cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced-Multi-Step and Economically Oriented Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

This dissertation addresses two issues that arise in the field of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC): computational delay and stability of economically oriented NMPC. NMPC has gained wide attention through the application of dynamic optimization. It has the ability to handle variable bounds and multi-input-multi-output systems. However, computational delay caused by large size of nonlinear programming (NLP) problems may lead to deterioration of controller performance and system stability. In this thesis we propose an advanced-multi-step formulation of NMPC (amsNMPC) based on NLP sensitivity. The basic idea of amsNMPC is to solve a background NLP problem in advance to get predictions of future manipulated variables. These are then updated online using NLP sensitivity when the actual states are obtained. This method could be applied to optimization problems whose solutions require multiple sampling times. We then analyze the nominal and robust stabilities of the two approaches. Two examples are studied to evaluate the performance of amsNMPC. The ultimate goal of any operation strategy for a process plant is to make profit. Traditionally this goal could be achieved by a two-layer Real-time Optimization (RTO) system, where the upper layer solves a steady state problem aiming at optimizing economic performance to get the optimal setpoints for the controlled variables in the layer below. The lower layer then keeps the controlled variables at their given setpoints using MPC/NMPC. However, there are some problems with this two-layer structure. One of the solutions is to combine these two layers and include the economic criterion directly into the cost function of the lower layer controller when an optimization-based controller such as MPC is used. This approach is often referred to as Economic MPC. The issue with Economic NMPC is that the controller may not be stable. In this dissertation we analyze its Lyapunov stability property and propose to stabilize it by adding quadratic regularization terms to the objective function, and we also provide a method to calculate the most appropriate weights on regularization terms to ensure the stability of Economic NMPC while achieving the best possible economic performance. Several challenging case studies are used to demonstrate these concepts.
The Imminent US Strategic Adjustment to China

How can leaders in the United States and China ensure that future relations between their two countries are marked by peaceful cooperation and not conflict over the organization of world politics? Whereas most scholarly writing on the topic of China’s ‘peaceful rise’ has dwelt upon the ways and means by which Chinese leaders can steer their ship of state towards harmonious relations with the outside world, this article attempts to shift the focus onto foreign policy-making by the United States. The argument is that established states preside over a range of options when it comes to deciding how to respond to rising states during periods of shifting power and how they choose to adjust to an adverse alteration in relative power has dramatic consequences for the subsequent evolution of any given power-transitional dyad and, by extension, for the course of world politics more broadly. The author provides a conceptual framing of this function for established great powers during episodes of shifting power and seeks to elucidate in particular the domestic–political components of the role. The primary policy implication is to suggest that decision makers in the United States ought to be ready—much more ready than they currently are—to assume a hefty slice of responsibility for the ensuing power transition with China that most observers anticipate to be in the offing. ‘Our two nations are trying to do something that has never been done in history’, declared Hillary Clinton during a 2012 trip to Beijing, ‘which is to write a new answer to the question of what happens when an established power and a rising power meet’. With these remarks, the US highest ranking diplomat evoked an enduring puzzle in the study of 1 William Wan, ‘Hillary Clinton, Top Chinese Officials Air Some Differences’, The Washington Post, 5 September, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hillary-clinton-top-chineseofficials-air-some-differences/2012/09/05/78487e86-f746-11e1-8253-3f495ae70650_story.html. VC The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Institute of Modern International Relations, Tsinghua University. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2015, 219–250 doi: 10.1093/cjip/pov007 Advance Access Publication Date: 30 July 2015
Perfecting and Recreating Nature on the Upper Mississippi River

Despite marked increase in the implementation of efforts to raise environmental performance, few marketing research studies have investigated the efficacy of these activities. This study provides an initial examination of governance structures as determinants of environmental effectiveness and other facets of organizational performance. We incorporate logic from agency theory and the resource-based view of the firm to implicate governance structures as determinants of environmental, social, and economic outcomes. I further comment on the simultaneous use of alternative governance mechanisms and their influences on performance. And I conclude by underscoring the relevance of the study to retailing practice and channel theory.
Modern measurement, probability, and statistics: Some generalities and multivariate illustrations

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] In broad terms, effective probability modeling of modern measurement requires the development of (usually parametric) distributions for increasingly complex multivariate outcomes driven by the physical ..
Risk-averse placement and sizing of photovoltaic inverters in radial distribution networks

A risk-averse strategy is presented for optimal placement and sizing of photovoltaic (PV) inverters in distribution networks under solar irradiance and load uncertainty. By modeling uncertainties through a finite set of scenarios, a two-stage stochastic program is formulated. First-stage decisions comprise binary placement variables, area, and apparent power capacity of PV units. Second-stage decisions are PV reactive power compensations and power flows. The objective accounts for PV installation costs, expected thermal losses and a risk measure thereof. The formulation amounts to a mixed-integer second-order cone program and is tested on the IEEE 34-node test feeder.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and a Tyrosine-Histidine Pair in a Photosystem II-Inspired β-Hairpin Maquette: Kinetics on the Picosecond Time Scale.

Photosystem II (PSII) and ribonucleotide reductase employ oxidation and reduction of the tyrosine aromatic ring in radical transport pathways. Tyrosine-based reactions involve either proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) or electron transfer (ET) alone, depending on the pH and the pKa of tyrosine’s phenolic oxygen. In PSII, a subset of the PCET reactions are mediated by a tyrosine–histidine redox-driven proton relay, YD-His189. Peptide A is a PSII-inspired β-hairpin, which contains a single tyrosine (Y5) and histidine (H14). Previous electrochemical characterization indicated that Peptide A conducts a net PCET reaction between Y5 and H14, which have a cross-strand π–π interaction. The kinetic impact of H14 has not yet been explored. Here, we address this question through time-resolved absorption spectroscopy and 280-nm photolysis, which generates a neutral tyrosyl radical. The formation and decay of the neutral tyrosyl radical at 410 nm were monitored in Peptide A and its variant, Peptide C, in which H1...
Development of a universal double-digest RAD sequencing approach for a group of nonmodel, ecologically and economically important insect and fish taxa.

The generation of genome-scale data is critical for a wide range of questions in basic biology using model organisms, but also in questions of applied biology in nonmodel organisms (agriculture, natural resources, conservation and public health biology). Using a genome-scale approach on a diverse group of nonmodel organisms and with the goal of lowering costs of the method, we modified a multiplexed, high-throughput genomic scan technique utilizing two restriction enzymes. We analysed several pairs of restriction enzymes and completed double-digestion RAD sequencing libraries for nine different species and five genera of insects and fish. We found one particular enzyme pair produced consistently higher number of sequence-able fragments across all nine species. Building libraries off this enzyme pair, we found a range of usable SNPs between 4000 and 37 000 SNPS per species and we found a greater number of usable SNPs using reference genomes than de novo pipelines in STACKS. We also found fewer reads in the Read 2 fragments from the paired-end Illumina Hiseq run. Overall, the results of this study provide empirical evidence of the utility of this method for producing consistent data for diverse nonmodel species and suggest specific considerations for sequencing analysis strategies.
Ion pairing in H 2 O and D 2 O solutions of lead nitrate, as determined with 207 Pb NMR spectroscopy

The temperature and concentration dependences of 207Pb NMR chemical shifts of Pb(NO3)2 in D2O are reported. The results are analyzed in terms of exchange between a solvated lead ion and the Pb(NO3)+ contact-ion pair. Predictions of the chemical shift difference between the aquated ion and contact-ion pair are carried out for the gas-phase entities and for the solvated species with a DFT calculation. Previously reported data on 207Pb NMR chemical shifts of Pb(NO3)2 in H2O are reevaluated. From the analysis, the enthalpy of dissociation of the contact-ion pair is found to be–42.3±1.0 kJ/mol.
Archaeological Simulation and the Testing Paradigm

Simulations in archaeological research make use of a wide range of techniques and methods. As a general rule, they tend toward early adoption of new computational approaches (such as agent-based modeling and multi-agent simulation), evaluative statistical tools (such as sensitivity or uncertainty analyses), and borrow heavily from similar applications in other disciplines; particularly ones that emphasize the dynamic (or dynamical) group behavior of biological organisms. As these approaches become more sophisticated our theoretical bases for testing, and ultimately refuting or validating their implications are falling behind. Largely this is due to the nature of the assumptions we make about the testing of archaeological hypotheses in general, and our expectations about causality, not merely the oversimplification of past human decision-making by the simulations themselves. We have very sophisticated computational devices for simulating the past in many unique and interesting ways, but there are some basic underlying issues that clearly indicate the problems with archaeological simulation are primarily theoretical and not mathematical.
Comedy’s Logic

Comedy obeys a structure that is emotionally logical, and it is this logic that generates a catharsis: in every comedy, there is a correspondence between the possible success or failure of the protagonist’s intention and the audience’s wish or fear on his behalf. The successful achievement of his intention produces a catharsis of those two feelings in the audience, and that catharsis is the ultimate source of all comedic pleasure, just as a catharsis of terror and pity is the source of all tragic pleasure. In every comedy, finally, the protagonist embodies both the author’s will and the audience’s wish, and the purpose of their unacknowledged collaboration is to play a game that will end happily for both of them. Their will-to-play, their game-playing is the true spirit of all comedy, its festive spirit.
Increased FDG avidity in lymphoid tissue associated with response to combined immune checkpoint blockade

Background Antibodies against programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have transformed the systemic treatment of melanoma and many other cancers. Understanding the spectrum of benign findings and atypical response patterns seen in immune checkpoint blockade is important for accurately assessing treatment response as these immunotherapies become more widely used.
Validation of controlled receptor expression using adenoviral techniques and targeted ultrasound imaging

This paper details a model system for evaluating targeted ultrasound (US) contrast agents using adenoviral (Ad) vectors for controlled receptor expression. Breast cancer cell receptor density in vitro was modulated by varying the multiplicity of infection (MOI) from 0 to 100. Target receptors were induced using a GFP-positive Ad vector for gene transfer and expression of the human somatostatin receptor subtype 2a (hSSTr2) with a hemagglutinin (HA) tag. Subsequently, receptor expression and anti-HA antibody (Ab) binding was examined with flow cytometry. Targeted US contrast agents (MB) were created by conjugating either biotinylated anti-HA or isotype control Ab to the surface of biotin coated MBs via a streptavidin bridge. Targeted MBs were incubated with Ad infected cells with to test in vitro MB binding. An in vivo study was performed in tumor-bearing nude athymic mice with induced HA-hSSTr2-GFP receptor expression by intratumoral injection of the Ad vector (MOI of 100). Mice were sorted and injected via the tail vein with the two MB groups followed by US imaging. 24 hrs later mice groups were switched and the MB study repeated. Experimental in vitro results found GFP expression to be directly correlated with Ad MOI (R2 = 0.96). Increasing the Ad MOI produced a corresponding increase in binding and accumulation of anti-HA Ab on the cell surface (P 0.29) or in the control Ab group (P > 0.44) indicating minimal nonspecific binding. No difference was found between cells groups incubated with control MBs (P > 0.42) regardless of receptor density. However, cells exposed to targeted MBs showed increased levels of cell binding proportional to receptor expression levels (P < 0.02). Images taken from in vivo experiments were analyzed by two blinded reviewers in consensus to compare intratumoral MB accumulation. It was concluded that 78% (7 of 9) of US images from the targeted MB group exhibited increased local intratumoral accumulation compared to the control group. Overall, this study demonstrates use of an Ad vector for selectively controlling cellular expression and modulation of the receptor density. Furthermore, results demonstrate targeted MB accumulation at the receptor site.
Scintigraphic detection of gastrointestinal bleeding: a review of current methods

Recent experience with radionuclide imaging has provided the clinician with several techniques to noninvasively detect and locate sources of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These tests can be rapidly performed and often in an ICU setting. One method used Tc-99m sulfur colloid which, in an animal model, has been shown to detect acute bleeding at rates as low as 0.1 ml/min. However, because the tracer remains in the blood for a short period of time, it may be suboptimal for identifying patients with intermittent bleeding. Tc-99m red cells is a tracer that remains within the blood and permits detection of both acute and intermittent bleeding. With tagged red cells, sites of bleeding from both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract can be found. Both of these techniques can provide important information in the patient with suspected active gastrointestinal bleeding and aid the clinician in more effective management including the use of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
What works with worked examples: Extending self-explanation and analogical comparison to synthesis problems

Synthesis worked examples combined with either analogical comparisons or self-explanations are useful in helping students develop complex problem solving skills.
Effect of Mitomycin C on recurrence of plantar fibromas.

Although certainly not the first line treatment for plantar fibromas, surgical resection is a treatment option for some patients with have failed exhaustive non-surgical treatment. The use of topical Mitomycin C has been recently shown to reduce the recurrence rate of other fibrous lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of topical application of Mitomycin C on recurrence rate of plantar fibromas. A retrospective analysis was done from a prospectively gathered database with a total 50 consecutive patients over a 16-month study period. The control group (n = 29) consisted of patients who underwent only surgical resection, while the study group (n = 21) consisted of patients who underwent surgical resection with adjuvant therapy using Mitomycin C. The primary endpoint was local recurrence after the procedure. Secondary end points included complications and toxicity associated with this medication. No patients were lost to follow up. Of the 29 patients in the control group, there were 17 patients (17/29, 58.6%) had recurrence of the plantar fibroma at a mean follow-up of 9.1 months. In contrast, in the experimental study group, all patients were free from local recurrence. No complications or side effects were associated with Mitomycin C use. The results demonstrate that the topical application of Mitomycin C to the tumor bed after surgical resection of plantar fibromas reduced the recurrence rate. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2554-2561, 2018.
Control of particle size distribution within a reactor vessel or process flow with measurements taken in real time and at full process concentrations

ABSTRACT A new generation of PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER measures particle size distributions at full process concentrations (0.1% to 25% and up) without having to extract and dilute samples. The system provides a new read-out every 2–3 seconds with counting rates as high as 200,000 particles per second, i.e. with an overall statistical accuracy of 1% or better. The device uses a (pat. pend.) scanning laser microscope with highly focused laser beam and back-scattering geometry to measure the individual particles going through the focal point. Particles are classified into eight different size increments. The measuring range is set by the computer and covers the full range from 1–1,000 microns. The device can truly be used to provide in-line measurements in real time. The unit provides 2 analog (4–20 mA current loop) outputs for direct process control. The in-line probe head is directly inserted into a reactor vessel or a flow stream. The device is also available as on off-line device for laboratory or on-line sampling use. Actual test results will be presented for a number of applications in different industries. The paper will also discuss several software options of how best to utilize the particle size and density information.
Excitonic density waves, biexcitons, and orbital-selective pairing in two-orbital correlated chains

We present a comprehensive study of a one-dimensional two-orbital model at and below quarter filling that realizes a number of unconventional phases. In particular, we find an excitonic density wave in which excitons quasicondense with finite center-of-mass momentum and an order parameter that changes phase with wave vector $Q$. In this phase, excitons behave as hard-core bosons without charge order. In addition, excitons can pair to form biexcitons in a state that is close to a charge- density-wave instability. When pairing dominates over the interorbital repulsion, we encounter a regime in which one orbital is metallic, while the other forms a spin-gapped superconductor, a genuine orbital-selective paired state. All these results are supported by both analytical and numerical calculations. By assuming a quasiclassical approximation, we solve the three-body hole-electron-spinon problem and show that excitons are held together by forming a bound state with spinons. In order to preserve the antiferromagnetic background, excitons acquire a dispersion that has a minimum away from $k=0$. The full characterization of the different phases is obtained by means of extensive density-matrix renormalization-group calculations.
Virtual Building Site

FABEL prototype 3.0 is a research system to support engineers and architects in building design. We introduce and motivate the metaphor of a virtual building site, which has guided the development of this system. In the virtual building site a common data model of the artefact is designed. The user interface is based on a graphic editor which handles design objects of all kinds and at several levels of abstraction and even organizes the application of the tools. There are tools to supply the designer with useful cases, to create pieces of design by adaptation of similar cases or by knowledge-based refinement, and there are tools to assess parts of the design. We describe some of the tools to illustrate the multi-method approach of FABEL.
Joints in the appendicular skeleton: Developmental mechanisms and evolutionary influences

The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
Long-Term Burden of Hemocompatibility Related Adverse Events in the MOMENTUM 3 Trial: Final Analysis of the 1028 Patient Cohort

Summary of Objectives The MOMENTUM 3 trial has demonstrated superiority of the centrifugal HeartMate 3 (HM3) device to the mechanical bearing axial HeartMate II (HMII) continuous-flow cardiac pump, in patients with advanced heart failure refractory to medical management. In this final analysis of the full trial cohort, we evaluate the net burden of hemocompatibility related adverse events between the two LVAS in the long-term and identified risk factors associated with the development of hemocompatibility related adverse events (HRAE's). Methods MOMENTUM 3 is a randomized controlled trial of the HM3 pump versus the HMII pump, irrespective of intended goal of support. This large adaptive trial is designed to have 3 prespecified end points of which the short term (n=294, 6-months) and long-term (n=366, 2-years) primary end points have been reported; we now present this analysis from the full of all 1028 randomized patients. To assess the aggregate of HRAEs, we evaluate the endpoint of 2-year survival free of any non-surgical bleeding, thromboembolic event, pump thrombosis or any neurological event. The net burden of HRAEs will be assessed using a previously defined and validated severity tiered hemocompatibility score, which separates clinical events into four escalating tiers of severity to derive a total score for HRAE events encountered during the entire experience for each patient to death, transplantation or study end. Furthermore, we will identify risk factors for the development of HRAEs. The analysis will be performed with the full cohort of MOMENTUM 3: n=1028 patients. The last patient completed 2 years of follow-up in August 2018; the data lock will be accomplished in November 2018 and final results will be analyzed and available by March 2019. Endpoints This will be the first comprehensive analysis of the long-term outcomes for an aggregate hemocompatibility related adverse endpoint and tiered severity score to evaluate the net burden of bleeding and thrombotic complications experienced by patients treated with either the HM3 or HMII LVAS in the pivotal MOMENTUM 3 trial. (Funded by Abbott; MOMENTUM 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02224755.)
Comparison Types in the Semantic Extension of Diidxazá Body Part Terms.

Body part terms (BPTs) are used extensively in Mesoamerican languages to name object parts. The process through which BPTs might be extended to refer to a part of an object and further serve as a relator in describing the relation between objects in space has often been attributed to metaphorical processes. This study proposes an alternative analysis following a Structure-Mapping Theory approach (Gentner, 1983, inter alia), based on data from Diidxaza (Isthmus Zapotec, Otomanguean) obtained through elicitation and experimental tasks. The data show that structure mapping does not depend on a 1:1 match of attributes; frequency of use shed light on principles that constrain the semantic extension of most BPTs; a core set of six BPTs are extended by abstraction of the set of intersecting axes of the body. The detailed nature of this study enables an analysis of the mental representations underlying the semantic extension of BPTs. This in turn elucidates on aspects of the relation between spatial language and spatial cognition. In addition, this study allows us to address questions about the categorial status of BPTs in Diidxaza and their lexicographic representation.
Treatment of Long-standing Causalgia with Prazosin

Alpha adrenergic blocking drugs have not previously been a major form of treatment for causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy, partly because of side effects and tachyphylaxis. We describe here a patient with long-standing causalgia who obtained partial pain relief and increased skin temperature from prazosin, a new, well-tolerated alpha adrenergic blocker.
Repair of multiple simultaneous double-strand breaks causes bursts of genome-wide clustered hypermutation.

A single cancer genome can harbor thousands of clustered mutations. Mutation signature analyses have revealed that the origin of clusters are lesions in long tracts of single-stranded (ss) DNA damaged by apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) cytidine deaminases, raising questions about molecular mechanisms that generate long ssDNA vulnerable to hypermutation. Here, we show that ssDNA intermediates formed during the repair of gamma-induced bursts of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the presence of APOBEC3A in yeast lead to multiple APOBEC-induced clusters similar to cancer. We identified three independent pathways enabling cluster formation associated with repairing bursts of DSBs: 5′ to 3′ bidirectional resection, unidirectional resection, and break-induced replication (BIR). Analysis of millions of mutations in APOBEC-hypermutated cancer genomes revealed that cancer tolerance to formation of hypermutable ssDNA is similar to yeast and that the predominant pattern of clustered mutagenesis is the same as in resection-defective yeast, suggesting that cluster formation in cancers is driven by a BIR-like mechanism. The phenomenon of genome-wide burst of clustered mutagenesis revealed by our study can play an important role in generating somatic hypermutation in cancers as well as in noncancerous cells.
Single-chromophore single-molecule photocatalyst for the production of dihydrogen using low-energy light.

Single-chromophore single-molecule photocatalysts for the conversion and storage of solar energy into chemical bonds are rare, inefficient and do not use significant portions of the visible spectrum. Here we show a new, air-stable bimetallic scaffold that acts as a single-chromophore photocatalyst for hydrogen-gas generation and operates with irradiation wavelengths that span the ultraviolet to the red/near-infrared. Irradiation in acidic solutions that contain an electron donor results in the catalytic production of hydrogen with 170 ± 5 turnovers in 24 hours and an initial rate of 28 turnovers per hour. The catalysis proceeds through two stepwise excited-state redox events—atypical of the currently known homogeneous photocatalysis—and features the storage of multiple redox equivalents on a dirhodium catalyst enabled by low-energy light. Homogeneous photocatalysts for the conversion and storage of solar energy typically feature separate sensitizer–catalyst assemblies, whereas previous examples of single-chromophore single-molecule photocatalysts are inefficient and do not use significant portions of the visible spectrum. Now a dirhodium single-chromophore single-molecule catalyst has been developed that generates hydrogen using low-energy light through a previously unobserved mechanism.
Weighted step-down confidence procedures with applications to gene expression data

It is critical to incorporate additional information of parameters into the simultaneous estimation process. In this paper, we propose a new confidence method that utilizes the information on param...
Geographies of uncertainty.

The question of uncertainty has generated substantial critical engagements across the social sciences. While much of this literature falls within the domains of anthropology, science studies, and sociology, this short introductory paper highlights how geographical scholarship can also enrich emerging transdisciplinary debates on uncertainty. Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. This work extends scholarly understanding of how uncertainty arises, is stabilized, and also how people navigate, experience, challenge, and rationalize uncertainty in everyday life. In doing so, we signal the immense potential offered by emerging intersections between human geography and broader critical social science interventions on the question of uncertainty.
Synthesis of imidazolium-mediated Poly(benzoxazole) Ionene and composites with ionic liquids as advanced gas separation membranes

Abstract Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers and ionic polymers are two material classes which have been employed in leading gas separation membranes. This work introduces a novel approach of combining the benzoxazole functionality associated with TR polymers with tailorable cationic groups, yielding a new type of imidazolium-mediated poly(benzoxazole) ionene polymer, “Im-PBO-Ionene” with the aim of enhanced CO2 separation performance. The structural changes exhibited from the Coulombic interactions between the ionene backbone and the “free” ionic liquid (IL) resulted in enhanced gas separation performance, shown in fundamental characterizations, observed through increased diffusivities and more notably, retained high selectivities and 3x or 5x respective increases in CO2 permeability upon the addition of 1 or 2 equivalents of IL per polymer repeat unit. These new high-performance ionenes demonstrate the versatility of ionene design and potential of the ionene + IL material platform for gas separation membranes with versatile incorporation of sophisticated functional and structural features.
A question of behaviors: how to design, test, and use an ethogram

Abstract Your assignment is to put yourselves in the shoes of an animal behaviorist who is starting a research project. First, you will select a study species and devise a study question, hypothesis, and prediction(s) about its behavior based on background research and ad-lib behavioral sampling. Second, you will create your own ethogram, in which you describe the behavioral repertoire of your species. Third, you will swap ethograms with your project partner, collect pilot data on their study species, and provide them with feedback on their ethogram. Likewise, your project partner will provide you with feedback, which you will use to improve your ethogram. Finally, your instructor(s) may have you use your new and improved ethogram to collect behavioral data to test your predictions.
Connecting the Church to Social Justice Through Community Development

The spiritual aims of the church are inseparably connected to the voices of the community. This paper focuses on the churches goal to embrace the gospel as it relates to the voices of the poor, the political outcast, the homeless, and the economically disadvantaged. The focuses is on the forefront of the movement is on social justice. A significant number of illustrations are covered in this paper regarding how to achieve such.
In vitro lactate metabolism by ruminal ingesta.

Ruminal ingesta (300 ml) obtained from a fistulated cow fed alfalfa hay (H), 3.6 kg of grain mixture with corn silage fed ad libitum (S), 2.5:1 grain-alfalfa hay mixture (G), or a 2.5:1 grain-alfalfa hay mixture providing 545 g of sodium and calcium lactate daily (L) were incubated for 8 hr with nonpolymerized sodium lactate or 17% polymerized lactic acid neutralized to pH 6.7. Polymerization had no effect on the rate of lactate utilization. The initial rates of lactate metabolism for the H, G, S, and L ingesta were 0.72, 0.95, 1.8, and 3.4 meq per 100 ml of rumen fluid per hr, respectively. Lactate-2-14C was incubated for 4 hr with each type of ruminal ingesta. Of the label recovered in the volatile fatty acids (VFA), 74.1, 61.2, 49.3, and 38.9% was recovered in acetate, and 9.4, 19.8, 23.3, and 51.9% was recovered in propionate with H, G, S, and L ingesta, respectively. The balance of label was distributed between butyrate and valerate. The titratable VFA did not follow this pattern of production. With the hay ingesta, lactate metabolism resulted in a net loss of acetate and a large increase in butyrate. Little propionate was produced. The G, S, and L ingesta metabolized lactate to yield progressively more propionate and less butyrate. Evidence was gathered to suggest that acetate was the primary end product of lactate metabolism but that oxidation of lactate to pyruvate dictated the synthesis of butyrate from acetate to maintain an oxidation-reduction balance. It was noted that acetate and butyrate production from lactate was pH-dependent, with acetate production maximal at pH 7.4 and butyrate at 6.2. Propionate production was largely unaffected within this pH range.
Pulsed response of a TWT

The consequence of frequency domain multiple access channelization in a satellite communications system is that the ground- and space-based components often are required to operate in a linear region to prevent the generation of distortion signals. Components of a time division multiple access (TDMA) satellite system, such as a traveling-wave tube (TWT), can operate in the highest output power state because the channelization technique is relatively insensitive to the distortions resulting from saturated operation. A 30 GHz TWT was tested to determine the suitability of such a device in a TDMA system. Testing was focused on the ability of the TWT's output signal to rise up to full power at the leading edge of TDMA bursts, simulated by a pulse train. A peak power meter was used to display and measure the pulsed signal waveform. Measurements on the TWT output pulse rise time indicate that the TWT lengthened the rise time by 10 to 20 ns. Imposing modulator turn on timing that precedes the data burst by the TWT rise time is a logical approach to coordination of the two subsystem specification.
Collaborative Course Design: Not My Course, Not Their Course, But Our Course

Recent empirical research on legal education reveals that law schools can improve students’ motivation and performance by giving students significant input into their own education. Those empirical results are consistent with current higher education literature on learner-centered teaching. Based on that research, this article explores why, when, and how teachers should share with students the responsibility to design the course and the syllabus. Part I synthesizes the empirical research in legal education and learning theory in higher education that support an increased role for students in decisions involving their own education. Part II summarizes the literature on the purposes and contents of effective syllabi. Part III describes examples of student participation in course design in graduate, undergraduate, and legal education. Part IV analyzes the types of courses and students appropriate for collaborative course design, details the process for involving students in decisions on the key components of the syllabus, and reports the results of shared design efforts in ten law school courses.
Abnormal sensory perception in patients with esophageal chest pain

Abstract Many cases of recurrent noncardiac chest pain are considered to be of esophageal origin. The mechanism of this pain is poorly understood and only rarely appears related to abnormal esophageal contractions observed during manometry. We studied the response to intraesophageal balloon distention in 30 patients with noncardiac chest pain (mean age 52 yr) and 30 controls (mean age 41 yr). A polyvinyl balloon (length 30 mm; maximum diameter after 10-ml distention, 25 mm) was positioned 10 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter and inflated with progressively larger volumes of air (each increase=1 ml). Chest pain was correlated with balloon volumes and pressures, esophageal contractions 5 cm above the balloon, and electrocardiogram changes. Results were as follows: 18 of 30 (60%) patients and 6 of 30 (20%) controls (p
The Sardinian Condaghi : Neglected Evidence for Mediaeval Sex Ratios

In recent years, various scholars, working with different techniques and in different disciplines, have grappled with the elusive problem of "missing" females in mediaeval documents of various sorts, particularly documents which purport to be inventories of peasant households. Understandably, western scholars have a certain measure of difficulty in accepting the suggestion that western Christian societies practised female infanticide; even though we know that some mediaeval parents suffocated, exposed, drowned, or otherwise disposed of unwanted children, it seems to be much more comforting to ignore attested incidents of infanticide and to explain abnormal sex ratios in extant documents as being the product of erroneous gathering or recording of data.1 It is certainly likely that texts, the compilers of which were more concerned with recording land holdings than with demographic data, contain errors; but it does not follow that those errors can be used as an argument against the hypothesis that female infanticide was being practised by the peasants living on those estates. At best, we have been up to now forced to conclude non liquet. One set of texts which include data pertinent to the discussion has not, it seems, been previously noted. These are the Sardinian condaghi, similar in content to the more familiar cartularies, i.e., they are the registers of various monasteries in which are recorded the acquisition or alienation of property through purchase, donation, or exchange. Four condaghi are extant,
Ca2+ ionophore-induced cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate elevation in human neutrophils. A calmodulin-dependent potentiation of adenylate cyclase response to endogenously produced adenosine: comparison to chemotactic agents.

The cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) elevation caused by exposure of human neutrophils to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was prevented when endogenously produced adenosine was either removed by preincubation with adenosine deaminase or blocked from binding to the adenosine receptor by antagonists [theophylline or (E)-4-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-9H-purin-8-yl) cinnamic acid]. In the absence of endogenous adenosine, A23187 potentiated the neutrophil cAMP response to 2-chloroadenosine, prostaglandin E1, and isoproterenol. When neutrophil suspensions were preincubated with concentrations of Ro 20-1724, which appeared to maximally inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, A23187 was still able to substantially elevate cAMP levels, suggesting that A23187 increases cAMP by amplifying adenylate cyclase responsiveness to the agonist rather than by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase. The ability of A23187 to augment the cAMP elevation caused by 2-chloroadenosine was persistent over a 10-min period. The neutrophil cAMP elevations caused by the chemoattractants leukotriene B4, C5a, and N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (FMLP) were all prevented when endogenously produced adenosine was eliminated from the cell suspensions by the addition of adenosine deaminase. The A23187-induced cAMP elevation was inhibited completely by the calmodulin inhibitors chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-napthalenesulfonamide, whereas cAMP levels induced by FMLP, leukotriene B4 and C5a were less affected. It appears that A23187 raises cAMP in human neutrophils by a calmodulin-dependent potentiation of adenylate cyclase responsiveness to endogenously produced adenosine while the chemoattractant-induced cAMP elevations (FMLP, leukotriene B4, and C5a), although possibly Ca2+ dependent, are less sensitive to calmodulin inhibitors and may involve additional biochemical events.
Molecular comparison of a nonhemolytic and a hemolytic phospholipase C from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two secreted phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes. The expression of both PLCs is regulated by Pi. One of the PLCs is hemolytic, and one is nonhemolytic. Low-stringency hybridization studies suggested that the genes encoding these two PLCs shared DNA homology. This information was used to clone plcN, the gene encoding the 77-kilodalton nonhemolytic PLC, PLC-N. A fragment of plcN was used to mutate the chromosomal copy of plcN by the generation of a gene interruption mutation. This mutant produces 55% less total PLC activity than the wild type, confirming the successful cloning of plcN. plcN was sequenced and encodes a protein which is 40% identical to the hemolytic PLC (PLC-H). The majority of the homology lies within the NH2 two-thirds of the proteins, while the remaining third of the amino acid sequence of the two proteins shows very little homology. Both PLCs hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine; however, each enzyme has a distinct substrate specificity. PLC-H hydrolyzes sphingomyelin in addition to phosphatidylcholine, whereas PLC-N is active on phosphatidylserine as well as phosphatidylcholine. These studies suggest structure-function relationships between PLC activity and hemolysis.
Hope and Hopelessness

Theories and related individual difference measures of hope and hopelessness are reviewed. Higher hope is described as relating to better coping, as well as to superior academic and athletic performances. Conversely, increased hopelessness relates to elevated depression and suicidal ideation. Developmental factors pertaining to the instillation and undermining of hope are detailed, as are ways of increasing hope. Lastly, future research directions are noted.
Preoperative use of platelets in a 6‐year‐old with acute appendicitis and a myosin heavy chain 9–related disorder: a case report and review of literature

Background Mutations of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene are an autosomal dominant cause of inherited thrombocytopenia in children. MYH9 spectrum disorders include May-Hegglin anomaly and Sebastian, Fechtner, and Epstein syndromes. Patients with these disorders often present with macroplatelets and thrombocytopenia and have a mild bleeding tendency; extrahematologic manifestations (nephropathy, deafness, and cataracts) correlate with specific mutations. No definitive guidelines exist for preoperative prophylactic platelet (PLT) transfusion in these patients. Study design and methods This was a case study and literature review. Results A 6-year-old male presented with appendicitis. Review of records revealed that he and his siblings had thrombocytopenia; polymerase chain reaction amplification with DNA sequence analysis showed a variation in the MYH9 gene previously reported as a known cause of MYH9-related disorders. Involvement of other organ systems was not found on initial work-up. The patient's PLT count on admission was 20 × 10(9) /L. The degree of thrombocytopenia prompted transfusion of apheresis PLTs and he had good response (73 × 10(9) /L). After infusion he developed hives, rash, itching, and nausea, which resolved after administration of epinephrine and hydrocortisone. Transfusion reaction work-up was negative and symptoms were interpreted as an allergic reaction. The appendectomy was uneventful. Conclusion This patient's PLT count was within guidelines to warrant transfusion; however, some patients with MYH9 mutations have counts above the transfusion threshold. To the authors' knowledge, there are no set guidelines for preoperative prophylaxis in a patient with an MYH9 deficiency. The management of the bleeding diathesis in these patients, especially in the setting of invasive procedures, is uncertain.
Computational Analysis of Cryogenic Flow Through a Control Valve

The initial efforts to develop the capability to model valves used in rocket engine component testing at Stennis Space Center are documented. An axisymmetric model of a control valve with LN2 as the working fluid was developed. The goal was to predict the effect of change in the plug/sear region of the valve prior to testing. The valve flow coefficient was predicted for a range of plug positions. Verification of the calculations was carried out to quantify the uncertainty in the numerical answer. The modeled results compared well qualitatively to experimental trends. Additionally, insights into the flow processes in the valve were obtained. Benefits from the verification process included the ability to use coarser grids and insight into ways to reduce computational time by using double precision accuracy and non-integer grid ratios. Future valve modeling activities will include shape optimization of the valve/seat region and dynamic grid modeling.
Laboratory measurements of the microwave opacity of hydrochloric acid vapor in a carbon dioxide atmosphere

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the microwave opacity of HCl in a CO 2 atmosphere have been conducted in the S (13.3 cm), X (3.6 cm), and K (1.4 cm) microwave bands at a pressure of 7.2 bar and at two different mixing ratios. The results are consistent with an opacity model employing the Van Vleck–Weisskopf lineshape applied to the published submillimeter line intensities of HCl (JPL Catalog [Pickett et al., 1998, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 60, 883–890]) and empirically fitted with a modeled parameter for CO 2 broadening. Based on the deep atmospheric abundance of HCl inferred from near-infrared measurements [Dalton et al., 2000, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 32, 1120], the resulting modeled HCl opacity is constrained to have a small effect on the overall microwave absorption spectrum of Venus, but can be used in developing a more accurate radiative transfer model.