cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytic Continuation of Noisy Data Using Adams Bashforth ResNet

We propose a data-driven learning framework for the analytic continuation problem in numerical quantum many-body physics. Designing an accurate and efficient framework for the analytic continuation of imaginary time using computational data is a grand challenge that has hindered meaningful links with experimental data. The standard Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt)-based method is limited by the quality of the computational data and the availability of prior information. Also, the MaxEnt is not able to solve the inversion problem under high level of noise in the data. Here we introduce a novel learning model for the analytic continuation problem using a Adams-Bashforth residual neural network (AB-ResNet). The advantage of this deep learning network is that it is model independent and, therefore, does not require prior information concerning the quantity of interest given by the spectral function. More importantly, the ResNet-based model achieves higher accuracy than MaxEnt for data with higher level of noise. Finally, numerical examples show that the developed AB-ResNet is able to recover the spectral function with accuracy comparable to MaxEnt where the noise level is relatively small.
The Pleasure Principle and the Death Drive

This chapter examines Freud’s misunderstood theory of the pleasure principle to analyze why people are driven to remove themselves from tension and conflict by repressing their own sense of guilt, shame, responsibility, and freedom. Freud posits that the core drive of human beings is to use as little energy as possible by avoiding all stimulation, and this type of psychic death leads to lives dominated by addiction and makes it difficult for us to address important interpersonal and social problems. In fact, I argue that the biggest threat facing humanity is our ability to derive instant pleasure from new technologies, media, and drugs.
Using the SOLO Taxonomy to Understand Subgoal Labels Effect in CS1

This work extends previous research on subgoal labeled instructions by examining their effect across a semester-long, Java-based CS1 course. Across four quizzes, students were asked to explain in plain English the process that they would use to solve a programming problem. In this mixed methods study, we used the SOLO taxonomy to categorize student responses about problem-solving processes and compare students who learned with subgoal labels to those who did not. The use of the SOLO taxonomy classification allows us to look deeper than the mere correctness of answers to focus on the quality of the answers produced in terms of completeness of relevant concepts and explanation of relationships among concepts. Students who learned with subgoals produced higher-rated answers in terms of complexity and quality on three of four quizzes. Also, they were three times more likely to discuss issues of data type on a question about assignments and expressions than students who did not learn with subgoal labeling. This suggests that the use of subgoal labeling enabled students to gain a deeper and more complex understanding of the material presented in the course.
The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity

Abstract Curiosity is a fundamental human motivation that influences learning, the acquisition of knowledge, and life fulfillment. Our ability to understand the benefits (and costs) of being a curious person hinges on adequate assessment. Synthesizing decades of prior research, our goal was to improve a well-validated, multi-dimensional measure of curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2018). First, we sought to distinguish between two types of social curiosity: the overt desire to learn from other people versus covert, surreptitious interest in what other people say and do. Second, we sought to remove weaker items and reduce the length of each subscale. Using data from a survey of 483 working adults (Study 1) and 460 community adults (Study 2), we found evidence to support the pre-existing four dimensions of curiosity (Joyous Exploration, Deprivation Sensitivity, Stress Tolerance, and Thrill Seeking) along with the separation of the fifth dimension into Overt Social Curiosity and Covert Social Curiosity. Each factor of the Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR) had substantive relations with a battery of personality (e.g., Big Five, intellectual humility) and well-being (e.g., psychological need satisfaction) measures. With greater bandwidth and predictive power, the 5DCR offers new opportunities for basic research and the evaluation of curiosity enhancing interventions.
Myeloid-specific Deficiency of Pregnane X Receptor Decreases Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. PXR thereby functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate host responses to xenobiotics by transcriptionally regulating many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. We have previously reported that PXR has pro-atherogenic effects in animal models, but how PXR contributes to atherosclerosis development in different tissues or cell types remains elusive. In this study, we generated an LDL receptor-deficient mouse model with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR−/−) to elucidate the role of macrophage PXR signaling in atherogenesis. The myeloid PXR deficiency did not affect metabolic phenotypes and plasma lipid profiles, but PXRΔMyeLDLR−/− mice had significantly decreased atherosclerosis at both aortic root and brachiocephalic arteries compared with control littermates. Interestingly, the PXR deletion did not affect macrophage adhesion and migration properties, but reduced lipid accumulation and foam cell formation in the macrophages. PXR deficiency also led to decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 and impaired lipid uptake in macrophages of the PXRΔMyeLDLR−/− mice. Further, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that treatment with a prototypical PXR ligand affects the expression of many atherosclerosis-related genes in macrophages in vitro. These findings reveal a pivotal role of myeloid PXR signaling in atherosclerosis development and suggest that PXR may be a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis management.
CD133+Exosome Treatment Improves Cardiac Function after Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Mice.

Cardiac complications post-stroke are common, and diabetes exacerbates post-stroke cardiac injury. In this study, we tested whether treatment with exosomes harvested from human umbilical cord blood derived CD133+ cells (CD133+Exo) improves cardiac function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stroke mice. Adult (3–4 m), male, BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J (db/db, T2DM) and non-DM (db+) mice were randomized to sham or photothrombotic stroke groups. T2DM-stroke mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or CD133+Exo (20 μg, i.v.) at 3 days after stroke. T2DM sham and T2DM+CD133+Exo treatment groups were included as controls. Echocardiography was performed, and mice were sacrificed at 28 days after stroke. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial capillary density, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammatory factor expression were measured in the heart. MicroRNA-126 expression and its target gene expression were measured in the heart. T2DM mice exhibit significant cardiac deficits such as decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and shortening fraction (LVSF), increased left ventricular diastolic dimension (LVDD), and reduced heart rate compared to non-DM mice. Stroke in non-DM and T2DM mice significantly decreases LVEF compared to non-DM and T2DM-sham, respectively. Cardiac dysfunction is worse in T2DM-stroke mice compared to non-DM-stroke mice. CD133+Exo treatment of T2DM-stroke mice significantly improves cardiac function identified by increased LVEF and decreased LVDD compared to PBS treated T2DM-stroke mice. In addition, CD133+Exo treatment significantly decreases body weight and blood glucose but does not decrease lesion volume in T2DM-stroke mice. CD133+Exo treatment of T2DM mice significantly decreases body weight and blood glucose but does not improve cardiac function. CD133+Exo treatment in T2DM-stroke mice significantly decreases myocardial cross-sectional area, interstitial fibrosis, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), numbers of M1 macrophages, and oxidative stress markers 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in heart tissue. CD133+Exo treatment increases myocardial capillary density in T2DM-stroke mice as well as upregulates endothelial cell capillary tube formation in vitro. MiR-126 is highly expressed in CD133+Exo compared to exosomes derived from endothelial cells. Compared to PBS treatment, CD133+Exo treatment significantly increases miR-126 expression in the heart and decreases its target gene expression such as Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (Spred-1), vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) in the heart of T2DM-stroke mice. CD133+Exo treatment significantly improves cardiac function in T2DM-stroke mice. The cardio-protective effects of CD133+Exo in T2DM-stroke mice may be attributed at least in part to increasing miR-126 expression and decreasing its target protein expression in the heart, increased myocardial capillary density and decreased cardiac inflammatory factor expression.
Click-evoked and speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses from individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) is more sensitive to the effects of multiple sclerosis (MS) than click-evoked ABR. Materials and Methods Eleven previously-confirmed MS patients (8 females, 3 males) and nine controls (7 females, 2 males), matched in age and gender, participated in a repeated-measures design. Stimuli were presented monaurally to the right ear via insert earphone. All evoked potential responses were collected by a single-channel montage where three electrodes were placed on the center of the head (Cz: non-inverting/ active), the ipsilateral earlobe (inverting/ reference) and the contralateral earlobe (ground). Rarefaction clicks of 0.1 ms duration were presented at rates of 13.30 and 91.1 clicks per second. Speech-evoked ABRs were obtained using the BioMARK software and the Bio-Logic Navigator PRO hardware. A synthesized /da/ syllable of 40-ms duration was presented via alternating polarity and at a rate of 10.9 stimuli per second. Stimuli were presented at 80 dB SPL. Speech-evoked ABR responses were obtained in quiet and in noise. Results Conventional click ABR responses were absent more often at high presentation rates in control subjects than in MS patients. Speech-evoked ABR peak amplitudes, wave E latency and V A complex slope variables separated the MS patients from controls. Group differences were also found in speech-evoked ABR response correlations in quiet versus noise conditions. Conclusions The speech-evoked ABR is as or more sensitive to MS than conventional ABR measures without resort to simply noting missing peaks. Comparison of speech-evoked ABR responses in quiet and in noise highlight loss of neural synchrony in MS.
Inhibitory interneurons show early dysfunction in a SOD1 mouse model of ALS

Few studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) focus on the premotor interneurons synapsing onto motoneurons (MNs). We hypothesized inhibitory interneurons contribute to dysfunction, particularly if altered before MN neuropathology. We directly assessed excitability and morphology of ventral lumbar glycinergic interneurons from SOD1G93AGlyT2eGFP (SOD1) and wildtype GlyT2eGFP (WT) mice. SOD1 interneurons were smaller but density was unchanged. Patch clamp revealed dampened excitability in SOD1 interneurons, including depolarized PICs and voltage threshold. Renshaw cells (RCs; confirmed with immunohistochemistry) showed similar dampened excitability. Morphology and electrophysiology were used to create a random forest statistical model to predict RCs when histological verification was not possible. Predicted SOD1 RCs were less excitable (consistent with experimental results); predicted SOD1 non-RCs were more excitable. In summary, inhibitory interneurons show very early perturbations poised to impact MNs, modify motor output, and provide early biomarkers of ALS. Therapeutics like riluzole that universally reduce CNS excitability could exacerbate this dysfunction.
Upaya Pendidikan Sufistik dalam Pengembangan Psikologi Modern

This article seeks to examine the efforts of sufi education and their relation to the field of psychology, especially from a positive developmental perspective. This is because modern psychology tends to study human development, which is negative, while the scope of research in positive human development is worth paying attention to. Although modern psychology recognizes humanity as the central center of life, the fact is that the field is more focused on mental symptoms, rather than exploring the inner potential of humanity. In this regard, Sufis education can serve as an alternative ground, which can be used in modern psychology. This is because Sufis education in the context of psychology has methods that can expand the inner potential of man.
Electro-hydro-elastic modeling of Structure-Borne Traveling Waves and their application to aquatic swimming motions

Abstract Structure-Borne Traveling Waves (SBTWs) can replicate the combined undulatory and oscillatory motions utilized by body and/or caudal fin (BCF) aquatic swimmers. However, when SBTWs are generated in a dense fluid media, such as water, there is poor understanding of the Fluid–Structure Interactions (FSI). There is also limited understanding of how to achieve the full undulatory motions. This study demonstrates the effect of FSI on SBTWs and investigates the relationship between SBTW quality (undulatory vs. oscillatory motion) and forcing input. SBTWs function by leveraging a surface’s structural properties (mode shapes and natural frequencies) to deform a surface into a dynamic waveform. SBTWs are a combination of traveling and standing waves, and can range in quality from pure traveling wave (undulatory) to pure standing wave (oscillatory). SBTWs require a small number of actuators, can be generated on any thin-walled surface (flat or curved), and have customizable parameters (direction, frequency, wavelength). However, SBTWs are sensitive to FSI due to their dependence on the structural properties. In this study, an electro-hydro-elastic (EHE) model is developed to capture the effect of FSI on SBTWs and investigate how the forcing input affects the resultant waveform (undulatory vs. oscillatory). The EHE model consists of a clamped-free beam with discrete, piezoelectric actuators in a quiescent fluid. Slender beam theory and the hydrodynamic function are used to capture the added fluid mass and viscous damping, assuming small displacement amplitudes. The model accurately replicates experimental SBTWs in quiescent water across a range of parameters and is able to predict the SBTW quality. It is shown that the quality is maximized (i.e. pure traveling wave/undulatory motion) when the actuators provide equal forcing to the structure. This can be achieved through judicious actuator placement and control of the relative voltage inputs. This study demonstrates that SBTWs can be generated in quiescent water and they can replicate the combined undulatory and oscillatory motions seen in BCF swimming. This represents a critical step towards implementing SBTWs for underwater propulsion, and future studies should evaluate the propulsive capabilities (i.e. thrust).
Perspectives on the development of first-in-class protein degraders.

Targeted protein degradation is a broad and expanding field aimed at the modulation of protein homeostasis. A focus of this field has been directed toward molecules that hijack the ubiquitin protea...
Fatal Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Following Immunization Against Human Papillomavirus in a 14-Year-Old Boy:

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a prevalent pathogen whose persistent infection can lead to a variety of cancers. To protect against this threat, an HPV vaccine has been developed and is routinely administered to adolescents. The HPV vaccine has a reassuring safety profile, but reports have emerged of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following its administration. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a severe inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and the most fulminant form of ADEM. We report a previously healthy 14-year-old boy who developed headache, fatigue, focal weakness, and confusion 3 weeks after receiving the HPV vaccine. Neuroimaging demonstrated multifocal demyelination. Despite treatment with high-dose steroids, his encephalopathy worsened. He developed severe cerebral edema and died of cerebral herniation. Postmortem histology revealed perivenular sleeves of tissue damage, myelin loss surrounding small parenchymal vessels, and diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis, consistent with AHLE. This is the first report of AHLE following HPV vaccination.
The Evolution of Urban and Metropolitan Areas: An Essay

The Bureau of the Census first defined Metropolitan Districts and set the current minimum for an area and its population to be considered urban in 1910. The 1950 census saw the first reporting of data for Standard Metropolitan Areas and Urbanized Areas, the latter being the denser, built-up portions of metropolitan areas. The definitions of these areas evolved during the remainder of the last century with the names for the metropolitan areas changing, but the basic approach remained constant. Major changes to the definitions were made around 2000. The use of small areas rather than the entire areas of cities constituted a significant improvement for Urbanized Areas. However, the rules put in place to identify separate Urbanized Areas caused fragmentation of some areas and, because of the way in which the new Metropolitan Statistical Areas were now being defined, caused the splitting up of numbers of areas that had been unified under the previous definition. The problem was compounded by the decision for 2010 to freeze Urbanized Area divisions, ending the possible combination of both those areas and the Metropolitan Statistical Areas that has occurred in the past in response to the growth and evolution of metropolitan regions.
A HIERARCHICAL REGIONALIZATION OF RSFSR ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS USING 1966–69 MIGRATION DATA

The coefficients of migration intensity calculated by Rybakovskiy (see preceding article) are used to derive a system of migration regions, which are defined as groups of administrative units with maximum internal interaction and a minimum flow across migration-defining boundaries. The technique is based on the assumption that gross migration flows may provide a reasonably objective basis for determining practical boundaries within a national territory. The technique yields a hierarchy of regionalizations that is then compared with the official Soviet system of major economic regions. None of the 10 major economic regions in their entirety turn out to conform to strong migration components, although one migration cluster, focused on the Northwest, corresponds fairly closely to the official Northwest region. For the rest, administrative units of the Far East and Siberia are grouped together in one migration cluster, as are the southern Volga region and the North Caucasus. Units of the Central [Industrial] ...
Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection of lobster, a crustacean shellfish allergen

Abstract Crustacean shellfish are a leading cause of food allergy in American adults, and the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act requires that different types of crustacean shellfish be distinguished from each other. In general ELISA assays are not capable of differentiating crustacean type, but PCR assays are. In this work, a real-time PCR assay for lobster, a crustacean shellfish allergen, was developed and evaluated. Food matrices were spiked with lobster meat at 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 104, and 105 parts per million (ppm). In addition to testing of several different food matrices, method performance was determined using conditions which have historically proven challenging for PCR analyses, specifically food matrices with low DNA content and acidic pH levels, as well as foods that were treated with combined high temperature and pressure. Real-time PCR standard curves were generated from spiked, treated foods and analyzed with respect to linear range and reaction efficiency. In most cases, the assay was linear over 6–8 orders of magnitude; lower limits of detection were 0.1–1 ppm and reaction efficiencies were within the preferred range of 100 ± 10%. A notable exception occurred in the case of heat treatment at acidic pH, which resulted in severe delay or complete loss of amplification signals.
Chapter 3 Mathematical models of group choice and negotiations

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the importance and prevalence of group choice in marketing. Few choices are made by individuals truly independent of others and many are explicitly joint. The examples in the chapter are designed to illustrate the hazards of assuming that most choices are independent. Purchase histories can be misinterpreted if they are assumed to belong to a single individual and actually reflect the preferences of multiple family members, buyers, and sellers often negotiate issues that have been assumed to be set by one party and either accepted or rejected by the other, and strategy is more often formulated by formal or informal management teams than by individuals that may result in inaccurate choice predictions for them.
The incidence of isolated single umbilical artery in twins and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of single umbilical artery (SUA) in twin pregnancies and to investigate whether SUA in twin gestations is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive twin pregnancies over 17 years at a tertiary care hospital. Primary exposure was SUA in one or both twins documented at routine second trimester anatomic survey. Adverse obstetric outcomes included small for gestational age (SGA), placental abruption, and preterm birth, evaluated in univariable and multivariable analyses. Analysis was performed both at the pregnancy level and at the fetal level using paired analyses to account for the non-independence of twin pairs. Results Of the 2378 twin pregnancies without major anatomic abnormalities, 1.7% (n = 40) had SUA. Only one pregnancy (one monochorionic twin pair) was complicated by both twins having SUA. Twin fetuses with SUA are at increased risk for SGA (aOR = 2.1 (1.2–4.1), p = 0.03) after adjusting for pertinent confounding factors, similar to the findings of previous studies in singleton pregnancies. In addition, twins with SUA may be at increased risk for preterm delivery before 28 weeks compared with twin pregnancies with normal three-vessel umbilical cords (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.2 (1.3–7.89.4), p = 0.01). Conclusions The incidence of SUA in twin gestations in this cohort is significantly less than the recently published data. Similar to reports in singleton gestations, SUA appears to be associated with an increased risk for SGA in twins. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic Polysilanes : XIII. Ring closure reactions of α,ω-dichloropermethylpolysilanes; The preparation of heterocyclic phenylphosphapermethylsilanes (PhP)m(SiMe2)n

Abstract The reactions of the dichloropermethylsilanes Cl(SiMe2)nCl (n = 1−6) with dilithium phenylphosphide yield a series of novel heterocyclic phosphasilanes. For n = 4, 5 and 6, the reaction leads to the corresponding 5-, 6- and 7-membered cyclic monophosphapolysilanes PhP(SiMe2)n, but when n = 3, a polymeric material of probable formula [PhP(SiMe2)3]n is formed. For n = 2, ring closure again occurs, to yield the 6-membered P2Si4 ring compound [PhP(SiMe2)2]2. With dimethyldichlorosilane, cyclization results in the dimeric phosphasilane (PhPSiMe2)2 at −40°C, and the corresponding trimeric derivative (PhPSiMe2)3 at +40°C. These two ring sizes exist in an equilibrium (PhPSiMe2)2 ⇌ (PhPSiMe2)3, the dimer being stable at room temperature, but being converted into the trimer above 150°C. The 1H, 13C, 29Si and 31P NMR parameters are reported for all the compounds, and the chemical shifts and coupling constants interpreted in terms of the molecular and electronic structures of the different ring sizes.
The ribosomal serine proteinase, cathepsin R. Occurrence in rat-liver ribosomes in a cryptic form.

Ribosomes have been shown to contain a proteolytic activity, characterized as an endopeptidase with serine in the active center. The enzyme has been given the name cathepsin R, following the recommendations of Barrett et al. (in a publication from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) for naming new pro- teinases. The present paper contains evidence that cathepsin R in rat liver ribosomes is present in a cryptic form. Upon dissociation of ribosomes to subunits (and to minor extent also by 0.5 M KCl washes). the cryptic proteinase is released. Activation of the released cathepsin R is effected by equilibration with 2 MNaCl/O.05 M sodium acetate, pH 4.8. The molecular weight of free cathepsin R is 25000–30000.
BOF: developing an integration infrastructure for the statistical knowledge network: metadata and standards

A number of the digital government projects are addressing issues related to the integration of statistical information from multiple sources. Mechanisms for storing, retrieving, transmitting, and integrating that information are highly dependent on metadata that describes, explains, and provides context for the statistical information. These metadata include ontologies, terminological systems of all kinds, technical documentation about methods, etc. There are a variety of standards in play relevant to these efforts: DDI (Data Documentation Initiative), ISO11179 for metadata registries, RDF, terminological system standards, etc. The BOF would look at which metadata aspects and standards various projects are working with, discuss issues of coordination of these efforts, and begin to strategize on how to draw on expertise in the statistical agencies to inform ongoing decisions in this area.
Asthma-associated comorbidities in children with and without secondhand smoke exposure.

Abstract Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is known to trigger asthma, but asthma disease severity and comorbidities in children exposed to SHS are not very well quantified. Objective To identify comorbidities and understand health care usage in children with asthma exposed to SHS (cases) compared with children with asthma but without SHS exposure (controls). Methods A retrospective nested matched case-and-control study was conducted with children 5 to 18 years old who were enrolled in the Pediatric Asthma Management Program. Pulmonary function testing (spirometry, methacholine challenges, and exhaled nitric oxide) and body mass index were reviewed. Influenza vaccination rates, oral steroid usage, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations were assessed. Network analysis of the 2 groups also was conducted to evaluate for any associations between the variables. Results Cases had significantly higher body mass index percentiles (>75%, odds ratio [OR] 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–2.2, P = .001). Cases were less likely to have had a methacholine challenge (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.36–0.68, P P = .04) performed than controls. The ratio of forced expiration volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity and forced expiration volume in 1 second were lower in cases than in controls ( P P = .001) than controls. Unsupervised multivariable network analysis suggested a lack of discrete and unique subgroups between cases and controls. Conclusion Children with asthma exposed to SHS are more likely to have comorbid conditions such as obesity, more severe asthma, and less health care usage than those not exposed to SHS. Smoking cessation interventions and addressing health disparities could be crucial in this vulnerable population.
angaGEDUCI: Anopheles gambiae gene expression database with integrated comparative algorithms for identifying conserved DNA motifs in promoter sequences

The completed sequence of the Anopheles gambiae genome has enabled genome-wide analyses of gene expression and regulation in this principal vector of human malaria. These investigations have created a demand for efficient methods of cataloguing and analyzing the large quantities of data that have been produced. The organization of genome-wide data into one unified database makes possible the efficient identification of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression, and by pairing these findings with comparative algorithms, may offer a tool to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate these expression patterns. We provide a publicly-accessible database and integrated data-mining tool, angaGEDUCI, that unifies 1) stage- and tissue-specific microarray analyses of gene expression in An. gambiae at different developmental stages and temporal separations following a bloodmeal, 2) functional gene annotation, 3) genomic sequence data, and 4) promoter sequence comparison algorithms. The database can be used to study genes expressed in particular stages, tissues, and patterns of interest, and to identify conserved promoter sequence motifs that may play a role in the regulation of such expression. The database is accessible from the address http://www.angaged.bio.uci.edu . By combining gene expression, function, and sequence data with integrated sequence comparison algorithms, angaGEDUCI streamlines spatial and temporal pattern-finding and produces a straightforward means of developing predictions and designing experiments to assess how gene expression may be controlled at the molecular level.
Vitamin D Protects Against Atherosclerosis via Regulation of Cholesterol Efflux and Macrophage Polarization in Hypercholesterolemic Swine

Objective—Prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency and its association with the risk of cardiovascular disease prompted us to evaluate the effect of VD status on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic microswine. Approach and Results—Yucatan microswine were fed with VD-deficient (0 IU/d), VD-sufficient (1000 IU/d), or VD-supplemented (3000 IU/d) high-cholesterol diet for 48 weeks. Serum lipids and 25(OH)-cholecalciferol levels were measured biweekly. Histology and biochemical parameters of liver and arteries were analyzed. Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cholesterol metabolism was examined in human hepatocyte carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and human monocytic cell line (THP-1) macrophage-derived foam cells. VD deficiency decreased plasma high-density lipoprotein levels, expression of liver X receptors, ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1, and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G1 and promoted cholesterol accumulation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic microswine. VD pro...
Characterization of chemical selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. 4. Effect of surfactant headgroup.

The influence of surfactant headgroups on migration behavior in micellar electrokinetic chromatography is examined. Using linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) and functional group selectivity studies, the effect of six anionic headgroups on chemical selectivity is characterized. The sodium dodecyl surfactants of the sulfate [SO4-], sulfonate [SO3-], carboxylate [CO2-], carbonyl valine [OC(O)NHCH(CH(CH3)2)CO2-], and sulfoacetate [OC(O)CH2SO3-] anions are investigated. Solute size and the hydrogen-bond-donating ability of the micellar phase play the most significant roles in solute retention in all of the surfactants studied. While solute−micelle hydrogen bonding plays a dominant role in the observed selectivity, the dipolarity and polarizability of the micellar phase also have a small influence. The results also suggest that the hydrogen-bond-accepting ability for surfactants is inversely proportional to the proton acidity (pKa) of its headgroup. The observed hydrogen-bond-donating ability and dipo...
Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943

Preface Sucheng Chan Acknowledgments 1. The Chinese Contribution to the Development of American Law Charles J. McClain and Laurene Wu McClain 2. Due Process, Treaty Rights, and the Efforts to Exclude the Chinese, 1882- 1891 Christian G. Fritz 3. "Laws Harsh as Tigers": Enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1891-1924 Lucy E. Salyer 4. The Exclusion of Chinese Women, 1870-1943 Sucheng Chan 5. Chinatown Social Organizations and the Anti-Chinese Movement, 1882-1914 L. Eve Armentrout Ma 6. The Kuomintang in Chinese American Communities before World War II Him Mark Lai 7. Chinese Protestants in the San Francisco Bay Area Wesley Woo 8. The Politics and Poetics of Folksong Reading: Portrayal of Life Under Exclusion Sau-ling C. Wong English-Chinese Glossary About the Contributors
Work planning and performance review as a basis for merit pay decisions: An evaluation

The Work Planning and Performance Review (WPPR) System, developed in a midwestern state as a basis for pay-for-performance decisions in the state government, is described. The WPPR's job relevance was evaluated in one state agency by comparing WPPR scores with scores on a behavioral checklist developed for that purpose. Supervisor and subordinate perceptions of the relevance of the two systems are described. Comparison and perception data indicate the WPPR lacks content validity. Probable impact on the merit pay system is discussed.
Rethinking the acquisitions budget: Anticipating and managing change

This paper reflects the perspective and role of the acquisitions librarian in the planning, expenditure, and fiscal control involved in managing the materials/resources budget. It should not be redundant with information presented from the collection development perspective. However, it will, by necessity, be reiterative of some points because much of what is required in managing an acquisitions budget applies to both acquisitions and collection development functions and processes. The information collected and analyzed by the acquisitions and accounting personnel in the course of a year’s orders to keep expenditures within available funds is the same information needed by whomever in the organization is charged with developing the overall plan for expenditures and implementing the plan so that the library spends all that it has been allotted on the materials it needs. The need for budget management is present in all libraries. The tightness of the control of expenditures is dependent upon institutional resources, size of collection, and library’s mission. This paper’s focus is on anticipating the need for a change in the course of expenditures once a fiscal year has begun; i.e., after a spending plan has been implemented. If changes are anticipated, the management of the change is less difficult and can be related to collection priorities. This need to make significant changes may result from a number of circumstances either internal or external to the library. The institution may suffer financially and cut library funds after the fiscal year begins; a combination of factors in the book trade and the economy (e.g., currency fluctuations, increased production) make the cost of materials purchased greater than anticipated; library administration may find it necessary to divert acquisition funds to other types of expenditures; a costly but “bargain” collection may appear which has the effect of changing the plan to purchase other materials. Any and all of these may occur within a fiscal year. Other types of situations which require rethinking are university budgets unfunded by legislatures late into the fiscal year or uneven and unpredictable funding from year to year or biennium to biennium. The underlying assumption here is that there is no large pool of special funds to be used, at will, to bail out the basic materials budget if it is overencumbered or if funding level drops or changes mid-year.
General scaling law of optical lithography: optical theory

The concept of system invariance is the principle of scaling law in optical lithography. Both the conservation of the intensity threshold of the aerial image and the invariant pupil filling of the diffracted light with the normalized numerical aperture (NA) have to be satisfactory in order to ensure the invariance for a system in a variety of optical settings. Two well-known scaling equations with k1 and k2 factors characterize the capability of the manufacturing process in microlithography. In theory, the validity of these two equations has to be based on the principle of invariance. Therefore, any optical parameters in exposure tool could be scaling validly and properly, once they obey the principle of invariance.
U.S. Climate Sensitivity Simulated with the NCEP Regional Spectral Model

10-year continuous U.S. climate simulations were conducted with the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) using boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Dept. of Energy reanalyses and the global PCM (Parallel Climate Model) simulations for present day (1986–1996) andfuture (2040–2050) CO2 concentrations (about a 36% increasedCO2). In order to examine the influence of physical parameterization differences as well as grid-resolution, fine resolution RSM simulations (50 km) were compared to coarse resolution (180 and 250 km) RSM simulations, which had resolutions comparable to the T62 reanalysis and PCM simulations. During the winter, the fine resolution RSM simulations provided more realistic detail over the western mountains. During the summer, large differences between the RSM and driving PCM simulations were found. Our results with presentCO2 suggest that most of the differences between the regionalclimate model simulations and the climate simulations driven by the global model used to drive the regional climate model were not due to the finer resolution of the regional climate model but to the different treatment of the physical processes in the two models, especially when the subgrid scale physics was important, like during summer. Compared to the coarse resolution RSM simulation results, on the other hand, the fine resolution RSM simulations did show improved simulation skills especially when a good boundary condition such as the reanalysis was used to drive the RSM. Under increased CO2, the driving PCM and downscaled RSM simulations exhibitedwarming over all vertical layers and all regions. Both the RSM and PCM had increased precipitation during the winter, but during the summer, the PCM simulation had an overall precipitation increase mainly due to increased subgrid scale convective activity, whereas the RSM simulations exhibited precipitation decreases and the resulting RSM soil moisture became dryer, especially in the U.S. Southwest. Most of differences in the simulated climate change signals were produced by the distinct model physics rather than by differences in grid resolution.
Adaptation and perceptual norms in color vision

Many perceptual dimensions are thought to be represented relative to an average value or norm. Models of norm-based coding assume that the norm appears psychologically neutral because it reflects a neutral response in the underlying neural code. We tested this assumption in human color vision by asking how judgments of “white” are affected as neural responses are altered by adaptation. The adapting color was varied to determine the stimulus level that did not bias the observer's subjective white point. This level represents a response norm at the stages at which sensitivity is regulated by the adaptation, and we show that these response norms correspond to the perceptually neutral stimulus and that they can account for how the perception of white varies both across different observers and within the same observer at different locations in the visual field. We also show that individual differences in perceived white are reduced when observers are exposed to a common white adapting stimulus, suggesting that the perceptual differences are due in part to differences in how neural responses are normalized. These results suggest a close link between the norms for appearance and coding in color vision and illustrate a general paradigm for exploring this link in other perceptual domains.
Pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and its catabolites and interactions with probenecid in rhesus monkeys.

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 39-azido-39-deoxythymidine (AZT) were investigated in rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous administration of 33.3 mg of AZT per kg of body weight alone or in the presence of 100 mg of probenecid per kg. In addition to unchanged drug, two catabolites, 59-O-glucuronide (GAZT) and 39-amino-39-deoxythymidine (AMT), were detected in plasma within 30 min. GAZT exhibited a kinetic profile similar to that of AZT, with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 h, while AMT was more variable, with an apparent half-life of 1.6 +/- 1.5 h. Approximately 90% of the total administered dose was recovered in urine within 24 h as AZT, GAZT, AMT, and the 59-O-glucuronide of AMT. AZT and AMT demonstrated similar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration 1 h after AZT treatment, while GAZT poorly crossed the blood-brain barrier. Concomitant administration of probenecid greatly altered the pharmacokinetics of AZT, GAZT, and AMT, resulting in prolongation of their apparent elimination half-lives, increased concentrations in plasma, and marked reduction in renal clearances. In addition, the CSF/plasma concentration ratios for AZT and its catabolites were greatly increased, suggesting that probenecid inhibits efflux of AZT and its catabolites from CSF to plasma. The substantial levels of AMT in plasma suggest that this catabolite affects the pharmacodynamic properties of AZT in relation to its activity against human immunodeficiency virus replication and cytotoxicity to host cells. Enhanced AMT levels in plasma in the presence of probenecid may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of the AZT-probenecid combination.
Global estimation in constrained environments

This article considers the optimal estimation of the state of a dynamic observable using a mobile sensor. The main goal is to compute a sensor trajectory that minimizes the estimation error over a given time horizon taking into account uncertainties in the observable dynamics and sensing, and respecting the constraints of the workspace. The main contribution is a methodology for handling arbitrary dynamics, noise models, and environment constraints in a global optimization framework. It is based on sequential Monte Carlo methods and sampling-based motion planning. Three variance reduction techniques-utility sampling, shuffling, and pruning-based on importance sampling, are proposed to speed up convergence. The developed framework is applied to two typical scenarios: a simple vehicle operating in a planar polygonal obstacle environment and a simulated helicopter searching for a moving target in a 3-D terrain.
Novel Nanocrystalline Composites

We have developed a novel processing technique to fabricate tungsten carbide (WC) nanocomposites with uniform grain size. In this method, pulsed laser deposition of WC in conjunction with a few monolayers of nickel aluminide (NiAl) is used to control the grain size of nanocrystalline composites. The grain size of WC was controlled by the thickness of tungsten carbide and the substrate temperature. The role of NiAl is to ensure the nucleation of tungsten carbide islands, and it is relatively insoluble in WC. Using this approach, we have fabricated nanocomposites of grain sizes ranging from 6 nm to 35 nm. The hardness of the composite increases with the decrease in grain size, following approximately Hall-Petch relationship. Below a critical value, we observed a softening behavior which has been modeled to be related to intragrain deformation or grain boundary shear. The role of NiAl in grain boundary deformation is of particular interest in strengthening and stabilizing against the grain growth of nanocrystalline composites. The new WC-NiAl composite is expected to have superior high-temperature strength compared to conventional microcrystalline WC-Co composites.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Predictive toxicology: benchmarking molecular descriptors and statistical methods

The development of drugs depends on finding compounds that have beneficial effects with a minimum of toxic effects. The measurement of toxic effects is typically time-consuming and expensive, so there is a need to be able to predict toxic effects from the compound structure. Predicting toxic effects is expected to be challenging because there are usually multiple toxic mechanisms involved. In this paper, combinations of different chemical descriptors and popular statistical methods were applied to the problem of predictive toxicology. Four data sets were collected and cleaned, and four different sets of chemical descriptors were calculated for the compounds in each of the four data sets. Three statistical methods (recursive partitioning, neural networks, and partial least squares) were used to attempt to link chemical descriptors to the response. Good predictions were achieved in the two smaller data sets; we found for large data sets that the results were less effective, indicating that new chemical desc...
Moe1 and spInt6, the Fission Yeast Homologues of Mammalian Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunits p66 (eIF3d) and p48 (eIF3e), Respectively, Are Required for Stable Association of eIF3 Subunits

Abstract The protein encoded by the fission yeast gene,moe1+ is the homologue of the p66/eIF3d subunit of mammalian translation initiation factor eIF3. In this study, we show that in fission yeast, Moe1 physically associates with eIF3 core subunits as well as with 40 S ribosomal particles as a constituent of the eIF3 protein complex that is similar in size to multisubunit mammalian eIF3. However, strains lacking moe1+(Δmoe1) are viable and show no gross defects in translation initiation, although the rate of translation in theΔmoe1 cells is about 30–40% slower than wild-type cells. Mutant Δmoe1 cells are hypersensitive to caffeine and defective in spore formation. These phenotypes ofΔmoe1 cells are similar to those reported previously for deletion of the fission yeast int6+ gene that encodes the fission yeast homologue of the p48/Int6/eIF3e subunit of mammalian eIF3. Further analysis of eIF3 subunits inΔmoe1 or Δint6 cells shows that in these deletion strains, while all the eIF3 subunits are bound to 40 S particles, dissociation of ribosome-bound eIF3 results in the loss of stable association between the eIF3 subunits. In contrast, eIF3 isolated from ribosomes of wild-type cells are associated with one another in a protein complex. These observations suggest that Moe1 and spInt6 are each required for stable association of eIF3 subunits in fission yeast.
A dynamic approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis

Abstract The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis states that pollution levels increase as a country develops, but begin to decrease as rising incomes pass beyond a turning point. In EKC analyses, the relationship between environmental degradation and income is usually expressed as a quadratic function with the turning point occurring at a maximum pollution level. Other explanatory variables have been included in these models, but income regularly has had the most significant effect on indicators of environmental quality. One variable consistently omitted in these relationships is the price of energy. This paper analyzes previous models to illustrate the importance of prices in these models and then includes prices in an econometric EKC framework testing energy/income and CO2/income relationships. These long-run price/income models find that income is no longer the most relevant indicator of environmental quality or energy demand. Indeed, we find no significant evidence for the existence of an EKC within the range of current incomes for energy in the presence of price and trade variables.