cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty perceptions of resident skills decay during dedicated research fellowships.

Abstract Background Residents engaging in dedicated research experiences may return to clinical training with less surgical skill. The study aims were 1) to evaluate faculty perceptions of residents skills decay during dedicated research fellowships, and 2) to compare faculty and resident perceptions of residents skills decay. Methods Faculty and residents were surveyed on resident research practices and perceptions of resident skills decay. Results Faculty thought residents returning from research demonstrate less technical skill (Median = 4; 5-point Likert scale, 1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree), demonstrate less confidence (Median = 4), and require more instruction (Median = 4). Both faculty and residents perceived the largest skill reduction in complex procedures, technical surgical skills, and knowledge of procedure steps (p Conclusion While dedicated research experiences provide valuable academic experience, there is a cost to clinical skills retention and confidence specifically in the areas of complex operative procedures and technical surgical skills.
Extraction of parasitic inductances of SiC MOSFET power modules based on two-port S-parameters measurement

With silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs becoming commercial available, high switching frequency is a prevailing trend to increase the power density and efficiency in power converters. Nevertheless, the device performance is critically determined by the values of parasitic inductances, where negative effects such as switching oscillations are usually presented. It is more likely troublesome for power modules due to complex interconnect structures and higher current levels operation property. A parasitic inductances extraction technique based on two-port scattering (S) parameters measurement for SiC MOSET power modules is introduced in this paper. Floating errors in the conventional measurement methods can be avoided and accurate results are revealed from a step by step analysis. The practical utility of the two-port approach is demonstrated through a case study of a 1200V SiC MOSFET power module.
Family Support During Resuscitation: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Background Despite increasing support for family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a review of the literature revealed no published protocols or training curricula to guide hospitals in implementing a family support provider role. Objectives To develop a curriculum and train dedicated resuscitation team members whose role is to provide family support during in-hospital resuscitation events. Methods An interdisciplinary team developed a 4-hour training session for the family support staff. The session included an introduction to the evidence for family presence during resuscitation and local data on resuscitations. The training was composed of 4 sections: (1) clinical aspects of resuscitation, (2) integration into the resuscitation team and steps for providing family support during resuscitation, (3) responding to families in distress, and (4) self-care practices. Before and after the training session, the participants completed surveys of self-rated knowledge and attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation. Results Fifty-nine social workers and 8 spiritual care providers were trained in 2015. There was a significant increase in all rated aspects of knowledge of the family support role and self-care strategies. Conclusion Through the creation of an interdisciplinary curriculum, an institution can effectively train health care providers in a new resuscitation team role: the family support provider.
Hemostatic Comparison of a Polysaccharide Powder and a Gelatin Powder

Purpose/Aim: Powdered hemostats have been widely adopted for their ease-of-use; however, their efficacy has been limited resulting in applications restricted to low-level bleeds. This study investi...
Analogy and Lexical Semantics

Linguistic semantics of the past twenty-five years has been governed by a certain picture. Some people might say that linguistic semantics has been held captive by that picture, in Wittgenstein’s pejorative phrase; some might even contend in addition that the picture is viciously false. The basic elements of the picture--hereafter, “Lexical Atomism”--are as follows. (A) [A strong form of the compositionality assumption] The meaning of a sentence is entirely determined by the atomic meanings of that sentence’s individual component words (really morphemes) together with the syntactic rules and correctively the semantic rules according to which the relevant morphemes are combined and arranged into well-formed sentences. (B) The atomic morpheme-meanings can be given by individual entries in a definitive dictionary of some sort--preferably clauses in a truth-definition either extensional or intensional. These meanings are fixed, by tacit convention, prior to any syntactical combination of the morphemes into longer constructions. (C) There are only finitely and manageably many morpheme-meanings underlying any single natural language, or for that matter underlying the totality of all extant natural languages, primarily because any single morpheme-meaning in a natural language must be learned individually by any human speaker of that language in a determinate chunk of real time. (D) Lexical ambiguity in a natural language is neatly limited. Of course a word may have more than one sense, but the several senses it has may be crisply captured in a short, discrete list and treated by linguistic semantics as brutely homonymous or equivocal (otherwise its separate uses could not have been learned in so short a time by speakers). (E) In addition to its ordinary literal meaning or meanings, a word might have some figurative--particularly metaphorical--uses as well. But although both philosophers and linguistics rightly count it a great mystery how nonliteral meaning is derived from real meaning, figurative meaning is not only derivative but nearly negligible from the viewpoint of current active linguistic theory. Semantics proper studies literal meaning, though we would all admit under pressure that philosophy of language taken more broadly comprehends the question of how nonliteral meanings are generated from literal ones (and how they are related to literal truth-conditions). Metaphor especially is a surd in language that will need very special and arcane explanation once the more straightforward theory of literal meaning or “literal propositional content” has been straigtened out.
Unusual Isothermal Hysteresis in DNA i-Motif pH Transitions: A Study of the RAD17 Promoter Sequence.

We have interrogated the isothermal folding behavior of the DNA i-motif of the human telomere, dC19, and a high-stability i-motif-forming sequence in the promoter of the human DNA repair gene RAD17 using human physiological solution and temperature conditions. We developed a circular-dichroism-spectroscopy-based pH titration method that is followed by analysis of titration curves in the derivative domain and found that the observed pH-dependent folding behavior can be significantly different and, in some cases, multiphasic, with a dependence on how rapidly i-motif folding is induced. Interestingly, the human telomere sequence exhibits unusual isothermal hysteresis in which the unfolding process always occurs at a higher pH than the folding process. For the RAD17 i-motif, rapid folding by injection into a low-pH solution results in triphasic unfolding behavior that is completely diminished when samples are slowly folded in a stepwise manner via pH titration. Chemical footprinting of the RAD17 sequence and pH titrations of dT-substituted mutants of the RAD17 sequence were used to develop a model of RAD17 folding and unfolding. These results may provide valuable information pertinent to i-motif use in sensors and materials, as well as insight into the potential biological activity of i-motif-forming sequences under stepwise or instantaneous changes in pH.
To report or not to report: Exploring healthy volunteers' rationales for disclosing adverse events in Phase I drug trials

Background: Phase I trials test the safety and tolerability of investigational drugs and often use healthy volunteers as research participants. Adverse events (AEs) are collected in part through pa...
Encoding properties of Łukasiewics paths

Łukasiewics paths--lattice paths on non-negative integers with up-steps by arbitrary number of units but down-steps of one unit--have recursive features, reflected in that their generating function is expressed as a generalized continued fraction. Moveover, Łukasiewics paths can be used to construct various familiar combinatorial objects: permutations, partitions, idempotent functions, and multipermutations. The construction procedures lead to representations of the generating functions of these familiar objects as generalized continued fractions.
New assessments of cumulative learning in photosynthesis

The role of energy in photosynthesis challenges students because of its complexity and abstract nature. We designed the photosynthesis project using animations, simulations and virtual experiments to make the role of energy more comprehendible. We report on student learning from pretest to posttest and the potential advantages of using the new assessments, Energy Stories and MySystem (Figure 2). Two middle school teachers taught photosynthesis to eight classes of seventh grade students (N=220) using our CLEAR curriculum for approximately two weeks. Students generated pre- and post-project Energy Stories and MySystem diagrams about how energy is involved in photosynthesis. New extended Knowledge Integration rubrics were developed to score the Energy Stories and MySystem. The rubrics have seven levels including full link (one scientifically valid link between energy source, energy transformation, energy storage, and energy transfer), complex link (two scientifically valid links), and advanced complex link (three or more scientifically valid links). In addition to the Knowledge Integration score, we also captured the specific ideas students generated in their Energy Stories and MySystem.
Activated CaMKIIα binds to the mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptor and modulates calcium mobilization

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) are critical signaling molecules in synaptic plasticity and learning/memory. Here, we demonstrate that mGlu5 is present in CaMKIIα complexes isolated from mouse forebrain. Further in vitro characterization showed that the membrane-proximal region of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of mGlu5a directly interacts with purified Thr286-autophosphorylated (activated) CaMKIIα However, the binding of CaMKIIα to this CTD fragment is reduced by the addition of excess Ca2+/calmodulin or by additional CaMKIIα autophosphorylation at non-Thr286 sites. Furthermore, in vitro binding of CaMKIIα is dependent on a tribasic residue motif Lys-Arg-Arg (KRR) at residues 866-868 of the mGlu5a-CTD, and mutation of this motif decreases the coimmunoprecipitation of CaMKIIα with full-length mGlu5a expressed in heterologous cells by about 50%. The KRR motif is required for two novel functional effects of coexpressing constitutively active CaMKIIα with mGlu5a in heterologous cells. First, cell-surface biotinylation studies showed that CaMKIIα increases the surface expression of mGlu5a Second, using Ca2+ fluorimetry and single-cell Ca2+ imaging, we found that CaMKIIα reduces the initial peak of mGlu5a-mediated Ca2+ mobilization by about 25% while doubling the relative duration of the Ca2+ signal. These findings provide new insights into the physical and functional coupling of these key regulators of postsynaptic signaling.
Drop hammer with high-speed thermal imaging.

The drop hammer test is the easiest way to assess the sensitivity of explosive materials, but drop hammer results for low-velocity impacts have not been able to explain how explosives will react to other kinds of initiating stimuli. In order to do that, we have to understand the fundamental mechanisms of drop hammer initiation and how they differ from other initiation methods. For this reason, there is interest in instrumented drop hammers that help reveal what the drop hammer does at a fundamental level. We have developed a drop hammer that combines two types of mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) imagers that, when operated simultaneously, can detect both the rapid explosion and slower combustion from impact-initiated polymer-bonded explosives with high time (1 μs) and space (15 μm) resolution. Results are presented that show how to vibration isolate the drop hammer to minimize MWIR image shaking during impact and to quantify the noise floor for MWIR temperature determinations via optical pyrometry. Experiments were performed on polymer-encased crystals of RDX ([CH2–NNO2]3) and HMX ([CH2–NNO2]4). Our experiments showed that drop-hammer initiated explosions occur in two phases with roughly 100 μs between explosions. Drop-hammer initiation is compared to an ultrasonic hammer, which initiates explosions by rapid frictional rubbing of the explosive surfaces against the surrounding polymer. The explosion rise time is faster with the drop hammer because the drop hammer inputs energy throughout the explosive volume, whereas the ultrasonic hammer produces localized heating and much more heat at the explosive surface.
Simulating High-Frequency Generation Profiles for Large Solar PV Portfolios

Electric utility system modelers and operators need Methods for simulating realistic, high-frequency generation profiles that represent large solar photovoltaic (PV) portfolios. We have developed a method for doing this that takes measured irradiance and temperature from a network of ground stations, applies smoothing using the Wavelet Variability Model, and calculates power output. We then compare the results with actual 250 MW and 880 MW generation profiles from the Southeast US.
Variable past-time expression across multiple tasks in Tucumán, Argentina

We examine variable past-time expression in urban Tucuman, Argentina, an understudied region representative of the set of Andean varieties included in Northwestern Argentinean Spanish. We analyze the present perfect (PP) and preterit in two contexts of data collection: a sociolinguistic interview and a contextualized preference task across a range of linguistic and social factors, such as temporal reference and speaker age. Oral results indicate that Tucuman has a higher frequency of use of the PP than has yet been documented in Latin American varieties and even Peninsular Spanish, previously argued to have the highest rate. Preference task results yielded somewhat lower PP rates, confirming that the PP is preferred in speech, whereas the preterit is more viable in written language. The current study documents the highest rate of use of the PP to date across a number of linguistic contexts, contributing to our knowledge of the processes of grammaticalization and task-related differences.
The Panic of 2008 and Brexit: Regional Integration Versus Nationalism

In June 23, 2016, voters in the United Kingdom have just approved a referendum calling for leaving the European Union. The case describes the motives for European integration, the rise of separatist movements in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and the referendum process itself. The purpose of this case is to provide a contemporary counterpoint to a discussion of the economic and political motivations for the American Civil War. Dominant themes highlighted here are economic nationalism, political nationalism, cultural centrism and ethnocentrism, and populism. Excerpt UVA-F-1791 Rev. Oct. 17, 2019 The Panic of 2008 and Brexit: Regional Integration versus Nationalism [The] rise in nationalism is a global trend, and one of three critical consequences of the 2008 financial crisis that will play a pivotal role in shaping geopolitics in 2017. (The other two are economic stagnation and instability in export-dependent countries.) Its rise stems from the rejection of the internationalist model that has dominated international relations since the end of World War II. In places like Europe, it is easy to see why internationalism is losing favor. It is less obvious for the US. The European Union (EU) put in place policies and regulations that prioritized the Union's survival over national interests, and this inherently creates conflicts of interest between the bloc and member states. This was exacerbated by the 2008 financial crisis. Member countries saw their economies crash while their hands remained tied by Brussels, which was slow to act and offered a narrow range of Band-Aid solutions. George Friedman and Allison Fedirka The Brexit vote was a triple protest: against surging immigration, City of London bankers, and European Union institutions, in that order. . . .
Every NAND formula of size N can be evaluated in time N^{1/2+o(1)} on a quantum computer

For every NAND formula of size N, there is a bounded-error N^{1/2+o(1)}-time quantum algorithm, based on a coined quantum walk, that evaluates this formula on a black-box input. Balanced, or ``approximately balanced,'' NAND formulas can be evaluated in O(sqrt{N}) queries, which is optimal. It follows that the (2-o(1))-th power of the quantum query complexity is a lower bound on the formula size, almost solving in the positive an open problem posed by Laplante, Lee and Szegedy.
Exploring the Effects of Source Credibility and Message Framing on STI Screening Intentions: An Application of Prospect and Protection Motivation Theory.

Roughly half of all new sexually transmitted infections (STI) occur in adolescent and college-aged populations. College students tend to underestimate their personal risks of contracting STIs. Cons...
Hybrid geological modeling: Combining machine learning and multiple-point statistics

Abstract Accurately modeling and constructing a geologically realistic subsurface model remains an outstanding problem as the morphology controls the flow behaviors. Particularly, one of the pattern-based methods, namely cross-correlation based simulation, has been proved to be an effective way to reconstruct a realistic model, at both small and large scales. However, conditioning to point data in the large-scale problems is still a crucial issue in these algorithms, since there is always a trade-off between the quality of the realizations and the degree of point data reproduction. Specifically, it is not practical to build a training image (TI) which includes all the possibilities and variabilities. Therefore, finding a pattern that can represent the point data and, at the same time, preserving the connectivities is difficult. This leads to producing highly-connected realizations with a significant mismatch or poor models with a reasonable degree of point data reproduction. To accurately reproduce the densely distributed hard data, pixel-based methods can also produce some unrealistic artifacts around the hard data. In this paper, to overcome this challenge, however, we use pattern-based methods as they often produce more disconnected geobodies when dealing with dense hard data, and proposed a hybrid algorithm using the pattern-based methods and convolutional neural network (CNN). The trained CNN model is utilized to improve the quality of conditioning to point data for the original realizations generated by the pattern-based algorithm. As such, the mismatch locations are identified, and the same regions are used in the training of CNN to mimic the procedure through which a missing region can be filled. To evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm, it is tested on cases with different dimensions and different numbers of facies. Then, the newly improved realizations are compared with the initial realizations generated by the pattern-based algorithm. The comparison is also conducted by the flow simulation test. And it indicates that the proposed hybrid algorithm can better reproduce the point data, while the connectivities are better preserved.
Postoperative peripheral neuropathies according to nonanaesthesia factors

Background Postoperative peripheral neuropathies can be due to anaesthetic operation partly,but it also has close relationship with the body position of the surgery,operation procedure and so on.Objective This paper reviews literatures on the postoperative peripheral neuropathies according to nonanaesthesia factors.Content The body position,fetal head compression and the use of obstetric forceps can result in lesions of lumbosacral plexus,femoral nerve,sciatic nerve and fibula nerve.Then the symptoms such as paraesthesia and foot drop will develop.Postoperative nerve lesions beyond the operative area can also be seen in general surgery.Trend Anesthesiologists should notice many kinds of nonanaesthesia factors can cause postoperative peripheral neuropathies. Key words: Nonanaesthesia factor; Postoperative neuropathy; Peripheral nerve
The potential role of cortisol as a biomarker of physiological interdependence in romantic couples: A systematic review.

Abstract Significant evidence supports the link between relationships and health including the potential for interpartner regulation of intrapersonal physical and mental homeostasis. Physiological interdependence is proposed as a term to summarize the adaptive process in which partners demonstrate physiological contagion that evolves with repetition to create a new homeostatic state regulating individual physiological functioning. Through a systematic review consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), the present study reviewed the literature examining the interdependent role of diurnal cortisol with romantic couples. The literature search yielded thirteen articles that included statistical modeling testing interdependence between partners in a couple and at the individual level. Five themes emerged from the literature including cortisol synchrony, cortisol and health, cortisol and emotions, cortisol and internal relationship factors, and cortisol and factors external to the romantic relationship. Findings suggest a potential for romantic partners to regulate one another’s emotional and physiological states, but this process may not be present in both partners. More research is needed to substantiate a regulatory role as the current literature supports correlations.
A Laboratory-Based Study of the Priming Effects of Food Cues and Stress on Hunger and Food Intake in Individuals with Obesity.

Objective This study aimed to assess the effects of exposures to food cues and stress on hunger and food intake and examine whether cue responses differ by weight status. Methods In a laboratory-based experimental study, participants (n = 138) were exposed to stress, neutral, and food cues delivered using an individualized script-driven imagery task on three separate days. After each cue exposure, participants ate high- and low-calorie snack foods ad libitum (Food Snack Test). Hunger was measured by visual analog scales. Results Food cues elicited significantly greater increases in hunger compared with neutral and stress stimuli. Cue-induced hunger did not differ by weight status. Participants consumed a similar number of total calories across stimuli. In response to food cue provocation, participants with obesity consumed [mean (SE)] 81.0% (4.0%) of calories from high-calorie foods, which was significantly greater than participants with normal weight (63.5% [3.6%]; P = 0.001). After the stress cue, participants with obesity consumed 81.4% (4.0%) of calories from high-calorie foods, which was significantly more than participants with normal weight (70.2% [3.6%]; P = 0.04). Energy intake from high-calorie foods did not differ by weight status after the neutral cue. Conclusions Among individuals with obesity, exposure to food and stress cues shifted consumption to high-calorie snack foods within a well-controlled experimental setting.
Experimental Demonstration of Non-Symmetric Diffusion via Spatiotemporal Metamaterials

Spatiotemporal variation of material parameters (capacity and conductivity) can lead to unconventional diffusion phenomena. We have constructed and tested a metamaterial consisting of spatiotemporally variable capacitors and switches, demonstrating highly asymmetric charge diffusion and accumulation.
Constraints on 0 and Cluster Evolution using the ROSAT LogN-LogS

We examine the likelihoods of different cosmological models and cluster evolutionary histories by comparing semi-analytical predictions of X-ray cluster number counts to observational data from the ROSAT satellite. We model cluster abundance as a function of mass and redshift using a Press-Schechter distribution, and assume the temperature T(M,z) and bolometric luminosity LX(M,z) scale as power laws in mass and epoch, in order to construct expected counts as a function of X–ray flux. The Lx M scaling is fixed using the local luminosity function while the degree of evolution in the X-ray luminosity with redshift LX /(1 + z) s is left open, with s an interesting free parameter which we investigate. We examine open and flat cosmologies with initial, scale–free fluctuation spectra having indices n = 0, 1 and 2. An independent constraint arising from the slope of the luminosity–temperature relation strongly favors the n= 2 spectrum. The expected counts demonstrate a strong dependence on 0 and s, with lesser dependence on �0 and n. Comparison with the observed counts reveals a “ridge” of acceptable models in 0 s plane, roughly following the relation s � 60 and spanning low-density models with a small degree of evolution to = 1 models with strong evolution. Models with moderate evolution are revealed to have a strong lower limit of 0 � 0.3, and low-evolution models imply that 0 < 1 at a very high confidence level. We suggest observational tests for breaking the degeneracy along this ridge, and discuss implications for evolutionary histories of the intracluster medium.
Fetal magnetic resonance imaging: supratentorial brain malformations

Fetal MRI is the modality of choice to study supratentorial brain malformations. To accurately interpret the MRI, the radiologist needs to understand the normal sequence of events that occurs during prenatal brain development; this includes familiarity with the processes of hemispheric cleavage, formation of interhemispheric commissures, neuro-glial proliferation and migration, and cortical folding. Disruption of these processes results in malformations observed on fetal MRI including holoprosencephaly, callosal agenesis, heterotopic gray matter, lissencephaly and other malformations of cortical development (focal cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria). The radiologist should also be familiar with findings that have high association with specific conditions affecting the central nervous system or other organ systems. This review summarizes and illustrates common patterns of supratentorial brain malformations and emphasizes aspects that are important to patient care.
An Integrated Methodology for Screening Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: Pt/Mo2C as an Example

Reducing Pt loading in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts is critical to developing widespread electrochemical water splitting systems. Transition metal carbide (TMC) catalysts have been shown to allow for reduced Pt loading by serving as substrates. Computational studies of potential HER catalysts have focused mainly on identifying materials with hydrogen binding energies (HBEs) similar to that of pure Pt. However, HER activity is governed by many other factors in addition to the HBE. Using first-principles quantum mechanics calculations, we perform a thorough verification of our previous prediction that monolayer Pt on a Mo2C substrate could serve as an effective replacement for pure Pt as an HER catalyst. We first determine that the HBEs of Pt/Mo2C and Pt are almost identical. We next show that the electronic structure of Pt/Mo2C exhibits the qualities desired in an HER catalyst: a d-band that spans the Fermi level and a strong overlap between the catalyst dd-band and hydrogen 1s band. Crystal orbital overlap population analyses reveal that the bonding and antibonding characteristics of Pt/Mo2C are as balanced as they are in Pt. Finally, our calculation of the double-layer capacitance (DLC) shows that the Pt overlayer, in addition to improving the bonding characteristics between the substrate and hydrogen, reduces the DLC relative to pure Mo2C. This work demonstrates that it is unnecessary that the substrate BE valence isoelectronic to Pt to serve as an effective catalyst support, in contrast to previous explanations for the success of Pt/TMC hybrid systems. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that Pt/Mo2C is well-suited for acting as an HER catalyst, this work provides an example of a more rigorous methodology for screening materials for their suitability as HER catalysts.
Waterpipe Tobacco Warnings: An Experimental Study Among a Nationally Representative Sample of US Young Adults

BACKGROUND Waterpipe tobacco (WT) smoking by young adults remains high and misperceptions are common. Product warnings can increase knowledge of harms and reduce use. The goal of this study was to test warning statements, including the FDA-required nicotine warning (prior to implementation), on young adults' thinking about harms of and discouragement from WT smoking. METHODS We conducted a between-subjects experiment in a nationally representative telephone survey of 1152 young adults aged 18-29. Participants were randomly assigned to hear one of five warning statements and reported how much, on a 4-point scale, the warning made them think about the harms and discouraged them from WT smoking. RESULTS The sample was 36.8% female, 57.8% white, 20.2% Black, 24.1% Hispanic, with a mean age of 23.2 (SE = 0.25). Under half (43.5%) had ever smoked WT. There were significant differences among the statements on both thinking about harms (p < .0001) and discouragement (p < .0001). The FDA-required "nicotine" warning led to the lowest thinking about harms (M = 2.85, SE = 0.08) and was the least discouraging (M = 2.86, SE = 0.08), while the "100 cigarettes" warning resulted in the greatest thinking about harms (M = 3.62, SE = 0.05) and was the most discouraging (M = 3.56, SE = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The nicotine warning resulted in the lowest levels of thinking about harms and discouragement from WT smoking, suggesting limited impact. However, a warning focused on comparing smoke inhalation from WT smoking to cigarettes seems promising. Warnings should cover a broad range of WT health effects, and possibly comparisons to cigarettes. Findings also have implications for the content of international waterpipe warnings. IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that the nicotine warning is the least effective at making young adults think about the harms of and discouraging WT smoking. The FDA and other countries should consider requiring warnings to cover a broader range of health harms, misperceptions, and possibly comparisons to cigarettes.
Clinical risk prediction models and informative cluster size: Assessing the performance of a suicide risk prediction algorithm.

Clinical visit data are clustered within people, which complicates prediction modeling. Cluster size is often informative because people receiving more care are less healthy and at higher risk of poor outcomes. We used data from seven health systems on 1,518,968 outpatient mental health visits from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 to predict suicide attempt within 90 days. We evaluated true performance of prediction models using a prospective validation set of 4,286,495 visits from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2017. We examined dividing clustered data on the person or visit level for model training and cross-validation and considered a within cluster resampling approach for model estimation. We evaluated optimism by comparing estimated performance from a left-out testing dataset to performance in the prospective dataset. We used two prediction methods, logistic regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest. The random forest model using a visit-level split for model training and testing was optimistic; it overestimated discrimination (area under the curve, AUC = 0.95 in testing versus 0.84 in prospective validation) and classification accuracy (sensitivity = 0.48 in testing versus 0.19 in prospective validation, 95th percentile cut-off). Logistic regression and random forest models using a person-level split performed well, accurately estimating prospective discrimination and classification: estimated AUCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.87 in testing versus 0.85 in prospective validation, and sensitivity ranged from 0.15 to 0.20 in testing versus 0.17 to 0.19 in prospective validation. Within cluster resampling did not improve performance. We recommend dividing clustered data on the person level, rather than visit level, to ensure strong performance in prospective use and accurate estimation of future performance at the time of model development.
Postoperative complications in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy.

Abstract Background/Purpose To assess surgical outcomes of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and if they differ from patients without CP. Methods The NSQIP-Pediatric database from 2012 to 2019 was used to compare differences in presenting characteristics and outcomes between patients with and without CP. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to determine significance. Results 119,712 patients, 433 (0.4%) with CP, 119,279 (99.6%) without, were identified. Patients with CP had more postoperative complications (19.4% vs. 6.9%, p Conclusion Patients with CP have more postoperative complications, open procedures, and longer LOS. Patient complexity may account for these differences and risk-directed perioperative planning may improve outcomes. Level of Evidence Level IV.
An integrative review of threshold concepts in doctoral education: Implications for PhD nursing programs

Abstract Objective To critically analyze published research addressing threshold concepts in doctoral education, explore factors affecting conceptual threshold crossing by doctoral students, and consider the application of these findings in doctoral nursing education. Background Mastery of concepts specific to the research-focused doctorate is critical in order for doctoral students to become independent researchers. These threshold concepts can be challenging, or troublesome, and students may find themselves ‘stuck’ during the learning journey. Engaging with troublesome concepts may place a student in a state of liminality, a transitory space of uncertainty. Design An integrative approach was adopted for this review. Data sources A combination of keywords was used to search PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, ProQuest Search, Education Research Complete, Scopus, and Science Direct for literature published through July 2019. Review methods Integrative review methods described by Whittemore and Knafl (2005) were used to review and analyze a total of 20 qualitative studies identified based upon specific inclusion criteria. Results The majority of identified threshold concepts emerge during the development stage of research, indicating a need for strategies to support students with navigation of the liminal spaces encountered early in the doctoral journey. Factors affecting conceptual threshold crossing include student writing development, presence of community, and faculty influences. Conclusion Doctoral program strategies are needed to support how to both teach and learn threshold concepts within safe spaces. Recommendations for strategies to develop student writing, support community building, and cultivate faculty-student relationships in doctoral nursing programs are provided. More intentionally incorporating threshold concept strategies into doctoral level nursing education has the potential to support both graduation rates and successful career transition to maintain a steady pipeline of nurse scientists.
Miles Davis, “Ko Ko”, and the Making of a Fallacy

Recalling his first recording session with Charlie Parker on 26 November 1945, Miles Davis said he was so nervous that Dizzy Gillespie had to step in and play the trumpet solos on “Ko Ko,” the fast...
Creating the Scratch Cooked School Food Framework: Qualitative Data Analysis of a Scratch Cooking Pilot:

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel framework that outlines the system required to implement scratch cooking in school kitchens. The data used in this study were 57 interviews with key stakeholders during the Return to Scratch Cooking Pilot that occurred in two New York City school kitchens in 2018-2019 and made significant modifications to many aspects of the existing school food system. The guiding framework for the data analysis was Meadows's Intervention Level Framework. Intervention Level Framework describes analyzing systems by examining five layers: (1) paradigm shift, (2) goals, (3) system structure (4) feedback and delays, and (5) structural elements. It also provides a framework for describing a system by defining its elements, interconnections, and purpose. Data analysis revealed four elements of the school food system: ingredients and recipes, kitchen, cooking, and the community. The interconnections that played a role in each of these elements were policies, practice, people, and promotion. Together, these four elements and four interconnections comprise the Scratch Cooked School Food framework, which has the purpose of being a tool for researchers and practitioners to utilize when planning, implementing, and evaluating scratch cooking in the school food environment.
Vacancy-induced enhancement of electron–phonon coupling in cubic silicon carbide and its relationship to the two-temperature model

The electron–phonon coupling factor was calculated for both pristine and vacancy-rich 3C-SiC. Ab initio calculations were performed within the framework of the density functional perturbation theory. Wannier functions were used to interpolate eigenvalues into denser grids through the electron–phonon using Wannier code. The coupling factor was determined through calculations of the electron self-energy, electron–phonon relaxation time, and electronic specific heat. These parameters were extrapolated to high temperatures using a hybrid model which mixes band calculations for electrons below an energy cutoff with the free electron gas model for electrons above the energy cutoff. The electron relaxation times, specific heats, electron drift mobilities, and electron–phonon coupling factors were calculated as a function of electron temperature. Si and C vacancies were found to have a profound effect on electron–phonon coupling for all temperatures, while electronic specific heat capacity was found to be most affected at cryogenic temperatures. The electron drift mobility was calculated at different temperatures using the scattering time. Calculated mobilities were validated with Hall mobility measurements reported in the literature. The importance of structural defects on the electron–phonon coupling is discussed in the context of the two-temperature model, a model that has been widely used to understand aspects of the interaction of solids with pulsed laser irradiation and swift heavy ion irradiation.
Simulation of a Walking Robot-Exoskeleton Movement on a Movable Base

The paper studies the problem of movement of a two-legged walking machine on a movable base. This task is relevant for design rehabilitation and mechanotherapy complexes for people with impaired functions of the musculoskeletal system and presents a mathematical model that allows obtaining the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the movement of the executive units of the device under study. The paper presents a method for planning the trajectory of exoskeleton links, its algorithmic and software implementation. The paper proposes the structure of the automatic link position control system, which ensures the movement of the executive links along a given trajectory. A mathematical apparatus is proposed for studying the dynamics of the controlled movement of the links of the human-machine system of the exoskeleton. The article presents the results of numerical experiments on the movement of the low-limb exoskeleton leg in the one step mode and analyzes them.
Can community policing reduce perceived disorder? Results from a quasi-experiment in Trinidad and Tobago

This impact evaluation tests the effects of community policing, with an emphasis on problem-oriented policing, on perceived social and physical disorder in a disadvantaged Caribbean community. We u...
The selection of cognitive diagnostic models for a reading comprehension test

Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) have great promise for providing diagnostic information to aid learning and instruction, and a large number of CDMs have been proposed. However, the assumptions and performances of different CDMs and their applications in regard to reading comprehension tests are not fully understood. In the present study, we compared the performance of a saturated model (G-DINA), two compensatory models (DINO, ACDM), and two non-compensatory models (DINA, RRUM) with the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) reading test. Compared to the saturated G-DINA model, the ACDM showed comparable model fit and similar skill classification results. The RRUM was slightly worse than the ACDM and G-DINA in terms of model fit and classification results, whereas the more restrictive DINA and DINO performed much worse than the other three models. The findings of this study highlighted the process and considerations pertinent to model selection in applications of CDMs with reading tests.
HYCSOS: A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATION OF HYDRIDES AS CHEMICAL HEAT PUMPS

ABSTRACT The Argonne HYCSOS system is a two hydride concept, operating as a chemical heat pump for storage and recovery of thermal energy for heating, cooling and energy conversion. Hydrogen gas is transferred from one hydride bed by thermal energy input at a characteristic temperature to a second bed where the hydrogen is absorbed and thermal energy is released at another characteristic temperature. The demonstration unit has four steel tanks of approximately 3 liters free volume each for holding the hydride and is fully instrumented to measure and record system characteristics on a data logger. Remotely valved fluid heat transfer loops are available. Sub-micron steel filters are installed above each tank to retain the alloy particles in the tanks. The thermal energy input is simulated by an 18 KW electric heater. The unit described is an experimental facility of sufficient size to be able to demonstrate the feasibility of heat transfer processes.
AN INTERFACE FOR ROUTINE SPECTRAL DISPLAY FROM SEVERAL LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTERS

An interfacing circuit for coupling several Tri-Carb liquid scintillation counters to a multichannel analyzer is described. The display of the analyzer is completely controlled from the liquid scintillation counters and information from any one of the three channels in each counter can be displayed. The system is being used for both instructional and diagnostic purposes. For the former it will be part of a course on the theory and use of liquid scintillation counting. For the latter it assists in setting up optimum counting conditions for single and double labels in new cocktails as well as for new labels, and to help diagnose counting problems such as chemi- and/or photoluminescence.
Nuclear‐Cytoplasmic Transport

In eukaryotic cells, the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleus is separated from the translational machinery in the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Transport of macromolecules such as proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) across this membrane is essential for cellular function and requires active nuclear–cytoplasmic transport systems. These systems consist of soluble transport receptors, which recognize and bind cargo in one compartment, mediate transport through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope and deliver cargo in the target compartment. Disruption of this highly regulated process results in abnormal cell function and is linked to human disease etiology. Understanding the contribution of nuclear protein and RNA transport to cellular organization is one of the major challenges in cell biology. Key Concepts Transport into and out of the nucleus occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are large proteinaceous channels that perforate the nuclear membrane. Proteins destined for import into the nucleus contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and proteins destined for export from the nucleus contain a nuclear export signal (NES), each of which targets them for transport. Soluble transport receptors called importins and exportins or karyopherins recognize and bind macromolecular cargos and facilitate transport through the nuclear pore. The asymmetric distribution of RanGDP in the cytoplasm and RanGTP in the nucleus controls the directionality of nuclear transport. Nuclear protein import can be regulated through inter- or intramolecular occlusion of the NLS or NES; posttranslation modification of the targeting signal; compartmental sequestration of the cargo protein or altering properties of the nuclear transport machinery including receptors and nuclear pores. Many classes of RNA are transported via Ran-regulated, karyopherin-dependent pathways. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) export is highly coupled to mRNA processing and is mediated by distinct receptors. Mutations in nuclear targeting signals and nuclear transport receptors have been linked to several human diseases. Keywords: nuclear transport; importin; karyopherin; nuclear pore complex; nucleocytoplasmic trafficking
An improved synthesis of a fluorescent gabapentin–choline conjugate for single molecule detection

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels are comprised of pore-forming α(1) and auxiliary α(2)δ, β and γ subunits. They are important molecular devices involved in a variety of cell functions. Fluorescently labeled acylcholine analogues are important in studies such as ion channel regulation. Cy3-3-acetylcholine has recently been synthesized for single molecule detection studies; albeit in an extremely low overall yield (0.06 %). In this work, an alternative route to that used in the previous Cy3-3-acetylcholine synthesis was developed with a 90 % yield at a significantly lower material cost.
A Realist Foundation for Essentially Contested Political Concepts

BELIEF continues to pervade academic life, at least officially, that reasoned arguments concerning the great political issues can persuade opponents. Unofficially, however, there seems to be a growing sentiment since the Enlightenment that without shared political and social values, specific arguments about democracy, justice, or liberty are bound to end, at best, in a mutual shrugging of shoulders. Each party's specific insights, according to this view, can only be appreciated by those sharing the value-laden conception on which those insights depend. Consider the notion of freedom. Nearly everyone would agree that being bound and gagged in a closet represents a loss of freedom. Paradigmatic examples like these reassure us that discussions of this notion are not empty exercises trading in homophonies. Yet is a worker with relatively few or very unappealing job opportunities truly free? What about the woman who agrees to become a surrogate mother out of economic necessity? Is a citizen politically free who does not vote due to lack of information, apathy, cumbersome registration procedures, or dejection? Apparently, differing answers to these questions reflect not merely different definitions of freedom but different values. We all know how the