cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical adaptation in rat liver in response to marginal oxygen toxicity

1. Hepatic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased in rats exposed to 5lb/in2 (equivalent to 27000ft), 100% O2 when compared with control animals in a 14.7lb/in2 (sea level), air environment. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase were not affected by the 5lb/in2, 100% O2 environment. 2. Animals exposed to the hyperoxic environment consumed food, expired CO2 and gained weight at the same rate as normoxic control animals. Additionally, blood glucose and liver glycogen concentrations were unchanged in the hyperoxic animals. The only readily apparent physiological difference in the hyperoxic animals was a decreased haematocrit. 3. The increase in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was eliminated by the injection of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. 4. Expiration of 14CO2 from [1-14C]glucose was approximately the same in hyperoxic and normoxic rats. However, 14CO2 expiration from [6-14C]glucose was markedly decreased in the animals exposed to the hyperoxic environment. 5. Calculations of the relative importance of the pentose phosphate pathway versus the tricarboxylic acid cycle plus glycolysis indicated that the livers from animals in the 5lb/in2, 100% O2 environment metabolized twice as much carbohydrate by way of the pentose phosphate pathway as did those from the sea-level air control animals. 6. In livers of rats exposed to 5lb/in2, 100% O2 the concentrations of pyruvate, citrate and 2-oxoglutarate were increased, that of isocitrate was slightly elevated, whereas the concentrations of succinate, fumarate and malate were decreased. 7. An inactivation of both tricarboxylic acid cycle lipoate-containing dehydrogenases, pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate, under hyperoxic conditions is proposed. 8. The adaptive significance of the induction of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the resultant production of NADPH under hyperoxic conditions is discussed.
Exploring Pediatric Resident Attitudes and Preferences for Board Exam Preparation

Objective The American Board of Pediatrics Certifying Exam (ABP CE) is a high stakes exam and is important for employment and fellowship opportunities in pediatrics. Although research has suggested interventions which may improve scores, little research has focused on resident perception of preparation for the ABP CE. In this study, we aimed to better define pediatric residents' attitudes and preferences regarding preparation for the ABP CE. Methods Pediatric residents from one residency program were invited to participate in focus groups to discuss their attitudes and preferences on board exam preparation for the ABP CE. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. From the transcripts, authors developed codes through an iterative process, which were then organized into categories. These categories were then grouped into themes. Results Nineteen residents participated in three focus groups. Focus group transcription analysis resulted in 49 codes, which were sorted into 26 categories. The categories were then grouped into four key themes: 1) the ABP CE is not immediately important early in residency; 2) more personalized guidance is preferred; 3) consistent board preparation focus from the residency program is valued; 4) learning format is important. Conclusions Residents believe preparation for the ABP CE increases in importance as they progress through residency, and they desire more personalized, consistent, and structured focus from their training program related to ABP CE preparation. Attention to these perceptions can help guide pediatric residency program leadership in developing effective board exam preparation strategies and curricula for their residents.
Entrepreneurial teams' acquisition of talent: a two-sided approach

While it is crucial for startups to hire the employees to keep building their human capital, little is known about their hiring. Startups are more likely to have fewer resources devoted to hiring a...
House of Cards

For the creative industries—music, film, and publishing—these are the best of times and the worst of times. New technologies have provided self-published authors, independent musicians, and other previously disenfranchised creators with powerful new ways of doing their work and reaching their audiences, and have provided consumers with a wealth of new entertainment options. Together these changes have produced a new golden age of creativity.
A Convex Approach to Stochastic Optimal Control Using Linear Operators

The paper is about the optimal control of a stochastic dynamical system. We provide a convex formulation to the optimal control problem involving a stochastic dynamical system. The convex formulation is made possible by writing the stochastic optimal control problem in the dual space of densities involving the Fokker-Planck or Perron-Frobenius generator for a stochastic system. The convex formulation leads to an infinite-dimensional convex optimization problem for optimal control. We exploit Koopman and Perron-Frobenius generators' duality for the stochastic system to construct the finite-dimensional approximation of the infinite-dimensional convex problem. We present simulation results to demonstrate the application of the developed framework.
Template Iterations of Quadratic Maps and Hybrid Mandelbrot Sets

As a particular problem within the field of non-autonomous discrete systems, we consider iterations of two quadratic maps $$f_{c_0}=z^2+c_0$$ and $$f_{c_1}=z^2+c_1$$ , according to a prescribed binary sequence, which we call a template. We study the asymptotic behavior of the critical orbits and define the Mandelbrot set in this case as the locus for which these orbits are bounded. However, unlike in the case of single maps, this concept can be understood in several ways. For a fixed template, one may consider this locus as a subset of the parameter space in $$(c_0,c_1) \in \mathbb {C}^2$$ ; for fixed quadratic parameters, one may consider the set of templates which produce a bounded critical orbit. In this paper, we consider both situations and hybrid combinations of them, and we study basic topological properties of these sets and interpret them in light of potential applications.
The Contributions by Jochen von Bernstorff and by Maja Smrkolj

In order to analyse the exercise of public authority by international institutions, it is necessary not only to take a look at the power and authority granted to international institutions by their respective founding treaties – constitutions – but also to focus on how international institutions actually apply their respective powers on a daily basis. In this regard, the law in action1 is of course always substantive law (whether hard or soft law) based on certain procedures determining the way in which the substantive law is made or applied. According to Hans Kelsen, the validity of law depends, inter alia, on adherence to existing procedural requirements.2 This, however, is not only true with regard to law-making in a legislative sense, but also concerning administration. Procedure – and decision-making as a central element of procedure – is thus crucial for the legitimacy of law as such.3 These very general thoughts highlight the importance of the topic addressed by Maja Smrkolj and Jochen von Bernstorff. This comment is structured as follows: first, the content of the two papers will briefly be outlined. Second, some general remarks on the topic of the two papers shall be made, thus not focusing on the individual papers separately. In this regard, the following issues will be discussed: (1) some general aspects of the decision-making powers of international organizations (IOs) with regard to the concept of international organizations as such; (2) whether a more precise distinction between different types of IOs is necessary; (3) the necessity of differentiating between decision-making with “internal” and “external” effects in order to highlight the dualistic character of administrative law of international organizations.
Effects of AlSb interfaces on InAs/InAsSb type-II infrared superlattice material properties

Significant attention has recently been given to photoluminescence (PL) spectra and lifetime measurements on InAs/InAsSb superlattices, as high quality optical material with long carrier lifetimes are required for infrared detectors. The standard sample structure for PL measurements includes energy barriers to block photo-generated carriers from being lost through non-radiative recombination at interfaces between the superlattice and the surface or between the superlattice and the buffer/substrate. However, defect, surface, and/or interface states in AlSb, a commonly used barrier material, are known to contribute carriers to InAs quantum wells. Due to the similarity of the AlSb interface with the InAs/InAsSb superlattice, the effects of the barriers on the electrical and optical properties of the superlattice were investigated. Structures with AlSb barriers at the top and bottom of the superlattice, with no AlSb barriers, and with an AlSb barrier only at the top of the superlattice structure were studied. Hall Effect measurements revealed little change in the sheet carrier concentration at 10 K due to the barriers, but significant increases in low temperature mobility and a two-dimensional-like mobility temperature dependence were observed when barriers were present. Further high magnetic field measurements are necessary, however, to understand the transport properties of these samples due to the likelihood that multiple carriers are present. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra were almost identical regardless of the barriers, except for a 15% increase in intensity with the AlSb barrier between the buffer layer and the superlattice. The surface AlSb barrier had little effect on the intensity. The barriers are therefore recommended for PL measurements to increase the signal intensity; however, they complicate the analysis of single-field Hall Effect measurements.
High T(sub c) superconductors: Will they replace helium temperature superconductors for magnets

During the last two years,1 the maximum zero resistance critical temperature for superconductors has risen from 23 K to temperatures above 120 K. This paper presents a sober view of the usefulness of the high Tc materials for generating magnetic fields in superconducting devices. The high Tc materials are compared to conventional niobium titanium superconductors in the following areas: critical current density, adiabatic and dynamic stability, normal region propagation velocity, burn out integral, energy per unit volume to quench and the maximum cryogenic stability current density. A look at the whole picture suggests that for most superconducting magnet applications, conventional conductors would be the superconductors of choice for magnets.
Gated ICCD photography of the KrF-laser ablation of graphite into background gases

The interaction of a laser-generated ablation plume with a background gas is of current interest for several materials-fabrication applications. During pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of thin films by laser ablation, for example, an ambient back ground gas (pressure usually {<=} 300 mTorr) is often employed. The dynamics of the KrF-laser ablation ({Phi} = 20 J cm{sup {minus}}) of graphite into 300 Torr of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe has been studied by fast imaging of the visible plasma emission using a gated intensified CCD array (ICCD) camera system. In each case, the soot which was redeposited on the graphite rod following ablation was highly fullerene deficient compared to the material collected on a sample disk 1.5 cm from the rod, as determined by laser desorption Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS). The ICCD photographic investigations of the plasma plume propagation in the different gases reveal three common phases to the expansions: (1) forward motion, deceleration and stopping of the leading edge of the plume, (2) an apparent reflected shock within the plume which propagates backward and partially reflects from the rod surface, leaving ``redeposited`` material, (3) a secondary forward propagation and coalescence of the material reflected from the rod surface, resulting more » in continued expansion and dissipation of the plasma and the appearance of glowing ultrafine particles. Detailed sequencing of the plasma expansion into argon is presented here which shows at least two sets of reflected shocks. The possible explanation of the observed difference in fullerene content is discussed on the basis of different plasma phases resulting in soot deposition on the rod and disk. « less
Normal Serum Cytotoxicity for P32-Labeled Smooth Enterobacteriaceae I. Loss of Label, Death, and Ultrastructural Damage

Spitznagel, John K. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Lawrence A. Wilson. Normal serum cytotoxicity for P 32 -labeled smooth Enterobacteriaceae . I. Loss of label, death, and ultrastructural damage. J. Bacteriol. 91: 393–400. 1966.—Metabolically labeled smooth Escherichia coli lost between 10 and 90% of P 32 , compared with control suspensions, when suspended for 60 min in normal serum at 37 C. Similar results were obtained with several other genera of Enterobacteriaceae . The structural nature of the cell injury in E. coli was shown by electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections. Complex injury which included all peripheral cell structures occurred and various degrees of cytoplasmic loss resulted. Injured bacteria retained their essential shape and did not collapse, evidently because sufficient rigid cell wall remained to prevent this. The cell damage was more like that reported with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid lysozyme than that reported with growth in penicillin. Damage sufficient to cause rupture of peripheral structures was unique in that it involved only localized areas of cell wall and left large sections relatively intact. The loss of P 32 in the fresh normal serum was closely related to bacterial viability loss. Images
Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945 – By Edward J. Drea

Part of the Modern War Studies series, this examination of the Japanese army's institutional development to 1945 far exceeds the expectations for “reference works” in the sophistication of its hist...
Throughput, efficiency, and heavy traffic asymptotic loss of closed queueing networks

Obtains linear programs which can obtain bounds on the throughput of closed queueing networks, as a function of the population size N. These linear programs also bound the asymptotic loss in heavy traffic, and can establish efficiency of a scheduling policy. The authors also apply these general results to two-station systems, for which they study the Harrison-Wein policy.
Career Assessment and The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

A client taking a personality questionnaire responds to a series of self-descriptive questions. Someone has described the process as "a self-administered interview." Interpretation of the scores is based on comparison of the individual's responses with those of some general population. As I see it, using a personality questionnaire for occupational assessment is similar to the basic interpretation described above, except that the individual is being compared to one or more occupational groups in addition to the general population. The client has answered a series of questions about self in some particular circumstance: prejob, career advisement, midlife change, early retirement, college-major choice, and so forth. The counselor compares the client's scores to known occupational group profiles, sometimes with known job relatedness in mind.This article was written with such occupational interpretation in mind. The first five sections are (a) the instrument, (b) psychometrics, (c) test-taking attitude, (d) c...
SPARROW Models Used to Understand Nutrient Sources in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) has been linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. To describe where and from what sources those loads originate, SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were constructed for the MARB using geospatial datasets for 2002, including inputs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and calibration sites throughout the MARB. Previous studies found that highest N and P yields were from the north-central part of the MARB (Corn Belt). Based on the MARB SPARROW models, highest N yields were still from the Corn Belt but centered over Iowa and Indiana, and highest P yields were widely distributed throughout the center of the MARB. Similar to that found in other studies, agricultural inputs were found to be the largest N and P sources throughout most of the MARB: farm fertilizers were the largest N source, whereas farm fertilizers, manure, and urban inputs were dominant P sources. The MARB models enable individual N and P sources to be defined at scales ranging from SPARROW catchments (∼50 km) to the entire area of the MARB. Inputs of P from WWTPs and urban areas were more important than found in most other studies. Information from this study will help to reduce nutrient loading from the MARB by providing managers with a description of where each of the sources of N and P are most important, thus providing a basis for prioritizing management actions and ultimately reducing the extent of Gulf hypoxia.
One Group Versus Two Group System for Lactating Cows Fed Complete Rations

Abstract Both first lactation and older Holstein cows were assigned to either a one group or a two group system of feeding and management. Animals in the one group system were fed a complete ration of 56% corn silage:44% concentrate, dry matter. In the two group system, cows were fed a similar ration in early lactation and at higher milk production and then shifted to a ration of 84% corn silage:16% concentrate at lower production. Dry matter intakes of corn silage and concentrates were 9.9 and 7.8 kg/cow per day for the one group system, and 11.5 and 5.5 kg/cow per day for the two group system. Cows in the one group system averaged .6kg milk/cow per day greater yield than cows in the two group system. The average decline in milk yield the 1st wk after group change was 2 kg/cow per day. Milk loss persisted longer in older cows than in first lactations. Magnitude of loss in milk was not related to stage of lactation but to milk production at the time of change. Although milk production was greater in the one group than the two group system, income over feed costs were $30/cow per year greater for two groups, primarily because of reduced intake of concentrate.
Failure and Delay in Initial Treatment Contact After First Onset of Mental Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Context An understudied crucial step in the help-seeking process is making prompt initial contact with a treatment provider after first onset of a mental disorder. Objective To provide data on patterns and predictors of failure and delay in making initial treatment contact after first onset of a mental disorder in the United States from the recently completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Design and Setting Nationally representative face-to-face household survey carried out between February 2001 and April 2003. Participants A total of 9282 respondents aged 18 years and older. Main Outcome Measures LifetimeDSM-IVdisorders were assessed with the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured interview designed to be administered by trained lay interviewers. Information about age of first professional treatment contact for each lifetimeDSM-IV/WMH-CIDI disorder assessed in the survey was collected and compared with age at onset of the disorder to study typical duration of delay. Results Cumulative lifetime probability curves show that the vast majority of people with lifetime disorders eventually make treatment contact, although more so for mood (88.1%-94.2%) disorders than for anxiety (27.3%-95.3%), impulse control (33.9%-51.8%), or substance (52.7%-76.9%) disorders. Delay among those who eventually make treatment contact ranges from 6 to 8 years for mood disorders and 9 to 23 years for anxiety disorders. Failure to make initial treatment contact and delay among those who eventually make treatment contact are both associated with early age of onset, being in an older cohort, and a number of socio-demographic characteristics (male, married, poorly educated, racial/ethnic minority). Conclusions Failure to make prompt initial treatment contact is a pervasive aspect of unmet need for mental health care in the United States. Interventions to speed initial treatment contact are likely to reduce the burdens and hazards of untreated mental disorder.
Localized application of mechanical and biochemical stimuli in 3‐D culture

The goal of this study was to investigate the responses of isolated cells in 3-D culture to localized application of mechanical and biochemical signals. Corneal fibroblasts were plated inside collagen matrices for 24 hours, then imaged using time-lapse DIC. For mechanical perturbation, a microinjection needle (Femtotip) was inserted axially into the ECM, then displaced laterally to alter local ECM stress. For biochemical stimulation, PDGF or vehicle control solution was microinjected into the matrix. Compressing the ECM perpendicular to the cell axis had no appreciable effect on cell behavior. However, pushing the ECM parallel to the cell axis induced rapid cellular contraction, followed by secondary cell spreading and tractional force generation. Injection of PDGF induced a similar cell spreading response. Cells in 3-D matrices showed remarkable plasticity, and extension of pseudopodia could be induced at both the leading and trailing edges of migrating cells.
VALIDATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE REINFORCING DETAIL FOR THE DAPPED ENDS OF PRESTRESSED DOUBLE TEES

Prestressed concrete (PC) dapped-end beams have been used in buildings and parking structures to provide an efficient and economical construction system. The re-entrant corner of a dapped-end beam develops a severe stress concentration, which makes it the weakest point of the connection. If suitable reinforcement is not provided at this location, diagonal tension cracks may propagate rapidly and failure may occur with little or no warning. Reinforcing schemes and associated methods of design, which combine simplicity of application with economy of fabrication and provide the margin of safety required by present building codes, have been developed. This paper describes the experimental validation of an alternative reinforcing detail for the dapped ends of prestressed double tees, which satisfies the requirements of the design method contained in the PCl Design Handbook, Fifth Edition.
Review article: current therapeutic options for radiation proctopathy

Radiation proctopathy is a common unfortunate complication following radiation therapy of pelvic malignancies. Symptoms of chronic radiation proctopathy include haematochezia, urgency, constipation, tenesmus, diarrhoea and rectal pain. Currently, a wide variety of pharmacological options, endoscopic cautery techniques and surgical procedures have been proposed for the treatment of chronic radiation proctopathy. Although these have been proposed primarily as treatment for rectal bleeding, the control of other symptoms has been noted with some of these agents. Pharmacological options include 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations, coticosteroid enemas, sucralfate (oral, enemas), formalin, short chain fatty acid enemas, oestrogen/progesterone, hyperbaric oxygen, antioxidants, sodium pentosan polysulphate and misoprostol rectal suppositories. Of these, sucralfate and formalin therapy appear to be effective for bleeding control. Misoprostol rectal suppositories and oral sucralfate may be useful in the prevention of acute and chronic symptoms of radiation proctopathy. Endoscopic cautery techniques have included the use of Nd:YAG laser and argon laser for coagulation of bleeding neovascular telangiectasias. Argon plasma coagulation offers a safe non-contact method of delivering haemostasis which has proven to be particularly useful in targeting difficult to reach lesions tangentially. Surgery is generally reserved for severe refractory cases involving ongoing haemorrhage, obstruction, stricture formation, fistulas and perforation. Given that formal randomized placebo-controlled studies are lacking for most treatments, the management of these patients is often challenging and unclear. Hence, there is a need for more research and education on radiation proctopathy.
Microstructural Effects on the Tensile and Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Casting Alloys A356/357

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of cast aluminum alloys A356 and A357 strongly depend on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), Mg content, and, in particular, the size and shape of eutectic silicon particles and Fe-rich intermetallics. In the unmodified alloys, increasing the cooling rate during solidification refines both the dendrites and eutectic particles and increases ductility. Strontium modification reduces the size and aspect ratio of the eutectic silicon particles, leading to a fairly constant particle size and aspect ratio over the range of SDAS studied. In comparison with the unmodified alloys, the Sr-modified alloys show higher ductility, particularly the A356 alloy, but slightly lower yield strength. In the microstructures with large SDAS (>50 µm), the ductility of the Sr-modified alloys does not continuously decrease with SDAS as it does in the unmodified alloy. Increasing Mg content increases both the matrix strength and eutectic particle size. This decreases ductility in both the Sr-modified and unmodified alloys. The A356/357 alloys with large and elongated particles show higher strain hardening and, thus, have a higher damage accumulation rate by particle cracking. Compared to A356, the increased volume fraction and size of the Fe-rich intermetallics (π phase) in the A357 alloy are responsible for the lower ductility, especially in the Sr-modified alloy. In alloys with large SDAS (>50 µm), final fracture occurs along the cell boundaries, and the fracture mode is transgranular. In the small SDAS (<30 µm) alloys, final fracture tends to concentrate along grain boundaries. The transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture mode is accompanied by an increase in the ductility of the alloys.
The law of initial value and neonatal sleep states.

The present study investigated the applicability of the Law of Initial Value (LIV) for heart rate (HR) responses evoked by a nociceptive stimulus in neonatal sleep states. Ten infants were tested during Quiet and Active Sleep. In concordance with the LIV there was a significant inverse correlation for all Ss in Active Sleep between HR change and prestimulus HR values; the average correlation was -.76, the average slope -.48. In Quiet Sleep, which had a small prestimulus HR range, this relationship was significant only for some Ss. Equating for prestimulus HR values, no significant difference existed in the magnitude of average HR response in Active Sleep vs Quiet Sleep. It was concluded that for nociceptive stimuli the initial HR value is a better predictor than the behavioral sleep state of the magnitude of HR response. It is suggested that the LIV depends largely on the modality and strength of the stimulus and the width of the prestimulus HR range.
Vibrational excitations and adatom diffusion near the reconstruction transition of W(100)

Abstract We consider a model of surface reconstruction and diffusion of adatoms on a W (100) surface. The critical dynamics of the surface near the (1 × 1) → c (2 × 2) reconstruction transition is studied with a combination of analytic theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Using a recently developed microscopic theory of adatom diffusion we demonstrate how the diffusion constant anomalously vanishes at the transition, due to the divergence of the central peak in the dynamic structure factor of the surface.
Strain differences in morphine-withdrawal-induced aggression in rats

Male rats (housed six/cage) of three strains-Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans-were given IP injections of morphine sulfate in dosages increasing over a 15-day period to a terminal dose of 405 mg/kg/day. Groups of six from each strain received saline control injections. Approximately 50 h after the last injection, significant increases in fighting behavior were observed in the Long-Evans and Wistar strains, the Long-Evans rats showing the most aggression. The fighting continued for about 40 h and then subsided to control levels. The Sprague-Dawley rats receiving morphine showed no significant increase in aggressiveness over placebo-injected animals.
Adenovirus-driven overexpression of proteinases in organ-cultured normal human corneas leads to diabetic-like changes

Our previous data suggested the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) and cathepsin F (CTSF) in the basement membrane and integrin changes occurring in diabetic corneas. These markers were now examined in normal human organ-cultured corneas upon recombinant adenovirus (rAV)-driven transduction of MMP-10 and CTSF genes. Fifteen pairs of normal autopsy human corneas were used. One cornea of each pair was transduced with rAV expressing either CTSF or MMP-10 genes. 1-2 x 10(8) plaque forming units of rAV per cornea were added to cultures for 48 h with or without sildenafil citrate. The fellow cornea of each pair received control rAV with vector alone. After 6-10 days additional incubation without rAV, corneas were analyzed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry, or tested for healing of 5-mm circular epithelial wounds caused by topical application of n-heptanol. Sildenafil significantly increased epithelial transduction efficiency, apparently by stimulation of rAV endocytosis through caveolae. Corneas transduced with CTSF or MMP-10 genes or their combination had increased epithelial immunostaining of respective proteins compared to fellow control corneas. Staining for diabetic markers integrin alpha(3)beta(1), nidogen-1, nidogen-2, and laminin gamma2 chain became weaker and irregular upon proteinase transduction. Expression of phosphorylated Akt was decreased in proteinase-transduced corneas. Joint overexpression of both proteinases led to significantly slower corneal wound healing that became similar to that observed in diabetic corneas. The data suggest that MMP-10 and CTSF may be responsible for abnormal marker patterns and impaired wound healing in diabetic corneas. Inhibition of these proteinases in diabetic corneas may alleviate diabetic keratopathy symptoms.
Tissue regeneration with photobiomodulation

Low level light therapy (LLLT) has been widely reported to reduce pain and inflammation and enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration in various settings. LLLT has been noted to have both stimulatory and inhibitory biological effects and these effects have been termed Photobiomodulation (PBM). Several elegant studies have shown the key role of Cytochrome C oxidase and ROS in initiating this process. The downstream biological responses remain to be clearly elucidated. Our work has demonstrated activation of an endogenous latent growth factor complex, TGF-β1, as one of the major biological events in PBM. TGF-β1 has critical roles in various biological processes especially in inflammation, immune responses, wound healing and stem cell biology. This paper overviews some of the studies demonstrating the efficacy of PBM in promoting tissue regeneration.
Induced Neutral Current Effects in Unified Models of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions

We present estimates of the amplitudes for the reactions ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}+e\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}+e$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+p$ in the models of Georgi and Glashow, and of Lee, Prentki, and Zumino. In these renormalizable models of weak and electromagnetic interactions, the above processes arise only in second order. The amplitudes are of the order ${G}_{F}\ensuremath{\alpha}$: They are neither enhanced nor suppressed.
Reliability, validity, and precision of an active stereophotogrammetry system for three-dimensional evaluation of the human torso.

Abstract To determine the reliability, stability, validity and precision of a stereophotogrammetry (SP) system for use in quantifying the complex three-dimensional structure of the human torso, we performed assessments of the system using images of geometric solids and a human-form mannequin. Analysis of geometric solids revealed excellent intra- and interrater reliability of the system for linear, surface area and volume measurements ( r >0.99, P F =4.23, P >0.06). The system exhibited excellent stability in images of the mannequin over time ( r >0.99). The limit of precision (error>5%) of the system to detect objects on the surface of the mannequin was estimated at an object size of 23.5cm 2 for surface area and 32mL for volume. These results demonstrate the capability of SP of the torso to be used as a reliable, stable and valid measure of torso morphology to be applied as a clinical outcome tool in studies of bony and soft tissue pathologies such as scoliosis, rib deformities, obesity or edema.
Market based approach for solving optimal power flow problem in smart grid

Smart grid has generated much attention recently due to its potential in bringing a revolutionary change in the production, distribution, and utilization of power. However, before a smart grid can become fully functional, it requires technological advancements in a number of interdisciplinary domains. Even though smart grid facilitates run-time optimal allocation of power via extensive instrumentation and information accessibility, the process of optimal power allocation becomes challenging due to the massively distributed generation facilities, loads, and due to the intermittency of generation. Optimal power flow problem essentially minimizes the overall cost of power generation while meeting the total load or power demand at the consumer end. In this paper, a Market Based technique has been presented to carry out the optimal power flow in a smart grid. The Market Based Resource Allocation is inspired from the concepts in economic market, where resources are allocated to activities through the process of competitive buying and selling. In the proposed technique, consumers act as potential power buyers and generation units act as the power sellers. The proposed method derives its significance due to its ability in optimizing power flow in a grid in a distributed manner, i.e., from local interactions. This feature provides immense scalability and robustness to uncertainties. In addition, this paper presents the evaluation of the proposed Market Based technique via a simulated scenario of power consumers and producers in a Smart Grid. The IEEE 30-bus system (RTS 79) with six generation units is used to test the proposed method in optimizing the total generation cost, and the results are compared with that obtained from widely used Matpower software.
Prioritization strategies for patient evacuations

Evacuation from a health care facility is considered last resort, and in the event of a complete evacuation, a standard planning assumption is that all patients will be evacuated. A literature review of the suggested prioritization strategies for evacuation planning—as well as the transportation priorities used in actual facility evacuations—shows a lack of consensus about whether critical or non-critical care patients should be transferred first. In addition, it is implied that these policies are “greedy” in that one patient group is given priority, and patients from that group are chosen to be completely evacuated before any patients are evacuated from the other group. The purpose of this paper is to present a dynamic programming model for emergency patient evacuations and show that a greedy, “all-or-nothing” policy is not always optimal as well as discuss insights of the resulting optimal prioritization strategies for unit- or floor-level evacuations.
Globalization as the end and the beginning of history: The contradictory implications of a new paradigm

(2000). Globalization as the end and the beginning of history: The contradictory implications of a new paradigm. Rethinking Marxism: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 4-22.
Training with video imaging improves the initial intubation success rates of paramedic trainees in an operating room setting.

Abstract Study Objective: Video imaging of intubation as seen by the laryngoscopist has not been a part of traditional instruction methods, and its potential impact on novice intubation success rates has not been evaluated. Methods: We prospectively tracked the success rates of novice intubators in paramedic classes who were required to watch a 26-minute instructional videotape made with a direct laryngoscopy imaging system (video group). We compared the prospectively obtained intubation success rate of the video group against retrospectively collected data from prior classes of paramedic students (traditional group) in the same training program. All classes received the same didactic airway instruction, same mannequin practice time, same paramedic textbook, and were trained in the same operating room with the same teaching staff. Results: The traditional group (n=113, total attempts 783) had a mean individual intubation success rate of 46.7% (95% confidence interval 42.2% to 51.3%). The video group (n=36, total attempts 102) had a mean individual intubation success rate of 88.1% (95% confidence interval 79.6% to 96.5%). The difference in mean intubation success rates between the 2 groups was 41.4% (95% confidence interval 31.1% to 50.7%, P Conclusion: An instructional videotape made with the direct laryngoscopy video system significantly improved the initial success rates of novice intubators in an operating room setting. [Levitan RM, Goldman TS, Bryan DA, Shofer F, Herlich A. Training with video imaging improves the initial intubation success rates of paramedic trainees in an operating room setting. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:46-50.]
An alternative energy finite element formulation based on incoherent orthogonal waves and its validation for marine structures

An alternate formulation is presented for deriving the governing differential equations of the energy finite element analysis (EFEA). The formulations for interior acoustic spaces and for thin plates are presented. The new formulations are based on considering the acoustic or the flexural response as a summation of incoherent orthogonal waves. The validity of the EFEA is demonstrated by comparing vibration results from very dense conventional finite element models to EFEA results. Actual marine structures are analyzed. Comparison between statistical energy analysis and EFEA is also performed for a vessel that is comprised by both acoustic spaces and structural components. Good agreement is demonstrated between the two methods and the validity of the EFEA is established.
Characterization of West Nile virus persistent infections in genetically resistant and susceptible mouse cells I. Generation of defective nonplaquing virus particles

Abstract Persistent infections with West Nile virus (WNV), strain E101, were readily established in SV40-transformed mouse embryofibroblast cell lines. Four separate persistently infected cultures maintained at 37° by weekly subculture, spontaneously stopped producing infectious virus as assessed by plaque assay on BHK cells by the sixteenth week. In contrast, duplicate cultures switched to 32° after the sixth subculture continued to produced virus for an extended period. However, cells that no longer produced detectable plaquing virus remained positive for WNV-specific immunofluorescence and were resistant to superinfection with WNV. Although attempts to rescue plaquing virus were unsuccessful, flavivirus-like particles were observed in these cells by electron microscopy within dense cytoplasmic vacuoles and in culture fluids. Analysis of RNA within the extracellular particles produced by these cells revealed the presence of several species of RNA all smaller than the 40 S genome RNA of wild type WNV. This RNA was demonstrated to be WNV-specific by hybridization with DNA complementary to wild type WNV 40 S RNA. The extracellular particles were able to infect BHK cells, but their ability to interfere with the replication of wild type WNV was found to be low. The frequency of generation of nonplaquing WNV mutants by the mouse cell lines indicates that these cells may exert a selective pressure for their enrichment.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE EFFECTS OF APPEARANCE, GENDER, AND JOB TYPE ON PERFORMANCE‐BASED DECISIONS

The present study attempted to replicate and extend Heilman and Stopeck's (1985a) Lack of Fit Model. Using the Lack of Fit Model's proposal that attractiveness enhances perceived gender characteristics, we examined the effects of attractiveness and performance evaluations of persons in jobs rated as masculine, feminine, and neutral. Results were not consistent with the Model and did not replicate the results of the earlier study. Instead, attractiveness emerged as an asset regardless of job type or gender of employee. Attractive men and women were given higher overall ratings in all three jobs. In addition, attractive ratings were related to masculinity–femininity ratings. These findings are discussed in light of demographic and attitudinal changes in the workplace.
β4 Integrin subunit gene expression correlates with tumor size and nuclear grade in early breast cancer

In vitro data support a role for the α6β4 integrin in tumor cell migration and invasion, particularly in breast carcinoma cells, but clinical data on this potentially important integrin are limited. The β4 integrin subunit has been shown to cluster with genes characteristic of basal/myoepithelial cells in cDNA microarray analyses of breast cancer, and the subset of breast cancers with increased expression of genes characteristic of basal/myoepithelial cells appears to be particularly aggressive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether α6β4 integrin expression correlates with aggressive clinicopathologic features of breast cancer and whether expression of this integrin has prognostic significance in early breast cancer. We evaluated tumor expression of the β4 integrin subunit gene in a cohort of patients with early invasive breast carcinoma by in situ hybridization and correlated expression levels with multiple clinicopathologic characteristics. We also evaluated expression of laminin-5 protein, the principal ligand of α6β4, in this patient cohort. Although we observed a slight trend towards decreased disease-free survival for patients whose tumors had high β4 gene expression and coexpression of laminin-5, this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.11). However, we did observe a correlation between β4 mRNA expression and both tumor size (P=0.01) and tumor nuclear grade (P<0.01). These results do not demonstrate prognostic significance for β4 gene expression and/or laminin-5 protein expression in early breast cancer, but increased β4 gene expression in larger tumors and in higher grade tumors does support a potential role for the α6β4 integrin in tumor progression.
Psychological Disturbance, Incomplete Effort, and Compensation-Seeking Status as Predictors of Neuropsychological Test Performance in Head Injury

Indices from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) representing cognitive and emotional disturbance as well as incomplete effort on the Recognition Memory Test (RMT; Warrington, 1984) were examined as predictors of performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRB; Reitan & Wolfson, 1993). In the current study, which included a large sample (N = 369) of patients referred for neuropsychological (NP) evaluation after presumptive head injury, MMPI-2 measures of psychological disturbance accounted for as much as 25% of the variance in HRB test scores, resulting in a moderate overall effect size (median Adj. R2 = .16; R = .40). When demographic variables, head injury severity, and compensation-seeking status were entered in previous steps, incomplete effort as defined by chance performance on the RMT accounted for between 2% and 13% of the variance in HRB test scores, with modest overall effect size (median R2 Δ =...
Heterogeneity of Human Platelets III. GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN PLATELETS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

Summary Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glyconeogenesis and the enzymes phosphorylase, glycogen synthetase, and fructose-1–6-diphosphatase were investigated in heavy and light platelet populations in order to determine the presence or extent of metabolic heterogeneity. The mean volume of the heavy platelets was approximately 2.4-fold greater than that of the light platelets. Heavy platelets contained 3.4-fold more glycogen and had a 5.9-fold greater rate of glycogenolysis per g wet weight, than light platelets. Heavy platelets incorporated 5.9-fold more [14C]glucose into platelet glycogen when data were expressed per g wet weight, and 1.7-fold more [14C]glucose when data were expressed per μmole of glycogen. This difference in glycogen synthesis was paralleled by a 1.8-fold greater glycogen synthetase activity. Heavy platelets incorporated 3.0-fold more [14C]citrate into platelet glycogen when data were expressed per g wet weight, and 1.4-fold more [14C]citrate when data were expressed per μmol of glycogen. Similar results were obtained utilizing [14C]pyruvate as precursor. This difference in glyconeogenesis was paralleled by a 2.5-fold greater fructose-1–6-diphosphatase activity for heavy platelets.
Expression cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding delta opioid receptor from mouse thymocytes

A delta opioid receptor complementary DNA (cDNA) was cloned by expression of cDNA library from activated thymocytes in Cos 7 cells. The deduced amino acid sequence of this receptor was similar to that described in the brain. As analyzed by southern blot hybridization, the delta opioid receptor transcripts are constitutively expressed in unactivated thymocytes. In addition, neither kappa nor mu opioid receptor transcripts were detected in thymocytes, suggesting tissue-specific opioid receptor gene expression in the immune system. The studies represent the first report of a full-length opioid receptor in the immune system.
Hyperdipsia produced by severing ventral septal fiber systems

Abstract The septum of male hooded rats (N = 59) was completely isolated from the rest of the brain (ISS) or was partially isolated by severing dorsal (DP), ventral (VP), anterior (AP), or posterior (PP) fiber tracts using a knife-cut technique. Daily water intakes and intakes following hypertonic NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PG) injections were measured. The septum totally degenerated for the ISS group and these rats had normal or hypodipsic daily intakes, likewise for intakes following NaCl and PG. Rats of the VP group sustained little septal damage, yet these cuts yielded the highest percentage (55 percent) of hyperdipsic daily drinkers of any group. The daily hyperdipsic rats drank normally in response to NaCl and PG, demonstrating a dissociation between daily drinking and drinking in response to specific thirst stimuli. The results indicate the importance of ventral fiber systems in the production of Septal Hyperdipsia, and support the notion that the septum has multiple effects upon water regulation.