cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Death and mutilation at the dueling site: Pushkin's death as a national spectacle.

Early Russian fictional dueling accounts are not guilty of "the lust of the eyes" that St. Augustine repeatedly condemns in the pages of his Confessions: they consistently avoid describing the bodily damage that dueling inflicts. The reader does not witness the physical suffering of the wounded or dying duelist. The protagonist in Mikhail Sushkov's epistolary novella The Russian Werther (written in the early 1790s, first published in 1801) briefly informs his correspondent about the death of his dueling opponent: "He was felled by my hand."' The narrator of the story about dueling interpolated into the 1802 anonymous travelogue A New Sentimental Traveler is equally reticent: "An ill-fated shot! Berngeim is no more!"2 The narrator is only a little less abstract in his description of the death of Berngeim's daughter, Amalia, that immediately follows: "Amalia runs in frenzy, her knees give way, and, hardly having reached the body of her parent, she falls on him, and her soul and spirit unite with him."3 In contrast, the author of A Ntew Sentimental Travelerdevotes considerable attention to the psychological consequences of the incident for Franz, the victorious duelist. He describes in detail the torments that seize Franz immediately after the duel: "Despair, frenzy, love-all passions produced the most powerful effect on his feelings. He dashed and rushed
Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part I: Overall structure, potential vorticity, and kinetic energy budgets

Abstract The asymmetric structure in the inner core of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone is analyzed in this study. The simulated tropical cyclone is found to be highly asymmetric in the inner core. In the mid–lower troposphere, the asymmetry in the core is dominated by azimuthal wavenumber-1 and wavenumber-2 vortex Rossby waves. These waves propagate azimuthally upwind against the azimuthal mean cyclonic tangential flow around the eyewall, and thus have a much longer cyclonic rotation period (by a factor of 2) than the period of a parcel moving with the cyclonic mean tangential flow around the circumference. They also propagate outward against the boundary layer inflow of the azimuthal mean cyclone. The waves are only visible within a radius of about 60 km from the cyclone center. Beyond this distance, the radial gradient of potential vorticity (PV) of the azimuthal mean cyclone is too weak to support the vortex Rossby waves. Although the divergent motion remains strong, the geopotential height an...
Optimizing process variables to control fiber diameter of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber using factorial design

In the electrospinning process, fibers ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm or greater can be produced by applying an electric potential to a polymeric solution [1, 2]. Our group has studied the fabrication of electro-spun Poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanofiber consisting of a range of fiber diameter (nm-um) and pore sizes. PCL is a biocompatible, FDA approved and biodegradable [3, 4] polymer. As a solvent we have used 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) for its biocompatibility, conductivity and high dielectric constant. The electrospinning technique consists of a simple setup with a number of variables working in a complex and unpredictable way. The variables affecting fiber diameter are polymer concentration in the solution, flow rate, applied voltage, tip to collector distance, diameter of the needle/capillary, polymer/solvent dielectric constant etc. In our study we have found that concentration of the solution and molecular weight of the polymer are the most important parameters for forming the nanofibers and viscosity is important for the fiber diameter. To optimize so many variables to control the fiber diameter, we have used the factorial design method. The study is important for the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold for vascular implant and tissue engineering application.
Separation of human bone marrow cell populations by density gradient electrophoresis: Differential mobilities of myeloid (CFU-C), monocytoid, and lymphoid cells☆

Abstract Human bone marrow cells from normal donors (purified by centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque density cushion) were separated by density gradient electrophoresis, on the basis of their surface charge. The separated cell fractions were analyzed by morphology, surface markers, and functional tests. Morphological examination revealed that immature cells of myeloid and erythroid lineage were significantly enriched in the high-mobility fractions, whereas mature cells in general, e.g., small lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (few) were highly enriched in the low-mobility fractions. Ripley rosette-forming cells, as well as complement receptor and Fc (IgG)-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were relatively enriched in the high-mobility fractions, although they were present in small proportions and in the rest of the fractions. E-rosette-forming cells were enriched in the intermediate- and low-mobility fractions. T cells with Fc receptors for IgM (Tμ cells), determined by a double-rosetting technique, were found to be enriched in the intermediate-mobility fractions. In contrast T cells with Fc receptors for IgG (Tγ cells) were significantly enriched in the low-mobility fractions. Cells in the intermediate-mobility fractions (Tμ enriched) responded by proliferation to mitogens and to allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture. Cells in the very high or very low (Tγ enriched) mobility fractions responded poorly. Colony-forming units in vitro (CFU-C), determined using either the human leukocyte feeder or the placental CSA culture systems, were found to be significantly enriched in the high-mobility fractions. Low-mobility fractions were devoid of CFU-C. These studies demonstrate that density gradient electrophoresis can be successfully applied for the separation of human bone marrow cells of different lineage and studies of their functional properties.
The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses

Cytokines have long been known to profoundly influence the adaptive immune response by determining CD4 T cell differentiation. Although IL-6 has been initially characterized as a B cell growth factor and inducer of antibody production research from our lab and others has revealed over the last years that IL-6 also plays a significant role in CD4 T cell differentiation. This review highlights the variety of ways in which IL-6 affects CD4 effector functions and how this may contribute to different types of diseases.
Diversification Categories in Investment Real Estate

This paper continues previous work evaluating the benefits of diversification and analyzes the various dimensions within the commercial real estate opportunity set. The database is large and extends through the 1982 downturn in property values. Due to the low levels of systematic risk, current distinctions by region and property type make little sense in a world of costly diversification. More exacting categories combining property type, SMSA growth rate and lease maturity offer promise for more efficient diversification within the real estate portfolio.
Importance of momentum dependent terms in radiative pion capture

Abstract The contribution of the momentum dependent terms in radiative pion capture from bound atomic orbits is investigated. A shell model calculation for 6 Li shows that the momentum dependent terms represent ≈ 2% of the 1s capture rate and up to 40% of 2p capture rates.
Federal Home Loan Bank Board policy and the plight of savings and loan associations: A comment on the Jaffee and Swan papers

I want to begin by remarking on the thorough-going professionalism of these papers. The general excellence of the authors’ research testifies to the dramatically higher quality of analysis being devoted to Savings and Loan and Federal Home Loan Bank Board problems over the last ten years. This determined purchase of more and better economic advice is, in fact, a policy instrument that Harris Friedman and the authors were perhaps too modest to include in their lists of stabilization weapons currently wielded by the “Bank Board.” Since the role of economic research in an agency’s stabilization effort is a favorite theme of our genial host, and since the Board has on occasion had me on its payroll too, I will not dwell on this point. But it is worth thinking about. SLA economics is now a respectable sub-field of economic analysis and very much a growth industry. During my 15 years as a professional economist, it has developed from an ugly duckling into a veritable swan. Although lacking in elegance, this metaphor seems especially apt in view of the profession’s widespread (but usually unspoken) fear that Savings and Loan Associations may yet take a spectacular swan dive.
Aggressive CSF diversion reverses delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report.

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement temporarily provides cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion and is indicated in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) to relieve hydrocephalus. Case report. A 56-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with aSAH complicated by acute hydrocephalus. An EVD was placed and set to 15 mmHg. After nearly 72 h, she clinically deteriorated. A computed tomography (CT) perfusion scan showed hypoperfusion in the watershed regions in both hemispheres and CT angiogram showed mild segmental arterial narrowings. After the EVD was lowered to 5 mmHg, the radiologic perfusion abnormalities and clinical symptoms resolved. We postulate a mechanism by which CSF diversion could decrease the risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after aSAH: CSF drainage at low levels of intracranial pressure (e.g., 5 mmHg) could improve blood flow in the microcirculation, and thus improve tissue perfusion.
HOSPITAL FOODSERVICE AND ETHNIC FOODS: A SURVEY OF HOSPITALS IN TWO COUNTIES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

The purpose of this project was to evaluate whether the foods served in the hospitals of two counties in Northern California reflected the ethnicities of the patient population each hospital serves. Only the two largest ethnic minority groups, Hispanic and Asian groups, were assessed. Information on the ethnicity of a hospital's patient clientele was provided by the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Dietitians were contacted and menus for regular diets were collected. For each hospital, breakfast, lunch and dinner entrees offered over one menu cycle were counted, and a proportion of all entrees that were Hispanic and Asian was determined. This proportion was compared to the proportion of hospital days accounted for by Hispanic and Asian patients, using the chi square test for differences between two independent proportions (p<0.01). Out of the 22 hospitals in the two counties surveyed, 18 dietitians were interviewed. Nine of the 14 hospitals from which menus were obtained showed the proportion of Hispanic entrees to be significantly lower than the corresponding proportion of hospital days for Hispanics. The proportion of Asian entrees was significantly different from the corresponding proportion of hospital days for Asians in three of the 14 hospitals. Eleven of the hospitals contacted offered rice and/or tortillas at almost every meal at the patient's request. One way a hospital may enhance its service is by planning menus with consideration for the cultural background and food habits of its patients.
Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Foraminiferida from Punta Baja, Baja California: ABSTRACT

The oldest post-batholithic fossils recognized in northwestern Baja California occur in an intricately faulted mudstone-sandstone-conglomerate section exposed at Punta Baja, near El Rosario. Foraminifers, mostly agglutinated species, occur through a part of the section which consists of 101 ft. of mudstone. That part of the section also contains the characteristic Campanian ammonoid, Metaplacenticeras pacificum (Smith). Representatives of the genera Epistomina and Bulimina (spinose forms) with the microfossil assemblages suggest an outer sublittoral or, more likely, bathyal environment of deposition for the mudstone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1087------------
Analysis of indoor air pollution trends and characterization of infiltration delay time using a cross-correlation method

High-density housing in close proximity to freeways in conjunction with high concentrations of traffic emissions may contribute to significant degradation of indoor air quality. Densely populated areas may also be targeted for intentional releases of biological or chemical agents because an urban release could result in higher morbidity and mortality from the attack. Since people tend to spend the majority of their time indoors, it is paramount to explore the relationships between outdoor and indoor air quality and, specifically, the time scales that characterize transport of airborne contaminants from outdoors to indoors. In the Brooklyn Traffic Real-Time Ambient Pollutant Penetration and Environmental Dispersion (B-TRAPPED) study, a three-story row house with a flat face and roof and multiple rooms was used to investigate outdoor-to-indoor contaminant time scales. The building was located in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, NY, USA, in the vicinity of a major expressway and a heavily trafficked arterial road. It was found that the building shell has a profound impact on the indoor concentrations. A strong hourly periodicity (see Eisner et al., this issue, DOI: 10.1039/b907132f) in concentration outside the building during the morning “rush hour” was used as evidence to suggest that indoor contaminants originated from outdoor air penetration. Although the indoor concentrations followed a similar pattern, indoor concentrations were found to be more persistent than outdoor concentrations. Stronger persistency is used here to describe the tendency of the indoor concentration to continue to rise even if the outdoor concentration has started to drop, or vice versa. This may be an important factor in assessing negative health risks to inhabitants or first responders. A cross-correlation technique was employed to study the correlation between outdoor and indoor time series. In the high-density housing residential building used in the study, it was found that a long lag time exists (11 min) before indoor and outdoor concentrations reach maximal correlation.
The traumatic memory debate: A failure in scientific communication and cooperation

Abstract Perhaps no other topic in recent history has generated such emotionality as the ongoing traumatic memory debate involving alleged reports of physical and sexual abuse. The literature on this topic is replete with reliance on anecdotal statements, unwarranted and grossly overstated generalizations, emotionally laden conclusions, attacks and counterattacks. This state of affairs has resulted in creating a polarization between cognitive memory researchers and clinical researchers who are attempting to resolve the debate through scientific inquiry. Unfortunately, the databases on both sides of the issue are weak. The purpose of this article is to highlight the key issues at the center of this debate in an attempt to move the debate forward. It is argued that resolution of this debate can only be achieved by conducting appropriately designed clinical research with a population of traumatically abused subjects. To achieve this objective, both sides need to suppress their emotional rhetoric, open lines of communication, and engage in cooperative research efforts. This issue is too important for both the field of psychology and society as a whole to remain polarized and unresolved.
Classroom Teachers' Understanding of the Needs of English-Language Learners and the Influence on the Students' Identities

Grounded in culturally relevant pedagogy, this case study explored the practices of a general education classroom teacher teaching middle grade English language learners (ELLs). The purpose of this study was to examine the teacher's beliefs about her role in teaching ELLs, and the relationship between her teaching approaches and the students' identities. Findings suggest that, according to the teacher's beliefs and approaches, the ELLs' identities were shaped through actions that positioned them as resourceful and intellectual instead of powerless and inferior. The active involvement on the part of the teacher played a role in the mainstream peers' positioning of the ELLs as acceptable and, as a result, the ELLs' interaction with peers increased. The findings suggest the significance of the teacher's role for ELLs' literacy learning and positive identities in the mainstream context.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry: determining Mark–Houwink–Sakurada parameters and analyzing the breadth of polymer molecular weight distributions

Abstract Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(ethylene glycol) standards were characterized via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. This study develops two new contributions to the rapidly growing body of data appearing in recent literature. First, MALDI was found to be an optimum absolute molecular weight technique accompanying viscosity measurements for determining Mark–Houwink–Sakurada parameters. Second, since MALDI provides the mass spectra of polymer molecules without fragmentation, a new method of describing the breadth of the distribution of polymer standards is presented. The ratio of the distribution breadth at half-height to the molecular weight of the monomer unit, polymer spread, is shown to more clearly represent the molecular weight distribution than the customary ratio, Mw/Mn.
Apocalypse management: Eisenhower and the discourse of national insecurity

Ira Chernus, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2008, xii +307 pp International historians inclined to disparage the cultural turn as a wholly unproductive – if not baleful – influence on the...
Sonographic determination of first trimester twin chorionicity and amnionicity.

Objective To determine the reliability of first trimester sonography in the detection of twin chorionicity and amnionicity. Materials and Methods Sets of twins (179) were evaluated sonographically in the first trimester. Chorionicity was determined by identifying the number of gestational sacs. The presence or absence of an amnion about each embryo/fetus was also recorded. The placentas for each case were evaluated to determine chorionicity and amnionicity. Results Of the 179 twin pairs, 158 were dichorionic/diamniotic; 19 were monochorionic/diamniotic, and two pairs were monochorionic/monoamniotic. Chorionicity and amnionicity were correctly determined in each case. Conclusion The chorionicity of twin pregnancies can be determined from the time that the gestational sacs are visualized within the uterus. Transvaginal sonography can reliably determine the amnionicity of monochorionic twin pregnancies after 7 weeks, menstrual age. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parameters of retinal graft-mediated responses are related to underlying target innervation

Abstract Retinae taken from embryonic mice were transplanted to the brain of newborn rats. One eye was removed from the recipients at this time to promote innervation of host visual centers. After 4–6 weeks the optic nerve of the remaining eye was transected to eliminate all visual afferents of host origin and 4–6 days later the grafts were exposed surgically for testing. Nineteen animals with grafts located on the dorsal surface of the cerebellum form the basis of this study. Animals differing markedly in behavioral performance were selected for simulataneous immunohistochemical processing. Measurements of peak density and area of mouse-specific immunoreactivity associated with the olivary pretectal nuclei (OPN) were compared to pupillary response parameters using the Pearson correlation coefficient. This analysis was performed on the combined data from all groups and revealed a number of highly significant correlations between both area and density of labelling and pupillary response parameters. In all 7 co-processed groups, the best responders within each group showed the heaviest innervation of the olivary pretectal nucleus. These findings indicate therefore that the degree to which a transplanted retina innervates the appropriate host brain target is an important determinant of graft efficacy. The xenograft-mediated pupillary reflex provides a model which permits detailed analysis of the relationship between connectivity and behavior in a simple relay system.
Minima on radiometric precipitation titration curves

A mathematical analysis of the equations describing the radiometric titration curves using precipitation reactions is given for the case of constant (or only slightly changed) volumes of the solution. The conditions for the existence of a minimum on the titration curve have been determined and the equations of the coordinates of the minimum are given. The conditions for a minimum located in the neighbourhood of the equivalence point have also been established. In this case, the minimum may be identified with the equivalence point within the admitted error of titration. Criteria have been found for determining the sign of this error and for the conditions where this error does not appear.
SU-E-E-07: Radcalc IMRT Plan Verification vs. Mapcheck IMRT Plan Verification

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of the RadCalc (LifeLine Software)IMRT plan verification module to the MapCHECK (Sun Nuclear) IMRT Treatment Plan verification system.Methods: A group of 47 patients were randomly selected to compare the accuracy of the two methods of IMRT verification. IMRT treatment plans were created using the Eclipse treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems) Version 8.6. For the MapCHECK, a verification plan was created in Eclipse and all beams were calculated with one gantry and collimator angle and exported to the MapCHECK software. The plan was delivered to the MapCHECK device using a Varian 21EX. The data sets were compared in the MapCHECK software with a percent difference of 3% and a distance to agreement of 3mm. For the RadCalc software a calculation point was added to the plan, the plan was approved and exported to RadCalc. The plan was then calculated within the RadCalc software Version 7.0. MU's for all fields were examined and the percent difference for the calculation point was reviewed.Results: Both methods were utilized on all selected patients and the results then compared. The MapCHECK data sets averaged a percent difference of 1.27% from the planned dose with an average of 99.29% of the points passing. The RadCalc data sets averaged a percent difference of 1.05%. Conclusions: It was determined that the RadCalc IMRT verification module can be directly substituted for the MapCHECK IMRT Treatment Plan verification system with no loss in verification accuracy. The RadCalc module provides equivalent plan verification for smaller plan size (i.e. under 20.0 cm × 20.0 cm), while providing superior results for large field IMRT due to the field size limits inherent to the MapCHECK device.
Early Adolescent Body Image Predicts Subsequent Condom Use Behavior Among Girls

This study investigates prospective associations between body satisfaction and condom use among adolescent girls and examines whether these associations are moderated by ethnicity or early initiation of sexual activity. Adolescent girls (n = 182), recruited from public schools in the Northeastern USA, completed surveys in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to predict condom use practices in 12th grade. Eighth grade body satisfaction predicted consistent condom use in 12th grade, but this finding did not generalize to girls who first had sexual intercourse prior to 10th grade. Findings suggest that body satisfaction may be an important contributor to adolescent sexual health. Moreover, results identify a psychosocial risk factor for inconsistent condom use that can be identified prior to the onset of risky sexual behavior and improved via intervention.
Is This Radical Enough? Curriculum Reform, Change, and the Language of Probability.

Utilizing multiple perspectives as theoretical groundings the writer discusses both the need and construction of a Language of Probability as a companion to the extant languages of critique and possibility in critical curriculum theory. If radical curriculum reform is ever to move beyond the realm of “the not yet,” it is crucial that certain systemic realities are acknowledged and a language developed to deal with the negotiations necessary for the democratic application of critical curriculum theory in the public school systems of this country. Such developments are discussed by the writer relative to the extension of this new language. It is important to note this is neither a purely theoretical nor practical essay. Rather this melds the two mutually supportive positions into a concrete plan for action in radical school reform by beginning to define what are, and what are not, legitimate evaluative criteria for constructing the limits of the project.
Transmembrane biogenesis of Kv1.3.

Using a combination of protease protection, glycosylation, and carbonate extraction assays, we have characterized the topogenic determinants encoded by Kv1.3 segments that mediate translocation events during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) biogenesis. Transmembrane segments S1, S2, S3, S5, and S6 initiate translocation, only S1 and S2 strongly (>60%) anchor themselves in the membrane, S5 exhibits signal anchor activity and contains a cryptic cleavage site, and S3 and S6 fail to integrate into the membrane. Elongation of each single-transmembrane construct to include multiple transmembrane segments alters integration and translocation efficiencies, indicating that multiple topogenic determinants cooperate during Kv1.3 topogenesis and assembly. Several surprising findings emerged from these studies. First, in the presence of T1, the N-terminal recognition domain, S1 was unable to initiate either translocation or membrane integration. As a result, S2 likely functions as the initial signal sequence to establish Kv...
Lévy-taxis: a novel search strategy for finding odor plumes in turbulent flow-dominated environments

Locating chemical plumes in aquatic or terrestrial environments is important for many economic, conservation, security and health related human activities. The localization process is composed mainly of two phases: finding the chemical plume and then tracking it to its source. Plume tracking has been the subject of considerable study whereas plume finding has received little attention. We address here the latter issue, where the searching agent must find the plume in a region often many times larger than the plume and devoid of the relevant chemical cues. The probability of detecting the plume not only depends on the movements of the searching agent but also on the fluid mechanical regime, shaping plume intermittency in space and time; this is a basic, general problem when exploring for ephemeral resources (e.g. moving and/or concealing targets). Here we present a bio-inspired search strategy named Levy-taxis that, under certain conditions, located odor plumes significantly faster and with a better success rate than other search strategies such as Levy walks (LW), correlated random walks (CRW) and systematic zig-zag. These results are based on computer simulations which contain, for the first time ever, digitalized real-world water flow and chemical plume instead of their theoretical model approximations. Combining elements of LW and CRW, Levy-taxis is particularly efficient for searching in flow-dominated environments: it adaptively controls the stochastic search pattern using environmental information (i.e. flow) that is available throughout the course of the search and shows correlation with the source providing the cues. This strategy finds natural application in real-world search missions, both by humans and autonomous robots, since it accomodates the stochastic nature of chemical mixing in turbulent flows. In addition, it may prove useful in the field of behavioral ecology, explaining and predicting the movement patterns of various animals searching for food or mates.
Is Midlatitude Convection an Active or a Passive Player in Producing Global Circulation Patterns

Abstract The ability of persistent midlatitude convective regions to influence hemispheric circulation patterns during the Northern Hemisphere summer is investigated. Global rainfall data over a 15-yr period indicate anomalously large July total rainfalls occurred over mesoscale-sized, midlatitude regions of North America and/or Southeast Asia during the years of 1987, 1991, 1992, and 1993. The anomalous 200-hPa vorticity patterns for these same years are suggestive of Rossby wave trains emanating from the regions of anomalous rainfall in the midlatitudes. Results from an analysis of an 11-yr mean monthly 200-hPa July wind field indicate that, in the climatological mean, Rossby waveguides are present that could assist in developing a large-scale response from mesoscale-sized regions of persistent convection in the midlatitudes. This hypothesis is tested using a barotropic model linearized about the 200-hPa July time-mean flow and forced by the observed divergence anomalies. The model results are in qualit...
Video-assisted thoracoscopic treatment of spinal lesions in the thoracolumbar junction.

Background: The endoscopic treatment of spinal lesions in the thoracolumbar junction (T11–L2) poses a great challenge to the surgeon. From November 1, 1995 to December 31, 1996, we successfully used a combination of video-assisted thoracoscopy and conventional spinal instruments to treat 38 patients with anterior spinal lesions. Twelve of them had lesions in the thoracolumbar junction.
Impact of obesity on outcomes in patients with sepsis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on outcomes in patients with severe sepsis. Since obesity is considered an inflammatory disease and is associated with elevations in several inflammatory mediators important in the outcome of sepsis, the relationship between obesity and outcome in septic patients was studied.
Could Autism Be Treated Prenatally

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has presented a conundrum: How can the behavioral signs and symptoms that define the condition arise from different etiologies and lead to so many varied phenotypes? Genetics and the environment, including prenatal and perinatal factors, long have been suspected to interact in the causation of ASD. Evidence for neuronal dysfunction and the frequent development of epilepsy strongly support increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory neuronal activity in ASD. In particular, altered functions of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter (in the mature brain), have been of interest because GABA's effects are excitatory during prenatal development but become inhibitory at birth ( 1 , 2 ). What has been unclear is the cellular physiology that underlies this “GABA switch.” On page 675 of this issue, Tyzio et al. ( 3 ) show that a defect in this switch is associated with abnormal chloride concentration in neurons in two different animal models of ASD. Normal electrophysiology and behavior can be restored in their offspring by the prenatal administration of the compound bumetanide, which blocks a key chloride transporter. The findings raise the possibility of preventing the autistic phenotype in offspring by predelivery pharmacological treatment.
RESPIRATION AND GEOTROPISM IN VICIA FABA. I.

In this paper there are given the results of a study of the relation of respiration to temperature, in seedlings of Vicia faba, and of the onset of geotropic response. It is shown that with due care and very accurate control of temperature constancy, one can get constant excretion of CO2 even over fairly long periods. The treatment of the experimental data shows that the Q10 ratio is of course a valueless "constant," as it is variable; but that the figure obtained for µ, the temperature characteristic (critical thermal increment), 16,250, is perfectly consistent with the values previously obtained for µ in respiratory oxidative processes in similar material. New data on the reaction time for the root of Vicia faba seedlings excited geotropically are given also. The study of the dependence of this time relation on temperature shows µ = 16,110, agreeing quantitatively with the value deduced previously from the relevant data of earlier investigators (Crozier, 1924). This points to the importance of some respiratory oxidative process as the agency controlling the onset of geotropic curvature.
An acceleration technique for the newton solution of quadratic equations

Abstract The Newton method applied to certain quadratic operator equations on R n is considered. It is shown that there exists an invariant manifold corresponding to any pair of real or complex conjugate roots of the equation. These manifolds have significant application in finding neighboring solutions to the power flow problem in electric power systems.
Probing small scale structure in the atmosphere of V471 Tauri

The white dwarf in the eclipsing binary system V471 Tau is viewed through the atmosphere of the active K star prior to ingress and after egress. In the far UV the surface brightness of the hot white dwarf far outshines the K star emission. We can use this to probe the structure of the extended K star atmosphere along one line of sight, in absorption, on spatial scales of the radius of the white dwarf (10,000 km). The time series of HST/STIS spectra which show a hot (>250,000 K) extended (>1 K star radius) atmosphere around the K star. We see discrete structures in the velocity-resolved spectra, on spatial scales of less than 100,000 km. The mean velocity is that expected of gas in co-rotation with the K star, but the discrete velocity structures have excursions of up to 70 km/s from the mean. The mean temperature seems to increase with height above the K star photosphere. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection and Determination of Chrysotile in Talc USP

A procedure for the determination of chrysotile in talc was developed. It depends on the adsorption of a sulfonphthalein dye by chrysotile but not by talc. The final measurement is a spectrophotometric determination of the dye left in solution after the adsorption step.
Experimental and Computational Studies of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein SP-B Interacting with Lipid Bilayers

Pulmonary lung surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a 79 residue hydrophobic protein, from the Saposin superfamily. Saposin super family proteins share common features including 3 intra-chain disulfide bonds and 4-5 helical regions. SP-B appears to carry out its essential functions in respiration by binding to and modifying the structures of phospholipid bilayers and monolayers at the air-water interface. Due to difficulties arising from SP-B's extreme hydrophobicity, the 3D structure of full SP-B is not yet known. Thus we are using computational methods in combination with solid-state NMR to investigate the structure of SP-B. Our approach is to generate candidate structures via computational methods, predict the 15N spectra for the computed configurations and then compare them to the experimental NMR spectra.For the computational studies, we employ Mini-b, a construct of SP-B with known structure, and add the rest of residues to make a full length SP-B. We use several positions of SP-B in a POPC bilayer as initial structures. Calculations are carried out using GROMACS, with OPLS-aa, an all-atom force field, as well as with PACE, a hybrid model force field. Simulation methods include Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD). For the experimental part, we use recombinantly expressed 15N labeled SP-B in mechanically oriented POPC bilayers to collect 1D 15N solid-state NMR spectra.
Connecting Students and Microbiology Through the Lived Experience

A disconnect exists between students and biology that is often propagated by information-dense lectures that provide little opportunity for integrative learning and reflection. The author's professional development activities have allowed him to build upon his pedagogical creativity and develop a structured reflective ePortfolio-based microbiology assignment. The assignment incorporates integrative learning by connecting students to the subject content through their lived experiences. Students had to write about, research, and reflect on a disease caused by a microorganism that somehow had impacted their lives. The assignment was staged in four parts: (a) write a detailed description of the disease-related event, (b) research the biology behind the disease, (c) reflect on the original event with a new understanding of the biology behind it, and (d) identify common themes among their classmates’ work and reflect on how microbiology relates to other courses and their future careers. The key facets that made...
Using Item Response Theory to assess the Flynn Effect in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 79 Children and Young Adults data

Abstract The purpose of this manuscript is to assess the magnitude of the Flynn Effect (i.e., increase in mean IQ scores across time) using Item Response Theory (IRT). Unlike using methods derived from Classical Test Theory, IRT has the capability to determine if the Flynn Effect is due to a genuine increase in intelligence, if it is due to a psychometric artifact (i.e., items changing properties over time), or a combination of the two. Using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised and Peabody Individual Achievement Test—Math from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 79 Children and Young Adults, the results of this study indicate that while using raw and standardized scores, the Flynn Effect is evident in a predicted magnitude, but when using scores based from IRT analysis, the magnitude Flynn Effect substantially decreases, and, at least for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised, goes away. Thus, for the data used in this study, the Flynn Effect appears to be largely the result of changing item properties instead of changes in cognitive ability.
Analysis of Aggregate Fractal Dimensions and Aggregate Densities Back-Calculated from Hydraulic Conductivity

Recently, aggregate size distributions (ASDs) have been characterized by fractal dimension (D, i.e., slope of the log of cumulative aggregate number as a function of the log of aggregate size). To simplify the laboratory work, aggregates are often considered to have scale-invariant density (ρ). The D describes the completely fragmented ASD after sampling and sieving the aggregates, but a bulk D r describes an incompletely fragmented ASD in situ. The D r requires an estimate of scale-variant ρ i for each class. Then the ASD may be used to determine pore distributions and hydraulic conductivity (K) of the soil. The objectives of this study were to start with K determinations to back-calculate ρ i , D, D r , and scale-invariant ρ, and compare these with measured ρ and D from measured ASDs taken near the locations of the K measurements. Back-calculated ρ i was not significantly different between class sizes for aggregates >2.8 to 5 mm, and the ρ i differences between aggregate sizes 1.26 to 25.2 mm would be difficult to determine with the precision (0.03-0.1 g cm -3 ) of current methods for determining ρ i . The calculated ρ i and scale-invariant ρ were all significantly less than measured ρ. The D from back-calculated ASD were all greater than three, but they should have been less than the D r from back-calculated ASD, which were all less than three. The D and D r from back-calculated ASD were significantly different from D for measured ASD. Further study is needed to determine the relationship between ASD and K.
What is The Reason to Use Clifford Algebra in Quantum Cognition? Part I: “It from Qubit” On The Possibility That the Amino Acids Can Discern Between Two Quantum Spin States

Starting with 1985, we discovered the possible existence of electrons with net helicity in biomolecules as amino acids and their possibility to discern between the two quantum spin states. It is well known that the question of a possible fundamental role of quantum mechanics in biological matter constitutes still a long debate. In the last ten years we have given a rather complete quantum mechanical elaboration entirely based on Clifford algebra whose basic entities are isomorphic to the well known spin Pauli matrices. A number of our recent results indicate the possible logical origin of quantum mechanics and the direct admission of quantum mechanics in the field of cognitive sciences. In February 2011 the authors Golder et al., published their important discovery on Science about Spin Selectivity in Electron Transmission Through Self-Assembled Monolayers of Double-Stranded DNA confirming in such manner that the principles of quantum mechanics apply to biological systems. NeuroQuantology | September 2012 | Volume 10 | Issue 3 | Page 561-565
Regional Integration in ASEAN: Institutional Design and the ASEAN Way

This paper investigates regional integration in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by analyzing the agreements developed within the ASEAN framework since its founding in 1967. This examination reveals that, although integration in ASEAN is certainly influenced by norms and values, the integration process can be best understood by intergovernmentalism. While many agreements have been developed within the ASEAN framework and have become more legalistic in nature, they tend to mostly be in functional areas and exhibit low levels of transparency and delegation. The design of ASEAN is indicative of an overriding concern for state sovereignty as a key strategic interest for member states.
Glucose repression of cytochrome a synthesis in cytochrome-deficient mutants of yeast

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome content and respiratory activities were investigated in normal and cytochrome-deficient mutants of yeast which were under various degrees of catabolite (glucose) repression. 2. 2. Derepression could be obtained by growing yeast in melibiose, probably due to the low rate of utilization of this fermentable sugar. 3. 3. The synthesis of cytochrome a (i.e., cytochromes a and a3) was very sensitive to catabolite repression in single-gene mutants (cy3−5 and cy3−6) and a double-gene mutant (cy1−1cy3−3), which were partially deficient in cytochrome c, and in a single-gene mutant (p10), which was deficient in cytochromes b and c1. Cytochrome a synthesis behaved normally in other cytochrome c deficient mutants (cy1−1, cy3−1, and cy3−3). In some strains, cytochrome a synthesis was completely blocked. 4. 4. It is suggested that the synthesis of cytochrome a is normally regulated by other cytochromes.
Why Tugendhat's Critique of Heidegger's Concept of Truth Remains a Critical Problem1

With what right and with what meaning does Heidegger use the term ‘truth’ to characterize Dasein's disclosedness? This is the question at the focal point of Ernst Tugendhat's long‐standing critique of Heidegger's understanding of truth, one to which he finds no answer in Heidegger's treatment of truth in §44 of Being and Time or his later work. To put the question differently: insofar as unconcealment or disclosedness is normally understood as the condition for the possibility of propositional truth rather than truth itself, what does it mean to say – as Heidegger does – that disclosedness is the “primordial phenomenon of truth” and what justifies that claim? The central aim of this paper is to show that Tugendhat's critique remains unanswered. Recent Heidegger scholarship, though it confronts Tugendhat, has not produced a viable answer to his criticism, in part because it overlooks his basic question and therefore misconstrues the thrust of his objections. Ultimately, the paper suggests that what is need...
Effects of antiandrogens on chromatin remodeling and transcription of the integrated mouse mammary tumor virus promoter.

Inhibition of the ligand-activated androgen receptor (AR) by antiandrogens plays an important role in the treatment of various hyperandrogenic disorders including prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of antiandrogen activity in vivo remain unclear. In this study we analyzed the effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), flutamide (F), and hydroxyflutamide (OHF) on transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of the genomically integrated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. This promoter has provided an excellent model system to study the impact of steroid hormones on transcriptional activation in the context of a defined chromatin structure. The MMTV hormone response element is positioned on a phased nucleosome, which becomes remodeled in response to steroids. We utilized this model system in mouse L-cell fibroblasts that contain a stably integrated MMTV promoter. In these cells, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced a large increase of AR protein levels that correlated with transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of the MMTV promoter. Coadministration of DHT and CPA or DHT and OHF in these cells inhibited the increase of AR levels, which resulted in a strong blockage of transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of the MMTV promoter. In contrast, F had no significant influence on these activities. We conclude that a major portion of the antiandrogenic effects of CPA and OHF in vivo are mediated by the reduction of AR levels.
The Effects of Surface Debris Diversion Devices on River Hydrodynamic Conditions and Implications for In-Stream Hydrokinetic Development

Floating objects designed to divert woody debris—known as debris diversion devices—can protect hydrokinetic turbines deployed in rivers; they also change the hydrodynamic conditions of a river, at least locally. Modifications associated with velocity adjustments in both magnitude and direction would be expected. Thus, one could assume that extra macro-turbulent levels would be found immediately behind a device and downstream of that location. This article presents a set of cross-sectional and longitudinal velocity measurements carried out to quantify these effects. Results show important changes in the velocity components. In addition, significant changes in the vorticity field, calculated along cross-sectional profiles, demonstrate the role of a submerged chain used to maintain the debris diversion device in place. More importantly, findings suggest that hydrokinetic turbines should not be installed in a river’s central area behind a debris diversion device, due to the additional turbulence created by the submerged chain.
Fractal initialization for high-quality mapping with self-organizing maps

Initialization of self-organizing maps is typically based on random vectors within the given input space. The implicit problem with random initialization is the overlap (entanglement) of connections between neurons. In this paper, we present a new method of initialization based on a set of self-similar curves known as Hilbert curves. Hilbert curves can be scaled in network size for the number of neurons based on a simple recursive (fractal) technique, implicit in the properties of Hilbert curves. We have shown that when using Hilbert curve vector (HCV) initialization in both classical SOM algorithm and in a parallel-growing algorithm (ParaSOM), the neural network reaches better coverage and faster organization.
Evaluation of write-back caches for multiple block-sizes

Trace-driven simulation of cache memories usually requires enormous disk space to store CPU trace data. On-the-fly simulation avoids this problem by running the simulation while the trace data is being generated. For write-back least-recently-used (LRU) caches, we propose an on-the-fly simulation method, which is a variant of the standard one-pass stack evaluation techniques that evaluates write ratios for multiple block-sizes in a one-pass processing of trace data. It is known that for LRU cache memories, the hit ratios can be found for multiple block-sizes in one-pass trace processing; and for write-back caches, the write ratios can be found for a single block size in one-pass trace processing. Combining these two techniques, this paper proposes a simple one-pass method for write-back LRU caches that evaluates write ratios for multiple block-sizes. >