cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rosiglitazone: a case of regulatory hubris.

The FDA’s defensiveness over its decisions means further drug safety disasters may occur The recent announcement by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lifting restrictions on the prescription of rosiglitazone is the latest twist in a tortured saga dating back more than a decade.1 Rosiglitazone was approved in 1999 to treat type 2 diabetes, on the basis of results of small and limited duration studies designed primarily to show that this drug lowered blood glucose concentrations.2 At this time the regulatory requirements for approval of antidiabetes drugs emphasized reduction in glycemic indices as the principal basis for approval, not improvement in health outcomes. Although the pre-approval studies were small, they showed two disturbing findings: that rosiglitazone raised concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol by a mean of 18.6%; and that there was an excess number of ischemic cardiovascular events, approaching significance (hazard ratio 1.8 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 3.6)). The US regulators approved the drug, but European authorities insisted on a post-approval clinical outcome trial, known as the RECORD (rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes and regulation of glycemia in diabetes) trial. After approval, the drug, marketed as Avandia, rapidly became a huge money maker for GlaxoSmithKline, eventually becoming the largest selling antidiabetes drug in the world. But something was clearly wrong. In 2005, at the insistence of the World Health Organization, GSK performed a meta-analysis of all …
Lithia distribution in infiltrated silica gels

Abstract Silica gels were prepared by mixing colloidal silica with potassium silicate in a 1:9 weight ratio. Following ion exchange to remove Na and K, the highly porous samples were soaked in methanolic LiOH or aqueous LiNO 3 solutions. The influence of the soaking time was determined for LiOH solutions. The influence of solution concentration was determined for LiNO 3 solutions. Bulk concentrations of Li were increased by increasing the soaking time in LiOH solutions and increasing the solution concentration in LiNO 3 solutions. Once bulk compositions of about 15 mol% Li 2 O-85 mol% SiO 2 were achieved, the distribution of Li in the sample was evaluated by dissolving the samples in HF. In all cases, the distribution of Li in the dried samples was not uniform. The Li content was negligible in the middle of the sample. Only in the case of LiNO 3 samples was the chemical uniformity improved by heat treatment at 200°C for 1 h.
Microstructural evolution in the friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy (T6-temper condition) to copper

Abstract This paper concentrates on the temperature distribution and microstructural evolution of the friction stir welding of 6061 aluminum alloy (T6-temper condition) to copper. The mechanically mixed region in the joining of the dissimilar metals 6061 aluminum alloy and copper weld consists mainly of several intermetallic compounds such as CuAl 2 , CuAl, and Cu 9 Al 4 together with small amounts of α-Al and the saturated solid solution of Al in Cu. Distributed at the bottom of the weld nugget are numerous deformed copper lamellae with a high solid-solubility of aluminum. An intercalated structure or vertex flow pattern consisting of CuAl 4 and the saturated solid solution of Al in Cu is formed in the Cu-rich regions adjacent to the bottom of the weld by the mechanical integration of aluminum into copper. The measured peak temperature in the weld zone of the 6061 aluminum side reaches 580 °C, which is distinctly higher than the melting points of the Al–Cu eutectic or some of the hypo- and hyper-eutectic alloys. Higher peak temperatures are expected at the near interface regions between the weld metal and the stirred tool pin. The phases present in the welds can be explained from the Al–Cu equilibrium phase diagram with the assumption that a complete phase equilibrium is reached in the liquid state but not during solidification. The primary dendrites of α-Al, CuAl 2 , and CuAl, and the eutectic of α-Al/CuAl 2 are formed in the weld nugget during solidification. Distinctly different micro-hardness levels from 136 to 760 HV 0.2 are produced corresponding to various microstructural features in the weld nugget.
9:30-9:45. Preliminary Evaluation of F-18 Fluorocholine (FCH) as a PET Tumor Imaging Agent.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an F-18 labeled choline tumor imaging agent. FCH was synthesized through the intermediate F-18 fluorobromomethane that was used to alkylate dimethylethanolamine. The isolated FCH was evaluated in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, PC-3 human prostate cancer xenograft studies, and human prostate and brain tumor patients. FCH was accumulated at a slightly lower rate than FDG in the cultures of PC-3 cells. Inhibition of choline transport and phosphorylation by hemicholinium-3 resulted in a 90% decrease in FCH uptake without altering FDG uptake. FCH had a similar biodistribution as C-14 choline in mice, with the liver and kidneys being the primary sites of uptake. Tumor uptake of FCH and FDG were comparable at 45-60 mins after injections. The tumor:blood ratio was higher for FCH (5.3 ± 2.4) than for FDG (3.2 ± 0.3). Brain uptake of FCH was 10% that of FDG. FCH-PET studies were compared to FDG-PET studies. In the prostate cancer patients, more lesions have been seen on the FCH studies than on the FDG studies, and the standardized uptake values (SUV) have been higher with the FCH. Decreases in FCH-PET SUV have been noted in patients treated by androgen deprivation. Patients with suspected recurrent brain tumors have had more clearly defined abnormal accumulation on the FCH-PET scans than on the FDG-PET scans. The FCH is not accumulated by normal cortex. FCH is a promising imaging agent for the evaluation of metastatic prostate cancer and recurrent brain tumor.
Thermal conductivity and viscosity of liquid CdTe: A theoretical study

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a widely used semiconductor, having applications as gamma-ray detector as well as excellent photorefractive and electrooptic characteristics in the infrared. It is also used as a substrate for HgCdTe for the detection of infrared radiation. These applications generally require large high-quality crystals containing minimum quantities of defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations, and residual impurities. In this work, the authors estimate the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and liquid CdTe, as well as the kinematic viscosity of CdTe and several other liquid semiconductors at melting. Both of these properties are necessary inputs in models of crystal growth. To estimate the viscosity, and the molecular contribution to the thermal conductivity, they use both a hard-sphere model in combination with a transformed Debye formula. The electronic part of thermal conductivity is calculated from the Wiedemann-Franz law.
Can DNA repair cause enhanced cell killing following treatment with ionizing radiation

Production of DNA damage is the basis of cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The limitation of the treatment dose tends to be how well the normal cells within the body can tolerate the therapy. Although it is possible, to some extent, to localize the treatment area during radiotherapy by targeting the beam of ionizing radiation, chemotherapy usually involves a whole body treatment. In order to improve the effectiveness of treatments, it is important to understand how cells repair the DNA damage. This review will attempt to explain how DNA repair, which would be expected to always enhance cell survival, actually may result in increased cell killing following certain types of cancer treatments, such as ionizing radiation and bleomycin sulfate. Work is underway in many laboratories to unravel how the repair systems handle specific types of DNA damage. Such information will pave the way in designing adjuvant therapies that alter a tumor cell's DNA repair capacity and increase tumor cell killing.
Constant-time algorithms for the channel assignment problem on processor arrays with reconfigurable bus systems

In this paper, we present an O(1) time algorithm to solve the minimum coloring problem defined on a set of intervals, which is also called the channel assignment problem. This problem has not been solved in O(1) time before, even on the idealistic CRCW PRAM model. For large-sized problems, it is desirable to have fast hardware-solutions. Our algorithm is based on the processor arrays with a reconfigurable bus system (abbreviated to PARBS) that consists of a processor array and a reconfigurable bus system. In order to solve this problem with constant time complexity, we first transform the "left-edge" channel assignment algorithm to the parenthesis-matching problem. Based on this novel scheme, we are able to explore constant-time parallel algorithms to solve the minimum coloring problem for n intervals, which is also called the channel assignment problem, on a PARBS with O(n/sup 2/) processors. >
DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN OF α SUBUNIT IN THE PREPUBERTAL AND PUBERTAL CHILD AND IN HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM

DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN OF α SUBUNIT IN THE PREPUBERTAL AND PUBERTAL CHILD AND IN HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
The cholinergic system in rat striatum during morphine tolerance and dependence

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the present study to assess the effects of chronic treatment of morphine on the striatal cholinergic system. The results demonstrate that neither short nor long-term morphine treatment had an effect on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity or 3H-quinuclidinylbenzilate (3HQNB) binding in discrete striatal regions of the rat brain.
From here to there: Methods of allocating data between census geography and socially meaningful areas

Abstract Sociologists often need to reassign data from one set of geographic areas (called source units) to another set of geographic areas (called target units) in cases where the two zonal systems are spatially incongruent. Although geographers have developed a variety of interpolation techniques to address the challenge of reallocating data across misaligned geography, there has been limited use of these methods in sociological research. As a result of the scant use of interpolation methods by researchers, the accuracy of these methods has not been assessed adequately with empirical data typically encountered by sociologists. To address this shortcoming, the authors describe four ways of reassigning data across incompatible zonal systems and test the accuracy of each approach with two case studies. The first example reassigns racial data from block groups to school attendance boundaries for selected school systems and the second reassigns racial data from school districts to Public Use Micro Areas for the entire US.
Fabrication and Properties of Hollow Sphere Nickel Foams

A novel method of fabricating low-density hollow sphere metallic foam has been developed. Utilizing pre-existing technology, thin-wall, hollow oxide spheres, ∼ 2mm in diameter, were formed from powder slurries with a coaxial nozzle process. Oxide foams were constructed by bonding sintered spheres at points of contact and firing. The oxide foams were reduced to the metallic state in a hydrogen atmosphere. Successful precursor compositions for transformation included NiO, Cu2O, and NiO-Cu2O. After reduction, the metal foams were sintered to increase strength and resulting foam densities were generally 10–20% of theoretical density. Wall thickness of the spheres which constitute the foams ranged from 50–100 μ m. Nickel foams were crushed under uniaxial compressive stress, and mechanical properties (yield stress, elastic modulus, and energy absorption) were investigated under varying density in order to determine parametric relationships to compare to existing models of foam properties. The effects of sintering, reduction, and compressive deformation on the microstructures were examined with SEM and EDS.
Variation of mean emitter depth with direction in core photoelectron emission from single crystals

Abstract We have theoretically studied the variation of mean emitter depths with direction for core photoelectron emission from single crystals, including the effects of both isotropic inelastic scattering and single and multiple elastic scattering. Our calculations were carried out for emission in the 1 keV energy range on both simple chains of atoms embedded in an isotropic inelastic medium and on larger atomic clusters that should more realistically simulate emission from a semi-infinite single-crystal substrate or epitaxial overlayer. The mean emitter depth is found to vary by as much as ±30% with direction. It is lowest just adjacent to low-index chains of atoms because of destructive interferences in photoelectron diffraction. It is highest along low-index directions due to forward scattering, in spite of well-known reductions in intensity along such directions due to multiple-scattering defocusing effects. These variations of mean emission depth, due to photoelectron diffraction effects (as well as analogous Auger diffraction effects), should be taken into account in the quantitative characterization of surfaces, surface concentration profiles, and epitaxial surface structures using photoelectrons and Auger electrons.
Enhanced specificity of information in axons with negatively correlated adjacent interspike intervals.

A model is formulated for the conversion of a motoneuron's spike train to tension in a muscle. This model demonstrates that a spike train whose adjacent interspike intervals are negatively correlated results in a steady-state tension which fluctuates less about its mean value than if the interspike intervals are randomly arranged. The ability of a spike train to develop more distinguishable levels of tension by negative correlation between adjacent interspike intervals is more significant for interspike interval distributions with greater dispersion. The number of distinguishable tension levels increases by about 33 percent when a typical set of neuromuscular parameters are used. These results may be generalized to the smoothing of postsynaptic potentials and the regulation of blood pressure.
Spectrophotometric studies of hexacyanoferrate(III) ion and its reaction with iron(III) in water and ethanol

Abstract The reduction of Fe(CN)63− ion in water has been studied as a function of pH and excess CN− ion. A mechanism is proposed which explains the series of coloured species observed for this reduction and for its reaction with Fe3+. In ethanol, FeFe(CN)6 is immediately reduced upon excess addition of CN− ion whereas in water, the reduction is concerned with the Fe(CN)63− ion from the dissociated complex.
Rate of Progression of Transthyretin Amyloidosis

Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is an adult-onset disease characterized mainly by peripheral neuropathy and cardiomyopathy. Although disease progression is usually 5 to 15 years from time of diagnosis to death, no specific measurements of disease progression have been identified. The present study was designed to identify objective parameters to measure progression of hereditary TTR amyloidosis and determine if these parameters would show significant change within 1 year. Nine patients with biopsy-proved TTR amyloidosis and evidence of cardiac involvement were studied at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. Neurologic impairment score and electromyogram were determined at baseline and 12 months. Left ventricular mass determined by MRI and echocardiogram showed significant change at 12-month examination (p = 0.005 and p = 0.0009, respectively). Electrocardiogram and neurologic impairment score did not show significant change at 12 months. Measurement of left ventricular mass by MRI and echocardiographic techniques showed significant change in hereditary TTR cardiac amyloidosis within 1 year. In conclusion, these methods provide a means to clinically monitor progression of hereditary TTR amyloidosis and determine efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Cholinergic inputs to the rat medial prefrontal cortex mediate potentiation of the cardiovascular defensive response by the anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142

Consistent with its putative anxiogenic actions, administration of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142 has been shown to potentiate defensive-like cardiovascular reactivity to an acoustic stimulus in the rat, an effect that appears to be mediated by the basal forebrain cholinergic system. The present studies tested the hypothesis that the basal forebrain cholinergic projections to the medial prefrontal cortex, an area that has been implicated in both anxiety and autonomic control, may be a relevant pathway underlying this response potentiation. Infusions of the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol into the medial prefrontal cortex, but not into the lateral prefrontal cortex or the basolateral amygdala, mimicked the effects of systemically administered FG 7142 on the cardioacceleratory response. Infusions of the muscarinic antagonist atropine blocked this effect, as well as the response-potentiating actions of FG 7142. The effects of FG 7142 were also blocked by lesions of the cholinergic inputs to the medial prefrontal cortex produced by local infusions of the immunotoxin 192 immunoglobulin G-saporin into this area. These findings indicate that cholinergic activation of the medial prefrontal cortex is sufficient to enhance the cardioacceleratory defensive response, and that cholinergic inputs to the medial prefrontal cortex are necessary for the response-potentiating effects of FG 7142. These results are consistent with a recent neurobiological model of anxiety and autonomic control that attributes the enhanced processing of anxiety-related stimuli and contexts to increases in activity in cortical cholinergic inputs.
Development of Pseudorabies Virus Strains Expressing Red Fluorescent Proteins: New Tools for Multisynaptic Labeling Applications

The transsynaptic retrograde transport of the pseudorabies virus Bartha (PRV-Bartha) strain has become an important neuroanatomical tract-tracing technique. Recently, dual viral transneuronal labeling has been introduced by employing recombinant strains of PRV-Bartha engineered to express different reporter proteins. Dual viral transsynaptic tracing has the potential of becoming an extremely powerful method for defining connections of single neurons to multiple neural circuits in the brain. However, the present use of recombinant strains of PRV expressing different reporters that are driven by different promoters, inserted in different regions of the viral genome, and detected by different methods limits the potential of these recombinant virus strains as useful reagents. We previously constructed and characterized PRV152, a PRV-Bartha derivative that expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The development of a strain isogenic to PRV152 and differing only in the fluorescent reporter would have great utility for dual transsynaptic tracing. In this report, we describe the construction, characterization, and application of strain PRV614, a PRV-Bartha derivative expressing a novel monomeric red fluorescent protein, mRFP1. In contrast to viruses expressing DsRed and DsRed2, PRV614 displayed robust fluorescence both in cell culture and in vivo following transsynaptic transport through autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. Transneuronal retrograde dual PRV labeling has the potential to be a powerful addition to the neuroanatomical tools for investigation of neuronal circuits; the use of strain PRV614 in combination with strain PRV152 will eliminate many of the pitfalls associated with the presently used pairs of PRV recombinants.
Nuclear spectroscopy of90Y

The level structure of90Y has been studied using the91Zr(t,α)90Y and89Y(n,γ)90Y reactions. The proton pickup reaction was studied with 17 MeV tritons and a Q3D spectrometer. In the thermal89Y(n, γ)90Y reactionγ-rays from ≈100 to 6,857 keV were observed. In addition to previously known states and configurations, the ten states of theπ(p 3/2)−1v(d 5/2)1 andπ(f 5/2)−1v(d 5/2)1 configurations are assigned. Also many other new levels are identified from the (n, γ) data. The 0−state of theπ(f 5/2)−1v(d 5/2)1 is assigned at 3,130keV. Finite-range shell model calculations suggest that the tensor force is necessary to reproduce the experimentally observed splittings.
On Bauckham’s Bargain

Richard Bauckham argues that every book in the New Testament contains a “christology of divine identity,” according to which Jesus is “included in the divine identity.” He also argues that traditio...
Increased Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia Among Family Members of Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study in Utah

Background & Aims Colorectal cancer (CRC) frequently develops in multiple members of the same families, but more data are needed to prepare effective screening guidelines. We quantified the risk of CRC and adenomas in first-degree relatives (FDRs) and second-degree relatives and first cousins of individuals with CRC, and stratified risk based on age at cancer diagnosis. Methods We performed a case-control study of Utah residents, 50–80 years old, who underwent colonoscopy from 1995 through 2009. Index cases (exposed to colonoscopy) were colonoscopy patients with a CRC diagnosis. Age- and sex-matched individuals, unexposed to colonoscopy (controls) were selected to form the comparison groups for determining risk in relatives. Colonoscopy results were linked to cancer and pedigree information from the Utah Population Database to investigate familial aggregation of colorectal neoplasia using Cox regression analysis. Results Of 126,936 patients who underwent a colonoscopy, 3804 were diagnosed with CRC and defined the index cases. FDRs had an increased risk of CRC (hazard rate ratio [HRR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.59–2.03), as did second-degree relatives (HRR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.19–1.47) and first cousins (HRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07–1.25), compared with relatives of controls. This risk was greater for FDRs when index patients developed CRC at younger than age 60 years (HRR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.70–2.63), compared with older than age 60 years (HRR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.58–1.99). The risk of adenomas (HRR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.66–2.00) and adenomas with villous histology (HRR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.96–3.01) also were increased in FDRs. Three percent of CRCs in FDRs would have been missed if the current guidelines, which stratify screening recommendations by the age of the proband, were strictly followed. Conclusions FDRs, second-degree relatives, and first cousins of patients who undergo colonoscopy and are found to have CRC have a significant increase in the risk of colorectal neoplasia. These data should be considered when establishing CRC screening guidelines for individuals and families.
A carbon-13 Nmr assignment study of 3,5-diarylisoxazoles

The assignment of the carbon-13 nmr resonances of 3-(aryl)-5-phenylisoxazoles (I) and 3-phenyl-5-(aryl)-isoxazoles (II) in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 has been made. The assignments were made by using model compounds, chemical shift arguments, coupling with fluorine substituents, and shifts resulting from quaternization of the isoxazole ring. A carbon-13 nmr method for distinguishing between I and II which can be produced simultaneously by certain synthetic methods is presented.
Primary osseous malignant fibrous histiocytoma involving a rib.

Abstract A case is presented of an 86-year-old man who developed progressive chest wall pain over a 16-month period. Radiologic studies demonstrated lytic destruction of the right fourth rib anterolaterally. A limited thoracotomy led to the diagnosis of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. This represents an unusual primary bone lesion in the rib. A concise discussion of primary MFH of bone including its radiographic appearance, differential diagnosis, and pathology was presented.
On vortex formation in multicell convective clouds in a shear-free environment

Abstract The evolution of multicell convective clouds in a shear-free environment investigated with a high resolution explicit microphysical cloud model. After developing from initial thermal perturbations, three clouds attract each other in their low-level inflow circulations and merge to form a single convective cell. An intriguing feature of the simulation is that rotation (vertical vorticity) is generated in the merging clouds without the agency of the Coriolis force or an ambient wind shear. This vorticity is manifested as a counter-rotating vortex pair on the periphery of each of the cloud's updrafts. An analysis of the cloud's vorticity budget reveals that the vortex pairs are produced by the tilting of the clouds' baroclinically-generated azimuthal vorticity into the vertical by the updrafts. Since vertical vorticity cannot be generated by a single axisymmetric cloud growing in a shear-free environment, the vortex pairs are a direct result of cloud-cloud interactions. These interactions enable each cloud to tap into its own reservoir of (horizontal) vorticity. Once generated, the vertical vorticity is amplified by the stretching mechanism in the cloud updraft and advected upward.
Planning a dental prepayment program for children in an area of low caries prevalence.

The reduction in the intensity o f caries attack in areas with fluoridated water has important implications for both pri­ vate and public health dental practice. Although it is difficult to assess the im­ pact o f the lowered caries incidence on the lifetime treatment needs o f an indi­ vidual, it is apparent that the treatment needs o f residents in areas with and with­ out fluoridated water differ considerably. Certainly, a reduction o f 60 to 70 per cent in the incidence o f caries in children brings about a concomitant reduction in the amount o f operative dental services needed for this segment of the popula­ tion. For the dentist in private practice, this reduced attack rate offers the oppor­ tunity to provide complete care more readily and to enjoy a more satisfying type of practice. For the public health dentist this reduction requires a re-evalu­ ation o f the present ideas of community oral health activities and offers the op ­ portunity to develop programs which will capitalize on the lowered treatment re­ quirements to attain complete main­ tenance care for a majority o f children in a community. T he growing interest in voluntary pre­ payment health insurance coverage in recent years is a development which may have even greater impact on the prac­ tice o f dentistry. Recent events have fo ­ cused particular attention on the need for community-wide prepayment plans for dental treatment o f children in the offices o f private practitioners. A n important consideration in the organization o f such a program, as in any dental program, is the caries attack rate in the area of op ­ eration. This paper is an attempt to ex­ plore the effect o f a reduced caries inci­ dence (due to the presence o f fluorides) on the organization o f a dental prepay­ ment program for children, and to sug­ gest the type o f program that might be organized successfully in an area with fluoridated water.
Response of the olfactory bulb antioxidant system following diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) administration in rats.

This study was designed in order to evaluate alterations in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system in olfactory bulb, dorsal neocortex and cerebellum for 6 weeks following a single subcutaneous dose (600 mg kg−1) of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) to rats. A single dose of DDTC caused substantial damage to the olfactory epithelium and degeneration within the olfactory bulb. The epithelium regenerates, followed by regeneration in the olfactory bulb. The mean olfactory bulb weight decreased significantly 3 days after DDTC administration and gradually recovered to control values in 6 weeks. The DDTC-induced lesion of the olfactory nerve resulted in significant changes in glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzyme activities in olfactory bulb. In contrast, no significant changes were found in either cerebellum or dorsal neocortex. These observations indicate that a single dose of DDTC selectively affected the ROS scavenging system of the olfactory bulb. Moreover, these changes persisted for at least 6 weeks, which includes regeneration and synaptogenesis. Olfactory bulb GSH concentrations decreased significantly by 47 ± 4%, glutathione reductase activity decreased by 18 ± 3% and catalase activity increased by 27 ± 7% over the 6 weeks. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly in olfactory bulb of rats by 32 ± 6% at 3 days following the lesion and then recovered and increased by 38 ± 3% at 3 weeks. Olfactory bulb malondialdehyde concentrations were elevated (298 ± 67%) throughout the post-lesion survival period, although this change did not reach the stringent statistical significance level required in this study. These data suggest that increased ROS flux perturbs the olfactory bulb antioxidant defense system during olfactory nerve regeneration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS

1. The bactericidal action of a number of anionic and cationic synthetic detergents on four Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria has been investigated. 2. Cationic detergents, as a group, were found to exhibit marked bactericidal effects on Gram-positive microorganisms and somewhat less pronounced action on Gram-negative organisms. 3. The anionic detergents were germicidal only against the Gram-positive organisms, and they were considerably less effective than the cationic compounds. Of the anionic detergents, the most active one was an alkyl sulfate derived from a branched-chain, secondary alcohol. 4. Correlations between bactericidal action and inhibition of bacterial metabolism, and also between bactericidal action and chemical structure of the detergents are discussed.
MAI and ICI of Asynchronous Uplink MC-CDMA With Frequency Offset

In this paper, we analyze the performance of random spreading code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with a multicarrier in asynchronous uplink channels. We first derive the probability density function (pdf) of the multiple-access interference (MAI) plus noise and then extend the results to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with intercarrier interference (ICI) that is caused by a frequency offset. We obtain the pdf of the MAI and the ICI plus noise under Rayleigh and frequency-selective fading as a function of the number of users and the spreading factor, as well as the number of subcarriers and the frequency offset. The bit-error-rate (BER) analysis shows that the power penalty from the frequency offset increases with the system loading. We develop the Gaussian approximation that provides an accurate estimation of the BER with reduced computational complexity comparing to the direct calculations using the pdf.
Soldered contact and current risetime effects on negative polarity wire array Z pinches

The experimental results described in this paper were motivated by earlier, low current, single wire experiments. In these experiments, single 10–25 μm diameter wires were driven by 1–5 kA current pulses with variable dI/dt from 5 to 60 A/ns. The amount of energy deposited in the wires, the expansion rate, and expansion uniformity that occurred before a plasma induced voltage collapse were found to depend on the polarity, dI/dt, and the quality of the contacts between the wires and the electrodes. This paper reports the results of experiments with cylindrical wire arrays driven by Cornell Beam Research Accelerator (COBRA) [J. B. Greenly, J. D. Douglas, D. A. Hammer et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073501 (2008)] current pulses that reached 1 MA. The pulse lengths were varied from 100 to 200 ns. These larger current pulses drove the wires of the array through the initiation phase studied in the single wire experiments and through ablation and Z-pinch implosion to stagnation on the cylindrical axis of the arr...
Comment On ‘American Media And The Smoking-Related Behaviors Of Asian Adolescents’

ABSTRACT In the March 2003 issue of the Journal of Advertising Research, Marvin Goldberg suggests that correlations found in his study correspond with findings of other studies and, hence, suggest a causal relationship between exposure to cigarette advertising (as well as promotional items and American movies) and the smoking-related behaviors of Hong Kong adolescents. In an earlier comment, Robert Reitter pointed out that the study provides no evidence of causality. We point out additional methodological flaws including inappropriate reclassification of data, the need to consider potential sources of bias, and lack of internal consistency of reported data. Additionally, the design of the study does not allow for a test of the proposed theories. We note that the study cites only literature that supports the author9s views on the effects of cigarette advertising. The weight of the evidence from the academic literature suggests that (1) advertising does not play a significant role in smoking initiation; (2) advertising does not increase primary demand for cigarettes; and (3) advertising bans do not appear to reduce demand for cigarettes in mature markets.
Gesture + Play Exploring Full-Body Navigation for Virtual Environments

Navigating virtual environments usually requires a wired interface, game console, or keyboard. The advent of perceptual interface techniques allows a new option: the passive and untethered sensing of users' pose and gesture to allow them maneuver through and manipulate virtual worlds. We describe new algorithms for interacting with 3-D environments using real-time articulated body tracking with standard cameras and personal computers. Our method is based on rigid stereo-motion estimation algorithms and uses a linear technique for enforcing articulation constraints. With our tracking system users can navigate virtual environments using 3-D gesture and body poses. We analyze the space of possible perceptual interface abstractions for full-body navigation, and present a prototype system based on these results. We finally describe an initial evaluation of our prototype system with users guiding avatars through a series of 3-D virtual game worlds.
Focal Transient Cerebral Ischemia in the Squirrel Monkey EFFECT ON BRAIN ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE AND LACTATE LEVELS WITH ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC CORRELATION

Cerebral adenosine triphosphate and lactate concentrations were measured in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) before, during, and at selected times after various periods of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The gradual decrease in ATP to 55, 35, and 20%, of normal and the increase in lactate to 7, 8, and 10 times normal after 2, 3, and 4 hours of occlusion, respectively, were reversible with restoration of flow. Electrocorticograms recorded in acute preparations indicated potential for recovery. The correlation of lactate levels with previous determinations of blood flow in this preparation supports the theory that loss of autoregulation and "luxury perfusion" in cerebral ischemia results from localized metabolic acidosis due to accumulation of lactic acid. In a separate group of monkeys, the ischemic lesions were found to be largely reversible after 2 or 3 hours and irreversible after 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion; the cause of death in the monkeys subjected to 4 hours of occlusion was edema, which progressed even after restoration of flow.
Lipid tubule growth by osmotic pressure

We present here a procedure for growing lipid tubules in vitro. This method allows us to grow tubules of consistent shape and structure, and thus can be a useful tool for nano-engineering applicati...
Reaction weakening and emplacement of crystalline thrusts: Diffusion control on reaction rate and strain rate

Abstract In the southern Appalachians, the Blue Ridge–Piedmont crystalline thrust sheet was emplaced onto low-grade Late Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the footwall along a basal detachment consisting of phyllosilicate-rich mylonites (phyllonites). The phyllonites developed first by mechanical breakdown of feldspar followed by chemical breakdown to white mica in the presence of a pore fluid. Diffusion of solute in the pore fluid is the rate limiting step in controlling reaction rate and also the strain rate. Assuming solute diffusion follows the Stokes–Einstein equation, the shear strain rate is given by ⅆ γ / ⅆ t = 2 n ω k T / 5 η r x 2 for shear stress ≥20 MPa, where n is a constant, ω is a geometric factor, k is Boltzmann's constant, T is absolute temperature, η is water viscosity, r is the atomic radius of the diffusing species, and x is the diffusion distance. A bulk diffusion coefficient in the range of ∼10 −10 to 10 −12 m 2 /s over distances of 10–100 m results in strain rates of 10 −14 to 10 −13 s −1 in the temperature range 200–400 °C. It is concluded that greenschist grade crystalline thrust sheets develop on pre-existing basement faults that become weak during reaction softening and localize into high strain phyllonite zones in which pore fluid diffusion controls reaction rate and strain rate.
Monoclonal antibodies in the management of ovarian cancer: A clinical perspective

Despite recent advances in the conventional management of ovarian cancer, this disease remains the leading cause of death among the gynecologic malignancies, killing more American women each year than all other gynecologic cancers combined. As a tumor arising from a nonessential organ that remains primarily confined to the peritoneal cavity, ovarian cancer makes an attractive target for monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Several MoAb have been developed that have actual or potential clinical use in the management of ovarian cancer
Artificial color vision: a preliminary study

Animals accomplish color vision by characterizing the scene in two or more spectrally overlapping bands, normalizing to minimize brightness effects, computing spectral discriminants (called hues) from the normalized readings, and attributing those hues to the scene with the brightness variations restored in the "colored image." We explore doing the same process in forming images for camera systems. To make experimental testing simpler, we use available spectrally overlapping band cameras—"color" CCD cameras—whose bands show considerable overlap but were not chosen for the task to which we employ them. We use these bands and a very small number of samples from each class of object to form a single artificial color—"green pepper but not snow peas and not carrots." An image of a plate of such vegetables in that artificial color shows the green pepper but not the snow peas and not the carrots.
Mortgage Default and Prepayment Risks among Moderate- and Low-Income Households

Using a unique sample of community reinvestment loans, we study the propensity of very low-income households to terminate a mortgage and compare it to the outcomes for low-income and moderate-income households. The results indicate that, even within moderate- and low-income segments, lower or very low income is associated with higher default and lower prepayment probabilities. In addition, depending on how low the borrower's income is, classic determinants of loan termination such as credit scores, the amount of equity in the home and local labor market conditions can have different impacts on default and prepayment probabilities.
A Network Representation of Raster Land-Cover Patches

Network models, based on mathematical graph theory, are used in many fields, from chemistry and biology to ecology and sociology. A nominal-valued land-cover raster can be represented as a network in which patches are nodes connected by links if two patches are adjacent. Built with existing GIS technology, the system is applied to the largest patches of a raster for the Washington, D.C. area in order to provide a data structure that visualizes the gross spatial structure of the raster; provides information about the overall arrangement of the patches and their adjacencies; and generates new metrics about land-cover patterns, connectivity and spatial autocorrelation. The system facilitates the evaluation of land-cover classifications, the measurement of landscape change, comparisons of data from different regions, and the analysis of land/environmental interactions.
Language in the Great Apes: A Critical Review

Publisher Summary This chapter provides history of the ape language research, indicating past and current work. It raises some relevant theoretical issues and relates the research to investigations or issues in the fields of experimental and developmental psychology, linguistic analysis, anthropology, and ethology. The ape language projects are best considered in their relation to the issue of mental continuity between man and animal. They reveal a potential bridge between ape abilities that may be precursors to man's linguistic and cognitive abilities. Communicative media utilized in the projects are hand signing. The signing projects, pioneered by the Gardners, have the advantage that the full repertoire of vocabulary items is available to the apes at all times. Therefore, the apes have more opportunity for creative productions to describe and name objects and events in the environment and, potentially, to create grammatically novel sentences. The signing projects share a number of methodological and interpretative problems. The chapter discusses some of the difficulties related to the process of acquiring data, such as the use of daily diaries, the procedures for conducting reliability tests, and anecdotal reporting of novel word use and combinations.
New perspectives in a gustatory physiology: transduction, development, and plasticity

Major advances in the understanding of mammalian gustatory transduction mechanisms have occurred in the past decade. Recent research has revealed that a remarkable diversity of cellular mechanisms are involved in taste stimulus reception. These mechanisms range from G protein-and second messenger-linked receptor systems to stimulus-gated and stimulus-admitting ion channels. Contrary to widely held ideas, new data show that some taste stimuli interact with receptive sites that are localized on both the apical and basolateral membranes of taste cells. Studies of taste system development in several species indicate that the transduction pathways for some stimuli are modulated significantly during the early postnatal period. In addition, recent investigations of adult peripheral gustatory system plasticity strongly suggest that the function of the Na+ sensing system can be modulated by circulating hormones, growth factors, or cytokines.
The Application of Reactive ion Etching to Oxide Films on 150mm Substrates

The application of reactive ion etching to oxide films on 150mm substrates was studied. Etch rates of greater than 450 A/min for thermal oxide with overall uniformities of less than ±5% have been observed. Selectivity of thermal oxide to polysilicon (20ω per square) has been observed to be in the range of 14:1 to 17:1.
a review of the grass rust fungi that have uredial paraphyses and aecia on berberis-mahonia '

covered telia. J^rstad (1932) began the revision of this group of species when he clarified the status of P. poarum Niels. and P. poae-sudeticae (West.) JpYst. In 1934 he commented on the characteristics of the fungi which we treat as P. brachypodii, P. pygmaea, and P. montanensis. In 1950 he recognized P. poae-nemoralis Otth as the correct binomial, listed ad? ditional synonyms, recognized P. pygmaea and P. airae Mayor & Cruchet as distinct, and discussed the similarities of these species and P. brachy? podii. The same species concept was maintained by Hylander, J^frstad, and Nannfeldt (1953). We present descriptions, hosts, and geographical distribution for P. brachypodii Otth and three varieties, P. pygmaea Eriks. and four varieties, P. montanensis, and P. brachypodii-phoenicoidis Guyot & Malengon and two varieties. Experiments have proved that some forms of P. brachypodii, P. pygmaea, and P. montanensis produce aecia on either Berberis or Mahonia or both. Aecia are not known for P. brachypodii-phoenicoidis, but it is probable that they will prove to be on Berberis. Many forms of these species obviously are not obligately heteroecious. The four species are separated by the morphology of the paraphyses, those of P. brachypodii being mostly clavate-capitate and with nearly uniformly thick walls, those of P. pygmaea and P. montanensis being capitate and with uniformly thin walls, and those of P. brachypodiiphoenicoidis being mostly capitate or clavate-capitate and with the wall
An Exploratory Study Of The Effects Of Online Course Efficiency Perceptions On Student Evaluation Of Teaching (SET) Measures

One of the fundamental drivers of the growing use of distance learning methods in modern business education has been the efficiency gains associated with this method of educational delivery. Distance methods benefit both students and educational institutions as they facilitate the processing of large volumes of learning material to overcome barriers related to time, geography and physical facility constraints. Nevertheless, existing research has not examined the extent by which these efficiency gains, compared to traditional face-to-face teaching, are recognized by online students. Moreover, the extent by which students’ perceptions of course efficiency affects other key educational measures, such as intent to take online courses in the future, and instructor and course ratings, has not been examined in current research. In this paper, utilizing data from student evaluation of teaching (SET) surveys from multiple sections of three online marketing courses, the effects of perceived course efficiency on various SET measures are examined. The results indicate, that contrary to popular belief, students who view online courses as efficient exhibit lower sentiments towards the course and the instructor, and are also academically weaker than other students. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and future directions for research.
Analysis and evaluation on the public health emergencies in Fujian in 2012

Objective To understand the characteristics of public health emergencies in Fujian province in 2012.Methods The features of public health emergencies recorded in the internet-based surveillance reporting system were described and analyzed.The comprehensive reporting qualities were also evaluated.Results A total of 76emergency events were reported in Fujian province in 2012.6.58%and 39.47% were graded as levelⅢandⅣ which were caused mainly by food poisoning among family numbers and infectious diseases outbreaks in schools.The rest of 53.95%events were unable to be graded and most of the events were outbreaks of infectious diseases in schools.As high as 86.84% of total events were identified as communicable diseases,such as epidemic parotitis mumps,chicken pox,influenza and HFMD,and 67.11%took place in schools,especially in county middle and elementary schools.The medians of surveillance,reporting and controlling timelines were 126.25h,1.52hand 6.97d.The TOPSIS scores ranged from 0.17to 0.63and could be classified as three levels by RSR.Conclusions Public health emergency events reported in Fujian province in 2012 are mostly resulted from communicable diseases and usually occured in county middle schools and town primary schools.There are differences in emergency surveillance and ability of emergency respond among regions in Fujian.Some emergency events are failed to report or reported only few cases.Some food poisoning emergency events are not properly graded and evaluated which needs to be modified.