cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language and race problems in South Africa

My purpose in visiting South Africa was to hear Afrikaans spoken on the spot, and to meet the scholars who are devoting themselves to the study of Afrikaans and its literature. This name for the language which in the nineteenth century was more commonly called Cape Dutch is in itself a challenge and a programme. It proclaims to the world that South Africa is a white man’s country, and that the white man’s language which is essentially South African is the Dutch speech of the Boers. It is a challenge, therefore, not only to the native population, whose anterior rights to the land are held to be superseded by the rights of the pioneers who reclaimed it for civilization, it is a challenge also to the English, who would claim for their language first place in South Africa.
Current practices in antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring

Abstract Survey forms were sent to 360 Ob./Gyn. residency programs in the United States and Canada with responses from 279 concerning usage of various types of fetal monitoring. The results are presented and discussed.
Neurochemical Aspects of 4-Hydroxynonenal

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a major end-product of peroxidation of membrane arachidonic acid (ARA). This nine carbon α, β-unsaturated aldehyde contains three functional groups, which often act in concert and help to explain its high reactivity (Poli and Schaur, 2000). Most importantly, there is a conjugated system of a C=C double bond and a C=O carbonyl group which provide a partial positive charge to carbon 3 due to the presence of mobile pi-electrons. This positive charge is further enhanced by the inductive effect of the hydroxy group at carbon 4. Therefore, 4-HNE is considered to be soft electrophiles and is prone to be attacked by nucleophiles, such as thiol or amino groups. This reaction occurs primarily at carbon 3 and secondarily at the carbonyl carbon 1.
A gas chromatographic procedure for detection of pathological organic aciduria.

A number of nonamino organic acids associated with inborn errors of metabolism can be detected by gas chromatography. The organic acids are extracted into ethyl acetate and diethyl ether, the extracts combined, and the solvents evaporated under nitrogen. The residue is taken up in carbon disulfide and an aliquot chromatographed on 5% neopentyl glycol adipate to separate short-chain fatty acids (C 2 to 6). The remaining carbon disulfide is evaporated, the residue taken up in methanol, and the acids are methylated with diazomethane. The solvent is evaporated, the residue taken up in tetrahydrofuran, and an aliquot chromatographed on 15% diethylene glycol succinate to separate keto, hydroxy, and dicarboxylic acids. Chromatographic patterns for normal and abnormal urines have been established. Four cases of congenital methylmalonic aciduria have been diagnosed by this procedure.
Hydrology of soils and deep regolith: A nexus between soil geography, ecosystems and land management

Soils and climate control the internal movement of water in and through regolith. This dynamic process, called soil hydrology (also called hydropedology), can be approached within a framework of conceptual models that combine the influences of regional climate (with local variations), stratigraphy (pedo- and geo-stratigraphic circumstances) and topography (macro- and micro-topography). When combined, these elements can provide a practical understanding and prediction of how and where water in the vadose zone will typically move within a landscape. These conceptual models can also be extended to larger land areas, with adjustments made as the elements, such as stratigraphy, vary. In situations where highly detailed monitoring is not cost-effective, soil hydrology provides a means of incorporating what is known about water flow into our understanding, presentation and use of the soilscape. Soil hydrology can, in turn, be used to explain soil features (soil morphology), distributions (soil geography) and ecosystem functions (dynamics). It can also be used to guide land management decisions by providing a basis for partitioning the landscape into subsets with different input tolerances.
In vivo and mechanical properties of peritoneum/fascia as a novel arterial substitute.

Objective This study evaluates the efficacy of bovine peritoneum/fascia as an arterial substitute. Methods and outcome measures Twelve dogs underwent bilateral femoral artery patch angioplasty with a glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine peritoneal/fascial patch (PFA patch) on one side and polyester patch on the contralateral side. Arteriograms were performed just before vessel harvest at 1 and 6 months, and vessels were evaluated for aneurysms and inflammation. Histologic analysis included intima area, media thickness, and lumen area. Immunofluoresence for CD 34 and Factor VIII was done to evaluate endothelialization and α-actin for smooth muscle cell growth. Mechanical strength testing was evaluated in separate PFA patches and compared independently to a commercially available bovine pericardial patch and polyester patch. Results All vessels examined at both 1 and 6 months were patent with no arteriographic evidence of stenosis. There was no evidence of aneurysm formation in any vessel and no difference between groups in inflammatory reaction. One polyester patch at 1 month developed an infection. Microscopic evaluation of experimental vessels revealed no difference between groups in intima area at 1 month (2.1 ± 1.2 vs 2.2 ± 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5) and at 6 months (1.81 ± 1.2 vs 1.9 ± 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5). There was no difference in media thickness, but the PFA patch group had a greater lumen area at 1 month (8.8 ± 2.9 vs 9.8 ± 3.0 mm 2 ; P = .02) and 6 months (10.5 ± 4.2 vs 11.7 ± 5.6 mm 2 ; P = .02). Immunofluoresence for CD34 and Factor VIII demonstrated complete re-endothelialization of all patches. The polyester patch had a chronic inflammatory response, but not the PFA patch. Mechanical strength testing demonstrated that compared to pericardium, the PFA patch had superior ( P P P Conclusions The PFA patch has similar clot-resistant properties to polyester and is superior to the pericardial patch in mechanical strength. It is a promising endothelial alternative for not only arterial patches but other vascular products. Clinical relevance The search for an artificial, thromboresistant, and intimal hyperplasia resistant interface between blood and native blood vessels still continues. This study demonstrates the feasibility and proof of concept of the peritoneum's clot-resistant properties. When adding the underlying fascia, it serves as an ideal arterial patch. Other studies are underway evaluating its feasibility as a bypass graft and a "drug coated"-like stent lining.
The Effect of Lowered Temperatures of the Host on the Reproductive Activity of Plasmodium cathemerium

SYNOPSIS. Experiments were carried out to determine if the course of infection with Plasmodium cathemerium was changed when the temperature of incubation of the duck embryo host was lowered. At 30° C. the infection developed more slowly and never reached the peak seen in infected embryos incubated at 37° C. If infected embryos at 30° were returned to 37° C. the resultant parasitemia developed similarly to that usually seen in this host at the latter temperature. Studies of the periodic behavior of the parasite at 30° C. and 38° C. revealed no differences in the time of segmentation. Merozoite counts were unchanged. The reduced parasitemia in embryos at 30° C. may result from reduced ability of the parasite to penetrate new host cells.
Photocarrier multiplication due to impact ionization in GaAs

Abstract Photocurrent measurements on single-crystal n-type epitaxial GaAs at 4.2°K show photocurrent multiplication of nearly 800 due to impact ionization of shallow donors. The results are explained in terms of screening of the electron-ionized-impurity and electron-phonon interactions.
Molecular cloning of the replication terminus of the plasmid R6K.

Abstract Analyses of the intermediates of DNA replication of the R6K plasmid derivatives, RSF1040, RJHC12 and RJHC26 demonstrate the transient accumulation of open circular DNA molecules with a discontinuity in either the plus or the minus strand of the DNA. The location of this discontinuity is nonrandom and is near the terminus of DNA replication. The discontinuity is not due to the activation of a relaxation complex since neither RJHC12 nor RJHC26 are relaxable. The replication terminus is functional in a clone containing approx. a 2 000 bp sub-fragment of the HindIII-2 fragment of R6K. The replication terminus temporarily arrests the progression of replication fork of the unidirectionally replicating plasmid pBR313 at a region approx. 800 bp from the HindIII site located nearest to the BamHI site of the vector. Subcloning experiments reveal that the upper limit of the replication termination sequence is 216 bp in length.
Comparison of “selective” opiate receptor antagonists on the isolated mouse vas deferens

Abstract The selectivity and relative potencics of opiate receptor antagonists were compared on the mouse vas deferens preparation. ICI-174864 was found to be a highly selective antagonist at delta opiate receptors equal in potency to naltrexone in blocking the actions of delta agonists. Although less potent than naltrexone, beta-funal trexamine (beta-FNA) and Mr-1452, like naltrexone, were less selective in that they blocked the actions of mu, delta and kappa agonists. The relative potencies of beta-FNA and Mr-1452 in antagonizing the three types of agonists also were similar to naltrexone.
The 13C-NMR solid state spectroscopy of various classes of coals

Abstract The 13C-NMR spectra of various classes of coal obtained in the solid state show two resonances, one of which is assigned to aromatic carbon and the other to aliphatic carbon. The resonances are very broad with the high field resonance centered at about 7 ppm below tetramethylsilane and a low field resonance centered at about 140 ppm below tetramethysilane. Based on our previous solid state 13C-NMR studies of graphite and diamond, the high field resonance is typical of a sp3 carbon whereas the low fields resonance is assigned to a sp2 carbon whereas the low fields resonance is assigned to a sp2 carbon. It is found that the antracitic coals have more aromatic (sp2) carbons than the bituminous, subbituminous and lignite coals. The analytical implications of this technique are briefly discussed.
Paediatric keratoplasty: choices and conundrums.

Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) has revolutionised corneal transplantation in cases with pure endothelial dysfunction. Recently, DSEK has become a popular procedure among paediatric corneal surgeons globally for pure endothelial dysfunction, because it is said to provide early visual rehabilitation and an improved safety profile compared with traditional penetrating keratoplasty (PKP).1 ,2 Does it though? In this issue, Ashar et al 3 attempt to answer this question by describing a paired-eye comparison of DSEK and PKP in children with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). The authors have compared the outcomes of two techniques in the fellow eyes of the same patient at 1-year follow-up in terms of graft clarity, visual outcome and complications. There was no significant difference in the spherical component of the refraction with significantly lower astigmatism in DSEK. Although all the grafts were clear at 1 year, the authors observed that the graft clarity after DSEK never reached that obtained after PKP. Why should that be? A review of all the series published thus far on endothelial keratoplasty in children is summarised in table 1. There are a total of 54 eyes of 45 patients who underwent …
The Association between Treatment Preferences and Trajectories of Care at the End-of-Life

Background Honoring patients’ treatment preferences is a key component of high-quality end-of-life care.
Swarms, Phase Transitions, and Collective Intelligence

A spacially extended model of the collective behavior of a large number of locally acting organisms is proposed in which organisms move probabilistically between local cells in space, but with weights dependent on local morphogenetic substances, or morphogens. The morphogens are in turn are effected by the passage of an organism. The evolution of the morphogens, and the corresponding flow of the organisms constitutes the collective behavior of the group. Such models have various types of phase transitions and self-organizing properties controlled both by the level of the noise, and other parameters. The model is then applied to the specific case of ants moving on a lattice. The local behavior of the ants is inspired by the actual behavior observed in the laboratory, and analytic results for the collective behavior are compared to the corresponding laboratory results. It is hoped that the present model might serve as a paradigmatic example of a complex cooperative system in nature. In particular swarm models can be used to explore the relation of nonequilibrium phase transitions to at least three important issues encountered in artificial life. Firstly, that of emergence as complex adaptive behavior. Secondly, as an exploration of continuous phase transitions in biological systems. Lastly, to derive behavioral criteria for the evolution of collective behavior in social organisms.
Phase retrieval from the magnitude of the Fourier transforms of nonperiodic objects

It is suggested that, given the magnitude of Fourier transforms sampled at the Bragg density, the phase problem is underdetermined by a factor of 2 for 1D, 2D, and 3D objects. It is therefore unnecessary to oversample the magnitude of Fourier transforms by 2× in each dimension (i.e., oversampling by 4× for 2D and 8× for 3D) in retrieving the phase of 2D and 3D objects. Our computer phasing experiments accurately retrieved the phase from the magnitude of the Fourier transforms of 2D and 3D complex-valued objects by using positivity constraints on the imaginary part of the objects and loose supports, with the oversampling factor much less than 4 for 2D and 8 for 3D objects. Under the same conditions we also obtained reasonably good reconstructions of 2D and 3D complex-valued objects from the magnitude of their Fourier transforms with added noise and a central stop.
Abstract A46: HSP-90 inhibition in pediatric sarcomas

Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that regulates post-translational folding, stability, and function of many client proteins, which play critical roles in key signal transduction pathways implicated in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Several relevant oncogenic proteins are described as clients, such as insulin growth factor receptor 1, AKT/PKB, and src-family kinases. Signaling through these molecules is critical in the biology of rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing9s sarcoma, which are two of the most common pediatric sarcomas. Novel therapies for these tumors are clearly needed since patients with relapsed and metastatic disease continue to have poor outcomes and multimodality therapy, even when successful, is often accompanied by long-term morbidity. Ganetespib (Synta Pharmaceuticals) is a small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor that binds to the ATP pocket in the N-terminus of Hsp90, leading to down-regulation of Hsp90 client protein levels. We sought to evaluate the preclinical activity of ganetespib in a panel of Ewing9s Sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. We evaluated in vitro activity of ganetespib in Ewing Sarcoma cell lines (TC71, TC32, EW8, RDES) and in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines (RD, RH30) using kinetic proliferation assays and MTS. In all cases, marked inhibition of cell growth was achieved in a dose-dependent manner with drug IC50s in the low nanomolar range (3-6 nM). We found that ganetespib exposure is associated with both induction of apoptosis and alterations in cell cycle progression. In addition to upregulation of Hsp70, which is considered a biomarker of Hsp90 inhibition, ganetespib treatment was associated with loss of expression of IGF1R-beta as well as downregulation of key signaling pathways including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), pAKT, and Src-family kinases, particularly YES1, a kinase we previously identified as critical in rhabdomyosarcoma biology. Moreover, we observed a cooperative effect between Hsp90 inhibition and IGF1R blockade with R1507, a monoclonal antibody targeting this receptor (Hoffman-La Roche). Furthermore, synergy was seen when ganetespib was combined with the SFK inhibitor dasatinib. While in-vivo validation of these results is ongoing, we conclude that Hsp90 inhibition with ganetespib is an attractive strategy to explore for the therapy of pediatric sarcomas, possibly in combination with other targeted therapies. Citation Format: Fernanda I. Arnaldez, Toby Terwilliger, Choh Yeung, Len Neckers, Lee Helman. HSP-90 inhibition in pediatric sarcomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
Gone but not Forgotten.

Recently we published data showing that under some circumstances the effect of protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) inhibition in the amygdala on the expression of fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is a function of when the drug was applied relative to when testing occurred (Parsons and Davis, 2011). We showed in three separate experiments that if memory is tested anywhere from 10 to 15 days after infusion of the PKMζ inhibitor zeta-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide (ZIP) there was no evidence of memory impairment. However, there was a reliable impairment if testing took place a few hours or a few days after infusion of ZIP. A commentary was published by Nader (2011) critiquing several aspects of our findings and the conclusions drawn. Here, we respond to the criticism.
Oviposition site preference for substrate temperature in Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster females from a multifemale stock (SC-1) showed strong oviposition site preference (OSP) in a continuous gradient of substrate temperatures (18–31°C). Flies reared at 25°C had an OSP (\(\bar X\) ±SE) of 25.2±0.2°C, whereas flies reared at 18°C had an OSP of 23.5±.2°C. Flies reared from egg to adult at one temperature and exposed as adults for 4 days to another temperature had OSPs intermediate between these extremes. This second 4-day exposure seemed to have a greater effect on OSP than the first rearing temperature. Selection experiments failed to produce significant change in mean OSP in eight generations, indicating a low heritability of temperature OSP in this stock.
Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: Innervation and structure of primate levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles

The levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi are antagonistic muscles that function during movements of the eyelid. The levator also functions in conjunction with superior and inferior rectus muscles in coordinated eye/lid movements. The present study examined the innervation and morphology of these muscles in Cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in order to provide a better understanding of the anatomical substrate for lid movements. Motoneurons innervating the levator and orbicularis muscles were identified and localized by retrograde transport of WGA/HRP and HRP. Retrogradely labelled levator motoneurons were distributed bilaterally throughout the caudal central division of the oculomotor nucleus. A few labelled cells were also present within the contralateral superior rectus division, possibly because of the spread of tracer at the injection site. The possibility that individual motoneurons collateralize to innervate the levator muscle bilaterally was tested by using double retrograde labelling techniques. Doubly labelled levator motoneurons could not be detected by using a combination of tracers (HRP and Fast Blue). Motoneurons innervating the upper lid portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle were distributed within the dorsal subdivision of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus, with a few neurons in the corresponding locus of the contralateral facial nucleus. Species differences in levator motoneuron distribution, particularly distinctions in lateral-eyed versus frontal-eyed mammals, are discussed in relation to the neural control of lid movements. The levator palpebrae superioris contains three of the same ultrastructurally defined types of singly innervated muscle fiber found in the global layer of other extraocular muscles and an additional, unique slow-twitch fiber type. Moreover, the multiply innervated fiber types so characteristic of the other extraocular muscles are conspicuously absent from levator muscles. Unlike the rectus and oblique extraocular muscles, the levator lacks a layered distribution of fiber types. The morphological profiles of levator muscle fiber types are such that they generally do not respect traditional fiber classification schemes, but are consistent with a role for the levator in sustained elevation of the lid. The orbicularis oculi muscle, by contrast, exhibited three distinct fiber types that resembled categories of skeletal muscle twitch fibers. One slow-twitch and two fast-twitch fiber types were noted. On the basis of oxidative enzyme profiles and mitochondrial content, the majority of orbicularis oculi fibers would be fatigue-prone, an assessment consistent with their rapid onset/offset of acti
Surfactant chain length effects on the light emission of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)/ tripropylamine electrogenerated chemiluminescence.

The effects of nonionic surfactant chain length on the properties of tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+ where bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) have been investigated. The electrochemistry, photophysics, and ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ in the presence of a series of nonionic surfactants are reported (Triton X-100, 114, 165, 405, 305, and 705−70). These surfactants differ in the number of poly(ethylene oxide) units incorporated into the surfactant molecule. The anodic oxidation of Ru(bpy)32+ produces ECL in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) in aqueous surfactant solution. Increases in ECL efficiency (≥5-fold) and TPrA oxidation current (≥2-fold) have been observed in surfactant media. Slight decreases in ECL intensity are observed as the chain length of the nonionic surfactant increases. The data supports adsorption of surfactant on the electrode surface, thus facilitating TPrA and Ru(bpy)32+ oxidation and leading to higher ECL efficiencies.
Stimulus-preference and memory factors in Korsakoff's syndrome☆

Abstract Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome were compared to aphasic patients and to neurologically-intact control subjects on a task designed to assess the effects of stimulus preferences on visual discrimination learning and retention. Although both the Korsakoff and the aphasic groups made more errors on this task than the normal controls, the two brain-damaged groups showed different patterns of response: (1) Korsakoff patients made more errors on non-preferred than on preferred stimulus dimensions, while the aphasics did not, and (2) only the Korsakoffs made significantly more errors on later test trials than on earlier ones. These results support previous suggestions that Korsakoff's disease may affect cognitive functioning independently of retention.
Toward Reconciling Magnitude Discrepancies Estimated from Paleoearthquake Data

We recognize a discrepancy in magnitudes estimated for several Basin and Range, U.S.A. faults. For example, magnitudes predicted for the Wasatch (Utah), Lost River (Idaho), and Lemhi (Idaho) faults from fault segment lengths (L{sub seg}) where lengths are defined between geometrical, structural, and/or behavioral discontinuities assumed to persistently arrest rupture, are consistently less than magnitudes calculated from displacements (D) along these same segments. For self-similarity, empirical relationships (e.g. Wells and Coppersmith, 1994) should predict consistent magnitudes (M) using diverse fault dimension values for a given fault (i.e. M {approx} L{sub seg}, should equal M {approx} D). Typically, the empirical relationships are derived from historical earthquake data and parameter values used as input into these relationships are determined from field investigations of paleoearthquakes. A commonly used assumption - grounded in the characteristic-earthquake model of Schwartz and Coppersmith (1984) - is equating L{sub seg} with surface rupture length (SRL). Many large historical events yielded secondary and/or sympathetic faulting (e.g. 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake) which are included in the measurement of SRL and used to derive empirical relationships. Therefore, calculating magnitude from the M {approx} SRL relationship using L{sub seg} as SRL leads to an underestimation of magnitude and the M {approx}more » L{sub seg} and M {approx} D discrepancy. Here, we propose an alternative approach to earthquake magnitude estimation involving a relationship between moment magnitude (Mw) and length, where length is L{sub seg} instead of SRL. We analyze seven historical, surface-rupturing, strike-slip and normal faulting earthquakes for which segmentation of the causative fault and displacement data are available and whose rupture included at least one entire fault segment, but not two or more. The preliminary Mw {approx} L{sub seg} results are strikingly consistent with Mw {approx} D calculations using paleoearthquake data for the Wasatch, Lost River, and Lemhi faults, demonstrating self-similarity and implying that the Mw {approx} L{sub seg} relationship should supplant M {approx} SRL relationships currently employed in seismic hazard analyses. The relationship will permit reliable use of L{sub seg} data from field investigations and proper use and weighting of multiple-segment-rupture scenarios in seismic hazard analyses, and eliminate the need to reconcile the Mw {approx} SRL and Mw {approx} D differences in a multiple-parameter relationship for segmented faults.« less
A Research Roadmap Toward a Holistic and Structured Top-Down Concept Selection Methodology

In the field of human cognition, thinking consists of problem-solving and decision-making. In cognitive thinking, top-down processing is an approach used by experts that enables them to solve problems and make decisions efficiently. This paper attempts to apply cognitive top-down thinking process to the concept evaluation of systems and their components. In the top-down concept evaluation approach, engineers first evaluate system concepts. Once a system concept is selected, engineers then identify system components (modules) that they can design independently for the chosen system concept. Engineers generate concepts for system modules and select one concept for each module. The objective of this paper is first to identify characteristics needed for a holistic and structured top-down concept evaluation methodology for a system and its components, and second to propose a research roadmap for establishing the proposed framework.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Microwave sintering of flyash

Abstract Class F flyash has been sintered by microwave and conventional processes. The sintering was carried out in a temperature range of 800 to 1000 °C. Densities up to 2.2 g/cm 3 , and diametral tensile strength up to 26 MPa (corresponding diametral compressive strength 78 MPa) were achieved after sintering for 10–20 min. The microwave sintered samples were denser and thus stronger than the samples conventionally sintered at the same temperature for the same time. The sintered bodies are glass-ceramic material, with mullite (Al 6 Si 2 O 13 ) as the major crystalline phase.
Incorporating effects of forest litter in a snow process model

Net solar radiation often dominates the snow surface energy exchange during ablation in many conifer forests. Reflection of solar radiation from the snow surface depends not only on snow properties, but also on forest litter lying on and within the snowpack. We know of no validated model reported in the literature that accounts for the influence of forest litter on snow surface energy exchanges. The purpose of this work is to test an existing algorithm's ability to accumulate forest litter in snow layers and to predict the subsequent effect of litter on the snow surface albedo. Field studies in a conifer stand of red spruce-balsam fir in northern Vermont, USA, provided key data for validation, including subcanopy radiation, meteorology, snow depth, and images of litter accumulation. We ran the litter algorithm coupled with the snow model SNTHERM for the ablation season, and predictions compared well with measurements of snow depth, snow surface litter coverage, and snow surface albedo beneath the conifer canopy. Model results suggest that for this forest and ablation season, the current litter algorithm realistically distributes litter in the snowpack through time with validated effects on snow surface litter concentration and albedo, The poor relationship between mean wind speed and change in litter coverage on the snow surface suggest that, for this forest and ablation season, incorporating wind events into the algorithm will not improve the results.
The relationship between nasal airway cross-sectional area and nasal resistance

Mouth breathing in response to an impaired nasal airway is thought to have clinical consequences. Physiologically, mouth breathing occurs whenever the body senses that nasal resistance is inappropriately high. In physical terms mouth breathing is a response that enlarges the upper airway and, by doing so, reduces airway resistance. In the past measurements of nasal resistance have been used as an index of airway impairment. Recently, we introduced a technique that estimates cross-sectional size of the airway, a variable that directly determines the magnitude of airway resistance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the precise effects of nasal airway size on nasal airway resistance so that the relationship between the two could be described in mathematic terms. There were two phases to the study--one involving a model and simulated breathing, and the other involving 100 subjects demonstrating normal and impaired nasal airways. The pressure-flow technique for estimation of nasal airway size and nasal airway resistance was used. The following equation was generated from the data: Resistance = 1.9 + (Formula: see text). The relationship between the two variables is nonlinear--that is, size of the airway has its greatest effect on resistance when the airway is less than 0.4 cm2 and a much lesser effect at larger airway sizes. The study also showed that nasal airway resistance generally does not fall very much below 1.9 cm H2O/L/S during breathing even when the airway is very large. This probably relates to the need to maintain an adequate level of airway resistance for alveolar gas exchange.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An indirect test of the new mutation hypothesis associating advanced paternal age with the etiology of schizophrenia

Two studies by Malaspina et al. [2001: Arch Gen Psychiatr 58:361-367]; [2002: Am J Med Genet 114:299-303] have put forward the hypothesis that advanced paternal age with concomitant mutations in the male germ line is associated with sporadic schizophrenia in offspring. The hypothesis was supported by an observation of a monotonic increase in the risk for schizophrenia with increased paternal age, and a second observation in a separate sample of greater paternal mean age at birth among cases of apparent sporadic schizophrenia. The present study did not test the association of the risk of schizophrenia with advanced paternal age, but repeated the test of paternal age at birth among sporadic versus familial schizophrenic probands. We also examined the risk of schizophrenia, psychosis, and broad psychosis among paternal 1st and 2nd degree relatives of schizophrenic probands as a function of paternal age at birth of the proband, reasoning that if probands born to older fathers are more likely to be sporadic cases, the risk of schizophrenia (or psychosis) should be lower on the paternal side of the family. Results indicate a lack of support for the previous finding that sporadic probands tend to have older fathers at birth than familial probands. Results also failed to support the related hypothesis that increased paternal age is associated with the lower risk of schizophrenia (or psychosis) in the relatives of schizophrenic probands. The failure to support the paternal age hypothesis may be a function of heterogeneous samples, but calls for further research in the context of family studies.
Carcinoma of large intestine in patients irradiated for carcinoma of cervix and uterus.

Twenty-six patients with carcinoma of colon and rectum following radiation therapy for cancer cervix and uterus have been analyzed. Nearly two thirds of the patients were more than 60 years old. The interval between irradiation and diagnosis of the second tumor varied from 5 to 30 years. Despite lack of detailed information on radiation factors in half of the patients, circumstantial evidence from this study suggests that radiation therapy may have contributed to the development of colorectal adenocarcinoma in some of the patients. Among the findings supporting this conclusion in this series are: 1. localization of second tumor at site of radiotherapy; 2. 58% of the patients had symptomatic and clinically documented chronic radiation proctocolitis at sites of subsequent tumor; 3. 69% of the patients had post-irradiation interval of more than 10 years; 4. 58% of the patients had histologic proof of radiation-related alterations in involved bowel segment; 5. occurrence of a much higher than expected percentage (58%) of mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma in involved region, of which 92% had clinical and/or histologic evidence of radiation proctocolitis. The overall and determinate 5-year survival in this series was 20% and 22%, respectively. It, therefore, behooves the clinician to be vigilant in the follow-up of these patients who are long-term survivors of radiation-treated carcinoma of cervix and uterus for the late development of colorectal carcinoma.
DECENTRALIZATION OF AUTHORITY IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Research on 115 colleges and universities is used to test hypotheses about the relationships between organizational characteristics—including size, horizontal and vertical differentiation, complexity, and the qualifications of the faculty—and decentralization of authority in four issue areas: the creation of new departments, appointment of deans, faculty salary raises, and leaves of absence for faculty members. Little support is found for the hypotheses. We suggest, however, that a general pressures/risks model of decentralization can explain many of the empirical findings and that institutional tradition and history may be a major determinant of decentralization in some areas.
Optimization of fuel/air mixture formation for stoichiometric diesel combustion using a 2-spray-angle group-hole nozzle

Abstract This paper describes a numerical study of fuel/air mixing processes for stoichiometric diesel combustion. In order to overcome the deterioration of combustion efficiency that accompanies stoichiometric diesel combustion due to poor mixing and lack of available oxygen, a new nozzle layout, namely a 2-spray-angle group-hole nozzle, which consists a grouped upper spray plume (squish spray) and a lower spray plume (bowl spray) was investigated. The KIVA code with updated physical and chemistry models, including the KH-RT breakup model, 2-step phenomenological soot model, reduced n -heptane and GRI NO x mechanisms was used for the calculations. An optimized 2-spray-angle group-hole nozzle with 170° squish spray angle and 80° bowl spray angle showed significantly improved fuel consumption (178 g/kW h −1 ) compared to the baseline nozzle layout (213 g/kW h −1 ) and the 2-spray-angle nozzle without hole-grouping (193 g/kW h −1 ).
Kinetic Analysis of Technetium-99m-Labeled Nitroimidazole (BMS-181321) as a Tracer of Myocardial Hypoxia

Background Experimental data have indicated that [99mTc]- nitroimidazole (BMS-181321) is preferentially taken up in hypoxic tissue; its kinetics, however, has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to address the relation between perfusate oxygen level and myocardial retention of [99mTc]nitroimidazole. Methods and Results Bolus injection and constant infusion experiments were performed in Langendorff buffer–perfused rat hearts in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Data were acquired with a pair of NaI detectors. The initial clearance rate of [99mTc]nitroimidazole was approximately 20 seconds and independent of perfusate oxygen level. The slow clearance rate was greater than 3 hours in all perfusion conditions. The tissue retention of [99mTc]nitroimidazole varied from 0.61±0.14% in normoxic conditions to 5.94±1.16% in the most severe hypoxic conditions. In addition, tissue retention was inversely proportional to perfusate oxygen level in a sigmoidal manner. The constant infusion experiments established that the binding rate at 25% oxygen level (1.94±0.38 mL of perfusate/min−g dry wt) was twofold of that at 40% and sevenfold at 100%. The binding rate of [99mTc]nitroimidazole was independent of the perfusion sequence, suggesting irreversible binding. Conclusions These data indicate that [99mTc]nitroimidazole may be a useful tracer for the identification of myocardial hypoxia. A sigmoidal relation was demonstrated for the uptake of the tracer, which suggests that a threshold level of hypoxia is necessary for the uptake of the tracer.
Estimation of the integral cross section for dissociative excitation of F2 by electron impact

Abstract Integral cross sections for electron impact dissociation of F 2 as a function of incident electron energy are very important for predicting the performance of electron-beam-pumped KrF lasers. Approximate scaling relationships from similar transitions in N 2 are combined with the few available electron energy-loss spectra in F 2 to obtain an estimate of the direct dissociation cross section of F 2 by electron impact from threshold to 100 eV. A conservative estimate of the direct dissociation cross section obtained by this process is very large (1.6 A 2 at 25 ev) and appears to have a large contribution from excitation of perturbed Rydberg states at 12.87 eV. This estimated magnitude and the prediction of F + and F − fragment production below the F + ionization threshold (15.7 eV) should be checked experimentally because of the important role these processes play in rare-gas fluoride lasers.
Flow rate and bead size as critical parameters for immobilized-yeast reactors

Abstract The productivity of immobilized yeast cell reactors varies with a number of parameters, including flow, amount and growth rate of yeast, bead size and type of medium. Variation of these parameters has a pronounced effect on reaction rate. This paper presents typical ranges for these productivities and demonstrates the patterns of changes that take place when bead size, flow and reaction medium are varied . Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were immobilized in calcium alginate beads for the production of ethanol. The productivity of immobilized yeast in a batch reactor (0.2 g ethanol/g yeast · h) was only two-thirds that of free cells suspended at an equivalent cell density (0.3 g ethanol/g yeast · h). Different flow rates and bead sizes were used to ‘optimize’ the productivity. The productivity of 3.34 mm beads at a flow rate of 8.8 litre h −1 (superficial velocity: 0.12 cm s −1 ) was 95% higher than that at 1.0 l h −1 . Maximum productivities of 0.34, 0.27, 0.22 g/g yeast· h were obtained (at a flow rate of 8.8 l h −1 ) for 9.2% yeast-immobilized beads of 3.34, 4.45 and 5.65 mm in diameter, respectively .
Import of Subunit VII of the Cytochrome bc1 Complex into Yeast Mitochondria

The import of subunit VII, the so-called ubiquinol binding protein of the cytochrome bc1 complex of yeast mitochondria, has been investigated by subcloning the gene for subunit VII into the expression vector pSP64. The precursor to subunit VII synthesized in vitro by a transcription/translation system had the same molecular weight as the mature form of this protein present in mitochondria, confirming earlier reports that subunit VII does not contain a cleavable presequence. The subunit VII precursor was imported efficiently into a protease-resistant compartment of isolated yeast mitochondria in a reaction dependent upon a membrane potential and the presence of ATP both in the mitochondrial matrix and in the extramitochondrial space. After import, the radiolabeled subunit VII was bound to the mitochondrial inner membrane through protein-protein interactions and could not be detected in the matrix fraction or in the intermembrane space. Subunit VII was also imported into mitoplasts, where the protein was associated with the inner membrane facing the matrix side of the membrane. By contrast, after import into mitochondria obtained from yeast cells lacking cytochrome b, subunit VII was localized in the supernatant fraction, suggesting that the presence of cytochrome b may be required for the association of subunit VII with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ambient PM2.5 and Risk of Hospital Admissions: Do Risks Differ for Men and Women?

Background:While strong evidence exists for associations between fine particles (PM2.5) and health, less is known about whether associations differ by sex.Methods:We used Bayesian hierarchical modeling to estimate associations between PM2.5, based on ambient monitors, and risk of cause-specific card
Unraveling Fēng-Shuǐ:

This paper comes in three parts. First, relevant principles of fēng-shuǐ are enunciated and examined. Second, these principles are applied to procedures to compute two parameters of predesign behaviour in Chinese traditional architectural practice: the fortunate orientation for a building site and an auspicious date for the start of its construction. Third, an interactive computer implementation is described that incorporates these procedures.
Size effect and detonation front curvature

Heat flow in a cylinder with internal heating is used as a basis for deriving a simple theory of detonation front curvature, leading to the prediction of quadratic curve shapes. A thermal conductivity of 50 MW/mm{sup 2} is found for TATB samples.
Feature-based projections for effective playtrace analysis

Visual data mining is a powerful technique allowing game designers to analyze player behavior. Playtracer, a new method for visually analyzing play traces, is a generalized heatmap that applies to any game with discrete state spaces. Unfortunately, due to its low discriminative power, Playtracer's usefulness is significantly decreased for games of even medium complexity, and is unusable on games with continuous state spaces. Here we show how the use of state features can remove both of these weaknesses. These state features collapse larger state spaces without losing salient information, resulting in visualizations that are significantly easier to interpret. We evaluate our work by analyzing player data gathered from three complex games in order to understand player behavior in the presence of optional rewards, identify key moments when players figure out the solution to the puzzle, and analyze why players give up and quit. Based on our experiences with these games, we suggest general principles for designers to identify useful features of game states that lead to effective play analyses.
Melanoma stem cells: not rare, but well done

Since the identification of self-renewing cells in the hematopoietic system, stem cells have transformed the study of medicine. Cancer biologists have identified stem-like cells in multiple malignancies, including those of solid organs. This has led to the development of a stem cell theory of cancer, which purports that a subpopulation of self-renewing tumor cells is responsible for tumorigenesis. This contrasts with the stochastic model of tumor development, which advances that all tumor cells are capable of tumor formation. Within the field of melanoma, the identity and existence of cancer stem cells has been the subject of recent debate. Much of the controversy may be traced to differences in interpretations and definitions related to the cancer stem cell theory, and the use of dissimilar methodologies to study melanoma cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem cells may exist in melanoma, although their frequency may vary and they may be capable of phenotypic plasticity. Importantly, these primitive melanoma cells are not only capable of self-renewal and differentiation plasticity, but also may confer virulence via immune evasion and multidrug resistance, and potentially via vasculogenic mimicry and transition to migratory and metastasizing derivatives. Therapeutic targeting of melanoma stem cells and the pathways that endow them with virulence hold promise for the design of more effective strategies for amelioration and eradication of this most lethal form of skin cancer.
Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial

Background To evaluate the metabolic effects of two weight loss diets differing in macronutrient composition on features of dyslipidemia and post-prandial insulin (INS) response to a meal challenge in overweight/obese individuals.
Opportunities for direct use of geoheat in central america and other tropical countries

Abstract While present efforts are primarily aimed at electric power generation, direct use of geoheat are important means of saving petroleum. In Iceland for instance geoheat has primarily been used for non-power purposes such as house heating and in industries. Its use has been increasing by about 10% annually for more than 15 yr. Technical, economic and institutional aspects of geoheat utilization are discussed. It is found that prolific opportunities exist for use of geoheat in agro-industrial processing in the tropical countries like Central America, and a number of potential applications are mentioned. The cane sugar industry for instance seems to offer important possibilities, since the introduction of geoheat could release the bagasse as raw material for byproduct industries of great economic importance. Geoheat could also provide pulp and paper industries based on fast growing species of pulpwood with heat energy at great savings. Potential geoheat applications in Central America could be equivalent to millions of barrels of petroleum in terms of energy.