cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of insecticide resistance: Have the insects won?

While insecticides have greatly improved human health and agricultural production worldwide, their utility has been limited by the evolution of resistance in many major pests, including some that became pests only as a result of insecticide use. Insecticide resistance is both an interesting example of the adaptability of insect pests, and, in the design of resistance management programmes, a useful application of evolutionary biology. Pest susceptibility is a valuable natural resource that has been squandered; at the same time, it is becoming increasingly expensive to develop new insecticides. Pest control tactics should therefore take account of the possibility of resistance evolution. One of the best ways to retard resistance evolution is to use insecticides only when control by natural enemies fails to limit economic damage. This review summarizes the recent literature on insecticide resistance as an example of adaptation, and demonstrates how population genetics and ecology can be used to manage the resistance problem.
Pia fraus: Anachronisms, Fake Latin, and Stolen Colors in Wilhelm Meinhold's Maria Schweidler, die Bernsteinhexe

Wilhelm Meinhold wrote Die Bernsteinhexe (1843) as a Baroque chronicle in order to hoax the radical theologian David Friedrich Straus, who declared the story of Jesus’ life to be a myth. His hope was to humiliate the biblical philologist by getting him to write a review declaring Meinhold’s forged “myth” to be authentic. When Straus clear-sightedly refused to review the book and an anonymous newspaper critic demanded proof that the manuscript existed, Meinhold disclosed the hoax, but brazenly claimed victory. Henceforward he bragged at every opportunity that he had duped “doctors and professors of theology and philologists of the first rank,” not to mention all the reviewers. The cover-up hoax succeeded where the literary hoax had failed. To this day, scholars accept Meinhold’s boast that his forgery went undetected and, indeed, was undetectable. This article calls the bluff. It demonstrates that contemporary philologists would have uncovered the forgery with ease, if Meinhold had not forestalled them with his avowal. The fact is that Die Bernsteinhexe contains not only flagrant anachronisms and fake Latin, but also verses of a “carmen gratulatorium” that Meinhold—quite incompetently—plagiarized from the famed Erfurt humanist Helius Eobanus Hessus (1488–1540). (HV)
Advanced process planning for subtractive rapid prototyping

Purpose – Subtractive rapid prototyping (SRP) uses layer‐based removal from a plurality of orientations in order to create geometry in a highly automated manner. However, unlike additive means, the method can be inefficient due to redundant cutting operations on previously machined regions. The purpose of this paper is to present process planning methods for SRP, specifically dealing with stock material management in multiple setup operations.Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of remaining stock material was performed by considering slices of respective stereolithography (STL) models. Further, an initial approximation was made of accessibility to enable iterative visibility analysis. The combination of these approaches led to efficient and fast algorithms. After analysis, the slices could be converted back to useful STL models through polyhedral reconstruction.Findings – This method of approximation yields results similar to exact geometry. Using remaining stock data from this approach leads to a sign...
Particulate sizing and emission indices for a jet engine exhaust sampled at cruise

Particle size and emission indices measurements for jet engines, primarily the Rolls Royce RB211 engines on a NASA 757 aircraft are reported. These data were used to estimate the fraction of fuel sulfur that was converted to particulates. These measurements were made in-situ with the sampling aircraft several kilometers behind the source. Some complimentary ground measurements on the same source aircraft and engines are also reported. Significant differences are seen between the ground observations and the in-situ observations, indicating that plume processes are changing the aerosol's characteristics.
Characterization of various fluids in cylinders from dolphin sonar data in the interval domain

An algorithm to map temporal signals into sequences of tinting patterns is introduced and applied to the analysis of dolphin sonar data collected during a target discrimination task. A parallel can be drawn between this algorithm and the biological auditory system which encodes sensory information in the timing patterns of neural spike trains. The information in this case is carried in the interval lengths between adjacent spikes hence we term this representation an interval domain representation (IDR). A classification feature space is defined in this domain and used to analyze the returning echoes in dolphin data. We show that the dynamical classifier is able to discriminate with high confidence cylinders filled with four different fluid types used in the experiment. The potential applications of this research include improved target discrimination and a more general classification of complex acoustic data, including biologic data. The research may also provide clues to understanding the complexities underlying dolphin sonar discrimination capabilities.
Introduction to orbiting VLBI

Abstract The general principles of aperture-synthesis interferometry, extended to space-borne radio telescopes, are reviewed. The historical developments are summarized and the present status is given. The outlook for VLBI using orbiting stations is assessed.
Effect of phthalate plasticizer on blood compatibility of polyvinyl chloride.

Abstract The amount of a phthalate plasticizer on the surface of a sheet of polyvinyl chloride used in the fabrication of blood storage bags was quantified using attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, water contact angle measurement, and weight loss due to methanol extraction. Water wettability increased as the amount of surface phthalate extracted by methanol increased, which indicates that the accumulation of phthalate on the surface increases hydrophobicity. The extraction of phthalate by methanol consists of two steps: ( a ) methanol first dissolves surface phthalate, and ( b ) phthalate in the bulk then diffuses through the surface. The adsorption of plasma proteins was investigated to determine the initial events as blood contacts the surface. The composition of adsorbed proteins on the methanol‐cleansed surface differs from that on the uncleansed polyvinyl chloride surface. Albumin adsorption onto phthalate‐contaminated surfaces is less than on cleansed surfaces while adsorption of γ‐globulin and fibrinogen is greater on phthalate‐contaminated surfaces. Protein adsorption can be related to surface thrombus formation. Increases in platelet numbers appeared on phthalate‐contaminated surfaces as compared with methanol‐treated surfaces. A phthalate may enhance platelet adhesion and aggregation when it exists on a polymer surface.
Numerical Considerations in the Computation of the Electrostatic Free Energy of Interaction within the Poisson-Boltzmann Theory

We evaluate two different ways of calculating the contribution of the electrostatic stress to the free energy integral based on Sharp and Honig's method within the finite difference nonlinear Poisson?Boltzmann equation method with the University of Houston Brownian Dynamics program. We show that only one of these approaches gives consistent results in the limit of zero ionic concentration for interactions of the order of magnitude of the hydrogen bond. The results are compared with results from both the linear Poisson?Boltzmann equation and the Debye?Huckel theory, for ion concentrations within the limits of validity of these approximate methods. We demonstrate this by application to DNA molecules.
NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels mediate the expression of bidirectional homeostatic intrinsic plasticity in cultured hippocampal neurons

Abstract Homeostatic plasticity is engaged when neurons need to stabilize their synaptic strength and excitability in response to acute or prolonged destabilizing changes in global activity. Compared to the extensive studies investigating the molecular mechanisms for homeostatic synaptic plasticity, the mechanism underlying homeostatic intrinsic plasticity is largely unknown. Through whole-cell patch-clamp recording in low-density cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons, we demonstrate here that prolonged activity blockade induced by the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) leads to increased action potential firing rates. Conversely, prolonged activity enhancement induced by the A-type gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist bicuculline (BC) results in decreased firing rates. Prolonged activity enhancement also enhanced potassium (K+) current through Kv1 channels, suggesting that changes in K+ current, in part, mediate stabilization of hippocampal neuronal excitability upon prolonged activity elevation. In contrast to the previous reports showing that L-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels solely mediate homeostatic regulation of excitatory synaptic strength ( Ibata et al., 2008 , Goold and Nicoll, 2010 ), inhibition of N-Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors alone mimics the elevation in firing frequency driven by prolonged TTX application, while the decrease in firing rates induced by prolonged BC treatment involves the activity of NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. These results collectively provide strong evidence that alterations in Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels mediate homeostatic intrinsic plasticity in hippocampal neurons in response to prolonged activity changes.
Switchgrass Response to Cutting Frequency and Biosolids Amendment: Biomass Yield, Feedstock Quality, and Theoretical Ethanol Yield

Biofuel crops have relatively low economic value, and potential to grow them with low-cost inputs is essential for economic viability. Use of biosolids as a fertility source has not been explored at the field scale for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a potential bioenergy crop. This study tested harvest management and biosolids rate effects on switchgrass production, quality, and theoretical ethanol yield in Virginia, USA. Switchgrass (cv. “Cave-in-Rock”) was annually cut once (winter) or twice (summer and winter) for 2 years. Biosolids were applied once at 0, 77, and 154 kg N ha−1 in May 2011; urea was applied once at 146 kg N ha−1 for comparison. Feedstock yield and quality parameters (neutral and acid detergent fibers, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash) were measured and used to compute theoretical ethanol potential (TEP) and theoretical ethanol yield (TEY). Cutting twice per season produced greater biomass yields than cutting once (6.6 vs 5.4 Mg ha−1) in 2011 but not in 2012. Cutting once per season produced feedstock with greater TEP (513 vs 433 L Mg−1) and TEY (2,980 vs 2,680 L ha−1) in both years. Biosolids and urea increased biomass yields by 11 % (0.6 Mg ha−1) and TEY by 13 % (352 L Mg−1), but both decreased TEP by 1 % (7.1 L Mg−1 biomass). Cutting once per season is advantageous in producing more TEY given comparable biomass yield and superior feedstock quality. Biosolids were a suitable alternate N source and could boost biomass and biofuel production while reducing input costs in switchgrass-based bioenergy systems.
The National Program Plan for the Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Systems and Materials

A revision of the National Program Plan for the Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Systems and Materials, first issued in January 1979, was prepared to redirect research and implementation efforts more sharply towards the needs of the building industry in the 1980s. The revision also incorporates the recommendations of a task force of industry and academic leaders established to review the initial document. This report summarizes the technical accomplishments under the program plan during the past three years and details the research, development, and verification projects that need to be initiated or completed in the next few years to realize the full potential energy conservation in buildings. The paper emphasizes the need for cooperation between the public and private sectors of the building community and suggests a method of accomplishing it.
Resampling and exchangeable arrays

The nonparametric, or resampling, bootstrap for a single unstructured sample corresponds to the algebraic operation of monoid composition, with a uniform distribution on the monoid. With this interpretation, the notion of resampling can be extended to designs having a certain group-invariance property. Two types of exchangeable array structures are considered in some detail, namely the one-way layout, and the two-way row-column exchangeable design. Although in both cases there is a unique group under which the sampling distribution of the observations is exchangeable, the choice of monoid is not unique. Different choices of monoid can lead to drastically different, and in some cases quite misleading, inferences.
Engaging Social Work Practitioners in Research: Challenges and Opportunities

Contemporary emphasis on measuring and evaluating observable, behavioral outcomes reflects a major change in the profession toward greater empirical basis for social work practice. This intellectual and methodological shift has created a gap between practitioners and researchers. While social work practitioners definitely should be more knowledgeable and receptive to interventions that have proven to be effective in helping people, social work academics must pay more attention to the realities of social work practitioners who struggle daily with expanding caseloads, ever-increasing time pressures to help clients whose lives are embedded in poverty, unemployment, oppression, racism, homelessness, and violence.
Biochemical Characterization of Mutants in Chaperonin Proteins CCT4 and CCT5 Associated with Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy

Hereditary sensory neuropathies are a class of disorders marked by degeneration of the nerve fibers in the sensory periphery neurons. Recently, two mutations were identified in the subunits of the eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin TRiC, a protein machine responsible for folding actin and tubulin in the cell. C450Y CCT4 was identified in a stock of Sprague-Dawley rats, whereas H147R CCT5 was found in a human Moroccan family. As with many genetically identified mutations associated with neuropathies, the underlying molecular basis of the mutants was not defined. We investigated the biochemical properties of these mutants using an expression system in Escherichia coli that produces homo-oligomeric rings of CCT4 and CCT5. Full-length versions of both mutant protein chains were expressed in E. coli at levels approaching that of the WT chains. Sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed chaperonin-sized complexes of both WT and mutant chaperonins, but with reduced recovery of C450Y CCT4 soluble subunits. Electron microscopy of negatively stained samples of C450Y CCT4 revealed few ring-shaped species, whereas WT CCT4, H147R CCT5, and WT CCT5 revealed similar ring structures. CCT5 complexes were assayed for their ability to suppress aggregation of and refold the model substrate γd-crystallin, suppress aggregation of mutant huntingtin, and refold the physiological substrate β-actin in vitro. H147R CCT5 was not as efficient in chaperoning these substrates as WT CCT5. The subtle effects of these mutations are consistent with the homozygous disease phenotype, in which most functions are carried out during development and adulthood, but some selective function is lost or reduced.
Tableau Économique: Teaching Economics with a Tablet Computer

The typical method of instruction in economics is chalk and talk. Economics courses often require writing equations and drawing graphs and charts, which are all best done in freehand. Unlike static PowerPoint presentations, tablet computers create dynamic nonlinear presentations. Wireless technology allows professors to write on their tablets and project their notes to students while walking around their classrooms. Professors can save their handwritten notes with narration and distribute them electronically. This short article introduces economics professors to some ways in which they can use tablets to enhance their teaching.
Relations of Microstructure, Piezoelectricity, and Surface Forces at Nanoscale

In small devices such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS), adhesion and friction forces make them less reliable with unacceptable performance [1]. These forces need to be completely understood to make advances in the systems. In our previous research, it has been proven that using a functional material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), both stiction and friction could be modified or turned on-off. The phase of the polymer affects the adhesion and friction forces. β phase contents reduced the adhesion forces due to its less electrostatic forces. With higher phase difference, higher roughness of the polymer surface got higher friction forces. In this research, we continue our investigation in understanding microstructure aspects of the PVDF, its dipole structure, and piezoelectricity on surface adhesion and friction. Doing so, we used an atomic force microscope (AFM) with an external potential to study the piezeoelectrical behavior. The effects of the electrical potential on adhesion and friction force were tested. It was shown that when the electrical potential increases, the surface roughness increases under the AFM, however not with a profilometer. Changes were also found in adhesion. This paper discusses the mechanisms of nanoscale adhesion and friction of the PVDF with an AFM tip along with the microstructures and dipole structures. This article contributes to understanding in fundamental adhesion and friction forces at a nanometer length scale.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Differential coupled mode analysis and the Poincare sphere: erratum.

This erratum Letter notes a previous derivation of the differential coupled mode analysis.
Simultaneous measurement of cerebral blood flow and mRNA signals: pixel-based inter-modality correlational analysis.

Abstract The analysis of pixel-based relationships between local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and mRNA expression can reveal important insights into brain function. Traditionally, LCBF and in situ hybridization studies for genes of interest have been analyzed in separate series. To overcome this limitation and to increase the power of statistical analysis, this study focused on developing a double-label method to measure local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and gene expressions simultaneously by means of a dual-autoradiography procedure. A 14 C-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic LCBF study was first performed. Serial brain sections (12 in this study) were obtained at multiple coronal levels and were processed in the conventional manner to yield quantitative LCBF images. Two replicate sections at each bregma level were then used for in situ hybridization. To eliminate the 14 C-iodoantipyrine from these sections, a chloroform-washout procedure was first performed. The sections were then processed for in situ hybridization autoradiography for the probes of interest. This method was tested in Wistar rats subjected to 12 min of global forebrain ischemia by two-vessel occlusion plus hypotension, followed by 2 or 6 h of reperfusion ( n =4–6 per group). LCBF and in situ hybridization images for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were generated for each rat, aligned by disparity analysis, and analyzed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This method yielded detailed inter-modality correlation between LCBF and HSP70 mRNA expressions. The advantages of this method include reducing the number of experimental animals by one-half; and providing accurate pixel-based correlations between different modalities in the same animals, thus enabling paired statistical analyses. This method can be extended to permit correlation of LCBF with the expression of multiple genes of interest.
Comparative Effect of Certain Sulfonamide Compounds on Nicotinamide-Stimulated Metabolism

In previous work it was found that sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole, but not sulfanilamide, inhibit respiration of dysentery bacilli stimulated by nicotinamide or by diphosphopyridine nucleotide,1,'2 The percentage inhibition is proportional to the concentration of drug in the presence of constant amounts of nicotinamide, while an increase in the concentration of nicotinamide results in a decrease in the relative amount of inhi-
Access to Certified Nurse-Midwives Reduces Cesarean Section Rates Among Massachusetts Hospitals

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between certified nurse-midwife (CNM)–attended birth rates and cesarean section rates among Massachusetts hospitals. Research Questions: Do Massachusetts hospitals with higher CNM-attended birth rates have lower total and primary cesarean section rates? Does controlling for obstetric risk factors and hospital characteristics affect this relationship? Hypothesis: An inverse relationship is expected between CNM-attended birth rates and cesarean section rates. Significance/Background: Nurse-midwives provide high-quality, cost effective care with excellent outcomes and low cesarean section rates. Studies examining the relationship between CNM-attended birth rates and cesarean section rates among hospitals have not been located. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective design using data from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health was implemented. Study population included hospitals in Massachusetts with delivery services and available data in 2004 (N = 44, N = 47). Findings: Controlling for obstetric risk factors and hospital characteristics, hospitals with highest rates of CNM-attended births were 96% less likely to have high total cesarean section rates (P = .005) and 98% less likely to have high primary cesarean section rates (P = .005) than were hospitals with lowest CNM-attended birth rates. Discussion: Increasing access to CNMs has the potential to significantly reduce the state's cesarean section rates.
Mutation-based prenatal diagnosis of herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of heritable diseases which manifest with blistering and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. Due of life-threatening complications and significant long-term morbidity associated with the severe, neonatal lethal (Herlitz) form of junctional EB (H-JEB), there has been a demand for prenatal diagnosis from families at risk for recurrence. Previously, the only reliable method of prenatal diagnosis of EB was a fetal skin biopsy performed at 16-20 weeks' gestation and analysed by electron microscopy. Recently, the genes LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2, encoding the polypeptide subunits of laminin 5, an anchoring filament protein, have been shown to contain mutations in H-JEB. In this study, direct detection of pathogenetic mutations in the laminin 5 genes was used to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based prenatal testing. DNA was obtained by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 10-15 weeks or amniocentesis at 12-19 weeks' gestation in 15 families at risk for recurrence of JEB. In 13 cases, the fetus was predicted to be either genetically normal or a clinically unaffected carrier of a mutation in one allele. These predictions have been validated in all cases by the birth of a healthy child. In two cases, an affected fetus was predicted, and the diagnosis was confirmed by subsequent fetal skin biopsy. These results demonstrate that DNA-based prenatal testing offers an early, expedient, and accurate method of prenatal diagnosis or an exclusion of Herlitz JEB.
Retrieval search and strength evoke dissociable brain activity during episodic memory recall

Neuroimaging studies of episodic memory retrieval have revealed activations in the human frontal, parietal, and medial-temporal lobes that are associated with memory strength. However, it remains unclear whether these brain responses are veritable signals of memory strength or are instead regulated by concomitant subcomponents of retrieval such as retrieval effort or mental search. This study used event-related fMRI during cued recall of previously memorized word-pair associates to dissociate brain responses modulated by memory search from those modulated by the strength of a recalled memory. Search-related deactivations, dissociated from activity due to memory strength, were observed in regions of the default network, whereas distinctly strength-dependent activations were present in superior and inferior parietal and dorsolateral PFC. Both search and strength regulated activity in dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula. These findings suggest that, although highly correlated and partially subserved by overlapping cognitive control mechanisms, search and memory strength engage dissociable regions of frontoparietal attention and default networks.
Some toxic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide in salmon and trout

Abstract Acute toxicity data showed DMSO to be relatively harmless to four species of salmonids with LD50's as follows: chinook salmon, 12 g/kg; sockeye salmon, 13 g/kg; coho salmon, 16 g/kg; and rainbow trout, 17 g/kg. All other experiments were performed on coho salmon. A daily sequence of intraperitoneal injections of 7.1 g/kg/day or more for 28 consecutive days produced significant mortalities. Hematologic changes consisted of a marked increase in polychromatocytes, plus slight and moderate degeneration of red blood cells and white blood cells, respectively. Histopathologic changes were noted in the kidney, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Median tolerance limits (TLm), established for cohos at intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, were 7.2, 5.5, 4.9, and 4.6% DMSO, respectively. In addition, lethal exposure times (LET50's), defined as the time required to kill half the population at a specified concentration and temperature, were recorded over an extended range of concentrations (0.01–16%) at 12° and at temperatures of 2° and 22° at 0, 8, 12, and 16% concentrations. No mortality occurred at the 2% concentration or less when fish were immersed for a 100-day period (12°). Survival time was affected inversely by concentration and temperature. Abnormal hematocrits, abnormal blood cell morphology as well as certain cellular alterations in gill, kidney, liver, brain, and spleen were observed following subjection to DMSO at high concentrations and/or after prolonged exposure. DMSO incorporated in a standard ration did not cause mortalities at the levels fed (0.01–20.0%). Diet consumption varied inversely with DMSO concentration. Reduced hematocrit values were noted in fish fed 12 and 18% DMSO in diet. Histopathology at these same two levels was limited to gill lamellae and consisted of edema and cellular hypertrophy. The injection, immersion, and ingestion experiments showed a safe level for yearling coho salmon, under these experimental conditions, of 2.8 g of DMSO per kilogram of body weight per day for 28 days, 1% v/v for 100 days, and 1% v/w for 16 weeks, respectively. These fish would tolerate higher concentrations of DMSO for a shorter period of time and recover rapidly when removed from DMSO.
Hybrid copolymer–phospholipid vesicles: phase separation resembling mixed phospholipid lamellae, but with mechanical stability and control

Vesicles whose bilayer membranes contain phospholipids mixed with co-polymers or surfactants comprise new hybrid materials having potential applications in drug delivery, sensors, and biomaterials. Here we describe a model polymer–phospholipid hybrid membrane system exhibiting strong similarities to binary phospholipid mixtures, but with more robust membrane mechanics. A lamella-forming graft copolymer, PDMS-co-PEO (polydimethylsiloxane-co-polyethylene oxide) was blended with a high melting temperature phospholipid, DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), over a broad compositional range. The resulting giant hybrid unilamellar vesicles were compared qualitatively and quantitatively to analogous mixed phospholipid membranes in which a low melting temperature phospholipid, DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), was blended with DPPC. The mechanical properties of the hybrid vesicles, even when phase separated, were robust with high lysis stresses and strains approaching those of the pure copolymer vesicles. The temperature-composition phase diagram of the hybrid vesicles closely resembled that of the mixed phospholipids; with only slightly greater nonidealities in the hybrid compared with DOPC/DPPC mixed membranes. In both systems, it was demonstrated that tension could be used to manipulate DPPC solidification into domains of patchy or striped morphologies that exhibited different tracer incorporation. The patch and stripe-shaped domains are thought to be different solid DPPC polymorphys: ripple and tilt (or gel). This work demonstrates that in mixed-phospholipid bilayers where a high-melting phospholipid solidifies on cooling, the lower-melting phospholipid may be substituted by an appropriate copolymer to improve mechanical properties while retaining the underlying membrane physics.
Guidelines for competency-based instruction in psychiatry

Summary This paper presents guidelines for teachers who wish to design competency-based instructional activities in psychiatry. Developed over a 3 year period, these guidelines outline the methods used by teachers to construct competency-based seminars and clinical rotations. The guidelines describe the process of stating knowledge objectives, performance objectives and experiential objectives for psychiatric trainees to attain prior to completion of training in a given area. Selection of appropriate teaching strategies as well as criteria and conditions for assessment of the residents' abilities are also reviewed. Comments regarding the authors' experience using these guidelines with teachers are offered.
Comparative baseline levels of mercury, Hsp 70 and Hsp 60 in subsistence fish from the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta region of Alaska.

Abstract In subsistence fish; northern pike ( Esox lucius ), burbot ( Lota lota ), whitefish ( Coregonus nelsoni ), grayling ( Thymallus arcticus ) and sheefish ( Stenodus lencichthys ), we determined the Hsp 60 and Hsp 70 levels in 31 samples from adult fish gills. A dot-blot analysis using antibodies to either Hsp 70 or Hsp 60 showed the average Hsp 70 concentration was 9.1 μg/mg protein, while the average Hsp 60 concentration was 147.4 μg/mg protein. Mercury levels in muscle tissue in these fish averaged 0.382 ppm. Using a subset of samples ( n =24), we determined that the major component in the muscle of Alaskan subsistence fish was methyl mercury. No correlation was observed between Hsp 60 or Hsp 70 expression in gill tissue and mercury concentrations in muscle tissue. Hsp 60 and Hsp 70 protein levels in the gills were correlated.
Regulatory T cells and their roles in immune dysregulation and allergy

The main function of the immune system is to fight off potential infections, but also to maintain its activity below a level that would trigger self-reactivity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) such as forkhead box P3+ (FOXP3) Tregs and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) play an essential role in this active process, using several distinct suppressive mechanisms. A wide range of pathologies have been associated with altered Treg cell function. This is best exemplified by the impact of mutations of genes essential for Treg function and the associated autoimmune syndromes. This review summarizes the main features of different subtypes of Tregs and focuses on the clinical implications of their altered function in human studies. More specifically, we discuss abnormalities affecting FOXP3+ Tregs and Tr1 cells that will lead to autoimmune manifestations and/or allergic reactions, and the potential therapeutic use of Tregs.
Methane-producing bacteria: natural fractionations of the stable carbon isotopes

Procedures for determining the C-13/C-12 fractionation factors for methane-producing bacteria are described, and the fractionation factors (CO2/CH4) for the reduction of CO2 to CH4 by pure cultures are 1.045 for Methanosarcina barkeri at 40 C, 1.061 for Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. at 40 C, and 1.025 for Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum at 65 C. The data are consistent with the field determinations if fractionation by acetate dissimilation approximates fractionations observed in natural environments. In other words, the acetic acid used by acetate dissimilating bacteria, if they play an important role in natural methane production, must have an intramolecular isotopic fractionation (CO2H/CH3) approximating the observed CO2/CH4 fractionation.
Amine–quinone polyimide: A new high‐temperature polymer and its use to protect iron against corrosion

A new diamine monomer was synthesized by the Michael addition of 4,4′-methylene dianiline with 1,4-benzoquinone. The monomer was condensed with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride to give a polyamic acid that was soluble in NMP. The polyamic acid was cast onto iron and thermally imidized to yield the amine–quinone polyimide (AQPI-2). AQPI-2 had a thermal decomposition temperature of 540 °C (10% TGA weight loss in N2) and a glass transition at 292 °C, values typical of polyimides. The degradation of the coating on iron after exposure to 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte was followed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under these conditions a conventional polyimide failed after 3 days exposure, while AQPI-2 survived more than 24 days exposure. The adhesive bond between the amine–quinone polyimide and the iron surface was so strong that it could not be broken by the electrolyte. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2893–2899, 2000
Dynamic capabilities in international expansion

Abstract This article articulates a dynamic capability perspective on international business. The three essential ingredients of dynamic capability—capability possession (distinctive resources), capability deployment (resource allocation), and capability upgrading (dynamic learning)—have become increasingly fundamental to international expansion and global operations. Capability possession is critical to gaining competitive advantages and determining firm-level strategies to exploit such advantages. Capability deployment is crucial to mitigating the disadvantages of foreignness and preempting emerging opportunities. Capability upgrading is essential to the evolutionary development of sustainable advantages and creating new bundles of resources. Each of these capabilities is a necessary condition for sustained success in today’s world economy characterized by increasing technological advancement and business globalization.
Enrichment of a 50-kilodalton polypeptide in a photosystem II-phycobilisome particle from Porphyridium cruentum

Abstract A 50-kDa polypeptide was obtained from photosynthetically active phycobilisome-photosystem II preparations from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum after removal of phycobiliproteins. Removal of phycobiliproteins caused destabilization of the structure of the phycobilisome-photosystem II preparations and was accompanied by a decline in photosystem II activity (oxygen-evolution and dichlorophenol-indophenol (DPIP) reduction). The treatments in increasing relative effectiveness were: addition of EDTA (10 m m ), lowering the pH (6.8 → 4.4), and lowering the ionic strength (to ca. 1 m m phosphate). The lowering of the ionic strength by dialysis resulted in a preparation highly enriched in a 50-kDa polypeptide (apparent molecular mass on SDS-PAGE). This preparation retained photosystem II activity as evidenced by the photoreduction of DPIP in the presence of diphenylcarbazide (222 μmol DPIP/mg chlorophyll/h). Also it had a 698-nm (77K) fluorescence emission maximum, as compared to a 688-nm emission in the unfractionated preparation, which indicates enrichment of the photosystem II reaction center. Comparing our results with those obtained from green plants and a cyanobacterium leads us to suggest that the reaction center II polypeptides are highly similar in all chlorophyll a-containing plants.
Phenotypic spectrum and management issues in Kabuki syndrome.

Abstract Objective: To report the phenotypic spectrum and management issues of children with Kabuki syndrome (Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome) from North America. Design: A case series of children (n = 18) with clinical findings of Kabuki syndrome. Setting: Medical genetics clinics in Washington, Alaska, and Arizona. Results: Most patients had postnatal growth retardation, and all had developmental delay and hypotonia. Feeding difficulties, with or without cleft palate, were common; 5 patients required gastrostomy tube placement. Developmental quotients/IQs in all but 2 were 60 or less. Seizures were seen in less than half of the patients, but ophthalmologic and otologic problems were common, particularly recurrent otitis media. Congenital heart defects were present in 7 (39%); 3 patients underwent repair of coarctation of the aorta. Other features included urinary tract anomalies, malabsorption, joint hypermobility and dislocation, congenital hypothyroidism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and in one patient, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. All patients had negative family histories for Kabuki syndrome. Conclusions: Kabuki syndrome is a mental retardation–malformation syndrome affecting multiple organ systems, with a broad spectrum of neuromuscular dysfunction and mental ability. Given that 18 ethnically diverse patients were identified from 2 genetics programs, it appears that this syndrome is more common in North American non-Japanese patients than previously appreciated. (J Pediatr 1999;134:480-5)
Challenging global warming as a social problem: An analysis of the conservative movement's counter-claims

The sociological literature on global environmental change emphasizes the processes by which the problem of global warming is socially constructed. However, the opposing efforts to construct the “non-problematicity” of global warming advanced by the conservative movement are largely ignored. Utilizing recent work on framing processes in the social movements literature and claims-making from the social problems literature, this paper analyzes the counter-claims promoted by the conservative movement between 1990 and 1997 as it mobilized to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. A thematic content analysis of publications circulated on the web sites of prominent conservative think tanks reveals three major counter-claims. First, the movement criticized the evidentiary basis of global warming as weak, if not entirely wrong. Second, the movement argued that global warming will have substantial benefits if it occurs. Third, the movement warned that proposed action to ameliorate global warming would do more harm than good. In short, the conservative movement asserted that, while the science of global warming appears to be growing more and more uncertain, the harmful effects of global warming policy are becoming increasingly certain . In order to better understand the controversy over global warming, future research should pay attention to the influence of the conservative movement by identifying the crucial roles of conservative foundations, conservative think tanks, and sympathetic “skeptic” scientists in undermining the growing scientific consensus over the reality of global warming.
Tournament Chasing NASCAR Style: Driver Incentives in Stock Car Racing's Playoff Season

This paper applies tournament theory to NASCAR racing's playoff season, the Chase for the Cup. The consequences of a mixed tournament with the top 10 and lower-ranked drivers racing simultaneously are explored and tested. Using individual driver and race data, we empirically show that Chase races experience more accidents. In the lead up to the Chase, the relative position of drivers to the leader in terms of rank is more important in predicting accidents than the absolute position in terms of points. Once the Chase begins, contrary to tournament theory, the increase in accidents is spread across the subsets of drivers, and occurs without regard to the relative position of the drivers to the leaders of each subgroup.
Perceptual load modulates anterior cingulate cortex response to threat distractors in generalized social anxiety disorder

Generalized social anxiety disorder (gSAD) is associated with impoverished anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) engagement during attentional control. Attentional Control Theory proposes such deficiencies may be offset when demands on resources are increased to execute goals. To test the hypothesis attentional demands affect ACC response 23 patients with gSAD and 24 matched controls performed an fMRI task involving a target letter in a string of identical targets (low load) or a target letter in a mixed letter string (high load) superimposed on fearful, angry, and neutral face distractors. Regardless of load condition, groups were similar in accuracy and reaction time. Under low load gSAD patients showed deficient rostral ACC recruitment to fearful (vs. neutral) distractors. For high load, increased activation to fearful (vs. neutral) distractors was observed in gSAD suggesting a compensatory function. Results remained after controlling for group differences in depression level. Findings indicate perceptual demand modulates ACC in gSAD.
X-rays only when you want them: optimized pump–probe experiments using pseudo-single-bunch operation

Laser pump–X-ray probe experiments require control over the X-ray pulse pattern and timing. Here, the first use of pseudo-single-bunch mode at the Advanced Light Source in picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption experiments on solutions and solids is reported. In this mode the X-ray repetition rate is fully adjustable from single shot to 500 kHz, allowing it to be matched to typical laser excitation pulse rates. Suppressing undesired X-ray pulses considerably reduces detector noise and improves signal to noise in time-resolved experiments. In addition, dose-induced sample damage is considerably reduced, easing experimental setup and allowing the investigation of less robust samples. Single-shot X-ray exposures of a streak camera detector using a conventional non-gated charge-coupled device (CCD) camera are also demonstrated.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin metabolism and disposition in yellow perch.

Accumulation, tissue distribution, and depuration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-derived 3H were examined in fingerling yellow perch fed a diet containing 494 ppt of [3H]TCDD for 13 weeks followed by the same diet without TCDD for 13 weeks. None of the TCDD-exposed perch showed any signs of overt toxicity such as reduced growth rate, fin necrosis, cutaneous hemorrhage, or lethality. At the end of the 13-week exposure period, 78% of the total body burden of TCDD-derived 3H was contained in the carcass and visceral fat while the remaining 22% was distributed among the liver (9%), gill (5%), skin (3%), skeletal muscle (2%), gastrointestinal tract (1%), pyloric caeca (1%), kidney (<1%), spleen (<1%), and heart (<1%). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of organic extracts of visceral fat, carcass, liver, skeletal muscle, and skin showed that 96–99% of the tritium extracted from these tissues was due to the parent compound. The estimated t12 for whole-body depuration of TCDD-derived 3H was 18 weeks, and individual organ t12 values ranged from 6 to 19 weeks for the gastrointestinal tract, pyloric caeca, liver, gill, and carcass, and from 24 to 49 weeks for the visceral fat, kidney, skin, skeletal muscle, and spleen. To determine if yellow perch metabolize TCDD, a single dose of [14C]TCDD was administered to adult yellow perch (60 μg/kg, ip), and, 1 week later, gallbladder bile, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney were removed, extracted, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the liver, muscle, and kidney where the parent compound accounted for 96–99% of the extractable 14C, the gallbladder bile contained almost entirely TCDD metabolites. At least four TCDD metabolites were detected in yellow perch bile and β-glucuronidase treatment of the bile suggested that at least one was a glucuronide conjugate.
Developing strategies for improving the diagnostic and management efficacy of medical consultations.

Abstract To determine the clinical effects of internists' consultations to surgeons and other non-internists, we studied a random sample of 250 consultations provided by the Yale Medical Service to patients admitted on non-medical services during 1978–1979. We found that consultations changed or confirmed a diagnosis in 82% (205), and changed or confirmed a management plan in 69% (172). We also found that the diagnostic or management effects could be enhanced by several features of the way the consultation is performed: rapid response to the request for consultation; frequent follow-up notes by the consulting medical team; and detailed specifications of dosage and duration in recommendations for pharmacologic therapy.
Chrysippus Confronts the Liar: The Case for Stoic Cassationism

The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus wrote extensively on the liar paradox, but unfortunately the extant testimony on his response to the paradox is meager and mainly hostile. Modern scholars, beginning with Alexander Rustow in the first decade of the twentieth century, have attempted to reconstruct Chrysippus’ solution. Rustow argued that Chrysippus advanced a cassationist solution, that is, one in which sentences such as ‘I am speaking falsely’ do not express propositions. Two more recent scholars, Walter Cavini and Mario Mignucci, have rejected Rustow's thesis that Chrysippus used a cassationist approach. Each has proposed his own thesis about Chrysippus’ solution. I argue that Rustow's view is fundamentally correct, and that the cassationist thesis gains greater plausibility when viewed in light of a passage in Sextus Empiricus’ Adversus mathematicos that the previous commentators have ignored, and when understood within the broader context of Stoic logical theory and philosophy of language. I close with ...
The effect of flow on cavity surface temperatures in thermoset and thermoplastic injection molding

In the Injection molding process, nonuniform heat transfer between the polymer and the mold caused by flow during the cavity filling stage can lead to spatial variations in the cavity surface temperature. This can result in an increase in cycle time or poor part quality. An investigation of the flow-induced, nonuniform, cavity surface temperature is reported here. A flow model for a thin, rectangular, end-gated cavity and a model for the steady-state temperature distribution in a simple mold are developed. These are applied to some thermosetting and thermoplastic systems. For both filled and unfilled thermosets, it is found that a simple plug flow model gives a good approximation for the heat transfer during flow. For thermoplastics, however, the full flow solution must be used. For the cases considered in this study, the steady-state temperature variation along the cavity surface is less for the thermoplastics than for the thermosets.