cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A class of rank test procedures for censored survival data

SUMMARY A class of linear rank statistics is proposed for the k-sample problem with rightcensored survival data. The class contains as special cases the log rank test (Mantel, 1966; Cox, 1972) and a test essentially equivalent to Peto & Peto's (1972) generalization of the Wilcoxon test. Martingale theory is used to establish asymptotic normality of test statistics under the null hypotheses considered, and to derive expressions for asymptotic relative efficiencies under contiguous sequences of alternative hypotheses. A class of distributions is presented which corresponds to the class of rank statistics in the sense that for each distribution there is a statistic with some optimal properties for detecting location alternatives from that distribution. Some Monte Carlo results are displayed which present small sample behaviour.
Calmodulin stimulation of adenylate cyclase in rat brain membranes does not require GTP

Abstract Calcium stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cortical membranes with either ATP or AppNHp as substrate. In contrast, isoproterenol stimulates the cerebral cortical enzyme with ATP as substrate but not with AppNHp as substrate unless exogenous GTP is added. In rat striatal membranes, calcium or dopamine stimulate adenylate cyclase activity with ATP as substrate, but not with AppNHp as substrate. GTP restores the dopamine but not the calcium response. The inhibitory guanine nucleotide GDP-βS antagonizes dopamine and GppNHp stimulation of the brain adenylate cyclases, but not stimulation by calcium of either rat cerebral cortical or striatal enzymes. Results indicate that GTP is not requisite to calcium-calmodulin activation of adenylate cyclases in brain membranes. In addition, calcium-calmodulin cannot activate striatal adenylate cyclases with a nonphosphorylating nucleotide, AppNHp, as substrate.
Prediction of collapse—how realistic and practical is it, and what can we learn from it?

A methodology for computing the collapse capacity and collapse fragility curves for building structures is summarized. Specific results are presented for generic moment-resisting frames and wall structures. The emphasis of the discussion is on the implication of collapse capacity estimates for the collapse safety of frame and wall systems designed according to present code requirements. It is found that the probability of collapse at the MCE (Maximum Credible Earthquake) level is very different for frame structures than for wall structures, and that for frame structures, the probability of collapse increases strongly with the fundamental period and attains unacceptable values for long-period structures—unless a minimum base shear requirement is enforced that by far exceeds the base shear obtained from a uniform hazard design spectrum. The situation is very different for wall structures provided the predominant mode of deformation is flexure and not shear. Such wall structures exhibit a much smaller probability of collapse if the design is based on presently employed R-factors. The upshot is that the R-factor approach employed in present codes is inappropriate since it leads to designs with vastly different probabilities of collapse. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Report on Faculty Perceptions of Students’ Information Literacy Competencies in Journalism and Mass Communication Programs: The ACEJMC Survey

This article presents the results of a survey done of the faculty of programs fully accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC) in 2002–2003. The purpose of the survey was to assess the faculties’ perceptions of their students’ information literacy skills as defined by the ACRL standards adopted in 2000. Faculty reported that most of their graduate students met the ACRL criteria for information literacy, but only some of their undergraduate students could be considered information literate by these standards. Faculty also reported consistent improvement in their students’ research process after receiving library instruction.
Risk, human error, and system resilience: fundamental ideas.

Objective: I review and critique basic ideas of both traditional error/risk analysis and the newer and contrasting paradigm of resilience engineering. Background: Analysis of human error has matured and been applied over the past 50 years by human factors engineers, whereas the resilience engineering paradigm is relatively new. Method: Fundamental ideas and examples of human factors applications of each approach are presented and contrasted. Results: Probabilistic risk analysis provides mathematical rigor in generalizing on past error events to identify system vulnerabilities, but prediction is problematical because (a) error definition is arbitrary, and thus it is difficult to infer valid probabilities of human error to input to quantitative models, and (b) future accident conditions are likely to be quite different from those of past accidents. The new resilience engineering paradigm, in contrast, is oriented toward organizational process and is concerned with anticipating, mitigating, and preparing for...
Gα12 Inhibits α2β1 Integrin–mediated Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cell Attachment and Migration on Collagen-I and Blocks Tubulogenesis

Regulation of epithelial cell attachment and migration are essential for normal development and maintenance of numerous tissues. G proteins and integrins are critical signaling proteins regulating ...
Age-related decline in fertility

A progressive decline in fecundity with advancing age is a reality, attributed primarily to the detrimental impact of various aging processes on female gametes. Despite medical advances that have dramatically prolonged the female life span, declining numbers and deteriorating quality of oocytes, and an increasing incidence of meiotic errors and aneuploidy of gametes and embryos, reduce clinical pregnancy rates and escalate pregnancy wastage. Increased fetal aneuploidies in ongoing pregnancies and an increased predisposition to obstetric morbidities further contribute to the diminishing reproductive successes associated with advancing age. The age of male partners, despite the decline in semen parameters and sexual performance with aging, does not appear to have a major impact on the eventual fertility of the aging couple. The contributions of age-related impaired sexuality and ejaculatory problems, although slight albeit significant, to declining fertility in the aging should be appreciated in appropriate cases. With the realization of the age-related detriment on fertility potential and the limitations of available therapeutic interventions, management of subfecundity in women beyond their mid-30s should be approached aggressively. Success of ovulation induction with clomiphine citrate or gonadotropins is marginal in women aged older than 40 years; a case can be made to proceed directly with ART in women in this age group, especially when there is coexisting male factor or pelvic disease. Except for the use of donor oocytes, the outcome of various therapeutic interventions to optimize reproductive performance in women aged older than 44 years remains dismal. A broader application of PGD techniques may contribute to improved live birth rates in reproductively aging women. The greater likelihood of obstetric complications in pregnancies resulting from donor oocytes and an increased prevalence of age-related medical problems complicating pregnancy should prompt a thorough medical evaluation before proceeding with ART.
Silicon nanoparticles with chemically tailored surfaces

Silicon nanoparticles are useful materials for optoelectronic devices, solar cells and biological markers. The synthesis of air-stable nanoparticles with tunable optoelectronic properties is highly desirable. The mechanochemical synthesis of silicon nanoparticles via high-energy ball milling produces a variety of covalently bonded surfaces depending on the nature of the organic liquid used in the milling process. The use of the C8 reactants including octanoic acid, 1-octanol, 1-octaldehyde and 1-octene results in passivated surfaces characterized by strong SiC bonds or strong SiO bonds. The surfaces of the nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were soluble in common organic solvents and remarkably stable against agglomeration and air oxidation. The luminescence and optical properties of the nanoparticles were very sensitive to the nature of their passivating surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of integrin αIIbβ3 activation by distinct regions of its cytoplasmic tails

The short cytoplasmic tails regulate activation of integrin adhesion receptors via clasping/unclasping of their membrane-proximal helices. Using integrin αIIbβ3 as a model, we show that a previously reported activating mutation αIIb(R995D) that perturbs the electrostatic interface in the clasp only partially activates αIIbβ3 and that extensive activation of the receptor is achieved by complete deletion of αIIb CT or triple mutations in αIIb(V990A/F992A/R995D) that disrupt both electrostatic and hydrophobic interfaces in the clasp. The results provide quantitative evidence for an equilibrium-based integrin activation process where shifting the equilibrium to the fully activated state requires total unclasping of the cytoplasmic tails. We further demonstrate that while the C-terminal region of the αIIb tail minimally influences αIIbβ3 activation, the C-terminal region of the β3 tail is critically involved. A disease-causing mutation of S752P in this region, but not S752A, suppressed partial activation induc...
A denture tooth position index fabricated with light-polymerized acrylic resin

A denture tooth position index transfers the position of the denture teeth to the master cast during metal framework and bar-substructure fabrication stage. This article describes the use of light-polymerizing acrylic resin to fabricate a tooth position index.
A birthday for B cells: Lymphopoiesis II, a scientific symposium honoring Max Cooper.

In September, the 70th birthday of immunologist Max Cooper was celebrated with a symposium entitled Lymphopoiesis II. The B lymphocyte turned 40.
Transforming growth factor-β inhibits cystogenesis in human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney epithelial cells

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of kidney failure and characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. It is believed that environmental factors may play an important role in the disease progression. However, the molecular identity of autocrine/paracrine factors influencing cyst formation is largely unknown. In this study, we identified transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) secreted by normal human kidney (NHK) and ADPKD cells as an inhibitor of cystogenesis in 3D culture system using ADPKD cells from human kidneys. TGF-β2 was identified in conditioned media (CM) of NHK and ADPKD cells as a latent factor activated by heat in vitro. While all TGF-β isoforms recombinant proteins (TGF-β1, -β2, or -β3) displayed a similar inhibitory effect on cyst formation, TGF-β2 was the predominant isoform detected in CM. The involvement of TGF-β2 in the suppression of cyst formation was demonstrated by using a TGF-β2 specific blocking antibody and a TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor. TGF-β2 inhibited cyst formation by a mechanism other than activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase that mediated cell death in ADPKD cells. Further, we found that TGF-β2 modulated expression of various genes involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and extracellular matrix proteins that may play a role in the regulation of cystogenesis. Collectively, our results suggest that TGF-β2 secreted by renal epithelial cells may be an inhibitor of cystogenesis influencing the progression of ADPKD.
Revisiting a hydrological analysis framework with International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative 2 rainfall, net radiation, and runoff fields

The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative 2 (ISLSCP-2) data set provides the data needed to characterize the surface water budget across much of the globe in terms of energy availability (net radiation) and water availability (precipitation) controls. The data, on average, are shown to be consistent with Budyko s decades-old framework, thereby demonstrating the continuing relevance of Budyko s semiempirical relationships. This consistency, however, appears only when a small subset of the data with hydrologically suspicious behavior is removed from the analysis. In general, the precipitation, net radiation, and runoff data also appear consistent in their interannual variability and in the phasing of their seasonal cycles.
Variation in longevity of rats: Evidence for a systematic increase in lifespan over time

Male-Sprague-Dawley rats (CrL:CD(SD)BR) were maintained under barrier conditions at Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Wilmington MA) from August, 1975, to July, 1983. Animals were provided food and water ad libitum. Survival data from 8 completed cohorts of 100 animals each and one continuing cohort reveal a highly significant linear increase in median lifespan, yielding a 26% increase in this parameter for cohorts born over a period of less than six years. The biological factors responsible for this increase are not clear at present. Nevertheless, these results in outbred rats, taken in conjunction with previous observations of a trend towards increased longevity in inbred mice, indicate that the assumption of cohort equivalence underlying many cross-sectional studies of biological aging may not be valid.
Evaluation of Cutting Efficiency of Orthograde Ultrasonic Tips by Using a Nonstatic Model

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cutting efficiency of 4 orthograde ultrasonic tips and describe a nonstatic cutting model. Forty molars were extracted and decoronated. Each group contained 10 tips. The samples were fixed to a double pan balance that applied a constant vertical force of 40 g to the ultrasonic tips. The ultrasonic handpiece was mounted to a cyclic axial fatigue testing apparatus to generate a 3-mm horizontal movement of the ultrasonic tip during the cutting procedure. Three cutting cycles of 30 seconds were tested for each power setting of 3, 5, and 7. The weight of the samples was measured before and after the 3 cycles. The cutting efficiency was determined by the weight change caused by dentin removal. The Buc-1 ultrasonic tip had a significantly greater cutting efficiency than the other 3 tips at each of the 3 power settings (P < .05).
Polynucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles as chemiresistive vapor sensing elements

Chemiresistive vapor sensors combining sensing capabilities of functionalized gold nanoparticles and DNA have been investigated. The sensors are made by depositing DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles onto microfabricated electrodes and subsequent drying to obtain a nanocomposite film. Comparisons are made between DNA-AuNP sensors and alkanethiol-AuNP sensors, revealing both similarities and differences. The sensors behave like alkanethiol-AuNP sensors in areas of sensitivity, reversibility, and response patterns. However, DNA-AuNP sensors are different in several ways. At high analyte vapor concentrations, the sensors response pattern towards water vapor is distinctively different from those towards organic vapors. At low analyte vapor conentrations with fixed relative humidity, a dual mechanism leads to peak response at intermediate humidity. In addition, the sensors reveal length-dependent and sequence dependent response patterns which facilitate distinguishability of vapor analytes. With this concept, vapor identification capabilities of nanoparticulate chemiresistive sensors can be further enhanced.
Hybrid models in susceptibility analysis

During ICEAA 2009, the authors explored the use of hybrid functional models to find failure modes of simple infrastructure models. Pulsed excitation was shown to effective in causing failures in simple oscillators and related simple models, using the energy of the circuit to bring about the failure. A simple SCADA system was used as a practical example of these failure models in infrastructure systems. In this paper, we extend this technique to clusters of SCADAs (as might be used in real systems). The first demonstration shows that unwanted excitation of odd functional resonance modes can cause failure of one of these clusters. Finally, functional failures in complex interconnects between the SCADA units can cause system failure.
The mixed P, T derivatives of elastic moduli and implications on extrapolating throughout Earth's mantle

Compositional profiles of Earth's mantle require accurate extrapolation of elasticity to simultaneous high pressure P and temperature T, using the first P and T derivatives of elasticity measured near ambient conditions. We present thermodynamic relations that elucidate ∂2KT∂P∂T for minerals for which data on the volume dependence of (∂T∂P)S are available (KT is the isothermal bulk modulus and S indicates constant entropy). We find that ∂2KT∂P∂T is positive for almost all solids and has values of (0.39 ± 0.10, 0.33 ± 0.09) × 10−3K−1 for MgO and olivine, respectively. We suggest that neglect of ∂2KT∂P∂T could cause the olivine content of the upper mantle to be overestimated by 3% at most, if second-order pressure effects are not considered. This result is based on a comparison of the longitudinal velocities of the α and β phases of olivine at 400 km P, T conditions. We show that the isothermal ∂2KT∂P∂T decreases with increasing P. Ab initio model calculations on MgO are consistent with the results from thermodynamics. We show for MgO the theoretical values of (∂KT∂P)T and (∂G∂P)T, where G is the isotropic shear modulus, along a geotherm.
Basin-range tectonics in the Darwin Plateau, southwestern Great Basin, California

The Darwin Plateau, in the southwestern Great Basin of California, is underlain by upper Cenozoic basalt flows, pyroclastic rocks, and alluvial deposits. Many of the volcanic units are laterally extensive and can be correlated across the study area, using hand-sample characteristics and magneto-stratigraphy. The age of the section, from potassium-argon dating and magnetic polarities, is largely 5.3 to 5.7 m.y., although the oldest basalt flow is 7-8 m.y. old. Structural, radiometric, and sedimentologic data all suggest that basin-range crustal extension was underway locally by 7-8 Ma, and the earliest high-angle normal faulting predates 5.8 Ma. This chronology is consistent with westward migration of tectonism in the southwestern Great Basin. Additionally, structural data suggest two extension directions, the current west-northwest-east-southeast direction and an earlier west-southwest-east-northeast one. The change in extension direction occurred after 5.7 Ma. Local and regional data also indicate that the maximum compressive and intermediate stresses in the latest stress regime have been approximately equal in magnitude. Paleomagnetic data do not indicate significant rotation of the Darwin Plateau between the many large strike-slip faults in the area.
A review on the finite-element method and metal forming process modeling

Recent developments in the application of the finite element method to metal forming process modeling are reviewed. Various finite element approaches, namely, elastoplastic, rigid-plastic, and viscoplastic analyses are presented, including the coupled analysis of heat transfer and metal flow. In concluding the role of finite element analysis in future metalworking technology is indicated.
Correlation of Patellar Articular Lesions with Results from Anteromedial Tibial Tubercle Transfer

This retrospective study determined that the outcome from anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle correlates well with the location of patellar articular lesions. Detailed descriptions of patellar articular cartilage lesions were obtained from the operative reports of 36 patients who had anteromedialization performed between February 1984 and March 1994. The patterns fell into four distinct groups. Ten patients with type I (distal) patellar lesions and 13 patients with type II (lateral facet) patellar lesions had 87% good to excellent subjective results, and 100% of these patients said they would have the procedure done again. Nine patients with type III (medial facet) lesions had 55% good to excellent results, and 5 patients with type IV (proximal or diffuse) lesions had only 20% good to excellent results. Patients with type I or II lesions were significantly more likely to have good or excellent results than those with type III or IV lesions. Central trochlear lesions were associated with medial patellar lesions and all patients with central trochlear lesions had poor results. There was no significant correlation between the Outerbridge grading of the patellar lesion and the overall results. Workers' compensation issues diminished the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome by 19%; however, this was not statistically significant. This is the first study to correlate the patellar articular cartilage lesion with outcome after tibial tubercle transfer.
Revision of the structure of alatinone to emodin

Abstract The structure of the anthraquinone alatinone isolated from the stems of Cassia alata is revised from 1,5,7-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone to 1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone. Alatinone is thus actually emodin.
Research on Impact Mechanism of Hydraulic Rock Drill

This paper introduces the working principle of the impact mechanism which is belonging to the double-chamber scavenge oil hydraulic rock drill. On the basis of some fundamental hypothesis, a mathematical model of hydraulic impact mechanism is established, then carrying out a dynamic simulation. Focusing on the influence of supply pressure, supply flow and precharge pressure on the working performance of impact mechanism, some research is implemented, and some regularity conclusions are obtained.
Raman scattering cross section of adsorbed pyridine molecules on a smooth silver surface

We have determined the Raman scattering cross section of pyridine molecules adsorbed on a "smooth" surface of silver prepared and characterized in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber. The Raman intensity of the 1004-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ line of adsorbed pyridine was calibrated against the scattering intensity of the same mode from gaseous pyridine and liquid pyridine. The cross section for pyridine molecules adsorbed on a "smooth" silver (100) surface is 4.4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{2}$ times greater than that of gaseous and liquid pyridine molecules. This measured cross section is an upper limit for that on a theoretically perfect, flat plane of silver atoms.
The Relationship between Patient and Parent Posttraumatic Stress in Pediatric Oncology: A Theoretical Framework

The stress and uncertainty surrounding pediatric cancer diagnosis and treatment can be experienced as traumatic by both patients and their parents (e.g., Landolt, Vollrath, Ribi, Gnehm, & Sennhauser, 2003). Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between patient and parental posttraumatic stress in pediatric cancer (e.g., Pelcovitz et al., 1998), a theory-driven model explaining a mutual and ongoing relationship does not appear in the literature. In the current article, we present a theoretical model to explain this relationship and provide an illustrative example of our model. Future directions and clinical implications of the model are also discussed.
Epstein-Barr Virus IL-10 Engages IL-10R1 by a Two-step Mechanism Leading to Altered Signaling Properties

Human interleukin-10 (hIL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is able to suppress or activate cellular immune responses to protect the host from invading pathogens. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes a viral IL-10 (ebvIL-10) in its genome that has retained the immunosuppressive activities of hIL-10 but lost the ability to induce immunostimulatory activities on some cells. These functional differences are at least partially due to the ∼1000-fold difference in hIL-10 and ebvIL-10 binding affinity for the IL-10R1·IL-10R2 cell surface receptors. Despite weaker binding to IL-10R1, ebvIL-10 is more active than hIL-10 in inducing B-cell proliferation. To explore this counterintuitive observation further, a series of monomeric and dimeric ebvIL-10·hIL-10 chimeric proteins were produced and characterized for receptor binding and cellular proliferation on TF-1/hIL-10R1 cells that express high levels of the IL-10R1 chain. On this cell line, monomeric chimeras elicited cell proliferation in accordance with how tightly they bound to the IL-10R1 chain. In contrast, dimeric chimeras exhibiting the highest affinity for IL-10R1 exhibited reduced proliferative activity. These distinct activity profiles are correlated with kinetic analyses that reveal that the ebvIL-10 dimer is impaired in its ability to form a 1:2 ebvIL-10·IL-10R1 complex. As a result, the ebvIL-10 dimer functions like a monomer at low IL-10R1 levels, which prevents efficient signaling. At high IL-10R1 levels, the ebvIL-10 dimer is able to induce signaling responses greater than hIL-10. Thus, the ebvIL-10 dimer scaffold is essential to prevent activation of cells with low IL-10R1 levels but to maintain or enhance activity on cells with high IL-10R1 levels.
Basement membrane proteoglycans and development

Basement membrane proteoglycans and development. Basement membranes contain distinct collagen, glycoprotein and proteoglycan species, and these exhibit considerable heterogeneity in isoform or type when different tissue types are compared. Additionally, many components are differentially expressed in organogenesis. We have considered the distributions in glomerulogenesis of two distinct basement membrane proteoglycans, a small heparan sulfate proteoglycan and a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (BM-CSPG). While the former was present in all kidney basement membranes through development, the latter was apparently regulated in distribution. BM-CSPG was only strongly expressed in the vasculature invading late comma stage glomeruli, and later in presumptive and mature Bowman's capsule. Over the first six to eight weeks, the capillary basement membranes contained BM-CSPG, but in gradually decreasing amounts until it became completely undetectable. The basement membrane of the adult rat glomerulus is unique in its lack of BM-CSPG. However, in diabetic rats, BM-CSPG is apparently re-expressed in the glomerular basement membrane, a potential marker for pathological changes in glomerular structure. While its function awaits elucidation, BM-CSPG may be essential for basement membrane integrity or stability and have important roles in kidney development.
International protection of trade secrets when using the Internet

Protection and enforcement of trade secrets outside the USA have been minimal and undeveloped and of particular concern when using the Internet. Substantive and procedural laws vary from country to country. In recent years there has been a move toward harmonization under the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. However, the provisions of TRIPS allow for varying periods for member countries to come into compliance. In the meantime international protection of trade secrets is uncertain, thus necessitating the development and implementation of strategies for preserving trade secrets in the international business environment. This paper discusses those strategies, beginning with defining and identifying a company’s trade secrets and the formulation of various policy measures to be taken to protect trade secrets, with emphasis on the risks inherent in the loss of trade secrets when using the Internet and how to eliminate or reduce that risk.
Bacteria in heart and lungs of young chicks.

Aims: The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether the heart and lungs of young chicks harboured bacteria. Methods and Results: Samples of the heart and lungs were aseptically removed from chicks on scheduled sampling days. Experiment 1 showed that of the 360 birds evaluated during the late embryonic and early post-hatching periods, only 10·8% harboured bacteria in the heart, lungs, and heart and lungs simultaneously. Experiment 2 suggested that bacteria in these organs were transient. Twenty-three bacterial species were found in the hearts whereas 30 were found in the lungs. Experiment 3 showed that only 1·4% of embryos harboured bacteria in the yolk, albumen, heart and lungs whereas 12·9% of the embryos had bacteria in the air cell. Conclusions: During the post-hatching period, there was a higher incidence of bacterial isolation in the heart and lungs, whilst during the embryonic development period, there was a lower incidence of bacterial isolation from these two organs. Results suggested that the heart and lungs do not have a residual bacterial flora; rather, opportunistic bacteria occasionally pass through these tissues. Significance and Impact of the Study: These experiments proved that bacteria could be isolated in the heart and lungs of healthy chicks reared from E17 to 3 weeks of age.
Malate dehydrogenase in the Fusarial wilt disease of peas

Abstract During development of wilt disease in peas caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi race 1, the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of stem tissue, at 12 to 14 days after inoculation, was increased 280% above that of noninfected plants. This increased specific activity in infected plants was accompanied by an appearance of one, new electrophoretically fast moving isozyme which could not be found in the noninfected plants or in the fungus. The new isozyme in infected plants was a cytoplasmic protein and contained about 21% of the total activity. Wilt development in plants was accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and an increase in soluble malate dehydrogenase. Partially purified malate dehydrogenase from plant and fungal tissue had an optimum pH at 7·5 for the reduction of oxaloacetate, and for the oxidation of malate the optimum pH was at 9. The binding affinity of the enzyme was increased upon infection; the Michaelis constants for oxaloacetate and NADH of the enzyme from infected plants was about half that of noninfected plants. The MDH had a maximum velocity for the oxaloacetate at 12 and 50 μ m from noninfected and infected plants, respectively; above these concentrations, oxaloacetate became inhibitory. On heating crude extracts at 55 °C, all fungal MDH was destroyed within 5 min, that from noninfected tissue within 22 min, while 40 min were required for the total loss of activity from infected tissue. Heating acrylamide gels after electrophoresis at 50 °C for 180 min inactivated all the isozymes from noninfected plants and fungus, whereas heating up to 320 min did not destroy all the isozymes from the infected plants. Aspartate and glutamate increased the activity of the MDH from plants and fungus. Citrate, isocitrate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, maleate and asparagine caused a partial inhibition of the enzyme from noninfected and infected plants; the same compounds except for succinate and asparagine also showed an inhibitory effect on the fungal enzyme. The alteration of physical and chemical properties of malate dehydrogenase following infection and the possible role of this altered enzyme in pathogenesis are discussed.
Germanium $\hbox{n}^{+}/\hbox{p}$ Diodes: A Dilemma Between Shallow Junction Formation and Reverse Leakage Current Control

This paper shows that germanium n+/p shallow junction formation often results in poor leakage current control. It is due to the counteraction between the fast diffusion of phosphorus and the high-temperature annealing requirement for dopant activation and defect annihilation. When the dopant concentration is above a threshold value, the concentration-dependent diffusion enhances phosphorus diffusion and results in a box profile, leading to an electrical concentration lower than its solid solubility limit. A refrained thermal budget may increase the active concentration, but it is not sufficient to repair the implantation-damaged lattice. Moreover, any plasma-involved fabrication processes after rapid thermal annealing may introduce additional field-assisted defects into the depletion region when the junction is near the surface. Thus, several tradeoffs must be considered between high P activation, low junction leakage, and a shallow junction in order to obtain functional negative-channel metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Mumbo: A Rule-Based Implementation of a Run-time Program Generation Language

We describe our efforts to use rule-based programming to produce a model of Jumbo, a run-time program generation (RTPG) system for Java. Jumbo incorporates RTPG following the simple principle that the regular compiler - or, rather, its back-end - can be used both for ordinary, static compilation and for run-time compilation. This tends to produce a run-time compiler that is inefficient but potentially subject to improvement by partial evaluation. However, the complexity of the language and compiler have made it difficult for us to achieve actual optimization. The model, written in Maude, preserves all the essential ingredients of Jumbo, but operates on a simplified language, called Mumbo. The simplification in the language together with Maude's support for code rewriting has allowed us to make rapid progress. We discuss the model in detail, the kinds of optimizations we have obtained, and the impact on the Jumbo project.
Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range‐Colorado Plateau transition zone

A 370-km-long seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile recorded during the Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment (PACE) detected an upper mantle P-wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) in the depth range 40 to 55 km beneath the Basin and Range in southern Arizona. Interpretation of seismic data places constraints on the sub-crustal lithosphere of the southern Basin and Range Province, which is important in light of the active tectonics of the region and the unknown role of the sub-crustal lithosphere in the development of the western United States. Forward travel time and synthetic seismogram techniques are used to model this shallow upper mantle LVZ. Modeling results show that the LVZ is defined by a 5% velocity decrease relative to a Pn velocity of 7.95 km s−1, suggesting either a ∼3–5% mafic partial melt or high-temperature, sub-solidus peridotite.
On the stochastic nature of compact debris flight

Abstract The stochastic nature of debris flight is investigated through a series of Monte Carlo simulations based on the debris flight equations for compact debris presented by Holmes (2004) . Any given debris flight situation presents a number of uncertainties such as the size of the piece of debris and the time-varying turbulent wind flow. Current debris flight models are largely deterministic and do not account for such uncertainty in input parameters. The simulations presented model the flight of a single spherical particle whose diameter is given by a probability distribution function, driven by a turbulent wind with velocity fluctuations appropriate to the atmospheric boundary layer. The model predicts the mean and standard deviation of the particle flight distance and impact kinetic energy. Results show that introducing uncertainty in particle diameter, horizontal turbulence intensity, or vertical turbulence intensity leads to larger mean values for flight distance and impact kinetic energy, compared to the condition where there is no variability in input parameters. Introducing input parameter variability also leads to variability in flight distance and impact kinetic energy that is quantified in this study. While the simulations presented do not realistically characterize the complex flow within an urban canopy, the results provide significant physical insight into the influence of particle size variability and turbulence on the mean and standard deviation of the flight distance and impact kinetic energy.
Delayed Sensory Feedback in Visual and Auditory Tracking

Visual compensatory, visual pursuit, auditory compensatory, and auditory pursuit tracking of 20 male college students was observed under the conditions of .000-, .210-, .420-, and .840-sec. transmission type control delay. Tracking efficiency decreased as transmission delays increased; visual tracking was consistently superior to auditory tracking, although the relative degradation across delays was greater for visual than for auditory tracking; and little if any adaptation to the delays was apparent. These results point out the essentially similar effects of delayed sensory feedback on equivalent motion patterns when guided by different feedback modalities.
Translational Knowledge: From Collecting Data to Making Decisions in a Smart Grid

This paper focuses on the most critical task in monitoring and control of power systems: converting data to knowledge that will facilitate control action. With expansion of smart grids, which assume wide dissemination of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in substations supported by extensive communications, data associated with power system events becomes abundant. The fact that new data of better quality than before exists in smart grids does not assure that better decision making will be possible. In order to convert data to actionable knowledge, certain processing needs to be performed. This processing is referred to as Translational Knowledge, i.e., the knowledge that allows transition from data collection to action. This concept is illustrated through several applications such as fault locating, alarm processing, and protective relaying.
COSMOS: computation offloading as a service for mobile devices

There is great potential for boosting the performance of mobile devices by offloading computation-intensive parts of mobile applications to the cloud. The full realization of this potential is hindered by a mismatch between how individual mobile devices demand computing resources and how cloud providers offer them: offloading requests from a mobile device usually require quick response, may be infrequent, and are subject to variable network connectivity, whereas cloud resources incur relatively long setup times, are leased for long time quanta, and are indifferent to network connectivity. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the COSMOS system, which bridges this gap by providing computation offloading as a service to mobile devices. COSMOS efficiently manages cloud resources for offloading requests to both improve offloading performance seen by mobile devices and reduce the monetary cost per request to the provider. COSMOS also effectively allocates and schedules offloading requests to resolve the contention for cloud resources. Moreover, COSMOS makes offloading decisions in a risk-controlled manner to overcome the uncertainties caused by variable network connectivity and program execution. We have implemented COSMOS for Android and explored its design space through computation offloading experiments to Amazon EC2 across different applications and in various settings. We find that COSMOS, configured with the right design choices, has significant potential in reducing the cost of providing cloud resources to mobile devices while at the same time enabling mobile computation speedup.
Recurrent dislocation of the patella

Abstract 1. 1. Recurrent slipping or dislocation of the patella is due to congenital and acquired defects or a combination of both. 2. 2. Chronic slipping of the patella may result, after many years, in a degenerative arthritis of the knee. 3. 3. Conservative treatment in palliative. 4. 4. Operative treatment should be done early to avoid arthritic changes and to prevent accidents to the patient which may occur as the result of falling. 5. 5. The method of procedure followed out should not be limited to one method, otherwise fractures are bound to result. The underlying condition which is responsible for the dislocation must be sought for and corrected in so far as possible.
3-Nitropropionic Acid Neurotoxicity: Visualization by Silver Staining and Implications for Use as an Animal Model of Huntington's Disease

The neuronal damage produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA) has been suggested to replicate much of the neuropathology seen in Huntington's disease (HD) and therefore might be used in an animal model. We investigated the susceptibility to this toxin of different neuronal populations in addition to the commonly studied caudate putamen by injecting 3NPA into seven different brain regions as well as systemically. After different survival times, rats were intracardially perfused, brain sections were processed with the Gallyas silver technique, and impregnated neurons were mapped with a computerized microscope. Intracerebral administration of 3NPA resulted in a lesion, the center of which was devoid of tissue while the area was surrounded by a halo of Golgi-like impregnated neurons. In addition to local damage, rats receiving microinjections into the frontal cortex, caudate putamen, basal forebrain, and amygdala displayed argyrophilic neurons in the thalamus corresponding to the topography of thalamofugal neurons projecting to the individual injection sites. On the other hand, negligible secondary damage was seen after injections into the internal capsule, thalamus, or substantia nigra, implicating that thalamofugal axons are especially vulnerable to the local effect of this toxin. Two and a half days after systemic administration of 3NPA, a diffuse argyrophilic neuronal reaction was seen in the dorsolateral part of the caudate putamen, together with a more regionally selective staining of neurons in different cortical areas and the hippocampus. These morphopathological changes were also accompanied by motor deficits. The affected neurons in the cortical regions were primarily in those layers (V and VI) and areas (medial prefrontal, caudal insular/perirhinal, and ventral temporal) that do not project toward the lesioned striatal area; therefore, the cortical pathology may represent another primary site of action of the toxin. Among the affected neurons in the hippocampal complex were pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region as well as various neurons in the CA3 region and dentate hilar area. These studies suggest that a combination of 3NPA administration and a sensitive silver-impregnation method may unravel the potential site of primary neuronal damage in this animal model. Furthermore, these findings may contribute to the understanding of how the disease progresses in HD from the originally affected neuronal population(s) by the recruitment of closely related systems and pathways.
Implications of Income-Based School Assignment Policies for Racial School Segregation

A number of public school districts in the United States have adopted income-based integration policies—policies that use measures of family income or socioeconomic status—in determining school assignment. Some scholars and policymakers contend that such policies will also reduce racial segregation. In this article this assumption is explored by computing upper and lower bounds on the possible and probable levels of racial segregation that would result from race-neutral income-based school assignment policies. The article finds that, in general, income integration is no guarantee of even modest racial desegregation. In particular, the extent of ancillary racial integration produced by an income-integration policy will depend on the size of racial income disparities within a given district, the specifics of an income-integration policy, and the patterns of racial and socioeconomic residential segregation in a school district. Data on racial income inequality and income segregation in urban districts throug...
Extension of battery life via charge equalization control

The primary difficulty in charging storage batteries is in attaining process regulation that allows fast charging while avoiding destructive overcharging. A two-level approach to controlling the charging process is presented. A general background discussion of batteries and charging problems is followed by the presentation of a novel recirculating charge equalization technique that enhances the uniformity of batteries made up from long serial strings of cells. A straightforward means of embedding equalization within an outer-loop supervisory control that maintains a fast charging rate while providing overall protection against overcharging is briefly described. Simulation and experimental results confirm the applicability of the equalization control technique. >
Electrode Spanning with Partial Tripolar Stimulation Mode in Cochlear Implants

The perceptual effects of electrode spanning (i.e., the use of nonadjacent return electrodes) in partial tripolar (pTP) mode were tested on a main electrode EL8 in five cochlear implant (CI) users. Current focusing was controlled by σ (the ratio of current returned within the cochlea), and current steering was controlled by α (the ratio of current returned to the basal electrode). Experiment 1 tested whether asymmetric spanning with α = 0.5 can create additional channels around standard pTP stimuli. It was found that in general, apical spanning (i.e., returning current to EL6 rather than EL7) elicited a pitch between those of standard pTP stimuli on main electrodes EL8 and EL9, while basal spanning (i.e., returning current to EL10 rather than EL9) elicited a pitch between those of standard pTP stimuli on main electrodes EL7 and EL8. The pitch increase caused by apical spanning was more salient than the pitch decrease caused by basal spanning. To replace the standard pTP channel on the main electrode EL8 when EL7 or EL9 is defective, experiment 2 tested asymmetrically spanned pTP stimuli with various α, and experiment 3 tested symmetrically spanned pTP stimuli with various σ. The results showed that pitch increased with decreasing α in asymmetric spanning, or with increasing σ in symmetric spanning. Apical spanning with α around 0.69 and basal spanning with α around 0.38 may both elicit a similar pitch as the standard pTP stimulus. With the same σ, the symmetrically spanned pTP stimulus was higher in pitch than the standard pTP stimulus. A smaller σ was thus required for symmetric spanning to match the pitch of the standard pTP stimulus. In summary, electrode spanning is an effective field-shaping technique that is useful for adding spectral channels and handling defective electrodes with CIs.
Sparse matrix methods for chemical process separation calculations on supercomputers

The author considers using the frontal method on supercomputers to solve the large, sparse linear equation systems arising in process separation calculations. The motivation is that the frontal method takes advantage of vector computers by treating parts of the sparse matrix as full submatrices. This allows arithmetic operations to be performed with full-matrix code and circumvents the difficulties inherent in indirect addressing on vector processors. Separation problems from the commercial simulators ASPEN PLUS and SPEEDUP are used as test cases. Results on a CRAY Y-MP supercomputer show that the frontal method significantly reduces simulation time, by more than an order of magnitude in many cases, compared to traditional sparse matrix methods. >