cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility of martensitic interfaces

Using a dislocation model of interfacial structure, kinetic theories of dislocation motion are adapted to predict the mobility of martensitic interfaces. Defining generalized driving forces and activation parameters, analytical models are developed which describe the kinetics of motion controlled by various types of obstacle interactions. The behaviors of martensitic interfaces and slip dislocations in identical microstructures are compared. For a lattice-invariant shear by slip, the martensitic interface behaves similarly to a collection of glide dislocations. The interface/obstacle interaction is much weaker if the martensite is internally twinned, giving a higher relative mobility.
Highly Oriented Co Soft Magnetic Films on Si Substrates

Thin Co and Co based alloy films with the face centered cubic (FCC) structure have been epitaxially grown on single crystal Si wafers by sputter deposition. Epitaxial orientation relationships have been determined by x-ray diffraction, x-ray pole figure scans and TEM. Magnetic properties have been characterized using vibrating sampling magnetometer (VSM), torque magnetometer and BH loop tracer. Soft magnetic properties have been observed for the pure Co films.
Working it out: Labour geographies of the poor in Soweto, South Africa

Local economic development (LED) research and policy grapple with the informal economy and township transformation. While most current thinking centres on firms, this paper argues that non-firm worlds of work and their spatiality are not adequately understood. Representations of the places where poor people work remain abstract and incomplete. The paper reports on a survey of 320 low-income Sowetan residents and in-depth interviews with 20 workers about their work roles in the urban space economy. The findings, which show poor workers engaging with diverse sectors and locations in complex ways, challenge the dominant spatial narratives about isolated poor residential areas. Poor workers deliberately create their own social capital in work realms. This being the case, a more finely tuned conceptualisation of these workers and their roles in urban space is essential to sharpen LED discussions so that policies can be based more on real rather than imagined spatiality.
The role of the physiatrist in managing the sexual problems of disabled patients

The physiatrist, in managing the sexual problems of disabled patients, is considered an educator. Although the physiatrist directs the rehabilitation team, it is usually the nurse or therapist who is approached and questioned by the patient with regard to the sexual implications of disability. Sexual rehabilitation is a process taught by the staff and learned by the patient. It is through the process of education, however, directed by the physiatrist, that patients and staff understand and cope with the sexual limitations imposed by disability.
Make the first move: how infants learn about self-propelled objects.

In 3 experiments, the author investigated 16- to 20-month-old infants' attention to dynamic and static parts in learning about self-propelled objects. In Experiment 1, infants were habituated to simple noncausal events in which a geometric figure with a single moving part started to move without physical contact from an identical geometric figure that possessed a single static part. Infants were then tested with an event in which the parts of the objects were switched. In Experiments 2 and 3, infants were habituated and tested with identical events except that the part possessed by each object during habitation was switched relative to the first experiment. Results of the experiments revealed that 16-month-olds failed to encode the relation between an object's part and its onset of motion, 18-month-olds were unconstrained in the relations involving self-propulsion that they would encode, and 20-month-olds were constrained in the relations they would encode. The results are discussed with regard to the developmental trajectory' of learning about motion properties and the mechanism involved in early concept acquisition.
Use of liquid scintillation quenching to quantitate lipid mass

Abstract A new method for detecting 10–100 μg lipid mass in unmodified liquid scintillation spectrometers was developed by taking advantage of color quenching in such systems. The color, which quenches an isolated scintillation source, is produced by an H 2 SO 4 -lipid reaction carried out in a scintillation vial at 200°C for 60 min. The isolated source, a glass tube containing a mixture of plastic scintillator and β emitter ( 14 C), is then inserted into the vial containing the colored solution for radioassay. The counting rate of the source is decreased as a linear function by the color intensity of the H 2 SO 4 -lipid solution.
Aggressive Economism, Defensive Control: Contours of American Labour Militancy, 1947-81

This paper argues that important dynamics of class relations can be revealed by the analysis of strike patterns. A theoretically informed analysis of disaggregated American strike data by issue, industrial sector, contract status and duration between 1947 and 1981 suggests that American labour militancy has displayed a somewhat contradictory pattern of 'aggressive economism and defensive control'. The role of the postwar accord between capital and labour, and the segmentation of the industrial structure into monopoly and competitive sectors, are seen as key structural determinants of this pattern. The emergence of the 'worker insurgency' of the late 1960s and the 1970s is seen as a rank-and-file response to the increasingly narrow economic focus of the capital-labour accord and an attack upon management, union leadership and, implicitly, the state.
A Novel Approach to the Management of Margin-positive DCIS in Nipple-sparing Mastectomy.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer affecting women in the United States.1 Surgical treatment of breast cancer has evolved from the radical mastectomy, now rarely performed, to progressively less invasive procedures. Advancements in resection management have allowed for improved cosmetic considerations; of note is the recent growth in popularity of the nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). The NSM developed as a natural extension of the skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM). NSM conserves the nipple-areola complex (NAC) in addition to the typical SSM tissue. The SSM is generally regarded as an oncologically safe procedure,2,3 and the NSM is generally considered oncologically acceptable as long as the NAC margin is clear.2,4,5 NSM is typically converted to SSM if the retroareolar margin is positive although the technique of nipple inversion with removal of all glandular tissue during primary resection has been described.6 The main complication of NSM is nipple tissue necrosis.2,3 Positive retroareolar margin is a risk factor for NAC necrosis.3 Reservation toward conserving the NAC stems from the observation that the NAC is capable of harboring occult cancer.5 Involvement rate has been shown to range from 0% to 58%.5 The use of frozen section in identifying retroareolar pathology is highly sensitive, specific, and accurate; false-negative frozen section results are uncommon, and local-regional recurrence has been demonstrated to be low in these false-negative cases.7 It should be noted, however, that debate exists over the definition of clear margins8,9 and the significance of the predictive value for positive margins on local-regional recurrence or patient survival.8,10 Cosmetically, patients are more satisfied with NSM.2,5 Patients who undergo NSM have been shown to rate their self-image and quality of life positively.2,3 NSM also allows for preservation of innervation to the NAC, permitting retention of nipple function and sensation.2 This case report elaborates an original, more conservative surgical technique for the management of positive retroareolar margins in the NSM.
A direct optically injection‐locked 2.6‐GHz HBT oscillator

Measurements on direct optical injection locking of GaAs/Al0.2Ga0.8As heterojunction bipolar transistor oscillators at 2.65 GHz are reported. An oscillator locking range of nearly 6 MHz has been achieved. Optical tuning by dc light is also observed with a tuning range up to 5 MHz. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Site of synthesis of ribosomal proteins.

During amino acid deprivation of an amino acid “relaxed” auxotroph, immature ribosomes accumulate. A portion of the protein of these particles is synthesized de novo from protein turnover during starvation. A kinetic analysis of the flow of [ 14 C]amino acids incorporated during short pulses reveals that a portion of the protein of the immature particles is assembled on pre-existing mature ribosomes. These kinetic data were corroborated by releasing from the ribosomes nascent proteins with electrophoretic characteristics of ribosomal proteins.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: questions and answers.

Purpose of reviewConsiderable attention has recently been focused on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta. Two new genes have been defined in patients with recessive severe or lethal osteogenesis imperfecta types. Diagnostic concerns involve testing procedures, either
Measurement of the intrinsic subgap dissipation in Josephson junctions.

We show that the subgap dissipation in sufficiently high-quality Josephson junctions, as measured directly from the current at which the junctions switch from the voltage state into the zero-voltage state, is controlled by thermally excited quasiparticle tunneling. The dissipation is in excellent agreement with a recent theory of Chen, Fisher, and Leggett.
An Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Mimicking Chronic Prepatellar Bursitis: A Case Report

Soft tissue lesions are common to the prepatellar region, often due to acute or chronic trauma, and most frequently include prepatellar bursitis, lipomas, and ganglion cysts. We report a case of a posttraumatic prepatellar epidermal inclusion cyst to highlight the diagnostic complexities that can arise with soft tissue lesions in this location. On the basis of our case report, treating orthopaedic surgeons should consider the possibility of an epidermal inclusion cyst in patients who present with atypical anterior soft tissue masses with a history of trauma to the anterior knee.
Drude theory and the optical properties of liquid mercury

Abstract It is suggested that the deviations from the simple Drude theory observed in the optical properties of mercury may be understood in terms of predominance of backscattering of the electrons.
A functional taxonomy of normative conflict

In this paper I argue for three theses. First, most philosophical analyses of the problem of normative conflict, being based on the impossibility-of-joint-compliance test for conflict, are inadequate. Second, expanding on suggestions made by H. L. A. Hart and Stephen Munzer, I develop an understanding of normative conflict which is not tied to the concept of obedience. Such an understanding of normative conflict is expressly functional: normative conflicts arise when one norm interferes with the intended functioning of another. Third, working from a functional concept of normative conflict, I develop a taxonomical classification scheme for the phenomenon of normative conflict. Normative conflict is the genus within which there are three species: normative contradiction, normative collision, and normative competition. Department of Philosophy, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, U.S.A.
The Evolution of Network Based Cybersecurity Norms: An Analytical Narrative

We examine coordination dilemmas in cybersecurity policy by using an already developed evolutionary game theoretical model. We suggest that norms to encourage network based security systems may not evolve independently of international governance systems. In fact, certain kinds of state action may actually further discourage the evolution of such norms. This paper therefore suggests that specific system-wide cybersecurity systems will be more effective than network-specific security. We build on established analytical frameworks to develop a cumulative understanding of the dynamics at hand. This would allow us, in due course, to extend the contributions of evolutionary game theory to cybersecurity problems.
Effects of rate on crack growth in a rubber-modified epoxy

Abstract The rate-dependent fracture behavior of a 10-phr rubber-modified epoxy was investigated using double-cantilever-beam tests at various crosshead speeds. Dramatic rate effects were observed in the R-curve behavior and in the relationship between the applied energy-release rate and the crack velocity. Furthermore, a transition between fracture with toughening mechanisms operating (kinetic crack growth) and brittle behavior (dynamic crack growth) was observed. This transition depended on the crack velocity and applied energy-release rate. Such behavior is expected to depend on how the intrinsic toughness and/or the extrinsic toughening mechanisms are influenced by strain rate. It was shown that the size of the process zone was only weakly dependent on the crack velocity until the onset of dynamic fracture. Furthermore, the extent of void growth was virtually independent of the crack velocity in the kinetic regime. These results appear to rule out the notion that crack-tip shielding is significantly affected by rate effects in this rubber-modified epoxy. Rather, the rate effects may arise from a rate-dependent intrinsic toughness. It was observed that the intrinsic toughness decreased significantly with increasing crack velocity. The crack instability was shown to be associated with an abrupt cessation of the development of the process zone, with both cavitation and void growth being totally suppressed.
Placebo in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Insight Into Natural History and Implications for Future Clinical Trials

Background & Aims Changes in biochemical and histologic parameters related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in placebo-treated patients may provide an insight into the natural history and help in defining treatment end points in NASH. The aim of our study was to assess the biochemical and histologic changes seen in the placebo arm of the randomized, placebo-controlled trials in adult patients with NASH. Methods Medline was searched (through May 2008) for studies published in the English language. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of at least 6 months' duration in patients with NASH that provided biochemical and/or histologic data of the placebo arm were included. One investigator performed the literature search and data extraction. Two investigators independently confirmed that the studies met prespecified criteria. Pooled estimates of biochemical and histologic parameters associated with NASH were calculated. Results Five randomized controlled trials met the predefined criteria and included 162 placebo-treated and 189 active-treatment patients. The mean serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels decreased on placebo. A 1-point improvement in steatosis, ballooning degeneration, lobular inflammation, NASH fibrosis, and combined inflammation scores was seen in 31%, 15%, 33%, 22%, and 32% of patients, respectively. A 2-point improvement in NASH histologic scores is rarely seen. Conclusions Serum alanine aminotransferase levels may decrease on placebo and is not a reliable measure of treatment response. Although a 1-point improvement is seen in a third of patients, a 2-point improvement in histologic parameters is rarely seen in the placebo arm and may be more reliable in assessing treatment response. These data may have important implications in designing future clinical trials in NASH.
Two-Photon Photochromism of an Organic Material for Holographic Recording

We report the two-photon-induced photoisomerization of 3-[1-(1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3yl)-ethylidene]-4-isopropylidene-dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (1), a photochromic compound with Imax ) 385 nm, using 775-nm femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation. The resulting photoisomer had Imax ) 582 nm. The kinetic rate constant for the two-photon-induced electrocyclic isomerization reaction was measured at two different intensities (two different powers), showing a quadratic dependence with respect to the pump intensity. Results of pump-probe solution phase experiments and guest/host polymer thin film interferometric imaging studies are reported. A two-photon absorption molecular cross section U2 ) 10.3 10 -48 cm 4 ‚s/photon was measured using Z-scan, further supporting a two-photon-induced isomerization process. Two-photon-induced interferometric recording in a fulgide-containing polymer film was demonstrated.
Differential distribution of calbindin D28k and parvalbumin among functionally distinctive sets of structures in the macaque brainstem.

In a study of brainstem in the cynomolgus monkey, we found that the distribution of calbindin D28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) is nonoverlapping among functionally distinct sets of brainstem structures. Nuclei involved in representation and regulation of the organism's internal state contain CB, whereas those involved in the representation of the external environment and the representation or execution of externally directed actions contain only PV. Moreover, our findings indicate that different nuclei known as components of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) contain either CB or PV or both, suggesting that this system in primates operates with both CB and PV. In line with previously reported findings, we also found that unmyelinated pathways contain only CB, whereas myelinated pathways contain PV. Distribution of CB and PV in the macaque brainstem follows a pattern comparable to, but in some instances significantly different than, the pattern previously reported in the rat. We argue that the nonoverlapping distribution of CB and PV among different structures of the brainstem might reflect underlying differences in the physiological, anatomic, and perhaps phylogenetic properties of these structures. Considering our recent findings of selective vulnerability of brainstem structures to Alzheimer's disease, the present data suggest that the majority of macaque brainstem nuclei that contain CB are vulnerable to neurofibrillary tangles in humans. By contrast, only few nuclei that contain PV exhibit pathologic changes. Some of these nuclei are affected with a high number of neuritic plaques without ever developing neurofibrillary tangles.
Effect of a flash vacuum expansion process on grape juice yield and quality

Abstract Flash vacuum expansion is a process where a heated product is rapidly exposed to low pressure, or vacuum, causing interstitial water in the product to rapidly flash and rupture a portion of the tissue. This process has potential to aid juice expression and improve extraction of potentially healthy components from fruits and vegetables. In this study, the yield and quality of juice extracted from grapes treated by flash vacuum expansion, heat and enzymes, heat only, and no treatment were compared. The flash expansion process was first studied using Thompson seedless grapes. Lower chamber pressures and higher fruit temperatures were found to improve juice yield and phytochemical composition. While the process could improve polyphenol content and extraction over traditional methods, juice yield was lower than enzyme processing. Tissue damage on grape skins, measured via electrical impedance, was highest after flash vacuum expansion and resulted in higher polyphenol extraction. Juice pressed from concord grapes treated with flash vacuum expansion was compared with heat and enzyme processing, heat treatment only, and cold pressing. Flash vacuum expansion provided juice yields similar to enzyme processing and higher than heat treatment or cold pressing. The process also improved juice anthocyanins over enzyme processing, heat processing, and cold pressing. This investigation provides a comparison of the flash vacuum expansion process and more traditional grape processing methods. It also provides insight into the role of key operating conditions on juice yield and quality.
Maintenance of Heterotylenchus autnmnalis, a Nematode Parasite of the Face Fly, in the Laboratory

The nematode parasite, Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle, and its host the face fly, Muscu autumnalis De Geer, provide the entomologist and nematologist with an ideal host-parasite model system that lends itself to investigations aimed at understanding the influence of the parasite on the host, the effect of the host on the parasite, and also the interesting problem of host resistance.
Ultrasound Mediated Delivery of Compounds into Petunia Protoplasts and Cells

The effects of ultrasound on uptake of foreign substance by Petunia protoplasts were studied using calceln (3, 6-dihydroxy-2,4- bis-[N, N-di (carboxymethyl)—aminoethyl fluoran] and DNA. Neither the protoplasts nor cells took up the calcein, but treatment with ultrasound facilitated the uptake. Pronounced stimulation of uptake was observed with protoplasts but only moderate stimulation was observed with the cells. The ultrasound uptake was dependent on sound frequency, temperature and duration of treatment. Uptake increased with treatment time but prolong treatment caused the rupture of protoplasts. Ultrasound also facilitated uptake of DNA by cells of Petunia. In this study the plasmid pBI 121.2 carrying a reporter, β-glucuronidase (GUS)’gene was used. Transient expression of this gene was an indicator of DNA uptake. Survived protoplasts and cells subjected to ultrasound treatment divided and formed microcalli in agarose medium.
12-Step Affiliation and Attendance Following Treatment for Comorbid Substance Dependence and Depression: A Latent Growth Curve Mediation Model

Among substance-dependent individuals, comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with greater severity and poorer treatment outcomes, but little research has examined mediators of posttreatment substance use outcomes within this population. Using latent growth curve models, the authors tested relationships between individual rates of change in 12-step involvement and substance use, utilizing posttreatment follow-up data from a trial of group Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) and integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (ICBT) for veterans with substance dependence and MDD. Although TSF patients were higher on 12-step affiliation and meeting attendance at end-of-treatment as compared with ICBT, they also experienced significantly greater reductions in these variables during the year following treatment, ending at similar levels as ICBT. Veterans in TSF also had significantly greater increases in drinking frequency during follow-up, and this group difference was mediated by their greater reductions in 12-step affiliation and meeting attendance. Patients with comorbid depression appear to have difficulty sustaining high levels of 12-step involvement after the conclusion of formal 12-step interventions, which predicts poorer drinking outcomes over time. Modifications to TSF and other formal 12-step protocols or continued therapeutic contact may be necessary to sustain 12-step involvement and reduced drinking for patients with substance dependence and MDD.
The impact of environmental education on sense of place among urban youth

Research suggests that an ecologically informed sense of place, including strong place attachment and ecological place meaning, contributes to pro-environmental behaviors. Yet it is unclear whether an intervention such as environmental education can intentionally influence sense of place, especially in cities. To investigate the impact of urban environmental education programs on sense of place, we used pre/post surveys of youth in 5-week environmental and non-environmental summer youth programs in the Bronx, New York City, in 2010. Results show that urban environmental education programs—which engaged urban high school students in environmental stewardship, recreation, environmental skills development, and environmental monitoring in the Bronx—were successful in nurturing ecological place meaning, but did not strengthen students' place attachment. No significant changes in place attachment or place meaning were observed after non-environmental, control programs.
Clustering initiated multiphase active contours and robust separation of nuclei groups for tissue segmentation

Computer assisted or automated histological grading of tissue biopsies for clinical cancer care is a long-studied but challenging problem. It requires sophisticated algorithms for image segmentation, tissue architecture characterization, global texture feature extraction, and high-dimensional clustering and classification algorithms. Currently there are no automatic image-based grading systems for quantitative pathology of cancer tissues. We describe a novel approach for tissue segmentation using fuzzy spatial clustering, vector-based multiphase level set active contours and nuclei detection using an iterative kernel voting scheme that is robust even in the case of clumped touching nuclei. Early results show that we can reach a 91% detection rate compared to manual ground truth of cell nuclei centers across a range of prostate cancer grades.
Role of Non-invasive Imaging in the Work-Up of Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathy is an intrinsic structural disorder of the myocardium that may result in ventricular dysfunction and can progress to clinical heart failure. Non-invasive imaging modalities can determine whether abnormalities are present in the myocardium, valves, pericardium, or vessels. These imaging techniques can also present important prognostic information, as well as direct treatment and further management. Echocardiography is the most common imaging technique used for the initial diagnosis and management of cardiomyopathy; however, other imaging modalities, including nuclear cardiac imaging, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac computed tomography, may play an important role depending on the underlying etiology of the cardiomyopathy. This article reviews the role of non-invasive imaging in the work-up and management of patients with cardiomyopathy.
Evaluation and management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Abstract A clinical approach to patients presenting with gastrointestinal hemorrhage is described, and screening methods for the detection of underlying malignancy are discussed.
Liposome-encapsulated Muramyl Tripeptide Phosphatidylethanolamine for the Treatment of Feline Mammary Adenocarcinoma-A Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Study

Forty cats with previously untreated, histologically confirmed mammary gland adenocarcinoma received a radical mastectomy of the affected mammary chain(s). All cats were stratified according to clinical stage and randomized to receive either weekly intravenous liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine or placebo (lipid-equivalent) for eight consecutive weeks in this double-blind study. Thirty-six of the 40 cats were available for follow-up. No significant differences in either disease-free interval or survival were found as a result of treatment. Cats with clinical stage II disease had a statistically significantly longer disease-free interval (p<0.02) and overall survival (p<0.005) when compared with clinical stage III cats.
Neighboring effect of the lactam functionality in select reactions of 6-azaspiro[4.5]decane-1,7-dione

The susceptibility of 6-azaspiro[4.5]decane-1,7-dione (4) to nucleophilic attack was evaluated. Although steric effects preclude the 1,2-addition of many reagents, more reactive lithium and Grignard species react. Attack from the direction syn to the lactam functionality predominates. The acid-catalyzed rearrangement of select products delivered allylic alcohols carrying their double bond at varying distances from the spirocyclic carbon. These designed systems undergo hydrogenation predominantly from that π-surface syn to the amide component, the more so when a hydroxyl is proximate to these hetero atoms. The same phenomenon operates when N-benzoylated intermediates are hydrolyzed with potassium carbonate in methanol.
The use of a saliva substitute as treatment for xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome--a case report.

Abstract The synthetic saliva substitute VA-OraLube has been successfully used to treat the soft tissue discomfort of xerostomia in cancer patients receiving irradiation to the head and neck region. A case report is presented, showing the positive effects when VA-OraLube is used to treat the soft tissue discomfort resulting from xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome.
Infectious and selectable retrovirus containing an inducible rat growth hormone minigene

A growth hormone minigene carrying its natural promoter (237 nucleotides of chromosomal DNA) was stably propagated in a murine retrovirus containing hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase as a selectable marker. Glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone inducibility was transferred with the growth hormone gene. Recombinant virus with titers of 10(6) per milliliter was recovered. This demonstration that retroviruses can be used to transfer a nonselectable gene under its own regulatory control enlarges the scope of retroviral vectors as potent tools for gene transfer.
Deterministic and Probabilistic Foundation Forces Resulting From an Unbalanced Turbine

This paper considers the problem of the unbalanced rotating turbine as a single degree of freedom system, wherein the principal mode of vibration is a translation in the direction of the machine supports. The distance from the center of mass of the rotating mass to the geometric axis, also known as the effective eccentricity, is modeled as a random variable. The expression for the root mean square response of the rotating machine is derived and related to the statistical analog for the deterministic expression for the foundation force. These results are numerically compared to their equivalent deterministic values.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
The inductive realist model of theory generation: explaining the development of a theory of marketing ethics

This article contributes to theory development in marketing, in general, and to theory development in marketing ethics, in particular. The proposed “inductive realist model of theory generation” incorporates both (1) recent works in the philosophy of science on discovery processes in science and (2) Hunt’s (International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(2), 159–178, 2011, AMS Review, 2(1), 5–18, 2012) inductive realist model of theory status. To illustrate how the model can be used, the author shows how the model can contribute to understanding the development of a general theory of marketing ethics that is frequently referred to as the “Hunt-Vitell theory of ethics.”
Comparison of Near-Infrared and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Magnesium Stearate in Pharmaceutical Powders and Solid Dosage Forms

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become well established in both the pharmaceutical arena and other areas as a useful technique for rapid quantitative analysis of solid materials. Though laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has not been widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry, the technique has been used for rapid quantitative analysis of solids in many other applications. One analysis amenable to each technique is the determination of magnesium stearate in solids during the lubrication blending unit operation of pharmaceutical processing. A comparative study of the utility of these two techniques for this application will be presented. Necessary sample preparations and the extent and type of matrix effects will be discussed. Additionally, it will be shown that NIR provides better accuracy and precision than LIBS with the experimental parameters used; however, LIBS showed superior selectivity as it was demonstrated to be more robust to sample matrix perturbations. Examples of blending applications will also be presented.
Sample size re-estimation in a breast cancer trial

Background During the recruitment phase of a randomized breast cancer trial, investigating the time to recurrence, we found a strong suggestion that the failure probabilities used at the design stage were too high. Since most of the methodological research involving sample size re-estimation has focused on normal or binary outcomes, we developed a method which preserves blinding to re-estimate sample size in our time to event trial.Purpose A mistakenly high estimate of the failure rate at the design stage may reduce the power unacceptably for a clinically important hazard ratio. We describe an ongoing trial and an application of a sample size re-estimation method that combines current trial data with prior trial data or assumes a parametric model to re-estimate failure probabilities in a blinded fashion.Methods Using our current blinded trial data and additional information from prior studies, we re-estimate the failure probabilities to be used in sample size re-calculation. We employ bootstrap re-samplin...
Ti/Ni bilayers on silicon: Sputter-induced intermixing, rapid thermal annealing and ternary silicide formation

Abstract Sputtering of titanium on Ni/Si(100) leads to strong NiSi intermixing with no annealing treatment, an effect which we attribute to secondary electron heating. The major consequence is to reduce the formation temperature of the ternary silicide Ti4Ni4Si7 relative to the Ni/Ti/Si(100) couple from above 600°C to 470°C. The effect is suppressed by the presence of more than 2 at.% interfacial oxygen or by careful heat sinking. Differences between the two sequences are consistent with the different interface sensitivities to oxygen.
The impact of offshored and outsourced call service centers on customer appraisals

Firms are increasingly relying upon offshored and/or outsourced call centers to provide post-sales assistance to their customers. Although the motivation to engage in these practices is efficiency gains, the possibility exists that offshored and outsourced call centers may have a detrimental impact on customer appraisals. The aim of this research is to posit the conceptual reasons as to why differences may arise in customer evaluations from these practices. To this end, we rely on the homophily principle and hybrid organization theory to provide conceptual grounding, and utilize a company dataset of customer post-call evaluations to offer an initial test of the hypotheses.
The Roots of Social Justice in Group Work

This article revisits the history of group work, highlighting elements of empowerment and advocacy in the work of some key figures, and noting events and movements that nourished group work's social justice roots.
A maximal inequality for nonnegative submartingales

A slightly weaker version of a well-known maximal inequality for martingales is shown to hold for nonnegative submartingales.
Erythrocyte velocity and fluorescein transit time in the cerebral microcirculation of macroglobulinemic mice: Differential effect of a hyperviscosity syndrome on the passage of erythrocytes and plasma

Abstract Macroglobulinemic mice provide a model of human macroglobulinemia. These animals have an increased plasma viscosity, but whole blood viscosity may be normal because of anemia. In the cerebral microcirculation of these animals plasma velocity was significantly retarded, as indicated by prolonged arteriolarvenular transit time of fluorescein observed in microcineangiograms of the pial vasculature. On the other hand, erythrocyte velocity measured by ultra high-speed microcinematography was usually within normal limits, or elevated. Dehydration, a procedure which increases the concentration of macroglobulin, and increases the viscosity of whole blood and plasma, significantly decreased the erythrocyte velocity. The data are consistent with our previously published studies of “hyperviscosity syndromes” in that plasma transit time was prolonged to a greater extent than the erythrocyte velocity. Plasma velocity appears to diminish in the presence of increased plasma viscosity, even in the absence of an increased whole blood viscosity. On the other hand, erythrocyte velocity, while it may be influenced by plasma viscosity, seems to be more strongly influenced by additional factors such as hematocrit.
Acute Leukemic Infiltration of the Vitreous Diagnosed by Pars Plana Aspiration

Summary A 30-year-old man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, null cell, L 2 type, developed a unilateral dense cellular vitreous infiltrate while in apparent remission. Cytopathologic examination of material aspirated from the vitreous established the diagnosis of lymphoblastic infiltration. Prompt radiotherapy and chemotherapy rapidly reduced the vitreous infiltration and cleared cells from the cerebrospiral fluid. Intraocular involvement by the leukemic process was the initial sign of central nervous system involvement. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia should be added to the list of lymphoproliferative disorders capable of vitreous infiltration, and which can be identified by vitreous aspiration and cytopathologic examination.
Biochemical Processing of Materials: A Review

Many biological systems have evolved means of controlling the architecture of inorganic-organic composites at a nanometer scale. The principles of biochemistry and materials science underlying the potential use of biochemical processing to develop new molecularly tailored materials are discussed, with emphasis on:
The use of enucleation and liquid nitrogen cryotherapy in the management of odontogenic keratocysts

Purpose: This study evaluated the use of enucleation and cryosurgery in the management of odontogenic keratocysts. Patients and Methods: This study involved a retrospective review of 26 patients. All of the patients received a combination of enucleation and cryosurgery. Postoperative follow-up consisted of clinical and radiographic examinations. Results: Before enucleation and cryotherapy, 22 of the 26 patients had received previous treatment consisting of enucleation alone. The average time from initial treatment to recurrence was 6.2 years. Twenty-three cases occurred in the mandible, 22 in the posterior (proximal to the canine), and 1 in the anterior mandible. Three cases involved the maxilla. Three of the 26 patients (11.5%) developed a recurrence after treatment. The average time from treatment to recurrence in these 3 patients was 1.6 years (range, 1.2 to 1.9 years). The remaining 23 patients (88.5%) had no evidence of clinical or radiographic recurrence. The average time of follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 2.0 to 10.0 years). Conclusions: Based on these results, the combination of enucleation and liquid nitrogen cryotherapy may offer patients improved therapy in the management of odontogenic keratocysts. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Effects of linear non-image-forming devices on spectra and on coherence and polarization properties of stochastic electromagnetic beams: part II: examples

The classic theoretical techniques of polarization optics are the Jones calculus and the Stokes-Mueller calculus. Both deal with transmission of certain ‘one-point’ quantities, which are associated with a light beam. Recently ‘two-point’ quantities were introduced, which are the elements of a 2 × 2 cross-spectral density matrix that characterizes the correlations at two points in a beam or which are expressible in terms of them. Unlike the quantities with which the Jones and the Stokes calculus deal, these generalized quantities contain information not only about the polarization properties of the beam but also about its coherence properties. In this paper we present a generalization of the Jones calculus and of the Stokes-Mueller calculus for transformations of the new two-point quantities by linear non-image-forming devices. They may act on the beam in a deterministic or in a random manner.
Measurement of photon statistics of wiggler radiation from an electron storage ring

Abstract The number of visible photons emitted by an electron bunch moving through a wiggler in the Brookhaven Synchrotron Light Source storage ring was repetitively measured using an analog photon counting technique, and the photon counting distribution, which is the probability of finding n photons versus n, was obtained. The photoelectron-counting distribution of detected spontaneous light from the wiggler obeys a negative-binomial distribution consistent with a multi-electron, multimode description of the light generation process. In the absence of the wiggler, the bending-magnet light emerging from the pyrex exit port obeys the Neyman type-A distribution.
Values and Virtue: The Politics of Abstinence-Only Sex Education

This article illustrates the concepts of morality policy and politics by examining the 1996 Title V federal grants for abstinence-only sex education. Drawing from the existing literature on morality policy and politics, it includes a theoretical framework for the study of morality policy and an analysis of abstinenceonly education as it was shaped at the federal, state, and local levels. Using the example of Title V in Kentucky, this case study well illustrates the expectations of conflict in adoption and controversy in implementation of morality policy. Furthermore, it provides an admonition for practitioners about compromise in even the most contentious morality policy battles.
Dielectric nanocomposites for integral thin film capacitors: materials design, fabrication and integration issues

Nanocomposites of organically modified barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles in an epoxy matrix have been synthesized and evaluated as dielectrics for the fabrication of integral thin film capacitor arrays. Organic modification of the polymer inorganic interface has been used as a design tool to control the cross link density of the polymeric matrix and the interfacial interactions. Impedance spectra generated with model networks has been employed to analyze the experimental data and to model the role of the ceramic core, interface and the polymer matrix in determining the dielectric behavior of the nanocomposites. Stealth decoupling capacitor arrays were fabricated employing BTO-Epoxy nanocomposite thin films as dielectric layer. Capacitor arrays were fabricated by patterning the top electrode in the glass/Al/BTO-epoxy/spl bsol/Al heterostructures employing a photolithographic process and their electrical performance characterized. The role of an organically modified interface in limiting the thermal diffusion of copper metal in the composite thin film has been investigated employing Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy.
Influence of petrophysical and geotechnical engineering properties on the electrical response of unconsolidated earth materials

We have investigated the influence of petrophysical and geotechnical engineering properties of unconsolidated near-surface geomaterials (soils) on their electrical responses or measurements. Complex resistivity measurements were performed at a constant effective stress on 32 samples of varying textures and compositions. Petrophysical and engineering properties that inherently affect the mechanical and strength behavior of the samples — that is, fines content, pore-size parameter, specific surface area, and fractal dimension of the grain-size distributions — were obtained from geotechnical analysis. The electrical parameters that describe the electrical response of the samples — that is, resistivity amplitude ρ , phase shift Φ , percent frequency effect (PFE), loss tangent tan δ , and the normalized phase φN — are computed from the electrical measurements. Crossplots of the electrical and engineering parameters provide useful infor-mation on how the geotechnical properties of the soil material influence th...
The Primacy of Place, Collaborations, and Alliances: Mapping Women’s Businesses in Nineteenth-Century Brooklyn:

Seeking opportunity in nineteenth-century Brooklyn, thousands of women opened small businesses. Concentrated in the fancy goods, millinery, and dressmaking trades, they sought out the best locations on the busiest of commercial streets in the city’s growing and dynamic economy. Most failed within several years, unable to get the requisite credit or attract the volume of business necessary to sustain themselves. A small number, however, remained in business for decades. This article examines the strategies utilized by those who succeeded, focusing on the importance of the geographic locations they chose, the partnerships they forged with friends and family, and the products they marketed to argue that running a successful business required entering into a variety of collaborations. Even so, this exercise in mapping reveals that few women succeeded in growing their businesses into major enterprises.
A novel mutational hotspot in a natural quasipalindrome in Escherichia coli.

We have found that most spontaneous mutations in the thyA gene of Escherichia coli selected for resistance to trimethoprim result from a TA to AT transversion at a single site within an imperfect inverted repeat or quasipalindrome sequence. This natural quasipalindrome within the coding region of thyA contains an extraordinarily potent hotspot for mutation. Our analysis provides evidence that these mutations are templated by nearby sequences by replication within a hairpin structure. Although quasipalindrome-associated mutations have been observed in many organisms, including humans, the cellular avoidance mechanisms for these unusual mutational events have remained unexplored. We find that the mutational hotspot in thyA is dramatically stimulated by inactivation of exonucleases I and VII, which degrade single-strand DNA with a common 3'-5' polarity. We propose that these exonucleases abort the replicative misalignment events that initiate hairpin-templated mutagenesis by degrading displaced nascent DNA strands. Mismatch repair-defective strains also showed increased mutability at the hotspot, consistent with the notion that these mutations arise during chromosomal lagging-strand replication and are often subsequently removed by methyl-directed mismatch repair. The absence of the thyA quasipalindrome sequence from other related bacterial genera suggests that this sequence represents a "selfish" DNA element whose existence itself is driven by this unusual hairpin-templating mechanism.
The Effect of Dietary Cadmium on Development of Young Chickens

Seven hundred parts per million cadmium (Cd) added to a commercial-type ration increased the size of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and gizzard lining relative to body weight over corresponding measurements in control chickens on the same diet with no cadmium added. Differences in organ color, muscle tonus, cadmium concentration, and zinc concentration were also noted. Elevating the level of cadmium in the diet of 14-34 day old male Leghorn chicks decreased weight gain and feed consumption. More than 400 p.p.m. cadmium in the commercial-type of diet was very toxic. The LD/sub 50/ for two week old Leghorn chicks was calculated to be approximately 565 p.p.m. dietary cadmium under the conditions of this experiment. 9 references, 3 tables.
End-to-end operations at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory

In 2006 NRAO launched a formal organization, the Office of End to End Operations (OEO), to broaden access to its instruments (VLA/EVLA, VLBA, GBT and ALMA) in the most cost-effective ways possible. The VLA, VLBA and GBT are mature instruments, and the EVLA and ALMA are currently under construction, which presents unique challenges for integrating software across the Observatory. This article 1) provides a survey of the new developments over the past year, and those planned for the next year, 2) describes the business model used to deliver many of these services, and 3) discusses the management models being applied to ensure continuous innovation in operations, while preserving the flexibility and autonomy of telescope software development groups.
grog and gossip in Bhatgaon: style and substance in Fiji Indian conversation

Anthropological studies of gossip have been preoccupied with its content; as important as the question of what gossip is about may be, such a focus has prevented a close examination of gossip itself as both text and activity. This paper is concerned with talanoa, a gossip genre among Hindi-speaking Fiji Indians. It demonstrates the close relationships among gossip topic, performance style, and social process in a rural community.