cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Range separation and local hybridization in density functional theory.

Kohn−Sham density functional theory has become a standard method for modeling energetic, spectroscopic, and chemical reactivity properties of large molecules and solids. Density functional theory provides a rigorous theoretical framework for modeling the many-body exchange-correlation effects that dominate the computational cost of traditional wave function approaches. The advent of hybrid exchange-correlation functionals which incorporate a fraction of nonlocal exact exchange has solidified the prominence of density functional theory within computational chemistry. Hybrids provide accurate treatments of properties such as thermochemistry and molecular geometry. But they also exhibit some rather spectacular failures, and often contain multiple empirical parameters. This article reviews our work on developing novel exchange-correlation functionals that build upon the successes of global hybrids. We focus on more flexible functional forms, including local and range-separated hybrid functionals, constructed ...
Beyond Motivation: Middle School Students' Perceptions of Press for Understanding in Math

Research in motivation and in academic press for understanding has developed separately. This study examines the relation between press for understanding and middle school students' educational beliefs and behaviors in math after controlling for their motivational goals. A scale assessing academic press for understanding was developed and included with scales assessing task, performance-approach, and performance-avoid motivational goals in surveys given to 586 eighth-grade students. Factor analysis supported the distinction between scales assessing press and motivational goals. No differences were found in students' perception of academic press by gender, race, or prior achievement. Hierarchical regression analyses found that motivational orientations predicted student beliefs and behaviors in predictable patterns. Controlling for goal orientation, academic press for understanding positively predicted self-regulation and self-efficacy and negatively predicted avoiding help-seeking but did not predict avoiding academic risk or novelty. A significant interaction indicated that as press for understanding increased, girls' avoidance of help-seeking decreased more than did boys'. The discussion includes a consideration of the mechanisms underlying press for understanding and the implications of the findings for teachers.
Decision development in small groups I: A comparison of two models

This study compares two mutually exclusive models of small group decision‐making processes. The unitary sequence model—the classical model of decision development—assumes that all groups follow the same sequence of phases. The alternative, the multiple sequence model, assumes that different groups follow different sequences. The models were tested with data from two sets of groups: student groups performing a ranking task and groups of physicians performing a program planning task. Results of the study support the multiple sequence model and suggest revisions in current theories of decision development.
FROM THE EDITORS OF GEOLOGY

Another year has passed, and what a year it's been! Geology continues to evolve, a process driven by the new electronic manuscript submission and tracking system, by further increase in manuscript submissions, and by increasing sophistication and globalization of the readership and authorship. Below
Changes in the Autism Behavioral Phenotype during the Transition to Adulthood.

We examined whether exiting high school was associated with alterations in rates of change in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors. Participants were 242 youth with ASD who had recently exited the school system and were part of our larger longitudinal study; data were collected at five time points over nearly 10 years. Results indicated overall improvement of autism symptoms and internalized behaviors over the study period, but slowing rates of improvement after exit. Youth who did not have an intellectual disability evidenced the greatest slowing in improvement. Lower family income was associated with less improvement. Our findings suggest that adult day activities may not be as intellectually stimulating as educational activities in school, reflected by less phenotypic improvement after exit.
Pedigree analysis of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in acute leukemia of childhood.

We determined lymphocyte aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility for members of 13 families with one or more children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 12 control families. Pedigree analysis suggested that aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness (i.e. inducibility) is a codominant trait. Heterozygotes were found to be moderately responsive with IR values intermediate between homozygous minimally responsive and homozygous highly responsive individuals. Homozygous recessive and heterozygous genotypes accounted for 54% and 36% of ALL children respectively. The risk of ALL among minimally aromatic hydrocarbon responsive children was twice that of highly responsive children.
Virus like sensitivity of the scrapie agent to heat inactivation

The resistance of the infectious agent of scrapie disease to sterilization at 100 degrees or 121 degrees C is reputed to be inconsistent with the structure of conventional viruses. However, in kinetic studies the majority of hamster scrapie strain 263K infectivity was (like that of previously characterized viruses) rapidly inactivated at temperatures of 100 degrees C or greater. Small resistant subpopulations remained. Similar heat-resistant subpopulations were observed at 60 degrees C for phage lambda but only in the presence of brain homogenate. Brain homogenate may also confer stability to small subfractions of scrapie infectivity. Such refractory subpopulations cannot be used to make structural inferences that are properly obtained from the behavior of the majority population as revealed in the initial inactivation.
VACCINATION AS A MODALITY TO PREVENT LYME DISEASE: A Status Report

Recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi is a highly protective immunogen for prevention of Lyme disease in experimental animals. Humoral immunity is sufficient for protection. The principal mechanism of action is prevention of transmission of the spirochete from tick to host. A recombinant OspA vaccine has been licensed for use in dogs. The recent licensure of an OspA vaccine for humans resulted from a critical analysis of recently completed efficacy studies.
Deinstitutionalization—The Sacramento story

Abstract Sacramento County's approach to deinstitutionalization was to devise a system of care for those persons in need of ongoing support so as to enable them to develop their own resources and achieve their potential. Community based treatment programs enhance the person's independence because they permit the development of supportive relationships with family and friends. Provision of a continuum of services and a variety of residential options creates a maximum flexibility toward meeting the needs a person may have at any given time. The success of our programs has been directly related to our ability to apply the principles of good community mental health planning. It is important, however, to remember that changes in human services are not accomplished simply by scientific fact. They also depend upon the economy and the political scene. New and innovative human service programs are easier to adopt in times of inflation and easy money when liberal politics hold sway. They suffer during periods of economic depression and conservative politics. An example of this is the early 20th century health center movement. It grew out of the effort of those who operated settlement houses and was based on the principles of: (1) district location or accessibility, (2) preventive goals rather than direct care, (3) community participation, and (4) bureaucratic organization rather than solo practice. It was surprisingly similar to the Community Mental Health movement. It held promise and was achieving support, but came to an early demise with the shift to conservative politics and economic depression that followed World War I. Those of us committed to community-based treatment of the mentally ill need to be able to demonstrate that we have more than optimism and hope to offer and that deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill can be accomplished.
Values of Bethe–Bloch stopping power parameters for Vyns (vinylchloride–vinylacetate copolymer) extracted from stopping power measurements with 0.55–1.75 MeV protons and 1.03–3.22 MeV alpha particles

Recent transmission-type measurements of the stopping powers of Vyns (a vinylchloride–vinylacetate copolymer) for 0.55–1.75 MeV protons and 1.03–3.22 MeV alpha particles have been analyzed in terms of modified Bethe–Bloch stopping power theory in order to extract values of the parameters known as the mean excitation energy (I) and Barkas-effect parameter (b). The weighted average value of I thus established, 110.8 eV, exceeds the prediction based on linear additivity by some 3%, and the weighted average of b, 1.54, agrees very well with expectations. The results of this analysis are compared with those from a previous similar study of another material having essentially the same average atomic number and atomic weight but quite different atomic composition, called Kapton.
The emplacement of pahoehoe toes: field observations and comparison to laboratory simulations

We observed active pahoehoe lobes erupted on Kilauea during May-June 1996, and found a range of emplacement styles associated with variations in local effusion rate, flow velocity, and strain rate. These emplacement styles were documented and quantified for comparison with earlier laboratory experiments. At the lowest effusion rates, velocities, and strain rates, smooth-surfaced lobes were emplaced via swelling, where new crust formed along an incandescent lip at the front of the lobe and the rest of the lobe was covered with a dark crust. At higher effusion rates, strain rates and velocities, lobes were emplaced through tearing or cracking. Tearing was characterized by ripping of the ductile crust near the initial breakout point, and most of the lobe surface was incandescent during its emplacement. This mechanism was observed to generate both smooth-surfaced lobes, and, when the lava encountered an obstacle, folded lobes. Cracking lobes were similar to those emplaced via tearing, but involved breaking of a thicker, brittle crust at the initial breakout of the lobe and therefore required somewhat higher flow rates than did tearing. Cracking lobes typically formed ropy folds in the center of the lobe, and smooth margins. At the highest effusion rates, strain rates, and flow velocities, the lava formed open channels with distinct levees. The final lobe morphologies were compared to results from laboratory simulations, which were designed to infer effusion rate from final flow morphology, to quantitatively test the laboratory results on the scale of individual natural pahoehoe lobes. There is general agreement between results from laboratory simulations and natural lavas on the scale of individual pahoehoe lobes, but there are disparities between laboratory flows and lava flows on the scale of an entire pahoehoe lava flow field.
Biomass and production of Pontederia cordata and Potamogeton epihydrus in three Connecticut rivers.

Aboveand below-ground biomass of the emergent Pontederia cordata and the floatingleaved Potamogeton epihydrus was measured during the growing season in three interconnected rivers in Connecticut, U.S.A. Maximum biomass of Pontederia, averaging 1,212 g m-2 dry weight (524 g m-2 above-ground, 688 g m-2 below-ground), occurred 100-150 days after major spring growth began. Peak biomass of Potamogeton averaged 94 g m-2 (81 g m-2 aboveground, 14 g m-2 below-ground) and was attained in 45-85 days. New growth of Pontederia in spring arose from, and was heavily subsidized by, the large biomass of living overwintered rhizomes and roots, which averaged 497 g m-2 in early June. This new growth appeared to have been produced in only one season, but in reality it contained energy fixed the current season, plus energy carried over from previous years. Net production of Pontederia calculated for only one growing season averaged 1,049 g m2. Potamogeton also perennated from rhizomes, but the biomass of these organs in spring was low, averaging 11 g m-2 in late May. Biomass of Potamogeton in summer consisted primarily of tissue produced during the current season. Rhizomes and roots comprised a much greater proportion of the plant in Pontederia than in Potamogeton. The ratio of new living below-ground/above-ground biomass of Pontederia rose from zero in spring to an average of 1.71 in autumn. For Potamogeton, the below-ground/ above-ground ratio averaged 0.37 in late spring, 0.20 in midsummer, and 0.41 in autumn. The overwintered below-ground biomass of Pontederia alive in spring was 42-79%O of the new living below-ground biomass the previous autumn. Net photosynthetic efficiency during the period between initiation of major growth in spring and attainment of peak biomass averaged 1.3% for Pontederia and 0.3% for Potamogeton. MACROPHYTES are important in the energy flow and nutrient cycles of aquatic habitats. Information on production is available for many such species in lakes, ponds, and marshes (e.g., Forsberg, 1960; Westlake, 1966; Davies, 1970; Boyd, 1970a, 1971; Rich, Wetzel and van Thuy, 1971; van der Valk and Bliss, 1971; Adams and McCracken, 1974; Jupp and Spence, 1977; Anderson, 1978; Rogers and Breen, 1980). Production in flowing water, though studied for some macrophytes (e.g., Odum, 1957; Edwards and Owens, 1960, 1962; Owens and Edwards, 1961, 1962), has received 1 Received for publication 27 February 1981; revision accepted 14 September 1981. We thank Dr. H. V. Koontz, Dr. P. H. Rich, and Dr. F. R. Trainor for their help at various stages of this work. We also thank Dr. R. S. Clymo, Dr. K. C. Ewel, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript. The Eppley Laboratory, Inc. furnished the solar radiation data. This research was supported in part by a grant (project # A-073-CONN) from the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Inte-
Aquaporin water channels: atomic structure molecular dynamics meet clinical medicine

The movement of water across cell membranes is fundamental to life. Water constitutes roughly 70% of the mass of most living organisms, so the orderly distribution of water is required to maintain proper fluid balance within different anatomic compartments. Although water is known to diffuse through lipid bilayers, diffusion is not sufficiently rapid for many physiological processes. To accommodate these needs, a family of membrane channel proteins evolved for rapid transport of water across biological membranes. These proteins, termed “aquaporins,” are found in all life forms, including archaea, eubacteria, fungi, plants, and all phyla of animals. Since the discovery of the aquaporins ten years ago (1), researchers around the world have sought to learn how these proteins work. Selectivity, rates of permeation, and gating mechanisms are three properties that characterize channel proteins. Aquaporins are exquisitely selective for the transport of water — even repelling hydronium ions (H3O+). The importance of the latter is emphasized by the normal function of mammalian renal tubules, which reabsorb 99% of the water from glomerular filtrate at the same time that acid is secreted by intercalated cells. Some members of the aquaporin superfamily are permeated by a variety of small neutral solutes such as glycerol or urea (termed “aquaglyceroporins”) (2). The transport of water or glycerol through aquaporins represents facilitated diffusion driven by osmotic or concentration gradients.
Methodological issues in judgment and decision-making research: Concurrent verbal protocol validity and simultaneous traces of process.

This paper examines two dimensions of concurrent verbal protocol validity. First, whether verbalization affects process and outcome (reactivity) was examined by comparing concurrent verbal protocol traces with those from a computer search process tracing method, the latter being a complete trace of information acquisition from experimental materials. Earlier findings that verbalization affects time were confirmed. However, verbalization did not affect amount and pattern of acquisition or accuracy of judgments. Second, whether concurrent verbal protocols are complete was examined by comparing concurrent verbal protocol and computer traces that were simultaneously obtained in a treatment in which subjects verbalized as they acquired information from the computer. The verbal traces less completely captured information acquisition behavior than computer search. This suggests that, although concurrent verbal protocols provide greater insight into decision behavior than computer search, the latter is a more reliable information-acquisition trace. Thus, if information acquisition is of primary interest and if computer search activities can be naturally integrated into performing the primary task, computer search is preferred to concurrent verbal protocols. However, if information use or retrieval from long-term memory is of primary interest, concurrent verbal protocols are preferred to computer search. Finally, this paper examined whether the simultaneous use of concurrent verbal protocols and computer search provides traces of information acquisition and use that are as complete as when each method is independently applied. Although computer search tended to limit subjects verbalizations of evaluative operators, this effect may be eliminated by practice on the computer prior to collecting data.
Modulation of Runx2 Activity by Estrogen Receptor-α: Implications for Osteoporosis and Breast Cancer

The transcription factors Runx2 and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) are involved in numerous normal and disease processes, including postmenopausal osteoporosis and breast cancer. Using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and pull-down techniques, we found them to colocalize and form complexes in a ligand-dependent manner. Estradiol-bound ERα strongly interacted with Runx2 directly through its DNA-binding domain and only indirectly through its N-terminal and ligand-binding domains. Runx2’s amino acids 417–514, encompassing activation domain 3 and the nuclear matrix targeting sequence, were sufficient for interaction with ERα’s DNA-binding domain. As a consequence of the interaction, Runx2’s transcriptional activation activity was strongly repressed, as shown by reporter assays in COS7 cells, breast cancer cells, and late-stage MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures. Metaanalysis of gene expression in 779 breast cancer biopsies indicated negative correlation between the expression of ERα and Runx2 target genes. Selecti...
The effect of hot inhomogeneous plasma on geomagnetic micropulsations

Abstract Hydromagnetic waves generated in the magnetosphere propagating along the magnetic lines to the ground travel through a medium in which the Alfven velocity increases along the radial direction more rapidly than the variation along the wave vector. We study the effect of the inhomogeneity perpendicular to the field line on the polarization properties of the magnetic variations of various types of waves, as the field lines corresponding to lower shells are excited by the impulse transmitted from the higher shell field lines. Even though the magnetic variation is predominantly longitudinal at the generation point, after a short distance in the equatorial plane, a transverse component will develop as a result of the plasma inhomogeneity in the direction normal to the magnetic field. This may be connected to the observed phenomenon that micropulsations detected on the ground at different latitudes have different polarization characteristics.
Modulation of Kv4.3 current by accessory subunits

Abstract Kv4.3 encodes the pore-forming subunit of the cardiac transient outward potassium current (Ito). hKv4.3-encoded current does not fully replicate cardiac Ito, suggesting a functionally significant role for accessory subunits. KChIP2 associates with Kv4.3 and modifies hKv4.3-encoded currents but does not replicate native Ito. We examined the effect of several ancillary subunits expressed in the heart on hKv4.3-encoded currents. Remarkably, the ancillary subunits Kvβ3, minK, MiRP-1, the Na channel β1 and KChIP2 increased the density and modified the gating of hKv4.3 current. hKv4.3 promiscuously assembles with ancillary subunits in vitro, functionally modifying the encoded currents; however, the physiological significance is uncertain.
INTERVENTRICULAR MECHANICAL DELAY: A SIMPLE, REPRODUCIBLE INDEX PREDICTIVE OF LONG TERM OUTCOME AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH INTERMEDIATE QRS WIDTH AND NON-LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK MORPHOLOGY

Echo dyssynchrony has been criticized because of variability in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and guidelines focus on QRS width and morphology. Our aim was to determine the prognostic utility of interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD) as a simple, highly reproducible dyssynchrony index
The effects of annealing and aging in water on the properties of an amorphous copolyester

The influence of annealing in a dry oven and aging in water bath at 98°C on the thermal and mechanical properties of an amorphous poly(1,4-cyclohexandimethylene/ethylene terephthalate) was studied up to 21 days. Oven annealing brought about crystallization, an increase in the tensile modulus and yield strength, and a decrease in elongation and Izod impact strength. The intrinsic viscosity, however, did not change. The samples that were immersed in water embrittled at a faster rate as a result of the combined adverse effects of hydrolysis and crystallization. The intrinsic viscosity decreased from 0.71 to 0.53 after 21 days. Within the limits of this study, the hydrolysis was found to be a zero-order process with respect to molecular weight. A transition from ductile (> 8% elongation) to brittle failure in tension was observed between 3 and 5 days.
The Use of Contingent Skipping and Drilling to Improve Oral Reading and Comprehension

In this study three reading behaviors were measured for several days: oral correct and incorrect rates, and correct percentage for answering comprehension questions. Throughout a baseline, neither an instructional nor a reinforcement technique was scheduled. During the second condition of the study, contingent skipping and drilling were involved. If, during this phase, a pupil's oral reading rates and comprehension score exceeded criterion levels, he was allowed to skip several stories in his assigned reader. If, however, he did not skip for several consecutive days, drilling procedures were arranged. Following this intervention period, baseline conditions were reinstated. The data indicated that from first to second condition every student's reading improved in respect to correct rate and comprehension accuracy. When the intervention was removed, during the third phase, the performances of most students maintained. Subsequent studies were conducted in an effort to determine the effects of either componen...
Design of a payload pointing control system for tracking moving objects

A payload pointing control system for tracking an arbitrarily moving object is presented. The angular position, rate, and acceleration commands are developed in order for a two-degree-of-freedom telescope to track the object. The bandwidth of the control system is determined on the basis of the Fourier spectra of the rate commands and rate error specifications. The pointing control system operates in three modes: a linear rate mode for tracking, a linear position mode for settling, and a nonlinear position mode for coasting. The rate mode is a high bandwidth system (1.6 Hz), uses inertial rate commands, and consists of a double proportional-plus-integral (PI) controller. The position mode comprises the closed-loop rate mode and an additional PI controller; it works on relative position commands and has low bandwidth (0.32 Hz). The steady-state rate and position errors involve spectral density of the commands and the transfer functions of the controllers. The analysis is illustrated for a landmark observation with a near-Earth spacecraft. The settling times and steady-state errors based on single-axis and dominant pole approximations are compared with those from an extensive nonlinear digital simulation.
12. L. S. Shapley and Martin Shubik. “A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System,” American Political Science Review 48 (1954): 787–92 Cited 360 times.

Next to having one's book prominently displayed on the racks of every airport bookstore in the country, receiving recognition for an article written more than half a century ago is a close second. Indeed, for some of us it is the very highest form of intellectual acknowledgment. The Shapley–Shubik power index, invented more than 50 years ago, is a familiar concept in the analytical lexicon of political science. In brief, it is a measure of the ex ante likelihood that an individual will be pivotal in transforming a nonwinning coalition into a winning one. This depends on the voting or decision rule, on the one hand, and on the number of votes or decision weight possessed by an individual, on the other. The “power” of an individual, so determined, may be aggregated to measure the power of a faction, party, proto-coalition, or voting chamber (the latter in a multicameral setting)
The relationship of psychological and situational variables to usage of a second-order marketing system

The study of one type of second-order market, personal sales, indicated that various consumer attitudes and merchandising strategies were related to utilization of this market. Similarities and differences between this market and other second-order markets were also noted.
Protecting Scientists, Science, and Case Protagonists A Discussion of the Taus v. Loftus Commentaries

This article is a discussion of the articles by Nicole Taus Kluemper, Erna Olafson, Frank Putnam, Laura Brown, Ross Cheit, and Gerald Koocher. The papers center on the issues raised by a decision by two psychologists to break the confidentiality of a case study published by David Corwin and Erna Olafson to gather information to support an alternative theoretical view of the case. The article reviews best understandings of the justifications proposed by the psychologists, who saw themselves as investigative reporters, discusses the papers that have been submitted, and proposes enhanced ethical guidelines and increased professional discussion of these issues.
mAKAP Compartmentalizes Oxygen-Dependent Control of HIF-1α

The activity of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is increased in response to reduced intracellular oxygen. Enzymes of the protein ubiquitin machinery that signal the destruction or stabilization of HIF-1alpha tightly control this transcriptional response. Here, we show that muscle A kinase-anchoring protein (mAKAP) organized ubiquitin E3 ligases that managed the stability of HIF-1alpha and optimally positioned it close to its site of action inside the nucleus. Functional experiments in cardiomyocytes showed that depletion of mAKAP or disruption of its targeting to the perinuclear region altered the stability of HIF-1alpha and transcriptional activation of genes associated with hypoxia. Thus, we propose that compartmentalization of oxygen-sensitive signaling components may influence the fidelity and magnitude of the hypoxic response.
Plausible mechanisms for effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth.

Abstract A few studies conducted over the past decade suggest that formulas supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated n–3 fatty acids may adversely affect growth of preterm infants. Others suggest that a high intake of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n–3), the precursor of the long-chain polyunsaturated n–3 fatty acids, also may limit growth. The majority of studies, however, have not shown an effect of either long-chain polyunsaturated n–3 fatty acids or their precursor on growth. Nonetheless, the importance of growth during infancy and the possibility that these fatty acids may inhibit growth under some circumstances makes the issue worthy of further consideration. At the very least, plausible mechanisms for such an effect of n–3 PUFA on growth should be considered. These include (1) altered nutrient intake, absorption, and/or utilization; (2) low plasma and tissue contents of arachidonic acid (ARA;20:4 n–6); (3) an imbalance between n–6 and n–3 LCPUFA eicosanoid precursors and, hence, the eicosanoids produced from each; (4) altered membrane characteristics; and (5) effects on gene expression. Each of these is discussed. It is concluded that any or all are feasible but that none can be specifically implicated. Moreover, since few studies were designed specifically to assess growth, the reported effects of n–3 PUFA on growth could represent chance findings secondary to the suboptimal design. Furthermore, although additional data are needed for a definitive conclusion, the observed effects on growth, regardless of mechanism, does not appear to be biologically significant.
A High‐Temperature Laboratory Catenary Kiln

The catenary curve was analyzed to find the dimensions at which a self-supporting arch can be obtained. For kiln construction, a height-to-base ratio of 1 to 1 was found to be advisable. Detailed construction data are given for a kiln with a 0.5-cu. ft. chamber. A parallel heating element system with a low-voltage, high-ampere power circuit is described and the advantages of the arrangement are noted. Excellent temperature uniformity is reported, and 1400°C. can be attained at a rate of 65°C. per hour with 3-kw. power input. An itemized cost of construction is also given.
An evaluation of fault-tolerant hypercube architectures for onboard computing

Four hypercube architectures that are designed to use hardware resources more efficiently and that produce computers with high throughput and high reliability are evaluated. Spare nodes in three of the architectures are configured so that the entire computer has the topology of an incomplete hypercube. Here, the nodes of an incomplete hypercube are capable of providing different levels of fault detection, hardware reconfiguration, and routing. In the other architecture, the hypercube topology uses conventional switches capable only of establishing connections. End-of-mission dependability models and performance simulation models were developed. Results of performance degradation studies of the four architectures under reconfiguration in terms of throughput, response time, and communication utilization are presented for three workloads. The evaluations addressed performance-related dependability based on hardware failures and reconfiguration using hardware. >
Model selection for a medical diagnostic decision support system: a breast cancer detection case

There are a number of different quantitative models that can be used in a medical diagnostic decision support system (MDSS) including parametric methods (linear discriminant analysis or logistic regression), non-parametric models (K nearest neighbor, or kernel density) and several neural network models. The complexity of the diagnostic task is thought to be one of the prime determinants of model selection. Unfortunately, there is no theory available to guide model selection. Practitioners are left to either choose a favorite model or to test a small subset using cross validation methods. This paper illustrates the use of a self-organizing map (SOM) to guide model selection for a breast cancer MDSS. The topological ordering properties of the SOM are used to define targets for an ideal accuracy level similar to a Bayes optimal level. These targets can then be used in model selection, variable reduction, parameter determination, and to assess the adequacy of the clinical measurement system. These ideas are applied to a successful model selection for a real-world breast cancer database. Diagnostic accuracy results are reported for individual models, for ensembles of neural networks, and for stacked predictors.
Evidence for late Precambrian to Early Cambrian orogeny in Northwest Himalaya, Pakistan

An angular unconformity below Cambrian rocks is present in the northwest Himalaya in the Hazara district, Pakistan. Low-grade metamorphism and folding with axial planar cleavage present in Precambrian rocks below the unconformity, but not in those above it, confirm orogenic deformation at this time. This is the first clear evidence for such a deformation episode and it may be referred to locally as the Hazaran orogeny. Anatectic peraluminous granites of the Himalaya are of only slightly younger age and may be related to this orogenic episode.
Using RNA sequencing to characterize female reproductive genes between Z and E Strains of European Corn Borer moth (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Reproductive proteins often evolve rapidly and are thought to be subject to strong sexual selection, and thus may play a key role in reproductive isolation and species divergence. However, our knowledge of reproductive proteins has been largely limited to males and model organisms with sequenced genomes. With advances in sequencing technology, Lepidoptera are emerging models for studies of sexual selection and speciation. By profiling the transcriptomes of the bursa copulatrix and bursal gland from females of two incipient species of moth, we characterize reproductive genes expressed in the primary reproductive tissues of female Lepidoptera and identify candidate genes contributing to a one-way gametic incompatibility between Z and E strains of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Using RNA sequencing we identified transcripts from ~37,000 and ~36,000 loci that were expressed in the bursa copulatrix or the bursal gland respectively. Of bursa copulatrix genes, 8% were significantly differentially expressed compared to the female thorax, and those that were up-regulated or specific to the bursa copulatrix showed functional biases toward muscle activity and/or organization. In the bursal gland, 9% of genes were differentially expressed compared to the thorax, with many showing reproduction or gamete production functions. Of up-regulated bursal gland genes, 46% contained a transmembrane region and 16% possessed secretion signal peptides. Divergently expressed genes in the bursa copulatrix were exclusively biased toward protease-like functions and 51 proteases or protease inhibitors were divergently expressed overall. This is the first comprehensive characterization of female reproductive genes in any lepidopteran system. The transcriptome of the bursa copulatrix supports its role as a muscular sac that is the primary site for disruption of the male ejaculate. We find that the bursal gland acts as a reproductive secretory body that might also interact with male ejaculate. In addition, differential expression of proteases between strains supports a potential role for these tissues in contributing to reproductive isolation. Our study provides new insight into how male ejaculate is processed by female Lepidoptera, and paves the way for future work on interactions between post-mating sexual selection and speciation.
Capturing Semantically Meaningful Word Dependencies with an Admixture of Poisson MRFs

We develop a fast algorithm for the Admixture of Poisson MRFs (APM) topic model [1] and propose a novel metric to directly evaluate this model. The APM topic model recently introduced by Inouye et al. [1] is the first topic model that allows for word dependencies within each topic unlike in previous topic models like LDA that assume independence between words within a topic. Research in both the semantic coherence of a topic models [2, 3, 4, 5] and measures of model fitness [6] provide strong support that explicitly modeling word dependencies—as in APM—could be both semantically meaningful and essential for appropriately modeling real text data. Though APM shows significant promise for providing a better topic model, APM has a high computational complexity because O(p2) parameters must be estimated where p is the number of words ([1] could only provide results for datasets with p = 200). In light of this, we develop a parallel alternating Newton-like algorithm for training the APM model that can handle p = 104 as an important step towards scaling to large datasets. In addition, Inouye et al. [1] only provided tentative and inconclusive results on the utility of APM. Thus, motivated by simple intuitions and previous evaluations of topic models, we propose a novel evaluation metric based on human evocation scores between word pairs (i.e. how much one word "brings to mind" another word [7]). We provide compelling quantitative and qualitative results on the BNC corpus that demonstrate the superiority of APM over previous topic models for identifying semantically meaningful word dependencies. (MATLAB code available at: http://bigdata.ices.utexas.edu/software/apm/)
How Buyers Frame Problems: Revisited

This article investigates the following propositions: a useful approach for building an organizational-buying – behavior taxonomy might begin with classifying how buyers frame purchasing problems followed by how such frames affect subsequent perceptions and actions in the decision process. Unlike previous taxonomies of buying situations, direct questioning of organizational buyers is used to learn: (1) whether or not they identify different categories of buying problems; (2) if they do, what dimensions they use when framing buying problems; and (3) how do such frames influence their choices of value-added service alternatives offered by suppliers. To test the propositions empirically, supplier choices are modeled with the use of buying-decision exercises. A key result of this study is that the buyers’ framing of problems affects their preferences for vendor designs of value-added customer services. Most likely, the framing of buying problems by organizational buyers is layered and more complex than related taxonomies found in the marketing literature. 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extending the sphincterotomy

Abstract Brand et al. prospectively studied the outcome of endoscopic sphincterotomy in 29 consecutive patients with biliary-type pain (two or more out of eight criteria), elevated liver enzyme levels (AST, ALP, or γ-glutamyltransferase), and no clear evidence of biliary pathology on transabdominal ultrasound and diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Elevated bilirubin levels (range = 1.3–7.2 mg/dl) were found in 18 patients. The majority of patients (n = 21) had gallbladders in situ. The findings from bile duct exploration after sphincterotomy were recorded, and pain (as measured by a visual analogue scale) and laboratory findings were assessed. The inclusion criteria for endoscopic sphincterotomy were 1) the presence of at least two of any eight characteristics associated with typical biliary-related pain (coliclike, located at the right upper abdomen, radiation to back or right shoulder, pain intensity > 4 on the visual analogue scale [possible range = 0–10], duration of pain > 30 min, postprandial pain, symptoms occurring at night, precise definition of onset and relief of pain), 2) elevated liver enzyme levels (AST, ALP, or γ-glutamyltransferase elevated more than 2-fold) in patients without histories of alcohol abuse or liver disease, and 3) absence of clear pathology on diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography—that is, no or only mild dilation of the biliary duct system (common bile duct ≤ 12 mm in patients who had undergone cholecystectomies, and ≤ 8 mm in patients with gallbladders in situ) as measured in relation to the diameter of the duodenoscope. Wire-guided sphincterotomy was successful in all patients, whereas uncomplicated pancreatitis occurred in one instance. In 16 patients (55%) there was macroscopic evidence of small stones (n = 2), sludge (n = 12), or both (n = 2) after bile duct exploration with a Dormia basket. In addition, microscopy revealed cholesterol crystals in four patients who had no macroscopic findings. All four patients with elevations of pancreatic enzymes before treatment and four of those eight patients with previous cholecystectomies demonstrated evidence of biliary pathology. The initial median pain intensity was 8 (range = 1–10); 26 patients became pain free within 3 months after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Twenty-six of 28 patients (93%) remained asymptomatic over a median follow-up period of 19 months (range = 12–26); one died of an unrelated malignancy 6 months after therapy. The authors concluded that endoscopic sphincterotomy may be acceptable therapy in patients with clinical presentations suggesting papillary or biliary origins of pain without further diagnostic workup.
A Class of stochastic programs with decision dependent uncertainty

We address a class of problems where decisions have to be optimized over a time horizon given that the future is uncertain and that the optimization decisions influence the time of information discovery for a subset of the uncertain parameters. The standard approach to formulate stochastic programs is based on the assumption that the stochastic process is independent of the optimization decisions, which is not true for the class of problems under consideration. We present a hybrid mixed-integer disjunctive programming formulation for the stochastic program corresponding to this class of problems and hence extend the stochastic programming framework. A set of theoretical properties that lead to reduction in the size of the model is identified. A Lagrangean duality based branch and bound algorithm is also presented.
Outcomes variability in non-emergent esophageal foreign body removal: Is daytime removal better?

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to investigate differences between esophageal foreign body removal performed during standard operating room hours and those performed after-hours in asymptomatic patients. Methods A retrospective chart review at a tertiary children's hospital identified 264 cases of patients with non-emergent esophageal foreign bodies between 2006 and 2011. Variables pertaining to procedure and recovery times, hospital charges, complications, length of stay, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, and presence of mucosal injury were summarized and compared between cases performed during standard operating hours and those performed after-hours. Results Cases performed during standard hours had significantly longer average wait times compared with after-hours cases (13.1 h versus 9.0 h, p Conclusion There were no significant differences in procedure time, charges, or safety in after-hours removal of non-emergent esophageal foreign bodies compared to removal during standard operating hours. OR wait time was about 4 h longer during standard hours compared with after-hours. This study could not assess the factors to determine the impact in differences in hospital resource utilization or work force, which may be significant between these two groups.
Structural studies of blood coagulation factor VIII in complexes with inhibitory antibodies

Normal blood clotting is regulated by blood plasma protein factors in a blood coagulation cascade. Deficiency in one of these proteins, Factor VIII (FVIII), causes the disease hemophilia A, in which the patient is unable to form blood clots. Treatment of hemophilia A involves the infusion of FVIII, and the most common complication in this treatment is the development of antibodies against the therapeutic infusions. Two mouse monoclonal anti-human antibodies, 3E6 and G99, were used as models of inhibitory action against FVIII by binding to the C-terminal C2 domain. A classical antibody, 3E6, blocks the ability of FVIII to bind von Willebrand Factor, a circulatory partner. The classical antibody thereby reduces the stability of FVIII in plasma. A nonclassical antibody, G99, blocks the activation of FVIII, inhibiting the role of FVIII in the blood coagulation cascade. In order to study the inhibitory action of classical and nonclassical antibodies, 3 complexes were prepared, C2:3E6, C2:G99, and 3E6:C2:G99. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to study the structures of the C2 domain in complex with the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of each antibody and in complex with both Fabs simultaneously. Reproducible, low-resolution models of the complexes were generated from scattering data using a software suite from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. The scattering data for 3E6:C2:G99 was used to generate an elongated shape with antibodies on opposite sides of the C2 domain. Extensive crystal trials were undertaken to prepare for future X-ray crystallography studies of the complexes.
Model-based analyses of whole-genome data reveal a complex evolutionary history involving archaic introgression in Central African Pygmies

Comparisons of whole-genome sequences from ancient and contemporary samples have pointed to several instances of archaic admixture through interbreeding between the ancestors of modern non-Africans and now extinct hominids such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. One implication of these findings is that some adaptive features in contemporary humans may have entered the population via gene flow with archaic forms in Eurasia. Within Africa, fossil evidence suggests that anatomically modern humans (AMH) and various archaic forms coexisted for much of the last 200,000 yr; however, the absence of ancient DNA in Africa has limited our ability to make a direct comparison between archaic and modern human genomes. Here, we use statistical inference based on high coverage whole-genome data (greater than 60×) from contemporary African Pygmy hunter-gatherers as an alternative means to study the evolutionary history of the genus Homo. Using whole-genome simulations that consider demographic histories that include both isolation and gene flow with neighboring farming populations, our inference method rejects the hypothesis that the ancestors of AMH were genetically isolated in Africa, thus providing the first whole genome-level evidence of African archaic admixture. Our inferences also suggest a complex human evolutionary history in Africa, which involves at least a single admixture event from an unknown archaic population into the ancestors of AMH, likely within the last 30,000 yr.
The products of the "heat-shock" loci of Drosophila hydei. Correlation between locus 2-36A and the 70,000 MW "heat-shock" peptide.

Antibody was raised against total Drosophila hydei embryonic cellular protein with a molecular weight between 65,000 and 70,000 dalton. This antiserum reacted with the 70,000 MW “heat-shock” peptide found, in 35S labelled cell extracts of “heat-shocked” D. hydei tissue culture cells or salivary glands. — The antibody was coupled to Sepharose 4B and this material was used to absorb polysomes obtained from tissue culture cells incubated at 37° C in the presence of tritiated RNA precursors. The relative concentrations of various RNA species complementary to the “heat-shock” loci 2-32A, 2-36A, and 2-48C in either bound, non-bound, or total polysomal material was then determined by in situ hybridization. The RNA species complementary to locus 2-36A was found to be enriched in the bound polysomal material.