cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging thermal dynamics in sensor placement for overheating server component detection

Server overheating has become a well-known issue in today's data centers that host a large number of high-density servers. The current practice of server overheating detection is to monitor the server inlet temperature with the temperature sensor on the server enclosure, or the CPU temperature with on-die thermal sensors. However, this is in contrast to the fact that different components in a server may have different overheating thresholds, which are closely related to their respective thermal failure rates and expected lifetimes. Moreover, the thermal correlation between the inlet (or CPU) and other server components can be different for every server model. As a result, relying on the single inlet or CPU temperature for server overheating detection is over-simplistic, which may lead to either degraded detection performance or false alarms that can result in excessive cooling power, leading to unnecessarily low inlet temperature. In this paper, we propose a model-based approach that leverages thermal dynamics to intelligently choose sensor placement locations for precise overheating server component detection. We first formulate the detection problem as a constrained optimization problem. We then adopt Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to establish the thermal model and analyze the thermal status of the server enclosure under various overheating conditions, such as inlet overheating, fan failures and CPU overloading. Based on the CFD analysis, we apply data fusion and advanced optimization techniques to find a near-optimal solution for sensor placement locations, such that the probability of detecting different overheating components is significantly improved. Our empirical results on a real rack server testbed demonstrate the detection performance of our solution. Extensive simulation results also show that the proposed solution outperforms other commonly used overheating monitoring solutions in terms of detection probability and error rate.
Cohesive stresses and size effect in quasi-brittle materials

A novel approach to the derivation of Bažant’s size effect law is presented. Contrarily to the original Lagrangian derivation which hinged on energetic consideration, a Newtonian approach based on local stress intensity factors is presented. Through this approach, it is shown that Bažant’s size effect law is the first (and dominant) term in a series expansion for the nominal stress. Furthermore, analytical expressions forB are derived for selected specimen geometries.
The Motivating Potential of Leader Behaviors: A Comparison of Two Models1

The motivating potential of leader behaviors was investigated in a comparative test of two models relating leader behaviors, perceived role clarity, psychological influence, perceived self-competence, self-determination, and intrinsic motivation. Based on the data from 422 naval personnel and their immediate supervisors, it would appear that leaders' informational and controlling behaviors influence subordinates' perceptions of role clarity and psychological influence. Self-determination and self-competence also influence these perceptions. Psychological influence increases intrinsic motivation but role clarity influences intrinsic motivation only indirectly through its influence on psychological influence.
Generalized spatiotemporal quasi phase matching

We develop a description of nonlinear optics where quasi-phase-matching of both momentum and energy mismatch can be implemented by employing both spatial and temporal modulations. This generalized quasi-phase-matching technique could allow unique applications.
The fundamental nature and role of the electrostatic potential in atoms and molecules

A variety of atomic and molecular properties can be expressed in terms of the electrostatic potential. These include energies, covalent and anionic radii, electronegativities (chemical potentials) and a variety of properties that depend upon noncovalent interactons. We present a survey of such relationships, which may be exact or approximate; they may involve the potential in three-dimensional space, along the axes between bonded atoms, at nuclei or on molecular surfaces. Thus, the electrostatic potential, which is rigorously related to the electronic density by Poisson's equation, can be regarded as, effectively, another fundamental determinant of atomic and molecular properties.
Genetic Transformation of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Anther Culture-Derived Embryos by Electroporation

ABSTRACTThis report describes the delivery of plasmid DNA into wheat anther culture derived embryos. Initial electroporation experiments were conducted using enzyme (NT-1) pretreatment, 500 μF capacitance, and plasmid pAM2100, which carries the herbicide resistance gene, bar, and the screenable marker gene, Gus. Electroporated embryos were allowed to recover 10 days on regeneration medium and then transferred to regeneration medium containing 0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm phoshinotricin (PPT). Twenty eight albino and 13 green plants were regenerated on control (0 ppm PPT) selection medium from 640 embryos treated with pAM2100. The regeneration frequency was similar to embryos electroporated without pAM2100 demonstrating that electroporation was not deleterious for regeneration. Four albino plants were regenerated on selection medium (10, 50, and 100 ppm PPT). One plant was screened and shown to be transgenic by Southern blot analysis of a bar gene.
Role of (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol in trail following, feeding, and mating behavior of Reticulitermes hesperus.

Trail pheromones mediate communication among western subterranean termites, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks. Repetitive passages of >or=28 termites were required to establish a pheromone trail and trails needed to be reinforced because they lasted 10 pg/cm were repellent to workers. Workers did not detect pheromone gradients, responding equally to increasing or decreasing gradients of dodecatrienol, and termite workers were not able to differentiate between different concentrations of dodecatrienol. Termites preferred dodecatrienol trails to 2-phenoxyethanol trails. Antennae played a key role in trail pheromone perception. Dodecatrienol acted as an arrestant for worker termites (10 fg/cm2) and male alates (5 ng/cm2), whereas sternal gland extracts from females attracted male alates. Workers and alates, upon contact with filter paper disks treated with higher doses (10 fg/cm2 and 5 ng/cm2, respectively) of dodecatrienol, were highly excited (increased antennation and palpation) and repeatedly returned to the treated disks. Dodecatrienol did not act as a phagostimulant when offered on a paper towel disk. Reticulitermes hesperus is highly responsive to dodecatrienol, and it may play an important role in orientation of workers and alates.
901-38 New Image Processing, Segmentation, Extraction and Display Algorithms Allow Easier and More Versatile Dynamic Volume-rendered Three-dimensional Echocardiographic Examination: Application in Experimental and Clinical Studies

The segmentation and display algorithms available for our previous 3-D echo (3DE) studies were limited, and cutting planes had to be used for displaying specific regions (objects) within the heart. In this study, we explored the potential of newer 3D segmentation, extraction and display algorithms in performing volume-rendered 3DE in 10 dog studies and in 30 clinical studies. Sequential 2D image data for 3DE were collected using tomographic linear slicing, fan-like scanning or rotational imaging modalities with the use of computer-controlled motors, gated to ECG and respiration. The 3DE data matrix obtained from 2DE images of cardiac cycles acquired at 1 mm or 1–2 degrees (over 180 degree span) underwent further processing. Besides developing dynamic 3DE image projections as done in the past, the use of new filtering techniques (low pass, Sigma, anisotropic diffusion), and the new segmentation and extraction software (special contouring, morphing, and Boolean process) enabled us to perform the following: (1) We were able to extract any desired region or part of the heart (original data set), and display it in a dynamic 3D mode, (2) Color-encode the regions of pathology, (3) Change opacification grade of structures such as myocardium (from solid to transparent), (4) Visualize in 3D myocardial regions of selective contrast enhancement following contrast administration, (5) View chambers alone as cavity casts if desired, (6) Display one or more extracted labels (regions) together, side-by-side. or separately, (7) Quantify the volume of any extracted region, and (8) Perform measurements directly on 3D images (which was not possible before). These capabilities allowed us to better delineate and quantify pathology of various types in the clinical studies and aided in the study of myocardial perfusion in experimental studies. Thus the newly developed image processing algorithms increase the clinical potential of 3-D echocardiography.
Obituary: Irwin T. (Toby) Holtzman (August 29, 1927–July 31, 2010)

This article is an obituary for Irwin T. (Toby) Holtzman, friend and donor to many libraries.
Limited communication control

Abstract This work in limited communication control is directed towards bringing together classical control theory and communication theoretical issues that are of practical importance in the design of control systems. It is common to “decouple” the communication aspects from the underlying dynamics of a system, as this simplifies the analysis and generally works well for classical models. However, in situations where a single decision maker controls many subsystems over a communication channel of a finite capacity, the computation of control signals and their transmission to each system may take significant amounts of time. To address such cases, we consider a class of discrete-time models that jointly optimize over control and communication goals. Real-world examples where these models play a role include remotely controlled unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAVs), planetary rovers, arrays of microactuators and power control in mobile communication.
Reformulation of gas discharge theory using data from ICPS and helicons

Summary form only given. Experimental data from Inductively Coupled Plasmas (ICPs) have shown that uniform or centrally peaked density profiles n(r) can be produced with antennas on the circumference with no elements near the axis, even though the skin depth is much smaller than the discharge radius. Many attempts to explain this Anomalous Skin Effect using kinetic theory for electron thermal penetration have failed to reproduce the data. We have previously suggested that the nonlinear Lorentz force, coupled with cylindrical walls, can explain this1. Here we find an even simpler mechanism occurring in steady-state equilibrium. The key is to implement the Simon short-circuit effect2, which, in discharges with intermediate length-to-radius ratios, causes the electrons to follow the Boltzmann relation relating the potential to the logarithm of n(r). We show that this happens even in a magnetic field, which is why hollow n(r)'s are not observed in helicon discharges. The resulting radial electric field drives ions to the cylindrical wall, while the electrons escape through the sheaths at the end walls. Surprisingly, with proper scaling, the n(r)'s in all discharges are self-similar: flat or centrally peaked. Discharges differ only in the nonlinear v-Vv term in the ion fluid equation of motion, a term depending only on the ratio of charge exchange collision to ionization probabilities. A program EQM has been made to calculate profiles including neutral depletion and ionization balance. The presheath is automatically calculated. For helicon discharges the HELIC program3 calculates the power absorption profile for given n, Te, and neutral profiles. EQM and HELIC are then iterated to give exact solutions with consistent profiles. Power balance using the Vahedi curve4 yields the absolute value of n, in agreement with measurements, with no adjustable parameters. This work has been submitted .
Unified demodulation of any shift keying by phase matching technique

In this paper we present a new technique for demodulating any Shift Keying(aSK) under sampled signal xk using an Orthogonal Decomposer. In this method we generate a phase matching signal x y . Present techniques for demodulation of any Shift Keying signal either require the knowledge of the carrier frequency or need to estimate them. The proposed method aims at detecting phase rate at the boundaries of phase change using xk, with no knowledge of carrier frequency. A sampled version of aSK signal is passed through an Orthogonal Decomposer that estimates and adjusts the phase of the incoming signal and generating a new signal x k phase shifted by π/2, The signal x k is again phase shifted by π/2 resulting x y . Phase transitions are detected using signal e k = x k − x k , for demodulating the aSK signal. This method is a novel way of demodulation focusing on the phase transitions. This will set a new trend in aSK demodulation and leading to a unified technique, spanning ASK, OOKS, BFSK and BPSK with no prior knowledge about the type of modulation.
Valsalva's contribution to otology.

Valsalva's life as anatomist, physician, and surgeon of the late XVIIth century is surveyed. The second edition of the “Morgagni” version of Valsalva's Treatise on the Human Ear, published in 1741, is considered in relation to the work of his predecessors, the scientific milieu of his time, and his influence on the development of modern otology.
NOAA's undersea research program

Regional underwater laboratories that are operated in conjunction with academic institutions will better meet the needs of future underwater research than one large mobile laboratory that i s equipped with the most sophisticated equipment, a newly released National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) report concludes. The report, ‘The Undersea Research Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,’ outlines the development of the agency's plans for marine scientific studies in the 1980's. NOAA defines ‘undersea research’ as marine research that requires ‘observational and manipulative tasks using man directly in the sea and extensions of his capabilities through use of submersibles, undersea facilities, and remotely controlled vehicles.’ In 1975, NOAA came to the conclusion that more sophisticated equipment and facilities would be needed to cover rapidly expanding fields of research, especially studies on the protection and use of ocean resources.
A multi-institutional acute gastrointestinal toxicity analysis of anal cancer patients treated with concurrent intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy.

Abstract Using previous dosimetric analysis methods, we identified the volume of bowel receiving 30Gy ( V 30 ) correlated with acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity in anal cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy. For V 30 >450cc and⩽450cc, acute GI toxicity was 33% and 8%, respectively ( p =0.003).
Thermal symmetry breaking transitions in NaCl-type solids

Abstract The four conditions of Landau's theory of symmetry and phase transitions have been applied to the NaCl-type structure to obtain the structures of crystalline solids that can result from continuous distortions or ordering processes.
A Technique for Automatic Design of Image Segmentation Algorithms

ABSTRACT Image segmentation is an essential step in every practical image processing system. Current image segmentationalgorithms suffer from a well known problem- They have poor performances on images different from the ones thatwere used in their initial development and training stages. In this paper we discuss a system concept for automatic design of segmentation algorithms based on image and objects metrics, and knowledge of image processingprimitives.The proposed system concept makes makes use of Planning techniques, discussed in ArtificialIntelligence.This paper provides the essential elements of the next generation Automatic Segmentation Design (ASD) systems that will not be scenario dependent. Applications of this concept include robotic vision, automatictarget recognition, and image understanding systems . I. INTRODUCTIONImage segmentation is an essential step in every robotic vision, automatic target recognition and image understanding system. The main problem with existing segmentation algorithms are their poor performance on the
Charging load from large-scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Impact and optimization

In this paper, a stochastic model of large-scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicles' (PHEV) charging loads is developed in Matlab to investigate its impact on power grid. In this model, two main types of PHEVs are defined: public transportation vehicles and private vehicles. Different charging time schedule, charging speed and battery capacity are considered for each type of vehicles. The simulation results reveal that there are two huge load peaks (at noon and in evening) when the penetration level of PHEVs increase continuously to 30% in 2030. Therefore, optimization is introduced to shift peak loads. This optimization process is based on real time regional pricing and wind power output data, so as to make better use of surplus wind power. With the help of smart grid, power that is allocated to each vehicle could be controlled. As a result, this optimization process could fulfill the goal to shift peak loads to valley areas where real time price is low or wind output is high depending on system operator's preference.
Calcium channel blocker use and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease

Calcium channel blocker use and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease . Background Patients on dialysis suffer from alarming rates of cardiovascular disease. While calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are prescribed widely to patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for the treatment of hypertension, the long-term outcomes associated with the use of these medications are not known. We sought to determine the association between CCB use and mortality among a cohort of ESRD patients. Methods Data were utilized from the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II, a randomly selected prospective cohort of 4065 ESRD patients who began dialysis in 1996. Clinical data, including medication information, were collected 60 days after the start of dialysis. Subsequent survival status and cause of death were ascertained. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative risk of death associated with CCB use. Results Data from 3716 patients (91.4%) were available for analysis. Fifty-one percent of the study patients were prescribed a CCB. The use of a CCB was associated with a 21% lower risk of total mortality (RR 0.79, CI 0.69 to 0.90) and a 26% lower risk of cardiovascular specific mortality (RR 0.74, CI 0.60 to 0.91). For patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, CCB use was associated with a 23% (RR 0.77, CI 0.65 to 0.91) and 32% (RR 0.68, CI 0.53 to 0.87) lower risk of total and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. Conclusion After controlling for known risk factors and potential confounders, CCBs were found to be associated with a lower risk of mortality among ESRD patients.
Intraoperative explantation of two single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses due to surface deposits

To report clinical, pathological, and laboratory analyses of two cases of single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs), which presented with significant surface deposits during implantation. The lenses were implanted with the manufacturer's recommended injector (loaded with Viscoat® and Healon GV®, respectively). Immediately after injection into the anterior chamber, areas on the lenses' surfaces were covered by deposits, which could not be entirely removed by irrigation/aspiration. The lenses were explanted and replaced with lenses of the same design. They underwent gross analyses, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for analysis of the elemental composition of the deposits. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy was also performed to identify the presence of proteins. The deposits on the first lens had a granular appearance, forming a homogeneous layer mostly on the posterior lens surface. Larger crystal-like deposits were present mostly on the anterior surface of the second lens. Elemental analyses of the deposits in both cases revealed the presence of peaks of sodium, chloride, phosphate, and potassium, in addition to the peaks of carbon and oxygen (normal constituents of the lens material). Only protein components normally found in the anterior chamber during surgery, such as haemoglobin and albumin, were identified. The results obtained suggest that the deposits in both cases may have resulted from crystallization of the ophthalmic viscosurgical device normally used during the loading of the IOLs into the cartridges.
FLOW STRUCTURE of SUPERSONIC JETS from CONICAL C-D NOZZLES

This paper examines the flow structures emanating from convergent-divergent nozzles with conical sections like those used in practical high-speed propulsion applications. LES simulations and experimental measurements in the form of PIV and shadowgraph imaging and far-field acoustic measurement are employed. The development of the supersonic jets from these nozzles are examined in underexpanded, perfectly expanded and overexpanded conditions. It is found that in addition to the shock diamond features expected of smoothly contoured nozzles at off-design conditions, these nozzles produce a second set of shock diamonds anchored at the nozzle throat and overlaid on the shock diamonds shed from the nozzle lip. These together form a doublediamond appearance. These nozzles do not exhibit any shock-free condition at or near the expected design condition. As a consequence, there is no absence of shock noise at or near the design condition. Near the design condition there is a diminution in the intensity of the screech tone, but no diminution in the broad-band shock-associated noise. These nozzles produce shock cells 9%-25% shorter than cells from a comparable smoothly contoured nozzle.
Biochemical effect of metepa on house fly eggs.

Nucleic acids synthesis during the period of embryonic development of eggs of Musca domestica L. from normal and chemosterilized adult house flies has been studied. These studies indicated that metepa was found to interfere with the high molecular weight of DNA synthesis during the period of embryonic development of the house fly eggs. In normal eggs, DNA increased many fold after 1 hour of oviposition. The nucleic acids from the eggs of normal and chemosterilized house flies were studied by methylated albumin Kielseguhr (MAK) column chromatography. Absence of a DNA peak for the sterilized eggs in the MAK column chromatography substantiates lack of DNA synthesis in the chemosterilized eggs as determined by the diphenylamine method. Synthesis of LDH in the normal eggs followed the growth curve of DNA. LDH activity was higher in normal eggs than it was in chemosterilized eggs. In contrast, activity of G-6-PDH increased when measured in the chemosterilized eggs.
Corrosion-enabled powering approach for structural health monitoring sensor networks

Structural health monitoring consists of an integrated paradigm of sensing, data interrogation, and statistical modeling that results in a strategy to assess the performance of a structure. Sensor networks play a central role in this paradigm, as such networks typically perform much of the actuation, data acquisition, information management, and even local computing necessary to enable the overall implementation of the strategy, increasingly in a wireless mode. In many applications power provision can become a limiting factor, as the conventional strategy for wireless networks is a battery. However, batteries require replacement, as their useful shelf lives often do not exceed the intended service of their host structures. Energy harvesting has emerged as a class of potential network powering solutions whereby one form of energy available on the structure is harvested and converted to useful electrical energy. The objective of this work is to investigate the harvesting of energy from galvanic corrosion that typically occurs naturally in many structures. Specifically, this study considers corrosion between magnesium and graphite rods embedded in a concrete structure immersed in seawater. The energy was evaluated by connecting a .1F capacitor and measuring the voltage charge over finite time intervals during the corrosion process. A carbon fiber admixture was introduced to the concrete host to improve electrical conductivity, and the power increase was calculated from voltage measurements. The investigation concludes that the voltage levels achieved may be naturally integrated with a booster circuit to provide CMOS voltage levels suitable for sensor network powering in some applications.
Hamster-to-rat cardiac xenografts a useful model for transplantation studies

Abstract A hamster-to-rat vascularized cardiac xenograft model has proven useful for xenogeneic transplantation experiments. This xenograft preparation was consistently reproducible and had a technical failure rate of less than 1%. Survival times ranged from 70 to 79 hr with a median survival time of 74.5 hr. Rejection time was well documented using electrocardiograms. Hemagglutinin and hemolysin activity of rat sera against hamster red cells were undetectable until 48 hr after transplantation. Prior to this time, electrocardiographic and histologic changes were minimal. Main histological findings of the rejected cardiac xenograft was thrombosis, congestion, massive and diffuse hemorrhage with necrosis and polymorphonuclear infiltration with a few lymphocytes.
Recent advances in ion exchange materials and processes for pollution prevention

Even though ion exchange technology is mature and widely employed in industry, new applications, approaches, and materials are emerging at a rapid pace. This article summarizes recent advances in ion exchange technology abstracted from presentations made at the Trends in Metal Adsorption Workshop held on May 5–6, 1998 in Cincinnati, OH co-sponsored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), the Council for Chemical Research, and the United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). Additional information was obtained from reviews of U.S. EPA sponsored pollution prevention projects, panel discussions and workshops, user surveys, and the authors' discussions with practitioners in industry. The objectives of this article in the context of ion exchange applications were: (1) to review advances and applications of ion exchange; (2) to present an overview of commercially available ion exchange technology; and (3) to highlight areas for further research. Many of the advances discussed achieve improvement in ion exchange performance through the use of alternate support matrices or through the combination of technologies such as membranes or electric fields with ion exchange.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 4 Associates with the Protein IRAS

The insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are key components in signaling from the insulin receptor, and consequently any proteins that interact with them are expected to participate in insulin signaling. In this study we have searched for proteins that interact with IRS-4 by identifying the proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with IRS-4 from human embryonic kidney 293 cells by microsequencing through mass spectrometry. A group of proteins was found. These included phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, a protein previously identified as an IRS-4 interactor, and several proteins for which there was no previous evidence of IRS-4 association. One of these proteins, named IRAS, that had been found earlier in another context was examined in detail. The results from the overexpression of IRAS, where its amount was about the same as that of IRS-4, indicated that IRAS associated directly with IRS-4 and showed that the increased complexation of IRS-4 with IRAS did not alter the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-4 or the association of IRS-4 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Grb2. On the other hand, overexpression of IRAS enhanced IRS-4-dependent insulin stimulation of the extracellularly regulated kinase. The domains of IRAS and IRS-4 responsible for the association of these two proteins were identified, and it was shown that IRAS also associates with IRS-1, IRS-2, and IRS-3.
Fine structure of the neural sheath, glia and neurons in the brain of the housefly, Musca domestica.

The fine structure of the neural sheath, glial cells and nerve cells in the brain of adult male houseflies is described. The neural sheath is composed of neural lamella and perineurium. The neural lamella consists of an external lamina and collagen-like fibrils which are embedded in an amorphous matrix. The perineurial cells form a continuous layer around the brain. On their inner surface, perineurial cells form junctional complexes with glial cell processes. A cortical cellular layer composed of neurons and glial cells surrounds the centrally located neuropil. Three types of glial cells are identified. Glial cells differ in size and in relative development and distribution of organelles. Thin processes of glioplasm completely surround the cell bodies of the neurons. Five types of neurons are described. Most of the neurons are monopolar, a few are bipolar.
Using evolutionary programming for reconstruction of an irregularly sampled bandlimited sequence

The problem of reconstructing an irregularly sampled discrete-time band-limited signal with unknown sampling locations can be analyzed using both geometric and algebraic approaches. This problem can be solved using iterative and non-iterative techniques including the cyclic coordinate approach and the random search method. When the spectrum of the given signal is band-limited to L coefficients, the algebraic structure underlying the signal can be dealt using subspace techniques and a method is suggested to classify the solutions based on this approach. We numerically solve the Irregular Sampling at Unknown Locations (ISUL) problem by considering it as a combinatorial optimization problem. The exhaustive search method to determine the optimum solution is computationally intensive. The need for a more efficient optimization technique to save computational complexity leads us to propose Evolutionary Programming as a stochastic optimization technique. Evolutionary algorithms, based on the models of natural evolution were originally developed as a method to evolve finite-state machines for solving time series prediction tasks and were later extended to parameter optimization problems. The solution space is modeled as a population of individuals, and the search for the optimum solution is obtained by evolving to the best individual in the population. We propose an Evolutionary Programming (EP) based method to converge to the global optimum and obtain the set of sampling locations for the given irregularly sampled signal. The results obtained by EP are compared with the Random Search and Cyclic Coordinate descent algorithms.
Analysis of the potential for sub-eV Ps beams

Abstract Understanding the interactions of Ps at low energies has challenged researchers due to the inability to create Ps near thermal energies in a directed fashion. As a result, previous attempts to understand interactions such as the scattering cross-section (σ) between Ps and other atoms have relied on indirect methods. Examples are the measurements of the thermalization rate of Ps in a gas environment or lifetime measurements in various systems. In analyzing the pore size of certain nanotube materials we have observed 3–10% of incident positrons form long lived Ps within the sample. Due to the alignment of these tubes we expect Ps emitted from them to be highly directional. By focusing a time-tagged positron beam on these samples we will use the resulting directional Ps emitted at near thermal energies for various scattering experiments.
An examination of selected datacom options for the near-term implementation of trajectory based operations

A primary feature of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is trajectory based operations (TBO). Under TBO, aircraft flight plans are known to computer systems on the ground that aid in scheduling and separation. The Future Air Navigation System (FANS) was developed to support TBO, but relatively few aircraft in the US are FANS-equipped. Thus, any near-term implementation must provide TBO procedures for non-FANS aircraft. Previous research has explored controller clearances, but any implementation must also provide procedures for aircraft requests. The work presented here aims to surface issues surrounding TBO communication procedures for non-FANS aircraft and for aircraft requesting deviations around weather. Three types of communication were explored: Voice, FANS, and ACARS,(Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System). ACARS and FANS are datacom systems that differ in that FANS allows uplinked flight plans to be loaded into the Flight Management System (FMS), while ACARS delivers flight plans as text that must be entered manually via the Control Display Unit (CDU). Sixteen pilots (eight two-person flight decks) and four controllers participated in 32 20-minute scenarios that required the flight decks to navigate through convective weather as they approached their top of descents (TODs). Findings: The rate of non-conformance was higher than anticipated, with aircraft off path more than 20% of the time. Controllers did not differentiate between the ACARS and FANS datacom, and were mixed in their preference for Voice vs. datacom (ACARS and FANS). Pilots uniformly preferred Voice to datacom, particularly ACARS. Much of their dislike appears to result from the slow response times in the datacom conditions. As a result, participants frequently resorted to voice communication. These results imply that, before implementing TBO in environments where pilots make weather deviation requests, further research is needed to develop communication procedures that integrate voice and datacom.
Barrett's esophagus, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma

In Barrett's esophagus the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus becomes replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells; it develops as a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and predisposes the patient to adenocarcinoma. The frequency with which it leads to adenocarcinoma is not established with certainty, but the reported prevalence averages approximately 10% when the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is first made. The estimated incidence of adenocarcinoma varies from one in 152 to one in 441 cases per patient year, or a 30- to 125-fold excess risk. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises only in patients with metaplastic columnar epithelium. Dysplasia precedes adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus and arises from the metaplastic epithelium; it has been proposed as a marker for detecting patients at high risk for developing carcinoma. Problems with the use of dysplasia as a marker for cancer risk include difficulty in differentiating it from reactive change, variability in diagnosis and grading between observers and when the same observer interprets the sections on different occasions, and lack of understanding of its natural history. Methods other than dysplasia for detecting patients at highest risk for developing carcinoma have been sought, but flow cytometric analysis of DNA content is the only one proven to be valuable to date. Flow cytometric abnormalities correlate well with histological progression in Barrett's esophagus. The prevalence of elevated S phase and G2/tetraploid fractions and of aneuploid cell populations increases with histological progression from metaplasia to indefinite/low grade dysplasia to high grade dysplasia and cancer. Flow cytometric abnormalities in endoscopic biopsy specimens identify those patients with a higher risk of progression to high grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma.
Selenium modulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes, osmotic homeostasis and promotes the growth of sorrel seedlings under salt stress

Using physiological assays coupled with ultrathin tissue sections, we investigated the impacts of exogenous selenium (Se) on the growth, antioxidant enzymes, osmotic regulation and ultrastructural modifications of leaf mesophyll and root tip cells of 100 mM NaCl-stressed sorrel (Rumex patientia × R. tianshanicus) seedlings. At low concentrations (1–5 μM), Se tended to stimulate the growth, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes, as well as the accumulation of water-soluble sugar in leaves of sorrel seedlings. At higher concentrations (10–30 μM), Se exerted diminished beneficial effects on growth and enzyme activities. CAT activity did not change with Se addition (1–30 μM). Electrolyte leakage of leaf cells declined, and K+ and Na+ ions increased in leaves with Se treatment, notably at 5 μM of Se. TEM observations revealed that treatment with 5 μM of Se positively promoted the integrity of membrane systems and cellular organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria in leaf mesophyll and root tip cells. These results strongly suggest that an appropriate concentration of exogenous Se functions positively to promote the antioxidative and osmoregulatory capacity, and enhance the salt-resistance in sorrel seedlings.
Neighborhood Environment and Intimate Partner Violence A Systematic Review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important global public health problem, affecting women across the life span and increasing risk for a number of unfavorable health outcomes. Typically conceptualized as a private form of violence, most research has focused on individual-level risk markers. Recently, more scholarly attention has been paid to the role that the residential neighborhood environment may play in influencing the occurrence of IPV. With research accumulating since the 1990s, increasing prominence of the topic, and no comprehensive literature reviews yet undertaken, it is time to take stock of what is known, what remains unknown, and the methods and concepts investigators have considered. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature to date on the relationship between neighborhood environment and IPV, asking, "what is the status of scholarship related to the association between neighborhood environment and IPV occurrence?" Although the literature is young, it is receiving increasing attention from researchers in sociology, public health, criminology, and other fields. Obvious gaps in the literature include limited consideration of nonurban areas, limited theoretical motivation, and limited consideration of the range of potential contributors to environmental effects on IPV--such as built environmental factors or access to services. In addition, explanations of the pathways by which place influences the occurrence of IPV draw mainly from social disorganization theory that was developed in urban settings in the United States and may need to be adapted, especially to be useful in explaining residential environmental correlates of IPV in rural or non-U.S. settings. A more complete theoretical understanding of the relationship between neighborhood environment and IPV, especially considering differences among urban, semiurban, and rural settings and developed and developing country settings, will be necessary to advance research questions and improve policy and intervention responses to reduce the burden of IPV.
The Role of Life Experiences on Perceptions of Leisure During Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis

This study examined the life experiences of adults and their effect on perceptions of leisure. Data for this study came from A Study of Leisure during Adulthood (ASOLDA), a 10-year study of the values, attitudes, and perceived freedom in leisure of 84 adults. Individual growth curve modeling was used to explore patterns and change within leisure domains for the sample. Life structure predicted adults’ perceived freedom in leisure while life events were predictive of adults’ leisure attitudes. Data from interviews were used to supplement the survey data to provide a better understanding of the predictors of leisure perceptions in this study.
Growth rates of coastal phytoplankton from time-series measurements with a submersible flow cytometer

Our understanding of the dynamics of phytoplankton communities has been limited by the space and timescales associated with traditional monitoring approaches. To overcome some of these limitations, we have developed a submersible flow cytometer (FlowCytobot) that is designed for extended autonomous monitoring of phytoplankton abundance, cell size, and pigmentation. FlowCytobot was moored on the seafloor from late July to October 2001 at the Long-term Environmental Observatory study site off the coast of New Jersey, and water samples from 5 m depth were pumped continuously through the instrument. Analysis of cells' optical properties revealed distinct populations of Synechococcus and cryptophytes, as well as an assemblage of other pico- and nanophytoplankton of mixed taxonomy. For each of these groups, dramatic variations in cell concentration were observed within the sampling period. Diel variations in cell scattering, which are indicative of changes in cell size, were consistent with patterns of cell growth during the light period and cell division late in the day. We developed a size-structured matrix population model that accommodates simultaneous growth and division and then used the model and size distribution data from FlowCytobot to estimate daily specific growth rates for Synechococcus; these estimates are independent of cell concentration and do not include mortality. The results show that a dramatic autumn decline in the concentration of Synechococcus can be attributed to a decrease in the specific growth rate rather than to effects of physical transport processes or trophic interactions.
Bypass to the Popliteal Artery

A 62-year-old overweight postal worker presented with complaints of cramps in his right calf. He stated that this reproducible pain occurred each time he walked 50 yards and resolved upon sitting down. He denied tissue loss or rest pain. His past medical history was significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and tobacco use, as well as coronary revascularization.
Finding similar items by leveraging social tag clouds

Recently social collaboration projects such as Wikipedia and Flickr have been gaining popularity, and more and more social tag information is being accumulated. In this study, we demonstrate how to effectively use social tags created by humans to find similar items. We create a query-by-example interface for finding similar items through offering examples as a query. Our work aims to measure the similarity between a query, expressed as a group of items, and another item through utilizing the tag information. We show that using human-generated tags to find similar items has at least two major challenges: popularity bias and the missing tag effect. We propose several approaches to overcome the challenges. We build a prototype website allowing users to search over all entries in Wikipedia based on tag information, and then collect 600 valid questionnaires from 69 students to create a benchmark for evaluating our algorithms based on user satisfaction. Our results show that the presented techniques are promising and surpass the leading commercial product, Google Sets, in terms of user satisfaction.
GABAB receptor agonists reduce operant ethanol self-administration and enhance ethanol sedation in C57BL/6J mice

A growing number of studies suggest that γ-aminobutyric acid type-B (GABAB) receptor agonists reduce alcohol use and craving. This study was designed to further clarify behavioral mechanism(s) by which GABAB agonists may decrease alcohol reinforcement. Male C57BL/6 J mice were trained to lever press on a concurrent schedule of ethanol (10% v/v) and water reinforcement during 16-h overnight sessions. Effects of the GABAB agonist baclofen (0–17 mg/kg, IP) or SKF 97541 (0–1 mg/kg, IP) were examined on parameters of self-administration. Subsequently, potential motor inhibition and interaction with ethanol-induced sedation by GABAB agonists was examined in ethanol naive and self-administering mice. Baclofen (10 mg/kg) and SKF 97541 (0.3 mg/kg) reduced ethanol-reinforced responding. In a locomotor activity test, these doses of the GABAB agonists inhibited locomotion in the ethanol-experienced mice and in a group of ethanol-inexperienced mice; locomotor suppression was greater in the ethanol-inexperienced mice. These doses of the GABAB agonists also potentiated the sedative effects of ethanol (4 g/kg) and converted a nonsedative dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) into a fully sedative dose. GABAB agonist enhancement of the sedative effects of ethanol was less pronounced in ethanol self-administering mice, suggesting cross-tolerance at the low dose of ethanol. GABAB agonists decrease the reinforcing effects of ethanol at doses that inhibit locomotor activity and potentiate the sedative hypnotic effects of ethanol. These nonspecific effects of GABAB agonists were reduced in alcohol experienced mice, suggesting cross-tolerance to the inhibitory properties of GABAB positive modulation. These data question the safety of prescribing GABAB agonists to alcoholics since these drugs may potentiate ethanol’s sedative/hypnotic effects during relapse.
Excited-state absorption of Pr3+-doped fluoride crystals

Abstract The absorption and emission properties of the 4f-5d transition of trivalent praseodymium in fluoride crystals have been characterized, including the CaF 2 , SrF 2 , LiYF 4 and BaY 2 F 8 hosts. The emmission from the 4f5d state to numerous 4f 2 levels is observed, and the emission decay time is in the range of 25–29 ns. Attempts to measure gain on the 5d→4f transition have been unsuccessful, as a consequence of an interfering excited state absorption transition due to and electronic transition from the 5d orbital to the conduction band of the host.
The owners have a right to be heard Patient voice in design and performance improvement

The Canadian taxpayer is an owner of the healthcare system and the owners have a right to be heard. This article encourages leaders both formal and informal to create cultures that promote ASKing questions to test assumptions held, LISTENing to hear the patient voice, and TALKing with patients and families to create new conversations and narratives. Looking at the label, “healthcare system” what’s your contribution to creating health, how will you dedicate yourself to caring about the healthcare consumer and care provider, and what will be your role in creating a new and improved system? An implied question at the foundation of the article is this: Is the difference between managing and leading a difference of empathy?
Constructing a ‘revolution in science’: the campaign to promote a favourable reception for the 1919 solar eclipse experiments

Quand les resultats des experiences menees lors des expeditions britanniques durant l'eclipse solaire de 1919 furent annonces simultanement a la Royal Society et la Royal Astronomical Society, la reussite fut totale et les intervenants parlaient de revolution scientifique. L'article traite de la maniere dont les scientifiques ont su faire naitre un interet pour la theorie de la relativite, ont su attirer un public lors de leurs experiences, ont su preparer un accueil favorable aux resultats de leurs experiences et une place de choix dans le pantheon des decouvertes et theories scientifiques.