cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A POLYPLOID SPECIES COMPLEX IN SPIROGYRA MAXIMA (CHLOROPHYTA, ZYGNEMATACEAE), A SPECIES WITH LARGE CHROMOSOMES

A species complex in Spirogyra consists of the series of filament morphotypes of various ploidal levels arising from an original morphotype within a clonal culture or in nature. A clonal culture of filaments identified as Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Kutzing produced several morphotypes, i.e. filament types of distinctly different widths and ploidal levels. Banding patterns and satellites were visible on chromosomes stained at mitotic prophase and metaphase. The original culture of S. maxima contained filaments averaging 127 μ wide. Vegetative cells of the original culture contained six large chromosomes (>4 μ long), identifiable as three distinct pairs based on banding patterns and presence of satellites: (1) one pair of short chromosomes (ca. 5.0 μ); (2) one pair of long chromosomes (ca. 8.0 μm); and (3) a second pair of long chromosomes (ca. 9.0 μm) including a nucleolar organizing region and satellite. A larger morphotype averaging 175 μm in width contained 12 chromosomes, with two pairs of short chromosomes and four pairs of long chromosomes (satellites were usually indistinct). Aneuploid chromosome numbers ranging from 5 to 13 were observed in a few cells. Binucleate and trinucleate cells were also observed. A twobanded chromosome fragment was observed in a few cells with 6 chromosomes and a few cells with 12 chromosomes. The variety of morphotypes derived in this study could be identified as four different species of Spirogyra by conventional taxonomic criteria. The banding patterns and satellites on chromosomes suggest that three pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in filaments of the original clonal culture and that these filaments are themselves autopolyploid (diploid) descendants of ancestral form with a base chromosome number of x = 3.
Estimation of outgoing longwave radiation from meteorological variables accessible from numerical models

A regression equation was developed and tested for directly estimating infrared flux density at the top of the atmosphere from variables available in numerical forecast models. The relation was developed in a stepwise procedure which used observed radiant flux density from the NOAA-3 satellite in the 10.5 to 12.5 μ window as the predictand and predictors derived from the US National Meteorological Center's Limited Fine Meshm model which are believed to have associations with cloudiness and with temperature. The equation was developed from continental data for the winter of 1974/5 and tested on data for February 1976, for which the weather regime was significantly different. By far the best predictor was the Planck function calculated from a temperature which approaches the boundary layer temperature when the 500mb dewpoint depression is large, and an upper tropospheric temperature when it is small. This variable alone accounted for almost 61% of the variance of the predictand in the initial sample. Four additional predictors increased the explained variance to over 67%. The corresponding variance explained in the test sample increased to over 71%. The distribution of mean fluxes at each gridpoint was especially well described. The mean field estimated by the equation explained over 97% of the variance of the mean observed field in the initial sample and almost 95% in the test sample. On a daily basis, predicted fields of radiant flux density appeared to be somewhat smoother than the observed fields, but the regression equation rather accurately predicted the location of relative radiant flux density minima caused by clouds having cold tops. When combined with a similar relation for reflected shortwave radiation, this equation offers a method of estimating the radiation balance at the top of a numerical model atmosphere which allows for cloudiness change without explicit prediction of cloudiness. The present paper illustrates the method for the restricted case of longwave radiation over a continent in winter.
An adaptive nulling algorithm based on signal subspace concepts

A novel eigenvector-based adaptive nulling algorithm, intended for anti-jam uplink satellite communications applications, is presented. The algorithm exploits a priori knowledge of high-power user terminal locations, together with the signal covariance matrix, to determine a basis set for the estimated jammer space. The computed signal weight vector is orthogonal to the estimated jammer space and maximally coupled to the user space. The nulling system is configured to suppress jammers exceeding a preset power threshold. Low-power, ineffective jammers cannot saturate the nuller. Theater coverage for low-power, low-data-rate users operating below threshold is facilitated through synthetic auxilliary user signals which are added to the signal covariance matrix. Simulation results are presented involving a 19-beam multiple beam antenna. >
THE CALCIUM ANTAGONIST CONTROVERSY: THE EMERGING IMPORTANCE OF DRUG FORMULATION AS A DETERMINANT OF RISK

Abstract Calcium antagonists are one of the widely available classes of antihypertensive agents. Their broad appeal is attributable to several features, including their efficacy, their beneficial characteristics such as metabolic neutrality, and the occurrence of relatively few nuisance-type side effects. Despite these attributes, a number of retrospective analyses have suggested that calcium antagonists may be detrimental and may both promote adverse cardiovascular events and increase the risk of cancer by interfering with cellular apoptosis. On the basis of this and other retrospective analyses, Furberg and Psaty (Am J Hypertens 1996;9:122–125) have proposed that the use of calcium antagonists as first-line antihypertensive agents should be discontinued. I have previously countered these allegations and have suggested that they are not relevant to the newer calcium antagonist formulations in current use. It is not widely appreciated that different formulations of the same chemical moiety can produce markedly different hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects, due to differences in the rate of drug delivery into the systemic circulation. During chronic treatment with dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, major fluctuations in blood pressure (rapid onset and offset of antihypertensive effects) during the dosing interval may occur for drugs and formulations that are short acting. In contrast, slow-release formulations of otherwise rapidly absorbed dihydropyridines achieve a more gradual and sustained antihypertensive effect. It is probable that newer calcium antagonist formulations that are truly once daily and do not provoke intermittent sympathetic activation or a cardioacceleratory response will not promote adverse cardiovascular events.
Contrast echocardiographic digital analysis using HDI Lab

Echocardiographic image interpretation is predominantly a subjective process, generally performed using the 'eyeball' technique and thus critically dependent on the reviewer's experience. In the past, software packages for digital image analysis have been limited. Recently, Advanced Technology Laboratories (ATL) has introduced HDI Lab for the analysis of digital images from the ATL HDI 5000 CV ultrasound machine. The purpose of this study was to apply HDI Lab to characterize the normal patterns of echocardiographic contrast uptake into the myocardium. Only by understanding the spatial variation in contrast uptake with normal perfusion can this technique be applied to patients with coronary artery disease. Digital images were obtained from 7 normal volunteers pre and post injection of Optison, microbubbles of albumin containing perfluorocarbon gas. Apical 4 and 2 chamber images were obtained in pulse-inversion harmonic mode, gated to end-diastole of every fourth beat, and stored to either a 3.5" magneto-optical disk (MOD) on the echo machine or to a remote PC via a network connection. Images were stored in a polar format containing data from individual scan lines and echo density quantified from regions of interest in the basal, mid and apical regions of the inferior, septal, anterior and lateral walls. Multifactorial analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant (p<0.001) increase in echogenicity of all walls indicating definite contrast presence in the myocardium. However, there was considerable variability in contrast effect with a strong (p<0.004) gradient from the base (least intense) to the apex (most intense), perhaps due to attenuation from overlying structures. Such heterogeneity of effect will have to be considered as contrast echocardiography is applied to patients with coronary artery disease.
Transpiration Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit in Field Grown Peanut

Abstract Water deficit, i.e., rainfall amounts and distribution, is the most common abiotic stress that limits peanut production worldwide. Even though extensive research efforts have been made to ...
Variables Related to the Type of Postsecondary Education Experience Chosen by Young Adults with Learning Disabilities

This article examines selected variables related to the type of postsecondary education experience chosen by young adults with learning disabilities (N=225). A oneway analysis of variance was utilized to identify significant differences between groups participating in alternative postsecondary education experiences. Variables related to use of community resources, community mobility, participation in vocational education while in high school, autonomy, peer influence, and gender were found to be significant factors that differentiate among groups. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
Metal-ion-binding properties of synthetic conantokin-G

The secondary structure of the synthetic 17-residue peptide, conantokin-G (con-G), a gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing marine cone snail neuroactive protein, is altered from a random conformation to one containing a very high level (>70%) of alpha-helix on binding of multivalent cations. The proportion of alpha-helix formed correlated well with the size of the cation and ranged from a low of approx. 7% with large cations, such as Ba2+, to more than 70% with smaller cations, such as Mn2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+. The valency of the multivalent cation was not as important, since tervalent lanthanides (Eu3+, Gd3+ and Tb3+) of ionic radius 106-109 pm induced similar levels (50-60%) of helix to those induced by Ca2+ and Cd2+ (ionic radii 109 and 114 pm respectively). Although the correlation was not as tight, smaller cations of the same valency allowed the helical transition to occur at lower concentrations than the larger cations. The spectroscopic and spectrometric properties of some of these cations permitted a more detailed analysis of the molecular nature of the cation-con-G binding. EPR-based titrations with Mn2+ provided a binding isotherm that was deconvoluted to a single class of 2-3 Mn2+ sites of average Kd 3.9 microM. This number of sites was similar to that for Ca2+ [Prorok, Warder, Blandl and Castellino (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16528-16534], but a much lower Kd was displayed with Mn2+. Determinations by 1H NMR of the longitudinal relaxation rates of the water protons in Mn2+/con-G solutions at different magnetic field strengths corresponding to the proton Langmuir frequencies of 24, 300 and 500 MHz permitted calculation of the hydration number of Mn2+ in the complex, which was found to be 1.0. This indicates that five of the six co-ordination sites of Mn2+ are occupied by peptide atoms, probably oxygens. Titrations of the changes in Tb3+ fluorescence as a result of its binding to con-G gave an EC50 of 58 microM, a value nearly identical with that obtained by titration of the change in helicity of the peptide as a function of Tb3+ concentration. This shows that the macroscopic binding of Tb3+ to con-G is directly responsible for the alteration in secondary structure of the peptide. Finally, Cd2+ was found to be an extremely suitable cation for an NMR-based investigation of the amino acid residues of apo-con-G that are perturbed by cation binding. In a limited example of the results of this study, it was discovered that originally equivalent CH2(delta) protons of Arg13 became distinctly magnetically non-equivalent in the Cd2+-bound helical form of con-G. This indicates that Arg13 is situated in the helix in such a way that the mobility of its side chain is highly restricted. In conclusion, the data show that a variety of multivalent cations with measurable spectroscopic and spectrometric properties interact similarly with con-G and generate extensive alpha-helical conformation in this peptide.
Parametric Line and Curve Theory

This chapter summarizes the basic line, curve, and surface theory of 3D model representation on the computer screen. You need to understand how a computer represents basic elements of 3D modeling such as line, curve, and surface on the screen.
Federal Reserve Policy in an International Context

In the postcrisis period, some foreign policymakers accused the Federal Reserve of engaging in “currency wars” and inadvertently creating “financial spillovers,” arguing that these were especially consequential given the dominant role of the U.S. dollar in international trade and finance. This lecture analyzes these critiques, and argues: (1) little support exists, either theoretical or empirical, for the currency wars claim; (2) the United States and its trading partners should use nonmonetary tools for dealing with spillovers; and (3) the benefits of the dollar standard to the United States and the world are considerably more symmetric than in the Bretton Woods era.
Deer Fly, Chrysops atlanticus Pechuman , Activity in Cultivated Fields and Nearby Salt Marsh Breeding Places

The deer flies, Chrysops atlanticus , are important pests of humans which move from the salt marsh and concentrate in wooded areas, especially along field edges. Studies at four sites showed that <2% of the deer flies attracted to a human host occur 50 and 100 m into the field whereas 64% were encountered at the field margin and the rest in the ecotone and on the salt marsh. No concentration of flies occurred where no vegetative barrier was present between the marsh and fields. More flies were taken in the morning than at noon and in the late afternoon during June and July near Cedarville, N.J.
Subject clitics in the Northern Italian vernaculars and the matching hypothesis

The main objective of this paper is to show that the patterning of subject clitics in the Northern Italian vernaculars correlates with the interpretation of the subject referent: the agreeing subject clitic occurs whenever the referent of the subject can be positively identified, that is, is either specific or presupposed, while the neuter non-agreeing one materializes when the subject referent is unknown or newly introduced into the discourse. This is the expected situation on the general assumption that subject clitics are agreement morphemes which match the features of the constituent they are coindexed with. The advantage of this proposal is that it encompasses all the data without resorting to stipulative explanations for particular subsets of the phenomenon.
Field Experiments for Insecticidal Control of Sod Webworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Florida Turfgrass

Thirty insecticides were evaluated for control of mixed populations of sod webworms, Herpetogramma spp. and Crambus spp., on ‘Tifway’ and ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass, Cynodon spp. All of the chemicals except one provided control with at least one rate of formulation evaluated. Fonofos, primiphos-ethyl, and chlorpyrifos provided partial residual control of the second generation of web worms when plots became reinfested 3 or 4 weeks after treatments. No evidence of resistance to any of the currently recommended insecticides was shown.
Noncontact method for calibration of lateral forces in scanning force microscopy.

This paper describes a noncontact calibration procedure for lateral force microscopy in air and liquids. The procedure is based on the observation that the sensitivity of a force microscope may be ...
Direct Urethra-Bladder Neck Anastomosis in the Surgical Correction of Posterior Urethral Strictures

AbstractA direct anastomosis of the urethra and bladder neck is suggested for posterior urethral strictures, especially high lesions. The technique is described, and its advantages and complications are discussed.
Effects of Epidural Analgesia on Labor and the Infant

Properly conducted epidural analgesia is generally quite safe and effective. However, even in the absence of complications, epidural blockade can have effects on the course of labor and on the baby. Regional anesthesia can affect the fetus indirectly through alterations in uterine perfusion and directly through placental transfer of drug. These effects are discussed in Chapters 3 and 5. This chapter discusses the three most important additional phenomena: effect on the progress of labor and mode of delivery, effect on maternal temperature, and effect on breastfeeding.
Computational Aspects of Linear Programming

In this chapter we shall be concerned with the development of a computationally efficient version of the simplex procedure for solving a primal linear program. Let us assume that we are faced with the now familiar problem of determining the maximum of $$f\left( X \right) = C'Xs.t.$$ $$AX = b,X0.$$ .
Effect of RS4 Resistant Starch on Dietary Fiber Content of White Pan Bread

Bread flour was replaced with 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% phosphorylated cross-linked RS4 resistant wheat starch and augmented with vital wheat gluten to maintain original flour protein content. Effect on dough and bread characteristics, total dietary fiber content, and consumer acceptability were evaluated. Mixograph water absorption was not affected by addition of 5, 10, and 15% RS4; however, a significant 2% increase in absorption occurred with 20 and 25% RS4 addition. Mixograph mix time was increased by 15 s with the addition of 5, 10, and 15% RS4, by 30 s with 20% added RS4, and by 45 s with 25% added RS4. There was not a difference in farinograph absorption of doughs containing all levels of added RS4. Farinograph mixing time increased as addition level increased up to 15% and then decreased at higher addition levels. In general, dough strength and extensibility were not affected by RS4 addition. Levels of added RS4 up to 20% did not affect bread volume. Loaves with 15, 20, and 25% added RS4 contained suf...
Cognitive Iconology: When and How Psychology Explains Images

Ian Verstegen’s Cognitive Iconology is “a roadmap for a new kind of psychology of art” (170). The Introduction, six chapters, and Conclusion are beautifully illustrated and replete with documentati...
Cytokines and intestinal inflammation.

Purpose of reviewCytokines of the intestinal microenvironment largely dictate immunological responses after mucosal insults and the dominance of homeostatic or proinflammatory pathways. This review presents important recent studies on the role of specific cytokines in the pathogenesis of intestinal
Clinical-Pathological Conference Hemoptysis and Abdominal Pain in a 74 Year Old Man

A 74 year old male was admitted to the hospital surgical service because of abdominal pain.
Health Insurance Coverage and Health — What the Recent Evidence Tells Us

The authors report their analysis of the highest quality research over the past decade examining the effects of health insurance on health and conclude that insurance coverage increases access to care and improves health outcomes.
Polydentate Ligand-Like Substances in Manure Impacting Soil Sorption and Transport of Phytate Phosphorus

The mechanisms by which complex products released from the organic matrix of cattle manure impact phosphorus (P) behavior and transport are largely undefined. Effects of a dairy slurry isolate on sorption characteristics of three benchmark soils and the breakthrough of phytate-P were determined in short soil columns of Mattapex loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludults) under saturated flow conditions. The manure liquid isolate was obtained after a 7-day incubation of reconstituted dairy manure (1.6:1, feces-to-urine) at 37 °C and centrifugation at 16,000×g. The liquid isolate, at dilutions of 20:1 to 4:1 water-to-isolate, decreased soil sorption of phytate-P, with reduction in loge K averaging 30%. Whether the influent contained artificial rainwater or the manure isolate at a water-to-isolate ratio of 20:1, P retention and breakthrough curves were differentially impacted. Only inorganic phosphate-P was eluted in a multiple-stage process, and breakthrough occurred after 16 pore volumes of rainwater. Both inorganic- and enzyme-labile P (TBIOP) appeared in the effluent when either a dilute solution of 0.05 M EDTA (ethylenediamine-N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetate) or one containing 5% of manure liquid isolate was used as influent. The polydentate ligand-like substances reduced (i) the soil’s affinity for phytate and (ii) the hydrolysis rate in soil, allowing phytate to be eluted. Therefore, dissolved components of the manure matrix played critical roles in controlling transport and dispersion of phytate-derived P forms in soil and may hold the key to the understanding of biogeochemical bases of persistent effects of legacy P in agricultural watersheds.
Effects of Weapons on Aggressive Thoughts, Angry Feelings, Hostile Appraisals, and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Weapons Effect Literature:

Guns are associated with aggression. A landmark 1967 study showed that simply seeing a gun can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” This meta-analysis integrates the findings of weapons effect studies conducted from 1967 to 2017. It includes 162 effect-size estimates from 78 independent studies involving 7,668 participants. The theoretical framework used to explain the weapons effect was the General Aggression Model (GAM), which proposes three routes to aggression—cognitive, affective, and arousal. The GAM also proposes that hostile appraisals can facilitate aggression. As predicted by the GAM, the mere presence of weapons increased aggressive thoughts, hostile appraisals, and aggression, suggesting a cognitive route from weapons to aggression. Weapons did not significantly increase angry feelings. Only one study tested the effects of weapons on arousal. These findings also contribute to the debate about social priming by showing that incidental exposure to a stimulus (weapon) can affect subse...
Piezo-Phototronic Effect on Light-Emitting Diode

As a classical device, the performance of an LED is dictated by the structure of the p–n junction and the characteristics of the semiconductor materials. Once an LED is made, its efficiency is determined largely by the local charge carrier densities and the time at which the charges can remain at the vicinity of the junction. The latter is traditionally controlled by growing a quantum well or using a built-in electronic polarization for “trapping” electrons and holes in the conduction and valence bands, respectively. This is a rather complex and expensive process involving MBE and MOCVD, and more importantly, the width and potential well depth of the quantum well are fixed once the growth is complete. In this chapter, we describe the piezo-phototronic effect on the light emitting of a n-ZnO–p-GaN structure for illustrating its general impact to LED. The emission intensity and injection current at a fixed applied voltage have been enhanced by a factor of 17 and 4 after applying a 0.093 % compressive strain, respectively, and the corresponding conversion efficiency has been improved by a factor of 4.25 in reference to that without applying strain! The absolute external efficiency has reached 7.82 %. This hugely improved performance is suggested to arise from an effective increase in the local “biased voltage” as a result of the band shift caused by piezopotential and the trapping of holes/electrons at the interface region in a channel created by the piezopotential near the interface. The study shows that the piezo-phototronic effect can be very effectively used for enhancing the efficiency of energy conversion in today’s green and renewable energy technology without using the sophisticated nanofabrication procedures that are of high cost and complex. The physical model presented can be expanded to many other materials.
Storage Project of Wet Distillers Grains

Materials and Methods The storage procedure for this product was to mix it with tub-ground, poor quality hay (Table 1) and pack it into a plastic bag utilizing a Kelly Ryan bagger. This tub-ground hay was typical of poor quality hays in Iowa—sufficient in protein to meet a gestating beef cow’s needs, but insufficient in energy for beef cow maintenance at 49.68%. Macro minerals in the hay are lower than previous survey work, however, this is logical due to this hay being stored outside for more than one year.
Indigenous Knowledge and Technology

Since colonial times administrators and researchers, especially anthropologists, geographers and archaeologists, have been interested in documents peasant resource management strategies, especially in “Third World” settings. However, it is only over the last three decades that social science discussions of peasant knowledge have more routinely invoked the term “indigenous technical knowledge” to refer to the knowledge and skills embedded in these resource management practices. The popularization of the term owes much to discussions in international agricultural development of the limits of modern technologies. Indeed, many studies of indigenous knowledge have been motivated by attempts to propose alternatives to modern technology, and to imagine forms of agricultural development that are less dependent on western science and its outputs and more community based. They have therefore been part of more general calls for popular participation in development. Work on indigenous knowledge thus reflects a practical projection of longer-standing scholarly discussions on environmental adaptation, agricultural intensification, and human and cultural ecology more broadly. More recently they have also resonated with actor-oriented approaches to development.
The diagnosis, classification, and management of asthma according to severity.

UNLABELLED: This activity is designed for primary care and specialist physicians. GOAL: To provide prompt and appropriate treatment for asthma of all levels of severity resulting in improved level of activity and decreased need for urgent care and hospitalization with a possible reduction in the annual decline of lung function, degree of permanent airway damage, and mortality. OBJECTIVES: 1. To provide a framework on the basis of history, physical findings, and laboratory results for the diagnosis of asthma. 2. To improve the ability to classify asthma by degree of severity. 3. To describe an incremental therapeutic approach to asthma by degree of severity. 4. To provide a systematic approach with regard to periodic reevaluation of asthma severity and modification of the treatment plan.
Real time transit demand prediction capturing station interactions and impact of special events

Abstract Demand for public transportation is highly affected by passengers’ experience and the level of service provided. Thus, it is vital for transit agencies to deploy adaptive strategies to respond to changes in demand or supply in a timely manner, and prevent unwanted deterioration in service quality. In this paper, a real time prediction methodology, based on univariate and multivariate state-space models, is developed to predict the short-term passenger arrivals at transit stations. A univariate state-space model is developed at the station level. Through a hierarchical clustering algorithm with correlation distance, stations with similar demand patterns are identified. A dynamic factor model is proposed for each cluster, capturing station interdependencies through a set of common factors. Both approaches can model the effect of exogenous events (such as football games). Ensemble predictions are then obtained by combining the outputs from the two models, based on their respective accuracy. We evaluate these models using data from the 32 stations on the Central line of the London Underground (LU), operated by Transport for London (TfL). The results indicate that the proposed methodology performs well in predicting short-term station arrivals for the set of test days. For most stations, ensemble prediction has the lowest mean error, as well as the smallest range of error, and exhibits more robust performance across the test days.
Interview Results: The Design Reviewer as Educator

This chapter discusses the role design reviewers play as educators in the design review process. The design reviewer as an educator focuses on managing complex information with regard to who knows what and when, who does what and when, educates citizens about what is happening in design review and what its purpose is, and how residents can get involved in the process.
CHAPTER 42 – Neuroendocrine Control of Mating-Induced Ovulation

This chapter discusses neuroendocrine control of mating-induced ovulation. Mating-induced ovulation or reflex ovulation includes a variable amount of spontaneous follicular development along with an absolute requirement of mating to evoke ovulation. This type of ovulation in carnivores evolved through sexual selection as a reproductive strategy that allows males the assurance of egg fertilization during short periods of pair bonding, and benefits females via post-copulatory mate choice. The duration and occurrence of estrus periods are also strongly influenced by social and environmental cues. Many induced ovulators are seasonal breeders; thus, seasonal changes in photoperiod dictate the display of female receptivity, restricting it to specific times of the year when reproduction would be most favorable, which is based on environmental availability of energy and resources. In general, induced ovulators can be divided into three loose categories of required coital stimuli. The first category includes species, which require minimal copulatory stimulation and in which ovulation can be induced rapidly. The second category of stimuli requirements for inducing ovulation is comprised of species that require, at minimum, a single complete copulatory series, usually consisting of multiple intromissions followed by an ejaculation. The third category of stimuli requirements for ovulation induction includes species that require multiple ejaculatory series, occurring either consecutively on the same day or over the course of several days.
2.7 A 28nm 600MHz Automotive Flash Microcontroller with Virtualization-Assisted Processor for Next-Generation Automotive Architecture Complying with ISO26262 ASIL-D

Automotive architecture has been rapidly progressing toward integration and centralization [1]. Integration of multiple electronic control units (ECUs) reduces vehicle weight by deleting the wire harness between ECUs and the cooperative control of multiple functions, resulting in energy savings. The power consumption of automotive MCUs must be single-digit Watts under thermal constraints, and many functions have to be squeezed into one MCU. Adoption of a 28nm process is necessary for speed, power and density, because a conventional 40nm embedded flash process is insufficient on these axes. Furthermore, the integration of ECUs also mixes software components with varying safety integrity levels in one MCU. Resource isolation is inevitable for functional safety to avoid latent faults. In the autonomous driving era, data size and performance requirements will increase owing to the number and complexity of sensors requiring fusion in real time. Fast networks within vehicles are vital. With the evolution of sensor fusion, information centralization, and control decentralization, automotive architectures have been progressing toward increased integration and centralization.
Assessment of Point-of-Care Ultrasound Training for Clinical Educators in Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.

Abstract Integrating point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to enhance diagnostic availability in resource-limited regions in Africa has become a main initiative for global health services in recent years. In this article, we present lessons learned from introducing POCUS as part of the Global Health Service Partnership (GHSP), a collaboration started in 2012 between the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Peace Corps and Seed Global Health to provide health care work force education and training in resource-limited countries. A cross-sectional survey of GHSP clinical educators trained to use POCUS and provided with hand-held ultrasound during their 1-y deployment during the period 2013–2017. The survey consisted of 35 questions on the adequacy of the training program and how useful POCUS was to their overall clinical and educational mission. Clinical educators engaged in a series of ultrasound educational initiatives including pre-departure training, bedside training in the host institutions, online educational modules, educational feedback on transmitted images and training of local counterparts. In this study 63 GHSP clinical educators who participated in the POCUS trainings were identified, and 49 were included at the study (78% response rate). They were assigned to academic institutions in Tanzania (n = 24), Malawi (n = 21) and Uganda (n = 18). More than 75% reported use of POCUS in clinical diagnoses and 50% in determining treatment, and 18% reported procedural application of ultrasound in their practice. The top indications for POCUS were cardiac exams, second- and third-trimester obstetric exams, lung and pleura, liver and spleen and gynecology/first-trimester obstetrics. The largest perceived barriers were lack of ultrasound knowledge by the clinical educators, lack of time, equipment security, difficulty accessing the Internet and equipment problems. We concluded that our multiphase POCUS training program has increased the utility, acceptability and usage of POCUS in resource-limited settings.
Role of Family in Promoting Illness, Treatment of Pain and Well Behavior

The interaction between pain patients and their family members can be described via a systems theory model for chronic pain, where family members can encourage or discourage pain behaviors through operant conditioning. Family-centered interventions for chronic pain can result in improved treatment outcomes, although essential characteristics of interventions are not clear.
Patients and providers’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception: a systematic review

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) immediately postpartum for preventing unintended pregnancy. This systematic review identified patients' and providers' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding immediate postpartum LARC use. Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, PsychInfo, and CINHAL databases (from inception to December 2018) were searched using LARC and immediate postpartum as search terms. The inclusion criteria were observational US studies, peer-reviewed, and English language, and the exclusion criterion was published abstracts only. The search yielded 4140 articles, and 18 articles were included in the final sample. Articles focused on women (n = 6) emphasizing patient preferences about the use of postpartum intrauterine devices (IUDs) and comprised samples of postpartum women. Among articles focused on providers (n = 12), knowledge regarding immediate postpartum LARCs varied. Providers reported lack of training and lack of comfort with regard to counseling and insertion as barriers to providing postpartum IUDs. This review identified literature regarding patient and provider perspectives on immediate postpartum LARC. Future work should ascertain patients' and providers' needs and preferences for integrating LARC counseling as a viable contraception option during the immediate postpartum period, ultimately promoting optimal inter-pregnancy intervals and overall health for women and future offspring.
Community Attitudes toward Community Placement of Mentally Retarded Persons

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the possibility of vociferous community members irrationally attacking proposals for humane, normal appearing residences for retarded persons in their neighborhood, thereby driving these unhappy persons back to bedlam like state hospitals. The community attitudes toward community placement of mentally retarded persons appear to be based on a core set of assumptions. First, it is assumed that the most appropriate residential placement is generally in the normal community, which to most professionals suggests a home and neighborhood much like the place in which they choose to live. A second assumption is that placement in large, isolated institutions is the result of hostile community attitudes toward the mentally retarded and that these same attitudes are a major source of the problems that have arisen in trying to establish small “community residential facilities” (CRFs) for mentally retarded persons. Third, it is assumed that community resistance is irrational and unrealistic and that if community members only knew the truth about the retarded and CRFs, they would be supportive. Finally, it is assumed that verbally expressed attitudes relate to overt behavior, for example, resistance to CRFs.
Wave–Current Interaction between Hurricane Matthew Wave Fields and the Gulf Stream

AbstractHurricanes interact with the Gulf Stream in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) through a wide variety of processes, which are crucial to understand for prediction of open-ocean and coastal haza...
2519 Training, Education for Robotic Performance with Simulation (Terps): A Valuable Tool For Gynecologic Surgeons In Training

Study Objective To evaluate the role of robotic simulation in training OBGYN residents by determining an optimal number of exercise repetitions prior to clinical debut; To assess whether clinical exposure accelerates proficiency by correlating laparoscopic/robotic experience with simulator skills acquisition Design Prospective cohort study Setting Urban academic center with active COEMIG designation Patients or Participants 2017-2018 Gynecology residents(PGY1-4) Interventions Voluntary participants were instructed to complete 10 repetitions of 5 exercises (pegboard-1, energy dissection-1, energy switching-1, ringr however, after one round, many trainees failed to attain the pre-determined passing score of 80%. Across all participants, mean scores by exercise were 82.5±15.6, 78.0±15.8, 72.6±17.9, 62.7±19.4, 60.1±22.1 (p Conclusion Robotic simulation may be useful for development/maintenance of robotic skills in Gynecology trainees. M-score® may be insufficiently sensitive; additional metrics should be explored. Robotic simulation is valued by trainees, however, not a milestone established by the ACGME. Protected time with incorporation into curricula would be needed to maximize utility.
Breast Elastography: How to Perform and Integrate Into a "Best-Practice" Patient Treatment Algorithm.

Breast elastography has been available for more than 15 years but is not widely incorporated into clinical practice. Many publications report extremely high accuracy for various breast elastographic techniques. However, results in the literature are extremely variable. This variability is most likely due to variations in technique, a relatively steep learning curve, and variability in methods between vendors. This article describes our protocol for performing breast elastography using both strain elastography and shear wave elastography, which produces high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, we will describe the most commonly known false-positive and false-negative lesions as well as how to detect them.
Trade-offs and selection conflicts in hybrid poplars indicate the stomatal ratio as an important trait regulating disease resistance.

Natural selection can remove maladaptive genotypic variance from populations, leaving reduced phenotypic variation as a signal of its action. Hybrid populations offer a unique opportunity to study phenotypic variance before selection purifies it, as these populations can have increased genotypic and phenotypic variance than can reveal trade-offs and selection conflicts not visible, or visible to a lesser extent, in unadmixed populations. Here, we study the interactions between a fungal leaf rust disease (Melampsora medusae) and stomata and ecophysiology traits in a set of hybrid and unadmixed individuals formed by natural matings between Populus balsamifera, P. trichocarpa, P. angustifolia, and P. deltoides. Phenotypes were measured on cloned genotypes grown in a common garden and genotyped at 227K SNPs with GBS. Our analyses indicate hybridization decreases disease resistance and increases the variance of stomatal ratio (SR), or the ratio of upper leaf surface stomata density to total stomata density. Heritability of SR was high in admixed populations (H 2 = 0.72) and covaries strongly with the proportion of P. balsamifera ancestry in a genome; thus, selection could effectively reduce disease by selecting for low values of stomatal ratio. However, selection conflicts present in some admixed populations may prevent adaptation to pathogens as a result of these populations being unable to occupy adaptive trait space along the growth-defense spectrum. These results suggest an important role for SR and stomatal patterning traits as a target of pathogen induced selection to achieve local fitness optima. Additionally, we demonstrate that hybridization is capable of generating, or magnifying maladaptive intermediate phenotypes to reveal trade-offs and selection conflicts.
Hierarchical Hybrid MPC for Management of Distributed Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage

A rapid increase in the electrical power on board vehicles has presented significant challenges to their thermal management. One proposed solution for large vehicles is the use of thermal energy storage (TES) modules containing phase change material (PCM) to quickly absorb large thermal loads, buffering fast thermal transients to reduce peak cooling requirements. However, the inherent nonlinearity and multi-timescale nature of vehicles with phase change energy storage must be addressed in control design. This paper presents a hierarchical hybrid model predictive control (MPC) framework to meet this need. A hierarchical control framework coordinates between the relatively slow phase change dynamics of the TES and relatively fast temperature dynamics elsewhere, excited by highly transient loading. Switched linear models are used to approximate nonlinearities across a wide range of operating conditions, resulting in hybrid MPC formulations that balance model accuracy and computational burden. The proposed approach is demonstrated in simulation on a candidate thermal management system with multiple TES modules.
Does Rater Job Position Matter in Training Needs Assessment? A Study of Municipal Employees in the USA.

Organizational investments in employee training and development have steadily increased over the past decade. Yet, training needs assessment (TNA) remains an understudied topic in the training literature. This study used a large sample of municipal employees in the USA to examine the effects of rater and their job/organizational position on TNA ratings. Results indicated that supervisors tended to rate their own training needs higher than how non-supervisors rated their supervisors' training needs. The opposite was found for non-supervisor self-ratings - they tended to be lower than the supervisors' ratings of their subordinates. We also found initial validity evidence for inferences made from TNA self-ratings of managerial competencies, which distinguished between employees in supervisory and non-supervisory positions. Practical and theoretical implications, as well as study limitations and directions for future research, are discussed.
Characterization of microdot apodizers for imaging exoplanets with next-generation space telescopes

A major science goal of future, large-aperture, optical space telescopes is to directly image and spectroscopically analyze reflected light from potentially habitable exoplanets. To accomplish this, the optical system must suppress diffracted light from the star to reveal point sources approximately ten orders of magnitude fainter than the host star at small angular separation. Coronagraphs with microdot apodizers achieve the theoretical performance needed to image Earth-like planets with a range of possible telescope designs, including those with obscured and segmented pupils. A test microdot apodizer with various bulk patterns (step functions, gradients, and sinusoids) and 4 different dot sizes (3 μm, 5 μm, 7 μm, and 10 μm) made of small chrome squares on anti-reflective glass was characterized with microscopy, optical laser interferometry, as well as transmission and reflectance measurements at wavelengths λ=600 nm and λ=800 nm. Microscopy revealed the microdots were fabricated to high precision. Results from laser interferometry showed that the phase shifts observed in reflection vary with the local microdot fill factor. This effect is not explained purely by interference between reflected fields from the chrome and glass portions. Transmission measurements showed that microdot fill factor and transmission were linearly related for dot sizes ≥5 μm. However, anomalously high transmittance was measured when the dot size is <5× the wavelength (i.e. ∼3 μm) and the fill factor is approximately 50%, where the microdot pattern becomes periodic. The transmission excess is not as prominent in the case of larger dot sizes suggesting that it is likely to be caused by the interaction between the incident field and electronic resonances in the surface of the metallic microdots. We used our empirical models of the microdot apodizers to optimize a second generation of reflective apodizer designs, specifically for demonstrating end-to-end instrumentation for planet characterization at Caltech’s High Contrast Spectroscopy Testbed for Segmented Telescopes (HCST), and confirmed that the amplitude and phase of the reflected beam closely matches the ideal wavefront.
Data-Driven Optimization of Reward-Risk Ratio Measures

We investigate a class of fractional distributionally robust optimization problems with uncertain probabilities. They consist in the maximization of ambiguous fractional functions representing rewa...