cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalaytic Isomerization of 1,5-Enynes to Bicyclo(3.1.0)hexenes

The cycloisomerization of 1,5-enynes catalyzed by cationic triphenylphosphinegold(I) complexes produces bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes. Substitution at all positions of the 1,5-enyne is tolerated, leading to a wide range of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane structures, including those containing quaternary carbons. Substrates containing a 1,2-disubstituted olefin undergo stereospecific cycloisomerization (cis-olefin produces cis-cyclopropane, and trans-olefin gives trans-cyclopropane). Additionally, enantioenriched bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes can be obtained from the gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of enantioenriched 1,5-enynes with excellent chirality transfer. The preparation of tricyclic systems is accomplished through a gold(I)-catalyzed tandem cycloisomerization−ring enlargement reaction.
A Tabu search approach to scheduling an automated wet etch station

Abstract This paper addresses a production scheduling problem arising at the wet etching process in a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility. Material handling capacity, material processing constraints, and mixed storage policies are considered in formulating the problem as a flow shop sequencing problem with the objective of minimizing makespan (Cmax). Efficient heuristics and a tabu search procedure are developed to generate high-quality solutions in reasonable computational time. Extensive computational experiments evaluating the performance of the heuristics are reported.
Electric discharge initiated SF6 - H2 and SF6 - HBr chemical lasers

Abstract Hydrogen fluoride laser transitions were produced by electric discharge initiation of SF6 + HBr and SF6 + H2 mixtures. The reaction of H atom with SFX (X ⩽ 6) species is invoked to explain the P4(7) line observed in the reaction between SF6 and H2.
Cure kinetics, gelation, and glass transition of a bisphenol F epoxide

Phenomenological cure kinetic relations for a commercially available amine-cured epoxy were developed independently using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in isothermal and dynamic (constant heating rate) modes and using numerical optimization techniques. The resulting model was found to be independent of the method used to collect reaction rate data. The model was modified at high temperature to account for an observed deviation from Arrhenius behavior. The cure dependence of the glass transition of the material was also investigated with DSC. The gel point as measured by parallel plate rheometry was found to occur at a degree of cure of 0.71, a value significantly advanced from a simple Flory prediction based on the functionality of the cross-linking agent.
Characterization of complex formation between Gi2 and octyl glucoside solubilized neutrophil N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptor by sedimentation velocity.

Abstract The reversible formation of complexes between N -formyl peptide chemoattractant receptor (FPR) and G i2 protein was analyzed by velocity sedimentation in linear sucrose density gradients. FPR complexed with heterotrimeric G i2 , sediments at different rate than uncomplexed FPR and the two forms have apparent sedimentation coefficients of 7S and 4S, respectively. The biochemical variables important for the reconstitution of the 7S complex from the 4S receptor and G i2 were studied. The formation of 7S was saturable with G i2 and addition of excess G i did not cause oligomerization. The reconstituted 7S complex was stable under a variety of conditions including octyl glucoside concentrations below and above the critical micellar concentration. The optimum pH for the reconstitution is between 7 and 9, where the 4S and 7S species sedimented reproducibly, at distinct positions in the gradient. Below pH 6 both the 4S and the 7S species appear to undergo denaturation and form precipitates. Magnesium ions have no significant effect on the sedimentation of either forms of FPR. Reconstitution was stable up to a NaCI concentration of 0.2 M. At 1 M NaC1 reconstitution was inhibited and at 3 M salt FPR aggregated. Since guanine nucleotides GTP, GTPγS, GDPβS selectively dissociated the 7S complex in a concentration-dependent manner and adenine nucleotides had no effect, we conclude that the FPR-G i2 system displays a vacant guanyl nucleotide binding site, the hallmark of a functional guanine nucleotide exchange complex. Moreover, our results indicate that the reconstitution of FPR-Gi2 complexes is reproducible at physiologically relevant conditions, shows selectivity, specificity, and biochemically functional properties consistent with a specific and functional interaction between solubilized FPR and G protein.
Absolute value equation solution via dual complementarity

By utilizing a dual complementarity condition, we propose an iterative method for solving the NP-hard absolute value equation (AVE): Ax − |x| = b, where A is an n × n square matrix. The algorithm makes no assumptions on the AVE other than solvability and consists of solving a succession of linear programs. The algorithm was tested on 500 consecutively generated random solvable instances of the AVE with n = 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000. The algorithm solved 90.2 % of the test problems to an accuracy of 10−8.
Effect of spacewise variations in a random load field on the response of a linear system.

Statistical properties of dynamic response of structure to random load field, examining simple deterministic loadings
Reflections: Returning as a Group Leader after a Severe Disability

Complicated issues arise when a group leader resumes practice after suffering a disability. The author, a nurse psychotherapist/researcher with a doctoral degree, director of nursing research at a veterans' hospital, and a psychodynamic practitioner in private practice, suffered a major stroke. The author felt extremely vulnerable and struggled as she separated counter-transference from reality-based issues. She shares her experience and offers recommendations for others facing similar challenges.
High dose intravenous immunoglobulin in post transfusion purpura—Changes in bound and free platelet antibody and in vitro lymphocyte transformation with Phytohemagglutinin

Abstract A middle-aged female with posttransfusion purpura (PTP), serologically proven to be associated with anti-PLAI antibody was treated successfully with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Normalization of the Platelet Associated IgG-antibody (PAIgG) correlated with peak platelet count on day 6 of therapy. Anti-PLAI antibody was detectable until week 5 of the follow-up period. Impaired pre-therapy lymphocyte transformation with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) corrected with the disappearance of the Anti-PLAI antibody.
Optimale Arbeitsbedingungen für die Kombination eines Gas-Chromatographen mit dem schnellregistrierenden Spektralphotometer IR-102

Es wurde das schnellregistrierende IR-Spektralphotometer IR-102 beschrieben, das die direkte Kopplung an einen Gas-Chromatographen erlaubt. In 5 bzw. 15 sec wird ein IR-Spektrum im Bereich von 2,5–14,5 μ registriert. Es wurden ferner die Zusammenhange zwischen den gaschromatographischen Trennbedingungen und der Gute der registrierten Spektren erortert. An Hand eines praktischen Beispiels, der gas-chromatographischen Trennung von Terpenderivaten, wurde die Arbeitsweise demonstriert.
Lateral response of dams in semi-elliptical rigid canyons

Abstract An analytical closed-form solution is developed for the lateral response of earth and rockfill dams built in semi-elliptical canyons. The dam is idealized as a linearly hysteretic elastic body deforming only in shear, whereas the canyon is assumed to be rigid. The solution for the dam response is given in terms of prolate spheroidal radial and angular functions of the first kind and zero order. Results are presented for natural frequencies, modal displacement shapes, participation factors, and response to transient and steady-state harmonic base excitation for various dam length-to-height ratios. Comparisons are made of the effects of the length-to-height ratio and the canyon shape on the response of dams built in semi-elliptical and rectangular canyons. A subsequent study (Dakoulas, P. & Hsu, C.H., Response of earth dams in semi-elliptical flexible canyons to oblique SH waves, Report, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 1993) extends this model to a semi-elliptical canyon consisting of flexible elastic rock, subjected to obliquely incident harmonic SH waves.
Genetic and environmental parameters of milk constituents for five breeds. I. Effects of herd, year, season, and age of the cow.

Abstract The influence of herd, year, season, and age on milk production and composition was investigated on 4,253 lactation records of cows from five major dairy breeds. A least-squares analysis of the data showed significant effects of herd, year, season, and age on all milk traits studied. The averages of the variance component estimates expressed as per cent of the total variance were: for herd, 15.7 and 11.6% for constituent yields and percentages, respectively; age, 14.6 and 7.3% for yields and percentages; season, 1.9 and 1.4% for yields and percentages; and year, 1.0 and 1.6% for yields and percentages. For younger cows, the least-squares constants for age showed an upward bias of +.10 to +.03% for percentages fat and protein; + .23 to +.04% for per cent SNF; and +.33 to +.05% for per cent TS; whereas, for older cows, the downward age bias was –.04 to –.20% for per cent SNF; –.07 to –.26% for per cent TS; and negligible for percentages fat and protein. A set of multiplicative age factors was derived for each yield trait, and the results suggest two sets of factors, one for milk yield and one for yields of fat, protein, SNF, and TS.
Making, Breaking, and Shaping Contacts by Controlling Double Layer Forces

The development and understanding of electrostatic actuations in liquid solution can be a difficult task. The large voltages that are commonly employed for electrostatic actuation in air can cause electrolysis at the various solid−liquid interfaces. At the nanoscale, this challenge is compounded by the presence of various surface forces. We demonstrate that the electrochemical Surface Force Apparatus can be employed to characterize the response of electrostatic actuators in nanoscale gaps. We show that low voltage DC actuation can be used to cause displacements at the nanoscale due to variations in the electrical double layer. We also demonstrate that double layer forces can be used to make or break contact between two surfaces and even to cause surface deformations, all without mechanically moving either substrate. Control over displacement, and associated deformations, is obtained by varying the surface energy as accomplished by regulating the surface charge density. The displacement can be evaluated as...
Virus-modified homologus tumor-cell extract in the treatment of vulvar carcinoma

Eight patients with squamous carcinoma of the vulva and two or more positive nodes have received adjunctive immunotherapy with a virus modified homologous cell extract. Seven of eight patients received radiation therapy in addition. Cells derived from the SW962 vulvar carcinoma cell line were infected with PR8/A/34 strain of influenza and a membrane extract was used for immunization. The extract was administered by the intradermal route weekly for three doses and then biweekly for up to 2 years. Each dose is equivalent to 1.5 mg protein. None of the patients have recurred and durations of remission are 24, 24, 22, 22, 21, 16, 7, and 2 months respectively. This compares favourably with similar groups of patients who were treated with surgery alone (22/33 recurred, median recurrence time 14.8 months) or surgery plus radiation therapy (8/9 recurrences, median recurrence time 11.0 months). No serious side effects have occurred with more than 200 doses of extract. Post immunization monitoring has indicated good in vitro and in vivo immunological responses and antibody titers to PR8 increased significantly in five of eight patients.
Use of a cDNA library for studies on evolution and developmental expression of the chorion multigene families

A cDNA library has been constructed from an RNA preparation highly enriched in silkmoth chorion mRNAs. Many distinct clones have been identified from this library using a stepwise procedure: scoring for infrequent hexanucleotide restriction enzyme recognition sequences; detailed characterization with restriction enzymes that recognize relatively frequent tetranucleotide sequences; probing the arrangement of the corresponding sequences in chromosomal DNA by the Southern procedure; and detailed cross-hybridization analysis. Unique clones, as well as two classes of distinct but related clones, were revealed by hybridization. The cross-hybridization analysis was greatly facilitated by a newly developed, semiquantitative dot hybridization procedure. The same procedure made it feasible to conveniently estimate the relative abundance of several different sequences in an mRNA mixture. Cloned sequences which scored as relatively abundant in total chorion mRNA were tested with stage-specific chorion mRNA at a very stringent criterion of hybridization. They were thus characterized as early, middle or late sequences with respect to development. The characterized cDNA clones can now be used as probes for studying the evolution, chromosomal organization and regulated developmental expression of the chorion multigene families.
Development of a web-based hybrid registry for acute stroke in Qatar

Development of a Web-based Hybrid Registry for Acute Stroke in Qatar Leopold J. Streletz1,2, Saadat I. Kamran1,2, Mohammad Shahzad1, Reggie Cruze1, Naveed Akhtar1,2, Ahmed Elsotouhy2, Ahmed Khattab3, Damian Jenkinson3, 1Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, 2Hamad General Hospital and Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, 3Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom. Stroke is a worldwide medical problem and is one of the leading causes of death and disability for people over the age of 40. In Qatar, although cardiovascular constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality, very few stroke studies have been reported. Current standards of care for stroke patients require medical or surgical interventions within 72 hrs of the initial presentation. This is why our research focuses on acute stroke in order to help develop and improve current models for stroke prediction in Qatar. To achieve this in a systematic way, a disease-specific registry for acute stroke needs to be developed. A disease registry ...
Structure and Evolution of the C. elegans Embryonic Endomesoderm Network

The specification of the Caenorhabditis elegans endomesoderm has been the subject of study for more than 15 years. Specification of the 4-cell stage endomesoderm precursor, EMS, occurs as a result of the activation of a transcription factor cascade that starts with SKN-1, coupled with input from the Wnt/beta-catenin asymmetry pathway through the nuclear effector POP-1. As development proceeds, transiently-expressed cell fate factors are succeeded by stable, tissue/organ-specific regulators. The pathway is complex and uses motifs found in all transcriptional networks. Here, the regulators that function in the C. elegans endomesoderm network are described. An examination of the motifs in the network suggests how they may have evolved from simpler gene interactions. Flexibility in the network is evident from the multitude of parallel functions that have been identified and from apparent changes in parts of the corresponding network in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Overall, the complexities of C. elegans endomesoderm specification build a picture of a network that is robust, complex, and still evolving.
Alternative reinforcement effects on fixed-interval performance.

Pigeons' key pecks were reinforced with food on a fixed-interval schedule. Food also was available at variable time periods either independently of responding or for not key pecking (a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule). The latter condition arranged reinforcement following the first pause of t seconds after it became available according to a variable-time schedule. This schedule allowed separation of the effects of pause requirements ≤ five-seconds and reinforcement frequency. The time spent pausing increased as the duration of the pause required for reinforcement increased from 0 to 30 seconds and as the frequency of reinforcement for pausing increased from 0 to 2 reinforcers per minute. Key pecking was more evenly distributed within each fixed interval with shorter required pauses and with more frequent reinforcement for pausing. The results complement those obtained with other concurrent schedules in which the same operant response was reinforced in both components.
The relationship between perceived and objective cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis

The relationship between perceived cognitive functioning and objective cognitive functioning was studied in 221 patients with multiple sclerosis. Perceptions of global cognitive functioning as well as perceptions of performance on specific cognitive tests were assessed. Patients' perceptions of global cognitive functioning in their daily lives were unrelated to their objective performance on the full cognitive test battery. However, patients' perceptions of their performance on specific tasks correlated with their objective performance on those tasks, even though they underestimated their performance on these tasks. The present study also evaluated predictors of patients' perceived cognitive functioning. Depression, anxiety, fatigue, and level of disability predicted perceptions of global cognitive functioning, whereas objective cognitive performance did not. These results add to our understanding of patients' expressed concerns regarding their cognitive functioning in the wake of multiple sclerosis, suggesting that such concerns should be interpreted with caution by clinicians.
Professional responsibility: Focusing on the exemplary

The literature on ethics in science and engineering tends to dwell on the negative, emphasizing disasters, scandals, and problems of wrongdoing in everyday practice. This paper shifts to the positive, focusing on the exemplary. After outlining different possible conceptions of responsibility (ranging from a minimalist view of “staying out of trouble” to “going above and beyond the call of duty”), the paper discusses the importance of certain virtues for scientists and engineers. Finally, a broad range of examples of exemplary practice is offered.
Vitamin B6 and Glucocorticoid Action

THE MECHANISMS by which steroid hormones interact with target tissues to induce endocrine responses have been studied since the early 1960's (for a recent review see Ref. 1), and many contributions have added to our current understanding of steroid hormone action. In essence, it is believed that the lipophilic steroid hormones enter target tissues by passively diffusing across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, steroids bind reversibly to cytosolic receptor proteins in a stereospecific fashion to form steroid-receptor complexes. The actual localization of these receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells is a controversial subject (2); however, for the purposes of this discussion, it will be assumed that these receptors are available for steroid binding in the cytoplasmic compartment of the cell. This complex then undergoes a physicochemical transformation, termed activation, which enables the complex to bind tightly to appropriate chromatin acceptor sites. The phenomenon of steroid receptor activati...
Structural dynamics of rotating bladed-disk assemblies coupled with flexible shaft motions

In order to analyze the dynamic behavior of the first stage compressor/fan of the 'E3' turbofan engine, a classical structural dynamics approach is employed to couple the motions of a flexible bladed disk to a rotating flexible shaft. The analysis accounts for flexible disk displacements which are transverse to the plane of rotation, and radial as well as tangential, and also accounts for rigid disk translations along, and rotations about, axes normal to the undeformed shaft axes. In the case of a wide range of E3 engine shaft flexibilities and speeds, some of the one-diametral node frequencies are shown to be affected by shaft degrees of freedom whose stiffness values are in general range of design practice. Coriolis forces are also found to significantly affect natural frequencies where strong coupling between certain modes is present.
The impacts of religion, political ideology, and social capital on religious and secular giving: evidence from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey

Using a double hurdle model and data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey (SCCS2006) we examine religious and secular giving, focusing on the impacts of religion, political ideology and social capital. Our main results indicate that greater participation in religious activities positively impacts religious and secular giving, the intensity of religious belief increases religious giving at the expense of secular giving, religious giving by very conservative individuals is higher than for other ideological groups, and measures of social capital are very important in raising the level and likelihood of philanthropic giving.
A comparison study of control strategies for ZVS resonant converters

This paper studies three fundamental switching patterns for resonant converters to achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) operation. To evaluate the performance of the three control methods, three resonant topologies are taken into consideration: series resonant, parallel resonant and seriesparallel resonant. The criteria functions for ZVS operation are derived for each control method and topology. The results show that the Asymmetrical Clamped Mode control (ACM) can guarantee lower switching frequency than other two control methods while keeping ZVS operation. Moreover, the circulating power for each control method is analyzed. The relationships between the switching frequency and the maximum power transfer of the three resonant topologies are derived and the series-parallel resonant topology shows a superior characteristic. Experiment results are given to verify some of the results.
Psychological Distress in End-of-Life Care: A Review of Issues in Assessment and Treatment

The psychological distress and other end-of-life issues experienced by the terminally ill patient are a focus of attention for both the medical and psychiatric communities. The arena has engaged a variety of voices, from those who medicalize end-of-life distress to others who view distress as a normative response within the biopsychosocial-spiritual framework. This article reviews issues in assessment and treatment and suggests that medicalization of distress and DSM-IV-TR criteria are insufficient to describe the dying patient's experience. A broader view is needed. End-of-life care is a rich field of practice where existential concerns impact physical and mental well-being. It is imperative that clinicians in the field equip themselves with psychosocial and spiritual clinical tools. Social workers may have a unique position in understanding and addressing end-of-life issues. Recommendations for social work education include increased training to equip medical social workers to address the specific needs...
Implications of relative robusticity in the Olduvai Metatarsus

The relative robusticity of the metatarsals in OH-8 is reviewed in light of the normal variation in metatarsal robusticity in Pan and Homo. The pattern in OH-8 is found to be fully commensurate with a striding gait.
Ultrathin films of cobalt on Fe{001} and the effect of oxygen.

Deposition of Co on a clean Fe{001} surface in ultrahigh vacuum yields initially films with 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) patterns up to thicknesses of about 15 \AA{}, then films with increasingly high-background c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) LEED patterns for thicknesses up to about 30 \AA{}, and finally disordered films for larger thicknesses. Quantitative LEED analysis finds the 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 films to have a body-centered-tetragonal structure with in-plane lattice constant a=2.87 \AA{} (pseudomorphic with the Fe{001} substrate) and c=2.792 \AA{}; the first interlayer spacing is contracted by about 11%. Strain analysis of the bulk identifies this structure as a tetragonal distortion of metastable bcc Co. The c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) films are found to be pseudomorphic distortions of hcp Co(112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0), which has a rectangular unit mesh that requires a 6.6% compression in one and a 0.4% compression in the other direction in the surface plane; the film has a bulk interlayer spacing of 1.29 \AA{} (expanded 2.9% over the equilibrium value 1.2535 \AA{}) and about 10% contraction of the first interlayer spacing. It was found that a monolayer of oxygen chemisorbed on the Fe{001} surface before deposition of Co extends the stability range of the strained bcc phase considerably. The oxygen ``floats'' on the surface of the Co film and a 30-\AA{} film still has the 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 distorted bcc structure, but with a monolayer of oxygen on top. Thicker Co films no longer produce measurable LEED patterns, so that the onset of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)-distorted hcp (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) structure cannot be observed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The antioxidant 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione potentiates advanced glycation end-product-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells.

Oxidative stress is implicated as a major factor in the development of diabetes complications and is caused in part by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs ligate to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), promoting protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and superoxide radical generation. While scavenging antioxidants are protective against AGEs, it is unknown if induction of endogenous antioxidant defenses has the same effect. In this study, we confirmed that the compound 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) increases reduced-state glutathione (GSH) concentrations and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity in SH-SY5Y cells and provides protection against H2O2. Surprisingly, D3T potentiated oxidative damage caused by AGEs. In comparison to vehicle controls, D3T caused greater AGE-induced cytotoxicity and depletion of intracellular GSH levels while offering no protection against neurite degeneration or protein carbonylation. D3T potentiated AGE-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, an effect abrogated by inhibitors of PKC and NADPH oxidase. This study suggests that chemical induction of endogenous antioxidant defenses requires further examination in models of diabetes.
A chemical accelerator for the study of the dynamics of ion—molecule reactions over the energy range 0.1-100 eV

Abstract A beam instrument for the study of ion—molecule reactions is described. Both angular and velocity distributions of reactively scattered ions can be measured, as well as reaction cross sections as a function of ion energy. Such data are sufficient to characterize completely the dynamics of the reaction studied. Because of its wide energy range, high mass resolution, and high overall sensitivity, this instrument appears to have more extensive capabilities than previously described beam instruments. In addition, excitation functions and kinematic data are provided for the reations N 2 + + H 2 → N 2 H + + H and N 2 + + D 2 → N 2 D + + D over the energy range 0.078–14 eV (c.m.).
World wide malnutrition

The nutritional deficiencies of the greatest importance today are five in number: energy, protein, iron, vitamin A and iodine. Deficiency of energy and protein leads in children to stunted growth and in cases of severe deficiency to clinical marasmus, kwashiorkor and millions of deaths a year. Anaemia, common in women and children, is caused above all by iron deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency causes blindness at the rate of about a million cases a year, and most of these end in death. Iodine deficiency results in goitre and six million cretins in the world today.
Long‐Term Strategies in Japanese Environmental Litigation

Japan's reputation for unusually strong emphasis on the avoidance of public conflict and therefore for deemphasis of legal institutions suggests an arid, hostile environment for litigators, especially those who lack substantial resources. In a study of a quasi-class action lawsuit by Japanese air pollution victims, we find that litigation can be developed as a tool in the pursuit of a social movement's wider objectives despite the paucity of resources within the Japanese legal system. Our research documents the many ways in which the delays, obstacles, and costs that characterize the litigation environment in Japan have been either neutralized or turned to the advantage of a social movement because of its commitment to longer-term political objectives rather than short-term victories. The special role of professions in general, and the legal profession in particular, in such litigation combines with class-oriented social movements to produce a political/legal pattern that is neither traditionally harmonious nor a conflict “difficult to contain.”
Analysis of coaxial spray combustion flames and related numerical issues

An approach to the simulation of strongly coupled multiphase flows in combustion hardware is sketched and its unique requirements highlighted. An example of a successful application to a coaxial injector flame is presented. Furthermore, several numerical issues that tend to interact with the physics of the problem are discussed with special regard to their potential impact on the choices of numerical parameters by the analyst. These include the issues of stability, numerical diffusivity, stiffness, and boundary conditions. The theme of this paper focuses on the intriguing relationships among the grid, the solution algorithm, and the actual physical mechanisms themselves.
Reagent gases for G.C.-M.S. analyses.

Several reagent gases and mixed reagent gases for high pressure ion–molecule reaction ionization of samples have been investigated for use in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The common g.c. carrier gases and their mixtures with other gases such as isobutane, ammonia, tetramethylsilane, hexafluoroacetone and nitric oxide, were studied. These reagents were used to enhance the molecular ion intensity and to simplify the spectra of steroidal alcohols and the trimethylsilyl ethers of biologically important compounds.
Hearing results following intratympanic gentamicin perfusion for Ménière's disease.

Objective To evaluate hearing results following intratympanic gentamicin perfusion in patients with Meniere's disease. Materials and methods Middle-ear perfusion of 0.4 ml of gentamicin 40 mg/ml solution was performed in Meniere's disease patients who had previously failed to respond to other medical treatment. Results Between May 1999 and November 2005, 22 patients (mean age 58.5 years) underwent intratympanic gentamicin perfusion. Mean follow up was 30 months. At the first post-perfusion visit (four to six weeks following perfusion), three of the 22 patients (13.63 per cent) had a pure tone average improvement of at least 10 dB, 15 (68.18 per cent) showed no change and four (18.18 per cent) demonstrated a decrease in hearing of more than 10 dB. Regarding speech discrimination scores, one patient (4.54 per cent) exhibited an improvement of at least 15 per cent, 15 (68.18 per cent) showed no change and six (27.27 per cent) showed a decrease of at least 15 per cent. After long-term follow up (12-40 months following perfusion), 10 patients (45.45 per cent) showed stable hearing, and 12 (54.54 per cent) exhibited a pure tone average decrease of more than 10 dB. Six patients (27.27 per cent) showed a speech discrimination score decrease of at least 15 per cent, while 16 (72.72 per cent) had no change. Complete cessation of vertigo was reported by 20 of the 22 patients (90.9 per cent), while two (9.09 per cent) reported episodic vertigo spells. Conclusion Intratympanic gentamicin perfusion provides effective control of vertigo in patients with Meniere's disease. However, significant hearing loss may occur immediately after perfusion; therefore, this treatment should be considered only for patients whose hearing has already been affected by the disease.
Enhanced resolution for future fabrication

We have developed resolution-enhanced optical lithography processes that have enabled us to fabricate devices with deep sub-100 nm feature sizes. Isolated gate features were resolved down to 40 nm in resist using optimized phase-shift lithography processes. The addition of a small reactive ion etch (RIE) etch bias allowed us to fabricate transistors with gate lengths in the range 9-25 nm. This was achieved using standard 248 nm optical stepper, photoresist, and RIE technology. The capability is valuable for providing robust fabrication processes for advanced device technology studies. Double-exposure phase-shift imaging is also achieving growing industry acceptance with promising new results recently reported by UMC and Intel. These results show that optical lithography with aggressive resolution enhancements will likely be able to meet the needs of the semiconductor industry for the rest of this decade, pushing out the anticipated introduction of next-generation lithography (NGL) technologies further into the future.
Nasojejunal feeding: a commentary.

THE LIKELIHOOD of a relationship between early malnutrition and permanent retardation of brain growth, TM coupled with the observation that early feeding of the premature infant was associated with decreased morbidity, 5 has resultedin an enhanced interest in improvement of nutrition of the low-birthweight infant. Since there is little evidence to indicate that currently available nutritional mixtures (i.e., various prepared formulas) are inadequate, and since delivery of nutrients to premature infants has been a long-standing problem, most of the work in this area has centered on methods of delivering nutrients. One of the most recently advocated methods is continuous nasojejunal infusions of various formulas. 68 This method was described initially by Rhea and colleagues.6, 7 More recently, its successful use in management of a large number of infants was reported by Cheek and Staub. 8 Since their enthusiastic endorsement of the method, it has been adopted by many institutions for delivering nutrients to premature infants. This issue of THE JOURNAL contains three articles and one letter concerning continuous nasojejunal feeding. The first reports an improvement of the method. 9 Two subsequent articles describe complications associated with it; one describes intestinal perforation resulting apparently from the nasojejunal tube ~~ and the other reports various gastrointestinal complications. 1~ Dr. Challacombe's lz observations as outlined in his Letter to the Editor, although not related directly to nasojejunal feeding, raise several interesting theoretical aspects of this feeding method. It is disturbing that three of the communications report actual or potential complications of the method. In
Science and the person: the research of Willard Waller

This article examines the manner in which scientific processes are influenced by social and personal context. It investigates the conceptual framework which Willard Waller brought to his search and how he conducted research. It examines the assumptions Waller carried into his analysis of social phenomena, particularly the manner in which he ordered reality and the consequences of those choices. An understanding of the social context should enable us to understand better Waller's work and the manner in which science is shaped by contextual factors.
Predaceous Arthropods and Lepidopteran Pests on Conventional, Bollgard, and Bollgard II Cotton Under Untreated and Disrupted Conditions

Abstract Field studies were conducted from 2000 through 2002 to determine whether the abundance of predaceous arthropods was negatively affected by Bollgard and Bollgard II transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), that expresses one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) for control of lepidopteran pests. During 2000, populations of predators and lepidopteran pests were monitored in small plots of DP50 (non-Bt), DP50B (Bollgard, expresses Cry1Ac), and DP50BII (Bollgard II, expresses Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) under untreated conditions. In subsequent studies, plot sizes were increased and insect populations were monitored under conditions in which predators were either allowed to develop normally (untreated) or were disrupted with insecticides in early season. Populations of predators (Geocoris spp., Orius insidiosus [Say], Nabis spp., Solenopsis invicta Buren, spiders, coccinellids, and lacewings [Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae]) were consistently as high or higher in Bollgard and ...
P53 gene mutations in lymphoid diseases and their possible relevance to drug resistance

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene occur with a frequency of 12.5% in lymphoid malignancies. The viral-associated diseases, Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and Burkitt's lymphoma, showed higher p53 mutation frequencies of 24% and 41%, respectively. Mutations occurred in the highly conserved regions of the p53 gene. Two new hot spots for mutation were noted in exon 7 at codons 239 and 245. The spectrum of p53 mutations differs among different cancers. Transition mutations occurring in colon and brain tumors also predominated in the majority of the lymphoid malignancies. However, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) had an unusually high frequency of G to T transversions. Among carcinomas of the lung, liver, breast and esophagus there is also a high frequency of G to T transversions. The differences in mutation spectra between different lymphoid diseases may be due to differences in mutagenic factors or differences in the biological properties of the p53 protein in different lymphoid compartments. Mutation of the p53 gene is associated with advanced stage of lymphoid disease and poor prognosis. For B-CLL disease, p53 mutations are associated with drug resistance. Overexpression of the bcl-2 protein is also associated with a block in apoptosis. Resistance to apoptosis could be a general mechanism for drug resistance in B-CLL and other lymphoid diseases.
Implementation of System Requirements Models for Space Missions

As a part of it restructuring of the space mission design process, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is investigating a model-driven concept for capturing system level requirements for space missions.
Progress and Opportunities in Tobacco Control

Much progress has been made in reducing tobacco use in the United States. Despite the continuing challenges of tobacco control and the massive burden of illness, death, and economic costs caused by tobacco products, there are now unprecedented opportunities to prevent and treat tobacco dependence through a combination of interventions that have proven effective at both the population and individual levels. This report briefly reviews popula- tion trends in tobacco use by youth and adults, describes some of the policy measures that have proven effective in comprehensive tobacco control, and discusses the role of clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of tobacco dependence in patients. (CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56: 135-142.) © American Cancer Society, Inc., 2006.
Transparent and tandem solar cells using solution-processed metal nanowire transparent electrodes

Tandem architectures in which multiple energy gaps are combined in a series-connected stack of solar cells are seen as a promising approach to increasing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells to commercially relevant values. Even higher efficiencies can be obtained if the photocurrent-matching requirement of such tandem cells is removed by the use of intermediate electrodes in multi-terminal multijunction cells. We demonstrate semi-transparent organic solar cells and multi-terminal multijunction organic photovoltaic cells using a laminated metal nanowire mesh as a low-cost, high-performance intermediate electrode that can be deposited using a lamination process without damaging the fragile organic layers. Photocurrent matching is not required in the multi-terminal architecture. With adequate material combinations, this cell architecture can be used to build organic solar cells with efficiencies ≫10%.
Absorptive Capacity: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension

Researchers have used the absorptive capacity construct to explain various organizational phenomena. In this article we review the literature to identify key dimensions of absorptive capacity and offer a reconceptualization of this construct. Building upon the dynamic capabilities view of the firm, we distinguish between a firm's potential and realized capacity. We then advance a model outlining the conditions when the firm's potential and realized capacities can differentially influence the creation and sustenance of its competitive advantage.
Behavioral factors and denture status

Abstract The experiences and impressions for most of the 64 patients who entered the project in 1968 reveal that the opportunity to obtain new dentures, prepared according to the best available technology by highly skilled dentists and dental laboratory technicians, has had an identifiable impact on each of the several behavioral variables for which changes were predicted before the study began. There has been general improvement in self-image, confidence, and relaxation, and these changes often were associated with perceived improvement in fit of dentures, ability to eat, ability to talk, and general health. Although some patients experienced serious health problems during the 6 year study period, neither were these attributed to nor did they appear associated in any way with denture status. The patient population, in general, was very cooperative. Fifty-three patients stayed with the study for 6 years. Most kept their appointments and followed the instructions and advice of their dentists on all matters but one—that of removing their dentures at night. In explaining why they did not remove their dentures at night, most of the patients gave evidence of a high degree of sexual symbolism associated with teeth and denture status.
Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer

‘Every Hour Hurts, The Last One Kills'. That is an old saying about getting old. Every day, thousands of DNA damaging events take place in each cell of our body, but efficient DNA repair systems have evolved to prevent that. However, our DNA repair system and that of most other organisms are not as perfect as that of Deinococcus radiodurans, for example, which is able to repair massive amounts of DNA damage at one time. In many instances, accumulation of DNA damage has been linked to cancer, and genetic deficiencies in specific DNA repair genes are associated with tumor-prone phenotypes. In addition to mutations, which can be either inherited or somatically acquired, epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes may promote tumorigenesis. This review will summarize current knowledge of the epigenetic inactivation of different DNA repair components in human cancer.
Synthesis for Broadside Testability of Transition Faults

We describe a synthesis-for-testability approach targeting broadside testing of transition faults. We refer to this process as synthesis for broadside testability. Unlike design-for-testability (DFT) procedures that require additional control inputs to implement DFT modes of operation, synthesis for broadside testability uses only the standard scan design and relies on broadside tests to detect target faults. The proposed procedure improves the testability of a circuit by changing next-states of state- transitions from its unreachable states, i.e., states that the circuit cannot enter during functional operation. In this way, it replaces broadside tests of the original circuit with new broadside tests that are more effective in detecting target faults.
The importance of physical isolation to microbial diversification

The importance of physical isolation, defined as the spatial separation of two or more populations, to the evolution of organisms has been well studied in plants and animals yet its significance regarding microbial evolution has not been fully appreciated. Here we review the theoretical paradigm of physical isolation for the diversification of organisms in general and then provide a variety of evidence indicating that microbial populations also fit into a similar evolutionary framework.
The Gifts of Silence and Solitude

In this column the author describes the importance of finding silence and solitude amid the noise and technology present today in the teaching-learning academy. Three gifts of silence and solitude are identified: the gift of comforting aloneness, the gift of vision for new horizons, and the gift of a sense of freedom. A humanbecoming perspective is used to explore the implications of these gifts. This column introduces a column by Diana Vander Woude describing her teaching-learning experience in leadership focusing on silence and solitude.
A "Top Five" list for emergency medicine: a policy and research agenda for stewardship to improve the value of emergency care.

Abstract United States health care costs are growing at an unsustainable rate; one significant contributor has been the overuse of health services. Physicians have a professional ethical obligation to serve as stewards of society’s resources and take responsibility for health care costs. We propose a framework for identifying overused services and a research and implementation agenda to guide stewardship efforts to demonstrate the value of emergency care. Examples of interventions to reduce the cost of emergency care along six value streams are discussed: laboratory tests, high-cost imaging, medication administration, intravenous fluids and medications, hospital admissions and post-discharge care. Structural and political hurdles such as the Emergency Medical and Active Labor Act mandate, medico-legal concerns, lack of provider knowledge about costs and economic conflicts are identified. A research agenda focused on identifying low value clinical actions and potential interventions for overuse reduction is detailed. A policy agenda is proposed for organized emergency medicine to convene a structured, collaborative process to identify and prioritize clinical decisions that are of little value to patients, amenable to improvement through standardization, and actionable by front-line providers. Emergency medicine cannot wait longer to identify areas of low value care, or else other groups will impose external standards on our practice. Development of a Top Five list for emergency medicine will begin to demonstrate our professional ethical commitment to our patients and health system improvement.
An extension of goal-question-metric paradigm for software reliability

The driving need in software reliability is to mature the "physics of failure" and design aspects related to software reliability. This type of focus would then enhance one's ability to effect reliable software in a predictable form. A major challenge is that software reliability, in essence, requires one to measure compliance to customer/user requirements. Customer/user requirements can range over a wide spectrum of software product attributes that relate directly or indirectly to software performance. Identifying and measuring these attributes in a structured way to minimize risk and allow pro-active preventive action during software development is no easy task. The goal-question-metric paradigm, discussed by Dr. Vic Basili (1992), is one popular and effective approach to measurement identification. However, in practice, additional challenges in using this approach have been encountered. Some of these challenges, though, seem to be alleviated with use of a reliability technique called success/fault tree analysis. Experience has shown that the goal-question-metric paradigm is conducive to the building of G-Q-M trees which may be analyzed using reliability success/fault tree logic.