cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Liking Survey Captures Behaviors Associated with Weight Loss in a Worksite Program among Women at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.

In a secondary analysis, we assessed the ability of dietary and physical activity surveys to explain variability in weight loss within a worksite-adapted Diabetes Prevention Program. The program involved 58 overweight/obese female employees (average age = 46 ± 11 years SD; average body mass index = 34.7 ± 7.0 kg/m2 SD) of four long-term care facilities who survey-reported liking and frequency of dietary and physical activity behaviors. Data were analyzed using a latent variable approach, analysis of covariance, and nested regression analysis to predict percent weight change from baseline to intervention end at week 16 (average loss = 3.0%; range—6% gain to 17% loss), and follow-up at week 28 (average loss = 2.0%; range—8% gain to 16% loss). Using baseline responses, restrained eaters (reporting liking but low intakes of high fat/sweets) achieved greater weight loss at 28 weeks than those reporting high liking/high intake (average loss = 3.5 ± 0.9% versus 1.0 ± 0.8% S.E., respectively). Examining the dietary surveys separately, only improvements in liking for a healthy diet were associated significantly with weight loss (predicting 44% of total variance, p < 0.001). By contrasting liking versus intake changes, women reporting concurrent healthier diet liking and healthier intake lost the most weight (average loss = 5.4 ± 1.1% S.E.); those reporting eating healthier but not healthier diet liking (possible misreporting) gained weight (average gain = 0.3 ± 1.4% S.E.). Change in liking and frequency of physical activity were highly correlated but neither predicted weight loss independently. These pilot data support surveying dietary likes/dislikes as a useful measure to capture dietary behaviors associated with weight loss in worksite-based programs. Comparing dietary likes and intake may identify behaviors consistent (appropriate dietary restraint) or inconsistent (misreporting) with weight loss success.
Outcomes Associated With Scapholunate Ligament Injury Following Intra-Articular Distal Radius Fractures.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate a series of intra-articular distal radius fractures (DRFs) to determine whether patients without radiographic evidence of scapholunate (SL) ligament injury have a difference in outcomes in comparison with patients with radiographic evidence of SL ligament injury and no ligament repair or reconstruction. Our hypothesis is that there are no significant differences in outcomes between patients after treatment of their intra-articular DRF. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients from a single institution who sustained an intra-articular DRF from January 2006 through January 2019 with minimum 12-month (n = 192) and 24-month (n = 100) follow-up was performed. Patient demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were compared between SL angles less than 70° (cohort 1) and SL angles 70° or greater (cohort 2). Radiographic parameters were measured and recorded at 3 time points: baseline in the contralateral wrist, following closed reduction but prior to surgical intervention, and at final follow-up. Outcomes collected included Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH), Modified Global Assessment of Function (mGAF), and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. RESULTS One hundred ninety-two patients were included. Of these 192 patients, cohort 1 (n = 110) was observed to have median (range) SL angles of 58° (42°-68°) and cohort 2 (n = 82) median (range) SL angles of 74.5° (70°-87°) after closed reduction. Cohort 2 had statistically significant increases in median SL angles from closed reduction to final follow-up (74.5° [range, 70°-87°) to 78.5° (range, 71°-107°). There were no statistically significant differences in QuickDASH disability scores, mGAF scores, and VAS pain scores between the cohorts at initial and final follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS Patient-reported outcomes at 12 and 24 months do not differ between patients without radiographically apparent SL ligament injury (SL angles < 70°) and patients with radiographically apparent SL ligament injury(SL angles ≥ 70°) who do not undergo ligament repair or reconstruction following treatment of their intra-articular DRF. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
Raise a fist, take a knee: the intersection of interscholastic sports and democratic education

This study explores the ways in which controversies in U.S. interscholastic sports raise questions about race, gender, democracy, and citizenship. Drawing on a conceptualization of critical and mul...
Targeted High-Resolution Taxonomic Identification of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Using Human Milk Oligosaccharide Metabolizing Genes

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) is one of few microorganisms capable of metabolizing human breast milk and is a pioneer colonizer in the guts of breastfed infants. One current challenge is differentiating B. infantis from its close relatives, B. longum and B. suis, by molecular methods. These two organisms are classified in the same species group as B. infantis but do not share the ability to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Here, we compared HMO-metabolizing genes across different Bifidobacterium genomes to develop B. infantis specific primers and determine if they alone can be used to quickly characterize B. infantis with shotgun metagenomic sequencing data. We showed that B. infantis is uniquely identified by the presence of five HMO-metabolizing gene clusters, used this characterization to test for its prevalence in infants, and validated the results using the B. infantis-specific primers. By examining stool samples from a cohort of US children and pregnant women using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we observed that only 18 of 204 (8.8%) of children under 2 years old harbored B. infantis. These results highlight the importance of developing and improving approaches to identify B. infantis. A more accurate characterization may provide insights into regional differences of B. infantis prevalence in infant gut microbiota.
In situ X-ray and thermal imaging of refractory high entropy alloying during laser directed deposition

Abstract MoNbTiV high-entropy alloy was in situ alloyed with laser power-blown directed energy deposition additive manufacturing from a mixture of four elemental powders of Mo, Nb, Ti, and V. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the alloying process through in situ high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging and infrared imaging. High-speed X-ray imaging was used to investigate the in situ alloying process through direct observation. The particle delivery velocities of four different elemental powders under the same processing conditions were studied to reveal the performance of the powders during the in situ alloying process. We found that the Ti and Nb powders showed the greatest and smallest averaged particle-delivery velocities among these four powders, respectively, and the particle delivery velocity would be affected by the particle characteristics, particle size, and density of powders. The velocities of the resulting melt pool flow were measured to show the melt flow dynamics in such a process. The residence time of each elemental powder was also obtained, and Mo powders showed the largest residence time followed by Nb, V, and Ti powders. The porosity induced by unmelted particles and entrapped gas occurred in the alloying process. The Mo powders resulted in the most unmelted particles, and the entrapped gas porosity was mainly induced by the keyhole fluctuation. With the assistance of an infrared camera, we reported the emissivity of the melt pool, the change of thermal properties, and melt pool morphology during alloying.
Damage Mechanisms and Accumulation in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates,

Abstract : Damage mechanisms and accumulation, and associated stiffness and residual strength reductions, were studied in cross-ply graphite/epoxy laminates under cyclic tensile loading. Stress-life data were fitted by straight lines on a log-log scale. The fatigue sensitivity decreases with the number of contiguous 90-deg plies. Five different damage mechanisms were observed: transverse matrix cracking, dispersed longitudinal cracking, localized longitudinal cracking, delaminations along transverse cracks, and local delaminations at the intersections of longitudinal and transverse cracks. Variations of residual modulus and residual strength were measured as a function of cyclic stress level and number of cycles. The residual modulus shows a sharp reduction initially, followed by a more gradual decrease up to failure. The residual strength showed some characteristic features: a sharp decrease initially then a near plateau in the middle part of the fatigue life, and a rapid decrease in the last part of the fatigue life. A cumulative damage model is proposed based on residual strength and the concept of equal damage curves. (Author)
Graphene Based Nafion® Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Nanocomposite proton-exchange membranes are fabricated by loading graphene nanoflakes into perfluoro sulfonic acid polymer (Nafion) solutions at controlled amounts (1–4 wt%) followed by electrical and thermal characterization of the resulting membranes. Electronic and ionic conductivity values of the nanocomposites, as well as their dielectric and thermal properties improve at increased graphene loadings. Owing to graphene’s exceptionally high surface area to volume ratio and excellent physical properties, these nanocomposite are promising candidates for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell applications.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
1.6.4 Systems Engineering is Not Just Engineering—Or is It? A Critical Look at the Scope of our Profession

It is commonly perceived that systems engineering is merely another branch of engineering. Of course, in many ways this is true. But there are some unique aspects of systems engineering that are not relevant to “regular” engineering. This paper will describe these differences. By understanding these differences, it will help the practitioner of the systems discipline to perform the requisite tasks in a more effective manner. For systems engineering to develop into a more mature discipline, it is essential that all key attributes of the practice be understood. This paper will attempt to describe these key attributes.
Data and Analyses of Voting in the UN General Assembly

Roll-call voting in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has long attracted the attention of scholars; first to study the formation of voting blocs in the UNGA and more recently to create indicators for the common interests of states. This chapter discusses the data and the various choices scholars have to make when using these data for both these purposes. The chapter points out various common errors, such as confusing abstentions and absentee votes, and discusses appropriate methodologies for estimating state preferences from observed vote choices. I argue that studies that use UN voting data to measure common interests pay insufficient attention to the content of UN votes and show how ignoring (changes in) the UN’s agenda and dimensions of contestation can lead to serious biases. The chapter reviews characteristics of available data and gives a bird’s eye view of the history of UN voting.
Group matrix: a collaborative modeling tool

This work focuses on the development and evaluation of a Group Matrix to enable groups to collaboratively construct an organizational model. Group Matrix extends the range of activities that can be successfully supported in a group environment by providing parallel channels of communication so that meeting participants can express the relationships between elements of a model. Group Matrix has become an integral part of Enterprise Analyzer, a combination of methodology, tools and techniques for supporting organizational process redesign. Electronic Meeting Systems (EMS) provide an environment for making meetings more effective by introducing technology and structure to the meeting process. Enterprise Analyzer blends methodology, techniques and tools for supporting end-users in modeling, systems development and process reengineering by building from the knowledge gained from the EMS experiences. The Enterprise Analyzer toolkit, including Group Matrix, has been used by eight groups from two large organizations to develop models for information systems development and organizational process redesign. Group Matrix provides a comprehensible interface for participants to establish relationships in the information architecture and to prioritize information and activities in Enterprise Analysis, thus supplying an enabling technology for a new group process. The use of Group Matrix has prompted enhancements and design changes reflected in the current version and in the two hybrids developed during the course of this project, and has yielded greater understanding about this new group activity. Traditionally, the task of creating and using an information systems model has been the exclusive domain of the analyst. End-users and organizational members contribute, but their knowledge is synthesized from interview data obtained by the analyst in creating the model and is reflected in a language and structure recognizable only by the analyst. The analyst is also responsible for resolving any conflicting information. A model jointly created by end-users and analysts using Group Matrix, however, can serve as a medium for defining requirements that are commonly understood by end-users, as well as analysts.
The ndvA gene product of Rhizobium meliloti is required for beta-(1----2)glucan production and has homology to the ATP-binding export protein HlyB.

Abstract The ndvA locus of Rhizobium meliloti is homologous to and can substitute for the chvA locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We have previously shown that an ndvA mutant exhibited reduced motility and formed small, white, empty nodules on alfalfa roots. Here we show that this ndvA mutant is defective in the production of the cyclic extracellular polysaccharide beta-(1----2)glucan, even though a 235,000-dalton protein intermediate, known to be involved in the synthesis of this molecule, is present and active in vitro. The DNA sequence of the ndvA locus revealed a single large open reading frame encoding a 67,100-dalton protein that was homologous to a number of bacterial ATP-binding transport proteins. The greatest degree of relatedness was seen with Escherichia coli HlyB, a protein involved in the export of hemolysin, and with the mdr gene product of mammalian cells, which is also homologous to HlyB and thought to be involved in export. Based on the overall symbiotic phenotype of ndvA mutants, the extensive homology between NdvA and HlyB, the fact that ndvA mutants retained an active 235,000-dalton membrane intermediate, and the absence of extracellular beta-(1----2)glucan, we propose that NdvA is involved in export of beta-(1----2)glucan from the cell and that this process is fundamentally important for normal alfalfa nodule development.
Comparator Power Minimization Analysis for SAR ADC Using Multiple Comparators

Comparator power consumption is a major bottleneck to the power efficiency of a high resolution successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) used in low-power applications. This paper analyzes theoretically the optimal comparators that need to be used to achieve a desired overall performance at minimum power levels. A simple and accurate mathematical model of the SAR ADC that is amenable to analysis is first presented. The mathematical formulation suggests that the comparison power allocated to each bit step need not be the same. The optimization problem, therefore, is solved so that the comparator power budget is optimally distributed among all bit steps. Simulation results show that up to 50% and 60% power savings can be achieved when 10 and 12 comparators are employed for 10 b and 12 b SAR ADCs, respectively. To reduce the implementation complexity, comparator noise allocation problem is also solved when fewer than $N$ comparators are employed in an $N$ -bit SAR ADC. Simulation results suggest that two comparators is sufficient to achieve near ideal performance in 10 b and 12 b SAR ADCs.
Cutaneous granulomatous response to BCG cell walls with reference to cancer immunotherapy.

Abstract A chronic inflammatory response produced by cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG associated with microscopic oil droplets (BCG CW-O) was studied with reference to the tumor-regressing ability of this preparation. When BCG CW-O was injected intradermally in the footpads of guinea pigs, intense inflammation developed at the site of injection and in the draining popliteal lymph node. This was characterized histologically as granulomatous inflammation. The intensity of the response was related to the dose of BCG CW-O. Cell walls without oil produced the same type of inflammation but much less in degree. Data are presented that demonstrate the immunological nature of this response and classify it as a cell-mediated immune reaction. Ramifications of this chronic inflammatory reaction occurring at the site of a tumor are discussed.
Autolysis and extension of isolated walls from growing cucumber hypocotyls

Walls isolated from cucumber hypocotyls retain autolytic activities and the ability to extend when placed under the appropriate conditions. To test whether autolysis and extension are related, we treated the walls in various ways to enhance or inhibit long-term wall extension ('creep') and measured autolysis as release of various saccharides from the wall. Except for some non-specific inhibitors of enzymatic activity, we found no correlation between wall extension and wall autolysis. Most notably, autolysis and extension differed strongly in their pH dependence. We also found that exogenous cellulases and pectinases enhanced extension in native walls, but when applied to walls previously inactivated with heat or protease these enzymes caused breakage without sustained extension. In contrast, pretreatment of walls with pectinase or cellulase, followed by boiling in methanol to inactivate the enzymes, resulted in walls with much stronger expansin-mediated extension responses. Crude protein preparations from the digestive tracts of snails enhanced extension of both native and inactivated walls, and these preparations contained expansin-like proteins (assessed by Western blotting). Our results indicate that the extension of isolated cucumber walls does not depend directly on the activity of endogenous wall-bound autolytic enzymes. The results with exogenous enzymes suggest that the hydrolysis of matrix polysaccharides may not induce wall creep by itself, but may act synergistically with expansins to enhance wall extension.
Delineation of the dynamic properties of individual lipid species in native and synthetic pulmonary surfactants.

Abstract Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is characterized by a highly conserved lipid composition and the formation of unique multilamellar structures within the lung. An unusually high concentration of DPPC is a hallmark of PS and is critical to the formation of a high surface area, stable air/water interface; the unusual lipid polymorphisms observed in PS are dependent on surfactant proteins, particularly lung surfactant protein B (SP-B). The molecular mechanisms of lipid trafficking and assembly in PS remain largely uncharacterized. Using 2 H and 31 P NMR, we characterize the dynamics and polymorphisms of the major lipid species in native PS and synthetic lipid mixtures as a function of SP-B 1 -25 addition. Our findings point to increased dynamics and a departure from a lamellar behavior for DPPC on addition of the peptide, consistent with our observations of DPPC phase separation in native surfactant. The monounsaturated lipids POPC, POPG and POPE remain in a lamellar phase and are less affected than DPPC by surfactant peptide addition. Additionally, we demonstrate that the properties of a native PS can be successfully mimicked by using a fully synthetic lipid mixture allowing the efficient evaluation of peptidomimetics under development for PS replacement therapies via NMR spectroscopy. The specificity of the dynamic changes in DPPC relative to POPC suggests the importance of tuning partitioning properties in successful peptidomimetic design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: NMR Spectroscopy for Atomistic Views of Biomembranes and Cell Surfaces. Guest Editors: Lynette Cegelski and David P. Weliky.
Synthesis and characterization of an oligonucleotide containing the bifurcated nucleobase ω-adenylpropyl uracil

Abstract A novel bifurcated nucleoside that bears an adenine group trimethylene linked to the 5-position of uracil, 5-(omega-adenylpropyl)-2′-deoxyuridine, has been synthesized and incorporated into a DNA dodecamer. This nucleoside is designed to both intercalate and hydrogen bond when incorporated into an oligonucleotide helix. Initial results of its influence on helix properties are reported.
HEAT! A Bank Health Assessment Tool

Developments during the global financial crisis have highlighted the importance of differentiating across financial systems and institutions. Assessments of financial stability have increasingly considered the characteristics of individual banks within a financial system, as well as those with significant international reach, to identify vulnerabilities and inform policy decisions. This paper proposes a simple measure of bank soundness, the Bank Health Index (BHI), to facilitate preliminary analyses of individual financial institutions relative to their peers. The evidence suggests that the BHI is useful for a first-pass identification of bank soundness conditions. Automated spreadsheet templates of the bank Health Assessment Tool (HEAT!) are provided for users with access to the BankScope, Bloomberg and/or SNL database(s).
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase modulates anxiety-like behavior in PCP-treated rats

Sub-chronic administration of PCP produces a social interaction deficit that is reversed by URB597, an inhibitor of the catabolic enzyme of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Since increased anxiety may contribute to social withdrawal and URB597 has been shown to have an anxiolytic action, we studied whether this drug affected saline- and PCP-treated rats' performance in the Elevated-Plus-Maze task, which has been used to assess anxiety-like effects. Sub-chronic PCP produced a CB(1)-dependent decrease in anxiety-like behavior that was reversed by URB597 in a CB(1)-independent fashion, as it was not blocked by the CB(1) antagonist AM251. These findings suggest that PCP-treated rats have altered endocannabinoid transmission and that anxiety does not contribute to the PCP-induced social withdrawal.
Modeling Porous Layers In Elastic Media With a Hybrid Method

A hybrid method which combines one-way approximation method and the propagator matrix method ( the full-wave solution ) is introduced and extended to including twophase media based on the equivalent propagator matrix of two-phase media derived in this paper. It can handle more complicated structure than one-way approximation method and the propagator matrix method used alone. It can handle strong heterogeneous and/or two-phase media layers embedded in arbitrarily weak heterogeneous media. Numerical examples show good agreement between one-way approximation method and the matrix method for weak heterogeneous media. By means of the hybrid method, the reflection seismograms in elastic solid and the transmission fields through two-phase media with different porosi ve and permeability, are modeled, respectively.
Some Limitations of Using Equilibrium Dialysis to Study Human Serum Albumin-Testosterone Interaction*

The apparent association constant of testosterone binding to pure human serum albumin was found to be significantly less at 5 g/dl (1.79 x 10(4) M-1) than at 1 g/dl (2.29 x 10(4) M-1). This demonstrates that the common assumption that binding site characteristics are constant with serum protein dilution is not strictly valid. Determination of the percent free testosterone at normal serum protein concentrations by equilibrium dialysis may also be in error by 20% or more due to fluid shifts within the test system.
α-Ketoglutarate-A New Currency of Longevity.

“Less is more” aptly applies to the effect of diet on longevity. Emerging evidence implicates several metabolites as influencing longevity, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has hitherto remained elusive. Leveraging Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, Chin et al . have uncovered a critical role of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a product of tricarboxylic acid metabolism, in prolonging life span. Among several metabolites tested, supplementation of α-KG to the growth medium specifically prolonged the life span of worms by 50% and delayed their age-related phenotype. The growth medium also contained bacteria, raising a possibility of an indirect effect of α-KG. However, the effect of α-KG persisted even with growth-arrested bacteria, providing evidence for a direct effect on the worms. Inhibition of α-KG catabolism by silencing its degrading enzyme, α-KG dehydrogenase, mimicked its effect on longevity, supporting a critical role of α-KG in prolonging life span. To discern the molecular target of α-KG, the authors used an unbiased approach called drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), which takes advantage of the fact that proteins bound to α-KG are protected from digestion and can be identified with mass spectrometry. ATP5B, a subunit of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and part of mitochondrial electron complex V, was protected in α-KG–treated samples, suggesting ATP synthase as a potential target. Further studies confirmed the interaction of α-KG and ATP-2 ( C. elegans ortholog of ATP5B) and revealed α-KG as a noncompetitive inhibitor of ATP synthase, resulting in decreased ATP and oxygen consumption. The authors examined several additional modulators of worm longevity, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and FoxO. Silencing experiments revealed that TOR was downstream of α-KG and that α-KG–treated cells showed lower TOR activity. The authors also observed an increase in autophagy in α-KG–treated animals, corresponding with the inhibition of TOR, a known mediator of autophagy. α-KG’s physical interaction with ATP synthase appeared to inhibit its activity and that of TOR, thus increasing autophagy. Autophagy is known to support maintenance rather than growth, which delays aging and extends life span, helping explain the effect of α-KG on longevity. Although the present study raises several questions, including the mechanism of inhibition of TOR by α-KG and the relationship of ATP5B inhibition to TOR, it uncovers a new function of α-KG. This represents an important advance in the field of aging and underscores the balance of growth and maintenance as a seminal determinant of longevity. R. M. Chin et al. , The metabolite α-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Nature 510 , 397–401 (2014). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v510/n7505/full/nature13264.html
What is the significance of circumferential margin in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

Introduction Circumferential margin (CRM) is highly prognostic for rectal cancer recurrence; however, its significance in the setting after long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCR) is undefined. Methods Review of a prospectively maintained database from 1998 to 2005 identified 463 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (T3/T4 and/or N1) receiving nCR followed in 6 weeks by total mesorectal excision. CRM was analyzed for association with recurrence and survival using the maximal chi-square method. Results 70% of patients were noted to have clinical Stage III disease by endorectal ultrasound or rectal MRI. Following resection with a median follow-up of 35 months, local and distant relapse was noted 10 (2.2%) and 80 (17.3%) patients, respectively. 39 patients had pathologic CRM ≤ 2 mm and 4 developed local recurrence and 13 developed distant recurrence. Factors associated with overall recurrence included tumor response to nCR (% tumor destruction), pathologic tumor stage and nodal status, tumor grade, and CRM ≤ 2 mm. Disease free survival and overall survival were 40.9 and 66.5 months with CRM ≤ 2 mm and 78.6 and 89.5 months with CRM > 2 mm (p Conclusions In this dataset of locally advanced rectal cancer treated with nCR both positive CRM and local recurrence were rare events and not clearly related. A CRM ≤ 2mm was associated with higher overall recurrence, independent of nodal status and response to nCR.
The Detection of a Correlation between the Sexes of Adjacent Sibs in Human Families

Abstract A model is described which leads to an analysis of data on the sequence of sexes in human families, particular attention being given to the detection of a correlation between the sexes of adjacent sibs. Three sources of potential confounding with this correlation are discussed. The method of analysis avoids any confounding with the effects of voluntary limitation of family size, or with the effects of variation in the probability of a male from birth to birth within a family. It is more difficult to separate the effect of correlation between the sexes of adjacent sibs from the effect of variation between families in the probability that a child born to the family will be male. The problem was solved in the present investigation by using an auxiliary analysis to show that families did not, in fact, differ in this probability. If this were not so, a separation of the two factors could still have been made by an additional analysis referred to in the paper.
HL-20 computational fluid dynamics analysis

The essential elements of a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the HL-20/personnel launch system aerothermal environment at hypersonic speeds including surface definition, grid generation, solution techniques, and visual representation of results are presented. Examples of solution technique validation through comparison with data from ground-based facilities are presented, along with results from computations at flight conditions. Computations at flight points indicate that real-gas effects have little or no effect on vehicle aerodynamics and, at these conditions, results from approximate techniques for determining surface heating are comparable with those obtained from Navier-Stokes solutions.
Robust model selection in regression

A robust version of Akaike's model selection procedure for regression models is introduced and its relationship with robust testing procedures is discussed.
A Simple Case of Conjunctive Surface-Ground-Water Management

A specific hydrologic model of a stream-alluvial aquifer system was developed for the purpose of designing rules and regulations which maximize the beneficial uses of the waters of a State within the law. The model is particularly suited when decisions on pumping rates are to be reviewed on a frequent regular basis. The procedure is illustrated on a simplified case for which the river loss influence coefficients can be obtained by a combination of analytic derivations and algebraic manipulations.
Calculation of turbulent boundary layers with transpiration and pressure gradient effects

Abstract The integral form of the momentum equation is solved by use of a combined law of the wall and wake for the velocity profile appropriate to a transpired turbulent boundary layer. This gives a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which is solved numerically to predict the skin friction coefficient, Cf, variation with distance, as well as integral thicknesses, for both constant blowing fraction, F, and for F variable with x along the surface. Predicted skin friction coefficients are compared to experimental data for both blowing and suction in both zero and nonzero pressure gradients. Predictions compare well with the experimental values.
Sulfonamide Toxicity in Brook Trout

Abstract Sterility was observed in female brook trout that were treated with sulfamerazine at frequent intervals for 2 years to control endemic furunculosis. Feeding sulfamerazine for a period of 8 months caused massive kidney damage similar to that observed in humans who develop allergies to “sulfa” drugs. Kidney damage of the type observed would probably cause renal insufficiency which would handicap any physiological function including reproduction. Feeding sulfonamides for periods up to 13 weeks did not produce kidney damage.
A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths

The design and characteristics of a high resolution, digital solar spectrograph are discussed. The spectrometer operates in the 10 to 80 MHz range. The primary considerations in the design of the spectrograph were: (1) optimun sensitivity, (2) wide dynamic range, (3) flexibility in time and frequency resolution, and (4) modern data handling techniques with a simple computer interface.
Multi-phase Construction Sequences and Aggregate Site Complexes of the Prehistoric Windward Society Islands (French Polynesia)

ABSTRACT In the Society Islands, concentrations of temple sites, as are found in aggregate site complexes, are considered material equivalents of kin-congregations where lineages proliferated and segmented through time. Such site complexes are ubiquitous in the Windward Society Islands; however, few have been studied in detail, leaving the precise timing of their construction and use unknown. Excavations at ‘Opunohu Valley aggregate complexes in the 1960s suggested that major marae complexes served as elite centers and were a late phenomenon. Here I present a new suite of radiocarbon determinations from ‘Opunohu Valley structures in five aggregate site complexes. The expanded chronology identifies two different phases of site construction, the first dating to ca. AD 1400–1500 and associated with a major inland expansion, the second post-dating AD 1600 and related to a period of intensified chiefly competition whereby new temples and elaborate house sites were constructed or enlarged and elaborated. The in...
Fisheries in upwelling regions — with special reference to peruvian waters

Abstract The anchovy population that is the basis of the Peru fishery, the world's largest, is a phytoplankton feeding species, supported by an upwelling based ecosystem. The fish is very short-lived and grows rapidly — both criteria for high turnover rate — high yield fisheries. The maximum sustainable yield is around 10 million metric tons. Analysis of the dynamics of the fishery suggests that the fleet is overbuilt, applying too much fishing effort, and slightly overfishing the population. In consequence, the population may be approaching a size and stress level at which it will be unstable.
Systemic interleukin-1β decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA expression in the rat hippocampal formation

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is selectively expressed at relatively high levels in the rat hippocampal formation (for review, see Ref. 12; see also Refs 8, 13, 19, 20, 27) where it is thought to be involved in mechanisms of neurodegeneration and/or neural protection related to the plasticity of hippocampal neurons. Functional responses to brain-derived neurotrophic factor appear to be mediated by a tyrosine receptor kinase B with the possible involvement of the p75 low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor protein. Among the many characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is an upregulation of immune mediators in and around senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Recently, interleukin-1 has been shown to be detrimental to the long-term survival of embryonic hippocampal neurons in culture. Thus, if the same occurs in vivo, it is possible that the accumulation of interleukin-1 in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus may be responsible for altered hippocampal neuron synaptic plasticity. This may occur either by a direct action of interleukin-1 on hippocampal neurons or possibly indirectly by stimulating beta-amyloid production. Other indirect mechanisms may involve growth or survival factors such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor which is thought to play an important role in the plastic responses of hippocampal neurons. A recent study showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is selectively decreased in the dentate gyrus in Alzheimer's disease. The reason(s) for the decrease of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is not known, but one possibility may be associated with the enhanced expression of interleukin-1 in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Alkylamine in the Synthesis of CdSe Nanocrystals

This paper reports a detailed mechanistic study of the effect of alkylamine on the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. Alkylamines are one of the most important additives for the synthesis of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. However, their effect on the monomer production as well as nanocrystal nucleation and growth are not well understood, as indicted by inconsistent and contradictory conclusions in the literature. We found that alkylamines slow down the reaction between cadmium oleate and trialkyl phosphine selenide by binding to cadmium and preventing the activation of trialkyl phosphine selenide. A linear correlation was observed between the observed reaction rate constant and the 31P NMR chemical shift or 1JP–Se of phosphine selenide. In the presence of alkylamine, an alkylaminophosphonium intermediate was observed. Mechanistic study suggests that the cleavage of P═Se bond is through nucleophilic attack by carboxylate instead of alkylamine. Interestingly, although alkylamines decrease the rate of mo...
FPGA implementation of QR decomposition for MIMO-OFDM using four CORDIC cores

A low-resource implementation of QR decomposition (QRD) is proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems that employ turbo MMSE-IC (Minimum mean square error interference cancellation) detector. The proposed implementation uses only four CORDIC cores for QR decomposition of complex-valued matrices while existing systolic array architecture requires 15 to 38 CORDIC cores to achieve similar throughput. For 4-by-4 MIMO with 1024 subcarrier OFDM, the turbo MMSE-IC requires 1024 QRD of 4-by-4 complex matrices followed by back substitution. Each matrix QRD is accompanied by rotations of four vectors for the second and subsequent turbo iterations. The proposed architecture implements the multiple vector rotation by multipliers rather than CORDIC cores, thus saving resources. When combined with a 2-dimensional array of back substitution, the proposed QRD architecture can achieve 64-matrix pipelining and a throughput of seven clocks per matrix for MMSE-IC calculation. The proposed MMSE-IC architecture has been implemented in Altera Stratix IV FPGA with LDPC decoding and other baseband receiver components.
Child sexual abuse-Genital tract findings in prepubertal girls: I. The unaided medical examination

Summary In a prospective study 205 prepubertal girls (mean age, 5.4 years) determined by Child Protective Services to be victims of sexual abuse were examined. Sixty-five girls (32%) had normal-appearing genitalia, 45 girls had nonspecific findings, and 95 girls had findings considered to be specific for sexual abuse. Whereas normal-appearing genitalia were most often observed in girls reporting digital assault, specific findings were more commonly observed in girls reporting genitogenital assault. Overall it was possible to document the presence of abnormal genital findings indicating or strongly suggesting sexual abuse in only 46% of the patients in this study group. Failure to document findings suggestive of abuse in half of the girls highlights the limitations of the medical evaluation in validating sexual abuse. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:328-33.)
A profile of simulation modelers

A paper discussing some issues germane to the preparation and interests of simulation professionals was published in the Proceedings of the 1979 Annual Simulation Symposium. A portion of the presentation at the Symposium was based on a questionnaire circulated at the 1978 Winter Simulation Conference and was compiled too late for inclusion in the Proceedings copy. The same questionnaire was distributed in registration packets at the 1979 Annual Simulation Symposium. The results of the latter survey have now been tallied. Some interesting similarities and differences present themselves. The questionnaire and results for the two groups are shown below. In each case, column 1 shows the percentage of the 35 Winter Simulation Conference attendees who responded affirmatively, while column 2 shows the comparable percentage of the 59 Annual Simulation Symposium attendees who responded affirmatively.
Procarbazine hydrochloride in childhood cancer

The therapeutic and toxic effects of procarbazine hydrochloride (Ro-4-6467, Natulan) were assessed in 38 children with neoplastic disease resistant to conventional forms of chemotherapy. The durg was administered orally in a daily dosage of 125 mg. per square meter, to an average total dosage of 5 Gm. per square meter. Objective improvement was seen in 5 of 7 patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Median duration of objective response was 13 weeks. No improvement was observed in 8 patients with acute leukemia, 3 patients with lymphosarcoma, and 17 patients with various solid tumors. Toxic manifestations included nausea, vomiting, and depression of normal hematopoiesis. Procarbazine is an effective agent in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease in childhood.
Magnetization reversal and nanoscopic magnetic-phase separation in La1-xSrxCoO3

The doped perovskite cobaltite ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ (LSCO) has been advanced as a model system for studying intrinsic magnetic phase separation. We have employed a first-order reversal curve (FORC) method to probe the amount of irreversible switching in bulk polycrystalline LSCO as a function of Sr doping, field cooling procedure, and temperature. The value of the FORC distribution $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is used as a measure of the extent of irreversible switching. For $xl0.18$, the small values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and its ridgelike distribution along local coercivity $({H}_{c})$ and zero bias $({H}_{b})$ are characteristic of noninteracting single domain particles. This is consistent with the formation of an array of isolated nanoscopic ferromagnetic clusters, as observed in previous work. For $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}0.18$, the much larger values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$, the tilting of its distribution towards negative bias field, and the emergence of regions with negative $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are consistent with increased long-range ferromagnetic ordering. The FORC distributions display little dependence on the cooling procedure. With increasing temperature, the fraction of irreversible switching determined from the FORC distribution follows closely the ferromagnetic phase fraction measured by La nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results furthermore demonstrate that the FORC method is a valuable first-pass characterization tool for magnetic-phase separation.
Li+ Cation Environment, Transport, and Mechanical Properties of the LiTFSI Doped N-Methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium+TFSI- Ionic Liquids

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (mppy+TFSI-) and N,N-dimethyl- pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (mmpy+TFSI+) ionic liquids (ILs) doped with 0.25 mol fraction LiTFSI salt at 303−500 K. The liquid density, ion self-diffusion coefficients, and conductivity predicted by MD simulations were found to be in good agreement with experimental data, where available. MD simulations reveal that the Li+ environment is similar in mppy+TFSI- and mmpy+TFSI+ ILs doped with LiTFSI. The Li+ cations were found to be coordinated on average by slightly less than four oxygen atoms with each oxygen atom being contributed by a different TFSI- anion. Significant lithium aggregation by sharing up to three TFSI- anions bridging two lithiums was observed, particularly at lower temperatures where the lithium aggregates were found to be stable for tens of nanoseconds. Polarization of TFSI- anions is largely responsible for the fo...
Substratum associations and depth distribution of benthic invertebrates in saline Walker Lake, Nevada, USA

Walker Lake, a terminal salt lake in western Nevada, is undergoing rapid changes because of falling lake level and rising salinity, affecting the potential habitat of benthic invertebrates that supply food to native fish and birds. Benthic invertebrate surveys were conducted within different substratum size classes and macrophyte beds in the nearshore littoral shallows ( 10 m) zones of the lake. Samples were dominated by the chironomid midges Cricotopus ornatus and Tanypus grodhausi; the damselfly Enallagma clausum; and an oligochaete worm of the genus Monopylephorus. Midges showed distinct depth preferences, with Cricotopus found primarily in the shallow littoral, and Tanypus found in the lower littoral and profundal regions. Enallagma occurred throughout the littoral region but was reduced in abundance below 10 m. Cricotopus and Enallagma were most abundant on cobble rock substratum and macrophytes. Sand and small gravel substrata supported few invertebrates except oligochaetes, which were most common in shallow littoral areas. The extent of Ruppia beds was determined using hydroacoustic sounding and showed that these beds were most well-developed in a zone from 1.25 to 5 m depth. The estimated area of productive shallow littoral zone habitat at different lake levels showed that coverage was lowest near the current surface elevation. Rising lake levels would result in expansion of suitable habitat area, and while falling levels could also expand nearshore habitat, this would likely occur on areas of poorer substratum quality and under high salinities that may inhibit growth.
Data problems in decision support systems

A major problem with the usefulness of decision support systems (DSS) or executive information systems (EIS) occurs when the data used by the system is not accurate. When inaccurate data is used as input to a DSS, the resulting output may seem illogical to management. As a result, the management views the EIS as defective. To prevent this problem, it is wise for the systems analyst who designs the system to evaluate the accuracy of the source data and to understand the accounting methods used to generate the data. This paper looks at accounting practices, outliers and other practices that may produce inaccurate or misrepresentative data. Often, the problem is that the data is atypical because of an impulse from some normal pattern. The impulse is assumed to be nonrecursive and not to follow a discernible pattern over time. When an impulse is induced by inventory adjustments, strikes, price adjustments, and mergers, it is necessary for the EIS to be designed to accommodate the effect of the atypical data. Decision models which ignore unexpected situations or use inaccurate data are of limited value, for in practice management decision models are evaluated on the basis of infrequency of failures rather than frequency of successes. >