cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Misreporting Nonprofit Lobbying Engagement and Expenses: Charitable Regulation and Managerial Discretion

On the one hand, nonprofits are expected to protect values, promote ideals, and effect change, and on the other hand, they are normatively and legally discouraged from engaging in advocacy and lobbying. These countervailing forces produce a tension that nonprofit managers must navigate. Although previous research suggests that normative boundaries and legal implications constrain lobbying efforts, it is possible that these factors merely influence how some charities report their lobbying activities to authorities. Indeed, incentives to misreport lobbying engagement exist at the federal level where regulatory oversight is lax. This article compares state data obtained for a sample of charities to contemporaneous federal data regarding the lobbying engagement, payments, and expenses of these organizations and their registered lobbyists. Findings demonstrate that roughly half of the charities sampled engage in more lobbying than they report to federal authorities, lending support to the premise that managerial discretion influences nonprofit reporting.
Femoral nerve block for diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures in the emergency department. Surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: Diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures are painful injuries that are frequently seen in patients requiring a trauma work-up in the hospital emergency department prior to definitive management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a femoral nerve block administered in the emergency department could provide better pain relief for patients with femoral fractures than currently used pain management practices. METHODS: Patients who presented with an acute diaphyseal or distal femoral fracture were identified as potential candidates for this study. Eligible patients were randomized by medical record number to receive either (a) the femoral nerve block (20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine) along with standard pain management or (b) standard pain management alone (typically intravenous narcotics). The pain was assessed with use of a visual analog scale at the initial evaluation and at five, fifteen, thirty, sixty, and ninety minutes following the initial evaluation. Fifty-four patients were enrolled in the study from April 2005 to May 2006. Thirty-one patients received a femoral nerve block, and twenty-three patients received standard pain management alone. RESULTS: Baseline scores on the visual analog pain scale did not differ between the groups at the initial evaluation. The patients who received a femoral nerve block (along with standard pain management) had significantly lower pain scores at five, fifteen, thirty, sixty, and ninety minutes following the block than did the patients who received standard pain management alone (p CONCLUSIONS: The acute pain of a diaphyseal or distal femoral fracture can be significantly decreased through the use of a femoral nerve block, which can be administered safely in the hospital emergency department. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. ORIGINAL ABSTRACT CITATION: “Femoral Nerve Block for Diaphyseal and Distal Femoral Fractures in the Emergency Department” (2007;89:2599-603).
Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment in adults with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are common in adults with atopic dermatitis (AD). Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance (SD) and Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI) are validated questionnaires to assess sleep in adults. Little is known about their measurement properties in adults with AD. OBJECTIVES To assess the measurement properties of the PROMIS SD and SRI eight-item short forms in AD. METHODS We performed a prospective dermatology-practice-based study using questionnaires and evaluation by a dermatologist (n = 420). RESULTS PROMIS SD and SRI showed moderate correlations to each other (ρ = 0·67), and weak correlations with Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (ρ = 0·43 and 0·39, respectively); average (ρ = 0·31/0·30) and worst numerical rating scale for itch (ρ = 0·32/0·30); Eczema Area and Severity Index (ρ = 0·41/0·31); and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) (ρ = 0·44/0·30) (Spearman correlations, P < 0·001). PROMIS SD and SRI increased significantly and stepwise with more frequent sleep disturbance, severe itch and self-reported global AD severity (ancova, P < 0·001). PROMIS SD and SRI showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0·84 and 0·91). Changes from baseline in PROMIS SD and SRI were weakly to moderately correlated with each other and with changes of multiple patient-reported and clinician-reported AD outcomes. There were no floor or ceiling effects for PROMIS SD or SRI. The median completion time for PROMIS SD and SRI was 2 min. CONCLUSIONS PROMIS SD and SRI showed good construct validity, internal consistency, responsiveness and feasibility to assess sleep in adult patients with AD. What is already known about this topic? The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance (SD) and Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI) scales were found to be valid in adults with chronic disease. However, the validity and feasibility of PROMIS SD and SRI in atopic dermatitis remain unknown. What does this study add? This study demonstrated that PROMIS SD and SRI had good content, concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity; feasibility; and responsiveness, with no floor or ceiling effects observed. What are the clinical implications of this work? The PROMIS SD and SRI eight-item bank short forms appear to have sufficient validity and feasibility to be used as assessments for burden of sleep in adults with atopic dermatitis in clinical practice.
Rates of increase in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) pupping at recolonized sites in the United States, 1988-2019

Gray seals were historically distributed along the northeastern coast of the United States, but bounties and lack of protection reduced numbers and they were rarely observed for most of the 20th century. Once protections were enacted, the population started to rebound. Here, we describe the recolonization and recovery of gray seals in the United States, focusing on the re-establishment of pupping sites. We fit individual generalized linear models to various time series (1988-2019) to estimate rates of increase in observed pup counts at four of the more data-rich sites. Annual rate of increase at individual sites ranged from -0.2% (95% CI: -2.3-1.9%) to 26.3% (95% CI: 21.6-31.4%). The increase in sites and number of pups born in the United States is driven by population growth and immigration from Canadian colonies and is part of a larger recovery of the Northwest Atlantic population. Wildlife protection, a healthy source population, habitat availability, and species traits that allow for dispersal and high productivity were all important factors in this recovery.
Abstract 12: An Evaluation of Functional Outcome at 1 Year of Poor Prognosis Patients in Mistie-III

Introduction: Clinical factors impacting prognosis following Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) have been well described in the literature, with “poor” prognosis often leading to withdrawing life susta...
Hypnosis, Neural Basis of

Hypnosis refers to the acceptance of a social role, usually involving deep relaxation, and engagement in fantasy. Hypnosis involves a lowering of critical judgement that permits a wide range of behavioral, cognitive, and affective responses to suggestion. Hypnotizability, the degree that each participant responds to hypnotic suggestions, reflects a stable difference among individuals' cognitive abilities, not a power of the hypnotist. Neurophysiological differences associated with hypnotic induction are either nonexistent or unimportant. Alternatively, EEG studies indicate that highly hypnotizable participants (highs) show slightly higher levels of theta activity during periods of rest than do their less hypnotizable counterparts. Well lateralized, right handed highs also show greater relative left cerebral hemisphere activation during verbal and mathematical tasks and greater relative right hemisphere activation during imagery tasks than do less hypnotizable participants. Finally, during suggestions to hallucinate, highly hypnotizable research participants show measurable differences in brain activity consistent with their reported hallucinatory experiences. These differences emerge across visual and auditory stimuli and during painful stimulation on a number of measures of brain activity.
Outcomes and Health Care Utilization After Early Hospital Dismissal in Kidney Transplantation: An Analysis of 1001 Consecutive Cases.

OBJECTIVE To understand whether reduced lengths of stay after kidney transplantation were associated with excess health care utilization in the first 90 days or long-term graft and patient survival outcomes. BACKGROUND Reducing length of stay after kidney transplant has an unknown effect on post-transplant health care utilization. We studied this association in a cohort of 1001 consecutive kidney transplants. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 2011-2015 data from a prospectively-maintained kidney transplant database from a single center. RESULTS A total of 1001 patients underwent kidney transplant, and were dismissed from the hospital in 3 groups: Early [≤2 days] (19.8%), Normal [3-7 days] (79.4%) and Late [>7 days] (3.8%). 34.8% of patients had living donor transplants (Early 51%, Normal 31.4%, Late 18.4%, P < 0.001). Early patients had lower delayed graft function rates (Early 19.2%, Normal 32%, Late73.7%, P = 0.001). By the hospital dismissal group, there were no differences in readmissions or emergency room visits at 30 or 90 days. Glomerular filtration rate at 12 months and rates of biopsy-proven acute rejection were also similar between groups. The timing of hospital dismissal was not associated with the risk-adjusted likelihood of readmission. Early and Normal patients had similar graft and patient survival. Late dismissal patients, who had higher rates of cardiovascular complications, had significantly higher late mortality versus Normal dismissal patients in unadjusted and risk-adjusted models. CONCLUSION Dismissing patients from the hospital 2 days after kidney transplant is safe, feasible, and improves value. It is not associated with excess health care utilization or worse short or long-term transplant outcomes.
Proactive Leadership in the Supply Chain of a Multinational Enterprise

Leadership factors influence change effort needed to achieve desired outcomes. Effort is significantly increased when agendas are multiple and conflicting. Proactive leaders need to be able to lead and make leaders. While standing on a platform of suitable norms and excellent performance, a vertical leader can set strategic growth plans proactively. Typically these plans are reactively conjured up and they are less effective. This study shows that the proactive leader needs to be a steward of the capacity given while continuously improving its effectiveness. The evidence from this study suggests that proactive leaders that effectively influence in an MNE are critical to growth synergies in a multi-unit global enterprise in a moderately dynamic market. Furthermore, effective focused strategy applied proactively leads to improved profitability.
Shifts in the neurobiological mechanisms motivating cocaine use with the development of an addiction-like phenotype in male rats

The development of addiction is accompanied by a shift in the mechanisms motivating cocaine use from nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) signaling to glutamate AMPA-kainate receptor (AMPA-R) signaling. Here, we determined whether similar shifts occur for NAc-D2R signaling and following systemic manipulation of D1R, D2R, and AMPA-R signaling. Male rats were given short-access (20 infusions/day) or extended-access to cocaine (24 h/day, 96 infusions/day, 10 days). Motivation for cocaine was assessed following 14 days of abstinence using a progressive-ratio schedule. Once responding stabilized, the effects of NAc-D2R antagonism (eticlopride; 0–10.0 μg/side) and systemic D1R (SCH-23390; 0–1.0 mg/kg), D2R (eticlopride; 0–0.1 mg/kg), and AMPA-R (CNQX; 0–1.5 mg/kg) antagonism, and NAc-dopamine-R gene expression (Drd1/2/3) were examined. Motivation for cocaine was markedly higher in the extended- versus short-access group confirming the development of an addiction-like phenotype in the extended-access group. NAc-infused eticlopride decreased motivation for cocaine in both the short- and extended-access groups although low doses (0.1–0.3 μg) were more effective in the short-access group and high doses (3–10 μg/side) tended to be more effective in the extended-access group. Systemic administration of eticlopride (0.1 mg/kg) was more effective in the extended-access group, and systemic administration of CNQX was effective in the extended- but not short-access group. NAc-Drd2 expression was decreased in both the short- and extended-access groups. These findings indicate that in contrast to NAc-D1R, D2R remain critical for motivating cocaine use with the development of an addiction-like phenotype. These findings also indicate that shifts in the mechanisms motivating cocaine use impact the response to both site-specific and systemic pharmacological treatment.
Análisis de redes egocéntricas con R (I). Introducción a R

Este texto es el primero de una serie de cuatro que conjuntamente constituyen un taller sobre analisis de ego-redes (y/o redes personales) con R. El texto esta acompanado por ficheros de datos y los scripts de lenguaje R necesarios para realizar las actividades propuestas.
Laparoscopic management of symptomatic congenital diaphragmatic hernia of Morgagni in the adult

Currently, there is a relative paucity of literature regarding the management of symptomatic congenital diaphragmatic hernia of the foramen of Morgagni in the adult. This study aims to describe our unique surgical technique and outcomes in adult patients undergoing laparoscopic repair of symptomatic Morgagni hernia. This is a retrospective review of adult patients from 2003 to 2020 who underwent a laparoscopic Morgagni hernia repair at our institution. All patients underwent a similar laparoscopic approach, utilizing the surgical principles of reduction of intra-abdominal contents, complete resection of the hernia sac, followed by primary repair of the hernia defect and mesh reinforcement with permanent mesh if the primary repair was subjectively under tension. The study population consisted of 12 consecutive patients with a Morgagni hernia. Patients presented with a variety of symptoms attributed to the hernia, including pain 83% (n = 10), respiratory symptoms and shortness of breath 58% (7), and gastrointestinal obstruction 25% (3). Other complaints included: nausea 33% (4), reflux 50% (6), early satiety 8% (1), palpitations 16% (2), a gurgling sensation in the chest 8% (1), and weight loss 8% (1). Primary repair was possible in all patients following complete reduction of hernia contents including the hernia sac. Mesh reinforcement was used in 5 of 12 patients. Average surgical operative time was 93 (± 37) min. Median length of stay was 1.3 days (range 0.5–5.5 days). At a median follow-up of 10.9 months (IQR 8.0–41.5 months), all symptoms attributed to the hernia had resolved. No recurrences were identified. Adults with symptomatic Morgagni hernia should undergo surgical repair. A laparoscopic approach utilizing the surgical principles of reduction of intra-abdominal contents, complete resection of the hernia sac, followed by primary repair of the hernia defect (when possible), with or without mesh reinforcement can be performed safely and effectively.
Do Counter-Narratives Reduce Support for ISIS? Yes, but Not for Their Target Audience

The purpose of this research is to experimentally test whether counter-narratives are effective to reduce people’s support and willingness to join Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Integrating psychological reactance theory (Brehm, 1966) and need for closure (NFC; Kruglanski, 2004), we predicted that exposing people to counternarratives when they are at greater risk of radicalization (high NFC individuals) would be counterproductive and enhance their support for ISIS. Participants (N = 886 American Muslims) were randomly assigned to a 3  3 factorial experimental design varying the source (United States Government, Imam, ISIS defector), and the content (social, political, and religious) of the counter-narrative while comparing these groups to a control message. Results show an overall small positive effect of counter-narratives (b = 􀀀0.107, p = 0.043), but also evidence for greater support for ISIS in individuals at greater risk of radicalization (b = 0.154, p = 0.005). Results also show that the content was more important than the source: A political narrative was the most effective, and this result is consistent across different sources although an ISIS defector is the most effective messenger. These findings challenge the widespread assumption that counter-narratives are effective against violent extremism. In fact, they accelerate the very phenomenon that governments and policy makers are trying to undermine. Therefore, policy makers should avoid including them in their armamentarium to tackle violent extremism.
Retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65): An update.

Abstract Vertebrate vision critically depends on an 11-cis-retinoid renewal system known as the visual cycle. At the heart of this metabolic pathway is an enzyme known as retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65), which catalyzes an unusual, possibly biochemically unique, reaction consisting of a coupled all-trans-retinyl ester hydrolysis and alkene geometric isomerization to produce 11-cis-retinol. Early work on this isomerohydrolase demonstrated its membership to the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase superfamily and its essentiality for 11-cis-retinal production in the vertebrate retina. Three independent studies published in 2005 established RPE65 as the actual isomerohydrolase instead of a retinoid-binding protein as previously believed. Since the last devoted review of RPE65 enzymology appeared in this journal, major advances have been made in a number of areas including our understanding of the mechanistic details of RPE65 isomerohydrolase activity, its phylogenetic origins, the relationship of its membrane binding affinity to its catalytic activity, its role in visual chromophore production for rods and cones, its modulation by macromolecules and small molecules, and the involvement of RPE65 mutations in the development of retinal diseases. In this article, I will review these areas of progress with the goal of integrating results from the varied experimental approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of RPE65 biochemistry. Key outstanding questions that may prove to be fruitful future research pursuits will also be highlighted.
Factors Influencing CAM-ICU Documentation and Inappropriate "Unable to Assess" Responses.

Background Detecting delirium with standardized assessment tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is important, but such detection is frequently hampered by poor documentation and inappropriate "unable to assess" responses (in noncomatose patients). Objective To identify patient, clinical, and workplace factors that may impede or facilitate appropriate delirium assessment through use of the CAM-ICU, specifically documentation and inappropriate "unable to assess" responses. Methods An electronic health record-based data set was used to quantify CAM-ICU documentation and inappropriate "unable to assess" responses during 24 months. Associated patient (eg, age), clinical (eg, diagnosis), and workplace (eg, geographic location within the ICU, shift) factors were evaluated with multivariable regression. Results Of 28 586 CAM-ICU documentation opportunities, 66% were documented; 16% of documentations in alert or lightly sedated patients had inappropriate "unable to assess" responses. Night shift was associated with lower CAM-ICU documentation rates (P = .001), whereas physical restraints and location on side B (rather than side A) of the ICU were associated with higher documentation rates (P Conclusion Data from electronic health records can identify patient, clinical, and workplace factors associated with CAM-ICU documentation and inappropriate "unable to assess" responses, which can help target quality improvement efforts related to delirium assessment.
Use of edible alginate and limonene-liposome coatings for shelf-life improvement of blackberries

Abstract Blackberries are an important seasonal fruit crop. However, their supply and market growth are negatively impacted by a short shelf-life. To address this problem, the shelf-life and quality characteristics of blackberries coated with edible alginate and limonene-liposomes were investigated. The weight loss, respiration rates (O2/CO2), physicochemical properties, and microbial loads of blackberries treated with edible coatings and stored under refrigeration (4 °C) were determined. The rate of weight loss in alginate-coated fruits was significantly lower (0.44 ± 0.02 g/day/100 g) compared to limonene-encapsulated liposome coated blackberries (0.50 ± 0.02 g/day/100 g) as well as uncoated blackberries (0.54 ± 0.02 g /day/100 g) after the first 10 days of storage. The alginate-coated fruits also had a lower rate of CO2 release (0.47 ± 0.03 mmol/h/100 g) compared to the uncoated blackberries (0.80 ± 0.27 mmol/h/100 g). Both alginate and limonene-liposome coated blackberries had a lower average respiratory quotient (RQ) compared to non-coated blackberries. The quality indices of total soluble solids, pH, total polyphenol content, and total anthocyanin content did not exhibit significant deviation from non-coated blackberries. The yeast and mold count on limonene-liposome coated blackberries was significantly lower than the control after 1, 7, and 12 days of storage. The results suggest that the alginate coating was more effective than the control in lowering respiration rates and weight loss. Similarly, the limonene-liposome coating was effective at lowering microbial growth on the berries.
Laura Riding Roughshod

DRIVEN OUT of idyllic Mallorca, where she and Robert Graves wrote poetry and published small volumes of esoteric writing at the Seizin Press, the poet Laura Riding wrote a manifesto. There is nothing odd about a poet writing a manifesto in the thirties. It would be an odd poet who didn't. This three-page document was recently on exhibit at the New York Public Library among a remarkable collection of manuscripts from the Berg Collection in "The Thirties in England," organized by curator Lola Szladits, famous for her acquisition of modern British writers' papers. Across the room in another glass case were the drafts and typescript of Virginia Woolf 's Three Guineas (1938). What's odd is how alike the two manifestoes are in theme and argument, though Woolf s pamphlet is written with a speed and grace of symbol and metaphor, sensuous ap peals to the eye and ear and every literary trick in the bag?which Laura Riding, purest of pure poets, would have abhorred. Woolf 's anti-fascism was a tri-partite political stance of socialism, pac ificism and feminism, her original contribution being the argument that the origin of fascism was not in nationalism but in the patriarchal family. Laura Riding also believed in women's superiority, but in her case it was linked to a belief that because of their domestic isolation, women are bet ter at thinking than men. Because of female rationality, men, she suggests, ought to leave the running of the world to women so that war may be abolished and aggression stopped, locally and internationally. Few feminist protests were heard in what Auden called that "low dis honest decade," especially when they were as high-minded and ferociously honest as Woolf 's and Riding's. The last thing that men wanted to hear as they mounted the barricades in a fight for freedom was that war was related to irrational male sex drives. Riding did not get much response to her plea and she and Robert Graves left London for New Hope, Penn sylvania, where their last literary experiment in living broke up in a per sonal debacle, and Laura Riding married the poetry editor of Time maga zine, Schuyler B. Jackson. She gave up poetry as too impure a medium for the pursuit of truth, and domestic thinking and linguistic study have been her occupation ever since. Chicago critic Joyce Wexler, who teaches at Loyola University, has
Decolonization as Disintegration

Decolonization in Francophone Africa today entails a double disengagement: 1) state disengagement from the classic colonial power (i.e. France) and 2) societal disengagement from the inheritor of the colonial apparatus (i.e. the sovereign African state). Under these conditions, decolonization, otherwise welcomed as a positive development for the African polity, is accompanied by negative consequences for the people so affected. The principal drawback is the disintegration of key sectors of the state apparatus and the consequent wholesale withdrawal of significant elements of the population from state-sponsored activities. This thesis is advanced in the context of Chad, which has been undergoing a painful transition from mono-militaristic to multi-party competitive politics.
The Modeler's Assistant: A CAD Tool for Behavioral Model Development

Abstract The major difficulty in using HDL's to represent design information is that model preparation is a labor intensive task. Also, with VHDL, the large number of possible modeling approaches can lead to models that are unstructured and difficult to understand. In order for HDL's to be used effectively, systematic techniques for model creation must be developed. Some techniques for decreasing the time required to create a HDL model include: providing a means of partial graphical entry of the model; providing the modeler with a library of common, user-definable primitives; and supporting a well-defined modeling style. A CAD tool called Modeler's Assistant that utilizes these techniques to allow rapid development of VHDL behavioral models will be discussed.
Differential Balances in Turbomachinery

In this and the following chapter, we present the conservation laws of fluid mechanics that are necessary to understand the basics of flow physics in turbomachinery from a unified point of view. The main subject of this chapter is the differential treatment of the conservation laws of fluid mechanics, namely conservation law of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy. These subjects are treated comprehensively in a recent book by Schobeiri [1]. In many engineering applications, such as in turbomachinery, the fluid particles change the frame of reference from a stationary frame followed by a rotating one. The absolute frame of reference is rigidly connected with the stationary parts, such as casings, inlets, and exits of a turbine, a compressor, a stationary gas turbine or a jet engine, whereas the relative frame is attached to the rotating shaft, thereby turning with certain angular velocity about the machine axis. By changing the frame of reference from an absolute frame to a relative one, certain flow quantities remain unchanged, such as normal stress tensor, shear stress tensor, and deformation tensor. These quantities are indifferent with regard to a change of frame of reference. However, there are other quantities that undergo changes when moving from a stationary frame to a rotating one. Velocity, acceleration, and rotation tensor are a few. We first apply these laws to the stationary or absolute frame of reference, then to the rotating one.
Health effects of World Trade Center (WTC) Dust: An unprecedented disaster with inadequate risk management

The World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City collapsed on 9/11/2001, converting much of the buildings' huge masses into dense dust clouds of particles that settled on the streets and within buildings throughout Lower Manhattan. About 80-90% of the settled WTC Dust, ranging in particle size from ∼2.5 μm upward, was a highly alkaline mixture of crushed concrete, gypsum, and synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) that was readily resuspendable by physical disturbance and low-velocity air currents. High concentrations of coarse and supercoarse WTC Dust were inhaled and deposited in the conductive airways in the head and lungs, and subsequently swallowed, causing both physical and chemical irritation to the respiratory and gastroesophageal epithelia. There were both acute and chronic adverse health effects in rescue/recovery workers; cleanup workers; residents; and office workers, especially in those lacking effective personal respiratory protective equipment. The numerous health effects in these people were not those associated with the monitored PM2.5 toxicants, which were present at low concentrations, that is, asbestos fibers, transition and heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs, and dioxins. Attention was never directed at the very high concentrations of the larger-sized and highly alkaline WTC Dust particles that, in retrospect, contained the more likely causal toxicants. Unfortunately, the initial focus of the air quality monitoring and guidance on exposure prevention programs on low-concentration components was never revised. Public agencies need to be better prepared to provide reliable guidance to the public on more appropriate means of exposure assessment, risk assessment, and preventive measures.
C And The 8051: Programming For Multitasking

Emphasising the overall design focus that accompanies software development, this book provides a tutorial for programming embedded applications. The text is designed to help professionals "get up to speed" using the C language, to switch over to the 8051 for some new design and begin to put multitasking into design. The specific examples are all provided in three languages. Features include description and explanation of looping and branching, 8051 family hardware and pointers and based variables.
Reporting rape: The impact of relationships & names on radio listener judgments

Little research has investigated how variations in the electronic reporting of rape affects perceptions of listeners. The authors' experiment provides some insight into perceptions of college students who listened to simulated radio news reports of rape. They found the most significant differences in attitudes toward assailant and victim depended on whether stranger rape or date rape was reported.
Trapping efficiency, demography, and density of an introduced population of northern Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon, in California

Abstract Northern Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon, have been introduced into California's Central Valley and pose an important new challenge for the management of biodiversity in the state's already greatly distressed freshwater ecosystems. Nonnative watersnakes will likely compete with federally threatened Giant Gartersnakes, Thamnophis gigas, and prey on native amphibians and fish, including young salmonids, many of which are imperiled. We used three types of aquatic funnel traps and three different methods to estimate the abundance and density of N. sipedon in a small wetland in Roseville, California. Capture rates did not differ significantly among the three trap types but snakes captured in large box funnel traps were nearly 300 mm longer on average than those captured in minnow traps. Our estimates of the abundance of N. sipedon in our 2-ha trapping area were similar for the mark–recapture model, Leslie depletion curve, and the actual number of snakes removed over 57 days (112.4–119 individuals; approx...
A family in history (Living at risk: The story of a Nicaraguan family and The Barrios family 25 years later)

A Family in History is a multigenerational look at the ways that the Sandinista revolution affected five left-leaning politically active siblings as they matured into middle age. The first film, Li...
Regional reduction in intestinal neuroendocrine cell populations in enterocolitis complicating Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract Enterocolitis (EC) remains the most serious complication of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). The aetiology of EC is uncertain. Ischemic and bacterial causes, and recently rotavirus infection, have been suggested to explain the occurrence of EC. The gut has an abundance of neuroendocrine (NE) cells which modulate gut function by endocrine, paracrine, or neurocrine routes. We studied NE cell populations in the bowel from 16 patients with HD (six of whom had clinical evidence of EC) and rectal tissue from 6 controls. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against chromogranin A, synaptophysin (general markers of NE cells), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon/glicentin (neuropeptides). The six patients who had clinical evidence of EC prior to defunctioning colostomy showed histological evidence of EC in the defunctioned bowel. Using immunocytochemistry and serial tissue sectioning it was found that the number of NE cells in the aganglionic segment of colon in patients with HD was significantly ( P P
Tapered fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for analyses of vapor and liquid phases

We report a new approach to analyze both vapor and liquid phases by utilizing a tapered fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) probe. This technique employs a fiber optic SPR probe with a modified geometry to tune the SPR coupling wavelength-angle pair. The observed composite spectrum included two distinct SPR dips associated with surface plasmons excited in the gas and liquid active regions. This sensor is able to detect refractive index changes in both vapor and liquid phases individually by simultaneous monitoring SPR coupling wavelengths from the two sensing surfaces.
β-Naphthoflavone induced CYP1A1 and 1A3 proteins in the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1. Two CYP1A proteins, designated HAP 1 andHAP 2, were isolated from the liver of the β-naphthoflavone(BNF)-treated rainbow trout. The proteins were initially resolved by chromatography on a DEAE sepharose column and were further purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. Both HAP 1 and HAP 2 proteins exhibited high 7-ethoxyresorufin, methoxy resorufin and phenacetin O-dealkylase activities and were good catalysts for the oxidation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). No qualitative difference was observed between the two proteins in their ability to catalyse the formation of the individual metabolites of DMBA. 3. The two purified proteins showed identical amino acid sequence for the first 13 amino acids. However, the 14th amino acid was valine for HAP 1 protein and alanine for HAP 2 protein. 4. Alignment ofthe amino acid sequences showed that HAP 1 protein was identical to the deduced protein ofthe previously reported troutCYP1A2 (renamed CYP1A1) gene for the first 24 amino acids at the N-termin...
Positive facial affect facilitates the identification of famous faces.

Abstract Several convergent lines of evidence have suggested that the presence of an emotion signal in a visual stimulus can influence processing of that stimulus. In the current study, we picked up on this idea, and explored the hypothesis that the presence of an emotional facial expression (happiness) would facilitate the identification of familiar faces. We studied two groups of normal participants (overall N = 54), and neurological patients with either left ( n = 8) or right ( n = 10) temporal lobectomies. Reaction times were measured while participants named familiar famous faces that had happy expressions or neutral expressions. In support of the hypothesis, naming was significantly faster for the happy faces, and this effect obtained in the normal participants and in both patient groups. In the patients with left temporal lobectomies, the effect size for this facilitation was large ( d = 0.87), suggesting that this manipulation might have practical implications for helping such patients compensate for the types of naming defects that often accompany their brain damage. Consistent with other recent work, our findings indicate that emotion can facilitate visual identification, perhaps via a modulatory influence of the amygdala on extrastriate cortex.
Reaction products and intermediates of tryptophan tryptophylquinone enzymes

Abstract Methylamine dehydrogenase and aromatic amine dehydrogenase each possess the tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) cofactor which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines and transfer of substrate-derived electrons to type I copper proteins. The reaction steps and intermediates in the overall oxidation–reduction reactions catalyzed by these enzymes are described. An important feature of the reaction mechanism of TTQ-dependent amine dehydrogenases is that the product of the reductive half-reaction is the reduced aminoquinol in which the substrate-derived amino group is covalently incorporated into the reduced TTQ cofactor. This has been proven by use of 15 N NMR spectroscopy to monitor the fate of nitrogen from 15 N -labeled substrate. This intermediate is significant because the covalent incorporation of N into the reduced TTQ has profound effects on the rates of electron transfer and factors which regulate the electron transfer reactions from the reduced enzymes. Study of the oxidative half-reaction of methylamine dehydrogenase showed that incorporation of the substrate-derived amino group into TTQ caused this reaction to become gated by a proton transfer from the aminoquinol, and revealed an important role for monovalent cations in the regulation of this reaction step. Analysis of monovalent cation-induced perturbations of the absorption spectrum of TTQ-dependent enzymes has provided insight into the mechanism of cation–protein interactions.
Survival in Acute Leukemia in Elderly Patients

Acute leukemia is more common in older people than in the young or middle-aged. However, the possibilities of achieving remission or prolonging survival are both inversely correlated with increasing age. We studied survival in 118 acute leukemia patients over the age of 64 seen at a university hospital from 1970 to 1987. Seventy percent had myeloid morphology. Median survival times were 106 days in those diagnosed in the 1970s and 71 days for those diagnosed in the 1980s. This was little changed from an earlier series from the same hospital extending back to the 1940s in which median survival was 69 days. Considering the two decades separately, age at diagnosis, sex, race, type of leukemia, and whether or not disease-specific treatment was applied had no significant effect on survival duration. Acute leukemia in the older patient demands difficult medical and ethical choices. Supportive therapy provides immediate comfort and relatively limited morbidity with certainty of death within a few months. Disease-specific therapy causes immediate morbidity for all, shortened life for the majority, and extended life for the minority.
HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors among Ketamine and Non-Ketamine Using Criminal Offenders Prior to Prison Entry

This study is the first to examine ketamine use and its association with HIV sexual risk behaviors among a criminal offending population in the United States. Data were collected from 716 inmates as part of the Transitional Case Management (TCM) protocol within the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) cooperative agreement. Bivariate analyses were used to identify differences between ketamine users (n=44) and non-ketamine users (n=672). Three Poisson regression models were used to identify the significant correlates of high risk sexual behaviors in the 30 days prior to incarceration-- (1) number of times had unprotected sex while high, (2) number of times had unprotected vaginal sex, and (3) number of times had unprotected anal sex. Results indicate that ketamine was a significant correlate in all of the Poisson regression models. Findings add to the literature and indicate that ketamine use may be a marker for engaging in HIV risk behaviors among criminal offenders.
A note on MAS score and the ready signal in classical eyelid conditioning.

Many studies (e.g., Taylor, 1951; Baron & Connor, 1960; Spence & Weyant, 1960) report a positive relationship between score on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) and level of performance in classical eyelid conditioning. Others, however, report no significant difference (Prokasy & Truax, 1959), a negative relationship (King, Kimble, Gorman & King, 1961); or that whether or not a relationship appears depends upon the presence of a "ready, blink" signal preceding each trial (King, et al., 1961; Prokasy & Whaley, 1962). The purpose of this study was to investigate, further, performance in classical eyelid conditioning as a function of MAS score level and the presence or absence of a ready signal preceding each trial. Method.-The apparatus, method of scoring CRs, and method of presenting the light CS and puff USC were similar to those reported in Prokasy and Whaley (1961), and are presented in detail in Klinger (1961). Ss were 165 volunteers from introductory psychology classes at The Pennsylvania State Universiry. Three MAS-score levels were employed: High (from 21 to 42; N = 34), Medium (from 10 to 20; N = 66) and Low (from 1 to 9; N = 34). Ss from each level were divided unsystematically into two groups: presence of a "ready, blink" signal 2 to 4 sec. before each trial, or absence of such a signal. All Ss were run for 100 trials with a fixed intertrial interval of 15 sec. Information about Ss' MAS scores was not available to E until after Ss had been run and their records scored. Of the additional 31 Ss that were run, experimenter error, lack of a MAS score or meeting the criterion for "voluntary responder" (Spence, 1951) resulted in the loss of 27, while the data of 4 Ss were randomly sampled out in order to restore cell proportionaliry.
Evidence linking the Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane ω-hydroxylase, an integral membrane diiron enzyme, and the fatty acid desaturase family

Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane ω-hydroxylase (AlkB) is an integral membrane diiron enzyme that shares a requirement for iron and oxygen for activity in a manner similar to that of the non-heme integral membrane desaturases, epoxidases, acetylenases, conjugases, ketolases, decarbonylase and methyl oxidases. No overall sequence similarity is detected between AlkB and these desaturase-like enzymes by computer algorithms; however, they do contain a series of histidine residues in a similar relative positioning with respect to hydrophobic regions thought to be transmembrane domains. To test whether these conserved histidine residues are functionally equivalent to those of the desaturase-like enzymes we used scanning alanine mutagenesis to test if they are essential for activity of AlkB. These experiments show that alanine substitution of any of the eight conserved histidines results in complete inactivation, whereas replacement of three non-conserved histidines in close proximity to the conserved residues, results in only partial inactivation. These data provide the first experimental support for the hypotheses: (i) that the histidine motif in AlkB is equivalent to that in the desaturase-like enzymes and (ii) that the conserved histidine residues play a vital role such as coordinating the Fe ions comprising the diiron active site.
Physical Activity and the Risk of Becoming Overweight or Obese in Middle-Aged and Older Women

Although public health campaigns stress leisure time physical activity (LTPA) as essential for obesity prevention, few epidemiological studies have focused on the association of specific types and intensities of LTPA and the clinical endpoints of overweight and obesity. Therefore, we prospectively assessed whether moderate- and vigorous-intensity as well as total LTPA were associated with the risk of becoming either overweight or obese using a prospective cohort design of 19,003 women enrolled in the Women's Health Study (WHS). Women reported their participation in walking and LTPA at baseline. During a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 7,865 women became overweight or obese. In multivariable-adjusted models that included demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors, both vigorous-intensity and total LTPA showed a modest inverse relationship with the development of overweight/obesity. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest categories of vigorous-intensity LTPA (>2,000 kcal/week) and total LTPA (>3,000 kcal/week) compared with no LTPA were 0.79 (0.71-0.89) and 0.87 (0.78-0.96), respectively. In addition, a greater percentage of total LTPA spent performing vigorous intensity activities was associated with a lower risk of overweight/obesity (multivariable HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98 for performing >50% compared with <50% of activity as vigorous). In conclusion, higher amounts of total LTPA should be encouraged to prevent obesity. Among those willing to participate in vigorous LTPA, and for whom such activities are not contraindicated, vigorous LPTA should be encouraged.
SU‐FF‐T‐407: Testing the Accuracy and Usefulness of the Portal Vision Dosimetry System for Large‐Volume and Complex‐Geometry IMRT

Purpose: To test a commercial EPIDdosimetry system for the accuracy and usefulness for head&neck, whole‐pelvis, mesothelioma IMRT QA. Materials and Methods: Portal Vision (PV) dosimetry system was configured and experimentally used as intended by the manufacturer (Varian) for 6MV 2100Ex. Additional data analysis software was developed. Collimator angle=90deg and the smallest possible SDD=105cm and were selected to maximize the functional area of the EPID.EPID responses were calculated by Eclipse and compared to the experimentally determined responses in two ways: by comparing individual images and 3D‐response reconstructions for cumulative plans (home‐built software). To account for the PV arm sag during gantry rotation, and the need to shift the detector, raw PV images were automatically magnified and registered with calculated images. 3D‐response reconstructions for the measured and calculated images were performed by: backprojecting the images and applying attenuation and phantom scatter in a homogeneous virtual patient. Patient beam configuration and depths to isocenter were used. Results: PV dosimetry for large/complex targets is difficult and time‐consuming due to practical limitations (detector size, arm sag, manual shifting). Experimental response images show strong tongue&groove effects and elevated values outside of the field edges compared to Eclipse. Response discrepancies inside treatment fields cause (±2–3%) discrepancies in cumulative plan. Discrepancies outside of field edges cause systematic shift up to (5–7%) in cumulative plan, because fluences are split into 2–3 narrower subfields in the delivery. The observed discrepancies are consistent with but stronger than ion chamber measurements in solid water. The reason may be the small 1cm‐buildup and therefore larger PV sensitivity to MLC scatter and T&G. Conclusions: Neither MLC scatter nor T&G are modeled in Eclipse. Their contributions may be significant for large/complex IMRT due to the increased MLC blockage. PV dosimetry may capture these effects, but caution is indicated in interpretation.