cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precise Microdissection of Human Bladder Carcinomas Reveals Divergent Tumor Subclones in the Same Tumor

BACKGROUND Human bladder carcinoma is thought to arise from a field change that affects the entire urothelium. Whether independently transformed urothelial cell populations exist in the same patient is uncertain. METHODS We studied the clonality of urinary bladder carcinoma in 18 female patients who underwent cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. None had multiple tumors. Tumor samples were obtained from different areas of the same tumor. Sixty-seven tumor samples were analyzed. Tumor genomic DNA was microdissected and extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides. The clonality of urothelial tumors was evaluated on the basis of a polymorphism of the X chromosome-linked human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) locus. The technique is dependent on digestion of DNA with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme HhaI, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of HUMARA locus, and detection of methylation of this locus. With this method, only the methylated HUMARA allele is selectively amplified by PCR. RESULTS Eleven of 18 patients were informative. Nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome was found in 9 of the 11 informative patients (82%). Seven patients showed different patterns of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation for tumor samples obtained from different regions of the same tumor. Two patients showed the same pattern of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation in all samples. CONCLUSIONS Some muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas may arise from independently transformed progenitor urothelial cells, supporting the “field effect” theory for bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer 2002;94:104–10. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Calcium uptake into rat pheochromocytoma cells.

– The uptake of 45Ca2+ into cell suspensions prepared from a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma was measured. The uptake of Ca2+ into these cells is biphasic; there is a rapid, initial uptake of Ca+, followed by a slower uptake that proceeds at a linear rate for at least 10min at 37°C. The uptake of Ca2+ is a linear function of the external Ca2+ concentration over the range of 0.13-2.5 mm-Ca2+ Incubation of the cells in a medium containing 56mm-K+ results in a 2-3 fold increase in the uptake of Ca2+ into the cells; 56mm-K+ increases both phases of Ca2+ uptake. The cells apparently lack a mechanism to inactivate this 56 mm-K+-induced increase-in Ca2+ permeability. Two inhibitors of K+ stimulated catecholamine secretion, diphenylhydantoin and verapamil, both inhibit K +-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. These results provide a direct demonstration of the stimulus-coupled uptake of Ca2+ into chromaffin cells, and provide additional evidence for the correlation of Ca2+ uptake with catecholamine secretion by these cells.
Nerve growth factor receptor gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in aging.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has a modulating effect on immune function, which may occur as a consequence of binding to the NGF receptor (NGF-R). To determine if mRNA for the gene coding for p75NGFR (low affinity NGF-R) is present in lymphocytes, Northern blot analysis of mRNA from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and purified T lymphocytes was initiated using cDNA probe for human p75NGFR. p75NGFR mRNA was present in PBL and T lymphocytes, and the mRNA in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation showed maximum levels at 14 hr of stimulation. p75NGFR mRNA content when analyzed in PBL and T cells from volunteers of various ages showed that p75NGFR mRNA expression does not change with the age of the cell donor. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A PENTAGON OF FORCES USEFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC EFFECT OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Abstract A simple method is described which permits analytical and predictive distortions of the horizontal planar vector loop (cube). The sets of distorting forces (pentagon) for various sites of myocardial infarctions are empirically derived from autopsy data. These sets of distorting forces correlate with the known facts regarding normal sequence of ventricular depolarization.
Measurement and comparison of the proliferative and antibody responses of neonatal, immature and adult murine spleen cells to T-dependent and T-independent antigens

Abstract Mouse spleen cell antigenic responses to the thymic-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and the thymic-independent antigens, E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pneumococcal polysaccharides Type I and II (SI, SII) were studied as as a function of age, employing both in vitro spleen cell stimulation and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay systems. Primary spleen cell proliferative and PFC responses to SRBC, were either absent or meager in comparison to adult (8–12 weeks) values for the first 3 weeks of life. Thereafter responses rose achieving adult values between 4 and 8 weeks of age. The inability of young mice to respond to SRBC was not because of a different immunizing dose requirement for SRBC, since immunization with SRBC over a 200-fold range did not enhance their capability to respond. Also, addition of adherent cells or macrophages from adult mice did not enhance the immune responses of young mice. Furthermore, immunization of 2–4 week old mice with SRBC inhibited the secondary response to SRBC. In contrast, young murine spleen cell proliferative and PFC responses to SI, SII, and LPS were approximately the same as the adult by 7–14 days of life. These data suggest that B-cell immunologic activity, as measured by immunologic assays utilized in this study, develops much earlier than does T-cell responsiveness.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE RESISTANCE OF Bacillus subtilis VAR. Niger SPORES TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The effects of storage time (0, 15, 35, and 56 days), storage temperature (−29°C and 5°C), and storage solution (distilled water, Butterfield's buffer and 0.85% saline) on the resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores to 5% hydrogen peroxide heated at 50°C were evaluated. None of the storage conditions had a significant effect on the resistance of spores exposed to hydrogen peroxide for 5 min or less. When 8 min of exposure to H2O2 was used, storage temperature and storage solution had significant effects on spore resistance. Storage time had a significant quadratic effect on resistance; spores stored at –29°C were more resistant than spores stored at 4°C; and spores stored in 0.85% sodium chloride were more resistant than spores stored in distilled water and Butterfield's buffer. There was a significant storage temperature by storage solution interaction after a 10-min exposure. Variability in spore resistance during storage was less for spores stored at 4°C than for spores stored at −29°C.
13 COMPARISON OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common cause of genitourinary infections in sexually active women. Wet mount reportedly detects 50–75% of culture-positive cases. Numerous investigators also report that culture can be negative with a positive wet mount. Four methods of detecting T. vaginalis were compared in 180 sexually active adolescents. Vaginal pool secretions were cultured in Trichosel™ (BBL) broth air-dried and stained with acridine orange and with Diff-Quik™ (Dade), a modified Giemsa stain, and mixed with saline for direct microscopy. All cultures were read by the same two technicians and all stains by the same micro-biologist, each blind to the results of other methods. Wet mounts were read by several clinicians all trained and supervised by the same physician. T. vaginalis was detected by at least one of the four methods in 24% of all screened. Sensitivities and negative predictive values (NPV) were: Of 16 cases negative on wet mount, 4 were positive by culture alone, 4 by stains alone, and 8 by culture and stain. Detection of suspected T. vaginalis can be improved when a negative wet mount is supplemented by culture and/or special stains. Cost, convenience, and capacity for rapid diagnosis may favor the office laboratory use of Diff-Quik.
Trends in Programs for Female Offenders: The Use of Private Agencies as Service Providers

A national survey of state-run prisons for women indicates that a growing number of nontraditional programs are being offered for female offenders. There was a surprisingly small role played by private agencies as service providers, despite a generally positive attitude toward such agencies by prison administrators and reported efforts by administrators to locate private agencies interested in providing programs. Reasons for this contradiction are discussed.
Selective inhibition of the potato scab pathogen by antagonistic bacteria and substrate influence on antibiotic production

In a long-term field experiment a soybean cover crop and green manure incorporation prevented the build-up of common scab of potato whereas barley, employed in the same manner, increased disease incidence. When soil from these plots was assayed for organisms antagonistic toS. scabies, a bacterium indentified asBacillus subtilis, was found to be predominant. Laboratory tests showed thatS. scabies was more sensitive to the antibiotic produced by this bacterium than most non-pathogenicStreptomyces spp which were tested. The antibiotic was found to be similar to bacitracin and activity was expressed as units bacitracin. Water extracts of greenhouse-grown soybean and barley were compared, at different concentrations, as a substrate for growth and antibiotic production by this bacterium. It was found that on the soybean extract, antibiotic activity, as measured by the standard filter-paper-disc technique, was 2.5 to 3 times greater per unit of bacterial growth than when barley extract was used as the substrate. Similar results were obtained when extracts of partially decomposed tissue were used. It is suggested that when evaluating antagonistic organisms as a possible factor in the behavior of plant pathogens in soil, the relative sensitivity of the pathogen to the antibiotic activities of the antagonists as well as the substrates available to the antagonists should be considered.
The Specific Heats Below 30$^\circ$K of Lithium Metal of Various Isotopic Compositions and of Sodium Metal

The specific heats of lithium metal of three different isotopic compositions (main components 99.99 at. % $^7$Li, 92.7 at. % $^7$Li ($\sim$ naturall ithium) and 99.3 at. % $^6$Li, respectively) and of sodium metal have been measured in the temperature range 3 to 30 $^\circ$K. The 99.99% $^7$Li sample was also measured in the temperature range 0.4 to 1.5 $^\circ$K. Within experimental error the differences in the lattice specific heats of the lithium samples are in accord with theoretical expectation. The values of the Debye temperatures in the low-temperature limit are 337.0 $\pm$ 2.5 $^\circ$K for 99.99% $^7$Li, 344.0 $\pm$ 2.5 $^\circ$K for 92.7% $^7$Li and 367.5 $\pm$ 2.5 for 99.3% $^6$Li. However, the temperature variation of the lattice specific heats of all the lithium samples is anomalous since the usual minimum in the Debye temperature as a function of temperature is not observed. Both lithium and sodium undergo a martensitic transformation on cooling to the temperature range of the present experiments. It was found that the amount of lithium transformed to the low-temperature phase is not increased appreciably by cooling below 20 $^\circ$K, whereas the amount of sodium transformed is significantly increased on cooling below this temperature. After rapid cooling of the sodium sample to 3 $^\circ$K, spontaneous heating is observed in the temperature range 4 to 16 $^\circ$K; the total heat emitted being about 0.05 cal/gatom. This is believed to correspond to annealing out of some of the defects introduced by the martensitic transformation. By thermally cycling the sodium sample up to 90 $^\circ$K and back to 3 $^\circ$K, the martensitic transformation was partially inhibited and the specific heats below 30 $^\circ$K of the separated b.c.c. and h.c.p. phases were deduced, the low temperature limiting Debye temperatures being about 152.5 and 159 $^\circ$K, respectively.
TGF-β1: immunosuppressant and viability factor for T lymphocytes

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine with multiple roles in the immune system. To date, it has been difficult to develop a comprehensive picture of the effect of TGF-β on T lymphocytes, because TGF-β not only acts directly on T lymphocytes, but also acts indirectly by regulating the function of antigen-presenting cells. In early studies, it was mostly the inhibitory function of TGF-β that was demonstrated; recently, however TGF-β was recognized as an antiapoptotic survival factor for T lymphocytes. The outcome of the TGF-β effect on T lymphocytes was shown to strongly depend on their stage of differentiation and on the cytokine milieu. TGF-β cannot be classified as a classical Th1 or Th2 cytokine. However, recently the existence of the TGF-β-producing Th3 subset was described which might play an important regulatory role during an immune response. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of how TGF-β inhibits or stimulates T lymphocytes will help to predict the complex functions of this cytokine.
Holographic methods for imaging into volume media

Holographic methods for imaging into scattering volume media are described. The holography is carried out with light that has reduced coherence, either spatial coherence or temporal coherence or both, leading to either confocal imaging or photon migration imaging.
BEHAVIOR AND ENDOCRINE REGULATORS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

THE RESULTS of experimental studies made during the last 20 years in this and other laboratories on the spontaneous activity of animals, particularly of the common laboratory rat, have demonstrated the ability of animals to regulate their food and water intake to their internal needs under a great variety of normal and pathological conditions (1–4). Recently we have found that rats with various endocrine deficiencies can make dietary selections which compensate for their deficiencies. Until about 3 years ago such ability remained an interesting, isolated behavior phenomenon. But it is realised now that this ability can be understood in terms of a broad biological concept first stated in 1859 (5) by the great French physiologist, Claude Bernard—the concept of constant internal environment. Bernard distinguished an external environment, which surrounds all objects and with which we are all familiar, from an internal environment comprised of the fluids of the body which form the optimal habitat for living cells.
Scientific Uncertainties in the Studies of Salicylate Use and Reye's Syndrome

IN 1963, R. D. K. Reye and coworkers1first reported a syndrome of acute encephalopathy associated with the fatty degeneration of the viscera. After almost two decades of research, the etiology of this condition, now designated as "Reye's syndrome," remains obscure. Several recent studies2-6have implicated salicylates as a causal factor in Reye's syndrome. Based on these investigations, the Surgeon General of the United States issued an advisory against salicylate use for children with influenza or chickenpox.7In addition, the American Public Health Association and the Public Citizen Health Research Group advocated that warning labels should be required on products containing salicylates.8 A closer examination of the salicylate-Reye's syndrome studies discloses several questions about the validity of these investigations. In reviewing these studies, the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics enumerated a number of potential biases that may have occurred in these studies,
Diffusion Pathways for Electricity Deregulation

Quantitative studies of the diffusion ofpolicy innovations generally avoid cases where the appropriate governmental actor is ambiguous; this study focuses on just that context. An event-history analysis of U.S. electricity sector regulatory reforms involving both regulators and legislators between 1993 and 1999 is presented here. The interplay of branches and planes ofgovernment significantly influences this diffusion process, suggesting that diffusion researchers should more often focus explicitly on such dynamics.
The education and wages of immigrant children: the impact of age at arrival

Abstract Foreign-born children can attend American schools, but various immigration-related factors, such as language, and social acculturation, affect educational attainment. Age at arrival proxies for many of these factors, but the relationship between age at arrival and education is not empirically known for the nation’s immigrant children. Age at arrival also affects the percentage of total schooling attained in the US, and therefore immigrants with more US schooling will earn more if the returns to US schooling are greater than the returns to foreign schooling, holding total education constant. In addition, this study asks whether families with young children should be admitted prior to the start of the first grade so that immigrant children can attend American primary and secondary schools. Only for Mexican and Latin American immigrants is it the case that the benefit outweighs the costs of 12 years of primary and secondary education.
The declining effectiveness of Mexican fiscal policy

Abstract Many Mexican politicians blame the current economic crisis in their country on external conditions. While this may be true for part of the crisis, the current paper evaluates how much of the present debt problem was internally generated through Mexican fiscal policy. A set of distributed lag impact equations are estimated to measure the impact of government fiscal policy on the economy. Several conclusions are drawn about the mechanisms responsible for Mexico's current financial problems. Finally, several implications for future policy are suggested.
Glutamate and aspartate: alteration of thresholds and response patterns of auditory neurons.

Abstract Iontophoretic application of the excitant amino acids glutamate and aspartate onto neurons in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus results in a lowering of the threshold of response to auditory stimuli. Neurons that display ‘on’-type phasic responses to toneburst stimuli may become tonic, sustained responders with iontophoretic application of glutamate or aspartate. The ability of either glutamate or aspartate to effect changes in thresholds and response patterns of cochlear nucleus neurons is further evidence that one of these amino acids may be the afferent transmitter of the auditory nerve. The effects seen with these excitant amino acids may also provide insight into the underlying synaptic events involved in the generation of a particular response pattern.
Formation of YF3 Nanocrystals and Their Self-Assembly into Hollow Peanut-Like Structures

A simple hydrothermal route has been used to prepare hollow peanut-like structures of orthorhombic YF3 by using a suitable tetrafluroborate complex as the fluoride source. The as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Four tetrafluroborate complexesNaBF4, NH4BF4, KBF4, and HBF4were examined in this synthetic procedure. YF3 nanocrystals formed from NaBF4, NH4BF4, or KBF4 were found to self-assemble into hollow peanut-like structures. Time-dependent studies of the reactions have been conducted to reveal the morphological evolution, and the possible mechanistic pathways in the formation of the hollow structures are proposed.
On sieved orthogonal polynomials. IV. Generating functions

Abstract We study the structure of generating functions of sieved polynomials and their numerators. Examples and applications are mentioned.
Interfacing models of wildlife habitat and human development to predict the future distribution of puma habitat

The impact of human land uses on ecological systems typically differ relative to how extensively natural conditions are modified. Exurban development is intermediate-intensity residential development that often occurs in natural landscapes. Most species-habitat models do not evaluate the effects of such intermediate levels of human development and even fewer predict how future development patterns might affect the amount and configuration of habitat. We addressed these deficiencies by interfacing a habitat model with a spatially-explicit housing-density model to study the effect of human land uses on the habitat of pumas (Puma concolor) in southern California. We studied the response of pumas to natural and anthropogenic features within their home ranges and how mortality risk varied across a gradient of human development. We also used our housing-density model to estimate past and future housing densities and model the distribution of puma habitat in 1970, 2000, and 2030. The natural landscape for pumas ...
Wannier representation of Z 2 topological insulators

We consider the problem of constructing Wannier functions for ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological insulators in two dimensions. It is well known that there is a topological obstruction to the construction of Wannier functions for Chern insulators, but it has been unclear whether this is also true for the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$case. We consider the Kane-Mele tight-binding model, which exhibits both normal (${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-even) and topological (${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-odd) phases as a function of the model parameters. In the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-even phase, the usual projection-based scheme can be used to build the Wannier representation. In the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-odd phase, we do find a topological obstruction, but only if one insists on choosing a gauge that respects the time-reversal symmetry, corresponding to Wannier functions that come in time-reversal pairs. If, instead, we are willing to violate this gauge condition, a Wannier representation becomes possible. We present an explicit construction of Wannier functions for the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-odd phase of the Kane-Mele model via a modified projection scheme, followed by maximal localization, and confirm that these Wannier functions correctly represent the electric polarization and other electronic properties of the insulator.
Living well with stroke: design and methods for a randomized controlled trial of a psychosocial behavioral intervention for poststroke depression.

Background Depression is a sufficiently common sequela of a completed stroke to warrant intervention to improve mood, social, and functional outcome. Pharmacologic trials suggest short-term mood improvement from antidepressant treatment but no studies to date have determined whether these short-term gains can be enhanced and extended by a brief psychosocial/behavioral intervention delivered by advanced practice nurses. In addition, drug trials have not reported on functional outcomes such as limitations in ability, limitations in participation, and overall quality of survival. This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy of a new brief psychosocial/behavioral intervention adjunctive to antidepressant treatment in reducing poststroke depression and improving functional outcomes. Methods A total of 101 survivors of ischemic stroke with poststroke depression were randomly assigned to receive a brief psychosocial/behavioral intervention plus antidepressant or usual care, including antidepressants. Results The primary outcome was reduction in depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) at 12 months after stroke. Secondary outcomes were reductions in limitations in activity (Barthel Index), reduction in limitation in participation, and overall stroke impact (Stroke Impact Scale) at 6, 12, and 24 months poststroke. Factors influencing best response to psychosocial intervention were also explored. Conclusion This article provides detail on the design and treatment methods of this randomized trial in progress. Findings from this study provide important information regarding the long-term efficacy of such a behavioral intervention in reducing poststroke depression and subsequent impaired aspects of psychosocial and physical recovery.
Estimating Noise Variances by Using Multiple Observers

Unknown variances of the noises that excite a time-invariant, linear dynamic system and/or in the observation of its output can be estimated by use of multiple observers. One observer is needed, in general, for each unknown variance. Each observer is time invariant and has different gains from the others. It is shown that each unknown variance is a linear combination of the variances of the residuals of the observers. The required estimates of the noise variances are obtained by using the measured variances of the residuals. The method presented in this paper is illustrated by an application to determining noise parameters in a ring laser gyro.
"Alertness to International Business Opportunities: Firm Characteristics, Experience & Networks"

In response to calls for greater incorporation of entrepreneurship theory into international entrepreneurship research, we theorize that alertness to international business opportunities (IBOs) wil...
The Old and the New in the New Digital Literacies

Abstract This article argues that both traditional literacy (reading and writing print) and new digital literacies (for example, playing video games) come in two grades or forms, one of which can lead to success in the modern world and one of which is less likely to do so. In both cases, the role of “academic” or “specialist” language is crucial in distinguishing between the two grades
Nuclear antiferromagnetism in a registered 3He solid.

Recent heat-capacity measurements of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on graphite by Greywall and Busch are interpreted in terms of a triangular second-layer solid having \ensuremath{\surd}7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}7 registry with respect to the first adsorbed layer. The observed entropy change in the millikelvin region is well accounted for by an antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian in which only a subset of second-layer spins forming a Kagom\'e net are strongly coupled.
The immune system as a neural network: A multi-epitope approach

The term "neural network" has been applied to arrays of simple activation units linked by weighted connections. If the connections are modified according to a defined learning algorithm, such networks can be trained to store and retrieve patterned information. Memories are distributed throughout the network, allowing the network to recall complete patterns from incomplete input (pattern completion). The major biological application of neural network theory to date has been in the neurosciences, but the immune system may represent an alternative organ system in which to search for neural network architecture. Previous applications of parallel distributed processing to idiotype network theory have focused upon the recognition of individual epitopes. We argue here that this approach may be too restrictive, underestimating the power of neural network architecture. We propose that the network stores and retrieves large, complex patterns consisting of multiple epitopes separated in time and space. Such a network would be capable of perceiving an entire bacterium, and of storing the time course of a viral infection. While recognition of solitary epitopes occurs at the cellular level in this model, recognition of structures larger than the width of an antibody binding site takes place at the organ level, via network architecture integration of, i.e. individual epitope responses. The Oudin-Cazenave enigma, the sharing of idiotypic determinants by antibodies directed against distinct regions of the same antigen, suggests that some network level of integration of the individual clonal responses to large antigens does occur. The role of cytokines in prior neural network models of the immune system is unclear. We speculate that cytokines may influence the temperature of the network, such that changes in the cytokine milieu serve to "anneal" the network, allowing it to achieve the optimum steady-state in the shortest period of time.
Effects of Maternal Employment—Childrearing Pattern on College Students' Perceptions of a Mother and Her Child

This study examined college students' perceptions of different maternal employment-childrearing patterns: continuous employment after 6 weeks of maternity leave, interrupted employment until the child was in first grade, or nonemployment after the child's birth. Primarily Caucasian lower-middle-class volunteers (n = 200) from a public university read a description of a mother who followed one of these patterns. Results showed that the mother who was continuously employed was rated as less communal and was less positively evaluated than either the mother who interrupted her employment or the nonemployed mother. Further, her child was expected to experience more negative outcomes than the children of either of the other two mothers. Discussion focuses on social role theory and college students' role expectations.
Structural characterization of the E2 domain of APL-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of human amyloid precursor protein, and its heparin binding site

The amyloid β-peptide deposit found in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer disease is derived from a large heparin-binding protein precursor APP. The biological function of APP and its homologs is not precisely known. Here we report the x-ray structure of the E2 domain of APL-1, an APP homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, and compare it to the human APP structure. We also describe the structure of APL-1 E2 in complex with sucrose octasulfate, a highly negatively charged disaccharide, which reveals an unexpected binding pocket between the two halves of E2. Based on the crystal structure, we are able to map, using site-directed mutagenesis, a surface groove on E2 to which heparin may bind. Our biochemical data also indicate that the affinity of E2 for heparin is influenced by pH: at pH 5, the binding appears to be much stronger than that at neutral pH. This property is likely caused by histidine residues in the vicinity of the mapped heparin binding site and could be important for the proposed adhesive function of APL-1.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, NITROGEN SUPPLY, AND TISSUE NITROGEN ON AMMONIUM UPTAKE RATES OF THE CHLOROPHYTE SEAWEEDS ULVA CURVATA AND CODIUM DECORTICATUM1

Nitrogen uptake rates of Ulva curvata (Kutz.) de Toni (Ulvales) and Codium decorticatum (Woodw.) Howe (Caulerpales) grown under several N addition regimes were determined by perturbation and continuous mode techniques, and as N demand, by the product of growth rate and tissue N. Uptake rates are reported as the slope of rate vs. concentration curves in each case. N uptake rates of U. curvata were inversely correlated with tissue N and affected only slightly by temperature. There was no correlation of N uptake rate with tissue N in C. decorticatum. N uptake rates of C. decorticatum were affected by temperature but to a lesser degree than were growth rates. Neither N addition per se nor light affected N uptake capacity of either species. The proximal mechanism for seaweeds accumulation of N at low light and temperatures may be that N uptake is less limited by light and temperature than is growth. This in turn may partially compensate for the effects of reduced light and temperature on growth by increasing pigment and enzyme levels. Perturbation uptake rates were higher than continuous mode or N demand rates in Ulva but not in Codium. N uptake rates of Ulva were higher than those of Codium, but N storage capacities were lower. These two observations suggest that Ulva experiences a fundamentally more variable N supply than does Codium. This is consistent with the clarification of Ulva as an ephemeral form and of Codium as persistent. A seaweed's functional form therefore appears to influence the spectrum of resource variability available to it as well as its ability to persist in the environment.
Mythic facts and Herbert Blumer's work on race relations: A comment on Esposito and Murphy's article

Luigi Esposito and John Murphy (1999) have argued that research using Blumer's group position theory of race relations using statistical analysis of survey data research actually undermines Blumer's theory of race relations by ignoring its definitional and dynamic emphases, as well as its emphasis on human agency. Furthermore, they argue that surveys and other quantitative data are directly antithetical to Blumer's perspective and symbolic interaction in general, which instead supposedly espouse nongeneralizing, idiographic, interpretive methods, such as “sympathetic introspection.’ This commentary focuses on these latter points of their argument. I think Esposito and Murphy present questionable interpretations of Blumer's view of scientific concepts, of his methodological position, and symbolic interactionism. I first discuss Esposito and Murphy's depiction of Blumer's perspective as being “non-generalizing’ with a focus on the sensitizing-definitive continuum of concepts. Second, I address the question of whether Blumer, and symbolic interactionism in general, is antiquantitative. I conclude by noting the importance of this debate for understanding race relations as well as the present and future place of symbolic interactionism in sociology.
Receptors for luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in largest follicles of postpartum beef cows.

Follicles collected from cows destined to enter relatively normal or short luteal phases if induced to ovulate were compared for numbers of receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) in granulosal and thecal cells and for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in granulosal cells. Eleven suckled beef cows received ear implants of 6 mg norgestomet for 9 days (expected normal luteal phase) and 11 served as controls (expected short luteal phase). At 48 h after implants were removed (average 34 days postpartum), the ovary containing the largest follicle was identified by transrectal ultrasound and removed. The largest follicle was dissected free of surrounding ovarian stroma and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Thecal and granulosal cells were isolated, and numbers of receptors for LH and FSH in granulosal cells and for LH in thecal cells were quantified. Concentrations of estradiol were measured in follicular fluid. Both granulosal and thecal cells from norgestomet-treated cows had greater numbers of receptors for LH than did those from control cows (p<O.O1). Numbers of receptors for FSH in granulosal cells did not differ between treated and control cows. Follicles from norgestomet-treated cows were heavier (p<O.Ol) than follicles from control cows, mostly due to greater amounts of follicular fluid (p<O.O1). Concentrations of estradiol were higher in follicular fluid from the treated cows (p<O.05). It is suggested that increases in numbers of follicular receptors for LH and secretion of estradiol are integral components of a sequence of events by which norgestomet prepares follicles to become fully functional corpora lutea.
Frequency-independent equivalent circuit model for on-chip spiral inductors

A wide-band, physical and scalable 2-/spl Pi/ equivalent circuit model for on-chip spiral inductors is developed. Using frequency-independent RLC elements, it accurately captures R(f) and L(f) characteristics beyond the self-resonant frequency. This new model is fully compatible with both AC and transient analysis. Verification with measurement data demonstrates excellent scalability for a wide range of inductor configurations.
Light Chains, Casts, Sheets and Fibrils: Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Diseases and Immunotactoid/Fibrillary Glomerulopathy

Immunoglobulin (Ig)-mediated kidney disorders can be divided into those that result from deposition into the kidney of intact Ig molecules and those caused by components of Ig molecules—usually light chains or light chain fragments, and, less frequently, heavy chains or heavy chain fragments. In the intact Ig disorders, such as IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and anti–glomerular basement membrane disease, the Ig molecules are typically polyclonal and deposit either as pre-formed immune complexes or interact directly with kidney antigens. In contrast, in the disorders caused by Ig components, the pathogenic protein is usually produced by a clonal population of plasma cells or B lymphocytes and thus is monoclonal. Monoclonal light chains can impair kidney function in a variety of ways: (1) by depositing into the glomerular basement membrane and/or tubular basement membranes as in light-chain deposition disease, (2) by forming casts within tubular lumens as in myeloma cast nephropathy, (3) by directly injuring proximal tubule epithelial cells as in Fanconi syndrome, and (4) by forming fibrils high in -pleated sheet content that deposit in the basement membranes, mesangium, interstitium and vessels, as in light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. The subject of this Moving Points in Nephrology series is disorders associated with monoclonal Ig-mediated kidney disease and immunotactoid/fibrillary glomerulopathy. One might wonder why immunotactoid/fibrillary glomerulopathy is included in the series when, in this entity (or group of entities), the Ig component of the fibrils often appears not to be monoclonal and, in many cases, the fibrils contain intact Ig molecules rather than simply light chains or heavy chains. However, the fibril-forming capacity of the pathogenic protein(s) makes the disorder similar in an important respect to AL amyloidosis, and the morphologic uniformity of the fibrils within individual patients, as well as the presence of a lymphoproliferative disorder in some patients, raises the question of whether a monoclonal component is a critical factor in the formation of the fibrils. Although clearly not established, it is plausible that the apparent polyclonality of immunotactoid/ fibrillary glomerulopathy results from incorporation of Ig molecules into a fibril that has a monoclonal “core.”
An Altimeter for Mr. Escher's Stairway: A Comment on William H. Riker's “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions”

William Riker's article explains a central thesis of social choice theory with its author's characteristic vigor. The initial notion, first put forward some 195 years ago in Condorcet's Essai (1785) is this: Given three or more alternatives (say, laws or candidates) and three or more voters, majorities may march in circles even while individuals do not. The contemporary literature presents an essentially two-sided extension of Condorcet's little discovery: (i) that the Condorcet paradox can be avoided only at cost of violating some other reasonable-sounding axioms for social choice (viz., Arrow's theorem), and (ii) that under majority rule itself, cyclic majorities will be common, often large, generally without a single alternative immune to the process of cyclic dominance. This second range of findings, built up by Kramer, Plott, Fishburn, Bell, McKelvey, Schofield, and many others, tells us that the Condorcet paradox is no fluke, and therefore is not the dismissible "phantom" which Gordon Tullock used to make it out to be. It must be integrated with, not banished from, our understanding of political theory. This is what Riker tells us, and I agree. The question is to see why we should care about transitive consistency in liberal democratic (or any other) political theo ry.
Discovery of high-affinity peptide ligands for vancomycin.

Vancomycin, an important antibiotic against medically relevant gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, exerts its antibacterial effects by binding with moderate affinity to the C-terminal Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala motif (Kaa) of the bacterial cell wall peptide precursor. Essential for Kaa binding to vancomcyin is the free-carboxyl group on the terminal D-Ala in Kaa. In efforts to identify other Kaa-based peptides which bind vancomycin with higher affinity, we utilized our one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial library approach, a method which has been widely used to discover highly specific ligands against various receptors. In standard OBOC peptide libraries, the C-terminal end of the synthesized peptide is tethered to a solid-support/resin, however, this study reports development of a synthetic strategy for generating OBOC peptide libraries with a free D-Ala-D-Ala carboxyl end. We screened these “OBOC inverted” peptide libraries against vancomycin, and discovered a series of peptide ligands with strong consensus, which bind vancomycin. To further optimize these ligands, two highly focused Kaa-containing OBOC combinatorial peptidomimetic libraries were designed, synthesized, and screened against vancomycin under more stringent conditions. Peptidomimetic ligands which bind vancomycin with higher affinity than Kaa were identified. The dissociation constant of one of these ligands, Lys(Ac)-HOCit-Glu-Cha-Lys(3,5-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-Ala-D-Ala (9), as determined by surface plasmon resonance, was 1.03 μM, roughly a 50-fold improvement in affinity compared to Kaa (KD = 50 μM). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 421–432, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Late Quaternary eolian dust in surficial deposits of a Colorado Plateau grassland: Controls on distribution and ecologic effects

Abstract In a semi-arid, upland setting on the Colorado Plateau that is underlain by nutrient-poor Paleozoic eolian sandstone, alternating episodes of dune activity and soil formation during the late Pleistocene and Holocene have produced dominantly sandy deposits that support grass and shrub communities. These deposits also contain eolian dust, especially in paleosols. Eolian dust in these deposits is indicated by several mineralogic and chemical disparities with local bedrock, but it is most readily shown by the abundance of titaniferous magnetite in the sandy deposits that is absent in local bedrock. Magnetite and some potential plant nutrients (especially, P, K, Na, Mn, and Zn) covary positively with depth (3–4 m) in dune-crest and dune-swale settings. Magnetite abundance also correlates strongly and positively with abundances of other elements (e.g., Ti, Li, As, Th, La, and Sc) that are geochemically stable in these environments. Soil-property variations with depth can be ascribed to three primary factors: (1) shifts in local geomorphic setting; (2) accumulation of relatively high amounts of atmospheric mineral dust inputs during periods of land-surface stability; and (3) variations in dust flux and composition that are likely related to changes in dust-source regions. Shifts in geomorphic setting are revealed by large variations in soil texture and are also expressed by changes in soil chemical and magnetic properties. Variable dust inputs are indicated by both changes in dust flux and changes in relations among magnetic, chemical, and textural properties. The largest of these changes is found in sediment that spans late Pleistocene to early Holocene time. Increased dust inputs to the central Colorado Plateau during this period may have been related to desiccation and shrinkage of large lakes from about 12 to 8 ka in western North America that exposed vast surfaces capable of emitting dust. Soil properties that result from variable dust accumulation and redistribution in these surficial deposits during the late Quaternary are important to modern ecosystem dynamics because some plants today utilize nutrients deposited as long ago as about 12–15 ky and because variations in fine-grained (silt) sediment, including eolian dust, influence soil-moisture capacity.
Children with asthma: Assessment and treatment in school settings

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways. It affects approximately 12% of American children, and it appears that that incidence is increasing. Asthma in children negatively influences school-based outcomes such as absenteeism and friendship formation. Potential triggers of asthma include environmental allergens, exercise, weather, and emotional states. These lead to airway swelling and muscle constriction, which ultimately block airflow and impede breathing. In addition to medical treatments, the implementation of psychologically based interventions has been efficacious in school settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diesel Droplet Diffusion in Isotropic Turbulence With Digital Holographic Cinematography

High-speed in-line digital holographic cinematography was used to investigate the diffusion of droplets in locally isotropic turbulence. Droplets of diesel fuel (0.3–0.9mm diameter, specific gravity of 0.85) were injected into a 37×37×37mm3 sample volume located in the center of a 160-liter tank. The turbulence was generated by 4 spinning grids, located symmetrically in the corners of the tank, and was characterized prior to the experiments. The sample volume was back illuminated with two perpendicular collimated beams of coherent laser light and time series of in-line holograms were recorded with two high-speed digital cameras at 500 frames/sec. Numerical reconstruction generated a time series of high-resolution images of the droplets throughout the sample volume. We developed an algorithm for automatically detecting the droplet trajectories from each view, for matching the two views to obtain the three-dimensional tracks, and for calculating the time history of velocity. We also measured the mean fluid motion using 2-D PIV. The data enabled us to calculate the Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation function.Copyright © 2005 by ASME