cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary calcium intervention on adolescent mothers and newborns: A randomized controlled trial.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) intervention on adolescent pregnant mothers and their newborns. Seventy-two pregnant adolescent mothers were randomized into one of 3 groups: control orange juice fortified with calcium and dairy. The orange juice and dairy groups were required to take more than 1200 mg Ca. Calcium tablets were added for those not able to meet required Ca. Maternal and infant weight length and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. Maternal dietary records were evaluated. Mothers blood was drawn for serum Ca phosphate (P) magnesium (Mg) and vitamin 25-hydroxyvitamin D (D). Cord blood was collected for serum Ca and D. Newborn total body Ca was determined. All mothers were similar in weight height and BP. Mothers in the orange juice plus calcium and dairy groups had higher intakes of Ca (1472 mg and 1771 mg) than controls (862 mg). One half of the mothers in the orange juice plus calcium group required Ca tablets. Mothers in the dairy group had higher intakes of P D and Mg higher serum folate and D and higher cord D levels. Mothers in the orange juice plus calcium group had higher serum P but lower serum folate and D. Infants (3517 ± 273 g) in the dairy group were heavier than infants in the control (3277 ± 177 g) and orange juice plus calcium (3292 ± 165 g) groups. Infants in the dairy group had higher total body calcium than control infants. Calcium diet supplemented with dairy products during adolescent pregnancy resulted in higher maternal vitamin D and folate serum levels and higher newborn weight and bone mineralization compared with controls. (authors)
Irido-corneal angle of mammalian eyes: Comparative morphology of encapsulated corpuscles in odontocete cetaceans

A study of the structure and distribution of encapsulated corpuscles (corpuscles of Rochon-Duvigneaud) in the irido-corneal (anterior chamber) angle in 42 adult eyes from nine species of odontocete cetaceans representing each of the five families in this group indicates a diversity of form and function. The corpuscles occur as single features or multiple groupings with each species having a distinct pattern. No definite phylogenic or environmental patterns were seen although sometimes there were similarities among related genera. The neural structure of the angle suggests that these receptors probably respond to a variety of stimuli including intraocular pressure, vitreous displacements, external muscular force applied to the sclera and cornea, and changes in the volume of the massive iris/choroid vascular system.
Interdepartmental Conflict and Cooperation: Two Contrasting Studies

This report compares and contrasts emergent behavioral patterns in two district organizations. It focuses on how personnel of functionally interdependent departments enter into the process of joint decision-making and otherwise relate to each other. The study is based on data gathered through field observations and interviews. The analytical approach is to describe behavior in tactical terms, characterizing the participants in these two lateral relationships as behaving instrumentally and adaptively, albeit not always effectively.
Gastrointestinal vasculitis and pneumatosis intestinalis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: successful treatment with pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide

A lthough abdominal pain is a frequent manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), occurring in up to 20 percent of the patients in some series, clinically significant bowel vasculitis remains uncommon. It is, however, one of the most devastating complications of lupus. The mortality rate in the largest published series [l] was slightly greater than 50 percent. This figure reflects in part the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis early enough for treatment to revekse the process. But it is also due in part to the therapeutic inadequacy of high-dose steroids, the most commonly used treatment for this condition. This report describes for the first time a patient with SLE complicated by life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding from widespread bowel vasculitis in whom treatment with high-dose parenteral steroids failed and who then gradually recovered following the administration of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide. In addition, she is the sixth lupus patient reported in the English literature in whom colonic pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis has developed. This complication also resolved with therapy.
Cerebellar gene expression profiles of mouse models for Rett syndrome reveal novel MeCP2 targets

MeCP2, methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, binds to methylated cytosines at CpG dinucleotides, as well as to unmethylated DNA, and affects chromatin condensation. MECP2 mutations in females lead to Rett syndrome, a neurological disorder characterized by developmental stagnation and regression, loss of purposeful hand movements and speech, stereotypic hand movements, deceleration of brain growth, autonomic dysfunction and seizures. Most mutations occur de novo during spermatogenesis. Located at Xq28, MECP2 is subject to X inactivation, and affected females are mosaic. Rare hemizygous males suffer from a severe congenital encephalopathy. To identify the pathways mis-regulated by MeCP2 deficiency, microarray-based global gene expression studies were carried out in cerebellum of Mecp2 mutant mice. We compared transcript levels in mutant/wildtype male sibs of two different MeCP2-deficient mouse models at 2, 4 and 8 weeks of age. Increased transcript levels were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to document in vivo MeCP2 binding to promoter regions of candidate target genes. Of several hundred genes with altered expression levels in the mutants, twice as many were increased than decreased, and only 27 were differentially expressed at more than one time point. The number of misregulated genes was 30% lower in mice with the exon 3 deletion (Mecp2 tm1.1Jae) than in mice with the larger deletion (Mecp2 tm1.1Bird). Between the mutants, few genes overlapped at each time point. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays validated increased transcript levels for four genes: Irak1, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; Fxyd1, phospholemman, associated with Na, K-ATPase;Reln, encoding an extracellular signaling molecule essential for neuronal lamination and synaptic plasticity; and Gtl2/Meg3, an imprinted maternally expressed non-translated RNA that serves as a host gene for C/D box snoRNAs and microRNAs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays documented in vivo MeCP2 binding to promoter regions of Fxyd1, Reln, and Gtl2. Transcriptional profiling of cerebellum failed to detect significant global changes in Mecp2-mutant mice. Increased transcript levels of Irak1, Fxyd1, Reln, and Gtl2 may contribute to the neuronal dysfunction in MeCP2-deficient mice and individuals with Rett syndrome. Our data provide testable hypotheses for future studies of the regulatory or signaling pathways that these genes act on.
Thyroid and parathyroid imaging

This article reviews the current roles of imaging in the diagnosis of thyroid and parathyroid disorders, with an emphasis on ultrasound evaluation. Imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid can be performed with nuclear medicine, ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Indications for thyroid and parathyroid imaging studies have recently changed. The availability of experienced endocrine surgeons, as well as the development of accurate laboratory tests, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and high-resolution ultrasound, have dramatically influenced the evaluation of thyroid and parathyroid disease. In patients with thyroid nodular disease, a clinical examination by an experienced clinician with appropriate lab values and palpation-guided FNA is the current diagnostic protocol of choice. Ultrasound evaluation of high-risk patients and ultrasound-guided FNA both augment this protocol when necessary. In patients with diffuse thyroid glandular disease, radionuclide imaging and color Doppler sonography both can be used for evaluation. When preoperative imaging is clinically necessary, sonography or scintigraphy can be used for parathyroid adenoma localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The recent development of technetium-99m sestamibi as a parathyroid imaging agent has improved the sensitivity of scintigraphy for parathyroid adenoma localization. Ultrasound and radionuclide imaging have also become valuable imaging techniques for parathyroid localization in patients with recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism.
THERAPEUTIC AIMS AND OUTCOMES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysts described real and ideal patients ending psychoanalysis with a Q-sort measure, the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200). Of 25 descriptions of patients ending analysis with mutual agreement between patient and analyst, 17 described patients ending psychoanalysis with and 8 described patients ending psychoanalysis without maximum benefit. A third group of 22 psychoanalysts described their ideal prototype of a patient at the end of analysis, providing a perspective on positive mental health. Analyses with maximum benefit were longer than those without maximum benefit (M 83.0 vs. 52.4 months, p .05). Patients ending analysis with maximum benefit were seen as happier and more comfortable with others than were patients ending analysis without maximum benefit. With the ideal, the person is able to love and work with contentment.
Surface chemical properties of banded sea slicks

Abstract Surface concentrations and film pressures of slick-forming organic constituents were measured in situ and on surface water samples from the Pacific Ocean, west of San Diego. The surface tension data, accurate to ±0·6 dyne/cm, indicated that film pressures ranged as low as a few dyne/cm in the banded slicks associated with internal waves. This observation is consistent with previously reported data which show that water-insoluble surface films damp capillary waves strongly at film pressures as low as 0·5–1·0 dyne/cm. Some surface-active material was present in all samples, whether from ‘clean’ rippled water or from visible slicks. Film pressures were measured as a function of the surface concentration of film-forming constituents. These data indicated that concentrations in many of the slicked zones were just sufficient to damp or resist the formation of ripples. This observation was also corroborated by the in situ surface tension data. It was estimated that a four-fold compression of the surface layer by horizontal convergent forces was required to create visible slicks at this location.
Diffraction from non-Gaussian rough surfaces

Most diffraction theories for random rough surfaces are based on the assumption of a Gaussian height distribution. In this paper, a diffraction theory for non-Gaussian rough surfaces is developed and the relationship between the roughness parameters and the diffraction characteristics is explored. It is shown that a non-Gaussian rough surface can dramatically alter the diffraction for (${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$w${)}^{2}$\ensuremath{\gg}:1, where ${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ is the momentum transfer perpendicular to the surface and w is the interface width. However, for (${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$w${)}^{2}$\ensuremath{\ll}1, it is possible to determine all the roughness parameters including the interface width, lateral correlation length, and the roughness exponent without specifying the surface height distribution.
Evolution of low female fertility in plants: Pollen limitation, resource allocation and genetic load

Some plant populations have low seed production, even when plenty of compatible pollen is supplied. Perennial species tend to have lower fertility than annuals, and outbreeders than inbreeders. The differences show up both in the proportion of flowers that produce fruits, and in the fraction of the ovules in those flowers that form seeds. Possible evolutionary explanations for low female fertility must be consistent with these observed patterns. One hypothesis is that low female fertility has evolved in long-lived organisms in which the costs of seed and fruit production are high - especially in outbreeders, in which there may be great costs to attracting enough pollinators to compete, in terms of male fertility, with other individuals in the population. Another possible explanation is mutational load, such that fitness is reduced by the mutations carried.
Inhibition of mouse brain synaptosomal γ-aminobutyric acid transport by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) inhibited the uptake of [3H]γ-aminobutyric acid into mouse brain synaptosomes in a competitive manner. If, however, the synaptosomes were preincubated with PLP, treated with sodium borohydride and washed, an irreversible inhibition of subsequent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake was noted. Moreover, this time- and concentration-dependent inhibition was markedly reduced if GABA was present during the preincubation with the inhibitor. PLP had a similar effect on the binding of [3H]GABA to its carrier. These results suggest that the reversible and irreversible inhibition of GABA uptake is the result of an interference with the initial binding of the amino acid to its carrier. Since it is known that PLP can form Schiff bases with lysine residues of proteins, the data presented here point to the idea that essential lysine residues are present at the GABA binding site of its transporter.
The effect of occlusal reduction on pain after endodontic instrumentation

One hundred seventeen patients with posterior teeth requiring endodontic treatment were studied. Specific clinical findings were recorded, including pulp vitality, preoperative pain, sensitivity to percussion, and the presence of a periradicular radiolucency. Excluded from the study were teeth with restorations to be maintained, greater than class I mobility, pocket depths > 5 mm, endodontic retreatments, and patients taking pain altering medications. Teeth were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (i) total occlusal reduction, (ii) simulated occlusal reduction (nonfunctional cusp reduction), or (iii) control (occlusion untouched). After canal instrumentation, a questionnaire was used by patients to record pain responses over a 48-h postoperative period. Responses were tabulated using a X 2 test (p =
The Optical Spectrum of the Geminga Pulsar

We obtained an optical spectrum of the isolated pulsar Geminga at the Keck Observatory. The optical object is at the limit of spectroscopic capability of any telescope, with a continuum flux that is approx. 0.5% of the dark sky on Mauna Kea. With particular attention paid to the dominant systematics of sky subtraction in our observing and analysis methods, we attained approx. 0.1% systematics in heavily binned spectra. The resulting spectrum spanning 3700 - 8000 A has a flat power-law shape f(sub nu) proportional to nu(exp -0.8) and a broad dip over 6300 - 6500 A. Thermal radiation cannot explain the optical spectrum of Geminga. The dominant component can be modeled as either electron synchrotron emission and ion (proton) cyclotron absorption, or ion cyclotron emission, the latter in a 10(exp 11) G magnetic field.
A multiple reflection attenuated total reflectance sensor incorporating a glass–indium tin oxide surface modified via direct attachment or film encapsulation of colloidal gold nanoparticles

Abstract This paper outlines improvements in sensitivity and detection limit for an optical sensor based on measurement of change in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorbance of substrate-confined colloidal Au nanoparticles. Two routes were taken to obtain these improvements. First, a thin-layer, multiple internal reflection flow cell that allows for simultaneous potential control of the sensing surface was employed. This cell geometry yielded a ca. 18-fold increase in sensitivity to changes in bulk refractive index compared to a similar, previously reported sensor employing a single pass incident beam. Our second improvement involves preconcentration and encapsulation of colloidal Au nanoparticles into a quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (QPVP) cationic exchange film spin-coated onto the glass–indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate surface. We demonstrate that the encapsulated nanoparticles retain their SPR activity; this approach therefore represents a novel and simple method of preparing a highly sensitive nanoparticle-based SPR sensing surface.
Vinyl-group alignment along the upper rim of a multi-component resorcin[4]arene

Abstract Cocrystallization of C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene 1 with 4-vinylpyridine obtained from MeNO2 yields a six-component host–guest complex 1·4(4-vinyl-pyridine)·MeNO2 2 in which the upper rim of 1 is extended supramolecularly by way of four O–H⋯N(pyridine) hydrogen bonds and the included solvent serves as a guest. The pyridine moieties of 2 assemble along the upper rim of 1 as two stacked dimers in which the vinyl substituents of the aromatic adopt a parallel orientation. The X-ray crystal structure of resorcinol·2(4-vinylpyridine) 3 has also been determined and reveals that the vinyl groups of 3 are aligned in an antiparallel fashion. These observations allow us to suggest that multi-component resorcin[4]arenes which possess vinyl-pyridines as cavity extenders may provide a route to aligning olefinic bonds in the solid state.
Natural convection distorted non-Newtonian flow in a vertical pipe

The equations of motion and energy are solved numerically for fully developed laminar flow of a power law fluid in a vertical pipe with constant heat flux at the wall. Density is assumed to be the only temperature dependent physical property of the fluid. Temperature profiles, velocity profiles, and Nusselt numbers are presented as functions of the power law exponent and the ratio of the Grashof number divided by the Reynolds number.
Ulcerated Plaque With Lymphocutaneous Spread.

Awomaninher50sadmittedforbacterialpneumoniawasnotedtohave anulceratedplaqueontheforearm.Thepatienthadbeendischargedapproximately2weeksprior,afteranadmissionforcongestiveheart failure. A few days after that discharge, the patient noticedapainfululcerationontherightdistal forearm,at thesitewhereaperipheral intravenous catheter had been inserted during her initial hospitalization. On physicalexamination,thepatienthadanulceratedplaqueontherightforearm with 2 tender, 1to 2-cm red nodules in the right antecubital fossa (Figure,A).Onfurtherquestioning,thepatientnotedthatbetweenherhospitalizationsshehadgonehomeandcleanedherfishtank,playedwithher petcat,andgardenedinher indoorcactusgarden.Shesaidshehadnotrecentlytraveled,andwasnottakinganyimmunosuppressivemedications. Askinbiopsyandculturewereperformedfromtheforearmlesion(Figure, B andC). Quiz at jamadermatology.com A B
Synaptic Depression as a Timing Device

A depressing synapse transforms a time interval into a voltage amplitude. The effect of that transformation on the output of the neuron and network depends on the kinetics of synaptic depression and properties of the postsynaptic neuron and network. Using as examples neural circuits that incorporate depressing synapses, we show how short-term depression can contribute to a surprising variety of time-dependent computational and behavioral tasks.
Practical Determination of Flame Species via Laser Saturation Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The observation of molecular fluorescence caused by high-power pulsed laser excitation has been found to be an accurate technique for the determination of relative OH radical concentrations on a spatially resolved basis in a circular air-acetylene flame. It was found that the high power of radiational excitation used allowed fluorescence saturation to be approached. Theory then predicts fluorescence intensities to be independent of temperature and collisional quenching effects. However accurate estimates of relative concentrations can not be obtained unless corrections are made for incomplete saturation and postfilter effects. Procedures for conveniently applying such corrections are reported.
Assessing the Effects of Rearing Environment, Natural Selection, and Developmental Stage on the Emergence of a Behavioral Syndrome

Although there is much interest in behavioral syndromes, very little is known about how syndromes are generated in wild populations. Here, we assess the roles of correlated selection and divergent rearing environments in generating a syndrome between foraging aggressiveness and boldness in the spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica. We first tested for and confirmed the presence of a behavioral syndrome between boldness and foraging aggressiveness in wild penultimate A. pennsylvanica (r = 0.24). Then, to assess the effects of rearing environment on the boldness–aggressiveness syndrome, we compared the behavioral tendencies of field- vs. laboratory-reared spiders over the course of their development. The presence of the boldness–aggressiveness syndrome differed based on spiders' developmental stage and rearing environment: field-reared juveniles did not exhibit a syndrome between boldness and foraging aggressiveness, but field-reared penultimates did. In contrast, laboratory-reared spiders never exhibited a behavioral syndrome, regardless of their developmental stage. Thus, the boldness–aggressiveness syndrome in A. pennsylvanica manifests only when individuals are reared in the field. Selection data from a mark–recapture study failed to indicate any signature of correlated selection, despite our finding that at least one element of the syndrome (foraging aggressiveness) can respond to selection (Heritability h2 = 0.27, from mid-parent breeding study). Thus, contemporary correlated selection does not appear to be a major driver of the boldness–aggressiveness syndrome of A. pennsylvanica. Taken together, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the boldness–aggressiveness syndrome exhibited by wild A. pennsylvanica develops as a result of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity, and not correlated selection.
QoS-driven dynamic adaptation in media intensive systems

With the wide adoption of service computing, an extensive range of applications are being developed or converted into service-oriented paradigm. Some of the service based systems require video streaming during the interaction with their users. To facilitate a better viewing experience, this paper presents a dynamic adaption solution to provide best media streaming effects under limited bandwidth. Our mechanism uses user perception to guide the service in making dynamic adaptation decisions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Rumen Ciliates with Description of Two New Species from Three African Reedbuck Species

Thirteen bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca wardi (Thomas, 1900) from Kenya and Tanzania, ten common reedbuck Redunca arundinum arundinum (Boddaert, 1785) from Zimbabwe and 34 mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula fulvorufula (Afzelius, 1915) from South Africa were sampled. Twenty-six protozoan species have been identified, 18 in the bohor reedbuck, which included seven entoninia, two new Diplodinium species, but no holotrichs. In the southern reedbuck 13 species were recorded, which included two entodinia, and 11 diplodinia including the two new species; holotrichs were also absent. The mountain reedbuck which is a mixed feeder as opposed to the grazers had 22 species including two holotrichs.
Promoting Health and Wellness: Implications for Physical Therapist Practice

The leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States is chronic, or noncommunicable, diseases. The impact of chronic diseases on health and wellness can be significantly altered by individual health and behavior choices or modifications. Furthermore, the burden of chronic disease goes beyond health and the health care system and may influence an individual's wellness. The purposes of this article are: (1) to provide a basis for understanding the terms “health” and “wellness,” (2) to identify the knowledge and skills physical therapists need to address behaviors that promote health and wellness and treat and protect against chronic disease, and (3) to discuss barriers and opportunities associated with integrating the promotion of health and wellness into physical therapist practice.
Laser diagnostics of zirconium carbide vaporization

Understanding the vaporization behavior of nuclear fuel materials in high-temperature environments is critical for several proposed nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) concepts. In particular, the uranium-zirconium-carbon (U-Zr-C) system is of importance because of the potential application of (U[sub y]Zr[sub 1[minus]y])C[sub x] solid solutions or (U[sub y]Zr[sub 1[minus]y])C[sub x] + C composite materials in nuclear rockets for the proposed manned mission to Mars. Here, laser diagnostic methods are developed to study the behavior of laser-ablated zirconium carbide (ZrC). The optical emission spectra from the Zr-C plasma plume is measured from 200 to 500 nm. Emission from zirconium atoms dominated the observed spectra. From the spectra, the average plasma temperature was estimated to be 10,500 [+-] 1,500 K. Plume formation is characterized using a CCD camera to capture emission at delay times (with respect to the ablation laser pulse) ranging from 1 [mu]s to 1 ms and using planar laser-induced fluorescence to map Zr atom distributions.
Polarization-dependent electron affinity of LiNbO3 surfaces

Polar surfaces of a ferroelectric LiNbO3 crystal with periodically poled domains are explored using UV-photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). Compared with the positive domains (domains with positive surface polarization charges), a higher photoelectric yield is found from the negative domains (domains with negative surface polarization charges), indicating a lower photothreshold and a corresponding lower electron affinity. The photon-energy-dependent contrast in the PEEM images of the surfaces indicates that the photothreshold of the negative domains is ∼4.6eV while that of the positive domains is greater than ∼6.2eV. We propose that the threshold difference between the opposite domains can be attributed to a variation of the electron affinity due to opposite surface dipoles induced by surface adsorbates.
Invasiveness of Salmonella Administered Orally to Cold-Exposed Mice

Susceptibility to enteric infection with Salmonella was studied in mice housed at different temperatures. The oral doses of S. typhimurium SR-11 and RIA, which caused 50% mortality in animals at 10 C, were about 1/30 and 1/100 of the respective values at 23 C, and that of an avirulent strain of S. enteritidis was also lower in the cold-exposed mice. The frequency of mortality due to Salmonella infection was essentially the same in mice exposed to 34 to 23 C. The divergent responses in the cold and heat probably stem from basic differences in the physiological changes mediated by the two extremes. The pattern and extent of change in weight and rectal temperature were the same among infected mice housed at 10 and 23 C and controls at 10 C, but differed from controls at 23 C. The incidence of Salmonella in samples of liver-spleen, lung, colon, blood, or feces was similar among infected mice housed at 10 and 23 C during a 14-day period of observation. The increased frequency of mortality in cold-exposed infected animals is not due to alterations in invasiveness of the bacteria nor to greater impairment of the thermoregulatory capacity of the mice. It may be attributable, in part at least, to a greater effectiveness of Salmonella toxins as metabolic poisons at low temperatures.
Anisotropic effects of non-axial seismic wave propagation in foliated crustal rocks

[1] Seismic wave propagation within the crust is usually in directions not parallel to inherent rock symmetry axes due to geologic dips of structures and/or oblique-to-arcuate raypaths. We use Christoffel equations and petrophysically measured velocities of crustal metamorphic rocks to examine anisotropic velocities and traveltime effects as functions of non-axial propagation. P- and S-wave velocities are trigonometrically weighted between fast and slow axial velocities. Averaging over a range of non-axial angles yields effective velocities as encountered by through-going crustal raypaths. Axial velocities cannot be simply used to quantify crustal anisotropic effects. The angular behavior of P-wave delay and shear wave splitting are sensitive to VP measured diagonal to the material symmetry axes; this diagonal velocity controls the presence or absence of non-axial shear wave singularities. These behavior help quantify the contributions of crustal rocks to observations of seismic anisotropy which can serve as proxies for crustal deformation.
Futility of skull radiography for nontraumatic conditions

Indications for post-traumatic skull radiographs have been well publicized, and "high-yield" criteria have been established. Such criteria have not been established for patients without trauma. We report a review of 157 consecutive skull series taken for nontraumatic conditions. Skull radiography was found to be extremely "low yield" in the evaluation of the nontraumatized patient--only 4.5% of the films showed significant abnormalities related to the patient's diagnosis. Moreover, regardless of radiographic results, skull films had little impact on further diagnostic workup or on patient management. Our results suggest that more stringent criteria should be considered in ordering skull radiographs for nontraumatic indications.
Rapid Changes in Ice Discharge from Greenland Outlet Glaciers

Using satellite-derived surface elevation and velocity data, we found major short-term variations in recent ice discharge and mass loss at two of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers. Their combined rate of mass loss doubled in less than a year in 2004 and then decreased in 2006 to near the previous rates, likely as a result of fast re-equilibration of calving-front geometry after retreat. Total mass loss is a fraction of concurrent gravity-derived estimates, pointing to an alternative source of loss and the need for high-resolution observations of outlet dynamics and glacier geometry for sea-level rise predictions.
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: evidence for a novel neurological syndrome

Objective: We sought direct evidence that acute exposure to environmental-strength electromagnetic fields (EMFs) could induce somatic reactions (EMF hypersensitivity). Methods: The subject, a female physician self­ diagnosed with EMF hypersensitivity, was exposed to an average (over the head) 60-Hz electric field of 300 V/m (comparable with typical environmental-strength EMFs) during controlled provocation and behavioral studies. Results: In a double-blinded EMF provocation procedure specifically designed to mi nimize un intentional sen­ sory cues, the subject developed temporal pain, headache, muscle twitching, and skipped heartbeats within 1 00 s after initiation of EMF exposure (p < .05). The symptoms were caused primarily by field transitions (off-on , on-off) rather than the presence of the field, as assessed by comparing the frequency and severity of the effects of pulsed and continuous fields in relation to sham exposure. The subject had no conscious perception of the field as judged by her inability to report its presence more often than in the sham control. Discussion: The subject demonstrated statistically reliable somatic reactions in response to exposure to subliminal EMFs under condi­ tions that reasonably excluded a causative role for psychological processes. Conclusion: EMF hypersensitivity can occur as a bona fide environmentally inducible neurological syndrome.
Superimposing permutational covert channels onto reliable stream protocols

In this paper, we present a implicit encoding technique that makes use of lower-layer packet reordering to superimpose covert messages onto a reliable data stream. In particular, since the TCP layer provides a reliable in-order data stream over the unreliable network layerpsilas IP datagram service, we can encode covert messages by artificially permuting IP packets before they leave the source and reading the permutation at the destination prior to delivering the payload to TCP. Applying such permutations will not adversely affect TCPpsilas ability to reconstitute the transport layer data stream, since TCP is designed to be robust against out of order network layer packet delivery. We describe the design and operation of PERMEATE, an open-source covert channel toolkit which implements such a permutational covert channel over TCP, and we provide a quantitative assessment of itpsilas efficacy and efficiency as a covert channel.
Temporary transvenous pacemaker placement in the Emergency Department

Emergency Department placement of a temporary transvenous cardiac pacemaker offers potential life-saving benefits, as the device can definitively control heart rate, ensure effective myocardial contractility, and provide adequate cardiac output in select circumstances. The procedure begins with establishment of central venous access, usually by a right internal jugular or left subclavian vein approach, although the femoral vein is an acceptable alternative, especially in patients who are more likely to bleed should vascular access become complicated. The indications for the procedure, as well as the equipment needed, are reviewed. Both blind and ECG-guided techniques of insertion are described. Methods of verification of pacemaker placement and function are discussed, as are the early complications of the procedure.
Peroxide Formation in a Zero-Gap Chlor-Alkali Cell with an Oxygen-Depolarized Cathode

The effects of various factors on the undesired generation of hydrogen peroxide in a zero-gap oxygen-depolarized chlor-alkali cell employing carbon-supported platinum catalysts were studied. The rate of peroxide generation was found to decrease with platinum loading and increase with current density. The quantity of peroxide generated also increased with electrolysis time, and reached a steady state value after a few 100 h of cell operation at 10 kA m−2. The steady-state peroxide to hydroxide molar ratio was found to increase with brine concentration. This phenomenon is believed to originate from a decrease of water activity at the reaction site that accompanies the brine concentration increase. No correlation between chloride crossover and the concentration of peroxide generated was detected. It is postulated that carbon particles are predominantly responsible for the partial oxygen reduction and that their contribution increases with electrolysis time as a result of processes that render the carbon surface more hydrophilic.
Race, Trust, and Return Migration The Political Drivers of Post-disaster Resettlement

After several disasters in the United States, the return-migration rate of blacks to post-disaster areas has been lower than that of other races. Does this pattern have a political explanation? I i...
Approximate distance queries and compact routing in sparse graphs

An approximate distance query data structure is a compact representation of a graph, and can be queried to approximate shortest paths between any pair of vertices. Any such data structure that retrieves stretch 2k Ω 1 paths must require space Ω(n1+1/k) for graphs of n nodes. The hard cases that enforce this lower bound are, however, rather dense graphs with average degree Ω(n1/k).
Development and Religious Polarization: The Emergence of Reform and Ultra-Orthodox Judaism

Why do religious minorities respond in different ways to economic development? We develop a model of religious organizations based on a historical case study of Jewish emancipation in nineteenth century Europe. In Germany, a liberal Reform movement developed in response to emancipation, while ultra-Orthodox Judaism emerged in eastern Europe. Our explanation for this polarization contributes to an understanding of how economic development shapes the character of religion and sheds light on the conditions determining whether minority groups embrace or resist cultural integration. We show that rising levels of economic development can produce stricter forms of religiosity, religious polarization and cycles.
The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion

The mechanical roles of tendon and muscle contractile elements during locomotion are often considered independently, but functionally they are tightly integrated. Tendons can enhance muscle performance for a wide range of locomotor activities because muscle-tendon units shorten and lengthen at velocities that would be mechanically unfavorable for muscle fibers functioning alone. During activities that require little net mechanical power output, such as steady-speed running, tendons reduce muscular work by storing and recovering cyclic changes in the mechanical energy of the body. Tendon stretch and recoil not only reduces muscular work, but also allows muscle fibers to operate nearly isometrically, where, due to the force-velocity relation, skeletal muscle fibers develop high forces. Elastic energy storage and recovery in tendons may also provide a key mechanism to enable individual muscles to alter their mechanical function, from isometric force-producers during steady speed running to actively shortening power-producers during high-power activities like acceleration or uphill running. Evidence from studies of muscle contraction and limb dynamics in turkeys suggests that during running accelerations work is transferred directly from muscle to tendon as tendon stretch early in the step is powered by muscle shortening. The energy stored in the tendon is later released to help power the increase in energy of the body. These tendon length changes redistribute muscle power, enabling contractile elements to shorten at relatively constant velocities and power outputs, independent of the pattern of flexion/extension at a joint. Tendon elastic energy storage and recovery extends the functional range of muscles by uncoupling the pattern of muscle fiber shortening from the pattern of movement of the body.
Radiation characteristics of finite-length 1D-uniform leaky wave antennas radiating at broadside

Leaky-wave antennas can be classified into two basic types [1], depending on whether the geometry of the guiding structure is uniform or is periodically modulated along its length. In a uniform leaky-wave antenna, the fundamental mode is a fast-wave (meaning that the phase velocity is greater than that of the light in free space) and therefore radiates whenever the structure is open. In the second type of leaky-wave antenna, the periodic leaky-wave antenna, a periodic modulation of the guiding structure is introduced, and it is this periodicity that produces the leakage. In a periodic leaky-wave antenna the fundamental mode is a slow-wave that does not radiate, with radiation occurring from one of the space harmonics.
Vapor–liquid equilibria of the binary mixtures formed by nitromethane with five alkyl alkanoates at 101.3 kPa

Abstract Vapor–liquid equilibria were measured at 101.3 kPa, in a range of temperatures from 350.28 to 374.69 K, for five binary mixtures formed by nitromethane with ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate. Calculations of nonideality of the vapor phase were made with Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state. Thermodynamic consistency of data was tested via Herington analysis. Two systems show minimum boiling azeotropes. The experimental VLE data were reduced and binary parameters for four liquid models, such as van Laar, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC, were fitted. A comparison of model performances was made by using the criterion of average absolute deviations in boiling point and in vapor-phase composition.
Requirement for DARPP-32 in Progesterone-Facilitated Sexual Receptivity in Female Rats and Mice

DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein (32 kilodaltons in size), is an obligate intermediate in progesterone (P)-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice. The facilitative effect of P on sexual receptivity in female rats was blocked by antisense oligonucleotides to DARPP-32. Homozygous mice carrying a null mutation for the DARPP-32 gene exhibited minimal levels of P-facilitated sexual receptivity when compared to their wild-type littermates. P significantly increased hypothalamic cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These increases were not inhibited by a D1 subclass dopamine receptor antagonist. P also enhanced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on threonine 34 in the hypothalamus of mice. DARPP-32 activation is thus an obligatory step in progestin receptor regulation of sexual receptivity in rats and mice.
Clinical and scientific applications/advances in video imaging.

Abstract This paper discusses the current capabilities and limitations of video imaging. Probable future applications are suggested, including the use of video imaging as an adjunct for esthetic di...
Applying Clustering Techniques to Retrieve Housing Units from a Repository

The purpose of BARCODE HOUSING SYTEM, a research project developed over the last four years, has been to create an Internet-based system which facilitates the interaction of the different actors involved in the design, construction and use of affordable housing built with industrialized methods. One of the components of the system is an environment which enables different users – architects, clients, developers – to retrieve the housing units generated by a rule-based engine and stored in a repository. Currently, the repository contains over 10,000 housing units. In order to access this information, we have developed clustering techniques based on self-organizing maps and k-means methods.
A Normative Framework for Social Science Activities in the CGIAR

The CGIAR is going through a change process. The proposed new vision is “to reduce poverty and hunger, improve human health and nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high‐quality international agricultural research, partnership and leadership.” The CGIAR’s key objectives are to create and accelerate sustainable increases in the productivity and production of healthy food by and for the poor; conserve, enhance and sustainably use natural resources and biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor in response to climate change and other factors; and promote policy and institutional change that will stimulate agricultural growth and equity to benefit the poor, especially rural women and other disadvantaged groups.The CGIAR has a distinguished history of success in these endeavors, successes in which the social sciences have historically played a prominent role. But there is a widespread sense of discontent with the present state of the social sciences within the CGIAR, some of which may reflect broader concerns about the CGIAR in general, and some of which may be specific to the social sciences within the System. As a direct result, the Science Council of the CGIAR has commissioned a stripe review of the social sciences in the CGIAR. The current global food and fuel price crisis accentuates the need for a reinvigorated CGIAR to help reverse the structural problems in global agriculture that have emerged over the past several years.Per the terms of reference for phase 1 of the stripe review, the panel Chair was tasked to develop, in consultation with the SC Task Force, a normative framework for a high quality and effective social science research agenda, which, if operationalized, would advance research on the CGIAR System Priorities and effectively contribute to achieving the CGIAR goals. The framework represents an “ideal” of what the CGIAR should expect from its social scientists against which the Panel can assess the actual situation.” This paper is the product of that effort. It builds on a descriptive assessment desk study undertaken by a consultant, and feeds into the draft terms of references for phase 2 of the stripe review. Together, these three documents comprise the outputs of phase 1 of the review.
The Protein Universes

We discuss some informatic problems in protein classification. We first address a neglected problem in sequence classification-information loss resulting from alphabet contraction. Since the use of reduced alphabets is a standard bioinformatic tool, this is a significant issue. We review recent work in which it was shown that information theoretic methods can be used to quantitate the amount of structural information carried by a specified sequence representation. These tools are then used to construct reduced alphabets of specified size which retain the maximum possible amount of structural information. We then turn to structure classification. After briefly reviewing previous work in this field, we discuss the fact that sequence and structure classification give different pictures of the protein space. We outline ongoing research in which new parameters are sought which explicitly encode architecture choice by protein sequences.
The Two Cadavers of Political Philosophy: Esoteric Strategy and the Murder of Socrates

Leo Strauss precludes the possibility that the most important philosophic teachings occur exoterically. He tells us that political philosophers, and in particular, ancient political philosophers such as Plato, discovered the truths not of their own time, but for all time. Crucial meaning, truth for the authentic philosopher, is to be found only esoterically. True philosophy, therefore, occurs in the space “between the lines” and it is only the authentic philosopher who can recognize and uncover the hidden truth. Why does political philosophy seek out this cryptic space and where does this journey lead? Recent studies have suggested that, for Strauss, there are numerous reasons for a political philosopher to write esoterically. In this essay, I argue that there is but one necessary reason for esoteric writing. For Strauss, that reason is fear; philosophy, according to Strauss, is driven between the lines by the fear of persecution. Moreover, I argue that the fear of persecution compels political philosophy into a metaphorical space where meaning is confined on all sides. The space “between the lines” is walled in by the positive demarcation of exoteric print. If fear compels the political philosopher to write “between the lines,” then the effort to avoid persecution abandons political philosophy into an impoverished, isolated space, a ghetto of writing.
Combat stress disorders and the U.S. Air Force.

Air Force fliers and base personnel have unique spheres of vulnerability to combat stress disorders. A number of factors unique to the Air Force heighten combat stress vulnerability: (1) The passive nature of combat duties, (2) relatively small amounts of combat skills training, (3) absence of service-wide training in arms use, (4) lack of experience with mass casualty situations, (5) family proximity to potential operational areas, and (6) base and personnel immobility. The impact of combat stress disorders for both fliers and nonfliers in the Air Force can be minimized. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. Language: en
Left main coronary artery atresia in an infant with Shone’s complex

A 6-month-old infant with Shone's complex was found to have left main coronary artery atresia during evaluation for recurrent subaortic stenosis with depressed left ventricular function. The ventricular function improved after surgical subaortic resection without coronary re-vascularisation. This case demonstrates first the rare finding of left main coronary artery atresia and second that coronary re-vascularisation is not necessarily required in all cases of left main coronary artery atresia.