cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and Depression

Diabetes mellitus affects about 20% of adults older than 65 years of age and its prevalence among Americans is reaching epidemic proportions. In cross-sectional studies, diabetes mellitus has been associated with various complications and comorbid conditions, especially psychiatric disorders. The relationship between diabetes and depression is particularly complex. Evidence demonstrates high co-occurrence of these disorders, with associated poorer medical outcomes. Studies have also shown an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease and more rapid cognitive decline for diabetic patients. The neuroanatomic changes that occur in depression, as well as the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and resultant inflammatory effects that occur in patients with co-occurring depression and diabetes, are reviewed. The range of treatments for depression including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic is discussed, with particular consideration of impact of these treatments on patients with diabetes and/or cognitive impairment.
BASE Jumping Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: an Assessment of Morbidity, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Costs.

Background BASE (building, antenna, span, earth) jumping involves jumping from fixed objects with specialized parachutes. BASE jumping is associated with less aerodynamic control and flight stability than skydiving because of the lower altitude of jumps. Injuries and fatalities are often attributed to bad landings and object collision. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the 2010–2014 National Emergency Department Sample database, a nationally representative sample of all visits to US emergency departments (EDs). BASE jumping-associated injuries were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes [E004.0]. Outcomes evaluated included morbidity, mortality, inpatient admission, and costs. Adjusted analyses accounting for survey methodology were performed. Results After weighting, 1790 BASE-associated ED presentations were identified with 358±28 injuries annually. A total of 1313 patients (73%) were aged 18 to 44 y, and 1277 (71%) were male. Nine hundred seventy-six (55%) multiple body system injuries and 677 (38%) isolated extremity injuries were reported. There were 1588 (89%) patients discharged home from the ED; only 144 (7%) were admitted as inpatients. On multivariate logistic regression, only anatomic site of injury was associated with inpatient admission (odds ratio=0.6, P Conclusions Although deemed one of the most dangerous extreme sports, many patients with BASE injuries surviving to arrival at definitive medical care do not require inpatient admission.
Climate Change in the American Mind: Data, Tools, and Trends

iStock/yangphotoClimate change is a major threat to ecosystems and people around the world.1 Risk analysts, including the U.S. Department of Defense, rank climate change as one of the most serious ...
Surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) for subsurface detection of nanostar probes

Early detection of molecular targets can greatly impact the clinical diagnosis and outcome of many diseases such as cancer. Methods utilizing optical detection systems and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-labeled nanoparticles provide a way of selectively targeting and obtaining signals unique to the target diseases as well as in-vivo applications for biomass and biofuel research with plants. However, these modalities are often limited to surface level detection due to attenuation from layers of highly scattering and absorbing tissue. In this work, we utilize surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) to probe through thick tissue to overcome this limitation. This modality combines high SERS signals generated by nanoparticles with a depth resolved detection technique called spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). We show the detection and recovery of SERS signal in layered systems comprising of optically mimicking gel as well as bone material.
A Comprehensive and Context-Sensitive Neonatal Pain Assessment Using Computer Vision

Infants receiving care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) experience several painful procedures during their hospitalization. Assessing neonatal pain is difficult because the current standard for assessment is subjective, inconsistent, and discontinuous. The intermittent and inconsistent assessment can induce poor treatment and, therefore, cause serious long-term outcomes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive pain assessment system that utilizes facial expressions along with crying sounds, body movement, and vital sign changes. The proposed automatic system generates a standardized pain assessment comparable to those obtained by conventional nurse-derived pain scores. The system achieved 95.56% accuracy using decision fusion of different pain responses that were recorded in a challenging clinical environment. In addition to the decision fusion, we present the performance of multimodal assessment using other fusion schemes as well as a unimodal assessment approach. We also discuss the impact of different factors (e.g., gestational age) on pain, propose several group-specific models for pain assessment (e.g., pre-term and full-term models), and compare the performance of these models with the performance of general models. While further research is needed, our results show that the automatic assessment of neonatal pain is a viable and more efficient alternative to the manual assessment.
On the Distribution of Extreme Values of Zeta and L-Functions in the Strip ½ < σ < 1

Abstract. We study the distribution of large (and small) values of several families of L-functions on a line Re(s) = σ where 1/2 < σ < 1. We consider the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) in the t-aspect, Dirichlet L-functions in the q-aspect, and L-functions attached to primitive holomorphic cusp forms of weight 2 in the level aspect. For each family we show that the L-values can be very well modeled by an adequate random Euler product, uniformly in a wide range. We also prove new Ω-results for quadratic Dirichlet L-functions (predicted to be best possible by the probabilistic model) conditionally on GRH, and other results related to large moments of ζ(σ+ it).
Persistent Bias Among Local Election Officials

Results of an audit study conducted during the 2016 election cycle demonstrate that bias toward Latinos observed during the 2012 election has persisted. In addition to replicating previous results, we show that Arab/Muslim Americans face an even greater barrier to communicating with local election officials, but we find no evidence of bias toward blacks. An innovation of our design allows us to measure whether e-mails were opened by recipients, which we argue provides a direct test of implicit discrimination. We find evidence of implicit bias toward Arab/Muslim senders only.
Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Biochemical Systems

Living cells are crowded. The presence of so many macromolecules packed into a confined environment affects the structure and function of biological components, and the kinetics and thermodynamics of biochemical reactions. In fact, crowding studies have already led to important biological insights, such as the existence of metabolons and other temporary protein complexes that play essential roles in metabolism, cell signaling, and organization of the intracellular environment. Even so, this important topic is rarely addressed in chemistry and biochemistry curricula. This review brings readers up to date on developments in the field of macromolecular crowding, with a special emphasis on distinguishing between the two major components of crowding: excluded volume effects (hard interactions) and chemical effects (soft interactions). Interestingly, because attractive soft interactions and repulsive hard interactions oppose each other, the net effects of crowding in vivo are often surprisingly small. We present some background and theory, while summarizing recent literature. Finally, we include suggestions on how this topic might be incorporated into the biochemistry classroom or laboratory setting.
Design of a public health informatics curriculum

Public Health Informatics has been identified as one of the four domains of the National Health Information Infrastructure by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Proposed is the design of a professional curriculum in Public Health Informatics leading to the professionally accredited Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) degree. The relevant literature is reviewed and discussed. The educational goals and objectives for the proposed Public Health Informatics curriculum are specified. The course of study is then outlined, with each of the educational goals and objectives tied to specific coursework. Directions for future efforts to implement advanced education and training opportunities in the proposed Public Health Informatics curriculum are presented.
Forward and Backward Error Recovery Factors in Digital Human-System Interface Design

This paper examines the idea that just as there are specific factors that can affect the performance of a task in human reliability analysis (HRA) models, there are also specific characteristics that will impact the likelihood of a recovery from an error state. The first set of factors is commonplace in many HRA models and methods and fits well with the common understanding of task completion and human error. This paper seeks to set out a brief list of measurable factors that would influence a recovery in both negative and positive means and various design practices and tools that can assist in these processes. By focusing on recovery, and specifically only actions that come after the human error or post initiator, this paper seeks to highlight positive design changes, areas of improvement, and a more robust design framework that can capture the second half of an erroneous action and empower the operator to successfully guide a system to safety. Two ideas, forward and backward error recovery, are discussed in terms of what potential changes they may make to designing complex process control interfaces and displays. As the nuclear power industry seeks to implement digital control schemes in various systems, there could be clear design decisions that can be made to aid the future operator in recovering from an erroneous action in a way that prevents any deleterious effects on the plant.
Two-dimensional d-π conjugated metal-organic framework based on hexahydroxytrinaphthylene

The development of new two-dimensional (2D) d-π conjugated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) holds great promise for the construction of a new generation of porous and semiconductive materials. This paper describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and electronic properties of a new d-π conjugated 2D MOF based on the use of a new ligand 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexahydroxytrinaphthylene. The reticular self-assembly of this large π-conjugated organic building block with Cu(II) ions in a mixed solvent system of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and H2O with the addition of ammonia water or ethylenediamine leads to a highly crystalline MOF Cu3(HHTN)2, which possesses pore aperture of 2.5 nm. Cu3(HHTN)2 MOF shows moderate electrical conductivity of 9.01 × 10−8 S·cm−1 at 385 K and temperature-dependent band gap ranging from 0.75 to 1.65 eV. After chemical oxidation by I2, the conductivity of Cu3(HHTN)2 can be increased by 360 times. This access to HHTN based MOF adds an important member to previously reported MOF systems with hexagonal lattice, paving the way towards systematic studies of structure-property relationships of semiconductive MOFs.
Total Synthesis of Halistatins 1 and 2

The first total synthesis of halistatins 1 and 2 has been completed using Cr-mediated coupling reactions for the C11/C12, C17/C18, and C19/C20 bond formation. For the C11/C12 bond formation, a stoi...
729 The impact of immune and targeted therapies for melanoma in asian populations: a national cancer database analysis 2004–2016

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and targeted therapies (TT) have improved the survival outcomes in patients with advanced melanoma. However, less is known about their impact on Asian patients with melanoma. In this study, we hypothesize that patients of Asian ancestry would have improved survival for advanced melanoma since the introduction of ICI and TT in 2011. Methods Asian patients with melanoma were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004–2016. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were compared for populations treated before and after 2011 using Chi-square analyses. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results 1,411 Asian patients with melanoma were identified. Overall, 21% were melanoma in situ, and 79% were invasive melanomas. 62% of patients did not have a documented histologic subtype. The most common reported histologies were superficial spreading (14%) and acral lentiginous (10%) melanomas. Primary locations included 41% lower extremity, 17% upper extremity, and 11% head and neck. The age at diagnosis has increased during the study period - 38% over 60 years old in 2004, to 54% in 2016 (P Conclusions Asian patients with melanoma are receiving diagnoses at older ages. Despite decreases in OS for all Asian patients with melanoma, advanced stage IV of the diseases have improved outcomes for the group treated in the era of ICI and TT. Further investigation is warranted to understand the treatment, patient, and tumor characteristics that predict response in this demographic of patients.
Improved first-principles equation-of-state table of deuterium for high-energy-density applications

We present a first-principles equation-of-state (EOS) table of deuterium aimed at improving the previously established first-principles equation-of-state table (FPEOS) [S. X. Hu et al., Phys. Rev. B 84, 224109 (2011); S. X. Hu et al., Phys. Plasmas 22, 056304 (2015)]. The EOS table presented here, referred to as iFPEOS, introduces (1) a universal density functional theory (DFT) treatment of all density and temperature conditions, (2) a fully consistent treatment of exchange-correlation (XC) thermal effects across the entire range of temperatures covered, and (3) quantum treatment of ions. Based on ab initio molecular dynamics driven by thermal density functional theory, iFPEOS includes density points in the range $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\le}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$ $\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and temperature points in the range 800 K $\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}256$ MK, thus covering the challenging warm dense matter (WDM) regime. For an improved description of the electronic structure, iFPEOS employs an advanced free-energy XC density functional with explicit temperature dependence, which is at the metageneralized gradient approximation level of DFT. We use the latest orbital-free free-energy density functional for the high-temperature regime where it shows excellent agreement with standard Mermin-Kohn-Sham DFT. For quantum treatment of ions we use path-integral molecular dynamics in order to take into account nuclear quantum effects. Results are compared to other EOS models and most recent experimental measurements of deuterium properties such as the molecular-to-atomic fluid transition, the principal and reshock Hugoniot, and sound speed. We find that iFPEOS provides an improved agreement with experimental data compared to other first-principles EOS models in the WDM regime for pressures up to 200 GPa and temperatures up to $60\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}000$ K. For higher pressures and temperatures, however, iFPEOS is in agreement with other models in predicting lower compressibility and higher sound speed along the Hugoniot, compared to experiment.
Cryptococcosis in Experimental Animals: Lessons Learned

This chapter presents salient examples in the use and performance of animal models of cryptococcal infection, particularly murine and rabbit models, and demonstrate how these models in conjunction with the application of emerging technologies have advanced our knowledge about this disease. In the current era of increasingly more stringent regulations on the use of laboratory animals, it is no longer acceptable to most Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees for the investigator to allow the experimental animals to die of infection. Mice are the most frequently used species for cryptococcal models and can be infected by one of several routes. Intraperitoneal infection using 105 to 107 yeast cells is technically easy to master, and many mice can be infected quickly. Human cryptococcosis is acquired via inhalation, and thus, pulmonary models of infection are better mimics of the natural disease progression. The use of rabbits in models of fungal infection has been much more limited than the use of rodents. Prevention of infection is even more desirable, and vaccine studies in animal models have been done in the field of cryptococcosis.
Queuing Models of Tertiary Storage

Large scale scientific projects generate and use large amounts of data. For example, the NASA Earth Observation System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) project is expected to archive one petabyte per year of raw satellite data. This data is made automatically available for processing into higher level data products and for dissemination to the scientific community. Such large volumes of data can only be stored in robotic storage libraries (RSL's) for near-line access. A characteristic of RSL's is the use of a robot arm that transfers media between a storage rack and the read/write drives, thus multiplying the capacity of the system. The performance of the RSL's can be a critical limiting factor for the performance of the archive system. However, the many interacting components of an RSL make a performance analysis difficult. In addition, different RSL components can have widely varying performance characteristics. This paper describes our work to develop performance models of an RSL in isolation. Next we show how the RSL model can be incorporated into a queuing network model. We use the models to make some example performance studies of archive systems. The models described in this paper, developed for the NASA EODIS project, are implemented in C with a well defined interface. The source code, accompanying documentation, and also sample JAVA applets are available at: http://www.cis.ufl.edu/~ted/
Substance and Procedure in the Reform of Criminal Sentencing

There are three installments to this short essay. The first section creates a classification of types of reform. The second section outlines two recent changes in California sentencing. The third section discusses four lessons about the proper evaluation of changes in punishment that are derived from recent experience in California. In the first section, I distinguish between the means used to change the rules of sentencing and the substantive objectives that reforms attempt to achieve. The ends of sentencing reform are why changes are made; the means of sentencing reform are how the rules are changed. The how of sentencing changes is an objective reality that is usually not difficult to determine. The authority to set prison terms is shifted from parole board to sentencing judge, or from judge to jury. The objectives of sentencing reforms are the consequences intended by the people who designed or authorized changes in the rules. These are motives that may not be easy to determine and also may not be shared by all those persons who design and authorize a particular change. Some of those who shifted power from parole boards to judges may have intended that the average length of prison terms might be reduced while others intended that the uncertainty and disparity in sentences might be reduced but without any change in average length. While reform objectives are more difficult
Tree-based methods for classifying software failures

Recent research has addressed the problem of providing automated assistance to software developers in classifying reported instances of software failures so that failures with the same cause are grouped together. In this paper, two new tree-based techniques are presented for refining an initial classification of failures. One of these techniques is based on the use of dendrograms, which are rooted trees used to represent the results of hierarchical cluster analysis. The second technique employs a classification tree constructed to recognize failed executions. With both techniques, the tree representation is used to guide the refinement process. We also report the results of experimentally evaluating these techniques on several subject programs.
A distributed broadband monolithic frequency multiplier

A broadband frequency doubler that uses distributed amplifier techniques has been designed to operate over several octaves of bandwidth. The circuit design suppresses the fundamental frequency energy present at the output port while maximizing the second harmonic signal. The design can be realized using monolithic or conventional microwave circuit techniques for use in local oscillator chains. To demonstrate the multiplier concept, a two-cell monolithic circuit was designed. The doubler is composed of four FETs with gate widths of 176 mu m. The completed frequency doubler chip was used in the design of a 5-9-GHz (10-8-GHz output frequency) multiplier chain. The chain used several stages of post- and preamplification to set input drive levels and to provide increased local oscillator power. A 9-dB variation in input power produces only 3 dB of output power variation. With the chain fully driven, the total power output variation is less than +or-1 dB. The multipliers exhibit excellent power output characteristics, with fundamental frequency suppression, and require no tuning. >
Identifying the Consequences of Teenage Childbearing

Using miscarriage as an instrument for birth suffers from a censoring problem created by the fact that women wanting the pregnancy to end in an abortion frequently pre-empt an "assigned" miscarriage. I describe evidence that this problem is severe, creates a significant bias in IV estimates, and develop non-parametric estimators to correct for censoring. While simple IV estimates previously suggested teenage childbearing had little effect on high school completion or labor market outcomes later in life, non-parametric IV estimates indicate significant costs of teenage childbearing, particularly for high school aged girls.
CD22 Ligand Binding Regulates Normal and Malignant B Lymphocyte Survival In Vivo

The CD22 extracellular domain regulates B lymphocyte function by interacting with α2,6-linked sialic acid-bearing ligands. To understand how CD22 ligand interactions affect B cell function in vivo, mouse anti-mouse CD22 mAbs were generated that inhibit CD22 ligand binding to varying degrees. Remarkably, mAbs which blocked CD22 ligand binding accelerated mature B cell turnover by 2- to 4-fold in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. CD22 ligand-blocking mAbs also inhibited the survival of adoptively transferred normal (73–88%) and malignant (90%) B cells in vivo. Moreover, mAbs that bound CD22 ligand binding domains induced significant CD22 internalization, depleted marginal zone B cells (82–99%), and reduced mature recirculating B cell numbers by 75–85%. The CD22 mAb effects were independent of complement and FcRs, and the CD22 mAbs had minimal effects in CD22AA mice that express mutated CD22 that is not capable of ligand binding. These data demonstrate that inhibition of CD22 ligand binding can disrupt normal and malignant B cell survival in vivo and suggest a novel mechanism of action for therapeutics targeting CD22 ligand binding domains.
History and practice of competency‐based assessment

Medical Education 2012: 46: 49–57 Context In response to historical trends in expectations of doctors, the goals of medical education are increasingly framed in terms of global competencies. The language of these competencies has tended to adopt a prescriptive, rather than descriptive, approach. However, despite widespread agreement on the importance of competency-based education and more than two decades of study, this effort has not generated a dependable set of assessment tools. Discussion Because models of competency are legislated, rather than shaped by scholarly consideration of empirical data, it is unlikely that such models directly reflect actual human behaviour. Efforts to measure clinical behaviours could benefit from increased clarity in three related conceptual areas. Firstly, the language of educational constructs should be framed in terms of data-based hypotheses, rather than in terms of intuitively plausible abilities. Secondly, these constructs should be specified in terms of the situations to which they are relevant, rather than as global personal characteristics. Finally, the resources required to measure these constructs should be rigorously established because a common resource-based metric would allow for rational selection of assessment methods. Specific methods to establish each of these objectives are discussed. Conclusions The political process of negotiating educational objectives should not be confused with the scientific work of establishing coherent and interpretable patterns of behaviour. Although the two activities can complement one another, each has its own distinct methods and style of discourse. It is thus critical to maintain boundaries between these two approaches to defining professional performance.
Por trás do laboratório secreto de Marx - por uma concepção expandida do capitalismo / Marx’s hidden abode - For an Expanded Conception of Capitalism, de Nancy Fraser

DOI: 10.12957/dep.2015.15431 Traducao de: “Behind Marx’s hidden abode, for an Expanded Conception of Capitalism”, originalmente publicado na New Left Review 86, March-April, 2014. Nancy Fraser Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science, The New School for Social Research, Nova York Traducao de: Mayra Cotta Estudante no Departamento de Politica da New School for Social Research, Nova York. Miguel Patriota Tradutor Profissional, formado no Glion Institute of Higher Education, Suica, e na School of Visual Arts, Nova York.
Low angle injection into a supersonic flow

A study of helium jets injected into a Mach 3 airflow through circular sonic nozzles angled downstream at 15 and 30 deg is presented. An aspirating hot-film probe was employed to measure helium concentrations. The results of Schlieren and nonoshadowgraph photography show the presence of large-scale turbulent structures in the high pressure jets. Concentration data reveal some asymmetries both in the cross section of the jet and in the trajectory of the jet relative to the centerline of the jet. Plotting the decay of maximum concentration with axial distance, it is found that the mixing rate can be increased significantly by increasing the pressure ratio. These low angle jets display good cross-stream penetration.
Usefulness of exercise echocardiography in predicting cardiac events in an outpatient population

The prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in an outpatient population is not well defined. A total of 1,020 consecutive patients referred for exercise echocardiography in an ambulatory care setting were studied by reviewing their medical records and exercise echocardiographic data. Of these, 71 (7%) were excluded due to technically inadequate tests, leaving 949 patients who were included in the analysis. A positive exercise echocardiogram (EE) was defined as an appearance of a new wall motion abnormality or worsening of a baseline abnormality. Cardiac events, defined as myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, and death, were documented during a 12-month follow-up period. Cardiac events occurred in 17% of patients (26 of 152) with a positive exercise echocardiogram (EE) and in 2.5% (20 of 797) with a negative EE (p <0.001). The incidence of myocardial infarction (2.6% vs 0.4%, p <0.02), coronary angioplasty (7% vs 1%, p <0.001), and coronary bypass surgery (9% vs 1%, p <0.001) were higher in patients with a positive versus a negative EE. There was 1 death in the positive study group and none in the negative group. Significant independent variables (p <0.05) that predicted cardiac events included a positive exercise electrocardiogram, history of coronary angioplasty, nonspecific ST-T changes on the baseline electrocardiogram, double product <25,000, men, chest pain on exercise test, and a positive exercise electrocardiogram. On a stepwise logistic regression model, exercise echocardiography emerged as an independent predictor of future cardiac events in an outpatient population. This predictive value was enhanced in the presence of a positive exercise electrocardiogram compared with a negative exercise electrocardiogram (24.2% vs 7.9%, p <0.03). Our study suggests that exercise echocardiography is an independent predictor of future cardiac events in an outpatient population.
Differential effects of 5-HT1A receptor deletion upon basal and fluoxetine-evoked 5-HT concentrations as revealed by in vivo microdialysis.

Abstract An involvement of serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptors in the etiology of psychiatric disorders has been suggested. Hypo-responsiveness of the 5-HT 1A receptor is linked to anxiety and constitutive deletion of the 5-HT 1A receptor produces anxiety-like behaviors in the mouse. Evidence that 5-HT 1A receptor inactivation increases the therapeutic effects of antidepressants has also been presented. The present studies used in vivo microdialysis and homologous recombination techniques to examine the contribution of 5-HT 1A autoreceptors to these effects. Basal and fluoxetine-evoked extracellular concentrations of 5-HT were quantified in the striatum, a projection area of dorsal raphe neurons (DRN), of wild-type (WT) and 5-HT 1A receptor knock out (KO) mice. The density of 5-HT transporters was also determined. Basal 5-HT concentrations did not differ in WT and KO mice. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) increased 5-HT concentrations in both genotypes. This increase was, however, 2-fold greater in KO mice. In contrast, no differences in K + -evoked 5-HT concentrations were seen. Similarly, neither basal nor stimulation-evoked DA differed across genotype. Autoradiography revealed no differences between genotype in the density of 5-HT transporters or post-synaptic 5-HT 2A receptors, an index of 5-HT neuronal activity. These experiments demonstrate that, under basal and KCl stimulated conditions, adaptive mechanisms in the 5-HT system compensate for the lack of 5-HT 1A autoreceptor regulation of DRN. Furthermore, they suggest that the absence of release-regulating 5-HT 1A autoreceptors in the DRN can not account for the anxiety phenotype of KO mice. The enhanced response to fluoxetine in KO mice is consistent with pharmacological studies and suggests that adaptive mechanisms that occur in response to 5-HT 1A receptor deletion are insufficient to oppose increases in 5-HT concentrations produced by acute inhibition of the 5-HT transporter.
Stretched exponential spin relaxation in organic superconductors

Proton NMR measurements on the organic superconductor \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET)${}_{2}$Cu[N(CN)${}_{2}$]Br [where ET represents bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] $\left({T}_{C}=11.6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\right)$ exhibit stretched exponential spin-lattice relaxation below $T\ensuremath{\approx}25\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, suggestive of an inhomogeneous magnetic phase that develops in the normal state and coexists with superconductivity. The onset of this phase coincides approximately with a large normal-state Nernst signal reported previously. By contrast, the closely related superconductor \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET)${}_{2}$Cu(NCS)${}_{2}$ $\left({T}_{C}=10.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\right)$ shows single exponential spin-lattice relaxation and a conventional Nernst effect. The temperature range of ${T}_{C}$ $T$ 30 K encompasses several phenomena in the \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET)${}_{2}X$ conductors, including changes in conduction-electron-spin resonance, electronic phase separation, and the onset of antiferromagnetic order. Analogous behavior in La${}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$Sr${}_{x}$CuO${}_{4}$ suggests that a spin glass or density wave may develop in \ensuremath{\kappa}-(ET)${}_{2}$Cu[N(CN)${}_{2}$]Br.
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Complex Renal Tumors: Surgical Technique

Abstract Objectives Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy requires advanced training to accomplish tumor resection and renal reconstruction while minimizing warm ischemia times. Complex renal tumors add an additional challenge to a minimally invasive approach to nephron-sparing surgery. We describe our technique, illustrated with video, of robotic partial nephrectomy for complex renal tumors, including hilar, endophytic, and multiple tumors. Methods Robotic assistance was used to resect 14 tumors in eight patients (mean age: 50.3 yr; range: 30–68 yr). Three patients had hereditary kidney cancer. All patients had complex tumor features, including hilar tumors ( n =5), endophytic tumors ( n =4), and/or multiple tumors ( n =3). Results Robotic partial nephrectomy procedures were performed successfully without complications. Hilar clamping was used with a mean warm ischemia time of 31min (range: 24–45min). Mean blood loss was 230ml (range: 100–450ml). Histopathology confirmed clear-cell renal cell carcinoma ( n =3), hybrid oncocytic tumor ( n =2), chromophobe renal cell carcinoma ( n =2), and oncocytoma ( n =1). All patients had negative surgical margins. Mean index tumor size was 3.6cm (range: 2.6–6.4cm). Mean hospital stay was 2.6 d. At 3-mo follow-up, no patients experienced a statistically significant change in serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate and there was no evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusions Robotic partial nephrectomy is safe and feasible for select patients with complex renal tumors, including hilar, endophytic, and multiple tumors. Robotic assistance may facilitate a minimally invasive, nephron-sparing approach for select patients with complex renal tumors who might otherwise require open surgery or total nephrectomy.
Optical Artificial Intelligence Processors

We briefly highlight recent CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) research on optical Artificial Intelligence (AI) processors for scene analysis. This work includes new shift-invariant AI correlators, plus symbolic, model-based, associative memory, knowledge-based, relational-graph, and neural optical processor results.
Advantages of Coordinated School Health Portfolios: Documenting and Showcasing Achievements

BACKGROUND Thirteen school district teams from Michigan and Indiana participated in the Michiana Coordinated School Health Leadership Institute with the intent of Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) implementation. The purpose of this study was to determine if portfolios served as an effective approach for documenting teams' accomplishments and health programming efforts. METHODS Data were gathered through a combined survey/interview process and portfolio analysis. The survey was developed by the Institute's core team of experts and designed to assess the Institute's goals and objectives. Interviews elicited greater detail pertaining to survey questions. Content analysis yielded a detailed and descriptive summary of each team's portfolio. RESULTS Portfolios proved useful for providing rich descriptions and artifacts documenting each team's process and progress toward achieving CSHP. They were not limited to the 12 required Michiana categories and contained additional items related to other aspects of health programming. Portfolios also served as a record-keeping and CSHP marketing tool. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the advantages of portfolios for documenting the process of CSHP development and implementation and teams' health programming efforts. The portfolios provided evidence of team achievements related to Institute goals and objectives—those that included greater documentation were indicative of fuller implementation. Teams with portfolios that used both categorical and scrapbook formats provided richer portrayals of successes to a broader variety of audiences.
Ion precipitation in the dawn sector during geomagnetic storms

[1] Three southward turnings of the IMF during the magnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003 led to ring current intensifications characterized by Dst minima. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites detected low-energy ions precipitating equatorward of auroral electrons in the dawn/morning local time sector. These ion fluxes weakened and/or vanished subsequent to Dst recoveries. A survey of the DMSP database reveals that near-dawn ion precipitation is a main-phase characteristic of all large magnetic storms. DMSP and Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) satellites also detected similar ion precipitation during the main phase of the March 1991 magnetic storm. To reconcile these observations with elementary concepts of ion drifts, the data suggest two source populations. The lowest-energy ions were initially energized earthward of the plasma sheet electron boundary in the evening sector then corotated eastward. Higher-energy ions originated in the plasma sheet and drifted close to the Earth under the combined influences of time-varying convective electric fields and azimuthal gradients in the Earth's magnetic field. We developed a modified Volland Stern model to study test-particle trajectories in asymmetric magnetic fields and variable electric fields compatible with CRRES measurements. Ions with magnetic moments μ ≥ μc ≈ 14 eV/nT drift duskward. Ions with μ < μc are injected to low L shells during a spike in the convective electric field. As the electric field diminishes and shielding increases, these ions drift toward dawn much closer to Earth than any test electron trajectories. Precipitation in the dawn sector results from a combination of pitch-angle scattering by intense ambient waves and the dictates of ion drift paths.
Establishing representation in post-Soviet societies: change in mass and elite attitudes toward democracy and the market, 1992–1995

Abstract Competitive elections and a competitive party system are two institutions presumed to promote responsive government and democracy. Building on a survey design conceptualized by Donald Stokes and Warren Miller in the 1960s, this study examines the congruence between the policy preferences of parliament members and their constituents in post-Soviet Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania. The evidence suggests that the newly competitive and democratic elections, as well as the rise of political parties that occurred after the collapse of Communism, were indeed enhancing political representation in these post-Soviet societies. Given the policy orientation of the newly elected leaders, however, the outcome does not necessarily imply a consolidation of support for democracy and a market economy.
The evolution of cross helicity in driven/dissipative two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamics

A numerical study of the evolution of cross helicity in driven/dissipative magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is presented. The magnetofluid is incompressible and a two‐dimensional (2‐D) periodic geometry is considered. Cross helicity, a measure of the correlation between fluctuations in the magnetic field and the velocity field, is injected by use of correlated Gaussian forcing over a finite bandwidth in wavenumber. Numerical experiments include the driving of initially uncorrelated spectra with highly correlated forcing and the driving of correlated spectra with anticorrelated forcing. A recurring and persistent feature of the simulations is the appearance of oppositely signed cross helicity at small scales relative to large scales. A simple argument based on the Elsasser variables and used previously in the context of decaying turbulence explains many of the observed features. The effect of a uniform external magnetic field is considered and the relation to purely decaying 2‐D MHD turbulence is discussed.
Polarium model: Reflection and transmission of coherent radiation

The coherent, radiative excitation modes of a resonant medium lend a resonant character to the amplitudes for reflection and transmission of light. For a plane wave incident upon a slab-shaped medium of two-level atoms, the reflection and transmission coefficients exhibit sharp peaks and dips as a function of the detuning of the wave from the central atomic resonance frequency. The locations and widths of these resonant features for a normally incident plane wave correspond to the imaginary and real parts, respectively, of the radiative decay constants of the coherent excitation modes of the medium discussed in the preceding paper [Phys. Rev. A 61, 063814 (2000)]. For the case of oblique incidence, generalizations of the modes discussed in the preceding paper are required. The richly detailed, resonant frequency dependence of the reflected and transmitted intensities is shown to depend significantly on the angle of incidence and the polarization of the incident light.
Consumption and production of carbon monoxide in soils: A global model analysis of spatial and seasonal variation

Abstract We have developed a simulation model to estimate net seasonal emission of carbon monoxide (CO) from soils world-wide which implies a smaller biogenic sink for CO than previously surmised. Field measurements have suggested that soils can play an important regional role in the net terrestrial exchange of carbon monoxide with the atmosphere. Previous global estimates of the net soil sink for atmospheric CO have been made by multiplying averages of small chamber measurements for various soil or vegetation classes by estimates of the area covered by each class. Simulation models driven by gridded databases can also contribute to global flux estimates. Such models are useful for evaluation of potential effects of changes in climate and land use, and for identification of weaknesses in both data and mechanistic understanding. We applied a modified version of Fick's first law based on computations for diffusivity in aggregated media, together with a soil water balance model run on a 1° global grid, to make independent estimates of CO uptake by soils worldwide. Unlike previous global assessments, we assume that gross uptake rates are negligible in very dry desert soils (that are mostly devoid of microbial activity), in frozen soils, and in wetlands. The model results support a reference case estimate of 16 Tg CO yr −1 for gross consumption of atmospheric CO in soils worldwide. However, owing to uncertainties in the seasonal boundary conditions and the actual soil depth for CO consumption activity, we estimate that this reference case for gross CO consumption in soils could go as high as 50 Tg CO yr −1 globally. We also estimated production of CO from decaying soil organic matter as a process of chemical oxidation. Our model for gross production of CO from surface soils supports a global reference case flux of 9.4 ± 2.5 Tg CO yr −1 . Combination of gross consumption and production fluxes implies a global net CO uptake flux of about 7–40 Tg CO yr −1 in soils. Model results also support the hypothesis that temperate dry zones are the primary global sinks for soil CO, whereas tropical wet zones are the primary global sources for soil CO production. Notably, there is an order-of-magnitude difference between our model estimates and previous sink calculations based on extrapolations of measured fluxes, which suggests the need for more extensive soil CO flux studies, especially in remote regions where biogenic emissions could potentially exceed industrial sources of CO.
Phylogenetic relationships of crown conchs (Melongena spp.): the corona complex simplified

Aim The larval stages of marine taxa are often assumed to have an overriding influence on the phylogeographical structure of a species as well as on rates of speciation. Phylogeographical disjunctions in high-dispersal marine taxa are generally attributed to historical events or contemporary ecological factors. The lack of genetic structure in low-dispersal marine taxa is often ascribed to rafting by juveniles, yet few studies discuss the effects of historical conditions. Around peninsular Florida, there are three species of the crown conch, Melongena, which have direct-developing, crawl-away larvae. One of these species, M. corona, is subdivided into three subspecies. We refer to these five taxa as the corona complex. We assessed the validity of these taxa and tested for patterns of phylogeographical subdivision. Location Intertidal Florida and eastern Alabama, USA, Mexico and Panama. Methods The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and ribosomal DNA 16S genes were sequenced from adult individuals representing all extant taxa of Melongena. Phylogenetic trees were constructed under maximum likelihood analysis (heuristic search with tree bisection–reconnection branch-swapping) using the program paup*. Results Sequence variability in the complex was low and suggested no systematic or phylogeographical partitioning in the corona complex. The species complex probably consists of a single lineage exhibiting no clear pattern of genetic partitioning over the entire range. Main conclusions The present study supports the designation of only four extant species within the genus: M. corona, M. patula, M. melongena and M. bispinosa. The subspecies M. corona corona, M. c. johnstonei and M. c. altispira, and the species M. sprucecreekensis and M. bicolor, should all be considered to be M. corona. Surprisingly, even with very low larval and adult vagility, no population subdivisions were noted in our genetic analyses. Our analyses also substantiate the paraphyletic status of the family Melongenidae.
Growth inhibition of the cereal root pathogens Rhizoctonia solani AG8, R. oryzae and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by a recombinant 42-kDa endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 42-kDa endochitinase coded by the ThEn42 gene from Trichoderma harzianum as a potential source of transgenic resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot of barley caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 and/or R. oryzae. The gene cThEn42 was codon optimized (GC content increased from 53.3 to 65.1%) and then synthesized to produce the modified cThEn42GC in Pichia pastoris for in vitro tests. Two expression vectors were constructed: one with the fungal signal peptide and the fungal activation peptide [FSP-FAP-cThEn(GC)] and the other with barley chitinase 26 signal peptide followed by the fungal signal and activation peptides [SP(HVChi26)-FSP-FAP-cThEn(GC)]. N-terminal sequencing showed that, of two proteins secreted into liquid medium, FSP was cleaved off faithfully in one protein and both FSP and FAP were cleaved from the other protein. Purified endochitinase provided strong in vitro inhibition of both R. solani AG8 and R. oryzae. The enzyme had...
Steric hindrance as a mechanistic probe for olefin reactivity: variability of the hydrogenic canopy over the isomeric adamantylideneadamantane/sesquihomoadamantene pair (a combined experimental and theoretical study).

Access to each CC face of adamantylideneadamantane (AA) and sesquihomoadamantene (SA) is hindered by the hydrogenic canopy consisting of four β-hydrogens; otherwise, these olefins have quite normal environments. X-ray crystallography and density functional (DFT) calculations show a 0.5 A larger annular opening in the protective cover of AA than that in SA. This contributes to the remarkable differences in reactivity toward various reagents, not only by limiting access to the olefin site in SA but also by inhibiting reactions which force these hydrogens closer together. Thus, AA is subject to typical olefin-addition reactions with bromine, sulfuryl chloride, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, dioxygen, and so forth, albeit sometimes at attenuated rates. On the other hand, SA is singularly unreactive under identical reaction conditions, except for the notable exceptions that include Bronsted (protonic) acids, a nitrosonium cation, and dichlorine. The exceptions are characterized as three sterically limited (electroph...