cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Word Mediation and Generalization in Beginning Readers.

It has been theorized that children learning to read identify, retain, and use regular spelling-to-sound vowel and consonant combinations to decode unknown words. Some research indicates that the use of letter combinations to mediate unknown words is developmental, and generated by reading experience. One hun- dred and seventy-seven first and second grade students were administered a reading achievement test and three spelling pattern tests of vowel combinations to determine if accelerated beginning readers learning to recognize words with and without formal instruction differ from average and low beginning readers in the kind and amount of grapheme-phoneme correspondences they can pronounce. The data indicate that beginning readers with advanced word recognition skills may use different word mediation strategies, identify letter combinations that are rule related, and recognize spelling patterns that are defined as higher ordered cor- respondences. Previous method of instruction, age, and school did not influence test performance. Advanced readers at first and second grade induced more spelling pat- terns regardless of presentation. The study supports several contentions made by dif- ferent theorists about how children learn to read, and specifically, endorses the posi- tion of Gibson (1971) that some form of perceptual learning occurs without intention and instruction as the child's reading experiences increase. The research on learning how to read has continuously responded to two basic issues regarding word pronunciation. First, what features and properties do emerg- ing readers initially identify to mediate unknown words, and second, what strategies do children use to select these features and properties so that unknown words are pronounced. Although researchers have periodically examined these issues, the kinds of letter patterns used as stimulus units in pronouncing words and the kinds of strategies generated to identify words by beginning readers have only been assumed. However, children expanding their sight word vocabularies without formal reading instruction evidently eliminate lower ordered strategies from their reading skills repertoire and acquire higher ordered strategies early in their reading experiences. As reading experience increases, these beginning readers also appear to select units which facilitate word mediation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if beginning readers with ac- celerated sight word vocabularies would identify more functional spelling patterns than beginning readers not making the same progress. This premise suggests that ad-
Sugar-Induced Molten-Globule Model †

Proteins denature at low pH because of intramolecular electrostatic repulsions. The addition of salt partially overcomes this repulsion for some proteins, yielding a collapsed conformation called the A-state. A-states have characteristics expected for the molten globule, a notional kinetic protein folding intermediate. Here we show that the addition of neutral sugars to solutions of acid-denatured equine ferricytochrome c induces formation of the A-state in the absence of added salt. We characterized the structure and stability of the sugar-induced A-state with circular dichroism spectropolarimetry (CD) and NMR-monitored hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments. We also examined the stability of the sugar- induced A-state as a function of sugar size and concentration. The results are interpreted using several models and we conclude that the stabilizing effect is consistent with increased steric repulsion between the protein and the sugar solutions. 1
Quantitative magnetic resonance image analysis of the cerebellum in macrocephalic and normocephalic children and adults with autism.

A detailed morphometric analysis of the cerebellum in autism with and without macrocephaly. Four subject groups (N = 65; male; IQs ≥ 65; age 7 to 26 years) were studied with quantitative MRI; normocephalic and macrocephalic individuals with autism without mental retardation were compared to normocephalic and benign macrocephalic typically developing individuals. Total cerebellum volumes and surface areas of four lobular midsagittal groups were measured. Independent t-tests between autism and control subjects matched for head size revealed no significant differences. Multivariate analyses of variance were also performed, using the diagnostic group as the fixed factor, cerebellar measures as the dependent variables and total intracranial volume, total brain volume, age, verbal IQ, and performance IQ as covariates. No significant differences were found; however, a trend was noted in which macrocephalic individuals with autism consistently exhibited slightly smaller cerebellar volume or surface area when compared to individuals with benign macrocephaly. In autism, with and without macrocephaly, cerebellar structures were found to be proportional to head size and did not differ from typically developing subjects. (JINS, 2008, 14, 401–413.)
Sotto Voce: Facilitating Social Learning in a Historic House

This study examines visitors' use of two different electronic guidebook prototypes, the second an iteration of the first, that were developed to support social interaction between companions as they tour a historic house. Three studies were conducted in which paired visitors' social interactions were video- and audio-recorded for analysis. Using conversation analysis, the data from the use of prototype 1 and prototype 2 were compared. It was found that audio delivery methods were consequential to the ways in which visitors structurally organized their social activity. Further, the availability of structural opportunities for social interaction between visitors has implications for the ways in which the learning process occurs in museum settings.
Complete genome sequence of Desulfurispirillum indicum strain S5T

Desulfurispirillum indicum strain S5T is a strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from river sediment in Chennai, India. D. indicum belongs to the deep branching phylum of Chrysiogenetes, which currently only includes three other cultured species. Strain S5T is the type strain of the species and it is capable of growth using selenate, selenite, arsenate, nitrate or nitrite as terminal electron acceptors. The 2,928,377 bp genome encodes 2,619 proteins and 49 RNA genes, and the information gained from its sequence will be relevant to the elucidation of microbially-mediated transformations of arsenic and selenium, in addition to deepening our knowledge of the underrepresented phylum of Chrysiogenetes.
On Noble Gas Processing in the Solar Accretion Disk

Two fractionation models are applied to the problem of generating the widely distributed “Q-component” noble gases in meteorites from the solar-like isotopic and elemental compositions that presumably characterized the early solar accretion disk. Noble gas fractionation by mass-dependent dissipation of the solar nebula, as suggested by Ozima et al. (1998), is examined in the context of a model developed by Johnstone et al. (1998) for accretion disk photoevaporation driven by intense UV radiation from a neighboring giant star. Hydrodynamic escape of heavier species entrained in hydrogen outflow from the UV-heated outer regions of the disk can generate substantial noble gas fractionations, but they do not match the observed Q-component isotopic pattern and moreover require the physically unrealistic assumption that the fractionated gases are confined to the heated disk boundary zone, without mixing with the interior nebula, for long periods of time. It seems more likely that hydrodynamic outflow is actually established below this zone, in the body of the disk. In this case fractionations are governed by Rayleigh distillation of the entire remaining nebula, and are negligible at the time when disk erosion is halted by the gravitational potential of the young sun embedded in the disk.
Small‐scale turbulence detected in Mercury's magnetic field

[1] With its closest approach a mere 46 million kilometers from the Sun, the blast of the solar wind was supposed to wash away any chance that Mercury could hold on to a magnetic field—an idea rejected by the observations of the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974. Though Mercury was shown to harbor a weak magnetic field (one-hundredth the strength of Earth's), its structure, behavior, and interactions with the solar wind remained heavily debated, yet untested, until the 14 January 2008 approach of NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) orbiter. Using a continuous scalogram analysis—a novel statistical technique in space research—Uritsky et al. analyzed the high-resolution magnetic field strength observations taken by MESSENGER as it flew within a few hundred kilometers of the planet's surface. The authors found turbulence in Mercury's magnetosphere, which they attributed to small-scale interactions between the solar wind plasma and the magnetic field. At large spatial and temporal scales the solar wind can be thought of as a fluid with some magnetic properties—a domain well explained by the theories of magnetohydrodynamics.
LOESS SOILS IN SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON

The purpose of this note is to partially answer some questions regarding the nature of the undisturbed loess soils in the Palouse Hills of southeastern Washington and to delineate the general characteristics of the terrain and soils.
The forgotten origins of the ecumenical movement in England : The Grindelwald Conferences, 1892-95

Ruth Rouse, writing in A History of the Ecumenical Movement, made an extraordinary claim about the origins of modern ecumenism. She identified two factors in the 1890s that, in her words, “changed the course of Church history and made possible the modern ecumenical movement.” One was the Student Christian Movement, established in 1895 by the American Methodist layman, John R. Mott. The other factor was the Grindelwald (Switzerland) Reunion Conferences, an assembly mostly of English church leaders organized by a Methodist minister, Henry Lunn, between 1892 and 1895. Mott's movement is very well known to modern readers. The Grindelwald Conferences, by contrast, are utterly obscure in spite of Rouse's conclusion that they “began a new phase in the growth of the ecumenical idea.”
Respiratory Biology during Gravidity in Crotaphytus collaris and Gambelia wislizenii

Abstract During gravidity lizards experience a striking decrease in lung volume as a result of lung compression by eggs growing within the body cavity. In order to understand the effect of this decrease in lung volume on the respiratory biology of gravid egg-laying lizards, we measured changes in total lung volume, resting and postexercise expired volume, minute volume, respiratory frequency, and carbon dioxide production rate during reproduction in the Collared Lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, and the Leopard Lizard, Gambelia wislizenii. We found that compression of the lungs by shelled eggs resulted in an average 48% (range: 26–70%) decrease in total lung volume compared to the same postlaying C. collaris females, and an average 38% (range: 29–46%) decrease in G. wislizenii. CO2 production rates were altered significantly during reproduction in female C. collaris and were 58% higher in females carrying late-stage follicles, compared to after laying. Despite the remarkable reduction in lung volume in both o...
Effects of stimuli present during oral morphine administration on withdrawal and subsequent consumption

We assessed the role of conditioning in controlling morphine self-administration and withdrawal in three experiments. In the first two experiments, rats were trained to drink a sucrose-morphine solution in one of two distinctive cage and room environments. Based upon a compensatory-response model of drug tolerance as applied to drug dependence, we predicted that withdrawal would be less intense if the animals’ environment were switched prior to removal of the drug, and furthermore, that relapse would be more likely when the drug was reintroduced in the original context. Withdrawal was assessed by monitoring body-weight loss and behavioral symptoms. No evidence was obtained that could support a compensatory-response theory using this particular paradigm of drug dependence. In Experiment 3, taste was manipulated as the drug-associated stimulus. During withdrawal, the animals received either plain water or a saccharin-quinine solution that tasted like the original saccharin-morphine solution. There was little evidence that taste affected either withdrawal or consumption. These results do not challenge the view that drug tolerance can be context-specific, but suggest that, with the methods used here, morphine withdrawal and consumption may be unaffected by cues associated with the drug.
A B-wavelet-based noise-reduction algorithm

A wavelet-based method is introduced for removing structured noise (e.g., impulsive spikes or unwanted harmonic components) from data. For this type of noise, the time- and frequency-localization capabilities of wavelets provide better noise detection and less signal distortion than direct filtering of data. The procedure is applied to time-series data with impulsive noise and transfer-function data with multipath interference. The authors use a single set of scaling and wavelet bases that can effectively represent a wide range of signals, and then they perform noise reducing operations on the scaling and wavelet coefficients. Multiresolution analysis is introduced in order to describe the noise reduction algorithm.
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inactivation Following cAMP‐Dependent Phosphorylation Activation

Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is activated following phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (largely by decreasing the Km of the enzyme for its pterin co-substrate). Following its phosphorylation activation in rat striatal homogenates, we find that tyrosine hydroxylase is inactivated by two distinct processes. Because cAMP is hydrolyzed in crude extracts by a phosphodiesterase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity declines following a single addition of cAMP. When tyrosine hydroxylase is activated under these transient phosphorylation conditions, inactivation is accompanied by a reversion of the activated kinetic form (low apparent Km for pterin co-substrate, less than or equal to 0.2 mM) to the kinetic form characteristic of the untreated enzyme (high apparent Km, greater than or equal to 1.0 mM). This inactivation is readily reversed by the subsequent addition of cAMP. When striatal tyrosine hydroxylase is activated under constant phosphorylation conditions (incubated with purified cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit), however, it is also inactivated. This second inactivation process is irreversible and is characterized kinetically by a decreasing apparent Vmax with no change in the low apparent Km for pterin co-substrate (0.2 mM). The latter inactivation process is greatly attenuated by gel filtration which resolves a low-molecular-weight inactivating factor(s) from the tyrosine hydroxylase. These results are consistent with a regulatory mechanism for tyrosine hydroxylase involving two processes: in the first case, reversible phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and, in the second case, an irreversible loss of activity of the phosphorylated form of tyrosine hydroxylase.
DFT study of nitrided zeolites: Mechanism of nitrogen substitution in HY and silicalite

Abstract We have performed embedded-cluster calculations using density functional theory to investigate mechanisms of nitrogen substitution (nitridation) in HY and silicalite zeolites. We consider nitridation as replacing Si–O–Si and Si–OH–Al linkages with Si–NH–Si and Si–NH 2 –Al, respectively. We predict that nitridation is much less endothermic in HY (29 kJ/mol) than in silicalite (132 kJ/mol), indicating the possibility of higher nitridation yields in HY. To reveal mechanistic details, we have combined for the first time the nudged elastic band method of finding elusive transition states, with the ONIOM method of treating embedded quantum clusters. We predict that nitridation of silicalite proceeds via a planar intermediate involving a ring with pentavalent Si, whereas nitridation of HY is found to proceed via an intermediate similar to physisorbed ammonia. B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations give an overall barrier for silicalite nitridation of 343 kJ/mol, while that in HY is 359 kJ/mol. Although the overall nitridation barriers are relatively high, requiring high temperatures for substitution, the overall barriers for the reverse processes are also high. As such, we predict that once these catalysts are made, they remain relatively stable.
The Role of Parenting in the Emergence of Human Emotion: New Approaches to the Old Nature-Nurture Debate

SYNOPSIS Emotions are complex processes that are essential for survival and adaptation. Recent studies of children and animals are shedding light on how the developing brain learns to rapidly respond to signals in the environment, assess the emotional significance of this information, and in so doing adaptively regulate subsequent behavior. Here, I describe studies of children and nonhuman primates who are developing within emotionally aberrant environments. Examining these populations provides new insights on the ways in which the social or interpersonal contexts of parenting may influence development of the neural systems underlying emotional behavior.
Routing game in hybrid wireless mesh networks with selfish mesh clients

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) consist of mesh routers and mesh clients where fixed mesh routers form the multi-hop backbone of the network. It is often assumed that each individual mesh client will faithfully follow the prescribed protocols. However, these mobile devices, owned by individual users, will likely do what is the most beneficial to their owners, i.e. act 'selfishly'. In this article, we study how to design routing protocols in WMNs with selfish mesh clients. We first show that the totalpayment of the classical Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG)-based routing protocol could be very expensive and inefficient for hybrid mesh networks. Then, we modify the VCG-based method to make it more efficient in terms of total payment, but we also prove that mesh clients could lie about their costs in this modified method. Instead of the VCG-based method, we then propose a novel routing protocol that could achieve Nash equilibrium with low total payments.
Opiates and Prescription Drugs

There has been a dramatic change in the opiate abuse problem in the United States during the last decade. Opiate pharmaceuticals have replaced heroin as the dominant drugs of abuse, and the number of users has quadrupled. In both 2005 and 2006, pain relievers replaced marijuana as the most common new drug of abuse among first-time users aged 12 and older. The number of individuals meeting criteria for opiate use disorders has almost tripled and now approaches 2 million adults and adolescents. There has also been a shift in demographics, with new users more likely to be White, employed, and better educated. Compared with heroin abusers, this group is less sociopathic, but more likely to have had prior treatment for other psychiatric disorders. Fortunately, the treatment options for these individuals are also more diverse and accessible. Traditionally, long-term therapeutic communities and methadone maintenance programs offered the only effective treatment for most opiate addicts. With the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of buprenorphine for use in office-based settings, a new and highly effective treatment has become available and has gained wide acceptance among clients. The most effective treatments approach opiate dependence as a chronic, relapsing disease that requires long-term care and that integrates comprehensive medical and psychiatric services to address co-occurring conditions.
Democratic Disobedience: A Different Justification for Civil Disobedience and the Case of Anti-Abortion Activism in the U.S.

With the concept of 'democratic disobedience' this paper introduces a justification for civil disobedience that differs from the traditional account of liberal civil disobedience primarily in two aspects: first, the grounds on which disobedient actions are justified and second, the scope of legitimate demands within this mode of protest. To demonstrate the potential of this new mode of justification it is applied to the case of anti-abortion activism in the U.S.The liberal concept of civil disobedience is based on the idea that in cases of blatant injustices civil disobedience is a means to trump and correct democratic decisions in the name of justice. Democratic disobedience, on the other hand, does not invoke an external corrective instance, but rather bases its justification on the assumption that the democratic process is inherently imperfect and therefore inevitably produces democratic deficits, i.e. incongruities between the will of the citizens and governmental politics. Contrary to the liberal model, democratic disobedience does not refer to pre-political or metaphysical concepts like justice, God or personal conscience, but grounds its justification in the conflictual practice of democratic decision-making processes. This theoretical reorientation expands the legitimate reasons for civil disobedience beyond strict violations of justice. To counterbalance this tendency democratic disobedience is strictly confined to demand only a reintroduction into the political decision-making process and, accordingly, the justification for democratic disobedience expires if a political reengagement with the issue in question is successfully triggered – and this includes the case in which the sovereign reaffirms the policy. By virtue of this construction liberal and democratic disobedience can co-exist and complement each other depending on the particular context and the justifying reasons for civil disobedience. What renders the concept of democratic disobedience especially valuable, however, is that this new formulation avoids any tendencies towards an instrumental understanding of democracy and justifies disobedience rather as a productive form of participation than as a parasitic external revising mechanism that limits democratic self-government.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XI. Alvah R. Lauer: 1896–1967

Four decades of dedicated research provided insight into new techniques, methods and procedures in determining qualifications of and the training required for safe motor vehicle driving.
Shape-Memory Behavior of Zinc Oleate-Filled Elastomeric Ionomers

Shape memory elastomeric compounds were prepared from mixtures of the zinc salt of a sulfonated poly{ethylene-r-propylene-r-(5-ethylidene-2-norbornene)} ionomer (Zn-SEPDM) and zinc oleate (ZnOl). Physical cross-links in the ionomer due to interchain ionic interactions provided a “permanent” cross-linked network, and strong dipolar interactions between the ionomer and a dispersed phase of crystalline ZnOl provided a temporary network. ZnOl concentrations as high as 50 wt % were studied. A temporary shape was achieved and fixed by deforming the compound above the melting point (Tm) of the ZnOl (∼78 °C) and then cooling the material under stress to below Tm. The permanent shape was recovered by reheating the sample to above Tm without an applied stress. The materials were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile tests, and the shape memory behavior was measured by DMA and static stretching experiments. Although shape fixing efficiencies of up to 90%...
The Effect of Light on Taxonomic Characters in Fusarium

Marked differences in the characters ordinarily used in taxonomy are revealed when 10 strains of 3 species (F. Solani, F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum), representing 3 sections of the genus Fusarium,...
Power Over Finance: Private Institutions, Elite Control, and Endogenous Market Disorder

In this paper, we develop an account of the endogenous failure of private market-governance institutions to maintain market order by highlighting how their distributional function limits their regulatory capacity. We examine the New York Clearing House Association (NYCHA), a private market-governance institution among commercial banks in Manhattan that operated from 1853 to 1913. We find that the NYCHA, founded to achieve coordinating benefits among banks, transformed itself at the turn of the twentieth century into a device for large, elite market players to promote their own interests to the disadvantage of rival groups. Elites prevented the rest of the market from having equal opportunities of participation. The elites’ control not only worsened the condition of the rest of the market; it also diminished the influence of the NYCHA and escalated market crises. As a result, crises developed to an extent that exceeded the control of the NYCHA and ended up hurting even elites’ own interests. This paper suggests that institutional stability rests on a deliberate balance of interests between different market sectors and that, without such a balance, the distributional function of market-governance institutions plants the very seeds of institutional destruction.
Repeat tuboplasty compared with primary microsurgery for postinflammatory tubal disease

The conception rate in 21 patients who underwent repeat tuboplasty after a primary macrosurgical procedure was evaluated. These data were compared with those of 161 patients who underwent primary microsurgical tuboplasty. Eighteen percent of the patients in the repeat tuboplasty group conceived, and all pregnancies resulted in live births. The conception rate for those patients who underwent primary microsurgical tuboplasty was 51%: 33% live births, 11% spontaneous abortions, and 9% ectopic pregnancies. The conception rate for the repeat tuboplasty group with previous macrosurgery was significantly lower ( P =0.0095) than that of the primary microsurgical group. Three patients underwent a primary microsurgical procedure followed by a second microsurgical tuboplasty. There were no conceptions in this group.
A New Taxonomy Beyond Substantivalism and Relationism II: Some Philosophical Prehistory of Quantum Gravity

The analysis in the preceding chapter has set the stage for a closer examination of various quantum gravity (QG) hypotheses, background independence, pregeometry, spacetime emergence, and, ultimately, the deficiencies in the substantivalist/relationist dichotomy as it applies to the seventeenth century and QG. After a discussion of how the difference in historical context affects the new taxonomy, §10.1, analogues between seventeenth century spatial ontologies and QG hypotheses will be developed, §10.2, followed by a closer examination of nominalism and virtual-platonism in a QG setting, §10.3, the locality of beables, §10.4, and a concluding summary and evaluation of the new taxonomy and the competing third-way strategies, §10.5.
Augmenting Media Literacy with Automatic Characterization of News along Pragmatic Dimensions

Media literacy allows individuals to better interpret the information they need to absorb to contribute to our democratic, knowledge-based society. I propose that by automatically notifying readers of an article's problematic pragmatic characteristics, an application could augment their media literacy. I describe two characteristics for which I have been building automatic classifiers -- factiness and tropes as narrative frames -- and discuss the status of each project.
13 – Optical Properties of Crystals

Physics always develops in two directions. One front pushes forward towards phenomena which do not yet fit into the general picture, and the victories on this front are marked by important changes in our fundamental concepts…. But, in addition to this search for new concepts, there is a constant effort directed toward the deepening and broadening of our knowledge of phenomena which, we believe, can be understood on the basis of existing concepts and theories.
A Primer for Developing a Public Agency Service Ethos of Cultural Competency in Public Services Programming and Public Services Delivery

AbstractThis paper addresses the need for culturally appropriate and culturally effective public programs and public services. The author discusses cultural competency in public services programmin...
Sistema de Gestión de Información para la Investigación y Postgrado

The present work describes a study developed in the Associated Dean of Production and Research in the postgraduated area of the Regional Faculty “Martires de Artemisa” in terms of needs and problems that have to save and generate all the information these processes need to be carried out with the quality and efficiency required. During the study several problems were identified in the organization and security of this data, as well as the need for a management system to select, save and generate information. After identifying the solution it describes the fundamental characteristics of this system, besides it also defines all the information and data required to be generated. The result is the obtainment of a Management Information System for Research and Postgraduated area from the Regional Faculty “Martires de Artemisa” that will help to organize and retrieve all the information from the faculty, which will lead to the outputs of the center’s information resources are increasingly efficient in all areas. We used as methods the interview and survey and the system is at the stage of release and deployment.
Cancellation in a parallel semantic network

Handling exceptions to general rules is a persistent and difficult problem in systems for representing knowledge. In semantic networks, this often takes the form of cancelling some item of information, such as membership in a class, that would otherwise be inherited from a higher level description in the type hierarchy. Some conceptually clean approaches to cancellation lead to great inefficiency in accessing the information in the network, and can negate much of the speed advantage that would otherwise be possible in a parallel network system such as NETL. In this paper we explore some of the interactions between cancellation and parallelism in semantic networks, and we propose a cancellation scheme that appears to be workable for NETLIike systems.
Signal Recovery From Norm Measurements

We consider the problem of recovering a signal from the norms of its linear transforms. We formulate the recovery as a minimization problem, and propose algorithms for solving the formulation. We discuss the convergence of the algorithms and compare their behaviors. We demonstrate the usefulness of the formulation/algorithm on the problem of recovering positions of points given their pairwise distances.
Oxygen Consumption Measurements in Caenorhabditis elegans Using the Seahorse XF24

Mitochondria generate 90% of the energy required to sustain life. As a result, loss of mitochondrial function compromises almost every facet of human physiology. Accordingly, most mitochondrial diseases tend to present themselves as complex, multi-systemic disorders that can be difficult to diagnose. Depending on the severity of the mitochondrial dysfunction, the pathology can range from mild discomfort to severe epilepsy, blindness and paralysis. To develop therapies to these diseases, it will be important to optimize experimental techniques that can reliably quantify mitochondrial function, particularly in live cells or intact organisms. Here, we describe how a Seahorse XF24 Analyzer can be used to measure both basal and maximal respiration in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and how this data can be interpreted to evaluate mitochondrial function.
Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge : The Case of Mathematics

Abstract : According to a common folk model, students learn arithmetic by understanding the teacher's explanation of it. This folk model suggests that other, more complicated procedural skills are also acquired by being told. The evidence presented herein suggests that learning-by-being-told is an inaccurate model of the kind of arithmetic learning that actually occurs in classrooms. Rather, arithmetic is learned by induction: the generalization and integration of examples. Contents: 1) Schematic vs. teleological knowledge; 2) Three ways that arithmetic could be learned; 3) The conservative evaluation of the induction hypothesis; 4) A liberal evaluation of the induction hypothesis; 5) Learning by analogy; 6) Learning by being told; 7) Summary; 8) Concluding remarks; 9) Appendix.
PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR SURVIVAL OF ORPHANED NEONATAL AND JUVENILE EASTERN COTTONTAIL RABBITS (SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS): 1,256 CASES (2012–17)

Orphaned eastern cottontail rabbits (ECRs; Sylvilagus floridanus) often present to wildlife clinics within their geographic range and require considerable dedication of time and resources. The objective of this analytical cross-sectional study was to assess initial examination findings to be used as prognostic indicators for orphaned neonatal and juvenile ECRs. The medical records of the University of Illinois Wildlife Medical Clinic were searched for ECRs presenting between 2012 and 2018. This criterion identified 1,256 ECRs that were then classified as survivors (survived and released) or as nonsurvivors (euthanized or natural death) within 72 h of admission. Presenting weight, body system abnormalities, hydration status, intervention prior to presentation, and singleton versus group presentation were categorically recorded for each individual ECR. The data were modeled using a series of logistic regression models fitted using the general linear model. Individuals were significantly more likely to be nonsurvivors if they presented as singletons (P<0.0001), presented with moderate/severe (P<0.001) or mild integumentary signs (P=0.0261), presented with multi-organ disease (P<0.001), presented with neurologic signs (P<0.0003), or had treatment provided prior to presentation (P=0.031). Factors that did not predict survival status in ECRs included body weight (P=0.210), presence of respiratory signs (P=0.674), and presence of dehydration (P=0.356). These findings may be used at wildlife medical clinics to make triage criteria for euthanasia as well as dedicate limited funds and labor to cases with the best prognosis for survival.
The mid-lateral cerebellum is necessary for reinforcement learning

The cerebellum has long been considered crucial for supervised motor learning and its optimization. However, new evidence has also implicated the cerebellum in reward based learning, executive function, and frontal-like clinical deficits. We recently showed that the simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the mid-lateral cerebellar hemisphere (Crus I and II) encode a reinforcement error signal when monkeys learn to associate arbitrary symbols with hand movements. However, it is unclear if the cerebellum is necessary for any process beyond motor learning. To investigate if the mid-lateral cerebellum is actually necessary for learning visuomotor associations, we reversibly inactivated the mid-lateral cerebellum of two primates with muscimol while they learned to associate arbitrary symbols with hand movements. Here we show that cerebellar inactivation impaired the monkeys9 ability to learn new associations, although it had no effect on the monkeys9 performance on a task with overtrained symbols. A computational model corroborates our results. Cerebellar inactivation increased the reaction time, but there were no deficits in any motor kinematics such as the hand movement, licking or eye movement. There was no loss of function when we inactivated a more anterior region of the cerebellum that is implicated in motor control. We suggest that the mid-lateral cerebellum, which provides a reinforcement learning error signal, is necessary for visuomotor association learning. Our results have implications for the involvement of cerebellum in cognitive control, and add critical constraints to brain models of non-motor learning.
Expert Systems: A Database Perspective

In recent years rule-based and frame-based systems became popular tools for developing a wide range of knowledge intensive applications. Although these tools provide significant help to the application developer, building expert systems remains largely an ad hoc and a very labor-intensive job.
The utility of CardioMEMS in left ventricular assist device patients with gastrointestinal bleeding

We report a correlation between trends of hemodynamic parameters including pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) and heart rate recorded by CardioMEMS device (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) and presentation of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in two patients with left ventricular assist devices. We observed a decline in PAP levels prior to symptom onset and reduction in hemoglobin level in both patients. Early recognition of hemodynamic changes by CardioMEMS device might help clinicians to detect the preclinical phase of GI bleeding and intervene before patients develop severe symptoms and associated morbidity. .
An Analysis of the Residents’ Research, Education, and Wellness Resources in Radiation Oncology Residency Programs in the United States

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the variations in research, education, and wellness resources for residents among radiation oncology (RO) residency programs across the United States. A list of accredited programs for the academic year 2018 to 2019 was collected using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education website. Individual residency program websites were used as the primary source of the data, and the Fellowship Residency Electronic Interactive Data Access System website complemented any missing data. We collected data on dedicated research time, resident rotations, wellness resources, and salary information. Excel 2013 was used for analysis. Information from the 94 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited RO residency programs during the academic year 2018 to 2019 was collected. Seventy-five (80%) programs reported the duration of dedicated research time on their websites. At least 6 months are allowed in 48 (51%) programs, and 27 (29%) programs report that dedicated research time is negotiable. Outstandingly, 20 (21%) programs allow 1 year of dedicated research time, and the median dedicated research time is 9 months. From our study, only 13 (14%) residency programs allow residents to rotate in other departments of the same institution. Fifty-nine (63%) programs allow away rotations at other institutions (external electives). An international rotation is permitted only in 19 (20%) programs. Wellness resoursces specifically fatigue managment, resident retreat and resident mentoring programs were available in 53%, 26% and 42% of programs, respectively. The salary information is obtainable for 63 institutions, and the yearly compensation ranges between $51,000 and $78,000. Moonlighting is allowed only in 28 (30%) programs. Our study found that major variations exist among RO residency programs in the United States regarding research, education, and wellness resources for residents.
A journey in languages and cultures: the life of a bicultural bilingual: by François Grosjean, New York, Oxford University Press, 2019, 224 pp., $35.00 (Hardback), ISBN: 9780198754947

In the twenty-first century, bilingualism should not be limited to the interests of linguists but also be introduced to the more general public such as bilinguals themselves and people who interact...
Diffuse Calvarial Hyperostosis in Patients with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension.

Background Diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) may be delayed due to nonspecific symptoms and variable imaging findings. Cases of hyperostosis in children who are overshunted, a process that may be physiologically analogous to adults with SIH, have been reported by others and observed in our practice. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the frequency and pattern of calvarial hyperostosis in patients with SIH. Methods We retrospectively reviewed computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations from consecutive patients who underwent myelography for the evaluation of SIH to assess for the presence of generalized calvarial thickening or development of a secondary layer of bone. Patients with typical benign hyperostosis frontalis were excluded. Patient demographics and clinical factors were evaluated for association with hyperostosis. Results Among 285 patients with SIH, 40 (14.0%) demonstrated diffuse calvarial hyperostosis on imaging. Most of these patients (32/40; 80.0%) demonstrated a distinct circumferentially layered appearance to the skull, whereas 8 of 40 (20.0%) had generalized calvarial thickening without layering. Conclusions Diffuse calvarial hyperostosis, particularly the concentrically layered form that we term “layer cake skull,” is a relatively common imaging feature in patients with SIH. In the appropriate clinical context, this finding will allow the possibility of SIH to be raised based on computed tomography imaging, which is otherwise of limited utility in the initial diagnosis of this condition.
Do You Want to Foresee Your Future? The Best Model Predicting the Success of Kickstarter Campaigns

Many creators find crowdfunding websites one of the best ways to get assistance for their campaigns. Kickstarter, as one representative crowdfunding website, provides a great platform for their brightest dreams. However, not everyone successfully reaches their funding goals. In this paper, we figure out what machine learning model and factors can best predict success probability in a Kickstarter campaign. Through comparing 6 different machine learning models, we find that the best performing model is the Random Forest model, with robust forecast accuracy of 87.85%, which is 10% higher than existing studies. Factor importance analysis indicates that the number of backers, whether picked up by editors, and the edit time of campaign are the top three most important factors in determining the success rate of crowd-funding projects. This suggests, to launch a successful project, the number of backers, whether picked up by editors, and the edit time of campaign should be weighted more than other factors. Our research shed light on both crowd-funding project determinants and machine leaning down-stream applications.
Ants, grasshoppers, asshoppers, and crickets cohabit in Utopia: the anthropological foundations of Bernard Suits’ analyses of gameplay and good living

In this article, I consider Alkis Kontos’ and Allan Back’s critiques to Suits that his theory of games and good living lack ontological grounds or rests on the wrong foundations. Taking these criti...
Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic sensors in KSHV-induced cancers and KSHV infection.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus associated with several human cancers. KSHV infection and KSHV-induced anabolic cell proliferation and cellular transformation depend on reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways, which provide the building blocks and energy for the growth of both the virus and the infected cells. Furthermore, KSHV dysregulates numerous metabolic sensors including mTOR, AMPK, CASTOR1 and sirtuins to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis during infection and in KSHV-induced cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of KSHV hijacking of metabolic pathways and sensors, providing insights into the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis. In addition, we highlight the critical metabolic targets and sensors for developing potential new therapies against KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
Fast 3D Clear: A Fast, Aqueous, Reversible Three-Day Tissue Clearing Method for Adult and Embryonic Mouse Brain and Whole Body

Abstract To date, a variety of optical clearing methods have emerged that serve as powerful tools to study intact organs and neuronal circuits. Here we describe a newly developed, aqueous clearing protocol named “Fast 3D Clear”, which relies on tetrahydrofuran (THF) for tissue delipidation, and iohexol (Histodenz) for clearing, such that tissues can be imaged under immersion oil in light sheet imaging systems. Fast 3D Clear requires three days to achieve high transparency of adult and embryonic mouse tissues, while maintaining their anatomical integrity, and preserving a vast array of transgenic and viral/dye fluorophores, such as GCaMP3/6, tdTomato, Fast Blue, and IRF670. A unique advantage of Fast 3D Clear is its complete reversibility and thus compatibility with tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Fast 3D Clear can be easily and quickly applied to a wide range of biomedical studies, thereby greatly facilitating the acquisition of high-resolution, two - and three -dimensional images.
When a study doesn't show what you hoped for.

One of the arguments often made for eliminating (or at least reducing) the length of time admitted patients spend in the ED waiting for an inpatient bed is that these ‘boarded’ patients are likely, among other undesirable outcomes, to have longer hospital lengths of stay. This argument has been one tactic emergency providers have tried to gain the attention of hospital leadership to do something about boarding. Longer lengths of stay mean fewer patients coming in and out, and this can threaten bottom lines, waiting lists, and targets. Thus, one may read the article by Lane and colleagues1 with high hopes for additional evidence on the harms of boarding psychiatric patients. These authors look at whether long stays in the ED for psychiatric patients are likely to result in longer hospital stays. The answer is yes, a little. If a patient is boarded in an ED for 24 hours, their length of stay increases…wait for it…0.01 days. That is, 14.4 minutes. This is a bitter pill for us emergency physicians to swallow, dashing hopes of further convincing our administrations of the need to address patient boarding, as if the discomfort and loss of privacy for patients, the risk of …
Brave Sperm and Demure Eggs: Fallopian Gender Politics on YouTube

A narrative analysis of videos of human conception from medical and nonmedical sources aired in the democratic space of YouTube finds that stereotypical gender roles are consistently assigned to cellular behavior. Sperm are represented as little men and embodiments of hegemonic masculinity, with heroic sperm winning the egg prize after a competitive athletic contest fraught with peril. Eggs are represented as featureless planets floating in a murky void and are without agency or action. Almost every video is about the "journey" or "adventure" of the sperm; the egg has no adventure. These videos represent a view of a persistent gendered narrative of human fertilization that does not coalesce with emerging scientific narratives that appear to attempt to be more gender-neutral in accounts of conception. The imposi- tion of gendered social scripts onto biology—even pop-culture biology—may work to obscure common understanding of the nature of gender and of humanity, as well as reveal vivid and enduring stereotypes.