cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on expiratory flow rates at rest and during exercise.

Previous studies suggest that pulmonary function is associated with fruit and vegetable consumption and plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins. Also, expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has been reported to limit ventilation during exercise in healthy individuals. We hypothesized antioxidant vitamin supplementation (AVS) would increase resting expiratory flow rates in healthy subjects and reduce EFL during exercise. Ten healthy, nonsmoking subjects (5 M/5 W), consuming <5 servings of fruit and vegetables per day, participated in a randomized, single-blinded crossover design study with subjects receiving a placebo (PLA) or AVS [vitamins C (500 mg), E (400 IU), beta-carotene (15,000 IU), zinc (7.5 mg), selenium (50 mg), copper (1 mg), and manganese (2.5 mg)] for 4 weeks. After a minimum 4-week washout period, subjects received the alternate supplementation. Pulmonary function tests and total antioxidant status (TAS) from plasma were measured pre- and post-supplement period. Subjects completed a pre- and post-supplement treadmill test for 20 min at 70 % $$\dot V \text{O}_{2\text {max}}$$ followed by increasing workload until exhaustion. AVS increased (p 0.05) in end-expiratory lung volumes. Breathing frequency and ratings of perceived exertion and dyspnea were also lower (p 0.05) were evident at rest or during exercise with PLA. These results suggest that AVS can increase TAS, improve resting expiratory flow rates and reduce EFL during exercise in healthy subjects who are not meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations.
Mapping deep brain stimulation’s impact on cortical networks using high-density diffuse optical tomography (Conference Presentation)

Current gold standard neuroimaging tools lack either necessary temporal resolution (PET) or optimal safety due to contraindications (fMRI) for measuring the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) in Parkinson disease (PD). In this study, we validate the feasibility of High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography (HD-DOT) for mapping the cortical activity of the PD patients with their STN DBS ON and OFF during auditory and visual tasks and during resting state.
Testing the cross-stressor hypothesis under real-world conditions: exercise as a moderator of the association between momentary anxiety and cardiovascular responses

The cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis of exercise training has not been investigated under real-life conditions. Using ecological momentary assessment, we tested whether usual exercise level moderates the relationship of self-reported anxiety to concurrent ambulatory heart rate (HR) and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP). Participants (N = 832) completed 24-h ambulatory monitoring of HR/BP, using a brachial BP cuff that took readings at 28-min intervals. Anxiety levels were concurrently reported on a visual analog scale (VAS) using a Palm Pilot. Usual exercise behavior was assessed by a self-report questionnaire. Random coefficients linear regression models predicting momentary HR/BP readings from time-matched anxiety scores were estimated, yielding the average within-person effect (slope) of anxiety. The interaction of exercise level (i.e., no weekly exercise, 1–149, and ≥ 150 min/week; a between-person factor) with anxiety was added to the model in order to estimate the average anxiety slope for participants in each exercise category. The relationship of HR/BP to anxiety did not differ significantly among exercise categories, hence not providing evidence for the cross-stressor hypothesis. In an exploratory analysis of the difference in HR/BP between occasions when anxiety was in the top versus bottom person-specific quintiles of responses, the difference in HR (but not SBP or DBP) varied significantly by exercise level (F(2,625) = 4.92, p = 0.008). Though our pre-specified analysis did not support the hypothesis, we provide some post hoc evidence supporting the cross-stressor hypothesis of exercise training for the HR response to anxiety.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Signaling in Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome that involves renal tubular epithelial cell death and leads to acute decline in renal function. Improper tubular regeneration following AKI often leads to CKD. We discuss the role of a serine/threonine protein kinase called glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in renal tubular injury and renal fibrosis. We also highlight the importance of GSK3 as a potential drug target in AKI patients and molecular mechanisms promoting tissue regeneration.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAKFAST CONSUMPTION AND BASKETBALL SHOOTING PERFORMANCE

The purpose of this study is to explore a possible relationship between breakfast consumption and basketball shooting performance. Eighteen male subjects (height=191.5±10.1 cm, mass=93.8±12.1 kg, age=27.5±10.6 years) with considerable amount of basketball playing experience were divided into two groups, with (BF) and without (No-BF) four-day breakfast consumption in a three-week cross-over study design. Subjects completed free throw, 2-point, and 3-point shooting drills on the fourth day of each week. Food intake records were collected during each treatment phase. Paired sample t-tests were used to examine the difference in basketball shooting performance (free throw, 2-point, and 3-point drills) and dietary intake patterns (calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) between BF and No-BF testing weeks. Cohen’s D effect sizes were calculated to determine the magnitude of the breakfast consumption as an experimental factor. The average amount of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that the subjects consumed during the breakfast omission week was significantly lower when compared to the breakfast consumption week. Even though the overall basketball shooting performance was improved during the breakfast consumption week, only the average free throw shooting accuracy revealed statistically significant results. However, the effect sizes for almost all the dependent variables exhibited small to moderate magnitudes. Considering that basketball players are always looking for ways to improve their shooting performance, a well-balanced diet with habitual breakfast consumption may be a beneficial method for individual and team performance enhancement, which can ultimately lead to increased chances of a successful game outcome.
ARL8 Relieves SKIP Autoinhibition to Enable Coupling of Lysosomes to Kinesin-1

Long-range movement of organelles within the cytoplasm relies on coupling to microtubule motors, a process that is often mediated by adaptor proteins. In many cases, this coupling involves organelle- or adaptor-induced activation of the microtubule motors by conformational reversal of an autoinhibited state. Herein, we show that a similar regulatory mechanism operates for an adaptor protein named SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2). SKIP binds to the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ARL8 on the lysosomal membrane to couple lysosomes to the anterograde microtubule motor kinesin-1. Structure-function analyses of SKIP reveal that the C-terminal region comprising three pleckstrin homology (PH) domains interacts with the N-terminal region comprising ARL8- and kinesin-1-binding sites. This interaction inhibits coupling of lysosomes to kinesin-1 and, consequently, lysosome movement toward the cell periphery. We also find that ARL8 does not just recruit SKIP to the lysosomal membrane but also relieves SKIP autoinhibition, promoting kinesin-1-driven, anterograde lysosome transport. Finally, our analyses show that the largely disordered middle region of SKIP mediates self-association and that this self-association enhances the interaction of SKIP with kinesin-1. These findings indicate that SKIP is not just a passive connector of lysosome-bound ARL8 to kinesin-1 but is itself subject to intra- and inter-molecular interactions that regulate its function. We anticipate that similar organelle- or GTPase-induced conformational changes could regulate the activity of other kinesin adaptors.
Axillary adenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination: A single institution case series.

Axillary adenopathy is a potential side effect following COVID-19 vaccination. We report four cases of axillary adenopathy in the setting of recent COVID-19 vaccination (Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech) at our institution. Our cases show unilateral axillary adenopathy, as well as adenopathy persisting for two to three weeks following vaccination. The Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) and Harvard University have each released guidelines for management of axillary adenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination. While SBI recommends short term imaging 4-12 weeks following the second dose, a group of physicians from Harvard suggest clinical follow-up with sonographic imaging if clinical concern persists beyond six weeks. As a larger percentage of the general population becomes vaccinated, it is important for radiologists to be aware of potential vaccine-induced ipsilateral axillary adenopathy on screening and diagnostic breast imaging to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed in this patient population.
Should Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Status Guide Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Patients With Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Radiation of the draining lymph node basin remains controversial for Merkel cell carcinoma, particularly in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Methods and materials Based on a 20-year experience using SLNB-guided adjuvant radiation therapy (RT), we conducted a retrospective review of clinically node-negative patients testing 2 hypotheses: (1) whether nodal RT could be safely omitted in SLNB-negative Merkel cell carcinoma and (2) whether the excised primary site should always be radiated. Clinically node-positive patients were excluded. Results Among 57 clinically node-negative patients who underwent SLNB and wide local excision (WLE), 42 (74%) had a negative SLNB, and 15 (26%) had a positive SLNB. At a median follow-up of 43 months (range, 5-182), SLNB-negative patients irradiated to the primary site had improved 4-year disease-specific survival (100% vs 65%, P = .008), local recurrence-free survival (100% vs 76%, P = .009), and distant recurrence-free survival (100% vs 75%, P = .008), but not overall survival (87.5% vs 57.7%, P = .164) compared with SLNB-positive patients receiving comprehensive RT. Among SLNB-negative patients treated with WLE only, 67% (6/9) had a disease relapse, half of which were local relapses (33%). Conclusions In this single-institution retrospective review, after negative SLNB and WLE, RT given only to the primary site provided 100% disease control without a need for nodal RT. Among SLNB-negative patients who had WLE, omission of postoperative primary-site RT was associated with 67% cancer relapse, of which half was local.
Transgendering pride

Examining a moment where the female figure of Pride claims phallic potency in a particular, perhaps accidental, moment in the C-text of Piers Plowman, this essay asks: what can medieval studies do for transgender/transsexual scholarship, and vice versa? A certain version of medical discourse about transsexuality affirms a split between the body and the soul (as when it is said that a trans person has a ‘female soul within a male body’) that seems rather medieval in its near-allegorical dualism. However, the moment when the figure of Pride, personified as a female being, claims to be ‘stiffest under the belt’ in a moment of boastful confession, a different medieval model of trans consciousness is offered, that of a female-to-male person's courage to be themselves, which this essay reads alongside the journalistic account of Brandon Teena.
Examining Satisfaction of Older Home Owners with Intergenerational Homesharing

We surveyed 252 homeowners in three midwestern cities about their satisfaction with intergenerational homesharing, using a 21-question survey with 5 satisfaction-with-life dimensions. The purpose of this study was to see if homeowners would report changes in these satisfaction dimensions as a result of taking part in homesharing. An additional purpose was to see if there were age differences, gender differences, and length-of-match differences in satisfaction. Across the five satisfaction dimensions of the survey, 94% of the responses indicated that older participants' lives had either stayed the same or improved due to involvement in intergenerational homesharing. Results suggest that younger homeowners (ages 50 to 69) reaped more financial benefits from homesharing, probably because the purpose of their homesharing match was for the collection of rent. Older homeowners (age 70 and older), who are more likely to be looking for companionship and assistance, reported significantly greater satisfaction than younger homeowners in the dimensions of health, well-being and social activities. Males reported being significantly better off than females in the areas of well-being and health. No differences based on length of homesharing match were found. These data are generally consistent with previous survey work conducted on intergenerational homesharing, suggesting that homesharing is a viable housing option for older homeowners. Given that verbal reports may not be consistent with behavior, the collection of direct observation outcome data on homesharing is recommended for future research on homesharing.
Meta-analysis of risk factors for early and late seizures after acute stroke (P7.024)

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare risk factors for development of early (ES) versus late (LS) seizures after acute stroke using meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of seizures. Abundant literature exists evaluating risk factors for post-stroke seizures, however interpretation and clinical applicability is limited by varying study designs, restricted stroke subtypes, variable definitions and timing of post-stroke seizures, and different patient populations. Some risk factors may be specific to either early or late onset seizures after stroke, and a better understanding can aid in management of acute stroke. DESIGN/METHODS: A query of the MEDLINE database using the MeSH terms “stroke,” “cerebrovascular disorders,” “seizures,” and “epilepsy” was performed and relevant studies analyzed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risk factors reported by at least two studies were analyzed separately for ES and LS using random effects models. Cochran’s Q test and the I2 index were calculated for each variable. RESULTS: Twelve prospective studies directly comparing risk factors between acute stroke patients with and without seizures were included, involving 15855 patients. Thirty variables for ES and 20 variables for LS were used. After ignoring those with significant heterogeneity (I2 > 40), large stroke size, total anterior circulation strokes, hemorrhagic transformation, associated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), aphasia, and alcohol abuse were associated with ES. Posterior circulation strokes, lacunar strokes, and hyperlipidemia were associated with decreased risk of ES. Risk factors for LS were similar to those for ES, including cortical involvement, hemorrhagic transformation, associated SAH, and alcohol abuse associated with increased risk. Lacunar strokes were associated with decreased risk. ES were surprisingly a strong risk factor for LS, although significant heterogeneity existed between studies for this variable. CONCLUSIONS: Similar risk factors contribute to ES and LS after acute stroke. However, the effect of ES on LS remains poorly understood. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Tobochnik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vijayvargiya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jacobson has received personal compensation for activities with Sunovion Pharmaceuticals.
Rectangle Placement for VLSI Testing

We report our solution to the problem of designing test-site chips. This is a specific variation of the VLSI floorplanning problem where rectangular macros must be placed without overlap in a given area, but no wiring between the macros exists. Typically, industrial problems of this type require placing hundreds of macros of different sizes and shapes and include additional constraints such as fixing or grouping some of the macros. Many tools and techniques developed to solve similar problems proved unsuitable for this specific variation. We used constraint programming (CP) with additional heuristics, including sophisticated variable and value orderings, to produce floorplans for real test-sites. Our CP solution is successfully used in production by test-site designers.
Microlevel: The Victim

Persons age 12 or older, living in the United States, experienced 34.7 million crimes in 1991, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). Approximately 6.4 million of these victimizations consisted of violent crimes, such as rape and assault. Also in 1991, there were approximately 22,000 murders in the United States, 2.2 million estimated instances of spouse abuse, and 2.8 million estimated occurrences of child abuse. In many of these victimizations, the distinction between perpetrator and victim seems quite clear. A woman returning to her car in a suburban shopping center one evening, arms full of packages, is attacked and assaulted by a stranger. A motorist driving at 40 miles per hour in an area with a 45 mile per hour speed limit is honked at, gestured at, and cursed by a teenage driver who passes him at 60 miles per hour. A young woman agrees to go out to a movie with a date, and later that evening, although she actively resists his sexual advances, she is raped by him. The perpetrator-victim distinction is not infrequently less sharp in the context of other instances of violence, for example, the situation of a child behaving oppositionally who is smacked in the face by his frustrated father. In still other instances, who is perpetrator and who is victim is quite ambiguous. Two men are drinking at a bar in a low-income neighborhood. One goads the other about his appearance, criticizes something he said, and challenges the other to “do something about it,” and the other drinker responds by smashing his fist into the provocateur’s nose. A husband demeans his wife repeatedly, threatens to harm her, and at the height of an episode of rage charges toward the bedroom yelling that he is going for his revolver to shoot her. She grabs a kitchen knife and stabs him to death.
Rh-C Bond Dissociation Enthalpies for Organometallic Derivatives of Rhodium Porphyrins

Solution equilibrium studies of rhodium porphyrin reactions with carbon monoxide, aldehydes, alkanes and alkenes that result in formation of Rh-C bonds are used in deriving estimates of Rh—C bond dissociation enthalpies. Maximum Rh—C D values occur for the methyl and formyl derivatives (D(Rh-CH3~242 kJ mol-1 (58 kcal mol-1); D(Rh-CHO=249 kJ mol-1 (59 kcal mol-1)) where the steric demands of the organic fragments are minimized.
Porous silicon light emitting diodes

The authors report the results of a systematic study of light-emitting devices made of porous silicon. The threshold for detectable electroluminescence is 5 V, the external efficiency reaches 0.01% at larger voltages and the LED output is stable for more than 100 hours of operation.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase III. ENZYME-BOUND 1'-N-CARBOXYBIOTIN AS THE CARBOXYLATION INTERMEDIATE

Studies presented here, with the criterion of the degree of binding of the biotin derivatives obtained from acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase to avidin, show that these compounds have an intact ureido ring, eliminating the diamine derivative as an intermediate in the carboxylation. With the use of carboxyl-14C-biotin acetyl- and propionyl-CoA carboxylases, it has been possible to show both in vivo and in vitro that no turnover of the ureido carbon of biotin occurs in the carboxylation reaction. The 1‘-N-methoxycarbonylbiotin methyl ester was isolated from the acetyl-CoA carboxylase substantiating the hypothesis that the 1‘-N-carboxamide of enzyme-bound biotin is an intermediate in these carboxylation reactions.
Bioreductive metabolism of AF-2[2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] combined with 2-nitroimidazoles. Implications for use as hypoxic cell markers.

Abstract Metabolism of misonidazole under hypoxic conditions depletes the parent drug and causes about 4% of the reduced-drug-products to form adducts with cellular macromolecules (binding), and this process has been used to detect hypoxia in cells and tissues. The nitrofuran, AF-2 [2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] has been shown to increase both the metabolic depletion of misonidazole and its binding. In the present study, factors which might affect this process have been examined, in an in vitro system, to test the hypothesis that metabolic depletion of misonidazole could limit its ability to diffuse freely to the hypoxic cell population. Drastic reductions in glucose concentrations from their normal value of 5–10 mM to less than 0.5 mM had no significant effect on the metabolism of either misonidazole or AF-2. Similarly, glucose concentration did not influence the binding of misonidazole, even when concentrations of both oxygen (extreme hypoxia) and glucose were near zero—a very toxic biochemical environment. Similarly, the metabolism of the nitroheterocyclics had no effect on glucose consumption. The bioreductive depletion of misonidazole in extreme hypoxia appeared to be independent of drug concentration between 25 and 100μM: this nearly zero-order rate of drug metabolism prevented the possibility of working at constant drug concentration. AF-2 exacerbated this effect by greatly enhancing the metabolic depletion of misonidazole. AF-2 was found to increase both the metabolic depletion and binding of misonidazole by the same factor. An unexpected finding was that metabolism of etanidazole, a 2-nitroimidazole closely related to misonidazole, was not enhanced by AF-2. Micromolar amounts of oxygen inhibited the reductive activation of AF-2, and also the interaction between AF-2 and misonidazole. Our results suggest that metabolic depletion of nitroheterocyclics could influence their ability to diffuse adequately to hypoxic tissues, particularly at the low drug concentrations that have been used to measure tissue hypoxia in vivo .
From deep to modern time along the western Sierra Nevada Foothills of California, San Joaquin to Kern River drainages

This two day field trip presents an overview of ~ 500 m.y. of diverse geologic history along the southwestern Sierra Nevada Foothills, with focus on several profound geologic features that distinguish this part of the western foothills. These features include (1) a highly deformed oceanic Moho section through the Kings River ophiolite, interpreted as a Carboniferous abyssal core complex; (2) Permo-Carboniferous ophiolitic melange interpreted to have formed and been emplaced along the SW Cordilleran edge transform, along which the early Mesozoic convergent margin initiated; (3) Early Cretaceous mafic rocks of the western Sierra Nevada batholith, which also characterize much of the Great Valley basement; (4) evidence for 1000-m-scale paleo-relief of Late Cretaceous age; (5) anomalous subsidence of the Tulare subbasin of the Great Valley as an expression of ongoing mantle lithosphere delamination; and (6) the Kern arch and Kern range front epeirogenic uplift as an expression of active mantle lithosphere delamination.
Jeff=12Mott spin-orbit insulating state close to the cubic limit inCa4IrO6

The ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ state is manifested in systems with large cubic crystal field splitting and spin-orbit coupling that are comparable to the on-site Coulomb interaction, $U$. $5d$ transition-metal oxides host parameters in this regime and strong evidence for this state in ${\text{Sr}}_{2}$${\text{IrO}}_{4}$, and additional iridates, has been presented. All the candidates, however, deviate from the cubic crystal field required to provide an unmixed canonical ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ state, impacting the development of a robust model of this novel insulating and magnetic state. We present experimental and theoretical results that not only show ${\text{Ca}}_{4}$${\text{IrO}}_{6}$ hosts the state, but furthermore uniquely resides in the limit required for a canonical unmixed ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ state.
Refounding the Nation A Generation of Activism in Bolivia

This article examines indigenous discourse in the Americas during a 15-year period and its particular application in indigenous movements in Bolivia through the political crises and the installation of the Constitutional Assembly. It argues for a view of multiple temporal and spatial patterns in indigenous thought that opens the possibility for understanding the complexities of radically reforming the nation.
First principles study of work functions of single wall carbon nanotubes.

Using first-principles density functional calculations, we investigated work functions (WFs) of thin double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) with outertube diameters ranging from 1 to 1.5 nm. The results indicate that a work function change within this diameter range can be up to 0.5 eV, even for DWNTs with the same outer diameter. This is in contrast with single-walled nanotubes, which show negligible WF changes for diameters larger than 1 nm. We explain the WF change and the related charge redistribution in DWNTs using the charge equilibration model. The predicted work function variation of DWNTs indicates a potential difficulty in their nanoelectronic device applications.
THE EFFECTS OF EXCITOTOXIN LESIONS OF THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS ON SELF-STIMULATION REWARD

Abstract Unilateral microinjection into rat lateral hypothalamus (LH) of the excitotoxins ibotenic acid (IBO) andN-methyl- d -aspartatic acid (NM produced a local zone of neuronal death but also produced a zone of demyelination. The size of this demyelination zone was related to excitotoxin dose and was smaller than the zone of neuron killing. In behavioral testing. MFB self-stimulation reward and performance were measured with a rate-frequency curve-shift method before and after IBO or NMDA lesions of the LH. Excitotoxin lesions were made anterior or posterior to the LH electrode so that the zone of neuronal death, but not demyelination, extended to the electrode tip. These lesions produced small, temporary LH stimulation reward deficits, leading to the conclusion that intrinsic LH neurons are not a major substrate of MFR stimulation reward.
A Multimethod, Multichannel Assessment of Affective Flattening in Schizophrenia

Flat affect was examined across multiple contexts (during interviews and emotional films), multiple channels of expression (facial and vocal), and different assessment techniques (clinical ratings, observational ratings of facial expression, and acoustic analyses) in 23 medication-free schizophrenic patients. Patients participated in three different interviews during which either clinical ratings were made or their voices were audiotaped for later acoustic analyses. Patients were also videotaped while they viewed positive and negative emotional films. The videotapes were then coded for the frequency, intensity, and duration of positive and negative facial expressions. Results indicated that general clinical ratings were related across different interviews. However, only those items specific to affective flattening bore significant relationships to vocal and facial expressiveness. Vocal expressiveness and negative facial expressiveness were related, but vocal expressiveness was not related to positive facial expressiveness.
Morphologic identification of epithelial cell types of the human tracheo-bronchus in cell culture

A protocol is presented for correlating the morphology of human bronchial epithelial cells after Papanicolaou staining with their periodic acid schiff (PAS)/AB-reactivity, intermediate filament type, and the pattern of staining with lectins having specific affinities for glycoconjugates:griffionia simplicifolia (GSA-IB4; terminal alpha-d-galactose),Dolichos biflorus (DBA,N-acetyl-d-galactosamine). The combination of these stains identified differentiation markers in morphologic studies of normal, transformed, and malignant bronchial epithelial cells in culture.
Nonhomologous synapsis of the XY during early pachynema in In(X)1H male mice

It has been previously supposed that meiotic synapsis is restricted to homology during early, but not late pachynema. The synaptic begavior of an inverted X chromosome, In(X)1H as reflected in the synaptonemal complexes of the sex chromosomes has been examined in microspread spermatocytes by electron microscopy and evidence of extensive nonhomologus synapsis between the X and Y during early pachynema has been obtained.
Basic Biological Sciences Computerized Prediction of Optical Density for Diagnostic Radiology

A computer program was formulated and verified experimentally to predict the optical den sity on an image receptor for any given set of radiographic variables including tube kilovoltage, milliamperage, and wave form; x-ray beam filtration; nature of filters and absorbers, and type of x-ray film.
Comment on `Oblique Double Layers: A Comparison between Terrestrial and Auroral Measurements'

A Comment on the Letter by C. Charles, R. W. Boswell, and R. Hawkins, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 095001 (2009).
Dynamic Scheduling for Work Agglomeration on Heterogeneous Clusters

Dynamic scheduling and varying decomposition granularity are well-known techniques for achieving high performance in parallel computing. Heterogeneous clusters with highly data-parallel processors, such as GPUs, present unique problems for the application of these techniques. These systems reveal a dichotomy between grain sizes: decompositions ideal for the CPUs may yield insufficient data-parallelism for accelerators, and decompositions targeted at the GPU may decrease performance on the CPU. This problem is typically ameliorated by statically scheduling a fixed amount of work for agglomeration. However, determining the ideal amount of work to compose requires experimentation because it varies between architectures and problem configurations. This paper describes a novel methodology for dynamically agglomerating work units at runtime and scheduling them on accelerators. This approach is demonstrated in the context of two applications: an n-body particle simulation, which offloads particle interaction work, and a parallel dense LU solver, which relocates DGEMM kernels to the GPU. In both cases dynamic agglomeration yields comparable or better results over statically scheduling the work across a variety of system configurations.
A Methodology for Making Performance-Based Comparisons with Architectural Information

This paper demonstrates an approach to making early life cycle comparative performance assessments of alternative system architectures. Early problem identification reduces the likelihood of implementing designs that fail to meet performance goals. We restrict our technique to estimating performance differences early in the development phase, which is a critical step in identifying performance limitations. Designers routinely make assumptions both about the performance of the hardware platform and the software that will be used. Our approach simulates a queuing network model to provide a basis for making comparative performance assessments of architectures considered for system implementation, incorporating relevant known performance estimates. We will present results from the application of this technique to a case study that includes two ALOHA satellite network architectures. In this case, our early lifecycle assessment technique achieved a high degree of agreement with similar theoretical performance analysis models. The technique has the potential to allow a designer to investigate more easily "what-if" questions, enabling them to better understand the performance implications of alternative architectural proposals.
Dynamic visco-elastic properties of the lens

Abstract Displacement responses of lenses extracted from cats and dogs are studied experimentally for the case of sudden release of mechanical force applied on the lens anterior. The existence of three time constants is clarified through a computer-aided linear simulation, where the lens is regarded as a series connection of three pairs of springs and dashpots. Nonlinear simulation is also made and the viscous coefficient of the lens is represented as a function of displacement.
The effects of curfews on juvenile criminal activity: an individual-level analysis

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of juvenile curfews on the criminal activities of young adults. Using individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Geocode (NLSY) data set and estimating an economic model of crime for young adults, this study finds that although curfews have no statistically significant effect on the criminal behaviour of young adults, they do have a negative effect on the arrests of young adults. These results differ somewhat from the results of prior studies but lend support to community officials who believe that curfews are an effective tool in combating juvenile crime.
Measuring side effects of psychopharmacologic medication in individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities

To various degrees, psychopharmacologic medications are associated with side effects. Despite improvements in newer psychopharmacologic medication, monitoring for side effects remains important for individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities for a number of reasons, of which perhaps the most important is that many of these individuals cannot effectively verbally communicate the presence of side effects. This article reviews four basic areas. The first is classification of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and basic terminology such as the difference between an ADR, side effect, adverse drug event, and adverse event. Second, the methods to approach ADRs are reviewed from an organizational, research, and applied individual perspective. Third, applied side effects rating scales are reviewed. Fourth, methods to determine the likelihood that a clinical manifestation indeed represents a side effect are reviewed. Although no one method will detect all side effects and although all methods generally detect more adverse events or clinical manifestations than actually turn out to be side effects, the material may allow for more structured monitoring of psychopharmacological medication side effects beyond general impression. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:348–359. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Arrestin Binding to the M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Precluded by an Inhibitory Element in the Third Intracellular Loop of the Receptor

Abstract Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involves the binding of members of the family of arrestins to the receptors. In the model system involving the visual GPCR rhodopsin, activation and phosphorylation of rhodopsin is thought to convert arrestin from a low to high affinity binding state. Phosphorylation of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has been shown to be required for binding of arrestins 2 and 3 in vitro and for arrestin-enhanced internalization in intact cells (Pals-Rylaarsdam, R., and Hosey, M. M. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14152–14158). For the M2 mAChR, arrestin binding requires phosphorylation at multiple serine and threonine residues at amino acids 307–311 in the third intracellular (i3) loop. Here, we have investigated the molecular basis for the requirement of receptor phosphorylation for arrestin binding. Constructs of arrestin 2 that can bind to other GPCRs in a phosphorylation-independent manner were unable to interact with a mutant M2 mAChR in which the Ser/Thr residues at 307–311 were mutated to alanines. However, although phosphorylation-deficient mutants of the M2 mAChR that lacked 50–157 amino acids from the i3 loop were unable to undergo agonist-dependent internalization when expressed alone in tsA201 cells, co-expression of arrestin 2 or 3 restored agonist-dependent internalization. Furthermore, a deletion of only 15 amino acids (amino acids 304–319) was sufficient to allow for phosphorylation-independent arrestin-receptor interaction. These results indicate that phosphorylation at residues 307–311 does not appear to be required to activate arrestin into a high affinity binding state. Instead, phosphorylation at residues 307–311 appears to facilitate the removal of an inhibitory constraint that precludes receptor-arrestin association in the absence of receptor phosphorylation.
Crosscorrelation and autocorrelation studies of electroencephalographic potentials

Abstract With the purpose of demonstrating that some additional information can be brought into the study of brain potentials by techniques developed in communication engineering, an application of crosscorrelation analysis to a problem in EEG has been reported, and an application of autocorrelation analysis has been outlined. A practical method for applying these concepts when no automatic correlator is available has been described.
Tetraethyl 4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,5,6-pyridinetetracarboxylate

Reaction of 3-nitrobenzaldehyde with diethyl oxalacetate in the presence of piperidine acetate and then ammonium acetate/acetic acid gave a moderate yield of tetraethyl 1,4-dihydro-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,5,6-pyridinetetracarboxylate. This was oxidized with nitric acid to tetraethyl 4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,5,6-pyridinetetracarhoxylate which was hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to give 4-(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine.
Genome-wide gene-set analysis for identification of pathways associated with alcohol dependence

It is believed that multiple genetic variants with small individual effects contribute to the risk of alcohol dependence. Such polygenic effects are difficult to detect in genome-wide association studies that test for association of the phenotype with each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) individually. To overcome this challenge, gene set analysis (GSA) methods that jointly test for the effects of pre-defined groups of genes have been proposed. Rather than testing for association between the phenotype and individual SNPs, these analyses evaluate the global evidence of association with a set of related genes enabling the identification of cellular or molecular pathways or biological processes that play a role in development of the disease. It is hoped that by aggregating the evidence of association for all available SNPs in a group of related genes, these approaches will have enhanced power to detect genetic associations with complex traits. We performed GSA using data from a genome-wide study of 1165 alcohol dependent cases and 1379 controls from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), for all 200 pathways listed in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Results demonstrated a potential role of the “Synthesis and Degradation of Ketone Bodies” pathway. Our results also support the potential involvement of the “Neuroactive Ligand Receptor Interaction” pathway, which has previously been implicated in addictive disorders. These findings demonstrate the utility of GSA in the study of complex disease, and suggest specific directions for further research into the genetic architecture of alcohol dependence.
Deep inelastic scattering as x ---> 1 using soft collinear effective theory

Soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) is used to sum Sudakov double logarithms in the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{x}1$ end point region for the deep inelastic scattering structure function. The calculations are done in both the target rest frame and the Breit frame. The separation of scales in the effective theory implies that the anomalous dimension of the SCET current is linear in $\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\mu},$ and the anomalous dimension for the Nth moment of the structure function is linear in $\mathrm{ln}N,$ to all orders in perturbation theory. The SCET formulation is shown to be free of Landau pole singularities. Some important differences between the deep inelastic structure function and the shape function in B decay are discussed.
Academic Confidence and Summer Bridge Learning Communities: Path Analytic Linkages to Student Persistence

Academic confidence cultivated within the context of learning communities may be an important key to student success. This study examined the structural relationships of four constructs on academic performance and persistence for summer bridge learning community (SBLC) and non-SBLC members. Constructs included: 1) student background; 2) academic confidence; 3) desire to finish college; and 4) intent to transfer. SBLC participants ended their freshman year with significantly higher GPAs and returned the following year at greater rates than non-SBLC members. Even though it was found that none of the constructs directly influenced persistence for either group, a significant direct effect of academic confidence on academic performance was found for SBLC members. This study demonstrates clearly that in spite of budgetary constraints, learning community models work; students in SBLCs generally show more positive outcomes (i.e., first year GPA and persistence to year two) than non-SBLC students. The statistical ...
Synthesis of a hypothetical intermediate in the biosynthesis of the 13-methylbenzophenanthridine alkaloids corynoline and 14-epicorynoline and the B-secoprotoberberine alkaloid corydalic acid methyl ester

Abstract A novel carbinolammonium chloride has been synthesized as a possible intermediate in the biosynthetic conversion of the 13-methylprotoberberine alkaloid (+)-tetrahydrocorysamine to the benzophenanthridine alkaloids (+)-corynoline, (+)-14-epicorynoline, and the B-secoprotoberberine alkaloid (+)-corydalic acid methyl ester.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE.

Concrete and cement-paste specimens, representing a model of the actual structural material and of its adhesive component, respectively, were subjected to static and dynamic tests. Static tests on virgin specimens were carried out in order to evaluate the strength, elasticity and Poisson's ratio of the materials. The dynamic experiments were conducted in order to ascertain the response of the specimens to the propagation of one-dimensional pulses. Transient loading was accomplished by the central longitudinal impact of a 1/2-in.-diam steel sphere on a ballistically suspended 3/4-in.-diam Hopkinson bar of the material at an initial velocity of about 3260 or 1650 ips. The shocked specimens were also subsequently examined to determine whether changes in static material properties had occurred as a result of passage of the waves.
Perinatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke induces adenylyl cyclase and alters receptor-mediated cell signaling in brain and heart of neonatal rats

Abstract Perinatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has adverse effects on neurobehavioral development. In the current study, rats were exposed to ETS during gestation, during the early neonatal period, or both. Brains and hearts were examined for alterations in adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity and for changes in β-adrenergic and m2-muscarinic cholinergic receptors and their linkage to AC. ETS exposure elicited induction of total AC activity as monitored with the direct enzymatic stimulant, forskolin. In the brain, the specific coupling of β-adrenergic receptors to AC was inhibited in the ETS groups, despite a normal complement of β-receptor binding sites. In the heart, ETS evoked a decrease in m2-receptor expression. In both tissues, the effects of postnatal ETS, mimicking passive smoking, were equivalent to (AC) or greater than (m2-receptors) those seen with prenatal ETS mimicking active smoking; the effects of combined prenatal and postnatal exposure were equivalent to those seen with postnatal exposure alone. These data indicate that ETS exposure evokes changes in cell signaling that recapitulate those caused by developmental nicotine treatment. Since alterations in AC signaling are known to affect cardiorespiratory function, the present results provide a mechanistic link reinforcing the participation of ETS exposure, including postnatal ETS, in disturbances culminating in events like Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Blood-CSF barrier to CCK and effect of centrally administered bombesin on release of brain CCK.

The purpose of this study, in part, was to determine the ability of cholecystokinin (CCK-33/39 and CCK-8) to penetrate the blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in dogs by measuring these forms of CCK in plasma and in CSF. In addition, the effectiveness of centrally administered bombesin in releasing brain CCK-33/39 and CCK-8 was evaluated. Six groups of five dogs each were studied. Each group received one of the following: (1) intravenous infusion of CCK-33/39 (1.3 micrograms/kg/hr); (2) intravenous infusion of CCK-8 (0.4 micrograms/kg/hr); (3) intrathecal infusion of CCK-33/39 (1.3 micrograms/kg/hr); (4) intrathecal infusion of CCK-8 (0.5 micrograms/kg/hr); (5) intravenous infusion of bombesin (1 micrograms/kg/hr); and (6) intrathecal infusion of bombesin (1 microgram/kg/hr). Plasma concentrations of CCK-33/39 significantly increased during intravenous infusion of CCK-33/39 (from basal of 84 +/- 8 to 142 +/- 2 pg/ml) or bombesin (from basal of 78 +/- 13 to 325 +/- 87 pg/ml); however, CSF perfusate concentrations of CCK-33/39 did not increase. CCK-33/39 levels of the CSF perfusate increased significantly (P less than .05) from 211 +/- 84 to 9,873 +/- 3,368 pg/ml during intrathecal infusion of CCK-33/39, but failed to rise simultaneously in the systemic circulation. Similarly, intravenous infusion of CCK-8 caused a fivefold elevation in plasma CCK-8 levels and no change in CSF perfusate levels of CCK-8; moreover, intrathecal infusion of CCK-8 failed to elevate peripheral CCK-8 levels, despite CSF perfusate CCK-8 levels of 92,300 +/- 18,598 pg/ml. Intrathecal concentrations of neither CCK-33 nor CCK-8 were affected by intravenous or intrathecal administration of bombesin. We conclude that CCK-33/39 and CCK-8 do not penetrate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in dogs, and centrally administered bombesin is ineffective in causing release of cholecystokinin from brain tissue into the CSF.
The effect of temperature on the formation and decay of the multiline EPR signal species associated with photosynthetic oxygen evolution

We have investigated the effects of temperature on the formation and decay of the light-induced multiline EPR signal species associated with photosynthetic oxygen evolution (Dismukes, G.C. and Siderer, Y. (1980) FEBS Lett. 121, 78–80). (1) The decay rate following illumination is temperature dependent: at 295 K the half-time of decay is about 40 s, at 253 K the half-time is approx. 40 min. (2) A single intense flash of light becomes progressively less effective in generating the multiline signal below about 240 K. (3) Continuous illumination is capable of generating the signal down to almost 160 K. (4) Continuous illumination after a preilluminating flash generates less signal above 200 K than at lower temperatures. Our results support the conclusion of Dismukes and Siderer that the S2 state gives rise to this multiline signal; we find that the S1 state can be fully advanced to the S2 state at temperatures as low as 160 K. The S2 state is capable of further advancement at temperatures above about 210 K, but not below that temperature.