cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac size and function during adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced systolic systemic hypertension in infants

Abstract The effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on systolic blood pressure, and echocardiographic indexes of heart size and function were investigated in 14 infants. After 25 days (range 13 to 46) of treatment with ACTH, systolic blood pressure increased from 93 ± 9 to 118 ± 20 mm Hg (p
Rectal Absorption of Lamotrigine Compressed Tablets

Summary: Purpose: Interruption of oral drug administration poses a significant clinical problem for antiepileptic drugs that have no parenteral formulation. If a drug is absorbed rectally, rectal administration can be a useful alternative when the oral route of administration is not possible. The purpose of this study was to compare the single-dose pharmacokinetics of la-motrigine (LTG) compressed tablets after rectal and oral administration in healthy volunteers. Methods: A single LTG compressed tablet (100 mg) was administered orally and rectally to 12 volunteers in this single-dose, two-period, crossover study with a 2-week washout between doses. For rectal administration, tablets were crushed and suspended in 10 mL of water. Plasma samples were collected from 0 to 120 hr after each dose and analyzed for LTG by an HPLC method developed for this investigation. Results: LTG plasma concentrations were lower after rectal administration versus oral administration. The average area under the curve was 28.90 ± 9.5 μg/mL/hr after rectal administration and 51.71 ± 19.2 μg/mL/hr after oral administration. The average maximum LTG concentration was 0.53 ± 0.14 μg/mL after rectal administration and 1.45 ± 0.35 μg/mL after oral administration. The relative bioavailability for LTG compressed tablets was 0.63 ± 0.33 for rectal administration. There were no drug-related rashes or serious side effects. Conclusions: LTG suspension prepared from LTG compressed tablets is absorbed rectally, although not to the same extent or rate as when given orally.
Climatic impacts on winter wheat in Oklahoma and potential applications to climatic and crop yield prediction

Climatic anomalies can pose severe challenges for farmers and resource managers. This is particularly significant with respect to gradually developing anomalies such as droughts. The impact of the 1995–1996 drought on the Oklahoma wheat crop, and the possibility that predictive information might have reduced some of the losses, is examined through a combined modeling approach using climatological data and a crop growth model that takes into account an extensive range of soil, climatic, and plant variables. The results show potential outcomes and also illustrate the point at which all possible climatic outcomes were predicting a significantly low wheat yield. Based on anecdotal evidence of the 1995–1996 drought, which suggested that farmers who planted at different times experienced different yields, the model was run assuming a variety of different planting dates. Results indicate that there is indeed a noticeable difference in the modeled wheat yields given different planting dates. The information regarding effectiveness of planting date can be used in conjunction with current long-range forecasts to develop improved predictions for the current growing season. This approach produces information regarding the likelihood of extreme precipitation events and the impact on crop yield, which can provide a powerful tool to farmers and others during periods of drought or other climatic extremes.
Tolerance Analysis of Machining Fixture Locators

The geometric variability of locators within a machining fixture is a known source of datum establishment error and machined feature geometric error. A locator tolerance is used to specify the range of permissible locator variation. Currently there are no models that relate a locator tolerance scheme to the worst case geometric errors that may result due to datum establishment error. This paper presents a methodology for modeling and analyzing the impact of a locator tolerance scheme on the potential datum related, geometric errors of linear, machined features. This paper also provides a simulation study in which locator tolerance analysis is applied to reveal some important insights into the relationship between machined feature geometric error, locator design, and locator tolerance scheme.
Dropwindsonde Observations of the Environmental Flow of Hurricane Josephine (1984): Relationships to Vortex Motion

Abstract Omega dropwindsonde (ODW) observations from three synoptic-flow experiments in environment of Hurricane Josephine have been analyzed in a research mode using an objective analysis procedure. The nominal times of the analyses are 0000 UTC 10, 11, and 12 October 1984. The filtered, three-dimensional analyses have been used as a basis for several diagnostic and prognostic calculations relating to the motion of the hurricane. Examination of Josephine's environment revealed a strong variability of the flow with distance from the storm center and with pressure. Josephine moved at right angles to the azimuthally averaged wind at 500 mb; the vortex motion was more consistent with the flow near 700 mb. Forecasts made with a barotropic forecast model showed a high sensitivity of the forecast track to the vertical layer used in the initial analysis. These results demonstrate the potential value of vertical sounding information from the ODWs, and show that single-level midtropospheric information is not alwa...
738–5 Three-year Frequency of New Lesions in Native Vessels in EAST

The Emory Angioplasty vs. Surgery Trial (EAST) randomized pts with multivessel disease to an initial strategy of PTCA or CABG. Of 298 pts who completed 3-year angiographic follow-up (F/U), 53 (18%) had at least one new lesion (N-Les) in their native vessels. The definitions for N-Les were: (1) percent stenosis (%S) at baseline was l50%S, measured by quantitative arteriography, (2) increased by at least 10%5 to become ≥50%5 during the 3-year F/U. N-Les were located either in a non-procedure native vessel (Tp. A) or in procedure vessel, distal to the direct effects of PTCA or CABG (Tp. B). “Instrumented” N-Les possibly due to balloon injury and “hemdynamic” N-Les proximal to, or at, the CABG sites were excluded from this analysis. PTCA and CABG were compared in terms of proportion of pts with N-Les (any, Tp. A or Tp. B) or whose N-Les caused Q-wave infarction (MI), or a large reversible thallium defect (TL), or required additional procedure(s) (AddP), and of %S of these N-Les at baseline (%SB) and when N-Les were first seen (%SN-Les). The occurrence of N-Les, per pt, was correlated with 30 common risk variables. Results Comparison of Frequency of N-Les between PTCA and CABG Pts with: N-les Tp.A Tp.B MI TI AddP %SB %SN-Les PTCA (152) 23 10 14 1 3 6 31 ± 13 71 ± 11 CABG (146) 30 14 17 2 3 8 32 ± 11 68 ± 11 None of these comparisons is statistically significant. Correlation Analysis·Significant Findings LDL/HDL Diabe HBP Chol ST ↓ ≥ 0.1 mv chest pain Sys BP RadioF/U Hx Hx F/U Base ETT F/U ETT Base r 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.13 p 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.006 0.02 0.03 Conclusions There were no differences between PTCA and CABG in terms of the frequency of N-Les, and the frequency of ischemic evidence due to N-Les over the 3 years. Of 136 pts who completed 3-year angiographic F/U and had MI or TL or AddP, only 19 (14%) were due to N-Les. As expected, both PTCA and CABG pts with atherogenic risk profiles were more likely to develop N-Les.
Metal transport to karst springs during storm flow: an example from Fort Campbell, Kentucky/Tennessee, USA

Low levels of heavy metals were investigated in a series of springs discharging from the Mississippian limestone aquifer underlying the Fort Campbell Army Base in western Kentucky/Tennessee. Springs were sampled at short time intervals through periods of storm discharge. Unfiltered samples were digested and analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metals detected at the μg/l level included As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Metal concentrations exhibited a pronounced maximum coincident with the peak of the storm hydrograph in contrast to carbonate species (Ca, Mg) which dipped to a minimum at the peak of the storm hydrograph. Metal concentrations track with aluminium and iron suggesting that the metal transport is mainly by adsorption onto suspended particulates which are mobilized during storm flow.
Long-Term Impact of a Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy Mini Fellowship Training Program on Postgraduate Urological Practice Patterns

Purpose: Robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy has stimulated a great deal of interest among urologists. We evaluated whether a mini fellowship for robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy would enable postgraduate urologists to incorporate this new procedure into clinical practice.Materials and Methods: From July 2003 to July 2006, 47 urologists participated in the robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy mini fellowship program. The 5-day course had a 1:2 faculty-to-attendee ratio. The curriculum included lectures, tutorials, surgical case observation, and inanimate, animate and cadaveric robotic skill training. Questionnaires assessing practice patterns 1, 2 and 3 years after the mini fellowship program were analyzed.Results: One, 2 and 3 years after the program the response rate to the questionnaires was 89% (42 of 47 participants), 91% (32 of 35) and 88% (21 of 24), respectively. The percent of participants performing robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy in years 1 to 3 after the mini fell...
The relation between nasorespiratory function and dentofacial morphology: A review

It is commonly assumed that nasorespiratory function can exert a dramatic effect upon the development of the dentofacial complex. Specifically, it has been stated that chronic nasal obstruction leads to mouth breathing, which causes altered tongue and mandibular positions. If this occurs during a period of active growth, the outcome is development of the "adenoid facies" (dentofacial morphology). Such patients characteristically manifest a vertically long lower third facial height, narrow alar bases, lip incompetence, a long and narrow maxillary arch, and a greater than normal mandibular plane angle. These dentofacial traits have repeatedly been attributed to restricted nasorespiratory function. It is generally believed that environmental factors can exert subtle or dramatic effects upon dentofacial morphology, depending upon their magnitude, duration, and time of occurrence. The purpose of this article is to present a critical review of the literature concerning the effect of one such environmental factor, nasal airway function, upon dentofacial morphogenesis. This review will critically examine the most frequently cited papers reporting a relationship between nasorespiratory function and dentofacial morphology. In summary, this critical review fails to support a consistent relationship between obstructed nasorespiratory function and the adenoid facies or long-face syndrome. Additional objective evaluations of this relation are encouraged.
An overview of the facilities, activities, and developments at the University of North Texas Ion Beam Modification and Analysis Laboratory (IBMAL)

The Ion Beam Modification and Analysis Laboratory (IBMAL) at the University of North Texas includes several accelerator facilities with capabilities of producing a variety of ion beams from tens of keV to several MeV in energy. The four accelerators are used for research, graduate and undergraduate education, and industrial applications. The NEC 3MV Pelletron tandem accelerator has three ion sources for negative ions: He Alphatross and two different SNICS-type sputter ion sources. Presently, the tandem accelerator has four high-energy beam transport lines and one low-energy beam transport line directly taken from the negative ion sources for different research experiments. For the low-energy beam line, the ion energy can be varied from ∼20 to 80 keV for ion implantation/modification of materials. The four post-acceleration beam lines include a heavy-ion nuclear microprobe; multi-purpose PIXE, RBS, ERD, NRA, and broad-beam single-event upset; high-energy ion implantation line; and trace-element accelerator mass spectrometry. The NEC 3MV single-ended Pelletron accelerator has an RF ion source mainly for hydrogen, helium and heavier inert gases. We recently installed a capacitive liner to the terminal potential stabilization system for high terminal voltage stability and high-resolution microprobe analysis. The accelerator serves a beam line for standard RBS and RBS/C. Another beamline for high energy focused ion beam application using a magnetic quadrupole lens system is currently under construction. This beam line will also serve for developmental work on an electrostatic lens system. The third accelerator is a 200 kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator with an RF ion source. The fourth accelerator is a 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator, which was in operation for last several decades is currently planned to be used mainly for educational purpose. Research projects that will be briefly discussed include materials synthesis/modification for photonic, electronic, and magnetic applications, surface sputtering and micro-fabrication of materials, development of high-energy ion microprobe systems, and educational and outreach activities.
A model of direction selectivity in the starburst amacrine cell network

Displaced starburst amacrine cells (SACs) are retinal interneurons that exhibit GABA A receptor-mediated and Cl − cotransporter-mediated, directionally selective (DS) light responses in the rabbit retina. They depolarize to stimuli that move centrifugally through the receptive field surround and hyperpolarize to stimuli that move centripetally through the surround (Gavrikov et al, PNAS 100(26):16047–16052, 2003, PNAS 103(49):18793–18798, 2006). They also play a key role in the activity of DS ganglion cells (DS GC; Amthor et al, Vis Neurosci 19:495–509 2002; Euler et al, Nature 418:845–852, 2002; Fried et al, Nature 420:411– 414, 2002; Gavrikov et al, PNAS 100(26):16047–16052, 2003, PNAS 103(49):18793–18798, 2006; Lee and Zhou, Neuron 51:787–799 2006; Yoshida et al, Neuron 30:771–780, 2001). In this paper we present a model of strong DS behavior of SACs which relies on the GABA-mediated communication within a tightly interconnected network of these cells and on the glutamate signal that the SACs receive from bipolar cells (a presynaptic cell that receives input from cones). We describe how a moving light stimulus can produce a large, sustained depolarization of the SAC dendritic tips that point in the direction that the stimulus moves (i.e., centrifugal motion), but produce a minimal depolarization of the dendritic tips that point in the opposite direction (i.e., centripetal motion). This DS behavior, which is quantified based on the relative size and duration of the depolarizations evoked by stimulus motion at dendritic tips pointing in opposite directions, is robust to changes of many different parameter values and consistent with experimental data. In addition, the DS behavior is strengthened under the assumptions that the Cl− cotransporters Na + -K + -Cl − and K + -Cl − are located in different regions of the SAC dendritic tree (Gavrikov et al, PNAS 103(49):18793–18798, 2006) and that GABA evokes a long-lasting response (Gavrikov et al, PNAS 100(26):16047–16052, 2003, PNAS 103(49):18793–18798, 2006; Lee and Zhou, Neuron 51:787–799, 2006). A possible mechanism is discussed based on the generation of waves of local glutamate and GABA secretion, and their postsynaptic interplay as the waves travel between cell compartments.
Improvement of performance on an attention task with chronic nicotine treatment in rats.

Male, Holtzman rats were trained extensively on an attention task which required them to respond with a single lever-press to a very short, variably presented stimulus for food reinforcement, but which also required them to inhibit inappropriate responses. After performance had stabilized, two groups were treated with either nicotine base (100 Μg/kg, s.c., t.i.d.) or saline for 4 weeks. The groups were crossed-over so that the first received saline and the second nicotine for an additional 4 weeks. A 3-week saline recovery period followed. Rats were tested on the attention task daily through all periods. Analysis of the data indicated that independent of the treatment-order, rats performed more efficiently under nicotine treatment than under saline conditions. The improvement in performance was most notable in the reduction of inappropriate responding during chronic nicotine treatment. The significance of the behavioral changes in relation to proposed nicotine-induced neurophysiological changes and the two-arousal hypothesis are discussed.
Polar lipid composition of mammalian hair

The types and amounts of polar lipids from the hair of monkey (Macacca fascicularis), dog (Canis familiaris), pig (Sus scrofa) and porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) have been determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The polar lipid content of the hair samples ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 wt%. Lipid compositions included ceramides (57-63% of the polar lipid by weight), glycosphingolipids (7-9%) and cholesteryl sulfate (22-29%). Several minor components (4-7%) remain unidentified. The results suggest that cholesteryl sulfate may be an important determinant of the cohesiveness of hair.
Nuclear Factor-κB Modulates Regulatory T Cell Development by Directly Regulating Expression of Foxp3 Transcription Factor

Naturally derived regulatory T (Treg) cells are characterized by stable expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and characteristic epigenetic imprinting at the Foxp3 gene locus. Here, we found that enhancing nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity via a constitutive active inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) transgene in T cells led to increased number of Foxp3(+) cells in the thymus and can rescue Foxp3 expression in thymocytes deficient in other pleiotropic signaling molecules. Enhancing the signal strength of the NF-kappaB pathway also induced Foxp3 expression in otherwise conventionally selected T cells. NF-kappaB directly promoted the transcription of Foxp3, and upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, c-Rel, a NF-kappaB family member, bound to Foxp3 enhancer region, which is specifically demethylated in natural Treg cells. Hence, NF-kappaB signaling pathway is a key regulator of Foxp3 expression during natural Treg cell development.
A forecasting approach to accelerate drug development

The clinical phase of drug development should be concluded sooner and at a lower cost if primarily only the pivotal and supportive studies were to be conducted. Such improved efficiency requires development of a decision support system that delivers five new capabilities: (i) it enables one to predict a result of a clinical study and to identify those studies that are expected to have an acceptable probability of success; (ii) it will allow one to optimally utilize available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data and improve its predictive capability as more data become available; (iii) it will enable one to project useful population results, not just mean results; (iv) predictions will be accompanied by a measure of reliability; and (v) expected initial clinical results will be predictable from animal and related drug class data. With such a tool population targets could be specified very early in the drug development programme, challenged, and then rationally revised at each step during the development process. This report describes progress in developing and testing a clinical trials Forecaster, a prototype for such a system. The Forecaster generates estimates of the joint density for a population of combined PK/PD parameters. That population then serves as a surrogate for the population of individuals. When the resulting joint density is sampled, the obtained sets of parameters may be used to generate data that is statistically indistinguishable from the original experimental data. Such simulated data can be used to validate assumptions, and make inferences on specified population targets that are accompanied by a measure of prediction reliability. We demonstrate use of the forecaster by employing N = 22 PK/PD parameter sets for an orally administered analgesic.
Dexamethasone and Cyclosporin A Suppress Mast Cell-Leukocyte Cytokine Cascades by Multiple Mechanisms

Based on in vitro findings with mouse mast cells and in vivo findings in mice, we report that dexamethasone or cyclosporin A can have at least three actions which interfere with the pathogenesis IgE-, mast-cell-, and cytokine-dependent inflammatory reactions: suppression of the IgE-dependent increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRN A by mast cells, inhibition of the IgE-dependent production of TNF-α protein by mast cells, and diminution of the responsiveness of target cells to TNF-α. Our findings in mice raise the possibility that similar actions of these agents in humans may account for some of the clinical efficacy of corticosteroids and cyclosporin A in allergic diseases.
Separation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from inorganic phosphate on bisulfite ion-exchange columns.

Abstract The separation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from inorganic phosphate on bisulfite ion-exchange columns is described. The GAP is recovered as a bisulfite complex by precipitation with alcohol.
School Uniforms, Academic Achievement, and Uses of Research

School uniforms are being advocated for a range of social, educational, economic, and familial reasons. In 1998, The Journal of Educational Research (The JER) published an article by D. Brunsma and K. Rockquemore that claims that uniforms correlate negatively with academic achievement, but data presented in this article actually show positive correlation between uniforms and achievement for the total sample, and for all but 1 school sector. Examination of structure of argument reveals that the erroneous claim results from misleading use of sector analysis. Simultaneous with The JER article, and on the basis of the same National Education Longitudinal Study: 1988 database, an Educational Testing Service article reported that no correlation exists between uniforms and achievement. The two articles are contrasted in this study. The effect of new communication technology in amplifying political uses of academic research is discussed.
Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Temperature Profiles by a Combination of Microwave Radiometry and Radar

Abstract This paper describes the results of a three-week experiment in which ground-based microwave radiometricmeasurements were combined with VHF radar measurements of tropopause height to yield vertical temperature profiles. Several algorithms to derive tropopause height are presented and their results are comparedwith radiosondes. The best of the algorithms yields radar versus radiosonde rms differences of 0.65 km.By the use of the combined radar-radiometric method, improvements were obtained in rms temperatureaccuracy of as much as 2.0 K rms over the pure radiometric technique.
Unexpected rearrangement of 4-chloro-2-butenylphosphinidene to 1-chloro-2-vinylphosphirane in the coordination sphere of tungsten

The complex (4-chloro-2-butenylphosphinidene)pentacarbonyltungsten, as generated from the appropriate 7-phosphanorbornadiene complex at 58 °C in the presence of copper(I) chloride as a catalyst, readily rearranges to give the stable 1-chloro-2-vinylphosphirane complex. According to DFT calculations on similar Cr(CO)5 complexes, a concerted six-electron (σ C−Cl bond, P lone pair, and π CC double bond), five-center mechanism could be involved with a low energy barrier of 4.8 kcal mol-1 in the chromium series.
Experimental Study of Cassava Sun Drying

ABSTRACT Experiments were carried out in Davis, California, USA to compare sun drying of a bed of cassava chips placed in wire mesh trays with those placed in trays made of sheet metal. The wire mesh permitted wind to blow easily through the bed of chips, while the sheet metal constrained the wind to flow across the top of the bed, Drying was faster in the wire mesh trays; the chips reached a moisture content for safe storage after 27 hours of drying, while those in the sheet metal trays took 35 hours. The uniformity of drying was also markedly better in the wire mesh trays. Higher temperatures were attained in the chips contained in the sheet metal trays due to contact heat transfer between the trays and the chips. However the restricted air flow around the chips in the sheet metal trays led them to dry slower than those in the wire mesh trays.
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite doped with magnesium and zinc: Synthesis and characterization

Abstract During recent years, there have been efforts in developing nanocrystalline bioceramics, to enhance their mechanical and biological properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In this research, we made an attempt to synthesize nanocrystalline bioactive hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HAp) ceramic powder in the lower-end of nano-range (2–10 nm), using a simple low-temperature sol–gel technique and studied its densification behavior. We further studied the effects of metal ion dopants during synthesis on powder morphology, and the properties of the sintered structures. Calcium nitrate and triethyl phosphite were used as precursors for calcium and phosphorous, respectively, for sol–gel synthesis. Calculated quantities of magnesium oxide and zinc oxide were incorporated as dopants into amorphous dried powder, prior to calcination at 250–550 °C. The synthesized powders were analyzed for their phases using X-ray diffraction technique and characterized for powder morphology and particle size using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM analysis showed that the average particle size of the synthesized powders were in the range of 2–10 nm. The synthesized nano-powders were uniaxially compacted and then sintered at 1250 °C and 1300 °C for 6 h, separately, in air. A maximum average sintered density of 3.29 g/cm 3 was achieved in structures sintered at 1300 °C, developed from nano-powder doped with magnesium. Vickers hardness testing was performed to determine the hardness of the sintered structures. Uniaxial compression tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties. Bioactivity and biodegradation behavior of the sintered structures were assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) and maintained in a dynamic state.
Evolution of Autologous Chondrocyte Repair and Comparison to Other Cartilage Repair Techniques

Articular cartilage defects have been addressed using microfracture, abrasion chondroplasty, or osteochondral grafting, but these strategies do not generate tissue that adequately recapitulates native cartilage. During the past 25 years, promising new strategies using assorted scaffolds and cell sources to induce chondrocyte expansion have emerged. We reviewed the evolution of autologous chondrocyte implantation and compared it to other cartilage repair techniques. Methods. We searched PubMed from 1949 to 2014 for the keywords “autologous chondrocyte implantation” (ACI) and “cartilage repair” in clinical trials, meta-analyses, and review articles. We analyzed these articles, their bibliographies, our experience, and cartilage regeneration textbooks. Results. Microfracture, abrasion chondroplasty, osteochondral grafting, ACI, and autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis are distinguishable by cell source (including chondrocytes and stem cells) and associated scaffolds (natural or synthetic, hydrogels or membranes). ACI seems to be as good as, if not better than, microfracture for repairing large chondral defects in a young patient’s knee as evaluated by multiple clinical indices and the quality of regenerated tissue. Conclusion. Although there is not enough evidence to determine the best repair technique, ACI is the most established cell-based treatment for full-thickness chondral defects in young patients.
Visibility of objects in computer simulations of noisy micrographs.

Thresholds of visibility for objects in images with random pixel noise are predicted in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio. From trials with volunteers marking test images, we determined visibility thresholds of objects obscured by random pixel noise. The test images had objects with a variety of simple shapes and relatively little internal structure. Aside from the noise, the background of the test images was smooth and featureless. We extend the threshold signal-to-noise ratio measurements of Rose and others to a variety of object sizes and shapes. For objects with areas less than a disc subtending 2° at the eye, visibility depends on the averaged difference in intensity from background, the noise level and the number of pixels in the object. Visibility does not seem to depend on object shape.
PARALLEL BLADE–VORTEX INTERACTION

Abstract Laser–Doppler velocimetry was employed to experimentally investigate two-dimensional airfoil–vortex interaction. Vortices were generated by sinusoidally oscillating a NACA 0012 airfoil about its quarter-chord at a reduced frequency of k =2·05 and an amplitude of ±10° in angle of attack. The target airfoil, a NACA 63 2 A015 was immersed in the wake, two chord lengths downstream of the vortex generator's trailing edge. Phase-averaged velocity measurements of the flow around the target airfoil were made with the latter at angles of attack of α =0° (unloaded blade) and α =10° (loaded blade). A close encounter with a counterclockwise rotating vortex was studied for both angles of attack and a head-on collision which splits the counterclockwise rotating vortex in two was investigated for collision which splits the counterclockwise rotating vortex in two was investigated for α =10°. Vorticity fields were constructed and surface pressure fluctuations on the airfoil were determinded. It was found that the most violent interaction occurs when the disturbing vortex passes very near over the loaded airfoil. On the other hand, with head-on collision, the disturbing vortex is split, the pressure spikes are drastically reduced and the vortex disintegrates. The opportunity arises therefore to unload a blade during the short interval of vortex interaction, in order to reduce the severity of blade–vortex interaction.
Synchronization for wireless multi-radar covert communication networks

The motivation for our current work is the need for a covert wireless communication network between multi-site radars. Such radars form an effective network-centric architecture that has intrinsic properties such as LPI, LPD, and good data dissemination capabilities. Our continuing work indicates that a notched UWB noise signal within which OFDM data symbols are embedded can be used as a secure communication channel between individual noise radars. The receiver performance in such systems depends heavily on the timing of the DFT window for detecting the message symbols concealed within the noise-OFDM waveform. Performance is therefore severely limited due to the effects of timing and frequency offsets on the noise-data signal. These synchronization errors bring unwanted noise into this window in the form of ICI, ISI, etc. In this paper, we show that most of the techniques developed for a simple OFDM system do not suit the covert noise-OFDM system requirements. We further propose a packet/frame detection and timing estimation technique for the noise-data signal used between the random noise radars. This technique is unique as it is applied to OFDM symbols embedded in UWB noise. With no preprocessing required in the transmitter and no knowledge about the source noise signal, the correlation properties of band-limited white noise are exploited to achieve synchronization.
Early Bookkeeping and its Development into Accounting

The transition from simple record keeping to accounting more or less in the form we know it today took many hundreds of years, though most of the basic developments had occurred by early Renaissance times. The advance of the art was intimately linked with a growing literature, the advancement of status, and other recognizable signs of maturing professionalism.
Finite state control of quadruped locomotion

Previous work relating to the control of legged locomo tion systems has suggested that it might be possible to achieve stable locomotion in a machine using only on-off actuators at each joint. It h...
On-Off Decentralized Control of Flexible Structures

A new near minimum fuel method for on-off decentralized control of flexible structures is introduced. Fuel minimization is achieved by turning on actuators when local velocities are in the neighborhood of a maximum and when local displacements are in the neighborhood of a minimum. Maximum velocity and minimum displacement neighborhoods at each actuator location are determined by recursively computing standard deviations of displacements and velocities over running intervals of time. The fuel consumed by on-off control is shown to be 20 percent lower than by linear optimal control for the same reductions in energy over the same periods of time. On-off control of a uniform beam illustrates the method.
Comprehensive Cancer Centres and the war on cancer

Comprehensive Cancer Centres are now recognized as an important weapon in the war on cancer, but they had to fight a very different battle to become accepted by the academic community. Why were these centres developed? How do they contribute to cancer research? Have they achieved the aims for which they were set up? And how should they be improved? It is important to answer these questions because we believe that cancer centres, though in need of improvement, are vital parts of our anticancer strategy.
Wikis: collaborative learning for cs education

Wikis may be on track to take the academic world by storm. Though researchers have used them as collaborative tools for more than a decade, it is only in the past year or two that they have become widespread in education. Of the articles published by SIGCSE on wikis, nearly two-thirds (30 out of 46) of them gave appeared since the beginning of 2006. References to wikis in the educational database ERIC are approximately doubling each year. What is it about wikis that has suddenly made them so attractive? Among other things, it is the fact that collaboration becomes so easy. Students have the opportunity to revise each other’s work without the need to send documents back and forth. Because an edit history is kept, it is easy to see how much work each student has done—and to verify that it has not been downloaded from a third-party source on the eve of the due date. Wikis have been used for a wide variety of assignments, from discussion boards to writing a textbook from student contributions. This panel will present several collaborativelearning exercises that have been carried out with wikis, and give advice to instructors who want to use wikis in their classes.
Heparan sulfate degradation: relation to tumor invasive and metastatic properties of mouse B16 melanoma sublines

After transport in the blood and implantation in the microcirculation, metastatic tumor cells must invade the vascular endothelium and underlying basal lamina. Mouse B16 melanoma sublines were used to determine the relation between metastatic properties and the ability of the sublines to degrade enzymatically the sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in the extracellular matrix of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Highly invasive and metastatic B16 sublines degraded matrix glycosaminoglycans faster than did sublines of lower metastatic potential. The main products of this matrix degradation were heparan sulfate fragments. Intact B16 cells (or their cell-free homogenates) with a high potential for lung colonization degraded purified heparan sulfate from bovine lung at higher rates than did B16 cells with a poor potential for lung colonization. Analysis of the degradation fragments indicated that B16 cells have a heparan sulfate endoglycosidase. Thus the abilities of B16 melanoma cells to extravasate and successfully colonize the lung may be related to their capacities to degrade heparan sulfate in the walls of pulmonary blood vessels.
Incentive as a factor in the behaviors of rats given lateral hypothalamic stimulation

Abstract Rats that showed stimulus-bound behavior when given electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH) were tested in two experiments to assess their responses to taste and caloric aspects of liquid foods. The results indicated that the adulteration of milk with quinine more effectively suppressed both bar-pressing and licking behavior of the deprived animal as compared to the animal given ESLH. However, animals in the ESLH condition did not appear to be hungrier, since they did not respond more for the milk than did deprived animals when the milk was not adulterated with quinine. In two-bottle preference tests pitting a sweet saccharin solution against a standard nutritive sucrose solution adulterated with various amounts quinine, ESLH facilitated responding for both solutions, but relative choices were unchanged from those that were observed when the same animals were deprived or non-deprived. It is suggested that the behaviors elicited by ESLH differ from those that result from deprivation.
Effects of expertise on state self-efficacy and state worry during a computer-based certification test☆

This study investigated the relationship betweeen expertise, state self-efficacy, and state worry during the administration of a computerized job-related certification test. A certification test was created using multiple-choice formatted question items, evaluated using standard psychometric techniques, and administered through a computer-assisted testing system. A questionnaire survey instrument was administered to individuals who had just finished the certification test and who were willing to self-report how they felt during the administration of the certification test. The questionnaire survey contained two scales, state self-efficacy and state worry. Test participants who took the certification test and were classified as masters (experts) demonstrated both significantly higher levels of state self-efficacy and less state worry than those participants who took the same test and were classified as nonmasters. The results of this study were consistent with both the stated hypotheses and research literature.
THE BIAS OF COST CONTROL CHARTS TOWARD TYPE II ERRORS

Application of control charts has significantly improved process control by explicitly recognizing uncontrollable variation in the process. A dangerous misapplication of the technique involves the use of control charts with data produced by accounting systems. This paper points out the weaknesses inherent in using aggregated accounting data for inferences about cost control.
Taste aversion learning in suckling and weanling pigs

Pigs are able to learn to avoid a novel flavor that has previously been associated with gastrointestinal malaise. Suckling pigs were allowed to nurse from maple syrup coated teats and then were injected with 0.3 M LiCl i.p. Littermates controls were injected with 0.9% NaCl. Three days later the LiCl treated piglets did not ingest as much milk from maple syrup coated teats as their littermate controls. Weanling pigs were treated with 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine i. v. or 0.3 M LiCl 5 ml/kg intraduodenally immediately after their first meal of maple flavored feed. When maple flavored feed was offered to them again several days later they ate less than they did initially and less than controls which had been treated with 0.9% NaCl after their first maple flavored meal. The implications of taste, aversion learning in pigs for both research and swine production are discussed.
Formation of the 2,4-Pentadiynyl-1 Radical (H2CCCCCH, X2B1) in the Crossed Beams Reaction of Dicarbon Molecules with Methylacetylene

The chemical dynamics to synthesize the 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 radical, HCCCCCH2(X2B1), via the neutral−neutral reaction of dicarbon with methylacetylene, was examined in a crossed molecular beams experiment at a collision energy of 37.6 kJ mol-1. The laboratory angular distribution and time-of-flight spectra of the 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 radical and its fragmentation patterns were recorded at m/z = 63−60 and m/z = 51−48. Our findings suggest that the reaction dynamics are indirect and dictated by an initial attack of the dicarbon molecule to the π electron density of the methylacetylene molecule to form cyclic collision complexes. The latter ultimately rearranged via ring opening to methyldiacetylene, CH3−C⋮C−C⋮C−H. This structure decomposed via atomic hydrogen emission to the 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 radical; here, the hydrogen atom was found to be emitted almost parallel to the total angular momentum as suggested by the experimentally observed sideways scattering. The overall reaction was strongly exoergic by 182 ± 10 ...
Update on the management of hypertension: do recent clinical trial results indicate a change in national recommendations for therapy?

Numerous hypertension treatment trials have been reported during the past several years. In comparative studies it has been shown that the use of diuretics or diuretics/β blockers has resulted in a reduction in morbidity/mortality equivalent to the use of other antihypertensive medications. This is true in both young and elderly patients. In one large 8-year study in diabetics, the use of a β blocker/diuretic combination was shown to be as effective in reducing overall cardiovascular events as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/diuretic treatment program. Although most data indicate that the degree of blood pressure lowering accounts for most of the benefit, there are some differences in outcome that may be explained by different mechanisms of drug action. For example: 1) diuretics are more effective in preventing heart failure and overall cardiovascular events than a blockers; 2) an ACE inhibitor-based program is more effective in the elderly in reducing myocardial infarctions and heart failure than a calcium channel blocker-based program; and 3) a nondihydropyridine is more effective in reducing strokes, but less effective in preventing myocardial infarctions or heart failure, than a program based on diuretic therapy. There is also abundant evidence that the use of ACE inhibitors may prevent the occurrence of diabetes in hypertensive individuals and will reduce cardiovascular events in diabetics. Finally, the angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to slow the progression of renal disease and prevent the occurrence of end-stage renal disease when compared to treatment regimens that do not include an angiotensin receptor blocker or ACE inhibitor. Updated treatment recommendations should include an ACE inhibitor and possibly an angiotensin receptor blocker along with diuretics and β blockers as initial therapy. In addition, recommendations for the use of multiple-drug therapy have been reinforced by recent trials. Goal pressures are not readily achieved with monotherapy, especially in high-risk patients.
Functional characterization of prostaglandin E2 inducible osteogenic colony forming units in cultures of cells isolated from the neonatal rat calvarium

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases the number of mineralized nodules that form in cultures of rat calvarial (RC) cells. The purpose of our study was to characterize PGE2-inducible osteogenic colony forming units (CFU-Os) by determining their number, the cell populations from which they were released, their specific responsive period to PGE2, and their proliferating and differentiating characteristics under the stimulation of PGE2. Limiting dilution analysis was used to determine the number of PGE2-inducible CFU-Os. Sequential digestion of intact rat parietal bones with collagenase isolated 5 subpopulations of RC cells that were used to estimate the cell populations where PGE2-inducible CFU-Os resided. The responsive period of PGE2-inducible CFU-Os to PGE2 was evaluated by treating cultures of mixed RC cells for all possible combinations of days 1-10, 11-20, and 21-30. PGE2 effects on proliferation and differentiation of CFU-Os were evaluated by comparing the DNA synthesis and AP activity in subpopulations I and IV on days 3, 6, and 9. Results showed: (1) PGE2-inducible CFU-Os represent 0.27% of cells in the mixed RC population, (2) the majority of determined and PGE2-inducible CFU-Os were found in the subpopulations released during the 60-100 min digestion periods, (3) the response of PGE2-inducible CFU-Os is limited to the first 10 days of culture, and (4) PGE2-stimulated nodule formation is associated with an early increase in DNA synthesis and a sustained increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. We conclude that, functionally, PGE2-inducible CFU-Os are slowly proliferating AP negative cells primarily found in the subpopulations III-V. PGE2 stimulates them to proliferate and become AP+, and function as determined CFU-Os to form mineralized nodules in vitro.
Does the Integrin αA Domain Act as a Ligand for its βA Domain

We thank Nancy Hogg for providing mAb 24 and Martyn K. Robinson for the KIM185 and 127 mAbs. This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIAID and NHLBI).
Professional Development and Student Growth in Writing

Abstract Although widely adopted, the efficacy of the Six Traits Analytic Writing Model for raising student writing achievement is uncertain. This comparison group study investigated teachers' perceptions of the efficacy of professional development in the model and students' writing gains. Data included teacher surveys and writing samples of 4th-graders from a school district in the United States. Teachers reported that the training enhanced their pedagogical knowledge related to writing and predicted it would improve their writing instruction and student achievement. Students in both the treatment (n = 50) and comparison (n = 50) groups made significant gains on several characteristics of writing during the school year. Beyond the contribution of students' previous achievement, teachers' years of experience, and teachers' participation in other professional development in writing, having Six Traits-trained teachers significantly predicted the treatment group's spring achievement on only one of the six tr...
Defective bacterial clearance is responsible for the enhanced lung pathology characteristic of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia in bighorn sheep.

Abstract The molecular and cellular basis for the enhanced lung pathology and mortality caused by Mannheimia haemolytica in bighorn sheep (BHS, Ovis canadenesis), in comparison to domestic sheep (DS, Ovis aries), is not clear. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of BHS are four- to eight-fold more susceptible to M. haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis, which is likely to reduce the number of functional phagocytes in the lung. We hypothesized that enhanced lung pathology is due to defective clearance of M. haemolytica from the lungs of BHS. To test this hypothesis, M. haemolytica (1 × 107 colony forming units [cfu]) were inoculated intra-tracheally into three groups each of BHS and DS, which were euthanized and necropsied at 4, 12, and 18 h post-inoculation (hpi). Bacterial and leukocyte counts were performed on broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected at necropsy. BALF from BHS euthanized at 4 and 12 hpi contained a significantly higher number of M. haemolytica than that from DS. More importantly, DS did not have any bacteria in BALF at 18 hpi, while the BHS still had significant numbers. As expected, the BHS did exhibit more extensive lung lesions at 12 and 18 hpi when compared to DS. At 18 hpi, necrotic PMNs were observed in the lesional lung tissues of BHS, but not DS. Furthermore, BALF from BHS had significantly lower titers of antibodies to Lkt and surface antigens of M. haemolytica, than that of DS. These findings suggest that the enhanced pathology in BHS lungs is due to defective clearance of M. haemolytica from the lungs.
PROSS: A process control programming language

PROSS, a programming language for small- and medium-scale process control computers, is presented. The PROSS language, whose structure and syntax were expressly designed for ease of use by psychologists, is summarized and exemplified in a sample procedure. The structure of an existing PROSS compiler is briefly summarized.