cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetism of the Front Range (Colorado) Morrison Formation and an alternative model of Late Jurassic North American apparent polar wander

A paleomagnetic study of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the Front Range of central Colorado yields high-unblocking-temperature, dual-polarity magnetizations. With respect to known paleohorizontal, the inclinations (absolute mean = 57.3{degree}, 95% confidence interval = 52.3{degree} to 63.1{degree}, N = 8 sites) pass tilt and reversal tests, whereas the dispersion in declinations can be attributed to apparent or real tectonic rotations and sedimentary processes. The site-centered colatitudinal locus of possible Front Range Morrison poles partially overlaps the 'upper' pole, but it excludes the 'lower' pole from the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau as well as the 151 Ma Glance conglomerate pole from the Basin and Range province of southeastern Arizona. The authors offer various explanations for these disparities and suggest an alternative model of Late Jurassic North American apparent polar wander through {approximately}70{degree}N which is supported by Late Jurassic European poles (with positive stability tests) transferred to North American coordinates.
Influence of race, clinical, and other socio-demographic features on trial participation

We assessed whether sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were determinants of clinical trial participation in the Women's Estrogen for Stroke Trial (WEST) by examining data collected on women with a WEST consent visit completed after June 1996. We found no differences in consent rates by education or ethnic group (32% of white women compared with 34% of black women). Conditions associated with the intervention, such as a history of hysterectomy or previous estrogen replacement use, were strongly associated with a woman's decision to participate in this clinical trial. In multivariate models, features independently associated with consent to participate were age (odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-0.97), hysterectomy (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.27-2.50), no cognitive impairment (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.63), history of volunteerism (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.63), and previous estrogen use (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08-2.30).
Effects of fertilisers on vegetable production 2. Effects of nitrogen fertilisers on nitrogen content and nitrate accumulation of spinach and beetroot

Abstract The effects of 5 different nitrogenous fertilisers (ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphate + N-serve, potassium nitrate, poultry manure, and urea) each at 5 application rates (0, 150, 300, 450, or 600 kg N/ha) on the total nitrogen (N) and nitrate content of 2 varieties of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and 1 variety of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were evaluated in a pot experiment using Wakanui silt loam soil. The nitrification inhibitor, N-serve, was used to retard the microbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate. Total N and nitrate N generally increased with increasing rates of N applied. Potassium nitrate application resulted in the highest N uptake levels, and poultry manure application gave the lowest. N-serve depressed N uptake at 600 kg N/ha applied. Plants accumulated nitrate to a level potentially hazardous to health at only the highest rate (600 kg N/ha) of potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and urea applied. Differences between the 2 varieties of spinach tested were not significant.
Semiempirical molecular‐orbital calculations of the basicities of pyrazole, imidazole, and methyl‐substituted pyrazoles and imidazoles: Inductive model of electron release

This work is concerned with the interpretation of the relative base strengths of pyrazole, imidazole, and some of their methyl derivatives. The LACO-SCF method of Pariser, Parr, and Pople was used to calculate the π energies of protonation of the bases. We found that the usual treatments of the core attraction integrals failed to order the basicities of pyrazole and imidazole, but this failing could be corrected by using a scaling factor with the core penetration integrals. The electronic effect of the methyl substituents was assumed to be wholly inductive, and the inductive modification of the core integrals αp was found to be highly sensitive to the scaling parameter for the core penetration integrals. A good correlation was obtained between the pKa values and the π protonation energies of seven diazoles, but this correlation could not be extended quantitatively to triazoles.
Conjugation Effects on Carrier Mobilities of Polythiophenes Probed by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy

Optically generated carrier conductivity of thiophene-based spin-cast polymer films, as cast poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and both as cast and above liquid crystalline temperature annealed poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), were measured by time-resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS) and compared to reported thin-film transistor (TFT) device measurements. The relative mobilities of the samples measured by TRTS agree well with reported TFT mobilities. Since TRTS is sensitive to short-range carrier mobility, this study suggests that increased mobility of PBTTT relative to P3HT films arises from improved ordering of the local structure, increased effective conjugation length, and planarity of PBTTT molecules in the solid state.
Characterizing Data Discovery and End-User Computing Needs in Clinical Translational Science

In this paper, the authors present the results of a qualitative case-study seeking to characterize data discovery needs and barriers of principal investigators and research support staff in clinical translational science. Several implications for designing and implementing translational research systems have emerged through the authors' analysis. The results also illustrate the benefits of forming early partnerships with scientists to better understand their workflow processes and end-user computing practices in accessing data for research. The authors use this user-centered, iterative development approach to guide the implementation and extension of i2b2, a system they have adapted to support cross-institutional aggregate anonymized clinical data querying. With ongoing evaluation, the goal is to maximize the utility and extension of this system and develop an interface that appropriately fits the swiftly evolving needs of clinical translational scientists.
Reply to Mokashi et al

Sir, We thank Mokashi et al1 for their interest in our review article2 and for sharing their outcomes of awake suture adjustment in older children aged 8–15 years. Their outcomes seem comparable to ours,3 though they do not specify whether any of their procedures were performed on vertical muscles. We agree that suitable patient selection and preoperative counselling help determine the success of awake adjustment in older children. We informally identify children who will not cooperate in suture adjustment using the ‘teddy bear sign': older children who arrive at the preoperative holding area clinging to a teddy bear (or other soft toy) are probably going to require a sedated adjustment. It is important to reassure children (and adults) beforehand that if adjustment is required, they may feel some pulling but will not feel sharp pain. It is also helpful to communicate continuously during the adjustment procedure to reassure them that all is well and to inform them in advance what is going to happen next. While patient selection may be important for awake suture adjustment in children, in our practice we offer adjustable sutures to patients of any age, regardless of whether they might be able to cooperate in adjustment. All paediatric adjustable suture patients are kept NPO until the postoperative assessment. A significant advantage of the short tag noose technique is that patients who have satisfactory alignment may be discharged home without need for any postoperative suture manipulation. If adjustment is required and sedation is needed, our anaesthesia and nursing staff in the post-anaesthesia care unit are capable of sedating the child at the bedside to allow for suture adjustment without the need for return to the operating room, which enormously simplifies the logistics. In this manner we are able to use the adjustable suture technique in appropriate candidates of any age, understanding that the youngest children (and older children with a positive teddy bear sign) will need a second stage of anaesthesia at the bedside, but only if postoperative adjustment is required.
A road map of cellular protein homeostasis

A powerful technology called global protein stability profiling allows rates of protein turnover to be determined for a substantial fraction of the human proteome in a single experiment. This approach sets the stage for systems-level analyses of the dynamics of the mammalian proteome.
A modified genetic algorithm for UAV trajectory tracking control laws optimization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain trajectory-tracking controllers for autonomous aircraft are optimized using a modified evolutionary, or genetic algorithm (GA). Design/methodology/approach – The GA design utilizes real representation for the individual consisting of the collection of all controller gains subject to tuning. The initial population is generated randomly over pre-specified ranges. Alternatively, initial individuals are produced as random variations from a heuristically tuned set of gains to increase convergence time. A two-point crossover mechanism and a probabilistic mutation mechanism represent the genetic alterations performed on the population. The environment is represented by a performance index (PI) composed of a set of metrics based on tracking error and control activity in response to a commanded trajectory. Roulette-wheel selection with elitist strategy are implemented. A PI normalization scheme is also implemented to increase the speed of convergence. A flexible contr...
How to Define Intrinsic Properties

Etude du debat concernant la definition des proprietes intrinseques d'un objet, ainsi que la distinction entre les termes instrinseque et extrinseque, opposant D. Lewis et D. Dennett. Examinant la notion de double (duplicate) chez G. E. Moore, ainsi que l'analyse de l'origine de la propriete chez J. Kim, l'A. etablit la distinction entre les proprietes relationnelles et les proprietes non-relationnelles a partir de la difference numerique qui caracterise les individus et permet de definir la propriete d-relationnelle comme etant celle qui distingue les individus
Rapid, Specific Microbiological Assay for Amikacin (BB-K8)

The emergence of a strain of Providencia stuartii resistant to multiple antibiotics with the exception of amikacin provided a test organism for a microbiological assay for this new semisynthetic aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol. Results can be read at 4 h and are specific for amikacin. The resistance of P. stuartii to all currently used antibiotics allows the utilization of this technique in the presence of other concurrently administered antibiotics and therefore eliminates the need for their inactivation in the assay procedure. The rapidity, specificity, and simplicity of this microbiological assay may provide a technique for routine clinical monitoring of patients on therapeutic regimens and could be utilized by institutions unable to perform the radioimmunoassay or radioassay techniques. Images
Serially arranged myofibers: An unappreciated variant in muscle architecture

Our comparative studies suggest that the length of myofibers in tetrapods is subject to an unappreciated degree of variability. Many mammalian strap muscles are composed of short, overlapping myofibers. This arrange- ment and its associated distribution pattern of motor endplates (neural control) appear to be general in birds and widespread in other tetrapods. Contrariwise, most muscles of primates appear to be composed of long myofibers. The implications of this variation for studies of development, neuromuscular control, and muscle function are largely unexplored.
15-Lipoxygenase 1-enhanced Src-Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 stimulation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression require redox-sensitive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor in vascular wall remodeling

To understand the mechanisms by which 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we studied the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 15(S)-HETE stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR in a time-dependent manner in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Interference with EGFR activation blocked 15(S)-HETE-induced Src and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and VSMC migration. 15(S)-HETE also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) in VSMCs, and its inhibition substantially reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and VSMC migration. In addition, Src formed a complex with EGFR and Jak2, and its inhibition completely blocked Jak2 and STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and VSMC migration. 15(S)-HETE induced the production of H2O2 via an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner and its scavengers, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and catalase suppressed 15(S)-HETE-stimulated EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation and MCP-1 expression. Balloon injury (BI) induced EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation, and inhibition of these signaling molecules attenuated BI-induced MCP-1 expression and smooth muscle cell migration from the medial to the luminal surface resulting in reduced neointima formation. In addition, inhibition of EGFR blocked BI-induced Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation. Similarly, interference with Src activation suppressed BI-induced Jak2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated expression of dnJak2 also blocked BI-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Consistent with the effects of 15(S)-HETE on the activation of EGFR-Src-Jak2-STAT3 signaling in VSMCs in vitro, adenovirus-mediated expression of 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-Lox1) enhanced BI-induced EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation leading to enhanced MCP-1 expression in vivo. Blockade of Src or Jak2 suppressed BI-induced 15-Lox1-enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and neointima formation. In addition, whereas dominant negative Src blocked BI-induced 15-Lox1-enhanced Jak2 phosphorylation, dnJak2 had no effect on Src phosphorylation. Together, these observations demonstrate for the first time that the 15-Lox1–15(S)-HETE axis activates EGFR via redox-sensitive manner, which in turn mediates Src-Jak2-STAT3-dependent MCP-1 expression leading to vascular wall remodeling.
A Symposium on Building a Coalition To Improve the Public's Oral Health: Dental Hygiene's New Initiative—How Can We Work Together?

This presentation speaks to many issues upon which the American Dental Hygienists' Association and the American Public Health Association agree. The boundaries are limitless for ADHA and APHA to work together to increase access to preventive care and to establish the dental hygienist as the provider to preventive dental care. Shaping the Nation's Health Agenda through coalition building is a way to the future for total body wellness and optimum oral health.
Free radical induction in the brain and liver by products of toluene catabolism

Toluene and its metabolites have been studied with respect to their reactive oxygen species-enhancing potential in isolated systems and in vivo. The induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assayed using the probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Intraperitoneal injection of toluene, benzyl alcohol or benzaldehyde caused a significant elevation in the rate of ROS formation within hepatic mitochondrial fractions (P2). In the brain, only toluene induced ROS formation, while benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde did not have any effect. Glutathione (GSH) levels were depressed in liver and brain regions from toluene-treated rats. However, no such depression was evident in brains treated with toluene metabolites. P2 fractions from phenobarbital-pretreated rats exhibited a heightened ROS response when challenged with toluene, in vitro. Pretreatment of rats in vivo with 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, or sodium cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, prior to exposure to toluene, caused a significant decrease and increase, respectively, in toluene-stimulated rates of ROS generation in the CNS and liver. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, employing the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), was conducted. Incubation of the spin trap with P2 fractions and toluene or benzaldehyde elicited a spectrum corresponding to the hydroxyl radical. Incubation of benzaldehyde with aldehyde dehydrogenase produced a strong signal that was blocked completely by superoxide dismutase and inhibited partially by catalase, suggesting the presence of superoxide radicals and the involvement of the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction leading to the production of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, ROS generation during toluene catabolism may occur at two steps: cytochrome P450 oxidation and aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidation. In addition, GSH may play an important role in protection against the induction of ROS generation in the CNS and liver following exposure to toluene.
The Twin-Flex clasp: an esthetic alternative.

Abstract In removable partial denture fabrication, the patient's interest usually lies in the improvement of his or her esthetic appearance. Unsightly facial clasps have always been a cosmetic problem with traditional options either expensive or technically difficult. This article describes an alternative for anterior retention that maintains excellent esthetics with a simple approach. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:450-2.)
Born Cross Sections for Inelastic Scattering of Electrons by Hydrogen Atoms. III. 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 5g States

Born total cross sections were computed for the strong optically allowed transitions from n = 5 to n' = 6, at incident energies between 0.2 and 1361 ev. Thirty energy values were considered for the 5s to 6p and 5g to 6h cases, and nine for the other transitions. The cross sections obtained were larger than those of comparable transitions for lower n. The Bethe (dipole) approximation was also used, and was found to give good agreement with the Born results down to relatively low energies ( approx equal 3 ev). (auth)
An affine invariant curve matching method for photo-identification of marine mammals

Individual identification of marine mammals is of interest to marine biologists. This paper aims at the recognition of the edges associated with marine mammals whose pictures are taken under affine transformations. The introduced affine curve matching method uses the area of mismatch between a query and a database curve. This area is obtained by optimally aligning the curves based on the minimum affine distance involving their distinguishing points. The method is applied to databases of sea lions, gray whales, and dolphins, and its performance is compared with two other affine curve matching methods. The results show that the introduced curve matching approach outperforms the other approaches and thus further reduces the search time for identifying an individual. The developed method is of general purpose as it can be used for other affine curve matching applications.
The Ties that Bind: The Role of Hmong Social Networks in Developing Small-scale Rubber Cultivation in Laos

Many ethnic Hmong in Laos have developed small-scale rubber plantations due to high international demand and prices. Drawing on social network theory we consider the role of different types of netw...
A Simultaneous-Equation Model of Spatial Equilibrium and Its Application to the Broiler Markets

IN RECENT years spatial equilibrium analysis has been formulated as a quadratic programming problem. Takayama and Judge [12] derived the model by maximizing the socalled "net social payoff" subject to the linear demand and supply functions. Their study is largely conceptual in the sense of assuming that linear demand and supply functions are known or given. Many researchers [7, 8, 14], when applying this model, have estimated demand and supply functions based on methods that are exogenous to the structure of spatial equilibrium. The supply function of each market may be estimated as a single regression equation independent of the supply functions in other markets and of the demand function in the same market [14]. Or market supply functions may be estimated by the micro-to-macro buildup approach from the linear programming step supply
Innovative health systems projects.

Summary Background Residency programmes struggle with the systems-based practice and improvement competency promoted by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The development of Innovative Health Systems Projects (IHelP) was driven by the need for better systems-based initiatives at an institutional level. Our objective was to develop a novel approach that successfully incorporates systems-based practice in our Graduate Medical Education (GME) programmes, while tracking our impact on health care delivery as an academic medical centre. Methods We started the IHelP programme as a ‘volunteer initiative’ in 2010. A detailed description of the definition, development and implementation of the IHelP programme, along with our experience of the first year, is described. Residents, fellows and faculty mentors all played an important role in establishing the foundation of this initiative. Following the positive response, we have now incorporated IHelP into all curricula as a graduating requirement. IHelP has promoted scholarly activity and faculty mentorship, [and] has improved aspects of patient care and safety Results A total of 123 residents and fellows, representing 26 specialties, participated. We reviewed 145 projects that addressed topics ranging from administrative and departmental improvements to clinical care algorithms. The projects by area of focus were: patient care – clinical care, 38 per cent; patient care – quality, 27 per cent; resident education, 21 per cent; and a cumulative 16 per cent among pharmacy, department activities, patient education, medical records and clinical facility. Discussion We are pleased with the results of our first year of incorporating a systems-based improvement programme into the GME programmes. This initiative has promoted scholarly activity and faculty mentorship, has improved aspects of patient care and safety, and has led to the development of many practical innovations.
A TEM Methodology for the Study of Soot Particle Structure

A basic discussion drawn from carbon black studies is presented as applicable to understanding soot primary particle structure. In this context, the relation between bright and dark field transmiss...
The need for standardization of test protocols.

This article reviews the current status of standardization in orthodonticproducts. The role of the American National Standards Institute and the American Dental Association is described. A review of laboratory testing for the evaluation of frictional forces and bond strength in orthodontics is discussed. The need for standardization in test protocols is emphasized to obtain valuable interpretation and use of data generated by researchers. Standardization of test protocols will lead to improved standards for orthodontic products and ultimately higher-quality products for orthodontists and their patients.
Reexamination of radiative decays of vector mesons

New data have been used to reexamine radiative decays of mesons from the viewpoint of SU(3) symmetry. Most former difficulties have been resolved, and further tests must await improvement of measurements of phi ..-->.. eta..gamma.. and K*/sup 0/ ..-->.. K/sup 0/..gamma...
Abstract 159: LINE-1 hypomethylation and patient prognosis in 1118 colorectal cancers

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Global DNA hypomethylation plays an important role in activation of oncogenes in a genome-wide scale, chromosomal instability and colorectal carcinogenesis. DNA methylation in LINE-1 (L1) repetitive element has been correlated with global DNA methylation level. We examined LINE-1 methylation in colorectal cancer and patient survival. Methods: Utilizing 1118 colorectal cancers in two prospective cohorts, we quantified methylation in a LINE-1 by Pyrosequencing. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess differences in colon cancer-specific and overall mortalities in univariate analysis and multivariate analysis that adjusted for patient characteristics and tumoral molecular features, including BRAF mutation, the CpG island methylator phenotype and microsatellite instability. Results: LINE-1 hypomethylation in 875 colon cancers was independently and linearly associated with high colon-cancer specific mortality (Ptrend<0.0001) and overall mortality (Ptrend=0.0004). Compared to patients with ≥75% LINE-1 methylated tumors, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for colon cancer-specific mortality were 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-2.41] for 60-75% LINE-1 methylated tumors, 1.98 (95% CI, 1.10-3.55) for 45-60% LINE-1 methylated tumors, and 3.83 (95% CI, 1.87-7.84) for <45% LINE-1 methylated tumors. Similar findings were noted for overall mortality. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated shorter survival among patients with LINE-1 hypomethylated tumors (log-rank p<0.0001). The prognostic influence of LINE-1 hypomethylation in colon cancer was consistent across the two independent cohort studies as well as across strata of clinical or molecular characteristics. In contrast, LINE-1 hypomethylation was not significantly associated with survival of 243 rectal cancer patients (adjust HR 1.02; 95% CI, 0.48-2.19; for a 30% decrease of LINE-1 methylation; Ptrend=0.96). Conclusions: Tumoral LINE-1 hypomethylation is associated with shorter survival among colon cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 159.
A collision-selection rule for a particle simulation method suited to vector computers

A theory is developed for a selection rule governing collisions in a particle simulation of rarefied gas‐dynamic flows. The selection rule leads to an algorithmic form that is highly compatible with fine grain parallel decomposition, allowing for very efficient utilization of supercomputers having vector or massively parallel single instruction multiple data (SIMD) architectures. A comparison of shock‐wave profiles obtained using both the selection rule and Bird’s direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method show excellent agreement. This serves to establish the validity of the method, as the DSMC method is known to compare well with experimentally determined shock‐wave profiles. In addition, the equation on which the selection rule is based is shown to be directly related to the time‐counter procedure in the DSMC method, further establishing their equivalence. The results of several example simulations of representative rarefied flows are presented, for which the number of particles used ranged from 106 to 107, demonstrating the greatly improved computational efficiency of the method.
Method to calculate the grain boundary energy distribution over the space of macroscopic boundary parameters from the geometry of triple junctions

Abstract Details of a numerical method for reconstructing the grain boundary energy distribution over the complete space of macroscopic boundary parameters are presented. The reconstruction is based on the analysis of the dihedral angles between homophase grain boundaries of polycrystalline triple junctions. Instead of the Herring equilibrium condition, the procedure uses the Hoffman–Cahn formalism of the capillarity vector. This turns the reconstruction into the problem of solving a homogeneous system of algebraic linear equations. A numerical example demonstrating a reasonably good performance of the method is also given.
Peabody Collection at the University of Georgia

(1990). Peabody Collection at the University of Georgia. American Journalism: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 74-76.
The pyroptosome: a supramolecular assembly of ASC dimers mediating inflammatory cell death via caspase-1 activation

Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory form of cell death. The adapter protein ASC binds directly to caspase-1 and is critical for caspase-1 activation in response to a broad range of stimuli. To elucidate the mechanism of activation of caspase-1 by ASC and its exact role in macrophage pyroptosis, we performed time-lapse confocal bioimaging analysis on human THP-1 macrophages stably expressing an ASC-GFP fusion protein. We show that stimulation of these cells with several proinflammatory stimuli trigger the formation of a large supramolecular assembly of ASC, termed here pyroptosome. Only one distinct pyroptosome in each stimulated cell is formed, which rapidly recruits and activates caspase-1 resulting in pyroptosis and the release of the intracellular proinflammatory cytokines. The pyroptosome is largely composed of oligomerized ASC dimers. Dimerization of ASC is driven by subphysiological concentrations of potassium as in vitro incubation of purified recombinant ASC in the presence of subphysiological concentrations of potassium induces the assembly of a functional pyroptosome. Furthermore, stimulation of potassium efflux in THP-1 cells with potassium-depleting agents induces formation of the pyroptosome, while increasing potassium concentrations in the culture medium or pharmacological inhibition of this efflux inhibits its assembly. Our results establish that macrophage pyroptosis is mediated by a unique pyroptosome, distinct from the inflammasome.
Angular Distribution of 2.6-Mev Gamma Rays from the Reaction Pb 208 ( n , n ′ γ ) Pb 208

Gamma rays produced through inelastic scattering by lead of a collimated beam of fast neutrons from a reactor have been detected with a NaI(Tl) crystal. The relative yield of 2.6-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ was measured as a function of the angle between the incident neutrons and outgoing $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental angular distribution and a calculated distribution based on a statistical model, and using quantum numbers ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the 2.6-Mev state in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$.
ESTIMATING RELIABILITY GROWTH (OR DETERIORATION) USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS.

In this paper we propose a method for estimating reliability growth (or deterioration) using time series analysis. Our method does not call for the specification of a particular model, and estimates the growth in the presence of periodicity. We illustrate our procedure by considering some binomial failure data generated during the testing of a large system of the U.S. Navy.
Coherent gust detection by wavelet transform

Abstract The spectrum is commonly used to characterize the energy content and the longitudinal scale of turbulence in the wind field. However, this incoherent signal model is not always sufficient to identify intermittent coherent structures in the wind that may be responsible for wind damage. These periods of gusts may be viewed as coherent structures occurring in an otherwise incoherent signal. In this paper, we describe a method for using wavelet transforms to detect coherent structures in the wind field. To detect coherent gusts, we use the Haar wavelet since the Haar analyzing function detects the magnitude and length scale of sustained changes in signal level. A statistical technique is developed to separate coherent structures in the wavelet transform from fluctuations due to incoherent noise.
Benefits of 0.025” guidewires for ERCP

We read with interest the recent randomized study of 0.035’’ versus 0.025’’ guidewires for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) [1]. The authors correctly point out that, to show superiority (or even noninferiority), of one wire over another, ‘‘thousands’’ of patients would likely need to be enrolled in a prospective randomized study. We ran a power analysis assuming a 10 % difference in cannulation success with one or the other guidewire, and came up with a number needed of 906. But the smaller gauge guidewire confers advantages beyond a theoretical increase in cannulation success or decreased complication rate. For one thing, the smaller gauge wire occupies less space in the lumen of the catheter or endoscope, and as a result it is easier to pass devices over the wire and to conduct over-the-wire exchanges. In cases that require more than one guidewire, the 0.025’’ guidewire occupies less space in the therapeutic channel of the endoscope, allowing easier passage of subsequent devices and stents. The use of the Olympus VisiGlide 0.025’’ guidewire (Olympus Medical, Center Valley, PA, USA) was a good choice for this study, since the stiffness is comparable to a regular 0.035’’ guidewire. Other 0.025’’ guidewires have less ‘body’, and passage of devices and stents over them may be more difficult. Guidewire technology continues to advance, and the current high-performance guidewires can lead to increased procedural success in difficult ERCP cases, particularly for complex pancreatic or biliary strictures. Simply looking at cannulation rates and incidence of complications does not give the full picture of the possible benefits of smallergauge wires. The day may come when the 0.035’’ guidewire may be a device of historic significance only, fading into extinction in a similar way to ERCP devices like the 12-Fr plastic biliary stent, the single-lumen ERCP cannula, or the long-nose sphincterotome.
Real exchange rate determination in eastern Europe

This paper develops a simple theoretical model of exchange rate determination in a transitional economy. The distinguishing feature of the model is the retention of market failures pertaining to the production and consumption of nontradable goods and, therefore, the likelihood of real exchange rate appreciation. Using this framework, the econometric tests are performed for the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, and Hungary, and appropriate macroeconomic and exchange rate policies are recommended to support further liberalization and development of the foreign exchange market.
Modeling And Correcting Scattering In Industrial Applications Of Computerized Tomography

The Compton effect is an elastic collision between gamma and Xrays and electrons, and in tomographic imaging systems can produce spectral artifacts and distort the signals received through one or more scattering steps. In most tomography systems, energy sensitive detectors or collimation can be used to diminish the effects of Compton scattering. However, in fourth generation tomography systems, it is difficult to utilize collimators due to the fact that detectors receive signals from more than one direction. As a result, in those cases where collimation and energy sensitive detectors are not employed, there is a need to find other methods that reduce the distortion due to scatter. We developed a model for the distribution of Compton scattered photons for industrial applications by implementing a Monte Carlo simulation routine based on a single beam scanner geometry, and compared the results to expermental data collected from a single beam system at Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Significant differences appeared between the experimental and simulated data. In addition, existing scatter correction techniques were applied to data obtained from Bethlehem Steel's fourth generation tomographic system. The existing scatter correction techniques involve both point-wise and convolution models which are subtracted from the measured data to correct for scatter. Improved results were obtained in both image quality and dimensional measures. Finally, using the model of scattering obtained from the simulation data, we proposed further modification to the existing point-wise scatter correction technique, which further correct for scatter in computerized tomographic systems.
Developmental factors responsible for heterosis in aspen hybrids (Populus tremuloides x P. tremula.

Juvenile growth and bud set phenology were analyzed to study the biological basis of heterosis (hybrid vigor) in interspecific hybrids of Populus tremuloides Michx. (T) and P. tremula L. (Ta). Growth, measured as seedling volume index, was significantly higher for each of the two reciprocal interspecific crosses, T × Ta and Ta × T, than for the T × T intraspecific cross. Broad-sense heritabilities were 2-6 times larger than narrow-sense heritabilities for growth and shoot components in the T × T intraspecific cross, suggesting an important role for dominance or overdominance in aspen growth. Previous genetic analyses have indicated that hybrid vigor may be the result of overdominance at several key loci each with an allele inherited from each of parental species. Internode length and leaf number contributed substantially to the heterosis of stem volume, but their effects on heterosis differed between the T × Ta and Ta × T hybrids. In T × Ta seedlings, heterosis of stem volume was attributed to a high diameter growth rate, whereas in Ta × T seedlings heterosis of stem volume was probably the result of delayed bud set resulting in a longer duration of height growth. In addition to internode number and length and leaf number, other morphological or physiological components might affect heterosis, for example, extended leaf retention.
Eos as an interdisciplinary communication tool

When I attended my first AGU meeting as a graduate student 13 or 14 years ago, I eagerly dashed from sessions in my own small corner of atmospheric sciences to sessions in planetologyvolcanology and other geophysical subjects. In that same spirit of curiosity one of the things I most appreciate about my AGU membership is the opportunity to learn about work in other fields by reading Eos every week. Almost every issue, however, displays a startling disparity in skill with which Eos authors make their subjects accessible to readers outside their own disciplines. Here's an example from the 28 September 2004 issue: One article, on Indonesian throughflow, clearly explains in the first paragraph why it is important and how little is known. The article reads well for a nonspecialist.
ZnO spintronics and nanowire devices

ZnO is a very promising material for spintronics applications, with many groups reporting room-temperature ferromagnetism in films doped with transition metals during growth or by ion implantation. In films doped with Mn during pulsed laser deposition (PLD), we find an inverse correlation between magnetization and electron density as controlled by Sn-doping. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the implanted single-phase films were both strong functions of the initial anneal temperature, suggesting that carrier concentration alone cannot account for the magnetic properties of ZnO:Mn and factors such as crystalline quality and residual defects play a role. Plausible mechanisms for ferromagnetism include the bound magnetic polaron model or exchange that is mediated by carriers in a spin-split impurity band derived from extended donor orbitals. The progress in ZnO nanowires is also reviewed. The large surface area of nanorods makes them attractive for gas and chemical sensing, and the ability to control their nucleation sites makes them candidates for microlasers or memory arrays. Single ZnO nanowire depletion-mode metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors exhibit good saturation behavior, threshold voltage of ∼−3 V, and a maximum transconductance of 0.3 mS/mm. Under ultraviolet (UV) illumination, the drain-source current increased by approximately a factor of 5 and the maximum transconductance was ∼5 mS/mm. The channel mobility is estimated to be ∼3 cm2/Vss, comparable to that for thin film ZnO enhancement mode metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), and the on/off ratio was ∼25 in the dark and ∼125 under UV illumination. The Pt Schottky diodes exhibit excellent ideality factors of 1.1 at 25°C, very low reverse currents, and a strong photoresponse, with only a minor component with long decay times thought to originate from surface states. In the temperature range from 25°C to 150°C, the resistivity of nanorods treated in H2 at 400°C prior to measurement showed an activation energy of 0.089 eV and was insensitive to ambient used. By contrast, the conductivity of nanorods not treated in H2 was sensitive to trace concentrations of gases in the measurement ambient even at room temperature, demonstrating their potential as gas sensors. Sensitive pH sensors using single ZnO nanowires have also been fabricated.
Dyslipidemia in Youth with Diabetes: To Treat or Not to Treat?

There are an estimated 1.5 million people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 20 million with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the U.S. today including at least 150 000 younger than 20 years(1). Of concern, both T1D and T2D are increasing in youth and presenting at younger ages(2-4), implying a longer burden of disease and earlier onset of vascular complications(5). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in people with both T1D(6) and T2D(7) and the antecedents of adult CVD are present in children(8-10). Several studies demonstrate tracking of childhood CVD risk factors into adulthood(9-15). Furthermore, CVD risk factors in childhood correlate with abnormalities in surrogate markers of atherosclerosis (such as carotid intima thickness and arterial elasticity)(14;15) and atherosclerotic lesions in pathology evaluations(9;13). Although data indicate that progress has been made reducing microvascular complications in T1D(16;17) and that intensive management with lower HbA1c can reduce CVD events(18), evidence from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study suggests a lack of similar progress in reduction of macrovascular as compared with microvascular complications(16). Furthermore, people with both T1D and T2D suffer macrovascular complications and death at earlier ages than non-diabetics(7;19). Importantly, dyslipidemia is a significant CVD risk factor in persons with diabetes(7;20-22) and target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels continue to be lowered in adults with diabetes (DM)(7). Observational data have emerged recently on prevalence of dyslipidemia in youth with DM(23-26). Yet, despite recent American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American Heart Association (AHA) clinical recommendations on treatment of dyslipidemia in youth with DM(27-30), no treatment data exist in dyslipidemic youth with DM on which to base clinical care. Instead current pediatric recommendations are generated by consensus expert opinion or are extrapolated either from adult data or treatment data on youth with familial hypercholesterolemia(27-31). Given that dyslipidemia is an important and potentially modifiable CVD risk factor, data to inform clinical decision making regarding screening criteria and treatment of dyslipidemia in this high-risk population are of significant public health importance(32). Data from clinical trials in youth with DM are needed to determine the appropriate management strategy. In this article, recent data and current recommendations on dyslipidemia in youth with DM will be reviewed. Evidence supporting the treatment of dyslipidemia in youth with DM will be discussed as well as current treatment options and recommended monitoring. Finally, the question of whether lipid abnormalities in youth with DM should be treated will be addressed.
Characterizing a cell library using iCCS (ASIC design)

Maintaining accuracy during the rapid generation of a standard cell library is a problem in ASIC development. Errors can occur in all phases of library generation: design, characterization, modeling, and documentation. The integrated cell characterization system (iCCS), developed to automate the production of a standard cell library, is discussed. ICCS generates accurate models and documentation by simulating over a wider range of environmental conditions and removing human error. >
Reproductive Tract Infections among Women of Rural Community in Mewat, India:

Mewat is a backward area of north India dominated by Meo community a Muslim Rajput community following a mixture of Hindu and Islamic customs practices and beliefs. Illiteracy unhealthy lives burden of frequent pregnancies strong traditional culture and practices put the Meo women at higher risk of acquiring Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs). A community based cross-sectional study was undertaken among married women (between 15 and 49 yrs) in Mewat. The objective of the study was to understand the socio-demographic and socio-cultural factors that increase vulnerability to RTI among women. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. This article presents the findings of the study. 72.6 per cent of the respondents reported one or more symptoms of RTI. Only 31 per cent of the respondents were aware about RTI and 21 per cent about HIV/AIDs. Bivariate analysis indicated statistically significant association between educational level age at marriage place of delivery and awareness about RTI with presence of self-reported symptoms of RTI among the study population. Improving literacy and increasing awareness level among women about reproductive health is needed to reduce incidence of RTI in the study area.
Scenario based integration testing for object-oriented software development

The adaptive use case methodology for software development proposed by Carlson and Hurlbutt [1997, 1998] forms the backdrop for this paper. Their methodology integrates the software design, development and testing processes through a series of design preserving, algorithmic transformations. This paper focuses on the software testing metrics used in the generation of object oriented test plans as part of that methodology. During the design phase, interaction diagrams are developed from which use case action matrices are then generated. A use case action matrix contains a collection of related scenarios each describing a specific variant of an executable sequence of use case actions. The proposed software testing metrics are employed to improve the productivity of the testing process through scenario prioritization.
How we recognize angry and happy emotion in people, places, and things

Darwin proposed and Ekman and Izard confirmed the presence of cross-cultural regularities in facial displays of emotion. Following their work, the author and his colleagues sought to find parallel mechanisms that would permit these displays to be decoded. A cross-cultural comparison of the display of anger and happiness in masks used in ritual social functions revealed that a set of geometric patterns, rather than actual facial features, conveyed these different emotional meanings. The power of nonrepresentational visual patterns to produce meaning was examined in a series of studies using materials that presented geometric shapes in a variety of line drawings, large-scale physical movement in classical ballet, and configurations among individuals in 17th-century Dutch art. Results across all studies suggested that for the emotions of anger and happiness, at least, meaning is carried in the geometric properties of the visual display.
Conjunctivitis of allergic origin: Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis

Abstract Conjunctivitis of allergic origin is associated with a diversity of clinical presentations. Common features include pronounced itching, a milky conjunctival appearance, a stringy or ropy discharge and papillary hypertrophy of the tarsal conjunctiva in severe cases, and a family history of allergy. The diagnosis should be based on thorough historytaking and careful ophthalmic examination, and, when necessary, confirmation by laboratory testing. An IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity mechanism is associated with most types of allergic conjunctivitis, although contact allergy is mediated by lymphocytes rather than antibody. Treatment is based on the diagnosis and severity of signs and symptoms. An array of medications is available to control symptoms, and the regiment of choice should be based on the response to milder forms of therapy and consideration of drug side effects.