cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planned Cardiac Reexploration in the Intensive Care Unit Is a Safe Procedure

Background Cardiac surgical reexploration is necessary in approximately 5% of all patients. However, the impact of routine, planned reexploration performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains poorly defined. This study evaluated postoperative outcomes after cardiac reexplorations to determine the safety and efficacy of a planned approach in the ICU. Methods All patients undergoing ICU cardiac reexplorations (2000 to2011) at a single institution were stratified according to a routine, planned ICU approach to reexploration (planned) versus unplanned ICU or operating room reexploration. Patient risk and outcomes were compared by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results 8,151 total patients underwent cardiac operations, including 267 (3.2%) reexplorations (planned ICU = 75% and unplanned ICU = 18%). Among planned ICU reexplorations, 38% of patients had an identifiable surgical bleeding source, and 60% underwent reexploration less than 12 hours after the index procedure. Unplanned ICU reexplorations had a higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted mortality (5% vs 3%, p p p = 0.81). Furthermore, upon STS mortality risk adjustment, unplanned ICU reexplorations were associated with significantly increased odds of mortality (OR = 26.6 [7.1, 99.7], p Conclusions Planned reexploration in the ICU is a safe procedure with acceptable mortality and morbidity and low infection rates. Unplanned reexplorations, however, increase postoperative risk and are associated with high mortality and morbidity. These data argue for coordinated, routine approaches to planned ICU reexploration to avoid delay in treatment for postoperative hemorrhage.
Modeling the Contribution of Accident Investigation to Aircraft Safety

Although accident investigation has significantly contributed to safety and reliability improvement of airplanes over decades, its contribution has not been quantified and compared to that of other safety measures. In this paper, a cost effectiveness measure is proposed in terms of the cost and the number of likely future accidents in similar aircraft which could potentially be prevented by the investigation. We concluded that a crucial role of an investigation is to distinguish accidents caused by errors (such as failure to consider a failure mode) a rare combination of circumstances, such as an extremely strong gust hitting a damaged plane on its way to the repair depot. Errors are common to a large number of airplanes and the same accident is likely to happen to other airplanes, while a rare event is unlikely to happen again. We first analyzed past accidents in order to shed light on a key factor—the probability of reoccurrence of an accident. Then, we introduced a concept of cost effectiveness measurement, cost per life saved, and threshold of cost effectiveness. Past accidents with different types of cause were selected as examples, and we examined how the probability of reoccurrence affects cost effectiveness. Finally, we performed a comparison in cost effectiveness between accident investigation and structural design change intended to reduce the probability of failure due to fatigue of a fuselage panel. We found that for the example the safety improvement implemented by the accident investigation was clearly more cost effective.
Brand Choices and Periodic Sales As Substitute Instruments for Monopoly Price Discrimination

Carrying multiple brands and holding periodic sales are two common marketing strategies for sellers with market power. One puzzle is that sellers often employ diverse strategies in terms of using these two tools. This paper offers an explanation to this puzzle by providing a simple framework to analyze a monopoly seller's optimal marketing strategy in terms of carrying multiple brands and holding periodic sales. Few prior studies have examined contemporaneous and intertemporal price discrimination together and none establish the inherent substitutability between quality and intertemporal instruments of price discrimination demonstrated in this paper. We also analyze the factors that affect a seller's choice between contemporaneous and intertemporal price discrimination and show how different combinations of the two pricing instruments can be optimal under alternative market conditions. We show that selling strategies are more likely to involve carrying brands only when there is a narrow product quality range and/or limited consumer heterogeneity. Otherwise, the selling strategies are likely to involve both carrying brands and holding sales. We also find that a seller may, surprisingly, increase the total number of offers when it becomes more costly to carry brands or hold sales if there is decreasing marginal cost of the alternative selling tool.
Role of zinc during hamster sperm capacitation.

Zinc stabilizes somatic cell membranes and DNA, inhibits respiration, is present in high concentrations in the male reproductive tract, and may stabilize sperm during storage and ejaculation. Zinc removal from sperm may be necessary to prepare sperm for fertilization (capacitation). Incubation with Zn 2+ chelators, e.g., D-penicillamine, can capacitate hamster sperm (Andrews and Bavister, Gamete Res 1989; 23:159-70). In the present study, the Zn2+-specific fluorochrome N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ) and the vital stain propidium iodide were used to assess the zinc content of live hamster sperm with flow cytometry before and after capacitation. Capacitation was monitored with a salt-stored zona pellucida penetration assay or the occurrence of spontaneous or induced (with lysophosphatidylcholine) acrosome reactions. The effect of added zinc on sperm capacitation was also evaluated. Image Analysis was used to determine the subcellular location of zinc (TSQ fluorescence) and atomic absorption to determine whether the total zinc content of sperm changes during capacitation. Sperm incubated under non-capacitating conditions had high TSQ fluorescence and could not penetrate zonae pellucidae. Sperm incubated under capacitating conditions (plus BSA or D-penicillamine) were zinc-depleted (low fluorescence) and penetrated 90% or 78% of zonae, respectively. Image analysis showed a significant reduction in zinc in the acrosomal region during capacitation with BSA, but this did not correlate with the occurrence of spontaneous acrosome reactions. The atomic absorption data showed that the total zinc content of sperm was reduced by 44% or 40% when sperm were incubated under capacitating conditions (BSA or D-penicillamine, respectively). Zona pellucida penetration was completely inhibited when zinc was present throughout the capacitation period but not when it was added at the end of incubation. These data indicate that removal of zinc from hamster sperm is correlated with capacitation and may play a key regulatory role in this process.
Labor Policy for Economic Stability

FOR OVER A CENTURY from 1820 to 1930, the best statistics available indicate that the real wages of American workers, measured in goods and services, rose markedly. There were setbacks during periods of inflation and of depression; but the general trend was definitely upward. Real wages rose at an average rate of about one per cent per year from 1900 to 1926 during a quarter of a century in which trade unionism was stronger than in the nineteenth century but much weaker than it has been since 1937. The total union membership increased from less than 900,000 in 1900 to about 3,500,000 in 1926. From 1939 to 1950, the cost of living increased about 74 per cent while the weekly wages of workers in our manufacturing industries rose from $23.86 to $59.33, or approximately 150 per cent. During the same period, the weekly wages paid to steelworkers employed by the United States Steel Corporation increased from $31.59 to $69.10; and the weekly earnings of bituminous coal miners reached $70.35 in 1950 and $81.61 in 1951. Real wages in the manufacturing industries of the nation increased nearly 43 per cent in the period 1939-1950. No account is taken of a variety of "fringe" benefits-social security benefits, private pension programs financed wholly or in part by the employer, vacation pay, etc. In 1939, fringe benefits were few and not important; in 1951, it has been estimated, for every dollar paid out in wages, manufacturing concerns paid 16.4 cents in fringe benefits. Consequently, real wages actually increased, 1939-1950, materially more than is indicated by the weekly wage figures. From the time of the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935 to 1952, the total membership of American unions rose from 4,000,000 to 16,000,000. Also, a typical large union such as the steelworkers or the coal miners, now includes nearly all of the workers in the particular industry. During the same period, marvelous increases in technological and managerial efficiency took place. Big labor, huge corporations, and a powerful federal government began playing leading roles in industry. Productive capacity and performance have increased rapidly since 1939 and powerful unions have been instrumental in forcing the payment of higher and higher money wages. By the end of the period, wages and salaries including an allow-
The Historiography of the German Reformation During the Past Twenty Years

There are some historical fields which generations of scholars have plowed with special care and thoroughness. The Reformation is one of them. A survey of such labor is quite difficult, particularly if it is to be given within a limited space. I have therefore decided to confine myself in the following investigation of Reformation scholarship to the products of the last twenty years. It will be my purpose to record the chief contributions to historical knowledge and to evaluate the main interests which they reflect.
Mental health care guidelines for culturally diverse communities.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USACultural competence improves nursing care to all patients regardl...
Alice Bennett, M.D., Ph.D.: A Woman of Firsts

The 19th century witnessed the proliferation of asylums and awareness that femalepatientsmight best be treated by female doctors. TheWoman’s (originally Female)Medical College of Pennsylvania had been graduating female physicians since before theCivilWar.Dr.HiramCorson, a leadingMontgomery County physician, was eager to see them employed in mental asylums.AliceBennett, a schoolteacher fromWrentham,Mass., obtained her degree from the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1876. She enrolled in the auxiliary school at the University of Pennsylvania to study anatomy. Meanwhile, she offeredcare topoorwomen inPhiladelphia and taught anatomy at the Woman’s Medical College. In 1880, she became the first woman to receive a doctoral degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Bennett was surprised when Dr. Corson offered her a position as resident physician (essentially medical superintendent) at the women’s department of the new asylum in Norristown in 1880. She accepted andbecame thefirstwoman in America to assume psychiatric leadership; others soon followed.While learning on the job during her 16-year tenure, Dr. Bennett developed a reputation for the humane care of patients, for the nonuse of restraints, and for explainingwomen’s abnormal behavior in legal cases. Her testimony in the 1888 trial of triplemurderer SarahWhitelingwas an early, if not the first, appearance of a female physician applying psychiatry to the law. Already prominent in Pennsylvania medicine, in 1889 Dr. Bennett set out to attend the meeting of the state medical society inPittsburghwhen sheheard the announcement of the Johnstown Flood. The probability of widespread psychological effectspropelledher intoaction,as shemadeherway to the disaster scene, seeking women in distress. In effect, she was a psychiatric first responder to a disaster, and she was cited accordingly by Cambria County. EndorsedagainbyDr.Corson,Dr.Bennett became thefirst female president of a medical society (Montgomery County) in 1890. Dr. Corson was so devoted to Dr. Bennett and to the promotion of women in medicine that he arranged for Thomas Hovenden to paint her portrait (shown here). Disenchanted with scrutiny of her participation in ovariectomy for some psychiatric conditions, she resigned from the asylum in 1896. The coda to her psychiatric career was her position as personal physician to the mentally ill daughter of industrialist CyrusMcCormick for 4 years. After disappearing from medical practice until 1910, Dr. Bennett reemerged in New York City, where she delivered over 2,000 babies at the Blackwells’NewYork Infirmary forWomenandChildrenuntil her death in 1925.
Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Oil Shale Evaluation and Processing

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is playing an increasing role in the characterization of the organic constituents of fossil fuels. The NMR techniques that currently are being applied to fossil fuel characterization utilize both the 1H and 13C nuclides and can be conveniently divided into those that apply to liquid and those that apply to solid samples. For coals and oil shales, only a small fraction of the organic material can be extracted under the mild conditions that would be expected to retain the primary structural integrity of the organic material. Therefore NMR techniques usually applied to liquids are not applicable to these solid materials; instead NMR techniques developed for solid materials must be applied.
Exploring the Link between Online Behaviours and Course Performance in Asynchronous Online High School Courses

As enrolment in online courses has grown and LMS data has become accessible for analysis, researchers have begun to examine the link between in-course behaviours and course outcomes. This paper explores the use of readily available LMS data generated by approximately 700 students enrolled in the 12 online courses offered by Pamoja Education, the course provider for the International Baccalaureate, in 2012–2013. The findings suggest that LMS data sets can indeed provide useful information on the relationship between online behaviours and final grades; that higher levels of online behaviours are associated with higher performance; that two types of behaviour, one associated with attendance and the other associated with interactivity, operate separately; and that these two types of behaviour function differently depending on gender.
Incidence of Cloudy Reactions in Agglutination Tests for Salmonella Pullorum Infection

In 1899, Rettger' isolated the causative agent of bacillary white diarrhea of chicks, Salmonella pullorum, or Bacterium pullorum, as it was formerly designated. Rettger and Stoneburn 2 in 1909 determined that the original source of the infection is the hen, that the organism is contained in the yolks of eggs from infected hens, and that chicks produced from infected eggs may have the disease when hatched. These findings served to focus attention on the carrier problem, and Jones 3 adapted the agglutination test to the identification of adult birds infected with Salmonella pullorum. Since that time large numbers of birds have been tested in various states of this country in an effort toward the suppression of bacillary white diarrhea. One of the difficulties encountered early in use of the agglutination test for detecting S. pullorum infection was that a nonspecific precipitation frequently appeared when chicken serum was added to the test fluid, and interfered with a proper reading of the results of the test. This nonspecific precipitation has been spoken of in the literature as a "cloudy reaction," which for want of a more convenient term will also be used in this paper. The study here presented relates to the incidence of the cloudy reaction and is a partial report of an investigation aimed at finding the cause of, and a means of inhibiting such nonspecific precipitations. The nonspecific reaction known as the "cloudy reaction" presents considerable variability in the modifications of the test fluid which may be encountered. Essentially this reaction consists of a nonspecific precipitation. The precipitating material may manifest itself in floccules floating at the surface, by being in suspension throughout the medium, by forming a flocculent sediment at the bottom of the tube, by being in a minutely divided and evenly dispersed state throughout the medium, or by appearing as some combination of these states; these states probably are all manifestations of the same phenomenon differing only in the degree of aggregation or dispersion of the precipitates. A floating precipitate will commonly settle out when the equilibrium is disturbed as by jarring. The precipitate may begin to settle down in the form of long strands or as floccules of variable size. A diffuse clouding probably is due to a dispersion of extremely minute particles of the precipitate in the test fluid. All diffuse increases in turbidity of the agglutination antigen as well as all flaky precipitations varying distinctly from clumping and settling of organisms as in the true agglutination reaction are here regarded as instances of the cloudy reaction.
Volutella Buxi and Verticillium Buxi

Culture experiments have proved that, as Juel first reported, Volutella Buxi and Verticillium Buxi are distinct species. Attention is called to a number of exsiccati specimens variously distributed...
Simulation-Based Design for Wearable Robotic Systems: An Optimization Framework for Enhancing a Standing Long Jump.

Goal: Technologies that augment human performance are the focus of intensive research and development, driven by advances in wearable robotic systems. Success has been limited by the challenge of understanding human-robot interaction. To address this challenge, we developed an optimization framework to synthesize a realistic human standing long jump and used the framework to explore how simulated wearable robotic devices might enhance jump performance. Methods: A planar, five-segment, seven-degree-of-freedom model with physiological torque actuators, which have variable torque capacity depending on joint position and velocity, was used to represent human musculoskeletal dynamics. An active augmentation device was modeled as a torque actuator that could apply a single pulse of up to 100 Nm of extension torque. A passive design was modeled as rotational springs about each lower limb joint. Dynamic optimization searched for physiological and device actuation patterns to maximize jump distance. Results: Optimization of the nominal case yielded a 2.27 m jump that captured salient kinematic and kinetic features of human jumps. When the active device was added to the ankle, knee, or hip, jump distance increased to between 2.49 and 2.52 m. Active augmentation of all three joints increased the jump distance to 3.10 m. The passive design increased jump distance to 3.32 m by adding torques of 135, 365, and 297 Nm to the ankle, knee, and hip, respectively. Conclusion: Dynamic optimization can be used to simulate a standing long jump and investigate human-robot interaction. Significance: Simulation can aid in the design of performance-enhancing technologies.
Clinical experience with the amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. II. The L-S ratio in "stressed pregnancies".

Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were measured in 81 amniotic fluid specimens obtained from 41 patients with “stressed pregnancies” as evidenced by chronically low (< 2 S.D.) 24 hour urinary estriol excretion. Fourteen of the patients studied also had a positive oxytocin challenge test. The results suggest that, on the average, fetal pulmonary maturity as evaluated by L/S ratios is not accelerated in “stressed pregnancies.”
A Snapshot of the Depiction of Electronic Cigarettes in YouTube Videos.

Objective To assess the depiction of e-cigarettes in YouTube videos. Methods The sample (N = 63) was selected from the top 20 search results for "electronic cigarette," and "e-cig" with each term searched twice by the filters "Relevance" and "View Count." Data collected included title, length, number of views, "likes," "dislikes," comments, and inferred demographics of individuals appearing in the videos. Results Seventy-six percent of videos included at least one man, 62% included a Caucasian, and 50% included at least one young individual. Video content connotation was coded as positive (76%), neutral (18%), or negative (6%). Videos were categorized as advertisement (33%), instructional (17%), news clip (19%), product review (13%), entertainment (11%), public health (3%), and personal testimonial (3%). Conclusion Most e-cigarette YouTube videos are non-traditional or covert advertisements featuring young Caucasian men.
Environmental-aware heterogeneous partial feedback design in a multiuser OFDMA system

We propose a heterogeneous feedback design method which adapts users' feedback resources to their frequency domain channel statistics. We analytically demonstrate the potential of this environmental-aware feedback design in a multiuser OFDMA scheduling framework employing the best-M partial feedback strategy. We derive an expression for the average spectral efficiency of the system, and utilize suitable approximations to obtain the minimum heterogeneous partial feedback required for minimal degradation in performance compared to a scheme using full feedback. Our heterogeneous feedback design is shown to outperform the traditional homogeneous one under a fixed feedback resource constraint.
Predicting parent health-related quality of life: evaluating conceptual models

Purpose Parents of children with chronic illnesses are at risk for poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with numerous identified risk factors, but the most informative statistical model considering their combined impact is unclear. The authors conceptualized risk for poor HRQoL using a summed model, comprehensive multivariate model, and latent profile analysis (LPA).
Optimal Charging Paths of Wireless Electricity in Wireless Sensor Networks: Fully Charging with One External Stationary Energy Source

Due to the limited battery power of each sensor in wireless sensor networks (WSN), energy efficiency has been considered seriously as one of the most important factors in designing WSN protocols. Thus, many WSN protocols often sacrifice performance to minimize energy consumption. To mitigate the energy restriction, this paper proposes a wireless electricity (witricity) charging protocol in a WSN with minimizing energy loss of the wireless electricity charging and maximizing a network lifetime of a WSN. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to integrate witricity technology to a WSN with minimizing energy leakage and maximizing network lifetime. Among many different witricity charging models for WSNs, this paper focuses on a fully charging protocol with one external stationary energy source for a stationary wireless sensor network. In a stationary wireless sensor network, sensors are not mobile once they are initially deployed.
Inhibition Mechanism of an Anti-CRISPR Suppressor AcrIIA4 Targeting SpyCas9.

Prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems utilize sequence-specific RNA-guided endonucleases to defend against infection by viruses, bacteriophages, and mobile elements, while these foreign genetic elements evolve diverse anti-CRISPR proteins to overcome the CRISPR-Cas-mediated defense of the host. Recently, AcrIIA2 and AcrIIA4, encoded by Listeria monocytogene prophages, were shown to block the endonuclease activity of type II-A Streptococcus pyogene Cas9 (SpyCas9). We now report the crystal structure of AcrIIA4 in complex with single-guide RNA-bound SpyCas9, thereby establishing that AcrIIA4 preferentially targets critical residues essential for PAM duplex recognition, as well as blocks target DNA access to key catalytic residues lining the RuvC pocket. These structural insights, validated by biochemical assays on key mutants, demonstrate that AcrIIA4 competitively occupies both PAM-interacting and non-target DNA strand cleavage catalytic pockets. Our studies provide insights into anti-CRISPR-mediated suppression mechanisms for inactivating SpyCas9, thereby broadening the applicability of CRISPR-Cas regulatory tools for genome editing.
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Radiogenomics Map Identifies Relationships between Molecular and Imaging Phenotypes with Prognostic Implications

Our study presented a radiogenomics map of non–small cell lung cancer that linked image phenotypes with ribonucleic acid signatures captured by metagenes and showed their association with molecular pathways.
Elastic Sinusoidal Wavy Surface Contact Under Full Stick Conditions

A purely normal contact problem of an elastic half-space with a three-dimensional periodic sinusoidal wavy surface and a rigid flat under the full stick condition is studied. The contacting points from mating surfaces have zero relative tangential displacement under the full stick condition. The scope of this study is restricted to a special case where the entire contact interface is in contact (referred to as complete contact) under the full stick condition. Complete contact is defined as when there are no gaps remaining between the surfaces. The corresponding state of stress of the half-space is derived analytically. According to the state of stress, we find (1) an analytical solution for the average pressure required to cause complete contact, (2) the location of the global maxima of the von Mises stress and (3) the critical magnitude of the waviness amplitude below which the plastic yielding of the half-space will never occur before the initiation of complete contact. The results are also compared with the solution under the perfect slip condition. We find that the location of the maximum von Mises stress may occur either on the contact interface or beneath it depending on the value of Poisson’s ratio.
A mouse anti-myostatin antibody increases muscle mass and improves muscle strength and contractility in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its humanized equivalent, domagrozumab (PF-06252616), increases muscle volume in cynomolgus monkeys.

The treatments currently approved for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a progressive skeletal muscle wasting disease, address the needs of only a small proportion of patients resulting in an urgent need for therapies that benefit all patients regardless of the underlying mutation. Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of ligands and is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Loss of myostatin has been shown to increase muscle mass and improve muscle function in both normal and dystrophic mice. Therefore, myostatin blockade via a specific antibody could ameliorate the muscle weakness in DMD patients by increasing skeletal muscle mass and function, thereby reducing patients’ functional decline. A murine anti-myostatin antibody, mRK35, and its humanized analog, domagrozumab, were developed and their ability to inhibit several TGB-β ligands was measured using a cell-based Smad-activity reporter system. Normal and mdx mice were treated with mRK35 to examine the antibody’s effect on body weight, lean mass, muscle weights, grip strength, ex vivo force production, and fiber size. The humanized analog (domagrozumab) was tested in non-human primates (NHPs) for changes in skeletal muscle mass and volume as well as target engagement via modulation of circulating myostatin. Both the murine and human antibodies are specific and potent inhibitors of myostatin and GDF11. mRK35 is able to increase body weight, lean mass, and muscle weights in normal mice. In mdx mice, mRK35 significantly increased body weight, muscle weights, grip strength, and ex vivo force production in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Further, tibialis anterior (TA) fiber size was significantly increased. NHPs treated with domagrozumab demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in lean mass and muscle volume and exhibited increased circulating levels of myostatin demonstrating target engagement. We demonstrated that the potent anti-myostatin antibody mRK35 and its clinical analog, domagrozumab, were able to induce muscle anabolic activity in both rodents, including the mdx mouse model of DMD, and non-human primates. A Phase 2, potentially registrational, clinical study with domagrozumab in DMD patients is currently underway.
Effect of Dissolved Sulphur on the Surface Tension of Liquid Copper

The effect of dissolved sulphur on the surface tension of liquid copper has been measured bya sessile-drop method at 1120°C. Sulphur is highly “surface active” in liquid copper; the surface tension lowering is about 650 dynes per cm for a sulphur content of 0.6 pct. The degree of adsorption of sulphur on the liquid copper surface has been calculated, and various models of the surface layer have been tested against the results.
Thrombopoietin: tickling the HSC's fancy

Thrombopoietin (THPO) has been well characterized as a key regulator of platelet production. THPO also plays an important role in the maintenance and regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine , Pecci et al (2017) describe a newly identified homozygous mutation in THPO causing congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, a disease characterized by a significant impairment in platelet production with rapid onset of aplastic anemia within a few years. The paper nicely investigates the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this disease. Importantly, this study, in tandem with other recent ones, shows that this rare genetic form of aplastic anemia is treatable with THPO receptor agonists, emphasizing the paramount role of genetic testing in cases of aplastic anemia and other bone marrow failure disorders. This report also refines our understanding of the role of THPO in human HSC function and illustrates the important biological insight that can be gained through studies of such rare genetic disorders.
Secure intra-vehicular communication over CANFD

Recent documented remote hijacking attacks on vehicles have created a need for improving on-board vehicular network security. Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in a vehicle are resource constrained devices that are connected using network standard such as Controller Area Network (CAN). In our work, we demonstrate threat models of CANBus, and propose a secure and trusted framework that implements lightweight hardware based authentication and secure key exchange for enhanced security over the insecure CANFD standard. The scheme integrates a hardware based code isolation using Trusted Execution Environment that further restricts the access to crypto IPs and resources at the time of device or network compromise. The paper discusses the overhead, performance and security analysis of our proposed framework.
Examination of American Indian/Alaska Native School Discipline Disproportionality Using the Vulnerable Decision Points Approach.

The present study examined the extent to which racial disproportionality in office discipline referrals (ODRs) exists between American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White students in elementary (...
Modeling Fuzzy Information in the EER and Nested Relational Database Models

A major goal for database research has been the incorporation of additional semantics into database models. It is recognized that the relational database model has semantic and structured drawbacks when it comes to modeling some emerging applications such as computer aided design (CAD), geographical information systems (GIS), and artificial intelligence. In response to this problem, some attempts to relax the first normal form (1NF) limitation, which is the most fundamental normalization constraint in the relational databases, are made and one kind of data model, called non-first normal (or nested) relational database model, has been introduced. In common sense, the nested relational database model means that attribute values in the relational instances are either atomic or set-valued and even relations themselves. In addition, the next generation of database models takes the form of rich data models such as the object-oriented database model and the semantic (conceptual) data models. In real world applications, information is often vague or ambiguous. Therefore, different kinds of imperfect information have been extensively introduced into relational databases [8, 18, 25, 26]. However, the classical relational database model and its extensions with imprecision and uncertainty does not satisfy the need of modeling complex objects with imprecise and uncertain information. So, many researches have concentrated on conceptual data models [10, 31, 38] and object-oriented databases (OODB) [2, 12-17, 22] to deal with complex objects and uncertain data together. It should be pointed out that, being the extension of the relational database model, the nested relational database model is able to handle complex-valued attributes and may be better suitable to some complex applications (e.g., office automation systems, information retrieval systems and expert database systems [33]). In [33], an extended nested relational database model (also known as an NF data model)
Early clinical experiences with a heart assist device.

Low cardiac output is a continuing cause of mortality after intracardiac operations in patients coming to surgery with advanced myocardial dysfunction. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) may be effective in improving the hemodynamic state of some of these patients. However, there are patients who clearly require even greater circulatory support if they are to survive. It has been a common experience that the hemodynamic state of patients who are unable to come off cardiopulmonary bypass (CPBP) may be stabilized as long as volumes substantially less than total systemic blood flow (approximately 25% to 50%) are mechanically shunted around the left ventricle. Although there is agreement that partial left ventricular bypass (PLVB) could be of value in managing post-cardiotomy low output, a major impediment has been the need to reenter the thoracic cage for subsequent cannula removal. A technique of cardiac support has been developed using cannulae sutured to the left atrium and ascending aorta which are connected to a simple pump circuit. Thoracic reentry is not required when cardiac support is discontinued.
Meiotic Nondisjunction—The Major Cause of Trisomy 21

Chromosomal aneuploidy is a substantial risk for the human species. In this chapter, the knowledge about the origin and mechanisms of nondisjunction in human trisomy 21 that has accumulated during the last 15 years is summarized. The first molecular correlate of nondisjunction in humans is altered recombination, meiosis I errors being associated with reduced recombination and maternal meiosis II errors with increased recombination between the nondisjoined chromosomes. Thus, virtually all maternal meiotic errors of chromosome 21 seem to be initiated in meiosis I. Advanced maternal age remains the only well-documented risk factor for maternal meiotic nondisjunction, but there is still a surprising lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms behind the maternal age effect.
Apparatus for Electron Optical Study of Low-density Gas Flow*

An apparatus has been developed and built at the National Bureau of Standards to study low-density (~4014particles/cm3or 40-4 mm Hg) gas flow.1, 2This is an electron—optical schlieren technique which depends on the scattering of electrons in collision with individual gas molecules or atoms to form a dark field image of the gas. The apparatus consists of a bakeable stainless steel low-pressure chamber and other chambers containing brass and glass electron optical components which are not baked. The low-pressure chamber (~10-8 mm Hg) is connected to three other chambers (~10-6 mm Hg) through two small apertures and a slit. Metal gaskets are used on the bakeable chamber. The system is pumped by four oil diffusion pumps each with a liquid nitrogen trap. A small liquid helium trap (~1 1.) will be used to decrease the residual pressure from 10-7 mm Hg to 10-8 mm Hg or better.
Clinical evidence for rebound hypercoagulability after discontinuing oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism.

Context In vitro studies and anecdotal clinical reports have suggested that clinically significant rebound hypercoagulability may occur after discontinuation of oral anticoagulants (OACs), such as vitamin K antagonists and ximelagatran, for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Objective Assess the extent to which rebound hypercoagulability-related VTE recurrences occur in the 2 months following discontinuation of OACs. Data sources Published, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of OAC treatment of VTE. Study selection RCTs of varying durations of OAC treatment of VTE that include VTE recurrence (or extension) data for more than 2 months after discontinuation of anticoagulants. Data extraction Rates of VTE recurrences (1) while taking OACs, (2) within 2 months of discontinuing OACs, and (3) from > 2 months until the end of the study were extracted along with major bleeding episodes while on OACs. The rate of VTE recurrences possibly attributable to rebound hypercoagulability was estimated by subtracting the VTE recurrence rate after the 2-month rebound period from the rate during the rebound period. Data synthesis In 20 trials (n = 5822), VTE recurrences were 2.62 times as frequent in the 2 months following discontinuation of OACs as subsequently (1.57% VTE recurrences per month falling to 0.56% per month, odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval: 2.19-3.14), corresponding to 2.02% of patients with rebound hypercoagulability-related VTE recurrences (1.57% per month - 0.56% per month x 2 months = 2.02%). In the 11 trials with evaluable data from the shorter- and longer-duration OAC arms, total adverse events (VTE recurrences plus major bleeding) over the entire durations of the trials were not significantly different. Conclusions Rebound hypercoagulability accounts for about 2% of patients having recurrent VTE in the first 2 months after discontinuing OACs. RCTs evaluating the efficacy of OACs should include data for at least 2 months following OAC treatment. Increasing the duration of OAC treatment does not reduce the overall adverse events.
How sponsorship transparency mitigates negative effects of advertising recognition

The proliferation of covert online advertising formats such as advergames has raised concerns about consumers’ ability to recognize such content as advertising and about how recognition affects eva...
Maxillary protraction to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and maxillary retrusion: a preliminary report.

Abstract Introduction Midface retrusion creates a size deficiency problem in the upper airway that has been improved in children using surgical midface advancement and orthopedic protraction of the maxilla. The results of these treatments have been mostly promising at enlarging the pharyngeal airway. Recently introduced bone anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) uses implant inserted devices in the jaws to pull the maxilla forward against a backward pressure to the lower jaw. This is a pilot study that examines the use of BAMP as a strategy to treat maxillary retrusion, malocclusion and children with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods 15 children, ages 9–16 years with maxillary retrusion creating a skeletal malocclusion were treated with bone anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) and the results were compared against an untreated control group. 8 children in the treatment group also had sleep disordered breathing/obstructive sleep apnea. All subjects had lateral cephalograms before and after BAMP therapy. The OSA cohort completed the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) and polysomnography prior to and at the end of BAMP. Results The majority of the OSA children (n = 5) showed improvement in their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and OSA symptoms after BAMP. Preliminary results of BAMP therapy show improvement in respiratory and airway parameters in OSA children with a highly significant change in the forward position of the upper jaw and enlargement in the nasopharyngeal to oropharyngeal junction as compared to an age and sex matched untreated control group. The outcomes were dependent on the age of treatment initiation and patient compliance. Conclusions This preliminary work suggests that bone anchored maxillary protraction may be considered as an adjunctive treatment option in adolescents for improving midface retrusion and sleep apnea, but further work is needed to explore this therapy.
Breastfeeding continuation at 6 weeks postpartum remediates the negative effects of prenatal intimate partner violence on infant temperament

Very little work has examined potential moderating effects in the link between prenatal intimate partner violence (IPV) and infant adjustment, especially in the first critical weeks following delivery. The current study evaluated the protective role of breastfeeding in the relationship between prenatal IPV and infant temperament at 4 months. Pregnant women (n = 82) were interviewed during pregnancy and at 6 weeks and 4 months postpartum. It was hypothesized that (a) prenatal IPV would predict infant temperament outcomes at the 4-month postpartum visit, and (b) breastfeeding continuation at 6 weeks acts as a protective factor such that breastfed infants will be less affected by the risk posed by prenatal IPV. Results indicated direct and negative effects of prenatal IPV on positive affectivity/surgency and orienting/regulatory capacity at 4 months. A significant moderating effect of breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum was identified. Mothers who were not breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum demonstrated the expected negative relationship between prenatal IPV exposure and infant adjustment, but if mothers were breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum, the relationship between IPV exposure and infant positive affectivity/surgency and orienting/regulatory capacity was not significantly different from zero. Results indicate a significant protective effect of breastfeeding in the intergenerational transmission of risk for infants born to mothers exposed to IPV.
Art, Life, and Technology, Through Time and Space.

This chapter focuses on the work and life of digital artist Carla Gannis. Originally from North Carolina, Gannis received a BFA from UNC Greensboro, and an MFA in painting from Boston University. In 2005 she was awarded a New York Foundation for the Arts (NYFA) Grant in Computer Arts, and since then, she lives and works in Brooklyn, where she is a professor and assistant chairperson of The Department of Digital Arts at Pratt Institute. Conveying her journey from painter to digital artist and storyteller, we explore the evolution of her artistic expression from painting to digital art, a story that ties broadly to the development of the digital arts field from the 1990s to present. Presented both through images of her work, and by way of a face to face unrehearsed interview, this chapter touches upon many of the highly pertinent topics impacting artists and museums in the 21st-century digital age. Among these, of special interest to museums are her observations on audiences, and how working in digital media affords new opportunities and multiple ways of connecting to the viewer, and reaching vast numbers of people across the globe, traveling from the gallery to the public square, in particular, Times Square and the Internet, showing that the life of a digital work can have multiple states of being. Gannis emphasizes the cultural positioning of digital spaces in physical places where diverse large public audiences can experience the work and where the artist can feel the pulse of public reaction and interaction. A feature of her work is her expression of self and gender through digital manifestations of persona, being and social consciousness, that take very original shapes and forms, images, colors and animations that merge into digital interpretations of self and the surrounding world revealing her creative imagination and sense of poetry used to convey new narratives embedded in her work and life (Fig. 19.1). Open image in new window Fig. 19.1 Until the end of the world by Carla Gannis, her solo exhibition at the DAM gallery, Berlin, Germany, November 2017, installation view. (Photograph by Carla Gannis, http://carlagannis.com/blog/prints/until-the-end-of-the-world/)
Maternal obesity and cesarean section delivery: additional risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia?

To determine (1) whether higher maternal body mass index (BMI) and Cesarean (C) Section mode of delivery are associated with neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) and (2) whether timing of NH onset differs by risk factors. Retrospective cohort study (n = 4602) to determine the odds of NH, NH requiring IV dextrose and timing of NH onset among infants with established and plausible (BMI and C-section) risk factors. Infants born to class III obese mothers had higher odds of NH (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.8) and of requiring IV dextrose (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–3.9). Infants born via C-section had higher odds of requiring IV dextrose (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). Infants who were delivered to high BMI mothers and by C-section developed NH earlier than the reference group. Determining the predictors and timing of NH onset may help develop tailored evaluation and management strategies for at-risk neonates.
Introduction to Special Issue of Reading Psychology on Reading Fluency

In 1983, a curious article appeared in The Reading Teacher entitled “Fluency: The Neglected Reading Goal.” At that time, I was in the midst of my doctoral studies and, to be honest, I am not sure I...
Producer Response to Public Disclosure of Food‐Safety Information

Beginning in 2003, the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) put forth a series of Federal Register announcements regarding the public disclosure of results of tests for Salmonella in chicken carcasses. In particular, FSIS suggested in 2003 that it might disclose the identities of any slaughter or ground meat plant failing its Salmonella tests if test performance did not improve, and in 2004 the service increased regulatory scrutiny of plants not meeting FSIS Salmonella standards. In 2006, FSIS introduced a more easily‐understood measure of food‐safety quality and indicated that public disclosure would be forthcoming if results of tests for Salmonella did not improve; FSIS targeted the chicken‐slaughter industry with a high degree of specificity. In 2008, FSIS began reporting the names of chicken‐slaughter plants with poor performance on tests for Salmonella in chicken carcasses. This article examines the effects of these regulatory actions on Salmonella test outcomes. We find that (1) announcements in 2003 and 2004 were associated with improved performance by the poorest‐performing chicken‐slaughter plants; (2) the introduction of an easily‐understood measure of food‐safety quality and the threat of disclosure of the identities of poorly performing plants in 2006 were associated with improved performance by all chicken‐slaughter plants; and (3) implementation of a public disclosure program in 2008 was associated with improvements among better‐performing chicken‐slaughter plants.
Wound Marks in the Air and the Shadows Within: A Poetic Examination of Dan Pagis, Paul Celan, and Nelly Sachs

Expressions of individual and collective memory, for those who lived through the Holocaust, shape and inform the central question for both poetry and philosophy in a post-World War II context: the ability to speak about the unspeakable. Both memory and imagination appear as private, but manifest publicly in political, legal, and even artistic discourse. This engagement with witnessing gives the Holocaust voice in public ritual and commemoration, offering a kind of philosophical and historical reflection. The atrocities that occurred during World War II have not only stretched language itself to its limits, but also ethics and justice. Throughout the testimonial poems written by Celan, Pagis, and Sachs, this chapter delineates various ways in which witnessing simultaneously engages public meaning and memorialization as well as individual suffering and memory.