cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Science: Toward the Development of A True Scientific Discipline

It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a “true” science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and analytical expressions which apply to the flow of information in a general way. Such expressions should be relatively independent of the particular context or application under consideration. Definitions of a rigorous nature for the fundamental quantities involved must be established. These must have general applicability and must be related to other known and measurable quantities. It is desirable also that they be capable of quantification. In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model of a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal applicability. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of its applicability. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in a way which allows for quantification. It is pointed out in this paper that this model can be the basis for the development of a “true” science of information with all of the necessary requirements for a science. By the use of this model and the definition of a “true” science, the goals and requirements for a curriculum in information science are thus established. Various applications of information science must then exist in much the same way that many applications of physics exist. In the latter case, the applications usually give rise to various branches of engineering. In the case of information science, one of the applications is librarianship–although many others exist as well. Some of these are referred to in the paper. In particular, science information as a subset of information science is discussed. Within this context, information is defined as data of value in decision making. Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to specific observable actions which can be measured physically.
Silylcyanation of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Imines Catalyzed by a 6,6′-Bis-sulfonamide Derivative of 7,7′-Dihydroxy-8,8′-biquinolyl (azaBINOL)

6,6′-Bis(methylaminosulfonyl)-7,7′-dihydroxy-8,8′-biquinolyl (3) catalyzes (5–10 mol-%) the addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes (aryl, alkyl, and α,β-unsaturated; 42–92 % yields), ketones (aryl alkyl, dialkyl; 22–82 % yields), and N-benzylaldimines (14–78 % yields) in toluene (0 °C or room temp.) to give the expected cyanohydrin and Strecker adducts following desilylation. Among a series of closely related compounds lacking any one of their defining structural features, bis-sulfonamide 3 and its N,N′-dimethyl derivative are exceptional in catalyzing the silylcyanation of benzaldehyde in the absence of all other additives. Hammett analysis of the competitive silylcyanation of para-substituted benzaldehydes catalyzed by 3 showed a linear free-energy relationship (R2 = 0.928) with a modest positive reaction constant (ρ = +1.52). X-ray diffraction analysis of (±)-3 indicated a cisoid biaryl conformation and the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between C7′–OH and C7–O. Resolution of (±)-3 was achieved by HPLC separation of its tetravalerate derivative on a chiral stationary phase. The absolute configurations of the optical isomers of 3 were assigned by correlation of the ECD spectra with those of related biquinolyls of known configuration. The silylcyanation of aldehydes catalyzed by (–)-(aR)-3 leads to cyanohydrins with a preference for the (S)-configured product with an ee of <10 %. The organocatalytic action of 3 is ascribed to hydrogen bonding and Bronsted acid catalysis effects that are dependent on its acidifying sulfonamide groups, general base capability, and interannular proximity effects made possible by the biaryl structure.
SEMICLASSICAL APPROACH TO FINITE-N MATRIX MODELS

We reformulate the zero-dimensional Hermitian one-matrix model as a (nonlocal) collective field theory, for finite N. The Jacobian arising as a result of changing variables from matrix eigenvalues to their density distribution is treated exactly. The semiclassical loop expansion turns out not to coincide with the (topological) expansion, because the classical background has a nontrivial N dependence. We derive a simple integral equation for the classical eigenvalue density, which displays strong nonperturbative behavior around N=∞. This leads to IR singularities in the large-N expansion, but UV divergencies appear as well, despite remarkable cancelations among the Feynman diagrams. We evaluate the free energy at the two-loop level and discuss its regularization. A simple example serves to illustrate the problems and admits explicit comparison with orthogonal-polynomial results.
Component metamodel synthesis for the construction of master response surfaces

Response surfaces or metamodels have long been used as cost effective surrogates for complex numerical simulations or as analytical representations of experimental data. In standard practice, a single analytical model is used within a simulation or fit to experimental data. In reality, several different models may be appropriate for consideration. A new method is presented for combining a set of alternative metamodels into a single master response surface or Super-Metamodel (SM) that is valid over all of input parameter space. The SM is formed as a linear combination of competing component metamodels where each model is weighted by its predicted probability.
The value iteration algorithm is not strongly polynomial for discounted dynamic programming

This note provides a simple example demonstrating that, if exact computations are allowed, the number of iterations required for the value iteration algorithm to find an optimal policy for discounted dynamic programming problems may grow arbitrarily quickly with the size of the problem. In particular, the number of iterations can be exponential in the number of actions. Thus, unlike policy iterations, the value iteration algorithm is not strongly polynomial for discounted dynamic programming.
Exchange Coupling in Eu Monochalcogenides from First Principles

Using a density functional method with explicit account for strong Coulomb repulsion within the 4 f shell, we calculate effective exchange parameters and the corresponding ordering temperatures of the (ferro)magnetic insulating Eu monochalcogenides (EuX; X = O, S, Se, Te) at ambient and elevated pressure conditions. Our results provide quantitative account of the many-fold increase of the Curie temperatures with applied pressure and reproduce well the decrease of ferromagnetic coupling across the EuO–EuTe series. The first J 1 and second J 2 neighbor effective exchange are found to follow different pressure dependencies. Finally, our calculations show explicitly that the mixing of Eu 4 f orbitals with the ligand states is necessary for the ferromagnetic ordering to take place at any pressure.
The Large Scale Parallelization of a Conformational 3D Protein Structure Prediction Application

We present here the design strategy and performance analysis of a large scale scientific application, for the prediction of 3D Protein structures. The unique challenges which will be investigated are the primary objectives of a reduction in wall clock run time through the parallelization process, and the production of an application capable of running and scaling to a massively parallel configuration (currently 1024 nodes of the Intel Paragon) reliably for many non-contiguous days of supercomputer time. Enough flexibility to be reconfigured for a number of different parallel architectures including the CRAY T3E and IBM SP2 was included through the use of MPI as the parallel software layer. The application, GEOCORE, predicts small ensembles of native-like peptide conformations from amino acid sequences. GEOCORE uses a very simple energy function and an extensive conformational search process. The serial program has been tested on around 20 small peptides and is shown to be capable of discriminating native from non-native structures.
The order dimension of the poset of regions in a hyperplane arrangement

We show that the order dimension of the weak order on a Coxeter group of type A, B or D is equal to the rank of the Coxeter group, and give bounds on the order dimensions for the other finite types. This result arises from a unified approach which, in particular, leads to a simpler treatment of the previously known cases, types A and B. The result for weak orders follows from an upper bound on the dimension of the poset of regions of an arbitrary hyperplane arrangement. In some cases, including the weak orders, the upper bound is the chromatic number of a certain graph. For the weak orders, this graph has the positive roots as its vertex set, and the edges are related to the pairwise inner products of the roots.
ECLIPSING BINARY STARS IN THE LARGE AND SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUDS FROM THE MACHO PROJECT: THE SAMPLE

We present a new sample of 4634 eclipsing binary stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), expanding on a previous sample of 611 objects and a new sample of 1509 eclipsing binary stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), that were identified in the light curve database of the MACHO project. We perform a cross correlation with the OGLE-II LMC sample, finding 1236 matches. A cross correlation with the OGLE-II SMC sample finds 698 matches. We then compare the LMC subsamples corresponding to center and the periphery of the LMC and find only minor differences between the two populations. These samples are sufficiently large and complete that statistical studies of the binary star populations are possible.
A new VLSI system for adaptive recursive filtering

Abstract We develop an efficient bidirectional chain VLSI system for the adaptive recursive filtering problem. Our design is an improvement over previous designs. It matches the performance of a broadcast chain but does not use the broadcast capability.
One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics

This year marks the 100th anniversary of Max Planck's creation of the quantum concept, an idea so revolutionary that it took nearly 30 years for scientists to develop it into the theory that has transformed the way scientists view reality. In this month's essay, Daniel Kleppner and Roman Jackiw recount how quantum theory, which they rate as "the most precisely tested and most successful theory in the history of science," came to be, how it changed the world, and how it might continue to evolve to make the dream of ultimate understanding of the universe come true.
Activation of sp3 C−H Bonds with Cobalt(I): Catalytic Synthesis of Enamines

C-H bond activation has been extensively studied with (Cp*)M(L)n (M = Ir, Rh), but cobalt, the third member of this triad, has not previously been shown to activate sp3 C-H bonds. Further, practical functionalization of the metal alkyl products of oxidative addition has not been fully explored. Toward these ends, we have developed catalytic dehydrogenation of alkyl amines with a Co(I) catalyst. Amine substrates are protected with vinyl silanes, followed by catalytic transfer hydrogenation, to yield a broad range of stable protected enamines and 1,2-diheteroatom-substituted alkenes, including several unprecedented heterocycles. (Cp*)Co(VTMS)2 catalyzes transfer hydrogenation under surprisingly mild conditions with high chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity, while tolerating additional functionality.
Continuous Flavor Symmetries and the Stability of Asymmetric Dark Matter

Generically, the asymmetric interactions in asymmetric dark matter (ADM) models could lead to decaying DM. We show that, for ADM that carries nonzero baryon number, the continuous flavor symmetries that generate the flavor structure in the quark sector also imply a looser lower bound on the mass scale of the asymmetric mediators between the dark and visible sectors. The mediators for B = 2 ADM that can produce a signal in the future indirect dark matter searches can thus also be searched for at the LHC. For two examples of the mediator models, with either the MFV or Froggatt-Nielsen flavor breaking pattern, we derive the FCNC constraints and discuss the search strategies at the LHC.
A Numerical Investigation of the Startup Transient in a Wave Rotor

The startup process is investigated for a hypothetical four-port wave rotor, envisioned as a topping cycle for a small gas turbine engine. The investigation is conducted numerically using a multi-passage, one-dimensional CFD based wave rotor simulation in combination with lumped volume models for the combustor, exhaust valve plenum, and rotor center cavity components. The simulation is described and several startup transients are presented which illustrate potential difficulties for the specific cycle design investigated. In particular it is observed that, prior to combustor light-off, or just after, the flow through the combustor loop is reversed from the design direction. The phenomenon is demonstrated and several possible modification techniques are discussed that avoid or overcome the problem.
Screening discrete alternatives with imprecisely assessed additive multi-attribute functions

Abstract The classical problem of ranking alternatives when there exists partial information on the scaling constants for additive multi-attribute utility functions (MAUFs) is reexamined. Most approaches assume that the unknown scaling constants can be precisely known. In this paper, we argue that this assumption may not be realistic, and we develop a new approach based on an assumption that is less restrictive and does not require that the Decision Maker be “consistent” over the given partial information regarding the unknown scaling constants. Definitions and computationally efficient procedures are developed to identify nondominated alternatives with respect to partial information on the scaling constants, which is called “utility nondominancy.” The concepts and procedures developed demonstrate, through two tests (solving two linear programming problems), whether or not the set of alternatives can be further screened. Finding the best alternative via an interactive method in which the proportion of alternatives screened may be changed is discussed. The approach is generalized and related to other MAUF structures such as multilinear, quasi-concave, and quasi-convex. It is demonstrated that linear programming is sufficient to solve all ensuing problems. Some examples are provided.
Future investigations in electromagnetic nuclear physics

Abstract Some basic problems in nuclear physics which may receive positive response from electro- and photonuclear research, are discussed. Future directions for this research are outlined and some specific experimental proposals compiled by a study group under the sponsorship of the Bates (MIT) Users Group are described.
Commitment and observability in games

Models of commitment make two assumptions: there is a first mover, and his action is perfectly observed by the subsequent mover. The purpose of this paper is to disentangle these two assumptions, in order to see if a strategic benefit from commitment remains when the first mover's choice is imperfectly observed. The basic finding is that the first-mover advantage is eliminated when there is even a slight amount of noise associated with the observation of the first mover's selection. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.
Restricting CPR to patients who provide informed consent will not permit physicians to unilaterally refuse requested CPR.

Bishop and colleagues (2010) are rightly critical of presumed in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). But their analysis is plagued by a fundamental conflation. On the one hand, Bishop and...
Finite temperature quantum simulation of stabilizer Hamiltonians

We present a scheme for robust finite temperature quantum simulation of stabilizer Hamiltonians. The scheme is designed for realization in a physical system consisting of a finite set of neutral atoms trapped in an addressable optical lattice that are controllable via one- and two-body operations together with dissipative one-body operations such as optical pumping. We show that these minimal physical constraints suffice for design of a quantum simulation scheme for any stabilizer Hamiltonian at arbitrary temperature. We demonstrate the approach with application to the Abelian and non-Abelian toric codes. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
A Robust Servo-Electronic Controller for Brake Force Distribution

In this paper a control system which achieves ideal brake force distribution between the front and the rear wheels of a vehicle during normal braking is studied. Ideal brake proportioning is achieved by dynamically controlling the rear-wheel speed to track the front-wheel speed. Electro-hydraulic brake actuators, which are installed at the rear brakes of the vehicle, are used to modulate the brake-line pressure. A simple linear model of the actuators was developed
Fluctuations in a near-critical steady state with temperature gradient

Abstract Due to mode coupling, the fluctuations in near-critical liquids with temperature gradients differ from equilibrium ones at length-scales r>rmc. The mode coupling radius rmc decreases when the reduced temperature e=(T−Tc)/Tc decreases at a constant temperature gradient, and may coincide, at e=ecn(∇e), with the increasing correlation radius rc. For e
Predicting thermal contact resistance at cryogenic temperatures for spacecraft applications

Extensive work has been done to predict thermal contact resistance (or thermal contact conductance) at room temperature; however only limited research has been conducted at cryogenic temperatures. The absence of experimental data is notable because of the many applications for spacecraft at low temperature. This paper presents thermal contact conductance measurements of pressed metal contacts in a vacuum environment near room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures (110 to 144 K). Contact pressures varied from 0.4 to 14 MPa. The materials used were chosen because of their applications within the aerospace industry: stainless steel (AISI304), aluminum (6061-T6), a low-expansion nickel-iron alloy (39% nickel), and beryllium. Existing theoretical correlations (an elastic contact model and a plastic contact model) are reviewed, and the temperature dependence of the relevant material properties is investigated to explain the results. The stainless-steel data are in good agreement with the elastic contact model, whereas the aluminum data do not agree well with either the elastic or the plastic contact model. Of particular interest are the results with beryllium that indicate the conductance may not always be directly proportional to the bulk thermal conductivity.
Dynamical mean–field studies of metal–insulator transitions

We discuss the successes of the dynamical mean-eld (DMF) approach to metal{ insulator transitions in both the clean and the disordered limit. In the latter case, standard DMF equations are generalized in order to incorporate both the physics of strong correlation and Anderson localization eects. The results give new insights into the puzzling features of doped semiconductors.
A software design and evaluation system

A critical failure of current software system design and implementation methodology is that the performance of a proposed design is not evaluated before it is actually implemented. In this paper the reasons for this failure are explored, and a new methodology which overcomes many of the difficulties is proposed. A system which integrates performance evaluation with design and implementation is described. This system is based on a simple, high level language which is used to describe the evolving system at all stages of its development. The source language description is used as direct input to performance analysis and simulation routines. Using the performance information obtained from these routines as feedback, the problems which adversely affect performance are detected early enough so that they can be corrected without costly major reimplementation of the proposed system.
Cytokinesis and the contractile ring in fission yeast: towards a systems-level understanding

Cytokinesis, the final stage of the cell division cycle, requires the proper placement, assembly and contraction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring. Conserved sets of cytokinesis proteins and pathways have now been identified and characterized functionally. Additionally, fluorescent protein fusion technology enables quantitative high-resolution imaging of protein dynamics in living cells. For these reasons, the study of cytokinesis is now ripe for quantitative, systems-level approaches. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of contractile ring dynamics in the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast), focusing on recent examples that illustrate a synergistic integration of quantitative experimental data with computational modeling. A picture of a highly dynamic and integrated system consisting of overlapping networks is beginning to emerge, the detailed nature of which remains to be elucidated.
He I Emission in the Orion Nebula and Implications for Primordial Helium Abundance

We apply a recently developed theoretical model of helium emission to observations of both the Orion Nebula and a sample of extragalactic H II regions. In the Orion analysis, we eliminate some weak and blended lines and compare theory and observation for our reduced line list. With our best theoretical model we find an average difference between theoretical and observed intensities Ipred/Iobs ? 1 = 6.5%. We argue that both the red and blue ends of the spectrum may have been inadequately corrected for reddening. For the 22 highest quality lines, with 3499 ? ? ? ? 6678 ?, our best model predicts observations to an average of 3.8%. We also perform an analysis of the reported observational errors and conclude that they have been underestimated. In the extragalactic analysis, we demonstrate the likelihood of a large systematic error in the reported data and discuss possible causes. This systematic error is at least as large as the errors associated with nearly all attempts to calculate the primordial helium abundance from such observations. Our Orion analysis suggests that the problem does not lie in the theoretical models. We demonstrate a correlation between equivalent width and apparent helium abundance of lines from extragalactic sources that is most likely due to underlying stellar absorption. Finally, we present fits to collisionless case B He I emissivities as well as the relative contributions due to collisional excitations out of the metastable 2s 3S term.
Mn-Mediated Coupling of Alkyl Iodides and Ketimines: A Radical Addition Route to α,α-Disubstituted α-Aminoesters

Coupling of primary and secondary alkyl iodides with N-acylhydrazonoesters via Mn-mediated photolysis conditions affords access to tert-alkyl amines.
Neutron scattering studies of magnetic correlations in the layered cuprates

All of the copper oxide superconductors contain CuO{sub 2} layers which, when insulating, exhibit strong, two-dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic correlations due to the unusually large superexchange interaction between nearest-neighbor Cu{sup 2+} atoms. Magnetic correlations survive, although with a reduced correlation length, even when the layers are doped with holes. A short review of neutron scattering studies of magnetic correlations and excitations in the layered cuprates is presented. 19 refs., 6 figs.
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid catalyzed Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatics with β-lactams

Abstract N-Protected and unprotected 2-azetidinones, protolytically activated by superacidic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, react with aromatic compounds to give β-amino aromatic ketones in good to excellent yields (65–98%). Non-benzenoid aromatics (pyrrole and ferrocene) produced good yield (64–89%) of the corresponding ketones.
On the predictability of large transfer TCP throughput

Predicting the throughput of large TCP transfers is important for a broad class of applications. This paper focuses on the design, empirical evaluation, and analysis of TCP throughput predictors. We first classify TCP throughput prediction techniques into two categories: Formula-Based (FB) and History-Based (HB). Within each class, we develop representative prediction algorithms, which we then evaluate empirically over the Resilient Overlay Network (RON) testbed. FB prediction relies on mathematical models that express the TCP throughput as a function of the characteristics of the underlying network path. It does not rely on previous TCP transfers in the given path, and it can be performed with non-intrusive network measurements. We show, however, that the FB method is accurate only if the TCP transfer is window-limited to the point that it does not saturate the underlying path, and explain the main causes of the prediction errors. HB techniques predict the throughput of TCP flows from a time series of previous TCP throughput measurements on the same path, when such a history is available. We show that even simple HB predictors, such as Moving Average and Holt-Winters, using a history of few and sporadic samples, can be quite accurate. On the negative side, the accuracy of HB predictors is highly path-dependent.
Input impedance analysis of single-phase PFC converters

The input impedance of single-phase boost power factor corrected (PFC) AC-DC converters is modeled and analyzed in this paper. A large-signal model is presented for the input impedance which overcomes the limitations of traditional piece-wise linearized models. The model is valid at frequencies ranging from the crossover frequency of the output voltage loop to half the switching frequency of the converter. Experimental results from a boost single-phase PFC converter are provided to validate the model. Input characteristics of typical boost PFC converters, such as input impedance dipping, leading phase of the input current, and responses to distorted input voltages are studied by using the model. A simple compensation technique to reduce the dipping in the input impedance, thereby improving converter performance and minimizing the potential for undesirable interactions with the input filter or the ac source, is also presented.
2,6-Dimethoxyanthracene — a directing group for regioselective bisaddition to C60

Abstract The reaction of C60 with 2,6-dimethoxyanthracene in dichlorobenzene at 200°C gives the 1:1 Diels-Alder adduct in 20% isolated yield. 2,6-Dimethoxyanthracene was used as a directing group for regioselective bisaddition to C60 in the nucleophilic cyclopropanations. Compared to bisaddition without the directing group, the yields of cis-isomers increased significantly.
Thermal design of the ACCESS erectable space truss

Thermal design requirements for the erectable truss beam to be assembled in-orbit during extra-vehicular activity as part of the ACCESS experiment to take place in 1985-1986 are formulated and assessed. The coatings, insulation, and materials chosen for the structural elements of the beam are detailed. A combined radiation and conduction thermal model reveals that worst-case thermal gradients within the ACCESS structure over plane-to-sun angles of 0 to 80 deg will be less than 29 F, which is within the allowable limit of 50 F. The individual strut insulation concept using aluminized Kapton is shown to offer significant advantages over white paint or a chromic acid anodized surface for controlling the thermal response.
Strata of rational space curves

The µ-invariant µ = ( µ 1 , µ 2 , µ 3 ) of a rational space curve gives important information about the curve. In this paper, we describe the structure of all parameterizations that have the same µ-type, what we call a µ-stratum, and as well the closure of strata. Many of our results are based on papers by the second author that appeared in the commutative algebra literature. We also present new results, including an explicit formula for the codimension of the locus of non-proper parametrizations within each µ-stratum and a decomposition of the smallest µ-stratum based on which two-dimensional rational normal scroll the curve lies on. We compute dimension of each stratum.The closure of each stratum is explicitly given as a union of smaller strata.Non-proper parametrizations are of high codimension in each stratum.The smallest stratum is further stratified by rational normal scrolls.
A NEW MECHANISM FOR BARYOGENESIS

Abstract A new mechanism for baryogenesis is proposed. It is argued that, after inflation, the scalar quarks and leptons of a supersymmetric GUT may have large expectation values. The subsequent evolution of such a system is shown to generate a significant baryon density. For typical values of the parameters, n B / n γ may be as large as 10 3 .
Microvascular free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of scalp and lateral temporal bone defects.

OBJECTIVES Defects of the scalp and lateral temporal bone (LTB) represent a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Simple reconstructive methods such as skin grafts, locoregional flaps, or tissue expanders are often not feasible owing to a myriad of reasons. Vascularized free tissue transfer coverage offers distinct advantages in managing these defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective case series was performed on all patients at the University of Washington Medical Center who had scalp or LTB defects reconstructed with free tissue transfer from May 1996 to July 2009. Cases were analyzed for defect characteristics, flap type, vessel selection, radiation status, dural exposure, complications, and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 68 free flap reconstructions were performed in 65 patients with scalp or LTB defects. A total of 22 resections included craniotomy, and 48 patients had preoperative or postoperative radiation. Defects ranged from 6 to 836 cm(2). All flaps (46 latissimus, 11 rectus, 4 radial forearm, 6 anterolateral thigh, and 1 omental) were transferred successfully. Vein grafts were required in 5 cases. Complications included delayed flap failure requiring secondary reconstruction, neck hematoma, venous thrombosis, skull base infection, large wound dehiscence, small wound dehiscence, donor site hematoma and seroma, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. Cosmetic results were consistent and durable. CONCLUSIONS Microvascular free tissue transfer is a safe and reliable method of reconstructing scalp and LTB defects while offering favorable cosmetic results. We favor the use of latissimus muscle-only flap with skin graft coverage for large scalp defects and rectus or anterolateral thigh free flaps for lateral temporal bone defects.
Holographic entanglement entropy: near horizon geometry and disconnected regions

We study the finite term of the holographic entanglement entropy for the charged black hole in AdSd+2 and other examples of black holes when the spatial region in the boundary theory is given by one or two parallel strips. For one large strip it scales like the width of the strip. The divergent term of its expansion as the turning point of the minimal surface approaches the horizon is determined by the near horizon geometry. Examples involving a Lifshitz scaling are also considered. For two equal strips in the boundary we study the transition of the mutual information given by the holographic prescription. In the case of the charged black hole, when the width of the strips becomes large this transition provides a characteristic finite distance depending on the temperature.
On the dynamics of the satellite galaxies in NGC 5044

The NGC 5044 galaxy group is dominated by a luminous elliptical galaxy that is surrounded by ∼160 dwarf satellites. The projected number density profile of this dwarf population deviates within ∼1/3 of the virial radius from a projected Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) profile, which is assumed to approximate the underlying total matter distribution. By means of a semi-analytic model, we demonstrate that the interplay between gravitation, dynamical friction and tidal mass loss and destruction can explain the observed number density profile. We use only two parameters in our models: the total to stellar mass fraction of the satellite haloes and the disruption efficiency. The disruption efficiency is expressed by a minimum radius. If the tidal radius of a galaxy (halo) falls below this radius, it is assumed to become unobservable. The preferred parameters are an initial total to stellar mass fraction of ∼20 and a disruption radius of 4 kpc. In that model, about 20 per cent of all the satellites are totally disrupted on their orbits within the group environment. Dynamical friction is less important in shaping the inner slope of the number density profile because the reduction in mass by tidal forces lowers the impact of the friction term. The main destruction mechanism is tide. In the preferred model, the total B-band luminosity of all disrupted galaxies is about twice the observed luminosity of the central elliptical galaxy, indicating that a significant fraction of stars are scattered into the intragroup medium. Dwarf galaxy satellites closer to the centre of the NGC 5044 group may exhibit optical evidence of partial tidal disruption. If dynamical friction forces the satellite to merge with the central elliptical, the angular momentum of the satellite tends to be removed at the apocentre passage. Afterwards, the satellite drops radially towards the centre.
Management of suspicious or indeterminate calcifications and impact on local control

BACKGROUND The current study was undertaken to determine the potential advantage associated with complete removal of suspicious or indeterminate calcifications (SIC) before the initiation of irradiation as part of breast conservation therapy (BCT). METHODS Of 2045 patients treated with BCT at Yale University School of Medicine (New Haven, Connecticut) and satellite facilities before 2002, 111 women, included 3 patients with bilateral disease, had a postexcision preirradiation mammogram (PREMAMMO) to evaluate residual SIC. Thus, 114 breasts were at risk for local disease recurrence. Seventy-five breasts at risk had no residual SIC and proceeded to undergo radiotherapy (XRT) without further surgery or mammography. Of the remaining 39 breasts at risk, only 3 underwent a PREMAMMO with documented removal of all calcifications (DRC). Thirty-six breasts at risk proceeded to XRT with either known SIC or with nondocumented removal of calcifications (NDRC) after another excision. RESULTS Of the 78 breasts at risk with DRC via PREMAMMO, there were 7 local failures (LF) and 1 distant failure. Of the 36 breasts with NDRC via PREMAMMO, there were 7 LF and 1 regional failure. Of the 34 breasts who underwent reexcision after detection of SIC by PREMAMMO, 20 (59%) were found to have residual disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients with DRC were found to have better local control than patients with NDRC. In addition, the presence of SIC on a PREMAMMO was associated with a high probability of detecting residual disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Semiclassical model for thermoelectric transport in nanocomposites

Nanocomposites (NCs) has recently been proposed and experimentally demonstrated to be potentially high-efficiency thermoelectric materials by reducing the thermal conductivity through phonon-interface scattering and possibly by increasing the Seebeck coefficient through energy-selective carrier scattering (low-energy filtering) or quantum-size effect of electrons. In this paper, we develop a Boltzmann transport equation based semiclassical electron transport model to describe the thermoelectric transport processes in semiconductor NCs. This model considers multiband transport of electrons and holes with both the intrinsic carrier scatterings and the carrier-interface scattering. A relaxation-time model is developed for carrier-interface scattering. After fitting the model with bulk thermoelectric alloys that gives reasonable material input parameters for bulk alloys, which are close to handbook values, the model is further validated by comparing the modeled thermoelectric properties with recently reported measurement values of thermoelectric properties in high efficiency NCs. The model is then applied to predict thermoelectric properties of both the particle-host-type and the particle-particle-type semiconductor NCs such as the $p$-type $({\text{Bi}}_{\text{y}}{\text{Sb}}_{2\text{-y}}{\text{Te}}_{3})\text{\ensuremath{-}}({\text{Bi}}_{0.5}{\text{Sb}}_{1.5}{\text{Te}}_{3})$ NCs and the $n$-type $({\text{Mg}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{\text{y}}{\text{Ge}}_{1\text{-y}})\text{\ensuremath{-}}({\text{Mg}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{0.6}{\text{Ge}}_{0.4})$ NCs. The dependence of thermoelectric transport coefficients on the size of nanoconstituent, doping concentration and temperature are studied. Our study could shed some light to optimally design high-efficiency thermoelectric NCs which could contribute to solar-thermal utilization or waste heat recovery.
Performance of parallel branch-and-bound algorithms

Consideration is given to the performance of parallel best-bound-first branch-and-bound algorithms in which several nodes with least lower bounds are expanded simultaneously. It is well known that anomalies may occur in the execution of a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm. The authors show the conditions under which anomalies are guaranteed not to occur when the number of processors is doubled, or not even doubled.
The metal to metal interface and its effect on adhesion and friction

Abstract The interface established by two metal surfaces brought into solid state contact is much more rigidly predetermined than is the interface for the other states of matter contacting themselves or solids. Thus, solid state structural factors at the surface such as orientation, lattice registry, crystal lattice defects, and structure are shown to have an effect on the character of the resulting interface established for two metals in contact. The interfacial structural character affects the adhesion or bonding forces of one solid to another. This in turn influences the forces necessary for tangential displacements of one solid surface relative to the other. Because the nature of the metal-to-metal interface is determined to an extent by the solid surficial layers' surface tools such as LEED, Auger emission spectroscopy and field ion microscopy are used to characterize the solid surfaces prior to contacts and after the established of an interface. In addition to the foregoing structural considerations, many of the properties of matter which influence the nature of the interface of the various states of matter with metals are shown to effect the metal-to-metal interface. These include metal surface chemistry and the influence of alloying on surface chemistry and bulk chemical behavior. The nature of the interface, adhesion and friction properties of noble metals, platinum metals, Group IVB metals, and transition metals are considered. Surface chemical activity of the noble and platinum metals are shown to effect metal-to-metal interfaces as docs valence bonding in the transition metals. With the Group IVB metals the degree of metallic nature of the elements is shown to effect interfacial behavior. The effect of surface segregation of alloy constituents such as silicon in iron and its influence on the metal-to-metal interface is discussed. In addition, the effect of alloy constituents on changes in bulk properties such as transformations in tin is shown to effect interfacial adhesion and friction behavior.
Around the Block: Urban Models with a Street Grid

Abstract Models of urban residential structure usually assume that transportation costs are a function of straight-line distance from the central business district (CBD), which is equivalent to assuming an infinite number of radial streets. This paper presents and expands existing work on urban models with an alternative transportation system, namely a dense network of vertical and horizontal streets, that is, a street grid. Several models are examined, including some with a finite number of radial commuting arteries and one with a discrete suburban worksite. Switching to a Street grid alters only one parameter in the equations of a standard urban model, but alters urban population and leads to strikingly different spatial patterns. This last result implies that the appropriate explanatory variable for estimating density functions and rent gradients is not distance from the CBD but is instead total transportation cost.
MICHAELIS-BECKER SYNTHESIS OF bis(2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHYL)PHOSPHONO ESTERS

(1999). MICHAELIS-BECKER SYNTHESIS OF bis(2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHYL)PHOSPHONO ESTERS. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 240-243.
Accumulation of reserves and keeping up with the Joneses: The case of LATAM economies

Abstract In this paper we explore the ‘Mrs. Machlup's Wardrobe’ hypothesis to understand the growing trend of Latin American economies amassing large stocks of international reserves. Using annual data from 1980 to 2007, we examine the relevance of the argument that economies continue to add to their existing reserves stock in order to keep up with the Joneses. We find strong evidence of presence of the Joneses effect. The effect is robust to the inclusion of traditional determinants of reserve accumulation as well as region specific factors including commodity exports that set the Latin American economies apart from other emerging economies.
Fractal quantum well heterostructures for broadband light emitters

We examine carrier relaxation and radiative recombination in AlGaAs based near IR and AlGaInP based visible fractal quantum well heterostructures. Through temperature dependent photoluminescence, we demonstrate that enhanced population of higher lying energy levels can be achieved by varying the thickness of the layers in the fractal heterostructurd. This distribution of carriers results in room temperature emission over a relatively broad range of wavelengths: approximately 700--855 nm for AlGaAs structures and 575--650 nm for AlGaInP structures. Spectra are compared to theoretical calculations to evaluate the non-equilibrium nature of the carrier distributions. Time resolved photoluminescence measurements demonstrate an approximately linear relationship between the radiative decay time and the layer thickness of the structure. Correspondingly, integrated luminescence measurements at room temperature reveal a factor of four increase in the light output efficiency of the structure as the fractal layer thickness is increased from 50 {angstrom} to 400 {angstrom}. The applicability of these heterostructures to broadband LEDs is discussed.
Effect of acoustic excitation on stalled flows over an airfoil

The effect of acoustic excitation on poststalled flows over an airfoil, i.e., flows that are fully separated from near the leading edge, is investigated. The excitation results in a tendency toward reattachment, which is accompanied by an increased lift and reduced drag, although the flow may still remain fully separated. It is found that with increasing excitation amplitude, the effect becomes more pronounced but shifts to a Strouhal number which is much lower than that expected from linear, inviscid instability of the separated shear layer.
New Co–Pd–Zn γ-Brasses with Dilute Ferrimagnetism and Co2Zn11 Revisited: Establishing the Synergism between Theory and Experiment

A synergism between electronic structure theory and the targeted synthesis of new ternary γ-brass compounds is demonstrated in the Co–Zn system. Co2Zn11, which adopts a cubic γ-brass structure, is shown to be at the Zn-rich end of a homogeneity range that varies from 15.4 to 22.1 atom % Co. Four samples were examined by single-crystal diffraction, all of which crystallize in space group I43m with the lattice parameter ranging from 8.9851(1) to 8.8809(1) A as the Co content increases. In the 26-atom γ-brass clusters, Co atoms preferentially occupy the outer tetrahedron (OT) sites and then replace Zn atoms at the octahedron (OH) sites at higher Co concentrations. In addition, a small fraction of vacancies occurs on the inner tetrahedron (IT) sites. The electronic structure of Co2Zn11 shows two distinct pseudogaps near the Fermi level: one at 292 valence electrons per primitive unit cell and the other at 302–304 valence electrons per primitive unit cell. Using molecular orbital arguments applied to the body...
Space telescope and cosmology

The status of institutional arrangements and of the hardware development for Space Telescope are highlighted. After a brief summary of instrument characteristics, some examples are given on the possible use of the ST to study objects of interest to cosmology.
Regularization Methods for High-Dimensional Instrumental Variables Regression With an Application to Genetical Genomics

In genetical genomics studies, it is important to jointly analyze gene expression data and genetic variants in exploring their associations with complex traits, where the dimensionality of gene expressions and genetic variants can both be much larger than the sample size. Motivated by such modern applications, we consider the problem of variable selection and estimation in high-dimensional sparse instrumental variables models. To overcome the difficulty of high dimensionality and unknown optimal instruments, we propose a two-stage regularization framework for identifying and estimating important covariate effects while selecting and estimating optimal instruments. The methodology extends the classical two-stage least squares estimator to high dimensions by exploiting sparsity using sparsity-inducing penalty functions in both stages. The resulting procedure is efficiently implemented by coordinate descent optimization. For the representative L1 regularization and a class of concave regularization methods, ...
Uniqueness of unconditional bases in Banach spaces

We prove a general results on complemented unconditional basic sequences in Banach lattices and apply it to give some new examples of spaces with unique unconditional basis. We show that Tsirelson space and certain Nakano spaces have unique unconditional bases. We also construct an example of a space with a unique unconditional basis with a complemented subspace failing to have a unique unconditional basis.
An SMT Based Method for Optimizing Arithmetic Computations in Embedded Software Code

We present a new method for optimizing the source code of embedded control software with the objective of minimizing implementation errors in the linear fixed-point arithmetic computations caused by overflow, underflow, and truncation. Our method relies on the use of the satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solver to search for alternative implementations that are mathematically equivalent but require a smaller bit-width, or implementations that use the same bit-width but have a larger error-free dynamic range. Our systematic search of the bounded implementation space is based on a new inductive synthesis procedure, which is guaranteed to find a valid solution as long as such solution exists. Furthermore, we propose an incremental optimization procedure, which applies the synthesis procedure only to small code regions—one at a time—as opposed to the entire program, which is crucial for scaling the method up to programs of realistic size and complexity. We have implemented our new method in a software tool based on the Clang/LLVM compiler frontend and the Yices SMT solver. Our experiments, conducted on a set of representative benchmarks from embedded control and digital signal processing applications, show that the method is both effective and efficient in optimizing arithmetic computations in embedded software code.
Surgical anatomy of the nose.

Assessing the external nose requires an understanding of the anatomic components that contribute to its normal topographic features. Structures that influence the external appearance include the skin, which varies in thickness, and the underlying bony/cartilaginous skeletal framework. The soft tissue covering of the nose, external blood supply, external sensory nerve supply, caudal third of the nose, internal anatomy of the nose, and the boney vault are described. The authors conclude that knowing the details of nasal anatomy is essential when undertaking rhinoplasty surgery. Careful study of these details makes for a more confident, prepared practitioner.