cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward the ideal synthesis and molecular function through synthesis-informed design

This Highlight describes factors that contribute to an ideal synthesis, including economies (step, time, atom, solvent, energy) and orientations (target, diversity, safety, function), and the role of synthesis-informed design directed at function in advancing synthesis and its impact on science.
Java classes for managing chemical information and solving generalized equilibrium problems

Java classes have been created for organizing chemical information and solving generalized equilibrium problems. An object-oriented approach is employed for the organization and manipulation of chemical information. Classes have been created to represent chemical species, phases, and chemical reactions. The representation of the entire chemical system is encapsulated in the ChemSystem class. The Equilibria class provides methods for analyzing a chemical system, as described by a ChemSystem object, and determining the amounts of each species in the system at equilibrium. The ChemEquilibria applet has been created to facilitate deployment of this software over the World Wide Web.
A Numerical Study of Stratified Airflow over Mesoscale Heat Sources with Application to Carolina Coastal Frontogenesis

Abstract This paper presents the results from a numerical investigation of the responses of stratified airflow to prescribed near-surface mesoscale axisymmetric (circular) and elongated (elliptical) heat sources under uniform basic wind conditions using a simple three-dimensional model. Model results indicate that the structure of the response depends on the Froude number (Fr = V/NH) and the Rossby number (Ro = V/fL) associated with an axisymmetric thermal forcing, where H and L are the vertical and horizontal scales of the heat source, V the wind speed, N the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, and f the Coriolis parameter. However, the response to an elongated thermal forcing depends not only on the Froude and Rossby numbers, but also on the ratio of the alongstream scale (Ls) to the cross-stream scale (Ln) of the heat source, which are determined by the horizontal shape of the heat source and the direction of the basic flow. When Ls/Ln is less than 1, that is, the heat source is elongated in the cross-stream dire...
Method for Finishing Composite Restorative Materials

An instrument, designed to finish the surface of composite restorative materials, was made by bonding 1μ to 5μ diamond particles to flexible paper disks. The surface finish produced by this instrument was superior to that obtained by fine cuttlefish disks and inferior to surfaces obtained by the hardening of the material in contact with polished glass. Results are presented with use of scanning electron photomicrographs.
A multidirectional Dirichlet problem

B.E.J. Dahlberg’s theorems on the mutual absolute continuity of harmonic and surface measures, and on the unique solvability of the Dirichlet problem for Laplace’s equation with data taken in Lp spaces p > 2 − δ are extended to compact polyhedral domains of ℝn. Consequently, for q < 2 + δ, Dahlberg’s reverse Holder inequality for the density of harmonic measure is established for compact polyhedra that additionally satisfy the Harnack chain condition. It is proved that a compact polyhedral domain satisfies the Harnack chain condition if its boundary is a topological manifold. The double suspension of the Mazur manifold is invoked to indicate that perhaps such a polyhedron need not itself be a manifold with boundary; see the footnote in Section 9. A theorem on approximating compact polyhedra by Lipschitz domains in a certain weak sense is proved, along with other geometric lemmas.
Winter wheat responses to bird cherry-oat aphids and barley yellow dwarf virus infection.

Grain yield loss caused by bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) infestation and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection may result from direct damage to the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop as well as from reduced crop tolerance to stress environments. This greenhouse study measured the effects of R. padi infestation, BYDV infection, or a combination of R. padi plus BYDV on plant height, date of anthesis, yield, and yield components of four winter wheat varieties ('Roughrider', 'Norstar', 'TAM 107', and 'Vona') in the absence of additional environmental stresses. Treatments were applied at the two-leaf growth stage. Early in the pre-vernalization growth period, R. padi treatment (alone or in combination with BYDV) reduced plant height to about 55 to 60% of the control plant height while BYDV treated plants were about 90% of control. During the post-vernalization growth period, plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment, to about 80% of control in the BYDV treatment and to about 70% of control in the R. padi+ BYDV treatment. Dates of anthesis were later in the R. padi+BYDV treatments than in the R. padi treatments for Norstar, Roughrider, and Vona but not for TAM 107. Individual kernel weights in the BYDV and R. padi+BYDV treatments were less than control or R. padi treatments for Norstar, TAM 107, and Vona but not for Roughrider. Control or R. padi-treated plants had a greater number of fertile heads than plants given the BYDV or R. padi+BYDV treatments. Grain yield was strongly associated with kernel number per plant. The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment, 36% by the BYDV treatment, and 50% by the R. padi+BYDV treatment. Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment, 46% by the BYDV treatment, and 58% by the R padi+BYDV treatment With the exception of date of anthesis and individual kernel weight, there were no significant treatment by variety interactions for plant height, grain yield, and yield components. We conclude that R. padi infestation and BYDV infection caused significant yield reductions and that the varieties tested had little difference in their responses to these treatments in the absence of additional environmental stress.
Perception of the sincerity and competence of a communicator as a function of the extremity of his position

Abstract An experiment investigated the effect of amount of communicator-communicatee discrepancy on the perception of the communicator's sincerity and competence. After answering an opinion questionnaire, college males were given a page of the questionnaire supposedly filled out by another student and asked to rate his sincerity and competence. The results supported the hypotheses that a communicator with an extreme position on the same side of an issue as the communicatee will be perceived as more sincere and more competent than a communicator with a moderate position on the same side; and that a communicator with an extreme position on the opposite side will be perceived as more sincere but less competent than a communicator with a moderate position on the opposite side.
Item analysis of a single response dichotic listening test.

Abstract Ten left-handed and eight right-handed subjects were tested on five replications of a single-response dichotic listening test. Nine CV dichotic pairings of the six stop consonants plus /a/ were used. Computer synthesis guaranteed that these pairs differed on only a single phonemic feature, thus permitting fusion. Mean laterality scores were significantly higher (greater right ear advantage) for right-handers than for left-handers. Selective attention instructions did not alter laterality scores. Test-retest correlation coefficients were consistently high (> .70 for all adjacent replication comparisons). Error rates were low (averaging 5.5%) and 39% of these were psychoacoustic confusions rather than true (guessing) errors. These confusions were found for only two of the nine pairs. Stimulus dominance, as opposed to ear dominance, was considered separately. Two dichotic pairs had such strong stimulus dominance for all subjects that little ear advantage information was available from those pairs. It was recommended that the three dichotic pairs prone to psychoacoustic confusions and/or overwhelming stimulus dominance be removed from the test.
Evaluation of stereoisomers of 4-fluoroalkyl analogues of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate in in vivo competition studies for the M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in brain.

Abstract To develop a subtype selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist for PET, fluorine-19 labeled alkyl analogues of quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) were synthesized by stereoselective reactions. To investigate these analogues for tissue subtype specificity, in vivo competitive binding studies were performed in rat brain using (R)-3-quinuclidinyl (R)-4-[ 125 I]Iodobenzilate (IQNB). Five, fifty, or five-hundred nmol of the non-radioactive ligands were coinjected intravenously with 8 pmol of the radioligand. Cold (R,R)-IQNB blocked (R,R)-[ 125 I]IQNB in a dose-dependent manner, without showing regional specificity. For the (R,S)-fluoromethyl,-fluoroethyl, and -fluoropropyl derivatives, a higher percent blockade was seen at 5 and 50 nmol levels in M2 predominant tissues (medulla, pons, and cerebellum) than in M1 predominant tissues (cortex, striatum and hippocampus). The blockade pattern of the radioligand also correlated qualitatively with the percentage of M2 receptors in the region. The S-quinuclidinyl analogues showed M2 selectivity but less efficient blockade of the radioligand, indicating lower affinities. Radioligand bound to the medulla was inversely correlated to the M2 relative binding affinity of the fluoroalkyl analogues. These results indicate that the nonradioactive ligand blocks the radioligand based on the affinity of the nonradioactive ligand for a particular receptor subtype compared to the affinity of the radioligand for the same receptor subtype. Of the seven compounds evaluated, (R,S)-fluoromethyl-QNB appears to show the most selectivity for the M2 subtypes in competition studies in vivo .
Two-color absorption spectroscopy strategy for measuring the column density and path average temperature of the absorbing species in nonuniform gases

A two-color absorption spectroscopy strategy has been developed for measuring the column density and density-weighted path-average temperature of the absorbing species in nonuniform gases. This strategy uses two transitions with strengths that scale nearly linearly with temperature. In addition, measured lineshapes are used to accurately model absorbance spectra. As a result, the column density and density-weighted path-average temperature of the absorbing species can be inferred from a comparison of signals measured across a nonuniform line of sight (LOS) with simulated signals calculated using a uniform LOS. This strategy is demonstrated with simulations of water-vapor absorption across a nonuniform LOS with temperature and composition gradients comparable to those in hydrogen–air diffusion flames. In this demonstration, both the column density and density-weighted path-average temperature of water vapor are recovered to within 0.5%.
On the chemical synthesis and drug delivery response of folate receptor-activated, polyethylene glycol-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles.

Abstract We describe here the chemical synthesis and in vitro drug delivery response of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, which were activated with a stable ligand, folic acid, and conjugated with an anticancer drug, doxorubicin. The functionalization and conjugation steps in the chemical synthesis were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The drug-release behavior of PEG-functionalized and folic acid–doxorubicin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles was characterized by two stages involving an initial rapid release, followed by a controlled release.
Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial.

Background We quantified cardiovascular death and/or left ventricular (LV) dilatation in patients from the SAVE trial to determine whether dilatation continued beyond 1 year, whether ACE inhibitor therapy attenuated late LV dilatation, and whether any baseline descriptors predicted late dilatation. Methods and Results Two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained in 512 patients at 11±3 days and 1 and 2 years postinfarction to assess LV size, percentage of the LV that was akinetic/dyskinetic (%AD), and LV shape index. LV function was assessed by radionuclide ejection fraction. Two hundred sixty-three patients (51.4%) sustained cardiovascular death and/or LV diastolic dilatation; 279 (54.5%) had cardiovascular death and/or systolic dilatation. In 373 patients with serial echocardiograms, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic sizes increased progressively from baseline to 2 years (both P <.01). More patients with LV dilatation had a decrease in ejection fraction: 24.8% versus 6.8% ( P <.001) (diastole) and 25.7% versus 5.3% ( P <.001) (systole). Captopril attenuated diastolic LV dilatation at 2 years ( P =.048), but this effect was carried over from the first year of therapy because changes in LV size with captopril beyond 1 year were similar to those with placebo. Predictors of cardiovascular death and/or dilatation were age ( P =.023), prior infarction ( P <.001), lower ejection fraction ( P <.001), angina ( P =.007), heart failure ( P =.002), LV size ( P <.001), and infarct size (%AD) ( P <.001). Conclusions Cardiovascular death and/or LV dilatation occurred in >50% of patients by 2 years. LV dilatation is progressive, associated with chamber distortion and deteriorating function that is unaffected by captopril beyond 1 year.
A New mechanism for light composite Higgs bosons

Repeated symmetry-breaking and restoration phase transitions occur as one traverses the parameter space of interactions competing to align the vacuum. This phenomenon, augmented with a topcolor-like interaction, can make a composite Higgs boson's mass and vacuum expectation value naturally much less than its underlying structure scale, without introducing new symmetries and their associated TeV-scale particles. We illustrate it by reconstructing a simple light composite Higgs model of electroweak symmetry breaking proposed by Georgi and Kaplan.
Song type variants and aggressive context

We asked whether switching among song type variants functions as a graded signal of aggression in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Song type variants are different versions of a given song type and are defined by much smaller acoustic differences than those defining separate song types. The principal evidence that switching between song types functions as an aggressive signal, in song sparrows and other species, is that song type switching frequencies increase during aggressive contexts, for example during simulated territorial intrusions. We tested whether variant switching frequencies change in the same way, using playback of conspecific song to simulate intrusions. Male song sparrows showed a significant increase in variant switching frequencies during intrusion relative to before intrusion. After intrusions, variant switching frequencies returned to pre-intrusion levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that variant switching is a graded aggressive signal, but other interpretations are possible, for example, that variant switching is a signal of submission or represents simple production error.
Influence of methionine, lysine and tryptophan upon food intake and production responses in laying chickens.

Abstract REVIEW OF LITERATURE FOR a long time it has been known that lysine and methionine are two of the most limiting amino acids in poultry feeds. Working with individual amino acids numerous workers have shown that supplementary lysine can improve the performance of birds fed low protein diets [Thorton et al. (1957), Waibel and Johnson (1961), Bradley and Quisenberry (1961), Harms and Waldroup (1962), and Sell and Hodgson (1966)]. Methionine supplementation on the other hand appears to be more beneficial at higher protein levels or in low protein diets which have already been supplemented with lysine (Barton and Stephenson, 1960; Harms and Waldroup, 1962; Sell, 1964; and Daghir et al., 1964). Biely and March (1964) and Smith (1967) have also demonstrated that supplementation with both lysine and methionine results in greater production, hatchability, egg size, egg weight and feed efficiency than with either amino acid. A third limiting amino acid…
Results from RHIC and a look to the future

Abstract After 6 years of RHIC operation, much has been learned about the matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We have evidence that the matter is strongly interacting and highly collective, behaving like a liquid. We also have evidence that the matter is very dense, with estimates of the energy density exceeding expectation for a phase transition. However, the results obtained thus far have led to further questions about the matter created at RHIC. Future investigations include (i) why the high-pT suppression of heavy flavor is comparable to the suppression of mesons containing only light quarks, (ii) whether the J/Ψ regenerates through combination of c and c ¯ quarks, (iii) how chiral symmetry restoration is realized, and (iv) whether we are seeing saturation of gluons in the initial-state nuclear wave-function. This paper discusses the fate of the J/Ψ in the medium at RHIC (suppression versus regeneration).
Effects of orienting instructions on human fixed-interval performance

The effects of orienting instructions—those instructions usually given to human subjects to acquaint them with the experimental task and contextual stimuli prior to the start of an operant experiment—on human fixed-interval performance were investigated in a between-groups design. Each of four groups of subjects was exposed to only one set of the following instructions: (1) instructions that described the apparatus but not the response manipulandum; (2) same as Instruction 1, but with a description of the response manipulandum; (3) same as Instruction 2, but with a demonstration of the response; or (4) same as Instruction 3, but with an additional instruction to maximize reinforcement. Each of the instructional sets differentially affected responding between groups: Instruction 1 produced the lowest rates and Instruction 4 produced the highest. Thus, different orienting instructions, as discriminative stimuli, do not set equivalent occasions for responding. Moreover, orienting instructions may interact with scheduled contingencies and/or contingency-specifying instructions to jointly control human performance in operant contexts.
Sensitivity of the acoustic startle response and neurons in subnuclei of the mouse inferior colliculus to stimulus parameters

Abstract Stimulus frequency, intensity, interstimulus interval, and risetime were evaluated for their influence on the acoustic startle reflex, determined by behavioral and EMG techniques, and on the activity of multiple-unit clusters in subdivisions of the mouse inferior colliculus. Tones of 5, 10, and 20 kHz were capable of eliciting the startle response when presented at 80-dB SPL intensities, 5-ms rise time, and variable intervals. The most effective frequency was 10 kHz. Changing the parameters to either 70 dB SPL, 20-ms rise time, or fixed 1 s intervals each resulted in a reduced startle response. Discharge rates of most unit clusters in the ventrolateral division of the central nucleus were not reduced under these conditions. By contrast, many clusters in the pericentral and external nuclei showed reduced responsiveness to 1 s fixed interval schedules and 20-ms rise time. Some correspondence between the limited effectiveness of 20-kHz tones in eliciting the startle response and the relatively poor 20-kHz responses of neurons in the pericentral and external nuclei was noted. In general, increasing stimulus intensity from 70 to 80 dB produced an increase in the number of discharges evoked in all inferior colliculus subdivision. It is proposed that a pathway mediating the acoustic startle response is likely to include a projection from the ventrolateral division to the pericentral and/or external nuclei and ultimately to motor neurons.
Vibrational and unimolecular dissociation of mixed solvent cluster ions: Na+((CH3)2CO)n(CH3OH)m

Abstract The competitive solvation of the sodium ion by acetone and methanol has been investigated by vibrational spectroscopy of the C–O and O–H stretching modes of methanol and by unimolecular dissociation of mass-selected cluster ions using a tandem mass spectrometer. The onset of hydrogen bonding was detected by substantial shifts in the C–O (+12 to +16 cm −1 ) and O–H (−200 cm −1 ) stretches, as well as by significant increases in the intensity and width of the O–H bands. These onsets were observed when a total of five molecules were present about the ion. The unimolecular dissociation rates of metastable ion clusters of composition Na + ((CH 3 ) 2 CO) 1–9 and Na + ((CH 3 ) 2 CO) 1–8 (CH 3 OH) 1 were also measured using the same experimental apparatus. A significant increase in rate was observed when seven or more acetone molecules were present, suggesting a solvent shell size of six.
Shorter duration of femoral-popliteal bypass is associated with decreased surgical site infection and shorter hospital length of stay.

Background Duration of femoral-popliteal bypass is based on multiple patient-specific, system-specific, and surgeon-specific factors, and is subject to considerable variability. We hypothesized that shorter operative duration is associated with improved outcomes and might represent a potential quality-improvement measure. Study Design Patients who underwent primary femoral-popliteal bypass with autogenous vein between 2005 and 2009 were identified from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP dataset using ICD-9 codes. Operative duration quartiles (Q) were determined (Q1: ≤149 minutes, Q2: 150 to 192 minutes, Q3: 193 to 248 minutes; and Q4: ≥249 minutes). Perioperative outcomes included mortality, surgical site infection, cardiopulmonary complications, and length of hospital stay. Relevant patient-specific and system-specific confounders, including age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, indication, American Society of Anesthesiologists' class, type of anesthesia, intraoperative transfusion, nonoperative time in the operating room, and participation of a trainee during the procedure, were adjusted for using multivariable regression. Results There were 2,644 femoral-popliteal bypass procedures in our study. Mean age was 65.9 years and 62% of patients were male. Longer duration of surgery was associated with increased perioperative surgical site infection (Q1: 6.3%; Q2: 9.0%; Q3: 10.1%; and Q4: 13.9%; p Conclusions Longer duration of femoral-popliteal bypass with autogenous vein was associated with a significantly higher risk of perioperative surgical site infection and longer hospital length of stay. Surgeon-specific parameters that lead to faster operative time might lead to improved clinical outcomes and more efficient hospital resource use.
Ada: progress in the West and the East

Abstract The Ada programming language has aroused considerable attention and investment since its development during the late 1970s. The language has received massive Department of Defense support, but its progress has not been smooth. Ada has also captured the interest of many in the Eastern Bloc. In spite of the presence of a number of dedicated teams, progress there has been much slower, due to much lower levels of state support, smaller numbers of researchers involved, almost nonexistent contact between Soviet and Western colleagues, and little domestic demand for the language.
Homozygous somatic WT1 point mutations in sporadic unilateral Wilms tumor

Abstract Wilms tumor may be caused by loss of function of genes at different loci. A Wilms tumor suppressor gene, WT1, at chromosome 11 band p13, has recently been cloned and characterized. WT1 has been implicated in the development of Wilms tumor by virtue of mutations in patients with genitourinary anomalies and susceptibility to Wilms tumor. Homozygous intragenic mutations have been reported in Wilms tumors, but usually not in sporadic unilateral Wilms tumors, which constitute the majority of Wilms tumor cases. Using the single-strand conformational polymorphism assay, we have identified three sporadic unilateral Wilms tumors with homozygous point mutations: one with a de novo germ-line nonsense point mutation within WT1 exon 8, and two carrying a somatic mutation within WT1 exon 10. In all three cases loss of the wild-type allele was demonstrated by tumor loss of heterozygosity. This report provides an example of two somatic mutations in the same tumor expected to inactivate WT1 function.
Relation of Dose and Type of Estrogen to Nausea and Vomiting

THERE IS A WIDE DIVERGENCE of opinion both as to the incidence and the cause of nausea and vomiting following the administration of stilbestrol. The incidence of reactions has varied widely in reports by different authors, some reporting an incidence as low as 5%, others as high as 80%. The various methods claimed to diminish or obviate these reactions, such as administering the substance in powdered form in milk, in enteric coated pills, in gelatin capsules or with bile acids, do not seem logical. Since nausea and vomiting are also produced by parental administration, of stilbestrol it is unlikely that such reactions are caused by a local effect in the gastrointestinal tract. We have also observed such reactions in a few patients given the substance by inunction. A detailed review of the many reports on stilbestrol is beyond the scope of this article. There is, however, a fairly good correlation between the size of the dosages used by the various authors and the incidence of reactions which they have rep...
Influence of semen collection interval and tactile stimuli on semen quality and sperm output in bulls.

Most semen characteristics of eight Holstein bulls 28 to 36 months old were significantly affected (P<.01) by intervals between semen collections. First and second ejaculates, and ejaculates after five and two days of sexual rest were, respectively: ejaculate volume (ml), 5.55, 5.24, 5.69, and 5.09; sperm concentration (109/ml), 1.72, 1.08, 1.53, and 1.27; initial sperm motility (%), 52.5, 52.3, 52.2, and 52.6; post-thaw motility (%), 36.5, 37.5, 36.7, and 37.3; and total sperm per ejaculate (109), 9.59, 5.55, 8.76, and 6.38. Bull differences were highly significant (P < .01) for all criteria studied. The length and temperature of the artificial vagina had little effect on any characteristics studied. Sperm output per week averaged 30.3 billion, and when adjusted for losses averaged 35.4 billion. Sperm output was positively correlated with maximum testes-scrotal circumference, r = .76 (P < .05). A concurrent experiment showed that ejaculation of sperm directly into a centrifuged tris-egg yolk extender caused a slight but significant (P < .001) increase from 36.2 to 37.5% in motility after freezing and thawing.
The orientation of mesophase pitch during fully developed channel flow

Abstract Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers are ideally suited for applications where the rapid dissipation of heat is important (structural composites, printed circuit substrates, etc.). However, control of texture is essential in order to optimize fiber properties, especially thermal conductivity. Because ribbon-shaped mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers possess a highly linear texture, these fibers are very promising for high thermal conductivity applications. The observed texture of these ribbon-shaped fibers and the radial texture commonly observed in circular fibers can be predicted from liquid-crystal flow theory, where the precursor molecules are modeled as rigid disks. In order to determine the orientation of flowing mesophase pitch, a capillary rheometer was modified to quench capillaries during extrusion. Aluminum capillaries were constructed with rectangular channels down the center (with a 9:1 aspect ratio). The capillaries containing the mesophase samples were mounted in low-viscosity epoxy resin and cured. The desired mesophase surface (transverse or longitudinal) was isolated by grinding and polishing the samples to 3 gmm. Then the pitch surface was observed optically under cross-polarized light. The transverse surfaces of mesophase pitch indicated an orientation pattern where the aromatic rings lie perpendicular to the channel walls. This result is consistent with that predicted by the liquid-crystal flow theory, as well as with the textures of carbonized fibers.
Evolving the [Myoglobin, Cytochrome b5] Complex from Dynamic Toward Simple Docking: Charging the Electron-Transfer Reactive Patch

We describe photoinitiated electron transfer (ET) from a suite of Zn-substituted myoglobin (Mb) variants to cytochrome b5 (b5). An electrostatic interface redesign strategy has led to the introduction of positive charges into the vicinity of the heme edge through D/E → K charge-reversal mutation combinations at “hot spot” residues (D44, D60, and E85), augmented by the elimination of negative charges from Mb or b5 by neutralization of heme propionates. These variations create an unprecedentedly large range in the product of the ET partners’ total charges (−5 < −qMbqb5 < 40). The binding affinity (Ka) increases 1000-fold as −qMbqb5 increases through this range and exhibits a surprisingly simple, exponential dependence on −qMbqb5. This is explained in terms of electrostatic interactions between a “charged reactive patch” (crp) on each partner’s surface, defined as a compact region around the heme edge that (i) contains the total protein charge of each variant and (ii) encompasses a major fraction of the “rea...
Outcomes of Arthroscopic Anterior Shoulder Instability in the Beach Chair Versus Lateral Decubitus Position: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

Purpose This study aimed to systematically review the clinical outcomes and recurrence rates after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in the beach chair (BC) and lateral decubitus (LD) positions. Methods The authors performed a systematic review of multiple medical databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All English-language literature from 1990 to 2013 reporting clinical outcomes after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization with suture anchors or tacks with a minimum 2-year follow-up period were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Data on recurrent instability rate, return to activity/sport, range of motion, and subjective outcome measures were collected. Study methodological quality was evaluated with the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS) and the Quality Appraisal Tool (QAT). To quantify the structured review of observational data, meta-analytic statistical methods were used. Results Sixty-four studies (38 BC position, 26 LD position) met inclusion criteria. A total of 3,668 shoulders were included, with 2,211 of patients in the BC position (average age, 26.7 ± 3.8 years; 84.5% male sex) and 1,457 patients in the LD position (average age, 26.0 ± 3.0 years; 82.7% male sex). The average follow-up was 49.8 ± 29.5 months in the BC group compared with 38.7 ± 23.3 months in the LD group. Average overall recurrent instability rates were 14.65 ± 8.4% in the BC group (range, 0% to 38%) compared with 8.5% ± 7.1% in the LD group (range, 0% to 30%; P = .002). The average postoperative loss in external rotation motion (in abduction) was reported in 19 studies in the BC group and in13 studies in the LD group, with an average loss of 2.4° ± 1.0° and 3.6° ± 2.6° in each group, respectively ( P > .05). Conclusions Excellent clinical outcomes with low recurrence rates can be obtained after arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in either the BC or the LD position; however, lower recurrence rates are noted in the LD position. Additional long-term randomized clinical trials comparing these positions are needed to better understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of each position. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of studies with Level I through Level IV evidence.
Occurrence of cluster microforms in mountain rivers

The occurrence of cluster microforms in natural rivers is examined using data collected from three mountain streams. The study was conducted under the premise that the occurrence of clusters is strongly tied to local reach-scale conditions, and that prediction of clustered sites therefore can be made through identification of particular reach conditions that are conducive to cluster development. For the study, reach-scale variables were measured at 50 sites and the presence or absence of clusters at each of these sites was recorded. A statistical analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the correlation between the occurrence of clusters and various combinations of reach-scale parameters. It was found that clustering was best predicted by the bankfull channel width scaled with the d84 of the bed sediment, w/d84, and the non-dimensional parameter wQ2/gd. It is thought that these variables work best at predicting the presence of clusters because they are descriptive of the reach hydraulic and sedimentary conditions and work well at discriminating between reach morphology types. It was found that clustering was most strongly tied to riffle–pool type reaches. Observations from this study suggest that clusters can be described as bed features that form out of the structural organization of grains in cobble-size sediment within depositional mountain reaches, for which the majority of the sediment can become mobilized by yearly peak flows. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a Basement Membrane Zone Antigen Reactive with Circulating IgA Antibody in Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a rare vesiculobullous disease characterized by linear deposition of IgG and/or IgA along the basement membrane zone of conjunctival biopsies. This study identifies a tissue antigen detected by ocular cicatricial pemphigoid patient sera. Patient selection was based on the presence of only ocular involvement and a positive direct immunofluorescence of conjunctiva. We evaluated patient and control sera using indirect immunofluorescence of basement membrane zone separated skin, Western blot, and purified antibodies from nitrocellulose and epidermal sheets. Direct immunofluorescence performed on the patients' conjunctival biopsy showed linear deposition of IgA along the basement membrane zone in all seven patients, and five of seven also demonstrated deposition of IgG along the basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on the patients' sera demonstrated linear deposition of IgA along the epidermal side of the basement membrane zone of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-separated skin in all seven patients. IgA titers ranged from 1:20 to 1:80. No IgG was detected. Immunoblots detected IgA binding to a 45-kD antigen in all patients as well as sporadic IgA binding to a number of other proteins. Immunoblots stained with sera from patients did not show reactivity to the 230- or 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigens or the 97-kD linear IgA bullous dermatosis antigen. Eluting IgA from the 45-kD region and other regions revealed that only antibodies eluted from the 45-kilodalton region bound linearly to the basement membrane on separated skin. Purification of IgA using epidermal sheets confirmed that the antibody responsible for staining on indirect immunofluorescence bound to the 45-kD region on Western blot. Sera from normals and patients with bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, and linear IgA bullous dermatosis failed to demonstrate basement membrane zone IgA on elution of the 45-kD region. We conclude that these ocular cicatricial pemphigoid sera contain a unique IgA antibody that binds to a 45-kD basement membrane zone antigen.
Mineral Intakes of Elderly Adult Supplement and Non-Supplement Users in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Calcium, iron and zinc are important in many of the body's functions. We report dietary and combined (diet + supplements) intakes for these minerals for elderly supplement and non-supplement users in the United States and the prevalence of inadequate intakes. We calculated usual dietary intakes for adults 60 y and older from third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94; mineral intakes from supplements and calcium-containing antacids were added to usual dietary intakes. We evaluated iron and zinc intakes using the dietary reference intakes, recommended dietary allowances and estimated average requirements for elderly adults, as well as calcium intakes using the Adequate Intake and the Healthy People 2010 objective. The highest prevalences of inadequate dietary intakes was for calcium (males, 70-75%; females, 87%) and zinc (males, 35-41%; females, 36-45%). Dietary supplements improved intakes, but nearly two-thirds of elderly adults had combined intakes below the calcium objective. Non-Hispanic blacks usually had lower intakes than non-Hispanic whites and higher prevalences of intakes below the standards. Supplement users had significantly higher mean dietary intakes than non-supplement users for all three minerals for total females and non-Hispanic white females (P < 0.05 for each mineral). Many elderly adults had inadequate dietary zinc intakes, and calcium intakes fell below the Healthy People 2010 objective; dietary supplements improved intakes. Even with supplements most older adults still had intakes below the calcium objective, partly because the supplements they took usually contained low doses of calcium. Total female and non-Hispanic white female supplement users were the only groups that had higher dietary intakes than non-supplement users for all three minerals.
The Role of Latent Beliefs and Group Cohesion in Predicting Group Decision Support Systems Success

In this article, the authors focus on determining whether a group’s attributes influence the effectiveness of the group’s use of group decision support systems (GDSS). Specifically, their research objective is to understand the impact of the perception of the GDSS and group cohesion on outcomes of enjoyment with the process, enjoyment with the decision, the effectiveness of the decision, and efficiency of the decision. To test their hypothesis, the authors conducted a lab experiment. The results were then calculated utilizing PLS Graph. It was found that each of the five characteristics of the innovation is a significant factor in the second-order construct, with Relative Advantage exhibiting the highest loading. The latent belief toward the GDSS was a significant driver of all the GDSS outcomes, except for Decision Efficiency. Group cohesion significantly predicted enjoyment and effectiveness, but it did not drive the group to be more efficient. Conclusions and implications for further research are also ...
Three-dimensional photon confinement in photonic crystals of low-dimensional periodicity

Photonic crystals of one- or two-dimensional periodicity can be used to achieve three-dimensional photon confinement in dielectric waveguides with modal volumes of the order of a cubic half-wavelength. Since photonic crystals of low-dimensional periodicity do not have full three-dimensional bandgaps. The microcavities undergo increasing radiation losses with decreasing modal volumes. High-/spl Qscr/ resonant modes can be generated by reducing the strength of the photon confinement. Increasingly, larger modal volumes lead to lower radiation losses and more efficient coupling to waveguide modes outside the cavity.
Impact of Vegetable Preparation Method and Taste-Test on Vegetable Preference for First Grade Children in the United States

How children rate vegetables may be influenced by the preparation method. The primary objective of this study was for first grade students to be involved in a cooking demonstration and to taste and rate vegetables raw and cooked. First grade children of two classes (N= 52: 18 boys and 34 girls (approximately half Hispanic) that had assented and had signed parental consent participated in the study. The degree of liking a particular vegetable was recorded by the students using a hedonic scale of five commonly eaten vegetables tasted first raw (pre-demonstration) and then cooked (post-demonstration). A food habit questionnaire was filled out by parents to evaluate their mealtime practices and beliefs about their child's eating habits. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences in preferences for vegetables in their raw and cooked states. Several mealtime characteristics were significantly associated with children's vegetable preferences. Parents who reported being satisfied with how often the family eats evening meals together were more likely to report that their child eats adequate vegetables for their health (p=0.026). Parents who stated that they were satisfied with their child's eating habits were more likely to report that their child was trying new foods (p<.001). Cooking demonstrations by nutrition professionals may be an important strategy that can be used by parents and teachers to promote vegetable intake. It is important that nutrition professionals provide guidance to encourage consumption of vegetables for parents so that they can model the behavior of healthy food consumption to their children.
Ty3 Nuclear Entry Is Initiated by Viruslike Particle Docking on GLFG Nucleoporins

Yeast retrotransposons form intracellular particles within which replication occurs. Because fungal nuclear membranes do not break down during mitosis, similar to retroviruses infecting nondividing cells, the cDNA produced must be translocated through nuclear pore complexes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae long terminal repeat retrotransposon Ty3 assembles its Gag3 and Gag3-Pol3 precursor polyproteins into viruslike particles in association with perinuclear P-body foci. These perinuclear clusters of Ty3 viruslike particles localized to sites of clustered nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in a nup120Delta mutant, indicating that Ty3 particles and NPCs interact physically. The NPC channels are lined with nucleoporins (Nups) with extended FG (Phe-Gly) motif repeat domains, further classified as FG, FxFG, or GLFG repeat types. These domains mediate partitioning of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Here we have systematically examined the requirements for FG repeat domains in Ty3 nuclear transport. The GLFG domains interacted in vitro with virus-like particle Gag3, and this interaction was disrupted by mutations in the amino-terminal domain of Gag3, which is predicted to lie on the external surface of the particles. Accordingly, Ty3 transposition was decreased in strains with the GLFG repeats deleted. The spacer-nucleocapsid domain of Gag3, which is predicted to be internal to the particle, interacted with GLFG repeats and nucleocapsid localized to the nucleus. We conclude that Ty3 particle docking on nuclear pores is facilitated by interactions between Gag3 and GLFG Nups and that nuclear entry of the preintegration complex is further promoted by nuclear localization signals within the nucleocapsid and integrase.
The Dynamics of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle and its Influence on Atmospheric CO2 Variations

The bioavailability of nutrients represents one of the most important factors controlling the strength of the biological carbon pump and ultimately the impact of ocean biology on atmospheric CO2. Among those nutrients, the macro-nutrients nitrate (NO 2 - ) and phosphate (PO 4 -3 ) play a particularly important role in limiting biological productivity as evidenced by their often near complete exhaustion in surface waters. As near surface NO 2 - concentrations are generally somewhat lower than those of PO 4 -3 relative to the demand by phytoplankton, biological oceanographers have argued historically that NO 2 - rather than PO 4 -3 is the primary macro-nutrient controlling phytoplankton productivity[Smith, 1984; Codispoti, 1989; Tyrrell, 1999] . Geologists, in contrast, regarded PO 4 -3 as the primary controlling macronutrient[Codispoti, 1989]. They argued that while NO 2 - may indeed be the limiting factor at any given location and time, PO 4 -3 is truly the limiting factor on geological time-scales, because the biologically mediated fixation of the much more abundant dinitrogen gas (N2) into organic nitrogen is alleviating the scarcity of bioavailable nitrogen (Figure 1). Phosphate on the other hand, does not have such a biologically mediated source (Figure 1). It is therefore the geologically controlled balance between the riverine (and atmospheric) input of PO 4 -3 and its burial on the sea-floor that ultimately controls marine biological productivity. Tyrrell [ 1999] provided a synthesis of these two views by identifying NO 2 - as the proximate nutrient, while giving PO 4 -3 the role of being the ultimate nutrient.
Reduction of Boundary Value Problem to Possio Integral Equation in Theoretical Aeroelasticity

The present paper is the first in a series of works devoted to the solvability of the Possio singular integral equation. This equation relates the pressure distribution over a typical section of a slender wing in subsonic compressible air flow to the normal velocity of the points of a wing (downwash). In spite of the importance of the Possio equation, the question of the existence of its solution has not been settled yet. We provide a rigorous reduction of the initial boundary value problem involving a partial differential equation for the velocity potential and highly nonstandard boundary conditions to a singular integral equation, the Possio equation. The question of its solvability will be addressed in our forthcoming work.
Range of applicability of modified Fick-Jacobs equation in two dimensions

Axial diffusion in a two-dimensional channel of smoothly varying geometry can be approximately described as one-dimensional diffusion in the entropy potential with position-dependent effective diffusivity by means of the modified Fick-Jacobs equation. In this paper, Brownian dynamics simulations are used to study the range of applicability of such a description, as well as the accuracy of the expressions for the effective diffusivity proposed by different researchers.
Spontaneous hydrolysis of 4-trifluoromethylphenol to a quinone methide and subsequent protein alkylation

4-Trifluoromethylphenol (4-TFMP) was cytotoxic to precision-cut rat liver slices as indicated by loss of intracellular potassium. Intracellular glutathione levels decreased and fluoride ion levels increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of 4-TFMP did not appear to be due to the release of fluoride, however, since equimolar concentrations of sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride were not toxic. The ortho isomer (2-TFMP), which had a threefold slower rate of fluoride release, was much less toxic to liver slices. In incubations without slices, 4-TFMP spontaneously hydrolyzed in aqueous buffer at physiological pH to form 4-hydroxybenzoic acid via a quinone methide intermediate. The quinone methide was trapped by the addition of glutathione. Analysis of the glutathione adduct indicated that all of the fluorine atoms were lost during the hydrolysis, yielding a cresol derivative with the glutathione moiety attached to a benzylic carbonyl group. The glutathione conjugate was the primary product formed at low alkylphenol/glutathione ratios; however, at higher 4-TFMP concentrations additional unidentified products were observed. 4-TFMP also inhibited the in vitro enzyme activity of purlfied glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a sulfhydryl-dependent enzyme, in a time and concentration-dependentmanner. Loss of thiol residues closely paralleled the loss in enzyme activity. The coaddition of glutathione prevented 4-TFMP-induced loss of enzyme activity. The cytotoxicity of 4-TFMP therefore appears to be due to spontaneous quinone methide formation and subsequent alkylation of cellular macromolecules.