cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An oxidation and adsorption reaction for differentiating the endodermis and the collenchyma.

A method is presented for a study of the endodermis and collenchyma in vascular plants. The method is useful in histologically isolating these tissues, particularly where the accepted anatomical features and the usual staining reactions are not definitive. The exclusive oxidation of the leuco (reduced) form of common redox indicators to the oxidized and colored form by the endodermis may be induced by treating fresh free-hand or freezing microtome sections with various alkaline salts at pH 8.5 to 9.0. Placing sections in sodium borate or sodium selenite induces an immediate oxidation of a tincture of gum guaiac in the endodermis and after several minutes a gradual and weak oxidation in the collenchyma. Addition of glycerol to sections which show oxidation in the endodermis induces a localized adsorption of the oxidized indicator in the collenchyma. The endodermis and the collenchyma may be differentiated best by oxidation and adsorption respectively by means of sodium selenite, guaiac and glycerol in the ...
Mining Privacy Goals from Privacy Policies Using Hybridized Task Recomposition

Privacy policies describe high-level goals for corporate data practices; regulators require industries to make available conspicuous, accurate privacy policies to their customers. Consequently, software requirements must conform to those privacy policies. To help stakeholders extract privacy goals from policies, we introduce a semiautomated framework that combines crowdworker annotations, natural language typed dependency parses, and a reusable lexicon to improve goal-extraction coverage, precision, and recall. The framework evaluation consists of a five-policy corpus governing web and mobile information systems, yielding an average precision of 0.73 and recall of 0.83. The results show that no single framework element alone is sufficient to extract goals; however, the overall framework compensates for elemental limitations. Human annotators are highly adaptive at discovering annotations in new texts, but those annotations can be inconsistent and incomplete; dependency parsers lack sophisticated, tacit knowledge, but they can perform exhaustive text search for prospective requirements indicators; and while the lexicon may never completely saturate, the lexicon terms can be reliably used to improve recall. Lexical reuse reduces false negatives by 41p, increasing the average recall to 0.85. Last, crowd workers were able to identify and remove false positives by around 80p, which improves average precision to 0.93.
Follicular Dendritic Cells and Dendritic Cell Nomenclature

In the 10 years since the last nomenclature committee on dendritic cells met (Tew, Thorbecke and Steinman, J. Reticuloendothelial Society 31:371, 1982), considerable evidence has accumulated supporting the concept that Langerhans cells, interdigitating cells, and veiled cells are the same cell in different stages of maturation. It also appears that the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) is quite different from these dendritic cells. In short, it seems to me that we are dealing with two distinct dendritic cell types and that this concept should be clearly stated. I have a suggestion on how this might be done in Table 1. The designation “T cell associated dendritic cell” or “B cell associated dendritic cell” in Table 1 does not mean to imply that these interactions are absolute and exclusive. Rather, it is clear that one type of dendritic cells typically interacts with T cells and the other typically interacts with B cells.
Incidental Carcinoma of the Prostate: a Review of the Literature and Critical Reappraisal of Classification

AbstractThe problem in treating incidental carcinoma of the prostate is that of distinguishing between tumors that will have a long, benign natural history and those that will progress rapidly. A review of the English literature concerning incidental prostatic carcinoma reveals that patients with focal low grade tumors have a good prognosis, while patients with high grade lesions often suffer rapid tumor progression. By contrast, the clinical significance of high volume, low grade tumor is unknown. A method has been developed to evaluate the distribution of prostatic cancer using 4-quadrant transurethral prostatic resection. A detailed method for staging these cancers based on a comprehensive, segmental histopathological analysis also is presented. A precise definition of the stages of prostatic cancer should eventually improve our understanding of the natural history of this disease
Understanding the morphological variation in the formation of B4C via carbothermal reduction reaction

Abstract Despite the relatively successful effort for the synthesis of fine boron carbide (B4C) powders, very little is known about the underlying interrelationships between processing, compositions and the resulting product morphology for B4C formation via the carbothermal reduction reaction (CTR) process. In this paper, B4C, including uniform submicron powders, were synthesized using CTR of finely mixed boron trioxide and carbon obtained from low-cost water-soluble precursors. To understand the aforementioned interrelationships and to better control product morphology, the effects of factors such as CTR thermal profile, CTR atmosphere and precursors on product phase purity and morphology were systematically studied. Among all the factors, it was found that CTR temperature, along with total reaction time, plays a dominant role in determining the morphology of B4C products. Such observation was understood by analysis of CTR reaction kinetics and comparing it with microstructural evolution: significant non-uniformity in B4C product morphology arises from the competition between nucleation and growth at low to intermediate CTR temperatures (e.g., ~1150–1450 °C) while highly uniform submicron or nano B4C products result from very fast nucleation at high CTR temperatures (e.g., ≥~1750 °C) within a few minutes or even seconds.
From Here to There, Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells Are Everywhere in Lung Vascular Remodeling.

The field of stem cell biology, cell therapy and regenerative medicine has expanded almost exponentially in the last decade. Clinical trials are evaluating the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in many adult and pediatric lung diseases with vascular component, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive research activity is exploring lung resident and circulating progenitor cells and their contribution to vascular complications of chronic lung diseases, and researchers hope to use resident or circulating stem/progenitor cells to treat chronic lung diseases and their vascular complications. It is becoming more and more clear that progress in mechanobiology will help to understand the various influences of physical forces and extracellular matrix composition on the phenotype and features of the progenitor cells and stem cells. The current review provides an overview of current concepts in the field.
Modern Technical Approaches in Hepatic Surgery for Colorectal Metastases

The liver is the most common site of metastases from colorectal cancer and can present as synchronous or metachronous lesions. Successful, margin-negative resection of all liver metastases is associated with significant long-term survival, but was traditionally possible in only a minority of patients. Due to advances in multimodality systemic therapy, improved understanding of tumor biology, and new advances in technical and procedural strategies, a greater number of patients are eligible for resection and potential cure. The purpose of this report is to review the technical advances in liver resection for patients with colorectal liver metastases.
CT pulmonary angiography of adult pulmonary vascular diseases: Technical considerations and interpretive pitfalls

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has become the primary imaging modality for evaluating the pulmonary arteries. Although pulmonary embolism is the primary indication for CTPA, various pulmonary vascular abnormalities can be detected in adults. Knowledge of these disease entities and understanding technical pitfalls that can occur when performing CTPA are essential to enable accurate diagnosis and allow timely management. This review will cover a spectrum of acquired abnormalities including pulmonary embolism due to thrombus and foreign bodies, primary and metastatic tumor involving the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension, as well as pulmonary artery aneurysms and stenoses. Additionally, methods to overcome technical pitfalls and interventional treatment options will be addressed.
A Pyrosequencing-Based Approach to High-Throughput Identification of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Clades Harboring Antigenic Drift Variants

The rapid evolution of influenza A(H3N2) viruses necessitates close monitoring of their antigenic properties so the emergence and spread of antigenic drift variants can be rapidly identified. Changes in hemagglutinin (HA) acquired by contemporary A(H3N2) viruses hinder antigenic characterization by traditional methods, thus complicating vaccine strain selection. Sequence-based approaches have been used to infer virus antigenicity; however, they are time consuming and mid-throughput. To facilitate virological surveillance and epidemiological studies, we developed and validated a pyrosequencing approach that enables identification of six HA clades of contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. The identification scheme of viruses of the H3 clades 3C.2, 3C.2a, 3C.2b, 3C.3, 3C.3a, and 3C.3b is based on the interrogation of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three neighboring HA regions, namely 412 to 431, 465 to 481, and 559 to 571. Two bioinformatics tools, IdentiFire (Qiagen) and FireComb (developed in-house), were utilized to expedite pyrosequencing data analysis. The assay's analytical sensitivity was 10 focus forming units, and respiratory specimens with threshold cycle (CT) values of <34 typically produced good quality pyrograms. When applied to 120 A(H3N2) virus isolates and 27 respiratory specimens, the assay displayed 100% agreement with clades determined by HA sequencing coupled with phylogenetics. The multi-SNP analysis described here was readily adopted by another laboratory with pyrosequencing capabilities. The implementation of this approach enhanced the findings from virological surveillance and epidemiological studies between 2013 and 2016, which examined more than 3,000 A(H3N2) viruses.
Task Allocation of Wasps Governed by Common Stomach: A Model Based on Electric Circuits.

Simple regulatory mechanisms based on the idea of the saturable ‘common stomach’ can control the regulation of construction behavior and colony-level responses to environmental perturbations in Metapolybia wasp societies. We mapped the different task groups to mutual inductance electrical circuits and used Kirchoff’s basic voltage laws to build a model that uses master equations from physics, yet is able to provide strong predictions for this complex biological phenomenon. Similar to real colonies, independently of the initial conditions, the system shortly sets into an equilibrium, which provides optimal task allocation for a steady construction, depending on the influx of accessible water. The system is very flexible and in the case of perturbations, it reallocates its workforce and adapts to the new situation with different equilibrium levels. Similar to the finding of field studies, decreasing any task groups caused decrease of construction; increasing or decreasing water inflow stimulated or reduced the work of other task groups while triggering compensatory behavior in water foragers. We also showed that only well connected circuits are able to produce adequate construction and this agrees with the finding that this type of task partitioning only exists in larger colonies. Studying the buffer properties of the common stomach and its effect on the foragers revealed that it provides stronger negative feedback to the water foragers, while the connection between the pulp foragers and the common stomach has a strong fixed-point attractor, as evidenced by the dissipative trajectory.
Where to Educate Rachel Holland? Does Least Restrictive Environment Mean No Restrictions?.

questions have long been a part of the discussion about the appropriate role of public education in our society. Since the rise of the "one best system" of public education, the questions have been the subject of much dialogue, debate, and policy making. During the last fifty years, a fourth question has been added to those three: Where shall the student be educated? Separate but equal schools, desegregated schools, neighborhood schools, special schools, and magnet schools have been some of the answers to that question. In the past, that matter of where a child will be educated has been a civil rights issue. Recently, a new dimension of the issue has emerged-that is, whether to include students with disabilities in the regular class or to educate them in a more restricted environment. This question has divided the educational community as well as the broader community. As with other important questions, the debate has produced much heat and has seen the various antagonists turn to the courts for support of their positions. Determining the appropriate educational environment for students with special education needs can be problematic. Consider the case of Rachel Holland, who has a tested IQ of 44. Rachel was born in 1982, and from 1985 to 1989, she attended a variety of special education programs in the Sacramento City School District in California. During these four years, Rachel spent approximately one hour a day in a regular classroom. Her parents constantly tried to convince the school district to increase the amount of
Parenting Practices that can Prevent or Reduce Childhood Obesity

Overweight in children is more prevalent than ever before. What can parents do to try to promote health and prevent obesity in their own children? The present paper reviews research related to parenting and childhood obesity. The review describes what food-related parenting practices may be helpful: modeling healthy eating behaviors, making time for family meals, making sure healthy food is available and accessible, becoming aware of appropriate portion sizes, encouraging children to eat breakfast, and limiting soda and fast food intake. The paper also discusses food-related parenting practices that may not work to help prevent obesity: pressure to eat, food rewards, restriction, permissiveness, and modeling of unhealthy eating behaviors. Additional parenting practices such as supporting and engaging in physical activity, encouraging an adequate amount of sleep, and limiting television and other screen-media may also help children to maintain healthy weights. Suggestions are also given for professionals working with youth.
Traleika Glacier

The Traleika Glacier architecture, targeted at exascale hardware, is proposed.A task-based runtime system, the Open Community Runtime is presented.The experience of co-designing hardware and software for exascale is described. The move from current petascale machines to future exascale machines will need both hardware improvements and software changes. Hardware will need to evolve to focus primarily on features that lower energy consumption: near-threshold voltage operation, fine-grained power and clock management and heterogeneity. Software will also need to evolve and be able to express more parallelism, become more dynamic and adaptable in order to be able to operate on a much more variable hardware.In this paper, we present Traleika Glacier, an effort that seeks to evaluate radical design changes to meet the constraints, both in terms of power and cost, of exascale computing. The salient features of the hardware design presented in the work include a) a use of heterogeneous cores, b) a redesign of the memory system that centers around hierarchical scratchpads and a global address space, c) the hardware acceleration of certain memory and network operations through specialized engines and, d) very fine-grained control and monitoring capabilities. On the software side, we describe a task-based runtime system, the Open Community Runtime (OCR) which aims to express a wide range of higher-level programming models with a very limited set of core concepts: event-driven tasks for computation, events for synchronization and relocatable data-blocks for data management.
AlN/GaN Digital Alloy for Mid- and Deep-Ultraviolet Optoelectronics

The AlN/GaN digital alloy (DA) is a superlattice-like nanostructure formed by stacking ultra-thin ( ≤ 4 monolayers) AlN barriers and GaN wells periodically. Here we performed a comprehensive study on the electronics and optoelectronics properties of the AlN/GaN DA for mid- and deep-ultraviolet (UV) applications. Our numerical analysis indicates significant miniband engineering in the AlN/GaN DA by tuning the thicknesses of AlN barriers and GaN wells, so that the effective energy gap can be engineered from ~3.97 eV to ~5.24 eV. The band structure calculation also shows that the valence subbands of the AlN/GaN DA is properly rearranged leading to the heavy-hole (HH) miniband being the top valence subband, which results in the desired transverse-electric polarized emission. Furthermore, our study reveals that the electron-hole wavefunction overlaps in the AlN/GaN DA structure can be remarkably enhanced up to 97% showing the great potential of improving the internal quantum efficiency for mid- and deep-UV device application. In addition, the optical absorption properties of the AlN/GaN DA are analyzed with wide spectral coverage and spectral tunability in mid- and deep-UV regime. Our findings suggest the potential of implementing the AlN/GaN DA as a promising active region design for high efficiency mid- and deep-UV device applications.
Case Study: Online Continuing Education for New Librarians

Continuing education is vital for new librarians to gain skills and knowledge beyond library school. Professional development offered free in an online environment is often the best option for stay...
Restructuring the NSA Metadata Program

During the Summer of 2013, it was revealed through the documents leaked by Edward Snowden that the NSA was collecting the metadata of every US-to-foreign, foreign-to-US and US-to-US call from the largest US telephone providers. This led to public outcry and to President Obama calling for the restructuring of this program. The options initially considered included keeping the data at the providers, entrusting the data to a private entity, entrusting the data to a non-NSA government agency or ending the program all-together.
Most and least helpful events in three supervision modalities

The authors conducted a content analysis of supervisors’ (n = 10) and supervisees’ (n = 31) descriptions (n = 707) of most and least helpful significant events in individual, group, and triadic supervision across 1 semester. Categories by group for each modality and areas of agreement and disagreement are highlighted.
Cross validation of observations from GPM dual-frequnecy precipitation radar with S-band ground radar measurents over the Dallas — Fort worth region

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Observatory is equipped with a dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) operating at frequency channel of 13.6 GHz (Ku-band) and 35.5 GHz (Ka-band). GPM-DPR's simultaneous observations at these two frequencies are compared and cross validated against measurements from ground based dual polarized radar located at Dallas — Fort Worth, USA and operated by the National Weather Service (NWS). Direct comparison between the space based and ground based platform is not straight forward due to difference in observation resolution volume and viewing geometry. In order to facilitate comparison, in this paper, a volume matching technique has been applied to resample the data to a common coordinate. Comparison studies of measurements such as radar reflectivity and radar rainfall rate are done and evaluated quantitatively.
IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immune complex disease associated with viral infections. Circulating virus antibody (V-Ab) immune complexes are probably a common phenomenon and exist whenever a host mounts an antibody response against an infecting agent. The relationship of immune complex glomerulonephritis, arteritis, and choroiditis in experimentally and naturally occurring chronic virus infections of animals suggests that equivalent disorders of man may arise from similar kinds of etiologic agents, that is, those agents that can persist, supply continuous amounts of macromolecular antigens and initiate a host immune response. The host's ability to respond to various viral molecular antigens may be under genetic control. Immune response genes could influence the ability of the host to respond either with a high titer of high affinity antibody that clears virus resulting in one-shot immune complex deposits or with a low amount of antibodies with mixed or weak affinity that allows a better chance for continuous circulating immune complexes.
A View of the Need and Technologies for in-Process Materials Property Evaluation

The productivity of industry from basic production of raw metallic shapes through fabrication of components and manufacture of multi-component structures would be greatly enhanced by constant and thorough interrogation of the relevant properties of the material. However, even though great strides have been made in interrogation technologies, for example, nondestructive detection of cracks and voids in components, sparse practical progress has been made in nondestructive interrogation for material property measurement. Advancements in this field will be of great benefit, but the lack of broadly multi-disciplinary and multi-technique research has been lacking. Further, the need and possibilities of success of broader approaches seem ripe for exploitation. This paper is concerned with the need and application of techniques for nondestructive, in-process measurement of metallic properties. The investigation has reviewed a broad spectrum of interrogating energies, means to apply them, the effect of the energy on the propagating media (metallic component), and the effect of various types of metallic media on the propagating energy. Several systems consisting of a combination of technologies have been identified as promising and one concept of teamed techniques will be described.
Characterization of Best Approximations

We give a characterization theorem for best approximations from convex sets. This result will prove useful over and over again throughout the book. Indeed, it will be the basis for every characterization theorem that we give. The notion of a dual cone plays an essential role in this characterization. In the particular case where the convex set is a subspace, we obtain the familiar orthogonality condition, which for finite-dimensional subspaces reduces to a linear system of equations called the “normal equations.” When an orthonormal basis of a (finite or infinite-dimensional) subspace is available, the problem of finding best approximations is greatly simplified. The Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure for constructing an orthonormal basis from a given basis is described. An application of the characterization theorem is given to determine best approximations from a translate of a convex cone. Finally, the first three problems stated in Chapter 1 are completely solved.
Laser FM spectroscopy with photochemical modulation

We have combined the techniques of frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS) and photochemical-modulation spectroscopy to carry out high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption measurements on the formyl and amino radicals. Using the (0,90, 0)-(0,01, 0) band of theA,2A″-\(\tilde X\),2A′ transition of HCO at 614 nm, we obtained a sensitivity limit for absorption of 1.5×10−6. Reconstructed spectra of several HCO lines are presented.
Abstract 852: Specificity of PSMA-617 radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a biomarker that is overexpressed on prostate cancer as well as on the neovasculature of many non-prostate solid tumors. Lately, several small molecular PSMA binding ligands chelated to various radionuclides have been studied for imaging and treatment of prostate cancer lesions. One such clinically tested agent is PSMA-617, a DOTA derivative of a PSMA-specific targeting ligand. In our hands, radiochemical yields of PSMA-617 labeled with either 177Lu (β emitter) or 225Ac (α emitter) were greater than 97%. Binding experiments with 177Lu and 225Ac chelates of PSMA-617 and D-Glu PSMA-617 (a predicted non-PSMA binding, D-glutamic acid isomer of PSMA-617) were performed using the PSMA-positive, 22RV1 cell line. PSMA-617, was found to bind in a concentration dependent manner with very high affinity, whereas the cellular association of D-Glu PSMA-617 was found to be > 60-fold lower. The in vivo biodistribution of these two agents were investigated in BALB/c nu/nu mice bearing subcutaneous 22RV1 xenografts. Organ distribution revealed specific PSMA-617 uptake in the 22RV1 tumors and the PSMA+ kidneys, while the uptake of D-Glu PSMA-617 remained near background in both of these tissues. Different from tumor, PSMA-617 exhibited a rapid clearance from the kidneys to yield a high tumor-to-background contrast (tumor:blood = 300; tumor:muscle = 290; and tumor:kidney = 15) at 24 h post dose. Complementary antitumor activity studies were performed with 225Ac-labeled PSMA-617. Here, significant tumor growth inhibition was observed without detectable hematologic or renal toxicity to the mice. These data provide additional support for a phase 3 prospective trial currently being planned to evaluate 177Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic PSMA+ prostate cancers, along with the continued clinical investigation of 225Ac-PSMA-617 in a similar patient population. Citation Format: Joseph A. Reddy, Melissa Nelson, LeCun Xu, Elaine Westrick, Marilynn Vetzel, Leroy Wheeler, Albert Felten, Hari Santhapuram, Iontcho Vlahov, Christopher P. Leamon. Specificity of PSMA-617 radiotherapy for prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 852.
Frequency-resolved analysis of coherent oscillations of local cerebral blood volume, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy, and systemic arterial pressure in healthy human subjects.

We report a study on twenty-two healthy human subjects of the dynamic relationship between cerebral hemoglobin concentration ([HbT]), measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the prefrontal cortex, and systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP), measured with finger plethysmography. [HbT] is a measure of local cerebral blood volume (CBV). We induced hemodynamic oscillations at discrete frequencies in the range 0.04–0.20 Hz with cyclic inflation and deflation of pneumatic cuffs wrapped around the subject’s thighs. We modeled the transfer function of ABP and [HbT] in terms of effective arterial (K(a)) and venous (K(v)) compliances, and a cerebral autoregulation time constant (τ(AR)). The mean values (± standard errors) of these parameters across the twenty-two subjects were K(a) = 0.01 ± 0.01 μM/mmHg, K(v) = 0.09 ± 0.05 μM/mmHg, and τ(AR) = 2.2 ± 1.3 s. Spatially resolved measurements in a subset of eight subjects reveal a spatial variability of these parameters that may exceed the inter-subject variability at a set location. This study sheds some light onto the role that ABP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) play in the dynamics of [HbT] measured with NIRS, and paves the way for new non-invasive optical studies of cerebral blood flow and cerebral autoregulation.
Exploring the treatment integrity of virtual reality-based social skills training for children with high-functioning autism

This mixed-method study explored the treatment integrity of virtual reality (VR)-based social skill training for children with high-functioning autism (HFA). In this study, we designed a VR-based s...
The Health Consequences of Weak Regulation: Evidence from Excess Emissions in Texas

Excess emissions are air pollution releases that exceed permitted levels and occur during facility start-ups, shutdowns, or malfunctions. While they are violations of the federal Clean Air Act, states have historically granted violating facilities automatic exemptions; limiting enforcement and weakening existing regulation. Recent efforts to harmonize state and federal rules have ignited debate surrounding optimal excess emissions regulation. Using Texas data from 2002-2017, we show robust evidence on the costs of excess emissions. We find that excess emissions increase harmful nearby pollution and elderly mortality, and are responsible for over $250 million in annual damages in Texas alone.
Metabolomic Profiling of Adherent Mammalian Cells In Situ by LAESI-MS with Ion Mobility Separation

Ambient ionization-based mass spectrometry (MS) methods coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS) have emerged as promising approaches for high-throughput in situ analysis for biomedical to environmental applications. These methods are capable of direct profiling and molecular imaging of metabolites, lipids, peptides, and xenobiotics from biological tissues with minimal sample preparation. Furthermore, employing IMS within the workflow improves the molecular coverage, resolves isobaric species, and improves biomolecule identifications through accurate collision cross section measurements. Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS coupled with IMS has been successful in profiling and molecular imaging of small biomolecules directly from biological tissues and single cells. Herein, we describe a protocol for the direct analysis of adherent mammalian cells with limited perturbations by LAESI-IMS-MS. A benefit of IMS is that within the same LAESI acquisition, the spectral features related to the ESI background, washing buffer, and cell signal can be extracted and isolated separately.
Psychological distress among low-income mothers: the role of public and private safety nets.

Poverty is linked with a host of negative outcomes. Approximately one-third of unmarried mothers and their children live in poverty in the United States. Public and private supports have the potent...
Distribution Pattern of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus in South Florida Tomato Fields.

Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) is an orthotospovirus that causes a devastating disease in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller).TCSV emerged recently in South Florida. Studies were conducted in three commercial tomato fields in Miami-Dade County, Florida during the vegetable-growing seasons from October to April in 2015 through 2017. Each year, data were collected at 3, 6, and 9 wk after transplanting at various distances from the edges of each fields. Based on 3 yr total samples, three species of thrips were commonly observed melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (62.16 ± 0.79%), being the most abundant species followed by common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (21.55 ± 0.66%), and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (16.26 ± 0.61%). Abundance of all thrips and TCSV infected plants was high at the edge of a tomato field 3 wk after transplanting with significantly fewer infected plants toward the center of the field.The distribution patterns of thrips and TCSV in various fields were mostly regular and aggregated across the sampling dates during the study period. Abundance of TCSV symptomatic plants and thrips species was high at the edge of the field and increased over time. The number of samples required to accurately determine population density of thrips was calculated by using three precision levels (0.10, 0.20, 0.30) at three predetermined densities of thrips (0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 per sample).This information will provide guidelines to growers, crop protection personnel, agricultural scouts, and researchers to develop a sustainable thrips and tospovirus management program.
Shape-changing Architectural Skins A Review on Materials, Design and Fabrication Strategies and Performance Analysis

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in shape-changing smart materials in design fields. The ability to design responsive architectures that adapt to different climatic conditions is, without doubt, an appealing idea. One area in which shape-changing materials are applied is in the design of building skins or envelopes. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the use of shape-changing materials in the development of active skin systems, identifying patterns in design and manufacturing strategies. We also note the stage of development of the proposed designs and whether performance analysis was conducted to predict their behaviour. The results show that the most commonly used materials are SMA (Shape Memory Alloys) and wood-based bio-composites. Other shape-changing materials used for developing skin systems are, in order of popularity, thermo bimetals, electroactive polymers, composite bimetals, shape memory polymers, and hydrogels. The patterns identified among the studies are (1) design strategies: smart material as the skin, smart material as the actuator, combination with other non-responsive materials, responsive structures, geometric amplification; and (2) manufacturing strategies: bilayer systems and additive manufacturing. Finally, while the argument for the development of responsive skin systems is often based on the idea of efficiency and improved performance, we found that few studies can predict the performance of such skin systems.
Monitoring and real-time control of tissue engineering systems

Abstract Tissue engineering (TE) systems (TESs) are devices and accessories that enable the in vitro culture of engineered tissues for regenerative medical, diagnostic, or research purposes and include everything from a simple tissue culture plate to complex TE bioreactors, and to the defined protocols used to effect tissue growth. Monitoring and control in TE bioreactors is important for several reasons. (1) To ensure homeostasis selected parameter. In many cases, for example, temperature, the monitored and controlled variable are the same. In other cases the controlled variable can be used to indirectly manipulate the tissue. (2) To address and possibly overcome the variability intrinsic to the cellular component. This includes adapting to the tissues varying responses to stimuli. Finally, (3) monitoring can be used to identify failures in the TE protocol. Monitoring of a TES can be done at several levels: cellular (e.g., gene expression), tissue (e.g., matrix deposition of mechanical performance), and environmental (e.g., temperature, O2, CO2, pH, nutrient concentrations, and osmotic environment). Control for homeostasis of environmental properties is a fairly mature technology; on the other hand, monitoring of emerging properties of the developing tissue may, at this point, only result in go/no-go decisions for the particular piece of tissue. In many cases, this is because we do not yet know what parameters to adjust to effect a correction. At this point, collecting and compiling as much data from the performance of TES, including the failures, is of paramount importance to advance the field.
Drink bleach or do what now? Covid-HeRA: A dataset for risk-informed health decision making in the presence of COVID19 misinformation.

Given the wide spread of inaccurate medical advice related to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), such as fake remedies, treatments and prevention suggestions, misinformation detection has emerged as an open problem of high importance and interest for the NLP community. To combat potential harm of COVID19-related misinformation, we release Covid-HeRA, a dataset for health risk assessment of COVID-19-related social media posts. More specifically, we study the severity of each misinformation story, i.e., how harmful a message believed by the audience can be and what type of signals can be used to discover high malicious fake news and detect refuted claims. We present a detailed analysis, evaluate several simple and advanced classification models, and conclude with our experimental analysis that presents open challenges and future directions.
Predicting uniaxial compressive strength of serpentinites through physical, dynamic and mechanical properties using neural networks

Abstract The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rock is one of the most important parameters required and determined for rock mechanics studies in engineering projects. The limitations and difficulty of conducting tests on rocks, specifically on thinly bedded, highly fractured, highly porous and weak rocks, as well as the fact that these tests are destructive, expensive and time-consuming, lead to development of soft computing-based techniques. Application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting UCS has become an attractive alternative for geotechnical engineering scientists. In this study, an ANN was designed with the aim of indirectly predicting UCS through the serpentinization percentage, and physical, dynamic and mechanical characteristics of serpentinites. For this purpose, data obtained in earlier experimental work from central Greece were used. The ANN-based results were compared with the experimental ones and those obtained from previous analysis. The proposed ANN-based formula was found to be very efficient in predicting UCS values and the samples could be classified with simple physical, dynamic and mechanical tests, thus the expensive, difficult, time-consuming and destructive mechanical tests could be avoided.
Assessing the Weight-Bearing Surface in Dysplastic Acetabulae: The Sourcil Index.

Abstract Background Although a variety of standardized measurements have been described to evaluate acetabular dysplasia, no single measurement is without limitations. We describe the Sourcil Index (SI), a novel measure of the weight-bearing surface of the acetabulum on anteroposterior pelvis films. The SI is the angle formed by the medial and lateral margins of the sourcil and the center of rotation of the femoral head. Methods Anteroposterior pelvis radiographs of skeletally mature patients from 2015 were reviewed. Studies with fractures or implants were excluded. Films were read by 2 orthopedic surgeons and a radiologist 3 times each, 8 weeks apart. The SI, Sharp's Angle (SA), and lateral center edge angle (LCEA) were recorded. Pearson intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The SI was then compared to the SA and LCEA to preliminarily assess diagnostic accuracy. Results Five hundred thirty-five hips in 292 patients met inclusion. Intraobserver reliability is as follows: SI = 0.95 (0.93-0.98), LCEA = 0.89 (0.82 -0.96), and SA = 0.90 (0.85-0.96). Interobserver reliability is as follows: SI = 0.90 (0.84-0.94), SA = 0.78 (0.64-0.86), and LCEA = 0.73 (0.56-0.82). There were 51 dysplastic hips within this cohort. Conclusion The SI is a reproducible measurement on plain radiographs. The SI is a two-dimensional representation of the size of the weight-bearing surface of the acetabulum and could provide an estimation of joint contact pressures. Used with existing measures, the SI may provide a more nuanced understanding of acetabular morphology.
Consultation competencies in prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.

INTRODUCTION The Emory University Prolonged Exposure (PE) Consultant Training Program seeks to develop a national network of competent PE consultants. Comprehensive training in empirically supported treatment (EST), such as PE, includes a didactic training followed by a period of experiential learning through consultation during real-world clinical practice (Karlin & Cross, 2014). Expert consultants are needed to meet demand as ESTs are disseminated. METHOD The Emory program has developed a training model to develop 18 consultation skills within five competency domains: the consultation relationship, general psychotherapy skills, PE-specific skills, trainee barriers to delivery, and implementation. RESULTS The current article outlines these domains and discusses their theoretical background and applied value for PE consultant training, drawing on examples from the Emory program. DISCUSSION Just as manualizing therapy has allowed for EST dissemination, the operationalizing of consultation competencies can provide a first step in disseminating evidence-based consultation practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Teaching International Students In Western Universities: A Literature Review

In this systematic literature review, reports of international students, faculty members, and researchers indicate that international students have difficulty with the reading, writing, listening, and speaking demands of their English-mediated academic contexts, and that many host-institutions are not equipped to effectively accommodate their linguistic needs. A significant number of the studies reviewed also report that the difference between international students’ previous educational experiences and typical Western classroom practices, dynamics, and expectations can be sources of confusion and anxiety. Additionally, salient trends indicate that linguistic and cultural difficulties may persist throughout the entire course of study, that some instructors hold deficit views of international students, and that international and domestic students have limited interactions. Host-institutions that fail to adequately meet the unique needs of this population have a moral obligation to take each of these issues into consideration if they are going to continue to take international students’ tuition dollars.
Geospatial Analysis of Food Deserts and Their Impact on Health Outcomes in Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

Food insecurity (FI) is defined as "the limited or uncertain access to adequate food." One root cause of FI is living in a food desert. FI rates among people with cystic fibrosis (CF) are higher than the general United States (US) population. There is limited data on the association between food deserts and CF health outcomes. We conducted a retrospective review of people with CF under 18 years of age at a single pediatric CF center from January to December 2019 using demographic information and CF health parameters. Using a Geographic Information System, we conducted a spatial overlay analysis at the census tract level using the 2015 Food Access Research Atlas to assess the association between food deserts and CF health outcomes. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis and adjusted for clinical covariates and demographic covariates, using the Child Opportunity Index (COI) to calculate odds ratios (OR) with confidence intervals (CI) for each health outcome. People with CF living in food deserts and the surrounding regions had lower body mass index/weight-for-length (OR 3.18, 95% CI: 1.01, 9.40, pn≤ 0.05 (food desert); OR 4.41, 95% CI: 1.60, 12.14, p ≤ 0.05 (600 ft buffer zone); OR 2.83, 95% CI: 1.18, 6.76, p ≤ 0.05 (1200 ft buffer zone)). Food deserts and their surrounding regions impact pediatric CF outcomes independent of COI. Providers should routinely screen for FI and proximity to food deserts. Interventions are essential to increase access to healthy and affordable food.
Determining optical properties of epithelial tissues with an obliquely incident beam

We present a technique for determining the scattering coefficient of epithelial tissue from diffuse reflectance measurements due to an obliquely incident Gaussian beam. This method applies the convolution form of the diffuse reflectance as determined by the corrected diffusion approximation.
The legal standard of volitional impairment

Abstract This article considers the substantive due process issues concerning the involuntary commitment of sexually violent offenders following criminal incarceration. In Kansas v. Hendricks , the United States Supreme Court upheld a Kansas statute permitting the civil commitment of “sexually violent predators” against constitutional challenges. This article examines the legal standard of “volitional impairment” used by the Court as the basis for it finding that the statute does not offend substantive due process. The Court's decision is critically evaluated in terms of its implications for the systems of criminal law and civil confinement.
Problem base learning: a teaching technique to enhance skills for problem-solving.

(1986). Problem Base Learning: A Teaching Technique to Enhance Skills for Problem-Solving. Health Education: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 44-45.
Marine biopolymers with cell specificity: II. Purification and characterization of agglutinins from mucus of windowpane flounder Lophopsetta maculata

Abstract The windowpane flounder, Lophopsetta maculata , was found to have proteins in the body mucus which agglutinate mouse leukemia cells, L5784Y but not L1210. They also agglutinate rabbit and mouse erythrocytes, a marine yeast and a bacterium, and have weak activity against mouse sarcoma 180 cells, human B, guinea pig, and horse erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity was not affected by the treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, trypsin, or pronase, but was inhibited by a high concentration of N -acetylneuraminic acid. The major active component was purified and found to be a protein having a molecular weight of 68 000 which dissociates into subunits of equal size (16 000). Isoelectrofocusing gave two sharp bands, close together, at p I 4.7 ± 0.1. The protein contains high amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and glycine, and very little histidine and half-cystine.
Tasks to Advance the Learning of Mathematics

Tasks to Advance the Learning of Mathematics (TALMs) were developed to stimulate grades 5 – 8 students’ curiosity about complex mathematical relationships, inspire them to reason abstractly and quantitatively, encourage them to consider and create alternative solution approaches, develop their skills to persuade others about the viability of one solution approach over others, and enhance their perseverance toward problem solutions. Tasks are of nine types: Connect Calculation to Context, Rank Order Solutions, Identify What’s Wrong If Anything, Defend an Opinion, Work Backwards, Predict and Explain, Think and Choose, Place Them Right, and Make Sense of a Situation. All tasks require application of concepts and skills from one or more domains of mathematics. As students solve these problems, they quickly identify what they know and what they are not sure about; that is, they assess their own degrees of understanding and learn at point of need. The article concludes with recommendations for implementing TALMs and an invitation for students and teachers to create their own.
Complement and the Kidney

The C system contains three activation pathways along with regulators poised at key points throughout. All three pathways can participate in innate immunity because of the discriminatory capacity of the key proteins C1q, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [3][1] and factor H for microorganisms. C also
After two major earthquakes, El Salvador fears more landslides, aftershocks

“I was in my house and going to a meeting when the earthquake struck,” said Francisco Flores, about the magnitude 7.6 tremor that shook El Salvador on January 13. “At first, I was looking for my wife, and the windows started shaking, started making noise. All of a sudden, it became stronger and stronger, and all the windows started popping and breaking. We started running. My wife went to try and find my daughter, and I went to try and find my son.