for Mach number 10, but results from the local flow piston theory are unconservative. The calculations show a typical degradation of flutter-speed index with increasing angle of attack, which at low angles of attack is most pronounced for thin sections. For some airfoil shapes, however, a forward location of the center of gravity may mitigate the degradation at low to moderate angles of attack and essentially postpone it until shock detachment conditions are approached. As angle of attack is increased, or Mach number is decreased toward the shock detachment condition, a sharp drop in flutter speed index is predicted by the methods that account for detachment. Thus, the vicinity of shock detachment is indicated to be a critical region for supersonic-hypersonic flutter.
Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Current plant and animal diversity preserves at most 1–2% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years. But understanding the evolutionary impact of these extinctions requires a variety of metrics. The traditional measurement is loss of taxa (species or a higher category) but in the absence of phylogenetic information it is difficult to distinguish the evolutionary depth of different patterns of extinction: the same species loss can encompass very different losses of evolutionary history. Furthermore, both taxic and phylogenetic measures are poor metrics of morphologic disparity. Other measures of lost diversity include: functional diversity, architectural components, behavioral and social repertoires, and developmental strategies. The canonical five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic reveals the loss of different, albeit sometimes overlapping, aspects of loss of evolutionary history. The end-Permian mass extinction (252 Ma) reduced all measures of diversity. The same was not true of other episodes, differences that may reflect their duration and structure. The construction of biodiversity reflects similarly uneven contributions to each of these metrics. Unraveling these contributions requires greater attention to feedbacks on biodiversity and the temporal variability in their contribution to evolutionary history. Taxic diversity increases after mass extinctions, but the response by other aspects of evolutionary history is less well studied. Earlier views of postextinction biotic recovery as the refilling of empty ecospace fail to capture the dynamics of this diversity increase.
A system for quantifying the informativeness and efficiency of the connected speech of adults with aphasia.

A standardized rule-based scoring system, the Correct Information Unit (CIU) analysis, was used to evaluate the informativeness and efficiency of the connected speech of 20 non-brain-damaged adults...
EFFECTS OF MORPHINE-3-GLUCURONIDE ON THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF PEPTIDE AND NONPEPTIDE OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN MICE

Abstract The effects of morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), a metabolite of morphine, were determined on the antinociceptive actions, as measured by the tail flick test, of morphine, a μ-opioid receptor agonist, of U-50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist, of [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE), a δ 1 -opioid receptor agonist, and of [ d -Ala 2 ,Glu 4 ]deltorphin II (deltorphin II), a δ 2 -opioid receptor agonist in mice. Morphine administered ICV (2.5 μg/mouse) or SC (10 mg/kg), U-50,488H (25 mg/kg, IP), DPDPE (15 μg/mouse; ICV), and deltorphin II (15 μg/mouse, ICV) produced antinociception in mice. Intraperitoneal or ICV injections of M3G did not produce any effect on the tail flick latency nor did it affect the antinociception-induced by morphine, U-50,488H, DPDPE, or deltorphin II. Previously M3G has been shown to antagonize the antinociceptive effects of morphine in the rat. It is concluded that in the mouse, M3G neither produces hyperalgesia nor modifies the actions of μ-, κ-, δ 1 -, or δ 2 -opioid receptor agonists.
An integrated portable hand-held analyser for real-time isothermal nucleic acid amplification.

Abstract A compact hand-held heated fluorometric instrument for performing real-time isothermal nucleic acid amplification and detection is described. The optoelectronic instrument combines a Printed Circuit Board/Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (PCB/MEMS) reaction detection/chamber containing an integrated resistive heater with attached miniature LED light source and photo-detector and a disposable glass waveguide capillary to enable a mini-fluorometer. The fluorometer is fabricated and assembled in planar geometry, rolled into a tubular format and packaged with custom control electronics to form the hand-held reactor. Positive or negative results for each reaction are displayed to the user using an LED interface. Reaction data is stored in FLASH memory for retrieval via an in-built USB connection. Operating on one disposable 3 V lithium battery >12, 60 min reactions can be performed. Maximum dimensions of the system are 150 mm (h) × 48 mm (d) × 40 mm (w), the total instrument weight (with battery) is 140 g. The system produces comparable results to laboratory instrumentation when performing a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) reaction, and also displayed comparable precision, accuracy and resolution to laboratory-based real-time nucleic acid amplification instrumentation. A good linear response (R2 = 0.948) to fluorescein gradients ranging from 0.5 to 10 μM was also obtained from the instrument indicating that it may be utilized for other fluorometric assays. This instrument enables an inexpensive, compact approach to in-field genetic screening, providing results comparable to laboratory equipment with rapid user feedback as to the status of the reaction.
Investigation of luminescence and non-linear optical properties of hetero n-i-p-i superlattices

Abstract Hetero n-i-p-i crystals are periodic arrays of n- and p-doped layers with interspersed undoped (i-) layers of a different, smaller band gap semiconductor. They combine the interesting and useful tunability of conventional doping superlattices (“n-i-p-i crystals”) with the only weakly broadened subhand structure of modulation-doped hetero-structure superlattices. Two different versions of such superlattices will be discussed. The first temperature-, intensity-, and time-dependent luminescence measurements on “type-II hetero n-i-p-i's” confirm the expected fine structure of the luminescence spectra. New non-linear optical phenomena like absorption oversaturation are predicted for “type-I hetero n-i-p-i's”.
Thermal Rectification in Similar and Dissimilar Metal Contacts

An investigation was conducted to verify experimentally the existence of thermal rectification and to determine the effect of surface roughness and material type. Four pairs of test specimens were evaluated: one with a smooth Nickel 200 surface in contact with a rough Nickel 200 surface, one with a smooth Stainless Steel 304 surface in contact with a rough Stainless Steel 304 surface, one with a smooth Nickel 200 surface in contact with a rough Stainless Steel 304 surface, and finally, one with a smooth Stainless Steel 304 surface in contact with a rough Nickel 200 surface. The thermal contact conductance was measured for heat flow from both the smooth to rough and rough to smooth configurations for all four parts. The results indicate that thermal rectification is a function of surface characteristics, material type, and heat flow direction. For similar materials in contact, some thermal rectification was observed with heat flow from the rough surface to the smooth surface resulting in a higher value of contact conductance. For dissimilar materials, the thermal contact conductance was highest when the heat flow was from the Stainless Steel 304 to Nickel 200. In these cases, the surface roughness was shown to be ofmore » secondary importance.« less
CMOS compatible micro-oven heater for efficient thermal control of silicon photonic devices

Abstract We present a heater design for efficient thermo-optic control of silicon photonic devices. The oven-shaped heater is simply realized by using metal contacts/via's in a standard CMOS process. We found both theoretically and experimentally that the micro-oven doubles the heating efficiency over traditional metal strip heaters. Compared to existing high efficiency heater designs, the oven heater is more robust and most importantly it can be easily integrated into electro-optic modulator devices.
Electrochemical observations in microbiological processes. Growth of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans. II

The electrochemical activity of the individual chemicals in the nutrient medium for growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans was studied along with the effect of the gases in equilibrium with their solutions. Several chemicals were active individually; however, the magnitudes, as measured by changes in half-cell potential, were less than that observed when T. thiooxidans was present in their composite mixture. Sterilized Skerman's mineral salts and the American Type Culture Collection (without ferrous sulfate) media were not sensitive electrochemically to changes from pure oxygen to nitrogen atmospheres. When T. thiooxidans was present in these media, the biological half-cell emf became sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere in equilibrium with the organism and nutrient. The ability of T. thiooxidans to make an electrochemical contribution, as registered by a platinum electrode, is substantiated further by these investigations.
The paradox of drowned reefs and carbonate platforms

Shallow-water carbonate platforms and reefs are drowned when tectonic subsidence or rising sea level outpaces carbonate accumulation, and benthonic carbonate production ceases. Drowned platforms are common in the geologic record, but they present a paradox if one considers rates of processes involved. During the early Holocene, when sea level rose at rates of 6,000 to 10,000 µm/yr (= mm/1,000 yr), most reefs and platforms were outpaced by the rising sea. During the late Holocene with sea level rising 500 to 3,000 µm/yr in the Atlantic-Caribbean area, reefs and platforms started to recover, built to sea level, and prograded seaward, 1,000 µm/yr is thus a conservative estimate of the average growth potential of modern reefs and platforms. Independently, accumulation rates of prograding platforms in the geologic record suggest growth potential in excess of several hundred microns per year. The growth potential of 1,000 µm/yr exceeds any relative rise of sea level caused by long-term processes in the geologic record. Newly formed ocean crust subsides at a maximum of 250 µm/yr, basin subsidence averages 10 to 100 µm/yr, and sea level rises due to increased sea-floor spreading amount to less than 10 µm/yr. Rapid pulses of relative rise of sea level or reduction of benthic growth by deterioration of the environment remain the only plausible explanations of drowning. The geologic record shows examples of both of these processes. Global mass extinctions of reefs and platforms occurred in the middle Cretaceous (eustatic rise due to submarine volcanism or desiccation of a small ocean basin?) and the Late Devonian (global crisis of ocean environment, extraterrestrial cause?). Drowning controlled by regional tectonics prevailed in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Tethyan realm, and the drowning of Mesozoic platforms in the western North Atlantic seems to have been dictated by plate-tectonic drift to higher latitudes.
On the attitude recovery of an underactuated spacecraft using two control moment gyroscopes

In recent years there has been a growing interest in development and utilization of small satellites (smallsats) for scientific missions using single or multiple spacecraft (SC). Due to their small size and low mass, it is not generally possible to equip smallsats with redundant actuators. In case of a failure in the SC's attitude control actuators, one has to reconfigure the control laws in order to maintain the SC's attitude by using only the remaining healthy actuators. In this work, an algorithm that is based on nonholonomic control theory and hybrid control systems is presented for recovery of an underactuated axis-symmetric SC (having only two control torque channels). Our goal is that the recovered SC, in addition to being stabilized, can slew to a desired attitude. Using Lyapunov analysis, the asymptotic stability of the system is guaranteed by employing the proposed control law. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the performance capabilities of the recovered system.
Engineering and characterization of a single chain surrogate light chain variable domain.

The surrogate light chain (SLC) is a key regulator of B cell development in the bone marrow, resulting in mature B cells that produce antibodies that are capable of interacting with antigens. The SLC comprises two noncovalently interacting proteins: VpreB and 14.1. We engineered a construct to represent the complete immunoglobulin-like domain of the SLC variable domain in a single protein chain that could be bacterially expressed. In this construct, the incomplete immunoglobulin domain of VpreB (residues 1–102) was linked to the J-segment of 14.1 (residues 40–53), which provided one β-strand to complete the V-like domain (VpreBJ). Because VpreBJ has the interface to VH chains, but lacks the unique region of 14.1, which is important for SLC signaling, we predict that a properly folded VpreBJ would have the potential to act as a dominant negative mutant of the surrogate light chain. X-ray crystallography of VpreBJ at 2.0 A resolution showed that the engineering was successful. With its two β-pleated sheets, packed face-to-face, the single chain VpreBJ resembles a mature light chain immunoglobulin V-domain (VL). The surface that would normally interact with the VH chain interacts with a crystallographically related VpreBJ molecule. The presence of dimeric species in solution was verified by analytical ultracentrifugation. VpreBJ is easily overexpressed in bacteria, while retaining the native conformation of an immunoglobulin domain, and thus may serve as an important reagent for future studies in B-cell development.
Imagining the Abject in Kingsley, MacDonald, and Carroll: Disrupting Dominant Values and Cultural Identity in Children’s Literature

Jenkins re-reads the fiction of Kingsley, MacDonald, and Carroll, foundational authors of imaginative children’s literature, to reveal abjection integrated into these texts. Kingsley, MacDonald, and Carroll all construct instances where the abject transgresses culturally-established boundaries, demands recognition, and refuses repression or exile to redefine the other as indispensable in culture. Specifically, Jenkins illustrates how The Water-Babies depicts a binary relationship between abjection and culture, yet nonetheless hints at polyvalent meanings, competing values, and the instability of culture’s Symbolic Order; MacDonald’s Princess books provide a more complex relationship by creating worlds of integrated values and an inclusive environment, and Carroll’s Alice stories offer fantasies where the abject infiltrates the Symbolic Order, challenging rather than being transposed, and undermines stability.
EFFECTS OF STRESS AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION ON INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN BRASSICA RAPA

Stressful environments are often said to increase the expression of inbreeding depression. Alternatively, Crow's “opportunity for selection” (the squared phenotypic coefficient of variation) sets a limit to how much selection can occur, constraining the magnitude of inbreeding depression. To test these hypotheses, we planted self- and cross-fertilized seeds of Brassica rapa into a factorial experiment that varied plant density and saline watering stresses. We then repeated the experiment, reducing the salt concentration. We observed considerable inbreeding depression, particularly for survival in the first experiment and growth in the second. Both stresses independently depressed plant performance. Families differed in their amounts of inbreeding depression and reaction norms across environments. Outcrossed progeny were sometimes more variable. Stresses had small and inconsistent effects on inbreeding depression and, when significant, tended to diminish it. Levels of phenotypic variability often predicted whether inbreeding depression would increase or decrease across environments and were particularly effective in predicting which traits display the most inbreeding depression. Thus, we find little support for the stress hypothesis and mixed support for the phenotypic variability hypothesis. Variable levels of phenotypic variation provide a parsimonious explanation for shifts in inbreeding depression that should be tested before invoking more complex hypotheses.
Does Moralization Motivate Smokers to Quit? A Longitudinal Study of Representative Samples of Smokers in the United States and Denmark

Introduction Moralization refers to the gradual cultural and personal process by which objects or activities move from being morally neutral to morally contemptuous. Research suggests important cross-cultural differences in how smokers react to being targets of moralization. However, research has not examined whether smokers who agree with moralized sentiments about smoking are more willing to quit or reduce their smoking. Additionally, the mediating role of perceived personal risk has not been examined. Methods In this study, representative samples of smokers in Denmark (a smoking lenient country; N = 429) and the United States (a smoking prohibitive country; N = 431) completed surveys 6 months apart. Results As expected, Danish smokers (compared to U.S. smokers) moralized less and estimated that their personal risk of lung cancer was smaller. Furthermore, moralization at T1 predicted an increase in perceived personal risk at T2 (for Danish smokers and marginally for U.S. smokers), a decrease in smoking behaviors (for Danish smokers only), and an increase in quitting intentions (marginally for Danish smokers only). For Danish smokers, perceived personal risk mediated the relationship between moralization and quitting intentions. Conclusions Moralization predicted an increase in perceived personal risk, an increase in quitting intentions, and a reduction in smoking behaviors, especially for the Danish sample. Future research should examine the effects of moralization in different cultural contexts.
An appraisal of Impregon as a deterrent of domestic fungus growth

Abstract Impregon ∗ ∗Marketed by Fleming & Co., St. Louis, Mo. brand of tetrachlorsalicylanilide (TCSA) has been proffered widely as a household fungistatic agent, although its value remains unproved. To assess its effects, this agent was used as a laundry and paint additive and as a treatment for burlap rug backing; after recommended applications of Impregon, coded replicate materials were inoculated with mixed suspensions of fungus particles. No difference was evident in fungus growth points on fabric swatches washed in tap water with and without Impregon. However, growth on both of these was significantly greater than on samples laundered in tap water using only a commercial soap or liquid detergent. Fungus soiling of burlap was not clearly diminished by prescribed applications of Impregon solution 3 mo previously. Similarly, the addition of this argent to paint did not suppress fungus growth on Masonite plaques to which it had been applied. However, comparable levels of Impregon incorporated into agar media substantially inhibited spore germination. These findings suggest that the bioavailability of TCSA is insufficient to provide desired household antifungal effects when Impregon is used in accord with current recommendations.
Research on Pedestrian’s Detection Based on the Integration of AdaBoost Algorithm and Shape Features

In this Paper, Propose a Pedestrian Detection Method that Based on Adaboost Algorithm and Pedestrian Shape Features Integration. First According to the Collected Pedestrian True, False Sample, Selected the Characteristics of the Extended Class Haar, Adopt Adaboost Algorithm Training Get Pedestrian Classifier to Split the Initial Candidate Region of All Pedestrians in the Image. in this Paper, Propose an Adaptive Threshold Weight Update Method, Significantly Reduced the Number of the Characteristics of Strong Classifier, Optimize the Classifier Structure, Reduce the Complexity of the Algorithm; Meanwhile, the Online Update Detector, Improving the Reliability of the Detector. Pedestrian Leg Have Strong Vertical Edge Symmetry Characteristic so that Extracted the Vertical Edge Detection in the Initial Candidate Region, According to the Symmetry Determine the Vertical Axis of Symmetry, Combined with the Morphological Characteristics of Pedestrians to Determine the Width and Height Characteristics of the Pedestrian, to Determine the Pedestrian Candidate Region, Finally, Put a Further Validation to the Pedestrian Candidate Region.
The LilyPad Arduino: using computational textiles to investigate engagement, aesthetics, and diversity in computer science education

The advent of novel materials (such as conductive fibers) combined with accessible embedded computing platforms have made it possible to re-imagine the landscapes of fabric and electronic crafts--extending these landscapes with the creative range of electronic/computational textiles or e-textiles. This paper describes the LilyPad Arduino, a fabric-based construction kit that enables novices to design and build their own soft wearables and other textile artifacts. The kit consists of a microcontroller and an assortment of sensors and actuators in stitch-able packages; these elements can be sewn to cloth substrates and each other with conductive thread to build e-textiles. This paper will introduce the latest version of the kit; reflect on its affordances; present the results of our most recent user studies; and discuss possible directions for future work in the area of personalized e-textile design and its relation to technology education.
Dairy intake, dietary adequacy, and lactose intolerance

Despite repeated emphasis in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on the importance of calcium in the adult American diet and the recommendation to consume 3 dairy servings a day, dairy intake remains well below recommendations. Insufficient health professional awareness of the benefits of calcium and concern for lactose intolerance are among several possible reasons, This mini-review highlights both the role of calcium (and of dairy, its principal source in modern diets) in health maintenance and reviews the means for overcoming lactose intolerance (real or perceived).
Dynamics of triton-insoluble and triton-soluble F-actin pools in calcium-activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Evidence for regulation by gelsolin

Gelsolin, a Caf+ activated, 90 kd actin binding protein, can regulate actin polymerization in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) via severing of filaments to dissolve gels or by capping of filament ends to limit polymerization. In Triton-lysed PMNs, 30% of gelsolin is bound to the Triton-soluble F-actin (TSF) pool and none is bound to the Triton-insoluble F-actin (TIF) pool. Calciumactivated PMNs exhibit concurrent temporal and quantitative TIF growth and TSF and total F-actin loss. To determine if gelsolin plays a role in regulating TSF pool size, we monitored gelsolin-actin interactions and TIF, TSF and G-actin content at 5 second intervals in PMNs activated with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. Actin pools were measured by NBDphallacidin binding and by gel scans and expressed relative to basal; gelsolin-actin interactions were measured as change in the amount of EGTA-resistant gelso1in:actin (G:A) complexes and by immunoblot quantification of gelsolin in actin pools. In basal PMNs, 33% of PMN gelsolin is bound in 1: 1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes and TSF and TIF retain 30% and 0% of PMN gelsolin, respectively. By 20 seconds after ionomycin addition, TSF decreases, TIF increases and a fraction of gelsolin repartitions from the TSF to the TIF pool. At maximum change (60 seconds), total F-actin (TIF + TSF) and TSF decrease and TIF increases by 25%; gelsolin is bound to both TSF and TIF (35% of total gelsolin in each pool), and 1 : 1 EGTA-resistant G:A complexes increase from 33% to 70%. No changes occur in cells activated by ionomycin in the absence of Cat + . The data show Ca+ + activated TIF growth and TSF loss are temporally and quantitatively associated with an increase in the percent of gelsolin bound to actin and the translocation of gelsolin from TSF to TIF. This is unique, since no other PMN activator is known to repartition gelsolin into TIF actin. Further, the Cat + activated initial increase in TIF concurrent with a fall in TSF without a change in total F-actin or G-actin content suggest that TIF grows initially only by TSF annealing/cross-linking to TIF. Gelsolin may regulate these events. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adults with childhood-onset chronic conditions admitted to US pediatric and adult intensive care units

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to compare demographics, intensive care unit (ICU) admission characteristics, and ICU outcomes among adults with childhood-onset chronic conditions (COCCs) admitted to US pediatric and adult ICUs. Materials and methods Retrospective cross-sectional analyses of 6088 adults aged 19 to 40 years admitted in 2008 to 70 pediatric ICUs that participated in the Virtual Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Performance Systems and 50 adult ICUs that participated in Project IMPACT. Results Childhood-onset chronic conditions were present in 53% of young adults admitted to pediatric units, compared with 9% of those in adult units. The most common COCC in both groups were congenital cardiac abnormalities, cerebral palsy, and chromosomal abnormalities. Adults with COCC admitted to pediatric units were significantly more likely to be younger, have lower functional status, and be nontrauma patients than those in adult units. The median ICU length of stay was 2 days, and the intensive care unit mortality rate was 5% for all COCC patients with no statistical difference between pediatric or adult units. Conclusions There are marked differences in characteristics between young adults with COCC admitted to pediatric ICUs and adult ICUs. Barriers to accommodating these young adults may be reasons why many such adults have not transitioned from pediatric to adult critical care.
BMP‐2 delivered via sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) improves bone repair in a rat open fracture model

Human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are an alternative to bone graft for the treatment of high-energy open fractures. The standard delivery system for BMP-2 is a porous collagen sponge, but we have previously found that the biocompatible, high viscosity carrier, Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) is an effective and potentially less invasive alternative. The efficacy of SAIB as a BMP-2 delivery system was examined in an open fracture model featuring a femoral osteotomy with periosteal stripping in 9-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats. SAIB containing BMP-2 (SAIB/BMP-2) was delivered into the fracture site during surgery and an additional group was further co-treated with zoledronic acid and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (SAIB/BMP-2/HA/ZA). These were compared to untreated fractures and SAIB carrier alone (negative controls), and BMP-2 loaded collagen sponge (positive control). The rate of radiographic union and the biomechanical properties of the healed fractures were compared after 6-week. Untreated and SAIB-treated fractures showed poor repair, with 53% and 64%, respectively, not bridged at 6 week. In contrast, collagen/BMP-2, SAIB/BMP-2, and SAIB/BMP-2/HA/ZA showed significantly increased union (100%, 100%, and 94%, respectively, p < 0.05). Four-point bend testing revealed that collagen/BMP-2 and SAIB/BMP-2/HA/ZA restored the strength of fractured femora to that of intact femora by 6 week, whereas untreated and SAIB remained less than intact controls by 60% and 67%, respectively (p < 0.05). Overall, the SAIB/BMP-2/HA/ZA formulation was comparable to BMP-2 infused collagen sponge in terms of promoting open fractures repair, but with the additional potential for less invasive delivery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1168-1176, 2016.
Spinal Cord Injury: Evidence-Based Medicine, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications

Traumatic spinal cord injury can result in devastating motor and sensory deficits with resulting significant morbidity. Sequelae of spinal cord injury can include not only loss of upper and lower extremity function but potentially respiratory, urinary, and autonomic dysfunction with both acute and chronic complications. Currently, there is no available effective treatment for reversing neurologic deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury. Minimizing primary injury and preventing secondary injury depend on appropriate multidisciplinary management by first responders, trauma and spinal surgeons, and neurocritical care physicians. In this chapter, key clinical and neurologic assessment modalities, injury classification schemes, and critical care and surgical treatment strategies are outlined.
A Discouraging Description of Introducing Family Therapy in an Institution: Discussion of Dr. Goodrich’s Paper

Dr. Goodrich has given us an excellent description of the two major ways that family therapy training can get introduced into psychiatric training. I want to delineate three main influences that impact on this change: (a) There is the administrative and financial support that is available and the commitment to it of the training director and the person in charge of the institution. (b) It will be influenced by the population of patients being served and the commitment of the institution to that population. (c) It will be determined by certain aspects of the ideology of the institution.
Plasma Amylin and Cognition in Diabetes in the Absence and the Presence of Insulin Treatment

Background: Plasma amylin is positively associated with cognitive function in humans. Amylin treatment improves memory in Alzheimer’s mouse models. However, the relationship between plasma amylin, diabetes and cognition is not clear. Objectives: In this study we examined the concentration of plasma amylin, its relationship with diabetes and cognition. Material and Method: A cross-sectional, homebound elderly population with data of plasma amylin under fasting condition and cognitive measurements was used. Results: We found that subjects with a long and chronic duration of diabetes were more likely to take insulin treatment and have reduced secretion of amylin. Compared to non-diabetics, diabetic subjects without insulin treatment had a higher concentration, but those with insulin treatment had a lower concentration, of plasma amylin [median (Q1, Q3): 20 (11.0, 36.2) vs. 25.2 (13.2, 50.6) vs. 15.0 (4.9, 33.8), p<0.0001]. In the whole sample vs. in the absence of diabetes, plasma amylin was positively associated with logical memory delayed recall (β= +0.61, SE=0.25, p=0.02 vs. β=+0.80, SE=0.33, p=0.02) and block design (β=+0.62, SE=0.24, p=0.009 vs. β=+0.93, SE=0.31, p=0.003), and negatively associated with Trailmaking A scores (β=-6.21, SE=1.55, p<0.0001 vs. β=- 7.51, SE=1.95, p=0.0001) and Trailmaking B (β=-4.32, SE=2.13, p=0.04 vs. β=-5.86, SE=2.73, p=0.04). All these relationships disappeared in the presence of diabetes regardless the treatment. Conclusion: This study suggests that secretion of amylin by pancreas compensates and then deteriorates depending on the duration of diabetes. Amylin’s activities for cognition are impaired in the presence of diabetes.
Mechanically Induced Catalytic Amplification Reaction for Readout of Receptor‐Mediated Cellular Forces

Mechanics play a fundamental role in cell biology, but detecting piconewton (pN) forces is challenging because of a lack of accessible and high throughput assays. A mechanically induced catalytic amplification reaction (MCR) for readout of receptor-mediated forces in cells is described. Mechanically labile DNA duplexes presenting ligands are surface immobilized such that specific receptor forces denature the duplex and thus expose a blocked primer. Amplification of primers is achieved using an isothermal polymerization reaction and quantified by fluorescence readout. As a proof of concept, the assay was used to test the activity of a mechanomodulatory drug and integrin adhesion receptor antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a catalytic reaction triggered in response to molecular piconewton forces. The MCR may transform the field of mechanobiology by providing a new facile tool to detect receptor specific mechanics with the convenience of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
High risk of recurrent ischemic events among patients with deferred intracranial angioplasty and stent placement for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND Intracranial angioplasty with or without stent placement has been performed to treat patients with recurrent cerebral ischemic events despite best medical therapy or those with high-grade stenosis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate early recurrent stroke/transient ischemic attack rates in a cohort of patients with symptomatic >50% intracranial stenosis in whom intracranial angioplasty and stent placement was initially deferred. METHODS All patients presenting to 2 academic hospitals with symptomatic intracranial disease between 2006 and 2008 who underwent catheter angiography were identified. Patients with complete intracranial occlusion or stenosis less than 50% stenosis were excluded (n = 14). RESULTS Thirty-one patients met the study criteria. Sixteen (52%) patients were on antiplatelet medications at the time of the initial event, and 2 patients were also on anticoagulant medications. Six patients (19%) underwent intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement with their initial diagnostic angiogram. Twenty-five patients (81%) had endovascular treatment deferred for best medical treatment in the interim period. Among the 25 patients who were kept on medical management, 14 (56%) were readmitted with recurrent ischemic events in the distribution of the target artery within a median of 28 days (range, 1-243 days). Recurrent events occurred within 1 week in 8 (57%) patients, between 7 days and 1 month in 4 (29%) patients, 1 to 3 months in 1 (7%) patient, and after 3 months in 1 (7%) patient. Recurrent ischemic events were observed in all 5 patients with basilar artery stenosis and in 13 of 17 patients with severity of stenosis ≥ 70%. CONCLUSION A high rate of recurrent ischemic events was observed among patients in whom endovascular treatment was deferred, particularly those with basilar artery stenosis and those with high-grade stenosis. This information would be beneficial in decision making for timing of the endovascular treatment among patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis.
Effects of Low Temperature at Seedling Stage on Yield-related Traits of Early Rice Varieties

The effects of low temperature at seedling stage on the agronomic traits and yield-related traits of 23 early rice varieties were studied through field tests.The results indicated that:the low temperature at seedling stage had great influences on the plant height of rice seedlings,as well as the number of effective spikes per rice plant,and it also had effect on the seedling leaf color of few varieties,but it had no obvious influences on the final plant height,growth duration,number of grains per spike,seed setting rate,and 1000-grain weight of rice.
Minimizing Donor Blood Exposure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Current Trends and Future Prospects

Limitations in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of anemia contribute to unfounded and liberal transfusion practices in the preterm infant and to uncertain risk-benefit ratios Rpsparrhprs have explored an array of strategies to minimize transfusions. Such strategies include collection and banking of autologous placental blood, administration of recombinant erythropoietin, innovations in blood banking practices, and improved definitions of the markers of anemia with more rigorous transfusion guidelines. This article presents an overview of these and other strategies that can be applied as part of an overall approach to limit effectively the number of transfusions in the newborn.
Regulatory and Coding Changes in Developmental Evolution, Roles of

Morphological evolution is thought to arise by mutations in both coding and regulatory sequence of developmental genes. However, the primacy of regulatory or coding changes in developmental evolution remains a contested issue. The intent of this article is to review the arguments on both sides of this debate, while highlighting key case studies in this area, as well as discussing the future of this field.
Generating Instruction Automatically for the Reading Strategy of Self-Questioning

Self-questioning is an important reading comprehension strategy, so it would be useful for an intelligent tutor to help students apply it to any given text. Our goal is to help children generate questions that make them think about the text in ways that improve their comprehension and retention. However, teaching and scaffolding self-questioning involve analyzing both the text and the students' responses. This requirement poses a tricky challenge to generating such instruction automatically, especially for children too young to respond by typing. This paper describes how to generate self-questioning instruction for an automated reading tutor. Following expert pedagogy, we decompose strategy instruction into describing, modeling, scaffolding, and prompting the strategy. We present a working example to illustrate how we generate each of these four phases of instruction for a given text. We identify some relevant criteria and use them to evaluate the generated instruction on a corpus of 513 children's stories.
Changes in Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Food selectivity is a common problem in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and has an adverse impact on nutrient adequacy and family mealtimes. Despite recent research in this area, few studies have addressed whether food selectivity present in children with ASD persists into adolescence. In this study, we assessed food selectivity in 18 children with ASD at two time points (mean age = 6.8 and 13.2 years), and examined changes in food selectivity. While food refusal improved overall, we did not observe an increase in food repertoire (number of unique foods eaten). These findings support the need for interventions early in childhood to increase variety and promote healthy eating among children with ASD.