cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global and local dimensions of vocal dynamics

The global embedding dimension (dE) and the local dynamical dimension (dL) are calculated from the microphone and electroglottographic (EGG) signals elicited from five healthy subjects and seven dysphonic subjects with laryngeal pathology during phonation of sustained/a/. The data from each pathologic subject contain at least one bifurcation and are divided into periodic and irregular segments for analysis. The dE values from both the microphone and EGG signals elicited from the healthy subjects indicate that a relatively small coordinate space can be used to reconstruct the attractor, with little residual noise. Consistent across all healthy subjects, three dominant degrees of freedom (dL) are found to govern local dynamics of the trajectories on the attractor. From the pathologic subjects, many of the dE values suggest the presence of a high-dimensional component in the signals. However, the noise does not completely obscure the deterministic dynamics of the source signal or prevent extraction of an optimal global embedding dimension. The data do not reveal consistent differences in degrees of freedom between healthy and pathologic phonation, or between different modes of pathologic phonation. However, the dL values suggest that the pathologic vocal fold vibration of these subjects, even highly irregular vibration, is governed locally by a low number of dominant degrees of freedom, sometimes no greater than those calculated from the signals of healthy subjects. Only in the cases of severe breathiness are the microphone and EGG signals sufficiently contaminated by noise to obscure any deterministic component.
Collisional excitation of molecules in dense interstellar clouds

State transitions which permit the identification of the molecular species in dense interstellar clouds are reviewed, along with the techniques used to calculate the transition energies, the database on known molecular transitions and the accuracy of the values. The transition energies cannot be measured directly and therefore must be modeled analytically. Scattering theory is used to determine the intermolecular forces on the basis of quantum mechanics. The nuclear motions can also be modeled with classical mechanics. Sample rate constants are provided for molecular systems known to inhabit dense interstellar clouds. The values serve as a database for interpreting microwave and RF astrophysical data on the transitions undergone by interstellar molecules.
Altruism and natural selection

Abstract According to current evolutionary theory, the evolutionary fate of any biological character is determined by its inclusive fitness (as defined by Haldane, 1932 , and Hamilton, 1964 ). This paper discusses the concept of fitness for ‘interactive’ traits in the context of two recent theoretical developments: a mathematical approach to population genetics that takes the frequencies and fitnesses of whole phenotypes (instead of individual genes) as primitive variables ( Layzer, 1978 a ); and a new hypothesis concerning genetic variation ( Layzer, 1978 b ), which implies that functionally equivalent traits are likely to arise simultaneously in many distinct lineages in a population. As a result, the fitness (as here defined) of an interactive trait may differ significantly from its inclusive fitness (in the Haldane-Hamilton sense). In particular, group selection need not be invoked to account for the evolution of behaviors that diminish inclusive fitness.
Ascientific Beliefs About Large Organizations and Adaptation to Change

The public interest and the preservation of democracy depend upon trustworthy leaders and a reasonable citizenry. The reasonableness of public belief is examined in the context of present prelogical and conspiracy beliefs in American society. The common belief that a small and unethical power elite dominates business and politics gives rise to conspiracy theories of governance; and these conspiracies, as in ages past, must be exorcised by ceremonies not unlike the Middle Ages. Conceptually, the public has little ability to understand the processes of large organizations; and thus people tend to attribute to them the motives of small group behavior with which they are familiar. The result is a state of incongruity between received belief and real-life observations, which leads to individual stress and several forms of maladaptation which are described in this essay.
Modeling and Analysis of the CSAMT Geophysical Technique Results to Map Oil Recovery Processes

The mapping of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes is important to predict process behavior and to be able to exhibit some control of the process for maximizing the stimulation of oil reservoirs. The controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) electromagnetic geophysical technique shows promise for mapping steamfloods and firefloods. Two field trials were conducted, one at a steamflood tar sand oil recovery experiment and one at a fireflood heavy oil recovery process. An initial report of the results was given previously. In this paper, an analysis is given of the CSAMT results for the two floods along with a comparison with production and posttest results. The result of this work is that the CSAMT technique is a viable technique for mapping these thermal EOR processes. In addition, a discussion of mathematical modeling is given.
The fracture process in a fine-grained superplastic 7475 Al alloy

Abstract In order to contribute towards alloy design and therefore an improvement in fracture toughness of engineering materials in general, the effect of temperature, strain rate and strain level on the superplastic deformation, cavity nucleation and growth, and fracture behaviour are studied in an important rate-sensitive structural engineering material, 7475 Al, in the light of current models and thinking. The efficacy of hydrostatic pressure in reducing cavitation during superplastic deformation is considered.
VALUATION, LEVERAGE AND THE COST OF CAPITAL IN THE CASE OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS: COMMENT

IN THE JUNE 1973 issue of this journal, Levy and Arditti (hereafter, L-A) attempted to modify the Modigliani and Miller (hereafter, M-M) valuation model for the case of depreciable assets. The purpose of this note is to point out that their modification rests upon an erroneous assumption as to the flows being discounted by the owners of the all equity firm or to the discount rate being used, and to illustrate with a numerical example the flaw in their modified model. The modification proposed by L-A is essentially a change in the method of determining the value of an unlevered firm (which, if accepted, affects in turn the value of the levered firm, and the after-tax yield on equity and the cost of capital in both levered and unlevered firms). Thus, for simplicity, this note will be confined to the effect of depreciable assets on the value of the all equity firm. Symbols will be used as defined in the L-A article, except for the substitution of Y for the net annual after-tax cash flow to more clearly differentiate it from earnings before-tax, X. For the unlevered firm after-tax cash flows will be equal to
Laser-mediated gene transfer in rice

We report an effective system for introducing exogenous DNA into cells of embryonic calli of Oryza sativa L. cv. Japonica. Plant cells were pretreated in hypertonic buffer to draw some of the water from the cells and were then put into medium of less negative osmotic potential containing exogenous DNA and treated immediately with a laser microbeam (λ=355 nm) to puncture holes in the cell wall and membrane. The pretreatment of the cells generated a gradient of osmotic pressure between the inside and outside of the cells, which facilitated the uptake of material into cells through the laser perforations. Bright yellow-green fluorescence could be detected inside cells that had been bathed in a solution containing the fluorescent molecule calcein. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) genes were successfully introduced into rice cells as indicated by gene expression both in post-treated cells and in plantlets derived from kanamycin-resistant calli that had been treated by this method.
The structural geometry and evolution of foreland thrust systems, northern Virginia

Seismic reflection data reveal that the structural geometry of the central Appalachians of northern Virginia consists of three distinct thrust systems. Each thrust system is characterized by a unique internal geometry.The Blue Ridge thrust sheet is a composite thrust sheet composed primarily of imbricated Precambrian crystalline rocks. It over-rode Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates and formed a sheared, basement-cored fault-bend fold. Thrusts within the sheet may be Taconic and earliest Alleghanian, whereas final thrusting and emplacement of the sheet were probably slightly younger but still early Alleghanian. The North Mountain thrust sheet is characterized by imbricated Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates that are deformed into large-amplitude mode II fault-bend folds and fault-propagation folds. Rocks of this sheet were transported more than 60 km across a similar section of carbonates. The leading edge of the North Mountain thrust sheet was deformed into a fold with a mode II fault-bend fold geometry and was juxtaposed against middle Paleozoic rocks. The middle Paleozoic rocks occur in a ramp across which displacement along the North Mountain thrust was transferred to a higher detachment. More than 60 km of cover rocks displaced during the emplacement of the North Mountain thrust sheet either were transported across this ramp and thrust over a similar section in the western Valley and Ridge province or were backthrust above the sheet. The timing for imbrication and emplacement of the North Mountain thrust sheet is probably Main Phase Alleghanian. The Lower Carbonate duplex extends from beneath the Blue Ridge and North Mountain thrust sheets, westward across the western Valley and Ridge province. The Lower Carbonate duplex is characterized by imbricated Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates that form low-amplitude fault-bend folds. This thrust system also probably formed during Main Phase Alleghanian deformation.
Association between infantile colic and carbohydrate malabsorption from fruit juices in infancy.

Objective. To determine whether infantile colic (IC) is associated with malabsorption of carbohydrates present in fruit juices. Methods. In this double-blind study, parents of 30 healthy infants (5.1 ± 0.7 months, 7.4 ± 1.0 kg, 64 ± 4 cm) were administered a questionnaire to quantitatively assess IC. Thereafter, they were divided into 2 groups, 16 infants with and 14 without IC. Within each treatment group infants were fed 120 mL (16.3 ± 2.0 mL/kg) of either white grape (sorbitol-free; 1:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio) or apple (sorbitol 0.5 g/dL; 2.6:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio) juice. Physical activity (PA), energy expenditure (EE), crying, and sleeping times were measured for 0.5 and 3.0 hours before and after juice feeding, respectively, using the Enhanced Metabolic Testing Activity Chamber. Carbohydrate malabsorption was determined by breath hydrogen (BH2) gas analysis after juice feedings. Statistical differences between groups were determined by 2-way analysis of variance with the Tukey procedure. Results. Infants with IC fed apple juice exhibited carbohydrate malabsorption as shown by increased BH2 excretion, whereas those without IC absorbed carbohydrates normally when fed this juice. Infants fed apple juice with carbohydrate malabsorption cried more and consequently slept less during the last 1.5 hours of the study. This was associated with increased PA and EE as compared with infants without IC fed apple juice. In contrast, infants fed white grape juice, regardless of IC, showed no increase in BH2 excretion, PA, and EE. Furthermore, crying and sleeping times were unchanged in infants fed white grape juice regardless of the presence or absence of IC. Conclusions. IC was associated with carbohydrate malabsorption from fruit juices containing sorbitol and a high fructose-to-glucose ratio.
Hyrax and Hare Bones from Modern South African Eagle Roosts and the Detection of Eagle Involvement in Fossil Bone Assemblages

Rock hyrax bones from South African eagle roosts comprise mostly cranial parts. Postcranial elements are much more weakly represented and, among them, bones of the hind limb outnumber those of the forelimb. The eagle roosts also contain remarkably few very young hyraxes. Assemblages of hyrax bones from Elands Bay Cave, Nelson Bay Cave, Die Kelders, and other important South African archaeological sites contain many more limb bones (relative to cranial elements), and they are generally much richer in forelimb (versus hind limb) elements. The sum suggests that eagles did not contribute significantly to the archaeological assemblages. However, in regard to hyrax age representation, the archaeological assemblages vary. Like the eagle-roost samples, those from Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites contain very few young hyraxes, while those from Later Stone Age (LSA) sites contain many more. The difference may reflect the presence of the bow and arrow and of domestic dogs only in the LSA. In contrast to eagle-accumulated hyrax samples, hare samples from South African eagle roosts comprise mainly postcranial elements, but the hare postcranial bones similarly come mainly from the rear limb. The archaeological samples of hare bones are much richer in cranial elements and in bones of the forelimb, and this suggests again that eagles contributed few if any bones to the archaeological sites. So far, it cannot be shown that hare age representation differs between eagle roosts and archaeological sites or between MSA and LSA sites.
Granulocyte sequestration and early failure in the autoperfused heart-lung preparation.

Abstract We investigated the role of pulmonary granulocyte sequestration in the development of early failure of the autoperfused working heart-lung preparation. A significant decline in the total circulating leukocyte count in 21 preparations at 60 minutes of perfusion (5.0 to 1.4 × 10 3 /μL; 28% of baseline; p p 3 /μL ± standard error of the mean). Postflush lung activity was significantly increased in group I versus group II (I, 3,751 ± 566; II, 1,867 ± 532; p p
Distributed queueing games in interference-limited wireless networks

We study distributed queueing games in interference-limited ad-hoc wireless networks. We formulate system design as a Nash Equilibrium (NE) problem, where the users aim at maximizing their own throughput by choosing the optimal transmission threshold. We first derive conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the NE; then we propose a distributed best-response algorithm solving the game along with its convergence properties. A second contribution of the paper is to develop a Branch and Bound-based (centralized) algorithm solving the associated (nonconvex) social problem, which one can use as benchmark to evaluate the performance of the proposed game theoretical formulation. Interestingly, our numerical results show that the sum-throughput achievable at the NE of the proposed game are very close to that of the social problem, which validates our game theoretical formulation. The performance loss is not negligible only in high interference scenarios. For such cases, we proposed a pricing-based algorithm yielding sum-throughput solutions very close to the globally optimal ones, at the cost of very limited signaling among the users.
Binding of lithium diiodosalicylate to glycophorin

Abstract Glycophorin was purified from human erythrocyte ghosts by the lithium diiodosalicylate-phenol procedure utilizing 125I-labeled lithium diiodosalicylate. The glycophorin preparation was found to contain 8.9 ± 2.1 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol glycophorin. This bound lithium diiodosalicylate cannot be removed by extensive washings with a variety of polar organic solvents nor by treatment with the detergent, sodium deoxycholate. Further, the hydrophobic peptide produced from glycophorin by trypsin digestion contained 3.4 mol lithium diiodosalicylate per mol peptide.
Stimulus novelty effects during stimulus equivalence testing

An analysis is performed on the transfer test data from an experiment which factorially combines percent reward (50% vs 100%) and duration of confinement (2 vs 20 sec) in the presence of cue values from two redundant stimulus dimensions. Rats perform better on test trials which pair the previously negative cues with novel compound cues than on trials in which the previously positive cues are paired with a novel compound. Long confinement durations and partial reward during acquisition increase this difference. The results give further evidence that novelty affects test performance in single-dimensional transfer tests following redundant cue training.
Falldarstellung eines atypisch lokalisierten Enchondroms am Fuß

Zusammenfassung Wir berichten uber einen Fall eines atypisch lokalisierten Enchondroms am Fus. Eine 44-jahrige Frau mit einem palpablen Weichteiltumor an der Kuppe der zweiten Zehe stellte sich in unserer Sprechstunde wegen seit 1 ½ Jahren bestehender Schmerzen und Gefuhlsstorungen vor. Die radiologischen Bilder zeigten einen Tumor mit beginnender Arrosion des Zehenendgliedes. Im MRT fand sich eine Raumforderung, es wurde der Verdacht auf einen Glomustumor gestellt, welcher teilweise das knocherne Endglied der zweiten Zehe infiltrierte. Der Tumor wurde komplett mit zusatzlicher Kurretage des Zehenendgliedes entfernt. Die Histologie ergab ein Enchondrom.
Development of the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP).

This paper reports the development of the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP), a 66-item self-administered inventory that quantifies performance with a hearing aid in everyday life using both...
Acyclic orientations of a graph and chromatic and independence numbers

The determinations of chromatic and independence numbers of a graph are represented as problems in optimization over the set of acyclic orientations of the graph. Specifically χ = minω∈Ωkω and β0 = maxω∈Ωkω where χ is the chromatic number, β0 is the independence number, Ω is the set of acyclic orientations, lω is the length of a maximum chain, and kω is the cardinality of a minimum chain decomposition. It is shown that Dilworth's theorem is a special case of the second equality.
Vertical Air Motions and the Z-R Relation

Abstract When employing radar for measuring rainfall rate, particularly for use in estimating the attenuation of radio waves, it is essential to take into account vertical air motions. An expression is derived to estimate, knowing the radar reflectivity, the rainfall rate-weighted, mean downward velocity of raindrops.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING MONTHLY GLOBAL RADIATION

: A technique is presented for estimating monthly sums of global radiation from a combination of calculations of monthly cloudless global radiation, surface meteorological observations, and empirical equations relating sunshine to global radiation. The percent deviation of calculated from observed values is not negligible but is much less than errors obtained using extraterrestrial solar radiation sums. If monthly global radiation is estimated for areas other than the one area described here, the possible errors should be redetermined. Techniques to adapt the equations for other areas are discussed.
Qualification testing of general electric 50 A h nickel—cadmium cells with pellon 2536 separator and passivated positive plates

Abstract Forty-two, 50 A h nickel—cadmium cells were delivered to the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) by General Electric (GE) in February, 1985 for the purpose of evaluating and qualifying a new, nonwoven nylon separator material, Pellon 2536, and the new GE positive plate passivation process. Testing began in May, 1985 at the Naval Weapons Support Center (NWSC) at Crane, Indiana with GSFC standard initial evaluation tests. Life cycling in both Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) began in July, 1985 with approximately 6500 LEO cycles and three GEO eclipse seasons complete at this writing. After early problems in maintaining test pack temperature control, all packs were performing well but were exhibiting higher than normal charge voltage characteristics.
Analysis of Reaction Products and Conversion Time in the Pyrolysis of Cellulose and Wood Particles

A detailed mathematical model is presented for the temporal and spatial accurate modeling of solid-fluid reactions in porous particles for which volumetric reaction rate data is known a priori and both the porosity and the permeability of the particle are large enough to allow for continuous gas phase flow. The methodology is applied to the pyrolysis of spherically symmetric biomass particles by considering previously published kinetics schemes for both cellulose and wood. A parametric study is performed in order !o illustrate the effects of reactor temperature, heating rate, porosity, initial particle size and initial temperature on char yields and conversion times. It is observed that while high temperatures and fast heating rates minimize the production of char in both reactions, practical limits exist due to endothermic reactions, heat capacity and thermal diffusion. Three pyrolysis regimes are identified: 1) initial heating, 2) primary reaction at the effective pyrolysis temperature and 3) final heating. The relative durations of each regime are independent of the reactor temperature and are approximately 20%, 60% and 20% of the total conversion time, respectively. The results show that models which neglect the thermal and species boundary layers exterior to the particle will generally over predict both the pyrolysis rates and experimentally obtainable tar yields. An evaluation of the simulation results through comparisons with experimental data indicates that the wood pyrolysis kinetics is not accurate; particularly at high reactor temperatures.
Long-delay learning in rats: A black-white discrimination

Rats can associate between events separated by intertrial intervals as long as several hours. For instance, they can learn that the type of food reward on one trial in a runway is correlated with whether running will be rewarded on the following trial. They also can learn that they will be rewarded if they alternate responses in a T-maze. In the otherwise similar experiments reported here, more traditional discriminative stimuli were used. Whether running down a runway was to be rewarded with sugar solution depended on whether the goalbox on the preceding trial, over 4 min ago, had been white or black. The rats learned this discrimination and retained it through an extinction phase.
Some effects of juvenile hormone and analogues on ovarian follicles of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Application of either the Cecropia juvenile hormone or 2 synthetic analogues up to 24 hr after blood-feeding completely and irreversibly inhibits follicular maturation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti . Normal functioning and degeneration of the nurse cells and follicular epithelium of the follicle is blocked in treated females. These compounds also cause an increase in the amount of protein contained in the ovaries of non-blood-fed females, although the follicles do not mature. A subsequent blood meal does not result in maturation of the follicles.
Analysis of the neural crest ventral pathway using injected tracer cells

Cloned neural crest melanocytes and nonneural crest cells were introduced into chick embryos to study questions of neural crest migration and localization. Previously we showed that cloned quail melanocytes injected directly into the newly formed somites of 2.5-day-old chick embryos were initially contained within the somitic lumen (Bronner and Cohen, 1979); following release from the somites, the melanocytes migrated along the ventral neural crest pathway. Here we demonstrate that the migratory pattern of melanocytes freshly isolated from the skin of 9- to 11-day-old quail embryos is identical to that of the cloned quail melanocytes grownin vitro for 8 days or more. Like cloned melanocytes, quail skin melanocytes migrated beyond the dorsal root and sympathetic chain ganglia and localized in the vicinity of the adrenal gland, aortic plexus, metanephric mesenchyme, gonads, and gut. This suggests that the choice of the ventral migratory route is not simply a consequence of prolonged stay in tissue culture. Nor is the choice of the ventral pathway a consequence of introducing cells of one species into the environment of another since melanocytes derived from chick neural crest cells migrated analogously to the quail melanocytes. The ventral pathway appears to be selective for neural crest-derived cells since somite cells and single fibroblast cells did not migrate ventrally when placed into the embryo. Quail somite cells remained associated with the somitic mesenchyme and single fibroblast cells migrated under the ectoderm. Injected quail fibroblasts when clumped, however, were found on the ventral pathway indicating that the ventral route is not specific for crest cells and their derivatives. Cloned quail melanocytes injected into older developmental levels of the neural axis did not migrate as far ventrally as those implanted in younger levels where crest cells were only beginning to migrate. This demonstrates that changes in the environment that occur as a function of developmental age limit the extent of ventral migration of injected melanocytes.
The stress response of critical illness

Maintenance of homeostasis in the setting of acute and significant injury is crucial to survival. In the perioperative period, threats to homeostasis occur as a result of either elective surgery (deliberate tissue injury) or unplanned trauma (inadvertent tissue injury). Resuscitation of patients during these periods of tissue injury and resulting organ dysfunction is a core activity of anesthesiologists and intensivists. In addition to resuscitation, however, these practitioners must understand how host responses to injury can affect homeostasis and represent a threat to survival. This article describes changes in autonomic and endocrine function caused by surgery; examines how host, anesthetic, and surgical factors influence this physiologic response; delineates relationships between organ-specific alterations in function and elements of the stress response; examines data indicating a relationship between stress-induced alterations in organ function and the development of clinically important complications; and evaluates how changes in practice patterns might alter outcome. Tissue injury elicits a large number of neural and hormonal responses that result in predictable physiologic alterations. Many of these neuroendocrine changes have been recognized for some time and are generally regarded as appropriate responses. 7,11 Circulating concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine are increased by augmented sympathetic nervous system activity. 3,27 Although rigorous documentation is lacking, it is likely that there is a parallel decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity. Alterations in autonomic nervous system activity are accompanied by diffuse changes in endocrine function. The more important of these responses are summarized in Table 1. There is increased secretion of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin, and endorphin from the pituitary, while secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) are either unchanged or decreased. 1,10,16,37 Peripheral endocrine function largely parallels changes in the regulatory pituitary hormones; adrenal secretion of cortisol and ACTH is augmented, 8,44 while thyroid function tends to be depressed. 10 Pancreatic secretion of glucagon is increased. In contrast, insulin secretion, when corrected for changes in glucose concentration, is attenuated. 26 In addition to changes in autonomic nervous system and endocrine function, traumatic injury also alters the pattern of protein synthesis in the liver. There is increased synthesis and release of the so-called "acute phase reactants," while synthesis of albumin and other hepatic products is decreased. More recently, it has been recognized that traumatic injury is associated with increased plasma concentrations of select cytokines, particularly interleukin-6. 36,39 In contrast, tumor necrosis factor increases only slightly following major injury and interleukin-1 concentrations do not appear to change with isolated trauma. 36,39
Measurement of oxygen fugacities under reducing conditions: non-Nernstian behavior of Y2O3-doped zirconia oxygen sensors

A calibration procedure is presented for the use of a Y_2O_3-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) oxygen sensor in 1 atm gas-mixing furnaces in the temperature range 1200–1500°C and 0–8 orders of magnitude below the iron-wustite (IW) buffer. Corrections to the Nernst equation were obtained by measuring apparent oxygen fugacities of gases in equilibrium with graphite (equilibrated with pure CO vapor), Cr + Cr_2O_3, and Ta + Ta_2O_5. Under reducing conditions, fO_2s calculated using the ideal form of the Nernst equation are erroneously high, by <0.1 log units at IW but by nearly three log units for Ta-Ta_2O_5 at 1000°C. The deviations between measured emfs and those calculated assuming Nernstian behavior of the electrolyte in the oxygen sensor reflect mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Measured emfs under reducing conditions are readily corrected for this effect via experimentally determined values of P_θ, the oxygen fugacity at which electronic conduction constitutes half of the total conductivity. For the oxygen sensors used in this study, log P_θ(± 0.20,lσ)3.70(±0.72)-32.95 ± 1.15 X10^3 T(K). Even under conditions more reducing than a gas of solar composition (f_(O2) = 10^(−18) at 1200°C), YSZ oxygen sensors can be used to determine absolute values of the oxygen fugacity to within ±0.2 log units.
A Flexible Rotor on Flexible Bearing Supports: Stability and Unbalance Response

An experimental study of the effects of bearing support flexibility on rotor stability and unbalance response is presented. A flexible rotor supported by fluid film bearings on flexible supports was used with fifteen support configurations. The horizontal support stiffness was varied systematically while the vertical stiffness was kept constant. The support characteristics were determined experimentally by measuring the frequency response functions of the support structure at the bearing locations. These frequency response functions were used to calculate polynomial transfer functions that represented the support structure. Stability predictions were compared with measured stability thresholds. The predicted stability thresholds agree with the experimental data within a confidence bound for the logarithmic decrement of ±0.01. For unbalance response, the second critical speed of the rotor varied from 3690 rpm to 5200 rpm, depending on the support configuration. The predicted first critical speeds agree with the experimental data within -1.7 percent. The predicted second critical speeds agree with the experimental data within 3.4 percent. Predictions for the rotor on rigid supports are included for comparison.
Guided paths through web-based collections: design, experiences, and adaptations

Digital libraries need to facilitate the use of digital information in a variety of settings. One approach to making information useful is to enable its application to situations unanticipated by the original author. Walden's Paths is designed to enable authors to collect, organize, and annotate information from on-line collections for presentation to their readers. Experiences with the use of Walden's Paths in high-school classrooms have identified four needs/issues: (1) better support for the gradual authoring of paths by teachers, (2) support for student authoring of paths including the ability for students to collaborate on paths, (3) more obvious distinction between content of the original source materials and that added by the path author, and (4) support for maintaining paths over an evolving set of source documents. These observed needs have driven the development of new versions of Walden's Paths. Additionally, the experiences with path authoring have led to a conceptualization of metadocuments, documents whose components include complete documents, as a general domain where issues of collaboration, intellectual property, and maintenance are decidedly different from traditional document publication.
Dietary restriction causes chronic elevation of corticosterone and enhances stress response in red-legged kittiwake chicks.

Release of corticosterone in hungry kittiwake chicks facilitates begging and allows them to restore depleted energy reserves by increasing parental food provisioning. However, in order to avoid detrimental effects of chronic elevation of corticosterone, chicks might suppress adrenocortical activity in response to prolonged food shortages. In this study we examined temporal dynamics of corticosterone release in red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris) chicks exposed to prolonged restrictions in energy content and/or nutritional quality (low versus high lipid content) of their food. Starting at the age of 15 days, chicks were fed either high- or low-lipid fish at 40%, 65%, and 100% of ad libitum energy intake. Body mass measurements and baseline plasma samples were taken on a weekly basis after beginning of the treatment. After 3 weeks of treatment, chicks were exposed to a standardized acute handling and restraint stress protocol, where in addition to a baseline sample, three plasma samples were taken at intervals up to 50 min. We found that food-restricted chicks had lower body mass, chronically (during 2–3 weeks) elevated baseline and higher acute stress-induced levels of corticosterone compared to chicks fed ad libitum. Low lipid content of food further exacerbated these effects. An increase in baseline levels of corticosterone was observed within a week after energy requirements of food-restricted chicks exceeded their daily energy intake. A tendency for suppression of adrenocortical activity was observed in treatments fed low-lipid diets only at the end of the experiment. We suggest that nest-bound chicks, if food-stressed, might suffer deleterious effects of chronic elevation of corticosterone.
Commentary on “Blood and Nerves Revisited: Menopause and the Privatization of the Body” by Dona L. Davis

n recent years, anthropologists have made great strides in generating what might be called the "ethnography of gender and health." For those of us teaching anthropologically oriented women's health courses, it is heartening to see the rapidity with which the ethnographic literature on gender and health-in forms ranging from journal articles to edited collections to what might be called "classic ethnographies"-continues to expand. Although much of this work still focuses on women as reproducers, anthropologists such as Dona Davis (as well as Yewoubdar Beyene, Patricia Kaufert, Margaret Lock, and Emily Martin, to name the most prominent among them) have taken us beyond the artificial limits posed by a woman's reproductive life span to expose the experiences, expectations, and embodiments of menopause in settings ranging from the United States to Mexico to Japan. As evident in the historically sensitive article presented here, Dona Davis was one of the pioneers in this ethnographic effort to study the "change of life" as it occurred among women living in a remote Newfoundland fishing village. Based on fieldwork undertaken in the late 1970s, the picture Davis was able to portray was of strong, spirited women, who viewed "the change" as medically unremarkable and accepted its symptoms as part of a "good woman's" normal burden of suffering. Thus the lively and pervasive discourse of "blood and nerves"-the folk idioms through which the menopausal experience was regularly communicated and shared among these women-was in fact a moral discourse about the particular virtues of womanly stoicism and grit under ecological conditions that can only be described as unforgiving. What is remarkable about the ethnographic picture Davis paints in this article, based on fieldwork undertaken fourteen years later, is how quickly senior women's
Science, medicine, and the future. Antivascular therapy: a new approach to cancer treatment.

The understanding that the growth of tumours is dependent on angiogenesis has led to the development of new approaches to treatment and new agents directed at tumour vasculature. These have yielded striking successes in experimental models, which if translated into the clinical setting will have a substantial effect on patient survival. Such new approaches are vital because, although great strides have occurred in the treatment of certain cancers, the overall standardised mortality from most solid tumours has altered little over the past two decades.1 This article considers the process of tumour angiogenesis and discusses the potential of angiogenic inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Role of angiogenesis in growth of tumours The vascularity of tumours has been noted for many years.2 Alguire noted that vascularisation was instigated by the developing tumour: “An outstanding characteristic of the growing tumour is its capacity to elicit the production of a new capillary endothelium from the host.”3 Tannock elegantly showed that the rate of division of tumour cells decreased in proportion to their distance from the supplying blood vessel and related this to diminishing oxygen supply.4 Moreover, he showed that the overall rate of growth was dictated not by proliferation of tumour cells but by the lower rate of proliferation of endothelial cells, concluding that the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tumour limited its growth. #### Predicted developments Tumour …
ULF magnetic fields generated by electrical storms and their significance to geomagnetic pulsation generation

The STAR Laboratory has been operating two independent electromagnetic noise monitoring systems in the vicinity of Stanford University for several years, one covering the ULF range (0.01–10 Hz) and the other the ELF/VLF range (10 Hz – 32 kHz). These two systems were operating during the relatively rare occurrence of a large local electrical storm on 23 September 1990 and their measurements (which cover 25 narrow frequency bands in the more than five-decade range 0.01 Hz – 32 kHz) provide a detailed picture of the ULF and ELF/VLF magnetic field fluctuations that accompanied the storm. As would be expected, considering the important role played by lightning in its generation, ELF/VLF radio noise is enhanced. However, the ELF/VLF enhancements are smaller than those that occur at ULF: the amplitude of the magnetic field fluctuations in a 100 Hz band centered on 2 kHz was approximately doubled, whereas in the range 0.2–0.5 Hz the amplitude was increased roughly 20 times, and the increase was about 50 times for the range 0.01–0.02 Hz. Some years ago I proposed that repetitive lightning in electrical storms could trigger Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsation events, but these new results suggest that there may exist a broader link between electrical storms and geomagnetic pulsations. Considering that there are perhaps 2000 electrical storms in progress around the world at any time, and that large ULF electrical current systems below the ionosphere can stimulate ULF hydromagnetic waves in the ionosphere, the new measurements suggest that the electrical currents associated with thunderstorms, taken as a whole, may be a source of ULF energy in the magnetosphere and thus influence the generation and amplification of some classes of geomagnetic pulsations.
Nanosilver-coated socks and their toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being incorporated and are known to be released from various consumer products such as textiles. However, no data are available on the toxicity of AgNPs released from any of these commercial products. In this study, we quantified total silver released from socks into wash water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and determined the presence of AgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We then exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for 72 h to either this leachate ("sock-AgNP") or to the centrifugate ("spun-AgNP") free of AgNPs and compared their toxicity to that of ionic silver (Ag(+)). Our data suggest that AgNPs do get released into the wash water, and centrifugation eliminated AgNPs but did not decrease total silver concentrations, indicating that most of the silver in the sock-AgNP solution was in the ionic form. All embryos died during the first 24 h when exposed to undiluted sock-AgNP and spun-AgNP solutions resulting in significantly lower LC50 values (0.14 and 0.26 mg L(-1)) compared to AgNO3 (0.80 mg L(-1)). Similarly, at 72 hpf, both sock-derived solutions were more potent at affecting hatching and inducing abnormal development. These results suggest that both sock-AgNP and spun-AgNP solutions were more toxic than AgNO3. Previous studies have consistently shown the opposite, i.e., AgNPs are about 10 times less toxic that Ag(+). All together our results show that the high toxicity induced by the leachate of these socks is likely not caused by AgNPs or Ag(+). More studies are needed to evaluate the toxicity of the myriad of AgNP-coated commercial products that are now estimated to be close to 500.
An electronic diary study of contextual triggers and ADHD: get ready, get set, get mad.

ABSTRACT Objective This study was designed to examine context effects or provocation ecologies in the daily lives of children with ADHD. Method Across 7 days, mothers and children (27 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] taking stimulant medication; 25 children without ADHD; ages 7-12 years) provided electronic diary reports every 30 ± 5 minutes during nonschool hours. Child and maternal perceptions of behaviors, moods, and interaction quality during preparatory and transitional (“getting ready”) activities were compared with those during other activities. Results Maternal reports revealed that child symptomatic behaviors and negative moods, maternal negative moods, and parent-child disagreement were elevated in the ADHD but not in the comparison group while getting ready versus other activities. Children's self-ratings also revealed situational effects, indicating that school-age children with ADHD can give meaningful self-reports using carefully structured electronic diaries. Conclusions Even when children with ADHD are receiving stimulant pharmacotherapy, the preparatory tasks of daily living are especially challenging and linked disproportionately to child behavior problems, parent negative affect, and contentious interactions. Treatment targeted on these transitional hurdles may improve child behavior patterns and enhance parent-child relationships and family harmony.
Normal and lysine-containing zeins are unstable in transgenic tobacco seeds.

Chimeric genes composed of the β-phaseolin promoter, an α-zein coding sequence and its modified versions containing lysine codons, and a β-zein polyadenylation signal were inserted into the genome of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. α-Zein mRNA levels in the transgenic tobacco seeds 20 days after self-pollination varied between 1.0% and 2.5% of the total mRNA population. At 25 days after pollination the 19 kDa α-zein was immunologically detected with a polyclonal antiserum in protein extracts from the seeds of transgenic plants. The transgenic plant with the highest level of zein gene expression had an α-zein content that was approximately 0.003% of the total seed protein. The amount of α-zein in other transgenic plants varied between 1 × 10−4% and 1 × 10−5% of the total seed protein. The differences in the amounts of mRNA and protein did not correlate with the lysine substitutions introduced into the α-zein protein. Polysomes translating α-zein mRNA isolated from tobacco seeds contained fewer ribosomes than those from maize endosperm, but this did not appear to be the cause of the inefficient protein synthesis. In vivo labelling and immunoprecipitation indicated that newly synthesized α-zein was degraded in tobacco seeds with a half-life of less than 1 hour.
Stroke is an emergency.

Abstract Stroke is an emergency. Ischemic stroke is similar to myocardial infarction in that the pathogenesis is loss of blood supply to the tissue, which can result in irreversible damage if blood flow is not restored quickly. Public education is needed to emphasize the warning signs of stroke. Patients should seek medical help immediately, using emergency transport systems. Therapy geared toward minimizing the damage from an acute stroke should be started without delay in the emergency room. This includes measures to protect brain tissue, support perfusion pressure, and minimize cerebral edema. Strategies for improving recovery should also begin immediately. All major medical centers need stroke teams and stroke units. Stroke prevention should be given high priority as a public health strategy. Risk factor management should be part of general health care and should begin in childhood, with emphasis on nutrition, exercise, weight control, and avoidance of tobacco. Health screening and early treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia has decreased the incidence of stroke and heart disease, but these efforts need to be expanded to reach all segments of the population. Basic research has opened the door to new therapies aimed at re-establishing blood flow and limiting tissue damage. Clinical trials have already led to changes in stroke prevention, including studies of carotid endarterectomy and ticlopidine and warfarin therapy (for patients with atrial fibrillation). Trials in progress are testing the usefulness of ancrod, neuroprotective agents, antioxidant agents, anti-inflammatory agents, low-molecular-weight heparin, thrombolytic drugs, and angioplasty. Any delay starting therapy after an acute stroke will result in progressive, irreversible loss of brain tissue. Clinicians should remember that for a stroke patient, time is brain tissue.
Comparison of aerosol optical depth of UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP), AERONET and MODIS over continental United States

The concern about the role of aerosols as to their effect in the Earth-Atmosphere system requires observation at multiple temporal and spatial scales. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiameters (MODIS) is the main aerosol optical depth (AOD) monitoring satellite instrument, and its accuracy and uncertainty need to be validated against ground based measurements routinely. The comparison between two ground AOD measurement programs, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Ultraviolet-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) and the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) program, confirms the consistency between them. The intercomparison between the MODIS AOD, the AERONET AOD, and the UVMRP AOD suggests that the UVMRP AOD measurements are suited to be an alternative ground-based validation source for satellite AOD products. The experiments show that the spatial-temporal dependency between the MODIS AOD and the UVMRP AOD is positive in the sense that the MODIS AOD compare more favorably with the UVMRP AOD as the spatial and temporal intervals are increased. However, the analysis shows that the optimal spatial interval for all time windows is defined by an angular subtense of around 1° to 1.25°, while the optimal time window is around 423 to 483 minutes at most spatial intervals. The spatial-temporal approach around 1.25° & 423 minutes shows better agreement than the prevalent strategy of 0.25° & 60 minutes found in other similar investigations.