cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Hazard Mitigation into New Urban and Conventional Developments

The twentieth century model of the sprawling metropolis has fostered a massive build up of highly vulnerable development. New Urbanism has emerged to counter many of the societal ills of sprawl, but there is growing concern about placing this compact urban form in harm's way. Using 33 matched pairs of New Urban and conventional low-density developments we examine how well New Urban developments located in hazardous areas incorporate hazard mitigation techniques. Findings indicate that New Urban developments are compounding the growing risk to hazards by potentially adding higher density development than in the past. We recommend changes in New Urban model codes, and public policy that places more emphasis on mitigation through comprehensive planning.
Athletic Trainers' and Physical Therapists' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Psychological Skills Within Sport Injury Rehabilitation Programs

Abstract Context: Psychological skills are alleged to augment sport-injury rehabilitation; however, implementation of mental imagery within rehabilitation programs is limited. Objective: To examine...
The residues between the two transformation effector sites of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 are not critical for B-lymphocyte growth transformation.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is essential for EBV-mediated transformation of primary B lymphocytes. LMP1 spontaneously aggregates in the plasma membrane and enables two transformation effector sites (TES1 and TES2) within the 200-amino-acid cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus to constitutively engage the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5 and the TNFR-associated death domain proteins TRADD and RIP, thereby activating NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). To investigate the importance of the 60% of the LMP1 carboxyl terminus that lies between the TES1-TRAF and TES2-TRADD and -RIP binding sites, an EBV recombinant was made that contains a specific deletion of LMP1 codons 232 to 351. Surprisingly, the deletion mutant was similar to wild-type (wt) LMP1 EBV recombinants in its efficiency in transforming primary B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Mutant and wt EBV-transformed LCLs were similarly efficient in long-term outgrowth and in regrowth after endpoint dilution. Mutant and wt LMP1 proteins were also similar in their constitutive association with TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRADD, and RIP. Mutant and wt EBV-transformed LCLs were similar in steady-state levels of Bcl2, JNK, and activated JNK proteins. The wt phenotype of recombinants with LMP1 codons 232 to 351 deleted further demarcates TES1 and TES2, underscores their central importance in B-lymphocyte growth transformation, and provides a new perspective on LMP1 sequence variation between TES1 and TES2.
* Searching for the Denominator: Problems With Police Traffic Stop Data And an Early Warning System Solution

In response to widespread allegations of racial and ethnic discrimination in traffic stops, a practice that has been labeled “racial profiling,” law enforcement agencies are now collecting data on traffic stops that include the race or ethnicity of drivers. Interpreting these data to determine whether a pattern of race discrimination exists poses enormous difficulties. Specifically, it is not clear what baseline (often referred to as “the denominator”) should be used to assess the racial and ethnic distribution of people stopped. Using the first traffic stop data reports from the San Jose Police Department as a case study, this paper examines baselines that are commonly used or discussed as appropriate. The paper argues that resident population data and/or official crime data are not adequate as baselines. As an alternative, the paper proposes an approach based on police early warning systems.
A Multidomain Modeling and Simulation for Advanced Services Design

Advanced distributed services design is a multi-domain problem. Each domain represents a set of design concerns or system view. Designing distributed advanced communications services require striking balance for performance, real-timeliness, reliability while maintaining cost and adhering to business rules. Multi-domain simulation framework proposed in the paper, proposes a methodology and an implementation to integrate multiple simulations of large communication networks where each simulation focuses on a particular system view. The methodology is demonstrated through a distributed multi-media system design.
A NEW FRESHWATER CENTRIC DIATOM MICROSIPHONA POTAMOS GEN. ET SP. NOV.1

SUMMARY A new centric diatom, Microsiphona potamos gen. et sp. nov. (family Coscinodiscaceae), is described from the Little Miami River, Cincinnati, Ohio, where it occurred at cell densities ranging from 29 to 20,140/ml in surface grab samples during the period May 18–December 14, 1966, contributing an average of 11% and a maximum of 35% of the centric diatoms. This species has been observed in grab samples from rivers throughout the United States. The cells are 3–4 μ in diameter, 4–8 μ long, and contain 2 to several plate-like chromatophores. They occur singly, or arc held together in short chains by the old girdle bands and by numerous apiculi that connect the opposing valves of adjacent daughter cells.
Analysis and Optimization of Diagonally Layered Lattice Schemes for MIMO Fading Channels

Embodiments of the diagonal Bell Laboratories layered space-time (D-BLAST) architecture for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication are developed wherein information symbol vectors are encoded using codewords from a lattice code [called a diagonally layered lattice (DLL) code], which are formatted onto the diagonals of a space-time frame. Decoding is done using a sphere decoder for each diagonal based on soft statistics obtained after zero forcing (ZF) or minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) filtering and decision feedback. These operations give rise to an effective parallel channel model with channel gains with nonidentical statistics and additive noise which is Gaussian in the ZF-filtering case and non-Gaussian in the MMSE-filtering case. The so-called full modulation diversity (FMD) property is nevertheless shown to yield the maximum achievable diversity orders over the MIMO channel for both the ZF- and the MMSE-filtering-based decoders respectively, for any arbitrary fading distribution. In the case of the independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading MIMO channel with K-transmit and N-receive antennas (with NgesK), these diversity orders are NK-K(K-1)/2 and NK for ZF- and MMSE-filtering-based decoding, respectively. The error probability analysis also yields a design criterion for optimizing transmit power allocations. Several lattice design methods are proposed for the effective parallel channel models. Two methods are proposed to achieve high coding gain in the Rayleigh fading MIMO channel; a third method is proposed that minimizes the exact symbol error probability (SEP) and can be tailored for any given fading distribution. A novel soft decision feedback decoder is also proposed based on the list sphere decoder to mitigate error propagation due to hard decision feedback. The salient feature of the proposed DLL schemes is that they have nearly full rate and full (or high) diversity order and yet a much lower decoding complexity than other existing full rate, full diversity space-time block codes (STBCs). The frame error probability (FEP) performance of the optimized DLL schemes for moderate-to-high spectral efficiencies and a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) can be quite close to the performance of the best performing, but more complex to decode, STBCs. Moreover, the proposed DLL schemes significantly outperform other existing MIMO systems of comparable decoding complexity.
Wisdom Not My Own: Rules, Principles, and the Teaching of Law

Is it possible to not only give our law students knowledge, but the hope for wisdom? This short essay argues that such a project is not only possible but desirable. We want wisdom (the ability to make principled choices) from those in the vocation of law, after all, especially in roles such as judge or prosecutor. The key to teaching towards wisdom is to allow students to work not only with rules but principles, and to model the sacrifice required to follow principle in our own public lives as law teachers.
Investigating the effect of relevance and reachability constraints on SAT encodings of planning

Currently, Graphplan and Blackbox, which converts Graph-plan's plan graph into the satisfaction (SAT) problem, are two of the most successful planners. Since Graphplan gains its efficiency from the forward propagation of reachability based mutual exclusion constraints (mutex) and their backward use, it has been believed that SAT encoding will also benefit from mutexes. In this paper, we will try to answer two important questions: (1) Are mutual exclusions actually useful for solution extraction in SAT encoding? (2) Are there other useful constraints that can be propagated on the planning graph which may help SAT solvers ? Our experiments with systematic solvers Relsat and Satz shows that though forward mutexes are useful in general, there are domains in which mutex constraints can slow down search. Moreover, we introduce the notion of backward mutex and their propagation which is based on relevance analysis and implement it in Blackbox. We find that the addition of relevance based backward mutual exclusions helps speedup the Relsat solver in solving the SAT encoding of many standard planning problems.
Neuroscience in Nazi Europe part II: resistance against the third reich.

Previously, I mentioned that not all neuroscientists collaborated with the Nazis, who from 1933 to 1945 tried to eliminate neurologic and psychiatric disease from the gene pool. Oskar and Cecile Vogt openly resisted and courageously protested against the Nazi regime and its policies, and have been discussed previously in the neurology literature. Here I discuss Alexander Mitscherlich, Haakon Saethre, Walther Spielmeyer, Jules Tinel, and Johannes Pompe. Other neuroscientists had ambivalent roles, including Hans Creutzfeldt, who has been discussed previously. Here, I discuss Max Nonne, Karl Bonhoeffer, and Oswald Bumke. The neuroscientists who resisted had different backgrounds and motivations that likely influenced their behavior, but this group undoubtedly saved lives of colleagues, friends, and patients, or at least prevented forced sterilizations. By recognizing and understanding the actions of these heroes of neuroscience, we pay homage and realize how ethics and morals do not need to be compromised even in dark times.
Evidence and potential clinical significance of changes in gene network interactions in ovarian cancer

The molecular basis of cancer is not merely the consequence of structural and/or regulatory mutations in genes, but additionally to disruptions in networks of regulatory interactions existing among these genes and other components of the genome. Disruptions in network relationships may manifest as the loss, gain or reversal of functionally significant interactive gene relationships in cancer cells. In this study, we first employ an unsupervised (Pearson correlation) approach to quantitatively estimate the overall change in network relationships between precursor (control) ovarian surface epithelial cells and ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We find that ovarian cancer cells display a significant overall reduction in correlated gene network interactions relative to normal precursor cells reflective of an overall loss of regulatory control. We next focus on gene relationships that qualitatively change between normal and cancer samples. We find that biological processes significantly over represented among differentially expressed genes are substantially different from those associated with genes involved in qualitatively disrupted network interactions. Our findings provide novel insights into the processes underlying ovarian cancer and identify a potential new class of genes for targeted therapy.
An Event-Based Transient Fuel Compensator with Physically Based Parameters

An event-based transient fuel compensator (TFC) algorithm was developed for production application on SPFI gasoline engines. The independent parameters of the TFC were related to fundamental mass-transfer principles from the research of Gilliland and Sherwood [1] to simplify cold-driveability and emissions calibration activities. A compact intake valve temperature model was developed to further simplify calibration. Digital Control Theory was applied to the calibration structure of the algorithm to clarify the relationship between compensator stability and parameter settings. In its final production algorithm form on a 2.4L DOHC engine application, the TFC met the required subjective cold-driveability requirements and emission standards with a significant reduction in transient fuel calibration complexity. ALGORITHM PURPOSE The TFC algorithm was designed to provide compensation for fuel film dynamics in a SPFI gasoline engine. The TFC problem has been presented previously in Aquino [2] and many others. As shown below in Figure 1, the TFC insures that a desired mass of fuel (Input 1) enters the engine cylinder by producing a commanded fuel mass output to account for fuel film and fuel injection dynamics. The TFC uses the independent engine operating states (Inputs 2-6) to model the dynamics of the fuel film and fuel injection. The purpose of the TFC was to significantly reduce the number of calibratable parameters needed to relate the dynamic characteristics of the fuel film to the independent engine operating parameters, using fundamental Chemical Engineering research as a guide. Figure 1. Transient Fuel Compensator and Plant Transient Fuel Compensa to r Algor i thm 1 2 3 4 5 6 Desired Fuel Mass Intake Air Mass Flow Intake Manifold Pressure Intake Air Temperature Coolant Temperature Engine Speed Commanded Fuel Mass Injector Drivers
Hamiltonian Hierarchies on Semisimple Lie Algebras

A recursion formula is described which generates infinite hierarchies of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. These equations govern the evolution of a function u of x, t which takes its values in a semisimple Lie algebra. A Hamiltonian for the hierarchy is given in terms of a meromorphic connection matrix.
Adolescent Wellness: Facilitating Compliance in Social Morbidities

The establishment of a well adolescent schedule needs to be developed similar to the scheduled clinical visits in pediatric care. However, providing adolescent wellness visits without appropriate financial reimbursement for time expended and without increased provider training may make "well" adolescent visits an unrealistic expectation. However, two major trends will significantly impact on the future of adolescent health care. These include a sharp increase in numbers of adolescents beginning in 1990 and the poverty within the adolescent population. These data suggest that obstacles, whether personal, financial, or educational, need to be addressed quickly in order to resolve these problems because of increasing numbers of adolescents and related morbidities through the year 2000. The increasing trend of juvenile poverty in this population has been significantly associated with a number of the new morbidities such as substance abuse, STD, pregnancy, and the latest morbidity, AIDS. Without a wellness schedule, it is likely that adolescents will continue to represent an underserved population; as a consequence, mortalities and morbidities will increase through the year 2000. The issue of adherence to prescribed medical regimens in the adolescent population is an interesting, complex, and especially challenging one when faced with the social morbidities. Although preliminary work in this area has progressed in the last 15 years, greater attention must be paid to the needs of adolescents in order to determine effective strategies that can minimize the effects of the current morbidities. It is important for the primary care physician not to become overwhelmed with the scope of problems that adolescents have or become discouraged because anticipatory guidance seems ineffective. Repeated dosages of anticipatory guidance should not be viewed as limitations or failures but rather as necessary and standard care. One should consider such interventions as similar to immunizations, in which certain vaccines result in life-long immunity. One would not eliminate the tetanus vaccine because the patient must receive periodic boosters. Similarly, as health care professionals, we should not consider interventions designed to preclude behavior or mental health problems as failures if periodic and developmentally appropriate relevant "boosters" are necessary. Anticipatory guidance is an extremely effective tool that every primary care physician has at his or her disposal to assist in the diagnosis of problematic behavior in adolescents and to preclude problems. Future research needs to focus on documenting strategies that can be utilized by physicians on a daily basis without excessive time or financial constraints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Laser Rapid Sintering of Metallo-Organic Derived Oxide Films

Oxide films of ZrO2, Y2O3, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and high Tc superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films were produced by spin coating metallo-organic precursors onto Si, ZrO2 and MgO single crystal substrates. Densification of these oxide films, after pyrolysis of organic constituents, was achieved by scanning a Nd:YAG laser beam across the film surface. Surface morphology, microstructures, spatial grain size distribution, compositional variations, defects and physical properties of laser sintered films were characterized using SEM, EDS, TEM, SIMS, XRD and 4-point electrical resistivity probe. Laser processing parameters, deposited film thickness and organic burn-off showed strong influences on the film densification behavior. This paper focuses on pursuing optimum conditions for obtaining dense, uniform sintered patterns in oxide films and on understanding the film-substrate interaction and dynamics of nucleation and growth via the laser rapid sintering process.
The experiment design of small samples in psychological intervention exheriments

This paper analyzed the designs and data analyses of small experimental samples.Typical designs,such as AB,ABA(B),and multi-baseline were introduced along with their advantages and limitations.Commonly used data analysis methods,such as visual analysis and t-test were presented.It was followed by a brief introduction to randomization tests which the authors considered more appropriate to small samples.Researchers are encouraged to examine and compare the available methods and choose the ones that meet their needs.
Foundational Memes for a New Narrative About the Role of Business in Society

This paper argues that memes form the basis of our cultural narratives, and that today’s dominant memes need to dramatically shift to contend with the realities of growing inequality and climate change, which could pose existential threats to humanity. The paper offers a potential set of memes that could be used to develop a business and economic narrative that allows for inclusiveness, wellbeing and dignity for all, while still emphasizing a prosperous business community but not allowing it to dominant societal thinking. New memes proposed focus at the societal level arguing that societies (and businesses) are deeply intertwined with nature, that goals should emphasize wellbeing and dignity for all, defining ‘wealth’ as collective value and dignity as reverence for humans, living beings, and Nature itself. Relevant capitals are multiple, including economic/financial, human/intellectual, social/relational, natural/ecological, and spiritual/reverence. Core values include freedom and democracy within constraints of dignity and an ecologically sustainability social contract, creating ‘fair’ markets, ‘glocal-ism,’ both private and public goods, and collaboration combined with competition. Governments play important roles in setting fair laws and regulations and business’ purpose becomes maximizing aggregate wellbeing within ecological constraints without dignity violations.
Open Anterior Component Separation with Perforator Preservation

Repair of midline incisional hernias is a common procedure for which two related problems need to be solved. First, how can this high-tension internal closure best be achieved without the sutures cheesewiring through the fascia over time? Meshes are commonly used to distribute tension, but the optimal location of the mesh, its size, and the method of fixation are hotly debated. Equally argued is the optimal handling of the soft tissues required to place the mesh. This chapter will describe a means to reliably close a midline abdominal wall defect using a well-fixed narrow retrorectus mesh and a perforator-sparing anterior components release.
Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is an accepted modality for arterial imaging of the lower extremities. Lower extremity MRA (LE-MRA) primarily relies on subtracted gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequences. The modality has evolved with the evolution of low-dose time-resolved gadolinium-enhanced angiography sequences. LE-MRA has also benefited from the continued evolution of noncontrast angiography techniques, enabling safe and accurate arterial imaging in patients with renal insufficiency.
Immunotherapy for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is the most common cause of non-traumatic neurological disability affecting young adults in the northern hemisphere. Recent technological advances in immunology, molecular biology and neuroimaging have accelerated our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder. Improvements in clinical trial methodology will soon allow researchers to test therapeutic agents in a fraction of the time traditionally required to study therapeutic claims in multiple sclerosis. The recent approval of interferon beta-1b by the US Food and Drug Administration has already had a profound effect on clinical trials in progress and on the manner in which neurologists in the US treat multiple sclerosis outside the confines of clinical trials. It will certainly be difficult to perform placebo-controlled clinical trials in the future.
Self-reported sleep disturbances associated with procedural learning impairment in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Abstract Sleep disturbance contributes to impaired procedural learning in schizophrenia, yet little is known about this relationship prior to psychosis onset. Adolescents at ultra high-risk (UHR; N = 62) for psychosis completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a procedural learning task (Pursuit Rotor). Increased self-reported problems with sleep latency, efficiency, and quality were associated with impaired procedural learning rate. Further, within-sample comparisons revealed that UHR youth reporting better sleep displayed a steeper learning curve than those with poorer sleep. Sleep disturbances appear to contribute to cognitive/motor deficits in the UHR period and may play a role in psychosis etiology.
A Severe Case of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Secondary to a Novice Drug: Idelalisib.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ (PIK3δ) is a tyrosine kinase essential for B cell survival, making it an important target in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Idelalisib is an inhibito...
Addressing Performance Heterogeneity in MapReduce Clusters with Elastic Tasks

MapReduce applications, which require access to a large number of computing nodes, are commonly deployed in heterogeneous environments. The performance discrepancy between individual nodes in a heterogeneous cluster present significant challenges to attain good performance in MapReduce jobs. MapReduce implementations designed and optimized for homogeneous environments perform poorly on heterogeneous clusters. We attribute suboptimal performance in heterogeneous clusters to significant load imbalance between map tasks. We identify two MapReduce designs that hinder load balancing: (1) static binding between mappers and their data makes it difficult to exploit data redundancy for load balancing; (2) uniform map sizes is not optimal for nodes with heterogeneous performance. To address these issues, we propose FlexMap, a user-transparent approach that dynamically provisions map tasks to match distinct machine capacity in heterogeneous environments. We implemented FlexMap in Hadoop-2.6.0. Experimental results show that it reduces job completion time by as much as 40% compared to stock Hadoop and 30% to SkewTune.
Analyzing General Chemistry Texts’ Treatment of Rates of Change Concepts in Reaction Kinetics Reveals Missing Conceptual Links

Change over time is a crosscutting theme in the sciences that is pivotal to reaction kinetics, an anchoring concept in undergraduate chemistry, and students’ struggles with rates of change are well-documented. Informed by the education scholarship in chemistry, physics, and mathematics, a research team with members from complementary disciplinary backgrounds developed a rubric to examine how 10 general chemistry textbooks used by top producers of American-Chemical-Society-approved chemistry baccalaureates treat rates of change concepts in reaction kinetics. The rubric is focused on four categories of students’ challenges that emerged from the literature review: (i) fluency with graphical representations, (ii) meaning of sign of rate of change, (iii) distinction between average and instantaneous rates of change, and (iv) connections between differential and integrated forms of the rate laws. The analysis reveals interesting patterns but also variability among the texts that, intriguingly, is not explained ...
Chronic, complete cervical6–7 cord transection: distinct autonomic and cardiac deficits

For the first time, resting-, reflex-, and stress-induced cardiovascular, autonomic, and hormonal responses were studied in rats with chronic, complete C6–7 cord transection. Loss of supraspinal co...
Application of transcriptomic data, visualization tools and bioinformatics resources for informing mode of action

Abstract Gene expression analyses have proved useful for assessing modes of action (MOAs) with various compounds both following in life exposures to intact animals and in vitro exposures of cells in culture. Various tools have been used/developed over the past decade or so to assist in the analysis of these patterns of differential gene expression – heatmaps, pathway enrichment analysis, benchmark dose estimations and network representations of affected pathways using different ontologies. MOAs assessed from using these gene expression results sometimes have confirmed expectations from conventional toxicity testing and sometimes proved divergent, giving a more comprehensive look at the affected biology with compounds such as styrene or dichloromethane. This chapter discusses modes of action inferred from gene expression studies in relation to dose response modeling, dose-dependent transitions, pathway perturbations and comparing results from one treatment condition with another. Our expectation from even the limited experience to date with differential gene expression for evaluating MOAs is that the continuing application of these tools to both in vivo and in vitro patterns of gene expression will uncover subtle differences in response among even similar compounds and also provide new tools for assessing the biological consequences of exposures to bioactive compounds.
Matrices and Determinants

Problems in the real world can often be expressed with sufficient accuracy in terms of linear equations. Such equations may be algebraic equations, ordinary or partial differential equations, or integral equations.
The Identification and Function of Differentiation Antigens on Primary Sensory Neurons

The perception of different qualities of cutaneous stimuli depends, initially, on the activation of specific classes of primary sensory fibres that have their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) (Iggo, 1973; Perl, 1983). Anatomical and physiological studies have shown that more than a dozen classes of cutaneous afferents can be identified by their peripheral receptive properties, axonal conduction velocity and central terminal organization (Brown, 1981, 1982; Perl, 1983).
A non-well-founded approach to terminological cycles

In this paper, we propose a new approach to intensional semantics of term subsumption languages. We introduce concept algebras, whose signatures are given by sets of primitive concepts, roles, and the operations of the language. For a given set of variables, standard results give us free algebras. We next define, for a given set of concept definitions, a term algebra, as the quotient of the free algebra by a congruence generated by the definitions. The ordering on this algebra is called descriptive subsumption (⊒Δ). We also construct a universal concept algebra, as a non-well-founded set given by the greatest fixed point of a certain equation. The ordering on this algebra is called structural subsumption (≽Δ). We prove there are unique mappings from the free algebras, to each of these, and establish that our method for classifying cycles in a term subsumption language, KREP, consists of constructing accessible pointed graphs, representing terms in the universal concept algebra, and checking a simulation relation between terms.
Orientation to Uncertainty and Information Seeking about Personal Health

(1990). Orientation to Uncertainty and Information Seeking about Personal Health. Health Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 34-49.
Pharmacological aspects of hair follicle growth

The potent hypertrichotic effect of minoxidil opened a new field in both pharmacological study and clinical application of the drugs on hair growth. Topically applied minoxidil is effective for hair growth in the early stage of androgenetic alopecia and, to some extent, for the treatment of alopecia areata. Using the macaque model of androgenic alopecia, we studied sequential morphometric analysis (folliculogram) of the hair follicles after treatment with topical minoxidil as well as antiandrogen. Minoxidil also acts as a mitotic stimulator of the follicular cells in the secondary germ, follicular sheath, and bulbar matrix. Consequently, the vellus follicles in the bald scalp enlarge and transform to the terminal follicles. Minoxidil also induced a cyclic acceleration of rat hair follicles. The mechanism of this follicular growth will be discussed with the similar phenomenon caused by the activation of protein kinase C in the skin by phorbol ester. Topical applications of 4-MA (an inhibitor of 5α-reductase) on the bald scalp of macaques prevented the development of baldness during periadolescent age. Analysis of folliculograms revealed that the size and distribution pattern of cyclic follicles showed no change in 4-MA-treated scalps over 2 years, while the folliculograms of controls changed to a typical bald pattern. The drug also induced a substantial decrease of 5α-reductase activity in the scalp skin. These results strongly suggest that dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen to trigger the regressive change in genetically linked hair follicles.
HIV-Related Cancers

The burden of HIV-related illnesses and deaths has been increasing ever since its discovery in 1981. HIV-infected patients are at an increased risk for cancers due to the immunosuppression associated with it. They may experience significant mental trauma due to both illness and social stigma attached to it.
Role of the MTOC in T Cell Effector Functions

T cells play important roles in defending the host against infections, in allergic responses, and in the destruction of tumor cells. The directed or focused delivery of effector molecules to another cell is minimally achieved by a two-step process that involves focusing of secretory vesicles around the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and movement of the MTOC up to the site of contact with the target cell. This chapter is focused on mechanisms involved in the movement of the MTOC to the target contact site in T cells. Modulated polarization microscopy (MPM) and several other imaging methods were employed to visualize the cytoskeleton in general and in particular, the dynamics of MTOC movement. Understanding the processes of MTOC translocation has important medical ramifications that are addressed in this chapter.
Salt-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites: Towards A Stable Lithium Metal/Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 Solid Electrolyte Interface

Solid-state Li metal battery technology is attractive, owing to the high energy density, long lifespans, and better safety. A key obstacle in this technology is the unstable Li/solid-state electrolyte (SSE) interface involving electrolyte reduction by Li. Herein we report a novel approach based on the use of a nanocomposite consisting of organic elastomeric salts (LiO-(CH2 O)n -Li) and inorganic nanoparticle salts (LiF, -NSO2 -Li, Li2 O), which serve as an interphase to protect Li10 GeP2 S12 (LGPS), a highly conductive but reducible SSE. The nanocomposite is formed in situ on Li via the electrochemical decomposition of a liquid electrolyte, thus having excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, affinity for Li and LGPS, and limited interfacial resistance. XPS depth profiling and SEM show that the nanocomposite effectively restrained the reduction of LGPS. Stable Li electrodeposition over 3000 h and a 200 cycle life for a full cell were achieved.
Improving Hand Function of Severely Impaired Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke Individuals Using Task-Specific Training With the ReIn-Hand System: A Case Series

Purpose: In this study, we explored whether improved hand function is possible in post-stroke chronic hemiparetic individuals with severe upper limb motor impairments when they participate in device-aided task-specific practice. Subjects: Eight participants with chronic stroke (>1-year post, mean: 11.2 years) with severely impaired upper extremity movement (UE Fugl-Meyer (UEFMA) score 10-24) participated this study. Methods: Subjects were recruited to participate in a 20-session intervention (3 sessions/7 weeks). During each session, participants performed 20-30 trials of reaching, grasping, retrieving and releasing a jar with the assistance of a novel electromyography-driven functional electrical stimulation (EMG-FES) system. This EMG-FES system allows for Reliable and Intuitive use of the hand (called ReIn-Hand device) during multi-joint arm movements. Pre, post, and 3-month follow-up outcome assessments included UEFMA, Chedoke McMaster Stroke Assessment, Grip dynamometry, the Box and Blocks Test, Active and Passive goniometrics for wrist and metacarpophalangeal flexion and extension (II, V fingers), the Nottingham Stereognosis Assessment (NSA), and the Cutaneous Sensory Touch Threshold Assessment. Results: A non-parametric Friedman test of differences found significant changes in Box and Blocks test scores (χ^2=10.38, p< .05), passive and active range of motion (χ^2=11.31, p< .05 and χ^2=12.45, p<.01, respectively), and NSA scores (χ^2=6.42, p< .05) following a multi-session intervention using the ReIn-Hand device. Conclusions: These results suggest that using the ReIn-Hand device during reaching and grasping activities may contribute to improvements in gross motor function and sensation (stereognosis) in individuals with chronic severe UE motor impairment following stroke.
Activity-Based Therapy: From Basic Science to Clinical Application for Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury.

Background and Purpose:Collaboration between scientists and clinicians effectively accelerated translation of scientific evidence for activity-based therapies (ABTs) into rehabilitation. This article addresses the basic scientific findings of activity-dependent plasticity that led to locomotor train
Allopathic Supervision of Osteopathic Education: What Support is Needed?

Background: With the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implementation of a Single Accreditation System through which allopathic programs can obtain osteopathic recognition, it is vital to continue to support the development of resident osteopathic skills, which could be a challenge without properly trained faculty. The ability and confidence of allopathic and osteopathic faculty in providing Osteopathic Manipulation Treatment (OMT) supervision is unknown, but there is likely a need for faculty development in this area. Methods: A 18-item survey to assess allopathic faculty confidence and concerns about aculty development in precepting OMT was completed by program directors and clinical coordinators of programs registered with the American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians. Results: When comparing AOA (n=93) and AOA/ACGME accredited programs (n=80), significantly fewer respondents from AOA programs perceived their allopathic faculty as confident in their ability to precept OMT (36% vs. 50%, respectively, p<0.001). Despite concerns about allopathic aculty’s ability to precept OMT, reported by 64% of AOA programs and 50% of AOA/ACGME programs, only a minority of programs had educational programs in place for allopathic faculty (26% and 41%, respectively). Respondents listed the four most important topics to include as part of faculty development in osteopathic skills as somatic function diagnosis, osteopathic treatment plan theory, muscle energy and myofascial techniques. Conclusion: There was documented concern by respondents regarding their allopathic faculty’s ability to precept OMT, suggesting the need for standardized education on OPP and OMT to better equip allopathic faculty to support osteopathic residents in OPP and maintain OMT skills.
Submandibular gland flap for reconstruction after parotidectomy.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Description of a novel use of a submandibular gland (SMG) flap pedicled on the facial vessels to restore facial volume after parotidectomy, and comparison of clinical outcomes with alternative modes of reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS The surgical technique for a SMG flap is described. Retrospective chart review of cases of parotidectomy at a single tertiary medical center was conducted (n = 43). Cases were grouped in three cohorts of consecutive patients depending on reconstruction technique: SMG flap (n = 13), sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) flap (n = 15), and no flap (n = 15). Cohort characteristics and complication rates are reported. RESULTS The SMG flap was more often used for a malignant pathology (92%) and in conjunction with a neck dissection (100%), compared to the SCM flap (47% and 15%) or no flap (0% and 0%), respectively. The mean House-Brackmann score in the immediate postoperative period in the SMG-flap group was slightly elevated compared to the other groups: 1.6 (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.5) versus 1.1 (SD ± 0.3) and 1.0 (SD ± 0.0). Otherwise, the complication rate was similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS The SMG flap is a safe and effective option for volume restoration after parotidectomy. It provides durable volume that will not atrophy and is already exposed in the field of dissection for patients undergoing concurrent level I neck dissection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 130:E155-E162, 2020.
Relation of Lymphangiogenic Factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D to Elevated Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure.

Lymphatic flow is augmented in states of chronic heart failure (cHF). However, the biological mechanism driving increased lymphatic flow capacity (lymphangiogenesis) in cHF is unknown. Recent studies have indicated that vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, -C, and -D) are involved in lymphangiogenesis. This study examined the association between VEGF-A, -C, and -D levels, invasively measured hemodynamics, and heart failure symptoms. Subjects who underwent clinically indicated right heart catheterization at Medical University of South Carolina between 12/2016 and 7/2018 were eligible for inclusion. These subjects underwent clinical assessment of cHF severity (including 6MWT and KCCQ), hemodynamic assessment with right heart catheterization, laboratory studies including B-type natriuretic peptide, and concomitant measurement of VEGF-A, -C, and -D. Fifty-six patients were included for analysis. Subjects with elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) had significantly higher VEGF-D levels (263 ± 415 pg/ml vs 65 ± 101 pg/ml; p = 0.02). PAWP was not associated with VEGF-A or VEGF-C levels. When stratified by VEGF-D, subjects with elevated VEGF-D had clinical and hemodynamic characteristics associated with worse HF severity (lower ejection fraction, higher b-type natriuretic peptide, higher PAWP, lower cardiac output), but were not more symptomatic by Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores and had similar 6-minute walk test distance compared with subjects with lower VEGF-D. Subjects with an elevated VEGF-D were more likely to have a diagnosis of heart failure for >3 years. In conclusion, VEGF-D is associated with elevated PAWP in cHF, and elevated VEGF-D may mitigate cHF symptoms.
The Maker Movement and Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The maker movement has sparked interest from stakeholders in K12 educational institutions based on its emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) content areas. However, the inte...
Central sensitization and its role in chronic pain: What can ketamine do?

Central sensitization plays a crucial role in the development of chronic pain. NMDA receptors play a key role in central sensitization. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, can help in refractory chronic pain. Although intravenous is the most common route utilized for delivery of ketamine, other routes such as oral, subcutaneous, topical and intranasal, have been explored. Here we review key research articles regarding the use of ketamine for chronic pain.
Cavity enhanced photovaporization spectroscopy

Laser microcutting is used to machine precise holes and grooves by vaporizing portions of the material with a laser beam. The vaporization rate is related to the absorption coefficient and was measured as a function of the laser wavelength for various materials. The cutting process can be controlled by adjusting laser power, focal spot size, scanning speed, pulse repetition rate, and pulse length. We have developed photovaporization spectroscopy as an ultraprecise diagnostic technique in laser micromachining. With suitably chosen feedback the cavity enhanced signal could be used to adjust the cutting speed through the rate of vaporization of flat polymer, metallic, and other materials. A pulsed tunable dye laser beam is focused onto the sample placed on a motorized microposition stage inside a confocal etalon. The cutting laser beam produces a minute ablation plume by vaporizing material from the sample surface. This plume then causes optical scattering losses in the fixed frequency probe beam. At cavity resonance the transmitted probe beam intensity is a sensitive means to detect minute vaporization rates and cutting speeds. Scattering losses of <1 part in 103 can be detected. The measurement of even lower rates is possible when the accompanying photothermal effects1,2 are taken into consideration.
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis

Improvements in antibiotic prophylaxis, including the timing of initial administration, appropriate choice of antibiotic agents, and the limiting of the duration of administration, have more clearly defined the value of this technique in many clinical surgical settings. Studies of antibiotic prophylaxis designed during the next decade should strongly consider individual patient risk factors when new antibiotic agents are tested or administration techniques are refined. A concentrated effort should be made in areas of clinical surgery in which the value of antibiotic prophylaxis has not been proven. When in doubt, it appears that a one-dose systemic regimen of an appropriately chosen cephalosporin given during the immediate preoperative period is safe and the indicated practice.
Introduction: Special issue on gender and sexuality studies

The articles included in this special issue represent a selection of the thirty four gender and sexuality related projects that were scheduled to be presented at the 2020 Senior Projects Day event at Pacific University’s Forest Grove campus. The papers included in this special issue come from a variety of academic disciplines and speak to a wide range of topics, but unable to be disseminated due to the novel coronavirus pandemic.
Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation and Identification of Glaucoma Using Convolutional Neural Network

Exudates are the main root cause of blindness. These exudates are looks like cotton wool spots. The damages due to increment of exudates are wet macular detection and retinopathy. Hence, the important diagnostic task is to find exudates. In this paper, we extract the blood vessels using thresholding method along with filtering the image using curvelet transformation and detect optic disc using circular Hough-man transform method. Finally we detect the exudates using adaptive thresholding method in fundus image along with boundary detection using contour boundary tracing algorithm. Measuring the vessel ratio damage ratio and damage stage of the eye based on ocular vision strategy. Identifying the eye diseases was a complicated process, our approaches made easy by using Multi resolution analysis with feature extraction process. Texture features with in fundus images are actively pursued for accurate and efficient glaucoma classification. In this paper a novel technique proposed, energy texture features extracted using CURVELET transformations which is accessible under geometry conditions where wavelets were not defined to satisfy conditions and also compared with WAVELET transformation analysis. SVM classifier is used for the classification process and feature ranking procedure under extension of multi SVM classifier. This is used for obtaining accurate results. Under the above mentioned conditions the resultant accuracy is about 97.35%.