cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina tobin contain unique repeat structures and gene profiles

Haptophytes are widely and abundantly distributed in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Few genomic analyses of representatives within this taxon have been reported, despite their early evolutionary origins and their prominent role in global carbon fixation. The complete mitochondrial and chloroplast genome sequences of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina tobin (Prymnesiales) provide insight into the architecture and gene content of haptophyte organellar genomes. The mitochondrial genome (~34 kb) encodes 21 protein coding genes and contains a complex, 9 kb tandem repeat region. Similar to other haptophytes and rhodophytes, but not cryptophytes or stramenopiles, the mitochondrial genome has lost the nad7, nad9 and nad11 genes. The ~105 kb chloroplast genome encodes 112 protein coding genes, including ycf39 which has strong structural homology to NADP-binding nitrate transcriptional regulators; a divergent ‘CheY-like’ two-component response regulator (ycf55) and Tic/Toc (ycf60 and ycf80) membrane transporters. Notably, a zinc finger domain has been identified in the rpl36 ribosomal protein gene of all chloroplasts sequenced to date with the exception of haptophytes and cryptophytes - algae that have gained (via lateral gene transfer) an alternative rpl36 lacking the zinc finger motif. The two C. tobin chloroplast ribosomal RNA operon spacer regions differ in tRNA content. Additionally, each ribosomal operon contains multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - a pattern observed in rhodophytes and cryptophytes, but few stramenopiles. Analysis of small (<200 bp) chloroplast encoded tandem and inverted repeats in C. tobin and 78 other algal chloroplast genomes show that repeat type, size and location are correlated with gene identity and taxonomic clade. The Chrysochromulina tobin organellar genomes provide new insight into organellar function and evolution. These are the first organellar genomes to be determined for the prymnesiales, a taxon that is present in both oceanic and freshwater systems and represents major primary photosynthetic producers and contributors to global ecosystem stability.
Optimal instruction scheduling using integer programming

This paper presents a new approach to local instruction scheduling based on integer programming that produces optimal instruction schedules in a reasonable time, even for very large basic blocks. The new approach first uses a set of graph transformations to simplify the data-dependency graph while preserving the optimality of the final schedule. The simplified graph results in a simplified integer program which can be solved much faster. A new integer-programming formulation is then applied to the simplified graph. Various techniques are used to simplify the formulation, resulting in fewer integer-program variables, fewer integer-program constraints and fewer terms in some of the remaining constraints, thus reducing integer-program solution time. The new formulation also uses certain adaptively added constraints (cuts) to reduce solution time. The proposed optimal instruction scheduler is built within the Gnu Compiler Collection (GCC) and is evaluated experimentally using the SPEC95 floating point benchmarks. Although optimal scheduling for the target processor is considered intractable, all of the benchmarks' basic blocks are optimally scheduled, including blocks with up to 1000 instructions, while total compile time increases by only 14%.
Targeting the MeT receptor tyrosine kinase in non-small cell lung cancer: emerging role of tivantinib

MET receptor tyrosine kinase and its natural ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, have been implicated in a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mechanisms by which cellular deregulation of MET occurs include overexpression, genomic amplification, mutation, or alternative splicing. MET overexpression or activation is a known cause of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in NSCLC. Inhibition of MET signaling in these EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant cells may potentially restore sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. Tivantinib (ARQ 197), reported as a small-molecule MET inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor activity in early clinical studies. This review focuses on MET and lung cancer, the clinical development of tivantinib, the clinical trials of tivantinib in NSCLC to date, its current/emerging role in the management of NSCLC, and future directions.
Cryoablation in pediatric atrioventricular nodal reentry: electrophysiologic effects on atrioventricular nodal conduction.

Background Cryoablation for treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is safe and efficacious. Information on the effects of cryoablation on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction is limited. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cryoablation on AV nodal conduction in pediatric patients with AVNRT. Methods We retrospectively analyzed electrophysiologic studies before and after successful cryoablation. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 22, age 14 ± 3 years) had baseline discontinuous atrial-to-His interval (AH) conduction curves; and group 2 (n = 13, age 12 ± 4 years, P = .054) had continuous curves. Results At baseline, group 1 had longer measurements of maximal AH with A1A2, AV nodal effective refractory period, and AV block cycle length. Postcryoablation, both group 1 and group 2 showed decreases in maximal AH with A1A2 pacing or atrial overdrive pacing and in the finding of PR ≥ RR with atrial overdrive pacing (group 1: 55% vs 5%, P P Conclusion Successful cryoablation for treatment of AVNRT is associated with a reduction in PR ≥ RR and with decreases in maximal AH with A1A2 pacing or atrial overdrive pacing. Further study is needed to determine the usefulness of these parameters for assessment of ablation efficacy or as proxies for AVNRT inducibility.
Genomic cloning of mouse MIF (macrophage inhibitory factor) and genetic mapping of the human and mouse expressed gene and nine mouse pseudogenes

The single functional mouse gene for MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) has been cloned from a P1 library, and its exon/intron structure determined and shown to resemble that of the human gene. The gene was mapped to chromosome 10 using two multilocus crosses between laboratory strains and either Mus musculus musculus or Mus spretus. Nine additional loci containing related sequences, apparently all processed pseudogenes, were also mapped to chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, and 19. While most of these pseudogenes were found in inbred mice and M. spretus, some are species specific. This suggests that there have been active phases of pseudogene formation in Mus both before and after the separation of musculus and spretus. The human genome contains no pseudogenes; we assigned the human gene to chromosome 19, consistent with the location of mouse and human functional genes for MIF in a region of conserved linkage.
Crystallization behavior of Li 1–5 x Ta 1+x O 3 glasses synthesized from liquid precursors

The crystallization of amorphous oxides synthesized by pyrolytic decomposition of mixed Li and Ta 2-ethylhexanoates and alkoxides has been investigated. The study was motivated by thermodynamic considerations that, in the light of experience in other systems, suggest the potential for metastable extension of the LiTaO3 homogeneity range. Materials investigated are described by the general stoichiometry Li1−5xTa1+xO3 and include Li2O contents from 0 to 70 mol% (−0.18 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.2). The samples were prepyrolyzed at 400 °C and subsequently crystallized by heat treatments in air at 550–700 °C for 0.1–100 h. The first product of crystallization for compositions from 30 to 65% Li2O is always the LiTaO3 phase. Extensive characterization by x-ray and neutron diffraction, as well as 7Li-NMR spectroscopy, revealed that this phase evolves with a structure and stoichiometry close to equilibrium. For Li+-deficient compositions, excess Ta5+ is rejected to the amorphous constituent during crystallization and eventually gives rise to the evolution of Ta2O5, with the LiTa3O8 phase suppressed in all cases. Similar observations were made for the Li+-rich compositions, but the evolving second phase is the equilibrium Li3TaO4. The absence of solubility extension in LiTaO3, which appears feasible from a thermodynamic viewpoint, is ascribed to the large differences in mobilities of the Li and Ta species in the parent amorphous oxide resulting from pyrolysis.
Infrared and thermal analyses of polybenzoxazine and polycarbonate blends

The thermal properties of physical blends containing benzoxazine monomer and polycarbonate (PC) were studied by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The ring-opening reaction and subsequent polymerization reaction of the benzoxazine were inhibited significantly by the presence of polycarbonate. The glass-transition temperature of the resulting blends decreased as the concentration of polycarbonate increased and deviated markedly from the Fox equation. An earlier degradation event appeared in the blend with 11 and 33 wt % of PC. In addition, FTIR was used to study the extent of the polymerization reaction as well as the hydrogen-bonding behavior. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PC and cured polybenzoxazine appeared after 1 h of isothermal curing at 180°C and continued throughout the entire curing process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1021–1034, 2001
1106. Results of a Phase I Clinical Trial of Adenoviral-Interferon-Beta Gene Therapy for Malignant Mesothelioma and Malignant Pleural Effusions

Our group is investigating intrapleural (IPl) interferon-beta (IFN- |[beta]|) gene transfer for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and malignant pleural effusions (MPE). We previously conducted trials involving adenoviral (Ad)-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (Ad.HSVtk) delivery and ganciclovir (GCV) in 34 MPM patients. These studies demonstrated dose-related gene transfer and anti-Ad immune responses. Two of 3 surviving patients have minimal residual disease 7.5 years after Ad.HSVtk/GCV. Because of the slow tumor course and anti-tumor immune responses, we next assessed cytokine gene delivery. Experiments in immunocompetent mice demonstrated MPM eradication with a single dose of Ad.muIFN-|[beta]|. Based on these results, we initiated a Phase 1 trial of Ad.huIFN-|[beta]| (Biogen-IDEC, Cambridge, MA) in patients with MPM and MPE.
PHOTOLYSIS OF INTACT YOUNG HUMAN, BABOON AND RHESUS MONKEY LENSES

Intact young human, baboon and rhesus monkey lenses were subjected to near-UV irradiation under identical conditions and fluorophore buildup was continuously monitored for several hours. The compositional changes occurring in the lenses were monitored by analyzing the ethanol extracts of the irradiated and control lenses using high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The chromatograms of the supernatant detected at 365 nm as well as the TLC scans showed the presence of 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside (3-HKG) and two other kynurenine-type compounds. The 3-HKG and one of the compounds were found in all three species, while the remaining one was structurally different in the lower primates. A loss of 3-HKG as a result of irradiation was apparent in all the lenses and correlated with the buildup of the blue fluorophore, suggesting that the latter may be a photoproduct(s) of 3-HKG. The kinetic analysis of baboon and human lenses showed a slowdown in the fluorophore buildup as irradiation times increased. This was probably due to the competitive absorptions of 3-HKG and other chromophores present. Rhesus monkey lenses did not exhibit this slowdown.
Enantioselective binding of α-pinene and of some cyclohexanetriol derivatives by cyclodextrin hosts: A molecular modeling study†

We have used molecular modeling to investigate the enantioselective separation of the monoterpene α-pinene on permethylated β-cyclodextrin and on α-cyclodextrin and the enantioselective separation of three cyclohexanetriol derivatives on permethylated β-cyclodextrin. Using the Consistent Valence Force Field (CVFF) from Insight/Discover, we have carried out systematic rigid-body docking grid searches on each of the optical antipodes of the organic guest molecules interacting with the cyclodextrins, followed by minimizations of the low-energy docked structures. A statistical mechanical analysis of the minimized energies yields data that agree in four out of five cases with the experimental elution order of enantiomers. The computed energies of the rigid-body docking before minimizations do not agree with the experimental results, suggesting that a conformational induced fit of the cyclodextrins upon binding of the organic guests may be involved in the mechanism of the chiral recognition. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The multiscale medial axis and its applications in image registration

Abstract The multiscale medial axis (MMA) is a principled means of describing both the spatial and width properties of objects in grey-scale images. We describe its computation and provide an example of its use in an image registration task.
Why does the new labor movement look so much like the old one? Putting the 1990s revitalization project in historical context

In the 1990s the labor movement underwent a major transformation in an attempt to confront the challenges facing organized labor, most notably a precipitous membership decline— in the private sector, membership is currently at a post-Great Depression low. Despite the enthusiastic response among unionists and scholars alike to this revitalization project, as Zald and Berger (1978) note, change within formal organizations is often a contentious process, as competing interests struggle for control. The current labor movement is no exception: Significant conflict surrounds the issue of new organizing activities. While this period is certainly interesting for the level of open debate occurring over the future of the movement, it is not unique as a time of heightened tensions among unionists. Herein I describe debates, both historical and present, over organizing goals and tactics. In order to draw parallels between the past and present, I offer a theoretical account of why organizing is such a controversial topic. Initial support for these explanations, drawn from quotes from unionists and observers of the movement alike, indicates that the current turmoil in the labor movement is similar to that which occurred in other important periods and that the consequences of the decisions made today regarding organizing can have significant ramifications for the movement’s future.
Color image enhancement

Color image enhancement is becoming an increasingly important research area. This paper reviews some image enhancement techniques developed specifically for gray-images and presents an extension and application to color images of a method that involves the decomposition of an image into background and texture components. A new image can be produced by applying multiplicative weights to the different components to bring out the texture. Desired color shifts can also be achieved by experimenting with the weights.
New ways for lymphocytes to meet

Comment on Gunzer et al, page [2801][1] The paper by Gunzer and colleagues in this issue identifies a new mode of interaction for T cells and B cells using 3-D tissue culture methods and intravital microscopy of T-B encounters in living mouse lymph nodes. T he typical way that an immunologist
Potassium-modulated secretion of immunoreactive melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphin from mouse neuro-intermediate lobes: evidence for stimulus-secretion uncoupling and rate sensitivity.

A multi-chamber perifusion system, capable of detecting transient secretory events, was used to define the roles of stepwise changes and gradients of K+ concentration in modulation of α-MSH and endorphin secretion. Fifteen dispersed mouse neuro-intermediate lobes per chamber were peri fused with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium at 0.5 ml/min. One-min fractions were collected. Ten min of 67 mM K+ elicited an immediate, very brief 4-fold increase in secretion of both hormones. Surprisingly, the return to normal K+ elicited a similar increase in secretion. Ten min K+-free medium produced an immediate decrease in secretion. Exposure to a 10-min 0–67 mM K+ gradient did not produce an increase in secretion; however, the Stepwise return to normal K+, identical to that in the first experiment, elicited an immediate, brief increase in secretion. Conclusions: 1) The rapid decline in secretory activity during 67 mM K+ cannot be explained either by “down regulation” of receptors, since t h i s secretagogue is not rec...
Hidden cost of U.S. agricultural exports: particulate matter from ammonia emissions.

We use a model of agricultural sources of ammonia (NH3) coupled to a chemical transport model to estimate the impact of U.S. food export on particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5). We find that food export accounts for 11% of total U.S. NH3 emissions (13% of agricultural emissions) and that it increases the population-weighted exposure of the U.S. population to PM2.5 by 0.36 μg m–3 on average. Our estimate is sensitive to the proper representation of the impact of NH3 on ammonium nitrate, which reflects the interplay between agricultural (NH3) and combustion emissions (NO, SO2). Eliminating NH3 emissions from food export would achieve greater health benefits than the reduction of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 from 15 to 12 μg m–3. Valuation of the increased premature mortality associated with PM2.5 from food export (36 billion US$ (2006) per year) amounts to 50% of the gross food export value. Livestock operations in densely populated areas have particularly large health costs. De...
Behavior and growth of Mercenaria mercenaria during simulated storm events

Experiments were conducted in April–August 1989 on juvenileMercenaria mercenaria (L.) in an oscillatory water tunnel to simulate resuspension of bottom sediments by waves and to determine the effects of shortterm storm events on particle ingestion, pseudofeces production, and shell growth. Juveniles (mean length = 19.2 mm) were subjected to identical concentrations of algae in both low-flow, gentle waves (maximum velocity = 7 cm s−1) and high-velocity storm waves (maximum velocity = 22 cm s−1). Suspended sediment levels reached 193 mg 1−1 at 1 cm above the bed during storms. Shell growth decreased by a maximum of 38% during the storm when levels of phytoplankton were high (average cell concentration = 43 × 106 cells 1−1), and by 18% when phytoplankton levels were low (av cell conc = 6 × 106 cells 1−1). Orientation of clam siphons was not related to flow direction. Significantly more pseudofeces were produced when the clams were subjected to increased sediment resuspension under waves, and in troughs of sand ripples. The size of sediment grains ingested did not vary significantly among the flow treatments. The decrease in shell growth during storms may be due to a reduction in filtration rate coupled with a decrease in net energy gained from filtration due to costs of pseudofeces production. The magnitude of the decrease seems to be related to concentration of algae, water temperature, age of clams and sediment transport mode (bed load or suspended load). Thus, the interpretation of growth increments must be made in the context of these environmental variables.
Laparoscopic-assisted vs. open colectomy for cancer: comparison of short-term outcomes from 121 hospitals.

Background Overall postoperative morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (LAC) and open colectomy (OC) have been shown to be generally comparable; however, differences in the occurrence of specific complications are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether certain complications occurred more frequently after LAC vs. OC for colon cancer.
Global health diagnostics

An essential component of evaluating and improving global health is access to appropriate diagnostic tools. Through this series of papers we hope to further the dissemination of current knowledge on global health diagnostic needs for the conditions that most severely affect those living in the developing world.
Exercise in rats with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride or bile duct obstruction. Blood cholic acid and liver histology

Tolerance of exercise in rats with liver injury was evaluated by the response of plasma cholylglycine (CG)1 and by liver histology in two experiments with CCl4 hepatocellular damage and in two other experiments with cholestatic liver injury induced by obstruction of the common bile duct. (1) Rats swimming daily for 1 h while exposed to five successive doses of CCl4 and studied at rest, had a trend (P < 0.06) to higher CG and a higher plasma SGPT (P < 0.05) than sedentary CCl4 rats. (2) In rats recovering from four successive doses of CCl4 there were no differences between CG curves before, during, and after exercise, except at 48 h of recovery when exercise elevated CG (P < 0.05). (3) Sixteen days after ligation of the bile duct CG was high but not affected by exercise, 45 days after ligation exercise resulted in further increase of CG (P < 0.05). (4) When ligation of the bile duct lasted only 24 h, exercise prior to release of the obstruction did not affect CG. Exercise 8 h and 27 h after release of ligation resulted in an increase in CG (P < 0.05). Return to pre-exercise CG occurred 30 min after exercise. Conclusion: CG was a useful indicator of liver injury showing a positive correlation with the CCl4 dose and a negative correlation with recovery from CCl4. Exercise had only mildly adverse effect in hepatotoxic and cholestatic liver injury. CG appeared to respond more sensitively to exercise after release of bile duct obstruction than in CCl4 hepatocellular injury.
Recent advances in tissue synthesis in vivo by use of collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers

Biologically active analogues of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are synthesized by grafting glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains onto type I collagen, and by controlling the physicochemical properties of the resulting graft copolymer. Collagen-GAG ECM analogues have previously been shown to induce regeneration of the dermis in humans and the guinea pig, and of the rat sciatic nerve. Current studies have emphasized elucidation of the molecular mechanism through which tissue-specific ECM analogues induce regeneration. The contribution of the GAGs to the biological activity of the skin regeneration template was confirmed by studying the contribution of several GAGs to the inhibition of wound contraction in guinea pigs. The interaction between cells and the porous structure of an ECM analogue was studied with emphasis on the deformation of pores which occurs during wound contraction. The synthesis of scar, as well as of partly regenerated tissue which has a morphology between that appropriate for scar and for normal dermis, was quantitatively assayed for the first time using a laser light scattering technique. An ECM analogue which has been shown to be capable of inducing regeneration of functional sciatic nerve in the rat over a gap larger than 10 mm was incorporated in the design of a biodegradable implant for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Bilingual Education Programs for Indian Children in Mexico

W ITHIN MEXICO'S Indian population more than fifty distinct indigenous languages are spoken (Nahmad, 1975; P6rez Gonzalez, 1975). Of the more than three million speakers of indigenous languages in Mexico in 1970, over two million also spoke Spanish-the national language-while nearly a million did not (Direcci6n General de Estadistica, 1972).2 Indigneous languages having the highest number of speakers in 1970 were Nahuatl (799,394), Maya (454,675), and Zapotec (283,345) (ibid.). Languages having the highest number of speakers who did not speak Spanish were Nahuatl (227,757), Mixtec (79,322), and Maya (68,459) (ibid.). Gonzalez Casanova (1970), citing Isabel H. de Pozas and Julio de la Fuente, and Caso (1958a) point out that census data in fact underestimate the non-Spanish-speaking Indian population, since Indians who barely speak a few words of Spanish, or who speak Spanish only poorly and with difficulty, are registered as speaking Spanish. Mexico is characterized by both cultural and linguistic diversity. Each indigenous language is part of a culture; and each of Mexico's many ethnic groups has its own system of values and beliefs, customs regarding food and dress, and prescribed patterns of social interaction. Mexican decisions regarding Indian education have been permeated with diverse assumptions as to the value and usefulness of indigneous languages and cultures, and as to the ways in which national unity could be brought about given the extensive linguistic-cultural diversity within the country. Early programs of education for Indian peoples in rural areas were often based on the assumption that indigenous languages and cultures were "primitive" and inferior. These programs aimed to teach Spanish to the Indians, often by the "direct method";3 to do away with indigenous languages and cultures; and to incorporate the then linguistically and culturally Westernized Indian into the "modern
Neurogenically Mediated Plasma Extravasation in Dura Mater: Effect of Ergot Alkaloids. A Possible Mechanism of Action in Vascular Headache

C-fiber-dependent neurogenic plasma extravasation developed in the dura mater but not the brain after electric stimulation of the rat trigeminal ganglion or after chemical stimulation of perivascular axons with intravenous capsaicin, a drug that depolarizes sensory nerve fibers. C-fiber-independent extravasation also developed in this tissue after intravenous injections of substance P or neurokinin A (two constituents of unmyelinated C fibers) and after serotonin, bradykinin, or allergic challenge in presensitized animals. Intravenous dihydroergotamine or ergotamine tartrate, in doses similar to those used to treat migraine and cluster headache, prevented the stimulation-induced leakage of plasma proteins within the dura mater. Not unexpectedly, the acute administration of methysergide, a drug effective in the prophylactic treatment of headache, was inactive in this acute model. Neither acute nor chronic administration of propranolol affected stimulation-induced leakage of plasma protein. These results demonstrate that neurogenic inflammation develops within the dura mater in the rat and that ergot alkaloids prevent the process by a C-fiber-dependent mechanism.
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of High-Strength Fasteners

Abstract : Unexpected, brittle failures of high-strength fasteners on aerospace vehicles have been caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and by hydrogen stress cracking (HSC). Despite extensive study, much remains to be learned about the phenomena. The poorly understood failure mechanisms are difficult to differentiate, especially in the field. There is a growing use of the term SCC to describe failure by both mechanisms. Data are given to characterize the classes. For low alloy carbon steels heat-treated to yield strengths below approximately 160 ksi, stress corrosion is not a problem, nor is hydrogen embrittlement (delayed cracking) very common. Above 160 ksi, difficulties can occur. The high-strength, precipitation-hardening, stainless steels have varying degrees of resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement, depending upon strength level and heat-treating procedures that influence the microstructure.
Group membership alters the threshold for mind perception: The role of social identity, collective identification, and intergroup threat

Abstract Human faces are used as cues to the presence of social agents, and the ability to detect minds and mental states in others occupies a central role in social interaction. In the current research, we present evidence that the human propensity for mind perception is bound by social group membership. Specifically, we show how identification with different social groups influences the threshold for mind perception. In three experiments, participants assessed a continuum of face morphs that ranged from human to doll faces. These faces were described as in-group or out-group members. Participants had higher (i.e., more stringent) thresholds for perceiving minds behind out-group faces, both in minimal (Experiment 1) and real-world groups (Experiment 2). In other words, out-group members required more humanness than in-group members to be perceived as having minds. This intergroup bias in mind perception was moderated by collective identification, such that highly identified group members had the highest threshold for perceiving minds behind out-group relative to in-group faces. In contrast, Democrats and Republicans who perceived the other party as threatening had lower thresholds for perceiving minds behind out-group faces (Experiment 3). These experiments suggest that mind perception is a dynamic process in which relevant contextual information such as social identity and out-group threat change the interpretation of physical features that signal the presence of another mind. Implications for mind perception, dehumanization, and intergroup relations are discussed. (229 words)
Osteochondral defect repair with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an injectable, in situ, cross-linked synthetic extracellular matrix

A co-cross-linked synthetic extracellular matrix (sECM) composed of chemically modified hyaluronic acid and gelatin was used as a cell delivery vehicle for osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model. A full-thickness defect was created in the patellar groove of the femoral articular cartilage in each of 2 rabbit joints, and 4 experimental groups were assigned (12 rabbits/group): untreated control, autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) only, sECM only, and MSCs + sECM. The sECM hydrogels were allowed to cross-link in the defect in situ. Rabbits were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-surgery, and cartilage repair was evaluated and scored. In the controls, defects were filled with fibrous tissue. In the MSC-only group, hyaline-like cartilage filled the peripheral area of the defect, but the center was filled with fibrous tissue. In the sECM-only group, hyaline cartilage with zonal architecture filled the defect at 12 weeks, but an interface between repaired and adjacent host cartilage was evident. In the MSCs + sECM group, defects were completely filled with elastic, firm, translucent cartilage at 12 weeks and showed superior integration of the repair tissue with the normal cartilage. The sECM delivers and retains MSCs, and the injectable cell-seeded sECM could be delivered arthroscopically in the clinic.
On fatigue life variability in cast Al–10%Si–Mg alloys

Abstract Pore size and fatigue life data in Al–10%Si–0.3%Mg alloy castings reported by Casellas et al. [Mater. Sci. Eng. A 398 (2005) 171–179] were reanalyzed. Results showed that pore size data are modeled accurately by using the lognormal distribution. Consequently, a statistical distribution developed recently which combines the Gumbel distribution for size of largest defects and a crack propagation model has been applied to the fatigue life data. Analysis showed that the new statistical distribution provided respectable fits to the fatigue life data. Results also implied that fitting a curve to the upper tail of a pore size distribution was found to be inadequate for aluminum castings. Issues related to estimating the size of largest defects from pore size distributions by using statistical techniques are discussed in the paper.
Recreating colonialism or reconstructing the state? Privatisation and politics in Mozambique

The privatisation process currently taking place in Mozambique raises important questions about state/capital relations. While supporters of the process argue that the state will become more efficient and the economy more productive, critics claim that privatisation is tantamount to recolonisation. To explore the new relationship being forged between state and capital, this article looks at the different operations of two joint venture cotton companies in the northern districts of Nampula and Cabo Delgado. It assesses the impact of capital formation on the state's regulatory powers, policy‐making capacity, and legitimacy, and how local communities have reacted to the changes brought by private investment in cotton production. The article argues that privatisation constrains the government's capacity to shape the economy, but offers opportunities for it to seek legitimacy at the national and local level. Moreover, the diverse investment and production strategies pursued by the two private cotton companies ...
Development of a new vibrator for elliptical vibration texturing

Inspired by the idea of vibro-mechanical texturing, which adds a tertiary motion to the tool tip in the conventional turning process, and the elliptical vibration cutting process, which adds vibrations both in the cutting direction and feed direction, this paper proposes a new design for an ultrasonic vibrator for the elliptical vibration texturing process. The elliptical locus lies in the plane that is defined by the cutting and the radial directions. The device could be easily adapted for elliptical cutting applications by changing the orientation of the tool tip. The vibrator works in the resonant mode, with in-phase and anti-phase vibration modes at a nearly identical natural frequency. Simulations and experiments have been carried out to study and verify different vibration modes of the system. Different design parameters have been analyzed to control the elliptical trajectory of the tool tip. A set of preliminary experimental result of elliptical vibration texturing is also provided.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Die Basischen Sulfate des Bleis

Ungefahr 200 Praparate von basischem Bleisulfat sind nach verschiedenen Verfahren hergestellt worden.
The Debate on Patriotic Education in Post‐World War II Japan

The debate over patriotic education in Japan is marked by power shifts between the two different political groups that have different views of the role of patriotic education. By analyzing the power shift from a historical perspective, this essay makes a point that one of the problems of the debate over patriotic education in Japan is that the debate has never been discussed in terms of the conception of patriotism.
Sodium potassium dependent ATPase in hypophysectomized rats: response to growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and cortisone.

Abstract Groups of hypophysectomized rats were treated with pharmacologic doses of growth hormone, triiodothyronine or cortisone acetate alone or with a combination of growth hormone plus triiodothyronine or growth hormone plus cortisone. After a 7 day period of treatment the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of ouabain (mg ATPase) and in the absence of ouabain (total ATPase) was determined. Ouabain-suppressible sodium, potassium-dependent ATPase or (Na+ + K+) ATPase was calculated as the difference in the rate of hydrolysis in the presence and absence of ouabain. The activity of the Mg ATPase was significantly reduced in brain after treatment with growth hormone regardless of whether other hormone. In liver there was a significant increase in (Na+ + K+) ATPase in growth hormone, triiodothyronine, or (Na+ + K+) ATPase but there was no effect of triiodothyronine or cortisone and no interaction with the effect of growth hormone. In livere there was a significant increase in (Na+ + K+) ATPase in growth hormone, triiodothyronine, or cortisone-treated animals but Mg ATPase was unaffected by hormone treatment except for the group receiving both growth hormone and cortisone. In kidney homogenates both growth hormone and triiodothyronine significantly increased the activity of the (Na+ + K+) ATPase. There was no effect of cortisone. These data suggest that growth hormone and triiodothyronine may both be calorigenic through their effect on the sodium pumping mechanism in the cell membrane.
Fulfilling employees’ psychological contracts: The role of organizational socialization

The purpose of this paper was to open the ‘black box’ of organizational socialization. Specifically, we examined the mediating role of psychological contract fulfillment in the relationship between...
Adaptive data fusion

An adaptive algorithm for multi-sensor/data fusion is developed. The algorithm can be employed in an uncertain sensed environment using imperfect sensors. Assuming little prior information about the sensed environment and the sensors, the algorithm adaptively adjusts the weights for the best fusion of inaccurate information provided by the multiple sensors. The algorithm is general, computationally efficient, and very suitable for dynamic sensor fusion. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by an example. >
Ten years of research in spectrum sensing and sharing in cognitive radio

Cognitive radio (CR) can successfully deal with the growing demand and scarcity of the wireless spectrum. To exploit limited spectrum efficiently, CR technology allows unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum bands. Since licensed users have priorities to use the bands, the unlicensed users need to continuously monitor the licensed users' activities to avoid interference and collisions. How to obtain reliable results of the licensed users' activities is the main task for spectrum sensing. Based on the sensing results, the unlicensed users should adapt their transmit powers and access strategies to protect the licensed communications. The requirement naturally presents challenges to the implementation of CR. In this article, we provide an overview of recent research achievements of including spectrum sensing, sharing techniques and the applications of CR systems.
Performance of the Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) positron storage ring is a 100-mA, 7-GeV, third-generation X-ray synchrotron radiation source which began operation in March 1995. Since that time, significant progress on beamline construction and commissioning has taken place, with many of the X-ray user beamlines in operation. Operational design goals which have been met or exceeded include 10-hour lifetime, >90% availability, >100-mA average current, >5-mA single-bunch current, <10% uncorrected coupling, 8-mm full vertical apertures for insertion devices, and ultra-stable orbit (<4.5 /spl mu/m RMS vertically, 17 /spl mu/m horizontally). Progress beyond these design goals and a report on development plans, including top-up operation (injection with X-ray beamline shutters open), are presented.
#NBCFail: A qualitative review of the shared experience as a social movement

The XXX Olympic Games in London, England was the most-watched event in U.S. television history, with more than 219 million viewers tuning in during the Games. However, the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) elected to show a number of events to U.S. audiences in prime time via tape delay, rather than broadcasting them live. As a result NBC encountered a great deal of criticism about its coverage, particularly on the online microblogging site Twitter. This research surveyed a sample of Twitter users who participated in the Twitter protest via the #NBCFail hashtag, to understand how being part of a shared protest affected their feelings about the Olympics, and NBC, both during, and several months after, the Olympic Games. The results suggest the feelings of #NBCFail participants were amplified significantly by being part of a movement, and that the protest network, while dormant outside of the Games, could be reactivated very quickly, with more participants, in future Olympics.
Tracking occluded targets in high-similarity background: An online training, non-local appearance model and periodic hybrid particle filter with projective transformation

Two main challenges lie in tracking the partially occluded targets in a high-similarity background: 1) similar intensities increase the difficulty of discriminating targets from the background, and 2) occlusion (illumination and shape) decreases the relativity of targets to templates. In this paper, a novel eigenspace-based hybrid particle filter tracking method combined with online non-local appearance model is proposed to track the objects under highly similar environment with occlusions. By on-line training of the templates through non-local methods to generate the active appearance model, it is more likely find the maximum-likelihood distribution correctly. The projective transformation is utilized to cover all of the possible motion factors between the templates. The extended and unscented Kalman filters are switched to update the particles according to the linearity of the motion parameters. The experiment results show the effectiveness of our algorithm while dealing with occluded target in a high-similarity background.
B-coefficient in n-type GaAs

Abstract Recombination and absorption measurements performed on double heterostructure films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are used to deduce B , the coefficient of radiative recombination for n-type GaAs with electron concentrations ( n 0 ) from 1.3 × 10 17 to 3.8 × 10 18 cm - 3 . The radiative and non-radiative components of recombination were separated and the effects of photon recycling were taken into account. It is found that B = 3.5 × 10 - 10 cm 3 / s for low n 0 , and that B decreases significantly with increasing n 0 to as low as B = 1.8 × 10 - 10 cm 3 / s for n 0 = 3.8 × 10 18 cm - 3 .
Lung Scan Abnormality Heralding a Left Atrial Myxoma: Case Report of an Unusual Presentation

A large atrial myxoma was found in a patient whose initial complaints were related to obstructed perfusion of the right upper lobe. The tumor had blocked the right superior pulmonary vein.
Absolute photon cross sections for Balmer lines from proton‐SO2 collisions

[1] Observations of atomic emissions from the Io plasma torus and previously published laboratory work suggest that proton collisions with SO2 may be a source of some of the spectral lines. We present an analysis of Balmer series lines seen in the spectra of collisions of protons with SO2 over the range of 50 to 250 keV. Absolute emission cross sections for these lines are measured to be on the order of 10−19 cm2 and are in rough agreement with a parametric model for electron capture which supports charge-transfer ionization of the SO2 target.
Testing a model of the nursing assessment of infant pain.

The purpose of this study was to test whether elements of an infant pain assessment model interacted as postulated by the model. The elements are the infant’s response to comfort measures and the principle of consolability. Four different scenarios for each of 16 videotaped infants were prepared. Each scenario represented one of four different combinations of likelihood of pain and consolability and consisted of a videotape plus written clinical information. Forty-eight volunteer pediatric nurses assessed infant pain of 16 scenarios, each depicting one of the 16 infants. Mean level of assessed pain was highest for the “high likelihood of pain and difficult to console” group, second highest for the “high likelihood of pain and easily consoled” group, third highest for the “low likelihood of pain and difficult to console” group and least for the “low likelihood of pain and easily consoled” group. Findings supported the infant pain assessment model.
Multicopper oxidase-1 is a ferroxidase essential for iron homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster

Multicopper ferroxidases catalyze the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. In yeast and algae, they participate in cellular uptake of iron; in mammals, they facilitate cellular efflux. The mechanisms of iron metabolism in insects are still poorly understood, and insect multicopper ferroxidases have not been identified. In this paper, we present evidence that Drosophila melanogaster multicopper oxidase-1 (MCO1) is a functional ferroxidase. We identified candidate iron-binding residues in the MCO1 sequence and found that purified recombinant MCO1 oxidizes ferrous iron. An association between MCO1 function and iron homeostasis was confirmed by two observations: RNAi-mediated knockdown of MCO1 resulted in decreased iron accumulation in midguts and whole insects, and weak knockdown increased the longevity of flies fed a toxic concentration of iron. Strong knockdown of MCO1 resulted in pupal lethality, indicating that MCO1 is an essential gene. Immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated that MCO1 is located on the basal surfaces of the digestive system and Malpighian tubules. We propose that MCO1 oxidizes ferrous iron in the hemolymph and that the resulting ferric iron is bound by transferrin or melanotransferrin, leading to iron storage, iron withholding from pathogens, regulation of oxidative stress, and/or epithelial maturation. These proposed functions are distinct from those of other known ferroxidases. Given that MCO1 orthologues are present in all insect genomes analyzed to date, this discovery is an important step toward understanding iron metabolism in insects.
Use of Movement System Diagnoses in the Management of Patients With Neuromuscular Conditions: A Multiple-Patient Case Report

Background and Purpose Medical diagnoses are not sufficient to guide physical therapy intervention. To provide a rational basis for treatment selection by physical therapists, we developed a set of diagnoses at the level of impairment that are relevant to the human movement system. The diagnoses describe the primary human movement system problem and provide a basis for matching a specific problem with appropriate treatment. The purposes of this 3-patient case report are to illustrate an updated version of the diagnostic system and to show how treatment decisions can be made relative to both the movement system diagnosis and the patient's prognosis. Case Descriptions and Outcomes We diagnosed 3 patients with hemiplegia due to stroke as having 3 different movement system problems: force production deficit, fractionated movement deficit, and perceptual deficit. Specific intervention and actual patient outcomes for each case are outlined. Discussion Use of movement system diagnoses may have multiple benefits for patient care. The possible benefits include decreasing the variability in management of patients with neuromuscular conditions, minimizing the trial-and-error approach to treatment selection, improving communication among health care professionals, and advancing research by enabling creation of homogenous patient groupings.
A Single-Slope Look-Ahead Ramp (SSLAR) ADC for Column Parallel CMOS Image Sensors

A new analog-to-digital converter (ADC) algorithm was proposed for column-parallel CMOS image sensors. The proposed algorithm uses single-slope ramp ADC timing on a column-parallel CMOS image sensor. Single-slope look-ahead ramp (SSLAR) ADC algorithm introduces code hopping, fall back, and look-ahead operations considering statistical distribution of the sampled row of information on column sample and hold circuits. The algorithm was run on a number of standard images for performance comparison. It was also run on 300 random images to get speed and jump step trends. It was determined that the algorithm results in increased ADC speed; improving frame rate of the CMOS image sensor without degrading image quality. The new ADC provides 1.7times to 3.5times ADC speed improvement with less than 1.0% image quality degradation which a normal human eye cannot detect. Algorithm trades ADC speed and power consumption with image quality. The proposed algorithm shortens ADC conversion time resulting in reduced power consumption and increased frame rate of the column-parallel CMOS image sensor.