cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural precursors derived from embryonic stem cells, but not those from fetal ventral mesencephalon, maintain the potential to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons after expansion in vitro.

Neural precursors (NPs) derived from ventral mesencephalon (VM) normally generate dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vivo but lose their potential to differentiate into DA neurons during mitogenic expansion in vitro, hampering their efficient use as a transplantable and experimental cell source. Because embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived NPs (ES NP) do not go through the same maturation process during in vitro expansion, we hypothesized that expanded ES NPs may maintain their potential to differentiate into DA neurons. To address this, we expanded NPs derived from mouse embryonic day-12.5 (E12.5) VM or ES cells and compared their developmental properties. Interestingly, expanded ES NPs fully sustain their ability to differentiate to the neuronal as well as to the DA fate. In sharp contrast, VM NPs almost completely lost their ability to become neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons after expansion. Expanded ES NP-derived TH+ neurons coexpressed additional DA markers such as dopa decarboxylase and DAT (dopamine transporter). Furthermore, they also expressed other midbrain DA markers, including Nurr1 and Pitx3, and released significant amounts of DA. We also found that these ES NPs can be cryopreserved without losing their proliferative and developmental potential. Finally, we tested the in vivo characteristics of the expanded NPs derived from J1 ES cells with low passage number. When transplanted into the mouse striatum, the expanded NPs as well as control NPs efficiently generated DA neurons expressing mature DA markers, with approximately 10% tumor formation in both cases. We conclude that ES NPs maintain their developmental potential during in vitro expansion, whereas mouse E12.5 VM NPs do not.
The Evolutionary Genetics and Emergence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds

We surveyed the genetic diversity among avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds, comprising 167 complete viral genomes from 14 bird species sampled in four locations across the United States. These isolates represented 29 type A influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype combinations, with up to 26% of isolates showing evidence of mixed subtype infection. Through a phylogenetic analysis of the largest data set of AIV genomes compiled to date, we were able to document a remarkably high rate of genome reassortment, with no clear pattern of gene segment association and occasional inter-hemisphere gene segment migration and reassortment. From this, we propose that AIV in wild birds forms transient “genome constellations,” continually reshuffled by reassortment, in contrast to the spread of a limited number of stable genome constellations that characterizes the evolution of mammalian-adapted influenza A viruses.
Data mining for social network analysis

A social network is defined as a social structure of individuals, who are related (directly or indirectly to each other) based on a common relation of interest, e.g. friendship, trust, etc. Social network analysis is the study of social networks to understand their structure and behavior. Social network analysis has gained prominence due to its use in different applications - from product marketing (e.g. viral marketing) to search engines and organizational dynamics (e.g. management). Recently there has been a rapid increase in interest regarding social network analysis in the data mining community. The basic motivation is the demand to exploit knowledge from copious amounts of data collected, pertaining to social behavior of users in online environments. A prime example of this are the research efforts dedicated towards the Enron email dataset. Data mining based techniques are proving to be useful for analysis of social network data, especially for large datasets that cannot be handled by traditional methods. This talk will provide an up-to-date introduction to the increasingly important field of data mining in social network analysis, and a brief overview of research directions in this field. We first provide an introduction to social network analysis and then briefly survey the research in this field. Next, an overview of emerging research in data mining for social network analysis is presented. Finally, we will present our own work in two areas: (i) data mining for socio-cognitive analysis of email networks, and (ii) data mining on logs from massively multi-player online (MMO) games to understand social and group dynamics amongst players.
Modeling and Integration of Peripheral Devices in Embedded Systems

This paper describes automation methods for device driver development in IP-based embedded systems in order to achieve high reliability, productivity, reusability and fast time to market. We formally specify device behaviors using event driven finite state machines, communication channels, declaratively described rules, constraints and synthesis patterns. A driver is synthesized from this specification for a virtual environment that is platform (processor, operating system and other hardware) independent. The virtual environment is mapped to a specific platform to complete the driver implementation. The illustrative application of our approach for a USB device driver in Linux demonstrates improved productivity and reusability.
Large-Scale Methodological Comparison of Acute Hypotensive Episode Forecasting Using MIMIC2 Physiological Waveforms

We compare the dynamic Bayesian network and k-nearest neighbor-based predictors for the occurrence of acute hypotensive episodes (AHE) with respect to various data conditions (size, class balance ratio) and problem definition settings (lag, lead time). From our dataset extracted from the large ICU physiological waveform repository of MIMIC2 database, we find that both models are effective for predicting AHE and their performances improve with increasing training dataset size. We also empirically demonstrate that the nearest neighbor method has a better performance for larger datasets in terms of both prediction result and computational time, but it severely degrades for class imbalanced data while the Bayesian network remains robust.
Manager Tenure - Real Estate Mutual Fund (REMF) Versus Equity Mutual Fund Performance

Historically, mixed evidence has been reported suggesting that mutual fund managers exhibit superior returns based on the length of their tenure. Further, the result of tenure performance for real estate mutual fund managers has been reported with mixed results. Therefore, it is the purpose of this research to consider the effect of management tenure on the overall performance of various classes of equity mutual funds, including those funds that invest exclusively in real estate assets. These results are studied over periods of three, five, and ten-year manager tenure to determine if there is significantly better performance among various tenure groups.
Viral expression associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in TCGA high-throughput sequencing data

Background Up to 20% of cancers worldwide are thought to be associated with microbial pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. The widely used methods of viral infection detection are usually limited to a few a priori suspected viruses in one cancer type. To our knowledge, there have not been many broad screening approaches to address this problem more comprehensively.
Using the blood pressure waveform to reduce critical false ECG alarms

Intensive Care Unit (ICU) false alarm rates can be as high as 86%, leading to a desensitization of the clinical at tending staff, slowing of response times and even ignoring true alarms. False alarms are commonly caused by single channel artifacts and could be avoided if information from other independent signals were fused to form a more robust hypothesis of the etiology of the alarm. We used a standard multi-parameter ICU database (PhysioNet’s MIMIC DB) to investigate the frequency of false critical (or ‘life threatening’) arrhythmia alarms produced by a commercial ICU monitoring system. Multiple expert reviews of the alarms were made using all the relevant files in the MIMIC DB (a total of 21 subjects and 800 hours of wave form data). We found that 25% of the 89 life-threatening alarms were considered false. We then implemented an algorithm to suppress false alarms, using information derived from the arterial blood pressure signal. This simple yet robust strategy was successful in suppressing all false alarms, without suppressing any true alarms.
The Application of Latent Curve Analysis to Testing Developmental Theories in Intervention Research

The effectiveness of a prevention or intervention program has traditionally been assessed using time-specific comparisons of mean levels between the treatment and the control groups. However, many times the behavior targeted by the intervention is naturally developing over time, and the goal of the treatment is to alter this natural or normative developmental trajectory. Examining time-specific mean levels can be both limiting and potentially misleading when the behavior of interest is developing systematically over time. It is argued here that there are both theoretical and statistical advantages associated with recasting intervention treatment effects in terms of normative and altered developmental trajectories. The recently developed technique of latent curve (LC) analysis is reviewed and extended to a true experimental design setting in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment intervention or a control condition. LC models are applied to both artificially generated and real intervention data sets to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program. Not only do the LC models provide a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment and control group developmental processes compared to more traditional fixed-effects models, but LC models have greater statistical power to detect a given treatment effect. Finally, the LC models are modified to allow for the computation of specific power estimates under a variety of conditions and assumptions that can provide much needed information for the planning and design of more powerful but cost-efficient intervention programs for the future.
What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach

This article seeks to increase the awareness of and support for the residual income approach to housing affordability indicators and standards, especially in the United States. It begins with an overview of various semantic, substantive, and definitional issues relating to the notion of affordability, leading to an argument supporting the conceptual soundness of the residual income approach. The concept is then briefly set into the historical context of U.S. and British debates on affordability measures. This description is followed by a discussion of two of the principal issues involved in crafting an operational residual income standard: the selection of a normative standard for nonhousing items and the treatment of taxes. The article concludes by considering some of the potential implications of the residual income paradigm for the analysis of housing problems and needs, for housing subsidy policy, and for mortgage underwriting practice.
Topological magnetic crystalline insulators and corepresentation theory

Gapless surface states of time reversal invariant topological insulators are protected by the antiunitary nature of the time-reversal operation. Very recently, this idea was generalized to magnetic structures, in which time-reversal symmetry is explicitly broken, but there is still an antiunitary symmetry operation combining time-reversal symmetry and crystalline symmetry. These topological phases in magnetic structures are dubbed ``topological magnetic crystalline insulators.'' In this work, we present a general theory of topological magnetic crystalline insulators in different types of magnetic crystals based on the corepresentation theory of magnetic crystalline symmetry groups. We construct two concrete tight-binding models of topological magnetic crystalline insulators, the ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{C}}_{4}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ model and the $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ model, in which topological surface states and topological invariants are calculated explicitly. Moreover, we check different types of antiunitary operators in magnetic systems and find that the systems with ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{C}}_{4}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Theta}},{\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{C}}_{6}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$, and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}$ symmetry are able to protect gapless surface states. Our work will pave the way to search for topological magnetic crystalline insulators in realistic magnetic materials.
Prediction of poorer prognosis by infection with antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci than by infection with antibiotic-sensitive strains.

Hypotheses Surgical patients with antibiotic-resistant gram-positive coccal (GPC) infections have a poorer prognosis than those with antibiotic-sensitive GPC infections, and colonization with resistant GPC predisposes to the development of resistant GPC infections. Design All infections among surgical patients from December 1, 1996, to December 1, 1998, were followed up prospectively. Patients with antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant GPC infections were compared. Cohorts were also subdivided on the basis of GPC species, colonization status, and immunosuppression. Setting The surgical wards and intensive care units of a tertiary care, university hospital. Main Outcome Measures In-hospital mortality, in-hospital mortality during antibiotic therapy, length of stay, and length of stay from the time of initiation of antibiotics to discharge. Results Antibiotic-resistant GPC infection compared with antibiotic-sensitive GPC infection was associated with a higher mortality and previous colonization rate (25.8% and 31.0% vs 17.6% and 8.8%, respectively;P=.04 andP Conclusions Surgical patients who develop antibiotic-resistant GPC infections have a significantly higher mortality rate, longer length of stay, and longer treatment to discharge time than patients with antibiotic-sensitive GPC infections. Colonization with resistant GPC predisposes to resistant GPC infection. Gentamicin-resistant enterococcus appears to be as virulent as vancomycin-resistant enterococcus.
A Semantic Web Services-Based Architecture for Model Management Systems

In the context of decision support systems, a model management system (MMS) is analogous to a database management system providing support for the various phases of a modeling life-cycle while insulating user from the physical aspects of model base storage and processing. An underlying premise is the recognition of models as a resource that need to be managed and modeling as an activity that need to be supported within organizations. The recent developments of the Web and distributed computing environments is creating ever increasing demands for sharing and reusing heterogeneous models over corporate intranets and the Internet. To this end, this paper presents a semantic Web services-based architecture for MMS. The architecture is based on service-oriented principles and web services standards to support model sharing and reuse in a distributed environment. Integral to the architecture is the use of ontologies and artificial intelligence (AI) planning techniques to facilitate model composition. We demonstrate the features and advantages of the proposed architecture using representative examples. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of implementation and plans for future work.
Using Spanish Surname Ratios to Estimate Proportion Hispanic in California Cities via Bayes Theorem

Objectives To generate, via application of Bayes Theorem, accurate estimates about the size of Hispanic populations in California cities from very limited data on the surnames of those living in the cities. Methods We make use here of the ratio of those with the name “GARCIA” to those with the name “ANDERSON” in those cities, one of which is far more likely to be Hispanic and one of which is far more likely to be non-Hispanic. Results For four cities that vary dramatically in their Hispanic populations, using only two common names we are able to estimate the Hispanic population in the cities. Conclusions We lay the background for our surprising results by underscoring common fallacies in using surnames for purposes of ethnic identification, such as the belief that the proportion of bearers of a given name who are Hispanic can be specified as a unique percentage. We show that how “Hispanic” any given name will turn out to be is a function of the overall demography of the subpopulation being analyzed, which will also affect the distribution of names within that subpopulation.
Performance of Autonomous Lagrangian Floats

Abstract A truly Lagrangian float would follow all three components of oceanic velocity on all timescales. Progress toward this goal is reviewed by analyzing the performance of nearly Lagrangian floats deployed in a variety of oceanic flows. Two new float types, described in this paper, are autonomous with durations of months, can alternate between Lagrangian and profiling modes, relay data via satellite, and can carry a variety of sensors. A novel hull design is light, strong, and has a compressibility close to that of seawater. The key to making floats accurately Lagrangian is an improved understanding of the factors that control float buoyancy and motion. Several insights are presented here. Anodized aluminum gains weight in seawater due to reactions between its surface and seawater. At low pressure the buoyancy of floats with O-ring seals varies as if attached bubbles of air were being compressed. The volume of “air” decays exponentially with a decay scale of a few days from 10 to 30 cc at deployment ...
Attributionism and Moral Responsibility for Implicit Bias

Implicit intergroup biases have been shown to impact social behavior in many unsettling ways, from disparities in decisions to “shoot” black and white men in a computer simulation to unequal gender-based evaluations of resumes and CVs. It is a difficult question whether, and in what way, agents are responsible for behaviors affected by implicit biases. I argue that in paradigmatic cases agents are responsible for these behaviors in the sense that the behavior is “attributable” to them. That is, behaviors affected by implicit biases reflect upon who one is as a moral agent.
The small Hankel operator in several complex variables

A survey of known results and open problems concerning boundedness, compactness, and trace ideal membership of the small Hankel operator. The setting is either the Bergman or Hardy space over a bounded symmetric domain or a strongly pseudoconvex domain in several complex variables, with special attention to the unit polydisk and multivariable harmonic analysis.
Radionuclide Therapy of Bone Metastases

Bone metastases occur in many patients with solid malignancies. Up to 85 % of patients with breast, lung, and prostate cancer at autopsy have bone metastases. Around 80 % of patients with prostate carcinoma, 50 % of patients with breast carcinoma and 40 % of patients with lung carcinoma develop clinically evident osseous metastases. Nearly half of them experience bone pain [1]. Other tumors can also metastasize to bone, including those originating in the kidneys, thyroid gland, endometrium, cervix, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. However, these tumors account for less than 20 % of patients with bone metastases. The clinical implications of bone metastases are serious. When progressive, they often affect the patients’ quality of life by contributing to bone pain, use of narcotic analgesics, pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, nerve entrapment, spinal cord compression, anxiety, depression, and loss of mobility [2, 3].
Turn Dreams into Realities: Navigating the Transition from College to Professional Life

One of the toughest transitions in most people's lives is from the schoolroom to the workplace. High school and college graduates are primed for this jolting change with lofty well-meant speeches projecting bright hopes for the future and spouting wise counsel about how to make it in the business world and what pitfalls to avoid. They are, in effect, given a healthy dose of inspiration, a hearty pat on the back and then encouraged to go out into the world and make it—on your own—because that's what it boils down to in the end.No question about it. Of course, there's no other way. Venturing out into the world is just that. But no amount of preparation, however well-intended, could achieve a smooth and easy transition from the accustomed routine of regularly scheduled classes and classwork to the hard competitive world of job seeking and … getting ahead (Dreyer, 1992, p. 17).
Antecedents to Net Neutrality

The contemporary notion of "Internet neutrality" is a version of the age-old regulatory policy of establishing a "common carrier." Net neutrality policies could only be implemented through detailed price regulation, an approach that has generally failed in the past to improve consumer welfare relative to what might have been expected under an unregulated monopoly. Worse, regulatory agencies often settle into a well-established pattern of subservience to politically influential economic interests. Consumers, would-be entrants, and innovators are not likely to be among those influential groups. History thus counsels against adoption of most versions of net neutrality
The Application Problem: A Study of Why People Fail To Keep First Appointments

kept. Even those people who claim to have carefully weighed their decision to seek help make last-minute cancellations— or fail to appear for their appointments. Why do they press for and commit themselves to the extent of accepting appointments and then suddenly, with little or no explanation, withdraw? Do we accept at face value the explanation that "everything is all right now"—the pressing problem that seemed insoluble two weeks ago has vanished? Thus, there is no need to keep the appointment. And what of the others who give no explanation —have they too solved their problems? If not, why do they choose not to avail themselves of the agency's service?
Sequence Data, Phylogenetic Inference, and Implications of Downward Causation

Framing systematics as a field consistent with scientific inquiry entails that inferences of phylogenetic hypotheses have the goal of producing accounts of past causal events that explain differentially shared characters among organisms. Linking observations of characters to inferences occurs by way of why-questions implied by data matrices. Because of their form, why-questions require the use of common-cause theories. Such theories in phylogenetic inferences include natural selection and genetic drift. Selection or drift can explain 'morphological' characters but selection cannot be causally applied to sequences since fitness differences cannot be directly associated with individual nucleotides or amino acids. The relation of selection to sequence data is by way of downward or top-down causation from those phenotypes upon which selection occurs. The application of phylogenetic inference to explain sequence data is thus restricted to instances where drift is the relevant theory; those nucleotides or amino acids that can be explained via downward causation are precluded from inclusion in the data matrix. The restrictions on the inclusion of sequence data in phylogenetic inferences equally apply to species hypotheses, precluding the more restrictive approach known as DNA barcoding. Not being able to discern drift and selection as relevant causal mechanisms can severely constrain the inclusion and explanations of sequence data. Implications of such exclusion are discussed in relation to the requirement of total evidence.
Racial Discrimination Experiences Among Black Youth A Person-Centered Approach

This study examines whether subgroups of Black youth exist based on the presence or absence of racial discrimination experiences in the school context and whether these groups varied by gender and household income. Latent transition analyses were performed on racial discrimination indicators derived when youth were in the 8th and 11th grades. Three distinct subgroups of youth emerged. Youth in the Teacher-Peer Perceived Racial Discrimination (PRD) group had a high probability of experiencing racial discrimination from both teachers and peers. Those in the Teacher PRD group had high probabilities of experiencing racial discrimination from teachers and a low probability of experiencing racial discrimination from their peers. Finally, youth in the No PRD group had low probabilities across all racial discrimination indicators. Males were more likely to be in the Teacher-Peer and Teacher PRD groups compared with females. Findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of Black youth’s experiences as it relates to race-...
Radiation stability of cations in ionic liquids. 4. Task-specific antioxidant cations for nuclear separations and photolithography.

Three families of “task-specific” antioxidant organic cations that include designated sites to facilitate deprotonation following electronic excitation and ionization have been introduced. The deprotonation from the excited state is reversible, leading to minimal damage of the cation, whereas the deprotonation from the oxidized cation yields persistent aroxyl and trityl radicals. This protection improves radiation stability of ionic compounds in 2.5 MeV electron beam radiolysis. Apart from the use of such cations as structural components of room temperature ionic liquid (IL) diluents for nuclear separations, their ionic compounds involving bases of superacids are well suited for use as chemically amplified acid generator resists in electron beam lithography and extreme ultraviolet photolithography.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Membrane Degradation Rate and Mechanism in PEM Fuel Cells

The degradation rates and mechanisms of catalyst coated Nafion 212 membranes were investigated at a series of relative humidifies (RH). Degradation studies at open circuit voltage (OCV) showed that membrane degradation rates were faster at 60% RH than at 20% or 100% RH. Degradation studies performed under load (0.6V) showed that membrane degradation rates significantly increased after switching from high RH (100%) to low RH (25%) after 500 hours. This accelerated degradation was likely due to the dual effects of mechanical and chemical degradation. Gas chromatography performed on fuel cell exhaust gases has shown increased gas permeability at increased RH, but cannot fully explain the change of degradation rates with RH. A model is proposed to explain the effect of RH on membrane degradation rate. RH impacts the formation of oxygen radicals via both reactant concentration and reaction rate. Increased RH leads to higher gas permeability of hy drogen and oxygen thus higher reactant concentrations for oxygen radical formation. Conversely, the platinum surface tends to be more highly oxidized at high RH, lowering the reaction rates for oxygen radical formation. The tradeoffs between these phenomenon result in a higher membrane degradation rate at 60% RH than at either 20% or 100% RH for the conditions presented.
Absorption and Excretion of Sulfamethyldiazine (2-Sulfanilamido-4-methyl-pyrimidine) in Human Subjects

Summary and ConclusionsAfter a single 5 g oral dose of sulfamethyldiazine, the blood levels rise much more rapidly, higher levels are attained, and these are sustained longer than after a similar amount of sulfadiazine. The monomethyl compound was excreted more completely in the urine than sulfadiazine, but a larger proportion of the former was found in the conjugated (3 acetylated) form. Sulfamethyldiazine warrants a clinical trial with doses that are smaller than those customarily used. Particular attention, however, should be paid to the possibility of renal or nerve damage in cases in which prolonged treatment with the drug is contemplated.
Medical Image Fusion Based on Wavelet and SOM Network

A medical image fusion method based on the wavelet transformation and Self-Organization feature Map(SOM) neural network is proposed in this paper. Wavelet transformation of image is done. The wavelet coefficients are used as the characteristics. The SOM network is used to realize the cluster of images and the fuzzy classification is done. The image pixels fusion weights are determined according to the classified result. The fusion image is obtained. Simulation experimental results show this method can get better performance.
Determination of 5 kinds of disinfection by-products( DBPs) in drinking water by headspace-capillary gas chromatography

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of 5 kinds of disinfection by-products( DBPs) in drinking water. Methods Based on the weak water-solubility of DBPs,capillary gas chromatography with headspace sampling was employed to detect the DBPs in drinking water,and the influencing factors including linear range,linear relationship,lowest detection limit,precision and others were all considered. Results The concentrations of trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane and dibromochloromethane in water pipe network were 4. 13 μg / L ~ 19. 32 μg / L,0. 31 μg / L ~ 0. 47 μg / L and 1. 21 μg / L ~ 4. 59 μg / L,respectively. The curves of 5 kinds of DBPs showed good linear relationship in a certain range. The correlation coefficients were all greater than 0. 992,the detection limit of the method was far below the national standards,relative standard deviations were 0. 5% ~ 9. 4%( n = 6). The average recovery rates were 84% ~ 101%. Conclusion This method can effectively separate and accurately determine 5 kinds of DBPs in drinking water. In addition,the research indicates that the 5 kinds of DBPs conform to the national standards. Chloro-DBPs were dominant in drinking water in this area. Dibromochloromethane may be produced with back flow of sea water or salty tide.
Analysis of Horizontal Merger Based on Stackelberg Competition

The purpose of this paper is to extend original Steffen-Kai-Wieland model with three kinds of bilateral mergers in Stackelberg markets,by adding that a 'weak' firm incorporating a 'strong' firm under some conditions we find.We show that four kinds of mergers are profitable whether in the case of a 'strong' firm incorporating a 'weak' firm,or a 'weak' firm incorporating a 'strong' firm,or two 'strong' firm merging into one,or two 'weak' firms merging into one,but all mergers result in increasing market concentration and lowering consumer's welfare.
Trajectories of Discrimination across Adolescence: Associations with Academic, Psychological, and Behavioral Outcomes.

The authors explored trajectories of perceived discrimination over a 6-year period (five assessments in 6th–11th grade) in relation to academic, behavioral, and psychological adjustment in 8th and 11th grades. They distinguished discrimination from adults versus peers in addition to overt versus covert discrimination from peers. The sample included 226 African American, White, Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Chinese adolescents (ages 11–12 at Time 1) recruited in sixth grade from six public schools in New York City. All forms of discrimination increased during middle school and decreased during high school. The frequency with which adolescents reported different sources and types of discrimination varied across ethnicity/race, but not gender. Initial levels and rates of change in discrimination predicted academic, behavioral, and psychological adjustment in 8th and 11th grades, albeit in complex ways.
My Descent from the Monkey

I want to explain why a credentialed specialist in primate social behavior should have wanted to become an ornithologist, just when the Age of Primates was at its height. Could it have been only an obstinate inclination to be always where the action isn’t, or could it be that primatology ceased to generate the kind of intellectual action that makes for sustained progress in a scientific domain?
Cosmetic genital surgery in children and adolescents

Clinicians are faced with increasing requests for female cosmetic genital surgery and prominent amongst these is labiaplasty. The implications of labiaplasty in adolescence are explored with emphasis on what is known about normal genital appearances, pubertal development, anatomy and physiology and the options for surgical intervention including risks and implications. Faced with what is known to date on female cosmetic genital surgery then such interventions should be avoided in adolescence in the absence of defined medical indications until at least the age of 18 years.
Association Between Food Distress and Smoking Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Adults, Schenectady, New York, 2013–2014

Introduction Smoking and poor nutrition are 2 leading preventable causes of death. This study investigated associations between smoking and indicators of individual- and neighborhood-level food distress among racially and ethnically diverse urban adults. Methods We analyzed data from a health interview survey and a food environment assessment collected in 2013 and 2014 in Schenectady, New York. We constructed logistic regression models for current smoking with 6 indicators of food distress as exposure variables and sociodemographic characteristics, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, alcohol binge drinking, and disability as covariates. Results The analytic sample consisted of 1,917 adults; 59.4% were female, more than half were racial/ethnic minorities (26.2% non-Hispanic black, 10.3% Hispanic, 10.9% Guyanese, 4.0% multiracial and other), and 37.1% were current smokers. All indicators of food distress remained in the parsimonious final model: consuming 0 or 1 serving of fruits and vegetables daily more than doubled the odds of smoking, compared with consuming 5 or more servings (odds ratio [OR], 2.05). Food insecurity (OR, 1.77), receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits (OR, 1.79), using a food pantry (OR, 1.41), living in a neighborhood with low access to healthy food (OR, 1.40), and shopping for food often at a store with limited healthy food choices (OR, 1.38) were also associated with significantly higher odds of smoking. Conclusion Recognizing that smoking and food distress are independently associated would lead to innovative public health intervention strategies. We suggest stronger collaboration between tobacco and nutrition public health professionals to synergistically reduce tobacco use and improve nutrition behavior and food environments in communities.
Material and Morphological Heat Transfer Properties of Fuel Cell Porous Transport Layers

The complex structure of the porous transport layer (PTLs), commonly referred to as gas diffusion layers (GDL), makes direct measurement of thermal transport properties difficult. Typically, effective thermal conductivity values are obtained experimentally and computational models are developed to replicate the measurements. This approach is sufficient for generalized one-dimensional models of fuel cell performance, but is not sufficient to predict reactant maldistribution due to the presence of liquid water in the PTL. Further, the anisotropy in the PTL structure results in dissimilar properties for through-plane and in-plane transport. In this work an analytical model is developed to extract material properties from effective thermal conductivity measurements. The model accounts for the change in the effective thermal conductivity as a function of compression. Geometric changes due to compression are separated from morphological changes using a compression modulation function; the shape of which is indicative of how fiber-to-fiber contact morphology changes with respect to strain. Material and morphological properties are determined using effective thermal conductivity data for three commercial PTLs. The properties also enable prediction of in-plane heat transfer using through-plane empirical data and also provide insight into morphological changes due to compression.
Beyond (anti)utilitarianism: khat and alternatives to growth in northern Madagascar

Abstract: Madagascar has one of the lowest GDPs in the world. Colonization brought the country into the global economy, but left it at its margins—vulnerable to the hardships of structural adjustment and limitations of state infrastructure. This analysis reveals economic decision-making that defies the utilitarian logic of homo economicus and inspires creative thinking about alternatives to growth as a dominant paradigm. In northern Madagascar, the economy of the stimulant khat is part of one socionatural world characterized by low levels of production and consumption. Madagascar provides a case study for suggesting that "making a living" invokes an intricate web of material desires, cultural meaning, and social connections that do not necessarily revolve around a capitalist growth motive. This article proposes that a path to sustainability is not only in changing social imaginaries but also in valorizing and leveraging cognitive orientations and practices that exist but that may fall below the radar of traditional economic analysis. Keywords: Madagascar, khat, utilitarian, degrowth, economy, urban
Pharmacological targeting of the mammalian clock reveals a novel analgesic for osteoarthritis-induced pain

Environmental disruption of the circadian rhythm is linked with increased pain due to osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to characterize the role of the clock gene in OA-induced pain more systemically using both genetic and pharmacological approaches. Genetically modified mice, (bmal1f/fNav1.8CreERT mice), generated by deleting the critical clock gene, bmal1, from Nav1.8 sensory neurons, were resistant to the development of mechanical hyperalgesia associated with OA induced by partial medial meniscectomy (PMM) of the knee. In wild-type mice, induction of OA by PMM surgery led to a substantial increase in BMAL1 expression in DRG neurons. Interestingly, pharmacological activation of the REV-ERB (a negative regulator of bmal1 transcription) with SR9009 resulted in reduction of BMAL1 expression, and a significant decrease in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with OA. Cartilage degeneration was also significantly reduced in mice treated with the REV-ERB agonist SR9009. Based on these data, we also assessed the effect of pharmacological activation of REV-ERB using a model of environmental circadian disruption with its associated mechanical hyperalgesia, and noted that SR9009 was an effective analgesic in this model as well. Our data clearly demonstrate that genetic disruption of the molecular clock, via deletion of bmal1 in the sensory neurons of the DRG, decreases pain in a model of OA. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of REV-ERB leading to suppression of BMAL1 expression may be an effective method for treating OA-related pain, as well as to reduce joint damage associated with this disease.
Development of a rapidly deployable mobile medical unit for emergency disaster settings

Abstract Background Mobile medical units are essential for rapid delivery of medical care in remote areas during crises. Baylor Global Innovation Center aimed to conceptualise, build, and deploy an Emergency Smart Pod (ESP)—a mobile medical unit customised for global emergencies—with a four-phase approach: human-centred design, development, user testing, and implementation. Methods An initial design was created based on the Ebola Grand Challenge Funding requirements granted by USAID in 2015. The design was then vetted using a 37-question survey via in-depth interviews with experts with field experience: logisticians, health-care workers, and Ebola Treatment Unit directors in the USA, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. This design focused on addressing direct needs of end users by providing a rapidly deployable clinical solution with tablet-based wireless technologies, disinfectable materials, and appropriate storage for biohazard waste and medical supplies. The aluminium design of the unit optimised the lightweight capability, durability, and expandability. Manufacturers meeting these requirements were investigated for affordability, and technologies were developed for customised needs of infection control and emergency response. Feedback from field workers, NASA engineers, and physicians was continually evaluated throughout the building process. Findings A prototype equipped with smart applications optimised to protect health-care workers, improve patient care, and prevent disease transmission was built and tested. An ultraviolet C- heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system was implemented to kill 99·7% of pathogens. Medical record and wireless patient monitoring systems were developed for the high patient throughput in disaster situations. Remote video and push-to-talk systems were implemented to facilitate communication between the hot and cold zones. The ESP was built as an expandable aluminium-based box deployable via ships and trucks. A full simulation was initiated in Houston, TX, USA with simulated patients and health-care workers in full personal protective equipment. Improvements were made prior to shipping the unit to Monrovia, Liberia, for infectious disease care. The ESP was then successfully deployed in September, 2017, at the Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA) Hospital as a patient isolation unit. Interpretation Corresponding pharmacy and laboratory units are being developed as additions to the ESP. Similar validation will be used for these units for future deployment. Funding Vulcan Inc's Paul G Allen Ebola Program USAID Bureau for Global Health—Center for Accelerating Innovation and Impact.
Protein Mass Spectrometry Made Simple.

Recent progress in protein mass spectrometry has opened the door for the discovery of autoantibody targets in several kidney diseases. We discuss what readers should know about protein mass spectrometry to understand the methodology and new findings as they materialize. In recent years, mass
Lobectomy in a patient with an internal cardiac pacemaker.

Summary A case is reported in which a patient with complete heart block and an internal pacemaker underwent successful lobectomy for a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The significance of maintaining a normal blood volume during the operative and postoperative period is stressed. Serial blood volume deteminations are recommended as part of the routine management of such cases. The insertion of new myocardial leads during the thoracotomy anticipated future electronic failure and averted subsequent major surgery.
Bayesian Pot-Assembly from Fragments as Problems in Perceptual-Grouping and Geometric-Learning

A heretofore unsolved problem of great archaeological importance is the automatic assembly of pots made on a wheel from the hundreds (or thousands) of sherds found at an excavation site. An approach is presented to the automatic estimation of mathematical models of such pots from 3D measurements of sherds. A Bayesian approach is formulated beginning with a description of the complete set of geometric parameters that determine the distribution of the sherd measurement data. Matching of fragments and aligning them geometrically into configurations is based on matching break-curves (curves on a pot surface separating fragments), estimated axis and profile curve pairs for individual fragments and configurations of fragments, and a number of features of groups of break-curves. Pot assembly is a bottom-up maximum likelihood performance-based search. Experiments are illustrated on pots which were broken for the purpose, and on sherds from an archaeological dig located in Petra, Jordan. The performance measure can also be an aposteriori probability, and many other types of information can be included, e.g., pot wall thickness, surface color, patterns on the surface, etc. This can also be viewed as the problem of learning a geometric object from an unorganized set of free-form fragments of the object and of clutter, or as a problem of perceptual grouping.
Potassium-sparing effects of furosemide in mice on high-potassium diets

In individuals on a regular “Western” diet, furosemide induces a kaliuresis and reduction in plasma K concentration by inhibiting Na reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop, enhanc...
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of mIHC Images via Antigen Mapping

Histology provides a unique window into the cellular and molecular architecture of tissues and is a critical component of biomedical research and clinical practice. Highly-multiplexed immunohistochemistry1-6 (mIHC) enables the routine staining and quantification of dozens of antigens in the same tissue section with single-cell resolution. However, the amount of cell types and states that can be simultaneously identified by mIHC is limited. In contrast, cells are finely disaggregated into distinct types in single-cell transcriptomic analyses but spatial information is lost. To bridge this gap, we developed an approach for enriching mIHC histology slides with single-cell RNA-seq data, building upon recent experimental procedures for augmenting single-cell transcriptomes with concurrent antigen measurements7, 8. Our approach, Spatially-resolved Transcriptomics via Epitope Anchoring (STvEA), increases the level of detail in histological analyses by enabling detection of subtle cell populations, spatial patterns of transcription, and cell-to-cell interactions. It provides an improvement in throughput, resolution, and simplicity with respect to existing spatially-resolved methods for simultaneous proteomics and transcriptomics. We demonstrate the utility of STvEA by uncovering the architecture of poorly characterized cell populations in the murine spleen using published mIHC images.
The antigenic structure of blood platelets. II. Histocompatibility antigens in rabbit blood platelets.

The rejection time of skin homografts was measured in rabbits previously sensitized by one intradermal injection of homologous blood platelets which had been carefully prepared free of leukocytes. The graft rejection time was determined by gross inspection and based on the onset of definite signs of graft breakdown. In the platelet sensitized rabbits, the skin homografts from the platelet donors ("specific" grafts) were rejected significantly earlier than in nonsensitized animals in 42 per cent of the experiments. The homografts from animals other than the platelet donors ("nonspecific" grafts) were rejected sooner than normal in only 10 per cent of the experiments. The results were interpreted as demonstration that blood platelets contain histocompatibility antigens.
A New FT-IR Technique for the Situ Study of the Mechanism of Solid State Materials Preparations

The study of the mechanisms of hydrogel preparations of solid state inorganics by vibrational and electronic absorption spectroscopic techniques such as infrared and UV/VIS methods is severely limited due to the fact that solids are formed during the course of the investigation preventing the passage of the optical beam through the solution. We wish to report the development of a general technique [1,2] for the study of such systems based on a recently developed Cylindrical Internal Reflectance (CIR) spectroscopic method [3,4]. This technique utilizes directly stirred, high pressure autoclaves which were fabricated containing embedded cylindrical internal reflectance crystals. This configuration ensured that the reacting solution of inorganic ions or suspended solids was continuously, well mixed and in contact with the analyzing crystal at all times.