cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Void swelling and phase instability in heavy ion irradiated Mo-Zr alloy

Abstract This paper reports on an investigation into swelling and phase stability in the binary Mo-Zr system under 14 MeV Cu ion irradiation as compared with similar irradiation of pure Mo. The 9.1 at.% Zr alloy used contains particles of γ(Mo 2 Zr) in a saturated Mo-rich matrix. The oversized Zr atoms slow down or eliminate void nucleation in the temperature range 700–900°C, where voids form rapidly in pure Mo. In the alloy at 700°C, voids are suppressed up to 7 dpa, at 800°C they form only after an incubation dose of 6 dpa and even at 900°C, nucleation continues at 6 dpa. However, the growth of voids once nucleated is more rapid than in Mo. Dislocation loops nucleate and grow continuously in the alloy and only at 900°C and 6 dpa does a dislocation network form and inhibit further nucleation. Although the alloy was aged to equilibrium before irradiation, many small additional precipitates of Mo 2 Zr formed at the grain boundaries, especially during irradiation, at 900°C. These effects are understandable in terms of vacancy-solute binding for the oversized Zr atoms and this explanation is detailed
Juvenile and adolescent chimpanzee behavioral development in complex groups

To date there have been few opportunities to study the behavioral development of captive juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in species-appropriate groups. This study documents the social development of 21 ( 13 female, eight male) captive chimpanzees who were born into complex breeding groups and remained in this natal setting until sexual maturity. Young males displayed the highest levels of sexual behavior, whereas females of all ages showed consistently lower levels than males. Older males showed the most aggression, with females again displaying consistently lower levels than males. Submission increased with age for both males and females. Males showed higher levels of affiliation than did females, but this difference was only slight at older ages. As all subjects matured they showed higher levels of grooming and lower levels of tandem walk/embrace. Social and solitary play declined over age for all subjects; males showed higher levels of social play than females at all ages. For aggression, social and solitary play, tandem walk/embrace, and grooming, the above results corroborate published findings from both studies of wild and captive chimpanzees. For sexual behavior and submission, these results most closely resemble those from studies on free-ranging chimpanzees. The behavioral similarity of the subjects of the current study to free-ranging chimpanzees may reflect the greater capacity of the rearing environment examined to promote species-typical social development in captive chimpanzees as compared with environments which have been previously examined in the literature.
Simple-english for data base communication

Three classes of the so-called natural languages for communication with data bases are defined:English-like, pseudo-English, andsimple-English. It is argued that English-like and pseudo-English languages are normally more difficult to learn and use than artificial programming languages with no overt claim to English likeness. Simple-English is presented as a family of languages in which many restrictions (which hamper learning) are removed through interaction with, and drawing inferences from, the data base and the underlying system. It is concluded, however, that English likeness and ease of learning may be contradictory notions.
Composite Metamaterial and Metasurface Integrated With Non-Foster Active Circuit Elements: A Bandwidth-Enhancement Investigation

A metamaterial is designed and integrated with non-Foster active elements to investigate wideband negative permeability characteristics. A composite structure made of periodic resonant loops terminated with capacitors is first developed, and demonstrated that the negative permeability can be achieved near the resonance where the material is highly dispersive and the response is narrowband. To overcome this limitation, a negative active inductor is designed and utilized to compensate for the frequency dispersion of the loop and to achieve wideband negative permeability. Transmission-line circuit model analogy is employed to theoretically investigate the behavior of the composite configuration and predict its physical parameters, followed by a full-wave analysis based on the CST Studio Suite to numerically validate the results. A simple periodic metasurface structure is also implemented to demonstrate the ability of negative active elements (e.g., negative C and negative L) to obtain wideband characteristics. As a result, considerable bandwidth enhancement for both composite metamaterial and metasurface integrated with negative active elements is achieved compared to traditional designs. The basic principle of non-Foster elements is discussed and Linvill's topology is used throughout the paper to obtain the negative impedance. The stability of the entire system is then investigated using the eigenvalue technique and, finally, some related issues to the stability of the non-Foster elements are discussed.
Optimism and barriers to colonoscopy in low‐income Latinos at average risk for colorectal cancer

Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening continues to be underused, particularly by Latinos. CRC and colonoscopy fear, worry, and fatalism have been identified as screening barriers in Latinos. The study purpose was to examine the relationship of optimism, fatalism, worry, and fear in the context of Latinos referred for CRC screening. Methods Our sample included 251 Latinos between the ages of 50 and 83 years who had no personal or immediate family history of CRC, no personal history of gastrointestinal disorder, no colonoscopy in the past 5 years, and received a referral for a colonoscopy. Face-to-face interviews were performed, and data were analyzed using regression models. Results Greater optimism (β = −1.72, p < 0.000), lower fatalism (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and absence of family history of cancer (β = 1, p < 0.01) were associated with decreased worry about the colonoscopy. Being female (β = 0.85, p < 0.05) and born in the USA (β = 1.1, p < 0.01) were associated with greater worry about colonoscopy and the possibility of having CRC. Family history of cancer (β = 2.6, p < 0.01), female gender (β = 2.9, p < 0.000), not following the doctor's advice (β = 2.7, p < 0.01), and putting off medical problems (β = 1.9, p < 0.05) were associated with greater fear. In the multiple regression model, lower optimism (β = −0.09, p < 0.05), higher fatalism (β = 0.28, p < 0.01), and female gender (β = 0.9, p < 0.05) were associated with greater worry. Conclusions Interventions that address fatalism and promote optimistic beliefs may reduce worry among Latinos referred for colonoscopy. Interventions that alleviate colonoscopy fear because of family history of cancer particularly among Latino women may help improve distress about CRC screening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Crop and Pre-Emergence Herbicide Combinations in No-Tillage Fresh Market Cucumber Production

ABSTRACT A field study was conducted to determine the effect of various pre-emergence (PRE) herbicide (clomazone, ethalfluralin, and halosulfuron) combinations with or without a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop on control of smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in no-tillage ‘Daytona’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production. Winter rye provided a significant advantage for weed control compared with the no-cover-crop production system. In the absence of herbicides, winter rye reduced redroot pigweed and smooth crabgrass densities up to 69 and 89%, respectively, compared with no winter rye at approximately 60 days after transplanting (DAT). Furthermore, the use of a winter rye cover crop increased the level of weed control achieved by herbicides at 56 DAT in two of three years for each weed species. Winter rye enhanced early marketable cucumber yields (from 2,008 to 6,100 kg·ha−1) under drought conditions in 2...
Partible Inheritance and Land Fragmentation in a Oaxaca Village

Theodore E. Downing is the Research Specialist for the Bureau of Ethnic Research and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University o f Arizona. His research on Zapotec peasant Indians was supported, in part, by a predoctoral training fellowship from the National Institutes o f Mental Health. The author thanks Professors George Collier, Robert Netting, Harumi Befu and Robert Eder for criticisms which revivified earlier drafts o f this paper. L that AND FRAGMENTATION is accused of being an obstacle to agricultural development. It is claimed fragmentation wastes the farmer's time, energy, and resources; reduces yields; sacrifices scarce land to defining boundaries between fields; hampers the introduction of mechanized farming; and encourages rural to urban migration by making it impossible for him to stay on the farm. In a comprehensive discussion of land fragmentation and its legislative "remedy," consolidation, Binns (1950) suggests that excessive fragmentation will occur in regions with: (1) long established agriculture; (2) limited land; (3) increasing population density; (4) strong microecological variations; (5) little nonagricultural employment; and (6) where land is the principle object of investment. Moreover, Binns and others (Wolf 1966:76-77; Jacoby 1953:22, Leibenstein 1963:4 1) claim that land fragmentation is a consequence of a pattern of partible inheritance which stresses the equal division of land to coheirs.
One sketch for all: Theory and Application of Conditional Random Sampling

Conditional Random Sampling (CRS) was originally proposed for efficiently computing pairwise (l2, l1) distances, in static, large-scale, and sparse data. This study modifies the original CRS and extends CRS to handle dynamic or streaming data, which much better reflect the real-world situation than assuming static data. Compared with many other sketching algorithms for dimension reductions such as stable random projections, CRS exhibits a significant advantage in that it is "one-sketch-for-all." In particular, we demonstrate the effectiveness of CRS in efficiently computing the Hamming norm, the Hamming distance, the lp distance, and the χ2 distance. A generic estimator and an approximate variance formula are also provided, for approximating any type of distances. We recommend CRS as a promising tool for building highly scalable systems, in machine learning, data mining, recommender systems, and information retrieval.
Civil-Military Relations in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua

When Nicaragua's Sandinista Revolution ended in 1990 with the electoral victory of an opposition coalition, the Sandinista Popular Army remained under the control of its revolutionary officers. Thi...
Anatomy of the cast gold margin

Prior to any treatment of the cast metal margin, the casting must be fully seated. Determining the exact tooth-metal relationship then will allow the proper mode of finish of the margin. A system of nomenclature to describe the tooth-metal junction has been presented.
Of guides and guidelines.

tions, and applying these in a timely fashion for today's patient has become increasingly difficult for even the most skilled and focused practitioner. The difficulties in the uniform application of these skills is evident in the marked variation in practice(s) reported in investigations of interventions in different populations in the United States.1 Attempts to understand these variations and to come to consensus in order to optimize the use of medical care resources has led a broadening group of medical professionals to explore the development and use of various guidelines.2 It is then a small step from the issuance of such guidelines to their use by various agencies as standards or indicators by which "quality of care" may be explored. The development of guidelines and their derivative indicators in a practice target area is both deceptively simple and immediately contentious. The topic literature is rarely uniform in either quality of study or details of intervention and almost never in the described characteristics of the population(s) included. The information required for guideline development and their application includes standard nomenclatures and definitions, common classifications, linkages over time, determination of stage, severity, and comorbidities in the host patient, and standard judgments of outcome, including those related to comfort and function. Except for major cooperative studies, similar groupings of sufficient size for comparative analysis are frequently unavailable. Application of a guideline for evaluation requires, at a minimum, acceptable comparable data in retrievable form, archival data bases for storage, editing, and analysis, and the standard communication links necessary to tie this process together. Group analysis and comparisons over time may then provide the screening feedback critical to recognizing variations that can be studied and linked at the local or personal level to changes (improvements) in the care process for better patient outcomes. Experience indicates that we, as individuals or as institutions, are rarely comfortable as poorly performing outliers and that most often we
Analysis of Early Embryogenesis in Rainbow and Banded Darters (Percidae: Etheostoma) Reveals Asymmetric Postmating Barrier

This study examines early embryogenesis in two species of darters, Etheostoma caeruleum and E. zonale (Teleostei: Percidae), and their hybrids. Results document the course of ontogeny from fertilization until the onset of pigmented eyes. Comparing fertilization and developmental success of conspecific versus heterospecific crosses revealed an asymmetric postmating reproductive barrier. E. caeruleum eggs treated with E. zonale sperm exhibited fertilization and developmental success similar to that of conspecific crosses. In contrast, E. zonale eggs treated with E. caeruleum sperm exhibited reduced fertilization relative to conspecific crosses and abnormal development. Development in this latter cross was compromised at all stages, but appeared to be concentrated around epiboly, or cell migration. As epiboly represents the stage of ontogeny when zygotic genes of both species jointly contribute to embryogenesis, results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying postmating barriers in Etheostoma. Finally, the observed asymmetry in fertilization success is consistent with predictions based on the behavioral ecology of these species. Etheostoma zonale spawn in the open water column, whereas E.␣caeruleum bury their eggs under the substrate. The observed fertilization barrier may have therefore resulted from selection favoring increased fertilization specificity in E. zonale.
Protox-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) response to herbicides applied at different growth stages

Abstract Greenhouse and field studies were conducted with a population of common waterhemp resistant to POST protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides to compare its response to PRE and POST applications of selected herbicides. In the greenhouse, a dose–response study of PRE applications of acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen was conducted on protox-susceptible and -resistant common waterhemp. The protox-resistant biotype was approximately 6.3, 2.5, and 2.6 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype to acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen, respectively. In a separate study under field conditions, protox-resistant common waterhemp were treated with PRE and POST applications of acifluorfen, azafenidin, flumioxazin, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen, or sulfentrazone. At 14 and 28 d after POST treatment (DAPT) in 2002 and 2004, all PRE applications of herbicides gave greater control than did POST applications. At 14 DAPT, oxyfluorfen had the greatest difference in PRE and POST control, ...
Phaeohyphomycosis: Infection Due to Dark (Dematiaceous) Molds

Dematiaceous, or darkly pigmented fungi are a large, heterogeneous group of organisms that have been associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes. These are uncommon causes of human disease, but can be responsible for life-threatening infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In recent years, these fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens and the spectrum of diseases they are associated with has also broadened.
Race Moderates the Effect of Menthol Cigarette Use on Short-Term Smoking Abstinence

introduction: The Food and Drug Administration is in the process of reviewing evidence of the impact of mentholated cigarettes on smoking behaviors and smoking cessation in order to determine if these products should be removed from the market. More empirical research is needed to inform those decisions. The goal of this study was to examine associations of menthol cigarette use with biochemically verified continuous short-term smoking abstinence, and potential moderation by race, among adult current smokers enrolled in a cohort study (N = 183; 57.4% female; 48.1% non-Hispanic Black, 51.9% non-Hispanic White). Methods: Continuation ratio logit models, adjusted for age, race, gender, total annual household income, educational level, employment status, and partner status, were used to examine associations of menthol use with smoking abstinence with and without an interaction term for race. results: Menthol cigarette use was not significantly associated with smoking abstinence in the sample as a whole; however, there was a significant interaction of menthol use with race (p = .03). Follow-up analyses stratified by race indicated that among White participants, menthol users had significantly lower odds of maintaining continuous abstinence than nonmenthol users (p = .05). Exploratory analyses suggested that tobacco dependence may lie along the causal pathway and partially explain this effect. Conclusions: White menthol smokers in this sample were at increased risk of smoking relapse relative to White nonmenthol smokers, at least partially due to greater tobacco dependence. Results should be replicated among other treatment-seeking samples with a greater representation of White menthol and Black nonmenthol smokers.
Sensors and signal conditioning

The challenge we take up in this fourth installment in a series of tutorials in instrumentation and measurement is to consider how to make a sensor work in a measurement system. Signal conditioning broadly includes the steps needed to make the sensor an active part of a measurement system by providing excitation, if required, and then performing the preliminary actions needed to obtain a signal that can be processed. What's done to and with that signal is the subject of future parts of this tutorial series. Luckily, we don't have to wait that long to get results, because the output of the signal conditioning stage can be used for something as simple as driving a display subsystem so that we see results. Signal conditioning is a critical step in a measurement system but so is each element as emphasized by the serial model we have been using so far to depict the basic elements of an instrument. However, it is important to keep in mind that many overall performance limits of a measurement are strongly influenced by what happens in the signal conditioning stage. For example, linearity, accuracy, noise rejection, and long-term drift behaviors will be strongly affected by decisions made here.
Antiplatelet agents in the prevention and therapy of thrombosis.

Platelets contribute significantly to vaso-occlusive thrombosis, one of the major causes death and disease throughout the world. Consequently, inhibiting platelet function is a potentially important therapeutic goal. Increasing evidence indicates the value of aspirin, a relatively weak anti­ platelet agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of vascular disease, and of ticlopidine, a somewhat more potent anti platelet agent that may be somewhat more effective clinically. Recent advances in our understanding of platelet physiology provide crucial information for the rational design of newer agents that can neutralize thrombin and block the platelet recep­ tor most important in platelet aggregation (GPIIb/IIIa). Several such agents, which are much more potent than aspirin in vitro and in animal models of thrombosis, are now in human clinical trials.
Estimation of 6-Degree-of-Freedom (6-DOF) Rigid-Body Patient Motion from Projection Data by the Principal-Axes Method in Iterative Reconstruction

We developed a method for estimating and compensating rigid-body translation and rotation from scatter-and-attenuation-compensated projection data in iterative reconstruction when multiple projection angles are acquired at the same time. During reconstruction, both the non-attenuated and attenuated line-integrals are calculated. Their ratios are then multiplied times the scatter-corrected projection data to obtain estimated scatter-and-attenuation-compensated projection data. At the end of each iteration, the sets of compensated projection data for the angles acquired at the same time are then employed to calculate the center-of-mass and the inertia tensor. These are used to estimate the location and orientation of the patient by the principle-axes method. The estimated motion is applied in the next iteration to reposition the estimated slices and attenuation map in the projector and back-projector to match the pose of the patient at time the projections were acquired. To evaluate our method, we simulated an acquisition of the MCAT phantom with a 3-head SPECT system and imaged the Data Spectrum anthropomorphic phantom on a 3-head IRIX SPECT system. In simulations the phantom translated and rotated by the same amount 9 times. A numerical projector modeling the motion, attenuation, and distance-dependent blurring was used to generate the projection data. Poisson noise was added and 30 noise-realizations were generated. In the experiment with the anthropomorphic phantom, 4 360-degree acquisitions were performed with the phantom translated or rotated beforehand. A motion-present dataset was made by mixing the 4 acquisitions.
Nomenclature, Duration of Gestation, Birth Weight, Intrauterine Growth Dissenting Views

Thank you for letting me see an advance copy of the Fetus and Newborn Committee9s report on nomenclature and for the opportunity to comment on it. I believe that the overall effect of the report is to substitute gestational age for birth weight in classifying the newborn. This conclusion follows from a number of statements in the report, but mostly because a specific designation ("pre-term") is provided for short gestation and none for low birth weight. If the recommendations are followed, "pre-term" will replace "pre-mature" and short gestation will become the major criterion.
Gestione della crisi da stress in corso di incidente a componente multipla

Basta solo leggere il giornale per capire il bisogno di possedere abilita efficaci per rispondere alla crisi: le situazioni di crisi stanno aumentando in tutto il mondo e spaziano da disastri artificiali come guerre, incendi, crolli di edifici, bombardamenti terroristici e attacchi chimici ad apparentemente sempre piu frequenti disastri naturali come tornado, uragani, tempeste di ghiaccio, bufere di neve, frane di fango e tsunami.
THE STRENGTH OF STRONG TIES: SOCIAL NETWORKS AND INTERGROUP CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATIONS

The relationship between social networks and conflict in 20 organizational units was investigated. Results indicated that low-conflict organizations are characterized by higher numbers of intergroup strong ties, measured as frequent contacts, than are high-conflict organizations. Further, comparison of the network configuration of the organizations studied suggested that high- and low-conflict organizations feature significantly different sociometric structures.
Bringing Egypt to America: George Gliddon and the Panorama of the Nile

In 19 th century America, few people had knowledge of ancient Egypt. George Gliddon’s Panorama of the Nile was the first traveling exhibition that featured lectures and exhibitions of its civilization, its history, its art, and its culture. Although the exhibition was short-lived, it reached a great many people during its tour, inculcating them with its lessons. This article traces the origins and subsequent travels of the Panorama and describes how and where it was exhibited and the events surrounding those exhibitions. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v08i1_wolfe
The mesokaryote Gyrodinium cohnii lacks nucleosomes.

Abstract The dinoflagellate Gyrodinium cohnii has a distinct nuclear membrane but apparently lacks histones associated with its chromatin. Approximately 13% of the nuclear DNA is rapidly digested by micrococcal nuclease to acid soluble fragments and not to nucleosomal sized fragments as in the typical eukaryote. Moreover in the electron microscope the chromatin of G. cohnii appears as a thin filament of 40–60 A in width without regularly spaced nucleosomes. These observations support the view that the dinoflagellates exhibit characteristics of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Perceived Support and Retention of First Year Secondary Science Teachers

Teacher attrition is a critical issue, as nearly half of beginning teachers leave the teaching field by their fifth year (Ingersoll, 2001; Ingersoll, 2012; Macdonald, 1999). Additional studies have found that secondary teachers, especially in science and mathematics, were more likely to leave the field than elementary teachers (Guarino, Santibanez, & Daley, 2006; Macdonald, 1999).
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products for the Skin

Topical delivery of drugs to the skin, for skin or for musculoskeletal conditions, is valued because it allows use of smaller loads of active ingredients to obtain the same effect as that obtained following oral or parenteral administration. This results in reduction of systemic side effects and avoidance of passage through the liver after intestinal absorption. The problems for this type of treatment are the possibility to control it, to evaluate the exact amount of active agent to reach each skin layer/target site, and most of all, to overcome the barrier represented by the (SC). This barrier, more efficient against hydrophilic species, allows absorption which ranges between 1 % of a dose of active (hydrocortisone) on the soles and 42 % when applied to the eyelids [1]. Moreover, in some skin diseases, due to a partially disturbed skin structure, the uptake of the topically applied medication may be high enough to produce unwanted local (rashes) or systemic side effects, while in other situations the uptake of compounds delivered as creams or gels may be lower than the effective level.
Building bridges: Connecting systemic trauma and family resilience in the study and treatment of diverse traumatized families.

Historically, the study of family resilience was largely disconnected with the study and treatment of trauma. Moreover, most examinations have not adequately accounted for the structural and ethnic diversity that is increasingly important in the United States. This is a severe gap in knowledge, given ethnic minorities tend to experience trauma at disproportionately high rates. For example, American Indian and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) experience disproportionately high rates of violence and associated mental health disparities; thus these populations are among the most vulnerable to trauma. This discussion begins with an overview of the history and components of family trauma-resilience by defining and clarifying the concepts. Focusing on the effective treatment of traumatized families, we define and trace the roots of systemic trauma and family resilience research as it applies to AI/AN families and other diverse communities. The authors discuss methodological considerations (e.g., gathering family level data) and identify core components of trauma treatments and highlight empirically supported and trauma-informed approaches that are effective with AI/AN families, highlighting fruitful areas for helping traumatized families across diverse contexts. The authors call on clinical researchers to collaborate with practitioners to establish evidence-based, trauma-informed practices that promote family resilience in a culturally relevant way.
Bers’s Theory of Positive Technological Development

This resource review provides an introduction to Mariana Bers’ new book, Designing Digital Experiences for Positive Youth Development (2012). Bers applies the Six C model of Positive Youth Development (PYD) to the digital domain with her theoretical model, Positive Technological Development. The model may be particularly valuable for practitioners seeking to design digital experiences for youth, as well as for evaluators who assess the PYD outcomes associated with youth participation in these spaces.
Institutionally Responsive Pedagogies: A Community-Cultural Wealth Approach to Latina/o Student Engagement Across the Educational Pipeline

The educational system continues to inadequately serve Latina/o students across the educational pipeline. A key shortcoming is the system’s inability to develop, support, and grow educational leaders that can respond. In this article, the author poses a series of pedagogical approaches using a Community Cultural Wealth (Yosso, 2005) lens. In the spirit of testimonio, the author sets the context by articulating his own principles for engagement as a Chicano scholar directly engaged with Latina/o students and communities across the educational pipeline. Then the author shares four concrete pedagogical principles that have been used in his work with students, communities, parents, and in higher education, particularly in a leadership development program. The article concludes with a proposed set of principles focused on Institutionally Responsive Pedagogies driven by Community Cultural Wealth and centers on the ways in which institutions need to shift so that the cultural wealth of Latina/o students and communities are realized across the educational pipeline.
DPP4 truncated GM-CSF and IL-3 manifest distinct receptor-binding and regulatory functions compared with their full-length forms

Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) enzymatically cleaves select penultimate amino acids of proteins, including colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and has been implicated in cellular regulation. To better understand the role of DPP4 regulation of hematopoiesis, we analyzed the activity of DPP4 on the surface of immature blood cells and then comparatively assessed the interactions and functional effects of full-length (FL) and DPP4 truncated (T) factors (T-granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (T-GM-CSF)) and T-interleukin-3 (T-IL-3)) on both in vitro and in vivo models of normal and leukemic cells. T-GM-CSF and -IL-3 had enhanced receptor binding, but decreased CSF activity, compared with their FL forms. Importantly, T-GM-CSF and -IL-3 significantly, and reciprocally, blunted receptor binding and myeloid progenitor cell proliferation activity of both FL-GM-CSF and -IL-3 in vitro and in vivo. Similar effects were apparent in vitro using cluster-forming cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia regardless of cytogenetic or molecular alterations and in vivo using animal models of leukemia. This suggests that DPP4 T-molecules have modified binding and functions compared with their FL counterparts and may serve regulatory roles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Supervisor Control Design of Hybrid Systems Using Timed Petri Nets Based on Invariant Properties

Abstract In this paper, a class of timed Petri nets referred to as programmable timed Petri nets is used to model and control hybrid systems. The approach is illustrated using a gas storage example which has been proposed recently as a benchmark for hybrid modeling. Control algorithms are developed to satisfy safety specifications on the plant's discrete and continuous dynamics. The supervisor control design is based on the place invariants of the Petri net for the discrete specifications and on the natural invariants of the system for the continuous specifications.
Thermodynamic assessment of the chemical stability of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98CrxFe1 − xO3 ± δ under oxygen transport membrane fabrication and operation conditions

Abstract A comprehensive thermodynamic study by applying the CALculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) approach on (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 ) 0.98 Cr x Fe 1 − x O 3 ± δ (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) (LSCrF) has been carried out to investigate the effect of atmosphere, temperature, and B-site dopant concentration on phase stability, solid and liquid phase formation, and microstructural evolution in LSCrF. The simulation results for the chemical stability of LSCrF, exposed to oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) from 0.21 to 10 − 10 atm and temperature from 1000 to 1400 °C, reveal the formation of solid corundum, spinel, La 2 SrFe 2 O 7 , and the liquid phase. The simulations also show the chemical reactions of solid secondary phases with the liquid and perovskites under both equilibrium cooling and fast cooling conditions. The phase stabilities of the LSCrF samples under oxygen transport membrane (OTM) sintering and operation conditions are predicted. The study provides guidance on the densification enhancement of the LSCrF bulk materials during the sintering process through the control of the liquid phase concentration and the perovskite phase separation. In addition, the concerns of the release of the genotoxic carcinogens, i.e. chromium hexavalent (Cr 6 + ) gas species from LSCrF to the environment under the sintering and operation conditions are addressed for the first time.
Cytosolic entry of LPS and activation of noncanonical inflammasome via bacterial outer membrane vesicles

Sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cytosol triggers caspase-11 activation and is central to host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infections and to the pathogenesis of sepsis. Most Gram-negative bacteria that activate caspase-11 however are not cytosolic and the underlying mechanism by which LPS from these bacteria gains access to caspase-11 in the cytosol remains elusive. Here we identify outer membrane vesicles (OMV) produced by Gram-negative bacteria as a vehicle that delivers LPS into the cytosol triggering caspase-11-dependent effector responses in vitro and in vivo. OMV are internalized by macrophages and LPS is released into the cytosol from early and late endosomes. The use of hypovesiculating bacterial mutants, compromised in their ability to generate OMV, reveal the importance of OMV in mediating the cytosolic localization of LPS. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a critical role for OMV in enabling the cytosolic entry of LPS and consequently caspase-11 activation during Gram-negative bacterial infections. In broader terms, our data reveal a fundamental mechanism that serves as a conduit to deliver pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) to the cytosol to alert the immune system. Our data suggest that OMV with the cargo of immunostimulatory PAMP represent a cardinal sign of infection with not only viable but also multiplying bacteria consistent with the “patterns of pathogenesis” hypothesis.
[317-POS]: In vitro model of placental trophoblast differentiation and cytomegalovirus infection

Objectives Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) during pregnancy may cause spontaneous abortions, premature delivery, pre-eclampsia, or permanent neurological disabilities in infants infected in utero. Recent studies demonstrated that HCMV infection inhibits cytotrophoblast (CTB) differentiation into an invasive phenotype resulting in shallow placentation, however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. The lack of an in vitro model that recapitulates the early stages of trophoblast differentiation has hindered efforts to determine the effect of HCMV infection during CTB differentiation. We sought to develop an in vitro model of placental trophoblast differentiation that will allow detailed examination of factors that regulate trophoblast differentiation, as well as, the effect of HCMV infection on trophoblast differentiation and function. Methods Primary trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs) isolated from chorions of first-trimester human placentas (generously provided by Dr. M. McMaster) were allowed to attach to collagen beads and cultured in rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors. Differentiation of TBPCs was assessed by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses for loss of chorionic villi progenitor markers and gain of invasive cytotrophoblast markers. The invasive capacity of cells was monitored by fibrin clot assays. Results Undifferentiated TBPCs express Cytokeratin 7, HMGA2 and OCT4. TBPCs cultured in RWVs, without added growth factors, initially proliferated and formed aggregates. After 5 days in RWVs, TBPCs downregulated expression of OCT4 and upregulated expression of HLA-G, a marker of invasive cytotrophoblasts. Importantly, TBPCs cultured in RWVs displayed invasive ability in the fibrin clot assay. Multinucleated cells characteristic of syncytiotrophoblasts were not observed. Both undifferentiated and differentiated TBPCs were susceptible to infection with clinical and laboratory-adapted strains of HCMV. Conclusions We have developed an in vitro model of placental trophoblast differentiation that will allow detailed examination of factors that regulate trophoblast differentiation, as well as, pathological placental development that increases risk of pre-eclampsia. Disclosures K.F. Swan: None. M. Ferris: None. G. Pridjian: None. C.A. Morris: None. D.E. Sullivan: None.
An image-based feature tracking approach for bolt loosening detection in steel connections

Bolted steel joints are one of the most common types of connections in steel structures. Due to significant loads carried over long-term operation, bolted steel joints are prone to structural damage. Monitoring bolted steel joints is critical to ensure their functionality and structural safety. Among all factors related with joint damage, bolt loosening has been reported as a main cause of the damage of bolted joints. Detecting bolt loosening is therefore critical for the heath assessment of bolted steel joints. Recently, computer vision-based structural health monitoring (SHM) methods have been proposed in many research fields due to the benefits of being low-cost, easy-to-deploy, and contactless. In this study, we propose an image-based feature tracking approach to detect bolt loosening in steel connections. The method relies on a feature tracking algorithm, through which densely distributed feature points can be automatically detected and tracked from multiple images taken at different times. A novel algorithm is established to rapidly search feature points and track the movement of these feature points between images. If the bolt is loosened, feature points associated with the loosened bolt would exhibit a unique rotational movement pattern. By highlighting these feature points, the loosened bolt can be successfully localized. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was verified by a laboratory test of a steel joint using a consumer-grade digital camera.
Matrices that Calcify

A variety of organic matrices are able to initiate or accelerate the precipitation of calcium and phosphate ions from solution (Strates et al., 1957; Santanam, 1959; Bachra et al., 1959; Bachra and Sobel, 1959a; Glimcher et al., 1957; Glimcher, 1960) by a process called heterogeneous nucleation (Neuman and Neuman, 1958; Glimcher et al., 1961a; Taves, 1963). Since mineral is normally deposited extra-cellularly, these observations may help to explain the manner in which the mineral phase of bone is formed and localized. Many of these studies were carried out with collagenous matrices in which the collagen fibers were highly ordered (Strates and Neuman, 1958; Glimcher et al., 1957; Fleisch and Neuman, 1961). Therefore, it has been proposed, in analogy with nucleation phenomena in inorganic chemistry, that such organization is a necessary characteristic of a template which can influence the rate of crystal formation (Neuman and Neuman, 1958; Glimcher, 1960; Solomons et al., 1960; Glimcher et al., 1961a). In man, mineral is found associated with at least three clearly different protein matrices: bone collagen, the enamel protein, and aortic elastin. In the cases of collagen and enamel protein, calcification proceeds as a step in normal tissue development, although the process may vary with each matrix. The mineralization of elastin occurs later in life and appears to be a pathological process.
Hybrid Control of Buildings with Hysteretic Cladding Connection Elements

Publisher Summary This chapter describes analytical investigations of hybrid control systems for buildings designed to combine passive damping provided by cladding-structure interaction with robust active control systems. Hybrid passive–active systems for controlling building seismic response offer combines the best features of each to achieve superior performance. A hybrid control system, consisting of passive cladding and active tendon systems, was found to be an effective means of reducing building seismic response for a broad range of input motion levels. The passive system consisted of heavy cladding combined with specially designed advanced connector elements which dissipate energy at low excitation levels and yet retain structural integrity under larger motion. The passive control forces were introduced through hysteretic interaction between heavy architectural cladding and the supporting structure, while the active control forces were assumed to be generated by an active tendon system. The active tendon system was designed to operate at higher excitation levels. To illustrate the role of hybrid control applications in the seismic response of building structures, simulation studies were performed on a 1/4 scale 6-story steel space frame. When used together, the resulting hybrid system was shown to yield reduced demands on either the passive or active systems acting alone, while at the same time lowering building interstory drift response. Analytical results remain to be verified with laboratory experiments on the case study structure to complete the validation of the concept of heavy cladding systems as part of an economical hybrid control system for buildings in seismic regions.
Uncertain sinks in the shrubs.

Replacement of grassland by shrubland, which is occurring on a large scale in the United States, is thought to lock up considerable amounts of carbon. This 'carbon sink' may be much smaller than previously estimated.
Tunable Delay Line Using Distributed Inductive/Capacitive Miller Effect

The Miller effect of capacitance amplification is extended to coupled transmission lines to design a new type of tunable delay line. Simultaneous variable amplification of inductance and capacitance provides a wide tuning range with constant input characteristic impedance and constant insertion loss. As a proof-of-concept, an integrated four-stage tunable delay line with a high speed phase modulation capability is implemented. The measurement shows 180° tuning range at 30 GHz with the average insertion loss of −11.6 dB and the DC power consumption of 22 mW in a 45-nm SOI CMOS technology.
Impact of a Residency-Integrated Wellness Program on Resident Mental Health, Sleepiness, and Quality of Life.

Background Physicians are poorly trained in balancing the demands of a career in medicine and maintaining personal health. Physician burnout occurs due to demanding hours and psychological conditions unique to the field. Programs that address overall well-being early in residency are necessary to prevent physician burnout and promote physician mental health. Objective To determine the impact of a wellness initiative on anxiety, depression, quality of life, and sleepiness among the resident participants. Methods A wellness program was initiated and available to resident physicians in the Medical University of South Carolina Department of Neurosurgery. Participants attended weekly group workout sessions with biweekly lectures on mental health and sleep hygiene. Eight resident participants underwent baseline and final psychological testing in July 2015 and June 2016 including the Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, the Quality of Life Scale, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Participant perceptions of the program were also assessed with an anonymous survey. Results At the conclusion of the pilot year, improvements were observed in anxiety scores (4 to 2.1; P = .039), quality-of-life scores (82.4 to 95.4; P = .007), and sleepiness (8.3 to 5.7; P = .019). In general, resident perceptions of the program were favorable. Conclusion Residency-incorporated wellness programs are achievable and can benefit resident mental health. Lack of a control group limits the interpretation of the results. Programs such as these may be implemented to promote well-being and combat physician burnout and its associated mental health abnormalities.
Baseline Estimation and Scheduling for Demand Response

Demand Response (DR) programs serve to reduce the demand for electricity at times when the supply is scarce and expensive. Consumers or agents with flexible consumption profiles are recruited by an aggregator who manages the DR program. These agents are paid for reducing their energy consumption from contractually established baselines. Baselines are counter-factual consumption estimates against which load reductions are measured. Baseline consumption and the true cost of load reduction are consumer specific parameters and are unknown to the aggregator. The key components of any DR program are: (a) establishing a baseline against which demand reduction is measured, (b) designing the payment scheme for agents who reduce their consumption from this baseline, and (c) the selection scheme. We propose a self-reported baseline mechanism (SRBM) for the DR program. We show that truthful reporting of baseline and marginal utility is both incentive compatible and individually rational for every consumer under SRBM. We also give a a pod-sorting algorithm based DR scheduling for selecting consumers that is nearly optimal in terms of expected cost of DR provision.
Understanding the NK cytolytic process by studying mechanisms of activation.

It has become apparent from recent observations that the definition of the human NK effector cell is more complex then initially suspected. The effector cell which is a lymphocyte has been most accurately defined functionally by its ability to lyse particular “sensitive” target cells (1–4); however, the active NK cell appears to be Fc receptor positive and possibly of T-cell lineage (5), In addition, a large granular lymphocyte has been isolated which has many of these aforementioned characteristics and also possesses most of the NK and activated NK lytic activity (6). Recent observations have shown that NK activity can be augmented by various in vitro modalities. These stimuli appear to be divided into those that can augment NK activity within minutes to 24 hours of culture (Interferon (IF), Poly-IC, viruses) and those that require 48–72 hours of incubation before detectable augmentation (B-cell lines (MLC), pokeweed mitogen, and fetal calf serum) (2, 5, 7–10). The variable length of exposure required for each of these classes of agents to augment NK activity suggest that there may be multiple stages of differentiation and responsiveness of NK cells. Pre-NK cells have been defined as effector cells possessing NK receptors and therefore able to bind target cells, but needing further activation in order to express their lytic capabilities (11). In addition, agents such as interferon can also enhance the lytic abilities of the pre-NK and NK cells to become functionally more efficient killer cells (activated NK cells) (11).