cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial dose response modeling: past, present, and future.

The understanding of the risk to humans from exposure to pathogens has been firmly put into a risk assessment framework. A key element of applying this approach is the understanding of the relationship between dose and response for particular pathogens. This understanding has progressed from early use of threshold concepts (“minimal infectious dose”) thru multiple generations of models. Generation 1 models describe probability of response to exposed dose. Generation 2 models incorporate host factors (e.g., age) and/or pathogen factors (e.g., particle size of inhaled agents). Generation 3 models describe the rate at which effects develop, i.e. the epidemic curve. These (generation 1 through three models) have been developed and used in multiple contexts. Beyond Generation 3 lies an opportunity for the deep incorporation of in vivo physiological responses and the coupling of the individual host dynamics to the dynamics of spread of contagious diseases in the population. This would enable more direct extrapo...
The Legitimacy of Truce Thinking

In Chapter 1, I argued that truce makers typically display one or more of the following five commitments: (1) An optimism about the passage of time; an assumption that “buying time” may change the circumstances that make a more comprehensive peace deal impossible. (2) A belief that partial, modest arrangements or agreements can both alleviate living conditions for those involved in chronic conflict and improve mutual attitudes. Here we made use of Camus’s (unheeded) call for a civilian truce in Algeria and Randall Forsberg’s nuclear freeze manifesto circulated in the 1980s. (3) A realization that intractable ideological foes don’t have to fight in the name of their incommensurate ideologies. Here we drew on George Kennan’s Long Telegram and subsequent X article. (4) A conviction that waging war in the name of abstract principles or a virtuous political self-understanding may make wars longer and bloodier than they have to be. Here we used Hume’s essay “Of the Balance of Powers.” (5) A belief that truces can be helpful in resting and rearming for a future round of conflict. These five considerations, taken collectively, were labeled “truce thinking.”
Metabolomic Profiling of the Malaria Box Reveals Antimalarial Target Pathways

The threat of widespread drug resistance to frontline antimalarials has renewed the urgency for identifying inexpensive chemotherapeutic compounds that are effective against Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite species responsible for the greatest number of malaria-related deaths worldwide. To aid in the fight against malaria, a recent extensive screening campaign has generated thousands of lead compounds with low micromolar activity against blood stage parasites. A subset of these leads has been compiled by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) into a collection of structurally diverse compounds known as the MMV Malaria Box. Currently, little is known regarding the activity of these Malaria Box compounds on parasite metabolism during intraerythrocytic development, and a majority of the targets for these drugs have yet to be defined. Here we interrogated the in vitro metabolic effects of 189 drugs (including 169 of the drug-like compounds from the Malaria Box) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The resulting metabolic fingerprints provide information on the parasite biochemical pathways affected by pharmacologic intervention and offer a critical blueprint for selecting and advancing lead compounds as next-generation antimalarial drugs. Our results reveal several major classes of metabolic disruption, which allow us to predict the mode of action (MoA) for many of the Malaria Box compounds. We anticipate that future combination therapies will be greatly informed by these results, allowing for the selection of appropriate drug combinations that simultaneously target multiple metabolic pathways, with the aim of eliminating malaria and forestalling the expansion of drug-resistant parasites in the field.
Liquid crystal uncooled thermal imager development

An uncooled thermal imager is being developed based on a liquid crystal (LC) transducer. Without any electrical connections, the LC transducer pixels change the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) scene directly into a visible image as opposed to an electric signal in microbolometers. The objectives are to develop an imager technology scalable to large formats (tens of megapixels) while maintaining or improving the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) compared to microbolometers. The present work is demonstrating that the LCs have the required performance (sensitivity, dynamic range, speed, etc.) to enable a more flexible uncooled imager. Utilizing 200-mm wafers, a process has been developed and arrays have been fabricated using aligned LCs confined in 20×20-μm cavities elevated on thermal legs. Detectors have been successfully fabricated on both silicon and fused silica wafers using less than 10 photolithographic mask steps. A breadboard camera system has been assembled to test the imagers. Various sensor configurations are described along with advantages and disadvantages of component arrangements.
Localization of Generalized Spike and Wave Discharge and Valproate Response

Investigators at Universities of Cincinnati, OH, and Birmingham, Alabama; and Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada, studied the EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 89 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), (25 with generalized spike and wave discharges (GSWD) identified in EEG), and compared patients with valproate (VPA)-refractory and VPA-responsive IGE.
STEM Pathways: Examining Persistence in Rigorous Math and Science Course Taking

From 2006 to 2012, Florida Statute §1003.4156 required middle school students to complete electronic personal education planners (ePEPs) before promotion to ninth grade. The ePEP helped them identify programs of study and required high school coursework to accomplish their postsecondary education and career goals. During the same period Florida required completion of the ePEP, Florida’s Career and Professional Education Act stimulated a rapid increase in the number of statewide high school career academies. Students with interests in STEM careers created STEM-focused ePEPs and may have enrolled in STEM career academies, which offered a unique opportunity to improve their preparedness for the STEM workforce through the integration of rigorous academic and career and technical education courses. This study examined persistence of STEM-interested (i.e., those with expressed interest in STEM careers) and STEM-capable (i.e., those who completed at least Algebra 1 in eighth grade) students (n = 11,248), including those enrolled in STEM career academies, in rigorous mathematics and science course taking in Florida public high schools in comparison with the national cohort of STEM-interested students to measure the influence of K-12 STEM education efforts in Florida. With the exception of multi-race students, we found that Florida’s STEM-capable students had lower persistence in rigorous mathematics and science course taking than students in the national cohort from ninth to eleventh grade. We also found that participation in STEM career academies did not support persistence in rigorous mathematics and science courses, a prerequisite for success in postsecondary STEM education and careers.
Operationalizing the Measurement of Seroadaptive Behaviors: A Comparison of Reported Sexual Behaviors and Purposely-Adopted Behaviors Among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in Seattle

Seroadaptive behaviors are traditionally defined by self-reported sexual behavior history, regardless of whether they reflect purposely-adopted risk-mitigation strategies. Among MSM attending an STD clinic in Seattle, Washington 2013–2015 (N = 3751 visits), we used two seroadaptive behavior measures: (1) sexual behavior history reported via clinical computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) (behavioral definition); (2) purposely-adopted risk-reduction behaviors reported via research CASI (purposely-adopted definition). Pure serosorting (i.e. only HIV-concordant partners) was the most common behavior, reported (behavioral and purposely-adopted definition) by HIV-negative respondents at 43% and 60% of visits, respectively (kappa = 0.24; fair agreement) and by HIV-positive MSM at 30 and 34% (kappa = 0.25; fair agreement). Agreement of the two definitions was highest for consistent condom use [HIV-negative men (kappa = 0.72), HIV-positive men (kappa = 0.57)]. Overall HIV test positivity was 1.4 but 0.9% for pure serosorters. The two methods of operationalizing behaviors result in different estimates, thus the choice of which to employ should depend on the motivation for ascertaining behavioral information.
The value of discharge planning tools

Patient care is delivered in a variety of settings across the continuum. Increasingly, less of that care is provided within the four walls of an acute care hospital. However, it's within those four walls that postacute placement decisions are made, which impact a patient's healthcare journey
Production Scheduling of Open Pit Metal Mine with Ecological Cost

The ecological costs related to the various optimized production schemes were calculated based on the designed ultimate pit. Moreover, the influence of the ecological costs on the selection of production schemes was discussed. In one designed pit, a series of geologically optimum pushbacks with sufficiently small increment were produced using the floating cone method founded on the principle of the highest metal content. Then all the pushbacks were reordered by the dynamic network diagram. The production scheme with the maximum NPV route was considered as the optimum one. The ecological impacts produced by mining were quantified and the ecological cost calculation models, which contain the direct eco-value loss, the indirect eco-value loss, the eco-restoration cost and the carbon emission cost were proposed. In one big open pit mine case, various production schemes were optimized and the one with maximum NPV was selected without taking into account the eco-costs. The scheme with the maximum comprehensive profit was obtained by calculating the eco-cost of each scheme. The results showed that the best scheme considered with the eco-cost was not the scheme with the maximum NPV. Therefore, the eco-cost presents the effect on the selection of the best production scheme.
Placement of a cervical collar increases the optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy adults.

Abstract Introduction Blunt head trauma is a common cause of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (OSND) is an accurate and non-invasive way to detect increased ICP. Blunt trauma patients are often immobilized in a rigid cervical spine collar. Our objective was to describe the changes in ONSD following the placement of a c-collar and determine if any changes were time-dependent. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study measuring the ONSD of healthy volunteers before and after placement of a c-collar. Two physicians obtained the measurements. Each eye was scanned twice using a standardized technique. This was done before c-collar placement, 5 min after placement and 20 min after placement. A mean of both eyes was calculated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess inter-rater reliability. Results Twenty study participants with a mean age of 37.1 years old were enrolled. The mean baseline ONSD was 3.77 mm (95% CI 3.48–4.07). The mean ONSD 5 min after the c-collar was placed was 4.47 (95% CI 4.17–4.78). The mean ONSD at 20 min after c-collar placement was 4.53 (95% CI 4.13–4.92). These changes were statistically significant (p = 0.003 and Conclusion The placement of a cervical collar increased the ONSD at 5 min and this change remained increased at 20 min. Future study should assess whether similar results are found in patients with blunt head trauma.
Climate Silence, Moral Disengagement, and Self-Efficacy: How Albert Bandura's Theories Inform Our Climate-Change Predicament

iStock/AMR_PhotosMore Americans are becoming concerned about climate change.1 Yet many Americans rarely talk about it or hear others mention it, in the media or in everyday conversations. This lead...
Haro sur le poncif ! Baudelaire, Silvestre, Goncourt et la peinture du lieu commun

Avant qu’il ne qualifi e un tour de phrase banal, une idee eculee ou prefabriquee,le poncif tire son origine des arts visuels. Il s’agit, techniquement, d’unmoyen de transfert. Cet article se propose de revenir aux origines proprementvisuelles du poncif et de voir comment, au xixe siecle, la critique d’art en a faitusage. A partir de la defi nition du Salon de 1846 de Charles Baudelaire, on observeracomment cette exasperation a l’egard du trop connu a ete mise en oeuvre parle critique d’art, contemporain et ami de Baudelaire, Theophile Silvestre, et lesfreres Goncourt, dans Manette Salomon.
Water Conflicts and International Water Markets

Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) exist in a semi-arid region where the overwhelming use of water is for agriculture. The water deficit that faces each can be closed either by importing food, importing water, achieving higher productivity per unit of water input, or manufacturing water by techniques such as desalination. The problem arises because of autarky in the production of water and the absence of an international trading market for water. Each country can only use the water within its borders or the water it can pilfer from its neighbor if it is an upper riparian. It is as if every country was confined to the energy it could produce within its own borders and did not have access to imported energy on an international market. Obviously, no one would countenance this policy condition for a moment - very few countries could survive in this regime - and the immediate answer would be to trade energy through an international market. But this is precisely what is not done with water. Absent an international trading market, water flowing down its natural course can create national security conflicts and sometimes wars among neighboring countries that share a common water resource, whether it be fresh water above ground in a river or below ground in an aquifer. In the context of water issues between Israel and the PA, this paper will explore problems of water pricing, the relationship between food and water security, the feasibility of an international trading market for water in the 21st century, and how such an arrangement compares in price and efficiency with the principal alternative, desalination.
Sparse Recovery Algorithms: Sufficient Conditions in Terms of Restricted Isometry Constants

We review three recovery algorithms used in Compressive Sensing for the reconstruction s-sparse vectors x∈ℂ N from the mere knowledge of linear measurements y=A x∈ℂ m , m<N. For each of the algorithms, we derive improved conditions on the restricted isometry constants of the measurement matrix A that guarantee the success of the reconstruction. These conditions are δ2s <0.4652 for basis pursuit, δ3s <0.5 and δ2s <0.25 for iterative hard thresholding, and δ4s <0.3843 for compressive sampling matching pursuit. The arguments also applies to almost sparse vectors and corrupted measurements. The analysis of iterative hard thresholding is surprisingly simple. The analysis of basis pursuit features a new inequality that encompasses several inequalities encountered in Compressive Sensing.
Genetical Aspects of Active Defence

I find myself in a rather uncomfortable position in presenting this paper. The reason for this is that what I have to say does not support much of the speculation and dogma that has been presented in preceding papers. I feel like a non-believer in a congregation of believers. The belief seems to be that specificity of the interactions between host and parasite, and the restriction of development of the pathogen, are controlled by compounds not produced by transcription and translation. This I find difficult to reconcile with the known genetics of interactions. What I will try to do, therefore, is to present the kinds of results obtained from studies of the inheritance of genetic variability in host-parasite interactions, then proceed to describe some models and give examples of what the genetics tells me about those models of interactions, and conclude with some examples of uses of genetic arguments in studies of host-parasite interactions.
Correct CPT Coding, Billing, and Documentation in Sleep Medicine

The gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) remains to be overnight polysomnography (PSG). A nocturnal PSG includes recordings of airflow, ventilatory effort, oxygen saturation, electrocardiogram, body position, electromyography, and electroencephalography. In standard, laboratory-based PSG, a technician is present for the entire study to completely monitor the patient. A single overnight study is generally sufficient to diagnose OSAS. In many instances, the level of Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is severe enough that the diagnosis of OSAS can be established early in the study. In this event, a “split-night” study may be performed, where the second half of the study is used to titrate treatment (positive airway pressure) for OSAS. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS, formerly called the Health Care Financing Administration) has recently endorsed the performance of splitnight PSG but requires that the diagnostic portion of the test last at least 2 hours of sleep, to avoid artificially inflating the severity of the SDB. (See Appendix for sample split-night study protocol.)
AFRICA, WEST | Early Holocene Foragers

The early Holocene was a time of dramatic environmental and cultural change in West Africa as the Sahara Desert became a viable location for human occupation and then dried out again. Even the earliest foragers in the Sahara had ceramics and grinding stones indicating a reliance on wild grains, and when conditions were right, various groups settled around the permanent sources of water. The arrival of domestic animals followed by the first domesticated crops did not put an end to the use of wild plants and animals but rather resulted in complex subsistence strategies and, possibly, the rise of symbiotic relationships among subsistence specialists.
Current approaches to diagnostic testing in von Willebrand Disease

Abstract Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is considered the most common inherited bleeding disorder. It has multiple subtypes and a primary symptom of mucocutaneous bleeding. Some researchers in this field speculate that inherited disorders of platelet function may be as common but underdiagnosed due to the difficulty of accessing testing. The diagnostic approach for this disease has evolved as new instruments and diagnostic testing have become available. The ISTH-Bleeding Assessment Tool is a validated instrument that is used to screen patients referred for bleeding symptoms for further laboratory testing. The three main screening tests used in the diagnosis of VWD include von Willebrand Factor (VWF) antigen, platelet-dependent VWF activity, and factor VIII activity. Improvements in laboratory assays discussed include changes in how traditional assays are performed as well as the addition of new laboratory assays. The role of genetic testing and management of patients with borderline low von Willebrand factor are also discussed.
High-Throughput Aqueous Two-Phase System Droplet Generation by Oil-Free Passive Microfluidics

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplet generation has significant potential in biological and medical applications because of its excellent biocompatibility. However, the ultralow interfacial tension of ATPS makes droplet generation extremely challenging when compared with the conventional water-in-oil (W/O) system. In this paper, we passively produced ATPS droplets with a wide range of droplet size and high production rate without the involvement of an oil phase and external forces. For the first time, we reported important information of the flow rate and capillary (Ca) number for passive, oil-free ATPS droplet generation. It was found that the range of Ca numbers of the continuous phase under the jetting flow regime is 0.3–1.7, as compared to less than 0.1 in the W/O system, indicating the ultralow interfacial tension in ATPS. In addition, we successfully generated ATPS droplets with a radius as small as 7 μm at the maximum frequency up to 300 Hz, which has not been achieved in previous studies. The s...
Gender bias in sport media: a critical analysis of Twitter content and the National Football League’s Carolina Panthers

The National Football League (NFL) is the most popular sport in the United States. Of the NFL’s passionate fan base, 46 percent are women. Despite the substantial attraction and following by women,...
Improving End-to-End Verifiable Voting Systems with Blockchain Technologies

End-to-end verifiable (E2E) voting systems attempt to establish elections where each voter receives direct assurance that their vote was cast correctly, and anyone may determine that each ballot was correctly included in the overall tally of the vote. One such E2E implementation, Helios, achieves this “open audit” functionality by making public the auditing algorithm and each encrypted vote, along with their encryption proofs, on a public bulletin board. Unfortunately, hosting the bulletin board on a centralized server puts this functionality at risk of denial of service or data tampering, each of which could degrade the public's trust of the election results. To mitigate these risks, this paper demonstrates the replacement of the bulletin board concept with decentralized storage and a blockchain. In doing so, the election audit data benefit from a system where such data becomes immutable, and where the data is replicated and publicly accessible. This architecture allows the encrypted votes, their proofs, and the election audit algorithm to be hosted independent of the election services, eliminating the risk of tampering or denial of service while still maintaining voter verifiability.
The first and second order moment structure of an inhomogeneous gamma point process

The nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and the Gamma renewal process (GRP) are two stochastic models which are commonly used to describe the pattern of repeated occurrence data. An inhomogeneous...
Interprofessional Collaborative Practice between Occupational Therapists and Behavior Analysts for Children with Autism

Interprofessional collaborative practice between the fields of occupational therapy and applied behavior analysis has the potential to enhance the quality of school services available for children ...
Magic City Killjoys: Women Organizers, Gentrification, and the Politics of Multiculturalism in Little Haiti

“Magic City Killjoys” is a fieldwork-based study of women of color advocacy for community justice in Miami’s Little Haiti. The article draws on scholarship from urban and gender studies as well as on critical conversations about Miami’s multiculturalism and blackness, demonstrating how women organizers and leaders spearhead the local anti-gentrification movement to curtail displacement and cultural appropriation. My focus on feminization of organizing in the contentious battle for Miami’s future reveals the persistent and self-perpetuating gender and race imbalance between the city’s grassroots and official development politics. The women organizers who populate the pages of this essay defend a community-driven process and protest the masculinist, top-down approaches to urban development, even as they don’t always agree about the ways in which that protest should take place. Ultimately, I argue that thinking through the multigenerational, varied, and periodically opposed perspectives and practices within this women-led advocacy allows us to evaluate the social landscape of Little Haiti as neither politically nor economically hermetic, neither an issue to be fixed nor a culture to be consumed. Instead, the complex infrastructure of grassroots organizing reveals the Little Haiti community as entrepreneurial, politically-engaged, and economically, culturally, and generationally diverse. This image stands in direct opposition to the two-dimensional frameworks of cultural branding that index Haitian and Haitian American culture via the simplistic tropes of poverty or consumable difference and to the city of Miami’s history of ignoring or repressing its Black roots.
Due Process Overbreadth? The Void for Vagueness Doctrine, Fundamental Rights, and the Brewing Storm over Undefined Consent in Sexual Assault Statutes.

This Article, contributed to a symposium on "Commerce, Institutions, and Consent" held at the University of Oklahoma Law School on October 19th, 2019, explains how three distinct legal developments are on a collision course. The criminal law of sexual assault has evolved to focus primarily on negative sexual autonomy, but there is no normative consensus on just what “consent” means, nor does typical statutory language suggest considered legislative choice from among the possible meanings. Meanwhile, time has reinforced the Supreme Court’s elevation of positive sexual autonomy above ordinary constitutional interests in Lawrence v. Texas. Finally, the Court’s decisions in Johnson and Dimaya have resolved decades of uncertainty in favor of a robust version of the void-for-vagueness doctrine. Conclusory statutory condemnations of sex without consent therefore have become plausible targets of facial constitutional challenges. The Article discusses the looming collision and offers ways to mediate the emerging conflicts among the values of negative autonomy, positive autonomy, and legality.
For the Good of the Field

In this introduction to the newly relaunched the Bulletin for the Study of Religion, Dr. Richard Newton, the Bulletin’s new editor, provides a succinct overview of what this fresh take on one of the field’s earliest publicationshas to offer for a contemporary readership. While staying true to its roots and continuing to publish experimental pieces from scholars in the field, as well as classics taken from the publication’s archives, the Bulletin will now features a series of new, rotating columns that will cover everything from digital scholarship in the humanities to all the happenings at recent meetings of noteworthy conferences and events in the field.
The effect of proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation on knee mechanics: reduction and fixation matters.

Proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) dislocations are under-investigated injuries. There is scant basic science or clinical evidence to direct management. The purpose of this study was twofold; first to investigate the pathomechanics of PTFJ dislocation on knee mechanics. The second purpose was to evaluate knee mechanics following reduction and fixation. Six cadaveric legs were tested on a mechanical platform. A 5 Nm external rotation force was applied to each knee and the external rotation and fibular translation was measured for several study conditions at 0°, 30°, and 90° of flexion. Conditions included: the native state, transection of the posterior PTFJ ligament, transection of the anterior and posterior ligaments, screw fixation, and suspensory fixation. Screw fixation was performed using a single quadricortical 3.5 mm screw. Suspensory fixation was performed using an Arthrex TightRope device Transection of the anterior and posterior ligaments increased external rotation by 4.3°, 5.9°, and 5.6°, at 0°, 30°, and 90° (p ≤ 0.001), respectively. Screw and suspensory fixation returned external rotation to a near native state with mild overconstraint. Complete transection of anterior and posterior ligaments resulted in pathologic anterior fibular translation of 1.51 mm (p = 0.001), 1 mm, (p = 0.02) and 0.44 mm (p = 0.69) for 0°, 30°, 90° of knee flexion. Screw and suspensory fixation restored native translation at all points with a small degree of overconstraint. Disruption of the PTFJ causes pathologic external rotation and anterior fibular translation. Fixation restores near native motion with minor overconstraint. Surgeons should consider reduction and fixation of PTFJ injuries to restore native knee mechanics.
A Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Cybersecurity Testbed for Power Electronics Devices and Systems in Cyber-Physical Environments

Cybersecurity of power electronics (PE) is increasingly essential as more systems from renewable energy systems, energy storage systems, and electric vehicle charging stations utilize PE devices to connect them into power grids with complex communication and computation systems for advanced control and situational awareness improvement in smart grid environments. However, cybersecurity research and development (RD 2) a real-time cyber system using real network systems and a server; and 3) penetration testing tools generating real Cyber-attacks as cyber events. Several real cyber-attacks are created and their impacts in a PE system are provided to validate the feasibility of the proposed security testbed.
Novel Variants of the SMARCA4 Gene Associated with Autistic Features Rather Than Typical Coffin-Siris Syndrome in Eight Chinese Pediatric Patients

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental-related disorders with a high genetic risk. Recently, chromatin remodeling factors have been found to be related to ASDs. SMARCA4 is such a catalytic subunit of the chromatin-remodeling complex. In this report, we identified seven novel missense variants in the SMARCA4 gene from eight pediatric patients. All eight patients had moderate to severe intellectual disability, and seven showed autistic/likely autistic features. Compared with the patients reported in the literature, our patients were less likely to show craniofacial or finger/toe anomalies. Our findings further supported that SMARCA4 is associated with ASDs. We suggest that individuals with the abovementioned phenotypes should consider genetic testing.
Passive microwave remote sensing for meteorology

The use of passive microwave techniques for the systematic geophysical monitoring of earth from aircraft and space is briefly reviewed. These techniques employ frequencies from approximately 1-300 GHz and have yielded information about atmospheric temperature, composition, and wind profiles. In particular, the application of passive microwave technology to temperature profile determination using the Nimbus 5 and 6 satellites, as well as the Tiros-N operational satellites and the Block 5D satellites, is presented.
THE TRANSFER PROBLEM ONCE AGAIN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transfer problem. As a transfer would result in a larger volume of goods being shipped from the paying to the receiving country, it would raise freight rates from the paying to the receiving country but lower them for goods moving in the opposite direction, on account of the additional ballast traffic. The result would be a rise in the price spread between the two countries with respect to commodities moving from the paying to the receiving country and a fall in the price spread for commodities moving in the opposite direction. According to Wicksell, this would entail a rise in the prices of both import and export goods in the receiving country and a fall of both of these prices in the paying country, with no presumption as to the effects on the terms of trade. The approach adopted here is the classical one in which full employment is assumed to be maintained in both countries, rather than the approach of post-Keynesian employment theory which was fully and definitively treated by Metzler.
What Does it Take to Become a Superstar? Evidence from Institutional Investor Rankings of Financial Analysts

We study the attributes of superstar financial analysts ranked in the Institutional Investor magazine annual surveys from 1991 to 2000. In addition to documenting a strong positive relation between the rankings and analyst performance, we also investigate whether the performance by ranked analysts is due to luck or superior ability. Our results indicate that ranked analysts' performance is likely due to their superior ability because there is performance persistence and the ranked analysts are recognized as leaders by other analysts even before they first become ranked by Institutional Investor. We next test whether the superior ability of ranked analysts stems from their greater experience or innate talent. Our findings point to an "innate talent" rather than an "experience" explanation for the ranked analysts. Collectively, the evidence supports the notion that the Institutional Investor rankings serve the meaningful role of identifying high quality analysts in the labor market and is inconsistent with the allegation that the rankings are 'popularity contests' with little substance.
The Unwritten Theory of Justice: Rawlsian Liberalism Versus Libertarianism

When A Theory of Justice was published in 1971, utilitarianism was the game to beat in political philosophy, and Rawls made clear his intention to beat it. The appearance of Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia three years later singlehandedly enshrined libertarianism rather than utilitarianism in the popular imagination as the chief rival to Rawls’s two principles of justice. Ever since, Rawlsian liberalism has had two parallel lives in political theory. The first - the version Rawls wrote - is a response to utilitarian’s failure to take seriously the separateness of persons. The second - the unwritten version ‘received’ by its general audience - is a response to libertarianism’s failure to take seriously our moral obligations to the well-being of our fellow citizens. This article considers how, had he written the second version, Rawls might have dealt with libertarians’ critique of ‘justice as fairness’ as fundamentally illiberal, and how his two principles might have been transformed in the process.
Valuation Implications of Revenue Forecasts

The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance attached to revenue forecasts by firms and the market, and whether these forecasts are value-relevant conditional on earnings forecasts. We address two related questions. First, we examine whether the capital market reaction to earnings (and revenue) announcements bears an association with revenue forecast errors, conditional on earnings forecast errors. Second, we investigate whether there exist differential valuation effects associated with meeting or exceeding analysts' revenue expectations over and above meeting/exceeding analysts' earnings expectations. Our results indicate that revenue forecast errors bear a significantly positive, but a non-linear association with the announcement-period market returns. We also find that this association is stronger for high-growth firms relative to low-growth firms, but does not depend on (i) earnings stability and the extent of consensus among analysts with respect to earnings expectations, and (ii) whether a firm is profitable or not. Finally, our results suggest that for "profit" firms, the act of meeting revenue forecasts invokes a positive market reaction that is independent of the magnitude of the revenue forecast error.
Homogeneous Models for Mechanisms of Surface Reactions: Propene Ammoxidation

The proposed active sites on the surface of the catalyst for propene ammoxidation have been successfully modeled by structurally characterized pinacolato W(VI) tert-butyl imido complexes. These compounds exist as an equilibrating mixture of amine-bis(imido) and imido-bis(amido) complexes, the position of this equilibrium being dependent on the electronic nature of the glycolate ligand. Both of the C-N bond-forming reactions proposed in recent studies by Kartisek and Grasselli [J. Catal. 81, 489 (1983)] have been reproduced using discrete Group VI d° organoimido complexes under mild conditions suitable for detailed mechanistic studies. These reactions are 1) oxidative trapping of radicals at molybdenum imido sites and 2) migration of the allyl group from oxygen to an imido nitrogen atom.
Forschung und Entwicklung im Datenbank-Management-System-Bereich

Datenbank-Management-Systeme (DBMSe) werden schon seit den 60er Jahren im administrativen („kommerziellen”) Bereich auf immer breiterer Basis eingesetzt. Waren die ersten Systeme hinsichtlich ihres Benutzungskomforts sowie der maximal zu speichernden Datenvolumina noch relativ bescheiden, so erlauben heutige, moderne DBMSe die Speicherung sehr groser Datenmengen, ermoglichen konkurrierendes Lesen und Schreiben und bieten einen hohen Grad an Datensicherheit. Auf Grund dieser Eigenschaften ist es nicht verwunderlich, das man DBMSe heute gerne auch in anderen Bereichen einsetzen wurde. Das Spektrum der potentiellen, neuen Anwendungsgebiete ist dabei sehr breit und vielfaltig. Entsprechend breit und vielfaltig sind auch die Forschungs- und Entwicklungs-Aktivitaten im DBMS-Bereich gefachert. Sie reichen von der Weiterentwicklung der „klassischen“DBMS-Architektur, uber die Verteilung des Datenbestandes auf mehrere Rechner (verteilte DMBSe, Mehrrechner-DBMSe, ausfallsichere DBMSe), uber Anwendungen im Ingenieur-Bereich (insbesondere CAD/CAM) bis hin zur Datenverwaltung in Expertensystemen.
WE-G-303-00: Nanotechnology for Imaging and Therapy

Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in applying nanotechnology to cancer detection, treatment, and treatment monitoring. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the fabrication of nanoparticles from various materials with different shapes and sizes. Nanoparticles can be accumulated preferentially within tumors by either “passive targeting” through a phenomenon typically known as “enhanced permeability and retention” or “active targeting” in which nanoparticles are conjugated with antibodies or peptides directed against tumor and/or stromal markers. The tumor specificity of nanoparticles in conjunction with their unique physicochemical properties offers many novel strategies for cancer treatment and detection. For example, notable approaches in the radiation oncology setting include the use of gold nanoparticles for radiation response modulation of tumor or normal tissue and thermal ablation or hyperthermia treatment of tumors. Some of these approaches are currently being tested either on humans or on animals and, very likely, will become the clinical reality in the near future. Various computational and experimental techniques have also been applied to address unique research issues associated with nanoparticles and may become the standard tools for future investigations and clinical translations. Therefore, both clinicians and researchers may need to be properly educated about the basic principles as well as the promise of nanoparticle-based applications with regard to the future of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. This symposium will familiarize the audience with the potential applications of nanoparticles in oncologic imaging and therapy using specific illustrative examples. The audience will be properly oriented by these illustrative examples to the multiple avenues for collaborative research amongst interdisciplinary teams of physicists, clinicians, engineers, chemists, and biologists in industry and academia. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the physical bases of gold nanoparticle applications for radiosensitization and x-ray fluorescence imaging 2. Understand the parameters that define gold nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization in biological systems 3. Understand the potential of magnetic nanoparticle characterization of the microenvironment 4. Understand the various strategies for radiolabeling of nanoparticles and their applications S.C. and S.K. acknowledge support from MD Anderson Cancer Center, NIH (R01CA155446 and P30CA16672) and DoD (W81XWH-12-1-0198); J.W. acknowledges support from NIH (U54CA151662-01); W.C. acknowledges support from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, NIH (R01CA169365, P30CA014520, and T32CA009206), DoD (W81XWH-11-1-0644 and W81XWH-11-1-0648), and ACS (125246-RSG-13-099-01-CCE).
Quantification of Strain Induced Damage in Medial Collateral Ligaments

In the past years, there have been several experimental studies that aimed at quantifying the material properties of articular ligaments such as tangent modulus, tensile strength, and ultimate strain. Little has been done to describe their response to mechanical stimuli that lead to damage. The purpose of this experimental study was to characterize strain-induced damage in medial collateral ligaments (MCLs). Displacement-controlled tensile tests were performed on 30 MCLs harvested from Sprague Dawley rats. Each ligament was monotonically pulled to several increasing levels of displacement until complete failure occurred. The stress–strain data collected from the mechanical tests were analyzed to determine the onset of damage and its evolution. Unrecoverable changes such as increase in ligament's elongation at preload and decrease in the tangent modulus of the linear region of the stress–strain curves indicated the occurrence of damage. Interestingly, these changes were found to appear at two significantly different threshold strains (P<0.05). The mean threshold strain that determined the increase in ligament's elongation at preload was found to be 2.84% (standard deviation (SD) = 1.29%) and the mean threshold strain that caused the decrease in the tangent modulus of the linear region was computed to be 5.51% (SD = 2.10%), respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the damage mechanisms associated with the increase in ligament's elongation at preload and decrease in the tangent modulus of the linear region in the stress–strain curves in MCLs are likely different.
The Role of Menin in Hematopoiesis

In the hematopoietic system, menin was found to interact with MLL, a large protein encoded by the mixed linage leukemia gene that acts as a histone H3 methyltransferase. The MLL gene is a recurrent target for translocations in both acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemias. MLL gene rearrangements involve a variety of translocation partners, giving rise to MLL fusion proteins whose transforming ability is mediated through upregulated expression of Homeobox (Hox) genes as well as other targets. Recent work indicates that menin is an essential partner of MLL fusion proteins in leukemic cells and that it regulates normal hematopoiesis. In the absence of menin, steady-state hematopoiesis is largely preserved; however, menin-deficient hematopoietic stem cells are markedly deficient in situations of hematopoietic stress, such as during recovery after bone marrow transplantation. In leukemias driven by MLL fusion proteins, menin is essential for transformation and growth of the malignant cells. Thus, menin-MLL interactions represent a promising therapeutic target in leukemias with MLL rearrangements.
Presidents and the US Economy: An Econometric Exploration †

The US economy has performed better when the president of the United States is a Democrat rather than a Republican, almost regardless of how one measures performance. For many measures, including real GDP growth (our focus), the performance gap is large and significant. This paper asks why. The answer is not found in technical time series matters nor in systematically more expansionary monetary or fiscal policy under Democrats. Rather, it appears that the Democratic edge stems mainly from more benign oil shocks, superior total factor productivity (TFP) performance, a more favorable international environment, and perhaps more optimistic consumer expectations about the near-term future. (JEL D72, E23, E32, E65, N12, N42) An extensive and well-known literature of scholarly research documents and explores the fact that macroeconomic performance is a strong predictor of US presidential election outcomes. Scores of papers find that better performance boosts the vote of the incumbent’s party. 1 In stark contrast, economists have paid scant attention to predictive power running in the opposite direction: from election outcomes to subsequent macroeconomic performance. The answer, while hardly a secret, is not nearly as widely known as it should be. 2 The US economy performs much better when a Democrat is president than when a Republican is.
Boundary Work and Exchange: The Formation of a Professional Service Market

This article develops a processual theory of boundary work and exchange for understanding the emergence and transformation of social structures such as professions and their state regulatory regimes. It argues that social boundaries are often ambiguous and elastic areas, and their social construction involves multiple forms of boundary work (boundary making, boundary blurring, and boundary maintenance) as well as the process of exchange that integrates them. Based upon 256 in-depth interviews with law practitioners and public officials in twelve provinces of China, 3 years of ethnographic work on a professional Internet forum, and archival research, the study employs the theory of boundary work and exchange to explain the creation, differentiation, and fragmentation of legal professions in three decades of China's economic reform (1979 to 2009).
Polymerase chain reaction of genes flanked by short noncontiguous sequence motifs.

Abstract Short DNA sequence motifs have been demonstrated to interact with DNA binding proteins and regulate flanking genes. The short nature and the lack of continuity of many of these DNA binding sites make it difficult to develop an approach to characterize genes that have the same flanking sequences. We tested various oligonucleotide combinations using an immunoglobulin variable region gene family as a model amplification system. One successful amplification strategy used an oligonucleotide containing two known noncontiguous short sequences connected by random insertion of all four bases to maintain the appropriate spacing. A second approach used an oligonucleotide having a single short homologous sequence with the addition of all four bases randomly placed at the 5′ end to increase the extent of homology. Both strategies will permit the priming of members of a specific gene family, with the two short sequences bridged by all four bases randomly added being more efficient in the amplification process.
A compact, timed-shutoff, MOSFET-based power clamp for on-chip ESD protection

We present a novel RC-triggered, MOSFET-based power clamp for on-chip ESD protection. The cascaded PFET feedback technique is introduced. As with other feedback techniques, only a very small time constant is required for the RC trigger circuit which results in reduced capacitor area and reduced leakage at power-up. If mistriggering occurs, it is self-corrected with this dynamic feedback technique.