cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in magnetic bubble devices

LPE magnetic garnet films are now being grown with magnetic defect densities less than 10/cm2and with a high degree of reproducibility. Attention is now being directed toward developing optimum garnet film compositions for specific device applications. The europium-yttrium garnet system has been found to be suitable for 1-5µm diameter bubbles, has a low temperature sensitivity, and may be used for devices operating at frequencies up to 500 KHZ.
Learning by doing? Prospective elementary teachers' developing understandings of scientific inquiry and science teaching and learning

This study examined prospective elementary teachers' learning about scientific inquiry in the context of an innovative life science course. Research questions included: (1) What do prospective elementary teachers learn about scientific inquiry within the context of the course? and (2) In what ways do their experiences engaging in science investigations and teaching inquiry‐oriented science influence prospective elementary teachers' understanding of science and science learning and teaching? Eleven prospective elementary teachers participated in this qualitative, multi‐participant case study. Constant comparative analysis strategies attempted to build abstractions and explanations across participants around the constructs of the study. Findings suggest that engaging in scientific inquiry supported the development more appropriate understandings of science and scientific inquiry, and that prospective teachers became more accepting of approaches to teaching science that encourage children's questions about s...
Arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and the methylation of arsenicals in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis

Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) involves methylation catalyzed by arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) yielding mono-, di-, and trimethylated arsenicals. To investigate the evolution of molecular mechanisms that mediate arsenic biotransformation, a comparative genomic approach focusing on the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis was used. Bioinformatic analyses identified an As3mt gene in the C. intestinalis genome. Constitutive As3mt RNA expression was observed in heart, branchial sac, and gastrointestinal tract. Adult animals were exposed to 0 or 1 ppm of iAs for 1 or 5 days. Steady-state As3mt RNA expression in the gastrointestinal tract was not modulated significantly by 5 days of exposure to iAs. Tissue levels of iAs and its methylated metabolites were determined by hydride generation-cryotrapping-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. At either time point, exposure to iAs significantly increased concentrations of iAs and its methylated metabolites in tissues. After 5 days of exposure, total speciated arsenic concentrations were highest in branchial sac (3705 ng/g), followed by heart (1019 ng/g) and gastrointestinal tract (835 ng/g). At this time point, the sum of the speciated arsenical concentrations in gastrointestinal tract and heart equaled or exceeded that of iAs; in branchial sac, iAs was the predominant species present. Ciona intestinalis metabolizes iAs to its methylated metabolites, which are retained in tissues. This metabolic pattern is consistent with the presence of an As3mt ortholog in its genome and constitutive expression of the gene in prominent organs, making this basal chordate a useful model to examine the evolution of arsenic detoxification.
Security Policies in Distributed CSCW and Workflow Systems

In this paper, multiuser collaboration systems are categorized into two groups-computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and workflow systems-based on a historic perspective of their introduction and on their emphasis on user- or process-centric interactions. The goal of the survey is to identify distinct security requirements-related to availability, integrity, confidentiality and privacy, and access leakage-of these systems. Existing role-based security models and their limitations to express security policies in distributed CSCW and workflow systems are presented. Last, we present an overview of a framework that we have developed to specify, verify, and enforce security policies in distributed CSCW systems.
Characterization of a diversity of tetraphyllidean and rhinebothriidean cestode larval types, with comments on host associations and life-cycles.

Life-cycles of marine tapeworms of the orders Tetraphyllidea and Rhinebothriidea are poorly known primarily because their larvae typically lack species level, taxonomically distinguishing adult characteristics and using morphology they can be identified to genus, family or order only. This large-scale study conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico includes adult cestodes (25 species) collected from sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii, eight species) and larval cestodes (27 species) collected from teleosts (Neopterygii, 46 species), bivalves and gastropods (Mollusca, 24 species), and shrimps (Crustacea, five species), comprising a phylogenetically (75 species in three phyla, 14 orders and 46 families) and ecologically (e.g., benthic, epibenthic, pelagic, euryhaline, stenohaline) diverse array of hosts of larval cestode. Molecular biology and morphology informed larval identification and facilitated the circumscription of suites of morphological features representing distinct larval types (i.e., collective groups). A total of 198 specimens comprising adult and larval tetraphyllideans and rhinebothriideans assigned to 12 genera were characterized for the partial (D1–D3) lsrDNA gene and analyzed separately and in combination with data derived from species belonging to an additional 21 genera available from GenBank. Eight larval types were identified and matched to one or several genera of Tetraphyllidea or Rhinebothriidea; morphological variation within these larval types was also documented. In combination with published reports of unique larval morphologies, 15 larval types were established and a key to their larvae presented. Overall, teleosts figured prominently in the life-cycles of tetraphyllideans and rhinebothriideans. Intermediate host specificity at the level of cestode genus was euryxenous, but limited host records suggest that host specificity at the level of cestode species may be more strict. To our knowledge, this is the first published study that approaches the elucidation of marine tapeworm life-cycles by incorporating morphological, molecular biological and phylogenetic methods using specimens collected on a regional scale and from wild-caught hosts from four metazoan phyla.
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as intracellular signaling intermediates

Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have often been considered inhibitors of cell death due to early reports that described their ability to directly bind and inhibit caspases, the primary factors that implement apoptosis. However, a greater understanding is evolving regarding the vital roles played by IAPs as transduction intermediates in a diverse set of signaling cascades associated with functions ranging from the innate immune response to cell migration to cell-cycle regulation. In this review, we discuss the functions of IAPs in signaling, focusing primarily on the cellular IAP (c-IAP) proteins. The c-IAPs are important components in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily signaling cascades, which include activation of the NF-κB transcription factor family. As these receptors modulate cell proliferation and cell death, the involvement of the c-IAPs in these pathways provides an additional means of controlling cellular fate beyond simply inhibiting caspase activity. Additionally, IAP-binding proteins, such as Smac and caspases, which have been described as having cell death-independent roles, may affect c-IAP activity in intracellular signaling. Collectively, the multi-faceted functions and complex regulation of the c-IAPs illustrate their importance as intracellular signaling intermediates.
22Na+ Uptake and Catecholamine Secretion by Primary Cultures of Adrenal Medulla Cells

: The uptake of 22Na+ and secretion of catecholamines by primary cultures of adrenal medulla cells under the influence of a variety of agonists and antagonists were determined. Veratridine, batrachotoxin, scorpion venom, and nicotine caused a parallel increase in 22Na+ uptake and Ca2+–dependent catecholamine secretion. Ba2+, depolarizing concentrations of K+, and the Ca2+ ionophore Ionomycin stimulated secretion of catecholamines but did not increase the uptake of 22Na+. Tetrodotoxin inhibited both 22Na+ uptake and catecholamine secretion evoked by veratridine, batrachotoxin, and scorpion venom, but had no effect on 22Na+ uptake and catecholamine secretion caused by nicotine. On the other hand, histrionicotoxin, which blocks the acetylcholine receptor–linked ion conductance channel, blocked nicotine–stimulated 22Na+ uptake and catecholamine secretion, but only partially inhibited veratridine–stimulated catecholamine secretion and had no effect on veratridine–stimulated 22Na+ uptake. The combination of veratridine plus tetrodotoxin, which has been shown to prevent nicotine–stimulated secretion of catecholamines by adrenal medulla cells, also prevented nicotine–stimulated 22Na+ uptake by the primary cultures. These studies demonstrate the presence of tetrodotoxin–sensitive Na+ channels in adrenal medulla cells which are functionally linked to Ca2+–dependent catecholamine secretion. However, these channels are not utilized for Na+ entry upon activation of nicotinic receptors; in this case Na+ entry occurs through the receptor-associated ion conductance channel.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer.

Study objectives To determine whether there is an association between cigarette smoking and the development of pulmonary metastatic disease among women with breast cancer. Design A case-control study. Setting The University of California, Davis Medical Center. Participants Eighty-seven women patients with unilateral, invasive breast cancer and pulmonary metastatic disease were identified as cases, and each patient was matched with two control patients who did not have pulmonary metastatic disease. Case patients and control patients were matched for year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, size of primary tumor, and nodal status. Data analysis Multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression was used to determine the odds of smoking among women with pulmonary metastatic disease compared to matched control patients without pulmonary metastatic disease, after correction for potential confounding factors. Results Thirty-eight percent of the case patients vs 29% of the control patients were classified as ever-smokers; 24.1% of case patients were actively smoking at the time of breast cancer diagnosis vs 15.3% of the control patients. The unadjusted odds ratio for active smoking was 1.76 for women with pulmonary metastatic disease compared to women without pulmonary metastatic disease (p = 0.06). In the final multivariate model, the odds ratio for active smoking among women with pulmonary meta staticdisease was 1.96 (p = 0.06). Conclusions The reappears to be an association between cigarette smoking and the development of pulmonary metastatic disease among women with breast cancer. This may explain the previously noted higher breast cancer fatality rate among smokers. The relationship between smoking behavior and pulmonary metastasis from breast and other cancers warrants further investigation.
Regulatory mechanisms of metabolic flexibility in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis)

Small temperate birds reversibly modify their aerobic performance to maintain thermoregulatory homeostasis under seasonally changing environmental conditions and these physiological adjustments may be attributable to changes in the expression of genes in the underlying regulatory networks. Here, we report the results of an experimental procedure designed to gain insight into the fundamental mechanisms of metabolic flexibility in the dark-eyed junco ( Junco hyemalis ). We combined genomic transcriptional profiles with measures of metabolic enzyme activities and whole-animal thermogenic performance from juncos exposed to four 6-week acclimation treatments that varied in temperature (cold, 3°C; warm, 24°C) and photoperiod (short day, 8 h light:16 h dark; long day, 16 h light:8 h dark). Cold-acclimated birds increased thermogenic capacity compared with warm-acclimated birds, and this enhanced performance was associated with upregulation of genes involved in muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and lipid transport and oxidation, as well as with catabolic enzyme activities. These physiological changes occurred over ecologically relevant timescales, suggesting that birds make regulatory adjustments to interacting, hierarchical pathways in order to seasonally enhance thermogenic capacity.
Enhanced transmission line model structures for accurate resistance evaluation of small-size contacts and for more reliable fabrication

Two new transmission line model (TLM) techniques are presented, The first structure, LT-TLM, provides very accurate determination of the transfer length LT (within 5%) and the contact resistivity /spl rho//sub C/ (within 12%) of lateral contacts, as compared to typical errors of 30% and 50%, respectively, for conventional TLM patterns, accurate determination of these quantities is important for the optimal design of small lateral contacts in high-performance devices, such as heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The second structure, a modified concentric TLM pattern, provides the same results as conventional TLM patterns; however, they do not require mesa isolation, and they can be fabricated extremely reliably. In contrast, conventional concentric TLM patterns are often shorted together or distorted by lift-off metallization processes. Both theoretical analysis and experimental verification with analysis of the accuracy of the extracted data is presented for each technique, demonstrating the advantages of these approaches.
AREA REQUIREMENTS OF GRASSLAND BIRDS: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Area requirements of grassland birds have not been studied except in tallgrass prairie. We studied the relation between both species-occurrence and density and patch size by conducting 699 fixed-radius point counts of 15 bird species on 303 restored grassland areas in nine counties in four northern Great Plains states. Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were shown to favor larger grassland patches in one or more counties. Evidence of area sensitivity was weak or ambivalent for Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) preferred larger patches in some counties, and smaller patches in others. ...
A wide-bandwidth low-voltage PLL for PowerPC microprocessors

A 3.3 V Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) clock synthesizer implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology is described. The PLL supports internal to external clock frequency ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 as well as numerous static power down modes for PowerPC microprocessors. The CPU clock lock range spans from 6 to 175 MHz. Lock times below 15 /spl mu/s, PLL power dissipation below 10 mW as well as phase error and jitter below /spl plusmn/100 ps have been measured. The total area of the PLL is 0.52 mm/sup 2/. >
Lack of effect of chronic nicotine administration on fatty acid distribution in the liver, testis, and adipose tissue of male Fischer-344 rats

A comparison is made of the percentage compositions of major fatty acids in liver and testis phospholipids, liver and abdominal adipose tissue triglycerides, and liver sterol esters in male Fischer-344 rats administered a physiological saline control or a "smoking" dose of nicotine (1000 micro g base/kg/day, subcutaneously) for 2 or 22 months. Results indicate that there is no major trend, or significant difference, between nicotine- or saline-treated rats with respect to major fatty acid distribution. Some differences in fatty acid distribution in the various lipid fractions were found between young and old rats.
Non-epithelial Renal Neoplasms of the Adult Kidney

Non-epithelial renal neoplasms are usually incidentally discovered and generally appear as solid enhancing lesions on computerized tomography. Mesenchymal lesions include angiomyolipoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, solitary fibrous tumor, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and liposarcoma, with appearances and behaviors similar to those arising outside the kidney. Angiomyolipomas are the most common of these entities and classically contain varying amounts of adipose tissue, smooth muscle, and vessels. In contrast to classic angiomyolipoma, epithelioid angiomyolipoma can be associated with a malignant outcome. Other renal-specific mesenchymal renal neoplasms include juxtaglomerular cell tumor and renomedullary interstitial cell tumor, both of which represent benign entities. The primary therapy for most mesenchymal renal neoplasms is surgical excision with concomitant partial or complete resection of adjacent uninvolved structures when locally invasive. Embolization is another option, with chemotherapy and radiation mostly reserved for palliative purposes. In addition to mesenchymal lesions, the kidney may be involved rarely by primary renal lymphoma and have secondary involvement by lymphoma and leukemia. Finally, neuroendocrine lesions may also occur and represent a spectrum of entities ranging from renal carcinoid tumor to small cell carcinoma.
Oral contraception as a risk factor for preeclampsia

Since the role of oral contraceptives as a risk factor for hypertension is now quite well established, we investigated the possible relationship between recent use or oral contraception around conception and the development of hypertension and preeclampsia later in the pregnancy. Subjects were randomly selected women being delivered during a 24 month period at a major medical center who had used oral contraceptives in the 12 months before conception. The overall incidence of preeclampsia was 4.69%. Women who discontinued oral contraceptives as recently as 2 months before conception or who inadvertently used them in early pregnancy (n = 99) did not differ significantly on incidence of preeclampsia (odds ratio (o) = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.15, 2.00) or hypertension at delivery (o = 1.01, 95% CL = 0.46, 2.20) than women last exposed 3 to 12 months before conception (n = 242). Potentially confounding maternal factors were examined and controlled.
Structure Analysis of Co/Re Superlattice Grown on an Al 2 O 3 (110) Substrate

The structure of a Re(5 nm)/(Co(2 nm)/Re(3 nm)) 19 sample grown via magnetron sputtering was thoroughly analyzed via x-ray reflectivity (XRR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cross-sectional TEM results indicate that the sample is epitaxial, with the in-plane c -axis of the superlattice pointing along the c-axis of the substrate. A quantitative analysis of XRR yielded an average thickness of each layer and an interface roughness ∼ 0.4 nm between the Co and Re layers. A careful analysis of the TEM data reveals that the in-plane lattice parameters for Co, Re and Al 2 O 3 are approximately 0.24 nm, 0.43 nm; 0.26 nm, 0.44 nm; and 0.24 nm, 0.44 nm, respectively. The lattice spacings of Al 2 O 3 correspond to a/2 and c/3, where a, and c are lattice parameters, respectively. Interestingly, both high resolution and Z-contrast images show a very uniform period thickness. Z-contrast images, however, show that the initial interface roughness between the Re buffer layer and the first Co layer is amplified as the layers get farther away from the substrate. A high magnification TEM analysis shows that the bottom Co-Re interface roughness is about 0.2 nm, whereas the top Re-Co interface roughness is about 0.7 nm. Previous anistropic magnetoresistance measurements are discussed in light of these new structural data.
Tetramethylguanidine as an Aqueous Alkaline Electrolyte for Electrochemical Devices with Pt and Pd

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) is an organic superbase which has recently found use as a primary functional group in alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEM). In this study we demonstrate the p...
Direct Conversion of Phosphonates to Phosphine Oxides: An Improved Synthetic Route to Phosphines Including the First Synthesis of Methyl JohnPhos

The synthesis of tertiary phosphine oxides from phosphonates was achieved reliably and in good to excellent yields using stoichiometric amounts of alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents and sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaOTf). In the absence of the NaOTf additive, covalent coordination oligomers of magnesium and phosphorus species dominate the reaction, producing very low yields of phosphine oxide, but high conversions of the phosphonate starting material. Mechanistic studies revealed that a five-coordinate phosphorus species—not a phosphinate—is the reaction intermediate. A diverse array of phosphonates was converted to phosphine oxides using a variety of Grignard reagents for direct carbon–phosphorus functionalization. This new methodology especially simplifies the synthesis of dimethylphosphino (RPMe2)-type phosphines by using air-, water-, and silica-stable intermediates. To highlight this reaction, a new Buchwald-type ligand ([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yldimethylphosphine, or methyl JohnPhos) and a classic bide...
Optical Mapping of Protein–DNA Complexes on Chromatin Fibers

Immunofluorescence (IF) and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) are conventional methods used to study the structure and organization of metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei. Using these techniques, the locations of whole chromosome territories, chromatin subdomains, and specific DNA sequences can be evaluated at kilobase or megabase resolution. Even higher resolution of the spatial relationships of proteins and DNA can be achieved using combined IF-FISH on extended chromatin fibers. This method of optical mapping is a powerful system for localizing molecular probes along released chromatin fibers and visualizing small (<20 kb) or large (20-5,000 kb) chromosomal domains. Chromatin fiber analysis can fill the gaps in resolution between classical chromosome studies and molecular analyses, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that evaluates chromatin organization at the level of single or multiple nucleosomes. In this chapter, the conceptual and technical aspects of chromatin fiber IF-FISH are presented, along with examples of successful applications.
Evaluation of forward osmosis membrane performance and fouling during long-term osmotic membrane bioreactor study

Abstract Forward osmosis membrane performance and fouling was studied during 100 days of continuous activated sludge treatment. The purpose of the study was to compare the performance and fouling of commercial cellulose triacetate and newly developed polyamide thin film composite membranes that treated high salinity and low salinity activated sludge from two membrane bioreactors. Water flux, reverse salt flux, and specific reverse salt flux were measured to evaluate the performance of virgin and fouled membranes. Membrane autopsy was used to investigate foulant composition and compare physicochemical membrane properties before and after fouling. The results indicated that both membrane types attained steady-state water flux over 100 days, characterized by an initial decline and subsequent steady-state period. Biofouling and organic fouling caused overall water flux decline, in which foulants were identical between membrane and activated sludge types. Water flux results were similar for the two activated sludge types and demonstrated that FO membrane performance and fouling was independent of total dissolved solids, calcium, and mixed liquor suspended solid concentrations. Lastly, virgin membrane properties (i.e., hydrophilicity and surface roughness) did not contribute substantially to membrane fouling. Cellulose triacetate membranes outperformed thin film composite membranes, with lower fouling propensity, higher water flux, lower reverse salt flux, and lower specific reverse salt flux.
Being Hip-Hop: Beyond Skills and Songs

In this article, I offer four principles relevant to hip-hop cultures (keep it real, flip the script, make some noise, and stay fresh) and explore how these principles might affect music classrooms. I argue that a music classroom that works to keep it real, flip the script, make some noise, and stay fresh might go beyond teaching hip-hop skills and songs to actually being hip-hop. Adopting these principles would ideally keep music classrooms relevant to students’ interests, focus on connections to both local and global contexts, take and transform music ideas, and create original music within an environment that honors music traditions for what they are and remains flexible and responsive to ruptures in flow. I include a snapshot of what a potential music classroom that is hip-hop might look like.
Sociodemographic and drug use severity differences between medical marijuana users and non-medical users visiting the emergency department.

Background and Objectives The purpose of this study is to extend what is known about medical marijuana and non-medical marijuana users who visit the emergency department (ED) by exploring differences in their sociodemographic characteristics and their drug-related problem severity. Methods Of 292 consecutively enrolled exclusive marijuana-only users visiting the ED for any reason, 37% (n = 107) reported using marijuana on the advice of a medical doctor, and 63% (n = 185) reported that they did not use it under the advice of a medical doctor (ie, non-medical user). Participants denied using any other drug with the exception of alcohol. Participants completed the Addiction Severity Index-Lite which provided composite and individual items related to drug use problems, psychiatric problems, medical problems, and alcohol use problems. Self-efficacy for avoiding drug use and sociodemographic characteristics were also collected. Results In a multivariate model, compared to non-medical marijuana users, medical users reported a higher frequency of days of use, more money spent on marijuana, and lower readiness to change use of marijuana, yet lower frequency of drug problems and tended to be low-risk versus moderate-severe risk users. Medical marijuana use was associated with a greater number of days of psychological problems. Discussion and Conclusions Results for medical marijuana users might be interpreted as consistent with that of routine, self-administered treatment for medical or psychological problems. Scientific Significance Results suggest behavioral health interventions in acute care settings should consider treating non-medical marijuana users differently than medical users due to the greater drug-related problems associated with non-medical use. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–7)
C[autley] Holmes Cautley, ‘Old Haworth Folk Who Knew the Brontës’ (1910), in Cornhill Magazine, July 1910, pp. 76–84

the following personal recollections of the Brontes have been obtained from old Yorkshire folk who knew them when they lived at Haworth. Where my memory has retained them, I have given these reminiscences in the exact words in which at various times — and some of them many times — they have been told to me. In this way, as revealing something of the speech and character of the Haworth villagers at the time the Brontes lived there, as well as showing how the Brontes were regarded by their humbler neighbours, these few recollections, though slight in themselves, may not be without interest.
Decision Support Systems: A Historical Overview

Academic researchers from many disciplines have been studying computerized decision support systems (DSSs) for approximately 40 years. This chapter briefly summarizes the history of decision support systems and provides examples of DSSs for each of the categories in the expanded DSS framework (Power 2002), including communications-driven, data-driven, document-driven, knowledge-driven and model-driven DSSs. Trends suggest continuing adoption of new technologies in DSS and past events suggest decision support may follow the path of other applied design disciplines like computer architecture and software engineering.
Quantifying the benefits of continuous replenishment program for partner evaluation

Abstract This paper develops a data-driven model that quantifies the benefits of supply chain collaboration initiatives such as a continuous replenishment program (CRP). CRP is a well-established supply chain collaboration program that is widely used in business. The model computes the cost savings of CRP for both partners involving inventory holding, transportation and ordering/handling cost components. The savings drivers associated with each cost component are identified and used to quantify the impact of CRP. The model is applied in a healthcare supply chain case study where a manufacturer seeks to estimate the cost savings of a business relationship with a distributor. The results indicate that CRP reduces the total cost of the supply chain by 19.1%. In this instance, the distributor gains disproportionately more savings in the shared cost components. The variability and sensitivity of cost savings across the network reveal the supply chain parameters that affect the partner savings.
Selection by consequences, behavioral evolution, and the price equation.

Price’s equation describes evolution across time in simple mathematical terms. Although it is not a theory, but a derived identity, it is useful as an analytical tool. It affords lucid descriptions of genetic evolution, cultural evolution, and behavioral evolution (often called “selection by consequences”) at different levels (e.g., individual vs. group) and at different time scales (local and extended). The importance of the Price equation for behavior analysis lies in its ability to precisely restate selection by consequences, thereby restating, or even replacing, the law of effect. Beyond this, the equation may be useful whenever one regards ontogenetic behavioral change as evolutionary change, because it describes evolutionary change in abstract, general terms. As an analytical tool, the behavioral Price equation is an excellent aid in understanding how behavior changes within organisms’ lifetimes. For example, it illuminates evolution of response rate, analyses of choice in concurrent schedules, negative contingencies, and dilemmas of self-control.
Rendered Unfit: “Defective” Children in the Erie County Poorhouse

The Buffalo Plains Erie County Poorhouse (1851–1926) attempted to provide indoor relief for the destitute among the expanding populous of Western New York State. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, charitable organizations began to question the benefits of this institutionalization on poor and destitute children. Among the concerns warranting reformation were the corruption of children’s bodies and souls, the lack of adequate education, and the fear of hereditary pauperism. The Children’s Law of 1875 dictated that children between the ages of three and 16 years would be removed from poorhouses across New York State. However, children labeled as unteachable idiots, defectives, or otherwise deformed and/or diseased were rendered “unfit” for societal or familial care and could remain inside of the poorhouse. The skeletal remains of 66 children were excavated from a portion of the Erie County Poorhouse cemetery. Analysis of the skeletons reveals that the majority of these children were infants. Eight children between the ages of two and 16 were present among the cemetery remains. The passage of the Children’s Law, coupled with the already common practice of separating healthy infants from their parents and removing them from the poorhouse, complicates bioarchaeological analysis. This chapter focuses on the utility of archival documents in contextualizing historical views on childhood and disability in order to facilitate future interpretations of the mortuary context, demographics, and pathologies of children from the Erie County Poorhouse. Discussion includes Michel Foucault’s concept of biopower , which hypothesized that power manages the right to life and survival of particular bodies within its purview.
Effectiveness of cooling therapy (cryotherapy) on leg pain and self-efficacy in patients with chronic venous disease: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Individuals with chronic venous disease (CVeD) frequently experience associated leg pain that may influence disease management self-efficacy. Objective To evaluate the influence of a cooling intervention on leg pain associated with more severe stages of CVeD and self-efficacy. This was a secondary aim of the trial. Design Randomized, blinded, comparator-controlled, multisite trial. Setting Three wound clinics and an academic medical research center in the United States of America. Participants 276 participants (54.3% female, 46.7% male) with stage 4 and 5 CVeD were randomly assigned by computer generated tables to the cooling intervention group (n = 138) or control group (n = 138). Interventions Participants received either a cooling (intervention) leg cuff or placebo cuff (control) to apply topically over the affected skin area. Both groups performed standard of care including wearing compression wraps and elevating legs for 30 min during the intervention. Study visits occurred at baseline, and months 1, 3, 6, and 9. Methods Visit measures included: Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for short term pain; VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire for long-term pain; and, the Self Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease Scale (SEMCD-6) for self-efficacy. Data were collected from September 2010 to December 2015 and analyzed using pooled t-tests, Chi-square tests, and mixed effects models. Observed 9-month patient retention rates were 94/138 (68.1%) in the intervention group and 91/138 (65.9%) in the control group. The primary analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle. Results Both the cooling intervention and control group experienced statistically significant decreases in unadjusted and adjusted mean NRS pain scores of 1.2 (95% CI: (−1.82, −0.64); p Conclusions Pain was reduced in both groups while self-efficacy did not change. Findings suggest that strictly implemented standard of CVeD care in each study group, with or without cooling, improved pain while there were no effects on self-efficacy.
Study War No More: Trigger Warnings and Guns in the Classroom

The phrase ‘trigger warnings’ has been used in university discourse to refer to prefatory comments from instructors, warning students that texts and/or classroom discussions may be disturbing to some students. Ironically, trigger warnings are also offered to professors in classrooms where guns may be present. Both kinds of trigger have been viewed by some as at odds with free speech, and by others as necessary for genuinely free speech to prevail. In this chapter, we argue that the metaphor of ‘triggers’, like material guns, has no place in the classroom. Pedagogical prefaces are legitimate, we are, but calling them ‘trigger warnings’ is a mistake. This chapter draws on Richard Rorty, John Dewey, and George Lakoff to argue that because the language we use has material consequences, democracy demands that instructors adopt new metaphors to describe the kinds of arguments that make classrooms places in which education can happen.
Supramaximal Eccentrics Versus Traditional Loading in Improving Lower-Body 1RM: A Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACTGuidelines for improving maximal concentric strength through resistance training (RT) have traditionally included large muscle-group exercises, full ranges of motion, and a load approximating 85% of the 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Supramaximal eccentric training (SME; controlled lowering of loads above the concentric 1RM) has also been shown to be effective at increasing concentric 1RM in the lower body, but concerns regarding injury risk, postexercise soreness, and null benefit over traditional methods (TRAD) may limit the practical utility of this approach. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether SME elicits greater lower-body strength improvements than TRAD. Method: Key inclusion criteria were regular exercise modalities typical of nonspecialized exercise facilities (e.g., leg press; key exclusion: isokinetic dynamometer) and at least 6 weeks of RT exposure, leading to 5 studies included in the current meta-analysis. Unbiased effect-size measures that quantify the mean diffe...
Complete Concepts and Counterfactuals

Rational beings act freely, Leibniz contended, in so far as clear and distinct perceptions determine them to act, and they act without freedom when confused conceptions determine them to act. [T 289] God, in particular, is perfectly free, according to Leibniz, because all of his perceptions are perfectly clear and distinct. [T 192; T 310; T 319] How does the claim that all of God’s perceptions are perfectly clear and distinct bear on the question of whether Leibniz could have maintained coherently that God has clear and distinct conceptions of himself and his creatures acting otherwise? Many would hold that if God is free to act he not only has the power to act otherwise, but also the power to create his creatures otherwise. But if God has the power to act otherwise and the power to create his creatures otherwise he must clearly and distinctly conceive of counterfactual ways of acting on his part and on the part of those creatures. Is it possible that God have a perfectly clear and distinct knowledge of things as they actually are, a so-called “knowledge of vision,” and also any knowledge at all of how actual things might be otherwise: A possible knowledge of vision?
Some Reactions of the Dibromoiodide Ion with Platinum(II) Coordination Compounds

The polyhalides and interhalogens have been known for some time.1 Gay Lussac and Davy, in 1814, were the first to isolate an interhalogen when they prepared iodine chloride and iodine trichloride. Caventou and Peltier were the first to prepare a crystalline form of a polyhalide salt with the isolation of strychnine triiodide in 1819. Since then, many more polyhalides and interhalogens have been discovered.
Biological treatments for severe asthma: where do we stand?

Purpose of reviewFor patients with severe asthma, disease control is not achieved resulting in persistent morbidity and risks for exacerbations. The advent of biologics is providing a new form of treatment for many with severe asthma.Recent findingsFour mAb biologics are approved for clinical use: o
Using spatially adaptive floating catchments to measure the geographic availability of a health care service: Pulmonary rehabilitation in the southeastern United States.

Abstract A spatially adaptive floating catchment is a circular area that expands outward from a provider location until the estimated demand for services in the nearest population locations exceeds the observed number of health care services performed at the provider location. This new way of creating floating catchments was developed to address the change of spatial support problem (COSP) by upscaling the availability of the service observed at a provider location to the county-level so that its geographic association with utilization could be measured using the same spatial support. Medicare Fee-for-Service claims data were used to identify beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years who received outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in the Southeastern United States in 2014 (n = 8798), the number of PR treatments these beneficiaries received (n = 132,508), and the PR providers they chose (n = 426). The positive correlation between PR availability and utilization was relatively low, but statistically significant (r = 0.619, p
Trichome morphology relates to taxonomic diversity in Monardella (Lamiaceae) in the lower Snake River Watershed of Idaho and Oregon, USA: Taxonomic studies in Monardella (Lamiaceae) VI

Monardella is a western North America genus ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from southern Canada to the southern tip of Baja California Sur. The levels of unrecognized and cryptic taxa within Monardella are similar to other taxonomically complicated western North American genera, such as Eriogonum (Polygonaceae), Penstemon (Plantaginaceae), and Oreocarya (Boraginaceae). We present variation in trichome morphology as a taxonomic tool within Monardella, being comparable in importance to trichome variation in other plant families and genera (e.g., Brassicaceae, Draba; Loasaceae, Mentzelia; Solanaceae, Solanum). Trichome morphology within Monardella is a useful character to differentiate taxa and resolve taxonomic ambiguities. We present nomenclatural novelties and revisions for Monardella occurring in the Hells Canyon region along the lower Snake River of west-central Idaho and northeastern Oregon. We introduce the following taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Monardella odoratissima Benth. var. neglecta Cronquist is recognized as a later homonym; a new name and rank are presented for it: M. perplexans Elvin, R. B. Kelley, & B. T. Drew. Two new species are described: M. kruckebergii Elvin, R. B. Kelley, & B. T. Drew and M. walwaamaxsia Elvin, R. B. Kelley, & B. T. Drew.
Belief Propagation Pattern-Coupled Sparse Bayesian Learning for Non-Stationary Uplink Channel Estimation Over Massive-MIMO Based 5G Mobile Wireless Networks

In this paper, we develop a novel sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) scheme for recovery of block-sparse uplink channels in time-division duplex (TDD) massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) based 5G mobile wireless networks. We first introduce a pattern-coupled hierarchical Gaussian prior to characterize the sparse channel dependency among neighboring antennas, where the dependency coefficient is modeled by birth- death process. Then, to derive hyperparameters, which are employed to control the sparsity of channel coefficients, we exploit an expectation-maximization (EM) formulation to iteratively maximize a lower bound on the posterior probability. In the M-step, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to maximize the lower bound efficiently. Finally, we develop a belief propagation (BP)-based pattern-coupled sparse Bayesian learning (PC-SBL) algorithm, referred to as the BP-PC-SBL, to recover block-sparse uplink channels. Based on the factor graph of blocksparse uplink channels, we show that messages in BP satisfy complex Gaussian probability distribution. Therefore, we only need to update their means and variances when updating the messages. BP-PC-SBL algorithm provides precise approximations of matrix inversion as computed by the conventional SBL algorithm, which results in significantly improved computational efficiency. Our numerical analyses validate and evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes and algorithms.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Intracranial Ependymomas

To evaluate outcome predictors after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with recurrent or residual intracranial ependymomas, we compared tumor control, survival and complications with tumor grade, volume, age of patients, and imaging characteristics. We retrospectively reviewed records of consecutive 45 ependymoma patients who underwent SRS for 65 tumors. The median patient age was 25 years (range, 2–78 years). Forty-three patients had prior surgical resection of their ependymomas and two patients were diagnosed by stereotactic biopsy. Thirty-seven patients had failed prior fractionated radiation therapy (RT). Fourteen patients had progression despite both RT and chemotherapy. Thirty patients had low-grade ependymomas (40 tumors) and 15 patients had anaplastic ependymomas (25 tumors). The median radiosurgery target volume was 4.9 cc (range, 0.1–36.8 cc) and the median marginal dose was 15.0 Gy (range, 8–22 Gy). At an average of 31 months (range, 4–155 months), 27 patients died from metastases or disease progression. The overall survival after radiosurgery was 65, 41, and 38% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. The progression-free survival after SRS at 1-, 3- and 5 years, respectively were 82, 52 and 52% for all grade ependymomas. Histological tumor grade was not significantly associated with better progression free survival (p = 0.725). Factors associated with an improved progression-free survival included smaller tumor volume and homogeneous tumor contrast enhancement. Adjuvant SRS provides another management option for patients with residual or recurrent ependymomas. Predictors of response include older age, smaller volume, lower grade, and homogeneous contrast enhancement.
An analysis of the rotational ground state and lowest-energy vibrationally excited dyad of 3-cyanopyridine: Low symmetry reveals rich complexity of perturbations, couplings, and interstate transitions

Abstract The rotational spectrum of 3-cyanopyridine from 130 to 360 GHz was recorded, and an analysis of the ground state and two lowest-energy excited vibrational states was completed. Almost 6700 new transitions were measured for the ground state and fit to a partial octic, distorted-rotor Hamiltonian with low error (σfit G a , G a J , F bc , F bc K , G b , G b J , and G b K . Numerous resonances, including those following a-type selection rules, ΔKa = 2 or ΔKa = 4, and b-type selection rules, ΔKa = 3 or ΔKa = 5, were observed and fit. For ν30 and ν21, the energy difference ( Δ E 30 , 21 = 15.7524693 (37) cm−1), both Coriolis coupling constants ( ζ 30 , 21 a = 0.8327 (9) and ζ 30 , 21 b = −0.0181 (3)), and vibration–rotation interaction constants were determined experimentally and compared to theoretical values determined computationally. Combined with the work on the vibrationally excited dyads of 4-cyanopyridine, phenyl isocyanide, benzonitrile, and phenylacetylene, the coupling in ν30 and ν21 provides an opportunity to compare the Coriolis interactions of these analogous mono-substituted aromatic molecules in unusual detail. Additionally, this work improves the ground-state rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants of 3-cyanopyridine and provides the fundamental constants needed to support an astronomical search for 3-cyanopyridine in the interstellar medium.
The Mediterranean Diet in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

The Mediterranean diet (MD) initially gained notoriety because of its link to reduced cardiovascular disease but over time has been associated with lower metabolic disease (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension), cancer, and all-cause mortality. Here, we review the existing literature examining the MD in common gastrointestinal and liver diseases. The composition of the MD is rich in anti-inflammatory micronutrients (omega-9/omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol) and fiber which are thought to confer its positive effects. The MD can help reduce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) independent of weight loss, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is inversely related to MD adherence, and symptoms are reduced in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) who follow the MD. While there remains a paucity of data evaluating the specific pathophysiology effect of this diet on gastrointestinal diseases, there is data supporting a benefit in gastrointestinal disease. Future studies should include those that investigate pathophysiologic mechanisms at the molecular level as well as prospective clinical trials that aim to demonstrate a therapeutic effect on clinical outcomes.