cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute Excitation Function of the Be 9 ( d , t ) Reaction

The gas counting technique used earlier for the absolute assay of natural waters for tritium has been applied to the reactions producing tritium by the deuteron bombardment of beryllium. Absolute yield measurements for both thick and thin beryllium targets with deuteron energies ranging from 350 kev to 7.7 Mev have shown that the reaction cross section rises rapidly at about 1.5 Mev to a flat plateau at 0.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 barn, extending up to 7.7 Mev. From these results the tritium production appears to be about as prolific as the neutron production. In general one feels that the large magnitude of the ($d,t$) cross section must be associated with the low binding energy of the extra neutron in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$.
Antioxidants enhance in vitro plant regeneration by inhibiting the accumulation of peroxidase in Virginia pine ( Pinus virginiana Mill.)

Plant tissue necrosis and subsequent cell death are usually observed during in vitro regeneration in conifers, especially in plant regeneration via somatic organogenesis in pine species. Cell death is correlated with the elevated levels of peroxides. In this investigation, the effects of antioxidants on in vitro regeneration of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) were evaluated. Antioxidants, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and 1,4-dithio-dl-threitol (DTT), were found to improve callus formation, shoot differentiation and growth, and shoot rooting by inhibiting tissue necrosis during the initiation of cultures and subculture of shoots. These treatments enabled the recovery and regeneration plants at high frequency through somatic organogenesis. Compared to the control, the frequencies of callus formation, shoot growth, and shoot rooting increased 15, 26, and 19%, respectively, by addition of 5 g/l PVPP and 2 g/l DTT. Higher peroxidase activity of tissue cultures during subculture from callus proliferation medium to shoot differentiation medium and to rooting medium was observed. The addition of antioxidants reduces and inhibits browning by reducing the accumulation of peroxidase.
The form of Newtonian cooling in atmospheric tidal theory

The different forms of the classical atmospheric tidal vertical structure equation derived by Lindzen and McKenzie (1967) and by Dickinson and Geller (1968) are shown to be due solely to their different treatment of the infrared radiative damping of tidal temperature perturbations. While both parameterize the infrared cooling as a Newtonian cooling, the former use the tidal temperature perturbation along a constant geometric height surface while the latter use the perturbation along a constant pressure surface. These two tidal temperature perturbations differ when the background atmospheric temperature varies with height. Scaling arguments show that for most applications the differences between the use of these two forms of Newtonian cooling are negligible. However, relative differences of 30% in amplitude and 15° in phase can occur in the Martian atmosphere, with its relatively short radiative time constants, for a possibly resonant planetary-scale Rossby tidal mode.
Pulsar activation by the interstellar medium

Recent work suggests that rotating magnetized neutron stars (i.e., pulsar models) trap plasma instead of emitting it. The trapping arises because nonneutral plasma can be stably trapped within such a magnetosphere provided the overall system charge is nonzero. It has been argued that particles from the interstellar medium would discharge this system, thereby presumably reactivating the system as a pulsar. However, radiation pressure either precludes such discharging (requiring an alternative source of ionization) or pulsar magnetic moments must be almost perfectly aligned with the spin axis (a revolutionary alternative). Indeed, the pulsars for which particles could reach the neutron star are those with periods of at least 3 sec. But those periods are where pulsars become inactive, not active. Conceivably, nulling might represent intermittent accretion of the interstellar medium.
Correlation of liquid-film cooling mass transfer data

An empirical correlation proposed by Gater and Ecuyer (1970) for liquid-film cooling mass transfer, accounting for film roughness and entrainment effects, is extended to include liquid films of arbitrary length. A favorable comparison between the predicted results and the experimental data of Kinney et al. (1952) and Emmons and Warner (1964) shows the utility of the mass transfer correlation for predictions over a wide range of experimental parameters.
What Does the Generality Problem Show

Richard Feldman and Earl Conee advance the following argument: P1. Process Reliabilism is tenable only if it can provide a solution to the Generality Problem. P2. No solution to the Generality Problem exists. C. Process Reliabilism is untenable. I argue that this argument is unsound. Premise one is false; it depends on further internalist premises that the proponent of Process Reliabilism, a paradigmatically externalist theory of epistemic justification, can reject.
Infrared study of the interaction between tin and platinum supported on alumina

Coke deposition and chemisorption results observed with a low surface area alumina support, raise the question of whether studies at high metal loadings are pertinent to the lower metal loadings which are used in commercial platinum-tin reforming catalysts. Because of the significance of this question, the current study was undertaken using a high area [gamma]-alumina as the support. A 0.3 wt% metal loading, supported on Cab-O-Sil, was also studied on the premise that complexing of tin by the support would be minimal. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Effects of p-Aminosalicylic acid on the neurotoxicity of manganese on the dopaminergic innervation of the cilia of the lateral cells of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

The lateral cilia of the gill of Crassostrea virginica are controlled by a dopaminergic–serotonergic innervation. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter causing cilio-inhibition. High levels of manganese are neurotoxic to people, causing Manganism, a Parkinson-like disease. Clinical interventions for Manganism have not been very successful. Recently, p-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was reported as an effective treatment of severe Manganism in humans; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. Previously, we reported that manganese treatments caused disruption of the dopaminergic innervation of gill of C. virginica. Here we compared the effects of manganese on gill innervation in the presence of PAS, EDTA or Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and examined whether co-treating animals with PAS could block the deleterious effects of manganese on the oyster's dopaminergic innervation of the gill. Beating rates of the lateral cilia of the gill were measured by stroboscopic microscopy. Pre-treating gill preparations with PAS or EDTA blocked the neurotoxic effects of manganese, while ASA did not. In other experiments, animals exposed to three day treatments with manganese produced a dose dependent impairment of the dopaminergic, cilio-inhibitory system, which was decreased by co-treatment with PAS. The study shows that PAS protects the animal against neurotoxic effects of manganese and the mechanism of action of PAS in alleviating Manganism is more likely related to its chelating abilities than its anti-inflammatory actions.
Novel polymer capsules from amphiphilic graft copolymers and cross-metathesis.

We report the synthesis of polymer capsules from amphiphilic graft copolymers composed of reactive, hydrophobic polyolefin backbones and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts. The capsules are produced by self-assembly of the polymers at the oil−water interface, followed by cross-linking with bis-cyclooctene PEG derivatives. The fluorescence of these capsules results from integration of rhodamine B functionalized cyclooctene 1 into the polymer structure. The use of the graft copolymer architecture in capsule synthesis provides significant opportunities to tune both the surface properties, in terms of recognition, and the membrane properties, in terms of mechanical strength, encapsulation, and release.
Electron microscopy of the cardiovascular system of the normal and beta-aminopropionitrile fed turkey.

Abstract The ultrastructure of the cardiovascular system of the normal and BAPN-fed turkey poult is described. The posterior aorta of normal birds contained smooth muscle cells in the tunica intima; smooth muscle cells bound together by elastin and collagen in the tunica media; and collagen, elastin, spindle-shaped cells, nerves and vasa vasorum in the tunica adventitia. The essential aortic pathology caused by BAPN toxicosis included endothelial cell swelling and proliferation, elastic fiber fragmentation, collagenous fiber swelling and matting, and ground substance increase.
Attention and Stuttering: Do Stutterers Think Too Much About Speech?

In this investigation the ability of stutterers and nonstutterers to simultaneously perform speech and nonspeech tasks was compared. Subjects were 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, subjects performed a non-attention-demanding gross-motor task while they read aloud. In the second, subjects performed an attention-demanding task (reading comprehension) during speech. Results indicated that there was no significant change in the disfluency values of stutterers during the motor activity or as a result of the reading comprehension task. However, stutterers were found to perform significantly poorer than nonstutterers on the reading comprehension task. This finding was taken as evidence that stutterers devote more attention to speech than do nonstutterers.
CORIE: the first decade of a coastal-margin collaborative observatory

CORIE, a pioneering observatory for the Columbia River, has over the last decade advanced the state-of-the-art in coastal-margin observation and prediction. Lessons learned are being used to scale upwards the concepts and capabilities of CORIE, at a time when U.S.-wide ocean observing initiatives are being implemented.
Comparative sequence analysis of the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE1 orthologous region in Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana

To provide a framework for studies to understand the contribution of SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE1 (SOS1) to salt tolerance in Thellungiella halophila, we sequenced and annotated a 193-kb T. halophila BAC containing a putative SOS1 locus (ThSOS1) and compared the sequence to the orthologous 146-kb region of the genome of its salt-sensitive relative, Arabidopsis thaliana. Overall, the two sequences were colinear, but three major expansion/contraction regions in T. halophila were found to contain five Long Terminal Repeat retrotransposons, MuDR DNA transposons and intergenic sequences that contribute to the 47.8-kb size variation in this region of the genome. Twenty-seven genes were annotated in the T. halophila BAC including the putative ThSOS1 locus. ThSOS1 shares gene structure and sequence with A. thaliana SOS1 including 11 predicted transmembrane domains and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain; however, different patterns of Simple Sequence Repeats were found within a 540-bp region upstream of SOS1 in the two species.
Biophysical characterization and molecular modeling of the coordinative-intercalative DNA monoadduct of a platinum-acridinylthiourea agent in a site-specifically modified dodecamer.

The guanine-N7 monoadduct of [Pt(en)Cl(ACRAMTU)](NO3)2 (PT-ACRAMTU; en=ethane-1,2-diamine, ACRAMTU=1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea), a dual metalating/intercalating cytotoxic agent, was generated in a double-stranded dodecamer, d(CCTCTCG*TCTCC/GGAGACGAGAGG) (III*), and isolated by preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adduct was characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), circular-dichroism spectropolarimetry (CD), UV-melting curves, and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, a molecular mechanics/restrained molecular dynamics (MM/rMD) study was performed for this adduct using the AMBER force field. Monoadduction of the sequence leads to a pronounced increase in melting temperature, ΔT m=T m(III*)−T m(III)=9.7 °C. Because there is complete enthalpy–entropy compensation, binding occurs without noticeable thermodynamic destabilization. This feature and the CD (induced-ligand circular dichroism) and NMR (upfield shifts of aromatic acridine proton signals) data are indicative of a unique, nondenaturing dual-binding mode that involves partial intercalation of the acridine chromophore. An energy-minimized AMBER model of III* demonstrates that platination of G7-N7 of guanine in the major groove and partial insertion of the acridine moiety into the C6G19/G7C18 base step on the 5′ face of the modified purine base is feasible and supportive of the experimental results. Differences in the biophysical properties between III* and duplexes containing adducts of the clinical-drug cisplatin are outlined, and possible biological consequences are discussed.
Influence of a ring substituent on the tendency to form H2O adducts to Ag+ complexes with phenylalanine analogues in an ion trap mass spectrometer

In a previous report we showed that certain binary Ag+–amino acid complexes formed adduct ions by the attachment of a single water and methanol molecule when stored in an ion trap mass spectrometer: complexes with aliphatic amino acids and with 4-fluorophenylalanine formed the adduct ions whereas complexes with phenylalanine and tryptophan did not. In this study we compared the tendency of the Ag+ complexes derived from phenylalanine, 4-fluorophenylalanine, 4-hydroxyphenylalanine (tyrosine), 4-bromophenylalanine, 4-nitrophenylalanine and aminocyclohexanepropionic acid to form water adducts when stored, without further activation, in the ion trap for times ranging from 1 to 500 ms. Because the donation of π electron density to the Ag+ ion is a likely determining factor in complex reactivity, our aim in the present study was to determine qualitatively the influence of para-position substituents on the aromatic ring on the formation of the water adducts. Our results show that the reactivity of the complexes is influenced significantly by the presence of the various substituents. Decreases in [M + Ag]+ ion abundance, and increases in adduct ion abundance, both measured as a function of storage time, follow the trend —NO2 > —Br > —F > —OH > —H. The complex of Ag+ with 4-nitrophenylalanine was nearly as reactive towards water as the Ag+ complex with aminocyclohexanepropionic acid, the last being an amino acid devoid of π character in the ring system. Collision induced dissociation of the [M + Ag]+ species derived from the amino acids produces, among other products, Ag+ complexes with a para-substituted phenylacetaldehyde: complexes that also form adduct species when stored in the ion trap. The trends in adduct ion formation exhibited by the aldehyde–Ag+ complex ions were similar to those observed for the precursor complexes of Ag+ and the amino acids, confirming the influence of the ring substituent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Gender of "Energy": Language, Social Theory, and Cultural Change in Women's Lands in the United States.

Within women’s intentional communities, women use the phrase women’s energy to describe certain social interactions, a sense of community, and ideas about how gender is done or performed. For example, energy can express both difference in communication style between men and women and male dominance in social situations. During my fieldwork in these communities, I explored how this phrase suggests a reference to a precultural female body, but it is also sometimes used to explicitly reject biological reasons for gender difference. The term is easily understandable to a wide range of women from varying class backgrounds and encompasses both the unconscious side of social interactions and a possibility for future change.
Serum levels of alpha and gamma interferons in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

ABSTRACT Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is an acute viral disease caused by Hantavirus. On the basis of clinical observation, the illness is divided into five sequential stages: febrile, hyp...
Management of fear in the child patient.

Fear is an emotion occurring in situations of stress and uncertainty wherein the per­ son experiencing it sees himself as threat­ ened or helpless and whose reaction is to resist or flee the situation out of an antici­ pation of pain, distress, or destruction. Resistance or flight may separate the individual from that which endangers his organic integrity. Thus fear, basically, has biologic utility. It is a device the purpose of which is to avoid a violation of the boundaries of the organism as a whole, and of its individual cells. It is an emotional rejec­ tion of a situation, real or imagined, which threatens such a violation.1 Fear has been characterized as an emo­ tional reaction; that is, an autonomic nervous system and old-brain reaction used by animals in their efforts to live safely long before the development of the cortex made possible an intelligent ap­ praisal of a situation and the choice of appropriate action. It might be supposed that with the high development in man of the cerebral cortex and the frontal lobes, human re­ sponse to life situations characteristically would be intelligent rather than emo­ tional. This might be the case if intelli­ gence had replaced emotion as the basis of human response. The truth is that in­ telligence did not replace primitive emo­ tion ; it simply overlaid it. The autonomic nervous system has been retained. The cerebrospinal nervous system merely has been added to this; it has not replaced it. A human being, then, still evaluates and responds on the basis of primitive, impulsive, irrational emotion. This is sometimes and in some measure qualified by the intervention of the intellectual functions of the frontal lobes. The child is driven to rely even more on primitive emotion than the more sophisticated adult who has learned by personal experience that many of his earlier fears were exaggerated or without foundation. Whereas the dentist en­ counters a great deal of fear in adult patients, he may expect to see this, fear intensified in the child patient, even to the stage of panic at times.
Immobilized lipase reactors for modification of fats and oils—A review

This review focuses on the use of immobilized lipase technology to effect hydrolysis, ester synthesis, and interesterification reactions. The various immobilization procedures, reactor configurations, and process considerations are all reviewed and discussed.
Effects and Side Effects Associated with the Non-Nutritional Use of Tryptophan by Humans

The daily nutritional requirement for L-tryptophan (Trp) is modest (5 mg/kg). However, many adults choose to consume much more, up to 4–5 g/d (60–70 mg/kg), typically to improve mood or sleep. Ingesting L-Trp raises brain tryptophan levels and stimulates its conversion to serotonin in neurons, which is thought to mediate its actions. Are there side effects from Trp supplementation? Some consider drowsiness a side effect, but not those who use it to improve sleep. Though the literature is thin, occasional side effects, seen mainly at higher doses (70–200 mg/kg), include tremor, nausea, and dizziness, and may occur when Trp is taken alone or with a drug that enhances serotonin function (e.g., antidepressants). In rare cases, the ‘‘serotonin syndrome’’ occurs, the result of too much serotonin stimulation when Trp is combined with serotonin drugs. Symptoms include delirium, myoclonus, hyperthermia, and coma. In 1989 a new syndrome appeared, dubbed eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS), and was quickly linked to supplemental Trp use. Key symptoms included debilitating myalgia (muscle pain) and a high peripheral eosinophil count. The cause was shown not to be Trp but a contaminant in certain production batches. This is not surprising, because side effects long associated with Trp use were not those associated with the EMS. Over 5 decades, Trp has been taken as a supplement and as an adjunct to medications with occasional modest, short-lived side effects. Still, the database is small and largely anecdotal. A thorough, dose-related assessment of side effects remains to be conducted. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.157065.
Astrocyte expression of major histocompatibility complex gene products in multiple sclerosis brain tissue obtained by stereotactic biopsy.

• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigens were characterized by immunocytochemistry in two chronic-active multiple sclerosis lesions in tissue obtained from two patients by stereotactic biopsy. We examined in particular astrocytic MHC-positive cells in relation to lesion architecture. The MHC class I (HLA-A,B,C)—positive astrocytic cells were widely dispersed, being present at the lesion edge, in the gliotic lesion center, and in normal-appearing white matter as well. Morphologically astrocytic MHC class II (HLA-DR)—positive cells were confined exclusively to the lesion edge. By staining serial sections with antisera to glialfibrillary acidic protein and HLA-DR, we confirmed the lineage of several MHC class II—positive astrocytes. The demonstration of MHC antigen—positive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis tissue obtained by stereotactic biopsy is novel; the differential distribution of MHC class I—and class II—positive astrocytes in the multiple sclerosis lesion may provide suggestive clues about the regulation of MHC expression on these cells in vivo.
Connections Between Clouds, Radiation, and Midlatitude Dynamics: a Review

We review the effects of dynamical variability on clouds and radiation in observations and models and discuss their implications for cloud feedbacks. Jet shifts produce robust meridional dipoles in upper-level clouds and longwave cloud-radiative effect (CRE), but low-level clouds, which do not simply shift with the jet, dominate the shortwave CRE. Because the effect of jet variability on CRE is relatively small, future poleward jet shifts with global warming are only a second-order contribution to the total CRE changes around the midlatitudes, suggesting a dominant role for thermodynamic effects. This implies that constraining the dynamical response is unlikely to reduce the uncertainty in extratropical cloud feedback. However, we argue that uncertainty in the cloud-radiative response does affect the atmospheric circulation response to global warming, by modulating patterns of diabatic forcing. How cloud feedbacks can affect the dynamical response to global warming is an important topic of future research.
The λ Switch: cI Closes the Gap in Autoregulation

The bacteriophage λ genetic switch is still yielding surprises. A recent study reveals that a long-range interaction involving proteins bound 2.4 kilobases away from one another on the phage genome mediates negative autoregulation, solving a long-standing puzzle concerning the regulation of lysogeny.
Penetration of Polymer Monolayers

Abstract Monolayers of polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers interact more strongly with dissolved benzoic acid than with p -hydroxybenzoic acid. In bulk solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the latter is more highly bound. This difference is ascribed to the highly oriented structure which polymers assume at interfaces.
L p bounds for pseudo-differential operators

SharpL p boundedness results are proven for pseudo-differential operators in the classS pδ m .
Calculation of the mobility and the Hall factor for doped p -type silicon

Conductivity and Hall mobilities have been calculated for nondegenerately doped p-type silicon. In addition to the two-phonon scattering mechanisms already incorporated by the author earlier [Phys. Rev. B 28, 5973 (1983)], the ionized- and neutral-impurity scattering are also included. Care has been taken to include many contributions arising from the anisotropic-nonparabolic nature of the bands in modeling the transport. Results of the calculation are compared with data on boron-, aluminum-, gallium-, and indium-doped silicon. The comparison indicates that the Brooks-Herring model, modified to incorporate nonparabolic and most of the anisotropic effects, agrees well with experiments. On the other hand, it is shown that current models of neutral-impurity scattering are not sufficiently accurate as yet. A theory due to Ralph can, with one adjustable parameter, be made to give good agreement with experiments. The calculated ratio of the Hall mobility to the conductivity mobility, the so-called r factor, has been used to obtain the hole concentrations from the Hall-coefficient data. Least-squares fitting of the charge-balance equation to the hole-concentration data as a function of temperature produces superior ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ and acceptor activation energies compared to those resulting from the use of the r=1 approximation.
Improved Y-domain magnetic film memory elements

Improved versions of a Y-domain memory element are presented. These improvements include element shape, detector configuration, element material composition, and element-substrate interface considerations. It is shown that the element can be optimized for use in a solid-state random-access memory. Using a shortened element with 60 degrees head and tail angles and an offset detector produces an output signal which approaches the ideal case. >
Entrainment of meltwaters in hyperpycnal flows during deglaciation superfloods in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Northern Gulf of Mexico is a key archival site of the Laurentide Ice Sheet melting history and the only margins containing evidence of meltwater outflows contemporaneous with global meltwater pulse mwp-1A. Inconsistencies between these meltwater floods and the absence of strong climate responses to large freshwater fluxes predicted by climate models raised questions concerning the validity of planktonic foraminiferal δ18O record in the Gulf of Mexico as a reliable index of freshwater fluxes. Isotope records of depth-stratified foraminifera document unusual trends compatible with entrainment of 18O-depleted freshwaters in hyperpycnal flows reaching the seafloor and rising to the surface as buoyant plumes. These exceptionally large outbursts of floodwaters, coeval with a prominent erosion intensity peak in continental paleohydrology, were catastrophically released in a rapid succession over a period of ca. 500 yr (14.7–14.2 kyr). Correspondence in time and magnitude between the torrential floods and the mwp-1A event supports the view that LIS was likely a substantial freshwater source. Drainage of meltwaters through torrential hyperpycnal flows that underwent substantial mixing with seawater may resolve the problem with ocean modeling results that predict a much stronger climate response to large freshwater hypopycnal fluxes into the ocean.
An eigenvalue formulation for determining initial conditions of induction machines in dynamic power system simulations

The problem of determining the initial conditions for induction machine variables in a non-linear dynamic power system analysis is posed as an eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalue formulation can then be solved using standard linear algebra techniques. This method has the advantage of determining all possible solutions for the internal variables rather than the single solution obtained from traditional iterative methods. Additionally, the method can easily determine when the problem has no solutions through the absence of non-zero real eigenvalues.
Composition of Granules in Evaporated Milks Stored at Low Temperatures

Abstract Compositional analysis of granules from evaporated milks stored at low temperatures (2-4 C) for several years showed them to consist of about 50% phosphate and 21% calcium. The molar ratio of calcium to phosphate is approximately 1:1, which corresponds to the formula CaHPO. By contrast, granules obtained from evaporated milks stored at room temperatures are known to have a composition corresponding to tricalcium citrate. The granules of evaporated milks stored at low temperatures also contain an insoluble matrix of peptide-like material. After the dibasic calcium phosphate was dissolved with m HCl, this material remained. A part of this material can be dissolved in NaOH, after which it is soluble at neutrality. Amino acid analysis of this base-soluble fraction shows it to be high in glutamic acid.
Pattern recognition of clouds and ice in polar regions

The study is based on AVHRR imagery and results from Landsat high-spatial-resolution scenes. Among the textual features investigated are the gray level difference vector (GLDV), and sum and difference histogram (SADH) approaches as well as gray level run length, spatial-coherence, and spectral-histogram measures. The traditional stepwise discriminant analysis and neural-network analysis are used for the identification of 20 Arctic surface and cloud classes. A principal-component analysis and hybrid architecture employing a modularized competitive learning layer are utilized. It is pointed out that the cloud-classification accuracy comparable to that of back-propagation could be achieved with a training time two orders of magnitude faster.
Mutagenicity of alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) nitrosamines related to dibutylnitrosamine.

Abstract Various alkyl-(ω-hydroxyalkyl) derivatives related to dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) were investigated for mutagenicity in the absence of liver-activation system. Butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-, butyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and butyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrosamines were so tested and found to be mutagenic for TA 1535 strain of Salmonella typhimurium . In all cases, a simple dose-response relationship was observed. Furthermore, no significant ( p S. typhimurium by the higher dialkylnitrosamines is partially due to the formation of ω-hydroxylated derivatives in addition to the major mutagenic metabolite derived from α-carbon dealkylation.
Microalbuminuria as a Target to Improve Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes

Albuminuria is a cardiovascular and renal risk factor in patients with diabetes, patients with hypertension, and the general population. Risk has been shown to increase continuously with increasing urinary albumin levels, starting at levels that once were considered normal. This association is maintained even after adjusting for numerous other factors. Studies also established that a decrease in albuminuria leads to improvement in both cardiovascular and renal outcomes. These data suggest that urinary albumin should be measured routinely and treated to afford cardiovascular and renoprotection.
Anomalous broadening of angle-resolved photoemission linewidths on W(011).

We present angle-resolved photoemission results from the surface-localized states near the Fermi level on W(011). The observed energy and momentum linewidths are anomalously broad compared with the predictions of theories based purely upon lifetime broadening of the final-state photohole and photoelectron. We hypothesize that the widths result from creation of phonons during the photoexcitation process. The relevance of these results to future photoemission experiments will be discussed.
Concentration effects in "single-molecule" spectroscopy.

A concentration as low as 0.1 molecule per observation volume may not be small enough for single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency measurements of molecules diffusing through a laser spot. This result follows from a rigorous theory that takes many molecules into account. We consider the distributions of the number of photons (photon counting histograms) and show that multiple-molecule effects are pronounced at large photon counts even at low concentrations. FRET efficiency distributions reveal multiple-molecule effects at large threshold values. This might be misinterpreted as multiple conformational states. Multiple-molecule effects strongly depend on the brightness of fluorophores. A simple test is suggested to determine parameters for which the single-molecule description is applicable.
Susceptibility of Nontarget Hosts to Nosema furnacalis (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract Nosema furnacalis Wenn whose normal host is the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), is also pathogenic to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilaus (Hubner), making N. furnacalis a candidate biological control agent for O. nubilalis . Before N. furnacalis can be used in classical biological control, its effect on natural enemies of O. nubilalis needs to be assessed. We fed nine predator species and one parasitoid of O. nubilalis either purified N. furnacalis spores or N. furnacalis -infected larvae. Using microscopic examination and a species-specific serological assay within these natural enemies, we determined whether N. furnacalis spores were present and whether the spores had germinated. Of the 424 adult predators fed N. furnacalis spores or N. furnacalis -infected corn horers, only 2 tested weakly positive with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicating that ingested spores did not germinate in the adult predators. Fifteen of 130 immature predators tested weakly positive with the ELISA, but because relatively few spores were found upon microscopic examination, we concluded there was no evidence of an active N. furnacalis infection in any of the nine predator species tested. In contrast, the parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich always tested strongly positive in the ELISA (mean O.D. 405 nm = 1.36), indicating that sporoplasm antigens were present. Microscopic examination of this parasitoid showed that a high number of spores were present (mean spore number/larvae 1.4 × 10 7 ). From these data, M. grandii might become infected with N. furnacalis .
Flaviviruses: braking the entering

Flaviviruses are small spherical virus particles covered by a dense icosahedral array of envelope (E) proteins that mediate virus attachment to cells and the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Our understanding of the mechanism by which flavivirus E proteins orchestrate entry into cells has been advanced by studies of E structure and arrangement on the virion at different steps of the virus entry/membrane fusion process. When combined with an increasingly clear (albeit still incomplete) view of the cell biology of virus entry, these advances suggest new antiviral strategies. Indeed, inhibitors that target cellular and viral processes involved in entry show promise as powerful tools to study this critical step of the viral lifecycle, and with luck, may ultimately lead to therapeutic advances.
Inestabilidad en la cúspide: una historia social de la elite terrateniente en el Perú colonial

La exclusividad, la riqueza y la longevidad de una familia han sido y continuan siendo atributos esenciales y tradicionales del status aristocratico en el Peru y en otros lugares de America Latina. Muchos miembros de la elite afirman ser descendientes de los conquistadores espanoles.Proclaman tambien que han mantenido la pureza de su sangre y las tradiciones virreinales. El objetivo del presente articulo es el dedefinir, cuantificar y documentar la exclusividad, la riqueza y la durabilidad de familias situadas en la cumbre de la sociedad colonial en una region del norte del Peru, para mostrar que las anteriores afirmaciones responden mayormente a mitos y exageraciones
. Laundering Cotton Fabric Part II : Effect of Detergent Type and Water Temperature on Appearance, Hand, Strength, and Cost

A cotton fabric was artificially soiled and laundered with two different types of detergents at two different wash tem peratures. Samples laundered at 140°F were rated by subjective evaluations to ...
Advanced distributed learning, broadband internet, and medical education

Summary form only given. Medical education will be increasingly facilitated by the proliferation of computers capable of displaying combinations of text, graphics, video, and sound; broadband networks capable of delivering these multiple media to the home, office or clinical setting; and new methods for using these technologies for education and training. However, current models and methods for technology-based learning are limited, lagging behind the rapid technological evolution driving our entry into the Information Age. There are several recent initiatives aimed at developing new models and methods that take advantage of the emerging, broadband Internet. These fall under the general rubric, "Advanced Distributed Learning" (ADL). ADL can be considered to have the following characteristics: deals with complex topics, decision making under conditions of uncertainty, knowledge of facts and theories important, but less easily taught knowledge (the "art" of medicine judgment, creativity, intuition, empathy, ability to communicate well) is a strong determinant of success. Learning models are appropriate to these more complex topics. Extensive use of media (notably motion video), hence uses broadband Internet Interfaces are more immersive, more intuitive and easy to use, and more appropriate to specific training applications than traditional Web-browsers. This presentation will address ADL and broadband Internet in medical education via discussion and demonstration of actual applications.
Perilymph fistulas. Clinical criteria.

• Aperilymph fistulamay be defined as an abnormal opening between the inner ear and the external surface of the labyrinth capsule, which allows the escape of perilymph and causes specific disorders of hearing, balance, or both. Its diagnosis remains somewhat controversial. This communication presents a defined set of clinical diagnostic criteria, the historic context by which those criteria have been developed, the histopathologic and clinical studies by which they have been challenged or substantiated, and the deficiences that remain in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that allow for abnormal cochlear or vestibular function. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1992;118:687-692)
Spatial and temporal response properties of lagged and nonlagged cells in cat lateral geniculate nucleus.

1. It has recently been shown that the X- and Y-cell classes in the A-layers of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are divisible into lagged and nonlagged types. We have characterized the vis...
Strategies for Controlling the Epizootic Amplification of Arboviruses

A previously validated, spatially explicit, agent-based model of arbovirus transmission among vector mosquitoes and avian hosts is used to explore the effectiveness of different insecticide control strategies for reducing rates of epizootic transmission and mosquito infection. Mosquito control within the model reduces infection rates among hosts and vectors but generally lengthens the transmission season. Insecticide application focused at oviposition sites is found to be as effective as control applied over the entire model landscape. The findings also indicate that optimum use of insecticide resources would first target areas in which bird activity is collocated with vector mosquito breeding sites, and then, if resources permit and mosquito mortality due to the insecticide is high, target other vector mosquito breeding habitats. More broadly, these experiments demonstrate that model systems provide an economical framework for testing different mosquito and mosquito-borne pathogen control strategies and can ultimately inform field interventions and enable better allocation of intervention resources.
Immune Responses to Collagen‐IV and Fibronectin in Renal Transplant Recipients With Transplant Glomerulopathy

Antibodies (Abs) to donor HLA (donor-specific antibodies [DSA]) have been associated with transplant glomerulopathy (TG) following kidney transplantation (KTx). Immune responses to tissue-restricted self-antigens (self-Ags) have been proposed to play a role in chronic rejection. We determined whether KTx with TG have immune responses to self-Ags, Collagen-IV (Col-IV) and fibronectin (FN). DSA were determined by solid phase assay, Abs against Col-IV and FN by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and CD4+ T cells secreting interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-17 or IL-10 by ELISPOT. Development of Abs to self-Ags following KTx increased the risk for TG with an odds ratio of 22 (p-value = 0.001). Abs to self-Ags were IgG and IgM isotypes. Pretransplant Abs to self-Ags increased the risk of TG (22% vs. 10%, p < 0.05). Abs to self-Ags were identified frequently in KTx with DSA. TG patients demonstrated increased Col-IV and FN specific CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-17 with reduction in IL-10. We conclude that development of Abs to self-Ags is a risk factor and having both DSA and Abs to self-Ags increases the risk for TG. The increased frequency of self-Ag-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 cells with reduction in IL-10 demonstrate tolerance breakdown to self-Ags which we propose play a role in the pathogenesis of TG.
Banking services, transaction costs and international remittance flows

Using a unique data set on the financial sector, this article assesses the impact that financial sector development has on international remittance flows for a sample of 64 countries. The results show that greater financial sector development – as measured by bank branches per 1000 km2 – results in greater remittance flows to a country. However, this study also documents that transaction costs have no impact on remittance flows. This latter finding has important policy implications as reductions in transaction costs are often cited as an important approach to increase remittance flows.
The EconoMining project at NYU: Studying the economic value of user-generated content on the internet

An important use of the internet today is in providing a platform for consumers to disseminate information about products and services they buy, and share experiences about the merchants with whom they transact. Increasingly, online markets develop into social shopping channels, and facilitate the creation of online communities and social networks. Till date, businesses, government organisations and customers have not fully incorporated such information in their decision making and policy formulation processes, either because the potential value of the intellectual capital or appropriate techniques for measuring that value have not been identified. Increasingly, although, this publicly available digital content has concrete economic value that is often hidden beneath the surface. For example, online product reviews affect the buying behaviour of customers, as well as the volume of sales, positively or negatively. Similarly, user feedback on sites such as eBay and Amazon affect the reputation of online merchants and, in turn, their ability to sell their products and services. Our research on the EconoMining project studies the economic value of user-generated content in such online settings. In our research program, we combine established techniques from economics and marketing with text mining algorithms from computer science to measure the economic value of each text snippet. In this paper, we describe the foundational blocks of our techniques, and demonstrate the value of user-generated content in a variety of areas, including reputation systems and online product reviews, and we present examples of how such areas are of immediate importance to the travel industry.
Advances in magnetized plasma propulsion and radiation shielding

Mini-magnetosphere, that is magnetic field inflated by the injection of plasma have several applications key to the exploration of space, including radiation shielding and augmentation of spacecraft thrust through momentum coupling with the solar wind. The systems are important because this inflation can be done without large mechanical structures and as such represent an example of a transformable technology. This paper uses multi-fluid simulations to detail the physics behind the inflation and the requirements to produce deflection of solar wind and other energetic particles. It is shown that the inflation itself is associated with the formation of a diamagnetic cavity that produces the rearrangement of the magnetic field both in front of an behind the magnet, and that this rearrangement greatly enhances the ability of the system to deflect charges particles in the forward direction. The solar wind adds momentum into the system to produce a 100:1 leverage on the thrust of the system, and adds energy to increase the magnetic field energy density so that is ability to defied energetic particles is further increased above what the mini-magnetosphere can do alone. Radiation shielding of GeV particles then becomes possible at 100's kW power levels.
Reconfigurable Constraint Repetition Unit for Regular Expression Matching

This paper introduces a new basic building block based on Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) hardware implementation to support complex constraint repetitions in regular expressions. This block is a customized counter capable of handling any type of constraint repetition, applicable to any sub-regular expression. We also apply optimization techniques to reduce the area and improve the overall performance.
Evaluation of USP apparatus 3 for dissolution testing of immediate-release products

We sought to evaluate whether U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus 3 can be used as an alternative to USP apparatus 2 for dissolution testing of immediate-release (IR) dosage forms. Highly soluble drugs, metoprolol and ranitidine, and poorly soluble drugs, acyclovir and furosemide, were chosen as model drugs. The dissolution profiles of both innovator and generic IR products were determined using USP apparatus 2 at 50 rpm and apparatus 3 at 5, 15, and 25 dips per minute (dpm). The dissolution profiles from USP apparatus 3 were compared to those from USP apparatus 2 using the f2 similarity test. The dissolution profile from USP apparatus 3 generally depends on the agitation rate, with a faster agitation rate producing a faster dissolution rate. It was found that USP apparatus 3 at the extreme low end of the possible agitation range, such as 5 dpm, gave hydrodynamic conditions equivalent to USP apparatus 2 at 50 rpm. With appropriate agitation rate, USP apparatus 3 can produce similar dissolution profiles to USP apparatus 2 or distinguish dissolution characteristics for the IR products of metoprolol, ranitidine, and acyclovir. Incomplete dissolution was observed for the furosemide tablets using USP apparatus 3. Although it is primarily designed for the release testing of extended-release products, USP apparatus 3 may be used for the dissolution testing of IR products of highly soluble drugs, such as metoprolol and ranitidine, and some IR products of poorly soluble drugs, such as acyclovir. USP apparatus 3 offers the advantages of avoiding cone formation and mimicking the changes in physiochemical conditions and mechanical forces experienced by products in the gastrointestinal tract.