cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Live birthrates in two free-ranging rhesus breeding colonies in the Florida keys

The present paper provides an analysis of reproductive data derived from 1,265 adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), including 570 animals 13 years old and older. The data were collected during a partial census of two provisioned but free-ranging rhesus populations in the Florida Keys. Within both colonies, live birthrates were found to increase sharply among females 4–7 years old and to decline linearly among females 7–17 years of age. These data do not support the suggestion byAnderson (1986) that decline in fertility among nonhuman primate females is primarily the result of deteriorating health rather than ageper se.
Lifestyle: Tomorrow's electronic hospital is here today: Computer use is revolutionizing not only hospital laboratories and record-keeping, but also emergency treatment, diagnostics, and intensive care

Until recently, doctors seeking information on patients at most hospitals had to visit a storage room and pore through files that were hand-written and perhaps intelligible only to their authors. But at state-of-the-art facilities like LDS Hospital of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, doctors need only tap a nearby terminal for patient records. The records are displayed in a clear, standardized format. Moreover, the computer can help the physician interpret the data and even help prescribe appropriate therapy.
Context-aware communities and their impact on information influence in mobile social networks

When mobile device users meet at a certain place, they may share information obtained from some other places. Since people are more likely to share information if they can benefit from the sharing or if they think the information is of interest to other people, there might exist communities where people share information more often with community members. The communities in mobile social networks represent real social groups where connections are built when people encounter. In this paper, we consider the location and time related to the shared information as the social context in mobile social networks. We propose context-aware community structure that groups people who are more likely to influence each other (i.e., share information with each other in certain contexts) into the same communities. Further, we provide a context-aware community-based user participation strategy in information influence that can reduce unnecessary influence cost. Our evaluation results show that the context-aware community structure is constructed with high internal pairwise similarity, reasonable average community size, and reasonable number of communities. Further, the community-based user participation strategy provides both high average influences and high influence efficiency.
Reduction of serum triglycerides and cholesterol by ethyl p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB)☆

Abstract Ethyl p -chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) was administered alone and in combination with androsterone to 10 patients with elevations of serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides. Serum lipid levels during the two four-month treatment periods were compared to those during a period of placebo administration of similar duration, the order of the periods being randomized. As compared to the placebo period, a mean reduction in serum triglycerides and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol occurred during the administration of both CPIB alone and CPIB with androsterone. The addition of androsterone to the CPIB did not significantly enhance the hypolipemic activity of CPIB. No adverse effect or toxicity was encountered.
FLOWERING OF DICHONDRA IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE AND DAYLENGTH

Experiments using controlled environment facilities showed that flowering of Dichondra repens was promoted by chilling plants at 10 C or below. Optimum length of the chilling period was 5-6 weeks. Unchilled plants did not flower. The flowering stimulus resulting from chilling was destroyed by temperatures above 21 C. Rate of flowering was increased by short days during
Evaluating the Correlation between Film Mammography and MRI for Screening Women with Increased Breast Cancer Risk

Rationale and Objectives Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being added to mammography for screening asymptomatic women at increased risk of breast cancer. Because the direction and extent of correlation between mammography and MRI could potentially result in over- or underestimation of the diagnostic gain related to using MRI as an adjunct to mammographic screening, we performed an analysis to evaluate the extent of correlation between mammography and MRI. Materials and Methods We reviewed the published literature to identify multimodality breast cancer screening studies reporting the sensitivity of mammography and MRI, alone and in combination, for breast cancer diagnosis. After calculating the expected sensitivity of combined mammography and MRI under conditions of test independence (no correlation), we compared the calculated and observed sensitivities for combined mammography and MRI. We then calculated correlation coefficients for mammography and MRI. Results Seven studies of multimodality screening in women at increased risk of developing breast cancer were included for analysis. Of these studies, the correlation between film mammography and MRI was positive in three studies, negative in two studies, and not identified in two studies. The calculated correlation coefficients ranged from −0.38 to 0.18. In six of seven studies, the 95% confidence interval for the correlation coefficient included 0.0, indicating no significant correlation. Conclusions Evidence from published trials of multimodality breast cancer screening identified no statistically significant correlation between film mammography and MRI. Using both tests for breast cancer screening is likely to improve the early detection of breast cancer in women at increased risk.
Hamiltonian treatment of the spherically symmetric einstein-Yang-Mills system☆

Abstract A canonical formalism of the dynamics of interacting spherically symmetric Yang-Mills and gravitational fields is presented. The work is based on Dirac's technique for constrained hamiltonian systems. The gauge freedom of the Yang-Mills field is treated in the same footing with the coordinate transformation freedom of the gravitational field. In particular, the fixation of coordinates and the fixation of the internal gauge are achieved by totally similar techniques. Two classes of spherically symmetric motions are considered: (i) the class for which the Yang-Mills potentials themselves are spherically symmetric (“manifest spherical symmetry”). In this case the results are valid for an arbitrary gauge group; and (ii) the class for which, in the SO(3) gauge group, a rotation in physical space is compensated by a rotation of equal magnitude but opposite direction in isospin space (“spherical symmetry up to a gauge transformation”). For manifest spherical symmetry the problem amounts to effectively dealing with an abelian gauge group and the most general solution of the field equations turns out to be the Reissner-Nordstrom metric with a Coulomb field. For spherical symmetry up to a gauge transformation the problem is more interesting. the formalism contains then, besides the gravitational variables, three pairs of functions of the radial coordinate that describe the degrees of freedom of the Yang-Mills field. Two pairs of these functions can be combined into a complex field ψ and its conjugate. The hamiltonian is then invariant under r-dependent rotations in the complex ψ-plane. The third degree of freedom plays the role of a compensating field associated with this invariance under localized U(l) rotations. The compensating field can always be brought to zero by a gauge transformation. After this is done the gauge is completely fixed but the problem remains invariant under position independent rotations in the ψ plane. Static solutions of the field equations in this gauge are of the form ψ(r) = ϱ(r) exp (iΘ) with Θ independent of position. The particular case Θ = 0 corresponds to the Wu-Yang ansatz. A nontrivial static solution can be found in closed form. The Yang-Mills field is of the generalized Wu-Yang type with an extra electric term, and the metric is the Reissner-Nordstrom one. It is pointed out that a Higgs field can be easily introduced in the formalism. The addition of the Higgs field does not destroy the invariance of the Hamiltonian under r-dependent rotations in the ψ-plane. The conserved quantity associated with the invariance under ψ → exp (i(const))ψ coincides with the electric charge as defined by 't Hooft in a more general context.
Toxicity of platinum(II) amino acid (N,O) complexes parallels their binding to DNA as measured in a new solid phase assay involving a fluorescent HMG1 protein construct readout.

The compound [Pt(lysine)Cl2] (Kplatin) was previously identified in a study of platinum amino acid complexes as a potential antitumor drug candidate. The DNA binding properties, high mobility group (HMG)-domain protein affinity for the platinated DNA, and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells of Kplatin and three related (N,O) chelated platinum(II) amino acid complexes, [Pt(arginine)Cl2] (Rplatin), K[Pt(Ne-acetyllysine)Cl2] (NacKplatin), and K[Pt(norleucine)Cl2] (Norplatin), are reported. The four complexes have identical PtCl2(N,O) coordination environments. A new solid phase screening methodology was devised in which platinated DNA probes are covalently attached to a nylon support and tested for their ability to bind a fluorescently labeled HMG-domain protein. The fluorescent HMG-domain protein was generated by expressing a fusion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with recombinant rat HMG1. Binding revealed by the solid phase method correlated well with the results of gel mobility shift and HeLa cytotoxicity assays. These results suggest that the net charge on the complex, rather than the nature of the side chain, is the most important factor underlying the DNA binding properties and toxicity of amino acid (N,O) chelated platinum complexes. This property explains why Kplatin was previously selected from the pool of platinum amino acid complexes based on the ability of its DNA adducts to bind HMG1.
Let us not confound the schizophrenic's family.

Abstract Whenever possible, the investigator who wishes to study the schizophrenic's family environment should collect data which previous research suggests is significant in characterizing the schizophrenic patient. If one only has access to patients with certain characteristics, then obviously one's study is limited by that reality. However, when subjects can and do differ according to such things as age, birth order, or education, rather than drop subjects from the study and lose valuable information, and rather than omit recording certain data on subjects, and thereby confound the results, the use of multivariate analysis of covariance may be a helpful alternative to solving some of the dilemmas in family research. It can always be argued that once research is completed someone else will come across an important variable that was not accounted for previously. Nevertheless, certain factors have already been considered to be significantly related to the schizophrenic's family milieu, and readers, as well as investigators, should not fail to recognize them in their ongoing work whenever possible.
Evaluation of a polyurethane foam for ablative protection at low heating rates.

Low density polyurethane foam with and without honeycomb as ablative material for reentry vehicles, discussing oxidation resistance
Cell type-specific roles of Jak3 in IL-2-induced proliferative signal transduction

Binding of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to its specific receptor induces activation of two members of Jak family protein tyrosine kinases, Jak1 and Jak3. An IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)-reconstituted NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line proliferates in response to IL-2 only when hematopoietic lineage-specific Jak3 is ectopically expressed. However, the mechanism of Jak3-dependent proliferation in the fibroblast cell line is not known. Here, I showed that Jak3 expression is dispensable for IL-2-induced activation of Jak1 and Stat proteins and expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes in the IL-2R-reconstituted fibroblast cell line. Jak3 expression markedly enhanced these IL-2-induced signaling events. In contrast, Jak3 expression was essential for induction of cyclin genes involved in the G1-S transition. These data suggest a critical role of Jak3 in IL-2 signaling in the fibroblast cell line and may provide further insight into the cell type-specific mechanism of cytokine signaling.
Brief communication: first evidence of LSAMAT in non-native Americans: historic Senegalese from west Africa.

To date, the distinctive dental wear pattern known as LSAMAT, or “lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth,” has been documented in prehistoric samples from Brazil, Panama, and Puerto Rico only. However, new data from a historic Senegalese sample reveals the first example of this wear pattern outside the Americas. The Senegal LSAMAT is present in 45% of 22 adult crania, and is associated with a caries rate of 40% in 38 adults (6.7% of 534 permanent teeth). A correlation between LSAMAT and caries was also observed in the Latin American samples. In these cases, it was hypothesized that LSAMAT was caused by the specialized consumption of an abrasive, high carbohydrate food, such as manioc. Manioc is a common cultigen in Senegal; thus, it may have also caused the African LSAMAT. The chewing of sugar cane could have been an additional, contributing factor. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:141–146, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhanced skeletal growth of sheep heterozygous for an inactivated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

Normal fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) acts as a negative bone growth regulator by restricting chondrocyte proliferation and endochondral bone elongation. In sheep, a heritable mutation that inactivates FGFR3 produces skeletal overgrowth when homozygous, this condition is commonly referred to as spider lamb syndrome (SLS). We hypothesized that sheep heterozygous for the inactivated FGFR3 mutation (FGFR3(SLS/+)) would exhibit enhanced long bone growth and greater frame size; additionally, the isolated effects of increased bone growth would translate into greater BW and larger LM area relative to normal lambs at harvest. The current study investigated bone length and LM area of FGFR3(SLS/+) sheep at maturity and during growth. At maturity, FGFR3(SLS/+) ewes exhibited a larger frame size and longer bones than normal FGFR3(+/+) ewes (P 0.2). A similar LM area produced in the context of a greater frame size and skeletal length produces a greater muscle volume, thereby potentially increasing meat yield. The results of this study suggest that FGFR3(SLS/+) animals exhibit a relaxation of the normal inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, resulting in an increase in the overall frame size. The sheep industry could utilize the naturally occurring genetic mutation in FGFR3 to potentially increase meat yields with enhanced skeletal growth as an alternative to exogenous growth promotants.
Parenteral Amino Acid and Metabolic Acidosis in Premature Infants

OBJECTIVE: Aggressive parenteral nutrition including amino acids is recommended for low birth weight infants to prevent energy and protein deficit. Their impact on acid-base homeostasis has not been examined.
Conformational states governing the rates of spontaneous transition mutations

We report the results of a theoretical study, combining the results of sequence analysis and integral equation structural methods for nucleic acids in aqueous solutions, on the effects of nearest neighbors on the (T.G) mispair in solution, for 12 nearest neighbor contexts. Attempts have been made to classify the structural and energetic effects of the 5' and 3' neighbors with respect to the observed spontaneous mutation rates in vertebrates. It is found that 5' nearest neighbor is probably the most critical structural factor in facilitating or discouraging mutations. Local conformational states correlate with discrimination of bases to be excised in mispairs. Our study confirms the role of the flexibility of the DNA molecule in governing the rates of spontaneous mutations.
Mass fractionation of noble gases in synthetic methane hydrate : implications for naturally occurring gas hydrate dissociation

Abstract As a consequence of contemporary or longer term (since 15 ka) climate warming, gas hydrates in some settings may presently be dissociating and releasing methane and other gases to the ocean–atmosphere system. A key challenge in assessing the impact of dissociating gas hydrates on global atmospheric methane is the lack of a technique able to distinguish between methane recently released from gas hydrates and methane emitted from leaky thermogenic reservoirs, shallow sediments (some newly thawed), coal beds, and other sources. Carbon and deuterium stable isotopic fractionation during methane formation provides a first-order constraint on the processes (microbial or thermogenic) of methane generation. However, because gas hydrate formation and dissociation do not cause significant isotopic fractionation, a stable isotope-based hydrate-source determination is not possible. Here, we investigate patterns of mass-dependent noble gas fractionation within the gas hydrate lattice to fingerprint methane released from gas hydrates. Starting with synthetic gas hydrate formed under laboratory conditions, we document complex noble gas fractionation patterns in the gases liberated during dissociation and explore the effects of aging and storage (e.g., in liquid nitrogen), as well as sampling and preservation procedures. The laboratory results confirm a unique noble gas fractionation pattern for gas hydrates, one that shows promise in evaluating modern natural gas seeps for a signature associated with gas hydrate dissociation.
Ten Mini-Languages: A Study of Topical Issues in Programming Languages

The proliferation of programming languages has raised many issues of language design, definition, and implementation. This paper presents a series of ten mini-languages, each of which exposes salient features found in existing programming languages. The value of the mini-languages lies in their brevity of description and the isolation of important linguistic features: in particular, the notions of assignment, transfer of control, functions, parameter passing, type checking, data structures, string manipulation, and input/output. The mini-languages may serve a variety of uses: notably, as a pedagogical tool for teaching programming languages, as a subject of study for the design of programming languages, and as a set of test cases for methods of language implementation or formal definition.
Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of 15 N-labeled leaf, root, and twig litter in temperate coniferous forests

Litter nutrient dynamics contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling in forest ecosystems. We examined how site environment and initial substrate quality influence decomposition and nitrogen (N) dynamics of multiple litter types. A 2.5-year decomposition study was installed in the Oregon Coast Range and West Cascades using (15)N-labeled litter from Acer macrophyllum, Picea sitchensis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Mass loss for leaf litter was similar between the two sites, while root and twig litter exhibited greater mass loss in the Coast Range. Mass loss was greatest from leaves and roots, and species differences in mass loss were more prominent in the Coast Range. All litter types and species mineralized N early in the decomposition process; only A. macrophyllum leaves exhibited a net N immobilization phase. There were no site differences with respect to litter N dynamics despite differences in site N availability, and litter N mineralization patterns were species-specific. For multiple litter × species combinations, the difference between gross and net N mineralization was significant, and gross mineralization was 7-20 % greater than net mineralization. The mineralization results suggest that initial litter chemistry may be an important driver of litter N dynamics. Our study demonstrates that greater amounts of N are cycling through these systems than may be quantified by only measuring net mineralization and challenges current leaf-based biogeochemical theory regarding patterns of N immobilization and mineralization.
Occurrence and Distribution of Phenoxazinone Pigments in the Genus Pycnoporus

A TLC procedure was developed for the separation of phenoxazinone-type pigments. By employing silica gel G as the adsorbent and a solvent system of benzene-ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid-formic acid (12:6:1:1), the separation of the following reference compounds was accomplished: cinnabarinic acid (Rf 0.35), cinnabarin (0.47), 2-amino-3-oxo-3H-phenoxazine (0.57), tramesanguin (0.67), and phenoxazine (0.99). Examination of the individual acetone extracts of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Karst., P. coccineus (Fr.) Bond. and Sing., and P. sanguineus (L. ex Fr.) Murr. by this technique revealed that all three species contained the same pigments. In addition to cinnabarinic acid, cinnabarin, and tramesanguin, two additional phenoxazinone-type pigments (Rf 0.53 and 0.90) were found in the respective carpophores.
Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of all or part of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) and is the most common genetic cause of significant intellectual disability. In addition to intellectual disability, many other health problems, such as congenital heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, leukemia, hypotonia, motor disorders, and various physical anomalies occur at an elevated frequency in people with DS. On the other hand, people with DS seem to be at a decreased risk of certain cancers and perhaps of atherosclerosis. There is wide variability in the phenotypes associated with DS. Although ultimately the phenotypes of DS must be due to trisomy of HSA21, the genetic mechanisms by which the phenotypes arise are not understood. The recent recognition that there are many genetically active elements that do not encode proteins makes the situation more complex. Additional complexity may exist due to possible epigenetic changes that may act differently in DS. Numerous mouse models with features reminiscent of those seen in individuals with DS have been produced and studied in some depth, and these have added considerable insight into possible genetic mechanisms behind some of the phenotypes. These mouse models allow experimental approaches, including attempts at therapy, that are not possible in humans. Progress in understanding the genetic mechanisms by which trisomy of HSA21 leads to DS is the subject of this review.
Optimal and approximate algorithms for sequential clinical scheduling with no-shows

The accessibility and efficiency of outpatient clinic operations are largely affected by appointment schedules. Clinical scheduling is a process of assigning physician appointment times to sequentially calling patients. A significant problem in clinical operations is patient no-show, that is, scheduled patients not showing for their appointments. Overbooking can compensate revenue loss due to no-show, but naive overbooking can result in longer patient waiting times and uneven physician work loads. In the past few years, new overbooking methods have been developed for sequential scheduling that yield higher expected profit than simple scheduling rules, but these often fail to exploit information about the future call-in process (they are myopic). To fully use this important information, we develop a Markov Decision Processes (MDP) model for sequential clinical scheduling that books patients to optimize the performance of clinic operations. The model is solved by Dynamic Programming (DP) for small problems....
Hemodynamic, angiographic and scintigraphic correlates of positive exercise electrocardiograms: Emphasis on strongly positive exercise electrocardiograms

The results of treadmill exercise electrocardiograms were analyzed in 179 patients with coronary artery disease ( ≥ 50% diameter narrowing of one or more vessels). Exercise thallium-201 images were available in 141 of these patients. The exercise electrocardiograms were strongly positive in 51 patients, mildly positive (1 to 1.9 mm ST depression) in 28 patients, falsely negative in 23 patients and uninterpretable in 77 patients. The degree of exercise-induced ST depression did not correlate with left ventricular function, extent of coronary artery disease, exercise heart rates and rate-pressure product and extent of exercise-induced thallium-201 perfusion abnormality. However, the presence of a strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram only at heart rates of 140 beats/min or more or stage III or higher of the Bruce protocol was predictive of less extensive coronary disease and perfusion abnormalities. Thus, the magnitude of ST depression as such during exercise is not predictive of the extent of coronary disease, even in patients with 3 mm or greater ST depression. However, a strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram in the first two stages of the Bruce protocol or at a heart rate of less than 140 beats/min was related to the extent of coronary artery disease and impaired myocardial perfusion, and identified patients with more extensive coronary artery disease and jeopardized myocardium. Therefore, caution should be used in interpreting prognostic data on the basis of the degree of exercise-induced ST depression alone.
Fine-needle aspiration of adult small-round-cell tumors studied with flow cytometry.

Immunophenotypic study is critical for the diagnosis of adult small-round-cell tumors (SRCTs). We describe three patients with Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) and one patient with neuroblastoma in which flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) on the fine-needle aspirate (FNA) and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) demonstrated an abnormal population of cells that were CD45− and CD16/CD56+. Four patients with mean age of 30 years, three male and one female, clinically suspicious for a lymphoma or SRCT are described. FNA, BMA, and biopsy specimens were obtained for routine cytologic and histologic evaluation. Fresh tissue was studied by FCI. In all cases, the cytology smears showed small cells with round nuclei, slightly irregular nuclear membranes, fine chromatin, and scant cytoplasm. FCI showed CD16/56+ and CD45− neoplastic cells in all cases. In one case, 76% of these cells were CD99+. The diagnoses of ES/PNET were confirmed by immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic studies. ES/PNET in FNA and BMA can be efficiently and rapidly diagnosed by combining cytologic examination with FCI using a panel including CD45, CD16/56, and CD99. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:147–154. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrating planning and management development

Abstract In this article the author argues that the integration of planning with management and organizational development efforts is not a clear or easy process. What is clear, though, is that both are concerned with processes of education and learning that are important to an organization's survival, growth, and potential for serving society. Both, to date, have grown as management arts without a great deal of interaction. More interaction in the directions suggested would seem productive.
Immunoglobulin-positive cells from the gland of harder and bone marrow of the chicken.

Abstract Cells were collected from the gland of Harder (GH) and bone marrow (BM) of 14-, 21- and 32-week-old birds and were incubated with an 125 I-labeled rabbit anti-chicken Ig (IgG and IgM) serum. At 14 weeks of age the percentage of Ig + small lymphocytes (SL) in the GH and BM was similar. However, by 21 weeks of age Ig + SL in BM had increased to approximately 19% of total lymphocytes while the Ig + SL in the GH represented less than 1.7% of the lymphocyte pool. A marked drop in the number of Ig + SL in BM occurred by 32 weeks of age. These data suggest that either the BM may be dependent on the bursa for maintenance of its Ig + SL or it is unable to produce in situ or maintain Ig + SL with age. In the GH the predominant cell was the plasma cell (PC). Labeled PC (> 20 grains) exceeded 80% of the total PC pool in the GH. These data contrast with the apparent deficiency of Ig receptors on murine PC. The maintenance of a large number of PC in the GH without the presence of Ig + SL illustrates the uniqueness of this gland.
C-Hydroxydicarba-closo-dodecaboranes.

An improved synthesis and a full characterization of all three 12-vertex C-hydroxydicarba-closo-dodecaboranes 1−3 are reported. These inorganic analogues of phenols are highly acidic, but unlike phenols, they are transparent in the near-UV region and are stable to oxidation. The structure of their oxyanions 1a−3a poses an interesting issue of a closo versus a bridged nido form. Also described is an introduction of a functionalized spacer in position 2 of 1 designed to permit incorporation into more complex organic structures.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Yield Learning Processes and Methods

The articles in this special section are devoted to the topic yield learning processes and methods.
Differential mode of operation for bucket-brigade circuits

A differential circuit configuration is described that suppresses unwanted clock-frequency spectral energy at the output of a charge-transfer device. The differential mode of operation also eliminates the d.c. offset voltage that is characteristic of these devices. Experimental results are presented.
PUROMYCIN-INDUCED GLYCOGENOLYSIS AS AN EVEN INDEPENDENT FROM INHIBITED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MOUSE LIVER; EFFECTS OF PUROMYCIN ANALOGS.

Abstract To determine if puromycin-induced glycogenolysis is dependent upon inhibition of protein synthesis, the effect of puromycin and two of its analogs was studied on these parameters. Loss of liver glycogen and inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis following puromycin are not parallel effects on a dose response basis. If administered in 4 equally divided injections over a 4-hour period, puromycin aminonucleoside and 6-dimethylaminopurine as well as puromycin cause glycogen depression, but do not inhibit protein synthesis to a degree equivalent to puromycin. At 1 hour after a single injection, the relative potency to decrease hepatic glycogen was 6-dimethylamino-purine > puromycin aminonucleoside > puromycin, while the comparative degree of inhibition of glycine-2-C 14 incorporation into protein was reversed, with 6-dimethylaminopurine showing little effect. Administration of sodium pentobarbital was found to block the glycogenolytic response to puromycin at 1 hour without arresting puromycin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis. These results suggest that puromycin and its analogs cause depression of liver glycogen independently of their effect on protein synthesis.
Demystifying Experiential Learning in the Performing Arts.

“Operational and value-focused skills” and active learning strategies together with experiential opportunities found in performing arts programs bring integrity and quality to intentional learning and undergraduate liberal arts education in the twenty-first century.
Treatment of Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratopathy with Soft Contact Lenses

Three patients had Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy; two of whom previously had required prolonged topical corticosteroid therapy for symptomatic relief. The use of therapeutic soft contact lenses provided improved visual acuity as well as symptomatic relief in all three patients. Corneal opacities faded while the soft contact lenses were in place. One patient who had been on long-term topical corticosteroids was gradually taken off this medication with the use of soft contact lens. Another patient noted only mild symptoms from acute episodes while wearing soft contact lenses; only minimal topical corticosteroids were required to control her symptoms. Two additional patients were treated with soft contact lenses. One could not tolerate soft lens wear and the other chose corticosteroid therapy instead of soft lens wear. Soft contact lenses are an acceptable alternative to topical corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy.
A Novel Molecular Ruler between Fluorescent Proteins

Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon that allows the direct measurement of molecular events through macroscopic observations. The simplicity of FRET translates to its robust performance in complex environments such as living cells, making it immensely powerful in molecular biology. Here, we demonstrate an analogous molecular event between fluorescent proteins, which relies on a different mechanism but shares many parallels with FRET. We demonstrate an exquisite distance sensitivity that allows us to distinguish the lengthening of a protein linker by 1 helical turn in live cells. Further, coupling this discovery with known molecular switches forms the basis of a novel class of biosensors. We therefore report the superresolution imaging of kinase activity and protein-protein interaction for the first time. We utilize one such biosensor to scrutinize the spatial activity architecture of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Our results directly confirm the compartmentalization of PKA signaling, and illuminate their characteristics in adherent and migrating cells. In summary, we report a novel molecular ruler that parallels FRET in many aspects and will be useful in a similarly wide range of applications.
Validity of the cultural awareness and beliefs inventory of urban teachers: A parallel mixed methods study

As the United States strives to meet the challenges of improving the academic achievement of African American students in large urban school districts, researchers are beginning to examine cultural awareness and beliefs of urban teachers. The present study used a parallel mixed methods design to examine the score-validity and score-reliability of a cultural awareness and beliefs inventory (CABI). This 46-item inventory measured the perceptions of 1,253 urban teachers. Specifically, the CABI measured urban teachers' cultural awareness and beliefs about their African American students. Construct validity was addressed by establishing internal consistency and content-related, structural, and substantive validities derived from analyses of two data strands. Implications of the study for policy makers, administrators, and educators, and directions for future research are provided.
A Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Hg Adsorption on Gold Surfaces

We report the results of a spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study of mercury vapor adsorption on polycrystalline and (111) gold films. We found that, when Hg adsorbs onto gold films, the change in the ellipsometric parameter delta (Δ) is proportional to the thickness of the adsorbed Hg layer (i.e., Drude approximation). On polycrystalline Au surfaces, Δ increases linearly during the first 15−30 min of Hg exposure, remains constant between 30 and 45 min, and slowly increases beyond 50 min. In contrast, on Au(111) surfaces, Δ increases linearly with Hg exposures up to 30 min but remains constant thereafter. In situ SPR reflectivity curves were measured on ∼50-nm polycrystalline Au films exposed to Hg vapor (∼15 ppm in air). The SPR minimum angle shifts linearly during the first 30 min of Hg exposure. Simulations of the SPR curves predict that the shift in the SPR minimum angle is directly proportional to the mercury coverage. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed...
D-Fiber volatile organic compound sensor

A fiber-optic volatile organic compound sensor is described. The sensor consists of a single-mode D-fiber with a polydimethylsiloxane layer. The polydimethylsiloxane layer is applied to the fiber flat after removal of a section of the fiber's supercladding in order to increase evanescent interaction of the light with the layer. Absorbance of volatile organic compounds alters the refractive index of the layer, resulting in a birefringent change. This change is observed as a shift in polarization of the light carried by the fiber. Sensor response is observed for dichloromethane and acetone in gas and liquid concentrations respectively.
Quantification in American Archaeology: a Historical Perspective

Abstract In this paper we survey the development of the use of quantitative methods in American archaeology, using for our guidance the contents of American Antiquity since its first publication in 1935. We conclude that the utility of ‘Confirmatory Data Analysis’ has been much overrated in archaeology, and suggest that the alternative technique of ‘Exploratory Data Analysis’, developed by Tukey and others, may be greatly preferable.
Assessment of nonpoint-source runoff in a stream using in situ and laboratory approaches

Anthropogenic activities that change a watershed can cause adverse impacts to receiving water. Agricultural and urban runoff are the two leading causes of surface-water impairment in the United States. When assessing pollutant sources and their effects on aquatic ecosystems, and prior to implementing source controls, it is necessary to define the systems stressors and receptors of exposure. Toxicity assays are a key component to integrative assessments that include habitat (physical), chemical, and indigenous community characterization. Traditional toxicity assay methods and the use of water-quality criteria are often inappropriate because of exposure design and effect assumptions. Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans were exposed in situ for varying time periods during both low- and high-flow conditions to determine the effect of urban and agricultural runoff. Short-term chronic and acute toxicity of urban and agricultural runoff was then measured in the laboratory and related to in situ test results. Nonpoint-source (NPS) runoff from urban areas was often more acutely toxic to organisms in the laboratory as compared to in situ results. Conversely, toxicity to the organisms was greater at the agricultural site during in situ exposures when compared to laboratory. In situ assays were an essential and integral component of NPS runoff assessments. They provided unique information that complemented laboratory toxicity, habitat, benthic community, and physicochemcial characterizations.
A kinetic-theory analysis of the scale-up of circulating fluidized beds

Abstract In response to the challenges associated with the scale-up of high-velocity, gas–solid systems such as circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors, numerous sets of scaling parameters have been proposed in the literature. Although the scaling sets are typically derived via a non-dimensionalization of the continuum equations for gas–solid flows, variations between sets arise due to differences in the assumed forms of the constitutive relations. In the current study, an existing kinetic-theory model is used to assess the ability of the various scaling laws. In particular, for unlike systems with identical values of the scaling parameters, the level of similarity between the radial profiles for solids concentration and solids velocity is examined. The model predictions indicate that detailed hydrodynamic similitude is not achieved for “reduced” scaling sets in which the ratio of the particle diameter to tube diameter is omitted. Furthermore, the model results also show that the properties characterizing particle collisions (e.g., coefficient of restitution) must also be matched to ensure similarity. Both of these provisions can be traced to the kinetic-theory description of solid-phase stresses, which is not accounted for in the derivation of existing scaling laws, but is included in the mathematical model used in this investigation.
The impact of domestication on distribution of allozyme variation within and among cultivars of radish,Raphanus sativus L.

Allozyme surveys of cultivated plant species generally report little within-cultivar variation, but considerable among-cultivar variation. This trend contrasts with natural plant populations in which most allozyme variation resides within, rather than among, populations. The difference may be an artifact of the extreme inbreeding techniques used to develop and propagate these crops, rather than a consequence of domestication per se. To test this hypothesis, we compared the population genetic structure of 24 lines of radish cultivars — a domesticated species developed and maintained as open-pollinated, outcrossed populations — with four wild radish populations in California. Although the wild populations displayed more overall allozyme variation than the cultivars, most of the allozyme variation in the cultivars remains partitioned within, rather than among, lines. Apparently, how a crop is developed and maintained can have a profound influence on the organization of genetic variation of that species.
Pattern Recognition Applied to Monitoring Waveforms

This paper demonstrates that fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns can be classified by algorithmically determined linear discriminants. A nonparametric learning algorithm was applied to 17 samples of five-vectors. The coordinates of each sample vector were visual features derived from the FHR curve and the simultaneous uterine contraction pressure data in accord with medical training-literature. Data were obtained from strip-chart recordings from the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, where an FHR monitoring and on-line computer processing system based on an IBM System/7 is being installed. The algorithm converged to linear discriminants that correctly classified all the 17 training samples under four different combinations of initial weights, training sequence, and correction increment. Each of the four linear decision rules so obtained was applied to 14 new sample vectors. Three classified 11 samples correctly and one classified 13 samples correctly. Medical anomalies (atypical data) were present in all three misclassified patterns. A perfect success record was found in classifying all seven medically ominous new sample vectors.
Effect of clothing on the temperature distribution of human thermal system.

Abstract A mathematical model is developed for the calculation of detailed steady-state temperature distribution throughout the clothed human body. The analytical expressions obtained depend on the local metabolic rate, local blood flow rate, heat loss of conduction, convection and evaporation, geometry of the body, and the physical properties of the clothes. The analysis has shown that the thermal resistance across the clothing layer and the still air layer is the controlling factor on the warmth of the human body. The total metabolic heat generation which operates to maintain thermal equilibrium can also be calculated from the model by an iterative method.
A bridge between worlds: understanding network structure to understand change strategy

A number of scholars are exploring district and site relations in organizational change efforts in the larger policy context of No Child Left Behind. These studies suggest the importance of the central office as a support to the work of reform and offer strategies for building relations between district offices and sites in order to implement and sustain change efforts. What is frequently overlooked in these studies is that organizational change efforts are often socially constructed. Therefore, examining the underlying social networks may provide insight into structures that support or constrain efforts at change. This exploratory case study uses social network analysis and interviews to examine the communication and knowledge network structures of central office and site leaders in an ‘in need of improvement’ district facing sanctions under No Child Left Behind. Findings indicate sparse ties among and between school site and central office administrators, as well as a centralized network structure that may constrain the exchange of complex information and ultimately inhibit efforts at change.
Diagnosis of delay faults due to resistive bridges, delay variations and defects

In this paper, we present the first diagnosis algorithm for combinational circuit blocks that considers all combinations of multiple gate/wire delay variations/defects and any single resistive bridge. One key component of the proposed algorithm is a new path-oriented effect-cause procedure to identify all possible suspects of above type that might have caused the timing errors observed during test. The second key component is an efficient data structure to represent the suspects. The third key component is a new algorithm to analyze passing tests to vindicate some of the suspects identified. This algorithm exploits the newly identified concept of fixed-but-unknown delays, i.e., the fact that during the period of diagnosis the values of all delay parameters for every gate and wire in the particular circuit under test remain fixed, although at values unknown to us. The final set of suspects reported by the algorithm is guaranteed to contain all possible causes of the observed timing errors. Experimental results on benchmark circuits show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Teaching CSD Graduate Students to Think Critically, Apply Evidence, and Write Professionally

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of teaching modules designed to enhance the use of critical thinking (CT), evidence-based practice (EBP), and professional writing (PW) skills by graduate students in communication sciences and disorders. Three single-session teaching modules were developed to highlight key features of CT, EBP, and PW. Participants were presented with one module per week during the first month of their 2-year graduate program. Each participant’s performance was assessed four times by analyzing his or her written responses to clinical scenarios during the first fall semester and the last spring semester of the program. Results demonstrated that the EBP teaching module was effective in improving the participants’ application of EBP principles. The CT and PW teaching modules were not as effective, suggesting that instruction in these areas requires more than a single-session teaching module.
Bargaining in Bicameral Legislatures: When and Why Does Malapportionment Matter?

Malapportionment of seats in bicameral legislatures, it is widely argued, confers disproportionate benefits to overrepresented jurisdictions. Ample empirical research has documented that unequal representation produces unequal distribution of government expenditures in bicameral legislatures. The theoretical foundations for this empirical pattern are weak. It is commonly asserted that this stems from unequal voting power per se. Using a noncooperative bargaining game based on the closed-rule, infinite-horizon model of Baron and Ferejohn (1989), we assess the conditions under which unequal representation in a bicameral legislature may lead to unequal division of public expenditures. Two sets of results are derived. First, when bills originate in the House and the Senate considers the bill under a closed rule, the equilibrium expected payoffs of all House members are, surprisingly, equal. Second, we show that small-state biases can emerge when (1) there are supermajority rules in the malapportioned chamber, (2) the Senate initiates bills, which produces maldistributed proposal probabilities, and (3) the distributive goods are “lumpy.”We thank seminar participants at New York University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the 2002 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association for helpful comments. James Snyder and Michael Ting gratefully acknowledge the financial support of National Science Foundation Grant SES-0079035. Stephen Ansolabehere gratefully acknowledges the support of the Carnegie Corporation under the Carnegie Scholars program. This paper was written while Michael Ting was at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and he thanks the Department of Political Science there for their support.