cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural networks for switching

The author argues that a strong impetus for using neural networks is that they provide a framework for designing massively parallel machines. He notes that the highly interconnected architecture of switching networks suggests similarities to neural networks. He presents two switching applications in which neural networks can solve the problems efficiently. He shows that a computational advantage can be gained by using nonuniform time delays in the network. >
Studies on the Canacidae (Diptera), subfamily Apetaeninae. I. Apetaenus enderleini , nomen novum for Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909, with remarks on the chaetotaxy, morphology, and habitats of the Apetaeninae from the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province

A thorough examination of the chaetotaxy and morphology of the subantarctic Apetaeninae Apetaenus litoralis Eaton, 1875 and Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909 has corroborated the early generic synonymy proposed by Hennig (1971). Thus, the latter genus is re-considered as a junior synonym of Apetaenus Eaton, 1875. Accordingly, Apetaenus litoreus (Enderlein, 1909), nomen preoccupatum by A. littoreus (Hutton, 1902), changes its specific epithet by designation of the new name Apetaenus enderleini [nomen novum]. New remarks and observations on the range of chaetotactic variation as well as on the female abdomen morphology are given. Further, distributional and ecological records from the literature are summarized. A key to the species of Apetaenus from the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province is also proposed. The presumed validity of Apetaenus watsoni Hardy, 1962 from Macquarie Island is briefly discussed.
Preimplantation Evaluation of Renal Transplant Donor Kidneys

Between 1973 and 1977, 70 cadaver kidney transplants were performed at Henry Ford Hospital [1]. Cadaver donors remain the largest source of available kidneys for patients with end-stage renal disease [2,3]. Donor kidneys may arrive at the transplant center in a variety of containers [4] and often without information about the time of death of the donor and the time of surgical removal of the kidneys [5]. Development of pulsatile perfusion units [6] has been helpful, but evaluation of transported cadaver doners is still largely limited to a subjective inspection of the kidney. We have developed a simple, objective means for preimplantation assessment of donor kidneys. Such a test can provide objective criteria by means of which we can establish the viability of transported kidneys. Our results to date extend previous work by one of the authors [7] and others [8,9] and have been obtained in experimentally damaged kidneys in dogs. Warm ischemia times in excess of 15 min may result in an increased incidence of acute tubular necrosis [10]; if identified, severely damaged kidneys can be removed from the donor pool. This would reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with unsuccessful transplantation of nonviable kidneys.
Acute Pain and Depressive Symptoms: Independent Predictors of Insomnia Symptoms among Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.

No studies to date have systematically investigated insomnia symptoms among adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). The purpose of this study was to (1) describe the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and (2) identify biopsychosocial predictors in community-dwelling adults with SCD. Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 263 African American adults with SCD (aged 18 years or older). Measures included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies in Depression scale, Urban Life Stress Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, and a chronic pain item. SCD genotype was extracted from the medical record. A slight majority (55%) of the sample reported clinically significant insomnia symptomatology (ISI ≥ 10), which suggests that insomnia symptoms are prevalent among community-dwelling African American adults with SCD. While insomnia symptoms were associated with a number of biopsychosocial characteristics, depressive symptoms and acute pain were the only independent predictors. Given the high number of participants reporting clinically significant insomnia symptoms, nurses should screen for insomnia symptoms and explore interventions to promote better sleep among adults with SCD, with an emphasis on recommending treatment for pain and depression. In addition, current pain and depression interventions in this population could add insomnia measures and assess the effect of the intervention on insomnia symptomatology as a secondary outcome.
Pyridoxine Deficiency in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms. A Case Series (P01.137)

OBJECTIVE: To document the clinical characteristics of patients with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. BACKGROUND: Vitamin B6 deficiency has been associated with peripheral neuropathy. However, in the published literature there are not enough reports about the clinical characteristics of peripheral neuropathy in patients with B6 deficiency. DESIGN/METHODS: We included patients seen from July 2011 to July 2012 in the Neurology clinic at University Of Missouri Hospital for 1) complaints of pain, numbness, tingling sensation in upper and/or lower limbs; 2) findings of decreased sensation to vibration, pinprick and/or propioception; 3) EMG/NCS or skin biopsy diagnostic of peripheral neuropathy and 4) low pyridoxine levels. We divided them into 2 groups: Group 1 with only low vitamin B6 and group 2 with vitamin B6 deficiency and other known causes of peripheral neuropathy. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients were identified. Twelve patients were included in group 1 and 28 patients in group 2. When compared, group 1 patients had less frequency of decreased/absent distal propioception in physical exam (0%; in 2 patients propioception was not mentioned) versus group 2 (12 patients; 42.9%). Group 1 also had less frequency of associated distal weakness (1 patient; 8.3%) versus group 2 (8 patients; 28.6%). There was no difference in pinprick, vibration, reflexes, BMI values or proportion of overweight/obese patients between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low pyridoxine levels can be present in patients with peripheral neuropathy irrespective of nutritional status especially in patients with sensory symptoms without weakness and with normal propioception. The presence of other known causes of neuropathy should not preclude B6 level measurement as deficiency can be corrected. Frequent B6 monitoring is needed to avoid overdose. The impact of B6 supplementation on patients symptoms was not adressed in this series. The cause of low pyridoxine level in patients without apparent malnutrition deserves further investigation. Disclosure: Dr. Chuquilin Arista has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nimmana has nothing to disclose.
Wells to wheels: water consumption for transportation fuels in the United States

The sustainability of energy resources such as transportation fuels is increasingly connected to the consumption of water resources. Water is required for irrigation in the development of bioenergy, reservoir creation in hydroelectric power generation, drilling and resource displacement in petroleum and gas production, mineral extraction in mining operations, and cooling and processing in thermoelectric power generation. Vehicles powered by petroleum, electricity, natural gas, ethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen fuel cells consume water resources indirectly through fuel production cycles, and it is important to understand the impacts of these technologies on water resources. Previous investigations of water consumption for transportation fuels have focused primarily on key processes and pathways, ignoring the impacts of many intermediate, inter-related processes used in fuel production cycles. Herein, the results of a life cycle analysis of water consumption for transportation fuels in the United States using an extensive system boundary that includes the water embedded in intermediate processing and transportation fuels are presented. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model provides a comprehensive framework and system boundary for transportation fuel analysis in the United States. GREET was expanded to include water consumption and used to compare the water consumed per unit energy and per km traveled in light-duty vehicles. Many alternative fuels were found to consume larger quantities of water on a per km basis than traditional petroleum pathways, and it is therefore important to consider the implications of transportation and energy policy changes on water resources in the future.
Recapitulation with Variations: “Play It Again, Sam”

One cannot deny the fundamental interdependence ofstructure and function in biology and medicine. This is now a hoary and possibly boring adage. But is it also recognized that structure and function determine the characteristics of disease? Is it understood that diseases are experienced, measured, and classified as they are mainly because of the anatomic parts affected? The history ofquackery depends largely on the lack ofthis perception. How else would anyone accept an elixir not only as a panacea—a cure for countless ills of all sorts—but also as a preventive against any disease? Yet, a little sensible reflection on the complexity and detailed specificity (that is, the fine anatomy and physiology) of the human body can prevent the frauds of quackery. Severed nerve fibers are not induced to regrow and to function normally again by the action ofan odoriferous nostrum. Metastatic cancer will not be overcome by an extract of fruit pits. There is no advantage in overdosage with vitamins. The only likely victory over disease lies in seeing it for what it is and this means looking at it, possibly with old and simple tools or perhaps with new and subtle tricks. But look at it we must; otherwise we are only charlatans whether we admit it or not.
LONG WAVE RUNUP ON COASTAL STRUCTURES

We present a general method for determining the runup and the amplification explicitly for nonbreaking long waves propagating over piecewise linear topography, using the linear shallow water wave equations. We associate each constant-depth segment and each linearly-varying depth segment with (2 x 2) matrices and we calculate the transmitted wave amplitude after propagating over any number of segments explicitly. We then extend our methodology to the three dimensional topography of a conical island. Our method is applicable in the design of dikes, sea-walls and other coastal structures.
Don’t Just Say it; Present it

This article addresses the importance of using a visual aid such as power point when giving a presentation.
Method for studying the rapidity fluctuation and de-correlation of harmonic flow in heavy-ion collisions

An ``event-shape-twist'' technique is proposed to study the longitudinal dynamics of harmonic flow, in particular the effects of rapidity fluctuation and event-plane de-correlation. This technique can distinguish between two types of rapidity de-correlation effects: a systematic rotation versus a random fluctuation of flow angles along the rapidity direction. The technique is demonstrated and the magnitude of the two de-correlation effects is predicted by using a multiphase transport model via a single-particle analysis and a two-particle correlation analysis. An observed de-correlation can be attributed to a systematic rotation of event-plane angle along the pseudorapidity, consistent with a collective response to an initial state twist of the fireball proposed by Bozek et al. This rotation is also observed for several higher-order harmonics with the same sign and similar magnitudes.
Studies of cyclic AMP effect on release of unsaturated vitamin B 12 binding capacity from human blood cells.

SummaryCyclic AMP and other agents capable of elevating cyclic AMP levels were incubated with human blood cells to test ability to inhibit unsaturated vitamin B12 binding protein release. Except for NaF, none of the agents tested showed a significant effect on UBBC increment at 24 hr compared to controls. As shown previously, NaF fully prevented UBBC release, even in the presence of added Li+. From these data, it is concluded that release of unsaturated vitamin B12 binding protein from human blood cells is not mediated primarily through changes in intracellular cyclic AMP levels.
Theory and Experiment of Chirped-Pulse THz Fast and Slow Light in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

We present excellent agreement of theoretical simulation and experimental results of THz fast and slow light using a novel chirped-pulse technique. A large timeshift of 8.7 pulses is demonstrated with minimum broadening and distortion.
Combined intrarenal blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the conscious dog

We produced maximal or near-maximal acute intrarenal blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by combining inhibitors. Intrarenal infusion of the renin inhibitor, ACRIP, the converting enzyme inhibitor, teprotide, and saralasin were administered individually or combined in random order. The inhibitors were infused for 20 min in doses that did not produce systemic effects in uninephrectomized conscious dogs in sodium balance at 10 meq/day. Significant increases in urine flow rate (UV; F = 97, P less than 0.0001), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV; F = 220, P less than 0.0001), glomerular filtration rate (GFR; F = 64, P less than 0.0001), and renal plasma flow (RPF; F = 108, P less than 0.0001) were observed with each blocker, whether alone or in combination except that ACRIP alone did not alter GFR or RPF. The increase in renal function was related to the number of blockers (3 greater than 2 greater than 1). With the three blockers combined UV increased approximately sixfold (from 0.5 +/- 0.06 to 2.9 +/...
Typology of food preferences identified by Nutri-Food Sort.

A Q-sort instrument to measure and identify a typology of food preferences was developed and tested. Sixty-eight pictures of food items were used for the Q-sort called the Nutri-Food Sort. Foods chosen were divided evenly among the following categories: (a) low nutrient/high calorie, (b) low nutrient/low calorie, (c) high nutrient/high calorie, and (d) high nutrient/low calorie. Ninety-seven women sorted the pictures on the basis of preference on a 7-point scale from “like a lot” to “dislike a lot.” The results were factor analyzed (Q-type), producing four distinct respondent groups or types. The types were labeled: (a) “finicky eaters,” (b) “health-conscious dieters,” (c) “diverse diners,” and (d) “high-calorie traditionalists.” The “finicky eaters” favored only 8 foods and disliked 40. “Health-conscious dieters” preferred low-calorie foods. The “diverse diners” preferred a wide variety of foods and were more adventuresome in their choices. The “high-calorie traditionalists” preferred high-calorie foods and “all-American” favorites. The four food preference categories originally predicted were partially accurate descriptions of the resulting four food preference factor groups. Overall, the Nutri-Food Sort appears to be a versatile instrument that has wide applicability in research on food behaviors, attitudes, and preferences.
Application of a plant performance improvement model and implementing process

The Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) published the document INPO 05–005, “Guidelines for Performance Improvement at Nuclear Power Stations,” to assist nuclear power plant management in identifying and addressing gaps in performance improvement, including those involving human performance activities. INPO 05–005 contains descriptions, or elements, of standards of excellence in performance improvement. As emphasized in INPO 05–005, effective line management involvement and ownership are essential to success in performance improvement activities. This paper describes the FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Company’s (FENOC’s) Performance Improvement Model and its associate implementing processes based on INPO 05–005. An integrated approach is provided for performance improvement. The FENOC Performance Improvement Model focuses on identifying performance gaps, developing target actions to close the gaps, and achieving results. To implement a workable, practical process, a plant business practice has been developed to compare current plant performance against industry standards of excellence, identify and analyze gaps, and determine, plan, and implement solutions to address those gaps.
InGaAs base infrared hot-electron transistors

An infrared hot-electron transistor with a thin (300 AA) InGaAs base layer is constructed. The transistor structure increases the detectivity of a state-of-the art quantum well infrared photoconductor (QWIP) by a factor of two at 77 K, provides a photovoltage gain of 9.7 and a power gain of 3.2, reduces the noise equivalent temperature difference of a detector array by a factor of 36, and can be used for quasi-photovoltaic operation. Using the transistor structure as an analytical tool, the photoelectron transport properties of a QWIP can be extracted, based on which a quantitative theory for the photoconductive gain can be established. >
Preconceptions about the infection process among prenursing students

Two hundred seven prenursing students in a large university-based nursing college participated in a study about their preconceptions concerning the infection process. Most students had a poor understanding of the distinction between bacteria and viruses and had little knowledge about the immune system or the mechanism of action of antibiotics. Instructors can use knowledge of student preconceptions to create more relevant learning experiences.
DOWNSTREAM TESTING UTILIZATION FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY (CCTA) IN THE ED EVALUATION OF LOW TO INTERMEDIATE RISK ACUTE CHEST PAIN

Background: Stress testing and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is often used to determine the clinical significance of obstructive lesions by CCTA. Methods: From 1/2011 to 12/2015 our tertiary care center performed 7,011 CCTAs on low to intermediate risk patients with chest pain. We identified
Adult Carpal Injuries

Wrist injuries require thorough evaluation of the mechanism of injury, associated injuries, and neurovascular status. It is important to note the presence or absence of a triquetral avulsion, hook of hamate fracture, scaphoid fractures, perilunate injuries, Gilula’s lines, the scapholunate angle, any DISI/VISI deformity, and the capitolunate angle.
“Called” to Speak Up: Employees’ Career Calling and Voice Behavior

Research on career calling has demonstrated its positive impact on work attitudes, but few studies have attempted to examine its relation with employees’ actual work behaviors. This study is the fi...
Gait speed estimation using Kalman Filtering on inertial measurement unit data

Gait speed measurement is vital for diagnosis of motor disorder and monitoring the progress of patient rehabilitation. This study presents an algorithm for moderate distance gait speed measurement from data acquired with inertial motion sensors comprised of a tri-axial accelerometer and a tri-axial gyroscope. Gait speed was measured in four different speed levels set by a treadmill: 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 miles/hour. The calculated speed was tuned by implementing Kalman Filter. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated by calculating the mean square error between estimated speed and the actual treadmill speed. The preliminary results obtained from various treadmill speeds suggest that proposed algorithm estimated speed in a reasonable accuracy. The average error rate was 0.23 m/h which is nearly similar to other studies in this area. Algorithm performance evaluation for various speeds implied that the best performance was exhibited when the speed was set at 1 mile/hour. Moreover, the use of Kalman Filter helped to fine-tune the estimated speed by removing uncertainty and eventually provided a better approximation of the speed measured from the inertial measurement unit.
Multisite Semiautomated Clinical Data Repository for Duplication 15q Syndrome: Study Protocol and Early Uses.

Background: Chromosome 15q11.2-q13.1 duplication syndrome (Dup15q syndrome) is a rare disorder caused by duplications of chromosome 15q11.2-q13.1, resulting in a wide range of developmental disabilities in affected individuals. The Dup15q Alliance is an organization that provides family support and promotes research to improve the quality of life of patients living with Dup15q syndrome. Because of the low prevalence of this condition, the establishment of a single research repository would have been difficult and more time consuming without collaboration across multiple institutions. Objective: The goal of this project is to establish a national deidentified database with clinical and survey information on individuals diagnosed with Dup15q syndrome. Methods: The development of a multiclinic site repository for clinical and survey data on individuals with Dup15q syndrome was initiated and supported by the Dup15q Alliance. Using collaborative workflows, communication protocols, and stakeholder engagement tools, a comprehensive database of patient-centered information was built. Results: We successfully established a self-report populating, centralized repository for Dup15q syndrome research. This repository also resulted in the development of standardized instruments that can be used for other studies relating to developmental disorders. By standardizing the data collection instruments, it allows us integrate our data with other national databases, such as the National Database for Autism Research. A substantial portion of the data collected from the questionnaires was facilitated through direct engagement of participants and their families. This allowed for a more complete set of information to be collected with a minimal turnaround time. Conclusions: We developed a repository that can efficiently be mined for shared clinical phenotypes observed at multiple clinic sites and used as a springboard for future clinical and basic research studies.
A More Personalized Satisfaction Model: Including the Bfi-44 in the American Customer Satisfaction Model

This study extends current research on customer satisfaction and the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) by incorporating personality into the American Customer Satisfaction Model (ACSM). Survey responses including basic demographic information, major choice, the ACSM, and BFI-44 were collected from 849 students from various colleges and universities across the United States. The research revealed that the BFI-44 can be reliably incorporated into the ACSM. Additionally, the inclusion of BFI personality traits substantially altered satisfaction rankings and comparisons that the students made relating to their choice of undergraduate major, a high-involvement product. The findings show that excluding personality from customer satisfaction data could result in inaccurate information relating to customers’ true satisfaction levels.
Marriage and Verbal Intimacy

In the latter part of the 20th century, the sharing of personal feelings and information has become the hallmark of a close relationship. In North America, the gradual exchange of intimate information about one’s inner self is considered the major process through which relationships between people develop. Most theories of relational growth equate the development of relationships with the exchange of increasingly more intimate information (Bochner, 1983). Although such theoretical work stresses the centrality of self-disclosure (e. g., Altman & Taylor, 1973), very little recent research has actually examined what function self-disclosure has in established relationships. One classic exception to this rule is the work of Komarovksy (1964) who shows that self-disclosure and open communication, although central to satisfactory functioning in some marriages, are clearly not all that important to couples in many stable blue-collar marriages. The degree to which self-disclosure and expressiveness in communication between partners is vital to marital functioning in various other social class groupings remains an open question.
Development and testing of a self-regulation model for recurrent depression.

Self-regulation is a strategy for self-management of depression. Study aims were to (1) describe development of an intervention based on metacognition and self-regulation, (2) test intervention feasibility and utility, and (3) determine its effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms. The Self-Regulated Illness Management of Depression intervention was developed and taught to 22 participants with recurrent depression. There was no attrition 6 months post intervention. At 6 months, there was a significant decrease in depressive symptoms (M = 10.21, standard deviation = 8.0), t(18) = 5.60, p < .001, and 73 percent of participants used Self-Regulated Illness Management of Depression frequently. Results indicated that Self-Regulated Illness Management of Depression was feasible and useful.
Biosynthetic Studies on Antibiotics

Study of the bioconversion of primary metabolites to antibiotics can provide a diverse array of novel information. The usual approach is to determine the pathway of carbon during the bioconversion and propose intermediates for further study. However, investigations employing multi-labeled intermediates (e.g., [13C6]glucose) can also provide information on the intermediary metabolism of the producing organism. Moreover, the organism can produce novel (often unrelated) antibiotics or other metabolites of structural interest during the biosynthetic fermentation.
The structure of keratan sulphates from various sources.

Quantitative structural comparisons were made between keratan sulphates isolated from various sources, namely pig nucleus pulposus, bovine cornea, and the costal cartilages of children, a young adult with Marfan syndrome and of old human autopsies. In human costal cartilage the amount of keratan sulphate increases markedly with age, although total mucopolysaccharide decreases to some extent, concomitant with a decrease in chondroitin 4-sulphate and an increase in chondroitin 6-sulphate. Comparison of molecular weights estimated by gel chromatography with those calculated from the molar ratio of galactose to mannose indicates that keratan sulphates of human costal cartilages of children and of a young adult with Marfan syndrome, and of pig nucleus pulposus, contain one mannose residue per chain, whereas keratan sulphates of old human costal cartilage and of bovine cornea contain one to two, and two, per chain respectively. After mild acid-catalysed desulphation of pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate, approx. 12% of the mucopolysaccharide aggregates irreversibly once the water is removed from the polysaccharide. The following conclusions have been drawn from a methylation analysis of keratan sulphates of various sources, aided by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. (1) Fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid are non-reducing terminal residues and the sialic acid is linked to the 3-position of galactose residues. (2) Pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate has approximately 4 non-reducing terminal groups per molecule and appears to be slightly less branched than the costal-cartilage keratan sulphate of children. The branching in human costal-cartilage keratan sulphates decreases with age. Bovine corneal keratan sulphate appears to be unbranched. (3) Mannose residues are linked by 3 different substituents in human costal-cartilage and bovine corneal keratan sulphates, and by two different substituents in pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate. (4) The sulphate ester groups are all on the 6-position of N-acetyl-glucosamine and galactose residues. The degree of sulphation increases with age in costal keratan sulphates with the increase mainly of the galactose 6-sulphate residues.
Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading

Transgenic mice lacking a functional myostatin (MSTN) gene demonstrate greater skeletal muscle mass resulting from muscle fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia (McPherron, A. C., A. M. Lawler, and S. -J. Lee. Nature 387: 83-90, 1997). Therefore, we hypothesized that, in normal mice, MSTN may act as a negative regulator of muscle mass. Specifically, we hypothesized that the predominately slow (type I) soleus muscle, which demonstrates greater atrophy than the fast (type II) gastrocnemius-plantaris complex (Gast/PLT), would show more elevation in MSTN mRNA abundance during hindlimb unloading (HU). Surprisingly, MSTN mRNA was not detectable in weight-bearing or HU soleus muscle, which atrophied 42% by the 7th day of HU in female ICR mice. In contrast, MSTN mRNA was present in weight-bearing Gast/PLT muscle and was significantly elevated (67%) at 1 day but not at 3 or 7 days of HU. However, the Gast/PLT muscle had only atrophied 17% by the 7th day of HU. Because the soleus is composed only of type I and IIa fibers, whereas the Gast/PLT expresses type IId/x and IIb in addition to type I and IIa, it was necessary to perform a more careful analysis of the relationship between MSTN mRNA levels and myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoform expression (as a marker of fiber type). A significant correlation (r = 0.725, P < 0. 0005) was noted between the percentage of MHC isoform IIb expression and MSTN mRNA abundance in several muscles of the mouse hindlimb. These results indicate that MSTN expression is not strongly associated with muscle atrophy induced by HU; however, it is strongly associated with MHC isoform IIb expression in normal muscle.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN A SMALL MICHIGAN WATERSHED

This study examines stormwater flooding problems on Arcadia Creek, a typical small watershed in Michigan, which is undergoing urbanization. Land-use change has increased the impervious area and, hence, surface runoff while decreasing the natural storage capacity along the channel by elimination of marshes and swamps. However, creation of flow constrictions at culverts, construction of retention ponds, and other results of human interference have led to hydrologic segmentation of the basin and less downstream discharge but a more peaked hydrograph than expected. Continued haphazard urbanization of the basin could increase runoff and decrease storage to a point where downstream flooding would become a far more serious problem. A cooperative approach is needed among the three governments who have jurisdiction over the basin to preserve upstream storage capacity through both structural and policy measures. This would not only greatly facilitate flood control but obviate the need for expensive channel reconstr...
WARREN W. NISSLEY: A CRUSADER FOR COLLEGIATE EDUCATION

Warren W. Nissley's intense dedication to public accounting led him to crusade for development of schools of accountancy and improvement of education of accountants. Nissley conceived and championed the Bureau for Placements, 1926–1932, which resulted in: public accounting firms recruiting college graduates and developing permanent professional staffs, publishing the first Institute career publication, academic and student awareness of public accounting, and improved quality of college programs and graduates. Nissley's campaign for independent schools of accountancy, 1928–1950, influenced the Institute's committee on education. Many elements of his recommendations may be recognized in the evolution and current developments of accounting education. However, Nissley would continue to express disappointment in the failure to establish separate professional, graduate level, schools of accountancy for public accounting.
Identification of internal faults in indirect symmetrical phase shift transformers using ensemble learning

This paper proposes methods to identify 40 different types of internal faults in an Indirect Symmetrical Phase Shift Transformer (ISPST). The ISPST was modeled using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)/ Electromagnetic Transients including DC (EMTDC). The internal faults were simulated by varying the transformer tapping, backward and forward phase shifts, loading, and percentage of winding faulted. Data for 960 cases of each type of fault was recorded. A series of features were extracted for a, b, and c phases from time, frequency, time-frequency, and information theory domains. The importance of the extracted features was evaluated through univariate tests which helped to reduce the number of features. The selected features were then used for training five state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers. Extremely Random Trees and Random Forest, the ensemble-based learners, achieved the accuracy of 98.76% and 97.54% respectively outperforming Multilayer Perceptron (96.13%), Logistic Regression (93.54%), and Support Vector Machines (92.60%).
Developmental expression patterns of protein kinase A catalytic subunits in zebrafish.

Abstract Protein kinase A (PKA), also known as cAMP dependent protein kinase, is an essential component of many signaling pathways, many of which regulate key developmental processes. Inactive PKA is a tetrameric holoenzyme, comprised of two catalytic (PRKAC), and two regulatory subunits. Upon cAMP binding, the catalytic subunits are released and thereby activated. There are multiple isoforms of PKA catalytic subunits, but their individual roles are not well understood. In order to begin studying their roles in zebrafish development, it is first necessary to identify the spatial and temporal expression profiles for each prkac subunit. Here we evaluate the expression profiles for the four zebrafish prkacs: prkacαa, αb, βa, and βb, at key developmental time points: 24, 48 and 72 h post fertilization. We show that zebrafish prkacs are expressed throughout the developing nervous system, each showing unique expression patterns. This body of work will inform future functional studies into the roles of PKA during development.
Dynamics of bed bug infestations and control under disclosure policies

Bed bugs have reemerged in the United States and worldwide over recent decades, presenting a major challenge to both public health practitioners and housing authorities. A number of municipalities have proposed or initiated policies to stem the bed bug epidemic, but little guidance is available to evaluate them. One contentious policy is disclosure, whereby landlords are obligated to notify potential tenants of current or prior bed bug infestations. Aimed to protect tenants from leasing an infested rental unit, disclosure also creates a kind of quarantine, partially and temporarily removing infested units from the market. Here, we develop a mathematical model for the spread of bed bugs in a generalized rental market, calibrate it to parameters of bed bug dispersion and housing turnover, and use it to evaluate the costs and benefits of disclosure policies to landlords. We find disclosure to be an effective control policy to curb infestation prevalence. Over the short term (within 5 years), disclosure policies result in modest increases in cost to landlords, while over the long term, reductions of infestation prevalence lead, on average, to savings. These results are insensitive to different assumptions regarding the prevalence of infestation, rate of introduction of bed bugs from other municipalities, and the strength of the quarantine effect created by disclosure. Beyond its application to bed bugs, our model offers a framework to evaluate policies to curtail the spread of household pests and is appropriate for systems in which spillover effects result in highly nonlinear cost-benefit relationships.
The Genetic Structure of American Black Bear Populations in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Large and wide-ranging carnivores typically display genetic connectivity across their distributional range. American black bears (Ursus americanus) are vagile carnivores and habitat generalists. However, they are strongly associated with forested habitats; consequently, habitat patchiness and fragmentation have the potential to drive connectivity and the resultant structure between black bear subpopulations. Our analysis of genetic structure of black bears in the southern Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado (n = 296) revealed two discrete populations: bears in northern Wyoming were distinct (FST = 0.217) from bears in southern Wyoming and Colorado, despite higher densities of anthropogenic development within Colorado. The differentiation we observed indicates that bears in Wyoming originated from two different clades with structure driven by the pattern of contiguous forest, rather than the simple distance between populations. We posit that forested habitat and competitive interactions with brown bears reinforced patterns of genetic structure resulting from historic colonization. Our work suggests that forested habitat is an important force structuring populations in the southern Rocky Mountains, even for populations of highly vagile carnivores.
Genetic and molecular epidemiology of adult diffuse glioma

The WHO 2007 glioma classification system (based primarily on tumour histology) resulted in considerable interobserver variability and substantial variation in patient survival within grades. Furthermore, few risk factors for glioma were known. Discoveries over the past decade have deepened our understanding of the molecular alterations underlying glioma and have led to the identification of numerous genetic risk factors. The advances in molecular characterization of glioma have reframed our understanding of its biology and led to the development of a new classification system for glioma. The WHO 2016 classification system comprises five glioma subtypes, categorized by both tumour morphology and molecular genetic information, which led to reduced misclassification and improved consistency of outcomes within glioma subtypes. To date, 25 risk loci for glioma have been identified and several rare inherited mutations that might cause glioma in some families have been discovered. This Review focuses on the two dominant trends in glioma science: the characterization of diagnostic and prognostic tumour markers and the identification of genetic and other risk factors. An overview of the many challenges still facing glioma researchers is also included.
Molecular Subtypes and Driver Mutations in Latinos with Gastric Cancer: Implications for Etiological and Translational Research

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of mortality and a malignancy that disproportionally affects Latino populations in the United States and Latin America. Latinos are two times more likely to be diagnosed with and to die of GC than non-Latino whites (NLW). Published data and ongoing research suggest that the molecular epidemiology of GC in Latinos is unique. Here we present an overview of GC epidemiology and disparities and describe our pilot data on Latino GC genomics. Also discussed are research gaps in etiology and translational research that need to be addressed to improve GC outcomes in Latino populations.
Optimization of blocking conditions for fluorescent Western blot

Blocking conditions are critical for reducing background and non-specific signals in Western blot (WB). For fluorescent WB, however, blockers may bring in additional autofluorescence, and optimal blocking conditions have been less well established. Here, the autofluorescence of Tween 20 is clarified, which is negligible when imaged wet, but could be significant when Tween 20 is dried on blots. In most situations, blocking with Tween 20 reduces background and/or improves specific signals. Systematical investigation of blocking conditions for fluorescent WB reveals that the autofluorescent background is determined by a combination of multiple factors including the blocker, the excitation/emission configuration, the membrane, and the H2O (wet or dry), varying case by case. The commonly used protein or polymer blockers (milk, bovine serum albumin, fish gelatin, and polyvinylpyrrolidone) each have unique advantages and disadvantages concerning the autofluorescence, the blocking efficiency, and the cost. 0.005%-0.02% sodium dodecyl sulphate can be included to reduce non-specific bands and background caused by non-specific binding of antibodies, however, at the cost of also impairing specific signals. For poorly-performing antibodies, a pre-test might be necessary to identify a suitable blocker. This work provides a reference for cost-effective blocking conditions for fluorescent WB.
Seeded Hydrogen in Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Engines

Using a NASA Design Reference Architecture, a nuclear thermal propulsion engine model was developed to numerically examine the effects on engine performance by adding heavy noble gases into the hyd...
Optoacoustic imaging of GLP-1 Receptor with a near-infrared exendin-4 analog

Limitations in current imaging tools have long challenged the imaging of small pancreatic islets in animal models. Here, we report the first development and in vivo validation testing of a broad spectrum and high absorbance near infrared optoacoustic contrast agent, E4x12-Cy7. Our near infrared tracer (E4x12-Cy7) is based on the amino acid sequence of exendin-4 and targets the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Cell assays confirmed that E4x12-Cy7 has a high binding affinity (IC50 = 4.6 +/- 0.8 nM). Using the multi- spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), we imaged E4x12-Cy7 and optoacoustically visualized beta-cell insulinoma xenografts in vivo for the first time. In the future, similar optoacoustic tracers that are specific for beta-cells and combines optoacoustic and fluorescence imaging modalities could prove to be important tools for monitoring the pancreas for the progression of diabetes.
Clinical practice guidelines on newborn hearing screening: A systematic quality appraisal using the AGREE II instrument.

Abstract Introduction Several guidelines and consensus statements have been produced and disseminated for the detection and management of newborn hearing loss. However, to date, the quality and methodologic rigor of these screening and management protocols have not been appraised. Objective To identify and evaluate existing guidelines and consensus statements for the detection and management of neonatal hearing loss. Methods A comprehensive search of EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and grey literature sources was conducted until August 2020. The quality of these guidelines was assessed by four independent reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation, 2nd edition (AGREE II). Domain scores were considered satisfactory quality if they scored >60%, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess agreement among the appraisers. Results Twelve guidelines were assessed for critical evaluation. Only two guidelines were classified as ‘high quality’, and the remaining were ‘average’ or ‘low quality’. The ‘Scope and Purpose’ domain achieved the highest mean score (91.3% ± 5.8%), and lowest was ‘Rigor of Development’ (35.8% ± 19.1%). ICC analysis showed good to very good agreement across all domains (0.63–0.95). Conclusion These findings highlight the variability in methodologic quality of guidelines and consensus statement for the detection and management of neonatal hearing loss. These results may help to improve the reporting of future guidelines and guide the selection and use of these guidelines in clinical practice.
Examining the Quality of Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Goals for Children With Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the quality of Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals for students with traumatic brain injury (TBI) using an empirically based rating in...
NEURAL ENCODING OF FELT AND IMAGINED TOUCH WITHIN HUMAN POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX

ABSTRACT In the human posterior parietal cortex (PPC), single units encode high-dimensional information with partially mixed representations that enable small populations of neurons to encode many variables relevant to movement planning, execution, cognition, and perception. Here we test whether a PPC neuronal population previously demonstrated to encode visual and motor information is similarly selective in the somatosensory domain. We recorded from 1423 neurons within the PPC of a human clinical trial participant during objective touch presentation and during tactile imagery. Neurons encoded experienced touch with bilateral receptive fields, organized by body part, and covered all tested regions. Tactile imagery evoked body part specific responses that shared a neural substrate with experienced touch. Our results are the first neuron level evidence of touch encoding in human PPC and its cognitive engagement during tactile imagery which may reflect semantic processing, sensory anticipation, and imagined touch.
Estimating poaching risk for the critically endangered wild red wolf (Canis rufus)

The reintroduced red wolf (Canis rufus) population in northeastern North Carolina declined to 7 known wolves by October 2020, the majority of which is due to poaching (illegal killing), the major component of verified anthropogenic mortality in this and many other carnivore populations. Poaching is still not well understood and is often underestimated, partly as a result of cryptic poaching, when poachers conceal evidence. Cryptic poaching inhibits our understanding of the causes and consequences of anthropogenic mortality, which is important to conservation as it can inform us about future population patterns within changing political and human landscapes. We estimate risk for marked adult red wolves of 5 causes of death (COD: legal, nonhuman, unknown, vehicle and poached) and disappearance, describe variation in COD in relation to hunting season, and compare time to disappearance or death. We include unknown fates in our risk estimates. We found that anthropogenic COD accounted for 0.78-0.85 of 508 marked animals, including poaching and cryptic poaching, which we estimated at 0.51-0.64. Risk of poaching and disappearance was significantly higher during hunting season. Mean time from collaring until nonhuman COD averaged 376 days longer than time until poached and 642 days longer than time until disappearance. Our estimates of risk differed from prior published estimates, as expected by accounting for unknown fates explicitly. We quantify the effects on risk for three scenarios for unknown fates, which span conservative to most likely COD. Implementing proven practices that prevent poaching or hasten successful reintroduction may reverse the decline to extinction in the wild of this critically endangered population. Our findings add to a growing literature on endangered species protections and enhancing the science used to measure poaching worldwide.
Sensitivity of Iodine-Mediated Stratospheric Ozone Loss Chemistry to Future Chemistry-Climate Scenarios

As the chemical and physical state of the stratosphere evolves, so too will the rates of important ozone-destroying reactions. In this work, we evaluate the chemistry-climate sensitivity of reactions of stratospheric iodine, reporting the iodine alpha factor (the efficiency of ozone loss mediated by a single iodine atom relative to the ozone loss mediated by a single chlorine atom) and the iodine eta factor (the efficiency of ozone loss mediated by a single iodine atom relative to the ozone loss mediated by a single chlorine atom in a benchmark chemistry-climate state) as a function of future greenhouse gas emissions scenario. We find that iodine-mediated ozone loss is much less sensitive to future changes in the state of the stratosphere than chlorine- and bromine-mediated reactions. Additionally, we demonstrate that the inclusion of the heterogeneous reaction of ozone with aqueous iodide in stratospheric aerosol produces substantial enhancements in the iodine alpha and eta factors relative to evaluations that consider gas-phase iodine reactions only. We conclude that the share of halogen-induced ozone loss due to reactions of iodine will likely be greater in the future stratosphere than it is today.
Multivariate Base Rates and Concussion Detection: A Comparative Study.

Recent research has yielded multivariate base rates (MBRs) of low scores in healthy populations using a widely adopted concussion screening measure, Immediate Postconcussion and Cognitive Testing (...