cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable Range-based Preference Incorporation in Multi-objective Decision Making

The Hyper-Radial Visualization (HRV) method can visualize the high-dimensional Hyperspace Pareto Frontier (HPF) in a low-dimensional HRV space. This method can be applied with the elitist and inclusive color-coding preference structures to provide a powerful tool for supporting trade-off studies. The elitist structure pertains to forcing all objective function values associated with the Pareto point to be ‘at least’ as good as the specified preference level. Alternatively, the inclusive structure identifies those Pareto points with at least one of the functions at the desired level. However, these preference structures have a drawback in that the increasing of dimensionality reduces the efficiency of the preference incorporation process. Hence, this paper proposes the variable preference range scheme to overcome this drawback. By using this scheme, designers can continue to effectively use the elitist and inclusive preference approaches even for high dimensional Pareto problems.
Granite genesis and mafic-felsic magma interaction in the lower crust

Field observations from an exposed section of deep continental crust, the Athabasca granulite terrane (AGT), Saskatchewan, Canada, provide a view of granite genesis and a mechanism for deep-seated contamination of felsic and mafic magmas. The 1.9 Ga Chipman mafic dike swarm was emplaced into the Chipman Tonalite (ca. 3.3 Ga) and the megacrystic Fehr granite (ca. 2.6 Ga) at a crustal depth of ∼40 km. The Fehr granite shows evidence for extensive partial melting and generation of granitic leucosome. Mafic dikes and granitic leucosome display magma mingling and mixing textures similar to those widely described from shallow crustal exposures. The AGT provides a view of a dynamic, heterogeneous, and locally fertile deep crust. Mantle-derived mafic magma promotes extensive partial melting of fertile granitoids, which in turn filter and entrap later mafic dikes and sills. The result is almost inevitable mingling and hybridization (i.e., contamination) of mafic and felsic end members. This interaction of magmas in the deep crustal environment may account for the isotopic and compositional signatures of igneous rocks at shallower crustal levels that typically record contamination of crustal melts by mantle material and vice versa.
Proof of death: Police power and the visual economies of seizure, accumulation and trophy:

The phrase proof of life describes visual evidence meant to prove a kidnap victim or prisoner of war is alive. As developed here, proof of death describes a similar technique of seizure and display...
Simultaneous determination of bacterial viability and identity in biofilms using ethidium monoazide and fluorescent in situ hybridization

A protocol for simultaneously interrogating bacterial viability and identity using in situ, culture-independent methods is described. Viability is assayed using ethidium monoazide (EMA) staining of cells with compromised membranes, and identity is determined using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Experiments with planktonic cultures were used to demonstrate the compatibility of EMA staining and FISH after covalently bonding EMA to nucleic acids by photoreaction. Applications to biofilm samples showed that diffusion limitations in the biofilm matrix were not problematic and that effective discrimination of viable target cells within a mixed microbial community was possible.
Laboratory Test and Analysis of Food Poisoning by Clenbuterol in Snake

[Objective]To detect the Clenbuterol concentration of snakes and other suspicious sample for poisoning treatment guiding. [Methods]The study was based on NY/T468-2006"The Clenbuterol Residues Determination in Animal Tissues";GB/T 5009.192-2003 "The Clenbuterol Residues Determination in Animal Foods". [Results]The clenbuterol content in urine of poisoned patients was 2.4~8.4 μg/kg,The clenbuterol content in snakes,snake blood,snake bile was 463~11 200 μg/kg. [Conclusion]According to the laboratory test,the food poisoning was caused by eating snakes with clenbuterol.
Design and implementation of diskette safe based on SSH

An introduction of the current technologies on file protection is given,and a new method of diskette safe(DS) based on system servicehooking(SSH),DS implements the deep concealing for file,folder and diskette,and keep them away from online stealing and outline stealing in effect,thus satisfies the demand of file protection.DS based on SSH has proved to be with all-around protection by the protection of process,file,and the related Regedit items.
Vocational Training and Agency Among Kenyan Youth

This chapter explores the ways in which youth in Nairobi, Kenya shape their livelihood trajectories upon obtaining vocational training. In a setting where schooling does not always adequately prepare youth for the workforce and youth face high unemployment rates, Kenyan youth need to seek out alternative opportunities that enable them to secure income-generating activities. In recent years, both governmental and nongovernmental initiatives have emerged to train youth in vocational and entrepreneurial skills and relevant knowledge in an effort to facilitate their entry into and movement within the economic marketplace. Using concepts of agency, including everyday agency, and empowerment this chapter explores how youth engage with the skills they have learned, along with new notions of self, to navigate their opportunities in the marketplace and make decisions about their livelihoods. The chapter also examines the social and economic realities that influence youths’ livelihood opportunities and decisions.
Neural predictors of alcohol use and psychopathology symptoms in adolescents.

Adolescence is a period marked by increases in risk taking, sensation seeking, and emotion dysregulation. Neurobiological models of adolescent development propose that lagging development in brain regions associated with affect and behavior control compared to regions associated with reward and emotion processing may underlie these behavioral manifestations. Cross-sectional studies have identified several functional brain networks that may contribute to risk for substance use and psychopathology in adolescents. Determining brain structure measures that prospectively predict substance use and psychopathology could refine our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to these problems, and lead to improved prevention efforts. Participants (N = 265) were healthy substance-naive adolescents (ages 12-14) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging and then were followed annually for up to 13 years. Cortical thickness and surface area measures for three prefrontal regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex) and three cortical regions from identified functional networks (anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and parietal cortex) were used to predict subsequent binge drinking, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms. Thinner dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex in early adolescence predicted more binge drinking and externalizing symptoms, respectively, in late adolescence (ps < .05). Having a family history of alcohol use disorder predicted more subsequent binge drinking and externalizing symptoms. Thinner parietal cortex, but not family history, predicted more subsequent internalizing symptoms (p < .05). This study emphasizes the temporal association between maturation of the salience, inhibition, and executive control networks in early adolescence and late adolescent behavior outcomes. Our findings indicate that developmental variations in these brain regions predate behavioral outcomes of substance use and psychopathology, and may therefore serve as prospective biomarkers of vulnerability.
ZnO/organic interfaces: formation of hybrid excitations and relation to charge separation(Conference Presentation)

ZnO is attracting significant interest as a candidate for hybrid photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. We studied electronic coupling at interfaces of ZnO with conjugated organic molecules like ladder-type oligo(phenylenes) (LOP) and NTCDA whose fundamental optical excitations are resonant to the ZnO band gap as well as with polymers employing a combination of time-resolved techniques as well as in situ differential reflectance and photoemission spectroscopy. Our studies provide evidence for the formation of hybrid charge transfer excitations (HCTE) across (Zn,Mg)O/organic interfaces. We show that by interfacial design the properties of these HCTE can be tuned and by that the charge separation process. The impact of the HCTE on photovoltaic parameters like the open circuit voltage and short circuit current is exemplarily demonstrated in (Zn,Mg)O/P3HT diodes. Furthermore, we show that by proper alignment of the frontier molecular orbitals with the semiconductor valence and conduction band edges, exciton dissociation at the interface can be switched off while exciton transfer efficiencies of up to 80 % are maintained. Thus, efficient conversion of ZnO excitons into highly emissive excitons of the organic (LOP) layer is achieved which is essential for the realization of hybrid light-emitting diodes.
Highlighting cancer cells with macromolecular probes

Conventional fluorophore–ligand constructs for the detection of cancer cells generally produce relatively weak signals with modest contrast. The inherently low brightness accessible per biding event with the pairing of a single organic fluorophore to a single ligand as well as the contribution of unbound probes to background fluorescence are mainly responsible for these limitations. Our laboratories identified a viable structural design to improve both brightness and contrast. It is based on the integration of activatable fluorophores and targeting ligands within the same macromolecular construct. The chromophoric components are engineered to emit bright fluorescence exclusively in acidic environments. The targeting agents are designed to bind complementary receptors overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells and allow internalization of the macromolecules into acidic organelles. As a result of these properties, our macromolecular probes switch their intense emission on exclusively in the intracellular space of target cells with minimal background fluorescence from the extracellular matrix. In fact, these operating principles translate into a 170-fold enhancement in brightness, relative to equivalent but isolated chromophoric components, and a 3-fold increase in contrast, relative to model but non-activatable fluorophores. Thus, our macromolecular probes might ultimately evolve into valuable analytical tools to highlight cancer cells with optimal signal-to-noise ratios in a diversity of biomedical applications.
Quantifying the Harms and Benefits from Serosorting Among HIV-Negative Gay and Bisexual Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between serosorting and HIV infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM). Compared to no condomless anal sex (i.e., consistent condom use or no anal sex), serosorting was associated with increased HIV risk (RR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.37–1.96). Compared to condomless discordant anal sex, serosorting was associated with reduced HIV risk (RR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.33–0.65). Serosorting may be an important harm reduction strategy when condoms are not consistently used, but can be harmful if HIV-negative MSM who consistently use condoms shift to using serosorting as their primary prevention strategy. The protective effects of serosorting and ways in which MSM are operationalizing serosorting are becoming more complex as additional factors affecting risk are considered (e.g., durable viral load suppression, PrEP). Understanding the potential risk and benefit of serosorting continues to be important, particularly within the context of other prevention strategies.
Analyzing dialect variation in historical speech corpora.

The Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States is an extensive audio corpus of sociolinguistic interviews with 1121 speakers from eight southeastern U.S. states. Complete interviews have never been fully transcribed, leaving a wealth of phonetic information unexplored. This paper details methods for large-scale acoustic analysis of this historical speech corpus, providing a fuller picture of Southern speech than offered by previous impressionistic analyses. Interviews from 10 speakers (∼36 h) in southeast Georgia were transcribed and analyzed for dialectal features associated with the Southern Vowel Shift and African American Vowel Shift, also considering the effects of age, gender, and race. Multiple tokens of common words were annotated (N = 6085), and formant values of their stressed vowels were extracted. The effects of shifting on relative vowel placement were evaluated via Pillai scores, and vowel dynamics were estimated via functional data analysis and modeled with linear mixed-effects regression. Results indicate that European American speakers show features of the Southern Vowel Shift, though certain speakers shift in more ways than others, and African American speakers' productions are consistent with the African American Vowel Shift. Wide variation is apparent, even within this small geographic region, contributing evidence of the complexity of Southern speech.
Vulnerability for Alcohol Use Disorder and Rate of Alcohol Consumption.

Objective:Although several risk factors have been identified for alcohol use disorder, many individuals with these factors do not go on to develop the disorder. Identifying early phenotypic differences between vulnerable individuals and healthy control subjects could help identify those at higher risk. Binge drinking, defined as reaching a blood alcohol level of 80 mg%, carries a risk of negative legal and health outcomes and may be an early marker of vulnerability. Using a carefully controlled experimental paradigm, the authors tested the hypothesis that risk factors for alcohol use disorder, including family history of alcoholism, male sex, impulsivity, and low level of response to alcohol, would predict rate of binging during an individual alcohol consumption session.Method:This cross-sectional study included 159 young social drinkers who completed a laboratory session in which they self-administered alcohol intravenously. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether risk factors for ...
The Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase: An Assembly of Unusual Coordination Features by Nature

Abstract The enzyme nitrile hydratase (NHase) catalyzes hydration of organic nitriles to the corresponding amides. It contains either a non-heme Fe(III) or a non-corrinoid Co(III) center at the active site. The coordination structure around the M(III) (M = Fe, Co) center at the active-site comprises several unusual features that raised a high level of curiosity among bioinorganic chemists. Such features include (a) direct coordination of two deprotonated carboxamido-N donors and (b) two out of three coordinated Cys-S centers post-translationally oxygenated to cysteine-sulfenato and cysteine sulfinito moieties. In addition, the inactive (dark) form of Fe-NHase contains a bound NO at the sixth site that is replaced by water upon illumination. A metal-bound hydroxide appears to be responsible for the hydration of the nitrile substrates. Systematic synthetic analogue approach and theoretical studies have been employed to unravel the roles of these unusual coordination features of the active site of NHase. Research results from several laboratories have established a good structure–function correlation in NHase. The correlation provides clear understanding of nature’s choice for such atypical coordination features in NHase and underscores the potential of molecular design in bioinorganic chemistry.
An Econometric Analysis of International Travel (Analyse Ã©conomÃ©trique des voyages internationaux) (AnÃ¡lisis economÃ©trico de los viajes internacionales)

Cette A©tude prA©sente un modA¨le A©conomA©trique complet des flux de voyages internationaux. Son objectif principal est d'A©valuer dans quelle mesure les recettes et dA©penses figurant au compte voyages de divers pays dA©veloppA©s sont A court terme sensibles aux prix. Ce modA¨le peut Aatre A©galement utilisA© pour prA©voir un ou deux ans A l'avance le compte voyages de certains pays ou pour simuler les effects sur les voyages internationaux de certaines mesures prises par les autoritA©s. Des applications concrA¨tes sont donnA©es en annexe, notamment des prA©visions pour 1972 et une estimation des effets des modifications des taux de change qui se sont produites en 1970 et 1971. L'A©tude dA©montre clairement que la plupart des flux de voyages internationaux sont influencA©s de faA§on significative par les prix relatifs. Ceci vaut des flux de voyages intra-europA©ens comme de ceux qui ont lieu entre les Etats-Unis et le Canada. Les prix relatifs influencent aussi bien le choix entre les voyages A l'intA©rieur ou A l'A©tranger que celui des pays A©trangers visitA©s. Les flux de voyages entre l'AmA©rique du Nord et l'Europe occidentale semblent moins sensibles aux taux de change ou au prix des services de voyage dans les deux rA©gions, exprimA©s en monnaie locale, probablement A cause de l'importance relative du coA»t du transport transatlantique. /// En este artA­culo se presenta un modelo economA©trico completo de las corrientes de viajes internacionales. Se hace especial referencia a la estimaciA³n de la sensibilidad a corto plazo con respecto a los precios de los gastos e ingresos en la cuenta de viajes de varios paA­ses desarrollados. El modelo tambiA©n puede servir para prever con antelaciA³n de uno a dos aA±os la cuenta de viajes de ciertos paA­ses o para simular los efectos de determinadas modificaciones de la polA­tica de viajes internacionales. En un ApA©ndice se presentan como aplicaciones prAicticas previsiones para 1972 y estimaciones del efecto de las modificaciones de los tipos de cambio ocurridas en 1970 y 1971. Los resultados del estudio indican claramente que casi todas las corrientes de viajes internacionales reflejan bastante la influencia de los precios relativos. AsA­ ocurre tanto en lo que se refiere a las corrientes de viajes intra-europeos como a los que se efectAoan entre el CanadAi y los Estados Unidos. Los precios relativos afectan la elecciA³n entre viajes internos y viajes al extranjero, asA­ como la selecciA³n de los paA­ses extranjeros visitados. Las corrientes de viajes entre AmA©rica del Norte y Europa occidental parecen menos sensibles frente a los tipos de cambio o los precios de los servicios de viaje en moneda nacional en ambas regiones, debido probablemente a la importancia relative de los costos del transporte transatlAintico.
Predicting Stock Close Price Using Microsoft Azure

The paper discusses that tweet sentiment of key investors can be considered as an additional attribute to the other fundamental properties of the stock. We demonstrate how the sentiments when considered improves the forecasting accuracy of predicting stock valuation. Various experimental analysis on time series and regression based statistical models are considered. We also design predictive experiments and show which statistical measures to consider in these regression models for effectively predicting the close price of the stock. Finally, we provide some future direction where we plan to take this research forward and conclude with some closing remarks.
Invention, development, and status of the blue light-emitting diode, the enabler of solid-state lighting

Abstract The realization of the first high-brightness blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in 1993 sparked a more than twenty-year period of intensive research to improve their efficiency. Solutions to critical challenges related to material quality, light extraction, and internal quantum efficiency have now enabled highly efficient blue LEDs that are used to generate white light in solid-state lighting systems that surpass the efficiency of conventional incandescent lighting by 15–20×. Here we discuss the initial invention of blue LEDs, historical developments that led to their current state-of-the-art performance, and potential future directions for blue LEDs and solid-state lighting.
Vasomotor flushes and the release of peripheral immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women*

The plasma concentrations of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (IR-LH-RH) and LH and the peripheral skin temperature of symptomatic menopausal women were recorded continuously and compared with those of asymptomatic menopausal women. These studies were performed by an intermittent withdrawal technique (n = 13) and a continuous withdrawal technique (n = 3). The mean plasma concentration of IR-LH-RH was much higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic women by both methods of analysis. Large episodic secretory spikes of IR-LH-RH and a temporal correlation between the IR-LH-RH spikes and temperature elevations was found (P ≤ 0.025) only in symptomatic women.
Squid Mating Behavior

This discussion of the reproductive behavior and anatomy will be limited to a discussion of the teuthoids (Squid, Cuttlefish, Sepiolids, and their kin). For studies on nautiloids and octopods, refer to Arnold (1984), Saunders and Landman (1987), and Boyle (1983).
Public Education of Psychology

By disseminating findings from psychological research and promoting psychological services to the public, the media serves an important function benefiting our society and our field. Psychologists early in their career can serve an important role as consultants to trade media, community media outlets, or even national/international media conglomerates. We asked Dr. Phil Zimbardo to discuss his vision for the role of the media in psychology, his advice for psychologists who are contacted by the media, and also to discuss his own groundbreaking experiences with the media on behalf of psychology over the years.
Interrelationship of glutathione–cystine transhydrogenase and glutathione reductase in developing rat intestine

1. Glutathione reductase and glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase activity in supernatant fractions of whole homogenates and homogenates of mucosal and muscular layers were determined in developing rat intestine after determination of the optimum conditions for assay of the two enzymes. In jejunum from adult rat, the K(m) values for GSSG reductase and GSH-cystine transhydrogenase activities were 0.25mm-GSSG and 0.23mm-cystine respectively. 2. The two activities could be differentiated by stability studies since GSSG reductase was stable at 60 degrees C for 10min and could be stored at 4 degrees C for 24h without loss of activity. GSH-cystine transhydrogenase, on the other hand, was denatured at 60 degrees C and completely inactive after 24h storage at 4 degrees C. 3. Based on calculations of total activities, both enzymes increased from the eighteenth day until the animals were young adults. 4. Total GSSG reductase activity increased at a greater rate with age than total GSH-cystine transhydrogenase activity as evidenced by activity ratios for GSH-cystine transhydrogenase/GSSG reductase of 0.44 and 0.12 in ileum from suckling and adult rats respectively, and 0.31 and 0.24 in jejunum from suckling and adult rats respectively. 5. In mucosa from adult rats GSSG reductase was more active in the ileum than in the jejunum, whereas GSH-cystine transhydrogenase activity was higher in the jejunum. 6. GSH-cystine transhydrogenase was active only in the muscle cells of the ileum of 7-day-old rats but became localized primarily in the mucosal layer in the adult rat. However, GSSG reductase activity was distributed evenly between the two layers throughout the intestine.
Pediatric Intracranial Germinomas

Epidemiology Intracranial germ cell tumors (IGCT) account for 3–5% of pediatric central nervous system malignancies in the United States, though the incidence can be as high as 10–11% in some Asian countries [1]. Demographics Germinomas are most commonly seen in adolescents aged 10–12 years with 90% occurring before age 20 years. A male predominance is noted for IGCTs, in particular for tumors of pineal gland origin [1, 2]. Histological subtypes IGCTs are broadly classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) into pure germinomas and non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCT). The majority, two-thirds, are pure germinomas with the remaining one-third NGGCTs [2]. NGGCTs are subclassified into [1] embryonal, [2] yolk sac or endodermal sinus, [3] choriocarcinoma, [4] teratoma (immature, mature, and malignant transformed), and [5] mixed germ cell tumor (farraginous components of NGGCT and pure germinoma) [2]. Anatomy and patterns of spread There is an intimate association with midline proximal third ventricular structures, specifically the pineal and suprasellar (e.g., infundibulum and pituitary stalk) regions, which make up nearly two-thirds and one-third of observed IGCTs, respectively. Less common locations include the basal ganglia and thalamus [1, 3]. Up to 10% of patients present with bifocal disease, more commonly seen in pure germinomas, which is believed to represent multifocal occurrence of tumors and not metastatic disease. These patients are treated as though they have localized disease [3–5]. CSF dissemination occurs in 10–20% of patients [1]. Prognosis IGCTs treated with standard therapy demonstrate exceptional long-term disease-free survival of >90% and 70–80% for pure germinomas and NGGCTs, respectively [1]. The Japanese Pediatric Brain Tumor Study Group Classification categorizes patients into three prognostic groups based on histology for patients that have resection of tumor up front: [1] “good” with a 10-year survival >90%, [2] “intermediate” with a 3-year survival of ~70%, and [3] “poor” with a 3-year survival 10–30% [6]. In the United States and Europe, it is uncommon to perform surgical resection up front for full pathologic evaluation of the tumor.
MEMBANGUN BUDAYA ORGANISASI SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN DISIPLIN KERJA

Organizational culture is a key value which is believed to also contain characteristics of the given member-Members of the organization to organization. Organizational culture is typically defined, with orientations along that unites existing personal or individual in the organization into a value system at different depth levels and gave him a different identity, so that the organization has a personality as a system of jointly accepted and will produce an effective organization, has a strong culture and different from other organizations. Beginning the process of formation of organizational culture, with the founding philosophy of the organization beginning with that create a certain selection criteria in determining the values and cultural norms. Furthermore, the subsequent acts or decisions and become the benchmark for members of the organization in determining behavior in organizations that are believed to be a cultural organization that is run by its members. Keyword: Organization culture, work discipline
Considering Social Play in Primates: A Case Study in Juvenile Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)

Social play in animals has long intrigued ethologists, and current research in this field, especially pertaining to primates, has revealed that the behavioral lives of juveniles in particular are rich and behaviorally and socially complex. It is widely acknowledged that play contributes to the biological, social, and cognitive growth of juveniles, but the impact of this growth on fitness, future adult social relationships, or general social group experiences remains unknown. Comparative social play research can enhance our understanding of how play influences these variables critical to juvenile development and fitness. Comparisons across taxa with varying social organizations, e.g., Macaca spp., can further this understanding. In this chapter, we introduce the 2017 social play network of Yulingkeng A1 infant and juvenile Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) and discuss how social play is organized in this species.
Lateral patellar maltracking due to trochlear dysplasia: A computational study.

Abstract Background The study focuses on the influence of trochlear dysplasia on patellar tracking related to patellar instability. Methods Knee extension against gravity and dual-limb squatting were simulated with seven models representing knees being treated for recurrent instability. Trochlear depth was altered to represent lateral trochlear inclination (LTI) values of 6°, 12° and 24°. Repeated measures analyses compared patellar lateral shift (bisect offset index) across different LTI values. Peak bisect offset index during extension and squatting was correlated with patella alta (Caton–Deschamps index) and maximum lateral position of the tibial tuberosity. Results Bisect offset index varied significantly (p Conclusions A shallow trochlear groove increases lateral patellar maltracking. A lateral tibial tuberosity in combination with trochlear dysplasia increases lateral patellar tracking and the risk of patellar instability. Patella alta has relatively little influence on patellar tracking in combination with trochlear dysplasia due to the limited articular constraint provided by the trochlear groove.
Into The 1990's: Environmental Education in the USA.

Activities in environmental education in the United States during the 1980s are summarized, in terms of audiences involved – formal (school), college/university, and non-formal. Discussion focusses on specific programs and materials, in summary fashion. Trends are noted, and speculative projections into the 1990s are offered.
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Strategies to Reduce Comorbidity Risk in People with HIV

In this review, we will discuss treatment interventions targeting drivers of immune activation and chronic inflammation in PWH. Potential treatment strategies to prevent the progression of comorbidities in PWH have been identified. These studies include, among others, the use of statins to modulate lipid alterations and subsequent innate immune receptor activation, probiotics to restore healthy gut microbiota and reduce microbial translocation, hydroxychloroquine to reduce immune activation by altering Toll-like receptors function and expression, and canakinumab to block the action of a major pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Although many of the treatment strategies discussed here show promise, due to the complex nature of chronic inflammation and comorbidities in PWH, larger clinical studies are needed to understand and target the prominent drivers and inflammatory cascades underlying these end-organ diseases.
Numerical simulations of buoyancy-driven flows using adaptive mesh refinement: structure and dynamics of a large-scale helium plume

The physical characteristics and evolution of a large-scale helium plume are examined through a series of numerical simulations with increasing physical resolution using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The five simulations each model a 1-m-diameter circular helium plume exiting into a $$(4~\hbox {m})^3$$ domain and differ solely with respect to the smallest scales resolved using the AMR, spanning resolutions from 15.6 mm down to 0.976 mm. As the physical resolution becomes finer, the helium–air shear layer and subsequent Kelvin–Helmholtz instability are better resolved, leading to a shift in the observed plume structure and dynamics. In particular, a critical resolution is found between 3.91 and 1.95 mm, below which the mean statistics and frequency content of the plume are altered by the development of a Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability near the centerline in close proximity to the plume base. Comparisons are made with prior experimental and computational results, revealing that the presence of the RT instability leads to reduced centerline axial velocities and higher puffing frequencies than when the instability is absent. An analysis of velocity and scalar gradient quantities, and the dynamics of the vorticity in particular, show that gravitational torque associated with the RT instability is responsible for substantial vorticity production in the flow. The grid-converged simulations performed here indicate that very high spatial resolutions are required to accurately capture the near-field structure and dynamics of large-scale plumes, particularly with respect to the development of fundamental flow instabilities.
"Building a 'Temple of Temperance': The Repeal of Prohibition in Virginia and the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act"

v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: “Drying up Virginia: the ‘Moral Forces’ Achieve Political Victory” 5 Chapter 2: “The ‘Lawless Years’: Virginians Fight ‘Demon Rum’ and ‘Roman Dominion’” 21 Chapter 3: “‘To Build Anew in the Place of the Structure which the Storm of Public Indignation has Swept Away’: Repeal in the Commonwealth” 44 Chapter 4:“‘Is Prohibition a Policy or a Principle’? Fighting the ‘Evils of Intemperance’: the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act” 84 Conclusion 115 Bibliography 116
Coordination of Grp1 recruitment mechanisms by its phosphorylation

Intracellular transport pathways are initiated by the recruitment of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that act on the ADP-Ribosylation Factor (ARF) family of small GTPases to membrane com...
Plasma adipokines and glycaemic progression among African Americans: Findings from the Jackson Heart Study.

Aim To evaluate the association between plasma biomarkers including leptin, adiponectin, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with risk of glycaemic progression and incident dysglycaemia (pre-diabetes or diabetes) in a community-based sample of African American (AAs). Methods We analysed data from 3223 participants without type 2 diabetes at baseline (2000-2004) who attended ≥1 follow-up visit. Poisson regression was used to generate risk ratios (RRs) for glycaemic progression and incident dysglycaemia. Results Over a median of 7 years, 46.4% developed glycaemic progression (n=1495). After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle variables, the RRs (95% CI) for glycaemic progression comparing highest (Q4) to lowest (Q1) quartiles were 1.30 (1.10-1.54), 0.74 (0.65-0.84), 0.70 (0.62-0.80) and 1.22 (1.07-1.38) for leptin, adiponectin, adiponectin-leptin ratio and hsCRP, respectively. Upon additional adjustment for BMI, the corresponding RRs (95% CIs) were 1.15 (0.94-1.42), 0.76 (0.67-0.86), 0.72 (0.62-0.84) and 1.14 (0.99-1.31) respectively. Among participants with normal glycaemia, the RRs (95% CIs) for incident pre-diabetes in Q4 vs Q1 were 1.37 (1.13-1.67), 0.73 (0.63-0.85), 0.70 (0.59-0.82) and 1.28 (1.10-1.48) for leptin, adiponectin, adiponectin-leptin ratio and hsCRP, respectively; equivalent RRs for incident diabetes were 5.15 (2.63-10.10), 0.36 (0.20-0.68), 0.21 (0.12-0.38) and 3.04 (1.70-5.44), respectively. Conclusions In this large community-based cohort of AAs, our results suggest that high plasma leptin and hsCRP, as well as low adiponectin and adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, are associated with higher risks of glycaemic progression. The findings point to the potential utility of these biomarkers in predicting and preventing glycaemic progression in this high-risk population.
Flow-down of safety from general contractors to subcontractors working on commercial construction projects

Abstract Small and medium construction firms have high injury rates but lack resources to establish and maintain effective safety programs. General contractors with exemplary safety programs may serve as intermediaries to support development of smaller firm’s safety programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the flow-down influence of general contractors’ safety programs on the safety climate and safety behaviors among workers employed by small and medium sized subcontractors. This study collected workers’ perception of safety climate and safety behaviors while working on projects with general contractors with exemplary safety programs and other general contractors. We also documented the safety program policies and practices of subcontractors, and recorded the changes in safety policies required from general contractors with exemplary programs. We examined differences in safety program changes between small and medium sized subcontractors. Results showed workers perceived general contractors with exemplary safety programs had stronger safety climates than other general contractors. Smaller subcontractors had less robust safety programs with fewer safety elements than larger subcontractors, and therefore, many of the smaller subcontractors had to adopt more safety policies and practices to work for general contractors than large subcontractors. These findings suggest that general contractors with robust safety programs can serve as intermediaries and influence the development of the safety programs of small sized firms. Future work will need to determine if smaller firms eventually adopt safety policies and practices as part of their permanent safety program.
Values, Culture and Context

This chapter presents our conception of culture for school development, including broader cultural aims and humanistic values of education for an increasingly multicultural society reflected in the micro-organizational culture of schools and the sub-culture of the leadership team. Specifically, drawing on the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) research, related studies, and education theory, we defined culture as the values, beliefs and norms of behavior embedded within the individual, the leadership team, the organization, and the larger community. The balance of the chapter presents application of theory and practice in the Arizona project (AZiLDR) as well as lessons learned. The chapter illustrates the critical importance of culture to readiness for school development. Often, during the project, teams were at different stages of readiness, resulting in the need to spend time building and solidifying the culture. In schools with less readiness, we found the diffusion process to progress much more slowly. We saw these schools existing in the Zone of Uncertainty much longer. We describe our process to develop school culture through leadership teams, using the AZiLDR delivery system of institutes, regional meetings and on-site coaching. Example case studies and activities are provided.
Cost-effective, high-throughput phenotyping system for 3D reconstruction of fruit form

Reliable phenotyping methods that are simple to operate and in-expensive to deploy are critical for studying quantitative traits in plants. Traditional fruit shape phenotyping relies on human raters or 2D analyses to assess form, e.g., size and shape. Systems for 3D imaging using multi-view stereo have been implemented, but frequently rely on commercial software and/or specialized hardware, which can lead to limitations in accessibility and scalability. We present a complete system constructed of consumer-grade components for capturing, calibrating, and reconstructing the 3D form of small-to-moderate sized fruits and tubers. Data acquisition and image capture sessions are 9 seconds to capture 60 images. The initial prototype cost was $1600 USD. We measured accuracy by comparing reconstructed models of 3D printed ground truth objects to the original digital files of those same ground truth objects. The R2 between length of the primary, secondary, and tertiary axes, volume, and surface area of the ground-truth object and the reconstructed models was > 0.97 and root-mean square error (RMSE) was 0.99). Qualitative assessments were performed on 48 fruit and tubers, including 18 strawberries, 12 potatoes, 5 grapes, 7 peppers, and 4 Bosch and 2 red Anjou pears. Our proposed phenotyping system is fast, relatively low cost, and has demonstrated accuracy for certain shape classes, and could be used for the 3D analysis of fruit form.
Rethinking Deduction Five of Plato’s Parmenides (160b5-163b6)

The fifth “deduction” in Plato’s Parmenides (160b5-163b6) concerns the consequences that follow for a (or the) one from the hypothesis that it is not. I argue that the subject of this hypothesis is, effectively, any Form, considered just insofar as it is one Form. The hypothesis, I further argue, does not concern any essential aspect of a Form, but rather posits its contingent non-instantation (“a one is not” = “a Form is not instantiated”). The motion this deduction attributes to its one is a special type of motion: motion into and out of instantiation.
Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone

For over 25 years, investigators searched for the elusive hypothalamic hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor, hypothesized to stimulate the pituitary release of ACTH. Finally, in 1981, Vale et al. (1981) identified a 41-amino-acid peptide that potently and specifically promoted the release of ACTH from the pituitary corti-cotroph. Further work demonstrated that this peptide met the criteria established for a releasing hormone. Like other hypothalamic releasing hormones, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its receptors were found to have extrahypoth-alamic brain distribution (Olschowka et al., 1982; Schipper et al., 1983; Swanson et al., 1983). From results of initial studies, it was hypothesized that CRH systems play an integrative role in an organism’s response to stress.
Fixed Point and Implicit Function Theorems and Their Applications

This paper discusses applications, to differential equations in Banach spaces, to optimization theory, to systems of partial differential equations, and to numerical functional analysis, of three fixed point theorems and a Newton iteration scheme associated with an implicit function theorem of functional analysis.
Thermomechanical and corrosion inhibition properties of graphene/epoxy ester–siloxane–urea hybrid polymer nanocomposites

Abstract The effect of graphene on the corrosion inhibition properties of a hybrid epoxy–ester–siloxane–urea polymer was investigated. The weight fraction of graphene was varied from 1 to 2 wt%. Direct current polarization (DCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques were used to measure the polarization and coating resistance of the coated aluminum alloy substrate. The grapheme/hybrid polymer composite coatings showed much higher corrosion inhibition property when compared to the neat hybrid polymer coating. An increase in glass transition temperature and rubbery region modulus was also observed for composites containing 1–2 wt.% of graphene. A direct correlation between the rubbery plateau modulus of free standing composite thin films and corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was made, indicating that the corrosion protection mechanism is due to restriction of the polymer chain motion by graphene which causes a decrease in coating permeability.
A COST EFFICIENT FAULT TOLERANT BRAKE BY WIRE ARCHITECTURE

In this paper, the authors present an architecture that offers a cost-effective approach to implementing fault tolerance for electro- mechanical brake-by-wire systems. They first explain the concept of brake-by-wire. This is followed by a description of a brake-by-wire architecture and an evaluation system. It is shown that this architecture delivers fault tolerance, reliability, and cost- effectiveness by using techniques such as application layering.
Thermal conductivity of 4He I from near T lambda to 3.6 K and vapor pressure to 30 bars.

We present new data for the thermal conductivity of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ along isotherms from 2.1 to 3.6 K, covering the pressure range from vapor pressure to 30 bars, and along isobars from vapor pressure to 28 bars, covering the reduced-temperature range 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}t [=(T-${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$)/${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$]\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.1. Measurements in several cells with spacings from 0.0025 to 0.453 cm revealed no anomalous size effect. For t\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, the accuracy of the data is 0.2% to 0.3%. Closer to ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ systematic errors due to uncertainties in boundary-resistance corrections gradually increase with decreasing t, and reach about 2% near t=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$. With decreasing t\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ random errors due to finite temperature resolution increase also, and reach about 2% near t=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$.
Physically based regularization of hydrogeophysical inverse problems for improved imaging of process‐driven systems

[1] We introduce a new strategy for integrating hydrologic process information as a constraint within hydrogeophysical imaging problems. The approach uses a basis-constrained inversion where basis vectors are tuned to the hydrologic problem of interest. Tuning is achieved using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to extract an optimal basis from synthetic training data generated by Monte Carlo simulations representative of hydrologic processes at a site. A synthetic case study illustrates that the approach performs well relative to other common inversion strategies for imaging a solute plume using an electrical resistivity survey, even when the initial conceptualization of hydrologic processes is incorrect. In two synthetic case studies, we found that the POD approach was able to significantly improve imaging of the plume by reducing the root mean square error of the concentration estimates by a factor of two. More importantly, the POD approach was able to better capture the bimodal nature of the plume in the second case study, even though the prior conceptual model for the POD basis was for a single plume. The ability of the POD inversion to improve concentration estimates exemplifies the importance of integrating process information within geophysical imaging problems. In contrast, the ability to capture the bimodality of the plume in the second example indicates the flexibility of the technique to move away from this prior process constraint when it is inconsistent with the observed ERI data.
Passive films on magnesium anodes in primary batteries

The characteristics of the passive films over Mg anodes, which essentially govern the voltage delay of the latter, have been determined nondestructively from an analysis of the transient and steady-state response of the electrode potential to low amplitude galvanostatic polarization under various experimental conditions viz., with different corrosion inhibitor coatings on Mg, after various periods of ageing of anode in solutions containing corrosion inhibitors, at various low temperatures etc. Using these parameters, the kinetics of film build-up or dissolution under these conditions have been monitored. The morphology of the anode film has been verified with scanning electron microscopy. Similar transients at low temperatures point out a steep rise in the film resistivity which is essentially responsible for the severe voltage delay. Finally, possible application of this technique in secondary Li batteries to improve cycling characteristics of the Li anode has been pointed out.
Periodic solutions of systems of hyperbolic equations bounded on a plane

For a linear system of hyperbolic equations of the second order with two independent variables, we investigate the problem of the existence and uniqueness of a solution periodic in both variables and a solution periodic in one of the variables and bounded on a plane. By using the method of introduction of functional parameters, we obtain sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the problems under consideration.
Fracture strength of MgO bicrystals

Abstract The stress to form a crack, [sgrave]F, at the tip of a glide band blocked by the grain boundary of a MgO bicrystal has been measured as a function of glide band length D. The relationship [sgrave]F = [sgrave]0 + KD −1/2 has been found to hold at room temperature in direct quantitative confirmation of Zener's model. The constant [sgrave]0 is the stress for dislocation multiplication and K provides a qualitative measure of the effective cohesive strength at the glide band tip which in practice is dominated by porosity in the grain boundary. In addition, the effect of test temperature on [sgrave]F, for a constant value of D, is described.