cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Refuge: Southeast Asian Refugees in the United States, 1975-1985

Recent research and theoretical debates about the economic mobility and labor incorporation of immigrants to the United States have tended to focus on either the individual characteristics of employees (supply-side “human capital”) or the institutional characteristics of employers (demand-side “segmented labor markets”). Structural perspectives and analyses have also shown the heterogeneity of modes of incorporation within immigrant enclaves and in the informal economy. But the experience of Indochinese refugees over the last decade points to the importance of still other variables that combine to provide an alternative to low-wage employment in the secondary labor market. These include a “structure of refuge” created by a complex of state policies, refugee programs and what I call “segmented state welfare systems,” on the one hand; and the size and composition of Indochinese refugee families/households, reflecting a very young age structure and very high fertility and age-dependency ratios for this population, on the other. Most available research, whether approached from individual or institutional perspectives, has tended to neglect a focus either on the pivotal role of women or on the refugee family/household as a unit of analysis. Also neglected is the role of the state, despite the fundamental political processes governing both international refugee flows (their mode of exit) and refugee resettlement in asylum countries (their mode of entry and incorporation). Nationally, almost half of the Indochinese refugee population in the United States is receiving some form of public assistance. There are wide differences in Indochinese welfare dependency rates among the states, however; California and Texas (where most Indochinese refugees are located) provide polar opposite examples. Still, the national welfare rates for Indochinese refugees stand in contrast not only to those of other legal immigrants (to say nothing of illegal immigrants) but also to the rates for other refugees. All of this requires explanation. Here I first describe the historical development of a “structure of refuge” in the United States. This is followed by a detailed examination of the occupational and economic situation of Indochinese refugees in San Diego County, California, based on data from a comprehensive longitudinal survey – the Indochinese Health & Adaptation Research Project (IHARP) – carried out during 1982-1985. Multivariate analyses of refugee earnings and welfare dependency are presented, and the implications of the findings for future research and public policy are discussed.
Determining the sequence of novel therapies in the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Introduction: Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) accounts for about 10% of all lymphomas in the U.S.A. Exceptional progress has been made in the treatment of HL with complete response (CR) rates up to 94% in ...
Dynamic Visual Feedback During Junctional Tourniquet Training

Abstract Background This project involved the development and evaluation of a new visual bleeding feedback (VBF) system for tourniquet training. We hypothesized that dynamic VBF during junctional tourniquet training would be helpful and well received by trainees. Materials and Methods We designed the VBF to simulate femoral bleeding. Medical students (n = 15) and emergency medical service (EMS) members (n = 4) were randomized in a single-blind, crossover study to the VBF or without feedback groups. Poststudy surveys assessing VBF usefulness and recommendations were conducted along with participants' reported confidence using a 7-point Likert scale. Data from the different groups were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank and rank-sum tests. Results Participants rated the helpfulness of the VBF highly (6.53/7.00) and indicated they were very likely to recommend the VBF simulator to others (6.80/7.00). Pre- and post-VBF confidence were not statistically different (P = 0.59). Likewise, tourniquet application times for VBF and without feedback before crossover were not statistically different (P = 0.63). Although participant confidence did not change significantly from beginning to end of the study (P = 0.46), application time was significantly reduced (P = 0.001). Conclusions New tourniquet learners liked our VBF prototype and found it useful. Although confidence did not change over the course of the study for any group, application times improved. Future studies using outcomes of this study will allow us to continue VBF development as well as incorporate other quantitative measures of task performance to elucidate VBF's true benefit and help trainees achieve mastery in junctional tourniquet skills.
The star of David in a cedar tree: Jewish students and Zionism at the American University of Beirut (1908–1948)

The American University of Beirut's emergence as a hub of Arab national and cultural identity in the first half of the twentieth century has been well documented by historians. The simultaneous Zio...
Facing the Challenges of Outcomes Measurement

ABSTRACT Outcomes measurement is becoming an integral part of social work management. However, challenges to successful development and implementation of an outcomes measurement plan exist and often revolve around staff issues. This paper presents some of the challenges and how they might be addressed, specifically through transformational leadership at the team level. The formation of a team is an essential step in the development and implementation of an outcomes measurement framework. Through the use of transformational leadership skills, team leaders can work to ensure a more successful outcomes measurement experience.
A spatially explicit evolutionary algorithm for the spatial partitioning problem

Abstract Spatial optimization seeks optimal allocation or arrangement of spatial units under constraints such as distance, adjacency, contiguity, and pattern. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are well-known optimization heuristics. However, classic EAs, based on a binary problem encoding and bit-operation-based offspring operators, are spatially unaware and do not capture topological and geometric relationships. Unsurprisingly when spatial characteristics are not explicitly considered in the design of EA operators, that EA becomes ineffective because satisfying spatial constraints is computationally expensive. We design and develop novel spatially explicit EA recombination operators, inspired by the path relinking and ejection chain heuristic strategies, that implement crossover and mutation using intelligently guided strategies in a spatially constrained decision space. Our spatial EA approach is general and slots well into the foundational theory of evolutionary algorithms for spatial optimization. We demonstrate improved solution quality and computational performance with a large-scale spatial partitioning application.
Metonymy, metaphor, Patroklos, Achilles

This paper proposes an analysis of the relationship between tenor and vehicle in the simile that Achilles speaks to the weeping Patroklos at Iliad 16.5-11. Conceiving metaphor as based on resemblance (and, inevitably, difference) between tenor and vehicle and metonymy as based on attachment or connection between them, the simile is interpreted as a metaphor for the fused relationship between Achilles and Patroklos (the tenor) whose vehicle is the metonymic relationship between a mother fleeing both the catastrophic, violent consequences of war on women and at the same time her very own child who is desperately trying to stay connected to her mother by grasping at her clothing. The analysis invokes as a striking parallel the research of the pediatric psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott on the birth of metaphor (in the form of a so-called transitional object) that results from the process of a child’s detachment at weaning from her mother.
A Return to Dereverberation in the Frequency Domain Using a Joint Learning Approach

Dereverberation is often performed in the time-frequency domain using mostly deep learning approaches. Time-frequency domain processing, however, may not be necessary when reverberation is modeled by the convolution operation. In this paper, we investigate whether deverberation can be effectively performed in the frequency-domain by estimating the complex frequency response of a room impulse response. More specifically, we develop a joint learning framework that uses frequency-domain estimates of the late reverberant response to assist with estimating the direct and early response. We systematically compare our proposed approach to recent deep learning based approaches that operate in the time-frequency domain. The results show that frequency-domain processing is in fact possible and that it often outperforms time-frequency domain based approaches under different conditions.
Boom and bust of an aquatic invasive species? Population monitoring of the New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) and interactions with native species in Polecat Creek, WY

The invasive New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) has been found to reach densities exceeding 500,000 individuals/m2 in Polecat Creek, located in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in Wyoming. The biomass of P. antipodarum in Polecat Creek has declined in recent years, suggesting the population “boomed and busted”; the population was booming in 2000-2001, but in 2011 the biomass had decreased by ~93%, suggesting a “bust” period for P. antipodarum. Native, net-spinning caddisflies (Hydropsyche spp.) have increased dramatically in biomass from 2001-2010, which may indicate that some native macroinvertebrates have increased in biomass due to release of suppression by P. antipodarum. I collected macroinvertebrate core samples in Polecat Creek to monitor any changes in macroinvertebrate biomass and performed field experiments to determine a possible mechanism by which P. antipodarum may have suppressed Hydropsyche caddisfly populations. I allowed Hydropsyche larvae to establish and build nets on tiles within experimental chambers in Polecat Creek and added “boom” and “bust” densities of P. antipodarum to chambers. Preliminary results showed no significant difference between the number of nets present in control chambers excluding P. antipodarum and chambers containing “boom” and “bust” densities of P. antipodarum. This suggests that P. antipodarum do not actively destroy nets, but may interfere with feeding by clustering upon nets. Featured photo from Figure 2 in report.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana malonyl-CoA synthetase gene enhances cold stress tolerance by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases in plant cells

Malonyl-CoA synthetases may modulate cell responses to abiotic stress by regulating stress-related signaling transduction pathways or activating expression of transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism of cold stress tolerance enhanced by malonyl-CoA synthetase is not fully understood. Here, we report that overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana malonyl-CoA synthetase gene AAE13.1 resulted in increased cell viability and growth rate and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances under cold stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). AAE13.1 was associated with cold stress tolerance by increasing the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase and the accumulation of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Among six rice mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes examined, AAE13.1 overexpression increased the expression of OsMAPK genes during cold stress. AAE13.1 activated expression of stress-response genes OsMAPK1, OsMAPK2, and OsMAPK3, indicating that AAE13.1 enhances cold stress tolerance by regulating expression of MAPK genes in plant cells. These results increase our understanding of cold stress tolerance in species of monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and gymnosperms.
A Review Essay on 'Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California' by Daniel Martinez HoSang

It is probably the case that after Prop. 8 few people think of California as at the frontier of civil rights in this country. Professor HoSang's book helpfully reminds us that this is not news but a pattern. This review essay analyzes HoSang's historical lens into that pattern: that California's repeat performances can be traced to "racial liberalism" and an ideology of "political whiteness."
Identifying current Juul users among emerging adults through Twitter feeds.

Abstract Introduction Juul is the most popular electronic cigarette on the market. Amid concerns around uptake of e-cigarettes by never smokers, can we detect whether someone uses Juul based on their social media activities? This is the central premise of the effort reported in this paper. Several recent social media-related studies on Juul use tend to focus on the characterization of Juul-related messages on social media. In this study, we assess the potential in using machine learning methods to automatically identify Juul users (past 30-day usage) based on their Twitter data. Methods We obtained a collection of 588 instances, for training and testing, of Juul use patterns (along with associated Twitter handles) via survey responses of college students. With this data, we built and tested supervised machine learning models based on linear and deep learning algorithms with textual, social network (friends and followers), and other hand-crafted features. Results The linear model with textual and follower network features performed best with a precision-recall trade-off such that precision (PPV) is 57 % at 24 % recall (sensitivity). Hence, at least every other college-attending Twitter user flagged by our model is expected to be a Juul user. Additionally, our results indicate that social network features tend to have a large impact (positive) on classification performance. Conclusion There are enough latent signals from social feeds for supervised modeling of Juul use, even with limited training data, implying that such models are highly beneficial to very focused intervention campaigns. This initial success indicates potential for more involved automated surveillance of Juul use based on social media data, including Juul usage patterns, nicotine dependence, and risk awareness.
Toll‐like receptor‐4 deficiency inhibits ultraviolet radiation‐induced tumor development by modulation of immune and inflammatory responses

Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation of the skin induces acute inflammation, as characterized by erythema, edema, and immunosuppression, and is subsequently linked to the progression of skin cancer. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a component of innate immunity, has been shown to play an important role in cancer. To elucidate the role of TLR4 in UVB-induced tumor development, TLR4-proficient (C3H/HeN) and TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) mice were exposed to multiple doses of UVB radiation (200 mJ/cm2 ) for 40 weeks. Photocarcinogenesis was retarded in terms of tumor incidence, and tumor latency, in mice deficient in TLR4 compared with TLR4-proficient mice, whereas significantly greater numbers of tumors occurred in TLR4-proficient mice. There was significant upregulation of inflammatory markers like COX-2, PGE2 , S100A8, and S100A9 in the skin of TLR4-proficient mice than the skin of TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, we found that TLR4-proficient mice had a significantly higher number of Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells than TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine was increased and the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokines were decreased in serum, skin, and tumor lysates of TLR4-deficient mice in comparison with samples from TLR4-proficient mice. Together, our data indicate that TLR4-mediated inflammation may cause suppression of antitumor responses and trigger the development of UVB-induced skin cancers. Thus, strategies to inhibit TLR4-mediated immune suppression may allow us to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches for the management of UVB-induced cutaneous tumors.
Tumor control probability (TCP) in hypofractionated radiotherapy as a function of total and hypoxic tumor volumes

Clinical studies in the hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) have shown a reduction in the probability of local tumor control with increasing initial tumor volume. In our earlier work, we obtained and tested an analytical dependence of the TCP (tumor control probability) on the total and hypoxic tumor volumes using conventional radiotherapy model with the linear-quadratic (LQ) cell survival. In this work, this approach is further refined and tested against clinical observations for hypofractionated radiotherapy treatment schedules. Compared to radiotherapy with conventional fractionation schedules, simulations of hypofractionated radiotherapy may require different models for cell survival and the Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER). Our TCP simulations in hypofractionated radiotherapy are based on the LQ model and the Universal Survival Curve (USC) developed for the high doses used in SBRT. The predicted trends in local control as a function of the initial tumor volume were evaluated in SBRT for non-small cell lung cancer. Our results show, that both LQ and USC based models cannot describe the TCP reduction for larger tumor volumes observed in the clinical studies if the tumor is considered completely oxygenated. The TCP calculations are in agreement with the clinical data if the subpopulation of radio-resistant hypoxic cells is considered with the volume that increases as initial tumor volume increases. There are two conclusions which follow from our simulations. First, the extent of hypoxia is likely a primary reason of the TCP reduction with increasing the initial tumor volume in SBRT for non-small cell lung cancer. Second, the LQ model can be an acceptable approximation for the TCP calculations in hypofractionated radiotherapy if the tumor response is defined primarily by the hypoxic fraction. The larger value of OER in the hypofractionated radiotherapy compared to the conventional radiotherapy effectively extends the applicability of the LQ model to larger doses.
Elevated Notch ligands in serum are associated with HIV/TB coinfection.

Abstract Objective There is a clear need for improved biomarkers to diagnose HIV/TB coinfection. Although numerous tests can identify the existence of both of these microbes within the host, a parallel assessment of the host response to HIV/TB coinfection may prove as useful confirmation in cases where microbiological tests are inconclusive. To this end we assessed the levels of Notch ligands found in serum samples of patients with TB, HIV or HIV/TB coinfection. The Notch system is involved in almost every stage of development, including the maturation of the immune response. Upon exposure to a pathogen, the innate immune system will increase expression of Notch ligands Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4. Previous research has demonstrated that Notch ligand expression is increased on monocytes from patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. We hypothesized that if Notch ligands were present in the peripheral blood of individuals diagnosed with TB, they may serve as a novel marker for infection. Design: Serum samples from patients with HIV, TB or HIV/TB coinfection were compared to serum from uninfected individuals to determine levels of DLL1 and DLL4 in a case controlled study. Methods DLL1 and DLL4 were measured by ELISA. Linear regression with post tests were used to determine if levels of DLL1 and DLL4 were increased in individuals with HIV/TB coinfection as compared to individuals infected with either HIV or TB or healthy controls. Results Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4 were significantly increased in the serum of patients with HIV and HIV/ M. tuberculosis coinfection compared to other groups. Conclusions Assessment of Notch ligands in peripheral blood may enhance the diagnosis of individuals with active TB that are co-infected with HIV. The study will also need to be validated in in a larger cohort.
Editorial: Understanding molecular interactions that underpin vascular mechanobiology

Cells are exposed to a variety of mechanical forces in their daily lives, especially endothelial cells that are stretched from vessel distention and are exposed to hemodynamic shear stress from a blood flow. Exposure to excessive forces can induce a disease, but the molecular details on how these cells perceive forces, transduce them into biochemical signals and genetic events, i.e., mechanotransduction, and integrate them into physiological or pathological changes remain unclear. However, seminal studies in endothelial cells over the past several decades have begun to elucidate some of these signals. These studies have been highlighted in APL Bioengineering and elsewhere, describing a complex temporal pattern where forces are sensed immediately by ion channels and force-dependent conformational changes in surface proteins, followed by biochemical cascades, cytoskeletal contraction, and nuclear remodeling that can affect long-term changes in endothelial morphology and fate. Key examples from the endothelial literature that have established these pathways include showing that integrins and Flk-1 or VE-cadherin act as shear stress transducers, activating downstream proteins such as Cbl and Nckβ or Src, respectively. In this Editorial, we summarize a recent literature highlighting these accomplishments, noting the engineering tools and analysis methods used in these discoveries while also highlighting unanswered questions.
Planar cell polarity signaling components are a direct target of β-amyloid–associated degeneration of glutamatergic synapses

The signaling pathway directly controlling the maintenance of adult glutamatergic synapses has not been well understood. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling components were recently shown to play essential roles in the formation of glutamatergic synapses. Here, we show that they are localized in the adult synapses and are essential for their maintenance. Synapse loss at early stages of Alzheimer's disease is thought to be induced by β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. We found that oligomeric Aβ binds to Celsr3 and assists Vangl2 in disassembling synapses. Moreover, a Wnt receptor and regulator of PCP signaling, Ryk, is also required for Aβ-induced synapse loss. In the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Ryk conditional knockout or a function-blocking monoclonal Ryk antibody protected synapses and preserved cognitive function. We propose that tipping of the fine balance of Wnt/PCP signaling components in glutamatergic synapses may cause synapse degeneration in neurodegenerative disorders with Aβ pathology.
Mathematical Constants of Natural Philosophy

Plato's theory of everything is an introduction to a Pythagorean natural philosophy that includes Egyptian sources. The Pythagorean Table and Pythagorean harmonics from the ancient geometry of the Cosmological Circle are related to symbolic associations of basic mathematical constants with the five elements of Plato's allegorical cosmology: Archimedes constant, Euler's number, the polygon circumscribing limit, the golden ratio, and Aristotle's quintessence. Quintessence is representative of the whole, or the one in four, extraneously considered a separate element or fifth force. This relationship with four fundamental interactions or forces also involves the correlation of constants with the five Platonic solids: tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, icosahedron, and dodecahedron. The values of several fundamental physical constants are also calculated, and a basic equation is given for a unified physical theory in the geometric universe of Plato's natural philosophy.
BAD, a declarative logic-based language for brain modeling

We describe a declarative language, called BAD (brain architecture description language), which we have developed for describing and then running brain models. Models are at the system-level of description, so that modules correspond to brain areas. Each module has a process and the set of modules runs in parallel and communicates via channels corresponding to observed brain connectivity. Processes are described using a parallel set of left-to-right first-order logical rules in clause form, but with additional activity in a rule body described by Prolog code. Data items are represented by logical literals. Both data and rules use certainty values. The overall system described by the user consists of more than one agent each controlled by a brain model, and behaving in a 3D virtual environment, which is described by logical literals. Interaction with this environment is described by Prolog code representing sensors and actuators. Brain models have been developed for social interaction, problem-solving, and episodic memory, routine memory and spatial working memory.
Event-Related Potential Studies of Cerebral Specialization during Reading

The Salk institute A number of methodological features were incorporated in a paradigm designed to maximize the likelihood of finding reliable event-related potential (ERP) signs of functional specializations between and within the cerebral hemispheres. Every subject was more accurate in identifying words presented to the right than to the left visual field. The morphology of the ERPs elicited by these words varied considerably as a function of electrode position both within and between the hemispheres. Amplitude asymmetries of ERP components recorded from occipital regions of the two hemispheres varied systematically with the position of the word in the visual field. On the other hand, ERPs from more anterior (temporal and frontal) regions displayed large asymmetries which were in the same direction regardless of the visual field of word presentation. The most prominent such asymmetry was in the negativity in the region 300-500 msec (N410) which was larger in the left than the right hemisphere in every subject. These results demonstrate that in this paradigm which demands specialized language processing ERPs are sensitive to aspects of cerebral organization both within and between the two hemispheres. A large literature has documented the different functional specializations of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in man. While questions remain concerning the specific functions for which each hemisphere is dominant, most investigators concur that the left hemisphere plays a major role in reading, writing, and the production and comprehension of speech, while the right hemisphere is more important for the performance of nonlanguage tasks which require the perception of spatial re
Abstract 830: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and chemosensitivity in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The overall long-term survival for patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains poor. Despite improved understanding of the progression from Barrett's esophagus to dysplasia to adenocarcinoma, patients commonly present with advanced stage disease and demonstrate resistance to conventional therapy, with response rates below 40%. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance is crucial for predicting and overcoming this resistance. Twenty EAC tissues obtained from patients subsequently treated with chemotherapy were examined using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays. Genes differentially expressed in disease-free patients compared to patients with recurrent disease were identified. One such gene, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), is a member of the IGF signaling pathway, which has been shown to play pivotal roles in cell growth, differentiation, survival, transformation, and metastasis. Increased IGFBP-2 expression has been reported in many advanced tumor types and has been previously linked to chemoresistance, making it a promising potential target in EAC. Mean IGFBP-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with recurrent disease and increased expression was associated with worse outcome independent of stage. Of three EAC cell lines examined (Flo-1, OE33, OE19), Flo-1 cells showed the highest IGFBP-2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. To examine the role of IGFBP-2 in chemoresistance, Flo-1 cells were pre-treated with siRNA to IGFBP-2 followed by chemotherapy in the presence or absence of serum and analyzed using WST-1 cell proliferation assays. Knocking down IGFBP-2 sensitized Flo-1 cells to cisplatin in the presence of serum and increased proliferation in serum-free conditions, suggesting that IGFBP-2 may be anti-proliferative in this EAC cell line. In addition, treatment of Flo-1 cells with both acute and chronic doses of cisplatin decreased expression of IGFBP-2. Stable transfection of IGFBP-2 into low-level IGFBP-2-expressing OE33 and OE19 cells did not alter cellular proliferation/chemosensitivity, migration, or epithelial-mesenchymal transition as determined by WST-1, wound healing, and Western analyses, respectively, possibly due to amplification of the ErbB2 gene in these cell lines. Although preliminary data suggest that IGFBP-2 may mediate chemoresistance in EAC, its effects may be masked by more potent genetic alterations. Further analysis of the IGF signaling pathway is warranted to determine its significance in the chemoresistance of EAC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 830. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-830
In vitro effects of keyhole limpet hemocyanin in breast and pancreatic cancer in regards to cell growth, cytokine production, and apoptosis.

Abstract Background We have previously shown the inhibitory effects of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) against breast and pancreatic cancer in vitro. We hypothesize that its actions in breast and pancreas cancer cells are via apoptotic or cytokine pathways. Methods Two breast cancer cell lines, ZR75-1 and MCF-7, and one pancreas cancer cell line, PANC-1, were treated with KLH at 500 μg, 250 μg, and 250 ng/mL. Cell viability, cytokine production, and apoptosis were measured. Results Significant growth inhibition was observed in all cell lines at all KLH concentrations tested. Significant changes in cytokine production were observed in all cell lines. An increase in early and late apoptotic activity was observed in the MCF-7, whereas a reduction in late apoptotic activity was observed in the ZR75-1 cells. Conclusions KLH directly inhibits the growth of human breast and pancreas cancer in vitro by apoptotic and nonapoptotic mechanisms.
The Power of Action Research, Technology and Teacher Education.

Abstract This study is a review of a program and an endeavor that sought to examine the effects of preparing prospective teachers in the skills and abilities of action research, utilizing technological resources, and determining the impact of that upon teacher education efforts. A cohort of secondary student teachers were taught and prepared in the processes and activities associated with action research, a means of identifying one's own issues and concerns with teaching and conducting a valuable study and examination of those issues. They were asked to organize, prepare, present, and evaluate their research activities by utilizing technology and demonstrating these results. Finally, they were asked to evaluate the implications that this effort had on their teacher education program and professional development.
Adsorption of L-aspartate to rutile (α-TiO2): Experimental and theoretical surface complexation studies

Abstract Interactions between aqueous amino acids and mineral surfaces influence many geochemical processes from biomineralization to the origin of life. However, the specific reactions involved and the attachment mechanisms are mostly unknown. We have studied the adsorption of l -aspartate on the surface of rutile (α-TiO 2 , pH PPZC = 5.4) in NaCl(aq) over a wide range of pH, ligand-to-solid ratio and ionic strength, using potentiometric titrations and batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption is favored below pH 6 with a maximum of 1.2 μmol of adsorbed aspartate per m 2 of rutile at pH 4 in our experiments. The adsorption decreases at higher pH because the negatively charged aspartate molecule is repelled by the negatively charged rutile surface above pH PPZC . At pH values of 3–5, aspartate adsorption increases with decreasing ionic strength. The adsorption of aspartate on rutile is very similar to that previously published for glutamate ( Jonsson et al., 2009 ). An extended triple-layer model was used to provide a quantitative thermodynamic characterization of the aspartate adsorption data. Two reaction stoichiometries identical in reaction stoichiometry to those for glutamate were needed. At low surface coverages, aspartate, like glutamate, may form a bridging-bidentate surface species binding through both carboxyl groups, i.e. “lying down” on the rutile surface. At high surface coverages, the reaction stoichiometry for aspartate was interpreted differently compared to glutamate: it likely involves an outer-sphere or hydrogen bonded aspartate surface species, as opposed to a partly inner-sphere complex for glutamate. Both the proposed aspartate species are qualitatively consistent with previously published ATR–FTIR spectroscopic results for aspartate on amorphous titanium dioxide. The surface complexation model for aspartate was tested against experimental data for the potentiometric titration of aspartate in the presence of rutile. In addition, the model correctly predicted a decrease of the isoelectric point with increased aspartate concentration consistent with previously published studies of the aspartate–anatase system. Prediction of the surface speciation of aspartate on rutile indicates that the relative proportions of the two complexes are a strong function of environmental conditions, which should be taken into account in considerations of geochemical systems involving the interactions of biomolecules and minerals in electrolyte solutions.
Electrocatalysis of fuel cells reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic anode catalysts: A selective review

In this review we selectively summarize recent progress, primarily from our laboratory, in the development of interrelationships between the kinetics of the fuel cells reactions and the structure/composition of anode catalysts. The focus is placed on two types of metallic surfaces: platinum single crystals and bimetallic surfaces based on Pt. In the first part it was illustrated that the hydcogen reaction is structure sensitive process, with Pt(110) being an order of magnitude more active than either of the atomically "flatter" (100) and (111) surfaces. The hydrogen reaction on Pt(hkl) modified by pseudomorphic Pd (sub)monolayers shows the "volcano-like" behavior, having the maximum rate on Pt(111) modified by 1 ML of Pd. The Pt(111)-Pd system is used to demonstrate how the energetics of intermediates formed in the hydrogen reaction is affected by interfacial bonding and energetic constraints produced between pseudomorphic Pd films and the Pt(111) substrate. In the second part it was shown that the oxidation of Ha in the presence of CO occurs concurrently with CO oxidation on Pt and Pt bimetallic surfaces. The Pt-Ru system is used to demonstrate that both the bifunctional effect and the ligand effect contribute to the influence of Ru on the CO oxidation rate and for Hz oxidation process in the presence of CO. The knowledge is then used to create the real-life catalyst with the catalytic activities which are, to the greatest extend possible similar to the tailor-made surface.
Design and control of homogeneous azeotropic distillation columns

Abstract In this article we study multiple steady states in ternary homogeneous azeotropic distillation. We show that in the case of infinite reflux and an infinite number of trays, multiple steady states exist when the distillate flow varies non-monotonically along the continuation path of the bifurcation diagram with the distillate flow as the bifurcation parameter. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of these multiple steady states based on the geometry of the distillation region boundaries. We also locate in the composition triangle the feed compositions that lead to these multiple steady states. We further note that most of these results are independent of the thermodynamic model used. We show that the prediction of the existence of multiple steady states in the case of infinite reflux and an infinite number of trays has relevant implications for columns operating at finite reflux and with a finite number of trays. Using numerically constructed bifurcation diagrams for specific examples, we show that these multiplicities tend to vanish for small columns and/or for low reflux flows. Finally, we comment on the effect of multiplicities on column design and operation for some specific examples.
Efficient Hydrogen photoproduction by synchronously grown cells of a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Miami BG 043511, under high cell density conditions

The capability of hydrogen photoproduction under high cell density conditions was examined using synchronously grown cells of nitrogen-fixing Synechococcus sp. Miami BG 043511. Optimum hydrogen yield was obtained when vessels (25 ml) contained 0.2 to 0.3 mg chlorophyll (a) in 3-mL cell suspension. During a 24-h incubation period, an initial phase of hydrogen and carbon dioxide production and a subsequent phase of carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen accumulated as major products after 24 h. after the initial 24-h. After the initial 24-h incubation, as high as 7.4 and 3.7 L (at standard condition) of hydrogen and oxygen, respectively, accumulated in vessels with 22-ml gas phase. This indicated that the pressure in the flask increased to 1.5 atmosphere. Energy conversion efficiency based on photosynthetically active radiation (25 W/m(2)) was about 2.6%. However, increased pressure somehow reduced the duration of hydrogen production. Duration of hydrogen and oxygen production was prolonged by periodical (24-h interval) gas replacement during incubation. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal expansion of tungsten in the range 1500–3600 K by a transient interferometric technique

The linear thermal expansion of tungsten has been measured in the temperature range 1500–3600 K by means of a transient (subsecond) interferometric technique. The tungsten selected for these measurements was the standard reference material SRM 737 (a standard for thermal expansion measurements at temperatures up to 1800 K). The basic method involved rapidly heating the specimen from room temperature up to and through the temperature range of interest in less than 1 s by passing an electrical current pulse through it and simultaneously measuring the specimen temperature by means of a high-speed photoelectric pyrometer and the shift in the fringe pattern produced by a Michelson-type interferometer. The linear thermal expansion was determined from the cumulative shift corresponding to each measured temperature. The results for tungsten may be expressed by the relation $$\begin{gathered} (l - l_0 )/l_0 = 1.3896 \times 10^{ - 3} - 8.2797 \times 10^{ - 7} T + 4.0557 \times 10^{ - 9} T^2 \hfill \\ - 1.2164 \times 10^{ - 12} T^3 + 1.7034 \times 10^{ - 16} T^4 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereT is in K andl0 is the specimen length at 20°C. The maximum error in the reported values of thermal expansion is estimated to be about 1% at 2000 K and approximately 2% at 3600 K.
Accountability and the Pressures To Exclude: A Cautionary Tale from England

Recent studies have produced conflicting findings about whether test-based rewards and sanctions create incentives that improve student performance, or hurdles that increase dropout and pushout rates from schools. This article reports the findings from a study that examined the impact of England's accountability reforms and investigated whether the confluent pressures associated with increased testing, school ranking systems, and other sanctions contributed to higher levels of student exclusion (expulsion and suspension). The study found that England's high-stakes approach to accountability, combined with the dynamics of school choice and other curriculum and testing pressures led to a narrowing of the curriculum, the marginalization of low-performing students, and a climate perceived by teachers to be less tolerant of students with academic and behavioral difficulties. A comparison of higher- and lower-excluding schools, however, found that these effects were more pronounced in the higher-excluding schools, which lacked strong systems and internal structures for supporting staff communication, teacher collaboration, and students' individual needs. The study offers an international perspective on recent trends toward greater accountability in education, pointing to a complex inter-relationship between the pressures of national policies and the unintended consequences on schools' organizational and teachers' instructional capacities. The study's findings raise particular implications for the United States and show that in the design of accountability systems, attention must be paid to how the pressures from accountability will affect the capacity of schools and teachers to respond to students who are low-performing and struggling academically.
Correctness of monadic state: an imperative call-by-need calculus

The extension of Haskell with a built-in state monad combines mathematical elegance with operational efficiency: -Semantically, at the source language level, constructs that act on the state are viewed as functions that pass an explicit store data structure around. -Operationally, at the implementation level, constructs that act on the state are viewed as statements whose evaluation has the side-effect of updating the implicit global store in place.There are several unproven conjectures that the two views are consistent.Recently, we have noted that the consistency of the two views is far from obvious: all it takes for the implementation to become unsound is one judiciously-placed beta-step in the optimization phase of the compiler. This discovery motivates the current paper in which we formalize and show the correctness of the implementation of monadic state.For the proof, we first design a typed call-by-need language that models the intermediate language of the compiler, together with a type-preserving compilation map. Second, we show that the compilation is semantics-preserving by proving that the compilation of every source axiom yields an observational equivalence of the target language. Because of the wide semantic gap between the source and target languages, we perform this last step using an additional intermediate language.The imperative call-by-need λ-Calculus is of independent interest for reasoning about system-level Haskell code providing services such as memo-functions, generation of new names, etc., and is the starting point for reasoning about the space usage of Haskell programs.
Stem cell repair of central nervous system injury.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have great potential as a therapeutic tool for the repair of a number of CNS disorders. NSCs can either be isolated from embryonic and adult brain tissue or be induced from both mouse and human ES cells. These cells proliferate in vitro through many passages without losing their multipotentiality. Following engraftment into the adult CNS, NSCs differentiate mainly into glia, except in neurogenic areas. After engraftment into the injured and diseased CNS, their differentiation is further retarded. In vitro manipulation of NSC fate prior to transplantation and/or modification of the host environment may be necessary to control the terminal lineage of the transplanted cells to obtain functionally significant numbers of neurons. NSCs and a few types of glial precursors have shown the capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and to remyeliate the demyelinated axons in the CNS, but the functional extent of remyelination achieved by these transplants is limited. Manipulation of endogenous neural precursors may be an alternative therapy or a complimentary therapy to stem cell transplantation for neurodegenerative disease and CNS injury. However, this at present is challenging and so far has been unsuccessful. Understanding mechanisms of NSC differentiation in the context of the injured CNS will be critical to achieving these therapeutic strategies. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative stability of the interglycoside bonds of sucrose to acid hydrolysis in H218O

Abstract Sucrose, a disaccharide with two interglycoside bonds, was hydrolyzed with acid in H 2 18 O. Through a kinetic study of the labeling of d -glucose with 18 O, an estimate was made of the relative stabilities of the two bonds. It was found in agreement with the known greater lability of fructofuranosides compared to glucopyranosides that for every glucopyranosyl-oxygen bond split three fructofuranosyl-oxygen bonds were hydrolyzed.
Gentrification and urban children's well-being: tipping the scales from problems to promise.

Gentrification changes the neighborhood and family contexts in which children are socialized—for better and worse—yet little is known about its consequences for youth. This review, drawn from research in urban planning, sociology, and psychology, maps out mechanisms by which gentrification may impact children. We discuss indicators of gentrification and link neighborhood factors, including institutional resources and collective socialization, to family processes more proximally related to child development. Finally, we discuss implications for intervention and public policy recommendations that are intended to tip the scales toward better outcomes for low-income youth in gentrifying areas.
Performance of SynerGraft Decellularized Pulmonary Homograft in Patients Undergoing a Ross Procedure

Background In the Ross aortic valve replacement (AVR), a pulmonary allograft normally replaces the autotransplanted pulmonary valve. Despite the Ross advantages vs other AVR procedures, there has been a small but unpredictable risk of early structural allograft valve deterioration, usually manifested by shrinkage and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. This study analyzed our results of the Ross AVR using a new CryoValve SynerGraft (CryoLife Inc, Kennesaw, GA) decellularized pulmonary allograft (SGDPA) and compared it with the standard cryopreserved allograft (SCA) used during the same period. Methods Between 2000 and 2009, 29 patients received a SGDPA and 34 received the SCA during Ross AVR. Patients were a mean age at implant of 28.6 ± 16.0 years (range, 4 months to 58 years). Retrospective data included reported adverse events, and the most recent hemodynamic data were collected. Results No early or late deaths or significant morbid events occurred during the mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 2.7 years (range, 2 months to 9 years). No patient required conduit reoperation. The median peak gradient at discharge was 12 mm Hg and was not significant at last follow-up. No deterioration in conduit valve function occurred in the SGDPA group. Mild conduit regurgitation developed in several SCA patients, and one patient had moderate regurgitation. No patient reached our definition of conduit dysfunction (peak gradient: 40 mm Hg or >2+ regurgitation). Conclusions The SGDPA conduit is an alternative to the SCA for the Ross AVR. The early clinical and hemodynamic results are encouraging but were not significantly different from the SCA. SynerGraft technology may provide a more durable option for patients who need right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Further long-term follow-up is needed to see if this decellularization process improves long-term allograft durability.