cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olfaction and the use of chemical signals in bats

Animals must solve problems of how to navigate in their environment, locate resources, and communicate with other individuals. All bats (order Chiroptera) share the ability to fly, yet they exhibit an extraordinary diversity in terms of diet, roosting preferences, and social organization. The ecological pressures encountered by species are highly variable, thus different taxa may have evolved alternative mechanisms to gather and process information about their environment. In this review, I outline the uses of the olfactory system by bats. Chemical signals are used by some bats to detect, generally localize, and classify food resources. Special emphasis is given to associations that exist between feeding groups (frugivores, insectivores, sanguivores, etc.), the development of olfactory and other sensory systems, and the use of odor cues in foraging. The role of odors as individual, kin and group recognition cues is also discussed. During the past decade, an increased use of field and laboratory experiments, and the use of chemical analysis, have rapidly expanded our understanding of bat olfaction. However, more research is needed to identify the role of the vomeronasal organ and to further clarify the role of olfaction in a social context. The study of chiropteran chemical ecology also provides potential for researchers interested in the phylogenetic, foraging and social behaviors of bats.
Lyophilization of Pasteurella pestis.

The general subject of lyophilization, with its specific applications, has been reviewed recently by Harris (1954). Although lyophilization has become a generally accepted method for long term preservation of stock cultures of viruses and bacteria it has not always been satisfactory for the preservation of Pasteurella pestis. This study was undertaken to determine some of the factors that affect viability of P. pestis during and after lyophilization.
Effective Academic Interventions in the United States: Evaluating and Enhancing the Acquisition of Early Reading Skills

The alignment of assessment, intervention, and meaningful student outcomes is arguably one the most exciting developments in school psychology. This linkage is especially apparent in the areas of e...
A Risk-Averse Game-Theoretic Approach to Distributed Control

The research article gives a comprehensive presentation of the broad and still developing area of risk-averse decision-making approach to control of distributed stochastic systems. A distributed stochastic system considered here consists of the interconnection of two or more stochastic systems with the structural constraints of linear system dynamics, quadratic cost functionals, and additive stationary Wiener noises corrupting the system dynamics and measurements. Each system has an input from its incumbent agent or controller and an output to its local environment, in addition to links with the other neighboring systems. The problem of distributed control without communications between incumbent agents or controllers is formulated as a nonzero-sum stochastic differential game. Local best responses by each incumbent agents with risk-averse attitudes toward performance uncertainty are determined by a person-by-person equilibrium and subject to decentralized output-feedback information structures.
Conservative Treatment of Patellofemoral Joint Instability

Conservative and postsurgical rehabilitation following medial patellofemoral ligament injury is poorly described in the literature, with most interventions focusing exclusively on the knee joint. During single lower extremity jump landings, the three-dimensional lower extremity loading response at impact often includes a contralateral pelvic drop and associated trunk movements, femoral and tibial internal rotation, knee valgus, and foot pronation. Therefore, local (knee), regional (entire lower extremity), and more global (entire lower extremity in addition to core, upper body) factors need to be considered when attempting to treat or to prevent patellofemoral joint instability. The rehabilitation clinician must carefully blend local treatments with regional, and global therapeutic exercise interventions to develop coordinated lower extremity neuromuscular movement synergies that integrate the core and upper extremities in a functionally relevant manner. The ultimate goal is pain-free, three-dimensional dynamic knee stability. Paramount to attaining effective dynamic knee stability is having sufficient eccentric muscle function to withstand activity-specific loads. Criterion based return to sport specific training guidelines, and self-reported surveys including items and item scoring weights that are more specific to athletic performance requirements are needed.
Intersectional perspectives on Asian Pacific American activism and movement building

Scholars of American politics increasingly recognize the multidimensionality of oppression and the importance of community-based resistance led by members of intersectionally marginalized groups. M...
Anti-obesity effects of GIPR antagonists alone and in combination with GLP-1R agonists in preclinical models

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) has been identified in multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as a contributor to obesity, and GIPR knockout mice are protected against diet-induced obesity (DIO). On the basis of this genetic evidence, we developed anti-GIPR antagonistic antibodies as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and observed that a mouse anti-murine GIPR antibody (muGIPR-Ab) protected against body weight gain, improved multiple metabolic parameters, and was associated with reduced food intake and resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in DIO mice. We replicated these results in obese nonhuman primates (NHPs) using an anti-human GIPR antibody (hGIPR-Ab) and found that weight loss was more pronounced than in mice. In addition, we observed enhanced weight loss in DIO mice and NHPs when anti-GIPR antibodies were codosed with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists. Mechanistic and crystallographic studies demonstrated that hGIPR-Ab displaced GIP and bound to GIPR using the same conserved hydrophobic residues as GIP. Further, using a conditional knockout mouse model, we excluded the role of GIPR in pancreatic β-cells in the regulation of body weight and response to GIPR antagonism. In conclusion, these data provide preclinical validation of a therapeutic approach to treat obesity with anti-GIPR antibodies.
Exploring Nursing Team Conflict in Health Care Team Interactions

This study uses communication theory to analyze cultural and ethical conflict between team-based nurses. From a health care perspective, floor nurses conveyed stories about conflicts they had experienced during professional teamwork. Analysis of these stories produced a set of conflict themes. While nursing conflict themes are plentiful in the extant literature, limited studies have approached the topic from a communication point of view. This perspective’s strength lies in identifying cultural conflict elements that coincide with organizational and interpersonal theories, thus broaden understanding beyond individual quirks and idiosyncrasies. The paper’s analysis pairs these theories with the themes identified in the nurses’ stories, demonstrating how cultural conflict identification, progression, and possible intervention can impact the larger context of team nursing.
Evidence of niche differentiation for two sympatric vulture species in the Southeastern United States

As obligate scavengers utilizing similar habitats, interspecific competition undoubtedly occurs between resident black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey (Cathartes aura) vultures. In the interest of exploring how sympatric species coexist through habitat segregation, we examined resource selection of resident black and turkey vultures in the southeastern United States (US) for evidence of niche differentiation. Using fine-scale movement data, we assessed interspecific seasonal differences in monthly roost reuse frequency and roost site fidelity, as well as monthly flight, roost, and diurnal rest site resource selection based on > 2.8 million locations of 9 black vultures and 9 turkey vultures tracked from September 2013 to August 2015 using Groupe Special Mobile/Global Positioning System (GSM/GPS) transmitters. Black vultures generally exhibited greater roost fidelity as well as a greater maximum number of nights spent at a single roost than turkey vultures. Patterns of flight, roost, and resting habitat selection within the home range varied monthly as well as between species, providing evidence for habitat segregation and niche differentiation by sympatric vultures. In particular, our results indicate the importance of wooded wetlands for resting and roosting locations for both species, and revealed clear differences in the use of forested habitats between species during flight, resting, and roosting behavioral states. By examining differences in resource selection and spatial ecology of black and turkey vultures across a range of behaviors, this study demonstrates mechanisms of niche differentiation in these ecologically similar species, and enhances potential for conservation and informed management of this important group of birds.
Policing and prosecuting sexual assault: an examination of arrest and initial filing decisions in cases involving adolescent complainants

Sexual assault case processing has steadily received increased attention from scholars, with promising implications for the criminal justice system. Despite this increase in attention, however, the...
High Frequency Injection Based Rotor Position Self-Sensing for Synchronous Electrostatic Machines

The low loss during high torque, low speed operation demonstrated by synchronous electrostatic machines make them an attractive choice for low speed servo applications. The high pole count (p >50) of these machines necessitates the use of high resolution position sensors. This work proposes methods of rotor position self-sensing for separately excited synchronous electrostatic machines to reduce cost and complexity associated with using an external encoder. A high-frequency injection based self-sensing method, which takes advantage of the separate excitation of the machine is proposed for estimating rotor position at zero and low speeds. The performance of the proposed estimation method is experimentally verified using a current source inverter driving the electrostatic machine. Closed loop speed control without encoder feedback is demonstrated. A compensation technique to mitigate the effect of filter delays is implemented to improve estimation accuracy at higher fundamental frequencies.
Effective Implementation of Energy Aware Polarization Diversity for IoT Networks Using Eigenvector Centrality

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one the most promising area of applications for complex networks since we know that both the efficiency and fidelity of information transmission rely critically on our understanding of network structure. While antenna diversity schemes improve reliability and capacity for point-to-point links of an IoT network that employs multi-polarized antennas, it is currently unclear how implementation should depend on the network structure of the IoT and what impact structure-dependent implementations will have on the energy consumption of IoT devices. We propose an antenna diversity scheme that leverages local network structure and a distributed calculation of centrality to reduce power consumption by 13% when compared to standard selection diversity technique. The proposed approach exploits distributed eigenvector centrality to identify the most influential nodes based on data flow and then limits their antenna switching frequency proportionally to their centrality. Our results also demonstrate that by taking routers’ centrality metric into account, a network can reduce antenna switching frequency by 17% while ensuring approximately 99% packet delivery rate. More broadly, this study highlights how network science can contribute to the development of efficient IoT devices.
Impacts of the subsurface storage of natural gas and hydrogen mixtures

Abstract The subsurface storage of hydrogen (H2) provides a potential solution for load-balancing of the intermittent electricity production from renewable energy sources. In such technical concept, surplus electricity is used to power electrolyzers that produce H2, which is then stored in subsurface formations to be used at times when renewable electricity is not available. Blending H2 with natural gas (NG) for injection into depleted gas/oil reservoirs, which are already used for NG storage, is considered a good option due to the lower initial capital cost and investment needed, and potential lower operating costs. In this study, the potential impact of storing a mixture of H2 and NG in an existing NG storage field was investigated. Relevant reservoir, caprock and cement samples from a NG storage formation in California were characterized with respect to their permeability, porosity, surface area, mineralogy and other structural characteristics, before and after undergoing 3-month incubation experiments with H2/NG gas mixtures at relevant temperature and pressure conditions. The results indicated relatively small changes in porosity and mineralogy due to incubation. However, the observed changes in permeability were more dramatic. In addition, polymeric materials, similar to those used in NG storage operations were also incubated, and their dimensions were measured before and after incubation. These measurements indicated swelling due to the exposure to H2. However, direct evidence of geochemical reactions involving H2 was not observed.
Ultrasensitive and ultrathin phototransistors and photonic synapses using perovskite quantum dots grown from graphene lattice.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) constitute an attractive class of materials for many optoelectronic applications. However, their charge transport properties are inferior to materials like graphene. On the other hand, the charge generation efficiency of graphene is too low to be used in many optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate the development of ultrathin phototransistors and photonic synapses using a graphene-PQD (G-PQD) superstructure prepared by growing PQDs directly from a graphene lattice. We show that the G-PQDs superstructure synchronizes efficient charge generation and transport on a single platform. G-PQD phototransistors exhibit excellent responsivity of 1.4 × 108 AW–1 and specific detectivity of 4.72 × 1015 Jones at 430 nm. Moreover, the light-assisted memory effect of these superstructures enables photonic synaptic behavior, where neuromorphic computing is demonstrated by facial recognition with the assistance of machine learning. We anticipate that the G-PQD superstructures will bolster new directions in the development of highly efficient optoelectronic devices.
Assessments of HLA-I Specificities of Anti-HLA-I Monoclonal Antibodies Using Solid Phase Bead Arrays

Human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are a group of structurally-related cell surface proteins with a high degree of variability within the population. While only up to six variants are expressed in an individual person, the whole population contains thousands of different variants. The ability to distinguish specific variants is important in the clinic to determine compatibility during organ and bone marrow transplantation and in the laboratory to study the biological properties of individual variants. Solid phase bead arrays contain purified, individually identifiable HLA-I molecules that can be used to determine antibody specificity for individual HLA-I proteins. This method is high-throughput, highly specific, and allows for simultaneous screening of antibodies against multiple HLA-I allotypes. The beads are particularly useful for screening patient sera for the presence of donor-specific antibodies against individual HLA-I variants (which can arise during pregnancy, blood transfusion, or organ transplantation). Alternate approaches, such as the use of individual HLA-I-expressing cell lines, are more time consuming, and such cell lines are difficult to procure and standardize. The HLA-I beads are also useful to study HLA-I specificity and selectivity for other receptors and binding partners.
Placental transfusion and short-term outcomes among extremely preterm infants.

Objective To compare short-term outcomes after placental transfusion (delayed cord clamping (DCC) or umbilical cord milking (UCM)) versus immediate cord clamping among extremely preterm infants. Design Retrospective study. Setting The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network registry. Patients Infants born Intervention/exposure DCC or UCM. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes: (1) composite of mortality or major morbidity by 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA); (2) mortality by 36 weeks PMA and (3) composite of major morbidities by 36 weeks’ PMA. Secondary composite outcomes: (1) any grade intraventricular haemorrhage or mortality by 36 weeks’ PMA and (2) hypotension treatment in the first 24 postnatal hours or mortality in the first 12 postnatal hours. Outcomes were assessed using multivariable regression, adjusting for mortality risk factors identified a priori, significant confounders and centre as a random effect. Results Among 3116 infants, 40% were exposed to placental transfusion, which was not associated with the primary composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity by 36 weeks’ PMA (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.26, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.66). However, exposure was associated with decreased mortality by 36 weeks’ PMA (aOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.92) and decreased hypotension treatment in first 24 postnatal hours (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.82). Conclusion In this extremely preterm infant cohort, exposure to placental transfusion was not associated with the composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity, though there was a reduction in mortality by 36 weeks’ PMA. Trial registration number NCT00063063.
A Qualitative Analysis of Drivers among Military-Affiliated and Civilian Lone Actor Terrorists Inspired by Jihadism

This qualitative study explored and compared factors that drive individuals with and without military experience to commit violent acts of terrorism within a sample of 10 jihadism-inspired lone act...
Correlation of light microscopic findings with transmission electron microscopy within a vascular occlusion device.

Abstract Host response to an implanted biomaterial is a complex process involving microscopic changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. Reliable pathology analysis is imperative for accurate assessment of the tissue response to an implanted device. Plastic histology is commonly used for histology evaluation of medical devices to assess the device-tissue interface; however, this technique is prone to variable staining that can confound histology interpretation. Appropriately, we propose using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm histologic ECM findings in order to provide sufficient host-response data. Tissue response to an absorbable shape memory polymer intravascular occlusion device with a nitinol wire backbone was evaluated. Representative plastic-embedded, micro-ground sections from 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day timepoints were analyzed. ECM regions were selected, and ultrathin sections were created for TEM evaluation. Histological changes in ECM composition were compared for light microscopy (LM) and TEM findings; specifically, TEM fibrillary patterns for collagen and fibrin were used to confirm LM results. Throughout this study, LM reveals inconsistent staining in plastic-embedded sections. TEM, on the other hand, provides clear insight into the tissue response by morphologically discerning distinct fibrillary patterns within ECM structures; loose to dense collagen surrounds the implant as fibrin degrades, demonstrating progression of postimplant ECM maturation. Moreover, TEM serves as a definitive method for confirming tissue substrate morphology when LM findings prove ambiguous.
Professional and social investment in universal design for learning in higher education: insights from a faculty development programme

Universal design for learning (UDL) is a research-based framework intended to optimise student learning by including student choice of content, process, and product in design. The UDL model recomme...
Speech and Silence: Republican Toleration in Augustine

This chapter shows how—counterintuitively—it is a republican who Augustine allows for the application of needed insights about toleration in contemporary politics. The argument proceeds through an engagement with William Connolly, a radical democrat who accuses Augustine of an identity-disrespecting intolerance. Against Connolly, we argue that rudiments of overlapping consensus are present in City of God, and that they reinforce an Augustinian account of toleration. Building on recent work that shows toleration contributing to non-domination, we therefore show how Augustine reinforces this non-dominating ideal. We build on Kabala’s previous work to show Augustinian rhetoric further contributing to republicanism that advances toleration, not only through speech but through positive silence in the Confessions that is meant to advance non-dominating modes of communication.
Distrust in Institutions: Reference and Library Instruction During an Infodemic

Librarians strive to educate patrons and curb the spread of disinformation by providing reference services, research consultations, and instruction in information literacy. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought into stark relief deceptive information practices used to further political agendas. We focus on the dissemination of Covid-19 disinformation by the United States government, particularly the Trump White House where the federal pandemic response was centered. The consequences of Covid-19 disinformation produced at the federal level continue, such as Covid-19 denial, distrust in government institutions, distrust in science, and over 570,000 deaths in the U.S. so far. We identify different kinds of deceptive information practices deployed by the executive branch that contributed to an already fraught information ecosystem. We discuss how this affects academic librarians, students, and researchers who work with government information, as well as potential solutions found in information literacy and scholarly communication.
Full Disclosure: Cognitive Science, Informants, and Search Warrant Scrutiny

This article posits that cognitive biases play a significant role in the gap between the rhetoric regarding Fourth Amendment protection and actual practices regarding search warrant scrutiny, particularly for search warrants based on informants’ tips. Specifically, this article examines the ways in which implicit bias, tunnel vision, priming, and hindsight bias can affect search warrants. These biases can affect each stage of the search warrant process, including targeting decisions, the drafting process, the magistrate’s decision whether to grant the warrant, and post-search review by trial and appellate courts. These biases create room for informant falsehoods to go unchecked, with a likely disproportionate effect on minority communities. To address these effects, the article proposes a number of interconnected solutions, all revolving around the idea of full disclosure. The article proposes that police officers, magistrates, and judges all receive education about cognitive biases generally and the value of meaningful judicial review of warrants for combatting these biases. To facilitate this review, police should use a checklist when preparing search warrant applications to help them identify and disclose all relevant information. The article then suggests changes for judicial review of challenges to the accuracy and completeness of search warrant information. These revised standards should incentivize providing full disclosure and to ensure meaningful post-search review of magistrates’ decisions.
Improving Student Confidence With Electronic Health Record Order Entry.

Introduction Despite near-universal utilization of electronic health records (EHRs) by physicians in practice, medical students in most ambulatory settings gain limited experience with placing EHR orders. In this study, an individual preceptor site investigated the usefulness of a targeted curriculum in improving students' EHR confidence and clinical reasoning skills. Methods Family medicine clerkship students assigned to one community health center were invited to participate in this prospective, survey-based study. In their first week, students observed a preceptor performing EHR tasks. For the remainder of the 4-week clerkship, students utilized decision support tools, assigned a working diagnosis, entered unsigned orders in the EHR, proposed an assessment, and discussed a plan with a preceptor. Students completed weekly questionnaires to self-report confidence across several EHR domains while preceptors synchronously evaluated students' accuracy with entering orders correctly. Results From February 2017 to March 2020, all 49 eligible students completed the study. One hundred percent of students reported that placing EHR orders was beneficial to their medical education. The difference over time in learner confidence with placing EHR orders was statistically significant across every domain (eg, writing prescriptions, ordering labs and imaging). Preceptors' evaluations of students' accuracy with placing orders also showed significant improvement between each week. Conclusion Clerkship-wide EHR training may be limited by multiple sites with multiple EHR products. This pilot study suggests that committed faculty at an individual preceptor site can offer a targeted curriculum to help students develop EHR confidence. We propose other preceptors similarly offer students this opportunity to maximize clerkship education.
Teaching manufacturing processes using a flipped classroom model

Manufacturing processes is a key subject in undergraduate engineering curricula, and ideally blends theory with hands-on activities and exposure to manufacturing practice. Therewith, the emergence of scalable, versatile digital learning tools and techniques suggests that manufacturing courses should explore how to maximize the use and value of in-person teaching time. This paper describes the application of a flipped classroom model to undergraduate manufacturing processes courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Michigan. In the flipped classroom approach, pre-recorded lecture videos are provided to students, and in-class time is used for hands-on activities and/or labs, thereby promoting discussion and interaction among students and staff. Together, the combination of online preparation and in-person learning is designed to: (1) study manufactured products, and relate observations to fundamental principles;(2) encourage formulation of questions based on open-ended topics;(3) practice written, verbal, and graphical communication skills;and (4) build a layered understanding of manufacturing as a complex system that connects process physics to overarching principles of rate, quality, cost, and flexibility. We also share our experiences teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated a balance of remote and in-person learning, and comment on emerging curriculum elements including use of augmented reality. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Edoxaban in Cardiovascular Disease Management: Review.

In the past decade, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have transformed the world of anti-thrombotic therapy. Edoxaban is the most recently approved DOAC. Though intended for use primarily in stroke prevention, it has found applications in various other conditions including thromboembolic and peripheral arterial disease. This review aims to provide a detailed outline of the growing indications, evidence for use in special populations, pharmacogenetics, and side effect profile of edoxaban.
Subgroup Analysis of Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis Showing Cognitive Resilience.

Objective Cognitive dysfunction is known to occur in many individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is currently known about MS patients without cognitive impairment, including protective factors associated with intact cognition. The present study considered these issues in a sample of MS patients screened for intact subjective and objective cognitive functioning. Methods Two MS participant groups from a larger sample were derived: i) participants within 1 standard deviation of controls on measures of objective cognition, subjective cognition, and informant-observed subjective cognition [cognitively resilient MS group (MScr)], and ii) those classified as not cognitively resilient (MSncr). Both groups were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Results Findings indicated that the MScr group was similar to the MSncr group on most disease and demographic variables, and level of fatigue. The MScr group showed higher estimated baseline intellectual ability and reported less anxiety, subclinical depressive symptoms, and pain interference. MScr participants also showed a trend toward more reported compensatory cognitive strategy use than MSncr participants. The MScr group showed comparable reading recognition and pain symptoms to controls. Conclusions Our findings provide preliminary information on factors associated with cognitive resilience in MS. Future research should examine resilient individuals with MS to further clarify positive outcomes in this condition.
Propagating clade and model uncertainty to confidence intervals of divergence times and branch lengths.

Abstract Confidence intervals of divergence times and branch lengths do not reflect uncertainty about their clades or about the prior distributions and other model assumptions on which they are based. Uncertainty about the clade may be propagated to a confidence interval by multiplying its confidence level by the bootstrap proportion of its clade or by another probability that the clade is correct. (If the confidence level is 95% and the bootstrap proportion is 90%, then the uncertainty-adjusted confidence level is (0.95)(0.90) = 86%.) Uncertainty about the model can be propagated to the confidence interval by reporting the union of the confidence intervals from all the plausible models. Unless there is no overlap between the confidence intervals, that results in an uncertainty-adjusted interval that has as its lower and upper limits the most extreme limits of the models. The proposed methods of uncertainty quantification may be used together.
Track and Field Survey

(1940). Track and Field Survey. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 87-120.
Issues in the development of HIV-preventive interventions for men who have sex with men (MSM) in rural areas

Interventions aimed at reducing HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been highly successful in urban areas in reducing the incidence of new cases of HIV infection. In rural areas, where the rates of infection are increasing, issues of culture, population density, isolation, and lack of access to health care services present different challenges for the design and dissemination of preventive interventions. In this paper, we will discuss the issues related to the development of preventive interventions for rural MSM, and propose a model of intervention based on preliminary findings from a recent study of rural MSM.
JAPANESE QUAIL EGG EMBRYO AS A HOST FOR VIRUSES

Abstract Rauscher, Frank J. (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.), James A. Reyniers, and Miriam R. Sacksteder. Japanese quail egg embryo as a host for viruses. J. Bacteriol. 84:1134–1139. 1962.—The egg embryo of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica, Temminck and Schlegel) was found to support readily the growth of a wide range of viruses known to infect chicken eggs. Methods commonly used in studying viruses in chicken eggs were modified and adapted to the quail egg. The procedures are described in detail. The sensitivity of quail eggs to representative viruses of the myxo and pox groups was found to be equal to that of chicken eggs. Preliminary observations of the different responses of quail eggs to standard chicken tumor and to quail-adapted Rous sarcoma virus are described. Viruses known not to grow or induce an observable response in chicken eggs (e.g., the agents of mouse hepatitis, murine leukemias, and visceral lymphomatosis of chickens) also failed to produce such responses in quail eggs.
Pathways to Corporate Convergence? Two Steps on the Road to Shareholder Capitalism in Germany: Deutsche Telekom and Daimler Chrysler

Perhaps the key question in the corporate convergence debate is the extent to which parties will settle on a shareholder capitalism model, in which managerial accountability will be measured against a public shareholder wealth maximization criterion. The paper evaluates two particular events for the impact on German corporate governance: the privatization of Deutsche Telekom and the cross-border merger between Daimler Benz and Chrysler Corp. The Deutsche Telekom transaction had symbolic impact, because it made many Germans shareholders for the first time, but the terms of the transaction substantially protected these shareholders against risk and deprived them of governance rights. The Daimler Chrysler merger, on the other hand, is a major event in governance convergence because it should inject a substantial element of US-style shareholder activism into the governance of a major German corporation. The paper identifies several elements, including: the change in the shareholder body through a dilution of traditional German holders and the addition of U.S. institutional investors, the pioneering of a template for subsequent cross-border mergers involving German firms, the flexibility of German corporate law to shareholder initiatives, and the likely rippling impact of governance changes at Daimler Chrysler on other major German corporations.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF AMINO ACID DEFICIENCIES. VII. VALINE.

Abstract A synthetic valine-deficient diet was fed to young male rats for 22 days and to older male rats for 70 days. Both groups exhibited incoordination and circling as manifestations of central nervous system damage. Histologic examination of numerous tissues from the young rats established that the effects of the deficiency were both nonspecific and specific in nature. The nonspecific effects included atrophy of the testes and accessory sex glands, cessation of bone growth, severe thymic involution, loss of adrenal cortical lipid, and depression of the anterior pituitary acidophiles and gonadotropic basophiles. Specific alterations were present in the myocardium and brain. In the heart, the chief modifications included nuclear hypertrophy and cytoplasmic vacuolation. In the brain, the important changes included myelin degeneration of the vestibular and motor facial nerves, severe neuronal deterioration of the red nuclei, and moderate neuronal damage in the motor facial and deep cerebellar nuclei. The brains of the older rats, which were prepared only for estimation of myelin damage, showed more extensive myelin degeneration of the vestibular and motor facial nerves as well as the presence of myelin deterioration in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In the pair-fed rats, tissue damage resulted from partial inanition. There was no “clinical” or histologic evidence of damage to either the heart muscle or to the nerve trunks and neurones of the central nervous system. No abnormalities were present in the tissues of the normal-control animals.
Abstract 18813: Outcomes of Patients with Congenital Heart Disease following Heart Transplantation: the Impact of Disease Type, Prior Thoracic Surgeries and End-Organ Dysfunction

Introduction: Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are at increased risk for early adverse outcomes following heart transplantation (Htx). Despite the need for improved risk stratification, small cohorts have constrained identification of patient-specific factors associated with poor prognosis. We hypothesized that type of CHD, number of sternotomies and prior end-organ dysfunction would be associated with an increased risk for mortality post-HTx. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study of all patients with ACHD who underwent HTx at our institution from 1/1997 to 1/2014. The primary endpoint was death. Exposures of interest included type of CHD, number of sternotomies and hepatic dysfunction secondary to passive congestion, measured as high Models for End-Stage Liver Disease Excluding INR (MELD-XI) score. Results: 48 ACHD patients were followed (mean age at HTx: 36±1.7 years). Diagnoses included: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)/pulmonary atresia/double outlet right ventricle in 15 (31%), D-transposition of the great arteries in 10 (21 %), tricuspid atresia/double inlet left ventricle in 9 (19%), VSD/ASD in 4 (8%), heterotaxy in 3 (6%), congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in 2 (4%), and 5 (10%) with other diagnoses. Pre-transplant cardiac surgeries included: Fontan operation in 12 (25%), Mustard/Senning repair in 9 (19%), TOF repair in 5 (11%), Rastelli repair in 5 (11%), VSD/ASD closures in 3 (6%), other another congenital heart surgery in 8 (17%) and no prior cardiac surgery in 5 (11%). Over a median follow-up time of 3.9 years, 14 patients died (29%) and 10 (71%) deaths occurred within 30 days of HTx. Survival at 1 and 5 years was 77%. Deaths within 30 days of surgery were secondary to hemorrhage in 4 (40%), graft failure in 3 (30%) and multi-system organ failure in 3 (30%). By multivariate analysis, ≥3 sternotomies (HR 8.5, p=0.02), MELD-XI score >18 (HR 6.2, p=0.009) and heterotaxy (HR 9.8, p=0.01), were significant predictors of mortality. Conclusion: In our cohort of patients with CHD undergoing Htx, ≥3 sternotomies, MELD-XI score >18 and heterotaxy syndrome were significantly associated with death. These findings may be important in patient selection and timing of Htx in this population.
Energy transport in a shear flow of particles in a two-dimensional dusty plasma.

A shear flow of particles in a laser-driven two-dimensional (2D) dusty plasma is observed in a study of viscous heating and thermal conduction. Video imaging and particle tracking yields particle velocity data, which we convert into continuum data, presented as three spatial profiles: mean particle velocity (i.e., flow velocity), mean-square particle velocity, and mean-square fluctuations of particle velocity. These profiles and their derivatives allow a spatially resolved determination of each term in the energy and momentum continuity equations, which we use for two purposes. First, by balancing these terms so that their sum (i.e., residual) is minimized while varying viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ as free parameters, we simultaneously obtain values for $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ in the same experiment. Second, by comparing the viscous heating and thermal conduction terms, we obtain a spatially resolved characterization of the viscous heating.
Destabilizing Anti-Gay Environments through Gay-Straight Alliances: Possibilities and Limitations through Shifting Discourses

Abstract Drawing upon research with Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) advisors, high-school principals, and two district-level administrators, we examine the potential and limits of the safe-space discourse that encompasses the aims of GSAs. We argue that this discourse conceals heteronormative school environments, which supplies the groundwork for hostility perpetrated against LGBT students. We then delineate three strategies–organizational, pedagogical, and systemic–toward altering the safe-space discourse to a forward-looking, social-justice discourse that fosters the eradication of heteronormative school processes.
The role of carbon offsets in achieving carbon neutrality: an exploratory study of hotels and resorts.

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the area of carbon offsets and carbon neutrality within the context of hotels and resorts. In theory, carbon markets assist organizations in reducing their carbon footprint by purchasing carbon offsets. This conceptual paper aims to explore this market, analyze its operations and evaluate the participants. The expectation is that this original research will provide a foundation for analyzing this market to make sense of the widely disparate views about carbon neutrality held by companies in the hospitality sector. Design/methodology/approach – The research study aimed to uncover what claims are currently made about carbon neutrality, what properties are making these claims and are these claims legitimate? A broad Internet search was conducted to collect a sample of hotels and resorts that marketed carbon neutrality as a feature of their properties. Next, a five-point Likert type scale was constructed to analyze every hotel and resort in terms of legitimate reflection o...
Fine Structure Study of Pollen Development in Haemanthus katherinae Baker : II. Microtubules and Elongation of the Generative Cells

The newly formed generative cell of the pollen grain of the African blood lily is spheroidal after its detachment from the pollen wall. Plastids are almost always excluded from the generative cell, while dictyosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and microtubules are present throughout development of the cell. During the time that the generative cell is spheroidal, microtubules are found scattered randomly throughout the cytoplasm. The cell subsequently elongates and concurrently an oriented system of microtubules appears along the wall of the cell. The microtubules are aligned with their long axes parallel to the long axis of the cell. This system of microtubules persists in the generative cell throughout its development. The microtubules can be destroyed by exposure to isopropyl N -phenylcarbamate or colchicine and as a result the generative cell reverts to a near spheroidal shape.
Abstract T MP44: Secondary Stroke Prevention Prescribing in a National Cohort

Background and Purpose: Secondary stroke prevention medications (SSPs) have been shown to prevent recurrent stroke, but few national reports of prescribing SSPs are available from hospitals regardless of their participation in national quality improvement programs. We examined SSP prescribing at discharge following hospitalization for adjudicated incident ischemic stroke (IS) in a large national cohort and unselected hospitals. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of incident IS admissions within the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort; admissions were to unselected hospitals. Exclusions were history of stroke, hospital death, missing data, and prevalent use of the medication of interest. Race, sex, age, rurality of residence (as defined by Rural Urban Commuting Area codes) were obtained at REGARDS baseline. Admission and discharge medications were obtained from hospital records. Associations between characteristics and discharge SSP prescriptions were examined...
Monkey Business: A Neo-Darwinist Approach to Ethics Codes

Contrary to the dictates of homo economicus, to be guided by a code of ethics does not entail sacrificing one's self-interest; rather, it entails correctly defining one's self-interest as a professional. A genuine concern for others, which is the theme of any sound code of ethics, is a natural human drive. An organizational culture that recognizes and nurtures this drive through the active implementation of an ethics code—from top management on down—is a successful one. If the code is grounded in the correct definition of professionalism as commitment to the profession and to the community, those guided by the code will be successful professionals. In the business jungle, as in the primeval jungle, the keys to success are honesty, fair dealing, and cooperation. Man is a social animal.
On the contribution of overflow water from the Norwegian Sea to the hydrographic structure of the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The spread of Norwegian Sea deep water, which overflows the Scotland-Greenland Ridge, into the north-eastern and north-western basins of the North Atlantic is examined on the basis of salinity anomaly and dissolved oxygen content. It is shown that the water mass produced by the overflow into the north-eastern basin is found on the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and eventually forms a belt across the basin at 2500–3500 m depth. This water can be traced to latitude 47°N, and perhaps to 43°N. The water mass produced by the overflow into the north-western basin occurs on the East Greenland continental slope and eventually fills the bottom of that basin and gives rise to a southerly flow along the western boundary of the Atlantic. It mixes with the Labrador Sea water above it to form the North Atlantic Deep Water.
Large-angle two-photon exclusive channels in quantum chromodynamics

Detailed leading-order quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) predictions are given for the scaling, angular, and helicity dependence of the reactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}M\overline{M}$ ($M=\ensuremath{\pi},K,\ensuremath{\rho}$, etc.) at large momentum transfer. In addition to providing a basic test of QCD at short distances, measurements can be used to determine the process-independent meson distribution amplitudes ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{M}(x,Q)$. Other related two-photon channels such as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are also discussed. We also prove the existence of a fixed Regge singularity at $J=0$ which couples to $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rho}$ in the $t$ channel but not to $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\pi}$.
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Resection of Infundibular Granular Cell Tumor: Case Report and Literature Review

Granular cell tumors of the pituitary and infundibular stalk are rare, slow growing tumors. Although usually asymptomatic, neurological deficits with chiasmatic compression can lead to clinical presentation. We describe a case in which a purely endoscopic endonasal approach was used for complete resection of an infundibular granular cell tumor with skull base reconstruction with a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Final pathology confirmed the diagnosis and 24 month follow up revealed no recurrence of the tumor with continued improvement in the patient's vision. This diagnosis must be entertained for masses noted in the sellar/suprasellar region. Immunohistochemistry and radiographic findings help lead to an accurate diagnosis. Complete surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment in symptomatic patients, as published reports indicate little value with adjuvant radiation therapy and poor long term control. The complication of panhypopituitarism can often result following complete resection and patients need to be counseled with the risks of treatment. A purely endoscopic endonasal approach was safe and effective and should be attempted only by experienced skull base centers.