cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Play of Preschoolers with Severe Communication Impairments with Autism and Other Developmental Delays: More Similarities than Differences

Children with autism are often described as having deficient play skills, particularly symbolic play. We compared the play of 35 children with autism to 38 children with other developmental delays. All children were preschool-age and produced less than 20 different words. Results indicated no significant differences across the two groups in their play. Children with autism engaged in more conventional play, that is, putting objects together according to how the toys were constructed (e.g., pieces in a puzzle, lid on a teapot). Results also indicated high correlations between play, language, and cognitive measures. Findings indicate that play relates to language and cognitive levels yet may not discriminate children with autism and children with other developmental delays early in their development.
Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Full Steam Ahead or a Bump in the Road

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels represent a robust and well-integrated biomarker of cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of low HDL-C is high and likely to increase in coming years in parallel with the epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the clinical efficacy of raising plasma HDL-C levels to achieve cardiovascular risk reduction has been difficult to prove. Recently published outcomes trials involving the addition of niacin or dalcetrapib to standard low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction therapy failed to demonstrate clinical benefit despite increases in HDL-C.1,2 Furthermore, genetic variants associated with increased HDL-C, thus conferring lifelong exposure to higher circulating levels, are not consistently associated with improved vascular outcomes.3 These findings have reinforced the idea that changes in HDL-C levels are an inadequate surrogate for therapeutic use. See accompanying article on page 1696 The notion of HDL functionality has circulated in the field for years based on known heterogeneity in lipid content, protein cargo, and size across HDL particles.4 For example, assays that quantify apoptotic pathway activation, endothelial vasomotor effects, and antioxidant properties have suggested HDL functional impairment in cardiometabolic disease states.5–7 Although the relative mechanistic contributions of HDL-mediated atheroprotection remain unclear, the role of HDL in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport is thought to play a key role. This pathway involves efflux of cholesterol from macrophages (such as those within atherosclerotic plaque) to HDL acceptor particles for ultimate return to the liver and biliary excretion.8 Animal studies have suggested that flux through this pathway is a better predictor of the atherosclerotic impact of various genetic and pharmacological perturbations than static, mass-based quantification of circulating HDL-C.9 Rothblat et al10 pioneered methodologies allowing assessment of the cholesterol efflux capacity of human serum or HDL, the basic premise of which is that …
Combined Heat and Power as a Feature of Energypark

The use of combined heat and power (CHP) in manufacturing plants that have relatively large thermal and power loads has long been recognized as an efficient alternative that also translates to less fuel consumption, i.e., less polluting of the environment. Making use of the full potentials of this mature concept still faces several technical and regulatory challenges. The concept of an ecopark is one that creates a cluster of industrial plants in close proximity, so that relevant inputs and outputs of the park can be optimized and shared by the park affiliates in order to maximize economic and environmental benefits. The design objectives of such an ecopark are large and include travel time, raw material bulk pricing, energy use, toxic substances, local resources, infrastructure, and regulations and operation guidelines, etc. Solving a problem with so many design objectives may be complex, requiring an extensive organizational network, intricate planning, and flexibility even once the design is completed....
WDM optical interconnects with recirculating buffering and limited range wavelength conversion

All-optical communication, in particular, wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technique, has been proposed as a promising candidate to meet the ever-increasing demands on bandwidth from emerging bandwidth-intensive computing/networking applications. However, with current technology, the cost of optical communication, especially the cost of optical buffering and wavelength conversion, remains a major concern for such applications. In this paper, we study WDM optical interconnects that utilize low cost recirculating buffering and limited range wavelength conversion. We first consider the packet scheduling problem in this type of interconnect, and formalize the problem of maximizing throughput and minimizing packet delay as a matching problem in a bipartite graph. We give an optimal parallel algorithm for this problem that runs in O(Bk/sup 2/) time, compared to O((N+B)/sup 3/k/sup 3/) time if directly applied to existing matching algorithms for general bipartite graphs, where N is the number of input/output fibers of the interconnect, B is the number of fiber delay lines, and k is the number of wavelengths. We also consider efficient switching fabric designs for this type of interconnect. We distinguish between the switching fabric connecting the input fibers to the output fibers and the switching fabric connecting the input fibers to the delay lines and show that by adopting the idea of concentration, the cost of the latter can be reduced significantly in terms of the number of crosspoints.
NICHE CONSTRUCTION THROUGH GERMINATION CUEING: LIFE-HISTORY RESPONSES TO TIMING OF GERMINATION IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Germination responses to seasonal conditions determine the environment experienced by postgermination life stages, and this ability has potential consequences for the evolution of plant life histories. Using recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, we tested whether life-history characters exhibited plasticity to germination timing, whether germination timing influenced the strength and mode of natural selection on life-history traits, and whether germination timing influenced the expression of genetic variation for life-history traits. Adult life-history traits exhibited strong plasticity to season of germination, and season of germination significantly altered the strength, mode, and even direction of selection on life-history traits under some conditions. None of the average plastic responses to season of germination or season of dispersal were adaptive, although some genotypes within our sample did exhibit adaptive responses. Thus, recombination between inbred lineages created some novel adaptive genotypes with improved responses to the seasonal timing of germination under some, but not all, conditions. Genetically based variation in germination time tended to augment genetic variances of adult life-history traits, but it did not increase the heritabilities because it also increased environmentally induced variance. Under some conditions, plasticity of life-history traits in response to genetically variable germination timing actually obscured genetic variation for those traits. Therefore, the evolution of germination responses can influence the evolution of life histories in a general manner by altering natural selection on life-history traits and the genetic variation of these traits.
Surface soil responses to silage cropping intensity on a Typic Kanhapludult in the piedmont of North Carolina

Although reduced tillage itself is beneficial to soil quality and farm economics, the amount of crop residues returned to the soil will likely alter the success of a particular conservation tillage system within a farm operation. We investigated the impact of three cropping systems (a gradient in silage cropping intensity) on selected soil physical, chemical, and biological properties in the PiedmontofNorthCarolina,USA.Croppingsystemswere:(1)maize(ZeamaysL.)silage/barley(HordeumvulgareL.)silage(high silage intensity), (2) maize silage/winter cover crop (medium silage intensity), and (3) maize silage/barley grain—summer cover crop/winter cover crop (low silage intensity). There was an inverse relationship between silage intensity and the quantity of surface residueCandNcontents.Withtime, soilbulkdensity atadepthof0‐3 cmbecame lower andtotalandparticulate CandNfractions, and stability of macroaggregates became higher with lower silage intensity as a result of greater crop residue returned to soil. Soil bulk density at 0‐3 cm depth was initially 0.88 Mg m � 3 and increased to 1.08 Mg m � 3 at the end of 7 years under high silage intensity. Total organic C at 0‐20 cm depth was initially 11.7 g kg � 1 and increased to 14.3 g kg � 1 at the end of 7 years under low silage intensity. Stability of macroaggregates at 0‐3 cm depth at the end of 7 years was 99% under low silage intensity, 96% under medium silage intensity, and 89% under high silage intensity. Soil microbial biomass C at 0‐3 cm depth at the end of 7 years was greater with low silage intensity (1910 mg kg � 1 ) than with high silage intensity (1172 mg kg � 1 ). Less intensive silage cropping (i.e., greater quantities of crop residue returned to soil) had a multitude of positive effects on soil properties, even in continuous notillage crop production systems. An optimum balance between short-term economic returns and longer-term investments in improved soil quality for more sustainable production can be achieved in no-tillage silage cropping systems. Published by Elsevier B.V.
ToxR Recognizes a Direct Repeat Element in the toxT, ompU, ompT, and ctxA Promoters of Vibrio cholerae To Regulate Transcription

ToxR facilitates TcpP-mediated activation of the toxT promoter in Vibrio cholerae, initiating a regulatory cascade that culminates in cholera toxin secretion and toxin coregulated pilus expression. ToxR binds a region from −104 to −68 of the toxT promoter, from which ToxR recruits TcpP to the TcpP-binding site from −53 to −38. To precisely define the ToxR-binding site within the toxT promoter, promoter derivatives with single-base-pair transversions spanning the ToxR-footprinted region were tested for transcription activation and DNA binding. Nine transversions between −96 to −83 reduced toxT promoter activity 3-fold or greater, and all nine reduced the relative affinity of the toxT promoter for ToxR at least 2-fold, indicating that activation defects were due largely to reduced binding of ToxR to the toxT promoter. Nucleotides important for ToxR-dependent toxT activation revealed a consensus sequence of TNAAA-N5-TNAAA extending from −96 to −83, also present in other ToxR-regulated promoters. When these consensus nucleotides were mutated in the ompU, ompT, or ctxA promoters, ToxR-mediated regulation was disrupted. Thus, we have defined the core ToxR-binding site present in numerous ToxR-dependent promoters and we have precisely mapped the binding site for ToxR to a position three helical turns upstream of TcpP in the toxT promoter.
The effects of hyaluronic acid on fibronectin fragment mediated cartilage chondrolysis in skeletally mature rabbits.

Abstract Objective Intraarticular Na-Hyaluronate (HA) exerts a beneficial effect on adolescent rabbits after fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) mediated cartilage injury. We extended our studies to a population of rabbits which have reached full skeletal maturity. Design Adult male NZW rabbits received an injury with Fn-f and no further treatment; an injection of HA followed by Fn-f injury, or Fn-f injury followed by a single or weekly intraarticular injection of HA. All animals were sacrificed 38 days after receiving the Fn-f injury. After sacrifice, proteoglycan (PG) content was determined from articular cartilage from the medial femoral condyles and tibial plateaus. The patellae were processed for histology. Results Cartilage PG contents were significantly reduced after Fn-f injection ( P =0.0167) and were only slightly improved with HA pre-treatment. However, post-treatment with HA resulted in significant improvements in cartilage PG content when compared to Fn-f only (single HA, P =0.01; weekly HA, P =0.01). Loss of Safranin-O staining, cell loss, osteophyte formation and inflammation were present in the patellae following Fn-f injection. Pre-treatment with HA reduced these changes. More significant protection of cartilage and restoration of Fn-f injury were noted in animals receiving post-treatment with HA. Conclusions These results suggest that 38 days after Fn-f injury the lost PG content induced by Fn-f injection is substantially restored by weekly post-treatment with intraarticular HA in rabbits that have reached full skeletal maturity. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of OsteoArthritis Research Society International.
Heavy ion linear energy transfer measurements during single event upset testing of electronic devices

A heavy ion beam diagnostic system installed at the Brookhaven Single Event Upset Test Facility is described. Calibration of the system with the help of a-particles, essential for linear energy transfer (LET) measurements, is discussed. Measured LET values for 20 different ions, including /sup 7/Li, /sup 9/B, /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 19/F, /sup 28/Si, /sup 32/S, /sup 35/Cl, /sup 40/Ca, /sup 45/Sc, /sup 48/Ti, /sup 56/Fe, /sup 58/Ni, /sup 63/Cu, /sup 74/Ge, /sup 79/Br, /sup 107/Ag, /sup 127/I, /sup 197/Au, and /sup 235/U, with energies between 0.5 and 8.5 MeV/AMU but not exceeding 400 MeV for the heaviest ions, are presented in both graphical and numerical forms. Results are compared to predictions of the TRIM-90 simulation program, with an average difference between the measured and calculated values of 2/spl plusmn/6%.
Thermo-responsiveness and tunable optical properties of asymmetric polystyrene/PNIPAM-gold composite particles.

Environmentally responsive polystyrene/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-gold composite particles are successfully synthesized via a Pickering emulsion polymerization method. It is found that the core–shell and asymmetric structured particles are simultaneously formed during the polymerization. Compared with the core–shell structured composite particles, the asymmetric particles have a higher thermo-responsiveness as a result of differences in morphology and formation mechanism. For asymmetric composite particles, an increase in N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) content leads to more significant size variation upon temperature changes. From rheology measurements, the viscosity of asymmetric particles suspension greatly decreases as temperature is increased above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The large size decrease in asymmetric composite particles gives rise to a significant scattering intensity increase, as a result of increased refractive index contrast between the PNIPAM content and surrounding water. The resulting size decrease also leads to tunable surface plasmon resonance properties.
The contribution of fibrinolysis to postbypass bleeding.

E PSILON-AMINOCAPROIC acid prophylactically may have its clinical usefulness.’ “We believe that the most common cause of bleeding after heart surgery is fibrinolysis.“* Such statements have been made recently and similar ones have been intimated by a number of well-respected researchers in anesthesiology and surgery. The routine use of medications affecting coagulation is at the moment limited to heparin and protamine. Others have supported the use of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) or, in Europe, aprotinin. Is there a magic intravenous substance that will decrease blood loss substantially without any significant side effects? e-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid have been suggested. The biology of fibrinolysis must be understood before a judgment can be made on the use of these compounds for all cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cases.
Managing atrial fibrillation: catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic therapy?

Among the major advances in invasive electrophysiology over the last 15 years are cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure and ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Before the widespread adoption of cardiac resynchronization therapy as an approved therapy for our patients, several carefully designed trials had documented improvement in quality of life when compared with optimal medical management.1–3 Ablative therapy for AF, however, evolved as an option for patients who remained symptomatic from AF despite medical therapy. Although ablation for AF has a class IIa indication in HRS/EHRA/ECAS guidelines4 for AF management and is frequently used, pressing questions as to whether we affect patient outcomes with ablation remain. In the absence of large randomized, multicenter trials comparing ablation with drug therapy for AF, we have had to rely on relatively small, sometimes single-center, and a few recent meta-analyses of the published smaller trials on which to base our recommendations.5–7 Article see p 626 Drug therapy, a major option for AF management over the last several decades, has been recommended on the basis of well-controlled trials comparing a new drug with placebo or existing approved therapy before clinical use.8–12 What, then, are the reasons that AF ablation lacks a similar (compared with cardiac resynchronization therapy or drug therapy) evidence basis for clinical use, and what specific insights does the present well-executed meta-analysis provide?6 The meta-analysis by Piccini et al6 includes 6 trials (2 single-center) and 693 patients. The trials involve comparison of ablation with antiarrhythmic therapy and postablation follow-up for 1 year. The authors concluded that pulmonary vein isolation dramatically increased freedom from AF at 1 year when compared with nonablation treatment strategies. Before we can accept their conclusions, we must examine the difficulties inherent in performing the meta-analysis, the original trials, and, more generally, in …
Pattern and frequency reconfigurable annular slot antenna using PIN diodes

This paper presents the use of pin diodes to reconfigure the impedance match and modify the radiation pattern of an annular slot antenna (ASA). The planar antenna is fabricated on one side of a Duroid substrate and the microstrip feeding line with the matching network is fabricated on the opposite side of the board. The central frequency is 5.8 GHz and, by reconfiguring the matching circuit, the antenna was also designed to operate at 5.2 and 6.4 GHz. Pin diodes are also used to short the ASA in preselected positions along the circumference, thereby changing the direction of the null in the plane defined by the circular slot changes. As a proof of concept, two pin diodes are placed 45/spl deg/ on both sides of the feeding line along the ASA and the direction of the null is shown to align with the direction defined by the circular slot center and the diode. Consequently, a design that is reconfigurable in both frequency and radiation pattern is accomplished. Return loss and radiation pattern measurements and simulations are presented, which are in very good agreement.
Inhibition of human erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase by high concentrations of pyruvate. Evidence for the competitive substrate inhibition.

The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of pyruvate on human erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase has been studied by the use of a new parameter, Δ, defined as the difference between the reciprocals of initial reaction rates obtained from experimental measurements and hypothetical linear Lineweaver-Burk plots. This parameter served as a method for differentiating between the competitive and uncompetitive substrate inhibition. Results of this study indicate that pyruvate is a competitive substrate inhibitor. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of pyruvate is due to its competition with NADH for binding to the free enzyme and formation of an inactive enzyme · pyruvate binary complex. The competitive nature of pyruvate inhibition is further supported by the results of a kinetic study with NADH as the variable substrate. The dissociation constant of the inactive enzyme · pyruvate binary complex was determined to be 101 μM. The physiological significance of the inhibitory effect could be to preserve a level of NADH concentration necessary for other vital enzymic reactions of living cells despite the presence of a high concentration of pyruvate.
Phytoplankton Response to Intrusions of Slope Water on the West Florida Shelf: Models and Observations

[1] Previous hypotheses had suggested that upwelled intrusions of nutrient-rich Gulf of Mexico slope water onto the West Florida Shelf (WFS) led to formation of red tides of Karenia brevis. However, coupled biophysical models of (1) wind- and buoyancy-driven circulation, (2) three phytoplankton groups (diatoms, K. brevis, and microflagellates), (3) these slope water supplies of nitrate and silicate, and (4) selective grazing stress by copepods and protozoans found that diatoms won in one 1998 case of no light limitation by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The diatoms lost to K. brevis during another CDOM case of the models. In the real world, field data confirmed that diatoms were indeed the dominant phytoplankton after massive upwelling in 1998, when only a small red tide of K. brevis was observed. Over a 7-month period of the CDOM-free scenario the simulated total primary production of the phytoplankton community was ∼1.8 g C m−2 d−1 along the 40-m isobath of the northern WFS, with the largest accumulation of biomass on the Florida Middle Ground (FMG). Despite such photosynthesis, these models of the WFS yielded a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during spring and summer and suggested a small sink in the fall. With diatom losses of 90% of their daily carbon fixation to herbivores the simulation supported earlier impressions of a short, diatom-based food web on the FMG, where organic carbon content of the surficial sediments is tenfold those of the surrounding seabeds. Farther south, the simulated near-bottom pools of ammonium were highest in summer, when silicon regeneration was minimal, leading to temporary Si limitation of the diatoms. Termination of these upwelled pulses of production by diatoms and nonsiliceous microflagellates mainly resulted from nitrate exhaustion in the model, however, mimicking most del15PON observations in the field. Yet, the CDOM-free case of the models failed to replicate the observed small red tide in December 1998, tagged with the del15N signature of nitrogen fixation. A large red tide of K. brevis did form in the CDOM-rich case, when estuarine supplies of CDOM favored the growth of the shade-adapted, ungrazed dinoflagellates. The usual formation of large harmful algal blooms of >1 ug chl L−1 (105 cells L−1) in the southern part of the WFS, between Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, must instead depend upon local aeolian and estuarine supplies of nutrients and CDOM sun screen, not those from the shelf break. In the absence of slope water supplies, local upwelling instead focuses nitrate-poor innocula of co-occurring K. brevis and nitrogen fixers at coastal fronts for both aggregation and transfer of nutrients between these phytoplankton groups.
An intelligent robot system using fuzzy logic

The objective of this paper is to develop an intelligent autonomous mobile robot to reach a set destination without human intervention, in an environment not specially designed for it. A fuzzy navigational algorithm using a mapped environment is developed for the intelligent system. The navigational algorithm uses a layered motion controller. The motion controller is made up of three layers. The first layer, Orientation layer, assists the robot in keeping it pointed in the general direction of the goal frame to achieve the final destination. The second layer, PD (Proportional-plus-Derivative) layer, directs the robot through passageways efficiently. Depending on the type of passageways, there are three different modes that the robot may use: Wall-Hugging, Centering and Blind modes. The third layer is the obstacle avoidance layer. Ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle avoidance and to counter unexpected changes in the environment. A basic platform has been developed for this robot that uses a modular approach. It consists of three separate modules, the supervisor module, the motor driver module, and the sensor module.
20‐hydroxyecdysone stimulates proliferation of glial cells in the developing brain of the moth Manduca sexta

The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) controls diverse aspects of neuronal differentiation during metamorphosis in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. In the present study we have examined the effect of 20-HE on glial cells of the brain during the metamorphic period. The antennal (olfactory) lobe of Manduca provides an ideal system in which to study effects of hormones on glial cells, since three known classes of glial cells participate in its development, and at least one type is critically important for establishment of normal neuronal morphology. These glial cells, associated with the neuropil, form boundaries for developing olfactory glomeruli as a result of proliferation and migration. We determined whether glial cells proliferate in response to 20-HE by injecting a pulse of 20-HE into the hemolymph at different stages of development and monitoring proliferation of all three types of glial cells. Hormone injections at the beginning and end of metamorphic development, when hormone titers are normally low, did not stimulate proliferation of neuropil-associated glial cells. Injections during the period when hormone titers are normally rising produced significant increases in their proliferation. Injections when hormone titers are normally high were ineffective at enhancing their proliferation. One other class of glial cells, the perineurial cells, also proliferate in response to 20-HE. Thus, glial proliferation in the brain is under the control of steroid hormones during metamorphic development. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A miner's personal carbon monoxide alarm

For the purpose of alerting an underground miner to life-threatening concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) a miner's personal CO alarm prototype called PEMCOAL has been developed by the Bureau of Mines. The PEMCOAL unit is small enough to be carried on a miner's belt, has a flashlamp visual alarm, requires to calibration for use, and uses a disk sensor which changes color by reaction with CO. PEMCOAL was tested at concentrations of CO up to 1000 p.p.m., at temperatures from 5 degrees C to 40 degrees C, and with several potential mine gas interferents. The PEMCOAL alarm times are sufficiently fast to warn miners before they are exposed to hazardous quantities of CO. >
Creating Supportive Workplace Environments for Older Workers

The U.S. population is growing older. Due to lower birth and mortality rates, experts predict that persons over 65 years of age will increase in coming years, both in absolute numbers and as a percentage of the population (Moody and Sasser 2012; Marshall and Altpeter 2005). The number of those 65 and older is expected to double from 39.6 million in 2009 to 72.1 million in 2030 (Administration on Aging 2011).
Advocacy Advertising: A Novel Communications Approach to Building Effective Relations with External Constituencies

Since the oil crisis of 1972–73 when the oil companies in America and the UK first introduced sustained advocacy advertising campaigns to explain to a hostile public the simultaneous rise in oil prices and company profits, advocacy advertising has come of age, used not only by large corporations but by trade unions, interest groups, religious organizations, government agencies and political candidates. Advocacy advertising enables the sponsor to put forward his point of view, in a controlled context, targeted at key audiences. However, without sufficient philosophical underpinning and commitment, such partisan, single-issue-orientated campaigns are all too often confined to what the sponsor wants the world to hear, rather than what the world wants the sponsor to talk about. On these grounds, such campaigns may ultimately prove counterproductive.
Efficacy and toxicity of rectal cancer reirradiation using IMRT for patients who have received prior pelvic radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose Locally recurrent rectal cancer may cause significant morbidity. Prior reports of rectal cancer reirradiation following local recurrence suggest treatment efficacy, with variable rates of late toxicity. Modern techniques including intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) may improve the therapeutic index. We report outcomes for pelvic reirradiation as treatment for rectal cancer using IMRT. Methods and materials The records of 31 patients undergoing reirradiation for rectal cancer between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed. All patients underwent IMRT using an accelerated hyperfractionation (39 Gy in 1.5-Gy fractions delivered twice daily, n=15) or once-daily fractionation technique (median dose, 30.4 Gy; range, 27-40 Gy in 15-22 fractions; n = 16). The median cumulative dose was 77 Gy (range, 59-113), and the median interval from prior pelvic radiation therapy was 39.8 months (range, 10.1-307.6). Treatment intent was palliative in 20 patients and neoadjuvant or adjuvant in 11 patients. Surgery was generally reserved for patients with an isolated local recurrence. Concurrent chemotherapy was administered for 25/31 patients, most frequently capecitabine (n=11) or continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (n=10). Results Median follow-up was 11.3 months. The prescribed treatment was completed in 29/31 patients (93.5%). Among 18 patients with symptoms attributable to recurrent disease, successful palliation was achieved in 10/18 (55.6%). The rate of grade 2 and grade 3 acute toxicities was 32.3% and 3.2%, respectively. Local control rates at 1 and 2 years were 61.3% and 47.3%, respectively. Median overall survival was 21.9 months, and 1-year survival was 66.7% for patients who had surgical resection versus 58.7% for those who did not ( P = .0802). Conclusions Rectal cancer reirradiation using IMRT is well-tolerated in the setting of prior pelvic radiation therapy. Given significant risk of local progression, further dose escalation may be warranted for patients with life expectancy exceeding 1 year.
Review of the Typical and Atypical Treatment Options for Acute Migraine Headache in the Emergency Department

Migraine headache is a common chief complaint for patients presenting to their local emergency department or primary care office. Patients present for treatment of their acute migraine flare, ultimately seeking pain control in order to return to their baseline functional ability. This review focuses on both the typical as well as atypical migraine headache treatment options in emergency departments. Several treatment options are included within the review, but it is ultimately up to the individual provider to decide upon the best treatment regimen on an individualized basis, taking into account the risks and benefits of each and the population being addressed, as well as drug availability within the respective institution.
Locating creative city policy in East Asia: neoliberalism, developmental state and assemblage of East Asian cities

This paper attempts to map how creative city policy emerged as a new form of urban politics in East Asia. It locates the emergence of creative city policy within the East Asian context, where the current political economic movement of neoliberalism intersects with the developmental state’s historical legacy. By investigating institutional and economic practices and consequences of creative city policy in Seoul and Yokohama, this study focuses on how the urban place become carefully rearranged settings through certain procedural, institutional, and technical mechanisms implemented by various discursive and material practices of policy actors. Through this analysis, this research critically reexamines the key rationales of creative economy driven-development and considers the social costs and tensions between the state, capital and citizens that are embedded within the new creative city policy discourse.
Effects of Foot-in-the-Door, Cash Incentives, and Followups on Survey Response:

Only followup contacts and monetary incentives have been shown to be consistently effective in improving survey response rates. Recently researchers have been encouraged by findings that compliance...
Emerging Directions in Traumatic Stress Disorders and Treatment

Emerging Directions in Traumatic Stress Disorders and Treatment Over the past 30 years, the field of traumatic stress disorders research and treatment has grown exponentially. A PsychINFO search on peer-reviewed research on “trauma treatment” identified 25 studies published in 1981; in 2011, there were 759. Numerous publication outlets for empirical and theoretical research now exist (to which the Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment is a helpful and desired addition). National and International centers and societies for the study of traumatic stress abound (i.e., the National Center for PTSD, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, the Division of Trauma Psychology of the American Psychological Association). As we continue to grow and expand as a field of research and treatment, we must strive to address some of the remaining gaps in traumatic stress studies. Below are six important issues that I feel are areas of growth for the field of traumatology.
CdTe solar cells with open-circuit voltage breaking the 1 V barrier

CdTe solar cells have the potential to undercut the costs of electricity generated by other technologies, if the open-circuit voltage can be increased beyond 1 V without significant decreases in current. However, in the past decades, the open-circuit voltage has stagnated at around 800–900 mV. This is lower than in GaAs solar cells, even though GaAs has a smaller bandgap; this is because it is more difficult to achieve simultaneously high hole density and lifetime in II–VI materials than in III–V materials. Here, by doping the CdTe with a Group V element, we report lifetimes in single-crystal CdTe that are nearly radiatively limited and comparable to those in GaAs over a hole density range relevant for solar applications. Furthermore, the deposition on CdTe of nanocrystalline CdS layers that form non-ideal heterointerfaces with 10% lattice mismatch impart no damage to the CdTe surface and show excellent junction transport properties. These results enable the fabrication of CdTe solar cells with open-circuit voltage greater than 1 V. Solar cells based on CdTe are a promising low-cost alternative to mainstream Si devices, but they usually produce voltages below 900 mV. Burst et al. now show that open-circuit voltages greater than 1 V can be achieved by doping the CdTe with a group V element.
Geometric Nonlinear Controllability Analysis for Airplane Flight Dynamics

Linear controllability conditions for linearized systems are not necessary. That is, there exists a class of nonlinear systems that are linearly uncontrollable but nonlinearly controllable. Geometric control theory provides useful tools for analyzing the nonlinear controllability of dynamical systems. In particular, it allows for identification of the ability to generate motions in unactuated (nonintuitive) directions through specific interactions between the system dynamics and control inputs. In this work, the six-degrees-of-freedom, rigid-airplane flight dynamics is considered and formulated in a geometric control framework. Then, nonlinear controllability analysis is performed. The analytical tools of geometric control theory allowed scrutiny of the system dynamics to assess the relation between airplane configuration and controllability. Moreover, new rolling and pitching mechanisms that can be exploited at high angles of attack (e.g., stall recovery) are identified.
The Organization and Publication of the Frank B. Gilbreth Papers

THE history of modern industrial engineering few names are more honored than that of Frank B. Gilbreth. Gilbreth's genius flowered in his original contributions to the science of motion and time study. Without question, his was a pioneering work in the field of industrial engineering. For some years since his death in 1924 his working papers have been in the library of Purdue University's Industrial Engineering Library. There, arranged and classified according to his own filing methods, they have been available to scholars. Because of their historical significance and value these papers have been recently edited and microcopied. They are reproduced on microfilm, of which positives can be purchased.1 This is an account of what was done to make these papers available to the world of scholarship.2 The archive on microfilm contains Gilbreth's important publications in scientific and other periodicals, materials from short courses he gave at industrial firms and universities, his notebooks, business correspondence, press releases on his activities, and some letters to his wife and children. Also there is a Master's thesis submitted to the University of California by Ellen Hawley Jones, entitled "Life of Frank B. Gilbreth and His Contributions to the Science of Management." The microfilm publication of this analysis and account of Gilbreth's work was included on the advice of his wife and collaborator, Lillian M. Gilbreth. Mrs. Gilbreth gladly consented to the microcopying of the papers and provided guidance in selecting and editing them. Without her help it would have been impossible to complete the publication. At the outset it was decided to arrange the papers as Gilbreth had arranged them. He invented his own filing system, which he called the N File. All materials were filed and cross-checked ac-
Advantages of Palatability Quality of Paddy Rice

This paper reviews recent development of palatability quality and evaluation methods for paddy rice and discusses the characters of each evaluation item and method,which supplies the reference for establishing scientific evaluation system and for the trait selection in rice quality breeding.
A new species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Branco

A new species of Panaqolus is described from material from the Takutu River and the mainstem rio Branco. The new species is diagnosed from congeners by its color pattern consisting of dark and light bars on the body, bands on the fins, and with dots and vermiculations absent (vs. no bars in P. albomaculatus , P. nix , P. nocturnus , and P. koko , vs. fins unbanded in P. albomaculatus , P. dentex , P. koko , and P. nix , and vs. dots and vermiculations present in P. albivermis and P. maccus ). The new species is diagnosed from barred species of Panaqolus by its specific bar number and orientation and color pattern on its head, with bars oriented in a anteroventral-posterodorsal direction (vs. anterodorsal-posteroventral bars in P. gnomus ), having consistently 5 bars (n = 4) on the trunk that do not increase with size (vs. number increasing with size in P. purusiensis and vs. 6-12 in P. changae ), and the color pattern on the head of straight lines extending from posterior to the eye to the snout margin, splitting in the middle portion of the line in larger specimens (vs. small, dense reticulate lines in P. changae ). Biogeographically, we infer that the new species ancestrally originated in the Amazon river, dispersing to the Takutu River after the Amazon captured part of the Proto-Berbice.
Interfaith families through conversion to Islam: Akan Muslims in Southern Ghana

This study explored family responses to a relatives’ conversion to Islam in a country where Muslims are a minority. Fifteen Akans who embraced Islam in Ghana were interviewed. Target families were primarily Christian or followers of the customary Akan religion. My interviewees lived in the majority-Fante area on Ghana’s coastal south. Family background questions focused on ethnicity, religious composition, and affluence. Questions about family response focused on rituals like naming ceremonies, weddings, and funerals, but also on expressive and instrumental support. Instant adaptation, ongoing disruption, and sometimes a transition from disruption to adaptation emerged as familial patterns of response to Muslim conversion. Findings are contextualized in the far-reaching religious transformation of Africa over the past century; the increasing fragmentation of families where state-funded safety-nets are disappearing or nonexistent; and the need for more study of Muslim-minorities who primarily live outside of Southwest Asia and North Africa.
A Unified Pythagorean Theorem in Euclidean, Spherical, and Hyperbolic Geometries

SummaryWe state a formula for the Pythagorean theorem that is valid in Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic geometries and give a proof using only properties the geometries have in common.
An Efficacious Professional Development Program for International Teachers

As a child, I had heard the Persian proverb “travel makes one seasoned” on numerous occasions. This truism intended to emphasize the importance of leaving one’s familiar surroundings to explore other cultures and broaden one’s horizon. In essence, travel abroad provides opportunities for individuals to experience understanding of other cultures, customs, and ways of life. In this process, one can develop a better understanding of oneself while overcoming misconceptions and stereotypes.
Shear-thinning and self-healing hydrogels as injectable therapeutics and for 3D-printing

The design of injectable hydrogel systems addresses the growing demand for minimally invasive approaches for local and sustained delivery of therapeutics. We developed a class of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels that form through noncovalent guest-host interactions, undergo disassembly (shear-thinning) when injected through a syringe and then reassemble within seconds (self-healing) when shear forces are removed. Its unique properties enable the use of this hydrogel system for numerous applications, such as injection in vivo (including with cells and therapeutic molecules) or as a 'bioink' in 3D-printing applications. Here, we describe the functionalization of HA either with adamantanes (guest moieties) via controlled esterification or with β-cyclodextrins (host moieties) through amidation. We also describe how to modify the HA derivatives with methacrylates for secondary covalent cross-linking and for reaction with fluorophores for in vitro and in vivo imaging. HA polymers are rationally designed from relatively low-molecular-weight starting materials, with the degree of modification controlled, and have matched guest-to-host stoichiometry, allowing the preparation of hydrogels with tailored properties. This procedure takes 3-4 weeks to complete. We detail the preparation and characterization of the guest-host hydrogels, including assessment of their rheological properties, erosion and biomolecule release in vitro. We furthermore demonstrate how to encapsulate cells in vitro and provide procedures for quantitative assessment of in vivo hydrogel degradation by imaging of fluorescently derivatized materials.
How Clinical Research Should Never Have Been Done: Ethical Measures for Protection and Respect

There are examples of unethical clinical research not just in Nazi Germany but in the United States, in which advances in medical knowledge were gained at the expense of individual well-being and autonomy. The Nuremberg Code was developed in 1949 after the atrocities of Nazi medical research were discovered to codify the protection of human subjects and ensure voluntary consent. After the US Tuskegee Syphilis experiment came to light, the Belmont Report in 1979 delineated the three principals of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It also established the system of Institutional Review Boards to oversee research on a local level.
For a Baltic Cyberspace Alliance

In NATO, an attack on one is an attack on all. In recent years, this tenet has been extended to mean that a cyberattack on one is a cyberattack on all. But does what makes sense in the physical world also make sense if extended into cyberspace? And if there is virtue in collective cyberspace defense, is NATO necessarily the right grouping - in a world where, as far as the United States and the United Kingdom are concerned, more of what constitutes cyber defense circulates within the Five Eyes coalition rather than within NATO? To explore these issues, this essay moots the creation of a Baltic-area cyberspace alliance, considers what it would do, assesses its costs and benefits for its members, and concludes by considering whether such an alliance would be also be in the interest of the U.S. Keys to this discussion are (1) the distinction between what constitutes an “attack” in a medium where occupation may result and actions in media where occupation is (currently) meaningless and effects almost always reversible, (2) what collective defense should mean in cyberspace - and where responsibilities may be best discharged within the mix of hardness, pre-emption, and deterrence that constitute defense, (3) the relationship between cyberspace defense and information warfare defense, and (4) the relevance to alliance formation of the fact that while war is dull, dirty, and dangerous, cyber war is none of these three.
Species and sex divergence in vocalizations between hybridizing role-reversed shorebirds, Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) and Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana)

Species-specific vocalizations can act as a reproductive isolating mechanism between closely related populations. We analyzed vocal divergence between two hybridizing species of sex-role reversed polyandrous shorebirds, the Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) and Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana). We found that J. spinosa calls have higher peak frequency and fundamental frequency than J. jacana calls. We also compared calls between males and females, as both jacana species are sex-role reversed and females compete for male mates. Males produce calls with a higher peak frequency, exhibit shorter note lengths and emit a greater number of notes within a calling bout than females, which could relate to mate attraction. These results suggest that vocal divergence could act as a behavioral barrier to limit hybridization between the species and vocalizations may function differently between male and female jacanas.
Bioprocess strategies for enhancing biomolecules productivity in Chlorella fusca LEB 111 using CO2 a carbon source.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations on the distribution of carbon forms in the culture medium and the biomass production and biomolecules productivity of the strain Chlorella fusca LEB 111. In this study, experiments were carried out in which C. fusca cultures were exposed to different CO2 concentrations, 0.03% (0.08 mlCO2 mlmedium -1 days-1 ), 5% (0.18 mlCO2 mlmedium -1 days-1 ), and 15% vol/vol CO2 (0.54 mlCO2 mlmedium -1 days-1 ). Among the carbon chemical species distributions in the culture medium, bicarbonate was predominant (94.2-98.9%), with the highest quantitative percentage in the experiment receiving a 15% CO2 injection. C. fusca LEB 111 cultivated with 15% CO2 showed the highest biomass productivity (194.3 mg L-1 days-1 ) and CO2 fixation rate (390.9 mg L-1 days-1 ). The carbohydrate productivity in the culture that received 15% CO2 was 46.2% higher than the value verified for the culture with the addition of CO2 from the air (0.03% CO2 ). In addition, CO2 concentration providing increases of 0.03-15% to C. fusca cultures resulted in a 31.6% increase in the lipid productivity. These results showed that C. fusca can be used for CO2 bioconversion and for producing biomass with potential applications for biofuels and bioproducts.