cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis for heterosis for myelin basic protein content in mice.

Abstract Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated from the brains of C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and F1 hybrid mice (B6 X D2) of 16-17 days of age. The yield of polysomal RNA, both poly(A)+ and poly(A)-, from the three strains of mice was comparable. When translated in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate system, the mRNA preparations had the same efficiency with respect to stimulation of amino acid incorporation into protein. However, a significant heterotic effect was seen for the production of myelin basic protein (MBP) by the mRNA from the F1 mice. That is, the fraction of protein synthesized as MBP was greater for the F1 hybrid than for either parental strain. The distribution of the form of MBPs was not different among the three strains. We therefore believe that heterosis for brain MBP content in the F1 hybrid may be regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Polarization & pricing to the rich

Income polarization directly affects monopoly pricing and profits when a monopolist cannot segment markets. When income and price elasticity of demand are negatively correlated, increasing income disparity ultimately leads the monopolist to target the rich at the exclusion of the poor. This paper uses a simple model to demonstrate how income polarization, as distinct from income inequality, affects monopoly price and profit in such a situation. Without income polarization, price increases and profit decreases with income disparity when the monopolist targets the rich. With income polarization, price increases sharply and profit increases with income disparity when the monopolist targets the rich. Preliminary evidence suggests that pharmaceutical prices may indeed increase with polarization.
Indentation determined mechanoelectrochemical properties and fixed charge density of articular cartilage.

As a nondestructive technique, the indentation test has been used, both in vitro and in vivo, to determine the in situ apparent mechanical properties of cartilage. In this study, a simple new algorithm was developed using the indentation creep test, combined with both biphasic and triphasic analyses to calculate simultaneously the apparent and intrinsic mechanical (aggregate modulus and Poisson's ratio) and an electrochemical properties, i.e., the fixed charge density (FCD) of the intact articular cartilage. The calculated FCD values were compared with those measured using the biochemical assay of the proteoglycan content in the tissue. It was found: (1) the FCDs obtained from this new indentation method (0.287± 0.157 mEq/ml) were significantly correlated with the results from biochemical assay; (2) significantly positive linear relationships existed between the intrinsic and apparent mechanical moduli; (3) both the apparent and intrinsic mechanical properties correlated significantly with the proteoglycan content in the cartilage specimen. These results suggest two distinct interaction mechanisms between the collagen network and the proteoglycans in cartilage layer. The proteoglycans contribute to the mechanical properties of articular cartilage not only by the Donnan osmotic pressure induced by the fixed charges, but also by its bulk mass. Current study represents a first step toward developing a valid and effective method for the study of structure–function relationship in cartilage and possibly for future early stage OA detection in vivo.
Health and Grandparent–Grandchild Well-Being One-Year Longitudinal Findings for Custodial Grandfamilies

Objective: Comparatively little longitudinal data exist focusing on grandparent caregiving, to say nothing of health’s impact over time on grandparent and grandchild well-being. Accordingly, the present study explored relationships among grandparent caregiver physical health, well-being, and adjustment, as well as with grandchild well-being across a 1-year period. Method: Participants were 79 grandparents who had full-time responsibility for their grandchildren. Measures of grandparent physical health, well-being, and grandchild well-being were completed across two assessments, 1 year apart. Results: Cross-lagged analyses exploring potential causality over time suggested that with one exception, the relationships between health and well-being appeared to be bidirectional. Discussion: In general, these longitudinal data indicate that better perceived health may provide an adaptive advantage for both grandparent caregivers and their grandchildren, yet also underscore to the potentially causal role that proa...
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: review and update of current strategies.

Abstract Background Surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms remains a technically challenging operation that requires a multimodality approach to preventing ischemic complications. The purpose of this report is to update our experience and highlight our current clinical strategies. Methods Between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 2001, 1,773 patients underwent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The majority of these patients (1,153, 65%) required Crawford extent I or II repairs. Segmental intercostal or lumbar arteries were reattached in 1,082 patients (61%); left heart bypass was used in 686 patients (38.7%), and 173 patients (9.8%) had cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Results The 30-day survival rate was 94.3% (1,672 patients). Postoperative complications included renal failure requiring hemodialysis in 105 patients (5.9%) and paraplegia or paraparesis in 79 patients (4.5%). Actuarial 5-year survival was 73.5% ± 1.6%. Conclusions This clinical experience demonstrates that current technical strategies enable patients to undergo thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with excellent early survival and acceptable morbidity.
QoS-aware autonomous distributed power control in co-channel femtocell networks

Femtocells (FCs) are small-area cellular networks deployed over a macrocell (MC) network. Typically, FCs are independent of each other and of the underlying MC, thereby necessitating distributed non-cooperative resource allocation schemes. This paper develops a new distributed autonomous uplink (UL) power control (PC) scheme for femto users (FUs). Our work aims at maintaining the minimum required signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for a maximum number of FUs via distributed QoS-aware stochastic power allocation to FUs. We evaluate the performance of our proposed solution and compare it with existing power allocation techniques. Results show that our scheme yields a significant performance improvement in terms of percentage of satisfied users when compared with these existing solutions.
Affordable Care Act: predictive modeling challenges and opportunities for case management.

Purpose/Objectives: The move to the Accountable Care Organization model of care calls for broad-sweeping structural, operational, and cultural changes in our health care systems. The use of predictive modeling as part of the discharge process is used as a way to highlight just one of the common processes that will need to be transformed to maximize reimbursement under the Accountable Care Organization model. The purpose of this article is to summarize what has been learned about predictive modeling from the population health management industry perspective, to discuss how that knowledge might be applied to discharge planning in the Accountable Care Organization model of patient care, and then to outline how the Accountable Care Organization environment presents various challenges, opportunities, and implications for the case management role. Primary Practice Setting(s): Hospitals, physician practices. Findings/Conclusions: The development of predictive models to identify patients at risk for readmission is described and how such models can positively impact the discharge planning process by lowering readmission rates. Examples of the structural, operational, cultural, and case management role changes necessary to maximize the benefi ts of an Accountable Care Organization are described. Implications for Case Management Practice: There is a growing need for advanced practice nurses to fithe leadership, resource management, analytical, informatics-based, and organizational development roles that are sorely needed to advance the Accountable Care Organization model of care. Case managers are well-positioned to lend their expertise to the development efforts, but they will need to be educationally prepared for the many advanced practice roles that will emerge as our nation evolves this new system of health care delivery.
The Puzzle of Phloem Pressure

Although transport of organic nutrients and regulatory molecules in the phloem underlies all aspects of growth and development, we still cannot say with confidence that we adequately understand how it is motivated. A major problem is that it is difficult to reconcile the theory of pressure flow,
Microbial mats in terrigenous clastics; the challenge of identification in the rock record

Increasingly, microbial communities are recognized for playing a potentially important role in defining and modifying surface sediment characteristics in various settings, ranging from terrestrial, through marginal marine, to continental margins. Whereas, the presence of microbial mats can be established with comparative ease in modern terrigenous clastics, their recognition in sedimentary rocks poses a big challenge. Terrigenous clastics of the Belt Supergroup (Mid-Proterozoic) show a number of features that can serve as microbial mat indicators: (A) domal buildups; (B) cohesive behavior; (C) wavy-crinkly character of laminae; (D) irregular wrinkled bed surfaces; (E) ripple patches; (F) laminae with mica enrichment; (G) irregular, curved-wrinkled impressions on bedding planes; and (H) lamina-specific distribution of early diagenetic minerals (dolomite, ferroan carbonate, pyrite). Positive identification of a fossil microbial mat requires one to find microbial filaments in life position. This is a difficult task even in the case of very favorable preservation of organic matter, and impossible to accomplish in many instances where fossil microbial mats are suspected. Nonetheless, the above features (especially when found in combination) are highly suggestive of microbial mats, and can serve as guides to sediments that may have accumulated under the influence of microbial mats. Whereas the Belt Basin examples are all from shallow-water environments, microbial mats may also have played an important role in deeper-water oxygen-deprived settings-the realm of black shale formation. In areas of modern oxygen-minimum zones, microbial mats have been found to thrive at the seafloor, profoundly influencing the chemistry of the sediment/water interface and sediment stability. Possible ancient analogs occur in a variety of black shale deposits (e.g. Jet Rock, Monterey Formation, Green River Formation), with wavy to crinkly kerogen-rich laminae being the main indication of possible microbial mat origins. Although microbial mats clearly have the ability to thrive in black shale environments, it will require more research to firmly establish whether, and how extensively, they occupied this niche in the geologic past.
Atypical rounded atelectasis: diagnosis and management based on results of F-18 FDG positron emission tomography.

A 58-year-old man presented with bilateral focal pulmonary opacities in the setting of asbestos-related pleural disease. CT features of the opacities were insufficiently characteristic to diagnose rounded atelectasis. Needle biopsy failed to exclude malignancy. FDG-PET imaging showed minimal metabolic activity within these opacities, allowing conservative management, as opposed to thoracotomy. Although FDG-PET findings of rounded atelectasis are known, little is known about FDG-PET results in patients with atypical rounded atelectasis on CT. FDG-PET is a useful test in the setting of asbestos-related pleural disease and rounded atelectasis, and may obviate need for more invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures.
Automated cloud-drift winds from GOES images

Estimation of the atmospheric wind field based on cloud tracking using a time sequence of satellite imagery is an extremely challenging problem due to the complex dynamics of the imaging instruments and the underlying non-linear phenomena of cloud formation and weather. Cloud motion may involve both partial fluid motion and partial solid motion, which we model as semi-fluid motion. Motion algorithm with subpixel accuracy using differential geometry invariants of surfaces was developed to track clouds. The motion model is general enough to include both physical and geometrical constraints. Typically, a polynomial displacement function is used to model the local deformation behavior of a surface patch undergoing semi-fluid motion. The cloud tracking algorithm recovers local cloud surface deformations using a sequence of dense depth maps and corresponding intensity imagery, that captures the time evolution of cloud-top heights. Either intensity or depth information can be used by the semi-fluid motion analysis algorithm. A dense disparity or depth map that can be related to cloud-top heights is provided by the Goddard Automatic Stereo Analysis module for input to the motion analysis module. The results of the automatic cloud tracking algorithm are extremely promising with errors comparable to manually tracked winds. Experiments were performed on GOES images of Hurricanes Frederic, Gilbert and Luis, and a temporally dense 1.5 minute time interval thunderstorm sequence covering Florida region. Future work involves using multispectral information, incorporating robustness, cloud motion segmentation and adaptive searching for improving operational cloud-tracking performance.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MicroRNA-96 inhibits FoxO3a function in IPF fibroblasts on type I collagen matrix

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal and progressive lung disease characterized by persistent (myo)fibroblasts and the relentless accumulation of collagen matrix. Unlike normal lung fibroblasts, IPF lung fibroblasts have suppressed forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) activity, which allows them to expand in this diseased environment. microRNA-96 (miR-96) has recently been found to directly bind to the 3′-untranslated region of FoxO3a mRNA, which subsequently inhibits its function. We examined whether aberrantly low FoxO3a expression is in part due to increased miR-96 levels in IPF fibroblasts on polymerized collagen, thereby causing IPF fibroblasts to maintain their pathological properties. miR-96 expression was upregulated in IPF fibroblasts compared with control fibroblasts when cultured on collagen. In contrast, FoxO3a mRNA levels were reduced in most IPF fibroblasts. However, when miR-96 function was inhibited, FoxO3a mRNA and protein expression were increased, suppressing IPF fibroblast proliferation and promoting their cell death in a dose-dependent fashion. Likewise, FoxO3a and its target proteins p21, p27, and Bim expression was also increased in the presence of a miR-96 inhibitor in IPF fibroblasts. However, when control fibroblasts were treated with miR-96 mimic, FoxO3a, p27, p21, and Bim mRNA and protein levels were decreased. In situ hybridization analysis further revealed the presence of enhanced miR-96 expression in cells within the fibroblastic foci of IPF lung tissue. Our results suggest that when IPF fibroblasts interact with collagen-rich matrix, pathologically altered miR-96 expression inhibits FoxO3a function, causing IPF fibroblasts to maintain their pathological phenotype, which may contribute to the progression of IPF.
“Outsider Within” the Firehouse: African American and White Women Firefighters

Prior findings regarding (a) the subordination of African American women firefighters through imposed exclusion, (b) expanded definitions of tokenism and workgroup composition, and (c) the omnirelevance of race/ethnicity in Black women's perceptions of work experiences are extended to White women firefighters. A nationwide sample of 24 White women firefighters completed a 20-page survey and 1 hr interview developed from these previous findings. Both groups experienced insufficient instruction, hostility, silence, hyper-supervision, lack of support, and stereotyping and supportive as well as strained relationships with coworkers. Specific enactments of these global commonalties often varied along racial/ethnic lines. The present data, which start with the experiences of Black women then examine the experiences of White women, model an important methodological approach for understanding difference.
Total Syntheses of (−)-α-Kainic Acid and (+)-α-Allokainic Acid via Stereoselective C−H Insertion and Efficient 3,4-Stereocontrol

Reported herein is a novel approach to the total syntheses of (−)-α-kainic acid and (+)-α-allokainic acid, where the stereochemistries on C(2), C(3), and C(4) of the pyrrolidine core were introduced efficiently and selectively. A regio- and stereoselective C−H insertion reaction was utilized to prepare the γ-lactam as an intermediate. A Michael-type cyclization of phenylsulfone with a conjugated acetylenic ketone was developed to prepare the tricyclic ketone as a key intermediate for (−)-α-kainic acid. Subsequently, a stereoselective dephenylsulfonylation was carried out successfully to secure the cis relationship at C(3) and C(4) centers. An unprecedented acetylation on the phenylsulfone, followed by a stereoselective dephenylsulfonylation, secured the trans relationship at C(3) and C(4) centers in (+)-α-allokainic acid.
Bright white light alleviates depression

Studies of biological rhythm disorders among manic-depressive patients have suggested that depressed patients may have an early photosensitive interval. If so, exposure to bright light during the photosensitive interval might relieve depressive symptoms. As a test of this hypothesis, 12 depressed patients were exposed to bright white light from roughly 5 to 6 a.m. On the afternoon following this treatment, depressive symptoms were reduced in comparison to baseline ratings and as compared to afternoons following similar exposures to dim red light.
Self-assembly of avian φ-keratins

Solubilized proteins from avian epidermal structures are heterogeneous in sequence, share a common tertiary structure, and have similar tissue-specific molecular weights. The proteins, in the thiol (SH-) form, will self-associate in urea-free, neutral-pH, low-salt buffers and form tonofilaments indistinguishable from native filaments. The mechanics of these processes are similar to those of the α-keratins of various mammalian tissues, although the size and nature of the subunit, filament geometry, and relation to tissue morphology are different.
Hydrodynamics of a self-actuated bacterial carpet using microscale particle image velocimetry

Microorganisms can effectively generate propulsive force at the microscale where viscous forces overwhelmingly dominate inertia forces; bacteria achieve this task through flagellar motion. When swarming bacteria, cultured on agar plates, are blotted onto the surface of a microfabricated structure, a monolayer of bacteria forms what is termed a “bacterial carpet,” which generates strong flows due to the combined motion of their freely rotating flagella. Furthermore, when the bacterial carpet coated microstructure is released into a low Reynolds number fluidic environment, the propulsive force of the bacterial carpet is able to give the microstructure motility. In our previous investigations, we demonstrated motion control of these bacteria powered microbiorobots (MBRs). Without any external stimuli, MBRs display natural rotational and translational movements on their own; this MBR self-actuation is due to the coordination of flagella. Here, we investigate the flow fields generated by bacterial carpets, and compare this flow to the flow fields observed in the bulk fluid at a series of locations above the bacterial carpet. Using microscale particle image velocimetry, we characterize the flow fields generated from the bacterial carpets of MBRs in an effort to understand their propulsive flow, as well as the resulting pattern of flagella driven self-actuated motion. Comparing the velocities between the bacterial carpets on fixed and untethered MBRs, it was found that flow velocities near the surface of the microstructure were strongest, and at distances far above, the surface flow velocities were much smaller.
Noise Trading and Illusory Correlations in US Equity Markets

This paper provides evidence that "illusory correlations"--a well-documented source of cognitive bias--lead some agents to be imperfectly rational noise traders. We focus on the head-and-shoulders chart pattern, considered by technical analysts to provide one of the most reliable trading signals. Our findings indicate that the pattern is associated with a substantial rise in trading volume even though it does not profitably predict directional movements. We further substantiate the connection between head-and-shoulders trading and imperfectly rational noise trading by showing that the pattern is associated with lower bid-ask spreads. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
Invariant imbedding in control, estimation, and system identification

The areas of modern control, estimation, and systems identification theory often result in the need for solution of nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems. These problems are generally difficult to handle both analytically and computationally. Due to the split boundary conditions, a simple integration is not possible, and an iterative technique is time-consuming and often complicated to solve. High-speed computational approaches will often enable solutions if the algorithm to be processed is efficient and effective with regard to computer solution time. The invariant-imbedding procedure is an approach whereby the missing initial (or terminal) conditions are obtained in a direct manner. The original problem is thereby effectively reduced to an initial-value problem. Comprehensive discussions of the principle of invariant imbedding in the context of control-systems engineering first appeared in various works by Bob Kalaba, Richard Bellman, and others. In this paper, we provide an overview of these contributions, together with some extensions in the area of systems control, estimation, and identification.
Island microstates and political contention: an exploratory analysis of Cape Verde and Comoros

Microstates, and especially island microstates, are routinely absent in cross-national studies of political contention, despite several structural conditions that seem to make anti-state action more likely in these countries. Th rough a structured comparative analysis of two African island microstates, Cape Verde and Comoros, this paper intends to uncover correlations between structural and institutional conditions and levels of political contention. While several structural factors may make contention more probable in island microstates, this analysis suggests that four variables – international aid, representative institutions, emigration opportunities, and political stability are correlated with levels of contention.
Fast MRF Optimization with Application to Depth Reconstruction

We describe a simple and fast algorithm for optimizing Markov random fields over images. The algorithm performs block coordinate descent by optimally updating a horizontal or vertical line in each step. While the algorithm is not as accurate as state-of-the-art MRF solvers on traditional benchmark problems, it is trivially parallelizable and produces competitive results in a fraction of a second. As an application, we develop an approach to increasing the accuracy of consumer depth cameras. The presented algorithm enables high-resolution MRF optimization at multiple frames per second and substantially increases the accuracy of the produced range images.
Is There Anybody in There?: Intelligent Radar Occupancy Sensors

Occupancy sensors have been used for a variety of applications over the last three decades. While initially developed for security purposes, the use of occupancy sensors has steadily extended to the control of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and other presence-related loads and demands in commercial and residential spaces.
Miscibility of SAN with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates

Abstract Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, SAN, are known to be miscible with poly(methyl methacrylate). Based on the presence of a single composition dependent glass transition and lower critical solution temperature behaviour, it is shown that SAN is also miscible with poly(ethyl methacrylate). However, the SAN does not appear to be miscible with other polymethacrylates or polyacrylates.
Strain energy density approach to stable crack extension under net section yielding of aircraft fuselage

Abstract In this paper, the incremental theory of plasticity is used in conjunction with the strain energy density criterion to determine the stress field in 4-in. wide test specimens containing 3 holes. These specimens, made from 0.04-in. thick sheets of 2024-T3 aluminum, also contained small collinear cracks emanating from the holes. The initial crack sizes varied from 0.15 to 0.26 in. Residual strength tests conducted with these specimens revealed that stable tearing occurred before failure. Analyses were performed to predict the stable crack extension and failure by plastic collapsed. Because of the complexities involved with nonlinear stress analysis combined with subcritical crack extension, the finite element method was used with the grid pattern adjusted for each increment of stable tearing. Reasonable correlation between the experimental data and predicted results was achieved.
Non-steroidal drug-induced glaucoma.

Numerous systemically used drugs are involved in drug-induced glaucoma. Most reported cases of non-steroidal drug-induced glaucoma are closed-angle glaucoma (CAG). Indeed, many routinely used drugs that have sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic properties can cause pupillary block CAG in individuals with narrow iridocorneal angle. The resulting acute glaucoma occurs much more commonly unilaterally and only rarely bilaterally. CAG secondary to sulfa drugs is a bilateral non-pupillary block type and is due to forward movement of iris–lens diaphragm, which occurs in individuals with narrow or open iridocorneal angle. A few agents, including antineoplastics, may induce open-angle glaucoma. In conclusion, the majority of cases with glaucoma secondary to non-steroidal medications are of the pupillary block closed-angle type and preventable if the at-risk patients are recognized and treated prophylactically.
Dimensions of staircase kernels in orthogonal polygons

LetS ≠ ∅ be a simply connected orthogonal polygon in the plane. If every four points ofS see (via staircase paths inS) a common segment, then the staircase kernel ofS contains a segment as well. A parallel result holds when every four points ofS see (via staircase paths inS) a common 2-dimensional set. In each case, the number 4 is best possible. However, both results fail without the requirement that setS be simply connected.
The fine structure of the hamster pineal gland.

The pineal gland of the hamster has been examined with the electron microscope. The gland is composed of two types of parenchymal cells, a “light” and a “dark” cell. Blood vessels are infrequently encountered and display little perivascular space. Axons, nerve endings, pineal cell processes, and occasional glial processes ramify within the parenchyma of the gland. The parenchymal cells display abundant mitochondria, many with a tubular internum. Smooth and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus and lipid droplets are regular features of both cell types. Vesicles of varying size and containing electron dense centers are present in the cell body. Parenchymal cells branch extensively and are characterized by the presence of microtubules in addition to the usual organelles encountered in the cell body. Pineal cell process terminations regularly show accumulations of vesicles with electron dense granulations.
Development and assessment of social and emotional competence through simulated patient consultations.

Objective. To determine whether a quantitative tool could be used to measure social emotional competence and whether the development of social emotional competence through a pharmacy practicum cour...
Influence of patient attachment style on self-care and outcomes in diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Difficulties collaborating with providers and important others may adversely influence self-management in patients with diabetes. We predicted that dismissing attachment style, characterized by high interpersonal self-reliance and low trust of others, would be associated with poorer self-management in patients with diabetes. METHODS A population-based mail survey was sent to all patients with diabetes from nine primary care clinics of a health maintenance organization. We collected data on attachment style, self-care behaviors, the patient provider relationship and depression status and accessed automated diagnostic, pharmacy, and laboratory data to measure diabetes treatment intensity, medical comorbidity, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and diabetes complications. We used logistic regression to determine whether dismissing attachment style was associated with poorer diabetes self-care behaviors, adherence to medication, smoking status, and higher glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS In 4095 primary care patients with diabetes, prevalence rates for secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and fearful attachment styles were 44.2%, 35.8%, 7.9%, and 12.1%, respectively. When compared with secure attachment style, dismissing attachment style was associated with significantly lower levels of exercise (p =.005), foot care (p 8%, compared with secure attachment style. CONCLUSION Attachment style is significantly associated with diabetes self-management and outcomes.
Early calibration results from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a space-based hyperspectral infrared instrument designed to measure the Earth’s atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles on a global scale. AIRS has 2378 infrared channels in the spectral range of 3.7 to 15.4 microns, with a spatial resolution of 13.5 km and 4 Vis/NIR channels from 0.4 to 0.8 microns with a spatial resolution of 2.3 km. AIRS is one of several instruments onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft launched May 4, 2002. AIRS has completed its Activation and Evaluation (A&E) phase and is currently in its operational mode. This paper summarizes the AIRS instrument radiometric, spatial, and spectral performance as measured in orbit during the A&E phase. Instrument noise performance, spectral alignment dependence on temperature and other factors, and spatial pointing accuracy are discussed.
Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, Third Edition

This PDF file contains the editorial “Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, Third Edition” for JBO Vol. 13 Issue 02
Multiple risks and educational well being: A population-based investigation of threats to early school success

Abstract The current research study used a developmental–epidemiological approach to examine the prevalence and impact of multiple risks on educational outcomes for an entire population of second grade children in a low-income, urban public school system. The Kids Integrated Data System (KIDS) provided information about children's entire histories of involvement with public services from birth through the end of second grade. Educational risk factors identified through these systems included poverty, child maltreatment, homelessness, low-maternal education, and biological birth risks. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed the differential impacts of type and amount of risk on multiple academic and behavioral outcomes. Findings emphasized the disproportionate educational challenges that fall squarely in the purview of other publicly funded service providers outside the education system. Implications of this study include the increasing of the collaborations between early childhood educators and public service systems such as child welfare and homelessness. Enhancing the educational well being of young children with disproportionate risks requires intentional, systematic, and comprehensive interventions that can only be done through such collaboration.
A Comparison of American and Vietnamese Value Systems

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the similarities and differences in value systems between Americans and Vietnamese. A national sample of 1427 Americans was given Rokeach's value survey. The scale was then translated into Vietnamese and given to a randomly selected group of 349 Vietnamese living in South Vietnam shortly before the fall of the Saigon government. Three comparisons of value systems were conducted via stepwise discriminant analyses: (a) overall differences between Americans and Vietnamese, (b) differences between males and females in the two countries, and (c) differences between individuals with comparable amounts of education in the two countries. In terms of overall differences, Vietnamese were more concerned about their security and less concerned about their individual freedom than were Americans. This difference was even more pronounced when Vietnamese women were compared with American women. Finally, it was found that the college-educated Vietnamese respondents were...
Abolition of Diaphragmatic Pacing by Nonsurgical Retraction of a Left Ventricular Lead

This report describes the nonsurgical elimination of intractable diaphragmatic stimulation by partial withdrawal of a left ventricular (LV) pacing lead (in the coronary venous system) with resultant preservation of LV pacing. The procedure entailed the use of a deflectable catheter in the right atrium for ensnaring the LV lead. At the 3-month follow-up, the absence of diaphragmatic stimulation was associated with a satisfactory LV pacing threshold and dramatic clinical improvement from effectual biventricular pacing.
Cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne dating of biotite and hornblende

Stable cosmogenic isotopes such as ^3He and ^(21)Ne are useful for dating of diverse lithologies, quantifying erosion rates and ages of ancient surfaces and sediments, and for assessing complex burial histories. Although many minerals are potentially suitable targets for ^3He and ^(21)Ne dating, complex production systematics require calibration of each mineral–isotope pair. We present new results from a drill core in a high-elevation ignimbrite surface, which demonstrates that cosmogenic ^3He and ^(21)Ne can be readily measured in biotite and hornblende. ^(21)Ne production rates in hornblende and biotite are similar, and are higher than that in quartz due to production from light elements such as Mg and Al. We measure ^(21)Ne_(hbl)/^(21)Ne_(qtz) = 1.35 ± 0.03 and ^(21)Ne_(bio)/^(21)Ne_(qtz) = 1.3 ± 0.02, which yield production rates of 25.6 ± 3.0 and 24.7 ± 2.9 at g^(−1) yr^(−1) relative to a ^(21)Ne_(qtz) production rate of 19.0 ± 1.8 at g^(−1) yr^(−1). We show that nucleogenic ^(21)Ne concentrations produced via the reaction ^(18)O(α,n)^(21)Ne are manageably small in this setting, and we present a new approach to deconvolve nucleogenic ^(21)Ne by comparison to nucleogenic ^(22)Ne produced from the reaction ^(19)F(α,n)^(22)Ne in F-rich phases such as biotite. Our results show that hornblende is a suitable target phase for cosmogenic ^3He dating, but that ^3He is lost from biotite at Earth surface temperatures. Comparison of ^3He concentrations in hornblende with previously measured mineral phases such as apatite and zircon provides unambiguous evidence for ^3He production via the reaction ^6Li(n,α)^3H → ^3He. Due to the atypically high Li content in the hornblende (~ 160 ppm) we estimate that Li-produced ^3He represents ~ 40% of total ^3He production in our samples, and must be considered on a sample-specific basis if 3He dating in hornblende is to be widely implemented.
Computer-Assisted CBT for Child Anxiety: The Coping Cat CD-ROM

Abstract Empirical data support the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for child anxiety, but there is need and merit in the development and evaluation of cost-effective and transportable CBT approaches. Relatedly, a widely endorsed goal is the dissemination of evidence-based treatments from research clinics to community settings. Computer-based and computer-assisted treatment programs may provide a cost-effective and efficient way to increase the accessibility of CBT treatment strategies to anxious youth. In this research update, we introduce the Coping Cat CD-ROM, a computer-assisted CBT for the treatment of anxiety disorders in youth ages 7 to 13, in its initial phases of development and evaluation.
The electrical conductivity of fluidized bed electrodes—its significance and some experimental measurements

By applying a mathematical model (developed by Newman and Tobias for porous electrodes) to a fluidized bed electrode it can be concluded that the effective electrical conductivity of the bed is a key parameter affecting bed performance. Poor current and power efficiencies and operational difficulties are predicted for beds with low electrical conductivities and it is suggested that high conductivities may also cause operational difficulties. An apparatus for measuring bed conductivities is described and some results are presented for beds of copper particles in the size range 270 μ. to 385 μ. Bed conductivity was relatively insensitive to particle size and electrolyte conductivity but decreased sharply as the bed expanded. From the results it was possible to infer that the dominant mechanism of electrical conduction in the fluidized bed, under the conditions studied, was through “chains” of particles in momentary electrical contact.
Radiative Power Exhaust from ITER

Radiative plasma power exhaust from the core, mantle, and SOL/divertor regions has been evaluated for ITER, with emphasis upon establishment of a radiative mantle by impurity seeding in the SOL. The simulations investigated different seeded impurities, compatibility with the H-mode, and sensitivity to different impurity pinch velocities. An analytic stability analysis of the radiative mantle is also presented.
Atypical Defects in a B2 Fe-40A1–0.7C-0.5B Alloy

The nature of defects in a quaternary Fe-40Al-0.7C-0.5B alloy was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques including weak beam microscopy and z-contrast imaging. Complex {l{underscore}brace}001{r{underscore}brace} stacking faults were observed in certain conditions in these alloys that were not previously noted in a ternary Fe-40Al-0.6C alloy. These faults exhibit a 1/2{lt}001{gt} displacement vector that lies in the plane of the fault and structurally misses an aluminum layer. Six variants of this fault type are present. These faults are absent in brine-quenched and furnace-cooled alloys, but are readily observed in the air-cooled condition. In addition to the usual {l{underscore}angle}111{r{underscore}angle} superdislocations that are APB-dissociated into {1/2}{l{underscore}angle}111{r{underscore}angle} superpartials, dissociated {l{underscore}angle}100{r{underscore}angle} dislocations (into two {1/2}{l{underscore}angle}100{r{underscore}angle} partials) are also observed under certain conditions. Quenched and aged alloys show dissociated {l{underscore}angle}001{r{underscore}angle} loops. The absence of such defects in the B-free alloy and following certain heat treatments in the B-containing alloy, suggests that boron may be segregating to the cube planes and lowering the interfacial energy on these planes. The presence of dissociated {l{underscore}angle}001{r{underscore}angle} loops in the quenched and aged alloy also suggests the formation of B-vacancy complexes that coalesce during aging, forming such dissociated loops.
Valid distinctions between conscious and unconscious perception

In this commentary, we discuss the strengths and limitations of Snodgrass, Bernat, and Shevrin’s (2004) theory of unconscious perception. Our commentary centers on the value of signal detection theory (SDT) to understanding the unconscious perception controversy, a value that Snodgrass et al. for the most part agree with (i.e., that most approaches to studying unconscious perception are invalid because they have confounded the criterion for detection with the criterion for awareness). However, we believe that their model relies on a somewhat restricted application of SDT. We discuss how SDT can be better applied to provide the necessary tests to validate their model.
On the pseudoboundary of unstable polytopes of polynomials

The pseudoboundary of a polytope is defined to be the set of all polynomials in the polytope each of which has at least one zero on the imaginary axis. It is proven that a "section" of the pseudoboundary corresponding to any frequency "/spl omega//sub 0/" is itself a polytope whose vertices lie in the exposed two-dimensional faces of the given polytope. A simple algorithm is proposed to generate all the vertex polynomials of any section of the pseudoboundary of a polytope. An illustrative example is given.
Modified thermal radiation in three-dimensional photonic crystals

Thermal radiation from an empty blackbody cavity follows the conventional Wien's displacement law. At a temperature $T=2500\mathrm{K},$ the maximum monochromatic radiation intensity lies at a wavelength of $1.16\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m},$ and radiation into the visible band occupies only 3% of the total radiation energy. In this paper, we show that when the cavity is filled with a three-dimensional photonic crystal, a strong thermal radiation band can appear in the visible regime, significantly improving the luminescence efficiency. This is attributed to the redistribution of photon density of states (DOS) in different frequency ranges in the photonic crystal leading to orders-of-magnitude enhancement of DOS in the visible wavelength over that in the infrared wavelengths.
SU-E-I-89: Applying Image Gently and Image Wisely in Nuclear Medicine.

Purpose: To demonstrate how principles and recommendations of the Image Gently® and Image Wisely™ campaigns can be clinically implemented. Methods: Implementation of Image Gently® and Image Wisely™ guidelines was a quality and safety improvement project for our Nuclear Medicine department in 2011. Pediatric administered radiopharmaceutical doses were compared to recommended doses in the North American Consensus Guidelines for AdministeredRadiopharmaceutical Activities in Children and Adolescents and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Paediatric Dose Card. Adult administered radiopharmaceutical doses were compared to administered doses in NCRP Report No. 160 and IAEA Report No. 40. Results: Evaluation of site administered radiopharmaceutical doses showed that nearly all doses were comparable to those recommended by national and international advisory bodies. Administered doses for the pediatric renogram and the adult gastric emptying were adjusted to match the recommendations and resultant image quality evaluated. Conclusions:Radiation dose from nuclear medicine procedures should not be overlooked in the focus on CT dose reduction. An estimated 19.7 million nuclear medicine procedures are done annually in the U.S., with doses comparable to that from CT scans. Nuclear medicine departments should evaluate their pediatric administeredradiopharmaceutical doses against the North American Consensus Guidelines for Administered Radiopharmaceutical Activities in Children and Adolescents and evaluate their adult doses against national and international standards. Administered doses that are not comparable to the recommended values should be adjusted accordingly. Additional steps to reduce patient radiation dose include decision support to reduce inappropriate ordering, technique optimization for the CT scan portion of SPECT/CT and PET/CT, use of vendor's dose reduction camera and software technology, use of shorter lived radiopharmaceuticals, and ‘right sizing’ patient doses by weight.
Blind hero: enabling guitar hero for the visually impaired

Very few video games have been designed or adapted to allow people with vision impairment to play. Music/rhythm games however are particularly suitable for such people as they are perfectly capable of perceiving audio signals. Guitar Hero is a popular rhythm game yet it is not accessible to the visually impaired as it relies on visual stimuli. This paper explores replacing visual stimuli with haptic stimuli as a viable strategy to make games accessible. We developed a glove that transforms visual information into haptic feedback using small pager motors attached to the tip of each finger. This allows a blind player to play Guitar Hero. Several tests have been conducted and despite minor changes to the gameplay, visually impaired players are able to play the game successfully and enjoy the challenge the game provides. The results of the study also give valuable insights on how to make mainstream games blind-accessible.
Rates and Processes of Bluff Recession Along the Lake Michigan Shoreline in Illinois

Abstract We examined bluffs along 30 km of the Lake Michigan shoreline from Wilmette to Waukegan, Illinois, to measure amounts and variation in retreat rates and to determine what factors control rates and processes of retreat. The predominant bluff-retreat process is shallow- to intermediate-depth translational landsliding triggered by heavy rainfall and wave erosion at the base of the bluff; rotational slumping and shallow creep and earth flow also are common. Using historical maps and airphotos, we measured amounts of bluff-top retreat at 300 locations. For two time periods, 1872-1937 and 1937-1987, rates of retreat vary from 10 to 75 cm/yr between discrete segments of bluffs (defined by lithology) and between time periods for a given bluff segment. The average retreat rates for the entire area, however, do not vary significantly between the two time periods and are approximately 20-25 cm/yr. Long-term average and short-term extreme lake levels and precipitation also do not vary significantly between the two periods, and thus local temporal variations in retreat rate cannot be attributed to these factors. Shore protection built to date may have altered the spatial distribution of retreat rates in the area but has had little overall effect on the average regional retreat rates. The temporally constant regional retreat rates and the regular form of the local shoreline indicate that a long-term uniform rate of retreat prevails and that local variations in rates balance out through time to produce long-term parallel (in map view) bluff retreat in the area. This parallel bluff retreat probably is controlled primarily by the uniform retreat rate of the lithologically homogeneous shoreface in front of the bluff.