cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The buoyancy-based biotope axis of the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic cryonotothenioid fishes

In the absence of any prior comprehensive analysis, I evaluate divergence along the biotope axis in the habitat stage of the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic cryonotothenioids. I utilize the available percentage buoyancy (%B) measurements as habitat proxies for recognition of the pelagic, semipelagic, demersal, and benthic biotopes that include, respectively, 5%, 10%, 73%, and 12% of the 59 species and 1749 specimens in the study. The majority of species retain the ancestral demersal biotope of Eleginops maclovinus, and this probably enhances ecological plasticity. Divergence into the pelagic biotope is the most distinctive organismal feature of the radiation and, although only 5% of species are pelagic, this biotope is not depauperate in global comparisons. Pelagic or potentially pelagic species are Dissostichus mawsoni, D. eleginoides, Pleuragramma antarctica, Aethotaxis mitopteryx, and Gvozdarus svetovidovi. Small ontogenetic changes in %B with growth are typical; however, this is extensive in D. mawsoni, a species with the potential to transition through benthic to pelagic biotopes over ontogeny. Occupation of the pelagic biotope by large D. mawsoni may be impermanent as it is lipid-dependent, a contingency reliant on the availability of P. antarctica as prey. In unusual conditions, the specialized sacs of P. antarctica can also yield their lipid for metabolism with possible loss of buoyancy. Pelagic species are inordinately important in the food web. In the southwestern Ross Sea a guild of large mammalian and avian predators, which includes D. mawsoni, is reliant on lipid-rich, energy-dense cryonotothenioid prey. This includes asymmetrical intraguild predation on D. mawsoni, with P. antarctica as a basal resource for the guild.
Quaternion Based Nonlinear Trajectory Control of Quadrotors with Guaranteed Stability

This paper investigates a dual loop quaternion-based nonlinear control scheme for a quadrotor: the inner feedback loop controls the attitude of the quadrotor while the outer control loop aims to control the linear velocity, and/or position, of the quadrotor. The paper shows that global exponential stability of a quadrotor can be achieved with the proposed control scheme. The presented controller includes feedback and feedforward compensation of the nonlinear dynamics of the quadrotor and gyroscopic torques to guarantee global stability of the attitude controller. The outer velocity control loop uses a PI feedback structure, where the proportional action is primarily used to control linear velocity, and the integral action can either be used for linear position and/or eliminating velocity steady-state error. The inner attitude control includes a PD feedback loop, where the proportional action is in terms of the vector part of the quaternion and the derivative action is in terms of the aircraft angular velocity. The proposed controller has been both simulated and tested experimentally with a commercial quadrotor.
Psychological ownership: implicit and explicit

Object ownership changes how people perceive objects and self through psychological ownership-the feeling that a thing is MINE. Psychological ownership usually tracks legal ownership, but the two can and do diverge. In this integrative review, I propose a dual-process model of psychological ownership. Antecedents of psychological ownership form self-object associations prompting an implicit inference of psychological ownership, which can then be accepted, corrected, or rejected by explicit judgments. The model explains cases where psychological ownership and legal ownership conflict and predicts psychological ownership felt in a variety of relationships between people and objects, including objects they legally own and use, objects they use but do not legally own, and objects they legally own but do not use.
Daily Gain and Incidence of Scours in Holstein Calves fed Milk Replacers Supplemented with Antibiotics or Enteroguard

To control infection by enteric pathogens in preweaned calves, antibiotics, oligosaccharides, or probiotics are often included in milk replacers.
Stress and Basic Need Satisfaction of First-Year Healthcare Professional Students

Transitioning to graduate-level professional school can trigger stressful feelings for many students. The purpose of this study was to determine the stress levels and unmet basic needs of first-year graduate healthcare students during their transition from undergraduate institutions to professional school. The study was conducted at Midwestern University, a private, graduate-level, professional health sciences university located in the Midwest, during the 2018–2019 academic year. The survey was administered to all first-year students within the colleges of dentistry, medicine, optometry, and pharmacy. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used to evaluate participants’ stress levels and the Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) was used to evaluate unmet basic needs. Of the 523 prospective participants, 404 survey responses were included (77.2% response rate). Female students showed higher perceived stress and lower basic need satisfaction. Perceived stress levels did not differ by professional program when taking into consideration the differences in gender distribution by program. A regression model indicated that gender and basic need satisfaction were the main predictors of perceived stress for healthcare professional students. Higher basic need satisfaction was predictive of lower perceived stress in healthcare professional students. Perceived stress levels remain higher for female students compared to male students.
Intolerance of Uncertainty and DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Severity among Trauma Exposed Latina College Women

Approximately 56 to 84% of college students report having experienced at least one lifetime traumatic or adverse life event. However, little is known about trauma exposure among Latina college stud...
Heterogeneity and Countercyclical Labor Income Risks: Evidence from Micro Data

Uninsurable labor income risks fluctuate considerably over time, and it is important to understand how these fluctuations affect households' consumption decisions. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I investigate the response of household consumption to countercyclical labor income risks. I estimate the larger effect of countercyclical labor income shocks on consumption for stockholders than nonstockholders, as stockholders are more easily to reduce their consumption on unnecessary goods to offset negative earnings shocks during recessions. This effect is also persistent. Moreover, stockholders are more likely to be self-employed and work in finance industry than nonstockholders. Households who are self-employed or working in finance industry react to labor income risks more intensely, suggesting that self-employment and industry choices might also drive the heterogeneity across stockholders and nonstockholders. %In addition, I find that regional fluctuation in labor income risks affect regional consumption growth.
Furthering and applying move/step constructs: Technology-driven marshalling of Swalesian genre theory for EAP pedagogy

Abstract John Swales' seminal work has inspired a wealth of research with important pedagogical implications for genre-based writing instruction. Continuing the prolific move analysis tradition in EAP research, this article presents empirically devised and validated cross-disciplinary IMRD move/step frameworks for the research article genre and demonstrates how Swales' move and step concepts underlying these frameworks formed the foundation of innovative genre-based automated writing evaluation technology. Overall, this paper makes the relationships between genre theory, genre analysis, and genre instruction explicit, demonstrating that move analysis is a powerful and promising theoretical, analytic, and teaching construct. With that, we take Swales' vision to a new dimension of conceptualizing EAP.
It is undecidable whether the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure generates a crossed pair

We reduce an instance of Turing machine acceptance to the problem of detecting whether the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure generates a crossed pair of rules. This resolves an open question posed in [5]. Our proof technique generalizes; using similar reductions, we can show that a number of other questions related to whether the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure generates certain types of rules are all undecidable. We suggest that the techniques illustrated herein may be useful in answering a number of related questions about the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure, and discuss several examples; in particular, we demonstrate how our construction provides a simple proof that the universal matching problem is undecidable for regular canonical theories, a result first proved in [4], and prove that the universal unification problem is undecidable for permutative canonical theories.
Concurrent testing of droplet-based microfluidic systems for multiplexed biomedical assays

We present a concurrent testing methodology for detecting catastrophic faults in droplet-based microfluidic systems and investigate the related problems of test planning and resource optimization. We apply this methodology to a droplet-based microfluidic array that was fabricated and used to perform multiplexed glucose and lactate assays. The test approach interleaves test application with the biomedical assays and prevents resource conflicts. We show that an integer linear programming model can be used to minimize testing time for a given hardware overhead due to droplet dispensing sources and capacitive sensing circuitry. The proposed approach is therefore directed at ensuring high reliability and availability of bio-MEMS and lab-on-a-chip systems, as they are increasingly deployed for safety-critical applications.
All Compact Hausdorff Lambda Models Are Degenerate

The first mathematical model of untyped lambda calculus was discovered by DANA SCOTT in the category of algebraic lattices and Scott continuous maps. The question then arises as to which other cartesian closed categories contain a model of the calculus. In this paper we show that any compact Hausdorff model of the calculus must satisfy the property that the semantic map from the calculus to the model is constant. In particular, any compact reflexive object in the category of Hausdorff k-spaces gives rise to a degenerate model of the calculus. We also explore the relationship of the results we derive to the notions of a combinatory model and of an environment model of the calculus.
High-beam and low-beam headlighting patterns in the U.S. and Europe at the turn of the millennium

This study was designed to provide photometric information about current U.S. and European high- and low-beam headlamps. The sample included 20 headlamps manufactured for use on the 20 best-selling passenger vehicles for model year 2000 in the U.S., and 20 headlamps manufactured for use on the 20 best-selling passenger vehicles for model year 2000 in Europe. The vehicles sampled represent 49% and 47%, respectively, of all vehicles sold in the U.S. and in Europe. The lamps were purchased directly from vehicle dealerships. The photometric information for each lamp was weighted by the sales figures for the corresponding vehicle. The results are presented both in tabular form for the 25th-percentile, the median (50th-percentile), and the 75th-percentile luminous intensities, as well as in graphical form (for the median luminous intensities), both for high- and low-beam headlamps (from 45 deg left to 45 deg right, and from 5 deg down to 7 deg up).
The Balance Between Innovation and Competition: The Hatch-Waxman Act, the 2003 Amendments, and Beyond

In 1984, Congress passed the Hatch-Waxman Act, a landmark statute designed both to encourage innovation by pioneer drug companies and to increase competition by generic drug companies. After its enactment, drug companies attempted to "ga the regulatory regime to their respective economic advantage. In 2003, in an effort to address these issues, FDA promulgated a final rule and Congress passed the Medicare Modernization Act, amending the Hatch-Waxman Act. This article provides a comprehensive look at the 2003 statutory and regulatory changes. First, the article analyzes the history and provisions of the original Hatch-Waxman Act and the issues that arose after its enactment. Second, the article discusses the passage of the 2003 FDA rule and the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act. Next, the article demonstrates that, although the 2003 amendments may have definitively resolved some issues, the amendments did not resolve all interpretive issues and have even led to unintended consequences. In particular, the article discusses several areas of current controversy, including the effect of patent delisting and patent expiration on 180-day exclusivity, the patent delisting counterclaim provision, the declaratory judgment action provision, patent settlement agreements, and authorized generics. Finally, the article assesses the potential for future reform of the Hatch-Waxman Act. The article concludes that maintaining the balance between innovation and competition will likely remain a daunting task for legislators and regulators in the future.
PATTERNS OF ICHTHYOFAUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONNECTIVITY IN NAVIGABLE AND FREE‐FLOWING REACHES OF A MAJOR RIVER SYSTEM: THE ALLEGHENY RIVER IN PENNSYLVANIA

Connectivity throughout large riverine networks is often compromised by lock and dam (L/D) structures designed to facilitate year-round navigation. The resultant interruption of flow inhibits free passage of aquatic biota potentially isolating mainstem and tributary communities. Our objectives were (i) to evaluate the impact of a series of navigational L/D structures on two targeted fish assemblages (TFAs): large-bodied (>250 mm total length) pelagic and benthic (darter) communities and (ii) to examine patterns of tributary and mainstem connectivity. We systematically captured fishes utilizing gillnets, benthic trawls and backpack electrofishers from an impounded and a free-flowing reach extending over 203 km of the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania. Species richness among the large-bodied targeted fish assemblage was distributed somewhat evenly throughout each pool, peaking near dams and in an undredged pool. Depauperate darter assemblages of low species richness characterized most of the navigable reach with diversity and abundance concentrated in L/D tailrace areas. By contrast, darter communities inhabiting the free-flowing reach were more diverse, abundant and evenly distributed, indicating the influence of uninterrupted connectivity. Community similarity at mainstem/tributary junctions increased with increasing tributary size with 50% of the mainstem species complement also inhabiting the largest tributary. This study underscores the importance of dams as barriers to ichthyofaunal connectivity, particularly to those benthic fishes which are relatively immobile and habitat specific, and the importance of mainstem/tributary junctions as avenues of riverine connectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced One Micron BICMOS Technology for High Speed 256K SRAMS

The MOS technology produces the most straight forward and the highest density memory array for SRAM technology. The ECL process, however, dominates the high performance arena at the cost of power dissipation and density, A well orchestrated combination of these two technologies with proper design methodology results in high speed memories and logic products with specific performance targets that neither technology could deliver alone (l)-(3). It is for such applications that BiCMOS technology provides the optimum solution. In this paper an advanced one micron BiCMOS technology optimized for a high speed 256K SRAM is described. Transistor optimizations for MOSFET and bipolar devices are presented herein. Ring oscillators, memory array and functional subcircuits have been fabricated to verify the performance of the technology.
A preferred trajectory tracking steering law for spacecraft with redundant CMGs

Spacecraft which use control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) as momentum exchange devices in an attitude control system suffer from CMG configurations which preclude arbitrary torque generation. The exploitation of CMG null-space motion which exists in redundant systems allows the development of CMG steering laws which attempt to avoid these singular configurations. This paper presents a new singularity avoidance CMG steering law which operates by converging to a set of "preferred" trajectories in which no singular points exist. The underlying principle of CMG preferred trajectories as well as proof of the stability of the convergence process to these trajectories is presented. Simulation results demonstrating the convergence process as well as the resulting singularity avoidance properties are presented as well.
Transcriptional Regulatory Circuits Controlling Brown Fat Development and Activation

Brown and beige adipose tissue is specialized for heat production and can be activated to reduce obesity and metabolic dysfunction in animals. Recent studies also have indicated that human brown fat activity levels correlate with leanness. This has revitalized interest in brown fat biology and has driven the discovery of many new regulators of brown fat development and function. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms that control brown and beige fat cell development.
TiO2 Nanofiber Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Improved Carrier Collection Efficiency

TiO2 nanofibers, prepared by electrospinning process, were used as the photoanode to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs with different thickness of TiO2 nanofiber photoanode layers were prepared to optimize their energy conversion efficiency. The electron transport and recombination in TiO2 nanofiber based DSSCs was studied by stepped light induced transient measurement of photocurrent and voltage (SLIM-PCV) method. It has shown that the electron diffusion length in TiO2 nanofiber based DSSCs doubled that of DSSCs based on nanoparticles.
Potential role of apoptosis in development of the cystinotic phenotype

Much still remains unclear about the proximal biochemical effects of mutations on development of the phenotype in inborn errors of metabolism. Cystinosis is an example of this phenomenon. We have recently shown that cystinotic cells undergo apoptosis at a two- to fourfold higher rate than controls. Cystinotic cells pre-treated with cysteamine, normalizing cystine content, display a four- to fivefold decrease in apoptosis, while normal cells pre-treated with cystine dimethylester, increasing lysosomal cystine, exhibit a fivefold increase in apoptosis. We speculate that cystine exits the lysosomal compartment during early apoptosis and affects apoptotic proteins in the cytosol, causing an inappropriate commitment to proceed to cell death. The resulting chronic hypocellularity could account for all the characteristics of the nephropathic cystinotic phenotype. The milder variants of cystinosis may result from modifying mutations within an apoptotic protein, ablating the proapoptotic effects of cystine. Failure of the mouse knockout for cystinosis to show renal involvement may be the result of differences in apoptotic processes between man and mouse. Apoptosis is a major final common pathway for many disease states. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of lysosomal cystine on apoptosis may help to clarify development of other diseases.
A text mining approach to Internet abuse detection

As the use of the Internet in organizations continues to grow, so does Internet abuse in the workplace. Internet abuse activities by employees-such as online chatting, gaming, investing, shopping, illegal downloading, pornography, and cybersex-and online crimes are inflicting severe costs to organizations in terms of productivity losses, resource wasting, security risks, and legal liabilities. Organizations have started to fight back via Internet usage policies, management training, and monitoring. Internet filtering software products are finding an increasing number of adoptions in organizations. These products mainly rely on blacklists, whitelists, and keyword/profile matching. In this paper, we propose a text mining approach to Internet abuse detection. We have empirically compared a variety of term weighting, feature selection, and classification techniques for Internet abuse detection in the workplace of software programmers. The experimental results are very promising; they demonstrate that the proposed approach would effectively complement the existing Internet filtering techniques.
Well-to-wheel analysis of direct and indirect use of natural gas in passenger vehicles

Abstract The abundance of natural gas in the United States because of the number of existing natural gas reserves and the recent advances in extracting unconventional reserves has been one of the main drivers for low natural gas prices. A question arises of what is the optimal use of natural gas as a transportation fuel. Is it more efficient to use natural gas in a stationary power application to generate electricity to charge electric vehicles, compress natural gas for onboard combustion in vehicles, or re-form natural gas into a denser transportation fuel? This study investigates the well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from various natural gas to transportation fuel pathways and compares the results to conventional gasoline vehicles and electric vehicles using the US electrical generation mix. Specifically, natural gas vehicles running on compressed natural gas are compared against electric vehicles charged with electricity produced solely from natural gas combustion in stationary power plants. The results of the study show that the dependency on the combustion efficiency of natural gas in stationary power can outweigh the inherent efficiency of electric vehicles, thus highlighting the importance of examining energy use on a well-to-wheels basis.
Hydrodynamic delivery of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 2 gene blocks high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance

Adiponectin and its receptors are inversely related to the degree of obesity and have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of hydrodynamic delivery of adiponectin and/or its receptor 2 (adipoR2) genes on controlling the development of obesity and insulin resistance in AKR/J mice fed a high-fat diet. An increase in adiponectin and adipoR2 gene expression by hydrodynamic gene delivery prevented diet-induced weight gain, reduced fat accumulation in liver and adipose tissue, and improved insulin sensitivity. Beneficial effects were seen with reduced gluconeogenesis in the liver and lipogenesis in the liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated overexpression of adiponectin and adipoR2 significantly suppressed transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck), glucose-6-phosphatase (g6pase), stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (scd-1) and fatty acid synthase (fas) gene. Inhibition effects were mediated by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These results prove that elevation of adiponectin and/or adipoR2 expression via gene transfer is an effective approach in managing obesity epidemics.
A proportional-plus-derivative rule-based fuzzy controller

A control scheme based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The objective is to design a fuzzy controller without any particular system in mind. The inputs to the controller are the error and the change in error of the system response. A set of fuzzy rules that makes the controller look like a proportional-plus-derivative (PD) controller is obtained and simulated on Matrix/sub x/, a software package for the analysis and design of control systems. The controller used to control a servo motor, a flexible arm with one vibration mode and a system with three vibration modes was found to give satisfactory results. The results are compared to those obtained from systems using proportional-plus-derivative controllers. One major advantage of the fuzzy controller is its robustness to system parameter changes. >
Dynamical theory of hyperelastic rods

A rod is regarded as a one-dimensional mathematical model of a three-dimensional body. The exact field equations governing the motion of a hyperelastic rod are derived from the general three-dimensional theory. Then, by a suitable restriction on the number of displacement variables, a hierarchy of approximating theories is established. Because such theories are generated by a kinematic hypothesis, a precise, quantitative idea of the nature of the simplifying assumptions is furnished. An analysis of the structure of these approximating theories yields three distinct approaches by which they may be interpreted. Finally, constraints and their connection with other approximate theories are investigated. In particular, classical nonlinear theories and theories for planar motion are developed in this context of constrained theories.
Speaker sex influences processing of grammatical gender.

Spoken words carry linguistic and indexical information to listeners. Abstractionist models of spoken word recognition suggest that indexical information is stripped away in a process called normalization to allow processing of the linguistic message to proceed. In contrast, exemplar models of the lexicon suggest that indexical information is retained in memory, and influences the process of spoken word recognition. In the present study native Spanish listeners heard Spanish words that varied in grammatical gender (masculine, ending in -o, or feminine, ending in -a) produced by either a male or a female speaker. When asked to indicate the grammatical gender of the words, listeners were faster and more accurate when the sex of the speaker “matched” the grammatical gender than when the sex of the speaker and the grammatical gender “mismatched.” No such interference was observed when listeners heard the same stimuli, but identified whether the speaker was male or female. This finding suggests that indexical information, in this case the sex of the speaker, influences not just processes associated with word recognition, but also higher-level processes associated with grammatical processing. This result also raises questions regarding the widespread assumption about the cognitive independence and automatic nature of grammatical processes.
Inherent Presidential Power and Constitutional Structure

Much current debate about presidential power revolves around the phrase “inherent power.” This phrase has a loose signification, but disputes often involve the question of whether presidential power is subject to limitation by Congress. This essay identifies four different constitutional constructions that might lead to such unchecked presidential power. The essay also assesses each of these four constructions from the standpoint of the Constitution's structure, concluding in each case that the assertion of unchecked power is inconsistent with constitutional structure.
Anti-Nomadism, Institutions, and the Geographies of Childhood:

Despite an increasing interest in the geographies of childhood, geographical research has given little attention to issues concerning young people from traditionally semi-nomadic groups, such as Gy...
Measuring and increasing silent reading comprehension rates: Empirically validating a repeated readings intervention

The current study was designed to demonstrate how researchers could use a direct measure of functional reading skills (e.g., rates of silent reading comprehension) to empirically validate the effectiveness of a repeated readings intervention. A multi-element design was used to compare the effects of the treatment with a control condition across three secondary students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities in reading. Results showed that repeated readings increased factual comprehension levels and factual reading comprehension rates. No differences were found across conditions on inferential comprehension levels or rates. Discussion focuses on empirically validating reading interventions using rates of silent reading comprehension and theoretical implications related to enhancing inferential and literal comprehension and fluency. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quenching and thermal cycling effects in a 1060-Al matrix-10vol.%Al2O3 particulate reinforced metal matrix composite

Abstract In this study, the effects of quenching and thermal cycling on a 1060-Al matrix-10vol.%Al 2 O 3 particulate reinforced composite were investigated. A rapid increase in the flow stress with increasing quenching temperature was found to result from solution hardening of the matrix due to solutionizing of reaction products and impurities. The matrix chemistry plays an important role in the strengthening of commercially pure Al matrix composites, although the effect of impurities or alloying elements is usuaally considered to be insignificant in commercially pure aluminum. The cooling rate was found to have no significant influence on the density of dislocations generated by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient. Dislocations were observed to be more homogeneously distributed near interface regions compared with matrix regions well away from particles. The dislocations punched out from the interface are thought to be distributed rather randomly so as to screen the thermal residual stress developed by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient. Thermal cycling of the composite was found to promote the formation of more stable dislocation tangles and cells.
IPv6: Making Room for the World on the Future Internet

Even as IPv4 address pools are being depleted, the level of deployment of its successor, IPv6, remains low. But significant recent developments are breaking down previous obstacles to its adoption. Progress on the deployment of IPv6 in the coming year could be a barometer for the global Internet's future.
Seroprevalence of Toxocara Infection in Children from Southern Brazil

The seroprevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in children aged from 1 to 12 yr old was evaluated in Pelotas City, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Human toxocariasis or visceral larva migrans (VLM) was diagnosed with the use of an ELISA based on the T. canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigens; Western blotting was used to confirm the ELISA-positive results. From 427 samples, 50.6% were positive for the presence of anti-TES antibodies. A confirmatory test (Western blot) was carried out on a sample of the ELISA- positive sera (n ¼ 70), and all were positive. The Western blots had specific banding pattern characteristics, where the 30-kDa fraction demonstrated the highest reactivity. This fraction could be important for the specific diagnosis of toxocariasis.
An "Epidemic" of Adolescent Pregnancy? Some Historical Considerations

The contemporary efforts of policymakers in Washington to deal with adolescent pregnancies are reviewed and consideration is given to how this issue might benefit from a historical perspective. Almost all of Washington assumed during the period of the 95th Congress that the problem of adolescent pregnancy was a very serious social and health crisis that called for an immediate response whether from the federal state and local governments or from private citizens and organizations. Policymakers and the news media emphasized the "epidemic" nature of adolescent pregnancy. Almost everyone in the Carter administration and the Congress assumed that the problem of adolescent pregnancy was a new and growing crisis in the United States. Consequently the policymakers usually advocated drastic and immediate action to deal with the "unprecedented" situation. It is easy to justify increased efforts in the area of adolescent pregnancy. Yet a historical perspective on the problem of adolescent pregnancy provides a somewhat different and more complex picture than the view portrayed by the policymakers and news media. In actuality the overall rate of teenage childbearing has not increased dramatically. During the past 20 years the overall rate of teenage fertility has declined. The actual rate of adolescent childbearing decreased by 44.8% since the late 1950s. Examining the overall rates of teenage fertility ignores the complexities of the present situation and it is necessary to examine the rates of teenage fertility for different age-groups during the past 11 years. Almost all of the substantial fertility decline has occurred among older teenagers. By failing to consider the various aspects of adolescent pregnancy over time the administration and Congress have been ineffective with issues such as the increase in out-of-wedlock births.
Ocular Allergy Treatment

Nonpharmacologic interventions are commonly used as first-line treatment of ocular allergy and include avoidance, cold compresses, lubrication, and the use of disposable daily contact lenses. Pharmacologic management of ocular allergy has increased exponentially over the past decade. Clinically available agents are being expanded to specifically address the various signs and symptoms of inflammation associated with ocular allergy. Immunotherapy has been shown to decrease the sensitivity of the eye 10 to 100 fold and may have an effect for several years after halting of immunotherapy.
The effect of hydrogen on boron diffusion in SiO 2

The diffusivity of boron in silicon dioxide may be increased by the introduction of hydrogen into the annealing atmosphere. In this paper we report on the diffusion characteristics of boron ion-implanted into thermally grown SiO2. A sensitive technique was used in which the boron atoms redistributed into the substrate are characterized by electrical methods. The diffusivity of boron in thermal SiO2 was measured over the temperature range of 950-1150°C with hydrogen partial pressure from 0 to 0.2 atm. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of boron in oxide at 1150° C increases as the square root of the hydrogen partial pressure. At fixed pressure the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient obeys a single-activation-energy exponential rule. At 0.1 atm partial pressure of H2 the activation energy is 3.0 eV and the preexponential factor is 6 x 105 [cm2/sec.].
Influence of the cyclical pattern of ventilatory flow on pulmonary gas exchange.

Abstract The shape of the ventilatory flow curve determines the proportions in which different parts of the fluctuating cycle of alveolar gas composition will be represented in mixed alveolar expirate ( AE ) gas. We used a digital computer and a simple, spatially homogeneous lung model to indicate how P AE CO 2 and P AE O 2 can thus be made to differ in either direction from Pa CO 2 and Pa O 2 , corresponding either to a positive or a negative alveolar dead space (V d alv). For a given Pa CO 2 a positive (V d alv) implies an added cost in a per unit O 2 and a negative (V d alv ) implies an economy of a . We found that the size of (V d alv) correlated negatively with the apneustic tendency of the respiratory pattern, as expressed by an Apneusis Index (A.I.). Patterns with comparable A.I. yielded comparable V d alv regardless of differences in the timing of inspiration and expiration or the presence of pauses (provided the other parameters were constant). The effect was increased by increasing metabolic rate and by decreasing respiratory frequency or lung volume.
Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in a large US cohort

Consumption of diets with high glycemic load has been hypothesized to increase pancreatic cancer risk by raising postprandial glucose levels and insulin secretion. The authors analyzed data from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort to examine the association between pancreatic cancer and glycemic load, glycemic index (GI), and intake of carbohydrates. Diet was assessed among 124,907 men and women who were cancer-free and non-diabetic at baseline in 1992 using a validated 68-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). During 9 years of follow-up, 401 incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to compute hazard rate ratios (RR) adjusted for potential confounding factors. We found no association between glycemic load, GI, or carbohydrate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in this population. The hazard rate ratio (RR) was 1.01 (95% CI 0.75–1.37, trend P = 0.80) for glycemic load, 0.92 (95% CI 0.68–1.24) for GI, and 1.10 (95% CI 0.80–1.51) for carbohydrate intake among men and women in the highest quintile compared to the lowest quintile of each measure. We also found no significant association between these measures and pancreatic cancer risk among individuals who show a greater susceptibility towards insulin insensitivity, such as those who are overweight or more sedentary. Overall, our data do not support the hypothesis that glycemic load or index, or carbohydrate intake are associated with a substantial increase in pancreatic cancer risk; however, a weak positive association cannot be ruled out.
Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase mutants of probiotic human-derived Lactobacillus reuteri are defective in TNF inhibition

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Many probiotic strains are now marketed to consumers and include organisms such as lactobacilli, streptococci, bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, “Saccharomyces boulardii”. In general, probiotics are considered safe for human consumption based on previous clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and historical usage in fermented foods. A subset of these probiotics have been derived from commensal bacteria indigenous to Homo sapiens. One such indigenous Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus reuteri, includes a variety of strains derived from human breast milk and the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms by which commensal-derived probiotics promote health and combat diseases are poorly understood. Possible mechanisms include improving nutrient absorption, pathogen exclusion, strengthening intestinal barrier function and regulation of t...
Enumerative geometry of singular plane curves

general points in the plane? The answer is easy for 6 = 1 (namely 3 (d l ) 2) but otherwise was, to my knowledge, unknown until now. We are going to develop a recursive procedure for solving such problems. To make the recursion possible, it will be necessary to consider a generalization of independent interest of the above problem. Let S be the blow-up of IP 2 at a point P, with exceptional divisor E1 and a fixed line section Eo (we call S an irreducible fan). A curve C c S is said to be of type (d, e) if it is the proper transform of a curve of degree d in ~z having multiplicity e at P. One then asks: how many curves C c S of given type (d, e), having only smooth branches of given configuration along E0 w E1 and otherwise having a given number of nodes as their only singularities, pass through the "appropriate" number of points of S, some of which may be on E o w E~ ? We will solve this problem by recursion on d e . The recursion is based on degenerating the surface S to a surface (called a 2-fan) of the form So = $1 w S 2 with Si--S, i = i, 2. Using and suitably enhancing methods of [3], we can describe a suitable part of the limit on So of the relevant families of curves of type (d, e) on S, d > e + 1, in terms of similar families of curves of type (d,e') and (e', e), e ' < e = d on $1 and $2, respectively.
Automated brain shift correction using a pre-computed deformation atlas

Compensating for intraoperative brain shift using computational models has shown promising results. Since computational time is an important factor during neurosurgery, a priori knowledge of the possible sources of deformation can increase the accuracy of model-updated image-guided systems (MUIGS). In this paper, we use sparse intraoperative data acquired with the help of a laser-range scanner and introduce a strategy for integrating this information with the computational model. The model solutions are computed preoperatively and are combined with the help of a statistical model to predict the intraoperative brain shift. Validation of this approach is performed with measured intraoperative data. The results indicate our ability to predict intraoperative brain shift to an accuracy of 1.3mm ± 0.7mm. This method appears to be a promising technique for increasing the speed and accuracy of MUIGS.
Suppression of fever after lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle in guinea pigs.

Abstract Endogenous pyrogen (EP), injected systemically or intracerebrally, evokes fever and certain changes in plasma trace metal and glycoprotein levels which are characteristic of the acute-phase reaction. It is generally assumed that EP enters the brain from the blood, although it has not yet been demonstrated that EP crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The possibility that EP might penetrate the brain through the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), which is outside of the BBB and located in close proximity to the medial preoptic region (MPO, the primary site sensitive to locally applied EP), was investigated by making electrolytic lesions (3 mA, 20 sec, anodal) in the anteroventral wall of the third ventricle of guinea pigs (AV3V-X). After 10 days, their febrile and selected acute-phase responses (plasma iron, zinc, copper, and sialic acid levels) to endotoxin (LPS, S. enteritidis , 2 μg/kg, IP), which induces EP production by the host, were measured; controls were sham-operated guinea pigs. LPS did not induce in the AV3V-X animals either fever or rises in plasma copper and sialic acid levels; however, as in the controls, it caused hypoferremia and hypozincemia. To exclude damage to the MPO as a cause of these responses, sham and AV3V-X guinea pigs were administered homologous EP intrapreoptically (1 μ1 bilaterally). Comparable fevers developed in both groups of animals. Hence, the integrity of the AV3V region including the OVLT seems to be critical for the EP-induced elevations of both body temperature and plasma levels of acute-phase proteins, but not for the fall of plasma iron and zinc levels. It may be that EP passes into the brain through the OVLT.
Fiber Optic Array Biosensors

Optical fiber arrays provide a powerful substrate for creating high-density sensing systems that can address a variety of biological problems. The fiber substrate can be used to create femtoliter wells that can be loaded with individual beads to create high-density arrays for multiplexed screening and analysis. In addition, living cells can be loaded into the arrays, and their individual responses monitored over long time periods, enabling functional screening of biologically active compounds. Adherent cells can be attached to the fiber substrate to provide a rapid method for observing cell migration and for screening anti-migratory compounds. Finally, individual enzyme molecules can be loaded into the array wells enabling single molecule detection via enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification.
Construction Engineering Education: History and Challenge

Engineering has been defined as the vocation of guiding nature to produce something needed or desired. A historical review of the evolution of engineering and engineering education leads to the conclusion that sustainability in design and construction requires the engineer to approach nature with imagination and humility. As part of its Engineer of 2020 initiative, the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 questioned how engineering education should evolve to prepare the profession for the future. From that work and efforts by ASCE, it is clear that an educational system that fails to provide engineers with a broad base of learning results in graduates ill-prepared to enter professional practice. The National Academy Engineer of 2020 work and ASCE Policy Statement 465, “Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and Professional Practice,” echo a call to adopt a new educational model. The new model seeks to strengthen the cognitive ability of engineers and leads them to practices that work in cooperation and ...
Effects of diabetes on intestinal growth in the rat

Diabetes mellitus in rats was induced with alloxan and streptozotocin. Growing rats, six to seven weeks of age, were studied. Growth of the small intestine was compared in diabetic and matched control animals at 5, 8, 44, 55, 70 and 140 days. After five days the total intestinal wet weight was significantly greater in diabetic animals. Intestinal weight of diabetic animals increased progressively in comparison with controls. By 140 days after induction of diabetes, intestinal wet weight was doubled and dry weight was increased by 50% in comparison with controls. Tissue water content was significantly higher in diabetic rats. Body weight of diabetic animals at 140 days was half that of controls. Thus, the ratio of wet weight of intestine to body weight was four times greater in diabetic than control animals. Intestinal length and circumference were significantly increased at 44 days of diabetes. Growth of full thickness gut wall (by the criterion of significantly increased dry weight in g/cm of length) was primarily in the proximal small intestine. The dry weight of mucosal scrapings (g/cm length) was significantly greater in diabetic animals at eight days. The weight of underlying tissue remaining after scraping off mucosa was not significantly different, localizing the growth to the mucosa.
Differential ablation of sensory receptors underlies ototoxin-induced shifts in auditory thresholds of the goldfish (Carassius auratus).

In recent years, fish models have become popular for investigations of ototoxic agents. However, the vast majority of such studies have focused on anatomical changes in lateral line hair cells after drug adminitration. Using the goldfish (Carassius auratus), we confirm that the acquisition of auditory evoked potentials offers a rapid and non-invasive method for quantifying ototoxin-induced changes in hearing sensitivity. Gentamicin (100 mg ml−1) was the drug of choice as it is a well-studied human ototoxin. Auditory threshold elevation was observed between 300 and 600 Hz and was accompanied by significant reductions in hair cell ciliary bundle densities in specific regions of the utricle and saccule. The correlations between structure and function suggest that differential susceptibility of sensory hair cells to acute gentamicin treatment underlies the frequency-specific elevation of auditory thresholds. We propose that fish auditory systems should be used alongside the lateral line, for the assessment of ototoxicity in new-developed drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The model theory of ‘R-formal’ fields

Abstract Let K be a field, and let W ( K ) denote its Witt ring of Quadratic Forms. It is well-known in the theory of Quadratic Forms that the orders of K correpond in a one to one way with all ring surjections W(K) → Z . In particular, a field L is formally real over an ordered field K if and only if there is a homomorphism ϕ 1 : W(L)→ Z which extends the given ‘signature’ ϕ K : W(K)→ Z . (E.g. ϕ K = ϕ 1 , i ∗ , where i ∗ : W(K)1 → W(L) is the functinal map.) Using the above, one may discuss the usual theory of formally real and real closed fields in terms of Witt rings, Knebusch in [6] has, in the above setting, given a remarkable new proof of the uniqueness of real closures. One might ask what happens when the Z above is replaced by some other ring R ? That is the subject of this present note. In particular, we shall prove some algebraic and model theoretic analogues of well-known results for real closed fields, where the above Z is replaced by some finitely generated reduced Witt ring.