cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field dependence of the magnetic relaxation in Mn 12

We report point-by-point measurements below the blocking temperature of the magnetic relaxation of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$-acetate as a function of magnetic field applied along the easy axis of magnetization. Unexpectedly complex structure is observed which we attribute to the effect of higher-order terms of the spin Hamiltonian on the tunneling process.
Fluctuation conductivity and commensurability pinning in TTR-TCNQ

Abstract A simple theory is proposed for fluctuation conductivity in a one-dimensional deformable charge-density-wave condensate with commensurability pinning. An application to TTF-TCNQ under pressure (≈ 19 kbar) is examined.
Surgical access to tumors of the cervicothoracic junction

Background. Surgical resection of tumors of the cervicothoracic junction is often problematic due to the limitations imposed by the thoracic cage and adjacent neurovascular structures. The majority of surgical approaches to this region have been designed with the intent of providing adequate exposure for vertebrectomy with tumor resection and vertebral column stabilization. Theses approaches do not provide adequate exposure for a heterogeneous group of tumors which also involve the cervicothoracic junction. We used a combined cervicothoracic surgical approach to determine its efficacy in tumor resection. Method. Seventeen patients with a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising in a variety of soft tissues underwent combined cervicothoracic resection. The approach consisted of anterior cervical access, median sternotomy, and anterior thoracotomy. Results. Complete gross tumor resection was accomplished in all 17 patients, 15 of whom had negative microscopic margins. Extensive reconstruction was employed in 6 patients. Three patients received intraoperative brachytherapy implants and 5 patients received external-beam postoperative radiotherapy. Local tumor control was obtained in 12 patients, and 10 patients are currently alive, free of disease (median: 12 months; range: 3–47 months). There was no inadvertent sacrifice of neurovascular structures. The sternoclavicular joint was maintained in all patients. There were 4 major complications, and no perioperative mortality associated with the surgical procedure. Conclusion. The combined “trap door” technique provides sufficient exposure for resection of cervicothoracic tumors. Surgery is performed with limited morbidity with the sparing of uninvolved neurovascular structures. The sternoclavicular joint was maintained in all patients. Preliminary results using this approach for resections of tumors of the cervicothoracic junction are encouraging. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Induction and detection of leishmanial infections in Rattus norvegicus

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intradermally with Leishmania major or with L. donovani promastigotes. Parasites could be cultivated from the skin at times from 2 to 28 days after infection. At necropsy, no parasites were observed in spleen or liver impression smears, nor could they be cultivated from heart blood or spleen, even when skin cultures were positive. Rats were not highly susceptible to infection with L. donovani, since parasites could be cultured from skin only at 2 days after infection. L. major could establish an infection in rat skin, elicit antibodies, and in some cases, metastasize from the inoculation site. At necropsy, anti-leishmanial antibodies were detected in rats with parasites in their skin, although cutaneous lesions were not observed. These findings suggest that commonly used survey techniques are relatively insensitive, and might indicate possible involvement of Rattus norvegicus in the transmission cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Substitution, cage functionalization, and oxidation of the charge-compensated triruthenium monocarbollide cluster complex [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)6}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8]

The compound [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)6}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 1a reacts with PMe3 or PCy3 (Cy = cyclo-C6H11) to give the structurally different species [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)5(PMe3)}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 4 and [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-11-(μ-H)-2,7,11-{Ru2(μ-H)(CO)5(PCy3)}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 5, respectively. A symmetrically disubstituted product [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7,11-(μ-H)2-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)4(PMe3)2}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 6 is obtained using an excess of PMe3. In contrast, the chelating diphosphines 1,1′-(PPh2)2-Fe(η-C5H4)2 and 1,2-(PPh2)2-closo-1,2-C2B10H10 react with 1a to yield oxidative-insertion species [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-11-(μ-H)-2,7,11-{Ru2(μ-H)(μ-[1′,1″-(PPh2)2-Fe(η-C5H4)2])(CO)4}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 7 and [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-11-(μ-H)-2,7,11-{Ru2(μ-H)(CO)4(1′,2′-(PPh2)2-closo-1′,2′-C2B10H10)}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 8, respectively. In toluene at reflux temperatures, 1a with ButSSBut gives [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7-(μ-SBut)-11-(μ-H)-2,7,11-{Ru2(μ-H)(μ-SBut)(CO)4}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 9, and with ButCCH gives [1-SMe2-2,2-(CO)2-7-{μ:η2-(E)–CHC(H)But}-11-{μ:η2-(E)–CHC(H)But}-2,7,11-{Ru2(CO)5}-closo-2,1-RuCB10H8] 10. In the latter, two alkyne groups have inserted into cage B–H groups, with one of the resulting B-vinyl moieties involved in a C–H⋯Ru agostic bond. Oxidation of 1a with I2 or HgCl2 affords the mononuclear ruthenium complex [1-SMe2-2,2,2-(CO)3-closo-2,1-RuCB10H10] 11.
Surgery for Cardiac Disease in Small Animals: Current Techniques

The feasibility of surgical correction for almost all canine congenital or acquired cardiac diseases has been demonstrated. Current surgical success rates are remarkably high considering the infrequency with which such procedures are performed. Such results are a testament to the dedication and skill of the various cardiac surgical teams offering these procedures worldwide. However, experience from the medical field indicates that the only way to increase success rates above those presently achieved will be to dramatically increase the frequency with which cardiac surgical teams perform these procedures. Fortunately, lack of case load does not appear to be the limiting factor to such efforts. Rather, lacks of infrastructure and manpower are the major obstacles for expansion of cardiac surgical programs.
General equations for volume and surface area of a logarithmically coiled shell

The equations of Moseley for the volume and surface area of a coiled shell have been rewritten in their most general forms. The general volume equation has been tested with 15 gastropods and found to give satisfactory results wherever there are no significant ontogenetic changes in the shell geometry. The equations provide a means for calculating the carbonate efficiency of a coiled shell. With this parameter analyzed into its component parts, it has been possible to understand the relationships between aspects of shell calcification and environmental factors that affect calcium carbonate availability. Preliminary studies indicate that it also may be possible to discriminate morphologically between terrestrial and aquatic gastropods, the various gastropod modes of life, and higher taxonomic categories. These equations offer possibilities for other studies concerned with the ecology, paleoecology, and evolution of coiled shells.
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the human alpha3-chain type VI collagen C-terminal Kunitz domain,.

The solution structure and backbone dynamics of the 58-residue C-terminal Kunitz domain fragment [α3(VI)] of human α3-chain type VI collagen has been studied by two-dimensional 1H−1H and 1H−15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 303 K. The solution structure is represented by an ensemble of 20 structures calculated with X-PLOR using 612 distance and 47 dihedral angle restraints. The distance restraints were obtained by a complete relaxation matrix analysis using MARDIGRAS. The root mean squared (rms) deviation is 0.91 A for the backbone atoms of the residues Thr2(8)−Gly12(18), Arg15(21)−Tyr35(41), and Gly40(46)−Pro57(63). The central β-sheet [residues Ile18(24)−Tyr35(41)] and the C-terminal α-helix [residues Gln48(54)−Cys55(61)] are better defined with a backbone rms deviation of 0.46 A. The solution structure of α3(VI) is virtually identical to the crystal structure of α3(VI) and to the solution structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). The 15N spin−lattice and spin−spin relaxation...
Principles in the pipeline: managing transatlantic values and interests in Central Asia

After a decade of relative neglect post-Soviet Central Asia has become a foreign policy priority for the transatlantic community. Both the United States and Europe have engaged with the region in recent years in pursuit of new strategic interests, including maintaining military basing access in support of coalition operations in Afghanistan and securing the export of Central Asian oil and gas to the West. Despite this period of renewed engagement, however, the quality of democratic governance within the region remains poor, especially in comparison with other post-communist regions that successfully completed their political transitions. In fact, the United States and the European Union have often tempered promoting their Central Asian democratization agendas in order to maintain access to these strategically important fixed assets. The transatlantic struggle to balance the pursuit of strategic interests and democratic values has been rendered more difficult by Russia's recent resurgence as a regional power. Backed by the Central Asian governments, Moscow has challenged the purpose and influence of western-based international and non-governmental organizations in the region, thereby further diminishing the transatlantic community's capacity to promote sustained democratic reforms.
Recommendations for Treatment of Hyponatraemia at Endurance Events

This review focuses on possible pathophysiology of exercise-associated hyponatraemia and its implication on evaluation and treatment of collapsed athletes during endurance events. Rehydration guidelines and field care have traditionally been based on the belief that endurance events create a state of significant fluid deficit in athletes, which must be corrected by liberal hydration. Beliefs in the necessity of liberal hydration may have contributed to cases of hyponatraemia. Assumptions that fluid loss accounts for the entire weight loss during exercise and that fluid ingestion is the only source of water gain during exercise may lead to an overestimation of the degree of volume depletion and the amount of fluid needed for replacement. Increasing evidence suggests that hyponatraemic athletes are fluid overloaded; ingestion of large amount of hypotonic fluid in combination with inappropriate or inadequate physiological responses leads to excessive retention of free fluid. Risk factors include hot weather, female sex, slower finishing time, and possibly the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Symptoms of hyponatraemia can be subtle and can mimic those of other exercise-related illnesses, thereby complicating its diagnosis and leading to possible inappropriate treatment. Most athletes who collapse at the finish line experience exercise-associated collapse, a benign and transient form of postural hypotension that can be treated simply by continued ambulation after finishing or elevation of legs while in a supine position for those who cannot walk. Care providers should consider the use of intravenous hydration with normal saline carefully since it is not needed by most collapsed athletes and may worsen the condition of patients with unsuspected hyponatraemia. Historic information and clinical signs of volume depletion should be elicited prior to its use. Most hyponatraemic athletes will recover uneventfully with careful observation while awaiting spontaneous diuresis. Use of hypertonic saline should be reserved for patients with severe symptoms. Moderate consumption of carbohydrate-electrolyte solution during exercise may allow the maintenance of adequate hydration and the prevention of hyponatraemia.
Fallen or Unfallen? Christ's Human Nature and the Ontology of Human Sinfulness

: Because Christ's sinlessness is a matter of virtual consensus among Christians, debates over whether the human nature he assumed was fallen or unfallen turn on the ontological conditions of his being ‘without sin’ (Heb. 4:15). The claim that Christ assumed a fallen nature can be defended by distinguishing between fallenness and sinfulness as properties of nature and hypostasis, respectively. Moreover, by highlighting the peculiar place of the will in human nature, this christological analysis helps counter the charge that an Augustinian understanding of original sin entails a dualism inconsistent with belief in the goodness of creation and human moral accountability.
Non-standard couplings of the top quark and precision measurements of the electroweak theory

Abstract We study the effects of residual non-universal interactions of the top quark with the Z0 which typically occur in dynamical symmetry breaking scenarios. Using recent experimental data from LEP and deep inelastic scattering experiments, we place bounds on these extra interactions under the assumption that the top mass and the Fermi scale have a common dynamical origin. Rather significant non-universal interactions are still allowed. We speculate on the possible theoretical and experimental implications of this result.
An Experiment in Methodology in a West African Urban Community

One of the most highly developed and complex cultures in tropical Africa today is found among the Yoruba people of southwest Nigeria. Extending northeast from Lagos, the major coastal port of Nigeria, is a densely populated area comprised of many large communities, characteristic of the Yoruba, whose total population numbers over 3,500,000 persons. The early history of many of these communities is obscure, although it is alleged that many of the contemporary communities had their inceptions in the 17th and 18th centuries. The largest of the 15 or more communities whose populations exceed 40,000 persons is Ibadan, with an estimated 400,000 population. The estimated populations of some of the other Yoruba towns are: Iwo, 86,000; Ogbomosho, 85,000; Oyo, 79,000; Oshbogbo, 70,000; Abeokuta, 54,000; Ilesha, 50,000; and Ife, 45,000. The 1931 Nigeria census indicated that one-third of the Yoruba population lives in the nine largest Yoruba towns.
Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol by Escherichia coli: A new platform for metabolic engineering

The worldwide surplus of glycerol generated as inevitable byproduct of biodiesel fuel and oleochemical production is resulting in the shutdown of traditional glycerol-producing/refining plants and new applications are needed for this now abundant carbon source. In this article we report our finding that Escherichia coli can ferment glycerol in a pH-dependent manner. We hypothesize that glycerol fermentation is linked to the availability of CO(2), which under acidic conditions is produced by the oxidation of formate by the enzyme formate hydrogen lyase (FHL). In agreement with this hypothesis, glycerol fermentation was severely impaired by blocking the activity of FHL. We demonstrated that, unlike CO(2), hydrogen (the other product of FHL-mediated formate oxidation) had a negative impact on cell growth and glycerol fermentation. In addition, supplementation of the medium with CO(2) partially restored the ability of an FHL-deficient strain to ferment glycerol. High pH resulted in low CO(2) generation (low activity of FHL) and availability (most CO(2) is converted to bicarbonate), and consequently very inefficient fermentation of glycerol. Most of the fermented glycerol was recovered in the reduced compounds ethanol and succinate (93% of the product mixture), which reflects the highly reduced state of glycerol and confirms the fermentative nature of this process. Since glycerol is a cheap, abundant, and highly reduced carbon source, our findings should enable the development of an E. coli-based platform for the anaerobic production of reduced chemicals from glycerol at yields higher than those obtained from common sugars, such as glucose.
The relationship of cross-modal memory tasks with other neuropsychological measures

Abstract The relationship of cross-modal memory tasks with other measures of neuropsychological functioning was investigated with normal adults. The measures of cross-modal memory consisted of tactile encoding with free and serial visual recognition and visual encoding with free tactile recognition. Other tasks administered included measures of tactile integration, visual-spatial analysis, visual memory, and verbal memory. The results indicated that all three of the cross-modal memory tasks had a significant visual-spatial component. The tactile encoding tasks also had significant relationships with verbal memory; whereas the visual encoding task had a significant relationship with visual memory. The results are discussed in terms of the interhemispheric nature of the cross-modal memory tasks.
Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish

To date, most researchers have used dietborne metal concentrations rather than daily doses to define metal exposure and this has resulted in contradictory data within and between fish species. It has also resulted in the impression that high concentrations of dietborne Cu and Zn (e.g. > 900 mg kg(-1) dry diet) are relatively non-toxic to fish. We re-analyzed existing data using rations and dietborne metal concentrations and used daily dose, species and life stage to define the toxicity of dietborne Cu and Zn to fish. Partly because of insufficient information we were unable to find consistent relationships between metal toxicity in laboratory-prepared diets and any other factor including, supplemented metal compound (e.g. CuSO(4) or CuCl(2)), duration of metal exposure, diet type (i.e. practical, purified or live diets), or water quality (flow rates, temperature, hardness, pH, alkalinity). For laboratory-prepared diets, dietborne Cu toxicity occurred at daily doses of > 1 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 1-15 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) (depending on life stage) for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 35-45 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We found that dietborne Zn toxicity has not yet been demonstrated in rainbow trout or turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) probably because these species have been exposed to relatively low doses of metal ( < 90 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1)) and effects on growth and reproduction have not been analyzed. However, daily doses of 9-12 mg Zn kg(-1) body weight d(-1) in laboratory-prepared diets were toxic to three other species, carp Cyprinus carpio, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and guppy Poecilia reticulata. Limited research indicates that biological incorporation of Cu or Zn into a natural diet can either increase or decrease metal bioavailability, and the relationship between bioavailability and toxicity remains unclear. We have resolved the contradictory data surrounding the effect of organic chelation on metal bioavailability. Increased bioavailability of dietborne Cu and Zn is detectable when the metal is both organically chelated and provided in very low daily doses. We have summarized the information available on the effect of phosphates, phytate and calcium on dietborne Zn bioavailability. We also explored a rationale to understand the relative importance of exposure to waterborne or dietborne Cu and Zn with a view to finding an approach useful to regulatory agencies. Contrary to popular belief, the relative efficiency of Cu uptake from water and diet is very similar when daily doses are compared rather than Cu concentrations in each media. The ratio of dietborne dose:waterborne dose is a good discriminator of the relative importance of exposure to dietborne or waterborne Zn. We discuss gaps in existing data, suggest improvements for experimental design, and indicate directions for future research.
Management of pneumothorax and barotrauma: current concepts.

Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, traumatic or iatrogenic. Pneumothorax ex vacuo sports-related pneumohorax and barotrauma unrelated to mechanical ventilation are interesting and newer entities. Management consists of getting rid of the air and prevention of recurrence of pneumothorax.
Generating new designs using union operations

Abstract In many real world problems, we want to generate new designs (ideas) by taking unions of subsets of a given basic set of potentially good designs (primitives). This paper proposes a streamlined algorithm of finding distinct unions of subsets of the primitives. We show how to use the algorithm to eliminate a number of redundant unions of subsets of the primitives in the process of finding all distinct unions. Theoretical results are derived to justify the algorithm. Applications of the algorithm are also discussed.
A semi-quantitative method for correlating brain disease groups with normal controls using SPECT: Alzheimer's disease versus vascular dementia.

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the utility of semi-quantitative circumferential-profile analysis of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SPECT in Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus white matter vascular dementia (WM-VaD). Methods Subjects underwent dementia evaluation, MRI and Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. rCBF patterns from 11 AD and 20 WM-VaD patients were compared to 17 controls using semi-quantitative circumferential-profile analysis. Results AD patients showed more significant semi-quantitative circumferential-profile reductions in the posterior temporo-parietal regions, whereas WM-VaD patients demonstrated greater reductions involving the frontal regions of the brain. Conclusion Semi-quantitative circumferential-profile analysis provides a practical semi-quantitative method to evaluate brain SPECT scans in AD versus WM-VaD patients.
HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY (CRI) THE ROLE OF PARATHORMONE (PTH)

The onset and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia in CRI is not well documented in children. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), total serum lipids (TL), cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (Tg), lipoprotein electrophoresis and PTH levels were measured in 25 non-nephrotic children 4-17 yrs old. GFR was measured by clearance of creatinine, PTH by radioimmunoassay. Group A consisted of 5 children with normal GFR and served as controls, Group B 6 children with GFR 60-95 ml/min/1.73 M2, Group C 7 children with GFR 10-40 ml/min/1.73 M2 and Group D 7 children on maintenance hemodialysis. The data are tabulated below: The data demonstrate for the first time that the alterations in TL, chol, Tg occur early in CRI when GFR values decrease below 40 ml/min. PB increased only after the onset of hemodialysis. PTH was increased in 2 of 7 children in Group C and in all of Group D. The correlation between PTH and Tg was 0.51 suggesting that additional factors may be associated in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia of CRI.
Identification of a dominant CD4 T cell epitope in the membrane lipoprotein Tul4 from Francisella tularensis LVS

Abstract Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that is the causative agent of tularemia. Small mammals such as rodents and rabbits, as well as some biting arthropods, serve as the main vectors for environmental reservoirs of F. tularensis. The low infectious dose, ability to aerosolize the organism, and the possibility of generating antibiotic resistant strains make F. tularensis a prime organism for use in bioterrorism. As a result, some strains of F. tularensis have been placed on the CDC category A select agent list. T cell immune responses are thought to be a critical component in protective immunity to this organism. However, investigation into the immune responses to F. tularensis has been hampered by the lack of molecularly defined epitopes. Here we report the identification of a major CD4+ T cell epitope in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice. The murine model of F. tularensis infection is relevant as mice are a natural host for F. tularensis LVS and exhibit many of the same features of tularemia seen in humans. Using T cell hybridomas derived from B6 mice that had either been inoculated with F. tularensis and allowed to clear the infection or which had been immunized by conventional means using purified recombinant protein in adjuvant, we have identified amino acids 86–99 of the lipoprotein Tul4 (RLQWQAPEGSKCHD) as an immunodominant CD4 T cell epitope in B6 mice. This epitope is a major component of both the acute and memory responses to F. tularensis infection and can constitute as much as 20% of the responding CD4 T cells in an acute infection. Reactive T cells can also effectively enter the long-term memory T cell pool. The identification of this epitope will greatly aid in monitoring the course of F. tularensis infection and will also aid in the development of effective vaccine strategies for F. tularensis.
An evaluation of the effects of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on mitotically capable cells in blood packs

Published data on the characteristics of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) have suggested that the use of plastic blood bags could cause adverse effects following excessive transfusion. In this report it is shown that any difference in the overall frequency of chromosomal abnormalities for cells stored in glass or plastic containers is not related to structural components leaching into the cellular millieu but very likely is a property inherent in the blood. This conclusion is supported by our failure to find a dose response relationship between damage to lymphocytic chromosomes and DEHP concentration over the range expected to be found in plastic blood bags. The study also investigated the mitotic rate and growth of lymphocytes exposed to DEHP. The findings suggest that the major effect of DEHP on lymphocytes is an inhibition of mitosis and growth rather than genetic damage.
Radioactive waste forms stabilized by ChemChar gasification: characterization and leaching behavior of cerium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, and neptunium

The uses of a thermally reductive gasification process in conjunction with vitrification and cementation for the long-term disposal of low level radioactive materials have been investigated. γ-ray spectroscopy was used for analysis of carrier-free protactinium-233 and neptunium-239 and a stoichiometric amount of cerium (observed cerium-141) subsequent to gasification and leaching, up to 48 days. High resolution ICP-MS was used to analyze the cerium, thorium, and uranium from 46 to 438 days of leaching. Leaching procedures followed the guidance of ASTM Procedure C 1220-92, Standard Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive Waste. The combination of the thermally reductive pretreatment, vitrification and cementation produced a highly non-leachable form suitable for long-term disposal of cerium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, and neptunium.
Behavioral observation and intracerebral electrochemical recording following administration of amphetamine in rats

Intracerebral electrochemistry (chronoamperometry) was performed on rats that were administered 1, 4, and 8 mg/kg doses of amphetamine. Graphpoxy working electrodes were implanted bilaterally in nucleus accumbens (ACC) and ventral anterior stratum (VAS). Following drug injection, locomotor and stereotyped behaviors were observed. Intracerebral electrochemical signals reliably increased following injection of amphetamine. The magnitude of these increases did not change significantly across the dose range tested for VAS electrodes. ACC electrodes had increases similar in magnitude to VAS electrodes at 1 and 4 mg/kg. At 8 mg/kg increases obtained from ACC electrodes were significantly lower than those recorded from VAS. Onset of the change in electrochemical signal paralleled the onset of activity or stereotypy but the subsequent declines in signal and behavior were only loosely correlated. At the 4 mg/kg dose, the magnitude of signal increase from striatum was negatively correlated with indices of stereotypy and positively correlated with locomotor counts.
Changes in angular size and speed affect the judged height of objects moving over a ground surface.

Kersten et al (1997, Perception26 171–192) showed that the perceived path of an object moving over a ground surface can be manipulated by changing the path of a shadow. Using a scene similar to Kersten's “ball-in-a-box” scene, we investigated the effect of angular size and angular speed in determining the perceived height of a moving sphere when optical contact (the position at which the object contacted the ground in the image) indicated that the sphere was receding in depth. In four experiments we examined both the effects of changes in size and speed, and the effects of constant levels of size and speed. Increases in angular size or speed during a motion sequence resulted in judgments of increased height above the ground plane. The angular size at the end of the motion sequence was also important in determining judged height, with greater height judged with larger final sizes.
Determination of the Green's function in the spectral domain using a matrix method: Application to radiators or resonators immersed in a complex anisotropic layered medium

A planar structure having arbitrarily located conductor patches immersed in complex anisotropic layered media presents a very general field problem. This problem is solved here by a rigorous formulation technique characterizing each layer by a 6 \times 6 tensor and finding the appropriate Fourier transformed Green's function matrix G of 2n \times 2n size. The technique finds a set of field eigenvectors for each layer. Using G , a method of moments numerical solution for radiation characteristics of probe fed patch(es) can be had in the spectral domain employing, for example, a zero reaction method. Variation of real frequencies of the driving probe fed signal is allowed by that approach. Those workers desirous of radiator or resonator fields and frequency behavior at only selected resonant frequencies can use G to derive a matrix S_{X} given here. Setting the determinant of S_{X} equal to zero yields complex resonant frequency solutions, and the field solutions as a consequence to the nonprobe fed or free standing patch structure. The method is very versatile and can handle a large class of microwave or millimeter wave integrated circuit or monolithic circuit problems, no matter how simple or complex as long as they possess planar layers.
Chronic Microcytic Anemia and Jaundice in a 36-Year-Old Male of Burmese Descent

### Patient: A 36-year-old male of Burmese descent. ### Chief Complaint: Anemia and jaundice. ### History of Present Illness: At the time of presentation, the patient was a recent immigrant from Burma who wished to establish care with an American physician. He had been chronically jaundiced and anemic since childhood, with multiple episodes of severe anemia requiring transfusion. He reported receiving more than 30 units of blood prior to age 17. ### Past Medical History: The patient contracted hepatitis C secondary to blood transfusions he received in Burma. Folic acid was his only medication. He has no history of tobacco or alcohol abuse. ### Family History: The patient is married with 1 child and works as an accountant. His mother and 1 sister both have thalassemia, although they are not as severely affected as he is. His father and 3 brothers have no known hematologic disorders. ### Physical Examination: Upon presentation, the patient was a well-nourished, well-developed male appearing jaundiced. Non-tender splenomegaly was noted extending to the level of the umbilicus. There were no other abnormal findings on physical examination. The following vital signs were recorded: blood pressure, 130/75 mm Hg; pulse, 72; and respiration rate, 16. ### Principal Laboratory Findings: Table 1 and Images 1–2. ### Additional Diagnostic Tests: Hemoglobin (Hb) analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results are shown in Figure 1. 1. What are the most significant clinical and laboratory findings? 2. How do you explain these findings? 3. What is the differential diagnosis for these findings? 4. What laboratory tests are routinely used to distinguish between the possible causes for this patient’s condition? 5. How would you confirm the diagnosis? 6. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? 7. What is the genetic basis of this disease? 8. Why is this patient’s presentation more severe than the rest of his family? 9. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s disease? 10. Is genetic counseling recommended for this disease? 1. The most significant clinical findings …
Endothelin-elicited stimulation of phospholipase C is mediated by guanine nucleotide binding protein(s).

Abstract In permeabilized C6 glioma cells and NIH 3T3 cells, the peptide endothelin 1 (ET-1) in combination with GTPγS stimulates the formation of inositol phosphates. In the presence of 10 μM GTPγS, ET-1 induces the formation of inositol phosphates with an EC 50 value of 2.5 nM for C6 glioma cells and 1.6 nM for NIH 3T3 cells. The analogous peptide endothelin 3 (ET-3) is less potent than ET-1 in such action. In NIH 3T3 cells, ET-1 + GTPγS-induced formation of inositol phosphates could be detected after 1 min of stimulation, and it increased for up to 30 min. ET-1-induced effects were partially reduced by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (1 μg/ml) in C6 glioma cells, but were unaffected in NIH 3T3 cells. In binding studies in whole C6 cells and NIH 3T3 cells, specific binding for [ 125 I]ET-1 was detected. Cross-linking of [ 125 I]ET-1 in whole C6 cells revealed the presence of two binding proteins for ET-1 of 74 kDa and 55 kDa. ET-1 at 100 nM inhibited the labeling of both proteins by [ 125 I]ET-1. However, ET-3 inhibited the labeling of the 55 kDa protein only. The results provide direct evidence for endothelin receptor coupling to phospholipase C through guanine nucleotide binding (G) proteins. In addition, in C6 cells, endothelin-mediated phospholipase C activation is partially inhibited by pertussis toxin pretreatment. The endothelin receptor involved in phospholipase C stimulation in C6 cells seems to correspond to a 74 kDa protein which binds ET-1 but not ET-3.
Composition and origin of basaltic glass spherules in pelagic clay from the eastern Pacific

Abstract Lower Miocene basaltic glass spherules from DSDP Site 32 pelagic sediments in the eastern Pacific are compositionally diverse, and new analyses and interpretations have been added to those of earlier workers. The spherules are of titanian ferrobasalt which is compositionally similar to highly evolved abyssal basalts and to some oceanic island eruptives, and they were most likely shaped during intense lava fountaining during a number of separate eruptions. These eruptions tapped distinct but related magma batches in terms, for example, of distinctively high TiO2 and FeO∗ contents. Their age overlaps that of some of the eruptions of the Columbia River Plateau Basalts, but they are compositionally distinct from most of the latter basalts. Although about 15 m.y. old, they show little alteration. The low chlorine and sulfur contents compared to those of abyssal ferrobasalts are consistent with degassing prior to quenching during subaerial eruptions, and rule out production of the spherules by submarine fountaining. Lava fountaining alone is insufficient to account for the distance of about 100 km from even the closest possible seamount source. Instead, large phreatomagmatic eruption columns reaching at least 15 km and including lava fountaining immediately after the initial explosion are required. Alternatively, and deemed less likely, is their deposition by turbidites derived from Pioneer Seamount.
Attractors with the symmetry of the {$n$}-cube

Equivariant polynomial functions with the symmetries of the n-cube are completely determined in terms of permutations of exponents. Strategiesfor random searchesof linear combinations of these functions are described and used to generate interestingexamples of attractors. These attractors have symmetries that are an admissible subgroup of the symmetries of the square, cube and 4-cube. A central projection ofthe 4-cube with partial inversion is used for the illustrations of attractors in four dimensions.
The Convergence of V-Cycle Multigrid Algorithms for Axisymmetric Laplace and Maxwell Equations

We investigate some simple finite element discretizations for the axisymmetric Laplace equation and the azimuthal component of the axisymmetric Maxwell equations as well as multigrid algorithms for these discretizations. Our analysis is targeted at simple model problems and our main result is that the standard V-cycle with point smoothing converges at a rate independent of the number of unknowns. This is contrary to suggestions in the existing literature that line relaxations and semicoarsening are needed in multigrid algorithms to overcome difficulties caused by the singularities in the axisymmetric Maxwell problems. Our multigrid analysis proceeds by applying the well known regularity based multigrid theory. In order to apply this theory, we prove regularity results for the axisymmetric Laplace and Maxwell equations in certain weighted Sobolev spaces. These, together with some new finite element error estimates in certain weighted Sobolev norms, are the main ingredients of our analysis.
RNA Polymerase II-associated Protein (RAP) 74 Binds Transcription Factor (TF) IIB and Blocks TFIIB-RAP30 Binding

A set of deletion mutants of human RNA polymerase II-associated protein (RAP) 30, the small subunit of transcription factor IIF (TFIIF; RAP30/74), was constructed to map functional domains. Mutants were tested for accurate transcriptional activity, RAP74 binding, and TFIIB binding. Transcription assays indicate the importance of both N- and C-terminal sequences for RAP30 function. RAP74 binds to the N-terminal region of RAP30 between amino acids 1 and 98. TFIIB binds to an overlapping region of RAP30, localized to amino acids 1-176 (amino acids 27-152 comprise a minimal binding region). The C-terminal region of RAP74 (amino acids 358-517) binds directly and independently to TFIIB. Interestingly, RAP74 blocks TFIIB-RAP30 binding, both by binding TFIIB and by binding RAP30. When the TFIIF complex is intact, therefore, TFIIB-TFIIF contact is maintained through RAP74. If the TFIIB-RAP30 interaction is physiologically important, the TFIIF complex must dissociate within some transcription complexes.
A computational study of metastability in vapor—liquid equilibrium

Abstract Computer simulations are ideally suited to study systems under arbitrary constraints; hence they are useful for the investigation of metastability. Different types of constraints were applied to the three-dimensional Lennard—Jones fluid in the vapor—liquid coexistence region. Constraining the magnitude of allowed density fluctuations (restricted ensemble) has little effect on the equation of state and on phase equilibrium predictions for reduced temperatures lower than 0.95. Thermodynamic integrations along constrained and unstable paths are in good agreement with chemical potential calculations, indicating that imposing the density constraint does not violate microscopic reversibility. Restricted ensemble calculations were also used to calculate the width of the transition region where the mechanism of phase separation in the superheated liquid changes from nucleation to spinodal decomposition. The width of this region decreases as the temperature is reduced away from criticality. Free energy barriers to isotropic compression were used to determine the width of the transition region from nucleation to spinodal decomposition in the supercooled vapor. This transition region also becomes narrower as the distance from the critical point increases. The pressure of the deeply superheated liquid was found to be sensitive to the maximum size of voids that are allowed to form.
A typology of low-literate adults based on perceptions of deterrents to participation in adult basic education

The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive way to view systematic differences in groups of low-literate adults through the creation of a typology based on deterrents to participation in adult basic education. Information about such deterrents, obtained from 160 low-literate adult basic education students with the Deterrents to Participation Scale - Form LL, was used as the data base for the research. Through the use of disjoint cluster analysis, six types of low literate adults were identified according to their scores on five deterrent factors. The typology provides a basis for the development of strategies and programs to meet the needs of specific subgroups of the low-literate population in adult basic education.
LABELING CARBOHYDRATES BY EXPOSURE TO ENERGETIC TRITIUM ATOMS.

Bombardments with energetic tritium atoms were used to prepare non- specifically labeled carbohydrates. A hotfilament suspended approximately 1.5 cm from the carbohydrate surface (at 77 deg K) was used to atomize T/sub 2/ at pressures of 0.001 to 0.003 mm. Products were purified by recrystallization or paper chromatography. Measurements of the specific activities of the purified carbohydrates inlicated that 500 to 900 mu C of tritium was incorporated in 100 mg of the bombarded carbohydrates at non-labile positions during 30 minute reactions. (auth)
Access to care for children with emotional/behavioral difficulties

Emotional/behavioral difficulties (EBDs) are increasingly diagnosed in children, constituting some of the most common chronic childhood conditions. Left untreated, EBDs pose long-term individual and population-level consequences. There is a growing evidence of disparities in EBD prevalence by various demographic characteristics. This article builds on this research by examining disparities in access to medical care for children with EBD. From 2008 to 2011, using data from the US National Health Interview Survey (N = 31,631) on sample children aged 4–17, we investigate (1) whether having EBD affects access to care (modeled as delayed care due to cost and difficulty making an appointment) and (2) the role demographic characteristics, health insurance coverage, and frequency of service use play in access to care for children with EBD. Results indicate that children with EBD experience issues in accessing care at more than twice the rate of children without EBD, even though they are less likely to be uninsure...
EuAgxAl11−x with the BaHg11-Type Structure: Composition, Coloring, and Competition with the BaCd11-Type Structure

EuAgxAl11−x phases adopting the BaHg11-type structure (space group Pm3m, Z = 3) were synthesized with high yield by arc melting a mixture loaded as “EuAg3.5Al7.5” and annealing at 500 °C for 40 days. This phase has a very narrow phase width around EuAg4.0Al7.0; and it is unstable at 600 and 700 °C, at which it transforms into other phases. Magnetometry indicates that Eu is divalent, which gives the valence electron concentration per Ag/Al atom as 2.45 e−/atom, higher than in the BaCd11-type phases in the Eu−Ag−Al system (2.10−2.30 e−/atom). First principles electronic structure calculations, using a computational model structure built by simulating the crystallographic results as well as maximizing the number of heteroatomic (Ag−Al) contacts, can explain why the cubic BaHg11-type structure is favored at higher valence electron concentration than the tetragonal BaCd11-type structure.
Pathogenesis-related gene expression in rice is correlated with developmentally controlled Xa21-mediated resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Disease resistance mediated by the resistance gene Xa21 is developmentally controlled in rice. We examined the relationship between Pathogenesis Related (PR) defense gene expression and Xa21-mediated developmental disease resistance induced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). OsPR1a, OsPR1b, and OsPR1c genes were cloned and their induction was analyzed, in addition to the OsPR10a gene, at the juvenile and adult stages in response to a wildtype Xoo strain that induces a resistance response (incompatible interaction) and an isogenic mutant Xoo strain that does not (compatible interaction). We found that the adult stage leaves are more competent to express these OsPR1 genes and that the Xa21 locus is required for the highest levels of induction. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Setting Safety-Stock Targets at Intel in the Presence of Forecast Bias

Inventory target setting within Intel's embedded devices group historically consisted of management-determined inventory targets that were uniformly applied across product families. Achieving and maintaining these inventory targets at the individual product level proved to be a difficult task. To better align inventory resources and improve customer-service levels, Intel employed a multiechelon inventory optimization (MEIO) model to set inventory targets. However, the company could not implement the model's initial recommendations because of the presence of bias in the sales forecast data. Managing the forecast bias by directly modifying the raw sales forecast data was not an option because Sales and Marketing controlled and loaded the data into the manufacturing resource planning (MRP) system before the planning organization received it. Therefore, the average forecast demand, with its bias present, was already in the system; the only adjustment that the planning organization could make was to change the inventory target. This paper describes the inventory optimization problem in Intel's embedded devices group and the adjustment procedure that we developed to produce appropriate inventory targets in the presence of forecast bias.
An integrated architecture for signal validation in power plants

The architecture of a comprehensive signal validation system (SVS), which integrates various signal processing modules, is described. The architecture of the SVS consists of several parallel signal processing modules, with each module operating independently. The functional coordination of the modules and the decision about the overall signal status are performed by a system executive. The various techniques have been tested using pressurized water reactor plant operational data. The diversity of the modules increases the reliability of the decision about the validity of measurements. >
Effects of prostaglandin E2 on bone formation in cultured fetal rat calvariae: role of insulin-like growth factor-I.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can stimulate collagen synthesis in bone at low concentrations or in the presence of cortisol. Moreover, cortisol inhibits and PGE2 stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in cultured osteoblastic cells. Therefore, we examined the role of IGF-I in the response to PGE2. In 96-h fetal rat calvarial organ cultures, PGE2 increased, and cortisol and indomethacin decreased the medium IGF-I concentration, suggesting that both exogenous and endogenous PGs regulate IGF-I production. In the presence of cortisol, the stimulatory effects of PGE2 on medium IGF-I and incorporation of [3H] proline into collagenase-digestible protein were highly correlated (r = 0.95). When exogenous IGF-I (30 nM) was added, the stimulatory effect of PGE2 was abrogated in the absence, but not the presence, of cortisol. When we added IGF-binding proteins, which blocked the effects of IGF-I and IGF-II, collagenase-digestible protein labeling was decreased in control and cortisol-treated cultur...