cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suprainguinal and infrainguinal peripheral artery disease—Do women present differently than men

Abstract Women are understudied regarding the sex-specific prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes for treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Women outnumber men in PAD regarding disease burden, in part due to longer lifespans. The prevalence of PAD in women increases with age and is associated with classical risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. However, sex-specific risk factors such as hypertensive pregnancy, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and oral contraceptives have also been associated with an increased incidence of PAD in women. Women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms rather than classical signs of claudication. They are less likely to smoke tobacco but are more likely to be older and have more advanced PAD on diagnosis and intervention.
The Interaction between Flow-Induced Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation: A Mechanism for Setting the Level of Vascular Tone

Although the possibility that changes in blood flow might influence vascular tone was first described more than 40 years ago (36), there are still differences of opinion regarding the nature of the changes and their role in the regulation of the diameter of small blood vessels. In this chapter we will develop the hypothesis first put forward in 1990 (7) that flow initiates two responses, constriction and dilation, which depend on separate cellular mechanisms and that the final manifestation of the response to flow is the consequence of their interaction. Under isometric conditions flow causes contraction, constriction — an increase in wall tone when the smooth muscle cells are in a low state of tone, i.e. when the blood vessel is relatively relaxed. On the otherhand, when wall tone is raised and the blood vessel is more constricted, flow commonly causes relaxation, dilation — the result of an active inhibition of wall tone. The exact definition of “relatively relaxed” and “more constricted” varies depending on factors that are poorly understood. There are some observations that suggest that when wall tone is “excessively” raised, the predominant response to intraluminal flow is contraction. What is excessive, remains at the moment, undefined. It may be that the flow-induced constriction seen at high levels of wall tone simply represents an extension of the contraction component seen at low tone levels but without concomitant masking flow-induced dilation. The level of wall tone when flow-contraction and flow-dilation responses are in balance has been termed — the flow balance or set point.
In vivo characterization of several rodent glioma models by 1H MRS.

assessed from 1 H MRS using point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) [TE=24ms; TR=2500ms; variable pulse power and optimized relaxation delay (VAPOR) water suppression; 27-m La nd 8-mL voxels in rats and mice, respectively] at 7T. Alterations in metabolites (Totally Automatic Robust Quantitation in NMR, TARQUIN) in tumors were characterized by increases in lipids (Lip1.3: 8.8–54.5mM for C6 and GL261) and decreases in NAA (1.3–2.0mM for RG2, GL261 and C6) and tCr (0.8–4.0mM for F98, RG2, GL261 and C6) in some models. F98, RG2, GL261 and C6 models all showed significantly decreased (p<0.05) tCr, and RG2, GL261 and C6 models all exhibited significantly decreased (p<0.05) NAA. The RG2 model showed significantly decreased (p<0.05) Gln and Glu, the C6 model significantly decreased (p<0.05) Asp, and the F98 and U87 models significantly decreased (p<0.05) Gua, compared with controls. The GL261 model showed the greatest alterations in metabolites. 1 H MRS was able to differentiate the metabolic profiles in many of the seven rodent glioma models assessed. These models are considered to resemble certain characteristics of human glioblastomas, and this study may be helpful in selecting appropriate models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Deadly Double Life

The human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme that connects the amino acid tyrosine with its correct tRNA in preparation for protein synthesis, seems to have a totally different function according to [Wakasugi and Schimmel][1], reporting in this issue. In a Perspective on this work, Weiner and Maizels explain that as cells undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is secreted and cleaved into two fragments, each with cytokine activity. Weiner and Maizels speculate that the cytokines might encourage phagocytic cells such as macrophages to arrive at the scene of apoptosis and clear up the cell corpses. The authors also discuss the evolution of this dual existence as the EMAPII-like domain is conserved in the tRNA synthetases of bacteria, yeast, and worms. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/284/5411/147
Mathematical Modelling in Fiber and Waveguide Grating Structures

In this chapter, I give an overview of mathematical modelling in fiber and waveguide grating structures. Studies on fiber and waveguide gratings and fiber arrays are presented. The possible formation of soliton-like and bullet-like pulses in such media are discussed.
Credentialing CAM providers

Stephen M Perle, DC, MS* Eisenberg et al.1 have shown what I believe to be their bias in their paper detailing the credentialing of complementary and alternative medical providers (CAM). Eisenberg and colleagues (3 of whom are MDs) deal with this topic in a way that I believe is consistent with their status as the majority health care providers. The biases or arrogance with which the majority deals with a minority is often completely transparent to the members of the majority. Even if they are trying to be dispassionate and unbiased, the bias can be glaring to the minority. The most blatant bias in Eisenberg’s1 paper would probably be obvious to any of the regular readers of this journal. It is easy to say that it is an issue that I would have been aware of given my past residence in Canada and my research collaboration with two Canadians.2,3 But suffice it to say that at the least my awareness of Eisenberg’s bias is heightened by whom I am writing this commentary for, a Canadian chiropractic journal. It must be apparent now that the bias I am referring to is that their paper covers credentialing of CAM providers in the United States only, but does not say this anywhere in the abstract or paper. I suppose one could assume that it is a given that the paper is about the credentialing of CAM providers in the States because it appears in the official journal of the American College of Physicians and American Society of Internal Medicine. However a Medline search of Annals of Internal Medicine showed that of 18864 articles, 134 are by Canadians or about Canada is some way. So this journal while rarely publishing papers by or about Canadians does do so rarely. In the first paragraph Eisenberg et al.’s bias or should I said their medical superiority complex shines through clearly. They say, “Legislative recognition trumps medical recognition: State legislature can license providers and thereby grant citizens access to certain therapies, even if scientific debate has not concluded in favor of those modalities.” To me this is the most troubling statement in the whole paper for the implication here is two fold: Having biases seems to be a fundamental human trait. We have biases about almost everything. It is a constant battle to try to control our biases. In science one often goes to extreme measures to remove the bias of subjects and researchers. This is done with blinding and control. The purpose of the experimental design is to as effectively as possible remove bias from the study. In some studies one cannot systematically avoid bias but one must be aware of the possibility of bias affecting a study or one’s writing and be vigilant for its appearance.
Productivity in Banking and Effects from Deregulation

Over the last decade, banking productivity growth has been quite low, between 0.60 to -0.07 percent a year. Deregulation has served to raise banking costs but not measured output. Consumers may have benefited, but banks have not.
Innateness, Philosophical Issues about

Philosophical problems about innateness cover conceptual and empirical issues regarding the claim that concepts or beliefs are innate, inborn, or genetically determined.
A mm-Sized Implantable Medical Device (IMD) With Ultrasonic Power Transfer and a Hybrid Bi-Directional Data Link

A first proof-of-concept mm-sized implantable device using ultrasonic power transfer and a hybrid bi-directional data communication link is presented. Ultrasonic power transfer enables miniaturization of the implant and operation deep inside the body, while still achieving safe and high power levels (100 $\mu$ W to a few mWs) required for most implant applications. The current implant prototype measures 4 mm $\times $ 7.8 mm and is comprised of a piezoelectric receiver, an IC designed in 65 nm CMOS process and an off-chip antenna. The IC can support a maximum DC load of 100 $\mu$ W for an incident acoustic intensity that is $\sim $ 5% of the FDA diagnostic limit. This demonstrates the feasibility of providing further higher available DC power, potentially opening up new implant applications. The proposed hybrid bi-directional data link consists of ultrasonic downlink and RF uplink. Falling edge of the ultrasound input is detected as downlink data. The implant transmits an ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse sequence as uplink data, demonstrating capability of implementing an energy-efficient M-ary PPM transmitter in the future.
The Effects of Lifting Posture on Trunk Muscle Activity

Trunk muscle activity of twelve healthy males with coal mining experience was examined while each subject lifted a box under various conditions. The independent variables were four levels of posture (kneeling, stooped under a 1.2 m roof, stooped under a 1.6 m roof, and standing), height to which the box was lifted (35 cm or 70 cm), and weight of the lifting box (15 kg, 20 kg, or 25 kg). The dependent variables were the peak EMG values recorded during a lift for each of eight trunk muscles (left and right erectores spinae, left and right latissimus dorsi, left and right external oblique, and left and right rectus abdominis). Posture and weight of lift significantly affected peak activity of the left and right erectores spinae, the left and right latissimus dorsi muscles, and the right external oblique muscle. The latissimus dorsi muscle activity was highest in the low stooping posture, and was lowest in the kneeling posture, while erectores spinae activity was highest in the kneeling posture and decreased ...
Evidence for triiodothyronine receptors in human endometrium and myometrium

Thyroid gland dysfunction in humans may cause various female reproductive tract disorders. Thyroid hormone action is thought to be mediated by high-affinity low-capacity receptor proteins located in the nucleus. The studies detailed in this report were undertaken to determine if uterine nuclei contain specific high-affinity receptors for thyroid hormone. Nuclei from human endometrium and myometrium were prepared by homogenization and centrifugation following routine surgical procedures. With the use of isolated nuclei, binding experiments with 125I-triiodothyronine (T3) revealed a dissociation constant of approximately 1 X 10(-9) M in both endometrium and myometrium with a maximum number of binding sites equivalent to 0.06 and 0.21 pmol/mg of DNA, respectively. The solubilized binding sites were destroyed largely by trypsin treatment. Competition experiments revealed the following relative binding affinities for these nuclear binding sites: L-T3 greater than D-T3 greater than L-thyronine greater than reverse T3. These results indicate the presence in the human uterus of specific high-affinity binding sites with characteristics expected of a T3 receptor and thus raise the possibility that thyroid hormone may exert effects on the uterus through these receptors.
Transitioning to stepfamily life: the influence of closeness with biological parents and stepparents on children's stress

Family transitions, such as stepfamily formation, can be a source of stress for adults and children. Yet, the stepfamily literature lacks a focus on factors that influence child stress levels while transitioning to stepfamily life. Using a social support perspective, the purpose of this study was to assess the independent and additive influence of closeness with three common parental figures on retrospective reports of stress experienced by children during stepfamily formation. A sample of 1139 emerging adults from a retrospective, US-based national quota sample, the Stepfamily Experiences Project, was analysed. Results indicated that parental relationships have independent, not combined, effects on stress. More specifically, we found that greater closeness with resident stepparents and resident biological parents was associated with less stress in children, whereas greater closeness with non-resident biological parents was associated with slightly greater levels of stress. These findings reflect (i) the primacy of residential relationships in children's stress reduction; (ii) the benefit of parental relationships to children as sources of social support during stressful family transitions; and (iii) the potential for children to experience stressful loyalty binds during stepfamily formation. Implications for social work practice, limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Molecular details of a starch utilization pathway in the human gut symbiont Eubacterium rectale

Eubacterium rectale is a prominent human gut symbiont yet little is known about the molecular strategies this bacterium has developed to acquire nutrients within the competitive gut ecosystem. Starch is one of the most abundant glycans in the human diet, and E. rectale increases in vivo when the host consumes a diet rich in resistant starch, although it is not a primary degrader of this glycan. Here we present the results of a quantitative proteomics study in which we identify two glycoside hydrolase 13 family enzymes, and three ABC transporter solute-binding proteins that are abundant during growth on starch and, we hypothesize, work together at the cell surface to degrade starch and capture the released maltooligosaccharides. EUR_21100 is a multidomain cell wall anchored amylase that preferentially targets starch polysaccharides, liberating maltotetraose, whereas the membrane-associated maltogenic amylase EUR_01860 breaks down maltooligosaccharides longer than maltotriose. The three solute-binding proteins display a range of glycan-binding specificities that ensure the capture of glucose through maltoheptaose and some α1,6-branched glycans. Taken together, we describe a pathway for starch utilization by E. rectale DSM 17629 that may be conserved among other starch-degrading Clostridium cluster XIVa organisms in the human gut.
Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis

Background/aims: Topical corticoids are used to treat irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in humans. However, their clinical efficacy remains sub judice. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of low- and medium-potency corticosteroids on irritant dermatitis. Methods: We induced an acute ICD via open application of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on the hands of subjects. The dorsal side of hands was irritated with 10% SLS five times in one day. Once on day 1 and twice daily on days 2–5, 1% hydrocortisone, 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate and vehicle cream (petrolatum) were applied subsequently. Visual grading, bioengineering techniques and squamometry were used to quantify skin response. Results: Corticosteroids were found ineffective in treating the surfactant-induced irritant dermatitis when compared with the vehicle and with the untreated control. Conclusion: The counterintuitive result (in a relatively realistic and robust model) should be interpreted with caution until verified with other irritants of varying physicochemical properties.
Relationship between Adolescent Marijuana Use and Young Adult Illicit Drug Use

We examined three components of the “gateway theory” in relation to marijuana use: (1) whether adolescent marijuana use predicts young adult drug use, (2) whether this association persists when controlling for similar family background, (3) whether common genetic or environmental factors contribute to the association. The three components were tested in adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health assessed twice during adolescence and then re-interviewed 5 years later. Component 1 was tested in 18,286 subjects, component 2 in sibling pairs (n=360) discordant for marijuana use, and component 3 in a genetically informative sub-sample (n=4846). Marijuana use was defined as any use during adolescence, and drug use was defined as self-reported past year use of other illicit drugs besides marijuana. Marijuana users were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as young adults than non-users. Shared environmental factors mediated much of the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and young adult drug use. The association remained, however, even when controlling for familial environmental and other measured factors.
Control systems approach to the sample inverse covariance matrix

A new method is proposed for finding the inverse of the covariance (or correlation) matrix. The technique is based on a previous method known as automatic variance control. The technique naturally gives rise to the inverse due to the properties of negative feedback itself rather than by traditional invertion methods. The method can be applied to the non-stationary problem and can form part of a recursive parameter estimation scheme.
Regulation of protein kinase CK1αLS by dephosphorylation in response to hydrogen peroxide

Low levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are mitogenic to mammalian cells and stimulate the hyperphosphorylation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP-C) by protein kinase CK1α. However, the mechanisms by which CK1α is regulated have been unclear. Here it is demonstrated that low levels of H2O2 stimulate the rapid dephosphorylation of CK1αLS, a nuclear splice form of CK1α. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that either treatment of endothelial cells with H2O2, or dephosphorylation of CK1αLS in vitro enhances the association of CK1αLS with hnRNP-C. In addition, dephosphorylation of CK1αLS in vitro enhances the kinase’s ability to phosphorylate hnRNP-C. While CK1α appears to be present in all metazoans, analysis of CK1α genomic sequences from several species reveals that the alternatively spliced nuclear localizing L-insert is unique to vertebrates, as is the case for hnRNP-C. These observations indicate that CK1αLS and hnRNP-C represent conserved components of a vertebrate-specific H2O2-responsive nuclear signaling pathway.
Are the stray 60-Hz electromagnetic fields associated with the distribution and use of electric power a significant cause of cancer?

Abstract The putative causal relation between ambient low-frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (necessarily present in living and working environments because of our ever increasing use of electrical devices) and cancer, especially leukemia, can be tested on the large scale by examining historical data on the growth of the generation and consumption of electric power since 1900 and corresponding data on cancer death and incidence rates. The United States per capita generation and residential consumption of electric power have grown roughly exponentially since 1900; total per capita generation has increased by a factor of 10 since 1940, and per capita residential consumption has increased by a factor of 20 in the same period. The ubiquitous stray fields from power distribution lines and internal and external wiring in buildings have grown in the same proportions. In contrast to the explosive increase in the generation and use of electricity, the age-adjusted cancer death rate for the population as a whole shows only a slight rise since 1900. When respiratory cancers (largely caused by tobacco use) are subtracted, the remaining death rate has actually fallen since 1940. That the death rate may have fallen because of better diagnosis and treatment, despite a rising incidence rate, is not substantiated, especially for leukemia, including childhood leukemia, where the incidence rate has been constant or declining slightly for the past 25 yr. The absence of any appreciable change in the national cancer incidence rates during a period in which residential use of electric power has increased dramatically shows that the associated stray 50- or 60-Hz electromagnetic fields pose no significant hazard to the average individual.
Chlorothalonil exposure of workers on mechanical tomato harvesters.

Abstract Worker exposure to chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, Bravo® during mechanical tomato harvester operations of fruit for processing was estimated from passive dermal dosimetry monitoring (gauze pad and undershirt dosimetry), air concentration measurements and hand washes. Gauze pad dosimeters placed outside of workers' clothing gave an average potential dermal exposure of 499.6 μg/h. Dermal exposure based on undershirt dosimetry averaged 43.4 μg/h. Air concentrations ranged from 0.002–0.02 μg/l. Dislodgeable fruit residues were measured and used to develop transfer factors (cm2/h) for both the pad dosimetry (450) and shirt dosimetry (40). Study results indicate that normal work clothing provides a 90% reduction in dermal exposure to Chlorothalonil and that contribution of inhalation to total exposure ranges from 8.1–28%.
Positron lifetimes in voids and other defects in annealed, neutron-irradiated aluminum

Positron lifetimes were measured in neutron-irradiated high-purity aluminum single crystals, and companion small-angle x-ray scattering experiments were performed to determine the radius of gyration and volume fraction of radiation-induced voids. The lifetime data are consistent with a model in which positrons are trapped both in voids and in other defects which are tentatively identified as vacancy clusters bound to transmutation-produced silicon. The lifetime in the latter defects increased from 230 to 430 ps as the voids annealed out (around 306/sup 0/C), suggesting that the clusters grow in size as voids disappear. The lifetime in voids remained constant at (550 +- 30) ps.
An automatic directional correlation system

Abstract An inexpensive method has been devised to automate a directional correlation system. The prerequisites for the system are a multichannel analyzer with an automatic recycling capability and a slow output such as a teletypewriter and the electronics, timing equipment, amplifiers, etc., used in a manual system. The unique features of the system are that it can be constructed from parts readily available in most labs and that both the coincidence spectra and the singles from the movable detector are stored in the multichannel analyzer obviating the need for expensive printing scalers.
Eukaryotic 5S rRNA biogenesis

The ribosome is a large complex containing both protein and RNA which must be assembled in a precise manner to allow proper functioning in the critical role of protein synthesis. 5S rRNA is the smallest of the RNA components of the ribosome, and although it has been studied for decades, we still do not have a clear understanding of its function within the complex ribosome machine. It is the only RNA species that binds ribosomal proteins prior to its assembly into the ribosome. Its transport into the nucleolus requires this interaction. Here we present an overview of some of the key findings concerning the structure and function of 5S rRNA and how its association with specific proteins impacts its localization and function. WIREs RNA 2011 2 523–533 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.74 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Leucine supplementation chronically improves muscle protein synthesis in older adults consuming the RDA for protein

Summary Background & aim Protein-energy supplementation is routinely employed to combat muscle loss. However, success is often compromised by increased satiety, poor palatability, high costs and low compliance. Methods For 2-weeks we supplemented meals of older individuals with leucine (4 g/meal; 3 meals/day; days 2–14). Metabolic studies were performed prior to (Day 1) and following (Day 15) supplementation. Leucine was not provided on metabolic study days. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained during a primed constant infusion of L-[ring- 13 C 6 ] phenylalanine. Mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR), body composition and markers of nutrient signaling (mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 phosphorylation) were measured before and after a low protein/carbohydrate simulated meal. Results The meal modestly increased FSR on Day 1 (postabsorptive: 0.063 ± 0.004 vs. postprandial: 0.075 ± 0.006%/h; p = 0.03), however, two weeks of leucine supplementation increased postabsorptive FSR ( p = 0.004) and the response to the meal ( p = 0.01) (postabsorptive: 0.074 ± 0.007 vs. postprandial: 0.10 ± 0.007%/h). Changes in FSR were mirrored by increased phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 ( p ≤ 0.1). No change in fat free mass was observed ( p > 0.05). Conclusions In older adults, leucine supplementation may improve muscle protein synthesis in response to lower protein meals.
Effect of indentation load on fragmentation of erosion particle tips

Abstract Erosion studies on alumina of varying hardnesses impacted by Al 2 O 3 and SiC erodent particles suggest that particle fragmentation may significantly affect the erosion behavior of ceramics. The effect of load on the fragmentation of impacting particles has been systematically studied here using indentations of individual particles on sapphire. Replicas of particle tip geometry were made by indenting a diamond-turned copper sample. Scanning electron microscopy of such indentations at varying loads reveals a threshold load at which fragmentation occurs. The threshold load depends on the material properties of the individual particles, and it appears that softer particles fragment at lower loads than harder particles do. The crushing of impacting particles can lead to the blunting of particle tips and thus alter the erosion mechanism of hard targets impacted with softer erodents.
The total synthesis of radermachol

The red pigment, radermachol (1), has been synthesized from 1,4-dimethoxynaphthelene in thirteen steps.
Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Muscle under Servo Control

Accurate measurement and analysis of the mechanical events in active muscle requires the use of high-speed equipment. A hydraulic servo-valve, controlled by analog units (integrators, adders, inverters), can be used to control the speed of shortening of muscle at rates as high as 1 mm per millisecond. The apparatus can be used for isometric, isotonic, and controlled release experiments. Both release and stretch, at high or low speeds, can be produced during a single contraction cycle. Force is measured by an unbonded strain gauge of high natural frequency and low compliance. To maintain constant force on the muscle, a signal proportional to measured force is fed into an error detector, whose output controls the servovalve piston. The instrumentation described can provide the necessary and sufficient information to specify completely both transient and steady-state mechanical properties of muscle.
RSS gradient-assisted frontier exploration and radio source localization

We consider the combined problem of frontier exploration in a complex indoor environment while seeking a radio source. To do this in an efficient manner, we incorporate radio signal strength (RSS) information into the exploration algorithm by locally sampling the RSS and estimating the 2-D RSS gradient. The algorithm exploits the local motion to collect RSS samples for gradient estimation and seeks to explore in a way that brings the robot to the signal source. This strategy avoids random or exhaustive exploration. An indoor experiment demonstrates the exploration algorithm that uses this information to dynamically prioritize candidate frontiers and traverse to a radio source. Simulations, including radio propagation modeling with a ray-tracing algorithm, enable study of control algorithm tradeoffs and statistical performance.
Electron Microscope Studies on the Origin and Development of the Vacuole in Root Tip Cells of Phaseolus

1. The vacuoles of Phaseolus root tip cells arise by expansion of small irregular-shaped provacuoles in meristematic cells.2. A differential staining effect obtained, together with certain morphological features, indicated that provacuoles were not derived from any other cell organelles.3. Because of this it is suggested that one or more provacuoles persist in the cytoplasm during cell divisions, thus giving continuity to the structures.4. Provacuoles proliferate through the cytoplasm by extension growth of the surface membranes forming long tentacle-like profiles in the cytoplasm, parts of which expand to produce more provacuoles.5. Subsequent enlargement of these provacuoles to form the vacuole proper, involves, firstly, active growth of the membrane, and secondly, the interplay of hydrostatic factors.
Malaysian Foodways: Confluence and Separation

This paper discusses the concept of “hybridity” as applied to nonya cuisine, the long-established fusion cuisine between Fujian Chinese and Bumiputra (Malay) cuisines in Malaysia. “Hybridity” is shown to be an inappropriate concept, because nonya cooking is simply one aspect of the millennia-old interaction within East and Southeast Asia's single, if highly diverse, food region.
Survival of White-tailed Deer in Wisconsin's Chronic Wasting Disease Zone

Abstract We analyzed the survival rates of 160 Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) over 6 years in the area of Wisconsin's highest prevalence of chronic wasting disease. Survival was very high for all age/sex classes and varied by season but not by year. When we omitted hunting mortality, yearlings and adults had similar annual survival, with survival of males (0.83–0.89) slightly lower than survival of females (0.91). However, including hunting mortality reduced survival of yearling and adult males to 0.72 and 0.41, and survival of yearling and adult females to 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. We also observed seasonal patterns, characterized by reduced survival across all sex and age classes during the rut season (10 October to 31 December), which includes the period of maximum hunting. Six mortalities (8.3%) were associated with chronic wasting disease, including one deer that died from the disease. We find no evidence that CWD was substantially increasing mortality rates during the duration of our ...
Predictors of Psychosocial Adjustment to Breast Cancer

Sixty-seven women treated for breast cancer completed a battery of psychological tests to examine which psychological variables contributed most to several indexes of adjustment. An avoidant style of coping was associated with poorer adjustment on several different indexes, and an active coping style was associated with better adjustment on several indexes. Denial was related to poort adjustment on only one index - orientation ot health care. Day-to-day stresses were an important predictor of both psychological and domestic adjustment. Health locus of control and the stage and duration of cancer were not related to any adjustment indexes.
Wave-equation reflection traveltime inversion with dynamic warping and full-waveform inversion

ABSTRACTIn reflection seismology, full-waveform inversion (FWI) can generate high-wavenumber subsurface velocity models but often suffers from an objective function with local minima caused mainly by the absence of low frequencies in seismograms. These local minima cause cycle skipping when the low-wavenumber component in the initial velocity model for FWI is far from the true model. To avoid cycle skipping, we discovered a new wave-equation reflection traveltime inversion (WERTI) to update the low-wavenumber component of the velocity model, while using FWI to only update high-wavenumber details of the model. We implemented the low- and high-wavenumber inversions in an alternating way. In WERTI, we used dynamic image warping (DIW) to estimate the time shifts between recorded data and synthetic data. When compared with correlation-based techniques often used in traveltime estimation, DIW can avoid cycle skipping and estimate the time shifts accurately, even when shifts vary rapidly. Hence, by minimizing tr...
Fabrication of gold nanostructures through pulsed laser interference patterning

In this Letter, we report on the experimental development and computational modeling of a simple, one-step method for the fabrication of diverse 2D and 3D periodic nanostructures derived from gold films on silicon substrates and over areas spanning 1 cm2. These nanostructures can be patterned on films of thickness ranging from 50 nm to 500 nm with pulsed interfering laser beams. A finite volume-based inhomogeneous multiphase model of the process shows reasonable agreement with the experimentally obtained topographies and provides insights on the flow physics including normal and radial expansion that results in peeling of film from the substrate.
THz characterization of lysozyme at different conformations

This work demonstrates application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique in the low terahertz frequency range of 10-25 cm-1 to discriminate between different protein conformations and evaluate possible application of THz spectroscopy for monitoring of protein folding-unfolding process. A specific procedure developed earlier for unfolding lysozyme by salt (KSCN) precipitation and refolding the lysozyme molecules by removing of KSCN and dissolving in sodium acetate was used to prepare three different forms of lysozyme. In addition, two standard procedures were used to prepare samples in unfolded conformation: denaturation at high temperature ~95° C followed by fast freezing, and dissolution in 6 M guanidine. Thin, air dried protein films were characterized as well as material in the form of gel. Spectra reveal resonance features in transmission which represent vibrational modes in the protein samples. A great variability of spectral features for the different conformational states showed the sensitivity of vibrational frequencies to the three dimensional structure of proteins. The results obtained on liquid (gel) samples indicate that THz transmission spectroscopy can be used for monitoring folding-unfolding process in a realistic, aqueous environment.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Allylboronic ester synthesis: A mechanistic study

Abstract The selective formation of allylboronic esters via the allylation of trialkylborates using allylmagnesium bromide was found to be temperature dependent. At −78°C, allylmagnesium bromide reacts cleanly with triisopropylborate to provide allyldiisopropoxyborane. The initially formed bromomagnesium allyl triisopropoxyboronate precipates at this temperature prohibiting the formation of more highly allylated products.
Perturbation theory of liquid helium-4 at zero temperature

Abstract The formal pertubation theory of a Bose liquid, due to Beliaev, Hugenholtz, Pines, Gavoret, and Nozieres, is carefully examined in an effort to surmount the limitations of the Brueckner-Sawada theory of liquid He 4 . In order to make the formal results as directly relevant as possible for Brueckner-theoretic calculations, all of the basic results are rederived by time-independent and number-conserving methods, starting from a linked-cluster expansion for bosons which is the exact analog of the Goldstone expansion for normal fermion systems. The analogy between the ground state and collective excitations of liquid He 4 , and those of a normal Fermi liquid, is emphasized and explored in detail. Several aspects of the difficult problem of convergence are discussed. A specific partial summation procedure is recommended, the compact-cluster scheme, to deal with the short-range correlations within clusters of more than two particles. It is then argued that the very strong depletion of the condensate would lead to an extremely slow convergence for the most obvious class of approximations, and a remedy for this difficulty is proposed. The possibility of establishing a fairly detailed correspondence between the perturbation-theoretic wavefunction and the Jastrow wavefunction, including Feenberg-CBF extensions of the latter, is also pointed out.
Phase Diagrams for Systems with Low Free Energy Variation: A Coupled Theory/Experiments Method Applied to Li-Graphite

The paper presents a fast and efficient method to compute phase diagrams using first-principles methods and statistical physics coupled with experimental techniques. The method is applied to lithium intercalated graphite for which evidence of experimental anomalies have recently questioned the currently accepted stage II/stage I two-phase transformation in the 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 composition range. Our coupled experimental and theoretical analysis has led to a full determination of the LixC6 phase diagram in this range of composition, revealing previously unknown phase transitions and the characterization of at least two new phases.
Minimal interference of glucose and ethanol on aflatoxin B1 adsorption by smectites.

Abstract Due to stringent regulations on aflatoxins in food and feed, and an increased demand for biofuel, it is reasonable to direct aflatoxin-contaminated corn to biofuel production. Of great concern is the up to three-fold mycotoxin enrichment in distiller's grains, a co-product of ethanol biofuel production. The objective of this study was to test the interferences of ethanol and glucose on aflatoxin adsorption by smectites. Ethanol and glucose are two of the major soluble compounds present in fermentation solutions. The aflatoxin adsorption capacities of four smectites from Mississippi (2MS, 3MS, and 4MS) and Alabama (MBBO1) were evaluated in water and in ethanol/glucose. The highest aflatoxin B1 adsorption capacity (Q max ) of the four smectites in water was 0.59 mol kg − 1 (184 g kg − 1 ). Batch adsorption experiments suggested that smectites effectively adsorbed aflatoxin B1 from the simulated fermentation solutions. Aflatoxin adsorption from 10% (w/v) glucose and 20% (v/v) ethanol to clay was 90% of aflatoxin adsorption to clay from pure distilled water. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that aflatoxin–smectite complexes formed in water, 10% glucose, and 20% ethanol solutions responded similarly to heat treatment and maintained basal spacings > 1.2 nm up to 300 °C, whereas the smectite without aflatoxin treatment collapsed to 1.0 nm at 150 °C. The greater basal spacing after heat treatment suggested that smectite interlayers were accessible to aflatoxin in the presence of high glucose and ethanol concentrations. Infrared spectra of aflatoxin–smectite complexes formed in the simulated fermentation solutions were nearly identical to infrared spectra of aflatoxin–smectite complexes formed in distilled water. This suggests that ethanol and glucose had little influence on the type or strength of bonding between aflatoxin and smectite and that washing with water easily removed any adsorbed ethanol and glucose. The distinct two-carbonyl bond in-phase stretching vibration at 1727 cm − 1 revealed irreversible aflatoxin B1 bonding in smectite interlayers. It can be concluded that glucose and ethanol interferences with aflatoxin adsorption to smectites is minimal.
Negative findings on the seven-minute coefficient of outflow.

Over the years since the initial accep­ tance of tonography as a useful tool in the evaluation of the potentially glaucomatous patient, many attempts have been made either to improve on its value or to dis­ pute 1 0 its importance. Among the numer­ ous investigations on the subject have been suggestions that alteration in the length of tonography or refinement of the mathematic calculation of the coefficient of out­ flow might be worthwhile. Most of these efforts^roved t 0 D e 0f g r e a t interest but appeared to have little practical advantage when compared with the conventional ap­ proach. Although the theory of tonography does not require a four-minute test time, this period has become relatively standard. In contrast, however, Leydhecker has pro­ posed that a longer tonographic measure­ ment is of greater assistance in the differ­ entiation of normal from glaucomatous eyes. In his method, the test is extended to seven minutes. Instead of then determin­ ing the C value in the standard way, only the last four minutes of the tracing are used along with Friedenwald's nomograms to obtain a C(3-7)Finally, the quotient P3/C(3_7) is found by dividing the pressure at the end of three minutes (P3) by the co­ efficient of outflow from that point to the end of the seventh minute C(3-7>Despite a comparatively large overlap in the dis­ tribution of P3/Cf3-7) for normal and glau­ comatous eyes (Table 1), Leydhecker stated that "my test is at present the most
Normal maturational changes in bone matrix, mineral, and crystal size in the rat

Normal rat bone maturation has been studied using biochemical methods and hydrazine separation of matrix and mineral for X-ray diffraction. In the bone, the amount of mineral increases between 4 and 22 weeks of age, while in the matrix, the ratio of noncollagenous protein to collagen progressively decreases. In mineral, in the absence of serum ion changes, growth in mean crystal size appears to be the determinant of the changing ratios of calcium, magnesium, carbonate, and phosphorus, and of the increasing mineral density.
Evoked potentials research

The signal measuring methodology, stimuli, and signal processing methodology used in evoked potentials research are described. The typical method of measuring evoked potentials is to attach Ag-AgCL electrodes to the scalp at specific locations. Visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli are used. Signal averaging remains one of the most widely used processing tools. >
CURRENT ALGEBRAS, REGGE POLES, AND THE ISOVECTOR ANOMALOUS MAGNETIC MOMENT OF THE NUCLEON.

We discuss the sum rule for the isovector anomalous magnetic moment of the nucleon ${{F}_{2}}^{V}(0)=1.85$, which is obtained from the current commutation relation $\ensuremath{\delta}({x}_{0})[{{A}_{0}}^{+}(x), {{A}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(0)]=2{{V}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{3}(x){\ensuremath{\delta}}^{4}(x)$ by use of the covariant method proposed by Fubini. We find that (1) the sum rule cannot be evaluated without explicit knowledge of one of the axial-vector-nucleon "scattering" amplitudes; (2) calculating the contributions from the ${P}_{33}(1236)$ and ${D}_{13}(1525)$ using a dispersion-pole model of the weak amplitude gives only ${{F}_{2}}^{V}(0)=0.37$, and (3) estimating the high-energy continuum contribution to the sum rule from Reggepole fits to $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ charge-exchange scattering increases the result to ${{F}_{2}}^{V}(0)\ensuremath{\cong}1.0$. It seems that the sum rule is dominated by low- and high-energy continuum contributions, which must be more accurately known before the validity of the sum rule can be judged.
Influence of LDH viruses on growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice.

Summary1. Ehrlich Mouse Ascites Carcinoma (EMC) was freed from an endogenous LDH virus by passage in tissue culture, and subsequently carried virus-free for 27 generations in mice. 2. Plasma LDH was from 10- to 40-fold elevated in mice carrying the stock infected tumor. Over 90% of mice carrying the virus-free tumor, however, had normal plasma LDH levels. 3. Growth rate of the virus-free tumor was accelerated by the LDH virus from Ehrlich Mouse Carcinoma itself and also by LDH agents isolated from DBA/59 mammary carcinoma and CD/5 lymphoma. It is suggested that the virus may depress host resistance to the tumor.
Ketamine, magnesium and major depression--from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back.

Abstract The glutamatergic mechanism of antidepressant treatments is now in the center of research to overcome the limitations of monoamine-based approaches. There are several unresolved issues. For the action of the model compound, ketamine, NMDA-receptor block, AMPA-receptor activation and BDNF release appear to be involved in a mechanism, which leads to synaptic sprouting and strengthened synaptic connections. The link to the pathophysiology of depression is not clear. An overlooked connection is the role of magnesium, which acts as physiological NMDA-receptor antagonist: 1. There is overlap between the actions of ketamine with that of high doses of magnesium in animal models, finally leading to synaptic sprouting. 2. Magnesium and ketamine lead to synaptic strengthening, as measured by an increase in slow wave sleep in humans. 3. Pathophysiological mechanisms, which have been identified as risk factors for depression, lead to a reduction of (intracellular) magnesium. These are neuroendocrine changes (increased cortisol and aldosterone) and diabetes mellitus as well as Mg 2+ deficiency. 4. Patients with therapy refractory depression appear to have lower CNS Mg 2+ levels in comparison to health controls. 5. Experimental Mg 2+ depletion leads to depression- and anxiety like behavior in animal models. 6. Ketamine, directly or indirectly via non-NMDA glutamate receptor activation, acts to increase brain Mg 2+ levels. Similar effects have been observed with other classes of antidepressants. 7. Depressed patients with low Mg 2+ levels tend to be therapy refractory. Accordingly, administration of Mg 2+ either alone or in combination with standard antidepressants acts synergistically on depression like behavior in animal models. Conclusion On the basis of the potential pathophysiological role of Mg 2+ -regulation, it may be possible to predict the action of ketamine and of related compounds based on Mg 2+ levels. Furthermore, screening for compounds to increase neuronal Mg 2+ concentration could be a promising instrument to identify new classes of antidepressants. Overall, any discussion of the glutamatergic system in affective disorders should consider the role of Mg 2+ .