cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal effects associated with stress-induced martensitic transformation in a TiNi alloy

Abstract Stress-induced martensitic transformation in a polycrystalline TiNi alloy (Ti-50.1 at.%Ni) has been investigated by following the instantaneous temperature change during deformation, the effects of strain rate on the kinetics of transformation and the calorimetric effects associated with the thermally induced transformation. Two separate stages of transformation strain and temperature increment are observed during stress-induced martensitic transformation in this alloy. Differential scanning calorimetry results show two exothermic peaks during cooling. The sum of the enthalpy changes for these two events is exactly equal to the single enthalpy change during martensite-to-parent transformation. It is proposed that the two stages of transformation strain and temperature rise during stress-induced transformation are related to the two calorimetric events in thermally induced transformation. It is shown that the stress-strain hysteresis loop as well as the two stages of temperature rise are influenced by the strain rate.
Human antiglomerular basement membrane autoantibody disease in XenoMouse II

Human antiglomerular basement membrane autoantibody disease in XenoMouse II. Background Previous studies have identified regions within α3(IV) collagen in human antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, however, information pertaining to the nature of the pathogenic human autoantibodies has been limited by a lack of a relevant disease model. Availability of engineered mice that produce antibodies (that is, XenoMouse II™ strains) provides an ideal opportunity to examine the human antibody response. Methods XenoMouse II™ mice that produce human IgG2 (γ2κ) in response to antigenic challenge were immunized with various forms of α3(IV)NC1 GBM collagen, including native bovine α3(IV) NCl collagen, E. coli expressed r α3(IV)NCl, and mammalian fetal kidney 293 cell expressed r α3(IV)NC1 preparations. The mice were evaluated for autoantibody (Ab) production and nephritis. Results All immunized XenoMouse II animals produced human anti-GBM Ab associated with proliferative glomerulonephritis, linear IgG deposits along the murine GBM and tubular basement membrane (TBM), C3 deposits (weaker). A fully human mAb (Ig γ 2 κ), produced from a mouse immunized with native bovine α3(IV)NCl collagen produced basement membrane deposits, nephritis and proteinuria on transfer to normal XenoMouse II. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) shared idiotypic properties with polyclonal autoantibodies derived from patients with anti-GBM disease, supporting a structural relationship among the antibodies. Conclusions The results further support the importance of α3(IV)NCl collagen in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease. Moreover, to our knowledge this is the first demonstration that experimentally induced, pathogenic human autoantibodies result in disease. This new model of anti-GBM disease, therefore, provides the means and unique reagents to both decipher the molecular basis of the human anti-GBM autoantibody response and the opportunity to test specific therapies aimed at modulation of either B cells producing human autoantibodies or the human pathogenic antibodies themselves, in vivo, prior to trial in patients with the spontaneous form of the disease.
Global Hopf bifurcation of differential equations with threshold type state-dependent delay

Abstract We develop global Hopf bifurcation theory of differential equations with state-dependent delay using the S 1 -equivariant degree and investigate a two-degree-of-freedom mechanical model of turning processes. For the model of turning processes we show that the extreme points of each vibration component of the non-constant periodic solutions can be embedded into a manifold with explicit algebraic expression. This observation enables us to establish analytical upper and lower bounds of the amplitudes of the periodic solutions in terms of the system parameters and to exclude certain periods. Using the achieved global bifurcation theory we reveal that if the relative frequency between the natural frequency and the turning frequency varies in a certain interval, then generically every bifurcated continuum of periodic solutions must terminate at a bifurcation point. This termination means that the underlying system with parameters in the stability region near the vertical asymptotes of the stability lobes is less subject to chatter. In the process, several sufficient conditions for the non-existence of non-constant periodic solutions are also obtained.
The Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Test in the Postoperative Evaluation of Patients with Cushing's Syndrome

After surgical cure of Cushing's syndrome most patients develop transient secondary adrenal insufficiency that lasts for approximately 1 yr. Since ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas generally respond to ovine CRH (oCRH), we tested the hypothesis that an early postoperative response to oCRH may indicate the presence of residual pituitary tumor and, therefore, predict recurrence. We also assessed the usefulness of oCRH for monitoring the recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and for clarifying the pathophysiology of this condition. Thirty-four patients cured of Cushing's syndrome (29 with Cushing's disease, 3 with adrenal adenomas, and 2 with the ectopic ACTH syndrome) had an evening oCRH test 1-2 weeks after surgery. Nine patients (6 with Cushing's disease, 2 with adrenal adenomas, and 1 with the ectopic ACTH syndrome) participated in a longitudinal evaluation and had repeated oCRH and 1-h ACTH tests at 2-month intervals for a year after surgery. Patients were considered to be cured on the bas...
Experience with high-speed reclosing

High-voltage transmission lines may be re-energized successfully following faults by correct application of high-speed relaying, according to recent experience on 114-kv lines.
Studies of asymmetric membrane assembly

The major capsid protein of M13 bacteriophage is incorporated at each stage of infection into the host plasma membrane with its amino terminus exposed on the outer surface. Purified M13 coat protein is incorporated with the same asymmetry into synthetic phosphatidylcholine vesicles formed near the Tm of the lipid by a cholate dilution technique. We now report that the lipid in the pre-dilution mixture exists as mixed micelles of uniform size. Prior to dilution, the coat protein is present in at least two states of aggregation, both of which behave similarly in the model membrane assembly reaction. No detectable lipid-protein interaction occurs prior to dilution. Upon dilution there is rapid production of small closed vesicles and coat protein is converted to a chymotrypsin-resistant form, presumably reflecting its incorporation into these vesicle bilayers. Formation of large (greater than 6000 A diameter) vesicles occurs slowly with preservation of coat protein asymmetry and internal volume. A model for this assembly reaction is proposed.
A Critique on the Theory of Emergency Function of the Adrenal Glands: Implications for Psychology

(1945). A Critique on the Theory of Emergency Function of the Adrenal Glands: Implications for Psychology. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 249-268.
Cross-correlation between neurons: a source of information about the nervous system

Impulse trains of spiking neurons are a stochastic process; however, the impulse trains of related neurons are generally not statistically independent. Cross-correlation may be due to either a common input that affects the firing of both cells, or to direct synaptic influence of the one neuron upon the other. By analyzing the distributions of intervals preceding and those following the coincident firings relative to that of all the intervals between impulses in each train, it is possible to infer restrictions upon the ways in which the correlating influence interacts with other sources of variability for each cell. This is applied to pairs of cells in two systems, one in which the coincident firing is due to an input common to the two cells, and one in which one cell is presynaptic to the other.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is down-regulated in colorectal cancer.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can stimulate tumor progression by modulating several proneoplastic pathways, including proliferation, angiogenesis, cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Although steady-state tissue levels of PGE2 stem from relative rates of biosynthesis and breakdown, most reports examining PGE2 have focused solely on the cyclooxygenase-dependent formation of this bioactive lipid. Enzymatic degradation of PGE2 involves the NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). The present study examined a range of normal tissues in the human and mouse and found high levels of 15-PGDH in the large intestine. By contrast, the expression of 15-PGDH is decreased in several colorectal carcinoma cell lines and in other human malignancies such as breast and lung carcinomas. Consistent with these findings, we observe diminished 15-Pgdh expression in ApcMin+/– mouse adenomas. Enzymatic activity of 15-PGDH correlates with expression levels and the genetic disruption of 15-Pgdh completely blocks production of the urinary PGE2 metabolite. Finally, 15-PGDH expression and activity are significantly down-regulated in human colorectal carcinomas relative to matched normal tissue. In summary, these results suggest a novel tumor suppressive role for 15-PGDH due to loss of expression during colorectal tumor progression.
On the quantitative stereo-morphology of microbodies in rat hepatocytes.

Employing the modified Sjostrand technique for three-dimensional reconstructions from serial thin sections for electron microscopy, two populations of particles are described in rat hepatocytes. Analyses of nearly 500 particles in about 800 μm3 of cytoplasm from three specimens revealed two morphological and size classes in a 2:1 ratio. A large class containing nucleoids is probably peroxisomal while a smaller class lacking nucleoids and bounded by a different limiting membrane may be peroxisomal, lysosomal or consist of particles not previously described.
Production of adenovirus vector for gene therapy

The field of gene therapy is rapidly expanding with a major focus on the treatment of cancer. Replication-defective adenoviruses are vectors of choice for delivering corrective genes into human cells. Major efforts are directed to design new generations of adenoviral vectors that feature reduced immunogenicity and improved targeting ability. However, the production of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy applications faces a number of challenges that limit the availability of high quality material at the early stages of research and development in the gene therapy field. Moreover, very few papers have been published on the subject and information on large-scale production methods are only available through specialized conference proceedings. This review outlines the problems associated with mass production of adenovirus vectors and describes research efforts by a number of groups who have contributed to optimize production methods. Better understanding of the adenovirus infection and replication kinetics as well as better understanding of complementing cell line physiology and metabolism greatly contributed to improving vector titers and volumetric productivity at higher cell densities. Also, the critical aspect of viral vector quantitation is discussed.
Properties of Electrochemically Active Components in Mammalian Vitreous Humor

Antioxidants are considered to have important roles in protecting the eye against radiation, oxygen toxicity and other threats. Several water-soluble electrochemically-active compounds that might function as antioxidants in vitreous humor of rabbit, rat and bovine eyes were identified and quantitated. In that the rat is a nocturnal animal species and the other two are diurnal, the results allow a tentative evaluation on the comparative physiology of light-dark behavior patterns that influence this ocular fluid. All analyses were performed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The utility of this approach is that components of vitreous humor can be identified by their retention time and by their characteristic response when the voltages of the two sensing electrodes are progressively brought together. Four compounds regarded as functional antioxidants in the animal kingdom were identified and quantitated. Other antioxidants known to be present in several biological fluids are not present at detectable or significant levels in vitreous humor; metabolites or precursors of these might be present in trace quantities.
Determinants of Follower Perceptions of a Leader’s Authenticity and Integrity

This study proceeds from the perspective that a leader’s authenticity and integrity must be recognizable to the members of a work unit in order for these qualities to make a difference in the degree or nature of the leader’s influence. The study builds from previous studies in cognitive and social psychology to develop and apply a model of person perception. The study examines how actions and attributes of a leader and aspects of the situation in which leaders and followers interact may affect the agreement among followers concerning the authenticity and integrity of a leader. Propositions are developed for empirical testing in future research.
A semigroup associated with a quasi-linear system in which the coupling terms are linear—11

On considere le probleme quasilineaire suivant: ρ t +Φ(ρ) x +σu x =0, Φ'>0, Ψ'>0, σ>0, Φ(0)=Ψ(0)=0 u t +σρ x +Ψ(u) x =0, ρ(x,0)=ρ 0 (x), u(x,0)=u 0 (x). On donne une solution par generation de semi-groupe
SOLAR WIND FLOW PAST NONMAGNETIC PLANETS: VENUS AND MARS.

Hydromagnetic theory of solar wind flow past earth extended to nonmagnetic planets Venus and Mars
UNIVERSAL CONDUCTANCE AT THE SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITION

Invoking a duality picture we used earlier to describe semion superconductivity, we suggest an explanation of the universal conductance measured in thin films at the superconductor-insulator phase transition.
Heavy ion radiolysis of liquid benzene

The mechanisms responsible for the main products in liquid benzene radiolysis (biphenyl, molecular hydrogen, and phenyl radical) are probed with protons, helium ions, and carbon ions of a few to 30 MeV energy. Phenyl radical yields have been examined using iodine scavenging techniques. The results are combined with similar data for γ-rays and suggest that phenyl radicals mainly react with benzene to give a long-lived adduct, which leads to polymer formation. Iodine can react with this adduct to give enhanced yields of biphenyl. Biphenyl is the predominant single hydrocarbon product in the radiolysis of neat benzene with a yield of 0.075 molecule/100 eV. Its yield is nearly independent of radiation type and energy suggesting that its formation in neat benzene is due to a fast ion−molecule process and not due to phenyl radicals. The total yield of 0.7 radicals/100 eV is almost entirely due to phenyl radicals and H atoms. A reexamination of the fluorescence from the singlet excited state of benzene suggests ...
Modified agar diffusion bioassay for better quantification of Nisaplin

Aims To investigate the effect of different well sizes and pre-diffusion times at 4°C, on the sensitivity, accuracy and precision of nisin quantification by agar diffusion bioassay. Methods and results Nisin solution (0·625–125 μg ml−1) was filled in wells (3·5 mm or 7 mm diameter) made on agar plates inoculated with Micrococcus luteus, followed by pre-diffusion (0, 24, 48 or 72 h), incubation and measurement of inhibition zone. Regression analysis indicated that wells with 3·5 mm diameter had smaller standard deviation and higher predictive accuracy, compared to wells with 7 mm diameter. Based on Tukey's test, pre-diffusion resulted in significantly different inhibition zones at different nisin concentrations. Pre-diffusion also improved sensitivity of the assay. Different regression models were considered to explore the relationship between inhibition zone and nisin concentration for different pre-diffusion times. A spline model was determined to be the best-fit model, and 48 h was the best pre-diffusion time. Conclusions Wells with 3·5 mm diameter demonstrated higher accuracy for nisin quantification compared to wells with 7 mm diameter. 48 h was the best pre-diffusion time for nisin concentration in the range 0·625–125 μg ml−1. Significance and impact of the study The findings from this study will be helpful in quantifying nisin and compounds with antimicrobial properties accurately over a wide range of concentrations using agar diffusion bioassay.
Multi-actuation and PI control: A simple recipe for high-speed and large-range atomic force microscopy

High speed atomic force microscopy enables observation of dynamic nano-scale processes. However, maintaining a minimal interaction force between the sample and the probe is challenging at high speed specially when using conventional piezo-tubes. While rigid AFM scanners are operational at high speeds with the drawback of reduced tracking range, multi-actuation schemes have shown potential for high-speed and large-range imaging. Here we present a method to seamlessly incorporate additional actuators into conventional AFMs. The equivalent behavior of the resulting multi-actuated setup resembles that of a single high-speed and large-range actuator with maximally flat frequency response. To achieve this, the dynamics of the individual actuators and their couplings are treated through a simple control scheme. Upon the implementation of the proposed technique, commonly used PI controllers are able to meet the requirements of high-speed imaging. This forms an ideal platform for retroactive enhancement of existing AFMs with minimal cost and without compromise on the tracking range. A conventional AFM with tube scanner is retroactively enhanced through the proposed method and shows an order of magnitude improvement in closed loop bandwidth performance while maintaining large range. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on various types of samples imaged in contact and tapping modes, in air and in liquid.
Building a VR narrative

In this paper we discuss issues involved in creating art and cultural heritage projects in Virtual Reality with particular reference to one interactive narrative, 'The Thing Growing'. In the first section we will briefly discuss the potential of VR as a medium for the production of art and the interpretation of culture. In the second section we describe 'The Thing Growing' project. In the third section we discuss building an interactive narrative in VR using XP, an authoring system we designed to simplify the process of producing projects in VR. In the fourth section we will discus some issues involved in presenting art and cultural heritage projects in VR.
Influence of mapping complexity on negative priming for incompatible spatial mappings.

For tasks with an incompatible stimulus-response mapping, whether the compatible response must be inhibited paradigm for four-choice tasks with three different incompatible spatial mappings. For a mapping that did not follow a simple rule, reaction time was lengthened when the corresponding response on the preceding trial became the required response on the current trial, as compared with when it did not, showing a negative priming effect. However, for mappings that followed a simple rule, negative priming was not evident. The present study extends this research to a more complex mapping. On the basis of a two-process model adopted from the negative priming literature, we hypothesized that high mapping complexity should also diminish the negative priming effect for incompatible mappings, because the balance of cognitive resources is allocated to identification of the correct response. Two experiments are reported in which mappings of different complexity were used in six-choice spatial tasks. Analyses of reaction times showed that negative priming diminished with increased mapping complexity, apparently due to increased dominance of response identification processes, rather than inhibition of the corresponding response.
Multiplexed magnetic labeling amplification using oligonucleotide hybridization.

Oligonucleotide hybridization was used as a cell-labeling method to significantly amplify the loading of magnetic probes onto target cells. The method utilized short oligonucleotides as the binding agents between antibodies and superparamagnetic iron oxide. This method not only enabled multiplexed analysis, but also allowed detection of multiple markers on a single sample containing only scant cell numbers.
Fabrication and characterization of MEMS-based resonant organic gas sniffers

This paper reports on fabrication and characterization of polymer coated high frequency micromechanical resonant silicon nanobalances capable of detection and concentration measurement of volatile organic compounds in gas phase. Devices were fabricated using a single-mask fabrication process and the Shipley-1813 photoresist film used for patterning the devices was kept on the silicon structures to be utilized as the absorbent layer. Thicker and more uniform polymer coatings on resonator surfaces formed using this technique have allowed higher sensitivity and saturation frequency shift compared to previously reported results. Toluene, which is one of the main components of regular gasoline, has been used for characterization of the resonator responses. Based on the measurement results, minimum detectable concentration of toluene in the gas phase for such devices is in the few ppm range.
Asymptotic form of the classical one-component plasma fluid equation of state

The Monte Carlo data of Hansen for the internal energy of the classical one-component plasma in the fluid state is found to satisfy accurately a simple functional form, U/NkT = aGAMMA + bGAMMA/sup 1;4/ + c, for GAMMA > 1. The fluid static energy is very close to the bcc lattice energy of the solid, and the fluid thermal energy varies as T/sup 3;4/. Simple and accurate expressions for other thermodynamic functions for the plasma fluid are given. (AIP)
Temperature and pressure discontinuity stresses in compact heat exchangers

N an era of increased material strengths and supersonic aircraft, the weight of an aircraft heat exchanger is coming under close scrutiny. Many aircraft parts are being optimized using a performance criteria of minimizing the strength to weight ratio. Gardner1 is the first published work which calculates the stress in a heat exchanger tube sheet by treating the tubes as an elastic foundation on which the tube plate rests. His analysis does not consider the following: 1) thermal stresses may arise due to the temperature differential between tube sheet forces; 2) discontinuity stresses may be significant between the tube sheet and the outer shell. K. A. G. Miller2 extends the work of Gardner by accounting for the weakening effect of the holes in the plate by introducing expressions for the deflection and ligament efficiencies defined by Gardner. These efficiencies are shown to lie within the range specified by Gardner and this leads to definite design equations. Figure 1 shows free body diagrams of the heat exchanger tube sheet and the shell. Consider the shell and tube sheet with an applied shear Fo and an applied moment MQ with positive directions as shown. MQ has the dimensions of in.-lbf/in. of circumference and Fo has the dimensions of Ibf/ in. of circumference . Roark 3 has compiled an extensive table of deformations and stresses for pressure vessels, shells, and plates. These formulae can be used with the theories of superposition and discontinuity stresses to predict the stress level at the change of shape (shell and tube sheet connection).
TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF OIL IN THE OCEAN1

On-site observations of oil slick geometries and current speeds during the Chevron spill of March 1970 in the Gulf of Mexico have allowed a comparative evaluation of the role of large-scale turbulence (in the fomr of a horizontal eddy diffusivity) and surface tension effects in the spreading of oil from a continuously emitting well into a steady current. The initial outline of the slick (roughly the first 50% of slick length) follows the laws of expansion as predicted by Taylor’s turbulent diffusion theory. The gross size and overall shape (neglecting details of outline) of this type of slick are well represented by a solution to the Fickian diffusion equations which predict approximate slick geometry as a function of current speed, horizontal eddy diffusivity, the oil discharge rate, and an empirically determined constant ( the boundary concentration). Under the conditions observed the effect of surface tension seems confined to within the first few hundred meters downslick and can probably be neglected for practical purposes under moderate oil discharge rates and current speeds as low as even 5 cm/set.
Pixel-processing fundamentals

The key to developing line drawing algorithms is an explicit reference model for quantifying a "good" raster approximation. The article looks at old practices, then demonstrates the development of line and edge drawing algorithms. Computer driven raster displays introduce a higher performance, more demanding technology that benefits from systematic rules. To examine the development of a compact, integer arithmetic algorithm for line rastering, the article looks at some pixel space basics, then considers alternative measures by which closeness to a true line's locus could be evaluated. The key to effective use of all algorithms is a clear understanding of your objective function and the implications that can arise from incomplete or unintentionally fuzzy assumptions.
Achieve Success Through Effective Leadership [Career Consultation]

In a previous era, just doing your job well may have been good enough. But in today's competitive global economy, taking the next step and displaying leadership is almost a prerequisite for getting ahead. I'll use a real-life example from one of my clients to illustrate what leadership is and why it's so important.
Ideology, Methodology, and Context: Social Science Surveys in the Russian Federation

The use of survey research has expanded dramatically in the Russian Federation, with mixed results in terms of accuracy and methodological practice. This article offers a preliminary summary of dev...
Density-influenced active dispersal of harpacticoid copepods

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in Tampa Bay, Florida, investigating the effect of harpacticoid copepod density in sediments on active water column dispersal. Both experiments involved adding harpacticoid copepods, in three density levels, to defaunated sediments and monitoring subsequent dispersal. The first experiment was conducted in the field in January 1985. Active dispersal in this experiment was judged density-dependent for total number of harpacticoids and the species or species groups Robertsonia spp. and Longipedia americana Wells. Dispersal of Zausodes arenicolus Wilson was density-independent. In the second experiment (July 1985), harpacticoids were brought into the laboratory. Dispersal in this experiment was density-dependent for total number of harpacticoids and a Nitocra spp. Dispersal of Robertsonia spp. was inversely density-dependent, while dispersal of Z. arenicolus and Metis holothuriae (Edwards) was density-independent. These results suggest density may influence the dispersal of some species of harpacticoid copepods.
Candidates' Ideological Locations, Abstention, and Turnout in U.S. Midterm Senate Elections

Many spatial models of voting suggest that citizens are more likely to abstain when they feel indifferent toward the candidates or alienated from them. In presidential elections, previous research offers evidence that alienation and indifference affect individuals' probabilities of voting. We find evidence that indifference and alienation also affect the decision to vote in midterm Senate elections, a context not previously explored. These individual-level effects imply that candidates' ideological locations should influence aggregate turnout by affecting the proportions of citizens who feel indifferent toward or alienated from the candidates. Our aggregate-level analysis supports this (at least in contests featuring two previous and/or future members of Congress). Our findings underscore the importance of the electoral context for understanding citizen behavior and suggest that elections featuring at least one centrist candidate may be normatively appealing since they stimulate participation.
In vivo metabolism of retrorsine and retrorsine-N-oxide.

The in vivo metabolism and excretion of the urinary metabolites from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), retrorsine (RET) and retrorsine-N-oxide (RET-NO) have been studied in rats. Isatinecic acid (INA), pyrrolic metabolites, N-oxides and retronecine accounted for 31.0, 10.3, 10.8 and 0.39% of the administered RET. Predosing rats with triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP), had no effect on the excretion of pyrrolic metabolites and INA. Phenobarbital (PB) increased the excretion of both pyrrolic metabolites and INA with a corresponding decrease in the excretion of RET and N-oxides; the retronecine levels remained unaltered. When RET-NO was administered i.p., the urinary levels of pyrrolic metabolites, INA and RET were decreased relative to those treated with RET. The p.o. administration of RET-NO produced significantly higher levels of pyrrolic metabolites, INA and RET. These results suggest that esterase hydrolysis plays a minor role in the formation of INA and that a common metabolic pathway may exist between pyrrolic metabolites and INA formation.
Comparisons between nucleic acids, protein, zinc, and manganese in rat liver: a relation between zinc and ribonucleic acid.

Comparisons Between Nucleic Acids, Protein, Zinc, and Manganese in Rat Liver: A Relation Between Zinc and Ribonucleic Acid
New V-groove double-diffused m.o.s. (v.d.m.o.s.)

A new V-groove double-diffused m.o.s. (v.d.m.o s.) is proposed which combines the V-groove technology and the double-diffused m.o.s. (d.m.o.s.) technology. The fabrication processes arc qualitatively described. The gate is located on the vertical V-shaped surface, and the effective channel length is controlled by the vertical-diffusion process of the double-diffusion step. The v.d.m.o.s. is expected to have a faster speed and higher production yield than the ordinary d.m.o.s.
Activation of acidic sphingomyelinase and protein kinase C is required for IL-1 induction of LIF mRNA in a schwann cell line

Axotomy of sympathetic superior cervical ganglia (SCG) causes Schwann cells to induce mRNA encoding leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a neuropoietic cytokine that has been shown to promote sympathetic neuron survival and peptide gene regulation. LIF mRNA is virtually undetectable in uninjured SCG, but is induced by the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). The SC1 Schwann cell line was used to study this regulatory mechanism. LIF mRNA increased five-to-tenfold in SC1 cells when IL-1 receptors were stimulated with IL-1. The action of IL-1 is thought to be mediated by the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI), which has been suggested to stimulate a ceramide-dependent protein kinase pathway, much like tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, stimulation of the ceramide-dependent protein kinase pathways in SC1 cells with either 2-acetylceramide or sphingomyelinase treatment does not induce LIF mRNA accumulation, but 2-acetylceramide addition induces cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in parallel experiments. Inhibition of phosphotidylcholine-phospholipase C activity, endosomal acidification, or activity of atypical protein kinase C reduce LIF induction by IL-1. These results are consistent with IL-1 regulation of LIF mRNA through stimulation of the endosomal, acidic sphingomyelinase pathway, leading to ceramide activation of protein kinase C zeta. Utilization of this branch of the ceramide signaling pathway may be cell type specific or may be specific for the LIF mRNA response.
Uptake and efflux of serotonin from platelets of autistic and nonautistic children

This study examined, in vitro, the uptake and efflux of serotonin by platelets from autistic children, nonautistic hospitalized comparison cases, and normal children. The autistic patients were carefully selected according to previously established diagnostic criteria. The hospitalized comparison children were utilized to assess possible environmental and dietary influences upon the results. Uptake methods were similar to those used by previous investigators. Two efflux procedures were utilized to explore the possibility that methodological factors accounted for previously reported differences between autistic and comparison groups. The results failed to indicate statistically significant differences in uptake or efflux between the autistic and the hospitalized comparison groups or the normals. Methodologic considerations which could possibly account for the failure to confirm previous findings are discussed in detail.
Effect of an external field on a modification of Luttinger's Many-Fermion model

A modification is given of Luttinger's one-dimensional model of interacting fermions to incorporate both Fermi surfaces using one physical type of particle. The system is solved in the presence of an arbitrary external field, with linear response and pair correlation functions readily computed. These constitute an explicit realization of a relation associated with the random phase approximation.
IS1 insertion generates duplication of a nine base pair sequence at its target site

Abstract Three independent integrations of the E. coli insertion sequence, IS 1 , into the gal operon have been analyzed. DNA sequences of portions of the wild-type galT gene which act as the target sites for these insertions, as well as the corresponding gal /IS 1 junctions, are reported. Two features are particularly noteworthy. First, similar sequences appearing in inverted orientation constitute the ends of IS 1 : 18 of the terminal 23 base pairs at each end are identical. Second, in all three insertions, a 9 base pair segment found once in the wild-type sequence at the site of insertion is duplicated and appears in the same orientation at each end of the inserted element. The sequence of this 9 base pair repeat is different for each insertion analyzed. No homology between the inverted repeated sequences at the ends of IS 1 and the sequences of the target sites is observed. Models for the mechanism of IS 1 insertion are proposed.
Simulation of spontaneous emission in apertured microcavities

It has been established both theoretically and experimentally that semiconductor microcavities are capable of modifying the spontaneous emission rate of electron-hole pairs within the microcavity. In particular, the microcavity may be used to re- shape the spectral distribution of radiation from a dipole source in order to enhance emission at certain frequencies and suppress emission other frequencies. It is desirable to exploit this effect to increase the efficiency of LEDs and SLDs. Numerical calculation may be used to evaluate the magnitude of the modification of spontaneous emission in practical microcavity structures. The Green's function based VCSEL mode solver we have developed is uniquely well-suited for such calculations. The method we have employed for calculating spontaneous emission rates in microcavities is presented, along with calculated results and comparisons with experimental data.
High functioning fragile X males: Demonstration of an unmethylated fully expanded FMR‐1 mutation associated with protein expression

Fragile X (fra(X)) males with a standardized IQ score of 70 or higher represent a high functioning (HF) or nonretarded fra(X) male group. This group, which does not include nonpenetrant males, has received little research attention to date. Of 221 fra(X) males who had been evaluated through The Children's Hospital in Denver since 1981 and had completed cognitive or developmental testing, 29 (13%) were high functioning by the above definition. We found that HF males on the whole had a lower cytogenetic score and were younger than retarded fra(X) males, but there was no difference between these two groups in the number of typical fra(X) physical manifestations present. FMR-1 DNA testing was performed on 134 fra(X) males and methylation status was determined for 51 of these. A greater percentage of HF males had a mosaic pattern or an incompletely methylated full mutation than did retarded males. A unique DNA pattern, an unmethylated fully expanded mutation, was discovered in 3 of the highest functioning fra(X) males. Protein studies performed on 2 of these males demonstrated the presence of FMR-1 protein, albeit at lower levels than normal. FMR-1 protein was not present in retarded fra(X) males. Significant FMR-1 protein expression may be responsible for higher cognitive functioning in the 2 males with unmethylated fully expanded mutations compared to retarded fra(X) males.
Osmolytes Contribute to pH Homeostasis of Escherichia coli

Background Cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in Escherichia coli includes numerous mechanisms involving pH-dependent catabolism and ion fluxes. An important contributor is transmembrane K+ flux, but the actual basis of K+ compensation for pH stress remains unclear. Osmoprotection could mediate the pH protection afforded by K+ and other osmolytes. Methods and Principal Findings The cytoplasmic pH of E. coli K-12 strains was measured by GFPmut3 fluorimetry. The wild-type strain Frag1 was exposed to rapid external acidification by HCl addition. Recovery of cytoplasmic pH was enhanced equally by supplementation with NaCl, KCl, proline, or sucrose. A triple mutant strain TK2420 defective for the Kdp, Trk and Kup K+ uptake systems requires exogenous K+ for steady-state pH homeostasis and for recovery from sudden acid shift. The K+ requirement however was partly compensated by supplementation with NaCl, choline chloride, proline, or sucrose. Thus, the K+ requirement was mediated in part by osmolarity, possibly by relieving osmotic stress which interacts with pH stress. The rapid addition of KCl to strain TK2420 suspended at external pH 5.6 caused a transient decrease in cytoplasmic pH, followed by slow recovery to an elevated steady-state pH. In the presence of 150 mM KCl, however, rapid addition of another 150 mM KCl caused a transient increase in cytoplasmic pH. These transient effects may arise from secondary K+ fluxes occurring through other transport processes in the TK2420 strain. Conclusions Diverse osmolytes including NaCl, KCl, proline, or sucrose contribute to cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in E. coli, and increase the recovery from rapid acid shift. Osmolytes other than K+ restore partial pH homeostasis in a strain deleted for K+ transport.
Assorted Views on Teaching of Aerodynamics

Summary This paper presents and discusses some of the author's observations and views on teaching of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics, based on the experience of about ten years of teaching these subjects at the senior and first-year graduate level. The course syllabus stresses physical and mathematical understanding of underlying concepts, rather than specialized engineering or computation skills. It is argued that deep understanding is what enables the engineer or researcher to generate truly new ideas and work on out-of-the ordinary topics, and to continue personal learning and development throughout a career.
Conserving Slow‐Growing, Long‐Lived Tree Species: Input from the Demography of a Rare Understory Conifer, Taxus floridana

Although land preservation and promotion of successful regeneration are important conservation actions, their ability to increase population growth rates of slow-growing, long-lived trees is limited. We inves- tigated the demography of Taxus floridana Nutt., a rare understory conifer, in three populations in different ravine forests spanning its entire geographic range along the Apalachicola River Bluffs in northern Florida (U.S.A.). We examined spatial and temporal patterns in demographic parameters and projected population growth rates by using four years of data on the recruitment and survival of seedlings and established stems, and on diameter growth from cross-sections of dead stems. All populations experienced a roughly 10-fold in- crease in seedling recruitment in 1996 compared with other years. The fates of seedlings and stems between 8 and 16 mm differed among populations. The fates of stems in two other size classes (the 2- to 4-mm class and the 4- to 8-mm class) differed among both populations and years. Individual stems in all populations exhibited similarly slow growth rates. Stochastic matrix models projected declines in all populations. Stochastic matrix analysis revealed the high elasticity of a measure of stochastic population growth rate to perturbations in the stasis of large reproductive stems for all populations. Additional analyses also indicated that occasional episodes of high recruitment do not greatly affect population growth rates. Conservation efforts directed at long-lived, slow-growing rare plants like Taxus floridana should both protect established reproductive individu- als and further enhance survival of individuals in other life-history stages, such as juveniles, that often do not appear to contribute greatly to population growth rates.
Estimation of a gaseous release into the atmosphere using an unmanned aerial vehicle

A method based on controls and computational fluid dynamics for the estimation of a gaseous plume that results from gas released into the ambient atmosphere through a moving aerial source is presented. The estimation scheme, in the form of the Luenberger observer, utilizes concentration sensor measurements provided by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The estimator is in the form of an advection-diffusion equation and is solved in real-time by a finite volume method with total variation diminishing (TVD) limiter and dynamic grid adaptation. The control algorithm for the motion of the UAV is implemented via Lyapunov redesign methods and couples the UAV dynamics to the performance of the process estimator. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the performance of the method.
Photoxidation of Cinnamon Oil

Commercial cinnamon leaf oil and bark oil distillates from commercially ground cinnamon were oxidized via immobilized riboflavin at 22°C under 1740 lumens of light in a model system. Most components of bark oil were oxidized in the model system which produced singlet oxygen. Compound disappearance was observed in cinnamon bark oil distillates with storage time of ground cinnamon. Bleached and filtered cinnamon leaf oil was resistant to oxidation in the model system. Thirty-seven water-soluble compounds in bark distillate were identified using GUMS procedures. Of these compounds 10 had not been previously reported in the literature.
Econometric tests of American college football's conventional wisdom

College football fans, coaches and observers have adopted a set of beliefs about how college football poll voters behave. I document three pieces of conventional wisdom in college football regarding the timing of wins and losses, the value of playing strong opponents and the value of winning by wide margins. Using a unique data set with 25 years of Associated Press (AP) poll results, I use a hedonic regression to test college football's conventional wisdom. In particular, I test (1) whether it is better to lose early or late in the season, (2) whether teams benefit from playing stronger opponents and (3) whether teams are rewarded for winning by large margins. Contrary to conventional wisdom, I find that (1) it is better to lose later in the season than earlier, (2) AP voters do not pay attention to the strength of a defeated opponent and (3) the benefit of winning by a large margin is negligible. I conclude by noting how these results inform debates about a potential playoff in college football.
Development and Validation of the Temperament and Affectivity Inventory (TAI)

Trait affect scales have been a mainstay of the assessment literature for more than 50 years. These scales have demonstrated impressive construct validity, including substantial relations with personality, satisfaction, and psychopathology. However, the accumulating evidence has exposed several limitations, including (a) problems associated with retrospective biases, (b) lower temporal stability because of enhanced susceptibility to transient error, and (c) reduced self-other agreement. These limitations motivated the creation of the Temperament and Affectivity Inventory (TAI), which uses a traditional personality format (i.e., full sentences rather than single words or short phrases). The 12 TAI scales were created based on factor analyses in two samples and validated in four additional samples. The scales are internally consistent, highly stable over time, and show strong convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity in relation to self-report and interview-based measures of personality and psychopathology. Thus, the TAI provides a promising new approach to assessing trait affectivity.
Pathogenesis and Consequences of Uniparental Disomy in Cancer

Systematic application of new genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays has demonstrated that somatically acquired regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) without changes in copy number frequently occur in many types of cancer. Until recently, the ubiquity of this type of chromosomal defect had remained unrecognized as it cannot be detected using routine cytogenetic technologies. Random and recurrent patterns of copy-neutral LOH, also referred to as uniparental disomy (UPD), can be found in specific cancer types and probably contribute to clonal outgrowth owing to various mechanisms. In this review we explore the types, topography, genesis, pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of UPD.
Maternal Familismo and early childhood functioning in Mexican and Dominican immigrant families.

A large theoretical and empirical literature documents the central role of familismo (i.e., a strong emphasis on family) in the functioning of Latino youth. Few studies, however, have examined its association with early childhood functioning. The present study explored the potential risk and protective effects of maternal familismo on the adaptive and mental health functioning of 4- to 5-year-old Latino children. A sample of 205 Mexican and 147 Dominican immigrant families was recruited from New York City. Mothers reported on their level of familismo and acculturative status. Mothers and teachers rated child adaptive behavior and internalizing and externalizing problems. Findings suggest that maternal familismo is not uniformly associated with positive or negative early developmental outcomes but that its effects are moderated by child gender, family poverty, and cultural (e.g., maternal ethnic and U.S. American identity) characteristics. In addition, different mechanisms were identified for each ethnic group. Familismo was associated both positively (for boys) and negatively (for poor children) with adaptive behavior in the Mexican American sample. In the Dominican American sample, familismo showed a wide range of positive, albeit moderated, effects. Prevention efforts that help parents critically evaluate the impact of familismo on family processes, and preserve those manifestations of familismo that are protective, may best promote Latino child well-being.