cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Acute Elbow Dislocation: Insight Into Mechanism

Purpose To identify with magnetic resonance imaging the location and severity of ligamentous injury after acute elbow dislocations. Based on observations that many elbow dislocations arise from an initial acute valgus load, we hypothesized that all patients would have a high-grade medial injury but not all would demonstrate injury of the lateral ligaments. Methods The medial collateral ligament was subdivided into anterior bands of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterior bands of the anterior bundle of the MCL, whereas the lateral collateral ligament was divided into the lateral ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament. Distinction on magnetic resonance imaging was made between normal morphology and low-grade partial tear ( Results Acute magnetic resonance imaging studies for 16 patients were included. No low-grade tears or intact evaluations of either the anterior or posterior bands of the anterior bundle of the MCL were observed; most demonstrated complete tears. The lateral ulnar collateral ligament most frequently showed complete disruption but was occasionally intact. The radial collateral ligament infrequently showed full disruption. Complete tears involving either the anterior or posterior portions of the anterior band of the MCL were significantly more common than complete tears involving the ligaments on the lateral side. Conclusions After elbow dislocation, complete ligamentous tears were more common on the medial versus the lateral side. Whereas the lateral ligaments were occasionally preserved, this was never observed on the medial side. These data suggest a sequence of failure starting on the medial side with subsequent variable energy dissipation laterally. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
Individual differences in stress reactions during a peer entry episode: effects of age, temperament, approach behavior, and self-perceived peer competence.

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a standardized peer entry paradigm would produce stress responses in 3- and 4-year-olds and how such stress responses would relate to temperament, observed approach to peers, and self-perceived peer competence. Physiological stress reactions were measured by activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system. The 4-year-old group showed significantly less avoidance of the new peers and was rated higher on approach temperament. This older group also showed larger HPA stress responses to the new peer situation. Finally, discrepancy between self-reported peer competence and behavior in the peer entry situation was associated with larger stress responses on average. These findings support the notion that investment in a salient episode plays a role in determining the magnitude of HPA stress responses. The importance of examining discrepancies between self-perception and action in research on stress is discussed.
Repair of cisplatin-induced DNA interstrand crosslinks by a replication-independent pathway involving transcription-coupled repair and translesion synthesis

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) formed by antitumor agents, such as cisplatin or mitomycin C, are highly cytotoxic DNA lesions. Their repair is believed to be triggered primarily by the stalling of replication forks at ICLs in S-phase. There is, however, increasing evidence that ICL repair can also occur independently of replication. Using a reporter assay, we describe a pathway for the repair of cisplatin ICLs that depends on transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair protein CSB, the general nucleotide excision repair factors XPA, XPF and XPG, but not the global genome nucleotide excision repair factor XPC. In this pathway, Rev1 and Polζ are involved in the error-free bypass of cisplatin ICLs. The requirement for CSB, Rev1 or Polζ is specific for the repair of ICLs, as the repair of cisplatin intrastrand crosslinks does not require these genes under identical conditions. We directly show that this pathway contributes to the removal of ICLs outside of S-phase. Finally, our studies reveal that defects in replication- and transcription-dependent pathways are additive in terms of cellular sensitivity to treatment with cisplatin or mitomycin C. We conclude that transcription- and replication-dependent pathways contribute to cellular survival following treatment with crosslinking agents.
Stress urinary incontinence and genital trauma after female pelvic trauma

Combined stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and genital prolapse after fracture of the female pelvis has not been well described to date; four such cases are reported. Three of the patients had undergone reconstructive urogynecologic surgery prior to referral. None of the patients had a history of urinary incontinence or genital prolapse prior to injury. In order to correct persistent urinary incontinence and prolapse the following operations were performed: pubovaginal sling and transvaginal cystocele repair, Raz needle suspension and rectus muscle graft to the pelvic floor followed by a unilateral Burch colposuspension. On follow-up at a mean interval of 14.2 months (range 12–17), 2 have mild SUI and all 4 are without significant genital prolapse.
Using macro variables in program evaluation.

Abstract This paper discusses the importance of using macro-level variables for program analysis. It is argued that three types of macro variables—cultural, economic, and demographic—provide a context for evaluation, and offer alternative explanations for the success or failure of a program. The problems of causality and availability of data are discussed. Macro variables are seen to be especially useful in “meta evaluation,” and in integrating the results of specific program evaluations into general conclusions.
Don't throw out the baby with the bathwater: Estimating fertility from subadult skeletons

Recent research interest has focused on the bioarchaeology of children. Although paleodemography is essential for accurate reconstructions of lifestyle and health in past populations, currently there is no published technique for estimating fertility and life expectancy at birth for skeletal populations in which adults are under- enumerated. This paper provides a formula to predict Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) from the proportion of young infants to subadults in a skeletal population. The formula was developed from 98 of Coale and Demeny's Female Model West Life Tables, which represented diverse fertility and mortality rates. The formula's accuracy was examined using independent samples from historical and archaeological cemeteries. Estimates of GRR from the subadult fertility formula were compared with estimates from Bocquet-Appel and Masset's juveni- le:adult ratio. Results indicate that the subadult fertility formula predicts GRR with consistent accuracy (R 2 ¼ 0.98) and precision (� 1 offspring) in the model life tables, across diverse subadult age structures and demographic characteristics. The formula is useful for subadult populations with a proportion of perinates:subadults between 0.12 and 0.45. The adult component of the sample is not included in the analysis and thus the formula is similarly useful in cases where adults are under-enumerated, or not. When applied to historical and archaeological populations, estimates for GRR are similar to previous estimates from the juvenile:adult ratio. Because crude birth rate and life expectancy at birth can be calculated from GRR using established fertility centred approaches to demography, the subadult fertility formula allows skeletal popu- lations of diverse composition to be included in demographic research, essential for understanding of how mortality and fertility are affecting the morbidity profiles of subadult samples and for comparative bioarch- aeological analyses. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thought and qualia

I present a theory of the nature and basis of the conscious experience characteristic of occurent propositional attitudes: thinking this or that. As a preliminary I offer an extended criticism of Paul Schweizer's treatment of such consciousness as unexplained secondary qualities of neural events. I also attempt to rebut arguments against the possibility of functionalist accounts of conscious experience and qualia.
Molecular pathogenesis of secondary myeloid leukemia: Resistance to inhibitory cytokines and autocrine vegf-dependence of the UOC-M1 cell line

Abstract Monosomy 7 (−7) is common in alkylating agent induced- or Fanconi anemia-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Interested in using genetic complementation to discover tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 7 that may play a role in leukemogenesis, we are characterizing the phenotype of a factor-independent, megakaryoblastoid, CD34+ cell line (UoC-M1) with complex cytogenetics including (−7). UoC-M1 cells were resistant to 100ng/ml IFNγ and 5ng/ml TGFβ in colony forming unit assays. In contrast, TNFα inhibited growth and resulted in caspase 3 activation. UoC-M1 cells produced highly vascularized, solid tumors in NOD/SCID mice. The tumor cell karyotype was identical to UoC-M1. Supernatants from unstimulated UoC-M1 cells in vitro demonstrated VEGF production (240pg/ml/72 hours from 1×10 5 cells by ELISA) but no GM-CSF, FLT-3, SCF, IL-6, TPO, TNFα, or IL-1β. Normal human CD34+ cells yielded 4pg/ml VEGF/10 6 and 57pg/ml/10 6 when stimulated with 200U/ml rhGM-CSF for 3 days. UoC-M1 also expresses both VEGFR1 (FLT-1) and VEGFR2 (KDR). Because VEGF normally varies inversely with von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), we analyzed UoC-M1 mRNA for VHL and the VHL-interacting factors CUL2, HIF1α/β, elongin B/C, and SP1. All were constitutively expressed. We conclude that TGF and IFNγ resistance, VHL resistant-VEGF production, autocrine growth, and in vivo tumorigenesis will be of potential value in genetic complementation studies for the identification of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 7.
Meaning in Language

"C OMPONENT" and "componential analysis" are terms more popular these days among general ethnologists than among linguists. Nevertheless, the notions involved seem to me to be basically linguistic and to call for elucidation within the framework of a linguistic theory. Linguists have in the past spoken of components in several contexts: sometimes in relation to phonology (Harris 1944; Hockett 1955:126-137), and sometimes in relation to grammar (Harris 1948). In an earlier article (Chafe 1962) I tried to show a parallelism between what I called "phonological components" and "grammatical components." I would like now to clarify, expand, and revise some of the points made there with relation to the area of language of most concern to ethnologists, the area of "meaning." There has long existed a school of thought within linguistics which has approached this area warily, believing that the "investigation of sound is our only avenue to knowledge of the mental linguistic substances" (Hill 1962:38). My own view is rather at the other extreme: that meaning is in every way as important as sound in our approach to an understanding of language as a whole. The remarks that follow are a sketchy attempt to define the role of meaning within language, and along the way to pin down the place of semantic components within this larger picture. When people speak or when they listen to speech, they make use of a very complex set of habits that enable them to relate experience to sound. I am using these terms as Edward Sapir used them when he wrote that "the essence of language consists in the assigning of conventional, voluntarily articulated, sounds, or of their equivalents, to the diverse elements of experience" (Sapir 1921:11). Either a person attempts to communicate a part of his own experience to others by making sounds, or he perceives sounds and from them modifies his own experience to accord in some way and to some degree with the experience which the producer of the sounds wished to communicate. The habits underlying this kind of behavior generally and fruitfully are assumed to involve the imposition of "structure" on both the universe of experience and the universe of sound. Structure is usually thought to involve, first, an inventory of discrete units, and, second, a network of patterns within which these units co-occur. We might use the term semology to refer to the total complex of linguistic habits that involve the structuring of experience, and phonology to refer to the habits of structuring sound. There is a third, and equally important set of habits that determines the way units of semological structure are phonologically symbolized; it may be called morphophonemics. Figure 1 gives a rough indication of the relationships between semology, phonology, morphophonemics, experience, and sound. We are concerned here first and foremost with semological structuring, but morphophonemic factors have to be brought
No evidence for foreign H-2 specificities on the EL4 mouse lymphoma.

GARRIDO et al.1,2 have recently presented evidence that H–2 antisera react in an anomalous fashion with certain mouse lymphomas. They suggested that such reactions are due to the derepression of ‘silent’ genes in the tumours resulting in the expression of foreign H–2 antigens which are not expressed on normal tissue from the animal of origin. If correct, this theory would have vast implications both for the role of the H–2 antigens on the cell surface and for the mechanisms of leukaemogenesis. Their results, for example, indicated that the C57BL/6 (abbreviated to B6) lymphoma EL4 (H–2b) was reactive in a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity test with four H–2 alloantisera (D-11, D-19, D-30, D-32), which according to their typing were not reactive against normal lymph node cells of an H–2b strain. We present evidence here that anomalous reactivities against EL4 are probably not due to the derepression of foreign H–2 antigens, but are more likely to be a result of weak reactivities contained within these antisera against normal components on the lymphoid cell surfaces of B6 mice.
DEPTH DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN ENRICHED, LOW‐SALINITY FISH CULTURE PONDS

Planktonic, nektonic and epifaunal, and benthic invertebrate comunities were sampled at 2-week intervals in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) grow-out ponds east of Baytown, Texas. Conductivity increased in a summer trial, range 3–14 mmhos/cm (2–9 ppt salinity) and decreased in a fall-winter trial, range 12–31 mhos/cm (8–22 ppt salinity). Replicated treatments in the summer trial were inorganic fertilization only, fertilization and supplemental feeding at 3% of fish body weight daily, and feeding at 3% body weight only; and in the fall-winter trial, fertilization, feeding at 5% body weight once daily, and feeding at 5% body weight divided into daily portions. In both trials, copepods and rotifers numerically dominated the zooplankton samples, ostracods the nekton-epifaunal samples, and chironomid larvae and ostracods the benthic samples. Fertilization significantly increased primary productivity and the abundance of copepods, rotifers, corixids and chironomid larvae (major food sources). Supplemental feeding significantly increased numbers of polychaete larvae and adults, and bivalves. Ostracods, corophiid amphipods, and mayfly and damselfly nymphs varied independently of treatment. In terms of depth distribution, in early September chironomid larvae and amphipod and in December ostracod abundance declined with depth from the pond bank. In the December core transect polychaete and chironomid larvae density followed the reverse of this trend. Bivalves were most abundant on the gradual slope 0.92-1.11 m in depth. Low salinities at this site enhanced aquatic insect and insect larva populations and reduced the importance of polychaetes. Gulf killifish production on natural foods alone was high.
MicroRNA in situ hybridization for formalin fixed kidney tissues.

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA probes. This protocol, originally developed by Kloosterman and colleagues for broad use with Exiqon miRNA probes1, has been modified to overcome challenges inherent in miRNA analysis in kidney tissues. These include issues such as structure identification and hard to remove residual probe and antibody. Use of relatively thin, 5 mm thick, tissue sections allowed for clear visualization of kidney structures, while a strong probe signal was retained in cells. Additionally, probe concentration and incubation conditions were optimized to facilitate visualization of microRNA expression with low background and nonspecific signal. Here, the optimized protocol is described, covering the initial tissue collection and preparation through the mounting of slides at the end of the procedure. The basic components of this protocol can be altered for application to other tissues and cell culture models.
Autonomic modulation of heart rate variability during endotoxin shock in rabbits.

ObjectiveGram-negative septic shock is associated with severe hypotension and autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction. We hypothesized that in an anesthetized rabbit model of endotoxin shock, autonomic modulation of cardiac activity, as measured by power spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) variability
An Improved Assay Method for the Measurement and Detection of Sphingomyelinase Activity

We have developed an improved assay method to measure sphingomyelinase activity and to detect this enzyme separated on polyacrylamide gels. The assay of sphingomyelinase activity involved immobilizing [N-methyl-14C]sphingomyelin on polyvinyldiflouride (PVDF) membrane, incubation with sphingomyelinase, and the measurement of radioactivity associated with [14C]phosphocholine. The enzyme activity was dependent on the concentration of sphingomyelin, enzyme, pH, and temperature. Thirty minutes of incubation time was optimal for enzyme activity. This enzyme had a bimodal pH optima, in that optimum enzyme activity was measured at pH 5.4 and 7.4. The detection of sphingomyelinase was pursued by separating the enzyme on a polyacrylamide gel and carrying out the enzyme assay by exposure to [14C]sphingomyelin blotted on a PVDF membrane. The enzyme activity on the PVDF membrane was visualized by autoradiography. A white band (depicting hydrolytic removal of [14C]sphingomyelin from PVDF was observed. Our method of detecting sphingomyelinase by immobilizing sphingomyelin on PVDF membrane may serve as a prototype for assaying various other enzymes in which the hydrolytic product is released into the aqueous phase. Moreover, our method for detecting sphingomyelinase on polyacrylamide gels may be helpful in further studies on the molecular biochemistry of this and related phospholipases.
6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline produces a retention deficit for one-trial passive avoidance in mice

The effects of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (6-Me0-THBC) were tested on one-trial passive avoidance behavior in CF1 mice. Animals which received 6-Me0-THBC (100 mg/kg) 2 hr prior to training had increased latencies compared to saline controls during initial entrance into the shock compartment but had decreased latencies during a retention test 24 hr later regardless of whether they had received foot shock or not during initial training. However, 50 mg/kg 6-Me0-THBC produced a decreased retention latency only for the group that received foot shock and had no effect on training latencies. 6-Me0-THBC (100 mg/kg) given immediately after the training trial had no effect on retention. 6-Me0-THBC (100 mg/kg) did not affect the animals' response to shock. Brain 5HT was increased 2 hr after this dose but returned to control levels 24 hr later. There may therefore, be a relationship between increased brain serotonin and a deficit in retention of one-trial passive avoidance.
Repression of lambda-associated enzyme synthesis of superinfecting bacteriophage in immune cells

Abstract Escherichia coli K112(S) and E. coli K112(λ22) were infected with either the homologous temperate bacteriophage λ22 or the virulent mutant λvir, and the appearance of the phage-specific DNase, λ-exonuclease, was determined. The expected large increase of λ-exonuclease occurred when K112(S) was infected with either λ22 or λvir similarly, when K112(λ22) is infected with λvir, a phage mutant which is able to overcome the host immunity, there is also a large increase in λ-exonuclease activity. However, the infection of K112(λ22) with λ22, a phage with the same immunity pattern as the prophage, results in little, if any, λ-exonuclease synthesis. The data are interpreted as evidence for repression of transcription of the superinfecting phage genome in immune cells blocking the synthesis of early enzymes necessary for λ formation.
Scientific Research and Moral Rectitude

Scientific research often comes under attack. The sources and forms of attack are many, but no attack is more ill-conceived than one that has recently become common within the scientific and academic communities themselves. Hobbes observes in the last sentence of the Leviathan that 'such Truth, as opposeth no man's profit, nor pleasure, is to all men welcome'. But suppose that a truth is painful. To some people, truth is welcome only if it does not offend them. Truth is fine, they say, when it is pleasant or at least innocuous, but not when it is harmful. And the scientific community's commitment to untrammelled inquiry, they think, is a commitment to the principle, fiat veritas, et pereat mundus (Let the truth be spoken, though the world perish). This principle, they think, is untenable, for they believe that the researcher's claim to freedom of inquiry should be upheld only if his discovery does not adversely affect mankind or any significant segment thereof. Indeed, some critics go as far as to contend that the scientist has a positive duty to limit and to direct his research so that it benefits society or helps it to achieve some commendable political objective. In short, the scientist's freedom to pursue truth is to be protected only if he rightly recognizes his responsibility for the implications of any truth he finds. But this account of the matter is seriously flawed because it is based upon a quite defective theory of inquiry. Rightly conceived, inquiry is an activity that seeks to eliminate an undesirable characteristic of a situation, its doubtfulness or indeterminateness. The starting point of inquiry is the recognition of the indeterminateness of a certain situation with respect to a specific issue, which recognition leads to the inquirer's thinking about the issue. The discomfort called 'doubt' stimulates inquiry, even as the discomfort called 'hunger' stimulates the activities of looking for food and eating it. As John Dewey wrote, 'That which satisfactorily terminates inquiry is, by definition, knowledge; it is knowledge because it is the appropriate close of inquiry'. And inquiry is not mere thinking, but the controlled transformation of the elements of an indeterminate situation so that the situation becomes a determinate, unified whole. We can now see how odd it is to hold a scientist responsible for the specific truth he finds. I emphasize that he finds or discovers it. He does not have it when he begins his inquiry. To hold him responsible for what he
Validity of Random Short Forms

Estimates of the validity of random short forms can serve as benchmarks against which to appraise the validity of particular short forms. Formulas are presented for estimating the validity of random short forms, and the use of these formulas is illustrated with data from the WAIS-R and the MMPI.
Genetic basis and pathophysiological implications of high plasma Lp(a) levels.

Abstract. Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a) is a genetic variant of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) containing apoB100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein(a) or apo(a), the specific marker of Lp(a). Lp(a) is heterogeneous in size and density, accounting in part for the marked size polymorphism of apo(a), 300 to 800 kDa. The apo(a) size polymorphism is related to the different number of kringle repeats which are structurally similar although not identical to the kringle 4 of plasminogen. Recent studies on a genomic level have indicated that the apo(a) gene contains at least 19 different alleles varying in length between 48 and 190 kb, partially impacting on the plasma levels of Lp(a). High plasma levels of Lp(a) have been found to be associated with an increased prevalence of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by mechanism(s) yet to be established. Both atherogenic and thrombogenic potentials have been postulated and have been related to the LDL-like and plasminogen-like properties of Lp(a), respectively.
Electrospun TiO2 nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoflakes for energy conversion

Solar energy has been used in many different ways, including solar water heater, solar cooking, space heating, and electricity generation. The major drawbacks of the solar energy conversion systems are the lower conversion efficiency and higher manufacturing and replacement costs. In order to eliminate these obstacles, many studies were focused on the energy and cost efficiencies of the solar cells (particularly dye sensitized solar cells – DSSC and thin film solar cells). In the present study, TiO2 nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoflakes (0, 2, 4, and 8wt.%) were produced using electrospinning process. The chemical utilized for the electrospinning process included poly (vinyle acetate), dimetylfomamide (DMF), titanium (IV) isopropoxide and acetic acid in the presence and absence of graphene nanoflakes. The resultant nanofibers were heat treated at 300 °C for 2 hrs in a standard oven to remove all the organic parts of the nanofibers, and then further heated up to 500 °C in an argon atmosphere for additional 12 hrs to crystalline the nanofibers. SEM, TEM and XRD studies showed that graphene and TiO2 nanofibers are well integrated in the nanofiber structures. This study may guide some of the scientists and engineers to tailor the energy bang gap structures of some of the semiconductor materials for different industrial applications, including DSSC, water splitting, catalyst, batteries, and fuel cell.
Identification of central 5-HT and 5-HT1A receptors in the turtle brain (Chrysemys picta)

Abstract Radioligand binding studies were undertaken in the turtle whole brain, cerebellum and raphe using the selective radioligands [ 3 H]5-hydroxytryptamine trifluoroacetate ([ 3 H]5-HT) and [ 3 H]±8-hydroxy-2-(di- N -propylamino) tetralin hydrobromide ([ 3 H]DPAT) to identify serotonin (5-HT) receptors and the specific 5-HT 1A receptor subtype. Scatchard analysis identified a nanomolar affinity binding site for [ 3 H]5-HT (12 nM) in turtle whole brain assays. A low affinity 5-HT 1A site (102 nM) was also identified in turtle whole brain assays, with a higher affinity site noted in binding studies performed with tissue from the inferior raphe (20 nM). The difference in affinity for 5-HT receptors in reptilian versus mammalian brain may prove characteristic of lower vertebrate brains with implications for the physiologic effects of this neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
An instrument design concept to minimize creep ringing during step-stress experiments with viscoelastic materials

A common observation in step-stress rheological measurements on viscoelastic materials is the prevalence of early stage strain oscillations, which result from a coupling between the measuring system's inertia and the sample's elasticity. This phenomenon, conventionally known as creep ringing, is generally undesirable because it can mask the material's inherent microstructural response to an external stress. In this work, we show how this undesirable effect can be dramatically suppressed in a custom-built shear cell designed for rheo-optical experiments. Using a combined theoretical/experimental approach, we demonstrate that the suppression of creep ringing is due to a low moment of inertia for the measuring system and a unique design concept, in which the torque source is coupled to the sample through a viscous transfer fluid.
Cloning and characterization of recombinant rhesus macaque IL-10/Fcala-ala fusion protein: A potential adjunct for tolerance induction strategies

Abstract The powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities of IL-10 make it attractive for supplemental therapy in translational tolerance induction protocols. This is bolstered by reports of IL-10-mediated inhibition of innate immunity, association of human stem cell and nonhuman primate (NHP) islet allograft tolerance with elevated serum IL-10, and evidence that systemic IL-10 therapy enhanced pig islets survival in mice. IL-10 has not been examined as adjunctive immunosuppression in NHP. To enable such studies, we cloned and expressed rhesus macaque (RM) IL-10 fused to a mutated hinge region of human IgG1 Fc to generate IL-10/Fc ala-ala . RM IL-10/Fc ala-ala was purified to ∼98% homogeneity by affinity chromatography and shown to be endotoxin-free ( ala-ala was demonstrated by (1) costimulation of the mouse mast cell line, MC/9 proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion, (2) suppression of LPS-induced septic shock in mice and (3) abrogation of LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in vitro and in vivo in NHP. Notably, RM IL-10/Fc ala-ala had significantly greater potency than human IL-10/Fc ala-ala and exhibited a circulating half-life of ∼14 days. The availability of this reagent will facilitate definitive studies to determine whether supplemental therapy with RM IL-10/Fc ala-ala can influence tolerance outcomes in NHP.
“This Job Is Harder Than It Looks”: Rural Oaxacan Women Explain Why They Became Teachers

During the past six decades, rural women throughout the southeastern state of Oaxaca, Mexico, have comprised a significant percentage (currently the majority) of primary teachers. This article demonstrates that this phenomenon is a result of intertwining socioeconomic factors. It examines why expansion of the education system and economic opportunities may contribute to declining enrollment in teacher training programs even though the career remains a viable, and even desirable, choice for certain rural women.
Describing students of the African Diaspora: Understanding micro and meso level science learning as gateways to standards based discourse

In much of the educational literature, researchers make little distinction between African-American students and students of the African Diaspora who immigrated to the United States. Failing to describe these salient student differences serves to perpetuate an inaccurate view of African-American school life. In today’s large cities, students of the African Diaspora are frequently learning science in settings that are devoid of the resources and tools to fully support their success. While much of the scholarship unites these disparate groups, this article details the distinctive learning culture created when students from several groups of the African Diaspora learn biology together in a Brooklyn Suspension Center. Specifically this work explains how one student, Gabriel, functions in a biology class. A self-described black-Panamanian, Gabriel had tacitly resigned to not learning science, which then, in effect, precluded him from any further associated courses of study in science, and may have excluded him from the possibility of a science related career. This ethnography follows Gabriel’s science learning as he engaged in cogenerative dialogue with teachers to create aligned learning and teaching practices. During the 5 months of this research, Gabriel drew upon his unique lifeworld and the depth of his hybridized cultural identity to produce limited, but nonetheless important demonstrations of science. Coexistent with his involvement in cogenerative dialogue, Gabriel helped to construct many classroom practices that supported a dynamic learning environment which produced small yet concrete examples of standards based biology. This study supports further investigation by the science education community to consider ways that students’ lifeworld experiences can serve to structure and transform the urban science classroom.
Measurements of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) routine metabolism: temperature effects, diel differences and individual-based modeling

Summary In the present study, dry mass (MD, μg) and routine respiration rate (RR) (μl O2 ind−1 h−1) were measured for larval cod, Gadus morhua (L.) that were reared and tested at 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0°C. Bi-hourly measurements of RR were made on groups of larvae using a closed-circuit respirometer over a 24-h period (14L : 10D light regime) to test temperature and body size effects and whether unfed larvae exhibited diel differences in metabolism. At 10°C, the relationship between mean RR and mean MD was: ln RR = 1.16·lnMD − 6.57 (n = 31, r2 = 0.883, P < 0.001). The exponential increase in RR with temperature was described by a Q10 of 3.00. Diel differences in unfed larvae were only apparent in groups of the largest larvae. A comparison of Q10 estimates from this and other studies suggest a linear decrease in the effect of temperature on cod RR with increasing log MD for sizes encompassing larvae to large juveniles. The trend may explain, in part, observations of cod juveniles exploiting a wider range of in situ temperatures than larvae. Finally, the two most comprehensive data sets on larval cod RR compare poorly (approximately five-fold differences) and our results support the assertion that daily metabolic energy loss in many larval cod individual-based models were based upon measurements that over-estimated hourly metabolic rates by a factor of approximately four.
Preoperative Pain Level and Patient Expectation Predict Hospital Length of Stay After Total Hip Arthroplasty

article i nfo Article history: Received 31 August 2014 Accepted 27 October 2014 The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative predictors of length of stay after primary total hip arthroplasty in a patient population reflecting current trends toward shorter hospitalization and using readily obtainable factors that do not require scoring systems. A retrospective review of 112 consecutive patients was performed. High preoperative pain level and patient expectation of discharge to extended care facilities (ECFs) were the only significant multivariable predictors of hospitalization extending beyond 2 days (P = 0.001 and P b 0.001 respectively). Patient expectation remained significant after adjusting for Medicare's 3-day require- ment for discharge to ECFs (P b 0.001). The study was adequately powered to analyze the variables in the mul- tivariable logistic regression model, which had a concordance index of 0.857.
Academic Library Centrality: User Success through Service, Access, and Tradition,

Most librarians write section or department reports, budget requests, faculty activity reports, or grant proposals for audiences outside their libraries and inevitably find themselves justifying th...
An iterative search algorithm for designing the bend of an H-plane bend radiator

A design approach to obtain the function defining the bend that minimizes the reflected power into the feed waveguide of a structure, called the H-plane bend radiator (HPB radiator) is presented. The HPB radiator is used as a part of a high-power antenna and therefore there is a requirement for a smooth bend containing no sharp corners. As the smoothness requirement on the H-plane bend function increases, the possible number of functions to be considered in search of a solution increases; this increases the complexity of the problem. It is hypothesized that the general design philosophies in the approach can be adopted as a basis for designing other structures with bends similar to the H-plane bend in the HPB radiator. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.
The psychobiology of early attachment

Abstract New laboratory research has begun to reveal a network of simple behavioral, physiological and neural processes that underlie the psychological constructs of attachment theory. It has become apparent that the unique features of early infant attachment reflect certain unique features of early infant sensory and motor integration, early learning, communication, motivation and the regulation of biobehavioral systems by the mother–infant interaction. This chapter will undertake to answer three major questions that have remained unsettled in our understanding of early human attachment: How does the infant find its own mother and stay close to her? Why does separation of the infant from its mother produce such severe physiologic and behavioral responses? How can individual differences in adult offspring and especially in their maternal behavior toward their own infants be related to the patterns of early life with their parents? In each of these cases, I will review the recent research that has given us new answers to these questions at the level of early behavioral, affective and cognitive processes and their neurobiological substrates. Attachment remains useful as a concept, like hunger, that describes the operation of subprocesses that work together within the frame of a vital biological function.
EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON ACQUISITION AND SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE OF SUCCESSIVE DISCRIMINATION REVERSALS

reversal, the subjects received an i.p. injection of either isotonic saline, 2 rng/kg, 4 mg/kg, or 8 rng/kg of methylphenidate. The performance of drugged subjects was superior on Reversal 2. In the 2 mg/kg condition this effect persisted o,ver Reversals 2 to 6, indicating that more than a transient performance effect was induced by drug administration. A second study using 16 subjects was conducted to ascerrain additional information relative to the effects of the 2 mg/kg dose on short- and long-term performance. Results supported the contention that this dose level, when administered during early training, produces long-term enhancement of problem solving. The literature pertaining to the effects of methylphenidate on learning in infrahuman subjects does not contain sufficiently comprehensive data to allow for a thorough evaluation of the drug's effects. Stretch and Skinner ( 1969) and Bindra ( 1362), for example, have ascertained the drug's effects upon established operant performance but not on response acquisition. In addition, traditional assay methods such as active avoidance, passive avoidance, various operant schedules, etc., are handicapped by various apparatus factors and performance variables which make it difficult to analyse the effects of drugs on learning (Calhoun, 1971). In order to ascertain the drug's effects oo learning in a comprehensive manner, it would be efficacious to obtain data concerning the drug's effect upon acquisition in a learning situation that would allow for an evaluation of both the short- and long-term effects of drug administration during the acquisition stage of training. Such a methodology, successive discrimination reversal, has been developed by Khavari and Heise ( 1967) and Kulig and Calhoun ( 1972) for the assessment of drug effects. In this learning situation subjects are trained to discriminate between two stimulus presentations. Each time the subject acquires the discrimination, the-reward values of the stimuli are reversed. With this procedure, one can trace the development of behavior through several such discrimination reversals. The present study evaluated both the short- and longterm effects of methylphenidate on problem-solving by administering the drug during an early phase of training and monitoring changes in performance on subsequent reversals.
Probabilistic Seasonal Forecasting of African Drought by Dynamical Models

AbstractAs a natural phenomenon, drought can have devastating impacts on local populations through food insecurity and famine in the developing world, such as in Africa. In this study, the authors have established a seasonal hydrologic forecasting system for Africa. The system is based on the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model. With a set of 26-yr (1982–2007) seasonal hydrologic hindcasts run at 0.25°, the probabilistic drought forecasts are validated using the 6-month Standard Precipitation Index (SPI6) and soil moisture percentile as indices. In terms of Brier skill score (BSS), the system is more skillful than climatology out to 3–5 months, except for the forecast of soil moisture drought over central Africa. The spatial distribution of BSS, which is similar to the pattern of persistency, shows more heterogeneity for soil moisture than the SPI6. Drought forecasts based on SPI6 are generally more skillful than for soil moisture, an...
Poly(sodium 10-undecylenate) as a pseudo-stationary phase for micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Effects of polymerization initiator

The use of micelle polymers, a class of polysoaps that have a polymerized hydrophobic interior and a charged hydrophillic exterior, as pseudo-stationary phases in micellar electrokinetic chromatography has received attention in recent years because of the advantages afforded by their stable structure. Micelle polymers based on 10-undecylenic acid and 10-undecenyl sulfate have been shown to provide highly efficient and selective separations. The polymers have been shown to be more polar than conventional micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The synthetic yield of the free-radical polymerization is, however, very low. In this study, three different free-radical initiators of different hydrophobicity were used to initiate polymerization of sodium 10-undecylenate to form micellar polymers. The effect of the chemical initiator on synthetic yield and polymer chemical selectivity has been studied. More lipophilic initiators were found to reduce the synthetic yield and molecular weight of the polymers, possibly due to more efficient chain termination. The chemical structure of the initiator was found to have only minor effects on the chemical selectivity of the resulting polymers, indicating that another polymer property is responsible for the more polar character. Use of a very hydrophobic initiator was found to limit solubility such that the polymer could not be employed as a pseudo-stationary phase. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 185–191, 1999
New records of Tabanidae in Wisconsin.

During a seasonal succession study of bloodsucking Diptera in 1966, four species of Tabanidae were collected for the first time in Wisconsin. They were captured in dry ice-baited traps described by DeFoliart & Morris (1967, J. Med. Ent. 4 (3): 360–62).
An improved method for producing negative ion beams from the Group IIA elements for tandem Van De Graaff applications

Abstract A brief description of a method for producing relatively intense molecular negative ion beams for the difficult Group IIA elements is given which offers considerable improvement in terms of source operation and beam intensity stability over other methods conventionally utilized. It is particularly suited for use in cesium plasma sources such as the Aarhus geometry [1,2] and axial geometry versions of the source [3−5]. The method utilizes H 2 source feed gas for the production of a hydrogen-rich plasma discharge which sputters a negatively biased probe made of elemental or copper alloy material. Negative ion beams of MgH 3 − ⩾ 12 μ A have been realized during routine operation of the 25 MV tandem accelerator [6]. Negative ion beam intensity data, typical source operational parameters, and examples of mass spectra associated with their production are given. Interesting intermetallic molecular negative ion beams consisting of the particular Group IIA element and a Cu alloy atom have also been observed.
DOPAMINE D3 RECEPTORS REGULATE RECONSOLIDATION OF COCAINE MEMORY

Memories of learned associations between the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and environmental cues contribute to craving and relapse in humans. Disruption of reconsolidation dampens or even erases previous memories. Dopamine (DA) mediates the acquisition of reward memory and drugs of abuse can pathologically change related neuronal circuits in the mesolimbic DA system. Previous studies showed that DA D3 receptors are involved in cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced reward memory remains unclear. In the present study, we combined genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of D3 receptors in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP. We found that the mutation of the D3 receptor gene weakened reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice triggered by a 3-min (min) retrieval. Furthermore, treatment of a selective D3 receptor antagonist PG01037 immediately following the 3-min retrieval disrupted reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in wild-type mice and such disruption remained at least 1 week after the 3-min retrieval. These results suggest that D3 receptors play a key role in reconsolidation of cocaine-induced CPP in mice, and that pharmacological blockade of these receptors may be therapeutic for the treatment of cocaine craving and relapse in clinical settings.
Vector map compression: a clustering approach

Vector maps (e.g. road maps) are widely used in a variety of applications such as Geographic Information Systems(GIS), Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS) and mobile computing. However, the relatively large size of vector maps has in some cases negatively impacted their usage and application in these systems because of the small storage available with mobile wireless devices or the limited bandwidth of the data transportation. In these cases, data compression techniques need to be applied on these vector maps to handle larger datasets and faster data transportation. Among all the data compression techniques, dictionary-based compression is a good candidate since encoding and decoding do not need a significantly large amount of computing resources. This paper explores the problem of dictionary design for dictionary based vector map compression. We propose a novel clustering-based dictionary design which adapts the dictionary to a given dataset, yielding better approximation. Experimental evaluation shows that when the dictionary size is fixed, the proposed clustering-based technique achieves lower error compared with conventional dictionary compression approaches.