cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction Thermocoagulation of the Brain-Quantitation of Absorbed Power

Power deposition at the implant and elsewhere inside a head model during inductive thermocoagulation procedures has been studied. A quasistatic approximation is employed to estimate the absorbed power. The model consists of a small solid metallic cylinder implanted inside a homogeneous brain sphere. Results indicate that absorption by the brain is a strong function of location. The implant power absorption is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the rest of the head. The predicted magnetic field squared dependence of the implant power deposition agrees well with reported experimental observations.
CD47: a new player in phagocytosis and xenograft rejection

Organ transplantation is limited by the availability of human donor organs. The transplantation of organs and tissues from other species (xenotransplantation) would supply an unlimited number of organs and offer many other advantages for which the pig has been identified as the most suitable source. However, the robust immune responses to xenografts remain a major obstacle to clinical application of xenotransplantation. The more vigorous xenograft rejection relative to allograft rejection is largely accounted for by the extensive genetic disparities between the donor and recipient. Xenografts activate host immunity not only by expressing immunogenic xenoantigens that provide the targets for immune recognition and rejection, but also by lacking ligands for the host immune inhibitory receptors. This review is focused on recent findings regarding the role of CD47, a ligand of an immune inhibitory receptor, signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), in phagocytosis and xenograft rejection.
The quality detective: a case study

The idea of modern quality improvement is to improve processes and remove causes for problems rather than passively inspect. People engaged in quality improvement projects work as detectives. Scientific method plays a major role, and statistical methods and design of experiments are the tools for fact finding. Data and graphs are sparks that light up the imagination of the investigator. The ideas coming from the data are catalysts that bring out the best of engineering. An industrial case study is presented that illustrates the quality detective idea. I show how engineering and statistics played dual roles in an iterative learning process. Design of experiments, statistical methods of analysis and engineering were used to remove causes for excessive variation. Practical constraints, time pressure, psychology and relations with management and other team members had an important impact on the experimental strategy. This example illustrates the tremendous economic gains industry can make by using designed experiments.
NONSHARED ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT INVOLVEMENT AND ADULT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Findings gleaned from behavioral genetic research have revealed that nonshared environments are particularly important sources of behavioral variation. Surprisingly little criminological research has examined directly the effects of the nonshared environment on adolescent delinquent involvement and adult criminal behavior. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by calculating difference scores in a sample of 289 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs to examine the effects of the nonshared familial environment on delinquent involvement, adult criminal behavior, levels of self-control, and contact with antisocial peers. Analysis of MZ twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that one nonshared family environment—maternal disengagement—was associated with delinquent involvement and the development of self-control. The remaining nonshared familial environments, however, were not associated with antisocial outcomes. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Teaching Web development with limited resources

Computer Science programs are faced with demand from both students and employers for courses in hot topics such as Internet Administration, but resources such as course time and laboratory facilities are often scarce. Another trend facing our programs is the need to increase availability to non-traditional students. This paper describes a course in Internet Administration for both traditional and non-traditional students and how it addressed the issues of limited time, diverse student population, and limited laboratory facilities.
A Computational Algorithm for Real-Time Control of System Voltage and Reactive Power Part I - Problem Formulation

A new and efficient control scheme is proposed for the real-time control of system voltage and reactive power control and the conventional computational algorithms are reviewed from the point of view of on-line centralized control on a real-time basis. A simplified linear model describing the voltage and reactive power control characteristics is given which is conveniently constructed for the purpose of minimizing the transmission losses under the constraint of the voltage settling condition.
Enhancing sensitivity of semiconductor-based gas sensors on nanostructured surfaces

The metal oxide semiconductor thin film gas sensors have been successfully fabricated on a nanospiked silicon surface formed with femtosecond laser irradiations. The sensors show significant response to CO gas at room temperature. It is well-known that the C-O is polarized with positive charges on oxygen atom and negative charges on carbon atom. When the currents pass through the semiconductor sensitive layer, some electrons may accumulate on the tips of the nanospikes to maintain the same electric potential on the surface, which results in strong local electrical fields near the tips of the nanospikes. Then more CO molecules will be pulled onto the tips of the nanospikes and this will enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. A gate bias enhancement has been studied on silicon/oxide layer/semiconductor architecture with the underlying silicon substrate as the back gate. The bias voltage applied on the gate can further enhance the sensitivities of the gas sensors by alternating the electron (or hole) concentration on the surfaces of the metal oxide semiconductor thin film.
Interactive poster: A proposal for sharing user requirements for visual analytic tools

Although many in the community have advocated user-centered evaluations for visual analytic environments, a significant barrier exists. The users targeted by the visual analytics community (law enforcement personnel, professional information analysts, financial analysts, health care analysts, etc.) are often inaccessible to researchers. These analysts are extremely busy and their work environments and data are often classified or at least confidential. Furthermore, their tasks often last weeks or even months. It is simply not feasible to do such long-term observations to understand their jobs. How then can we hope to gather enough information about the diverse user populations to understand their needs? Some researchers, including the author, have been successful in getting access to specific end-users. A reasonable approach, therefore, would be to find a way to share user information. This work outlines a proposal for developing a handbook of user profiles for use by researchers, developers, and evaluators.
Pair-structure matrix of random collection of particles: Implications for light scattering

Abstract Scattering of light fields from random collections of particles of different types is considered. A new matrix called pair-structure matrix characterizing the correlations between particles of the same and of different types is introduced. This matrix reduces to the pair-structure factor of scattering collection [Opt. Lett. 34 , 1762 (2009)] in the case when the particles in the collection are all of the same type. For illustration of the importance of the new matrix the formula for the degree of coherence of a polychromatic plane wave scattered from a collection of particles of different types is derived.
The effect of exogenous nutrients on the biosynthesis of Y base in tRNAPhe from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma

Abstract In contrast to normal eukaryotic tissue, which contains a single isoaccepting species of tRNA Phe , the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma contains a spectrum of tRNA Phe species varying in their relative degree of postranscriptional modification. The occurrence of multiple species involves an incomplete biosynthesis of the Y base, a complex hypermodified nucleoside located adjacent to the 3′ end of the anticodon. Following intraperitoneal innoculation of a mixture of essential amino acids and vitamins into these mice, the majority of the tumor tRNA Phe behaved like the single liver tRNA Phe species. This suggests that under these conditions the modification of Y base was completed.
Renato Dulbecco: A Renaissance Scientist

Renato Dulbecco died on February 19, 2012, three days shy of his 98th birthday. He had a remarkable career in science that spanned over 60 years. In 1948 he published, with Salvador Luria, his first real scientific paper in Genetics on bacteriophage genetics and in 2008 published his last paper in PNAS on breast cancer tumor-initiating cells. In the intervening years, Dulbecco helped to decipher how tumor viruses integrate into genomes and transform normal cells into cancer cells and propelled biology into the genomic era with his broad thinking and prescient foresight.
Multiwavelength and triple CO2 lidars for trace gas detection

Multiwavelength and Triple CO2 Lidars for Trace Gas DetectionJoseph Leonelli, Peter L. Holland, Jan E. van der LaanSRI International, Electro- Optics Systems Laboratory333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025ABSTRACTSRI International has developed two infrared differential absorption lidar (IRDIAL) systems to detect infrared - absorbing trace gases and environmental monitoringapplications. The multiwavelength DIAL system operates at 10.6 pm and performs bothpath- integrated (column- content) and range - resolved measurements. This van -mountedsystem contains four grating -tuned Tachisto 555 -G (custom) TEA CO2 lasers, with anominal 1 J of transmitted energy at 10P(20). The lasers are typically fired with a100 As spacing to freeze the atmosphere. The IR receiver uses a 16 -in. f/2.5telescope and a liquid- nitrogen - cooled HgCdTe quadrant detector. The scanner allowspointing over a full hemisphere. The lidar data system features two DEC PDP -11/73microcomputers and a computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) dataacquisition system for real -time data collection, signal averaging, data analysis,color graphics display, and storage on magnetic tape. The multiwavelength DIALsystem has demonstrated path- integrated measurements to a range of 9 km and range -resolved measurements to 4 km. The triple CO2 DIAL system operates at 3.4 pm andutilizes three mini -TEA CO2 lasers and nonlinear crystals in a novel frequency -mixing technique to detect and discriminate selective hydrocarbons.
Multi-level damage detection with nonlinear ultrasonic methods

The nonlinear ultrasonic method of second harmonic generation is used to detect multiple levels of damage on a single specimen. There is a breadth of research in the literature that measures the second harmonic and the resulting nonlinear parameter to monitor increasing amounts of uniform damage, but for this method to be applicable as an in situ technique, it must be able to scan an area of a structure with varying amounts of damage over a region. To investigate this, an aluminum alloy sample is shot-peened to two intensity levels along its length, to produce different sections of cold work and residual stress as a function of spatial location. Previous research has shown that the residual stress and cold work introduced in a material from shot peening causes an increase in the nonlinear parameter. Rayleigh waves are generated in the sample and the first and second harmonic amplitudes are measured at increasing propagation distances that encompass an undamaged section and two sections, each with differen...
Blood leukocyte and spleen lymphocyte immune responses in chronically physically active and sedentary hamsters.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic physical activity on the immune response of spleen lymphocytes and whole blood leukocytes of hamsters. Animals were kept sedentary or allowed to exercise spontaneously on running wheels for eight weeks. Physically active animals averaged 12 kilometers per day. The immune response of spleen lymphocytes and whole blood leukocytes was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation in response to Concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. There was no treatment effect between physically active and sedentary hamsters in the response of spleen lymphocytes. The immune response of whole blood leukocytes to these mitogens was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in physically active vs. sedentary hamsters. These results demonstrate that chronic physical activity has the capacity to modulate immunoresponses.
Abstract P6-04-17: The irreversible c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, JNK-IN-8, sensitizes basal-like breast cancer cells to lapatinib

Basal-like breast cancers represent 15-20% of breast cancers diagnosed each year. These tumors appear earlier in life and have the worst prognosis due to high prevalence of metastasis. Endocrine and molecularly targeted therapies such as trastuzumab or lapatinib are ineffective against this tumor subtype. A high frequency of p53 mutations, low BRCA1 expression along with high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression provide some insight into what types of targeted therapies may be useful for basal-like tumors in the future. We have recently shown that JNK2 mediates the expression of p53 and BRCA1 in response to EGFR activation to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Further, high JNK2 expression is associated with poorer survival in patients with basal-like breast cancer. These findings suggest that the JNK pathway may be a promising target for basal-type breast cancer treatment. Commonly used competitive ATP inhibitors of JNK have suffered from lack of specificity for JNK. However, the Gray laboratory recently developed highly specific covalent inhibitors of JNK (Zhang, et al. 2012). The agent showing the best properties is JNK-IN-8. Our data show that treatment of human and mouse basal-like, breast cancer cell lines with JNK-IN-8 sensitizes them to lapatinib. Single agents had minor affects on cell viability and cell cycle regulation, but combination treatment led to G2/M arrest and endoreduplication along with synergistic apoptotic responses. Further, the expression and electrophoretic mobility of mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) (a protein mediating chromosomal segregation) decreased after combination treatment which could explain the chromosomal duplication abnormalities observed. Combination treatment using lapatinib and JNK-IN-8 modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation unlike either drug alone suggesting that both JNK and ERK target G2/M check point proteins, and when perturbed, sensitize basal-type breast cancer cells to targeted therapies. We conclude that use of specific JNK inhibitors in tumors that are resistant to lapatinib, or perhaps trastuzumab, may sensitize them to treatments with these drugs, and may also prevent resistance to these drugs in tumors that were initially responsive. Considering that JNKs are nodes in receptor tyrosine kinase and many other signaling pathways, JNK-IN-8 treatment may improve the efficacy of other targeted therapies as well. Zhang, T. et al. “Discovery of potent and selective covalent inhibitors of JNK”. Chem Biol. 2012 Jan 27;19(1):140-54. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-04-17.
D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in Alzheimer disease and aging.

Background: The apolipoprotein E4 ( APOE *4) allele is a major risk factor for the common forms of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), but does not account for all the genetic variation in late-onset AD; hence, other genetic markers must be examined. The D 2 dopamine receptor ( DRD2 ) A1 allele is associated with abnormal brain function and decreased DRD2s. These receptors are decreased in hippocampus and amygdala in AD, and allele frequencies may vary with age. Objective: To study APOE and DRD2 genotypes in patients with AD and cognitively intact controls of varying ages. Design: The DRD2 and APOE genotypes were examined in 832 unrelated white subjects, including 554 patients with AD (486 sporadic; 68 familial) and 278 controls. Logistic regressions tested Al allele effects on disease status and age, and DRD2 linkage with AD was investigated in 60 families with late-onset AD. Setting: University medical centers. Subjects: Patients (mean±SD age, 74.6±8.1 years; range, 52-98 years) had probable AD, according to standard consensus diagnostic criteria; controls (mean±SD age, 69.2±8.6 years; range, 50-93 years) were cognitively intact. Main Outcome Measures: Disease status, age, and DRD2 linkage with AD. Results: No association between the DRD2 and APOE alleles was found, and the presence of the Al allele did not increase the risk for AD. There was also no evidence of linkage between DRD2 and AD. Age analyses, including both patients and controls, indicated a decrease in Al allele frequency with age. Conclusions: The Al allele does not contribute to AD risk, alone or in combination with the APOE*4 allele. The DRD2 Al allele frequencies decrease with age in both patients and controls. Thus, studies of DRD2 disease association need to control for age.
Long-Term Immersion Testing of Alloy 22 and Titanium Grade 7 Double U-Bend Specimens

Double U-bend specimens of Alloy 22 (N06022) and Titanium Grade 7 (R52400) were exposed to a naturally aerated concentrated Basic Saturated Water (BSW) electrolyte at 105 C for over six years. Different type of discoloration of the Ti Gr 7 and Alloy 22 specimens was observed. General Corrosion was minimal and not distinguishable under a scanning electron microscope. None of the tested specimens suffered environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) or localized corrosion under the tested conditions. The specimens retained their residual stress after the long environmental exposure.
Biological “hot spots” and their effect on optimal bioeconomic marine reserve formation

Abstract Biological “hot spots” are regions within a fishery that possess a larger growth potential than the surrounding areas. This paper analyzes how these biological hot spots influence the optimal bioeconomic marine reserve formation within a fishery. The presence of biological hot spots within a fishery creates an environment within which it is optimal to establish a marine reserve that increases the productivity and therefore the value of the fishery. This result is analyzed using heterogeneity in the intrinsic growth rates and carrying capacities within a fishery. Simulation results illustrate that the optimal reserve size in the presence of biological hot spots depends not only on the productive capacity of the reserve and the surrounding fishing grounds, but also on the degree of heterogeneity between the two regions.
A bayesian approach to evaluating military investments in product improvement and testing

Two issues of frequent importance in new product development are product improvement and reliability testing. A question often faced by the developer is: Should the product be distributed in its present state, or should it be improved further and/or tested before distribution? A more useful statement of the question might be: What levels of investment in further improvement and testing are economically permissible? Products for which this question is relevant may vary widely in type and intended use. This paper presents a model for determining these levels for one such product—an equipment modification procedure. The model presented makes use of present value analysis to compare cost streams and of Bayesian statistics to relate the costs to various outcomes under conditions of uncertainty. The model is applied to an actual military problem and a method is described for examining the sensitivity of the results to changes in the prior probabilities and discount rate.
Fluid structure interaction between rods and a cross flow – Numerical approach

Abstract This paper presents a full coupled approach between fluid dynamics and structure analysis. It is conducted in order to further improve the assessment of fluid structure interaction problems, occurring in the nuclear field such as the behavior of PWR fuel rods, steam generators and other heat exchangers tubes, fast breeder fuel assemblies. The coupling is obtained by implementing a beam mechanical model in user routines of the CFD code Star-CD, and thanks to a moving grid procedure. The configurations considered are rods in a cross flow. The model is first validated on a single rod case. The lock-in effect is pointed out and both amplitude and frequency responses of the single rod are positively compared to experimental data. Secondly, the mutual influence of two rods, either in-line or parallely set, is investigated. Different behaviors, bounded by critical distances between the rods are highlighted. Finally, the stability of a 3 × 3 bundle is calculated for different impinging velocities. Stable and unstable areas are found when varying the impinging velocity. Above a limit, the vibrations amplify up to a contact between rods, this bound is found slightly greater than literature values for close configurations. It is therefore expected that further calculations, with model refinements, will bring valuable informations about bundle stability.
Local structural studies of (Ti1−xZrx)Si2 thin films on Si(111)

Abstract Ti1−xZrx (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.2) films were prepared by co-deposition onto Si(111) surfaces in UHV. After in situ thermal annealing at temperatures of ∼ 600°C, the films form C49 (Ti1−xZrx)Si2 and are stable in this phase up to at least 910°C. A quantitative X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis was performed to study the local structure of these alloy films. The structure of the C49 alloy silicide is more ordered in the perpendicular direction to the sample surface than the parallel direction. The ZrSi bond lengths are shorter compared to the ZrSi2 films.
Surface limestone application increases ammonia volatilization from goat urine in abandoned pastures

ABSTRACT Concentrated application of nitrogen (N) resulting from urine deposition by livestock can cause nitrate pollution of ground water. Use of goats (Capra hircus) at high stocking densities to clear unwanted shrubs from abandoned pasture during renovation increases the probability of multiple depositions of urine. We hypothesized that applying limestone early in the pasture restoration process would favor ammonia (NH3) volatilization. This would increase the area over which N was distributed and reduce the potential for localized nitrate pollution, although atmospheric NH3 loading would be increased. To study the effect of surface limestone application on NH3 generation, we collected 32 soil profile columns with intact vegetation from an abandoned pasture in southern WV. Urine was applied 18 weeks after surface application of 6720 kg/ha (6000 lb/ac) limestone. Columns received one, two, or three applications of 100 mL goat urine, adding a total of 9.8, 31.7, and 66.4 g/m2 N, respectively. The amount ...
Human Gingival Fibroblast Collagenase: Purification and Properties of Precursor and Active Forms

Abstract Human gingival fibroblast procollagenase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from serum-free and serum-supplemented fibroblast culture medium by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-cellulose chromatography, and gel-filtration on Bio-Gel P-150. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies suggests that the purified fibroblast proenzyme is comprised of two closely related zymogens with the estimated M r of 57,000 and 52,000. Upon densitometric scanning of the gels, the ratio of the two proenzyme forms was about 1 : 4 (57: 52 kdal). Limited proteolysis of the fibroblast procollagenase with trypsin resulted in the conversion of both proenzyme forms into active enzyme forms of M r 48,000 and 44,000, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the active enzymes and proenzyme forms revealed that the active enzymes contained fewer basic amino acids than do the proenzyme forms. The purified trypsin- activated fibroblast collagenase hydrolyzed type I collagen fibrils, cleaved tropocollagen in solution at 24 °C into TC A and TC B fragments, and cleaved the synthetic peptide substrate, DNP-peptide III, at the Gly-Ile bond. The gingival fibroblast collagenase exhibited a pH optimum of 7.5, was completely inhibited by EDTA or dithioerythritol but was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and appeared to cleave human type III collagen approximately 10-fold faster than homologous type I collagen. In addition, comparison of the biochemical properties of the precursor and active forms of human gingival fibroblast collagenase with the precursor and active forms of human skin fibroblast collagenase, previously characterized by Stricklin and coworkers ( Biochemistry 17: 2331-2337, 1978), revealed that they were similar in M r , amino acid composition, and substrate specificity. Furthermore, the human gingival and skin fibroblast procollagenases were immunologically identical.
Deglacial CO2 buildup: Constraints on the coral-reef model

Abstract The coral-reef hypothesis of degalcial CO2 buildup in the atmosphere can account for about one-half of the signal seen in ice cores, assuming additional coral-reef growth releases 2 atmospheric carbon masses (ACM). The carbonate dissolution signal on the deep sea floor suggest titration of only 1 ACM. At least 4 ACM of CO2 must be made available to satisfy the requirements of pCO2-increases, growth of biosphere and of sedimentary carbon pool, carbonate dissolution on the sea floor, and saturation of newly introduced meltwater. A drop in ocean fertility is called for to provide the missing CO2. Such a drop is evident in deep-sea cores from the western equatorial Pacific. CO2 buildup appears to occur as a step, near 13,500 years B.P. Dissolution on the deep sea floor begins near 11,000 years B.P. The difference of 2500 years may describe a mixing lag due to meltwater input (the “Worthington Effect”).
Ultra-high-throughput sequencing, microarray-based genomic selection and pharmacogenomics.

Gary Hardiman BIOGEM and, University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0724, USA Tel.: +1 858 822 3792; Fax: +1 858 822 6430; E-mail: ghardiman @ucsd.edu ‘Appropriate retraining of medical personnel in genomic medicine will be an a priori requirement so that they are better equipped to counsel and treat patients presenting with the awareness of possessing genetic aberrations.’
Polyhomogeneous maps and best local approximations of degree α

Contemporary investigations in the theory of nonlinear integral operators ([9], [10]) and in the differential calculus ([5], [11]) have led to generalizations of the notion of a polynomial map between two vector spaces. This article studies basic properties of such so-called polyhomogeneous maps. Our initial point of reference is the recent study of polynomial maps by Bochnak and Siciak [2]. Our examination of continuity properties leads to new characterizations of braked spaces and sequential spaces. Then, we turn to the polyhomogeneous approximating maps studied by Melamed and Perov [9] and Moore and Nashed [10]. We present some generalizations of the results of [9] and [10] and then go on to study permanence properties of such approximations.
Oxygen mobility in YBa2Cu3O7−δ: A Raman study

Abstract From Raman measurements on superconducting and non-superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ single crystals, we show that close to room temperature there is an unaccounted for, intense, oxygen vibrational mode at 598 cm −1 . This (zz) polarized mode appears to arise from some chain oxygen atoms occupying another site in the crystal. Using laser heating and a shutter, we find that the time it takes to occupy or empty this site is less than 0.1 sec. If a charge carrier in the Cu-O plane induces the occupation of this new site, then a large electron-phonon coupling constant could result.
Single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography imaging of multi-drug resistant P-glycoprotein--monitoring a transport activity important in cancer, blood-brain barrier function and Alzheimer's disease

Overexpression of multi-drug resistant P-glycoprotein (Pgp) remains an important barrier to successful chemotherapy in cancer patients and impacts the pharmacokinetics of many important drugs. Pgp is also expressed on the luminal surface of brain capillary endothelial cells wherein Pgp functionally comprises a major component of the blood-brain barrier by limiting central nervous system penetration of various therapeutic agents. In addition, Pgp in brain capillary endothelial cells removes amyloid-beta from the brain. Several single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography radiopharmaceutical have been shown to be transported by Pgp, thereby enabling the noninvasive interrogation of Pgp-mediated transport activity in vivo. Therefore, molecular imaging of Pgp activity may enable noninvasive dynamic monitoring of multi-drug resistance in cancer, guide therapeutic choices in cancer chemotherapy, and identify transporter deficiencies of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease.
Exploring the effects of data quality, data worth, and redundancy of CO 2 gas pressure and saturation data on reservoir characterization through PEST inversion

This study examined the impacts of reservoir properties on carbon dioxide (CO2) migration after subsurface injection and evaluated the possibility of characterizing reservoir properties using CO2 monitoring data such as spatial–temporal distributions of gas pressure, which can be reasonably monitored in practice. The injection reservoir was assumed to be located 1,400–1,500 m below the ground surface such that CO2 remained in the supercritical state. The reservoir was assumed to contain layers with alternating conductive and resistive properties, which is analogous to actual geological formations such as the Mount Simon Sandstone unit. The CO2 injection simulation used a cylindrical grid setting in which the injection well was situated at the center of the domain, which extended out 8,000 m from the injection well. The CO2 migration was simulated using the latest version of the simulator, subsurface transport over multiple phases (the water–salt–CO2–energy module), developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A nonlinear parameter estimation and optimization modeling software package, Parameter ESTimation (PEST), is adopted for automated reservoir parameter estimation. The effects of data quality, data worth, and data redundancy were explored regarding the detectability of reservoir parameters using gas pressure monitoring data, by comparing PEST inversion results using data with different levels of noises, various numbers of monitoring wells and locations, and different data collection spacing and temporal sampling intervals. This study yielded insight into the use of CO2 monitoring data for reservoir characterization and how to design the monitoring system to optimize data worth and reduce data redundancy. The feasibility of using CO2 saturation data for improving reservoir characterization was also discussed.
Exacerbated postprandial oxidative stress induced by the acute intake of a lipid meal compared to isoenergetically administered carbohydrate, protein, and mixed meals in young, healthy men.

Objective: To compare the oxidative stress response following isocaloric consumption of a lipid, carbohydrate, protein, and mixed meal.Design: Ten young (27.3 ± 7.0 years), healthy (body mass index = 24.9 ± 4.0 kg·m−2) men consumed isocaloric test meals on 4 separate days, separated by 1 week, in a random-order crossover design. Blood samples were collected premeal and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postmeal and assayed for various markers of oxidative stress, as well as triglycerides (TAG) and glucose. Total area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each variable, and a 4 × 5 analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to further analyze data.Results: Significant meal effects were noted for hydrogen peroxide AUC (p = 0.004), with values higher for the lipid meal compared with all other meals (p < 0.05). Contrasts revealed greater AUC for TAG (p = 0.05), malondialdehyde (p = 0.002), and nitrate/nitrite (p = 0.02) for the lipid meal compared with the protein meal. With regard to the ANOVA, oxidative stres...
A boundary element formulation for large strain problems of compressible plasticity

Abstract This paper presents a boundary element formulation for the solution of problems involving compressible plasticity in the presence of large strains and displacements. The BEM formulation is based on an identity developed by Chandra and Mukherjee 8−10 using an updated Lagrangian frame of reference. A suitable time marching scheme is used and numerical results are presented for various planar problems of compressible plasticity. Results from the current boundary element analysis are compared to results from a direct integration scheme.
A comparison of recent axial dispersion correlations in liquid-solid fluidized beds

The axial dispersion correlations in liquid-solid fluidized beds presented by Chung and Wen(1) and Krishnaswamy and Shemilt(8) are compared and the applicability of the correlations are discussed. On compare les correlations sur les dispersions axiales dans des lits fluidises formes de liquides et de solides qu'ont presentees Chung et Wen(1) et Krishnaswamy et Shemilt(8), on discute aussi l'applicabilite desdites correlations.
The basis of autoimmunity: part II genetic predisposition

In Part II of his review of the basis of autoimmunity, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos summarizes current knowledge on the genetic factors that contribute to autoimmune disease predisposition. The findings indicate that multiple genes contribute to the induction of pathogenic autoimmunity, and that no single genetic abnormality is sufficient in itself to induce disease. The definition of these genetically complex diseases is about to be revolutionized by the development of genome scanning approaches, such as dense chromosomal maps based on polymorphic microsatellite DNA and other informative markers. These will allow the loci and genes that predispose to these diseases to be identified broadly.
Mindfulness and Motivational Interviewing: Two candidate methods for promoting self-management

There is no conclusive evidence about the way to a promote behavior change in self-management programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The latter is a significant knowledge gap as there is a need to promote a sustained effect in interventions like Pulmonary Rehabilitation or Supporting Programs. Embracing patient's values seems to be a key ingredient to ignite genuine motivation for behavior change. This manuscript describes two pilot qualitative studies carried out in patients with severe COPD aimed to engage the patient inner experience and promote self-management: a trial testing motivational interviewing (MI) as one style of helping patients with severe COPD make changes in their behavior and second a trial testing a mindfulness-based intervention. The MI study consisted of a 3-month program of weekly coaching phone calls after one face-to-face visit. The following themes were outstanding: patients value the supportive communication with coach and believe the MI-based coaching created increased level of awareness and accountability. They perceived an increase in physical activity and reported "feeling better" or other benefits not directly related to exercise. The Mindfulness for Health Program was a mandatory 8-week program that consisted on 2-hour classes aimed to cultivate nonjudgmental attention in the moment (through different meditative practices and sharing) plus monthly face-to-face encounters aimed to sustain practice and sharing of life experiences for 1 year. The following themes (at 1 year) were outstanding: appreciating life by seeing hardships as opportunities, valuing the self through compassion and awareness, cultivating connectedness with others, acquiring joy, and adopting healthy behaviors. In the search for the "holy grail" for self-management programs that can promote a behavior change, mindfulness and MI seem promising for cultivating a way to live a life in which people are fully present and consciously agree with.
Tricuspid anular dilatation and failure of tricuspid leaflet coaptation in tricuspid regurgitation.

Abstract The importance of anular dilatation in atrioventricular valve regurgitation is uncertain. In a necropsy study that included patients with severe mitral regurgitation, appreciable dilatation of the mitral anulus was noted only in patients with floppy valves. 1 In patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR), anular size measured by 2-dimensional echocardiography is significantly greater than in normal control subjects. 2 Failure of tricuspid leaflet coaptation, however, has not been mentioned as a factor in TR. This study was designed to evaluate tricuspid anular diameter and the completeness of tricuspid leaflet coaptation in patients with severe TR.
Field desorption ion source development for neutron generators

Abstract A new approach to deuterium ion sources for deuterium-tritium neutron generators is being developed. The source is based upon the field desorption of deuterium from the surfaces of metal tips. Field desorption studies of microfabricated field emitter tip arrays have been conducted for the first time. Maximum fields of 3 V/A have been applied to the array tip surfaces to date, although achieving fields of 2 V/A to 2.5 V/A is more typical. Both the desorption of atomic deuterium ions and the gas-phase field ionization of molecular deuterium have been observed at fields of roughly 2 and 2–3 V/A, respectively, at room temperature. The desorption of common surface adsorbates such as hydrogen, carbon, water, and carbon monoxide is observed at fields exceeding ∼1 V/A. In vacuo heating of the arrays to temperatures of the order of 800 °C can be effective in removing many of the surface contaminants observed.
The Relationship Between Cytomegalovirus Retrieved by Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Mortality in Patients With HIV

Study objective To evaluate mortality over 6 months of patients with HIV with cytomegalovirus (CMV) cultured from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) compared with those without CMV and to assess the significance of CMV cytologic study, CD4 + counts, and coexistent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Design Retrospective evaluation of HIV-infected patients undergoing bronchoscopy with BAL. The 40 most recent HIV-positive patients undergoing bronchoscopy with BAL were included for each of three categories: CMV by cytologic study; CMV by culture only; and CMV absent. Patients for whom survival status at 6 months was unknown were excluded from analysis. Setting University hospital, tertiary care center. Patients Group 1 consisted of 36 patients with positive CMV culture and cytologic study and group 2 consisted of 38 patients with only a positive culture for CMV. Group 3 consisted of 40 patients with no evidence of CMV by BAL. Results On comparison of the groups, there was no difference in 3-week survival (from date of bronchoscopy). There was a statistically significant increase in mortality in group 1 patients compared with group 3 patients at both 3 and 6 months. Between groups 2 and 3, there was a difference in mortality that approached but did not reach significance at 3 months but did at 6 months. The mortality in group 1 at 3 months=28%, at 6 months = 47%, whereas mortality in group 2 at 3 months = 26% and at 6 months = 45%. Group 3 had a 3-month mortality of 10% and a 6-month mortality of 15%. While those patients with positive CMV cytologic study had lower mean CD4 + counts, within the group, CD4 + counts were no different between the 3-month survivors and nonsurvivors (survivors, CD4/mm 3 median = 38 [0 to 141]; and nonsurvivors, CD4/mm 3 median = 16 [3 to 224]). Coninfection with P carinii did not increase mortality at 3 months. Conclusions The CMV retrieved by BAL in HIV-infected patients was associated with significantly greater 3- and 6-month mortality. The CMV cytologic study did not predict a higher mortality and the difference in mortality between patients with and without CMV in BAL fluid was not directly attributed to lower CD4 + counts or P carinii coinfection.
The Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems to the Warm-Season Precipitation in the United States

Abstract The contribution of precipitation from mesoscale convective weather systems to the warm-season (April–September) rainfall in the United States is evaluated. Both Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC's) and other large, long-lived mesoscale convective systems that do not quite meet Maddox's criteria for being termed an MCC are included in the evaluation. The distribution and geographical limits of the precipitation from the convective weather systems are constructed for the warm seasons of 1982, a “normal” year, and 1983, a drought year. Precipitation characteristics of the systems are compared for the 2 years to determine how large-scale drought patterns affect their precipitation production. The frequency, precipitation characteristics and hydrologic ramifications of multiple occurrences, or series, of convective weather systems are presented and discussed. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the accumulated precipitation from a series of convective complexes is investigated and compared ...
Zinc and copper-related blood parameters in male trauma patients

Physiologic stress depresses plasma zinc and elevates plasma copper, but effects on other zinc and copper related parameters are largely unknown. Therefore, several such parameters were investigated in 19 young, adult male trauma patients. Patients were studied 1 and 7 days after admission and compared to 21 aged matched male controls. At day 1, plasma zinc and zinc R-values (low molecular weight zinc) were low. Zinc activation of α-D-mannosidase in vitro was high at days 1 and 7. Each of these results can indicate impaired zinc function, but activities of the zinc enzyme 5'-nucleotidase were high at both sampling days. Plasma activity and protein levels for ceruloplasmin, a copper-containing acute phase protein, were high after trauma. In contrast, ratios of ceruloplasmin activity to protein were normal. Activities of the copper enzymes plasma diamine oxidase and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase were low after trauma, with the latter accompanied by low immunoreactive protein values. In summary, trauma produced abnormal values for some zinc and copper related blood parameters. However, not all observations supported the idea that zinc or copper deficiency existed.
Experiences of well spouses after lung transplantation.

Experiences of well spouses after lung transplantation Aim of the study. To explore what life is like for well spouses after their partners’ lung transplantation? Background. The numbers of people having a lung transplant in the United States of America (USA), as well as surviving beyond 1 and 5 years, has increased steadily over the last decade. This trend is expected to continue. Few have examined the transplant experience from the view of well spouses who are the most typical patient-support person. Researchers have shown that spousal adjustment is closely associated with patient adjustment and recovery. Design/methods. Using written surveys and taped telephone interviews in 1998, a convenience sample of 12 well spouses shared details of their lives after their partners’ lung transplant. Spouses from eight states in the USA responded to an invitation to participate which was posted on an internet listserv. Ages ranged from 40 to 66 years and the posttransplant time ranged from 4 to 60 months. Spouses completed a demographic form, the Family Inventory of Life Events (FILE), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) prior to interview. Triangulation of methods augmented and corroborated data. Interviews stopped when saturation was reached. Data collection and analyses were carried out simultaneously using a constant comparative method. Results. The core theme was the ‘roller coaster ride’ characterized by a series of ups and downs. Other major themes were coping, giving medications, knowing the donor, making comparisons, togetherness, and caring for the well spouse. Five identified stages were: the transplant event, cocooning, normalizing, branching-out and settling down. Conclusions. This study supports nurses using a family centred focus. Nurses in all practice areas can apply information gained from this study to help spouses anticipate chaos at each stage and develop effective coping strategies.
Characterization of Self-Similar Multifractals with Wavelet Maxima

Abstract Self-similar multifractals have a wavelet transform whose maxima define self-similar curves in the scale-space plane. We introduce an algorithm that recovers the affine self-similarity parameters through a voting procedure in the corresponding parameter space. The voting approach is robust with respect to renormalization noises and can recover the value of parameters having random fluctuations. We describe numerical applications to Cantor measures, dyadic multifractals, and the study of diffusion limited aggregates.
Mechanisms for Photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis in Seawater

Field studies in fresh and marine waters consistently show diel fluctuations in concentrations of enterococci, indicators of water quality. We investigated sunlight inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis to gain insight into photoinactivation mechanisms and cellular responses to photostress. E. faecalis bacteria were exposed to natural sunlight in clear, filtered seawater under both oxic and anoxic conditions to test the relative importance of oxygen-mediated and non-oxygen-mediated photoinactivation mechanisms. Multiple methods were used to assess changes in bacterial concentration, including cultivation, quantitative PCR (qPCR), propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR, LIVE/DEAD staining using propidium iodide (PI), and cellular activity, including ATP concentrations and expression of the superoxide dismutase-encoding gene, sodA. Photoinactivation, based on numbers of cultivable cells, was faster in oxic than in anoxic microcosms exposed to sunlight, suggesting that oxygen-mediated photoinactivation dominated. There was little change in qPCR signal over the course of the experiment, demonstrating that the nucleic acid targets were not damaged to a significant extent. The PMA-qPCR signal was also fairly stable, consistent with the observation that the fraction of PI-permeable cells was constant. Thus, damage to the membrane was minimal. Microbial ATP concentrations decreased in all microcosms, particularly the sunlit oxic microcosms. The increase in relative expression of the sodA gene in the sunlit oxic microcosms suggests that cells were actively responding to oxidative stress. Dark repair was not observed. This research furthers our understanding of photoinactivation mechanisms and the conditions under which diel fluctuations in enterococci can be expected in natural and engineered systems.
Cumulative Effects and Optimal Targeting of Conservation Efforts: Steelhead Trout Habitat Enhancement in Oregon

A major problem with some conservation programs is that they ignore potential cumulative (threshold) effects in environmental quality management. The objective of this study is to investigate the importance of cumulative effects in the targeting of conservation efforts. The empirical focus is on habitat investments to protect an important anadromous fish species in the Pacific Northwest, steelhead trout. Results of the analysis point to a substantial cumulative effect in the relationship between water quality and abundance in this fishery, which affects the efficiency of specific habitat investments. Copyright 2000, Oxford University Press.