cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Care Use and Status Among Abused Young People.

Abstract Background Childhood abuse negatively affects young people's health. Little is known about its effect on health care usage patterns or on perception of health status during a life stage when learning to use care independently is a key developmental task. Objectives In nonclinical study settings, abuse has been found to be associated with disorganized use of care and perceived poorer health. Our objective was to determine whether abused youth receiving health care had similar outcomes. Methods This observational study, conducted between December 5, 2005 and April 13, 2007, screened for childhood abuse in 532 young people seeking services at a primary care clinic. The setting was a New York City young people's free health clinic. Participants were aged 12-24 years, recruited during a visit, mostly female (86%), Latino or black (94%), and currently in school or college (79%). Exclusions included not being fluent in English or having difficulty understanding the study/consent process. Results Health care use (routine vs urgent care) in the prior 12 months and perceived health status were measured using the Health Service Utilization Scale. Potential demographic covariates were controlled for, as was depression (using the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care—Fast Screen). A total of 54% disclosed abuse. Compared with those who were not abused, those reporting sexual abuse had 1.4 times greater odds of choosing both urgent and routine care over routine care only. Those reporting any type of abuse had lower odds of selecting urgent care only over routine care. No association was found between childhood abuse and perceived health status. Conclusions In contrast to studies conducted among youth in nonclinic settings, in this study childhood abuse was not associated with health care usage patterns or with poorer perception of health. Further research is needed regarding the impact receiving health care has on perceived health and health care use in abused youth. Annals of Global Health 2017;0:000-000
DYNAMICS OF BURST PATTERNS GENERATED BY MONOLAYER NETWORKS IN CULTURE

Publisher Summary Over the past few decades, cross-fertilization between the fields of neurophysiology, physics, mathematics, and computer science has helped in the complex efforts to understand the mechanisms used by the central nervous system and has provided a wealth of challenging theoretical problems. On the engineering side, neuronally inspired models and devices have proved themselves very useful in applied pattern recognition and robotics. Artificial neural nets are used commercially for complex technological processes and for providing rapid solutions to optimization problems. This chapter explains how very simple neuronal networks, composed of only a few hundred neurons, can be complicated and dynamically rich. The main challenge is to better control and understand this dynamics at the cellular and ensemble level with emphasis on the emerging network properties. It is also essential to supplement pharmacological manipulations with electrical stimulation of increasing pattern complexity at single electrodes and on a spatial pattern of electrodes. The observed richness of the dynamical repertoire of small neuronal networks serves a definite purpose in living systems, and such studies may become a possible source of inspiration for yet another generation of hardware devices and computing algorithms.
Ecological Determinants of Social Systems: Perspectives on the Functional Role of Roosting Ecology in the Social Behavior of Tent-Roosting Bats

Abstract In this chapter, we compile ecological and behavioral data on tent-making bats to determine if the variation in social behavior observed in this group may be explained by any of the components of their roosting ecology. Results suggest that most of the variation in the social behavior within and among species may be explained by the quality, abundance, and distribution of roosting resources, such that larger, scarcer, and clumped roosts are typically occupied by more individuals. The abundance of tent-roosts may also influence group cohesion in most species, as very abundant resources apparently facilitate roost switching, and individuals that change roosts are often also more likely to change roost partners. In addition, the harem-like composition of roosting groups observed in most tent-making bats may be largely influenced by the role of males during tent construction and defense. We argue that collection of further ecological and behavioral data, coupled with more quantitative analyses, is needed for additional generalizations to be drawn.
Volunteer Management: Introducing Students to the Art and the Science:

Textbooks and lectures can convey the science of volunteer management; however, the art of volunteer management is developed through experience and reflection. This teaching activity gives students...
What Gender are the Orishas?: An Incarnation of Yemanja in Salvador Da Bahia

In this paper, I specifically examine a public ritual of the orisha, Yemanja, during the festa de Iemanja in Salvador da Bahia, wherein Yemanja incarnates in the body of a male devotee. Hence, my questions pivot on the issues of gender and identity. In Yorubaland, it is said that a male can never incarnate Yemanja, as she is the essentialness of motherhood, so what does it mean for her to arrive in the body of this male in a diasporic incarnation? As a female orisha incarnating in a male body, is there some element of the sexual in this incarnation? Since the orisha “mounts” the head and shifts the incarnate orientation from the secular to the spiritual, to what extent does she change his orientation from male to female? In this re-orientation, does the initiate become a more femininely identified male, or does he manifest homosexual behaviors? What are the significant societal and cultural differences between Salvador and Yorubaland that account for the re-gendered manifestation of the orisha? Through the reading in this paper, spirituality becomes a heuristic tool, to underscore the changing modalities of lived experiences and the narratives of identities they generate.
A Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of k-mer Based Alignment-Free Phylogeny Construction

The rapidly growing volume of genomic data, including pathogens, both invites exploration of possible phylogenetic relationships among unclassified organisms, and challenges standard techniques that require multiple sequence alignment. Further, the ability to probe variations in selection pressure e.g. among viral outbreaks, is an important characterization of the life of a virus in its biological reservoir.
Decoding CUDA binary

NVIDIA’s software does not offer translation of assembly code to binary for their GPUs, since the specifications are closed-source. This work fills that gap. We develop a systematic method of decoding the Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs) of NVIDIA’s GPUs, and generating assemblers for different generations of GPUs. Our framework enables cross-architecture binary analysis and transformation. Making the ISA accessible in this manner opens up a world of opportunities for developers and researchers, enabling numerous optimizations and explorations that are unachievable at the source-code level. Our infrastructure has already benefited and been adopted in important applications including performance tuning, binary instrumentation, resource allocation, and memory protection.
The clinical course of actinic keratosis correlates with underlying molecular mechanisms

BACKGROUND Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common premalignant skin lesions triggered by excessive ultraviolet exposure. The majority of AKs regress or persist, but some progress to squamous cell carcinomas. Biomarkers associated with their persistence, progression and regression have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We performed skin biopsies in patients with extensive actinic damage to identify biomarkers that correlate with clinical progression and regression of AKs. METHODS This was an observational study of a cohort of patients with extensive actinic damage. AKs were mapped on a clear plastic template in 26 patients at months 3, 6, 9 and 11. Biopsies were taken from randomly selected, predetermined AKs and were evaluated for p53, E-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Twist. The study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00027976. RESULTS p53 exhibited greater expression in clinically apparent AKs (histological score 2·89 ± 1·45) than in regressed AKs (0·75 ± 0·96); P < 0·01. There was also significantly less membrane E-cadherin, the lack of which is a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in clinically apparent AKs (1·89 ± 1·81) than in sun-exposed skin (3·07 ± 1·75); P < 0·005. The E-cadherin transcription repressors Snail, Slug and Twist were increased in AKs compared with sun-exposed skin. A limitation of the study is that measurement of histological biomarkers was not a primary end point. In addition, patients were allowed to apply sunscreens. CONCLUSIONS At the molecular level, loss of E-cadherin and an increase in p53 are linked to the dynamic interplay between the persistence, progression and regression of AKs. What's already known about this topic? Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common dysplastic epidermal lesions that result from chronic and excessive ultraviolet exposure. Biomarkers associated with progression and regression of AK have not been characterized. What does this study add? Decreased E-cadherin and increased p53, Snail, Slug and Twist (E-cadherin transcription factors) were associated with progression from AK to nonmelanoma skin cancer. What is the translational message? Strategies targeting these molecules may be effective in reversing rising skin cancer rates. E-cadherin, p53, Snail, Slug and Twist are potential biomarkers that may be used to assess the efficacy of existing chemopreventive agents.
Testing Hypotheses for a Single Parameter

Basic concepts of hypothesis testing are presented in this Chapter. The Neyman-Pearson Lemma, which gives the form of the Most Powerful test for simple hypotheses, is introduced. This is then used as the building block for constructing the Uniformly Most Powerful tests and the Uniformly Most Powerful Unbiased tests. In this connection, special assumptions on the forms of the distribution of the data, such as the Monotone Likelihood Ratio, are presented. The focus is on testing of a scalar parameter.
Fertility Preservation for Adolescent Transgender Male Patients: A Case Series.

Abstract This case series from a hospital-based academic in vitro fertilization clinic outlines the feasibility of oocyte cryopreservation for transgender male adolescents after varying degrees of exposure to pubertal blockers and/or testosterone. A description of each patient's oocyte cryopreservation cycle is reviewed, including prior exposure to pubertal blockers and/or testosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone level, stimulation medications, trigger injections, number of oocytes retrieved and cryopreserved, and complications. All patients tolerated stimulation and retrieval well and had mature oocytes cryopreserved in each cycle. There were no complications. Adolescent transgender males who choose to undergo oocyte cryopreservation tolerate the process well, reinforcing the importance of fertility preservation in providing comprehensive care for transgender patients.
Generalized Cantor functions: random function iteration

We provide a generalization of the classical Cantor function. One characterization of the Cantor function is generated by a sequence of real numbers that starts with a seed value and at each step randomly applies one of two different linear functions. The Cantor function is defined as the probability that this sequence approaches infinity. We generalize the Cantor function to instead use a set of any number of linear functions with integer coefficients. We completely describe the resulting probability function and give a full explanation of which intervals of seed values lead to a constant probability function value.
Assessing and Improving Malware Detection Sustainability through App Evolution Studies

Machine learning–based classification dominates current malware detection approaches for Android. However, due to the evolution of both the Android platform and its user apps, existing such techniques are widely limited by their reliance on new malware samples, which may not be timely available, and constant retraining, which is often very costly. As a result, new and emerging malware slips through, as seen from the continued surging of malware in the wild. Thus, a more practical detector needs not only to be accurate on particular datasets but, more critically, to be able to sustain its capabilities over time without frequent retraining. In this article, we propose and study the sustainability problem for learning-based app classifiers. We define sustainability metrics and compare them among five state-of-the-art malware detectors for Android. We further developed DroidSpan, a novel classification system based on a new behavioral profile for Android apps that captures sensitive access distribution from lightweight profiling. We evaluated the sustainability of DroidSpan versus the five detectors as baselines on longitudinal datasets across the past eight years, which include 13,627 benign apps and 12,755 malware. Through our extensive experiments, we showed that DroidSpan significantly outperformed all the baselines in substainability at reasonable costs, by 6%–32% for same-period detection and 21%–37% for over-time detection. The main takeaway, which also explains the superiority of DroidSpan, is that the use of features consistently differentiating malware from benign apps over time is essential for sustainable learning-based malware detection, and that these features can be learned from studies on app evolution.
Ocular and Systemic Findings in Adults with Uveal Coloboma

Abstract Although visual acuity is largely stable in adults with coloboma, they are at risk of being labelled as glaucoma suspects and developing early-onset cataracts. Broad systemic screening may identify previously unnoticed comorbidities.
Aggrieved Entitlement in the Ivory Tower: Exploratory Qualitative Results from a Large-Scale Campus Climate Survey

A number of key risk factors are associated with racist, sexist, and homophobic practices on North American college campuses. However, one additional determinant that has thus far been overlooked is male aggrieved entitlement. Using exploratory qualitative data gleaned by the Campus Quality of Life Survey administered at a large college in the South Atlantic region of the United States, the main objective of this article is to help fill a major research gap by showing that aggrieved entitlement is a correlate that warrants more attention in future empirical and theoretical work on campus climates.
Abortion service delivery in clinics by state policy climate in 2017.

Abstract Objective The objective was to examine service delivery in clinics that provided abortions in 2017, including differences by abortion policy climate. Study design Using data from the Guttmacher Institute's 2017 Abortion Provider Census, we examine amount charged for abortion care, pregnancy gestation at which abortions were offered, number of days per week that clinics provided abortions and types of nonabortion services offered. Our analysis focuses on the 808 clinic facilities that provided 95% of abortions that year. Measures were calculated nationally and according to whether the clinic was in a state we categorized as hostile, middle ground or supportive of abortion rights. Results In 2017, 64% of clinics offered abortion at 11 weeks pregnancy gestation, and 22% did so at 20 weeks gestation. Supportive states had a higher density of clinics that provide abortion for every measured gestation than hostile states. Clinics charged an average of $549 for a surgical abortion at 10 weeks and $551 for medication abortion. Some 46% of clinics in supportive states offered abortion care 5 or more days per week compared to 29% in hostile states. Most clinics offered standalone contraception and family planning (87%) and gynecological care (85%), but the proportion of clinics that provided these services was higher in supportive states (93% and 90%) than in hostile states (75% and 73%). Conclusions A substantial proportion of abortion facilities provide a range of other health care services. Aspects of service delivery, such as number of days abortions are provided, may vary according to abortion policy climate. Implications statement Onerous policies in states hostile to abortion rights may inhibit some facilities from providing abortion more days per week, and if so, could further burden patients obtaining abortion care in these states.
Initial evaluation and imaging in acute left-sided diverticulitis

Abstract Acute left-sided diverticulitis is a highly prevalent condition leading to a significant number of hospitalizations each year. Surgeons are commonly asked to evaluate and treat patients with suspected diverticulitis. The initial evaluation is focused on a symptom specific history and physical examination, as well as patient stability. Patient symptoms and examination often differentiate diverticulitis from other conditions and provide clues about potential sequelae. Laboratory evaluation includes assessment for anemia and leukocytosis, and parameters of volume including a renal function panel. Additional labs such as C-reactive protein may provide utility in the assessment of disease severity. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and evaluation of acute left-sided diverticulitis. Computed tomography scan (CT scan) is the imaging modality of choice as it is widely available, reproducibly interpreted, highly sensitive and specific, and can assess for complications such as abscess, obstruction, and fistula. In patients who are unable to undergo CT scan, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging may be considered as alternatives.
Internal gestural coordination for derived long nasals

Nasal consonants have been studied mainly by investigating acoustic nasal energy or the oral gesture's constriction, while less attention has been paid to how velic and oral components in nasals temporally interrelate. Given that nasals essentially require specific timing between oral and velum gestures—that is, oral closure must occur when the velum is sufficiently low—it is important to understand the regularity of this coordination. By examining the relative timing of oral and velum gestures in nasals of Seoul Korean, this real-time MRI study aims to illuminate the gestural organization of various nasal structures. Target stimuli include onset nasals (/#n/), coda nasals (/n#t/ & /n#p/), and juncture geminate nasals (both concatenated /n#n/ and assimilated /t#n/). Findings show that concatenated and assimilated geminates crucially differ in their gestural coordination and their variability. Concatenated geminates and coda nasals show similar oral-velum timing relations, while some assimilated geminates show an onset-like coordination. Furthermore, while both geminates show more extended overlap between oral and velum gestures than onset nasals, assimilated geminates exhibit greater interspeaker variability. This suggests that the internal coordination for assimilated nasal geminates is less rigidly (or stably) organized, exhibiting characteristics of both singleton onset nasals and geminate nasals. [Work supported by NIH.]
Parenting Pressures Among Academic Pediatricians During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 Pediatricians advocate for parent wellbeing as a component of child health, and most pediatricians are parents themselves, the majority with partners who also work.1 Yet academic departments of pediatrics inconsistently address workplace parent supports, which resulted in challenges for pediatrician parents even before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatrician parents are experiencing work-related and parenting-related challenges that have spurred escalating concerns about work-life integration, burnout, and remaining in the academic workforce. We offer an approach for academic departments of pediatrics to support their faculty’s pandemic-related work-life integration, noting that such supports may benefit all faculty, parents and nonparents alike. We use the term “parent” broadly to include those with dependent-care responsibilities (eg, those caring for children, adults with disabilities, or elders) and parents-to-be (ie, pregnant or family building). “Women” is intended to include all those identifying as such. Although we focus here on academic pediatricians, the pandemic parenting load affects nonphysician colleagues as well as pediatricians in nonacademic positions; this similarly warrants attention. Supports for parenting pediatricians should be implemented by using an inclusive, team-centered approach that acknowledges that some supports for parenting physicians (eg, flexible clinic schedules) will impact other members of the health care team. Even before the pandemic, parenting pediatricians faced unique challenges to work-life integration compared with their nonparenting colleagues. Despite the preponderance of parents and women in academic pediatrics, many institutions do not yet provide robust family benefits that are increasingly available in other industries (eg, paid parental leave and back-up or on-site child care). … Address correspondence to Kimberly A. Randell, MD, MSc, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Mercy, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110. E-mail: karandell{at}cmh.edu
Gut microbiota-driven brain Aβ amyloidosis in mice requires microglia

We previously demonstrated that lifelong antibiotic (ABX) perturbations of the gut microbiome in male APPPS1-21 mice lead to reductions in amyloid β (Aβ) plaque pathology and altered phenotypes of plaque-associated microglia. Here, we show that a short, 7-d treatment of preweaned male mice with high-dose ABX is associated with reductions of Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes at 9 wk of age in male mice only. More importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from transgenic (Tg) or WT male donors into ABX-treated male mice completely restored Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes. Transcriptomic studies revealed significant differences between vehicle versus ABX-treated male mice and FMT from Tg mice into ABX-treated mice largely restored the transcriptome profiles to that of the Tg donor animals. Finally, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor-mediated depletion of microglia in ABX-treated male mice failed to reduce cerebral Aβ amyloidosis. Thus, microglia play a critical role in driving gut microbiome-mediated alterations of cerebral Aβ deposition.
Home Phototherapy: Use and Attitudes Among Community Pediatricians

Rather than using home phototherapy (HP), many pediatricians admit neonates to the hospital for the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. This study investigates the concerns and experiences of pediatricians related to HP use. A questionnaire was sent to 150 pediatricians in the Philadelphia, PA, area and 94 returned questionnaires. Of the responders, 30 of 94 had used HP. Twenty-nine users and 62 of 64 nonusers answered detailed questions regarding HP. Few practitioners follow American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines in selection of HP candidates. Among 29 pediatricians, prematurity (7), Rh incompatibility (13), positive direct Coombs (21), and ABO incompatibility (22) were not considered contraindications, although the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all as contraindications. Almost all (29/30) HP users identified at least one problem with home treatment. The most commonly reported problems were parental anxiety, blood testing difficulties, and reimbursement issues. Nonusers (62) were asked their reasons for not using HP. The most common replies related to concerns about noncompliance (25), medical-legal issues (23), and administrative difficulties (22), none of which were cited as problems by HP users.
Metal Deposits of Arc-Related Rifts

As discussed briefly in the introductory chapter, the development of exten-sional tectonic regimes behind or within convergent plate boundary arcs is not an uncommon phenomenon (Vine and Smith 1981). Such regimes develop more readily perhaps in or behind island arc systems constructed in oceanic settings, or adjacent to, rather than within continental margins. However, the extensional tectonics that characterize the western United States and northern Mexico after about 30 Ma ago may in part represent an example of this same phenomenon developed within the continental portion of the North American plate (Keith 1978; Eaton 1979; Lipman 1980). Lorenz and Nicholls (1976) have suggested that an environment similar to that of the Basin and Range was maintained during Permian time in central and western Europe, although it was clearly less significant in metallogenic terms. In the case of the Andes of South America, extensional regimes are only well documented in the extreme south, where the Rocas Verdes terrane is representative of a Cretaceous arc-related rifting event (Dalziel 1981).
Towards Provenance Aware Comment Tracking for Web Applications

Provenance has been demonstrated as an important component in web applications such as mashups, as a means of resolving user questions. However, such provenance may not be usable by all members of a given applications user base. In this paper, we discuss how crowdsourcing could be employed to allow individual users to get questions answered by the greater user base. We begin by discussing a technology-agnostic model for incorporating Provenance Aware Comment Trackers (PACTs) into web applications. Following this, we present an example of a PACT-extended application with accompanying two accompanying use cases.
N N ¯ → 3 π amplitudes and the symmetric-group dual resonance model

Annihilation processes $N\overline{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ are compared to a suitably adapted symmetric-group dual resonance model for pion-pion elastic scattering in which the over-all normalization is the only free parameter. The fits are found to be rather unsuccessful, essentially because of the absence of odd daughter trajectories, and it is shown that there is no way of obtaining a better result from this model, even by the usual artifice of completely eliminating the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ trajectory.
Spectrum generating groups — idea and application

In the preceding three chapters we have considered molecules which are made of electrons and nuclei, nuclei which are made of electrons and hadrons, and hadrons which are made of quarks. The level splitting of their spectra varied over many orders of magnitude from 10−14 GeV for the rotational bands of molecules over 10−5 GeV to 10−3 GeV for the rotational and vibrational bands of nuclei to the mass differences between hadrons of 1 GeV. But similar features ocurred in all three areas. The reason for this is that molecules, nuclei and hadrons, though made out of entirely different constituents, perform similar motions. Motions are best described by groups and the groups that describe the intrinsic collective motions of extended objects are the spectrum generating groups. This is why the spectrum generating group approach unites the theoreticians from so many different areas of physics.
Estimating the percentage of Papanicolaou smears that can be reproducibly identified: modeling Papanicolaou smear interpretation based on multiple blinded rescreenings.

BACKGROUND Multiple blinded rescreenings of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for litigation purposes is based on the assumption that a subset of Pap smears can be reproducibly identified. The size of this subset is not known. METHODS To estimate the size of the subset of Pap smears that can be reproducibly identified, a model was constructed based on the results of repeated blinded screenings in the AutoPap® Primary Screening System Trial. Additional analysis came from data in the literature. RESULTS Routine and AutoPap-assisted screening both have a detection rate for all detected abnormal cases of < 50%. Models with only two subsets or types of slides each with a different detection rate correlated well with the available data. Data from multiple rapid reviews strongly supported the existence of additional definable subsets. Although the percentage of cases with an expected detection rate of 100% in a three-subset model might have been as high as 30% of the abnormal cases detected in a single review, all estimates that included a second subset of slides with at least a 50% detection rate limited the percentage of slides in the 100% sensitive subset of slides to < 2% of all abnormal slides and < 6% of all abnormal slides detected by a single screening. CONCLUSIONS Repeated screenings of Pap smears allowed more accurate models of the sensitivity of Pap-smear screening and the overall incidence of abnormal cases. The data strongly supported the existence of multiple subsets of Pap smears, which can be defined by repeated blinded rescreenings. The percentage of slides that can be reproducibly identified was small. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:241–245. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Computational inference of the structure and regulation of the lignin pathway in Panicum virgatum

Switchgrass is a prime target for biofuel production from inedible plant parts and has been the subject of numerous investigations in recent years. Yet, one of the main obstacles to effective biofuel production remains to be the major problem of recalcitrance. Recalcitrance emerges in part from the 3-D structure of lignin as a polymer in the secondary cell wall. Lignin limits accessibility of the sugars in the cellulose and hemicellulose polymers to enzymes and ultimately decreases ethanol yield. Monolignols, the building blocks of lignin polymers, are synthesized in the cytosol and translocated to the plant cell wall, where they undergo polymerization. The biosynthetic pathway leading to monolignols in switchgrass is not completely known, and difficulties associated with in vivo measurements of these intermediates pose a challenge for a true understanding of the functioning of the pathway. In this study, a systems biological modeling approach is used to address this challenge and to elucidate the structure and regulation of the lignin pathway through a computational characterization of alternate candidate topologies. The analysis is based on experimental data characterizing stem and tiller tissue of four transgenic lines (knock-downs of genes coding for key enzymes in the pathway) as well as wild-type switchgrass plants. These data consist of the observed content and composition of monolignols. The possibility of a G-lignin specific metabolic channel associated with the production and degradation of coniferaldehyde is examined, and the results support previous findings from another plant species. The computational analysis suggests regulatory mechanisms of product inhibition and enzyme competition, which are well known in biochemistry, but so far had not been reported in switchgrass. By including these mechanisms, the pathway model is able to represent all observations. The results show that the presence of the coniferaldehyde channel is necessary and that product inhibition and competition over cinnamoyl-CoA-reductase (CCR1) are essential for matching the model to observed increases in H-lignin levels in 4-coumarate:CoA-ligase (4CL) knockdowns. Moreover, competition for 4-coumarate:CoA-ligase (4CL) is essential for matching the model to observed increases in the pathway metabolites in caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) knockdowns. As far as possible, the model was validated with independent data.
Field measurements of a prototype slow frequency hop personal communication system

A 500 kbps, high-mobility, personal communication system (PCS) employing slow frequency hopping (SFH) and time-division multiple access is investigated for the 1.8 GHz band. In order to verify the concepts which drove the system design and to characterize the SFH propagation environment, extensive field tests have been conducted with the prototype units. This paper summarizes the findings and draws conclusions on the effectiveness of the space, frequency, and time diversity. Results are presented for the forward and reverse transmission paths. On the forward path, both mobile and portable receiver antenna configurations have been examined. The complementary set of diversity techniques incorporated within the system has been found to allow robust operation even on the severe multipath fading channels characteristic of the expanded PCS propagation environment.
Combined kV and MV imaging for real-time tracking of implanted fiducial markers

In the presence of intrafraction organ motion, target localization uncertainty can greatly hamper the advantage of highly conformal dose techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). To minimize the adverse dosimetric effect caused by tumor motion, a real-time knowledge of the tumor position is required throughout the beam delivery process. The recent integration of onboard kV diagnostic imaging together with MV electronic portal imaging devices on linear accelerators can allow for real-time three-dimensional (3D) tumor position monitoring during a treatment delivery. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a near real-time 3D internal fiducial tracking system based on the combined use of kV and MV imaging. A commercially available radiotherapy system equipped with both kV and MV imaging systems was used in this work. A hardware video frame grabber was used to capture both kV and MV video streams simultaneously through independent video channels at 30 frames per second. The fiducial locations were extracted from the kV and MV images using a software tool. The geometric tracking capabilities of the system were evaluated using a pelvic phantom with embedded fiducials placed on a moveable stage. The maximum tracking speed of the kV/MV system is approximately 9 Hz, which is primarily limited by the frame rate of the MV imager. The geometric accuracy of the system is found to be on the order of less than 1 mm in all three spatial dimensions. The technique requires minimal hardware modification and is potentially useful for image-guided radiation therapy systems.
Advances in the treatment of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Introduction: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a class of neurodegenerative disorders typically characterized by cognitive and visual impairment, seizures, deterioration of motor skills and early mortality. There has been increased interest in developing therapies directed towards slowing the progression, and possibly preventing and reversing the impact of these disorders. Despite many challenges, including the presence of the blood–brain barrier which prevents access to the central nervous system (CNS) and the need to markedly remove accumulated debris throughout the CNS, many treatment modalities have been proposed, including enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, small molecule pharmacotherapy and diet modifications. Some therapies have demonstrated measures of success, and these have progressed to human clinical trials. Continued development of current therapies and discovery of newer approaches will be essential for success. Areas covered: The reader will be introd...
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : XIV. ISOLATION OF THE FACTOR CONCERNED WITH INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY IN INJURY.

There is present in inflammatory exudates a factor which induces a prompt increase in the permeability of normal capillaries. Its liberation and presence in exudates offers a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of increased permeability of small vessels in injured tissue. A method for the isolation and purification of this permeability factor has been described. In its essential features, this consists of treating the exudate with pyridine followed by acetone. After separation of the protein fractions further purification can be obtained by prolonged extraction with butyl alcohol or by subjecting the acetone supernatant fraction to low temperature (-20 degrees C.). The latter favors spontaneous separation of the active principle. The purified material is a crystalline doubly refractive nitrogenous substance. The factor is evidently not a protein, yet it contains amino and carboxyl groups. It gives a positive test for the presence of an indole nucleus in its structure (Adamkiewicz test). The active material is dialyzable; and it is precipitated by concentrated ammonium sulfate. The present evidence indicates that it is an intermediary breakdown product of protein metabolism, probably belonging to the group of relatively simple polypeptides. Further studies are being conducted in an endeavor to determine its precise chemical structure.
The ophthalmoplegic form of the Guillain-Barre-syndrome: an immunologic study.

The exact pathogenesis of the ophthalmoplegic form of the Guillain-Barre syndrome is not understood. Detailed immunologic studies in a classical case of this entity showed cell-mediated immunity to peripheral nerve antigens but not to central myelin antigens. It is concluded thas this syndrome is a true variant of Guillain-Barre polyneuritis and that the lesions are peripheral and not central as often postulated.
Ozone Induced Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Tobacco Callus Cultures

Callus derived from Bel–W3 and Bel–B tobacco plants when exposed to ozone turned brown as a consequence of surface cell destruction. Ozone fumigations above a threshold concentration of 0.10 μl/1 for two hoars caused an increase in the rate of tissue carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. The maximum increase in CO2 evolution was about 65 percent for both the ozone sensitive Bel–W3 and resistant Bel–B callus. However, the ozone dosage required to attain maximum increase in CO2 evolution was approximately two times greater for the resistant variety. Callus cultures that grew roots were observed to be more resistant to ozone. The addition of the antioxidant N,N'dipnenyl–p–phenylenediamine (DPPD) m the nutrient medium retarded ozone induced CO2 evolution.
Low-Power Body Sensor Network for Wireless ECG Based on Relaying of Creeping Waves at 2.4GHz

A wireless communication platform for ECG operating in the unlicensed 2.4-2.4835GHz band is proposed and analyzed. The platform uses relaying of creeping waves to drastically reduce sensor transmission power while maintaining reliable performance. A point to point link budget is designed based on the creeping wave component of the propagating signal. The link budget is then integrated into a body sensor network design. System management details are presented and discussed. Performance metrics including scalability of the system and network lifetime are evaluated. The proposed design is shown to achieve a dramatic 1.5x105 increase in battery life for mobile scenarios compared to a reference system without relaying. In addition, it is shown that the design may scale to support applications that demand higher data rates than ECG.
Five laser-excited fluorescence methods for measuring spatial flame temperatures. 1: Theoretical basis.

Five methods for measurement of flame temperatures based upon laser-excited fluorescence are discussed with respect to the derived expressions, the assumptions necessary, the advantages, and the disadvantages. The use of each of the five methods for measuring spatial flame volumes ( ⪝1mm3) and temporal flame temperatures (corresponding to ⪝1‐μsec time period) is given. The five methods consist of one based upon linearity between the fluorescence signal and the laser spectral irradiance, three based upon saturation, and a fifth, which is not critically dependent upon the laser spectral irradiance.
Toward Auto-scheduling Compilers*

In this paper we propose a general framework for compiling, scheduling, and executing parallel programs on parallel computers. We discuss important aspects of program partitioning, scheduling, and execution, and consider possible realistic alternatives for each issue. Subsequently we propose a possible implementation of an auto-scheduling compiler and give simple examples to illustrate the principles. Our approach to the entire problem is to utilize program information available to the compiler while, at the same time, allowing for run-time “corrections” and flexibility.
Behaviour of queueing approximations based on sample moments

We investigate moment–based queueing approximations in the presence of sampling error. Let L be the steady–state mean number in the system for a GI/M/1 queue. We focus on the estimation of L under the assumption that only sample moments of the interarrival–time distribution are known. A simulation experiment is carried out for several interarrival–time distributions. For each case, sample moments from the interarrival–time distribution are matched to an approximating phase–type distribution and the corresponding estimate L is obtained. We show that the sampling error in the moments induces bias as well as variability in L. Based on our simulation experiment, we suggest matching only two moments when the sample coefficient of variation is low or when sample size is low; otherwise, matching three moments is preferable.
Thrombophlebitis and upper respiratory tract virus infection.

During an episode of thrombophlebitis, the 72-year-old correspondent came down with a common cold presumably, but not provenly, due to infection by one of the rhinoviruses. During the 96 hr period of coryza, all symptoms of thrombophlebitis vanished completely. There is experimental evidence that rhinovirus infections elicit cytokine production [Stockl et al. (1999): J Clin Invest 104: 957-965], and that IL-10 can assuage thrombosis in rats [Downing et al. (1998): J Immunol 161: 1471-1476].
Turbulent fluxes and transfer of trace gases from ship‐based measurements during TexAQS 2006

[1] Air-sea/land turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone are discussed on the basis of eddy covariance measurements made aboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) in August–September 2006. The TexAQS 2006 field campaign focused on air pollution meteorology associated primarily with ozone and aerosol transport in the Houston/Galveston region and the nearby coastal zone. The ship-based complement of instrumentation was used for the boundary layer measurements over water (the Gulf of Mexico and various harbors/bay areas) and “over land” (specifically, 80 km inside the Houston Ship Channel). In this study we focus on direct comparisons of TexAQS 2006 flux observations with the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk flux algorithm to investigate possible coastal and urban area influences. It is found that the average neutral drag coefficient can be about an order of magnitude larger over very rough urban areas than over the sea surface. However, a similar effect was not observed for the scalar transfer; that is, the neutral Stanton and Dalton numbers do not change significantly over different footprint surfaces. Our data suggest that the TexAQS 2006 region was generally a sink for surface ozone whether over water or over land. The turbulent flux of carbon dioxide was mostly negative (uptake by the surface) for measurements over waters of the Gulf of Mexico and some bays, but the flux becomes positive (release to the air) for inland regions. Both ozone and carbon dioxide turbulent fluxes above land were larger in magnitude compared to the over water measurements.
Morphological Development and Nuclear Behavior in the Genus Taphrina

The developmental morphology and nuclear behavior of 5 species, which are considered to represent some of the major morphological types within the genus Taphrina, have been studied. The development...
Localization of PDGF A and PDGFRα mRNA in Xenopus embryos suggests signalling from neural ectoderm and pharyngeal endoderm to neural crest cells

Abstract In situ hybridization analysis of Xenopus laevis embryos reveals that mRNA encoding the platelet-derived growth factor α receptor (PDGFRα) is expressed in cephalic neural crest masses prior to migration from the future neural tube and during their migration into the visceral arches. The analysis of fluorescently labeled neural crest tissue transplanted to unlabeled host embryos demonstrates that neural crest cells are the only detectable source of PDGFRα mRNA within visceral arches. Transcripts encoding PDGF A are present in neural ectoderm, otic vesicle and pharyngeal endoderm. Their location suggests that PDGF A provides a signal, first from the neural epithelium and later from the otic vesicle and pharyngeal endoderm, to cephalic neural crest cells during their migration in the arch region.
The uracil dimer and trimer covalent anions: An ab initio study

Abstract In this work, we present new structures for both the uracil dimer anion ( U 2 - ) and trimer anion ( U 3 - ) calculated at the MP2/6-31++G** level of theory. In these systems, the excess electron is localized at only one uracil unit in a π-state and that molecule shows some off-plane distortion leading to higher anion stabilization. In both structures excess electron attachment leads to the formation of a stable covalent anion, with electron affinity values of 0.25, 0.05 eV for U 2 and U 3 , respectively. Experimental implications in relation to the calculated data are also discussed.
Random sampling of cognitions and behavior

Abstract A new approach to the study of thinking and personality is described, and applications to cognitive and behavioral analysis and psychotherapy discussed. The method involves randomly sampling a subject's thoughts or behaviors over extended periods of time throughout all his natural activities. An exemplary study provides a quantitative description of the thinking of undergraduate volunteers. Subjects wrote down their current thought and behavior when interrupted at random intervals by a portable device. Each sampled thought could be reliably rated on scales assessing certain aspects of thinking. Subjects were consistent in their thinking, and the thought processes of males (but not females) depended on the time of day.
Method for Modeling and Validation of Cross Enterprise Services Composition

Business Process Management is widely used in enterprises, and modeling and validation of cross enterprise services composition is key challenge to ensure the correctness of cross enterprise collaboration. As the detail of a business process in one enterprise is not suitable for open to other enterprises, this makes the modeling and validation of cross enterprise services composition more complex than traditional service composition. Target on this problem, a new method is proposed. Local business processes is modeled as a composition of local activities. Cross enterprise business process is modeled as a composition of concurrent local business processes. In order to validate the cross enterprise business process, different input messages are provide to cover all branches of condition and PI Calculus expression will continue evolve. By analyzing the input messages and the result of calculus, it's easy to find the error. In order to hide the detail of the local process, equivalence rule is introduced to provide an equivalent process for collaboration. The equivalent process is equivalent to original process as they have same input and output. This novel Cross enterprise services composition method provides new feature than traditional service composition method. Firstly, it makes it available for modeling and validation of cross enterprise services composition based on strict formal method. Secondly, it makes it safe to open the business process of an enterprise to other enterprise because the business process open is not the real business process but an equivalent process with same input and output.