cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensional Changes in Crystals Caused by Dislocations

According to the classical linear elasticity theory, if one or more dislocations are introduced into a body of elastic material, the average value of each of the infinitesimal strain components is zero; in particular, the change in volume is zero. This result seems not to be in accord with experimental data on cold worked metals. In this paper we use nonlinear elasticity theory to show how changes in the average dimensions of elastic bodies, either isotropic or anisotropic, resulting from the introduction of dislocations, can be calculated. In particular, we derive an explicit relation between the resultant change in volume, the stored energy, and the pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli.
Phase Separation in a Polymer Solution Induced by Steady and Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Flow

Neutron- and light-scattering measurements reveal that large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow can drive entangled polymer solutions to a completely microphase-separated state with sharp interfacial boundaries while steady shear flow does not. For steady shear flow, interfacial boundaries remain less well-defined for all shear rates measured, indicating less complete phase separation. Results are discussed within the context of recent theoretical models.
Policies to promote economic stability, asset building, and child development

Abstract This paper makes the case that the pattern low-income families walk into is a present time-oriented or consumption-based welfare system, with attendant incentives and disincentives; in contrast, the pattern higher-income families walk into is future-oriented or asset-based. These two divergent systems do not deliver equitable educational outcomes for children. To ensure that higher education can play an equalizing role in the U.S. economy, the nation needs a better welfare system for the poor, one that builds on the asset-accumulation structures that serve the needs of advantaged families. This new institutional approach would undo the current system of educational advantages for higher-income children over low-income children and, in turn, redress educational inequalities in America. In order to create a level playing field welfare policies are needed that enable low-income families to accumulate assets. In this paper we discuss policies that might help low-income families accumulate assets, including modifications to existing income supports, as well as the development of complementary asset-based institutions.
Impact of home-based respite care on families of children with chronic illnesses.

The recent dramatic medical and technological advances have meant that many children, who would have died previously of their chronic illnesses, now survive and live longer with their families. The purpose of this undertaking was to evaluate whether the implementation of home-based pediatric respite care reduced stress and improved the quality of life for families caring for children with chronic illnesses. Utilization of respite services was associated with a statistically significant (p < .05) reduction in somatic complaints by primary caregivers. There was also a trend in the data suggestive of an association between respite utilization and a subsequent decrease in the number of hospitalization days required by children (p < .07). Public health policy implications of the intervention are discussed.
Common hypothalamic sites for activation of sexual receptivity in female rats by LHRH, PGE2 and progesterone

Intrahypothalamic infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) facilitated lordosis responding in ovariectomized rats primed with estrogen (s.c.) and tested with male rats. A high degree o
A Modification of the Tracer-fibre Technique for Yarns

(1965). A Modification of the Tracer-fibre Technique for Yarns. Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions: Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. T156-T158.
Effects of liquefiable soil and bridge modelling parameters on the seismic reliability of critical structural components

This study investigates the sensitivity of seismic fragility estimates for bridge components to variation in structural and liquefiable soil modelling parameters. A rigorous sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the relative importance of 13 random variables that reflect uncertainty in the seismic performance assessment of bridges in regions with liquefiable soils. The results indicate that the fixed and expansion bearings and bent piles tend to be sensitive to the greatest number of modelling parameters for the case study system, while the abutments are less sensitive. The most significant modelling parameters affecting the seismic fragility include such parameters as undrained shear strength of soil, structural damping ratio, soil shear modulus, gap between deck and abutment, ultimate capacity of soil and fixed and expansion bearing coefficients of friction. The 5% and 95% confidence intervals reveal wide bounds on the seismic fragility curves, particularly for more vulnerable bridge components ...
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with 90-nm resolution

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging technique that typically operates on the scale of millimetres to micrometres. Conventional MRI is based on the manipulation of nuclear spins with radio-frequency fields, and the subsequent detection of spins with induction-based techniques. An alternative approach, magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), uses force detection to overcome the sensitivity limitations of conventional MRI. Here, we show that the two-dimensional imaging of nuclear spins can be extended to a spatial resolution better than 100 nm using MRFM. The imaging of 19F nuclei in a patterned CaF2 test object was enabled by a detection sensitivity of roughly 1,200 nuclear spins at a temperature of 600 mK. To achieve this sensitivity, we developed high-moment magnetic tips that produced field gradients up to 1.4 × 106 T m−1, and implemented a measurement protocol based on force-gradient detection of naturally occurring spin fluctuations. The resulting detection volume was less than 650 zeptolitres. This is 60,000 times smaller than the previous smallest volume for nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy, and demonstrates the feasibility of pushing MRI into the nanoscale regime.
Qilin is essential for cilia assembly and normal kidney development in zebrafish.

Defects in the cilium, a once thought vestigial organelle, have recently been implicated in many human diseases, including a number of cystic kidney diseases such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Bardet Bieldl Syndrome, and Meckel-Gruber Syndrome. In a forward genetic screen, qilin was identified as a novel gene important in the pathogenesis of kidney cysts in zebrafish. In this paper we characterized qilinhi3959A mutant's phenotypes in detail, investigated cilia formation in this mutant and performed structural and functional analysis of the Qilin protein. Results reveal Qilin's essential role in cilia assembly and maintenance in multiple organs, including the kidney, the lateral line organ, and the outer segment of the photoreceptor cell. In addition, rescue experiments suggest that defective pronephric cilia correlate with the formation of kidney cysts in qilinhi3959A mutants. Further, genetic analysis suggests that qilin interacts with multiple intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B genes, which is supported by the striking phenotypic similarities between qilinhi3959A and IFT complex B mutants. Finally, through deletion analysis we provide evidence that the well-conserved N-terminus and the coiled-coil domain of Qilin are both essential and sufficient for its function. Taken all the observations together, we propose that Qilin acts in a similar role as IFT complex B proteins in cilia assembly, maintenance and kidney development in zebrafish.
Clinical moving-boundary electrophoresis: Nonplanar difficulties due to the presence of lipoproteins in normal and pathological serum

Abstract The lipides and lipoproteins present in whole serum lead to boundary artifacts in the free electrophoresis technique. In particular, the artifacts considered are the β-anomaly and nonplanarity of boundaries. The β-anomaly and associated nonplanarity are removed if the low-density group of lipoproteins is removed from serum. The nonplanarity of the α-region is removed if the high-density group of lipoproteins is removed. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a proposed procedure for the clinical study of serum.
The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminal SmaI-K fragment of adenovirus type 2 DNA

The primary structure of the SmaI-K fragment of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) DNA has been determined. This region includes one of the origins of DNA replication (Winnacker, 1978; Sussenbach and Kuijk, 1978). A leader sequence for an early mRNA in region 4 (Berk and Sharp, 1977; 1978) has also been mapped in this region. The comparison of the primary structure of this region in Ad2 DNA with the corresponding region in Ad5 DNA shows a remarkable homology which may be significant in view of the fact that Ad2 and Ad5 DNAs can interchangeably function in the in vitro replication system of Challberg and Kelly (1979).
Models for relaxation in glass-forming liquids based on sequentially correlated displacements

Abstract Among the simplest models for correlated molecular motion in dense liquids are vacancy-mediated displacements in which only those molecules immediately adjacent to vacancies (packing defects of suitable topography) can be displaced at any instant. Any other molecule must await the arrival of a vacancy which requires an appropriate sequence of prior displacements. Examples of this kind of model for hard spheres and idealized polymer chains (chains of hard spheres) are reviewed. Configurational relaxation of the liquid may be represented by the auto-correlation for spheres adjacent to vacancies, a function which is derived and solved for various concentrations of vacancies. Relaxation is found to include a time domain which is non-exponential and resembles the empirical relaxation laws observed for dielectric and mechanical properties of real supercooled liquids. In particular, for independent hard spheres relaxation always converges to a simple exponential at long times, similar to the empirical Davidson-Cole expression which gives a good account of relaxation in many small molecule liquids. On the other hand, for chains of hard spheres, where adjacent pairs are required to move simultaneously, non-exponential decay can persist indefinitely for vacancy concentrations below a critical value which is consistent with the form of decay observed for polymeric liquids and glasses (Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts and Havriliak-Negami equations).
Therapy of Sézary syndrome

Sezary syndrome (SS) is a lymphoma of skin-homing T cells. SS is defined as desquamative erythroderma involving at least 80% of the skin in addition to lymphadenopathy and leukemic involvement. Patients have a poor prognosis with an estimated 5-year survival of 20–27% and estimated median survival of 14–36 months. The goals of therapy are destruction of the malignant lymphocytes and correction of the immune imbalances caused by the malignant Th2 lymphocytes. Immunotherapeutics, such as interferons, retinoids, extracorporeal photopheresis and combination therapy are first-line therapies because of their favorable side-effect profiles. This review will focus on this interesting and expanding group of treatments. Chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin and gemcitabine, and monoclonal antibodies such as alemtuzumab, are second-line therapies owing to the risk of iatrogenic immunosuppression and cumulative toxicity. SS requires combination therapy, utilizing multiple skin-directed and systemic agents. The goal ...
A minimalist approach to understanding the efficiency of mononuclear Zn(II) complexes as catalysts of cleavage of an RNA analog

Mononuclear complexes between Zn2+ and the following four macrocycles were prepared: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (1), 1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane (2), 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (3) and 1-hydroxyethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (4). The pH rate profiles of values of the observed second-order rate constant log (kZn)app for Zn(X)(OH2)-catalyzed cleavage (X = 1, 2, 3 and 4) of 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HpPNP) show downward breaks centered at the pKa for ionization of the respective zinc bound water. At low pH, where the rate acceleration for the catalyzed reaction is largest, the stabilizing interaction between the catalyst and the bound transition state is 5.7, 7.4, 7.4 and 5.9 kcal mol−1 for the reactions catalyzed by Zn(1)(OH2), Zn(2)(OH2), Zn(3)(OH2) and Zn(4)(OH2), respectively. The interactions between the metal cation and the macrocycle cause either a modest increase or reduction in transition state stabilization compared with 6.6 kcal mol−1 stabilization for catalysis by Zn(OH2)6. The best Zn(II)–macrocycle catalysts are those for which the interactions between the metal ion and macrocycle are the weakest. Inhibition studies show that each of the four catalysts form complexes with phosphate and oxalate dianions with a much higher affinity than diethyl phosphate monoanion, consistent with stronger interaction of the catalysts with the transition state dianion compared with the substrate monoanion HpPNP. The pH-dependence of methyl phosphate inhibition of Zn(2) catalyzed cleavage of HpPNP shows that only the Zn(2)(OH2) species binds the inhibitor. This result is consistent with a mechanism that has Zn(2)(OH2) as the active catalytic species.
Automorphism properties of embedded graphs

This paper presents some conditions under which every automorphism of a graph, embedded on a surface of positive genus, maps face boundaries of the embedding to face boundaries. These results extend a result of Whitney which provides an analogous, but simpler, condition for planar graphs. The new result is applied to graphs on the torus to obtain a classification of many toroidal vertex-, edge-, and face-transitive graphs.
Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Erythro-Guaiacylglycerol β-(2-Methoxyphenyl) Ether and Its Veratryl Analogue Using Hc1 and Aluminum Chloride As Catalysts

Abstract The rates of hydrolysis of the β-aryl ether bond were determined in the temperature range 130° to 155°C for guaiacylglycerol-P (2-methoxyphenyl) ether and its veratryl analogue using both HC1 and AICI3 as catalysts in a mixed ethanol-water medium. The data, based on quantitative determinations of guaiacol liberated in the process, demonstrate the absence of competing intramolecular condensation processes. The rates of HCl-catalyzed hydrolyses are first-order with respect to both catalyst and substrate concentrations, higher in dioxane-water than in aqueous or ethanol-water media, and the activation energies were nearly identical for both model compounds, 36.1 and 35.5 kcal/mol, respectively. In general, the hydrolysis of the guaiacyl model was four times faster than that of the veratryl analogue. The catalytic effect of AICI3 appears to be based on HCI released at higher temperatures by gradual hydrolysis.
Construction of yeast strains useful for screening drugs that inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis.

Abstract The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses different isoforms of glucose transporters (HXTs) in response to different levels of glucose. Here, we constructed reporter strains in which the nourseothricin (NAT) resistance gene is expressed under the control of the HXT1, 2, or 3 promoter. The resulting HXT–NAT reporter strains exhibited a strict growth dependence on glucose, and their growth could be easily controlled and optimized by adjusting glucose concentration, demonstrating the value of the reporter strains for studying the molecular basis of differential expression of HXT genes, as well as for screening drugs that inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis.
SOME CALANOID COPEPODS FROM ARIZONA WITH NOTES ON CONGENERIC OCCURRENCES OF DIAPTOMUS SPECIES

Seven species of Diaptomus are reported from Arizona, including 4 new to the state. D. shoshone, D. nudus, and D. leptopus occur on the Colorado Plateau; D. clavipes and D. siciloides are abundant in the mountainous area below the Mogollon Rim; D. albuquerquensis occurs rarely in turbid ponds on the Plateau and in the Sonoran Desert; D. dorsalis lives in permanent, oligohaline ponds near Phoenix. Thirty-four examples of congeneric coexistence are presented, including 3 from Arizona. In 24 instances, coexistence involved species of different subgenera. Differences in length of co-occurring species are common and are particularly marked in temporary ponds and saline lakes. Genetic changes in the nature of character displacement may modify dimensions of coexisting species, although environmental factors other than congeneric competition also play a part. Adult diaptomids from Arizona tanks may be larger when early instars are passed during summer rather than winter. Extrinsic factors thus tend to blur morphological character displacement. Modified life cycles and ecological displacement are further intrinsic mechanisms whereby habitats are partitioned, although not revealed by ordinary sampling techniques.
A global factor in the Hermann grid illusion or an artifact

In the first of the present experiments, subjects were required to estimate the strength of the Hermann grid illusion in grids containing various numbers of intersectionseven though those grids were not actually presented. The positive relationship found by Wolfe (1984) for real grids was, nevertheless, replicated. It is argued that this suggests that a response bias might have been the source of his effect (although other possibilities are also noted). In addition, in a second experiment, subjects who were not aware of the fact that grid size was being manipulated (i.e., between subjects) showed no consistent effect of that factor, thus supporting the same suggestion.
Comparative mutagenicity of alkylsulfate and alkanesulfonate derivatives in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Mutation induction and cell killing produced by selected alkylsulfates and alkanesulfonates have been quantitated using the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) system. Dose—response relationships of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity are presented for two alkylsulfates [dimethylsulfate (DMS), diethylsulfate (DES)] and three alkyl alkanesulfonates [methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and isopropyl methanesulfonate (iPMS)]. Under the experimental conditions employed, cytotoxicity decreased with the size of the alkyl group. DMS was more toxic than DES, and MMS was more toxic than EMS and iPMS. All agents produced linear dose—response of mutation induction: DMS was more mutagenic than DES, and MMS was more mutagenic than EMS and iPMS based on mutants induced per unit mutagen concentration. However, the following relative mutagenic potency was observed when comparisons were made at 10% survival: DES > DMS; EMS > MMS > iPMS.
Osmoregulation in fresh-waterHydra

Abstract 1. The fluid of the enteron in fresh-water Hydra is hypo-osmotic in respect to the body tissues. 2. The major constituent of the fluid in the enteron is Na + . 3. Fresh-water Hydra maintain their hyperosmolality in part by the elimination of a hypo-osmotic fluid from the enteron through the mouth.
Introducing Race into the Undergraduate Organizational Behavior Course

The case is presented that many traditional undergraduate organizational behavior (OB) courses leave unaddressed race-related problems that are relevant to both minority students and Whites entering an increasingly diverse workplace. Accordingly, instructors of undergraduate OB courses may have concerns about the mechanics of introducing the topic of race into their courses. The following article outlines a four-faceted format as a possible way that race can be successfully introduced into the undergraduate OB course. Issues of what can be taught, in what manner, and what potential problems can be anticipated are addressed.
Outcomes of a Christian College Education: A Comparison of CCCU Students’ Gains to the National Aggregate

This study examined the patterns of college experiences and outcomes among 3,501 students attending colleges or universities that belong to the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU). As part of the CCCU-sponsored Comprehensive Assessment Project (CAP), 25 member institutions collected data from their first-year students using the Freshman Survey from UCLA's Cooperative Institutional Research Project in 2004 and assessed those same students as seniors in 2008 using the College Senior Survey. The study analyzed the data and compared the findings with a national sample of private colleges during those same years. Although the results generally reflected gains over the four years of college in terms of students’ degree aspirations and social awareness, this positive change was more pronounced among the CCCU students compared to their national aggregate counterparts. In contrast, CCCU students appeared to have relatively fewer gains in their interpersonal abilities during college than did the na...
Expression of Murine APOBEC3 Alleles in Different Mouse Strains and Their Effect on Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Infection

Recent work has shown that mouse APOBEC3 restricts infection by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) and that there are polymorphic APOBEC3 alleles found in different inbred mouse strains. For example, C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to Friend MLV (F-MLV), encode a APOBEC3 gene different from that encoded by F-MLV-susceptible BALB/c mice; the predominant RNA produced in C57BL/6 mice lacks exon 5 (mA3−5) and encodes a protein with 15 polymorphic amino acids. It has also been reported that BALB/c mice produce only a variant RNA that lacks exon 2 (mA3−2). In this study, we examined the effect of these polymorphic APOBEC3 proteins on MMTV infection. We found that the major RNA made in C57BL/6 and B10.BR mice lacks exon 5 but that BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice predominantly express an RNA that contains all nine exons. In addition to producing the splice variant, C57BL/6 and B10.BR cells and tissues had levels of mA3 RNA fivefold higher than those from BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice. A cloned C57BL/6-derived mA3 protein lacking exon 5 inhibited MMTV infection better than a cloned full-length protein derived from 129/Ola RNA when packaged into MMTV virions. We also tested dendritic cells derived from different inbred mouse strains for their abilities to be infected by MMTV and showed that susceptibility to infection correlated with the presence of the exon 5-encoding allele. In vivo susceptibility to infection cosegregated with the inherited mA3 allele in a C57BL/6 × BALB/c backcross analysis. Moreover, virus produced in vivo in the mammary tissue of mA3 knockout and BALB/c mice was more infectious than that produced in the tissue of C57BL/6 mice. These data indicate that mA3 plays a role in the genetics of susceptibility and resistance to MMTV infection.
Exploiting Spatial Correlation in a three dimensional Wireless Sensor Network

Physical attributes such as temperature exhibit gradual change in value with space. Observations from the sensor nodes are thus highly correlated. In this paper, we propose a scheme to exploit the spatial correlation of data in a three dimensional wireless sensor network (WSN), in a way so as to reduce the number of transmissions in the network, thereby saving energy. The presented work is an extension of the earlier proposed TREG scheme which is only applicable to two dimensional WSN. Our scheme involves formation of binary tree and transmission of data along the tree nodes. Simulation has been carried out for different tree heights. Simulation results show that a tree height of four provides results with optimal values.
Induction of Apoptosis by Sindbis Virus Occurs at Cell Entry and Does Not Require Virus Replication

Sindbis virus (SV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis in mice and can lead to the apoptotic death of infected cells. To determine the step in virus replication during which apoptosis is triggered, we used UV-inactivated SV, chemicals that block virus fusion or protein synthesis, and cells that do and do not express heparan sulfate, the initial binding molecule for SV infection of many cells. In initial experiments, UV-inactivated neuroadapted SV (NSV) induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells lacking heparan sulfate in the presence of cycloheximide. When fusion of prebound UV-inactivated NSV was rapidly induced at the plasma membrane by exposure to acidic pH, apoptosis was induced in CHO cells with or without heparan sulfate in the presence or absence of cycloheximide in a virus dose-dependent manner. In N18 neuroblastoma cells, the relative virulence of the virus strain was an important determinant of apoptosis induced by UV-inactivated SV. Treatment of N18 cells with monensin to prevent endosomal acidification an hour before, but not 2 h after, exposure to live NSV blocked the induction of cell death, as did treatment with NH(4)Cl or bafilomycin A1. These studies indicate that SV can induce apoptosis at the time of fusion with the cell membrane and that virus replication is not required.
Dissociative extraction and reconstitution of extracellular matrix components involved in local bone differentiation.

Subcutaneous implantation of demineralized diaphyseal bone matrix in allogeneic rats results in the local induction of endochondral bone differentiation. We have explored the potential of three dissociative extractants, 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn . HCl), 8 M urea/1 M NaCl, and 1% NaDodSO4 at pH 7.4, containing protease inhibitors to solubilize putative inductive molecules in the bone matrix. Extraction of bone matrix with any one of these extracts resulted in the loss of the bone inductive property. The solubilized extracts were then reconstituted with the residue by dialysis against water. The various reconstituted matrices were bioassayed for bone inductive potential by quantitation of alkaline phosphatase activity and 45Ca incorporation on day 12 after implantation. There was complete recovery of biological activity after reconstitution of the residues with each of the three extracts. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracts revealed similar protein profiles. Gel filtration of the 4 M Gdn. HCl extract on Sepharose CL-4B showed a heterogeneous broad peak. When fractions of that peak containing proteins less than 50,000 daltons were reconstituted with inactive 4 M Gdn . HCl-treated bone matrix and then implanted, new bone was induced. These observations demonstrate the dissociative extraction and successful biological reconstitution of bone inductive macromolecules in demineralized bone matrix.
En plaque meningioma of the basilar meninges and Meckel's cave: MR appearance

Summary: We report the MR appearance and histopathologic features of a case of en plaque meningioma that presented as a basal meningeal process with bilateral cranial nerve dysfunction.
Dissolved aluminum, particulate aluminum, and silicic acid in northern Gulf of Alaska coastal waters: Glacial/riverine inputs and extreme reactivity

Abstract The coastal northern Gulf of Alaska receives significant fluvial inputs from the numerous glaciers and rivers that border the region. The distribution of dissolved (soluble and total) and particulate aluminum (leachable and total) was examined in coastal surface water transects and vertical profile samples from shelf stations in the northern Gulf of Alaska in August and September 2007. Both dissolved and particulate aluminum concentrations were dramatically increased in low-salinity plumes, indicative of the significant riverine/glacial input to coastal waters in the region. The percent-leachable particulate Al fraction in these low-salinity plumes was quite low (∼ 7%), indicative of the large refractory nature of the lithogenic material being delivered to the coastal waters. A consistency in Si:Al ratios from different time periods in the freshwater endmembers that mix to form the low-salinity plumes is discussed in terms of the weathering of biotite in this region. The dissolved Al in these coastal waters appears entirely in the soluble (
Branch assertion and elimination

Branch instructions are major obstacles in realizing full instruction level parallelism. Prediction strategies have been employed to ease the burden brought about by these instructions. Even though high prediction accuracy is being achieved, there is much room for improvement. A new approach to branch handling, called branch assertion, is described. This approach will make prediction for some branches unnecessary. A technique to eliminate conditional and unconditional branches from the pipeline, called branch elimination, is also specified. The combination accomplishes zero-cycle branching.
Platelet pathology in carriers of the X-linked GATA-1 macrothrombocytopenia

Previous investigations from our laboratory have characterized the ultrastructural and cytochemical pathology of platelets in male members of a family with X-linked GATA-1 G208S macrothrombocytoenia. A large proportion of their circulating platelets were hypogranular macrothrombocytes, resembling cells from patients with the Gray Platelet Syndrome. However, most of the GATA-1 macrothrombocytes contained some alpha granules, and a small number had as many as are present in normal platelets. GATA-1 macrothrombocytes also contained tubular inclusions formed from elements of the dense tubular system wrapped around each other like scrolls. Many macrothrombocytes contained flat tubular membrane sheets connected to channels of the open canalicular system, platelets in platelets and platelets attached to platelets forming very large macrothrombocytes. The present study has examined one obligate and three potential female carriers in this family. Thin sections of their platelets examined in the electron microscope revealed features consistent with the pathology observed in male family members. Most of their platelets were normal-sized, discoid cells containing the usual complement of alpha and delta storage organelles and channels of the dense tubular system and OCS. However, a significant number of giant platelets containing the usual frequency of alpha and delta granules and hypogranular and agranular giant platelets were observed. The frequency of the macrothrombocytes varied in each of the four women studied, but were present in all. The ability of their platelets to bind multimers of vWF, in contrast to male family members, did not differ from normal controls. Near normal as well as normal platelet counts and the ability of their platelets to bind vWF multimers may protect them from the serious bleeding problems of males with the X-linked GATA-1 G208S mutation. Our findings indicate that obligate female carriers of the GATA-1 gene can be detected by examination of their platelets in the electron microscope and distinguished from the pathology of other giant platelet disorders.
Preferred CDRH3 lengths for antibodies with defined specificities

The third complementarity determining regions of heavy chain variable regions (CDRH3) confer the fine specificities of antibodies. The CDRH3 length distribution of all human or all mouse antibodies appears to be more or less random, with the human distribution having a wider spread. Since the Kabat database of aligned amino and nucleotide sequences of proteins of immunological interest has grown at least 4 times during the past 7 years, we attempt to study CDRH3 length distributions of human and mouse antibodies with defined specificities, where enough complete and distinct CDRH3 sequences are available. For mouse antibodies against small haptens or carbohydrates, a preferred length usually dominates for a given specificity. There are not enough human sequences of small hapten or carbohydrate antibodies for a similar study. Both human and mouse anti-protein antibodies have wider ranges of CDRH3 length distributions, probably due to the presence of different antigenic epitopes on the protein molecules, and thus many different antibodies. For anti-DNA antibodies, both humans and mice exhibit even wider length distributions, since DNA can be double stranded, single stranded, supercoiled, etc.
The Case for Mixed Emotions

How do people feel when they experience bittersweet events comprised of pleasant and unpleasant aspects (e.g., good news accompanied by bad)? Just as acids immediately neutralize bases, some have suggested that bittersweet events' pleasant aspects might neutralize their unpleasant aspects, thereby resulting in fairly neutral emotional reactions. Some contemporary theorists also contend that happiness and sadness are mutually exclusive. We review research on the alternative possibility that bittersweet events can elicit pairs of opposite-valence, mixed emotions, with particularly close attention to the growing body of evidence that people can feel happy and sad at the same time while watching films, listening to music, and experiencing meaningful endings. We also review evidence that people sometimes experience other types of mixed emotions, including disgust accompanied by amusement and fear by enjoyment. Taken together, these data indicate that positive and negative affect are separable in experience.
Peptidoglycan Synthesis in the Absence of Class A Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Bacillus subtilis

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the final, essential reactions of peptidoglycan synthesis. Three classes of PBPs catalyze either trans-, endo-, or carboxypeptidase activities on the peptidoglycan peptide side chains. Only the class A high-molecular-weight PBPs have clearly demonstrated glycosyltransferase activities that polymerize the glycan strands, and in some species these proteins have been shown to be essential. The Bacillus subtilis genome sequence contains four genes encoding class A PBPs and no other genes with similarity to their glycosyltransferase domain. A strain lacking all four class A PBPs has been constructed and produces a peptidoglycan wall with only small structural differences from that of the wild type. The growth rate of the quadruple mutant is much lower than those of strains lacking only three of the class A PBPs, and increases in cell length and frequencies of wall abnormalities were noticeable. The viability and wall production of the quadruple-mutant strain indicate that a novel enzyme can perform the glycosyltransferase activity required for peptidoglycan synthesis. This activity was demonstrated in vitro and shown to be sensitive to the glycosyltransferase inhibitor moenomycin. In contrast, the quadruple-mutant strain was resistant to moenomycin in vivo. Exposure of the wild-type strain to moenomycin resulted in production of a phenotype similar to that of the quadruple mutant.
Comparison of the performance of correlation waveform analysis in controlled environments

Maximizing the efficiency of antitachycardia devices (ATDs) requires minimizing their computational complexity. Reduction of the sampling rate of intracardiac signals favorably impacts ATD power and storage constraints as long as accurate arrhythmia detection is maintained. This study determined the upper and lower limits of acceptable bandpass filtering for an established morphometric method of intraventricular arrhythmia classification: correlation waveform analysis (CWA). CWA accurately discriminated sinus rhythm from ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation on an intra-patient but not an inter-patient basis. The optimum filter settings were 1-50 Hz for unipolar recorded data and 10-50 Hz for bipolar recorded data sampled at 120 Hz. In conclusion, morphometric analysis remains feasible with narrow bandpass data. Reduction in signal sampling rates with concomitant decreases in ATD computation and data storage is possible without adversely affecting the accuracy of intraventricular arrhythmia classification. >
Retinoic acid inhibits hydrocortisone-stimulated expression of phenol sulfotransferase in bovine bronchial epithelial cells.

The airway epithelium, which is commonly exposed to xenobiotics, contains the conjugative enzyme phenol sulfotransferase (PST). We have previously reported that hydrocortisone (HC) stimulates the expression of PST severalfold in cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells (Beckmann et al., 1994, J. Cell. Physiol. 160:603–610). Here we report that this stimulation is attenuated by retinoic acid (RA). Dose-response measurements of both enzyme activities and mRNA levels indicated a 50% inhibition of HC-stimulated PST expression with 0.05 nM RA. Varied concentrations of RA had a general repressive effect on HC-stimulated PST expression, with no change in the half-maximal HC stimulatory concentration of 12.5 nM. Steady state kinetic measurements indicated no significant changes in apparent Km values of 3–5 μM for the acceptor substrate, 2-naphthol; only HC- and RA-dependent changes in Vmax were observed. These changes were likely due to altered enzyme expression, as evidenced by immunoblot and Northern blot hybridization analyses. Thus, the expression of PST within bronchial epithelial cells is not merely constitutive, but is subject to both positive and negative controls. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On acoustic sensor sensitivity

Acoustic sensor sensitivity expressed as frequency change per unit of measurand can result in the erroneous conclusion that higher-frequency sensors are superior to lower-frequency ones. It is argued that, when compared on the bases of reproducibility and resolution capability, good low-frequency sensors are superior to good high-frequency ones. >
The Management Professor

I am often told that it is somewhat unusual that I’ve spent my entire twenty-five-year academic career at the same institution—namely, the University of Washington (and that I speak Norwegian, Danish, and an obscure dialect of Chinese as well). During that time, I’ve had the opportunity to work with many fine colleagues and students. In the last ten years I’ve had the wonderful experiences of being an associate editor and then editor of the Academy of Management Journal, of being vice president and then president of the Academy of Management, and—a somewhat different kind of experience though still a good one—of being an associate dean of faculty at the Foster School of Business. It is from the vantage point of these experiences that I want to talk about the role of the management professor, although I suspect that much of what I say applies to virtually all professors. More specifically, I want to offer my thoughts on our research and teaching missions.
Associating polymers in a well‐defined extensional flow field: Influence of solvent quality and polymer concentration

The conformational response of an associating-type random coil macromolecule in solution was investigated utilizing an opposing jet device. This device, capable of generating a well-defined elongational flow field, is quite useful for probing intra- and intermolecular interactions of lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomers in both nonpolar and polar solvent systems. Below a critical concentration in nonpolar media, such ionomers qualitatively follow trends predicted by dilute solution theory, although intramolecular ionic associations markedly increase the critical elongational shear rate. With further increases in concentration, the extensional behavior is determined by the initial formation of relatively strong intermolecular associations. At even higher polymer concentrations, a third regime is observed where the conformational relaxation process becomes even more facile. On the contrary, in a polar solvent, the conformational relaxation process is markedly enhanced (i.e., critical elongational shear rate is reduced) due to the polyelectrolyte effect, i.e., dissociation of a significant level of the counterions. The effect of this dissociation process influences the relaxation process over the entire concentration region examined. These findings are compared directly with solution rheology, where in low polarity solvents the reduced viscosity is markedly diminished by ion pair-type interactions, and in more polar environments the reduced viscosity is enhanced due to the dissociation of the counterions from the vicinity of the chain backbone.
Peter and Elaine Moss: Franchisees

Peter Moss, a business school professor, and his wife, Elaine, a corporate executive, bought a Hair Shear franchise in the suburban Maryland area in July 2007. Hair Shear was a national chain of over 2,000 stores, all of which were franchisee owned. Peter and Elaine Moss contracted with Philip Levinson, a commercial real estate agent authorized by Hair Shear, to obtain a suitable location for their franchise. During her training session at Hair Shear headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, Elaine learned of the importance of a good location for the success of the franchise. The first location identified by the real estate agent did not work out because the strip mall’s main tenant, a day spa, vetoed the entry of a hair dressing salon, considering the salon to be a competitor. Elaine Moss identified a second location only to be told much later by the real estate agent that the location was taken by a barber friend of the landlord. Disappointed by their inability to find a suitable location, the Moss’ met a couple who owned multiple Hair Shear stores in Maryland who suggested that they typically negotiated directly with landlords. This couple suggested a third location for the Moss’ to consider. The dilemma facing Peter and Elaine Moss is two fold: “which of the two was the ideal location for their store?” The larger question was,” should they bypass the authorized real estate agent and negotiate directly with the landlord?”
AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF SHARED GOVERNANCE IN TODAY'S COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT

In this paper, the author argues that conceptually there are supportive relationships between complex adaptive leadership frameworks and shared collaborative governance mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to address the nexus between the framework of complex adaptive leadership and collaborative structure that necessitates organizational governance mechanisms that exists cross-functional boundaries. The organizational interests and politics, accountability and control, and the leadership challenges of complex organizational processes influence the firm’s relational and social capability to collaborate. The author proposes a paradigm shift to reform current traditional leadership methodologies to construct new adaptive leadership methodologies that govern collaborative relationships in today’s complex environment.
Protein Folding and Stability

We have seen in Chapter 1 that the biological activity of a protein is directly dependent on the adoption of a specific three-dimensional structure by the polypeptide chain. This correctly folded structure, referred to as the native conformation, is thought to represent not only the most biologically active form of the protein, but also an arrangement of the polypeptide chain of minimal potential energy. While it is true that there is some thermodynamic stability to the native conformation of a protein relative to the unfolded state, this stabilization can be quite modest. It is surprising, but true, that for many proteins the native conformation is stabilized over the denatured form by only a few kcal/mol. Thus it is easy to see why protein stability is often a problem for long term storage or use of proteins in solution. In Chapter 2 we discussed general methods for maximizing the stability of proteins for laboratory purposes. In this chapter we shall explore the use of studying protein unfolding by chemical and thermal means as a measure of the relative stabilities of different proteins or the same protein under different solution conditions.
Abstract P6-11-01: A broad spectrum therapeutic strategy for TNBC revealed by a new pathway that coordinates oncogenic RTKs

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a collection of diseases with distinct clinical behaviors and heterogeneous molecular features. Such clinical and genetic heterogeneity has called into question whether there are common pathogenic mechanisms (and potential therapeutic targets) driving the TNBC subtype of breast cancer. Herein, we present evidence of a novel tumor suppressor network that is frequently compromised in TNBC, and a broadly-effective strategy to target this pathway for TNBC therapeutic intervention. Using an unbiased genetic screen, we identified a tumor suppressor network governing tumor survival of TNBCs in vitro and in vivo. We define the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN12 as a core component in this network. PTPN12 is a potent suppressor of mammary epithelial cell survival and transformation, and PTPN12 function is compromised in more than 70% of human TNBCs. Notably, the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of PTPN12-deficient TNBCs is severely impaired by restoring PTPN12, suggesting that strategies to mimic PTPN12 function have substantive therapeutic potential. Using integrative proteomic, genetic, and pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrate that PTPN12 suppresses TNBC survival by inhibiting multiple oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (TKs) including MET, PDGFRβ, and others. Frequent inactivation of PTPN12 in human TNBC unleashes these oncogenic TKs in a concerted manner. Importantly, combination inhibitors targeting these PTPN12-regulated TKs significantly impair TNBC cell survival and confer robust tumor regression across a panel of 18 patient-derived xenograft ("PDX") models of human TNBC. This suggests that TNBCs are broadly dependent on a distinct combination of proto-oncogenic tyrosine kinases constrained by PTPN12. Collectively, these data identify PTPN12 as a commonly inactivated tumor suppressor in TNBC and provide a rationale for combinatorially targeting select receptor tyrosine kinases in TNBC and other cancers based on their defects in tyrosine phosphatase activity. Citation Format: Thomas F Westbrook, Amritha Nair, Tingting Sun, Kristen L Karlin, Jessica Kessler, Ilenia Migliaccio, Don X Nguyen, Ronald J Bernardi, Alex Renwick, Chad J Creighton, Noah Dephoure, Steven P Gygi, Chad A Shaw, Richard Gibbs, David Wheeler, Rachel Schiff, James G Christensen, David J Shields, C Kent Osborne, Stephen J Elledge, Susan G Hilsenbeck, Michael T Lewis. A broad spectrum therapeutic strategy for TNBC revealed by a new pathway that coordinates oncogenic RTKs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-11-01.
Balanced codes for more throughput in RFID and backscatter links

Gen 2 modulation schemes for RFID tags operate well below theoretical limits of throughput for backscatter modulation. This paper demonstrates how coding concepts from magnetic and optical recording media can be adapted to boost date rates through the RFID channel. Without sacrificing power consumption, simplicity, or current RF hardware designs, current tag throughputs are shown to increase by at least 50%. These throughput gains are needed by the increased data demands of RFID sensors, RFID-enabled Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, and emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications.