cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary deep water results in single-beacon one-way-travel-time acoustic navigation for underwater vehicles

This paper reports the development and experimental evaluation of a novel navigation system for underwater vehicles that employs Doppler sonar, synchronous clocks, and acoustic modems to achieve simultaneous acoustic communication and navigation. The system reported herein, which is employed to renavigate the vehicle in post-processing, forms the basis for a vehicle-based real-time navigation system. Existing high-precision absolute navigation techniques for underwater vehicles are impractical over long length scales and lack scalability for simultaneously navigating multiple vehicles. The navigation method reported in this paper relies on a single moving reference beacon, eliminating the requirement for the underwater vehicle to remain in a bounded navigable area. The use of underwater modems and synchronous clocks enables range measurements based on one-way time-of-flight information from acoustic data packet broadcasts. The acoustic data packets are broadcast from the single, moving reference beacon and can be received simultaneously by multiple vehicles within acoustic range. We report experimental results from the first deep-water evaluation of this method using data collected from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) survey carried out in 4000 m of water on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We report a comparative experimental evaluation of the navigation fixes provided by the proposed synchronous acoustic navigation system in comparison to navigation fixes obtained by an independent conventional long baseline acoustic navigation system.
Occurrence of mental illness following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Following publication of the original article [1], the author reported that, because of a programming error, incorrect sentences and incorrect Table 3 has been published. The correct sentences and Table 3 are shown below.
Sudden Cardiac Death From the Perspective of Coronary Artery Disease

Sudden cardiac death accounts for approximately 50% of all deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease in the United States. It is most commonly associated with coronary artery disease and can be its initial manifestation or may occur in the period after an acute myocardial infarction. Decreasing the rate of sudden cardiac death requires the identification and treatment of at-risk patients through evidence-based pharmacotherapy and interventional strategies aimed at primary andsecondaryprevention. For this review, we searched PubMed for potentially relevant articles published from January 1, 1970, through March 1, 2014, using the following key search terms: sudden cardiac death, ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction ,a nd cardiac arrest. Searches were enhanced by scanning bibliographies of identified articles, and those deemed relevantwereselectedforfull-textreview.Thisreviewoutlinesvariousmechanismsforsuddencardiacdeathin thesettingofcoronaryarterydisease,describesriskfactorsforsuddencardiacdeath,exploresthemanagement of cardiac arrest, and outlines optimal practice for the monitoring and treatment of patients after an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction to decrease the risk of sudden death. a 2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research n Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(12):1685-1698
A NEW APPROACH TO MODELING AND CONTROL OF A FOOD EXTRUSION PROCESS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND AN EXPERT SYSTEM

The paper presents a new approach to the modeling of the start-up part of a food extrusion process. A neural network model is proposed and its parameters are determined. Simulation results with real data are also presented. The inputs and outputs of the model are among those used by the human operator during the start-up process for control. An intelligent controller structure that uses an expert system and "delta-Variations ,, to modify inputs is also proposed.
Sputter-deposition and characterization of paramelaconite

While processing techniques for deposition of CuOx/Al multilayer foils were being developed, a method for synthesizing paramelaconite (Cu4O3) was serendipitously discovered. These paramelaconite films were successfully synthesized by sputter-deposition from a CuO target. Milligram quantities of uncontaminated material were produced enabling new studies of the morphology, stoichiometry, and thermodynamics of this unique copper oxide. At moderate temperatures, equiaxed paramelaconite grains deposited with a strong out-of-plane texture; at lower temperatures the paramelaconite grains showed no texture but were columnar in geometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the as-deposited Cu4O3 had a nonstoichiometric Cu:O ratio of 1.7:1; the ratio of Cu+ to Cu2+ was 1.8:1. On heating, this phase decomposed into CuO and Cu2O at temperatures ranging from 400 to 530 °C. Using differential scanning calorimetry, the heat of formation and Gibbs free energy for Cu4O3 were estimated to be −453 and −279 kJ/mol, respectively. On the basis of these calculations and our observations, we confirmed that Cu4O3 is a metastable phase.
Micro-scale devices for transdermal drug delivery

Skin makes an excellent site for drug and vaccine delivery due to easy accessibility, immuno-surveillance functions, avoidance of macromolecular degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and possibility of self-administration. However, macromolecular drug delivery across the skin is primarily accomplished using hypodermic needles, which have several disadvantages including accidental needle-sticks, pain and needle phobia. These limitations have led to extensive research and development of alternative methods for drug and vaccine delivery across the skin. This review focuses on the recent trends and developments in this field of micro-scale devices for transdermal macromolecular delivery. These include liquid jet injectors, powder injectors, microneedles and thermal microablation. The historical perspective, mechanisms of action, important design parameters, applications and challenges are discussed for each method.
A method of measuring stored energy macroscopically using statistically stored dislocations in commercial purity aluminum

Stored energy from plastic deformation in rolled aluminum has been quantified with both macroscopic and microscopic methods. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Microhardness tests were used to determine a value for stored energy based on energy released during recrystallization and resistance to plastic flow from the accumulated dislocation content, respectively. For a value of stored energy based only on geometrically necessary dislocations, orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) within a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used and supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of subgrain cell structure. A value for the average misorientation angle that could be associated with the TEM was obtained from the OIM data. The values of stored energy derived from the various analyses were found to be similar with slight overestimation from the OIM technique. Thus, the difference between the macroscopic and microscopic methods represented the statistically stored dislocations.
Three Computationally Demanding Problems in Search of ASAP Solutions

This paper presents an overview of three problem areas where ASAP computing might be profitably applied. Drawn from the fields of pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric security, sufficient detail is provided to explain these selections and the role that ASAP might play, as well as to encourage those so inclined to take a closer look.
MCE Training Techniques for Topic Identification of Spoken Audio Documents

In this paper, we discuss the use of minimum classification error (MCE) training as a means for improving traditional approaches to topic identification such as naive Bayes classifiers and support vector machines. A key element of our new MCE training techniques is their ability to efficiently apply jackknifing or leave-one-out training to yield improved models which generalize better to unseen data. Experiments were conducted using recorded human-human telephone conversations from the Fisher Corpus using feature vector representations from word-based automatic speech recognition lattices. Sizeable improvements in topic identification accuracy using the new MCE training techniques were observed.
Water Metering and Conservation

Installing water meters is often considered as a practical water conservation policy. To evaluate the benefits and costs of metering, it is convenient to use a formal water conservations model. The objective is to maximize the net benefits from the adoption of any given strategy. This is accomplished by pursuing a conservation policy as long as its incremental benefits exceed its incremental costs.
How Did Britain Develop? Adaptive Social Systems and the Development of Nations:

The economic development of the West is under examined in terms of lessons there may be for development strategies employed in the global South today. This article examines the emergence of sustain...
THE FEDERAL RESPONSE TO HOMELESSNESS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR AMERICAN CITIES

The beginning of a dramatic rise in homelessness in American cities coincided with the election of a Republican administration under the leadership of Ronald Reagan. This paper examines the response of the Reagan Administration to the crisis of homelessness. The ideology of the Administration, its broad social-expenditure priorities, and its programs for health, housing, income maintenance, and human services which affect the homeless are investigated. The paper argues that the federal government, guided by conservative and individualist ideology, has (1 ) sought broad social-spending reductions and macroeconomic policies that have increased the risk of homelessness and (2) made minimal efforts toward directly ameliorating the situation of the homeless. The implications for American cities and their homeless populations include growth in the numbers of homeless, local fiscal stress, the expulsion of the homeless from skid-row districts, dispersion of the homeless from downtown zones, suburban exclusionary...
Lubricated Biodegradable Polymer Networks for Regulating Nerve Cell Behavior and Fabricating Nerve Conduits with a Compositional Gradient

We present a method of tuning surface chemistry and nerve cell behavior by photo-cross-linking methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylate (mPEGA) with hydrophobic, semicrystalline poly(e-caprolactone) diacrylate (PCLDA) at various weight compositions of mPEGA (o(m)) from 2 to 30%. Improved surface wettability is achieved with corresponding decreases in friction, water contact angle, and capability of adsorbing proteins from cell culture media because of repulsive PEG chains tethered in the network. The responses of rat Schwann cell precursor line (SpL201), rat pheochromocytoma (PC12), and E14 mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to the modified surfaces are evaluated. Nonmonotonic or parabolic dependence of cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation on o(m) is identified for these cell types with maximal values at o(m) of 5-7%. In addition, NPCs demonstrate enhanced neuronal differentiated lineages on the mPEGA/PCLDA network at o(m) of 5% with intermediate wettability and surface energy. This approach lays the foundation for fabricating heterogeneous nerve conduits with a compositional gradient along the wall thickness, which are able to promote nerve cell functions within the conduit while inhibiting cell attachment on the outer wall to prevent potential fibrous tissue formation following implantation.
Creating a Health Information Technology Infrastructure to Support Comparative Effectiveness Research in Cancer

This chapter will discuss, via a number of case examples, the need for informatics infrastructures that integrate data from traditional (ie, clinical trials) and nontraditional (eg, mobile, wearable, and home-based technologies) sources to inform comparative effectiveness research across the cancer prevention and care continuum. These infrastructures can support care practices, patient engagement, and elucidation of patient-reported outcomes. Technological approaches that enable new ways of assessing outcomes through the use of new types of data are important to both patients and providers. For example, the availability of sensor technology brings tremendous opportunities to expand our ability to collect more robust data related to health behaviors, treatment impact, cancer survivorship, and quality of life. Examples from the limited but expanding evidence base on implementation of sensor and related technology in cancer also will be discussed, as will opportunities for integrating with other infrastructures such as the electronic medical record.
Middleware Technology in Radio Frequency Identification

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), as a new technology, has been developing rapidly in recent years. Middleware is one of the most important components in the RFID system. It provides functions of tag data processing and reporting. The mechanism of inner processing is based on state transition of event cycle specification. As a software system, the middleware structure is object-oriented, and it uses the idea of design patterns. The growing trend of middleware may be combining network element management functions, supporting multi-standard of tags, and accommodating different RFID reader vendors.
Chronic Sinusitis and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer in the US Elderly Population

Importance Chronic sinusitis may be involved in the etiology of certain head and neck cancers (HNCs), due to immunodeficiency or inflammation. However, the risk of specific HNCs among people with chronic sinusitis is largely unknown. Objective To evaluate the associations of chronic sinusitis with subsequent HNC, including nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), human papillomavirus–related oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC), and nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer (NCPSC), in an elderly US population. Design, Setting, and Participants We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database to conduct a case-cohort study of US individuals aged 65 years or older during 2004 through 2011. The study included 483 546 Medicare beneficiaries from SEER areas in a 5% random subcohort, and 826 436 from the entire source population who developed cancer (including 21 716 with HNC). Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of HNCs including NPC, HPV-OPC, and NCPSC. Results Most individuals were female (57.7%), and the mean (SD) age at entry was 72.6 (8.0) years. Chronic sinusitis was associated with risk of developing HNC (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.27-1.48), particularly NPC (aHR, 3.71; 95% CI, 2.75-5.02), HPV-OPC (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.13-1.57), and NCPSC (aHR, 5.49; 95% CI, 4.56-6.62). Most of this increased risk was limited to risk within 1 year of the chronic sinusitis diagnosis, as associations were largely attenuated 1 year or more after chronic sinusitis (NPC: aHR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.96-2.65; HPV-OPC: aHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.86-1.32; NCPSC: aHR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.84-3.31). All 3 HNC subtypes had cumulative incidence of less than 0.07% 8 years after chronic sinusitis diagnosis. Conclusions and Relevance Chronic sinusitis is associated with certain HNCs, particularly NPC and NCPSC. These HNCs are rare, and most of the increased HNC risk is limited to within 1 year of chronic sinusitis diagnosis, consistent with surveillance or detection bias. The associations were weaker over longer intervals, suggesting at most a modest role for sinusitis-related inflammation and/or immunodeficiency.
Endometriosis and the development of tuboperitoneal fistulas after tubal ligation.

The present study details gross and histologic findings of 79 previously ligated fallopian tubes from 3 groups of patients. Of 20 oviducts removed after documented sterilization failure (group I), 6 revealed a process compatible with endometriosis. Four of nine previously ligated fallopian tubes removed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (group II) were successfully injected with India ink. In two patients histologic examination demonstrated the India ink in epithelium-lined spaces that lay beyond the muscle of the tubal wall extending from the tubal lumen to the serosal surface. Fifty oviducts were studied in twenty-five patients requesting reversal of their sterilizations (group III). A higher percentage of fistulas was demonstrated in patients with less than 4 cm of remaining proximal tubal segment. Furthermore, most of these fistulas were demonstrated in patients for whom 3 years had elapsed since the original sterilization procedure. Patients sterilized by laparoscopic cautery methods were observed to have a higher percentage of fistula formation and histologic documentation of endometriosis at the sterilization site as compared with patients sterilized by other methods. Our observations suggest that ligation of the oviduct within 4 cm of the uterine cornu may predispose to the development of endometriosis and subsequent fistula formation in the tip of the ligated oviduct.
Significance and Implications of Patient-reported Xerostomia in Sjögren's Syndrome: Findings From the National Institutes of Health Cohort

Abstract Background Xerostomia is a chief complaint of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). However, newer proposals for SS classification remove xerostomia and hyposalivation from the criteria list. Given these developments and the importance of patient-centered research outcomes, we sought to evaluate the utility of patient-reported xerostomia with implications for classification criteria, and clinical trials targeting SS treatment modalities. Methods A nested case-control study was designed within The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/National Institutes of Health (NIDCR/NIH) SS Cohort - one of the largest SS cohorts in the US. Clinical characteristics of those with and without xerostomia in SS and other salivary gland dysfunctions were compared. Several analytical methods were employed, including multivariable logistic regression modeling. Findings The NIDCR/NIH Sjogren's Syndrome Clinic has an open cohort with ongoing enrollment since 1984. This open cohort comprised of 2046 participants by August 27, 2015. Baseline data of 701 SS, 355 Sicca, and 247 ISS participants within the source cohort were analyzed. Xerostomia was highest among SS participants (87.4%, 95% CI: 84.8%–89.8%) compared to Sicca (72.4%, 95% CI: 67.4%–77.0%, p 3months (OR: 5.80, 95% CI: 3.62–9.28, p-value 2 (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.20–3.09, p-value=0.007), and salivary gland swelling (OR: 49.39, 95% CI: 2.02–1206.30, p-value=0.017). Age, gender, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and autoantibodies were not significantly associated with xerostomia. Interpretation Findings from this study indicate that patient-reported xerostomia is highly prevalent among SS patients and is associated with several clinical phenotypes of this complex syndrome, thereby making it an important indicator of SS. The evidence also suggests that xerostomia is not limited to low salivary flow but might be reflective of compositional changes of saliva. Consequently, these findings suggest the need to consider xerostomia in the development of SS classification criteria and in patient-centered outcomes research in SS intervention trials. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Grant # DE000704-15. Dr. Baer is supported by RO1-DE-12354-15A1.
Diagnostic reasoning in software fault localization

We present a diagnostic model of software fault localization. A diagnoatic. approach to fault localization has proven effective In the domains of medicine and digital hardware. Applying this approach to the software domain requires two extensions: a heuristic abstraction mechanism which infers program function from structure using recognition and transformation tactics; and a search mechanism which integrates both prototypic and causal reasoning about faults.
Review of head-worn displays for the Next Generation Air Transportation System

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has conducted research in the area of helmet-mounted display (HMD)/head-worn display (HWD) over the past 30 years. Initially, NASA LaRC’s research focused on military applications, but recently NASA has conducted a line of research in the area of HWD for commercial and business aircraft. This work revolved around numerous simulation experiments as well as flight tests to develop technology and data for industry and regulatory guidance. This paper summarizes the results of NASA’s HMD/HWD research. Of note, the work tracks progress in wearable collimated optics, head tracking, latency reduction, and weight. The research lends credence to a small, sunglasses-type form factor of the HWD being acceptable to commercial pilots, and this goal is now becoming technologically feasible. The research further suggests that an HWD may serve as an “equivalent” head-up display (HUD) with safety, operational, and cost benefits. “HUD equivalence” appears to be the economic avenue by which HWDs can become mainstream on the commercial and business aircraft flight deck. If this happens, NASA’s research suggests that additional operational benefits using the unique capabilities of the HWD can open up new operational paradigms.
Realismus und Vitalismus

This article offers a synoptic analysis of the topoi of vitalism and realism in the journalistic reception of Rainald Goetz and in the author’s implicit and explicit responses to this (anticipated) reception. Taking the cue from the recent negative reviews of his novel Johann Holtrop (2012), the article argues that ever since Goetz’ famous 1983 debut reading in Klagenfurt, he has been construed as a non-conformist poet embodying a vitalist protest against prevalent literary conventions. At the same time, however, there has been a growing expectation that he prove his Sturm und Drang genius by producing »great literature,« i. e., a novel representative of ›our time.‹ Fully conscious of how his work and persona have been publicly received, Goetz’ public presentations of his work are designed to anticipate (and thus to preempt) the expected negative reviews. Goetz operates with a post-structuralist concept of text propelled by what he calls his »practical theoreticism, « i. e., a desire to break down the borders between work and criticism, and author and reader. This desire goes along with a vitalist rejection of the world as is. The article concludes that such resistance to reality is, after all, the only affirmation of literary realism to be found in Goetz.
Comparison of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography for the separation of synthetic cathinones

A comparison of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography for the separation of synthetic cathinones has been conducted. Nine different mixtures of bath salts were analyzed in this study. The three different chromatographic techniques were examined using a general set of controlled synthetic cathinones as well as a variety of other synthetic cathinones that exist as positional isomers. Overall 35 different synthetic cathinones were analyzed. A variety of column types and chromatographic modes were examined for developing each separation. For the ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography separations, analyses were performed using a series of Torus and Trefoil columns with either ammonium formate or ammonium hydroxide as additives, and methanol, ethanol or isopropanol organic solvents as modifiers. Ultra high performance liquid chromatographic separations were performed in both reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatographic modes using SPP C18 and SPP HILIC columns. Gas chromatography separations were performed using an Elite-5MS capillary column. The orthogonality of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography was examined using principal component analysis. For the best overall separation of synthetic cathinones, the use of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography in combination with gas chromatography is recommended.
Practicing What We Preach: Assessing “Critical Thinking” in Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is often promoted as a course designed to cultivate skill in scientific “ways of thinking”. Expert organic chemists perceive their field as one in which plausible answers to complex questions are arrived at through analytical thought processes. They draw analogy between problem solving in organic chemistry and diagnosis of a disease, which is of central importance to physicians-in-training. To determine whether or not assessments deployed in organic chemistry align with the rhetoric used to promote the course to premedical students, we characterized 118 organic chemistry assessment items given to students at elite universities. The overwhelming majority of the questions examined were not capable of eliciting evidence of student engagement in the scientific and engineering practices (the disaggregated components of inquiry) defined by the Framework for K-12 Education. Dissonance between assessment focus and rhetoric used in course promotion is troubling as assessments convey a strong impl...
Protein Sequence and Membrane Lipid Roles in the Activation Kinetics of Bovine and Human Rhodopsins

Abstract Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor found in the rod outer segments in the retina, which triggers a visual response under dim light conditions. Recently, a study of the late, microsecond-to-millisecond kinetics of photointermediates of the human and bovine rhodopsins in their native membranes revealed a complex, double-square mechanism of rhodopsin activation. In this kinetic scheme, the human rhodopsin exhibited more Schiff base deprotonation than bovine rhodopsin, which could arise from the ∼7% sequence difference between the two proteins, or from the difference between their membrane lipid environments. To differentiate between the effects of membrane and protein structure on the kinetics, the human and bovine rhodopsins were inserted into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid nanodiscs and the kinetics of activation at 15°C and pH 8.7 was investigated by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy and global kinetic analysis. For both proteins, the kinetics in nanodiscs shows the characteristics observed in the native membranes, and is described by a multisquare model with Schiff base deprotonation at the lumirhodopsin I intermediate stage. The results indicate that the protein sequence controls the extent of Schiff base deprotonation and accumulation of intermediates, and thus plays the main role in the different activation kinetics observed between human and bovine rhodopsins. The membrane lipid does have a minor role by modulating the timing of the kinetics, with the nanodisc environment leading to an earlier Schiff base deprotonation.
Peer Status in the Middle School: A Natural Treatment for Unequal Participation

The focus of this study is on the problem of unequal participation of students within small cooperative learning groups in middle-school classrooms. According to previous research using Status Characteristic Theory, this unequal participation stems from differential expectations for competence based on academic and peer status. Previous research had also found that in classrooms where rank on these two status orders was uncorrelated (incongruent classrooms), problems of unequal participation were less severe. This study involved systematic observations of students in working groups in four middle-school science classrooms. The derivation of hypotheses required an extension of Status Characteristic Theory to handle three-to-five-person groups working in a multicharacteristic situation. The results showed good support for hypotheses explaining the effect of incongruence in the social structure on participation of low-status students. Incongruent classrooms had fewer small groups that were highly differentiated on status. Moreover, the degree of status differentiation in the groups was a direct predictor of the participation rates of the low-status students. Thus, the less differentiated groups in incongruent classrooms showed fewer status problems. As a practical matter, the tendency of students to construct peer status orders that are independent of academic status acts as a natural treatment for unequal participation.
An Improved Evaluation Model for Zircaloy Oxidation

Recent measurements of the Zircaloy-steam oxidation reaction kinetics are reviewed for the purpose of proposing a replacement for the Baker-Just evaluation model currently used in licensing calculations. These data are shown to fall into two groups according to the method used to heat the specimens. It is concluded that the parabolic reaction rate constants derived from the experiments that used internal heating of the specimens would be a conservative Zircaloy oxidation rate for use in licensing calculations. A best-estimate fit to the recent data yieled A = 3.33 x 10/sup 5/ (mg Zr/cm/sup 2/)/sup 2//s and B = 140.6 kJ/mol for the constants in the equation K/sub p/ = A exp(-B/RT). Results from earlier invesitgations are in agreement with this equation if comparisons are made over appropriate temperatures. A comparison of measured and calculated oxidation for specimens subjected to anisothermal exposure histories suggests that the actual oxidation rate under these conditions is about one-fourth that which would be calculated by using the above equation.
Three major paradigms in solar physics

There are three major paradigms in the field of solar activity research. They are: 1) Unipolar magnetic regions are remnants of old active regions. 2) A pair of sunspots is formed when a thin magnetic flux tube rises above the photospheric surface. 3) Solar flares occur when magnetic energy in an anti–parallel magnetic configuration is rapidly released by magnetic reconnection. Practically all researches of solar activities during several decades have been based on the above paradigms. Although these three paradigms have been almost universally accepted since the1960s (as many papers state so in their introduction), it may be worthwhile to review them. It is shown that: (i) Unipolar magnetic regions are different from old active regions and are actually one of the fundamental features of the solar internal dynamo process. (ii) A positive single spot is produced by a coalescence process in a positive unipolar magnetic region (vice versa), and a pair of positive and negative spots occurs at the boundary of two unipolar magnetic regions (of the opposite polarity) by a p–spot inducing a f–spot. (iii) Solar flares are powered by the photospheric dynamo process, and their explosive feature is caused by a sudden disruption of the current loop around the region where the dynamo process is in progress. These are examples of an alternative idea for each of the three paradigms and are presented to promote new thinking.
(123) Visceral Pain Mechanisms: Features of Constant Pain and Genetic Linkage in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients

Abdominal pain is the most distressing feature of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and drives health care utilization. Compared to intermittent pain, constant CP pain is associated with significantly lower physical and mental quality of life scores. However, the characteristics of constant pancreatic pain appears to be different from constant somatic pain, and pain classification correlates poorly with environmental and metabolic factors. Our Aim was to determine whether genetic factors contribute to severe and/or constant pain in patients with CP. We utilized data from the North American Pancreatitis Study II (NAPS2), including 1,195 CP and 1,109 control subjects from 2000 to 2014.1 Information on demographics, disease characteristics, comorbidities, environmental exposures, quality of life measures (SF12), and details of pain experience (presence, temporal nature, severity) was collected from detailed case report forms. DNA was collected for genetic analysis.2 Additional genotyping, genotype imputation, whole exome sequencing, and targeted sequencing was completed. A nested GWAS based on the presence or absence of pain characteristics was completed (nested GWAS in CP patients). Six loci were identified with LOD scores of >6. Each includes biologically plausible candidate genes that interfere with neuronal function, adaptation or psychological tolerance, but not pancreatic pathology. These data are the first of their kind to explore a genetic basis for the severe and constant pain in patients with CP. Deeper phenotyping, genotyping, experimental models and targeted clinical trials that repurpose existing agents should be completed. (1. Machicado, Am J Gastroenterol, 2017; 2. Whitcomb, Nat Genet, 2012) Supported by a grants R21DK098560 (DCW) and the National Pancreas Foundation (DCW).
Is the microbiome-induced glycolytic pathway a harbinger of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic age-related disease with increasing prevalence that is characterised by progressive loss of lung function, which contributes to accelerated morbidity and mortality. While the exact aetiology is unknown, studies in patients with IPF and murine models of lung fibrosis have established genetic mutations1 2 and telomere dysfunction in alveolar epithelial cells3 as molecular drivers that lead to a series of events involving aberrant repair, fibroblast activation, senescence reprogramming, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and inflammatory cell recruitment to the fibrotic niche. After onset, disease progression is variable, with some patients suffering acute exacerbation. Although the cause of acute exacerbation remains unknown, they may be encountered in patients exposed to secondary insults, such as environmental pollutants like chitin polysaccharides,4 5 smoking and altered immune response.6 To better understand the aetiology of acute exacerbation, several groups investigated the role of microbiome in IPF.7–10 Altered and increased bacterial burden is a common finding across all these studies. Molyneaux et al employed 16S bacterial ribosomal RNA sequencing to show there is increased bacterial burden in IPF lungs compared with control subjects and that patient survival was inversely correlated with bacterial burden.7 In the Correlating Outcomes with biochemical Markers to Estimate Time-progression in IPF (COMET-IPF) study, Han and colleagues found a significant association between relative abundance of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus with IPF disease progression.8 More recently, in a bleomycin model of lung fibrosis, O’Dwyer et al report that lung …
Adaptation of Multilingual Transformer Encoder for Robust Enhanced Universal Dependency Parsing.

This paper presents our enhanced dependency parsing approach using transformer encoders, coupled with a simple yet powerful ensemble algorithm that takes advantage of both tree and graph dependency parsing. Two types of transformer encoders are compared, a multilingual encoder and language-specific encoders. Our dependency tree parsing (DTP) approach generates only primary dependencies to form trees whereas our dependency graph parsing (DGP) approach handles both primary and secondary dependencies to form graphs. Since DGP does not guarantee the generated graphs are acyclic, the ensemble algorithm is designed to add secondary arcs predicted by DGP to primary arcs predicted by DTP. Our results show that models using the multilingual encoder outperform ones using the language specific encoders for most languages. The ensemble models generally show higher labeled attachment score on enhanced dependencies (ELAS) than the DTP and DGP models. As the result, our best models rank the third place on the macro-average ELAS over 17 languages.
Electron mobility modulation in graphene oxide by controlling carbon melt lifetime

Abstract The lack of bandgap is a fundamental issue in graphene devices, which can be solved by fabricating reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, its device integration is impeded by the elevated reduction temperature (>2000 K) requirements. Recently, we demonstrated a new approach for laser writing heavily-reduced GO by employing the nonequilibrium approach of nanosecond laser annealing (Gupta and Narayan, 2019) [1]. Here, we report on the electron mobility modulation in the liquid phase grown graphene oxide. The process involves melting and subsequent quenching of molten carbon, which triggers the first-order phase transformation of amorphous carbon (a-C) into rGO. Laser annealing at energy density above the 0.3 J/cm2 melting threshold results in liquid-phase rGO growth on Si/SiO2. The rGO films exhibit 26 cm2/V-s room-temperature electron mobility and −4.7 × 1021/cc charge carrier concentration on annealing near melt threshold. The heavily-reduced GO films are formed on -O- creeping in the loosely-packed low undercooled carbon melt during ultrafast quenching. We establish that -O- injection is an implicit function of melt lifetime, and a rise in melt lifetime triggers GO film regrowth with increased mobility >210 cm2/V-s and 2.2 × 1019/cc carrier concentration on annealing at 0.6 J/cm2. Laser annealing resolves the fundamental issues of impurities and topological defects in rGO fabrication by equilibrium-based methods, facilitating increased electron mobility in laser patterned graphene-based materials.
Non-adherence to labor guidelines in cesarean sections done for failed induction and arrest of dilation.

Objectives In 2014, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology published guidelines for diagnosing failed induction of labor (FIOL) and arrest of dilation (AOD) to prevent cesarean delivery (CD). The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of adherence to these guidelines and to compare the association of guideline adherence with physician CD rates and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Methods Retrospective cohort review of singleton primary cesarean deliveries for FIOL and AOD at a single academic institution from 2014 to 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare adherence to the guidelines with physician CD rates and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Results Of the 591 cesarean deliveries in the study, 263 were for failed induction, 328 for AOD and 79% (468/591) were not adherent to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (ACOG/SMFM) guidelines. Of the failed inductions, 82% (215/263) and of the AODs 77% (253/328) were not adherent. There was no difference between adherent and non-adherent CDs with regard to maternal characteristics, or obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Duration of oxytocin use after rupture of membranes, dilation at time of CD, and birth weight were statistically higher in adherent CDs. On multivariate linear regression, physician CD rates were inversely correlated with adherence to ACOG/SMFM guidelines (p<0.0001), gestational age (p=0.007), and parity (p=0.003). Conclusions Our study shows that physician non-compliance with ACOG guidelines was high. Adherence to these guidelines was associated with lower physician CD rates, without an increase in obstetric or neonatal complications.
Leveraging Fairness and Reactance Theories to Deter Reactive Computer Abuse Following Enhanced Organisational Information Security Policies: An Empirical Study of the Influence of Counterfactual Reasoning and Organisational Trust

Research shows that organisational efforts to protect their information assets from employee security threats do not always reach their full potential and may actually encourage the behaviours they attempt to thwart, such as reactive computer abuse (CA). To better understand this dilemma, we use fairness theory (FT) and reactance theory (RT) to explain why employees may blame organisations for and retaliate against enhanced information security policies (ISPs). We tested our model with 553 working professionals and found support for most of it. Our results show that organisational trust can decrease reactive CA. FT suggests that explanation adequacy (EA) is an important factor that builds trust after an event. Our results also suggest that trust both fully mediates the relationship between EA and CA and partially mediates the relationship between perceived freedom restrictions related to enhanced ISPs and reactive CA. EA also had a strong negative relationship with freedom restrictions. Moreover, organisational security education, training, and awareness (SETA) initiatives decreased the perceptions of external control and freedom restrictions and increased EA, and advance notification of changes increased EA. We also included 14 control variables and rival explanations to determine with more confidence what drove reactive CA in our context. Notably, the deterrence theory (DT)-based constructs of sanction severity, certainty, and celerity had no significant influence on reactive CA. We provide support for the importance of respectful communication efforts and SETA programmes, coupled with maximising employee rights and promoting trust and fairness to decrease reactive CA. These efforts can protect organisations from falling victim to their own organisational security efforts.
Failure of chronic hydroxychloroquine in preventing severe complications of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases

Objective To compare baseline characteristics, clinical presentations and outcomes of patients with rheumatic conditions requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who received chronic HCQ with those who did not receive chronic HCQ. Methods We identified all patients with a rheumatologic disease who were admitted with COVID-19 to two hospitals in New York City between 3 March 3 and 30 April 2020. Patients who received chronic HCQ prior to admission were matched 1:2 (±10 years of age) with patients who did not receive chronic HCQ. We compared demographics, comorbidities, HCQ dosages, concurrent medications, presentations and outcomes between the groups. Results There were 14 patients receiving HCQ and 28 matched control subjects. The median age of cases was 63 years [interquartile range (IQR) 43-73) and 60 years (IQR 41-75) for controls. Control subjects had a higher prevalence of pulmonary diseases (42.8%), diabetes (35.7%) and obesity (35.7%) than their case counterparts (28.6%, 14.3% and 7.1%, respectively). A higher proportion of cases than control subjects (50% vs 25%) reported the use of prednisone for their rheumatic conditions prior to admission. Despite these differences in baseline characteristics, univariate logistic regression revealed no statistically significant differences in the need for mechanical ventilation [OR 1.5 (95% CI 0.34, 6.38)] or in-hospital mortality [OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.13, 4.56)]. Conclusion HCQ therapy in individuals with rheumatic conditions was not associated with less severe presentations of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients compared with individuals with rheumatic conditions not receiving HCQ.
Holding them back or pushing them out?: Reclassification policies for English learners with disabilities

Abstract In the context of U.S. K-12 schools, recent scholarship has demonstrated that English learners (ELs) often become overrepresented in special education in secondary grades, as they are unable to meet reclassification criteria established by state policies. Research, however, has yet to examine the implementation of reclassification policies specific to ELs with disabilities. This ethnographic study at two middle schools investigated the local implementation of one state's policy that aimed to promote ELs with disabilities’ reclassification. The findings indicate that although the policy increased reclassification rates for ELs with disabilities, both the policy itself and its implementation introduced new inequities. As a consequence, educators held two competing views of the policy and its implementation, with some lauding its promotion of equity, while others arguing that it functioned as mechanism for discrimination. These findings have implications for implementing reclassification policies that are both responsive to ELs with disabilities and data-based.
Single PEDOT Catalyst Boosts CO2 Photoreduction Efficiency.

Atmospheric pollution demands the development of solar-driven photocatalytic technologies for the conversion of CO2 into a fuel; state-of-the-art cocatalyst systems demonstrate conversion efficiencies currently unattainable by a single catalyst. Here, we upend the status quo demonstrating that the nanofibrillar conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a record-breaking single catalyst for the photoreduction of CO2 to CO. This high catalytic efficiency stems from a highly conductive nanofibrillar structure that significantly enhances surface area, CO2 adsorption and light absorption. Moreover, the polymer's band gap is optimized via chemical doping/dedoping treatments using hydrochloric acid, ammonia hydroxide, and hydrazine. The hydrazine-treated PEDOT catalyst exhibits 100% CO yield under a stable regime (>10 h) with a maximum rate of CO evolution (3000 μmol gcat-1 h-1) that is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the top performing single catalyst and surpassed only by three other cocatalyst systems. Nanofibrillar PEDOT provides a new direction for designing the next generation of high-efficiency photoreduction catalysts.
Suspension Force Design Guidelines for Bearingless Permanent Magnet Machines

Bearingless motors are electric machines capable of simultaneously creating both torque and suspension forces. Optimization algorithms are generally required to fully realize the performance capabilities of these machines due to trade-offs between force and torque performance. This paper focuses on developing design guidelines which can be used prior to employing an optimization algorithm to streamline the bearingless machine design process. As part of this effort, analytic tools are developed to evaluate the suspension performance of bearingless machines. To validate the model, observations made with the aid of the equations are cross-verified against FEA and optimization results. The paper goes on to show that by employing the proposed tools, engineers can gain physical insight into bearingless machine design and identify topologies best suited for their application early in the design process.