cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ac dielectrophoresis of tin oxide nanobelts suspended in ethanol: manipulation and visualization.

This article presents results of detailed and direct real-time observations of the wide variety of SnO2 nanobelt motions induced by ac dielectrophoresis (DEP) in an innovative microfluidic setup. High ac electric fields were generated on a gold microelectrode (∼20 μm electrode gap) array, patterned on a glass substrate and covered by a ∼10 μm tall polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel. Ethanol suspended SnO2 nanobelts were introduced into the microchannel, and the DEP experiments were performed. Negative DEP (repulsion) of the nanobelts was observed in the low-frequency range (<100 kHz) of the applied electric field, which caused rigid body motion as well as deformation of the nanobelts. The negative DEP effect observed in ethanol is unusual and contrary to what is predicted by the Clausius−Mossotti factor (using bulk SnO2 conductivity and permittivity values) of the dipole approximation theory. In the high-frequency range (∼1−10 MHz), positive DEP (attraction) of the nanobelts was observed. Pearl chai...
Information Technology and Adult Learners at Empire State College

Successful introduction of technology-delivered education to adult students can be enhanced by attention to program development, reliance on easy-to-use technology readily available to a wide range of students, and the parallel development of online learner supports and student services.
Multiethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: A Study of the Secession Clause in the Constitution

In 1991, Ethiopia's new leaders established a multiethnic federation that provides for the right to secession. The secession clause was incorporated for reasons of ideology and necessity. The federation consists of largely ethnic-based territorial units and encourages political parties to organize along ethnic lines. The Ethiopian case is a radical departure from most other federal systems. This analysis focuses on (1) Ethiopia's secession clause, (2) the House of Federation, and (3) state-federal relations. The future of federalism in Ethiopia is unclear. The provisions of a liberal democratic constitution conflict with the reality of authoritarian centralist practice and therefore jeopardize the future of federalism. Although the secession clause has symbolic value, it is unlikely that any Ethiopian government would allow secession to take place. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Differential effects of sodium butyrate and hyperosmolality on the modulation of alkaline phosphatases of LoVo cells

LoVo cells produce term-placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatases. Hyperosmolality and sodium butyrate increase the levels of both, but the effect of sodium butyrate is more pronounced on the intestinal enzyme. When applied together, induction of term-placental alkaline phosphatase is additive and that of the intestinal enzyme is synergistic. Induction by either stimulus or by their mixture is independent of cell density. However, whereas the effect of hyperosmolality is readily reversible, induction by sodium butyrate is not. No synergistic increase in intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity occurs when cells are sequentially treated with hyperosmolality and sodium butyrate or vice versa. This indicates that only when applied concurrently does one inducer amplify the effect of the other. Since the normal colonic mucosa produces intestinal alkaline phosphatase, its predominant induction by sodium butyrate in LoVo cells may reflect a more differentiated state.
Factors Affecting the Range of Radar Sets

IT is now well known that most of the radar sets used in the past war function by transmitting a pulse and measuring the time necessary for the signal to reach the target and the echo to return. Of particular interest is the problem of finding how much power must be transmitted so that the echo will be of sufficient strength to be detected satisfactorily by the radar receiver. When dealing with microwave equipment and the consequent line-of-sight transmission paths, the problem can be solved by geometric means.
Longitudinal predictors of injection cessation and subsequent relapse among a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, MD, 1988–2000

Abstract Objective To determine predictors of injection drug use cessation and subsequent relapse among a cohort of injection drug users (IDUs). Methods IDUs in Baltimore, MD were recruited through community outreach in 1988–1989. Among IDUs with at least three follow-up visits, parametric survival models for time to injection cessation (≥6 months) and subsequent relapse were constructed. Results Of 1327 IDUs, 94.8% were African American, 77.2% were male, median age was 34 years, and 37.7% were HIV-infected. Among 936 (70.5%) subjects who ceased injection, median time from baseline to cessation was 4.0 years. Three-quarters subsequently resumed injection drug use, among whom median time to relapse was 1.0 year. Factors independently associated with a shorter time to cessation were: age Conclusions This study provides strong support for targeting cessation efforts among young IDUs and severely dependent, unstably housed, and HIV-infected individuals.
Turbulence Closure and Prediction of the Wake in a Rotating Wall Shear Layer

The turbulent wake interacting with the rotating wall shear layer is studied analytically and numerically. The pressure-strain correlation term in the Reynolds stress transport equation is remodeled to represent the effect of rotation. The standard correction for the near-wall effect is also incorporated in the modified Reynolds stress closure model. The rotation-modified Reynolds stress closure model is applied to predict the fully developed and the developing flows in a rotating duct and the three-dimensional wake developing in a rotating wall shear layer. The complex turbulent flow affected by the rotation and the wall damping is predicted with an accuracy sufficient for practical purposes.
Biomechanics of tendon healing

Abstract The biomechanics of tendon healing was investigated with unsutured rat achilles tendons. After two, three, and four weeks of healing tensile parameters were assayed with a bone-muscle-tendon-bone preparation elongated to failure at a controlled physiological strain rate. In the third week of healing, stiffness, strength, and energy absorbing capacity all increased approximately 50%. These changes correlated with early fibroplasia. In the fourth week of healing, strength, energy absorbing capacity and elongation to failure all increased relatively more than stiffness. Histologically, larger fibers with better longitudinal alignment developed during this period. At the end of four weeks the tendon's strength was approximately 25% of normal. To summarize, the return of stiffness in a healing tendon preparation correlated with the presence of fibroplasia and the return of other tensile parameters was a function of the amount and organization of the fibroplasia.
Derepression of the Bacillus subtilis PerR Peroxide Stress Response Leads to Iron Deficiency

The Bacillus subtilis PerR repressor regulates the adaptive response to peroxide stress. The PerR regulon includes the major vegetative catalase (katA), an iron storage protein (mrgA), an alkylhydroperoxide reductase (ahpCF), a zinc uptake system (zosA), heme biosynthesis enzymes (hemAXCDBL), the iron uptake repressor (fur), and perR itself. A perR null strain is resistant to hydrogen peroxide, accumulates a porphyrin-like compound, and grows very slowly. The poor growth of the perR mutant can be largely accounted for by the elevated expression of two proteins: the KatA catalase and Fur. Genetic studies support a model in which poor growth of the perR null mutant is due to elevated repression of iron uptake by Fur, exacerbated by heme sequestration by the abundant catalase protein. Analysis of the altered-function allele perR991 further supports a link between PerR and iron homeostasis. Strains containing perR991 are peroxide resistant but grow nearly as well as the wild type. Unlike a perR null allele, the perR991 allele (F51S) derepresses KatA, but not Fur, which likely accounts for its comparatively rapid growth.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BOVINE MUSCLES FROM FOUR QUALITY GROUPS

Histochemical and histological properties were determined for the longissimus and gluteus medius muscles from beef carcasses which exhibited musculature of the four following quality groups: (1) normal in color, firmness and exudation; (2) normal in color but soft and exudative; (3) pale in color, soft and exudative; and (4) dark color, firm and dry. Differences were observed among quality groups for muscle fiber area and muscle fiber type. A greater proportion of ATPase olRed type fibers was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4 compared to group 1, indicating that muscles from these three aberrant groups differ in metabolic potential.
Deterministic modeling of driving and dissipation for ocean surface gravity waves in two horizontal dimensions

[1] Previous work introducing deterministic modeling of driving and dissipation to nonlinear surface gravity wave dynamics is extended to two horizontal spatial dimensions. It is shown that the wave spectrum rapidly develops into a form with two important features. First the spectral peak location is determined by the wind speed and shifts toward lower wave numbers as a function of time. This is due in part to nonlinear interactions, but it is also due to the functional form of the wind-forcing term. In addition, the spectrum rapidly develops an asymptotic power law tail in the downwind direction. The spectral exponent governing the asymptotics is sensitively dependent on the precise form of the dissipation term, and it can be “tuned” by adjusting that term in a quantitatively established manner. The angular dependence of the wave spectrum is also obtained. The strength and the role of the nonlinear interactions in the development of the spectral shape are studied in detail. The question of whether the wave amplitude statistics approach a Gaussian form is investigated. We find that a low-order odd moment is nonvanishing.
SPAK kinase is a substrate and target of PKCθ in T‐cell receptor‐induced AP‐1 activation pathway

Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) plays an important role in T-cell activation via stimulation of AP-1 and NF-κB. Here we report the isolation of SPAK, a Ste20-related upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as a PKCθ-interacting kinase. SPAK interacted with PKCθ (but not with PKCα) via its 99 COOH-terminal residues. TCR/CD28 costimulation enhanced this association and stimulated the catalytic activity of SPAK. Recombinant SPAK was phosphorylated on Ser-311 in its kinase domain by PKCθ, but not by PKCα. The magnitude and duration of TCR/CD28-induced endogenous SPAK activation were markedly impaired in PKCθ-deficient T cells. Transfected SPAK synergized with constitutively active PKCθ to activate AP-1, but not NF-κB. This synergistic activity, as well as the receptor-induced SPAK activation, required the PKCθ-interacting region of SPAK, and Ser-311 mutation greatly reduced these activities of SPAK. Conversely, a SPAK-specific RNAi or a dominant-negative SPAK mutant inhibited PKCθ- and TCR/CD28-induced AP-1, but not NF-κB, activation. These results define SPAK as a substrate and target of PKCθ in a TCR/CD28-induced signaling pathway leading selectively to AP-1 (but not NF-κB) activation.
Syndromes of Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

The marriage of cytogenetics and molecular biology has resulted in major advances in our understanding of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. These technologies reveal a number of clearly recognizable syndromes of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. This review describes the salient features of several of these syndromes: acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils; acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with 11q abnormalities [biphenotypic leukemia with t(4;11); and acute monocytic leukemia with t(9;11)]; acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with t(8;21); acute promyelocytic leukemia; acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with normal or elevated platelet counts and rearranged 3q21 and 3q26; and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with increased basophils and t(6;9). The pathogenesis of therapy-related leukemias is discussed also.
Certain 8-amino-9-(benzyl)guanines as potential purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors

Abstract Several 8-amino-9-(benzyl)guanines were selected for synthesis as potential purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitors on the basis of the Topliss decision tree. These compounds were prepared by the treatment of oxazolo[5,4- d ]pyrimidine intermediates with potassium carbonate in a 1-pot reaction. All compounds were evaluated for PNP inhibitory activity using an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay. The extent of binding to PNP appeared to be influenced by the presence of electron donating substituents on the phenyl ring of the benzyl group. None of the tested compounds were more active than the parent compound, 8-amino-9-benzylguanine. The inhibitory activity seems to be most likely -σ-dependent.
Development of a nanoparticle-based system for the delivery of retinoic acid into macrophages.

The aim of the present work is to prepare nanoparticulate systems that can target and modulate the functions of mononuclear phagocytes by local administration. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) was chosen as an immunomodulator to be encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles (NP). Different formulations were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method and poly(d,l)lactic acid based nanocapsules (NC) were selected to continue the study. RA-NC demonstrated a sustained release profile and an enhanced stability for 7 days. The uptake of fluorescent (NileRed) labeled NP was conducted on bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM) in vitro and xenograft glioma nude mice in vivo. Fluorescent microscopy observations and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that NR-NC were engulfed by BMM in vitro and lasted inside over 7 days. The intratumoral injection of NR-NC confirmed that NC were efficiently uptaken by infiltrated macrophages. The effects of RA loaded NC on BMM were also evaluated by RT2-PCR array. Our results suggest that polymeric nanoparticles are suitable carriers to deliver RA into macrophages and can offer a new strategy in tumor macrophage-based treatment.
A box model test of the freshwater forcing hypothesis of abrupt climate change and the physics governing ocean stability

[1] Observations and an ocean box model are combined in order to test the adequacy of the freshwater forcing hypothesis to explain abrupt climate change given the uncertainties in the parameterization of vertical buoyancy transport in the ocean. The combination is carried out using Bayesian stochastic inversion, which allows us to infer changes in the mass balance of Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and in the meridional transports of mass and heat in the Atlantic Ocean that would be required to explain Dansgaard-Oeschger Interstadials (DOIs) from 30 to 39 kyr B.P. The mean sea level changes implied by changes in NH ice sheet mass balance agree in amplitude and timing with reconstructions from the geologic record, which gives some support to the freshwater forcing hypothesis. The inversion suggests that the duration of the DOIs should be directly related to the growth of land ice. Our results are unaffected by uncertainties in the representation of vertical buoyancy transport in the ocean. However, the solutions are sensitive to assumptions about physical processes at polar latitudes.
Long-distance radical cation reactions in DNA three-way junctions: inter-arm interaction and migration through the junction.

DNA three-way junctions (TWJ) are branched molecules having three ‘arms’. We studied long-distance radical cation migration in these assemblies by incorporating anthraquinone (AQ) groups linked by a covalent tether to one strand of one arm of the TWJ. Excitation of the AQ at 350 nm results in one-electron oxidation of the DNA, which generates a base radical cation. This leads to relatively inefficient (compared with duplex DNA) strand cleavage at guanines following piperidine treatment of the irradiated samples. When the AQ is linked to the 5′-terminus of arm III by a flexible tether, gel electrophoretic analysis shows that strand cleavage occurs at the guanines in all three arms. We also investigated a TWJ in which the anthraquinone is specifically intercalated in arm III. In this case, a different pattern of strand cleavage is detected. We conclude that there are at least two mechanisms for long-distance radical cation migration in TWJs: (i) by inefficient charge hopping through the junction; (ii) by a through-space, cross-arm interaction when the AQ is on a flexible tether.
EXTENDING THE COORDINATION OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES

Cognitive analyses are typically used to study individuals, whereas social analyses are typically used to study groups. In this article, I make a distinction between what one is looking with!one’s theoretical lens!and what one is looking at!e.g., an individual or a group!. By emphasizing the former, I discuss social analyses of individuals and cognitive analyses of groups, additional analyses that can enhance mathematics education research. I give examples of each and raise questions about the appropriateness of such analyses.
OCCURRENCE OF OESTRUS IN THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL AFTER PAIRING WITH A MALE

Females grouped together showed a significantlylower incidence (0/20) of vaginal oestrus than did those separated from the group and paired with males (27/35): 12 of the 27 first showed vaginal oestrus on the 3rd day after pairing. Paired females had heavier ovaries and uteri than did those kept in groups.
Possibly-Final Offers

A price-setting seller faces a buyer with unknown reservation value. We show that if the buyer is sufficiently risk averse, the seller can benefit from employing a Possibly-Final Offer (PFO) strategy. In a PFO, if the buyer rejects the seller's initial offer the seller sometimes terminates the interaction. If the seller does not terminate, he follows up with a subsequent, more attractive offer. As the buyer's risk aversion increases, the seller's expected profit under the optimal PFO approaches the full-information profit. These results extend to contexts with endogenous commitment, multiple types of buyers, multidimensional objects, and nonseparable utility functions.
Genetic analysis of ear development and tassel architecture in maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays)

xii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Shoot branching: prolificacy and tassel architecture 2 Environmental effects and hormonal regulation 3 Quantitative Trait Loci studies on prolificacy and tassel architecture 4 Candidate genes 5 Genetic designs and population structures for QTL mapping 6 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION 7 CHAPTER 2: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PROLIFICACY AND RELATED TRAITS IN A NEAR-ISOGENIC POPULATION OF MAIZE RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES ......... 10 ABSTRACT 10 INTRODUCTION 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS 13 Plant material 13 Population development and phenotypic evaluation 14 Statistical analyses of phenotypic data 15 Genotypic evaluation 17 Genotypic analysis and genetic map construction 18 QTL detection 19 Assessment of pleiotropy and linkage for QTL 22 RESULTS 23 Phenotypic analysis 23 Genotypic analysis and genetic map construction 24 QTL detection 25 Assessment of pleiotropy and linkage for QTL 27 DISCUSSION 28 REFERENCES 34 APPENDIX 55
Sequence labeling with non-negative weighted higher order features

In sequence labeling, using higher order features leads to high inference complexity. A lot of studies have been conducted to address this problem. In this paper, we propose a new exact decoding algorithm under the assumption that weights of all higher order features are non-negative. In the worst case, the time complexity of our algorithm is quadratic on the number of higher order features. Comparing with existing algorithms, our method is more efficient and easier to implement. We evaluate our method on two sequence labeling tasks: Optical Character Recognition and Chinese part-of-speech tagging. Our experimental results demonstrate that adding higher order features significantly improves the performance without much additional inference time.
The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis

Metalloproteases are important in many aspects of biology, ranging from cell proliferation, differentiation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to vascularization and cell migration. These events occur several times during organogenesis in both normal development and during tumor progression. Mechanisms of metalloprotease action underlying these events include the proteolytic cleavage of growth factors so that they can become available to cells not in direct physical contact, degradation of the ECM so that founder cells can move across tissues into nearby stroma, and regulated receptor cleavage to terminate migratory signaling. Most of these processes require a delicate balance between the functions of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) or metalloprotease-disintegrins (ADAMs) and natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). In this review, we discuss recent progress in identifying an essential role for metalloproteases in axon outgrowth, as an example of a focal invasive event. We also discuss the evolving concept of how MMPs might regulate stem cell fate during tumor development.
Pharmacotherapy and children with autism spectrum disorder: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists.

Purpose The purpose of this tutorial is to provide speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with general information regarding the most commonly prescribed medications for children with autism spectrum ...
Plagiothecium bicolor: a new synonym of Lepidopilum scabrisetum

Abstract Plagiothecium bicolor Warnst., known only from the holotype specimen collected by E. Ule on Mount Roraima, Brazil, is a synonym of Lepidopilum scabrisetum (Schwagr.) Steere.
Auto‐Immune Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Anti‐U

. A case of warm antibody auto-immune hemolytic anemia is described in which the serum antibody, and an eluate from the patient's red cells, both had anti-U specificity. The antibody did not react with Rhnull red cells, and gave weaker reactions with -D- red cells than with other U-positive red cells. Five other anti-U sera were tested in comparative titrations and some of these also reacted more weakly against -D- red cells than against red cells having common Rh phenotypes.
Designing for Diversity The Role of Reading Strategies and Interactive Vocabulary in a Digital Reading Environment for Fifth-Grade Monolingual English and Bilingual Students

This study examined the relative contribution of reading comprehension strategies and interactive vocabulary in Improving Comprehension Online (ICON), a universally designed web-based scaffolded te...
Control of Joint Motion Simulators for Biomechanical Research

This paper presents a hierarchical adaptive algorithm for controlling upper extremity human joint motion simulators. A joint motion simulator is a computer-controlled, electromechanical system which permits the application of forces to the tendons of a human cadaver specimen in such a way that the cadaver joint under study achieves a desired motion in a physiologic manner. The proposed control scheme does not require knowledge of the cadaver specimen dynamic model, and solves on-line the so-called "indeterminate problem" which arises because human joints typically possess more actuators than degrees of freedom. Computer simulation results are given for an elbow/forearm system and wrist/hand system under hierarchical control, and demonstrate that any desired normal joint motion can be accurately tracked with the proposed algorithm. Additionally, these simulations indicate that the controller resolves the "indeterminate problem" redundancy in a physiologic manner, and show that the control scheme is robust to parameter uncertainty and to sensor noise.
Speed and accuracy of rapid speech output by adolescents with residual speech sound errors including rhotics

Children with residual speech sound errors are often underserved clinically, yet there has been a lack of recent research elucidating the specific deficits in this population. Adolescents aged 10–1...
Mining for Core Patterns in Stock Market Data

We introduce an algorithm that uses stock sector information directly in conjunction with time series subsequences for mining core patterns within the sectors of stock market data. The core patterns within a sector are representative groups of stocks for the sector when it shows coherent behavior. Multiple core patterns may exist in a sector at the same time. In comparison with clustering algorithms, the core patterns are shown to be more stable as the stock price evolves. The proposed algorithm has only one free parameter, for which we provide an empirical choice. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm through a comparison with the DBScan clustering algorithm using data from the Standard and Poor 500 Index.
RSS: Making the Internet Subscribeable

Now there is a tool - RSS - that automatically delivers updates of valuable Web content directly to your computer. Read how RSS can save you time and money.
Ecient Adaptation using Discrete Adjoint Error Estimates in Unsteady Flow Problems

This paper presents a framework for the reduction of the spatial, temporal and algebraic error by use of the discrete adjoint solution in a time integrated functional (i.e. Lift, Drag, etc.) for problems of aerodynamic interest. The three types of error are separated into distinct contributions that are used to selectively adapt the discretization to reduce the error in the functional in the most ecient manner. A simple unsteady problem of a vortex convecting through a time integrated box is used to demonstrate that the frequency of renement has a large impact on the overall computational eciency of the solution. Analysis of the simplied problem shows that adaption of one parameter in isolation results
A recycling method for the large-eddy simulation of plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer

A method for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of dispersion and mixing of passive scalars is developed and evaluated. The new method addresses the requirements of tracking the evolution of plumes for large distances from their sources while attaining a low computational cost. To reduce computational cost, the velocity and thermodynamic fields are solved on a doubly periodic domain in the horizontal directions. In contrast, when the plume reaches the downstream end of the computational domain, it is reintroduced at the upstream plane but as a different scalar field. The same procedure is repeated when the new scalar field reaches the downstream boundary. By using several scalar fields to describe the evolution of a single plume, the simulation is computationally cheaper since the same velocity and thermodynamic fields are reused, or recycled, when computing the plume evolution. The recycling method is verified by showing that low-order plume statistics are identical to a single-domain LES. Three cases of dispersion and mixing from a point ground source in diverse boundary layer conditions (stable, convectively unstable, and shallow cumulus convection) are considered. Moreover, the LES results are compared with the predictions a Gaussian plume model, which is found to perform satisfactorily in all cases when accurate information about the state of the boundary layer is provided.
MiPPS: A generative model for multi-manifold clustering

We propose a generative model for high dimensional data consisting of intrinsically low dimensional clusters that are noisily sampled. The proposed model is a mixture of probabilistic principal surfaces (MiPPS) optimized using expectation maximization. We use a Bayesian prior on the model parameters to maximize the corresponding marginal likelihood. We also show empirically that this optimization can be biased towards a good local optimum by using our prior intuition to guide the initialization phase The proposed unsupervised algorithm naturally handles cases where the data lies on multiple connected components of a single manifold and where the component manifolds intersect. In addition to clustering, we learn a functional model for the underlying structure of each component cluster as a parameterized hyper-surface in ambient noise.This model is used to learn a global embedding that we use for visualization of the entire dataset. We demonstrate the performance of MiPPS in separating and visualizing land cover types in a hyperspectral dataset.
The newer surgical dressings and wound healing.

Use of the newer surgical dressings has dramatically changed the care of cutaneous wounds by their ability to limit desiccation and permit enhanced epithelialization, protect wounds from external contamination and trauma, and provide relief from postoperative pain. When used in the proper situations, these dressings can offer significant advantages over the traditional techniques of wound care.
Correlation between global longitudinal peak systolic strain and coronary artery disease severity as assessed by the angiographically derived SYNTAX score

BACKGROUND In this study, we investigate the correlation between reduced global longitudinal peak systolic strain (GLPSS) and the SYNTAX score (SS) in patients undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS We examined 71 patients undergoing both echocardiogram and coronary angiography within 15 days. All patients had normal global and/or regional wall motion on resting echocardiogram. We calculated GLPSS using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. SS was calculated for each group of patients based on the presence and/or the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD): no CAD on angiogram (n=10, control group), low SS (n=36, SS<22) and high SS (n=25, SS≥22). We hypothesised that GLPSS at rest is inversely correlated with the angiographically derived SS. RESULTS Age, sex and most of the risk factors were equally distributed among the groups. There was a significant inverse correlation between GLPSS and SS values (r(2)=0.3869, P<0.001). This correlation was weaker in the low-SS group (r(2)=0.1332, P<0.05), whereas it was lost in the high-SS group (r(2)=0.0002, P=NS). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified that the optimal cut-off for the detection of high-SS patients was 13.95% (sensitivity=71%, specificity=90%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that GLPSS might be promising for the detection of patients with high SYNTAX score on coronary angiogram. There is an inverse correlation between resting GLPSS and SS as assessed by coronary angiography. In patients with the highest SS, however, the correlation with GLPSS was less significant.
Toward re-thinking science education in terms of affective practices: reflections from the field

Rational and operationalized views of science and what it means for teachers and students to know and enact legitimate science practices have dominated science education research for many decades (Fusco and Barton in J Res Sci Teach 38(3):337–354, 2001. doi:10.1002/1098-2736(200103)38:3 3.0.CO;2-0). Michalinos Zembylas challenges historically prevalent dichotomies of mind/body, reason/emotion, and emotion/affect, calling researchers and educators to move beyond the Cartesian dualisms, which have perpetuated a myth of scientific objectivity devoid of bias, subjectivity and emotions. Zembylas (Crit Stud Teach Learn 1(1):1–21, 2013. doi:10.14426/cristal.v1i1.2) contends that the role of emotions and affect are best understood as relational and entangled in epistemological, cultural, and historical contexts of education, which represent contested sites of control and resistance. We argue that Zembylas’ work is pivotal since “theoretical frames of reference for doing research in science education…[and] what constitutes knowledge and being within a particular frame” carry material bearings over the enactments of science teaching and learning (Kyle in J Res Sci Teach 31:695–696, 1994, p. 321. doi:10.1002/tea.3660310703). In this paper, we hold cogen dialogue about how re-thinking notions of emotion and affect affords us, both science educators and researchers, to re-envision science education beyond cognitive and social frames. The framing of our dialogue as cogen builds on Wolff-Michael Roth and Kenneth Tobin’s (At the elbows of another: learning to teach through coteaching. Peter Lang Publishing, New York, 2002) notion of cogenerative dialogue. Holding cogen is an invitation to an openly dialogic and safe area, which serves as a space for a dialogic inquiry that includes radical listening of situated knowledges and learning from similarities as well as differences of experiences (Tobin in Cult Stud Sci Educ, in review, 2015). From our situated experiences reforms, colleges of education, schools, and curriculum place not enough emphasis on affective and bodily dimensions of teaching and learning. Instead, the privilege seems to be given to reason, evidence, and rationalities, which continue to reinforce dominant ways of knowing and experiencing. The separation of mind and body, reason and emotion, effect and affect in teaching and research might bear unintended and negative consequences for many children and teachers who are engaged in bodily and affective forms of learning science. In this forum we wish to expand on the discussion to consider the interdependent nature of learning, experience, and affect by drawing on our work with science teachers and culturally and linguistically diverse students, juxtaposed alongside Zembylas’ reflections, to further theorize the affective turn in science education.
A LÖWENHEIM-SKOLEM THEOREM FOR CARDINALS FAR APART*

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a Lowenheim-Skolem theorem for cardinals far apart. The well-known theorem of Lowenheim, Skolem, and Tarski states that If a set Σ of first-order sentences has a model of infinite power then it has a model of each infinite power. The familiar proof, based on the method of diagrams, depends on the use of languages with non-denumerably many symbols, which were introduced by Malcev in 1936 and, later, by Henkin and A. Tarski's proof showed that every structure, of countable length but arbitrary infinite power, has a proper elementary extension.
Collaborative Archaeologies and Descendant Communities

In the 1970s, public archaeology, a major theme in anthropology, sought to articulate the field's new orientation toward engaging the nonprofessional, general public, particularly in the realm of cultural resource management (CRM). Over the decades that followed, this approach evolved to focus increasingly on ways to connect archaeological heritage to different kinds of publics. Through this work, among the most important publics that emerged were groups who claimed descent from the ancient peoples archaeologists studied. By the end of the 1990s, a significant branch of archaeological practice had shifted toward new theories and methods for directly and meaningfully engaging descendant communities. This article focuses on how in the United States, and beyond, research with Native peoples in particular has created a rich dialogue about such wide-ranging themes as ethics, collaboration, indigeneity, and multivocality. Although critiques have emerged, the increasingly active role of descendant communities ha...
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-associated exotoxins

Escherichia coli are a common cause of infectious disease outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Several independently evolved E. coli clades are common causes of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. There is ample epidemiological and in vitro evidence that several different protein toxins common to many, but not all, of these strains are likely to aid the colonization and immune-evasion ability of these bacteria. This review discusses our current knowledge and areas of ignorance concerning the contribution of the hemolysin; cytotoxic-necrotizing factor-1; and the autotransporters, Sat, Pic, and Vat, to extraintestinal human disease.
Nonmaximal neutrino mixing at NOνA from nonstandard interactions

Abstract Muon neutrino disappearance measurements at NO ν A suggest that maximal θ 23 is excluded at the 2.6 σ CL. This is in mild tension with T2K data which prefer maximal mixing. Considering that NO ν A has a much longer baseline than T2K, we point out that the apparent departure from maximal mixing in NO ν A may be a consequence of nonstandard neutrino propagation in matter.
Fast atlas-based MRI-guided PET attenuation map generation in whole-body PET/MR imaging

We propose a one registration multi atlas (ORMA) pseudo-CT generation algorithm for attenuation correction in whole-body PET/MRI based on an optimized atlas-guided bone segmentation procedure. The proposed approach requires only one online registration between the target and reference images regardless of the number of atlas images N, while for the remaining subjects belonging to the atlas dataset, the pre-computed transformation matrices obtained from registration to the reference image is used to align them to the target image. The performance characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated and compared to conventional atlas-based attenuation map generation consisting of direct registration of the entire atlas images to the target. Four different PET attenuation maps were produced using direct registration and ORMA, voxelwise weighted (VWW-Direct and VWW-ORMA) and arithmetic average (AA-Direct and AA-ORMA) atlas fusion strategies. The comparison of validation measures characterizing the accuracy of extracted whole-body bone demonstrated the superiority of VWW-Direct atlas fusion technique resulting in a Dice similarity measure of 0.82±0.04 compared to 0.60±0.02 for AA-Direct. Conversely, the ORMA approach yielded a Dice similarity measure of 0.76±0.05 for VWW-ORMA and 0.55±0.03 for AA-ORMA. Quantitative analysis of PET data revealed good correlation (y=1.01x+0.1, R2=0.99) between PET images corrected for attenuation using the proposed pseudo-CT method and the corresponding reference CT images. The proposed method generates decent attenuation maps and enables to reduce the processing time for atlas-based pseudo-CT generation reduced by a factor N.
Blockade of Inhibitor Formation by B-Cell Delivered Tolerance to Immunodominant A2 and C2 Domains.

Abstract A major impediment in the treatment of hemophilia is the formation of inhibitory antibodies, which occurs in approximately 25–30% of Hemophilia A patients treated with therapeutic Factor VIII (fVIII). We have focused on the development of a gene therapy protocol for tolerance induction, with an emphasis on the elimination of inhibitor production. Our lab has demonstrated that LPS-stimulated B-cell blasts, transfected with a retrovirus encoding an IgG-peptide fusion protein, such as fVIII domains, are tolerogenic in both normal and primed recipients. Last year, we reported ( http://www.abstracts-on-line.com/abstracts/hemphiladelphia03 ; Scott and Lei 2003) that specific tolerance to the immunodominant epitopes in the C2 domain of fVIII (a major target of inhibitors) could be induced by our protocol. However, the immune response to full length fVIII was only modestly affected. Most inhibitory antibodies are reactive with conformational epitopes on the exposed surfaces of the A2, as well as the C2, domain of fVIII. Therefore, in this study, we inserted residues S2173-Y2332 of the C2 domain and S373-R740 of the A2 domain onto the IgG heavy chain backbone, respectively, to induce tolerance in hemophilic mice. Specific tolerance to each domain was induced by this protocol. Importantly, a combination of A2-IgG and C2-IgG expressing B cells induced tolerance to the full length fVIII molecule, a result which supports the dominance of these domains in the immune response to fVIII. Tolerance was manifested in terms of ELISA, T-cell proliferation and especially Bethesda Unit titers (95% reduction). Similar results were obtained even when treatment was initiated after priming injections of fVIII. In conclusion, this protocol offers great promise for prevention and potential reversal of this serious complication of fVIII replacement therapy. (Supported by HL61883 and a Laboratory Grant from the National Hemophilia Foundation).
Hypergraphia in Semantic Variant PPA (P05.109)

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the behavioral and anatomic features of hypergraphia in neurodegenerative disease patients. BACKGROUND: The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) manifests with distinct features of semantic language impairment and behavioral abnormalities arising from anterior temporal and ventromedial frontal damage. Hypergraphia, extensive and often compulsive writing behavior, has been previously observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and right hemisphere stroke, but has never been described in patients with temporal lobe degeneration. DESIGN/METHODS: Symptoms were carefully described in three svPPA patients with hypergraphia, including neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, neurologic exam, and 3T structural MRI scans. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was performed to quantify brain atrophy patterns in the three patients against age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: All three patients displayed qualitatively similar new-onset compulsive writing behavior . Despite progressive word-finding and naming difficulties, these patients consistently produced a large volume of writing, typically with impoverished content. Though at different levels of disease severity, all three svPPA patients showed remarkable sparing in the left lateral temporal lobe (superior and middle gyrii ), while the medial temporal cortex (amygdala, limbic cortex) was uniformly atrophic. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in patients with temporal lobe degeneration, sparing of left lateral temporal language-associated regions, in combination with atrophy of medial temporal limbic structures involved in emotion regulation and reward, may lead to release of excessive writing behavior. While only a subset of patients with svPPA develop hypergraphic tendencies during disease, further analysis of specific brain-behavior correlates in larger groups is warranted to elucidate this phenomenon. Supported by: National Institutes of Health (grants P01 AG19724, P50 AG023501, P50 AG1657303, P50AG16574, R01-AG032306, and R01 NS050915-05A1) and its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute on Aging or NIH. Disclosure: Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rankin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ketelle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has received personal compensation for activities with Allon Therapeuctics, Inc. and TauRx Therapeutics, Ltd. Dr. Miller has received research support from Novartis.
Outcomes of Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty with B2 Glenoids: A Systematic Review.

Background Total shoulder arthroplasty remains an effective procedure for shoulder pain relief. Despite the negative effect of abnormal glenoid morphology and specifically retroverted and posteriorly subluxated glenoids, there is no consensus for management of B2 glenoids in total shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes and complication rates for B2 glenoid techniques so as to provide a baseline understanding of the current state of treatment of this pathology. Methods A systematic review evaluating outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty with biconcave glenoids using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology included searches up to December 31, 2015, of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Reviews, and Google Scholar. Nine articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results In this study, 239 total shoulder arthroplasties with B2 glenoids with a mean follow-up of 55.5 months (range, 24 to 91 months) were included. The mean patient age was 63.3 years (range, 55.8 to 68.7 years). Asymmetric reaming was performed in 127 glenoids, posterior bone-grafting was included in 53 glenoids, and 34 received an augmented glenoid component to correct glenoid retroversion and bone loss. Overall, the mean Constant and Neer scores improved from preoperative measures. Fifty-eight percent of patients had no loosening, and 42% had some loosening, although not all of these patients were symptomatic. Despite variation in outcome measures hindering treatment approach comparison, the posteriorly augmented glenoid was generally reported to provide better outcomes with few complications. Although posterior glenoid bone-grafting results in acceptable outcomes, it also represents the highest rate of complications. The revision rate was 15.6% for asymmetric reaming, 9.5% for posterior glenoid bone-grafting, and 0% for posteriorly augmented glenoids. Conclusions Surgical treatment of the B2 glenoid remains a challenge to the shoulder surgeon, with worse outcomes and higher complication rates. Longer follow-up, consistent outcome measures, and result stratification based on glenoid type may allow for direct comparison in the future. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Payment and Settlement Risks in International Financial Markets

Wholesale payment and settlement systems are the core infrastructure for today’s modern financial markets. They consist of the systems that are used to settle commercial and financial transactions including foreign exchange trades, securities transactions—both the stock market and the corporate bond market—as well as derivative transactions. Most of the transactions that flow through what we call wholesale payment and settlement systems are high-value, meaning at least in the millions of dollars, and in some cases the tens and occasionally even the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars per transaction. The volume of this activity is extremely large on a daily basis through the two major payment systems in the United States: the Fedwire system which the Federal Reserve operates, and the Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS), which is a private system operated by the New York Clearing House Association. Over three trillion dollars a day goes through those systems, so the amounts involved are quite significant.