cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The long-term effect of erythropoiesis stimulating agents given to preterm infants: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study on neurometabolites in early childhood.

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) are neuroprotective in cell and animal models of preterm birth. Prematurity has been shown to alter neurometabolite levels in children in studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). We hypothesized that ESA treatment in premature infants would tend to normalize neurometabolites by 4–6 years of age. Children in a longitudinal study of neurodevelopment underwent MRI and 1H-MRS at approximately 4 years and 6 years of age. Prematurely born children (500–1,250 g birth weight) received ESAs (erythropoietin or darbepoetin) or placebo during their neonatal hospitalization, and these groups were compared to healthy term controls. 1H-MRS spectra were obtained from the anterior cingulate (gray matter) and frontal lobe white matter, assessing combined N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA), myo-inositol, choline compounds (Cho), combined creatine and phosphocreatine, and combined glutamate and glutamine. No significant (P≤0.5) group differences were observed for any metabolite level. Significant age-related increases in white-matter tNAA and Cho were observed, as well as a trend for increased gray-matter tNAA. Neither prematurity nor neonatal ESA treatment was associated with differences in brain metabolite levels in the children of this study at a significance level of 0.05. These findings suggest that earlier differences that might have existed had normalized by 4–6 years of age or were too small to be statistically significant in the current sample.
Introduction to International Handbook on Peace and Reconciliation for Springer Publishing

This chapter introduces the International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation, the second volume in a series being published by Springer; the first volume was the International Handbook of War, Torture, and Terrorism. This chapter begins by describing the Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace (GIPGAP) and international team that administered the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey (PAIRTAPS) in more than 40 countries around the world. It also describes recruitment procedures for participants and both the grounded theory and deductive qualitative analyses that were used to code qualitative survey responses. It provides a brief summary of Albert Bandura’s theory of moral disengagement and our expansion of that theory to identify sociocognitive mechanisms reflective of moral engagement. It concludes with an overview of the sections and chapters in the book.
Interaction between Localized Carriers in the Accumulation Layer and Extended Bulk LO Phonons in InSb and GaSb: Raman Interference Lineshapes

Presented are Raman observations (see Fig. 1) of the interference between forbidden LO phonon scattering (discrete) and a broad emission which occurs when the incident photon energy ħωi is nearly resonant with the E1 or E1 + ∆1 gaps of InSb and GaSb. While the resonance enhancement of the forbidden LO phonons (with energy ħωLO and wavevector q) induced by the Frohlich mechanism1 is well documented, 2,3 the physical mechanism causing the broad emission which can interfere with the phonon Raman process is less understood.
Sleep-Dependent Changes in the Thermoregulatory System

the thermoregulatory system is particularly convenient and interesting for studies of the influence of arousal state on homeostatic processes. State-related changes in thermoregulatory functions are substantial and are a general phenomenon in mammals and birds. The sleep phase of the daily rest/activity cycle is associated with decreases in metabolic rate and body temperature. In addition, the onset of sleep at any time of day tends to result in declines in metabolic rate and body temperature. Sleep is not a unitary phenomenon but consists of specific states definable by electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG), and electrooculographic (EOG) criteria. At a minimum, two sleep states, rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, are distinguished with these electrographic parameters. Changes in thermoregulatory functions in comparison to wakefulness are qualitatively different in these two sleep states. During periods of NREM sleep, adjustments are made in thermoregulatory responses that decrease heat production and/or increase heat loss in comparison to contiguous periods of wakefulness. During REM sleep there is a cessation of ongoing thermoregulatory responses (for reviews, see refs. 11 and 13).
Saturated fatty acid combined with lipopolysaccharide stimulates a strong inflammatory response in hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for NAFLD. The HFD not only increases intake of saturated f...
Caloric Restriction and Its Effects on Molecular Parameters, Especially DNA Repair

Caloric restriction is a paradigm which inhibits degenerative diseases, chronic induced toxicity, and aging in every species tested (Allaben et al., Chapter 4). An obvious candidate for a mechanism which can be effective in producing such changes in so many diverse biological systems is one that affects a basic biological process involved in disease and toxicity. DNA damage has been postulated to be a common cause or effector for aging, cancer, and a number of degenerative diseases (Turturro et al. 1984). The major modulator of DNA damage is DNA repair, a series of processes which eliminates various kinds of DNA damage, or minimizes the damage to the basic genetic templates (Sancar et al. 1988). Stimulation of DNA repair by caloric restriction, either directly or indirectly, could be responsible for many of the effects seen in caloric restriction.
PGC-1alpha a Novel Regulator of Autophagy

Aging or senescence is associated with increased predisposition to cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of death worldwide. Two unrelated processes, mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, decl...
Creativity comes in waves: an EEG-focused exploration of the creative brain

Electroencephalographic (EEG) methodology in creativity research has been remarkably fruitful, establishing the potential of EEG to illuminate complex and transient creativity-related neural processes. Here we synthesize recent advances in the field, highlighting empirical work on creativity as divergent thinking, remote associations, musical creativity, and visual imagery. There is a general consensus that alpha-band activity plays a key role in the creative process, though other frequency bands, such as theta and gamma also serve critical functions. We further discuss evidence for electrical stimulation (tDCS and tACS) as a tool for improvements in creative thinking. EEG’s high temporal resolution is supremely suitable for studying creative cognition, and studies continuing to yield new and exciting evidence regarding the local and global neural processes underlying creativity.
Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes

Appropriate energy intake is important for the health and performance of athletes. When an athlete’s energy intake is not concordant with energy expenditure, short- and long-term performance can be compromised and negative health effects may arise. The energy intake patterns of athletes are subject to numerous effectors, including exercise response, time, and availability of food. To assess different determinants of energy intake in athletes, we reviewed recent literature regarding the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise, appetite perceptions following exercise, chronic exercise-induced adaptations regarding appetite, and social factors regarding energy intake. Additionally, we discussed consequences of aberrant energy intake. The purpose of this review is to clarify understanding about energy intake in athletes and provide insights into methods toward maintaining proper energy intake.
Array of Symmetric Nanohole Dimers for STT-RAM Ultrathin Layer Sensing

Dimer nanohole array is designed to detect radiation effects in STT-RAM multilayer thin films, showing Fano resonance highly sensitive to dielectric layer changes. Normalized figure of merit is 13.5 times larger than single nanohole array.
From Burnout to Well-Being: A Focus on Resilience

Burnout is a widespread problem in health care. Factors that contribute to enhancing engagement and building resiliency are widely discussed, but the data supporting these practices are not well understood. Interventions aimed at increasing engagement and promoting resiliency are targeted toward individual practitioners, health care institutions, and national organizations. Knowledge of the data supporting various kinds of interventions is vital to implementing change meaningfully. Prevention of burnout should start early in training with appropriate modeling and input from mentors and should incorporate stress management strategies. The most compelling data for building resilience requires institutions, physicians, and their support staff to align their values to create a mutual culture of wellness and engagement. It is imperative that institutional and national reform allows us as physicians to preserve our relationships with patients and colleagues, while also prioritizing time to reflect and pursue outside interests that recharge and restore.
Linear layout of multiple flow-direction networks for landscape-evolution simulations

Abstract We present an algorithm that is well suited to find the linear layout of the multiple flow-direction network (directed acyclic graph) for an efficient implicit computation of the erosion term in landscape evolution models. The time complexity of the algorithm varies linearly with the number of nodes in the domain, making it very efficient. The resulting numerical scheme allows us to achieve accurate steady-state solutions in conditions of high erosion rates leading to heavily dissected landscapes. We also establish that contrary to single flow-direction methods such as D8, D ∞ multiple flow-direction method follows the theoretical prediction of the linear stability analysis and correctly captures the transition from smooth to the channelized regimes. We finally show that the obtained numerical solutions follow the theoretical temporal variation of mean elevation.
Clinical Reasoning: 63-Year-old woman with thoracic cavernous malformation and delayed worsening myelopathy.

A 63-year-old woman presented with marked, progressive worsening of lower extremity spasticity and decreased upper extremity strength. In 1980, she developed lower extremity paresthesias and was found to have an intramedullary hemorrhagic lesion at T3. She underwent a laminectomy at T1–T4 and partial resection of a cavernous malformation (CM). Apart from a single, transient worsening of lower extremity sensory symptoms in 1985 (due to CM rebleeding), she did not experience any further exacerbations. At the time of evaluation at our institution, she had noticed worsening leg spasms and difficulty with her gait, as well as decreased muscle bulk, most pronounced in the quadriceps. These symptoms had developed over several months. She also reported worsening strength and endurance in the upper extremities, difficulties with fine motor movements, and dysphagia. She did not report new sensory deficits in her upper extremities or bowel or bladder dysfunction. On examination, she had a spastic gait but was able to walk with a cane. She had mild weakness, Medical Research Council grade 4, in the lower extremities and normal strength in the upper extremities, except for mild weakness, about 4/5 strength, in finger and wrist extension, in the interossei, and proximally. She had 3+ patellar and ankle reflexes, normal reflexes in the upper extremities, and extensor plantar responses bilaterally. Jaw jerk was not assessed. She had marked spasticity in the lower extremities with normal tone in the upper extremities. She had a T5 sensory level to temperature.
The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Inorganic Carbon Concentrating System of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

Many species of unicellular green algae have an efficient mechanism for the utilization of inorganic carbon (Ci; HCO 3 - +CO2+CO 3 2- ) from the environment for photosynthetic CO2 fixation. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii utilizes CO2 from the medium more efficiently (K0.5(CO2)<1μM) than does the primary carboxylating enzyme in this alga, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) (Km(CO2)=50μm). In addition, the algal cells concentrate Ci to levels higher (2mM) than can be accounted for by simple diffusion of CO2 into the cell (1). Thus, it was proposed that these cells have a Ci concentrating system which increases the efficiency of the photosynthetic utilization of extracellular Ci, and which also reduces the photorespiratory loss of CO2. This Ci concentrating system is present only when cells are grown with limiting concentrations (air levels) of CO2. When cells are grown with high CO2 (5%), the requirement for extracellular CO2 for photosynthesis reflects the kinetic properties for the utilization of CO2 by RUBISCO, and the cells do not concentrate Ci intracellularly (1,2).
Understanding the Failure to Help Marginalized Students Succeed in Higher Education: A Social Theory Perspective of the Science of Teaching and Learning

In this chapter, I considered what is known about how students learn through the critical lens of Bourdieu’s (Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1977) theory of practice to illuminate how course designs and pedagogies can help students from diverse backgrounds learn and practice the knowledge required for success in higher education and beyond. To this end, I drew upon broad consensus in the science of teaching and learning that suggests (a) all learning is predicated upon prior knowledge and (b) external motivation is largely shaped by students’ learning experiences, in order to explore how effective teaching in diverse settings is largely dependent upon a professor’s ability to help students uncover the differences between their social practices and those valued in higher education. This framework leads to course design and pedagogical recommendations that engage each student’s prior knowledge for meaningful learning and preserve student dignity by acknowledging the arbitrary nature and exclusionary functions of the social practices valued in higher education.
The Time Course of Clinical Oxygenator Failure Due to Clot Formation

BackgroundLong-term use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains limited because of poor biocompatibility, which often leads to clot formation and device failure. Despite this common pathway to failure, there are no published studies on the rate of clot formation and resulting performance deficits in current oxygenators. MethodsECMO cases with either Maquets CardioHelp (CH, n=28) or Quadrox (Qx, n=14) oxygenators were evaluated over a three-month period. Data was collected prospectively and included patient characteristics and hematological data. The inlet-outlet oxygen content difference ({Delta}CO2) and blood flow resistance were calculated as measures of device function, and device failure due to clot formation was defined as a resistance increase greater than 1 mmHg/(L/min)/day for more than one day. ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in patient age, total days on ECMO, platelet count (PLT) prior to ECMO, activated partial thromboplastin time during ECMO, initial resistance, and device blood flow rate. During ECMO, the Qx group had a significantly greater change in PLT (Qx: - 34{+/-}10%; CH: 7{+/-}15%), rapidity to failure due to clot formation, and a greater decline in {Delta}CO2 (all p<0.05). Clot burden was focused at the center of the CH oxygenator, farthest from all inlets, whereas Qx devices developed a more diffuse clot pattern. ConclusionsQx oxygenators clot earlier than CH oxygenators with a correlated drop in {Delta}CO2 and greater PLT reduction. These differences are likely due to the distributed, four-inlet CH design vs. the single inlet Qx design and differences in pump-induced platelet activation.
Pneumoperitoneum Detection In Chest X-Ray By A Deep Learning Ensemble With Model Explainability

Pneumoperitoneum (free air in the peritoneal cavity) is a rare condition that can be life threatening and require emergency surgery. It can be detected in chest X-ray but there are some challenges associated to this detection, such as small amounts of air that may be missed by a radiologist, or pseudo-pneumoperitoneum (air in the abdomen that may look like pneumoperitoneum). In this work, we propose using an ensemble of deep learning models trained on different subsets of data to boost the classification and generalization performance of the model as well as hard-negative mining to mitigate the effect of pseudo-pneumoperitoneum. We demonstrate superior performance when the model ensemble is utilized as well as good localization of the finding with multiple model explainability techniques.
Too Much in Common: Shifting of Embeddings in Transformer Language Models and its Implications

The success of language models based on the Transformer architecture appears to be inconsistent with observed anisotropic properties of representations learned by such models. We resolve this by showing, contrary to previous studies, that the representations do not occupy a narrow cone, but rather drift in common directions. At any training step, all of the embeddings except for the ground-truth target embedding are updated with gradient in the same direction. Compounded over the training set, the embeddings drift and share common components, manifested in their shape in all the models we have empirically tested. Our experiments show that isotropy can be restored using a simple transformation.
Mitral Valve Annuloplasty Failure and Percutaneous Treatment Options.

Mitral valve repair is a common surgical procedure for both primary and secondary mitral regurgitation. With operations performed earlier in disease progression and increased patient longevity, the need for a repeat intervention is not infrequent. With the associated risks of reoperation and patient comorbidities, percutaneous techniques for acute or delayed failure after ring annuloplasty are emerging. Current commercially available devices, used in “off-label” ways, such as the MitraClip, may be effective in repairing recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty. Similarly, a valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement can be considered in patients at high risk for surgical reoperation. These procedures are not without risk, for example, resultant mitral stenosis in the setting of edge-to-edge repair or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction with valve-in-ring transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Newer devices are emerging to permit more options for this subset of patients, which include transcatheter valves that are specifically designed for the mitral position. Undoubtedly, surgical reoperation has increased risk as compared to primary operation. Though percutaneous options are evolving, use in this patient population is currently limited to “off-label” use and is also associated with procedural complexities and risk. It is prudent for cardiologists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists to weigh risks, benefits, and limitations when considering patients for surgical reoperation, percutaneous repair, or transcatheter replacement after failed mitral annuloplasty.
A Certain Tendency in Post-Occupy Cinema: The Cabin in the Woods, The Purge, and Snowpiercer

This chapter explores the ways that affective energies within the culture are taken up and circulated through the affective structures within popular films. Focusing on the Occupy Wall Street Movement, this essay traces the way the affective energies associated with the movement are present in three films released in the years following the event: The Cabin in the Woods; The Purge; and Snowpiercer. Each of the three films invites audiences to share in an affective orientation toward the broader systems of life that resemble the feelings surrounding the Occupy Movement.
A field study of ceramics bearing pan-Black Sea decorative motifs from Sinop, Turkey, using pXRF

Abstract Though established in the 7th century BCE as an Ionian colony, Sinop (classical Sinope) served as a hub of maritime activity since at least the Early Bronze Age (3rd-2nd millennium BCE). Located in a protected natural harbor on the southern Black Sea coast, Sinop has throughout its history been better integrated into spheres of interaction with the larger Black Sea world rather than the Anatolian interior. Recent excavations at the Sinop Kale site uncovered a stylistically diverse assemblage of handmade ceramics which raises questions about interregional interaction around the Black Sea during the pre-Greek colonial period that may be addressed through ceramic sourcing methods. This paper presents a compositional analysis of handmade ceramics from Sinop bearing a rope-like pan-Black Sea decorative technique using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) that answers specific questions of production and interaction at the site. In particular, it seeks to distinguish between non-local production and non-local technological styles produced locally, employing pXRF as a field technique. Results demonstrated that despite the visible diversity of the assemblage, handmade ceramics were primarily produced locally, as communities with distinct ceramic traditions moved through the Sinop Kale site.
Using child welfare assessments and latent class analysis to identify prevalence and comorbidity of parent service needs

Abstract Data collected through Illinois's Integrated Assessment (IA) program—an assessment and service coordination program incorporating clinical assessments of both parents following a child's placement in foster care—offers a unique opportunity to examine the service needs of parents within a family context. Between January 2007 and June 2010, integrated assessments were completed with 4089 families in which at least one parent participated in the assessment. Utilizing these data, this study employs a Latent Class Analysis approach to identify the patterns of service needs of parents with children entering foster care. Latent class models were generated for mothers and fathers who participated in comprehensive family assessments based on identified service needs. Models revealed “low need” and “high need” classes among both mothers and fathers. A distinct class characterized by substance abuse needs emerged among fathers and a similar class among mothers was characterized by both substance abuse and mental health needs. A mental health needs class was identified among fathers while a similar class among mothers was characterized by both mental health needs as well as trauma symptoms. In examining the distribution of classes among families where both parents were present, the largest groups of families were those in which both parents fell into the “low need” classes, those in which the father fell into the “low need” class and the mother fell into the “substance abuse and mental health” class, and those in which both the mother and the father fell into the “substance abuse” classes. Implications for case assignment practices, father engagement, and addressing comorbid service needs are discussed.
The RASopathies: Syndromes of Ras/MAPK Pathway Dysregulation

A class of clinically related developmental disorders, the RASopathies, has recently been shown to be caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components, or regulators, of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Neurofibromatosis type 1, the first syndrome identified to be caused by a germline mutation in this pathway, was followed by other syndromes including Noonan, Noonan with multiple lentigines, capillary malformation–AV malformation, Costello, cardio-facio-cutaneous, and Legius. The Ras/MAPK pathway plays an essential role in the regulation of the cell cycle, differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, all of which are critical to normal development. As a result, Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation has been shown to have profound deleterious effects on both embryonic and later stages of development. Because the underlying molecular mechanism for these syndromes is dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway, the RASopathies exhibit numerous overlapping phenotypic features, including reduced growth, characteristic facial features, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, neurocognitive delay, and a predisposition to neoplasia, both benign and malignant. As a group, the RASopathies are one of the largest recognizable patterns of malformation syndromes known, affecting approximately 1:1,000 individuals.
C0 Collocation - Galerkin Methods

A C0-Collocation-Galerkin (C0-C-G) method is formulated and analyzed for finite element solution of linear and nonlinear singular boundary-value problems. Theoretical error estimates are ascertained for both the linear problems and a specific class of nonlinear problems. Convergence rates and superconvergence behavior are established and verified in numerical experiments. As a particular class of important research applications, we consider heat and mass transfer problems that arise for catalytic reactors in chemical engineering. The Jacobi points are introduced to determine optimal orders of accuracy and utilized in a new method for determining the boundary flux to optimal order. Numerical results are presented for sample problems.
A quasisymmetric surface with no rectifiable curves

There is a quasiconformal mapping f of R3 to itself such that the image of R2 x {O} contains no rectifiable curves.
Finding the forest among the trees : The potential of collection-level cataloging

Both the contextual focus of current literary and historical scholarship and the increasing pressure on libraries to process more with fewer resources make collection-level cataloging an attractive option for certain kinds of collections, not only of manuscripts, but also of printed materials and graphics. A 1991 project involving Cornell's French Revolution Collection offers an exmaple of how collection-level cataloging can be used to process a massive group of materials in multiple formats. The author describes how the project proceeded, the advantages of cataloging in the RLIN AMC (Archival and Manuscript Control) and VIM (Visual Materials) formats, and the advantages of creating a hierarchy of records. The essay concludes with a discussion of other possible uses of collection-level cataloging and its advantages over minimal-level cataloging.
A conservative amino acid substitution, arginine for lysine, abolishes export of a hybrid protein in Escherichia coli: Implications for the mechanism of protein secretion

A hybrid protein that comprises the β-lactamase signal peptide fused precisely to chicken muscle triosephosphate isomerase is not secreted into the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The protein can be secreted, however, if an arginine residue at position 3 of the isomerase is replaced by either a serine or a proline residue. In contrast, replacement of a neighboring lysine residue has no effect on secretion of the protein. Furthermore, if the arginine is removed from position 3 to generate a secreted protein, but is then reintroduced in place of the neighboring lysine, the blockade to secretion is re-established. The singular effect of the arginine residue on secretion does not result from the role this residue plays in the formation or stabilization of the native isomerase structure: mutational alterations remote from the N terminus of the isomerase that prevent the proper folding of the protein do not relieve the block to secretion. The finding that an arginine residue prevents secretion while a lysine residue does not, suggests that basic residues near the mature N terminus of a secreted protein must be deprotonated if orderly export is to occur. This implies that the signal peptide along with the N-terminal portion of the mature protein partitions directly into the lipid bilayer in the course of the secretory process.
Relationships between race earnings and horse age, sex, gait, track surface and number of race starts for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses in North America

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is no consensus on objective outcome measures that can be used to determine if a medical or surgical treatment affects race performance. Objective: To determine the association between 2 commonly used outcome measures (total starts and total earnings) and age, sex, gait and race surface. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using the race performance data for all Thoroughbred horses age 2, 3, 4 and 5 years racing in the United States, and Standardbred horses of the same ages racing in the United States and Canada during the year 2006. Median earnings and starts were determined for each combination of age, sex and track surface (for Thoroughbred) or gait (for Standardbred). The effect these variables had on starts on race earnings ($) was determined using linear regression. Results: Race records for 68,649 Thoroughbreds and 25,830 Standardbreds were obtained. All independent variables (age, breed, sex, gait, track surface and total number of starts) had a significant impact on total earnings (P<0.0001). Conclusions: The data show considerable variation across age groups and track surfaces for Thoroughbreds and across age groups for Standardbreds. They also show that the decision to use earnings or starts as outcome measures could have a marked effect on reported success for a particular treatment. Potential relevance: Both earning and start data should be reported in studies evaluating outcome following surgery or other intervention. Considerations of age, breed, sex, track surface and gait should be included in the design of these studies.
The near-corner mass transfer associated with turbulent flow in a square duct

Mass transfer to a nearly fully developed turbulent flow in a square duct is studied. Measurements are taken either on one or two adjacent walls in the region of a developing mass transfer boundary layer. Effects of the secondary flow on mass transfer are observed near the corners. The effects are initially small, but grow to a significant degree further downstream. The location of the maximum and its lateral spread is affected by the Reynolds number, as well as the adjacent wall mass transfer.
Generation of recombinant murine retroviral genomes containing the v-src oncogene: isolation of a virus inducing hemangiosarcomas in the brain.

Abstract A series of recombinant retroviral genomes was generated by cotransformation of NIH 3T3 cells with a mixture of cloned DNAs: a proviral copy of the wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus, and Moloney-based vectors containing defective copies of the chicken v-src and the murine v-abl oncogenes. Morphologically transformed foci, appearing at low frequencies in these cultures, released high titers of transforming viruses. Analysis of one group of these viruses showed that the genomes were recombinants containing portions of the viral gag gene juxtaposed to the v-src oncogene. Biologically active cloned DNAs of two of these viruses were obtained and mapped in detail. One of these viruses did not cause disease after inoculation into newborn mice, but the other induced rapidly fatal hemangiosarcomas located exclusively in the brain.
Enabling Conversations: Critical Pedagogy and the Intersections of Race and Disability Studies

Based on conversations and discussions between four Asian American Studies professors on race and disability, specifically as it related to the intersection of race and disability in the context of the AAPI experience, foregrounding the ways that both Ethnic Studies and Disability Studies have reoriented the academy.
The Pharos Project: Solving the Building Materials Toxicity Challenge:

The founder, Bill Walsh, with a background in law and a passion to protect the natural environment, has built a nonprofit venture that has pioneered the awareness of toxicity issues in the building industry. He finds himself at a crossroads because he needs an infusion of cash to bring to market the database on building product toxicity that he has developed. The options include whether to radically change the way he manages his nonprofit in order to grow or to change the company status to a Benefit Corporation. Bill is unsure whether he is the right person to implement either alternative.
Characterization of a Bacillus subtilis germination mutant with pleiotropic alterations in spore coat structure

One class of spore germination mutants ofBacillus subtilis produces lysozymesensitive spores with altered surface structure. These mutations were pleiotropic in that the pattern of soluble and insoluble spore coat proteins was extensively changed with the virtual absence of a major 12kd polypeptide. Reversion to the lysozyme-resistant phenotype (and wild-type spore coat profile) at or near the site of the original mutation occurred at a frequency consistent with an initial point mutation. The 12kd protein was also absent from extracts of sporulating cells of the mutant although antigens of 14kd and 32kd protein cross-reacting with antibody to the 12kd polypeptide were detected. The 32kd antigen was also present in extracts of sporulating cells but not in the extracts of the spore coat of the wild type and is probably a precursor. Improper processing of such a precursor could account for the extensive alterations of coat structure.
Catecholamine and protein synthesis in the eyes of Aplysia californica.

Abstract 1. 1. The eyes of Aplysia californica were studied for their ability to synthesize proteins and catecholamines. 2. 2. Using high voltage electrophoresis two peaks which co-migrate with dopa and dopamine incorporated 14C tyrosine, suggesting dopamine as a putative neurotransmitter in the eye. 3. 3. Gel electrophoresis showed that the eyes synthesized a range of high molecular weight proteins and low molecular weight peptides of approximately 12,000-6000 daltons in size. 4. 4. Electron microscopy showed that the retinal neuropile contains dense core vesicles (900–1300 A) presumed to contain catecholamines and larger clear crenulate (1500 A) vesicles of the type found in the protein secreting bag cells of Aplysia.
Potential for combination therapy with the new antiserotonergic agents

Appreciation of the major role played by serotonergic (5-HT 3 ) neuroreceptors in the emetic reflex arc has introduced an additional factor into the rational design of combination antiemetic therapy. Combinations of an antidopaminergic agent and a corticosteroid have previously served as the basis for many successful antiemetic regimens. Three pilot studies and three randomised studies have now demonstrated potentiation of antiemetic activity of a 5-HT 3 antagonist by dexamethasone as well. Further development of combination antiemetic regimens may involve antagonism of additional receptors including those for benzodiazepines, opiates, and catecholamines. Even antidopaminergic agents may continue to have a role. Although high-dose metoclopramide has both antiserotonergic and anti-dopaminergic activity, other pure antidopaminergic agents retain significant antiemetic activity. The combination of an antiserotonergic agent and a low-dose antidopaminergic agent has already shown promise in one pilot study. Newer and more effective antiemetic combinations will be needed to continue to improve the quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy.
Activation-independent exposure of the GPIIb-IIIa fibrinogen receptor

Following platelet activation, surface receptors for fibrinogen are exposed. On the activated platelet, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa) serves as the receptor for fibrinogen. However, the molecular mechanisms which regulate GPIIb-IIIa fibrinogen receptor exposure are unknown. D3GP3 is an IgG1, kappa monoclonal antibody which is specific for glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa). The binding of D3GP3 to GPIIIa, in intact GPIIb-IIIa complexes, induces fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation. To determine if D3GP3 binding to GPIIIa directly caused the exposure of fibrinogen receptors or, secondarily, due to stimulus response coupling, platelet activation parameters were monitored following the addition of D3GP3 to platelets suspensions. D3GP3 binding did not induce detectable Ca++ mobilization, protein phosphorylation or activation of the pertussis toxin sensitive G-protein subunit alpha-41. Further, D3GP3-induced aggregation was not blocked by PGE1, aspirin, apyrase or the combination of all three reagents. Scanning electron microscopy of D3GP3-induced aggregates demonstrated that the aggregates were composed of discoid platelets. These data suggest that the binding of D3GP3 to GPIIIa induced a conformational change in GPIIb-IIIa such that the fibrinogen receptor was exposed in an activation-independent fashion. This provides evidence that conformational changes in the GPIIb-IIIa complex can result in the transformation of the complex to the high affinity binding competent state.
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE DYNAMIC STRENGTH OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS

The electrical properties, rheology and structure of model ER fluids consisting of glass beads in silicone oil were investigated as a function of electric field E (0–4kV/mm), particle size D (6–100 µm) and shear rate . The conductivity of the suspensions was 3 orders of magnitude greater than that of the host oil at E ⋝ 1 kV/mm; their low-voltage d.c. permittivity was about 1.35 times larger. The flow stress of the suspensions was given by where τE is the polarization component and τvis the viscous component. The linear dependence of τE on E was attributed to dipole saturation. The observed opposing effects of D and on τE were concluded to result from their respective influence on the strength of the columnar structure normally produced by the electric field and its fragmentation during shear. The constant C1 was in agreement with the Einstein equation for the effect of volume fraction of particles on the viscosity of suspensions. The parameter C2/D was concluded to reflect either the effect of particle surface area on viscosity or a polydispersion effect. The present results did not correlate with the Mason number as normally formulated, but did when it was appropriately modified.
Superior signal-to-noise ratio of a new AA1 sequence for random-modulation continuous-wave lidar

In an earlier work [Proc. SPIE4484, 216 (2001)] we proposed a new AA1 modulation sequence for random-modulation continuous-wave lidar. It possesses significantly better signal properties than other pseudorandom codes (the M, A1, and A2 sequences). We derive and compare the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the new AA1 sequence with those of previous modulation sequences. Using a figure of merit proposed for pseudorandom sequences in additive (and generally colored) noise, we show that the SNR of the AA1 sequence in 1/f noise can be as much as 50 times better than that of the commonly used M sequence. This improved SNR should permit as much as a 7:1 increase of the maximum lidar sensing range in baseband-modulation direct-detection infrared lidar with no significant changes to the transmitter and receiver.
Gated video signal baseline restoration with a voltage comparator

Video baseline drift in CCD cameras with variable frame formats is often difficult to correct. Conventionalbaseline restorers generally do not work well at very high frame rates, since frequently a only a short, few nanosecondwide point in each video line is available for reference. A.C. coupled video level drifts as the signal average changes
Efficient parallel algorithms for controllability and eigenvalue assignment problems

The design and analysis of time-invariant linear control systems give rise to a variety of interesting linear algebra problems. Numerically viable sequential algorithms now exist for most of these problems; however, efficient parallel algorithms are virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we propose efficient parallel algorithms for multi-input controllability problem and the single-input pole assignment problem. A desirable feature of these algorithms is that they are composed only of basic linear algebraic operations such as vector-matrix multiplication, solution of a linar system and computation of eigenvalues or singular values of a symmetric matrix, for which efficient parallel algorithms have already been developed. Thus, the proposed algorithms have potentials for implementations on some existing and future parallel processors.
Capital instability and economic growth in Sub‐Saharan Africa

The current study finds that instability in capital formation ‐capital instability (CI), rather than export instability (EI) per se, is a relevant variable affecting growth of less developed countries (LDCs) of Sub‐Saharan Africa. Using a cross‐sectional analysis involving 1967–86 World Bank annual data on 33 Sub‐Saharan LDCs, the article observes that neither CI nor EI exercises a negative influence on GDP growth when arguments of the augmented production function, namely, labour, capital and exports, are allowed to vary. Controlling for the effects of these variables, however, reveals a substantial adverse impact of CI on GDP growth. Meanwhile, EI is found to be extraneous in the growth equation.
Assessment Of Heterogeneity in Antibody−Antigen Displacement Reactions

The intrinsic binding characteristics of monoclonal antibodies are modified upon immobilization onto a solid-phase matrix. Factors such as the distribution in affinity must therefore be taken into consideration in order to predict the kinetics of antibody binding at solid−liquid interfaces. A mathematical analysis is presented herein that allows the assessment of heterogeneity in the affinity of monoclonal antibodies immobilized onto a solid support. This model is based on a modified version of the Sips distribution function adapted to the conditions of a solid-phase displacement assay in flow. An assay for trinitrotoluene (TNT) provides the data to evaluate the extent of heterogeneity introduced by immobilization of antibodies in a flow immunoassay. We determined the index of antibody heterogeneity on two solid supports, controlled-pore glass beads and agarose beads, coated with a monoclonal anti-TNT antibody at varying densities. The data confirm that the threshold for crossover from homogeneous to hete...
The photochemical production of organic nitrates from α-pinene and loss via acid-dependent particle phase hydrolysis

Abstract The hydroxyl radical oxidation of α -pinene under high NO x conditions was studied in a photochemical reaction chamber to investigate organic nitrate (RONO 2 ) production and fate between the gas and particle phases. We report an organic nitrate yield of 26 ± 7% from the oxidation of this monoterpene in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). However, the apparent organic nitrate yield was found to be highly dependent on both chamber relative humidity (RH) and seed aerosol acidity, likely as a result of particle phase hydrolysis. The particle phase loss of organic nitrates is believed to increase the gas to particle partitioning within the system, leading to decreased RONO 2 yields in both the gas and particle phases at elevated RH and an apparent non-equilibrium partitioning mechanism. The hydrolysis of particle phase organic nitrates in this study, starting at low chamber relative humidity, implies that aerosol partitioning of organic nitrates may be an important sink for atmospheric NO x and may have a significant impact on regional air quality.
The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment

Abstract Rivers and submarine hydrothermal emanations supply 6.1 × 1014g SiO2/yr to the marine environment. Approximately two-thirds of the silica supplied to the marine environment can be accounted for in continental margin and deep-sea deposits. Siliceous deep-sea sediments located beneath the Antarctic Polar Front (Convergence) account for over a fourth (1.6 × 1014g SiO2/yr) of the silica supplied to the oceans. Deep-sea sediment accumulation rates beneath the Polar Front are highest in the South Atlantic with values as large as 53cm/kyr during the last 18.000 yr. Siliceous sediments in the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Subarctic North Pacific accumulate 0.6 × 1014g SiO2/yr or 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans. The accumulation of biogenic silica in estuarine deposits removes a maximum of 0.8 × 1014g SiO2/yr. Although estuarine silica versus salinity plots indicate extensive removal of riverine silica from surface waters, the removal rates must be considered as maximum values because of dissolution of siliceous material in estuarine sediments and bottom waters. Siliceous sediments from continental margin upwelling areas (e.g. Gulf of California, Walvis Bay, or Peru-Chile coast) have the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the marine environment (69 g SiO2 cm2/kyr). Despite the rapid accumulation of biogenic silica, upwelling areas account for less than 5% of the silica supplied to the marine environment because they are confined laterally to such small areas.
The association of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease) and carbohydrate intolerance, a clinical study

Abstract Eleven of 13 consecutive patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibited an abnormality in glucose utilization, detectable by oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests and blood glucose response to tolbutamide. This abnormality persisted despite forced high carbohydrate intake and was present in patients with either severe or mild form of ALS. The explanation of this abnormality is not apparent.
Description of understory development in a tree plantation with a new method of data structuring

This study describes 30 forest stands, and compares the stand data to determine the extent of influence from the canopy on the understory synusiae. In the course of the study, a new approach was devised for analysis of relev6 matrices; this method gives promise of wider applicability for analysis of stratified vegetation.
A Comparative Analysis of Undergraduate Engineering and Technology Management Education Programs in the United States

Exponential growth in undergraduate engineering and technology management programs has occurred since 1987; yet there is no agreed upon body of knowledge in this field nor are there established benchmarks. Unifying models, theories and curricula are needed for the codification of knowledge to occur. Benchmarks must be established so that technology management programs can be assessed and so that the development of the knowledge base and the structure of programs will be relevant in the future. The purpose of the study will be to explore the progression of undergraduate technology management education since the 1987 National Research Council report "Management of Technology: The Hidden Competitive Advantage". A cross-sectional document review and content analysis of identified undergraduate engineering and technology management programs will occur to determine the current status of the field. The identified programs will be examined to ascertain if there is a common body of knowledge, and what that common body of knowledge entails. The report delineated issues and responsibilities specific to the management of technology and a comparative analysis of the programs to these issues and responsibilities will also be undertaken.
Metonymic errors in a web development course

This paper investigates a class of database access errors that occur in the context of a web development course. While the use of an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) simplifies database access, students still demonstrate reference errors such as mistakenly referring to the whole object rather than an attribute value that is a part of the object. Metonymy, a rhetorical device used in human communication, offers an interpretation to these errors. A study is presented where student answers are reported and analyzed in this context. Findings indicate the prevalence of reference errors and offer instructional strategies for addressing them.