cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced initiation of the first synchronous mitosis following coalescence of starved, uv-irradiated microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract The microplasmodia of the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum , coalesce readily upon contact. The nuclei of the resulting macroplasmodia divide in synchrony approx. 6–8 h after coalescence. If prior to coalescence the microplasmodia are maintained on non-nutrient salts solution, followed by continued starvation of the resulting macroplasmodia, the nuclei also will eventually divide, although at a much later time. This mitosis occurs earlier if the starved microplasmodia are irradiated with UV light prior to coalescence. The most pronounced advancement of mitosis was found in plasmodia which were obtained by coalescence of irradiated, starved microplasmodia with non-irradiated ones.
Red cell morphology and the peripheral blood film

Red cell morphology as determined by microscopic examination of a stained blood film is an old and traditional approach to the evaluation of an anemic patient. The examination of a well-made and well-stained peripheral blood film remains an important and vital tool in the evaluation of the anemic patient and provides direction for the subsequent laboratory evaluation of the patient's anemia. This article provides a review of the important red cell changes necessary for evaluation in determining the cause of anemia.
The impact of maintenance and design for ventilation systems.

Ventilation systems need to be designed to include access for cleaning and preventive maintenance. Without such access, the exhaust volume will deteriorate. Because of access difficulties and the many demands on their time, plant managers are sometimes errant in performing proper preventive maintenance. Three surveys measuring workers' exposures to methylene chloride were conducted at the same furniture stripping facility. A new ventilation system was installed for the first survey, resulting in an exhaust volume of 2900 cfm and worker exposure to methylene chloride of 59 ppm (geometric mean). Immediately after the first survey, the gasoline-powered fan was replaced by a smaller capacity electrically powered fan. Deterioration in the ventilation system was seen after seven years. Problems included clogged slots, paint chips and sawdust deposits in plenums, and a loose and frayed fan belt. The second survey indicated a reduction in exhaust volume to 1060 cfm and increased worker exposure to 330 ppm. With t...
Effect of Diphenylhydantoin on Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Heart Disease

The effect of 250 mg of diphenylhydantoin, administered intravenously, on left ventricular function was determined during cardiac catheterization in nine patients with heart disease. Five minutes after drug administration, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose in each patient from an average of 6.0 mm Hg to 10.0 mm Hg. Concurrently, stroke work and stroke power indices decreased in each patient by an average of 22.0% and 22.2%, respectively. Stroke volume index decreased in seven patients and maximum left ventricular dp/dt fell in eight patients. Over the next 25 minutes, all parameters returned to control values. Cardiac index was unchanged, whereas generally small and insignificant changes were observed in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure throughout the study. Although this study has demonstrated that diphenylhydantoin depresses myocardial function, the effect may have limited clinical significance since it was relatively short-lived and did not reduce cardiac output or greatly elevate ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Furthermore, the absence of a significant systemic hypotensive effect is of distinct clinical importance.
A coldness metric for cache optimization

A "hot" concept in program optimization is hotness. For example, program optimization targets hot paths, and register allocation targets hot variables. Cache optimization, however, has to target cold data, which are less frequently used and tend to cause cache misses whenever they are accessed. Hot data, in contrast, as they are small and frequently used, tend to stay in cache. In this paper, we define a new metric called "coldness" and show how the coldness varies across programs and how much colder the data we have to optimize as the cache size on modern machines increases.
Single-particle structure determination by X-ray free-electron lasers: Possibilities and challenges

Single-particle structure recovery without crystals or radiation damage is a revolutionary possibility offered by X-ray free-electron lasers, but it involves formidable experimental and data-analytical challenges. Many of these difficulties were encountered during the development of cryogenic electron microscopy of biological systems. Electron microscopy of biological entities has now reached a spatial resolution of about 0.3 nm, with a rapidly emerging capability to map discrete and continuous conformational changes and the energy landscapes of biomolecular machines. Nonetheless, single-particle imaging by X-ray free-electron lasers remains important for a range of applications, including the study of large “electron-opaque” objects and time-resolved examination of key biological processes at physiological temperatures. After summarizing the state of the art in the study of structure and conformations by cryogenic electron microscopy, we identify the primary opportunities and challenges facing X-ray-based single-particle approaches, and possible means for circumventing them.
Permethrin Carboxylesterase Functions as Nonspecific Sequestration Proteins in the Hemolymph of Colorado Potato Beetle

Abstract The inhibition profiles of the pI4.8 and 4.5 carboxylesterases from the permethrin-resistant strain of Colorado potato beetle were evaluated for a variety of inhibitors and insecticides. Both carboxylesterases were determined to be serine-hydroxyl-type esterases with different inhibition specificities toward phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, a serine-hydroxyl proteinase inhibitor, andpara-hydroxylmercuribenzoate, a cysteine-sulfhydryl group arylesterase inhibitor. Thepara-hydroxylmercuribenzoate-binding site appears separate from the catalytic binding site as determined byp-chloromercuribenzoate-agarose affinity chromatography of the purified pI4.5–4.8 carboxylesterases. The pI4.8 and 4.5 carboxylesterases, however, were not significantly different in their sensitivity to various insecticides. The levels of inhibition achieved by the insecticides and eserine showed a positive correlation with the hydrophobicity of the compounds, suggesting that the pI4.8 and 4.5 carboxylesterases can interact with a variety of hydrophobic compounds through nonspecific hydrophobic site(s). The kinetics of inhibition of the pI4.5–4.8 carboxylesterases elicited by permethrin and DDT are most similar to a mixed-noncompetitive type and a noncompetitive type of inhibition, respectively. Analysis of these kinetic differences indicates the presence of hydrophobic catalytic site(s) as well as hydrophobic noncatalytic site(s) that are available for the binding of esteratic (e.g., permethrin) and nonesteratic (e.g., DDT) hydrophobic insecticides, respectively. Along with a low level of permethrin hydrolysis, the hydrophobic binding nature of the pI4.5–4.8 carboxylesterases suggests that resistance to permethrin is mainly conferred by sequestration. Sequestration of insecticides by the pI4.5–4.8 carboxylesterases appears to be nonspecific and associated with the cross-resistance of the PE-R strain to other hydrophobic insecticides, such as other pyrethroids, DDT, and abamectin.
The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the flocculation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm

A study was undertaken to evaluate the role of exocellular polysaccharides in the flocculation of a marine diatom bloom in a large tank mesocosm. Surface-active organic matter was extracted from 1.0 μ-filtered tank water by bubble adsorption each day for 7 days of the experiment. In agreement with past studies, particles (3–51 urn equivalent spherical diameter) were readily formed by bubbling and became concentrated in the foam. At the beginning of the bubbling (0–0.5 h), both particles and surface-active carbohydrates were extracted at high rates; however, these rates dropped off steeply after about 0.5 h of bubbling. The rate of particle formation by bubbling could be modeled fairly well by second order kinetics. The extracted, surface-active material was enriched in deoxysugars and galactose, while the residual material was enriched in glucose. Extracted surface-active carbohydrates reached a maximum of 33% of the total dissolved sugars ( 0.99) with particle stickiness (alpha). In addition, the concentration of surface-active carbohydrates was well correlated (2 = 0.91) with the concentration of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the tank, and it was demonstrated that TEP could be copiously formed by bubbling of 1.0 μm-filered seawater. The finding of a highly surface-active, deoxysugar-rich polysaccharide material that can be rapidly (<0.5 h) and selectively extracted by bubble adsorption is significant, as it is apparent that this material played important roles in particle stickiness and TEP formation in the tank, and thus it may, at times, play similar roles in particle aggregation in the sea.
Vector Autoregression Forecasting Models: Recent Developments Applied to the U.S. Hog Market

Bayesian estimation and the exclusion of variables are two basic approaches to the improvement of vector autoregression forecasting models. This study presents a method which combines and extends several techniques within the exclusion-of-variables approach. Several quarterly hog market models are estimated and out-of-sample forecasts from 1977 through 1984 are evaluated. The results suggest the proposed method compares favorably to other exclusion-of-variables techniques as well as to the more sophisticated bayesian approaches. The univariate autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model has been quite successful in time-series forecasting. The main problem with this type of model is its failure to consider information about other potentially important variables. Vector autoregression (VAR) models represent one approach toward incorporating this information. However, researchers have typically found that unrestricted VAR models do not forecast well (e.g., Nerlove, Grether, and Carvalho; Kling and Bessler), perhaps because they are overparameterized. The resulting variability associated with the parameter estimates contributes to the lack of precision in the forecasts. Attempts to overcome this degrees-offreedom problem fall into two broad categories: the exclusion of explanatory variables (Tiao and Box; Hsiao 1979; Caines, Keng, and Sethi) and bayesian estimation of the parameters (Doan and Litterman, Litterman). The latter approach is difficult to implement; Newbold asks how the priors are generated. Bessler and Hopkins suggest a random walk prior may be consistent with an efficient market hypothesis. While this may be useful for price series, considerable expertise in the modeling procedure is generally required, as is detailed knowledge of the series of interest. This article suggests a new technique for building VAR forecasting models using the exclusion-of-variables approach. For comparative purposes, other recently proposed VAR modeling strategies are discussed. Applications are then made to the live U.S. hog market.
The Possible Selves of Optimists and Pessimists

Abstract We investigated the possible selves reported by 81 college students who also completed a measure of dispositional optimism. Possible selves were sorted into content domains and were also rated for their degree of positivity vs negativity. Optimism correlated positively with the positivity of the expected selves that subjects reported, but not with the positivity of either hoped for or feared selves. This pattern suggests that pessimists do not lack high hopes or aspirations for themselves, but that the hopes seem not to be translated into expectations. A subsidiary analysis suggested that less optimistic subjects had more diverse hoped for selves than did more optimistic subjects. This finding suggests that pessimists, being more doubtful about their future, may hedge their bets by having a wider array of mentally represented aspirations than optimists.
The effects of urban socioeconomic and political context on support for business in the federal district courts

Abstract Despite an expansive literature relating the social and political characteristics of cities and states to the economic outputs of legislators and administrators, there has been no comparable study of the impact of local environmental factors on economic policy outcomes of either state or federal trial courts. Neglect of this topic is especially unfortunate, given that exploratory analysis of federal district court judges' decision making in an urban context has suggested a link between federal district court policies and those of other local government institutions (Dolbeare, 1969). This article begins to fill the research lacuna by examining the impact of local environments on federal district courts' economic policy making. Substantial variance in economic case outcomes among courts in cities serving as district court points is explained by certain characteristics of the courts' social and political environments. Patterns of support for business in the district courts is examined to illustrate possible consequences of environmental influences on trial court outcomes. Conclusions regarding the impact of environmental factors on district court policy outcomes are offered along with a comparison of this research with the larger and more developed body of state and local policy research.
Selective Precipitation of Whey Proteins with Carboxymethylcellulose

Abstract Anionic hydrocolloids undergo pH-dependent interactions with whey proteins. A partial fractionation of carboxymethylcellulose/protein complexes was achieved by selected conditions of pH, ionic strength, and ratio of carboxymethylcellulose to protein. A rapid screening method determined the amount of carboxymethylcellulose required. β -Lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin were complexed at, pH 4 by adding a predetermined amount of carboxymethylcellulose solution to whey, cooling the mixture to 2C and collecting the precipitate by centrifugation (yield : 5.1 g/liter, CMC/protein ratio : 0.28). A second complex containing α -lactalbumin was precipitated by adjusting the supernatant to pH 3.2 and adding a controlled amount of carboxymethylcellulose at 2C (yield: 0.7 g/liter of remaining supernatant, CMC/protein ratio : 0.48). After removal of this complex by centrifugation the supernatant was adjusted to pH 7.5 which coprecipitated proteins (apparently proteose-peptones) along with calcium phosphate salts (yield of freeze-dried, dialyzed product: 0.1 g/liter, CMC/protein ratio: 0.05). With a combination of CMC treatment of whey at pH 4.0 and ammonium sulfate precipitation at pH 6.6, α -lactalbumin and immunoglobulins were recovered free of carboxyrnethylcellulose.
Excessive fluid accumulation during stem cell mobilization: a novel prognostic factor of first-year survival after stem cell transplantation in AL amyloidosis patients

High-dose melphalan followed by stem cell transplantation (HDM-SCT) has become the treatment of choice for patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL). Unfortunately, treatment mortality can be excessive in certain subpopulations. We have noted that patients who gained more than 2% body weight during mobilization had a poorer outcome following HDM-SCT. Excluding 2 patients for lack of weight record and denial of consent, 126 patients between July 1997 and June 2003 were retrospectively studied. Weight increased more than 2.0% during mobilization in 51.6% of the patients. Patients who accumulated more than 2.0% tended to have more proteinuria, more organs involved, lower serum albumin, more diuretic use, and dosage adjustment during mobilization. First-year mortality was significantly higher in those with more than 2% weight gain (33.9% versus 9.8%, P = .002). Multivariate analysis showed weight gain, glomerular filtration rate, and septal thickness to be independent predictors of first-year mortality. The increase in mortality was noted even after the excess weight was diuresed prior to conditioning. The impact on mortality dissipated after the first year. Weight gain during mobilization appears to be a new marker of adverse outcome following HDM-SCT. Better prognostication may improve the treatment mortality rate of these patients.
Peer Educators Responding to an Institutional Challenge: Off-Campus Student Services.

Peer education programs have emerged at many institutions to address issues and challenges that off-campus students face and cause while living in neighborhoods adjacent to colleges and universities.
Physical and Numerical Model of Colloidal Silica Injection for Passive Site Stabilization

Passive site stabilization is a new technology proposed for nondisruptive mitigation of liquefaction risk at developed sites susceptible to liquefaction. This technology is based on the concept of slow injection of stabilizing materials at the edge of a site and delivery of the stabilizer to the target location by using the natural or augmented groundwater flow. In this research, a box model was used to investigate the ability to uniformly deliver colloidal silica stabilizer to loose sands using low-head injection and extraction wells. Five injection wells and two extraction wells were used to deliver stabilizer in a generally uniform pattern to the loose sand formation. Numerical modeling was used to identify the key parameters affecting stabilizer migration and to determine their effective values for the box experiment. In our modeling approach, the stabilizer is treated as a miscible fluid, the viscosity of which is a function of time and the concentration of stabilizer in the pore water. Inverse modeling techniques are employed to reproduce data from the laboratory experiment for the determination of soil and stabilizer properties. While the details of the stabilizer distribution were difficult to reproduce with the simplified conceptual model we used, the overall system behavior was well captured, providing confidence that numerical simulation is a useful tool for designing centrifuge model tests, pilot tests, and eventually field stabilizer-injection projects.
Strongly ergodic Markov chains and rates of convergence using spectral conditions

Abstract For finite Markov chains the eigenvalues of P can be used to characterize the chain and also determine the geometric rate at which P n converges to Q in case P is ergodic. For infinite Markov chains the spectrum of P plays the analogous role. It follows from Theorem 3.1 that ‖ P n − Q ‖⩽ Cβ n if and only if P is strongly ergodic. The best possible rate for β is the spectral radius of P − Q which in this case is the same as sup{| λ |: λ ↦ σ ( P ), λ ≠;1}. The question of when this best rate equals δ( P ) is considered for both discrete and continous time chains. Two characterizations of strong ergodicity are given using spectral properties of P − Q (Theorem 3.5) and spectral properties of a submatrix of P (Theorem 3.16).
51 ADRENAL INVOLVEMENT IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: AVOIDING UNNECESSARY ADRENALECTOMY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the relatively low incidence of adrenal involvement in patients with renal cell carcinoma, routine adrenalectomy is still a commonly performed procedure during radical nephrectomy. We aimed to assess the frequency of adrenal involvement, the reliability of preoperative imaging to predict adrenal involvement, and the rate of unnecessary adrenalectomy performed during radical nephrectomy in patients treated for cortical renal masses at a single institution. METHODS: After exclusion of patients who were treated with partial nephrectomy and those treated for TCC we identified 291 radical nephrectomies performed at a single academic center over the past 20 years. We only included those cases where pathology report specifically described the presence of adrenal gland in the specimen and the status of its involvement by carcinoma. In total, 123 patients with pathologically documented ipsilateral adrenalectomy were identified. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and available imaging studies were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 123 patients with documented ipsilateral adrenalectomy, 6 (4.8%) were identified as having adrenal involvement. The average age of the patient was 60.6 years (26-85) and the average tumor size was 6.92 cm (2.3-20 cm). The mean tumor size in patients without adrenal involvement was 6.79 cm, while the mean tumor size in those with adrenal involvement was 9.62 cm (6.7-14 cm), p 0.68 (Studentâ€TMs t-test). Four of 6 patients with adrenal involvement had imaging studies available for review and all 4 demonstrated suspicion for adrenal involvement preoperatively. Among 117 patients without adrenal involvement 35 (30%) had imaging available for review; 5 (14 %) demonstrated suspicion for adrenal involvement. Thus, the negative predictive value was 100% while the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 95.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral adrenal involvement in RCC is uncommon and reliably predicted by preoperative cross-sectional imaging. Among all adrenalectomies in this series, over 95% were performed unnecessarily. With careful review, preoperative imaging can help avoid unnecessary adrenalectomy during radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumors.
Compression anastomosis ring device in colorectal anastomosis: a review of 1,180 patients

BACKGROUND: The nickel-titanium compression anastomosis ring device (ColonRing, NiTi Surgical Solutions, Netanya, Israel) has been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration in 2006 to construct gastrointestinal anastomoses. We evaluated the anastomotic leak rate after end-to-end anastomosis using the ColonRing device. METHODS: Using a multinational (16 countries), multicenter (178 centers) data registry provided by NiTi Surgical Solutions, Netanya, Israel, we retrospectively examined clinical data of patients who underwent elective laparoscopic or open left-sided colectomy and anterior resection from January 2008 to June 2010. RESULTS: A total of 1,180 patients underwent end-to-end anastomosis using the ColonRing device during the study period. The overall anastomotic leak rate was 3.22% (38 patients). The median length of hospital stay was 6 days (range 2 to 21 days). The median ring expulsion time was 8 days. The earliest ring expulsion time was 6 days; however, in 1 patient, the ring did not expel. In 4 patients, the anastomosis had to be immediately recreated because of 1 misfiring and 3 incomplete anastomoses. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the ColonRing device is feasible and safe and could be considered an alternative technology for end-to-end colorectal anastomosis.
Procedure system management

For high hazard, complex work environments such as nuclear power plants and chemical processing facilities, linking personnel with work related knowledge and information has historically been the domain of procedures. Owing to the relative maturity of information and document delivery systems, paper procedures have been the most frequently used procedure medium. With the development of improved technology, significant attention has turned to online procedures as an evolutionary step on the way-perhaps, as some advocate-to "procedureless operation." This technological migration may, in fact, signal a bit of technological misdirection at play. Perceptions of procedures as the last dinosaurs of our past existence mistake what procedures are and why they exist. Procedures represent the medium though which information is transformed into action, the synthesizing of three agents: (1) the cumulative knowledge of an expert-based system; (2) the experience of the workforce; and (3) the influences of local (management) and external (regulatory) communities. To achieve this synthesis a systems approach is needed. This paper describes such an approach that is based on the experiences of the US Department of Energy.
Development and assessment of an optimized next-generation DNA sequencing approach for the mtgenome using the Illumina MiSeq

Abstract The development of molecular tools to detect and report mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy will increase the discrimination potential of the testing method when applied to forensic cases. The inherent limitations of the current state-of-the-art, Sanger-based sequencing, including constrictions in speed, throughput, and resolution, have hindered progress in this area. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, it is now possible to clearly identify heteroplasmic variants, and at a much lower level than previously possible. However, in order to bring these approaches into forensic laboratories and subsequently as accepted scientific information in a court of law, validated methods will be required to produce and analyze NGS data. We report here on the development of an optimized approach to NGS analysis for the mtDNA genome (mtgenome) using the Illumina MiSeq instrument. This optimized protocol allows for the production of more than 5 gigabases of mtDNA sequence per run, sufficient for detection and reliable reporting of minor heteroplasmic variants down to approximately 0.5–1.0% when multiplexing twelve samples. Depending on sample throughput needs, sequence coverage rates can be set at various levels, but were optimized here for at least 5000 reads. In addition, analysis parameters are provided for a commercially available software package that identify the highest quality sequencing reads and effectively filter out sequencing-based noise. With this method it will be possible to measure the rates of low-level heteroplasmy across the mtgenome, evaluate the transmission of heteroplasmy between the generations of maternal lineages, and assess the drift of variant sequences between different tissue types within an individual.
Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring

A nonintrusive appliance load monitor that determines the energy consumption of individual appliances turning on and off in an electric load, based on detailed analysis of the current and voltage of the total load, as measured at the interface to the power source is described. The theory and current practice of nonintrusive appliance load monitoring are discussed, including goals, applications, load models, appliance signatures, algorithms, prototypes field-test results, current research directions, and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach relative to intrusive monitoring. >
Developmental expression and function of aldehyde reductase in proximal tubules of the kidney

Aldehyde reductase reduces a wide variety of toxic and physiological aldehydes with a marked preference for negatively charged substrates such as glucuronate. Reduction of glucuronate to gulonate is a step in inositol catabolism, a process specific to the kidney cortex. Administration of the aldehyde reductase inhibitor AL-1576 to mice increases urinary output of glucuronate and decreases output of vitamin C. Aldehyde reductase mRNA with a 319-bp 5'-untranslated region is expressed ubiquitously in murine tissues. A new isoform with a short 64-bp 5'-untranslated region is found predominantly in the kidney, resulting in 10-fold higher enzymatic activity observed in this organ compared with other tissues. A moderate level of the new transcript is found in liver, intestine, and stomach, whereas brain, heart, lung, spleen, ovary, and testis have low to insignificant levels. The short transcript is absent during embryonic development and is first observed in the murine kidney on postnatal day 6. The abundance of the short transcript and enzyme activity increase sigmoidally with age; the sharpest increase occurs during the third week of life. As shown by immunohistochemistry, aldehyde reductase expression is limited to the proximal tubules and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. In the mouse, the intensity of staining in tubules increases with age, suggesting that induction of aldehyde reductase expression is part of renal tubular maturation. The human kidney also exhibits proximal tubular localization and the two mRNA transcripts of aldehyde reductase. Immunoreactive protein is present in the 9-wk-old fetal kidney, indicating that the induction of aldehyde reductase in humans occurs early in development.
Genetic influence on mesiodistal width of deciduous anterior teeth

Abstract Mesiodistal dimensions of the twelve anterior deciduous teeth were measured directly in twins. The intrapair differences of the tooth widths in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were compared by statistical analysis. The deciduous upper right and both lower canines and both upper central incisors show a significant degree of genetic variation; the rest of the deciduous anterior teeth do not.
Career Expectations of Accounting Students.

The demographic make-up of accounting students is dramatically changing. This study sets out to measure how well the profession is ready to accommodate what may be very different needs and expectations of this new generation of students. Non-traditional students are becoming more and more of a tradition in the current college classroom. Historically, accounting has been an anglo-male-dominated profession. The make-up of college students now comprises some 57% women. The enrollment in some college accounting classes is even more skewed with women in Texas representing over 80% of the enrollment. A further changing demographic is the emergence of Hispanic females in accounting classes. Hispanics now make up approximately 20% of the Texas population. Texas is the second largest state economy in the USA and has recently become a Majority/Minority state. The conclusion is made that the demographic make-up of college students entering the accounting profession is undergoing profound and permanent change. Female Hispanics will make up a significant segment of accounting employment. How will the expectations of this markedly different group of students mesh with the existing culture of the accounting workplace? Other researchers have looked at the workplace environment in terms of flextime and location. An important part of this study involves ‘behavioral accounting’ research. Expectancy theory offers explanations for the motivation of behavior.
Teacher education reform as a story of possibility: lessons learned, lessons forgotten—the American Council on Education's Commission on Teacher Education (1939–1942)

Abstract The history of teacher education generally is reported as one of impossibility rather than possibility. This view is encouraged by lack of knowledge of past achievements. The little known but monumental project described in the eight volumes of the American Council on Education's Commission on Teacher Education (1939–1942) is reviewed in light of lessons learned about reform. Many of these lessons confirm the value of recent work in teacher education that maximizes participation, builds partnerships between schools and higher education, and forms student cohorts as a means for overcoming program fragmentation. Additional results are identified that deserve renewed consideration, results that emerged from projects that opened up possibilities for reform, including the value of child study as a form of professional development and as a means for educational renewal.
Phenol Derivatives are Immunodepressive in Mice

ABSTRACTMice exposed to a compound containing three phenol derivatives by being housed in cages washed with dilute solutions of the compound, developed considerable depression of the ability to generate plaque forming cells (PFC) in response to sheep ery-throcytes (SRBC) in vitro after a four week exposure. The depression became more severe with continued exposure up to fourteen weeks. Administration of orthophenylphenol (OPP), the most abundant derivative in the mixture, resulted in a similar imrnuno-depression at 10 ppm and a slight depression at 1 ppm. Numbers of FcR+ lymphocytes and of macrophages did not appear to be affected by this treatment. The response to a T-dependent and a T-independent antigen were affected similarly, although the latter was depressed less markedly than the former. While these data are only preliminary, they suggest that studies should be performed in detail to elucidate the immunodepressive effects of compounds which are in wide use as household and institutional disinfectants.
Malangan: objects, sacrifice and the production of memory

Certain museum collections are not the result of “salvage anthropology” alone, but of the operation of “gift to god systems,” as sale became an alternative means of removing gifts from circulation. Objects that are made to be dismantled in a process of sacrifice confound time not through permanence, but through renewal, and create time not as history, but as memory. The production of memory, and the difference it creates in society and culture, is discussed with the example of Malangan art in northern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea.
A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures

Background: The Academic Robotics Group prospectively studied 211 robotically assisted operations to assess the safety and utility of robotically assisted surgery. Methods: All operations took place at one of four member institutions between June 2000 and June 2001 using the recently FDA-approved daVinci robotic system. A variety of procedures were undertaken, including antireflux surgery (69), cholecystectomy (36), Heller myotomy (26), bowel resection (17), donor nephrectomy (15), left internal mammery artery mobilization (14), gastric bypass (seven), splenectomy (seven), adrenalectomy (six), exploratory laparoscopy (three), pyloroplasty (four), gastrojejunostomy (two), distal pancreatectomy (one), duodenal polypectomy (one), esophagectomy (one), gastric mass resection (one), and lysis of adhesions (one). Results: Average operating room time was 188 min (range 45 to 387, SD = 83), surgical time 143 min (range 35 to 462, SD = 63), and robot time 90 min (range 12 to 235, SD = 47). Median length of stay was 1 day (range 0 to 37). There were 8 (4%) technical complications during procedures, five minor (four hook cautery dislodgement, one slipped robotic trocar) and three major (system malfunctions, two of which required conversion to standard laparoscopy). In all cases, technical problems caused only delay, without apparent altered outcome. There were medical/surgical complications in nine patients (4%). Six (3%) were considered major, including one death unrelated to the robotic procedure. Conclusions: The results of robotic-assisted surgery compare favorably with those of conventional laparoscopy with respect to mortality, complications, and length of stay. Robotic-assisted surgery is safe and effective and is a new reality for American surgery. The role of these devices in surgery will expand as the technology evolves.
Diffusion of Gases Across the Alveolar Membrane

The sections in this article are: 1 Mechanism of O2 and CO Exchange in Lung Alveoli 2 Measurement of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity (Transfer Factor) 2.1 Measurement of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity with CO 2.2 Measurement of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity with O2 2.3 Calculations of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity From Dimensions of Alveolar-Capillary Bed 3 Measurement of Rates of CO and O2 Exchange with Red Blood Cells (θ) 3.1 Measurement of θCO 3.2 Measurement of 3.3 Effects of Physiological Variables on θ 4 Factors Influencing Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Capillary Volume 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Body Size 4.3 Alveolar Volume 4.4 Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Increased Metabolic Rate 4.5 Partial Pressure of CO2, pH, and Shifts in Hb-O2 Equilibrium 4.6 Alveolar Partial Pressure of O2 4.7 Temperature 4.8 Blood Hemoglobin Concentration 4.9 Miscellaneous 5 Result of Diffusion: Alveolar-End-Capillary Partial Pressure Difference
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allograft rejection.

In the last several years our knowledge about the molecules and cellular mechanisms of the immune system has increased. Nowhere have these mechanisms been more keenly studied than in clinical transplantation, a branch of medicine whose very existence depends on the control of the human immune system in a specific, safe, and predictable manner. This review summarizes the participants and mechanisms in the rejection of organ allografts and the consequences of intervention directed toward the relevant cells or molecules. Citations are largely limited to work published since 1987; for earlier references, a comprehensive review should be con­ sulted (1).
A Smooth Trajectory Generation Algorithm for Addressing Higher-Order Dynamic Constraints in Nanopositioning Systems☆

Abstract The generation of a time-optimal feedrate trajectory has received significant attention in CNC machining and robotics applications. Most of the existing feedrate planning algorithms take velocity and acceleration into the consideration for capability constraints. The introduction of higher order dynamic states, such as jerk and/or jounce into the feedrate scheduling problem makes generating computationally efficient solutions while simultaneously guaranteeing optimality a challenging problem, as the dimension of the planning problem is increased accordingly. This paper proposes a heuristic trajectory planning algorithm that can provide a near optimal trajectory for problems with higher order dynamic states. The algorithm starts with a non-optimal but feasible velocity trajectory, which is interpolated from a number of knot points by piece-wise spline interpolation with high order continuity. Then the trajectory is improved by scanning the interpolating knot points and increasing the velocity at each knot points while maintaining the feasibility of the resulting trajectory. A near optimal trajectory is achieved when the improvement in travel time is neglectable from the last scan iteration. The algorithm supports the incorporation of high order dynamic states (up to fifth order derivative of position) in constraints for optimization without sacrificing the computational efficiency. Examples including linear and curved toolpaths are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm for high-speed contouring.
Ketogenic diet decreases oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial respiratory complex activity

Cerebral metabolism of ketones after traumatic brain injury (TBI) improves neuropathology and behavior in an age-dependent manner. Neuroprotection is attributed to improved cellular energetics, although other properties contribute to the beneficial effects. Oxidative stress is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI. Ketones decrease oxidative stress, increase antioxidants and scavenge free radicals. It is hypothesized that ketogenic diet (KD) will decrease post-TBI oxidative stress and improve mitochondria. Postnatal day 35 (PND35) male rats were given sham or controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury and placed on standard (STD) or KD. Ipsilateral cortex homogenates and mitochondria were assayed for markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant expression and mitochondrial function. Oxidative stress was significantly increased at 6 and 24 h post-injury and attenuated by KD while inducing protein expression of antioxidants, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD1/2). Complex I activity was inhibited in STD and KD groups at 6 h and normalized by 24 h. KD significantly improved Complex II-III activity that was reduced in STD at 6 h. Activity remained reduced at 24 h in STD and unchanged in KD animals. These results strongly suggest that ketones improve post-TBI cerebral metabolism by providing alternative substrates and through antioxidant properties, preventing oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.
Probability Assessment Appraisal

This exercise allows students to assess probability distributions (.05, .25, .50, .75, .95 fractiles) for 10 uncertain quantities and to calibrate the reliability of their assessments.
Identity Constructions and Inter-Organizational Collaboration: Islamic Faith-Based Organizations and the Polio Vaccination Stoppage in Northern Nigeria

Polio eradication has received greater attention in medicine and public health than communication studies. In the context of a Northern Nigerian vaccination stoppage by Islamic faith-based organizations (FBOs), this study—informed by the inter-organizational collaboration literature—focused on the FBOs. Through analyses of 119 statements by 19 FBO spokespersons in Nigerian newspapers, the study found the FBOs claimed an identity of concern for the people’s representation and safety; constructed the identity of federal government organizations (FGOs) as unjust, unethical, and unresponsive; constructed the identity of global north organizations (GNOs) as preoccupied with depopulation, operating above the law, and as bullies; and described FGO/GNO communication practices as authoritarian, closed, and deceptive.
Broad Beam Ultrahigh Current Density Ion Implantation

In order to achieve low cost rapid surface modification of mechanical components a broad beam (10 cm. dia.), ultrahigh current density (up to 1500 μA/cm 2 ) ion implanter has been developed at Colorado State University. The characteristics of ultrahigh current density ion implantation are compared to those of conventional ion implantation and the relative advantages of the ultrahigh current density implantation are identified. The temperature rise that typical implanted surfaces experience during implantation at various current densities are measured and compared with numerical heat transfer calculations. It is shown that even though the temperature rise can be high at ultrahigh current density implantation conditions, the times at temperature are sufficiently short (typically, 11 sec.) so that no significant tempering, annealing or other diffusion based transformations in the bulk material (i.e. beneath the implanted layer) are induced. The microstructure and hardness beneath the implanted layer are compared before and after ultrahigh current density ion implantation. The results on 1018 martensitic steel, 440C martensitic steel, 52100 martensitic steel, 304 stainless steel, Ti-6A1–4V and 2024-T3 aluminum are presented. The substantial advantage of much deeper (fourfold) ion penetration observed with ultrahigh current density implantation is identified. It is suggested that this increased depth of penetration is due to the phenomenon of radiation enhanced diffusion.
The Characteristics of Onjury Death and Changes on Cause of Death Spectrum

OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of injury death and changes on cause of death.To provide scientific basis to do comprehensive prevention. METHODS To retrospective analysis the data of causes of injury death during 2001-2006 in Wujin inhabitants. RESULTS During 2001—2006,the injury mortality rate of population in Wujin followed were 69.04/105,62.39/105,64.82/105,62.97/105,62.37/105 and 62.11/105. The males mortality rate followed were 85.79/105,70.47/105,80.88/105,69.64/105,82.63/105 and 76.36/105,the females mortality rate followed were 52.26/105,50.00/105,48.38/105,52.31/105,45.46/105 and 48.06/105. Between males and females the mortality rate were significant difference(x2 followed were 48.03、21.99、36.56、6.57、44.70、30.61).The mortality rate on 40～aged over overage mortality,80～aged were highest.The characteristics of cause of death showed situated former three causes of death were traffic accident,suicide and drowning. CONCLUSIONS To prevent injury necessary must multidistiplinary works together,must socialism,family and single to words hard.
Human amnion mesenchymal cells are pro-inflammatory when activated by the Toll-like receptor 2/6 ligand, macrophage-activating lipoprotein-2.

Abstract Introduction Infection accounts for over 40% of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes (PPROM), a major cause of preterm birth. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play key roles in pathogen surveillance but their expression and function in amnion mesenchymal cells (AMC) is unclear. The aims of this study were to determine the expression of all TLR isoforms and the effect of macrophage-activating lipoprotein-2 (MALP-2), derived from a common pathogen involved in PPROM, on human AMC. Methods AMC were isolated from normal, term amnion from repeat cesarean section. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect TLR isoform expression. Immunocytochemistry of NF-κB p65, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (ELISA), MTT assay, LDH assay, immunoblotting of cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3, and expression of 84 microRNAs by Qiagen miRNA PCR array were used to determine the functional effect of MALP-2 on AMC. Results TLR1-10 was detected in AMC, and protein expression of TLR2, 4, and 6 were confirmed. MALP-2 induced nuclear translocation of p65, reaching significance after 45 min (ANOVA, P P P Discussion These results suggest that AMC elicit a pro-inflammatory response following stimulation with the known TLR2/6 ligand MALP-2. This data supports the idea that AMC express the innate immune system receptors that could help with immune surveillance during infection and contribute to inflammatory responses that lead to PPROM.
Colt C8A2 Carbine Impulsive Noise Auditory Hazard Assessment through Testing In a Reverberant Environment

Exposure to high levels of gunfire impulsive noise is potentially hazardous to human hearing and may lead to permanent auditory as well as non-auditory damage in the unprotected ear. Correctional Service Canada (CSC) approached NRC Aerospace to address a concern for potential hearing damage from discharging of firearms within enclosed spaces such as armoured control posts. In order to address this concern, a reconfigurable control post was built by NRC on a shooting range and this test setup used to measure the impulsive noise time trace waveforms. The measured waveforms were analyzed in accordance with the updated standard procedure MIL-STD-1474E (revision 15 April 2015) using the algorithm suggested by the standard: Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans (AHAAH). This algorithm enabled the assessment of the auditory hazard risk to which personnel would be exposed during a Colt C8A2 carbine discharge. Three different geometry and floor area control post configurations were considered. Moreover two different control post window configurations where considered, namely: a) armored window with a narrow slit gun port opening surrounded by ballistic glass and b) wide open large window. The paper presents the results and conclusions of the data analysis of the testing campaign aimed at evaluating the noise exposure and assessing the auditory hazard of personnel using the Colt C8A2 carbine.
Survival of Bacteriophage MS2 on Filtering Facepiece Respirator Coupons

The reuse of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) after decontamination has been suggested as a strategy to conserve supplies during an influenza pandemic. The feasibility of decontaminating FFRs...