cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-scale integration of cortical information processing

Abstract An important problem in cognitive neuroscience is how information processing in widely distributed cortical areas is integrated to produce coherent perceptual and behavioral function. This question of large-scale integration of cortical information processing is considered in light of certain connectional properties of cortical neuroanatomical organization. Computational principles are proposed that may allow the cortex to provide flexible adaptation to changing circumstances during goal-directed behavior. Evidence is also discussed that temporal synchrony of neuronal ensemble activity serves as the physiological basis for large-scale cortical functional integration.
Design and Implementation of Network Transfer Protocol for Big Genomic Data

Genomic data is growing exponentially due to next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) and their ability to produce massive amounts of data in a short time. NGS technologies generate big genomic data that needs to be exchanged between different locations efficiently and reliably. The current network transfer protocols rely on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Data gram Protocol (UDP) protocols, ignoring data size and type. Universal application layer protocols such as HTTP are designed for wide variety of data types and are not particularly efficient for genomic data. Therefore, we present a new data-aware transfer protocol for genomic-data that increases network throughput and reduces latency, called Genomic Text Transfer Protocol (GTTP). In this paper, we design and implement a new network transfer protocol for big genomic DNA dataset that relies on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Modification to content-encoding of HTTP has been done that would transfer big genomic DNA datasets using machine-to-machine (M2M) and client(s)-server topologies. Our results show that our modification to HTTP reduces the transmitted data by 75% of original data and still be able to regenerate the data at the client side for bioinformatics analysis. Consequently, the transfer of data using GTTP is shown to be much faster (about 8 times faster than HTTP) when compared with regular HTTP.
Protein synthesis in endosperm cell cultures of maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract Endosperm cells of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred A636 were cultured in liquid media to characterize the process of protein accumulation and to determine how amino acid supply may affect protein synthesis. When cells were transferred to a new medium, the accumulation of alcohol-soluble proteins was preceded by the synthesis of other protein fractions. When compared with the alcohol-soluble protein extracted from mature maize endosperms, cultured cells also contained all the solubility fractions and molecular size classes. However, relative proportions of the alcohol-soluble polypeptides accumulated in cultured cells were different. Like asparagine, glutamine, proline, and alanine as well as inorganic nitrogen were effective sources of nitrogen for protein synthesis in cell cultures. When compared to asparagine treatment, glutamine alone increased mainly the accumulation of alcohol-soluble proteins. Methionine, on the other hand, not only showed an inhibitory effect on protein accumulation, but also induced hydrolysis of previously accumulated proteins especially those soluble in alcohol.
Experimental study of natural convection in a partially porous enclosure

This paper presents the experimental results for steady-state natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular enclosure. The enclosure was divided vertically with an impermeable partition into a fluid-saturated porous region and a fluid-filled region. The horizontal boundaries of the enclosure were adiabatic and the vertical boundaries were isothermal. Experimental runs were carried out for different porous materials, Rayleigh numbers, and thicknesses of the porous region. The results verified an earlier prediction that the heat transfer could be minimized by partially filling the enclosure with a porous material rather than filling it entirely. A correlation has been developed expressing the Nusselt number in terms of the relevant governing parameters.
Vaginal bleeding in an infant secondary to sliding inguinal hernia

Background : Vaginal bleeding in infancy is rare and, to our knowledge, has not been reported in association with an inguinal hernia. Case : A premature infant with a known reducible inguinal hernia developed vaginal bleeding at 8 months. Work-up revealed no coagulopathy and no endocrine abnormality. Physical examination and ultrasound found no anatomic lesion responsible for her bleeding. At surgery, she was found to have an indirect hernia in which the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary were sliding components. Her vaginal bleeding ceased after herniorrhaphy. Conclusion : Vaginal bleeding in a child with an inguinal hernia may occur when the uterus is a sliding component of the hernia.
Mixed-state quasiparticle spectrum for d-wave superconductors.

Controversy concerning the pairing symmetry of high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} materials has motivated an interest in those measurable properties of superconductors for which qualitative differences exist between the {ital s}-wave and {ital d}-wave cases. We report on a comparison between the microscopic electronic properties of {ital d}-wave and {ital s}-wave superconductors in the mixed state. Our study is based on self-consistent numerical solutions of the mean-field Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations for phenomenological BCS models which have {ital s}-wave and {ital d}-wave condensates in the absence of a magnetic field. We discuss differences between the {ital s}-wave and the {ital d}-wave local density of states, both near and away from vortex cores. Experimental implications for both scanning-tunneling-microscopy measurements and specific-heat measurements are discussed.
Resecting the epileptogenic tuber: what happens in the long term?

Summary Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, neurocutaneous disorder causing benign noninvasive lesions in multiple organ systems. Cognitive delays and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism are common. Epilepsy is very common and is associated with single or multiple epileptogenic cortical tubers. More than half of these individuals will become medically refractory over time. For these patients, epilepsy surgery with resection of the epileptogenic tuber or tubers not only can render a select patient population seizure-free, but also improves IQ and cognitive behaviors over time.
Preparation of enzymatically cleaned leaf epidermal strips of Nicotiana glauca

Abstract A technique for enzymatically cleaning leaf epidermal strips of Nicotiana glauca so that guard cells remain the only intact and viable cells is described. The method relies on differential sensitivities of epidermal, mesophyll, and guard cell walls to digestion with a mixture of Cellulysin and hemicellulase. Guard cells isolated by this procedure remain joined at their ends as duplexes, retain continuous cell walls, and are free of epidermal and mesophyll cell wall fragments and cytoplasmic debris. Yields range from 90–95% of original cells. All recovered cells concentrate neutral red and exclude trypan blue. In addition, duplexes isolated from either adaxial or abaxial surfaces show significant increases in width and aperture over dark controls when illuminated in solutions containing 30 mM KCl. Yields approach those necessary for standard methods of biochemical analysis. A brief comparison with existing techniques for guard cell isolation is included.
Mechanical factors favoring release from fouling release coatings.

For some twenty years the marine coatings industry has been intrigued by polymer surfaces with low adhesion to other materials, especially to the biological glues used by marine organisms. Polymers with fouling release surfaces have been made from sundry materials, and their resistance to marine fouling in both static and dynamic tests has been evaluated in the world's oceans. Although the polymer surface property most frequently correlated with bioadhesion is its critical surface tension (γ?), resistance to fouling is also influenced by other bulk and surface properties of the polymer. This paper reviews the types of bonding associated with polymeric materials used in fouling resistant coatings, describes the removal process in terms of fracture mechanics, and discusses the importance of surface energy, elastic modulus and coating thickness in the release of biofoulants.
Controlled microfluidic reconstitution of functional protein from an anhydrous storage depot.

A novel method has been developed for preserving molecules in microfluidic devices that also enables the control of the spatial and temporal concentrations of the reconstituted molecules within the devices. In this method, a storage cavity, embedded in a microchannel, is filled with a carbohydrate matrix containing, for example, a reagent. When the matrix is exposed to flowing liquid, it dissolves, resulting in the controlled reconstitution and release of the reagent from the cavity. The technique was demonstrated using two different model systems; the successful preservation and controlled release of β-galactosidase was achieved. This method has possible applications for simple point-of-care drug delivery and immunoassays, and could be used to pattern the surfaces of microchannels. More broadly, this preservation and controlled release technique can be applied where the preservation and/or spatial and temporal control of chemical concentrations are desired.
Racist Hysteria to Pragmatic Rapprochement? The German Debate about Rhenish ‘Occupation Children’, 1920–30

This essay revisits 1920s German debates over the illegitimate children of the Rhineland occupation to examine hitherto neglected fluctuations in the relationship between nationalism and racism in Weimar Germany. During the early 1920s, nationalist anxieties focused on the alleged racial ‘threats’ emanating from the mixed-race children of colonial French soldiers. After 1927, plans for the forced sterilisation and deportation of the mixed-race children were dropped; simultaneously, officials began to support German mothers’ paternity suits against French soldiers. This hitherto neglected shift in German attitudes towards the ‘Rhineland bastards’ sheds new light on the role of debates over gender and the family in the process of Franco–German rapprochement. It also enhances our understanding of the contradictory political potentials of popularised foreign policy discourses about women's and children's victimisation emerging from World War I.
Consumer Radio Goes LSI

Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOS-FETs) have been successfully combined to produce a monolithic integrated circuit developed specifically for a consumer product. The product, an AM/FM: Digital Clock radio (Figs. 1 and 2) utilizes a silicon chip (Fig. 3) approximately 1/8 inch square to operate the totally electronic timer portion of the product. This paper will discuss only the electronic timer portion of the clock radio.
Rapid optimization and minimal complexity in computational neural network multivariate calibration of chlorinated hydrocarbons using Raman spectroscopy

Improvements in the computational neural network modeling process are described with the goals of enhancing the optimization process and reducing NN model complexity. Improvements to the optimization process not only speed computation, but also can enhance the quality of the result. Complex NN models require more intensive optimization procedures and are considerably more difficult to interpret. Performance of these new algorithms is demonstrated by results from training neural networks to quantitate composition of mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons based on their Raman spectra.
Appraisal distortions and intimate partner violence: gender, power, and interaction.

In relationships characterized by control, abuse, or violence, many appraisal distortions occur including denial and minimization. However, the nature of the distortion varies depending on the individual's role in the relationship (i.e., abuser or victim). Reducing these distortions is an important component in treatment success and involves accepting responsibility for actions and attributions. This study used constructivist grounded theory methods to explore the following questions: (1) What are the types of distortions that are used by individuals who have been in violent or abusive relationships? (2) What are the gender and power differences in the appraisal distortions used? (3) What are the functions and interactions of the distortions in the relationship dynamics? Qualitative analysis of interviews with 29 individuals who had been in abusive relationships found that there were several types of distortions used by participants, but there were differences in the function of the distortion, depending on the individual's role in the abuse. These generally corresponded to power and gender, where the male as perpetrator used different distortions (or used similar distortions for different reasons) than did the female as victim. Suggestions for research as well as treatment implications for both offenders and survivors of abuse are given. Language: en
Synthesis and evaluation of polythiocyanogen (SCN)x as a rechargeable lithium-ion battery electrode material

Abstract Polythiocyanogen, (SCN)x, is a promising lithium-ion battery electrode material due to its high theoretical capacity (462 mAh g−1), safe operation, inexpensive raw materials, and a simple and less energy-intensive manufacturing process. The (SCN)x was prepared from the solution of trithiocyanate (SCN)3− in methylene dichloride (MDC), which was prepared by electrochemical oxidation of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) in a two-phase electrolysis medium of 1.0 M NH4SCN in 0.50 M H2SO4 + MDC. The (SCN)3− underwent auto catalytic polymerization to (SCN)x during MDC removal. Battery electrodes with (SCN)x as the active material were prepared, and tested in Swagelok cells using lithium foil as the counter and reference electrode. The cells delivered capacities in the range of 200–275 mAh g−1 at the discharge–charge rate of 0.2 C. The cells were tested up to 20 cycles and showed repeatable performance with a coulombic efficiency of 97% at the 20th cycle. The results presented here indicate that (SCN)x is a promising lithium-ion battery electrode-material candidate for further studies.
Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Neuronal Vulnerability in Parkinson's Disease

The most distinguishing feature of neurons is their capacity for regenerative electrical activity. This activity imposes a significant mitochondrial burden, especially in neurons that are autonomously active, have broad action potentials, and exhibit prominent Ca2+ entry. Many of the genetic mutations and toxins associated with Parkinson's disease compromise mitochondrial function, providing a mechanistic explanation for the pattern of neuronal pathology in this disease. Because much of the neuronal mitochondrial burden can be traced to L-type voltage-dependent channels (channels for which there are brain-penetrant antagonists approved for human use), a neuroprotective strategy to reduce this burden is available.
Effects of body and hindlimb temperature on laser Doppler blood flow and vascular conductance in rat sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle.

Abstract The role of body and hindlimb temperature in the control of blood flow in nerve and muscle was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Following surgical exposure of nerve, initial measurements were taken for 5 min at hindlimb temperatures of 30–31°C. A second set of identical measurements was then made either with or without warming to 37°C. Without warming, nerve laser Doppler flow (NLDF) increased by 14.5±3.2% (mean±SEM) but, with warming, decreased by 40.9±8.2%. In contrast, adduccamerontor magnus muscle laser Doppler flow (MLDF) decreased without warming (14.7±1.0%) and increased with warming (20.4±12.8%). Because blood pressure was not significantly altered by changes in hindlimb temperature, the patterns of changes in vascular conductance (laser Doppler flow/blood pressure) were not significantly different from that seen with NLDF and MLDF. Thus, warming to physiological temperatures was associated with decreased NLDF and vascular conductance and increased MLDF and vascular conductance. These data may have implications for the interpretation of nerve blood flow data obtained at different hindlimb temperatures.
Inhibition of cell transformation by sulindac sulfide is confined to specific oncogenic pathways

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). They are also known to induce the regression of colorectal adenomas, which are precursors to CRC. Despite these evidences, the exact mechanism by which NSAIDs exerts its anti-oncogenic effect is not completely understood. Using a focus formation assay, here we show that sulindac sulfide, a NSAID, specifically inhibits cell transformation mediated by oncogenic Ha-Ras, but not by other established oncogene products such as v-Src, G α 12, and G α 13. Our results suggest that the ability of sulindac sulfide to suppress transformation is confined to specific oncogenic pathways. Further studies of the sulindac-resistant oncogenic pathways may lead to identification of novel therapeutic agents that are effective in the prevention or treatment of CRC.
Marx's theory of metabolic rift : Classical foundations for environmental sociology

This article addresses a paradox: on the one hand, environmental sociology, as currently developed, is closely associated with the thesis that the classical sociological tradition is devoid of systematic insights into environmental problems; on the other hand, evidence of crucial classical contributions in this area, particularly in Marx, but also in Weber, Durkheim, and others, is too abundant to be convincingly denied. The nature of this paradox, its origins, and the means of transcending it are illustrated primarily through an analysis of Marx's theory of metabolic rift, which, it is contended, offers important classical foundations for environmental sociology.
The response dynamics of preferential choice.

Abstract The ubiquity of psychological process models requires an increased degree of sophistication in the methods and metrics that we use to evaluate them. We contribute to this venture by capitalizing on recent work in cognitive science analyzing response dynamics, which shows that the bearing information processing dynamics have on intended action is also revealed in the motor system. This decidedly “embodied” view suggests that researchers are missing out on potential dependent variables with which to evaluate their models—those associated with the motor response that produces a choice. The current work develops a method for collecting and analyzing such data in the domain of decision making. We first validate this method using widely normed stimuli from the International Affective Picture System (Experiment 1), and demonstrate that curvature in response trajectories provides a metric of the competition between choice options. We next extend the method to risky decision making (Experiment 2) and develop predictions for three popular classes of process model. The data provided by response dynamics demonstrate that choices contrary to the maxim of risk seeking in losses and risk aversion in gains may be the product of at least one “online” preference reversal, and can thus begin to discriminate amongst the candidate models. Finally, we incorporate attentional data collected via eye-tracking (Experiment 3) to develop a formal computational model of joint information sampling and preference accumulation. In sum, we validate response dynamics for use in preferential choice tasks and demonstrate the unique conclusions afforded by response dynamics over and above traditional methods.
Nuclear microbeam studies of silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs)

Abstract SiGe HBTs are very attractive devices to be used in space communication applications. This technology combines the high speed of the III–V semiconductors with the well-established and easy manufacturing processes of silicon, which allows the manufacturing of RF, analog, and digital devices on the same wafer. In addition, SiGe HBTs were found to be extremely radiation hard in the context of total ionizing dose and displacement damage. However, it was shown through experiments and simulations that these devices are vulnerable to single event effects (SEEs). SEEs are changes in the normal operation of the device (its logical state, currents, transients, etc.) due to the induced currents in the electrodes by the movement of carriers created by the incident ions. We used four electrode (base, emitter, collector, and substrate) IBIC measurements at the Sandia Heavy Ion Nuclear Microprobe Facility. SiGe HBTs are usually designed using deep trench isolation (DTI) to minimize parasitic capacitances from the subcollector to the substrate (faster speed), as well as allow devices to be fabricated much closer together. It is an added bonus that the DTI does not let carriers from outside hits to diffuse into the junction and induce current. Our experiments and TCAD simulations showed that while the above goal was accomplished by this design, it increased the amount of induced charge for ion hits in the active area. Single event transients (SETs) were investigated in both standard and radiation hardened by design (RHBD) bandgap voltage reference (BGR) circuits.
The development of a species difference in the local distribution of brain estrogen receptive cells

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) are crucial for estrogen-dependent brain differentiation and for estrogen-dependent neural functions of vertebrates. ER are expressed in a area-specific pattern in the vertebrate brain. The mechanisms that lead to the area-specific expression of ER are unknown. Here we use a species difference in the ER distribution between quail and chick and isochronic and isotopic quail to chick transplants to investigate mechanisms underlying the development of area-specific expression of ER. The entire neural tube rostral to the 6th somite ( n = 2) or rostral to the otic capsules ( n = 4) were transplanted at the second day of incubation (E2). In immunocytochemical stainings with the ER antibody H222Spγ, there is a defined cluster of intensely immunostained cells in the ventrolateral preoptic area of adult quails (the QERN). At the time of grafting, the entire brain primordium lacks ER. The QERN expresses ER as early as E13. The homologous area of the chicken brain does not differentiate cells that contain ER at any stage after ER are first detectable in the chicken brain at E11. In contrast, quail-chick chimeras develop the QERN phenotype in the ventrolateral preoptic area similar to quails. This implies that some signal which commits cells to the QERN phenotype (ER expression) is present in the quail brain primordium rostral to the otic capsules by embryonic day 2, and that this signal is unaffected by subsequent exposure to the global chick environment.
Morphosyntax of Fear and Distance

Current research on the reflection of bodily states in language has opened the door to an investigation of the role that morphosyntax plays. In the case of emotions, these states have often been found in the lexicon and in metaphors, but morphology and syntax remain relatively unexplored. This study examines one emotion, fear, and the reflection of physical behavior in the morphosyntax of Indo-European languages. As fear invokes avoidance behavior, the language itself should indicate this desired spatial distance. Through discussions of case, mood/modality, and negation, this analysis illustrates avoidance behavior in morphosyntax through the linguistic conceptualization of distance.
Looking forward, looking back: Humans, anthropogenic change, and the Anthropocene

Abstract As acceptance of the Anthropocene grows among scientists and the public, decisions must be made on whether and how to define this geologic epoch. Designating a starting point for the Anthropocene may be less important than understanding the cultural processes that contributed to human domination of Earth's natural systems. Just as climate changes and their consequences often occur over centuries, millennia, or more, archaeological records show that humans have been active agents of environmental change for thousands of years. Their effects, often dramatic and cumulative, have grown from local, to regional, and now global phenomena. We discuss five options for defining the Anthropocene, most of which recognize a deeper history of widespread and measurable effects of human activities on the Earth's surficial biological and physical systems. A primary goal of debating and defining the Anthropocene should be to educate the public about the effects humans have had on natural systems for millennia, the compounding nature of such impacts, and the pressing need to reverse current trends.
Estimation-based profiling for code placement optimization in sensor network programs

In this work, we focus on applying profiling guided code placement to programs running on resource-constrained sensor motes. Specifically, we model the execution of sensor network programs under nondeterministic inputs as discrete-time Markov processes, and propose a novel approach named Code Tomography to estimate parameters of the Markov models that reflect sensor network programs’ dynamic execution behavior by only using end-to-end timing information measured at start and end points of each procedure. The parameters estimated by Code Tomography are fed back to compilers to optimize the code placement so that branch misprediction rate can be reduced.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein Inhibits Nuclear Import in Mammalian but Not in Mosquito Cells

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) represents a continuous public health threat in the United States. It has the ability to cause fatal disease in humans and in horses and other domestic animals. We recently demonstrated that replicating VEEV interferes with cellular transcription and uses this phenomenon as a means of downregulating a cellular antiviral response. VEEV capsid protein was found to play a critical role in this process, and its ∼35-amino-acid-long peptide, fused with green fluorescent protein, functioned as efficiently as did the entire capsid. We detected a significant fraction of VEEV capsid associated with nuclear envelope, which suggested that this protein might regulate nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In this study, we demonstrate that VEEV capsid and its N-terminal sequence efficiently inhibit multiple receptor-mediated nuclear import pathways but have no effect on the passive diffusion of small proteins. The capsid protein of the Old World alphavirus Sindbis virus and the VEEV capsid, with a previously defined frameshift mutation, were found to have no detectable effect on nuclear import. Importantly, the VEEV capsid did not noticeably interfere with nuclear import in mosquito cells, and this might play a critical role in the ability of the virus to develop a persistent, life-long infection in mosquito vectors. These findings demonstrate a new aspect of VEEV-host cell interactions, and the results of this study are likely applicable to other New World alphaviruses, such as eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses.
Effect of perception, formulation and production during a quasi-conversational task: An EEG alpha asymmetry investigation of male stutterers and male and female non-stutterers

Abstract The EEG alpha asymmetry technique was used to gather data during the perception, formulation and production phases of a quasi-conversational speech task which controlled imagery value of verbal stimuli presented during the perceptual phase. Data were gathered from both anterior and posterior speech/language areas in adult male stutterers and male and female nonstutterers. Control subjects showed significantly more posterior left hemispheric alpha suppression for all conditions of the quasi-conversational speech task. Female subjects were found to have greater anterior right hemispheric alpha suppression, a finding not found for either of the two male groups. Stutterers demonstrated no significant hemispheric activation differences between the right and left hemispheres. These findings are discussed with respect to prior findings about the distinctive nature of hemispheric processing of meaningful information for the three subject groups and the need to consider stimulus, task and subject variables in the interpretation of hemispheric processing research.
The Development of Plant Roots: New Approaches to Underground Problems

The roots of terrestriaf plants are involved in the acquisition of water and nutrients, anchorage of the plant, synthesis of plant hormones, and storage functions. The development of a root system involves strategies that are common to the development of all plant organs, as well as certain aspects that are unique to roots. Despite the importance of roots and some unusual developmental characteristics, the study of root morphogenesis has not received as much attention as the development of aerial plant organs. This has been particularly true for studies at the molecular and genetic levels. This review is designed to highlight some of the interesting aspects of root development and to describe recent molecular genetic approaches that are likely to advance our understanding of root development.
Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with alternate-day steroids

Abstract The effects of specific doses of alternate-day treatment with prednisone on linear growth were evaluated in children with severe asthma. It was found that even the control patients who did not receive steroid therapy had heights that were significantly lower than those of normal children of the same age and sex. The average severity of growth suppression in children who received alternate-day or intermittent treatment with steroids did not differ from that of asthmatic control patients. However, evaluation of individual patterns of growth during the follow-up period revealed that children who received small doses of alternate-day treatment (mean dose of prednisone, 9 mg. q.o.d.; range, 2.5 to 14 mg.) had acceleration of growth, whereas children who received larger treatment doses (mean dose of prednisone, 30 mg. q.o.d.; range, 18 to 58 mg.) had further suppression of growth during the period of study. Additionally, patients who had previously been treated with daily corticosteroids failed to demonstrate "catch-up" growth after introduction of an alternate-day program (mean dose of prednisone, 17 mg. q.o.d.).
Acoustic enhancement of electrically-evoked otoacoustic emissions reflects basilar membrane tuning: experiment results.

Abstract Acoustic enhancement of the electrically-evoked otoacoustic emissions (EEOEs) was investigated by systematically varying acoustic frequency and intensity. The results demonstrated that simultaneous acoustic stimulation at frequencies around the characteristic frequency of the electrical current injection place was most effective in enhancing low-frequency EEOEs. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the enhancement was tuned and graded. The enhancement threshold tuning curves (defined as sound pressure level needed to achieve l dB of enhancement) resembled basilar membrane tuning at high sound pressure levels. The data suggest that the emissions were generated from a cochlear region near the electrode place, and the magnitude of the enhancement depends on the magnitude of the basilar membrane response to the acoustic stimulus.
Electron-hole symmetries in conducting polymers

Abstract New experimental results from both infrared (IR) absorption of n-type and p-type doped poly(paraphenylene-vinylene) (PPV) and photoinduced IR absorption in undoped PPV are reported. We find the effective Coulomb correlation energy associated with the negatively charged bipolarons is ≈0.4 eV greater than for positively charged ones. This difference implies that the electron-hole symmetry may be intrinsically broken within non-degenerate ground state conjugated polymer hosts and, if so, goes against the common notion of symmetry as stated in currently existing theoretical models.
Durable and Regenerable Biocidal Polymers: Acyclic N-Halamine Cotton Cellulose

As a continued study on halamine biocidal materials, acyclic halamine cotton cellulose was prepared by graft reaction of amide monomers onto cellulose and subsequent chlorination of the grafted materials. Two acyclic vinyl amide monomers, acrylamide (AM) and methacrylamide (MAA), were employed in the reaction successfully. The grafting reaction was implemented by a free radical polymerization process. Several radical initiators were able to abstract hydrogen atoms on the polymers and generate macromolecular radicals to react with the monomers. Similar to cyclic halamines, the resulted acyclic ones were able to provide durable and rechargeable biocidal functions. However, acyclic halamine structures are more vulnerable to hydrolysis compared to the cyclic halamines.
Catalytic Conversion of Furan to Gasoline-Range Aliphatic Hydrocarbons via Ring Opening and Decarbonylation Reactions Catalyzed by Pt/γ-Al2O3

Conversion of furan in the presence of H2 catalyzed by Pt/γ-Al2O3 at 573 K and 1.4 bar leads to the formation of alkanes and alkenes, some in the gasoline-range, including C7 hydrocarbons, butenes, propene, and propane.
Air pollutionand asthma: molecular mechanisms

Air pollution, in particular that generated by road traffic, is a matter of rising public concern and has been implicated in the worsening of asthma. In this article, the evidence that air pollutants (particularly sulphur dioxide, ozone and nitrogen dioxide) can affect the airways of asthmatic patients is reviewed, and the possible molecular mechanisms that may link air pollution to increased inflammation in the airways are discussed. Airway epithelial cells may respond to oxidant pollutants by the activation of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B, resulting in increased transcription of genes for certain cytokines, such as interleukin 8 and inflammatory enzymes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase.
Thoracocentesis of Loculated Pleural Effusions Using Grey Scale Ultrasonic Guidance

Six patients with either malignant pleural effusion or empyema, in whom multiple conventional attempts at thoracocentesis were unsuccessful, were evaluated by ultrasound. In each case, a subsequent thoracocentesis guided by ultrasound produced sufficient fluid to enable a diagnosis to be established. In no case was pneumothorax produced.
Engaging indigenous participation: toward a more diverse profession

Abstract This paper looks at the reasons why there are few indigenous people training to be conservators. Barriers that prevent indigenous students enrolling in academic programs include financial and societal pressures. Places in conservation programs are few and prerequisites to enter are strict. Less formal methods of training in conservation include workshops and internships. However, both have limitations. Workshops allow museums to engage with communities but in some instances may be detrimental to collections. Internships introduce those new to conservation to the profession, but examples of indigenous interns continuing in the profession are rare. Indigenous professionals who succeed may face challenges such as added responsibilities and possible resentment from colleagues. Initiatives that have been successful in increasing indigenous participation are discussed. These initiatives tend to be well funded and at a national level demonstrating that it is the role of the profession to engage indigeno...
Completion, reduction and analysis: three proof-theoretic processes in aristotle’s prior analytics

Three distinctly different interpretations of Aristotle’s notion of a sullogismos in Prior Analytics can be traced: (1) a valid or invalid premise-conclusion argument (2) a single, logically true conditional proposition and (3) a cogent argumentation or deduction. Remarkably the three interpretations hold similar notions about the logical relationships among the sullogismoi. This is most apparent in their conflating three processes that Aristotle especially distinguishes: completion (A4-6)reduction(A7) and analysis (A45). Interpretive problems result from not sufficiently recognizing Aristotle’s remarkable degree of metalogical sophistication to distinguish logical syntax from semantics and, thus, also from not grasping him to refine the deduction system of his underlying logic. While it is obvious that Aristotle most often uses ‘sullogimos’ to denote a valid argument of a certain kind, we show that at Prior Analytics A4-6, 7, 45 Aristotle specifically treats a sullogismos as an elemental argument pattern...
Genetic analysis of a meiotic mutant resulting in precocious sister-centromere separation in Drosophila melanogaster.

It is shown that mei-S332, a semidominant mutant in Drosophila melanogaster, has the following properties: 1) It maps at about position 95 on the right arm of chromosome 2. 2) Its primary result is the precocious division of sister centromeres, which leads to nondisjunction, mostly equational, and loss for all chromosomes in both sexes. 3) Chromosome pairs behave approximately independently. 4) Gamete types for each chromosome appeared in the approximate ratios of 0.20 nullo-gametes: 0.12 diplo-gametes: 0.68 regular gametes for experiments reported here. 5) Exchange is correlated with a lower probability of reductional nondisjunction, but is independent of the probability of equational nondisjunction. 6) Since the phenotype of mei-S332 is similar in the two sexes, at least part of the meiotic events and their control for the second division and perhaps also the first division is the same in the two sexes. 7) Mosaics, resulting from mitotic chromosome loss appear among progeny of mei-S332 parents.
Application of likelihood ratio methods to failure detection and identification in the NASA F-8 DFBW aircraft

A system for on-line detection and identification of aircraft sensor and effector failures is developed. The heart of the system is a state estimator which provides accurate, real time estimates of the aircraft states. These estimates are used both to provide failure analysis and as inputs to the flight control system. Because the sensors measure functions of the aircraft state, the state estimator also provides running estimates of what it believes each sensor output ought to be, based upon the previous history of sensor outputs and commanded control inputs. Because of the relatively large number of sensors, of various types, that are available; there is an abundance of observability. Thus, failure of a single sensor will not greatly degrade the state estimates and in the event of a sensor failure the output of the failed sensor will diverge from the estimated value. The divergence is monitored and decision logic, based upon likelihood ratio tests, is employed for sensor failure detection and identification (FDI). The likelihood ratio methods provide a systematic, quantitative means for design of the decision logic. This FDI technique is in direct contrast to techniques which employ voting among like sensors and therefore require three sensors of every type in order to identify the single failure of any one of them. The present technique, employing likelihood ratio methods, requires fewer sensors because of its utilization of the redundant information available from sensors of different types which are coupled through the dynamics of the aircraft.
Polydispersity effects on diffusion in polymers: Concentration profiles of d‐polystyrene measured by forward recoil spectrometry

Forward recoil spectrometry is shown to be a useful technique for measuring diffusion of d-polymer chains in h-polymer melts. Concentration profiles of a deuterated diffusing species may be determined with a depth resolution of 80 nm and a sensitivity of 0.1 vol % d-polymer in h-polymer. Consequently diffusion coefficients as small as 10−16 cm2/s can be readily measured. If polymer chains diffuse by a reptation mechanism, the concentration profile o(x) of diffusing polydisperse polymer should be quite different from om(x), the Fickian solution, which one obtains for monodisperse polymer. This idea was tested by measuring o(x) of polydisperse d-polystyrene (d-PS) diffusing into h-PS. The results are in excellent agreement with the o(x) predicted from the reptation model and the experimentally determined molecular weight distribution.
The Big Bush machine

Abstract In this paper we study an example-machine Bush ( S , T ) where S and T are disjoint dense subsets of R . We find some topological properties that Bush ( S , T ) always has, others that it never has, and still others that Bush ( S , T ) might or might not have, depending upon the choice of the disjoint dense sets S and T . For example, we show that every Bush ( S , T ) has a point-countable base, is hereditarily paracompact, is a non-Archimedean space, is monotonically ultra-paracompact, is almost base-compact, weakly α -favorable and a Baire space, and is an α -space in the sense of Hodel. We show that Bush ( S , T ) never has a σ -relatively discrete dense subset (and therefore cannot have a dense metrizable subspace), is never Lindelof, and never has a σ -disjoint base, a σ -point-finite base, a quasi-development, a G δ -diagonal, or a base of countable order. We show that Bush ( S , T ) cannot be a β -space in the sense of Hodel and cannot be a p -space in the sense of Arhangelskii or a Σ -space in the sense of Nagami. We show that Bush ( P , Q ) is not homeomorphic to Bush ( Q , P ) . Finally, we show that a careful choice of the sets S and T can determine whether the space Bush ( S , T ) has strong completeness properties such as countable regular co-compactness, countable base compactness, countable subcompactness, and ω -Cech-completeness, and we use those results to find disjoint dense subsets S and T of R , each with cardinality 2 ω , such that Bush ( S , T ) is not homeomorphic to Bush ( T , S ) . We close with a family of questions for further study.
IRON UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION BY TOMATO PLANTS AS INFLUENCED BY ROOT TEMPERATURE AND MANGANESE NUTRITION.

The uptake of iron (Fe) by VF-36 tomato plants as influenced by root temperature and manganese (Mn) nutrition was studied. Following a 1-week pretreatment period of various levels of Fe and Mn in the nutrient solution in a controlled temperature room, the uptake of (59)Fe from ferric ethylenediamine di(O-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) at 1 mumole per liter was studied for periods of 1 to 5 days.Both Fe uptake and translocation were enhanced by increases in root temperature. Varied levels of Fe in the pretreatment period led to increased levels of Fe in the plant, which subsequently depressed further accumulation of (59)Fe. The effect of increased root temperature on (59)Fe uptake and translocation was decreased by increases in the level of Fe in the pretreatment cultures. As Mn in the nutrient solution was increased, (59)Fe uptake and translocation were increased to a point and then decreased.The degree of Fe saturation of the plant appeared to be a primary factor in regulating Fe uptake and translocation in the plant. As the Fe saturation of the plant decreased, the uptake of Fe in response to metabolic processes of the plant increased, as evidenced by increased response of absorption to root temperature.
Appreciation of mathematics through origami

The purpose of this classroom note is to provide an example of how a simple origami box can be used to explore important mathematical concepts in geometry like surface area. This article describes how an origami box can be folded from a rectangular sheet of paper, then it goes on to describe how its surface area can be determined in terms of the dimensions of the rectangular sheet that was used to construct the box.
Expression of C5a receptor in mouse brain: Role in signal transduction and neurodegeneration

In this study we explored the potential role of the complement derived anaphylatoxin C5a and the expression of its receptor in mouse brain. Using in situ hybridization, we found that C5a receptor messenger RNA is expressed in mouse brain. In response to intraventricular kainic acid injection, there was marked increase in the C5a receptor messenger RNA expression, particularly in hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex. C5a ligand-binding autoradiography confirmed the functional expression and elevation of the C5a receptor post-lesioning. The expression of C5a receptor messenger RNA in brain was confirmed by northern blot hybridization of total RNA from neuronal and glial cells in vitro. Based on these findings we explored the role of C5a in mechanisms of signal transduction in brain cells. Treatment of primary cultures of mouse astrocytes with human recombinant C5a resulted in the activation of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. This response appeared to be mediated by the C5a receptor since astrocyte cultures derived from C5a receptor knockout mice were not responsive to the treatment. Understanding the regulation of C5a receptor in brain and mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory C5a modulates specific signal transduction pathways in brain cells is crucial to studies of inflammatory mechanisms in neurodegeneration.
Modeling of TWIP Steel Tensile Behavior with Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method

We developed a plane-strain crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) numerical model to predict the tensile behavior of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with both slip and mechanical twinning as the main deformation modes. Our CPFE model may not only predict well the tensile stress versus strain (S-S) curve but also capture the variation in the volume fraction of twins with a reasonable accuracy. The nucleation of mechanical twin is obviously controlled by the stress concentration. At the same time, the growth of twin may either lead to a stress relaxation in the matrix or cause a local stress concentration around twin, which depends on the deformation condition.
A study of serum nerve growth stimulating activity in patients with neurofibromatosis utilizing a modified bioassay technique

Abstract Serum samples from normal human subjects and from patients with disseminated neurofibromatosis and solitary Schwannomas were assayed for nerve growth stimulating activity by a modification of the standard bioassay employing a drop dilution technique and utilizing polystyrene apparatus in place of glass. Activity was present in every subject studied, in contrast to previous reports, and extended to dilutions up to ten times as high. Peaks of activity occurred at higher dilutions than in the standard assay, and the dilution curves sometimes appeared multimodal. No differences were observed between patients and controls in this study.
Relative entropy and hydrodynamics of Ginzburg-Landau models

We prove the hydrodynamic limit of Ginzburg-Landau models by considering relative entropy and its rate of change with respect to local Gibbs states. This provides a new understanding of the role played by relative entropy in the hydrodynamics of interacting particle systems.
Field of an ideal irrotational fluid in general relativity

General-relativistic covariant relations are found for the pressure and density of a fluid in the gravitational fields of an ideal fluid with no rotation of the fluid particles. It is shown that the equation of state of the fluid ρ=ρ(P) imposes specific restrictions on the metric. The result is used to analyze known solutions of spherically symmetric fields of an ideal fluid [2, 3]. It is shown that these solutions are physically unrealistic.
Determination of self-broadening coefficients of CO, using CO sub 2 laser radiation at 10.6 mu.

Carbon dioxide spectral line broadening and self broadening coefficients, using carbon dioxide laser radiant energy