cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments and prospects for algae-based fuels in the US

Abstract In recent years, algae-based fuels have received a growing interest of the industry sector and the US Government as a sustainable and renewable energy source. Algae constitute a unique feedstock as they contain high levels of both lipids and sugars and, thus, can be used for both biodiesel and ethanol production successively, in a two-stage process. In addition, the production of algae-based fuels shows a low environmental footprint and high energy efficiency. Algae can produce between 10 and 100 times more oil per acre as compared with traditional oil crops (e.g., oil palm) and can also grow 20–30 times faster than food crops. The production of algae does not compete with traditional crops for fresh water, high quality soil or fertilizers and, if cultivated off-shore, algae production does not require land resources at all. Furthermore, algae-based fuel is carbon-neutral, as algae assimilate similar amounts of CO 2 for its growth as is released upon fuel combustion. From the policy perspective, algae-based fuels can provide a buffer for mitigating the food/feed vs. fuel problem in the long-term. The paper analyzes and discusses very recent developments in the algae R&D from the economic, environmental and policy perspective. It presents ways for solving the economic impediments as well as prospects for the commercialization of the algae technology in the near future. It covers multiple scientific and industry-related research and experimental studies to provide a comprehensive picture of the trends and patterns in the field.
Estrogen increases the severity of anaphylaxis in female mice through enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production

Background Clinical observations suggest that anaphylaxis is more common in adult women compared with adult men, although the mechanistic basis for this sex bias is not well understood. Objectives We sought to document sex-dependent differences in a mouse model of anaphylaxis and explore the role of female sex hormones and the mechanisms responsible. Methods Passive systemic anaphylaxis was induced in female and male mice by using histamine, as well as IgE or IgG receptor aggregation. Anaphylaxis was assessed by monitoring body temperature, release of mast cell mediators and/or hematocrit, and lung weight as a measure of vascular permeability. A combination of ovariectomy, estrogen receptor antagonism, and estrogen administration techniques were used to establish estrogen involvement. Results Anaphylactic responses were more pronounced in female than male mice. The enhanced severity of anaphylaxis in female mice was eliminated after pretreatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist or ovariectomy but restored after administration of estradiol in ovariectomized mice, demonstrating that the sex-specific differences are due to the female steroid estradiol. Estrogen did not affect mast cell responsiveness or anaphylaxis onset. Instead, it increased tissue expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Blockage of NOS activity with the inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester or genetic eNOS deficiency abolished the sex-related differences. Conclusion Our study defines a contribution of estrogen through its regulation of eNOS expression and nitric oxide production to vascular hyperpermeability and intensified anaphylactic responses in female mice, providing additional mechanistic insights into risk factors and possible implications for clinical management in the further exploration of human anaphylaxis.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND THE CHOICE OF FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODE AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION

Drawing on the transaction costs, strategic capability and the strategic cognition perspectives, our study seeks to examine whether and how firms’ strategic orientations at the business level influence the entry mode choices that firms make in accessing foreign markets. The study uses a sample of 332 foreign market entries made by 62 U.S. based firms over a period of 6 years to test hypotheses linking firm business level strategy to the choice of foreign entry modes. Findings indicate that Prospectors are more likely to choose equity-based foreign market entry modes than Defenders. In addition, Prospectors favor full-ownership entry modes, namely, greenfield investments and full acquisitions, over shared-ownership modes such as joint ventures and partial acquisitions.
Design Sensitivity Analysis of Planar Mechanism and Machine Dynamics

A method of formulating and automatically integrating the equations of motion of quite general constrained dynamic systems is presented. Design sensitivity analysis is carried out using a state space adjoint variable method that has been employed extensively in optimal control and structural design optimization. Both dynamic analysis and design sensitivity analysis formulations are automated and numerical solution of state and adjoint differential equations are carried out using a stiff numerical integration method that treats mixed systems of differential and algebraic equations. A computer code that implements the method is applied to two numerical examples. The first example concerns a relatively simple slider-crank mechanism. The second example treats a more complex agricultural trip plow that undergoes intermittent motion.
Sudan black B positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

The presence of greater than 3% Sudan black B (SBB) positivity in leukaemic blasts has been considered diagnostic of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). A rare report has indicated that this finding may not be specific for ANLL. In order to determine whether SBB could be found in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) the data on 350 patients with newly diagnosed ALL were reviewed. Six patients (1.6%) were found to have 5% or greater SBB positive blasts. The diagnosis of ALL was supported by morphology, cytochemistries, immunologic markers, therapeutic response, and in one case immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. It is important to recognize the fact that SBB is not specific for AML and may be found in the blasts of patients with ALL.
N-cadherin detected in the membrane fraction of lens fiber cells.

N-cadherin was identified as a glycoprotein present in the fiber cell membranes of frog, chick, bovine, rabbit and human lenses. The molecular size of N-cadherin varies with the species. Homogenization of the chick lens in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in a decrease in the concentration of N-cadherin. This suggests that the lens contains a Ca2+-activated protease which can act on N-cadherin.
Petasin Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates Glucose Metabolism

Petasin (1), a natural product found in plants of the genus Petasites, has beneficial medicinal effects, such as antimigraine and antiallergy activities. However, whether or not 1 modulates metabolic diseases is unknown. In this study, the effects of 1 on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is considered a pharmacological target for treating metabolic diseases, are described. It was found that an extract of Petasites japonicus produces an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK in vitro, and the main active compound 1 was isolated. When this compound was administered orally to mice, activation of AMPK in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue was observed. Moreover, pretreatment with 1 enhanced glucose tolerance following the administration of a glucose solution to normal mice. The mechanism by which 1 activates AMPK was subsequently investigated, and an increased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio in the cultured cells treated with 1 occurred. In addition, treatment with petasin inhibited mitocho...
Symmetry considerations based upon 2‐D EH dyadic Green's functions for inhomogeneous microstrip ferrite circulators

The EH Green's function is derived under three circulator conditions, three-, four-, and six-fold geometric symmetry, from the general arbitrarily placed ports expression for inhomogeneous ferrite loading. Using these Green's functions, the multiport s-parameters and electric field are found. A large reduction in the number of Green's function elements which must be evaluated occurs. Published 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 16: 176–186, 1997.
Prefabricated Multilayer Section Design Program (Computer Program Descriptions)

PMSDP searches within the transitional section of an electromagnetic window configuration for the arrangement of prefabricated multilayers that yields the best broad-band frequency-matching condition.
Nuclear Angiocardiography in the Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease in Infants

Nuclear angiocardiography with a gamma camera, a pinhole collimator, and 99mTc pertechnetate was performed on 43 children aged 3 years or less, including 10 neonates. Twenty-six children had congenital heart disease, which was confirmed at cardiac catheterization; the rest had no structural cardiac anomaly. Use of the pinhole collimator allowed magnification of cardiac images, with enhancement of resolution. Sensitivity was improved by positioning the pinhole 14 cm rather than 19 cm from the crystal of the gamma camera. Anterior and left lateral angiocardiograms were obtained with both 35-mm images at 0.3-sec intervals and cine-images at 18 frames/sec. Abnormalities in origin, size, and position of the great arteries, in chamber configurations, and in the time and course of activity in right and left heart, lungs, and great vessels were used to assist in identification of anomalies such as transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, truncus arteriosus, and aortic...
Abiotic factors and chlamydospore formation in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii

Production of chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii , race 2, was optimum at 24–27°C, pH 7.1, a matric potential of −25 centibars and an osmotic potential of zero bars.
Molecular Simulations of pH-Dependant Maturation-Associated Structural Changes in Bacteriophage HK97

Many viruses systems respond to cellular cues by undergoing structural rearrangements. The rearrangements can involve modification of the individual subunit protein configuration and/or large scale changes to the capsid shape, size and morphology. In the latter case, these changes are largely driven by changes to the protein-protein interfaces in capsid. One of the most common cues a virus encounters during its infection process are pH modifications. The manner in which viral systems respond to pH changes is varied, however, by developing robust simulations methods for exploring these changes we will be able to examine a range of systems in the near future. In this work, we have focused on the bacteriophage HK97, as a model system for understanding large-scale, pH-induced conformational changes in virus capsids. HK97 undergoes a maturation process during which the capsid swells and facets, changing it from a spherical to a polyhedral morphology. The in-vivo process involves the packaging of the DNA genome, however, in-vitro, an analogous transformation can be achieved in the absence of DNA, just by means of pH alterations. We have employed constant-pH molecular dynamics along with string-method refinement and umbrella-sampling calculations to estimate the free-energy profiles along the maturation reaction coordinate. We have investigated how pH can influence this energy landscape by calculating pKas of titratable residues in both the mature and immature states, from which ΔΔG's of maturation can be calculated as a function of pH. By correlating key structural rearrangements with residues which have significant pKa shifts we can begin to form a mechanistic picture of how pH can trigger changes to the capsid structure and modulate the free energy landscape.
Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with associated pulmonary foregut malformation

Abstract Laryngotracheoesophageal clefts are rare anomalies usually diagnosed in early infancy with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Frequent complications after repair are tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheomalacia, and tracheostomy dependence. Here we describe the successful repair of a Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with an associated bronchopulmonary foregut malformation in a full-term female infant. In addition to a three-layered closure, costal cartilage grafts were used anteriorly and posteriorly to recreate the lamina of the cricoid. The placement of the grafts with the endotracheal tube acting as a stent, we believe, decreased the risk of fistula formation and helped to minimize post-operative tracheomalacia.
Professional Development for University Scientists around Issues of Equity and Diversity: Investigating Dissent within Community.

We investigated the role of dissent in a community of university scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists engaged in a 2-year professional development project around issues of equity and diversity. Members of this teacher learning community explored issues related to gender and ethnicity in science education, and attempted to develop course materials and instructional strategies inclusive of students from underrepresented groups. We focused our attention on those professional development sessions (6 of the 19) devoted to a contentious yet integral topic in science education: the gendered and multicultural nature of science. We examined conversations initiated by a member's concerns to learn how dissent led (or failed to lead) to new insights into feminist science studies scholarship or to greater understanding of ways to address equity issues in undergraduate science education. We also explored how teacher learners' resulting views of feminist science studies scholarship informed (or failed to inform) changes in their own educational practices. From our qualitative analyses, we highlight the challenges in balancing respect for members' individual voices with collective progress toward project goals, and in structuring conversations initiated by dissent to provide adequate space for deliberation and movement toward deeper understanding of equity and excellence. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 738–771, 2002
Decreasing children's distress during medical procedures

Medical fears are common in children and can have long-term implications for future attitudes toward health care. Providing accurate information about an impending medical procedure can help the inexperienced child prepare for a painful or unpleasant medical experience and ultimately adapt to the experience more rapidly. The main strategies for providing developmentally appropriate medical information to children are reviewed, and common errors made by parents and medical staff are highlighted. However, anxious children who have already experienced difficult or painful medical procedures are unlikely to be helped by additional information. Distraction, relaxation, and imagery techniques specifically designed for such children who already have developed medical phobias are reviewed. The importance of parents and other adults as “coaches” for children during stressful medical procedures is addressed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-assembly of molybdite nanoribbons

In this article we report the synthesis of molybdenum trioxide nanoribbons assembled into self-standing films. The molybdenum oxide crystals are prepared by acid decomposition of sodium molybdate under hydrothermal conditions. The set of conditions to obtain well-aligned single crystalline, single-phase products was determined; under these conditions it is possible to obtain assemblies of crystals of several centimeters, aligned along a single crystalline direction. These crystals are also suitable precursors to other molybdenum chalcogenides, as we present a nanostructured molybdenum sulfide obtained by the sulfidation of these molybdenum oxide nanoribbons. A considerable amount of single nanowires and nanoplatelets of molybdenum sulfide were observed in this material.
Nuancing the healer's art: the epistemology of patient competence.

The programmatic thrust of Thomasma and Pellegrino [5] is clarified and underscored and is interpreted as an attempt to introduce a fixed point into the ethical dimension of medicine by specifying some regulative principles for the medical profession. Two important features of this type of enterprise are noted: on the one hand, it may lead the profession to distinguish between technically identical actions on the basis of the normative principles it produces, thus excluding some morally permissible actions as duties constitutive of the art. It is argued that the formulation of the grounds for this ethic given by Thomasma and Pellegrino is insufficient. In order to speak to the clinical situation, medical ethics must not be based on merely the ‘living human body’ alone, but on the patientqua person.
Cell cycle controlled histone H1, H3, and H4 genes share unusual arrangements of recognition motifs for HiNF‐D supporting a coordinate promoter binding mechanism

Cell cycle and growth control of the DNA binding and transactivation functions of regulatory factors provides a direct mechanism by which cells may coordinate transcription of a multitude of genes in proliferating cells. The promoters of human DNA replication dependent histone H4, H3, and H1 genes interact with at least seven distinct proteins. One of these proteins is a proliferation-specific nuclear factor, HiNF-D, that interacts with a key cis-regulatory element (H4-Site II; 41 bp) present in H4 genes. Here we describe binding sites for HiNF-D in the promoters of H3 and H1 genes using cross-competition, deletion analysis, and methylation interference assays, and we show that HiNF-D recognizes intricate arrangements of at least two sequence elements (CA- and AG-motifs). These recognition motifs are irregularly dispersed and distantly positioned in the proximal promoters (200 bp) of both the H3 and H1 genes. In all cases, these motifs either overlap or are in close proximity to other established transcriptional elements, including ATF and CCAAT sequences. Although HiNF-D can interact with low affinity to a core recognition domain, auxiliary elements in both the distal and proximal portions of each promoter cooperatively enhance HiNF-D binding. Thus, HiNF-D appears to bridge remote regulatory regions, which may juxtapose additional trans-activating proteins interacting within histone gene promoters. Consistent with observations in many cell culture systems, the interactions of HiNF-D with the H4, H3, and H1 promoters are modulated in parallel during the cessation of proliferation in both osteosarcoma cells and normal diploid osteoblasts, and these events occur in conjunction with concerted changes in histone gene expression. Thus, HiNF-D represents a candidate participant in coordinating transcriptional control of several histone gene classes.
Impaired left ventricular systolic and diastolic function without left ventricular dilatation associated with papillary muscle calcification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Impairment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in hypertrophie cardiomyopathy (HC) is unusual, and when it occurs the LV cavity often dilates. 1 This report describes a patient with chronic severe impairment in LV contractility associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) but without LV dilatation.
Strategy adoption and locomotor adjustment in obstacle clearance of newly walking toddlers with down syndrome after different treadmill interventions

This study investigated how newly walking toddlers with Down syndrome (DS), after different treadmill interventions, adopted clearance strategies and modified anticipatory locomotor adjustment patterns to negotiate an obstacle in their travel path. Thirty infants with DS (about 10 months of age) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a lower-intensity, generalized (LG) treadmill training group, or a higher-intensity, individualized (HI) treadmill training group. Thirteen in each group completed a one-year-gait follow-up after the treadmill intervention. Initially, both groups chose to either crawl or walk over an obstacle. However, walking over the obstacle became their preferred clearance strategy over the course of the gait follow-up even though the height of the obstacle increased from visit to visit. The HI group used the strategy of walking over the obstacle at a considerably higher percentage than the LG group within 6 months after the training. When approaching the obstacle, both groups started to show consistent anticipatory locomotor adjustments about 6 months after the training. Both groups decreased velocity, cadence and step length, and increased step width at the last three pre-obstacle steps. It was concluded that the retention of the HI training effects led the HI group to predominantly walk over an obstacle earlier than the LG group within 6 months after treadmill intervention, and the two groups produced similar anticipatory locomotor adjustments in the last three steps before negotiating the obstacle.
Viscoelastic properties of wet cortical bone, III: a non-linear constitutive equation

Abstract A constitutive equation is proposed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of wet human compact bone measured in torsion at body temperature. The equation is developed, using a spectrum of relaxation times, H(τ)= log τ τ 1 ≤τ≤τ 2 0 τ 1 ,τ>τ 2 called the ‘triangle’ spectrum. The transient and dynamic viscoelastic moduli are derived from this. Applications of this distribution to other viscoelastic data as well as to dielectric systems, are discussed. Nonlinear effects observed in bone are described using the first two terms of a multiple-integral expansion. The dynamic properties of two types of nonlinear solid are obtained from constitutive equations based on transients, and applications to bone mechanics are discussed.
Expression of melanoma neutral proteinase and collagenase potential by endocytosis.

Abstract Neutral proteinases and collagenase production were determined for four cell lines of B-16 melanoma grown in culture. Endocytosis of 1 μ latex beads by cells in vitro revealed the proteinase production potential of three cell lines. These results were correlative to the proteinases from isolated metastatic lung foci. The association of proteinase secretion to intracellular latex accumulation was best associated with a cell line with low in vitro basal proteinase activities. The role of endocytosis of material by tumor cells to metastases is discussed.
Students' Expectations of Teachers: Love and Authority.

(1985). Students' Expectations of Teachers Love and Authority. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 55-56.
High-resolution independent component analysis based time-of-arrival estimation for line-of-sight multipath environments

A novel super resolution time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation technique applicable to multipath wireless channels is proposed. Here, it is assumed that the line-of-sight signal is available. This technique applies the concept of independent component analysis (ICA) to the received signal in the frequency domain. The proposed ICA algorithm solves an optimisation problem for TOA estimation. The selection of a proper cost function for this optimisation is investigated. The objective is to improve the estimation performance in multipath environments. The proposed technique extracts the TOA estimation iteratively. An optimum initialisation constraint is incorporated to detect the desired (shortest) TOA as the first estimated time delay. This reduces the complexity of the proposed approach. Compared with the traditional super-resolution techniques such as MUSIC, this algorithm represents a lower sensitivity to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for positive SNRs, and bandwidth. The proposed method is a good candidate for high-resolution TOA estimation in rich scattering wireless environments. It possesses a low complexity implementation over many high-speed fixed-point platforms such as digital signal processor (DSP) and field programmable gate array (FPGA). The proposed technique has applications in radar, sonar, wireless local positioning systems, and, localisation in mobile ad hoc networks.
Fragrance material review on 3-methyl-5-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)pent-3-en-2-one.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-methyl-5-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)pent-3-en-2-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Methyl-5-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)pent-3-en-2-one is a member of the fragrance structural group Alkyl Cyclic Ketones. These fragrances can be described as being composed of an alkyl, R 1 , and various substituted and bicyclic saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, R 2 , in which one of the rings may include up to 12 carbons. Alternatively, R 2 may be a carbon bridge of C2–C4 carbon chain length between the ketone and cyclic hydrocarbon. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-methyl-5-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)pent-3-en-2-one were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, sensitization, phototoxicity, photoallergy, and genotoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire Alkyl Cyclic Ketones will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2013. A Toxicologic and Dermatologic Assessment of Alkyl Cyclic Ketones when used as fragrance ingredients. Submitted for publication) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Alkyl Cyclic Ketones in fragrances.
Reconstruction after Earthquakes: Sustainability and Development

Abstract This paper identifies key sustainability issues arising in earthquake‐related projects financed by The World Bank. First, Bank‐financed reconstruction activities are briefly described within the background of the Bank's objectives in development. Second, the connections between human activities and development decisions on the one hand and seismic risk and vulnerability on the other are discussed. The multiple nature of earthquake‐related losses are identified, including economic (direct and indirect), time‐related and institutional losses. Third, resource mobilization efforts following disasters are discussed, including issues related to local and international aid. Fourth, the inclusion of measures geared to preventing losses in Bank‐financed reconstruction efforts are explored within the overall context of preserving sustainability and reducing vulnerability. The paper offers the conclusion that the losses from vulnerable development amount to a significant burden to member countries governmen...
Robust in-gel fluorescence detection of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation

Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a common post translational modification of cell-surface and secretory pathway proteins and is implicated in vital biological processes as well as human disease. We report here the use of the metabolic chemical reporter GalNAz along with Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition conditions for the robust, in-gel fluorescent visualization of mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins.
σ-restricted growth functions and p, q -Stirling numbers

Abstract The restricted growth functions are known to encode set partitions. They are words whose subword of leftmost occurrences is the identity permutation. We generalize the notion of restricted growth function by considering words whose subword of leftmost occurrences is a fixed general permutation. We prove a natural generalization of results of Wachs and White which state that the enumerators for the joint distribution of two pairs of inversion like statistics on restricted growth functions are the p, q-Stirling numbers.
Time to heal medical education

In Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care, Kenneth Ludmerer presents a penetrating narrative and analytic account of the daunting economic, organizational, social, and value problems facing medical education that are threatening its excellence and its sense of purpose. The new conditions have the potential not only to seriously undermine the scientific and clinical quality and vibrancy of the education that medical students and housestaff receive, but also to subvert the development of core elements of a "Samaritan" concern for the care, the suffering, and the well-being of patients and of dedication to the public good. American medical schools have a long tradition of trying to improve medical education through periodic curriculum reforms. Since the famous and influential Flexner report in 1910, at least 24 other major reports advocating such reform have been issued, and they have been strikingly similar in their prescriptions. The resulting modifications have, however, been "reform without change" because of medical educators' failure to address the basic social, organizational, and financial problems with which medical schools have been progressively confronted. Ludmerer considers that today's problems, however formidable they may be, are not as profound as those that faced medical educators a century ago--and that there is time and opportunity for visionaries and leaders to act. This may be true but only if they can properly diagnose the present problems of medical education, amply understand their roots, identify effective means to remedy them, and galvanize medical educators to make the systemic, institutional changes, locally and nationally, that are called for.
Solid-state electrochemical study of the standard Gibbs energy of formation of indium sesquioxide

Abstract The standard Gibbs energy of formation of In2O3 was studied in the solid-state electrochemical cell: Pt∥C∥In(l),In 2 O 3 ∥Ca 0.15 Zr 0.85 O 1.85 ∥CO, CO 2 ∥Pt over the temperature range 950 to 1128 K, using calcia-stabilized zirconia as the solid electrolyte and a (CO + CO2) gaseous mixture as the reference electrode. The Nernst equation was used to derive standard Gibbs energies of formation of indium oxide. Least squares gave ΔG f o ( In 2 O 3 ,c, T)/ kcal th mol −1 = (−233.67 ± 0.14) + (8.044 ± 0.014) × 10 −2 (T/K) A third-law analysis showed that ΔIn f o ( Ga 2 O 3 ,c,298.15 K)/kcal th mol −1 = −222.09 ± 0.1 in agreement with calorimetric determinations. Comparisons with results of other studies are presented. No evidence was found for the formation of In2O(c) in the In(I) + In2O3(c) coexistence electrode.
Anomalous Beam-Ion Loss in TFTR Reversed Magnetic Shear Plasmas

Anomalous beam-ion loss has been observed in an experiment with short tritium beam pulses injected into deuterium-beam-heated Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor plasmas (P{sub NBI}=15 thinspthinspMW) with reversed magnetic shear (RS). Comparisons of the measured total 14thinspthinspMeV neutron emission, the neutron flux along eight radial locations, and the perpendicular plasma stored energy with predictions from an extensive set of TRANSP simulations suggest that about 40{percent} beam power is lost on a time scale much shorter than the tritium beam pulse length {Delta}t=70 thinspthinspms. In contrast with recent results [K. Tobita {ital et al.,} Nucl.thinspthinspFusion {bold 37}, 1583 (1997)] from RS experiments at JT-60U, we were not able to show conclusively that magnetic field ripple is responsible for this anomaly. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Breast Implant Infections

Infection after breast implant surgery occurs in 1.1% to 2.5% of procedures performed for augmentation and up to 35% of procedures performed for reconstruction after mastectomy. Most infections result from skin organisms and occur in the immediate postoperative period, although infections can occasionally present after many years. Diagnosis of breast implant infection relies on the clinical presentation of breast pain, swelling, erythema, and drainage in conjunction with ultrasound-guided cultures of periprosthetic fluid. Management commonly involves implant removal, with device salvage attempted in select situations.
Hydrodynamic and temperature effects on the flow-induced local corrosion rate in pipelines

When a flow enters a pipeline or goes over an obstacle, a new boundary layer is developed and produces a local corrosion rate that is greater than the average corrosion rate. Equations are developed to calculate this local flow-induced corrosion rate. The calculated local corrosion rate varies from a fraction of mm/year to 1.27 mm/year (50 mils/year), depending on the temperature, velocity, and location of the flow. The calculations also show that the maximum local corrosion rate occurs at a short distance from the edge of the pipe entrance. The wavy appearance of erosion-corrosion failure on metal surfaces can be explained by the boundary layer theory and the convective mass transfer of ferrous ions.
Ocular Chlamydial Infections-Reply

In Reply.— Dr Deur's letter illustrates the problem faced by an astute and conscientious clinician in managing the sex partner of patients who have sexually transmissible disease. This can be most difficult when the diagnosis is not readily recognized by the patient as a sexually transmitted disease. For example, it is important to identify and treat sexual contacts not only of adult patients with adult ocular chlamydial infections but also the parents of infants with neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis and the sex partner of patients with mucopurulent cervicitis, epididymitis, Reiter's syndrome, urethral syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, and so on. At the present time this situation is probably dealt with most effectively by family physicians who are trained to view the patient in the setting of his family and other relationships. I suspect it may be dealt with least effectively by gynecologists who are trained and expected to deal only with female
Sexual abuse and sexual functioning in a chronic pelvic pain sample

Sexual abuse, particularly childhood sexual abuse, has been linked to chronic pelvic pain and to sexual dysfunction, though the sexual functioning of survivors of sexual abuse has not been studied in a chronic pain population. Sixty-three women with chronic pelvic pain completed measures of sexual function, sexual abuse, and pain. Using an index of the extent of sexual abuse experiences in childhood and adolescence/adulthood, higher scores were related to lower rates of sexual activity, less satisfaction with orgasm and feelings of closeness with sexual partners, and greater severity of and interference from pain. Findings point to the importance of controlling for relationship status in analyses of long-term effects of sexual abuse and of assessing chronic pelvic pain patients for histories of sexual abuse using measures that address the extent or severity of abuse.
The Response of Sputtered Thermocouples to Interrupted Radiation

The response of thin sputtered thermocouples to interrupted radiation of low frequency has been studied and corroboration with the theory obtained. The anomalous behavior of bismuth-tellurium couples has been observed. These couples when used in conjunction with a low frequency amplifier are more sensitive than wire thermocouples used with the most sensitive galvanometers, but without “multipliers.”
Examining the role of word identification in synonymy judgment

This paper examines the role of word identification in semantic judgment tasks. We argue that word-identification processes can substantially alter the functional properties of semantic judgment tasks. We investigate this empirically by examining the effects of semantic relatedness and relatedness proportion on synonymy judgments of non-synonym pairs. The results demonstrate that semantic relatedness slows synonymy judgments for non-synonym pairs when the relatedness proportion is low, but speeds them when the relatedness proportion is high. The former effect is a replication of traditional findings, while the latter effect reverses these findings. We explain these results by hypothesizing that increasing the relatedness proportion increases the beneficial effects of semantic relatedness in word identification, and this produces the reversal of traditional findings. We close by emphasizing that models of semantic judgment tasks can become more comprehensive by focusing on word identification.
Importance of spontaneous α-ketoacid decarboxylation in experiments involving peroxide

The potential role of spontaneous alpha-ketoacid decarboxylation as a source of interference in experiments involving peroxide was investigated. The assay of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in isolated renal mitochondria was employed as an example. Spontaneous peroxide-induced pyruvate decarboxylation competed significantly with enzymatic decarboxylation at peroxide concentrations greater than 50 microM. Corrected values for enzymatic decarboxylation could be obtained by subtracting spontaneous decarboxylation rates from rates obtained in the presence of mitochondria. At higher peroxide concentrations (greater than 200 microM), reaction product accumulates (acetoacetate) to levels which may have regulatory effects on mitochondrial metabolism. The divalent cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+, both accelerate spontaneous peroxide-induced pyruvate decarboxylation while other components of the assay medium had an inhibitory effect on the reaction. The results are discussed in relation to the currently accepted reaction mechanism. Investigators who perform experiments involving reactive oxygen species should be familiar with this often overlooked reaction.
Psychodynamics and the holy spirit.

The concept of unconscious motivation has had wide acceptance in recent decades, making its appearance in drama, art, literature, law, and education as well as in psychology and psychiatry. The idea has also had wide currency in theology, especially through the literature of the pastoral counseling movement, which has been strongly influenced by psychoanalysis. Many voices within theology have urged that the insights of depth psychology be mobilized to illuminate and perhaps to revise traditional theological concepts. Reinhold Niebuhr, for example, wrote: "We cannot scorn insights in which truth has been distilled from the half-truths of both Freudianism and Neo-Freudianism."1 Samuel Miller, noting that "psychody namics has introduced a new dimension of great power and diversity," urgently advocates exploration of relationships between psychology and theology: "Nothing is more critically needed at the present moment than a definitive study of the relationship of psychodynamic structures to the transcendental realities of theological affirmation."2 Miller recognizes the naturalistic context of psychodynamics, its lack of scientific credentials, and its brash assumption of authority over other criteria of truth, but insists that it be heard: "Psychodynamics is a new dimension of human reality but it is
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Are Important for Niche-Specific Colonization and Stress Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in many bacterial genomes and have been implicated in biofilm and persister cell formation, but the contribution of individual chromosomally encoded TA systems during bacterial pathogenesis is not well understood. Of the known TA systems encoded by Escherichia coli, only a subset is associated with strains of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). These pathogens colonize diverse niches and are a major cause of sepsis, meningitis, and urinary tract infections. Using a murine infection model, we show that two TA systems (YefM-YoeB and YbaJ-Hha) independently promote colonization of the bladder by the reference uropathogenic ExPEC isolate CFT073, while a third TA system comprised of the toxin PasT and the antitoxin PasI is critical to ExPEC survival within the kidneys. The PasTI TA system also enhances ExPEC persister cell formation in the presence of antibiotics and markedly increases pathogen resistance to nutrient limitation as well as oxidative and nitrosative stresses. On its own, low-level expression of PasT protects ExPEC from these stresses, whereas overexpression of PasT is toxic and causes bacterial stasis. PasT-induced stasis can be rescued by overexpression of PasI, indicating that PasTI is a bona fide TA system. By mutagenesis, we find that the stress resistance and toxic effects of PasT can be uncoupled and mapped to distinct domains. Toxicity was specifically linked to sequences within the N-terminus of PasT, a region that also promotes the development of persister cells. These results indicate discrete, multipurpose functions for a TA-associated toxin and demonstrate that individual TA systems can provide bacteria with pronounced fitness advantages dependent on toxin expression levels and the specific environmental niche occupied.
CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE FREQUENCY AS A FUNCTION OF WIND SHEAR AND DEFORMATION1

Abstract The probability is determined that an aircraft will encounter moderate or severe high-level turbulence during a 100-mi. flight segment when particular values of certain meteorological quantities exist in that locality. The turbulence data used are pilot reports collected by the U.S. Weather Bureau Clear Air Turbulence Project, for March 12–24, 1962 and February 4–9, 1963. The meteorological quantities which were computed from standard data include vertical vector wind shear, vertical wind direction shear, temperature lapse rate, horizontal wind shear, vorticity, and resultant deformation. A correlation of 0.45 was found between turbulence frequency and the product of vertical vector wind shear and deformation. This value is the highest correlation found so far with data of this type. The product of wind shear and deformation is an important factor in the development of fronts. One might expect that a tendency for frontogenesis would correlate better with turbulence than would frontolysis. The dat...
Some effects of scopolamine on a passive avoidance response in rats.

Results are reported for the effects of scopolamine and methscopolamine on a passive avoidance response in rats. Scopolamine in adequate doses severely disrupted both the acquisition and the retention of this response. Since methscopolamine was without effect, it was concluded that the site of action is in the central nervous system.
(Queer) Family Time: Brothers & Sisters and Managing Temporal Anxieties

Temporal anxieties are pervasive in the 21st century, particularly within the context of the American family. Although scholars apply Kenneth Burke's “symbolic medicine” to explain how audiences manage these anxieties through consumption of popular media, I argue that representations of queer-inclusive families are a common form of symbolic medicine used to ameliorate time panics within the traditional family unit. Drawing upon the concept of “queer temporality” and the ABC television drama Brothers & Sisters, I explain how these texts function as “equipment for living,” arguing for the acceptance of queer-inclusive families, not as a moral necessity, but because such acceptance can return stability to a conservative family time currently under threat. As such, queer experiences of time are drained of their radical potential, and queer lives function to serve the very heteronormative structures they seek to resist.
Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia With Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

Purpose To (a) critically appraise available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing the efficacy of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as secondary agents for prevention of hypertriglyceridemia and (b) make recommendations for clinical practice. Data Sources Two independent reviewers examined all RCTs from 1994 to 2003 identified in several databases, extracted data from each study, and used the previously tested Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) to determine study quality. Conclusions Ten studies reported long-chain omega-3 fatty acids to be effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The average decrease in triglycerides was 29%, total cholesterol 11.6%, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) 30.2%, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 32.5%. One study found LDLs to increase by 25%. The average increase in highdensity lipoprotein was 10%. The overall average MQI score was 36% (range = 26% to 54%). Many of the RCTs had serious shortcomings, including short duration, lack of a power analysis, no intention-to-treat analysis, no report of blind assessment of outcome, and lack of dietary control as a confounding variable. Implications for Practice Overall study methodology was weak. Although the evidence supporting use of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of hypertriglyceridemia is reasonably strong, until there are larger RCTs of better methodological quality, it is not recommended that practitioners treat hypertriglyceridemia with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in lieu of lipid-lowering medications.
Target detection in hyperspectral imagery using demixed spectral angles

We present a modification to the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) to perform mixed pixel target detection in hyperspectral imagery. Our method uses the linear mixing model to define a new set of coordinates using endmember spectra. We show that spectral angles measured in this new coordinate system differ from those measured in full band space, and that there is a natural interpretation of angles involving mixed pixels in these new coordinates. We include experimental evidence that our method outperforms traditional SAM in cases involving both subpixel and shaded target situations.
Baltimore Canyon as a modern conduit of sediment to the deep sea

An integrated study using moored current meters, transmissometers and sediment traps revealed that sediment in Baltimore Canyon was resuspended regularly when energy from internal tides was focused along the canyon axis. Such focusing occurred primarily during late winter and early spring. During resuspension events particle concentrations at 275 m in the canyon axis typically increased from a background level of 100 μg l−1 to over 1000 μg l−1 within a 5-min period and often exceeded 5000 μg l−1. Net transport of both water and sediment 5 m above bottom (mab) at 275 m in the canyon axis was consistently downcanyon, while 5 mab at 600 m in the canyon axis net transport was upcanyon, implying convergence between the two sites. The distribution of suspended sediment was determined using a CTD/transmissometer during hydrographic transects along the canyon axis and across the slope adjacent to either side of the canyon. Resuspension on the shelf, canyon walls, and along the slope was minimal, but in the canyon interleaving tongues of turbid water were always present between 200 and 800 m. Although concentrations of resuspended sediment were high, they were not sufficient to generate downcanyon flows. Turbid plumes moved seaward along density surfaces at the convergence between 275 and 600 m and other regions of the canyon. The passage of atmospheric storms and Gulf Stream rings may have changed the pattern of currents of resuspension in portions of the canyon sometimes, but not always. Fluxes of particles collected in sediment traps along the canyon axis increased exponentially toward the buttom, but the size of particles collected in traps decreased with distance from the canyon head, suggesting that resuspended sediment was advected, but depleted in larger, denser particles away from the canyon. An exponential increase with depth in trap fluxes at 1000 m, despite fairly uniform concentrations of suspended particles measured by transmissometers, suggests that many particles are advected as large aggregates (marine snow) that are not detected quantitatively by transmissometers. Currents outside the canyon walls quickly dilute and dissipate sediment moving out of the canyon. Subamrine canyons can act as conduits of sediment to the deep ocean not only by channeling turbidity currents, but also by focusing internal tides that resuspended sediment, after which it is advected to deeper water.