cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Never ending saga of phased array breakthroughs

• 3, 4, 6 face “Aegis” systems developed by China, Japan, Australia, Netherlands, USA • Israel and Australia “Aegis” AESAs have an A/D at every element, a major breakthrough. • GaN advancing rapidly. Will be helped by use for PCs, notebooks, cell phones, servers. • Extreme MMIC: 4 X-band T/Rs on 1 SiGe chip for DARPA ISIS program; goal 8 bits 1 GS/s A/D and 16 element array. • Valeo-Raytheon 24 GHz phased array now available for blind spot detection in cars for just $100's. • Lincoln Lab using 2 W chip increases spurious free dynamic range of receiver plus A/D by 20 dB • JPL's SweepSAR provides wide swath SAR from space with 1/6 th power required by ScanSAR. • Metamaterials: 1. Can now focus 6X beyond diffraction limit at 0.38 μm — Moore's Law marches on. 2. Used in cell phones to obtain antennas 5X smaller and have 700 MHz-2.7 GHz bandwidth. 3. Provide isolation between closely spaced antennas and antenna elements.
Studies on the sites and kinetics of Coxsackie A9 virus multiplication in the monkey kidney cell.

Abstract Monkey kidney cells, infected with Coxsackie A9 virus, were homogenized in citric acid and separated into “nuclear” and “nonnuclear” fractions. The distribution of complete virus and viral RNA was followed during the course of virus infection and multiplication. Similar events involving viral antigen synthesis were followed by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. The results obtained by these two approaches were remarkably consistent and have been interpreted in the following way. During the first 2 hours after inoculation, infecting virus enters the cell and possibly as intact virus migrates to the nuclear membrane. Infecting viral RNA may be associated with the nucleus during the first 4 hours of infection, but otherwise its fate is obscure. Synthesis of new viral protein and nucleic acid and virus maturation, beginning as early as 2 1 2 hours , appear to be cytoplasmic events.
Understanding Solid-State Reactions of Organic Crystals with Density Functional Theory-Based Concepts

Solid-state reactions are commonly observed in organic crystals, including pharmaceutical and agricultural materials, fine chemicals, dyes, explosives, optics, and many other substances. The fact that these reactions are in general highly anisotropic with regard to the initiation and propagation in a crystal has led to this study for investigating the effect of crystal packing on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of organic crystals. We have used electron density-based concepts, including nuclear Fukui function, developed from density functional theory, for elucidating the effect of electronic structures of different polymorphs on the difference in their chemical reactivity. Two polymorphs of flufenamic acid were studied. The calculation results on major reacting faces of the two forms support their reactivity difference with ammonia gas. In addition, we calculated surface energies of reacting faces to discuss how the mechanical difference may affect the propagation of solid-state reaction.
Noninvasive determination of upper airway resistance and flow limitation

We have shown that a polynomial equation, F(P) = AP3 + BP2 + CP + D, where F is flow and P is pressure, can accurately determine the presence of inspiratory flow limitation (IFL). This equation req...
Excited Carrier Dynamics of α-Cr2O3/α-Fe2O3 Core-Shell Nanostructures

In this work alpha-Cr(2)O(3)/alpha-Fe(2)O(3) core-shell polycrystalline nanostructures were synthesized by using alpha-Cr(2)O(3) nanoparticles as seed crystals during aqueous nucleation. The formation of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) polycrystallites on alpha-Cr(2)O(3) surfaces was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The excited-state relaxation dynamics of as-grown core-shell structures and "pure" alpha-Fe(2)O(3) particles of the same size were measured with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The results show the carrier lifetimes decay within a few picoseconds regardless of sample. This is likely due to fast recombination/trapping of carriers to defects and iron d-states.
Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder: a new atmospheric temperature and humidity sounder for operational polar-orbiting weather satellites

The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) is a new generation of microwave instrument for measuring atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from satellites. It is being developed in the U.S. for the future operational weather satellite systems, called the National Polar- orbiting Operational Environment Satellite System (NPOESS). This paper presents some key design features of the ATMS, its essential characteristics, the expected performance, and program status.
Regulation of Human Alveolar Macrophage Inflammatory Cytokine Production by Interleukin-10

Alveolar macrophages are the primary source of inflammatory cytokine production in the lung. Both site-specific and differentiation-specific factors play a role in cytokine production, and regulation of this activity in alveolar macrophages is distinctly different from that of circulating blood monocytes. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8)] and enhances production of interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes, but the effect of IL-10 on such activity in alveolar macrophages is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of recombinant IL-10 on endotoxin-stimulated cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages. TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 secretions were significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated by endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and were all significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited (median inhibition = 43%) by IL-10 (10 ng/ml). In contrast, IL-1ra was not stimulated by LPS and basal levels were not affected by IL-10. LPS also did not significantly elevate alveolar macrophage IL-10 secretion (< 100 pg/ml) and basal levels were undetectable (< 15 pg/ml). This potent inhibitory activity of IL-10 on inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages suggests that exogenous IL-10 may be useful in treatment of inflammatory lung diseases such as adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Block-matrix generalizations of Schur's basic theorems on Hadamard products

Abstract In a classic 1911 paper, I. Schur gave several useful bounds for the spectral norm and eigenvalues of the Hadamard (entrywise) product of two matrices. Motivated by applications to the theory of monotone and convex matrix functions, we are led to consider Hadamard products in which both factors are conformally partitioned block matrices and the entries of one factor are constant within each block. Such products are special cases of a block Kronecker (tensor) product, and it is in this context that we present generalizations of Schur's results.
Absence of Lateral Composition Fluctuations in Aberration-corrected STEM Images of an InGaN Quantum Well at Low Dose

By using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy we have found no small scale lateral In composition fluctuations exist in the In0.15Ga0.85N active region of a light emitting diode. Images were acquired at 2% of the electron dose known to create electron beam damage, so the acquired images reflect the intrinsic structure of the InGaN active region. Position averaged convergent beam electron diffraction reveals the local sample thickness where images were acquired is 4.8 nm, eliminating the possibility that the absence of composition variation was observed due to projection through a thick sample. In addition, 2–3 atomic layer steps were observed in the top surface of In0.08Ga0.92N layers and the In0.15Ga0.85N active layers, providing a possible mechanism for lateral carrier confinement.
Dynamic bandwidth management for single-hop ad hoc wireless networks

Distributed weighted fair scheduling schemes for QoS support in wireless networks have not yet become standard. In this paper we propose an admission control and dynamic bandwidth management scheme that provides fairness in the absence of distributed link level weighted fair scheduling. In case weighted fair scheduling becomes available, our system assists it by supplying the scheduler with weights and adjusting them dynamically as network and traffic characteristics vary. To obtain these weights, we convert the bandwidth requirement of the application into a channel time requirement. Our bandwidth manager then allots each flow a share of the channel time depending on its requirement relative to the requirements of other flows in the network. It uses a max-min fairness algorithm with minimum guarantees. The flow controls its packet transmission rate so it only occupies the channel for the fraction of time allotted to it by the bandwidth manager. As available bandwidth in the network and the traffic characteristics of various flows change, the channel time proportion allotted also dynamically varies. Our experiments show that, at the cost of a very low overhead, there is a high probability that every flow in the network will receive at least its minimum requested share of the network bandwidth.
Chronic rejection causes early destruction of the intrinsic nervous system in rat intestinal transplants

Chronic rejection is the major cause of late intestinal allograft dysfunction. We have previously shown that chronic rejection alters the muscularis externa of the graft. This study determined structural and functional changes to the enteric nerves during chronic rejection. Chronic rejection was achieved in orthotopic intestinal transplants (ACI to Lewis) by limited immunosuppression. Syngeneic transplants (ACI to ACI) and unoperated ACI rats served as controls. Animals were clinically healthy and showed no significant alterations in the mucosal architecture on postoperative day 90. Staining for NADPH diaphorase activity (nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons) and with neurofilament antibody RT-97 revealed that chronic rejection decreased the number of jejunal myenteric ganglia by approximately 50%. Inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) to circular muscle cells were determined by electrical field stimulation (EFS). In controls and syngeneic grafts, EFS caused a stimulus-dependent increase in IJP amplitude, with a maximal amplitude of 9 +/- 0.4 and 10 +/- 0.8 mV, respectively. Chronic rejection in allografts markedly increased the threshold for IJP initiation and decreased the maximal IJP amplitude (5 +/- 0.8 mV). Our data indicate that chronic rejection severely damages the muscularis and the enteric nervous system before mucosal changes become evident.
Acute cardiac injury events ≤30 days after laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection among U.S. veterans, 2010–2012

Cardiac injury is a known potential complication of influenza infection. Because U.S. veterans cared for at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs are older and have more cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors than the general U.S. population, veterans are at risk for cardiac complications of influenza infection. We investigated biomarkers of cardiac injury characteristics and associated cardiac events among veterans who received cardiac biomarker testing ≤30 days after laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection. Laboratory-confirmed influenza cases among veterans cared for at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ facilities for October 2010–December 2012 were identified using electronic medical records (EMRs). Influenza confirmation was based on respiratory specimen viral culture or antigen or nucleic acid detection. Acute cardiac injury (ACI) was defined as an elevated cardiac biomarker (troponin I or creatinine kinase isoenzyme MB) >99 % of the upper reference limit occurring ≤30 days after influenza specimen collection. EMRs were reviewed for demographics, CVD history and risk factors, and ACI-associated cardiac events. Among 38,197 patients with influenza testing results, 4,469 (12 %) had a positive result; 600 of those patients had cardiac biomarker testing performed ≤30 days after influenza testing, and 143 (24 %) had one or more elevated cardiac biomarkers. Among these 143, median age was 73 years (range 44–98 years), and 98 (69 %) were non-Hispanic white. All patients had one or more CVD risk factors, and 98 (69 %) had a history of CVD. Eighty-six percent of ACI-associated events occurred within 3 days of influenza specimen collection date. Seventy patients (49 %) had documented or probable acute myocardial infarction, 8 (6 %) acute congestive heart failure, 6 (4 %) myocarditis, and 4 (3 %) atrial fibrillation. Eleven (8 %) had non-cardiac explanations for elevated cardiac biomarkers, and 44 (31 %) had no documented explanation. Sixty-eight (48 %) patients had received influenza vaccination during the related influenza season. Among veterans with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection and cardiac biomarker testing ≤30 days after influenza testing, approximately 25 % had evidence of ACI, the majority within 3 days. Approximately half were myocardial infarctions. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering ACI associated with influenza infection among patients at high risk, including this older population with prevalent CVD risk factors.
Tracking control for a class of uncertain nonlinear large-scale systems via sliding mode technique

In this paper, the robust output tracking control problem fur a class of uncertain nonlinear large-scale systems is discussed. Based on the theory of both input/output (I/O) linearization and sliding mode control (SMC), two-level and decentralized variable structure control laws for this kind of systems are presented respectively, which achieve zero tracking error despite the uncertainties and disturbances.
GATA-1 Dominantly Activates a Program of Erythroid Gene Expression in Factor-Dependent Myeloid FDCW2 Cells

Erythrocyte development has previously been shown to depend upon the expression of the lineage-restricted trans-acting factor GATA-1. Despite predicted roles for this factor during early development, GATA-1-deficient cells in chimeric mice and embryonic stem cell cultures mature to a late proerythroblast stage and express at least certain genes that normally are thought to be regulated by GATA-1 (including erythroid Kruppel-like factor [EKLF] and the erythropoietin [Epo] receptor). Opportunities to test roles for GATA-1 in erythroid gene activation in these systems therefore are limited. In the present study, in an alternate approach to test the function of GATA-1, GATA-1 has been expressed together with the Epo receptor in myeloid FDCW2 cells and the resulting effects on cytokine-dependent proliferation and erythroid gene expression have been assessed. GATA-1 expression at low levels delayed FDCW2ER cell cycle progression at the G1 phase specifically during Epo-induced mitogenesis. Upon expression of GATA-1 at increased levels, proliferation in response to Epo, interleukin-3 (IL-3), and stem cell factor was attenuated and endogenous GATA-1, EKLF and βmaj-globin gene expression was activated. Friend of GATA-1 (FOG) transcript levels also were enhanced, and ets-1 and c-mpl but not Epo receptor gene expression was induced. Finally, in FDCW2 cells expressing increased levels of GATA-1 and a carboxyl-terminally truncated Epo receptor, Epo (with respect to IL-3 as a control) was shown to markedly promote globin transcript expression. Thus, novel evidence for select hierarchical roles for GATA-1 and Epo in erythroid lineage specification is provided.
Magnetic circular dichroism of adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine 5'-diphosphate to 180 nm.

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine 5′-diphosphate reveals that, for each species, the uv-absorption band near 200 nm is composed of at least two electronic transitions. The theory of MCD shows that the dipoles of these transitions are not parallel to one another. The transitions are assigned within the framework of current theories of the electronic structure of the purines. Knowledge of the presence of more than one transition within an absorption envelope is important in interpreting the corresponding natural CD of DNA and RNA.
New Directions in the Treatment of Cancer: Inhibition of Signal Transduction

In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that proteins regulated by activated oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes are responsible for the transformation of normal cells to malignant cells as well as for malignant characteristics such as uncontrolled cellular proliferation and the development of metastases. These proteins may be soluble factors, receptors on cell surfaces, or intracellular enzymes that produce signals that stimulate cellular development or proliferation. This process is called signal transduction.In many cases, increased amounts of these proteins have been demonstrated in cancer cells (over normal cells) and have been found to carry prognostic significance. New approaches in cancer treatment are being designed to block such proteins; this approach is termed signal transduction inhibition. !Specific protein targets that anticancer therapies have been developed to inhibit include epidermal growth factor receptors, tyrosine kinase, farnesyl transferase, and various promote...
Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis for steady-states of reaction diffusion equations

Solutions \(u \in H_0^1 (\Omega ) \cap H^2 (\Omega )\) of a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem, \(Au + f(x,u,\lambda ) = 0\) (with \(f_u (x,u,\lambda )\) bounded below) can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with zeros \(c \in \mathbb{R}^d \) of a function \(c \to B(c,\lambda ) \in \mathbb{R}^d \). Often d is small. The function \(B(c,\lambda )\) is called the bifurcation function. It can also be shown that the eigenvalues of the matrix \(B_c (c,\lambda )\) characterize the stability properties of the solutions of the elliptic problem as rest points of \(u_t + Au + f(x,u,\lambda ) = 0\). A finite element method that can be used for computing B and Bc has recently been proposed. An overview of these results and the finite element method is given.
Interpretation of the susceptibility of paramagnetic nickel

Abstract The susceptibility of nickel from 1100 to 1500°K fits well χ = χ0 + C/(T−θ), where the Curie constant corresponds to a nickel moment of 0.7 μB. A model is proposed allowing χ0 to be interpreted as an enhanced specific heat susceptibility.
Science and public health principles used to reduce road deaths

An editorial in a previous issue of this journal falsely claims that the US government's efforts to reduce road fatalities are not based on science. It says that, as a result, the United States has fallen behind other countries in road death prevention. A large body of research and evaluation informed federal and state safety programs from the outset. Evans's comparisons of death trends among countries without adjustment for changes in relevant risk factors or specification of the injury reduction policies among the countries tell us nothing about the causes of the declines or the effects of specific ameliorative efforts. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 16, 2014: e1-e3. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302352). Language: en
What is Kinosternon arizonense

Specimens of fossil Kinosternon were examined and described from the Blancan NALMA localities of Benson and 111 Ranch in Arizona. All were referred to Kinosternon arizonense. Kinosternon arizonense...
Quantitative risk-based requirements reasoning

At NASA we have been developing and applying a risk management framework, "Defect Detection and Prevention" (DDP). It is based on a simple quantitative model of risk and is supported by custom software. We have used it to aid in study and planning for systems that employ advanced technologies. The framework has proven successful at identifying problematic requirements (those which will be the most difficult to attain), at optimizing the allocation of resources so as to maximize requirements attainment, at identifying areas where research investments should be made, and at supporting tradeoff analyses among major alternatives. We describe the DDP model, the information that populates a model, how DDP is used, and its tool support. DDP has been designed to aid decision making early in development. Detailed information is lacking at this early stage. Accordingly, DDP exhibits a number of strategic compromises between fidelity and tractability. The net result is an approach that appears both feasible and useful during early requirements decision making.
Practical inquiry: Collaboration and reflection in teacher education reform

Abstract If teachers are to use collaboration and reflection in their own classrooms, it is important for them to experience it in university teacher education courses. To explore implications of recommendations in national reports on teacher education reform, a course was designed using practical inquiry to structure use of craft knowledge, collaboration and reflection. Forty one teachers of varied backgrounds participated. Teachers reported that their perspectives broadened and that they gained confidence in their teaching choices through this experience. I found it challenging to manage disagreements for their maximum learning potential.
STUDIES ON CELL DEFORMABILITY: II. Effects of Some Proteolytic Enzymes

Murine sarcoma 37 ascites cells were treated with the proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin, after which cellular deformability and electrophoretic mobility were measured. It was shown that incubation with trypsin increased the ease with which the cells could be deformed without changing electrophoretic mobility, and that diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-trypsin was inactive, a fact which suggests that trypsin-sensitive peptide linkages help to maintain the "tension" at the cell periphery. On the other hand, chymotrypsin reduced cellular electrophoretic mobility without appreciably altering deformability. This suggests that, although chymotrypsin-sensitive bonds do not contribute to "tension," they are in some way associated with charged groups at the cell periphery.
No Association between Hepatitis C Virus Seropositivity and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Recent studies have linked hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with carotid atherosclerosis. We investigated the association between HCV seropositivity and acute myocardial infarction using a well-established cohort of young men in the US military and found no evidence to support this association.
Internal strain gradients quantified in bone under load using high-energy X-ray scattering

High-energy synchrotron X-ray scattering (>60 keV) allows noninvasive quantification of internal strains within bone. In this proof-of-principle study, wide angle X-ray scattering maps internal strain vs position in cortical bone (murine tibia, bovine femur) under compression, specifically using the response of the mineral phase of carbonated hydroxyapatite. The technique relies on the response of the carbonated hydroxyapatite unit cells and their Debye cones (from nanocrystals correctly oriented for diffraction) to applied stress. Unstressed, the Debye cones produce circular rings on the two-dimensional X-ray detector while applied stress deforms the rings to ellipses centered on the transmitted beam. Ring ellipticity is then converted to strain via standard methods. Strain is measured repeatedly, at each specimen location for each applied stress. Experimental strains from wide angle X-ray scattering and an attached strain gage show bending of the rat tibia and agree qualitatively with results of a simplified finite element model. At their greatest, the apatite-derived strains approach 2500 μe on one side of the tibia and are near zero on the other. Strains maps around a hole in the femoral bone block demonstrate the effect of the stress concentrator as loading increased and agree qualitatively with the finite element model. Experimentally, residual strains of approximately 2000 μe are present initially, and strain rises to approximately 4500 μe at 95 MPa applied stress (about 1000 μe above the strain in the surrounding material). The experimental data suggest uneven loading which is reproduced qualitatively with finite element modeling.
EVALUATION OF TERTIARY AMINE CO-INTIATORS USING DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING PHOTOCALORIMETRY

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the degree of photo- and thermal-polymerization obtained using various tertiary amine co-initiators of differing reactivities and molar concentrations, utilizing differential scanning photocalorimetry (DPC) and DSC. Amines tested were 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (A), triethanolamine (B), N,N,3,5-tetramethyl-aniline (C), ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (D), 0.95 (A) and 0.05 (D) in combined mixture (E), 4-N,N-(dimethylamino)phe-nylacetic acid (F) and a newly-synthesized tertiary aromatic amine methacryloxyethyl substituted 4-N,N-(dimethyla-mino)phenylacetamide (G). The monomer system consisted of Bis-GMA and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate neat resins, and 0.5% camphoroquinone for all groups tested. Samples of the blended monomers with 0.5–4.0 mol/eq (co-initiator to initiator) were irradiated with visible light under N2. The heat of reaction (ΔH) was calculated for each run in order to determine the degree of polymerization (DP). D resulted in a sig...
Desorption by ultrasound: Phenol on activated carbon and polymeric resin

An experimental feasibility study of using ultrasound to accomplish the dificult desorption of phenol from activated carbon and polymeric resin adsorbents is discussed. The desorption rates of activated carbon were found to significantly increase by ultrasound at 40 kHz and 1.44 MHz. Attrition of the activated carbon due to cavitation could be prevented by operating at a higher frequency and with an intensity below the threshold of the pulverization of carbon. According to the structural stability study of Amberlite XAD-4 and Dowex Optipore L-493 resins to withstand the abrasive cavitational effects of ultrasound at 40 kHz, the Dowex Optipore resin was stable under experimental conditions and phenol desorption rates were enhanced significantly with sonication. The ultrasonic desorption rates were favored by decreased temperature, aerated liquid medium, and increased ultrasound intensity. The desorption rates obtained without ultrasound appeared to be limited by pore diffusion, whereas those obtained in the presence of ultrasound were limited by surface reaction. The rate enhancement was due to an increase in diffusive transport within the pores caused by acoustic vortex microstreaming. The activation energy for desorption decreased with an increase in ultrasonic power density, thus making the ultrasound weaken the adsorption bond.
Joint Stocking and Product Offer Decisions Under the Multinomial Logit Model

This article studies a joint stocking and product offer problem. We have access to a number of products to satisfy the demand over a finite selling horizon. Given that customers choose among the set of offered products according to the multinomial logit model, we need to decide which sets of products to offer over the selling horizon and how many units of each product to stock so as to maximize the expected profit. We formulate the problem as a nonlinear program, where the decision variables correspond to the stocking quantity for each product and the duration of time that each set of products is offered. This nonlinear program is intractable due to its large number of decision variables and its nonseparable and nonconcave objective function. We use the structure of the multinomial logit model to formulate an equivalent nonlinear program, where the number of decision variables is manageable and the objective function is separable. Exploiting separability, we solve the equivalent nonlinear program through a dynamic program with a two dimensional and continuous state variable. As the solution of the dynamic program requires discretizing the state variable, we study other approximate solution methods. Our equivalent nonlinear program and approximate solution methods yield insights for good offer sets.
Electrodialysis: An application for the environmental protection in shale-gas extraction

Abstract Water is one of the resources used to fracture the host formation and retrieve the trapped gas during the process of shale-gas extraction. A portion of the injected water, which is known as flow-back water, is recovered during the initial extraction of the gas. The main characteristic of flow-back water is the very high concentrations of dissolved solids (e.g. calcium, sodium, and chloride), which renders its treatment highly challenging for most existing treatment methods. An alternative for onsite treatment (or pre-treatment) and recycling of the flow-back water is electrodialysis. The method is based on an electrically assisted membrane process for separation of salts from the solution. In this study, the efficiency of the electrodialysis for desalination of flow-back water was investigated at the laboratory scale using samples of flow-back water from the Marcellus shale-gas formation.
Relative Density and Relative Compaction

Since the pioneering work of R. R. Proctor some 40 years ago, soil mechanics engineers and contractors have been accustomed to evaluating a compacted fill in terms of relative compaction. Because of the many similarities, the terms relative compaction and relative density can be confused. The study presented herein was made to show the distinction between terms and to illustrate a simple and practical correlation between them.
A Survey of Employment Opportunities in Entomology

The current trend toward reduced pesticide use and development of integrated approaches to insect-pest control is requiring a reorientation of entomology-training programs. Such a reorientation underway at California State University, San Diego, has been accompanied by a doubling of enrollment in entomology courses and a marked increase in the number of graduate students selecting entomology as their area of specialization. Before changing and expanding the entomology program further we considered it useful to conduct a survey of job opportunities and the kind of training prospective employers would prefer applicants to have.
Structural stability of carbon nanotube films: the role of bending buckling.

In films, mats, buckypaper, and other materials composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), individual CNTs are bound together by van der Waals forces and form entangled networks of bundles. Mesoscopic dynamic simulations reproduce the spontaneous self-assembly of CNTs into continuous networks of bundles and reveal that the bending buckling and the length of CNTs are the two main factors responsible for the stability of the network structures formed by defect-free CNTs. Bending buckling of CNTs reduces the bending energy of interconnections between bundles and stabilizes the interconnections by creating effective barriers for CNT sliding. The length of the nanotubes is affecting the ability of van der Waals forces of intertube interactions to counterbalance the internal straightening forces acting on curved nanotubes present in the continuous networks. The critical length for the formation of stable network structures is found to be ∼120 nm for (10,10) single-walled CNTs. In the simulations where the bending buc...
The effect of muscular work on the metabolism of man after the ingestion of sucrose and galactose

The respiratory exchange was studied in three-hour experiments with a man, both at rest and at work, after ingestion of 70 g. of sucrose and 50 g. of galactose, respectively. The work consisted in riding a bicycle ergometer at the rate of 275 kg./m. per minute for one hour followed by two hours' recovery, or at the rate of 550 kg./m. for one-half hour followed by two and one-half hours' recovery.
Academic cancer researchers’ perspective on a federally mandated centralized comprehensive database of all cancer clinical trials results

e17576 Background: Campbell et al. (2002) examined the data sharing habits of geneticists and other life scientists from universities that receive funding from the NIH and found that genetics resea...
Single-Neuron Modeling of LSO Unit Responses

Zacksenhouse, Miriam, Don H. Johnson, Jerome Williams, and Chiyeko Tsuchitani. Single-neuron modeling of LSO unit responses. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3098–3110, 1998. We investigated, using a computati...
Anterior Tibial Tubercle Elevation in the Young Adult

A modification of Maquet's procedure, longitudinal proximal tibial osteotomy, was performed on 36 adults under the age of 40. The tibial tubercle was elevated between 2.0 and 2.5 cm. Fourteen were operated on for significant osteochondral injury to the underside of the patella, including patellar fracture; 16 were operated on because of osteoarthrotic change in the patellofemoral joint secondary to recurrent subluxation. Six were operated on because of pain persisting after previous patellectomy. Follow-up ranged between 2 and 5 years, was at least 2 years, and averaged 3.53 years. A good result was determined to be one in which the patient had no pain requiring medication or activity limitation; a poor result was designated when the patient had pain requiring medication or activity limitation. The success rate among the trauma or fracture group was 94 per cent, among the subluxation group 88 per cent, and among the postpatellectomy group 66 per cent. Failures included unrecognized osteoarthrosis of the tibiofemoral joint, psychiatric problems, a reflex sympathetic dystrophy, a compensation neurosis, a failure to correct excessive knee valgus with recurrent subluxation, and a fall displacing the operation. Serious complications, osteomyelitis and a displaced graft resulting from a postoperative fall, occurred at a rate of 5 per cent; minor complications, tenuous skin healing and tibial tubercle shingle fractures, occurred at a rate of 19 per cent. This operation is indicated only for patients with osteoarthrosis of the patellofemoral joint and is contraindicated in the presence of tibiofemoral osteoarthrosis. High success rates are attributed to careful attention to indications and contraindications and to the design and details of performing the procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A reply to behavior analysts writing about rules and rule-governed behavior.

Verbal stimuli called “rules” or “instructions” continue to be interpreted as discriminative stimuli despite recent arguments against this practice. Instead, it might more fruitful for behavior analysts to focus on “contingency-specifying stimuli” which are function-altering. Moreover, rather than having a special term, “rule,” for verbal stimuli whose only function is discriminative, perhaps behavior analysts should reserve the term, if at all, only for these function-altering contingency-specifying stimuli.
Last Word on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window.

to the editor: Every participant in this Viewpoint ([2][1]) conversation about exercise timing as it applies to people with diabetes has contributed a unique perspective honed by years of dedicated work. Thank you. Although all forms of exercise come with health benefits, I saw the postmeal glucose
RNA sequencing analysis of transcriptional change in the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata after environmentally relevant sodium chloride exposure

To identify potential biomarkers of salt stress in a freshwater sentinel species, we examined transcriptional responses of the common mussel Elliptio complanata to controlled sodium chloride (NaCl) exposures. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) of mantle tissue identified 481 transcripts differentially expressed in adult mussels exposed to 2 ppt NaCl (1.2 ppt chloride) for 7 d, of which 290 had nonoverlapping intervals. Differentially expressed gene categories included ion and transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity, maintenance of protein folding, and amino acid metabolism. The rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of taurine, an amino acid frequently linked to osmotic stress in aquatic species, was upregulated, as was the transmembrane ion pump sodium/potassium adenosine 5′-triphosphatase. These patterns confirm a primary transcriptional response to the experimental dose, albeit likely overlapping with nonspecific secondary stress responses. Substantial involvement of the heat shock protein 70 chaperone family and the water-transporting aquaporin family was not detected, however, in contrast to some studies in other bivalves. A subset of the most significantly regulated genes was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in an independent sample. Cluster analysis showed separation of mussels exposed to 2 ppt NaCl from control mussels in multivariate space, but mussels exposed to 1 ppt NaCl were largely indistinguishable from controls. Transcriptome-scale analysis of salt exposure under laboratory conditions efficiently identified candidate biomarkers for further functional analysis and field validation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2352–2366. © Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Auto-induction of Pichia pastoris AOX1 promoter for membrane protein expression

Abstract Pichia pastoris is a highly successful recombinant protein expression system due to its ability to quickly generate large quantities of recombinant proteins in simple media. P. pastoris has been used to successfully generate milligram quantities of many important human membrane proteins, including G-protein coupled receptors, ion channels, and transporters, which are becoming increasingly important therapeutic targets. Despite these successes, protein expression in P. pastoris is still cumbersome due to a need to change growth media from glycerol media to methanol induction media, which minimizes inhibition of the AOX1 promoter by residual glycerol. Taking advantage of this behavior of the AOX1 promoter, we developed Buffered extra-YNB Glycerol Methanol (BYGM) auto-induction media (100 mM potassium phosphate pH 6.0, 2.68% w/v YNB, 0.4% v/v glycerol, 0.5% v/v methanol, and 8 × 10−5% w/v biotin) which not only simplified the protein expression process, but also optimized protein expression levels in P. pastoris. We successfully used this auto-induction method to overexpress the target in both MutS and Mut+ strains. Moreover, we show that this method can facilitate screening high-expressing clones, as well as enable parallel protein production in P. pastoris.
Is There A Continuity of Indian Literary Tradition

(2001). Is There A Continuity of Indian Literary Tradition? South Asian Review: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 23-39.
A review on the role of interface in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymer composites

Composite materials and especially polymer composites are widely used in daily life and different industries due to their vastly different properties and design flexibility. It is known that the properties of the composites are strongly related to the properties of its constituents. However, it has been reported in many studies, experimentally and by simulations, that the characteristics of the composites do not follow the rule of mixing. It means that in addition to properties of the constituents, there are other parameters affecting the final physicochemical properties of composites. The interfacial interactions between fillers and host is one of the factors which can strongly affect the properties of the composite. In this review, we summarized the type of interactions between the constituents, their improvement techniques, interaction measurement methods, and the effects of interfacial interactions on thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of composites.
Primary vs Secondary Endosseous Implantation After Fibular Free Tissue Reconstruction of the Mandible for Osteoradionecrosis.

ImportanceThe clinical and financial implications of the timing of dental rehabilitation after a fibula free tissue transfer (FFTT) for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and osteonecrosis (ON) of the mandib...
Epigenetic Treatment Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide and rising health-care costs. Different metabolic, environmental, and lifestyle stressors ignite the onset of various CVDs, including sustained hypertension- and/or diabetes-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and atrial fibrillation. Although extensive studies have been conducted to understand the molecular basis of CVD development and progression, to date no effective therapy is available to stop or reverse the disease processes. It is now well recognized that epigenetic processes, a phenomenon where altered environmental factors and stressors affect cellular physiology through chromatin remodeling and gene expression without changing genotypes, play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of different CVDs. The pivotal roles of major epigenetic regulators, including microRNAs, histone deacetylases, acetyltransferases, and methyltransferases, in the development of various CVDs and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been well investigated in cells and animal models. Additionally, the levels of some epigenetic regulators in myocardial tissues derived from patients with CVDs have been investigated. Here we summarize the key findings on the development of epidrugs targeting major epigenetic regulators and their efficacies in the improvement of CVD pathologies in preclinical studies and their promise for clinical trials.
The Sociology of Bilingual Education in the United States.

In the United States of the 1980's bilingual education is beginning to mature, and as an innovation it may be judged, challenged and explained in terms of its sociology. It is becoming apparent tha...
An Investigation of Earnings Management Practices: Examining Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Earnings management is the act of intentional manipulation of the corporate financial data with the intent to achieve a specific objective. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of business professionals about specific cases of earnings management practices and evaluate the impact of such practices on the public’s perceptions. The data for this research was collected by using a questionnaire developed by starting with the examples of earnings management practices noted by auditors and expanding on that using the work of previous researchers. The results of this research add to the existing body of knowledge by identifying management’s decisions that might be well within generally acceptable accounting principles and yet considered unacceptable by the public or business professionals.
An MILP-based Operability Approach for Process Intensification and Design of Modular Energy Systems

Abstract A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) operability approach is developed for the design of high-dimensional and nonlinear systems. For the approach formulation, classical operability concepts are extended to attain process intensification towards system modularity. Motivated by natural gas utilization processes, a catalytic membrane reactor for the direct methane aromatization (DMA-MR) conversion to hydrogen and benzene is chosen as case study. The DMA-MR is described by a system whose design is challenged by complexity, including nonlinearities and a highly-constrained environment. A DMA-MR subsystem is addressed, for which 80% reduction in membrane area and 78% reduction in reactor volume is obtained when compared to a base case with equivalent performance. The proposed approach presents a computational time reduction greater than 3 orders of magnitude compared with previously introduced nonlinear programming-based operability approaches. These results indicate that the proposed approach is computationally efficient and thus can be extended to address higher dimensional cases.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CERVICAL SPINE IMPAIRMENTS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS POST-CONCUSSION.

Background Patients with concussion may present with cervical spine impairments, therefore accurate characterization of cervical post-concussion impairments is needed to develop targeted physical therapy interventions. Purpose To characterize the type, frequency and severity of cervical impairments in children and adolescents referred for physical therapy after concussion.Study design: Retrospective, descriptive study. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted for 73 consecutive children and adolescents who received cervical physical therapy following a concussion. Data was classified into six broad categories. The frequency and intensity of cervical impairments within and across the categories was reported. Results Ninety percent of patients demonstrated impairments in at least three out of five assessment categories whereas 55% demonstrated impairments in at least four out five assessment categories. Of the five assessment categories, posture (99%) and myofascial impairment (98%) demonstrated highest impairment frequency followed by joint mobility (86%) and muscle strength (62%). Cervical joint proprioception was the least commonly evaluated assessment category. Conclusion High prevalence of cervical spine impairments was observed in the subjects included in this study with muscle tension, joint mobility, and muscle strength being most commonly affected. The categories of impairments examined in this cohort were consistent with the recommendations of the most recent clinical practice guidelines for neck pain. This study provides preliminary data to support the framework for a cervical spine evaluation tool in children and adolescents following concussion. Level of evidence Level 4.
Molybdenum Complexes of 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene. Mononuclear Molybdenum(II) Species Formed by Facile Metal-Metal Bond Cleavage of the (Mo-Mo Quadruple Bond)4+ Core.

The quadruply bonded dimolybdenum(II) complexes (I) and also (NH4)5(Mo2Cl9)·H2O react with the title diphosphine (II) in MeOH at room temp. to afford the binuclear α-complexes (III) which do not isomerize to the β isomers.
Fundamental electronic structure and multiatomic bonding in 13 biocompatible high-entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted great attention due to their many unique properties and potential applications. The nature of interatomic interactions in this unique class of complex multicomponent alloys is not fully developed or understood. We report a theoretical modeling technique to enable in-depth analysis of their electronic structures and interatomic bonding, and predict HEA properties based on the use of the quantum mechanical metrics, the total bond order density (TBOD) and the partial bond order density (PBOD). Application to 13 biocompatible multicomponent HEAs yields many new and insightful results, including the inadequacy of using the valence electron count, quantification of large lattice distortion, validation of mechanical properties with experiment data, modeling porosity to reduce Young’s modulus. This work outlines a road map for the rational design of HEAs for biomedical applications.