cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-low energy circuit building blocks for security technologies

Low-area energy-efficient security primitives are key building blocks for enabling end-to-end content protection, user authentication in IoT platforms. This paper describes 3 designs that employ energy-efficient circuit techniques with optimal hardware-friendly arithmetic for seamless integration into area/battery constrained IoT systems: 1) A 2040-gate AES accelerator achieving 289Gbps/W efficiency in 22nm CMOS, 2) Hardened hybrid Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) circuit to generate a 100% stable encryption key. 3) All-digital TRNG to achieve >0.99 min-entropy with 3pJ/bit energy-efficiency.
Mathematical modeling of trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation in membrane-attached biofilms

A mathematical model for the counter-diffusional membrane-attached methanotrophic biofilm reactor was developed. The model included competitive inhibition between trichloroethylene (TCE) and methane, production of inactive cells by TCE byproduct toxicity, and biomass detachment as a function of inactive cell concentration. Simulation results indicated that the optimum oxygen to methane ratio was dependent on the biofilm and the membrane thickness. Furthermore, the model confirmed experimental observations that the efficiency of the process is not limited by competitive inhibition or substrates mass transfer, but by the back-diffusion of TCE through the membrane and the consequent TCE accumulation in the gas phase.
Ultrastructure and cell surface studies of cancer cells following vitamin C administration.

Summary Basal cell carcinomas in rats and squamous cell carcinomas in mice induced by a topical administration of a chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) a single dose of 800 μg, were significantly reduced in number and size following a combined administration of vitamin C, a daily dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. and MCA for 9 months. Ultrastructural studies of basal cancer cells and squamous cancer cells revealed an advanced cytolysis and disorganization of neoplastic cells, mitochondrial alterations, nuclear and nucleolar reduction, and increased phagolysosomes formation, following vitamin C and MCA administration compared to that of neoplastic cells following MCA alone. Scanning electron microscopic observations also revealed cytolysis, increased collagen synthesis, and cell disorganization with membrane disruption following vitamin C and MCA administration, as compared to round basal neoplastic or polyhedral squamous neoplastic cells following MCA treatment alone. These findings demonstrate that vitamin C exerts its antineoplastic effects by increasing cytolytic and autophagic activity, cell membrane disruption, and increased collagen synthesis, and thus, inhibits cancer cell metabolism and proliferation.
Decomposing World Education Inequality

We decompose global inequality in educational achievement into within- and betweencountry components. We find that the former is significantly larger. This is different than results for international income inequality, but similar to results for international health inequality.
Multichannel Capillary Electrochromatography PMMA Microdevice with Integrated Pulsed Conductivity Detector

The development of a 16-channel C18 modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microanalytical device utilizing contact conductivity detection for the purification/ separation of PCR products is described. The separation is carried out using reverse-phase ion-pair capillary electrochromatography (RP-IPCEC) in the modified PMMA device.
Newer Pharmacologic Agents for the Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Topical 5-ASA Agents. Observations that 5-ASA may be the clinically active component of sulfasalazine have stimulated extensive pharmaceutical efforts to develop a new class of agents for the treatment of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Both oral and rectal forms of 5-ASA have been designed, tested, and released for use in Europe and Canada. Only one rectal 5-ASA formulation is now commercially available in the United States. Studies with topical 5-ASA have demonstrated that this formulation is safe and effective for distal colitis, even in patients with disease refractory to standard therapy. Adverse effects of topical 5-ASA are minimal. However, optimal treatment doses have not been defined, relapse is common after withdrawal of therapy, and issues regarding maintenance regimens are not yet resolved. Other disadvantages include the expense and inconvenience of enema therapy. However, rectally administered 5-ASA is an appropriate initial therapy for the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis, or as a therapeutic option for refractory distal colitis. Data are insufficient to make recommendations regarding the use of topical 5-ASA in Crohn's disease. Whether this class of agents will be of benefit for Crohn's proctitis or for perineal disease must await further clinical trials. Oral 5-ASA Agents. There appears to be a well-substantiated benefit equivalent to that of sulfasalazine achieved by the new oral formulations of 5-ASA when used for the treatment of acute mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, and as maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis in remission. Adverse reactions to these agents are uncommon, usually mild, and infrequently require withdrawal of therapy. The major problem reported with these agents is watery diarrhea, most commonly associated with olsalazine, but the practical importance of this adverse effect is disputed. Rare occurrences of reversible pericarditis and acute pancreatitis have been encountered during clinical application of these agents. As more experience is obtained, these agents may become the initial therapy of choice for the treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and for maintenance in inactive disease. Currently available data have defined a role for these agents as an important alternative for the treatment of patients intolerant or allergic to sulfasalazine. As with sulfasalazine, these agents should not be used as the sole treatment for severely active ulcerative colitis. Many unanswered questions remain regarding therapy with these agents for ulcerative colitis. Still undefined are optimal drug dosages, appropriate dosing intervals, and the necessary duration of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Certified Quantum Measurement of Majorana Fermions.

We present a quantum self-testing protocol to certify measurements of fermion parity involving Majorana fermion modes. We show that observing a set of ideal measurement statistics implies anticommutativity of the implemented Majorana fermion parity operators, a necessary prerequisite for Majorana detection. Our protocol is robust to experimental errors. We obtain lower bounds on the fidelities of the state and measurement operators that are linear in the errors. We propose to analyze experimental outcomes in terms of a contextuality witness $W$, which satisfies $\ensuremath{\langle}W\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\le}3$ for any classical probabilistic model of the data. A violation of the inequality witnesses quantum contextuality, and the closeness to the maximum ideal value $\ensuremath{\langle}W\ensuremath{\rangle}=5$ indicates the degree of confidence in the detection of Majorana fermions.
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Based Intervention to Reduce Readmissions in Geriatric High-Utilizer Patients: A Pilot Study

Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine if a pharmacist-led intervention to improve medication safety at hospital discharge reduced the number of hospital readmissions among geriatric high-utilizer patients. This study is the first to test a pharmacist-based intervention in a high-utilizer population. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pilot study done at a safety-net hospital in the southeastern US. Fifty-seven patients 65 years old and older who were in the 95th percentile for number of hospital admissions in a year were included. On the day of discharge, one of the study pharmacists reviewed the discharge medication list and calculated the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) for each medication and reviewed for Beers Criteria. Any medication identified as potentially high-risk or inappropriate was flagged by the pharmacist and discussed with the team. The primary outcome was the number of admissions in the year following the intervention in the intervention group versus the control group. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the number of admissions, the MAI scores, or the number of medications meeting Beers Criteria between the two groups. Conclusion: Although this study did not demonstrate a decrease in hospital admissions, it shows that pharmacist review of medications at discharge can identify potentially unnecessary medications that could lead to confusion or adverse events. Further research is necessary to identify interventions to prevent readmissions in this high-risk population. Article Type: Original Research
Evaluation of culture conditions for in vitro meniscus repair model systems using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Purpose: Meniscal injury and loss of meniscus tissue lead to osteoarthritis development. Therefore, novel biologic strategies are needed to enhance meniscus tissue repair. The purpose of this study was to identify a favorable culture medium for both bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and meniscal tissue, and to establish a novel meniscus tissue defect model that could be utilized for in vitro screening of biologics to promote meniscus repair.Materials and Methods: In parallel, we analyzed the biochemical properties of MSC - seeded meniscus-derived matrix (MDM) scaffolds and meniscus repair model explants cultured in different combinations of serum, dexamethasone (Dex), and TGF-β. Next, we combined meniscus tissue and MSC-seeded MDM scaffolds into a novel meniscus tissue defect model to evaluate the effects of chondrogenic and meniscal media on the tissue biochemical properties and repair strength.Results: Serum-free medium containing TGF-β and Dex was the most promising formulation for experiments with MSC-seeded scaffolds, whereas serum-containing medium was the most effective for meniscus tissue composition and integrative repair. When meniscus tissue and MSC-seeded MDM scaffolds were combined into a defect model, the chondrogenic medium (serum-free with TGF-β and Dex) enhanced the production of proteoglycans and promoted integrative repair of meniscus tissue. As well, cross-linked scaffolds improved repair over the MDM slurry.Conclusions: The meniscal tissue defect model established in this paper can be used to perform in vitro screening to identify and optimize biological treatments to enhance meniscus tissue repair prior to conducting preclinical animal studies.
Functions of ventral visual cortex after bilateral medial temporal lobe damage

Repeated stimuli elicit attenuated responses in visual cortex relative to novel stimuli. This adaptation can be considered as a form of rapid learning and a signature of perceptual memory. Adaptation occurs not only when a stimulus is repeated immediately, but also when there is a lag in terms of time and other intervening stimuli before the repetition. But how does the visual system keep track of which stimuli are repeated, especially after long delays and many intervening stimuli? We hypothesized that the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe (MTL) support long-lag adaptation, given that this memory system can learn from single experiences, maintain information over delays, and send feedback to visual cortex. We tested this hypothesis with fMRI in an amnesic patient, LSJ, who has encephalitic damage to the MTL resulting in extensive bilateral lesions including complete hippocampal loss. We measured adaptation at varying time lags between repetitions in functionally localized visual areas that were intact in LSJ. We observed that these areas track information over a few minutes even when the hippocampus and extended parts of the MTL are unavailable. LSJ and controls were identical when attention was directed away from the repeating stimuli: adaptation occurred for lags up to three minutes, but not six minutes. However, when attention was directed toward stimuli, controls now showed an adaptation effect at six minutes but LSJ did not. These findings suggest that visual cortex can support one-shot perceptual memories lasting for several minutes but that the hippocampus and surrounding MTL structures are necessary for adaptation in visual cortex after longer delays when stimuli are task-relevant.
Switching Transients in Memristors

Transient performance of nanowire memristors realized using different material systems is discussed. The approach is validated by comparing simulated results with experimental data obtained for a Z...
Simultaneous EEG and pupillary evidence for post-error arousal during a speeded performance task

Arousal evoked by detecting a performance error may provide a mechanism by which error detection leads to either adaptive or maladaptive changes in attention and performance. By pairing EEG data acquisition with simultaneous measurements of pupil diameter, which is thought to reflect norepinephrinergic arousal, this study tested whether transient changes in EEG oscillations in the alpha frequency range (8-12 Hz) following performance mistakes may reflect error-evoked arousal. In the inter-trial interval following performance mistakes (approximately 8% of trials), pupil diameter increased and EEG alpha power decreased, compared to the inter-trial interval following correct responses. Moreover when trials were binned based on pupil diameter on a within-subjects basis, trials with greater pupil diameter were associated with lower EEG alpha power during the inter-trial interval. This pattern of association suggests that error-related alpha suppression, like pupil dilation, reflects arousal in response to error commission. Errors were also followed by worse next-trial performance, implying that error-evoked arousal may not always be beneficial for adaptive control.
Recent Advances in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies

Haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplant (h-HCT) has become the most frequently applied alternate HCT approach. An obvious benefit of h-HCT is that it offers a potential readily available family donor to almost every patient. The application of h-HCT has particularly benefited minority populations who frequently do not find a suitable unrelated donor. Different options exist utilizing either T cell depletion strategies or T cell-replete grafts with myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning. Graft failures are generally low (<5%) in recent pediatric series with myeloablative regimens. Grade III–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and chronic GvHD have ranged between 7–20% and 5–33%. Patients in remission and those that receive MAC regimens have lower rates of relapse with outcomes comparable to those of matched unrelated transplants and in some studies matched sibling transplants. Research is still needed to determine the optimal donor and graft characteristics, GvHD prophylaxis, and to improve immune reconstitution and control post-HCT infections.
Mechanical suppression of breast cancer cell invasion and paracrine signaling to osteoclasts requires nucleo-cytoskeletal connectivity

Exercise benefits the musculoskeletal system and reduces the effects of cancer. The effects of exercise are multifactorial, where metabolic changes and tissue adaptation influence outcomes. Mechanical signals, a principal component of exercise, are anabolic to the musculoskeletal system and restrict cancer progression. We examined the mechanisms through which cancer cells sense and respond to low-magnitude mechanical signals introduced in the form of vibration. Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration was applied to human breast cancer cells in the form of low-intensity vibration (LIV). LIV decreased matrix invasion and impaired secretion of osteolytic factors PTHLH, IL-11, and RANKL. Furthermore, paracrine signals from mechanically stimulated cancer cells, reduced osteoclast differentiation and resorptive capacity. Disconnecting the nucleus by knockdown of SUN1 and SUN2 impaired LIV-mediated suppression of invasion and osteolytic factor secretion. LIV increased cell stiffness; an effect dependent on the LINC complex. These data show that mechanical vibration reduces the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cells, where the nucleus serves as a mechanosensory apparatus to alter cell structure and intercellular signaling.
Growing in Tandem with Media: Fantasy Sport, Media Use, and the Formation of an Industry Giant

The growth in sports media, both in the number and quality of content options, is surpassed only by the escalation of fantasy sport participants, moving from niche to mainstream over a relatively s...
Mechanistic study of shoaling effect on momentum transfer between turbulent flow and traveling wave using large-eddy simulation

The resistance drag force acting on the wind by ocean waves plays a critical role in weather and climate forecasting. With the aid of computer simulation, we investigate the difference between the drag force caused by open sea waves and that by coastal waves. Our results show that the increased drag in the coastal region is closely related to the slowing down of waves in a physical process called wave shoaling.
Pharmacokinetics of a cytosine arabinoside subcutaneous protocol in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology.

Cytosine arabinoside (CA) is a commonly used treatment for dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology (MUE) with various proposed protocols, many requiring 24 hours (h) of hospitalization or two visits within 24 h. This is a unidirectional study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of a CA subcutaneous (SC) protocol and a standard constant rate infusion (CRI) protocol in 8 dogs with MUE. Dogs received the CRI (200 mg/m2 IV over 24 h), followed by a SC protocol (50 mg/m2 every 2 h for 4 treatments) four weeks later. Plasma CA concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Median peak CA concentration for the SC protocol (3.40 µg/ml, range 1.60-9.70 µg/ml) was significantly higher than the CRI (1.09 µg/ml, range 0.77-1.67 µg/ml; p = .02). Median concentration at 1h and 8h following initiation of treatment was significantly higher for the SC protocol (CA1 2.28 µg/ml, range 0.97-2.67; CA8 1.83 µg/ml, range 0.77-2.84) compared to the CRI (CA1 0.01 µg/ml, range 0-0.45; CA8 0.74 µg/ml, range 0.67-1.11; p = .01). While the PK properties of CA when administered as a CRI has been previously investigated, this study demonstrated that CA when administered via repeated 50 mg/m2 injections every 2 h over an 8-h period, provided sustained plasma levels above its therapeutic target and for a significantly longer duration of time than did a standard CRI protocol.
Evaluation of T2-Weighted MRI for Visualization and Sparing of Urethra with MR-Guided Radiation Therapy (MRgRT) On-Board MRI.

Purpose: To evaluate urethral contours from two optimized urethral MRI sequences with an MR-guided radiotherapy system (MRgRT). Methods: Eleven prostate cancer patients were scanned on a MRgRT system using optimized urethral 3D HASTE and 3D TSE. A resident radiation oncologist contoured the prostatic urethra on the patients’ planning CT, diagnostic 3T T2w MRI, and both urethral MRIs. An attending radiation oncologist reviewed/edited the resident’s contours and additionally contoured the prostatic urethra on the clinical planning MRgRT MRI (bSSFP). For each image, the resident radiation oncologist, attending radiation oncologist, and a senior medical physicist qualitatively scored the prostatic urethra visibility. Using MRgRT 3D HASTE-based contouring workflow as baseline, prostatic urethra contours drawn on CT, diagnostic MRI, clinical bSSFP and 3D TSE were evaluated relative to the contour on 3D HASTE using 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), mean-distance-to-agreement (MDA), and DICE coefficient. Additionally, prostatic urethra contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNR) were calculated for all images. Results: For two out of three observers, the urethra visibility score for 3D HASTE was significantly higher than CT, and clinical bSSFP, but was not significantly different from diagnostic MRI. The mean HD95/MDA/DICE values were 11.35 ± 3.55 mm/5.77 ± 2.69 mm/0.07 ± 0.08 for CT, 7.62 ± 2.75 mm/3.83 ± 1.47 mm/0.12 ± 0.10 for CT + diagnostic MRI, 5.49 ± 2.32 mm/2.18 ± 1.19 mm/0.35 ± 0.19 for 3D TSE, and 6.34 ± 2.89 mm/2.65 ± 1.31 mm/0.21 ± 0.12 for clinical bSSFP. The CNR for 3D HASTE was significantly higher than CT, diagnostic MRI, and clinical bSSFP, but was not significantly different from 3D TSE. Conclusion: The urethra’s visibility scores showed optimized urethral MRgRT 3D HASTE was superior to the other tested methodologies. The prostatic urethra contours demonstrated significant variability from different imaging and workflows. Urethra contouring uncertainty introduced by cross-modality registration and sub-optimal imaging contrast may lead to significant treatment degradation when urethral sparing is implemented to minimize genitourinary toxicity.
8 Sages, Creation, and the End of History in the Huainanzi

The history of the world, and more particularly the inventions of the sages that drove a history, resulted in the loss of an original unity. The overall arc of the narrative is one in which the inventions of the sages, all properly done in response to problems at the time, also led to an increase in the amount of violence and subjugation. This chapter fully celebrates sagely invention. The cosmic harmony alluded to in the opening portion of the chapter is invoked again, the interchange of yin and Shang Yang energies results in the birth and completion of the myriad things, and their flourishing requires the essence of harmony. The early Han was thus marked by a fundamental conflict between the martialism (wu) inherited from the Qin and the civility (wen) , the transmitted teachings of the former sages, supported by those like the Confucians and Mohists. Keywords: confucians; cosmic harmony; early Han; martialism; mohists; Sages; Shang Yang; yin
SU-E-T-417: Experimental Verification of Robustness Optimized Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Plans for Craniospinal Irradiation

Purpose: The robustness-optimized intensity modulated proton therapy (RO-IMPT) plans takes into account the setup errors to eliminate the hot/cold spots caused by setup errors at the junction for craniospinal (CSI) irradiation fields. The RO-IMPT requires a large area for the junction of two fields. This work is to verify the treatment planning system calculated dose with introduction of setup errors by two-dimensional (2D) dose measurement. Two fields of total lengths of 45 cm with junctions of 21 cm were measured. Methods: 2D dose distributions in the coronal plane were measured by a commercial 2D ion-chamber-array detector in a cubic solid water phantom. A total spine field consisting of an upper and a lower spine field was measured at the depths of 5.4 and 6.9 cm. The active area for the measurement was 24×24 cm22. The junction and the area outside the junction of the spine fields were measured separately to complete the verification for the total field. Six different amounts of set-up errors along the superior-inferior direction up to 1.4 cm were intentionally applied. The measured dose with and without set-up errors were compared with the calculated dose with and without set-up errors using Gamma-index analysis. 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm dose/distance agreement criteria were used. The point dose at the center of the junction was also compared. Results: For all fields with various introduced setup errors, 100 % of pixels passed the 3%/3mm criteria and on average 96% of pixels passed 2%/2mm criteria. Differences in the measured and calculated doses were within 1.1%. Conclusion: The efficacy of the robustness for the CSI RO-IMPT plans were verified by measurement. The measurement method can be used for patient treatment field specific QA for CSI RO-IMPT plans in our institution in the near future.
Ascorbic Acid and Stress Ulcer in the Rat

Rats were orally administered ascorbic acid at a dose of 30 g/liter during either total starvation, partial starvation, the activity-stress ulcer procedure, or the restraint-cold procedure. In four experiments, ascorbic acid failed to exert significant protective action against stomach ulcer formation and, in fact, may have potentiated the ulcerogenic process.
Disambiguation of ditropic sentences: Acoustic and phonetic cues

In a previous study, we demonstrated that listeners were highly successful in identifying the intended meaning of spoken ditropic sentences (those which may carry either a literal or an idiomatic m...
Brownian space-time functions of zero quadratic variation depend only on time

Let Bt, t ≥ 0, be a 1-dimensional Brownian motion and let f : R× [0,∞[→ R be a continuous function. We show that if t 7→ f(Bt, t) is locally of zero quadratic variation, then f(x, t) = f(0, t) for all (x, t) ∈ R× [0,∞[. This result extends recent work of F. B. Knight, thereby confirming a conjecture of T. Salisbury.
The Internet and the World Wide Web

This tutorial shows you how to unlock the hidden resources of the Internet and the World Wide Web. After a description of its history, we demystify the Internet's terminology and procedures by exploring electronic mail, addressing, mail lists, news groups, and the World Wide Web. We illustrate Web use in two domains, personal and professional. In the personal domain we show a number of useful, time-saving resources for: travel and leisure, investments and finance; personal shopping; medicine; real estate; museums; weather; games; and finding, retrieving, and managing information on any topic whatsoever. In the professional domain we show how to access Web resources in such areas as elementary, secondary, and university-level education; computers; legal advice; libraries; news and current events; science and engineering; telecommunications, teleconferencing, telemedicine, and telecommuting. We close with a review of the "hot topics" of 1997: privacy and security, electronic payment systems, and low-cost and high speed Internet access.
Karyotypes of bdelloid rotifers from three families

We have determined the chromosome numbers in embryo nuclei of four species of bdelloid rotifers from three families. In agreement with Hsu (La Cellule 57: 283–296, 1956), we find that Philodina roseola has 13 chromosomes. We find that Macrotrachela quadricornifera has 10 chromosomes and that Habrotrocha constricta and Adineta vaga both have 12. This is the first report of the chromosome number of a member of the family Adinetidae.
Feedback and Stabilization

The introductory Sections 1.2 to 1.5, which the reader is advised to review at this point, motivated the search for feedback laws to control systems. One is led then to the general study of the effect of feedback and more generally to questions of stability for linear and nonlinear systems. This Chapter develops basic facts about linear feedback and related topics in the algebraic theory of control systems including a proof of the Pole-Shifting Theorem described in Chapter 1, as well as an elementary introduction to Lyapunov’s direct method and a proof of a “linearization principle” for stability. Some more “advanced” topics on nonlinear stabilization are also included, mostly to indicate some of the directions of current research.
Dictionaries 2.0: Exploring the Gap between the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeals

The remarkable rise in dictionary usage by the Supreme Court since the mid-1980s has been a subject of considerable scholarly and media interest. We published an article in November 2013 that explored the Court’s new dictionary culture in depth from empirical and doctrinal perspectives. In a Yale Law Journal Note one year later, John Calhoun embraced some of our findings, criticized others, and — importantly — broadened the inquiry to identify a sizeable gap in overall frequency of citation to dictionaries between the Supreme Court and the federal courts of appeals. This gap in dictionary usage is our primary focus here. Previously we analyzed nearly 700 Supreme Court cases decided between 1986 and 2011, taken from three fields that together comprise substantial portions of the Court’s statutory docket: labor and employment law; business and commercial law; and criminal law. In this Essay, we examine dictionary use by federal courts of appeals in these same cases before the Supreme Court granted certiorari and reviewed them. Our analysis encompasses majority opinions from the circuit courts in 109 cases where the Supreme Court subsequently made affirmative use of dictionaries and in 106 cases where the Court’s decisions did not make use of dictionary definitions.We find that circuit courts cited to dictionaries in only one-sixth of the cases where the Supreme Court went on to use dictionaries after granting certiorari and in only about one of every nineteen cases in which the Court did not use dictionaries. The frequency of circuit court citation increased from the early Rehnquist Court period to the late Rehnquist and early Roberts Court years, but over that same period the gap between appeals court and Supreme Court references to dictionaries grew by substantial amounts. Further, when dictionary definitions were invoked, Supreme Court justices relied on those definitions to help justify the result (not simply as citations in dicta) over four-fifths of the time — twice as often as circuit court judges did when they cited dictionaries. Additional findings, reported below, support our conclusion that there are striking differences between the dictionary cultures in the Supreme Court and the courts of appeals.We begin by setting forth brief background regarding how our approach to analysis of dictionary use differs from Calhoun’s. Contrary to Calhoun’s assertions, there are no direct disagreements between us when our respective Supreme Court datasets are properly compared. We then describe our empirical approach to the courts of appeals data and present our findings, which relate to the basic gap in frequency of usage and reliance. We also describe some finer-grained observations regarding number and types of dictionaries used, and how often the circuit court judges and the justices define the same word in the same case. Finally, we suggest possible reasons why the Supreme Court uses and relies on dictionaries so much more often than circuit courts, and we outline plans for further research in this area.
The benefits and costs of the San Bernardino busway: Implications for planning☆

Abstract This paper presents an economic evaluation of Los Angeles' San Bernardino Freeway express busway. The potential for efficiency of this mode in a highly dispersed metropolitan area is demonstrated. Findings indicate that the mixed-mode operations allowed on the facility generate a good part of the benefits. It is also suggested that a lane flow reversal design would have increased efficiency beyond that of the existing facility. Finally, the wisdom of recently enacted (California) legislation, requiring convertibility to rail transit on all future busway construction, is questioned.
In situ observation of incompressible Mott-insulating domains in ultracold atomic gases

The observation of the superfluid to Mott insulator phase transition of ultracold atoms in optical lattices was an enabling discovery in experimental many-body physics, providing the first tangible example of a quantum phase transition (one that occurs even at zero temperature) in an ultracold atomic gas. For a trapped gas, the spatially varying local chemical potential gives rise to multiple quantum phases within a single sample, complicating the interpretation of bulk measurements. Here we report spatially resolved, in-situ imaging of a two-dimensional ultracold atomic gas as it crosses the superfluid to Mott insulator transition, providing direct access to individual characteristics of the insulating, superfluid and normal phases. We present results for the local compressibility in all phases, observing a strong suppression in the insulator domain and suppressed density fluctuations for the Mott insulator, in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Furthermore, we obtain a direct measure of the finite temperature of the system. Taken together, these methods enable a complete characterization of multiple phases in a strongly correlated Bose gas, and of the interplay between quantum and thermal fluctuations in the quantum critical regime.
Attrition Bias in Econometric Models Estimated with Panel Data

Panel data often are used to estimate the parameters of econometric or other linear models. However, a common problem with panel data is attrition. The author demonstrates the effects of attrition ...
Work in progress: Understanding the experiences of women of color in engineering

This qualitative study aims to understand the experiences of undergraduate women of color in engineering; specifically how their gender, race, and ethnicity shape their construct of an engineering identity. For many of the students, engineering identity was only understood along with gender and race/ethnic identities.
Sialic Acids Attached to N- and O-glycans Within the Nav1.4 D1S5-S6 Linker Contribute to Channel Gating

Abstract Background Voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav) are responsible for the initiation and conduction of neuronal and muscle action potentials. Nav gating can be altered by sialic acids attached to channel N-glycans, typically through isoform-specific electrostatic mechanisms. Methods Using two sets of Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines with varying abilities to glycosylate glycoproteins, we show for the first time that sialic acids attached to O-glycans and N-glycans within the Nav1.4 D1S5–S6 linker modulate Nav gating. Results All measured steady-state and kinetic parameters were shifted to more depolarized potentials under conditions of essentially no sialylation. When sialylation of only N-glycans or of only O-glycans was prevented, the observed voltage-dependent parameter values were intermediate between those observed under full versus no sialylation. Immunoblot gel shift analyses support the biophysical data. Conclusions The data indicate that sialic acids attached to both N- and O-glycans residing within the Nav1.4 D1S5-S6 linker modulate channel gating through electrostatic mechanisms, with the relative contribution of sialic acids attached to N- versus O-glycans on channel gating being similar. General significance Protein N- and O-glycosylation can modulate ion channel gating simultaneously. These data also suggest that environmental, metabolic, and/or congenital changes in glycosylation that impact sugar substrate levels, could lead, potentially, to changes in Nav sialylation and gating that would modulate AP waveforms and conduction.
Eltrombopag: A Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura:

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of eltrombopag in previously treated patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).Data Sources:Articles were identified through a search of the MEDLINE (1950–December 2008) database for English-language articles containing the key words eltrombopag, SB-497115, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. References from publications identified in this search were reviewed for relevant information. Unpublished data received from the manufacturer was also included in this review.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles identified from the data search were reviewed for relevant information. Applicable information was included in this review.Data Synthesis:Eltrombopag is a new oral thrombopoietic receptor agonist approved by the FDA in November 2008 as second-line treatment of chronic ITP. It stimulates human megakaryocyte differentiation and proliferation, leading to increased ...
Sartorius transposition during inguinal lymphadenectomy for melanoma

Abstract Background Inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) for melanoma has been associated with high rates of wound complication (WC). Sartorius transposition (ST) is a technique that has been proposed to minimize morbidity. We report the frequency of utilization of ST and associated clinical outcomes in a national sample. Materials and methods Patients undergoing ILND for melanoma were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File (2005–2011). ST status was determined. Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Propensity score matching was used to control for operative time. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of a WC following ST in the matched cohort. Results Of the 381 patients identified, 13% had a WC. By univariate analysis, increasing body mass index (P = 0.006), diabetes (P = 0.02), and longer operative time (P = 0.005) were associated with WC. Sixty-three patients received a prophylactic ST (16.5%). ST use was significantly associated with deep nodal dissection (P = 0.03) and increased operative time (P Conclusions Nationally, ST is used infrequently at the time of ILND. Moreover, patients undergoing ST do not appear to be selected based on the patient factors associated with increased risk of WC. Risk factors for wound complication should be considered in the selective use of ST.
Neutron diffraction measurements of time-dependent residual stresses generated by severe thermomechanical deformation

Residual stresses were generated by severe thermomechanical deformation in an aluminum alloy plate. The evolution of the residual stresses during natural aging was investigated by neutron diffraction up to 10,000 h. A data reduction method was developed to eliminate microstructure influences (solute variations) on the lattice spacing changes, thereby allowing the determination of the long-range macroscopic residual stresses. The residual stress decreased (∼25 MPa) with time due to the microstructural modification within the deformed region during natural aging.
Back to basics: The key to the velocity puzzle is M1

The recent instability in M1 velocity can be explained by recognizing that M1 consists of two types of transactions balances: those that are used for GDP transactions and those that are used for non-GDP transactions (mainly financial transactions). A model is developed to adjust for instability in the non-GDP transactions balancesvia measurements of portfolio adjustments between M1, non-M1 deposits, and nonbank assets. The model is much better in explaining post-1980 velocity instability, implying that portfolio adjustments induced by the rapid institutional change of this period are decisive factors in determining velocity changes. Also, an explanation of recent changes in V2 and V3 can be derived from the explanation of V1 changes.
What Causes Commodity Price Backwardation

A recently proposed explanation for futures price backwardation is examined. An equilibrium model with spatial heterogeneity leads to the interpretation of backwardations as mismeasurement by the analyst. However, the model predicts that backwardations are more affected by the location of stocks than by their aggregate level. Empirical examination of the United States corn market fails to support this result.
Low temperature thermal expansion of A-15 vanadium--gallium alloys

Abstract The thermal expansion of A-15 VGa alloys relative to room temperature was measured from near 4.2 °K to 300 °K using a powder X-ray diffraction technique. The data were fitted to a polynomial function of temperature, from which the instantaneous coefficients of linear expansion were calculated. No unambiguous evidence for a low-temperature martensitic transformation was detected.
Analysis of high pressure adsorption of gases on activated carbon by potential theory

Analysis of high pressure adsorption isotherms on activated carbon at a number of temperatures for methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen was carried out. Isotherms were obtained both above and below the critical temperature (Tc) for ethane, ethylene, and carbon dioxide, below (Tc) for propane and above (Tc) for methane and nitrogen and up to 60 atm of pressure. A comprehensive evaluation of the various methods proposed to apply potential theory to the adsorption data is presented. Temperature-independent characteristic curves for each adsorbate could be obtained if 1. (1) adsorbed phase molar volumes, necessary to obtain the characteristic curves, are evaluated by Dubinin's method and 2. (2) if the adsorption potential is defined as RT ln(fsf), where fs was calculated from Ps = (TTc)2Pc. The Dubinin-Astakhov equation gave the most suitable representation of the data.
Medullary substrate and differential cardiovascular responses during stimulation of specific acupoints.

Electroacupuncture (EA) at P5–P6 acupoints overlying the median nerve reduces premotor sympathetic cardiovascular neuronal activity in the rostral ventral lateral medulla (rVLM) and visceral reflex...
Hepatitis C vaccine clinical trials among people who use drugs: potential for participation and involvement in recruitment

Abstract Candidate prophylactic HCV vaccines are approaching phase III clinical trial readiness, yet little is known about the potential for participation among target groups or innovative ways to promote enrollment within ‘hard-to-reach’ populations. This study describes HCV vaccine trial participation willingness among a high-risk sample of people who use drugs and their willingness to assist researchers by promoting the trial among peers. Willingness to participate in and encourage peers' participation in an HCV vaccine trial was assessed among injection and non-injection drug users enrolled in a cohort study in Kentucky using interviewer-administered questionnaires (n = 165 and 415, respectively, with willingness to participate assessed among HCV-seronegative participants only). Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine correlates to being “very likely” to participate or encourage participation in a trial. Most reported being likely to participate or encourage participation in a vaccine trial (63% and 87%, respectively). Men were significantly less likely to report willingness to encourage others' participation, while willingness to encourage was higher among lower income, HCV-seropositive, heroin-using, and methamphetamine-using participants. Unemployment, lesser education, receipt of financial support from more peers, and nonmedical prescription drug use were positively associated with willingness to participate. Differential enrollment in HCV vaccine clinical trials by socioeconomic status may occur, underscoring ethical considerations and need for avoiding coercion. Notably, the data suggest that a peer-driven approach to promoting trial participation among people who use drugs could be feasible in this population and that HCV-seropositive individuals and women could be especially instrumental in these efforts.
Altered pulmonary lymphatic development in infants with chronic lung disease.

Pulmonary lymphatic development in chronic lung disease (CLD) has not been investigated, and anatomy of lymphatics in human infant lungs is not well defined. Hypothesis. Pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia is present in CLD. Method. Autopsy lung tissues of eighteen subjects gestational ages 22 to 40 weeks with and without history of respiratory morbidity were stained with monoclonal antipodoplanin and reviewed under light microscopy. Percentage of parenchyma podoplanin stained at the acinar level was determined using computerized image analysis; 9 CLD and 4 control subjects gestational ages 27 to 36 weeks were suitable for the analysis. Results. Distinct, lymphatic-specific staining with respect to other vascular structures was appreciated in all gestations. Infants with and without respiratory morbidity had comparable lymphatic distribution which extended to the alveolar ductal level. Podoplanin staining per parenchyma was increased and statistically significant in the CLD group versus controls at the alveolar ductal level (0.06% ± 0.02% versus 0.04% ± 0.01%, 95% CI −0.04% to −0.002%, P < 0.03). Conclusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, the findings show that there is an increase in alveolar lymphatics in CLD. It is suggested that the findings, by expanding current knowledge of CLD pathology, may offer insight into the development of more effective therapies to tackle CLD.
Being and Number in Heidegger's Thought

M. ROUBACH. Being and Number in Heidegger's Thought. Translation from the Hebrew by Nessa Olshansky-Ashtar. London and New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2008. viii + 139 pp. £65.0...
Cenozoic sedimentation in the central North Pacific

The central North Pacific, one of the largest sedimentary provinces in the world ocean, is covered by red clays and abundant manganese nodules1,2. Few studies have focused on the sedimentation history in this area, presumably because of the difficulty of dating these sediments; biostratigraphically useful fossils are rare or absent, and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy is limited in this area to the past 2–3 Myr (refs 3–5 and R. A. Prince et al., in preparation). We present here a history of Cenozoic sedimentation for the central North Pacific based on lithologie, stratigraphie and sedimentological data from a single 25-m long giant piston core (B.H.C. and C.D.H. in preparation). A sedimentation model incorporating the present-day sedimentation patterns in the central North Pacific and the north-northwest movement of the Pacific plate during the Cenozoic seems to explain the observed sedimentological variations seen in this unique core.
On the nature of some faint infrared stars.

Results of photometric observations of additional Haro-Chavira (H-C) infrared stars, which yield information regarding the nature of these objects. The observations, extending from 0.7 to 3.4 micrometers, were obtained with the 60-in. NASA telescope located at the Catalina Observatory of the University of Arizona. The late M-type spectra of these objects suggests that many of them may be variable. Their apparent concentration to the galactic plane notwithstanding, the fainter late M-type H-C stars must be distinctly less luminous (of luminosity class II or III).
The Paradigm Shift

This article examines current trends in nursing education and proposes undergraduate curriculum changes that are needed to meet the needs and goals of the Institute of Medicine Report: The Future of Nursing, Leading Change, Advancing Health, and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Curricular changes were developed and implemented during the development of the Affordable Care Act, the Future of Nursing Initiative report, and the Carnegie Report on Undergraduate Nursing Education. The changes will continue to evolve dynamically and are presented here for consideration.
Metal–chelator polymers as reactive adsorbents for organophosphate hydrolysis

Abstract We describe the synthesis and hydrolytic properties of three monomeric Cu(II)–1,4,7-triazacyclononane chelators, containing one to three polymerizable N -vinylbenzyl substituents, and their insoluble polymerized forms. The rates of hydrolysis of methyl parathion (MeP) and bis-(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP), expressed as their apparent Michaelis–Menten kinetic constants, were determined. The reported phosphodiester and phosphotriester catalytic rates are among the highest reported for insoluble polymers, with apparent catalytic constants of 1.0×10 −2 and 5.5×10 −4 s −1 for MeP and BNPP, respectively. Unusual substrate inhibition was also observed at high substrate concentrations for the three polymers that were cross-linked using trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), whereas polymers formed from the pure monomers or from a mixture of monomeric and TRIM polymerizations did not exhibit substrate inhibition at the same concentrations.