cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of gamma or beta radiation on Salmonella DT 104 in ground pork

Mixtures of six Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 strains were inoculated into three ground pork products to determine the effect of fat content on the radiation resistance of Salmonella DT 104. The ground pork products were 90% lean, 50:50 fat:lean, and 100% fat. Inoculated products were irradiated using a gamma radiation source in a self-contained 137Cesium irradiator or a 10 MeV accelerator producing electrons (e-beam). The radiation D10-values (dose required for a 90% inactivation of viable CFU) for Salmonella DT 104 inoculated into 90% lean ground pork, 50:50 fat/lean ground pork, and 100% pork fat and subjected to beta radiation were 0.42 kGy, 0.43 kGy, and 0.43 kGy, respectively. The corresponding radiation D10-values for Salmonella DT 104 subject to gamma radiation were 0.56, 0.62, and 0.62 kGy, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference (P = 0.3) in radiation D10-values for Salmonella in the three products subject to either radiation treatment. Therefore, fat content had no effect. There was a significant difference (P = 0.001) between the radiation D10-values obtained with the two radiation sources. The radiation D10-values were within the reported range for irradiation destruction of Salmonella contaminated raw meat products.
A Simple Proof of the Existence of a Planar Separator

We provide a simple proof of the existence of a planar separator by showing that it is an easy consequence of the circle packing theorem. We also reprove other results on separators, including: (A) There is a simple cycle separator if the planar graph is triangulated. Furthermore, if each face has at most $d$ edges on its boundary, then there is a cycle separator of size O(sqrt{d n}). (B) For a set of n balls in R^d, that are k-ply, there is a separator, in the intersection graph of the balls, of size O(k^{1/d}n^{1-1/d}). (C) The k nearest neighbor graph of a set of n points in R^d contains a separator of size O(k^{1/d} n^{1-1/d}). The new proofs are (arguably) significantly simpler than previous proofs.
Beliefs and Testimony as Social Evidence: Epistemic Egoism, Epistemic Universalism, and Common Consent Arguments

Until recently, epistemology was largely caught in the grips of an epistemically unrealistic radical epistemological individualism on which the beliefs and testimony of others were of virtually no epistemic significance. Thankfully, epistemologists have bucked the individualist trend, acknowledging that one person's belief or testimony that P might offer another person prima facie epistemic reasons – or social evidence as I call it – to believe P. In this paper, I discuss the possibility and conditions under which beliefs and testimony act as social evidence, in particular, beliefs and testimony regarding the existence of God. The epistemic egoist maintains that one must possess positive reasons in favor of other people's reliability or trustworthiness before their beliefs and testimony offer prima facie social evidence. The epistemic universalist, on the other hand, argues that the beliefs of all others are prima facie credible and should be treated accordingly. All this will set up subsequent discussion of the epistemic significance of common consent or widespread belief in God. I show how common consent arguments assume the epistemic universalist's account of the conditions under which the beliefs and testimony of others acquire reason-giving force as social evidence.
Theory of plasma antenna windowing

Summary form only given. This paper sets forth a detailed numerical analysis of the performance of a reconfigurable antenna comprised of a linear omni-directional antenna surrounded by a cylindrical shell of conducting plasma. The plasma shield consists of a series of tubes containing a gas, which upon electrification, forms a plasma (in practice fluorescent light bulbs are used). The plasma is highly conducting and acts as a reflector for radiation for frequencies below the plasma frequency. Thus when all of the tubes surrounding the antenna are electrified, the radiation is trapped inside. By leaving one or more of the tubes in a non-electrified state, apertures are formed in the plasma shield which allow radiation to escape. This is the essence of the plasma window based reconfigurable antenna. The apertures can be closed or opened rapidly (on micro-second time scales) simply by applying voltages. The goal of the theoretical analysis is the prediction of the far-field radiation pattern of the plasma window antenna (PWA) for a given configuration. In order to simplify the analysis we make the approximation that the length of the antenna and surrounding plasma tubes are irrelevant to the analysis. Physically we assume that the tubes are sufficiently long so that end effects and be ignored. In so doing, the problem becomes two-dimensional and as such allows for an exact solution. The problem is therefore posed as follows:(1) assume a wire (the antenna) is located at the origin and carries a sinusoidal current of some specified frequency and amplitude.(2) Next assume that the wire is surrounded by a collection of cylindrical conductors each of the same radius and distance from the origin.(3) Solve for the field distribution everywhere in space and thus obtain the radiation pattern.
The Split of the Dirac Hamiltonian into Precisely Predictable Energy Components

We are dealing with the Dirac Hamiltonian H = H0 + V with no magnetic field and radially symmetric electrostatic potential V = V(r), preferably the Coulomb potential. While the observable H is precisely predictable, its components H0 (relativistic mass) and V (potential energy) are not. However they both possess precisely predictable approximations H0∼ and V∼ which approximate accurately if the particle is not near its nucleus. On the other hand, near 0, H0 and V are practically unpredictable, perhaps in agreement with the fact, that a neutrino also should be in the game. [We have not yet studied the corresponding observables for the (≥ 12-dimensional) problem of electro-weak interaction.] Mathematically we are focusing on the spectral theory of the unbounded self-adjoint operators H0∼ and V∼. We can prove that V∼ is unitarily equivalent to V(r) again, by a unitary map given as Wiener-Hopf-type singular integral operator in the standard separation of variables for radially symmetric Dirac Hamiltonians. [This is, as far as the continuous spectrum is concerned.] Very similar unitary equivalence holds for H0∼ and H0. We are tempted to regard this as a form of “renormalization”.
Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents

Adolescent parenthood is associated with a range of adverse outcomes for young mothers, including mental health problems such as depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Teen mothers are also more likely to be impoverished and reside in communities and families that are socially and economically disadvantaged. These circumstances can adversely affect maternal mental health, parenting, and behavior outcomes for their children. In this report, we provide an overview of the mental health challenges associated with teen parenthood, barriers that often prevent teen mothers from seeking mental health services, and interventions for this vulnerable population that can be integrated into primary care services. Pediatricians in the primary care setting are in a unique position to address the mental health needs of adolescent parents because teens often turn to them first for assistance with emotional and behavioral concerns. Consequently, pediatricians can play a pivotal role in facilitating and encouraging teen parents’ engagement in mental health treatment.
Operating parameters in high-performance displacement chromatography

Abstract Preparative scale separation of basic amino acids, dipeptides and nucleic acid fragments was carried out by displacement chromatography on microparticulate octadecyl-silica and siliceous strong cation-exchanger columns of dimensions generally employed in analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Neat aqueous carriers were used along with the following displacers: tetrabutylammonium and benzyltributylammonium salts and n-butanol.The concentration of products in the column effluent was determined by HPLC analysis. The results reveal the complexity of the displacement process and illustrate the effect of operating conditions on the rate of production and the yield of pure products. A decrease in flow-rate reduces the zone overlap, but this increase in separation is at the expense of production rate. Separation efficiency improves at elevated temperature, but without the untoward effect on the rate of production. The selection of column length was found to be a critical parameter; best results are obtained with the shortest column that allows the system to reach isotachic conditions, i.e., full development of the displacement train. The solubility of the feed components imposes constraints on the chromatographic system as far as the obtainable throughput, maximum product concentration and efficiency of separation are concerned. The yield of a component is affected by its relative amount in the feed and generally increases with the feed load provided that the length of the column is increased accordingly. The amount that can be separated in a chromatographic run increases with the column length in displacement chromatography. Octadecyl-silica is preferred over siliceous ion-exchangers as the stationary phase owing to its higher capacity, when reversed-phase chromatography can be used for the separation.
Evidence for stable attachment of DNA to membrane at the replication origin of Escherichia coli

The formation of pulse labelled DNA which remains firmly attached to membrane after further growth in unlabelled medium has been studied at different periods of the cell cycle using synchronized cultures of Escherichia coli. The maximal labelling of this species of membrane bound DNA occurs near the time of cell division. This provides evidence for association of DNA at the replication origin with the cell membrane.
Comparison of cognitive performance in RDC-diagnosed schizoaffective and schizophrenic patients with the Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery

Controversy continues regarding the differential diagnostic distinction between schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia, and there are few published studies that examine the neuropsychological performance of schizoaffective patients. We evaluated 52 RDC-diagnosed schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients with equal numbers of medicated and unmedicated patients using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and additional cognitive measures. Both groups performed at cognitively impaired levels. The cognitive performance level of schizoaffective patients was indistinguishable from that of the schizophrenic patients. The RDC subtype of schizoaffective disorder (depressed or manic) also was not related to cognitive performance level. Findings are consistent with the notion that cognitive impairment is found in a significant portion of schizophrenic (and possibly schizoaffective) patients and that the presence of this deficit may characterize a specific subgroup of patients.
Mental Development in the Child and the Race: Methods and Processes

James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) was one of American psychology's seminal thinkers. His biosocial theory of mind, elaborated in "Mental Development in the Child and the Race" and in "Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development", influenced thinkers as diverse as Piaget, Vygotsky, and Mead. His empirical research, republished with important philosophical papers in "Fragments in Philosophy and Science", helped create a standard for rigorous objective procedure and a functionalist attitude within the newly emerging science. His concept of organic selection, elaborated in papers brought together in "Development and Evolution" and further discussed in "Darwin and the Humanities", intoduced a mechanism into evolution theory whereby the effects of acquired adaptations could be taken into account within violating principles of natural selection. His approach to the development of individual minds in social relationship, summarized in "The Individual and Society", helped not only to found American social psychology but to give its uniquely individualistic cast. Finally, his genetic epistemology, given final form in "Genetic Theory of Reality", outlined a theory of mental operations culminating in aesthetic experience. Importantly, during the 1990s, Baldwin studies have undergone a small renaissance, especially as his relationship to Piaget and Vygotsky has been explored. This has created a market for Baldwin materials that this collection should help to fill. Selected here are the best editions of seven key writings, both landmark works and never reprinted essays.
A golden opportunity

In the current issue of the Journal, Allareddy et al.1 report on the prevalence of acute respiratory failure from any cause in hospitalized SCT patients and the associated hospital costs. The authors utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), which is the largest all-payer inpatient database in the United States, approximating 97% of all hospital discharges annually. This study provides valuable information from one of the largest cohorts of patients (n=6074) hospitalized with respiratory failure following SCT. The authors confirm the well-documented finding that SCT recipients who develop respiratory failure have high in-hospital mortality.2,3 They found that the prevalence of respiratory failure increased over the course of the study. They also demonstrated that the overall in-hospital mortality was greater than 50% and that continuous invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and prolonged IMV (>96 h) were independent predictors of mortality. The novelty of the authors’ work is the assignment of a direct financial cost to hospital resource utilization associated with respiratory failure following SCT. The mean hospitalization charge was $620 765; total hospitalization expenditures for the entire cohort were a staggering $3.34 billion dollars. These costs did not include certain medications or loss of productivity and other indirect expenses associated with the hospitalizations and, therefore, likely underestimate true resource utilization.
Effects of Mercury on Thermally Sprayed Aluminum Coatings

Abstract The quantification of liquid metal embrittling effects of mercury on thermally sprayed aluminum was investigated. The program consisted of heat treatments at 250 and 300°C of thermally sprayed (aluminum on lead) cylinders with mercury additions of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 3.00wt.%. The cylinders were then tested to determine the adhesion/cohesion strength of the thermally sprayed bond. The Pb/Al interfaces were evaluated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results of the testing indicate that there was no noticeable embrittling effects of the mercury, up to 3.0wt.% Hg in the Pb matrix. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Simulating the contamination of populations by a polluted environment

We derive two reaction-diffusion systems modeling the impact of a nuclear waste contamination on food chain population sets. We exhibit the numerical difficulties the problem features and provide second order accurate nonnegative approximate solutions in two space dimensions.
Effects of microstructure variability on intrinsic fatigue resistance of nickel-base superalloys : a computational micromechanics approach

Understanding the effects of microstructure variability on fatigue resistance is a key to selection and design of materials for fatigue applications. The traditional empirical approach rooted in experiments is being increasingly combined with systematic computational modeling. This work is concerned with demonstrating the feasibility of linking effects of microstructure variability on cyclic plasticity at the scale of intrinsic microstructure of a single crystal nickel-base superalloy. The precipitate and the matrix phases of the alloy are modeled explicitly using a physically based crystal viscoplasticity constitutive framework with appropriate scale and spacing effects to reflect dislocation–precipitate interactions. The model is implemented as a user material subroutine within a finite element code. Various realizations of different microstructures are generated using a constrained Poisson point process. Statistical volume elements (SVEs) with random-periodic boundary conditions are simulated under fully reversed cyclic loading at 650°C. Primary cooling γ′ precipitate size and volume fraction are considered in terms of their effects on the macroscopic stress–strain response and on distributed cyclic microplasticity within the SVE. To compare various microstructures in terms of probability of fatigue crack formation, an appropriate nonlocal measure of cyclic plastic shear strain range is proposed based on percolation of cyclic microplasticity at the scale of the SVE.
Vascular permeability factor (Vascular endothelial growth factor) expression and angiogenesis in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND Prior studies have indicated that ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions are capable of inducing a vascular stroma. However, the mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis in DCIS currently are not defined. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of the angiogenic cytokine vascular permeability factor (VPF), also known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiogenesis in patients with DCIS. METHODS Forty-six breast biopsies with DCIS were characterized with regard to histologic features on hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, and microvessel density and distribution using sections immunostained for factor VIII-related antigen. In addition, in situ hybridization was performed on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections using 35S labeled riboprobes specific for VPF/VEGF. RESULTS VPF/VEGF expression by tumor cells in DCIS was greater than that observed in adjacent benign ductal or lobular epithelial cells in 96% of the evaluable cases. Moreover, the degree of VPF/VEGF mRNA expression was significantly associated with the degree of angiogenesis in these lesions. Among 22 cases with strong VPF/VEGF mRNA expression, the median microvessel count was 100 ± 30.6 vessels/field. In contrast, among 24 cases with low level VPF/VEGF mRNA expression, the median microvessel count was 71 ± 48.6 vessels/field (P = 0.04). In addition, high grade DCIS lesions more commonly were associated with strong VPF/VEGF mRNA expression than low grade lesions, but the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that VPF/VEGF is an important angiogenic factor in patients with DCIS. Cancer 1997; 80:1945-53. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Interferon-gamma Reverses Bone Marrow Inhibition Following Hemorrhagic Shock

• Hemorrhagic shock has been demonstrated to alter the myelopoietic response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Interferongamma has been shown to improve the immune response following experimental shock and injury; however, its effect on myelopoiesis is controversial. This study was performed to determine whether treatment with interferon-gamma will improve the bone marrow response to lipopolysaccharide after hemorrhagic shock. Rats subjected to either shock or a sham procedure were allocated into three groups: (1) control rats received no further treatment; (2) lipopolysaccharide-treated rats received saline for 3 days and then were challenged with lipopolysaccharide to stimulate myelopoiesis; and (3) interferon-treated rats received interferon-gamma (7500 U subcutaneously 1 hour after shock and then every day for 3 days) and lipopolysaccharide as in group 2. Serum colony-stimulating factor levels were measured 6 hours and bone marrow white blood cell count and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) were measured 24 hours following lipopolysaccharide administration. In sham-treated rats, lipopolysaccharide increased CFU-GM 77% compared with controls. In contrast, treatment with lipopolysaccharide decreased CFU-GM 43% following shock. Treatment with interferon-gamma increased CFU-GM in all animals and reversed the decline in CFU-GM seen in shocked lipopolysaccharide-treated animals. Serum colony-stimulating factor levels were unaffected by either shock or interferon-gamma administration. These data demonstrate that interferon-gamma exerts a stimulatory effect on bone marrow following shock and restores the myelopoietic response to lipopolysaccharide. (Arch Surg.1991;126:100-103)
Upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis after anterior shoulder dislocation and closed reduction. A case report.

T he shoulder is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, accounting for nearly 45% of all dislocations1. Approximately 85% of glenohumeral dislocations are anterior, and they are typically the result of an acute traumatic event. Typically, these injuries involve disruption of the anterior aspect of the glenoid labrum, joint capsule, or rotator cuff tendons; associated fracture of the glenoid rim or proximal part of the humerus is not uncommon2. Neurovascular injury is infrequent, and few studies have addressed associated venous complications. Although deep vein thrombosis in the upper extremity is a rare entity, major thromboembolic complications, including symptomatic and fatal pulmonary embolism, have been documented in the upper extremity3-5. Recently, deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity has been recognized as a potential complication after shoulder surgery6-8. Prompt diagnosis and early intervention are generally recommended to reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications. Although the treatment of deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity remains controversial, recent evidence suggests that systemic anticoagulation, local thrombolytic therapy, and surgical thrombectomy may limit the risk of thromboembolic complications9,10. To the best of our knowledge, deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity complicating a traumatic dislocation of the shoulder has not been previously described. Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. A pproximately one hour after falling down a flight of stairs, a thirty-four-year-old right-hand-dominant man presented to an outside emergency room because of pain in the right shoulder. He reported that the right shoulder felt similar to the way the left shoulder had felt when it was dislocated; that left dislocation had been successfully treated with an open stabilization procedure three years previously. The patient had no …
Seeing Other Sides: Nongame Simulations and Alternative Perspectives of Middle East Conflict

Simple role-play simulations can not only demonstrate the dynamics of a conflict but also create awareness of multiple perspectives even among populations relatively set in their opinions. To teach my student population of military officers, I utilize simple, nongame simulations of multisided Middle East conflicts that not only facilitate learning the complex sides but also generate insight and new perspectives. Understanding the motivations of all sides is a prerequisite to analyzing conflicts fully and creating effective policies, necessary skills for military students. The nongame character of these simulations allowed inclusion of the average person; a role generating alternative perspectives, creative thinking, and understanding of the motivations and grievances of disliked groups. Students stated that they now appreciated different claims and the causes of even terrorist group stances, having seen the conflict from the players' points of view. Most students stated that they had not considered the ef...
A US perspective on fast reactor fuel fabrication technology and experience part I: metal fuels and assembly design

This paper is part I of a review focusing on the United States experience with metallic fast reactor fuel fabrication and assembly design for the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) and the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). Experience with metal fuel fabrication in the United States is extensive, including over 60 years of research conducted by the government, national laboratories, industry, and academia. This experience has culminated in a considerable amount of research that resulted in significant improvements to the technologies employed to fabricate metallic fast reactor fuel. This part of the review documents the current state of fuel fabrication technologies for metallic fuels, some of the challenges faced by previous researchers, and how these were overcome. Knowledge gained from reviewing previous investigations will aid both researchers and policy makers in forming future decisions relating to nuclear fuel fabrication technologies.
Improved target detection algorithm using dualband infrared imagery

Automatic target recognition (ATR) systems typically include a front-end detector that searches the entire image and isolates those regions which potentially contain targets. These regions are further analyzed by more complex recognition algorithms. A good detector will find most of the targets with relatively few false alarms, at reasonable computational cost. We propose a set of neural-based target detectors consisting of an eigenspace transformation followed by a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP). These detectors may operate on either single band or multi-band forward-looking infrared (FLIR) input images. The eigenspace transformation is first derived from a training set via principal component analysis (PCA). This transformation layer is needed to reduce the dimensionality of the input images, while retaining those features that are critical to the detection task. A small number of the resulting projection values is then fed to the MLP that determines the likelihood of a given pixel location to be the center of a target. Experiments were conducted using a set of several hundred real FLIR images. The results indicate that the dualband input images do improve the performance of the detectors substantially.
In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change

A number of positive psychology interventions have successfully helped people learn skills for improving mood and building personal resources (e.g., psychological resilience and social support). However, little is known about whether intervention activities remain effective in the long term, or whether new resources are maintained after the intervention ends. We address these issues in a 15-month follow-up survey of participants from a loving-kindness meditation intervention. Many participants continued to practice meditation, and they reported more positive emotions (PEs) than those who had stopped meditating or had never meditated. All participants maintained gains in resources made during the initial intervention, whether or not they continued meditating. Continuing meditators did not differ on resources at baseline, but they did show more PE and a more rapid PE response to the intervention. Overall, our results suggest that positive psychology interventions are not just efficacious but of significant value in participants' real lives.
Bending strength of pulp cement board composed of separated pulp from municipal solid waste

Abstract The relation between bending strength and X-ray diffraction intensity for pulp cement board composed of separated pulp from municipal solid waste was studied. Higher bending strength was observed for the boards with higher diffraction intensity of Ca(OH) 2 . Lower bending strength at the same diffraction intensity was observed for the boards from coarsely separated pulps than those from other pulps used. This difference in bending strength was discussed in relation to the differences in the strength of pulp and the amount of fine fraction in pulp.
Foliar Burn and Wheat Grain Yield Responses Following Topdress-Applied Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers

Abstract The most common fertilizer sources for topdress nitrogen (N) applications to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Virginia are a urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution (30-0-0) or a UAN solution with added sulfur (S) (UAN-S; 20-0-0-4). However, there are some concerns regarding leaf burning following foliar N applications, particularly at later growth stages. An experiment was conducted from 1999 through 2002 to evaluate and quantify foliar burn associated with various topdress-applied N sources, any subsequent effect on wheat grain yield, and any yield response to added S. Ammonium nitrate (AN; 34-0-0), UAN, UAN-S, and ammonium sulfate (AS; 21-0-0-24) were topdress-applied at either GS 30 or 32. Following the GS 30 and 32 foliar applications, digital images were obtained from each plot and pixel analysis was used to estimate the percentage of foliar burn. At GS 30, foliar burn increased with increasing N rate with no difference in the percentage of burn being observed between sources. At GS 32, ...
Photolithographic patterning of vacuum-deposited organic light emitting devices

A photolithographic technique to fabricate vacuum-deposited organic light emitting devices has been demonstrated. The photolithographically patterned, yet unpackaged devices show no sign of deterioration in room ambient when compared with devices fabricated using shadow masks. Furthermore, the environmental robustness of the encapsulated devices makes them particularly useful in fabricating high resolution, full color displays.
Stop-motion microphotography of laser-driven plates

Laser driven plates have been used for several years for high velocity shock wave and impact studies. Recent questions about the integrity and ablation rates of these plates coupled with an improved capability for microscopic stop motion photography led to this study. For these experiments, the plates were aluminum, coated on the ends of optical fibers. A high power laser pulse in the fiber ionizes the aluminum at the fiber/coating interface. The plasma thus created accelerates the remaining aluminum to high velocities, several kilometers per second. We defined `thick' or `thin' coatings as those where a flying plate (flyer) was launched vs. the material being completely ionized. Here we were specifically interested in the thick/thin boundary to develop data for the numerical models attempting to predict flyer behavior.
Failure to vaccinate lambs against Haemonchus contortus with functional metabolic antigens identified by immunoelectrophoresis

Abstract Metabolic products from Haemonchus contortus larvae cultured in vitro from the infective third to fourth stage were collected and concentrated. Chromatographic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses were made to study the numbers and activity of antigens in the metabolic products derived from the in vitro cultured larvae. Three-month-old lambs were given a series of injections of metabolic antigens with and without adjuvant at dose rates of 0·05, 0·5 and 5·0 mg antigen protein per injection. These animals and saline injected controls were each challenged with 3000 H. contortus infective larvae after the last antigen injection and killed 35 days later. No difference was seen in the faecal worm egg counts or the differential worm counts among the vaccinated and control animals. The antigen preparation of worm metabolic products conferred no resistance to challenge infection with the parasite.
Heterorhabditis Hepialius Stock, Strong & Gardner, 1996 a Junior Synonym of H. Marelatus Liu & Berry, 1996 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) With a Redescription of the Species

Heterorhabditis hepialius and Heterorhabditis marelatus were studied to evaluate their taxonomic position. Results from morphological and morphometric analysis and cross-breeding tests indicated these species are conspecific. Therefore, H. hepialius is considered a junior synonym of H. marelatus. A redescription of this taxon is presented.
Genes for Rust Resistance in International Winter Wheat Nurseries XII through XVII

Genes for resistance to stem rust (Sr) (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Lr) (P. recondita Roberge ex. Desmaz f. sp. tritici) were detected in cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery XII through XVII. The objectives were to test for the presence and distribution of Sr and Lr genes. Entries were inoculated with 28 isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici and 15 isolates of P. recondita f. sp. tritici, previously characterized for avirulence/virulence to 26 Sr and 14 Lr genes, respectively (.)
Two Decades of Professional Development School Development in the United States. What Have We Learned? Where Do We Go from Here?

Abstract In the close to 20 years since the Holmes Group first introduced the term professional development school (PDS), PDSs have grown in the United States from a concept to become a cornerstone of serious attempts to simultaneously improve teacher education and public schools. In the course of this maturation process, PDSs have come in from the margins and there has been a coalescence and a codification of what it means to be a PDS, along with a growth in networks to support and help develop PDSs. A sharper focus on the impacts of PDSs has evolved, especially on P-12 students, and, overall, there are now stronger conceptualizations about assessment in PDSs, connecting PDS processes to desired outcomes for students, pre–service teachers and experienced educators. Finally, there has been an increase in attention, and some slow movement toward using PDSs to address the diversity and equity challenges of the country. The article addresses these trends, and the implications - challenges and opportunities –...
Acute transient cortical blindness due to seizure following cerebral angiography.

Objective Transient cortical blindness (TCB) is reported as a rare complication of coronary and cerebral angiography. Angiography of the vertebral arteries carries the highest incidence of causing TCB. The etiology of this phenomenon is unknown. Clinical presentation A 42-year-old woman underwent treatment for an enlarging pseudoaneurysm of her vertebral artery. The patient had a brief complex seizure during angiography. Following the procedure, she experienced TCB. During this time, an electroencephalogram (EEG) showed seizure activity. This case represents the first recorded instance of abnormal EEG during angiography-associated TCB. Intervention The patient was immediately given intravenous lorazepam and phenytoin sodium. Her EEG returned to normal in the ensuing hours and subsequently her vision returned to normal. Conclusion We present the first reported case of abnormal EEG activity during angiography-associated TCB. We hypothesize that seizure activity is a possible underlying cause of angiography-induced TCB.
Modeling how shark and dolphin skin patterns control transitional wall-turbulence vorticity patterns using spatiotemporal phase reset mechanisms

Modeling how shark and dolphin skin patterns control transitional wall-turbulence vorticity patterns using spatiotemporal phase reset mechanisms
Comparison of diploid and tetraploid potato families derived from Solanum phureja X dihaploid S. tuberosum hybrids and their vegetatively doubled counterparts.

To determine whether in potatoes the tetraploid level is preferable to the diploid level, especially regarding tuber yield, four diploid (2n=2×=24) Solanum phureja x dihaploid S. tuberosum hybrid parents and their vegetatively doubled, tetraploid (2n=4×=48) counterparts were intermated, which resulted in two F1 hybrid families at both levels of ploidy. The parents and clones of the F1 families and their offspring were used in crosses in such a way that in addition Sib1, Sib2, F1×Sib1, BC1 and Sib1×Sib1 families were produced. Of the first clonal generation of the 12 2 x families and their 12 counterpart 4 x families two tubers per clone were planted in three replications in a field experiment at Sturgeon Bay in 1969; of the parents six tubers were planted in each replication. Data were recorded on 16 characters, including plant height at four different times.
The limits of viability and the uncertainty of neuroprotection: challenges in optimizing outcomes in extreme prematurity.

Among the 500000 infants born prematurely in 2003 in the United States, 79000 were born very prematurely.1–3 These very premature infants, defined as having been born before 32 weeks’ completed gestation, have benefited from collaborative and regional efforts of obstetrics and neonatology. In particular, among infants of extreme prematurity (defined as 1 (36%) in 3 had one of the CP syndromes. Among those with severe ROP, almost 1 (24%) in 4 had CP. … Address correspondence to Michael E. Msall, MD, Kennedy Center, Section of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Pediatrics Sciences, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC09000, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: mmsall{at}peds.bsd.uchicago.edu
The underwriter’s early lock-up release: Empirical evidence

A lock-up agreement is an arrangement between the underwriter and certain pre-IPO shareholders. This paper examines the influence of an underwriter’s early lock-up release on shareholder wealth. The study found significant negative abnormal returns associated with the early lock-up release annoucement. Negative abnormal returns are more pronounced for venture capital backed firms than for firms not venture capital backed. In addition, scheduled lock-up release day abnormal returns, found in previous studies to be significantly negative, are reduced for firms announcing the early lock-up release.(JEL G24, G30)
Identification of nodal tissue in the living heart using rapid scanning fiber-optics confocal microscopy and extracellular fluorophores.

Background— Risks associated with pediatric reconstructive heart surgery include injury of the sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN), requiring cardiac rhythm management using implantable pacemakers. These injuries are the result of difficulties in identifying nodal tissues intraoperatively. Here we describe an approach based on confocal microscopy and extracellular fluorophores to quantify tissue microstructure and identify nodal tissue. Methods and Results— Using conventional 3-dimensional confocal microscopy we investigated the microstructural arrangement of SAN, AVN, and atrial working myocardium (AWM) in fixed rat heart. AWM exhibited a regular striated arrangement of the extracellular space. In contrast, SAN and AVN had an irregular, reticulated arrangement. AWM, SAN, and AVN tissues were beneath a thin surface layer of tissue that did not obstruct confocal microscopic imaging. Subsequently, we imaged tissues in living rat hearts with real-time fiber-optics confocal microscopy. Fiber-optics confocal microscopy images resembled images acquired with conventional confocal microscopy. We investigated spatial regularity of tissue microstructure from Fourier analysis and second-order image moments. Fourier analysis of fiber-optics confocal microscopy images showed that the spatial regularity of AWM was greater than that of nodal tissues (37.5±5.0% versus 24.3±3.9% for SAN and 23.8±3.7% for AVN; P <0.05). Similar differences of spatial regularities were revealed from second-order image moments (50.0±7.3% for AWM versus 29.3±6.7% for SAN and 27.3±5.5% for AVN; P <0.05). Conclusions— The study demonstrates feasibility of identifying nodal tissue in living heart using extracellular fluorophores and fiber-optics confocal microscopy. Application of the approach in pediatric reconstructive heart surgery may reduce risks of injuring nodal tissues.
25th Anniversary Article: No Assembly Required: Recent Advances in Fully Conjugated Block Copolymers

Fully conjugated block copolymers have emerged as promising materials that combine semiconducting properties with the ability to self-assemble at the nanoscale. The convergence of these two features has tremendous implications for a number of fundamental molecular assembly and transport questions, while also offering unique advantages for a variety of applications. For example, a nanostructured active layer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices may provide for efficient charge separation while simultaneously affording continuous, unimpeded pathways for charge carriers to migrate to their respective electrodes within each individual microphase. This review details the recent progress made in the preparation and application of fully conjugated block copolymers and serves as a comprehensive reference for the materials that have been reported in the literature to date. Focus is placed on fully conjugated block copolymers prepared using chemistries that are relevant to high-performance polymers in organic electronics research, for example Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, and Yamamoto coupling.
LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF CONTINENTAL SLOPE NEPHROPS NORVEGICUS (DECAPODA: NEPHROPIDAE)

Abstract The locomotor rhythmicity of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus was studied under constant conditions of darkness in individuals collected on the continental slope (400–430 m). Periodogram analysis revealed the occurrence of both circadian (of around 24 h) and ultradian (of around 12 and 18 h) periodicities. Form estimate analysis of the circadian and ultradian time series revealed the occurrence of significant peaks of activity during the expected night phase of the cycle and day-night transitions, respectively. No ultradian locomotor activity rhythms have been reported in previous studies on continental shelf N. norvegicus, suggesting that this phenomenon may be limited to deep-water animals. A discussion is presented to account for the occurrence of the mechanism of ultradian rhythms when there is significant environmental light intensity reduction, as on the continental slope, where the species attains its maximum densities in the western Mediterranean.
Sperm availability in naturally occurring bisexual-unisexual breeding complexes involvingPoecilia mexicana and the gynogenetic teleost,Poecilia formosa

Testicular maturation indices (TMI) were determined for wild-caught males ofPoecilia mexicana by quantitative analysis of the frequency of ongoing stages of spermatogenesis and spermatid differentiation in sections of testes stained with the Feulgen reaction for DNA. In nature, males maintain essentially constant levels of sperm production throughout the year and show no significant variations in mean TMI values associated with season, microhabitat, standard body length, or rank in male dominance hierarchies. Winter males or males isolated from females in the laboratory show accumulation of mature spermatophores. These findings suggest that fluctuations in the microstructure of wild populations ofPoecilia from northeastern Mexico may be due primarily to differences in the temporal scheduling of female reproductive cycles and not to limitations imposed by sperm availability or male reproductive competence. The data are discussed in terms of competitive interactions within unisexual-bisexual breeding complexes involving the Amazon mollyP. formosa, its related triploid hybrids, and the bisexual species,P. mexicana.
Estrogenic and Antiprogestagenic Activities of Pyrethroid Insecticides

Abstract Many pesticides possess hormonal activity and have thus been classified as endocrine disruptors. Pyrethroids are commonly used insecticides worldwide, but little has been done to characterize their hormone agonist/antagonist potential. We tested four frequently encountered pyrethroids, fenvalerate, sumithrin, d-trans allethrin, and permethrin, for estrogen and progesterone agonist/antagonist activities using the Ishikawa Var-I human endometrial cancer cell line and the T47D human breast cancer cell line. Both cell lines produce alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of hormonal activity. Fenvalerate and sumithrin demonstrated significant estrogenicity; at concentrations of 10 μM, these compounds achieved maximal activities comparable to that of 10 nM 17α-ethynylestradiol in Ishikawa Var-I cells. None of the four compounds showed statistically significant estrogen antagonist activity or acted as progestins. However, fenvalerate and d-trans allethrin significantly antagonized the action of progesterone in T47D cells. Through these hormonal pathways, exposure to certain pyrethroids may contribute to reproductive dysfunction, developmental impairment, and cancer.
Vibrational structure in the photoelectron spectrum of O2+2Σg− (σg2s)

Abstract Discrete vibrational structure has been observed in the photoelectron spectrum of oxygen at an ionization potential of 40.33 eV. Two levels, attributed to the O 2 + 2 Σ g − (σ g 2s) final state, have been detected with a vibrational spacing of 0.071 eV.
Use of the trypan blue and rabbit eye tests for irritation.

An objective method has been described for determining the irritant properties of substances designed for parenteral administration by means of the trypan blue test. Various concentrations of the substance to be studied are injected intracutaneously into the abdominal skin of the rabbit followed by the intravenous injection of 10 mg./Kg. of trypan blue. Extravasation of the blue dye into the injured areas is interpreted according to a table of weighted numerical scores. The test results are summarized in terms of the Threshold Irritant Concentration (T. I. C.) defined as the concentration expressed in per cent which produces no more than a “mild” irritation. The mucous membrane test for irritation using the rabbit eye (9) has been extended to include a simplified and more practical method for expressing the results in terms of the T. I. C. The trypan blue response of quinine hydrochloride was not abolished by an antihistaminic drug. Histamine diphosphate failed to produce a typical trypan blue response in rabbits whereas histamine wheals in the dog stained a deep blue following the intravenous injection of trypan blue.
Formation, isolation and structure determination of methyl linolenate diperoxides

Abstract Autoxidation of methyl linolenate gives rise to isomeric mono-hydroperoxides by reaction with one mole of oxygen but further reaction with a second mole of oxygen readily occurs to produce an isomeric mixture of diperoxides. Autoxidation of individual pure methyl hydroperoxylinolenate isomers has been used as a method of obtaining less complex diperoxide mixtures which can be separated into their pure components by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major diperoxide isomers arising from the autoxidation of pure 9R- and 13S- hydroperoxides of methyl linolenate have been isolated and characterised as isomeric epidioxyhydroperoxides of methyl linolenate. These same compounds have been identified as components of the more complex mixture of diperoxides produced during methyl linolenate autoxidation. The structures of the isolated diperoxides have been determined by physico-chemical methods and a mechanism for their formation is proposed.
A multivariate approach for evaluating responses of fish to chronic pollutant stress

Abstract In man, contaminant effects studies, usually one or only a few variables are measured to quantify the responses of fish to stress. In this investigation, a suite of biochemical variables and condition indices were measured simultaneously from the same organism to determine the integrated (multivariate) response of fish to stress. Aspects of electrolyte homeostasis (serum sodium and potassium), carbohydrate metabolism (serum glucose), lipid metabolism (serum triglycerides and cholesterol), and protein metabolism (total serum protein and SGOT) were examined as biochemical indicators. The condition indices measured were total body lipids, the condition factor, liver-somatic index, and the visceral-somatic index. A canonical discriminant analysis procedure was used to compare and evaluate the multivariate response of fish collected from polluted streams to those fish sampled from control sites. Using variable selection techniques, a subset of the original suite of response variables was chosen to represent the best combination of variables reflecting integrated organism response to pollutants. The results of this study demonstrate that the interpretation of fish response to chronic stress can differ depending on whether individual or multiple response variables are considered.