cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Medial Collateral Ligament Healing Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Dosage Effects on Cellular Response and Cytokine Profile

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential therapeutic applications for musculoskeletal injuries due to their ability to differentiate into several tissue cell types and modulate immune and inflammatory responses. These immune-modulatory properties were examined in vivo during early stage rat medial collateral ligament healing. Two different cell doses (low dose 1 × 106 or high dose 4 × 106 MSCs) were administered at the time of injury and compared with normal ligament healing at days 5 and 14 post-injury. At both times, the high dose MSC group demonstrated a significant decrease in M2 macrophages compared to controls. At day 14, fewer M1 macrophages were detected in the low dose group compared to the high dose group. These results, along with significant changes in procollagen I, proliferating cells, and endothelialization suggest that MSCs can alter the cellular response during healing in a dose-dependent manner. The higher dose ligaments also had increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines at day 5 (IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-2) and increased expression of IL-12 at day 14. Mechanical testing at day 14 revealed increased failure strength and stiffness in low dose ligaments compared to controls. Based on these improved mechanical properties, MSCs enhanced functional healing when applied at a lower dose. Different doses of MSCs uniquely affected the cellular response and cytokine expression in healing ligaments. Interestingly, the lower dose of cells proved to be most effective in improving functional properties.
Smart and biofunctional streptavidin

The high affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. While it is extremely useful as the native protein, there are many applications where its function can be improved re-engineering the subunits. We review here our efforts to construct streptavidin tetramers that have 'smart' recognition capabilities, and which display functional peptide sequences. These smart and biofunctional streptavidin derivatives can 'talk' to cells, and 'listen' to external signals which control capture and release of biotinylated molecules.
A Paradox in Intentionalism

I argue that intentionalism in aesthetics and in legal interpretation is vulnerable to a different sort of criticism than is found in the voluminous literature on the topic. Specifically, a kind of paradox arises for the intentionalist out of recognition of a second-order intention embedded in the social practices that characterize both art and law. The paper shows how this second-order intention manifests itself in each of the two enterprises, and argues that its presence entails the overriding centrality of the public text, and hence a rejection of the interpretive stance distinctive of intentionalism itself.
SU-GG-T-121: Multiobjective Optimization for IMRT Using Genetic Algorithm

Purpose: To devise a multiobjective optimization (MOO) method for IMRT that would provide a decision maker with a small set of well‐distributed Pareto optimal plans. Method and Materials: A multiobjective genetic algorithm was used; the fitness function was evaluated by a deterministic algorithm that consisted of a quadratic (BOXCQP: box constrained quadratic programming) and a non‐quadratic component. Each generation consisted of 10 individuals; the chromosome consisted of the OAR objective dose parameters. For the head and neck case studied, there were 6 objectives including maximum and mean dose objectives. For each individual, the deterministic algorithm was used to calculate beamlet intensities. OAR doses are variables in multiobjective GA and the target dose was fixed to 100%. The fitness function contained terms to minimize the difference between the OAR dose for adequate target coverage and the OAR dose goal and to minimize the dose goal for each OAR. Selection and breeding strategies were designed to provide a diverse population of individuals. Results: The algorithm was set to terminate after 100 generations or after five successive generations of no change in fitness. We compared genotypic and phenotypic distance functions and found that the phenotype provided better distribution of final plans. The decision making component was a Bayesian network coupled with a Markov cohort simulation to compute quality adjusted life expectancy and to rank plans accordingly. A set of optimal plans were also generated by varying the weighting factors for a fixed set of parameters but the distribution of plans was not as good. Conclusion: A genetic algorithm was designed to provide a diverse set of Pareto optimal solutions to the multiobjective optimization problem of IMRT inverse planning. The dose parameters in dosimetric objective functions were the variables in the optimization. The algorithm provided a well‐distributed set of plans for input to the Bayesian network.
Electrophoretic Properties of Milk Proteins. II. Effect of Heating to 300° F. by Means of the Mallory Small-tube Heat Exchanger on Skimmilk Proteins

Mellander (12) was the first to obtain an electrophoretic pattern of skimmilk and of casein. Other investigators (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 21) studied various preparations of casein. Slatter and Van Winkle (15) heated skimmilk to 65, 75 and 85 ° C. for 30 rain. and observed changes in the electrophoretic patterns as a result of the heat treatment. The whey proteins of milk and colostrum have received considerable attention in the past few years (1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19). While whey is considered to contain six or more components, only the immune globulins (16, 17) and fl-lactoglobulin (1, 2, 9, 11, 18, 19) have been studied in detail. The present research was undertaken to compare the electrophoretic properties of raw skimmilk with those of the same skimmilk heated at one well controlled heating temperature and time of exposure.
Surgical implications of pseudomonas aeruginosa necrotizing fasciitis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is extremely rare. Only 4 cases were reported in the literature. The authors report the occurrence of P aeruginosa necrotizing fasciitis starting out as a vulval abscess in a girl before induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To our knowledge, this is the second case described in association with leukemia. In this case, the outcome was favorable because of early surgical intervention, confirming the diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg 36:948-950.
A procedure for approximate negative binomial tolerance intervals

In this article, we present a procedure for approximate negative binomial tolerance intervals. We utilize an approach that has been well-studied to approximate tolerance intervals for the binomial and Poisson settings, which is based on the confidence interval for the parameter in the respective distribution. A simulation study is performed to assess the coverage probabilities and expected widths of the tolerance intervals. The simulation study also compares eight different confidence interval approaches for the negative binomial proportions. We recommend using those in practice that perform the best based on our simulation results. The method is also illustrated using two real data examples.
Size Distribution of Possible Dust Carriers for the Extended Red Emission

Power-law size distributions expected to be applicable to possible carriers of extended red emission (ERE) have been examined using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Si nanoparticles and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon complexes such as oligoacene and oligorylenes with energy gaps close to 2 eV have been considered. In the simplest case of unit quantum efficiency, the MC-generated size distributions are used to obtain photoluminescence (PL) spectra that are then corrected for dust extinction and reddening effects for comparison with observed ERE spectra. It is shown that a power-law size distribution with a decay exponent of α = 7/2, which closely agrees with starlight extinction data, fails to produce an ERE-like spectrum. However, size distributions with decay exponents of α = 19/12 and 3/2 are found to lead to acceptable spectra. Results indicate that energetic photon-induced breakup and competing aggregation effects dominate collisional effects in producing the observed steady-state mass distribution. It is shown that the peak wavelength of emission critically depends on the band gap, rather than cluster mass, which for oligoacenes and oligorylenes is widely different. The peak wavelength is also shown to be insensitive to dust attenuation.
The State(s) of Health: Federalism and the Implementation of Health Reform in the Context of HIV Care

Although the federal government will finance most of the coverage expansions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), implementation is largely devolved to states. Drawing from interviews with HIV policy experts and program managers and a documents review, the authors enumerate actions that must occur at multiple levels of government in order for ACA implementation in the context of HIV care to improve access to health care and health outcomes and the conditions under which these may fall short. Positive outcomes are predicted for HIV patients in states with sufficient political support and resources to implement the ACA. However, outcomes may worsen in states that do not implement the Medicaid expansion or other ACA provisions, particularly if federal funding for discretionary safety net programs is reduced. Transitioning patients from HIV-specific programs to other coverage sources may also reduce HIV services in states that previously were at the forefront of HIV care.
Cluster analysis of state Medicaid prescription drug benefit programs based on potential determinants of per capita drug expenditure.

Abstract Background Drug cost-containment strategies result in varied outcomes in different state Medicaid programs perhaps, because they differ in ways beyond the usual considerations of similarity among the states and their Medicaid populations. Objective To classify state Medicaid programs into homogenous groups based on potential determinants of their prescription drug expenditures. Methods Cluster analysis techniques were used to identify clusters of state Medicaid programs, and their characteristics, using variables identified as potential determinants of Medicaid prescription drug expenditures. Results Five distinct clusters were identified with memberships ranging from 1 to 24 states. Sociodemographic factors like race/ethnicity and elderly persons in Medicaid, severity of diseases, state population covered by Medicaid, population below poverty level, and high-school graduates; access factors like access to hospitals, pharmacies, physicians, and prenatal care; and policy factors like support for publicly funded health care were identified as key characteristics that distinguished among these clusters. Per capita prescription drug expenditure was also found to be significantly different among these clusters. Conclusion Knowledge of clusters among state Medicaid programs and their characteristics could potentially increase the chances of success for Medicaid administrative policies and interventions at lower costs of targeted implementation.
Microanalytical evaluation of a prototype stainless bearing steel

Abstract A novel bearing steel composition intended for a space shuttle main engine turbopump application has been designed by computer-aided thermodynamic modelling. Property objectives for the martensitic stainless steel are a doubling of K IC toughness and K ISCC stress-corrosion resistance relative to existing bearing steels. The composition is designed to achieve sufficient refinement of M 2 C carbides to provide the required hardness of R C = 60 at 0.30C, and to achieve a high stability austenite dispersion for transformation toughening. Microanalytical study of the prototype steel of composition Fe-22.5Co-12Cr-8.5Ni- 0.3Mo-0.25V-0.30C has tested key model predictions. STEM microanalysis of extracted Cr and CrMo carbides was used to evaluate solution treatment response between 1100 and 1150°C. Atom-probe microanalysis was employed to measure compositions of fine M 2 C carbides in cryogenically-formed martensitic material tempered at 500°C to a slightly c raged condition promoting high toughness. The observed composition of (Cr 0.88 Mo 0.03 V 0.03 Fe 0.06 ) 2 C 0.92 lies between computed values corresponding to coherent and incoherent equilibrium. The prototype steel exceeds the design toughness objectives, giving a K IC toughness of 47 MPa √ m at R C = 60.4 hardness.
Blind digital watermarking for cartoon and map images

Cartoon/map images are synthetic graphics without complicated color and texture variation, which makes the embedding of invisible and robust digital watermarks difficult. In this research, we propose wavelet-based, threshold-adaptive watermarking scheme (TAWS) which can embed invisible robust watermarks into various kinds of graphical images. TAWS selects significant subbands and inserts watermarks in selected significant coefficients. The inserted watermarks are adaptively scaled by different threshold values to maintain the perceptual integrity of watermarked images and achieve robustness against compression and signal processing attacks. Another major contribution of this work is that the cast watermark is retrieved without the knowledge of the original image. The so-called blind watermark retrieval technique is very useful in managing a large cartoon, trademark and digital map databases. Finally, a company logo that clearly identifies the copyright information can be embedded in cartoon and map images without serious perceptual loss. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the superior performance of TAWS.
Explosion-induced motion along a nonradial joint☆

Abstract Pairs of mutually perpendicular velocity gages, symmetrically placed with respect to the high-explosive energy source, were observed to move asymmetrically. Two-dimensional Lagrangian computer calculations that permitted the gages to slip along the nonradial glued joints in which they were inserted agree very well with the observation. This demonstrates that under the right conditions we can both observe and calculate explosion-induced motion along a joint that is not radial to the explosive source.
Reflecting Brownian motions: Quasimartingales and strong Caccioppoli sets

A notion ofstrong Caccioppoli set is defined for bounded Euclidean domains. It is shown that stationary (normally) reflecting Brownian motion on the closure of a bounded Euclidean domain is a quasimartingale on each compact time interval if and only if the domain is a strong Caccioppoli set. A similar result is shown to hold for symmetric reflecting diffusion processes.
Two‐phase evolution of the Shadow Valley Basin, south‐eastern California: a possible record of footwall uplift during extensional detachment faulting

Miocene strata of the Shadow Valley Basin rest unconformably on the upper plate of the Kingston Range - Halloran Hills detachment fault system in the eastern Mojave desert, California. Basin development occurred in two broad phases that we interpret as a response to changes in footwall geometry. In southern portions of the basin, south of the Kingston Range, phase one began with near synchronous initiation of detachment faulting, volcanism and basin sedimentation shortly after 13.4 Ma. Between c. 13.4 and c. 10 Ma, concordantly bedded phase one strata were deposited onto the subsiding hangingwall of the detachment fault as it was translated 5–9 km south-westward with only limited internal deformation. Phase two (c. 10 to 8–5 Ma) is marked by extensional dismemberment of the detachment fault's upper plate along predominantly west-dipping normal faults. Phase two sediments were deposited synchronously with upper-plate normal faulting and unconformably overlie phase one deposits, displaying progressive shallowing in dip and intraformational onlap. Northern portions of the basin, in the Kingston Range, experienced a similar two-phase development compressed into a shorter interval of time. Here, phase one occurred between c. 13.4 and 12.8–12.5 (?) Ma, whereas phase two probably lasted for no more than a few 100000 years immediately prior to c. 12.4 Ma. Differences in the duration of basin development in and south of the Kingston Range apparently relate to position with respect to the detachment fault's breakaway; northern basin exposures overlie the upper plate adjacent to the breakaway (0–15 km) whereas southern basin exposures occur far from the breakaway (20–40 km). We interpret the phase one to phase two transition as recording breakup of the detachment fault's hangingwall during footwall uplift. We propose a model for supradetachment basin evolution in which early, concordantly bedded basin strata are deposited on the hangingwall as it translates intact above a weakly deforming footwall. With continuing extension, tectonic denudation along the detachment fault leads to an increasing flexural isostatic footwall response. We suggest that isostatic footwall uplift may drive internal breakup of the upper plate as the detachment fault is rotated to a shallow dip, mechanically unfavourable for simple upper-plate translation. Additionally, we argue that continuing hangingwall thinning during phase two places geometrical constraints on the timing, amount and, thus, rate of footwall uplift. Kinematically determined footwall uplift rates (0.5–4.5 mm/yr) are comparable with rates determined independently by thermochronological and geobarometric methods.
A model for LH levels in the recently-castrated adult rat and its comparison with experiment.

A mathematical model for LH levels in the recently-castrated rat is presented. It is simply based on an increase of both production and release of pituitary LH after castration. Solutions of the model equations are shown to correlate well with data in the adult rat when the release rate-constant is taken as β = 0·4 ± 0·15 day−1 and the production-increase rate-constant is taken as γ = 0·07 ± 0·03 μg (LH)/mg (pit.)/day2. The available data do not permit any sex difference to be determined in these two rate-constants. The correlation also does not depend sensitively on variations in their numerical values. A minimum LH storage level in the pituitary, LHp0, is an integral postulate of the model; a value of 0·25 μg/mg being estimated from data in the normal estrous cycle. With this model for post-castration behavior, the greater initial increase of serum LH in the male than in the female can be explained as primarily due to the larger pituitary LH concentration in the male at the time of castration. Since the analysis makes no attempt to relate post-castration behavior to events in the estrous cycle, the female at proestrous is excluded from consideration. When analyzing serum LH data measured in ng(LH)/ml (serum) it is important to note the difference in LH distribution volume between males and females of different body weights. The ratio of pituitary weight to distribution volume is shown to be an important scaling factor for correlating serum hormone data.
Theory of earthquakes. Part III: Inclusion collapse theory of deep earthquakes

A theory of deep earthquakes, termed the inclusion collapse theory, is proposed in this paper. In the inclusion theory of crustal (or shallow) earthquakes, faults were shown to terminate within an inclusion zone. This zone represents a region within the brittle portion of the lithospheric plate that contains open cracks (voids) of varying sizes that, to a first order approximation, are uniformly distributed throughout the inclusion zone. When the lithospheric plate containing these faults and their associated inclusions is subducted into the mantle, the stress normal to the fault planes must increase. A depth is eventually reached where slippage along the fault planes is no longer possible. Earthquakes are postulated to occur at a specified depth within the mantle as a result of processes leading to collapse of these voids.
Asynchronous compressive sensing in radar systems

In this paper we present an asynchronous compressive sensing front-end for radar systems. By using a continuous-time ternary encoding scheme (CT-TE), the amplitude variations on radar pulses are converted into timing information. The oversampling architecture mitigates the quantization error and improves time-delay estimation accuracy. The high data volume resulting from oversampling is reduced by using compressive sensing (CS) in the digital domain. Moreover, the high power consumption of randomization in an analog CS front-end is avoided in the proposed asynchronous scheme by using a part-time operation strategy in the most power demanding modules. Simulations show that the proposed scheme achieves a better range accuracy and probability of detection at sub-Nyquist rate compared to a conventional system that uses oversampling ADCs.
On final-state effects in tt̄ production at threshold

Abstract We apply the relativistic Bethe-Salpeter formalism to the calculation of final-state effects in the production of a tt pair at threshold. We find that final-state rescattering does not affect the momentum distribution of the tt pair to lowest order in the strong coupling constant. This result correctly extends earlier results based on the non-relativistic Lippmann-Schwinger equation.
Comparative Study of Poloxamer Insertion into Lipid Monolayers

Surface pressure versus area isotherms have been coupled with fluorescence microscopy to compare the insertion preferences of a series of triblock copolymers of the form poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(p...
Balance equation approach to hot electron transport in many-valley semiconductors: Comparing with the Monte Carlo results for n-type Si

Abstract Most of the theoretical approachs to high field electron transport in many-valley semiconductors have been based either on Monte Carlo simulation or on solving the phenomenological Boltzmann equation in relaxation time approximation. Although the analytic balance equation method has been applied to various kind of problems in high field transport, its validity in comparing with other methods has not been established. In this paper, taking the same set of parameters as those in the Monte Carlo simulation for n-type Si, we calculate the drift velocity as a function of the electric field for the , and directions in the temperature range (T=8°K to 300°K) from the balance equations obtained by the method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with those of the Monte Carlo method in the wide range of temperature and field. We also point out that the so called quantum correction of the hot electron transport is not important for the present problem.
Comments on "Simulation of lossless symmetrical three conductor systems" by W. Guggenbuhl et al

W. Guggenbuhl et al. (see ibid., vol.10, pp.904-910, 1991) presented an example of modeling a three-conductor interconnection system and simulating the transients with the use of the SPICE program. The commenters point out that Guggenbuhl did not reference some important publications in the area and leaves an impression that the problem of simulation of multiple, coupled, lossless transmission lines has not yet been solved. These comments are intended to rectify this situation and to inform interested readers about the actual status of this problem and recent relevant publications. >
The Evangelists from the Cathedral of Florence: A Renaissance Arrangement Recovered

Between 1408 and 1415, Donatello, Nanni di Banco, Niccolo Lamberti, and Bernardo Ciuffagni each carved a seated Evangelist for the Facade of the Duomo. Subsequent to the removal of the Duomo Facade in 1587, the original arrangement of the statues was forgotten. But through a reexamination of the Cathedral documents and the extant written and visual records of the figures, their lost order can be reestablished. This recovered arrangement is visually more satisfying than earlier reconstructions, and it also indicates the sculptors' heretofore unrecognized efforts to consider the compositional effect of the group as a whole.
Breaking the simulation barrier: SRAM evaluation through norm minimization

With process variation becoming a growing concern in deep submicron technologies, the ability to efficiently obtain an accurate estimate of failure probability of SRAM components is becoming a central issue. In this paper we present a general methodology for a fast and accurate evaluation of the failure probability of memory designs. The proposed statistical method, which we call importance sampling through norm minimization principle, reduces the variance of the estimator to produce quick estimates. It builds upon the importance sampling, while using a novel norm minimization principle inspired by the classical theory of Large Deviations. Our method can be applied for a wide class of problems, and our illustrative examples are the data retention voltage and the read/write failure tradeoff for 6T SRAM in 32 nm technology. The method yields computational savings on the order of 10000x over the standard Monte Carlo approach in the context of failure probability estimation for SRAM considered in this paper.
An experimental investigation of physical education teachers’ and coaches’ reactions to weight-based victimization in youth

Abstract Objectives Overweight youth are frequent targets of weight-based victimization during Physical Education (PE) and sports. In addition, previous research indicates that teachers’ perceptions and expectations may influence their likelihood of intervening during victimization, and physical educators may endorse biased perceptions and expectations of overweight youth. Despite this evidence, no research has examined how physical educators respond to weight-based victimization of their students. Thus, the current study examined PE teachers’ and coaches’ responses to different types of victimization involving average weight and overweight students. Design This study utilized an experimental design that assessed participants’ reactions to situations of weight-related victimization using hypothetical scenarios accompanied by photographs of youth. Methods PE teachers and sport coaches (N = 162) were randomly presented with a scenario and follow-up questions about an average weight or an overweight student. Each participant completed two conditions: one with a male target, and one with a female target. Results Participants were more likely to take action when overweight female students were victims of bullying, specifically in situations of verbal and relational victimization. Male participants were less likely to respond to victimization than female participants. Conclusions Findings suggest the importance of increasing awareness about weight-based victimization and its consequences, especially among male physical educators. Implications for the psychological, social, and physical development of overweight youth are discussed.
Energy deposition in different diameter sites can help characterize the incident radiation

Abstract The energy deposited by many types of radiation, including the high energy heavy ions found in galactic cosmic rays, is more damaging to biological systems than equal amounts of energy delivered by conventional X-ray irradiation. Average quantities such as dose and LET do not provide the information necessary to predict the effect of these types of irradiation at low doses. Charged particle fluence, as a function of the particle charge and velocity, is the ideal way to characterize the radiation, but in many practical situations the fluence spectrum is not known, and cannot be easily obtained. Low pressure proportional counters, simulating tissue volumes a few micrometers in diameter, provide a convenient alternative to dose and fluence measurements. Such instruments are used routinely on the space shuttle and space station to evaluate radiation exposures. However, the energy deposited does not relate directly to energy transferred because a significant amount of energy is carried away from the particle track by delta rays. Using experimental data and simple approximations we show that energy deposited in targets 0.02, 2, and 20 μ m in diameter differs by easily measurable amounts. These results suggest that it is possible to estimate the fraction of the events that are due only to delta rays, and, thus, the average velocity of the particles that deposited the energy, from measurements of energy imparted in different size sites.
Prophylactic action of hexamethonium, trimethaphan, and mecamylamine against diisopropyl fluorophosphate poisoning in mice

Abstract Hexamethonium, trimethaphan, and mecamylamine are ganglionic blockers which can reduce acetylcholine (ACh) release presynaptically. All these agents are capable of protecting mice from diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) intoxication by prolonging the latent period of death or by completely preventing death. Combinations of these agents with 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) (50 mg/kg) improved prophylactic action even further. These results indicate that reduction of ACh release presynaptically plus neutralization of organophosphates with 2-PAM could be an effective way to reduce mortality in patients exposed to organophosphorus poisons.
Adoption of once-monthly oral bisphosphonates and the impact on adherence

Abstract Background The extent of the adoption of once-monthly bisphosphonates into general clinical practice is not known, nor is it known if the novel formulation improves adherence. Methods We analyzed administrative claims 2003-2006 from a large employer-based health insurance database for incident use of oral bisphosphonates and stratified users by daily, weekly, and monthly dosing regimen. We measured adherence as the medication possession ratio (MPR) during the first year of therapy. We compared patient characteristics by dosing regimen and evaluated how the dosing regimen influenced the MPR. Results We identified 61,125 incident users of bisphosphonates (n=1034 daily, n=56,925 weekly, n=3166 monthly). Monthly bisphosphonate users were, on average, slightly older than the other groups (mean age 66 years for monthly users vs 65 years for weekly users or 66 years for daily users, P P P Conclusion We found little evidence of preferential prescribing of monthly bisphosphonates to certain types of patients. Furthermore, we found no evidence of improved bisphosphonate adherence with monthly dosing relative to weekly dosing, although adherence with either weekly or monthly dosing was significantly better than with daily dosing.
Effect of 3‐PPP, a putative dopamine autoreceptor agonist, on [3H]ligand binding to dopamine receptors of calf and rat striatum

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propyliperidine (3-PPP) is most effective in inhibiting [3H]apomorphine binding in rat striatal membranes, with Ki values of 63 nM. 3-PPP was six to 27 times less effective when it competed with the binding of [3H]dopamine or [3H]spiperone in calf and rat striatal membranes. At concentrations up to 10 μM, 3-PPP failed to substitute for dopamine in the activation of adenylate cyclase in rat striatal membranes. 3-PPP at 4.8-5 μM caused 50% inhibition of catecholamine uptake in synaptosomes of corpus striatum and hypothalamus, therefore appearing to be a relatively weak uptake inhibitor. The higher affinity of 3-PPP for [3H]apomorphine binding sites is consistent with its binding to a subset of dopamine receptors which are characterized by a high affinity for both the agonist and antagonist of dopamine.
Factors Influencing Fluid Intake Behavior Among Kidney Stone Formers

Purpose: We determined factors influencing the behavior of patients with kidney stones in the prevention of recurrent stones.Materials and Methods: Patients with stones from an academic and a community practice were recruited for key informant interviews and focus groups. Groups were guided based on the framework of the health belief model. Content analysis was done on transcriptions using qualitative data analysis software.Results: Key informant interviews were completed with 16 patients and with a total of 29 subjects in 5 focus groups. Content analysis revealed that patients were highly motivated to prevent stones. The minimum level of perceived benefit for adopting the behavior change varied among patients and the behaviors proposed. An important strategy to increase fluid intake was insuring availability with containers. Patients were more consistently confident in the ability to increase fluid, in contrast to ingesting medicine or changing the diet. While barriers to increasing fluid were multifacto...
Purification of Dirithromycin. Impurity Reduction and Polymorph Manipulation

The manufacture of dirithromycin [9S(R)-9-deoxo-11-deoxy-9,11-[imino[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylidene]oxy]erythromycin] from commercially available erythromycin A results in a drug substance containing impurities at the level of several percent. A five-step plan for the development of a commercial-scale recrystallization procedure is presented. A purification system for dirithromycin which utilizes the crystalline acetone solvate and exemplifies this plan is described. Physical characterization data for this solvate are included. The solubility of the acetone solvate in water−acetone mixtures is at a maximum at a ratio of 1:9 v/v and exhibits a parabolic relationship with temperature such that, in a solvent composition of 2:1, its solubility is at a minimum at 40 °C. The adduct of erythromycylamine and acetone was found to exist in solution as an equilibrium between the tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine and imine forms.
Extrinsic doping effect in the fabrication of CIGS and CIGSS thin film solar cells

This paper describes the effect of Cd and Zn impurities in the formation of photovoltaic junctions using CuInSe 2 -based alloy thin-film absorbers. We compare the properties of solar cells fabricated by using CdS window layers with those obtained by Cd or Zn treatment from the liquid or vapor-phase environments. Efficient solar cells are obtained for the latter two cases, and their properties are comparable to those with CdS window layers. The results are interpreted in terms of the ability of Cd and Zn to produce n-type doping in the surface region of the absorbers.
Audio-video correspondence and its role in attention and memory

This study measured the effect of audio-video channel correspondence on attention and memory. Three versions of four TV news stories were the stimuli. The high-correspondence version employed a specific audio-video semantic match, the medium-correspondence version a less specific match, and the no-correspondence version no match. High channel correspondence promoted the most efficient division of attention and the best memory scores on visual and factual recognition measures. The medium-correspondence version yielded significantly worse visual memory and attention scores, but factual attention and memory scores equal to those for the high-correspondence version. The no-correspondence version yielded high visual recognition scores, but the worst visual attention scores, suggesting that attentional capacity boundaries were overwhelmed by the stimulus. The results across all conditions suggest that when attentional capacity is exceeded, memory of the overall story is degraded.
Sensitivity of tobacco to chromium from mechanical draft cooling tower drift.

The effect of chromium from cooling tower drift on vegetation was assessed at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant using Kentucky Burley 21 tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) which is noted for its sensitivity to chromium. Potted tobacco plants were placed along the axis of the most frequent wind direction at 15, 200, 600. and 1400 m from the cooling towers. Plants were harvested at one-week intervals for seven weeks from each distance and assessed for total plant biomas. leaf biomass. leaf area, general vigor determinations and chromium concentrations. There was an inverse relationship between foliar chromium concentrations and distance from the towers. Associated with high chromium concentration was a 75 per cent inhibition of leaf growth.
Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene boundaries in deep-water environments

Abstract The upper boundary of the Miocene is recognized by the upper limits of the geological ranges of several species of Globoquadrina, all species of Sphaeroidinellopsis, Globorotalia tumida miocenica, and by a vast reduction in the abundance of discoasters. Discoasters continue on through the Pliocene in reduced numbers disappearing within the lower part of the Pleistocene. G. tumida multicamerata, both sinistral and dextral forms, crosses the Miocene-Pliocene boundary and has an upper limit within the Lower Pliocene or perhaps at its upper boundary. G. tumida menardii snistral forms are known to range from the Upper Miocene to the Recent, whereas dextral populations disappeared at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Occasional dextral specimens, in modern sinistral populations, probably arise as new mutations. G. inflata, G. truncatulinoides, and growth forms known as sphaeroidinella dehiscens appear at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary and continue to the present. Pulleniatina obliquiloculata is very rare in the uppermost Miocene, whereas it is characteristic of the Pliocene and Quaternary planktonic assemblages from the deep-sea. The DEHISCENS DATUM marks the Miocene-Pliocene boundary about 9 million years ago; the MENARDII REDUCTION DATUM marks the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary about 3 million years ago, perhaps slightly more.
K-Shrec Analysis of Kinetochore Protein Archetecture at Nm Scale Accuracy

Kinetochores link centromeric DNA to the plus ends of spindle microtubules (MTs). They contain more than 70 different proteins that function in chromatin anchorage, microtubule attachment, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), force generation, and correction of MT attachment errors. Protein architecture within the kinetochore is poorly understood because the kinetochore core is only about 100 nm thick and it is has been very difficult to obtain molecular specificity at the resolution of electron microscopy. Based on the single molecule studies by Churchman and Spudich (P.N.A.S., 2005), the light microscopy methods that we developed called “kinetochore-speckle high resolution co-localization” (K-SHREC) allows us to determine the average separation between the centroids of two different color fluorescent probes that label different protein domains within kinetochores of human cells and budding yeast. Accuracy to less than 5 nm was achieved when we applied K-SHREC to metaphase cells where sister kinetochores were aligned in opposite directions. Using K-SHREC we have generated the first nm-scale maps of average protein position and orientation along the kinetochore inner-outer axis for 20 or more key protein complexes, and we have shown a correlation between changes in intrakinetochore separation of the Ndc80 complex from the periphery of the centromere and changes in SAC activity and phosphorylation activity within the kinetochore. (Joglekar et al., Curr. Biol., 2009; Wan, O’Quinn et al., Cell, 2010; Maresca et al., J. Cell Biol., 2009). We have also developed a fluorescence ratio method to measure protein copy number within kinetochores of budding yeast and chicken cells (Joglekar et al., Curr. Biol., 2006; Johnston et al, J. Cell Biol., 2010). Together these studies reveal high conservation in kinetochore protein architecture of the core MT attachment site between yeast and vertebrates. Supported by NIH GM 24364.
Effect of colloidal nanocatalysis on the metallic nanoparticle shape: the Suzuki reaction.

Dominantly tetrahedral shaped poly(vinylpyrrolidone)−platinum (PVP−Pt) nanoparticles are shown to catalyze the Suzuki reaction between phenylboronic acid and iodobenzene but are not as active as the spherical palladium nanoparticles studied previously. The dominantly tetrahedral PVP−Pt nanoparticles (55 ± 4% regular tetrahedral, 22 ± 2% distorted tetrahedral, and 23 ± 2% spherical nanoparticles) are synthesized by using the hydrogen reduction method. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that a transformation of shape from tetrahedral to spherical Pt nanoparticles takes place 3 h into the first cycle of the reaction. After the first cycle, the spherical nanoparticles have a similar size distribution to that of the tetrahedral nanoparticles before the reaction and the observed shape distribution is 18 ± 6% regular tetrahedral, 28 ± 5% distorted tetrahedral, and 54 ± 5% spherical nanoparticles. After the second cycle of the Suzuki reaction, the shape distribution is 13 ± 5% regular tetrahe...
Mystory: Personal Experience in Public Discourse

The death of a child is the most devastating event in a parent's life. Yet, every day in the United States, hundreds of parents hear some variation of the words, “we did everything possible; but nothing worked; I am truly sorry; your child is dead.” When a murderer is the causal agent of a child's death, the parent's experience becomes multilayered. Yet, the literature lacks insight into how parents act and react during such a crisis. What coping strategies do parents employ to deflect seemingly innocuous platitudes, experience the emotional pain, to live a private tragedy in the public's eye? Through public discourse, addressing such issues can be cathartic; it can expose a certain vulnerability of the narrator; it evokes myriad images for others.
Hormonal regulation of the "fatted" phenomenon in squirrel monkeys.

The hormonal basis of the ‘fatted’ phenomenon in squirrel monkeys was investigated by gonadectomy and androgen treatment of adult males and females. Significant correlations were found between testis weight and body weight and between testis weight and the sharp reductions in body weight that occurred following gonadectomy. of the males. Females lost little, if any weight, following gonadectomy. Androgen treatment of male castrates resulted in increased body size, weight and physical appearance, closely approximating the condition reported to occur in normal males during the mating season. Female castrates responded to androgen treatment with an analogous development of‘fattedness.’ The data suggest that the ‘fatted’ condition observed seasonally in the field is regulated by fluctuations in endogenous androgen levels of males and that females share that characteristic responsiveness to androgen.
Highly Differentiated Motifs Responsible for Two Cytokine Activities of a Split Human tRNA Synthetase

While native human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is inactive as a cell-signaling molecule, it can be split into two distinct cytokines. The enzyme is secreted under apoptotic conditions in culture where it is cleaved into an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and into a C-domain fragment found only in the mammalian enzymes. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8 (IL-8)-like cytokine, whereas the released C-domain is an endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II)-like cytokine. Although the IL-8-like activity of the N-fragment depends on an ELR motif found in α-chemokines and conserved among mammalian TyrRSs, here we show that a similar (NYR) motif in the context of a lower eukaryote TyrRS does not confer the IL8-like activity. We also show that a heptapeptide from the C-domain has EMAP II-like chemotaxis activity for mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eukaryote proteins other than human TyrRS that have EMAP II-like domains have variants of the heptapeptide motif. Peptides based on these sequences are inactive as cytokines. Thus, the cytokine activities of split human TyrRS depend on highly differentiated motifs that are idiosyncratic to the mammalian system.
Solid Lubrication by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Air and in Vacuum for Space and Aeronautics Applications

To evaluate recently developed aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and dispersed MWNTs for solid lubrication applications, unidirectional sliding friction experiments were conducted with 440 C stainless steel balls and hemispherical alumina-yttria stabilized zirconia pins in sliding contact with the MWNTs deposited on quartz disks in air and in vacuum. The results indicate that MWNTs have superior solid lubrication friction properties and endurance lives in air and vacuum under dry conditions. The coefficient of friction of the dispersed MWNTs is close to 0.05 and 0.009 in air and in vacuum, respectively, showing good dry lubricating ability. The wear life of MWNTs exceeds 1 million passes in both air and vacuum showing good durability. In general, the low coefficient of friction can be attributed to the combination of the transferred, agglomerated patches of MWNTs on the counterpart ball or pin surfaces and the presence of tubular MWNTs at interfaces.
Institutional care and iron deficiency increase ADHD symptomology and lower IQ 2.5-5 years post-adoption.

Increased ADHD symptomology and lower IQ have been reported in internationally adopted (IA) children compared to nonadopted peers (Hostinar, Stellern, Schaefer, Carlson & Gunnar, 2012; Kreppner, O’Connor & Rutter, 2001). However, it is unclear whether these outcomes are due to institutional deprivation specifically or to co-occurring micronutrient deficiencies that disrupt brain development (Fuglestad, Rao & Georgieff, 2008b). In this study, IA children were compared to children raised in their biological families to examine differences in ADHD symptomology and IQ 2.5–5 years post-adoption and to assess the contributions of iron deficiency (ID) and duration of deprivation to these cognitive outcomes. ADHD symptoms (parent- and experimenter-reported) and IQ were evaluated in 88 IA (M = 62.1 months, SD = 2.4) and 35 non-adopted children (M = 61.4 months, SD = 1.6). IA children were assessed 29–64 months post-adoption (M = 41.9 months, SD = 10.2). ID was assessed during the initial post-adoption medical visit in 69 children, and children were classified into four groups by iron status, ranging from normal to ID anemia (most severe). IA children had greater ADHD symptomology, p < .01, and lower IQ, p = .001, than non-adopted children. Within the IA group, children with more severe ID at adoption had greater ADHD symptomology, r(69) = 0.40, p = .001, and lower IQ, r(68) = 0.28, p < .05. Duration of institutional care was positively correlated with ADHD symptoms, r(86) = .28, p < .01, but not IQ, r(85) = .08, p = .52. Longitudinal results indicate improvement in IQ from 12 months post-adoption to age 5 for children with greater ID severity at adoption and longer duration of institutional care but no improvement in ADHD symptoms. These results signify continuing effects of early deprivation and ID on ADHD symptoms and IQ years after adoption.
Strict process machine complexity

We introduce a notion of description for infinite sequences and their sets, and a corresponding notion of complexity. We show that for strict process machines, complexity of a sequence or of a subset of Cantor space is equal to its effective Hausdorff dimension.
One sense per context cluster: Improving word sense disambiguation using web-scale phrase clustering

The performance of word sense disambiguation task is still limited by lexical context matching due to data sparse problem. In this paper we present a simple but effective method that incorporates web-scale phrase clustering results for context matching. This method is able to capture some semantic relations that are not in WordNet. Without using any additional labeled data this new approach obtained 2.11%–6.92% higher accuracy over a typical supervised classifier.