cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision Measurement of Wavelengths with Echelle Spectrographs

Echelles of the type now produced by the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company lie intermediate in dispersive properties between ordinary diffraction gratings and such interferometers as the Fabry-Perot etalon. When crossed with a concave grating in a stigmatic mount of the type recently described ( Harrison Archer Camus , J. Opt. Soc. Am.42, 706 [ 1952]) an echelle might be expected to give wavelength precision between the approximately one part in 106 of which the grating is capable and the one part in 25×106 of the etalon. We find precision to about 1 part in 5×106 attainable with the echelle.Identification of the order of interference m of any cycle on an echellegram can be made quickly and exactly by use of a standard plate or scale, which can be marked uniquely after photography of two or three known lines. A horizontal fiducial line of constant mλ0 is recorded on the spectrogram by reflecting light from a mirror which can be swung into position in front of the echelle. The exact mλ0 value for the plate is determined from the two or three standard lines photographed on it. Wavelength reduction is most conveniently made in terms of mλ, using the mλ0 line as a reference. The vertical mλ dispersion is first assumed constant over the entire plate, and an approximate mλ value is determined for each line in terms of its distance l from mλ0. A small correction ∊ is then added for each line, values of ∊ for the entire fixed focal surface having been determined in advance with some complex spectrum having many known lines, such as thorium. Values of ∊ are found to not exceed 0.050 m order-angstroms with our instrument. This range includes empirical corrections for error of coincidence, nonuniformity of dispersion along a cycle, variable magnification of the spectrograph, and all other deviations from vertical linearity or horizontal constancy of mλ.On division by three-figure integral values of m, wavelengths can be obtained to within about 0.001A throughout the visible and ultraviolet spectrum, with little added complexity beyond that required for reducing grating spectrograms, and with greater precision, compactness, and spectrum coverage on a single plate.A discussion of the so-called “error of concidence” is included, as this phenomenon, which has been principally of historical importance since the early days of spectroscopy, now affects the accuracy attainable with a single fiducial line and two or three Hg 198 lines, when substituted for the large number of standard lines needed for precision wavelength determinations with concave gratings.
Mission and Diversity Statements: What They Do and Do Not Say

For this study we used institutional web sites to examine the mission statements of 80 higher education institutions for messages about diversity. Of the 80 institutions, 59 (75%) referenced diversity in their mission statements; but only 19% defined diversity in racial or ethnic terms. In addition to mission statements, 52 (or 65%) of the 80 institutions had a separate diversity statement; but only 18 of these were an official institutional statement. These treatments of diversity are interesting in light of the changing demographics of the incoming college student population and the recognized need for greater cultural development or awareness on campuses. If mission and diversity statements reflect the priorities of the institution, 35% of the institutions in the sample said nothing about diversity.
The effect of pre-natal Cannabis Sativa on maze learning ability in the rat

Pregnant Wistar MW-3 derived rats were treated with 250 mg/kg suboutaneously of an extract of Cannabis Sativa in 2.5 ml/kg of polyethylene glycol 300 or 2.5 ml/kg of polyethylene glycol 300 alone. A third group was left untreated. Treatments were made on days 8–11 of pregnancy. At term, the offspring were delivered normally by the mothers.
The Social Construction of Personnel Policy Implications for People With Disabilities

The goal of this investigation was to develop an understandrng of the social context of state merit systems of personnel. Ten key informants were interviewed following an “interpretivist” paradigm to illuminate the political and social construction of public policy. The key informants reveal a basic self-belief in the rationality of merit systems of personnel under which only the “best-qualified” candidates are given employment. Under this doctrine, merit may mean equality without equity for people with disabilities. Merit systems of personnel are dominated by people who have historically had more access to experience and training than people with disabilities, who are underrepresented in state jobs. However, the informants argue that underrepresentation is the result of unintended consequences. Personnel administrators' willingness to ascribe underrepresentation to an unintended consequence may undercut policies requiring reasonable accommodations for applicants with disabilities.
Fast carrier dynamics in new GaAs deep-center laser for 1.3μm-1.5μm fiber optics

The ongoing quest for semiconductor lasers with low threshold has led to the development of new materials (quantum wells, wires, and dots) and new optical resonators (microdisks and photonic bandgap crystals). In a novel approach to "thresholdless" lasers, we have developed a new growth technique for self-assembled deep-centers in the technologically important semiconductor gallium-arsenide (GaAs). We recently demonstrated the first GaAs deep-center laser. These lasers, which intentionally utilize GaAs deep-center transitions, exhibit a threshold current density of less than 70mA/cm2 in continuous-wave mode at room temperature at the important 1.54 μm fiber-optic wavelength in a single-pass geometry. We studied fast carrier dynamics in the new GaAs deep-center laser. The low threshold current was a consequence of fast subpicosecond capture of free holes onto deep-centers. This fast capture of free holes onto deep-centers allowed fast depopulation of electrons out of the lower energy level of the optical transition. We demonstrated laser action at many wavelengths between 1.2 μm and 1.6 μm, including fiber-optic wavelengths. A significance is that it has been a long-sought goal to tune the stimulated-emission from the same semiconductor over a wide wavelength range. A semiconductor source of tunable coherent radiation would have many applications, e.g., fiber-optics, spectroscopy, lab-on-a-chip, chemical species identification.
The British response to surrogate motherhood: An American critique

(1985). The British response to surrogate motherhood: An American critique. The Law Teacher: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 163-192.
Stability analysis of a liquid-metal reactor and its primary heat transport system

Abstract Part of the reactor design process is the assessment of the impact of different design changes on pre-defined performance criteria including stability of the reactor system under different conditions. This work focuses on the stability analysis of a combined liquid-metal reactor and primary heat transport system where system parameters are free to vary, with particular interest in low reactor power, low reactor coolant flow conditions. Such conditions might be encountered, for example, after a loss of flow without scram in some passively safe reactor designs. Linear-stability-analysis-based methods are developed to find the stability regions, stability boundary surface in system parameter space, and frequency of oscillation at oscillatory instability boundaries. Models are developed for the reactor, detailed thermal hydraulic reactivity feedback associated with coolant outlet and inlet temperatures, decay heat and primary system. The developed stability analysis tools are applied to the system model. The system parameters include integral reactivity parameters, decay heat, primary system mass, coolant flow and natural circulation flow. The resulting stability boundary surface and its associated frequency of oscillation surface in multidimensional system parameter space show the effect of system parameter changes. By adopting model parameters from liquid-metal reactor designs, a stability prediction procedure is illustrated.
Examining Estimates of Effect Using Non-Overlap of All Pairs in Multiple Baseline Studies of Academic Intervention

The inclusion of single-case design (SCD) studies in meta-analytic research is an important consideration in identifying effective evidence-based practices. Various SCD effect sizes have been previously suggested; non-overlap of all pairs (NAP) is a recently introduced effect size. Preliminary field tests investigating the adequacy of NAP are promising, but no analyses have been conducted using only multiple baseline designs (MBDs). This preliminary study investigated typical values of NAP in MBDs, investigated agreement with visual analysis, and suggested cut scores for interpreting a NAP effect size. Typical values of NAP in MBDs were larger compared to a previous meta-analysis of studies using AB, MBD, or ABAB withdrawal designs, and agreement of suggested cut scores and visual analysis was moderate.
The role of the bronchial circulation in the acute lung injury resulting from burn and smoke inhalation

Smoke inhalation in burn patients is a serious medical problem around the world. Inhalation injury increases mortality in addition to increasing infections, ventilator-days, and hospital stays. There are also large numbers of patients subjected to smoke inhalation without burns from cooking fires, burning crops and forest fires. The injury results in a fall in arterial oxygenation as a result of airway blockade, increased pulmonary transvascular fluid flux and loss of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The changes in cardiopulmonary function are mediated at least in part by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by both inducible and constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO combines with superoxide to form reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite. These reactive nitrogen species can be detected by measuring their reaction products such as 3-nitrotyrosine. The latter is elevated in the airway following smoke/burn injury. The control of NO formation involves poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) and its ability to up-regulate the activity of nuclear transcription factors through ribosylation. Present data also support a major role for the bronchial circulation in the injury since blockade of bronchial blood flow will also minimize the pulmonary injury. The data suggest that cytotoxins or activated cells are formed in the airway and carried to the parenchyma. These materials cause the formation of oedema and a reduction of PaO(2).
Sinking rates of organic particles1

The flux of organic particles collected by sediment traps decreases in a nonlinear fashion with depth. This implies a loss of organic carbon with time as the particles sink. Samples of such particles held in the laboratory or left in situ do in fact decay, showing a significant loss of carbon. Particles were collected in the upper 1,000 m of the water column with sediment traps south of the Hawaiian Islands. Aliquots from the traps were placed in combusted glass bottles and returned to the depths from which they were collected. After 5 days the bottles were recovered and the carbon content determined. On the average, about 30% of the particulate carbon was lost during the experiment. With this knowledge of the decay rate, one can estimate the expected change in “apparent carbon flux” with time. This in combination with the measured vertical flux can be used to calculate the depth interval required for this change to occur. Average sinking rates of 92 m · d1 were thus estimated.
Register allocation by systematic merge of register-reuse chains

If register allocation is performed after instruction scheduling, the efficiency of register allocation can be degraded due to constraints caused by such scheduling. The authors propose a new register allocation technique that is performed before instruction scheduling and, consequently, allows great freedom in the optimisation of register allocation. Experiments show that the efficiency of the proposed technique is on average 7.4%, greater than that of the conventional approach.
A Contextual Study of Racial Profiling: Assessing the Theoretical Rationale for the Study of Racial Profiling at the Local Level

In this article, the authors argue for the importance of a contextualized examination of racial profiling. Although the study of racial profiling has only begun, existing studies have typically examined this phenomenon at the state level and based on total population information gathered from high-patrol agencies. The authors argue that racial profiling is best understood within the spatial context of local areas rather than large geographical areas. The purpose of this article is to explore some theoretical avenues to investigating racial profiling within the community context by linking racial profiling to theoretical perspectives that highlight community-level processes. That is, the authors apply theories such as social disorganization, urban disadvantage/deprivation, and Sampson’s community development and spatial diffusion arguments to the incident of racial profiling. The authors then illustrate the utility of exploring these linkages by providing information on crimes and structural dimensions in ...
Machining algebra for mapping volumes to machining operations for developing extensible generative CAPP

This paper presents geometric models for representing machining operations. The characteristic shapes produced by machining operations are represented in a uniform (canonical) form. The canonical representation is an algebraic expression that encodes the geometric shapes that can be produced by a process as a set of volumes resulting from two types of tool-workplace interactions. Each interaction is characterized by a type of sweep operator. The directors of these sweep operations are derived from cutting and feed motion directions. The profiles used in the sweeps are defined in terms of geometric entities and constraints based on tool geometry and tool-workpiece interaction. Most conventional machining processes can be represented using the proposed model (process-to-volume mapping). Inverse operators are also defined for mapping volumes to processes; the inverse operators can be used in selecting potential machining processes for removing given volumes. Thus, representation of machining knowledge is process-based not feature-based, which overcomes the problem of dealing with new feature shapes that are not predefined in the process selector. The formulation allows users to add new processes to the system without any changes to the code.
Anti-IgM and anti-IgG modulate c-fos RNA levels differently in human B lymphocytes.

Abstract One component of the B cell activation cascade is the induction of the protooncogene c-fos . Data presented here demonstrate that stimulation of mIgM-bearing cells with either anti-IgM or the combination of PDB plus ionomycin generated comparable levels of c-fos RNA. Furthermore, a synergistic response was observed when the cells were treated with selected concentrations of anti-IgM plus either PDB or ionomycin. In contrast, stimulation of mIgG-bearing B cells with anti-IgG did not induce the c-fos RNA levels that were seen when these cells were treated with the combination or PDB plus ionomycin. Treatment of mIgG-bearing cells with only the combination of anti-IgG plus ionomycin yielded a synergistic response and anti-IgG plus PDB did not. Thus, induction of c-fos RNA appears to be different in mIgM- and mIgG-bearing B cells after stimulation through mIg.
Structural response of counterflow diffusion flames to strain rate variations

The structural response of counterflowing methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames to aerodynamic straining was experimentally and computationally investigated. The temperature and major species concentration profiles were experimentally determined as functions of the applied strain rate by using spontaneous Raman scattering. The experimental situations were further computationally simulated with detailed reaction mechanisms and transport properties. The computed results were found to be in close quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Results demonstrate that, in contrast to counterflow premixed flames, a strained, counterflow diffusion flame has less flexibility to freely adjust its location in response to strain rate variations such that its structure in the direction normal to the flame surface is quite sensitive to variations in the strain rate. Specifically, the counterflow diffusion flame becomes thinner with increasing strain rate a, with its thickness varying inversely with √a. This leads to increased amount of reactant leakage, progressive reduction in the flame temperature, and eventually extinction of the flame. Computational results further show that while the heat release rate of premixed flames is characterized by a single sharp maximum, for diffusion flames a secondary maximum described by a distinctively different reaction submechanism exists on the oxidizer side of the primary heat release zone. The nature and extent of the negative heat release rate on the fuel side of the flame, as well as its relation to the presence of a dent around the same location on the temperature profile as observed in previous experiments, were also discussed.
Environmental studies using earth orbital photography

Abstract Orbital remote sensing, and particularly orbital photography, can provide immediately useful data for scientists familiar with applying aerial photographic techniques to environmental problems. Despite the expansion of analytical techniques in the earth sciences, the environmental data base has remained relatively static compared with increased information needs because of the difficulty of effective worldwide surveys and the high cost of timely data collection. Color, color infrared and black and white space photographs obtained incident to the Gemini and Apollo programs provide unique synoptic tools for analyzing modern environments and processes, and data that cannot be duplicated by aerial photographic mosaics. Principal advantages of orbital surveys include repetitious worldwide coverage promising environmental synthesis within the full spectrum of seasonal contrasts, and synoptic observations on a scale generally impossible from aircraft. The general categories of environmental data that can be extracted from orbital photography are summarized. The use of supporting sensor records, increased system resolution, and repetitious photographic coverage will maximize orbital photographic data yield. The full potential of orbital photography has not yet been exploited to define those interdisciplinary problems most realistically addressed from orbital altitudes, and the operational parameters which promise to optimize data yield.
Oxygen diffusion and reaction of residual carbon in sol-gel-derived silica xerogel

Abstract The oxygen penetration rate in sol-gel-derived silica xerogels was determined using the removal of visible carbon as a marker of penetration depth. The visible carbon concentration profile was measured using an image analysis system with an optical microscope. A model was formulated to describe the removal of visible carbon in terms of oxygen diffusion and reaction, and the equations were solved numerically. Estimates of the effective diffusion coefficient and the effective reaction rate constant were obtained by fitting the experimental visible carbon profiles to those calculated with the model. Between 370 and 460°C, the rate of removal of visible carbon was found to be affected by both oxygen diffusion through the porous network and chemical oxidation. Assuming the kinetics to be first order in both oxygen concentration and visible carbon concentration, the effective diffusion coefficient for oxygen is (3.1 ± 1.8) × 10−8 m2 s−1 and the effective reaction rate constant is 0.012 ± 0.012 m3 mol−1 s−1.
Metabolism of phosphoramidates. II. Further studies on the Escherichia coli phosphoramidate phosphoryl transfer enzyme.

An enzyme, phosphoramidic hexose transphosphorylase, which catalyzes a phosphoryl transfer from monophosphoramidate, N-phosphorylgylcine or monophosphoryl histidine to glucose has been purified about 160-fold from extracts of succinate-grown Escherichia coli. Several aldo- and ketohexoses as well as sedoheptulose have been shown to be phosphoryl acceptors with this enzyme. Certain preparations of phosphoramidic hexose transphosphorylase have been shown to produce only glucose 1-phosphate while others produce both glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting the presence in the latter fractions of a second phosphoryl transferring system.
Semi-Automated Identification of N-Glycopeptides by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography, nano-Reverse-Phase LC–MS/MS, and Glycan Database Search

Glycoproteins fulfill many indispensable biological functions, and changes in protein glycosylation have been observed in various diseases. Improved analytical methods are needed to allow a complete characterization of this complex and common post-translational modification. In this study, we present a workflow for the analysis of the microheterogeneity of N-glycoproteins that couples hydrophilic interaction and nanoreverse-phase C18 chromatography to tandem QTOF mass spectrometric analysis. A glycan database search program, GlycoPeptideSearch, was developed to match N-glycopeptide MS/MS spectra with the glycopeptides comprised of a glycan drawn from the GlycomeDB glycan structure database and a peptide from a user-specified set of potentially glycosylated peptides. Application of the workflow to human haptoglobin and hemopexin, two microheterogeneous N-glycoproteins, identified a total of 57 distinct site-specific glycoforms in the case of haptoglobin and 14 site-specific glycoforms of hemopexin. Using g...
Injected mitotic extracts induce condensation of interphase chromatin

Although extracts from mitotic cells have been shown to induce chromosome condensation when injected into amphibian oocytes, they have not as yet been shown to induce this response in somatic interphase cells. In the experiments reported here, when mitotic extracts were injected into syncytial frog embryos, whose somatic nuclei were arrested in interphase, chromosome condensation was observed. The inability of interphase extracts, injected at similar concentrations, to induce this event demonstrates the cell cycle-specific accumulation of the factors responsible.
Element-Coded Affinity Tags for Peptides and Proteins

Isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT) represent an important new tool for the analysis of complex mixtures of proteins in living systems [Aebersold, R., and Mann, M. (2003) Nature, 422, 198-207]. We envisage an alternative protein-labeling technique based on tagging with different element-coded metal chelates, which affords affinity chromatography, quantification, and identification of a tagged peptide from a complex mixture. As proof of concept, a synthetic peptide was modified at a cysteine side chain with either a carboxymethyl group or acetamidobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N' ',N' "-tetraacetic acid (AcBD) chelates of terbium or yttrium. A mixture of the three modified peptides in a mole ratio of 100:1.0:0.83 carboxymethyl:AcBD-Tb:AcBD-Y was trypsinized, purified on a new affinity column that binds rare-earth DOTA chelates, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Chelate-tagged tryptic peptides eluted cleanly from the affinity column; the tagged peptides chromatographically coeluted during LC-MS analysis, were present in the expected ratio as indicated by MS ion intensity, and were sequence-identified by tandem mass spectrometry. DOTA-rare earth chelates have exceptional properties for use as affinity tags. They are highly polar and water-soluble. Many of the rare earth elements are naturally monoisotopic, providing a variety of simple choices for preparing mass tags. Further, the rare earths are heavy elements, whose mass defects give the masses of tagged peptides exact values not normally shared by molecules that contain only light elements.
The Erdõs-Sós Conjecture for trees of diameter four

The Erdos-Sos Conjecture is that a finite graph G with average degree greater than k - 2 contains every tree with k vertices. Theorem 1 is a special case: every k-vertex tree of diameter four can be embedded in G. A more technical result, Theorem 2, is obtained by extending the main ideas in the proof of Theorem 1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 49: 291301, 2005
Differential laundering practices of white coats and scrubs among health care professionals

The role played by health care worker's uniforms on the horizontal transmission of organisms within the hospital is still controversial. To determine the differential laundering practices in regards to white coats and scrubs, we surveyed physicians present at the 3 weekly academic conferences with largest attendance at our hospital (medicine, pediatrics, and anesthesiology). Out of 160 providers, white coats were washed every 12.4 ± 1.1 days and scrubs every 1.7 ± 0.1 days (mean ± standard error; P P = .018), and no differences were observed among specialties.
Detection of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in normal and tumor tissue of patients from the southern United States with prostate cancer is dependent on specific polymerase chain reaction conditions.

Background There are questions regarding the prevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in PCA patients and its association with the RNASEL R462Q polymorphism. We therefore investigated whether XMRV infection could be found in PCA patients from the southern United States (U.S.), and sought to verify the association with the R462Q.
Impedance Compensation of Flexible Joint Actuator for Ideal Force Mode Control

To realize an ideal force control of robots interacting with humans, a very precise actuation system with zero impedance is desired. A flexible joint actuator may serve for this purpose. This paper presents the design of control algorithms to compensate for the impedance in the flexible joint actuator. To generate the torque as desired, a spring is installed between a motor and a human joint, and the motor is controlled to produce the proper spring deflection. When the desired torque is zero, the motor must follow human joint motion, which requires that the friction and inertia of the motor are compensated. Mechanical properties of a human body are not fixed, while they represent the load to the flexible joint actuator. The disturbance observer method is applied to make the flexible joint actuator precisely generate the desired torque under such time-varying conditions. Based on the nominal model preserved by the disturbance observer, feedback and feedforward controllers are optimally designed for the desired performance: i.e. the flexible joint actuator 1) exhibits very low impedance and 2) generates the desired torque precisely during interacting with a human. The effectiveness of the proposed design is verified by experiments.
Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States: implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change.

Abstract We applied a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to study the correlations of total PM2.5 and its components with meteorological variables using an 11-year (1998–2008) observational record over the contiguous US. The data were deseasonalized and detrended to focus on synoptic-scale correlations. We find that daily variation in meteorology as described by the MLR can explain up to 50% of PM2.5 variability with temperature, relative humidity (RH), precipitation, and circulation all being important predictors. Temperature is positively correlated with sulfate, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) almost everywhere. The correlation of nitrate with temperature is negative in the Southeast but positive in California and the Great Plains. RH is positively correlated with sulfate and nitrate, but negatively with OC and EC. Precipitation is strongly negatively correlated with all PM2.5 components. We find that PM2.5 concentrations are on average 2.6 μg m−3 higher on stagnant vs. non-stagnant days. Our observed correlations provide a test for chemical transport models used to simulate the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change. They point to the importance of adequately representing the temperature dependence of agricultural, biogenic and wildfire emissions in these models.
The New Distributional Politics of Globalization and the Lessons of the Great Depression

The paper examines political resentments and backlashes in historical episodes of globalization in terms of discussions of the morality of rising inequalities of income and wealth. It investigates the link between this discussion and a different interest-based political system that prevails in periods of global opening. While politics in the framework of the national economy has a simple left-right dichotomy, politics in globalized societies mobilizes an incoherent coalition of anti-global left and anti-global right against a pro-global center. (JEL N10, N20)
The Failure of Strategic Planning

Several years after he had installed an elaborate strategic planning system, the chairman of a diversified New York Stock Exchange company began wondering if it was worth the effort. When he took a closer look, he found that the plan's only real function was to serve as a model for preparing the next one a year later. So he scrapped the whole procedure, instructing each division manager to do whatever planning he felt was appropriate for his own unit.
Local IP Flow Mobility to enhance femtocell benefits for open metro deployment

In this paper we describe the benefits and use cases of femtocell based solutions for metro deployments. We then describe a Converged Gateway (CGW) concept which manages a femtocell and WiFi AP. After explaining the architecture of the CGW and the details of how the CGW interacts with the femtocell, WiFi AP and mobile core network, we explore CGW-based IP Flow Mobility. The various processes that define CGW-based IFOM are explained and examples are provided. There are often choppy waters in the approval process for traditional cell towers where the features of a CGW may provide an acceptable path forward. We discuss several court cases to set the framework, and then consider how a CGW may provide some desirable flexibility.
A possible influence of the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation on the variability of the extratropical circulation in the Southern Hemisphere

[1] This study uses geopotential heights and zonal winds from the NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis, and the Naujokat tropical stratospheric zonal wind data set to evaluate the suggestion that the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) influenced the observed amplitude increase in zonal harmonic wave 1 in the Southern Hemisphere winter after 1975. Fourier analysis was used to extract zonal wave 1 (ZW1) from the geopotential heights. ZW1 and the zonal winds were stratified by QBO phase and compared to those composited for years before and after 1975. The comparisons confirm that ZW1, during the easterly phase of the QBO, is larger than ZW1 during the westerly phase. The comparisons also suggest that the growth in ZW1 seen after 1975 took place preferentially during winters with an easterly tropical QBO and weak stratospheric winds. The change in ZW1 is associated with surface level changes over the Pacific and simultaneous upper level support by the easterly phase tropical QBO.
Modifying the USGS Solute Transport Computer Model to Predict High‐Density Hydrocarbon Migration

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride enter soils and ground water from chemical waste disposal sites and from accidents. The migration of such high-density hydrocarbons in a natural gradient unconfined gravel aquifer is studied. The Buckley-Leverett approach is extended to a two-dimensional case to simulate a high-density immiscible hydrocarbon displacing ground water in a gravity-driven system. Governing equations that were developed earlier by Corapcioglu and Hossain (1988) are solved by modifying the U.S.G.S. solute transport model (Konikow and Bredehoeft, 1978). The modification incorporates the fractional flow curves of water and their saturation derivatives in vertical and horizontal directions as functions of degree of water saturation. The details of the modification techniques are given, and the numerical results are presented for a hydrocarbon spill. Numerical results show that high-density, low-viscosity immiscible chlorinated hydrocarbons can travel deeper and further in contrast to lower-density, higher-viscosity compounds, and that the migration is dominated by gravity largely uncoupled from the horizontal component until the plume reaches the lower boundary.
Blacks and the family cap: pregnancy, abortion, and spillovers

While reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing is a central goal of welfare reform, most policymakers prefer achieving this objective via a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in the incidence of abortion. Using aggregate state-level data from 1984 to 1998, I estimate fixed effects models that allow for autocorrelated and heteroskedastic disturbances to examine the association between the family cap and nonmarital birth, pregnancy, and abortion rates. I find robust evidence that the family cap is associated with a reduction in nonmarital birth rates, particularly among black women. This reduction is driven by a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in abortion or marriage rates. These findings suggest that that the stigmatizing effect of the family cap may influence the nonmarital pregnancy decisions of black women.
Logistics and Researchers As Legitimate Tools for 'Doing' Intercultural Research: A Rejoinder to Günther:

Gunther's (1998) story highlights the critical importance of practical issues such as logistics and the researcher's active role in 'doing' intercultural research. For example, the social psychological notion of 'informed consent' has become institutionalized as a bedrock of North American social science research. Yet in intercultural research, rigid adherence to North American norms for informed consent can violate both subjects' and researchers' culture-specific communication codes in societies where human relations function differently from US or European habitual patterns. 'Cookbook'-type application of the social ethical norms that have become canonized in one society in a different (or even among different subgroups within the same) society can lead to fundamental problems in scientific knowledge construction.
Cultist vigilantism in the Philippines

flawed. As I understand him, Kowalewski (1991) offered two basic theoretical argu ments. The first was that the classical church-state versus cult tension does not apply in a lEird World setting when insurgency is introduced. In the presence of insurgency, a church-state alliance against cults is replaced by a "holy alliance" of churchSstate-cult against insurgents. The second argument was that cultic affiliation adds fenror to anti-insurgent vigilantism such that cultist vigilantes are more violent than noncultist vigilantes. He wrote that the "combtnation of vigilante authoritarianism with religiously deviant 'totalitarianism' should produce virulent behaviors" (p. 246) that invite the strongest unfavorable public reaction. Both of these arguments can be challenged. In this comment I question Kowalewski's conclusion that cultist fervor has a direct and independent effect on the violence of vigilante groups. I also question the extent of cultic alignment with the state and church in the Philippines, suggesting that the true situatiorl is importantly different from the one Kowalewski describes.
Mental health services utilization in a children's mental health managed care demonstration.

Service delivery under two systems of care—a traditional Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) reimbursement system and an innovative continuum of care—was examined along six dimensions: access, type, mix, volume, timing, and continuity of services received by children and adolescents. It was found that the Demonstration served over three times as many children as the Comparison. In addition to serving more children, the Demonstration also provided more and different types of services to each child treated. Finally, the Demonstration appears to have delivered services in a more timely fashion and made a considerable effort to match children’s and families’ needs with services.
Enhanced myocardial protection with adenosine.

Abstract This study was undertaken to investigate whether adenosine administered during cardioplegic arrest could enhance myocardial protection and improve recovery of function after ischemia. Isolated perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to 120 minutes of hypothermic (32 °C) multidose cardioplegia-induced ischemia. Control hearts (n = 23) received modified St. Thomas's cardioplegia, and the remaining hearts received cardioplegia with either 100 μM (n = 11), 200 μM (n = 11), or 400 μM (n = 11) adenosine. After ischemia and 45 minutes of reperfusion, left ventricular contractility was superior in all groups of adenosine-treated hearts compared with control hearts. Furthermore, there was a significant incremental increase in functional recovery with increasing dose of adenosine. Postischemic diastolic stiffness was significantly better in all adenosine groups compared with controls. No differences were noted in coronary flow or myocardial water content between adenosinetreated and control hearts. These data demonstrate that adenosine administered in these concentrations provides myocardial protection and improved recovery of both systolic and diastolic function after global ischemia, presumably metabolically by reducing depletion of adenosine triphosphate or enhancing repletion of adenosine triphosphate and enabling improved postischemic recovery.
HELIUM REFRIGERATOR AND LIQUEFIER

An investigation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sponsored by the Bureau of Ordnance and later by the Office of Naval Research, of the feasibility of the liquefaction of hydrogen by condensation at one atmosphere on surfaces cooled by helium from an expansion engine, led to the development of the machine to be described. It was completed in 1949 and its performance described in routine reports which were made to the sponsors but not otherwise published. In order to render it a more useful tool in the laboratory, features other than the ability to liquefy hydrogen were incorporated in the design. Helium could also be liquefied, although at a smaller rate than hydrogen. The most notable special feature of the liquefier was the large cold chamber, which could be maintained at any temperature down to the helium level.
Effect of the presynaptic dopaminergic agonist, quinpirole, on the drinking responses of rats to angiotensin II, isoproterenol, and hypertonic saline.

The dopamine (DA2) agonist, quinpirole hydrochloride (LY 171555), has been reported to inhibit central presynaptic release of norepinephrine, an effect similar to that of clonidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist. Since clonidine exerts an antidipsogenic effect on all types of laboratory-induced drinking, the objective of these experiments was to determine whether administration of quinpirole hydrochloride produced a similar effect. The drinking responses of rats to administration of angiotensin II (200 μg/kg, SC), isoproterenol (25 μg/kg, SC), and hypertonic saline (1 M NaCl, 1% of body weight, IP) were blocked by administration of quinpirole hydrochloride (7.5 mg/kg, IP). When administered alone, quinpirole had no effect on water intake. Thus, the antidipsogenic effect of quinpirole resembles that of clonidine and suggests that release of norepinephrine occurs centrally at some point along the final common pathway for drinking in rats.
Connection of Spin and Statistics for Charge-Monopole Composites

An object composed of a spinless electrically charged particle and a spinless magnetically charged particle may bear net half-integer spin, but the wave function of two such clusters must be symmetric under their interchange. Nevertheless, a careful study of the relative motion of the clusters shows that this symmetry condition implies the usual connection between spin and statistics.
Hematopoiesis as a Competitive Exclusion Process: Estimation of a Stem Cell Selective Advantage

Female Safari cats are offspring of domestic and Geoffroy parents, and are balanced heterozygotes with equal numbers of Blood cells containing domestic and Geoffroy-type glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD),an X-chromosome derived enzyme. In previous studies, however, we observed increasing percentages of Blood cells with Geoffroy G6PD in cats aged 4–12 years. Similarly, ratios of parental X-chromosome phenotypes greater than three to one are common in women over age 60, while women under 40 typically exhibit one to one ratios. Using a two-compartment hidden-Markov model of the distribution of phenotype in samples taken during the second stage of hematopoiesis (Blood cell production), we estimate, through simulation and mathematical calculation, the Geoffroy selective advantages necessary to reproduce the data obtained from female Safari cats. It is shown that small differences in the kinetics of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), less than might be detected by in vitro assays, can explain the “clonal dominance” observed with aging in cats, and by extension, human females. Conceptually, hematopoiesis in females can be viewed as a competitive exclusion process in which two populations of HSC (defined by parental X-chromosome phenotype) compete for environmental resources. As in many ecological examples, dominance may occur only after long periods of time.
Complications Associated with Spin-Cast Soft Contact Lenses

The only spin-cast soft contact lens manufactured in the United States is the Bausch & Lomb Soflens. There have been no significant complications reported with this high-quality lens. Essentially, the complications seen with the spin-cast lens have been the same as those seen with any of the lathe-cut hydrophilic lenses. The two most common complications have been poor centering of the lenses and deposits on the lenses.
Capturing the Dynamic Nature of Personality

Abstract In this paper, I argue that the most important task confronting the field of personality is the task of capturing the dynamic, process-oriented nature of personality in a parsimonious fashion. I propose that this may best be accomplished by understanding people's predominant goals and their strategies for pursuing those goals. Such a motivational analysis allows us to express coherent cognition-affect-behavior patterns that distinguish individuals from each other. However, because it also illuminates the underpinnings of important psychological phenomena in all individuals (e.g., helplessness, aggression), this analysis would be of interest even if everyone had the same personality. I illustrate these points by identifying major classes of goals and the cognition-affect-behavior patterns that are associated with them. I close by proposing that goals can provide a common language for those who take a process-oriented approach to personality, as well as common ground between personality and other fields of psychology.
Modeling of annual DC energy losses due to off maximum power point operation in PV arrays

This paper describes a straightforward methodology for modeling photovoltaic arrays comprised of variously configured sub-arrays connected to a single inverter. Particularly in rooftop applications, PV arrays must be installed within the constraints of various roof slopes and geometries. This reality calls into question the typical modeling assumption that each panel operates at its maximum power point, even when shading effects are ignored. A series of scenarios are presented with a variety of array orientations, string configurations, and temperature effects. Each scenario is modeled in detail using industry standard modeling tools, and the operation characteristics and DC losses due to sub-array layout mismatch are presented. Typical losses resulting from sub-optimal relative alignment of fixed array layouts are on the order of a one percent or less on an annual basis, suggesting that sub-array orientation in the absence of shading is not a major factor in small to medium scale system energy yield.
Front aggregation in multiarmed excitation vortices

Using the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, we study the pinning of multiarmed spiral waves to nonexcitable obstacles. With increasing obstacle size, the individual arms switch from a repulsive to an attractive state. This transition yields densely aggregated spiral arms and is caused by anomalous dispersion. A kinematic model reproduces the measurements quantitatively and identifies the transition as a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation.
Simultaneous Recovery of Four Heat-injured Foodborne Pathogens from a Four-compartment Thin Agar Layer Plate

: We have developed and tested a 1-step resuscitation thin agar layer (TAL) system (nonselective agar overlaid on selective agar) to effectively recover heat-, acid-, cold-, and salt-injured foodborne pathogens in liquid foods. Each TAL unit was designed for the recovery of one injured population. To improve operation efficiency we have developed a single 4-compartment Petri dish to simultaneously recover heat-injured Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica. No significant difference occurred between the single recovery unit and the 4-compartment unit for enumeration of 4 heat-injured pathogens (P > 0.05). This 4-compartment TAL system is at least 4 times more efficient than the single TAL system.
Liver transplantation for non–hepatocellular carcinoma malignancies†

Key Points 1. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare disease with a variable natural history; current data support liver transplantation for unresectable disease. 2. Anti–vascular endothelial cell growth factor therapy may change the approach to hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in the future. 3. The role of liver transplantation in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors remains unclear; more data obtained by standardized approaches are needed for evidence-based decision making. 4. Liver transplantation is curative in highly selected patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma when it is combined with neoadjuvant therapy. Liver Transpl 16:S22-S25, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.