cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of plasma cocaine levels during a "binge" pattern of cocaine administration in male and female rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rationale. Cocaine is often abused in a "binge" pattern, but little is known about changes in plasma cocaine concentrations or cocaine pharmacokinetics during administration of multiple cocaine doses. Moreover, the extent to which gender may influence plasma cocaine levels during a cocaine binge has not been studied in rhesus monkeys. Objectives. To compare the effects of repeated injections of the same dose of cocaine (0.4 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg, i.v.) on plasma cocaine concentrations, cocaine pharmacokinetics and behavioral responses in male and female rhesus monkeys. Methods. Four injections of cocaine (0.4 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg, i.v.) were administered at 30-min intervals to five or six male and five or six female rhesus monkeys. Samples for plasma cocaine analysis were collected at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 min after the first three injections. After the fourth cocaine injection, additional samples were collected at 10-min intervals over 150 min. Results. Plasma cocaine peaks and nadirs increased monotonically after successive cocaine injections (P<0.0001). Peak plasma cocaine levels measured at 2 min after cocaine administration were higher after 0.8 mg/kg cocaine than after 0.4 mg/kg cocaine (P<0.006). There were no significant gender differences in time to peak plasma cocaine levels (tmax), peak cocaine concentrations (Cmax) or half-life (t1/2; min) at either dose of cocaine. Group average behavioral ratings were similar in males and females after each dose of cocaine. Conclusions. Peak plasma cocaine concentrations increased progressively during low and high dose cocaine binge episodes, and there were no significant gender differences in cocaine pharmacokinetics. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of simulating "binge" patterns of cocaine administration in rhesus monkeys.
BARRIERS TO NURSE-MIDWIFERY: Is the Enemy Us?

Complete understanding of the problems besetting the profession of nurse-midwifery requires consideration of both internal and external barriers to success. A recent national survey report focused exclusively on external barriers, ignoring the potentially more difficult barriers coming from within the profession. These include uncertainty about professional identity and disagreement over strategies for promotion.
Integrated state estimation and load modelling for distribution grids with ampere measurements

State estimation is essential for a smarter monitoring and control of distribution power networks, but need to rely largely on current magnitude measurements, which causes non-uniqueness of the solution. Constraining the problem based on prior knowledge of the sign of the injections, as previously proposed, requires more complex estimators, does not always ensure uniqueness and prevents anomaly detection in the case of wrong prior assumptions. By including also prior knowledge of the magnitudes of the injections, coming from statistical load modelling, we show how it is possible to resort to conventional state estimators while achieving an increased reliability of the solution as well as the ability to detect/correct wrong prior models, using classical bad data analysis.
The perception of risk over time as a factor influencing attitudes toward children with physical disabilities.

Abstract The impact of perception of risk (a perception of possible psychological harm) on attitudes toward friendship with and offering help to children with physical disabilities was examined, and the stability of the perception in specific contexts, over time, was investigated. Participants were 510 children without physical disabilities between the ages of 8 and 19 years who were assigned to 1 of 12 experimental conditions in a basic 2 × 2 × 3 (Involvement × Interview × Grade) design. Results indicated significantly more favorable attitudes on helping than on friendship. Over time, attitudes toward friendship became more positive, whereas attitudes toward helping became somewhat more negative, but these effects interacted with the age of the participant and the degree of perceived risk.
SSR marker diversity of soybean aphid resistance sources in North America

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) has become a major pest of soybean in North America since 2000. Seven aphid resistance sources, PI 71506, Dowling, Jackson, PI 567541B, PI 567598B, PI 567543C, and PI 567597C, have been identified. Knowledge of genetic relationships among these sources and their ancestral parents will help breeders develop new cultivars with different resistance genes. The objective of this research was to examine the genetic relationships among these resistance sources. Sixty-one lines were tested with 86 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from 20 linkage groups. Non-hierarchical (VARCLUS) and hierarchical (Ward’s) clustering and multidimensional scaling (MDS) were used to determine relationships among the 61 lines. Two hundred and sixty-two alleles of the 86 SSR loci were detected with a mean polymorphism information content of 0.36. The 61 lines were grouped into 4 clusters by both clustering methods and the MDS results consistently corresponded to the assigned clusters. T...
Semantic Connotations of the Words “Adolescent,” “Teenager,” and “youth”

(1976). Semantic Connotations of the Words “Adolescent,” “Teenager,” and “youth”. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 57-62.
Super-Resolution Processing for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography

In polarimetric SAR interferometry, fully-polarimetric measurements are obtained along multiple interferometric tracks and used to generate three-dimensional tomographic images of a scene of interest. The objective is to utilize the polarimetric diversity of the targets to separate multiple targets within a single pixel. In this study, a new technique known as Vector Linear Prediction (VLP) is developed and used to perform polarimetric aperture extrapolation with measurements from a single baseline SAR interferometer. The VLP method extends scalar, linear prediction-based extrapolation to coherent, multi-channel data such as polarimetric SAR interferometric measurements. The interferometric phase estimates, which reflect the elevation of the scattering centers, are obtained for both the ground and vegetation components. The phase difference between the two components is shown to be consistent with the vegetation cover in the region under study. In the future, this technique will be applied to multi-baseline SAR measurements to produce tomographic images of the scenes being imaged.
Structure and evolution of quenched Ising clusters

The properties of domains generated following a quench from very high temperatures ($T\ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{c}$) to low temperatures are studied for an Ising model evolving under conserved or nonconserved dynamics. Before the quench the clusters satisfy percolation statistics, since $T$ is too large for the interactions to be relevant. However, after the quench to low temperatures, we observe that the largest clusters are still percolationlike for large distances in that they are described by the same Hausdorff dimension as percolation clusters. For short distances the clusters are compact. At intermediate distances, the large clusters appear to be more fractal than percolation clusters. We interpret this intermediate regime as a crossover between a constant density at short distances and percolationlike low-density regime for large distances, not as a new type of fractal.
Motivation Sources Inventory: Development and Validation of New Scales to Measure an Integrative Taxonomy of Motivation

Scales are developed and tested based on an integrative taxonomy of motivation sources. The sources, as measured on the Motivation Sources Inventory include intrinsic process, instrumental, externa...
Circular dichroism studies of human factor H. A regulatory component of the complement system

Factor H of the human complement system exhibits an unusual circular dichroism spectrum. The CD spectrum of Factor H exhibits a positive extreme at 230 nm and a negative extreme at 190 nm. No apparent alpha-helical or beta-sheet conformations were present in the native protein structure. However, when the disulfide bridges are reduced, followed either by reoxidation or alkylation, the structure of Factor H is modified so that it now exhibits conventional protein secondary structure as determined from its CD spectra in the far ultraviolet region. Factor H also fails to mediate its regulatory function of inhibiting the alternative pathway convertase once the disulfides have been ruptured and conformational rearrangement has occurred. CD studies indicate that minor conformational changes take place when Factor H and C3b associate in free solution.
Perceptions of epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and an explanatory model of decision-making.

Abstract Background Clear evidence supports the benefits of surgery over medical therapy for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. Surgical procedures meet the needs of fewer than 2% of those eligible. Referral to a tertiary epilepsy center early in the course of disease is recommended; however, patients live with disabling and life-threatening seizures for an average of 22 years before considering surgical treatment. Reasons for this treatment gap are unclear. Purpose A critical analysis of the literature addressing perceptions of surgical treatment for epilepsy is placed in the context of a brief history and current treatment guidelines. Common conceptual themes shaping perceptions of epilepsy surgery are identified. Data sources Data sources used for this study were PubMed–MEDLINE and PsycINFO from 2003 to December 2013; hand searches of reference lists. Data synthesis Nine papers that addressed patient perceptions of surgery for epilepsy and three papers addressing physician attitudes were reviewed. Treatment misperceptions held by both patients and physicians lead to undertreatment and serious health consequences. Fear of surgery, ignorance of treatment options, and tolerance of symptoms emerge as a triad of responses central to weighing treatment risks and benefits and, ultimately, to influencing treatment decision-making. Our novel explanatory framework serves to illustrate and explain relationships among contributory factors. Limitation Comparisons across studies are limited by the heterogeneity of study populations and by the fact that no instrument has been developed to consistently measure disability in refractory focal epilepsy. Conclusion Exploring the components of decision-making for the management of refractory focal epilepsy from the patient's perspective presents a new angle on a serious contemporary challenge in epilepsy care and may lead to explanation as to why there is reluctance to embrace a safe and effective treatment.
Knowledge-Based Simulation Modeling of Construction Fleet Operations Using Multimodal-Process Data Mining

AbstractIn order to develop a realistic simulation model, it is critical to provide the model with factual input data based on the interactions and events that take place between real entities. However, the existing trend in simulation of construction fleet activities is based on estimating input parameters such as activity durations using expert judgments and assumptions. Not only may such estimations not be precise, but project dynamics can influence model parameters beyond expectation. Therefore, the simulation model may not be a proper and reliable representation of the real engineering system. In order to alleviate these issues and improve the current practice of construction simulation, a thorough approach is needed that enables the integration of field data into simulation modeling and systematic refinement of the resulting models. This paper describes the latest efforts by authors to design and test a novel methodology for multimodal-process data capturing, fusion, and mining that provides a solid...
Numerical Modeling of Flow through a Breached Levee and during Levee Closure

Excessive precipitation, fast snow melting, and storm surges due to hurricanes often result in levee breaching and inland flooding which devastates social facilities, residential properties, environment quality and threatens human lives. To enhance the resilience of society, it is important and necessary to study levee breaching flows and develop technologies for repairing damaged levees effectively during the flood. In this study, computational simulations were conducted using a finite element based two-dimensional and depth-integrated numerical model, CCHE2D. Data of a scaled levee breaching physical model were used to validate the computational model. The flood and levee breaching occurred during the Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, LA, were studied in the Hydraulic Lab, and the measured flow distribution in the vicinity of the breached levee was simulated. The numerical model resulted in good agreement with the measured flow velocity and water surface elevation distribution. The computational model such validated was also applied to simulate the breach closure processes conducted in the physical model. This capability could help emergency managers and engineers to close breached levees more effectively. The practice of placing sand bags into the flow and closing the breaching was mimicked by using a graphic user interface.
On upper bound and heuristics for multicast lifetime maximization using dynamic routing in energy-limited wireless ad hoc networks

We consider the problem of maximizing the lifetime of a given multicast connection in wireless networks that use omni-directional antennas and have limited energy resources. In this paper, we first explore the upper bound of the multicast lifetime using dynamic routing. We then provide a set of heuristic algorithms. Experimental results show that minimum total power consumption does not guarantee maximum lifetime for either broadcasting or multicasting, and our algorithms outperform other energy-aware multicast algorithms significantly in terms of multicast lifetime.
Prevalence of cannabis use disorder diagnoses among veterans in 2002, 2008, and 2009

The present investigation sought to document current rates and trends of cannabis use disorder (CUD) diagnoses among patients of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VA) during fiscal years 2002, 2008, and 2009. Results indicated that the prevalence of CUD diagnoses within VA has increased more than 50% (from 0.66% to 1.05%) over the past 7 years. The prevalence of patients with a CUD diagnosis but no other illicit SUD diagnosis rose 115.41% (from 0.27% to 0.58%) during the same time period. States with laws allowing for the legal use of cannabis for medicinal purposes had significantly higher rates of Cannabis-Disorder diagnoses within VA in 2002, 2008, and 2009 (p < .01). Though rates of psychiatric diagnoses, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specifically, were higher among patients with a Cannabis-Disorder diagnosis compared with other SUD groups (p < .001), rates of specialty SUD treatment utilization among those with a Cannabis-Disorder diagnosis have decreased within VA. Results indicate that interventions to motivate treatment engagement among patients with CUD, particularly among those with co-occurring psychological problems, are needed for Veterans.
Optimal infrastructure management decisions under uncertainty

Abstract The planning of maintenance and rehabilitation activities for transportation facilities uses information on facility condition from two sources: measurement and forecasting. Both of these sources are characterized by the presence of significant uncertainties, which have important life-cycle cost implications. State-of-the-art decision-making models ignore the uncertainty either in one or both sources of information. This paper presents a methodology (the Latent Markov Decision Process) that explicitly recognizes the presence of random measurement errors in the measurement of facility condition. The methodology can also be used to quantify the “value of more precise information,” which allows an agency to evaluate measurement technologies of different precisions and costs. A parametric study, which demonstrates such an evaluation in the case of highway pavements, is performed.
OBESITY IN CHILDREN

The alarming increase in obesity in children has become a major health problem in the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes as well as other complications including cardiovascular diseases, hepatic disorders, skeletal abnormalities, malignancies and in particular psychological disorders. Mechanisms of appetite and energy metabolism are mediated through hormones leptin and ghrelin, and neuropeptide-Y neurons as well as genetic factors. Control of obesity is largely through appetite control and physical exercise.
Perceptual Underpinnings of Antigay Prejudice Negative Evaluations of Sexual Minority Women Arise on the Basis of Gendered Facial Features

Psychologists have amassed robust evidence of antigay prejudice by assessing participants’ global attitudes toward sexual minorities and their reactions to behavioral descriptions of hypothetical targets. In daily interactions, however, perceivers make decisions about others’ sexual orientations based upon visible cues alone. Does antigay prejudice arise on the basis of such visual exposure, and if so, why? Three studies revealed that perceivers evaluated women they categorized as lesbians more negatively than women they categorized as straight. Moreover, prejudice against lesbian women was strongly tethered to gendered aspects of their facial appearance: Women categorized as lesbians tended to appear gender-atypical, and women who appeared gender-atypical were perceived to be unattractive, leading to prejudice. Similar findings did not emerge for men categorized as gay. As such, we argue that gendered appearance cues lay the perceptual foundation for prejudice against women, but not men, who are categori...
Effect of prolactin on phospholipid synthesis in organ cultures of fetal rat lung

We have used lung organ cultures to investigate the effects of prolactin on the synthesis of surfactant phospholipids in the fetal lung. Lung explants prepared from 18-day-old rat fetuses were maintained in culture for 48 h in serum-free medium with two different preparations of prolactin (2 μg/ml —NIH, ovine lot P-S-13 and Sigma, lot 19C-0396). In addition, lung explants were cultured for an initial 24 h with dexamethasone (10−6 M) followed by 24 h of culture with prolactin. Incorporation of surfactant precursors [methyl-3H]choline and [U-14C]glycerol, was measured after incubation for 4 h in the absence of hormones. Exposure of the explants to prolactin, NIH or Sigma, for 48 h led to a significant increase in the levels of total phospholipid −41 and 58% (P < 0.001), respectively. Culture of the lung expiants for the first 24 h with dexamethasone followed by an additional 24 h exposure to prolactin, NIH or Sigma, led to a further increase in the level of total phospholipid, 105 and 112% (P < 0.001) and disaturated PC, 260 and 300% (P < 0.001), respectively. Exposure of lung expiants to prolactin led to a significantly higher incorporation of [methyl-3H]choline into total phospholipid and disaturated PC, 32–35 and 42–45% (P < 0.001), respectively. [U-14C]Glycerol incorporation was significantly higher after culture in prolactin containing medium: 30 and 40% higher into total phospholipid (P < 0.001) and 77 and 105% (P < 0.001) higher into phosphatidylglycerol — the second largest component of lung surfactant. Culture for 24 h with dexamethasone, followed by an additional 24 h with prolactin, led to a further increase in the incorporation of labeled choline and glycerol into surfactant phospholipids: choline incorporation into phospholipid and disaturated PC was 63 and 67% (P < 0.001) and 71 and 75% (P < 0.001), respectively, higher than control; glycerol incorporation was 60 and 72% (P < 0.001) and 192 and 322% (P < 0.001) higher into total phospholipid and phosphatidylglycerol, respectively, than controls. We conclude that: 1, Prolactin acts directly on the fetal rat lung by stimulating the synthesis of surfactant phospholipids. 2, Enhancement of the prolactin effect by dexamethasone is suggested by a further increase in lung phospholipid and disaturated PC levels as well as in the incorporation of surfactant precursors in the presence of both hormones.
An open, social microcalender for the enterprise: timely?

We present the system design and rational for a novel social microcalendar called Timely. Our system has been inspired by previous research on calendaring and popular social network applications, in particular microblogging. Timely provides an open, social space for enterprise users to share their events, socialize, and discover what else is going on in their network and beyond. A detailed analysis of the events shared by users during the site's first 47 days reveals that users willingly share their time commitments despite an existing culture of restricted calendars.
COSMIC RAY NEUTRONS, 1934-59

This is a largely personal account of the development of the study of the neutrons associated with the cosmic radiation during the first twenty five years. We shall refer to the work done since 1960 only briefly, where necessary to complete the logic. Post-1960 work has been reviewed by others elsewhere. The convenient stopping-date of this account comes just about at the termination of the International Geophysical Year 1957–58, which led to a great expansion of our knowledge in this field and to the establishment of the international chain of neutron monitors. The references in this work are cited as pertinent to the text. Many other persons have worked in this field, and the author hopes that those not cited, for reasons of economy of space, will not think that the author is not appreciative of their contributions.
Alpha particle spectroscopic strengths for levels populated in the 20,21,22Ne(6Li, d)24,25,26Mg reactions

Abstract The 20,21,22 Ne( 6 Li, d) 24,25,26 Mg reactions have been studied at a bombarding energy of 32 MeV. Alpha particle spectroscopic strengths have been extracted for several low-lying levels by a finite-range distorted wave analysis. These are compared with theoretical predictions. The agreement is good both for relative strengths to different levels within a nucleus and for ground-state strengths relative to the 16 O( 6 Li, d) result. Strengths calculated using eigen-functions determined in large shell-model computations agree well with pure symmetry SU(3) predictions. The 21 Ne( 6 Li, d) angular distributions for transitions to the ground-state band of 25 Mg are characterized by the lower of the two L -transfers allowed for populating each level. For the 3 + (5.24 MeV) unnatural parity level in 24 Mg, a two-step calculation gives a better account of the data than does a compound nuclear calculation.
An intercultural understanding of ablebodied and disabled persons' communication

Abstract Persons with a disability represent an oppressed minority. There are a number of barriers to their integration within mainstream society, but social barriers are probably the most difficult to overcome. To understand better the nature of these barriers, this paper explores ablebodied and disabled persons' communication as a form of intercultural communication. This was facilitated by an application of Rohrlich's three-tier model of intercultural communication, that is the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and systematic levels of intercultural communication. The paper concludes with implications of the model for organizing extant research and recommendations for the improvement of ablebodied/disabled communication.
Medicube: A 3D medical imaging architecture

Abstract A 3D medical imaging system, called the MediCube system, is described. This system supports the reconstruction, manipulation, analysis, and display of 3D volumetric medical images. The MediCube system is based upon the general-purpose voxel-based Cube architecture, which employs parallel memory and parallel processing to support real-time manipulation and display of voxel imagery. Primary applications for the MediCube system include medical diagnosis, surgical planning, radiation therapy, reconstructive surgery, medical education and research. Examples from an MRI study of the brain are presented.
Consequences of Negative Information on Perceptions of Facial Attractiveness

The present study assessed the effect of negative information on perception of attractiveness of smiling and nonsmiling targets by undergraduate men and women. Analysis indicated that smiling faces were rated more attractive than nonsmiling faces, consistent with previous research. There was a significant interaction of participants' sex and target description, in which women rated smiling faces less attractive after exposure to negative information about the target, but men rated smiling faces more attractive after exposure to negative information. Results are discussed in terms of an affective model of perception of people.
A DFT/MRCI study on the excited state charge transfer states of N-pyrrolobenzene, N-pyrrolobenzonitrile and 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile

The ground and excited state properties for the electron donor–acceptor systems N-pyrrolobenzene (PB), N-pyrrolobenzonitrile (PBN) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) are calculated using the DFT formalism for the ground state and a DFT/MRCI approach for the excited states. Solvent effects are roughly approximated by the Onsager model. A good agreement with experimental data is obtained for the ground state geometry, rotation barriers, and vertical excitation energies. PB fluoresces from an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state only in polar solvents whereas PBN shows ICT emission even in an apolar environment. A charge separated state can be formed in BP and BPN for all benzene–pyrrolo rotation angles due to a node at the contributing pyrrolo nitrogen molecular orbital (MO). This ICT state is stabilized for larger twist angles in polar solvent and for PB also in the gas phase. Thus, the red-shifted ICT band of all systems is assigned to emission out of a twisted ICT state. The normal fluorescence of locally excited (LE) character originates from the S1 minimum at planar geometry. The dual fluorescence of DMABN in slightly polar solvents can be explained by geometrical relaxation with increasing rotation but also the formation of a planar ICT state cannot be ruled out.
Twenty-year aging study of electrically conductive polypyrrole films

The stability of heterocyclic conjugated polymer films doped with various derivatives of arylsulfonates was investigated over a 20-year period. All polypyrrole films were polymerized electrochemically without special precautions to exclude air, placed into polyethylene pouches, and stored to preserve against extreme temperature changes and exposure to light. The electrical conductivity of these films has been shown to change no more than one order of magnitude over this long period of time suggesting polypyrroles doped with these anions do in fact provide an added benefit in producing relatively stable conductive polymer films.
Incorporation of fatty acids into swine liver microsomes.

Abstract The incorporation of [1- 14 C]oleic acid, elaidic acid, and stearic acid into lipids was studied in swine hepatic microsomes. The results showed these fatty acids were actively incorporated into phospholipids and neutral lipids. The incorporation of labeled fatty acids into phospholipids was markedly stimulated by the addition of glycerol-3-phosphate or lysophosphatidyl choline to the incubation medium. Considerable amounts of fatty acids were incorporated into triglycerides when glycerol-3-phosphate plus high-speed supernatant fraction (S 105 ) was added to the incubation medium, indicating the microsomal fraction requires the S 105 for optimum synthesis of triglycerides from glycerol-3-phosphate and fatty acids in swine liver microsomes. As compared to elaidic and stearic acid, however, more oleic acid was incorporated into microsomal phospholipids when glycerol-3-phosphate or lysophosphatidyl choline was added to the incubation medium. The esterification of oleic acid into the triglyceride fraction was higher than those of elaidic and stearic acids in the presence of glycerol-3-phosphate plus S 105 . All three fatty acids were incorporated predominantly into the phosphatidyl-choline fraction. As compared to elaidic acid and stearic acid, more oleic acid was recovered in the phosphatidyl-choline fraction. A relatively high percentage of total activity of elaidic acid was found in the phosphatidyl-ethanolamine fraction. When lysophosphatidyl choline was used as the fatty-acid acceptor, most of the labeled fatty acids were recovered in the phosphatidyl-choline fraction.
Metallic glasses: Must shear bands be hot?

Knowing the temperature rise in shear bands with high spatial and temporal resolution is important for the development of materials with improved mechanical properties.
Clinical Presentation and Disease Characteristics of Femoroacetabular Impingement Are Sex-Dependent

Background: Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is generally described as being more common in males, with pincer-type FAI being more common in females. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex on FAI subtype, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and intraoperative findings in patients with symptomatic FAI. Methods: We compared cohorts of fifty consecutive male and fifty consecutive female patients who were undergoing surgery for symptomatic FAI. Detailed information regarding clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and intraoperative pathology was recorded prospectively and analyzed. FAI subtype was classified on the basis of clinical diagnosis and radiographic evaluation. Results: Female patients had significantly greater disability at presentation, as measured with use of the modified Harris hip score (mHHS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), and the SF-12 (12-Item Short Form Health Survey) physical function subscore (all p ≤ 0.02), despite a significantly lower UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) activity score (p = 0.03). Female patients had greater hip motion (flexion and internal rotation and external rotation in 90° of flexion; all p ≤ 0.003) and less severe cam-type morphologies (a mean maximum alpha angle of 57.6° compared with 70.8° for males; p < 0.001). Males were significantly more likely to have advanced acetabular cartilage lesions (56% of males compared with 24% of females; p = 0.001) and larger labral tears with more posterior extension of these abnormalities (p < 0.02). Males were more likely than females to have mixed-type FAI and thus a component of pincer-type FAI (combined-type FAI) (62% of males compared with 32% of females; p = 0.003). Conclusions: We found distinct, sex-dependent disease patterns in patients with symptomatic FAI. Females had more profound symptomatology and milder morphologic abnormalities, while males had a higher activity level, larger morphologic abnormalities, more common combined-type FAI morphologies, and more extensive intra-articular disease. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
From student hard drive to web corpus (part 1): the design, compilation and genre classification of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP)

In this paper, we provide a detailed account of the steps that were central to designing and compiling the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP). MICUSP is a new collection of 829 papers (around 2.6 million words) written by University of Michigan students in their final undergraduate year or in their first three years of graduate education. The papers come from sixteen disciplines, ranging from Humanities and Arts to Physical Sciences, and represent a range of different text types. In this paper, we offer an overview of the design of MICUSP, the online submission process used to collect papers, and the text-type classification of the papers.
Effect of ethanol on motor activity of the colon in the rat

The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of oral and intravenous ethanol on both resting and neostigmine-induced motor activity of the colon in the rat. Recording assemblies were implanted in the proximal and distal colon in a chronic preparation. On separate days, 2 ml of normal saline or the same volume of 10% or 25% ethanol was introduced intravenously or into the stomach. Colon motor activity was recorded at resting and after intravenous injection of 0.07 mg/kg neostigmine. Ethanol decreased the number and amplitude of the contractions. This effect occurred within a few minutes after administration of ethanol and lasted for the entire recording period of 30 min. Both concentrations of ethanol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the motility index of the colon. Injection of neostigmine was signified by a substantial rise in colon motor activity which was significantly inhibited by administration of ethanol. These studies indicate that ethanol, within the human legal intoxication range, inhibits the resting and neostimine-induced motor activity in the rat colon.
A Double-Edged Sword Race, Daily Family Support Exchanges, and Daily Well-Being

This study contributes to research on race and family ties by exploring racial differences in the direct effects of family support exchanges on daily well-being and the extent to which family support buffers/exacerbates stressor reactivity. African Americans and European Americans aged 34 to 84 years (N = 1,931) from the National Study of Daily Experiences reported on family support exchanges (i.e., support received/support provided), daily stressors, and negative affect during 8 days of telephone interviews. On a daily basis, receiving family support was not associated with well-being, whereas providing family support was associated with compromised well-being among African Americans. As expected, receiving family support buffered reactivity to daily tensions for both races, whereas providing emotional support to family exacerbated African Americans’ reactivity to daily tensions. Together, our findings suggest that even after considering the benefits of receiving family support, providing family support ...
Anharmonic force constants of water

Abstract The observed vibrational energies and rotational constants have been used in a least-squares determination of the force constants in the general quartic force field of the isolated water molecule. The force constants have been examined in the formalism proposed by M achida and O verend and attempts have been made to simplify the potential function in order to develop a model with general applicability to bent triatomic molecules.
“Girls Don’t Propose! Ew.”: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Marriage Tradition Preferences and Benevolent Sexism in Emerging Adults

Thematic analysis was used to explore how emerging adults explained their preferences for two marriage traditions: marriage proposals and surname changes. Quantitative analyses were subsequently us...
New polynuclear compounds of iron(II) chloride with oxygen donor ligands Part I. Fe4Cl8(THF)6: synthesis and a single crystal X-ray structure determination

Abstract A new polynuclear compound of Fe(II) chloride with oxygen donor ligands has been isolated as a colorless crystalline solid, Fe4Cl8(THF)6 (1), by the reaction of FeCl3 and Fe in THF. 1 consists of centrosymmetric, tetranuclear molecules with two different types of Fe atoms, two (Fe(1) and Fe(1)′) in trigonal bipyramidal environments and the others (Fe(2) and Fe(2)′) in octahedral environments. Each trigonal bipyramidally coordinated iron atom is linked through doubly- and triply-shared chlorine atoms to an iron atom in an octahedral environment. The magnetic moment of 1, per iron atom, at room temperature is 5.40 BM, which is a reasonable value for high spin Fe2+. The Fe…Fe distances are 3.656(1) and 3.750(1) A for Fe(1)…Fe(2) and Fe(2)…Fe(2)′, respectively. The order of FeCl distances, Fe(μ3-Cl)>Fe(μ2-Cl)>FeClt is as expected. The FeClt distance is 2.244(1) ]A, the Fe(μ2-Cl) distances are 2.355(1)–2.488(2) A and the Fe(μ3-Cl) distances are 2.506(1)–2.737(1) A. The average FeO distance is 2.135(9) A. Crystallographic data: 1, triclinic, space group P 1 , a = 10.607(2), b = 10.993(3), c = 10.038(2) A, α = 111.84(3)°, β = 98.28(3)°, γ = 63.18(3) °, V = 969.2(6) A3, Z = 1, R = 0.048 (Rw = 0.069) for 188 parameters and 2616 unique data having Fo2>3σ(Fo2).
Mechanisms of target-cell specific short-term plasticity at Schaffer collateral synapses onto interneurones versus pyramidal cells in juvenile rats

Although it is presynaptic, short-term plasticity has been shown at some synapses to depend upon the postsynaptic cell type. Previous studies have reported conflicting results as to whether Schaffer collateral axons have target-cell specific short-term plasticity. Here we investigate in detail the short-term dynamics of Schaffer collateral excitatory synapses onto CA1 stratum radiatum interneurones versus pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices from juvenile rats. In response to three stimulus protocols that invoke different forms of short-term plasticity, we find differences in some but not all forms of presynaptic short-term plasticity, and heterogeneity in the short term plasticity of synapses onto interneurones. Excitatory synapses onto the majority of interneurones had less paired-pulse facilitation than synapses onto pyramidal cells across a range of interpulse intervals (20–200 ms). Unlike synapses onto pyramidal cells, synapses onto most interneurones had very little facilitation in response to short high-frequency trains of five pulses at 5, 10 and 20 Hz, and depressed during trains at 50 Hz. However, the amount of high-frequency depression was not different between synapses onto pyramidal cells versus the majority of interneurones at steady state during 2–10 Hz trains. In addition, a small subset of interneurones (approximately 15%) had paired-pulse depression rather than paired-pulse facilitation, showed only depression in response to the high-frequency five pulse trains, and had more steady-state high-frequency depression than synapses onto pyramidal cells or the majority of interneurones. To investigate possible mechanisms for these differences in short-term plasticity, we developed a mechanistic mathematical model of neurotransmitter release that explicitly explores the contributions to different forms of short-term plasticity of the readily releasable vesicle pool size, release probability per vesicle, calcium-dependent facilitation, synapse inactivation following release, and calcium-dependent recovery from inactivation. Our model fits the responses of each of the three cell groups to the three different stimulus protocols with only two parameters that differ with cell group. The model predicts that the differences in short-term plasticity between synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells and stratum radiatum interneurones are due to a higher initial release probability per vesicle and larger readily releasable vesicle pool size at synapses onto interneurones, resulting in a higher initial release probability. By measuring the rate of block of NMDA receptors by the open channel blocker MK-801, we confirmed that the initial release probability is greater at synapses onto interneurones versus pyramidal cells. This provides a mechanism by which both the initial strength and the short-term dynamics of Schaffer collateral excitatory synapses are regulated by their postsynaptic target cell.
Where and When Was Democracy Invented

Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy made explicit an influential but usually unstated principle for comparative political sociology. In his search for the social sources of different sorts of political systems, Moore devoted chapters to revolutionary or quasi-revolutionary upheavals in England, France, the United States, Japan, China, and India. He did not feel it equally important to consider the history of democracy in Scandinavia, the Low Countries, or Switzerland (not to mention Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). The lesser players on the world stage, buffeted by the prestigious ideologies of the greater players, tied to the latter's economies and sometimes assaulted by their armies, are less rewarding as research sites for comparativists looking for distinct national “cases” to test their ideas. Small, weaker powers are not, in this reasoning, independent cases of anything. One presumes the same logic led Moore to include only third world giants like China and India and not the many other countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Characteristically, it is Germany and Russia that Moore regards as the most significant cases of democratic failure omitted from his study: not Spain or Italy, let alone Bolivia or Burma.Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. xi–xiii. Moore went on to tackle the missing German case in Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1978) and, more briefly, the Russian in Authority and Inequality Under Capitalism and Socialism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987). In many a theory of “modernization,” England—or England and France—have been taken as prototypes or paradigmatic cases, and the broad outlines of their histories are therefore far more likely to have entered the education of American sociologists than the histories of other places in Europe or beyond. Sometimes the presumed centrality of one or more of these cases is made explicit, sometimes not.
[Comment on “NASA big winner in budget” by M. Mulhall] Planetary research loses

The news story “NASA Big Winner in Budget” (Eos, March 6, 1990, p. 315) is misleading, especially since it is printed in a publication that chiefly addresses scientists. One can imagine that the 24% increase in the budget of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration benefits someone, but that certainly does not include working planetary research scientists. The article says that the budget “contains healthy increases for most activities.” Seeing the apparent increase in the Research and Analysis (R&A) line-item for Planetary Exploration (from $70.6 to $89.5 million between Fiscal Year 1990 and FY 1991), one might think that planetary research will suddenly benefit after a decade of erosion and decline. But that is not true.
Graphene Oxide as an Enzyme Inhibitor: Modulation of Activity of α-Chymotrypsin

We have investigated the efficacy of graphene oxide (GO) in modulating enzymatic activity. Specifically, we have shown that GO can act as an artificial receptor and inhibit the activity of α-chymotrypsin (ChT), a serine protease. Most significantly, our data demonstrate that GO exhibits the highest inhibition dose response (by weight) for ChT inhibition compared with all other reported artificial inhibitors. Through fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies, we have shown that this protein–receptor interaction is highly biocompatible and conserves the protein’s secondary structure over extended periods (>24 h). We have also explored GO–enzyme interactions by controlling the ionic strength of the medium, which attenuates the host–guest electrostatic interactions. These findings suggest a new generation of enzymatic inhibitors that can be applied to other complex proteins by systematic modification of the GO functionality.
Selection of stimulus parameters for deep brain stimulation

Abstract Objective : To provide an analysis of stimulation parameters for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods : Synthesis of theoretical and empirical findings is used to provide guidance for the selection of stimulus parameters. Finite element modeling is used to investigate the effects of contact location and electrode geometry on the electric field, and to estimate the effects of current density distribution on the limit for non-damaging stimulation. Results : Anatomical targeting of DBS electrodes is complicated by the uncertainty of which neural elements are targeted and differences in the electric field distribution in fiber tracts and nuclei. Electrical targeting by selection of electrode geometry and stimulus waveform can alter the distribution of the electric field and control neural activation. The recommended charge density limit for DBS represents a liberal estimate for non-damaging stimulation. Short duration stimulus pulses reduce charge injection and increase the therapeutic window between therapeutic effects and side effects. Conclusions : There are several challenges to developing rational methods of selecting stimulus parameters including a large number of degrees of freedom, the unknown effects of stimulation, and the complexity of the responses. Significance : Understanding the fundamentals of electrical stimulation of the nervous system enables rational selection of stimulus parameters.
Isothermal gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of carbamazepine ("tegretol") as its TMS derivative

A rapid, simple isothermal gas chromatographic (GC) method for the quantitation of carbamazepine ("Tegretol") in serum as its trimethylsilyl derivative has been developed. A single chloroform extraction using 1.0 ml of serum, a 10-min derivatization step, and analysis on a 3% OV-1 (methyl silicone) GC column gives a linear response to a carbamazepine concentration up to 25 mg/liter. A non-drug internal standard (tetracosane) compensates for variables in extraction, injection, and instrumental changes occurring during analysis. This method was found to be free of interferences from endogenous substances in the serum, as well as from toxic concentrations of commonly used drugs. Day-to-day precision at concentration levels of 2, 5, and 10 mg/liter ranged from 2.9 to 4.4% (CV). Standard addition studies of carbamazepine added to serum resulted in a mean recovery of 95%. To ensure accurate results, all standards were prepared in serum.
How important are American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores when applying for fellowships?

Background The American Board of Surgery In-Training examination (ABSITE) first was administered in 1975 to evaluate a resident's general knowledge as well as the deficiencies within the resident and surgical program. The added importance of this examination in recent years stems from a correlation between ABSITE performance and performance on the American Board of Surgery qualifying examination. However, data are lacking in regard to how fellowship programs view ABSITE scores when considering applicants. Thus, this study was initiated to determine the importance of the ABSITE for surgical residents applying to fellowships. Study Design Program coordinators and directors of various surgical fellowships were sent a short survey in regard to the ABSITE. The data then were analyzed. Results One hundred forty-eight surveys were completed, with 74.8% of the programs ranking the importance of ABSITE scores as 3 or 4 (on a scale of 1 through 5). Most programs (78.9%) reported no minimum percentile requirement. Those that did required a mean percentile of 54.4. Of the programs, 57.8% placed a greater emphasis on the senior examination versus the junior examination (p = 0.06). When compared with other application factors, the ABSITE score ranked 3rd behind letters of recommendation and a candidate's residency program. Colon and rectal surgery placed the highest importance on ABSITE scores, whereas transplant surgery placed the lowest importance. Conclusion The ABSITE score is an important factor for residents applying to surgical fellowship; however, more weight is given to candidates' letters of recommendation and his or her residency program. Applicants should aim to score above the 50th percentile to be competitive for most fellowship programs.