cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inexpensive multi-patient respiratory monitoring system for helmet ventilation during COVID-19 pandemic

Helmet non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a form of continuous positive applied pressure that has emerged as a useful therapy for COVID-19 patients who require respiratory support but may not require invasive ventilation. Helmet NIV has seen an increase in use during the COVID-19 pandemic because it is low-cost, readily available, and provides viral filters between the patient and clinician. Helmet NIV may also provide better patient outcomes by delaying or eliminating the need for invasive ventilation. Its widespread adoption has been limited, however, by the lack of a respiratory monitoring system that is needed to address known safety vulnerabilities and to provide clinicians with a respiratory profile of the patient. To address this safety need, we have developed an inexpensive respiratory monitoring system that is based on readily available commercial components and is suitable for rapid local manufacture. The system is designed for use in conjunction with the COVID-19 Helmet developed by Sea-Long Medical Systems, but is modular and can be used with other ventilation systems. The monitoring system comprises one or more flow and pressure sensors and a central remote station that can be used to remotely monitor up to 20 patients simultaneously. The system reports flow, pressure, and clinically relevant metrics including respiratory rate, tidal volume equivalent, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and the ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time (I:E). The device will sound alarms based on clinician-set thresholds. In bench tests using a commercial ventilator and artificial lung system, our device performs comparably to a commercial single-patient respiratory monitor. Results are presented from human-subject tests on a healthy volunteer undergoing helmet non-invasive ventilation. Detailed design and manufacturing documents are provided.
Western Theatrical Influence and Early Shakespeare Performance in the Ottoman Empire (1810–1908)

This article examines early performance of Shakespeare’s plays in the Ottoman empire, beginning in the nineteenth century and reaching to the first decade of the twentieth century. It specifically ...
Vat-Photopolymerization-Based Ceramic Manufacturing

This article presents a detailed account of the processes involved in vat-photopolymerization-based fabrication of ceramics, namely bioceramics, structural ceramics, piezoelectric ceramics, optical ceramics, and polymer-derived ceramics. Information and methods of material preparation, curing characteristics, green-part fabrication, property identification, process design and planning, and quality control and optimization are introduced. The article also provides information on postprocessing techniques, namely debinding and sintering, as well as on the phenomenon of shrinkage and compensation.
Distribution of Pollution Incidence Based on Community Characteristics: Evidence from Relocating Toxic-Releasing Facilities

This paper investigates the effect of toxic-releasing facilities’ relocation on the distribution of pollution incidence across communities depending on their socio-economic characteristics. Applying synthetic control estimation to toxic emissions data of 12,823 facilities from 1990 to 2011, we examine the causal effect of facility relocation across census tracts on their emissions. We then investigate how the estimated treatment effect varies depending on the socio-economic characteristics of the relocating facilities’ destination communities compared to those of the origin communities. We find that relocation leads to an average decrease in emissions of large polluters by about 14.7%. However, large polluters moving to lower income and lower voter turnout communities reduced emissions less than those moving to communities with similar or higher level of income and voter turnout. We find no strong correlation between the racial composition of the destination community and toxic emission levels of re-locating facilities.
Online fandom communities as networked counterpublics: LGBTQ+ youths’ perceptions of representation and community climate:

Online fandom communities (OFCs) provide lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and/or gender minority (LGBTQ+) youth opportunities to access community-generated LGBTQ+ repres...
Provision of paediatric wheelchairs in low resource settings: a scoping review.

PURPOSE Inadequate wheelchair provision in children can lead to delays in growth and development, poorer health, and decreased participation. Wheelchair provision for children can be challenging, especially in low-resource settings, due to limited resources. Therefore, the purpose of the scoping review was to gain an understanding of the current state of paediatric wheelchair provision in low resource settings and identify factors, strategies, and gaps that can lead to more successful wheelchair provision. METHODS This scoping review used literature published after 2010, related to paediatric wheelchair provision in low resource settings. We searched online databases and grey literature and extracted data based on categories from the World Health Organisation Guidelines to wheelchair provision in low resource settings. RESULTS 34 articles were used to identify and analyse common themes and successful strategies related to wheelchair provision for children in low resource settings. Aspects of paediatric wheelchair provision were mentioned in the literature but were rarely the focus. End-user outcomes were the least represented category in the literature. CONCLUSION Based on the currently available evidence the overall state of a wheelchair for children is inadequate. Improvements in design and production, personnel capacity, and service delivery systems are recommended to promote best practices. The lack of child-focussed wheelchair provision and end-user involvement in the research process urgently needs to be addressed.Implications for RehabilitationIdentify best practiceIdentify gaps in knowledgeDetermine areas of need for future research.
Using economic theory to build optimal portfolios

Given expected returns and return covariances, portfolio weights are known in closed form in a mean-variance framework. The real difficulty is in estimating these parameters. Using recent advances in Bayesian techniques, we show how investors can incorporate any prior information for optimal portfolio selection. We apply our method to 27 domestic and international data sets. We find that our tangency portfolios have three essential and attractive features. i) They perform better in terms of out-of-sample Sharpe ratio. ii) Their weights are guaranteed to be economically "reasonable": positive, stable, and without extravagant position in any asset. iii) Turnover is very low.
Vascular distribution of nanomaterials

Once considered primarily occupational, novel nanotechnology innovations, and applications have led to widespread domestic use and intentional biomedical exposures. With these exciting advances, the breadth and depth of toxicological considerations must also be expanded. The vascular system interacts with every tissue in the body, striving to maintain homeostasis. Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) have been reported to distribute in many different tissues and organs. However, these observations have tended to use approaches requiring tissue homogenization and/or gross organ analyses. These techniques, while effective in establishing presence, preclude an exact determination of where ENM are deposited within a tissue. If nanotechnology is to achieve its full potential, it is necessary to identify this exact distribution and deposition of ENM throughout the cardiovascular system, with respect to vascular hemodynamics and in vivo ENM modifications taken into account. Distinct levels of the vasculature will first be described as individual compartments. Then the vasculature will be considered as a whole. These unique compartments and biophysical conditions will be discussed in terms of their propensity to favor ENM deposition. Understanding levels of the vasculature will also be discussed. Ultimately, future studies must verify the mechanisms speculated on and presented herein. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Non-LTE dust nucleation in sub-saturated vapors

We use the kinetic theory of nucleation to explore the properties of dust nucleation in sub-saturated vapors. Due to radiation losses, the sub-critical clusters have a smaller temperature compared to their vapor. This alters the dynamical balance between attachment and detachment of monomers, allowing for stable nucleation of grains in vapors that are sub-saturated for their temperature. We find this effect particularly important at low densities and in the absence of a strong background radiation field. We find new conditions for stable nucleation in the n-T phase diagram. The nucleation in the non-LTE regions is likely to be at much slower rate than in the super-saturated vapors. We evaluate the nucleation rate, warning the reader that it does depend on poorly substantiated properties of the macro-molecules assumed in the computation. On the other hand, the conditions for nucleation depend only on the properties of the large stable grains and are more robust. We finally point out that this mechanism may be relevant in the early universe as an initial dust pollution mechanism, since once the interstellar medium is polluted with dust, mantle growth is likely to be dominant over non-LTE nucleation in the diffuse medium.
Moral Dilemmas in Medieval Thought: From Gratian to Aquinas

Preface Introduction 1. Gratian and his Glossators on conflicts in the natural law 2. Twenty moral dilemmas from two early 13th-century summaries of theology: William of Auxerre's Summa aurea and the Franciscan Summa Halesiana 3. Raymond Lull and moral ensnarement in the Vita coaetanea 4. Thomas Aquinas, moral dilemmas, and a missing article from Quodlibet XII 5. Thomas Aquinas on failures of practical reasoning: why synderesis doesn't inoculate agents against malformed conscience dilemmas 6. Moral dilemmas in the early Thomistic tradition: Johannes Capreolus and the deceiving demon dilemma Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Anticipatory and reactive responses to chocolate restriction in frequent chocolate consumers

Objective Many individuals have difficulty adhering to a weight loss diet. One possible explanation could be that dietary restriction paradoxically contributes to overconsumption. The objective of this study was to examine ingestive behavior under a forced chocolate restriction with a focus on the anticipatory restriction period and the post-restriction period in frequent chocolate consumers. Methods Fifty-six male (N = 18) and female (N = 38) high chocolate consumers with high (N = 25) or low (N = 31) cognitive disinhibition participated. Chocolate snacks were provided for a week each to establish baseline, pre-restriction, and post-restriction consumption, Chocolate snacks were replaced with nonchocolate snacks during a 3-week chocolate restriction period. Results Highly disinhibited participants felt more guilty and consumed significantly more energy than low disinhibited participants across snack conditions. Low disinhibited participants consumed significantly less in the post-restriction period compared to baseline and the pre-restriction period, while high disinhibited participants consumed the same amount across all conditions. Aggregating the data, high and low disinhibited chocolate consumers ate snacks more frequently in the pre- and post-restriction periods compared to the baseline period. Conclusions This study suggests that for some individuals, restriction of a preferred food like chocolate may be contraindicated for energy restriction and weight management.
Cell surface phenotypes of radiolabeled immune long-lived lymphocytes that selectively localize in syngeneic tumors.

Using a cell separation technique to isolate mononuclear leukocytes from solid tumors in conjunction with combined radioautography and two-color immunofluorescence, we have characterized the surface markers of 3H-labeled, immune, long-lived, small lymphocytes (LLSLs) that selectively localize into chemically induced sarcomas. When small tumor pieces were implanted into immune mice whose LLSLs had been radiolabeled, the LLSLs that selectively localized into those tumors to which the hosts had been immunized were predominantly Thy-1+, Lyt-1+2-. Localization into the appropriate tumor was also detected upon adoptive transfer of immune LLSLs to tumor-bearing mice, especially when these mice had, before transfer, received 400 rads of whole-body irradiation. These 3H-labeled LLSLs were also found to be predominantly Thy-1+, Lyt-1+2-.
The 19F(α,p1γ)22Ne reaction and the abundance of fluorine in Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars

The 19F(α,p1γ) reaction was investigated in the energy range E α= 1.15 - 2.00 MeV. Eight resonances were found in the gamma excitation curve, five of which were not observed before. Energy and strength of the resonances were obtained and compared well to values available elsewhere (Kuperus, J., Physica 31, (1965) 1603).
The spatial effects of a general capital tax: Property taxes and urban labor markets

Abstract An urban general equilibrium model is used to explore the effects of a general capital tax (on residential and industrial capital) on a city with a central office sector and a suburban manufacturing sector. The imposition of a citywide tax on capital decreases wages in the city, and increases the share of employment in the central office sector.
Role of the AKR gene locus AKv-1 in susceptibility to chemical induction of thymic lymphomas.

Various strains of mice demonstrate widely differing susceptibility to chemical induction of thymic lymphomas, in both timing and incidence. In AKR mice tumors appear very early and at high incidence after a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, while in other strains they appear later and at lower incidences. In an attempt to determine the potential role of AKR ecotropic murine leukemia virus loci in this process, congenic mice of NFS/N background, into which the highly productive ecotropic murine leukemia virus loci AKv-1 or AKv-2 has been transferred, were challenged with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Although they had a lower incidence of thymic lymphomas than did the parental donor AKR, the NS.AKv-1 mice had a tumor incidence twice that of NFS/N or NS.AKv-2. However, no difference in timing was noted, and these three strains demonstrated tumor appearance much later than that of AKR/N. It is suggested that the presence of the AKv-1 loci, or a gene of the closely associated genomic region, increases the number of target cells that are susceptible to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.
Effect of processing parameters on essential work of fracture toughness of LLDPE blown films

Blown film process is one of the most attractive processes for producing low-cost, high-performance polyolefin films. In this study, mode-I essential work of fracture (EWF) analysis and Elmendorf tear test were performed on m-LLDPE films to investigate how different processing conditions influence blown film EWF and tear properties. After the EWF test, the film was carefully characterized, especially within the necked zone. Effects of frost-line height, draw down ratio, blow-up ratio, and haze-zone region on the EWF parameters of the films were determined. Correlation between the EWF parameters and the films' Elmendorf tear properties was also made. The usefulness of the EWF test for investigating ductile polymeric blown films fracture performance is discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 55:2403–2413, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis and its relationship to overall tooth size.

Abstract Statement of problem Agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor has been linked to differences in the size of the remaining teeth. Thus, the mesiodistal space required for definitive esthetic restoration in patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors may be reduced. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether a tooth size discrepancy exists in orthodontic patients with agenesis of one or both maxillary lateral incisors. Material and methods Forty sets of dental casts from orthodontic patients (19 men and 21 women; mean 15.9 years of age; all of European origin) were collected. All casts had agenesis of one or both maxillary lateral incisors. Teeth were measured with a digital caliper at their greatest mesiodistal width and then compared with those of a control group matched for ethnicity, age, and sex. Four-factor ANOVA with repeated measures of 2 factors was used for statistical analysis (α=.05). Results Orthodontic patients with agenesis of one or both maxillary lateral incisors exhibited smaller than normal tooth size compared with the control group. The maxillary arch had a larger tooth size difference between the control and test groups than the mandibular arch (there was a significant Jaw×Group interaction [F=4.78, P =.032]). Conclusions Agenesis of one or both maxillary lateral incisors is significantly associated with tooth size discrepancy, which may affect the space remaining for restoration of the remaining teeth.
Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Helonieae

Most Helonieae have only slight septal indentations between the three carpels: in Xerophyllum deep septal clefts extend centripetally and completely enclosed, narrow septal pockets occur in Metanarthecium. Other unique generic features are found: tepallary-staminal nectarial glands in Heloniopsis, zygomorphy in Chionographis, and dioecism in Chamaelirium. The carpels are biovulate in Chionographis; there are two to several ovules per carpel in Xerophyllum; 8–12 ovules occur in the carpel of Chamaelirium; and numerous bitegmic ovules are borne in many longitudinal rows on enlarged placentae in Helonias, Heloniopsis, Metanarthecium, and Ypsilandra. Except for Metanarthecium, this last-named group of genera displays a near ring composed of ‘accessory’ placental bundles and a compound septal bundle (with normally oriented xylem and phloem) in cross-section at the inner edge of each septum. Ventral bundles occur in the other four genera.
A combined anterior and posterior approach to cataract surgery in patients with chronic uveitis

Although several recent papers have focused on the results of cataract surgery in patients with uveitis, little has been published on specific surgical techniques that are most appropriate to such cases. We have found that a combined anterior and posterior approach using extracapsular techniques (usually phacoemulsification) and pars plana vitrectomy, with or without intraocular lens placement, is best suited for selected uveitis patients who have cataract, vitreous opacities, and cystoid macula edema. This paper discusses the surgical techniques that we have found to be best for the management of these cases.
The Attitudes Toward Multiracial Children Scale

The Attitudes Toward Multiracial Children Scale (AMCS) was developed to measure adults’ attitudes concerning the psychosocial development of multiracial children. Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate the items devised for the scale. In the first study, an initial version of the AMCS was administered to 250 college students from racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds. Results revealed that scores on the 43-item scale were internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha = .92) and that four factors (i.e., Multiracial Identity, Multiracial Heritage, General Adjustment, and Social Relationships) could be identified. The AMCS was then revised and administered to a group of 187 participants. Again, factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution (i.e., Psychosocial Adjustment, Self-Esteem, Multiracial Identity, and Multiracial Heritage). The internal consistency for scores on the resulting 23-item scale was good (Cronbach’s alpha = .87) and 3-week test-retest reliability (n = 15) was .77.
Silent myocardial ischemia: Therapeutic implications

Abstract Current concepts concerning the pathophysiology of acute myocardial ischemia are reviewed. The importance of intermittent, dynamic shifts in the diameter of the coronary artery lumen is emphasized. Traditionally, it has been thought that angina pectoris is the common clinical hallmark of myocardial ischemia. It is now apparent that asymptomatic episodes of myocardial ischemia may be occurring far more frequently than symptomatic episodes. Although the natural history of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia is still unknown, ischemia, even in an asymptomatic form, can have serious consequences. This suggests the need for a careful assessment of patients in whom ischemia has been detected. In truly asymptomatic patients, detection is usually fortuitous; in patients with known coronary arterial disease, asymptomatic episodes should be sought as part of a noninvasive cardiac investigation, using multiple-stage exercise treadmill testing and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Suggestions are made for the management of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in relation to three patient groups: (1) asymptomatic ischemia in patients known to have symptomatic ischemia as well, (2) asymptomatic ischemia in patients without symptoms at anytime, and (3) asymptomatic ischemia in patients who have had myocardial infarction. Medical management includes the use of calcium channel blocking drugs, betaadrenergic blocking drugs, and nitrates. Documentation of an inadequate coronary artery reserve or evidence of associated left main coronary artery disease indicates the need for either aortocoronary bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, depending on the condition of the coronary anatomy and the degree of ventricular function. Whatever mode of treatment is used, documentation of its effectiveness should always be determined by appropriate follow-up studies. Clinical studies of the natural history of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia and its management are urgently needed.
The effects of surgically implanted acoustic transmitters on laboratory growth, survival and tag retention in hatchery yearling Chinook salmon

Telemetry has proven an effective means for studying the movement of fishes, however, biases associated with tagged animals requires careful scrutiny if accurate conclusions are to be made from field studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, survival, and tag retention in hatchery yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles with intracoelomic surgically implanted acoustic transmitters representing 2.6 to 5.6% of body weight. The first trial consisted of three treatments; passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag-only (25 fish), acoustic-tag+PIT-tag (25 fish), and sham-surgery+PIT-tag (25 fish). There were no significant differences in relative growth rate (% change in weight day−1) among treatments over the 221 day trial. Survival in the acoustic-tag treatment (80%) was not significantly different from the PIT-tag-only and sham treatments (92 and 88% respectively). The second trial consisted of three treatments; PIT-tag-only (22 fish), acoustic-tag+PIT-tag with absorbable sutures (12 fish) and acoustic-tag+PIT-tag with non-absorbable sutures (12 fish). There were no significant differences in relative growth rate among treatments over the 160 day trial. Survival in the second trial was 100%. Fish with absorbable sutures healed sooner and with less inflammation compared to fish with non-absorbable sutures. Tag retention was 100% in both trials. The results of this study suggest that acoustic transmitters of less than 5.6% body weight can be effectively used in 1-year old Chinook salmon.
Low energy electron induced decomposition on surfaces: W(CO)6 on Si(111)-(7×7)

Abstract Low energy electron induced decomposition of W(CO) 6 adsorbed on Si(111)-(7 × 7) at 145 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions is reported due to its possible importance to laser induced surface reactions. CO evolution and a minor amount of electron stimulated desorption of W(CO) 6 is observed during bombardment with 55 V electrons. Additionally, CO is evolved during temperature programmed reaction experiments following electron bombardment, indicative of the presence of partially decarbonylated fragments (W(CO) x , x
A combination of mutations in the S1 part of the spike glycoprotein gene of coronavirus MHV-A59 abolishes demyelination

The A59 strain of coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), produces acute hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and chronic demyelination. The authors have previously shown that the spike (S) glycoprotein gene of MHV contains determinants of virulence, hepatitis, and demyelination. They then identified viruses containing mutations in the S gene that exhibit alterations in viral pathogenesis. In the present study, the authors produced new recombinant viruses with each one of these S gene mutations by site-directed mutagenesis and targeted recombination and studied the effect of each individual mutation on the pathogenesis of the virus. They identified a combination of mutations in the S1 gene (I375M and L652I) that abolishes demyelination. Individual mutation and other combinations of mutations in the S gene only interfere with virulence and hepatitis and only reduce demyelination (I375M), but do not abolish demyelination completely. Thus, demyelination determinants exist within genomic regions on both sides of the hypervariable region, downstream from the receptor-binding domain in the S1 part of the MHV spike glycoprotein gene. The structure and precise function of these regions awaits further investigation.
Phase shifts of photorefractive gratings and phase-conjugate waves

We present measurements of the two-wave mixing gain as a function of frequency detuning in photorefractive crystals. In many cases, this function is asymmetric, indicating that the phase shift of the photorefractive inde grating with respect to the light interference pattern is not exactly 90 degrees , as is often assumed. In four-wave mixing, the phase of the phase-conjugate wave contains the phase of the pumping and probe waves and a phase shift determined by the interaction taking place in the nonlinear medium. This second term, the phase shift of the phase conjugator, is a function of the type of grating and the phase shift of this grating. The phase shift of the grating obtained from the two-wave mixing measurements compares well with that obtained from four-wave mixing measurements of the phase of the phase conjugator.
Numerical Simulation of Solidification of Colloids Inside a Differentially Heated Cavity

Development of the solid–liquid interface, distribution of the particle concentration ﬁeld,as well as the development of thermosolutal convection during solidiﬁcation of colloidalsuspensions in a differentially heated cavity are investigated. The numerical model isbased on the one-ﬂuid mixture approach combined with the single-domain enthalpyporosity model for phase change, and it is implemented in
Focusing light into a multiple-core fiber. II. Application to ground-based interferometry☆

Abstract In the preceding paper, we developed a variational approach to address the coupling of an optical field and the propagation of the coupled field in a multiple-core optical fiber consisting of many single-mode single fiber cores closely spaced inside a common cladding material. Here, we apply the results of that paper to discuss quantitatively the matter of coupling into a multiple-core fiber wavefronts that have been aberrated by propagation through a turbulent atmosphere, a situation characteristic of ground-based imaging systems. Specifically, we compare the coupling efficiencies for a multiple-core fiber with those for a standard single-core single-mode fiber, and show that the multiple-core fiber can out-perform the standard fiber many-fold. We also consider the propagational evolution of the relative core excitation and coherences in the guided light. Under changing conditions of atmospheric turbulence, the optimal design parameters of the MC fiber are remarkably robust, a fact that makes MC-fiber couplers very attractive for ground-based interferometry.
Fluorescent Nanoparticle Uptake for Brain Tumor Visualization

Accurate delineation of tumor margins is vital to the successful surgical resection of brain tumors. We have previously developed a multimodal nanoparticle CLIO-Cy5.5, which is detectable by both magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence, to assist in intraoperatively visualizing tumor boundaries. Here we examined the accuracy of tumor margin determination of orthotopic tumors implanted in hosts with differing immune responses to the tumor. Using a nonuser-based signal intensity method applied to fluorescent micrographs of 9L gliosarcoma green fluorescent protein (GFP) tumors, mean overestimations of 2 and 24 µm were obtained using Cy5.5 fluorescence, compared to the true tumor margin determined by GFP fluorescence, in nude mice and rats, respectively. To resolve which cells internalized the nanoparticle and to quantitate degree of uptake, tumors were disaggregated and cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Nanoparticle uptake was seen in both CD11b+ cells (representing activated microglia and macrophages) and tumor cells in both animal models by both methods. CD11b+ cells were predominantly found at the tumor margin in both hosts, but were more pronounced at the margin in the rat model. Additional metastatic (CT26 colon) and primary (Gli36 glioma) brain tumor models likewise demonstrated that the nanoparticle was internalized both by tumor cells and by host cells. Together, these observations suggest that fluorescent nanoparticles provide an accurate method of tumor margin estimation based on a combination of tumor cell and host cell uptake for primary and metastatic tumors in animal model systems and offer potential for clinical translation.
Conflicts in Care for Obstetric Complications in Catholic Hospitals

Background: A recent national survey revealed that over half of obstetrician-gynecologists working in Catholic hospitals have conflicts with religious policies, but the survey did not elucidate the nature of the conflicts. Our qualitative study examines the nature of physician conflicts with religious policies governing obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) care. Results related to restrictions on the management of obstetric complications are reported here. Methods: In-depth interviews lasting about one hour were conducted with obstetrician-gynecologists throughout the United States. Questions focused on physicians’ general satisfaction with their hospital work settings and specific experiences with religious doctrine-based ob-gyn policies in the various hospitals where they have worked. Results: Conflicts reported here include cases in which Catholic hospital religious policy (Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services) impacted physicians’ abilities to offer treatment to women exper...
Visualizing CSR: A visual framing analysis of US multinational companies

The aim of this research study is to investigate how different levels of corporate social responsibility are visually framed through corporate publications used in marketing communications. Photographs used as visual marketing communication tools in the annual and sustainability reports of top American multinational companies that practice and promote measures of corporate social responsibility were analyzed. Findings indicate the corporations overall emphasize environmental sustainability efforts and visually communicate their practices through depictions of employees while other social responsibility efforts are often communicated through depictions of consumers. A discussion on the patterns of visual frames that communicate corporate social responsibility and the impact of visuals on organizational identity, brand image, and reputation are offered.
974 OPTIMAL TIME OF STARTING CONTINVOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) IN THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

No significant differences in response to treatment were found between two groups of equally ill premature infants treated with early or late nasal CPAP. RDS was judged to be of equal severity in both groups utilizing AaDO2 & PO2 measurements during the first two hours of life. Ten infants, with a mean birth weight of 1800gms were started on early CPAP (FIO2=0.3, PO2>50 torr) at a mean age of 5.4 hours and six infants, mean birth weight 2320gms were treated with late CPAP (FIO2-0.5, PO2>50) at a mean age of 22.5 hours (P .05).
A theory of software complexity

The need for a theory of software complexity to serve as a rigorous, scientific foundation for software engineering has long been recognized. However, unfortunately, the complexity measures proposed thus far have only resulted in rough heuristics and rules of thumb. In this paper, we propose a new information theoretic measure of software complexity that, unlike previous measures, captures the volume of design information in software modules. By providing proof outlines for a number of theorems that collectively represent our current understanding and intuitions about software complexity, we demonstrate that this new, information-based formulation of software complexity is not only capable of explaining our current understanding of software complexity, but also is resilient to the factors that cause inaccuracies in previous measures.
Studies with the RNA polymerase. I. Factors affecting the binding of nucleic acid polymers to the enzyme.

The association of RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) with DNA or RNA as well as some of the factors which affect the enzyme-polymer complex have been examined. 1. 1. The 13-S form of the enzyme was bound to transfer RNA (tRNA). Binding of slightly more than 1 tRNA per enzyme molecule was observed. 2. 2. An order of displacement for nucleic acid polymers was established by experiments which demonstrated the displacement of one polymer from the enzyme by a second polymer. The order was: single-stranded sonicated DNA ≧ double-stranded sonicated DNA > single-stranded DNA > tRNA > native DNA. 3. 3. Ionic strength affected the association of enzyme and polymer. Association was greatest at low ionic strength; in centrifugation experiments, (NH4)2SO4 at 0.066 M caused a 90% dissociation of the enzyme-polymer complex. In kinetic experiments with varying DNA concentrations, (NH4)2SO4 produced noncompetitive inhibition. 4. 4. Divalent cations decreased association. In the absence of divalent cations and in the presence of EDTA, 20–25% more RNA or DNA was bound to the enzyme than in the presence of divalent cations. 5. 5. Nucleoside triphosphates at elevated concentrations produced dissociation of the RNA-enzyme complex. The order for the displacement effect was ATP > GTP > UTP > CTP. Nucleoside triphosphates also produced either dissociation or aggregation of the DNA-enzyme complex. The order for this effect was GTP > ATP > CTP > UTP. A divalent cation was required for this nucleotide activity with both RNA and DNA. 6. 6. Nucleoside triphosphates at elevated concentrations also inactivated the enzyme. The order of activity for this effect was GTP > ATP > CTP > UTP. 7. 7. The effects of the nucleotides lead to a prediction that a site exists on the RNA polymerase which interacts preferentially with the purine nucleotides. It is suggested that this may be the binding site for the 5′-terminal nucleoside triphosphate.
Along channel flow and sediment dynamics at North Inlet, South Carolina

In May of 2005, an observational program was carried out to investigate the along channel hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport patterns at North Inlet, South Carolina. Along channel variability, which is important in establishing sediment transport pathways, has not been characterized for this system. Measurements of water column currents, salinity, bed sediment, suspended sediment concentration, and particle size distribution were obtained over a complete tidal cycle along the thalweg of the inlet entrance. Along channel currents, shear stress and bed sediment distributions vary significantly in space and time along a 3 km section bracketing the inlet throat. Most of the variability is consistent with geomorphic controls such as bed elevation variability and channel width. The highest velocities, shear stresses, suspended sediment concentration and bed sediment grain size are observed in the narrowest section of the inlet throat. Magnitudes systematically decrease along the channel toward the marsh as changes in channel geometry and branching reduces flow energy. Due to tidal asymmetry, the ebb phase contains significantly higher currents and associated sediment transport. Over the complete tidal cycle, depth integrated transport is directed towards the marsh landward of the intersection of Town and Debidue Creek. In contrast, net transport is out of the inlet seaward of this intersection. Sediment grain size distributions show 35% more material less than 63 μm on flood, suggesting net landward transport of fines.
Genetic‐environmental interaction in “intelligence”: II. Models of behavior, components of variance, and research strategy

A taxonomy of types of models of behavior is developed within the framework of statistical design concepts. The advantages and limitations of each are discussed. Components of variance from a previous study are derived for different models. It is shown that, with appropriate models, predictive proportions of variances are substantially greater than are ordinarily reported in behavioral research. The position is taken that attention to genetic variables in behavioral research can yield major increases in information gained for the development of behavior theory; that genetic environmental interaction is of major significance in behavior though generally ignored by both geneticists and psychologists; that variables apparently predictive only for a single genotype may provide clues to general behavioral predictors; and that fruitful interchange between geneticists and psychologists requires conceptual adjustments on both sides.
A Real-Time Stereoscopic Small-Computer Graphics Display System

A brief review of the principles of stereoscopy is given followed by a discussion of candidate methods for providing stereoscopic viewing of display data. An analog computer implementation of a stereoscopic graphics display system is described. The analog implementation provides real-time display capability but has no data storage capability. Implementation with a small digital computer provides data storage but is significantly slower for displaying dynamic changes in the data. Other points of comparison between the two systems are given with the conclusion that a hybrid system would combine good features of both. Experimental evaluation relative to eye fatigue is given for three specific viewing techniques. Example stereograms are given for both the digital and analog systems. Of particular interest was application of the display system for viewing biomedical data, as illustrated by an example display of a vectorcardiogram.
The Effect of Engine Exhaust Temperature Modulations on the Performance of Automotive Catalytic Converters

This paper presents a computational investigation of the effect of exhaust temperature modulations on an automotive catalytic converter. The objective is to develop a better fundamental understanding of the converter’s performance under transient driving conditions. Such an understanding will be beneficial in devising improved emission control methodologies. The study employs a single-channel based, one-dimensional, non-adiabatic model. The transient conditions are imposed by varying the exhaust gas temperature sinusoidally. The results show that temperature modulations cause a significant departure in the catalyst behavior from its steady behavior, and modulations have both favorable and harmful effects on pollutant conversion. The operating conditions and the modulating gas composition and flow rates (space velocity) have substantial influence on catalyst behavior.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Variation in the onset of incubation and its influence on avian hatching success and asynchrony

Variation among species in the onset of incubation has been attributed to differences in life history traits, and variation within species has been related to individual and environmental factors. We quantified within- and among-species variation in the onset of incubation in five cavity-nesting passerines, using a continuous record of diurnal and nocturnal incubation from clutch initiation through completion. We documented 11 potential patterns for the onset of incubation and showed that onset patterns were significantly related to hatching success. The onset of diurnal partial incubation and nocturnal full incubation generally occurred before diurnal full incubation, which started around clutch completion. Increases in precipitation or wind speed significantly delayed most types of incubation onset, supporting predictions of the energy constraints hypothesis. Ancillary predictions of rain and wind disproportionately delaying incubation for aerial foragers, and for species with male feeding during incubation, were not upheld. Larger clutch size accelerated the timing of full incubation onset in diurnal and nocturnal full incubation, supporting predictions of the egg viability hypothesis. Predictions of both hypotheses for the effects of minimum temperature, proportion of time above 24 °C, and seasonality on incubation onset were not supported. We observed egg neglect for up to 4 days or nights; neglect was more common at night, and consecutive nights of neglect occurred during nocturnal full incubation. Egg neglect did not significantly affect hatching success or incubation period. In conclusion, the timing of incubation onset was strongly affected by environmental and individual factors, and patterns of incubation onset affected hatching success.
Dermoid cyst of the posterior fossa associated with congenital dermal sinus in a child.

Background Intracranial dermoid cysts are congenital benign neoplasms. Hydrocephalus and abscess as the principal manifestations of the posterior fossa dermoid cyst are rare. We present a case of obstructive hydrocephalus and abscess induced by an adjacent dermoid cyst with occipital dermal sinus.
President's Letter to Faculty, Staff, Students, Parents, Alumni and Friends

I recently made a trip to Tallahassee, Floridato a lesser-known icon than the National Champion Florida State Seminoles, but one perhaps more vital to addressing the many issues that threaten the fabric of our American society. Tallahassee is also home to the Institute on College Student Values. Established ten years ago, the Institute focuses on values, ethics, respect, responsibility, leadership and character education.
Managing Wild Resources: Institutional Choice And The Recovery Of Resource Rent In Southwest China

Summary Managing harvests from natural resource systems is often seen as necessary to recover resource rent, that is, for wise and sustainable use. This paper develops a method to estimate resource rent recovery for a class of nontimber forest products and, using a unique dataset on the harvest of wild mushrooms in southwestern China, we empirically estimate this in open access, common access, and privately managed forests. We show that villages that lack rules (open access) do not always perform poorly. We explore how geographic context, resource endowments, transaction costs, and institutional goals may drive incentives for developing self-governing institutions.
An improved electroelution method for the recovery of DNA fragments from agarose and acrylamide gels

A simple elution tube has been constructed which allows reliable electroelution of DNA restriction fragments from agarose and acrylamide gels. This method enables the recovery of DNA fragments of 50 to over 50 000 base pairs from cylindrical or slab gels with yields between 70 % to 90 %. This method has several distinct features which make it outstanding. (1) It concentrates DNA from a large sample of gels into a small volume of buffer (less than 500 μl) during elution oso that the recovered DNA can be directly precipitated out with alcohol for subsequent use. (2) The recovered DNA is contaminated with only a minimal amount of agarose or acrylamide gel so that it may be subsequently digested with most restriction endonucleases with normal efficiencies. (3) It is particularly useful for the recovery of DNA fragments that have been subjected to end labeling with [γ-32P] ATP and polynucleotide kinase, because it not only recovers the DNA from the gel, but also purfies the fragments from the contaminating background [γ-32P] ATP. (4) Many different sizes of DNA fragments can be recovered at the same time. In addition, the elution tubes are easy to construct with not much more cost than that of a piece of plexiglas tubing.
Inverse problems of potential theory and flows in porous media with time-dependent free boundary

Abstract It is known that fluid flows in a homogeneous porous medium with time-dependent free boundary have the property that integrals over the fluid domain of harmonic functions vary linearly in time [1]. This property relates these flows to the classical inverse problem of Newtonian potentials [2]. It is possible to apply this relation to construction of finite or infinite sets of distinct domains homeomorphic to a ball in R d and having the same potential outside. Considering flows in a non-homogeneous medium, one obtains examples of non-uniqueness of solutions of the inverse potential problem for arbitrary charge density and space dielectric permeability.
Speech and Language Skills of Individuals With Prader-Willi Syndrome

The speech and language of 55 individuals (27 males and 28 females) with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), aged from 6 months to 42 years, were examined through standardized testing and spontaneous speech sample analysis. While great variability was noted in speech and language abilities, most subjects presented with speech sound errors characterized by imprecise articulation (85%), and oral motor difficulties (91%). Hypernasality was noted in 62% and hyponasality in 14%. Other speech characteristics included a slow speaking rate, flat intonation patterns, abnormal pitch of the voice, and harsh/hoarse voice quality. Narrative retelling abilities were poor, with specific deficits in sequencing of story events. Individuals with PWS as a result of deletions of chromosome 15 did not differ significantly in speech and language from individuals with PWS as a result of uniparental disomy.
ERCC1 and ERCC2 variants predict survival in gastric cancer patients.

Purpose ERCC1 and ERCC2 play critical roles in the nucleotide excision repair pathway that effectively repairs DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes could have an impact on clinical outcomes in cancer patients who received chemotherapy. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated the roles of ERCC1 and ERCC2 SNPs in clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients.