cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intuitive Moral Judgments are Robust across Variation in Gender, Education, Politics and Religion: A Large-Scale Web-Based Study

Research on moral psychology has frequently appealed to three, apparently consistent patterns: (1) Males are more likely to engage in transgressions involving harm than females; (2) educated people are likely to be more thorough in their moral deliberations because they have better resources for rationally navigating and evaluating complex information; (3) political affiliations and religious ideologies are an important source of our moral principles. Here, we provide a test of how four factors ‐ gender, education, politics and religion ‐ affect intuitive moral judgments in unfamiliar situations. Using a large-scale sample of participants (n=8778) who voluntarily logged on to the internet-based Moral Sense Test (available online at http://moral.wjh.harvard.edu ), we analyzed responses to 145 unique moral and conventional scenarios that varied widely in content. Although each demographic or cultural factor sometimes yielded a statistically significant difference in the predicted direction (e.g., men giving more utilitarian judgments than women; religious individuals giving more deontological/rule-based judgments than atheists), these differences were consistently associated with extremely small effect sizes. We conclude that gender, education, politics and religion are likely to be relatively insignificant for moral judgments of unfamiliar scenarios. We discuss these results in light of current debates concerning the mechanisms underlying our moral judgments and, especially, the idea that we share a universal moral sense that constrains the range of cross-cultural variation.
A comparison of continuing education participation and interest in an advanced degree

The objective of this study was to compare continuing education participation to interest in a higher degree in pharmacy through continuing education. Five issues stated as questions were statistically tested to determine if significant differences existed, based on regular versus non-participation status of pharmacists. Three additional issues compared factors that could affect participation.
Target-independent pattern specification in the olfactory epithelium

In mammals, odors are detected by approximately 1000 different types of odorant receptors (ORs), each expressed by a fraction of neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Neurons expressing a given OR are confined to one of four spatial zones but are distributed randomly throughout that zone. In the olfactory bulb, the axons of neurons expressing different ORs synapse at different sites, giving rise to a highly organized and stereotyped information map. An important issue is whether the epithelial and bulbar maps evolve independently or are linked, for example, by retrograde influences of the bulb on the epithelium. Here we examined the onset of expression and patterning of genes encoding ORs and sensory transduction molecules during mouse embryogenesis and in mice lacking olfactory bulbs. Our results argue for an independent development of epithelial and bulbar maps and an early functional development that may be pertinent to pattern development in the olfactory bulb.
Intrauterine injection of cholera toxin induces estrogen-like uterine growth.

Uterine growth in response to estrogen involves nuclear interaction of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. The magnitude of the uterine growth response, however, and other observations have led to the suggestion that an additional mechanism or mechanisms of estrogen action may be at work in the uterus. This was investigated indirectly by examining estrogen-like growth responses of the uterus to the intrauterine (i.u.) injection of cholera toxin and water. Ovariectomized rats received either a subcutaneous injection of estradiol or vehicle and an i.u. injection of cholera toxin, water, or nothing. At 4 h after treatment of uterine wet weight was determined, and at 24 h the uterine protein/DNA ratio, [3H] leucine incorporation into protein, and [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA were measured. Estradiol caused a 1.5-fold increase in the protein/DNA ratio and cholera toxin caused a 2.0-fold increase. Similarly, estradiol increased uterine wet weight 2.1-fold and cholera toxin increased it 1.9-fold. Estradiol and cholera toxin caused similar increases in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein: 3.3-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. The effects of the treatments on the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA were even greater, with estradiol producing a 10.3-fold increase, cholera toxin a 12.0-fold increase, and water a 3.6-fold increase. Since vascular permeability is known to be increased in the uterus by estrogen and in other systems by cholera toxin, these results support the idea of a relationship between uterine growth and increased vascular permeability.
The Printed Book: Still in Need of CCD

Dans le contexte de la communaute de l'information creee par l'internet, les specialistes du developpement des collections doivent etendre la cooperation au-dela des frontieres de la bibliotheque, dans un effort d'internationalisation des acquisitions et de la preservation, tant pour les ressources imprimees qu'electroniques. L'article passe brievement en revue la situation actuelle du livre electronique. Puis il presente les resultats de recherche portant sur les collections de monographies dans les bibliotheques universitaires, qui permettent de se representer l'etat de la collection nationale des livres imprimes, collection repartie et disponible a tous avec le partage des ressources. Les donnees analysees portent sur les titres uniques par sujet et par langue. En conclusion, l'A. suggere les modifications a apporter pour que le developpement des collections en collaboration prenne une dimension reellement internationale, dans l'esprit de la nouvelle communaute internationale de l'information, notamment en etendant le processus de partenariat aux editeurs.
Maintenance of B cell anergy requires constant antigen receptor occupancy and signaling

Immunological tolerance can be mediated by anergy, in which self-reactive B cells persist in the periphery yet remain unresponsive to immunogen. Whether anergy is induced after transient exposure to self antigen and is 'remembered' or requires continuous antigen receptor occupancy and transduction of signals remains unclear. We have explored this using an immunoglobulin-transgenic mouse in which B cells were hapten specific (arsonate) yet cross-reacted with a self antigen that induced anergy in vivo. Many features of anergic cells were rapidly reversed after dissociation of self antigen using hapten competition and these cells regained antigen responsiveness. Our findings indicate that continuous binding of antigen and subsequent receptor signaling are essential for the maintenance of anergy.
A communication protocol for mobile satellite systems affected by rain attenuation

A protocol that supports real-time data rate selection and change during rain events is presented. The protocol is developed with emphasis on being efficient yet robust to the primary channel impairment in such mobile satellite systems. The system architecture is briefly presented and the analytical framework from which the protocol originates is pointed out. Link, connection, and packet types are introduced, and the protocol procedures and design rationale are discussed. The detailed presentation focuses on link setup with the appropriate data rate(s) and the real-time switching of data rates during a voice conversation to either preserve the link or enhance its quality during rain attenuation events. >
Local Dependence in Latent Class Analysis of Rare and Sensitive Events

For survey methodologists, latent class analysis (LCA) is a powerful tool for assessing the measurement error in survey questions, evaluating survey methods, and estimating the bias in estimates of population prevalence. LCA can be used when gold standard measurements are not available and applied to essentially any set of indicators that meet certain criteria for identifiability. LCA offers quality inference, provided the key threat to model validity-namely, local dependence-can be appropriately addressed either in the study design or in the model-building process. Three potential causes threaten local independence: bivocality, behaviorally correlated error, and latent heterogeneity. In this article, these threats are examined separately to obtain insights regarding (a) questionnaire designs that reduce local dependence, (b) the effects of local dependence on parameter estimation, and (c) modeling strategies to mitigate these effects in statistical inference. The article focuses primarily on the analysis of rare and sensitivity outcomes and proposes a practical approach for diagnosing and mitigating model failures. The proposed approach is empirically tested using real data from a national survey of inmate sexual abuse where measurement errors are a serious concern. Our findings suggest that the proposed modeling strategy was successful in reducing local dependence bias in the estimates, but its success varied by the quality of the indicators available for analysis. With only three indicators, the biasing effects of local dependence can usually be reduced but not always to acceptable levels.
Hematopoietic growth factors and the future of therapeutic research on acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease resulting from acquired mutations that block the differentiation of primitive hematopoietic cells and thereby cause immature myeloid precursors t...
Distribution of energetic positive ion species above a diffuse midnight aurora

The present paper deals with species-identifying distribution function measurements of auroral primary particles, made during a magnetically quiet presubstorm period above a hydrogen-associated diffuse aurora. Only ions identified as H(+) and He(++) were detected. In the mass spectrum data, the He(++) was not clearly above background. At energies between 2.5 and 12 keV, the He(++)/H(+) intensity ratio had an upper limit of 2 to 4 percent. The same upper limit applies to all other ions, such as He(+) and O(+). Though this would suggest a solar wind source for these ions, an admixture including an appreciable fraction of polar wind protons is not precluded. This situation contrasts sharply with a number of recently reported observations of large intensities of precipitating O(+) ions during magnetic storms, and may be characteristic of undisturbed periods.
Gas Flow Through a Bronchopleural Fistula: Measuring the Effects of High-frequency Jet Ventilation and Chest-tube Suction

High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is FDA-approved for ventilating patients with bronchopleural fistulae (BPF), yet little is known about its effect on the fistula airleak. We quantitated a patient's BPF airleak during both conventional volume-cycled ventilation and HFJV. The effect of chest-tube suction (CTS) on BPF flow was also studied. Despite a significant reduction in peak airway pressure, the HFJV resulted in a 50-70 percent increase in BPF flow. CTS also significantly increased the airleak. HFJV may not always be the preferential method for ventilating patients with BPF and we recommend measuring the fistula airleak when attempting to optimize a patient's ventilatory parameters.
Effect of wall conduction on free convection between asymmetrically heated vertical plates: uniform wall heat flux

Abstract In this study of the effect of wall conduction on laminar free convection between asymmetrically heated vertical plates, an implicit finite difference scheme is used to solve the governing equations. The governing independent parameters are identified to be Prandtl number ( Pr ), Grashof number ( Or ), ratio of thermal conductivity of the solid to air (K), wall thickness to channel width ratio ( t / B ), channel height to width ratio ( L / B ) and the asymmetric heating parameter ( γ H ). The effect of wall conduction on free convective flow of air under asymmetrically heated conditions ( γ H = 1.0, 0.5, and 0) is discussed. Calculations are made for K = 1 and 10, t / B = 0.1 and 0.5, Gr = 10-10 4 , and L / B = 1 and 5. The maximum increase in mass flow rate of air for symmetric heating due to wall conduction is 30%. The maximum decrease in average Nusselt number due to wall conduction is 22%. Wall conduction effects are more significant for low Gr flows than for high Gr flows.
Lateral packing of protofibrils in fibrin fibers and fibrinogen polymers.

The distinctive transverse banding pattern of fibrin fibers clearly indicates ordering of molecules in the longitudinal direction. In this study we examined the fibers of fibrin clots, as well as two types of fibrinogen polymers, by thin-section electron microscopy. The fibrinogen polymers have a transverse banding pattern identical to that of fibrin fibers—clearly indicating a regular longitudinal repeat—but they are larger in diameter, and show little or no branching. We therefore expected their overall ordering to be better than that of fibrin fibers. Several different fixation protocols were used. We readily observed the typical transverse banding seen previously by negative stain and metal replication techniques. However, only very rarely was any regular lateral lattice seen in any of the samples. X-ray diffraction was used to examine unfixed specimens of the two fibrinogen polymers and, once again, although a longitudinal repeat was evident, only rarely was evidence for lateral crystallinity seen. The electron-microscope and x-ray results showed that the needles and pellet fibers of fibrinogen have essentially the same internal architecture as thick fibrin fibers, and that all three types of polymer, although clearly transversely banded, have almost no crystallinity in their lateral protofibril packing.
Comet Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (1983V) - A small, puzzling comet

Spectroscopic and infrared observations of Comet Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (1983V) were obtained during its close approach to the earth on June 11-14, 1983. The forbidden O I production rates of 1.8 + or - 0.9 x 10 to the 26th atoms/s observed on June 12.3 and 7 + or - 3.5 x 10 to the 26th atoms/s on June 13.4 lead to derived water-production rates of 3 x 10 to the 27th mol/s on June 12 and 1.1 x 10 to the 28th mol/s on June 13. The abundances of the minor species NH2, CN, C2, and C3 are unusually low relative to forbidden O I. The upper limit to the average nuclear radius from infrared and visual photometry on June 12-13 (assuming that the entire signal came from the nucleus) is about 370 m. The dust/gas mass ratio was less than 0.01 on June 12 and less than 0.005 on June 13.
Interpretation of light scattering associated with prolonged neural activity and temperature changes

Abstract Changes in light scattering from lobster giant axon which accompany the action potential were observed during periods of prolonged stimulation and as a function of temperature. At an initial temperature of 10°C most (more than 90%) axons produced positive light scattering signals which increased in amplitude when the temperature was lowered. At 2 and 5°C approximately half of the axons produced positive scattering signals. The remaining half produced negative scattering signals which became positive when the temperature was raised to 10°C. The amplitude of the negative signals followed sigmoid transition to positive values as a function of time. The time and temperature dependence of the signal are interpreted in terms of differential changes between the indices of refraction of the membrane matrix and the open or closed early activation channel.
Glandular Trichomes of a Resistant Hybrid Potato Alter Feeding Behavior of the Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Feeding and host acceptance behavior of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), on a hybrid potato bearing glandular trichomes was examined as was the expression of resistance to field populations of E. fabae . More than 75% of nymphs given access to the resistant hybrid failed to feed; all nymphs on a susceptible commercial cultivar initiated feeding. Average duration of time to first probe on the hybrid was 14.2 min, compared with 1.2 min on the susceptible cultivar. Acceptance and feeding success on the resistant clone were greatly improved following removal of glandular trichomes. In field plots subject to natural infestations of E. fabae, populations of adults and nymphs on the hybrid clone were reduced >80% compared with those on commercial potato cultivars.
Neonatal neuromuscular parameters vary in susceptibility to postnatal ACTH/MSH 4-10 administration

Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats administered the fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH/MSH 4-10 (10 micrograms/kg/daily, SC) postnatally, show marked differences in the plasticity of the functional and morphological parameters of their neuromuscular system. Initial contraction durations of the immature fast muscle, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), are shorter than saline-treated controls indicating accelerated development. Qualitative studies of the developing EDL neuromuscular junctions as viewed by the scanning electron microscope and quantitative analysis permitted by light microscopy confirms that ACTH/MSH 4-10 affects the maturation of the endplate region. Motor behavior of rat pups demonstrates an age-related difference in the susceptibility to this peptide fragment; one week old neonates showing no response to ACTH/MSH 4-10, two week old pups showing an increase in motor activity. The results indicate that while the developing neuromuscular system is sensitive to the input of ACTH/MSH peptide treatment, this susceptibility is age-related.
Loss of a histone deacetylase dramatically alters the genomic distribution of Spo11p-catalyzed DNA breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In eukaryotes, meiotic recombination events are distributed nonrandomly in the genome, with certain regions having high levels of recombination (hotspots) and others having low levels (coldspots). Species with similar DNA sequences (for example, chimpanzees and humans) can have strikingly different patterns of hotspots and coldspots. Below, by using a microarray analysis that allows us to measure the frequency of the meiosis-specific double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) of all 6,000 yeast genes, we show that mutation of a single gene (SIR2), which encodes a histone deacetylase, significantly changes DSB frequencies of 12% of yeast genes, elevating DSBs of 5%, and reducing DSBs of 7%. Many of the genes with repressed recombination are located in large (50–100 kb) regions located near, but not at, the telomeres. Some of the genes with altered frequencies of DSBs (including the ribosomal RNA gene cluster) are known targets of Sir2p deacetylation in the wild-type strain.
Vision and Change-ing A First-Year Biology Classroom.

In the recent report, Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education: A Call to Action , the American Association for the Advancement of Science laid out a blueprint for reforming undergraduate biology education. A key component of the vision is ensuring that all students understand certain core concepts that are necessary for biological literacy, and that they are able to demonstrate a set of core competencies in disciplinary practice. The core concepts and competencies were integrated into every aspect of a first year Inquiries in Biology course at Northeastern University. This course is offered to students majoring in Biology, Biochemistry, and Behavioral Neuroscience who have Advanced Placement credit for General Biology. The class is small (35 students), and is organized largely in a seminar format with no textbook and very minimal lecturing. However, the integration strategies presented here should be applicable to larger classes, as well as classes that are more lecture-focused.
Interests, Institutions, and Positive Theory: The Politics of the NLRB

The claim that institutions “matter” is a subject of lively debate in the study of politics today. It is also something of a nonissue that is not really being debated at all. The reason it can be both at once is that the claim is loaded with theoretical baggage. If it is taken to mean that the actions of politicians or bureaucrats are in fundamental respects autonomous of social interests, the statement can easily prove controversial. If it is taken to mean that institutional context shapes the decisions of political actors, or that the relation between social interests and political outcomes varies with the institutional setting, then there is not much to debate; for there has long been a virtual consensus among students of politics that institutions do matter in these general respects.
Prophecy in Gonçalo Martínez de Medina

We are dealing, of course, with prophecies of a type well known and very widely diffused in Europe throughout the whole of the Middle Ages. As Games hints, the immediate source of Medina's predictions is most probably the Profecias, de Merlin attached to the Baladro del sabio Merlin or some Merlin-material very much like it. We will have more to say presently about these profecias. For the moment, let us observe that behind these prophecies lie the writings of one of the most remarkable prophets of the later Middle Ages, the French Franciscan John of Rupescissa— known as Roquetaillade in France, as Rocatallada in Catalonia and as Rocacisa in Castile.
Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. XIV. Genetic analysis in vitro of auxotrophic mutants.

Genetic analysis has been carried out on auxotrophic mutants produced by treatment of Chinese hamster ovary and the Chinese hamster lung cells with mutagenic agents in vitro. Thirty-six different mutants were subjected to complementation analysis and biochemical tests. The different mutations studied result in growth requirements for proline; glycine; glycine or folinic acid; adenine or several of its precursors; inositol; adenine plus thymidine; and glycine plus adenine plus thymidine. The mutants which require glycine fall into four different complementation classes while those requiring adenine or hypoxanthine form two different complementation classes. The biochemical blocks of the latter two classes both occur somewhere in the steps involved in conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxylic acid ribonucleotide. The auxotrophic mutants described exhibit all-or-none responses to their specific nutrilite supplements and are stable with respect to reversion. They involve alterations in ten different genes, and hence form a useful set of mutants for a variety of genetic studies. All the auxotrophies produced in a single exposure to a mutagen are due to single gene mutations, even when multiple nutritional requirements were produced. All the mutations studied are recessive.
The semiflexible almost ideal demand system

Abstract The concept of a semiflexible functional form is applied to the Almost Ideal (AI) demand system. This yields a demand model that is more parsimonious than standard ones while preserving a degree of flexibility, that satisfies the curvature property of concavity of the underlying expenditure function (at least locally), and that preserves the desirable properties of the AI model (aggregation across consumers and nonlinearity of the Engel curves). The model is illustrated with an application to a relatively large demand system emphasizing food consumption.
Nursing PhD Consortia: A Model for Maximizing Scarce Resources

Doctoral (PhD) education in nursing is costly and requires scarce resources: qualified faculty, qualified students, research funding, and infrastructure. This article discusses the development and implementation of a five-school consortium for delivery of an established PhD in Nursing Science program throughout north Florida. Factors that contributed to the success of the Consortium, including communication, history of shared work, collaborative approaches, and a formal agreement, are described. Challenges, such as maintaining curricular integrity across settings and selecting web-based formats, are considered. Results to date have been a viable consortium with a 4-year history, three PhD consortium graduates, 22 PhD students enrolled via the consortium, and success in attracting both federal and private funding. Consortia are proposed as a strategy for the effective use of limited resources, and suggestions are provided for the development of successful consortium models capable of delivering high-quality PhD nursing education.
COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ALPINE BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL GENTIANS (GENTIANA: GENTIANACEAE) IN CALIFORNIA.

Reproductive characteristics of three sympatric species of Gentiana exhibiting perennial and non-perennial life histories were studied in alpine meadows of the White Mountains of California during three consecutive years. High fruit and seed set and the production of a relatively large number of seeds characterized the alpine biennials, Gentiana tenella and G. prostrata. In contrast, fruit and seed set were considerably reduced and yearly seed production was relatively low in the alpine perennial, G. newberryi. Successful seed production in the biennial species was a result of low rates of flower predation, self-pollination, and the allocation of a comparatively high proportion of biomass to reproductive structures. Seed production in the perennial species was limited by high rates of flower predation, insufficient amounts of pollen reaching stigmas, an unusually late flowering period, and by the relatively small proportion of biomass allocated to reproduction.
Epithelium: the interplay between innate and Th2 immunity

Mucosal epithelium functions not only as a physical barrier, but also as a regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses against foreign substances and microorganisms. In particular, epithelial cells have been directly implicated in Th2 responses, serving as a critical interface between innate immune responses and Th2 immunity. Emerging studies have revealed the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the epithelium modulates Th2 responses through the production of a group of epithelial-derived Th2-driving cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These epithelial-derived Th2-driving cytokines execute a regulatory function of the epithelium on mucosal immunity by promoting Th2 responses and maintaining the balance of host immune homeostasis and defense against various pathogens. Dysregulation of these Th2-driving cytokines can lead to detrimental Th2-dependent inflammatory responses, often manifested in various forms of allergic and inflammatory diseases.
Area Spare Power Automatic Switchover test system based on digital simulation

With the development of power grid, traditional Spare Power Automatic Switchover became far from satisfaction of the grid operation. Area Spare Power Automatic Switchover(ASPAS) System, supported by automation, communications and internet technology, must go through rigorous testing before the closed-loop operation. The digital simulation technology of ASPAS test system acquires actual network collusion model by simulation, intend to analog the power-grid-operation. The SCADA collect measure data , send to the ASPAS module; the ASPAS module produce a strategy, send a switch control command to the SCADA, and renew the network operation status, creating a real-time closed-loop test environment. Test system compares the test and actual action process of ASPAS system by two ways—detecting the fault conditions of network or sending the SCADA simulation data into actual ASPAS system, providing a basis of the actual ASPAS operation.
Association of influenza vaccine uptake with health, access to health care, and medical mistreatment among adults from low-income neighborhoods in New Haven, CT: A classification tree analysis

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to identify population subgroups under-vaccinated for influenza through classification tree analysis to inform interventions aimed at improving future vaccine uptake. Method A cross-sectional community health needs assessment was conducted from 09/2012 through 11/2012 among randomly selected households in six low-income neighborhoods in New Haven, CT ( N = 1300 adults, aged 18–65). Known correlates of influenza vaccine uptake plus experience of medical mistreatment were used to develop a classification tree to identify under-vaccinated population subgroups Results Forty-five percent of respondents reported receiving the influenza vaccine. The classification tree identified healthy adults and uninsured adults at increased risk of influenza complications as subgroups with low vaccine uptake (40% and 30%, respectively). The subgroup representing insured, high-risk adults who reported experience of medical mistreatment had moderate vaccine uptake (45%). Sensitivity of the classification tree was high (83%, 95% CI = 80% to 86%), indicating a strong true positive rate using these subgroups. Conclusion Results highlight the need for renewed attention to promoting the influenza vaccination recommendation for all adults, particularly among healthy adults, uninsured, high-risk adults and insured, high-risk adults who have experienced medical mistreatment. Further research is needed to better understand how to reach these population subgroups.
Triboelectricity of quartz and mercury

The adsorbed water vapor upon the surfaces of fused quartz and mercury was shown to have a decided effect upon the triboelectric charge produced upon the surfaces. When the water vapor was expelled from the quartz surface by proper heating and exposed surface of the mercury cleaned by distillation, the triboelectric charge was reproducible and was 1 E.S.U/cm2 within the limits of error of the experiment. The method of making contact was shown to have an effect upon the magnitude of the triboelectric charge.
Utility of clinical parameters, cystourethroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative diagnosis of urethral diverticula

Our purpose was to assess the accuracy of history and physical, cystourethroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative diagnosis of urethral diverticula. This was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent surgical excision of periurethral masses between 1998 and 2009. Presenting symptoms and examination and cystourethroscopic findings were noted. A single pathologist reviewed all cases and provided the reference standard for the diagnosis of a diverticulum. A single radiologist reviewed all preoperative MRI studies. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were determined. Diverticula were diagnosed in 36/60 (60 %) patients. Transurethral fluid expression on palpation and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) had high PPV. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV, respectively, for cystourethroscopy were 33 %, 100 %, 100 %, and 42 %; for MRI, these were 100 %, 83 %, 92 %, and 100 %. These data reinforce the utility of transurethral fluid expression for preoperative evaluation of urethral diverticula. Additionally, MRI is an excellent adjunctive diagnostic tool and may assist in establishing the diagnosis when there is high clinical suspicion of a urethral diverticulum but nonconfirmatory findings on cystourethroscopy.
A framework for understanding the social and emotional development of gifted and talented adolescents

Does the process of adolescence produce different reactions and repercussions among gifted and talented adolescents than their normal peers? Identifying the origins of social and emotional concerns among these unique adolescents is the first step in designing an effective counseling program. This article probes patterns of adolescent development believed to exist among both normal and gifted students, and previews issues rising from current clinical and research investigations that need to become the basis for understanding and guiding both the educational and psychosocial growth of highly talented adolescents.
Charles Wagley on changes in Tupí-Guaraní kinship classifications

Charles Wagley contributed significantly to the ethnographic study of culture and society in Brazil. In addition to his well-known work on both rural and urban Brazilian populations, Wagley was a pioneering ethnographer of indigenous societies in Brazil, especially the Tapirape and Tenetehara, associated with the Tupi-Guarani language family. In comparing these two societies specifically, Wagley was most interested in their kinship systems, especially the types of kinship or relationship terminology that these exhibited. In both cases, he found that what had once been probably classificatory, bifurcate-merging terminologies seem to have developed into more or less bifurcate-collateral (or Sudanese-like) terminologies, perhaps partly as a result of contact and depopulation. Recent research on kinship nomenclature and salience of relationship terms among the Ka'apor people, also speakers of a Tupi-Guarani language, corroborates Wagley's original insights and indicates their relevance to contemporary ethnography.
Small mammal communities in rainforest fragments in Central Southern Chile

Abstract The Valdivian temperate rainforest of southern Chile and adjacent Argentina supports a diverse and unique biota, with a high percentage of endemic species. Progressive exploitation of these forests, especially in the Central Depression of southern Chile, has resulted in a complex and increasingly fragmented environment composed of isolated forest remnants in a landscape dominated by grazing and crop cultivation. To assess the consequences of this fragmentation, fourteen remnants were surveyed for small mammals during the winters of 1985 and 1986, and four of these were sampled in both years. Neither numbers of species ( S ), relative population sizes ( n R ), or species diversity ( H ′) were significantly related either to trapping effort or remnant area or perimeter, and only n R was significantly predicted by the area/perimeter ratio. Three native rodent species were found on all remnants in both years, and three additional native and one introduced rodent, and two marsupials, were found in lesser numbers and in fewer remnants.
Expression, purification and crystallization of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) vicilin.

Tree nuts are responsible for many cases of severe food allergies. The 7S seed storage protein vicilin has been identified as a food allergen in many kinds of tree nuts. The vicilin protein consists of an N-terminal low-complexity region with antimicrobial activity and a C-terminal domain that forms a trimeric structure that belongs to the cupin superfamily. In this study, vicilin from pecan (Carya illinoinensis) was isolated and was expressed in bacteria for the first time. The cupin structural core of the protein, residues 369–792, was purified by metal-affinity and gel-filtration chromatography to high purity. Vicilin crystals were obtained and the best crystal diffracted to 2.65 A resolution in space group P212121.
A Variable Current Exponent Model for Electromigration Lifetime Relaxation in Short Cu Interconnects

The short length effect on the electromigration (EM) lifetime is a valuable resource to increase current limits in advanced circuits. We model the effect with variable (current density j sensitive) current exponent n for short leads and calculate how much lifetime margin should be observed for a certain EM rule relaxation. The shorter leads have larger (variable) n so that the EM lifetime decreases faster as the current density increases. We utilize an empirical relationship for the dependence of n on j, which includes a parameter nBS for short leads. We find that to achieve a 2times EM rule relaxation, we must confirm > 25times EM lifetime for nBS = 3 and > 125times for nBS = 5. We illustrate an empirical approach for determining nBS
Extraction of somatostatin from human plasma on octadecylsilyl silica.

Human plasma contains substances that interfere with the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). A method has been developed for rapid, reproducible extraction of somatostatin from human plasma on octadecyIsilyIsi1ica(ODS). Hydrophobic bindingof somatostatin to ODS permitted extraction of this peptide from untreated human plasma, elution of less tightly bound substances with dilute acid, and then elution of somatostatin by 80:20 acetonitrile:0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The lyophilized extract was reconstituted to a volume of 0.5 ml prior to quantification by RIA. This 6-fold concentrationresultedinaneffective lower limit of detection of 7.5 pg⁄ml of plasma.The interassay coefficient of variationfor the combined extraction and RIA was 20%(n=10)at a meanplasma level of 15 pg⁄mj.Basal concentrations of somatostatinin human plasma ranged from 8 to 20 pg⁄ml(n=35, x=13.3±0.4). Basal somatostatin levels (x=14.0±0.4pg⁄ml) for nonobese(BMH30,n=10)were not different from values(x=13.3±10....
The parcel hub scheduling problem: a simulation-based solution approach

This research presents an interesting scheduling problem common to freight consolidation terminals. This previously unstudied problem involves scheduling a set of inbound trailers to a fixed number of unload docks. The objective is to schedule the trailers to the unload docks to minimize the time span of the transfer operation. This study focuses on freight consolidation terminals in the parcel delivery industry. A simulation-based scheduling algorithm that uses a genetic algorithm to drive the search for new solutions is proposed. In addition to the introduction and discussion of the parcel hub scheduling problem, the contribution of this research is an approach that serves as the initial effort to solve this practical problem.
A polymorph of tetra­ethyl­ammonium chloride

The structure of the title compound, C8H20N+·Cl−, is compared with a polymorph that was described earlier in the same space group. Differences in the conformations of the ethyl groups of the cation exist between the polymorphs. This study is given here in order to provide additional unit-cell data for use in qualitative identification of crystalline samples obtained in syntheses in which Et4N+·Cl− is either used or generated.
Field-based generation and social validation managers and staff competencies for small community residences.

Characteristics and competencies for four staff positions in community residences for individuals with mental retardation were identified utilizing multiple empirical and deductive methods with field-based practitioners and field-based experts. The more commonly used competency generation methods of expert opinion and job performance analysis generated a high degree of knowledge and skill-based competencies similar to course curricula. Competencies generated by incumbent practitioners through open-ended methods of personal structured interview and critical incident analysis were ones which related to personal style, interpersonal interaction, and humanistic orientation. Although seldom included in staff, paraprofessional, or professional training curricula, these latter competencies include those identified by Carl Rogers as essential for developing an effective helping relationship in a therapeutic situation (i.e., showing liking, interest, and respect for the clients; being able to communicate positive regard to the client). Of 21 core competency statements selected as prerequisites to employment for all four staff positions, the majority (17 of 21) represented interpersonal skills important to working with others, including responsiveness to resident needs, personal valuation of persons with mental retardation, and normalization principles.
A Modified Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff Stain for Epoxy-embedded Atherosclerotic Arteries

(1974). A Modified Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff Stain for Epoxy-embedded Atherosclerotic Arteries. Stain Technology: Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 241-243.
Media, Religion, and Politics in Pakistan

A study of media texts in the Pakistani context discussing the role and place of the media in Pakistan in broad social, political, religious and historical contexts. It argues that the mental attitude developed under the impact of "parasitic landlordism" defines the role and scope of the media, religion, politics and social relations in Pakistani society. The book is intended to provide politicians, academics, and students of political science, mass communications and discourse analysis with an invaluable commentary on a period which continues to determine the course of Pakistan's future. It may also be of interest to the lay reader eager to find out the role of the media in Pakistan.
Extending synthetic access to proteins with a removable acyl transfer auxiliary

A chemo- and regioselective auxiliary-mediated peptide ligation has been developed that is effective under nonidealized conditions for the synthesis of proteins. This general amide bond ligation utilizes a removable auxiliary that is analogous to the role of cysteine in native chemical ligation, combining chemoselective thioester exchange with efficient regioselective intramolecular acyl transfer. Acid lability and improved ligation efficiency were introduced into the 2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary by increasing the electron density of the aromatic ring. The 62 amino acid SH3 domain from α-spectrin was synthesized using the auxiliary-mediated ligation at a Lys-Gly sequence. The auxiliary was removed with TFA and scavengers from the ligated product. This methodology enables unprotected peptides to be coupled at noncysteine ligation sites expanding the scope of protein synthesis and semisynthesis.
The expectation gap: perceptual differences between auditors, jurors and students

The expectation gap has been presumed to be caused by the differing perceptions of the accounting profession and third parties regarding the profession’s role, responsibilities, and related performance. Prior research regarding the expectation gap has focused on diverging perceptions of different groups (i.e. financial analysts, bank loan officers, small business owners, and auditors). While this research has identified an expectation gap between auditors and certain third parties, it has neglected examining the perceptions of judicial third parties. This absence is somewhat ironic given the role that jurors and judges play in determining auditors’ legal liability. This void is filled by comparing jurors’, auditors’, and accounting students’ attitudes towards the accounting profession. Results reveal a large divergence in perceptions of auditors and jurors regarding their expectations of the accounting profession. However, accounting students responded in a manner very similar to practicing auditors.
Antibody-Mediated Rejection: Emergence of Animal Models to Answer Clinical Questions

Decades of experiments in small animals had tipped the balance of opinion away from antibodies as a cause of transplant rejection. However, clinical experience, especially with sensitized patients, has convinced basic immunologists of the need to develop models to investigate mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). This resurgent interest has resulted in several new rodent models to investigate antibody-mediated mechanisms of heart and renal allograft injury, but satisfactory models of chronic AMR remain more elusive. Nevertheless, these new studies have begun to reveal many insights into the molecular and pathological sequelae of antibody binding to the allograft endothelium. In addition, complement-independent and complement-dependent effects of antibodies on endothelial cells have been identified in vitro. As small animal models become better defined, it is anticipated that they will be more widely used to answer further questions concerning mechanisms of antibody-mediated tissue injury as well as to design therapeutic interventions.
Human Rights and the Military: Legal Rules

It has been said that international humanitarian law exists for the purpose of humanizing war. It could be said that the purpose of The Impact of Human Rights Law on Armed Forces by Peter Rowe is to explore whether human rights law (and secondarily humanitarian law) has humanized the military. Rowe, a professor of law at the University of Lancaster, "considers, from a human rights perspective, the position of members of... armed forces and those with whom they will come into contact during some form of military operation" (p. ix). Given Rowe's position in a British law faculty, it is not very surprising that his approach is analytical and descriptive rather than theoretical. Although he covers much formal legal material (in particular, treaties and case law), he does not often draw on broader material from the social sciences. His introductory chapter identifies several different categories of people who are members of the armed forces (volunteers, conscripts, non-nationals, ethnic minorities, women, those with disabilities, and child soldiers) and discusses how their status might lead to human rights issues. Subsequent chapters explore the human rights issues that might arise with respect to military establishments (the right to life, torture and degrading treatment, deprivation of liberty, privacy, other civil rights), human rights and military discipline, civilians being tried before military courts, the rules of international armed conflict, the application of those rules to internal wars and civil disorder, and finally multinational peacekeeping operations. The book does not have a general conclusion. From the start (pp. 1-3), Rowe raises a point of contemporary significance, namely whether detained people in a conflict situation can use international humanitarian law, especially the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to seek legal remedies in court. In this discussion, Rowe clearly blends considerations of international humanitarian law with human rights law. He concludes that, in general, international humanitarian law does not give rise to legal action and legal remedies directly for individuals in a court of law. Thus, British prisoners of war were not able to sue Japanese officials for mistreatment after World War II. International humanitarian
Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit–S)

In this article, we introduce brief self-report and informant-report versions of the Grit Scale, which measures trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) retains the 2-factor structure of the original Grit Scale (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007) with 4 fewer items and improved psychometric properties. We present evidence for the Grit-S's internal consistency, test-retest stability, consensual validity with informant-report versions, and predictive validity. Among adults, the Grit-S was associated with educational attainment and fewer career changes. Among adolescents, the Grit-S longitudinally predicted GPA and, inversely, hours watching television. Among cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, the Grit-S predicted retention. Among Scripps National Spelling Bee competitors, the Grit-S predicted final round attained, a relationship mediated by lifetime spelling practice.
Electrochemistry of conductive polymers XVII. Preparation and characterization of polythiophene in aqueous solutions

Abstract Polythiophene has been prepared in aqueous solutions by repeatedly cycling potentials between −0.25 ∼ 1.75 V vs. the Ag/AgCl, saturated KCl reference electrode. The polymer films thus prepared were denser and more stable than those prepared in nonaqueous solutions. The film could be doped both anodically and cathodically depending on the solution pH. The films were not destroyed even when they are anodized at +2.5 V in 0.2 M LiCl solution at pH 3.0 The polymer films have their maximum absorbances observed between 350 nm and 420 nm depending on the electrolytes used, indicating the band gaps, and therefore chain lengths, of the polymers could be significantly different in different electrolyte solutions. The impedance values of the polymer were affected strongly by the pH and applied potential.