cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution thermometry near the Lambda point

Abstract We report measurements of the temperature resolution and noise of two paramagnetic salt thermometers. The salts investigated were powdered cooper ammonium bromide in superfluid 4He and crystalline gadolinium trichloride. Both were found to have a temperature resolution of better than 9×10 -11 K/ Hz near Tλ.
The Triumph of the Industrial-Consumer Paradigm and English as the Global Language

This article considers the role of English as the global language within the industrial-consumer paradigm. In the 21st century, the English language plays a different function in the global economy than it did during the 19th century when it was used as an instrument of cultural imperialism. Today, English serves as a vehicle for participation in the global economy. It is now chosen as a language to learn rather than it being imposed by outside forces. Also, it is often adapted to local linguistic traditions creating a world of “Englishes.” The author traces the trends of English within the industrial-consumer paradigm and concludes by suggesting the biospheric paradigm offered by progressive educators as a possible alternative model to the current educational security state.
Cell saturation density is not determined by a diffusion-limited process

THE mouse cell line 3T3 ceases cell division at a confluent saturation density despite regular medium replacement. Also, when a confluent quiescent monolayer of 3T3 is wounded, cells migrate into the wound free of cell contact and initiate DNA synthesis, while cells in the monolayer remain arrested1. As the cells in both areas are in the same bulk medium, this experiment proves that depletion of growth factors in the bulk medium is itself not sufficient to account for density-dependent inhibition of growth. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the wounding experiment. The first states that direct cell–cell contact, perhaps involving the interaction of a receptor with its ligand on an adjacent cell, provides a negative signal for growth1. The second hypothesis states that growth ceases at a confluent cell density because of the establishment of a diffusion boundary layer which maintains the supply of one or more growth factors below a critical level2. A diffusion boundary layer results because convective movement of liquids near a solid surface approaches zero. In these conditions, the rate of delivery of molecules to and from the surface is limited by the rate of diffusion through the boundary layer. Increased fluid velocity on confluent cells causes initiation of DNA synthesis2,3, a finding apparently supporting the diffusion barrier hypothesis. Theoretically, increasing the fluid velocity over the cell layer should decrease the thickness of the hypothetical boundary layer and therefore increase the rate of delivery of a diffusion-limited growth-controlling substance4. However, in these experiments it was not possible to rule out an effect of fluid velocity on cell–cell contact. Yet if growth is a diffusion-limited process, then increasing viscosity of the cell culture medium should decrease the saturation density. We report here that increased viscosity has no effect on saturation density or on the rate of cell growth, providing strong evidence against the diffusion barrier hypothesis.
Strain‐softening of brittle geologic materials

Stability equations for a strain-softening system are derived from expressions describing the energy variation in a variable stiffness stiff testing machine and a brittle rock specimen. A normal strain-softening expression and a shear strain-softening expression are derived to predict the stability of laboratory tests on brittle rocks, which through machine stiffness adjustment, exhibited critical stability in the strain-softening range. From these comparisons it was found that the shear strain-softening model gave consistently good results. The analytical and laboratory modelling indicates that strain-softening in brittle geologic media is closely connected with joints, faults, and interfaces where shear distortions take place.
Data From Randomized Trial Networks: When Less Is More

The advent of networks of centers to encourage collaboration in randomized trials both in North America and internationally (for example, the British Association of Perinatal Medicine Perinatal Clinical Trials Group, the Canadian Perinatal Clinical Trials Network, and the Perinatal Trials Service of the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit)1 has been a major innovation in recent years. Whether these networks have increased the number and improved the quality of neonatal trials has not been formally evaluated but the signs are surely encouraging. Data collected by these networks are often voluminous, and the temptation to analyze ancillary data collected during the conduct of trials is compelling. One of the best-known networks, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network, has already published two sequential papers based on patients entered from 1987 through 19882 and 1989 through 1990,3 and, in this issue of Pediatrics , data from the largest network, the Vermont Oxford Network, are reported.4 It is not, of course, the randomized comparisons that are typically analyzed in these secondary reports. With respect to these analyses, the fact that the centers were brought together to conduct randomized trials is irrelevant. These cross-sectional secondary analyses of large data sets are almost never hypothesis-driven and use data neither planned nor collected for purposes of the current analysis. Are these, then, simply large data-dredging exercises, or can useful observations be made from them? Observational studies can provide interesting insights into iatrogenic and other institutional and environmental influences on neonatal mortality. For example, national data from England and Wales, and Norway both point to the increased perinatal mortality owed to being delivered in January, on Sunday, and …
Benefit-Cost Analysis and Medical Care Delivery System Change: An Application to Rural Hospital Closure

This article utilizes benefit-cost analysis to evaluate a hypothetical rural hospital closure. The estimated benefits were found to be extremely sensitive to assumptions concerning the nature of hospital marginal cost curves and less sensitive to the proportion of the hospital bill assumed to be paid directly by consumers. The net benefits of a hospital closure were largest in the case where hospital alternatives were small, under-utilized facilities. The analysis suggests that when evaluating medical delivery system change, benefit-cost techniques can be useful to policymakers in structuring the problem and identifying key assumptions. However, theoretical considerations in combination with data and resource requirements will limit its usefulness as an applied health-planning tool.
Bootstraps and the Pion-Nucleon System

It has been suggested that all the observable properties of strongly interacting systems can be determined self-consistently if there do not exist any elementary particles in the conventional sense. This conjecture is applied to the nucleon mass and the pion-nucleon coupling constant, which are calculated under the assumption that the nucleon is composite, and that its existence is a consequence of the same forces which produce pion-nucleon resonances. A self-consistent calculation is possible because the nucleon and the ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}\frac{3}{2}}$ resonance are principally responsible for the forces which produce each other, providing an example of a "bootstrap" or self-supporting mechanism. The $\frac{N}{D}$ method is used for computations. Some ambiguity in the quantitative results due to high-energy processes is unavoidable, but calculations with a large range of "cutoff" values predict the same orders of magnitude as are observed experimentally. It is shown qualitatively that the self-consistent method not only predicts the nucleon and the ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}\frac{3}{2}}$ resonance, but excludes other combinations which are not observed. This notion is illustrated by consideration of hypothetical interactions between nucleons and scalar mesons and between $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ hyperons of negative relative parity.
Performance Evaluation of Flexible Pavements Using a New Field Cyclic Plate Load Test

This study presents a new field cyclic plate load test for characterization of the permanent and dynamic deformation behavior of flexible pavements as a function of load and number of loading cycles. Specifically, in this study a Vibroseis was used to apply thousands of loading cycles to pavement sections with a peak dynamic force of 62 kN (a ±22 kN dynamic force superimposed on a static hold-down force of 40 kN), which is approximately equivalent to [3/4] of an ESAL. These vertical loads were applied to a dual wheel-sized loading footprint resting on the pavement surface at a rate of 50 Hz. During loading, the permanent and dynamic surface deformations were recorded every 500 cycles at incremental distances from the loading footprint. The cyclic plate load test was performed for two pavement sections having similar asphalt, subgrade, and base course characteristics, but different base course thicknesses. The results from the pavement sections at two different times of the year (summer and winter) indicate improved performance with increasing base course thickness, and a stiffer response in the winter months due to temperature effects on the asphalt elastic modulus, as expected. The measured permanent deformation basins were interpreted using inverse analysis of an analytical Timoshenko-Winkler beam solution to identify softening of the Young’s moduli of the asphalt and combined base and subgrade layers after application of different numbers of loading cycles. The beam solution provides a good fit to the measured deformation profiles and the inverse analysis shows a clear decrease in Young’s moduli of the pavement layers during cyclic loading.
Electrical safety leadership

This paper will attempt to define what electrical safety leadership is and how it can be used to make significant changes. If there is to be continuing change in the electrical safety culture, there need to be leaders who are willing to take up the cause. Leadership is not something that is appointed or assigned, but is something that is earned as a result of knowledge, abilities, and commitment. Leadership is needed at the individual level, site level, corporate level, and societal level. Leaders need to be recruiting and developing other leaders to spread the level of influence in changing the electrical safety culture. Organizations such as the Petroleum Chemical Industry Committee (PCIC) and the Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW) should be developing electrical safety leaders. This paper will also attempt to outline some steps that can be taken to develop electrical safety leaders.
Presenting Symptoms in Patients Referred to a Multidisciplinary Clinic for Bone Metastases

Abstract Symptom control is the goal of palliative irradiation. Approximately 1 month is required before symptomatic relief is accomplished with radiotherapy. However, many patients with cancer-related pain do not receive adequate analgesics, and opioids are often not prescribed until patients fail to respond to palliative irradiation. The presenting symptoms of 108 patients who were referred to a multidisciplinary clinic for bone metastases were evaluated with the Wisconsin Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). This validated instrument evaluates the severity of pain using a 0–10 scale; 10 represents the worst pain imaginable. The population comprised 65 men (60%) and 43 women whose ages ranged from 33 years to 81 years; median age was 55 years, and 69% of patients were less than 65 years of age. Despite the presence of metastatic disease, 21% of patients were working full-time outside the home, and 6% were employed part-time outside the home; 13% were homemakers. Only 17 patients (16%) were unemployed. The time since diagnosis ranged from 2 weeks to 23 years; the median time since diagnosis was 22 months, and 30% of patients had been diagnosed with the past 6 months. Pain was a presenting symptom in 74% (N = 80) of patients at diagnosis. At its worst, the pain was rated as severe (levels 7–10) by 78% and intolerable (level 10) in 22% of the patients in the 24 hr prior to the clinic appointment. On average, the pain was rated moderate to severe (levels 4–10) in 79% and severe in 23% of patients. Only 45% of patients experienced good relief from the prescribed analgesics, and 23% of patients indicated that the prescribed analgesics were ineffective. This survey demonstrates that bone metastases incur significant pain that is often undertreated with analgesics before antineoplastic therapy is administered.
Homograft patch repair for hemorrhagic mediastinitis

Hemorrhage from the heart and great vessels is a potentially lethal complication of post-sternotomy mediastinitis. We report 2 cases in which a cryopreserved descending thoracic aortic homograft was used successfully to repair defects of the ascending aorta and right ventricle in the setting of active mediastinal infection. An overview of mediastinitis and management strategies for life-threatening mediastinal bleeding is included.
Should Formerly Socialist Economies Attempt to Leapfrog Classical Capitalism

Formerly socialist economies of Eastern Europe have been advised by the West to adopt the property rights of classical capitalism. Yet the Western economies from which this advice emanates are all struggling to overcome productivity stagnation, resulting from the tensions between the interests of capital and labour. Experiments range from quality circles to far fuller worker participation in decision making and ownership. However, these experiments are coming forth slowly and timidly. Once in place, property rights are exceedingly difficult to alter. Thus those property rights chosen within East European economies over the next several years may be those which define these economies for the foreseeable future. Consequently, it would be an ironic and tragic twist of fact if East European economies were to turn now towards classical capitalism only to find that the future belongs to post‐capitalist forms of productive organization.
A network architecture based on information, control and behavior definitions

This paper envisions a plug-and-play architecture that will allow engineers to rapidly and robustly define and configure wireless systems for aircraft operations. The architecture described here is based on a layered functional decomposition of the three aspects of operations: information flow, control flow and behavior. These individual layered decompositions are presented as an integrated technical reference model (I-TRM). Having an I-TRM is crucial to developing affordable and robust systems that are self-aware, self-healing and adaptable within a resource-constrained environment.
Identifying Trajectories of Adolescents’ Depressive Phenomena: An Examination of Early Risk Factors

Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses, using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors, with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups. These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology.
Fast autonomous holographic adaptive optics

We have created a new adaptive optics system using a holographic modal wavefront sensing method capable of autonomous (computer-free) closed-loop control of a MEMS deformable mirror. A multiplexed hologram is recorded using the maximum and minimum actuator positions on the deformable mirror as the "modes". On reconstruction, an input beam will be diffracted into pairs of focal spots - the ratio of particular pairs determines the absolute wavefront phase at a particular actuator location. The wavefront measurement is made using a fast, sensitive photo-detector array such as a multi-pixel photon counters. This information is then used to directly control each actuator in the MEMS DM without the need for any computer in the loop. We present initial results of a 32-actuator prototype device. We further demonstrate that being an all-optical, parallel processing scheme, the speed is independent of the number of actuators. In fact, the limitations on speed are ultimately determined by the maximum driving speed of the DM actuators themselves. Finally, being modal in nature, the system is largely insensitive to both obscuration and scintillation. This should make it ideal for laser beam transmission or imaging under highly turbulent conditions.
Family-Work Interfaces of Psychotherapists

This paper provides an overview of the literature related to family-work interfaces for psychotherapists. An outline of ;I didactic experiential workshop is presented ;IS one way to help the practicing therapist explore these interfaces. The workshop examines: (a) how the therapist's family of origin may affect his/her work, (b) how a therapist's present marriage/family may affect his/her work, (c) how a therapist's work may affect him/her personally (and indirectly his/her family), and (d) how a therapist's work may affect his/her marital/family life.
A new neural networks based adaptive model predictive control for unknown multiple variable non-linear systems

In this paper, a novel adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) based on neural networks for unknown MIMO non-linear systems was proposed. Firstly, a new recursive second order online learning algorithm with a forgetting factor was developed for the training of the neural network model which is used to identify the unknown non-linear system. Secondly, a new cost function based on the system output error and control inputs with a forgetting factor was adopted. Thus, a new adaptive MPC control law was obtained based on the extreme value theory. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was demonstrated by simulation experiments to a two-input and two-output non-linear system. The algorithms both for identification and control were implemented in SIMULINK, which are ready for the real-time control. The results achieved confirmed the validity and suitability of the algorithms proposed in the paper.
Optical rheometry of silk in aqueous LiBr solution

The rheo-optical response of solutions of silk in aqueous 9 M LiBr of concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 15 wt % was investigated. These samples were found to be birefringent under flow, with the steady state birefringence having a concentration scaling of c 3.9 . This scaling behavior suggests a wormlike conformation of the silk molecules in solution. The relaxation was fast, and Maxwellian behavior was observed at low shear rates. No dichroism was detected suggesting that electrostatic screening suppresses structure formation under shear.
Stewards, Businessmen, and Heroes?: Role Conflict and Contradiction Among Row-Crop Farmers in an Age of Environmental Uncertainty

This paper addresses the ways in which farmers' social roles reveal complex and contradictory beliefs and attitudes about conservation. Drawing on qualitative data from Iowa corn and soybean farmers, local government officials, and conservation agencies, analysis of 28 listening sessions finds an overriding tension between two conflicting components of farmer roles: farmers as stewards or custodians of the land and farmers as shrewd businessmen needing to make annual profits from their land. While it is possible that stewardship and sustainable business actions could exist in an integrated fashion, the reality is that for most Iowa farmers, long-term care for the environmental health of the land is subservient to making short-term profits, even as farmers publicly claim the importance of stewardship. The discursive constructs of steward and businessman represent competing moral imperatives; the juxtaposition of these imperatives leads to a coexistence of conflicting views of the moral good and becomes a b...
A New Algebraic Rigid-Body Collision Law Based on Impulse Space Considerations

We present a geometric representation of the set of three-dimensional rigid-body collisional impulses that are reasonably permissible by the combination of non-negative post-collision separation rate, non-negative collisional compression impulse, non-negative energy dissipation and the Coulomb friction inequality. The construction is presented for a variety of special collisional situations involving special symmetry or extremes in the mass distribution, the friction coefficient, or the initial conditions. We review a variety of known friction laws and show how they do and do not fit in the permissible region in impulse space as well as comment on other attributes of these laws. We present a few parameterizations of the full permissible region of impulse space. We present a simple generalization to arbitrary three-dimensional point contact collisions of a simple law previously only applicable to objects with contact-inertia eigenvectors aligned with the surface normal and initial relative tangential velocity component (e.g., spheres and disks). This new algebraic collision law has two restitution parameters for general three-dimensional frictional single-point rigid-body collisions. The new law generates a collisional impulse that is a weighted sum of the impulses from a frictionless but non rebounding collision and from a perfectly sticking, nonrebounding collision. We describe useful properties of our law; show geometrically the set of impulses it can predict for several collisional situations ; and compare it with existing laws, For simultaneous collisions we propose that the new algebraic law be used by recursively breaking these collisions into a sequence ordered by the normal approach velocities of potential contact pairs.
Hydronephrosis secondary to acute appendicitis in children.

Acute appendicitis in children remains at times a difficult clinical diagnosis since 20 to 30% of the patients present with atypical symptoms. Five patients with appendicitis who presented with primarily a genito-urinary picture with varying degrees of right hydronephrosis on intravenous pyelogram are discussed. The physician should maintain a high index of suspicion when confronted with this clinical situation and not be misled away from the diagnosis of appendicitis.
The effects of avoidance and conflict schedules on the blood pressure and heart rate of rats.

Abstract Two studies examined the cardiovascular response to aversive conditioning as a function of the degree of control over the stressor. Experiment 1 used 24 normotensive rats assigned to 3 groups: experimental, yoked, and non-shock restraint control. Triplets of rats were exposed to signalled avoidance for 3 weeks. Experimental animals were required to turn a wheel to avoid shocks to themselves and their yoked partners. Direct cardiovascular monitoring via aortic catheters during the final avoidance session revealed that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) increased significantly in experimental and yoked rats during avoidance but remained elevated throughout avoidance and post-avoidance only in the yoked animals. Experimental rats also exhibited a significant increase in HR during early avoidance. Experiment 2 assessed the cardiovascular response to a reduction in the controllability of the stressor by exposing 24 rats, assigned to groups as above, to 11 weeks of conflict and avoidance conditioning. Indirect systolic BP was significantly higher in experimental and yoked rats as compared to controls when averaged over the 11 weeks of stress. Experimental and yoked rats also had significantly more hypertensive systolic BP readings (SBP≥150 mm Hg), 34% and 38% respectively, than controls (13%). Direct cardiovascular monitoring during a final conflict session showed sustained increases in systolic and diastolic BP during conflict and post-conflict for both experimental and yoked rats, attaining significance, however, only in the yoked group. These studies suggest that the opportunity to cope moderates the systolic BP response to aversive stimulation and the loss or lack of such opportunity leads to a significant increase in the number of hypertensive blood pressure readings.
Percutaneous balloon valvotomy for patients with mitral stenosis: initial and follow-up results.

Percutaneous double balloon mitral valvotomy (PMV) was performed in 25 patients with severa mitral stenosis who were followed for at least 6 months after the procedure. There were 22 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 51 ± 14 years (range, 27 to 74). Hemodynamic and angiographic findings were evaluated before and after PMV and clinical status was assessed at follow-up. There was a significant decrease in mitral gradient following PMV, from 15.4 ± 5.1 to 5.0 ± 2.6 mm Hg (p < .0001); an increase in cardiac output, from 4.6 ± 1.1 to 5.2 ± 1.1 L/min (p < .01); and an increase in calculated mitral valve area, from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 2.2 ± 0.6 cm2 (p < 0.0001). Mitral regurgitation developed or increased in severity in six patients (24%). At the time of follow-up (mean, 12 ± 5 months), three patients required elective mitral valve replacement for symptomatic mitral regurgitation and 91% (20 of 22) of the remaining patients had continued improvement in functional class. PMV can safely be performed in properly selected patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis with good immediate and follow-up results.
Changes in pH and buffering capacity of lakes in the Colorado Rockies

A set of pH, alkalinity, and total residue data on lakes in the central Rockies for the period 1938-1960 is compared with a second set of such data taken on the same days of the year in 1979. The total comparison group includes 64 lakes, but some exclusions are made on the basis of water diversions and other complicating factors. A correction is made for variation among years in total runoff. After this correction, there remains a 17% (+ or -2.2%) decline in alkalinity from the early samples to the 1979 samples. The total residue is lower (16%), as is the pH of surface water from the lakes (0.22 units). These changes are attributed to acidification of precipitation, which has been previously documented in the region.
A stable β-silyl carbocation with allyl conjugation

The carbocation Et3SiCH2C+Ph(CHCHPh) has been found to be stable at room temperature with tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as the anion and benzene as the solvent. The cation constitutes the first stable β-silyl carbocation in which positive charge is delocalized both allylically and benzylically. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defects caused by blank masks and repair solution with nanomachining for 20nm node

As the number of masks per wafer product set is increasing and low k1 lithography requires tight mask specifications, the patterning process below sub 20nm tech. node for critical layers will be much more expensive compared with previous tech. generations. Besides, the improved resolution and the zero defect level are necessary to meet tighter specifications on a mask and these resulted in the increased the blank mask price as well as the mask fabrication cost. Unfortunately, in spite of expensive price of blank masks, the certain number of defects on the blank mask is transformed into the mask defects and its ratio is increased. But using high quality blank mask is not a good idea to avoid defects on the blank mask because the price of a blank mask is proportional to specifications related to defect level. Furthermore, particular defects generated from the specific process during manufacturing a blank mask are detected as a smaller defect than real size by blank inspection tools because of its physical properties. As a result, it is almost impossible to prevent defects caused by blank masks during the mask manufacturing. In this paper, blank defect types which is evolved into mask defects and its unique characteristics are observed. Also, the repair issues are reviewed such as the pattern damage according to the defect types and the repair solution is suggested to satisfy the AIMS (Arial Image Measurement System) specification using a nanomachining tool.
Does Dead Space Increase During Perfluorochemical (PFC) Partial Liquid Ventilation (PLV)? 1975

Does Dead Space Increase During Perfluorochemical (PFC) Partial Liquid Ventilation (PLV)? 1975
Neurocalcin δ Modulation of ROS-GC1, a New Model of Ca2+ Signaling†

ROS-GC1 membrane guanylate cyclase is a Ca2+ bimodal signal transduction switch. It is turned “off” by a rise in free Ca2+ from nanomolar to the semicromolar range in the photoreceptor outer segments and the olfactory bulb neurons; by a similar rise in the bipolar and ganglion retinal neurons it is turned “on”. These opposite operational modes of the switch are specified by its Ca2+ sensing devices, respectively termed GCAPs and CD-GCAPs. Neurocalcin δ is a CD-GCAP. In the present study, the neurocalcin δ-modulated site, V837−L858, in ROS-GC1 has been mapped. The location and properties of this site are unique. It resides within the core domain of the catalytic module and does not require the α-helical dimerization domain structural element (amino acids 767−811) for activating the catalytic module. Contrary to the current beliefs, the catalytic module is intrinsically active; it is directly regulated by the neurocalcin δ-modulated Ca2+ signal and is dimeric in nature. A fold recognition based model of the...
Akt2 overexpression plays a critical role in the establishment of colorectal cancer metastasis

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Understanding the distinct genetic and epigenetic changes contributing to the establishment and growth of metastatic lesions is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In a search for key regulators of colorectal cancer metastasis establishment, we have found that the serine/threonine kinase Akt2, a known proto-oncogene, is highly expressed in late-stage colorectal cancer and metastatic tumors. Suppression of Akt2 expression in highly metastatic colorectal carcinoma cells inhibits their ability to metastasize in an experimental liver metastasis model. Overexpression of wild-type Akt1 did not restore metastatic potential in cells with downregulated Akt2, thus suggesting non-redundant roles for the individual Akt isoforms. In contrast, Akt2 overexpression in wild-type PTEN expressing SW480 colorectal cancer cells led to the formation of micrometastases; however, loss of PTEN is required for sustained formation of overt metastasis. Finally, we found that the consequence of PTEN loss and Akt2 overexpression function synergistically to promote metastasis. These results support a role for Akt2 overexpression in metastatic colorectal cancer and establish a mechanistic link between Akt2 overexpression and PTEN mutation in metastatic tumor establishment and growth. Taken together, these data suggest that Akt family members have distinct functional roles in tumor progression and that selective targeting of the PI3K/Akt2 pathway may provide a novel treatment strategy for colorectal cancer metastasis.
Early detection of abnormal coronary flow reserve in asymptomatic men at high risk for coronary artery disease using positron emission tomography.

BACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to compare coronary flow reserve (CFR) as a measure of vascular integrity in asymptomatic middle-aged men with family history of coronary artery disease (C...
Laser fluorescence temperature measurements

Abstract A laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic capable of local relative temperature measurements in particle-laden combustion flows is described. Results of steady-state experiments conducted with a small laboratory burner are presented, and extensions of the technique for absolute and fluctuating temperature measurements are discussed.
Beginning Teachers' Perceptions of Mentoring, Climate, and Leadership: Promoting Retention through a Learning Communities Perspective.

Often viewed as a recruitment issue, the teacher shortage is better defined as a retention issue. This three-year study examines teacher retention through a professional learning communities framework. During the first year of data collection, 217 first- and second-year teachers in a small urban school district were surveyed to assess their perceptions of mentoring, school climate, and principal leadership. Findings suggest that beginning teachers' decisions to remain at their school site and in the school district is most strongly associated with school climate and principal leadership. Suggestions for future research and implications for policies addressing retention are discussed.
Rheostatic signaling by CD44 and hyaluronan

Cellular function and adaptive behavior is often driven by signals generated in response to the local tissue microenvironment. Cell surface receptors that detect changes in extracellular matrix composition and modifications to extracellular matrix components, are ideally positioned to provide highly responsive sensors of changes in the microenvironment and mediate changes in cellular function required to maintain tissue integrity. Receptors can act as “on/off” switches, but ligand/receptor complexes that provide “rheostatic” control may be more sensitive, provide a more rapid mechanism of control and allow for fine-tuning of cellular responses to the microenvironment. Herein, we review evidence that transitions in the physiochemical properties of the extracellular glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and in the function of its major receptor, CD44, differentially regulate ERK and Rac signal transduction pathways to provide critical rheostatic control of mesenchymal cell proliferation.
Fast joins using join indices

Two new algorithms, “Jive join” and “Slam join,” are proposed for computing the join of two relations using a join index. The algorithms are duals: Jive join range-partitions input relation tuple ids and then processes each partition, while Slam join forms ordered runs of input relation tuple ids and then merges the results. Both algorithms make a single sequential pass through each input relation, in addition to one pass through the join index and two passes through a temporary file, whose size is half that of the join index. Both algorithms require only that the number of blocks in main memory is of the order of the square root of the number of blocks in the smaller relation. By storing intermediate and final join results in a vertically partitioned fashion, our algorithms need to manipulate less data in memory at a given time than other algorithms. The algorithms are resistant to data skew and adaptive to memory fluctuations. Selection conditions can be incorporated into the algorithms. Using a detailed cost model, the algorithms are analyzed and compared with competing algorithms. For large input relations, our algorithms perform significantly better than Valduriez's algorithm, the TID join algorithm, and hash join algorithms. An experimental study is also conducted to validate the analytical results and to demonstrate the performance characteristics of each algorithm in practice.
Inhibitory receptors: whose side are they on?

A new study demonstrates involvement of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 in T cell exhaustion during infection with human immunodeficiency virus, adding complexity and diversity to the inhibitory pathways regulating T cell responses during chronic viral infections in humans.
Prediction of outcome after ischemic stroke The value of clinical scores

Emergency administration of IV thrombolysis is the standard of care for patients with acute ischemic stroke and without contraindications. Keeping this obvious statement in mind is necessary when thinking about the practical value of an expanding number of scores proposed for early prognostication after an ischemic stroke. In this issue of Neurology ®, Saposnik et al.1 present the Stroke Prognostication using Age and NIH Stroke Scale (SPAN-100), a new score for prediction of outcome after IV thrombolysis.
Oxygen consumption and body temperature of the Argentine field mouse, Akodon azarae, in relation to ambient temperature

1. 1.|Akodon azarae, a rodent of the pampas grasslands of South America, and similar to the northern hemisphere microtines in many aspects, exhibits a resting metabolic rate expected for an animal of its size. This is unlike the higher values generally found within the temperate adapted microtines. 2. 2.|Body temperature appears stabilized near 34–35°C at ambient temperatures of 16–25°C, but again unlike the microtines, the ability to maintain this body temperature at lower or higher ambient temperature ranges is quite poor. 3. 3.|Behavioural selection of suitable microclimate may be a particularly important adaptation to cold in this species.
Prevalence and Correlates of Internet Addiction in Undergraduate Students: Assessing with Two Major Measures

This study determined if two different internet addiction assessments would identify the same individuals as addicted to the internet. A total of 224 undergraduate internet users were surveyed using a stratified sampling plan based on the proportional allocation technique to procure as diverse a sample as possible. The assessments used were Youngâ€™s Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Caplanâ€™s Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS), a demographic questionnaire, and a reasons-for-use questionnaire. Results showed that about 0.9% of the sample could be considered addicted to the internet according to both the IAT and GPIUS, which is a smaller percentage than found in previous studies. There were too few participants identified as addicted to the internet to determine if these two assessments identified the same individuals as addicted; however, over a third of the sample was identified as â€œat riskâ€ for addiction by one assessment and not the other. These results show that the assessment measure used is of extreme importance when diagnosing internet addiction and more robust sampling procedures may lead to fewer internet addicts identified, which could be a more accurate reflection of internet addiction in the target population.
Classification of the Regular Components of Two-Dimensional Inner Maps

We propose a topological classification of dynamical systems generated by two-dimensional inner maps on the fully invariant regular components of a wandering set with special attracting boundary (to within the topological conjugacy).
Age-dependent changes in prefrontal intrinsic connectivity

The prefrontal cortex continues to mature after puberty and into early adulthood, mirroring the time course of maturation of cognitive abilities. However, the way in which prefrontal activity changes during peri- and postpubertal cortical maturation is largely unknown. To address this question, we evaluated the developmental stage of peripubertal rhesus monkeys with a series of morphometric, hormonal, and radiographic measures, and conducted behavioral and neurophysiological tests as the monkeys performed working memory tasks. We compared firing rate and the strength of intrinsic functional connectivity between neurons in peripubertal vs. adult monkeys. Notably, analyses of spike train cross-correlations demonstrated that the average magnitude of functional connections measured between neurons was lower overall in the prefrontal cortex of peripubertal monkeys compared with adults. The difference resulted because negative functional connections (indicative of inhibitory interactions) were stronger and more prevalent in peripubertal compared with adult monkeys, whereas the positive connections showed similar distributions in the two groups. Our results identify changes in the intrinsic connectivity of prefrontal neurons, particularly that mediated by inhibition, as a possible substrate for peri- and postpubertal advances in cognitive capacity.
Transfection of a 4-Hydroxynonenal Metabolizing GlutathioneS-Transferase Isozyme, Mouse GSTA4-4, Confers Doxorubicin Resistance to Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

It has previously been suggested that adriamycin (doxorubicin, DOX), which is used to treat various types of malignancies, exerts its cytotoxic effects through interactions with DNA and by accelerating membrane lipid peroxidation. Our previous studies have indicated that a mouse glutathioneS-transferases isozyme, mGSTA4-4, which shows high activity toward 4-hydroxyalkenals and the hydroperoxides formed during lipid peroxidation, may play an important role in defense mechanism against lipid peroxidation. In order to test the hypothesis that the enhanced protection against lipid peroxidation confers DOX-resistance to cells, we have compared the cytotoxicity of DOX to Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with mGSTA4-4 with that of controls cells transfected with the vector alone. The results of these studies show that mGSTA4-4-transfected cells have a twofold higher resistance to DOX as compared to the controls. Upon exposure to DOX, the transfected cells showed about 40% less membrane lipid peroxidation as compared to the controls, indicating a positive relationship between DOX-cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that mGSTA4-4 provides protection to cells against lipid peroxidation and that DOX cytotoxicity, at least in part, is mediated through oxidative stress resulting in peroxidation of membrane lipids which would explain the results of previous studies showing that DOX can kill cells without being internalized (T. R. Tritton and G. Yee (1982)Science217, 248–250).
Southern Plains Indian Relocation Returnees

Abstract A number of prior studies of American Indian relocatees have found large numbers returning to the reservation shortly after going to their relocation city. On the basis of these studies, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has reduced the budget for the Employment Assistance (relocation) program. Our study involved the relocation of 323 Southern Plains Indians from western Oklahoma from 1968 to 1972. The education level of the Southern Plains Indian relocatees was higher than most other Indian relocatees, and most of these relocatees had vocational training. They also had more contact with whites, since they did not live on reservations. Our findings would indicate that the reduction of employment assistance money should be selective rather than nationwide. The Southern Plains Indians were profiting from the program and would be benefited by a continuation of it on the same or larger scale.A detailed study was made of 47 of the Southern Plains Indians who left their relocation city within a year. Given ...
Relational attachment and ethical workplace decisions: The mediating role of emotional burnout

Abstract Working is an inherently relational act that requires the management of relationships in many of the same ways as other domains in our lives. In two studies, the association between attachment orientation and unethical decisions in different workplace scenarios was examined. In both studies, attachment avoidance was associated with more unethical workplace decisions. In Study 2, emotional exhaustion mediated the association between avoidance and unethical decisions. Findings are discussed with respect to individual differences in ethical decision-making in organizations.
A re‐examination of the volatile leaf oils of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. P. Lawson using ion trap mass spectroscopy

The composition of the volatile leaf oil of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex. P. Lawson was re-examined by fused silica capillary gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectroscopy. The leaf oil from Washington was high in α-and β-pinenes (9.1% and 37.9%), car-3-ene (19.3%), α-terpineol (6.2%), myrcene (4.1%) and terpinolene (3.1%). A total of 52 components were identified. This analysis is compared and contrasted with the previous analyses which reported from 8 to 17 monoterpenoids plus estragole in Ponderosa pine leaf oil. The utility of ion trap mass spectroscopy is shown to be of general use for the identification of flavours and fragrances.
Spatial sequestration of misfolded proteins by a dynamic chaperone pathway enhances cellular fitness during stress

The extensive links between proteotoxic stress, protein aggregation and pathologies ranging from ageing to neurodegeneration underscore the importance of understanding how cells manage protein misfolding. Using live-cell imaging, we determine the fate of stress-induced misfolded proteins from their initial appearance until their elimination. Upon denaturation, misfolded proteins are sequestered from the bulk cytoplasm into dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated puncta that move and coalesce into larger structures in an energy-dependent but cytoskeleton-independent manner. These puncta, which we name Q-bodies, concentrate different misfolded and stress-denatured proteins en route to degradation, but do not contain amyloid aggregates, which localize instead to the insoluble protein deposit compartment. Q-body formation and clearance depends on an intact cortical ER and a complex chaperone network that is affected by rapamycin and impaired during chronological ageing. Importantly, Q-body formation enhances cellular fitness during stress. We conclude that spatial sequestration of misfolded proteins in Q-bodies is an early quality control strategy occurring synchronously with degradation to clear the cytoplasm of potentially toxic species.
Detection of drug-induced conformational change of a transmembrane protein in lipid bilayers using site-directed spin labeling

As a target of antiviral drugs, the influenza A M2 protein has been the focus of numerous structural studies and has been extensively explored as a model ion channel. In this study, we capitalize on the expanding body of high-resolution structural data available for the M2 protein to design and interpret site-directed spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments on drug-induced conformational changes of the M2 protein embedded in lipid bilayers. We obtained data in the presence of adamantane drugs for two different M2 constructs (M2TM 22-46 and M2TMC 23-60). M2TM peptides were spin labeled at the N-terminal end of the transmembrane domain. M2TMC peptides were spin labeled site specifically at cysteine residues substituted for amino acids within the transmembrane domain (L36, I39, I42, and L43) and the C-terminal amphipathic helix (L46, F47, F48, C50, I51, Y52, R53, F54, F55, and E56). Addition of adamantane drugs brought about significant changes in measured electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy environmental parameters consistent with narrowing of the transmembrane channel pore and closer packing of the C-terminal amphipathic helices.
Postantibiotic Effect of Ceftaroline against Gram-Positive Organisms

The postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of ceftaroline, a novel injectable cephalosporin, were determined for 15 gram-positive organisms. The pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and enterococcal PAEs were 0.8 to 1.8 h, 0.7 to 2.2 h, and 0.2 to 1.1 h, respectively. The corresponding PA-SMEs (0.4 times the MIC) were 2.5 to 6.7 h, 2.9 to >0.0 h, and 7.9 to >10.3 h, respectively. The PA-SMEs were longer than the PAEs, suggesting that sub-MIC levels extend the PAE of ceftaroline against gram-positive cocci.