cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 35-Year Longitudinal Assessment of Cognition and Midlife Depression Symptoms: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Objective To determine whether early adult cognitive ability is a risk factor for depressive symptoms in midlife and how genetic and environmental influences explain the association and to examine cross-sectional relationships between depressive symptoms and specific cognitive abilities at midlife. Design A 35-year longitudinal and cross-sectional twin study of cognitive aging. Setting Large multicenter study in the United States. Participants One thousand two hundred thirty-seven male twins aged 51 to 60 years. Measurements At the age of 20 years and midlife, participants completed the same version of a general cognitive ability test (Armed Forces Qualification Test [AFQT]). Midlife testing included an extensive neurocognitive protocol assessing processing speed, verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, working memory, executive function, and visual-spatial ability. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale before cognitive testing and provided health and life style information during a medical history interview. Results Lower age 20 AFQT scores predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at age 55 years (r = −0.16,p Conclusion Results suggest that low cognitive ability is a risk factor for depressive symptoms; this association is partly due to shared genetic influences. Crosssectional analyses indicate that the association between depressive symptoms and performance is not linked to specific cognitive domains.
Food and Drug Administration-approved endovascular repair devices for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a review.

Endovascular treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) offers a less invasive alternative to conventional open repair. Currently, only four devices are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved for use in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of AAA in the United States. All four devices are associated with a high technical success rate and less morbidity than open surgical repair. Each device has its inherent design advantages and disadvantages that must be matched with patient and AAA characteristics. This review will discuss and compare the technology and procedural outcomes data of the current FDA-approved EVAR devices.
Surface-water chemistry and fertility variations in the tropical Atlantic across the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum as evidenced by calcareous nannoplankton from ODP Leg 207, Hole 1259B

Abstract Calcareous nannoplankton assemblages at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1259 on Demerara Rise (western equatorial Atlantic) underwent an abrupt and fundamental turnover across the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ~55.5 m.y. ago. The PETM is marked by a dissolution interval barren or nearly-barren of nannofossils due to the rapid acidification of the world oceans. Toweius, Fasciculithus, and Chiasmolithus sharply decrease at the onset, whereas Chiasmolithus, Markalius cf. M. apertus, and Neochiasmolithus thrive immediately after the event, which also signals the successive first appearances of Discoaster araneus, Rhomboaster, and Tribrachiatus. The environmental indications of these changes were further investigated by correspondence analysis on quantitative nannofossil counts. The PETM event has been attributed to CO2-forced greenhouse effects. At Site 1259, the elevated pCO2 and subsequent lowered surface-water pH values at the onset of the PETM caused intensive carbonate dissolution, producing the nannofossil-barren interval. The chemically stressed habitats may well have also induced the evolution of ephemeral nannofossil “excursion taxa”, such as Rhomboaster and malformed discoasters (D. araneus and Discoaster anartios). Based on its sudden increase, Markalius cf. M. apertus is considered to have been a local opportunistic species that took advantage of the surface-water changes. At the same time, a presumably higher runoff from continental areas fertilized the western equatorial Atlantic as indicated by an increase in the abundance of r-mode specialists preferring high-nutrient conditions, such as Chiasmolithus, Coccolithus pelagicus, and Hornibrookina arca. Contrasts between the results of this study and previous work at ODP Site 690 in the Southern Ocean, the New Jersey continental margin, and the central paleoequatorial Pacific further demonstrate that the response to the PETM can be influenced by local differences in geologic setting and oceanographic conditions.
Serial lumbar punctures in prevention of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants

We studied 47 infants with either grade 3 or grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, to assess the efficacy of intermittent lumbar punctures in the prevention of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a prospective controlled trial. The control group received supportive care only, whereas the treatment group additionally underwent intermittent spinal taps. The spinal taps were started at postnatal age 11±5 days and continued for 20±16 days, with the removal of 67±101 ml cerebrospinal fluid using 16±12 taps. The two groups were comparable with regard to birth weight, gestational age, race, sex, Apgar score, and severity of hemorrhage. Three infants in the control group died, compared with two infants in the study group. Nine infants in the control group and 10 infants in the study group developed hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or a ventricular catheter reservoir. These differences in the outcome in the two groups are not statistically significant. We conclude that serial lumbar punctures were unsuccessful in prevention of hydrocephalus in this group of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.
Elastic scattering of deuterons by carbon

Deuteron-carbon elastic scattering is studied within the framework of the Glauber approximation. The full Glauber multiple scattering series is evaluated with simplified nuclear wave functions. An approximation in which deuteron-nucleus scattering is expressed in terms of nucleon-nucleus scattering amplitudes is shown to be accurate for small momentum transfers. The effects of the Coulomb field and the deuteron D state are investigated. The impressive fit to the 650 MeV d-(C-12) elastic scattering data, obtained in a recent calculation, is shown to be due to additional approximations made in that analysis.
Low dose pedal magnetic resonance angiography at 3 tesla with time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics: a feasibility study.

Objectives To assess the feasibility of low-dose time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the pedal vasculature at 3.0 Tesla (T) using a head coil. Materials and methods Eleven healthy volunteers were imaged using TRICKS MR angiography at 3.0 T with both feet positioned in a head coil. A dose of 7 mL was used for each of 3 acquisitions: images were obtained of each foot in the sagittal plane, and then both feet were imaged simultaneously in the transverse plane. The following parameters were used for acquisition: (TR/TE 4.7 milliseconds/ 1.3 milliseconds, field of view = 28 cm, Flip angle = 30 degrees, 384 x 256 matrix, section thickness = 1.6 mm, Bandwidth = 19.23). The dorsalis pedis, plantar arch, distal posterior tibial, lateral tarsal, and medial plantar arteries were graded for visualization, artifact, and overall image quality on a 4-point scale (1 = worst; 4 = best). Results Superior visualization trended towards separate sagittal acquisitions when compared with that of bilateral transverse acquisitions for most of the individual vessels of the foot. Overall, separate sagittal acquisitions (average score = 2.9) were superior to bilateral transverse acquisitions (average score = 2.6). The average image quality score reflecting the amount of artifact was 2.6 for studies obtained using bilateral transverse acquisitions and 3.1 for studies obtained using separate sagittal acquisitions. Conclusion Low-dose gadolinium multi-injection TRICKS and bolus-chase MR angiography at 3.0 T provides an effective and easily reproducible technique for imaging of the pedal vasculature in volunteers and has great potential for clinical application.
Post WTO China: priorities for smaller firms in a turbulent market

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the strategic priorities for small and medium‐size U.S. firms in post WTO China. Within this context the objectives are several fold including: The impact of the World Trade Organization as an agent of globalization, problems of market entry, risk assessment, and the priorities of internal firm reorganization. The analysis shows that smaller firms can succeed. But it is exceptionally difficult to do business in China for smaller firms. It is also true that larger manufacturing firms will do better. Other issues examined in relation to risk assessment include financing, corruption, legal guidelines, and cultural concerns. This research methodology is based on a continuing series of on‐site structured interviews with key influencers in Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong, and Singapore from 1988 to the summer of 2002 including a recent 18 month research leave in the Far East.
Zinc-Binding of Endostatin Is Essential for Its Antiangiogenic Activity

Endostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. We used the yeast Pichia pastoris to express and purify soluble endostatin. It was discovered that metal chelating agents can induce N-terminal degradation of endostatin. We theorized that a metal was removed from endostatin which changed the conformation and allowed a contaminating protease to degrade the N-terminus. Atomic absorption and amino acid analysis of endostatin purified from Pichia pastoris and mammalian cells showed a 1:1 molar ratio of Zn2+ to protein. Ding et al. have shown that histidines 1, 3, 11, and aspartic acid 76 coordinate the Zn2+ atom (1). An H1/3A double, an H11A, and a D76A single mutant of endostatin were not able to regress Lewis lung carcinoma. We conclude that the ability of endostatin to bind Zn2+ is essential for its antiangiogenic activity.
Employee evaluation: An abstract model

A mathematical model of a merit rating system is described in terms of linear equations. It is shown how some of the factors of the system can be evaluated by conventional operations with linear simultaneous equations.
Role of the cyclosporin-sensitive transcription factor NFAT1 in the allergic response

Proteins belonging to the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors are expressed in most immune cell types, and play a central role in the transcription of cytokine genes, such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-g, TNF-a, and GM-CSF. The activity of NFAT proteins is regulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, a target for inhibition by CsA and FK506. Recently, two different groups have described that mice lacking the NFAT1 transcription factor show an enhanced immune response, with tendency towards the development of a late Th2-like response. This review evaluates the possible role of NFAT proteins in the Th2 immune response and in the eosinophil-mediated allergic response.
Peptides derived from pyruvate dehydrogenase as substrates for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase.

Abstract Evidence is presented that phosphopeptides produced by tryptic digestion of phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase are effective substrates for pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase and that the dephosphopeptides can serve as substrates for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. These findings indicate that the phosphatase and the kinase do not require an intact tertiary structure in pyruvate dehydrogenase, but apparently recognize components of the local primary sequence around the phosphorylation sites.
Earthquakes recorded stratigraphically on carbonate platforms

The longest records of earthquake activity1 may be preserved near the edges of carbonate platforms where reefs have bordered active faults. Because the carbonate sediments build up almost to low tide level, because their character and lithification are very sensitive to deviations from that datum, and because they commonly lithify soon after deposition2, strata can precisely record changes in lithospheric flexure3, which in turn record the buildup and release of elastic strain energy during stick–slip faulting. The approximate stratigraphy is predictable for a given history of faulting. Comparison of predictions with observations leads to an explanation for some of the hemicyclic sedimentary sequences common4–6 on carbonate platforms. These records are important for characterizing the seismicity of Atlantic-type continental margins in general. After rifting, faults evidently remain active7, but major earthquakes are so rare that their recurrence times cannot be established from direct observations.
Combining dissociative ionization pump–probe spectroscopy and ab initio calculations to interpret dynamics and control through conical intersections

Nonadiabatic processes play an important role in molecular dynamics, and understanding these processes better can help interpret and guide control over molecules. We are using high level electronic structure calculations in combination with intense, shaped, ultrafast laser pulses to study excited state dynamics in the nucleic acid bases, cytosine and uracil. These molecules have very short excited state lifetimes as they relax radiationless through conical intersections after absorption of UV radiation. The presence of more than one relaxation pathway provides the possibility to control which pathway can be involved in the dynamics. In our approach the molecules were excited using ultrafast laser pulses in the deep UV and then probed with strong field near infrared pulses which ionize and dissociate the molecules. Key to this approach is the fact that different fragments exhibit different dynamics and we can correlate these fragments, and their associated dynamics, to the various pathways involved in the neutral dynamics. Multiconfigurational electronic structure methods were used to calculate potential energy surfaces of the neutral and ionic states involved in the dynamics. Calculating mechanisms for fragmentation in the ion enables us to relate specific fragments to different neutral pathways, and use them as signatures to follow the dynamics. Possibilities for control are also discussed.
Problems and prospects in the preservation of Late Pleistocene cultural sites in southern Oregon coastal river valleys: Implications for evaluating coastal migration routes

Early human migration into the New World is hypothesized to have occurred along the northwest coast of North America as early as the Late Pleistocene. Following initial coastal occupation, humans may have moved inland following coastal rivers where their sites would presumably be easier to find. However, evidence of such inland mobility is lacking. The paucity of early sites in coastal river valleys is due, in part, to the dynamic geomorphic evolution of the northwest coast landscape during and after the Late Pleistocene. Three case studies from the southern Oregon coast illustrate the complex relation between tectonics and geomorphic processes along an active margin coast, such as Oregon's Cascadia subduction zone. Local, upper-plate tectonic structures play a major role in the preservation and accessibility of Pleistocene-age stream terrace deposits and, in turn, the cultural deposits they may contain. A better understanding of the tectonogeomorphic setting of active margin coasts will allow archaeologists testing a coastal migration hypothesis to focus their efforts on landforms of the appropriate age on a subregional scale, such as the Oregon coast. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loss of alkalization in proximal esophagus: a new diagnostic paradigm for patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Introduction Cervical esophageal pH monitoring using a pH threshold of <4 in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is disappointing. We hypothesized that failure to maintain adequate alkalization instead of acidification of the cervical esophagus may be a better indicator of cervical esophageal exposure to gastric juice. The aim of this study was to define normal values for the percent time the cervical esophagus is exposed to a pH ≥7 and to use the inability to maintain this as an indicator for diagnosis of LPR.
Abstract ES8-2: Modeling Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Single agent targeted chemotherapeutics are now being deployed with the goal of revolutionizing clinical treatments. It is likely that many of these agents will be successfully used to improve outcomes for patients, and potentially in patients with localized disease there may even be cures as are seen with Trastuzumab. Unfortunately it is unlikely that single agent therapies, or targeted therapies in conjunction with standard chemotherapies will provide cure to the many patients who have metastatic disease. The true challenge then is the use of multiple targeted therapies to systematically disrupt and eliminate tumors based on the use of genomic and systems modeling. Modeling therapeutic responses of individual tumors will require not just knowledge of the pathways that tumors use (or misuse) but will also require knowledge of how these pathways interact. Equally important, to avoid side effects, it will be essential to understand these systems across the body. New initiatives are now underway to construct these models (both computational and biological) and test them in the laboratory. The challenge then is to move the models from models to patients by fostering collaborative interactions between pharmaceutical companies, systems biologists, and clinicians. I will illustrate these principles by showing how we attempt to address them in our own work. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES8-2.
Computational modeling of turbulent evaporating falling films

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to construct a computational model for turbulent, free-falling liquid films subjected to evaporative heating. The model is developed for two-dimensional axisymmetric flow on a vertical circular tube, with both the computational domain and operating conditions matching those of an experimental database for evaporating water films. Implemented in FLUENT, the model is used to predict variations of the evaporative heat transfer coefficient along the heated length, as well as profiles of eddy diffusivity, flow velocity, and temperature across the film. Energy transfer at the film’s interface is captured successfully with the aid of a prior phase change model. The computational model predicts heat transfer coefficients for a broad range of Reynolds numbers that are in between predictions of two prior experimental correlations. The model predicts eddy diffusivity is fully dampened at the interface. The temperature profile across the liquid film features a steep gradient near the interface, which is attributed to turbulence dampening coupled with energy loss at the film’s interface.
An estimate for the small parameter in the asymptotic analysis of non-linear systems by the method of averaging

Abstract The Method of Averaging is an asymptotic method that can be used to obtain approximate solutions for many parameter dependent non-linear systems. The resulting approximate solutions are as accurate as desired provided the system parameter is sufficiently small. In this paper, a general technique is developed to obtain a relationship between the magnitude of the small parameter and the permissible error in the approximate solution. The technique is then demonstrated by its application to two examples.
Structural geology and kinematic history of rocks formed along low-angle normal faults, Death Valley, California

Several late Cenozoic low-angle normal, or detachment, faults on the western flank of the Black Mountains are each characterized by the following, in descending structural order: (1) a hanging wall of upper Tertiary to Quaternary sedimentary and volcanic strata that displays little evidence for fault-related damage other than widely spaced planar or listric normal faults; (2) a sharp, planar, and locally striated principal slip plane forming the lower boundary of the hanging wall; (3) an upper zone—zone I—of very fine grained, fault-generated rocks composed dominantly of gouge; (4) a lower zone—zone II—of coarser-grained fault rocks consisting chiefly of foliated breccia; and (5) a variably damaged footwall, consisting of partly mylonitic Precambrian units or Tertiary plutonic rocks, that has been exhumed from depths of 10–12 km since late Miocene time. The fault rocks, which were mostly derived from the footwalls, preserve evidence for cataclastic and particulate flow. Fault rocks contain authigenic minerals but lack the cyclically deformed, mineral-filled syntectonic veins that are abundant in some other late Cenozoic high-angle and strike-slip faults. Meso- and microscale fabrics in zones I and II indicate that finite shear strains increase progressively upward, toward the principal slip plane. In a conceptual kinematic model of a shear box, displacements of the hanging wall produced a shearing flow in the fault rocks below. Some of the slip on the principal slip plane was also partitioned into localized slip on discrete sliding surfaces in zones I and II. Since 770 ka, during the latest stages of incremental deformation in the brittle shear zones, distributed flow in the fault rocks alternated with slip that was chiefly localized on the principal slip planes. In this respect, the detachment faults differ from inactive segments of the San Andreas system, along which displacements were progressively and irreversibly localized onto a single principal slip surface. The strain gradients and corresponding changes in grain size in the shear zones resemble those in mylonitic shear zones except in their symmetry. Strain gradients in the Black Mountains are notably asymmetric: they are present only below the principal slip planes, not above.
Factors favouring restriction to 1, 2 glycols of materials coloured by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction.

WHILE periodate oxidation was reported first as a histological method for the demonstration of mucin1, subsequent studies showed its utility for the colouring of glycogen2 and other carbohydrates or carbohydrate containing materials3 in tissue sections. In its present histochemical use, periodate oxidation of tissue sections produces aldehyde presumably from certain specific linkages, chiefly 1,2 glycols and amino, alkyl-amino or ketone substituents of 1,2 glycols. The aldehydes produced by periodate oxidation are coloured with Schiff's reagent.
SN 1991T - Gamma-Ray Observatory's first supernova?

Consideration is given to the explosion of the Type Ia supernova SN 1991T in the nearby galaxy NGC 4527 detected in gamma-ray lines by the recently launched GRO. The dominant gamma-line and continuum features of the new 'delayed detonation' model FDEFA1 are calculated and compared to those for standard deflagration models W7 and cdtg7. It is shown that there are many useful hard photon discriminants of the Type Ia explosion mechanism that can, in principle, be detected by the OSSE and COMPTEL instruments on the GRO. Either SN 1991T, if bright enough, or one of the several Type Ia supernovae expected to be within the GRO's range during its active life, may make it possible to settle the detonation/deflagration debate, verify the generic thermonuclear white dwarf model of Type Ia explosions, and calibrate the Type Ia B(max)/847 keV line flux ratio.
The role of a palliative care service family conference in the management of the patient with advanced cancer

Communication between patient/family and the professional medical team is a priority for a service working with advanced cancer. Family conferences including all those persons involved in the patient's care have been established in a busy palliative care service to facilitate open communication. We report on the questions asked by families during 50 consecutive family conferences, during which the questions were recorded verbatim and categorized. Families want detailed knowledge of the extent of the patient's illness and life expectancy. We make recommendations about how best to conduct these conferences, based on these data and our own experience.
Heating requirement and its costs in greenhouse structures: A case study for Mediterranean region of Turkey

Abstract Greenhouse cultivation has a special place in agricultural production. The most distinctive characteristic of the greenhouse cultivation compared to other agricultural production method is that it is carried out under a structure called greenhouse. The air conditioning systems in greenhouse provide a suitable environmental condition for agricultural production. This cultivation method has been widely utilized in many different regions of the world. Southern coast of Turkey is an important greenhouse-growing center in Mediterranean basin. In addition to the traditional greenhouse production, there has been an increase in the number of the modern greenhouse structures that allows climate control in Turkey in recent years. Heating is an important factor in providing favorable climate conditions for greenhouse production that affects directly both quality and cost of the production. Heating of greenhouses is required for an efficient and reliable production especially during winter time in Turkey. Currently, coal is preferred as a fuel in the greenhouse heating because it is more economical in comparison to the other fuels such as diesel, LPG, LNG and natural gas and can be easily supplied. In this study, the heating requirements and their costs for the provinces in the Mediterranean region have been identified by using the meteorological data. The calculations were made for a gothic roofed and coal heated, plastic model greenhouse located in an area with 1 ha representing modern greenhouses of the region. According to the results of calculations, total annual heating requirement was between 3,592,848 and 10,459,688 MJ/ha. The calculated total annual and hourly costs per ha were 65,891.5–151,220.6 $/year and 23.8–34.2 $/h, respectively.
Ring finger in the peroxisome assembly factor-1

The peroxisome assembly factor-1 (PAF-1) is reported here to contain the signature subsequence for a ring finger motif in its carboxyl-terminus. This conserved subsequence in PAF-1 may be the key to a gene expression regulatory pathway important in peroxisome biogenesis.
Myths and realities of aging

As the aging population expands, it will become increasingly important for health care providers to become aware of and sensitive to the needs and concerns of older adults. Ageism is a term that describes negative stereotyping of older adults and discrimination because of older age. Health concerns and symptoms in the elderly may be overlooked or dismissed as part of the normal aging process. Consequently, several conditions in olders adults are significantly underdiagnosed and undertreated Misconceptions about aging frequently encountered in medicine and in society at large include issues involving sexuality, sleep disturbance, depression, cognitive impairment, and substance abuse. We can learn to recognize ageist notions that influence medical practice. Perhaps by becoming more aware of myths and realities of aging, we can improve the health and quality of life of our elderly patients.
Effects of the d-state of the deuteron in the wbp model for (d, p) reactions

Abstract The effect of the D-state of the deuteron on polarization, vector analysing power, and differential cross sections for (d, p) reactions is discussed within the framework of the weakly bound projectile model. It is shown that D-state corrections are comparable to the uncertainties due to ambiguities in optical potentials. For a quantitative comparison of the theory with experiment it is necessary to calculate the D-state contribution.
Thalamus and posterior temporal lobe show greater inter-network connectivity at rest and across sensory paradigms in schizophrenia

Although a number of recent studies have examined functional connectivity at rest, few have assessed differences between connectivity both during rest and across active task paradigms. Therefore, the question of whether cortical connectivity patterns remain stable or change with task engagement continues to be unaddressed. We collected multi-scan fMRI data on healthy controls (N=53) and schizophrenia patients (N=42) during rest and across paradigms arranged hierarchically by sensory load. We measured functional network connectivity among 45 non-artifactual distinct brain networks. Then, we applied a novel analysis to assess cross paradigm connectivity patterns applied to healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. To detect these patterns, we fit a group by task full factorial ANOVA model to the group average functional network connectivity values. Our approach identified both stable (static effects) and state-based differences (dynamic effects) in brain connectivity providing a better understanding of how individuals' reactions to simple sensory stimuli are conditioned by the context within which they are presented. Our findings suggest that not all group differences observed during rest are detectable in other cognitive states. In addition, the stable differences of heightened connectivity between multiple brain areas with thalamus across tasks underscore the importance of the thalamus as a gateway to sensory input and provide new insight into schizophrenia.
Age-dependent branching stochastic processes in cascade theory — II

In this paper we consider a simple model of an electron-photon cascade in which the transformation probabilities are functions of absorber depth. The mean and variance of the number of electrons in the cascade as a function of absorber depth are obtained and their properties discussed. An equation which yields the probability that the cascade will eventually terminate is also given.
Terms-of-trade uncertainty and economic growth

Abstract This paper examines a stochastic endogenous growth model in which terms-of-trade uncertainty affects savings and growth. The model explains the well-known positive link between growth and the mean rate of change of terms of trade, and predicts also that terms-of-trade variability affects growth. Increased terms-of-trade variability results in faster or slower growth depending on the degree of risk aversion, but in either case it reduces social welfare. These growth effects imply that welfare costs of macroeconomic uncertainty are much larger than first thought. Cross-country panel regressions provide strong support for the model's key predictions.
Hydrolytic ectoenzyme activity associated with suspended and sinking organic particles within the anoxic Cariaco Basin

Abstract Ectohydrolase activities of suspended microbiota were compared to those associated with sinking particles (sed-POM) retrieved from sediment traps deployed in the permanently anoxic Cariaco Basin. In shore-based assays, activities of aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, chitinase and alkaline phosphatase were measured in samples obtained from oxic and anoxic depths using MUF- and MCA-labeled fluorogenic substrate analogs. Hydrolysis potentials for these enzymes in the seston varied widely over the nine cruises sampled (8 Nov 1996–3 May 2000) and among depths (15–1265 m); from −1 hydrolysate released, generally co-varying with one another and with suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate nitrogen (PN). Hydrolytic potentials, prokaryotic abundances and POC/PN concentrations in sinking debris were 400–1.3×10 7 times higher than in comparable volumes of seawater. However when normalized to PN, hydrolytic potentials in sediment trap samples were not demonstrably higher than in Niskin bottle samples. We estimate that PN pools in sediment trap samples were turned over 2–1400 times (medians=7–26 x ) slower by hydrolysis than were suspended PN pools. Median prokaryotic growth rates (divisions d −1 ) in sinking debris were also ∼150 times slower than for bacterioplankton. Hydrolytic potentials in surface oxic waters were generally faster than in underlying anoxic waters on a volumetric basis (nM hydrolysate d −1 ), but were not significantly ( p >0.05) different when normalized to PN or prokaryote abundances. Alkaline phosphatase was consistently the most active ectohydrolase in both sample types, suggesting that Cariaco Basin assemblages were adapted to decomposing phosphate esters in organic polymers. However, phosphorus limitation was not evident from nutrient inventories in the water column. Results support the hypothesis that efficiencies of polymer hydrolysis in anoxic waters are not inherently lower than in oxic waters.
Sonochemistry of aqueous solutions of amino acids and peptides. A spin trapping study

Abstract The sonolysis of argon-saturated neutral aqueous solutions of several amino acids and peptides was investigated by ESR and spin trapping. The water-soluble non-volatile spin trap, 3,5-dibromonitrosobenzene sulfonate, was found to be particularly useful for ESR and spin trapping investigations of sonochemical reactions. By comparison with analogous experiments in which hydroxyl radicals were generated by u.v.-photolysis of solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, the amino acid and peptide radicals produced by sonolysis could be identified. These observations can be explained by the reactions of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals which are the primary products of the sonolysis of water.
Energy efficiency comparison of forced-air versus resistance heating devices for perioperative hypothermia management

Abstract Hypothermia is a state in which the temperature of a human body is below the normal temperature, with the onset of the hypothermic state commonly regarded as 36 °C. This state may be encountered due to exposure to a very cold environment in the outdoors or, surprisingly, in a hospital operating room. In the latter situation, the diminution of metabolic heat generation, coupled with moderate temperatures in the surroundings and absence of a covering over the afflicted parts of the body, creates the possibility of hypothermia. There are several available devices that are designed to ward off the onset of hypothermia. These currently most frequently used devices can be placed in two categories: (a) convective air warming and (b) direct-contact heat conduction. The warming principles that underlie these two approaches are distinctly different. Furthermore, the energy efficiencies of the two approaches differ significantly. The energy penalty which results from these different efficiencies may be compounded by the fact that the portion of the input energies to these devices which escapes into the operating room ambient must be extracted to maintain a comfortable temperature for the surgical staff. Since energy-extracting equipments such as air-conditioning machines are far from being perfectly efficient, the heat-extraction process also introduces wasted energy. Experiments were performed to determine the energy-utilization efficiencies of the representative devices in the two categories cited above. This information, taken together with the known efficiencies of air-conditioning machines, enabled an overall efficiency encompassing both the therapeutic device and the heat-extraction device to be calculated. The experimental data revealed that the specifics of individual devices within a category played a larger role with regard to energy efficiency than did the category itself.
An alternative to radiance limits for vision enhancement device cockpit integration

With the introduction of the night-vision goggle (NVG) into vehicle cockpits, the transfer of visual information to the observer became more complex. The problem emanated from the image intensifier tube photocathode spectral response. NVGs were capable of sensing and amplifying visible cockpit light, making observation of the scene outside of the cockpit, the primary use for NVGs, difficult. Over the years, several documents were published outlining night vision imaging system (NVIS) compatible lighting performance. These documents limited the permissible amount of light visible to image intensifier tubes that cockpit displays could emit, enhancing pilot visual performance. Recent advances in short wave infrared (SWIR) sensor technology make it a possible alternative to image intensifiers for night imaging application. However, while popular SWIR cameras are not particularly sensitive to visible light, they may be sensitive to other display emissions not attenuated by state-of-the-art NVIS filters. This paper examines the possibility of expanding the traditional treatment of vehicle cockpit compatibility to include new, novel vision enhancement devices yet to be designed and vehicle cockpit geometry.
Novel billet design for co-extrusion of ferrous material tubes

Abstract Novel billet design using a shortened core was explored in an effort to control material flow during the co-extrusion of plain carbon/stainless steel tubes. In order to minimize the amount of material that is extruded “out of geometrical tolerance” as a result of non-concurrent material flow, the core length in the initial billet is shortened. Extrusion was simulated using DEFORM 2D™ finite element modeling (FEM) software and compared to actual extrusion experiments. FEM and industrial scale extrusion results are presented and compared for two different extrusion ratios. There is a strong agreement between the FEM and actual results when investigating the core material distribution throughout the extrudate. It is shown that by reducing the core length in the initial billet approximately 10–20%, concurrent material flow is promoted during the early stage of extrusion and the amount of out of tolerance material is minimized.
Identification of common gait disruption patterns in children with cerebral palsy

Identification and classification of common gait deviation patterns in children with cerebral palsy facilitates communication between healthcare providers, provides insight into the natural history of functional ambulation, guides clinical decision making, and clarifies outcomes assessment. Previous classification schemes have been based on experiential and intuitive approaches or systematic and analytical approaches. The current gait disruption classification system has been refined to incorporate the most clinically useful aspects of previous systems. This paradigm uses the concept of primary versus compensatory deviations to identify common patterns and common causes for these patterns. The primary sagittal plane patterns include jump, crouch, and stiff gait. The primary transverse plane patterns include internal, external, and neutral progression gait. Apparent coronal plane deviation patterns are usually the consequence of sagittal and transverse plane deviations seen out of plane. Individualized assessment is essential because of the great variation in and combinations of possible patterns.
Profiling signaling polarity in chemotactic cells

Cell movement requires morphological polarization characterized by formation of a leading pseudopodium (PD) at the front and a trailing rear at the back. However, little is known about how protein networks are spatially integrated to regulate this process at the system level. Here, we apply global proteome profiling in combination with newly developed quantitative phosphoproteomics approaches for comparative analysis of the cell body (CB) and PD proteome of chemotactic cells. The spatial relationship of 3,509 proteins and 228 distinct sites of phosphorylation were mapped revealing networks of signaling proteins that partition to the PD and/or the CB compartments. The major network represented in the PD includes integrin signaling, actin regulatory, and axon guidance proteins, whereas the CB consists of DNA/RNA metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and structural maintenance. Our findings provide insight into the spatial organization of signaling networks that control cell movement and provide a comprehensive system-wide profile of proteins and phosphorylation sites that control cell polarization.
Evaluation of approximate reasoning methodologies

A methodology and architecture have been developed to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of evidential reasoning techniques based on the precision and completeness of domain information and observations. A generic classification tool (GCT) is developed to analyze the effectiveness of various evidential reasoning techniques. To compare the reasoning paradigms, the representation of the domain and evidential knowledge must be robust as possible without favoring any of the methods. Due to the ability to transform the representation into those required by each method, a variant of the fuzzy relational database model is chosen to represent domain knowledge. This generic evidential reasoning system is then used to compare the generation of support by the Dempster-Shafer theory and a fuzzy reasoning technique on two domains using both precise and imprecise information. >
Power Transistor Crystal Damage in Inductive Load Switching: A Reliability Concern

A high-voltage n-p-n--n+ type power transistor switching an inductive load for approximately 1000 hours showed no significant variation in the electrical parameters. Infrared scanning, and cross-sectioning and visual inspection of the chip indicated a crystal damage at the n--n+ interface under the center of the emitter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations revealed the crystal damage to consist mainly of silicon phosphide precipitate platelets surrounded by dislocation loops and dislocation clusters. An analysis using a two-dimensional mathematical model predicts high electrical and thermal stresses at the damaged location of power transistor during its switching applications.
Semantic and syntactic factors in the perception of rapidly presented sentences

An important controversy in psycholinguistics has been the nature of the initial hypothesis in sentence processing. This problem has been directly addressed with the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) technique, in which words of a sentence are presented one at a time at tachistoscopic rates. The results of this research (Forster and Ryder, 1971) have provided evidence against Bever's (1970) thesis that “most normal perceptual processing of sentences is probably carried out with little regard to actual sequence or structure.” However, since the number of words seen is a result of presentation speed as well as psycholinguistic processing, this result could be an artifact of presentation rate. A slower or faster rate could facilitate different processing strategies and perhaps suggest a different nature of the initial hypothesis. Thus, the present study is a conceptual replication of Forster and Ryder (1971), at different presentation rates. While significant effects for syntactic structure were obtained only at the slower presentation rate, results for semantics were significant at both slow and fast presentation speeds. Thus, insofar as sentence perception with the RSVP technique reflects the nature of the initial hypothesis, it is suggested that the hypothesis is semantic.
Subpixel roughness effects in spectral thermal infrared emissivity images

Emissivity spectra recovered from spectral radiance images may have lowered spectral contrast due to irradiance from nearby surface elements (“cavity effect”). For analyses based only on photointerpretation or Reststrahlen band identification, it is not always necessary to account for cavity effects, but for full spectral analyses, including spectral unmixing, it may be desirable. We present a method that is under development for compensating thermal infrared images for cavity radiation based on optical estimates of surface roughness and model inversion for percent cavity contribution. The approach is adaptable for different spectral resolutions, including hyperspectral. It will be tested on tripod-mounted Telops HyperCam hyperspectral thermal-infrared images of natural targets, LiDAR DEMs of similar targets, and optical estimates of shadowing, related to roughness.
A Spectral Turán Theorem

If all nonzero eigenvalues of the (normalized) Laplacian of a graph $G$ are close to 1, then $G$ is $t$-Turan in the sense that any subgraph of $G$ containing no $K_{t+1}$ contains at most $(1-1/t + o(1) ) e(G)$ edges where $e(G)$ denotes the number of edges in G.
Social Shopping for Fashion: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale

Despite the prevalence and significance of social shopping in fashion consumption, researchers have not systematically defined this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of social shopping for fashion using three steps: Item generation, scale purification, and scale validation. A five-dimensional scale with 16 behavioral items was developed. The validation process successfully demonstrated reliability and validity of the scale. This study provides insights for marketers and retailers to understand their customers’ shopping behaviors associated with various social and interpersonal activities.
Case studies of design methodologies: a survey

Design methodologies used in computer-aided design systems are examined. Several typical cases are reviewed. They are: computational models for hierarchical mechanical system design, optimal directed design models, knowledge-based creative design models and model-based system design. Common trends in the area of design methodologies are discussed. >
Stanley Hart White and the question of ‘What is Modern?’

Stanley Hart White (1891–1979) was a lifelong student of theater, music, literature, horticulture, architecture, natural sciences, history, and a teacher of landscape architecture who revolutionize...
Three Canal Mandibular First and Second Premolars: A Treatment Approach. A Case Report

Mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having aberrant anatomy. The occurrence of three canals with three separate (type V, Vertucci) foramina in mandibular premolars is very rare. If one is to treat mandibular premolar teeth with three canals predictably, it is necessary to be aware of their clinical and radiographic anatomy. These teeth may also require special shaping and obturating techniques. This article reports and discusses the treatment recommendations for an unusual occurrence of three canals with three separate foramina in both the first and second mandibular premolars in the same patient.
Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Many organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals orient to the earth's magnetic field. For a few animals, central neurons responsive to earth-strength magnetic fields have been identified; however, magnetosensory neurons have yet to be identified in any animal. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orients to the earth's magnetic field during vertical burrowing migrations. Well-fed worms migrated up, while starved worms migrated down. Populations isolated from around the world, migrated at angles to the magnetic vector that would optimize vertical translation in their native soil, with northern- and southern-hemisphere worms displaying opposite migratory preferences. Magnetic orientation and vertical migrations required the TAX-4 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in the AFD sensory neuron pair. Calcium imaging showed that these neurons respond to magnetic fields even without synaptic input. C. elegans may have adapted magnetic orientation to simplify their vertical burrowing migration by reducing the orientation task from three dimensions to one.