cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tri-2-furyl-phosphine oxide: an oxidation product of the weak Lewis base tri-2-furylphosphine

The title compound, C12H9O4P, was prepared by the oxidation of tri-2-furylphosphine. The P=O bond length is 1.478 (2) A and the C—P bond lengths range from 1.774 (2) to 1.785 (2) A. The tri-2-furyl-phosphine oxide molecule displays a very distorted confirmation (not propeller-like) due to the large variation in O—P—C—C torsion angles [5.6 (3), 8.5 (3) and 118.0 (3)°]. The crystal structure involves intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Facial muscle innervation in cebid (new world) and macaque (old world) monkeys via a ramus communicating with the trigeminal nerve

Abstract Direct motor and reflex EMG responses were recorded from facial muscles in monkeys subjected to stimulation of the communicating ramus of the auriculo-temporal nerve. Transection of the ramus distal to the stimulus site eliminated the direct motor response. Transection of the ramus proximal to the stimulus site eliminated the reflex component. The results suggest that the trigeminal nerve carries motor fibres serving facial muscles.
Measuring the frequency of mouse and human cytotoxic T cells by the Lysispot assay: independent regulation of cytokine secretion and short-term killing

Antigen-specific T cells demonstrate several potent effector functions during immune responses. Direct killing of infected cells is crucial for clearing viruses and other intracellular pathogens, but it has been difficult to measure the frequency of cytolytic cells. We have now developed a single-cell assay to measure the number of cytotoxic cells in a population, using a herpes simplex virus amplicon vector to express Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in mouse or human target cells, and an Elispot to detect release of beta-galactosidase from killed target cells. This antigen-specific, perforin-dependent Lysispot assay has been combined with a cytokine Elispot in a two-color assay to confirm that cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion are regulated independently. The simultaneous enumeration of cytokine-secreting and cytotoxic cells should be invaluable for ex vivo analysis of immune responses during infection and autoimmunity.
Letter from SPN President

As your president, I want to welcome you to the Journal of Pediatric Nursing (JPN) SPN Column. I would like to familiarize you with the organization's strategic plan for the last fiscal year and for fiscal years 2013–2016 and offer a summary of last year's accomplishments and ongoing initiatives. As stated on our website (www.pedsnurses.org), the SPN vision is “To be the premier resource for nurses caring for children and their families,” whereas our mission is to “... champion the specialty of pediatric nursing by supporting its members in their practice.” Our five core values (collaboration, advocacy, respect, excellence, and schol-
Morton neuroma and metatarsalgia.

Abstract Morton neuroma is most likely a mechanically-induced degenerative neuropathy that predilects the third common digital nerve in middle-aged women who frequently wear fashionable shoes that are not designed for the physiology of the foot. A compression test of the affected web space is quite specific for its diagnosis, and an ultrasonograph can tell its exact size. If conservative means fail to relieve the painful symptoms of a Morton neuroma, surgical removal can produce dramatic pain relief. Metatarsalgia means pain in the metatarsal head region, and exists in three general forms: metatarsalgia of the first metatarsal head region, metatarsalgia of the fourth lateral metatarsal head region, and generalized metatarsalgia. There are numerous causes of metatarsalgia; a selected and important group of causes is discussed in this article. When conservative means fail to relieve metatarsalgia, specific surgical operations are quite effective for relief of pain, and are briefly described in the text.
American Values and Health Care Reform

There is a broad range of values that we want our health care system to embody and pursue. Thomas Murray writes that by focusing on these fundamental considerations, we can deepen and broaden the discussion of values and public policy.
Suppressive effects of alprazolam on the immune response of mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alprazolam on the response of murine immune cells. Splenic cells of young BALB/c mice were first cultured with an optimum dose of various mitogens in the presence or absence of varying doses of alprazolam to assess effects of alprazolam on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell proliferation, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell proliferation, and production of interleukin 2 (IL2). Then, peritoneal adherent cells (macrophages) from young BALB/c mice were cultured with an optimum dose of LPS in the presence or absence of alprazolam to assess the effects of alprazolam on the ability of peritoneal adherent cells to produce interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The results of this study clearly demonstrated that alprazolam is a potent immunosuppressive agent that can inhibit the proliferative responses of both B- and T-cells to LPS and Con A, respectively. It also can reduce production of IL2 by splenic T-cells and production of both IL1 and TNF by peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, it was also shown that (a) the magnitude of suppression of T-cell proliferation and of IL2 production occurs in a dose-dependent manner and (b) B-cells are more vulnerable than T-cells to the effect of alprazolam.
Bipolar Spray Charging for Leaf-Tip Corona Reduction by Space-Charge Control

Previous studies in the development of electrostatic crop-spraying technology have confirmed a process limitation due to gaseous discharges induced to flow from earthed plants under action of intensely charged pesticide spray clouds. This paper reports the development and evaluation of a bipolar spray-charging strategy introduced in an effort to further increase the electrodeposition efficiency of charged airborne spray droplets by minimizing corona discharge at prominent leaf tips of such target plants. It was hypothesized that a properly constituted bipolar spray cloud would eliminate this detrimental corona neutralization of the approaching spray by reducing to below threshold the space-charge electric field imposed at the periphery of the target-plant canopy, while still maintaining an adequate local space-charge field within the electrically shielded plant canopy to enhance droplet deposition. Veriable-frequency bipolar square-wave functions ranging from 12 to 36 Hz were input to an induction-charging nozzle to produce spray clouds having the desired space-charge characteristics. Results of experimental charge-and mass-transfer analyses document that the bipolar strategy successfully eliminated induced target-corona but failed to provide any electrodeposition benefit within shielded target zones. As compared with uncharged sprays, however, unipolar-charging enhanced the droplet deposition within similar targets by factors of 1.3- and 1.5-fold for corona and noncorona target conditions, respectively.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

Medial patellofemoral reconstruction is used to treat episodic lateral patellar instability that is due to laxity of medial retinacular patellar stabilizers. The ideal candidate has minimal pain between episodes of patellar instability, and seeks medical care primarily to address the occasional dislocation or subluxation. This technique will not reliably treat patellofemoral pain that is not directly caused by instability episodes. After exam under anesthesia and diagnostic arthroscopy, two right angle tunnels are drilled into the superomedial patella and a blind socket is created midway between the adductor tubercle and the epicondyle. A semitendinosus autograft or allograft is fixated at the femoral tunnel with an interference screw, tunneled between layers two and three, and then each limb is pulled through the patellar tunnels before being sutured to itself over a patellar bone bridge. This surgical method aims to reestablish a check-rein against lateral patellar motion and to reestablish normal limits of passive lateral patellar motion.
In Situ Monitoring of Organic Coatings Under QUV/Prohesion Exposure by Embedded Sensors

Abstract Organic coatings represent the most widely used means of mitigating the corrosion of metallic structures. A coating's primary role is as a physical barrier, reducing the transport of water...
Cone-beam reconstruction using retrieved phase projections of in-line holography for breast imaging

This work is a feasibility study of a phase-contrast cone-beam CT (CBCT) system for ROI (region of interest) reconstruction in breast imaging that incorporates the in-line holography technique into a cone-beam CT system. A conventional CBCT scan is done first to find any suspicious lesion, followed by a phase-contrast CBCT scan of the ROI for detailed characterization. The phase-contrast in-line holographic images are generated using Fresnel theory through computer simulation, and the projected phase maps, as line integrals of the phase coefficient of the scanned breast, are retrieved using phase-attenuation duality theory. In this way the object's phase coefficient, as the object function, can be reconstructed using these projected phase maps through FDK algorithm. The reconstruction error is calculated to evaluate the accuracy of this approach. The noise property of this approach is investigated as well by adding Poisson noise to the holographic images. The projected phase maps are retrieved and the object function is reconstructed in the presence of noise. The results show that the object's phase coefficient can be reconstructed with very small reconstruction error, and the noise level can be greatly reduced compared to the conventional CBCT system. In conclusion, the phase-contrast CBCT breast imaging approach is very promising to provide better image quality and to lower x-ray dose level for tumor characterization.
Equations for chromatic discrimination models.

Equations are derived to fit the cone sensitivity values of Smith and Pokorny, which are based mainly upon Judd’s modified color matching functions and the spectral sensitivities of normal and dichromatic observers. The equations, which fit Smith and Pokorny’s values to within 1 to 3%, are smooth and differentiable. Derivatives of cone sensitivities for an equal luminance spectrum, which are of particular importance for models of chromatic discrimination, have been calculated and are shown graphically.
Dynamics of Scroll Waves in Inhomogeneous Excitable Media

Nonlinear waves in excitable media often organize themselves into vortex-like patterns of activity, called ‘scroll waves’ in three dimensions. In this paper we review recent results concerning the effects of inhomogeneities on scroll wave dynamics. We concentrate on the dynamics of scroll waves with initially rectilinear filaments evolving in the presence of linear parameter gradients with different orientations relative to the filament. We describe how this evolution is affected by the presence of localized defects. The effects described here are important in the study of cardiac arrhythmias, and may lead to an understanding of the mechanism of termination and stabilization of these arrhythmias.
Differentiation in the eye of a pulmonate snail Helix aspersa.

The development of the eye of a stylommatophoran snail, Helix aspersa , was studied by electron microscopy at various stages of morphogenesis from the initial invagination of the embryonic ectoderm to form an eyecup to the fully differentiated organ in the adult. Special attention was given to the origin of the photoreceptoral organelles, the rhabdomeres, as arrays of microvilli from the luminal surfaces of presumptive receptoral cells and to the source of lens and vitreous humor from secretory granules produced in Golgi centers of prospective corneal, supportive, and sensory cells. Although the cells of the optic vesicle possess rudimentary cilia, all microvilli arise by folding of cell membranes independently of the cilia. Also studied was the differentiation of pigment granules in supportive cells, neurites and neural vesicles of sensory cells, tonofilaments and desmosomes of pigmented and glial cells, and collagenous fibers of the optic capsule.
Intensity noise in lightwave fibre systems using LED transmitters

Excess noise in fibre-optic systems using LED transmitters is analysed. The relative excess noise (REN) of a commercially available single-mode LED source was measured to be −128 ± 1.0 dBHz−1. REN is shown to be significant in single-mode fibre systems in which the detected optical power is greater than −25 dBm.
Neuronal localization of specific angiotensin II binding sites in the rat inferior olivary nucleus.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 3-acetylpyridine, a neurotoxin selective for the inferior olivary nucleus. Following treatment, the rats exhibited deficits in locomotor behavior indicative of destruction in the inferior olivary nucleus. The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks later, and the binding of 125I-sarcosine1, isoleucine8 angiotensin II to brain homogenates and slide-mounted sections of brainstem was determined. Treatment with 3-acetylpyridine significantly decreased specific 125I-sarco-sine', isoleucine8 angiotensin II binding in homogenates of posteroventral brainstem (containing the inferior olivary nucleus) by approximately 50%. Homogenates of dorsal brainstem and hypothalamus-thalamus-midbrain showed no significant changes in specific binding. Treatment with 3-acetylpyridine did not significantly alter the radioligand binding affinity which was determined in the hypothalamus-thalamus-midbrain. Autoradiographic analysis of 125I-sarcosine1, isoleucine8 angiotensin II binding in the brainstem sections indicated that specific angiotensin II binding sites in the inferior olivary nucleus were virtually eliminated by the 3-acetylpyridine treatment. In addition, a comparatively small, but significant, decrease in specific 125I-sarcosine1, isoleucine8 angiotensin II binding occurred in the solitary tract nucleus/dorsal vagal motor nucleus complex. These results indicate that specific angiotensin II binding sites in the inferior olivary nucleus occur exclusively on neuronal perikarya and/or dendrites.
The Problem of Transfer, and the Sociocultural Critique of Schooling

It is often suggested that transfer is central to our system of education. Yet transfer has proven hard to define, difficult to investigate, and perplexingly controversial. This article compares 1 of the earliest critiques of transfer- Dewey's (1916)-with 1 of the most recent-Lave's (1988)-to explore how the debate over transfer is linked to competing views of the goals and aims of schooling. It is proposed that if sociocultural theory is to make good on its critique of schooling, it must be extended in 2 respects: in its ontology of the person, and its conception of the society in which we live. A preliminary sketch is provided of each of these extensions, to develop the sociocultural suggestion that learning and schooling both involve transformation of the person. The debate over transfer rests on but obscures divergent views of the goals and aims of schooling. Both critique of schooling and calls for school reform presuppose conceptions of the kind of person we want children to be, and the kind of soci...
IgG-immunostaining in the intact rabbit brain: variable but significant staining of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons with anti-IgG

A significant number of brain neurons in the rabbit brain were immunostained with anti-rabbit gamma-immunoglobulin (IgG). IgG-positive neurons were often found in the cerebellum, lower brainstem and motor nuclei. Similar IgG-positive neurons were occasionally found in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and midbrain, but not in the striatum and thalamus. These neurons showed very clear Golgi-like staining of soma and dendrites but IgG staining was absent from the cell nuclei and axons. In particular, groups of Purkinje neurons in the rabbit cerebellum showed strong IgG-positive staining. To confirm whether the staining reflected the existence of IgG molecules in these neurons, staining specificity was carefully evaluated. Staining was specifically eliminated by pre-absorption of the antibodies with the purified rabbit IgG. An antibody to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM or CD56), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, exhibited a completely different pattern of staining as that for IgG. To determine whether IgG-like immunoreactivity was a general feature of mammalian brain, brain sections of rabbits, rats, and mice were immunostained with antibodies to IgGs of each of the three species. Similar IgG-positive neurons were observed in all three species, although the distribution and frequency was characteristic for each species. In rabbit brain, anti-rabbit IgG stained-neurons were more abundant compared to rat and mouse brain. IgG-positive microglia-like cells were evident in mouse brain, but less frequent in rabbit and were hardly observed in rat brain. To evaluate whether stained neurons could synthesize IgG, in situ hybridization was carried out using an antisense oligonucleotide probe to rabbit IgG DNA. No significant label was observed in cerebellum. These results suggest that a significant number of neurons in the intact rabbit brain take up IgGs and concentrate them in their cytoplasm, although the molecular uptake mechanism is retained for future studies. Our results also suggest that the rabbit may be a suitable animal to study the function(s) of IgG in brain neurons.
“Journalism Is a Loose-Jointed Thing”: A Content Analysis of Editor & Publisher's Discussion of Journalistic Conduct Prior to the Canons of Journalism, 1901–1922

With a category system drawn from the ethical elements listed in the American Society of Newspaper Editors' (ASNE) Canons of Journalism, this analysis examines Editor & Publisher's discussion and debate of the problems of journalism on its editorial page in the more than 20 years leading up to ASNE's adoption in 1923 of the first nationwide code of ethics for the newspaper industry. This study confirmed the presumption that the code was a culmination of an ongoing and historical conversation about the normative standards of journalism in the newspaper industry's primary trade journal. It showed that Editor & Publisher raised every one of the ethical issues and problems of journalism outlined in the Canons, to include responsibility of the press, truthfulness and accuracy, partisanship, independence, freedom of the press, propaganda, and sensationalism.
Brefeldin A, thapsigargin, and AIF4- stimulate the accumulation of GRP78 mRNA in a cycloheximide dependent manner, whilst induction by hypoxia is independent of protein synthesis.

The glucose regulated proteins (GRPs) are major structural components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are involved in the import, folding, and processing of ER proteins. Expression of the glucose regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94) is greatly increased after cells are exposed to stress agents (including A23187 and tunicamycin) which inhibit ER function. Here, we demonstrate that three novel inhibitors of ER function, thapsigargin (which inhibits the ER Ca2+-ATPase), brefeldin A (an inhibitor of vesicle transport between the ER and Golgi) and AlF−4, (which inhibits trimeric G-proteins), can increase the expression of both GRP78 and 94. The common characteristic shared by activators of GRP expression is that they disrupt some function of the ER. The increased levels of GRPs may be a response to the accumulation of aberrant proteins in the ER or they may be increased in response to structural/functional damage to the ER. The increased accumulation of GRP78 mRNA after exposure of cells to either thapsigargin, brefeldin A, AlF−4, A23187, or tunicamycin can be blocked by pre-incubation in cycloheximide. In contrast, accumulation of GRPs after exposure to hypoxia was independent of cycloheximide. In addition, the protein kinase inhibitor genistein blocked the thapsigargin induced accumulation of GRP78 mRNA, whereas the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid caused increased accumulation of GRP78 mRNA. The data indicates that there are at least 2 mechanisms for induced expression of GRPs, one of which involves a phosphorylation step and requires new protein synthesis (e.g., thapsigargin, A23187) and one which is independent of both these steps (hypoxia). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Urine marking and social dominance in male house mice (Mus musculus domesticus)

House mice use urine marking for a variety of forms of social communication. Urine marking varies with dominance status; socially dominant male house mice urine mark more than those that are socially subordinate. Experiment I was designed to confirm this previous finding. Experiment II was designed to test whether urine marking, measured prior to testing males for aggression, could be used to predict social dominance. Mice were tested for urine marking in 20 cmx40 cm rectangular cages with filter paper below the wire mesh bottom of the cage. In Experiment I, groups of four males were tested in a round robin design to assess social dominance and were then placed individually in urine marking cages. Social dominance was a significant predictor of the number of 1 cm squares that contained urine marks, both with regard to interior squares and for perimeter squares in the test cage. In Experiment II, groups of four males were first tested individually in urine marking cages and then used for round robin aggressive encounters to assess social dominance. The number of interior squares with urine marks, and, to a lesser extent, the number of perimeter squares with urine marks, were both significant predictors of aggression scores and social dominance status. Being able to judge social dominance without having the mice encounter each other could be a valuable tool for future work; confounding effects on such parameters as hormone levels could be avoided while obtaining an estimate of male social dominance status.
Cytoskeletal participation in stimulated secretion and compensatory apical plasma membrane retrieval in lacrimal gland acinar cells.

One of the main functions of the lacrimal gland is the regulated secretion of tear fluid, rich in proteins and electrolytes, in response to signals provided through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Since proper tear-fluid secretion is essential for maintenance of ocular health, a long-term focus of our laboratory has been to understand the molecular mechanisms governing regulated secretion in lacrimal acini. In particular, we have focused on the role of microtubules (MTs), actin-based microfilaments (MFs), and motor proteins associated with either filament system in the stimulated lacrimal acinar secretory response. MTs and MFs constitute two of the three major cytoskeletal filament systems in mammalian cells, the third system being the intermediate filaments.
Associated heavy-vector-meson production in e + e − annihilation

As a contribution to the inclusive process e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..V+X where V is a /sup 3/S/sub 1/ bound state of heavy quarks q/sub 1/ and q-bar/sub 2/, we consider the QCD process e/sup +/s/sup -/ ..-->..V+q-bar/sub 1/+q/sub 2/. The rate is found to dominate asymptotically over other, previously calculated, perturbative mechanisms. An apparently accidental partial cancellation in the case of the like-quark bound states (phi,psi,UPSILON) enhances the relative rate of flavor-nonsinglet vector mesons.
Reactions of Wool with Cyanuric Chloride

The reaction of wool with cyanuric chloride from an acetone-water mixture results in crosslinking only if the wool has previously been reduced. Introduction of cyanuric chloride from acetone soluti...
Use of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for charging batteries

Piezoelectric materials can be used as mechanisms to transfer ambient vibrations into electrical energy that can be stored and used to power other devices. With the recent surge of micro scale devices, Piezoelectric power generation can provide a conventional alternative to traditional power sources used to operate certain types of sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices. In this paper, two types of piezoelectric materials were experimentally investigated for use as power harvesting devices. The two types being the commonly used monolithic piezoelectric (PZT) and Macro Fiber Composites (MFC), which were recently developed at the NASA Langley Center. Our experimental results estimate the efficiency of these devices and identify the feasibility of their use in real world applications. In general the power produced by the vibration of a piezoelectric device is on the order of a few milliwatts which is far too little to power for most applications. Therefore, each the transducer is used to charge nickel metal hydride batteries of varying sizes to compare their performance and ability of to store electrical power. The results presented in this paper show the potential of piezoelectric materials for use in power harvesting applications.
Evaluation of l-(2-chloroethyl-3-4-methylcyclohexyl)-l-nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU, NSC 95441) versus combined imidazole carboxamide (NSC 45388) and vincristine (NSC 67574) in palliation of disseminated malignant melanoma

Methyl-CCNU (l-(2-chloroethyl-3-4-methylcyclohexyl)-l-nitrosourea; NSC 95441) was compared to the combination of imidazole carboxamide (NSC 45388) and vincristine (NSC 67574) as treatment in 38 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. Objective regressions were observed in 5 of 19 patients who received methyl-CCNU as primary therapy and in 4 of 19 who received the combination. Thus far, no patient has had therapeutic benefit from either treatment program as secondary therapy. The toxicity in 28 patients who received methyl-CCNU included myelosuppression, with leukocyte counts <3,000/mm3 in 10 and platelet counts <100,000/mm3 in 11, compared to 5 patients with leukocyte counts <3,000/mm3 4 with platelet counts < 100,000/mm3 among 22 patients receiving the combination. Nausea and vomiting were common with the combination although hospitalization was not necessary because of this. Neurologic toxicity was seen only in patients receiving the combination; no other appreciable toxicity was observed in those receiving methyl-CCNU.
Neoblast Specialization in Regeneration of the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Planarians can regenerate any missing body part in a process requiring dividing cells called neoblasts. Historically, neoblasts have largely been considered a homogeneous stem cell population. Most studies, however, analyzed neoblasts at the population rather than the single-cell level, leaving the degree of heterogeneity in this population unresolved. We combined RNA sequencing of neoblasts from wounded planarians with expression screening and identified 33 transcription factors transcribed in specific differentiated cells and in small fractions of neoblasts during regeneration. Many neoblast subsets expressing distinct tissue-associated transcription factors were present, suggesting candidate specification into many lineages. Consistent with this possibility, klf, pax3/7, and FoxA were required for the differentiation of cintillo-expressing sensory neurons, dopamine-β-hydroxylase-expressing neurons, and the pharynx, respectively. Together, these results suggest that specification of cell fate for most-to-all regenerative lineages occurs within neoblasts, with regenerative cells of blastemas being generated from a highly heterogeneous collection of lineage-specified neoblasts.
Closure of Myelorachischisis Defects with Reverse Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flaps

The closure of myelorachischisis defects has been difficult and at times complicated. Over the past 2 decades, the use of rotational advancement flaps has been increasingly popular, but can be attended by instances of skin ischemia and necrosis. The development of the myocutaneous and muscle flap concept has aided reconstructive surgery. Extensive experience with the useful latissimus dorsi flap with and without overlying skin has been obtained for the reconstruction of a variety of truncal defects. We describe the use of bilateral "reverse" latissimus dorsi muscle flaps based on the paraspinal perforators for the closure of myelorachischisis defects in two patients. Coverage was uneventful in both instances. A 2-year follow-up revealed no compromise of upper extremity function due to sacrifice of the latissimus dorsi muscles. We offer an approach to the problem of closure of large myelorachischisis defects: bilateral reverse latissimus dorsi muscle flaps and delayed skin coverage. This approach seems to offer a good muscle layer over the dural closure and to provide long-standing durable coverage without apparent compromise of upper extremity function.
Cross-species comparison of genomewide gene expression profiles reveals induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-responsive genes in iron-deprived intestinal epithelial cells

Molecular mechanisms mediating the induction of metal ion homeostasis-related genes in the mammalian intestine during iron deficiency remain unknown. To elucidate relevant regulatory pathways, genomewide gene expression profiles were determined in fully differentiated human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Cells were deprived of iron (or not) for 6 or 18 h, and Gene Chip analyses were subsequently performed (Affymetrix). More than 2,000 genes were differentially expressed; genes related to monosaccharide metabolism, regulation of gene expression, hypoxia, and cell death were upregulated, while those related to mitotic cell cycle were downregulated. A large proportion of induced genes are hypoxia responsive, and promoter enrichment analyses revealed a statistical overrepresentation of hypoxia response elements (HREs). Immunoblot experiments demonstrated a >60-fold increase in HIF2α protein abundance in iron-deprived cells; HIF1α levels were unchanged. Furthermore, comparison of the Caco-2 cell data set with a Gene Chip data set from iron-deficient rat intestine revealed 29 common upregulated genes; the majority are hypoxia responsive, and their promoters are enriched for HREs. We conclude that the compensatory response of the intestinal epithelium to iron deprivation relates to hypoxia and that stabilization of HIF2α may be the primary event mediating metabolic and morphological changes observed during iron deficiency.
Void Nucleation Effects in Biaxially Stretched Sheets

The effects of void nucleation occurring during the deformation history on forming limit curves are considered for both in-plane and punch stretching employing a constitutive model of a porous plastic solid. Both plastic strain controlled and stress controlled nucleation processes are simulated by a two parameter void nucleation criterion. For in-plane stretching, plastic strain controlled nucleation can have, in certain circumstances, a significantly destabilizing effect on the forming limit curve. However, within the framework of plane stress theory which neglects the enhance­ ment of the hydrostatic stress due to necking, a stress controlled nucleation process is not found to be significantly destabilizing. In punch stretching a ductile rupture criterion, which limits the maximum volume fraction of voids, as well as the ap­ pearance of a well defined thickness trough, is adopted as a localized necking criterion. Only plastic strain controlled void nucleation is considered here in out-ofplane stretching. The resulting forming limit curves have the same shape as those obtained previously with void nucleation neglected.
What Should We Teach about the concept of Race

A travers l'examen du concept de race dans une perspective anthropologique, les auteurs reflechissent a la facon d'aborder ce theme au niveau pedagogique et de l'incorporer dans une vaste discussion portant sur la diversite culturelle de l'humanite...
Temperature dependence of the normal-metal Aharonov-Bohm effect.

The amplitude of h/e periodic oscillations in the magnetoresistance of very small normal-metal (Au) rings, as well as the harmonic h/2e, have been studied as a function of temperature. The amplitudes depend on the temperature T roughly as ${T}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$, as expected from the averaging of conduction channels in the absence of inelastic scattering, but may not be entirely consistent with this model. At the lowest T, the size of the fluctuations in the conductance is about \ensuremath{\Delta}G\ensuremath{\sim}${e}^{2}$/h, as predicted recently.
Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes

Abstract Eye movement records have been used profitably to study on-line comprehension processes in reading. We present some basic facts about eye movements during reading, emphasising issues concerning the use of eye movement data to infer cognitive processes that are involved in (1) word processing, (2) syntactic parsing, and (3) higher-order processes. We review research on each of these topics and present new data dealing with word processing and high-order processes. We conclude that the analysis of eye movement records provides a great deal of useful information about on-line processing and that eye movement recording is a good way to study many critical issues concerning language comprehension processes.
Autonomous charging to enable long-endurance missions for small aerial robots

The past decade has seen an increased interest towards research involving Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). The predominant reason for this is their agility and ability to perform tasks too difficult or dangerous for their human counterparts and to navigate into places where ground robots cannot reach. Among MAVs, rotary wing aircraft such as quadrotors have the ability to operate in confined spaces, hover at a given point in space and perch1 or land on a flat surface. This makes the quadrotor a very attractive aerial platform giving rise to a myriad of research opportunities. The potential of these aerial platforms is severely limited by the constraints on the flight time due to limited battery capacity. This in turn arises from limits on the payload of these rotorcraft. By automating the battery recharging process, creating autonomous MAVs that can recharge their on-board batteries without any human intervention and by employing a team of such agents, the overall mission time can be greatly increased. This paper describes the development, testing, and implementation of a system of autonomous charging stations for a team of Micro Aerial Vehicles. This system was used to perform fully autonomous long-term multi-agent aerial surveillance experiments with persistent station keeping. The scalability of the algorithm used in the experiments described in this paper was also tested by simulating a persistence surveillance scenario for 10 MAVs and charging stations. Finally, this system was successfully implemented to perform a 9½ hour multi-agent persistent flight test. Preliminary implementation of this charging system in experiments involving construction of cubic structures with quadrotors showed a three-fold increase in effective mission time.
Linear Level Lasserre Lower Bounds for Certain k-CSPs

We show that for kges3 even the Omega(n) level of the Lasserre hierarchy cannot disprove a random k-CSP instance over any predicate type implied by k-XOR constraints, for example k-SAT or k-XOR. (One constant is said to imply another if the latter is true whenever the former is. For example k-XOR constraints imply k-CNF constraints.) As a result the Omega(n) level Lasserre relaxation fails to approximate such CSPs betterthan the trivial, random algorithm. As corollaries, we obtain Omega(n) level integrality gaps for the Lasserre hierarchy of 7/6-epsiv for VERTEXCOVER, 2-epsiv for k-UNIFORMHYPERGRAPHVERTEXCOVER, and any constant for k-UNIFORMHYPERGRAPHINDEPENDENTSET. This is the first construction of a Lasserre integrality gap.Our construction is notable for its simplicity. It simplifies, strengthens, and helps to explain several previous results.
End-to-end service failure diagnosis using belief networks

We present fault localization techniques suitable for diagnosing end-to-end service problems in communication systems with complex topologies. We refine a layered system model that represents relationships between services and functions offered between neighboring protocol layers. In a given layer, an end-to-end service between two hosts may be provided using multiple host-to-host services offered in this layer between two hosts on the end-to-end path. Relationships among end-to-end and host-to-host services form a bipartite probabilistic dependency graph whose structure depends on the network topology in the corresponding protocol layer. When an end-to-end service fails or experiences performance problems it is important to efficiently find the responsible host-to-host services. Finding the most probable explanation (MPE) of the observed symptoms is NP-hard. We propose two fault localization techniques based on Pearl's (1988) iterative algorithms for singly connected belief networks. The probabilistic dependency graph is transformed into a belief network, and then the approximations based on Pearl's algorithms and exact bucket tree elimination algorithm are designed and evaluated through extensive simulation study.
On quantization of gravitational and electric charges

In this letter we obtain a gravitational-charge quantization condition by considering the deflection at large impact parameters of an electro-gravitational charge by the field of a stationary magneto-Heavisidian charge.
Semi-supervised Learning for Automatic Prosodic Event Detection Using Co-training Algorithm

Most of previous approaches to automatic prosodic event detection are based on supervised learning, relying on the availability of a corpus that is annotated with the prosodic labels of interest in order to train the classification models. However, creating such resources is an expensive and time-consuming task. In this paper, we exploit semi-supervised learning with the co-training algorithm for automatic detection of coarse level representation of prosodic events such as pitch accents, intonational phrase boundaries, and break indices. We propose a confidence-based method to assign labels to unlabeled data and demonstrate improved results using this method compared to the widely used agreement-based method. In addition, we examine various informative sample selection methods. In our experiments on the Boston University radio news corpus, using only a small amount of the labeled data as the initial training set, our proposed labeling method combined with most confidence sample selection can effectively use unlabeled data to improve performance and finally reach performance closer to that of the supervised method using all the training data.
CGHweb: a tool for comparing DNA copy number segmentations from multiple algorithms

Accurate estimation of DNA copy numbers from array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data is important for characterizing the cancer genome. An important part of this process is the segmentation of the log-ratios between the sample and control DNA along the chromosome into regions of different copy numbers. However, multiple algorithms are available in the literature for this procedure and the results can vary substantially among these. Thus, a visualization tool that can display the segmented profiles from a number of methods can be helpful to the biologist or the clinician to ascertain that a feature of interest did not arise as an artifact of the algorithm. Such a tool also allows the methodologist to easily contrast his method against others. We developed a web-based tool that applies a number of popular algorithms to a single array CGH profile entered by the user. It generates a heatmap panel of the segmented profiles for each method as well as a consensus profile. The clickable heatmap can be moved along the chromosome and zoomed in or out. It also displays the time that each algorithm took and provides numerical values of the segmented profiles for download. The web interface calls algorithms written in the statistical language R. We encourage developers of new algorithms to submit their routines to be incorporated into the website. Availability: http://compbio.med.harvard.edu/CGHweb Contact: ude.dravrah@krap_retep
ENERGY TRANSFER IN A LIGHT-HARVESTING CAROTENOID-CHLOROPHYLL c-CHLOROPHYLL a-PROTEIN OF PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM

eC in the dark and subsequent centrifugations produced a pigmented. protein fraction whose excitation spectrum exhibited energy transfer from carotenoids to chlorophyll a (ChI a). Disruption of the pigment-protein complex by heating in I~~ sodium dodecylsulfate resulted in loss of energy transfer. For each Chi a molecule this fraction had I ChI c. 4 fucoxanthin, and 6.7 accessory pigment molecules. Presence of the accessory complex of Photosystem II in this preparation is suggested by the high xanthophyll content. Further. based on Chi a concentrations. this fraction had about 18 times more apparent fluorescence emission at 680 nm when excited at 470 nm than the intact cells.
Cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning in adolescents with Specific Language Impairment

Cerebellar impairments have been hypothesized as part of the pathogenesis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), although direct evidence of cerebellar involvement is sparse. Eyeblink Conditioning (EBC) is a learning task with well documented cerebellar pathways. This is the first study of EBC in affected adolescents and controls. 16 adolescent controls, 15 adolescents with SLI, and 12 adult controls participated in a delay EBC task. Affected children had low general language performance, grammatical deficits but no speech impairments. The affected group did not differ from the control adolescent or control adult group, showing intact cerebellar functioning on the EBC task. This study did not support cerebellar impairment at the level of basic learning pathways as part of the pathogenesis of SLI. Outcomes do not rule out cerebellar influences on speech impairment, or possible other forms of cerebellar functioning as contributing to SLI.
Analyzing Information Flow in JavaScript-Based Browser Extensions

JavaScript-based browser extensions (JSEs) enhance the core functionality of web browsers by improving their look and feel, and are widely available for commodity browsers. To enable a rich set of functionalities, browsers typically execute JSEs with elevated privileges. For example, unlike JavaScript code in a web application, code in a JSE is not constrained by the same-origin policy. Malicious JSEs can misuse these privileges to compromise confidentiality and integrity, e.g., by stealing sensitive information, such as cookies and saved passwords, or executing arbitrary code on the host system. Even if a JSE is not overtly malicious, vulnerabilities in the JSE and the browser may allow a remote attacker to compromise browser security. We present Sabre (Security Architecture for Browser Extensions), a system that uses in-browser information-flow tracking to analyze JSEs. Sabre associates a label with each in-memory JavaScript object in the browser, which determines whether the object contains sensitive information. Sabre propagates labels as objects are modified by the JSE and passed between browser subsystems. Sabre raises an alert if an object containing sensitive information is accessed in an unsafe way, e.g., if a JSE attempts to send the object over the network or write it to a file. We implemented Sabre by modifying the Firefox browser and evaluated it using both malicious JSEs as well as benign ones that contained exploitable vulnerabilities. Our experiments show that Sabre can precisely identify potential information flow violations by JSEs.
Context Effects on Women’s Perceptions of Stranger Harassment

The current research suggests that perceptions of stranger harassment experiences (i.e., experiencing unwanted sexual attention in public) are altered by the context of the situation. Study one investigated which elements of the situation (context) might be most influential in increasing fear and enjoyment of the catcalling experience. Attractiveness and age of the perpetrator, time of day, and whether the victim was alone or with friends were some of the categories that were selected as influencing both fear and enjoyment. Study two used a perspective taking methodology to ask women to predict a target character’s emotions, fears, and behaviors in harassment situations that varied by context. Results mirror the sexual harassment literature and suggest that harassment by younger and attractive men is viewed as less harassing. Exploratory analyses were also conducted with women’s personal experiences with stranger harassment as well as gender differences in perceptions. Context plays a vital role in interpretation of stranger harassment.
An Investigation of Binocular Summation: II. The Periphery

Resume On a discute les implications theoriques du probleme de la sommation binoculaire. Au moyen d'un appareil qu'on a decrit on a determine qu'il ne se trouve pas de sommation dans des conditions de stimulation peripherique de la retine quand l'aire stimulee est relativement petite. Une experience ou l'on a reproduit les conditions stimulantes de l'experience de Piper n'a montre aucune evidence d'un effet de sommation. Dans tous les cas les seuils monoculaires sont constamment aussi peu eleves que les seuils binoculaires.
Noise Analysis of an Air-Core Fiber Optic Gyroscope

We report the first measurements of the random walk (RW) of an air-core fiber optic gyroscope (FOG), a novel sensor that exhibits reduced thermal sensitivity thanks to the use of an air-core fiber. Comparing this data to the RW-equivalent noise of the gyro detection system alone and to a simple model of detection noise demonstrates that the measured RW is unaffected by the high backscattering of the air-core fiber, but that it is limited instead by detector thermal noise for detected powers under ~5 muW and source excess noise above ~5 muW. Above this power level, the RW is found to be independent of detected power and equal to 0.021deg/radich, which is comparable to and as low as a conventional FOG with a similar scale factor.
PHYSICIAN ADHERENCE TO PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR WOMEN

Despite the publication of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) “Guide to Preventive Cardiology for Women” primary care screening and treatment of women at risk for coronary heart disease risk is not optimal. The purpose of this article is to apply a framework of physician behavior to describe specific challenges in implementing clinical practice guidelines for women’s cardiovascular health in the primary care setting. Specifically, we illustrate 1) underlying barriers to adherence, 2) attempts and interventions to overcome these barriers, and 3) future areas of research to improve physician adherence to guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heart disease in women. Background Despite the fact that risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) are well known and preventive management strategies to address these factors in the primary care setting have been shown to be cost-effective, CHD is still the leading cause of death among American women. 1 To address this issue, the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) published the “Guide to Preventive Cardiology for Women” in 1999 to “highlight risk factor management strategies that are appropriate for women with a broad range of coronary heart disease risk.” 2