cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tamper-resilient methods for web-based open systems

The Web and Web-based open systems are characterized by their massive amount of data and services for leveraging this data. These systems are noted for their open and unregulated nature, self-supervision, and high degree of dynamism, which are key features in supporting a rich set of opportunities for information sharing, discovery, and commerce. But these open and self-managing features also carry risks and raise growing concerns over the security and privacy of these systems, including issues like spam, denial-of-service, and impersonated digital identities. Our focus in this thesis is on the design, implementation, and analysis of large-scale Web-based open systems, with an eye toward enabling new avenues of information discovery and ensuring robustness in the presence of malicious participants. We identify three classes of vulnerabilities that threaten these systems: vulnerabilities in link-based search services, vulnerabilities in reputation-based trust services over online communities, and vulnerabilities in Web categorization and integration services. This thesis introduces a suite of methods for increasing the tamper-resilience of Web-based open systems in the face of a large and growing number of threats. We make three unique contributions: First, we present a source-centric architecture and a set of techniques for providing tamper-resilient link analysis of the World Wide Web. We propose the concept of link credibility and present a credibility-based link analysis model. We show that these approaches significantly reduce the impact of malicious spammers on Web rankings. Second, we develop a social network trust aggregation framework for supporting tamperresilient trust establishment in online social networks. These community-based social networking systems are already extremely important and growing rapidly. We show that our trust framework supports high quality information discovery and is robust to the presence of malicious participants in the social network. Finally, we introduce a set of techniques for reducing the opportunities of attackers to corrupt Web-based categorization and integration services, which are especially important for organizing and making accessible the large body of Web-enabled databases on the Deep Web that are beyond the reach of traditional Web search engines. We show that these techniques reduce the impact of poor quality or intentionally misleading resources and support personalized Web resource discovery.
Some Current Issues In The Analysis Of Reacting Shear Layers: Computational Challenges

An overview is presented of modern computational techniques for the numerical treatments of chemically reacting unsteady shear layers. Emphasis is placed upon the discussions on the physical phenomena described by the simulations of these flows, together with an explanation of the capabilities and limitations of various CFD techniques in capturing these phenomena. A brief review of the contributions within the past decade in this area of research is furnished in conjunction with some of the issues raised in the position paper (Swithenbank et aL, 1989).
Synthesis and Characterization of Heteropolyacid Nanoporous Carbon Membranes

Heteropolyacid nanoporous carbon membranes were synthesized by re-precipitation of 12-tungstophosphoric acid on a prefabricated nanoporous carbon film. The Keggin structure is maintained on and within the 8 μm film as inferred from FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. Gas permeation reveals that separation performance of the carbon membrane is maintained after deposition although total membrane flux decreases by nearly 40% for N2 permeation. Semi-batch membrane reactor performance in the decomposition of methyl tert-butyl ether at 55°C shows significant enhancement of the conversion with 96.5% compared with 64.1% for a non-selective membrane analog under the same conditions.
Oxygen-sensing in tumors.

Purpose of review Tumor hypoxia induces cancer cell treatment resistance, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and overall poor clinical outcome. Cellular adaptations to hypoxia are largely driven by hypoxia-induced alterations in gene transcription, mRNA translation, and protein stability. This review will summarize recent advances in the understanding of mammalian oxygen-sensing mechanisms in normal and cancerous cells. Recent findings Specific molecular candidates have been identified that are involved in the primary sensing of hypoxia or its secondary consequences. Chief amongst these are the iron and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that hydroxylate the alpha subunits of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. This oxygen-dependent reaction, which prevents the transcription of many genes, is relieved under hypoxia. Evidence for the regulated expression and decay of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor hydroxylating enzymes suggests that the sensitivity of transcriptional responses to hypoxia can be dynamically adjusted. Recent results also argue that these hydroxylating enzymes may be able to sense not only oxygen availability, but also the accumulation of bioenergetic intermediates and reactive oxygen species. In cancer cells, changes in these metabolites may accompany hypoxia or may occur independently. Several organellar compartments including plasma membrane, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum also appear to contribute to oxygen sensing through the generation of metabolites or through regulation of protein translation. Summary Oxygen-sensing mechanisms induce prominent clinically relevant changes in cancer cells and tumor biology through the control of gene expression. Significant overlap exists between oxygen-sensing mechanisms and other metabolic and cell stress sensing pathways, which allows nonhypoxic cell stresses to activate hypoxia-inducible responses.
The impact of patient choice of provider on equity: analysis of a patient survey

ObjectivesTo understand the impact on equity of giving patients a choice of provider.MethodsA postal survey of 5997 patients in four areas of England about choice at their recent referral and, using a discrete choice experiment, how they would choose in hypothetical situations. Binary logistic regression and a series of multinomial and nested logit models were used to analyse the data to discover whether patients with particular characteristics were more likely to: think choice is important; be offered a choice; and, choose a non-local provider.ResultsThe response rate was 36%. Choice was more important to older patients aged 51-80 years, patients from non-white backgrounds, women, those with no qualifications and those with a bad past experience of their local hospital. There were no significant differences in who was offered a choice in terms of education, age group or ethnicity. In both real and hypothetical situations patients with no formal qualifications and those living in urban centres were more l...
Full-Potential Lmto Calculation of Brittle Fracture in Titanium Carbide

The refractory transition metal-carbides commonly fail under stress by brittle fracture and the properties and nature of the fracture process are consequently of practical interest. We have calculated the fracture properties of titanium carbide under tensile stress using our full-potential LMTO method, a methodology which is closely related to multiple scattering theory (and includes a true interstitial region). The fracture calculation is accomplished by employing a repeated slab (or repeated cleavage separation) geometry. Within this geometry, the fracture process is simulated most simply by uniformly increasing the gap separation from zero to a distance on the order of a few atomic radii. A more sophisticated search for fracture instability involved stretching the ideal crystal and examining the separation energetics of the strained system. Results of these calculations will be reported both for the ideal, stoichiometric titanium carbide crystal and also for systems containing carbon vacancies. We will discuss therole of such defects in modifying the bonding behavior at the cleavage plane and the resulting effect on resistance to fracture.
Differences in the Spatial Distribution of Actin in the Left and Right Ventricles of Healthy Human Hearts

The pressure necessary to expel blood into the pulmonary circulation by the right ventricle is smaller than the pressure necessary to pump blood into the systemic circulation by the left ventricle. Nevertheless, there is little reason to believe that the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular muscles are intrinsically different, because sarcomeric proteins of both ventricles are known to be expressed from the same genes. However, recent identification of disparities in their physiology and proteins has modified the classical outlook of their similarity and their respective cause for cardiovascular diseases. To decide whether ventricular muscles are functionally different we compared steady-state distribution of actin orientations in the left and the right ventricles at molecular levels. This distribution is a fundamental property of muscle because it reflects interaction of individual actin molecules with myosin cross-bridges. To eliminate complications arising from the differences in the basic fiber structures of the ventricles and to ensure that the molecular crowding influences contraction in the same way as it would in in-vivo conditions, we collected data from isolated myofibrils ex-vivo. To assure that each actin molecule acts independently, we labeled every 1,000 actin monomers with a fluorescent dye. The results showed that the changes in distribution of actin induced by the interaction of actin filaments with myosin heads were demonstrated only in LVs, not in RVs. This suggests that both ventricles interact differently with myosin cross-bridges. We think that the stress induced in the thin filaments of LV causes loosening of bonds between actin monomers and greater mobility of actin monomers.
Glycocalyx electrostatic potential profile analysis: ion, pH, steric, and charge effects.

Abstract The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is modified to consider charge ionogenicity, steric exclusion, and charge distribution in order to describe the perimembranous electrostatic potential profile in a manner consistent with the known morphology and biochemical composition of the cell's glycocalyx. Exact numerical and approximate analytical solutions are given for various charge distributions and for an extended form of the Donnan potential model. The interrelated effects of ionic conditions, bulk pH, ion binding, local dielectric, steric volume exclusion, and charge distribution on the local potential, pH, and charge density within the glycocalyx are examined. Local charge-induced, potential-mediated pH reductions cause glycocalyx charge neutralization. Under certain conditions, local potentials may be insensitive to ionic strength or may decrease in spite of increasing charge density. The volume exclusion of the glycocalyx reduces the local ion concentration, thereby increasing the local potential. With neutral lipid membranes, the Donnan and surface potential agree if the glycocalyx charge distribution is both uniform and several times thicker than the Debye length (approximately 20 A in thickness under physiological conditions). Model limitations in terms of application to microdomains or protein endo- and ectodomains are discussed.
Creative Agency and the Space Race of the 21st Century: Towards a Museum of Natural Futures

Reimagining and redesigning our relationship to natural systems to improve human and environmental health, increase biodiversity, build soil, and improve air and water quality is the Space Race of the 21st Century; i.e. the most complex systems design challenge we face, and one that current and emerging interactive technologies provide the opportunity to address. This assertion is intended to reframe the discourse of contemporary environmentalism in terms of creative agency that transcend market and regulatory incentives and disambiguates from "sustainability" which in research universities internationally seem to have been institutionalized as non-academic*. The second, but most novel and critical assertion, is that we can design infrastructure, and specifically the built environment, data, energy, food, waste and distribution systems to IMPROVE human and environmental health, rather than lessening negative effects in efforts to reduce energy use, food miles, waste, emissions, greenhouse gasses or more conventional maintenance and labor costs. For instance, (1) the ELEVATORxPITCH project upgrades the sky-line-defining vertical transportation to create both cultural venue that produces views, and transforms this electric vehicle infrastructure into a building's power plant. Simultaneously the combination of sensor-actuated venting and fire-code upgrade can create cross-season passive air circulation that removes the need for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems (typically approx. 40% of the energy use in cities is building related and most of this: HVACs).
Screening for gynecologic malignancies: A continuing responsibility.

Carolyn D. Runowicz and Abbie L. Fields Screening for cervical cancer with the Papanicolaou cervical smear has resulted in a decline in incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. Targeting the unscreened population is the next challenge to reduce the incidence of this disease further. Currently, there are no available screening modalities for endometrial or ovarian cancer. Breakthroughs in molecular genetics may result in screening tests for ovarian cancer.
AJAR: Aggregations and Joins over Annotated Relations

We study a class of aggregate-join queries with multiple aggregation operators evaluated over annotated relations. We show that straightforward extensions of standard multiway join algorithms and generalized hypertree decompositions (GHDs) provide best-known runtime guarantees. In contrast, prior work uses bespoke algorithms and data structures and does not match these guarantees. We extend the standard techniques by providing a complete characterization of (1) the set of orderings equivalent to a given ordering and (2) the set of GHDs valid with respect to the given ordering, i.e., GHDs that correctly answer a given aggregate-join query when provided to (simple variants of) standard join algorithms. We show by example that previous approaches are incomplete. The key technical consequence of our characterizations is a decomposition of a valid GHD into a set of (smaller) unconstrained GHDs, i.e., into a set of GHDs of sub-queries without aggregations. Since this decomposition is comprised of unconstrained GHDs, we are able to connect to the wide literature on GHDs for join query processing, thereby obtaining improved runtime bounds, MapReduce variants, and an efficient method to find approximately optimal GHDs.
Holding On and Letting Go: A Perspective from the Keystone IV Conference

This commentary examines what it might look like to be countercultural in the current era of health care change, and asks what we should hold onto and what we should let go of as we reinvent an ideal that gives meaning to family physicians and value to patients and populations - that primary health care is a relationship to be nurtured and supported, not just a commodity to be delivered and optimized, measured and incentivized, bought and sold.
Illustrating Lithic Artifacts: Information for Scientific Illustrators

The illustration of archaeological artifacts in North America tends to be of uneven quality and this is especially true of flaked stone artifacts. In general, this results from the fact that scient...
Interhospital Transfer of Neurosurgical Patients: Implications of Timing on Hospital Course and Clinical Outcomes.

Background Interhospital transfer of neurosurgical patients is common; however, little is known about the impact of transfer parameters on clinical outcomes. Lower survival rates have been reported for patients admitted at night and on weekends in other specialties. Whether time or day of admission affects neurosurgical patient outcomes, specifically those transferred from other facilities, is unknown. Objective To examine the impact of the timing of interhospital transfer on the hospital course and clinical outcomes of neurosurgical patients. Methods All consecutive admissions of patients transferred to our adult neurosurgical service were retrospectively analyzed for a 1-year study period using data from a central transfer database and the electronic health record. Results Patients arrived more often at night (70.8%) despite an even distribution of transfer requests. The lack of transfer imaging did not affect length of stay, intervention times, or patient outcomes. Daytime arrivals had shorter total transfer time, but longer intenstive care unit and overall length of stay (8.7 and 11.6 days, respectively), worse modified Rankin Scale scores, lower rates of functional independence, and almost twice the mortality rate. Weekend admissions had significantly worse modified Rankin Scale scores and lower rates of functional independence. Conclusions The timing of transfer arrivals, both by hour or day of the week, is correlated with the time to intervention, hospital course, and overall patient outcomes. Patients admitted during the weekend suffered worse functional outcomes and a trend towards increased mortality. While transfer logistics clearly impact patient outcomes, further work is needed to understand these complex relationships.
The “Aspects of Christ” ( Epinoiai Christou ) in Origen's Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans

Origen's understanding of the epinoiai (aspects or concepts) of Christ is certainly one of the most fascinating and unique facets of his theology. By no means a marginal element in his Logos-Christology, a treatment, mention, or application of the epinoiai can be found in most of Origen's surviving texts. Scholarship on this topic has justifiably focused upon the two primary sources of the epinoiai in Origen's writings: Book I of his Commentary on John and Book I, Chapter 2 of On First Principles. While referencing these texts because of their systematic and definitional character, I intend to focus this article upon the substantial and multifaceted role of the epinoiai Christou in Origen's Commentary on Romans, the oldest extant commentary on this Pauline epistle. In doing so, my thesis is two-fold: first, I will argue that the epinoiai Christou play a considerable role in Origen's exegesis of Paul's epistle. If correct, this conclusion will be crucial for anyone seeking to gain a comprehensive account of Origen's concept of the epinoiai. Such is especially the case insofar as I will propose that the Commentary on Romans accentuates specifically the virtues as epinoiai, thereby offering a noteworthy glimpse into this particular aspect of Origen's epinoiai teaching. Second, I will argue that the results of Origen's application of the epinoiai concept to his exegesis constitute a compelling reading of the Pauline text that is worthy of contemporary engagement.
Beyond Pain: Nurses' Assessment of Patient Suffering, Dignity, and Dying in the Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Context Deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU) are increasingly common in the U.S., yet little is known about patients' experiences at the end of life in the ICU. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine nurse assessment of symptoms experienced, and care received by ICU patients in their final week, and their associations with nurse-perceived suffering and dignity. Methods From September 2015 to March 2017, nurses who cared for 200 ICU patients who died were interviewed about physical and psychosocial dimensions of patients' experiences. Medical chart abstraction was used to document baseline patient characteristics and care. Results The patient sample was 61% males, 70.2% whites, and on average 66.9 (SD 15.1) years old. Nurses reported that 40.9% of patients suffered severely and 33.1% experienced severe loss of dignity. The most common symptoms perceived to contribute to suffering and loss of dignity included trouble breathing (44.0%), edema (41.9%), and loss of control of limbs (36.1%). Most (n = 9) remained significantly (P Conclusion Dying ICU patients are perceived by nurses to experience extreme indignities and suffer beyond physical pain. Attention to symptoms such as dyspnea and edema may improve the quality of death in the ICU.
MicroRNAs in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common solid malignancy in men and fifth most common overall with an estimated 70,000 new cases of urothelial carcinoma (UC) and over 14,000 deaths from the disease expected in 2010 in the United States. Although the majority of patients with invasive bladder cancer present without radiographic or clinical evidence of disease beyond the bladder, up to 56% of patients die from the result of occult metastasis not detected by current staging modalities. The potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel tumor markers has been the focus of recent scrutiny because of their tissue specificity, stability, and association with clinical-pathological parameters. Prognostic tools based on conventional clinical and pathologic staging can quantify the risk of death from UC, but their accuracy is imperfect due to the heterogeneous biologic behavior of tumors. Use of biomarkers specific to the tumor and/or patient can provide prognostic utility over that available from routine clinical features. Data have emerged documenting altered systemic miRNAs expression across a spectrum of cancers including urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Examples include miR-21 (up-regulated), miR-200 family (associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Zeb1/2), and miR-145 (apoptosis). Assessing the expression of all known and predicted non-coding RNAs species and contrasting the miRNAs in the circulation of patients with superficial or invasive disease has great potential in determining whether we can identify systemic miRNAs as screening tools for bladder cancer.
Development and validation of Acacia koa and A. koaia nuclear SSRs using Illumina sequencing

Koa (Acacia koa) and sub-species koaia (A. koaia) are two of more than 1,200 species from the genus Acacia within the Leguminosae (also designated Fabaceae) family. In the past, koa and koaia forests were found throughout the Hawaiian archipelago but populations have dramatically decreased. Comprehensive analyses of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have not been published previously. Here we use genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools to report development of 100,000+ nuclear SSR (nuSSR) markers for use in koa and koaia genome studies with transcriptome SSR information was included for comparison. Over 10,000 high-value SSRs (40-60 % GC content) were isolated with 3,600+ further validated by ePCR. SSRs generated in this work can assist current efforts to sustainably increase in koa and koaia populations.
Opposing Tyranny: White Resistance against the Rhodesian Front (1965-1977)

In November 1965, the government of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself independent from Britain. It was an extreme response to the British directive that there would be “no independence before majority rule.” The ruling political party during this time, the Rhodesian Front, feared the consequences of relinquishing power. Born out of imperialist beliefs and anti-communist sentiment, this ultra-conservative political party sought to maintain minority rule and asserted that Rhodesia would “never in a thousand years” be ruled by the Black majority. While many Whites supported minority rule, my paper will focus on the efforts of select groups within the White African community to subvert the Rhodesian Front led government and initiate majority rule within what would become the state of Zimbabwe. I am looking specifically at two groups of people who have different philosophies, yet share the same goal of majority rule. This paper will discuss notable members from each group including Judith Todd, an equal rights activist and daughter of a former Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, and Bishop Donal Lamont, an Irish missionary who defied an emergency governmental order and assisted the Black resistance.
Does the Bioprogram Affect Second-Language Acquisition?

During the last 10 years, second-language scholars have looked to the field of pidgin and creole studies for insights into language acquisition. Among the important theories to emerge from this interdisciplinary effort are Schumman’s (1978) Pidginization Hypothesis and Andersen’s (1983) Nativization Hypothesis. The present study considers the implications for second-language acquisition of perhaps the most controversial hypothesis in pidgin—creole scholarship: Bickerton’s Bioprogram Hypothesis.
Inference and Prediction of Uncertain Events in Active Systems: A Language and Execution Model.

This paper presents initial research into a framework (specification and execution model) for inference, prediction, and decision making with uncertain events in active systems. This work is motivated by the observation that in many cases, there is a gap between the reported events that are used as a direct input to an active system, and the actual events upon which an active system must act. This paper motivates the work, surveys other efforts in this area, and presents preliminary ideas for both specification and execution model.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)

Merleau-Ponty’s signature contribution to aesthetics is L’oeil et l’esprit (1961). Like his two earlier essays on art, “Le doute de Cezanne” (1945) and “Le langage indirect et les voix du silence” (1952), L’oeil et l’esprit exhibits two remarkable aesthetic features: the arts are the gateway for philosophical thought above the sciences; and modern art, more than classical or Renaissance art, uniquely merges with the effort of phenomenology “by reason of the same kind of attentiveness and wonder, the same demand for awareness” (Merleau-Ponty 1945: xvi). In “Le doute de Cezanne,” he was interested in Cezanne for the latter’s attempts to paint the “lived,” prescientific experience of the world as a painterly analogue to phenomenological “seeing.” He had qualified his endorsement of edmund husserl’s epochē in Phenomenologie de la perception (1945), but he was nevertheless struck by Cezanne’s insistence on a peculiar kind of “germinating” (germinait) with nature in which the artist comes to be present “at the world” (l’etre au monde). The landscape “thinks itself in me” (se pense en moi), Cezanne would say.
SEX-DETERMINING GENES AND GENE REGULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes sex-determining genes and gene regulation. The regulation of the many different genetic processes that contribute to the development of the adult organism is far from clear. Such regulation includes differential gene expression that may be either tissue- or stage-specific, or both, as well as the interaction of structural and regulatory genes. One system that encompasses all of these facets of regulation is that of genotypic sex determination and primary sex differentiation. This system represents an excellent example of developmental regulation and perhaps of genetic regulation in general. In vertebrates, three levels of sexual development can be discerned: (1) the determination of the embryonic gonadal anlage (to develop as either an ovary or a testis), (2) the differentiation of the secondary sex organs, and (3) the differentiation of the sex centers in the hypothalamus in connection with the limbic system and frontal cortex. The dual system of gonadal organogenesis in vertebrates has as a minimal requirement two pairs of plasma membrane components: (1) a testis-organizing factor and its specific receptor and (2) an ovary-organizing factor and its receptor.
Physiological and pharmacological properties of Limulus heart.

Perhaps the most pervasive method for classification of hearts has been that which considers the initiation of the beat—neurogenic and myogenic. Although it is known to have nervous innervation, the vertebrate heart is recognized as myogenic with the implication that the basic rhythmicity of the tissue arises from myocardium and that the nervous system acts only as a control mechanism. At the turn of the century this concept was strongly disputed and in particular Carlson 1–6* believed the mammalian heart to be neurogenic. As models, he chose to study the physiology of various invertebrate hearts and particularly the Limulus heart where the external cardiac ganglion chain and nerve net proved to be most convenient for experimentation.
Performance Assessment of Dynamic Downscaling of WRF to Simulate Convective Conditions during Sagebrush Phase 1 Tracer Experiments

Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) corresponding to four convective intensive observation periods of Sagebrush Phase 1 tracer experiment were conducted with realistic boundary conditions using Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF). Multiple nested domains were used to dynamically downscale the conditions from domain with grid size of 24 km to local scales with grid size of 150 m. Sensitivity analysis of mesoscale model was conducted using three boundary layer, three surface layer and two micro-physics schemes. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the surface meteorological variables and boundary layer height from the mesoscale runs and observed values during tracer experiment. Output from mesoscale simulations was used to drive the LES domains. Effect of vertical resolution and sub-grid scale parameterizations were studied by comparing the wind speed and direction profiles along with turbulent kinetic energy at two different heights. Atmospheric stability estimated using the Richardson number and shear exponent evaluated between 8- and 60-m levels was found to vary between weakly unstable to unstable. Comparing the wind direction standard deviations coupled with the wind speeds showed that the WRF-LES underestimated the wind direction fluctuations for wind speeds smaller than 3-ms − 1 . Based on the strengths of convection and shear, WRF-LES was able to simulate horizontal convection roll and convective cell type features.
Relationship between Surface-Measured Indices and In-Service Pavement Structural Conditions Predicted from Traffic Speed Deflection Devices:

The rolling wheel deflectometer (RWD) and traffic speed deflectometer (TSD) are continuous deflection measuring devices used for structural evaluation of in-service pavements. Although recent studi...
Laser refrigeration of optical fibers via optically-active composite cladding materials

Although the output power of current commercial fiber lasers has been reported to exceed 500kW, the heat generated within fiber gain-media has limited the generation of higher laser powers due to thermal lensing and melting of the gain -media at high temperatures. Radiation balanced fiber lasers promise to mitigate detrimental thermal effects within fiber gain- media based on using upconverted, anti-Stokes photoluminescence to extract heat from the optical fiber core. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that Yb(III) ions within YLiF4 (YLF) crystals are capable of cooling both the core and cladding of optical fibers. We also demonstrate a novel radiation balanced fiber laser design using a composite fiber cladding material that incorporates YLF nanocrystals as the active photonic heat engine. YLF crystals are mixed with the cladding material to mitigate thermal gradients within the core and cladding. Analytical models of heat transfer within the fiber are presented where the electric- field amplitude within the fiber core is responsible for both the heating of the core, and also the excitation of Yb(III) ions for anti-Stokes laser refrigeration in the cladding.
CREST Cost of Renewable Energy Spreadsheet Tool: A Model for Developing Cost-based Incentives in the United States. User Manual Version 1

This user manual helps model users understands how to use the CREST model to support renewable energy incentives, FITs, and other renewable energy rate-setting processes. It reviews the spreadsheet tool, including its layout and conventions, offering context on how and why it was created. It also provides instructions on how to populate the model with inputs that are appropriate for a specific jurisdiction’s policymaking objectives and context. And, it describes the results and outlines how these results may inform decisions about long-term renewable energy support programs.
Defense Referral Patterns Associated with Competency to Stand Trial, Mental State at the Time of the Offense, and Combined Evaluations

Although research highlights the influence of individual and case characteristics on outcomes of competence to stand trial (CST), mental state at the time of the offense (MSO), and combined evaluat...
Primary structural differences at residue 226 of deer and elk PrP dictate selection of distinct CWD prion strains in gene-targeted mice.

Although the unifying hallmark of prion diseases is CNS neurodegeneration caused by conformational corruption of host prion protein (PrP) to its infective counterpart, contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from shedding of prions produced at high titers in the periphery of diseased cervids. While deer and elk PrP primary structures are equivalent except at residue 226, which is glutamate in elk and glutamine in deer, the effect of this difference on CWD pathogenesis is largely unknown. Using a gene-targeting approach where the mouse PrP coding sequence was replaced with elk or deer PrP, we show that the resulting GtE226 and GtQ226 mice had distinct kinetics of disease onset, prion conformations, and distributions of prions in the brains of diseased mice following intracerebral CWD challenge. These findings indicate that amino acid differences at PrP residue 226 dictate the selection and propagation of divergent strains in deer and elk with CWD. Because prion strain properties largely dictate host-range potential, our findings suggest that prion strains from elk and deer pose distinct risks to sympatric species or humans exposed to CWD. GtE226 and GtQ226 mice were also highly susceptible to CWD prions following intraperitoneal and oral exposures, a characteristic that stood in stark contrast to previously produced transgenic models. Remarkably, disease transmission was effective when infected mice were cohoused with naive cagemates. Our findings indicate that gene-targeted mice provide unprecedented opportunities to accurately investigate CWD peripheral pathogenesis, CWD strains, and mechanisms of horizontal CWD transmission.
Pre-Guideline Trends Associated with Chest Radiograph Usage for Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Emergency Department Settings.

Background Health care spending in the U.S. totaled $3 trillion in 2014 and continues to increase rapidly. Minimizing waste through clinical guidelines is a promising strategy to reduce spending without compromising patient care. In 2011, clinical guidelines recommended against the use of chest X-ray (CXR) for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in pediatric ambulatory settings. However, use of CXR has not changed post-guideline. Thus, understanding the drivers of CXR utilization prior to guideline implementation could improve guideline adherence. Methods Retrospective study using 2009 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample data set consisting of a representative sample of all emergency room admissions. Inclusion criteria consisted of: 18 years of age or younger and the diagnosis of outpatient CAP. Population was segmented by the presence of a CXR obtained during the visit. Socioeconomic status was determined by quartile classification of the estimated median household income based on patient ZIP code. Results In 2009, children living in wealthier ZIP codes presenting to the emergency department (ED) who were diagnosed with CAP were more likely to receive diagnostic CXR. The use of chest radiograph was not statistically correlated to gender, weekday versus weekend admission, number of diagnoses at discharge, or total ED charges. Conclusion The research demonstrates a strong correlation between socioeconomic status of the pediatric patient and use of chest radiograph for CAP in the ED setting prior to 2011 guideline publication. Further research to determine the reason for this correlation could give rise to focused efforts to successfully encourage adherence to clinical practice guidelines.
Exposure to Violence and Posttreatment Substance Use Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder.

Exposure to violence can lead to a dramatic increase in the likelihood of the development of a substance use disorder (SUD). Given the overlap between the two, substance use for survivors of violen...
Discourses of Consumption: The Rhetorical Construction of the Black Female Body as Food in Hip Hop and R&B Music

This paper examines the use of food to corporealize Black women’s subjectivity. Looking primarily at the lyrical content of select songs, the paper argues that the recurring use of the food motif a...
Traumatic Brain Injury Practice Guidelines: Variability in U.K. PICUs.

OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury in children is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Lack of high-quality evidence may lead to variation in management within and between PICUs. We examined U.K. pediatric traumatic brain injury management guidelines for extent of variability. DESIGN Analysis of U.K. PICU traumatic brain injury guidelines for areas of consistency and variation among each other and against the second edition of Brain Trauma Foundation pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines. SETTING Not applicable. SUBJECTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS Textual analysis of U.K. PICU guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twelve key clinical topics in three traumatic brain injury management domains were identified. We performed textual analysis of recommendations from anonymized local guidelines and compared them against each other and the Brain Trauma Foundation pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines. Fifteen guidelines used by 16 of the 20 U.K. PICUs that manage traumatic brain injury were analyzed. Relatively better consistency was observed for intracranial pressure treatment thresholds (10/15), avoiding prophylactic hyperventilation (15/15), cerebrospinal fluid drainage (13/15), barbiturate (14/15), and decompressive craniectomy (12/15) for intracranial hypertension. There was less consistency in indications for intracranial pressure monitoring (3/15), cerebral perfusion pressure targets (2/15), target osmolarities (7/15), and hyperventilation for intracranial hypertension (2/15). Variability in choice and hierarchy of the interventions for intracranial hypertension were observed, albeit with some points of consistency. CONCLUSIONS Significant variability in pediatric traumatic brain injury management guidelines exists. Despite the heterogeneity, we have highlighted a few points of consistency within the key topic areas of pediatric traumatic brain injury management. We anticipate that this provides impetus for further work around standardization.
Cells with loss-of-heterozygosity after exposure to ionizing radiation in Drosophila are culled by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms

Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) typically refers to a phenomenon in which diploid cells that are heterozygous for a mutant allele lose their wild type allele through mutations. LOH is implicated in oncogenesis when it affects the remaining wild type copy of a tumor suppressor. Drosophila has been a useful model to identify genes that regulate the incidence of LOH, but most of these studies use adult phenotypic markers such as multiple wing hair (mwh). Here, we describe a cell-autonomous fluorescence-based system that relies on the QF/QS transcriptional module to detect LOH, which may be used in larval, pupal and adult stages and in conjunction with the GAL4/UAS system. Using the QF/QS system, we were able to detect the induction of cells with LOH by X-rays in a dose-dependent manner in the larval wing discs, and to monitor their fate through subsequent development in pupa and adult stages. We tested the genetic requirement for changes in LOH, using both classical mutants and GAL4/UAS-mediated RNAi. Our results identify two distinct culling phases that eliminate cells with LOH, one in late larval stages and another in the pupa. The two culling phases are genetically separable, showing differential requirement for pro-apoptotic genes of the H99 locus and transcription factor Srp. A direct comparison of mwh LOH and QF/QS LOH suggests that cells with different LOH events are distinguished from each other in a p53-dependent manner and are retained to different degrees in the final adult structure. These studies reveal previously unknown mechanisms for the elimination of cells with chromosome aberrations.
An Active Damping Control Strategy for a Multi-Cell AC-DC Solid State Transformer

Cascaded system stability plays a critical role in the proper operation of any multi-stage power electronic based solid state transformer (SST). Hence, it is imperative to develop small-signal models for the SST system, evaluate its stability margins and develop control based solutions for unstable operating conditions to ensure reliable operation. In this respect, the present work elucidates a system level control strategy for a multi-cell AC-DC SST that can be used to interface with a medium voltage (MV) grid. An active damping control strategy based on classical feedback theory is proposed to improve the stability margins of the individual DC link voltages within the multi-cell SST. This is achieved by emulating a virtual resistance at the individual DC links by employing an active damping control strategy. Such a control strategy presents several attractive benefits such as simple control implementation and does not require additional current or voltage sensors. It is demonstrated through extensive circuit simulations that a single active damping controller can stabilize all the individual DC link voltages within the multi-cell SST leading to excellent performance of the SST system.
An induced pluripotent stem cell line (SDQLCHi033-A) derived from a patient with maple syrup urine disease type Ib carrying a homozygous mutation in BCKDHB gene

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) type Ib is a subclass of MSUD (248600) which is an inborn error of metabolism caused by defects in the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from an 11-day-old girl diagnosed with maple syrup urine disease type Ib and carrying a novel homozygous mutation of c.1097C>A (p.P366Q) in BCKDHB gene. This cell line demonstrates a normal karyotype and maintains a pluripotent state, displaying the capability to differentiate into the three germ layer lineages and the absence of exogenous pluripotency vector expression.
Igniting the Passion: Practical Ways to Engage and Inspire our Students to Learn through the School Library!

The school library is a place where students collaborate, inquire, learn and grow. This presentation will focus on four important areas that should to be addressed if students are to be engaged and inspired to learn through the school library. Creating the right environment Providing a local, state, national and international focus Immersing students in a variety of text Embedding literacy and inquiry into everyday life Practical suggestions will be provided and participants will gather a range of helpful ideas they can take back to their own school libraries to engage and inspire their students and share with colleagues.
P6 The Seed to Supper Online Program and Its Effect on Motivation to Consume Fruit and Vegetables Among Beginning Gardeners in New Mexico

Objective To assess whether Seed to Supper Online, an online, self-paced, beginning vegetable gardening program designed for adults gardening on a budget, impacts participants’ motivation to consume more fruits and vegetables. Use of Theory or Research The Social Cognitive Theory guides the Seed to Supper Online program. Additionally, Seed to Supper Online was developed following the Quality Matters Standards. Target Audience Thirty-three adults who participated in Seed to Supper Online, a self-paced online course offered statewide in New Mexico. Program Description Using the Canvas course management system, Seed to Supper, traditionally a face-to-face program, was adapted and converted to an online self-paced program. The course consists of 7 modules that include lecture videos, hands on activities, quizzes, and self-reflection. Participants can optionally join a private Facebook group and bi-monthly live virtual Q&A sessions. Topics covered include planning, soil, planting, garden care, and harvesting. Evaluation Methods Participants completed an electronic pre and post intervention survey. The surveys collected information on participants’ gardening experience, learning goals, and motivations regarding fruit and vegetable consumption. Results The survey showed positive results, with 90% of participants reporting they had more motivation to eat more fruits and vegetables after completing the Seed to Supper Online course. Conclusion The findings from this test suggest participating in the Seed to Supper Online course increases participants’ motivation to eat fruits and vegetables, which may lead to increased fruit and vegetable consumption among adults.
Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adult Coping Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated several existing health disparities in the U.S. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) health disparities may also be widening during the pandemic, though few studies have assessed this question. This study examined SGM young adult disparities in health-related behaviors to cope with isolation during the pandemic. Methods Respondents from a prospective cohort of Southern California young adults (N = 2,298) reported whether they engaged in various strategies (e.g., substance use, diet, exercise, relaxation) to cope with isolation during the pandemic (each: yes/no). Differences in coping were assessed across five SGM subgroups: heterosexual men and women, lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, queer (LGBQ) men and women, transgender/nonbinary (TNB) respondents. Negative binomial regressions estimated sexual/gender identity differences in the number of positive or negative behaviors endorsed, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and prepandemic health behaviors. Differences were also tested across individual coping behaviors. Results Heterosexual women (IRR = 1.11 [1.01–1.21]), LGBQ men (IRR = 1.31 [1.12–1.54]), LGBQ women (IRR = 1.33 [1.19–1.49]), and TNB respondents (IRR = 1.29 [1.03–1.61]) engaged in more negative coping behaviors than heterosexual men. LGBQ men (IRR = 1.19 [1.02–1.39]) and LGBQ women (IRR = 1.20 [1.08–1.34]) also reported more negative coping behaviors versus heterosexual women. Generally, LGBQ men reported the highest prevalence of substance use, while LGBQ women and TNB reported the highest prevalence of adverse eating behaviors and self-harm. Conclusions SGM young adults may be disproportionately, adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Tailored public health and clinical interventions are needed to decrease pandemic-related SGM health disparities.