cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time measurement of ischemia-evoked glutamate release in the cerebral cortex of four and eleven vessel rat occlusion models

Interstitial levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate and cerebral blood flow changes were compared in two models of rat forebrain ischemia using the dialysis electrode technique and laser doppler flowmetry with brain temperature controlled. Ten-minute periods of cerebral ischemia were elicited by the four and an eleven vessel occlusion and compared to carotid artery transection. Elapsed time from the onset of ischemia to the ischemic plateau was 76.8+/-57.9 s in 4VO vs. 14.8+/-1.3 s in 11VO animals. Percent residual cerebral blood flow (CBF) was 13.5+/-8.8% during 4VO as opposed to 4.5+/-2.9% during 11VO. Concomitantly, cerebral glutamate levels rose to 255. 7+/-72.8 micromol l-1 in the 4VO animals in comparison with levels of 138.5+/-78.7 and 135.7+/-40.2 micromol l-1 in the 11VO and carotid transection animals. During the first 89.6+/-47.4 s of reperfusion, glutamate levels rose to a second higher peak of 315. 1+/-179.2 micromol l-1 in 7 of 12 animals. Following reperfusion, glutamate levels in the 4VO and 11VO animals returned towards basal levels. This study demonstrates that 11VO causes a rapid drop in CBF to near zero levels, better mimicking complete forebrain ischemia than the traditional 4VO technique. Moreover, the 'low flow' state of cerebral ischemia, produced by traditional 4VO, results in a higher interstitial level of glutamate than a 'no flow' state, as exhibited by the 11VO technique. The dialysis electrode, used simultaneously with laser doppler flowmetry, real-time data acquisition, and continuous brain temperature control, in this new rat model, provides real-time evidence that glutamate levels in the interstitial space are enhanced during a low flow state of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, not before demonstrated, glutamate transients are seen to occur during the first 90 s of reperfusion, and, to the best of our knowledge, the glutamate levels recorded by this technique are the highest in the literature.
Comparison of Conservation Training Procedures

Direct comparisons were made among four different conservation training procedures, reversibility training, compensation training, addidition/subtraction training and a verbal reinforcement method in order to determine which might best facilitate conservation acquisition in previously nonconserving first grade students. The data indicated that verbal methods stressing principles of reversibility and addition/subtraction resulted in the acquisition of concepts of conservation statistically comparable to that of a group of natural conservers.
SODIUM‐DEPENDENT RELAXATION IN ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE *

1. The effects of isosmotic substitution of choline for sodium on resting tension and on relaxation after noradrenaline-induced contraction was studied in rabbit isolated aortic strips immersed in Hepes-buffered physiologic salt solution (PSS) warmed to 37 degrees C and gassed with 100% O2. 2. Isosmotic substitution of choline for sodium produced a sustained increase in resting tension which effectively prevented any evaluation of the influence of sodium on relaxation. The increase in resting tension was insensitive to 10(-8) mol/l atropine but was abolished by 10 min exposure to calcium-free PSS prior to replacement of sodium. 3. Under sodium-calcium free conditions which eliminated the increase in resting tension observed in sodium-free PSS, stimulation with 10(-5) mol/l noradrenaline initiated contractions that were 55 +/- 7.5% of the control response in normal PSS. Washout of noradrenaline with sodium-calcium-free PSS failed to produce any decrement in tension. However, restoration of the normal sodium resulted in gradual relaxation. 4. These results suggest that sodium is required for relaxation after noradrenaline-induce contraction of arterial smooth muscle.
Q invariants in the geometric collective model

Q invariants are quantities, obtained from complete sets of B(E2) values, that give direct physical insight into the structure of a nucleus. Greatly simplified expressions for {ital Q} invariants and for quadrupole moments are tested in the framework of the geometric collective model (GCM) by analyzing the quadrupole phonon structure of nuclei. Empirical axial asymmetry ({gamma}) values extracted from one of the {ital Q} invariants are compared to values obtained with a rigid triaxial model. These results demonstrate the usefulness of {ital Q} invariants, especially in exotic nuclei where only sparse data will be available. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mechanism of host cell restriction in African green monkey kidney cells abortively infected with human adenovirus type 2.

Host cell restriction by GMK cells in abortive infections of adenovirus type 2 can be partially relieved by co-infection with SV40.
Anxiety, depression and coping methods of hospitalized patients with myocardial infarction in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among anxiety, depression, and coping methods reported by myocardial infarction (MI) patients in Taiwan. Forty post-MI patients were interviewed in the general cardiovascular unit. A subset of patients (n = 15) had high levels of anxiety and depression, however, most patients displayed low levels of anxiety and depression. A significant, moderately positive relationship was found between anxiety and the use of coping styles. An association between depression and coping styles was not found. The optimistic coping style of the Jalowiec Coping Scale was the most often used and most helpful coping method described by subjects. Emotional reactions and coping methods were related to age, social class, and actual or perceived severity of MI. Results of this study lend further support for the need to evaluate the presence, intensity and influencing factors of anxiety and depression in the recovery phase of MI.
Renal microvascular responses to sepsis are dependent on nitric oxide

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of the hemodynamic response to sepsis; however, its visceral microcirculatory effects are largely unknown. To determine the role of NO in renal microvascular responses to bacteremia, rat hydronephrotic kidneys with intact neurovascular supplies were exteriorized into a tissue bath. Videomicroscopy was used to measure vessel diameters (interlobular artery, ILA; afferent arteriole, AFF; efferent arteriole, EFF) and optical Doppler velocimetry was used to quantitate ILA flow. In controls, topical l -arginine ( l -Arg; 10 4 M ), the NO synthase (NO-S) substrate, resulted in mild pre- and postglomerular dilation and increased flow. Inhibition of NO-S by Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l NAME; 10 -4 M ) caused preglomerular constriction (ILA = -22%; AFF = -20% from baseline) and reduced ILA flow by 39%, while postglomerular diameters (EFF) were unchanged. Bacteremic rats had similar alterations (ILA = -22%; AFF = -20%; flow = -56%). Topical l -NAME in bacteremic rats resulted in further constriction (ILA = -38%; AFF -37%), decreased ILA flow (-75%) and constricted EFF (-30%). l -Arg ameliorated constriction (ILA = -11%; AFF = -7%) and flow (-34%) during bacteremia. We conclude that: (1) NO is important in basal preglomerular tone; (2) Escherichia coli causes selective preglomerular constriction and hypoperfusion; (3) maintenance of EFF tone during bacteremia is NO dependent; and (4) different pre- and postglomerular NO mechanisms exist during basal and bacteremic states. These data indicate that NO is an important mediator of renal microvascular responses to sepsis.
Electrophoretic mobilities of superoxide dismutases from species ofPhotobacterium, beneckea, vibrio, and selected terrestrial enterobacteria

Cell-free extracts of 93 strains from 23 species and biotypes ofPhotobacterium, Beneckea, andVibrio were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and then stained for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. All strains exhibited a single activity band with the exception ofPhotobacterium leiognathi, which had one major and two minor bands. Strains representative of all three genera were found to have SOD activities that were sensitive to treatment with H2O2, suggesting that they were iron-containing enzymes. Examination of the effect of gel concentration on relative mobility (Rm) suggested that all the iron-containing SODs had very similar molecular weight. Most species could be distinguished on the basis of differences in the Rm values of their SODs.Vibrio was readily separable fromBeneckea andPhotobacterium. A limited electrophoretic analysis of the SODs fromAeromonas, Serratia, Proteus, Erwinia, and other species of terrestrial enterobacteria indicated groupings that were in agreement with previous studies.
JAK-STAT is restrained by Notch to control cell proliferation of the Drosophila intestinal stem cells

The Drosophila midgut epithelium undergoes continuous regeneration that is sustained by multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) underneath. Notch signaling has dual functions to control ISC behavior: it slows down the ISC proliferation and drives the activated ISCs into different differentiation pathways at a dose-dependent manner. Here we identified a molecular mechanism to unite these two contradictory functions. We found JAK-STAT signaling controls ISC proliferation and this ability is negatively regulated by Notch at least through a transcriptional control of the JAK-STAT signaling ligand, unpaired (upd). This study provides insight into how stem cells, under steady conditions, balance the processes of proliferation and differentiation to maintain the stable cellular composition of a healthy tissue.
LOW-TEMPERATURE, LONG-TIME HEATING OF BOVINE MUSCLE 1. Changes in Tenderness, Water-Binding Capacity, pH and Amount of Water-Soluble Components

SUMMARY: Relationships between the tenderness of very slowly cooked meat and its waterholding capacity, pH and the amount of water-soluble components were studied. Beef muscle portions from the longissimus, semitendinosus and rectus femoris muscles were heated under fixed temperature programs with samples from each analyzed at 1-hr intervals between the 3rd and the 10th hr of heating. Weight losses after holding at the final temperature to the 24th hr were determined. During the first 4 hr of heating there were only minor changes in tenderness. The major decrease in shear values occurred between the 4th and 6th hr, when the meat was warming from 50-60°C. The weight losses increased rather linearly to the 7th hr and remained constant for the longissimus and the semitendinosus muscle. The pH values gradually increased during heating. During the first 3 hr of heating, up to 45°C, there was only a slight decrease in the amount of the water-soluble fraction. During the following 3 hr. from 45 to 58°C, the water-soluble fraction decreased more rapidly and the decrease was only slight during a following 4-hr holding period. After 6 hr of heating to 60°C there were still uncoagulated water-soluble proteins. These studies indicate that the final temperature of meat has great influence on tenderness and weight loss. The significance of the shrinkage of collagen in long-time, low-temperature cooking is considered.
Gone but not forgotten: Declarative and nondeclarative memory processes and their contributions to resilience

Cognitive psychology research challenges traditional psychoanalytic understanding of memory. The memory of facts and events is now referred to as declarative memory. Nondeclarative memory systems, in contrast, process patterns of perception, emotion, and action without representing the past in terms of any consciously accessible content. The author examines the contributions of declarative and nondeclarative memory processes to resilience. Declarative memories can promote resilience through their capacity to evoke soothing emotional responses. Nondeclarative memory processes can foster resilience through underlying the capacity to elicit and maintain supportive relationships. The concept of nondeclarative memory has potential to inform the understanding of essential psychoanalytic phenomena, including transference, countertransference, and enactment.
Declining public concern about climate change: Can we blame the great recession? §

A B S T R A C T Social surveys suggest that the American public’s concern about climate change has declined dramatically since 2008. This has led to a search for explanations for this decline, and great deal of speculation that there has been a fundamental shift in public trust in climate science. We evaluate over thirty years of public opinion data about global warming and the environment, and suggest that the decline in belief about climate change is most likely driven by the economic insecurity caused by the Great Recession. Evidence from European nations further supports an economic explanation for changing public opinion. The pattern is consistent with more than forty years of public opinion about environmental policy. Popular alternative explanations for declining support – partisan politicization, biased media coverage, fluctuations in short-term weather conditions – are unable to explain the suddenness and timing of opinion trends. The implication of these findings is that the ‘‘crisis of confidence’’ in climate change will likely rebound after labor market conditions improve, but not until then.
Advanced thermal barrier coating systems

Current stateoftheart thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems consist of partially stabilized zirconia coatings plasma sprayed over a MCrAlY bond coat. Although these systems have excellent thermal shock properties, they have shown themselves to be deficient for a number of severe diesel and aircraft applications. New ternary ceramic plasma coatings are discussed with respect to their possible use in TBC systems. Ceriayttria stabilized zirconia (CYZ) coatings have been developed with low thermal conductivities, excellent thermal shock resistance, and erosion resistance comparable to baseline yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings. In addition, dense zirconiatitaniayttria (ZTY) and chromiatitaniasilica (CTS) coatings have shown particle erosion resistance properties exceeding conventional stabilized zirconia coatings. Coatings have been evaluated in conjunction with a NiCrAlCoY2O3 bond coat. Also, multilayerhybrid coatings consisting of a bond coat with subsequent coatings of ceriayttria stabilized zirconia (CYZ) or yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and top coats of zirconiatitaniayttria (ZTY) or chromia titania silica (CTS) have been evaluated. These coating systems combine the enhanced thermal shock performance characteristics of CYZ or YSZ with the improved erosion resistance of ZTY or CTS coatings.
FHC-linked Mutations in the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Interfere with RLC Phosphorylation in Transgenic Mice

Previous studies have shown that MLCK-phosphorylation of the ventricular regulatory light chain (RLC) increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, maximal level of force and rate of tension development thereby enhancing the systolic function of the heart. We have investigated the effect of FHC (familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) mutations in the myosin RLC on its phosphorylation measured in rapidly frozen ventricular samples from transgenic (Tg) mice. We observe that the Aspartate to Valine substitution in Tg-D166V mice and Arginine to Glutamine in Tg-R58Q mice result in a decreased phosphorylation of RLC detected in left ventricular samples from Tg-mutant compared to Tg-WT mice expressing the human ventricular RLC. The level of RLC phosphorylation was determined by Western blotting utilizing human specific phospho-RLC antibodies (gift from Dr. N. Epstein, NIH). Our data from skinned Tg-D166V and Tg-R58Q papillary muscle fibers show that both RLC mutations lead to a decreased maximal level of force and to slower kinetics of force generating myosin cross-bridges compared to WT fibers. Studies in intact papillary muscle fibers show prolonged force transients for both D166V and R58Q mutants. In addition, the hearts of aging mutant mice demonstrate histopathological changes and frequent occurrences of fibrotic lesions. Clinical studies revealed that both D166V and R58Q mutations are associated with severe FHC phenotypes with multiple cases of sudden cardiac death. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of RLC plays an important role in regulating cardiac function and its deficit may contribute to malignant FHC phenotypes. Reduced RLC phosphorylation observed in the D166V and R58Q hearts correlates with our cellular findings and could be responsible for delayed force transients, slower cross-bridge kinetics and decreased force observed in Tg-D166V and Tg-R58Q papillary muscle fibers. Supported by NIH- HL071778 (D.S-C.).
A Converse for Disjunctive Constraints.

A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the disjunctive constraints construction to provide all valid cuts for a system of logical constraints on linear inequalities. This condition is then applied to several commonly occurring situations of integer programming, and the issue of verification of the condition is discussed.
Role‐Playing and Religion: Using Games to Educate Millennials

. I have been experimenting with using role-playing and games in my religion classes for several years and have found that students respond well to these pedagogical tools and methods. After reviewing my experiences, I explore the reasons for students' positive response. I argue that role-playing games capitalize on our students' educational expectations and fondness for game-play, by drawing them into exploring significant texts and ideas. Of particular interest for religion and theology professors, these sorts of games also encourage empathy towards other viewpoints.
Mapping the evolution of biochemistry

From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline. By Robert E. Kohler. Pp.399. ISBN 0-521-24312-2. (Cambridge University Press: 1982.) £22.50, $34.50.
The political economy of Gunnar Myrdal James Angresano Edward Elgar, 1997, 197 pp.

This work traces some aspects of Gunnar Myrdal's intellectual development with an eye to suggesting a Myrdallian paradigm, offered as an alternative to orthodox economic analysis. While the characteristics of a Myrdallian perspective are clear and some weaknesses of neoclassicism are presented, the lack of critical analysis and explicit comparison of the alternatives weakens the argument. Instead, one is expected to conclude that different must be better. Using the framework to compare economies in transition leads to an unconvincing judgment in favor of the Chinese approach. Not only has China failed to adopt the rational planning and Enlightenment values advocated by Myrdal, but its failure to address noneconomic institutional change leaves its relative success open to question.
Brain homovanillic acid: regional changes over time with antipsychotic drugs.

Abstract Acute administration of equivalent doses of either chlorpromazine, thioridazine, or clozapine, respectively, produced progressively smaller increases in brain homovanillic acid (HVA) in the rabbit; however, changes in HVA in three brain regions were of equal magnitude for a single doses of a given drug. Chronic administration of fluphenazine enanthate resulted in a decrease in HVA relative to acute treatment in caudate more than limbic regions. No differences between caudate and limbic regions were observed during daily chlorpromazine administration for 3 or 8 days. Tolerance appeared to develop in approximately 1 week. Chronic treatment with clozapine produced no tolerance at one week but suggestive evidence of tolerance in caudate and limbic regions at two weeks. No tolerance was observed in the hypothalamus during chronic treatment with any drug used. Cisternal CSF HVA paralleled caudate HVA during acute and chronic treatments.
Finding plasma equilibria with magnetic islands

The traditional method of solving the helically symmetric plasma equilibrium equation, of the form L(G) = F(G, r) where L is an elliptic linear operator, has been the simple iteration L(G/sup n//sup +1/) = F(G/sup n/, r). A model of a Tokomak equilibrium is constructed and used to illustrate the divergence of the simple iteration for plasma equilibria with magnetic islands. Although the problem of equilibria with magnetic islands is two dimensional, for small islands the numerical stability of the simple iteration may be analyzed using a one-dimensional equation similar to the linearized equilibrium equation used to analyze physical (resistive) instability. This analysis is used to prove that any equilibria of the Tokamak type with small islands cannot be obtained by the simple iteration and to illustrate the superlinear convergence of Newton's method on these problems. The implementation of Newton's method is discussed and examples are given. copyright 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Hand coordination as a quantitative measure of motor abnormality and therapeutic response in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Objective The precision grip-and-lift task (PGLT) has been used to measure hand motor coordination in PD. We designed this study to investigate if the PGLT outcome variables correlate with the UPDRS motor scores and if all PGLT outcome variables are “responsive” to levodopa. Methods We used PGLT to assess hand motor coordination in 10 PD and 10 normal controls before and after levodopa. Results Factor analysis showed that the six PGLT parameters were reduced to two factors, a levodopa-responsive factor and a dopa-resistant factor that explained 74% of the total variance. The levodopa-responsive factor, which correlated significantly with “off” UPDRS motor scores, includes load preparation time, maximum vertical acceleration, maximum grip velocity and maximum grip force. The levodopa-resistant factor, which did not correlate with “off” UPDRS motor scores, included maximum negative load force and tremor during lift. Both dopa-responsive and dopa-resistant factors were altered in PD compared to controls before levodopa. Levodopa improved dopa-responsive, but not dopa-resistant factor in PD. Conclusions PGLT can measure two aspects of fine motor performance, both affected by PD but differentially affected by levodopa. Significance PGLT can be useful in characterizing the response of motor abnormality in PD therapeutic trials.
The nature and development of experts’ strategy flexibility for solving equations

Largely absent from the emerging literature on flexibility is a consideration of experts’ flexibility. Do experts exhibit strategy flexibility, as one might assume? If so, how do experts perceive that this capacity developed in themselves? Do experts feel that flexibility is an important instructional outcome in school mathematics? In this paper, we describe results from several interviews with experts to explore strategy flexibility for solving equations. We conducted interviews with eight content experts, where we asked a number of questions about flexibility and also engaged the experts in problem solving. Our analysis indicates that the experts that were interviewed did exhibit strategy flexibility in the domain of linear equation solving, but they did not consistently select the most efficient method for solving a given equation. However, regardless of whether these experts used the best method on a given problem, they nevertheless showed an awareness of and an appreciation of efficient and elegant problem solutions. The experts that we spoke to were capable of making subtle judgments about the most appropriate strategy for a given problem, based on factors including mental and rapid testing of strategies, the problem solver’s goals (e.g., efficiency, error-free execution, elegance) and familiarity with a given problem type. Implications for future research on flexibility and on mathematics instruction are discussed.
Subunit conformation and dynamics in a heterodimeric protein: studies of the hybrid isozyme of creatine kinase

Several physical properties of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isozymes MM (CK-MM, muscle-type) and BB (CK-BB, brain-type), both homodimers, and isozyme MB (CK-MB), a heterodimer, were compared to determine how formation of the hybrid modifies subunit conformation and dynamics. Circular dichroic spectra revealed additional alpha-helical content for the hybrid isozyme. Double-beam absorption difference spectra between CK-MB and a stoichiometric mixture of CK-MM and CK-BB revealed decreased exposure of intrinsic chromophores in the hybrid. The relative intensity of the intrinsic fluorescence of CK-MB was between the two homodimers, but was 16% closer to the less fluorescent CK-MM. Steady state anisotropy spectra and decay of the anisotropy of CK derivatized on a single subunit with the fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent 5-[2-(iodoacetyl)amino-ethyl]aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate indicated that the derivatized sites are more flexible in the heterodimer. The slow component in the anisotropy decay suggests that hybridization results in a small increase in the packing density or contraction of overall conformation of the B-subunit. The KM for MgATP with singly derivatized CK-MB was the same as the KM for the native enzyme. However, derivatization of a single subunit caused the Vmax to decrease by greater than 50%, which indicates that subunit-subunit interactions may modulate the activity of CK. A model for assembly of CK-MB is proposed which includes subunit characteristics more similar to those found in the muscle-type homodimer than in the brain-type homodimer and increased flexibility of the active site domain of both subunits.
Follicular large cell lymphoma of the testis in a child.

Background. A unique case of primary testicular lymphoma in a child is reported. Methods. Tumor tissue was studied using immunohistochemical techniques and southern blot hybridization to detect immunoglobulin and bcl-2 gene rearrangement and in situ hybridization for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. Results. Light microscopy revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate with a follicular pattern. Immunohistochemical staining revealed lambda light chain restriction and gene rearrangement studies revealed a clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, confirming a clonal neoplastic process. Immunostaining failed to detect bcl-2 protein expression, and no evidence of bcl-2 gene rearrangement was noted on southern blot analysis. In situ hybridization for EBV nucleic acid in tumor tissue was negative. Conclusions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a case of a primary testicular lymphoma with follicular histology in a child. Despite the follicular histology, no evidence of bcl-2 expression or gene rearrangement was detected. Cancer 1995;75:1182–6.
Inducing definitive hematopoiesis in a dish

Human pluripotent stem cells can be coaxed into a pure population of definitive hematopoietic cells.
Modulation of Low-Energy Cosmic-Rays

The power spectrum of the interplanetary magnetic field were tested, as well as the power spectrum-cosmic diffusion ray coefficient relation at low energies. A first order perturbation solution of the Fokker-Planck equation governing the diffusion, convection, and adiabatic deceleration of galactic cosmic rays in the solar medium was found to relate intensity fluctuations of low energy cosmic rays to local changes in the propagation parameters. Diffusion coefficients and their day to day variations were calculated from interplanetary magnetic field data obtained by Pioneer 6 in 1965/1966. These are compared to simultaneous observations by IMP 3 of the proton flux in three energy channels (20 to 40, 40 to 60, 60 to 80 MeV).
Comparison of Gentamicin, Carbenicillin and Gentamicin, and Carbenicillin in Pseudomonas Sepsis in Monkeys

Intravenous inoculation of 6.0 × 10 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms into rhesus monkeys 4 days after intratracheal inoculation of 2.5 mg of vincristine sulfate resulted in fatal sepsis in all of three untreated control monkeys. After intramuscular administration of either 2.5 mg of gentamicin or 50 mg of carbenicillin per kg per day, three of four monkeys in each group survived. When both antibiotics were given at the same dose but in separate sites, six of eight monkeys survived. Antibacterial activity of serum from infected monkeys or normal monkeys was not appreciably different when the two antibiotics were combined. Under the conditions of this study, there was no apparent difference in response of monkeys treated either with gentamicin or carbenicillin alone or with the combination of the two antibiotics.
Discovery: Under the Microscope at Kennedy Space Center

The National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) is known for discovery, exploration, and advancement of knowledge. Since the days of Leeuwenhoek, microscopy has been at the forefront of discovery and knowledge. No truer is that statement than today at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), where microscopy plays a major role in contamination identification and is an integral part of failure analysis. Space exploration involves flight hardware undergoing rigorous "visually clean" inspections at every step of processing. The unknown contaminants that are discovered on these inspections can directly impact the mission by decreasing performance of sensors and scientific detectors on spacecraft and satellites, acting as micrometeorites, damaging critical sealing surfaces, and causing hazards to the crew of manned missions. This talk will discuss how microscopy has played a major role in all aspects of space port operations at KSC. Case studies will highlight years of analysis at the Materials Science Division including facility and payload contamination for the Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning Satellites (NA VST AR GPS) missions, quality control monitoring of monomethyl hydrazine fuel procurement for launch vehicle operations, Shuttle Solids Rocket Booster (SRB) foam processing failure analysis, and Space Shuttle Main Engine Cut-off (ECO) flight sensor anomaly analysis. What I hope to share with my fellow microscopists is some of the excitement of microscopy and how its discoveries has led to hardware processing, that has helped enable the successful launch of vehicles and space flight missions here at Kennedy Space Center.
Inference of Population Mutation Rate and Detection of Segregating Sites from Next-Generation Sequence Data

We live in an age in which our ability to collect large amounts of genome-wide genetic variation data offers the promise of providing the key to the understanding and treatment of genetic diseases. Over the next few years this effort will be spearheaded by so-called next-generation sequencing technologies, which provide vast amounts of short-read sequence data at relatively low cost. This technology is often used to detect unknown variation in regions that have been linked with a given disease or phenotype. However, error rates are significant, leading to some nontrivial issues when it comes to interpreting the data. In this article, we present a method with which to address questions of widespread interest: calling variants and estimating the population mutation rate. We show performance of the method using simulation studies before applying our approach to an analysis of data from the 1000 Genomes project.
Hec1 contributes to mitotic centrosomal microtubule growth for proper spindle assembly through interaction with Hice1.

Previous studies have stipulated Hec1 as a conserved kinetochore component critical for mitotic control in part by directly binding to kinetochore fibers of the mitotic spindle and by recruiting spindle assembly checkpoint proteins Mad1 and Mad2. Hec1 has also been reported to localize to centrosomes, but its function there has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that Hec1 specifically colocalizes with Hice1, a previously characterized centrosomal microtubule-binding protein, at the spindle pole region during mitosis. In addition, the C-terminal region of Hec1 directly binds to the coiled-coil domain 1 of Hice1. Depletion of Hice1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced levels of Hec1 in the cell, preferentially at centrosomes and spindle pole vicinity. Reduction of de novo microtubule nucleation from mitotic centrosomes can be observed in cells treated with Hec1 or Hice1 siRNA. Consistently, neutralization of Hec1 or Hice1 by specific antibodies impaired microtubule aster formation from purified mitotic centrosomes in vitro. Last, disruption of the Hec1/Hice1 interaction by overexpressing Hice1ΔCoil1, a mutant defective in Hec1 interaction, elicited abnormal spindle morphology often detected in Hec1 and Hice1 deficient cells. Together, the results suggest that Hec1, through cooperation with Hice1, contributes to centrosome-directed microtubule growth to facilitate establishing a proper mitotic spindle.
Quantification of cell identity from single-cell gene expression profiles

The definition of cell identity is a central problem in biology. While single-cell RNA-seq provides a wealth of information regarding cell states, better methods are needed to map their identity, especially during developmental transitions. Here, we use repositories of cell type-specific transcriptomes to quantify identities from single-cell RNA-seq profiles, accurately classifying cells from Arabidopsis root tips and human glioblastoma tumors. We apply our approach to single cells captured from regenerating roots following tip excision. Our technique exposes a previously uncharacterized transient collapse of identity distant from the injury site, demonstrating the biological relevance of a quantitative cell identity index.
Hospitals Known for Nursing Excellence Associated with Better Hospital Experience for Patients

Objective To examine the relationship between Magnet recognition, an indicator of nursing excellence, and patients' experience with their hospitalization reported in the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey. Data Sources This secondary analysis includes cross-sectional data from the 2010 HCAHPS survey, the American Hospital Association, and the American Nurses Credentialing Center. Study Design We conducted a retrospective observational study. Data Collection Using common hospital identifiers, we created a matched set of 212 Magnet hospitals and 212 non-Magnet hospitals. Principal Findings Patients in Magnet hospitals gave their hospitals higher overall ratings, were more likely to recommend their hospital, and reported more positive care experiences with nurse communication. Conclusions Magnet recognition is associated with better patient care experiences, which may positively enhance reimbursement for hospitals.
A novel dual frequency rectenna for high efficiency wireless power transmission at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz

A dual frequency printed dipole rectenna has been developed at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz: (ISM bands) for the wireless power transmission. For operating at dual band, a new dual frequency uniplanar printed dipole antenna and a novel coplanar stripline (CPS) filter are developed. A device nonlinear analysis is used to select the diode with low junction capacitance to reduce the effect of frequency dependence. The measured conversion efficiencies achieved at free space are 84.4 and. 82.7% at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The measured results agree very well with the theoretical analysis.
Synthesis of shaped particles and particle arrays by disassembly methods

This article highlights methods of producing uniform, shaped nanoparticles and one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrays of these by disassembly techniques. An extended network is prepared by holography, colloidal crystal templating or templating with surfactants or block copolymers. This continuous structure is cleaved at weak connection points through internal or external forces, producing uniformly shaped particles and arrays of these, which provide a kit of potential building blocks for other extended structures composed of nanoparticles.
Clinical Challenges of Type B Insulin Resistance: A Case Study

In this article, a case study is presented of a 44-year-old woman with a rare disorder of type B insulin resistance. This autoimmune syndrome is caused by circulating antibodies directed at the insulin receptor. These antibodies impair insulin interaction with the cells, resulting in insulin resistance that can be so severe as to require thousands of units of exogenous insulin per day The unusual presentation and management of this patient presented a challenge to nursing and other healthcare disciplines. This report includes a description of the diagnosis, treatment, discharge planning, and follow-up care.
What is a liquidity crisis

Abstract This paper investigates the role of liquidity. It is argued that the firm holds money as a guarantee of solvency to its contractual partners. By holding liquid assets the firm is able to increase the efficiency of its contracts. Variations in the opportunity cost of holding money cause variations in the firm's demand for money and consequent variations in the frequency of contract failures. This mechanism is suggested as an alternative explanation of the observed relationship between money, income, and interest rates.
Problem drinking and obesity: a comparison in personality patterns and life-style.

Problem drinkers attending an outpatient alcoholism program and obese clients attending an outpatient weight program were compared with each other and with matched control groups on life-style characteristics and personality variables (Adjective Check List). While both treatment groups expressed high dissatisfaction with all aspects of their lives, relative to controls, problem drinkers experienced a greater variety of problems than weight clients. Problem drinkers and weight clients were both significantly differentiated from their respective control groups on 10 of 24 Adjective Check List scales. Moreover, the two treatment groups showed substantial similarity in overall personality
Proximal Norms, Selected Sociodemographics, and Drinking Behavior Among University Student Athletes

Few studies have examined social norm theory with subpopulations of college students. In this study, the authors examined the relationships between social norms and student-athlete drinking. Results suggest drinking is a function of proximal norms, particularly related to teammates. Implications for counselor interventions are discussed.
A third isolated oxidation state for the Mn12 family of single-molecule magnets

Dianionic members of the Mn12 family of single-molecule magnets have been prepared by two-electron reduction of the neutral cluster; the [PPh4]2[Mn12O12(O2C CHCl2)16- (H2O)4] representative has been shown to possess an S = 10 ground state and to exhibit out-of-phase ac susceptibility signals diagnostic of single-molecule magnetism behavior.
Improving Health Outcomes and Value with Care Pathways: The Otolaryngologist's Role

With a growing interest in value-based health care, there is an emphasis on establishing best practice, measuring outcomes, and improving clinical efficiencies. Best practice is a challenging concept with our growing knowledge base, and clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) help establish an approach to prioritize care and reduce practice variation. New challenges are emerging with a larger population of insured patients and a mandate to coordinate care with a shared electronic health record, and these are coupled with a massive growth in computing power. Care pathways (also called critical or clinical pathways) structure the implementation of CPGs, stratify high-risk patients, and provide the opportunity to achieve improved value. These are dynamic processes that are supervised by interdisciplinary teams and have the potential to evolve with new information gathered from each of the steps. As we emerge from single to group medical practices and hospitals to health systems, care pathways will be critically needed for optimal population management in health care.
Mobile Music Touch: Vibration stimulus in hand rehabilitation

Hand rehabilitation often consists of repetitive exercises, which may result in reduced patient compliance and decreased results. The Mobile Music Touch (MMT) is proposed as an engaging form of hand rehabilitation. MMT is a lightweight, wireless haptic music instruction system consisting of gloves and a mobile Bluetooth-enabled computing device, such as a mobile phone. Musical passages to be learned via “passive haptic learning” are loaded into the mobile device and played repeatedly while the user performs other tasks. As each note of the music plays, vibrators on each finger in the gloves activate, indicating which finger to use to play each note. We present observations from a pilot study of MMT used for hand rehabilitation for people with tetraplegia resulting from incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI); observations from a study conducted on able-bodied people, providing baseline data for assessment methods; and observations on glove design for persons with tetraplegia.
Excretion of estrone, estradiol, and progesterone in the urine and feces of the female cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus).

The excretion of three gonadal steroids was studied in the urine and feces of female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Each steroid, 14C-estrone, 14C-estradiol, and 14C-progesterone, was injected into a separate female cotton-top tamarin. Urine and feces were collected at 8 hr intervals for 5 days on the three tamarins. Samples were analyzed to determine the proportion of free and conjugated steroids. Steroid excretion patterns were determined by sequential ether extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and chromatography. Labeled estrone was excreted in a slow and continuous manner into the urine (57%) and feces (43%) with 90% of the steroid conjugated. The nonconjugated form had an elution profile identical to 3H estrone, but the conjugated portion was not completely hydrolyzed by enzyme. Labeled estradiol was excreted primarily in the urine (87%) and was released rapidly. Over 90% of the injected 14C-estradiol was excreted in urine as a conjugate, of which 41% was converted to an estrone conjugate and the remaining 59% was excreted as a polar estradiol conjugate. Labeled progesterone was excreted primarily in the feces (95%), 61% of which was free steroid. Four to six individual peaks of radioactivity were found when using celite chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), indicating that progesterone is metabolized into several urinary and fecal metabolites. One of these peaks matched 3H-progesterone and others may be pregnanediols, pregnanetriols, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. These steroidal excretion patterns help explain the atypical hormonal patterns seen during the tamarin ovarian cycle.
Effects of cirrus clouds and the atmosphere over land and ocean surfaces

Derivation of surface brightness temperatures from satellite data requires knowledge of cloud properties, surface emissivity or reflectivity, and the atmospheric radiative profile. Radiative transfer modeling of clear-sky atmospheres using an automated correlated k distribution technique is validated by comparison with a discrete ordinate band model and a line-by-line model. The effects of cirrus clouds on the color of a Lambertian surface are presented for single- and multi-layer cirrus clouds. Cirrus cloud models using hexagonal ice crystals show significantly different effects from cloud models that use equivalent sphere approximations. Microphysical properties of cirrus clouds are bounded using complementary satellite, rawinsonde, and lidar data with radiative transfer model results. >
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor Superfamily Member TACI Is a High Affinity Receptor for TNF Family Members APRIL and BLyS

An expression cloning approach was employed to identify the receptor for B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and identified the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member TACI as a BLyS-binding protein. Expression of TACI in HEK293T cells confers on the cells the ability to bind BLyS with subnanomolar affinity. Furthermore, a TACI-Fc fusion protein recognizes both the cleaved, soluble form of BLyS as well as the membrane BLyS present on the cell surface of a recombinant cell line. TACI mRNA is found predominantly in B-cells and correlates with BLyS binding in a panel of B-cell lines. We also demonstrate that TACI interacts with nanomolar affinity with the BLyS-related tumor necrosis factor homologue APRIL for which no clear in vivo role has been described. BLyS and APRIL are capable of signaling through TACI to mediate NF-κB responses in HEK293 cells. We conclude that TACI is a receptor for BLyS and APRIL and discuss the implications for B-cell biology.
Dust explosion prevention and the critical importance of housekeeping

Two recent, tragic events remind us that the broad topic of high-energy release events encompasses more than vapor cloud explosions and reactive chemical incidents. Dust explosions also have potential for causing catastrophic harm to personnel and facilities. This paper describes recent, major dust explosions with a particular focus on learnings related to a commonly underconsidered aspect of facility operations—housekeeping. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 23: 175–184, 2004
Acute growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hexapeptide in humans is independent of endogenous GH-releasing hormone

The synthetic GH-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP: His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2) releases GH in man by an undetermined mechanism. To investigate whether acute GH response to GHRP is mediated by endogenous GHRH, we examined the effect of GHRP on GH release during pituitary desensitization to GHRH induced by short-term GHRH infusion. In five healthy men on six occasions, we infused saline (sal) or 1 microgram/kg.h GHRH-44 for 6 h. After 4 h, a bolus of sal, GHRH-44 1 microgram/kg body weight, or GHRP 1 microgram/kg body weight was given iv. GH concentration, measured by RIA, was analyzed by mean area under the curve (AUC) of GH released over the 2 h immediately after bolus injection. Infusion of GHRH had a biphasic effect on GH release; plasma GH increased to 12.7 +/- 3.3 micrograms/L within the first hour, with subsequent decrease to 2.9 +/- 0.3 micrograms/L during the last 2 h of infusion. GH AUC (hours 4-6 of infusion) microgram/L.2 h [table: see text] GH response to bolus GHRH was abolished by GHRH infusion, whereas GH response to GHRP persisted under the same conditions. Thus, we conclude that acute GH response to GHRP in humans is not mediated by endogenous GHRH.
Examples of Using Computer Technology in Mathematics Education

This paper presents several examples of using computer technology to make teaching and learning mathematics more effectively and efficiently. These examples show that technology will allow teachers to lead much more in-depth discussions in class. The use of computer technology in classrooms may in general raise students’ interests in mathematics, and enhance their problem solving skills.
Race Differences in the Proportion of Low Birth Weight Attributable to Maternal Cigarette Smoking in a Low-Income Population:

Abstract Purpose. To quantify race differences in the public health impact of maternal cigarette smoking on infant birth weight and to estimate the proportion of low birth weight births that could be prevented by maternal smoking cessation. Design. A cohort that consisted of 77,751 mother-infant pairs was evaluated retrospectively. Setting. Statewide study of Women, Infants and Children participants in North Carolina. Subjects. African-American and non-Hispanic white women who delivered a single live infant during 1988, 1989, or 1990. Measures. Logistic regression estimates of the relative risk of low birth weight births for smokers were used to calculate adjusted population attributable risk percentages for smoking. Separate population attributable risk percentages were calculated for total low birth weight, moderately low birth weight, and very low birth weight, and all estimates were adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, age, education, parity, and timing of entry into pre...