cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptual distortion of paired stimuli

Pairing two discriminably different tones with intense shock and mild shock, respectively, caused a perceptual distortion of shock intensity. Magnitude of the distortion was related to the interval between tone and shock.
The Types of Hesperioid Genera

A growing discontent with unstable generic names has been manifesting itself among entomologists in recent years, and a number of useful papers fixing the types of genera in various groups has been the result. It is to be hoped that the idea will be carried out to the final inclusion of ctil generic names. It is also to be hoped, but perhaps vainly, that some common basis of treatment may be agreed upon, especially between the systematists of Europe and North America. Our European colleagues unfortunately persist in the use of minor so-called restrictions in the selection of logotypes, although the International rules do not permit such usage, and logical thinking forbids it in so many cases as to leave it a very weak method indeed.
Hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling: Two useful analyses for life course research

This article reviews the life course perspective and considers various life course hypotheses such as trajectories, transitions, critical periods, sequencing, duration, and cumulative effects. Hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling are suggested as analyses to use in life course research. Secondary analysis was performed on the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, 1996-2010, to illustrate their strengths and challenges. Models investigated the influence of mother and infant characteristics and of parent-child dysfunction at 14 and 24 months to children's cognitive outcomes at 36 months. Findings were interpreted and discussed in the context of life course hypotheses.
110 IMPACT OF TREATMENT OF OBESE AND DIBABETIC MICE WITH A NOVEL AMINOSTEROL ON SYSTEMIC METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS AND MYOCARDIAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION.

Background Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in diabetes and cardiac dysfunction is due in part to altered myocardial substrate use, occurring in part because of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial uncoupling. A novel aminosterol, MSI-1436, was recently administered to mouse models of obesity. Short-term treatment resulted in a dramatic reversal of many metabolic disturbances that characterize diabetes. We hypothesized that MSI-1436 would also reverse mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Results Treatment with MSI-1436 resulted in a significant reduction in BW in ob/ob mice compared with ob/ob mice treated with the metabolically inactive control sterol squalamine (SQ). Treatment with MSI-1436 also normalized glucose tolerance in ob/ob mice. State 3 respirations from SQ treated ob/ob hearts were increased and ATP synthesis and ATP/O ratios were decreased compared with WT mice. MSI-1436 treated hearts from ob/ob mice had decreased state 3 respirations compared with SQ treated ob/ob mice, and ATP production decreased further. The mitochondria remained uncoupled as evidenced by reduced ATP/O ratios. Discussion/Conclusions Treatment with MSI-1436 resulted in a significant reduction in BW and normalization of glucose tolerance. However, it was ineffective in reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and uncoupling in cardiac muscle. It may be possible that MSI-1436 could be toxic to these mitochondria or ob/ob hearts may have chronically adapted to use FAs as their primary substrate and are unable to efficiently respond to such an acute treatment. Longer-duration studies will need to be undertaken to test this hypothesis.
Building towards precision medicine: empowering medical professionals for the next revolution

A new paradigm in disease classification, diagnosis and treatment is rapidly approaching. Known as precision medicine, this new healthcare model incorporates and integrates genetic information, microbiome data, and information on patients’ environment and lifestyle to better identify and classify disease processes, and to provide custom-tailored therapeutic solutions. In spite of its promises, precision medicine faces several challenges that need to be overcome to successfully implement this new healthcare model. In this paper we identify four main areas that require attention: data, tools and systems, regulations, and people. While there are important ongoing efforts for addressing the first three areas, we argue that the human factor needs to be taken into consideration as well. In particular, we discuss several studies that show how primary care physicians and clinicians in general feel underequipped to interpret genetic tests and direct-to-consumer genomic tests. Considering the importance of genetic information for precision medicine applications, this is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. To increase the number of professionals with the necessary expertise to correctly interpret the genomics profiles of their patients, we propose several strategies that involve medical curriculum reforms, specialist training, and ongoing physician training.
Selection of outlet circuit breakers for high capacity generators

In recent years due to the development of circuit breaker manufacturing technology,as well as the demand for the flexible wiring between the transformer and the generator,more and more generators have installed outlet circuit breakers.With consideration of the actual situation of China,the major principles in selecting the outlet circuit breakers for high capacity generators are recommended.The method for determining the main performance indices of the generator circuit breakers according to the generator system parameters of the high voltage system in the process of type selection is illuminated through an example.
Minimally invasive operation for lumbar fusion, canal stenosis, degenerative scoliosis, and spondylolisthesis. Is it possible?

Minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) for scoliosis correction is a newly developed technique, which currently has technical limitations in the degree of deformity that can be corrected. As techniques, especially the lateral interbody fusion, continue to expand and develop, the limit of deformity that can be corrected slowly diminishes. Within these limitations, MISS deformity correction is an accepted and possible surgical option. Both MISS techniques alone or in a hybrid procedure with osteotomies are an emerging tool in the field of spinal deformity correction.
Size effects in fcc crystals during the high rate compression test

Abstract The present work studies the different mechanisms of size effects in fcc metallic samples of confined volumes during high rate compression tests using large scale atomistic simulation. Different mechanisms of size effects, including the dislocation starvation, source exhaustion, and dislocation source length effect are investigated for pillars with different sizes. The results show that the controlling mechanisms of size effects depend only on the pillar size and not on the value of applied strain. Dislocation starvation is the governing mechanism for very small pillars, i.e. pillars with diameters less than 30 nm. Increasing the pillar size, the dislocation exhaustion mechanism becomes active and there is no more source-limited activations. Next, the average dislocation source length is obtained and compared for pillars with different sizes. The results show that in the case of high rate deformations, the source length does not depend on the sample size, and the related size effects mechanisms are not active anymore. Also, in the case of high rate deformations, there are no size effects for pristine pillars with the diameters larger than 135 nm. In other words, increasing the strain rate decreases the pillar size at which there is no more size effects in the absence of strain gradient. The governing mechanisms of plastic deformation at high strain rate experiments are also different from those of the quasi-static tests. First, the diameter in which the dislocation nucleation at the free surface becomes the dominant mechanism changes from around 200 nm–30 nm. Next, in the case of the pillars with larger diameters, the plastic deformation is governed by the cross-slip instead of the operation of truncated dislocation sources, which is dominant at slower rates of deformation. In order to study the effects of pillar initial structure on the controlling mechanism of size effects, an initial loading and unloading procedure is conducted on some samples prior to the compression test. In the case of the nanopillars with the height smaller than 45 nm, the results show that the pre-straining does not change the controlling size effects mechanism except for the initial phase of dislocation nucleation. In the case of the pillar with the height of 0.3 μm and diameter of 0.15 μm, however, increasing the initial dislocation density leads to the activation of the forest hardening mechanism. In other words, as the strain increases, the dislocation density increases, which activates the mechanism of dislocation interaction with each other and increases the pillar strength.
Hepatitis A, B, and C

1. John C. Christenson, MD* 2. John J. Manaloor, MD* 1. *Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN. Because hepatitis A, B, and C viruses are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, clinicians must learn to recognize, treat and prevent infections caused by these viruses. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the epidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and C virus infections. 2. Recognize the clinical features of hepatitis A infection. 3. Appropriately administer vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis A and B infection. 4. Recognize the various antiviral regimens used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C liver disease. 5. Order the most appropriate tests for the diagnosis of hepatitis virus infections. During the past 30 years, the understanding of hepatitis viruses has greatly expanded. Knowledge of hepatitis has progressed from merely describing the various clinical syndromes to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of disease caused by these viruses and the development of chronic infection that eventually leads to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Expanded understanding also has led to the development of effective vaccines against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and antiviral therapies against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The introduction of routine vaccination against HAV and HBV starting in early childhood in the United States has resulted in a substantial decrease in both of these infections in children and the subsequent complications of HBV-related chronic liver disease. Effective screening of mothers during pregnancy and the administration of HBV vaccine soon after birth, along with administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) to infants born to women who have HBV infection, has led to near eradication of perinatally acquired HBV disease in the United States and other countries with effective screening programs. The introduction …
A novel derivation for number of modes in step-index fiber

This paper introduces a novel derivation of the number of modes for a step-index fiber using a mixed ray/wave approach. The number of modes is a useful tool in defining the core size of a single-mode or a few-mode optical fiber. In deriving the number of modes, the conventional method uses the wave theory of modes propagating in a step-index fiber. Here a ray approach is used for the maximum allowable angle of the ray entering the fiber, namely the numerical aperture of the fiber. The minimum allowable angle is derived using the two plane waves interference. Thus the number of modes is formulated by taking the ratio of the maximum value over the minimum value. The result is identical to that of the complete wave approach. This novel derivation is much simpler than that of the wave technique and pointing to more subtleties in the mode characteristics of the fiber.
Book Review: Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory (MATLAB Edition), Third edition by William Menke

Book Review: Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory (MATLAB Edition), Third edition. By William Menke. (2012) Academic Press/Elsevier, 330 p. $88.95 ebook, ISBN: 978-0-12-397160-9. I eagerly awaited the arrival of the third edition of Geophysical Data Analysis on my desk, as an earlier edition of the book is a well-used mainstay of my reference shelf. This invaluable book contains a complete yet concise introduction to inverse theory from a geophysical perspective, and is widely used both as graduate-level textbook and as a reference for practicing geoscientists. The author is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, and has published extensively on observational and theoretical seismology, inverse problems, and data analysis. The book represents a wide-ranging overview of discrete inverse theory at a level of mathematical rigor that is sufficient to communicate the concepts, but avoids getting bogged down in detail. Early chapters …
Cry Wolf or Equivocate? Credible Forecast Guidance in a Cost-Loss Game

What is the most credible way to convey the risk in expert forecasts to the nonexpert decision makers who use the forecast? We test two ways to communicate this information: provide an unequivocal recommendation or equivocate by providing the probability of the uncertain event of interest. We use a simple game in which human subjects (the forecast users) decide whether to take a risk of a loss or pay a cost to avoid the risk. We find that the influence of forecast information differs depending on whether the information implies that the decision maker should take the status quo action, the preforecast optimal action, or the siren action, optimal only if the period-by-period forecast implies it. Unequivocal recommendations are more successful at inducing the status quo action. Equivocating by providing probabilities is more successful at inducing the siren action. Unequivocal recommendations to take the siren action are less effective because the false certainty makes them more vulnerable to the “cry wolf”...
Perspectives on Increasing Positive Attitudes Toward Larger Members in Fitness Centers

AbstractPhysical activity (PA) attenuates weight-associated morbidity and mortality (Barry et al., 2014) but PA-based weight bias dissuades many people from engaging in and enjoying physical activity (Chambliss & Blair, 2005; Vartanian & Novak, 2011). Guided by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008), we implemented concept mapping (Kane & Trochim, 2007) with current and past members and employees of fitness centers. One-hundred ideas were generated, representing the concepts programming, fitness culture, code of conduct, professional development, and physical environment/amenities. The ideas can help design interventions that increase positive attitudes that are autonomous, shared throughout a fitness center, and promote inclusivity.
Remote high performance visualization of big data for immersive science

Remote visualization has emerged as a necessary tool in the analysis of big data. High-performance computing clusters can provide several benefits in scaling to larger data sizes, from parallel file systems to larger RAM profiles to parallel computation among many CPUs and GPUs. For scalable data visualization, remote visualization tools and infrastructure is critical where only pixels and interaction events are sent over the network instead of the data. In this paper, we present our pipeline using VirtualGL, TurboVNC, and ParaView to render over 40 million points using remote HPC clusters and project over 26 million pixels in a CAVE-style system. We benchmark the system by varying the video stream compression parameters supported by TurboVNC and establish some best practices for typical usage scenarios. This work will help research scientists and academicians in scaling their big data visualizations for remote, real-time interaction.
ACM-BCB '17 Tutorial: Robotics-inspired Algorithms for Modeling Protein Structures and Motions

With biomolecular structure recognized as central to understanding mechanisms in the cell, computational chemists and biophysicists have spent significant efforts on modeling structure and dynamics. While significant advances have been made, particularly in the design of sophisticated energetic models and molecular representations, such efforts are experiencing diminishing returns. One of the culprits is low exploration capability. The impasse has attracted AI researchers to offer adaptations of robot motion planning algorithms for modeling biomolecular structures and motions. This tutorial introduces students and researchers to robotics-inspired treatments and methodologies for understanding and elucidating the role of structure and dynamics in the function of biomolecules. The presentation is enhanced via an open-source software developed in the Shehu Computational Biology laboratory. The software allows researchers to integrate themselves in a new research domain and drive further research via plug-and-play capabilities. The hands-on approach in the the tutorial benefits both students and senior researchers keen to make contributions in computational structural biology.
On multivariate quantile regression analysis

This paper investigates the estimation of parameters in a multivariate quantile regression model when the investigator wants to evaluate the associated distribution function. It proposes a new directional quantile estimator with the following properties: (1) it applies to an arbitrary number of random variables; (2) it is equivalent to estimating the distribution function allowing for non-convex distribution contours; (3) it satisfies nice equivariance properties; (4) it has desirable statistical properties (i.e., consistency and asymptotic normality); and (5) its implementation involves a modest computational burden: our proposed estimator can be obtained by solving parametric linear programming problems. As such, this paper expands the range of applications of quantile estimation for multivariate regression models.
Grief and Solidarity Reactions 1 Week After an On-Campus Shooting.

The impact of interpersonal violence extends beyond the victims and perpetrator(s). The purpose of this research was threefold: (a) to identify whether college students’ very early reactions to an on-campus shooting were associated with well-known predictors of distress, (b) to examine whether grief and distress reactions were distinguishable in the early days following a shooting, and (c) to investigate whether a compassionate self-identity was uniquely associated with grief but not distress. Beginning just 3 days after an early morning shooting that killed one student and injured three others, university students (N = 408) completed an online questionnaire. Grief, but not distress, was associated with a sense of solidarity with other students and a compassionate self-identity. General distress was associated with prior mental health difficulties and exposure to the shooting. Acute stress was positively associated with being female, having prior mental health difficulties, media exposure, perceived simil...
Online journals' impact on the citation patterns of medical faculty

Purpose: The purpose was to determine the impact of online journals on the citation patterns of medical faculty. This study looked at whether researchers were more likely to limit the resources they consulted and cited to those journals available online rather than those only in print. Setting: Faculty publications from the college of medicine at a large urban university were examined for this study. The faculty publications from a regional medical college of the same university were also examined in the study. The number of online journals available for faculty, staff, and students at this institution has increased from an initial core of 15 online journals in 1998 to over 11,000 online journals in 2004. Methodology: Searches by author affiliation were performed in the Web of Science to find all articles written by faculty members in the college of medicine at the selected institution. Searches were conducted for the following years: 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2002. Cited references from each faculty-authored article were recorded, and the corresponding cited journals were coded into four categories based on their availability at the institution in this study: print only, print and online, online only, and not owned. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The number of journals cited per year continued to increase from 1993 to 2002. The results did not indicate that researchers were more likely to cite online journals or were less likely to cite journals only in print. At the regional location where the number of print-only journals was minimal, use of the print-only journals did decrease in 2002, although not significantly. Conclusion/Discussion: It is possible that electronic access to information (i.e., online databases) has had a positive impact on the number of articles faculty will cite. Results of this study suggest, at this point, that faculty are still accessing the print-only collection, at least for research purposes, and are therefore not sacrificing quality for convenience.
Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced acute lung injury in guinea pigs

To examine the hypothesis that the acute reversible changes caused by ozone (O3) exposure are mediated by tachykinin release, guinea pigs were depleted of tachykinins by use of repeated capsaicin (CAP) injections before O3 exposure in an attempt to prevent O3-induced functional changes. Unexpectedly, CAP pretreatment caused divergent results in the functional responses to O3. Ventilatory measurements obtained from CAP-pretreated O3-exposed (CAP-O3) animals were exacerbated rather than diminished compared with the effects of O3 alone. Similarly, lavage fluid protein accumulation was enhanced in the CAP-O3 group compared with the O3-exposed group. In better agreement with our initial hypothesis, the CAP-O3 group was less responsive than the O3-exposed animals to histamine aerosol challenge. Additionally, Evans blue dye accumulation, a hallmark of tachykinin release, was increased in O3-exposed animals and was partially blocked in the CAP-O3 group. These data suggest that tachykinin-containing sensory fibers are unlikely to mediate the acute effects of O3 exposure on tidal breathing and lavage fluid protein accumulation but may play a role in causing post-O3 airway hyperreactivity and protein extravasation into the trachea.
Immunosuppression is not a risk factor for 30-day wound events or additional 30-day morbidity or mortality after open ventral hernia repair: An analysis of the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative.

Background Some form of immunosuppression is relatively common in patients undergoing ventral hernia repair. Nevertheless, the association of immunosuppression with 30-day wound events and additional outcomes of morbidity and mortality remains unknown. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association of immunosuppression with 30-day wound events and additional morbidity and mortality after ventral hernia repair by evaluating the database of the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative. Methods All patients undergoing open, elective, incisional ventral hernia surgery from July 2013 through April 2017 were identified within the database of the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative. Patients on immunosuppression within the 3 months before operative intervention were compared with patients not on immunosuppression with respect to the incidence of 30-day wound events, using a 1:5 propensity matched analysis. Results A total of 3,537 patients met inclusion criteria; 200 (5.7%) patients were on some form of immunosuppression at the time of ventral hernia repair. After propensity matching, 1,200 patients remained for analysis; 200 (16.7%) patients were in the immunosuppression group. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to the incidence of 30-day surgical site infection, surgical site occurrence requiring procedural intervention, or additional 30-day morbidity or mortality outcomes. Patients in the immunosuppression group had a greater rate of surgical site occurrences, the majority of which were seromas (P = .03). Conclusion Immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of 30-day surgical site occurrence but not surgical site infection, surgical site occurrence requiring procedural intervention, or additional 30-day morbidity or mortality. Additional studies are needed to determine the clinical importance of these surgical site occurrences with respect to long-term durability of the hernia repair.
Genetic and chemical divergence among host races of a socially parasitic ant

Host-parasite associations facilitate the action of reciprocal selection and can drive rapid evolutionary change. When multiple host species are available to a single parasite, parallel specialization on different hosts may promote the action of diversifying natural selection and divergence via host race formation. Here, we examine a population of the kidnapper ant (Polyergus mexicanus) that is an obligate social parasite of three sympatric ant species: Formica accreta, F. argentea, and F. subaenescens (formerly F. fusca). Behavioral and ecological observations of P. mexicanus have shown that individual colonies parasitize only one species of host and that new Polyergus queens maintain host fidelity when establishing new colonies. To successfully adapt to a particular host, Polyergus ants may mimic or camouflage themselves with the species-specific chemical cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) that their hosts use to ascertain colony membership. To investigate the extent of host specialization, we collected both genetic and chemical data from P. mexicanus that parasitize each of the three different Formica species in sympatry. We show that host-associated genetic structure exists for both maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA data and biparentally inherited microsatellite markers. We also show that P. mexicanus can be distinguished by chemical profile according to host due to partial matching with their host. Our results support the hypothesis that host race formation is occurring among lineages of P. mexicanus that use different Formica hosts. Thus, this system may represent a promising model for illuminating the early steps of divergence, accumulation of reproductive isolation, and speciation.
Are We Overestimating Protistan Diversity in Nature

Documenting the immense diversity of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms (protists) has been a formidable challenge for ecologists. These species were originally defined by morphological criteria, but shortcomings of the morphospecies concept, and a bewildering array of sizes and cellular attributes, has made constructing a taxonomy that is useful for ecologists nearly impossible. Consequently, physiological and genetic information has been integrated to address these shortcomings, and to develop the framework of a unifying taxonomy. DNA sequence information, in particular, has revolutionized studies of protistan diversity. However, the exponential increase in sequence-based protistan species richness published from field surveys in recent years raises the question of whether we have moved beyond characterizing species-level diversity and begun to reveal intraspecies diversity. The answer to that question appears to be ‘yes’, at least for some protistan lineages. The need to document such microdiversity may be justified, but it is important for protistologists to recognize and acknowledge that possibility, and its consequences.
Consumer Information for Data-Driven Decision Making: Teaching Socially Responsible Use of Data:

The marketing field is undergoing dramatic shifts in the digital age. The increasing reliance on, collection, and use of data enabled by technological innovations requires teaching the responsible ...
Enhanced Diversity and Network Coded 5G Wireless Fog-Based-Fronthaul Networks

The synergistic combination of Diversity and Network Coding (DC-NC) was previously introduced to provide very low end-to-end latency in recovering from a link failure and improve the throughput for a wide variety of network architectures. This paper is directed towards further improving DC-NC to be able to tolerate multiple, simultaneous link failures with less computational complexity. In this way, reliability will be maximized and the recovery time from multiple link or node failures is reduced in 5G fronthaul wireless networks. This is accomplished by modifying Triangular Network Coding (TNC) to create enhanced DC-NC (eDC-NC) that is applied to 5G wireless Fog computing-based Radio Access Networks (Fog-RAN). Our results show that using eDC-NC coding in Fog-RAN fronthaul network will provide ultra-reliability and enable near-instantaneous fault recovery while retaining the throughput improvement feature of DC-NC. In addition, the scalability of eDC-NC coding is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the redundancy percentage for complete protection is always less than 50% for the practical cases that were evaluated.
Biomarkers in metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) accounts for around 74,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (1). Until recently, sequential use of agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were the cornerstone of therapy for the vast majority of patients (2).
Validation of a Competency-Based Training Program in Developmental Disabilities

High quality professional service to developmentally disabled persons is contingent upon the quality of training the professionals receive. Members of a graduate psychology program in developmental...
Social Justice in the Language Curriculum: Interrogating the Goals and Outcomes of Language Education in College

This chapter suggests ways of rethinking the language curriculum at the collegiate level in ways that are more inclusive and expansive than outlined in the World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages and connecting it to the sociopolitical realities facing us today. Such curriculum is based on a more nuanced understanding of the 5 Cs and adds new dimensions to the existing model: (1) criticality and civil courage to communication, (2) complexity to cultures, (3) context to comparisons, (4) connectedness to connections, and (5) concern, care, and compassion to communities. Tarnawska Senel argues that language instruction must include social justice initiatives related to both broader global contexts and specifically local issues and advocates engaging in a deliberately political teaching that is informed by cultural studies and critical pedagogy.
Pickering, Garcetti, and Academic Freedom

While the United States Supreme Court long ago recognized that individuals do not lose their free speech rights simply by virtue of being state employees, the contours of those protections have been evolving over the past several decades. The proper way to apply these protections in the academic context is confusing, especially after Garcetti v. Ceballos in which the Court suggested that First Amendment protections do not attach insofar as individuals are speaking as employees rather than as citizens. The circuit courts have adopted a dizzying set of rules to determine when First Amendment protections are triggered in the academic context, some distinguishing between the protections afforded to college professors and the protections afforded to primary and secondary school teachers and others distinguishing based on whether the expression is appropriately characterized as teaching, scholarship or, instead, something else. Still others offer a different approach. Even when the Garcetti exception is not triggered, the circuits offer very different interpretations of how to apply the prevailing jurisprudence. Until the Court offers greater guidance, we can only expect the circuits to continue to treat relevantly similar cases differently, to diverge with respect to what academic freedom includes, and to put the benefits accrued from the recognition of academic freedom at risk.
Olanzapine and Lorazepam Used in the Symptomatic Management of Excited Catatonia Secondary to Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis has become one of the more well-known autoimmune diseases affecting the brain and it is characterized by a multitude of progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms. The following case describes the clinical course of an 18-year-old female with excited type catatonia secondary to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The patient had been brought to the ED by her parents in an acutely psychotic state characterized by profound disorganization and vivid visual hallucinations. She was admitted to psychiatry and her hospital course was significant for both retarded and excited type catatonia, autonomic instability, and sensitivity to multiple neuroleptics. Given the atypicality of her symptoms and a family history of autoimmune disease, workup for autoimmune encephalitis was performed. MRI of the pelvis showed an indeterminate ovarian mass and laboratory studies were generally unremarkable. The catatonic symptoms resolved over the course of three weeks, eventually responding to a combination of lorazepam and olanzapine. Following discharge, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) panel resulted with positive titers for anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. This case illustrates the need to consider autoimmune encephalitis in cases of catatonia. It also presents a case in which symptoms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis potentially remitted without immunotherapy or mass resection.
Ageing Policies and Programmes in India

The first ever document to be announced by the Government of India on ageing was the National Policy on Older Persons in 1999 to commemorate the international year of older persons declared by the United Nations which articulates what the government in India would be doing to ensure that the senior citizens remain a national asset and the welfare measures needed to ensure their income and safety are protected by the governments. Few states have their own policies. The Government of India announced Vayoshreshtha awards to eminent senior citizens and institutions in recognition of their service to elderly persons. In 2007, a landmark legislation, the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007 was enacted by the Indian Parliament and over the past decades many crucial judgements were awarded in favour of senior citizens, thereby cautioning the children that neglecting their parents would attract penal actions for neglect and abuse. Old age pension of Rs. 200/- for those over 60 years and Rs. 500/- for those over 80 years is given by the central government expecting the states to offer an equal amount. The coverage needs to be increased as it is targeted towards those living below poverty line. There are schemes such as Annapurna, widow pension, distribution of assistive devices and so on. Training of manpower in old age homes, particularly those funded by the Government of India, is being carried out by the Regional Resource and Training Centres and other collaborating agencies. The National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly since 2013 is making a steady progress; the regional centres have been established; during the next few years, these institutes would be making available postgraduate geriatric medical professionals. The National Institute of Social Justice is a central agency involved in coordinating the education, research and training that benefits the Indian senior citizen community. The Government of India is involved in the Human Rights of Older Persons, and they present the India government’s stand on the rights of senior citizens in the Open-Ended Working Group meetings convened by the United Nations at New York. The senior citizens are getting empowered by several efforts of the NGOs and state- and district-level programmes, especially on 1 October commemorating the International Day of Senior Citizens, and several people receive awards and are honoured by the governments.
Fantasies and Illusions: On Liberty, Order and Free Markets

Critical thinkers have used various terms to describe the collective imaginary that has real effects on individuals, society, and politics. Freud used the term “einer Illusion” to characterize religious belief in his work, The Future of an Illusion, though many others in the psychoanalytic tradition would turn to the notion of fantasy. Marx sometimes used the term illusion and he notoriously deployed the optical illusion and the phantasmagoria in his famous discussion of commodity fetishism. (And Marx, of course, is the father of Ideologiekritic). Foucault at times used the language of fantasy and phantasms, in an early period deployed the term illusion, and in later works adamantly rejected the word illusion. (He would always resist the term ideology). What is the difference between an illusion, a fantasy, and ideology? What is the right term to describe these collective imaginaries that have real effects on social and political conditions? In this essay, the first of a triptych, I explore the relation between two of these notions, namely illusions and fantasies, in the concrete context of the myth of the “free market.” 1 Julius Kreeger Professor of Law and Professor and Chairman of the Political Science Department, The University of Chicago. Special thanks to Renata Salecl and Jeanne Schroeder for bringing us all together to fantasize about markets, and to all the participants and Simon Critchley for their thoughts and comments on this essay.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Local Tax Incentives and Diversification of the Local Economic Base

While much of the economic development literature attempts to quantify the effectiveness of tax incentives on growth outcomes, less attention has been paid to the relationships between incentive us...
When application-specific ISA meets FPGAs: a multi-layer virtualization framework for heterogeneous cloud FPGAs

While field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been widely deployed into cloud platforms, the high programming complexity and the inability to manage FPGA resources in an elastic/scalable manner largely limits the adoption of FPGA acceleration. Existing FPGA virtualization mechanisms partially address these limitations. Application-specific (AS) ISA provides a nice abstraction to enable a simple software programming flow that makes FPGA acceleration accessible by the mainstream software application developers. Nevertheless, existing AS ISA-based approaches can only manage FPGA resources at a per-device granularity, leading to a low resource utilization. Alternatively, hardware-specific (HS) abstraction improves the resource utilization by spatially sharing one FPGA among multiple applications. But it cannot reduce the programming complexity due to the lack of a high-level programming model. In this paper, we propose a virtualization mechanism for heterogeneous cloud FPGAs that combines AS ISA and HS abstraction to fully address aforementioned limitations. To efficiently combine these two abstractions, we provide a multi-layer virtualization framework with a new system abstraction as an indirection layer between them. This indirection layer hides the FPGA-specific resource constraints and leverages parallel pattern to effectively reduce the mapping complexity. It simplifies the mapping process into two steps, where the first step decomposes an AS ISA-based accelerator under no resource constraint to extract all fine-grained parallel patterns, and the second step leverages the extracted parallel patterns to simplify the process of mapping the decomposed accelerators onto the underlying HS abstraction. While system designers might be able to manually perform these steps for small accelerator designs, we develop a set of custom tools to automate this process and achieve a high mapping quality. By hiding FPGA-specific resource constraints, the proposed system abstraction provides a homogeneous view for the heterogeneous cloud FPGAs to simplify the runtime resource management. The extracted parallel patterns could also be leveraged by the runtime system to improve the performance of scale-out acceleration by maximally hiding the inter-FPGA communication latency. We use an AS ISA similar to the one proposed in BrainWave project and a recently proposed HS abstraction as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed virtualization framework. The performance is evaluated on a custom-built FPGA cluster with heterogeneous FPGA resources. Compared with the baseline system that only uses AS ISA, the proposed framework effectively combines these two abstractions and improves the aggregated system throughput by 2.54× with a marginal virtualization overhead.
Detection of a hot binary companion of η carinae

We report the detection of a hot companion of η Carinae using high-resolution spectra (905-1180 A) obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. Observations were obtained at two epochs of the 2024 day orbit: 2003 June, during ingress to the 2003.5 X-ray eclipse, and 2004 April, several months after egress. These data show that essentially all the far-UV flux from η Car shortward of Lyα disappeared at least 2 days before the start of the X-ray eclipse (2003 June 29), implying that the hot companion, η Car B, was also eclipsed by the dense wind or extended atmosphere of η Car A. Analysis of the far-UV spectrum shows that η Car B is a luminous, hot star. The N II λλ1084-1086 emission feature suggests that it may be nitrogen-rich. The observed far-UV flux levels and spectral features, combined with the timing of their disappearance, is consistent with η Car being a massive binary system.
A Proposed Transitional Care Tool to Improve Medication Continuity After Release of Older Inmates

Despite a growing aging population in the correctional system, older persons are often released from jail unprepared for the transition to the free world and unable to access necessary medications....
Some Aspects of Starburst Galaxies

Three basic aspects of starburst galaxies are discussed. The structure of the interstellar medium of disk galaxies is analyzed and the various modes outlined, namely, the three-phase, the chimney, and the two phase modes. The transitions amongst these states in a starburst phase are discussed. The problem of triggering the burst and of accumulating large amounts of gas in the central regions is studied. The complex interaction between a bar, a central mass concentration such as a black hole, and a system of massive molecular clouds is described and it is shown how very enhanced accretion of gas clouds into the central regions can occur. Implications for the state of galaxies undergoing starbursts are examined including: the interaction of a central starburst with an active galactic nucleus; the production of superwinds and the consequences for quasar absorption lines; and the starbursts seen in high redshift radio galaxies which indicate a possible feedback of the early prodigous burst of star formation on the structure of the underlying galaxy or protogalaxy itself.
Security vs. Liberty: On Emotions and Cognition

The metaphor of balancing and the use of balancing tests have been invoked so regularly since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, to explain the need for a trade-off between liberty and security that they have become “ambient feature[s] of our political environment.” In their book, Terror in the Balance, Eric Posner and Adrian Vermeule argue similarly that there exists a security-liberty frontier along which tradeoffs between security and liberty take place.This paper examines critically the tradeoff thesis and challenges its basic assumptions through the prism of cognitive theory of decision-making. It argues that the assumption of interpersonal comparability between security and liberty cannot be maintained as the two are neither comparable, in general, nor are they interpersonally comparable in the sense that Posner and Vermeule suggest. Furthermore, I argue that in circumstances of extreme violent crises acts of balancing between security and liberty - of optimizing the tradeoff between the two - are, in fact, likely to be biased in ways that ought, at the very least, to be recognized and accounted for. Significantly, the pressures exerted by acute exigencies on decision-makers, coupled with certain unique features of crisis mentality and thinking, are likely to result in a systematic undervaluation of one interest (liberty) and overvaluation of another (security) so that the ensuing balance would be tilted in favor of security concerns at the expense of individual rights and liberties. The systematic nature of those biases suggests that failure to address them may turn such mistakes and errors into cognitive pathologies, i.e., decision methods that are not only mistaken but, indeed, irrational.
Low-Carbohydrate Diets

Traditionally, the gold standard for obesity treatment has been the combination of a low-fat, low-calorie diet with regular physical activity and behavior therapy. This combination has been shown to be safe and effective; however, the best dietary approach to weight loss continues to be a matter of debate among professionals and the public alike. Preliminary short-term findings suggesting that low-carbohydrate diets are effective in reducing body weight and do not appear to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease have generated interest in the low-carbohydrate approach and have spawned further research. This chapter reviews the most recent findings from short- and long-term studies evaluating the effects of low-carbohydrate diets on weight, lipids, lipoprotein subfractions, inflammatory biomarkers, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity.
The Influence of Different Fats and Fatty Acids on Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Inflammation

Dietary fat and its relation to obesity has been a controversial issue for several years. In this review, several kinds of data relating to this issue are presented. There are epidemiological cross-country data and data within countries showing an effect. However, in the United States, the intake of fat appears to be declining, whereas the prevalence of obesity rises-the American Paradox. Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation. The differences in response of inflammatory signals and of insulin resistance to different fatty acids indicate that not all fatty acids are the same. There are also experimental data showing that most, but not all, animals consuming a high fat diet will become obese. A number of mechanisms have been postulated for this difference, including differential sensitivities to neurotransmitters, to the intestinal peptide, enterostatin, and to individual fatty acids. One important conclusion from this review is that both total fat and individual fatty acids have to be considered when reaching conclusions about dietary fat and obesity.