cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
External Coulomb distortion of proton-deuteron final-state interactions for induced reactions on Au at E/A = 35 MeV

Abstract Correlations between coincident protons and deuterons were measured for induced reactions on Au at E / A = 35 MeV. Because of their different mass-to-charge ratios, protons and deuterons experience different accelerations in the Coulomb field of the heavy target residue. Correlations measured at small relative momenta are, therefore, influenced not only by the interaction between the coincident particles but also by this external field. The modification of the p−d correlation function by this field suggests that emission occurs close to the surface of the target residue.
Music preference as a factor of music distraction.

The present study is an experimental analysis of music preference as a factor of music distraction measured by the Stroop tests. Significant differences were found among groups given, most preferre...
Alarm Fatigue A Patient Safety Concern

Research has demonstrated that 72% to 99% of clinical alarms are false. The high number of false alarms has led to alarm fatigue. Alarm fatigue is sensory overload when clinicians are exposed to an excessive number of alarms, which can result in desensitization to alarms and missed alarms. Patient deaths have been attributed to alarm fatigue. Patient safety and regulatory agencies have focused on the issue of alarm fatigue, and it is a 2014 Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal. Quality improvement projects have demonstrated that strategies such as daily electrocardiogram electrode changes, proper skin preparation, education, and customization of alarm parameters have been able to decrease the number of false alarms. These and other strategies need to be tested in rigorous clinical trials to determine whether they reduce alarm burden without compromising patient safety.
The effect of oxide thickness on the oxidation of aluminum films

Abstract The effect of oxide thickness on the oxidation of aluminum films was studied with gas mixtures of 250–1200 p.p.m. oxygen in nitrogen. All experiments were conducted under conditions in which the gas phase was controlling. The maximum oxide thickness for gas-phase controlling was found to be a function of exp (temperature) and independent of oxygen concentration when this concentration was above 510 p.p.m.
SAGE program explores the Rio Grande rift

Last June and July, for the ninth consecutive summer, geophysics students from universities across the United States and around the world converged on Santa Fe, N.Mex., to participate in a unique geophysical field program (Figure 1). Among a variety of activities, students surveyed, laid cables, buried electrodes, and gathered and interpreted a wealth of geophysical and geological data. They were part of a program called the Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE), not to be confused with the Geological Society of America's Science Awareness Through Geoscience Education program. SAGE is sponsored by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) branch of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics of the University of California [Jiracek et al., 1991].
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions in Circulating Leukocytes from an Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) with Iridoviral Infection

A free-ranging adult female eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) was presented to the University of Tennessee in October 2003 because of suspected trauma and blindness. Physical examination revealed lethargy, clear ocular and nasal discharges, and white oral and laryngeal plaques. Intracytoplasmic inclusions within heterophils and large mononuclear leukocytes were observed on routine blood smear examination. Postmortem findings included necrosis of epithelial and parenchymal cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally, the leukocyte inclusions consisted of variably electron-dense granular material and viral particles consistent with the Iridoviridae family of viruses. The virus shared 100% sequence identity to a 420-base pair sequence of frog virus 3 (family Iridoviridae, genus Ranavirus) as determined by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing targeting a portion of the Ranavirus major capsid protein gene.
Bladder cancer biomarkers: current developments and future implementation.

Purpose of reviewBladder cancer biomarker development has advanced significantly over the last decade, but has not yet been able to make a significant impact in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Many available markers are suitable, but do not meet the expectations of physicians and patien
Determining the duration of comparative clinical trials while allowing for cure.

Abstract Rubinstein et al. [1] provide a technique for estimating the required length of accrual in a two treatment group randomized survival trial. An important parameter in this approach is the expected number of events as estimated by assuming exponential failure. When the underlying distribution of failure times displays a distinct plateau, as in many children's cancers (i.e. there is a “cure”), the assumption of exponential failure could be misleading. In this situation we propose the use of the general formulation in [1], but with the expected number of failures based on failure models with hazard functions which may decrease to zero. We suggest two such models and show that they provide a good fit in an example from Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) trials, and that the determination of required trial duration depends strongly upon which model is assumed.
Amelioration of hypoxemia by neuromuscular blockade following brain injury

Brain injury has been commonly associated with respiratory failure and uncontrolled skeletal muscle activity. In the present study, neuromuscular (NM) blockade induced by injection of succinylcholine hydrochloride was used to block uncontrolled muscle contractions in dogs with brain injury caused by rapid elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). Decerebrate posturing, a decrease in value (mean ± SEM) of arterial oxygen tension (Pa02) of 26 ± 1 torr, and an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) of 11 ± 1 torr occurred in the dogs, which were supported by mechanical ventilation. The arterial hypoxemia developed independently of the decerebration; however, dogs that demonstrated decerebrate posturing exhibited significantly larger decreases in Pa02 than dogs that did not (P< 0.01). NM blockade ameliorated the effects of elevated ICP on the arterial blood gases; i.e., the amount of hypoxemia in decerebrate dogs was significantly less in dogs subjected to NM blockade than in dogs not subjected to NM blockade. It is concluded that uncontrolled skeletal muscle activity that exacerbates arterial hypoxemia associated with brain injury is ameliorated by use of NM blockade as a therapeutic adjunct to mechanical ventilation.
Protection against hypoxia-induced passive avoidance deficits: interactions between DuP 996 and ketanserin.

Abstract DuP 996 and ketanserin have previously been shown to protect against experimentally induced passive avoidance (PA) deficits. In the present experiment the potential interaction between DuP 996 and ketanserin on hypoxia-induced amnesia was evaluated. Exposure to hypoxia (6.5% oxygen) produced a reliable deficit in PA retention which was attenuated by posthypoxia treatment with DuP 996 (0.01–0.1 mg/kg SC). Similar effects were found with ketanserin at 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg SC. Coadministration of ketanserin, at a dose that did not protect against hypoxia (0.3 mg/kg SC), and DuP 996 (at doses of 0.005, 0.1, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg SC) revealed a potentiation of both previously inactive doses of DuP 996 (e.g., 0.005, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg SC) and an increase in the protective effect of previously active doses of DuP 996 (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mg/kg SC). These results suggest that combined administration of DuP 996, a neurotransmitter release enhancer, with ketanserin, a serotonin (5HT) antagonist, may provide a useful treatment for dementia.
Unusual Hyperechoic Appearance of Prostate Cancer on Transrectal Ultrasonography

A series of 157 patients with prostate cancer underwent transrectal ultrasonography prior to radical prostatectomy. In 112 patients (71.3%) the tumours appeared hypoechoic relative to the echo pattern of the normal peripheral zone; in 43 (27.4%) they appeared isoechoic, and in only 2 (1.3%) did they appear purely or predominantly hyperechoic. These 2 hyperechoic tumours were unusual ductal adenocarcinomas with central necrosis and dystrophic calcification within solid tumour nests, a pattern similar to that of comedo-carcinoma of the breast. Calcification within prostate cancer was found in 4 of the 157 radical prostatectomy specimens, including 2 other hypoechoic cancers which contained intraluminal or psammomatous calcification. Although the most common sonographic appearance of localised prostate cancer is hypoechoic, a predominantly hyperechoic pattern is seen occasionally and suggests the presence of a high grade ductal adenocarcinoma.
Pelvic pain following radical retropubic prostatectomy: a prospective study.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate subacute and chronic pelvic pain after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) performed for clinically localized prostate cancer. Methods. Twenty-four consecutive patients undergoing RRP completed pain, quality-of-life, and incontinence questionnaires. They also wore pads for 24 hours to measure urine loss objectively before and after surgery. Results. Three patients had pelvic pain preoperatively. Thirteen, 7, and 5 patients had pelvic pain at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, after RRP. At 6 months, none of the 5 patients with pelvic pain required analgesic medication. There was a strong relationship between pain and cancer worry, as well as between pain and incontinence. Conclusions. Many patients have subacute pelvic pain after RRP but improve over time. Severe chronic pain is unlikely after RRP.
Racial differences in antihypertensive therapy: Evidence and implications

Blood pressure is controlled by many factors, and thus hypertension is a multifactorial disorder. This etiologic diversity is also reflected in the broad spectrum of different pharmacologic agents known to lower blood pressure. Most carefully controlled studies employing a single antihypertensive drug in unselected, uncomplicated mild to moderate hypertensives demonstrate efficacy in reducing blood pressure in 40–60% of the population. If two agents of differing pharmacologic actions are combined, success rates of 70–90% are generally observed. Specific choices of antihypertensive agents have heretofore been based on whimsy, hearsay, or empiricism. More recent studies have identified characteristics that may help to predict the efficacy of single drugs. These characteristics have included physiologic factors, such as sodium sensitivity, plasma renin activity, or sympathetic nervous system activity, as well as demographic components, particularly age and race. This review will examine the effects of racial classification on the blood pressure response to antihypertensive agents.
Energy Conservation Research of California's Utilities A Meta-Evaluation

More than 200 evaluations of energy conservation programs conducted by California's four major utilities between 1977-1980 were reviewed and critiqued. In general, the evaluations were conducted in...
Velocity measurements in a high-Reynolds-number, momentum-conserving, axisymmetric, turbulent jet

The turbulent flow resulting from a top-hat jet exhausting into a large room was investigated. The Reynolds number based on exit conditions was approximately 105. Velocity moments to third order were obtained using flying and stationary hot-wire and burst-mode laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) techniques. The entire room was fully seeded for the LDA measurements. The measurements are shown to satisfy the differential and integral momentum equations for a round jet in an infinite environment.The results differ substantially from those reported by some earlier investigators, both in the level and shape of the profiles. These differences are attributed to the smaller enclosures used in the earlier works and the recirculation within them. Also, the flying hot-wire and burst-mode LDA measurements made here differ from the stationary wire measurements, especially the higher moments and away from the flow centreline. These differences are attributed to the cross-flow and rectification errors on the latter at the high turbulence intensities present in this flow (30% minimum at centreline). The measurements are used, together with recent dissipation measurements, to compute the energy balance for the jet, and an attempt is made to estimate the pressure-velocity and pressure-strain rate correlations.
Substitution of simulated well-cuttings for core plugs in the petrophysical analysis of dolostones: Permian San Andres Formation, Texas

Petrophysical data on heterogeneous dolostone rocks of the San Andres Formation (Permian) of West Texas were obtained using a mercury porosimeter from two kinds of samples: (a) cylindrical core plugs and (b) chips (simulated well-cuttings). In both kinds of samples, dolomitized oolitic grainstones and dolomudstones showed characteristics of good reservoir rocks (medium to large, uniform-sized pore throats, and a high percentage of available pores). Data from both plug and chip samples yielded comparable capillary-pressure curves defining the tight caprock facies and locating the top of the porosity zone in the dolomudstone. Petrophysical data derived from plugs and chips are similar because micron-sized throats which control capillary effects are not affected by sampling processes. The experiments suggest that well-cuttings, which are inexpensive to collect, can provide representative samples for characterization of reservoir facies in the thick, heterogeneous carbonate sequence of the San Andres. Well-cuttings therefore deserve more attention as an alternative sampling material, especially in reservoirs where cores are not available.
Behavioral and neurobiological characteristics influencing social hierarchy formation in female cynomolgus monkeys.

Socially housed monkeys have been used as a model to study human diseases. The present study examined behavioral, physiological and neurochemical measures as predictors of social rank in 16 experimentally naive, individually housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The two behavioral measures examined were novel object reactivity (NOR), as determined by latency to touch an opaque acrylic box placed in the home cage, and locomotor activity assessed in a novel open-field apparatus. Serum cortisol concentrations were evaluated three times per week for four consecutive weeks, and stress reactivity was assessed on one occasion by evaluating the cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) following dexamethasone suppression. Measures of serotonin (5-HT) function included whole blood 5-HT (WBS) concentrations, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and brain 5-HT transporter (SERT) availability obtained using positron emission tomography (PET). After baseline measures were obtained, monkeys were assigned to four social groups of four monkeys per group. The two measures that correlated with eventual social rank were CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, which were significantly higher in the animals who eventually became subordinate, and latency to touch the novel object, which was significantly lower in eventual subordinate monkeys. Measures of 5-HT function did not change as a consequence of social rank. These data suggest that levels of central 5-HIAA and measures of novel object reactivity may be trait markers that influence eventual social rank in female macaques.
mTOR, translational control and human disease

Many human diseases occur when the precise regulation of cell growth (cell mass/size) and proliferation (rates of cell division) is compromised. This review highlights those human disorders that occur as a result of inappropriate cellular signal transduction through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a major pathway that coordinates proper cell growth and proliferation by regulating ribosomal biogenesis and protein translation. Recent studies reveal that the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-1/2, PTEN, and LKB1 tumor suppressor proteins tightly control mTOR. Loss of these tumor suppressors leads to an array of hamartoma syndromes as a result of heightened mTOR signaling. Since mTOR plays a pivotal role in maintaining proper cell size and growth, dysregulation of mTOR signaling results in these benign tumor syndromes and an array of other human disorders.
Computational Study of the Structures and Properties of Aminonitroethane Molecules

As part of a series of studies of aminonitroalkanes, here we present density functional theoretical calculations on the properties of three symmetrically substituted aminonitroethane molecules: aminonitroethane, diaminodinitroethane and triaminotrinitroethane. Key data includes the energy content for combustion and decomposition reactions. Surprisingly, the greater the amount of substitution, the lesser the specific enthalpies of combustion but the greater the specific enthalpies of decomposition.
Mature macrophage cell lines exhibit variable responses to LPS

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent activator of cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage. Two mature macrophage cell lines, P388D1 and RAW264.7, exhibit very different biological responses to LPS. Although RAW264.7 cells release arachidonic acid from phospholipid in response to LPS stimulation, P388D1 cells do not respond in this manner. However, LPS primes P388D1 cells to release arachidonic acid in response to other stimuli. The goal of this work is to contrast the biochemical events that occur in LPS-treated P388D1 and RAW264.7 macrophages. Enzyme assays indicate that LPS treatment induces the activation of cytosolic PLA2 in RAW264.7, but not in P388D1 cells. Phorbol ester (PMA), a receptor-independent stimulus, also fails to induce arachidonic acid release from P388D1 cells, suggesting that these cells may have a defect in the signal transduction machinery that is common to LPS and PMA. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the expression of the LPS receptors CD14 and CD11b/CD18 is similar on P388D1 and RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analyses indicate that the erk kinases are activated upon LPS treatment of RAW264.7 but not P388D1 cells. LPS-induced arachidonic acid release is reduced in cells treated with the MEK inhibitor PD98059, suggesting that activated erk kinases mediate the phosphorylation and activation of cPLA2 in this system. Interestingly, the p42 isoform of erk (erk2) appears to be activated in resting P388D1 cells. This observation indicates that the MAP kinase cascade may be constitutively activated in P388D1 cells which may in turn limit their ability to respond to LPS. Together, these data provide evidence that mature macrophages from different sources can exhibit variable responses to LPS and highlight the danger of making generalizations regarding the effects of LPS on macrophages.
In vitro degradation of pH-sensitive hydrogels containing aromatic azo bonds

Biodegradable and pH-sensitive hydrogels containing azoaromatic moieties were synthesized from the same polymeric precursors by two synthetic methods, namely a polymer-polymer reaction and cross-linking of polymeric precursors. The effect of the synthetic route employed and the detailed network structure on in vitro degradation of hydrogels was studied. Regardless of the synthetic method used, two patterns of degradation were observed. Hydrogels with lower cross-linking density underwent a surface erosion process and degraded at a faster rate. Hydrogels with higher cross-linking densities degraded at a slower rate by a process where a colourless degradation front moved inward to the yellow core. It appears that hydrogels synthesized by a polymer-polymer reaction degraded at a slightly faster rate than their analogues synthesized by cross-linking of polymeric precursors. The degradation rate of a hydrogel was compared with those of a linear azopolymer and a low-molecular-weight azosubstrate (methyl orange) respectively. The degradation rates were in the order of hydrogel < linear azopolymer < low-molecular-weight azosubstrate.
The configurational entropy of two-dimensional random Penrose tilings

Abstract The configurational entropy of two-dimensional random tilings of Penrose rhombi has been calculated by two methods. Estimating the configurational degeneracy by determining the number of available configurations of each tile during physical model building gave an entropy of 0.495k per tile for a compositionally unconstrained tiling. Geometrical models based on the number of configurations around each vertex without correlations between them, gave higher values.
Light and electron microscopic cytochemistry of the epidermal mucoid cells ofAeolidia papillosa andCoryphella rufibranchialis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia)

The epidermal mucoid cells in the cerata ofAeolidia papillosa andCoryphella rufibranchialis were cytochemically tested to determine the composition of their secretory products. The PAS, alcian blue, PA-TSC-SP and high iron diamine stains were used to determine the presence of acidic, sulphated, and periodate-reactive groups on the mucopolysaccharides. The secretory granules in mucoid cells ofA. papillosa consisted of periodate-reactive mucopolysaccharides with acid groups other than sulphates. Each granule also contained fibrils which were not oxidized by periodic acid. The mucoid secretory granules inC. rufibranchialis contained weakly acidic sulphated mucopolysaccharides, but no periodate-reactive polysaccharide groups. In both aeolid nudibranchs the Golgi apparatus at the base of the mucoid cells contained products which stained the same as those in the secretory granules, confirming that the Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of mucoid secretory products. In addition the mucoid cell Golgi complex ofC. rufibranchialis also gave rise to ellipsoid vacuoles which contained sulphated mucopolysaccharides.
The Lombard Sign and the Role of Hearing in Speech

Lombard noted in 1911 that a speaker changes his voice level similarly when the ambient noise level increases, on the one hand, and when the level at which he hears his own voice (his sidetone) dec...
Intracellular Calcium Modulators Modulate Cisplatin-Induced Calcium Elevation in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7)

Abstract Cisplatin (CDDP) changes intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in various cell lines, while elevated [Ca2+]i induces apoptosis. We have previously shown that CDDP could elevate [Ca2+]i in MCF-7 cells. Here we investigate the source of [Ca2+]i by modulating calcium channels and transport mechanisms. Changes in the [Ca2+]i were recorded using florescence microscopy and the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-4. CDDP (0.001 – 0.1 µM) and [Ca2+]i modulators, (caffeine; 10mM, nimodipine; 10M, ionomycin; 10µM, thapsigargin; 500nM, and 2-APB; 50µM) were administered to cultured MCF-7 cells via a bath perfusion system. Cytotoxicity tests were performed using MTS and FACS assays at CDDP 100pM - 10mM. Viability tests were done following 24h incubation with CDDP. CDDP induced a concentration-dependent increase of [Ca2+]i. A concentration of CDDP 0.1µM triggered the largest elevation of [Ca2+]i with a 120 percent increase (n=19). Pre-application of the calcium channel blocker, nimodipine reduced...
Bridging Deterrence and Compellence: An Alternative Approach to the Study of Coercive Diplomacy

Despite decades of research on coercive diplomacy, the linkage between deterrence and compellence still remains unexplored. The present essay provides both a theoretical and empirical analysis of why studying their linked relationship is desirable. After overviewing the literature, it investigates the interplay between US strategies of deterrence and compellence in the First Gulf Crisis (1990–1991), suggesting that the deterrence–compellence linkage is stronger when the two strategies coexist or after they have coexisted. In particular, such a linkage was absent at the beginning of the First Gulf Crisis but very much present from the middle of the crisis until its end. Although this essay represents only a preliminary foray into exploring the potential linkage between deterrence and compellence, it appears that a better grasp of this relationship could provide us with the tools to counteract as well as reduce the negative effects of miscalculation and misperception, practices that are partially responsible for unpredicted and unwanted outcomes in international politics.
Keynes and the economics of the arts

In one of his most memorable phrases, delivered in a speech very near the end of his life, Keynes said that economists are "the trustees not of civilization, but of the possibility of civilization."(l) In the civilization that Keynes the economist worked so unremittingly to make possible it is clear that he awarded art a high, perhaps indeed, the very highest place. Since he was a man of action as well as a man of thought, it was characteristic of him that he should not only enjoy the passive contemplation of art, ballet, and the theater, but also engage himself as an art and book collector and as the promoter, innovator, and organizer of an astonishing array of arts enterprises. And since he was not only brilliantly articulate but also notably practical and energetic, it should not surprise us that by these efforts he did actually put his mark on the development of British culture. This paper briefly reviews Keynes' many and varied activities as a lifelong entrepreneur for the arts and examines those of his writings that deal directly or by implication with the economics of art and culture. In March, 1918 Keynes was travelling to war-time Paris on Treasury business. Degas' private art collection was coming up for auction. At the suggestion of the peti n ter Duncan Grant, one of his Bloomsbury friends, Keynes persuaded the Chancellor of the Exchequer to let him have £20,000 to buy pictures for the National Gallery. Charles Holmes, the Gallery's Director, accompanied him to carry out the actual bidding. In Paris Holmes succeeded in buying thirteen paintings and eleven drawings by 19th century French masters, but Keynes could not persuade him to bid on any of the Cezannes. Paris was then under siege by Big Bertha, which may have depressed prices, and according to David Garnett's recollections, the adventurers returned home with £5,000 unspent. On his own account, Keynes purchased a small Cezanne still life as well as works by Delacroix, Ingres, and Degas. Both Harrod and Duncan Grant date Keynes' career as a serious
Effects of bivalent cations on adenosine sensitivity in the rat hippocampal slice

Ligand binding studies have demonstrated that bivalent cations can alter interactions between purinergic agonists and adenosine receptors in brain membranes. In the present study, we have investigated whether a similar interaction can be demonstrated in terms of a functional response to adenosine, which is the inhibition of synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus mediated via presynaptic A1 receptors. Our data suggest that alterations in cation concentrations do not significantly affect the sensitivity of these adenosine receptors, as long as changes are made in such a way as to leave presynaptic Ca2+ entry unaffected. The experimental results do not support the conclusion that there is a specific effect of either Ca2+ or Mg2+ on adenosine receptor sensitivity, such as has been described for agonist interactions with adenosine A1 receptors. We conclude that the effects of bivalent cations observed in ligand binding studies probably reflect an effect at an intracellular site, either on the receptor itself, or perhaps on associated GTP binding proteins.
SPACES, BARRIERS, AND ION CARRIERS: ION ABSORPTION BY PLANTS'

EPSTEIN, EMANUEL. (U. California, Davis.) Spaces, barriers, and ion carriers: ion absorption by plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5): 393-399. 1960.-Ions from the external medium initially invade "outer" or "free" spaces of plant cells and tissues, by diffusion and ion exchange. This process is essentially non-metabolic and non-selective. and is readily reversible. The spaces accessible in this manner seem to be confined to the cell walls. From here, ions are selectively transported into "inner" spaces separated from the "outer" space by diffusion barriers. Ion carriers accomplish the selective transfer of the ions across the barriers or membranes, first into the cytoplasm and thence into the vacuole. The second step, into the vacuole, can be by-passed by those ions moving into the xylem elements and up to the shoot, and some transport to the shoot may skirt the active transport mechanisms entirely. LIFE first evolved in the ocean, and the ocean remains the abode of by far the greatest portion of existing plant life. And yet at first blush it seems singularly unfit for this role as the world's prime nutrient solution. This solution is 0.49 M in respect to sodium chloride, of which one element, sodium, is yet not known to be generally required for plant life, and the other, chloride, is required in very small amounts. By contrast potassium, needed by green plants in relatively large amounts, is present in the ocean at a concentration of only 0.012 M. The overall salt concentration of the ocean is such as would severely inhibit many enzyme reactions. At the same time, the high concentration of this solution tends to deprive cells immersed in it of waterthe universal medium in which the multi-enzyme systems of living things must operate. Oceanic plants, then, exist in a culture solution
Structural confirmation of a template reaction mechanism: Structure of dichloro (2,9-dimethyl-3,10-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-1,3,8,10-tetraene)cobalt(III) hexafluorophosphate

The structure of the title compound has been investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c, with unit cell parameters:a=11.394(3),b=6.381(2),c=17.413(4)A, andβ=95.72(2)°. The structure was refined with 2369 unique reflections by a full-matrix least squares procedure givingR andR w of 3.2 and 4.2%, respectively. The cobalt complex forms a six coordinate distorted octahedral structure with the cobalt atom at a center of symmetry. The macrocyclic ligand presents eighteen of its 28 nonhydrogen atoms in a planar array about the cobalt atom. Only the two central trimethylene carbon atoms and four carbon atoms of each phenyl ring deviate by more than ±0.05 A from this plane. Thetrans arrangement of substituents on the ligand of the complex confirms the structural assignment previously made based on NMR data and lends support to the proposed template reaction mechanism by which these complexes form.
Development of 500m-length IBAD-Gd2Zr2O7 film for Y-123 coated conductors

Abstract IBAD-Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (GZO) film was fabricated on polycrystalline Ni-based alloy tape by the IBAD-system with 110 cm × 15 cm ion source. Using long-length faraday-cup-array, effects of argon gas-flows on ion-current densities were investigated. As a result, lower gas-flow leads to higher ion-current density at the substrate in the system. Under the condition of low gas-flow, 10 m (with production speed of 5 m/h), 60 m (3 m/h) and 500 m (5 m/h)-length IBAD-GZO films were fabricated and their in-plane textures were Δ ϕ = 15°, 13° and 18°, respectively. After that, PLD-CeO 2 experiments were performed on the IBAD-GZO substrates with Δ ϕ = 15° and 13°, and then CeO 2 films with Δ ϕ = 5.5° and 5.7° were achieved with the tape-speed of 5.0 m/h and 10.0 m/h, respectively.
Reduced order model (ROM) of a pouch type lithium polymer battery based on electrochemical thermal principles for real time applications

Accurate and fast estimation of state of charge and health during operations plays pivotal roles in prevention of overcharge or undercharge and accurately monitor the state of cells degradation, which requires a model that can be embedded in the battery management system. Currently, models used are based on either empirical equations or electric equivalent circuit components with voltage sources or a combination of the two. The models are relatively simple, but limited to represent a wide range of operating behaviors that includes the effects of temperature, state of charge (SOC) and degradation, to name a few. On the other hand, full order models (FOM) are multi-dimensional or multi-scale models based on electrochemical and thermal principles capable of representing the details of the cell behavior, but inadequate for real time applications, simply because of the high computational time. Therefore, there are needs for the development of a model with an intermediate performance and real time capability, which is accomplished by reduction of the FOM that is called a reduced order model (ROM). The battery used for development of the ROM is a pouch type of lithium ion polymer battery (LiPB) made of LiMn2O4 (LMO)/carbon. The reduction of the model was carried out for ion concentrations, potentials and kinetics, the ion concentration in the electrode using the polynomial approach and the ion concentration in the electrolyte using the state space method, and potentials and electrochemical kinetics by linearization. In addition, the energy equation is used to calculate the cell temperature, on which the diffusion coefficient and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance are dependent. The computational time step is determined based on the total computational time and errors at a given SOC range and different C-rates. ROM responses are compared with those of the FOM and experimental data at a single cycle and multiple cycles under different operating conditions. The results show that calculation time of the ROM is reduced to one fifteenth of the FOM, approximately, while the accuracy can be maintained.
Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory of Nuclear and Electron Magnetic Resonance Parameters

Magnetic resonance experiments are currently one of the most important and widely available means for studying the molecular and electronic structure of molecules. Both the analysis and interpretation of magnetic resonance spectra are based on quantum mechanics, and magnetic resonance research has evolved with an especially constructive interaction between experimentalists and theorists. This chapter deals particularly with the interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and electron spin resonance spectra (ESR) based on quantum mechanics and particularly molecular orbital calculations.
Efficient distributed control protocols for WDM all-optical networks

Path multiplexing (PM) and link multiplexing (LM) are two approaches for establishing connections (or lightpaths) in optical networks. This paper describes distributed control protocols for establishing lightpaths in WDM networks using LM and PM. We propose and evaluate the performance of two classes of protocols, namely source initiated reservation (SIR) and destination initiated reservation (DIR). It is found that DIR protocols generally perform better than SIR protocols. However, the impacts of DIR protocols on the performance of a network using LM and PM are different.
An Approach for Developing an Optimal Discount Pricing Policy

This paper addresses the problem of why and how a seller should develop a discount pricing structure even if such a pricing structure does not alter ultimate demand. The situation modeled is most appropriate where the seller's product does not represent a major component of the buyer's final product, where the demand for the product is derived, or where the price is only one of many factors considered in making a purchase decision. A model of buyer reaction to any given pricing scheme is developed to show that there exists a unified pricing policy which motivates the buyer to increase its ordering quantity per order, thereby reducing the joint buyer and seller ordering and holding costs. As a result, the seller is able to reduce its costs while leaving the buyer no worse off and often better off. The model is extended to handle variable ordering and shipping costs and situations where the seller faces numerous groups of buyers, each having different ordering policies. Finally a case study is presented explicitly showing how the proposed pricing policy can be applied to the situation of a large seller selling to a number of different buyer groups.
Enhancement of Facial Scars With Dermabrasion

This article describes the physiology of wound healing, discusses considerations and techniques for dermabrasion, and presents case studies and figures for a series of patients who underwent dermabrasion after surgeries for facial trauma.
Nursing faculty satisfaction with individual, institutional, and leadership factors.

Abstract A survey of full-time nursing faculty in Minnesota examined perceptions about individual, institutional, and leadership characteristics. Of 548 surveys sent, 298 responses were analyzed (54 percent). Faculty were, on average, 50.5 years old, female (96 percent), and white (97 percent). Approximately 82 percent would choose nursing again, 63 percent would choose to work in their current institutions, and only 9 percent would not choose a faculty career again. Ninety-eight percent were committed to their careers and 97 percent to the profession. Only 44 percent had confidence in nursing’s direction. Similarities among faculty included having input into their roles and time; clarity about their work and goals fitting with the schools’ vision and goals; the role of the dean and senior faculty in maintaining the vision; the sense that their opinions are routinely solicited and incorporated; and compensation is not fair for the work that is done. Most (80 percent) felt that there were effective communication systems, constructive feedback from colleagues (71 percent), and a supportive network in their departments (55 percent). Differences related mostly to role functions; for example, baccalaureate and graduate faculty were more involved and had greater skills, rewards, and resources in research, and faculty in associate’s degree and licensed practical nurse programs perceived greater support for providing patient care. Recommendations are given for creating supportive work environments for faculty.
Generalizing the Pollaczek-Khintchine Formula to Account for Arbitrary Work Removal

Recently, a Pollaczek-Khintchine-like formulation for M/G/l queues with disasters has been obtained. A disaster is said to occur if a negative arrival causes all the customers (and therefore work) to depart from the system immediately. This study generalizes this result further, as it is shown to hold even when negative arrivals cause only part of the work to be demolished. In other words, an arbitrary amount of work, following a known distribution, is allowed to be removed at a negative event. Under these circumstances, a general approach for obtaining the Pollaczek–Khintchine Formula is proposed, which is then illustrated via several examples. Typically, it is seen that the formulainvolves certain parameters that are not explicitly known. The formula itself is made possible due to the number in system being geometric under preemptive last in-first out discipline.
Economic Model to Optimize Underground Utility Protection

The need for better protecting our vital infrastructure from being damaged or destroyed has received increased attention since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The tragedy of having tho...
Daily Activity Patterns of University Students

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of students’ activity characteristics and travel patterns based on the 2001 North Carolina State University Student Activity Travel Survey. Results show that undergraduate students and on-campus residents are engaged in more activities than graduate students and off-campus students. Graduate students are more likely to engage in class and work activity in the afternoon than in the morning. There is no statistically significant difference between student groups in terms of the proportion of students involved in a certain activity at a certain hour of the day. Instead, the types of activities are different across all 24 h of a day. The insights gained from this study will serve as the basis of an activity-based university travel demand model for North Carolina State University.
Sodium Channel β Subunits: Emerging Targets in Channelopathies

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. VGSCs in mammalian brain are heterotrimeric complexes of α and β subunits. Although β subunits were originally termed auxiliary, we now know that they are multifunctional signaling molecules that play roles in both excitable and nonexcitable cell types and with or without the pore-forming α subunit present. β subunits function in VGSC and potassium channel modulation, cell adhesion, and gene regulation, with particularly important roles in brain development. Mutations in the genes encoding β subunits are linked to a number of diseases, including epilepsy, sudden death syndromes like SUDEP and SIDS, and cardiac arrhythmia. Although VGSC β subunit-specific drugs have not yet been developed, this protein family is an emerging therapeutic target.
Gas-phase hydrogen deuterium exchange behavior of lysine and its homologs

Abstract The gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange behavior for protonated lysine and its three shorter homologs, ornithine (Orn), 2,4-diamino butanoic acid (Daba), and 2,3-diamino propanoic acid (Dapa) were studied in a modified LCQ-DECA ion trap mass spectrometer. The HDX behavior of protonated lysine has been studied previously by several groups. It undergoes five equivalent exchanges, corresponding to the hydrogen atoms attached to the protonated lysine side chain and amine terminus nitrogen, and one slower exchange corresponding to the COOH hydrogen. The shorter homologs also exchange all six labile hydrogen atoms but at different rates. Relative to protonated lysine, DapaH+ exchanges two times faster, DabaH+ exchanges slightly slower, and OrnH+ exchanges nearly 30 times more slowly. High-level hybrid density functional theory calculations attribute this difference to the increased barrier for the relay-type exchange mechanism in OrnH+, relative to the other homologs.
The Roles of Victim and Offender Substance Use in Sexual Assault Outcomes

The impact of victim and offender preassault substance use on the outcomes of sexual assault incidents was analyzed. Nine hundred and seventy female sexual assault victims were identified from the first wave of a longitudinal study based on a convenience sampling strategy. Multivariate models showed that victim injury was more likely in assaults involving offender substance use (regardless of whether or not the victim was also using substances). Offender use of physical force and verbal threats were also related to greater odds of completed rape and injury, and force was associated with medical attention seeking. Based on this study, rape prevention programs should target men and focus on the role of substance use in sexual assault. These prevention programs should incorporate information on the roles of offender and victim substance use, offender aggression, and other situational factors in sexual assault outcomes. Study limitations and suggestions for future research on the role of victim and offender substance use in rape incidents are presented.
PPerfGrid: a grid services-based tool for the exchange of heterogeneous parallel performance data

This paper presents PPerfGrid, a tool that addresses the challenges involved in the exchange of heterogeneous parallel computing performance data. Parallel computing performance data exists in a wide variety of different schemas and formats, from basic text files to relational databases to XML, and it is stored on geographically dispersed host systems of various platforms. PPerfGrid uses grid services to address these challenges. PPerfGrid exposes application and execution semantic objects as grid services and publishes their location and PPerfGrid clients access this registry, locate the PPerfGrid sites with performance data they are interested in, and bind to a set of grid services that represent this data. This set of application and execution grid services provides a uniform, virtual view of the data available in a particular PPerfGrid session. PPerfGrid addresses scalability by allowing specific questions to be asked about a data store, thereby narrowing the scope of the data returned to a client. In addition, by using a grid services approach, the application and execution grid services involved in a particular query can be dynamically distributed across several hosts, thereby taking advantage of parallelism and improving scalability. We describe our PPerfGrid prototype and include data from preliminary prototype performance tests.
Optimal Timing of Hemodilution for Brain Protection in a Canine Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose Hemodilution is known to ameliorate the effects of focal ischemia when used shortly after cerebral arterial occlusion; however, it remains to be proved whether hemodilution will be effective when used at more clinically relevant times, ie, with some delay between the onset of ischemia and initiation of therapy. Methods Thirty-two dogs were selected for inclusion in this study. Cerebral infarction was induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral and the azygos anterior cerebral arteries. The animals were allocated to 1 of 4 groups of eight animals each: arterial occlusion without hemodilution (group 1); hemodilution immediately after occlusion (group 2); hemodilution 3 hours after occlusion (group 3); and hemodilution 6 hours after occlusion (group 4). Isovolemic hemodilution to a hematocrit of 30% was performed. The animals were killed 6 days after induction of ischemia, and the infarct size was determined. Results Groups 2 and 3 showed significant reduction of infarct size...
Responsible Linkages Between Diversity and Disability: A Challenge for Special Education

This issue's Associate Editor's Exchange is meant to continue the discussion initiated by Deborah Voltz in the Winter 1998 TESE and push some of the deeper challenges related to special education's role in the larger sociocultural context of the education system. In this article, Barbara Seidl and I have attempted to clarify the complex relationship between the concept of diversity and the concept of disability and argue for an overriding sociocultural framework for special education as a responsible way to link these concepts in practice.—Marleen C. Pugach, Associate Editor
Hybrid simulation and optimization-based capacity planner for integrated photovoltaic generation with storage units

Unlike fossil-fueled generation, solar energy resources are geographically distributed and highly intermittent, which makes their direct control difficult and requires storage units. The goal of this research is to develop a flexible capacity planning tool, which will allow us to obtain a most economical mixture of capacities from solar generation as well as storage while meeting reliability requirements against fluctuating demand and weather conditions. The tool is based on hybrid (system dynamics and agent-based models) simulation and meta-heuristic optimization. In particular, the proposed tool has been developed for scenarios, where photovoltaic generators and storage units (compressed-air-energy-storage and super-capacitors) are used to supply energy demands in a region characterized by different house-holds considering different times and seasons. The constructed tool has been used to test impact of several factors (e.g. demand growth, efficiencies in PV panel and storage techniques) on the total cost of the system. Initial results look quite promising.
The Cox Proportional Hazards Model and Its Characteristics

We begin by discussing some computer results using the Cox PH model, without actually specifying the model; the purpose here is to show the similarity between the Cox model and standard linear regression or logistic regression.