cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variational Data Assimilation with a Variable Resolution Finite-Element shallow-water Equations Model

Abstract The adjoint model of a finite-element shallow-water equations model was obtained with a view to calculate the gradient of a cost functional in the framework of using this model to carry out variational data assimilation (VDA) experiments using optimal control of partial differential equations. The finite-element model employs a triangular finite-element Galerkin scheme and serves as a prototype of 2D shallow-water equation models with a view of tackling problems related to VIDA with finite-element numerical weather prediction models. The derivation of the adjoint of this finite-element model involves overcoming specific computational problems related to obtaining the adjoint of iterative procedures for solving systems of nonsymmetric linear equations arising from the finite-element discretization and dealing with irregularly ordered discrete variables at each time step. The correctness of the adjoint model was verified at the subroutine, level and was followed by a gradient cheek conducted once t...
A critical study of defect migration and ferroelectric fatigue in lead zirconate titanate thin film capacitors under extreme temperatures

Abstract The temperature dependence of the ferroelectric switching behavior was measured for lead zirconate titanate capacitors with the composition Pb(Zr.60Ti.40)O3. Results indicated that a tempe...
The Carboxyl Terminus of FANCE Recruits FANCD2 to the Fanconi Anemia (FA) E3 Ligase Complex to Promote the FA DNA Repair Pathway

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genome instability syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents. In response to DNA damage, the FA pathway is activated through the cooperation of 16 FA proteins. A central player in the pathway is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex or the FA core complex, which monoubiquitinates its substrates FANCD2 and FANCI. FANCE, a subunit of the FA core complex, plays an essential role by promoting the integrity of the complex and by directly recognizing FANCD2. To delineate its role in substrate ubiquitination from the core complex assembly, we analyzed a series of mutations within FANCE. We report that a phenylalanine located at the highly conserved extreme C terminus, referred to as Phe-522, is a critical residue for mediating the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI complex. Using the FANCE mutant that specifically disrupts the FANCE-FANCD2 interaction as a tool, we found that the interaction-deficient mutant conferred cellular sensitivity in reconstituted FANCE-deficient cells to a similar degree as FANCE null cells, suggesting the significance of the FANCE-FANCD2 interaction in promoting cisplatin resistance. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of the FANCE C terminus fragment alone in FA normal cells disrupts DNA repair, consolidating the importance of the FANCE-FANCD2 interaction in the DNA cross-link repair.
The Effects of Bark Beetle Outbreaks on Forest Development, Fuel Loads and Potential Fire Behavior in Salvage Logged and Untreated Lodgepole Pine Forests

Abstract Recent mountain pine beetle infestations have resulted in widespread tree mortality and the accumulation of dead woody fuels across the Rocky Mountain region, creating concerns over future forest stand conditions and fire behavior. We quantified how salvage logging influenced tree regeneration and fuel loads relative to nearby, uncut stands for 24 lodgepole pine forests in north-central Colorado that had experienced >70% overstory mortality from mountain pine beetles. We used our field measurements to predict changes in fuel loads and potential fire behavior in the forests that develop over the century following the outbreak and associated harvesting. Our field measurements and stand development projections suggest that salvage logging will alter the potential for canopy fire behavior in future stands by creating conditions that promote regeneration of lodgepole pine and quaking aspen as opposed to subalpine fir. The abundant subalpine fir that has regenerated in untreated, beetle-killed stands is predicted to form a stratum of ladder fuels more likely to allow fires burning on the surface to spread into the forest canopy. Harvesting increased woody surface fuels more than 3-fold compared to untreated stands immediately after treatments; however, coarse fuels will increase substantially (by ∼55 Mg ha −1 ) in untreated stands within three decades of the beetle infestation as dead trees topple, and the elevated fuel loads will persist for more than a century. Though salvage logging will treat a small fraction of beetle-infested Colorado forests, in those areas treatment will affect stand development and fuel loads and will alter potential fire behavior for more than a century.
Bulk properties of composite media. I. Simplification of bounds on the shear modulus of suspensions of impenetrable spheres

We study third‐order upper and lower bounds on the shear modulus of a model composite made up of equisized, impenetrable spherical inclusions randomly distributed throughout a matrix phase. We determine greatly simplified expressions for the two key multidimensional cluster integrals (involving the three‐point distribution function for one of the phases) arising in these bounds. These expressions are obtained by expanding the orientation‐dependent terms in the integrand in spherical harmonics and employing the orthogonality property of this basis set. The resulting simplified integrals are in a form that makes them much easier to compute. The approach described here is quite general in the sense that it has application in cases where the spheres are permeable to one another (models of consolidated media such as sandstones and sintered materials) and to the determination of other bulk properties, such as the bulk modulus, thermal/electrical conductivity, and fluid permeability.
A Case Study of Middle Grades Leadership in a Conversion Charter School.

This 3-year case study examined middle grades principal leadership in a takeover charter school. The researcher analyzed principal and teacher interviews, field notes, and documents in relationship...
The selection of nonsense suppressors in yeast

Abstract Protocols employing the mutagens ethyl methanesulfonate and nitrous acid, the base analogs 5-bromouracil and 2,6-diaminopurine, and ultraviolet light have been used in the selection of nonsense suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The examination of 1843 revertants obtained in two haploid strains each bearing 12 or 13 suppressible alleles gave 10 phenotypically different suppressors. The classification scheme based on 19 ochre and 3 amber alleles contains 5 ochre-specific, 3 ochre-amber, and 2 amber-specific suppressor classes. The ethyl methanesulfonate protocol, the most effective treatment, resulted in the enhancement of 2 ochre-specific, 1 ochre-amber, and 2 amber-specific suppressor classes. It is assumed that, like the amber and ochre suppressors in E. coli , the nonsense suppressors in yeast are genes coding for transfer-RNA's and that the mutational event giving rise to a suppressor is a change in the bases of the triplet specifying the anticodon. Therefore, from a consideration of the genetic code and the mutagenic specificity of ethyl methanesulfonate, one can predict the amino acids being substituted in the translation of the nonsense codons by the above suppressors: tyrosine by the ochre-specific suppressors, glutamine by the ochre-amber suppressor, and tryptophan and glutamine by the two classes of amber-specific suppressors.
Complexes of diacetamide and divalent transition metal salts

Abstract Thirty complexes of diacetamide with divalent transition metal salts have been isolated. Some of the more unusual features of these complexes are: complexation of diacetamide in both the cis-trans and trans-trans forms and the formation of the unusual tetrahedral anionic species Co2Br=6 and Co2Cl=6. The greatest number of complexes were prepared with CoBr=2: [Co(DA)4(H2O)2]Br2, [Co(DA)3]Br2, [Co(DA)3][CoBr4] and [Co(DA)3][Co2Br6]. All of the configurations in these and the other compounds were deduced from visible spectra and were supported via infra-red and magnetic susceptibility data. The complexes of other Co(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), and Mn(II) salts all contain octahedrally co-ordinated central metal ions.
An examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome among adults: a confirmatory factor analysis and a resulting continuous severity score.

Abstract Objective The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is typically diagnosed based on abnormalities in specific clustered clinical measures that are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, current MetS criteria result in racial/ethnic discrepancies. Our goals were to use confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to delineate differential contributions to MetS by sub-group, and if contributions were discovered, develop sex and racial/ethnic-specific equations to calculate MetS severity. Research Design and Methods Using data on adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010, we performed a CFA of a single MetS factor that allowed differential loadings across groups, resulting in a sex and race/ethnicity-specific continuous MetS severity score. Results Loadings to the single MetS factor differed by sub-group for each MetS component (p Conclusions This analysis among adults uniquely demonstrated differences between sexes and racial/ethnic groups regarding contributions of traditional MetS components to an assumed single factor. The resulting equations provide a clinically-accessible and interpretable continuous measure of MetS for potential use in identifying adults at higher risk for MetS-related diseases and following changes within individuals over time. These equations hold potential to be a powerful new outcome for use in MetS-focused research and interventions.
Effect of lithium PFC coatings on NSTX density control

Lithium coatings on the graphite plasma facing components (PFCs) in NSTX are being investigated as a tool for density profile control and reducing the recycling of hydrogen isotopes. Repeated lithium pellet injection into Center Stack Limited and Lower Single Null ohmic helium discharges were used to coat graphite surfaces that had been pre-conditioned with ohmic helium discharges of the same shape to reduce their contribution to hydrogen isotope recycling. The following deuterium NBI reference discharges exhibited a reduction in density by a factor of about 3 for limited and 2 for diverted plasmas, respectively, and peaked density profiles. Recently, a lithium evaporator has been used to apply thin coatings on conditioned and unconditioned PFCs. Effects on the plasma density and the impurities were obtained by pre-conditioning the PFCs with ohmic helium discharges, and performing the first deuterium NBI discharge as soon as possible after applying the lithium coating.
Lead induced rise in intracellular free calcium is mediated through activation of protein kinase C in osteoblastic bone cells

Abstract Lead characteristically perturbs processes linked to the calcium messenger system. This study was undertaken to determine the role of PKC in the Pb2+ induced rise of [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i was measured using the divalent cation indicator, 1,2-bis(2-amino-5-fluorophenoxy) ethane N, N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (5F-BAPTA) and 19F-NMR in the osteoblast cell line, ROS 17/2.8. Treatment of cells with Pb2+ at 1 and 5 μM produced a rise in [Ca2+]i from a basal level of 125 nM to 170 nM and 230 nM, respectively, while treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (10 μM), an activator of PKC, produced a rise in [Ca2+]i to 210 nM. Pretreatment with calphostin C, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of PKC activation failed to produce a change in basal [Ca2+]i and prevented any rise in [Ca2+]i in response to Pb2+. To determine whether Pb2+ acts directly on PKC, we measured the Pb2+-dependent activation of phosphatidylserine/diolein-dependent incorporation of 32P from ATP into histone and endogenous TCA precipitable proteins in the 100 000×g supernatant from homogenized ROS 17/2.8 cells. The free concentrations of Pb2+ and Ca2+ were set using 5F-BAPTA; and [Ca2+] and [Pb2+] in the PKC reaction mixtures were confirmed by 19F-NMR. We found that Pb2+ activates PKC in the range of 10−11–10−7 M, with an activation constant of 1.1×10−10 M, whereas Ca2+ activates PKC in the range from 10−8 to 10−3 M, with an activation constant of 3.6×10−7 M. These data suggest that Pb2+ activates PKC in ROS 17/2.8 cells and that Pb2+ activation of PKC mediates the documented rise in [Ca2+]i and, perhaps, other toxic effects of Pb2+.
Certified Simulation Healthcare Educators: Descriptive Exploratory Analysis Using Survey Research

Abstract Background In 2011 the Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) introduced the first certification for simulation experts: the Certified Healthcare Simulation Educator (CHSE). To date no information has been reported on the benefits and reasons professionals are taking the CHSE examination. Method Survey research was conducted with individuals who have become a CHSE. Results The primary reason participants indicated they obtained the CHSE was personal professional goal. Individuals also indicated that being a CHSE demonstrates having a professional standard. Participants did not perceive many benefits with obtaining the CHSE. Conclusions Personal and professional values are the reasons individuals become a CHSE. As the first study about the CHSE in the healthcare simulation field, these results provide a basis for future inquiry to assess the effectiveness and value of individual certification. There is a need for CHSE's to share best practices to spur more in depth research.
Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT1 in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia.

BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 is found in a wide spectrum of epithelial malignancies. The authors describe an immunohistochemical study of GLUT1 expression in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelia. METHODS One hundred forty one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were immunostained with rabbit anti-GLUT1 using the streptavidin-biotin method. The samples were as follows: 3 endometriotic cysts, 9 serous cystadenomas, 15 mucinous cystadenomas, 17 noninvasive borderline implants, 3 invasive borderline implants, and 3 endosalpingiosis. In addition, 35 borderline tumors (26 serous, 7 mucinous, 2 seromucinous) and 56 adenocarcinomas (50 serous, 4 endometrioid, 2 mucinous) were stained. RESULTS Benign serous and mucinous cystadenomas and endosalpingiosis were non-staining with GLUT1 antiserum. Twenty-eight of 35 borderline tumors (80%) stained positively, with weak to moderate (1-2+ out of 3) staining intensity and focal or patchy distribution. Seventeen noninvasive serous borderline implants were negatively stained; however, three invasive serous borderline implants were positively stained with GLUT1 antiserum. Fifty four of 56 ovarian carcinomas (96%) stained positively, with moderate to strong (2-3+ out of 3) intensity and multifocal distribution. CONCLUSIONS GLUT1 is a consistent marker of ovarian epithelial malignancy. GLUT1 staining is absent in benign ovarian epithelial tumors, and shows progressively more staining in invasive tumors as compared to borderline tumors. Anti-GLUT1 antibody may be useful in distinguishing invasive from noninvasive serous borderline implants. Cancer 2002;94:1078–82. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10280
The fluorescent spectrum and collective effects in absorptive bistability

The fluorescent spectrum for absorptive bistability is calculated in the bad-cavity limit and found to be dominated by a component corresponding to single-atom resonance fluorescence in the net cavity field. Collective effects appear as corrections of order 1/N-N being the number of atoms. Previous treatments which find collective featurres at the dominant order implicitly assume equality between like-atom and unlike-atom correlations.
An improved photometric analysis of SX Aurigae

A new analysis of existing photometric data on SX Aurigae is presented which changes current conclusions in the literature concerning the star. It is concluded, based on fitting of the continuous spectrum to Kurucz model atmospheres and simplex optimization procedure utilized, that the system consists of two normal main-sequence stars of spectral types B2 and slightly earlier than B5. The components are very close to the inner Roche limiting surface. The secondary component is unevolved, and the primary component is extremely close to contact with its inner Roche lobe. The evidence indicates that mass flow from the primary to the secondary has not yet begun. Allowing the bolometric albedo of the secondary to be a free parameter produces a solution with an excellent fit to the B, V data. The derived value, A2 = 0.40, disagrees with the theoretical value for radiative atmospheres and agrees with the value for convective equilibrium.
Rapid magnetic resonance measurement of global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption in humans during rest and hypercapnia

The effect of hypercapnia on cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) has been a subject of intensive investigation and debate. Most applications of hypercapnia are based on the assumption that a mild increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide has negligible effect on cerebral metabolism. In this study, we sought to further investigate the vascular and metabolic effects of hypercapnia by simultaneously measuring global venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and total cerebral blood flow (tCBF), with a temporal resolution of 30 seconds using magnetic resonance susceptometry and phase-contrast techniques in 10 healthy awake adults. While significant increases in SvO2 and tCBF were observed during hypercapnia (P 0.05). Additionally, fractional changes in tCBF and end-tidal carbon dioxide (R2=0.72, P<0.005), as well as baseline SvO2 and tCBF (R2=0.72, P<0.005), were found to be correlated. The data also suggested a correlation between cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) and baseline tCBF (R2=0.44, P=0.052). A CVR value of 6.1%±1.6%/mm Hg was determined using a linear-fit model. Additionally, an average undershoot of 6.7%±4% and 17.1%±7% was observed in SvO2 and tCBF upon recovery from hypercapnia in six subjects.
Modeling correlated market and credit risk in fixed income portfolios

Abstract Current risk assessment methodologies separate the analysis of market and credit risk and thus misestimate security and portfolio risk levels. We propose a new approach that relates financial market volatility to firm specific credit risk and integrates interest rate, interest rate spread, and foreign exchange rate risk into one overall fixed income portfolio risk assessment. Accounting for the correlation between these significant risk factors as well as portfolio diversification results in improved risk measurement and management. The methodology is shown to produce reasonable credit transition probabilities, prices for bonds with credit risk, and portfolio value-at-risk measures.
Weighting Composite Endpoints in Clinical Trials: Essential Evidence for the Heart Team

Background Coronary revascularization trials often use a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). The usual practice in analyzing data with a composite endpoint is to assign equal weights to each of the individual MACCE elements. Noninferiority margins are used to offset effects of presumably less important components, but their magnitudes are subject to bias. This study describes the relative importance of MACCE elements from a patient perspective. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted. Survey respondents were presented with a scenario that would make them eligible for the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial three-vessel disease cohort. Respondents chose among pairs of procedures that differed on the 3-year probability of MACCE, potential for increased longevity, and procedure/recovery time. Conjoint analysis derived relative weights for these attributes. Results In all, 224 respondents completed the survey. The attributes did not have equal weight. Risk of death was most important (relative weight 0.23), followed by stroke (0.18), potential increased longevity and recovery time (each 0.17), myocardial infarction (0.14), and risk of repeat revascularization (0.11). Applying these weights to the SYNTAX 3-year endpoints resulted in a persistent, but decreased margin of difference in MACCE favoring coronary artery bypass graft surgery compared to percutaneous coronary intervention. When labeled only as "procedure A" and "procedure B," 87% of respondents chose coronary artery bypass graft surgery over percutaneous coronary intervention. When procedures were labeled as "coronary stent" and "coronary bypass surgery," only 73% chose coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Procedural preference varied with demographics, sex, and familiarity with the procedures. Conclusions The MACCE elements do not carry equal weight in a composite endpoint, from a patient perspective. Using a weighted composite endpoint increases the validity of statistical analyses and trial conclusions. Patients are subject to bias by labels when considering coronary revascularization.
Spectral hole-burning in MgS:Eu nanoparticles

In this paper we report optical hole-burning in nano- particles of MgS doped with Eu. Nano-particles have been produced by quench condensing the laser-ablated vapors from a solid target. Particle size has been controlled by the pressure of the ambient gas in the chamber. Our experiments produced particles as small as 20 nano-meters in size. Optical data shows typical fluorescence enhancement associated with the confined geometries. Results have been presented on optical properties, the hole-burning characteristics, and the broadening of holes at elevated temperatures.
FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR TRAFFIC INCIDENT DETECTION USING WAVELET TRANSFORM AND LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

An effective traffic incident detection algorithm must be able to extract incident-related features from traffic patterns in order to eliminate false alarms. A robust feature-extraction algorithm also helps to reduce the dimension of the input space for a neural network model without any significant loss of related traffic information, resulting in a substantial reduction in the network size, the effect of random traffic fluctuations, the number of required training samples, and the computational resources required to train the neural network. This paper offers an effective travel feature-extraction model using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The DWT is first applied to raw traffic data, and the finest resolution coefficients representing the random fluctuations of traffic are discarded. Next, the LDA is applied to the filtered signal for further feature extraction and to reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Results of LDA are used as input to a neural network model for traffic incident detection.
Optical consequences of long-range order in wurtzite Al x Ga 1 − x N alloys

The effect of 1:1 long range order on optical properties of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ alloys is investigated by means of first-principles calculations combined with large-scale atomistic empirical-pseudopotential simulations. We propose an intra-band mechanism of ordering-induced band gap reduction for different optical polarization. The scaling of band gap reductions with order parameter is analyzed. Our simulations of inhomogeneous ordering suggest that coexistence of ordered and random domains may explain the large magnitude of the observed redshifts upon ordering.
Extensive recession of Cordillera Darwin glaciers in southernmost South America during Heinrich Stadial 1

Abstract The geographic expression and phasing of events during the last termination are important for isolating mechanisms that caused Earth to emerge from the last ice age. Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 14,600–18,000 yr BP) is a key because of the central role that its far-field effects had on the last termination in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we present new data from Cordillera Darwin that show rapid glacier recession in southern South America during HS1. This retreat was coeval with ice recession elsewhere in South America and New Zealand, with increased upwelling in the Southern Ocean, with warming of SSTs offshore of Chile, and with a rise in atmospheric CO2. Together, these data indicate a coherent and rapid response to the effects of HS1 in the middle and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.
Crystal growth and scintillation properties of potassium strontium bromide

Abstract In this work, potassium strontium bromide activated with divalent europium, (KSr 2 Br 5 :Eu) has been studied. It has a monoclinic crystal structure and a density of 3.98 g/cm 3 . Two single crystals of KSr 2 Br 5 doped with 5% Eu 2+ , with diameters of 13 mm and 22 mm, were grown in a two zone transparent furnace via the Bridgman technique. The X-ray excited emission spectrum consisted of a single peak at ∼427 nm due to the 5d–4f transition in Eu 2+ . The measured light yield and energy resolution at 662 keV was 75,000 ph/MeV and 3.5%. At low energies KSr 2 Br 5 :Eu 5% also displays good energy resolution, 6.7% at 122 keV and 7.9% at 59.5 keV.
Experimental evaluation of topology control and synchronization for in-building sensor network applications

While multi-hop networks consisting of 100s or 1000s of inexpensive embedded sensors are emerging as a means of mining data from the environment, inadequate network lifetime remains a major impediment to real-world deployment. This paper describes several applications deployed throughout our building that monitor conference room occupancy and environmental statistics and provide access to room reservation status. Because it is often infeasible to locate sensors and display devices near power outlets, we designed two protocols that allow energy conservation in a large class of sensor network applications. The first protocol, Relay Organization (ReOrg), is a topology control protocol which systematically shifts the network's routing burden to energy-rich nodes, exploiting heterogeneity. The second protocol, Relay Synchronization (ReSync), is a MAC protocol that extends network lifetime by allowing nodes to sleep most of the time, yet wake to receive packets. When combined, ReOrg and ReSync lower the duty cycle of the nodes, extending network lifetime. To our knowledge, this research provides the first experimental testbed evaluation of energy-aware topology control integrated with energy-saving synchronization. Using a 54-node testbed, we demonstrate an 82-92% reduction in energy consumption, depending on traffic load. By rotating the burden of routing, our protocols can extend network lifetime by 5-10 times. Finally, we demonstrate that a small number of wall-powered nodes can significantly improve the lifetime of a battery-powered network.
Protection of Cap-Dependent Protein Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro With an eIF4G-1 Variant Highly Resistant to Cleavage by Coxsackievirus 2A Protease

The shutoff of host protein synthesis by certain picornaviruses is mediated, at least in part, by proteolytic cleavage of eIF4G-1. Previously, we developed a cleavage site variant of eIF4G-1, termed eIF4G-1(SM), that was 100-fold more resistant to in vitro cleavage by Coxsackievirus 2A protease (2A(Pro)) than wild-type eIF4G-1 (eIF4G-1(WT)), but it was still digested at high protease concentrations. Here we identified a secondary cleavage site upstream of the primary site. We changed Gly at the P1'-position of the secondary site to Ala to produce eIF4G-1(DM). eIF4G-1(DM) was 1,000-10,000-fold more resistant to cleavage in vitro than eIF4G-1(WT). Full functional activity of eIF4G-1(DM) was demonstrated in vitro by its ability to restore cap-dependent translation to a 2A(Pro)-pretreated rabbit reticulocyte system. An isoform containing the binding site for poly(A)-binding protein, eIF4G-1e(DM), was more active in this assay than an isoform lacking it, eIF4G-1a(DM), but only with polyadenylated mRNA. Functional activity was also demonstrated in vivo with stably transfected HeLa cells expressing eIF4G-1(DM) from a tetracycline-regulated promoter. Cap-dependent green fluorescent protein synthesis was drastically inhibited by 2A(Pro) expression, but synthesis was almost fully restored by induction of either eIF4G-1a(DM) or eIF4G-1e(DM). By contrast, encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site-dependent green fluorescent protein synthesis was stimulated by 2A(Pro); stimulation was suppressed by eIF4G-1e(DM) but not eIF4G-1a(DM).
A fully integrated 2×2 b/g and 1×2 a-band MIMO WLAN SoC in 45nm CMOS for multi-radio IC

A significant increase in Smartphones and tablets with embedded Wi-Fi demands a low-cost system solution. In this paper the RF core of an 802.11n 2×2 b/g band, 2×1 a-band MIMO WLAN SoC with die area of 3.83mm2 in 45nm CMOS is described. As shown in Fig. 19.1.1 the SoC has integrated Power Amplifier (PA) for both bands and T/R switch in b/g band, eliminating the need for an expensive external Front-End Module. The LO is synthesized by a two-step DLL-PLL architecture to meet the stringent phase-noise requirements.
The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned

Abstract Leadership scholars are quite familiar with the often convoluted and problematic path that leadership theory has taken. Despite these challenges, leadership is currently considered a “mature field” [Hunt, J.G., & Dodge, G.E. (2000). Leader Deja Vu all over again. The Leadership Quarterly, 11 (4), 453–458] even though this maturity has not been achieved without considerable growing pains. Similar to the path that leadership scholars have taken, those who study entrepreneurship also struggle with issues associated with a field in its early stages. This review examines the intersection between the fields of leadership and entrepreneurship with an emphasis on how the path taken by leadership research can inform entrepreneurship and possibly lessen this young field's growing pains. We first identify several areas where these fields theoretically converge (both in the models employed and the research questions addressed). Next, we take a historical perspective of leadership and entrepreneurship by identifying the life cycle stage of each construct or domain. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts on how the entrepreneurship field may avoid (or is avoiding) the pitfalls experienced by those who study leadership.
Distinct fusion properties of synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 bearing dense core granules

Adrenal chromaffin cells release hormones and neuropeptides that are essential for physiological homeostasis. During this process, secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo to the extracellular space. It was once believed that fusion was the final regulated step in exocytosis, resulting in uniform and total release of granule cargo. Recent evidence argues for nonuniform outcomes after fusion, in which cargo is released with variable kinetics and selectivity. The goal of this study was to identify factors that contribute to the different outcomes, with a focus on the Ca(2+)-sensing synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins. Two Syt isoforms are expressed in chromaffin cells: Syt-1 and Syt-7. We find that overexpressed and endogenous Syt isoforms are usually sorted to separate secretory granules and are differentially activated by depolarizing stimuli. In addition, overexpressed Syt-1 and Syt-7 impose distinct effects on fusion pore expansion and granule cargo release. Syt-7 pores usually fail to expand (or reseal), slowing the dispersal of lumenal cargo proteins and granule membrane proteins. On the other hand, Syt-1 diffuses from fusion sites and promotes the release of lumenal cargo proteins. These findings suggest one way in which chromaffin cells may regulate cargo release is via differential activation of synaptotagmin isoforms.
A‐type potassium channels differentially tune afferent pathways from rat solitary tract nucleus to caudal ventrolateral medulla or paraventricular hypothalamus

The solitary tract nucleus (NTS) conveys visceral information to diverse central networks involved in homeostatic regulation. Although afferent information content arriving at various CNS sites varies substantially, little is known about the contribution of processing within the NTS to these differences. Using retrograde dyes to identify specific NTS projection neurons, we recently reported that solitary tract (ST) afferents directly contact NTS neurons projecting to caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but largely only indirectly contact neurons projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Since intrinsic properties impact information transmission, here we evaluated potassium channel expression and somatodendritic morphology of projection neurons and their relation to afferent information output directed to PVN or CVLM pathways. In slices, tracer-identified projection neurons were classified as directly or indirectly (polysynaptically) coupled to ST afferents by EPSC latency characteristics (directly coupled, jitter 75%) triggered action potentials in CVLM-projecting neurons but spike output was uniformly low (< 20%) in PVN-projecting neurons. Pre-conditioning hyperpolarization removed IKA inactivation and attenuated ST-evoked spike generation along PVN but not CVLM pathways. Thus, multiple differences in structure, organization, synaptic transmission and ion channel expression tune the overall fidelity of afferent signals that reach these destinations.
A simple test for zeros of a complex polynomial in a sector

A simple proof of a recent result for determining whether the zeros of a real polynomial lie within a sector is first given. Secondly, this result is used in a procedure given for confirming whether or not the zeros of an arbitrary complex polynomial lie in a similar sector.
An Electro-osmotic Fuel Pump for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

This work reports on the design and performance evaluation of a miniature direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)integrated with an electro_osmotic(EO)pump for methanol delivery.Electro-osmotic pumps require minimal parasitic power while boasting no moving parts and simple fuel cell integration.Here ,aneletro-osmotic pump is realized from a commercially available porous glass frit.We characterize a custom-fabricated DMFC with a free convection cathode and coupled to an extennal electro-osmotic pump operated at applied potentials of 4.0,7.0,and 10V.Maximum gross power density of our free convection DMFC(operated at 50°)is 55 mW/cm2 using 4.0 mol/L concentration methanol solution supplied by the EO pump.Experimental results show that electro-osmotic pumps can deliver 2.0,4.0 and 8.0mol/L methanol/water mixtures to DMFCs while utilizing ~5.0% of the fuel cell power.Furthermore ,we discuss pertinent design considerations when using electro-osmotic pumps with DMFCs and areas of further study.
Smoking increases risk for cognitive decline among community-dwelling older Mexican Americans.

Objectives: Few studies have investigated smoking and cognitive decline (CD) among older Mexican Americans. In this study, the authors explore the relationship between smoking status and cognitive changes over time in a large sample of community-dwelling older adults of Mexican descent. Design: Latent growth curve analyses were used to examine the decreasing growth in the number of correct responses on a test of cognitive functioning with increasing age (7 years with four data collection points). Setting: In-home interviews were obtained from participants residing in the Southwest United States. Participants: Participants were community-dwelling older Mexican Americans. Measurements: Cognitive functioning was assessed at each of the four data collection points with the Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants' self-reports of health functioning and smoking status were obtained at baseline. Results: With the inclusion of health variables and other control variables, the effect of smoking status on cognitive functioning was significant such that the decrease in the number of correct responses over time was greater for smokers than for nonsmokers. Conclusions: Smoking increases risk for CD among community-dwelling older Mexican Americans. There are numerous health benefits in quitting smoking, even for older adults who have been smoking for many years. Further efforts to ensure that smoking cessation and prevention programs are targeted toward Hispanics are necessary.
Processing, microstructure, and properties of multiphase Mo silicide alloys

Multiphase Mo silicide alloys containing T2 (Mo{sub 5}SiB{sub 2}), Mo{sub 3}Si and Mo phases where prepared by both melting and casting (M and C) and powder metallurgical (PM) processes. Glassy phases are observed in PM materials but not in M and C materials. Microstructural studies indicate that the primary phase is Mo-rich solid solution in alloys containing {le}(9.4Si+13.8B, at. %) and T2 in alloys with {ge}(9.8Si+14.6B). An eutectic composition is estimated to be close to Mo-9.6Si-14.2B. The mechanical properties of multiphase silicide alloys were determined by hardness, tensile and bending tests at room temperature. The multiphase alloy MSB-18 (Mo-9.4Si-13.8B) possesses a flexure strength distinctly higher than that of MoSi{sub 2} and other Mo{sub 5}Si{sub 3} silicide alloys containing no Mo particles. Also, MSB-18 is tougher than MoSi{sub 2} by a factor of 4.
Cædmon's Conjunction: Cædmon's Hymn 7a Revisited

Bruce Mitchell has observed that "It is not always possible to say with certainty whether clauses introduced by words such as jber, ba, and bonne are principal or subordinate. The problem arises more often in the poetry, where the element order is a less certain guide than it is in the prose."1 In prose the feature of the element order that usually sorts out clause-initial adverbs from conjunctions is the position of the finite verb. When the finite verb immediately follows a clause-initial kcr, ka, or konne, the initial word usually makes better sense as an adverb than as a conjunction. When one or more words intervene between the clause-initial word and the finite verb, the kcr, ka, or konne often makes better sense as a conjunction, and S. 0. Andrew therefore termed this "the conjunctive word order."2 Elisabeth Traugott concurs with Mitchell's reservations about element order, writing that while differences in word order after these initial words "can often be used to distihguish a subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction from a main clause introduced by an adverb, . . . the distinction was never rigid, and can be regarded only as a tendency.... It certainly cannot be used as a sure test of main vs. subordinate clause status."3
Intraocular lens power calculation for eyes with an axial length greater than 26.0 mm: Comparison of formulas and methods

Purpose To evaluate and compare the accuracy of formulas and methods for calculating the intraocular lens (IOL) power for eyes with an axial length (AL) greater than 26.0 mm. Setting Ein-Tal Eye Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The postoperative refraction results in myopic eyes with an AL over 26.0 mm were compared with the predicted refractions calculated using standard formulas (Holladay 1, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Haigis) with optical IOL constants, User Group for Laser Interference Biometry constants, and an AL-adjustment method and using new-generation formulas (Barrett Universal II, Holladay 2, and Olsen). Results In 76 (71.7%) of 106 eyes, the IOL was 6.0 diopters (D) or more (Group A) and in 30 eyes (28.3%) was less than 6.0 D (Group B). In Group A, the SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Haigis, Barrett Universal II, Holladay 2, and Olsen methods met the benchmark criteria of having a prediction error of ±0.5 D in at least 71.0% of eyes and ±1.0 D in 93.0% of eyes. In Group B, only the Barrett Universal II formula and the Holladay 1 and Haigis formulas using the AL-adjusted method met those criteria. Conclusion When selecting IOLs for high and extreme myopia, choosing appropriate formulas and methods can yield accurate refractive results that meet benchmark criteria. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Antarctic killer whales make rapid, round-trip movements to subtropical waters: evidence for physiological maintenance migrations?

Killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) are important predators in high latitudes, where their ecological impact is mediated through their movements. We used satellite telemetry to provide the first evidence of migration for killer whales, characterized by fast (more than 12 km h −1 , 6.5 knots) and direct movements away from Antarctic waters by six of 12 type B killer whales tagged when foraging near the Antarctic Peninsula, including all tags transmitting for more than three weeks. Tags on five of these whales revealed consistent movements to subtropical waters (30–37° S) off Uruguay and Brazil, in surface water temperatures ranging from −1.9°C to 24.2°C; one 109 day track documented a non-stop round trip of almost 9400 km (5075 nmi) in just 42 days. Although whales travelled slower in the warmest waters, there was no obvious interruption in swim speed or direction to indicate calving or prolonged feeding. Furthermore, these movements were aseasonal, initiating over 80 days between February and April; one whale returned to within 40 km of the tagging site at the onset of the austral winter in June. We suggest that these movements may represent periodic maintenance migrations, with warmer waters allowing skin regeneration without the high cost of heat loss: a physiological constraint that may also affect other whales.
Counterfactual Seeking: The Scenic Overlook of the Road Not Taken

Decision makers faced with an opportunity to learn the outcome of a foregone alternative must balance anticipated regret, should that information be unfavorable, with the potential benefits of this information in reducing experienced regret. Counterfactual seeking, the choice to learn more about foregone alternatives, may be a functional, regret-regulating strategy for individuals already experiencing regret. Counterfactual seeking increases in response to dissatisfying outcomes (Studies 1 and 2). Counterfactual seeking is generally able to reduce dissatisfaction (Study 2), regardless of whether individuals personally chose to view this information or were randomly assigned to do so (Study 3). Moreover, both imaginative (vs. factual) thoughts about the foregone option and upward (vs. downward) counterfactual thoughts play a role in this improvement in satisfaction (Study 4). Regret thus has a complex influence in how individuals engage with counterfactual information.
Psychiatric Advance Directive

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents utilized most frequently by persons with mental illness. In the event of a psychiatric crisis which requires hospitalization, a PAD can convey the mental health treatment preferences of a person who may be deemed incompetent to make such decisions for themselves at the time. PADs are flexible and may include a variety of different treatment preferences, which include: consent to or refusal of treatments and medications, preferred hospitals or treatment centers, and the authorization of another person to make mental health-care decisions on their behalf (a proxy). PADs have the potential to be an important tool legally and from a recovery framework to empower clients. Keywords: advance directives; autonomy; mental health; psychiatric crisis; serious mental illness; decision making; disability; impairment; psychiatry
INVARIANT CORRELATION FUNCTIONS, SUPERCONVERGENCE SUM RULES, AND ELECTRIC-MAGNETIC DUALITY

The gauge-invariant correlation function for the Yang-Mills field strengths is shown to admit a symmetric decomposition into electric and magnetic components. The spectral weights are seen to obey a sum rule of the superconvergence type, owing to asymptotic freedom. The close relation between the dielectric function, electric-magnetic duality, and the algebra of generalized Chern-Simons charges is illustrated for the linearized Yang-Mills-Higgs system.
Developmental stratification of the mammary epithelium occurs through symmetry-breaking vertical divisions of apically positioned luminal cells

Mammary ducts are elongated during development by stratified epithelial structures, known as terminal end buds (TEBs). TEBs exhibit reduced apicobasal polarity and extensive proliferation. A major unanswered question concerns the mechanism by which the simple ductal epithelium stratifies during TEB formation. We sought to elucidate this mechanism using real-time imaging of growth factor-induced stratification in 3D cultures of mouse primary epithelial organoids. We hypothesized that stratification could result from vertical divisions in either the apically positioned luminal epithelial cells or the basally positioned myoepithelial cells. Stratification initiated exclusively from vertical apical cell divisions, both in 3D culture and in vivo. During vertical apical divisions, only the mother cell retained tight junctions and segregated apical membranes. Vertical daughter cells initiated an unpolarized cell population located between the luminal and myoepithelial cells, similar to the unpolarized body cells in the TEB. As stratification and loss of apicobasal polarity are early hallmarks of cancer, we next determined the cellular mechanism of oncogenic stratification. Expression of activated ERBB2 induced neoplastic stratification through analogous vertical divisions of apically positioned luminal epithelial cells. However, ERBB2-induced stratification was accompanied by tissue overgrowth and acute loss of both tight junctions and apical polarity. Expression of phosphomimetic MEK (MEK1DD), a major ERBB2 effector, also induced stratification through vertical apical cell divisions. However, MEK1DD-expressing organoids exhibited normal levels of growth and retained apicobasal polarity. We conclude that both normal and neoplastic stratification are accomplished through receptor tyrosine kinase signaling dependent vertical cell divisions within the luminal epithelial cell layer.
Conventional DPSK versus symmetrical DPSK: comparison of dispersion tolerances

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) encodes information in the phase difference /spl Delta//spl phi/ between successive symbols. In conventional DPSK (CDPSK), /spl Delta//spl phi/ assumes values in the set {0,/spl pi/}, while in symmetrical DPSK (SDPSK), /spl Delta//spl phi/ assumes values in the set {/spl pi//2,-/spl pi//2}. It is shown by numerical analysis that return-to-zero (RZ)-CDPSK is more robust to chromatic dispersion, while RZ-SDPSK is more robust to first-order polarization-mode dispersion if strong optical filtering is applied.