cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Charge Density as Indicated by Montmorillonite Hydration

A sodium-saturated Texas bentonite was fractionated into six particle-size ranges. The expansion of each fraction was observed by X-ray diffraction under controlled humidity conditions ranging from 0–100 per cent r.h. At all humidities, the fine fractions expanded more than the coarse. A single size fraction expands through a series 10 A, 12.4 A and 15.5 A. The expansion from 10–12.4 A occurs at progressively lower relative humidities for smaller size fractions in the same way as the expansion from 12.4–15.5 A. The gradation from high resistance to expansion in the coarse fractions to low resistance to expansion in the fine fractions appears to be continuous.
Atom Probe Data Mining

This paper presents efficient data mining methods which can extract quantitative estimates. Some approaches to data mining and information management are discussed
Race and Gender Differences in the Sources of Students’ Self‐schemata for Sport and Physical Activities

Abstract The most recent United States Surgeon General's report underscores the need for increased levels of regular physical activity in the US population in general, and in minorities and women in particular. Insight into variations in participation patterns in particular sports and physical activities may provide insight into the differing activity levels in women and minorities. Resent research, utilizing self‐schemata conceptual framework, indicates that particular physical activities are viewed as self‐defining for race and gender groups. This study investigated the sources of self‐schemata and whether these sources vary by race and gender. Questionnaire data and subsequent factor analyses revealed four stable factors: TV/modeling, expectations, parental influence, and effort. Multivariate analyses of these factors revealed gender and racial differences. Understanding the dynamics of self‐schemata development and the influences of race and gender holds potential for improving general health, teacher...
Toward a Rational Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries

Abstract Current methods for physiological correction of transposition of the great arteries are well established. Continuing morbidity is associated with them, however. The development of hypothermic open-heart surgery and the perfection of microsurgical techniques coupled with our observations of favorable coronary anatomy in many patients with transposition lead us to suggest that the time is ripe for attempts at complete anatomical correction. Our experimental background and several alternatives are suggested.
Evaluation of the storage life of vacuum packaged Australian beef

Abstract To establish the shelf-life of vacuum packaged Australian beef, 15 Strip-loins and 15 Cube-rolls for each Processor (A, B, and C) were evaluated at two week intervals (since wk 10 to 20). Steaks on the trays were placed in retail cabinets at 3 °C. Shelf-life evaluation was based on off-odor (only at week 10), microbial analysis, lipid oxidation, and color assessment by trained panelist and Hunter colorimeter. Panelists detected “slightly off-odor” in both primal cuts for Processors B and C ( P
A developmental study of the perception of onset spectra for stop consonants in different vowel environments.

The importance of different acoustic properties for the perception of place of articulation in prevocalic stop consonants was investigated from a developmental perspective. Eight adults and eight children in each of the age groups, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 years, listened to synthesized syllables comprised of all combinations of [b d g] and [i open aye]. The synthesis parameters were adapted from Blumstein and Stevens [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 648–662 (1980)], and included manipulations of the following stimulus variables: formant transitions (moving or straight), noise burst (present or absent), and voicing duration (10 or 46 ms). Identification performance was high for all age groups across most stimulus types. Formant transition motion generally was not necessary for accurate identification, and there was no difference between age groups in terms of the perceptual weight placed on this cue. Furthermore, the results did not support the salience of duration as a developmental cue to place of articulation. The presence of a burst improved identification for the velar and alveolar places of articulation for all age groups, but was particularly important for the 11‐year‐olds and adults. These findings indicate that children, by age 5, do not rely on dynamic formant motion any more than adults do, and that the ability to integrate acoustic cues across regions of spectral change shows developmental patterns.
Comparative radiosensitivity in the class insecta

Abstract A “radiosensitivity index” (LT50/mean longevity) was correlated with the mean longevity and dry weight of 37 insect species (both sexes of 12 species) representing eight orders. Curvilinear regression analysis relating radiosensitivity to mean longevity and mean dry weight indicated that 46·3% of the observed variation could be attributed to longevity and 32·6% to the dry weight of the species. In general, large long-lived adults were more radiosensitive than small short-lived adults. Correlation of the phylogeny of insect orders and order groupings with the radio-sensitivity index was found to be poor. However, when the index was related to longevity, there was a tendency for species comprising the major orders investigated to occur in groups along the predicted curve.
Heterogeneity in K+ Channel Transcript Expression Detected in Isolated Ferret Cardiac Myocytes

The molecular basis of the potassium ion (K+) channels that generate repolarization in heart tissue remains uncertain, in part because of the molecular diversity of the voltage-gated K+ channel family. In our investigation, we used fluorescent labeled oligonucleotide probes to perform in situ hybridization studies on enzymatically isolated myocytes to determine the identity, regional distribution, and cellular distribution of voltage-gated K+ channel, alpha-subunit mRNA expressed in ferret heart. The regions studied were from the sinoatrial node (SA), right and left atrium, right and left ventricle, and interatrial and interventricular septa. Kv1.5 and Kv1.4 were the most widely distributed K+ channel transcripts in the ferret heart (present in approximately 70%-86% and approximately 46%-95% of tested myocytes, respectively), followed by Kv1.2, Kv2.1, and Kv4.2. In addition, many myocytes contain transcripts for Kv1.3, Kv2.2, Kv4.1, Kv5.1, and members of the Kv3 family. Kv1.1, Kv1.6, and Kv6.1 were rarely expressed in working myocytes, but were more commonly expressed in SA nodal cells. Two other transcripts whose genes have been implicated in the long QT syndrome, erg and KvLQT1, were common in all regions (approximately 41%-58% and 52%-72%, respectively). These results show that both the diversity and heterogeneity of K+ channel mRNA in heart tissue is greater than previously suspected.
Nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal horn and inhibition of substantia gelatinosa neurons

Nociceptin, also referred to as orphanin FQ, is believed to be the endogenous ligand for the ORL1. Nociceptin, when injected intracerebroventricularly to mice, produced hyperalgesia in behavioral tests. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of ORL1 transcript in the spinal cord, and ORL1-like immunoreactivity has been localized to nerve fibers and somata throughout the spinal cord. Here, we report the localization of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity to fiber-like elements of the superficial layers of the rat dorsal horn by immunohistochemical techniques. Whole-cell recordings from substantia gelatinosa neurons in transverse lumbar spinal cord slices of 22-26-day-old rats showed that exogenous nociceptin at low concentrations (100-300 nM) depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of dorsal rootlets without causing an appreciable change of resting membrane potentials and glutamate-evoked depolarizations. At a concentration of 1 microM, nociceptin hyperpolarized substantia gelatinosa neurons and suppressed spike discharges. The hyperpolarizing and synaptic depressant action of nociceptin was not reversed by the known opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 microM). Our result provides evidence that nociceptin-like peptide is concentrated in nerve fibers of the rat dorsal horn and that it may serve as an inhibitory transmitter within the substantia gelatinosa.
THE IMMUNIZING ANTIGEN OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS : III. THE PURIFICATION OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE ANTIGEN.

Actively immunizing fractions of protein nature have been isolated from broth culture filtrates of Pneumococcus Type I by ultrafiltration, precipitation at a definite hydrion concentration, and the separation of a soluble picrate fraction. The method appears to be suitable for the initial purification of this antigen.
Distributed Model Predictive Control for networks with limited control communication

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in large buildings frequently feature physical interactions where the outputs of each dynamic subsystem act as disturbances to other subsystems in its neighborhood. Centralized control of such interconnected systems is usually not practical due to the large communication burden, while decentralized control may achieve the non-optimal performance as they don't account for system interactions. In this paper, a Neighbor-Communication based Distributed Model Predictive Control (NC-DMPC) framework is described that can handle such systems. Along some prediction horizons, the optimizer of each subsystem communicates its predicted optimum setpoints to its neighbors in addition to the costs imposed by the neighbor's predicted setpoints. Since there are different interconnected subsystems with different prediction and control horizons, each subsystem's optimizer considers the effects from its upstream neighbors only along its own prediction horizons (state and control horizons). In the proposed NC-DMPC framework, communication between all plants is not necessary to achieve a global optimum. Convergence to Pareto optimal trajectories for the proposed NC-DMPC is proved and a numerical example is used to demonstrate this aspect.
Culture Theory: The Developing Synthesis from Biology

This paper was invited as a discussion and critique of the preceding four papers. We have used it to take up the issue of whether the seemingly disparate approaches to culture theory from modern evolutionary biology can be reconciled and unified, and if so, how it can be done. Some of the differences, we think, exist chiefly in the minds of the investigators, perhaps as aspects of professional competition; some may arise from underlying ideological differences; and still others are apparently semantic. A few differences remain, however, that can be resolved only by showing that someone is wrong. All four papers are efforts to analyze the mechanisms of cultural transmission and change. This development is a logical next step in the progress toward understanding the meaning of recent advances in evolutionary biology for the problem of culture, and in the actual analysis of culture. It is appropriate that the initial question asked by this new wave of culture theorists was: Is culture "adaptive" in the new sense of that term from biology? We believe that the answer to this question has been established as affirmative in a sufficiently general sense to show that the new theories from biology are on the right course (e.g., Alexander, 1977, 1979a; Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, 1981; Chagnon, 1979, 1981; Daly and Wilson, 1978, 1981; Dickemann, 1979, 1981; Durham, 1976-1981; Flinn, 1981; Hames, 1979; Irons, 1979a, 1979b, 1981; Lumsden and Wilson, 1981). We hope that our comments here, while deliberately critical, will be recognized as part of the same general approach adopted by all of the authors represented in the four papers we are discussing, as well as those
Review of the evolution of electrodiagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradicoloneuropathy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradicoloneuropathy (CIDP) is a treatable form of neuropathy. Efforts to devise sets of electrodiagnostic (nerve conduction) criteria to distinguish primary demyelination from primary axonal neuropathies have been elusive, and at least 16 criteria have been proposed. Modifications to criteria frequently represent minor changes based on applying a set to a small number of patients with the clinical diagnosis of CIDP, whereas others are based on physiological changes related to demyelination and other pathophysiological features. The various modifications continue to result in limited sensitivity, likely related to the wide range of nerve conduction abnormalities among CIDP patients. Although some sets are appropriate for formal clinical drug trials, their complexity makes them difficult to apply in the clinic or electromyography laboratory. This study considers the evolution of the criteria, discusses their limitations, and ends with a simplified set of guidelines that can be applied in the clinic or laboratory.
Selenium yeast is an effective in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and hypolipemic agent in normal hamsters

Selenium as the selenite, selenomethionine, ebselen and yeast was investigated in an in vitro low density lipoprotein oxidation model to mimic the first step in atherogenesis. Ebselen and selenium yeast were found to be the best antioxidants of the forms of selenium. Selenium yeast was then given in two doses as a supplement to chow-fed hamsters for 15 days. The yeast significantly decreased total plasma cholesterol and the atherogenic index but did not significantly diminish HDL and triglycerides. Selenium yeast significantly decreased plasma lipid peroxides, low density lipoprotein oxidation lag time, and maximum slope of oxidation. These results indicate that selenium yeast is a powerful in vitro and in vivo antioxidant as well as a hypolipemic agent. These two actions could explain the benefit of selenium seen in epidemiology studies.
A simple technique for evaluation of vitality loss in aging mice, by testing their muscular coordination and vigor.

Abstract A method to determine age related changes in the neuromuscular competence of mice is described. When young animals are placed on a tightrope, they are able to grasp the string with the four legs and tail and move to reach a side pole. Usually, young obese and senescent mice cannot lift their hind legs and, after hanging for a few seconds from the forepaws, they fall on the cage bedding placed underneath. The mice are scored positive if they reach the side pole in 60 s or less. When the results are expressed as Transported biomass (total weight of the mice scored positive/number of mice tested, including those which failed the test) the age related vitality loss of a mouse population can be revealed before this loss is manifested in a high mortality rate. This simple determination of neuromuscular coordination and vigor has demonstrated its usefulness in studies from our laboratory on the rate of aging of mice treated with antioxidants.
Statistical theory of transport by strongly interacting lattice fermions

We present a study of electric transport at high temperature in a model of strongly interacting spinless fermions without disorder. We use exact diagonalization to study the statistics of the energy eigenvalues, eigenstates, and the matrix elements of the current. These suggest that our nonrandom Hamiltonian behaves like a member of a certain ensemble of Gaussian random matrices. We calculate the conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ and examine its behavior, both in finite size samples and as extrapolated to the thermodynamic limit. We find that $\sigma(\omega)$ has a prominent non-divergent singularity at $\omega=0$ reflecting a power-law long-time tail in the current autocorrelation function that arises from nonlinear couplings between the long-wavelength diffusive modes of the energy and particle number.
Ontogeny of the Maize Shoot Apical Meristem

The maize (Zea mays) shoot apical meristem (SAM) arises early in embryogenesis and functions during stem cell maintenance and organogenesis to generate all the aboveground organs of the plant. Despite its integral role in maize shoot development, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of SAM initiation. Laser microdissection of apical domains from developing maize embryos and seedlings was combined with RNA sequencing for transcriptomic analyses of SAM ontogeny. Molecular markers of key events during maize embryogenesis are described, and comprehensive transcriptional data from six stages in maize shoot development are generated. Transcriptomic profiling before and after SAM initiation indicates that organogenesis precedes stem cell maintenance in maize; analyses of the first three lateral organs elaborated from maize embryos provides insight into their homology and to the identity of the single maize cotyledon. Compared with the newly initiated SAM, the mature SAM is enriched for transcripts that function in transcriptional regulation, hormonal signaling, and transport. Comparisons of shoot meristems initiating juvenile leaves, adult leaves, and husk leaves illustrate differences in phase-specific (juvenile versus adult) and meristem-specific (SAM versus lateral meristem) transcript accumulation during maize shoot development. This study provides insight into the molecular genetics of SAM initiation and function in maize.
A Rview Of “Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster”: Michael Eric Dyson. New York: Basic Civitas, 2006. 258 pp. $23.00.

Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster is a book that eloquently and comprehensively addresses one of the most devastating natural disasters in American history. The w...
Prospective randomized observer-blinded study comparing the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block and local anaesthetic infiltration for umbilical hernia repair

Background Umbilical hernia repair, a common day-surgery procedure in children, is associated with considerable postoperative discomfort. Possible modes of postoperative analgesia for umbilical hernia repair are rectus sheath block (RSB) and local anaesthetic infiltration of the surgical site (LAI). Methods We undertook an observer-blinded, randomized, prospective, observational study to compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided RSB and LAI in providing postoperative analgesia for umbilical hernia repair. Our primary objective was to compare the use of opioid medication between patients who receive RSB and those who receive LAI. Our secondary objectives were to compare the duration of analgesia based on time to first rescue analgesic, to compare the quality of analgesia based on revised FACES scale, and to determine the incidence of side-effects. Results Fifty-two patients (26 in each group) completed the study. There was a statistically significant difference in the perioperative opioid medication consumption between the LAI group [mean: 0.13 mg kg−1, confidence interval (0.09–0.17 mg kg−1)] and the RSB group [mean: 0.07 mg kg−1, confidence interval (0.05–0.09 mg kg−1)] (P=0.008). When we compared the postoperative opioid consumption between the LAI group [mean: 0.1 mg kg−1, 95% confidence interval (0.07–0.13 mg kg−1)] and the RSB group [mean: 0.07 mg kg−1, 95% confidence interval (0.05–0.09 mg kg−1)] (P=0.09), there was a trend towards statistical significance between the two groups. The difference in time to rescue analgesic administration between the RSB group [49.7 (36.9) min] and the LAI group [32.4 (29.4) min] was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Conclusions This study demonstrates that ultrasound-guided RSB provides superior analgesia in the perioperative period compared with infiltration of the surgical site after umbilical hernia repair. In comparing only the postoperative period, analgesia provided by an ultrasound-guided RSB showed a trend towards statistically significant improvement compared with infiltration of the surgical site.
Continuous minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring with the COstatus in a neonatal swine model: recalibration is necessary during vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Summary Background The COstatus monitor measures cardiac output via the transpulmonary ultrasound dilution method (COTPUD) after injection of normal saline, and can calculate continuous cardiac output (CCO) from the arterial pressure waveform. The relationship between arterial waveform and COTPUD however, might be degraded during vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Objectives To examine if recalibration of arterial waveform-derived CCO is required during mild vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Methods In 10 anesthetized piglets (6.6–10.1 kg), two COstatus monitors calculated the CCO from the same femoral arterial waveform before and during infusions of phenylephrine (PE; 1 or 3 mg·kg−1·min−1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 or 5 mg·kg−1·min−1), administered in random order. One monitor was recalibrated (CCORecal) after each intervention, while the other monitor was not (CCONon-Recal). Recalibration was performed with COTPUD with 1 ml·kg−1 normal saline as indicator. The effects of each infusion on hemodynamic parameters were compared with baseline using paired t-tests. The bias, limits of agreement (LOA), and percentage error between simultaneous measurements (CCORecal and CCONon-Recal) were examined with Bland–Altman plots. Results Infusion of PE significantly increased COTPUD, heart rate (HR), and arterial pressures but not systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Infusion of SNP decreased arterial pressures without affecting COTPUD, HR, and SVR. There was no bias between CCORecal and CCONon-Recal at the baseline, but a small bias was observed during PE and SNP infusions. The LOA increased approximately 10 fold during vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The percentage error increased from ≤ 5% to 32% and 27% during PE and SNP infusions, respectively. Conclusion Continuous cardiac output (CO) measured with the COstatus monitor requires recalibration during vasoconstriction and vasodilation, even if changes in COTPUD or SVR are not substantial.
Together with the Homeland Civic Activism for National Salvation in British Hong Kong

This article draws on a wide variety of sources and recent scholarship on citizenship to reconceptualize the Chinese National Salvation movement in the 1930s. Instead of emphasizing partisan manipulation or intellectual advocacy as past research has done, it argues that broadly based civic activism was vital for national salvation. In Hong Kong, where national salvation activism emerged in a time of political repression but developed under forced tolerance by the British authorities, widely shared commiseration with their fellow Chinese became a motivating and unifying force that cut across social and class divides. Built upon traditions of charity by the rich and of anti-foreign protest by the laboring population, civic activities for national salvation in the 1930s had a transformative effect in this British colony and affected developments in Hong Kong for decades thereafter.
How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine

Cancers are complex multifactorial diseases. For centuries, conventional organ-based classification system (i.e., breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and so on) has been utilized. Recently, molecular diagnostics has become an essential component in clinical decision-making. However, tumor evolution and behavior cannot accurately be predicted, despite numerous research studies reporting promising tumor biomarkers. To advance molecular diagnostics, a better understanding of intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity is essential. Tumor cells interact with the extracellular matrix and host non-neoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment, which is influenced by genomic variation, hormones, and dietary, lifestyle and environmental exposures, implicated by molecular pathological epidemiology. Essentially, each tumor possesses its own unique characteristics in terms of molecular make-up, tumor microenvironment and interactomes within and between neoplastic and host cells. Starting from the unique tumor concept and paradigm, we can better classify tumors by molecular methods, and move closer toward personalized cancer medicine and prevention.
Review: Multimedia, hypermedia, and hypertext: Motivation considered and reconsidered

Computer-based instruction (CBI) is becoming increasingly popular in the classroom, particularly because the latest technological advancements allow for visually rich and interactive environments. While the inherent nature of CBIs is often thought to engage learners, research examining the role of motivation in learning with these environments has resulted in mixed findings. These findings are further complicated by unique design characteristics of distinct CBIs. This literature review synthesizes research that has examined the role of theoretically-grounded constructs of motivation in the context of three popular CBIs, multimedia, hypermedia, and hypertext. Specifically, this literature review considered empirical studies that examined the effect of these CBIs on motivation, in addition to the effect of motivation on learning outcomes and the learning process within the context of these environments. The literature review concludes with a theoretical consideration of previous research and a discussion of a framework for future directions.
A functional model of hierarchy: Why, how, and when vertical differentiation enhances group performance

We propose that hierarchy is such a prevalent form of social organization because it is functionally adaptive and enhances a group’s chances of survival and success. We identify five ways in which hierarchy facilitates organizational success. Hierarchy (a) creates a psychologically rewarding environment; (b) motivates performance through hierarchy-related incentives; (c) capitalizes on the complementary psychological effects of having versus lacking power; (d) supports division of labor, and, as a result, coordination; and (e) reduces conflict and enhances voluntary cooperation. Overall, we specify a causal model linking organizational structure (hierarchy), processes (motivation, leadership, coordination, and cooperation) and outcomes (performance). We also discuss three variables that moderate the need for and acceptance of hierarchy—(a) the level of task interdependence; (b) the legitimacy of hierarchical differentiation; and (c) the alignment of different bases of hierarchy—and link them to the mediat...
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib prevents lung injury and death after intravenous LPS in mice.

Severe sepsis and septic shock are frequent causes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and important sources of human mortality. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock. LPS exposure induces the production of harmful reactive oxygen species, and the resultant oxidant injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both severe sepsis and ARDS. We previously showed that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib increases lung endothelial antioxidant enzymes and protects against pulmonary endothelial antioxidant injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that imatinib would protect against lung injury and systemic inflammation caused by intravenous LPS in an intact mouse model of endotoxemia mimicking early sepsis. We found that intravenous LPS induced a significant increase in the activity of lung xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an enzyme which is a major source of reactive oxygen species and implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Imatinib had no effect of LPS-induced XOR activity. However, pretreatment of mice with imatinib increased lung catalase activity and decreased intravenous LPS-induced lung oxidant injury as measured by c-H2AX, a marker of oxidant-induced DNA damage, lung apoptosis, and pulmonary edema. Imatinib also attenuated systemic cytokine expression after intravenous LPS exposure. Finally, imatinib completely prevented mortality in an in vivo, intravenous LPS mouse model of endotoxemia and lung injury. These results support the testing of imatinib as a novel pharmacologic agent in the treatment of Gram-negative sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS.
Cdc42p GTPase is involved in controlling polarized cell growth in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Abstract Cdc42p is a highly conserved low-molecular-weight GTPase that is involved in controlling cellular morphogenesis. We have isolated the Cdc42p homolog from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by its ability to complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc42-1ts mutation. S. pombe Cdc42p is 85% identical in predicted amino acid sequence to S. cerevisiae Cdc42p and 83% identical to the human Cdc42p homolog. The Cdc42p protein fractionates to both soluble and particulate fractions, suggesting that it exists in two cellular pools. We have disrupted the cdc42+ gene and shown that it is essential for growth. The cdc42 null phenotype is an arrest as small, round, dense cells. In addition, we have generated three site-specific mutations, G12V, Q61L, and D118A, in the Cdc42p GTP-binding domains that correspond to dominant-lethal mutations in S. cerevisiae CDC42. In contrast to the S. cerevisiae cdc42 mutations, the S. pombe cdc42 mutant alleles were not lethal when overexpressed. However, the cdc42 mutants did exhibit an abnormal morphological phenotype of large, misshapen cells, suggesting that S. pombe Cdc42p is involved in controlling polarized cell growth.
Reconciling Conflicts — The Challenge for the University

As societies become more advanced and more complicated, universities and the education and research they provide grow steadily more important. Certainly, we at Harvard — as at other universities — experience every day our increasing involvements with industry, government, and other important segments of society. While these links bring many wonderful opportunities, they also create many complicating entanglements and difficult dilemmas that have provoked much debate.
Measurement and Analysis of Unsteady Flows in IC Engines

Unsteady velocity measurements made near the spark-plug location of an IC engine using a single-component LDV fiber-optic spark-plug LDV probe are reported. Measurements were made within a motored Briggs and Stratton single-cylinder air-cooled engine at ~780 RPM. Data obtained was analyzed using Ensemble averaging, High-pass filtering, Wavelet Decomposition (WD) techniques to determine the unsteady mean velocity and unsteady turbulence variations in such an engine. The results of the analysis are compared to each other. Cycle-to-cycle variations of the mean velocity and fluctuating velocity are investigated.
Live birth and infant death record linkage: methodological and policy issues.

Abstract Using records from Ohio annual vital statistics tapes, we describe a method for linking live birth and infant death certificates and for dealing with late-registered and unregistered births. In our 1985–87 Cleveland and East Cleveland study population, deceased infants with late-registered births were found to be similar to those with timely registered births. Approximately 4.6% of decedents, however, had unregistered births and these tended to be very premature infants from socially disad-vantaged backgrounds who died shortly after delivery (including homicides following birth at home). We discuss the policy implications of failing to link infant deaths with unregistered births in studies of birth outcomes.
Overweight,obesity and risk factors in children aged 7-12 years old in rural areas of Shandong Province

Objective To investigate the risk factors and the prevalence of overweight and obesity for children aged 7-12 years old in rural areas of 3 counties in Shandong Province.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 7-12 years old from 17 randomly selected villages of 3 counties in Shandong Province from September 2009 to January 2010.Chi-square test and logistic regression methods were used to analyze the risk factors on overweight and obesity in children.Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 7-12 years old in rural areas of Shandong Province were 11.41% and 5.86% respectively and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of overweight or obesity between boys and girls.Multiple analyses showed that the factors influencing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children were the time of watching TV(OR=3.062,95%CI:1.708-4.932),the sleeping time(OR=2.693,95%CI:1.136-5.641),the frequency of having fried food(OR=2.024,95%CI:1.041-3.570),the frequency of having puffed food(OR=2.304,95%CI:1.208-5.416),birth weight(OR= 1.615,95%CI:1.013-2.742) and overweight or obesity in parents(OR=1.846,95%CI:1.109~3.520).Conclusion The proportions of overweight and obesity in children aged 7-12 years old in rural areas of 3 counties in Shandong Province are high,and we should pay attention to prenatal nutrition,children′s dietary habits and life styles so as to prevent overweight and obesity in children.
Tripartite Rules: Rule of Man, Rule by Law and Rule of Law

This chapter traces the general chronological sequence of China’s rule of man, rule by law, and rule of law experiences. The highlights of the discussion are the imperial China’s blended rule of man and rule by law traditions and the use of rule of law promotion as a nation-building instrument at multiple points of sociopolitical transition in Chinese modern history.
PHRONESIS, POETICS, AND MORAL CREATIVITY

At least since Aristotle, phronesis (practical wisdom) and poetics (making or creating) have been understood as essentially different activities, one moral the other (in itself) non-moral. Today, if anything, this distinction is sharpened by a Romantic association of poetics with inner subjective expression. Recent revivals of Aristotelian ethics sometimes allow for poetic dimensions of ethics, but these are still separated from practical wisdom per se. Through a fresh reading of phronesis in the French hermeneutical phenomenologist Paul Ricoeur, I argue that phronesis should be viewed as at least in part poetic at its very core. That is, phronesis deals with the fundamentally tragic human situation of moral incommensurability, and it responds to this by making or creating new moral meaning. Such a poetics of practical wisdom helps phronesis stand up to significant and important critiques made of it by a range of modernists and post-modernists, pointing a way forward for some important contemporary moral debates.
Integrating dynamic and distributed compressive sensing techniques to enhance image quality of the compressive line sensing system for unmanned aerial vehicles application

The compressive line sensing imaging system adopts distributed compressive sensing (CS) to acquire data and reconstruct images. Dynamic CS uses Bayesian inference to capture the correlated nature of the adjacent lines. An image reconstruction technique that incorporates dynamic CS in the distributed CS framework was developed to improve the quality of reconstructed images. The effectiveness of the technique was validated using experimental data acquired in an underwater imaging test facility. Results that demonstrate contrast and resolution improvements will be presented. The improved efficiency is desirable for unmanned aerial vehicles conducting long-duration missions.
Approach to MPN Symptom Assessment

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are recognized for their debilitating symptom burdens. The purpose of this review is to understand the complexity of the MPN symptom burden and identify how validated MPN Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) tools may be integrated into clinical practice to assess the MPN symptom burden. Significant heterogeneity exists both within and between MPN subtypes. Surrogates of disease burden such as risk scores and MPN chronicity often fail to correlate with symptomatic burden. Validated MPN PROs allow for precise and rapid assessment of the MPN symptom burden in clinical and trial settings. Their growing use among investigators has resulted in improved understanding of how the MPN disease burden and overall patient experience is impacted by novel and traditional therapies. PRO tools are an integral part of National Comprehensive Cancer Center (NCCN) guidelines for MPN treatment and should be regularly employed in disease burden assessment.
Formative evaluation on cultural tailoring breathing awareness meditation smartphone apps to reduce stress and blood pressure.

Background: Chronic stress is an independent risk factor for essential hypertension (EH), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and is sometimes confronted by mal-adaptive coping behaviors (e.g., stress eating, excessive alcohol consumption, etc.). Pre-essential hypertension (preEH) is the leading predictor of future EH status. Breathing awareness meditation (BAM) can result in clinically beneficial blood pressure (BP) reductions, though face-to-face sessions presents barriers to reach those in need. The purpose of this study was to identify if a culturally tailored approach is needed in the design and preferences between groups of preEH African American and White adults toward using a smartphone BAM app, the Tension Tamer (TT) app. Methods: TT includes audio delivered BAM instructions, real-time heart rate, feedback graphs and motivational reinforcement text messaging. Questionnaires and two focus groups each of African American and White adults, [n=34, mean age =43.1 years, (SD 13.8 years), 44.1% African American] were conducted to understand stress, EH knowledge, app usage along with feedback from a hands-on demonstration of TT. Grounded theory using NVivo 10 was used to develop themes and combined with the questionnaires in the analysis. Results: No racial differences were found in the analysis including app use scenarios, preferences, knowledge, technology use or the attitudes and acceptance toward mobile health (mHealth) programs. Reported stress was high for African Americans [PSS-4: mean 6.87 (SD 3.3) versus mean 4.56 (SD 2.6); P=0.03]. Four main themes were found: (I) stress was pervasive; (II) coping strategies were both positive and negative; (III) BAM training was easy to incorporated; and (IV) tracking stress responses was useful. Responses suggest that additional personalization of app interfaces may drive ownership and adherence to protocols. Measures and reports of heart rate monitoring while in session were favorably viewed with low issues with confidentiality or trust issues on collected session data. Conclusions: Results suggest that a culturally tailored approach may be unnecessary in the design of BAM apps. Further investigation is warranted for other racial groups, age ranges, and disease conditions.
Impact of an infectious diseases advanced pharmacy practice experience on student knowledge

Abstract Introduction The goal of this assessment was to determine knowledge acquisition by pharmacy students during an infectious diseases (ID) advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). Methods A 50-question knowledge-based examination was given to every student on a five-week ID APPE between July 1, 2013 and May 5, 2017. The examination was also given to control students (those who did not have an ID APPE) immediately prior to graduation. The primary outcome was difference in examination performance after completion of the ID APPE. Secondary outcomes included correlations between examination performance and number of previous inpatient clinical rotations (ICR), average score in therapeutic coursework (TC), and rotation block (RB). Results Forty students were included (control = 5, experimental = 35). Average pre-test scores were similar between experimental and control students [61.7 (10.9)% versus 62.0 (5.1)%, respectively], but experimental post-test scores [80.2 (7.9)%] were significantly better than pre-test scores for both experimental (p Discussion Improved ID pharmacotherapy knowledge is needed. Baseline scores of students taking an ID elective were similar to control students who completed the entire year of APPEs, and knowledge scores were higher in ID students after APPE completion. There was a positive, but not strong, correlation between pre-examination performance and number of previous rotations, therapeutic coursework, and rotation block. Conclusion A five-week ID elective APPE improved student performance on a knowledge-based examination. Consideration should be given to more consistent integration of ID principles across all rotation types.
The Duffy Blood Group System and Malaria

Cutbush et al. (1950) reported the presence of a new antibody in a hemophiliac man who had many blood transfusions during the previous 20 years. “Duffy” was the patient’s last name and the authors used this name for the new blood group system (Cutbush and Mollison, 1950). Fy u was designated as the gene responsible for the antigen, anti-Fy a the antibody, and Fy b the allele. They did not discover the anti-Fy b antibody but predicted that it would be found soon. The antibody was found a year later, in the serum of a Berlin woman who had three pregnancies but no transfusions (Ikin et al., 1951). Chown et al.(1965) reported a variant of Fy b having a weak expression of Fy b that they called Fy x Several Duffy antigens were found and subsequently termed Fy3 (Albrey et al., 1971), Fy4 (Behzad et al., 1973), and Fy5 (Colledge et al., 1973). More recently the murine monoclonal antibody anti-Fy6 identified the Fy6 antigen (Nichols et al., 1987).
Palliative Care and the Ethics of Research: Medicare, Hospice, and Phase I Trials

symptoms that erode their quality of life. They areoften anxious and justifiably worried about thefuture—both for themselves and their families’.It is well recognized that, despite being formallyinformed that research is not intended or likely tohelp them, patients with far-advanced illness fre-quently enter clinical trials in the hope that theexperimental treatments will extend their lives.The understandable tendency to grasp at anychance for survival, however tenuous, renders suchpatients at risk of being influenced by a health sys-tem and research culture that are wholly focusedon fighting disease and extending life. Attentionto people’s quality of life, family experience, andfamily support can easily get lost in the process–not intentionally, but because our protocols don’tinclude them, and customary measurement toolsdo not encompass these domains of illness. Basicissues of patients’ personal values, individualchoice, and informed consent need to be revisitedin light of current end-of-life research and recentadvances in the delivery of health services andclinical palliative care.Recently, a number of authors have calledattention to ethical issues of research involving ter-minally ill people [1, 2], and a conference was con-vened in September 2002, jointly sponsored by theNational Institutes of Health and the GreenwallFoundation, a private healthcare philanthropy, toaddress the subject. In a recent issue of the
Variational Methods for Eigenvalue Problems with Discontinuous Coefficients

Eigenvalue problems with discontinuous coefficients occur naturally in diverse areas in the mechanics of heterogeneous media. Based on mixed variational schemes, an approximation technique of Rayleigh–Ritz type applied to a “new quotient” has been developed by Nemat-Nasser and coworkers and successfully applied in estimating eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for such problems in a wide variety of contexts. Alternative approaches, resulting from modification of the classical Sturm–Liouville theory, have been established recently by the present authors. This paper provides a survey of various methods for effective estimation of the eigenvalues of such problems.
"YO, BERNAL DÍAZ DEL CASTILLO": ¿SOLDADO DE A PIE O IDIOTA SIN LETRAS?

Este articulo expone que la originalidad de la Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espana radica en la escision del "Yo" narrativo. La distancia temporal que separa al heroe del narrador crea una tension entre propositos irreconciliables. En este sentido, es esta la historia de la desaveniencia entre ambos Bernales. This article shows that the originality of the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espana lies in the schism of the narrative "I". The temporal distance wich separates the hero from the narrator creates a tension between irreconcilable purposes. In this sense, this is the story of the discord between the two Bernales.
Rational interfaces for effective security software: polite interaction guidelines for secondary tasks

States of the science and practice agree on the failure of security application to engage end users in the assurance of security and privacy in everyday personal computing. We propose as the cause an underlying irrational interface model of security related applications. Irrational Interfaces are counterproductive because they minimize the intended software utility and pay-off. In the case of security interactions, utility is minimized by the assumption of security primacy and the alienation of end user from the decision making process through disruptive messaging and disengaging content. Therefore effective security dialogues must be based on a rational interaction model. We present a small set of simple guidelines based on cognitive psychological research for polite interactions that appropriately optimize user engagement during tasks that users perceive as secondary. The guidelines for secure applications that politely interact with the end user are supported by a pay-off matrix that can be used to predict and evaluate rational secure interface performance. The rational, polite interface is a radical paradigm shift for security applications' design because it integrates end users as active stakeholders and resources in the assurance of security and privacy.
Validation and Verification of GNC for Large Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial System in Unstructured and Noisy Environment

The impact of high update rate on the disparity in eigenvalues of the auto-correlation matrix, along with slow convergence and reduced stability of numerical analysis are well studied. However, the impact of high update rates of autopilots on the performance of unmanned aircraft has been ignored due to the intrinsic limitations of COTS autopilots computation power. Although MEMS based IMUs have very high update rates, the majority of existing UAS autopilot system processing power is limited to 20 Hz. In this work, the challenges and processes for developing and flight test validating an autonomous flight controller for a large 30-kg fixed-wing UAS using an in-house advanced autopilot system at a relatively higher update rate (50 Hz) are outlined. The goal was specifically set to identify the impact of high update rate and high vibration on an LQR-based automatic flight controller. Initial flight test results yielded adverse performance in the presence of significant sensor noise due to the high structural vibrations of the airframe from a reciprocal engine, high sampling rate, and the inherent lack of robustness of LQR control to unmodelled dynamics. Post processing of flight test data was used to identify the noise profile of the engine and improve IMU filters. This was utilized in designing and implementing a stability-augmentation system. The improved controller was flight tested at different initial conditions under substantial wind conditions (9–12 knots) and the system displayed satisfactory results for autonomous flight.