cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barium in planktonic foraminifera

Abstract Reconstructions of Ba distributions in ancient oceanic surface waters could provide new insight into paleoceanographic change. Calcite shells of planktonic foraminifera potentially provide a means of reconstructing such paleo-Ba distributions if lattice-bound Ba can be determined on shells recovered from deep-sea cores. Planktonic foraminifera shells from a series of cores were purified of non-lattice-bound Ba associated with organic or sedimentary phases by a combination of physical agitation, oxidative-reductive steps, acid leaches, and a novel alkaline-DTPA step to dissolve barite. A sequential dissolution of a large sample of cleaned shells of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides conglobatus indicates homogeneous distribution of Ba in the shell material. Comparison of shells from sediments, sediment traps, and plankton tows indicates no significant differences in the Ba content of the purified shells. Cleaned samples of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifera, G. ruber, G. conglobatus, Orbulina spp., and Globoquadrina dutertrei from the equatorial Pacific, North Atlantic, and Mediterranean Sea have Ba Ca ratios between 0.6 and 1.0 μmol/mol (0.8 to 1.4 ppm). Variation in foraminiferal Ba contents between the three basins is consistent with the trend in surface seawater Ba. The calculated distribution coefficient for Ba incorporation in these five species based on these data is 0.19 ± 0.05. Several species of the non-spinose planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia have Ba Ca ratios ranging from 2 to 13 μmol/mol; these high Ba contents might be explained by differences in the way these foraminifera precipitate their shells. A temporal record of Ba Ca in samples of Globigerinoides and Orbulina from a core in the northwest Atlantic suggests that the Ba concentration of surface waters at this site has not changed by more than 20% over the last 14 kyr.
Aerosolized nanostructured itraconazole as prophylaxis against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Summary Objective Prophylactic strategies against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis are often limited by drug interactions and toxicities. Targeted airway delivery of antifungals to the lungs may avoid these pitfalls. We evaluated the effectiveness of an aerosolized nanostructured formulation of itraconazole produced by spray freezing into liquid (SFL) as prophylaxis against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus . Methods Immunocompromised Balb/C mice received either itraconazole by oral gavage (Sporanox Oral Liquid [SOL] 30mg/kg TID) or by aerosolization (SFL 30mg/kg via 20min aerosolizations, or control, BID). Dosing began 2days prior to pulmonary inoculation with A. fumigatus and continued for 7days post-inoculation. Changes in lung histopathology were also assessed. In the survival arm, mice were monitored over a 5day period following discontinuation of therapy and survival was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results SFL survival (35%) was greater compared to control (10%; p =0.03) and SOL (0%; p =0.02). Histopathology demonstrated severe invasive disease involving vessels and small airways in control and SOL animals. SFL animals demonstrated colonization with some invasion predominately of large airways. Conclusions Prophylactic aerosolization of nanostructured SFL significantly improved survival and limited invasive disease of small airways due to A. fumigatus .
An Illustration of Diagnostic Classification Modeling in Student Learning Outcomes Assessment.

The assessment of higher-education student learning outcomes is an important component in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of academic and general education programs. This study illustrates the application of diagnostic classification models, a burgeoning set of statistical models, in assessing student learning outcomes. To facilitate understanding and future applications of diagnostic modeling, the log-linear cognitive diagnosis model used in this study is presented in a didactic manner. The model is applied in a context where undergraduate students were assessed along four learning outcomes related to psychosocial research across two time points. Results focus on implications and methods to aid stakeholders’ interpretation of the analyses. Contrasts to traditional measurement models and potential future applications are also discussed.
Lenticular Alterations in Hypertensive Rats

Cataract development has been reported in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) hypertensive rats with high-salt intake. An alteration in ionic transport and electrolyte balance has been reported to be associated with hypertension in these animals. A morphological evaluation of the lenses of salt-sensitive 'cataract-prone' (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) control animals is lacking. We undertook this investigation to evaluate changes in lenticular morphology and in systolic blood pressure (SBP) following administration of high-salt. Both DS and DR rats were given high-salt for up to 33 weeks. Lenses were extracted at desired intervals following the initiation of the high-salt diet and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Except for some variations between animals, our study showed that DR rats, in general, exhibited normal SBP and relatively normal morphology. In comparison, the lenses of DS hypertensive rats demonstrated the following major changes: (1) some epithelial cells showed multilayering, nodule formation, pyknotic nuclei, swelling of cell organelles, presence of a large number of lysosomes, and distension of intercellular spaces, (2) disorganization of the bow and (3) swelling of fiber cells in the equatorial region. These changes were similar to those observed in precataractous stages during the development of several types of experimentally induced cataracts and indicate an alteration in normal electrolyte balance as well as hyperosmolarity. Changes in ion transport and electrolyte imbalance have been reported in the lenses of DS rats on high-salt diet. These alterations and a defect in the sodium-potassium pump may be responsible for cataract development in these hypertensive rats.
An evaluation of cryoprotective compounds on bovine spermatozoa

Abstract The potentially cryoprotective properties of 72 higher-molecular-weight polymeric additives and 69 low-molecular-weight compounds were evaluated. The polymeric compound selection was based on solubility in semen extender, toxicity and finally, on the cryoprotective effect on bull spermatozoa as measured by progressive motility. Five compounds showed cryoprotection to the cell, but with no significant improvement over that of TESNaK yolk, TEST yolk, or TEST yolk glycerol extenders used as controls. Low-molecular-weight compounds were selected on the basis of colligative properties particularly that of freezing-point depression. Elimination was based on precipitation of proteins in the extender, toxicity, and cryoprotection to bovine spermatozoa as measured by progressive motility. Nineteen compounds that yielded protection during cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa were compared using post-thaw motility and membrane integrity using glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase enzyme retained in the spermatozoa after freezing as an indicator. Semen was diluted with extender containing selected compounds at 35 or 5 °C to determine the effect of temperature at which the cryoprotective compound was added. Glycerol yielded the highest recovery. Diethylene glycol, dimethylsulfoxide, N -methylacetamide, and triethylene glycol appeared not to be different in freezing bovine spermatozoa. The temperature or method of addition of cryoprotective compound did not reveal a significant difference.
Fertility issues in women with gynecologic cancers

Motherhood is one of the most important and joyful experiences in the life of a woman. To have the diagnosis of a gynecologic cancer that necessitates therapy, which could potentially impair reproductive capability, is physically and psychologically devastating. Fertility is a key issue for cancer victims diagnosed at a young age. Many women are inadequately counseled regarding their fertility options prior to undergoing gonadal toxic cancer therapy. In this article we shall review the currently available therapies for gynecologic and other cancers that could salvage fertility for women who desire to preserve it.
Temporal Variability Corrections for Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E (AMSR-E) Surface Soil Moisture: Case Study in Little River Region, Georgia, U.S.

Statistical correction methods, the Cumulative Dist ribution Function (CDF) matching technique and Regional Statistics Method (RSM) are applied to adjust the limited temporal variability of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E (AMSR-E) data using the Common Land Model (CLM). The temporal variability adjustment between CLM and AMSR-E data was conducted for annual and seasonal periods for 2003 in the Little River region, GA. The results showed that th e statistical correction techniques improved AMSR-E's limited temporal variability as compared to ground-based measurements. The regression slope and intercept im proved from 0.210 and 0.112 up to 0.971 and -0.005 for the non-growing season. The R 2 values also modestly improved. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Leaf Area Index (LAI) products were able to identify periods having an at tenuated microwave brightness signal that are not likely to benefit from these statistic al correction techniques.
N‐(Diphenylmethylene)aminoacetonitrile

[70591-20-7] C15H12N2 (MW 220.29) InChI = 1S/C15H12N2/c16-11-12-17-15(13-7-3-1-4-8-13)14-9-5-2-6-10-14/h1-10H,12H2 InChIKey = VRLJFRODHVSTIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (glycine anion equivalent for amino acid synthesis by phase transfer catalysis) Alternative Name: aminoacetonitrile benzophenone imine; O'Donnell's Schiff base. Physical Data: mp 81–82 °C; pKa (DMSO) = 17.8.1 Form Supplied in: commercially available. Preparative Method: by transimination of benzophenone imine with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride.2, 3 The crude product can often be used as it is or it can be recrystallized (Et2O/hexane or CCl4). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable to flash chromatography and stable at rt. It is best stored under argon to avoid contact with moisture. The hydrolysis product, benzophenone, can be detected either by TLC (EtOAc/hexane) or by NMR.
Single-photon source and quantum memory

We have experimentally demonstrated a new kind of single-photon source and a cyclical quantum memory device for photonic qubits. These initial experiments involved storage loops, active switching, and parametric down-conversion photon pairs.
Preservice Teachers’ Learning about Cultural and Racial Diversity: Implications for Urban Education

Several essential interactions or experiences that had an influence on preservice teachers’ learning and understanding about urban education and diversity are described and discussed. In particular, the author introduces a developmental typology that was used to analyze the preservice teachers’ learning and understanding as a result of a course designed to help preservice teachers develop the knowledge, skills, dispositions, and attitudes necessary to teach in highly diverse and urban school contexts. These developmental interactions that made a critical difference in the preservice teachers’ learning included cultural and racial awareness and insight, critical reflection, and a bridge between theory and practice. Understanding the influence of courses in teacher education that endeavor to provide learning spaces for preservice teachers is especially important as we document the most salient ways to provide all prospective teachers with what they need to make meaningful and significant differences in P-12...
Seasonality of birth weight in Chile: environmental and socioeconomic factors

Purpose Research suggests a relationship between birth weight and season of birth, but findings vary across countries and underlying factors are not well understood. We examine the seasonality of birth weight and explore alternative hypotheses for its etiology—exposure to environmental factors and varying socioeconomic composition of mothers—in Chile. Methods Birth weight of approximately 5 million Chilean singleton live births 37 of 41 weeks of gestation between 1987 and 2007 were analyzed for seasonality by using regression models with month dummies and parametric sinusoidal specifications. Multivariate models with socioeconomic covariates and interactions across geographic regions examine potential factors accounting for seasonal variation. Results Marked 12-month and 6-month periodic cycles were found. The amplitude and phase of the seasonal variation change across geographic regions. In the low-latitude northern region, there is a spring peak and a fall nadir, while in middle-latitude colder regions, a bimodal periodicity emerges with peaks in spring and fall, a pronounced winter nadir, and smaller nadir in the summer. Socioeconomic composition of mothers is found to vary with annual periodicity, but it does not account for the seasonality in birth weight. Conclusions Environmental factors rather than the socioeconomic composition of mothers likely account for seasonal variation in birth weight. The change in periodicity of birth weight across latitudes is consistent with a beneficial exposure to sunlight both early and late in the pregnancy, and a detrimental late exposure to cold temperatures only in areas with low winter temperatures.
Functional role of intrahypothalamic release of oxytocin and vasopressin: consequences and controversies

This brief review of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) release into the extracellular space of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei focuses on recent data illustrating the significance of their intranuclear release and the potential functional consequences. With the use of in vitro techniques, it has been demonstrated that administration of exogenous OT causes local peptide release and that, in vivo, this facilitates the milk ejection reflex. These findings lead to the idea that endogenous peptides are released into the hypothalamic nuclei. Microperfusion techniques have been used to monitor the dynamics of intranuclear OT and VP release in response to distinct stimuli. It is clear that intranuclear release of OT plays a role during reproductive states (parturition and lactation) and that intranuclear release of VP and OT is involved in osmoregulation. This review discusses 1) the origin of the intranuclearly released peptides, 2) stimuli which cause release into the hypothalamic nuclei, and 3) the function of intranuclear VP and OT, e.g., regulation of local morphology, feedback mechanisms and synchronization, and the possible role in regulating autonomic function and behavior.
Revelations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The author's 2 years of developing installations for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory have led him to an appreciation of how similar his thinking and work process are to those of the laboratory's engineers and scientists. For both, certain ideas and processes at first appear crazy and impracticable, but vision and persistence bring them to realization. The three installations described in this article pertain to a future mission that, if successful, will locate a planet similar to Earth and once again change humanity's understanding of its position in the universe.
Thermal extrusion of a non-linear viscoelastic solid inside a long cylindrical tube

An analysis is presented for the axial extrusion of an expanding viscoelastic solid inside a long cylindrical tube. Both differential thermal expansion and expansion of gas bubbles in the solid are considered as driving mechanisms. Finite element calculations are used to illustrate the details of the behavior of the system. The response is shown to be initially elastic followed by the development of a boundary layer near the free surface where the pressure gradients are sufficiently large to cause axial viscous flow. Simple boundary layer equations are derived to describe this flow. Results using these equations agree well with the results of the finite element calculations. The theory is applied to the extrusion of uranium-based metallic reactor fuel during overheating transients.
Detection of Internal Mammary Adenopathy in Patients With Breast Cancer by PET/CT and MRI.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of internal mammary node (IMN) adenopathy in patients with breast cancer and compare breast MRI and PET/CT for detection of IMN adenopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This retrospective study included 90 women who underwent MRI and PET/CT before neoadjuvant chemotherapy for clinical stage IIA through IIIA disease. MRI and PET/CT examinations were read independently by two readers trained in breast imaging and nuclear medicine. All patients underwent follow-up MRI at the end of chemotherapy, and 10 with hypermetabolic IMNs underwent follow-up PET/CT. Histology was not obtained. Women were considered to have IMN adenopathy when nodes seen on MRI or having standardized uptake value (SUV) greater than mediastinal blood pool decreased in either size or SUV (or both) after treatment. Features including lymphovascular invasion, tumor quadrant(s), and axillary adenopathy were compared between presence and absence of IMN adenopathy using Fisher's exact ...
William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos.

Until the late 18th century, the term ‘placebo’ was used in a religious rather than a medical context: an early Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible, Psalm 116, verse 9, was rendered as Placebo Domine - ‘I will please the Lord’. In the medieval Catholic Church, ‘placebo’ was the term used to refer to a funereal rite - Vespers for the Dead - which employed Psalm 116.1 By the 13th century, the term had taken on a disparaging, secular meaning: mourners paid to attend a funeral to ‘flatter’ the dead, were said to ‘sing placebos’ of false and easy praise. Indeed, in the 14th century, in the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer named his obsequious, flattering courtier Placebo.2 How did the word ‘placebo’ come to mean a medical treatment intended to please a patient? The term appears to have entered common usage sometime in the late 18th century. The 1775 edition of George Motherby's New Medical Dictionary contains no listing on the subject, while the 1785 edition defines ‘placebo’ as ‘a commonplace method or medicine’.3 Arthur Shapiro, a distinguished historian of the placebo, has expressed puzzlement over the changing meaning of ‘placebo’, suggesting ‘the reasons for the introduction of the word placebo into medicine in 1785 are largely unknown’.1 The transition from religious to medical meanings of the word ‘placebo’ can be enlightened by an analysis of the writings of William Cullen (1710-1790), dubbed by one historian ‘the leading British physician of the 18th century’.4 Cullen was the most prestigious and thus influential medical educator of his day, holding chairs in chemistry, theory of medicine and practice of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. Over his lifetime, his famous lectures were attended by thousands of pupils from throughout the Anglo-American world, including many of the early leading figures in American medicine. Thousands of patients consulted Cullen by post and in person at the Edinburgh clinic, including such luminaries as his friend Adam Smith, the famous economist.5 In his historical account of Scottish medicine, Risse6 noted that Cullen ‘employed regular drugs as placebos, although at lower doses’. We have examined the manuscripts of Cullen's clinical lectures,7 which are held in the Historical Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. They offer a valuable insight on how notions of placebo pertaining to religious ritual and flattery became a term referring to a method for pleasing difficult or incurable patients. The Cullen lectures also reveal the medical and social context of placebo use in actual medical practice in the late 18th Century.
Spectroscopy of Plutonium-Organic Complexes

Information on the spectroscopy of plutonium-organic complexes is needed to help establish the speciation of these complexes under environmentally relevant conditions. Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) and absorption spectrometry were used to characterize the Pu(IV)-citrate and Pu(IV)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) complexes at concentrations of 10{sup {minus}3}--10{sup {minus}7} M in aqueous solution. Good agreement was observed between the band shape of the LPAS and absorption spectra for the Pu(IV)-NTA complex. Agreement for the Pu(IV)-citrate complex was not quite as good. In both cases, a linear dependence of the LPAS signal on laser power and total concentration of the complexes was noted. This work is part of an ongoing research effort to study key subsurface interactions of plutonium-organic complexes.
PROBLEMS WITH COMPLEXITY IN GOLD'S PARADIGM OF INDUCTION Part I: Dynamic Complexity

In 1967, the computer scientist E. M. Gold published an article on inductive inference, which founded a new paradigm for the study of induction. This approach to induction has since become known as “Gold's Paradigm”. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Gold's paradigm to a broad audience, and to raise a problem with the paradigm, a problem which has largely been ignored by computer scientists. In particular, which complexity measures are suitable for inductive inference in Gold'ls paradigm? This paper is the first of two papers on this topic. The paper begins with an introduction to Gold'ls paradigm. It then introduces Blum's axioms for dynamic complexity measures. It is argued that further progress in Gold's paradigm requires strengthening Blum's axioms. As they stand, Blum's axioms allow measures which are not suitable for inductive inference. The second paper deals with static complexity measures.
Balancing predator avoidance with hunting opportunities: substrate choice by Misumena vatia spiderlings

When crab spiderlings Misumena vatia (Clerck 1757) emerge from their natal nests their small resource reserve makes them vulnerable to starvation, while their small size makes them vulnerable to many predators. Choosing substrates that allow hunting opportunities as well as protection from predators may thus be life or death decisions. Here we investigate the substrate choice of crab spiderlings on goldenrod Solidago canadensis and Solidago juncea inflorescences in relation to a frequently encountered predator, the jumping spider Pelegrina insignis (Banks 1892). Flower heads of S. canadensis are smaller and more densely packed on branches of the inflorescences than the heads of S. juncea, but the two species attract similar numbers of small flies, the major prey of the spiderlings and jumping spiders. Crab spiderlings significantly preferred S. canadensis, both in initial choice and length of time occupied, as did their jumping spider predator. However, capture times of spiderlings by small jumping spiders (, 5 mg) did not significantly differ on the two goldenrods, although the preferred goldenrod, S. canadensis, provided superior protection from larger jumping spiders (.5 mg). Thus, although occupancy on the preferred goldenrod does not make spiderlings safer from all jumping spiders, it provides superior protection from large ones and may be the basis for the substrate preference of the spiderlings.
Sensory and Textural Evaluation of Gluten-Free Bread Substituted With Amaranth and Montina™ Flour

The objective of this study was to develop a nutrient-dense gluten-free bread (GFB) using either amaranth or Montina™ flour in a standardized gluten-free lean breadrecipe for the purpose of comparing the nutritional, sensory, and objective qualities of the developed breads to a commercially-marketed GFB. Participants (n=222)included individuals who typically eat a gluten-free diet and those who eat a non-restricted diet. The non-restricted diet group was used to assess product acceptability in the general population and to determine product marketability among those without gluten restrictions. Nutritionally, both developed breads provided at least 26% more iron than the commercial GFB and > 40% more fiber while the amaranth bread provided twice as much folate. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in sensory attributes (appearance, texture, flavor, tenderness, and overall acceptability) of both amaranth- and Montina™-based breads were not reported between the groups. Based on sensory scores using a 9-point Hedonic scale, the commercial GFB was preferred over either developed bread and the Montina™-based bread was preferred over the amaranth-based bread. Significant differences in bread hardness were not detected among the tested GFB, yet commercial GFB slices exhibited the largest and most consistent cell size throughout. Results suggest that amaranth and Montina™ flours assist in improving the nutritional quality of GFB, yet additional testing is needed to assist in formulation modifications of this standardized lean bread recipe in order to produce a product similar in sensory qualities to commercially-marketed GFB.
Employee-of-the-Month Programs: Do They Really Work?

This article investigates Employee-of-the-Month as a technique for sustaining improved performance on a data entry task in two experiments. In both experiments, participants competed as members of a fabricated team for a “Check Processor of the Week” incentive. The first experiment assessed the impact of receiving this incentive. In the second experiment, the incentive was enhanced to include a $50 bonus for the winner. Participants always placed between 2nd and 5th place in order to assess the impact of being an unrewarded runner-up. Overall, results suggest that Employee-of-the-Month programs do not sustain improved performance and may even have detrimental effects.
Clause simplification through dominator analysis

Satisfiability (SAT) solvers often benefit from clauses learned by the DPLL procedure, even though they are by definition redundant. In addition to those derived from conflicts, the clauses learned by dominator analysis during the deduction procedure tend to produce smaller implication graphs and sometimes increase the deductive power of the input CNF formula. We extend dominator analysis with an efficient self-subsumption check. We also show how the information collected by dominator analysis can be used to detect redundancies in the satisfied clauses and, more importantly, how it can be used to produce supplemental conflict clauses. We characterize these transformations in terms of deductive power and proof conciseness. Experiments show that the main advantage of dominator analysis and its extensions lies in improving proof conciseness.
Export demand for U.S. pecans: Impacts of U.S. export promotion programs

The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of the major factors affecting the export demand for U.S. pecans in Asia and the E.U. which together import about 27% of U.S. pecan exports. The primary objective pertained to the impacts of federal promotion programs on the foreign demand for U.S. pecans. Based on previous literature, a single-equation framework was specified for estimation of the pecan model. Based on promotion elasticities, impacts on pecan export revenue from promotion were evaluated. The returns per dollar of promotion expenditure for pecans were $6.45 for Asia and $6.75 for the E.U. Further, some spill-over benefits for pecan exports were detected from almond export promotion in Asia and walnut export promotion in the E.U. It appears that the U.S. pecan industry can benefit substantially from increased export promotion in both Asia and the E.U. [L660, Q130, Q170]. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design management additions to the Octtools environment

Research is presented whose aim is to endow the Octtools environment with a set of design management (DM) functionalities. Two fields needing intervention have been isolated, i.e. task distribution among designers and design methodologies. The main lines of the approach are described: DM objects are stored in the same format as design objects and DM functions use OCT procedures to access them. Some difficulties pertinent to the control of the adherence to valid methodologies are given. >
Net Operating Working Capital, Capital Budgeting, And Cash Budgets: A Teaching Example

Many introductory finance texts present information on the capital budgeting process, including estimation of project cash flows. Typically, estimation of project cash flows begins with a calculation of net income. Getting from net income to cash flows requires accounting for non-cash items such as depreciation. Also important is the effect of changes in net operating working capital on cash flow. While students readily understand how to account for depreciation when calculating cash flow, they typically have much more difficulty understanding how and why changes in working capital affect cash flows. This paper develops a teaching example to show exactly how and why changes in net operating working capital affect cash flows. The example shows how to derive operating cash flows for a proposed project using the accrual accounting method and then shows a cash budget for the same project. Finally, the example shows that the discrepancy between the cash flows shown in the cash budget and the operating cash flows can be resolved by accounting for changes in working capital. A survey of students in an MBA managerial finance course indicates student satisfaction with the teaching example and gives evidence that students prefer the teaching example to explanations of the effect of working capital on project cash flows given in the assigned text.
The Transhipment Problem with Inequality Restraints

This article presents selected hypothetical formulations of the transhipment problem. Examples are presented of the use of restraints, in the form of equalities and inequalities, on demands and supplies, and for restricting the quantity of a commodity which can be shipped at a given rate. The above concepts are then incorporated into a more general spatial equilibrium model, and the formulation and solution of a two-product, two-region, five-stage problem are presented. In this model all products compete for the limited storage space and processing facilities of each region, yet product identity is maintained throughout the system. The existence of multiple solutions for transportation problems is also considered, and alternate solutions to the above problem are presented. The flexibilities illustrated in formulating the hypothetical problems considered provide useful extensions to the conventional formulations of the transhipment problem.
An Improved Unique Word DFT-Spread OFDM Scheme for 5G Systems

In this paper, we propose a new waveform based on discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM), in which the tail of the DFT-S-OFDM symbol contains a fixed sequence, i.e., a unique word (UW). The proposed waveform, called UW DFT-S-OFDM, improves upon both existing zero-tail (ZT) DFT-S-OFDM and UW OFDM schemes by removing the impact of data symbols on the tail of the transmitted signal. This is done by creating a redundant symbol vector that has 1% of the total transmitted energy approximately. As a result, the proposed UW DFT-S-OFDM scheme keeps the advantages of UW OFDM and ZT DFT-S-OFDM such as the circular convolution of the channel without the use of a cyclic prefix (CP), low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and low out-of-band (OOB) emission. In addition, by generating the UW sequence at the input of the DFT process, simpler receiver operation is obtained.
A mixture classifier for computer aided diagnosis of polyp malignancy for CT colonography

Feature classification is an important part in computer-aided diagnosis of suspicious lesions. Currently there are many classifiers available, e.g., support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). However, each of the classifiers has advantages and drawbacks and may show good performance in some cases and cannot show good classification in some other cases. It has been observed that different classifiers have different performances. This observation inspires us to explore a new classifier that can overcome the limitations of each single classifier while retaining the advantages of each single classifier. In this paper, we explored two “mixture” classifiers, one is the combination of two among the SVM, RF and LDA, and the other is the combination of all three. The performances of the two mixture classifiers were compared with respect to each individual, i.e., SVM, RF and LDA using a colon polyp database, including 116 neoplastic lesions and 37 hyperplastic lesions. The performances were quantitative measured by the area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristics. The results show that the “mixture” classifiers can have a better performance than each individual classifier, respectively. The running time of the mixture classifiers is dominated by the time of the SVM.
Reactive Self-Tracking Solar Concentration

We present a design for a reactive self-tracking solar concentrator. Using a cladding material with a non-linear optical response in a planar micro-optic solar concentrator allows for wide-angle acceptance without violating etendue.
Plasmonic-type acoustic cloak made of a bilaminate shell

Alternating isotropic layers have been widely used in the design of acoustic cloaks to achieve the necessary anisotropy required by coordinate-transformation techniques. In this paper, this concept is expanded to plasmonic-type acoustic cloaking using a bilaminate shell consisting of two isotropic layers with uniform thickness. Explicit analytic expressions based on thin-shell approximations for the necessary cloaking layer properties are developed, facilitating an examination of the fundamental physical behavior and dominant design parameters for a bilaminate plasmonic-type acoustic cloak. Based on this analysis, the performance of a bilaminate plasmonic-type acoustic cloak is examined, and practical means of achieving the desired cloaking layer properties are discussed.
Social Attitudes Toward Mental Illness

As a community medical care is gradually advocated and in fact practiced, the attitude of general population in a community toward the mentally ill has become one of the central issues in various fields, such as social psychiatry, social welfare and public health. It is the case of sociology as well, and some sociologists try to go further to analyze the psycho-social mechanisms behind openly expressed attitudes by general population.This paper is proposed to test three hypotheses which have been established through literature research. They are concerning factors influencing over people's acceptive attitude toward alcoholics, and are labelled as (1) the hypothesis of knowledge, (2) the hypothesis of contact and (3) the hypothesis of relationship.The test sample is drawn from the general community survey conducted in Akita prefecture in 1978. The test results show rather rejective data to the knowledge hypothesis, rejective to the contact hypothesis and generally supportive to the relationship hypothesis, although these findings are not necessarily based fully upon statistical verification.Two issues reflecting the above mentioned results are discussed. The problem of why people in a closer relationship with alcoholics tend to show an acceptive attitude is discussed in terms of the traits deriving from primary group relationship and the topic of what is substantially “therapeutic” is dealt by spelling out the four attitudinal types, (1) acceptive, (2) restrictive, (3) permissive, (4) rejective, obtained by crossing two variables, tolerance to and involvement in alcoholics. The attitudinal ambivalence often observed in families of the mentally ill is additionally refered to.
Psychosocial Predictors of Mental Health Service Utilization Among Women During their Mid-Sixties

This prospective study examined the longitudinal pathways to the utilization of mental health services among women in their mid-sixties. Earlier educational level, psychological symptoms, cigarette use, and physical diseases and later psychological symptoms were examined as predictors of mental health services utilization. The sample consisted of a prospective cohort of women (N = 511) who were followed from young adulthood (mean age = 32) to late midlife (mean age = 65). Using structural equation modeling, the results supported a mediational model showing that earlier low educational level and greater psychological symptoms predicted increased cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking predicted later physical diseases and symptoms. Physical diseases and symptoms were related to financial difficulty and later psychological symptoms and, ultimately, the use of mental health services by women in the mid-sixties.
Functional scale inhibitor nanoparticle capsule delivery vehicles for oilfield mineral scale control

Phosphonates are an important class of scale inhibitors for oilfield mineral scale deposition control. Scale inhibition for wellbore formation and downhole tubing is managed by injecting (squeezing) phosphonates deep into the reservoir. In order to enhance the transportability of phosphonates inside formation, phosphonate-containing nanomaterials are prepared as a delivery vehicle for this purpose. In this study, phosphonate–polymer nanoparticle capsules have been synthesized by using SiO2 nanoparticles as the building blocks and polymer aggregates as the template. The physicochemical properties of the prepared inhibitor capsule particles were examined and the impact of synthesis temperature was evaluated. The role of the prepared inhibitor capsule particles as scale inhibitor delivery vehicles was assessed via a series of laboratory column transport experiments. It shows that the inhibitor capsule particles are transportable in crushed sandstone medium and a number of physicochemical conditions can impact the particle transport process, including preflush solution chemistry, temperature, back pressure and medium grain size. Additionally, sandstone core transport study indicates that the inhibitor capsule particles can travel through a consolidated sandstone core. The ability of the prepared inhibitor capsule particles to transport in both crushed and consolidated formation can expand the application of such material for both onshore and offshore scale control operations.
Foreign Exchange Risk and Its Management

Foreign exchange risk is also known as exchange rate risk or currency risk or foreign exchange exposure, and it is the financial risk posed by an exposure to unanticipated changes in the exchange rates. Investors and MNCs exporting or importing goods and services or making foreign investments throughout the global economy are faced with an exchange rate risk, which can have severe financial consequences on firms’ profitability, cash flows, and their market value, if not managed appropriately. Currency-related gains or losses can have enormous impacts on reported earnings, which affect the firm’s profitability and consequently, the market’s opinion about this firm and its market value, through the demand of its financial assets. MNCs use a number of external techniques of risk (exposure) management and resort to contractual relationships outside their companies in order to reduce (or redistribute) the risk of foreign exchange losses. These hedging techniques are: forward exchange contracts, short-term borrowing, financial futures contracts, currency options, discounting bills receivable, factoring receivables, currency overdrafts, currency swaps, government exchange risk guarantees, and others, which are covered in detail in this chapter.
Discuss Characteristics of Modern Japanese Sentences According to Difference between “は” and“が”

We often find there are tow "" or "" in one Japanese sentence.when there are two "" in the same sentence, just one of them hints theme---arch - subject, the other can only show contrast and emphasis, because there may be more than two subjects, but just one theme in a Japanese sentence. When sub - subjects of state, existence, action etc. are stressed, they are followed by "" .When such predicts as state, existence and action etc. are emphasized , sub - subjects are followed by "". When two "" appear in the same sentence, "" after arch- subject shows exclusion, is the key point of the sentence, and stresses that only "" can follow subject matter of being judged , state, existence, action or top one in a limit."" after sub - subject simply demonstrates subject matter of being judged, existence and action.
NdFeCo TRILAYER AMORPHOUS FILMS WITH HIGH KERR ROTATION AT SHORT WAVELENGTHS

Magneto-optical recording materials with high remanent Kerr rotation at short wavelengths were successfully obtained in a trilayer form. A NdFeCo amorphous film with in-plane magnetization, but with a large saturation Kerr rotation angle at short wavelengths, was sandwiched between TbFeCo amorphous films with strong perpendicular anisotropy and high coercivity. The trilayer film, Tb20Fe74Co6 (10 nm)/Nd16Fe57Co27 (7.5 nm)/Tb20Fe74Co6 (100 nm), shows a remanent Kerr rotation angle θKr = 0.32° at a wavelength of 400 nm, coercivity Hc = 2.4kOe, and a good square loop (θKr/θKs ∼ 1).
Psychosocial Results of Burns: The Damaged Self-image

In the case of the burn patient in whom the catastrophe is so great, clinicians sometimes lose sight of the fact that patients have many special subjective fears that are hidden by the major catastrophe. The most obvious and basic aspects of care are plastic surgery and physical therapy. For the burn-disfigured in particular, there is a great likelihood that patients will drop out of treatment and disappear after several years of care. Clinicians must be aware that they are dealing with a changed life course, rather than the conventional course of rehabilitation.
Elementary 1:1 iPad Implementation: Successes and Struggles During the First Year:

This mixed-method case study followed K-5 elementary teachers through their first year of 1:1 iPad adoption in one elementary school. All teachers in the school were surveyed in September and Decem...
Boundary Formulations for Nonlinear Thermal Response Sensitivity Analysis

Implicit differentiation of the discretized boundary integral equations governing the conduction of heat in solid objects, subjected to both nonlinear boundary conditions, and with temperature dependent material properties, is shown to generate an accurate and economical approach for the computation of shape sensitivities for this class of problems. Several iterative strategies are presented for the solution of the resulting sets of nonlinear equations and the computational performances examined. Multi-zone analysis and zone condensation strategies are demonstrated to provide substantive computational economies in this process for models with either localized nonlinearities or regions of geometric insensitivity to design variables. Nonlinear example problems are presented that have closed form solutions. Exact analytical expressions are compared with the sensitivities computed using this boundary element formulation.
Paying for Teamwork: Supplier Coordination with Endogenously Selected Groups

We experimentally investigate horizontal coordination between suppliers where group output is limited by the lowestâ€ performing member and groups are formed endogenously. All participants first choose between one of two groups, where one group has an entry fee. Participants then simultaneously make capacity choices, and the minimum choice within each group dictates profits for group members. Allowing participants to select their group, thereby indirectly determining the group size, has strong implications for equilibrium outcomes. We find both theoretically and experimentally that the group with an entry fee always achieves higher output, while members of both groups earn equal profits in equilibrium. From a managerial perspective, costly membership fees for exclusive groups can separate highâ€ performing and lowâ€ performing subjects when group selection is endogenous, even when the costly fee provides no other benefits. Interestingly, the group with an entry fee always has fewer subjects, suggesting that a group membership fee acts as a deterrent to poorâ€ performing subjects.
Genomic evolution of Staphylococcus aureus isolates colonizing the nares and progressing to bacteremia

Background Nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus is a key risk factor for bacteremia. The objective of this study is to identify genomic modifications occurring in nasal carriage strains of S. aureus as they progress to bacteremia in a cohort of hospitalized patients. Methods Eight patients with S. aureus bacteremia were identified. Genomic sequences of the bloodstream isolates were compared with 57 nasal isolates collected longitudinally prior to the occurrence of bacteremia, which covered a timespan of up to 326 days before bacteremia. Results Within each subject, nasal colonizing strains were closely related to bacteremia strains. Within a subject, the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed between time points was greater than within a single time point. Co-colonization and strain replacement were observed in one case. In all cases colonization progressed to bacteremia without addition of new virulence genes. In one case, a mutation in the accessory gene regulator gene caused abrogation of agr function. Conclusion S. aureus evolves in the human nares at a variable rate. Progression of S. aureus nasal colonization to nosocomial infection is seldom associated with acquisition of new virulence determinants. Mutation in the agr gene with abrogation of function was associated with progression to bacteremia in one case.
Effect of cigarette advertising bans and warning labels on cigarette packs: Evidence from aggregate and individual data

Cigarette advertising is a public health issue if it affects total consumption rather than simply affecting brand choice. Some public health advocates claim that cigarette advertising results in increased use. The cigarette companies claim that their advertising affects only brand choice. Over the past 25 years, a number of econometric studies have been conducted on this issue and on the whole have provided little evidence that advertising increases total consumption. One of these studies (Hamilton, 1975), presented at the Third World Conference on Smoking or Health, showed no effect of advertising bans on cigarette consumption. This paper updates Hamilton’s work with newer data and newer econometric techniques.
Histone H2AX: a dosage-dependent suppressor of oncogenic translocations and tumors.

Abstract We employed gene targeting to study H2AX, a histone variant phosphorylated in chromatin surrounding DNA double-strand breaks. Mice deficient for both H2AX and p53 (H Δ/Δ P −/− ) rapidly developed immature T and B lymphomas and solid tumors. Moreover, H2AX haploinsufficiency caused genomic instability in normal cells and, on a p53-deficient background, early onset of various tumors including more mature B lymphomas. Most H2AX Δ/Δ p53 −/− or H2AX +/Δ p53 −/− B lineage lymphomas harbored chromosome 12 (IgH)/15 (c- myc ) translocations with hallmarks of either aberrant V(D)J or class switch recombination. In contrast, H2AX Δ/Δ p53 −/− thymic lymphomas had clonal translocations that did not involve antigen receptor loci and which likely occurred during cellular expansion. Thus, H2AX helps prevent aberrant repair of both programmed and general DNA breakage and, thereby, functions as a dosage-dependent suppressor of genomic instability and tumors in mice. Notably, H2AX maps to a cytogenetic region frequently altered in human cancers, possibily implicating similar functions in man.