cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychostimulant-Induced Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Ventral Subiculum

Psychostimulant drugs such as amphetamine are prescribed to increase vigilance, suppress appetite, and treat attention disorders, but they powerfully activate the dopamine system and have serious abuse potential. Repeated psychostimulant exposure induces neuronal plasticity within the mesolimbic dopamine system. Here we present evidence that repeated amphetamine exposure results in a suppression of intrinsic neuronal excitability in the ventral subiculum, a hippocampal region that activates dopamine neurotransmission. We used patch-clamp recordings from brain slices obtained at different times after withdrawal from repeated amphetamine exposure to determine the long-term effects of amphetamine on subicular excitability. Using several postsynaptic indices of sodium channel function, our results show that excitability is decreased for days, but not weeks, after repeated amphetamine exposure. The resulting increase in action potential threshold and decrease in postsynaptic amplification of excitatory synaptic input provide the first direct evidence that psychostimulants induce plasticity of hippocampal output and suggest one mechanism by which drug withdrawal may influence limbic dopamine-dependent learning and memory.
The student consultant...supporting the microcomputer labs

Efficient and effective support of the microcomputer labs consists of one major component, the student consultant. Student employees must be familiar with the wide base of software and hardware supported by the Computer Center. The student staff is also responsible for maintaining the physical security of the software and hardware within the labs. Motivating the student employee and providing a state-of-the-art computing environment requires creativity to accommodate the stagnant budget. This paper outlines the importance of scheduling, training staff and maintaining the microcomputer labs at Indiana State University.
Hepatic Deficiency of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein-1 Reduces High Density Lipoprotein Secretion and Plasma Levels in Mice

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is known to serve as a chylomicron remnant receptor in the liver responsible for the binding and plasma clearance of apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins. Previous in vitro studies have provided evidence to suggest that LRP1 expression may also influence high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. The current study showed that liver-specific LRP1 knock-out (hLrp1−/−) mice displayed lower fasting plasma HDL cholesterol levels when compared with hLrp1+/+ mice. Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase and hepatic lipase activities in plasma of hLrp1−/− mice were comparable with those observed in hLrp1+/+ mice, indicating that hepatic LRP1 inactivation does not influence plasma HDL remodeling. Plasma clearance of HDL particles and HDL-associated cholesteryl esters was also similar between hLrp1+/+ and hLrp1−/− mice. In contrast, HDL secretion from primary hepatocytes isolated from hLrp1−/− mice was significantly reduced when compared with that observed with hLrp1+/+ hepatocytes. Biotinylation of cell surface proteins revealed decreased surface localization of the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1) protein, but total cellular ABCA1 level was not changed in hLrp1−/− hepatocytes. Finally, hLrp1−/− hepatocytes displayed reduced binding capacity for extracellular cathepsin D, resulting in lower intracellular cathepsin D content and impairment of prosaposin activation, a process that is required for membrane translocation of ABCA1 to facilitate cholesterol efflux and HDL secretion. Taken together, these results documented that hepatic LRP1 participates in cellular activation of lysosomal enzymes and through this mechanism, indirectly modulates the production and plasma levels of HDL.
Diffusion Measurements Using FT-IR ATR Spectroscopy: Lubricant Diffusion in Polypropylene

We present an experimental method for measuring diffusion of lubricants (or any highly viscous fluid) in polymers using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. Unlike the conventional FT-IR ATR diffusion measurement, in which a polymer sample is sandwiched between the penetrant and an internal reflection element (IRE), in this method, a thin layer of penetrant (for example, a lubricant) is sandwiched between the IRE and the polymer sample. This allows accurate control and measurement of the thickness of the lubricant layer, which, in turn, facilitates subsequent data analysis. The diffusion is studied by monitoring the time-resolved change in absorbance of either a unique polymer or penetrant band. A feature of this new method is that it can provide an estimate of solubility, as well as an estimate of the diffusivity of the penetrant in the polymer. Using this method, we studied the diffusion of mineral oil and a commercial fluorocarbon ether lubricant (Krytox® 143AC) in poly(propylene) (PP) film at room temperature. The experimental data was modeled using a Fickian model with impermeable and saturated boundary conditions applied at the IRE/lubricant and lubricant/polymer interfaces, respectively. The diffusivity and solubility of mineral oil in PP were found to be 1.34 ± 0.35 (×10-10) cm2/s and 0.77 ± 0.13 (×10-2) g/g of PP, respectively. The current model was unable to quantitatively describe the diffusion of the Krytox® 143AC in the PP, possibly due to excessive swelling.
APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TO THE STUDY OF GRAIN BOUNDARY CHEMISTRY

High spatial resolution X-ray spectroscopy in the analytical electron microscope (AEM) is a powerful tool for the study of changes in chemistry which occur at grain boundaries in metals and ceramics. Two major advantages are realized through the use of the AEM in these studies : the ability to obtain accurate quantitative microchemical analysis of grain boundary regions, and the capability for determining the structural and crystallographic characteristics of the boundaries on which the chemical measurements were made. In this presentation, experimental procedures for AEM microanalysis are briefly discussed, with emphasis on the capabilities and limitations of the technique. The application of these procedures is illustrated using two important cases which serve to demonstrate a wide range of possible behavior : the equilibrium segregation of Fe to grain boundaries in MgO due to space-charge considerations, and the depletion of Cr at grain boundaries in stainless steel caused by the precipitation of Cr-rich carbides. A mathematical model will be utilized to extract the maximum information from the experimental data in each case. The effect of instrumental and structural parameters on the composition profiles in both systems will be shown. The types of information provided by the AEM, and its relation to theories of the development of chemistry variations at grain boundaries, will be discussed in detail.
Long‐term outcomes following microwave ablation for liver malignancies

Background Microwave ablation has emerged as a promising treatment modality for liver malignancies, but there are scant long-term follow-up data. This study evaluates long-term outcomes with a comparison of 915MHz and 2.4GHz ablation systems.
Types and levels of collaboration in interdisciplinary research in the sciences

It is common today for scientists to conduct research in collaboration with their colleagues from different institutions and disciplines. This study collected a sample of 846 scientific research papers published in 1992 and tested three hypotheses on the relationship between research collaboration and interdisciplinarity. Collaboration was measured by the number of authors, number of institutional affiliations, number of affiliation disciplines, and type of collaboration. Interdisciplinarity was measured by the number of disciplines represented in the journals cited. The results showed significant differences in degrees of interdisciplinarity among different levels of collaboration and among different disciplines. Some disciplines were shown to be highly collaborative, while others were not. This analysis led to the conclusion that collaboration contributed significantly to the degree of interdisciplinarity in some disciplines and not in others. In addition to an analysis of publications, this investigation used a survey that asked authors about their forms of collaboration, channels of communication, and use of information. The survey provided some qualitative explanation for the bibliometric findings. Findings are discussed from the perspective of scientist-scientist interaction, scientist-information interaction, and information-information interaction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“In Case of Sudden Death, Burn This”: The Simon Bucharoff Collection at the University of North Texas Music Library

The recently completed Simon Bucharoff Collection at the University of North Texas provides an effective example of how music special collections support the educational mission of the university and facilitate original research. Organizing the Bucharoff Collection has also filled in many gaps in his biographical information, and uncovered a dramatic story of a promising artist frustrated at nearly every turn. This article outlines the collection's provenance and arrangement, offers an updated and expanded biography, and discusses the description of and access to the collection.
FEIBA prophylaxis for patients with haemophilia and inhibitors

Summary. Prophylaxis with clotting factor concentrates has been shown to prevent bleeding episodes and improve quality of life in patients with severe haemophilia A or B. The benefits of long-term prophylaxis may also extend to patients with high-titre factor VIII or IX inhibitors who have failed or are not candidates for immune tolerance. Because the presence of an alloantibody makes it difficult to achieve haemostasis during a bleeding event, inhibitor patients are at increased risk for life-threatening haemorrhage and the development of arthropathy. Accumulating evidence suggests that prophylactic therapy with the bypassing agent FEIBA reduces bleeding episodes, including haemarthrosis, and maintains normal joints, although it does not halt established joint disease. Infections associated with central venous access devices are a frequent complication of prophylaxis in young children with haemophilia.
Infants' Instrumental Use of Their Mothers to Achieve Their Goals

In order to investigate very young children's active contribution to managing interaction with others, we examined 6–13-month-old infants' instrumental use of their mothers to reach goals. We examined the idea that infants are already involved at 6 months in managing interaction with adults, with rapidly increasing instrumental use of mothers between 6 and 13 months. 64 mother-infant pairs were videotaped during structured episodes in which the investigator instructed the mother to challenge the infant to use her instrumentally to get access to or to work a toy. Already at 6 months of age, infants used their mothers instrumentally in 36% of the episodes. The amount of infants' instrumental use of their mothers increased to 67% of episodes at 9 months and continued increasing to 78% of the episodes by 13 months. These results suggest early and rapid development of infants' management of joint activities from as early as the middle of the first year of life.
A model and experiments for thin oxide damage from wafer charging in magnetron plasmas

A physically based model that has been developed to explain the role of plasma nonuniformity in charge damage to oxides is presented. For a uniform plasma the local conduction currents to the water surface integrate to zero over the RF period, and the surface charging is sufficient to damage oxides. For the case of thin oxides under a gate exposed to a nonuniform magnetron plasma, the gate surface can charge up until the oxide tunneling current balances the difference in the mean local conduction currents from the plasma. It is this oxide current that leads to degradation. The oxide current obtained via SPICE circuit simulations, probe measurements and breakdown measurements shows good agreement with experimental damage data of 'antenna' capacitors. >
The worker as teacher

The worker is the major source of information about job hazards. Frequently, workers themselves discover new occupational diseases. Physicians need to regard the worker as a member of the occupational health team.
The Meat-Packing Investigation

I. History of the investigation, 626. — II. Growth and present position of the large packing companies, 632. — III. The stockyards situation, 639.—The rendering monopoly, 648. — IV. Fluctuations in prices of live stock, 652. — V. The charge of combination, 656. — The international meat pool, 660. — Collusion in domestic transactions, 661. — Question of a live stock pool, 663. — Collusive practices in buying live stock, 672. — VI. The Palmer-Packer agreement, 677. — Proposed legislation, 680.
Critical Energy for Direct Transient Stability Assessment of a Multimachine Power System

This paper describes a criterion for determining the critical energy used in direct transient stability assessment of a multimachine power system using the transient energy function method. This criterion provides a method by which the controlling unstable equilibrium point (u.e.p.), for the disturbance under investigation, is identified.
ADVANCED CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF 2,4,6 TRICHLOROPHENOL IN AQUEOUS PHASE BY FENTON'S REAGENT-PART II: EFFECTS OF VARIOUS REACTION PARAMETERS ON THE TREATMENT REACTION

Abstract Part I of this paper examined the effects of the amounts of oxidant and catalyst on the rates and extents of oxidation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP), in aqueous phase, by Fenton's Reagent. In this part the effects of various reaction parameters, e.g. temperature, pH, oxidation state of catalyst (ferrous versus ferric), mode of addition of oxidant to the reactor (single batch versus multiple increments), and the presence of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) have been examined. The progress of each reaction has been monitored by the rate and extent of release of free chloride ions in the aqueous solution. All the experiments were conducted using optimum molar ratios of the oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) to the substrate (TCP), and the catalyst (ferrous ions) to the oxidant of 5.5:1 and 0.10:1 respectively, as defined in Part I.
Intrapulmonary Delivery of Ricin at High Dosage Triggers a Systemic Inflammatory Response and Glomerular Damage

In view of the possibility that ricin may be used as a bioweapon against human populations, we examined the pathological consequences that occur in mice after introduction of ricin into the pulmonary system. Intratracheal instillation of a lethal dose of ricin (20 μg/100 g body weight) resulted in a hemorrhagic inflammatory response in multiple organs, accompanied by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, increased synthesis of proinflammatory RNA transcripts, and increased levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines. A sublethal dose of instilled ricin (2 μg/100 g body weight) induced a similar response in lungs but did not cause detectable damage in other organs. Lungs of mice that recovered from a sublethal dose of ricin displayed evidence of fibrosis and residual damage. A lethal dose of ricin caused accumulation of proinflammatory RNA transcripts and substantial damage to 28S rRNA of multiple organs, including lung, kidney, spleen, liver, and blood, demonstrating that instilled ricin gained access to the circulation. The kidneys of mice instilled with a lethal dose of ricin showed accumulation of fibrin/fibrinogen in glomerular capillaries, increased numbers of glomerular leukocytes, and impairment of kidney function. A sublethal dose of ricin failed to induce damage to 28S rRNA in kidney or other extrapulmonary organs.
Three days in a) life on MARS

Purpose – This case study seeks to provide insight into the day‐to‐day operation of the MARS scheme, a service offered by Mansfield District Council to help homeless households secure good quality, affordable accommodation in the private rented sector.Design/methodology/approach – Beginning with a brief reflection of the development of the scheme, the study moves on to focus on three typical days in the life of the MARS Senior Tenancy Support Officer, demonstrating how the service identifies suitable tenants and good quality properties and offers ongoing practical support and advice to landlords and their tenants to deliver sustainable tenancies.Findings – The study goes on to reflect on the development of the scheme, evidencing the effectiveness of MARS both in preventing homelessness and reducing the number of empty homes in the Mansfield District.Originality/value – Ongoing funding difficulties have threatened the future of the MARS scheme and the study reveals how the Council intends to address these ...
Cytidine deaminase and the development of resistance to arabinosyl cytosine.

THE effectiveness of arabinosyl cytosine (cytarabine: 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, ‘Cytosar’, abbreviated to ara-C) in the treatment of human leukaemia can be correlated with the rate of uptake of the molecule in vitro1 and its subsequent phosphorylation. In man, this nucleoside is also rapidly deaminated to produce arabinosyl uridine which has no therapeutic activity2: both liver and serum contain pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase3. Consequently the half-life of unchanged ara-C in human sera is brief (about 15 min−1) (ref. 2). These characteristics suggest a relationship between cytidine deaminase and the susceptibility of the leukaemic cell to ara-C, and we have found that initial therapeutic responses in human leukaemia are correlated with lower intracellular concentrations of deaminase than those present in non-responders., Furthermore, in sequential treatment schedules, increasing concentrations of deaminase are associated with markedly reduced susceptibility of the tumour cell to ara-C.
Abstract 387: PEDF binds to IL- 10 receptor in the absence of IL-10 and inhibits melanoma tumor growth

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Macrophages exist within the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in influencing tumor cell growth, angiogenesis and cancer progression. The interaction between macrophages, tumor cells, and endothelial cells occurs largely through cytokine secretion and detection by tumor associated macrophages (TAM). In this study, we investigate the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) in the macrophage-tumor interaction. In an explant model of melanoma, tumor growth was significantly reduced in IL-10 knockout mice. Media from IL-10 deficient macrophages significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation when compared to media from wild-type macrophages. Interestingly, expression of the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic cytokine PEDF was increased in IL-10 knockout macrophages. Media of IL-10 KO macrophages treated with recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) and anti-PEDF failed to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Neutralization of PEDF in IL-10 KO mice restored tumor growth in these mice. To further explore the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between PEDF, IL-10 and IL-10 receptor, IL-10 receptor binding of PEDF was evaluated in presence or absence of rIL-10. PEDF binds to IL-10 receptor only in the absence of competing rIL-10. Taken together these studies show a novel interaction between PEDF and the IL-10 receptor and suggest that the anti-tumor activity of PEDF can be significantly enhanced by reducing IL-10 levels. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 387. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-387
Uncertainty quantification for the impact of injection rate fluctuation on the geomechanical response of geological carbon sequestration

Abstract We study the effect of random injection rate fluctuations on pressure and geomechanical stresses during geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2). We first derive analytical solutions for the mean and variance of the pressure of CO2 in the reservoir. Next, we use the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to obtain the mean and variance of geomechanical deformation stresses and the maximum sustainable injection pressure based on shear-slip failure analysis. The MCS method is validated using the analytical solutions for mean and variance of the pressure. We demonstrate that for any Gaussian distribution of injection rate Q with given mean Q ¯ and standard deviation ɛQ, the coefficients of variation of the CO2 pressure ( ϵ p = e p / p ¯ ), deformation ( ϵ u = e u / u ¯ ), and stresses ( ϵ σ = e σ / σ ¯ ) increase linearly with the coefficient of variation of the injection rate ( ϵ Q = e Q / Q ¯ ). We calculate coefficients of variation and show that the fluctuations have the most pronounced effect on the geomechanical stresses and, therefore, on the potential fracturing of the aquifer and caprock layers. We demonstrate that the maximum sustainable injection pressure can be determined based on shear-slip analysis with a given expected risk due to the injection rate fluctuations. We show that the injection rate fluctuations decrease the maximum sustainable injection pressure.
Excretion of organic compounds by Chlamydomonas.

Six species of Chlamydomonas have been shown to accumulate soluble photosynthetic products in the culture medium during growth. Formation of soluble organic material parallels the growth of the algae, and is favored by high light intensity and nitrate as nitrogen source. The groducts formed include polysaccharide and organic acids.
Spectroscopic investigations of catalytic iridium carbonyl species in sodium chloroaluminate melts

In situ spectroscopic studies of the iridium chemistry occurring during the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide employing IrCl(CO)3 and Ir4(CO)12 in an aluminum chloride-sodium chloride (63:37 mole%) melt were performed. Infrared, UV-visible, Raman, and 1H NMR data indicate that similar monomeric species are generated during catalysis. Infrared investigation of the introduction of IrCl(CO)3 into molten AlCl3:NaCl (63:37) under CO:H2 (1:3 mole ratio) and the reaction between IrCl(CO)3 and carbon monoxide in an acidic melt suggest the initial formation of an iridium-carbonyl species followed by the generation of a hydridocarbonyl complex in the initial stage of the catalysis. Infrared data also indicate that the method of introduction for Ir4(CO)12 into the AlCl3:NaCl medium under 1 atm of CO:H2 (1:3 mole ratio) has a marked effect on the spectra observed. In an acidic melt IrCl(CO)3 reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride, methane and metallic iridium.
Symmetry of Orientational Order Fluctuations about the Nematic-Isotropic Phase Transition: An ESR Study

The ESR relaxation of a weakly aligned spin probe dissolved in N-[$p$-methoxybenzylidine]-$p$-butylaniline has been studied near ${T}_{c}$, the isotropic-nematic transition. Spin relaxation due to critical orientational fluctuations is observed on either side of ${T}_{c}$ and is characterized by a symmetry about ${T}_{c}$ that is rather well explained by simple Landaude Gennes mean-field theory for the weak first-order transition.
The concept of power and security in soviet history

Beneath the growing concern over the Soviet military threat there rest, unattended, fundamental questions involving the Soviet conception of power, security, order and change. Understandably, grand, difficult, elusive matters like these are not the preoccupation of the practical people who analyse ‘the threat’ and even less of those who devise a response. But the quality of their analysis and response inevitably depends on our ability to comprehend at this other level. The interpretation of the significance of Minuteman vulnerability or of Soviet-Cubancombatants in Ethiopia ultimately requires an honest effort to know what the Soviet leaders think about the place of military power in international politics; how they conceive their national security and what regard they have for ours; and whether they worry in any depth about international stability or the interplay between order and change.
The consequences of premarital fatherhood.

This study which focuses on how marriage and cohabitation explain the socioeconomic effects of premarital fatherhood opens by reviewing the literature on premarital fatherhood. Particular emphasis is placed on the three approaches used to explain why men do not marry the mothers of their children (portraying young men as sexual predators; focusing on the structural aspects of marriage and employment markets that mitigate against marriage; and noting that women have alternatives to marriage). The study hypothesis that premarital fatherhood increases the likelihood of cohabitation is based on the notion that marriage automatically entails significant obligations. The idea that marriage is a form of social capital that confers access to other people for support also helps explain the lower socioeconomic status of unmarried fathers. Data from the first 15 years of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to determine prevalence of premarital fertility among men. Reported findings covered 1) how the likelihoods of marriage and nonmarital cohabitation are conditioned by premarital fatherhood and 2) socioeconomic outcomes in terms of total earnings year-round employment educational attainment and poverty status. It was found that premarital fatherhood is associated with a range of negative socioeconomic consequences as including less schooling lower earnings less employment and greater likelihood of living in poverty. Some of these consequences are the result of self selection effects but many appear to be caused by unmarried fatherhood.
1218 SITES OF ACTION OF SOMATOMEDIN ON CHICK CHONDROCYTES

Somatomedin C/insulin-like growth factor I the major regulator of cartilage growth and (GAG) biosynthesis. We have previously shown of sulfate incorporation into GAG by SM is dependent upon protein synthesis, particularly synthesis of GAG protein core. Using a cultured chick chondrocyte system, we investigated the time necessary for stimulation by SM. Increased incorporation of thymidine into DNA occurred after a lag of 5 hours, sulfate into GAG after 1-2 hours, and leucine into protein and uridine into RNA within 15 minutes. Because stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis are both rapid, we studied whether the stimulation of GAG biosynthesis requires SM stimulation of RNA. Actinomycin D (5 ug/ml, which inhibits RNA synthesis without blocking SM stimulation of native GAG synthesis) and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-B-D-xyloside (1 mM, which acts as an acceptor for initiation of GAG chains) were used for these studies. Addition of xyloside increased incorporation of sulfate into soluble GAG, but decreased incorporation into cell-bound GAG. The effect of SM was still present after addition of the xyloside with and without actinomycin D. We conclude that SM stimulation of protein and RNA synthesis occurs within minutes after addition of SM, and before stimulation of sulfation or DNA synthesis. This stimulation is independent of RNA synthesis, and is reflected by an increase in xyloside-initiated chains.
Acute Ischemic Stroke and Infections

We present an overview of multiple infections in relation to acute ischemic stroke and the therapeutic options available. Conditions that are a direct cause of stroke (infectious endocarditis, meningoencephalitides, and human immunodeficiency virus infection), the pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for stroke, and treatment dilemmas are presented. Independently or in conjunction with conventional risk factors, chronic and acute infections can trigger an acute ischemic stroke through an accelerated process of atherosclerosis and immunohematologic alterations. Acute ischemic stroke has a negative impact on the antibacterial immune response, leading to stroke-induced immunodepression and infections, the most common poststroke medical complications. Poststroke infections are independent predictors of poor outcome. Antibiotic trials for poststroke infection prevention are reviewed. Although antibiotic prophylaxis is not the standard of care in acute stroke, current guidelines support prompt treatment of stroke-related infections.
A limit theorem for random coverings of a circle

LetN α, m equal the number of randomly placed arcs of length α (0<α<1) required to cover a circleC of unit circumferencem times. We prove that limα→0 P(Nα,m≦(1/α) (log (1/α)+mlog log(1/α)+x)=exp ((−1/(m−1)!) exp (−x)). Using this result for m=1, we obtain another derivation of Steutel's resultE(Nα,1)=(1/α) (log(1/α)+log log(1/α)+γ+o(1)) as α→0, γ denoting Euler's constant.
Reappraisal of the Role of Anti‐i in Haemolytic Anaemia in Infectious Mononucleosis

Summary. Current literature implies that haemolytic anaemia in infectious mononucleosis is regularly caused by the temporary production of high thermal amplitude cold agglutinins of anti-i specificity. More recently, Capra et al (1969) suggested interaction between IgG anti-i and anti-IgG antibodies as the cause of haemolytic anaemia in infectious mononucleosis. A detailed serologic evaluation of three patients during moderate to severe haemolytic anaemia in infectious mononucleosis revealed high thermal amplitude anti-i in only one. This patient's direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative using anti-IgG but was 3 + using anti-C3 and -C4. The serum antibody titre against cord or adult Oi cells was 512 at 4°C and 4 at 31°C. The anti-i was inhibited by mercaptoethanol, and anti-IgG was not found in the patient's serum. Patient 2 had a negative DAT and patient 3 had a 2 + DAT using anti-C3 and anti-C4. Anti-i was present only in low titre at 4°C and was unreactive at 20°C. It was inhibited by mercaptoethanol. These patients' sera contained anti-IgG antibodies. In none of our patients were warm autoantibodies detected. This data demonstrates that haemolytic anaemia in infectious mononucleosis is not necessarily associated with high thermal amplitude anti-i. Further, since the anti-i antibodies in patients 2 and 3 were of low titre, were inhibited by mercaptoethanol, and did not react at physiologic temperatures, the mechanism of haemolysis in these patients does not seem related to the interaction of anti-IgG and IgG anti-i antibodies. Further work is necessary to clarify the mechanism of haemolytic anaemia in infectious mononucleosis.
Analysis of clot formation with acoustic radiation force

Inappropriate blood coagulation plays an important role in diseases including stroke, heart attack, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT arises when a blood clot forms in a large vein of the leg. DVT is detrimental because the blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. More importantly, a potentially fatal situation may arise if part of the clot travels to the arteries in the lungs, forming a pulmonary embolism (PE). Characterization of the mechanical properties of DVT could improve diagnosis and suggest appropriate treatment. We are developing a technique to assess mechanical properties of forming thrombi. The technique uses acoustic radiation force as a means to produce small, localized displacements within the sample. Returned ultrasound echoes are processed to estimate the time dependent displacement of the sample. Appropriate mechanical modeling and signal processing produce plots depicting relative mechanical properties (relative elasticity and relative viscosity) and force-free parameters (time constant, damping ratio, and natural frequency). We present time displacement curves of blood samples obtained during coagulation, and show associated relative and force-free parameter plots. These results show that the Voigt model with added mass accurately characterizes blood behavior during clot formation.
On multicomponent, multiphase thermomechanics with interfaces

Abstract The thermomechanics of a multiphase multicomponent mixture are developed in the spirit of modern continuum physics. A new axiom of constitution, “equipresence of constituents”, is stated and employed to obtain macroscale equations of constitution which are consistent with their microscale counterparts. Here we are assuming a scale separation wherein the classical microscale theory of mixtures applies within each phase and interface, and a hybrid theory of mixtures, which is a homogenization of the microscale mixture theory over phases and interfaces, applies at the macroscale. We thus postulate the existence of a two-scale hierarchy of overlaying continua. Such scale separation is common to many types of porous media. Exploitation of the entropy inequality in the sense of Coleman and Noll and application of equilibrium constraints produces a complex list of functional relations forming a macroscale theory of constitution. In a three-phase system linearization of several of these relations produces novel analogs of Fick's first law of diffusion and Darcy's law of fluid transport in deforming porous media. These analogs of Fick's and Darcy's laws are significantly different from their traditional forms in that they contain an “interaction potential”. The authors feel that the contribution fo the interaction potential to fluid flow dynamics could be of crucial importance in swelling and shrinking colloidal systems. Another especially important consequence of the theory of constitution is the development of the experimentally observed exponential relation between disjoining (swelling) pressure and the pore width in a smectitic clay-water system. This relation cannot be developed using classical Gibbsian thermostatics.
CREATING MARKETS UNDER INSTITUTIONAL VOIDS: THE CASE OF SMALL-SCALE RENEWABLES IN TAJIKISTAN

This paper explores the process of new market creation under conditions of institutional voids, or when market supporting structures are lacking. Market-based strategies are increasingly used for poverty alleviation strategies in developing countries, where institutional voids are often present. Drawing upon the case of Tajikistan, a developing post-Soviet country in Central Asia, and the market for of small-scale renewable energy technologies, this analysis investigates why some actors in a nascent market escape the effects of institutional voids, while others fail. Adopting a field perspective of markets, in my analysis of qualitative data from interviews with organizations from the entire field, I find that institutional voids are a source of ambiguity in the creation of new markets in Tajikistan. The results suggest that organizations that employ strategies lying in the same domain as the institutional voids are less likely to succeed in overcoming institutional voids. Meanwhile, the incorporation of ...
Group-specific viral antigens in the milk and tissues of mice naturally infected with mammary tumor virus or Gross leukemia virus.

Abstract Group-specific antigens of the mammary tumor virus (MTV-s1) and of Gross (wild-type) murine leukemia virus (MuLV-s1), demonstrable with specific precipitating antisera, are present in high concentration in the milk of naturally infected mice. With two exceptions, MTV-s1 was restricted to mice of strains with a high incidence of mammary tumors; the two exceptions were individual mice of strains free of MTV by foster-nursing and may be explained by the presence of virus of the same antigenic group. MuLV-s1 has a wide distribution among mouse strains. It occurs not only in mice with a high incidence of leukemia, but also in mice of low-incidence strains. This points to the existence of naturally occurring variants with MuLV-s1 group specificity and G (Gross) type specificity, but with little or no leukemogenic activity. An analogous relationship exists between the weakly oncogenic nodule-inducing virus and MTV, which belong to the same antigenic group. In only one mouse strain were MTV-s1 and MuLV-s1 found together in the milk, an observation suggesting that viruses of the two types may to some extent exclude one another. NZB mice are G+, have MuLV-s1 in their milk and tissues, and carry virus morphologically indistinguishable from murine leukemia virus. It is an open question whether this virus is etiologically related to the autoimmune disease of NZB mice.
The paradox of politics and policy in redistributing income

With political ideology with respect to the income distribution measured by proxy as the fraction of conservative coalition victories, it is found that over the period 1961–1984 the degree of conservative coalition strength is positively associated with changes in inequality, holding the effects of unemployment and inflation constant.
Prolegomena for the Connotation of Construct Use in the Measurement of Ethnic and Racial Identity.

There is considerable confusion about ethnic and racial identity, multicultural constructs, and the tools available to assess them. The conceptualization and measurement of the constructs in the field also are complicated by the increasing observation that human beings have multiple, intertwined identities that influence one another in ways that are not fully understood. Measurement problems are compounded by the growing popularity of identity to the extent that theory, construct clarity, and appropriate statistical analyses are ignored. The problems could influence counselors who are confronted with their client's identity distortions and confusions. To work through a client's uncertainty about his or her identity, counselors should understand the origins of identity constructs and how the client frames his or her identity problems and confusion. Given the state of pandemonium in ethnic and racial identity, it is essential that considerations are given to the historical developments of the constructs and what they mean for contemporary research and development.
A novel approach to direct carotid cavernous fistula repair: HydroCoil-assisted revision after balloon reconstruction

Abstract Background Direct carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) are commonly treated by endovascular deployment of a detachable balloon into the cavernous sinus to reconstruct the sidewall of the carotid artery and preserve flow in that vessel. Relatively few reports exist describing revisions using constructive, transarterial approaches when this technique fails. Methods We describe a novel method using expandable hydrogel-coated platinum coils to revise a failed balloon reconstruction in which the balloon had migrated within the cavernous sinus away from the rent in the carotid wall. Results This new technique to buttress the balloon back into the desired position using expandable coils proved to be effective, safe, and durable. Conclusions As endovascular treatments for direct CCF continue to evolve, techniques for revision will likely follow. This report adds a novel approach to our therapeutic armamentarium.
Neuronal-like features of TE671 cells: presence of a functional nicotinic cholinergic receptor.

Abstract The human medulloblastoma cell line TE671 has been investigated and found to have several ‘neuron-like’ properties, including the presence of a functional nicotinic receptor. The cell line TE671 is composed of at least 5 stable morphologic cell types. Resting potentials recorded with intracellular microelectrodes were low (−17 mV to −31 mV) but all cell types were capable of generating Na+-dependent action potentials following anode-brake stimulation. Rare spontaneous hyperpolarizing potentials, suggestive of synaptic activity, were also observed. TE671 cells were completely unresponsive to iontophoresed GABA but did respond to acetylcholine (ACh). The most common response to ACh was a depolarization accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. When large amounts of ACh were delivered, depolarization followed by hyperpolarization was frequently observed. Depolarizing responses to ACh are abolished in Na+-free solution while hyperpolarizing responses to ACh were still present following the removal of both Na+ and Cl− from the bathing solution. The depolarization response to ACh is mediated through a nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Depolarization was completely blocked in the presence of 10−6 M α-bungarotoxin,4.4 × 10−5M d -tubocurarine, or10−4M decamethonium. Atropine was only 50% effective at 10−4 M and hexamethonium was ineffective at 10−4 M. In vitro binding of receptor ligands to membranes prepared from TE671 cells revealed high levels of [125I]α-bungarotoxin (α-BuTx) binding sites, in addition to lower levels of other ligand binding sites. [125I]α-BuTx bound to a single, saturable high affinity site in either membrane preparations or intact TE671 cells. Binding was potently inhibited by the classical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists d -tubocurarine and decamethonium. Nicotine and carbamylcholine showed intermediate potencies in inhibiting binding while atropine and hexamethonium showed little ability to inhibit [125I]α-BuTx binding. The data obtained from [125I]α-BuTx binding studies agree qualitatively with the electrophysiological data on the depolarizing ACh response and together they provide strong evidence that TE671 cells possess a functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This cell line may therefore be useful as a stable source with which to characterize mammalian neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and membrane events related to its activation.
Neurodevelopmental disorders: Signalling pathways of fragile X syndrome

The RNA-binding protein FMR1 has a key role in the neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome, but the RNAs targeted by the protein were mostly unknown. An analysis reveals thousands of possible targets. See Article p.382 Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene, which encodes an RNA-binding protein called FMRP. This study from Thomas Tuschl's laboratory has now defined, on a genome-wide level, the targets bound by FMRP and by a disease-associated mutated version of FMRP. Although many of the top targets are involved in brain function and autism spectrum disorder, a surprising number of targets are also dysregulated in mouse ovaries, suggesting cross-regulation of signalling pathways in different tissues.
Quenched thin Pb films: Comparison of mean free paths calculated from Hc values with electron diffraction results

Abstract Resistive critical field measurements have been performed in quenched pure Pb films of ∼ 1000 A thickness both following the condensation at 6.3°K and during annealing, and used to calculate the electronic mean free paths ( l ) for different annealing temperatures. The l values are compared with crystal size as determined by electron diffraction.
Personal and family food choice schemas of rural women in upstate New York.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to gain conceptual understanding of the cognitive processes involved in food choice among low- to moderate-income rural women. Design: This interpretivist study used grounded theory methods and a theory-guided approach. Participants/Setting: Sixteen women aged 18 to 50 years from varied household compositions were purposively recruited in an upstate New York rural county. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results: Study participants held both personal and family food choice schemas characterized by food meanings and behavioral scripts. Food meanings encompassed self-reported beliefs and feelings associated with food. Food choice scripts described behavioral plans for regularized food and eating situations. Five personal food choice schemas (dieter, health fanatic, picky eater, nonrestrictive eater, inconsistent eater) and 4 family food choice schemas (peacekeeper, healthy provider, struggler, partnership) emerged. Conclusions and Implications: The findings advance conceptual understanding of the cognitive processes involved in food choice by demonstrating the existence of different food choice schemas for personal and family food choice situations. Further study is needed on food choice schemas in different populations in various food and eating situations.
THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ADENINE FROM 1.8 TO 80 eV

Experimental measurements of the optical reflectance of solid adenine films have been obtained for photon energies extending from 1.8 to 80 eV. From these data we have established the complex index of refraction, the complex dielectric function, and the energy-loss function Im(-l/). Structure in the dielectric functions are ascribed to * transitions at photon energies less than ~9 eV and to * transitions at higher energies. A broad peak in the energy-loss function near 24 eV is associated with a collective resonance involving all the valence electrons. Sum rule calculations are used to demonstrate the overall consistency of the data.
Voting and catalytic processes with inhomogeneities.

We consider the dynamics of the voter model and of the monomer-monomer catalytic process in the presence of many ``competing'' inhomogeneities and show, through exact calculations and numerical simulations, that their presence results in a nontrivial fluctuating steady state whose properties are studied and turn out to specifically depend on the dimensionality of the system, the strength of the inhomogeneities, and their separating distances. In fact, in arbitrary dimensions, we obtain an exact (yet formal) expression of the order parameters (magnetization and concentration of adsorbed particles) in the presence of an arbitrary number $n$ of inhomogeneities (``zealots'' in the voter language) and formal similarities with suitable electrostatic systems are pointed out. In the nontrivial cases $n=1,2$, we explicitly compute the static and long-time properties of the order parameters and therefore capture the generic features of the systems. When $ng2$, the problems are studied through numerical simulations. In one spatial dimension, we also compute the expressions of the stationary order parameters in the completely disordered case, where $n$ is arbitrary large. Particular attention is paid to the spatial dependence of the stationary order parameters and formal connections with electrostatics.