cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Content-triggered trust negotiation

The focus of access control in client/server environments is on protecting sensitive server resources by determining whether or not a client is authorized to access those resources. The set of resources is usually static, and an access control policy associated with each resource specifies who is authorized to access the resource. In this article, we turn the traditional client/server access control model on its head and address how to protect the sensitive content that clients disclose to and receive from servers. Since client content is often dynamically generated at run-time, the usual approach of associating a policy with the resource (content) a priori does not work. We propose a general-purpose access control model designed to detect whenever sensitive information is being transmitted, and determine whether the sender or receiver is authorized. The model identifies sensitive content, maps the sensitive content to an access control policy, and establishes the trustworthiness of the sender or receiver before the sensitive content is disclosed or received. We have implemented the model within TrustBuilder, an architecture for negotiating trust between strangers based on properties other than identity. The implementation targets open systems, where clients and servers do not have preexisting trust relationships. The implementation is the first example of content-triggered trust negotiation. It currently supports access control for sensitive content disclosed by web and email clients.
Tetrazolium-Based Cell Bioassay for Neurotoxins Active on Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels: Semiautomated Assay for Saxitoxins, Brevetoxins, and Ciguatoxins

In the present study we have developed an assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific marine toxins based upon mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in the presence of veratridine and ouabain. This cell bioassay allows detection of either sodium channel enhancers, such as the brevetoxins and the ciguatoxins, or sodium channel blocking agents, such as the saxitoxins. The assay responds in a dose dependent manner and differentiates the toxic activity as either sodium channel blocking or enhancing. In addition, the assay is highly sensitive, with present detection limits of 2 ng/ml for either saxitoxins or brevetoxins (PbTx-1 and PbTx-3). Assay response to a ciguatoxic extract and to brevetoxins is rapid, allowing dose dependent detection within 4 to 6 h. The method is simple, utilizes readily available reagents, uses substantially less sample than required for mouse bioassay, and is well within the scope of even modest tissue culture facilities. This cell-based protocol has the potential to serve as an alternate and complementary method to the standard mouse bioassay.
Sequence of Emergence of the Permanent Teeth in Macaca, Pan, Homo, and Australopithecus: Its Evolutionary Significance

There are two main questions about the sequence of emergence of the permanent teeth in humans: 1) Why is there so much variation in sequence within human populations? (2) What is the adaptive or evolutionary significance of emergence sequence? Here, the human condition is considered by comparing us to other living primates and to our evolutionary past and considered in the light of Schultz's hypothesis that sequence of tooth emergence is adapted to rate of postnatal growth (Schultz AH. In JM Tanner (ed.) Human Growth, pp 1-20, 1960). Frequencies of individual pairwise sequences (e.g., M1 I1 vs. I1 M1 ) in the emergence of the permanent dentition are described for N = 110 Macaca nemestrina, and compared to N = 157 Pan troglodytes and ≥6,000 Homo sapiens. In addition, sequences of gingival emergence are reconstructed for Australopithecus and early Homo. Trends observed across these catarrhine primates suggest that sequence and variability in sequence can be understood by a simple model of adaptation of tooth emergence to growth rate. As rate of postnatal growth slows, molars drift to later positions in sequence, either by always emerging late in sequence, or by varying in the direction of late emergence. "Augmented sequences" (sequences written with notations about variability) are important in recognizing evolutionary trends; further, they often alter perception of similarities and differences among taxa. Although samples are small, Australopithecus africanus resembles the rapidly developing genera Macaca and Pan more than it resembles Homo sapiens. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Remote-controlled vision-guided mobile robot system

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) have many potential applications in manufacturing, medicine, space and defense. The purpose of this paper is to describe exploratory research on the design of the remote controlled emergency stop and vision systems for an autonomous mobile robot. The remote control provides human supervision and emergency stop capabilities for the autonomous vehicle. The vision guidance provides automatic operation. A mobile robot test-bed has been constructed using a golf cart base. The mobile robot (Bearcat) was built for the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems (AUVS) 1997 competition. The mobile robot has full speed control with guidance provided by a vision system and an obstacle avoidance system using ultrasonic sensors systems. Vision guidance is accomplished using two CCD cameras with zoom lenses. The vision data is processed by a high speed tracking device, communicating with the computer the X, Y coordinates of blobs along the lane markers. The system also has three emergency stop switches and a remote controlled emergency stop switch that can disable the traction motor and set the brake. Testing of these systems has been done in the lab as well as on an outside test track with positive results that show that at five mph the vehicle can follow a line and at the same time avoid obstacles.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conforming to reform: Teaching pre-kindergarten in a neoliberal early education system

Policymakers’ neoliberal education reforms have altered the landscape of publicly funded early education in the United States and across the globe. Practically speaking, these reforms expect early childhood teachers to prepare their students for success in elementary school and later life by providing them with a specific set of knowledge and skills. This creates a new set of challenges for early educators who strive to prepare their culturally and linguistically diverse students for school in a manner that addresses their individual, cultural, and sociopolitical needs. The study discussed in this article set out to examine how teachers who were identified as meeting their students’ various needs prepared them for success in elementary school. In doing so, it became apparent that these teachers struggled to define their practices as well as the construct of effective teaching in ways that went beyond policymakers’ neoliberal conception of the early education process. This article examines this tension and...
Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia in the Ulna: Report on 3 cases

Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is an uncommon, benign bone lesion that causes deformity in young children. It is most commonly encountered in the proximal tibia, with few cases documented in the upper extremity. We report 3 cases affecting the ulna. In each case, the fibrous tissue appeared to anchor itself in the ulnar diaphysis, behaving as a tether that retards growth. All 3 patients had excision of the fibrous tissue. There was concern for radial head subluxation before surgical intervention, but all patients maintained a congruent radiocapitellar articulation. The visible deformity improved in all 3 patients, although the limbs remained shorter than the contralateral side. In our limited series, we believe that early excision of the fibrous tissue tether can prevent radiocapitellar joint dislocation in patients with focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of the ulna.
Gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer effectively palliates symptoms and may improve survival in select patients.

Background The role of gastrectomy in the face of incurable gastric cancer is evolving. We sought to evaluate our experience with incomplete (i.e., R2) gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer.
A New Hue Capturing Technique for the Quantitative Interpretation of Liquid Crystal Images Used in Convective Heat Transfer Studies

A new image processing based color capturing technique for the quantitative interpretation of liquid crystal images used in convective heat transfer studies is presented. This method is highly applicable to the surfaces exposed to convective heating in gas turbine engines. It is shown that, in the single-crystal mode, many of the colors appearing on the heat transfer surface correlate strongly with the local temperature. A very accurate quantitative approach using an experimentally determined linear hue vs temperature relation is found to be possible. The new hue-capturing process is discussed in terms of the strength of the light source illuminating the heat transfer surface, the effect of the orientation of the illuminating source with respect to the surface, crystal layer uniformity, and the repeatability of the process. The present method is more advantageous than the multiple filter method because of its ability to generate many isotherms simultaneously from a single-crystal image at a high resolution in a very time-efficient manner.
Volume phase holographic grating performance on the VIRUS-P instrument

The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph Prototype (VIRUS-P) has been in operation on the Harlan J Smith 2.7m Telescope at McDonald Observatory since October of 2006. The prototype was created to test the design and science capabilities of the full VIRUS instrument, wherein 150 copies of the spectrograph will be installed on the Hobby Eberly Telescope (HET). We here discuss the specialized test bench built to assess the blue optimized Volume Phase Holographic (VPH) grating performance. We also give lab and on-telescope efficiency measurements for three such gratings in the wavelength range 3400-6800a. Two sources of stray light relevant to most spectrograph designs are also discussed.
Trends, patterns, and outcomes in the management of malignant colonic polyps in the general population of the United States.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopic screening has increased detection of malignant colonic polyps (MPs). The goal of this study was to analyze trends and patterns in the surgical treatment of MPs and to assess outcomes as measured by lymph node retrieval and patient survival. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry was queried to identify 19,743 patients with MPs from 1988 to 2003. RESULTS: The majority of MPs were present in the sigmoid and descending colon (54%), and 38% were tubular, 40% were tubulovillous, and 22% were villous. During the study period, the incidence of MPs increased from 29% to 42% and surgical resection (SR) was increasingly used for treatment, from 54% to 70%. Predictors of SR were aged <70 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2-1.4), high-grade tumors (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), diagnosis in 1999 through 2003 (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9), villous subtype (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.6), and right colon location (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 7.0-9.4). In patients undergoing SR, the mean and median number of lymph nodes was only 4 and 1, respectively. A significant percentage of patients (49%) had no lymph nodes retrieved and a worse overall survival at 5 years compared with patients who had at least 1 lymph node examined (64% vs 74%; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: MPs appear to be increasing in incidence, and there is a trend toward increased use of SR for treatment. However, patients undergoing SR for MPs undergo suboptimal assessment of lymph nodes, with a detrimental impact on survival. Adequate lymphadenectomy and lymph node evaluation are crucial to improve outcomes in patients with these potentially curable lesions. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cruel and Unusual Punishments

T HE CONSTITUTIONAL RULE. The Eighth Amendment provides: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." This prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments is a universal rule of constitutional law in the United States.1 Every state constitution but those of Connecticut and Vermont has a comparable clause, and Vermont's highest court has ruled that the prohibition is a part of the common law of the states.2 The concept has deep roots in English experience. Thus Section 20 of Magna Carta (1215) provided that " a freeman shall be amerced for a small offence only according to the degree of the offence; and for a grave offence he shall be amerced according to the gravity of the offence." The same principle of proportionality was expressed for merchants and villeins. The classic statement of this principle, from which the American phraseology is derived, was in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, Section 10 of which declared, "That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." But this sentiment was articulated even before this date in earlier colonial documents. Section 46 of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties of 1641 declared that "for bodilie punishments we allow amongst us none that are inhumane Barbarous or cruell." The bills of rights of the earliest constitutions of five of the original states had provisions forbidding excessive bail or fines, or cruel and unusual punishment. Article 2 of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided: "All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted." The universality of this principle is reflected in its inclusion in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 5) which the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted on December 10, 1948:
Environmental and forensic applications of field-portable GC-MS: an overview☆

GC-MS can provide analytical information that is most reliable for many types of organic analyses. As field-portable GC-MS analytical systems evolve, the application scenarios have diversified as well. With the development of rugged fieldable systems, these instruments were demonstrated to be usable in the harsh environment of the jungle and in chemical demilitarization or military reconnaissance situations. Continuous unattended operations of a GC-MS for 12- or 24-hour monitoring applications in the field have been shown to be possible. A real-time algorithm strategy is proposed, which can be developed to aid in the advancement of field-portable mass spectrometry applied to chemical warfare agent analysis in military vehicles and can be used to raise the standard for field data quality. Each of these capabilities is discussed with the intent on reviewing analysis situations that can be expanded because of developments in field GC-MS instrumentation.
The effective interionic potential in simple metals

Abstract It is shown that both the electron gas screening function and the bare electron-ion matrix element play a critical role in determining the form of the effective interionic potential for simple metals using Na as an example.
Erosion of glacial till from the St. Clair River (Great Lakes basin)

Abstract Variations in water level observed in Lakes Michigan and Huron during the last few decades have motivated a comprehensive study involving climatic, hydrologic and hydraulic factors organized by International Joint Commission of the Great Lakes. It has been submitted, among other possible causes, that changes in conveyance in the St. Clair River could be contributing to the lowering of the upper Great Lakes water level. Sediment transport processes, in particular bed scour and erosion, can affect significantly a river's conveyance, thus creating the need to assess the erodibility properties of the river bed. To this end, laboratory tests were performed in order to obtain the value of the critical shear stress needed to erode the cohesive fraction of the bed sediment material, known as glacial till, from the St. Clair River. Different flows with increasing velocities were run up to the point where initial sediment erosion could be observed. Through detailed near-bed velocity measurements using a laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system, a value of 4.2 N/m 2 was obtained as the critical shear stress for the erosion of glacial till. A threshold for the critical shear stress for erosion of similar cohesive sediments was also found and expressed in dimensionless form. These results could be used in combination with mathematical models to estimate the risk of scour and erosion at locations where the glacial till is exposed to both strong currents and flow forces induced by the large navigation vessels commonly observed along the course of the St. Clair River.
Distance and molecular weight dependence of surface enhanced fluorescence in conjugated polymer thin films

Photoluminescence (PL) of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) in the presence of Silver nanoparticles (NP) is studied. The purpose of this research is to understand the PL distance dependence of plasmon-polymer separation and a correlation between the surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) and polymer molecular weight. Distinct peaks in PL are found for plasmon-polymer separations ranging from near the far field to the near field, under 100 nm . Extinction of the devices shows that changes in absorption cannot explain all enhancement in PL and suggests that a modification of the radiative lifetime is modified. The dependence of the photoluminescence of MEH-PPV on molecular weight shows variation but overall suggests chain length does not affect film quenching. This is largely attributed to the large polydispersity of the polymer materials used.
Scalable VLSI implementations for neural networks

This paper discusses research on scalable VLSI implementations of feed-forward and recurrent neural networks. These two families of networks are useful in a wide variety of important applications--classification tasks for feed-forward nets and optimization problems for recurrent nets--but their differences affect the way they should be built. We find that analog computation with digitally programmable weights works best for feed-forward networks, while stochastic processing takes advantage of the integrative nature of recurrent networks. We have shown early prototypes of these networks which compute at rates of 1---2 billion connections per second. These general-purpose neural building blocks can be coupled with an overall data transmission framework that is electronically reconfigured in a local manner to produce arbitrarily large, fault-tolerant networks.
Regulation of the expression of a mammalian idiotype in chickens.

Abstract Id-1, an idiotype associated with rat anti-Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (anti-SACHO) antibodies has not been detected in any other tested species immunized with Group A streptococcal vaccine (GASV). The immunization of chickens with rat Id-1 prior to challenge with GASV, however, induced the production of Id-1 and anti-Id-1 in some chickens. The concentrations of both idiotype and anti-idiotype were regulated by challenges with GASV. Thus, it appears that this non-mammalian specie has the genetic potential to express the mammalian Id-1 network but such a potential is normally masked by regulatory pressures.
DSHP: A “power bar” for sustained immune responses?

Primary human immunodeficiencies comprise a broad group of disorders ranging from severely impaired lymphocyte development to more subtle functional abnormalities (reviewed in ref. 1). The recent identification of the genetic basis of several of these diseases has enriched our understanding of the molecular events controlling the development and function of the immune system. These gene products fall into four major categories: enzymes regulating DNA recombination and nucleotide metabolism, cell cycle regulators, proteins involved in antigen presentation, and components of B and T cell signal transduction pathways (1). Nichols et al. (2) describe the most recent addition to the latter group in this issue of the Proceedings. DHSP encodes a single SH2 domain and is mutated in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP). DHSP represents a new paradigm in signal transduction defects associated with immunodeficiencies. All signaling molecules previously shown to be involved in these diseases, including γc, JAK-3, and ZAP70 in severe combined immunodeficiency and Btk in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, are “hard wired” components essential for signal transmission (1). In contrast, DSHP is up-regulated late in the immune response and likely modulates signal duration or amplitude.
A denture tray technique for remake dentures

Abstract A technique is described to fabricate a replacement denture for your patient. It reduces patient and laboratory time. The technique does not compromise the patient's existing denture, the impression, jaw relation records, or esthetics. It provides superior trays and effective occlusion rims, thus simplifying recording techniques. A denture duplicating flask
Videotaping effects on the behaviors of low income mothers and their infants during floor-play interactions

Abstract Interaction behaviors and language measures of low income mothers and their 12-month-old infants were compared for floor-play situations in which the mother was aware and unaware of being videotaped. When the mothers were aware of being videotaped, they were more proximal to their infants, offered and demonstrated toys more frequently, engaged in more frequent interaction games, vocalized more frequently, emitted a greater number of words as well as declarative and imperative utterances, and their infants engaged in more constructive play. Combining the analysis of variance and correlational analyses results suggested that the verbal behaviors of mothers were inflated and their non-verbal behaviors were distorted when they were aware of being videotaped. The implications of these data for the use of videotaping as an assessment and intervention tool are discussed.
Auditory brainstem response in infant hydrocephalus

Fifteen infants with hydrocephalus ranging in age from 32 to 43 weeks from conception were studied. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured 48 h prior to the placement of a CSF shunt and within 5 days following shunt insertion. Results of this study showed a general improvement in the ABR following placement of the shunt. No consistent patterns were observed that allowed a clear explanation of the cause and effect of the abnormal ABR. However, the changes seen in the ABR are caused by increased CSF pressure, which may compress the transmission fibers, and generators of the ABR producing a type of neuropraxis. Early shunting appears to have a better outcome on the ABR than later shunting.
A generalized rate change filter architecture

The generalized rate change finite impulse response (FIR) filter architecture described is based on a cascade of single-stage rate-change filter building blocks and allows the decimation and interpolation factors to be prime numbers while preserving the multistage efficiency. The degenerate cases of a generalized decimator and a generalized interpolator are also described. >
A Novel Histologic Scoring System to Evaluate Mucosal Biopsies From Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background & Aims Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by medically/surgically-resistant gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and dense squamous eosinophilia. Studies suggest that histologic assessment of esophageal eosinophilia alone cannot reliably separate patients with EoE from those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Our goal was to develop an assay to identify EoE patients and perhaps differentiate EoE from other causes of esophageal eosinophilia. Methods A monoclonal antibody specific for an eosinophil secondary granule protein (eosinophil peroxidase [EPX]) was developed and shown to specifically identify intact eosinophils and detect eosinophil degranulation in formalin-fixed specimens. A histopathologic scoring algorithm was developed to analyze data from patient evaluations; the utility of this algorithm was assessed by using archived esophageal tissues from patients with known diagnoses of EoE and GERD as well as controls from 2 tertiary care centers. Results Intraobserver/interobserver blinded evaluations demonstrated a significant difference (P Conclusions A novel immunohistochemical scoring system was developed to address an unmet medical need to differentiate histologic specimens from patients with EoE relative to those with GERD. The availability of a unique anti-EPX–specific monoclonal antibody, combined with the ease/rapidity of this staining method and scoring system, will provide a valuable strategy for the assessment of esophageal eosinophilia.
Allosteric Regulation of Bk Channel Gating by Ca2+ and Mg2+ through a Nonselective, Low Affinity Divalent Cation Site

The ability of membrane voltage to activate high conductance, calcium-activated (BK-type) K+ channels is enhanced by cytosolic calcium (Ca2+). Activation is sensitive to a range of [Ca2+] that spans over four orders of magnitude. Here, we examine the activation of BK channels resulting from expression of cloned mouse Slo1 α subunits at [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] up to 100 mM. The half-activation voltage (V0.5) is steeply dependent on [Ca2+] in the micromolar range, but shows a tendency towards saturation over the range of 60–300 μM Ca2+. As [Ca2+] is increased to millimolar levels, the V0.5 is strongly shifted again to more negative potentials. When channels are activated by 300 μM Ca2+, further addition of either mM Ca2+ or mM Mg2+ produces similar negative shifts in steady-state activation. Millimolar Mg2+ also produces shifts of similar magnitude in the complete absence of Ca2+. The ability of millimolar concentrations of divalent cations to shift activation is primarily correlated with a slowing of BK current deactivation. At voltages where millimolar elevations in [Ca2+] increase activation rates, addition of 10 mM Mg2+ to 0 Ca2+ produces little effect on activation time course, while markedly slowing deactivation. This suggests that Mg2+ does not participate in Ca2+-dependent steps that influence current activation rate. We conclude that millimolar Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations interact with low affinity, relatively nonselective divalent cation binding sites that are distinct from higher affinity, Ca2+-selective binding sites that increase current activation rates. A symmetrical model with four independent higher affinity Ca2+ binding steps, four voltage sensors, and four independent lower affinity Ca2+/Mg2+ binding steps describes well the behavior of G-V curves over a range of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The ability of a broad range of [Ca2+] to produce shifts in activation of Slo1 conductance can, therefore, be accounted for by multiple types of divalent cation binding sites.
A Comparison of Smoking Habits Among Medical and Nursing Students

Objective The approach and credibility of future physicians and nurses as treatment providers for smoking- and tobacco-related diseases may be influenced by their smoking habits. We compared smoking habits among medical and nursing students, and examined whether these habits changed during the course of education for each cohort. Method Over 1,100 medical and nursing students from a university were surveyed in year 2000 using a questionnaire that included the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). Results A total of 397 medical students and 126 nursing students completed the survey. Significantly fewer medical students (3.3%) smoked compared to nursing students (13.5%). Also, significantly more nursing students were former smokers (17.8%) than medical students (9.8%). The severity of nicotine dependence, as indicated by the total FTND score as well as scores on five of the six items on the FTND, was significantly lower among medical students compared to nursing students. Smoking or quit rates did not differ across class years in both groups; however, unlike nursing students, time since quitting significantly differed across class years for medical students. Although smoking habits appear to change little during the course of education for both medical and nursing students, many smokers may have quit just prior to entering medical school but not nursing school. Conclusions The findings confirm the continuing decline in smoking among medical students in the United States; however, increased efforts to promote tobacco education and intervention among nursing students seem necessary. Nevertheless, both groups appear to have the potential to be credible advisors to patients and public regarding smoking cessation.
Assessment of the safety of dioctyl adipate in freshwater environments

A safety assessment of dioctyl adipate (DOA) in freshwater environments was conducted. DOA is relatively insoluble in water and is likely to partition to sediment and biota in the aquatic environment. Biodegradation was found to be rapid and extensive under conditions simulating sewage systems and the natural environment. Measured environmental concentrations of DOA averaged less than 0.5 μg/L in natural surface waters. DOA was not acutely toxic to algae and fish at or above its water solubility of 0.78 ± 0.16 mg/L. It was acutely and chronically toxic to Daphnia magna at 480 to 850 and 24 to 52 μg/L, respectively. A bioconcentration study with bluegill showed that DOA is not an accumulative or persistent chemical in this species. The mean 28-d bioconcentration factor was 27. A comparison of the mean environmental water concentrations of DOA with laboratory chronic toxicity values for D. magna showed a safety margin of approximately three orders of magnitude. The conclusion drawn from this environmental safety assessment is that, under present use and disposal patterns, DOA presents a small hazard to the freshwater aquatic environment.
On thin gaps between rigid bodies two-way coupled to incompressible flow

Abstract Two-way solid fluid coupling techniques typically calculate fluid pressure forces that in turn drive the solid motion. However, when solids are in close proximity (e.g. touching or in contact), the fluid in the thin gap region between the solids is difficult to resolve with a background fluid grid. Although one might attempt to address this difficulty using an adaptive, body-fitted, or ALE fluid grid, the size of the fluid cells can shrink to zero as the bodies collide. The inability to apply pressure forces in a thin lubricated gap tends to make the solids stick together, since collision forces stop interpenetration but vanish when the solids are separating leaving the fluid pressure forces on the surface of the solid unbalanced in regard to the gap region. We address this problem by adding pressure degrees of freedom onto surfaces of rigid bodies, and subsequently using the resulting pressure forces to provide solid fluid coupling in the thin gap region. These pressure degrees of freedom readily resolve the tangential flow along the solid surface inside the gap and are two-way coupled to the pressure degrees of freedom on the grid allowing the fluid to freely flow into and out of the gap region. The two-way coupled system is formulated as a symmetric positive-definite matrix which is solved using the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Additionally, we provide a mechanism for advecting tangential velocities on solid surfaces in the gap region by extending semi-Lagrangian advection onto a curved surface mesh where a codimension-one velocity field tangential to the surface is defined. We demonstrate the convergence of our method on a number of examples, such as underwater rigid body separation and collision in both two and three spatial dimensions where typical methods do not converge. Finally, we demonstrate that our method not only works for the aforementioned “wet” contact, but also works in conjunction with “dry” contact where there is no fluid in the gap between the solids.
A Chebyshev Spectral Method for Radiative Transfer Equations Applied to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Scattering in a Discrete Random Medium

In this paper, we present a numerical method for solving the radiative transfer equation that models electromagnetic wave propagation in a constant background, plane-parallel medium containing randomly distributed, identically sized, dielectric spheres. Applications of this study include optical waves in media such as biological tissue and fog as well as millimeter waves in rain. In these problems, the scattering is highly anisotropic, which is problematic for standard methods that approximate the integral term of the radiative transfer equation first to yield an associated system of differential equations. In our method, we use a Chebyshev spectral approximation of the spatial part of the 4?1 vector of Stokes parameters. This spectral approximation then yields a coupled, linear system of integral equations that has a bordered, block sparsity structure that can be efficiently solved using a deflated block elimination method. By readjusting the focus of this numerical method to the integral operators instead of the derivative operators, we find that we can effectively study highly anisotropic scattering media. We present some examples of Mie resonant scattering in which a circularly polarized plane wave propagates and scatters in a plane-parallel medium containing randomly distributed, identically sized, dielectric spheres whose radii are comparable to the wavelength.
Secure Multimedia Transmission over RTP

The evolution of wireless handsets from simple mobile phones to smart devices, capable of capturing multimedia information and accessing Internet, has enabled its users to share multimedia contents with other network-capable devices in the vicinity or across the Internet. However, multimedia contents may include private information that a user may share only if it is secure from sniffing and other digital attacks.Achieving security by fully encrypting multimedia contents is not a viable solution for mobile devices, as they run on limited battery power and employ relatively slower processors compared to their desktop counterparts. These limitations have forced the handsets manufacturers to move the security operations to other parts of the networks thus compromising scalability as well as privacy. This paper presents a highly scalable approach for securing multimedia streams on mobile devices by encrypting intelligently selected portions of the coded bit stream.The proposed solution does not require media decoding and encrypts on the average less than 1% of the packet load. For all practical purposes, the proposed scheme provides robust security equivalent to that of a fully encrypted bit stream. The proposed scheme has been implemented on Nokia devices running Maemo, a mobile version of Debian distribution.
Information extraction from spam emails using stylistic and semantic features to identify spammers

Traditional anti spamming methods filter spam emails and prevent them from entering the inbox but take no measure to trace spammers and penalize them. We use natural language processing techniques to cluster spam emails from the same spammer based on the content and the style of the email. Spam emails from different sources are studied with features like stylistic, semantic and combination of both. Three sets of clustering are performed: clustering based on stylistic feature, clustering based on semantic feature and clustering based on combined feature. These clusters are then compared and evaluated. We notice that spam emails from the same sources have similarities and cluster together. These emails have URLs of the WebPages that the spammer is trying to promote. Clusters are mapped to the internet protocol (IP) of these URLs and the who is information of the IP addresses' help to get information about the source of spam.
Numerical Analysis of Penetration, Radiation, and Scattering for a 2D Slotted Semielliptical Channel Filled with Isorefractive Material

Electromagnetic penetration through an aperture into a cavity is considered. The structure of interest comprises a slotted infinite conducting plane backed by a semielliptical channel. Three independent integral equations are used to study the structure of interest,for which analytical expressions are derived in another paper and involve summations of Mathieu functions. Numerical results from the analytical expressions for the electromagnetic fields are compared with those from integral equation methods for various cases of excitation and isorefractive materials. The agreement is excellent in all cases.
Haloperidol for sedation of disruptive emergency patients

Agitated, threatening, or violent behavior often jeopardizes the patient with self-inflicted injury or delays medical evaluation and treatment. Patient cooperation with therapy can be achieved using haloperidol by the IM, IV, or oral route. The safety and efficacy of haloperidol in the emergency department setting was examined. Haloperidol was administered to 136 patients to control behavior. Eighty-eight received the drug in the ED; 18 of these 88 were critical patients receiving the drug during resuscitation. Forty-eight of the 136 were crisis intervention center patients. Ninety patients were acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Twenty-three patients had head trauma; 20 of these also were inebriated. Various other drugs were responsible for the behavior of 15 patients. Acute psychosis was involved in 40 cases. Thirty-one patients were thought to have a personality disorder. The route of administration of haloperidol was intramuscular in 110, IV in 19, and oral in seven patients. Disruptive behavior was alleviated within 30 minutes in 113 of 136 (83%) patients. Effect was judged suboptimal in 20 of 136 (15%), and no effect was noted in three of 136 (2%) patients. Four complications (3%) were noted, three minor and one more serious episode of hypotension in a critical patient. Haloperidol is a safe and efficacious drug for use with disruptive patients in the emergency setting. It is a useful tool for management of agitation of diverse etiologies.
Inter‐laboratory analysis of endotoxin in cotton dust samples

Background Currently there are no mandated exposure limits for endotoxin, but recommended limits have been proposed and interest expressed in developing quantitative standards for endotoxin. A limitation for developing a quantitative standard for endotoxin is the measurement variability between laboratories. Inter-laboratory variability of up to four orders of magnitude has been reported for replicate samples. To evaluate both the intra- and inter-laboratory variability, Round-Robin studies were conducted using replicate samples of cotton dust. Methods Replicate samples of cotton dust were collected using vertical elutriators (VE) in a model cardroom. Each participating laboratory evaluated the samples for endotoxin using: their normal extraction procedure; a common extraction procedure; and a common extraction procedure and the same type and lot of a commercially available endotoxin kit. Results These studies demonstrated that both intra- and inter-laboratory variability is reduced by using a common extraction protocol and a common assay kit; however, significant differences remained between the laboratories. Conclusions The data suggest that intra-laboratory assays can be used to assess the relative differences between endotoxin samples, however, the inter-laboratory variability suggests that limitations remain for developing a reliable exposure assessment assay that could be used for a quantitative exposure standard.
EFFECTS OF REALISTIC JOB PREVIEWS ON MULTIPLE ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES: A META-ANALYSIS

Through a quantitative meta-analysis of 40 studies of realistic job previews (RJPs), 26 of which were published, the effects of RJPs on attrition from the job recruitment process, the level and acc...
Dysphagia--a complicated complication of posterior fossa pathologies.

Dysphagia, or swallowing dysfunction, is an important and severe complication that especially occurs in children who have undergone posterior fossa surgery. Also, this complication presents in several pathologies that involve the posterior fossa structures, whether extra-axial or intra-axial, as different types of tumors, vascular lesions, infections, and congenital abnormalities. The dysphagia is a complication that if not handled properly can lead to malnutrition and psychological consequences as well as aspiration (3).
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Total Knee Arthroplasty

Over the past fifteen years, the question of whether to retain or sacrifice the posterior cruciate ligament during total knee replacement has been debated at most major total knee symposia. Many of the reasons given for one technique or the other have been anecdotal visceral, rather than scientific and reflective. It is, however, only by such scientific evaluation that one can hope to arrive at some meaningful conclusion regarding this important structure and its function in total knee replacement.
Androgens modulate NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs in the zebra finch song system.

Androgens potently regulate the development of learned vocalizations of songbirds. We sought to determine whether one action of androgens is to functionally modulate the development of synaptic tra...
What Law Schools Should Teach Future Transactional Lawyers: Perspectives from Practice

Since at least the 1980’s, law schools have been chided for doing a poor job at teaching skills. This criticism has been accompanied by pressure to increase their emphasis on skills training. The pressure increased with the publication of the McCrate Report in 1992, and then again with the publication of the Carnegie Report in 2007. But is the underlying premise correct? This article is an edited version of my remarks given at the 2009 mid-year meeting of the AALS Conference on Business Associates. In those remarks, I respond to the questions 'Are law schools teaching students adequate transactional skills?' and 'From the standpoint of preparing students for a transactional practice, what would you like to see law schools change?' To answer these questions, I first describe different categories of knowledge a successful lawyer should have, and examine what people mean when they refer to skills. I then discuss which of these categories of knowledge law schools can and should teach, and which should be left to law firms (based on the comparative advantages of each). Finally, after noting that the heavy focus of law school critics on skills training mask some more significant issues, I share my thoughts on how law schools can change to better prepare students for a transactional practice.
Built to Become: HP's History of Becoming 1939-2016: An Integral Process Overview

This paper conceptualizes HP’s history of becoming between 1939 and 2015 in terms of an integral process overview encompassing seven distinct epochs and associated corporate transformations, and discusses the differential contributions of successive CEOs to that integral process. The paper examines how the strategic leadership of successive CEOs has mediated the interplays between external context dynamics manifest in the company’s evolving industry ecosystem and the internal ecology of strategy-making. Analysis of the messy process of corporate becoming highlights the paradox of corporate becoming, the evolution of the adaptive capacity of multibusiness firms in relation to evolving strategic integration challenges, the role of tension in the internal ecology of strategy-making, and the existential situation facing successive CEOs of long-lived companies.
Effects of Apholate on the Alfalfa Weevil

The mortality of female Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) was significantly greater than males when adults were dipped into apholate. When applied topically to males, apholate was found to have an LD50 of 42.5 µg per male. The dosage required to sterilize 50% of the eggs that were obtained from untreated females crossed with treated males was 5.6 µg. The testes of treated males were found to be significantly smaller than those of untreated males.
Structure of Power in Palau

In this paper I have tried to suggest some probable extensions and projections into the future of what is at present a dimly visible and restricted condition. As previously reported, the situation at present is stable, in the sense that the attitudes supporting the traditional way of life of both Ladinos and Indians are dominant, and some of the tensions are capable of being drained off by desertion of Indians to other areas. Moreover, the average Indian is so securely orientated and integrated to a pattern of poverty, illness, and hard work that he seems quite capable of taking considerable slack in his psychological belt to adjust to still more of the same. The dynamics of alienation from tradition are at present cumulating their forces. How quickly the power which they contain will be recognized by or forced upon the Indians and Ladinos is a matter of speculation. The evidence would seem to point to considerable resistance to any variation in the way of life to adjust to the lnew forces at work. It is for this reason that in a previous paper the situation was described as one which has much promise of long life. For, there always remains the alternative that the Indians will grow increasingly small in numbers, but will nevertheless stubbornly keep up their traditions. If this alternative is pursued, it may be some generations yet before they either effectively disappear as a local community, or, through various other mechanisms, become so altered as to be no longer recognizable for what they were in 1940. It seems of significance to note here, finally, that the stratification by age and generation and the vertical division of the sexes in the community have come to have special significance. It makes considerable difference to the observer whether he views the situation through the eyes of a young man or an old man, a father or a son, a mother or a daughter. One does not get the same picture from any randomly selected individual in the community. This in some measure is a decided qualification on the usual assumption of homogeneity of such peasant or primitive communities, an assumption which underlies the use of one or two "trustworthy informants" as the principal sources of information about such communities. These materials therefore incidentally suggest that a more adequate sampling of peasant populations in transition is called for than has hitherto been practiced in typical ethnographic investigation.
Design and Development of DNA Sequence Analysis Software

This paper presents a software design processing for bioinformatics based on Java.In this paper,system structure,function for each model and key technologies are introduced.This software system can accomplish sequence analysis in bioinformatics stream,and provide availability for data analysis and processing.