cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberals perceive more racism than conservatives when police shoot Black men—But, reading about White privilege increases perceived racism, and shifts attributions of guilt, regardless of political ideology

Abstract Across two studies, we examined how ideological differences in perceptions of racism influenced non-Black people's perceptions of violent encounters between police officers and Black men. In Study 1, social liberals perceived more racism when a Black man was shot by police than did social conservatives. However, a lesson about White privilege increased perceived racism in these events, regardless of political ideology. In Study 2, we replicated these effects and found that increases in perceived racism after reading about White privilege were associated with blaming the Black suspect less and the officer more for the violent altercation. We conclude that moral evaluations of police shootings are influenced by the salience of systemic racial inequality, which may help explain ideological differences in the perception of violence against Black men. Moreover, White privilege lessons can increase perceived racism in these events, regardless of ideology, and with downstream consequences for ratings of legal guilt.
A novel deep learning framework for standardizing the label of OARs in CT

When organs at risk (OARs) are contoured in computed tomography (CT) images for radiotherapy treatment planning, the labels are often inconsistent, which severely hampers the collection and curation of clinical data for research purpose. Currently, data cleaning is mainly done manually, which is time-consuming. The existing methods for automatically relabeling OARs remain unpractical with real patient data, due to the inconsistent delineation and similar small-volume OARs. This paper proposes an improved data augmentation technique according to the characteristics of clinical data. Besides, a novel 3D non-local convolutional neural network is proposed, which includes a decision making network with voting strategy. The resulting model can automatically identify OARs and solve the problems in existing methods, achieving the accurate OAR re-labeling goal. We used partial data from a public head-and-neck dataset (HN_PETCT) for training, and then tested the model on datasets from three different medical institutions. We have obtained the state-of-the-art results for identifying 28 OARs in the head-and-neck region, and also our model is capable of handling multi-center datasets indicating strong generalization ability. Compared to the baseline, the final result of our model achieved a significant improvement in the average true positive rate (TPR) on the three test datasets (+8.27%, +2.39%, +5.53%, respectively). More importantly, the F1 score of small-volume OAR with only 9 training samples increased from 28.63% to 91.17%.
The Role of H2O2 and K2S2O8 as Oxidizing Agents for Accelerated Corrosion Testing

In this work, the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) in accelerated corrosion testing was considered. H2O2 is already used as an accelerant in the standard im...
Patient with an Intrathecal Pain Pump

Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) are increasingly used modalities for the management of various chronic pain syndromes including cancer pain, CRPS, and failed back surgery as well as non-pain syndromes such as uncontrolled quadriparetic or paraparetic spasticity [1, 2]. Given that intrathecal medications are largely confined to the epidural space, microgram medication dosages are able to be utilized with a great degree of efficacy. Thus, IDDS also allows for the weaning and possible discontinuation of systemic pain and spasticity medications, which are associated with various systemic adverse effects.
Effort-Related Decision-Making in ADHD.

ADHD is defined by behavioral symptoms that are not well characterized in relation to ADHD’s neurobiological mechanisms. This approach has limited our ability to define ADHD nosology and predict outcomes because it does not systematically examine facets of the disorder such as the inability to maintain cognitively effortful activities, as promoted in the NIMH RDoC approach. Existing data indicate ADHD is associated with differences in reward valuation and processing, but we do not know whether ADHD is also associated with higher levels of aversion to exerting cognitive effort and/or altered reward x effort interactions. Our ongoing study addresses this knowledge gap by examining individuals’ preferences between rewards associated with minimal effort and reward alternatives with a higher payoff but higher effort costs (“effort discounting”); thereby permitting us to characterize differences in biases and tradeoffs during effort-related decision-making in ADHD. The study takes advantage of a well-defined sample of ADHD-diagnosed and healthy control individuals to address three aims. First, we determine whether ADHD is associated with steeper discounting of larger, more effortful rewards. Second, we examine the subjective perception of effort in youth diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls using tasks requiring varying levels of cognitive effort. Third, we explore relationships amongst indices of effort discounting, theoretically-related traits (e.g., grit, distress tolerance), biomarkers of effort-related decision-making (eye movements and pupil size), and various cognitive measures. Successful completion of the aims will permit us to better characterize ADHD-healthy control differences and lay a foundation for more computational approaches to ADHD diagnostic criteria.
Total Lobbying: What Lobbyists Want (and How They Try to Get It)

This book offers a scholarly yet accessible overview of the role of lobbying in American politics. It draws upon extant research as well as original data gathered from interviews with numerous lobbyists across the United States. It describes how lobbyists do their work within all branches of government, at the national, state, and local levels. It thus offers a substantially broader view of lobbying than is available in much of the research literature. Although tailored for students taking courses on interest group politics, Total Lobbying offers an indispensable survey of the field for scholars and others concerned with this important facet of American politics.
Denosumab for the management of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws-a case series.

Abstract Denosumab has been suggested as a medical treatment for central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. This study included eight patients, seven female and one male, aged between 19 and 32 years, with biopsy-proven central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. The patients were treated with subcutaneous injections of 120 mg of denosumab in a regime consisting of three injections at weekly intervals followed by five injections at monthly intervals over a 6-month period. They were followed up for between 60 and 71 months clinically and radiographically with panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography scans. All of the lesions became calcified radiographically and asymptomatic clinically. They did not reduce in size, but to date only one patient has requested surgical remodeling. There has been no recurrence or regrowth in over 5 years.
Putting the Pieces Back Together: Optimizing Function and Appearance after Orbital Surgery.

Objectives To describe medical and surgical options and techniques for functional and aesthetic abnormalities after orbital surgery and multidisciplinary approaches that include the orbit. Design A review of current management options in outpatient clinics and ambulatory surgery centers with selected illustrative cases. The rationale for choosing specific medical and surgical interventions will be discussed with a focus on eyelid malposition and double vision. Setting Outpatient clinics and ambulatory surgery centers. Participants Patients with eyelid, orbital, eye muscle, and scalp contour abnormalities as a result of medical and surgical interventions for brain and/or orbital tumors. Main Outcome Measures Descriptive outcomes. Results A variety of medical and surgical options are available to optimize eyelid, orbit, extraocular muscle, and scalp structure and function.
The Effect of Immigration Enforcement on School Engagement: Evidence from 287(g) Programs in North Carolina

During the past 15 years, immigration enforcement increased dramatically in the U.S. interior. There is a growing recognition that immigration enforcement in the U.S. interior has spillover effects...
BIPHASIC SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLAXIS: AN INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT STUDY

Outpatient anaphylaxis was evaluted in 35 patients who had had 44 reactions, all occurring after allergy immunotherapy administration. After resolution of anaphylaxis, patients were discharged home with instructions to return to the clinic or the hospital emergency room if symptoms recurred. None of these individuals were treated with oral corticosteroids after the initial phase of anaphylaxis. The inpatient group consisted of 59 patients who were admitted to the ward or intensive care unit for anaphylaxis.
Comparison of Oral Absorption and Bioavailability of Drugs Between Monkey and Human

Purpose. To compare the oral absorption and bioavailability of numerous drugs with a wide variety of physicochemical and pharmacological properties between humans and monkeys and to explore potential reasons for the findings.
Low power circuit techniques for generating kilovolt "staircase" waveforms

Two circuits are described which provide low power generation of high voltage "staircase" waveforms. Using power MOSFETs in a switching mode allows substantial power reduction and improved time domain response over linear amplifier drive circuits. Waveform characteristics can be accurately controlled at a low voltage point. Experimental results demonstrate operation to a 1 kV amplitude. >
A Spectral Domain Analysis of High Frequency Diffraction Problems.

Abstract : This report studies the application of spectral domain analysis to the problem of the high-frequency diffraction of electromagnetic waves. The basic formulation of the spectral approach is first summarized and then applied in a unified fashion to the important problems of the non-uniform illumination of a half-plane and staggered parallel planes. Special attempts are made to analytically determine the fields at the shadow boundaries and numerically evaluate them in the transition regions. Comparison is made with other high-frequency asymptotic techniques and some unique conclusions are obtained. Furthermore, it is shown that the important task of testing and improving high-frequency solutions can be accomplished by employing the Fourier transform of the integral equation for the surface current and using Galerkin's method in the spectral domain. Some examples of this approach are also included.
A fast and accurate universal Kepler solver without Stumpff series

We derive and present a fast and accurate solution of the initial value problem for Keplerian motion in universal variables that does not use the Stumpff series. We find that it performs better than methods based on the Stumpff series.
Substance P induces the reversible formation of varicosities in the dendrites of rat brainstem neurons

Abstract This study investigated the ability of substance P (Sub P) to induce dendritic varicosities (DVs) or beads in neurons of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) of the rat. Microinjection of 5–200 pmol Sub P in the RVM produced a concentration-dependent increase in the number of DVs in distal dendrites of RVM neurons that were immunoreactive for the neurokinin-1 receptor, but not serotonin. The effect was reversible, as DVs were essentially absent 2 and 4 h after microinjection. Fluoro-Jade B labeled neurons were not evident in the RVM 4 days after microinjection of Sub P, although such neurons were present 4 days after microinjection of a neurotoxic dose of kainate. Bath application of Sub P to brainstem slices for a period as brief as 30 s also produced DVs in neurokinin-1 immunoreactive RVM neurons. Prior exposure to L-703606 prevented the formation of DVs by Sub P, implicating the neurokinin-1 receptor, a Gq type of G protein coupled receptor, in the formation of DVs by Sub P. Finally, stabilization of microtubules by prior exposure to taxol also prevented the formation of DVs, consistent with the idea that increases in intracellular Ca2+ lead to the formation of DVs secondary to a disruption of the linear arrays of microtubules in dendrites. These data establish a mechanistic basis for the formation of DVs by Sub P and support further studies to test the hypothesis that the formation of DVs is a morphological mechanism by which neurons can regulate their responses to inhibitory or excitatory inputs.
Pressure drop, liquid holdup, and flow regime transition in trickle flow

A phenomenological, pore-scale, hydrodynamic model is developed for representation of the uniform, cocurrent, two-phase flow in the low interaction regime in trickle bed reactors. Comparison of model predictions with numerous pressure drop and liquid holdup data reveals that phase interaction terms are negligible which results in a simplified model with no adjustable parameters. This model yields improved pressure drop and liquid holdup estimates for the low interaction regime. In addition, a criterion for the prediction of the trickle to pulsing flow regime transition is developed based on Kapitza's (1945) work on laminar film stability. This criterion compares favorably to data and to some other existing models for prediction of the trickle to pulsing flow regime transition.
Optimal DNA pooling-based two-stage designs in case-control association studies.

Study cost remains the major limiting factor for genome-wide association studies due to the necessity of genotyping a large number of SNPs for a large number of subjects. Both DNA pooling strategies a
The singing power ratio as an objective measure of singing voice quality in untrained talented and nontalented singers.

Summary A growing body of contemporary research has investigated differences between trained and untrained singing voices. However, few studies have separated untrained singers into those who do and do not express abilities related to singing talent, including accurate pitch control and production of a pleasant timbre (voice quality). This investigation studied measures of the singing power ratio (SPR), which is a quantitative measure of the resonant quality of the singing voice. SPR reflects the amplification or suppression in the vocal tract of the harmonics produced by the sound source. This measure was acquired from the voices of untrained talented and nontalented singers as a means to objectively investigate voice quality differences. Measures of SPR were acquired from vocal samples with fast Fourier transform (FFT) power spectra to analyze the amplitude level of the partials in the acoustic spectrum. Long-term average spectra (LTAS) were also analyzed. Results indicated significant differences in SPR between groups, which suggest that vocal tract resonance, and its effect on perceived vocal timbre or quality, may be an important variable related to the perception of singing talent. LTAS confirmed group differences in the tuning of vocal tract harmonics.
Measurements of hot-electron conduction and real-space transfer in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterojunction layers

Measurements of the current‐voltage characteristics of GaAs‐AlxGa1−xAs heterojunction layers are reported. The experimental results are consistent with the idea of real‐space transfer of the electrons out of the GaAs into the AlxGa1−xAs under hot‐electron conditions. Current saturation and negative differential resistance are observed as predicted by Monte Carlo simulations.
Nitrile and Cyanohydrin Hydration with Nanoparticles Formed In Situ from a Platinum Dihydride Complex

The trans-PtH2(P(OMe)3)2 complex was synthesized and tested as a nitrile hydration catalyst. Under nitrile hydration reaction conditions, the complex degrades to Pt nanoparticles, which are catalytically active for nitrile hydration. TEM analysis shows that the Pt nanoparticles are approximately 2 nm in diameter. 31P NMR and XPS studies of the nanoparticles show that the stabilizing ligand on the surface of the nanoparticles is either P(OMe)3 or OP(OMe)3. The Pt nanoparticles are catalytically active for the hydration of cyanohydrins, a class of nitriles that are difficult to hydrate because homogeneous catalysts are susceptible to cyanide poisoning. The Pt nanoparticles are inhibited slightly by large excesses of cyanide but still remain catalytically active. Glycolonitrile and lactonitrile were quantitatively converted to their respective amides, and acetone cyanohydrin was converted to α-hydroxyisobutyronitrile in 30 % yield.
Allosterically linked noncompetitive antagonist binding sites in the resting nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel.

Abstract Previous studies have established the presence of overlapping binding sites for the noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) amobarbital, tetracaine, and 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-[ 125 I ]iodophenyl) diazirine ([ 125 I ]TID) within the ion channel of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the resting state. These well-characterized NCAs and competitive radioligand binding and photolabeling experiments were employed to better characterize the interaction of the dissociative anesthetics ketamine and thienylcycloexylpiperidine (TCP) with the resting AChR. Our experiments yielded what appear to be conflicting results: (i) both ketamine and TCP potentiated [ 125 I ]TID photoincorporation into AChR subunits; and (ii) ketamine and TCP had very little effect on [ 14 C ]amobarbital binding. Nevertheless, (iii) both ketamine and TCP completely displaced [ 3 H ]tetracaine binding (Kis∼20.9 and 2.0 μM, respectively) by a mutually exclusive mechanism. To reconcile these results we propose that, in the resting ion channel, TCP and ketamine bind to a site that is spatially distinct from the TID and barbiturate locus, while tetracaine bridges both binding sites.
Concatenating a Structured LDPC Code and a Constrained Code to Preserve Soft-Decoding, Structure, and Burst Correction

In this paper, we propose a simple method to concatenate a structured low-density parity-check (LDPC) code and a high rate constrained code such that three goals are achieved simultaneously: 1) soft information is available to the LDPC decoder; 2) the structure of the LDPC code is retained after concatenation to facilitate hardware implementation; and 3) the system has the ability to correct long erasure bursts. We consider both a runlength-limited code and a dc-free runlength-limited code. For the RLL case, we use a technique we call parity insertion. For the dc-free case, we apply polarity flipping to a subset of the LDPC code parity bits
Analysis of FcγRIIA Cytoplasmic Tail Requirements in Signaling for Serotonin Secretion: Evidence for an ITAM‐Dependent, PI3K‐Dependent Pathway

The human Fc receptor, FcγRIIA, is known to mediate phagocytosis and endocytosis, yet the greatest numbers of these receptors are expressed on the surface of non-phagocytic platelets, where they are involved in serotonin secretion. FcγRIIA harbours three tyrosine (Y) residues within its cytoplasmic domain. Y1 is upstream of both Y2 and Y3, which are contained within an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), required for many signaling events. We have demonstrated that the two ITAM tyrosines are required for phagocytic signaling and that mutation of a single ITAM tyrosine decreases but does not abolish phagocytic signaling. Furthermore, we have identified that the YMTL motif is required for endocytosis. These observations suggest that FcγRIIA utilizes different sequences for various signaling events. Therefore, we investigated the sequence requirements for another important FcγRIIA-mediated signaling event, serotonin secretion, using Rat Basophilic Leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells transfected with wildtype (WT) FcγRIIA or mutant FcγRIIA. Stimulation of cells expressing WT FcγRIIA induced release of serotonin at a level 7-fold greater than that in nonstimulated WT FcγRIIA-transfected cells or nontransfected RBL cells. Mutation of either ITAM tyrosine (Y2 or Y3) to phenylalanine was sufficient to abolish serotonin secretion. Further, while inhibition of Syk with piceatannol blocked phagocytosis as expected, it did not inhibit serotonin secretion. Additionally, inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) with wortmannin only had a partial effect on serotonin signaling, despite the fact that the concentrations used completely abolished phagocytic signaling. These data suggest that the requirements for serotonin secretion differ from those for phagocytosis mediated by FcγRIIA.
REPLY TO ULMER: Symbolic Interactionism or A Structural Alternative?

Our aim in this response to Ulmer's commentary is threefold. First, we clarify how Blumer understood "empirical reality" and so-called "definitive" concepts. We believe that his understanding of these two considerations is inconsistent with how Ulmer understands these ideas. Second, we make the point that, according to Blumer, efforts to develop "generalizable concepts" are useless unless these concepts are understood as emerging from within the processes of interpretation that make them socially relevant. In other words, the relevance of these concepts exists purely among people, and thus they must be understood as intersubjectively constituted. Implied by this condition is that generalizations are possible only if they reflect the myriad modes of interpretations that shape social life. Third, we conclude that although "repackaging" Blumer's ideas in an attempt to make them amenable to quantitative social science may represent a useful objective to many sociologists, the cost of this aim may be the conversion of Blumer's
Localized muscular fatigue duration, EMG parameters and accuracy of rapid limb movements

Abstract While much is known about the physiological basis of local muscular fatigue, little is known about the kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) consequences of brief fatiguing isometric contractions. Five male subjects performed a horizontal elbow flexion-extension reversal movement over 90° in 250 ms to reversal before and after one of five single maximal isometric elbow flexions ranging in duration from 15–120 s. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the biceps brachii, the long head of the triceps, the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major, and the posterior deltoid. Spatial and temporal errors were computed from potentiometer output. During the fatiguing bouts, maximum voluntary force dropped linearly an average of 4% in the 15 s condition and 58% in the 120 s condition relative to maximum force. The associated biceps rectified-integrated EMG signal increased from the onset of each fatigue bout for 15–30 s, then decreased over the remainder of the longer bouts. Following the fatigue bout, subjects undershot the target distance on the first movement trial in all conditions. Following short fatigue durations (i.e. 15–30 s), the peak biceps EMG amplitude was disrupted and movement velocity decreased, but both measures recovered within seconds. As fatigue duration increased, progressive decreases in peak velocity occurred with increased time to reversal, reduced EMG amplitude, and longer recovery times. However, the relative timing of the EMG pattern was maintained suggesting the temporal structure was not altered by fatigue. The findings suggest that even short single isometric contractions can disrupt certain elements of the motor control system.
A study of the reaction K− + p → Σ0 + η near threshold☆☆☆

The reaction K− + p → Σ0 + η was studied using data from a 600 000 picture exposure at nine K− momenta from 862–1001 MeV/c in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 25″ liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. Cross sections were obtained using both events where the η decayed via neutrals and events where the η decayed into π+π−π0. Angular distributions were obtained from only those events where the η decayed into π+π−π0. The results are compared to previous analyses and the questions of the Ση decay rate and SU(3) classification of the 12− Σ(1750) are discussed.
Role of the galactose transport system in the retention of intracellular galactose in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A galactose transport system with a high affinity for galactose, Rotman's (β-methyl galactoside permease, has been shown to be essential for the internal induction of the galactose operon in galactokinaseless mutants of Escherichia coli . As the result of a second mutation affecting the β-methylgalactoside permease gene, galactokinaseless mutants were found to have lost the internal induction of the galactose operon. Evidence has been previously presented indicating that this double mutant fails to retain galactose which is endogenously generated from uridine diphosphate galactose. Such a failure in the retention mechanism allows the endogenously generated galactose to be lost into the medium and the intracellular level of galactose to drop below the threshold for the induction of the galactose operon. Comparison of the rates of entry and exit of galactose in this double mutant with the rates in the parental strain has revealed that the mutant loses its internally generated galactose, not by an increase in the rate of exit, but by a marked decrease in the rate of entry. These observations are consistent with the view that the recapture of galactose by a highly efficient permease is responsible for the retention of intracellular galactose.
Impact of simulation tool on TCP performance results: a case study with ns-2 and Opnet

Network researchers and designers rely on network simulation tools to do performance evaluation. There are a number of different network simulation tools, each with a set of publicly available models. Two of the more popular tools, ns-2 and Opnet have a large library of available models. The existing models can be used to configure simulation experiments in a relatively quick and easy manner. The choice of simulation tool often depends on the availability of models as well as the user's preference. Most users assume that performance results on different simulators will be comparable, particularly when using models that have been widely used and tested. Using simple simulation experiments, this paper shows that TCP performance results obtained from ns-2 and Opnet can have significant differences. The differences are exposed when TCP is tested with error rates ranging from 1% packet loss to 20% packet loss. A study of the actions taken by TCP as a result of the losses provides insight into the performance differences.
Anxiety, Meprobamate, D-Amphetamine and the Intra-Subject Variability of Word Associates:

Two experiments on the intra-subject variability of word associates are reported. Exp. 1 indicates that Ss high in anxiety have more variable word associates than Ss low in anxiety. Exp. 2 investigated the joint effects of anxiety and the drugs, meprobamate and d-Amphetamine. Meprobamate reduced variability, d-Amphetamine increased variability. There was a significant drug × anxiety interaction. High-anxiety Ss were more variable than low-anxiety Ss under meprobamate and placebo conditions but less variable under d-Amphetamine conditions. The results are discussed in conjunction with the Hullian proposal of additivity of different sources of drive. It is concluded that other sources of drive detract from the drive-arousing properties of anxiety.
CRACK PROPAGATION IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BEAMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN

Hillerborg's fictitious crack model is used to simulate numerically progressive crack development in simply supported concrete beams. The tools used in the simulation are a general-purpose finite element package for the linear elastic aspects of structural response and specially coded iterative program CRACKIT for tracking crack propagation. Data generated in this manner are used to study the specimen-size effect, that is, the dependence of fracture behavior on geometric, boundary, and loading conditions. The numerical approach presented is used successfully to reproduce experimental and numerical results obtained by independent investigators. The main objective for the research is to examine how principles of similitude proposed in recent years and the experience gained in the application of dimensional analysis to concrete pavement data interpretation can aid in the formulation of more mechanistic-based failure criteria, which would eventually lead to improved pavement design procedures. Because of its ...
The mitotic pattern in the neural tube of Ambystoma maculatum.

In stages H18–H22 the neural tube was composed of a partially stratified epithelium, reflecting its origin from epidermal and sensory layers of ectoderm. Mitotic figures were distributed over the whole neural wall. Fifty-four to 91% were peripheral to the luminal zone. There was no evidence of nuclear migration attending mitosis. After integration of epidermal and sensory cells into a single epithelium by stage H24, mitotic figures were mostly near the lumen and for some time prophase stages were distributed peripherally. During this period nuclear migration to and from the lumen accompanied mitosis as in higher vertebrates. By stage H46 nuclei of the neural epithelium were restricted to a narrow zone near the lumen. Most mitotic figures and all other phases of mitosis were in this zone. There was a consequent lack of appreciable nuclear migration. A few peripheral mitotic figures remained in neural cells through stage H46. Some were in epithelial cells whose nuclei did not migrate to the lumen. Others were in the mantle zone, perhaps in neuroblasts. These observations support the view that the neural epithelium, whatever its extent, is germinal. Neither a “germinal zone” nor a special strain of “germinal cells” could be distinguished at any stage.
Uteroplacental blood flow in the hypertensive, term pregnant, spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract Carbohydrate overfeeding throughout pregnancy prevents the progressive fall in blood pressure to normotensive levels during the last week of gestation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cardiac output, organ blood flows, and vascular resistances, measured with radioactive-labeled microspheres, were compared in three groups: (1) carbohydrate-supplemented (hypertensive) term-pregnant rats, (2) control-fed (normotensive) term-pregnant rats, and (3) control-fed (hypertensive) nonpregnant rats. Blood pressure remained elevated in the carbohydrate-supplemented pregnant rats because the normal decrease in total peripheral resistance did not occur. There were no significant differences in organ blood flows between hypertensive and normotensive pregnant rats, with the exception of a 26% lower placental blood flow in the hypertensive versus the normotensive rats. Carbohydrate overfeeding was associated with reduced litter size but did not affect fetal growth. Both placental blood flow and litter size were inversely related to mean arterial blood pressure at term. This may be a useful model of essential hypertension during pregnancy.
Non-ischemic causes of delayed myocardial hyperenhancement on MRI.

OBJECTIVE. Delayed contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI has been used to evaluate myocardial viability in ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, it can also be used in the assessment of non-ischemic cardiac diseases.CONCLUSION. We illustrate a number of non-ischemic cardiac conditions and describe how they can be differentiated from IHD.
Thermodynamic Radiation Thermometry for the Next SI

The construction, the calibration, and the use of the NIST Thermodynamic Radiation Thermometer (TRT) to measure the temperature of the gold freezing temperature blackbody and a variable-temperature blackbody from 800 to 2,700°C are described. These temperature determinations are detector-based and derived from the electrical substitution radiometer and length units. The TRT is constructed using a cooled, near-infrared enhanced silicon detector with a room-temperature-stabilized five-position filter wheel. The characteristics of the TRT, such as the size-of-source effect and preamplifier linearity, are determined. The measured temperatures are compared with those obtained using the NIST Absolute Pyrometer 1 (AP1) and the current NIST standard radiation thermometer, the Photoelectric Pyrometer (PEP). After the performance assessments, the TRT will become the standard radiation thermometer for disseminating radiance temperature scales in the United States.
Production of interferon gamma in respiratory syncytial virus infection of humans is not associated with interleukins 12 and 18

In order to understand early events in the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we studied the presence of various chemokines and cytokines in respiratory secretions of human infants with RSV infection. Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was present in 30/39 (76.9%) subjects tested, but the IFNgamma-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)12 and IL18 were detectable in 6/40 (15%) and 11/38 (28.9%) subjects, respectively. Quantities of IL12 and IL18 did not correlate with those of IFNgamma. IL18, but neither IFNgamma nor IL12 was found in significantly greater concentrations in subjects with mild, nonhypoxic forms of bronchiolitis than in those with upper respiratory illness alone or hypoxic bronchiolitis. The findings suggest that IFNgamma may be induced independently of the activities of IL12 and IL18 during RSV infection. Immune responses characterized by relatively greater release of IL18 may be associated with milder forms of bronchiolitis.
Disaster Preparedness and Toxic Exposures in Children

With existing threats of man-made as well as natural disasters, pediatricians, emergency physicians, emergency medical systems personnel, and other health care professionals should have a working knowledge of disaster management and preparedness for all hazards. As large-scale man-made disasters have occurred, growing concerns exist that terrorist groups may attempt to use either chemical or biologic warfare. In addition, natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, floods, and widespread fires pose threats to the welfare of large segments of the population worldwide. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency recommends an “all hazards” approach to emergency planning. This requires creating a simultaneous plan for terrorist events as well as the more likely public health emergencies such as earthquakes, floods, unintentional hazardous incidents, and infectious disease outbreaks. We present an overview of disaster preparedness with a particular focus on potential toxicological exposures.
Richard Hakluyt: A guide to his books and to those associated with him, 1580-1625, by Anthony Payne

Richard Hakluyt: A guide to his books and to those associated with him, 1580–1625, by Anthony Payne, London, Bernard Quaritch Ltd, 2008, iv +116 pp., £20.00, ISBN 978-0-9550852-7-7 This is a slim v...
Reduction of field populations of fiddler crabs by uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Abstract Fiddler crabs are particularly sensitive to chlorinated hydrocarbons. Crabs that have been feeding on contaminated material show an impairment of their escape reaction. High concentrations of Aldrin and Dieldrin in plots of marsh experimentally treated with contaminated sewage sludge indicate that these insecticides are responsible for a drastic reduction in fiddler crab populations.
25 AUDITORY AND VISUAL PRETERM DEVELOPMENT OF EXTREMELY OF PREMATURE INFANTS

Early auditory and visual responses were assessed in 47 premature infants with BW below 1300 gms born at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1983. These extremely premature infants (67% were at or below 28 wks gestation) were assessed weekly, from 1 week until discharge, using a bell, light and optokinetic drum.
Sexist Discrimination as Distancing Behavior: II. Primetime Television:

This study, the second in a series of investigations of sexist discrimination in face-to-face situations, involved the observations of women and men characters on 10 primetime TV shows found to be most popular with a sample of eighth graders. Distancing behavior—the operational measure of face-to-face discrimination—was found, as predicted, to be manifested more frequently by men TV characters toward women than toward men. Distancing behavior by women TV characters, on the other hand, was not related to the gender of the person with whom they were interacting. Observations were made independently by 53 trained college students, most of whom watched four preassigned TV programs, focusing on either a woman or a man character during a 10–12 minute segment. It was also found that women TV characters appeared less often in the programs than men and that, when they did appear, they were more likely to be shown interacting with men than with other women. Implications for behavioral modeling are discussed.
Effect of cadmium on meiosis

Adult male albino Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cadmium as cadmium chloride at dosages of 5 and 10 ..mu..moles/kg. After sacrifice, testes were removed and cells prepared for microscopic analysis. Counts of chromosome number at dysjunction or precocious separation of homologous and sex chromosomes were made. The degeneration of sex vesicles at early prophase and tetraploid cells at metaphase I and II was scored and compared with control data. At least three hundred cells were counted from each slide. Results indicate that cadmium produces degeneration of sex vesicles, precocious separation of sex chromosomes, and tetraploidy. Increased occurrence was observed at 72 hours after cadmium injection and at the higher dosage of 10 ..mu..moles/kg compared with a post-injection time of 48 hours and a dosage of 5 ..mu..moles/kg. However, a significant tetraploidy was observed only at 10 ..mu..moles/kg. (JMT)
The Big Pine Creek watershed and climate change: A trend analysis of Landsat surface reflectance and PRISM datasets over the last 3 decades

Abstract Recent variations in normal meteorological conditions indicate the earth’s climate is changing in ways that may impact delicate ecological balances in sensitive regions. Identifying how those changes are affecting the biosphere is essential if we are going to be able to adapt to those changes and to potentially mitigate their harmful consequences. This paper presents a time series study of an alpine ecosystem in the Big Pine Creek watershed in California’s Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountain’s. Raw Landsat data covering the years 1984 through 2011 is converted to observed surface reflectance and analyzed for trends that would indicate a change in the ecosystem. We found that over the time period of the study, observed surface reflectance shows a general decline across the spectrum while our analysis of environmental data demonstrates statistically significant increases in temperatures. While declining reflectance in the visible and short wave bands are indicators of increased surface cover, the fact that the IR band also shows declines is consistent with a decline in tree density. This study provides a useful insight into the ecological response of the Big Pine Creek watershed to recent climate change. These findings suggest that alpine ecosystems are particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. If these results are replicated in other alpine watersheds it will demonstrate that the biosphere is already showing the effects of a warmer environment.
Clinical Experience with Labetalol and Enalapril in Combination in Patients with Severe Essential and Renovascular Hypertension

Severe hypertension may be a difficult management issue, and it often requires therapy with multiple drugs at frequent dosing intervals. We report on the antihypertensive effects of the alpha-beta adrenergic blocking agent, labetalol, in combination with enalapril, a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, administered to 14 patients with severe hypertension (nine of whom had nephrosclerosis or renal artery stenosis) on other antihypertensive drug therapies. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), hematologic and blood chemistry values, and adverse side effects were monitored at 24 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks of therapy. Rapid titration of the drugs was performed in the hospital in 10 patients; four were managed closely as outpatients. Following one month of combination therapy blood pressure decreased from 212 +/- 31/120 +/- 16 mm Hg at baseline to 155 +/- 19/86 +/- 12 mm Hg, and heart rate declined from 86 +/- 18 bpm to 70 +/- 16 bpm. Ten of the 14 patients (71%) maintained good BP control (BP less than 140/90 mm Hg) with no additional treatment. Serum potassium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen concentrations, and hematologic parameters did not significantly change in 13 of 14 patients. Three patients developed symptomatic postural hypotension; in one patient this side effect resulted in discontinuation from the study. These data suggest that combination therapy with labetalol and enalapril is effective in lowering BP in patients with severe essential or renovascular hypertension. An additional advantage of this regimen is the twice-daily dosing interval, which may promote better long-term compliance.
Power and weight requirements for ion engine systems as functions ofmission requirements.

15 Kerslake, W. R., "Accelerator grid tests on an electrobombardment ion rocket/ NASA TN D-1168 (1962). 16 Butler, C. K., "Fabrication and testing of five (5) porous tungsten blocks," Electro-Optical-Systems Rept. 5140 (December 20,1964). 17 Cho, A. Y., Hall, D. F., and Shelton, H., "Program of analytical and experimental study of porous metal ionizers," TRW Inc., Physical Electronics Lab., TRW-4148-6013-SU-000 (NASA CR-54325) (July 15, 1965). 18 Reynolds, T. W. and Childs, J. H., "A graphical method for estimating ion-rocket performance," NASA TN D-466 (1960). 19 Turk, R. R. and McKee, W. E., "Ion engine supporting research and evaluation," Hughes Research Lab., NASA CR54411, Vol. 1 (November 1965). 20 Kohl, W. H., Materials and Techniques for Electron Tubes (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1960). 21 Wasserbauer, J. F., "Field-enhanced thermionic emission from electrodes of cesium ion thrustor," NASA TN D-2635 (1965). 22 Proposed NASA CR-54676, Hughes Research Lab. (1966); unpublished. 23 Anderson, J. R. and Thompson, S. A., "Development and long-life performance of ion engines for satellite control," AIAA Paper 66-234 (1966).
Patterns of water chemistry and discharge in the glacier-fed Kennicott River, Alaska: evidence for subglacial water storage cycles

Runoff from the temperate Kennicott Glacier in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, displays distinctive oscillations in discharge, electrical conductivity, and solute concentrations during the summer melt season. In addition to daily fluctuations, the Kennicott River undergoes quasi-cyclic changes in discharge over 12- to 18-day periods probably linked to weather-induced variations in melt. Solute variations are lagged from discharge by several days; solute concentrations peak during falling discharge, and reach minima during rising discharge. We explore probable weathering reactions through mass balance analysis. The reactions responsible for most solute fluctuations are halite dissolution and H2CO3-driven calcite dissolution, while sulfide oxidation and associated calcite dissolution are significant but steady components of the solute flux. Halite dissolution is probably limited by the glacial abrasion rate. Calcite dissolution by carbonation co-varies directly with the calculated PCO2 of the runoff. This result is not expected in an environment that is poorly connected to the atmosphere; a possible explanation is that respiration by subglacial microbes produces CO2 at the glacier bed. The extent of sulfide oxidation is limited by availability of O2, and the lack of temporal variation in this reaction suggests that this limit operates in both the distributed system and subglacial conduits. All solute variations are consistent with changes in subglacial water storage and are therefore indicative of changing efficiency of subglacial drainage through time.
Rationales for therapeutic apheresis.

Bloodletting seems to have held tremendous appeal for practitioners of the past. It was a treatment favored by barbers, physicians and naval surgeons from medieval times through the Renaissance, through the Enlightenment and well into the 19 century. It’s likely that the trust and confidence it inspired were based in part on its compelling rationale (the depletion of evil humors), while additional support may have come from its obvious effects on complexion and vital signs, plus a generous amount of placebo value. The advent of the scientific method exposed the theoretical basis for bloodletting for what it was / preposterous / and revealed that, with a very few exceptions, the benefits attributed to it for centuries were pure fiction. There are lessons here for contemporary physicians; namely to be clear about reasons for implementing a therapy and cautious about claims for clinical benefit. Therapeutic apheresis may be fairly described as the modern descendant of bloodletting. Providers of this service/treatment often encounter expectations among patients and other physicians that differ very little from those associated with bloodletting in the past; i.e.; they expect that ‘‘cleaning the blood’’ in some vaguely understood manner will be good for what ails them. Such expectations are sometimes met in individual patients, resulting in case reports suggesting efficacy, but many of these claims have not stood the test of time.
Objectifying the sand tray: An initial example of three-dimensional art image analysis for assessment

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore placement and count of standardized sand tray figures based on a sample of adults (n = 5) completing the Erica Method in an effort to address the need for higher accuracy in sand tray assessment ( Bowyer, 1970 , Danielson, 1998 , Sjolund, 1981 ). This study demonstrated image analysis capabilities and limitations in assessing both 3-dimensional object count and placement, which are important clinical sand tray assessment components ( Bolgar and Fischer, 1947 , Buhler, 1951 , Danielson, 1998 ). Public domain image analysis software (PDIAS, Mattson, 2009 ) objectively determined total sand tray figure count and total sand tray figure area used. Human raters (n = 4) assessed the same criteria. Human-PDIAS inter-rater reliability was higher than human inter-rater reliability. As a result, computerized rating may hold potential for more efficient rating based on this study.