cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Deradicalization of Marxist Movements

Marxism-Leninism, as the Soviet Marxist ideology is called, has never been wholly static; it has evolved over the years by a process of accretion, elimination and redefinition of dogma. But in the first post-Stalin decade, there were changes of unusual scope and significance in this sphere, accompanying and in some ways mirroring the general processes of systemic change which Stalin's death precipitated in Soviet society. This paper seeks to interpret the post-Stalin Soviet ideological changes, especially as they bear upon the politics of world revolution. In doing so, it attacks the broader theoretical problem of what goes on in radical political movements and their ideologies as these movements settle down and accommodate themselves to the existing world. For some such tendency appears to be involved in the Soviet case.The year 1956 was the watershed of post-Stalin ideological change in the U.S.S.R. In the Central Committee's report to the Twentieth Party Congress—the first congress held after Stalin's death—Nikita Khrushchev announced a series of doctrinal innovations affecting particularly the line of Communist Marxism on international relations and the further development of the world Communist revolution. One was the revision of the Leninist thesis on the inevitability of periodic wars under imperialism. On the ground that the world-wide forces for peace were now unprecedentedly strong, it was proclaimed that wars, while still possible, were no longer fatally inevitable even though “imperialism” continued to exist in large areas. Not only could the antagonistic socio-economic systems peacefully coexist; they could and should actively cooperate in the maintenance of peaceful relations. At the same time, coexistence was a competitive process, economics being the principal arena of competition.
Initial Experience of Hybrid Vascular Operation

Purpose: Despite advances in the techniques and development of new devices, endovascular (EV) procedures are not the panacea for peripheral vascular diseases. This is partly because substantial cases are too complicated to manage with only EV procedures and partly because of the relatively large size of devices. We reviewed our experience of hybrid vascular procedures and report here on their outcomes. Methods: Between August 2008 and March 2010, thirteen cases of hybrid vascular operation were performed. A retrospective review of electronic medical records was performed. The primary outcome measures were technical outcomes and patency rates. Results: The mean follow-up duration was 17.7 months. Treatment indications were as follows: critical ischemia (n=6), claudication (n=3), abdominal aortic aneurysm with leg ischemia (n=3), and unstable aortic atheroma with recurrent embolism (n=1). All operations were performed under local anesthesia in an angiography suite. A single surgeon and a single interventional radiologist performed all the major procedures together. Technical and clinical success rates were 92.3%. All limbs were salvaged in patients with critical ischemia. The primary patency rate of the 13 cases was 83.3% at 1 year. There was no in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: hybrid vascular operation is useful for patients with a complex vascular condition. The role of hybrid vascular operation should be established with regards to not only the cost benefit but also the long-term outcomes.
Group IV Nanocrystals for Silicon Photovoltaics

Silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si), have been shown to act as opto-electronic centers enabling light emission by carrier recombination, when precipitated in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) host. In this work, nc-Si and Germanium nanocrystals (nc-Ge) are studied in sputtered films of Si3N4 and SiGeN for application as tandem cell layers in a Si solar cell. The samples are annealed in a nitrogen gas and forming gas ambient, from 500 oC to 900 oC, to investigate the influence of temperature on photoluminescence and photoconductivity.
Experiment Size and Power Comparisons for Two-Sample Poisson Tests

SUMMARY The uniformly most powerful test and an approximate test of equality of the failure intensities of two Poisson processes are studied. An approximately normally distributed test statistic is generalized to apply when the experiment is conducted over unequal time intervals (or sample sizes) from the two populations. The significance level and power of this test is compared to the uniformly most powerful exact fixed length test. An approximate formula is provided for determining the experiment length needed to achieve a specified power for both the equal and unequal interval cases. Numerical comparisons show that the approximation is useful over a wide range of specified values for either the exact or the approximate test.
Gotthard Heidegger, Mythoscopia Romantica oder Discours von den so benanten Romans: Faksimiledruck nach dem Originaldruck von 1698. (–Ars poetica, Texte, Bd. 3.) Herausgegeben von Walter Ernst Schäfer. Bad Homburg v.d.H., Berlin, Zürich: Verlag Gehlen, 1969. Pp. 358.

(1972). Gotthard Heidegger, Mythoscopia Romantica oder Discours von den so benanten Romans. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 132-135.
A Parameter Free ADI-Like Method for the Numerical Solution of Large Scale Lyapunov Equations

This work presents an algorithm for constructing an approximate numerical solution to a large scale Lyapunov equation in low rank factored form. The algorithm is based upon a synthesis of an approximate power method and an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method. The former is parameter free and tends to be efficient in practice but there is little theoretical understanding of its convergence properties. The ADI method has a well-understood convergence theory, but the method relies upon selection of shift parameters and a poor shift selection can lead to very slow convergence in practice. The algorithm presented here uses an approximate power method iteration to obtain a basis update and then constructs a re-weighting of this basis to provide a factorization update that satisfies ADI-like convergence properties.
Negotiating with China and Mexico: For the American Lawyer

This paper investigates the negotiation styles characteristic to the Chinese and Mexican cultures and seeks to present successful strategies that American lawyers can employ when negotiating with members of these countries. Especially since the evolution of a globalized economy in the nineteenth century that has only expanded since the advent of the Internet, there has been an increased need for an attorney in the modern world to be skilled at understanding, and effectively communicating with, people from a wide range of cultures. As lawyers in a country that does 15.4% and 14.5% of total trade with China and Mexico, respectively, American attorneys are often involved in negotiations with Chinese and Mexican representatives seeking deals in industries ranging from manufacturing and agriculture to technology and energy. For example, Mexican trade officials met in October with American representatives at the Houston Gateway to the Americas conference to discuss the increasing opportunities for oil, natural gas pipeline, and electricity projects between the United States and Mexico. Furthermore, in an interview with Jim Cramer, Starbucks COO, Kevin Johnson, recently expressed his prediction that Starbucks will eventually do more business in China than they do in the United States. Although it is often overlooked, cultural differences can create misinterpretations of verbal communication, voluntary actions, and involuntary body language. These misunderstandings have the potential to catastrophically impact the success of a negotiation. For these reasons, this paper additionally seeks to uncover some tendencies of American negotiators that could be fatal to a deal when negotiating with business people of the Chinese and Mexican cultures. Hopefully these discoveries will help American lawyers become more self-aware during international negotiations so that certain subconscious negotiation techniques and habits will be thoughtfully considered before being implemented against Chinese or Mexican counterparts.
Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation

Abstract Background Research on the neural correlates associated with risk for suicidal ideation (SI) has been limited, particularly in one increasingly at-risk group—adolescents. Previous research with adolescents indicates that poor emotion regulation skills are linked with SI, but these studies have not previously examined neural activation in service of emotion regulation between those with and without SI histories. Methods Here we examine whether SI is associated with neural responses during an emotion regulation functional magnetic resonance imaging task in a group of adolescents ( N = 49) 13 to 20 years of age (mean = 16.95). Results While there were no differences between youths with and without SI in self-reported emotional responses to negative pictures, youths with SI activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex more than youths without SI on trials in which they attempted to regulate their emotional responses compared with trials in which they passively viewed negative pictures. In contrast, during passive viewing of negative stimuli, youths with SI activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, and cerebellum less than same-age control subjects. Conclusions These findings were robust to control subjects for depression and adversity exposure and are consistent with the idea that youths with SI have disrupted emotion regulation, potentially related to differences in recruitment of top-down control regions. In contrast, youths without SI activated regions implicated in emotion regulation even when not directed to effortfully control their emotional response. This is the first study to examine neural function during emotion regulation as a potential neural correlate of risk for SI in adolescents.
Teaching our way of life through our language: Materials development for Indigenous immersion education

AbstractCulturally Responsive Education has been widely proposed as a mechanism to improve the academic achievement of minority and Indigenous populations. Instruction in heritage languages has been shown to produce desirable outcomes both on linguistic and academic measures. However, culturally responsive and immersion instruction faces a number of challenges; among them a lack of materials that (a) reflect and accurately represent ancestral knowledge and worldview, (b) are linguistically appropriate to elementary students, and (c) are aligned with state mandated outcomes in the content areas. In this paper we report on a university–school collaborative project, designed to develop Yup’ik language and cultural materials for elementary level Yup’ik-immersion and Yup’ik/English Dual Language schools in Southwest Alaska. Beginning with an overview of what we view as essential elements contributing to a strong and sustainable immersion program in K-12 education, we then discuss the process of the collaborati...
Molecular diversity and allergenic profiles of Alternaria spp. from desert environments in Arizona

Abstract This study examined the genetic diversity of small-spored Alternaria species in the southwest desert of the USA by sampling 552 isolates from different habitats (soil and plant debris) in different locations (urban and an undisturbed desert). To estimate the genetic diversity, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting analysis was performed for all isolates. Strains representative of the sampled genotypic diversity (n = 125) were further characterized according their sporulation pattern and the capability to produce allergens. Morphological characterization assigned the majority of the strains to the Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima morpho-groups with only two isolates assigned to the Alternaria arborescens morpho-group. AFLP fingerprinting differentiated the A. arborescens morpho-groups, but could not distinguish between the A. alternata and A. tenuissima morpho-groups. Western blot analysis showed that a large number of allergenic proteins were produced by strains. These proteins were not specific for any morpho-group nor source of isolation. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance was performed on the AFLP data to quantify molecular variation and partition this variation among sampled locations and habitat. No statistically significant differentiation among locations and habitat was detected indicating a lack of population structure across environments.
The transcortical equatorial approach for gliomas of the mesial temporal lobe: techniques and functional outcomes

OBJECTIVEMany surgical approaches have been described for lesions within the mesial temporal lobe (MTL), but there are limited reports on the transcortical approach for the resection of tumors within this region. Here, the authors describe the technical considerations and functional outcomes in patients undergoing transcortical resection of gliomas of the MTL.METHODSPatients with a glioma (WHO grades I-IV) located within the MTL who had undergone the transcortical approach in the period between 1998 and 2016 were identified through the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) tumor registry and were classified according to tumor location: preuncus, uncus, hippocampus/parahippocampus, and various combinations of the former groups. Patient and tumor characteristics and outcomes were determined from operative, radiology, pathology, and other clinical reports that were available through the UCSF electronic medical record.RESULTSFifty patients with low- or high-grade glioma were identified. The mean patient age was 46.8 years, and the mean follow-up was 3 years. Seizures were the presenting symptom in 82% of cases. Schramm types A, C, and D represented 34%, 28%, and 38% of the tumors, and the majority of lesions were located at least in part within the hippocampus/parahippocampus. For preuncus and preuncus/uncus tumors, a transcortical approach through the temporal pole allowed for resection. For most tumors of the uncus and those extending into the hippocampus/parahippocampus, a corticectomy was performed within the middle and/or inferior temporal gyri to approach the lesion. To locate the safest corridor for the corticectomy, language mapping was performed in 96.9% of the left-sided tumor cases, and subcortical motor mapping was performed in 52% of all cases. The mean volumetric extent of resection of low- and high-grade tumors was 89.5% and 96.0%, respectively, and did not differ by tumor location or Schramm type. By 3 months' follow-up, 12 patients (24%) had residual deficits, most of which were visual field deficits. Three patients with left-sided tumors (9.4% of dominant-cortex lesions) experienced word-finding difficulty at 3 months after resection, but 2 of these patients demonstrated complete resolution of symptoms by 1 year.CONCLUSIONSMesial temporal lobe gliomas, including larger Schramm type C and D tumors, can be safely and aggressively resected via a transcortical equatorial approach when used in conjunction with cortical and subcortical mapping.
Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins.

Tetanus and botulism are diseases or poisonings that are highly dramatic in their presentations. They are almost always life threatening and therefore command attention and concern by those around the victim. In earlier times help might have been sought from the shaman or witch doctor, whose spells or potions provided little comfort from the symptoms and eventual death. As modern medicine developed in the last two centuries even well-trained physicians were unable to do much more than a shaman until the advent of immunotherapy in the late 1800s and immunization in the 1920s. Little has changed since then, and we still depend on active immunity or passive immunotherapy to treat both of these highly dangerous poisonings. Immunological techniques and reagents also provide the means of toxin identification, and a timely and definitive diagnosis therefore depends heavily on their use. This chapter reviews the past and current literature on vaccines and various antibody-based products for treatment or prevention of poisonings by both botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. We also review the techniques employed for their detection and identification.
The cytoskeleton in Alzheimer disease

The strongest physical correlate with the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and its most rational cause are the loss of neocortical and hippocampal synapses. Evidence, showing that beta-amyloid causes that loss is weak despite the popularity of that hypothesis. Other changes can better explain that damaging phenomenon. Axonal terminals are dependent on axoplasmic flow, and that function requires intact microtubules and the motor proteins kinesin, dynein and dynamin. It has been known since the earliest electron microscopic studies of AD that neuronal microtubules are lessened in number. Tubules are normally in equilibrium with unpolymerized tubulin, and the stability of the formed elements is dependent on normal binding of tau to the tubule. But, as is well known, tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated in AD leading to tangle formation and to dissolution of the tubules. Tangles are insufficient in number to account for the cortical loss of neurons and synapses, but hyperphosphorylated tau in the unpolymerized pre-tangle state undoubtedly plays a role. Abnormalities in the motor proteins are now being investigated (some have already been found) and these too would contribute to the loss of synapses in AD by way diminished axoplasmic flow.
Coupled self-interacting real scalar field theories

The Rayleigh-Ritz procedure for functionalities is used to deduce criteria for a nonlinear, relativistic, theory of two coupled self-interacting quantum fields to admit physically realistic vacuum, one-quantum, and two-quantum stationary states. These criteria suggest that for two-quantum bound and scattering states to be admitted, mass renormalization, together with renormalization of the generic interaction coefficients is required. The form of the renormalization is derived and discussed.
Exploration of the Hysteresis in Speciated Emissions during Transient Gasoline Engine Combustion

Emissions of various fuel components (cyclohexane, ethanol, and pentane) and reaction intermediate species (acetylene, ethylene, formaldehyde, and methane) from a multicylinder, port-fuel-injected,...
Heart failure risk in systemic lupus erythematosus compared to diabetes mellitus and general medicaid patients.

Abstract Background Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a similar risk of myocardial infarction as those with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether the risk of heart failure (HF) in SLE is similar to the elevated risk in DM is unknown. We sought to estimate the rates and risks for HF hospitalization among US Medicaid patients with SLE and to compare them to those for DM and the general Medicaid population. Methods Using U.S. Medicaid data from 2007–2010, we identified patients with SLE or DM, and a matched cohort from the general Medicaid population and calculated incidence rates (IR), incidence rate ratios (IRR) and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of a first HF hospitalization. Results We identified 37,902 SLE (93% female, mean age 40.1 ± 12.1), 76,657 DM (93% female, mean age 40.0 ± 12.1), and 158,695 general Medicaid patients (93% female, mean age 40.2 ± 12.1). The IR per 1000-person years was 6.9 (95% CI 6.3–7.5) for SLE, 6.6 (95% CI 6.2–7.0) for DM, and 1.6 (95% CI 1.5–1.8) for general Medicaid patients. The highest IRR compared to general Medicaid was seen among SLE patients in age group 18–39 (14.7, 95% CI 13.9–15.5). Multivariable-adjusted HRs for HF compared to general Medicaid population were similar for SLE (2.7, 95% CI 2.3–3.1) and DM (3.0, 95% CI 2.6–3.4). Conclusion The incidence of HF among SLE patients was 2.7-fold higher than general Medicaid patients, and similar to DM. Further investigation into the biologic mechanism of HF among SLE compared to non-SLE and DM patients may shed light on the findings of this study.
The Fourth Amendment in an Age of New Technologies: Circuits Split Over Warrantless Gps Tracking

On August 6, 2010, the District of Columbia Circuit Court held in United States v. Maynard that law enforcement agents’ use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) device to monitor the location of a car on public roads constitutes a Fourth Amendment search and seizure when conducted over a long period of time. Thus, the D.C. Circuit held that police must obtain a warrant before using GPS device to monitor vehicles.The D.C. Circuit decision directly contradicts a recent decision in the Eight Circuit and a 2007 decision in the Seventh Circuit, respectively United States v. Marquez and United States v. Garcia. Additionally, last month the Ninth Circuit refused to re-hear a ruling upholding the warrantless use of GPS devices in United States v. Pineda-Moreno over the dissent of five judges. The Circuit sets up a potentially landmark Supreme Court decision and the reexamination of United States v. Knotts which held that law enforcement agents’ use of a beeper device to aid the tracking of a suspect to his drug lab was not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The D.C. Circuit refused to apply Knotts to law enforcement agents’ use of a GPS device, determining Knotts reserved the question at issue, while the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits found Knotts controlling.This Comment will first examine the history of the Supreme Court’s Fourth Amendment landmark decisions, examining United States v. Katz, Kyllo v. United States, and Knotts. Second, this Comment will discuss the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits’ rulings that law enforcement agents use of a GPS tracking device does not require a warrant and the D.C. Circuit’s contradictory ruling that requires a warrant.Third, this Comment will analyze the current state of the law, determining that while Knotts is distinguishable, the Court must decide whether law enforcement agents’ use of a GPS tracking device requires a warrant within the framework handed down in Knotts. This Comment will especially focus on the D.C. Circuit’s contrasting decision in United States v. Maynard and its potential to reshape Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.Fourth, this Comment will argue that under the Knotts framework, the Supreme Court should rule that the warrantless use of a GPS tracking device to track a suspect’s movements outside his home does not constitute a “search” or “seizure” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and examine the potential impact of the Supreme Court’s acceptance of the flawed reasoning in Maynard. In conclusion, this Comment will emphasize the magnitude of the potential Supreme Court decision and analyze its effects on law enforcement as well as individual privacy.
G605(P) First five minutes: focussed multidisciplinary in situ simulation in the paediatric emergency department

Aims A wealth of evidence demonstrates that in situ simulation reduces adverse events. Although monthly high-fidelity in situ simulations are embedded in the Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) education programme only small numbers of staff benefit due to rota constraints. We aimed to maximise departmental learning from simulation across all disciplines of staff by introducing weekly First Five Minutes simulation: unannounced five minute simulations starting with a crash buzzer or a ‘parent’ shouting for help. Binary technical and non-technical expected actions (e.g. did/did not administer anticonvulsant, team leader clearly identified/not identified) are explored in focussed debriefs. To maximise departmental learning the simulation is repeated weekly for a month following which an infographic newsletter is sent to all staff and displayed in staff areas. Scenarios are designed to embed new guidelines, address clinical incidents or by request. Methods First Five Minutes is currently in its fifth month. Scenarios include: a child fitting in minors; an apnoeic baby in the waiting room; a child with a tracheostomy with sudden onset respiratory distress in majors; and an adolescent in triage complaining of neck pain after falling from a tree. Written feedback is obtained after each simulation. Participants are asked to rate enjoyment, organisation and learning on 10-point Likert-scales and to provide free-text comments. Results To date 53 members of staff have provided feedback. Likert-scores are high across all domains with mean scores of 9 out of a maximum of 10 (table 1). Scores are similar across disciplines (table 2). Qualitative feedback has been very positive, following three themes: self-identified technical learning; human factors learning; requests for increased frequency. Conclusions First Five Minutes has become a valued part of multidisciplinary PED education with excellent buy-in from staff. Repeating simulations to maximise whole department learning has been key to its successful implementation. Next steps include evaluation of First Five Minutes as a departmental-level educational tool by evaluating time to expected actions and assessing whether these times improve and are sustained.
Game With A Purpose To Collect Home Audio Data

Human computational games, also known as GWAP (games with a purpose), have a history of generating a large amount of annotated visual data. In this work, we explore extending GWAP design to generate large datasets of annotated audio data collected in the home environment. Collecting data in the home presents unique challenges around privacy and comfort; processing audio data requires segmentation as well as labeling and validation. However, the home setting also affords unique opportunities as a gameplay enhancer. This work presents three prototypes, each targeted to a different phase of audio metadata generation, that use the home setting in different ways.
Machine Learning Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Networks for the Imaging of Sparse Seismic Data

Machine learning using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is investigated for the imaging of sparsely sampled seismic reflection data. A limitation of traditional imaging methods is that they often require seismic data with sufficient spatial sampling. Using CNNs for imaging, even if the spatial sampling of the data is sparse, good imaging results can still be obtained. Therefore, CNNs applied to seismic imaging have the potential of producing improved imaging results when spatial sampling of the data is sparse. The imaged model can then be used to generate more densely sampled data and in this way be used to interpolate either regularly or irregularly sampled data. Although there are many approaches for the interpolation of seismic data, here seismic imaging is performed directly with sparse seismic data once the CNN model has been trained. The CNN model is found to be relatively robust to small variations from the training dataset. For greater deviations, a larger training dataset would likely be required. If the CNN is trained with a sufficient amount of data, it has the potential of imaging more complex seismic profiles.
When primary repair is not enough: a comparison of synthetic patch and muscle flap closure in congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Primary closure is often inadequate for large congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and necessitates repair by prosthetic patch or autologous muscle flap. Our aim was to evaluate outcomes of open patch versus flap repair, specifically diaphragmatic reherniation. A retrospective review (IRB #2017-6361) was performed on all CDH patients repaired from 2005 to 2016 at a single academic children’s hospital. Patients were excluded from final analysis if they had primary or minimally invasive repair, expired, or were lost to follow-up. Of 171 patients, 151 (88.3%) survived to discharge, 9 expired after discharge and 11 were lost to follow up, leaving 131 (86.8%) long-term survivors. Median follow-up was 5 years. Open repair was performed in 119 (90.8%) of which 28 (23.5%) underwent primary repair, 34 (28.6%) patch repair, and 57 (47.9%) flap repair. Overall, 6/119 (5%) patients reherniated, 1/28 (3.6%) in the primary group, 3/34 (8.8%) in the patch group, and 2/57 (3.5%) in the flap group. Comparing prosthetic patch to muscle flap repair, there was no significant difference in the number of patients who recurred nor time to reherniation (3 vs. 2, p = 0.295; 5.5 ± 0.00 months vs. 53.75 ± 71.06 months, p = 0.288). One patient in the patch group recurred twice. Both muscle flap and patch repair of large CDH are feasible and durable with a relatively low risk of recurrence.
Adaptive multi-material topology optimization with hyperelastic materials under large deformations: A virtual element approach

Abstract We introduce a general multi-material topology optimization framework for large deformation problems that effectively handles an arbitrary number of candidate hyperelastic materials and addresses three major associated challenges: material interpolation, excessive distortion of low-density elements, and computational efficiency. To account for many nonlinear elastic materials, we propose a material interpolation scheme that, instead of interpolating multiple material parameters (such as Young’s modulus), interpolates multiple nonlinear stored-energy functions. To circumvent convergence difficulties caused by excessive distortions of low-density elements under large deformations, an energy interpolation scheme is revisited to account for multiple candidate hyperelastic materials. Computational efficiency is addressed from both structural analysis and optimization perspectives. To solve the nonlinear state equations efficiently, we employ the lower-order Virtual Element Method in conjunction with tailored adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening strategies. To efficiently update the design variables of the multi-material system, we exploit the separable nature and improve the ZPR (Zhang–Paulino–Ramos) update scheme to account for positive sensitivities and update the design variables associated with each volume constraint in parallel. Four design examples with three types of nonlinear material models demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed framework.
A Model of Aggregate Operations for Data Analytics over Spatiotemporal Objects

In this paper, we identify a conceptual framework to explore notions of spatiotemporal aggregate operations over moving objects, and use this framework to discover novel aggregate operators. Specifically, we provide constructs to discover temporal and spatial coverage of a query window that may itself be moving, and identify quantitative properties of entropy relating to the motion of objects.
Longitudinal Assessment of Alkali Injury on Mouse Cornea Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose Chemical burns due to alkalis cause extensive damage to the ocular surface leading to blindness. Assessment of ocular burn could be challenging due to severe opacity, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) may provide fast, non-invasive deep tissue visualization of pathology with high sensitivity in conjunction with slit-lamp analysis. Methods C57-BL/6J mice were anesthetized with ketamine/dexmedetomidine, and corneal alkali burn was induced (n = 6) by placing filter paper soaked in 1-M sodium hydroxide for 30 seconds on the right eye while the left eye was kept as control. Longitudinal imaging was done with AS-OCT/OCTA and fluorescein angiography at various time intervals for 14 days. Results AS-OCT showed characteristic pathological changes in alkali-burned eyes with high sensitivity. Although OCT/OCTA showed three-dimensional and cross-sectional views of the anterior chamber and angiogenesis, fluorescein angiography showed nascent vessels with active leakage. Corneal swelling progressively increased by 125.26% on day 12 with a high prevalence of epithelial bullae, stromal cysts, stromal splitting, and Descemet's membrane detachment. Neovascularization was noted as early as day 4 in the burned eyes by both methods. Severe corneal opacity and anterior chamber inflammation were also detected by AS-OCT/OCTA. Conclusions AS-OCT/OCTA is a promising, noninvasive, high-resolution imaging modality that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information regarding deep tissue pathology at a structural level. Translational Relevance Noninvasive AS-OCT/OCTA and fluorescein methods show promise in clinical pathology evaluation for ocular injury management and prognostic indications, as the early presence of Descemet's membrane detachment and corneal swelling appears to be correlated with the severity and localization of corneal neovascularization.
Towards enhanced visual clarity of sign language avatars through recreation of fine facial detail

Facial nonmanual signals and expressions convey critical linguistic and affective information in signed languages. However, the complexity of human facial anatomy has made the implementation of these movements a particular challenge in avatar research. Recent advances have improved the possible range of motion and expression. Because of this, we propose that an important next step is incorporating fine detail such as wrinkles to increase the visual clarity of these facial movements for the purposes of enhancing the legibility of avatar animation, particularly on small screens. This paper reviews research efforts to portray nonmanual signals via avatar technology and surveys extant illumination models for their suitability for this application. Based on this information, The American Sign Language Avatar Project at DePaul University has developed a new technique based on commercial visual effects paradigms for implementing realistic fine detail on the Paula avatar that functions within the complexity constraints of real-time sign language avatars.
AIDS Drugs For All: Social Movements and Market Transformations

1. Introduction: global markets and transnational social movements Appendix A. A brief history of AIDS and the AIDS treatment movement Appendix B. Key dates 2. Industry structure and movement opportunities 3. Drugs = life: framing access to AIDS drugs 4. Movement coherence and mobilization 5. Advocacy strategies to address costs 6. Institutions to stabilize the market 7. Lessons for other campaigns 8. Conclusions: implications for research and policy.
Towards an ML-Style Polymorphic Type System for C

Advanced polymorphic type systems have come to play an important role in the world of functional programming. But, curiously, these type systems have so far had little impact upon widely-used imperative programming languages like C and C++. We show that ML-style polymorphism can be integrated smoothly into a dialect of C, which we call Polymorphic C. It has the same pointer operations as C, including the address-of operator &, the dereferencing operator*, and pointer arithmetic. Our type system allows these operations in their full generality, so that programmers need not give up the flexibility of C to gain the benefits of ML-style polymorphism. We prove a type soundness theorem that gives a rigorous and useful characterization of well-typed Polymorphic C programs in terms of what can go wrong when they are evaluated.
The self-serving management hypothesis

Abstract Managers of conglomerates are hypothesized to effect firm-enlarging actions that yield greater remuneration for them but losses for shareholders. This hypothesis is tested by examining the gains and losses to senior managers and shareholders of twenty-nine large conglomerates from 1970 through 1975. The data reveal that the average manager's annual gains and losses from changes in stock returns far exceeded his remuneration. Furthermore, top managers of conglomerates where stock returns decreased left their positions more frequently than did the officers of the other conglomerates. These findings are inconsistent with the self-serving managerial hypothesis as it usually is stated.
Characterization of a fatty acid synthetase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Abstract A fatty acid synthetase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been purified to a specific activity of 450 nmoles of malonyl coenzyme A incorporated per min per mg. The enzyme is optimally active in 0.5 m phosphate buffer. C. diphtheriae appears to be the most primitive organism having a multienzyme complex for fatty acid synthesis.
Exploring the Nature and Function of Anxiety in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 281–292, 2010] This article considers the nosology and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders in youth with autism. The comparability of anxiety in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population in relation to the typically developing population has been suggested by some recent findings, but conceptual and empirical ambiguities remain. It is suggested that anxiety may play at least three roles: (a) a downstream consequence of ASD symptoms (e.g., via stress generation through social rejection); (b) a moderator of ASD symptom severity, such that certain core autism symptoms like social skill deficits and repetitive behaviors may be exacerbated by anxiety; and (c) as a proxy of core ASD symptoms. Suggestions for clarifying the nature and function of anxiety in autism are made.
A comparison of thermoelectric phenomena in diverse alloy systems

The study of thermoelectric phenomena in solids provides a wealth of opportunity for exploration of the complex interrelationships between structure, processing, and properties of materials. As thermoelectricity implies some type of coupled thermal and electrical behavior, it is expected that a basic understanding of transport behavior in materials is the goal of such a study. However, transport properties such as electrical resistivity and thermal diffusivity cannot be fully understood and interpreted without first developing an understanding of the material's preparation and its underlying structure. It is the objective of this dissertation to critically examine a number of diverse systems in order to develop a broad perspective on how structure-processing-property relationships differ from system to system, and to discover the common parameters upon which any good thermoelectric material is based. The alloy systems examined in this work include silicon-germanium, zinc oxide, complex intermetallic compounds such as the half-Heusler MNiSn, where M = Ti, Zr, or Hf, and rare earth chalcogenides.
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY AT BURIED-INTERFACES. I, IRON ON STOICHIOMETRIC MOLYBDENITE

Abstract Interfacial and surface reactions between stoichiometric single crystals of molybdenite and iron were studied as a function of iron overlayer thickness and annealing temperature. At room temperature, iron was deposited as a relatively contiguous film on the basal plane of molybdenite. Annealing in UHV caused (i) iron to agglomerate into discrete particles and (ii) sulfur to transfer from the molybdenite basal plane to the iron surface. Annealing above 923 K caused the adsorbed sulfur to desorb or transfer back to the molybdenite and permitted some iron to migrate within the MoS 2 crystal structure forming subsurface layers of FeMo 2 S 4 . The ĉ -axis of the FeMo 2 S 4 was oriented parallel to th of MoS 2 . Annealing to 1123 K did not increase the fraction of FeMo 2 S 4 suggesting that a limited number of defects in the molybdenite crystal provided pathways for the diffusion and reaction of iron. The effects of higher defect densities and excess sulfur within the molybdenite are discussed in Part II of this study. The above noted findings have implications in the fields of tribology and catalysis where interactions between iron and molybdenite determine adhesion/wear characteristics and/or catalytic activity/selectivity, respectively.
Mechanism of thermal initiation in styrene polymerization1

New observations on the thermal polymerization of pure styrene at 130°C refute an earlier claim by MULLER that 1-phenyltetralin is the major dimeric product. The principal dimeric products are cis- and trans-1.2-diphenylcyclobutane in a 1:2 ratio with relatively minor amounts of 1-phenyltetralin, 1.3-diphenylbutene, and 1-phenyl-1.2-dihydronaphthalene. Data are also given for the dimers formed at 85°C and for the dimers isolated from a fully cured (180°C) polystyrene the significance of differences in minor constituent yields is assessed. MAYO's basic postulate of radical pair production by reaction of a DIELS-ALDER type dimer with styrene is the starting point for a more extended reaction scheme in which cage reactions form minor dimeric and trimeric products in compesition with chain initiation. Neue Ergebnisse in der thermischen Polymerisation von reinem Styrol bei 130°C widerlegen fruhere Befunde von MULLER, das 1-Phenyltetralin das dimere Hauptprodukt sei. Die vorwiegenden Dimeren sind cis- und trans-1.2-Diphenylcyclobutan, im Verhaltnis 1:2, mit relativ kleinen Mengen von 1-Phenyltetralin, 1.3-Diphenylbuten und 1-Phenyl-1.2-dihydronaphthalin. Daten fur die Dimeren, die sich bei 85°C bilden, und fur die Dimeren, die im vollstandig polymerisierten Styrol (180°C) enthalten sind, werden angegeben. Die Signifikanz der Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung des Reaktionsgemisches wird diskutiert. MAYOS Hypothese der Bildung von Radikalpaaren bei der Reaktion eines DIELS-ALDER-ahnlichen Dimeren mit Styrol ist der Ausgangspunkt fur ein ausfuhrlicheres Reaktionsschema, in dem Kafig-Reaktionen geringere Mengen von dimeren und trimeren Produkten bilden und mit der Kettenstartreaktion konkurrieren.
Instrumented large scale subsurface liquid injection model for bioreactor landfills

Bioreactor landfills are complex unsaturated systems where liquids are injected at relatively high pressures in on/off dosing cycles. In order to simulate hydraulic scenarios to improve understanding of leachate recirculation systems for landfills, 86 cm long by 30 cm wide by 56 cm tall unsaturated flow physical model was designed and fabricated. A permeable blanket was installed in the model to inject water. The blanket was 50 cm long × 30 cm wide × 2 cm thick and was made up of pea gravel. Uniform fine and coarse sands, which were thoroughly characterized for their hydraulic properties, were used in separate experiments to simulate waste. Pressure transducers and water content sensors were embedded in the model to monitor the migration of injected water in the blanket and in the underlying soils. Water was injected at flow rates ranging from 20 to 150 cm3/s in continuous and on/off modes to achieve transient and steady-state conditions. The responses of the pressure transducers embedded in the blanket in the model mimicked the responses of the pressure sensors embedded in an instrumented field-scale (55 m long × 9 m wide × 0.15 m thick) permeable blanket made up of crushed recycled glass used for recirculation of leachate at a municipal solid waste landfill. The effect of entrapped air present in the voids was evident from greater pressures developed during wetting which dissipated as the entrapped air escaped the system. This finding highlights the need to use of dual phase models for simulating pressures in bioreactor landfills.
Efficiency and reliability assessments of retrofitted high-efficiency motors

The majority of electric motor applications are pumps, fans, blowers, and certain compressors that follow the load torque pattern described in this paper. It has long been known that simply replacing the old motor with a high-efficiency motor might not produce the expected efficiency gain. This paper suggests calculations for the effective efficiency and temperature rise of high-efficiency motors. The reliability in terms of temperature rise, downsizing, power factor, harmonics, mechanical structure, etc., are discussed.
'You don't need a body to feel a body': phantom limb syndrome and corporeal transgression.

Abstract One of the central tensions within the literature on body studies concerns the degree to which the physical body is constituted by or through language, knowledges, and practices and the degree to which the body has foundational, purely material, or essential attributes. Three theoretical approaches have been at the heart of this debate: social constructionism, phenomenology, and structuration theory. Recently, body studies theorists have challenged scholars to move beyond the widely recognised limitations of dominant theorising by taking into account all three perspectives and conceptualising the body as surface, vehicle, and circuit. Because they embrace agnosticism and relational materialism, science and technology studies scholars are in a distinctive position to answer this call. Proponents fully acknowledge the materiality of the body without espousing essentialist claims by effacing the analytic division between agency and structure. Starting from this perspective, I use the concept of corporeal transgression and the phenomenon of phantom limb to reveal how �immaterial�� indeed, at times, fictive and fanciful � body parts became socially and materially substantive, engendering transformations within the bodies, minds, and brains of amputees, as well as within the field of neuroscience.
Educating Designers for Broad Roles in Organizations

Companies are looking to designers for talent in such fields as marketing, strategy, product management, and research and development. Chris Conley posits a five-part framework for applying design expertise across the spectrum of issues related to managing a business. He also offers a curriculum structure and course content that cultivate the skills needed to succeed in these broader roles.
Spatial response of arbitrarily electroded piezoelectric plates by plane-wave decomposition

Abstract The spatial response of resonant piezoelectric plates used in various acoustic imaging systems is of significant practical interest and is closely related to the resolving ability of these systems. In a certain class of applications, in order to achieve the desired transducing action, the faces of the plate are only partially electroded. There, it is advantageous to be able to predict and control the spatial distribution of the acoustic output from the knowledge of the spatial distribution of the electrodes. A new technique is presented for determining the spatial distribution of the acoustic output of an arbitrarily electroded piezo-electric plate. This technique regards the transduced as a linear spatial system, with the electrode pattern considered as the input and the resulting acoustic particle displacement pattern immediately in front of the transducer in the propagation medium as the output. Once the spatial transfer function or the spatial impulse response of the system is known, the output for any electrode configuration can be found using Fourier techniques. Experimental measurements of the output of several piezoelectric plates due to different electrode patterns compare closely with calculations based on the above theory.
The effects of streptozotocin diabetes on the activities of rat liver glycosyltransferases.

The effects of streptozotocin diabetes on the activities of rat liver glycosy Itransferase enzymes have been investigated. Liver microsomal fractions were prepared from rats that had been injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.v.) 3 wk to 2 mo earlier. Preparations from diabetic rats had decreased activities of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase compared with those of agematched controls (0.98 ± 0.11 nmol transferred per mg protein in 30 min versus 3.19 ± 0.34 for controls, P
CARDIAC REHABILITATION PARTICIPATION REDUCES 90-DAY HOSPITAL READMISSIONS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) decreases cardiac morbidity and mortality, but the effect on hospital readmission is not clear. We identified patients with AMI and/or PCI from 2008-2009 Medicare claims data for the