cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor hypoxia: its impact on cancer therapy

The presence of radiation resistant cells in solid human tumors is believed to be a major reason why radiotherapy fails to eradicate some such neoplasms. The presence of unperfused regions containing hypoxic cells may also contribute to resistance to some chemotherapeutic agents. This paper reviews the evidence that radiation resistant hypoxic cells exist in solid tumors, the assumptions and results of the methods used to detect hypoxic cells, and the causes and nature of tumor hypoxia. Evidence that radiation resistant hypoxic cells exist in the vast majority of transplanted rodent tumors and xenografted human tumors is direct and convincing, but problems with the current methodology make quantitative statements about the magnitude of the hypoxic fractions problematic. Evidence that radiation resistant hypoxic cells exist in human tumors is considerably more indirect than the evidence for their existence in transplanted tumors, but it is convincing. However, evidence that hypoxic cells are a significant cause of local failure after optimal clinical radiotherapy or chemotherapy regimens is limited and less definitive. The nature and causes of tumor hypoxia are not definitively known. In particular, it is not certain whether hypoxia is a chronic or a transient state, whether hypoxic cells are proliferating or quiescent, or whether hypoxic cells have the same repair capacity as aerobic cells. A number of new methods for assessing hypoxia are reviewed. While there are still problems with all of the new techniques, some of them have the potential of allowing the assessment of hypoxia in individual human tumors.
Age dependence of expression of growth factor receptors in porcine ACL fibroblasts.

Tissue engineering approaches that harvest the stimulatory power of platelet-rich plasma have produced encouraging results in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. However, a number of recent studies have demonstrated age-dependent differences in cellular responses to such an approach. Identifying the reasons for these differences would allow counteracting them and consequently improve outcomes. In this study we hypothesized that these age-related effects are caused by differences in the expression of the receptors for growth factors released from platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Porcine ACL fibroblasts from a predetermined number of animals of different ages were obtained, and mRNA levels of the receptors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined. Expression levels were compared across age groups (young and adolescent) and regressed on age in days. While no significant difference was seen across groups, the regression analysis showed decreases in receptor expression with increasing age. These differences were statistically significant for TGF-β receptor 1, FGF receptor, and VEGF receptor 2; and borderline significant for TGF-β receptor 3 and PDGF receptor. The only receptor that was not associated with age was VEGF receptor 1, a regulator of VEGF receptor 2. These findings suggest that the decrease in growth factor receptor expression as a likely reason for reduced PRP action with increasing age.
Accurate and stable numerical Hartree–Fock calculations for atoms. I. The 1s2 ground state of H−, He, Li+, and Be++

New techniques have been developed for atomic self-consistent-field calculations by numerical integration. For the origin and tail regions we present analytical expansions which can represent the solutions to high accuracy. For the numerical integration in the central region a five-point generalization of the Numerov formula is used; the error term is of the order h/sup 10/. While this formula is unstable if used in the customary way, stability is achieved by using a Gaussian elimination technique. The new procedures are tested on the ground state of the helium isoelectronic series; with 251 integration points all quantities are calculated with an inherent accuracy of better than 10/sup -11/.
Data-Availability-Constrained Placement of PMUs and Communication Links in a Power System

This paper presents a solution to placing a minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and communication links in a power system so that the steady-state availability of synchrophasor data at each bus meets a prescribed level. For this purpose, a Markov model suitable for the evaluation of synchrophasor availability is built. The model contains a set of binary decision variables representing actions or inactions to maintain PMUs or to utilize communication links. The decision variables are solved to minimize an expected cost for maintaining a PMU network and utilizing data links for synchrophasor inference, subject to a set of synchrophasor availability requirements at the buses. The new aspects of development in this paper concern first the selection of decision variables so that their solutions immediately imply whether a PMU should be placed at a bus and whether a communication link should be established between two buses and, second, the solution to PMU network placement in a large-scale electric network. In addition, permanent and random intermittent PMU outages are modeled. A five-bus power system is used to demonstrate the problem formulation, and placement results are presented. A method to treat a large power system as interconnected smaller power systems with common boundary buses is proposed to address the curse of dimensionality encountered. Each smaller power system formulates an independent optimal placement problem with constraints on matching boundary placement. The steps involved are illustrated through a 14-bus system. The complexity and optimality of a divided problem are compared to that of the original problem.
Validation of the ANL Plant Dynamics Code With the SNL S-CO2 Loop Transient Data

The ANL Plant Dynamics Code (PDC) is the current state-of-the-art capability for one-dimensional system level transient analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle power converters. Earlier validation of code models was carried out with data from testing of individual S-CO2 components such as a small-scale compact diffusion-bonded heat exchanger and compressor tests. The steady-state part of the PDC has been compared with experimental data from the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) small-scale S-CO2 Brayton cycle demonstration. In this work, predictions of the PDC code are assessed through comparison with SNL S-CO2 loop transient data. Code modifications were needed to properly simulate the actual experimental runs due to the unique features of the small-scale SNL loop. Overall, good agreement with the measured data is predicted by the PDC, although the code predictions could be improved in some cases. Future code improvements for comparisons with future SNL loop data are identified based upon the results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Food‐frequency questionnaire‐based estimates of total antioxidant capacity and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

Antioxidants, primarily from fruits and vegetables, have been hypothesized to protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, which measures total antioxidant capacity of individual foods and accounts for synergism, can be estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We tested the hypothesis that higher intake of antioxidant nutrients from foods, supplements and FFQ-based ORAC values are associated with a lower risk of NHL in a clinic-based study of 603 incident cases and 1,007 frequency-matched controls. Diet was assessed with a 128-item FFQ. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, sex, residence and total energy. Dietary intake of α-tocopherol (OR=0.50; p-trend=0.0002), β-carotene (OR=0.58; p-trend=0.0005), lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.62; p-trend=0.005), zinc (OR=0.54; p-trend=0.003) and chromium (OR=0.68; p-trend=0.032) was inversely associated with NHL risk. Inclusion of supplement use had little impact on these associations. Total vegetables (OR=0.52; p-trend<0.0001), particularly green leafy (OR=0.52; p-trend<0.0001) and cruciferous (OR=0.68; p-trend=0.045) vegetables, were inversely associated with NHL risk. NHL risk was inversely associated with both hydrophilic ORAC (OR=0.61, p-trend=0.003) and lipophilic ORAC (OR=0.48, p-trend=0.0002), although after simultaneous adjustment for other antioxidants or total vegetables, only the association for lipophilic ORAC remained significant. There was no striking heterogeneity in results across the common NHL subtypes. Higher antioxidant intake as estimated by the FFQ-ORAC, particularly the lipophilic component, was associated with a lower NHL risk after accounting for other antioxidant nutrients and vegetable intake, supporting this as potentially useful summary measure of total antioxidant intake.
Organomercury/aluminum-mediated acylative cleavage of cyclic ethers

Abstract Epoxides and tetrahydrofurans are cleaved with concomitant acylation to chloroalkyl esters using a reagent system composed of an organomercurial, aluminum metal and an acid chloride. The cleavage is promoted under mild conditions by a range of readily-available cyclic β-alkoxychloromercurials and acid chlorides. Using mainly tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexene oxide as substrates, the yield of isolated chloroesters ranged from 52 to 96%.
Optical Studies of Polyphenylenevinylene and Derivatives: Raman and Luminescence Spectroscopy

Abstract We have done Raman and luminescence measurements on a variety of PPV derivatives and oriented polymer blends. Changes in the observed Raman spectra for the polymers studied are consistent with molecular level changes in the polymer structure. Low frequency modes, which may be torsional modes of the polymer, have been observed for the first time. By comparison to site-selective luminescence spectra, it is found that at least two different phonons contribute to the vibrationally resolved luminescence spectra.
Time to positive culture and identification for Candida blood stream infections.

Candidemia and delay to appropriate therapy contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Current literature addresses the delay between blood culture collection and final identification; however, it fails to delineate differences among species. The purpose of this study was to quantify the time to yeast detection and identification relative to blood culture collection and determine whether differences exist among species. In this retrospective study, all cases of Candida isolation for 2 years were reviewed. The time delays between blood culture and detection of Candida growth were quantified as well as the additional time required for final species identification. Initiation of antifungal therapy was assessed in relation to culture collection, detection of yeast, and final identification. The appropriateness of therapy at each time point was also analyzed. Most Candida infections were caused by either Candida albicans (n = 43) or Candida glabrata (n = 27). Mean time to positive yeast detection for C. albicans was 35.3 ± 18.1 h, whereas that of C. glabrata was 80.0 ± 22.4 h (P < 0.0001). Mean time to final identification for C. albicans was 85.8 ± 30.9, whereas that of C. glabrata was 154 ± 43.8 h (P < 0.0001). Mean time to appropriate therapy for C. albicans isolates was 43.3 ± 27.6 h compared with 98.1 ± 38.3 h (P < 0.0001) for C. glabrata isolates. The time delay between blood culture collection and yeast detection as well as final identification was significantly longer for C. glabrata isolates when compared with C. albicans. As a result, mean time to appropriate antifungal therapy was significantly longer in patients with C. glabrata isolates.
Green's-Function Derivation of the Low Equation for the Scattering Amplitude In Dilute Magnetic Alloy Systems

The relationship between the dispersion-theory and perturbation-theory approach to scattering in dilute magnetic alloys is established.
American Education Research Changes Tack

For a quarter century, American education researchers have tended to favour qualitative and descriptive analyses over quantitative studies using random assignment or featuring credible quasi-experimental research designs. This has now changed. In 2002 and 2003, the US Department of Education funded a dozen randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy of pre-school programmes, up from one in 2000. In this essay, I explore the intellectual and legislative roots of this change, beginning with the story of how contemporary education research fell out of step with other social sciences. I then use a study in which low-achieving high-school students were randomly offered incentives to learn to show how recent developments in research methods answer ethical and practical objections to the use of random assignment for research on schools. Finally, I offer a few cautionary notes based on results from the recent effort to cut class size in California. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Corporation-bashing in documentary film: A case study of news media coverage organizational response

Abstract This case study compares/contrasts news coverage of two crisis communication responses – corrective action and defiance/attacking-the-accuser – by examining print news coverage of McDonald's Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. in conjunction with documentaries Super Size Me (2004) and Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price (2005). Discussed are crisis communication dynamics associated with this new brand of documentary filmmaking and journalism's role in the debates.
Examining Factors That Predict Public Concern About the Collateral Consequences of Sex Crime Policy

Sex crime policies have been associated with unintended effects. One involves harassment of registered sex offenders. Despite this finding, and the prominent role of the public in reentry efforts, few studies have examined public opinion about this collateral consequence. By extension, virtually no scholarship has investigated predictors of concern. From a utilitarian perspective, it follows that among those who rely on the registry or who feel sex offenders are driven to reoffend, concern about the registry’s unintended effects will be reduced. In testing this hypothesis the study draws on responses from a national public opinion poll conducted in 2005—a critical time when state registries and online registry websites became increasingly available. Findings support an instrumental or utilitarian argument. Use of the registry and pessimism about offender rehabilitation significantly decreased public concern about registries’ negative outcomes. Implications for research and offender reentry debates are dis...
Protein Concentrates from Unstabilized and Stabilized Rice Bran: Preparation and Properties

Protein concentrates were prepared from commercially available unstabilized and heat stabilized rice bran by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. Stabilized rice bran had lower protein extractability at all particle sizes (75μ to 150μ). Both unstabilized rice bran protein concentrate (URBPC) and stabilized rice bran protein concentrate (SRBPC) showed maximum nitrogen solubility at pH 8.0. URBPC (71.5% protein) and SRBPC (50.9% protein) showed differences in amino acid contents. SDS-PAGE of protein concentrates revealed several common components and absence of certain components from SRBPC. Protein denaturation due to commercial heat stabilization impaired extractability of proteins and influenced its quality.
On the correct training of indio s in the handicraft market at chichén itzá: tactics and tactility of gender, class, race and state

In 1983, an invasion by 300 vendors of food, beverage and artisanry began of the archaeological-touristic site of Chichen, Itza, Mexico; this provoked several crises. Here I consider one dimension of this crisis and conflictual situation that deals with the state attempt to impose control and proper order on the invading venders. This essay develops an analysis of the ambivalences and duplicitous dynamics of power so as to 1)reconsider the nature of hegemony, 2)to rethink the notion of resistance and return it to a de Certeauian problematic, and 3) to locate an analysis of governmentality between �top-down� and �bottom-up� narratives of the state through an analysis of the disciplinary and policing mechanisms
Evaluating Coal Separation Processes

Abstract When evaluating the separation made by a coal cleaning device, particularly when examining new applications, it is important to have a procedure that is independent of the feed consist to the device and thus can show differences arising from various operating conditions. One such procedure is the generation of fractional recovery values, defined as the fraction of feed material in a given relative density interval for a given size interval which reports to the product, and the resulting curves. The methodology has been developed so that subjectivity on the part of the engineer is eliminated. This is achieved by first establishing a mass balance around the coal cleaning device, reconstituting the feed stream and then interpolating the feed and product streams into narrow size and narrow relative density intervals. Using these interpolated data, the fractional recovery values can be calculated and in turn fit to a mathematical function from which descriptive parameters, separation modulus, distribu...
Immunological response from an entirely carbohydrate antigen: design of synthetic vaccines based on Tn-PS A1 conjugates.

An entirely carbohydrate-based immunogen consisting of a zwitterionic polysaccharide (ZPS) PS A1 and the well-known tumor antigen Tn has been designed, synthesized, and studied for immunological effects. The PS A1 motif was included to act as an MHCII elicitor for a T-cell-dependent immune response with increased immunogenicity against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, providing an alternative to carrier proteins. Through the use of C57BL/6 mice, it has been shown that chemical modification of PS A1 does not alter the recognition sequence responsible for an MHCII-mediated, T-cell-dependent immune response. The Tn−PS A1 conjugate construct confers specificity toward the Tn antigen alone, and specific carbohydrate immunoglobulins, namely, IgG3, are generated from intraperitoneal immunizations with or without adjuvant. The properties of the vaccine candidate are attributed to a site-specific linking strategy that incurs significant incorporation of Tn antigen.
Neurocirculatory Abnormalities in Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance

Background— Chronic orthostatic intolerance (COI) occurs in postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and in some individuals with repeated neurocardiogenic syncope/presyncope (NCS), without POTS. This study addressed whether patients with COI and POTS or NCS have neurocirculatory abnormalities during supine rest. Methods and Results— Adult patients referred for COI who had POTS (n=90, mean±SEM age 40±1 years, 86% women) or NCS (n=36, 41±2 years old, 78% women) underwent measurements of plasma levels of catecholamines and forearm hemodynamics. Comparison data were obtained from 32 age- and gender-matched normal volunteers (39±2 years old, 81% women). The POTS group had a relatively fast mean heart rate (79±2 bpm) during supine rest compared with the NCS group (69±1.6 bpm, P=0.03) and normal volunteers (66±3 bpm, P=0.0004). The POTS group also had higher mean arterial norepinephrine (1.61±0.11 nmol/L, n=37) and epinephrine (0.39±0.03 nmol/L, n=37) concentrations than the NCS group (1.03±0.12 nmol/L, n=20, P=0.0...
Associative retrieval processes in free recall

I present a new method for analyzing associative processes in free recall. While previous research has emphasized the prominence of semantic organization, the present method illustrates the importance of association by contiguity. This is done by examining conditional response probabilities in the output sequence. For a given item recalled, I examine the probability and latency that it follows an item from a nearby or distant input position. These conditional probabilities and latencies, plotted as a function of the lag between studied items, reveal several regularities about output order in free recall. First, subjects tend to recall items more often and more rapidly from adjacent input positions than from remote input positions. Second, subjects are about twice as likely to recall adjacent pairs in the forward than in the backward direction and are significantly faster in doing so. These effects are observed at all positions in the output sequence. The asymmetry effect is theoretically significant because, in cued recall, nearly symmetric retrieval is found at all serial positions (Kahana, 1995; Murdock, 1962). An attempt is made to fit the search of associative memory model (Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980, 1981) with and without symmetric interitem associations to these data. Other models of free recall are also discussed.
Workspace Analysis of a 6-DOF Cable Robot for Hardware-in-the-Loop Dynamic Simulation

This paper describes the study of the force-closure workspace of a 6-DOF, cable-driven, parallel robot for the application in a hardware-in-the-loop dynamic simulator, which is used for simulating microgravity contact dynamics of spacecraft or robotic systems. The workspace under study is defined as the set of all end-effector poses satisfying force-closure condition. Force-closure also means that the inverse dynamics problem of the manipulator has a feasible solution. Since there is no limitation on the external wrench and the dynamic motion of the end-effector, such a workspace is the most desirable (or non-restricted) workspace for the intended application ? simulating low-speed impact-contact dynamics. A systematic method of determining whether or not a given end-effector's pose is inside the workspace is proposed with mathematical proof. Based on this method, the shape, boundary, dimensions, and volume of the workspace of a 6-DOF cable robot are displayed and discussed.
Influence of damp heat on the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of encapsulated CuInGaSe 2 devices

CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS) devices, encapsulated with different backsheets having different water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), were exposed to damp heat (DH) at 85°C and 85% relative humidity (RH) and characterized periodically to understand junction degradation induced by moisture ingress. Performance degradation of the devices was primarily driven by an increase in series resistance within first 50 h of exposure, resulting in a decrease in fill factor and, accompanied loss in carrier concentration and widening of depletion width. Surface analysis of the devices after 700-h DH exposure showed the formation of Zn(OH) 2 from hydrolysis of the Al-doped ZnO (AZO) window layer by the moisture, which was detrimental to the collection of minority carriers. Minority carrier lifetimes observed for the CIGS devices using time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) remained relatively long after DH exposure. By etching the DH-exposed devices and re-fabricating with new component layers, the performance of reworked devices improved significantly, further indicating that DH-induced degradation of the AZO layer and/or the CdS buffer was the primary performance-degrading factor.
What happens to renal transplant recipients who lose their grafts

Abstract Little attention has been given to the fate of patients who lose their grafts. We reviewed outcomes of 438 recipients of first renal allografts who underwent transplantation at our institution between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1997, and lost their grafts or died with a functioning transplant. Of the 438 patients, 168 patients died with a functioning transplant. The most common causes of death were cardiac disease, infection, and cancer. Patients who died with a functioning graft were older (>49 years, 64.3%) than patients who died after returning to dialysis therapy or who are still alive (>49 years, 25.9%). Eighty-six patients (39%) who returned to dialysis therapy were again placed on a cadaveric waiting list. Only 44 patients received a second transplant, of which 30 transplants (68.2%) are still functioning. Our study shows that relatively few patients who lose kidney transplants are returned to the cadaveric waiting list and even fewer undergo retransplantation. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Labeling: What Should it Say, and How Should it Say it?

“Labeling,” limited in this article to the approved prescribing information or data sheet, presents certain information about a drug on which physicians make their prescribing decisions. Questions are posed as to what is desired in labeling by physicians, regulators, lawyers, and marketers. The author's views are presented concerning what labeling is not and what it should not attempt to say. Problems in “how it is said” include: (1) the excessive use of modifying adjectives and adverbs, (2) the presentation of incidence of ADEs and the degree of risk, (3) ambiguous warnings, (4) definitions of contraindication, (5) the ADE “laundry list”, (6) “symptoms and signs” versus “diagnostic terms”, (7) clinical relevance of interactions, (8) “long-term” versus “short-term” use, and (9) “overdose”. Suggestions are made toward improving the presentation of safety (risk) information in labeling.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Peripheral and Central Nervous System Myelin

Monoclonal antibodies against P0, myelin basic protein, or myelin-associated glycoprotein were generated by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with central and peripheral nervous system myelin proteins. The antibodies secreted were either IgG, IgM, or IgA. Clone C6B5 (iso-type IgM) secreted antibody(ies) that bound to both myelin basic protein and myelin-associated glycoprotein, although binding of antibody to myelin basic protein as detected by the immunoblot technique appeared to be much less than to the myelin-associated glycoprotein. Antibodies were characterized in solid-phase radioimmunoassay for their species cross-reaction, and histologically for the specificity of binding to myelin in central and peripheral nervous system tissues. These monoclonal reagents should prove valuable in studying CSF and myelin-producing cells, since in both cases the concentration of myelin proteins is low.
Studies of nucleic acid metabolism in embryonic tissue culture with the aid of C14-labeled purines.

Abstract C14-labeled adenine was readily utilized for nucleic acid synthesis in embryonic chick heart cultures. DNA and RNA, isolated from these cultures, contained radioactivity in both adenine and guanine constituents. C14-labeled guanine was relatively poorly utilized, and was not significantly converted to polynucleotide adenine. Labeled DNA and RNA, prepared by injecting C14-adenine into fertile eggs, were used to study the transfer of bound purines from the nutrient medium to the cultivated tissue. The DNA, containing isotopic adenine and guanine, gave rise to double labeling in both the DNA and RNA of the cultures. Similar results were obtained with radioactive RNA in the medium. These findings were interpreted as indicating hydrolysis of the nucleic acids, with a subsequent utilization of resulting nucleotides for tissue synthesis.
Chronic lymphoid leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Diagnosis and treatment

The World Health Organization classification divides lymphoid malignancies into precursor B-cell and T-cell neoplasms as well as mature B-cell and T-cell neoplasms. Mature B-cell neoplasms comprise more than 85% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas worldwide and can be further subclassified according to the postulated cell of origin by using specific morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics. Similarly, the more uncommon mature T-cell neoplasms have been better characterized to include numerous distinct entities with widely varying natural histories. The distinction between lymphoma and leukemia is somewhat arbitrary and is based on variable involvement of the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymphatic system. In this article, we review the diagnostic and clinical features of mature B-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that commonly have a leukemic presentation.
Kinetically Relevant Steps and H2/D2 Isotope Effects in Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis on Fe and Co Catalysts

H2/D2 isotope effects on Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) rate and selectivity are examined here by combining measured values on Fe and Co at conditions leading to high C5+ yields with theoretical estimates on model Fe(110) and Co(0001) surfaces with high coverages of chemisorbed CO (CO*). Inverse isotope effects (rH/rD < 1) are observed on Co and Fe catalysts as a result of compensating thermodynamic (H2 dissociation to H*; H* addition to CO* species to form HCO*) and kinetic (H* reaction with HCO*) isotope effects. These isotopic effects and their rigorous mechanistic interpretation confirm the prevalence of H-assisted CO dissociation routes on both Fe and Co catalysts, instead of unassisted pathways that would lead to similar rates with H2 and D2 reactants. The small contributions from unassisted pathways to CO conversion rates on Fe are indeed independent of the dihydrogen isotope, as is also the case for the rates of primary reactions that form CO2 as the sole oxygen rejection route in unassisted CO d...
Estimating probabilities under the three-parameter gamma distribution using composite sampling

Composite sampling may be used in industrial or environmental settings for the purpose of quality monitoring and regulation, particularly if the cost of testing samples is high relative to the cost of collecting samples. In such settings, it is often of interest to estimate the proportion of individual sampling units in the population that are above or below a given threshold value, C. We consider estimation of a proportion of the form p=P(X>C) from composite sample data, assuming that X follows a three-parameter gamma distribution. The gamma distribution is useful for modeling skewed data, which arise in many applications, and adding a shift parameter to the usual two-parameter gamma distribution also allows the analyst to model a minimum or baseline level of the response. We propose an estimator of p that is based on maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters @a, @b, and @c, and an associated variance estimator based on the observed information matrix. Theoretical properties of the estimator are briefly discussed, and simulation results are given to assess the performance of the estimator. We illustrate the proposed estimator using an example of composite sample data from the meat products industry.
A critical evaluation of the evidence for ovarian conservation versus removal at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease.

Abstract Background: Women undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease are presented with the choice of ovarian conservation or removal. The beneficial effect on ovarian cancer must be weighed against the risks of ovarian hormone withdrawal. Wide variations in practice patterns exist. Methods: The purpose of this review article is to summarize and critically evaluate the existing primary evidence regarding the impact of adnexal conservation versus removal on the specific health issues of ovarian cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), sexual and cognitive function, and osteoporotic hip fractures. Results: Elective bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) in women under 50 years is associated with an increased risk of CHD and sexual dysfunction. In women older than 50 years, there is no observed association between BSO and CHD, sexual dysfunction, osteoporotic hip fractures, or cognitive function. Oophorectomy is associated with a lower risk of death from ovarian cancer. Conclusion: Elective BSO should be discou...
Expression of NF-κB p50 in Tumor Stroma Limits the Control of Tumors by Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy aims to kill cancer cells with a minimum of normal tissue toxicity. Dying cancer cells have been proposed to be a source of tumor antigens and may release endogenous immune adjuvants into the tumor environment. For these reasons, radiation therapy may be an effective modality to initiate new anti-tumor adaptive immune responses that can target residual disease and distant metastases. However, tumors engender an environment dominated by M2 differentiated tumor macrophages that support tumor invasion, metastases and escape from immune control. In this study, we demonstrate that following radiation therapy of tumors in mice, there is an influx of tumor macrophages that ultimately polarize towards immune suppression. We demonstrate using in vitro models that this polarization is mediated by transcriptional regulation by NFκB p50, and that in mice lacking NFκB p50, radiation therapy is more effective. We propose that despite the opportunity for increased antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, the intrinsic processes of repair following radiation therapy may limit the ability to control residual disease.
Radioimmunotherapy of infection with 213Bi-labeled antibodies

Bismuth-213 ((213)Bi) (physical half-life 46 min) is a beta-emitter (97%) and an alpha-emitter (3%) which decays to short lived alpha-emitter Polonium-213 and could therefore be used as an in vivo generator of alpha particles with the energy of around 8 MeV. (213)Bi has been successfully used during the last decade in both clinical and pre-clinical work for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of cancer with (213)Bi-labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). RIT has been proposed as a novel techonology for treatment of infectious diseases. (213)Bi-labeled mAbs have been successfully used for treatment of experimental fungal, bacterial and viral infections with transient or none hematologic toxicity. The mechanisms of RIT of infection with (213)Bi-labeled mAbs include "direct" killing of cells and induction of apoptosis. In vivo RIT results in decrease of inflammation in infected organs. Among the delivery vehicles for RIT of infection whole IgG1 mAbs seem to be the most suitable in terms of the highest uptake in the target organs and the lowest - in normal tissues. RIT with alpha-emitter (213)Bi involves the application of established technology developed for the treatment of malignancies to infectious diseases. The development of RIT for infectious diseases is potentially easier than its application to tumor therapy given antigenic and tissue perfusion differences between sites of microbial infection and tumor infiltration. Nevertheless, considerable pre-clinical and clinical development work is likely to be required to learn how to use RIT for infection optimally.
Histidyl proline diketopiperazine (Cyclo [His-Pro]) in eating disorders.

Abstract The authors explored the role of Cyclo [His-Pro] (CHP) in 50 adolescents who fulfilled DSM III diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. CHP, a relatively new neuro modulator which has a role in inducing satiety, was assayed in serum during routine blood work. CHP levels correlated significantly with weight in restrictor (AN-R) (R = −0.449, P
Pre-Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Experimental Vaccines Based on Non-Replicating Vaccinia Vectors against Yellow Fever

Background Currently existing yellow fever (YF) vaccines are based on the live attenuated yellow fever virus 17D strain (YFV-17D). Although, a good safety profile was historically attributed to the 17D vaccine, serious adverse events have been reported, making the development of a safer, more modern vaccine desirable.
Paediatric angiodysplasia of the jejunum: a case report and review of the literature:

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia (GIAD) of the jejunum is a rare cause of acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the paediatric population. This is the case of a previously well 10-year-old girl who presented with acute rectal haemorrhage, haematemesis and syncope. Despite an exploratory laparotomy, the cause of bleeding remained unknown. A computerized tomography angiogram was performed once she was haemodynamically stable. It indicated bleeding in the jejunum. Repeat lapar- otomy was performed including enterotomy, copious small bowel washout and visualization of the whole small bowel. The lesion was identified at approximately 100 cm from the duodenojejunal flexure and confirmed by isolating the lesion and testing for bleeding. A 30 cm length of jejunum was resected and primary anastomosis performed. She recovered well and was discharged three days postoperatively. She remained well at six-month follow-up. This case highlights the importance of considering upper GIAD in an acute paediatric gastrointestinal bleed and the way in which surgical management can prevent a potentially fatal outcome.
On the description of the temperature dependence of the transient grating signal in molecular crystals

We present a description of temperature effects on the evolution of transient grating signals and report on the relationships among several seemingly different theoretical approaches to the description of transient gratings in molecular crystals.
Difference between Wafer Temperature and Thermocouple Reading during rapid Thermal Processing

Thermocouples are often used as a calibration standard for rapid thermal processing. Although it has been recognized that the thermocouple temperature can be different from the wafer temperature, the magnitude of the temperature difference is difficult to quantify. In this work, we present a simple analytical model to demonstrate the difference between the thermocouple temperature and the true wafer temperature. The results show that a large difference can exist between the thermocouple and the wafer temperature. This is because the optical and thermophysical properties of the thermocouple and the glue material are different from those of the wafer. The model results show that temperature measurement becomes more accurate if fine diameter thermocouple wires with very low emissivity are used.
Race, Housing, and Burnham’s Plan: Why is there no Housing in the 1909 Plan of Chicago?

This essay contends that the 1909 Plan of Chicago written by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Bennett represented and contributed to a dramatic change in the relationship between public and private spaces in American cities. The plan gave concrete form to the Progressive aim of strengthening government and using the state to shape individual behavior. It reorganized the ideological relationship between the family home and public space, suggesting that the home in the industrializing city was no longer adequate to shape democratic citizens.
Low‐Silica Glasses Based on Calcium Aluminates

An exploratory study of the effects of compositional variation on glass formation in low-silica aluminate compositions revealed that CaO is essential for glass formation at ordinary quenching rates. Other oxides, such as Li2O, MgO, BaO, ZnO, Na2O, K2O, BeO, B2O3, and PbO, can be present in the glass in limited amounts (in some cases up to 30 mol%). A necessary, but insufficient, condition for easy glass formation is that the ratio of oxygen ions to network-forming cations (assumed to be Si4+ and Al3+) be ∼2.5. The glass-forming compositions were also characterized by liquidus temperatures below ∼1500°C (2732°F). Young's modulus ranged from 13.0 to 17.8×106 psi. Glasses containing network-modifying cations with high field strengths generally had the higher moduli. Strength (420,000 to 650,000 psi in 0.3-mil fibers), static fatigue, viscosity, annealing, and surface tension were studied to a limited extent for the composition (in mol%) 30Al2O3-4SiO2-60CaO-6MgO.
Computing of separated flow using the space-marching conservative supra-characteristics method

Steady, hypersonic viscous flows over compression corners with streamwise separation have been computed using the space marching Conservative Supra-Characteristics Method (CSCM-S) of Lombard. The CSCM-S method permits stable space marching of the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations through large separated flow regions. The present method has been used to compute surface pressure, heat transfer, and skin friction coefficients for two compression corner cases studied experimentally by Holden and Moselle. The computed results compare favorably with previous Navier-Stokes results and the experimental data. The present method has also been compared with the conventional Beam-Warming scheme for solving the PNS equations. Comparison are made for accuracy, computer time, and computer storage.
Is Watching Others Self-Disclose Enjoyable?

Self-disclosure is a means through which closeness, familiarity, and satisfaction are produced between partners. The present study integrated interpersonal and mass communication literature to theoretically inform the outcomes of mediated forms of self-disclosure between a viewer and character on television. Empirically testing the effects of two dimensions of disclosure – depth (low intimacy versus high intimacy) and mode (character-to-viewer versus character-to-character versus narrator-to-viewer) of information delivery – this research supported the prediction that a viewer’s overall enjoyment of witnessing a character self-disclose personal information would be mediated by identification and transportation. The results suggest the meaningful role of “character address” in heightening audience engagement with both the character and narrative. Implications for the similarity of interpersonal and mediated relationships, effective entertainment formats, social reality perceptions, and online self-disclosu...
Phosphorylation of Histone H2AX and Activation of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 in Response to Replication-dependent DNA Double-strand Breaks Induced by Mammalian DNA Topoisomerase I Cleavage Complexes

DNA double-strand breaks originating from diverse causes in eukaryotic cells are accompanied by the formation of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) foci. Here we show that γH2AX formation is also a cellular response to topoisomerase I cleavage complexes known to induce DNA double-strand breaks during replication. In HCT116 human carcinoma cells exposed to the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, the resulting γH2AX formation can be prevented with the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase-related kinase inhibitor wortmannin; however, in contrast to ionizing radiation, only camptothecin-induced γH2AX formation can be prevented with the DNA replication inhibitor aphidicolin and enhanced with the checkpoint abrogator 7-hydroxystaurosporine. This γH2AX formation is suppressed in ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) deficient cells and markedly decreased in DNA-dependent protein kinase-deficient cells but is not abrogated in ataxia telangiectasia cells, indicating that ATR and DNA-dependent protein kinase are the kinases primarily involved in γH2AX formation at the sites of replication-mediated DNA double-strand breaks. Mre11- and Nbs1-deficient cells are still able to form γH2AX. However, H2AX-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts exposed to camptothecin fail to form Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 foci and are hypersensitive to camptothecin. These results demonstrate a conserved γH2AX response for double-strand breaks induced by replication fork collision. γH2AX foci are required for recruiting repair and checkpoint protein complexes to the replication break sites.
Effect of Hydrocortisone on Acidotic Failure of the Isolated Heart

Acute myocardial failure observed when the denervated heart-lung preparation is rendered acidotic is mitigated if 5 to 10 mg. of hydrocortisone are administered to the preparation 12 to 15 min. before the onset of ventilation with high CO2.
Ca2 +-dependent modulation of voltage-gated Ca2 + channels ☆ ☆☆

The passage of Ca2+ ions through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels triggers a wide range of signaling pathways but also fundamentally regulates further Ca2+ influx through these channels. Cav1.2 (L-type) and Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) channels undergo a dual feedback regulation by Ca2+, which is manifested as enhanced facilitation and inactivation of Ca2+ currents compared to Ba2+ currents. Ca2+-dependent facilitation and inactivation are distinct biophysical processes but are linked through a common molecular mechanism. The ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein calmodulin binds directly to multiple sequences in the Ca2+ channel α1 subunit, causing Ca2+-dependent conformational changes that favor facilitated or inactivated states of the channel. In the nervous system, Ca2+ binding proteins related to CaM also contribute to modulation of Ca2+ channels, which may diversify Ca2+ signaling in different neurons. In all excitable cells, Ca2+-dependent facilitation and inactivation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels may be a general mechanism for fine-tuning Ca2+ entry to protect against toxic Ca2+ overloads and to control the specificity with which Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways are activated.
Woman-centred perspectives on female psychosexuality

Numerous contemporary analyses have challenged traditional models of female psychosexual development, identifying their norms as implicitly androcentric Femaleness has been regarded as derivative or deviant, as less and “other” than maleness. Alternative, woman-centred, models emphasise three major aspects of female psychosexual development: affiliation (women and others), maternity (women as mothers), and alterity (women and otherness). For some theorists the affiliative/maternal emphasis constructs a model of healthy and desirable femaleness. For others it represents not only the outcome of millennia of female subordination but also provides a justification for perpetuation of that subordination. Whatever the resolution of these dilemmas, a woman-centred perspective of female psychosexual development is relevant to contemporary psychiatric thinking. This review will present such a perspective and raise some of those dilemmas.
An unified framework for LPV system analysis and control synthesis

A new approach for linear parameter varying (LPV) system analysis and control synthesis is proposed. This unified framework combined two seemingly diversified methods in systematic gain-scheduling: the LPV control theory, and an extended applicability of the full block S-procedure to general LPV systems.
Implementation and Outcomes of a Resident-led Physics Curriculum with Integration of the RSNA/AAPM Physics Modules

Rationale and Objectives With the impending integration of clinically relevant physics into the new American Board of Radiology Core exam, diagnostic radiology residency programs are faced with the challenge of how best to adapt the teaching of radiologic physics to residents. We present a novel resident-led physics curriculum that replaces the traditional didactic structure used in previous years. The hypothesis is that a self-teaching curriculum will facilitate greater retention of core physics concepts and foster a mentality of independent learning. We present both the implementation of this new curriculum and the initial outcomes. Materials and Methods A 2-year resident-led physics curriculum was designed and implemented, with integration of the Radiological Society of North America/American Association of Physicists in Medicine online Physics Modules. A preimplementation survey was completed by residents to assess opinions on the previous lecture-based didactic curriculum. A postimplementation survey was then administered six months into the new resident-led curriculum. DXIT Physics percentile scores were compared before and after the curriculum change. The outcomes analysis of this study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board and issued IRB approval #PRO13050022. Results Average Physics DXIT percentile scores improved by 24.1% after the implementation of the resident-led curriculum. Results from the postimplementation survey reveal that 36% of residents think the change was a “Significant Improvement” in physics education. Also, 50% of responses have rated the new curriculum as “Moderately” effective, and an additional 13% of responses have rated the curriculum as “Very-to-Extremely” effective in teaching physics. Conclusions Compared to our prior lecture-based physics curriculum, the change to a resident-led physics curriculum, to teach clinically relevant physics concepts to radiology residents, has been both effective and well received.