cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Bandgap in a 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Chalcogenide for Single-Junction Solar Cells

Transition metal perovskite chalcogenides (TMPCs) are explored as stable, environmentally friendly semiconductors for solar energy conversion. They can be viewed as the inorganic alternatives to hybrid halide perovskites, and chalcogenide counterparts of perovskite oxides with desirable optoelectronic properties in the visible and infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Past theoretical studies have predicted large absorption coefficient, desirable defect characteristics, and bulk photovoltaic effect in TMPCs. Despite recent progresses in polycrystalline synthesis and measurements of their optical properties, it is necessary to grow these materials in high crystalline quality to develop a fundamental understanding of their optical properties and evaluate their suitability for photovoltaic application. Here, we report the growth of single crystals of a two-dimensional (2D) perovskite chalcogenide, Ba3Zr2S7, with a natural superlattice-like structure of alternating double-layer perovskite blocks and single-layer rock salt structure. The material demonstrated a bright photoluminescence peak at 1.28 eV with a large external luminescence efficiency of up to 0.15%. We performed time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on these crystals and obtained an effective recombination time of ~65 ns. These results clearly show that 2D Ruddlesden-Popper phases of perovskite chalcogenides are promising materials to achieve single-junction solar cells.
The Impact of Technology Availability and Structural Guidance on Group Development in Workgroups Using Computer-Mediated Communication

This article examines how technology and structural guidance influence the development of workgroups using computer-mediated communication (CMC). The results of two experiments support the notion that CMC workgroups develop over time in a similar manner to face-to-face groups. Technology availability had minimal, fleeting effects on group development. Structural guidance had a more pronounced effect, increasing feelings of belonging and goal commitment in newly formed groups, but lowering feelings of trust in maturing groups.
The Genetics and Epigenetics of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a progressive myopathy that afflicts individuals of all ages, provides a powerful model of the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic mechan...
Managing Dirt: Disciplines of Cleanliness and Contamination at a Kentucky Auto Parts Factory

A legacy of coal mining and manufacturing work in Appalachia has linked regional working-class identity and perceptions of the region to shared experiences of dangerous and stigmatised dirty work. ...
Investigating the efficacy of an interactive warning for use in labeling strategies used by us pharmacies.

Background: United States pharmacies repackage medications into multi-dose vials, enabling customized dosing for prescription drugs. Investment in infrastructure has made this the predominant approach to packaging for US prescriptions. Although recent changes to labeling now discourage the use of auxiliary labels (small stickers highlighting information germane to the safe and effective use), they are still allowed by USP , provided their use comes from an evidence-based perspective. Objectives: Evaluate how ‘interactive,’ placements of auxiliary labels (placement requiring physical manipulation of the warning to accomplish a task (e.g. opening)) garner attention as compared to those placed vertically or horizontally. Methods: Ninety-six participants were eye tracked while opening three prescription vials (each with an auxiliary warning label with a different placement: vertical, horizontal and interactive). Recall and recognition were tested subsequently. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the continuous variables while the binary response variables were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. The effect of auxiliary labels was fitted as a fixed effect and the subject-to-subject variation was considered as a random effect in the model. Participants’ age, health literacy and sex were added to the models if their effect was statistically significant at alpha=0.05. Results: The placement of the warnings significantly impacted the time spent viewing the information they contained at alpha=0.05; people spent significantly longer on interactive placements (0.96; SD 0.13 seconds) than either, horizontal placements (0.27; SD 0.037 seconds) or those placed vertically (0.18 seconds; SD 0.035). Participants were equally as likely to see information presented in an interactive placement (90%; SD 3.8) or horizontal placement (78%; SD 05.5) but less likely to view warnings placed vertically (60%; SD 6.9). Free recall responses also supported the use of interactive placement (62%; SD 6.8 recall) as compared to horizontal placements which were 29%; SD 3.0 and 20%; SD 6.0 for vertical placements. Conclusions: Data provides evidence which suggests that interactive and horizontal placements out-perform auxiliary labels placed vertically on prescription vials with regard to garnering patient attention.
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Via Archetypal Analysis

Given a collection of data points, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) suggests expressing them as convex combinations of a small set of “archetypes” with nonnegative entries. This decomposition...
Enemies and friends in high-tech places: the development and validation of the Online Social Experiences Measure.

BackgroundInterpersonal positivity and negativity are separable dimensions both recognized as having important effects on health. Though online social interactions and research examining them are i...
Association between Diet Quality and Frailty Prevalence in the Physicians' Health Study.

Objectives Limited data suggest that a healthy diet is associated with a lower risk of frailty. We sought to assess the relationship between three measures of diet quality and frailty among male physicians. Design Cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study. Setting Physicians' Health Study. Participants A total of 9861 initially healthy US men, aged 60 years or older, who provided data on frailty status and dietary habits. Measurements A cumulative deficit frailty index (FI) was calculated using 33 variables encompassing domains of comorbidity, functional status, mood, general health, social isolation, and change in weight. Diet quality was measured using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). Results The FI identified 38% of physicians as non-frail, 44% as pre-frail, and 18% as frail. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, smoking status, and energy intake showed that compared with the lowest aHEI quintiles, those in the highest quintiles had lower odds of frailty and pre-frailty compared with non-frailty (odds ratio [OR] for frailty = .47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .39-.58; for pre-frailty: OR = .75; CI = .65-.87). Exercise did not modify this association (P interaction >.1). Similar relationships were observed for DASH and MDS quintiles with frailty and pre-frailty. Restricted cubic splines showed an inverse dose-response relationship of diet quality scores with odds of frailty and pre-frailty. Conclusion Cross-sectional data show an inverse dose-response relationship of diet quality with pre-frailty and frailty. Future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether healthier diet is a modifiable risk factor for frailty. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00000500. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:770-776, 2020.
Use of face coverings by the public during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study

Public health agencies have recommended that the public wear face coverings as a major non-pharmaceutical intervention to mitigate COVID-19 transmission. However, there is concern whether or not the public has adopted this recommendation. An observational study of 3,271 members of the public was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and examined the use of face coverings at grocery stores across 20 Wisconsin counties between May 16th and June 1st, 2020. Of the total individuals observed, we found that only 41.2% used face coverings. Individuals who appeared to be adults (aOR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.20-2.27) or older adults (aOR = 3.67; 95% CI = 2.59-5.19) were more likely to be wearing face coverings than younger individuals. Additionally, individuals with female gender expression (aOR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.24-1.66) and individuals shopping at a more expensive grocery store (aOR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.69-2.25) were more likely to be wearing face coverings. We did not find an association between county level prevalence of COVID-19 cases and face covering use. To our knowledge, this is the first study using direct observations to examine face covering behavior by the public and our findings have implications for public health agencies.
Mutations in a barley cytochrome P450 gene enhances pathogen induced programmed cell death and cutin layer instability

ABSTRACT Disease lesion mimic mutants (DLMMs) are characterized by spontaneous development of necrotic spots with various phenotypes designated as necrotic (nec) mutants in barley. The nec mutants were traditionally considered to have aberrant regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, which have roles in plant immunity and development. Most barley nec3 mutants express cream to orange necrotic lesions contrasting them from typical spontaneous DLMMs that develop dark pigmented lesions indicative of serotonin/phenolics deposition. Also, barley nec3 mutants grown under sterile conditions did not exhibit necrotic phenotypes until inoculated with adapted pathogens suggesting that they are not typical DLMMs. The F2 progeny of a cross between nec3-γ1 and variety Quest segregated as a single recessive gene post inoculation with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of the disease spot blotch. Nec3 was genetically delimited to 0.14 cM representing 16.5 megabases of physical sequence containing 149 annotated high confidence genes. RNAseq and comparative analysis of wild type and five independent nec3 mutants identified a single candidate cytochrome P450 gene (HORVU.MOREX.r2.6HG0460850) that was validated as nec3 by independent mutations that result in predicted nonfunctional proteins. Histology studies determined that nec3 mutants had an unstable cutin layer that disrupted normal Bipolaris sorokiniana germ tube development. AUTHOR SUMMARY At the site of pathogen infection, plant defense mechanisms rely on controlled programmed cell death (PCD) to sequester biotrophic pathogens that require living cells to extract nutrient from the host. However, these defense mechanisms are hijacked by necrotrophic plant pathogens that purposefully induce PCD mechanism to feed from the dead cells facilitating further disease development. Thus, understanding PCD responses is important for resistance to both classes of pathogens. We characterized five independent disease lesion mimic mutants of barley designated necrotic 3 (nec3) that show aberrant regulation of PCD responses upon pathogen challenge. A cytochrome P450 gene was identified as Nec3 encoding a Tryptamine 5-Hydroxylase that functions as a terminal serotonin biosynthetic enzyme in the Tryptophan pathway of plants. The nec3 mutants have disrupted serotonin biosynthesis resulting in expansive PCD, necrotrophic pathogen susceptibility and cutin layer instability. The nec3 mutants lacking serotonin deposition in pathogen induced necrotic lesions show expansive PCD and disease susceptibility suggesting a role of serotonin to sequester PCD and suppress pathogen colonization. The identification of Nec3 will facilitate functional analysis to elucidate the role serotonin plays in the elicitation or suppression of PCD immunity responses to diverse pathogens and effects it has on cutin layer biosynthesis.
Perioperative Viscoelastic Assay Use for Monitoring Coagulation Among US Liver Transplantation Centers.

ABSTRACT Background Viscoelastic assay has been used in liver transplantation since 1985 and shown to be beneficial in detecting coagulopathy and to guide transfusion. The objective of this study was to review and evaluate the current uses of viscoelastic assay among US liver transplantation programs. Methods Anesthesia program directors at all 137 liver transplantation centers in the United States were contacted via email and asked to complete a 21-item survey. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of viscoelastic assay used in the perioperative management of liver transplantation. Secondary outcome measures were institutional demographics, physician training level, and device demographics. Results Sixty-one of 137 (46%) centers responded. Liver transplantations were performed in the university setting at 48 of the 61 centers (77%), with a modal value of 11 to 50 liver transplantations a year and 74% in adult patients only. Most of the institutions (n = 57, 92%) had access to either rotational thromboelastometry or thrombelastography during liver transplantation. Most centers (n = 54; 87%) also used viscoelastic monitoring routinely (>60% of the time), including 42 (67.7%) that always used viscoelastic assay intraoperatively during liver transplantation. Thirty-five centers (59%) used it preoperatively, and 51 (84%) used it postoperatively. Most viscoelastic assay users (68%) learned how to use it through self-education and 10.5% learned during their fellowship or from a superuser or colleagues. Conclusion Currently, viscoelastic monitoring is widely available and routinely used in most US liver transplantation centers regardless of university or private practice setting, but training in it is limited. Only 21.1% of respondents reported that they received any type of official training in viscoelastic assay interpretation.
Developing a Driver-Centric Roadway Classification System with Multidimensional Scaling

Various systems exist to classify roadway environments; however most do not consider driver-relevant perceptual components. A perceptually based roadway classification system has the potential to support the placement of signage (or removal of extraneous clutter) in the right-of-way as a means to enhance driver performance. The present study sought to determine which environmental factors are attended to by roadway users. Thirteen participants first rated the similarity of 14 roadway environments and then rated each environment on 5 different descriptors (built-up, clutter, openness, aesthetically pleasing, organized/predictable). The resultant data were analyzed using a methodology rarely taken advantage of in the field of transportation: Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). MDS revealed the participants relied on two primary dimensions when rating the similarity of the roadway environments. These two dimensions related closely with: 1) organization/predictability and 2) clutter and aesthetics. This methodology provides a simple way to gain access to drivers’ perceptions of the roadway environment and appears to be a promising first step toward developing a user-focused roadway classification system.
A comparison of four schemes for codification of problem lists.

Abstract We set out to evaluate the completeness of four major coding schemes in representation of the patient problem list: the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS, 4th edition), the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED International), the Read coding system (version 2), and the International Classification of Diseases (9th Clinical Modification)(ICD-9-CM). We gathered 400 problems from patient records at primary care sites in Omaha and Seattle. Matching these against the best description found in each of the coding schemes, we asked five medical faculty reviewers to rate the matches on a five-point Likert scale assessing their satisfaction with the results. For the four schemes, we computed the following rates of dissatisfaction, satisfaction, and average scores: [table: see text] From this analysis, we conclude that UMLS and SNOMED performed substantially better in capturing the clinical content of the problem lists than READ or ICD-9-CM. No scheme could be considered comprehensive. Depending on the goal of systems developers, UMLS and SNOMED may offer different, and complementary, advantages.
Marine field projects: teaching is the easy part

A description is given of a nine-credit course that serves as the principal field experience in the undergraduate curricula in the oceanography and ocean engineering program at the Florida Institute of Technology. Students participate in biological, chemical, or physical oceanography projects or ocean engineering construction projects under faculty and graduate student supervision. Integral to this experience is a five-day cruise aboard the R/V Osprey, a 95-ft coastal research vessel, over the continental shelf, Gulf Stream, and the nearby reef systems of the Bahamas. Some of the logistical, economic, and academic considerations inherent in operating such programs are highlighted, with particular emphasis on the sea program. >
Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery

Abstract Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery is rare. A case is presented in which the aneurysm apparently developed while the patient was under observation. There is evidence which strongly suggests that, in this case, the super-imposed bacterial infection played a prominent role in producing the aneurysm.
Application of fast orthogonal search for the design of RBFNN

This paper addresses the use of a fast orthogonalization process to find the nodes of an RBF network which produce the best match to a target function. Several applications of RBF networks using this fast orthogonal search technique have been investigated and a classification problem is presented. The problem involves classification of human chromosomes, which is a highly complicated 30 dimensional and 24 class problem. Experimental results show that the fast orthogonal search technique not only outperforms the traditional technique, but it also uses much less time and effort.
Prevention of chemotherapy-induced leukemia and of leukemia relapses.

Fifty percent of patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome, frequently following treatment by radiation or chemotherapy, have prognostically unfavorable deletions of the long arms of chromosomes 5 and 7, or trisomy 8, as have the 25% of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia where remissions last 6–12 months, and where relapse cannot be prevented. In contrast, patients with prognostically favorable cytogenetics (translocation 15; 17 or 8; 21 or inversion 16) maintenance chemotherapy may prevent relapses. Of chronic myelocytic leukemia patients, 85% can achieve hematological remission with interferon α, and 40% a partial cytogenetic remission, which probably delays relapse.
SEMICONDUCTION IN METAL-DOPED PYRO-POLYMERS

Abstract : The electronic properties of pyrolysis products of Na-, Ca- and Th- doped ion-exchange resins were investigated. The resulting pyro-polymers were degenerate semiconductors whose resistivities decreased from approximately 0.1 to 0.01 ohm-cm as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 800 to 1200 C. Resistivities were altered roughly by a factor of 2 with appropriate doping. The materials exhibit the negative resistivity temperature behavior common to semi-conductors, and have small (.005 to .05 ev) energy gaps. Small, negative (0 to - .05 cc/coul) Hall coefficients were observed. Carrier concentrations are estimated at approximately 1 to 3 x 10 to the 20th power/cc, with mobilities of 1 to 4 sq cm/volt-sec.
Abstract 5557: Steady DNA adduct accumulation by dibenzo[a,l]pyrene implants

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The past and current trends in determining the DNA-damaging and carcinogenicity potential of environmental toxicants rely largely on treatment of rodents with single or multiple bolus doses. To simulate the human scenario where the exposure is generally continuous to low doses, we have developed polymeric implants embedded with carcinogens. When grafted subcutaneously, polymeric implants provide continuous (“24/7”) low dose exposure. In this study we report the effects of sustained low doses of a highly potent environmental carcinogen, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) on DNA adduct accumulation. Different size DBP implants (10 – 20 mm long, 1.4 – 2.4 mm dia; 5% DBP load) were tested first in a pilot study using female A/J mice to optimize the implant surface area. Two 20-mm implants (1.4 mm dia), which produced maximal lung DNA adducts, were used subsequently. Groups of female A/J mice (n = 4 – 6) were grafted with sham or DBP implants. For comparison, animals were also treated in parallel with a bolus carcinogenic dose of DBP intraperitoneally (6 mg/kg) or vehicle alone. Animals from both the treatment groups were euthanized at different time intervals and selected tissues were collected. Analysis of the target (lung) DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling showed qualitative identical adduct patterns by the two routes of administration; the sham treatments showed no detectable adducts. As expected, the bolus dose treatment resulted in higher DNA adducts (in adducts /109 nucleotides) (72 ± 18) compared with the implant group (33 ± 17) one week post-treatment. However, 3 weeks later, adduct levels in the implant group increased (54 ± 17) but a significant declined occurred in the i.p treatment group (19 ± 13). The adduct levels after 4 weeks in the implant group (66 ± 19) were somewhat higher than the 3 week group, suggesting that the adduct levels plateaued. The steady accumulation of DNA adducts was consistent with continuous release of DBP from the implant (about 10 µg/day based on in vitro release). The study is ongoing to determine if the low-dose continuous exposure which provides steady accumulation of DNA adducts in the target tissue will be tumorigenic. In summary, the steady-state adduct level reflect human exposure scenario and this approach will be ideal to determine both carcinogenicity and biological/pathological changes due to low-dose exposure as well as for screening potential chemopreventive agents. This exposure system has been used to determine efficacy of chemopreventive agents (accompanying abstracts by Aqil et al.; Gupta et al.) (Supported from CA-118114, KLCRP and Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5557. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5557
Evaluation of the mechanism of dilauryl thiodipropionate antioxidant activity

Dilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP) was ineffective as an antioxidant for decomposing lipid hydroperoxides when incorporated into fish oil at concentrations less than 50,000 ppm (0.1 M) at 50 C. However, some general antioxidant properties for DLTDP were observed in fish oil containing 200 ppm DLTDP at 50 C under oxygen for 72 hr. An anomolous prooxidant behavior for DLTDP in fish oil was observed under some conditions of accelerated oxidation which was attributed to the formation of the bisulfite ion free radicals derived from DLTDP degradations. DLTDP was effective for inactivating peracids in model systems containing performic acid and nonanal, ethyl oleate or cholesterol. In these systems DLTDP (2:1 DLTDP:performic acid mole ratio) was preferentially oxidized to the sulfoxide, and prevented the formation of nonanoic acid, 9-epoxy ethyl oleate and 5,6-epoxy cholesterol, respectively.
Perineural invasion predicts increased recurrence, metastasis, and death from prostate cancer following treatment with dose-escalated radiation therapy.

Purpose To assess the prognostic value of perineural invasion (PNI) for patients treated with dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Outcomes were analyzed for 651 men treated for prostate cancer with EBRT to a minimum dose ≥75 Gy. We assessed the impact of PNI as well as pretreatment and treatment-related factors on freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF), freedom from metastasis (FFM), cause-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival. Results PNI was present in 34% of specimens at biopsy and was significantly associated with higher Gleason score (GS), T stage, and prostate-specific antigen level. On univariate and multivariate analysis, the presence of PNI was associated with worse FFBF (hazard ratio = 1.7, p 0.006), FFM (hazard ratio = 1.8, p 0.03), and CSS (HR = 1.4, p 0.05) compared with absence of PNI; there was no difference in overall survival. Seven-year rates of FFBF, FFM, and CCS were 64% vs. 80%, 84% vs. 92%, and 91% vs. 95% for those patients with and without PNI, respectively. On recursive partitioning analysis, PNI predicted for worse FFM and CSS in patients with GS 8–10, with FFM of 67% vs. 89% ( p 0.02), and CSS of 69% vs. 91%, ( p 0.04) at 7 years for those with and without PNI, respectively. Conclusions The presence of PNI in the prostate biopsy predicts worse clinical outcome for patients treated with dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy. Particularly in patients with GS 8–10 disease, the presence of PNI suggests an increased risk of metastasis and prostate cancer death.
Follistatin Suppresses Steroid-Enhanced Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Release In Vitro in Rats

Abstract Previous in vitro and in vivo studies from our laboratory showed that progesterone (P4), corticosterone (B), and testosterone (T) increase intracellular content and release of FSH in the anterior pituitary. Activin (Act) and inhibin (Inh) are structurally related proteins with antagonistic actions, as Act stimulates and Inh inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Together with follistatin (FS), a protein that bioneutralizes Act, they form an autocrine-paracrine loop in the anterior pituitary that tightly regulates FSH secretion. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that P4, B, and T modulate this autocrine-paracrine loop to favor increased FSH secretion. If Act were to mediate steroid-induced FSH release, FS would be expected to block these effects. To test this interaction, cell cultures were prepared from anterior pituitaries of male and female rats, and treated with Act, B, P4, or T in the absence or presence of FS. Act, B, P4, and T increased FSH release; ...
Fabrication, characterization and testing of wireless MEMS-IDT based microaccelerometers

Abstract There is an emerging need for low cost and miniature accelerometer and gyroscope for inertial navigation. The inertial navigation system uses gyroscopes and accelerometers to measure the state of motion of a target or a missile by sensing the changes in that state caused by accelerations. The required features in many of these applications are high precision, wide dynamic range and wide frequency range. Wireless MEMS-IDT devices make use of both surface acoustic wave (SAW) employing inter digital transducer (IDT) and traditional MEMS principles. MEMS-IDT based microsensors possess typical advantages of MEMS sensors including the additional benefits of robustness, excellent sensitivity, surface conformability and durability. Compared to conventional ones, these new sensors have less number of moving mechanical parts ultimately giving rise to inherent robustness and durability. Consequently, there is no electronics to balance or measure the movement of moving structures, which leads to even smaller micro devices. In this paper, the fabrication, characterization and testing of a MEMS-IDT based accelerometer suitable for inertial navigation system are presented. The accelerometer consists of a suspended silicon micromechanical structure (seismic mass) that is bonded to a SAW device with an air gap of around 400–2000 A. The seismic mass is sensitive to acceleration and modulates the SAW that propagates on the piezoelectric film. Programmable accelerometers can be achieved with split finger IDTs as reflecting structures. If IDTs are short circuited or capacitively loaded, the wave propagates without any reflection whereas in an open circuit configuration, the IDTs reflect the incoming SAW signal.
Mesoproterozoic-trans-Laurentian magmatism: A synthesis of continent-wide age distributions, new SIMS U–Pb ages, zircon saturation temperatures, and Hf and Nd isotopic compositions

Abstract The origin and tectonic setting of the Mesoproterozoic (1.50–1.34 Ga) granite–rhyolite Provinces of the midcontinent region of the United States, and the coeval A-type granite plutons of the southwestern United States, have been an enigma for decades. In this paper we review the history of this problem, examine the significance of a wealth of previously published U–Pb zircon and whole-rock Sm–Nd data, and present new U–Pb zircon age and Lu–Hf isotopic data from selected zircon samples. Our data show that the initiation of this magmatism spans the interval 1.50–1.40 Ga across the continent, but there is a general younging westward. Younger, 1.39–1.34 Ga magmatism also occurred across the continent, but forms a major magmatic event only in the south-central mid-continent. There is generally a good correlation between Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotopic compositions and inferred mantle derivation model ages, except possibly in southeastern Oklahoma. The absence of older cores in zircons is compatible with calculated zircon saturation temperatures of ca. 850 °C, and supports mantle-driven basaltic underplating and resulting crustal partial melting as a petrogenetic model for the A-type magmatism. Our new data compilation refines the existence of the “Nd-line” that extends from southwestern Texas into southeastern Michigan and the western Grenville Province in Canada; it marks an isotopic boundary between granites and rhyolites of cratonal origin to the northwest (1.8–1.6 Ga model ages) and those of more juvenile origin to the southeast (1.5–1.4 Ga model ages). Our suggested tectonic model for the Mesoproterozoic A-type magmatism across eastern and southern Laurentia involves the development of an active Laurentian margin extending from eastern Canada, across what is now the midcontinent region of the United States, and at least into the current southwestern United States. Magmatism along this margin was likely related to asthenosphere–lithosphere interactions associated with the accretion of outboard arcs and possible exotic terranes that caused complex deformational and magmatic responses in the continental interior. This activity evidently spread from northeast to southwest over a period of ca. 70 million years. The occurrence of the younger, ca. 1.39–1.34 Ga event indicates that similar processes occurred some 130 million years later, suggesting a long-lived convergent plate margin and recurring basaltic underplating in some locations, perhaps due to inboard lithospheric delamination and/or mantle upwelling.
Structural analysis of the major envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of the amphotropic and ecotropic type C viruses of wild mice.

Abstract Virus-associated and free serum gp70s from wild mice ( Mus musculus ) were isolated by immunoaffinity column chromatography and were analyzed by two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping procedures. Our results show that the gp70s of wild mouse ecotropic and amphotropic MuLVs are structurally divergent. The gp70s of wild mouse ecotropic viruses are more similar in structure to the Gross-AKR MuLV subgroup than to the FMR subgroup. The gp70s of the amphotropic wild mouse viruses are highly conserved in structure and are closely related to those of one group of xenotropic MuLVs. Non-virion-associated free serum gp70 of wild mice is homologous to that of inbred laboratory mouse strains.
Nitrogen changes and domain bacteria ribotype diversity in soils overlying the Centralia, Pennsylvania underground coal mine fire

In this study, changes to soil chemistry and domain bacteria diversity were analyzed in a near-surface environment recently impacted by the Centralia, Pennsylvania anthracite coal mine fire. As this underground fire expands into new areas, land collapses are common as hot gases vent to the surface, causing rapid changes in surface soil temperatures and chemistry. To determine how these environmental changes are affecting the resident microbial populations, surface soil samples (at a depth of 0-20 cm) were taken from boreholes at eight locations that spanned both newly affected and unaffected areas. Soil temperature, pH, and chemical composition were analyzed at each borehole. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of domain bacteria 16S rRNA genes was utilized to monitor the associated changes in soil microbial diversity. Over a 1-year period, the maximum surface soil temperatures in this site increased from 47.0 °C to 75.7 °C. Whereas ribotype diversity did decrease significantly within individual boreholes as temperatures increased, no significant correlation was observed between overall temperature increases and either soil chemistry or domain bacteria ribotype diversity. Unweighted pair group means analysis of Jaccard ribotype similarity coefficients indicated that soil bacterial community diversity clustered well with trends in temperature, ammonium, and nitrate levels. Since significantly elevated ammonium and nitrate levels were seen in several of the affected boreholes, polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Tap-terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ribotype profiles were performed. These analyses provided evidence that nitrifying bacteria were present throughout the site.
The effect of test taking on acceptance of bogus perosnality statements

Ss received either positively or negatively toned feedback after taking a projective test. Other Ss merely received the feedback statements without taking the test. All Ss rated the feedback statements individually and as a unit as to how well they described their personality and the personality of people in general. Feedback as a unit was more acceptable when (a) the test was taken, and (b) when positively toned feedback was received. Collapsing across feedback conditions, personal acceptability was higher for those who took the test than for those who did not take the test. The method allowed for analysis of individual items and thereby provided an additional measure of acceptability than simply using the overall acceptability score.
Multi-eye input experiments for UAV image navigation and control

Real time Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) image registration is achieved by stimulating one eye with a live video image from a flying UAV while stimulating the other eye with calculated images. The calculated image is initialized by telemetry signals from the UAV and corrected using the Perspective View Nascent Technology (PVNT) software package model-image feedback algorithm. Live and registered calculated images are superimposed allowing command functions including target geo-location, UAV sensor slewing, tracking, and way point flight control. When the same equipment is used with the naked eye the forward observer function can be implemented to produce accurate target coordinates. The paper will then discuss UAV mission control and forward observer target tracking experiments conducted at Camp Roberts, California.
Pattern Recognition Using Autocorrelation

A class of techniques for character recognition is described. These techniques are characterized by the property that the only parameters of the input which are used are those which are independent of the position of the character; that is, these techniques are registration invariant. In Section I of this paper, we describe the registration invariant mathematical formalism which underlies these techniques, and in Section II we describe in more detail the physical realization of several recognition schemes based on these concepts. Some results from our computer simulation of these procedures are given.
A parallel best-first search

The best-first search method is commonly employed in searching a dynamic search space with heuristic information which allows the method to locate the goal state or solution by generating only a small part of the search space. This search is efficient because it always considers the most promising node or state for expansion or exploitation. By transferring the best-first methodology into a parallel environment, the task of solving current problems is handled more efficiently.Several concepts of parallel best-first search methodologies are addressed in this presentation. From these concepts, certain methods of parallelization become evident. These methods include node parallelism, rule parallelism, node-rule parallelism and processor parallelism.Asynchronous parallel algorithms, algorithms that are designed for shared memory multiprocessors, have been developed through this research to handle many ideas of parallel best-first search. These algorithms include parallel procedures for node expansion and rule application. The former is inherently obvious from the original best-first search algorithm [1, 3] and is generally understood by most researchers of this area [2]. However, current efforts have led to the development of dynamic parallel algorithms. The dynamic procedures decide which is the best method of parallelism during the execution of the algorithm. Among these dynamic strategies are conditional node/rule parallelism, combinational node-rule parallelism, processor parallelism, and a comprehensive algorithm. The latter of the above, presently, appears to be the best approach and is the main focus of this presentation.Naturally, each of the above have advantages and disadvantages associated with them. These promote several issues of concern which involve the number of nodes/states, the number of rules and the number of processors. Furthermore, the issues at hand can be architecturally dependent. On the other hand, there are areas of concern that delve below the surface issues of the application of the parallel best-first search methodology into the inner workings of the algorithm. The inner workings can be obscure and hard to approach in cases such as the goodness of the involved heuristics and the applicability of a rule. Surely, the general and commonly known problems of the above can be visibly seen.Currently, several strategies associated with the parallel best-first search methodology are being implemented on a 30 processor Sequent Balance computer system which is a shared memory multiprocessor system. The implemented versions of the parallel algorithms will be tested and compared with one another to determine which approaches to parallelism are the most efficient for the parallel best-first search procedure.
Clinical knowledge management: Using Extensible Markup Language to characterize clinical decision support.

Clinical guidelines based on the consensus of experts and supporting medical evidence are intended to help clinicians make the right choice concerning a patient’s care. As the implementation of computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) proceeds nationally, there is evidence to suggest that
Evaluating Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) Suicide Prevention Training in a College Setting

This study assesses short-term and long-term learning outcomes of Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) suicide prevention training in a college setting. Two hundred seventy-three participants completed pretest, posttest, and follow-up surveys regarding suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Results indicated: (a) increases in suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, and skills both from the pretest to the posttest and from the pretest to the follow-up test on 8 items (warning signs, how to ask about suicide, influencing help-seeking, how to get help, knowledge of local resources, talking about resources, accompanying person to get help, and calling a crisis line); and (b) short-term increases on 2 items (suicide prevention facts and appropriateness of asking about suicide). Implications for campus-wide suicide prevention efforts are discussed.
Transformed Gold Island Film Improves Light-to-Heat Transduction of Nanoparticles on Silica Capillaries

Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NP) assembled on inner walls of silica (SiO2) capillaries dissipated ≥10-fold more heat (≥96.92 ± 8.94 vs ≤9.92 ± 2.06%) from incident photons via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) with a 10-fold faster response time (≤8.39 ± 1.05 vs ≥86.30 ± 8.61 s) than colloidal Au NPs suspended in H2O. Au NP assemblies were created by thermal transformation of gold island film (TGIF) that was electrolessly plated on the inner capillary wall to form an optical plasmon capillary (OPC). Enhanced laser-to-heat transduction of the solid-state Au NP OPC resulted from the ability to tune the LSPR peak to the laser line, elimination of laser- or heat-induced NP aggregation, and enhanced thermal transport of the Au NP assembly on the OPC. This yielded ≥6.4-fold higher temperature increase per unit incident laser power (157.07 ± 21.68 vs 24.51 ± 4.45 °C watt−1) relative to suspended Au NPs. Thermal behavior of the OPC was predictable using design equations obtained from an overall energy balanc...
Targeting TGFβ signaling in subchondral bone and articular cartilage homeostasis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease and no disease-modifying therapy for OA is currently available. Targeting articular cartilage alone may not be sufficient to halt this disease progression. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone act as a functional unit. Increasing evidence indicates that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Activation of extracellular matrix (ECM) latent TGFβ at the appropriate time and location is a prerequisite for its function. Aberrant activation of TGFβ in the subchondral bone in response to an abnormal mechanical loading environment induces formation of osteroid islets at the onset of OA. As a result, alteration of subchondral bone structure changes the stress distribution on the articular cartilage and leads to its degeneration. Thus, inhibition of TGFβ activity in the subchondral bone may provide a new avenue of treatment for OA. In this review we will discuss the role of TGFβ in the homeostasis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone as a novel target for OA therapy.
Transparency and predictability measures for U.S. and Russian strategic arms reductions

The Nonproliferation Review/Summer 2002 Oleg Bukharin is on the Senior Research Staff of the Program on Science and Global Security at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University. James Doyle is a Technical Staff Member in the Nonproliferation and International Secuirty Deivison at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Transparency and Predictability Measures for U.S. and Russian Strategic Arms Reductions
Cerebral Asymmetry and Cognitive Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Phonemic awareness, the ability to abstract and manipulate auditory symbols, is a distinguishing human characteristic Neurobiological specializations in the left hemisphere and cultural exposure to language interact to shape development of this ability Modern imaging techniques now permit investigation of the interaction of these forces In this initial cross-sectional study, we found evidence for a shift from neurobiological to cultural regulation In young children, aged 5 to 9, anatomical asymmetry of the auditory association cortex predicted phonemic awareness In older children, the relationship disappeared, as all children became skilled readers The findings suggest that children with different patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses may have different spatiotemporal patterns of cortical development
Application of semi-coupled ultrasonic pulse velocity to image concrete structures using tomographic algorithms

In this research, data from contactless air-coupled ultrasonic measurements are used to characterize internal defects within a full-scale reinforced concrete column. The measurements are carried out using an automated scanning frame, which maintains constant air gap between the air-coupled transducer and the concrete surface, and ensures accurate spatial position of the transducer. Because concrete surface preparation and physical coupling process are not needed, this system collects a large amount of test data across the cross-section of the concrete column in a reasonably short amount of time. The acquired large amount of data enables reconstruction of internal images within the concrete element. Images are reconstructed from the data in two ways: 1) modified filtered back projection and 2) algebraic reconstruction technique. The modified filtered back projections successfully applied using the collected data and sinogram interpolation to develop internal image of structure. As compared to the iterative method, the speed of computation significantly improves without a significant difference with tomogram quality. The results prove that the proposed ultrasonic method is applicable to full-scale concrete structures, and developed images can localize internal defects in an efficient way.
Cellular immunity to intracellular bacteria

Great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms bacteria use to invade, survive and move within eukaryotic cells. It is clear that bacteria have found ways to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways and the cytoskeleton to their advantage. To defend against prokaryotic invaders, the immune system has evolved mechanisms for the specific recognition of bacterial antigens.
Secular Trends in the Incidence of Cholangiocarcinoma in the USA and the Impact of Misclassification

Background and Aims It has been reported that the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has increased in the USA, while extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) has decreased or remained stable. However, neither the recent trends nor the effects of the misclassification of Klatskin tumors are known.
Polygonal approximation for the acquired contour by using spline

In this paper, data reduction for the acquired contour is discussed. Lyche's knot-removal algorithm is introduced. For the given sets of points on the contour, we reduce the number of data points without distorting the original contour by more than a given tolerance.
Polymorphisms of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme associated with lower extremity arterial disease in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study

Polymorphisms of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme associated with lower extremity arterial disease in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study
Generative Translation in Spicer, Gelman, and Hawkey

In her article "Generative Translation in Spicer, Gelman, and Hawkey" Lisa Rose Bradford examines the practice of generative translation � a concept she designated � in Jack Spicer's After Lorca (1957), Juan Gelman's Com/positions (1986), and Christian Hawkey's Ventrakl (2010) to show how this strategy revives the original articulation as a continuation of the seminal frisson while producing an entirely new work of art and one that reflects the genius of both the original and translating authors. While generative translation represents a renovative strategy that has provided historically a constant creative force in literature, in recent years it has established a particularly fruitful, transnational space for writing in which seemingly paratextual elements, forming a confabulation of sorts, encapsulate and color the reworked texts thus modeling the entire reading process.
Results of a national survey of wardens in women's prisons: The case for gender specific treatment

Abstract The pathways that lead a female child into ultimate criminality and imprisonment are unique to the female gender. Yet the criminal justice system today, partly due to a backlash against the women's movement, is sending women to prison in unprecedented numbers. Women's prisons today are constructed and operated according to a model developed to contain antisocial males. This article summarizes findings from a national survey of women's prison administrators to argue the case for a gender specific model for the treatment of female offenders