cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for Mixed Lubrication

This paper presents a model for mixed lubrication. The surface asperities are represented by short plasto-elastic cylinders with spherical tops. The heights of these cylinders are assumed to have a Gaussian distribution. By combining the solution of the Reynolds equation and the solution from boundary lubrication theory or the microelastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, the load and friction of the lubricated contact can be calculated. Three calculated examples which showed the essential characters and interesting results of mixed lubrication were given. The correlation with others' experimental results was reasonably good.
Statistical fluctuations of matrix elements in regular and chaotic systems.

A combination of semiclassical arguments and random-matrix theory is used to analyze transition strengths in quantum systems whose associated classical systems are chaotic. The mean behavior is found semiclassically while the local fluctuations are characterized by a Porter-Thomas distribution. The methods are tested numerically for a system with two degrees of freedom, the coupled-rotators model. The deviations of the strength distribution from a Porter-Thomas one when the system is nonchaotic are also investigated. It is found that the distribution gets gradually wider as the classical system becomes more regular. The transition of a classical system from regular to chaotic behavior is fairly well understood. The manifestations of this classical behavior in the associate quantum system has been the subject of many investigations in recent years with particular attention given to the chaotic regime. The few quantitative results are based either on semiclassical arguments or on random-matrix theory. For nonintegrable systems there is no working scheme for semiclassical quantization. The Einstein-Brillouin-Keller quantization breaks down in those regions of phase space where invariant tori do not exist. On the other hand, the extent to which random-matrix theory can be applied in chaotic regions is still not fully understood. In this paper we shall argue that a reasonable scheme for the analysis of a quantum system whose associate classical motion is chaotic involves a combination of semiclassical and random-matrix methods. In this scheme the mean behavior of the respective quantity is given semiclassically, while the local Auctuations are reproduced via random-Inatrix theory. Such a procedure had been invoked for the energy spectrum. The average level density is found semiclassically or by an empirical procedure and the spectrum is then renormalized by dividing out the mean spacing. The unfolded spectrum has then the statistical properties characterizing an ensemble of Gaussian orthogonal random matrices (GOE), as was found numerically for several chaotic systems. In particular, a Wigner distribution is obtained for the levelspacing distribution. A similar procedure emerges for the mean behavior and Auctuation properties ' of transition-matrix elements. In particular transition strength distributions seem to be characterized locally by Porter-Thomas distributions. The purpose of this paper is to establish this procedure for the matrix elements and to study the deviations from a Porter-Thomas distribution as the classical system becomes more regular. The procedure consists of two steps. First, the average behavior of the transition strengths is found semiclassically or empirically. Second, the actual transition strengths are renormalized by dividwhere ~i ) and ~f ) are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with eigenvalues E, and F&, respectively. One can easily show that S is the Fourier transform of the temporal autocorrelation function C(t) of T g(E E') = e' " *C(t)dt, 27TA (2)
Role of elastic exciton-defect scattering in resonant Raman and resonant Brillouin scattering in CdSe

We report a detailed resonant Brillouin and Raman study in the wurtzite semiconductor CdSe in the vicinity of its lowest-energy $A$ exciton. By using a spectrometer and laser system with a combined spectral resolution of 0.16 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ we were able to measure the widths and line shapes of Raman and Brillouin modes. In a nominally undoped CdSe sample we found that wave vector is conserved in the light-scattering process only for incident photon frequencies below the longitudinal exciton frequency. For incident laser frequencies above the longitudinal exciton frequency, scattering processes which do not conserve wave vector became dominant. We propose that this breakdown in wave-vector conservation is due to elastic exciton-defect scattering, and our results are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the elastic exciton-defect scattering theory of Gogolin and Rashba. In another CdSe sample doped with Li, we found that its Raman and Brillouin spectra are always dominated by wave-vector-nonconserving modes even for incident photon frequencies below the $A$-exciton frequency. From the Brillouin spectra we deduced the following parameters for the $A$ exciton in CdSe: ${M}_{\ensuremath{\perp}} (\mathrm{exciton}\mathrm{mass}\mathrm{perpendicular}\mathrm{to}\mathrm{the} c \mathrm{axis})=0.40{m}_{0}$ (free electron mass), ${M}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ensuremath{\sim}1.3{m}_{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{T} (\mathrm{transverse}\mathrm{exciton}\mathrm{frequency})=14713$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (at \ensuremath{\sim}10 K), and the splitting between longitudinal and transverse exciton frequencies is 4 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Observation of two smooth-to-rough facet edge transitions at the {111} facets of a Pb alloy

Abstract Two smooth-to-sharp facet edge transitions have been observed in a Pb5at%Bi0.04at%Ni alloy. At 260°C, equilibrated crystallites of the alloy are generally spherical with small facets at {111} and {100} orientations, and the rounded parts of the equilibrium form are smoothly connected to the facets. Upon heating to a temperature 10°C below the solidus (or bulk melting) temperature, the edges of the facets become sharp, as has been observed in pure Pb, and this smooth-to-sharp facet edge transition is interpreted as being due to surface premelting of the rounded parts of the equilibrium form. Upon cooling from 260 to 250°C and re-equilibrating, a second smooth-to-sharp facet edge transition takes place at {111} facets. This transition is not observed in pure Pb, and is accompanied in the alloy by an abrupt increase in the levels of segregation of Bi and Ni at the surface. The paper reports results on the sharp compositional phase transition at the surface of the {111} facets, and provides an interpretation of the second smooth-to-sharp edge transition based on the lowering of the surface excess free energy of {111} orientations which results from the compositional surface phase transition.
Particle Concentration on Freeways: Affecting Factors and a Simple Model Development

ABSTRACTA few field studies have reported high levels of in-cabin ultrafine particles and discussed certain contributing factors such as vehicle operations and atmospheric meteorological conditions. However, to generalize limited field study results to a wide range of conditions, a deeper understanding of affecting factors and a simple model that can predict on-road particle concentrations are essential. This paper has two objectives, first, to analyze the effects of surrounding vehicle density, relative freeway lane position, and vehicle speed on measured particle concentrations on two California freeways, I-405 (5% diesel) and I-710 (25% diesel). The second objective is to test the use of Emission Factor (EMFAC) 2007 and Caline4 (CL4) models in predicting on-road particle concentrations. Particle number and mass concentrations were collected using a mobile laboratory driving on the I-710 and I-405 freeways. Particle number concentration was found to be affected by the density of surrounding heavy duty diesel trucks which is consistent with previous studies. The highest particle number concentrations were measured in the outer lanes on the freeway and the lowest was in the inner lanes. The highest levels of particles were measured at vehicle speeds of 40–50 mph. Analysis of CL4 model was conducted using factor-of-two test. For the I-710, 85% of values were within the factor-of-two envelope, and for the I-405, 77% were within the envelope. Regression analysis showed that the model is able to account for 43% of the variability on the I-710 and 26% of the variability on the I-405. The use of CL4 in conjunction with EMFAC shows promise as a simple tool to estimate on-road PM2.5 concentration.
Three-Dimensional Structural Characterization of Nonwoven Fabrics

Nonwoven materials are found in a gamut of critical applications. This is partly due to the fact that these structures can be produced at high speed and engineered to deliver unique functionality at low cost. The behavior of these materials is highly dependent on alignment of fibers within the structure. The ability to characterize and also to control the structure is important, but very challenging due to the complex nature of the structures. Thus, to date, focus has been placed mainly on two-dimensional analysis techniques for describing the behavior of nonwovens. This article demonstrates the utility of three-dimensional (3D) digital volumetric imaging technique for visualizing and characterizing a complex 3D class of nonwoven structures produced by hydroentanglement.
Effects of Insulin, Transferrin, Cholera Toxin, and Epidermal Growth Factor on Growth and Morphology of Human Fetal Normal Colon Epithelial Cells

Primary and serially passaged human fetal normal colon epithelial cells have been propagated and characterized with regard to their nature and origin. The cells exhibited many characteristics of colonic epithelial cells including the presence of mucopolysaccharides and carcinoembryonic antigen. Serial passaging of the cultures required supplementing the medium with insulin, traps f errin, epidermal growth factor, and cholera toxin. This study also shows that these factors have specific roles in the regulation of growth and morphologic differentiation of the cell cultures. Insulin apparently is mainly associated with cell multiplication, whereas transferrin, epidermal growth factor, and cholera toxin are associated with the maintenance of morphologic differentiation status of the cell cultures.
Natural Law Theories in the Early Enlightenment. By T. J. Hochstrasser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 246p. $54.95.

This detailed historical study focuses on Protestant natural law theories in the early German Enlightenment (explicitly excluding the French and British sectors) and traces their influence, or fate, through Kant. Despite its title, it is more than a specialist tome devoted to an historically isolable development, and it is not merely a subsidiary, underlaborer's attempt to recount the prehistory of Kant's achievement. Rather, by tracing several important background currents through the period concerned, Hochstrasser illuminates the odd historical fact that German enlighteners at the end of this span knew or thought so little of those at its beginning. The central topics are eclecticism; the so-called “histories of morality” that were part of its self-conscious legitimation method; the rationalism-voluntarism split in early modern natural law; and the associated distinction among moral philosophy (ethics), natural (positive) law, and international law (ius gentium) that developed out of these debates.
Vajrayāna Art and Iconography

Iconographic imagery in the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Tantric (i.e., Vajrayāna) tradition is replete with polymorphic symbolic forms. Tantric texts themselves are multivalent, addressing astronomy, astrology, cosmology, history, embryology, physiology, pharmacology, alchemy, botany, philosophy, and sexuality. The Sr? Kaālacakra, a medieval Indo-Tibetan manuscript of great import, de-scribes ritual visualization sequences in whichpractitioners visualize elaborate manidialadesigns and deified yab-yum (father-mother) consort couples. The Kālacakra system is the preeminent conduit for the globalization of Tibetan Buddhism, and contemporary enactments of its initiation ceremony incorporate a variety of aesthetic genres, including sand manidiala construction and ritual dance.
Fast spectroscopy of laser-initiated nanoenergetic materials

Nanoenergetic materials consisting of aluminum nanoparticle (50−200 nm) aggregates termed ALEX plus nitrocellulose (NC) oxidizer are studied by ultrafast spectroscopy following 100 ps laser flash-heating. Thermal conduction calculations are used to estimate the initial ALEX temperature as a function of laser fluence, and to show that initiation and ignition occurs as a result of the reaction between nearly uniformly heated ALEX particles and cold NC. The onset of light emission and Al oxidation occurs near the melting point of Al, and fast violent ignition reactions begin near the vaporization transition. At lower fluences and lower ALEX concentrations, hot spots consisting of an ALEX aggregate and nearby NC ignite and then die out. At higher fluences and higher ALEX concentrations, the ignition reaction propagates from the hot spots throughout the entire laser-heated region. The nanosecond-duration burst of light accompanying ignition triggered by vaporizing ALEX consists of a continuum peaked near 500 n...
A Technology-Aware and Energy-Oriented Topology Exploration for On-Chip Networks

As packet-switching interconnection networks replace buses and dedicated wires to become the standard on-chip interconnection fabric, reducing their power consumption has been identified to be a major design challenge. Network topologies have high impact on network power consumption. Technology scaling is another important factor that affects network power since each new technology changes semiconductor physical properties. As shown in this paper, these two aspects need to be considered synergistically. In this paper, we characterize the impact of process technologies on network energy for a range of topologies, starting from 2-dimensional meshes/tori, to variants of meshes/tori that incorporate higher dimensions, multiple hierarchies and express channels. We present a method which uses an analytical model to predict the most energy-efficient topology based on network size and architecture parameters for future technologies. Our model is validated against cycle-accurate network power simulation and shown to arrive at the same predictions. We also show how our method can be applied to actual parallel benchmarks with a case study. We see this work as a starting point for defining a roadmap of future on-chip networks.
Target-Type Thrust Reverser Noise

This paper presents some results of an experimental investigation on the noise generated by model target-type thrust reversers. The experimental data are normalized and scaled up to sizes suitable for reversing the core jets of a four-engine STOL airplane, yielding perceived noise levels well above the 95-PNdB design goal for both sideline and flyover at 152 m. V-gutter and semicylindrical reversers were tested with a 5.24-cni-diam circular nozzle, and a semicylindrical reverser was also tested with a 7.78-cm-diam circular nozzle. The ratio of reverser frontal area to nozzle exit area ranged from 2.4 to 7.0. Other tests variables were the spacing between nozzle and reverser, reverser orientation, and nozzle jet velocity. The thrust reversers, in addition to being noisier than the nozzle alone, also had a more uniform directivity. The maximum over-all sound pressure level and the effective sound power level both varied with the 6th power* of the nozzle jet velocity. Nomenclature Af = reverser frontal area, m2 An = nozzle area, m2 Ci,C2,Cs = first, second, and third frequency bands exhibiting ground-reflection cancellations, assuming a point source ca = ambient speed of sound, m/sec Dn = nozzle-exit diameter, m fc = i/s-octave-band center frequency, Hz /M = the Vs-octave-band frequency exhibiting the highest sound pressure level, Hz K = empirical coefficient in sound power correlation, dB K± = empirical coefficient in acoustic efficiency correlation, dimensionless OAPWL = over-all sound power level, dB re 10~13 W OASPL = over-all sound pressure level, dB re 20 fj.N/m2 PNL = perceived noise level, PNdB PWL = ^/a-octave-ban d sound power level, dB re 10 ~13 W Ri,R2,Rs - first, second, and third frequency bands exhibiting ground-reflection reinforcements , assuming a point source Sn — nozzle Strouhal number, fcDn/Uj SPL = sound pressure level, dB re 20 /L/V/m2 Uj = isentropic nozzle velocity, m/sec W = sound power, W X = spacing between reverser and nozzle, m Y = reverser height, m Z = reverser width, m a = angle of reverser to horizontal, deg "n - effective acoustic efficiency, W/(paAnUj3)f dimensionless 8 = microphone angle from nozzle upstream axis, deg QM — angle from nozzle axis at which maximum OASPL occurs, deg Pa = ambient density, kg/m3
Biochemistry of Somatodendritic Dopamine Release in Substantia Nigra: An In Vivo Comparison with Striatal Dopamine Release

The somatodendritic release of dopamine in substantia nigra previously has been suggested to be nonvesicular in nature and thus to differ from the classical, exocytotic release of dopamine described for the dopaminergic nerve terminal in striatum. We have compared the effects of reserpine, a compound that disrupts vesicular sequestration of monoamines, on the storage and release of dopamine in substantia nigra and striatum of rats. Reserpine administration (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the tissue level of dopamine in substantia nigra pars reticulata, substantia nigra pars compacta, and striatum. In these brain areas, reserpine-induced reductions in tissue dopamine level occurred within 2 h and persisted at 24 h postdrug. In vivo measurements using microdialysis revealed that reserpine administration rapidly decreased the extracellular dopamine concentration to nondetectable levels in substantia nigra as well as in striatum. In both structures, it was observed that reserpine treatment significantly attenuated the release of dopamine evoked by a high dose of amphetamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) given 2 h later. In contrast, dopamine efflux in response to a low dose of amphetamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was not altered by reserpine pretreatment either in substantia nigra or in striatum. The present data suggest the existence, both at the somatodendritic and at the nerve terminal level, of a vesicular pool of dopamine that is the primary site of transmitter storage and that can be displaced by high but not low doses of amphetamine. The physiological release of dopamine in substantia nigra and in striatum is dependent on the integrity of this vesicular store.
High pressure in chemical kinetics

Abstract Several studies of chemical kinetics using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high pressure illustrate the high information content and versatility of this high pressure technique. First, the 1H and 19F NMR study of the conformational isomerization of cyclohexane and 1,1-difluorocyclohexane in different solvents provided the first experimental proof of stochastic models of isomerization reaction. Second, high resolution 29Si NMR spectroscopy was employed to investigate the role of pressure on the polymerization kinetics of sol-gel process. The time evolution of the Si(OCH3)4 condensation process subsequent to hydrolysis was monitored as a function of pressure from 1 bar to 5 kbar. It was shown that high pressures have a dramatic accelerating affect on the condensation rate, but do not alter the mechanism via which the polycondensation reaction proceeds. Third, in order to emphasize the wide range of problems that can be studied by high pressure NMR the crystallization kinetics of polyethylene under high pressures is discussed.
UNILATERAL ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE IN A PATIENT WITH ADDISON’S DISEASE

A 44-year-old white man was admitted to the hospital with acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain radiating to the right scapula area. He had been diagnosed with primary Addison’s disease 21⁄2 years previously based on an inability to stimulate adrenal cortisone production. He was unable to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormones adequately and was placed on three times daily maintenance doses (20, 10 and 20 mg.), as well 0.05 mg. fludrocortisone acetate orally daily and 50 mg. dihydroepiandosterone orally daily. The patient had been diagnosed in infancy with hypothyroidism and was taking 0.05 mg. levothyroxine sodium orally daily. Etiology of the adrenal and thyroid insufficiency was believed to be chronic autoimmune disease. His son had undergone parathyroid adenoma excision at 8 years old, and thyroid insufficiency was diagnosed in his mother and maternal aunt. History included chronic intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain radiating to the back 1 year in duration. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 21⁄2 years earlier had revealed no adrenal masses. Another MRI of the brain and pituitary gland 8 months later because of increased adrenocorticotropic hormones was normal. On hospital admission for acute abdominal pain, unenhanced and enhanced abdominal computerized tomography demonstrated a 3 3 10 cm. solid mass with fluid accumulation in the perirenal space thought to represent adrenal hemorrhage. A left lower pole renal cyst was also identified. MRI was consistent with right adrenal hemorrhage (fig. 1). Laboratory evaluations included normal serum epinephrine, dopamine and catecholamine, as well as normal 24-hour urine vanillylmandelic acid. Serum chemistry evaluations, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and platelet counts were normal. Right adrenalectomy was performed through an 11th rib incision. The adrenal mass was cystic and on sectioning contained old blood (fig. 2). The histological sections revealed only scant foci of residual adrenal glomerulosa cell tissue with no evidence of malignancy. Convalescence was uneventful and the patient has not had further episodes of abdominal pain. However, 3 months after hospital discharge he was diagnosed with sigmoid colon carcinoma and underwent successful resection of the tumor. DISCUSSION
Community-level considerations in nutrition planning in low income nations

Reaching those most in need of assistance is a neglected issue in nutrition planning in low income nations. This study shows that the variations in the proportion of third degree Gomez classification of malnutrition among Filipino preschoolers increase significantly as the administration unit decreases from region to province to municipality and finally to the smallest unit— the village oibarangay. At the village level, the proportion of preschoolers with third degree Gomez varied over 30 fold within the same area in the Philippines. Moreover, using Filipino household‐level survey data, it is shown that it is possible to use socioeconomic and other community‐level factors to predict which communities are most nutritionally needy in terms of the proportion of children with third degree malnutrition by the Gomez classification. One implication of this study is the need to give careful consideration to community level factors in the allocation of nutrition resources and the possibility of using nonnutritiona...
Special at school but lonely at home: an alternative friendship group for adolescents with Down syndrome.

Friends play a significant role in mental and physical health; however, individuals with Down syndrome and other developmental disabilities, even those who are included in general education programmes, have not developed friendships as hoped. After a decade of inclusion and structured school programmes to facilitate friendships, many parents report that peer relationships end after school hours. This study compared the efficacy of school based friendship groups with a mixed age home based group. Specific methods to establish a successful friendship group are discussed. This study followed three friendship groups for five years. Two groups of six to eight general education students met with the target student twice a month during the school day; one group of mixed age participants met in the student’s home. A counsellor facilitated all the groups. Parent and student concerns regarding friendships were informally assessed with interviews and observations. Observations and interviews confirmed that although peer interactions during school occurred they did not continue after school. Of the three students studied, only one had a relationship with a same-aged peer after four years of school facilitated groups. Two students had significant feelings of depression during high school. One student entered counselling. The home-based mixed age friendship group did result in significant friendships. The individual participated in two or three activities each month with friends from the group. School based friendship groups of adolescent peers were not successful in developing friendships for individuals with Down syndrome. When a multi-age group was conducted outside of the school, friendships formed and have continued for over two years. This article describes how and why parents and professionals should look beyond school based same age peer friendship groups and consider a community circle of mixed-age friends.
Stationarity and reciprocity in stochastic multipoint boundary value systems

Investigates certain statistical properties of the state vector in a stochastic multipoint boundary value system. The authors give necessary and sufficient conditions for the state vector to be stationary, and prove that the state vector is locally reciprocal. >
RNA Processing of Nitrogenase Transcripts in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis

Little is known about the regulation of nitrogenase genes in cyanobacteria. Transcription of the nifH1 and vnfH genes, encoding dinitrogenase reductases for the heterocyst-specific Mo-nitrogenase and the alternative V-nitrogenase, respectively, was studied by using a lacZ reporter. Despite evidence for a transcription start site just upstream of nifH1 and vnfH, promoter fragments that included these start sites did not drive the transcription of lacZ and, for nifH1, did not drive the expression of nifHDK1. Further analysis using larger regions upstream of nifH1 indicated that a promoter within nifU1 and a promoter upstream of nifB1 both contributed to expression of nifHDK1, with the nifB1 promoter contributing to most of the expression. Similarly, while the region upstream of vnfH, containing the putative transcription start site, did not drive expression of lacZ, the region that included the promoter for the upstream gene, ava4055, did. Characterization of the previously reported nifH1 and vnfH transcriptional start sites by 5′RACE (5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends) revealed that these 5′ ends resulted from processing of larger transcripts rather than by de novo transcription initiation. The 5′ positions of both the vnfH and nifH1 transcripts lie at the base of a stem-loop structure that may serve to stabilize the nifHDK1 and vnfH specific transcripts compared to the transcripts for other genes in the operons providing the proper stoichiometry for the Nif proteins for nitrogenase synthesis.
Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Adult Health Status

The prevalence of household food security, which reflects adequacy and stability of the food supply, has been measured periodically in the United States and occasionally in high-risk groups or specific regions. Despite a plausible biological mechanism to suggest negative health outcomes of food insecurity, this relation has not been adequately evaluated. This study was conducted in the Lower Mississippi Delta region to examine the association between household food insecurity and self-reported health status in adults. A two-stage stratified cluster sample representative of the population in 36 counties in the Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi was selected using list-assisted random digit dialing telephone methodology. After households were selected and screened, a randomly selected adult was interviewed within each sampled household. Data were collected to measure food security status and self-reported mental, physical, and general health status, using the U.S. Food Security Survey Module and the Short Form 12-item Health Survey (SF-12). Data were reported on a sample of 1488 households. Adults in food-insecure households were significantly more likely to rate their health as poor/fair and scored significantly lower on the physical and mental health scales of the SF-12. In regression models controlling for income, gender, and ethnicity, the interaction between food insecurity status and race was a significant predictor of fair/poor health and lower scores on physical and mental health. Household food insecurity is associated with poorer self-reported health status of adults in this rural, high-risk sample in the Lower Mississippi Delta.
Phagocytosis and lysozyme activity in granulocytes from iron-deficient rat dams and pups

Abstract The effect of dietary iron deficiency during gestation and lactation on phagocyte function in rat dams and pups was investigated. Pregnant rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 7, 10 or 250 ppm iron throughout gestation and until day 17 of lactation when dams and their litters (7 pups) were sacrificed. Phagocytosis was measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction test. Lysozyme activity was measured in granulocytes separated from peripheral blood. A significant increase in percent phagocytes in whole blood in the 7 ppm iron pups was observed. Total white blood cell (WBC) counts were similar among groups. The 7 ppm iron pups had markedly decreased NBT reduction (per 10 8 phagocytes). On a per ml of blood basis, there were no differences in NBT reduction among groups. Plasma activities of the two granulocyte enzymes measured, lysozyme and peroxidase, were significantly increased in 7 ppm iron pups. It was shown that this increase in plasma lysozyme activity was not due to an increased concentration of lysozyme in granulocytes.
Detecting fake websites: the contribution of statistical learning theory

Fake websites have become increasingly pervasive, generating billions of dollars in fraudulent revenue at the expense of unsuspecting Internet users. The design and appearance of these websites makes it difficult for users to manually identify them as fake. Automated detection systems have emerged as a mechanism for combating fake websites, however most are fairly simplistic in terms of their fraud cues and detection methods employed. Consequently, existing systems are susceptible to the myriad of obfuscation tactics used by fraudsters, resulting in highly ineffective fake website detection performance. In light of these deficiencies, we propose the development of a new class of fake website detection systems that are based on statistical learning theory (SLT). Using a design science approach, a prototype system was developed to demonstrate the potential utility of this class of systems. We conducted a series of experiments, comparing the proposed system against several existing fake website detection systems on a test bed encompassing 900 websites. The results indicate that systems grounded in SLT can more accurately detect various categories of fake websites by utilizing richer sets of fraud cues in combination with problem-specific knowledge. Given the hefty cost exacted by fake websites, the results have important implications for e-commerce and online security.
Primary auditory symptoms in patients with normal peripheral hearing sensitivity: Redefining hearing loss

AbstractObjective: Hearing loss has historically been defined as a ‘sudden or gradual decrease in how well you can hear’ (1). This is characterized by a set of strict criteria which evaluate the intensity level at which one hears critical frequencies needed to understand speech. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the number of patients in an otolaryngology practice at an academic medical center who present with auditory complaints yet demonstrate normal audiograms.Study design: The study was a retrospective chart review that examined 498 patients over a four-year period.Results: Results demonstrated that while nearly half of the patients’ primary complaint was hearing loss (48%), a large number also reported tinnitus (39%) and auditory processing difficulties (13%).Conclusions: Patients who report concerns regarding abnormal auditory perceptions (hearing loss, tinnitus and/or auditory processing) yet present with normal peripheral hearing sensitivity via pure tone audiometry, represent an ...
Semivariance and Optioned Black–LittermanPortfolios

We present a portfolio construction technique which can incorporate options into a portfolio, measure and manage risk more effectively than classical techniques, and deliver the attractive diversification and robustness of the Black-Litterman technique. Our technique finds option strategies which are fundamentally divergent from those that the classical portfolio techniques calculate. Our strategies can dominate the classical mean-variance portfolios, both in normal situations and in an unexpected downturn.
Light-responsive and transcription-enhancing elements regulate the plastid psbD core promoter.

Abstract The psbD operon of higher plant plastids is regulated transcriptionally through the activity of an upstream light-responsive promoter. To identify promoter elements important for the regulation, portions of the tobacco psbD 5' region were fused to the reporter gene, uidA, and were introduced into the tobacco plastid genome by targeted gene insertion. Examination of uidA mRNA accumulation in dark-adapted and light-treated transplastomic plants revealed that a 107 bp segment of psbD 5' sequence was sufficient to promote light-responsive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. The 107 bp promoter region contains three pairs of short, repeated sequences upstream of the core promoter -10/-35 elements. Deletion of the upstream-most A-rich sequences resulted in a 5-fold decrease in reporter gene mRNA accumulation, but did not affect the light response. Additional removal of the second and third repeated elements further reduced the promoter strength approximately 30-fold and almost eliminated the light-dependent accumulation of uidA transcripts. These data indicate that the architecture of chloroplast promoters is more complex than previously assumed, and may comprise general enhancer and regulatory elements in addition to the core promoter motifs. Transcriptional regulation of psbD may be mediated by the chloroplast proteins which were shown to interact with the repeated sequences.
Prevalence of blood eosinophilia in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of COPD

In this cohort of 3084 patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), we found that 17% had blood eosinophilia (≥300 cells/μL); the use of an alternative cut-off level (≥2%) demonstrated that 40% had elevated eosinophil count. Patients with eosinophilia had higher frequency of readmission for AECOPD during 1-year follow-up period. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of eosinophilia among inpatients with AECOPD--the population with the highest morbidity and health-care utilization.
Sharpening the Prongs of the Establishment Clause: Applying Stricter Scrutiny to Majority Religions

The First Amendment limit on the establishment of religion has not been taken seriously. Courts have focused in excruciating detail to draw lines with regard to the appearance of prominent religious symbols in state-identified forums, while virtually ignoring establishment problems with much greater practical implications such as the use of state police power to enforce rules based solely on the religious qualms of the majority. For example, Sunday “blue laws” (particularly Sunday bans on the sale of alcohol) and laws criminalizing sex acts such as fornication and sodomy generally have been viewed as consistent with the First Amendment.The author argues that the “appearance of endorsement” analysis supported by Justice O’Connor in her concurrence in Lynch v. Donnelly would be good Establishment Clause doctrine if it were applied from the viewpoint of a “reasonable humanist” to demonstrate that the state has a justification independent of religious belief. Traditionalist Supreme Court Justices reason that analysis focusing on the appearance of endorsement disfavors majority religions in comparison to less established faiths. The author agrees, but - unlike traditionalists - he applauds that development and argues for its extension in the form of stricter scrutiny of laws that coincide with majority religious beliefs. Perhaps anticipating the rationale of justices in Lawrence v. Texas that majority condemnation of a practice as immoral is not sufficient to uphold a law under Equal Protection or Due Process Clause analysis, the author argues that such condemnation is not a sufficient justification under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. This “Note” reviews the original purposes behind the First Amendment as well as later judicial construction of the Establishment Clause. It criticizes the de facto grandfathering of long-established state practices identified with religion as well as the acceptance of newer practices that are no more identified with religion than these established examples.This article views the Establishment Clause within the context of a working federal Constitution. It notes that the Constitution is largely a procedural document aimed to design a well functioning republican democracy, which properly tends to perpetuate the will of the majority at the cost of minority interests. The First Amendment and the rest of the Bill of Rights protect individual and minority rights that conflict with the will of the majority, providing a beneficial balance. Since religious sentiment is often passionately held and unaccommodating to compromise or dissent, minority interests are most vulnerable when they conflict with the majority’s religious beliefs. Establishment Clause jurisprudence would be more effective in achieving the goals underlying the First Amendment if it subjected laws coinciding with majority religious beliefs to stricter scrutiny regarding their valid secular purposes.
Noakes misses the point : correspondence

To the Editor: We are writing to point out inaccuracies in Professor Noakes' critique of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial of dietary modification. Difficult as it may be for proponents of low carbohydrate, high fat diets to accept, it is an inconvenient truth that the findings from the WHI trial negate their thesis that diets higher in carbohydrates and lower in fats lead to obesity and insulin resistance and increase diabetes risk. Instead, the lower fat diet rigorously tested in a large number of participants in the WHI led to less weight gain, improved insulin resistance (at 1 year), and no increase in diabetes risk compared with the control diet. Diabetes risk appeared to be reduced proportionately to decreases in fat intake and weight. These findings are in agreement with findings from the Diabetes Prevention Trial (of people with pre-diabetes treated with a low-fat, calorie-restricted diet plus exercise) that reduction in diabetes risk was proportional to reduction in fat intake and weight loss.
Tc-99 produced by the (He-3, pn gamma) reaction

The nuclear structure of ${}^{99}$Tc was studied using the ${}^{98}$Mo${(}^{3}$He,$\mathrm{pn}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction, which has populated most states in the nucleus below 2 MeV excitation energy. The proton exit channel was isolated from competing reaction channels by operating $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detectors in coincidence with a large-solid-angle proton detector. The experiments included $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray excitation functions, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidences. The results were interpreted using a particle-rotor model. The systematics of increasing deformations in odd-$A$ Tc nuclei are discussed.
Hochtemperaturdichtungen für Abgasanlagen zur Erfüllung weltweiter Umweltnormen

Federal-Mogul hat Dichtungen mit Hochtemperaturlegierungen sowie eine zugehorige Hochtemperaturbeschichtung entwickelt. Beide Innovationen ermoglichen hohe Werkstoffstabilitat bei extremen Betriebstemperaturen. Die neuen Dichtungen sind auch in schwierigen Anwendungsumgebungen bei Abgassystemen einsetzbar und bis 1000 °C dauerfest.
Identifying with Values: Examining Organizational Culture in Farmers Markets

This study examines culture, values, and identification in farmers markets as organizations that function as an alternative to the mainstream food/grocery industry. Utilizing observation and interviews with a grounded theoretical approach to data analysis, we investigated the culture of five farmers markets. Findings indicate that individuals identified with four main values of farmers markets through their communication: economic interests, nostalgia, fellowship, and education. In certain markets, findings revealed a dichotomy between expected and enacted organizational values. To overcome this dichotomy, sensebreaking and sensegiving communication by market managers and vendors was vital for the management of meaning and culture in markets.
Neurophysiologic mechanisms of tinnitus.

Research over the past decade has provided new insights into the neural mechanisms likely to produce the false percepts of sound associated with tinnitus. These insights have emerged mainly as a result of electrophysiologic studies, examining changes in brain activity, and behavioral studies, examining changes in perception, in animals that have been treated with well-known tinnitus inducers such as salicylates, quinine, and intense sound. The available evidence, based on electrophysiologic studies, suggests that tinnitus is associated with disturbances in spontaneous neural activity in the auditory system. These abnormalities include increases in spontaneous activity (hyperactivity), changes in the timing of neural discharges (i.e., the temporal firing properties of neurons), and an increase in bursting activity of neurons. Parallel studies using behavioral testing methods have demonstrated that agents, which produce these neural changes, also cause tinnitus in animals. This article reviews the literature concerned with both behavioral evidence for tinnitus in animal models and the associated changes that occur at peripheral and central levels of the auditory system.
Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Death of Children with Septic Shock

Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with the death of pediatric septic shock,for improving prognosis and decreasing mortality.Methods Sixty-four patients in intensive care unit diagnosed as septic shock were enrolled from Apr.2002 to Apr.2008.The factors such as age,sex,C-reacted protein,WBC,platelet count,blood glucose,procalcitonin(PCT),serum lactic acid,pediatric critical illness score(PCIS),ventilator using and complication of multiple organ dysfuction syndrome(MODS) were researched,these research factors were analyzed by univariate analysis,then to be analyzed by Logistic regression.Results The mortality was 59.38%(38/64 cases).Twenty patients with severe septic shock were all died.Thirty-four patients had breath failure and 26 cases had MODS,the mortality were 62.50%,76.92%,100.00% in patients complicated with 2,3,4 organs dysfunction.In the univariate analysis,variables significantly associated with death in septic shock were PCT,lactic acid,PCIS,MODS.In the Logistic regression,variables significantly associa-ted with death were PCT,lactic acid,PCIS and MODS.Conclusions The mortality of septic shock was high,and decreased PCIS,elevated serum lactic acid level and PCT,and multiple organ dysfuction are the risk factors associated with the death of septic shock.
Wiera: Towards Flexible Multi-Tiered Geo-Distributed Cloud Storage Instances

Geo-distributed cloud storage systems must tame complexity at many levels: uniform APIs for storage access, supporting flexible storage policies that meet a wide array of application metrics, handling uncertain network dynamics and access dynamism, and operating across many levels of heterogeneity both within and across data-centers. In this paper, we present an integrated solution called Wiera. Wiera extends our earlier cloud storage system, Tiera, that is targeted to multi-tiered policy-based single cloud storage, to the wide-area and multiple data-centers (even across different providers). Wiera enables the specification of global data management policies built on top of local Tiera policies. Such policies enable the user to optimize for cost, performance, reliability, durability, and consistency, both within and across data-centers, and to express their tradeoffs. A key aspect of Wiera is first-class support for dynamism due to network, workload, and access patterns changes. Wiera policies can adapt to changes in user workload, poorly performing data tiers, failures, and changes in user metrics (e.g., cost). Wiera allows unmodified applications to reap the benefits of flexible data/storage policies by externalizing the policy specification. As far as we know, Wiera is the first geo-distributed cloud storage system which handles dynamism actively at run-time. We show how Wiera enables a rich specification of dynamic policies using a concise notation and describe the design and implementation of the system. We have implemented a Wiera prototype on multiple cloud environments, AWS and Azure, that illustrates potential benefits from managing dynamics and in using multiple cloud storage tiers both within and across data-centers.
CHAPTER 23 – The Application of Gene Ablation and Related Technologies to the Study of Ovarian Function

This chapter reviews the models that have helped researchers piece together the molecular mechanisms important for female fertility, from those that mediate primordial germ cell survival to those that conduct oocyte and somatic cell functions during folliculogenesis. It also considers post-ovulatory events contingent on genes expressed in oocytes while still within the ovary. The ability to engineer targeted mutations of the mammalian genome is revolutionizing the ways for studying essential gene functions and has already greatly enhanced the understanding of ovarian development and physiology. When this approach is used to generate a non- functional or null allele, it is termed gene ablation or gene “knockout” technology. Knockout mouse models are being created at an ever-increasing rate, and more than 200 have been reported to date with reproductive phenotypes. This number already surpasses the quantity of naturally occurring mutations associated with identiﬁed genes. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, derived from the inner cell mass of mouse blastocysts, can be maintained for long periods in pluripotent states in vitro and altered by targeted mutagenesis. Deleting or altering a particular site in the murine genome relies on the endogenous ES cell homologous recombination machinery to mediate crossover exchanges between the locus to be targeted.