cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Liberation in the Midwest: The Struggle in St. Louis, Missouri, 1964-1970

Introduction 1. The St. Louis African American Community in the Twentieth Century: A Context for "Revolution" 2. An Early Battle: The St. Louis Movement Before 1964 3. Black Power: The Next Step 4. Black Liberation: CORE and Coalitions in the St. Louis Region 5. Black Power in St. Louis: The Black Liberators, Black Nationalists, DuBois Club, Jeff Vander Lou Community Action Group, Nation of Islam, Mid City Congress, Zulu 1200s 6. Black Power: The Ideological Debate 7. Black Power Challenged: The War on Poverty and Black Capitalism 8. Black Power Challenged: The Cold War, FBI, and the Communist Threat 9. Black Power Challenged: Direct Conflict and Violence Bibliography
Meaningful Mathematical Representations and Early Algebraic Reasoning

This article illustrates one way that a children’s book can be used to develop young students’ abilities to make sense of mathematical representations. We selected this mathematical task to establish early in the primary school curriculum a better understanding of what the equals symbol represents. This experience should give students a richer understanding of equations that appear later in the curriculum and act as a precursor to the development of algebraic thinking. We hope that in reading this article, teachers will be motivated to reflect on the ways that mathematics is used in their communities and how these uses are culturally influenced. With this understanding, teachers can then create connections for students between the mathematical concepts to be taught and the uses of these concepts in the world outside the classroom.
Raman study of magnetic excitations and magnetoelastic coupling in α -SrCr 2 O 4

Using Raman spectroscopy, we investigate the lattice phonons, magnetic excitations, and magnetoelastic coupling in the distorted triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet $\ensuremath{\alpha}{\text{-SrCr}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$, which develops helical magnetic order below 43 K. Temperature-dependent phonon spectra are compared to predictions from density functional theory calculations which allows us to assign the observed modes and identify weak effects arising from coupled lattice and magnetic degrees of freedom. Raman scattering associated with two-magnon excitations is observed at 20 and 40 meV. These energies are in general agreement with our ab initio calculations of exchange interactions and earlier theoretical predictions of the two-magnon Raman response of triangular-lattice antiferromagnets. The temperature dependence of the two-magnon excitations indicates that spin correlations persist well above the N\'eel temperature.
Bridging the “Great Divide” in Undergraduate Religion: An Experiment in Faculty/Student Collaboration

Undergraduate students today often enroll in introductory religious studies or theology classes because they want the time and space to reflect on their personal spiritual questions. Such a motivation can clash with the faculty's desire to introduce students to rigorous academic study of their field. Barbara Walvoord has proposed four “voices” that students may develop that will assist both student and faculty to cross this “great divide.” This essay explores the ways in which a course based in engaged pedagogical theory and practice – in this case, problem-based learning – can provide an effective space for students to “find their voices,” take control of their own learning, and fulfill both their own and their professor's expectations.
Sialic Acids XIII. A URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE d-GALACTOSE:MUCIN GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE FROM PORCINE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND

Abstract A particulate galactosyltransferase isolated from pig submaxillary glands catalyzed the transfer of galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose to both high and low molecular weight derivatives of N-acetylgalactosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranosides). The most effective acceptor for this enzyme was sialidase-treated ovine submaxillary mucin. The product of this reaction was galactosyl → N-acetylgalactosaminyl → protein, which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the more complex oligosaccharides of porcine submaxillary mucin. However, the enzyme does not transfer galactose to sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. Thus, the relative activities of the UDP-galactose:mucin galactosyltransferase reported here, and the previously described CMP-sialic acid:mucin sialyltransferase may act as the controlling mechanism for determining the final structures of the oligosaccharide units in the submaxillary mucins. The enzyme preparation also contained two previously described galactosyltransferases which utilized N-acetylglucosamine (or serum-type glycoproteins containing N-acetylglucosamine end groups) and Tay-Sachs ganglioside, respectively, as galactose acceptors. The enzyme described here was distinguished from the previously reported enzymes by acceptor specificity and competition studies.
Colony size, reproductive success, and colony choice in Cave Swallows Petrochelidon fulva

We investigated how annual reproductive success, as measured by the number of nestlings surviving to day 10 and the percentage of nests that were successful, varied with colony size of the Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva in south central Texas. We also studied whether Cave Swallows chose colonies, in part, on the basis of reproductive success at a site the previous year. Neither measure of reproductive success varied significantly with colony size for either first-wave or second-wave nestings. Mean clutch size per colony did not vary significantly with colony size. Mean nestling body mass, an index of parental foraging efficiency, was unrelated to colony size, except for broods of five, in which nestling mass declined significantly with colony size. Colony size was not significantly affected by reproductive success at the site the previous year, although sites with more successful nests during the first wave declined less in size during the second wave within the same season than did sites that had fewer successful first-wave nests. Unlike the closely related Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota , Cave Swallows did not use breeding performance of conspecifics in choosing nest-sites, because they did not preferentially aggregate at sites that were the most successful the previous year. Coloniality in Cave Swallows did not appear to have a net negative effect on annual fitness, suggesting that colonial nesting was not solely a response to nest-site limitation, but the benefits of breeding colonially (if any) were unclear.
Ethnic Specialization of Travel Agencies

As U.S. airlines have continued to cut commissions, many travel agencies have been forced to leave the market due to excessive costs. However just as some travel agencies have closed, there has been a steady growth of new, specialized travel agencies within the ethnic neighborhoods of America, who have enjoyed great success and profits. Many of the travel agents that were forced out of the domestic travel agency business by U.S. airlines have found that there are profits to be made by specializing in serving the travel needs of ethnic groups.
Coherent ρ + production in neutrino-neon interactions

Coherent rho/sup +/ production on neon nuclei has been observed in charged-current events in a neutrino bubble-chamber experiment. The incident neutrino energy was 10--320 GeV, with a median event energy of 80 GeV. The rate per charged-current event was (0.28 +- 0.10)%. Comparison was made to vector-meson-dominance predictions; agreement with the overall rate, but disagreement at high neutrino energies and at high Q/sup 2/, was found.
Organized Leisure Experiences of LBGTQ Youth: Resistance and Oppression

This study examined the organized leisure experiences of young people who identify as lesbian, bisexual, gay, transgender, and queer (LBGTQ). Data were gathered through interviews, participant obse...
Novel Actions of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Vascular Ion Channels: Accounting for Cardiovascular Side Effects and Identifying New Therapeutic Applications.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used medications for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, such as celecoxib (Celebrex ® ), rofecoxib (Vioxx ® ), and diclofenac, have been among the most widely prescribed NSAIDs because they prevent the generation of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain, but avoid some of the gastrointestinal complications associated with less selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors. In 2004, rofecoxib (Vioxx ® ) was voluntarily withdrawn from the market because of adverse cardiovascular side effects. This led to an explosion of research into the cardiovascular effects of the ‘coxibs’, which revealed differential cardiovascular risk profiles among the members of this drug class. The differential risk profiles may relate to the tendency of some of the drugs to elevate blood pressure (BP). An important component of BP regulation is dependent on the contractile state of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which is controlled to a large extent by the activities of KCNQ (Kv7 family) potassium channels and L-type calcium channels. Our recently published data indicate that celecoxib, but not rofecoxib or diclofenac, at therapeutically relevant concentrations, acts as a Kv7 potassium channel activator and a calcium channel blocker, causing relaxation of VSMCs and decreasing vascular tone. These vasorelaxant ion channel effects may account for the differential cardiovascular risk profiles among the different COX-2 inhibitors. We further speculate that these properties may be exploited for therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases or other medical conditions.
Correlating and predicting polymer thermal conductivities

General correlations were developed to estimte polymer thermal conductivities for four cases—amorphous polymers above the glass temperature; amorphous polymers below the glass temperature; semicrystalline polymers above the melting temperature, and semicrystalline polymers below the melting temperature. The correlations based on readily available parameters (mer weights, densities at 25°C, specific heats) yielded calculated thermal conductivities that deviated by only 1%–2% from experimental values.
Relationships and social rules: Teens’ social network and other ICT selection practices

The issue of how teens choose social networks and information communication technologies (ICT's) for personal communication is complex. This study focused on describing how U.S. teens from a highly technological suburban high school select ICT's for personal communication purposes. Two research questions guided the study: (a) What factors influence high school seniors’ selection of online social networks and other ICT's for everyday communication? (b) How can social network theory (SNT) help to explain how teens select online social networks and other ICT's for everyday communication purposes? Using focus groups, a purposive sample of 45 teens were asked to discuss (a) their preferred methods for communicating with friends and family and why, (b) the reasons why they chose to engage (or not to engage) in online social networking, (c) how they selected ICT's for social networking and other communication purposes, and (d) how they decided whom to accept as online “friends.” Findings indicated that many factors influenced participants’ ICT selection practices including six major categories of selection factors: relationship factors, information/communication factors, social factors, systems factors, self-protection factors, and recipient factors. SNT was also helpful in explaining how “friendship” was a major determining factor in their communication media and platform choices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
To the Afterworld and Back: Mourning and Dreams of the Dead among the Toraja

Psychologists and cultural anthropologists have tended to approach the study of human grief and mourning from different perspectives. With notable exceptions (e.g., Rosenblatt 1983; Rosenblatt et al. 1976), many psychologists, following certain elements of the seminal work of Freud (1959 [1917]), have presumed that the work of grief and mourning follows certain predictable stages and patterns of development.1 Such "stage" theories, according to Rosenblatt, typically "conceptualize grief as involving an initial stage of denial and/or numbness, followed by a period of acute grief and intense emotion and struggle, followed eventually by some sort of resolution of the grief' (1983:38). A bereaved person's movement through these stages of grief work may be facilitated or impeded by social and cultural variables, but the grieving process and its resolution remain relatively invariant and identifiable cross-culturally. Many cultural anthropologists, on the other hand, as Renato Rosaldo (1984) has noted, tend to conflate cultural and grief processes.2 Apparently presuming the cognitive and emotional
Local Variations in Magnetic Field, Long-Term Changes in Creep Rate, and Local Earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault in Central California

Comparison between local variations in magnetic field, long-term changes in creep rate, and local earthquakes have been made for the seismically active and creeping section of the San Andreas fault between the most southern extent of the 1906 earthquake fault break and the most northern extent of the 1857 break, for the period early 1974 through mid-1977. The data utilized are from stations located near the two ends of this section of the San Andreas fault where strain accumulation is expected. The proton precession magnetometer stations included in this study have recorded local magnetic field variations up to 1.8 γ with durations of a few minutes to several months. The creep data indicated changes in creep rate of up to 10 mm/year lasting for 6 months or more and a close similarity between the changes in creep rate on two adjacent creepmeters about 7 km apart. Earthquakes with magnitudes less than 4.0 do not appear to correspond in time to local changes in magnetic field greater than 0.75 γ or variations in the creep rate. There is no general correspondence between creep events and magnetic field variations. There is, however, an approximate correspondence, in both space and time, between the long-term changes in creep rate and the variations in magnetic field. In order to explain the observations presented in this study, it appears necessary to allow for a substantial amount of deep aseismic slip without any obvious attendant changes in the time distribution or size of the local earthquakes.
Genetic control of shikimate dehydrogenase in hexaploid wheat.

The genetics of shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH; EC 1.1.1.25) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (2n=6x=42; genomic formula ABD) using the zymogram technique. The enzyme occurs in two electrophoretically distinct forms on starch gels. The results of a study of aneuploid derivatives of Chinese Spring indicate that the SKDH isozyme of faster electrophoretic mobility is encoded by a gene, designated Skdh-A1, located in the p (= short) arm of chromosome 5A and that the products of two other genes, designated Skdh-B1 and Skdh-D1, located one each in the p arms of homoeologous chromosomes 5B and 5D, respectively, encode two isozymes of slower and coincident electrophoretic mobility. Additional evidence for this interpretation of the genetic basis of hexaploid wheat SKDH was obtained in studies of the SKDH zymogram phenotypes of various close relatives of hexaploid wheat, including T. monococcum, T. longissimum, T. tauschii, T. turgidum, and T. timopheevii.
Evanescent radiation, quantum mechanics and the Casimir effect

An attempt to bridge the gap between classical and quantum mechanics and to explain the Casimir effect is presented. The general nature of chaotic motion is discussed from two points of view: the first uses catastrophe theory and strange attractors to describe the deterministic view of this motion; the underlying framework for chaos in these classical dynamic systems is their extreme sensitivity to initial conditions. The second interpretation refers to randomness associated with probabilistic dynamics, as for Brownian motion. The present approach to understanding evanescent radiation and its relation to the Casimir effect corresponds to the first interpretation, whereas stochastic electrodynamics corresponds to the second viewpoint. The nonlinear behavior of the electromagnetic field is also studied. This well-understood behavior is utilized to examine the motions of two orbiting charges and shows a closeness between the classical behavior and the quantum uncertainty principle. The evanescent radiation is used to help explain the Casimir effect.
THE IMPACT OF ROLE STRESSORS AND PERSONAL RESOURCES ON THE STRESS EXPERIENCE OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN

This study explored the contributions of role stressors and personal resources in predicting strain symptoms experienced by 117 professional women employed full-time in academia. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that, while role stressors alone accounted for only a moderate amount of the variance in reported strain symptoms, 51% of the variance was explained when both stressors and personal resources were combined. Women who experienced higher levels of personal control and social support as well as a greater number of roles occupied reported lower levels of strain symptoms. These results support the use of a transactional model of stress in future multiple role research.
Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats

Cats that have shed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are considered to be immune to reshedding of oocysts. To investigate if this immunity persists in cats for 6 yr, 12 4-6-mo-old cats without T. gondii antibodies were inoculated orally with tissue cysts of the ME-49 strain (6 cats) and the TS-2 strain (6 cats) of T. gondii. All of them shed > or = 20 million oocysts between 4 and 13 days after feeding tissue cysts. Two cats became ill between 11 and 13 days after primary infection; 1 died on the 13th day, and the other had to be killed on the 11th day because of generalized acute toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were not found on the hair of 10 cats examined 7 days after cats had shed millions of oocysts. On day 39 after primary infection, 5 cats (2 infected with the ME-49 strain and 3 infected with the TS-2 strain) were challenged orally with tissue cysts of the ME-49 strain. None of the challenged cats shed oocysts. One cat died due to causes unrelated to toxoplasmosis. Seventy-seven months after primary infection, the remaining 9 cats were challenged orally with tissue cysts of the P89 strain of T. gondii. Four of these 9 cats re-shed T. gondii oocysts; 3 of them had been challenged also at 39 days after primary infection. Two control cats housed together with chronically infected cats for 6 yr remained seronegative for T. gondii; both of these shed oocysts after challenge with the P89 strain.
Propionibacterium as a cause of postneurosurgical infection in patients with dural allografts: report of three cases.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Although Propionibacterium acnes is a common inhabitant of human skin, it is an uncommon pathogen in postoperative infections. We report three cases of postoperative wound infection/osteomyelitis caused by P. acnes. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Three patients underwent craniotomy for a supratentorial meningioma and had a dural allograft at the time of closure. The patients presented several weeks after surgery with clinical evidence of a wound infection. INTERVENTION: All patients were diagnosed with P. acnes infection and treated for this pathogen with appropriate antibiotics. The bone flap was removed in two patients. After antibiotic therapy, all patients demonstrated no further evidence of infection. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first published report of P. acnes infection in patients with a dural substitute. The source of infection cannot be confidently ascertained; however, two patients had strains of P. acnes from one brand of graft, which were indistinguishable by pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing.
Autologous and heterologous blood transfusion in head and neck cancer surgery.

Objective To determine if the use of autologous blood ameliorates the increased risk for cancer recurrence that has been associated with perioperative blood transfusion. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patients One hundred sixty-five consecutive patients with stages II to IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated surgically at a university hospital from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 1994. Main Outcome Measures We evaluated the impact of perioperative autologous and heterologous blood transfusion and 10 other variables on recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used. Results Heterologous blood recipients had a 59% recurrence rate, whereas those who had received autologous blood or no transfusion had recurrence rates of 33% and 35%, respectively. The following 4 variables had a statistically significant association with recurrence by multivariate analysis: previous treatment of current malignancy ( P P =.04); positive margin ( P =.04); and nodal disease ( P =.04). The receipt of heterologous blood was associated with a 40% increased risk for recurrence. Conclusion Autologous blood products should be used during head and neck cancer surgery if possible when transfusion is necessary.
A functional dissociation between language and multiple-demand systems revealed in patterns of BOLD signal fluctuations

What is the relationship between language and other high-level cognitive functions? Neuroimaging studies have begun to illuminate this question, revealing that some brain regions are quite selectiv...
Electrochemical synthesis of SnO2 films containing three-dimensionally organized uniform mesopores via interfacial surfactant templating

SnO2 films containing organized mesopores and nanocrystalline frameworks with easily removable surfactant templates were produced electrochemically using interfacial amphiphilic assemblies formed on the working electrode as a template.
On the measurement of the international propagation of shocks: is the transmission stable?

Abstract The empirical literature on ‘contagion’ focuses mainly on two questions: (1) what are the channels through which shocks are transmitted across countries, trade, macro similarities, financial weaknesses, or investor behavior? (2) Is there a shift in the transmission of shocks during crises? Are crises spread with higher intensity? If so, why? This paper concentrates on the econometric problems that arise in dealing with the second question. The data where most of these issues are raised are plagued with problems of simultaneous equations, omitted variables, and heteroskedasticity. The standard methodologies used in the literature are inappropriate if all three are present. This paper applies a new procedure that allows one to test for parameter stability, taking into account all three predicaments. The paper tests for the stability of the transmission mechanisms among 36 stock markets during the last three major international financial crises (Mexico 1994, Asia 1997, and Russia 1998).
Binding of a growth hormone-inducible nuclear factor is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation.

The nuclear mechanism by which GH acts to induce gene expression after binding to its receptor on the cell surface is not defined. We have characterized an element in the 5'-flanking region of the rat GH-responsive serine protease inhibitor (Spi) 2.1 gene responsible for its induction by GH. This element binds a hepatic nuclear protein(s) in a GH state-specific manner. Activation of binding by GH does not require de novo protein synthesis, suggesting that a reversible posttranslational process is required for binding to the element. To define the mechanism of this process, hepatic nuclear extracts were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays using a DNA fragment (-147 to -103) of the Spi 2.1 gene. Treatment of extracts with phosphatases resulted in a marked reduction of GH state-specific binding. Addition of phosphatase inhibitors antagonized the reduction in binding after phosphatase treatment. The specific nature of the phosphorylation event involved in binding was explored using phosphotyrosi...
The Effects of Through-thickness Compression on the Interlaminar Shear Response of Laminated Fiber Composites

The effects of through-thickness compression on the interlaminar shear response of laminated fiber composites were studied. The combined stresses were generated using a hollow cylindrical specimen that was subjected to axial compression and torsion. For both glass- and carbon-fiber composites, through-thickness compression resulted in a significant enhancement in the interlaminar shear stress and strain at failure. Under moderate compression levels, the failure mode changed from elastic to plastic. An attempt was made to predict the observed increase in shear strength for carbon fiber epoxy laminates using three-dimensional lamina failure criteria. Although all the failure theories correctly predicted the trend of increasing shear strength with compression, none were able to predict the full extent of the observed strength increase. These results indicate that improved models are needed for determining failure under a combined state of interlaminar stress. The experimental results demonstrate that there a...
Nuclear magnetic resonance structural studies of A · AT base triple alignments in intramolecular purine · purine · pyrimidine DNA triplexes in solution

Abstract This study reports on an NMR characterization of an intramolecular purine · purine · pyrimidine (R · RY) triplex containing a central A · AT triple in addition to G · GC and T · AT triples. Our studies establish an A(anti) · AT alignment with reversed Hoogsteen pairing stabilized by two N6H … N hydrogen bonds between adenine residues in the third strand and the purine strand of the duplex. This result, combined with our earlier demonstration of G(anti) · GC and T(anti) · AT pairing alignments, has provided a definitive experimental approach for differentiating between the base triple pairing possibilities proposed previously by Beal and Dervan for R · RY triplexes.
The RHIC vacuum systems

Abstract There are three vacuum systems in RHIC: the insulating vacuum vessels housing the superconducting magnets, the cold beam tubes surrounded by the superconducting magnets, and the warm beam tube sections at the insertion regions and the experimental regions. These systems have a cumulative length over 10 km and a total volume over 3000 m 3 . Conventional ultrahigh vacuum technology was used in the design and construction of the cold and warm beam vacuum systems with great success. The long and large insulating vacuum volumes without vacuum barriers require careful management of the welding and leak checking of the numerous helium line joints. There are about 1500 vacuum gauges and pumps serial-linked to eight PLCs distributed around RHIC, which allow the monitoring and control of these devices through Ethernet networks to remote control consoles. With the exception of helium leaks through the cryogenic valve boxes into the insulating vacuum volumes, the RHIC vacuum systems have performed well beyond expectations.
Validating MODIS Terrestrial Ecology Products

MODIS (the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) is the principal high temporal frequency global mapping sensor on-board NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) (http://modarch.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/). The MODIS instrument views the entire Earth's surface every 1-2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands at spatial resolutions from 250 m to 1 Ian (Running et al., 1994). The specifications for the MODIS instrument push the limits of engineering (Barnes et al., 1998), and MODIS data volumes will be several times that of the NOAAAVHRR (Masuoka et al., 1998). MODIS data are processed to provide well-quantified and calibrated data sets of the Earth's surface, corrected for instrument radiometry, geometric distortions, atmospheric attenuation, and cloud effects (Justice et aI., 1998a). As these data are used, they will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land surface and in the oceans and atmosphere. This unprecedented data volume has led the MODIS instrument team to develop a number of derived data products, with the intent of reducing the burden of data processing on the user. A series of land product algorithms were selected by open competition and have been peer-reviewed twice during their development. The MODIS Land Discipline Group (MODLAND) has been charged with development of the MODIS-based algo-
Effect of brain extracts on cholinesterase activity of cultured skeletal muscle.

Abstract Extracts of both newt and rat brain were effective in maintaining cholinesterase (ChE) activity of denervated muscle in organ culture. Extracts of non-nervous tissues had no effect on muscle ChE. The activity of the brain extracts was destroyed by boiling, dialysis, and protease treatment. These results indicate that the trophic effect of nerve on muscle ChE is mediated by a diffusible chemical substance which may be a small protein.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid

The evolutionarily conserved actions of the sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in yeast, plants and mammals have shown that it has important functions. In higher eukaryotes, S1P is the ligand for a family of five G-protein-coupled receptors. These S1P receptors are differentially expressed, coupled to various G proteins, and regulate angiogenesis, vascular maturation, cardiac development and immunity, and are important for directed cell movement.
Interferon regulatory factor 3 and type I interferons are protective in alcoholic liver injury in mice by way of crosstalk of parenchymal and myeloid cells

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) features increased hepatic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) recognizes LPS and activates signaling pathways depending on MyD88 or TRIF adaptors. We previously showed that MyD88 is dispensable in ALD. TLR4 induces Type I interferons (IFNs) in an MyD88-independent manner that involves interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3). We fed alcohol or control diets to wild-type (WT) and IRF3 knock-out (KO) mice, and to mice with selective IRF3 deficiency in liver parenchymal and bone marrow-derived cells. Whole-body IRF3-KO mice were protected from alcohol-induced liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation. In contrast to WT or bone marrow-specific IRF3-KO mice, deficiency of IRF3 only in parenchymal cells aggravated alcohol-induced liver injury, associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines, lower antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), and lower Type I IFNs compared to WT mice. Coculture of WT primary murine hepatocytes with liver mononuclear cells (LMNC) resulted in higher LPS-induced IL-10 and IFN-β, and lower tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels compared to LMNC alone. Type I IFN was important because cocultures of hepatocytes with LMNC from Type I IFN receptor KO mice showed attenuated IL-10 levels compared to control cocultures from WT mice. We further identified that Type I IFNs potentiated LPS-induced IL-10 and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production in both murine macrophages and human leukocytes, indicating preserved cross-species effects. These findings suggest that liver parenchymal cells are the dominant source of Type I IFN in a TLR4/IRF3-dependent manner. Further, parenchymal cell-derived Type I IFNs increase antiinflammatory and suppress proinflammatory cytokines production by LMNC in paracrine manner. Conclusion: Our results indicate that IRF3 activation in parenchymal cells and resulting type I IFNs have protective effects in ALD by way of modulation of inflammatory functions in macrophages. These results suggest potential therapeutic targets in ALD. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;53:649-660.)
Glutamate depolarization of glial cells in Necturus optic nerve.

l-Glutamate, 10−5 to 10−2 M, depolarized glial cells in the normal and axon-free optic nerve of Necturus by up to 80 mV. The depolarization was maintained if lithium, but not tetramethylammonium, replaced sodium in the bathing solution. It was not blocked by either strophanthidin or tetrodotoxin. The response was accompanied by a membrane conductance increase and was followed by a strophanthidin-sensitive hyperpolarization. These results suggest that the depolarization resulted from sodium entry. d-Glutamate and l-aspartate were less potent but produced a comparable depolarization. γ-Aminobutyric acid, glycine, taurine or glutamine (up to 10−3 M) were ineffective.
The Surface-Chemistry and Kinetics of Tungsten Chemical-Vapor-Deposition and Selectivity Loss

Abstract The mechanism of tungsten chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using hydrogen reduction of tungsten hexafluoride is reviewed, with emphasis on the relevant fundamental surface chemistry and kinetics. We also briefly review the kinetics and mechanism of selectivity loss involving tungsten subfluorides. Most kinetic studies of the H2 + WF6 reaction for typical low pressure CVD conditions report a phenomenological rate law for deposition that is zeroth order in WF6 pressure and 1 2 -order in H2 pressure. Unfortunately, most of the reaction mechanisms reported to yield the observed rate law are inconsistent with the known (or estimated) surface chemical properties of H2 and WF6 on tungsten. There are also many conditions where the accepted rate law is not valid. For instance, as the H2 pressure is lowered and becomes comparable with the WF6 pressure, the deposition rate drops to zero. Under these conditions hydrogen chemisorption is apparently completely quenched and the surface is saturated with adsorbed fluorine. Just above the H2 pressure threshold the deposition rate is first order rather than 1 2 -order with respect to H2. In this regime the WF6 pressure dependence is also strongly negative order rather than zeroth order. All the deviations from the normal rate law can be qualitatively explained using a Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism with competitive adsorption. An important intrinsic mechanism of selectivity loss that occurs during tungsten CVD involves tungsten transport by the formation and disproportionation of volatile tungsten subfluorides. We present some recent measurements of the tungsten subfluoride formation rate using the microbalance technique.
The predominant role of brain angiotensinogen and angiotensin in environmentally induced hypertension

Abstract Rats exposed chronically to a cold environment (5 °C/4 °F) develop hypertension. This cold-induced hypertension (CIH) is a non-genetic, non-pharmacological, non-surgical model of environmentally induced hypertension in rats. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) appears to play a role in both initiating and/or maintaining the high blood pressure in CIH. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of central and peripheral circulating RAS components, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin (Ang) II, in CIH. Seventy-two Sprague–Dawley adult male rats were used. Thirty-six rats were kept in cold room at 5 °C while the other 36 were at 24 °C as controls for 5 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was recorded by tail cuff. The SBP was increased in rats exposed to cold within 1 week, and this increase was significant for the next 2–5 weeks of the cold exposure ( p n =12) were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 5 weeks. The brain and liver were removed and plasma was saved. The AGT mRNA significantly increased in the hypothalamus and liver in cold-treated rats from the first week of exposure to cold, and was maintained throughout the time of exposure to cold ( n =4, p p >0.05, n =4). The hypothalamic Ang II levels were significantly increased, whereas plasma Ang II levels significantly decreased, in the rats of 5 weeks of cold exposure ( n =8, p p n =12). The results show differential regulation of RAS components, AGT, ACE and Ang II, between brain and periphery in cold-exposed rats. We conclude that the exposure to low temperature initially increases plasma RAS but with continuous exposure to cold, the brain RAS maintains the hypertension, probably by sustained sympathetic activation, which would provide increased metabolism but also vasoconstriction leading to hypertension.
Oral supplementation with non-absorbable antibiotics or curcumin attenuates western diet-induced atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance in LDLR-/- mice--role of intestinal permeability and macrophage activation.

Association between circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as Type 2 Diabetes and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from Western diet-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products into circulation as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases. Under physiological conditions, an intact intestinal barrier prevents this release of LPS underscoring the importance of examining and modulating the direct effects of Western diet on intestinal barrier function. In the present study we evaluated two strategies, namely selective gut decontamination and supplementation with oral curcumin, to modulate Western-diet (WD) induced changes in intestinal barrier function and subsequent development of glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis. LDLR−/− mice were fed WD for 16 weeks and either received non-absorbable antibiotics (Neomycin and polymyxin) in drinking water for selective gut decontamination or gavaged daily with curcumin. WD significantly increased intestinal permeability as assessed by in vivo translocation of FITC-dextran and plasma LPS levels. Selective gut decontamination and supplementation with curcumin significantly attenuated the WD-induced increase in plasma LPS levels (3.32 vs 1.90 or 1.51 EU/ml, respectively) and improved intestinal barrier function at multiple levels (restoring intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and Claudin-1). Consequently, both these interventions significantly reduced WD-induced glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice. Activation of macrophages by low levels of LPS (50 ng/ml) and its exacerbation by fatty acids is likely the mechanism by which release of trace amounts of LPS into circulation due to disruption of intestinal barrier function induces the development of these diseases. These studies not only establish the important role of intestinal barrier function, but also identify oral supplementation with curcumin as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve intestinal barrier function and prevent the development of metabolic diseases.
Stable three-center hydrogen bonding in a partially rigidified structure.

The three-center hydrogen bond in diaryl amide 1 was examined by IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and ab initio calcula- tions. By comparing 1 with its structural isomers 2, 3 and 4, and with its con- formational isomers 1a - c, it was found that the two two-center components of the three-center interaction reinforce each other, that is, the enhanced stability of the three-center hydrogen bond is a result of positive cooperativity between the two components. Substituents not involved in hydrogen bonding have little effect on the strength of the two- and three-center hydrogen bonds. To our knowledge, this is the first three-center hydrogen-bonding system that has been shown to exhibit positive cooperativity. Ab initio calculations of the geometries, vibrational modes, and 1 H NMR chem- ical shifts also support the experimental findings. These results have provided a new insight into the three-center intra- molecular hydrogen bonding in a parti- ally rigidified structure and have pro- vided a reliable motif for designing stably folded structures.
Single-fiber MHC polymorphic expression is unaffected by sprint cycle training.

PURPOSE The present investigation examined single-fiber MHC alterations in response to high-intensity, short-duration, sprint cycle training. METHODS Ten untrained college-age male subjects participated in 8 wk of a progressive sprint cycle training program. Training involved 15-s maximal sprints separated by 5 min of rest beginning with four sprints x 2 d in week 1 and increasing to six sprints x 3 d at week 8. Muscle samples from the vastus lateralis were obtained before and after training. A 30-s sprint cycle test was used to evaluate performance before and after training. RESULTS For the 30-s sprint, mean power and total work increased from pre to post. Single-fiber analyses revealed a reduction in the MHC IIx isoform (2.0 +/- 1.0 to 0.2 +/- 0.1%, pre to post, P < 0.05) and an increase in MHC IIa (P = 0.08), whereas there was no change in hybrid fiber composition (total hybrids = 24%). Generally, MHC IIa content increased and MHC IIx decreased (P < 0.05) as demonstrated by homogenate analyses of tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS We report that as little as 32 min of high-intensity sprint cycle training over 8 wk is sufficient to improve sprinting performance. This training response is accompanied by an increase in MHC IIa and reduction in MHC IIx content of the vastus lateralis. However, short-duration, high-intensity, sprint cycle training does not cause a reduction in hybrid muscle fiber content.
Gender of offspring and maternal ovarian cancer risk

Abstract Objective. A single live birth compared to nulliparity significantly reduces the risk for ovarian cancer, but exactly how pregnancy reduces ovarian cancer risk is unknown. We sought to determine whether offspring gender, which differentially alters maternal hormonal milieu, may be associated with maternal ovarian cancer risk. Methods. Parous women ( n = 511) with incident ovarian cancer were compared to parous community controls ( n = 1136) participating in a population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer (Delaware Valley, 1994–1998). In subgroup specific models for women with one, two, or three births, multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between ovarian cancer and offspring gender, adjusting for age, race, education, oral contraceptives, breast feeding, tubal ligation, and ovarian cancer family history. Results. Compared to having all girls, women with all boys tended to have a reduced risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 0.80 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10), while women with boys and girls conferred the greatest protection (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.79). Among women with two births, the association was observed for those with one boy and one girl (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00), but not for those with two male offspring (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.85). This result was consistent among women with three births (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.84; OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.95; OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.21; for one, two, and three boys, respectively, compared to all girls). Conclusion. Compared to having all girls, bearing both male and female offspring may be associated with a decrease in maternal ovarian cancer risk, although the biologic relevance of this observation is unclear.
Effect of Varying Levels of Dietary 1, 3 Butanediol on Growing Chicks

Abstract THE incorporation of synthetic nutrients in poultry rations has been limited to amino acids, vitamins and other ingredients not normally classified as energy sources. Within the last few years a new area of study has developed concerning the use of man made compounds as energy contributors in poultry diets. One compound which has been investigated as an energy source is the polyhydroxy alcohol, 1, 3 butanediol (1, 3 BD). Early investigations of 1, 3 BD by Stoewsand et al. (1965) and Mehlman et al. (1966) suggested 1, 3 BD was directly involved in lipid metabolism. Miller et al. (1965) reported the effects of administering labeled butanediol-1-C14 and proposed that 1, 3 BD was metabolized through carbohydrate pathways. Miller and Dymsa (1967) presented data which indicated 1, 3 BD can supply 6.5 cal./g. metabolizable energy to rat diets. It was the purpose of this investigation to establish the metabolizable energy value…
The Generalized Center Galois Extensions of Rings

Let B be a ring with 1, C the center of B, G a finite automorphism group of B, and Ii = {c - gi(c) | c ∈ C} for each gi ∈ G. Then, B is called a center Galois extension with Galois group G if BIi = B for each gi ≠ 1 in G, and a weak center Galois extension with group G if BIi = Bei for some nonzero idempotent ei in C for each gi ≠ 1 in G. When ei is a minimal element in the Boolean algebra generated by {ei | gi ∈ G} Bei is a center Galois extension with Galois group Hi for some subgroup Hi of G. Moreover, the central Galois algebra B(1 – ei) is characterized when B is a Galois algebra with Galois group G.
Direct reaction effects on compound cross sections

Two effects of a direct reaction on compound processes are discussed: the enhancement of the average compound cross section that competes with the direct process and the cross correlations in the fluctuations of cross sections involving the directly coupled channels. For the case of two directly coupled channels it is shown that both effects are maximized at the causality limit of the average $S$ matrix where the penetration matrix $P$ is singular. Computer experiments demonstrate that both effects fall off sharply when $\overline{S}$ is not near this causality limit and similar reductions in the effects are expected when more than two channels are strongly coupled to one another. A formula based upon the Engelbrecht-Weidenm\"uller transformation and the $M$-cancellation principle gives an excellent account of the enhancements obtained from the computer experiments. It also gives a qualitative account of the magnitudes of the cross section cross correlation coefficients. A somewhat more complicated formula due to Hofmann et al. also gives a good account of the enhancements. Both of these formulas agree with that of Kawai et al. in the limit of large width-to-spacing ratios.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Average compound cross sections, cross correlations, direct reaction effects.
Evasion of IFN-γ signaling by Francisella novicida is dependent upon Francisella outer membrane protein C.

Background Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of the lethal disease tularemia. An outer membrane protein (FTT0918) of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis has been identified as a virulence factor. We generated a F. novicida (F. tularensis subsp. novicida) FTN_0444 (homolog of FTT0918) fopC mutant to study the virulence-associated mechanism(s) of FTT0918. Methods and Findings The ΔfopC strain phenotype was characterized using immunological and biochemical assays. Attenuated virulence via the pulmonary route in wildtype C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, as well as in knockout (KO) mice, including MHC I, MHC II, and µmT (B cell deficient), but not in IFN-γ or IFN-γR KO mice was observed. Primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) prepared from C57BL/6 mice treated with rIFN-γ exhibited greater inhibition of intracellular ΔfopC than wildtype U112 strain replication; whereas, IFN-γR KO macrophages showed no IFN-γ-dependent inhibition of ΔfopC replication. Moreover, phosphorylation of STAT1 was downregulated by the wildtype strain, but not the fopC mutant, in rIFN-γ treated macrophages. Addition of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, an NOS inhibitor, led to an increase of ΔfopC replication to that seen in the BMDM unstimulated with rIFN-γ. Enzymatic screening of ΔfopC revealed aberrant acid phosphatase activity and localization. Furthermore, a greater abundance of different proteins in the culture supernatants of ΔfopC than that in the wildtype U112 strain was observed. Conclusions F. novicida FopC protein facilitates evasion of IFN-γ-mediated immune defense(s) by down-regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation and nitric oxide production, thereby promoting virulence. Additionally, the FopC protein also may play a role in maintaining outer membrane stability (integrity) facilitating the activity and localization of acid phosphatases and other F. novicida cell components.