cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melanoma in Kauai, Hawaii, 1981-1990: the significance of in situ melanoma and the incidence trend.

BACKGROUND The incidence of melanoma has often been portrayed as reaching 'epidemic' proportions. The reality of such an epidemic is, however, not clearly established due to the methods of data collection and interpretation. The population-based incidence data and incidence trend of melanoma from the Island of Kauai, Hawaii provide an illustration of this 'epidemic'. METHODS We used medical records housed at the dermatology clinic and pathology laboratory in Kauai to: identify residents of Kauai who had their first melanoma during the years 1981-1990; and to measure the 10-year population-based incidence of melanoma. RESULTS In Caucasians: A total of 53 Caucasian residents (29 men and 24 women), were identified with an initial episode of melanoma (MM) during the 10-year period. The average annual standardized incidence rate per 100,000 Kauai Caucasian residents was 36. Whereas the incidence of in-situ MM increased during the 10-year period, the incidence of invasive MM did not. The average patient age was 55 years. The trunk and the limbs were the most common anatomic sites of MM. In men, one third of MM occur on the back. In women, one third develop on the leg/thigh. Three patients (6%) had metastasis and eventually died of MM. Thirteen patients (25%) had other skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma at some time. In Filipinos, Japanese and Hawaiians: Three Filipinos (all women), two Japanese (one man and one woman) and one Hawaiian (man) had melanoma. The standardized incidence rates, to the U.S.A. Caucasian population, were 3.1, 0.8 and 2.1 per 100,000 residents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The melanoma incidence in Kauai is one of the highest rates documented in the U.S.A. However, a decreased incidence of invasive melanoma during the 10-year period was unexpected. The finding of nonmelanoma skin cancer in these patients supports a common etiology among these skin cancers.
The interference of HEPES buffer during amperometric detection of ATP in clinical applications

HEPES-based biological buffer is subject to photooxidation upon exposure to fluorescent illumination. Thereby hydrogen peroxide is generated, which interferes with amperometric oxidoreductase-based biosensors for glucose or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These biosensors operate at an oxidation potential above 500 mV vs. the standard calomel electrode (SCE) and involve hydrogen peroxide as the electroactive molecule detected at the electrode surface. False-positive detection of ATP was observed in HEPES buffer utilizing an amperometric microbiosensor based on the co-immobilization of glucose oxidase and hexokinase for detection of ATP in biological specimens. Electrochemical, mass spectrometric, 31P NMR, and 1H NMR studies indicate that complexation of ATP and HEPES induced by the presence of Ca2+ in HEPES buffer decreases the photooxidation of HEPES. Consequently, the hydrogen peroxide background concentration is reduced, thereby leading to erroneous ATP detection at the dual-enzyme microbiosensor, which determines an increase in ATP via a reduced hydrogen peroxide signal.
Migratory fish excretion as a nutrient subsidy to recipient stream ecosystems

Summary Consumer excretion can be an important component of nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Uncertainty concerning the functional role of many freshwater organisms remains, including those with migratory life-history strategies that may introduce nutrients to recipient systems. We quantified the magnitude, variability and importance of excretion by migratory fish in the context of stream nutrient cycling. In 2011–12, we collected data from tributaries of a central Utah reservoir used by two potamodromous fishes (Bonneville cut-throat trout – BCT, Oncorhynchus clarkii utah; kokanee salmon – KOK, Oncorhynchus nerka) with temporally separated spawning migrations. To quantify the contribution of the two migratory freshwater fishes to nutrient cycling, we extrapolated measurements of per capita nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion rates to the population level within the local environmental context of two tributaries. We observed differences in excretion subsidies between species and tributaries. BCT excretion rates and ratios were significantly greater than those for KOK. Estimates of the ratio of population-level migrant excretion to tributary nutrient export were highly variable through time and between tributaries. These estimates were influenced by spatiotemporal hydrologic variation and positively related to ratios of migrant biomass to discharge. During migrations, daily migrant excretion loading comprised a maximum of 6–859% and 1–388% of tributary NH4-N and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) export, respectively. Measurements of nutrient uptake suggested that migrant excretion could meet a substantial portion of ecosystem nutrient demand. Migrant excretion fluxes comprised 46–188% of ecosystem NH4-N demand and varied between streams and species. In contrast, the proportion of SRP demand supplied by migrant excretion (34–37%) was relatively invariant. These results demonstrate an important role for potamodromous fishes as nutrient sources in recipient ecosystems. Furthermore, our data support predictions about when and where effects of fish-derived nutrients will be strongest, thereby advancing the understanding of context-dependent migratory fish effects in riverine ecosystems. Although widespread and common, potamodromous fishes are overlooked but important organisms capable of substantially affecting stream nutrient cycling.
State-Financed Property Tax Relief

As a result of widespread dissatisfaction with rising property tax burdens, state governments are being called on increasingly to provide property tax relief. Numerous tax reform proposals are being considered by the various states. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical framework for evaluating the potential impacts of alternative approaches to property tax relief. Applicability of the fiscal model is demonstrated using three alternative tax relief proposals—increased state funding of elementary and secondary education, revenue transfers for a general reduction in property taxes, and a circuit breaker to ease excessive property tax burdens.
Subcortical waking and sleep during lateral hypothalamic "somnolence" in rats.

Abstract Following extensive bilateral lateral hypothalamic damage, rats appear “somnolent.” Cortical EEG shows persistent high voltage delta, reinforcing the impression of sleep. Preoperatively and postoperatively, we simultaneously measured cortical and subcortical (hippocampal and pontine) EEG, muscular events (neck muscle EMG and eye movement EOG), and behavior, which, as aggregates, differentially define quiet sleep, active sleep, and waking. Postoperatively, though cortical activity was persistently slow, subcortical EEG, muscular events, and behavior, as aggregates, revealed quiet sleep, active sleep, and waking, organized subcortically, intact and alternating, but disconnected from the persistent slow cortical activity. For example, preoperatively, active sleep included cortical low voltage fast activity, hippocampal theta, episodic pontine spike bursts, flat EMG, and rapid eye movements, without any organized behavior. Postoperatively, the same aggregate of subcortical and muscular events indicated the presence of active sleep. Similarly so, for subcortically organized quiet sleep and spontaneous waking. Such waking, termed “drowsy-wakefulness,” is a low-arousal form, perhaps related to drowsiness in other species, and to human hypersomnia.
Integrin Regulation of the IGF-I Receptor in Bone, and the Response to Load

Bone loss during skeletal unloading, whether due to neurotrauma resulting in paralysis or prolonged immobilization due to a variety of medical illnesses, accelerates bone loss. In this review the evidence that skeletal unloading leads to bone loss at least in part due to disrupted IGF signaling, resulting in reduced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, will be examined. The mechanism underlying this disruption in IGF signaling appears to involve integrins, the expression of which is reduced during skeletal unloading. Integrins play an important, albeit not well defined, role in facilitating signaling not only by IGF but also by other growth factors. However, the interaction between selected integrins such as αVβ3 and β1 and the IGF receptor are of especial importance with respect to the ability of bone to respond to mechanical load. Disruption of this interaction blocks IGF signaling and results in bone loss.
Collagen crosslinks: occurrence in basement membrane collagens.

Abstract Basement membrane preparations from anterior lens capsule, Descemet's membrane, and renal glomerulus were reduced with NaB3H4 in order to label carbonyl-derived crosslinks. Quantitative incorporation of tritium into the basement membranes was found, similar to the levels observed in fibrous collagens. A considerable proportion of the label was chromatographically identical with the reduced aldehydes and crosslinks of collagen, suggesting that is is the collagenous portions of basement membrane which contain these compounds. This was substantiated by showing that the isolated collagenous proteins contained substantial amounts of reduced aldehydes and crosslinks.
Abnormal mitral valve motion as demonstrated by the ultrasound technique in apparent pure mitral insufficiency

Abstract Mitral valve motion was studied by the reflected ultrasound technique in twentyfour patients with clinically pure mitral valve diastolic descent rate was normal or faster than normal (82 ± 12 to 200 ± 22 mm. per second) with normal amplitude of excursion (20 to 37 mm.). Eleven patients exhibited slower than normal diastolic descent rates (18 to 56 mm. per second). Six of seven patients with extensive valvular calcification exhibited amplitudes of excursion less than 18 mm. Seven of the eleven patients were found to have minimal to mild mitral stenosis at surgery or catheterization with ultrasound slopes of 18 to 49 mm. per second, and four had no evidence of mitral stenosis. These findings indicate that an abnormally slow ultrasound diastolic slope may be due not only to mitral stenosis, but also to structural alteration of the mitral valve apparatus which produce pure mitral regurgitation or high grade mitral regurgitation with minimal or mild mitral stenosis. Diminished amplitude of excursion is related to increasing calcification regardless of whether the lesion is regurgitation or stenosis. It would, therefore, appear that correct interpretation of an abnormally slow ultrasound diastolic slope will depend upon a correlation with other clinical and technical findings.
Origin of the Unisexual LizardGymnophthalmus underwoodi(Gymnophthalmidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Nucleotide Sequences

Abstract Analysis of variation in nucleotide sequences in mitochondrial DNA genes among species of Gymnophthalmus supports three major conclusions. First, samples of G. underwoodi, a unisexual species of hybrid origin, have identical nucleotide sequences, supporting the hypothesis that all individuals from localities in the Guianan Region of South America and the Lesser Antilles descended from a single hybridization event. Second, G. underwoodi and G. cryptus share derived similarities in nucleotide sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, suggesting that the female participant in the hybridization event that produced the hybrid species was either G. cryptus or most closely related to it. Last, phylogenetic analyses recovered historical structure among population samples of G. speciosus supporting previous claims that there is unrecognized diversity under that binomial, and some analyses suggest that G. speciosus does not comprise a natural group.
Two-dimensional electron-lattice scattering in thermally oxidized silicon surface-inversion layers

Theoretical calculations of the mobility in the thermally oxidized silicon surface-inversion layer for two-dimensional electron-lattice scattering at high surface electric field are presented for the low- and high-temperature cases. It is found that the effective deformation potential associated with lattice scattering of the inversion-layer electron is not necessaily constant for strongly inverted surfaces, i.e., the deformation potential will be surface-electric-field dependent when the electron channel density varies significantly over a lattice constant. In the high-temperature case, it is found that the calculated electron mobility is the same as that calculated by Kawaji if the deformation potential is assumed constant. In the low-temperature high-surface-electric-field case, the electron mobility is proportional to ${E}_{S}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{6}}$ (assuming the deformation potential to be constant) and ${E}_{S}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ for a simple model of the lattice potential. The calculated results are extended to include different surface orientations and their effect on the occupancy of higher subbands due to the nonequivalence of the valleys. The comparisons of theoretical results with experimental measurements are made.
Essential role for PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction

Much of the peripheral nervous system of the head is derived from ectodermal thickenings, called placodes, that delaminate or invaginate to form cranial ganglia and sense organs. The trigeminal ganglion, which arises lateral to the midbrain, forms via interactions between the neural tube and adjacent ectoderm. This induction triggers expression of Pax3, ingression of placode cells and their differentiation into neurons. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signals remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction. By in situ hybridization, PDGF receptor β is expressed in the cranial ectoderm at the time of trigeminal placode formation, with the ligand PDGFD expressed in the midbrain neural folds. Blocking PDGF signaling in vitro results in a dose-dependent abrogation of Pax3 expression in recombinants of quail ectoderm with chick neural tube that recapitulate placode induction. In ovo microinjection of PDGF inhibitor causes a similar loss of Pax3 as well as the later placodal marker, CD151, and failure of neuronal differentiation. Conversely, microinjection of exogenous PDGFD increases the number of Pax3+ cells in the trigeminal placode and neurons in the condensing ganglia. Our results provide the first evidence for a signaling pathway involved in ophthalmic (opV) trigeminal placode induction.
Coarse-Grain Model for Natural Cellulose Fibrils in Explicit Water

Understanding biomass structure and dynamics on multiple time and length scales is important for the development of cellulosic biofuels. To this aim, we have developed a coarse-grain (CG) model for...
Pharmaceutical company internet sites as sources of information about antidepressant medications.

Abstract Objective: To determine the informational content of nine pharmaceutical company websites about the antidepressant medication marketed by the company. Method: A structured, explicit review of materials found on pharmaceutical company websites about nine antidepressants for which no generic drug is available was conducted using eight popular search engines. The accessibility of these websites was also determined using these search engines. Results: Of 72 searches (one for each drug using each search engine), 46 yielded the pharmaceutical company website within the top 10 links. When outliers were removed, the company website was found in the top 10 links for 45 of 56 searches. All of the websites contain information of an advertising and emotive nature. Of the nine company websites, three contain anecdotal information; only two mention electroconvulsive therapy and four mention other types of drug therapy; and only one mentions the tradenames of other drugs. None of the websites mention drug costs, only one has efficacy statistics for the company’s drug and, although all of the websites mention at least one adverse effect of the company’s drug, only one lists percentages for adverse effects. Conclusion: The information about drugs for treating depression on pharmaceutical company websites aimed at consumers is limited and makes it difficult for consumers to compare drugs.
New Insights into the Microvascular Mechanisms of Drag Reducing Polymers: Effect on the Cell-Free Layer

Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) significantly increase blood flow, tissue perfusion, and tissue oxygenation in various animal models. In rectangular channel microfluidic systems, DRPs were found to significantly reduce the near-wall cell-free layer (CFL) as well as modify traffic of red blood cells (RBC) into microchannel branches. In the current study we further investigated the mechanism by which DRP enhances microvascular perfusion. We studied the effect of various concentrations of DRP on RBC distribution in more relevant round microchannels and the effect of DRP on CFL in the rat cremaster muscle in vivo. In round microchannels hematocrit was measured in parent and daughter branch at baseline and after addition of DRP. At DRP concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm, the plasma skimming effect in the daughter branch was eliminated, as parent and daughter branch hematocrit were equivalent, compared to a significantly lowered hematocrit in the daughter branch without DRPs. In anesthetized rats (N=11) CFL was measured in the cremaster muscle tissue in arterioles with a diameter of 32.6 ± 1.7 µm. In the control group (saline, N=6) there was a significant increase in CFL in time compared to corresponding baseline. Addition of DRP at 1 ppm (N=5) reduced CFL significantly compared to corresponding baseline and the control group. After DRP administration the CFL reduced to about 85% of baseline at 5, 15, 25 and 35 minutes after DRP infusion was complete. These in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrate that DRPs induce a reduction in CFL width and plasma skimming in the microvasculature. This may lead to an increase of RBC flux into the capillary bed, and thus explain previous observations of a DRP mediated enhancement of capillary perfusion.
Nonmarital Pregnancies and Marriage in the United States

One important change in postwar American family-formation patterns has been a sharp decline in the probability that single women pregnant with their.first child marry during their pregnancies and thus legitimate the birth. In this article we.first discuss the social context surrounding this change. Our empirical analysis offour national cross-sectional fertility surveys covering the early 1950s throughl the late 1980s then documents the decreasing likelihood of legitimation for women from most racial, social, and family backgrounds. Finally, we use longitudinal data for recent cohorts of young women to investigate the attitudinal, familial, and scholastic factors that shape their decisions about legitimating a nonmarital pregnancy. One of the most significant changes in family formation in the postwar U.S. has been a dramatic rise in childbearing outside of marriage. In 1991, about 1,214,000 births, almost 30% of the nation's total, occurred to unmarried women (National Center for Health Statistics 1993). Most of the research and public policy initiatives spurred by these increasingly high levels of nonmarital childbearing have focused on women's premarital sexual activity and pregnancy (Hayes 1987). Yet nonmarital childbearing, by definition, involves marriage behavior as well as fertility. Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in women's marriage behavior have played a major role in the increases in the numbers of nonmarital births (Nathanson & Kim 1989; Smith & Cutright 1988). During the late 1950s, over 50% of women who were single when they conceived their first child married before the child's birth (O'Connell & Rogers 1984), but by 1988 only 22% did so (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1989). In this article we examine trends and patterns in the legitimation' of first births in the U.S. over the last three decades. In the first section, we show * This research was partially suipported by a contractfrom the U.S. National Instituite of Child Health and Huiman Development (NOl-HD-42815) with the Carolina Popullation Center. Ida Harper Simpson provided helpfiul comments on an earlier version. Direct correspondence to Allan Parnell, Department of Sociology, Box 90088, Dulke University, Duirham, NC 27708. ? The University of North Carolina Press Social Forces, September 1994, 73(1):263-87 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.64 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 04:06:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 264 / Social Forces 73:1, September 1994 declines in the likelihood of legitimating marriages from 1955 through 1984 using retrospective data pooled from cycles I-IV of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). In the second section, we use longitudinal data from the High School and Beyond Study (HS&B) to investigate the attitudinal, familial, and scholastic factors that shape young women's decisions about legitimating a nonmarital pregnancy.
Comparison of Mineral Weathering and Biomass Macronutrient Uptake in Two Small Forested Watersheds Underlain by Quartzite Bedrock, Catoctin Mountain, Maryland, USA

To quantify chemical weathering and biological uptake, mass-balance calculations were performed on two small forested watersheds located in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province in north-central Maryland, USA. Both watersheds, Bear Branch (BB) and Fishing Creek Tributary (FCT), are underlain by relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock. Such unreactive bedrock and associated low chemical-weathering rates offer the opportunity to quantify biological processes operating within the watershed. Hydrologic and stream-water chemistry data were collected from the two watersheds for the 9-year period from June 1, 1990 to May 31, 1999. Of the two watersheds, FCT exhibited both higher chemical-weathering rates and biomass nutrient uptake rates, suggesting that forest biomass aggradation was limited by the rate of chemical weathering of the bedrock. Although the chemical-weathering rate in the FCT watershed was low relative to the global average, it masked the influence of biomass base-cation uptake on stream-water chemistry. Any differences in bedrock mineralogy between the two watersheds did not exert a significant influence on the overall weathering stoichiometry. The difference in chemical-weathering rates between the two watersheds is best explained by a larger proportion of reactive phyllitic layers within the bedrock of the FCT watershed. Although the stream gradient of BB is about two-times greater than that of FCT, its influence on chemical weathering appears to be negligible. The findings of this study support the biomass nutrient uptake stoichiometry of K1.0Mg1.1Ca0.97 previously determined for the study site. Investigations of the chemical weathering of relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock may provide insight into critical zone processes.
Life-like preservation and TEM visualization of the glycocalyx reveals that it is substantial in vitro

Recent publications questioned the validity of endothelial cell (EC) culture studies of glycocalyx (GCX) function, due to findings that GCX in vitro may be substantially thinner than in vivo. The assessment of thickness differences is complicated by GCX collapse during dehydration for traditional electron microscopy. We measured in vitro GCX thickness using rapid freezing/freeze substitution transmission electron microscopy (RF/FS-TEM), taking advantage of high spatial resolution provided by TEM and the capability to stably preserve the GCX in its hydrated configuration by RF/FS. Bovine aortic and rat fat pad endothelial cells (BAEC and RFPEC) were subjected to conventional- or RF/FS-TEM. Conventionally preserved BAEC GCX was ∼0.040 µm in thickness. RF/FS-TEM revealed impressively thick BAEC GCX of ∼11 µm and RFPEC GCX of ∼5 µm. RF/FS-TEM also discerned GCX structure and thickness variations due to heparinase III enzyme treatment and extracellular protein removal, respectively. Immunoconfocal studies confirmed that the in vitro GCX is several microns thick and is comprised of extensive and well integrated heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and protein layers. New observations by RF/FS-TEM reveal substantial GCX layers on cultured EC, supporting their continued use for fundamental studies of GCX and its function in the vasculature.
Supporting multiple information-seeking strategies in a single system framework (abstract only)

This research explores the relationship between information-seeking strategies (ISSs) and information retrieval (IR) system design. When people seek information they engage in a variety of ISSs in order to search for specific items, learn about the contents of the database, evaluate retrieved information, and so on.The theoretical foundations of the work are based on the information-seeking episode model developed by Belkin (1996), and the multi-facet classification scheme of information behaviors proposed by Cool & Belkin (2002).The goal of this research is to construct and evaluate an interactive retrieval system which uses different combinations of IR techniques to support different ISSs. Example IR techniques include comparison using exact and probabilistic matching algorithms; summarization of information objects using titles, snippets or abstracts; visualization techniques such as lists or classified results; and navigation techniques such as scrolling or following links. By designing a retrieval system with diverse strategies in mind, we can adaptively support multiple ISSs, permitting a user to move seamlessly from one strategy to another, choosing instantiations of each support technique tailored to the specific ISS.The research will be conducted in a series of four steps. (1) Develop an object-oriented framework for representing basic IR techniques. (2) Design, implement and evaluate systems which support individual ISSs such as browsing and searching. (3) Specify an interaction structure for guiding and controlling sequences of different supporting techniques.(4) Design, implement, and evaluate a dynamically adaptive system supporting multiple ISSs in comparison to a non-adaptive baseline system.
The Cis-regulatory Logic of the Mammalian Photoreceptor Transcriptional Network

The photoreceptor cells of the retina are subject to a greater number of genetic diseases than any other cell type in the human body. The majority of more than 120 cloned human blindness genes are highly expressed in photoreceptors. In order to establish an integrative framework in which to understand these diseases, we have undertaken an experimental and computational analysis of the network controlled by the mammalian photoreceptor transcription factors, Crx, Nrl, and Nr2e3. Using microarray and in situ hybridization datasets we have produced a model of this network which contains over 600 genes, including numerous retinal disease loci as well as previously uncharacterized photoreceptor transcription factors. To elucidate the connectivity of this network, we devised a computational algorithm to identify the photoreceptor-specific cis-regulatory elements (CREs) mediating the interactions between these transcription factors and their target genes. In vivo validation of our computational predictions resulted in the discovery of 19 novel photoreceptor-specific CREs near retinal disease genes. Examination of these CREs permitted the definition of a simple cis-regulatory grammar rule associated with high-level expression. To test the generality of this rule, we used an expanded form of it as a selection filter to evolve photoreceptor CREs from random DNA sequences in silico. When fused to fluorescent reporters, these evolved CREs drove strong, photoreceptor-specific expression in vivo. This study represents the first systematic identification and in vivo validation of CREs in a mammalian neuronal cell type and lays the groundwork for a systems biology of photoreceptor transcriptional regulation.
Measuring ΔH using TG—DTA and incorporating mass change into the result

Abstract The purpose of this study was to obtain greater accuracy in the measurement of heat of reaction by combining data from various thermal analysis techniques. Conventional equations that calculate heat of reaction are limited because they do not take in to account mass change. Therefore, an enhanced equation was developed to integrate mass (weight) change to provide greater accuracy. The path chosen to implement this new equation employed simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), which could provide both Δ T and weight data simultaneously. Computer programs were written in C and Pascal languages to provide communication capabilities between computers and to calculate heat of reaction using various equations. This included a qualitative to quantitative (Δ T to Δ H ) conversion which was performed on the DTA data file to which the enhanced equation was applied. Various samples were used to test and monitor the performance of the developed equations.
WHY SCATTING IS LIKE SPEAKING IN TONGUES: POST-MODERN REFLECTIONS ON JAZZ, PENTECOSTALISM AND ‘AFRICOSMYSTICISM’

This essay considers the relationship between two areas of African American cultural expression: music and religion. It posits that they are joined by an African aesthetic that is best termed 'non-mimetic'. This non-mimetic discourse is understood by modern critical theory as a post-modern sensibility which emphasises the creative, spontaneous, abstract and mystical dimensions ofhuman consciousness. The authors use examples from modern jazz (bebop artists) and pentecostalism (glossolalia) to carry the argument that African Amencan culture was particularly sensitive to the transformation from the modern to the post-modern era.
Is This a System? Comment on Osborn's “Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptations in Aboriginal North America”

In his paper "Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptations in Aboriginal North America," (AA 85:563-591, 1983) Osborn argues that the severity of north plains winters is the crucial variable determining the size of tribal horse holdings in western North America. This conclusion is made doubtful by three procedural errors: (1) the use of an improper measure of horse wealth; (2) failure to test alternate hypotheses; (3) dropping from consideration those tribes that do not conform to expectations and then using idiosyncratic explanations to discount their importance.
Bringing Theory to Life Through Field Study

Exercises that encourage active and direct participation by students are often seen as a way to bridge the theory of classroom learning and the outside world. While most of the attention devoted to incorporating effective active learning strategies in the international relations classroom has focused on simulations, we argue that short field studies abroad, embedded in a regular course, are an excellent tool for bringing concepts and theories studied in class to life. We developed a course on minority rights and ethnic conflict that included a one-week field study in Ukraine. Through visits to international institutions and historic, strategic, and cultural sites, students see how theories of conflict management and human and minority rights are reflected in policy. The classroom program supports and reinforces student learning by preparing them to critically analyze information they encounter while abroad. The in-country experience supports and reinforces the formal learning on campus by making the theories and historical readings more meaningful. Through short-term field studies, we argue that students are able to grasp sophisticated theoretical arguments and make the connection between theory and policy, enriching their understanding of the world in which they live. Our experience has special relevance to teaching in international affairs, as we explore how to capitalize on short-term experiences abroad to deepen and broaden student learning about the world.
Electrophysiological evidence for the efficiency of spoken word processing.

The Cohort model (Marslen-Wilson, Spoken Word Recognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987, pp. 71-103) proposes that spoken words are frequently recognized at the first point in the acoustic signal where a unique lexical representation is specified. This proposal was tested in two experiments. In experiment 1 participants made speeded lexical decisions to spoken words and pseudowords. In experiment 2 participants passively listened without making overt responses. In both experiments the recognition points for words (the point past which no other lexical item was consistent with the acoustic signal) and deviation points for pseudowords (the point past which no real word is compatible with the acoustic signal) were manipulated. An ERP negativity in the region of the N400 component and RT occurred sooner for items with early than late recognition/deviation points when measures were time-locked to stimulus onset. In experiment 1, when time-locking was to recognition/deviation points, early and late words produced N400s and RTs with indistinguishable latencies, while late pseudowords produced faster RTs and earlier N400s than early pseudowords. Experiment 2 replicated the N400 effects for words, but only produced a trend in the same direction as experiment 1 for pseudowords.
Collapse of species boundaries in the wild potato Solanum brevicaule complex (Solanaceae, S. sect. Petota): molecular data

TheSolanum brevicaule complex is a group of morphologically very similar wild and cultivated potato taxa (Solanum sect.Petota). This study uses single to low-copy nuclear RFLPs and RAPDs to investigate their species boundaries and relationships. Cladistic analyses of both data sets are largely concordant with each other and with a recently published phenetic analyses of the same accessions using morphology. All three data sets separate members of the complex into populations from Peru and immediately adjacent northwestern Bolivia, including most cultivated species accessions, and populations from northwestern Bolivia to Argentina. The molecular results suggest that the complex is paraphyletic as currently circumscribed. Many species of theS. brevicaule complex should be relegated to synonymy.
Relationship between systolic and diastolic function with improvements in forward stroke volume following reduction in mitral regurgitation

Efforts to improve mitral regurgitation (MR) are often performed in conjunction with coronary revascularization. However, the independent effects of a reduced MR area (MRa) are difficult to quantify. Using a previously-developed cardiovascular model, ventricular contractility (elastance 1-8 mmHg/ml) and relaxation (/spl tau/=40-150 ms) were independently adjusted for four grades of MR orifice areas (0.0-0.8 cm/sup 2/). Improvements in forward stroke volume (fSV) were determined for the permutations of reduced MRa. For all conditions, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure and volumes ranged from 7.3-24.2 mmHg and 64.8-174.3 ml, respectively. Overall, fSV ranged from 36.0-89.4 (mean: 64.2/spl plusmn/12.8) ml, improved between 6.4 and 35.3% (mean: 15.6/spl plusmn/8.1%), and was best predicted (r=0.97, p<0.01) by %/spl Delta/(fVS) = 34[MRa/sub inital/] - 46[MRa/sub final/] 0.5[elastance]. Thus, it is concluded that reduced MRa, independent of relaxation and minimally influenced by contractility, yielded improved fSVs.
Accuracy of User-Friendly Blood Typing Kits Tested Under Simulated Military Field Conditions

ABSTRACTRapid user-friendly ABO–Rh blood typing kits (Eldon Home Kit 2511, ABO–Rh Combination Blood Typing Experiment Kit) were evaluated to determine their accuracy when used under simulated military field conditions and after long-term storage at various temperatures and humidities. Rates of positive tests between control groups, experimental groups, and industry standards were measured and analyzed using the Fisher's exact chi-square method to identify significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). When Eldon Home Kits 2511 were used in various operational conditions, the results were comparable to those obtained with the control group and with the industry standard. The performance of the ABO–Rh Combination Blood Typing Experiment Kit was adversely affected by prolonged storage in temperatures above 37°C. The diagnostic performance of commercial blood typing kits varies according to product and environmental storage conditions.
Type Specimens of Birds in The American Museum of Natural History. Part 7. Passeriformes: Sylviidae, Muscicapidae, Platysteiridae, Maluridae, Acanthizidae, Monarchidae, Rhipiduridae, and Petroicidae

Abstract This seventh part of “Type Specimens of Birds in the American Museum of Natural History” includes taxa covered in Vol. 11 of the Check-list of birds of the world, by James L. Peters and subsequent authors. The original description of each has been consulted unless otherwise noted, coordinates given for type localities when possible, currently accepted names for the taxa included, and comments on taxonomic history provided. Eight hundred fifty-eight names are treated, 332 of them introduced by G.M. Mathews. Types of 35 of these are not in AMNH, and 15 were not found. This part of the type list, as well as all previous parts, are searchable and available for download from the AMNH Library web site: http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/.
ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF RESEARCH TO PRACTICE

In recent years calls for evidence-based practice are being made emphatically in the nursing literature worldwide. Yet, the underlying construct, which relates to use of scientifically-based knowledge and research to practice, has been with us for a long time. This analytic paper provides an overview of research utilization models developed and used in nursing and other fields, highlighting some of their features. The paper then reviews research utilization and application issues at the institutional level, highlighting the importance of organizational mechanisms for enabling optimum research use and application, rather than relying on individual nurses. It then describes ways in which research can be used at the societal level in the formation of healthy public policies, using the United States as a case study. A number of recommendations are then presented for organizations and the profession at large in a global context.
Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding Individual Pathways

▪ Abstract In 2002, over 600,000 individuals left state and federal prisons, four times as many as were released in 1975. However, according to a national study, within 3 years, almost 7 in 10 will have been rearrested and half will be back in prison, either for a new crime or for violating conditions of their release. Clearly, an individual's transition from prison back into a home and into a community is difficult, and avoiding crime can be the least of his or her problems. Understanding these pathways and the reasons for and the dimensions of an individual's success or failure is the focus of recent scholarly attention to the problem of “prisoner reentry,” the process of leaving prison and returning to free society. However, most of the existing research on prisoners' lives after release focuses solely on recidivism and ignores the reality that recidivism is directly affected by postprison reintegration and adjustment, which, in turn, depends on four sets of factors: personal and situational characteri...
Occupational Segregation and the Career Mobility of White Men and Women

Much research has examined the impact of occupational segregation on the gender gap in wages. This research clearly implies that men and women are sorted into dissimilar career tracks. Unfortunately, the few studies on the career impacts of occupational segregation are inconclusive because of reliance on anecdotal evidence, research done in a single firm or in the public sector, and problems in measuring career mobility. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), two employment transitions ofprimeage white workers were examined: upward wage mobility and transitions into joblessness. Information on the percentage of males working in the respondent's occupation was merged into the PSID. In the presence of controls, percentage of males in the occupation was positively related to men's chances of receiving a wage promotion. For women, occupational segregation positively influenced movement to joblessness. The results support the notion that women in male-dominated occupations do not move up the career ladder, but rather are pressured to move out of these positions. The article concludes with a call for additional research on the relationship between gender dynamics in the work setting and individual career paths. Income growth is the typical marker for a successful career. However, careers also include episodes of joblessness that may inhibit career development. Because careers unfold over time, researchers who analyze job rewards in cross-sectional samples overlook an important sorting process that creates and maintains wage
Paying Our Last Respects: The Neonatal Autopsy as Continuing Care and Ethical Obligation

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List the benefits of a postmortem examination. 2. List possible reasons for the decline in autopsy rates. Ethical discussions of autopsies usually center around consent: how it must be requested, who may give it, or limitations on the procedure . All of these issues should concern us, but the real ethical issue about autopsies is that the procedure itself is not being done. The worldwide trend of falling autopsy rates (1) involves the United States; hospital rates of 60% in the 1950s fell to 12% in the early 1990s and less than 5% in nonteaching hospitals. (2) The average United States hospital rate of autopsies was 50% in the 1940s and 38% in 1973. (3) A review in 1983 at an adult teaching hospital documented a 75% rate in 1960, 71% rate in 1970, and 38% rate in 1980. (4) Although neonatal autopsy rates have maintained a higher level than those of adults, (5) they too are falling. In Scotland, rates began to decline in 1994. (6) In Wales, some rates fell below 50%, with neonatal perioperative autopsy rates at 45%. (7) The rate in one Australian center was 43% (8) and 39.7% in another. (9) In the United States, one study documented a decline in neonatal autopsies from a range of 63% to 81% down to 52% (10), and a 10-year series from 1984 through 1993 demonstrated a decrease from 71.2% to 47.7%. (11) Must we again defend the value of the autopsy? This “final audit” provides the ultimate guarantee of quality control, and nothing can substitute for it. It discloses diagnoses not made premortem, discovers nosocomial infections not diagnosed in life, and confirms or denies the accuracy of multifarious diagnostic techniques, both simple and complicated, both old and new. …
`La India Bonita': National Beauty in Revolutionary Mexico

`La India Bonita', a beauty pageant celebrated in Mexico City in 1921, was a performance that embodied the concerns of revolutionary intellectuals seeking to build a `new Mexico' in the aftermath of the Porfiriato. Mexico's indigenous heritage and the figure of the feminine woman emerged as critical resources for nationalists, especially their efforts to combat the threat to the formation of national consciousness posed by feminism. This essay seeks to uncover the gendered construction of the rural mestiza in post-revolutionary Mexico, through a critical reading of representations both in the popular press and in the narratives of intellectuals such as the social scientist, Manuel Gamio, his peers, and predecessors.
Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth

There are persistent socioeconomic disparities in many aspects of child development in America. Relative to their affluent peers, children of low socioeconomic status (SES) complete fewer years of education, have a higher prevalence of health problems, and are convicted of more criminal offenses. Based on research indicating that low self-control underlies some of these disparities, policymakers have begun incorporating character-skills training into school curricula and social services. However, emerging data suggest that for low-SES youth, self-control may act as a “double-edged sword,” facilitating academic success and psychosocial adjustment, while at the same time undermining physical health. Here, we examine this hypothesis in a five-wave study of 292 African American teenagers from rural Georgia. From ages 17 to 20 y, we assessed SES and self-control annually, along with depressive symptoms, substance use, aggressive behavior, and internalizing problems. At age 22 y, we obtained DNA methylation profiles of subjects’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data were used to measure epigenetic aging, a methylation-derived biomarker reflecting the disparity between biological and chronological aging. Among high-SES youth, better mid-adolescent self-control presaged favorable psychological and methylation outcomes. However, among low-SES youth, self-control had divergent associations with these outcomes. Self-control forecasted lower rates of depressive symptoms, substance use, aggressive behavior, and internalizing problems but faster epigenetic aging. These patterns suggest that for low-SES youth, resilience is a “skin-deep” phenomenon, wherein outward indicators of success can mask emerging problems with health. These findings have conceptual implications for models of resilience, and practical implications for interventions aimed at ameliorating social and racial disparities.
Challenges and Opportunities to Harnessing the (Hematopoietic) Stem Cell Niche

In our body, stem cells reside in a microenvironment termed the niche. While the exact composition and therefore the level of complexity of a stem cell niche can vary significantly tissue-to-tissue, the stem cell niche microenvironment is dynamic, typically containing spatial and temporal variations in both cellular, extracellular matrix, and biomolecular components. This complex flow of secreted or bound biomolecules, cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and cellular constituents all contribute to the regulation of stem cell fate specification events, making engineering approaches at the nano- and micro-scale of particular interest for creating an artificial niche environment in vitro. Recent advances in fabrication approaches have enabled biomedical researchers to capture and recreate the complexity of stem cell niche microenvironments in vitro. Such engineered platforms show promise as a means to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying niche-mediated stem cell regulation as well as offer opportunities to precisely control stem cell expansion and differentiation events for clinical applications. While these principles generally apply to all adult stem cells and niches, in this review, we focus on recent developments in engineering synthetic niche microenvironments for one of the best-characterized stem cell populations, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Specifically, we highlight recent advances in platforms designed to facilitate the extrinsic control of HSC fate decisions.
Techno-Monitoring: Adjusting to the Speed of Research

Patient-centered research involves identifying the best interventions for an individual patient, not the average patient, and research has shown that technology can have a major impact on closing the gap between clinical research and clinical practice.[1][1] However, the push to shorten the amount