cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression profiling of microdissected stroma from normal ovary and ovarian tumors reveals altered expression of genes implicated in adhesion and angiogenesis

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 2960 Cross-talk between epithelial and stromal cells is required to maintain the normal function of the ovary. However, the mechanisms underlying signaling between tumor-associated stroma and adjacent ovarian epithelial tumor cells remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in gene expression that occur in tumor-derived versus normal stroma. We analyzed fifty-one microdissected serous tumor and 10 normal stromal isolates. Following two-cycle cDNA synthesis and IVT labeling, the samples were profiled with Affymetrix U133 2.0 Plus microarrays. The resulting signal intensities were normalized and assessed for quality. BRB-ArrayTools software was used to complete downstream analyses. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering employing a euclidean distance metric with average linkage described relationships between tumor-derived and normal stroma, while supervised class comparison identified differentially regulated genes distinguishing tumor from normal stroma. Relative gene expression in each sample was confirmed by real-time PCR. Putative co-regulated signaling pathways were compiled from the expression data using a protein interaction database derived from PathwayExpert software. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis utilizing 9,741 filtered probe sets clearly distinguished tumor-derived from normal stroma. Supervised class comparison analysis identified 2,703 (p<0.001) differentially regulated probe sets in tumor versus normal stroma. Permutation analysis ensured that the resulting gene list contained no more than 10 false discoveries at a 95% confidence interval. To validate the array based expression data, 9 differentially expressed genes were selected for real-time PCR analysis across all of the stromal samples. CYR61, CTGF, THBS1, MXRA5, SPP1, LTBP2, TGFBR1 and COLL11A1 were all significantly up-regulated in tumor-derived stroma by 2.1- to 34.3-fold over normal (89% validation rate). Analysis of the entire differentially regulated gene list identified co-regulated pathways implicated in adhesion and angiogenesis in the tumor associated stromal isolates. Previous work on two members of the adhesion pathway, CYR61 and CTGF, has demonstrated up-regulation of the proteins in breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. Our study is the first to measure gene expression in microdissected stromal ovarian cancer samples, thereby allowing us to identify discrete signaling events directly attributable to this component of the tumor. We have demonstrated that otherwise normal stroma undergoes changes in gene expression in response to the epithelial tumor microenvironment. Ultimately, signaling events affecting cell adhesion and angiogenesis identified here may support epithelial tumor cell expansion and survival.
Personal, Cognitive, and Emotive Antecedents of Consumers' Choices Regarding Complaint Messages

Things can go wrong in business transactions, and when this happens it can lead to consumer complaints. Though service recovery is an important part of organizations' ability to satisfy customers, consumers play an important role insofar as the way they communicate with offending companies may influence their outcomes. In this study, 255 participants reported what they said when complaining to a company after an organizational failure. Data were collected on their personalities, cognitions, and emotions during the interaction. Results indicated that participants' personalities played little role in predicting complaint messages whereas the severity of the failure, investment in the organization, alternatives, and emotions played a larger role.
Active and Passive Vibration Control Using Compact Damping Patches: Assessment of a Reduced Order Model for an Euler Beam

Concurrent placement of compact active and passive damping patches for vibration reduction is a developing area of research. Analytical and computational models to evaluate alternate patch configurations and structural geometries are not widely available. To overcome this void, this paper presents a simplified discrete-system model for vibrations of a beam-like structure. A disturbance input is included in the model, along with a control input from an active patch. Localized structural damping resulting from a passive patch is modeled with an equivalent loss factor. Results from the simplified model are verified using a more detailed analytical formulation, which is based on the Ritz approximation. Verification studies include the effect of a passive damping patch on modal loss factors and broadband attenuation. Finally, a few case studies are proposed which show the efficacy of the reduced-order model for parametric design studies. These studies include determining the effect of localized damping on the control system parameters that are required for attenuation of localized and global motions. The effect of patch locations on system response is also studied. This work has potential applications in industry since compact damping patches are attractive NVH treatments that add minimal weight and complexity.© 2015 ASME
Bridging Institutional Voids at the Urban Base of the Pyramid

Much of the BoP literature has focused on rural settings, yet urban poverty is rapidly growing in scale and importance. The urban poor in developing countries inhabit informal settlements characterized by significant institutional voids. This paper examines the strategies used to address these voids by companies that operate in such settings, through in-depth comparisons of the approaches used by three companies providing basic services in a major emerging-country metropolis. The paper shows that institutional voids at the urban BoP are characterized by their instability, diversity, and incompleteness. In this context, companies have no choice but to engage in institutional entrepreneurship to bridge the unfilled voids and to bring some stability and uniformity. In Rio de Janeiro, some utilities are attempting to do so through a combination of technology, which offers a stable and uniform basis of operation, and the engagement of multiple stakeholders along the lines of the collaborative governance concept. In order to implement these actions, however, the companies first have to gain a measure of legitimacy at the local level, overcoming the liability associated with their outsider status.
A Further Criticism of the Type-Variety System: The Data can't Be Used

The type-variety system of ceramic classification has been criticized on a number of theoretical points concerning typology in general; yet it remains very popular among archaeologists. This paper adds a methodological criticism to the debate: ceramic data presented according to the highest standards of type-variety analysis simply cannot be used for independent reanalysis. An attempt to reanalyze some data presented according to the type-variety system (Formative period ceramics from the site of Barton Ramie, Belize) is described, and shortcomings of type-variety data presentation are pointed out. These findings are in direct opposition to claims made by type-variety practitioners as to the adequacy of their format of ceramic description and illustration.
Complex Lamellar Helical Solution for Cyclonically Driven Hybrid Rocket Engines

This paper introduces a viscous approximation for the complex-lamellar helical solution of a cyclonically-driven, right-cylindrical chamber with sidewall mass injection. The flowfield may be used to describe the bulk gaseous motion in a bidirectional vortex-hybrid rocket engine, such as the one developed by NASA MSFC/ORBITEC. Our mathematical model is based on steady, rotational, axisymmetric, incompressible, and quasi-viscous flow conditions. Two distinctive perturbation parameters are used in this process: the ratio of sidewall-to-tangential injection velocities and the reciprocal of the vortex Reynolds number, which combines the swirl number, chamber aspect ratio, and viscous Reynolds number. First, an Euler-type solution is used as a basis to satisfy the fundamental conditions associated with the ensuing helical motion, including the ability to secure the sidewall mass injection requirement at the simulated burning surface. This enables us to reproduce the two-cell, bipolar motion observed in vortex-hybrid thrust chambers. Second, to capture the viscosity-dominated forced vortex and sidewall boundary layers, the viscous momentum equations are manipulated and expanded using perturbation tools. A uniformly valid, tripledeck approximation for the tangential velocity is then constructed using matched asymptotic expansions. Using a similar procedure, viscous corrections in the axial and radial directions are resolved. By relating fundamental variables to the bidirectional swirl number and wall regression rate, essential flow characteristics are captured throughout the chamber.
Wilms’ tumor 1 protein is highly expressed on malignant plasma cells and provides a novel target for immunotherapeutic approaches

Abstract Introduction: The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is a tumor associated antigen that is potentially targetable by immunotherapeutic approaches. We have demonstrated the overexpression of WT1 in myeloma cells by IHC and in HLA-A*0201+ pts by staining with a high-affinity fully human IgG1 mAb (ESK1) specific to the RMFPNAPYL/HLA-A*0201 complex on malignant plasma cells. We report initial results from pts with plasma cell leukemia (PCL) or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (rMM) who have been treated with CD34-selected allo transplants followed by the administration of donor-derived WT1-specific T-cell infusions to induce an immunotherapeutic effect. Methods: In situ expression of WT1 was assessed by IHC analyses using a sequential double staining technique of MoAbs specific for CD138 and WT1.For staining with the RMFPNAPYL/HLA-A*0201 complex, BM samples were blocked with human FcR Blocking Reagent and then directly stained with MoAbs specific for CD38, CD56, CD45 and ESK1 or its isotype control human IgG1 and were analyzed by flow cytometry. WT1-specific T cells were generated from the original stem cell donors by sensitization of CD3+ enriched T-cell fractions with autologous APCs loaded with the pool of overlapping pentadecapeptides of WT1 (Invitrogen, Boston, MA). Cells were propagated in vitro with weekly restimulation and supplementation with IL-2 beginning at day 10-16. After 35-49 days, T-cells were harvested, counted and tested for antigen specific cytotoxicity, HLA-restriction, lack of alloreactivity and sterility. Pts received CD34-selected PBSC allografts after myeloablative cytoreduction with busulfan, melphalan and fludarabine. Pts were treated with 3 infusions of donor-derived WT1-specific T-cell infusions (5x10e6 cells/kg) starting 6 weeks post allo HSCT and at 4 weekly thereafter. Results: Marrow from all pts with immunohistochemical documented plasma cell involvement stained positive for WT1 IHC while WT1 staining remained negative in pts in CR. Only pts expressing HLA-A*0201 that stained positively for WT1 by IHC also demonstrated expression of WT1 by the RMFPNAPYL/HLA-A*0201 complex, whereas pts lacking HLA-A*0201 but with active disease stained positive for WT1 IHC but not ESK1 staining. Of 7 pts, 3 PCL and 4 rMM, treated with WT1-specific T cells, 4 pts had persistent disease post CD34-selected allotransplant. Of these 4 pts 2 pts developed a striking rise of WT1-specific T-cell frequencies and developed a complete remission post WT1 CTL infusions lasting for >2years. Conclusion: WT1 is overexpressed on malignant plasma cells and serves as a target for potential immunotherapeutic approaches in pts with multiple myeloma. Pts with persistent PCL following CD34-selected allografts treated with adoptive transfer of donor-derived WT1-specific cytotoxic T cells can achieve long lasting remission underscoring the therapeutic potential of T-cells specific for immunogenic WT1 peptides expressed on malignant plasma cells. Disclosures O'Reilly: Atara Biotherapeutics: Research Funding.
Hyperparasites of Bathyplectes curculionis in Wyoming

Seven hyperparasites were discovered in Wyoming in 1972. Four species were widely distributed and abundant in the state. Three of the 4 species, Eupteromalus albopilosus Graham, Sceptrothelys grandiclava (Walker), and Sceptrothelys intermedia Graham, were apparently recent European introductions. E. albopilosus was a new species for North America, first collected in March 1972 at Pine Bluffs, Wyo. The 3 species were extremely prolific, adapted well to Wyoming ecology with little environmental resistance, and showed greater biotic potential than their host, Bathyplectes curculionis . These factors point to the possibility of greater detrimental impact on B. curculionis in the future. The data also indicated that the 3 species plus Mesochorus agilis Cresson (a native species) are presently affecting the parasitic efficiency of B. curculionis .
357 SCREENING FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS: THE RENAL CLINIC PERSPECTIVE.

Purpose In June of 2005, the Infectious Disease Society of America released guidelines recommending that all patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) be screened for chronic kidney disease (CKD) with serum creatinine and urinalysis for protein. In 10/05 we began a screening program for CKD in an infectious disease clinic that cares for approximately 1,400 patients with HIV. As an adjunct to the screening program, we founded a “CKD in HIV” clinic to handle the associated consultations. In this abstract, we present our experience during the first year of the program. Methods Data were obtained through review of clinic and hospital records. We documented patient demographics, general health data, HIV-specific data, renal-specific data, and short-term management plans, as well as outcome for each patient referred to our clinic. Results Thirty-six patients were referred to the CKD in HIV clinic during 10/2005-9/2006. Nineteen of 36 referrals were detected by the screening program. The reason for referral was variable. Nine of 36 (25%) were referred for nephrotic range proteinuria, and 12 of 36 (33%) were referred for non-nephrotic range proteinuria. Ten of 36(28%) had reduced GFR without proteinuria. Seven of 36 (19%) of referrals never fulfilled their clinic appointment. Of the patients seen in clinic, the mean age was 44 (± 10). Ninety-three percent were African American and 79% were male. Sixty-five percent had undetectable viral loads and 69% had CD4 > 200 at the time of their clinic evaluation. Seventy-nine percent were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mean urine protein/creatinine ratio for patients with proteinuria was 3.49 ± 5.3. Nine patients underwent renal biopsy: three had HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), three had non-HIVAN focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, two had immune complex disease, and one had diabetic nephropathy. Management changes following CKD consultation were frequent, including initiation of renin-angiotensin system blockade and modification or initiation of ART, and in two cases, steroids were initiated. Conclusion In a brief period of time, a number of referrals have been made to the CKD in HIV clinic. Pathology was varied, and management changes were frequent. We feel that a dedicated CKD/HIV clinic has a role in the management of HIV patients.
Dense SDM transmission employing advanced MIMO signal processing

Issues that need to be addressed for long-haul SDM transmission are discussed. Newly developed advanced MIMO processing schemes are presented that achieve low-complexity mode dispersion compensation and tolerance enhancement for mode dependent loss.
Education or Indoctrination? The Accuracy of Introductory Psychology Textbooks in Covering Controversial Topics and Urban Legends About Psychology

The introductory psychology class represents the first opportunity for the field to present new students with a comprehensive overview of psychological research. Writing introductory psychology textbooks is challenging given that authors need to cover many areas they themselves may not be intimately familiar with. This challenge is compounded by problems within the scholarly community in which controversial topics may be communicated in ideological terms within scholarly discourse. Psychological science has historically seen concerns raised about the mismatch between claims and data made about certain fields of knowledge, apprehensions that continue in the present “replication crisis.” The concern is that, although acting in good faith, introductory psychology textbook authors may unwittingly communicate information to readers that is factually untrue. Twenty-four leading introductory psychology textbooks were surveyed for their coverage of a number of controversial topics (e.g., media violence, narcissism epidemic, multiple intelligences) and scientific urban legends (e.g., Kitty Genovese, Mozart Effect) for their factual accuracy. Results indicated numerous errors of factual reporting across textbooks, particularly related to failing to inform students of the controversial nature of some research fields and repeating some scientific urban legends as if true. Recommendations are made for improving the accuracy of introductory textbooks.
The effect of Protandim® supplementation on athletic performance and oxidative blood markers in runners

BackgroundRegular exercise training can enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms. Supplements that may further increase these antioxidant defense mechanisms could be of value to athletes. Protandim® ...
Quasi-linear viscoelastic modeling of light-activated shape memory polymers:

In this article, we model the mechanical behavior of light-activated shape memory polymers with a view toward determining the effect of the viscoelasticity of the polymers with regard to their shap...
Regulation of IL-4 and IL-5 Secretion by Histamine and PGE2

This study was designed to study the effects of autacoids on IL-4 and IL-5 secretion. IL-4 and IL-5 are secreted by TH2 cells. TH2 cells were generated by the culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes from atopic individuals in the presence of ragweed or dustmite antigen. The cloned TH2 lymphocytes were then stimulated with PMA (10 ng/ml) and a-CD3 (50 ng/ml) in the presence and absence of histamine (104-10-8M) and PGE2 (10-6-10-8M) for 48 hours. Other cAMP elevating agents were used as control. The supernatants were then assayed for the presence of IL-4 and IL-5 by ELISA. Both histamine and PGE2 suppressed the secretion of IL-4 in a dose dependent manner. Other cAMP elevating agents did not affect IL-4 secretion. In contrast, histamine upregulated the secretion of IL-5, whereas the effects of PGE2 on IL-5 secretion were not conclusive. Chloride channels have been implicated in the secretory processes. The effects of a chloride channel blocker, DIDS, were studied on histamine-induced suppression of IL-4 secretion. DIDS (10-7-10-’2M) abrogated the inhibitory effects of histamine on IL-4 secretion. The observations suggest that histamine may inhibit IL-4 secretion via activation of chloride channels.
The Genomics of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Significant variability has been observed in the development and severity of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) among neonates exposed to prenatal opioids. Since maternal opioid dose does not appear to correlate directly with neonatal outcome, maternal, placental, and fetal genomic variants may play important roles in NAS. Previous studies in small cohorts have demonstrated associations of variants in maternal and infant genes that encode the µ-opioid receptor (OPRM1), catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT), and prepronociceptin (PNOC) with a shorter length of hospital stay and less need for treatment in neonates exposed to opioids in utero. Consistently falling genomic sequencing costs and computational approaches to predict variant function will permit unbiased discovery of genomic variants and gene pathways associated with differences in maternal and fetal opioid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and with placental opioid transport and metabolism. Discovery of pathogenic variants should permit better delineation of the risk of developing more severe forms of NAS. This review provides a summary of the current role of genomic factors in the development of NAS and suggests strategies for further genomic discovery.
The Mysteries of the Universe: The Tamil Muslim Intellectualism of M.C. Siddi Lebbe

This article analyses M.C. Siddi Lebbe's (d. 1898) Sufi treatise, Asrarul Alam (Mysteries of the Universe), with attention to the literary networks operating among late nineteenth-century South Asi...
A Comparison of EGS and ETRAN

Much of the material to be covered in this chapter has been discussed in earlier chapters on ETRAN, EGS and the ITS systems. This chapter explicitly compares and contrasts the codes with the intention of providing some new insights into them. It should be noted that, for the purposes of this chapter, the term ETRAN refers to the original NBS version of ETRAN 1,2 and to its many descendants, primarily the ITS system from Sandia 3 .
An oxidation-resistant, recombinant alpha-1 antitrypsin produced in Nicotiana benthamiana

Proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been implicated in playing key roles in host tissue injury at sites of inflammation dominated by macrophage activations and/or neutrophil infiltrations. Imbalances between proteases/antiproteases and ROS/antioxidants are recognized to contribute to amplification of inflammatory-based host tissue injury. This has been especially well-documented in such respiratory tract diseases as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Inflammation-related protease/ROS disequilibria are further confounded by recognition that proteases can increase ROS by several different mechanisms and that ROS can inactivate proteases. The major human antiprotease, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), is dramatically inactivated by ROS. AAT deficiency is the most prevalent genetic predisposing factor leading to emphysema, a condition treated by replacement infusions of plasma-derived AAT (hAAT) at a cost of up to $200,000 per year per patient. An updated method for production of a plant-made recombinant AAT (prAAT) engineered for enhanced oxidation resistance compared to hAAT is presented. Plant-made recombinant AAT shows comparable antiprotease activity to hAAT, and retains full activity under oxidative conditions that would deactivate hAAT. Additionally, we show that prAAT has similar effectiveness in preventing neutrophil elastase-induced cell death in an in vitro human bronchial epithelial cell culture model. We conclude that prAAT is potentially a "biobetter" AAT product that could be made available to individuals with a wide spectrum of inflammatory disorders characterized by overly aggressive neutrophilic infiltrations.
Using drawings to probe the affective experience of pharmacy students on rotation: A pilot study.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to use drawings to assess the global affective experience of pharmacy students on rotation. Methods Students nearing graduation were asked to submit a drawing that captured the essence of their Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE). Drawings were analyzed qualitatively using inductive content analysis and the affects portrayed in the drawings were coded, themed and categorized. Results Of the 22 (21% response rate) submissions, four categories emerged as positive, negative, bisemous (can be positive or negative), and mixed. Discussion The results from the study demonstrated a range of feelings such as easiness, inadequateness, busyness, tiredness, learning, and excitement. The drawings also appeared superficially to fit well into the flow model of subjective experience. Conclusion Drawings by pharmacy students provided insight into their feelings about their rotations. Further studies are needed to determine how this method can be utilized to record affective experiences and how they can be used to improve experiential learning.
Chemicals from Limestone

The next major raw material for which we discuss the derived chemicals is calcium carbonate, common limestone. It is the source of some carbon dioxide, but, more importantly, it is used to make lime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). Limestone, together with salt and ammonia, are the ingredients for the Solvay manufacture of sodium carbonate, soda ash. Soda ash is also mined directly from trona ore. The Solvay process manufactures calcium chloride as an important by-product. Soda ash in turn is combined with sand to produce sodium silicates to complete the chemicals in the top 50 that are derived from limestone. Since lime is the highest-ranking derivative of limestone in terms of total amount produced, we discuss it first. Refer to Fig. 2.1, Chapter 2, Section 1, for a diagram of limestone derivatives.
Anxiety, worry, and the self

I wonder how people will react to this chapter? Am I going to say something stupid? Will I continue to hold to my convictions and continue to test them under public scrutiny, or will I fear the disapproval of others and avoid presenting these ideas, or, worse, change my ideas to conform to what I think they want to hear?
210 Pb/ 210 Po isotope generator

As a continuation of previous work (Kmak et al. in J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:985–989, 2017), an isotope generator column based on the 210Pb decay chain has been made to produce highly radiopure 210Po. Two replicate studies were performed on AG 50Wx8 columns with an average yield of 90.4 ± 1.9%. 210Pb breakthrough was seen at the 6 month elution for both generators.
210 RECTAL CARCINOIDS: A SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCE.

Background Rectal carcinoids are considered to be neuroendocrine tumors and usually present as a single solitary submucosal nodule. Our study aimed to evaluate the presentation, management, and outcome of all rectal carcinoids diagnosed at our institution. Methods A retrospective review of endoscopic and pathologic databases was undertaken to identify all cases of rectal carcinoids. Medical records were reviewed for clinical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment. A median follow-up of 26 months (range 1-132 months) was available. Results Eighteen patients with a median age of 59 years (range 34-80 years) were identified with a diagnosis of rectal carcinoid over 14 years (11/91 to 12/05). All were male and 14 of 18 patients were African American. All patients were asymptomatic, except for one with a rectal lesion and hepatic metastasis. All lesions were identified incidentally during endoscopic examination with the exception of two patients (one with hepatic metastasis and another incidentally noted after surgical resection of rectal adenocarcinoma). On endoscopic examination, rectal carcinoid appeared as yellow/gray or tan submucosal nodules with sizes ranging from 3 to 12 mm, except in one patient with a rectal mass measuring 45 mm. Only two patients underwent an endoscopic ultrasound examination, which revealed lesions limited to the submucosa. Sixteen patients underwent endoscopic resection (hot biopsy/polypectomy with saline injection-band ligation technique). One patient underwent surgery (with positive margins following endoscopic resection). One patient had hepatic metastasis and did not undergo any further therapy. Follow-up endoscopic examination with biopsy for recurrence was negative in 12 patients who underwent follow-up endoscopic examination. During the follow-up three patients died, two of whom as a result of carcinoid. Conclusion Incidental finding of rectal carcinoids was not an uncommon occurrence. The majority of these lesions were seen among African American males. Endoscopic resection of small carcinoid tumors is usually successful, without any local recurrence. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings and role of endoscopic ultrasonography in guiding endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoid.
Sally: A 12-Year-Old Who May Have Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

This chapter illustrates how the EBP practice decision-making process is undertaken in work with Sally, a 12-year-old biracial girl whose adoptive parents and adoption social worker are concerned about her lack of turning to her parents for nurture when upset and her indiscriminate interactions with other adults. Sally also has both a potential medical issue and a history of serious neglect. Issues of assessment are addressed, and the six steps of the EBP process are each explored in detail. How EBP is done in practice is examined fully as it applies to the specifics of Sally’s, and her parents’, needs and strengths.
Possible Action of n-Butylmalonate on Hydrogen Transport in Perfused Liver

In experiments with perfused livers, n-butylmalonate was used as a tool for studies of transport mechanism within the complexity of intact cells. The traces in Fig. 1 represent changes in fluorescence intensity emitted from reduced pyridine nucleotides and oxidized flavins. The fluorescence of both coenzymes was simultaneously recorded from the surface of a hemoglobin free perfused rat liver [1]. An upward deflection of the traces reflects a reduction of extra- and intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides (NADH, with little contribution of NADPH [2, 3]) and a reduction of mitochondrial flavoproteins [1]. The redox reactions of extramitochondrial flavoproteins are hardly detectable by this method.
Features of schizophrenia following premorbid eating disorders

Abstract Objective Eating disorders (ED) and schizophrenia are frequently comorbid and schizophrenia shares genetic susceptibility with anorexia. Many factors associated with schizophrenia can disrupt eating, but ED can present years before schizophrenia. If premorbid ED distinguishes a particular subtype of schizophrenia, then phenotypic features may differ between schizophrenia cases with and without premorbid ED. Method This secondary analysis used data from an inpatient schizophrenia research study that comprehensively assessed life course psychiatric disorders (DIGS interview), intelligence (WAIS), global assessments of function (GAF) and assessed symptoms during medication-free and fixed dose neuroleptic phases (PANSS). Results Premorbid ED was identified in 27 of the 288 schizophrenia cases (9.4%). This group had more females than the group without premorbid ED (74.1% vs. 30%); premorbid ED was 5-fold more common in female than male cases (χ2 (17.9, P Discussion Premorbid ED may define a specific subtype of schizophrenia that is common in females. Their more severe psychotic symptoms and better IQ, despite similarly impaired function and negative symptoms as other cases, suggests a distinct pathophysiology. Premorbid ED should be considered in evaluating risk states for schizophrenia, and as a relevant phenotype for treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Retinal functioning and reward processing in schizophrenia

Abstract Retinal responses to light, as measured by electroretinography (ERG), have been shown to be reduced in schizophrenia. Data from a prior ERG study in healthy humans indicated that activity of a retinal cell type affected in schizophrenia can be modified by the presence of a food reward. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether ERG amplitudes would be sensitive to the well-documented reward processing impairment in schizophrenia. Flash ERG data from 15 clinically stable people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 15 healthy controls were collected under three conditions: baseline, anticipation of a food reward, and immediately after consuming the food reward. At the group level, data indicated that controls' ERG responses varied as a function of salience of the food reward (baseline vs. anticipation vs. consumption) whereas patients' ERG responses did not vary significantly across conditions. Correlations between ERG amplitudes and scores on measures of hedonic capacity (including motivation and pleasure negative symptom ratings for patients) indicated consistent relationships. These data suggest that flash ERG amplitudes may be a sensitive indicator of the integrity of reward processing mechanisms. However, several differences in the direction of findings between this and a prior study in controls point to the need for further investigation of the contributions of a number of key variables to the observed effects.
Effects of solvent and micellar encapsulation on the photostability of avobenzone

The photodegradation of avobenzone (AV), the only ultraviolet filter molecule approved by the Food and Drug Administration to absorb UVA radiation, is an important problem in sunscreen formulations. In this paper, the photophysics and photostability of AV in various solvent systems and in aqueous micelles are studied. AV in its keto-enol tautomer functions as an effective UVA protection agent. AV is highly susceptible to photoinduced diketonization in both nonpolar solvents and in aqueous aggregates but is considerably more stable in polar, protic solvents like methanol. By studying its stability in different surfactant solutions, we show that incorporation of AV into sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelles can achieve stability levels comparable to neat methanol. Steady-state spectral shifts, fluorescence anisotropy, and time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements are all consistent with AV experiencing a polar environment after micellar encapsulation. It is proposed that AV is encapsulated in the palisade layer of the SDS micelles, which allows access to water molecules that facilitate the re-formation of the enol form after photon absorption and relaxation. Although the detailed mechanism of AV tautomerization remains unclear, this work suggests that tuning the chemical microenvironment of AV may be a useful strategy for improving sunscreen efficacy.
Synthetic Intrusion Alert Generation through Generative Adversarial Networks

Cyber Intrusion alerts are commonly collected by corporations to analyze network traffic and glean information about attacks perpetrated against the network. However, datasets of true malignant alerts are rare and generally only show one potential attack scenario out of many possible ones. Furthermore, it is difficult to expand the analysis of these alerts through artificial means due to the complexity of feature dependencies within an alert and lack of rare yet critical samples. This work proposes the use of a Mutual Information constrained Generative Adversarial Network as a means to synthesize new alerts from historical data. Histogram Intersection and Conditional Entropy are used to show the performance of this model as well as it's ability to learn intricate feature dependencies. The proposed models are able to capture a much wider domain of alert feature values than standard Generative Adversarial Networks. Finally, we show that when looking at alerts from the perspective of attack stages, the proposed models are able to capture critical attacker behavior providing direct semantic meaning to generated samples.
Abstract WP208: Lower Fractional Anisotropy in White Matter Tracts is Associated With Decreased Manipulative Manual Dexterity Higher Circulating Ceramide Levels in Healthy High-Risk Middle-Aged Individuals

Introduction: We previously reported impaired manipulative manual dexterity measured by grooved peg-board test (GPBT) in healthypeople with increased total brain ischemic white matter hyperintensit...
Making Education Accessible to All: Postscript

That poorer countries face very particular educational challenges is clear. Educational attainment varies enormously across the globe and within particular societies, and at times the challenges appear very daunting. But we have found some methods and approaches which we believe can not only provide education to a far wider audience, but do so in ways that are effective, inexpensive, and can garner the support of local community leaders. In this chapter we will start with a summary of our core findings, then discuss the policy implications, before ending with some first-person stories from the TELA project.
Female Representation at High-profile Urology Conferences, 2014-2019: A Leadership Metric.

Objective To measure female leadership through speakership at urology conferences and compare involvement to the overall representation of women in the urologic workforce. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to identify the gender of conference speakers from 2014 to 2019. Six high-profile urology conferences were selected: AUA; SUFU; SPU; SUO; GURS; WCE. Using programming published by each society, the number of invited female speakers at each conference was recorded. Comparisons were made to the proportion of practicing female urologists based on AUA census data. Results A total of 34 conferences were reviewed. From 2014 to 2019, the percentage of female representation increased from 13.7% to 19.3% (P Conclusion There is a slight trend of increasing proportion of invited female speakers at academic urology conferences from 2014 to 2019. Although the proportion of women in urology remains low, the trend indicates that the mean proportion of female speakers is higher than the proportion of women in the field. Inclusion of female conference speakers presents an opportunity for increased gender parity within urology leadership.
Prediction of Whole Pork Loin and Individual Chops’ Intramuscular Fat Using Computer Vision System Technology

The objective of this study was to compare different methods of evaluating intramuscular fat (IMF) in pork and test the accuracy of using a computer vision system (CVS) on different locations of the loin. Whole pork loins (n = 1,400) were obtained from 6 pork processing plants. Subjective marbling scores and CVS IMF percentage (CVS IMF%) were assessed on the ventral lean surface of the whole loin and the 3rd (A) and 10th (B) rib chops. Additionally, the A and B chops were evaluated for crude fat percentage (CF%) using ether extract. The CF% of the whole loin was represented by using the average CF% of A and B chops. A combination of the bootstrap method and stepwise regression models was used to increase prediction and robustness for CF% prediction. To better understand whether plants played an effect, models for individual plants and using all plants together were built, tested, and compared. Results were that subjective marbling score had stronger correlations with CF% compared to CVS IMF% for the whole loin (0.70 vs. 0.58), A chop (0.79 vs.0.62), and B chop (0.74 vs. 0.61). When using the stepwise regression models to predict CF%, B chop (71.8%) had the highest prediction accuracy (estimates within 0.5% residual compared to CF% were considered accurate) followed by A chop (58.1%) and whole loin (48.2%). When comparing individual plant models and overall models, the overall accuracy improved; however, this improvement in accuracy was not consistent through every single plant. In conclusion, CVS has shown potential to estimate pork IMF on all locations, especially the posterior pork chop.
Analysis of a Microgrid Availability and Resilience with Distributed Energy Storage Embedded in Active Power Distribution Nodes

This paper discusses the use of multiple-input multiple-output power electronic converters with embedded energy storage to improve microgrids and general power distribution systems availability and resilience. An important novel contribution of this study is in explaining how availability and resilience can be calculated in complex meshed power distribution architectures and how the effect of distributed energy storage embedded in power electronic circuits placed at power distribution nodes can be quantified. This quantitative approach allows improved planning and operation for enhanced availability and resilience, and creates opportunities for new energy services offerings, such as the provision of differentiated availability and resilience without having the users to procure and maintain their own power backup solution. The theory is accompanied by quantitative examples showing the advantages of the proposed approach. The final paper will also discuss implications of the analysis in terms of control approaches for optimizing battery life and for adjusting loads to add virtual energy storage.
Computation of Third Central Moments for Projected Range Distributions of Common Ion-Implanted Dopants in Silicon

The computational procedure of Brice [8] is extended to permit computation of third central moments for the projected range distribution, using the LSS formulation of the range problem. Third central moments for B, P, As, and Sb in Si are computed for, initial energy in the range 20 keV to 1 MeV, and the results are compared with available experimental data. The agreement is considered to be very satisfactory.
Analysis and Modeling of TL Data

In this chapter we provide detailed R codes which show how researchers can analyze and model their experimental TL data. We provide R codes for the initial rise method and the method of various heating rates, which allow evaluation of both the activation energy E and the frequency factor s. We present R codes for numerically integrating the simple one trap one recombination model (OTOR), as well as for numerically integrating the equations for first, second, and general order kinetics using R. We discuss the general one trap (GOT) differential equation and its analytical solution, which is based on the Lambert W function. Several examples are given for using computerized glow curve deconvolution analysis (CGCD) for single-peak and multiple-peak TL glow curves, based on the R-packages tgcd and the Lambert W function. Specific examples are given of using the new R package RLumCarlo, to simulate TL glow curves with different kinetic parameters. The chapter concludes with a list of recommended experimental protocols, which experimentalists can apply when studying TL signals.
A general theory of avian migratory connectivity.

Birds exhibit a remarkable array of seasonal migrations. Despite much research describing migratory behaviour, the underlying forces driving how a species' breeding and wintering populations redistribute each year, that is, migratory connectivity, remain largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that birds migrate in a way that minimises energy expenditure while considering intraspecific competition for energy acquisition, by developing a modelling framework that simulates an optimal redistribution of individuals between breeding and wintering areas. Using 25 species across the Americas, we find that the model accurately predicts empirical migration patterns, and thus offers a general explanation for migratory connectivity based on first ecological and energetic principles. Our model provides a strong basis for exploring additional processes underlying the ecology and evolution of migration, but also a framework for predicting how migration impacts local adaptation across seasons and how environmental change may affect population dynamics in migratory species.
Discovery of Novel Entomopathogenic Fungi for Mosquito-Borne Disease Control

The increased application of chemical control programs has led to the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Novel environmentally safe control strategies are currently needed for the control of disease vectors. The use of entomopathogenic fungi could be a suitable alternative to chemical insecticides. Currently, Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp. are the most widely used entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control, but increasing the arsenal with additional fungi is necessary to mitigate the emergence of resistance. Entomopathogenic fungi are distributed in a wide range of habitats. We have performed a comprehensive screen for candidate mosquitocidal fungi from diverse outdoor environments in Maryland and Puerto Rico. An initial screening of 22 fungi involving exposure of adult An. gambiae to 2-weeks-old fungal cultures identified five potent pathogenic fungi, one of which is unidentified and the remaining four belonging to the three genera Galactomyces sp., Isaria sp., and Mucor sp. These fungi where then screened against Ae. aegypti, revealing Isaria sp. as a potent mosquito killer. The entomopathogenic effects were confirmed through spore-dipping assays. We also probed further into the killing mechanisms of these fungi and investigated whether the mosquitocidal activities were the result of potential toxic fungus-produced metabolites. Preliminary assays involving the exposure of mosquitoes to sterile filtered fungal liquid cultures showed that Galactomyces sp., Isaria sp. and the unidentified isolate 1 were the strongest producers of factors showing lethality against An. gambiae. We have identified five fungi that was pathogenic for An. gambiae and one for Ae. aegypti, among these fungi, four of them (two strains of Galactomyces sp., Mucor sp., and the unidentified isolate) have never previously been described as lethal to insects. Further characterization of these entomopathogenic fungi and their metabolites needs to be done to confirm their potential use in biologic control against mosquitoes.
When statistical evidence is not specific enough

Many philosophers have pointed out that statistical evidence, or at least some forms of it, lack desirable epistemic or non-epistemic properties, and that this should make us wary of litigations in which the case against the defendant rests in whole or in part on statistical evidence. Others have responded that such broad reservations about statistical evidence are overly restrictive since appellate courts have expressed nuanced views about statistical evidence. In an effort to clarify and reconcile, I put forward an interpretive analysis of why statistical evidence should raise concerns in some cases but not others. I argue that when there is a mismatch between the specificity of the evidence and the expected specificity of the accusation, statistical evidence—as any other kind of evidence—should be considered insufficient to sustain a conviction. I rely on different stylized court cases to illustrate the explanatory power of this analysis.
The Surprising Role of Equation of State Models In Electrically Exploding Metal Rod MHD Simulations

The fundamental limits of high-current conduction and response of metal conductors to large, fast current pulses are of interest to high-speed fuses, exploding wires and foils, and magnetically driven dynamic material property and inertial confinement fusion experiments. A collaboration between the University of Nevada, Reno, University of New Mexico, and Sandia National Laboratory has fielded an electrically thick (R ~ 400-μm > skin-depth) cylindrical metal rod platform in a Z-pinch configuration driven by the Sandia 100-ns, 900-kA Mykonos linear transformer driver 1 . Photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) measuring the expansion velocity of the uncoated surface of aluminum rods 2 was used to benchmark equation of state (EOS) and electrical conductivity models used in magnetohydrodynamics simulations using the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) code FLAG 3 . The metal surface was found to expand along the liquid-vapor coexistence curve in density-temperature space for 90 ns of the rod’s expansion for both tabular EOSs with Van der Waals loops and with Maxwell constructions under the vapor dome. As the slope of the coexistence curve varies across EOS models, the metal surface in simulation was found to heat and expand at different rates depending on the model used. The expansion velocities associated with EOS models were then compared against the PDV data to validate the EOS used in simulations of similar systems. Here, the most recent aluminum EOS (SESAME 93722) 4 was found to drive a simulated velocity that best compared with the experimental data due to its relatively steep coexistence curve and high critical point.