cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apparent Liquid Permeability in Shale

Copyright 2013, Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) This paper was prepared for presentation at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 12-14 August 2013. The URTeC Technical Program Committee accepted this presentation on the basis of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). The contents of this paper have not been reviewed by URTeC and URTeC does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, or timeliness of any information herein. All information is the responsibility of, and, is subject to corrections by the author(s). Any person or entity that relies on any information obtained from this paper does so at their own risk. The information herein does not necessarily reflect any position of URTeC. Any reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of URTeC is prohibited.
A rapid C-band staining technique for chromosomes.

Abstract A rapid C-band staining technique for chromosomes is described. The procedure is completed in less than 5 minutes. The C-bands obtained are comparable to those produced by the conventional method.
Quantifying impacts of heat waves on power grid operation

Abstract Climate change is projected to cause an increase in the severity and frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and droughts. Such changes present planning and operating challenges and risks to many economic sectors. In the electricity sector, statistics of extreme events in the past have been used to help plan for future peak loads, determine associated infrastructure requirements, and evaluate operational risks, but industry-standard planning tools have yet to be coupled with or informed by temperature models to explore the impacts of the “new normal” on planning studies. For example, high ambient temperatures during heat waves reduce the output capacity and efficiency of gas-fired combustion turbines just when they are needed most to meet peak demands. This paper describes the development and application of a production cost and unit commitment model coupled to high resolution, hourly temperature data and a temperature-dependent load model. The coupled system has the ability to represent the impacts of hourly temperature on load conditions and available capacity and efficiency of combustion turbines, and therefore capture the potential impacts on system reserve and production cost. Ongoing work expands this capability to address the impacts of water availability and temperature on power grid operation.
Histopathological analysis of retinopathy of prematurity after intravitreal bevacizumab.

We report the case of a premature infant with end-organ failure who developed high-risk retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) bilaterally and was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection therapy with regression noted on follow-up clinical examination. The infant died 3 weeks after IVB injection therapy. Histopathological analysis was conducted on bilateral globes and revealed persistent preretinal vessels.
Neonatal Short Bowel Syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) in the NICU population can result from various conditions; its incidence and prevalence are increasing. Although affected patients remain at risk for complications, survival of neonatal-onset SBS has been improving with advances in multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation and care. The goal of this review is to provide the neonatologist with an overview of the most common causes of neonatal SBS, common complications associated with SBS, and management goals. Necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroschisis, and intestinal atresias will be discussed in relation to SBS. Complications of SBS, the most serious of which include intestinal failure–associated liver disease and central line–associated bloodstream infections, are intimately tied to parenteral nutrition dependence. Hence SBS management is centered around attaining enteral autonomy and preventing complications, while supporting adequate growth and optimizing quality of life. The key to achieving these goals lies in longitudinal multidisciplinary management in the NICU and beyond.
Brace Treatment Monitoring Solution for Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients

Scoliosis is a medical condition which occurs in adolescents, where an individual’s spine develops curvature. A Thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) is a type of brace used to control the lateral curvature of the spine in scoliosis. It is a nonsurgical treatment with the goal of preventing curve progression in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. To successfully monitor compliance with brace treatment, we designed and developed a wearable multi-modal sensor solution is embedded into the patient’s brace. The custom designed hardware consists of a sensor board, a force sensor, an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The force sensor collects the force being exerted on the patient’s back, while the accelerometer and gyroscope generate cues to determine the patient’s activities and lifestyle. In this paper, we propose a novel data-mining method to identify patient activities and evaluate the effectiveness of the brace treatment pervasively based on fusion of continuous force and inertial motion recordings. Our aim is to design a context-aware remote monitoring system for ubiquitous evaluation and enhancement of brace treatment compliance of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. We investigated experimental scenario in which, the patient performs a series of pre-defined activities at home during day long segments of brace wear, during pervasive sensor data recordings. The experimental results demonstrated that we achieved an overall accuracy of a 100% for semi-supervised activity detection. The level of tightness of brace-fit reduced gradually over a period of 4 weeks by 33%.
Becoming the Person Your Dog Thinks You Are: An Assessment of Florida Prison-Based Dog Training Programs on Postrelease Recidivism

Dog Training Programs have recently become a popular rehabilitative program within correctional facilities, however the empirical literature on the effectiveness of these widespread programs is spa...
Sexual Behaviors, Mobile Technology Use, and Sexting Among College Students in the American South.

Purpose:To examine sexual, mobile technology, and sexting behaviors of college students.Design:A cross-sectional study design was employed.Setting:Study sites were 2 universities in the southern Un...
Re-entry experiences of Black men living with HIV/AIDS after release from prison: Intersectionality and implications for care.

Abstract Rationale Both the HIV epidemic and incarceration disproportionately affect Black men in the United States. A critical period for incarcerated Black men living with HIV/AIDS is re-entry into the community, which is often associated with adverse health outcomes. Additionally, Black men living with HIV/AIDS involved in the criminal justice system are burdened by multiple, intersecting disadvantaged identities and social positions. Objective This study aimed to examine community re-entry experiences among Black men living with HIV/AIDS from an intersectional perspective. Method In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 incarcerated Black men in Wisconsin, at pre-release from prison and six months after re-entry. Thematic analysis guided by intersectionality theory was used to analyze interview transcripts. Results Seven emerged themes included Intersectional Identities and Social Positions, Family Support, Neighborhood Violence, Relationship with Law Enforcement, Employment, Mental Health Concerns, and Medical Care and Medication Management. Intersecting identities and social positions interact with factors at multiple levels to inform health and HIV care. A conceptual framework was developed to illustrate relationships among themes. Conclusions Findings demonstrate the relevance of intersectionality theory in HIV care with Black men involved in criminal justice system. Incorporating a social-ecological perspective into intersectionality framework could be useful in theoretical and empirical research. Disenfranchised communities may particularly benefit from interventions that address community- and systemic-level issues.
Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract From 2012 to 2016, solar cells based on hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have emerged as a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology due to their high power conversion efficiencies and low cost fabrication methods. The rapid evolution of this emerging PV technology from its inclusion as an absorbing dye in dye-sensitized solar cells to stand alone devices with efficiency >22% has made perovskite solar cells (PSCs) an exciting and important field of research. In this chapter, we summarize some of the major advancements of this rapid progress related to the evolution of device architecture, film deposition method, device engineering techniques, which are critical factors to the development of PSCs.
An Open-Source Monitoring System for Remote Solar Power Applications.

Renewable energy systems are an increasingly popular way to generate electricity. As with any new technological paradigm, new challenges have emerged which are unique to the utilization of renewable energy systems. One of these challenges in particular is the development of effective monitoring technologies to compensate for the decentralized nature of remote power generation. This project details the development of an open-source monitoring system for remote solar power systems. The problem space that this project is specifically concerned with deals with the reduction of cost and the use of open platforms to make solar monitoring viable in developing countries where both the resources and general knowledge required to undertake such efforts are particularly scarce. Currently, solar monitoring technologies are expensive, limited in their application, and for the most part proprietary. It is arguable that such systems can be developed using non-customized hardware and open-source software that can be obtained and run anywhere in the world. This project is one such argument. This proof of concept is sufficient to show that solar remote monitoring is neither expensive nor particularly cumbersome to implement and thus warrants further investigation and development by the open source community.
Responding to the global crisis: developing an undergraduate program in health information management

Health information management has been regarded as one of the key components to creating an improved, higher-quality health care system throughout the world. In spite of being highly sought after by a variety of organizations including hospitals, health care organizations, third party insurers and public health agencies, there seems to be a gap between the academic education of healthcare workers and the real world usage of health information management systems. Similarly, there is a gap between today's information technology professional and the needs of the healthcare industry. The authors note a lack of mandatory and standardized health information management programs taught to students at the undergraduate level, particularly at the four-year colleges. One of the main objectives of this paper is to explore the notion of educating students at the undergraduate level in health information management, emphasizing the multi-disciplinary nature of the field, specifically the intersection of healthcare management and information technology. Furthermore, the paper proposes development and implementation practices for this curriculum and its relationship to programs at the community college level as well as healthcare industry certification programs. Finally, it is also important for healthcare providers to understand the implications of health informatics on medical practice management.
Steam reforming of n-butane on Pd/ceria

We have examined the steam reforming of n-butane on ceria, 1 wt% Pd/ceria, 1 wt% Pd/alumina, and 15 wt% Ni/silica between 573 and 873 K, with H2O : C ratios between 1.0 and 2.0. No stable rates could be observed on Ni/silica due to rapid coking under these conditions. While rates were stable on the other catalysts, Pd/ceria showed a much higher activity than either Pd/alumina or ceria individually. Of additional interest, CO2 : CO ratios were much higher on Pd/ceria and approached equilibrium. The reaction order for n-butane on Pd/ceria was 0.15. For H2O, reaction order changed from 0.6 to zero at the stoichiometric, n-butane : H2O ratio. It is suggested that the high activity of Pd/ceria for this reaction is due to a dual-function mechanism, in which ceria can be oxidized by H2O and then supply oxygen to the Pd.
Academic Library Management: Case Studies . Tammy Nickelson Dearie, Michael Meth, and Elaine L. Westbrooks, eds. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2018. 213p. Paper, $69.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-1559-2). LC 2017010131.

Librarians who transition into management and administrative roles in academic libraries often find themselves there with little or even no preparatory training; and, once there, common problems and best principles and practices are more often than not learned on the job. Intensive professional development programs for emerging and current library leaders are one opportunity available to prepare librarians for managerial success; but, in addition to these programs generally only accepting small groups of people at specific times of the year, a number of factors can make supporting attendance impossible for resource-strapped libraries. Only fourteen people were selected for the 2014 cohort of the UCLA Senior Fellows program, a three-week-long immersive program for academic library leaders; but, with the publication of Academic Library Management: Case Studies , everyone can now benefit from the lessons learned through the first-hand experiences collected in this deceptively slim volume.
Outcomes of systemic therapy for patients with metastatic undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).

11066Background: UPS, formerly termed malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) are high grade sarcomas where the cell of origin is unkown. Although they represent 15% of sarcomas, there is sparse data ...
The quality of being sociable: The influence of human attentional state, population, and human familiarity on domestic cat sociability

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess the influence of human attentional state, population, and human familiarity on domestic cat sociability. Sociability behaviors included duration of time in proximity and contact with the human and the frequency of meow vocalizations. Human attentional state influenced cat behavior, with cats spending significantly more time in proximity with the attentive human in both the pet (U(22) = 389, Z = -2.72, P = 0.007) and shelter groups (F(44) = 15.34, P = 0.0003). Cat population influenced sociability and shelter cats spent more time in proximity with the inattentive unfamiliar human as compared to pet cats (U(44) = 91, Z = 3.8, P = 0.0001) Additionally compared to pet cats, more individuals in the shelter cat group meowed at least once during the unfamiliar human inattentive phase (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.02). Human familiarity did not significantly influence pet cat sociability behaviors. Overall, a wide range of sociability scores was seen, indicating individual variation is an important consideration in cat social behavior. Future research in this area will predict conditions under which strong cat-human bonds form and establish a more comprehensive scientific understanding of cat behavior.
The High Chemofidelity of Metal-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer.

ConspectusThe implementation of any chemical reaction in a structurally complex setting (King, S. M. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 8937) confronts structurally defined barriers: steric environment, functional group reactivity, product instability, and through-bond electronics. However, there are also practical barriers. Late-stage reactions conducted on small quantities of material are run inevitably at lower than optimal concentrations. Access to late-stage material limits extensive optimization. Impurities from past reactions can interfere, especially with catalytic reactions. Therefore, chemical reactions on which one can rely at the front lines of a complex synthesis campaign emerge from the crucible of total synthesis as robust, dependable, and widely applied. Trost conceptualized “chemoselectivity” as a reagent’s selective reaction of one functional group or reactive site in preference to others (Trost, B. M. Science 1983, 219, 245). Chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance can be evaluated quickly...
Maintenance rituximab for relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report.

Background Appropriate management to prevent relapses of acquired, autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is not clear. Rituximab (375 mg/m2 /week × 4) is effective treatment for acute episodes but it is not consistently effective for prevention of relapses. Maintenance rituximab, 375 mg/m2 /3 months for 2 years, is commonly used to prevent progression of follicular lymphoma, but the outcome of maintenance rituximab to prevent TTP relapses has been rarely reported. Case report An 8-year-old girl was diagnosed with acquired TTP in 2008; her ADAMTS13 activity was less than 5%, with a functional inhibitor of greater than 8 Bethesda units/mL. She achieved remission with therapeutic plasma exchange, corticosteroids, and rituximab (375 mg/m2 /week × 4). During the following 6 years she had seven additional episodes. Each episode responded to therapeutic plasma exchange, sometimes requiring additional treatments (corticosteroids, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide). However, these treatments, as well as splenectomy and trials of cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil during clinical remissions, failed to prevent relapses. Her ADAMTS13 activity remained 8% or less throughout all of her remissions. Maintenance rituximab was begun in 2013: 500 mg (313 mg/m2 ) every 2-3 months × 5, then 600 mg (375 mg/m2 ) every 6 months × 2. After 1 year, her ADAMTS13 was 26%; after 2 years, 51%. During the past 3 years since stopping rituximab, she has remained well, with normal ADAMTS13 activity (70%-78%). Conclusion Maintenance rituximab treatment may be effective for prevention of relapses in patients with acquired, autoimmune TTP, even when splenectomy and intensive immunosuppression, including multiple conventional courses of rituximab, fail to prevent subsequent relapses.
La doctrina de la justificación por la fe – Parte III: La perspectiva veterotestamentaria

El presente estudio es el ultimo de una serie de tres articulos donde se estudia el asunto de la justificacion por la fe con enfasis en la perspectiva veterotestamentaria. En la primer articulo se reviso de manera panoramica el debate sobre la justificacion en el contexto de las distintas perspectivas teologicas cristianas desde tiempos de la Reforma hasta la actualidad. A partir de la segunda parte, el estudio se focalizo en la perspectiva veterotestamentaria, especificamente en el Pentateuco, y esta ultima parte completa la discusion del tema en el Antiguo Testamento y concluye el estudio estableciendo una serie de implicancias para la comprension de la doctrina de la justificacion.
Commercial Laboratory Reproducibility of Serum CTX in Clinical Practice.

In 2011, the International Osteoporosis Foundation and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine selected serum collagen type-I crosslinked C-peptide (s-CTX) as the reference standard for bone resorption. This study aimed to determine the within and between laboratory reproducibility for s-CTX assays. To create standardized pools, serum was collected from 10 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal women. Premenopausal sera were pooled to approximate a population with normal bone turnover; postmenopausal sera were pooled to approximate a population with high bone turnover; and a third pool was created from an equal proportion of the pre- and postmenopausal pools. Multiple identical aliquots from each pool were created and frozen; all were labeled as routine clinical specimens. To evaluate longitudinal laboratory reproducibility, an identical aliquot from each of the three pools was sent to four US commercial laboratories on five dates over a 6-month period. To evaluate within-run reproducibility, each lab received five identical aliquots from each pool on the fifth date. Three labs (Mayo, ARUP, and Quest) used the Roche Diagnostics Elecsys assay, and one (Esoterix/LabCorp) used the IDS-iSYS assay. Reproducibility was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Labs were unaware of the investigation. Across labs, mean s-CTX values were 423, 533, and 480 pg/mL for the premenopausal, postmenopausal, and mixed pools, respectively, but the means differed between labs (p < 0.001). The premenopausal pool longitudinal CVs ranged from 5.0% to 14.9%; the postmenopausal pool CVs ranged from 3.4% to 19.3%; and the mixed pool CVs ranged from 3.3% to 16.0%. The longitudinal reproducibility for Esoterix/LabCorp was higher (CV 13.9%; 95% CI, 10.1% to 22.2%) than for the other labs. Within-run CVs were also higher for Esoterix/LabCorp (CV 8.6%; 95% CI, 6.3% to 13.6%) compared with the other labs (CVs 2.1% to 6.2%). In conclusion, the reproducibility of s-CTX varied across US commercial labs, and was poorer for Esoterix/LabCorp, which used the IDS assay, compared with the other three labs, which used the Roche assay. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hypermethylation of the MAL gene promoter in breast cancer

1042 The gene under investigation in this study, MAL (myelin and lymphocyte protein), has been implicated in several malignancies including esophageal, ovarian, and cervical cancers. The MAL protein is involved in apical transport in polarized-epithelial cells and therefore its disruption may lead to the loss of organized polarity, a characteristic of most solid malignancies. Our interest in this gene arose from our finding that MAL is the most differentially expressed transcript when comparing ovarian cancers with good versus poor outcome. This finding led to an examination of mechanisms of MAL gene regulation first in ovarian and then in breast cancer. Preliminary data indicated that the MAL promoter is frequently hypermethylated in breast cancers but unmethylated in normal breast epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the nature and frequency of MAL promoter hypermethylation and its affect on gene expression. We first used bisulfite genomic sequencing to analyze the methylation profile of a portion of the MAL promoter CpG island near the start of transcription. We found that CpG dinucleotides in established breast cancer cell lines were predominantly methylated whereas DNA from immortalized “normal” breast epithelial lines were partially methylated and primary normal breast epithelial cells completely unmethylated. In addition, sequencing analysis of 36 primary breast tumors and matched lymphocyte DNA displayed methylation in 23 out of 36 (64%) of the tumor samples analyzed while their matched lymphocytes were unmethylated. Sequencing of laser captured microdissected normal and cancer breast tissue samples confirmed these findings. These data suggest that the methylation phenomenon seen in breast cancer cell lines holds true for primary breast tumors as well. Further sequencing analysis of the MAL promoter CpG island revealed a sharp transition in the methylation profile, whereby only a small (346 bp) region directly upstream of exon 1 exhibited differential methylation when comparing normal and cancer DNA. However, the region further upstream showed universal methylation in all cell lines analyzed. Aberrant methylation of MAL correlated with transcriptional silencing in breast cancer cell lines, since expression was induced with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine (DAC) in cells that were shown to be methylated by sequencing. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of normal breast tissue showed positive staining for MAL, while the majority of cancer tissues showed diminished expression. Low MAL expression correlated with promoter methylation and an ER positive status. These finding identify the MAL gene as a novel epigenetically regulated gene with a potential role in the development of breast cancer, possibly as a tumor suppressor gene. Future experiments will determine the significance and consequences of the findings reported in this study.
How we treat mature B-cell neoplasms (indolent B-cell lymphomas).

Mature B cell neoplasms, previously indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas (iNHLs), are a heterogeneous group of malignancies sharing similar disease courses and treatment paradigms. Most patients with iNHL have an excellent prognosis, and in many, treatment can be deferred for years. However, some patients will have an accelerated course and may experience transformation into aggressive lymphomas. In this review, we focus on management concepts shared across iNHLs, as well as histology-specific strategies. We address open questions in the field, including the influence of genomics and molecular pathway alterations on treatment decisions. In addition, we review the management of uncommon clinical entities including nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, splenic lymphoma and primary lymphoma of extranodal sites. Finally, we include a perspective on novel targeted therapies, antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, bispecific T cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy.
Accumulation of Streptomycin-Phosphate in Cultures of Streptomycin Producers Grown on a High-Phosphate Medium

A phosphorylated derivative of streptomycin accumulated in cultures of Streptomyces griseus ATCC 12475 and SC2376 grown on complex media containing an excess of inorganic phosphate (0.01 m). This compound did not accumulate significantly in the absence of added inorganic phosphate. The phosphorylated derivative did not inhibit growth of Bacillus subtilis or support growth of a streptomycin-dependent strain of Escherichia coli; however, incubation of the derivative with alkaline phosphatase gave a compound which was active with both systems. In the phosphorylated derivative, phosphate is esterified with an —OH group of the streptidine moiety of streptomycin. It is suggested that the phosphoryl group is introduced during biosynthesis of the streptidine moiety of streptomycin or by the action of streptomycin kinase on preformed streptomycin (or both), and subsequent dephosphorylation by streptomycin-phosphate phosphatase is inhibited by high concentrations of inorganic phosphate. A column chromatographic procedure for separation of streptidine-phosphate, streptomycin-phosphate, and streptomycin is described.
Sequential Decision making : how prior choices affect subsequent valuations

This paper develops and tests a model of sequential decision making where a first stage of ranking a set of alternatives is followed by a second stage of determining the value of these same alternatives. The model assumes a boundedly rational Bayesian decision maker who is uncertain about his/her underlying preferences over the relevant attributes, and who has to exert costly cognitive effort to resolve this uncertainty. Compared to when only valuation takes place, the analysis reveals that ranking a set of alternatives prior to determining their value has three primary effects: a) the spread (or dispersion) of valuations between most and least preferred alternatives increases, b) decision makers will, on expectation, exert more effort in the valuation phase, and c) the more each attribute contributes to overall utility the greater the relative impact of ranking is on valuation spread. The analysis also sheds light on how prior ranking impacts the demand for a product. These results are then corroborated in a series of controlled lab experiments with actual prizes. The findings have implications for many real life decision making situations ranging from auctions, where there is a tendency to prioritize items before determining a bid, to the ranking of job candidates prior to determining wages and benefits to be offered. More generally, the results bear on our understanding of how past decisions can affect future related decisions.
DNA binding of nonclassical platinum antitumor complexes

VI. Summary Bifunctional binding of platinum complexes to DNA is considered essential for manifestation of antitumor activity. Studies on direct analogues of cis -DDP confirm that all cis -[PtX 2 (amine) 2 ] complexes will produce a similar array of adducts with similar consequences. This fact may well be a reason for the similarity in clinical profile of those analogues which have entered clinical trials. On the other hand, work on dinuclear platinum and trans -platinum complexes indicate that complexes structurally different to cis -DDP and acting on DNA in a manner distinct to the clinically used agent may display an altered spectrum of antitumor activity. A rich array of new structures has been discovered worthy of further exploration to develop new platinum complexes genuinely complementary to the currently used drugs. 109
Sensory Pathways in the Ventral Quadrant

This chapter will be concerned with several pathways in the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord—the spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinotectal tracts.
An ISEE-1/2 spacecraft study of an unusual flux transfer event

Using the ISEE-1/2 spacecraft, an unusual FTE was studied. The perturbation in the direction normal to the magnetopause reached a maximum size of 64 nT, exceeding the field amplitude in the adjacent magnetosphere. The observation was made at 1500 Local Time in the Southern Hemisphere (10 deg below the magnetic equator). From two point observations, it was found that the structure has a scale length of 2R(E) in the north-south direction in boundary normal coordinates. The velocity of the structure in that direction was about 50 km/sec. The dimension and the velocity in the east-west direction could not be established. The FTE signature recurred after about 9 minutes.
Behavior Analysis Procedures in Classroom Teaching

Behavioral research conducted in classroom settings has analyzed behaviors contributing to the maintenance of order in the classrooms as well as behaviors involved in the actual learning of academic concepts. The procedures used to change these behaviors include those involving the manipulation of consequent stimuli and those involving the manipulation of antecedent stimuli.These delineations of procedures and behaviors provide essentially four general categories into which classroom behavioral research can be meaningfully divided: (1) research analyzing the effects of contingent relationships on the behaviors involved in maintaining order in the classroom; (2) research analyzing the effects of discriminative stimuli on behavior involved in maintaining order in the classroom; (3) research analyzing the effects of contingent relationships on the amount and correctness of work produced by the children in the classroom; and (4) research analyzing the effects of manipulating teachers’ instructions and discriminative stimulus materials on children’s learning academic concepts and skills.
Theoretical and experimental study of earth-abundant solar cell materials

In this paper, we present theoretical and experimental studies of two representative earth-abundant, thin-film solar cell materials: Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 . Using first-principles density-functional theory, we show that both Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 exhibit electronic and optical properties that are suitable for solar cell applications. However, the defect physics are rather different in these two earth-abundant solar cell materials: the dominant defects produce deep gap states in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 but only shallow states in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , indicating that CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is a more promising candidate for achieving high efficiency solar cells. Through the synthesis and characterization of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 -based thin-film solar cells, we show that CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 -based thin-film solar cells exhibit significantly higher performance than Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 -based solar cells.
Weyl groups of Hamiltonian manifolds, I

We consider a connected compact Lie group K acting on a symplectic manifold M such that a moment map m exists. A pull-back function via m Poisson commutes with all K-invariants. Guillemin-Sternberg raised the problem to find a converse. In this paper, we solve this problem by determining the Poisson commutant of the algebra of K-invariants. It is completely controlled by the image of m and a certain subquotient W_M of the Weyl group of K. The group W_M is also a reflection group and forms a symplectic analogue of the little Weyl group of a symmetric space. The proof rests ultimately on techniques from algebraic geometry. In fact, a major part of the paper is of independent interest: it establishes connectivity and reducedness properties of the fibers of the (complex algebraic) moment map of a complex cotangent bundle.
Reading Achievement Of English Language Learners Who Participated In The Response To Intervention Model

The purpose of this study was to determine if English Language Learner (ELL) reading achievement scores could be related to the group’s participation in Response to Intervention (RTI). RTI addresses the challenges many public schools face as they seek the best methods for teaching reading and language while facing a nationally significant growth in the population of ELL students. This quantitative study utilized a repeated-measures design with English proficiency as the one between-groups factor and California Standardized Test (CST) as the one repeated-measures factor with two levels. The data were gathered from CSTs for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years. Each research question was answered with descriptive statistics gathered from a general linear model ANOVA to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between participation in RTI and ELL reading achievement scores. As a result of the data analyzed for this study, students who are English Language Learners and also participants in the RTI model demonstrated a relationship between their participation in RTI and reading achievement. To support effective implementation practices for RTI, school administrators can use the descriptive data found in this study to consider possible RTI implementation options. The results of this study indicated that RTI was a beneficial practice for ELL students. Further study is needed to address the decline in test scores for both ELL and EO students in grade 3. District administrators can use the results of the study to address curricular needs for ELLs during the first year of schooling between the scaffolded grade 2 administration of the CST and the independently read grade 3 administration of the CST. The results of this study are significant for ELLs and the schools that serve them. Schools similar to those that participated in this study can glean important information about RTI implementation and the effect it has on ELL students and their reading achievement. Administrators and school leaders can consider the data presented in this study and the interpretation of the results and construct a similar RTI model or begin implementation of an RTI model that will ultimately be beneficial to the ELL population in schools.
Future Air Traffic Timetable Estimator.

We offer a conceptual and empirical framework to predict future aviation timetables. Future timetables are critical for simulating the national airspace system. In the past, timetables have been derived by iteratively scaling up an observed origin and destination trip distribution matrix to match forecasts of airport terminal operations into individual flights. This allocation mechanism has a few shortcomings. Furthermore, it does not use rich data that are presently available. Using an econometrically estimated demand driven passenger flow model, combined with forecasted values of economic and demographic variables for local metro areas, we derive forecasts for origin and destination passenger flows. Passenger itineraries are then assigned using the existing allocations as a guide for predicting the future network. Aircraft type and the number of operations between airports have been derived by using a multinomial aircraft choice model that ties enplanements to aircraft choices. Once flight counts have been forecast, we calibrate the model to align with the baseline OAG. Following this calibration, we use the forecasted values of O&D flows to derive the future aviation timetables
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF BLUE-MEMBRANE BACTERIORHODOPSIN : PICOSECOND RESONANCE COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Vibrational spectra of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in its deionized form (blue-membrane BR) were measured via picosecond resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (PR/CARS). More than 18 vibrational bands in the 750–1650 cm-1 region not previously assigned were observed. Comparisons of these PR/CARS spectra with vibrational data recorded from BR species containing either an all-trans (i.e. BR-570) or 13-cis retinal (e.g. BR-548 found in dark-adapted BR and the picosecond BR intermediate K-590) were used to characterise more fully isomeric forms of the retinal chromophore found in blue-membrane BR. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture-like borehole breakouts in high-porosity sandstone: Are they caused by compaction bands?

Abstract We induced borehole breakouts in a 25%-porosity Berea sandstone by drilling 23 mm diameter holes into 152×152×229 mm blocks subjected to constant true triaxial far-field stresses. BSen5 consists of large quartz grains (0.5 mm) cemented mainly by sutured grain contacts. Breakouts in BSen5 are demonstratively different from those observed in granite, limestone, and lower porosity sandstones. Rather than the typically short ‘V’-shaped breakouts, BSen5 displays long fracture-like tabular slots, which counterintuitively, develop orthogonally to σH. These breakouts originate at the points of highest compressive stress at the borehole wall, along the σh spring line. Micrographs of BSen5 breakouts show an apparent compaction band created just ahead of the breakout tip in the form of a narrow layer of grains that are compacted normal to σH. The compaction band characteristics are nearly identical to those observed in the field. The mechanism leading to fracture-like breakouts is seen as anti-dilatant, and related directly to grain debonding and porosity reduction accompanying the formation of the compaction band. Some compacted grains at the borehole wall are expelled as a result of the line of tangential loading and the radial expansion of adjacent grains. The circulating drilling fluid flushes out the remaining compacted loose grains at the borehole-rock interface. As the breakout tip advances, the stress concentration ahead of it persists, extending the compaction band, which in turn leads to additional grain removal and breakout lengthening. By extrapolation, this process may continue for considerable distance (at least several times the wellbore diameter) in field situations, leading potentially to substantial sand production.
Geologic structure near the Cajon Pass Scientific Drill Hole

The geologic structure near the Cajon Pass drill site is controversial. The Squaw Peak fault was previously interpreted as the edge of a thrust plate of large displacement. This may be incorrect based on the style of deformation and the presence of similar granodiorite on both sides of the fault. Alternatively, mid-Miocene crustal extension on a west-facing listric normal fault may have formed the basin in which the Cajon Formation was deposited. Post Miocene crustal shortening normal to the San Andreas fault may have folded the upper plate of this fault and thrust it northeastward. By this interpretation, steeply inclined beds at the drill site terminate on a fault ramp, and Squaw Peak is the corner of the initially stable block that was broken off and ramped upward.
Rescue of the Drosophila Phototransduction Mutation trp by Germline Transformation

Phototransduction is the process by which light-stimulated photoreceptor cells of the visual system send electrical signals to the nervous system. Many of the steps that follow the initial event in phototransduction, absorption of light by rhodopsin, are ill-defined. The fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a means to dissect phototransduction genetically. Mutations such as transient receptor potential (trp) affect intermediate steps in phototransduction. In order to facilitate molecular studies of phototransduction, the trp gene was isolated and its identity was confirmed by complementing the mutant trpCM allele of the trp gene by P-element mediated germline transformation of a 7.1-kilobase DNA fragment. Expression of the trp gene begins late in pupal development and appears to be limited to the eyes and ocelli.
Patient-centered communication and prognosis discussions with cancer patients

Objective To examine physician communication associated with prognosis discussion with cancer patients.
A rapid and sensitive potentiometric assay for monoamine oxidase using an ammonia-selective electrode

A sensitive and convenient method for the estimation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity using an ammonia-selective electrode has been developed. The ammonia in the sample diffuses through the gas-permeable membrane until NH3-N partial pressures are at equilibrium, and the resulting potential (in millivolts) is recorded with a millivolt/pH meter. The amount of ammonia generated enzymatically is obtained by calculating the difference in ammonia concentration in control and test incubation mixtures at pH 12.0. The sensitivity of this method is comparable to radiometric, fluorometric, and polarographic techniques. The millivolt potential corresponding to ammonia formed from substrate by MAO in brain homogenate and mitochondrial preparations is linear to enzyme protein concentration and to time during the 30-min incubation period. The stoichiometric relationship between the amounts of ammonia production and amine depletion is evidenced by the equal amounts of ammonia formed and substrate depleted. The assay technique offers diverse utility. Numerous primary amine substrates can be employed with this method. The procedure is also useful for the study of enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Compared to many other assay procedures, the method outlined offers the advantages of precision, sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity.
Synthesis of [2-14C(U)tyrosine]arginine vasotocin with high specific radio and biological activities

The synthesis of [2-14C(U)tyrosine]arginine vasotocin at a specific activity of 102 mCi/mMole was performed using the solid-phase approach of Merrifield for peptide synthesis. Following purification by gel filtrations the labeled hormone was recovered at an average yield of 40% with an avian vasodepressor activity of 408 ± 24 U/mg.
Brief An efficient off-line formulation of robust model predictive control using linear matrix inequalities

The practicality of model predictive control (MPC) is partially limited by its ability to solve optimization problems in real time. Moreover, on-line computational demand for synthesizing a robust MPC algorithm will likely grow significantly with the problem size. In this paper, we use the concept of an asymptotically stable invariant ellipsoid to develop a robust constrained MPC algorithm which gives a sequence of explicit control laws corresponding to a sequence of asymptotically stable invariant ellipsoids constructed off-line one within another in state space. This off-line approach can address a broad class of model uncertainty descriptions with guaranteed robust stability of the closed-loop system and substantial reduction of the on-line MPC computation. The controller design is illustrated with two examples.
Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years

Wildfire activity in boreal forests is anticipated to increase dramatically, with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Paleorecords are indispensible for elucidating boreal fire regime dynamics under changing climate, because fire return intervals and successional cycles in these ecosystems occur over decadal to centennial timescales. We present charcoal records from 14 lakes in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska, one of the most flammable ecoregions of the boreal forest biome, to infer causes and consequences of fire regime change over the past 10,000 y. Strong correspondence between charcoal-inferred and observational fire records shows the fidelity of sedimentary charcoal records as archives of past fire regimes. Fire frequency and area burned increased ∼6,000–3,000 y ago, probably as a result of elevated landscape flammability associated with increased Picea mariana in the regional vegetation. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ∼1,000–500 cal B.P.), the period most similar to recent decades, warm and dry climatic conditions resulted in peak biomass burning, but severe fires favored less-flammable deciduous vegetation, such that fire frequency remained relatively stationary. These results suggest that boreal forests can sustain high-severity fire regimes for centuries under warm and dry conditions, with vegetation feedbacks modulating climate–fire linkages. The apparent limit to MCA burning has been surpassed by the regional fire regime of recent decades, which is characterized by exceptionally high fire frequency and biomass burning. This extreme combination suggests a transition to a unique regime of unprecedented fire activity. However, vegetation dynamics similar to feedbacks that occurred during the MCA may stabilize the fire regime, despite additional warming.
Context-sensitive underspecification and the acquisition of phonemic contrasts

Several competing proposals for the (under)specification of phonological representations are evaluated against the facts of phonemic acquisition. Longitudinal evidence relating to the emergence of a voice contrast in the well-documented study of Amahl (from age 2;2 to 3;11) is reconsidered. Neither contrastive specification nor context-free radical underspecification is capable of accounting for the facts. The problem is in the characterization of the change in the status of a feature from being noncontrastive and conditioned by context at one stage to being contrastive with phonetic effects that diffuse gradually through the lexicon. Both frameworks must treat as accidental the persistence of the early substitution pattern and require the postulation of wholesale changes in underlying representations, where these changes do not accord well with the observed phonetic changes or with the facts available to the learner. Context-sensitive radical underspecification provides a plausible account of each stage and the transition between stages with minimal grammar change.