cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
905 CHILDHOOD MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE

We reviewed the clinical and laboratory features of 6 children with MCTD (4 girls, 2 boys). Initial symptoms (mean age of onset 9.2 years) were arthritis (2), chronic fevers (2), and urticaria and Raynaud's phenomenon (2). Mean age at diagnosis was 14.2 years. Clinical features included: There has been no mortality, but 3/6 are significantly disabled (mean followup of 3.4 years) despite treatment with sallcylates, prednisone and in 3 patients chlorambucil. Our experience with MCTD in children reflects greater chronic morbidity than reported in adults.
Dynamic collision avoidance and constraint violation compensation

This paper uses concepts in multibody dynamics, together with a collision detection algorithm to study the dynamics of collision avoidance. Obstacle avoidance of a mechanical system in motion is expressed in terms of distances, relative velocities and relative accelerations between potentially colliding bodies. The generalized control forces (constraint forces) used to adjust the system dynamics are based on an n-timestep collision avoidance algorithm. Constraint violations resulting from sudden changes in motion direction are compensated for by feeding back the errors of position and velocity constraints to assure asymptotic stability. The procedures developed are illustrated through a maneuver in space of a robotic manipulator used for grasp and deployment.
Alterations in gene expression induced by a specific cell interaction during mating in Tetrahymena thermophila.

Abstract Conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila is preceded by a specific cell interaction, co-stimulation, which occurs between starved, competent mating types. Using [ 35 S]methionine pulse-labelling, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, we observed a substantial increase in the relative synthetic rate of an 80 kD polypeptide (designated p80) in total-cellular protein. This change begins 15–30 min after mating types are mixed, but does not occur if starved mating types are not mixed. It does not take place when a competent mating type is mixed with a non-mating strain, nor is p80 induced in cells of one mating type by the cell-free starvation conditioned medium of a second mating type. Therefore, there is a specific association between co-stimulation and the induction of p80. Electrophoresis of macronuclei isolated following pulse-labelling showed that the change in p80 could also be observed in macronuclear non-histone protein. Induction of p80 was observed in cells incubated with 25 μg/ml actinomycin D (actD), but was completely inhibited by 250 μg/ml of this drug. It appears that p80 may be specifically induced at the transcriptional level by direct cell-cell interaction. We discuss the possibility that this protein may play a regulatory role in changing the genetic program expressed by macronuclei in preparation for cell pairing.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Hand Injuries: A Neuro-Occupational View

Using the clinical phenomenon of posttraumatic stress disorder related to traumatic hand injuries, this article conceptually explores the theoretical construct of neuro-occupation on the basis of these conditions. Neuro-occupation is an evolving concept that combines knowledge and understanding of occupation with knowledge and understanding of how the human brain functions in environmental context; thus, the concept is important to the core of occupational therapy practice. The first section of the article introduces the concept of neuro-occupation; the second provides an overview of posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic hand injury. To help therapists better understand behavior seen in clinical settings, the third section presents key neuro-occupational processes pertaining to posttraumatic stress disorder, using clinical application examples. Finally, a query about the value of neuro-occupation as a developing theoretical construct is put forth.
The Kenny Syndrome: Hypoparathyroidism Caused by Hypomagnesemia, and Positive Growth Response to Growth Hormone Treatment (Report of a Case)† 415

The Kenny Syndrome: Hypoparathyroidism Caused by Hypomagnesemia, and Positive Growth Response to Growth Hormone Treatment (Report of a Case)† 415
The effects of ECS on ECT: Implications for behavioral research

Two experiments were performed to determine the temporal pattern of ECS-induced changes in the electroconvulsive threshold (ECT) of the rat. The results indicate that immediately and for a short period of time after receiving a single ECS, the ECT of the rat is elevated, whereas 24 h after ECS, the rat’s ECT is depressed. Some implications of these findings for research on the behavioral effects of ECS are discussed.
Artistic Creativity and Rorschach Whole Responses

Summary The present experiment investigated artistic creativity as it functions in the production of whole responses to Rorschach ink blots. The number, percentage, and quality of whole responses produced by a group of artists were compared to that of a group of nonartists under two instructional sets (regular instructions versus whole response set). Artists and nonartists did not differ significantly in whole response quality. Artists and nonartists gave significantly more whole responses under the whole response set, but artists produced a significantly greater number of whole responses, regardless of instructions. Artists gave a significantly greater proportion of whole responses only under regular instructions. These results give statistical verification to the discriminatory power of Rorschach whole responses in the identification of artistic creativity.
“¡LOS GRINGOS VIENEN!” (THE GRINGOS ARE COMING!): FEMALE RESPECTABILITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONGO TOURIST PRESENTATIONS IN PORTOBELO, PANAMA

“iLos gringos vienen!” focuses on the ways a particular Afro-Latin community in Portobelo, Panama, who call themselves and their performance tradition “Congo,” negotiate encounters with global tourists. In so doing, it links notions of “respectability” with double-consciousness to explore differences between female Congo “local” and “like-local” performances. “Like-local” names Congo “packaged” presentations intended primarily for global tourists who enter Portobelo by bus or boat for one- to two-hour mid-day excursions. “iLos gringos vienen!” attends to a doubling of the gaze whereby the Congos watch tourists watching them and annotate their cultural practices accordingly.
Aging in movement representations for sequential finger movements: A comparison between young-, middle-aged, and older adults

Studies show that as we enter older adulthood (>64years), our ability to mentally represent action in the form of using motor imagery declines. Using a chronometry paradigm to compare the movement duration of imagined and executed movements, we tested young-, middle-aged, and older adults on their ability to perform sequential finger (fine-motor) movements. The task required number recognition and ordering and was presented in three levels of complexity. Results for movement duration indicated no differences between young- and middle-aged adults, however both performed faster than the older group. In regard to the association between imagined and executed actions, correlation analyses indicated that values for all groups were positive and moderate (r's .80,.76,.70). In summary, whereas the older adults were significantly slower in processing actions than their younger counterparts, the ability to mentally represent their actions was similar.
Control Methods for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker Cattle

The authors provide a review of the foundations of a sound preconditioning or backgrounding health program for stocker cattle. A systematic approach to a health program for high-risk stocker calves has been used, with discussion of purchasing and arrival considerations; nutritional management; cattle movement management; prevention, control, and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD); and the use of information management in the control of BRD.
STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE : EFFECTS OF A DEFAULT-RESPONSE OPTION ON EMERGENCE OF UNTRAINED STIMULUS RELATIONS

Default-response options, intended to measure uncertainty, sometimes are included in discrete-choice measurement in an attempt to clarify stimulus control of remaining response options. Recent experiments have used a default-response procedure to investigate emergent stimulus relations, but no study to date has compared effects of different default-response procedures on emergence of the untrained relations that define stimulus equivalence. Five groups of college undergraduates (each n = 16) completed a conditional discrimination training procedure to instate the stimulus relations prerequisite to three three-member equivalence classes; a training review intermingling all of the explicitly trained relations; and tests for emergent relations. The groups differed in terms of (a) presence versus absence of a “none” option during emergent relations tests and (b) the amount of experience with “catch trials” in which “none” was the correct selection. Stimulus equivalence was demonstrated in 94% of subjects in a control group who were trained and tested without the “none” response option and without catch trials and in 41% of subjects in the “none” groups. Among subjects in the “none” groups who failed to demonstrate equivalence initially, 95% did so when retested under control-group conditions. Across “none” groups, probability of equivalence class formation was positively correlated with amount of experimental experience with catch trials in preliminary training and equivalence testing. Among the emergent relations defining stimulus equivalence, reflexivity was most often precluded by the “none” option, although there was evidence of group differences in relation specificity. These results suggest that a default-response option can interfere with the formation of emergent relations, and that the effects are contextually sensitive. Although there may be advantages to employing default-response procedures in studies of emergent stimulus relations, the responses they control should be viewed as behavior under specific stimulus control rather than a generic expression of uncertainty
A case for Refresh Pausing in DRAM memory systems

DRAM cells rely on periodic refresh operations to maintain data integrity. As the capacity of DRAM memories has increased, so has the amount of time consumed in doing refresh. Refresh operations contend with read operations, which increases read latency and reduces system performance. We show that eliminating latency penalty due to refresh can improve average performance by 7.2%. However, simply doing intelligent scheduling of refresh operations is ineffective at obtaining significant performance improvement. This paper provides an alternative and scalable option to reduce the latency penalty due to refresh. It exploits the property that each refresh operation in a typical DRAM device internally refreshes multiple DRAM rows in JEDEC-based distributed refresh mode. Therefore, a refresh operation has well defined points at which it can potentially be Paused to service a pending read request. Leveraging this property, we propose Refresh Pausing, a solution that is highly effective at alleviating the contention from refresh operations. It provides an average performance improvement of 5.1% for 8Gb devices, and becomes even more effective for future high-density technologies. We also show that Refresh Pausing significantly outperforms the recently proposed Elastic Refresh scheme.
Thermodynamic Properties of Manganese Oxides

Transposed temperature drop calorimetry and hightemperature drop solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO·B2O3 at 977 K were used to study the energetics of some manganese oxides, namely pyrolusite (MnO2), bixbyite (Mn2O3), hausmannite (Mn3O4), and manganosite (MnO). The enthalpies of oxidation at 298 K in the manganeseoxygen system, which were determined by appropriate thermodynamic cycles, were (in kJ/mol of oxygen): –441.4 ± 5.8 for the reaction 6MnO + O2→ 2Mn3O4, –201.8 ± 8.7 for the reaction 4Mn3O4+ O2→ 6Mn2O3, and –162.1 + 7.2 for the reaction 2Mn2O3+ O2→ 4MnO2. These values agreed very well with previous data that were obtained using equilibrium measurements that were reported in the literature. Thus, direct calorimetric measurements were well suited to obtain reliable enthalpy of formation data for oxides that contain manganese in the 2+, 3+, and 4+ states. Using these new values of enthalpies and reliable standard entropies, the phase-stability diagram of the manganeseoxygen system was constructed.
A Fourier transform technique to obtain phase derivatives in interferometry

Abstract A Fourier transform technique to compute the phase derivatives directly from the wrapped (modulo 2π) interferometric phase maps is presented. The phase discontinuities are eliminated by converting the wrapped phase map into a continuous fringe pattern and the phase derivative is obtained using a differentiator in the Fourier space. Sign information during the phase-to-fringe conversion process is preserved using a computer generated carrier. The proposed technique can be used to obtain phase derivatives, even when the phase map is ill-conditioned for phase unwrapping, due to the presence of noise. This technique can be used with advantage in areas such as experimental stress analysis, where the phase derivative (proportional to strain) and not the continuous phase (proportional to displacement) is the quantity of interest.
Fault-tolerant control of sampled-data nonlinear distributed parameter systems

This work presents an integrated fault detection and fault-tolerant control architecture for spatially-distributed systems described by highly-dissipative systems of nonlinear partial differential equations with actuator faults and sampled measurements. The architecture consists of a family of nonlinear feedback controllers, observer-based fault detection filters that account for the discrete measurement sampling, and a switching law that reconfigures the control actuators following fault detection. An approximate model that captures the dominant dynamics of the infinite-dimensional system is embedded in the control system to provide the controller and fault detection filter with estimates of the measured output between sampling instances. The model state is then updated using the actual measurements whenever they become available from the sensors. A sufficient condition for stability of the sampled-data nonlinear closed-loop system is derived in terms of the sampling rate, the model accuracy, the controller design parameters and the spatial placement of the control actuators. This characterization is used to derive rules for fault detection and actuator reconfiguration. The results are demonstrated through an application to the problem of stabilizing the zero solution of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
Acute traumatic coagulopathy: Clinical characterization and mechanistic investigation

Abstract Trauma remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide and bleeding is the primary reason for this mortality. Over the past 11 years there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of coagulopathy after trauma. Specifically its incidence, biological drivers, clinical sequalie have been elucidated. From this understanding a concurrent change in resuscitation practices has occurred. This manuscript will review the history of resuscitation after injury, the discovery and clinical and biological characterization of acute traumatic coagulopathy and the changes in resuscitation practices aimed at combating coagulopathy and inflammatory perturbation after trauma. Finally it will discuss the ongoing state of the science and suggest topics for continued biological and clinical study.
Dark and light epithelial cells in the choroid plexus of mammals

Dark and light cells were observed in the epithelium of mammalian choroid plexus fixed with glutaraldehyde and/or osmium using immersion or perfusion techniques. Previous studies interpreted dark and light cells in various tissues as artifacts of poor fixative penetration when tissue was fixed by immersion. Since choroidal villi consisted of a single layer of epithelial cells directly overlying a capillary core, the appearance of dark and light choroidal epithelial cells was probably not due to degree or rate of fixative penetration. It was concluded that the dark and light cells of the choroidal epithelium, which appeared fine structurally similar to one another, might represent varying states of cellular hydration at the time of fixation.
A note on radiative transfer in lunar and Mercurian surfaces

A linearized counterpart to the analysis of Ulrichs and Campbell (1969) is presented for thermal emission from lunar and Mercurian surfaces. It is shown by illustration that the linearized analysis may easily be extended to incorporate additional features of the transient cooling process.
Who Are the Family Foundations? Findings from the Foundation Management Survey

The Council on Foundations surveys American foundations biennially about their staff, policies, and operations. This report presents the data from the 1990 survey, focusing on the 39 percent of the sample that have been defined as family foundations. The analysis finds that family foundations differ from the general population of foundations in average size, board composition, limits on board service, and work demands on staff and trustees. The authors suggest questions for further research.
Invalidity of one actigraphy brand for identifying sleep and wake among infants.

Abstract Study objectives Few commercially available brands of actigraphs (ACT) have been subjected to rigorous validation with infant participants. The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement between concurrent polysomnography (PSG) and one brand of ACT (AW-64, Mitter Co. Inc.) using appropriate statistical techniques among a sample of healthy infants. Methods Twenty-two healthy infants (14.1±0.6months) had one night of ankle ACT recording during research PSG at Kosair Children's Hospital Sleep Research Center in Louisville, Kentucky. Macroanalyses were conducted using the Bland–Altman concordance technique to assess agreement between total sleep time (TST) and wake after sleep onset (WASO) simultaneously measured by PSG and ACT, using two ACT algorithm settings. Microanalyses were also calculated to examine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ACT within each PSG-identified sleep state. Correlations were calculated between PSG-identified arousals and the discrepancies between ACT and PSG. Results The Bland–Altman concordance technique revealed that ACT underestimated TST by 72.25 (SD=61.48) minutes and by ⩾60min among 54.55% of infants. Furthermore, ACT overestimated WASO by 13.85 (SD=30.94) minutes and by ⩾30min among 40.91% of infants. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy analyses revealed that ACT adequately identified sleep, but poorly identified wake. PSG and ACT discrepancies were positively associated with PSG-identified arousals ( r =.45). Conclusions Improved device and/or software development is needed before the AW-64 can be considered a valid method for identifying infant sleep and wake.
Variability of maximal aortic aneurysm diameter measurements on CT scan: significance and methods to minimize

Abstract Objectives We noted substantial differences when measuring repeatedly the same abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) on the same computed tomography (CT) scan. This study quantitated this variability, and methods to minimize it were developed. Methods The CT maximal diameter of 25 AAAs was measured by eight experienced observers, including six vascular surgeons and two radiologists, using two methods: an unstandardized protocol, and a standardized protocol using fine calipers to carefully measure the largest diameter perpendicular to the estimated aneurysm centerline, from outer aneurysm wall to outer wall. The average measurement difference between observers was calculated for each method. The average difference between each observer's measurement and the official radiology report value was also calculated. Agreement between the two measurement methods was assessed with Bland-Altman plots. Results The difference in maximal diameter measurements between each observer averaged 4.0 ± 5.1 mm (range, 0.0-35.0 mm) with the unstandardized method. The mean measurement difference with the standardized protocol was significantly lower, and averaged 2.8 ± 4.4 mm (range, 0.0-26.0 mm; P Conclusions Routine CT maximal diameter measurement of AAAs can have substantial interobserver variability. Standardized measurement protocols can decrease, but not eliminate, this measurement variability. Thus apparent size changes based on CT measurements may represent measurement artifact rather than actual aneurysm growth or shrinkage, particularly when a standardized system is not used.
An analysis of the New York state regional program in physical science for elementary school teachers

A lot has been done in recent years to improve the training of secondary science teachers but similar efforts for elementary teachers have been few indeed. In this article, Dr. Moser presents a description and evaluation of an in-service program designed to teach science content to a large number of elementary teachers at a reasonable cost.
A microfluidic device for pulsatile transdermal delivery for neurobiological drugs

We present a novel microfluidic device for transdermal delivery of small quantities of drugs in brief time pulses for neurobiological studies. The device consists of dispensing and delivery channels connected to drug and buffer lines, respectively, and coupled by a check valve. The planar check valve and the microchannels are within a single flow layer which allows for simple fabrication and easy system integration. Drug and buffer lines are connected to separate pneumatic lines for briefly pulsatile driving to enable drug dispensing and delivery consecutively in a stage-shifting working principle. Experimental results demonstrate that our microfluidic device is capable of continuously delivering well-defined nanoliter-scale volumes of drug solution within time pulses tens of milliseconds in duration. Based on the investigation of the characteristics of the check valve, we have systematically characterized the drug delivery device in terms of the dispensed and delivered drug volumes under varying pneumatic driving pressures and pulse durations, showing that the device has virtually zero diffusive leakage and good controllability. Furthermore, in vitro pulsatile delivery into mouse brain tissue using this device has also been performed at controlled drug volumes, demonstrating the potentially wide application of this microfluidic device in various neurobiological studies.
Ethical considerations in dermatologic photography

In dermatology, clinical photographs are an essential component of patient care, enabling clinicians to document changes in skin pathology over time. Recent advances in digital technology and the electronic medical record have revolutionized clinical photography; however, these advances bring with them new ethical, legal, and social concerns. Photographs, more than other forms of documentation, have the potential to make patients uncomfortable. The act of photography, especially for those images requiring exposure of the genital area or the entire body, can be an uncomfortable experience for patients, necessitating the clinician and photographer to take an empathic stance in this setting. The Internet has elicited an increasing, and a very real, concern for patients about possible distribution and use of images outside of their individual care. The clinician and staff can allay these fears by professionally and empathetically addressing their concerns. In addition, it is important that patients receive appropriate informed consent about clinical photographs and the potential use of the images in their care, education, and research. Given the multitude of methods for recording clinical photographs, combined with the increasing complexity of image storage, standardization becomes a critical tool in providing consistency among images and achieving more equitable and efficacious care. To achieve this goal and improve the baseline standard of continuity of care for dermatological practices, we review the role of photographs, develop a model for patient consent, and establish standards for photography so as to provide the most ethical care for the patient.
Covert communications using random noise signals : effects of atmospheric propagation nulls and rain

In military communications, there exist numerous potential threats to message security. Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals provide secure communications because they cannot, in general, be detected using conventional receivers and they can be made relatively immune from jamming. The security of an UWB signal can be further improved by mixing it with random noise. By using a random noise signal, the user can conceal the message signal within the noise waveform and thwart detection by hostile forces. This paper describes a novel spread spectrum technique that can be used for secure and covert communications. The technique is based on the use of heterodyne correlation techniques to inject coherence in a random noise signal. The modulated signal to be transmitted containing the coherent carrier is mixed with a sample of an ultra-wideband (UWB) random noise signal. The frequency range of the UWB noise signal is appropriately chosen so that the lower sideband of the mixing process falls over the same frequency range. Both the frequency-converted noise-like signal and the original random noise signal are simultaneously transmitted on orthogonally polarized channels through a dual-polarized transmitting antenna. The receiver consists of a similar dual-polarized antenna that simultaneously receives the two orthogonally polarized transmitted signals, amplifies each in a minimum phase limiting amplifier, and mixes these signals in a double sideband upconverter. The upper sideband of the mixing process recovers the modulated signal, which can then be demodulated. The advantage of this technique lies in the relative immunity of the random noise-like unpolarized transmit signal from detection and jamming. Since the transmitted signal "appears" totally unpolarized and noise-like, linearly polarized receivers are unable to identify, decode, or otherwise extract useful information from the signal. The system is immune from interference caused by high power linearly polarized signal transmissions since these signals are rejected during the correlation process at the receiver. Dispersive effects caused by the atmosphere and other factors are significantly reduced since both polarization channels operate over identical frequency bands. This paper analyzes in detail various atmospheric propagation effects such as nulls, rain, and forests.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RAIN SCAVENGING OF RADIOACTIVE PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract On the basis of Langmuir's theory of collection efficiencies, a model is derived to explain the removal of radioactive particulate matter from the atmosphere by rain. In this connection, Langmuir's collection efficiencies are modified to take into account the density of the solid particles, and are adjusted to express the fraction removed from a vertical cylinder of constant diameter. It is assumed that electrostatic effects can be neglected in the presence of ionizing radiation. It is found that direct interaction of raindrops and particles does not account for the efficient removal of material whose diameter is below approximately 1 micron. To explain the removal of these smaller particles, a further mechanism is investigated. This consists of allowing the particles to mix with the water cloud before the rain starts. Small particles that are scavenged by cloud droplets by a process of coagulation are then placed in a position to be more efficiently removed by the rain. Fractions of a given part...
Rheo-optics of shear and elongational flow of liquid cystalline polymer solutions: hydroxypropyl cellulose/water and poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide/sulfuric acid

Abstract An experimental study is reported of the quiescent and flow birefringent characteristics of two liquid crystalline polymer solution systems, poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPD-T) in sulfuric acid and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in water over a range of concentrations. It is shown that for the quiescent state the dilute solutions are optically isotropic while the concentrated solutions consists of negatively birefringent domains. During flow at low deformation rates, moving domains are still seen. At higher deformation rates, a homogeneous highly birefringet fluid is obtained. The birefringence increases with concentration at constant deformation rate and exhibits a major increase as the liquid crystalline state is formed. The source of the birefringence is due to (1) anisotropy of polarizability of oriented macromolecules, and (2) difference in refractive index of solvent and oriented macromolecules (form birefringence). The results are interpreted in terms of the level of polymer orientation which may be developed in flow for liquid crystalline polymer solutions as compared to solutions of flexible macromolecules.
Some General Conclusions About Children's Strategy Choice Procedures

Abstract This article presents conclusions that have emerged from my recent work on how children choose strategies on familiar tasks such as arithmetic, time-telling, and spelling. Among these conclusions are that children use diverse strategies on many tasks; that ignoring this diversity of strategies can lead to seriously flawed cognitive models; that children's pattern of strategy choices have considerable adaptive value; that children's strategy choices do not always reflect the operation of metacognitive processes; that associative knowledge directs at least some strategy choices; that among the factors that influence the development of strategy choices are the difficulty of executing backup strategies, the impact of related problems and operations, and the frequency of problem presentation; and that individual differences in both knowledge and cognitive style influence strategy choices.
Adaptive Automation Effects on Operator Performance during a Reconnaissance Mission with an Unmanned Ground Vehicle

We simulated a generic military crew station and examined the workload and performance of robotics operators when interacting with a ground robot in the two modes of robotic autonomy, teleoperation or semi-autonomous. We examined the effect of autonomy and invocation strategies on performance. The operator had either full teleoperation (manual) or semiautonomy (static) regardless of task load. In a third condition, the robots autonomy changed based on task load (adaptive). The operator had to identify hostile targets during the mission and maintain situation awareness (SA) of his local environment and the overall mission via a SA map. Results showed that when task load increased from low to high, participants' SA performance was better in the adaptive and static automation conditions than the manual condition; their threat detection performance degradation was less in manual and adaptive than in the static condition. On the other hand, when task load shifted from high to low, threat detection performance ...
Rainfall-runoff forecasting methods, old and new

Here we review the main thrusts of rainfall-runoff modelling with an eye toward the advantageous use of the massive date sets being accumulated and the modern computers capable of dealing effectively with such sets. More than a tutorial, this study is aimed at providing a unifying structure for analyzing available techniques. The closing section draws attention to the existence of an alternative methodology.
Glutathione-dependent ascorbate recycling activity of rat serum albumin.

Abstract An efficient regeneration of vitamin C (ascorbate) from its oxidized byproduct, dehydroascorbate (DHAA), is necessary to maintain sufficient tissue levels of the reduced form of the vitamin. Additionally, the recycling may be more significant in mammals, such as guinea pigs and humans, who have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbate de novo, than it is in most other mammals who have retained the ability to synthesize the vitamin from glucose. Both a chemical and an enzymatic reduction of DHAA to ascorbate have been proposed. Several reports have appeared in which proteins, including thioltransferase, protein disulfide isomerase, and 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, characterized for other activities have been identified as having DHAA reductase activity in vitro. Whether these previously characterized proteins catalyze the reduction of DHAA in vivo is unclear. In the present study, a 66 kD protein was purified strictly on the basis of its DHAA-reductase activity and was identified as rat serum albumin. The protein was further characterized and results support the suggestion that serum albumin acts as an antioxidant and exerts a significant glutathione-dependent DHAA-reductase activity that may be important in the physiologic recycling of ascorbic acid.
Blowing away shot pain : a technique for pain management during immunization

Objective. To study the effect of an active distraction technique on pain in preschool children receiving diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunization. Design. Randomized, unblinded controlled study. Setting. Columbus Public Health Department Immunization Clinics. Participants. One hundred forty-nine 4- to 7-year-old children. Intervention. Children were taught to blow out air repeatedly during the injection, as if they were blowing bubbles. Results. Children who were taught to blow out air during their shots had significantly fewer pain behaviors (P Conclusions. A simple distraction technique can be effective in helping children cope with the pain of immunization. The use of such a technique to relieve the pain and distress associated with even a brief painful procedure should be encouraged.
Slave of a Slave No More: Black Women in Struggle

(1981). Slave of a Slave No More: Black Women in Struggle. The Black Scholar: Vol. 12, The Best of the Black Scholar: The Black Woman, pp. 16-24.
Characterization of transformer harmonic behavior using finite element analysis and discrete wavelet transforms

This paper investigates the harmonic behavior of three phase power transformer under non linear load condition. The terminal behavior of the transformer was obtained by coupling the transformer transient FE model and external electric circuits. Such a technique would allow the physical representation of the nonlinear magnetization behavior of the transformer as well as the strong frequency dependence of the transformer parameters. The harmonic behavior of the transformer currents and the dc load current were analyzed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT).The results of applying the DWT are discussed.
A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis.

Summary The medical records of 192 horses with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis 1979–1989 were reviewed. Forty-three horses developed infection after an intra-articular injection, 46 following a penetrating wound, 25 following surgery, 66 were foals less than 6 months old, and 12 were adult horses without a known aetiology. Haematogenous infection of a joint occurs in adult horses and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with an acute onset of severe lameness. The aetiology of the infection had a significant effect on the type of bacteria identified by culture. Staphylococcus was cultured from most of the horses that developed infection following a joint injection or surgery, 69% of the horses from which an organism was identified. Horses that developed infection secondary to a penetrating wound frequently provided cultures of more than one organism; Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes were more frequently isolated in this group. The most common organisms isolated from foals were Enterobacteriaceae; E. coli was identified in more than 27% of the foals. The hock was the most frequently involved joint. Multiple treatments were used over the 10-year period of study. Survival rates were lowest in foals; only 45% survived to be released from the hospital. Survival was greater in adult horses; 85% of the horses that were treated were released from the hospital. Survival was significantly greater in horses with septic tenosynovitis; all 14 of the horses that were treated survived. Survival was not significantly affected by the joint involved or by the type of bacteria cultured from the synovial fluid. Follow-up racing data were obtained for all horses of racing age that were released from the hospital; 56.5% of these horses returned to racing and over 45% of these horses were able to make at least 5 starts. We suggest that if the infection can be eliminated before irreversible damage to the articular cartilage occurs, horses can return to athletic function.
Predictability in Equilibrium: The Price Dynamics of Real Estate Investment Trusts

∗∗∗ This research hypothesizes that, in markets where information costs, transaction costs and the economic impact of information can vary widely, we should expect predictability to vary systematically. We test this hypothesis with data on equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) from 1985 to 1992. We document that levels of predictability vary with firm characteristics like leverage, size and focus. Momentum is stronger for larger, more levered REITs. Reversion is faster for focused, levered REITs. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in equilibrium, securities, where information is either less costly to acquire or has less impact on fundamental value, should exhibit less predictability. Is there an equilibrium level of predictability in asset markets? Numerous studies in real estate, equity and currency markets have documented significant momentum and reversion in these asset markets that vary over time and space and with the characteristics of the asset. Is this variation in predictability systematic? In this research we hypothesize that, in markets where information costs, transaction costs and the economic impact of information can vary widely, we should expect predictability to vary systematically. We test this hypothesis with data on equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) from 1985 to 1992 that include net asset values, a metric for fundamental value. We document that levels of predictability vary with firm characteristics like leverage, size and focus that proxy for information costs, transaction costs and economic impact. The data also allow us to compare the level of predictability in the relatively liquid equity markets to that of the less liquid property markets and to confirm that the more liquid market exhibits less predictability. It has long been accepted that financial markets, in particular equity markets, are at least weak-form efficient so that excess returns cannot be earned by using investment strategies based on historical share prices or other public financial data. Efficiency, however, does not rule out predictability if information is costly to obtain. Theorists have modeled situations where predictability is
Disrupted Redox Homeostasis and Aberrant Redox Gene Expression in Porcine Oocytes Contribute to Decreased Developmental Competence

The objective of this study was to identify specific redox-related genes whose function contributes to oocyte quality and to characterize the role of redox homeostasis in oocyte development. We determined the redox genes glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), protein disulfide isomerase family A, members 4 and 6 (PDIA4, PDIA6), and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) were differentially expressed between adult (more competent) and prepubertal (less competent) porcine in vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes. The association between these genes and oocyte quality was further validated by comparing transcript abundance in IVM with that in in vivo-matured (VVM) prepubertal and adult oocytes. By maturing oocytes in variable redox environments, we demonstrated that a balanced redox environment is important for oocyte quality, and over-reduction of the environment is as detrimental as excess oxidation. Critical levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) are required for oocyte competence. Elevated GSH and lower ROS in prepubertal oocytes suggest disrupted redox homeostasis exists in these cells. By further comparing GLRX2, PDIA4, PDIA6, and TXNRD1 expression levels in oocytes matured under these different redox environments, we found aberrant expression patterns in prepubertal oocytes but not in adult oocytes when the maturation medium contained high concentrations of antioxidants. These results suggest that prepubertal oocytes are less competent in regulating redox balance than adult oocytes, contributing to lower oocyte quality. In conclusion, aberrant redox gene expression patterns and disrupted redox homeostasis contribute to decreased developmental competence in prepubertal and IVM porcine oocytes. The balance between ROS and GSH plays an important role in oocyte quality.
NAVIGATING THE BARRIERS TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DESIGN EDUCATION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE NSF DESIGN WORKSHOP SERIES

Evidence suggests that transformational innovation occurs at the intersection of multiple disciplines rather than isolated within them. Design—being both pervasive and inherently interdisciplinary—has the power to transcend many disciplines and help break down the departmental “silos” that hinder such collaborative efforts. Many universities are now struggling to embrace the curricular innovations that are necessary to achieve and sustain interdisciplinary education. Given the already packed undergraduate engineering curricula, several universities have started to offer new design programs that span several disciplines at the masters and doctoral levels. In this paper, we examine the five interdisciplinary graduate design programs offered by three different universities—University of Michigan, Northwestern University, and Stanford University—that hosted the NSF Design Workshop Series in 2008–2009. Collectively, these programs represent “solutions” that span a variety of graduate degree offerings that are available and provide examples of ways to successfully navigate the barriers and hurdles to interdisciplinary design education. A recap of the NSF Design Workshop Series is also provided along with recommendations from the workshops to foster discussion and provide directions for future work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Prevalence and correlates of dating violence in a national sample of adolescents.

Abstract Objective Dating violence is an important but understudied public health concern in adolescents. This study sought to examine the lifetime prevalence of serious forms of dating violence in 12- to 17- year-olds, risk and protective factors associated with dating violence, and the relation between dating violence and mental health. Method A nationally representative sample of adolescents ( N = 3,614) completed a telephone-based interview that assessed serious forms of dating violence (i.e., sexual assault, physical assault, and/or drug/alcohol-facilitated rape perpetrated by a girlfriend, boyfriend, or other dating partner). Results Prevalence of dating violence was 1.6% (2.7% of girls, 0.6% of boys), equating to approximately 400,000 adolescents in the U.S. population. Risk factors included older age, female sex, experience of other potentially traumatic events, and experience of recent life stressors. Findings also suggested that dating violence is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive episode after controlling for demographic variables, other traumatic stressors, and stressful events. Conclusions These findings indicate that dating violence is a significant public health problem in adolescent populations that should be addressed through early detection, prevention, and intervention. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2008; 47(7):755–762.
Potential treatment of fatty liver with 14-day subcutaneous injections of glucagon.

Fatty liver is a major metabolic disease of dairy cows in early lactation that can be treated with 14-d continuous, intravenous infusions of 10 mg/d of glucagon. The objective was to test whether similar effects can be obtained with 14-d subcutaneous 7.5- or 15-mg daily dosages of glucagon beginning at d 8 postpartum. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 32) were grouped on the basis of their liver triacylglycerol concentration at d 8 postpartum into "normal" (n = 8; triacylglycerol 1% liver wet wt) cows. Susceptible cows were assigned randomly to three groups and beginning at d 8 postpartum received 0, 2.5, or 5 mg of glucagon in 60 ml of saline by subcutaneous injections every 8 h for 14 d. Beginning at d 8 postpartum, normal cows received 60 ml of saline by subcutaneous injections every 8 h for 14 d. Both dosages of glucagon increased concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin and decreased concentrations of plasma nonesterfied fatty acids. Glucagon injections of 15 mg/d decreased concentrations of liver triacylglycerol in cows older than 3.5 yr, but not in younger multiparous cows. Our results document that subcutaneous injections of glucagon have the potential to decrease the degree of fatty liver in older dairy cows in early lactation.
System Identification and Control Design of a Piezoelectric-Actuated Cantilever Beam

Cantilever beams are widely found in many different applications such as aircraft wings and microelectromechanical devices. One of the problems associated with cantilever structures is that uncontr...
Inclusion for Young Children with Disabilities: A Quarter Century of Research Perspectives.

>> Issues affecting inclusion of young children with disabilities over the last 25 years are discussed. A brief history of early childhood inclusion is followed by a discussion of definition, terminology, and models for inclusive services. A summary of synthesis points derived from the research literature focuses on critical outcomes for children with disabilities, the role of specialized instruction, collaboration among professionals, necessary organizational supports, and benefits for typically developing children. Two recent directions affecting the implementation of inclusion, assessment of quality and Response to Intervention (RTI), are discussed. In addition, factors that may affect early childhood inclusion in the future are summarized.
Identifying pain genes: Bottom-up and top-down approaches

A major goal of pain research at the present time is the identification of pain genes. Such genes have been informally defined in a number of ways, including the deletion or transcriptional inhibition of which produces alterations in behavioral responses on nociceptive assays; those the transcription of which is selective to pain-relevant anatomic loci (eg, small-diameter cells of the dorsal root ganglion); those the transcription of which is enhanced in animals experiencing tonic nociception or hypersensitivity states; and, finally, those existing in polymorphic forms relevant to interindividual variability. The purpose of this review is to compare the utility of various bottom-up and top-down approaches in defining, identifying, and studying pain genes. We will focus on 4 major techniques: transgenic knockouts, antisense knockdowns, gene expression assays (including DNA microarray-based expression profiling), and linkage mapping.