cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of Parent Programs for a Community-Wide Adolescent Alcohol Use Prevention Program

SUMMARY Project Northland is a comprehensive community trial designed to evaluate programs for the primary prevention of alcohol-related problems during adolescence. It uses a community-wide model, that includes both demand and supply reduction techniques. The first phase of Project Northland (grades 6-8) was completed with the effective implementation of multiple, complementary programs including a multi-year social behavioral curriculum, intensive parental involvement components, peer leadership opportunities, and community-level changes through the formation of local task forces. This article describes the process used for developing and implementing the comprehensive parent interventions used during the first phase of the research, highlighting the elements that led to the successful implementation of the programs with very high participation rates by parents, their young adolescents, teachers, and community members.
Early induction of c-Myc is associated with neuronal cell death

Neuronal cell cycle activation has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, while the initiating mechanism of cell cycle activation remains to be determined. Interestingly, our previous studies have shown that cell cycle activation by c-Myc (Myc) leads to neuronal cell death which suggests Myc might be a key regulator of cell cycle re-entry mediated neuronal cell death. However, the pattern of Myc expression in the process of neuronal cell death has not been addressed. To this end, we examined Myc induction by the neurotoxic agents camptothecin and amyloid-β peptide in a differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cell culture model. Myc expression was found to be significantly increased following either treatment and importantly, the induction of Myc preceded neuronal cell death suggesting it is an early event of neuronal cell death. Since ectopic expression of Myc in neurons causes the cell cycle activation and neurodegeneration in vivo, the current data suggest that induction of Myc by neurotoxic agents or other disease factors might be a key mediator in cell cycle activation and consequent cell death that is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases.
Primary intraocular lymphoma: treatment outcomes with ocular radiation therapy alone

Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) treatment in the absence of other involvement of the central nervous system is controversial. We evaluated the outcome of ocular radiation therapy (RT) alone in 18 patients with PIOL who had no imaging evidence of brain or meningeal involvement, treated from 1999 to 2011. Median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range 32-82). Median follow-up was 25 months. Eleven had bilateral ocular involvement. All received external-beam orbital RT to a median dose of 36 Gy. Twelve patients received ocular RT alone; seven remain relapse-free at a median follow-up of 30 months. Five experienced brain or eye recurrence and were effectively salvaged with chemotherapy ± RT. Six patients received chemotherapy before ocular RT; three relapsed and received salvage therapy. Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 94%. Two-year freedom-from-relapse was not different between the groups. Ocular RT alone resulted in excellent ocular control of PIOL, and relapses were effectively salvaged.
RIP4 Regulates Epidermal Differentiation and Cutaneous Inflammation

The receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family kinase RIP4 interacts with protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and is implicated in PKC-dependent signaling pathways. RIP4−/- mice die at birth with epidermal differentiation defects, causing fusions of all external orifices and loss of the esophageal lumen. To further understand RIP4 function in the skin, we generated transgenic mice with epidermal-specific expression of RIP4 using the human keratin-14 promoter (K14-RIP4). The K14-RIP4 transgene rescued the epidermal phenotype of RIP4−/- mice, showing that RIP4 acts autonomously in the epidermis to regulate differentiation. Although RIP4−/- mice share many phenotypic similarities with inhibitor κB kinase (IKK)α−/- mice and stratifin repeated epilation (SfnEr/Er) mice, the K14-RIP4 transgene failed to promote epidermal differentiation in these mutant backgrounds. Unexpectedly, topical treatment of K14-RIP4 mice with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced dramatic, neutrophilic inflammation, an effect that was independent of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor (TNFR1/p55) function. Despite their enhanced sensitivity to TPA, K14-RIP4 mice did not have an altered frequency of tumor formation in TPA-promoted skin cancer initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). These data suggest that RIP4 functions in the epidermis through PKC-specific signaling pathways to regulate differentiation and inflammation.
Status of EUV micro-exposure capabilities at the ALS using the 0.3-NA MET optic

The success of recent static printing experiments at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source (ALS) using the EUV LLC Engineering Test Stand (ETS) Set-2 optic has demonstrated the utility of synchrotron-based EUV exposure stations. Although not viable light sources for commercial lithography, synchrotrons provide clean, convenient, and extremely flexible sources for developmental microfield lithography. The great flexibility of synchrotron-based illumination arises from the fact that such sources facilitate active coherence reduction, thus enabling the coherence function, or pupil fill, to be actively sculpted in real time. As the commercialization of EUV progresses, the focus of developmental EUV lithography is shifting from low numerical aperture (NA) tools such as the 0.1-NA ETS to higher-NA tools such as the 0.3-NA Micro Exposure Tool (MET). To support printing with MET optics at the ALS, a new printing station has been developed, relying on a scanning illuminator to provide programmable coherence (pupil-fill) control. The illuminator is designed to operate up to a coherence factor (s) of 1 and support the full 200′600 design printed field of view. In addition to a new illuminator design, new focus sensing and dose-control systems have also been implemented. Here we describe the MET printing capabilities in detail and present preliminary printing results with the Sematech Set-2 MET optic.
Plasma androgen concentrations in several species of Old and New World monkeys.

The concentration of unconjugated testosterone in peripheral blood plasma of adult male (14 kg) rhesus macaques was about 50% greater than that in plasma of adult male humans. The testosterone concentration in sexually immature monkeys (early adolescence, 5 kg) is of the order of 1/10 the adult level. In immature rhesus the ratio of testosterone to androstenedione was less than 1, whereas it was 3 or more in adult animals. The percentage binding of testosterone to proteins as measured by equilibrium dialysis with plasma diluted 1:5 was 96.2 % in mature animals; it was significantly (p<0.01) greater in immature rhesus (98.0%). On the other hand, maturation had no effect on the percentage binding of androstenedione anddehydroepiandrosterone. Despite the slight difference in testosterone binding between the 2 age groups, it would not appear that the large changes in androgen concentrations during sexual maturation of rhesus are due to changes in percentage binding to plasma proteins. Androgen concentrations ...
Perceptions of nursing home workers, police chiefs, and college students regarding crime against the elderly: An exploratory study

The growing elderly population means that crime will play a larger role in future quality of life issues. Even so, few criminal justice endeavors have examined how different actors perceive various aspects of elderly victimization. This paper examines the way four distinct groups—nursing home directors, nursing home employees, police chiefs, and university students—perceive crime against the elderly. Results show nursing home professionals perceive aspects of elderly victimization differently than do police chiefs and college students. Implications are provided.
A numerical study of vector resonant relaxation

Stars bound to a supermassive black hole interact gravitationally. Persistent torques acting between stellar orbits lead to the rapid resonant relaxation of the orbital orientation vectors ("vector" resonant relaxation) and slower relaxation of the eccentricities ("scalar" resonant relaxation), both at rates much faster than two-body or non-resonant relaxation. We describe a new parallel symplectic integrator, N-ring, which follows the dynamical evolution of a cluster of N stars through vector resonant relaxation, by averaging the pairwise interactions over the orbital period and periapsis-precession timescale. We use N-ring to follow the evolution of clusters containing over 10^4 stars for tens of relaxation times. Among other results, we find that the evolution is dominated by torques among stars with radially overlapping orbits, and that resonant relaxation can be modelled as a random walk of the orbit normals on the sphere, with angular step size ranging from 0.5-1 radian. The relaxation rate in a cluster with a fixed number of stars is proportional to the RMS mass of the stars. The RMS torque generated by the cluster stars is reduced below the torque between Kepler orbits due to apsidal precession and declines weakly with the eccentricity of the perturbed orbit. However since the angular momentum of an orbit also decreases with eccentricity, the relaxation rate is approximately eccentricity-independent for e 0.8. We quantify the relaxation using the autocorrelation function of the spherical multipole moments; this decays exponentially and the e-folding time may be identified with the vector resonant relaxation timescale.
Cognitive Radio Formulation and Implementation

This paper approaches cognition on the physical and MAC layers by defining a common language of "knobs" and "meters" to discuss adaptation and learning. Cognitive radio merges artificial intelligence and software defined radios (SDR). It requires a simple language for communicating between these two levels. We define a method for doing this. We also discuss a genetic algorithm approach to perform intelligent radio adaptation, using the GNU Radio platform as an example. We provide both conceptual and practical implementation details of a cognitive radio acting at the physical and MAC layers. Results presented show the promise for the genetic algorithm adaptation within the multi-objective optimization environment of the cognitive radio.
Agricultural biotechnology and poverty reduction in low-income countries

Summary While biotechnology innovation is concentrated in high income, “Tier I” countries, international diffusion of innovations to improve the diet, health, and incomes of the poorest will be largely driven by “Tier II” innovators such as China and Brazil. Adoption of beneficial biotechnologies in “Tier II” and “Tier III” countries will increase as more transgenic versions of conventionally grown varieties become available and as costs decline, which in turn will depend upon regulatory approvals being needed only once for each transformation event and transaction costs for accessing technologies being minimized. Investments in higher education and intellectual property clearinghouse institutions can greatly facilitate technology transfer.
The effects of flunarizine and pentoxifylline on vestibular blood flow in the guinea pig

Several authors have proposed that complications arising from vestibular disorders are the result of compromised circulation. The purpose of the current study was to assess the ability of flunarizine and pentoxifylline to increase peripheral vestibular blood flow (VBF), since flunarizine is a selective calcium-channel entry blocker that inhibits calcium-related contraction of smooth muscle, while pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative that promotes microcirculation by affecting red blood cell malleability. Both of these treatment strategies have received considerable attention in clinics and laboratory, but their effects on blood flow are unclear. Changes in VBF were evaluated from the posterior semicircular canal ampulla in guinea pigs using a laser Doppler flowmeter. One group of animals was infused with pentoxifylline at concentrations of 10–40 mg/ml, while a second group was treated with 0.3–1.5 mg/kg flunarizine. VBF, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Findings showed that pentoxifylline induced a concentration-dependent increase in VBF. In contrast, no increase in VBF occurred in response to flunarizine infusions. These studies suggest that the effectiveness of pentoxifylline in the clinical treatment of vestibular disorders may be the result of improved blood flow.
Resistance to oral vitamin K for reversal of overanticoagulation during Crohn's disease relapse.

Objective: The purpose of this case report is to describe oral vitamin K resistance in a patient with concomitant Crohn's disease (CD) relapse and supratherapeutic anticoagulation. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to explore the mechanism and supporting evidence for poor response to oral vitamin K during CD relapse.
Analysis of Combinations Containing Phenylephrine in Liquid Dosage Forms

A method is presented for the isolation, separation, and determination of phenylephrine, an antitussive, and an antihistamine in commercial products containing the combination. All three compounds are extracted with strong cation exchange resin AG 50W-X4. The phenylephrine is eluted from the resin bed with 8.0 N phosphoric acid. The antitussive is then eluted with 1.0 N hydrochloric acid in 60 per cent methanol in water. Finally the antihistamine is eluted with 3.5 N hydrochloric acid in 40 per cent methanol in water. The compounds are determined by subjecting the eluates to ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The method is used successfully on several commercial products.
TRAFFIC SAFETY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

The author discusses the three main elements of the highway safety problem—human, vehicle and roadway—with special attention to recent accident information, subsequent research activities, and remedial programs. Both accident occurrence and preventative countermeasures are considered within the framework of a three‐phase sequence; precrash, crash, and postcrash phases. Methods for identifying and controlling problem drivers (especially intoxicated drivers), improved “packaging” systems for vehicle occupants, and increasing the crash‐worthy qualities of motor vehicles are summarized. The Experimental Safety Vehicle Program is cited as an example of the type of international cooperation that should be expanded with participation by all nations.
Society for Scholarly Publishing 30th Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, May 28‐30, 2008

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the Society for Scholarly Publishing's 30th Annual MeetingDesign/methodology/approach – Conference reportFindings – The meeting was an informative and welcoming event for any librarian interested in finding out what is happening in the world publishingOriginality/value – Provides a report on the Society for Scholarly Publishing's 30th Annual Meeting, which will help to promote dialogue and learning.
058 Silver Dressings: Effective Antimicrobial Therapies?

Many silver-dressings have been recently developed to prevent infection of burn and chronic wounds. Antimicrobial therapies are usually studied in in-vitro assays, which evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy against free-floating bacteria. In a wound environment bacteria attach to tissues and establish bacterial biofilms. Biofilms are communities of colonies of bacteria and other microorganisms encased in a self produced exopolymeric substance. Biofilms help protect the bacteria from the environment and limit the effectiveness of antimicrobials. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of two silver dressings to eradicate biofilm-associated and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells using our biofilm burn wound animal model. Three pigs were used in this study. Second-degree burn wounds were made on one-half of the animal’s back and inoculated with a burn wound isolate of P. aeruginosa. These wounds were then covered for 72 hours with a polyurethane dressing to allow biofilm formation. After 72 hours, additional burn wounds were made on the unwounded half of the animal. The new burns were then inoculated with the same P. aeruginosa strain. At this 72 hour point we had established two bacterial groups, one side of the animal had burns with planktonic bacteria and the other half with biofilm bacteria. Both sides of the animal were treated 20 minutes after inoculation of the planktonic group with the following dressings: 1) Nanocrystalline Silver, 2) Hydrocolloid Silver, or 3) untreated. Wounds were cultured from all treatment groups at 24, 48 and 72 hours post treatment. Sites were cultured quantitatively using a novel flush-scrub technique to obtain both planktonic and biofilm bacterial counts. The baseline biofilm bacterial count was 7.56 LogCFU/ml (prior to treatment). The hydrocolloid dressing significantly reduced planktonic bacteria counts as compared to untreated and nanocrystalline silver dressing at 24, 48 and 72 hours. However, biofilm bacteria counts for both dressings were similar to untreated control at all sample points. Our study demonstrates that both silver dressings showed limited effect against P. aeruginosa biofilm-associated cells when compared to untreated wounds. Based on our results we question the effectiveness of silver dressings for infected wounds that are colonized with biofilm associated-cells. We conclude that anti-biofilm susceptibility models may improve on current antimicrobial sensitivity assays.
Influence of iron upon the development of tetracycline-treated mouse tooth germs in vitro†

The inhibitory action of tetracycline on the development of embryonic mouse incisors cultured in vitro was examined. Explants exposed to tetracycline were severely inhibited in development. In contrast, tooth germs cultured in the presence of both tetracycline and iron escaped inhibition and attained a stage of development which compared favorably with the controls.
Common Pb isotopic compositions of the Lima, Arequipa and Toquepala segments in the Coastal batholith, Peru: Implications for magmagenesis

Abstract Common-Pb isotopic compositions for 65 feldspar samples from the 188-37-Ma old gabbroic to monzogranitic plutons of the Peruvian Coastal batholith show changes along strike that can be related to variable contamination of mantle-derived magmas by the local Precambrian basement. Results have the following isotopic ranges: 206 Pb 204 Pb = 17.580–20.803 ; 207 Pb 204 Pb = 15.555–15.709 ; and 208 Pb 204 Pb = 38.104–41.177 . With averages of 206 Pb 204 Pb = 18.630 , 207 Pb 204 Pb = 15.610 and 208 Pb 204 Pb = 38.500 , the gabbroic, dioritic and tonalitic plutons north and east of Lima (the Lima segment) have ratios similar to the isotopically homogeneous reservoir identified by Tilton (1979), Tilton and Barreiro (1980), and Barreiro and Stern (1982) for rocks in central and southern Chile. The homogeneous reservoir has been suggested to be “enriched” subcontinental mantle. More siliceous rocks (granodiorites and monzogranites) in the Lima segment have considerably higher ratios ( 206 Pb 204 Pb = 18.680–20.803 , 207 Pb 204 Pb = 15.610–15.709 and 208 Pb 204 Pb = 38.500–41.177 ). Nine of ten monzogranites from the ring dike complexes in the Lima segment define a linear array with a slope of 0.1143 (correlation coefficient = 0.9398) and a Pb isochron age of 1.9 Ga. This isochron age has no simple chronological meaning, although it may represent a component of sedimentary debris, derived from 1.9 Ga crustal materials. Feldspars from plutons in the Arequipa and Toquepala segments south of Lima tend to have low Pb-isotopic ratios ( 206 Pb 204 Pb = 17.580–18.603 , 207 Pb 204 Pb = 15.555–15.633 and 208 Pb 204 Pb = 38.104–38.749 ). The ratios plot between the isotopic signatures of local Precambrian granulites and gneisses and the Chile-type “enriched” subcontinental magmatic reservoir, indicating that these end members were the principal magma sources. The oldest plutonic rocks in the segments (early- to mid-Jurassic) are closest to the Pb-isotopic ratios of the Precambrian basement. Contamination of plutons in the Arequipa and Toquepala segments by unradiogenic Pb from the Precambrian basement, and lack of it in the Lima segment, supports crustal models by Couch et al. (1981) and Jones (1981) which show a thick Precambrian basement layer throughout southern Peru, and an extremely thin layer beneath the Lima segment.
Unweaving the Autism Spectrum

Although genes associated with human autism spectrum disorders have been identified, bridging the gap between genetics and the patchwork of behavioral deficits associated with the disease remains an enormous challenge. Penagarikano et al. (2011) now show that mice lacking CNTNAP2, a gene that causes a rare form of epilepsy associated with autistic features and language impairment, display similar phenotypes to their human counterparts, raising hopes that such models may speed the identification of neuronal circuitries underlying the core features of autism.
Effects of a Structured Camp Experience on Locus of Control Orientation.

Summary Inner-city teenagers (n = 261) experienced a structured camp program for a week. It was predicted and found that this experience led to a change toward internality, in the locus of control orientation of these youngsters. The trend toward internality continued in a group of youngsters (n = 27) who returned for an additional week. Item analyses revealed the specific items on which the changes occurred and indicated that a rather general change of orientation had occurred. The results were discussed in terms social learning theory and suggestions were made to improve future programs of this sort.
Gender, sex roles, and attitudes toward war and nuclear weapons

The observation that men are usually more supportive of war than women had led several authors to suggest that masculinity plays a causal role in the decision to make war and stockpile nuclear arms. In order to examine the relationship between sex role orientation and attitudes towards war and nuclear weapons, gender and measures of sex role orientation were used to predict three attitudes about nuclear weapons and the use of military force. Two specific and two classes of hypotheses regarding the possible relationships among these variables were tested: masculinity, femininity, Masculinity × Femininity interaction, and Gender × Sex Role Orientation hypotheses. The results provided limited support only for the femininity hypothesis—that attitudes toward war are associated with feminine traits. However, neither masculinity nor femininity was found to be the only mediators of the gender/war attitude relationship, indicating that sex role orientation (and especially masculinity) should be given less emphasis when trying to explain the relationship between gender and attitudes toward war.
Systematic estimation of ANN classification performance employing synthetic data

The use of artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers as a signal processing element in resource constrained embedded computing systems has been restricted due to the difficulty of predicting performance and execution requirements on the deployed platform. In this paper, techniques are presented which provide a means of efficiently estimating data complexity, generating meaningful synthetic data, and evaluating ANN classifiers in terms of achievable performance.
Alveolar cleft bone grafting (Part II): Secondary bone grafting

Despite nearly a century of surgical experience in alveolar cleft repair’ and grafting; significant controversy remains in regards to timing, sequencing, and graft selection. With refinement and popularization of techniques by Boyne and Sands,2 secondary alveolar grafting has become an integral part of most cleft palate and craniofacial centers’ treatment philosophy and protocols. However, there remain advocates of primary alveolar grafting.’
Isolation of the Phagocytic Compartment from Macrophages Using a Paramagnetic, Particulate Ligand

Abstract Isolation of Fe receptor-dependent phagosomes from a macrophage cell line, J774 A.1, was accomplished using antibody-opsonized, paramagnetic beads. Following binding and ingestion of these beads, cells were homogenized in a standard membrane isolation buffer. Phagosomes containing the trapped paramagnetic beads were isolated by subjecting the whole cell homogenate to a magnetic field. The method is extremely simple and the preparation of an enriched phagosome fraction from a whole cell homogenate is rapid and highly selective. The method should provide useful starting material for investigators interested in cytoskeletal involvement in phagocytosis, in kinetic studies of ingestion, in phagosome-lysosome fusion, and in the ability of a particular ligand to initiate phagocytosis.
Decay of mass-separated 195Tl(1.13 h) to 195Hg

Abstract The decay of 195Tl to 195Hg has been studied with mass and chemically separated sources from the UNISOR facility. Multiscaled spectra of γ-rays, X-rays and conversion electrons; and, γ-γ, γ-X and e-γ coincidences were obtained. The half-life of 195Tl was measured to be 1.13±0.06 h. A decay scheme has been constructed that incorporates 98% of the decay intensity assigned to 195Tl. The ground-state feeding is deduced to be 9% of all decays. No evidence is found for anomalous EC/β+ ratios. The i 13 2 band in 195Hg is populated through low-spin band members in 0.35% of all 195Tl decays. A level at 1400 keV is observed to decay by an E0 transition to the 1 2 − ground state. The 195Hg level scheme is compared with recent particle-vibrator models, and the i 13 2 band is discussed in terms of triaxial rotor models and particle-vibrator models.
Radio-Telemetry Evidence of Re-nesting in the Same Season by the Marbled Murrelet

Abstract Unlike other alcids, laying of replacement eggs has not been well documented in Brachyramphus murrelets. Observations of two radio-marked Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in northern California during 2001 and 2002 suggested that they can re-lay in the same breeding season. In 2001, aircraft telemetry first detected a male Marbled Murrelet at a forested inland location on 17 May. This bird alternated 24h incubation bouts with 24h at sea periods until 29 May, when data logger recordings indicated that the bird arrived at the nest at 05.17 h (PDT), but left at 05.32 h. This nesting effort had apparently failed. Sixteen days later, on 14 June this murrelet arrived in the vicinity of the first nest site at 05.19 h and remained there until 18.57 h that same evening and then left. We suspected that this event represented a second breeding effort that also failed, either near or at the site of the first effort. In 2002 a female Marbled Murrelet, first detected inland on 13 June by aircraft t...
Properties of modern dust accumulating in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA, and implications for the regional dust system of the Rocky Mountains

A growing body of work is illuminating the importance of dust as a component of soil development and biogeochemical cycling in alpine environments of the Rocky Mountains. Nonetheless, important questions remain about the dust system in this region due to a paucity of focused studies and direct measurements. This project involved deployment of modified marble dust traps in the alpine zone of the Uinta Mountains of Utah to trap modern atmospheric dust over a two year period. Results indicate that dust accumulation rates are similar to values previously reported for the Wind River Range of Wyoming, but less than values for south-western Colorado, suggesting a south-to-north decrease in regional dust flux. The overall mean grain size of Uinta dust is similar to values reported by prior studies in Colorado, indicating a general uniformity in grain size distribution. Uinta dust is dominated by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and illite with trace amounts of kaolinite, chlorite, and amphibole. In contrast, only quartz and K-feldspar are present in the Uinta bedrock, confirming an exotic origin for the dust arriving in the alpine zone. Exotic mineralogies have also been reported in dust from other mountain ranges in the western United States, indicating that eolian delivery of allochthonous minerals is a widespread process. Geochemical analysis reveals that Bi, Na, P, Zn, Sn, Cu, Cd, Ba, Ni, W, Sb, Pb, and Tl in Uinta dust are elevated 10 to > 80-times above their abundances in local bedrock. These results support reports of anthropogenic elemental enrichment in lake sediments from Colorado and Utah. Patterns of elemental loading suggest that certain elements are delivered by winds arriving from different directions, raising the possibility that some elements could be associated with unique source areas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hormone transport and action in the green shoot:long-term studies of a clonal stock of Coleus blumei(Labiatae).

A decades-long study of hormone production, transport, developmental actions, and hormonal interactions in the green shoots of mature plants has exploited a clone of Coleus blumei. To obtain data both quantitative and reproducible, we greatly increased sample size over the classical anatomical models, initiated round-the-clock collections, and countered that increased workload by clearing and staining organs rather than by embedding and serially sectioning them. Major developmental events occurred at night. The control of the normal differentiation and regeneration of tracheary cells and sieve-tube members by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins and of fibers by IAA and gibberellic acid have been major findings from this approach. IAA from the leaf blade controls the timing of leaf abscission. As the leaf ages, the ability of the petiole to transport IAA from the blade to the abscission zone declines, with abscisic acid (ABA) decreasing IAA transport down the petiole and concomitantly increasing the conjugation of IAA with aspartic acid. Evidence for transport barriers was found at nodes and abscission zones. This article is designed to provide an overview of major research contributions from studies of a clonal stock of Coleus. The question posed was what roles do hormones and their movements play in the development of the green shoot. The approach is described below. Early research on plant hormones was mostly based on studies of seedlings grown in the dark, the coleoptiles of grasses being particularly favored. The use of seedlings made economic sense: the plants were usable a few days after sowing, occupied little space, needed no lights, and could grow for several days on the nutrients stored in the seeds. However, as research on such dark-grown seedlings accumulated through the 1940s, I wondered how typical such results were of most of the plants on the earth’s surface--namely, green plants absorbing nutrients from the soil, photosynthesizing, undergoing daily light‐dark cycles, and coordinating much more complex interactions of tissues and organs than etiolated seedlings possessed. My approach to studying hormone actions in the mature green plant was strongly influenced by the penchant of my mentor, Ralph Wetmore, for training his students in both anatomy and physiology. As an anatomist, I wanted to extend the usual interest of physiologists in length, mass, and organ differentiation to problems of cell differentiation. As a physiologist, I wanted to use larger sample sizes than anatomists were then typically using— sample sizes that would be large enough to provide quan
Childhood sexual abuse and preterm labor in adulthood: an endocrinological hypothesis.

Anecdotal reports link adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery, to women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Although little research has been conducted on this subject, we provide an overview of known health effects of violence against women and posit a biological explanation for adverse pregnancy outcomes among this population. Specifically, we hypothesize that early traumatic experiences of childhood sexual abuse may activate corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gene expression in the brain, and a vulnerability to elevated CRH gene expression in the placenta. Those traumatized by early abuse may be more susceptible to stress vis a vis CRH dysregulation during a major psychosocial stressor, such as pregnancy. Elevated CRH has been associated with preterm labor.
Parametric evaluation for programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection in gas chromatographic determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

This work is a thorough investigation on the major operating parameters of the programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet used for gas chromatographic injection, including injection mode and volume, inlet temperature, vent and purge flow rates. The results clearly demonstrate the advantage of large volume injection in enhancing the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Partial loss of injected PBDEs occurred during solvent venting and due to incomplete sample transfer. Such loss was minimized by lowering the initial inlet temperature and vent flow and elevating the final inlet temperature. The results show that 50 mL/min vent flow, as low as 0 degrees C initial and higher than 300 degrees C final inlet temperatures produced the relatively high responses. Two mass spectrometric parameters were also evaluated. Indoor dust, lake sediment and human placenta tissue samples were analyzed to demonstrate reliability and sensitivity improvement of the PTV large volume injection.
Decomposable Regression Models in the Analysis of Market Potentials

A regression method for estimating geographic market potentials is developed. Aggregation issues are explored, and a macro model is derived in which it is not necessary to assume that the relationships among variables are the same within the micro subsystems. An estimating procedure is presented and empirically illustrated in which the estimates satisfy additivity and nonnegativity constraints.
Graphene on Carbon-face SiC{0001} Surfaces Formed in a Disilane Environment

author Abstract. The formation of epitaxial graphene on SiC( 1 000 ) in a disilane environment is studied. The higher graphitization temperature required, compared to formation in vacuum, results in improved thickness uniformity of the graphene films. Some areas of the surface display unique electron reflectivity curves not seen in vacuum-prepared samples. Using selected area diffraction, these areas are found to have a graphene/SiC interface structure with a graphene-like buffer layer (analogous to what occurs on SiC(0001) surfaces).
The microwave spectra, bromine nuclear electric quadrupole coupling tensor, and structure of 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene

Abstract 3-Bromo-3,3-difluoropropene was seeded within a pulsed, supersonic expansion of argon gas. In this state, the microwave spectrum of the title molecule was recorded between the limits of 7.8 GHz and 14.2 GHz using a chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Only the gauche conformer was observed in this study. A total of 1073 transitions have been recorded, 550 for the 79Br isotopologue and 523 for the 81Br isotopologue. The resolution of the technique, and the variety of transitions measured, has allowed the complete bromine quadrupole coupling tensors to be determined. These are reported together with the rotational spectroscopic parameters. Ab initio calculations have yielded a structure reproducing the experimental rotational constants.
Defragging Computer/Videogame Implementation and Assessment in the Social Studies

Students in this post-industrial technological age require opportunities for the acquisition of new skills, especially in the marketplace of innovation. A pedagogical strategy that is becoming more and more popular within social studies classrooms is the use of computer and video games as enhancements to everyday lesson plans. Computer/video games provide a rich experience for students when synthesizing information to solve a problem, a critical element in higher-order thinking and democratic processes. Particular computer/video games today support social studies content and cognitive processes that elicit the option for students to experience history in a hands-on and authentic fashion in which they solve problems and feel immersed in the learning process (Devlin-Scherer and Sardone 2010). This current exploration highlights research in video/computer game implementation and assessment best practices and twenty-first-century social studies education best practices. In addition, this exploration provides ...
WAVES AND PLUMES IN THERMAL CONVECTION

The interface between two fluids is an interesting object because one can say simple things about its dynamics. For example, if the fluids have different densities the interface can sustain gravity-driven waves, like the surface of the sea. If there is a surface free energy this will give rise to the quite different phenomenon of capillary (surface tension driven) waves. These instabilities can be investigated easily in terms of a linear stability analysis. Then there are other, nonlinear objects which can propagate unchanged along an interface: an example is solitary waves in a channel.
Emergency portacaval anastomosis (EPCA): The long‐awaited trial

A prospective randomized trial was conducted in all comers with cirrhosis and bleeding varices comparing 1) emergency portacaval shunt (EPCS) performed within 8 hr of admission, with 2) emergency medical therapy (EMT) followed in 2–6 wks by elective portacaval shunt in survivors. All patients received identical supportive therapy initially, and the EMT group received vasopressin in continuous infusion and, if necessary, esophageal balloon tamponade to control varix bleeding. No patients refused to participate in the trial, and there were no escape or cross-over provisions in the protocol. Randomization resulted in 21 patients receiving EPCS and 22 patients receiving EMT. All patients were followed up for at least 3 yrs. Mean age was 48 yrs in each group. Cirrhosis was caused by alcoholism in 95% of each group. On admission, there were similar incidences in the 2 groups of ascites (EPCS–52%, EMT–50%), jaundice (EPCS–48%, EMT–50%), encephalopathy (EPCS–33%, EMT–14%), severe muscle wasting (EPCS–48%, EMT–59%), hyperdynamic state (82% in both groups), SGOT ≥ 100 u (EPCS–33%, EMT–36%), ICG retention ≥ 50% (EPCS–24%, EMT–23%), and ingestion of alcohol within 7 d of bleeding (EPCS–62%, EMT–59%). Child's risk classes in the EPCS group were A–10%, B–38%, and C–52%, while in the EMT group they were A–41%, B–32%, and C–27%, suggesting that the EPCS group had somewhat more severe liver disease. There were highly significant differences (p < 0.01) in the results obtained by the 2 forms of treatment. Bleeding was permanently controlled in 100% of patients who underwent EPCS, but in 45% who received EMT. Mean requirement for blood transfusion was 5.8 u in the EPCS group and 15.5 u in the EMT group. 81% of the EPCS patients survived to leave the hospital compared to 45% of the EMT group. The 3-yr survival rate was 67% following EPCS compared to 27% following the combination of EMT and elective shunt. It is concluded that EPCS is significantly more effective than EMT followed by elective shunt in the treatment of bleeding varices in alcoholic cirrhosis.
Pulse-labeling of kinetoplast DNA: localization of 2 sites of synthesis within the networks and kinetics of labeling of closed minicircles.

SYNOPSIS. Short pulsu-labcling of log phase Crithidia fa.<ciculata culls with ['Hjthyniidinc allowed the autoradiographic visualization of 2 sites of rcplicntioii of kinetoplast DNA situated at the periphcr)- of the networks and separated by 180°. Longer pulse-labeling led to the previously reported total peripheral labeling pattern. Pulse-labeled networks possess an inter­ mediate density in ethidium bromide-CsCI equilibrium gradients between the densities characteristic of closed networks and open or linear DNA. Removal of ethidium bromide by several methods and treatment of intermediate band networks with RNase and pnjnase had no effect on the equilibrium rebanding pattern. Closed minicircles of Leishmania tarentolae are not labeled by a short pulse of intact cells with ["Hlthymidine. A chase of —' H-4 hr is required for the .'ippcarance of radioactivity in closed minicircles, a lime delay which implies the existence of intermediate events between ruplicatii^n and eventual covalent closure of the minicircles.
Budget Requests and Agency Head Selection Methods

In this article I use pooled time series data from more than 500 agencies in thirteen states to assess the effects of agency head selection methods on levels of gubernatorial support for agency bud...
Silver nanowires – unique templates for functional nanostructures

This feature article reviews the synthesis and application of silver nanowires with the focus on a polyol process that is capable of producing high quality silver nanowires with high yield. The as-synthesized silver nanowires can be used as both physical templates for the synthesis of metal/dielectric core/shell nanowires and chemical templates for the synthesis of metal nanotubes as well as semiconductor nanowires. Typical examples including Ag/SiO2 coaxial nanocables, single- and multiple-walled nanotubes made of Au-Ag alloy, AgCl nanowires and AgCl/Au core/shell nanowires are discussed in detail to illustrate the versatility of nanostructures derived from silver nanowire templates. Novel properties associated with these one-dimensional nanostructures are also briefly discussed to shed the light on their potential applications in electronics, photonics, optoelectronics, catalysis, and medicine.
Regional Variation in Epiphytic Macrolichen Communities in Northern and Central California Forests

We studied epiphytic macrolichen communities in northern and central California to 1) describe how gradients in community composition relate to climate, topography, and stand structure and 2) define subregions of relatively homogeneous lichen communities and environmental conditions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to characterize landscape-level trends in lichen community composition from 211 plots. We found two gradients in lichen community composition that corresponded with macroclimatic gradients: one correlated with temperature variables and elevation, the second with moisture variables. Moist, warm plots supported more cyanolichen species, while warm but dry plots supported a diverse nitrophilous flora. Ammonia pollution, which was not accounted for in the analysis, may also explain spatial patterns in nitrophilous species and deserves further study. Cluster analysis and indicator species analysis were used to divide lichen communities into more homogeneous groups and identify group indicator species. Three groups of plots differing in geography, macroclimate, and community composition were defined: the Greater Central Valley group; the Sierra, Southern Cascades, and Modoc group; and the NW Coast group. Communities in the Greater Central Valley group were typically diverse and dominated by nitrophilous species, averaging 14 species and 40% nitrophiles. Cyanolichens common to this group were mainly diminuitive species from the genera Leptogium and Collema. Indicator species strongly associated with the Greater Central Valley included Melanelia glabra, Candelaria concolor, and Parmelina quercina. Communities from the Sierra, Southern Cascades, and Modoc group had the lowest species richness and total lichen abundance. Cyanolichens were absent, while nitrophiles such as Candelaria concolor and Xanthoria fulva were frequent. Indicator species included Letharia vulpina, L. columbiana, and Nodobryoria abbreviata. The NW Coast group had the highest species richness, cyanolichen diversity, and cyanolichen abundance while nitrophiles were rare. Indicator species included Platismatia glauca, Esslingeriana idahoensis, and Cetraria orbata.
Including Cash Flow Risk In Stock Return Analysis

Despite their prominence in financial theory and practice, the Capital Asset Pricing Model and its critical beta component have failed test after test to explain stock returns. Research by Campbell and Vuolteenaho cites the misspecification of beta as the reason for this failure. They measure beta as the sum of two components: a more influential “cash-flow” beta and a secondary “discount-rate” beta. The current study creates a ratio between the overall beta of a stock and the cash-flow component and uses an ordinary least squares regression model to determine its significance in interpreting overall returns to a stock, hypothesizing that the ratio will better explain returns than the overall beta alone. The results are mixed but suggest significant explanatory power for the beta range of 0.60 to 0.95.
Home-Sale Exclusion Rules Include Opportunities for Planning

Home ownership is deemed to be desirable and thus there are several provisions in the Internal Revenue Code that provide relief to homeowners. One of these provisions is Section 121, which provides for the exclusion of gain up to $500,000 on the sale of a qualifying principal residence. In December 2002, the IRS issued some additional regulations regarding this section. This paper addresses the advantages of Section 121 and offers tax saving strategies. A taxpayer may have multiple residences. These could include a house, as well as a houseboat, a house-trailer, stock in a cooperative housing unit, and any other dwelling place. This paper provides guidelines for determining principal residence for taxpayers with multiple residences, vacant land, and property used partially for business. Additional guidance is provided for the length of ownership and frequency of usage of the residence, the frequency with which taxpayers may use the exclusion, and determination of exclusion in the event of death or disability of a spouse.
A Hybrid Neural Network-Latent Topic Model

This paper introduces a hybrid model that combines a neural network with a latent topic model. The neural network provides a lowdimensional embedding for the input data, whose subsequent distribution is captured by the topic model. The neural network thus acts as a trainable feature extractor while the topic model captures the group structure of the data. Following an initial pretraining phase to separately initialize each part of the model, a unified training scheme is introduced that allows for discriminative training of the entire model. The approach is evaluated on visual data in scene classification task, where the hybrid model is shown to outperform models based solely on neural networks or topic models, as well as other baseline methods.
Psychology and the death of aspiration

This paper argues that the prevailing theories, models, and explanations of contemporary psychology, in large part because they reflect the assumptions of reductive naturalism, provide an understan...