cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Variations on the Theme of Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment

Geriatric assessment-broadly defined-has become foundational to systems of care for frail elderly people at risk for functional decline, death, intensification of services, and long-term institutionalization [...].
Two Libraries, One Synchronous Workshop Series: Creating a Shared Learning Experience

The workshop series discussed in this article was designed as a collaborative effort by two librarians working at different institutions. The series was created as a standalone series that would al...
Functions and Meaning

In the preceding chapter I have treated words of a certain sort as names of particuler and universal events. But both words and sentences are not only names but bearers of meanings. An event as an unique, simple and undiluted event which can only be indicated cannot, in a sense, be known at all. If all we could do was to recognize the events named, we could not have knowledge of them nor of their structure but only acquaintance with them.
Computational Experiment Approach to Equations with Parameters

In this chapter, different types of equations with parameters will be considered. In Chap. 3, we have investigated the influence of parameters/coefficients of quadratic functions on their properties. Some problems of that kind demonstrated the need to investigate a two-variable equation of the form f(x, a) = 0 representing a family of equations in regard to the variable x whose every element corresponds to a unique value of variable a, which, in this case, is called the parameter of the equation. In this chapter, the computational experiment approach is applied to three basic types of equations with parameters: equations containing absolute values of variables and parameters, equations containing variables and parameters under radicals, and equations containing transcendental functions of variables and parameters. In addition, the approach is used for exploring simultaneous equations in two variables with parameters.
Exploring ethanol: Engaging first-year undergraduates in the biochemistry of ethyl alcohol

We sought to expose incoming Skidmore College students to principles and applications of biochemistry through a series of experiment-based activities in an interdisciplinary first-year seminar course, “Under the Influence: Alcohol in Science and Society.” To provide the diverse student population with first-hand experience of ethanol's biochemical origins, we developed simple fermentation and distillation protocols using grocery store supplies and standard lab glassware. In subsequent weeks, students used agar plates, spirit lamps, baking supplies, and fruit flies to characterize ethanol as an antiseptic, fuel, solvent, and intoxicant. Activities were deliberately open-ended to engage students in experimental design as well as laboratory materials and skills. All protocols were developed and validated during a summer faculty/student collaborative research project, supporting pedagogical as well as career development goals. Sample data and outcomes indicated appreciable student engagement in the process as...
A Novel Isoform of CPEB2 Regulates the Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

While breast cancer has an overall 5-year survival rate of 90%, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an anomalous subset of the disease with a greatly reduced (30%) 5-year survival rate....
Derivative Citizenship: What's Marriage, Citizenship, Sex, Sexual Orientation, Race and Class Got to Do with It?

I explore the derivative citizenship statutory framework and its interaction with marital status, citizenship, gender, race, and class as implemented by federal courts. The first section of the paper describes the origins and current statutory and constitutional framework for derivative citizenship. The second section explores contemporary adjudication of derivative citizenship, the operation of marriage, sex, race and class discrimination in the cases, and the legal and moral bankruptcy of the determinations. The third section offers a critique of the doctrinal framework, relying on the work of Ian Haney Lopez, Candice Lewis Bredbenner and other critical race and feminist legal scholars that have traced race and gender bias in citizenship norms and marriage. The conclusion identifies possible reforms. Legal norms concerning marriage and the family have proved resistant to substantive and formal notions of equality. Marriage’s relationship to explicit and implicit gender and racial stereotypes and bias continues, to a degree, today, penalizing couples in traditional marriages who are in “mixed” marriages, same-sex marriages and parents who are not in marriages because the law does not recognize their relationship or because they opt not to be married, whether they live together or apart. Even where the domestic law of the family has been transformed to minimize formal gender and racial bias, the federal law of derivative citizenship has lagged behind, clinging to biased notions of gender, family and marriage in the administrative and judicial implementation of the formal legislative rules provided by Congress to determine who derives citizenship and who does not. The current statutory framework is problematic from an equality perspective, even if formally consistent with current understandings of equal protection law. The current statutory focus on the marital status or citizenship status of the parents should be replaced with a focus on the U.S. citizen parent-child relationship and the statutory requirements simplified to facilitate passage of citizenship from the U.S. citizen parent to children born abroad, regardless of marital status, parent gender, and custodial status. In addition, constitutional protection for parents and children claiming citizenship by descent should be heightened to reflect the importance of the parent’s ability to pass citizenship on to their child to constitutional values of equality and membership. The current system’s reliance on immigration courts and removal proceedings to determine citizenship claims should be abandoned and returned to federal courts. In turn, courts should more rigorously scrutinize citizenship statutes and claims to ensure that the important right of a U.S. citizen parent to pass citizenship on to her or his child born abroad receives protection in accordance with the high value that the United States places on the parent-child relationship and citizenship.
Effective curves on {{\overline{\rm M}_{0,n}}} from group actions

We study new effective curve classes on the moduli space of stable pointed rational curves given by the fixed loci of subgroups of the permutation group action. We compute their numerical classes and provide a strategy for writing them as effective linear combinations of F-curves, using Losev–Manin spaces and toric degeneration of curve classes.
Energy Storage Requirements for Fuel Cell Vehicles

Because of their high efficiency and low emissions, fuelcell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. As the entire powertrain system needs to be optimized, the requirements of each component to achieve FreedomCAR goals need to be determined. With the collaboration of FreedomCAR fuel cell, energy storage, and vehicle Technical Teams, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) used several modeling tools to define the energy storage requirements for fuel cell vehicles. For example, the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), which is a transient vehicle simulation software, was used with a transient fuel cell model derived from the General Computational Toolkit (GCtool). This paper describes the impact of degree of hybridization, control strategy, and energy storage technology on energy storage requirements for a fuel cell SUV vehicle platform.
Law and Society in the Courtroom: Introducing the Trials of the Century

This essay appeared as part of a larger series on “Essays on the Trials of the Century.” In this essay, Professor Larson analyzes three factors that stand out in reviewing contenders for the title of “The Trial of the Twentieth Century.” First, many of them involve celebrity defendants who commanded public attention even before the trial began. Second, most also bring together noted litigators who give larger meaning to the case by their words. Finally, a few also cast profoundly important issues in the crisp, adversarial format of a trial. Professor Larson concludes that the two contenders that stand out for their lasting social impact are the Nuremburg trials and the Scopes trial.
Formação gerencial: uma análise da oferta dos programas de pós-graduação lato sensu de Gestão Empresarial do Rio Grande do Sul

The aim of this study is to discuss the products and services offered in the graduate specialization programs by institutions of higher education in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This article is an excerpt of a research project (2011-2013) that aimed to identify and analyze the contributions to the development of skills of managers when participating in Graduate Specialization Programs on Management Training, more specifically the so-called Master of Business Administration (MBA) in business management. Investments in management education grow year after year (Raelin, 2006; 2011), but we can say that both academic literature and research still lack a greater understanding of the effectiveness of management programs offered in the educational market (BOLT, 1993; LORANGE, 1994; RUAS, 2003; ANTONELLO and RUAS, 2005).This study is classified as qualitative and exploratory, and data were collected through secondary data, institutional documents and higher education institutions websites, as well as semi-structured interviews with coordinators of specialization programs and with experts on management training. To analyze data, references of the historiographical analysis and the construction of maps, as they have ways to reconfigure the documentary corpusand content analysis were used. The results are discussed in light of authors and researches about management training, pointing out that, if on the one hand, there is a growing concern with investments in this sort of training, either by companies or by managers who seek these programs, on the other hand there is still a long way to be paved by higher education institutions for an effective contribution in this type of training.
Changes in nutrient mass balances over time and related drivers for 54 New York State dairy farms.

Abstract Whole-farm nutrient mass balances (NMB) can assist producers in evaluation and monitoring the nutrient status of dairy farms over time. Most of the previous studies that report NMB for dairy farms were conducted over 1 to 3 yr. In this study, annual N, P, and K mass balances were assessed on 54 dairy farms in New York State for 4 to 6 yr between 2005 and 2010 with the objectives to (1) document changes in NMB over time and drivers for change, and (2) identify nutrient use efficiency parameters that predicted the potential for improvement in NMB. The study farms varied in size (42 small, 12 medium and large) and management practices. Phosphorus, K, and 2 N balances (N1 without N 2 fixation, and N2 including N 2 fixation) were calculated. In general, farms with high initial NMB levels reduced them over time whereas farms with negative NMB tended to increase their NMB, demonstrating a tendency across all farms to move toward more optimal NMB levels over time. Sixty-three to 76% of farms (depending on the nutrient) reduced their NMB per hectare over the 4 to 6 yr, and 55 to 61% of these farms were able to do so while increasing milk production per cow. Across all farms, the overall reduction in NMB per hectare averaged −22kg of N/ha for N1 (29% reduction), −16kg of N/ha for N2 (15% reduction), −4kg of P/ha (36% reduction), and −10kg of K/ha (29% reduction). Change in feed imports was the most important driver for change in N and P balances across farms, whereas adjustments in both feed and fertilizer imports affected the K balances. Key predictors of potential areas for improvement in NMB over time include total nutrient imports, feed imports, animal density, percentage of farm-produced feed and nutrients, and feed nutrient use efficiency. Overall, this study highlights the opportunities of an adaptive management approach that includes NMB assessments to evaluate and monitor changes in nutrient use efficiency and cost-efficiency over time.
What Do Reciprocals Mean

Research on reciprocals has uncovered a variety of semantic contributions that the reciprocal can make, creating problems for proposals that the reciprocal unambiguously means something weak (e.g., Langendoen 1978). However, there is no real evidence that reciprocals are ambiguous, despite previous claims to the contrary (e.g., Fiengo and Lasnik 1973). First, we classify the apparently heterogeneous list of meanings proposed in previous research into a natural taxonomy, showing how they arise from a small stock of logical operations and predicates. Second, we exhibit a partial ordering of the various reciprocal meanings according to logical strength, which we make crucial use of in determining what reciprocals mean in each specific context where they appear. Third, we hypothesize that a reciprocal statement expresses the strongest candidate meaning that is consistent with known properties of the relation expressed by the scope of the reciprocal. This hypothesis is supported by analysis of a large collection of examples we have gathered from various corpora.
Few cycle dynamics of multiphoton double ionization

Summary form only given. In strong field ionization, the combined fields of the laser and the parent ion influence an electron removed from the atomic core. Coulomb attraction between the electron and parent ion, causes a small deflection of electron trajectories whenever the electron approaches the ionic core. This increases the probability for the electron to revisit the ionic core after multiple passes, forcing repeated revivals of its spatial correlation with the bound electrons. The total probability of double ionization depends on the number of returns and therefore on the number of optical periods in the laser pulse.
Generalized linear minimum mean-square error estimation

The linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) estimation plays an important role in nonlinear estimation. Generalized LMMSE (GLMMSE) estimation is proposed in this work. LMMSE estimation finds the best estimator in the set of all estimators that are linear in the data. We extend this candidate set in GLMMSE estimation by employing a vector-valued function of the data and hence find the best one among all estimators that are linear in this function, rather than the data itself. The estimation performance may be enhanced since linear functions may not be adequate to provide good accuracy for a highly nonlinear problem. Theoretically speaking, GLMMSE estimation should perform at least as well as LMMSE estimation if the moments involved can be evaluated exactly. Unfortunately, similar to LMMSE estimation, those moments are difficult to evaluate analytically in general. Many numerical approximations for LMMSE estimation are also applicable to GLMMSE estimation. Computation of GLMMSE estimation based on the Gaussian-Hermite quadrature is presented, and its superior performance, compared with the unscented filter and the Gaussian filter, is demonstrated by several numerical examples.
SUPEROXIDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AND THE RESPIRATORY BURST OF FUNGALLY INFECTED PLANT CELLS

The principal route of oxygen utilization in the respiratory burst of fungally infected plants was determined from stoichiometries of the uptake and electronic reduction of oxygen in cotton cells exposed to Aspergillus favus walls. Using 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and epinephrine as redox reagents to manipulate oxygen transitions, we found that oxygen consumption doubled when superoxide disproportionation was abolished and was abolished when disproportionation doubled. Of four possible pathways for oxygen consumption, only monovalent reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide was consistent with this inversely proportional relationship. According to the observed rate of oxygen consumption in this pathway and in the absence of competition to disproportionation of superoxide, infected cells are capable of generating intracellular concentrations of 1 M hydrogen peroxide in 13 min.
TEM examination of microstructural evolution during processing of 14CrYWTi nanostructured ferritic alloys

Abstract A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study was carried out on the co-evolution of the coarser-scale microstructural features in mechanically alloyed (MA) powders and hot isostatic press (HIP) consolidated Fe–14Cr–3W–0 and 0.4Ti–0.25Y2O3 nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs). The pancake shaped nanoscale grains in the as-MA powders are textured and elongated parallel to the particle surface. Powder annealing results in re-crystallization at 850 °C and grain growth at 1150 °C. The grains also recrystallize and may grow in the alloys HIPed at 850 °C, but appear to retain a polygonized sub-grain structure. The grains are larger and more distinct in the alloys HIPed at 1000 and 1150 °C. However, annealing resulted in bi-modal grain size distribution. Finer grains retained a significant dislocation density and populations of small precipitates with crystal structures distinct form the matrix. The grains and precipitates were much larger in alloys without Ti.
Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in primary diabetes care: monitoring techniques, record keeping, meter downloads, tests of average glycemia, and point-of-care evaluation.

Purpose: To present a review of glucose monitoring methods useful in primary care. Data sources: Pertinent publications in the literature, printed materials and resources, and the clinical experience of the authors as a referral center for care of patients with diabetes. Conclusions: Regular monitoring of glucose control is an integral and important aspect of diabetes care. It allows the advanced practice nurse (APN) to assess whether diabetes goals are being met or not, involves patients in the care of their disease, and assists in making informed treatment decisions. Implications for practice: A working knowledge of glucose monitoring methods, monitors, testing devices, and laboratory tests is extremely beneficial for the APN in attaining standards of care for patients with diabetes.
Language and Material Culture on the Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea: Using Social Network Analysis to Simulate, Graph, Identify, and Analyze Social and Cultural Boundaries Between Communities

ABSTRACT A basic premise underlying much of archaeology is the working assumption that similarities in material culture may be used as proxies for mapping social interactions between communities across time and space. What about the reverse? Do clear differences in material culture mark major social and cultural boundaries? The partitioning of people by language is perhaps more extreme on the Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea than anywhere else on earth. Shortly before the First World War, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago acquired ethnographic material culture collections from a number of village communities there. Computer-aided social network analysis of these collections suggests that isolation by distance, rather than by language, has patterned their cultural relationships. Furthermore, it would be difficult for archaeologists to successfully “reverse engineer” existing language boundaries along this coastline given only observed differences in material culture.
Direct removal in the mouse of a floxed neo gene from a three-loxP conditional knockout allele by two novel approaches.

Summary: The presence in an intron of the ploxP-neo-loxP cassette often results in severe interference with gene expression. Consequently, many investigators selectively remove the ploxP-neo-loxP cassette by transient expression of Cre in ES cells. Although effective, the added manipulation of the ES cells may reduce the likelihood that a clone will be able to transmit via the germline. Therefore, we developed two novel approaches that remove the ploxP-neo-loxP by Cre-mediated recombination in mouse. First, the ploxP-neo-loxP-containing mice were crossed with EIIa-Cre transgenic mice. Second, a Cre-expression plasmid was injected into pronuclei of fertilized eggs bearing the ploxP-neo-loxP allele. Both approaches produced mosaic mice with partial and complete excision. These mosaic mice were then mated, and the neo-less conditional knockout allele was found in the offspring after screening only a few litters. These procedures provide options for removing neo directly in the mouse in addition to the commonly used approach that deletes neo in ES cells. genesis 30:1–6, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advances in the computational study of language acquisition

This paper provides a tutorial introduction to computational studies of how children learn their native languages. Its aim is to make recent advances accessible to the broader research community, and to place them in the context of current theoretical issues. The first section locates computational studies and behavioral studies within a common theoretical framework. The next two sections review two papers that appear in this volume: one on learning the meanings of words and one on learning the sounds of words. The following section highlights an idea which emerges independently in these two papers and which I have dubbed autonomous bootstrapping. Classical bootstrapping hypotheses propose that children begin to get a toe-hold in a particular linguistic domain, such as syntax, by exploiting information from another domain, such as semantics. Autonomous bootstrapping complements the cross-domain acquisition strategies of classical bootstrapping with strategies that apply within a single domain. Autonomous bootstrapping strategies work by representing partial and/or uncertain linguistic knowledge and using it to analyze the input. The next two sections review two more more contributions to this special issue: one on learning word meanings via selectional preferences and one on algorithms for setting grammatical parameters. The final section suggests directions for future research.
Powered Ambulance Cots: Effects of design differences on muscle activity and subjective perceptions of operators

An experiment was conducted in order to examine the effect of differences in the design of two powered ambulance cots on operators. Experienced EMS workers performed two common tasks, loading and u...
Elevated temperature deformation of single crystal Y3Al5O12

Single crystal oxides with complex crystal structures having large unit cells and consequently, large Burgers vectors have recently received attention as possible fiber-reinforcements in oxide/oxide composites for use at temperatures greater than 1,500 C. One such single crystal oxide is Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet or YAG). At present both dislocation glide and climb have been suggested as the rate-controlling deformation mechanism for single crystal Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} above 1,600 C at stresses below 300 MPa. The choice of the specific creep mechanism was based on the nature of the creep transient, value of the stress exponent, activation energy for creep and examination of the deformed microstructure obtained from constant strain-rate tests. The present investigation was undertaken to: (1) determine whether the creep behavior of single crystal Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} is controlled by, dislocation glide or climb by examining the nature of the creep transient upon initial loading and after a stress change using constant stress tests and (2) verify that the existing steady-state creep data for single crystal Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} obtained from constant strain-rate tests are in agreement with the constant stress tests.
Grape cultivar and drying method affect sensory characteristics and consumer preference of raisins

The sensory attributes and consumer preference of raisins made from two grapevine cultivars, ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Selma Pete’, and two drying methods, dry-on-vine (DOV) or tray-dry, were evaluated. Grapevine cultivar and drying method interacted to affect most of the measured flavor, texture, and appearance attributes of raisins. In general, ‘Fiesta’ DOV raisins were less spicy, less sour, more moist, less sticky and chewy, and less brown-colored than other raisins. ‘Fiesta’ tray dried raisins were less sweet, more sticky and chewy, and less homogenous in color and in size. ‘Selma Pete’ raisins were more sour tasting and dark colored than ‘Fiesta’ raisins, especially the ‘Selma Pete’ DOV raisins. The average consumer hedonic test scores were not affected by cultivar or drying method, but further analyses identified clusters of people that clearly preferred raisins of different cultivars and drying methods. These findings suggest that raisins could be marketed on the basis of cultivar and drying method. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
AtCAND1, A HEAT-Repeat Protein That Participates in Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis

Auxin affects many aspects of plant growth and development. We previously used chemical genetics to dissect auxin-signaling mechanisms and identified a small molecule, sirtinol, that constitutively activated auxin signaling (Y. Zhao et al. [2003], Science 301: 1107–1110). Here we describe the isolation, characterization, and cloning of an Arabidopsis mutant Atcand1-1 that emerged from a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to sirtinol. Loss-of-function mutants of AtCAND1 were resistant to sirtinol and auxin, but not to gibberellins or brassinolide. Atcand1 displayed developmental phenotypes similar to those of axr1, namely, short petioles, downwardly curling leaves, short inflorescence, and reduced fertility. AtCAND1 is homologous to human CAND1, a protein that is composed almost entirely of HEAT-repeat units and has been implicated in regulating the assembly and disassembly of the SCF protein degradation machinery. Taken together with previous biochemical studies, this work helps to elucidate the roles of AtCAND1 in protein degradation and auxin signaling.
Bone cell-independent benefits of raloxifene on the skeleton: A novel mechanism for improving bone material properties

Raloxifene is an FDA approved agent used to treat bone loss and decrease fracture risk. In clinical trials and animal studies, raloxifene reduces fracture risk and improves bone mechanical properties, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear because these benefits occur largely independent of changes to bone mass. Using a novel experimental approach, machined bone beams, both from mature male canine and human male donors, were depleted of living cells and then exposed to raloxifene ex vivo. Our data show that ex vivo exposure of non-viable bone to raloxifene improves intrinsic toughness, both in canine and human cortical bone beams tested by 4-point bending. These effects are cell-independent and appear to be mediated by an increase in matrix bound water, assessed using basic gravimetric weighing and sophisticated ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging. The hydroxyl groups (OH) on raloxifene were shown to be important in both the water and toughness increases. Wide and small angle X-ray scattering patterns during 4-pt bending show that raloxifene alters the transfer of load between the collagen matrix and the mineral crystals, placing lower strains on the mineral, and allowing greater overall deformation prior to failure. Collectively, these findings provide a possible mechanistic explanation for the therapeutic effect of raloxifene and more importantly identify a cell-independent mechanism that can be utilized for novel pharmacological approaches for enhancing bone strength.
Mitigating the dead-layer effect in nanocapacitors using graded dielectric films

As ideal candidates for next-generation energy storage devices, nanocapacitors are predicted to exhibit very high capacitance according to classical theory. However, the actual capacitance of nanocapacitors is dramatically lower than expected. This is attributed to the so-called ‘dead-layer’ effect associated with the flexoelectricity of dielectric films and the incomplete screening of metal electrodes. In this paper, a way to mitigate this negative effect is demonstrated by using graded dielectric films instead of homogeneous films. The enhancements due to grading dielectric films were obtained by using perturbation theory to solve the governing equations with boundary conditions in Mindlin's model of parallel-plate capacitors. We have shown that by grading both the relative permittivity and the elastic constant, we can obtain enhancement of almost 27% in capacitance for the 2.7 nm SrTiO3 dielectric film. In addition, the impact of various dielectric film properties on the overall capacitance was investi...
IGF-II is more active than IGF-I in stimulating L6A1 myogenesis: greater mitogenic actions of IGF-I delay differentiation

Mitogens are generally thought to inhibit myogenesis, and many cell biologists have found it hard to interpret observations that the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells in culture. Our previous studies suggested that the Type I IGF receptor mediates these actions. However, IGF-II and insulin treatment caused myoblasts to differentiate much more extensively, suggesting that more complex mechanisms may be involved. Here we present evidence that the greater mitogenic activity of IGF-I (compared to IGF-II and insulin) delays L6A1 myoblast differentiation. Under conditions in which the mitogenic actions of IGF-I are suppressed, the stimulation of myogenesis by IGF-I approached that by IGF-II: (1) in L6A1 cultures plated at a higher cell density; (2) in L6A1 cultures in which cell proliferation was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside or aphidicolin; and (3) in cultures of primary human muscle cells, which exhibit a smaller mitogenic response to IGF-I. Further evidence that the Type I receptor plays a major role in relaying the signal for differentiation was obtained by using IGF-I and IGF-II analogs. Analogs which have reduced affinity for the Type I receptor showed a dramatic decrease in activity, while an analog with increased affinity for the Type II receptor was no more active than native IGF-I. Our results indicate that both mitogenic and myogenic actions of IGF-I are mediated by the Type I receptor. We conclude that IGF-I delays the onset of myogenesis as a result of its mitogenic actions, and only subsequently stimulates myogenesis. These observations reconcile the apparent conflict between our results with the IGFs and other investigators' reports of effects of other mitogens.
Developmental Changes in Baseline Cortisol Activity in Early Childhood: Relations with Napping and Effortful Control.

Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis was examined using salivary cortisol levels assessed at wake-up, midmorning, midafternoon, and bedtime in 77 children aged 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months, in a cross-sectional design. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses were used to characterize cortisol production across the day and to examine age-related differences. Using area(s) under the curve (AUC), cortisol levels were higher among the 12-, 18-, and 24-month children than among the 30- and 36-month children. For all five age groups, cortisol levels were highest at wake-up and lowest at bedtime. Significant decreases were noted between wake-up and midmorning, and between midafternoon and bedtime. Unlike adults, midafternoon cortisol levels were not significantly lower than midmorning levels. Over this age period, children napped less and scored increasingly higher on parent reports of effortful control. Among the 30- and 36-month children, shorter naps were associated with more adultlike decreases in cortisol levels from midmorning to midafternoon. Considering all of the age groups together, effortful control correlated negatively with cortisol levels after controlling for age. These results suggest that circadian regulation of the HPA axis continues to mature into the third year in humans, and that its maturation corresponds to aspects of behavioral development.
Migratory behavior and management of elk (Cervus elaphus)

Abstract Elk ( Cervus elaphus ) in the Jackson herd in northwestern Wyoming, U.S.A., migrate as far as 100 km from high-elevation summer ranges to winter ranges and feed grounds at lower elevations where there is less snow. Selection favoring migratory tendency in elk has resulted in high fidelity to seasonal ranges and migration routes in the Jackson elk herd. However, migratory behavior is not genetically fixed as some interbreeding herds adjacent to the Jackson herd are resident whilst others are migratory or nomadic. The proximal factor stimulating autumn migration is clearly snowfall, whereas spring migration appears to follow snowmelt and greenup. Migratory behavior creates certain management difficulties because elk cross lands under various management jurisdictions. Fidelity to seasonal ranges also has important implications for harvest policy because local distribution has been substantially altered by hunting. To restore historical distribution of elk in the Jackson herd would require an increase in the controversial culling program within Grand Teton National Park. Careful timing of mining and logging operations on seasonal ranges and migration routes can minimize their disturbance effects on elk distribution.
Modelling the effect of lubrication on friction behaviour

Models of typical characteristics of the surfaces of two solids interfacing one another under pressure and sliding with respect to each other are described in Models 1 (Figure 1) and 2 (Figure 2). In Model 1 (Figure 1) the asperities, wedges of the harder surface indent into the softer surface due to the applied pressure, thus producing opposing ridges on the surface of the softer component. The gap between the opposing asperities is filled with liquid, establishing boundary lubrication. As sliding is maintained, the ridges are mobilized and an eddy flow is established in the trapped lubricant. The power required to mobilize the ridges and to establish eddy flow in the lubricant is calculated and thus the friction resistance to sliding is determined. Simultaneously, the pressure generated in the liquid due to shear is also evaluated. It becomes clear that the height of the ridge due to indentation is inversely proportional to the speed of sliding. The higher the sliding speed, the higher is the liquid pressure that is countering the loading pressure and the smaller is the indentation. At a high enough speed (to be replaced in due course by the Sommerfeld Number) the entire load is supported by the pressure generated in the liquid, indentation is eliminated and hydrodynamic lubrication commences. The classic model for hydrodynamic lubrication where two inclined surfaces glide atop each other is described in figure 2. Here the gap between the two surfaces (q.J a t their closest point is a monotonically increasing function of Sommerfeld Number (S). The resistance to sliding as established through the shear in the liquid determines thefriction value. This model leads directly to the characteristic of Coulomb or Emontons where for diminishing values of Sommerfeld Number the resistance to sliding is proportional to the pressure (τ = μp) and the proportionality factor is equal to the tangent of the angle of inclination (μ = tana). In the present work, the increase infnction with increasing values of the Sommerfeld Number is also determined. Combining the two models one notices that, a t low speed and Somrfeld Number values, the liquid pressure is not sufftcient tofloat the two surfaces and indentation prevails together with boundary lubrication. With increasing speed (Sommerfeld Number) the height of the ridge (by Model 1) decreases, and when it diminishes to values lower than those predicted for the gap between the surfaces in the second model for the same speed, the boundary lubrication ceases and hydrodynamic lubrication commences.
Maximal functions: Spherical means.

Abstract Let [unk](f)(x) denote the supremum of the averages of f taken over all (surfaces of) spheres centered at x. Then f → [unk](f) is bounded on Lp(Rn), whenever p > n/(n - 1), and n ≥ 3.
Determination by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of mosquito (Diptera : Culicidae) bloodmeal size

A method is described for using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify the amount of blood present in mosquitoes without killing insect. NIRS is a nonconsumptive, instrumental method for fast, accurate, and precise evaluation of chemical composition of material with little or no preparation. The NIRS method accurately predicted bloodmeal size and bloodmeal disappearance in Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. sierrensis (Ludlow) mosquitoes.
Serial batch extraction of zein from milled maize

Abstract Prolamine-rich, water insoluble proteins (zeins) can be extracted from milled maize by vigorous mixing in heated ethanol solutions. Whenever solvent extraction is used process cost considerations require that all the solvent be recovered. Because of the low zein content of maize rinsing extract liquid from the extracted maize particles must be done in a way that minimizes dilution. The solid mass fraction of milled grain slurry that can be pumped is 0.25 or less. Because the mass fraction of zein in maize is only approximately 0.05, the zein mass fraction of a batch extract will be less than 0.015. To increase the zein concentration, a batch extract (liquid and fines) can be repeatedly separated from the extracted solid particles and used to extract fresh milled grain. A series of batch extractions with extract reuse can approach the performance of a continuous counter-current solids/liquid extraction, which would be preferable at a commercial scale. Extract reuse is constrained by losses of liquid with the extracted grain and by reductions of the extracting capacity of the extract due to the increasing solute or fines content. By examining the extract composition and yield of a series of batches, it is possible to estimate the zein concentration that could be achieved in a continuous, countercurrent process and to examine effects of higher zein concentrations on extraction that would be inaccessible with a single batch. The centrifugate concentrations for a series of maize extractions in which the extracted maize and extract solution were cooled prior to centrifugation were analyzed. The data were fit with a model based on a maximum zein concentration in the extract. The fit indicates that the protein content of the liquid centrifugate will not exceed 2% for any series of similar batch extractions, by using centrifugation to separate the maize from the extraction slurry after cooling it to ambient temperature. This contrasts with concentrations of zein of 10% or more achieved by extracting corn gluten using similar conditions. Although the concentration of zein in gluten is higher we believe the concentration difference is mainly due to chemical changes to the zein that take place in the gluten production and the methods used to extract zein from gluten.
Gp93, the Drosophila GRP94 ortholog, is required for gut epithelial homeostasis and nutrient assimilation-coupled growth control.

GRP94, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90, is a metazoan-restricted chaperone essential for early development in mammals, yet dispensable for mammalian cell viability. This dichotomy suggests that GRP94 is required for the functional expression of secretory and/or membrane proteins that enable the integration of cells into tissues. To explore this hypothesis, we have identified the Drosophila ortholog of GRP94, Gp93, and report that Gp93 is an essential gene in Drosophila. Loss of zygotic Gp93 expression is late larval lethal and causes prominent defects in the larval midgut, the sole endoderm-derived larval tissue. Gp93 mutant larvae display pronounced defects in the midgut epithelium, with aberrant copper cell structure, markedly reduced gut acidification, atypical septate junction structure, depressed gut motility, and deficits in intestinal nutrient uptake. The metabolic consequences of the loss of Gp93-expression are profound; Gp93 mutant larvae exhibit a starvation-like metabolic phenotype, including suppression of insulin signaling and extensive mobilization of amino acids and triglycerides. The defects in copper cell structure/function accompanying loss of Gp93 expression resemble those reported for mutations in labial, an endodermal homeotic gene required for copper cell specification, and α-spectrin, thus suggesting an essential role for Gp93 in the functional expression of secretory/integral membrane protein-encoding lab protein target genes and/or integral membrane protein(s) that interact with the spectrin cytoskeleton to confer epithelial membrane specialization.
Principles of antibody catalysis.

Antibodies have now been shown to catalyze a variety of chemical transformations, including hydrolytic, concerted, and bimolecular reactions. The inherent chirality of the antibody binding pocket has been exploited to exert precise stereochemical control over their catalyzed reactions. The mechanisms by which antibodies catalyze reactions are not expected to differ in any general way from those of natural enzymes. Antibodies use their binding energy to stabilize species of higher free energy which appear along the reaction coordinate or effect general acid/base catalysis. The advent of catalytic antibodies promises new catalysts that extend the range of catalysis by proteins to chemical transformations that were not required during the evolution of enzymes.
Optimized Energy Dissipation of Minde Oscillator for Symmetric Cell Division

Prokaryotic cells often utilize a MinCDE oscillatory system to locate the mid-cell location for symmetric cell division. Several diffusion-reaction based models have been developed to explain the occurrence of the sustainable oscillation of Min proteins from pole to pole, and extensive efforts have been devoted to understanding the patterns of oscillation and the precision of the designated mid-cell location. However, how this highly dissipative yet vital biological oscillation is driven by energy-bearing molecules is left uninvestigated. We address this fundamental question by studying the MinCDE oscillator in Escherichia coli. We assess the oscillator's performance of spatially differentiating mid-cell region from the rest of cell body, and further relate this quantified performance to the amount of dissipated energy as well as the stage of cell growth. Unlike the two adaptive reaction networks (Negative-Feedback-Loop and Feedfoward-Loop) whose performances get monotonically improved upon larger energy input, the MinCDE oscillator shows nonmonotonic performance-to-cost relation that depends on the reaction rates and the cell length. Our analysis further indicated that this oscillator operates optimally at cell length around 4 micro-meters and to achieve the best performance, energy is dissipated unevenly through the reaction pathway with the largest dissipation at immobilizing MinD and hydrolyzing ATP. These results present a novel mode of converting biochemical energy into spatiotemporal information in living systems and suggest that the MinCDE oscillator in prokaryotic cells are highly optimized both functionally and energetically to ensure high fitness under natural selection.
In situ bend testing of niobium-reinforced alumina nanocomposites with and without single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Alumina-based nanocomposites were fabricated and consolidated via spark plasma sintering. The effect of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and niobium additions to nanocrystalline alumina was examined by in situ bend testing. The addition of 10 vol.% niobium to nanocrystalline alumina provided substantial improvement of fracture toughness (6.1 MPa m 1/2 )—almost three times that of nanocrystalline alumina. Observation of cracks emanating from Vickers indents, as well as bend specimen fracture surfaces, reveal the operation of ductile phase toughening in the Nb–Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites. Further addition of 5 vol.% SWCNTs to the 10 vol.%Nb–Al 2 O 3 revealed a more porous structure and less impressive fracture toughness—having an indentation and bend fracture toughness of 2.9 MPa m 1/2 and 3.3 MPa m 1/2 , respectively.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the proportion of chronic hepatitis B patients with normal alanine transaminase ≤40 IU/L and significant hepatic fibrosis

Summary Background Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and premature death. Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels ≥ the upper limit of normal (ULN) are a major determinant for initiating anti-viral therapy; however, ALT levels alone may not be predictive of hepatic fibrosis. Aim To determine the proportion of CHB patients with ALT ≤40 IU/L and liver fibrosis stage ≥2. Secondary goals include subgroup analysis by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, high hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, Asian ethnicity, lower ULN of ≤30 IU/L (males) and 19 IU/L (females), and advanced age. Methods Studies identified in EMBASE and MEDLINE (1/1990–6/2012) using the search criteria: “Hepatitis B”[Mesh] OR “Hepatitis B virus”[Mesh] OR “Hepatitis B, Chronic”[Mesh])) AND “Alanine Transaminase”[Mesh]) and abstracts containing the term ‘hepatitis’ from recent major U.S. gastroenterology and liver society meetings were considered. Results Among nine studies (N = 830 patients), a significant proportion (20.7%; 95% CI: 16.2–26.0%) of CHB patients with ALT levels ≤40 IU/L had significant fibrosis irrespective of HBeAg status, high HBV DNA levels, ethnicity or age, although this proportion may be higher in patients older than 30–40 years old. The corresponding proportion was 27.8% even when the newer ULN of 30 IU/L (males) and 19 IU/L (females) was applied. Conclusions Approximately one fifth of CHB patients with ALT ≤40 IU/L may have significant hepatic fibrosis. The approach to such patients should be individualised, as further evaluation and treatment may be appropriate.
The impact of informal care giving on labor force participation by rural farming and nonfarming families.

: Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, 1987, this study contrasts urban versus rural, and farm versus rural nonfarm informal care givers of the elderly and disabled to illustrate the conflicts that each group experiences when combining work and care giving. Women are the primary care givers in both rural and urban areas. Rural care givers spent more time providing care than urban caregivers, whether the dependent resided in the care giver's home or elsewhere in the community. A moderate difference existed in the number of hours care givers spent at work, although the rural care giver's spouses worked significantly more hours than urban spouses. Rural nonfarm care givers spent more hours caring for individuals residing in their communities, while farm caregivers spent the most time in household-related activities when caring for someone in their homes. In-home activity decreased the number of hours spent at work, while community care giving did not.