cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REGULAR STRUCTURES IN MEMBRANES: I. Membranes in the Endocytic Complex of Ileal Epithelial Cells

An "apical endocytic complex" in the ileal lining cells of suckling rats is described. The complex consists of a continuous network of membrane-limited tubules which originate as invaginations of the apical plasma membrane at the base of the microvilli, some associated vesicles, and a giant vacuole. The lumenal surface of this tubular network of membranes and associated vesicles is covered with a regular repeating particulate structure. The repeating unit is an approximately 7.5-nm diameter particle which has a distinct subunit structure composed of possibly nine smaller particles each approximately 3 nm in diameter. The approximately 7.5-nm diameter particles are joined together with a center-to-center separation of approximately 15 nm to form long rows. These linear aggregates, when arranged laterally, give rise to several square and oblique two-dimensional lattice arrangements of the particles which cover the surface of the membrane. Whether a square or oblique lattice is generated depends on the center-to-center separation of the rows and on the relative displacement of the particles in adjacent rows. Four membrane faces are revealed by fracturing frozen membranes of the apical tubules and vesicles: two complementary inner membrane faces exposed by the fracturing process and the lumenal and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces revealed by etching. The outer membrane face reveals a distinct array of membrane particles. This array also sometimes can be seen on the outer (B) fracture face and is sometimes faintly visible on the inner (A) fracture face. Combined data from sectioned, negatively stained, and freeze-etched preparations indicate that this regular particulate structure is a specialization that is primarily localized in the outer half of the membrane mainly in the outer leaflet.
Characterization and superconducting properties of phases in the Bi–Sr–Cu–O system

Phase formation in the system Bi–Sr–Cu–O has been examined as a function of composition, temperature, ambient atmosphere, cooling history, and annealing time. Ceramic processing and melt crystallization techniques were used. For the ceramic materials (using Bi2O3, SrCO3, and CuO) processed at 700 °C in air the Bi2Sr2CuO6 composition (221) crystallizes to a mixture of CuO, SrCO3, and the rhombohedral Bi2O3 · xSrO solid solution. At 800–830 °C in air for short durations (5 min to 2 h) the reacted products consist principally of the ideal 221 phase with minor amounts of CuO. For longer reaction times (2–400 h) the reacted products consist of the ideal 221-type structure with c = 24.64 A and a = 3.804 A, a “collapsed” 221 structure with c = 23.6 A, and CuO. With increasing reaction time the “collapsed” 221 phase grows gradually at the expense of the ideal 221 phase. The “collapsed” 221 phase is not an oxycarbonate and appears to be a distinct ternary compound near the 221 composition, with a layered structure having a 1 A smaller stacking repeat. The ideal 221 phase is a solid solution with variable Sr content. With decreasing Sr in the starting mixture [2 to 1.25 atoms per formula unit (afu)] we observe the following: (1) the formation of the “collapsed” 221 structure is inhibited; (2) for the ideal 221 phase the c-cell dimension decreases significantly (0.2 A) and the a-cell dimension increases slightly (0.02 A); (3) the low temperature resistivity behavior changes from superconducting with Tc onset of 6 K for Sr>1.5 afu to semiconducting for Sr > 1.5 afu; (4) the positions of the superlattice peaks around the (001) reflections become more incommensurate with respect to the parent structure. Rapid quenching (<5 s) from temperatures near the melting point (900 °C) can raise the superconducting Tc onset to 9 K. Independent of the cell variation with Sr content, quenching causes the c-cell dimension to expand by 0.03 A on average while the a-cell dimension remains invariant. A small number of oxygen vacancies are quenched in from high temperature, and presumably originate in the Bi2O2 layer. As grown from the melt, crystals of the ideal 221 phase exhibit semiconducting behavior at low temperature; but with an additional high-temperature anneal in oxygen, metallic resistivity is restored with a superconducting onset near 5 K. Ca doping does not increase Tc in the ideal 221 phase. La and Y substitution occurs for Sr in the ideal 221 phase and ruins superconductivity.
The Role of Children in Eastern European Families

This study examines the additive effect of attitudes towards gender roles and importance of marriage on the centrality of children in seven East European countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, the former East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia using the data from the 1994 International Social Science Survey (ISSP). Results support country related differences in participants' attitudes about gender roles, marriage and children. The results show former East Germany as being the most egalitarian country, Bulgaria and Hungary as the most traditional ones, and Poland, Slovenia, Russia and Czech Republic in between. A model of the dynamics among attitudes towards gender roles, importance of marriage and the centrality of children was tested for the goodness-of-fit using structural equation models (AMOS 4.0) techniques by the method of maximum likelihood. The goodness-of-fit provided evidence that the hypothesised model was stable. The results indicated that attitudes towards gender roles and marriage have a strong impact on attitudes toward children.
A Molecular Model of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein on the surface of myelin sheaths. It is a putative target of the autoimmune attack in the inflammatory and demyelinating CNS disease multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. MOG belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), and its extracellular N-terminal domain contains many conserved IgSF consensus residues seen in immunoglobulin variable region folds. The aim of the present study was to create a molecular model of the extracellular N-terminal domain of mouse MOG. No crystal structure is yet available of MOG, and thus a molecular model would be useful in providing insight into its structure and binding characteristics. Molecular graphics techniques and molecular dynamics with secondary structure-based restraints were used in the construction and refinement of the MOG model. Regions of high prediction confidence were identified, and possible glycosylation, dimerization, complement binding, and antibody-binding regions in MOG were mapped and analyzed.
Influence of Spartina and Juncus on Saltmarsh Sediments. I. Pore Water Geochemistry

Abstract The influence of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemarianus on saltmarsh sediment pore water geochemistry was investigated during summer at four sites in a saltmarsh on Sapelo Island, GA, USA. Pore waters were collected from each site at 1–2 cm intervals, to a depth of 50 cm, and analyzed for pH, alkalinity, dissolved manganese, ferric iron, ferrous iron, total sulfide, sulfate, phosphate, ammonium, calcium, magnesium and potassium. The most compressed vertical redox stratification occurs at a short Spartina site, followed closely by an adjacent Juncus site. Both sites have shallow oxic and suboxic zones, with sulfidic conditions only a few centimeters or less from the sediment water interface. The densely vegetated Juncus site is inferred to have greater primary productivity and organic matter turnover compared to the short Spartina site. More radial oxygen loss is postulated to occur in the subsurface of the Juncus site, leading to reoxidation of reduced species, more acidic conditions and less accumulation of dissolved sulfide, ammonium and oxidizable-Fe in the solid phase compared to the adjacent short Spartina site. A creekside site vegetated by tall Spartina has the most oxidized sediments, followed by an adjacent unvegetated site. Both of these sites are dominated by suboxic pore waters in most of the upper 50 cm. Subsurface injection of oxygen via roots at the densely vegetated tall Spartina site is inferred to create more acidic pore waters with significantly less accumulation of reduced solutes, including ammonium and alkalinity, compared to the adjacent unvegetated creekside site. Fe and Mn reduction are expected to be significant processes in the bulk near-surface sediments of the tall Spartina and unvegetated sites and within rhizosphere sediments at the tall Spartina and Juncus sites. This study demonstrates the significant influence of Juncus roemarianus and Spartina alterniflora on saltmarsh sediment pore water geochemistry, with important implications for nutrient and trace metal mobility and bioavailability. Future work is needed to explore differences in organic matter concentration and especially lability in the subsurface of saltmarsh sites with varying types and densities of vegetation.
More 3-manifolds with multiple knot-surgery and branched-cover descriptions

For any integer N ≽ 3 we will construct a 3-manifold which can be described as + 1 surgery on N distinct knots in S3. We will also give examples of 3-manifolds which are N-fold cyclic branched covers of S3 over 2 distinct knots. Brakes (2) discovered the first examples of 3-manifolds with multiple knot surgery descriptions. Our construction is much different and follows directly from the construction used by Lickerish (6) to describe a manifold which has 2 distinct knot surgery descriptions. Giller (5) has given examples of 3-manifolds which arise as cyclic branched covers over distinct knots in S3. Qur construction is similar, but the knots are much easier to distinguish, being iterated torus knots.
Large-Eddy Simulation for Turbulent Heat Transfer

The paper gives an overview of different components of conducting large-eddy simulations (LES) for convective heat transfer in practical applications. Subgrid stress models, wall models, and the generation of inlet turbulent boundary conditions are highlighted. For application to complex high Reynolds number flows, a two-layer LES wall model is used together with a synthetic eddy method (SEM) for generating turbulent inlet conditions for developing flows. Representative results highlighting LES predictions are given in a dimpled fin arrangement relevant to compact heat exchangers, in a simulated leading edge film cooling geometry, and in a developing ribbed duct and 180 deg turn relevant to turbine blade cooling. The use of LES wall modeling with the SEM is shown in an experimental can combustor with swirl, and finally a simulation which combines Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) with wall modeled LES and SEM to predict combustor linear heat transfer is highlighted. It is shown that the combined use of these techniques can reduce computational time by at least an order of magnitude for developing flows. In all cases, predictions of mean turbulent quantities and heat transfer coefficients compare favorably with experiments.
Structural Studies of the Hexakis(pyridazine)cobalt(II) and Hexakis(pyridazine)ruthenium(II) Ions as their Hexafluorophosphate and Tetraphenylborate Salts

The new [Co(pydz)6]2+ ion (pydz = pyridazine) has been prepared by a straightforward route in aqueous solution, and isolated as its hexafluorophosphate salt. The salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 18.4796(3) A, b = 10.6846(2) A, c = 16.3404(2) A, β = 92.0518(11)o, V = 3224.30(9) A3, Dcalc = 1.709 at 150(1) K. The dication has crystallographically imposed 2 symmetry. The analogous, previously reported ruthenium complex ion could be isolated as its tetraphenylborate salt following the reaction of [RuCl2(1,5-COD)] x ·(COD = cyclooctadiene) with pyridazine in the presence of hydrogen gas. This salt also crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 17.8441(3) A, b = 19.8693(4) A, c = 38.4545(7) A, β = 95.4231(6)o, V = 13573.0(4) A3, Dcalc = 1.321 at 150(1) K. The hexakis(pyridazine)metal dications of cobalt and ruthenium have been synthesized and structurally characterized.
On the Flow-Shop Sequencing Problem with No Wait in Process†

The optimization problem of minimizing the completion time in flow-shop sequencing with an environment of no intermediate storage is considered. Application of this problem in computer systems is pointed out and techniques are developed to solve the problem.
Data management perspectives on business process management: tutorial overview

Traditional approaches to Business Process Management (BPM) focus primarily on the process aspects, and treat the persistent data accessed and manipulated by the business processes as second class citizens. A recent approach to BPM, based on "business artifacts", is centered on a modeling framework that places data and process on an equal footing. The approach has been shown useful in various application domains, and one variant of business artifacts forms the basis of the emerging OMG Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN) standard. Research results have been developed around conceptual models, enterprise interoperation, business intelligence, and verification. This data-centric approach has the potential to provide the basis for a new generation of BPM technology in support of diverse application, and fueled by the insights into abstraction and data management that have been the hallmark of database research since the 70's.
Development and evaluation of extended release bioadhesive sodium fluoride tablets

Localized fluoride delivery to the oral cavity is important in caries prevention. However, no current marketed dosage forms deliver fluoride for an extended period. This work describes the effect of poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) mixed calcium/sodium salt (Gantrez MS), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000) and Carbopol 934 (C934) on the in vitro dissolution and ex vivo bioadhesion of sodium fluoride matrix tablets. Dissolution was studied using USP Apparatus 2 and a low volume (3.1 ml), low flow (0.5 ml/min) dissolution apparatus. In both apparatus, the percent drug dissolved at 2, 4 and 8 h was found to be statistically dependent on the fractions of Gantrez MS and NaCMC. The interaction term was significant at 2 and 4 h (probability > (t) of less than 0.05). Ex vivo bioadhesion was studied using excised bovine gingiva and a TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer. Peak bioadhesive force and work of bioadhesion were found to be statistically dependent on the fractions of Gantrez MS and NaCMC with no interaction (probability > (t) of less than 0.01). Results indicate that bioadhesive matrix fluoride tablets of these mixtures can be designed to exhibit both bioadhesive and extended release properties.
Range query processing in multi-objective networks

The class of spatial query over the networks has been extensively studied in the past decade. However, most of the current research focuses on the single objective solution, which is based on the optimization of one objective function. In this paper, we propose a framework to address one type of the multi-objective spatial query problems (i.e., the range query) on the road networks. Towards this end, we utilize a filtering and refinement paradigm to significantly prune the search space and localize the expensive refinement operation within a small candidate space. We experimentally verified the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method with real world datasets.
What Desktop Publishing Can Teach Professional Writing Students about Publishing.

Desktop publishing is a meta-technology that allows professional writing students access to the production phase of publishing―which is crucial to readers' perception of the writer's text, yet is almost never controlled by the writer. Desktop publishing offers the most convenient means of giving students hands-on practice in preparing text for printing and in learning how that preparation affects the visual meaning of documents
Electroactive polymers: an emerging technology for MEMS

Electroactive polymer (EAP) transducers are an emerging technology with many features that are desirable for MEMS devices. These advantages include simple fabrication in a variety of size scales, and ruggedness due to their inherent flexibility. Dielectric elastomer, a type of EAP transducer that couples the deformation of a rubbery polymer film to an applied electric field, shows particular promise because it can produce high strain and energy density, high efficiency and fast speed of response, and inherent environmental tolerance. A variety of proof-of-principle dielectric elastomer actuator configurations have been demonstrated at the small size scales needed for MEMS devices, including rolled "artificial muscle" actuators for insect-inspired microrobots, framed and bending beam actuators for efficient opto-mechanical switches, diaphragm and enhanced-thickness-mode actuators for microfluidic pumps, and valves and arrays of diaphragms for haptic displays. Several challenges remain for EAPs, including integration with driving electronics, and operational lifetime.
The crisis of the state in a globalizing world

Abstract The sovereign territorial state now appears to have been a contingent product of a particular time and space—early modern Europe. In fact, it is a very distorted view of even the Westphalian era not to recognize that it was always at least as much about empires as it was about states. Looking back, the entire Westphalian era is but a small slice of human history that itself has been quite varied and is still in transition—if not transformation—in our present globalizing era. The state is increasingly challenged and enfeebled today, and the world is witnessing a widespread crisis and decentralization of authority. Actors other than states have more and more influence and control over specific issues, but still are a long way from enjoying the legitimacy established states once had. Remarks for a Plenary Roundtable at the First Global International Studies Conference, Istanbul Bilgi University, 24–27 August 2005, with H. N. Suleyman Demirel, former President of the Republic of Turkey, and chaired b...
Score Test for Zero Inflated Generalized Poisson Regression Model

In certain applications involving count data, it is sometimes found that zeros are observed with a frequency significantly higher (lower) than predicted by the assumed model. Examples of such applications are cited in the literature from engineering, manufacturing, economics, public health, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, political science, agriculture, road safety, species abundance, use of recreational facilities, horticulture and criminology. In this article, a zero adjusted generalized Poisson distribution is studied and a score test is developed, with and without covariates, to determine whether such an adjustment is necessary. Examples, with and without covariates, are provided to illustrate the results.
Dynamic spin behavior of superfluid /sup 3/He in the presence of textures

Leggett's equations describing the dynamic spin behavior of superfluid /sup 3/He in the bulk are extended to situation involving inhomogeneous samples. The resulting formalism yields not only the resonant frequencies but the absorption weights as well. The case of /sup 3/He-A in a ''slab'' geometry is examined in some detail.
qPCR assays to quantify genes and gene expression associated with microbial perchlorate reduction

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting cld (developed in this work) and pcrA (previously described) were used to quantify these perchlorate-related genes in a perchlorate-reducing enrichment culture. Transcript copies were quantified in perchlorate-reducing Rhodocyclaceae strain JDS4. Oxygen and nitrate inhibited expression of cld and pcrA.
Animal personality and health

Summary Animal models are used to study the physiological mechanisms underlying disease progression. In this paper, I examine the benefits of using animal models to study how personality or stable individual differences (in behavior and physiology) influence disease susceptibility and resilience. Such an expansion of animal model use, to study the relationships among personality, physiology, and health, provides a unique complement to human studies. Human studies are necessarily correlational and involve minimally-invasive physiological measures, whereas animal studies can involve experimental manipulations of potentially causal variables. For example, with animal models, genetic and environmental precursors of personality can be manipulated to test how behavioral response biases affect health, and physiological parameters can be manipulated to observe resulting changes in behavioral traits and health. In addition to these experimental benefits, lifespan longitudinal studies can be conducted with short-lived animal models to address cumulative, potentially subtle effects of personality on health. In general, animal models allow for greater in-depth analyses of physiological processes underlying relationships between personality and health, and a means for determining causal mechanisms.
The Positive Political Economy of Instrument Choice in Environmental Policy

Abstract In the realm of environmental policy instrument choice, there is great divergencebetween the recommendations of normative economic theory and positive political reality.Four gaps stand out. First, despite the advantages of market-based policy instruments, theyhave been used to a minor degree, compared with conventional, command-and-controlinstruments. Second, pollution-control standards have typically been much more stringent fornew than for existing sources, despite the inefficiency of this approach. Third, in the fewinstances in which market-based instruments have been adopted, they have nearly always takenthe form of grandfathered tradeable permits, rather than auctioned permits or pollution taxes,despite the advantages in some situations of these other instruments. Fourth, the politicalattention given to market-based environmental policy instruments has increased dramatically inrecent years. We search for explanations for these four apparent anomalies by drawing uponintellectual traditions from economics, political science, and law. We find that all fit quite wellwithin an equilibrium framework, based upon the metaphor of a political market. In general,explanations from economics tend to refer to the demand for environmental policy instruments,while explanations from political science refer to the supply side. Overall, we find that thereare compelling theoretical explanations for the four apparent anomalies, although thesetheories have yet to be empirically verified.JEL Classification Nos. : L51, H11, P16, K32, Q28
Talking About Race, Learning About Racism : The Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the Classroom

The inclusion of race-related content in college courses often generates emotional responses in students that range from guilt and shame to anger and despair. The discomfort associated with these emotions can lead students to resist the learning process. Based on her experience teaching a course on the psychology of racism and an application of racial identity development theory, Beverly Daniel Tatum identifies three major sources of student resistance to talking about race and learning about racism, as well as some strategies for overcoming this resistance.
Effects of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam rice seed treatments on egg numbers and first instar survival of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

ABSTRACT Effects of treatment of rice seeds with an anthranilic diamide, chlorantraniliprole, and a neonicotinoid, thiamethoxam, on egg laying and first instar survival in rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, were examined under greenhouse conditions. Exposure of adult weevils to rice (6–7 leaf stage) grown from seeds treated with chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam resulted in reduction in numbers of eggs and first instars. The low egg numbers by adults exposed to chlorantraniliprole-treated plants was confirmed as a sublethal effect on adults: adult survival was not impacted after 4 d of feeding on foliage from chlorantraniliprole-treated plants but the number of eggs laid by these weevils was reduced when released on untreated plants. Furthermore, a comparison of first instar emergence from chlorantraniliprole-treated plants and from untreated plants infested with weevils previously exposed to this chemical suggested that chlorantraniliprole was also reducing egg or first instar survi...
Quasi-Static Field Computation in Inhomogeneous Axisymmetric Conducting and Magnetic Materials

A unique computational approach is described and validated for predicting the penetration of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields through a finite length cylindrical structure composed of inhomogeneous magnetic and/or conducting materials. This method couples a special azimuthal field finite element formulation within the inhomogeneous cylindrical shell to cylindrical harmonic expansions both inside and outside of the shell. Comparisons are made for homogeneous material shielding calculations performed using harmonic expansions in all regions
Interactions of fluorescent analogs of adenine nucleotides with coupling factor protein isolated from spinach chloroplasts.

The coupling factor protein (CF,) of photosynthetic membranes plays a central role in the process of energy transduction [l-3]. We have studied the interaction of this enzyme with its proposed substrates (i.e., AMP, ADP and ATP; ref. [4,5] ) by using their fluorescent analogs EAMP, EADP and EATP [6]). Some spectroscopic properties of these fluorophores and their biological activities (with other enzymes) have been described [7-lo] . Moreover, it has been demonstrated that EADP acts nearly as well as ADP as substrate for photophosphorylation (11; unpublished observations of the authors). We report here the first use of the fluorescence properties of the e-adenine analogs in studying their interaction with the CF1 enzyme isolated from spinach chloroplasts. We have shown that EADP and eATP, but not EAMP, bind to purified CF1, that differences in binding exist depending on whether the associated divalent cation is Mg* + or Ca* +, and that orthophosphate reduces the level of Mg*‘-dependent binding of EADP to CFI .
POLLEN FLOW IN LYTHRUM JUNCEUM, A TRISTYLOUS SPECIES

SUMMARY Studies of the pollen loads present on stigmas of flowers of the self-incompatible tristylous Lythrum junceum in Morocco indicate that the position of the stigma has an important effect on the proportion of pollen from long-level anthers that is deposited on the stigmas. The greatest amount of large pollen from the longest set of stamens is found on stigmas of long-styled flowers. Because of the inability to discriminate between small pollen grains from mid-level anthers and those from short-level anthers it is not clear how stigma position may influence the distribution of these small pollen grains. In the Moroccan population studied, plants with long-, mid-, and short-styled flowers are present in a 1:1:1 ratio. The chief pollinator during the period of study was the honey bee, Apis mellifera, which preferentially removes large pollen grains from flowers. Longs and Mids produce approximately equal numbers of pollen grains per flower, and Shorts produce c. 77% of the pollen of each of these two forms. Acetolysis of stigmas provides more accurate estimates of stigmatic pollen loads than does microscopic examination of intact stigmas, although the proportional representation of the two size classes of pollen is similar with either method. This study represents the first published analysis of pollen flow in a tristylous species within its native range and suggests that tristyly serves to promote compatible pollinations, thus supporting the classical interpretation of the biological significance of tristyly.
High-temperature superconductive thin films

The material and physical properties of the new high-temperature copper oxide superconductors relevant to electronic device applications are reviewed. The various approaches to their synthesis in useful thin-film form are discussed and the properties of films made by the various techniques are compared, as are results from the principal high-temperature superconductors. It is argued that, because of the strong anisotropy and poor conduction across grain boundaries typical of these materials, only well-textured films will generally be useful in electronic applications. The utility of the bulk critical current density as an entry-level figure of merit for any film is emphasized. >
Surgical management of complex and tunnel-like subaortic stenosis

Background: Relief of primary or secondary subaortic stenosis (SAS) remains a surgical challenge. Heart block, aortic valve regurgitation and recurrent obstruction have been persistent problems. Methods: Forty six patients who underwent surgery for complex and tunnel-like SAS between January 1990 and November 1998 were reviewed. In 45 of the 46 patients SAS developed following repair of a primary congenital heart defect and only one patient presented with de novo tunnel-like SAS. Fifteen of the 45 patients had undergone repair of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) and the remaining 30 had undergone repair of a variety of defects. The median age at the time of surgery was 5 years. The modified Konno procedure was performed in 15 patients, Konno procedure in three, Ross‐Konno procedure in two and resection of the conal septum in 12 patients. Five patients with DORV underwent replacement of the intraventricular baffle and two patients underwent an aortic valve-preserving procedure in conjunction with mitral valve replacement. Results: There were no deaths. None of the patients had an exacerbation of aortic regurgitation and none developed complete heart block. The median follow-up was 3 years (range 1 month‐8.5 years). Two patients developed recurrent SAS defined as a gradient of 40 mmHg or greater diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography. Freedom from SAS at 1, 3 and 5 years was 100, 94 and 86%, respectively. Conclusions: We favor the modified Konno procedure and conal resection to the Konno or the Ross procedure, since insertion of a prosthetic valve or homograft is avoided and aortic valve function is preserved. Excellent relief of tunnel-like SAS can be achieved without damage to the conduction tissue. q 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
The study of presheath instabilities in two ion species plasmas

Summary form only given. The presheath is a region of weak electric field that accelerates ions into the sheath at the plasma boundary. When the plasma consists of two ion species of different masses, ion-ion two-stream instability can be excited by two ion streams with different drift velocities that are created in the presheath. The experiments were performed in multi-dipole DC plasmas with He-Ar gas mixtures (P/sub total//spl ges/1.0 mTorr, n/sub e//spl ges/1/spl times/10/sup 9/ cm/sup -3/, T/sub e//spl les/2 eV). The ion concentration of each species was determined by measuring ion acoustic wave phase velocity and electron temperature in the bulk region. Instabilities changing with different partial pressure, positions and discharge current were observed by using a cylindrical probe and a spectrum analyzer. Since charge exchange dominated in our presheath, the ion temperature increased approaching the sheath-presheath boundary. A fluid and a kinetic dispersion relation taking the ion temperature into account are applied and compared to describe these instabilities.
Beyond the Trenches: Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s Literary Response to the First World War

Abstract: Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s short stories about the First World War constitute a rare case of a Ukrainian woman writing on one of the greatest catastrophes in modern history, a subject neglected even in Ukraine. Drawing on recent scholarship on First World War literature, this research proves that Kobylians'ka’s war stories deserve a re-evaluation, not as long-ignored curiosities from the pen of Ukraine’s most sophisticated writer of the time, but as insightful psychological studies of Western Ukrainians and as valuable cultural documents that present an original perspective on the common European experience of 1914-1918. The article pays particular attention to Kobylians'ka’s creative assessment of the Austrian and Russian treatment of Western Ukrainians during different stages of the First World War, which exposes anew fatal political weaknesses in Europe’s old imperial order and facilitates a better understanding of why Ukrainians, like many other ethnic groups in Europe without a state of their own, began to pursue their national goals more aggressively as the war progressed. Alongside popular texts, such as “Na zustrich doli” (“To Meet Their Fate,” 1917), “Iuda” (“Judas,” 1917), and “Lyst zasudzhenoho voiaka do svoiei zhinky” (“A Letter from a Convicted Soldier to His Wife,” 1917), this article examines Kobylians'ka’s three little-known stories—“Lisova maty” (“The Forest Mother,” 1915), “Shchyra liubov” (“Sincere Love,” 1916), and “Vasylka” (“Vasylka,” 1922)—thus presenting the most complete analysis of Kobylians'ka’s war fiction in any language. Keywords: Modernist Literature, Literature of the First World War, Women Writings of the First World War, Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s War Fiction
The role of disturbance severity and canopy closure on standing crop of understory plant species in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona, USA

Concerns about the long-term sustainability of overstocked dry conifer forests in western North America have provided impetus for treatments designed to enhance their productivity and native biodiversity. Dense forests are increasingly prone to large stand-replacing fires; yet, thinning and burning treatments, especially combined with other disturbances such as drought and grazing, may enhance populations of colonizing species, including a number of non-native species. Our study quantifies plant standing crop of major herbaceous species across contrasting stand structural types representing a range in disturbance severity in northern Arizona. The least disturbed unmanaged ponderosa pine stands had no non-native species, while non-native grasses constituted 7–11% of the understory plant standing crop in thinned and burned stands. Severely disturbed wildfire stands had a higher proportion of colonizing native species as well as non-native species than other structural types, and areas protected from grazing produced greater standing crop of native forbs compared to grazed unmanaged stands. Standing crop of understory plants in low basal area thinned and burned plots was similar to levels on wildfire plots, but was comprised of fewer non-native graminoids and native colonizing plants. Our results also indicate that size of canopy openings had a stronger influence on standing crop in low basal area plots, whereas tree density more strongly constrained understory plant standing crop in dense stands. These results imply that treatments resulting in clumped tree distribution and basal areas <10 m 2 ha 1 will be more successful in restoring native understory plant biomass in dense stands. Multiple types and severity of disturbances, such as thinning, burning, grazing, and drought over short periods of time can create greater abundance of colonizing species. Spreading thinning and burning treatments over time may reduce the potential for non-native species colonization compared to immediately burning thinned stands.
Development Platform for Floating-Point Analog-to-Digital Converters

The floating-point analog-to-digital converter (FPADC) is an extended version of the fixed-point ADC being designed to deal with a broader dynamic range of signals while exhibiting a smaller relative quantization error. Since the FPADC is characterized by a high relative precision, it requires high-precision high-speed components. The cost of these high precision high-speed components limits the availability of FPADCs to high-priced designs. Several architectures of floating-point analog-to-digital converters (FPADC) were reported in the last years (Yang et al., 1999). Since FPADCs are usually tailored for specific applications, and since their design is a highly resource consuming process, there is a need for a flexible development platform. An emulator platform, described in this paper, been conceived and built for the emulation of this class of ADC's. This development environment allows for the tuning of the FP-ADC architectures and their parameters before starting the design process, such they best fit envisaged applications. This paper presents the complete architecture and the implementation of this hardware/software development environment for FP-ADCs
High temperature operation of long-wavelength infrared superlattice detector with supressed dark current

Superlattice (SL) photodetectors operating with a cutoff wavelength of λ = 10 µm are demonstrated to respond up to a temperature of T=140 K with a nonunity gain enabling a high responsivity of ℜ=25 A/W. The improvement in detector performance is achieved by the optimisation of SL heterodiode design in which suppression of dark current is realised without significant impact on the photocurrent.
Community Psychology, Evaluation, and Social Critique:

Community psychology blends psychological science, a community-level perspective on social issues, and a social justice orientation. Despite important difference between community psychology and program evaluation, program evaluation is a key component of many community psychologists’ practice and holds a central place in my own. In this essay, I reflect on the contributions of my community psychology training to my evaluation practice, which has centered on social justice issues primarily of HIV prevention and care and gay, bisexual, lesbian, and transgender concerns in communities of color. I also highlight tension between being a community psychologist as an advocate of justice and as an evaluator.
Material Optimization for Concentrated Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal Co-Generation

We conducted an analytic study of concentrated solar photovoltaic and hot water co-generation based on various solar cell technologies and micro channel heat sinks. By co-optimizing the electricity generation and heat transport in the system, one can minimize the cost of the key materials and compare different tradeoffs as a function of concentration ratio or other parameters. Concentrated solar Photovoltaic (PV) based on multi junction cells can yield around 35–40% efficiency. They are suitable for high photon energy flux and they are already available in the market. However, due to high heat fluxes at large concentrations, such as 100–1000 Suns, heat sinks could be costly in terms of material mass, space, energy for pumping fluid, and system complexity. In addition, since the efficiency of solar cells decreases as the ambient temperature increases, there is a tradeoff between electricity and hot water cogeneration. Similar to our previous analysis of thermoelectric (TE) and hot water co-generation, PV/solar thermal system is also optimized. The results are compared with thermoelectric systems as a function of the concentration ratio. The solar concentrated co-generation system using either PV or TE for direct electricity generation collects more than 80% of solar energy when it is optimized. We calculate the overall cost minima as a function of concentration ratio. Although there are some differences between PV and TE, the optimum concentration ratio for the system is in the range of 100–300 Suns for both.© 2011 ASME
Handover performance of dynamic load balancing schemes in cellular networks

In this paper, we propose to use a dynamic load balancing scheme that utilizes fixed relay stations placed in a cellular geographical coverage area to improve the handover performance in cellular networks. To this end, we develop closed-form performance expressions and derive the handover dropping probability in terms of the main system parameters, such as the new call and handover arrival rates, the number of fixed and load-balancing channels per cell, the load balancing probability for new and handover calls, etc. Our results show that by employing a dynamic load balancing scheme, not only the new call blocking probability, but also the handover dropping probability can be improved substantially, without reserving any channels or assigning any priority to handover calls. In fact, employing dynamic load balancing without any guard channels outperforms a conventional system that employs the well-known guard channel method (GCM).
A method for improved transducer performance from 20 MHz to 100 MHz considering the effects of output impedance of a high frequency pulser

A major assumption frequently made by transducer engineer is that the output impedance of the pulse drive waveform is below 50 /spl Omega/ across the entire frequency spectrum. However, this is not the case and the output impedance has a reactive component that may considerable affect transducer center frequency and bandwidth. The pulse echo response of a 80 MHz LiNO/sub 3/ transducer was measured with and without an auto-transformer attached to the pulser. Improved transducer performance was shown.
New Species of Platymantis (Anura: Ranidae) from New Ireland

Abstract We describe a new species of Platymantis from the Weitin River Valley on the southern tip of New Ireland in the southwest Pacific, bringing to seven the number of native frogs known from that island. We also briefly report on the ecology of the four species of Platymantis occurring on New Ireland and comment on the biogeography of the frog fauna.
Settlement Ethics and Lawyering in ADR Proceedings: A Proposal to Revise Rule 4.1

At the close of the twentieth century, we are witnessing very significant changes in the litigation of civil disputes in our society. Much of the change has to do with a more expansive view by lawyers and judges of the means that may be employed for resolving civil disputes. Cases in litigation are increasingly being sent to mediation, arbitration, summary jury trial, early neutral evaluation, and other alternatives to adjudication. Lawyers are beginning to advise their clients of the availability of these options and are representing their clients in these alternative fora.Much has been said and written about these developments - the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) movement. However, little attention has been given to one manifestation of the increased use of ADR. Specifically, this blossoming of a settlement culture has altered the conduct of lawyers somewhat, or perhaps more accurately stated, has made certain behaviors more salient.This article will argue that we have not created the necessary ethics infrastructure to support this settlement culture. In many respects, this important aspect of our litigation process is in a state of anarchy. There are vague rules to govern our behavior. Although significant changes are needed in both the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct and the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, this article will focus on only one aspect of this ethics void - the problem of lawyer gamesmanship and misrepresentations during ADR proceedings. The development of the settlement culture and the increased use of ADR will be traced in Part I. Part II will focus on lawyering in court-sponsored ADR settings, and Part Ill will analyze the current ethics constraints in these settings. Part IV will argue for revision of Rule 4.1 of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct as a means of addressing this problem.
π–π Stacking Mediated Chirality in Functional Supramolecular Filaments

While a great diversity of peptide-based supramolecular filaments have been reported, the impact of an auxiliary segment on the chiral assembly of peptides remains poorly understood. Herein we report on the formation of chiral filaments by the self-assembly of a peptide-drug conjugate containing an aromatic drug camptothecin (CPT) in a computational study. We find that the chirality of the filament is mediated by the π–π stacking between CPTs, not only by the well-expected intermolecular hydrogen bonding between peptide segments. Our simulations show that π–π stacking of CPTs governs the early stages of the self-assembly process, while a hydrogen bonding network starts at a relatively later stage to contribute to the eventual morphology of the filament. Our results also show the possible presence of water within the core of the CPT filament. These results provide very useful guiding principles for the rational design of supramolecular assemblies of peptide conjugates with aromatic segments.
Yield, irrigation response, and water productivity of deficit to fully irrigated spring canola.

Abstract Canola (Brassica napus) is an oil-seed crop that is adapted to the northern High Plains of the USA and is considered a viable rotational and biofuel crop. However, decreased ground water allocations have necessitated determining the impact of limited irrigation on canola productivity. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of a range of irrigation from none to fully irrigated on yield, oil content, soil water changes and water productivity of spring canola. The study was conducted for four growing seasons at three locations in western Nebraska. Two sites had sandy soils whereas the other was a silt loam. Glyphosate tolerant canola was planted late March to early April. Cumulative irrigation treatments were 0, 100, 200, and 300 mm of water with the highest rate adjusted to be non-ET limiting. Canola extracted soil water from depths greater than 1.2 m in both fine textured and sandy soils making it a good alternative for deficit irrigation. Canola responded well to irrigation during dry years but showed little response in above average precipitation years. A water use efficiency of 7.6 kg mm−1 with a threshold of 123 mm was observed. Canola seed yield ranged from 440 to 3280 kg ha−1 with 165 and 582 mm of cumulative ET. During drier years, canola exhibited peak values in water use at 8–9 weeks after planting. Deficit irrigation reduced ET and yield and hastened maturity during drier years. Oil content was increased by irrigation during drier years with no effect shown when precipitation was above average. Oil content ranged from 30 to 50% depending on year and irrigation level. The water response provided benefits of not only higher yield, but also higher oil content which makes deficit irrigated canola an attractive alternative production and biofuel crop for this region.
Capturing Planer Tire Enveloping Properties Using Static Constraint Modes

This work establishes a new method for predicting the deformed shape of a tire with unilateral geometric constraints imposed by the road surface. Specifically, a method is developed for determining the static constraint mode that captures the planer enveloping properties of a tire for uneven road surfaces. This new method uses a recursive algorithm for determining which geometric constraints are active. A simple planer tire model, described by a linear ring on an elastic foundation, is used to demonstrate the method. The result of this method is a set of active geometric constraints on the tire and the static constraint modes that compose the deflection of the tire along its circumference. The success of the method is demonstrated by an example. This work forms the basis for developing nonlinear dynamic tire models that accurately account for active, unilateral, geometric constraints on the tire.Copyright © 2006 by ASME