cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERMEDIATES IN INORGANIC SULFATE UTILIZATION BY PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM.

Abstract The pathway of inorganic sulfate utilization by Penicillium chrysogenum was investigated by incubating live, sulfur-sufficient growing mycelium with S35O4= for various lengths of time (15–600 sec.). The earliest major labeled organic sulfur compound accumulated in the mycelium was isolated and shown to be 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate. The second major organic radioactive sulfur compound accumulated was isolated and shown to be choline-O-sulfate. Only a small percentage of the activated sulfate was reduced to sulfite or converted into reduced organic sulfur compounds. Sulfur-deficient mycelium converted less inorganic sulfate to choline-O-sulfate and more to reduced organic sulfur compounds than did sulfur-sufficient mycelium.
Resource constraints and partial adoption of conservation agriculture by hand-hoe farmers in Mozambique

Conservation agriculture is a set of practices widely promoted to increase agricultural productivity while conserving soil through reduced tillage, mulching and crop rotation. Adoption levels are low across southern Africa and farmers often use only some components on small portions of their land. This study uses in-depth interviews and partial budget analysis to explore adoption of conservation agriculture in Mozambique's Angonia highlands. Farmers described many benefits but there was little sign of adoption beyond plots where non-governmental organizations promoting conservation agriculture had provided inputs. Most farmers were adamant that conservation agriculture could perform better than conventional agriculture only if they applied fertilizer or compost. With current costs and prices, conservation agriculture is unprofitable except on small plots for farmers with low opportunity cost of household labour. These findings suggest that conservation agriculture can improve maize yields but capital and ...
Effects of elbow flexion and forearm rotation on valgus laxity of the elbow.

BackgroundClinical evaluation of valgus elbow laxity is difficult. The optimum position of elbow flexion and forearm rotation with which to identify valgus laxity in a patient with an injury of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was t
Fast stable thermal fiber switch in a Sagnac interferometer

We demonstrate a fast, stable, all-optical switch using a thermal effect in cobalt-doped fiber. 46 ns switching is accomplished in a 10-m Sagnac loop containing a 2.55-cm length of doped fiber. Compared to other demonstrated all- optical switches using doped fibers, this switch offers a significant increase in speed and stability, as well as a significant reduction in fiber length.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalizability of Stabilogram Diffusion Analysis of center of pressure measures.

Quiet standing balance and postural control are often assessed by drawing information from center of pressure (COP) data collected with a force platform. Efforts to better understand the underlying processes involved in postural control have lead to methods that examine the dynamic or stochastic characteristics of the COP. One method that has recently gained popularity is Stabilogram Diffusion Analysis (SDA). There is, however, a lack of standardization in the methodology of data collection for this approach, i.e., how many trials to include and how longtosampleatrial.ThepurposeofthisstudywastousethetoolsofGeneralizabilityTheory(G-Theory)toinvestigatethereliabilityofSDA measures of quiet standing and to establish an optimal measurement protocol. G-Theory provides a tool that allows us to break down the sources of variation, or facets, in a measurement procedure and ultimately design a protocol that provides optimal reliability. Fifteen young, healthy participants completed ten 90-s trials: first with eyes open and then eyes closed. Common measures of SDAwere calculated using the first 30, 60 and 90 s of each trial. G-Theory through a Generalizability Study (G-study) and follow-up Decision Studies (D-studies) were performed to estimate reliability coefficients (G-coefficients). The fully crossed facets included were participants (P), length of trials (L) and number of trials (T). Results of this study suggest that at least five 60 s trials should be used when using the selected measures of SDA. These guidelines address acceptable reliability and the gains achieved by adding trials or increasing trial length. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Treatment of complex sleep apnea syndrome: A retrospective comparative review

Abstract Background and purpose Some patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) develop problematic central apneas or Cheyne-Stokes pattern with acute application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), herein called complex sleep apnea syndrome (CompSAS). This response makes it difficult to be certain that CPAP will be a successful treatment strategy. We sought to compare treatments between patients with CompSAS vs. OSAS and hypothesized that CompSAS patients would find CPAP less effective and have more problems with adherence than patients with OSAS. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective review of patients studied in our sleep disorders center over 1 month. Results There were 133 patients with OSAS (mean age=57.6±12.2 years; males=63.9%) and 34 with CompSAS (mean age=54.4±16 years; males=82.35%). CPAP was prescribed in 93.7 and 87.9% of OSAS and CompSAS patients, respectively ( P =0.284), with no significant difference in required CPAP pressures ( P =0.112). There was no difference in prescription frequency of alternative therapies. Mean time to the first follow-up was shorter in CompSAS patients (46.2±47.3 vs. 53.8±36.8 days; P =0.022). CPAP compliance in OSAS and CompSAS patients (5.1±1.6 vs. 6.1±1.5 h, P =0.156) and improvement in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (−4.6±4.8 vs. −5.9±6.9, P =0.483) was similar. However, interface problems were more common in CompSAS patients, especially air hunger/dyspnea (0.8 vs. 8.8%) and inadvertent mask removal (2.6 vs. 17.7%) (all P Conclusion CompSAS patients have more CPAP interface problems and require more follow-up than OSAS patients but with intervention may have similar treatment results compared to patients with OSAS.
Cinnolines. X. The oxidative-rearrangement of 1-aminooxindoles to 3-cinnolinols

An improved route for the oxidative-rearrangement of 1 -aminooxindoles, treatment with equimolar amounts of t-butyl hypochlorite, produces nearly quantitative yields of 3-cinnolinols of excellent purity. The syntheses of the previously inaccessible 4- and 6-ehloro-1-armnooxin-doles has shown that this method, first applied to 1-aminooxindole, may be reasonably general. The mechanism of this reaction is discussed in terms of nitrene and nitrenoid intermediates.
QPCR: a tool for analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage in ecotoxicology

The quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay for DNA damage and repair has been used extensively in laboratory species. More recently, it has been adapted to ecological settings. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed methodological guide that will facilitate its adaptation to additional species, highlight its potential for ecotoxicological and biomonitoring work, and critically review the strengths and limitations of this assay. Major strengths of the assay include very low (nanogram to picogram) amounts of input DNA; direct comparison of damage and repair in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and different parts of the nuclear genome; detection of a wide range of types of DNA damage; very good reproducibility and quantification; applicability to properly preserved frozen samples; simultaneous monitoring of relative mitochondrial genome copy number; and easy adaptation to most species. Potential limitations include the limit of detection (~1 lesion per 105 bases); the inability to distinguish different types of DNA damage; and the need to base quantification of damage on a control or reference sample. I suggest that the QPCR assay is particularly powerful for some ecotoxicological studies.
On maximizing tree reliability based on minimum diameter spanning tree

For communications networks, reliability is a crucial problem to provide stable services. Hence, this paper defines Maximum Availability Tree (MAT) problem that aims at composing the most reliable tree network in terms of terminal reliability. Our work indicates that MAT problem is converted to Minimum Diameter Spanning Tree (MDST) problem by modeling a network with a probabilistic graph whose edges are assigned probability indicating operability of corresponding communications links. The simulation results demonstrate that MAT improves reliability of communications between any pair of nodes in an obtained network.
Characterization of Resistance to Rhabdovirus and Retrovirus Infection in a Human Myeloid Cell Line

Viruses interact with various permissive and restrictive factors in host cells throughout their replication cycle. Cell lines that are non-permissive to viral infection have been particularly useful in discovering host cell proteins involved in viral life cycles. Here we describe the characterization of a human myeloid leukemia cell line, KG-1, that is resistant to infection by retroviruses and a Rhabdovirus. We show that KG-1 cells are resistant to infection by Vesicular Stomatits Virus as well as VSV Glycoprotein (VSVG) pseudotyped retroviruses due to a defect in binding. Moreover our results indicate that entry by xenotropic retroviral envelope glycoprotein RD114 is impaired in KG-1 cells. Finally we characterize a post- entry block in the early phase of the retroviral life cycle in KG-1 cells that renders the cell line refractory to infection. This cell line will have utility in discovering proteins involved in infection by VSV and HIV-1.
By the Sweat of the Brow: Literature and Labor in Antebellum America

The spread of industrialism, the emergence of professionalism and the challenge to slavery fueled an anxious debate about the meaning and value of work in 19th-century America. In chapters examining authors such as Thoreau, Melville, Hawthorne, Rebecca Harding Davis, Susan Warner, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass, this work argues that American writers generally sensed a deep affinity between the mental labour of writing and such physical labours as blacksmithing, house building, housework, mothering and farming. Combining literary and social history, canonical and non-canonical texts, primary source material and contemporary theory, the author seeks to establish work as an important subject of cultural criticism.
Quine’s Pragmatic Solution to Sceptical Doubts

Abstract In this paper I examine a series of criticisms that have been levelled against Quine’s naturalized epistemology, regarding its response to the problem of scepticism. Barry Stroud and Michael Williams, assuming that Quine wishes to refute scepticism, argue that Quine not only fails to undertake this refutation, but is also committed to theses (such as the inscrutability of reference and the underdetermination of theory by evidence) which imply versions of scepticism of their own. In Quine’s defence, Roger Gibson argues that Quine can succeed in showing sceptical doubts to be incoherent. But I contend that both parties of this dispute wrongly assume that Quine wishes to defeat the sceptic in a traditional way. Instead, Quine is happy to ‘acquiesce’ in scepticism about a certain kind of justification. No logical justification of our scientific beliefs is possible on his view. But Quine thinks that pragmatic justification is possible, and acknowledging that this is his view leads to the resolution of...
Warsaw as a Jewish City for Light Industry: A Solution to the “Problem” of Poland's Jews

In December 1939, Dr. Hermann Lufft composed a remarkable memorandum proposing that all of the Jews in occupied Poland be relocated to Warsaw and that the city be transformed into a modern city of light industry, complete with new housing, schools, and parks. While this proposal did not influence Nazi "Jewish" policy, it illustrates both the wide range of thinking at the time about the "problem" of the Jews and the willingness of German intellectuals to offer the Nazi regime their expertise and skills.
The Effects of Importance of Religion and Church Attendance on Adolescents' Moral Beliefs

Drawing on the work of Emile Durkheim ([1912] 1995) and Rodney Stark (2001) as well as research on the anti-ascetic thesis and reference group theory, we formulate a series of hypotheses regarding the effects of church attendance and importance of religion on adolescents' moral beliefs about marijuana use, getting drunk, hitting, and property offenses. The results of our study suggest that moral beliefs are more consistently and strongly related to importance of religion than to church attendance. Furthermore, much of the effect of church attendance on moral beliefs is mediated by importance of religion. Finally, we find evidence that importance of religion moderates (interaction) the effect of church attendance on moral beliefs. When adolescents believe religion is important, frequent church attendance further strengthens their moral beliefs. On the other hand, when adolescents believe religion is not important, frequent church attendance may actually reduce moral beliefs.
A PROGRAM FOR RECONSTRUCTABILUY ANALYSIS

Abstract This paper describes a program to solve the reconstruction problem of reconstructability analysis. The program can be utilized to solve numerous data analysis problems, and it is available from the author. The program provides potent information on a system in the form of descriptive factors or substates, which can be used to reproduce the system. Algorilhms from previously published papers are presented here in a collective and coherent form and some new techniques are introduced.
Anisotropic dielectric properties of media containing aligned nonspherical scatterers

Electromagnetic wave propagation in a medium containing a random distribution of aligned, pair-correlated nonspherical scatterers is studied using the T -matrix to characterize the single scatterer response, the quasicrystalline approximation (QCA) and the correlation function. The resulting dispersion equation for the average medium is numerically solved as a function of frequency and the direction of propagation. Numerical results are presented for the attenuation of electromagnetic waves versus frequency, concentration, and direction of propagation.
Efficacy of Implantable Loop Recorders in Establishing Symptom-Rhythm Correlation in Young Patients With Syncope and Palpitations

Objective. To evaluate efficacy of the recently introduced implantable loop recorder (ILR) in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope, near syncope, palpitations, and acute life-threatening events (ALTEs). Methods. A retrospective study was conducted with patients with ILR from 3 pediatric centers. Inclusion criteria were age ≤25 years and a minimum follow-up of 1 month. All ILR-stored events were analyzed regularly for the presence or absence of an arrhythmia at the time of the symptomatic event. Results. Twenty-one patients (12 male, 9 female) with an average age of 12.3 ± 5.3 years (range: 0.8–22 years) were included in the study. Five (24%) patients had structural heart disease, 2 (10%) had a family history of sudden cardiac death, 3 (14%) had QT prolongation on electrocardiogram, and 11 had no cardiovascular disease. Indications for ILR were recurrent syncope and near syncope ( n = 15), palpitations ( n = 2), and ALTE ( n = 2). Fourteen (67%) patients continued to have symptoms, and 7 (33%) had no symptoms after ILR over a follow-up period of 8.4 ± 4.7 months (range: 1.9–16 months). Symptom-rhythm correlation was possible in all 14 patients who continued to have symptoms (supraventricular tachycardia in 4, ventricular tachycardia in 2, torsades de points in 1, asystole in 1, junctional bradycardia in 1, and sinus rhythm in 5). Conclusions. ILR is useful in determining the presence or absence of an arrhythmia during symptoms of syncope, near syncope, and palpitations as well as ALTEs in patients with and without structural heart disease when conventional diagnostic testing, such as electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, and/or external loop recording, is inconclusive.
Analysis of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA during oxidative stress.

Analysis of cellular 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo) as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage has been fraught with numerous methodological problems. This is primarily due to artifactual oxidation of dGuo that occurs during DNA isolation and hydrolysis. Therefore, it has become necessary to rely on using the comet assay, which is not necessarily specific for 8-oxo-dGuo. A highly specific and sensitive method based on immunoaffinity purification and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography (LC)-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)/mass spectrometry (MS) that avoids artifact formation has now been developed. Cellular DNA was isolated using cold DNAzol (a proprietary product that contains guanidine thiocyanate) instead of chaotropic- or phenol-based methodology. Chelex-treated buffers were used to prevent Fenton chemistry-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and artifactual oxidation of DNA bases. Deferoxamine was also added to all buffers in order to complex any residual tr...
Quality over quantity: a two-step model for reinforcing user feedback in transnational Web-based systems through participatory design

As an analysis tool for systems' development, participatory design (PD) is based on the claim that users should be regarded as experts when they enter the design process. However, experience proved that this "expertise" happens in different degrees and that, in a large-scale system, it is hard to find the real experts among a crowd of thousands of users. PD demands a constant interaction between user and designer, and this could be the source of quality feedback to improve the interface. Nevertheless, how can users send good feedback when dealing with a transnational system designed for thousands of clients in different countries? This scenario will be more common in a computerized world in which stand-alone programs are being replaced by Web applications that can be accessed worldwide through a browser. This represents a severe threat to PD's intentions, and in order to survive, this method will have to merge with larger scope research techniques and then-through random sampling that represents the diverse, international body of users-obtain user feedback. Just like in mass communication models, when it is not possible to listen to every spectator and the "letters to the editor" get lost in a big box, quality will yield to quantity in user feedback.
Contributions of Family Leisure to Family Functioning Among Single-Parent Families

The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of family leisure involvement to the family functioning of single-parent families and to compare family functioning and family leisure between large samples of dual and single-parent families. Data were collected from a dependent child and custodial parent in 362 U.S. single-parent households. Core and balance family leisure involvement were related to both family cohesion and family adaptability, with core family leisure explaining more variance in family functioning variables from parent, youth, and family perspectives. Family functioning among single-parent families was similar to that of dual-parent families. Family leisure involvement among single-parent families was lower.
Loss of Tubular Bone Morphogenetic Protein—7 in Diabetic Nephropathy

Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of cytokines, is highly expressed in renal tubules and generally promotes maintenance of epithelial phenotype. It was examined whether, during the evolution of experimental diabetic nephropathy, the renal expression of BMP7 and BMP7 receptors declines, and the hypothesis that loss of BMP7 activity is profibrogenic in proximal tubular cells was tested. Moreover, in vitro studies in cultured proximal tubular cells were performed to examine putative mechanisms that cause these changes. At 15 wk of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, renal expression of BMP7 is declined by about half, and it decreased further by 30 wk to <10% of timed controls. Renal expression of the high-affinity BMP type II receptor and the type I receptor Alk2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2) decreased. Alk3 tended to decrease, but Alk6 remained unchanged. During the evolution of diabetic nephropathy, the secreted BMP antagonist gremlin increased substantially. In cultured tubular cells, TGF-beta reduced BMP7 and Alk3 expression and increased gremlin but did not interrupt BMP7-induced activation of smad5 or Erk1 and -2. In contrast, BMP7 did not alter TGF-beta expression. Neutralization of endogenous BMP7 in cultured proximal tubular cells raised the expression of fibronectin and tended to increase collagen alpha(1) III mRNA levels. In conclusion, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, renal tubular BMP7 and some of its receptors decreased and gremlin, a secreted BMP antagonist, increased. Some, but not all, of these changes are explained by increased TGF-beta. The loss of BMP7 activity per se is profibrogenic in tubular cells.
An exploratory study of factors affecting single trial P300 detection

A threshold detector for single-trial P300 detection has been evaluated. The detector operates on the 0-4 Hz band, isolated from the raw electroencephalogram using low-pass filtering, wavelet transforms, or the piecewise prony method (PPM). A detection rate around 70% was found, irregardless of stimulus type, interstimulus interval (ISI), probability of occurrence (P/sub r/) of the target stimuli, intrasession and intrasession effects, or filtering method. This suggests that P300-based brain-machine interfaces can use an ISI as short as 1 s and a P/sub r/ of 45%, to increase throughput.
Origins of a stereotype: categorization of facial attractiveness by 6‐month‐old infants

Like adults, young infants prefer attractive to unattractive faces (e.g. Langlois, Roggman, Casey, Ritter, Rieser-Danner & Jenkins, 1987; Slater, von der Schulenburg, Brown, Badenoch, Butterworth, Parsons & Samuels, 1998). Older children and adults stereotype based on facial attractiveness (Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani & Longo, 1991; Langlois, Kalakanis, Rubenstein, Larson, Hallam & Smooth, 2000). How do preferences for attractive faces develop into stereotypes? Several theories of stereotyping posit that categorization of groups is necessary before positive and negative traits can become linked to the groups (e.g. Taifel, Billig, Bundy & Flament, 1971; Zebrowitz-McArthur, 1982). We investigated whether or not 6-month-old infants can categorize faces as attractive or unattractive. In Experiment 1, we familiarized infants to unattractive female faces; in Experiment 2, we familiarized infants to attractive female faces and tested both groups of infants on novel faces from the familiar or novel attractiveness category. Results showed that 6-month-olds categorized attractive and unattractive female faces into two different groups of faces. Experiments 3 and 4 confirmed that infants could discriminate among the faces used in Experiments 1 and 2, and therefore categorized the faces based on their similarities in attractiveness rather than because they could not differentiate among the faces. These findings suggest that categorization of facial attractiveness may underlie the development of the 'beauty is good' stereotype.
3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated versatile and reusable electrodes

We report two 3D printed devices that can be used for electrochemical detection. In both cases, the electrode is housed in commercially available, polymer-based fittings so that the various electrode materials (platinum, platinum black, carbon, gold, silver) can be easily added to a threaded receiving port printed on the device; this enables a module-like approach to the experimental design, where the electrodes are removable and can be easily repolished for reuse after exposure to biological samples. The first printed device represents a microfluidic platform with a 500 × 500 μm channel and a threaded receiving port to allow integration of either polyetheretherketone (PEEK) nut-encased glassy carbon or platinum black (Pt-black) electrodes for dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) detection, respectively. The embedded 1 mm glassy carbon electrode had a limit of detection (LOD) of 500 nM for dopamine and a linear response (R2 = 0.99) for concentrations between 25–500 μM. When the glassy carbon electrode was coated with 0.05% Nafion, significant exclusion of nitrite was observed when compared to signal obtained from equimolar injections of dopamine. When using flow injection analysis with a Pt/Pt-black electrode and standards derived from NO gas, a linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) over a wide range of concentrations (7.6–190 μM) was obtained, with the LOD for NO being 1 μM. The second application showcases a 3D printed fluidic device that allows collection of the biologically relevant analyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while simultaneously measuring the release stimulus (reduced oxygen concentration). The hypoxic sample (4.8 ± 0.5 ppm oxygen) released 2.4 ± 0.4 times more ATP than the normoxic sample (8.4 ± 0.6 ppm oxygen). Importantly, the results reported here verify the reproducible and transferable nature of using 3D printing as a fabrication technique, as devices and electrodes were moved between labs multiple times during completion of the study.
When resources are scarce, consider growing your own.

ABSTRACT • MANY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES have difficulty finding and hiring properly trained perioperative nurses. • EDUCATORS WHO ARE TRYING to alleviate this problem should consider setting up their own programs to educate new RNs and experienced nurses from other health care areas into the perioperative arena. • THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES basic information about setting up a perioperative nursing education program, including how to select the participants and preceptors and how to structure the program. AORN J 82 (August 2005) 244–249.
Selective ultraviolet resonance Raman excitation of individual chromophores in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra (UVRRS) of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) has been taken with ultraviolet laser excitation wavelengths (λe) of 273 nm, 330 nm and 351.1 nm. These Raman spectra have been compared with the resonance Raman spectra of the model compounds adenosine mononucleotide phosphate (AMP), with λe = 300 nm, and with reduced methyl nicotinamide (MNH), with λe = 351.1 nm, and with the classical Raman spectrum of NADH, with λe = 514.5 nm. The UVRR spectrum of NADH with λe = 273 nm resembles exclusively that of AMP while the UVRR spectra with λe = 330 nm and λe = 351.1 nm show no AMP bands but only those of MNH. The classical Raman spectrum of NADH is shown to be a superposition of bands in the resonance Raman spectra of the two chromophores but includes as well the sugar-phosphate bands. Thus it is possible selectively to excite a UVRRS of either chromophore independently of the other. This information may prove helpful in developing techniques of UVRRS in studying NADH-enzyme complexes since only very dilute (˜5×10−4M) concentrations of NADH are needed for the resonant Raman spectra.
VEGF, fetal liver kinase-1, and permeability increase during unilateral lung ischemia.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mediator of increased vascular permeability and an endothelial cell mitogen. Because VEGF is upregulated during ventilated ischemia of isolated...
RESPONDING TO USER QUERIES IN A COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT

We propose a plan-based approach for responding to user queries in a collaborative environment. We argue that in such an environment, the system should not accept the user's query automatically, but should consider it a proposal open for negotiation. In this paper we concentrate on cases in which the system and user disagree, and discuss how this disagreement can be detected, negotiated, and how final modifications should be made to the existing plan.
Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice

The promise of evidence-based management (EBMgt) is that educators and practitioners can access cumulative scientific information to guide their teaching and decision making. We argue that the EBMg...
Perceiving heaviness by dynamic touch: An investigation of the size-weight illusion in preschoolers

This study investigates preschoolers' ability to perceive the heaviness of objects by dynamic touch, a perceptual system that relies on the use of the muscle as a sensory organ. In total, 18 preschoolers were asked to hold objects by a handle without being able to see them. The 9 objects differed in mass and volume, allowing us to test the size-weight illusion by dynamic touch. Children were asked in the context of a game to make judgments about the heaviness of the objects. Even the youngest children were sensitive to the rotational inertia of objects, a property that is commonly used by adults to determine the heaviness of an object. Rotational inertia is a function of both volume and mass. This suggests that the size-weight illusion in children is due not to a process of intermodal integration but to children's sensitivity to invariant properties of the input.
The importance of fundamental economic concepts for nurse leaders: No margin, no mission

Rising health care costs are currently a problem in virtually every industrialized country, and policy makers around the globe are trying to figure out ways to continue to maintain economically viable health care systems. A primary focus on quality and access in prior years has proven to be incomplete in terms of the long-term sustainability. The focus of interest has now turned to the concept of value which unavoidably brings the essential element of cost squarely into the forefront. In order to deal more effectively with inevitable cost constraints, nurse leaders will need a basic understanding of some of the fundamental economic concepts that will be driving many of the initiative for more financially sustainable health care systems.
Soy Consumption and Cancer Prevention

Key Points Soybeans contain several potential anticancer components. Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of soy foods is associated with lower risk of breast and prostate cancer. The epidemiological evidence for the association of soy food consumption and reduced risk of other cancers is not consistent. Animal studies generally support the conclusion that some components in soy prevent the development and progression of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. In animal studies, it appears that soy may act synergistically with bioactive components from other foods (e.g., tea) to reduce breast and prostate cancer. There are several possible mechanisms by which soy bioactives may reduce cancer risk.
Regional validation and improved parameterization of the 3-PG model for Pinus taeda stands

Abstract The forest simulation model, 3-PG, has the capability to estimate the effects of climate, site and management practices on many stand attributes using easily available data. The model, once calibrated, has been widely applied as a useful tool for estimating growth of forest species in many countries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in estimating biomass and assessing the potential impact of climate change on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the most important commercial tree species in the southeastern U.S. This paper reports a new set of 3-PG parameter estimates for loblolly pine, and describe new methodologies to determine important estimates. Using data from the literature and long-term productivity studies, we parameterized 3-PG for loblolly pine stands, and developed new functions for estimating NPP allocation dynamics, biomass pools at variable starting ages, canopy cover dynamics, effects of frost on production, density-independent and density-dependent tree mortality and the fertility rating. The model was tested against data from replicated experimental measurement plots covering a wide range of stand characteristics, distributed across the southeastern U.S. and also beyond the natural range of the species, using stands in Uruguay, South America. We used the largest validation dataset for 3-PG, and the most geographically extensive within and beyond a species’ native range. Comparison of modeled to measured data showed robust agreement across the natural range in the U.S., as well as in South America, where the species is grown as an exotic. Across all tested sites, estimations of survival, basal area, height, quadratic mean diameter, bole volume and above-ground biomass agreed well with measured values, with R2 values ranging between 0.71 for bole volume, and 0.95 for survival. The levels of bias were small and generally less than 13%. LAI estimations performed well, predicting monthly values within the range of observed LAI. The results provided strong evidence that 3-PG could be applied over a wide geographical range using one set of parameters for loblolly pine. The model can also be applied to estimate the impact of climate change on stands growing across a wide range of ages and stand characteristics.
Collapsible-Bag Suspended-Sediment Sampler

This paper describes a collapsible-bag sampler that is based on somewhat different operating principles than conventional U.S.-series samplers, but which has similar sampling characteristics and is used in the same manner as these samplers. An important advantage of the bag sampler is that it greatly facilitates sampling in deep streams and estuaries.
Perverting Good Sense: Useable Fictions as History

In recent years, the academic disciplines have had to come to terms with postmodernism. This paper will define postmodernism (as well as a term that claims to resist definition can be defined) and will discuss the implications that postmodernism has on the discipline of history.
On detection of pilot contamination attack in multiple antenna systems

In a TDD multiple antenna system, the CSI can be acquired using reverse training. A pilot contamination attack occurs when during the training phase, an adversary also sends identical pilot (training) signal as that of the legitimate receiver. This contaminates the channel estimation phase and can alter the legitimate beamformer/precoder design, facilitating eavesdropping ("pilot contamination attack"). A similar contamination occurs when an adversary with a full-duplex terminal amplifies and forwards legitimates receiver's signal ("spoofing relay attack"). We propose superimposing a random sequence on the training sequence at the legitimate receiver, allowing use of source enumeration methods to detect pilot contamination attack. A similar strategy also detects the spoofing relay attack. The proposed method is analyzed and its detection performance is illustrated via simulations.
Injection-Seeded Optical Parametric Oscillator

Injection seeding of an AgGaSe2 mid infrared optical parametric oscillator using a continuous wave HeNe laser operating at 3.39 µm has been demonstrated. A measurement of the resulting spectral bandwidth, 0.001 µm, was resolution limited. Pulse evolution time intervals were found to be significantly shorter when injection seeding was in effect while the efficiency was found to be significantly higher.
Light and Electron Microscopic Localization of Acid Phosphatase Activity in Human Eosinophils

In light microscopic studies of human eosinophils, discrete sites of cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity have previously been reported.' 12 These sites of activity were thought to correspond with the cytoplasmic granules of the eosinophil that are visualized with Romanovsky-type staining. The study was designed to clarify further the light microscopic images noted and to localize more precisely the cytoplasmic activity sites with the aid of the electron microscope.
Condyloma acuminata in infants and children. A survey of colon and rectal surgeons

PURPOSE: Condyloma acuminata are anogenital warts caused by a human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus is a tissue-specific, site-specific, double-stranded DNA virus, which is capable of inducing high-grade genital intraepithelial neoplasia and malignancy. The incidence of anogenital warts in the pediatric age group is rising, and sexual abuse has been implicated as a potential cause. METHODS: Accumulated data from separate questionnaires sent to practicing colorectal surgeons who are members of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons and fellows in colon and rectal training programs have been analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty percent of those polled responded to our survey. Of the respondents, 93 percent see less than two pediatric cases per year. Seventy-two percent stated that tissue specimens would be sent routinely for histopathologic identification. Although 73 percent of surgeons consider anogenital warts a potentially sexually transmitted disease, only 26 percent reported screening for other sexually transmitted diseases. A diagnostic and therapeutic protocol is followed by 19 percent of respondents. Patient follow-up varied from six months (43 percent) to lifelong examinations (3 percent). Sixty-four percent of respondents agreed that a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol based on current knowledge would be beneficial. CONCLUSION: We conclude that colon and rectal surgeons have a low exposure to anogenital warts in infants and children. Furthermore, we believe that a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol based on the current literature would be helpful.
A test of whether economy or nutrition determines fecal sac ingestion in nesting corvids

Parent birds of many species eat the fecal sacs produced by their nestlings. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain why the parents ingest, rather than simply remove the sacs. (1) The parental nutrition hypothesis proposes that the parent benefits energetically or nutritionally from ingesting the sacs (Morton 1979, Gluck 1988); and (2) the economic disposal hypothesis postulates that parents incur some costs from eating waste products, but the cost of eating them is less than the benefits gained from being allowed to remain at the nest (Hurd et al. 1991). Behavioral data on nesting Florida Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens) and American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) support the parental nutrition, and not the economic disposal hypothesis. In both species, when two parents were present at the production of fecal sacs, the most nutritionally stressed parent, the female, ate significantly more sacs than her mate. On occasions where one adult left the nest immediately after fecal sac production and one remained, the departing adult was not more likely to dispose of the sac in either species. In neither species was a departing adult more likely to carry of a fecal sac than eat it
The Role of Arrestins in Visual and Disease Processes of the Eye

Visual arrestins are well known for their function in quenching the phototransduction process in rods and cones. Perhaps not as well known is their participation in multiple other processes in the normal and disease states of the eye. This chapter covers the range of the known functions of the visual arrestins, beginning with their classical role in quenching light-activated visual pigments. The role of visual arrestins is also reviewed from the perspective of their dynamic mobility whereby they redistribute significantly between the compartments of highly polarized photoreceptor cells. Additional roles of the visual arrestins are also reviewed based on new interacting partners that have been discovered over the past decade. Finally, the contribution of the visual arrestins to diseases of the visual system is explored.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the common bile duct

Squamous cell carcinoma of the common bile duct in a young woman was treated with pancreatoduodenectomy and chemotherapy. She died eight months after diagnosis. Clinical presentation and aggressiveness of the tumor are similar to adenocarcinoma. Radical resection is the treatment of choice, particulary in young patients.
Systems-based cyber security in the supply chain

The importance of the many sources of risk to the supply chain has been recognized by the practitioners and leadership in this sector of the economy. Cyber security is paramount to the success of the supply chain sector, which constitutes a safety-critical system for the U.S. and global economy. The diverse consequences from a malevolent attack could adversely affect inventory, product quality, time of delivery and the multiple sequential chain-effects due to these interdependent and interconnected economies. As a team, we leveraged the knowledge that we have accrued throughout our academic career with the knowledge and experience of our Technical Advisor, Yacov Haimes. The vast research opportunities at the University of Virginia and the seminal contributions to the field of systems of systems risk analysis further enhanced this comprehensive report. Building on our research and on Hierarchical Holographic Modeling, we performed risk assessment and management. Furthermore, as a team, we developed an overview of this complex system of systems, and generated multiple scenarios of malevolent penetration to the supply chain. Then through the use of Risk Filtering and Risk Management we reduced the large number of risk scenarios to a small set of critical scenarios. To apply our modeling and analytical skills to an emergent "risk" we examined the impact of malevolent use of the three-dimensional (3D) printers might pose to the integrity of the supply chain and the possibilities of this revolutionary technology as a malevolent medium to decimate the safety-critical supply chain systems of systems. In sum, through the use of modeling and analyzing supply chains as complex systems of systems, and by identifying shared-states, resources, decisions, and other variables among the subsystems of the supply chain, we have been able to identify and isolate safety critical features of the supply chain.
Sparse error correction with multiple measurement vectors

In this paper, we examine an approach for robust state estimation that exploits the sparse nature of gross errors in sensor system measurements and study the feasibility of gross error identification. Under the practical assumption that potential locations of gross errors remain fixed during multiple measurement periods, gross error correction based on multiple measurement vectors is proposed. Our feasibility analysis shows that the maximum number of identifiable gross errors can double compared to the identification based on a single measurement vector, if gross error values are diverse across different measurement periods. A convex optimization framework is proposed to identify gross error locations and calculate an accurate state estimate. The proposed state estimator is applied for power system DC state estimation of IEEE 14-bus network and shown to outperform benchmark techniques that are based on a single measurement vector.
Astropedology: palaeosols and the origins of life

Palaeosols are ancient soils formed in sedimentary successions between events of sedimentation, erosion and volcanic activity. Soil formation is regulated by circumstances of climate, vegetation, topographic relief, parent material and time. These factors are quantified by nomopedology, in the form of climofunctions, chronofunctions and other relationships useful for interpreting conditions of the past from palaeosols. In deep time, palaeosols reveal the timing and extent of the Great Oxidation Event of 2.4 Ga. There is also circumstantial evidence for life in palaeosols back to 3.5 Ga on Earth and 3.7 Ga on Mars. These are the oldest known intact profiles, but pieces of palaeosols some 4.56 Ga in age may be represented by carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Astropedology is the study of very ancient palaeosols and meteorites relevant to the origin of life and different planetary soil systems. Complex chemical assembly, metal catalysis of organic compounds, and the course of hydrolytic reactions as a kind of planetary metabolism make soils an attractive theoretical site for the origin of life. Because dilute solutions tend to an equilibrium that undoes organosynthetic reactions, life is more likely to have arisen on a soil planet like Mars than a water planet like Earth.
A filtering method for the identification of a tethered satellite

The dynamics of a tethered satellite are greatly affected by the perturbing force transmitted to the satellite through the tether. The existence of this tether force causes the satellite to behave in a non-Keplerian manner. Classical orbit determination methods are unable to account for this modified Keplerian motion and the subsequent estimation procedure will commonly result in an inaccurate prediction of the satellite’s trajectory. The satellite may even appear to be on a re-entry trajectory. In such cases, the speed at which an accurate identification of the satellite can be made may also be very important. In order to distinguish between the motion characteristic of a single (untethered) satellite and that of a tethered satellite, and to correctly identify a satellite as being tethered, a batch-type filter has been developed for use in the orbit determination process. This filter includes the effect the tether force has on the motion of the satellite. The filter’s performance is also evaluated in this study. Results are presented for cases of differing tether lengths, tether orientations, and types of observations being processed. In addition, results are presented using actual TSS data obtained from the Tether Physics and Survivability Experiment.
The Theory of Your Dreams

The Interpretation of Dreams is often thought to be Freud’s best book-length work. It was, indeed, Freud’s first lengthy statement of a substantially original psychological theory. Freud wrote the book in the late 1890’s and published it in 1900; it had a second edition in 1909, and thereafter many subsequent editions. By Freud’s own account it was not well received by the scientific readers for whom it was intended, that is by physicians and academic psychologists, but it was something of a popular success. Freud’s book found an audience among educated lay persons, and it was with this group that Freud found his most immediate and direct following. The Interpretation of Dreams is a long and complex book, and it is deeply revealing of Freud’s procedures, his style of argument and his theoretical development.
Multiphysics Simulations of Lithiation-Induced Stress in Li1+xTi2O4 Electrode Particles

Cubic spinel Li1+xTi2O4 is a promising electrode material because it exhibits a high lithium diffusivity and undergoes minimal changes in lattice parameters during lithiation and delithiation, thereby ensuring favorable cyclability. The present work is a multiphysics and multiscale study of Li1+xTi2O4 that combines first-principles computations of thermodynamic and kinetic properties with continuum scale modeling of lithiation–delithiation kinetics. Density functional theory calculations and statistical mechanics methods are used to calculate lattice parameters, elastic coefficients, thermodynamic potentials, migration barriers, and Li diffusion coefficients. These computations were performed at a temperature of 800 K to magnify the kinetic effects. These quantities then inform a phase field framework to model the coupled chemo-mechanical evolution of electrode particles. Several case studies accounting for either homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation are considered to explore the temporal evolution of ...
Medicalization, Normalization, and Performance Edge: Teachers’ Attitudes about ADHD Medication Use and the Influence of Race and Social Class:

Little qualitative sociological research has investigated teachers’ attitudes supporting or opposing medication use for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and how these attitudes vary ...