cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newton on active and passive quantities of matter

Newton published his deduction of universal gravity in Principia (first ed., 1687). To establish the universality (the particle-to-particle nature) of gravity, Newton must establish the additivity of mass. I call 'additivity' the property a body's quantity of matter has just in case, if gravitational force is proportional to that quantity, the force can be taken to be the sum of forces proportional to each particle's quantity of matter. Newton's argument for additivity is obscure. I analyze and assess manuscript versions of Newton's initial argument within his initial deduction, dating from early 1685. Newton's strategy depends on distinguishing two quantities of matter, which I call 'active' and 'passive', by how they are measured. These measurement procedures frame conditions on the additivity of each quantity so measured. While Newton has direct evidence for the additivity of passive quantity of matter, he does not for that of the active quantity. Instead, he tries to infer the latter from the former via conceptual analyses of the third law of motion grounded largely on analogies to magnetic attractions. The conditions needed to establish passive additivity frustrate Newton's attempted inference to active additivity.
Interactive Technology and Classic Geometry Problems

nteractive geometry software connects visual justi fication and empirical thinking to higher levels of geometric thinking with logical justification in for mal proof. Battista and Clements (1995,53) recom mend the use in the secondary school geometry curriculum of software that "should guide students to learn significant and interesting concepts." Some of the more engaging concepts are embed ded in the classic works of the Greek geometers, yet interest can be killed if students struggle with the emphasis on the formal aspects of the Euclidean model of mathematical inquiry (Perkins et al. 1995). The enjoyment and challenge come from
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of null-cell versus silent gonadotroph adenomas in a series of 1166 pituitary adenomas from a single institution

OBJECTIVE Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas present without biochemical or clinical signs of hormone excess and are the second most common type of pituitary adenomas. The 2017 WHO classification scheme of pituitary adenomas differentiates null-cell adenomas (NCAs) and silent gonadotroph adenomas (SGAs). The present study sought to highlight the differences in patient characteristics and clinical outcomes between NCAs and SGAs. METHODS The records of 1166 patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma between 2012 and 2019 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes were collected. RESULTS Of the overall pituitary adenoma cohort, 12.8% (n = 149) were SGAs and 9.2% (n = 107) NCAs. NCAs were significantly more common in female patients than SGAs (61.7% vs 26.8%, p < 0.001). There were no differences in patient demographics, initial tumor size, or perioperative and short-term clinical outcomes. There was no significant difference in the amount of follow-up between patients with NCAs and those with SGAs (33.8 months vs 29.1 months, p = 0.237). Patients with NCAs had significantly higher recurrence (p = 0.021), adjuvant radiation therapy usage (p = 0.002), and postoperative diabetes insipidus (p = 0.028). NCA pathology was independently associated with tumor recurrence (HR 3.64, 95% CI 1.07-12.30; p = 0.038), as were cavernous sinus invasion (HR 3.97, 95% CI 1.04-15.14; p = 0.043) and anteroposterior dimension of the tumor (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.09-4.59; p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the definition of NCAs and SGAs as separate subgroups of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, and it highlights significant differences in long-term clinical outcomes, including tumor recurrence and the associated need for adjuvant radiation therapy, as well as postoperative diabetes insipidus. The authors also provide insight into independent risk factors for these outcomes in the adenoma population studied, providing clinicians with additional predictors of patient outcomes. Follow-up studies will hopefully uncover mechanisms of biological aggressiveness in NCAs and associated molecular targets.
Performance Assessment of mHealth Apps

Mobile Health (mHealth) apps are being widely used to monitor the health of patients with chronic medical conditions with the proliferation and the increasing use of smartphones. Mobile devices have limited computation power and energy supply which may lead to either delayed alarms, shorter battery life or excessive memory usage limiting their ability to execute resource-intensive functionality and inhibit proper medical monitoring. This paper presents a methodology for measurement-based performance assessment of cloud backend and mobile networks that support mHealth services. The methodology targets the assessment of a prototype mHealth app developed for breast cancer patients undergoing Endocrine Hormone Therapy (EHT). It models third-party cloud backend services to examine the performance in a representative testing scenario for end-users accessing the app. Experimental results are reported and compared for native Android and iOS implementations. The analysis further reflects the impact of the network and device battery conditions on response times and end-user quality of experience. The contribution of this work is twofold: (a) First, it presents a performance methodology and analysis of a fully functional medication adherence management mHealth app implemented on major duopoly of mobile platforms (android and iOS) and (b) Second, based on the performance analysis, conclusions are drawn that serve as the recommendation pathway for the development of similar medical reference mobile apps.
Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems and impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD:

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a topic of renewed interest. Much remains to be learned about its association with symptoms and diagnoses that have received little research attention, particularl...
The Role of Phosphate in Alcohol-Induced Experimental Pancreatitis.

Background & Aims Heavy alcohol consumption is a common cause of acute pancreatitis; however, alcohol abuse does not always result in clinical pancreatitis. As a consequence, the factors responsible for alcohol-induced pancreatitis are not well understood. In experimental animals, it has been difficult to produce pancreatitis with alcohol. Clinically, alcohol use predisposes to hypophosphatemia, and hypophosphatemia has been observed in some patients with acute pancreatitis. Because of abundant protein synthesis, the pancreas has high metabolic demands, and reduced mitochondrial function leads to organelle dysfunction and pancreatitis. We proposed, therefore, that phosphate deficiency might limit adenosine triphosphate synthesis and thereby contribute to alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Methods Mice were fed a low-phosphate diet (LPD) before orogastric administration of ethanol. Direct effects of phosphate and ethanol were evaluated in vitro in isolated mouse pancreatic acini. Results LPD reduced serum phosphate levels. Intragastric administration of ethanol to animals maintained on an LPD caused severe pancreatitis that was ameliorated by phosphate repletion. In pancreatic acinar cells, low-phosphate conditions increased susceptibility to ethanol-induced cellular dysfunction through decreased bioenergetic stores, specifically affecting total cellular adenosine triphosphate and mitochondrial function. Phosphate supplementation prevented ethanol-associated cellular injury. Conclusions Phosphate status plays a critical role in predisposition to and protection from alcohol-induced acinar cell dysfunction and the development of acute alcohol-induced pancreatitis. This finding may explain why pancreatitis develops in only some individuals with heavy alcohol use and suggests a potential novel therapeutic approach to pancreatitis. Finally, an LPD plus ethanol provides a new model for studying alcohol-associated pancreatic injury.
Evaluation of free mobile health applications for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.

Abstract Background Technology is becoming increasingly integrated into healthcare, including the rapid development of mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) for various medical conditions such as urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). As patients turn to these sources more frequently, closer evaluation of the apps becomes more important. Objectives To (1) evaluate free applications designed for POP and urinary incontinence using the Xcertia guidelines for medical app quality, (2) analyze user sentiment of the apps, and (3) evaluate app information for quality, understandability, and actionability with the DISCERN and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) tools. Methods Mobile medical apps were identified on the Apple App Store or Google Play Store with keywords “pelvic organ prolapse,” “incontinence,” or “bladder.” Exclusion criteria included 1) not free, 2) not updated in past year, 3) required a product for use, 4) not in English. Apps were evaluated using the Xcertia Guidelines. Categories included Operability, Privacy, Security, Content, and Usability. Ratings and sentiment of reviews were assessed, and associations analyzed with one-sided Fisher's exact test. Apps with an informational component were evaluated for quality, usability and actionability using DISCERN and PEMAT criteria. Results Overall, a total of 73 apps were found and 28 were included. There was an average number of ratings of 2341 and an average score of 3.39 for all the apps included. The average number of reviews was 216.2, with the majority of reviews having positive sentiment. A high number of ratings was associated with a high rating score (p 3). The average PEMAT scores for Understandability and Actionability were 90.6 % and 86.6 %, respectively, which are good scores ( ≥ 75 %). Conclusions Most free apps were functional and well received by users, however quality of app content varied. Only some apps had an informational component, and even fewer had sources listed. Providers recommending health apps should consider those that meet Xcertia guidelines, have reliable information, and have good understandability and actionability.
Estimated Savings From International Reference Pricing for Prescription Drugs.

This study estimates what 2020 national US savings would have been using international reference pricing rather than US manufacturer and net prices for insulins and 50 top brand-name drugs.
Precision Radiotherapy for Gliomas: Implementing Novel Imaging Biomarkers to Improve Outcomes With Patient-Specific Therapy.

ABSTRACT Gliomas are the most common primary brain cancer, yet are extraordinarily challenging to treat because they can be aggressive and infiltrative, locally recurrent, and resistant to standard treatments. Furthermore, the treatments themselves, including radiation therapy, can affect patients' neurocognitive function and quality of life. Noninvasive imaging is the standard of care for primary brain tumors, including diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring for treatment response. This article explores the ways in which advanced imaging has and will continue to transform radiation treatment for patients with gliomas, with a focus on cognitive preservation and novel biomarkers, as well as precision radiotherapy and treatment adaptation. Advances in novel imaging techniques continue to push the field forward, to more precisely guided treatment planning, radiation dose escalation, measurement of therapeutic response, and understanding of radiation-associated injury.
Scriptor Incertus de Leo V

The text known as the Scriptor Incertus de Leone Armenio is a brief, anonymous fragment of a history about the reigns of Michael I (811– 813) and Leo V (813– 820). The author is hostile to Leo V and his iconoclastic policies, but favorable to Patriarch Nikephoros. Markopoulos suggests a date of composition between 820 and 829, but Sevcenko prefers a narrower window of 820– 821. Senina argues that it was written between 844 and 847 by someone close to the Rhangabe family. While scholars once thought that the same author wrote both the Scriptor Incertus and the Chronicle of 811 , that view is no longer generally accepted. Manuscripts, Editions, and Translations Manuscript The only extant manuscript is Codex Parisinus Graecus 1711 , dated 1013. This codex is also one of major exemplars of George Synkellos. Editions Iadevaia, Francesca, ed. Scriptor incertus: testo critico, traduzione e note . Messina : Sfameni, 1997. Forthcoming: Markopoulos, Athanasios, ed. Scriptor I ncertus de Leone Armenio . Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae : Series Berolinensis. Publication History The text was first published by Fran c ois Combefis with a translation by Jacques Goar for the Paris Corpus in 1655. The Scriptor Incertus was published in the Bonn Corpus in 1842, with Goar's translation. In 1863 the Patrologia Graeca reprinted the work of Combefis and Goar. Translation Italian Iadevaia, Francesca, ed. Scriptor I ncertus: testo critico, traduzione e note . Messina : Sfameni, 1997. Starting Points Stephenson, Paul. “ About the Emperor Nikephoros and How He Leaves His Bones in Bulgaria: A Context for the Controversial Chronicle of 811.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 60 (2006): 87 – 109. Kazhdan, Alexander, Lee F. Sherry, and Christine Angelidi. A History of Byzantine Literature, 650– 850 . Athens : National Hellenic Research Foundation Institute for Byzantine Research, 1999 ; 208 – 211. FURTHER READING Most scholarship has focused on whether this was originally part of the same text as the Chronicle of 811. Different Texts Kazhdan, Alexander, and Lee Francis Sherry. “ Some Notes on the Scriptor Incertus de Leone Armenio.” Byzantinoslavica 58 (1997): 110 – 12.
Effects of bonding in short-span rectangular concrete filled GFRP tubes

Abstract Flexural performance of concrete-filled tubes is highly dependent on the composite action between the concrete core and encasing tube. This study investigates the performance of short-span concrete-filled rectangular glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tubes with different levels of bonding between the concrete core and GFRP tube. The bonding configurations include (1) no bonding, (2) bonding of the webs, (3) bonding of the flanges, and (4) bonding of the webs and flanges. The study includes both experimental and finite element analysis results for each configuration. Comparing the performance of each configuration showed a two fold increase in stiffness and strength as a result of bonding between the concrete core and GFRP tube. Furthermore it was concluded that bonding of the flanges was most critical with web bonding providing only a slight increase in performance.
Fat tree encoder design for ultra-high speed flash A/D converters

The thermometer code-to-binary code encoder has become the bottleneck of ultra-high speed flash ADCs. In this paper, the authors present the fat tree thermometer code-to-binary code encoder that is highly suitable for ultra-high speed flash ADCs. The simulation and the implementation results show that the fat tree encoder outperforms the commonly used ROM encoder in terms of speed and power for the 6 bit CMOS flash ADC case. The speed is improved by almost a factor of 2 when using the fat tree encoder, which in fact demonstrates the fat tree encoder is an effective solution for the bottleneck problem in ultra-high speed ADCs.
Standard-Form Contracting in the Electronic Age

The Internet is turning the process of contracting on its head. With increasing alacrity, people are mouse-clicking their way into enforceable standard-form contracts on the Internet ("browsewrap" contracts) while installing software ("clickwrap" contracts). The emergence of this new contracting medium has produced numerous claims of the inadequacy of existing contract law to govern standard-form contracts made at the speed of light. Consumer advocates worry that the electronic media presents new methods for businesses to take advantage of consumers. By contrast, businesses engaged in e-commerce insist that courts must relax existing legal protections so as to nourish this new form of business. We contend that existing contract law provides an appropriate regime in which to assess electronic contracts. We support our conclusion by reviewing the underlying factors that shape the law of standard-form contracting in the paper world and by determining whether the new dynamics of e-commerce create a fundamentally different environment. In the paper world, business use of standard forms creates efficiencies and saves costs for both businesses and consumers, but it also can lead to business' exploitation of consumers. We assess the rational, social, and cognitive factors, as well as other business practices, that affect consumers' abilities to protect themselves from exploitation. We conclude that the current judicial approach appropriately presumes consumer assent to negotiated terms and, so long as the consumer has had a reasonable opportunity to read the standard terms, to conscionable standard terms. Courts also properly remain vigilant in policing unreasonable boilerplate. A switch to electronic commerce does not change this analysis. To be sure, the electronic environment has provided consumers with new research tools, thereby suggesting that rational consumers will be better able to protect themselves, and the electronic environment has eliminated the social pressures that businesses can use to induce consumers to enter into exploitationist contractual terms. However, the new electronic environment has not changed the overly optimistic manner in which consumers think about these contracts, namely that nothing will go wrong and that boilerplate terms do not matter. In addition, the electronic environment has created new opportunities to exploit consumers. We therefore assert that courts should adopt a strategy similar to their approach in the paper world. Courts should presume the enforceability of both browsewrap and shrinkwrap contracts, but should also focus on the potential for procedural and substantive exploitation by businesses.
Product Array Designs

This article is a review of product arrays proposed by Taguchi for robust design experiments. The motivation and advantage of using product arrays in robust design are discussed. Furthermore, alternative modeling approaches such as the location-dispersion modeling approach and the response modeling approach are introduced. As an extension of product arrays, compound orthogonal arrays are defined. This article also discusses the optimal selection of product arrays. Keywords: product array; orthogonal array; SN ratio; response modeling; compound orthogonal array
A background-free direction-sensitive neutron detector

We show data from a new type of detector that can be used to determine neutron flux, energy distribution, and direction of neutron motion for both fast and thermal neutrons. Many neutron detectors are plagued by large backgrounds from x-rays and gamma rays, and most current neutron detectors lack single-event energy sensitivity or any information on neutron directionality. Even the best detectors are limited by cosmic ray neutron backgrounds. All applications (neutron scattering and radiography, measurements of solar and cosmic ray neutron flux, measurements of neutron interaction cross sections, monitoring of neutrons at nuclear facilities, oil exploration, and searches for fissile weapons of mass destruction) will benefit from the improved neutron detection sensitivity and improved measurements of neutron properties made possible by this detector. The detector is free of backgrounds from x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, relativistic singely charged particles and cosmic ray neutrons. It is sensitive to thermal neutrons, fission neutrons, and high energy neutrons, with detection features distinctive for each energy range. It is capable of determining the location of a source of fission neutrons based on characteristics of elastic scattering of neutrons by helium nuclei. The detector we have constructed could identify one gram of reactor grade plutonium, one meter away, with less than one minute of observation time.
Why Care? A Feminist Re-appropriation of Confucian Xiao 孝

This chapter concerns the contemporary debate on the intersectionality of Confucianism with feminism in general and its compatibility with care ethics in particular. My intent here is to propose a hybrid feminist care ethics that is grounded in Confucianism by, on the one hand, integrating specifically the concepts of xiao 孝 and ren 仁 into existing care ethics so as to strengthen and broaden its theoretical horizon and, on the other, revising Confucian gender requirements in light of feminist demands for gender equity. It is my take that Confucian xiao 孝, as the root of ren 仁, is a moral vision that sees human inter-dependency as a strength in, and not a distraction from, human flourishing. In the same way, care ethics also starts with meeting the caring needs of one’s intimate loved ones, and caring relations in the personal realm for care ethicists have an ontological primacy. Morality for Confucius as well as for care ethicists, unlike the Kantian, liberal model that emphasizes detachment and personal autonomy, simply cannot bypass one’s affective ties in the familial realm. In the following, I will provide a hybrid account of care ethics and Confucianism – Confucian care – in which caring for the socially dependent and vulnerable starting with one’s loved ones is viewed as constitutive of the substance of one’s sense of the self; it forms part of one’s life’s journey to self-realization, not only in the realm of morality, but also in the realm of feminism as well.
Protein complexes that modify chromatin for transcription.

SY08-01 Histone deacetylases are important potential targets for anti-tumor drugs. To better understand the physiological roles of these enzymes we characterized the protein complexes containing the yeast Rdp3 histone deacetylase. This lead to the discovery that this single enzyme carries out two very distinct functions in the cell: One to repress gene transcription and another important for the accuracy of transcription. Rpd3 exists in a small 0.6 MDa (Rpd3S) and a large 1.2 MDa (Rpd3L) complex. We identify by mass spectrometry and MudPIT the subunits of the Rpd3L complex. These included Rpd3, Sds3, Pho23, Dep1, Rxt2, Sin3, Ash1, Ume1, Sap30, Cti6, Rxt3 and Ume6. Dep1 and Sds3, unique components of Rpd3L, are required for Rpd3L integrity and HDAC activity. Similar to RPD3 , deletion of DEP1 enhanced telomeric silencing and derepressed the INO1 gene. Two sequence-specific repressors, Ash1 and Ume6, were stably associated with Rpd3L. While both of these proteins localized to the INO1 and HO promoters, the repression of these genes were dependent only on Ume6 and Ash1, respectively. Thus, the Rpd3L complex is directly recruited to specific promoters through multiple integral DNA-binding proteins. The yeast Rpd3 histone deacetylase also plays an important role at actively transcribed genes. We characterized the Rpd3S complex by MudPIT analysis. This complex shared a three subunit core of Rpd3, Sin3 and Ume1 with Rpd3L. However Rco1 and Eaf3 were subunits specific to Rpd3S. Mutants of RCO1 and EAF3 exhibited increased acetylation in the FLO8 and STE11 open reading frames (ORFs) and the appearance of aberrant transcripts initiating within the body of these ORFs. Mutants in the RNA polymerase II-associated SET2 histone methyltransferase also displayed these defects. Set2 functioned upstream of Rpd3S and the Eaf3 methyl-histone binding chromodomain was important for recruitment of Rpd3S and for deacetylation within the STE11 ORF. These data indicate that Pol II-associated Set2 methylates H3 providing a transcriptional memory which signals for deacetylation of ORFs by Rpd3S. This erases transcription elongation-associated acetylation to suppress intragenic transcription initiation.
Changes in leaf optical properties associated with light‐dependent chloroplast movements

We surveyed 24 plant species to examine how leaf anatomy influenced chloroplast movement and how the optical properties of leaves change with chloroplast position. All species examined exhibited light-dependent chloroplast movements but the associated changes in leaf absorptance varied considerably in magnitude. Chloroplast movement-dependent changes in leaf absorptance were greatest in shade species, in which absorptance changes of >10% were observed between high- and low-light treatments. Using the Kubelka-Munk theory, we found that changes in the absorption (k) and chlorophyll a absorption efficiency (k*) associated with chloroplast movement correlated with cell diameter, such that the narrower, more columnar cells found in sun leaves restricted the ability of chloroplasts to move. The broader, more spherical cells of shade leaves allowed greater chloroplast rearrangements and in low-light conditions allowed efficient light capture. Across the species tested, light-dependent chloroplast movements modulated leaf optical properties and light absorption efficiency by manipulating the package (sieve or flattening) effect but not the detour (path lengthening) effect.
Strategizing corporate information technology into the millennium

Summary form only given. The millennium is almost here. What are corporate IT professionals doing beyond surviving the Y2k issue? Because of the Y2k issue, resources that would be addressing the needs of the business are have been placed on Y2k tasks to ensure the basic survival of their firms. How one strategically plans the corporations that run service industries providing information technology is crucial to responding to the needs in the millennium. Based on what the Standish Group revealed above, it is evident that IT leaders need to focus on the problems of delivering IT projects in order to reduce costs and to speed the delivery of business goals that projects are expected to deliver. Strategically, this will position firms to meet customer requirements into the millennium.
Water mobility and textural properties of native and hydroxypropylated wheat starch gels

Abstract The effect of wheat starch concentration and degree of hydroxypropylation on the water dynamics and textural attributes of starch gels was studied using 1 H NMR and texture profile analysis. Starches were prepared with molar substitution (MS) of hydroxypropyl groups of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.18. Gels were formed from modified starches at concentrations between 25 and 40%. For all gels, two distinct water fractions were identified using distributed exponential analysis of transverse relaxation results. For the less mobile fraction, T 2a ranged from 2 to 6 ms, while for the more mobile state, T 2b ranged from 20 to 200 ms. Values of both T 2a and T 2b increased with increasing moisture content and hydroxypropyl MS. Control experiments indicated that more mobile states could be associated with both the extragranular amylose gel, as well as intragranular amylopectin-rich gel. The less mobile state was associated only with granule remnants. Gel hardness decreased significantly with increasing moisture content, and with increasing hydroxypropylation. Cohesiveness increased with degree of hydroxypropylation. Results from multi-regression analysis between hardness and NMR parameters showed that the mobility and amount of water in the less mobile state was most related to gel hardness.
Excitation Energy Dependence in Near-infrared Photoluminescence Spectra and Dynamics of PuO22+ in Cs2U(Pu)O2Cl4

Recently we reported the observation of near-infrared photoluminescence from metal-centered 5f electronic excited states of PuO2 2+ doped into polycrystalline Cs2U(Pu)O2Cl4.[1] Photoluminescence dynamics following pulsed excitation show complicated decay patterns suggesting that multiple luminescent states are involved. Here we report the results of two recent sets of experiments showing that photoluminescence processes depend significantly on the energy of photoexcitation. In the first case, decay kinetics following excitation at a lower energy are missing an in-growth term that is present when exciting at higher energy. In the second case, we have observed that lower excitation energy produces significantly reduced number of emission transitions than higher excitation energy. Both observations suggest that higher energy excitation populates feeder states that decay to emitting states, causing signal from the latter to have an in-growth followed by a decay characteristic of their intrinsic lifetimes, whereas lower energy excitation leads to more direct population of luminescent states.
Subcellular distribution of weak acids and bases in adrenal medulla.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies of the subcellular distribution of two acids and three bases in adrenal medulla support the hypothesis that the charge on a drug molecule is an important factor determining its subcellular distribution in this tissue. 2. 2. Acidic drugs carrying a negative charge do not bind well to adrenomedullary subcellular particles and accumulate predominantly in cell supernatant. 3. 3. Basic drugs tend to bind more extensively to adrenomedullary intracellular organelles and distribute more uniformly over all subcellular fractions.
Controlling Speed of Polarized Light in Birefringent Media

For controlling the group velocity of polarized light, we envision the use of a homogeneous magnetic field in conjunction with a single resonant laser in an induced birefringent medium.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA IN A NURSERY FOR PREMATURE INFANTS.

Two or more blood glucose determinations were obtained during the first 5 days of life from 128 of 166 infants admitted consecutively to the Premature Nursery, Research and Educational Hospitals. Eight infants (6 per cent) had significant hypoglycemia (less than 20 mg. per 100 ml.) and symptoms. The predictive value of signs, symptoms, and gestational age are discussed.
Power and execution performance tradeoffs of GPGPU computing: a case study employing stereo matching

GPGPUs and Multicore processors have become commonplace with their wide usage in traditional high performance computing systems as well as mobile computing devices. A significant speedup can be achieved for a variety of general-purpose applications by using these technologies. Unfortunately, this speedup is often accompanied by high power and/or energy consumption. As a result, energy conservation is increasingly becoming a major concern in designing these computing devices. For large-scale systems such as massive data centers, the cost and environmental impact of powering and cooling computer systems is the main driver for energy-efficiency. On the other hand, for the mobile computing sector, energy conservation is driven by the need to extend battery life and power capping is mandated by the restrictive power budget of mobile platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Our focus is to understand the power performance tradeoffs in executing Army applications on portable or tactical computing platforms. For a GPGPU computing platform, this study investigates how host processors (CPUs) with different Thermal Design Power (TDP) might affect the execution time and the power consumption of an Army-relevant stereo-matching code accelerated by a GPGPU. For image pairs with size approximately one Megapixel we observed a decrease in execution time of nearly 50% and a decrease in average power by 5% when executed on a low TDP Intel Xeon processor host. The decrease in energy consumption was over 50%. For a larger image pair, although there was no substantial decrease in execution time, there was a decrease in power and energy consumption of approximately 6%. Although we cannot make general conclusions based on a case study, it points to the possibility that for some tactical-HPC GPGPU-accelerated applications, a host processor with a lower TDP might provide better system performance in terms of power consumption while not degrading the execution-time performance.
Limit Distributions and Random Trees Derived from the Birthday Problem with Unequal Probabilities

Given an arbitrary distribution on a countable set, consider the number of independent samples required until the first repeated value is seen. Exact and asymptotic formulae are derived for the distribution of this time and of the times until subsequent repeats. Asymptotic properties of the repeat times are derived by embedding in a Poisson process. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence are given and the possible limits explicitly described. Under the same conditions the finite dimensional distributions of the repeat times converge to the arrival times of suitably modified Poisson processes, and random trees derived from the sequence of independent trials converge in distribution to an inhomogeneous continuum random tree.
Teach Ourselves: Technology to Support Problem Posing in the STEM Classroom

The theory of problem posing in mathematics education suggests that there are motivational and cognitive benefits for students from creating their own problems, yet such activities are not typically integrated into the traditional classroom. A field study was conducted to learn if middle school students (N = 224) could successfully create math and science problems using a web-based content-authoring and sharing system, and if the activity could be successfully integrated into classroom instruction. Over the twelve-week activity, students created their own math and science problems, and solved problems authored by their peers. Results showed that students were able to create problems successfully, but that problem solving dominated problem posing activities. The process of reviewing and approving students’ work was also challenging for teachers. Both students and teachers reported strongly positive responses to the activity.
Npsnet: A network software architecture for largescale virtual environments

This paper explores the issues involved in designing and developing network software architectures for large-scale virtual environments. We present our ideas in the context of NPSNET-IV, the first 3-D virtual environment that incorporates both the IEEE 1278 distributed interactive simulation DIS application protocol and the IP multicast network protocol for multiplayer simulation over the Internet.
Electroplate and Lift Lithography for Patterned Micro/Nanowires Using Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) as a Reusable Template

A fast, simple, scalable technique is described for the controlled, solution-based, electrochemical synthesis of patterned metallic and semiconducting nanowires from reusable, nonsacrificial, ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) templates. This enables the repeated fabrication of arrays of complex patterns of nanowires, potentially made of any electrochemically depositable material. Unlike all other methods of patterning nanowires, this benchtop technique quickly mass-produces patterned nanowires whose diameters are not predefined by the template, without requiring intervening vacuum or clean room processing. This technique opens a pathway for studying nanoscale phenomena with minimal equipment, allowing the process-scale development of a new generation of nanowire-based devices.
Stresses in a three-dimensional unidirectional composite containing broken fibers

An approximate solution is developed for the determination of the interlaminar normal and shear stresses in the vicinity of a crack in a three dimensional composite containing unidirectional linearly elastic fibers in an infinite linearly elastic matrix. In order to reduce the complexity of the formulation, certain assumptions are made as to the physically significant stresses to be retained. These simplifications reduce the partial differential equations of elasticity to differential-difference equations which are tractable using Fourier transform techniques. This 'material modeling' approach is in contrast with solutions developed by considering each lamina as a homogeneous, orthotropic layer. The resulting solution does not contain the classical singular stress field for the fibers and the influence of broken fibers on unbroken fibers is felt by a change in stress concentration factors. The matrix stresses however, are unbounded as the fiber spacing vanishes and an equivalent fiber-matrix geometry is proposed which gives the correct singular behavior. The numerical solution is considered in detail and several specific examples are presented. The potential for damaged or debonded zones to be generated by an embedded crack is discussed, and stress concentration factors for fibers near the crack are given. Detailed comparisons are made between the present solution, the analogous two-dimensional problem, and corresponding shear-lag models.
A reference potential for unipolar electrocardiographic measurements on models.

Abstract 1. 1. Measurements of potentials produced by a finite dipole immersed in an insulating torso model filled with a homogeneous conducting fluid are discussed. 2. 2. The need for a reference potential is presented as well as a discussion of the accuracy with which the reference potential must be determined. 3. 3. The equivalent bridge viewpoint is introduced and is shown to give considerable insight into the electrical nature of both unipolar and bipolar measurements. 4. 4. A center-electrode reference system is described which has several advantageous features. The inherent defect of this system, a shift of equipotentials between the two current electrodes owing to the distant boundary, is pointed out and analyzed. 5. 5. The experimental difficulties and interrelationship of the more important design factors of a practical reference potential system are presented.
Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Aging among Non-elders: Gender and Race Differences

ABSTRACT Although the aging process begins at birth, fears about late adulthood can foster anxiety in younger cohorts about this time of life. This study examines the relationship between non-elderly subjects' (n = 884, 18–55 years) knowledge of and anxieties regarding personal aging and their gender and race. We hypothesized that non-elderly women and persons of color, those who will experience multiple jeopardy in their own late life, would report greater anxiety about their own aging process than did men and majority group members. Women did report lower income and education levels, less knowledge of aging, greater anxiety related to their own aging process, and more time involved in caregiving activities. People of color also differed from Caucasians in certain dimensions of knowledge and anxiety. Implications from these results include the creation of public educational strategies and the organization of women and minorities to more actively address the development and shape of age-related policies.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus OX2 Glycoprotein Activates Myeloid-Lineage Cells To Induce Inflammatory Cytokine Production

Kaposi's sarcoma is an inflammatory cytokine-mediated angioproliferative disease which is triggered by infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV contains an open reading frame, K14, that has significant homology with cellular OX2, designated viral OX2 (vOX2). In this report, we demonstrate that vOX2 encodes a glycosylated cell surface protein with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa. Purified glycosylated vOX2 protein dramatically stimulated primary monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells to produce the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, expression of vOX2 on B lymphocytes stimulated monocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines in mixed culture. These results demonstrate that like its cellular counterpart, vOX2 targets myeloid-lineage cells, but unlike cellular OX2, which delivers a restrictive signal, KSHV vOX2 provides an activating signal, resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this is a novel viral strategy where KSHV has acquired the cellular OX2 gene to induce inflammatory cytokine production, which potentially promotes the cytokine-mediated angiogenic proliferation of KSHV-infected cells.
Primer and interviews: molecular mechanisms of morphological evolution.

The beauty of the developing embryo, and the awe that it inspires, lure many scientists into the field of developmental biology. What compels cells to divide, migrate, and morph into a being with a complex body plan? Evolutionary developmental biologists hold similar fascinations, with dynamics that take place on a grander timescale. How do phenotypic traits diverge over evolutionary time? This primer illustrates how a deep understanding of the basic principles that underlie developmental biology have changed how scientists think about the evolution of body form. The primer culminates in a conversation with David Stern, PhD, and Michael Shapiro, PhD, who discuss current topics in morphological evolution, why the field should be of interest to classic developmental biologists, and what lies ahead. Developmental Dynamics 239:3497–3505, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SPECIFICITY OF SPERM CHEMOTAXIS AMONG GREAT BARRIER REEF SHALLOW-WATER HOLOTHURIANS AND OPHIUROIDS

Sperm chemotaxis and sperm motility activation by egg or ovarian extracts were demonstrated in 24 holothurians (six genera from three families) and 22 ophiuroids (eight genera from five families) from the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Specificity was observed mainly at the family level in holothurians, but a single case of specificity at the species level was found in the genus Bohadschia. No recognizable specificity was found between any of the currently recognized subgeneric groups within the genus Holothuria. A similar pattern of specificity was previously observed in a group of dendrochiridotid holothurians in temperate waters. In contrast to the holothurians, specificity in ophiuroids existed mainly at the genus or species level. The best case of specificity at the species level was among six species in the genus Macrophiothrix which were reciprocally tested and a further three species in the same genus which were partially tested. Examples of partial specificity at the species level were also found in the general Ophiarthrum and Ophiocoma. The sperm chemotaxis assay reliably sorted to species a random collection of unidentified Macrophiothrix ophiuroids. These results suggest that sperm chemotaxis may play a role in gamete recognition prior to fertilization in one group of echinoderms. J. Exp. Zool. 279:189-200, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multinomial and conditional logit discrete-choice models in demography

Although discrete-choice statistical techniques have been used with increasing regularity in demographic analyses, Mcl’adden’s conditional logit model is less well known and seldom used. Conditional logit models are appropriate when the choice among alternatives is modeled as a function of the characteristics of the alternatives, rather than (or in addition to) the characteristics of the individual making the choice. We argue that this feature of conditionallogit makes it more appropriate for estimating behavioral models. In this article, the conditional logit model is presented and compared with the more familiar multinomial logit model. The difference between the two techniques is illustrated with an analysis of the choice of marital and welfare status by divorced or separated women.
Simulation of PAC spectra for spin 5/2 probes diffusing via a simple vacancy mechanism in Cu 3 Au-structured intermetallic compounds

Because of its sensitivity to point defects atomically close to probe nuclei, it is reasonable to expect that perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy has the potential to assist in the identification of diffusion mechanisms. It is of interest to characterize under what conditions diffusing defects are visible and how the defects affect relaxation in PAC spectra. This was investigated using a stochastic model to simulate PAC spectra for the special case of non-impurity PAC probes diffusing via a simple vacancy mechanism on the Cu-sublattice in Cu3Au-structured compounds.
Mock Circulatory System for Intra-Aortic Balloon Testing

A mock circulatory system (MCS) was constructed for testing intra-aortic balloon (IAB) temporary heart-assist devices. The MCS consists of a left heart analog, compliant arteries, peripheral resistance, and venous return. Design objectives and operating characteristics of the MCS are presented. The results of a number of studies to determine the effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon devices under conditions of simulated cardiogenic shock are reported.
Differential effect of fluorinated analogs of TRH on the cardiovascular system and prolactin release.

Abstract The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the TRH-analogs, 4-fluoro-Im-TRH (4-F-TRH) and 2-trifluoromethyl-Im-TRH (2-TFM-TRH), on the cardiovascular system and prolactin (PRL) release were examined in conscious rats. TRH (2.8 or 28 nmol) injected into the anterior hypothalamus produced dose-dependent increments in blood pressure and heart rate; plasma PRL was increased twofold after the higher dose of TRH. 4-F-TRH had effects similar to these of TRH on both the cardiovascular and PRL response. In contrast, the 2-TFM-TRH was significantly less active than TRH or 4-F-TRH in eliciting tachycardia, yet was noticeably more potent in affecting PRL release. These data suggest that the receptors for TRH-induced PRL release may be different from TRH-receptors which mediate central cardiovascular responses.
Tricking Out the Toolbox: Use of Genetic Code Expansion for the Study of Ion Channels

The application of nonsense suppression strategies to membrane proteins has great potential for the study and manipulation of ion channels and receptors. The technique relies on the incorporation of a stop codon that is subsequently ‘suppressed’ by an orthogonal misacylated tRNA. Ion channels in particular are especially amenable to these approaches due to the built-in signal gain from the high conductance of recorded ions. On one end of the scale of possibility, ‘small mutagenesis’ provides the means for single atom replacement within an amino acid or sub-atomic redistribution of pi electrons of aromatic side-chains. Such approaches provide an atomic resolution functional correlates to match high-resolution structural data, and have been key in decoding the interaction energetics of ligands, therapeutics, backbone contributions, salt-bridges and H-bonds in gating of voltage- and ligand-gated channels and receptors. More unconventional side-chains, such as light activated cross-linkers, hold promise for their ability to characterize transient noncovalent protein contacts. Lastly, encoded amino acid fluorophores, while highly valued, have been technically resistant to ion channel application and largely remain on the experimental fringe. Data will be presented on the use of genetic code expansion as a tool to reveal the basis for inactivation mechanisms employed by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.
Reconstruction of the set of branches of a graph

It is proved that the set of branches of a graphG is reconstructible except in a very special case. More precisely the set of branches of a graphG is reconstructible unless all the following hold: (1) the pruned center ofG is a vertex or an edge, (2)G has exactly two branches, (3) one branch contains all the vertices of degree one ofG and the other branch contains exactly one end-block. This is the best possible result in the sense that in the special excluded case, the reconstruction of the set of branches is equivalent to the reconstruction of the graph itself.