cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Butyrate supplementation to gestating sows and piglets induces muscle and adipose tissue oxidative genes and improves growth performance

Weaned pigs often experience growth reduction immediately after weaning due to multiple stress factors associated with weaning. We tested the effect of prenatal and postnatal butyrate supplementation on growth performance of piglets. In study 1, piglets were orally gavaged with 0.3% butyrate from day 4 after birth to weaning (day 21). Butyrate increased ADG by 13% compared to saline treated control. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) was higher in muscle, adipose tissue, and ileum of butyrate-supplemented animals. Also, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) was induced (P < 0.05) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and muscle (longissimus dorsi [LD]) of butyrate-supplemented piglets. In vitro, butyrate increased (P < 0.05) fatty acid oxidation in primary adipocytes and suppressed basal lipolysis by 62% compared to untreated cells. Butyrate suppressed (P < 0.05) lipogenesis ((14)C-glucose incorporation into lipids) in adipocytes. This was accompanied by an approximately 30% reduction in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (P < 0.05) in butyrate-treated cells vs. controls. Piglets born to sows that were supplemented with 0.3% butyrate during the last trimester of gestation had a 15% higher (P < 0.05) body weight at 12 wk than controls. In summary, butyrate supplementation to gestating sows and piglets enhanced postweaning growth performance, which may be mediated by increased substrate oxidation in butyrate treated animals.
Growth performance and spontaneous bone fracture incidence of turkey toms fed various levels of calcium and nonphytate phosphorus to heavy market weight.

SUMMARY This trial evaluated the effects of various dietary calcium and nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) feeding regimens on the growth and bone integrity of Nicholas 700 toms from 2 to 19 wk of age. After a 2-wk common brooding period, 24 to 25 poults/pen were allocated to 8 pens/treatment. Crumbles were fed from 2 to 5 wk of age and pellets were fed from 5 to 19 wk of age in a 3-wk phase program. Dietary calcium was kept at a 1.8:1 ratio with nPP for all diets. Diet 1 (LOW) was formulated to provide NRC recommendations for each phase change, ending with 0.25% nPP from 17 to 19 wk of age. Diet 2 (MED) nPP levels averaged 0.06 percentage units higher than the LOW diet. Diet 3 (HIGH) averaged 0.10 percentage units higher nPP than the MED diet. Diet 4 (VHIGH) averaged 0.10 percentage units higher nPP than the HIGH diet. Body weight was decreased (P < 0.01) by the LOW diet compared with all other treatments throughout the trial. By 8 wk of age, BW was lower (P < 0.001) when the MED diet was fed compared with the HIGH and VHIGH diets. Feed:gain was worsened (P < 0.02) by the LOW diet, compared with the HIGH and VHIGH diets, throughout the entire trial. The incidences of leg problems and spontaneous bone fractures were increased (P = 0.001) when the LOW diet was fed compared with the other diets. The increase in litter phosphorus (P = 0.001) was directly proportional to increases in dietary nPP. The HIGH and VHIGH diets resulted in the best growth performance and skeletal integrity.
Small-granule (neuro)endocrine cells in the infracardiac lobe of a hamster lung. Number, subtypes, and distribution.

Small-granule APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) endocrine cells were surveyed in 600 3 μm glycol methacrylate-embedded, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin-stained serial sections comprising 95% of the infracardiac lobe of a hamster lung. Results were confirmed by less systematic study of other hamster lungs. Positions of endocrine cells were marked on cardboard profiles of bronchi and bronchioles for assembly into a 70 X enlarged three-dimensional model from which size and branching of the airway were determined. Records were made for computer analysis of the number and staining patterns of endocrine cells, the nature of contiguous epithelial cells, and the presence of underlying smooth muscle and blood and lymph vessels. APUD cells occurred in 95% of all airways, at a mean density of six solitary cells and 10 cell clusters (neuroepithelial bodies) per millimeter of airway length, measured along the bronchial-bronchiolar long axis. Nineteen percent of endocrine cell loci (29% of a...
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF ON-BOARD AND STATION FLYWHEEL STORAGE FOR RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEMS

The energy efficiency of rail transit systems using regenerative braking is enhanced by flywheel storage elements used to store energy not accepted by the wayside power rail. In this paper three storage system control concepts are examined: armature and field control of on-board flywheels, and field control of a station-based storage device. The energy recovery efficiency and performance characteristics of each system are determined subject to optimal control laws derived to minimize energy loss. The resulting control systems are bilinear, due to the use of separately excited DC traction and flywheel motors as continuously variable transmissions. The three systems yield similar energy recovery efficiencies for deceleration, with the advantages of each for practical applications discussed.
An empirical test of the drivers of overall customer satisfaction: evidence from multivariate Granger causality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether customer‐perceived service quality and expectation of service quality have causal impacts on overall customer satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – Data on all the variables were elicited from the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), and these were analyzed using the Granger causality method.Findings – Satisfaction and perceived quality were positively related. Even though perceived quality did not Granger‐cause satisfaction in the short term, it did so in the long term. Likewise, even though satisfaction did not Granger‐cause perceived quality in the short term, it did so in the long term. But customer expectations Granger‐caused both satisfaction and expectation in the short‐term and the long term.Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on only one company. Extrapolation to other companies demands caution and the data may not satisfy asymptotic assumptions.Originality/value – The study contributes to the litera...
Regulation and function of the sonic hedgehog signal transduction pathway in isolated gastric parietal cells.

Shh (Sonic hedgehog) regulates gastric epithelial cell differentiation. We reported that incubation of purified canine parietal cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for 6–16 h, stimulates H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit gene expression through the activation of Akt. We explored if Shh mediates some of the actions of EGF in the parietal cells. EGF induced a 6-fold increase in Shh expression, measured by Western blots, after 5 h of incubation. This effect was inhibited by both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and by transduction of the cells with an adenoviral vector expressing dominant negative Akt. EGF stimulated the release of Shh-like immunoreactivity from the parietal cells, after 16 h of incubation. Shh induced H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit gene expression, assessed by Northern blots, it stimulated a luciferase reporter plasmid containing the EGF-responsive sequence (ERE) of the canine H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit gene promoter, and it induced parietal cell nuclear protein binding to the ERE. Gli transcription factors mediate the intracellular actions of Shh. Co-transfection of the parietal cells with the H+/K+-luc plasmid together with one expressing Gli2, induced H+/K+-luciferase activity 5-fold, whereas co-transfection of the cells with the H+/K+-luc plasmid together with one expressing dominant negative Gli2, inhibited EGF induction of H+/K+-luciferase activity. Identical results were observed in the presence of the Shh signal transduction pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine. Transfection of the cells with dominant negative Akt inhibited EGF, but not Shh stimulation of H+/K+-ATPase-luciferase activity. Thus, EGF but not Shh signals through Akt. Preincubation of the cells for 16 h with either Shh or EGF enhanced histamine-stimulated [14C]aminopyrine uptake by 50%. In conclusions, some of the actions of EGF in the parietal cells are mediated by the sequential activation of the Akt and the Shh signal transduction pathways. These effects might represent novel mechanisms mediating the actions of growth factors on gastric epithelial cell differentiation.
Wear of Silver-Graphite Brushes Against Various Ring Materials at High-Current Densities

A study has been carried out to evaluate noble metals for potential use as ring materials for high-speed high-current applications. A pin-on-disk friction apparatus was constructed so as to allow sliding tests to be carried out at high speeds and high-current densities in controlled environments. The pin material was a silver-graphite brush composite while the flat material was one of the elemental metals nickel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, or iridium. The pressure was 0.2 N/mm2, the current density was 0.8 A/mm2, and the sliding speed was 4 m/s. The friction, wear, and electrical resistance were determined in wet CO2 and dry air. In general, and surprisingly, materials which give high friction give low wear although, in fact, both the friction and the electrical resistance values covered a narrow range. The wear results are not in agreement with earlier data obtained during tests of silver pins sliding against the same metals at much lower loads, speeds, and electrical current densities, in which case the low wear metals were those with low metallurgical compatibility against silver, or else metals with a hexagonal crystal structure. In these new tests, the wear behavior at high speeds and high-current densities with silver-graphite brushes obeys essentially the same compatibility relationships, but referred to the graphite. The best performance in terms of low wear was provided by the metals rhodium, palladium, and platinum.
Dependence of polarization in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells on various cell parameters

Abstract The performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is affected by various polarization losses, namely, ohmic polarization, activation polarization and concentration polarization. Under given operating conditions, these polarization losses are largely dependent on cell materials, electrode microstructures, and cell geometric parameters. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, Ni–YSZ anode support, Ni–YSZ anode interlayer, strontium doped lanthanum manganate (LSM)–YSZ cathode interlayer, and LSM current collector, were fabricated. The effect of various parameters on cell performance was evaluated. The parameters investigated were: (1) YSZ electrolyte thickness, (2) cathode interlayer thickness, (3) anode support thickness, and (4) anode support porosity. Cells were tested over a range of temperatures between 600 and 800 °C with hydrogen as fuel, and air as oxidant. Ohmic contribution was determined using the current interruption technique. The effect of these cell parameters on ohmic polarization and on cell performance was experimentally measured. Dependence of cell performance on various parameters was rationalized on the basis of a simple analytical model. Based on the results of the cell parameter study, a cell with optimized parameters was fabricated and tested. The corresponding maximum power density at 800 °C was ∼1.8 W cm−2.
Novel Solvents for Sustainable Production of Specialty Chemicals

We discuss novel solvents that improve the sustainability of various chemical reactions and processes. These alternative solvents include organic-aqueous tunable solvents; near-critical water; switchable piperylene sulfone, a volatile dimethylsulfoxide substitute; and reversible ionic liquids. These solvents are advantageous to a wide variety of reactions because they reduce waste and energy demand by coupling homogeneous reactions with heterogeneous separations, acting as in situ acid or base catalysts, and providing simple and efficient postreaction separations.
Requirements Planning with Pricing and Order Selection Flexibility

Past requirements-planning research has typically assumed that the firms demands are determined prior to production planning. In contrast, we explore a single-stage planning model that implicitly decides, through pricing decisions, the demand levels the firm should satisfy in order to maximize contribution to profit. We briefly discuss solution methods and properties for these problems when production capacities are unlimited. The key result of this work is a polynomial-time solution approach to the problem under time-invariant finite production capacities and piecewise-linear and concave revenue functions in price.
A note on mass, momentum, and energy accommodation coefficients

Definitions distinctes de la probabilite de collage et des coefficients d'accommodation utilises pour la description des resultats de processus collisionnels entre molecules et surfaces
The Membrane-Associated Protein-Serine/Threonine Kinase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Is a Glycoprotein

Treatment of a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain or blotting with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin revealed the presence of several glycosylated polypeptides in a partially purified detergent extract of the membrane fraction of Sulfolobus solfataricus. One of the glycoproteins comigrated with the membrane-associated protein-serine/threonine kinase from S. solfataricus, which had been radiolabeled by autophosphorylation with [(32)P]ATP in vitro. Treatment with a chemical deglycosylating agent, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, abolished PAS staining and reduced the M(r) of the protein kinase from approximately 67,000 to approximately 62,000. Protein kinase activity also adhered to, and could be eluted from, agarose beads containing bound G. nivalis agglutinin. Glycosylation of the protein kinase implies that at least a portion of this integral membrane protein resides on the external surface of the cell membrane.
Natural language grammar induction with a generative constituent-context model

We present a generative probabilistic model for the unsupervised learning of hierarchical natural language syntactic structure. Unlike most previous work, we do not learn a context-free grammar, but rather induce a distributional model of constituents which explicitly relates constituent yields and their linear contexts. Parameter search with EM produces higher quality analyses for human language data than those previously exhibited by unsupervised systems, giving the best published unsupervised parsing results on the ATIS corpus. Experiments on Penn treebank sentences of comparable length show an even higher constituent F"1 of 71% on non-trivial brackets. We compare distributionally induced and actual part-of-speech tags as input data, and examine extensions to the basic model. We discuss errors made by the system, compare the system to previous models, and discuss upper bounds, lower bounds, and stability for this task.
Prejudicial searches and the pole balancer

The authors describe a modified random search method called 'prejudicial searching'. This method always finds the global minimum of any continuous function on a compact domain. The authors consider the method in the context of minimizing an objective function for the pole-balancer control problem. They begin by reviewing the derivation of cooling schedules for simulated annealing. Using similar methods they prove the convergence of the 'prejudicial search' algorithm. Preliminary simulation results indicate that the random search and simulated annealing have roughly the same efficiency. The authors expect the prejudicial search to provide substantial improvements over the random search. >
Entrapment of ionic tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) in hydrophobic siliceous zeolite: O2 sensing in biological environments

Synthesis of the ionic dye, tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru(bpy)32+·2Cl−) within the supercages of a highly hydrophobic zeolite Y is reported. Use of the neutral precursor Ru(bpy)Cl2(CO)2 allowed for high loading levels of Ru(bpy)32+ (1 per 7 and 25 supercages). The emission quenching of the Ru(bpy)32+-zeolite crystals dispersed in polydimethoxysiloxane (PDMS) films by dissolved oxygen in water was examined. The quenching data as a function of oxygen concentration was fit to a linear Stern-Volmer plot (R2 = 0.98). Using the Stern−Volmer plot as calibration, changes in concentration of dissolved oxygen due to reaction with glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase was monitored. Human monocyte-derived macrophages internalized the submicron-sized Ru(bpy)32+-zeolite crystals, and intracellular oxygen concentrations initiated by zymosan-mediated oxidative burst could be monitored by measuring the emission from Ru(bpy)32+ by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
An empirical dynamic equation for energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit

[1] We develop an empirical dynamic equation for the hourly evolution of 1.8–3.5 MeV energetic electron flux at local noon at geosynchronous altitude. We use a genetic algorithm combined with a neural network to identify the magnetospheric quantities that can be used to model the time evolution of hourly energetic electron fluxes. We then apply a statistical technique to analyze how these quantities modify the evolution of energetic electron flux through phase space. We fit this evolution to an analytical dynamic equation. We show that the ring current index Dst and a Pc 5 ULF wave power index together can produce a meaningful model of the noon energetic electron flux. We also use this model to demonstrate how the magnetosphere would respond to a hypothetical increase in ULF wave power without a storm in Dst. We demonstrate that while the model electrons do respond to any enhancement in ULF wave power, their response is much larger in the presence of a magnetic storm with sustained ULF wave power.
High speed VLSI architecture for general linear feedback shift register (LFSR) structures

Based on previous three-step high-speed VLSI architecture for LFSR structures, this paper proposes an improved three-step LFSR architecture with both higher hardware efficiency and speed. Generator polynomials for the first and third steps are constructed with iterative small length polynomials, which can in turn be easily handled by proposed look-ahead pipelining algorithm. A new scheme is also proposed for cutting down the iteration bound of the LFSR structure in the second step. This architecture can be applied to any LFSR structure for high-speed parallel implementation. For example, for the parallel BCH (8191, 7684) encoder with different unfolding factors J from 8 to 32, the proposed design can achieve speedup of 2.83% to 15.78% and XOR gates savings of 9.67% to 26.28%.
Local Labor Market Eects of Trade Policy: Evidence from Brazilian Liberalization

This paper measures the eects of Brazil’s 1987-1995 trade liberalization on local labor market wages and internal migration patterns. I develop a specic-factors model of regional economies to examine the impact of national price changes on local labor markets. In the model, a region’s industry mix determines the local impact of liberalization, with larger wage declines in regions where workers are concentrated in industries facing the largest tari cuts. I nd that regions whose output faced a 10% larger liberalization-induced price decline experienced a 9.4% larger wage decline. In addition, liberalization resulted in a shift in migration patterns. The most aected Brazilian states gained or lost approximately 0.5% of their populations as a result of liberalization-induced shifts in migration patterns. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the local eects
The Scope of Practice of Diabetes Educators in a Metropolitan Area

A survey of 108 members of a local metropolitan AADE chapter was conducted to assess (1) current roles and responsibilities of diabetes educators with respect to medical management and patient education, and (2) the use of behavioral strategy techniques among diabetes educators. Nurses and dietitians specializing in diabetes care performed a range of responsibilities. Approximately 75% of the nurses performed standard patient education roles and 20% performed the majority of roles traditionally considered to be in the medical domain, including insulin adjustment. More than half of the respondents had not received formal training in the use of behavioral strategies. Formal training was positively associated with greater use of behavioral techniques. Training for diabetes educators should include behavioral intervention strategies. Nurses specializing in diabetes care may also need training regarding physical assessment for chronic complications, and knowledge regarding adjustment of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications.
Characterizing the Role of Deformation during Electrochemical Etching of Metallic Films

Electrochemical dissolution of ionic species into a solid is an area of great interest in several fields including nanoscale patterning and energy storage. Such dissolution is strongly influenced by several factors e.g., work function difference, dislocation density, grain size, and number of grain boundaries. These parameters are strongly influenced by mechanical deformation of the ionic conductor. Here we characterize such a system of silver (Ag) and silver sulfide (Ag2S), where incorporation of Ag into the solid ionic conductor, Ag2S, is dramatically influenced by mechanical deformation. We show more than three-fold dissolution rate enhancement when the polycrystalline conductor is compressed to one-third of its original size. We attribute this enhancement to increased dislocation density which is supported by the high current densities observed during dissolution. Additionally, reduced electronic currents suggest most of this contribution comes from increased reaction at the metal-conductor interface. Our studies have important applications in areas involving ionic transport including direct metal patterning and energy storage technology.
Analysis of organic compounds in water to support health effects studies

The following topics are discussed: nature of organics in water; volatile organic pollutants in New Orleans drinking water; purgeables in Miami drinking water; volatile organics in industrial effluents; volatile organics in municipal sewage; refinement in methodology for volatile compounds; development of analytic methods for classes of organic compounds; and development of computerized library of organic water pollutants. (HLW)
Water Resources Planning and Management Goals

The goal of water resources planning and management is to utilize water related resources for national economic gain, regional development, enhance the environment, and provide social betterment. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that because of great demands the resources, including dollars must be carefully husbanded. Only those projects or programs clearly fitting a national long-range plan should be inplemented with Federal funds. A system of priority selection is needed to assure that only those projects having high justification will be placed in the budget cycle for implementation. Water resources planners must develop new techniques to shorten the time required to plan and foreset priorities. They must improve reporting methods and present all relevant factors. By so doing they will be playing a more decisive role in the decision-making process.
Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience.

Objectives: Early diagnosis and emergent surgical debridement of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) remains the cornerstone of care. We aimed to study the effect of early surgery on patients' outcomes and, in particular, on hospital length of stay (LOS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LOS. Materials and Methods: Over a 6-year period (January 2003 through December 2008), we analyzed the records of patients with NSTIs. We divided patients into two groups based on the time of surgery (i.e., the interval from being diagnosed and surgical intervention): Early (<6 h) and late (≥6 h) intervention groups. For these two groups, we compared baseline demographic characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes. For our statistical analysis, we used the Student's t-test and Pearson Chi-square (χ2) test. To evaluate the clinical predictors of early diagnosis of NSTIs, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In the study population (n = 87; 62% males and 38% females), age, gender, wound locations, and comorbidities were comparable in the two groups. Except for higher proportion of crepitus, the clinical presentations showed no significant differences between the two groups. There were significantly shorter hospital LOS and ICU LOS in the early than late intervention group. The overall mortality rate in our study patients with NSTIs was 12.5%, but early intervention group had a mortality of 7.5%, but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Our findings show that early surgery, within the first 6 h after being diagnosed, improves in-hospital outcomes in patients with NSTIs.
Cholesterol and Radiosensitivity

Although there is some evidence in animal studies that cholesterol signaling mediates radiation sensitivity of normal tissues, until recently, no connection had been made between cholesterol signaling and tumor radiosensitivity. Aberrant cholesterol signaling in breast cancer promotes oncogenesis and tumor progression by either altering membrane fluidity, membrane associated rafts, or as a direct activator of transcription. Cholesterol is synthesized de novo by the mevalonate pathway. A causal role for hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, in oncogenic transformation, progression, and sensitivity to treatment offers an opportunity for drugs that inhibit this enzyme (i.e., statins) as well as other cholesterol mediating strategies as radiosensitizing treatments. This review discusses potential mechanisms by which statins alter cholesterol signaling in breast cancer and potentially enhances radiation sensitivity and outcome with a special focus on inflammatory breast cancer.
Relative Lack of Culprit and Obstructive Coronary Lesions in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Elevated Cardiac Troponin.

The measurement of cardiac troponins (cTn) is widely used to diagnose myocardial injury or necrosis 1, 2 , and has become an important tool for the risk stratification and clinical management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 3, 4 . However, elevated cTn levels are also found in non-ACS patients 5 . For example, in a recent study of patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease, higher cTn levels were observed in patients with concomitant kidney disease or diabetes mellitus 6, 7 . Furthermore, approximately 15% of patients with acute ischemic stroke have elevated cTn 8-11 ; many of whom, have no other clinical manifestation of acute coronary ischemia. Because cTn still provides important prognostic information regarding mortality outcomes in stroke patients 12 , current AHA guidelines recommend its measurement in all patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke 13 . However, the role of cTn in predicting culprit or obstructive coronary lesions in these patients remains unknown, but may be important to ascertain if subsequent revascularization therapy could be shown to be beneficial.
A journal system for field experience in teacher education

The College of Education, University of Missouri-Columbia is developing and testing a suite of tools that utilize the Internet and work as a system to support learning from field experiences. These tools are built to support pre-service teachers, field-based mentors and college faculty as they collaborate, engage in practice, document their efforts, share their experiences, and assess outcomes. The journal system enables the preservice teacher to record their observations and reflections about experiences, maintain these records on a central server, and organize the records to meet a variety of needs. The software also facilitates sharing these records with faculty, mentor teachers and other preservice teachers. In addition the software provides access to a variety of resources for enhancing experiences and solving problems. Among the resource types are web pages, electronic messaging and conferencing. The field test version of the journal system will implement a Macintosh client and Silicon Graphics Indy servers. The clients and servers communicate over the internet using TCP/IP connections. Anyone who has access to the internet via a direct connection or a SLIP or PPP connection is able to participate. In addition the software supports the creation and editing of journal entries off-line for later upload when a connection is available.
WHY 300 SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA? THE SEXUAL SELECTION HYPOTHESIS.

AYALA, F. J., J. R. POWELL, AND T'H. DOBZHANSKY. 1971. Polymorphisms in continental and island populations of Drosophila willistoni. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60:2480-2483. AYALA, F. J., J. R. POWELL, M. L. TRACEY, C. A. MOURAO, AND S. PEREZ-SALAS. 1972. Genic variability in natural populations of Drosophila willistoni. Genetics 70:113-139. CARSON, H. L. 1956. Marginal homozygosity for gene arrangement in Drosophila robusta. Science 123:630-631. . 1958. Response to selection under different conditions of recombination in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 23:291-306. DA CUNHA, TH. DOBZHANSKY, D. PAVLOVSIv, AND B. SPASSKY. 1959. Genetics of natural populations. XXVIII. Supplementary data on the chromosomal polymorphism in Drosophila willistoni in its relation to the environment. Evolution 13:389-404. DOBZHANSKY, TH. 1951. Genetics and the origin of species, 3rd ed., rev. Columbia, N.Y. LEWONTIN, R. C. 1974. The genetic basis of evolutionary change, Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y. MARKOW, T. A. 1975. A genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection in the presence of inversions. Genetics 79:527-534.
Reactive Ion Etching of Copper with SiCl4 and CCl2F2

Copper may become an alternative to aluminum as an interconnect material in future multilevel metallization schemes if it is possible to pattern Cu by dry etching in a manufacturable process. Here we report results on the reactive ion etching of Cu in SiCl4 /Ar, SiCl4/N2, and CCl2F2/Ar plasmas. Etch rates have been investigated as a function of various plasma parameters, such as gas composition, pressure, etc., and substrate temperature. We have obtained etch rates as high as 850 A /min with SiCl4/N2 and a substrate temperature of ∼ 200 ° C. Also, it appears feasible to pattern Cu anisotropically using either polyimide or amorphous carbon as a high-temperature etch mask.
Are Some Consumers More Prone to Purchase Private Brands

Is there any evidence to support the statement that private brand purchasers constitute an identifiable market segment? Do these consumers differentiate among different private brands of the same p...
Abstract ADV03: My breast cancer yellow brick road.

From DCIS, stage 0 breast cancer, to invasive recurrence four years later, to Stage IV spread eight years after that, and now living with advanced breast cancer since 2000, I have traveled the winding path of researching, support groups, consultations, treatment and therapies. My road is not one solid concrete walkway. One organization cannot do it all: research innovative technologies and signaling cellular pathology; provide funding for research grants; support patients and families; meet financial needs as they arise. I started on this winding road when I questioned my route and I tiptoed gingerly at first, then raced along, often stumbling, to physicians and organizations that could make a difference and help me with my decisions. ACS9s Reach to Recovery mission "…dedicated to eliminating cancer…by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy and service" and "to assist people with breast cancer throughout the continuum of their disease experience." Linda Creed Foundation, working hand and hand with the National Breast Cancer Coalition whose mission has become curing breast cancer by 2020, lobbies full force making yellow bricks stronger, funding major innovative and costly research, for consumer-advocate input on review panels for grants from Department of Defense. Metastic Breast Cancer Network9s mission "to raise awareness of metastatic breast cancer by putting a public face on the metastatic experience (and) give those living with Stage IV disease a greater voice and visibility in the breast cancer and research communities as well as the public at large," provides education and information on treatments and coping. My road includes other organizations that lovingly mold beautiful yellow bricks. The Cancer Support Community (formerly Gilda9s Club and the Wellness Community) provides educational and emotional resources. The S.J. Cancer Fund9s patient assistance mission addresses financial needs such as paying utility bills, transportation and medical co-pay bills, and Living Beyond Breast Cancer does anything and everything they can to help the breast cancer patient, from phone support for first timers or recurrent "survivors," to conferences, to special events providing companionship and letting women know they are not alone. Citation Format: Susan Axler. My breast cancer yellow brick road. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr ADV03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-ADV03
Virologic and immunologic values allowing safe deferral of antiretroviral therapy.

Objective:To determine how long highly active antiretroviral therapy can be deferred in HIV-1 infected persons.Design:Observational cohort study of HIV-1 infected men at four academic centers in the USA.Outcome:Progression to clinical AIDS or to CD4 cell counts < 200 × 106/l in the absence of antire
TGFCM: A Novel Approach of Chinese Text Mining Based on Fuzzy Clustering

A novel approach is presented.The main defect of traditional methods of fuzzy clustering is to known the number of clustering in advance.This paper applies the dynamic self-organizing maps algorithm to determining the number of clustering.The text eigenvector is acquired based on the vector space model(VSM) and TF?IDF method.The result of clustering is attained by fuzzy C mean algorithm(FCM).The number of clustering acquired by the dynamic self-organizing maps is introduced into the fuzzy C mean algorithm(FCM).Compared to the dynamic self-organizing maps algorithm,the present algorithm possesses higher precision.The fuzzy clustering is suitable for dealing with the semantic variety and complexity.The example demonstrates the effectiveness of the present algorithm.
Longitudinal findings from a randomized clinical trial of naltrexone for young adult heavy drinkers.

Objective Behavioral interventions for young adults show limited effects 1-year posttreatment. Few studies have examined the longitudinal outcomes of pharmacotherapy trials to reduce heavy drinking. This study examined the posttreatment, longitudinal effects of the first placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone in young adult heavy drinkers. Method Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week trial. Follow-up assessments at posttreatment (8 weeks [8W]), 3 months [3M], 6 months [6M], and 12 months [12M]). Participants were young adults ages 18-25 (N = 118) who reported ≥4 heavy drinking days in the prior 4 weeks. Outcomes were percent days heavy drinking (PHDD), percent days abstinent (PDA), and drinks per drinking day (DPDD). Results There were no time effects on PHDD. Treatment improvements were maintained posttreatment. A main effect of time was found for PDA. Both conditions continued to increase PDA posttreatment. For DPDD, a Treatment ×Time interaction emerged. In the naltrexone condition, DPDD increased from 8W to 6M and decreased from 6M to 12M, resulting in no net change posttreatment. The placebo group had a nonsignificant decrease in DPDD. The result was a significant benefit of naltrexone at 8W but not 12M. Conclusions Participants showed improvements or no change on most outcomes over 1 year posttreatment. Naltrexone had significant benefits over placebo at 8W. Although differences among groups diminished during follow-up, overall effects were maintained. Behavioral monitoring during treatment may impact long-term outcomes more than a single intervention following discontinuation of active medication. (PsycINFO Database Record
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased risk of development of chronic kidney disease

Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) frequently goes undiagnosed due to its subacute clinical presentation, which may later present as chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association of PPI use with the development of CKD and death. Two separate retrospective case–control study designs were employed with a prospective logistic regression analysis of data to evaluate the association of development of CKD and death with PPI use. The population included 99,269 patients who were seen in primary care VISN2 clinics from 4/2001 until 4/2008. For evaluation of the CKD outcome, 22,807 with preexisting CKD at the first observation in Veterans Affairs Health Care Upstate New York (VISN2) network data system were excluded. Data obtained included use of PPI (Yes/No), demographics, laboratory data, pre-PPI comorbidity variables. A total of 19,311/76,462 patients developed CKD. Of those who developed CKD 24.4 % were on PPI. Patients receiving PPI were less likely to have vascular disease, COPD, cancer and diabetes. Of the total of 99,269 patients analyzed for mortality outcome, 11,758 died. A prospective logistic analysis of case–control data showed higher odds for development of CKD (OR 1.10 95 % CI 1.05–1.16) and mortality (OR 1.76, 95 % CI 1.67–1.84) among patients taking PPIs versus those not on PPIs. Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with increased risk of development of CKD and death. With the large number of patients being treated with proton pump inhibitors, healthcare providers need to be better educated about the potential side effects of these medications.
Clinical Laboratory Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes/Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Methodological Challenges.

Objective Evaluating electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) in the clinical laboratory is critical to understanding their effects. However, laboratory evaluation of ECIGs can be challenging, as they are a novel, varied, and evolving class of products. The objective of this paper is to describe some methodological challenges to the clinical laboratory evaluation of ECIGs. Methods The authors gathered information about challenges involved in the laboratory evaluation of ECIGs. Challenges were categorized and solutions provided when possible. Results Methods used to study combustible cigarettes may need to be adapted to account for ECIG novelty and differences within the class. Challenges to ECIG evaluation can include issues related to 1) identification of ECIG devices and liquids, 2) determination of short -term ECIG abstinence, 3) measurement of use behavior, and 4) assessment of dependence. These challenges are discussed, and some suggestions to inform ECIG evaluation using clinical laboratory methods are provided. Conclusions Awareness of challenges and developing, validating, and reporting methods used to address them aids interpretation of results and replication efforts, thus enhancing the rigor of science used to protect public health through appropriate, empirically-based, ECIG regulation.
Clinical epidemiological characteristics of neonatal respiratory failure in Children's Hospital of Hebei Province

Objective To investigate the incidence,treatment and prognosis of neonatal respiratory failure (NRF) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Children's Hospital of Hebei Province.Methods The medical data of 626 NRF newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Children's Hospital of Hebei Province from January 1st,2008 to December 31st,2008 were collected,and the pathogenesis of NRF,management,risk factors of their deaths and cost for the disease were studied.The results were compared with the national study in the same period and the local study of 2004-2005 by Chi-square test.Results During the 12 consecutive months,the incidence of NRF in neonatal intensive care unit was 38.9％ (626/1608).The mortality in hospital was 22.5％ (141/626),among which,most deaths (134,95.0％) occured after early discharge required by the parents.The mortality decreased by 14.7％ compared with that during 2004 2005 (37.2％,113/304),and was also lower than that (24.7％,1683/6864) in the national study at the same period.Pneumonia/sepsis ( 34.8 ％,218/626 ),neonatal respiratory distress syndrome ( 31.6 ％,198/626 ),and meconium aspiration syndrome (10.7％,67/626) were leading primary causes of NRF.The major complications were pneumonia/sepsis (5.4 ％,34/626),intracranial hemorrhage (4.6 ％,29/626) and persistent pulmonary hypertension (3.2％,20/626 ).The percentage of NRF babies requiring pulmonary surfactant rose from 14.1％ (43/304) during 2004-2005 to 23.6％ (149/626) in 2008,which almost reached the national level of 26.8％ (1840/6864).Pulmonary surfactant treatment was accepted by 70.2％ (139/198) patients with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.12.1％ (24/198)of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome infant was administered immediate intubation-surfactant-extubation.Seventeen (2.7％) patients accepted nitric oxygen treatment.Nasal continuous positive airway pressure was given to 76.5％(479/626) patients,which was higher than before (47.1％,143/304).Conventional mechanical ventilation rate decreased from 72.7％ (221/304) to 49.8％ (312/626),and high frequency oscillatory rate increased from 0.7％ (2/304) to 10.5％ (66/626),which were similar to the national level.Of the 480 patients discharged after recovery,the mean time of hospital stay was (15.1 ± 4.0) days,and the mean medical cost was (12752 ± 5148) CNY.Conclusions The patient number increases and the medical skills and treatment methods of our hospital improve a lot.Utilization of pulmonary surfactant,nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high frequency oscillatory ventilation increase significantly.However,the burden of NRF is still heavy. Key words: Respiratory insufficiency; Incidence; Infant,newborn; Epidemiology
Sources of the Vitamins

The total vitamin intake of a human or animal is the sum of the amount of bioavailable vitamins consumed in foods/feedstuffs and any supplements. Estimates of the vitamin contents of most foods and feedstuffs are available from different sources, including the USDA's National Nutrient Database, which has compiled the nutrient content of foods common to the American diet. Most humans consume the vast majority of their vitamins from 50 to 200 core food items. In less developed nations, people rely on staple foods, such as wheat, rice, and corn (maize), for most of their vitamins. Bioavailability and vitamin losses are important considerations in meeting requirements for humans and animals. A number of extrinsic factors, such as chemical and physical form, and intrinsic factors, such as age and health status affect the bioavailability of vitamins. Vitamin losses occur due to storage, milling, processing, and cooking. National programs mandate the fortification of particular foods with vitamins in a number of nations to include the fortification of folate to wheat products in the United States. Dietary supplements are also meaningful contributors of vitamins to the diet, particularly in developed nations.
Gene expression profiling in the human alcoholic brain

Abstract Long-term alcohol use causes widespread changes in gene expression in the human brain. Aberrant gene expression changes likely contribute to the progression from occasional alcohol use to alcohol use disorder (including alcohol dependence). Transcriptome studies have identified individual gene candidates that are linked to alcohol-dependence phenotypes. The use of bioinformatics techniques to examine expression datasets has provided novel systems-level approaches to transcriptome profiling in human postmortem brain. These analytical advances, along with recent developments in next-generation sequencing technology, have been instrumental in detecting both known and novel coding and non-coding RNAs, alternative splicing events, and cell-type specific changes that may contribute to alcohol-related pathologies. This review offers an integrated perspective on alcohol-responsive transcriptional changes in the human brain underlying the regulatory gene networks that contribute to alcohol dependence. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled “Alcoholism”.
A switched-capacitor dendritic arbor for low-power neuromorphic applications

Power efficiency of the dendritic arbor has a high impact on the overall power efficiency of a neuromorphic design. We deploy a sub-threshold switched-capacitor mechanism and power gating to carry out summation of post synaptic potentials (PSPs) as well as capturing passive properties of dendrites through sampling PSPs on the capacitors and serializing them to perform summation rather than providing current through active devices as used in earlier designs. The power efficiency of the proposed 45nm CMOS circuit is demonstrated and compared to existing circuits used as dendritic arbors.
Leading Causes of Anesthesia-Related Liability Claims in Ambulatory Surgery Centers.

ObjectiveWe present a contemporary analysis of patient injury, allegations, and contributing factors of anesthesia-related closed claims, which involved cases that specifically occurred in free-standing ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs).MethodsWe examined ASC-closed claims data between 2007 and 2014
Trust as a Foundation for Research with Human Subjects

The previous two chapters have provided some historical and philosophical background to set the stage for the discussions that will take place in this chapter. In Chap. 2, I examined the history of the ethics of research with human subjects and argued that existing regulations and guidelines were adopted to restore and maintain public trust and prevent ethical abuses from occurring again. However, since ethical issues involving conflicts between the rights/welfare of human subjects and the advancement of knowledge will continue to arise when interpreting and applying existing regulations or deciding whether to revise them, we need an ethical decision-making framework to guide policy formation and help us establish priorities. In Chap. 3, I examined some influential moral theories to determine whether they could supply such a framework. I argued that the theories have strengths and weaknesses but that no single theory satisfactorily answers all objections and satisfies all critics, and that the most reasonable position is to adopt some form of moral pluralism. I proposed that four moral principles, similar to those defended by Beauchamp and Childress (2012), can guide ethical decision-making and policy formation. I noted, however, that the pluralistic approach still faces the issue of priority-setting when moral conflicts arise. I suggested that a fifth principle, the principle of trust, can help investigators, oversight committees, institutions, and funding agencies set priorities in research with human subjects when conflicts arise. In this chapter I will elaborate on and defend an approach to research with human subject based on the notion of trust.