cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The specified boundary stiffness/force SBSF method for finite element subregion analysis

It is difficult to analyse a large, complex structure in sufficient detail to obtain accurate results everywhere. One approach is simply to refine the whole structure model in the regions of interest. Another approach is to identify a subregion of the structure and develop a separate refined model of the subregion. It is difficult to assure accuracy in this subregion model because of uncertainties in specifying boundary conditions and loading from the whole structure model solution. In the current literature, three methods other than whole model refinement have been described to deal with this problem. These are called the specified boundary displacement method, the linear constraint method and the zooming method. This paper describes a new approach to this problem of modelling subregions. This approach uses the stiffnesses and forces from the whole model solution at the nodes on the boundary of the sub-region model. Accurate displacement and stress solutions are obtained with this method as it takes into account the interaction between the new stiffness of the subregion and the rest of the structure. This approach is similar to substructuring; however, the equations outside the subregion are discarded rather than condensed out, which results in much less computation effort. Examples of the application of this method to the problem of a plate with a centre hole in tensile loading are presented. The results compared favourably with the results of the same problem solved using other methods, with significant improvement in accuracy over the specified boundary displacement method. Also presented are some results from design modification of the subregion which illustrate the potential of this method for redesign application.
The family management of breastfeeding low birth weight infants

Human milk plays a vital role in the health and development of low birth weight (LBW) infants, yet the initiation and duration rates of breastfeeding in this population are far below those of term infants. Families play an important role in the breastfeeding experience and therefore may contribute to the overall success or lack thereof of the experience. This qualitative study used naturalistic inquiry to describe the family management styles of 13 breastfeeding families of LBW infants. The family management style conceptual framework guided this inquiry, with management styles emerging from the families' definition of the experience and their management behaviors within their unique sociocultural context. These families described facilitating, maintaining, and obstructing family management styles. Through the identification of distinct management styles, interventions may be developed that will assist these families to achieve their breastfeeding goals.
Medical x-ray imaging applications of the TEK2048 CCD

The large physical size of the TK2048 CCD and the high quantum efficiency of the silicon photosensitive surface makes possible X-ray quantum noise limited imaging in both lens coupled and fiber optic coupled configurations that afford advantages over current state-of-the-art X-ray image intensifier based systems. This paper discusses the system tradeoffs and includes examples of X-ray images made using the 2048x2048 pixel, 55mm square format TK2048 CCD.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Emotion as a Mediator of the Influence of Gender on Advertising Effectiveness: Gender Differences in Online Self-Reports

This study featured a mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA design wherein subjects were exposed to three emotional and three nonemotional public service advertising appeals. The results showed that in online self-reporting situations where message recipients report on their emotions immediately after exposure to an affectively charged advertising appeal, women reported significantly stronger emotions than their male counterparts only in response to the three emotional ads. The findings also showed that even when individual differences in affect intensity were accounted for, emotion was clearly the factor that mediated the influence of gender on advertising effectiveness in all three emotional ads.
Morphological and biochemical effects of gentamicin and cyclosporin-a on urinary cell phospholipids and phospholipases in man

The morphology, lipid composition, and activity of sphingomyelinase (E.C. 3.1.4.12) and phospholipases A (E.C. 3.1.1.32) and C (E.C. 3.1.4.3) were studied in the urinary cells from four normal subjects, four patients receiving gentamicin (G), and four patients receiving cyclosporin-A (CsA). We report that abnormal urinary excretion of proximal tubular cells occurred in patients receiving G and CsA. Membrane-enclosed sudanophilic material and numerous vacuoles were found in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubular cells from both patients receiving G and those receiving CsA. Patients receiving G shed higher levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and sphingomyelin (SM) in the order of 78%, 38%, and 30% relative to normal. In contrast, the excretions of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PC were 50% and 30% lower, respectively, in patients receiving CsA as compared to control. Sphingomyelin levels, however, were moderately elevated in these patients' urinary renal tubular cells. The activity of acid sphingomyelinase was one half the normal level in the cells of patients receiving G and CsA. The most striking result was a tenfold decrease in the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase in patients receiving G. In contrast, the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase in patients receiving CsA was similar to control. Phospholipase A activity was decreased and increased 35% and 15%, respectively, in urinary proximal tubular cells from patients receiving G and CsA. We conclude that deficient neutral sphingomyelinase activity precedes phospholipid (PL) overloading and gross pathological changes in patients receiving gentamicin but not in patients receiving cyclosporin-A.
The effect of brief functional relaxation on college students' needle anxiety during injected vaccinations.

Abstract Objective: This study examined the effect of brief functional relaxation (FR) training on needle anxiety (NA) during vaccinations. Participants: From October 2010 through May 2012, 48 undergraduates were recruited through the psychology research participant pool. Methods: Students (N = 48) were randomly assigned to a 15-minute brief FR session delivered via MP3 player or a standard care condition (15 minutes of sitting quietly) prior to receiving injections at the immunization clinic. Measures were completed before (T1) and after (T2) the assigned condition, assessing expected NA, state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate; and after the injection (T3), self-reported NA during the injection. Results: Unexpectedly, the groups did not differ at T2. However, during the injection, brief FR participants indicated lower self-reported NA (T3) than standard care. Conclusions: Brief FR is a simple, inexpensive technique that may reduce NA in college health settings and help decrease delays in treatment...
Effect of arsenate and molybdate on removal of selenate from an aqueous solution by zero-valent iron

Abstract Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is an inexpensive agent that can remove many common environmental contaminants. We investigated the effects of arsenate [As(V)] and molybdate [Mo(VI)] on the removal of selenate [Se(VI)] (1000 μg/L) in a 5 mM Cl − and SO 4 2− solution by ZVI. Analysis of selenium (Se) species in a control experiment revealed that there was no detectable selenite [Se(IV)] in the solution and Se(IV) was the only dominant form of Se in the PO 4 3− extract, revealing that the removal of Se(VI) by ZVI appeared to be partly attributed to the reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) by Fe(II) oxidized from ZVI, followed by rapid adsorption of Se(IV) to Fe oxyhydroxes (Fe OH ). Addition of As(V) in a range of 5 to 25 mg/L in the solution did not affect Se(VI) removal. As(V) was removed at much faster rates than Se(VI). It took 16 h for ZVI to completely remove As(V) from the solutions, whereas it needed 31 h to remove 99% of the added Se(VI). Addition of Mo(VI) to the solution significantly affects the removal of Se. After 16 h, 99%, 98%, and 73% of the added Mo(VI) was removed from the solutions with 10, 50, and 200 mg/L Mo(VI) added, respectively. Whereas about 18%, 38%, and 78% of the added Se(VI) still remained in the solutions, respectively. This study suggests that a sequence for rapid element removal by ZVI is As(V) > Mo(VI) > Se(VI) and that ZVI can be used to effectively remove a high concentration level of As(V), Mo(VI), and Se(VI) from water.
E1A Blocks Hyperphosphorylation of p130 and p107 without Affecting the Phosphorylation Status of the Retinoblastoma Protein

The phosphorylation status of the pRB family of growth suppressor proteins is regulated in a cell cycle entry-, progression-, and exit-dependent manner in normal cells. We have shown previously that p130, a member of this family, exhibits patterns of phosphorylated forms associated with various cell growth and differentiation stages. However, human 293 cells, which are transformed cells that express the adenoviral oncoproteins E1A and E1B, exhibit an abnormal pattern of p130 phosphorylated forms. Here we report that, unlike pRB, the phosphorylation status of both p130 and p107 is not modulated during the cell cycle in 293 cells as it is in other cells. Conditional overexpression of individual G1/S cyclins in 293 cells does not alter the phosphorylation status of p130, suggesting that the expression of E1A and/or E1B blocks hyperphosphorylation of p130. In agreement with these observations, transient cotransfection of vectors expressing E1A 12S, but not E1B, in combination with pocket proteins into U-2 OS cells blocks hyperphosphorylation of both p130 and p107. However, the phosphorylation status of pRB is not altered by cotransfection of E1A 12S vectors. Moreover, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts stably expressing E1A 12S also exhibit a block in hyperphosphorylation of endogenous p130 and p107. Direct binding of E1A to p130 and p107 is not required for the phosphorylation block since E1A 12S mutants defective in binding to the pRB family also block hyperphosphorylation of p130 and p107. Our data reported here identify a novel function of E1A, which affects p130 and p107 but does not affect pRB. Since E1A does not bind the hyperphosphorylated forms of p130, this function of E1A might prevent the existence of “free” hyperphosphorylated p130, which could act as a CDK inhibitor.
Space Vector Pulsewidth Amplitude Modulation for a Buck–Boost Voltage/Current Source Inverter

This paper proposes a space vector pulsewidth amplitude modulation (SVPWAM) method for a buck-boost voltage/current source inverter. For a voltage source inverter, the switching loss is reduced by 87%, compared to a conventional sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) method. For a current source inverter, the switching loss is reduced by 60%. In both cases, the power density is increased by a factor of 2 to 3. In addition, it is also verified that the output harmonic distortions of SVPWAM is lower than SPWM, by only using one-third switching frequency of the latter one. A 1-kW boost-converter-inverter prototype has been built and tested using this modulation method. The maximum overall system efficiency of 96.7% has been attained at full power rating. The whole system power density reaches 2.3 kW/L and 0.5 kW/lb. The numbers are remarkable at this power rating. As a result, it is feasible to use SVPWAM to make the buck-boost inverter suitable for applications that require high efficiency, high power density, high temperature, and low cost. Such applications include electric vehicle motor drive or engine starter/alternator.
Creating a hypertext markup language document for an information server

This paper briefly overviews the World-Wide Web. It then provides a short tutorial on the use of the hypertext markup language to publish information on the web. Hypertext markup language is a special page-layout language that was developed to help make creating and retrieving information on the web consistent and efficient. Hyperlinks within hypertext markup language make the language especially powerful because they enable the browser to transparently retrieve images, movies, or audio files from virtually any computer on earth simply by clicking on an item displayed on the monitor.
Orthoses posted in both the forefoot and rearfoot reduce moments and angular impulses on lower extremity joints during walking

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of orthoses designed to support the forefoot and rearfoot on the kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremity joints during walking. Fifteen participants volunteered for this study. Kinematic and kinetic variables during overground walking were compared with the participants wearing sandals without orthoses or sandals with orthoses. Orthoses increased knee internal abduction moment during late stance and knee abduction angular impulse, and reduced the medial ground reaction force during late stance, adduction free moment, forefoot eversion angle, ankle inversion moment and angular impulse, hip adduction angle, hip abduction moment, and hip external rotation moment and angular impulse (p<0.05). Orthoses decreased the torsional forces on the lower extremity and reduced the loading at the hip during walking. These findings combined with our previous studies and those of others suggest that forefoot abnormalities are critically important in influencing lower extremity kinematics and kinetics, and may underlie some non-traumatic lower extremity injuries.
THE PROPOSED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE FERMILAB D0 COLLIDING BEAMS DETECTOR

Abstract The Fermilab D0 Detector is a collaborative effort that includes seventeen universities and national laboratories. The monitoring and control system for this detector will be separate from the online detector data system. A distributed, stand-alone, microprocessor-based system is being designed to allow monitoring and control functions to be available to the collaborators at their home institutions during the design, fabrication, and testing phases of the project. Individual stations are VMEbus-based 68000 systems that are networked together during installation using an ARCnet (by Datapoint Corporation) Local Area Network. One station, perhaps a MicroVAX, would have a hard disk to store a backup copy of the distributed database located in non-volatile RAM in the local stations. This station would also serve as a gateway to the online system, so that data from the control system will be available for logging with the detector data. Apple Macintosh personal computers are being developed for use as the local control consoles. Each would be interfaced to ARCnet to provide access to all control system data. Through the use of bit-mapped graphics with multiple windows and pull-down menus, a cost effective, flexible display system can be provided, taking advantage of familiar modern software tools to support the operator interface.
Vitamin D deficiency in urban indigent patients in Southern California.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory and hospitalized patients from a large urban county medical center in Southern California, and assess th...
Heavy rainfall in complex terrian: insights from a numerical model

A numerical model is employed to study heavy rainfall events in complex terrain. The model uses a limited-fine-mesh grid and a nested grid, but does not utilize the same set of equations on both grids. Two similar, heavy rainfall cases are contrasted with each other and with a moderate precipitation case. Sensitivity experiments illustrate the effects of topography, synoptic forcing and diabatic heating on these episodes. Model results indicate that heavy rainfall in complex terrain requires a suitable superposition of mass, momentum and moisture fields in relation to the topography. It is the mass and momentum fields, however, which primarily control the location of heaviest precipitation. Synoptically similar events may be different in their underlying causes. The diabatic heating distribution may in some cases be essential to creating such episodes heavy rain.
Limitations of Listing Specific Medical Interventions in Advance Directives

Recent events, including the Cruzan decision and the passage of the Patient Self-Determination Act, have renewed interest in the strengths and limitations of various types of advance directives. In one well-known approach, the competent person indicates preferences for or against a series of specific medical interventions that might be considered if the person loses decision-making capacity. However, such lists of interventions may shift attention away from overall treatment goals or may prescribe inappropriate medical care. Moreover, listing specific interventions in advance does not necessarily enhance self-determination or reduce uncertainty in decision making. ( JAMA . 1991;266:825-828)
DEVELOPMENT OF THE “GETTING READY FOR YOUR NEXT JOB” INVENTORY FOR UNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS

This article describes the development of a self-administered inventory to provide unemployed job seekers of varying education levels and backgrounds with insight into their job search. The inventory was refined in 5 phases with multiple samples. Evidence for predictive validity was provided by examining the relationship between the inventory components ( job-search intensity, Internet use, job-search confidence, job-search clarity, support, stress and worry, skills, barriers, job-search experience, difference between last wage and wage desired, time spent in job search, and number of interviews in last 2 weeks) and employment outcomes several months later. The inventory, titled “Getting Ready for Your Next Job” (YNJ), is shown in the Appendix. Interested users may download a PDF or Microsoft Word version of the YNJ from http://www.ynj.csom.umn.edu/.
The determination of Alpha‐estradiol and the other estrogenic diols by infrared spectrophotometry

A method is described for the determination of the estrogenic diols, α- and β-estradiol, α-dihydroequilin, and α- and β-dihydroequilenin in mixtures. A separation into three fractions is made by partition chromatography and the components of the fractions are determined by infrared spectrophotometry. Base-line optical density measurements are made at selected peaks for each compound and concentrations are calculated by comparison with standards. The results of analysis of a series of control samples are reported.
Patterns of neuromuscular activity following tendon transfer in the upper limb: A preliminary study

Early results of a continuing study of the electrical activity of muscles after transfer, with an integrated system of electromyographic and video tape recording, recorded motions of the simple voluntary type, mostly with isometric contractions. A triceps-to-biceps transfer showed activity in the new motion one day after operation. A partial transfer of the pectoralis major (Clark) demonstrated isolated activity of the transfer after one year. A superficialis transfer to clawed ring and little fingers functioned to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and to extend the interphalangeal joints. Transfer of superficialis to finger extensors showed that antagonists acted to provide unresisted extension. The original phasic activity of a muscle was retained in a study of extensor indicis proprius to thumb for opposition. New phasic activity was shown in transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus to digital flexors. In two instances of transfer of spastic wrist flexors to wrist extensors, the original phasic activity was retained, but in only one was the function assumed by the transfer even though wrist extension was improved.
The politics of deregulation: Public participation in the FCC rulemaking process for DBS

Abstract This study examines public participation in the deregulation era, with an emphasis on citizen participation, through the rulemaking process for direct broadcast satellite. Its findings suggest that citizens, as groups and as individuals, participated in the policy-making arenas in the formation of deregulatory policy, but with a fraction of the intensity and stamina of the more active participants such as industry interest groups. For those who have a commitment to fostering greater participation by citizens in shaping US communication policy, this study reveals some troubling questions about a course of action in policy making.
Self-consistent electronic structure of 6- and 18-layer Cu(111) films

With the use of the self-consistent linear combination of Gaussian orbitals method, the energy bands of 6- and 18-layer Cu(111) films are calculated and compared with earlier calculations of 7- and 19-layer Cu(001) films. A large number of surface-state and surface-resonance bands are found, including one pushed out of the top of the $d$ bands throughout the two-dimensional Brillouin zone. A comparison is made of the actual surface excess electronic charge with that obtained from a projected density of states, and the meaning of the discrepancy is discussed.
Convergence of Volterra series representation and BIBO stability of bilinear systems

Convergence of the Volterra series representation for time-varying bilinear systems is discussed. If the bilinear slate equation martrices are uniformly bounded then, for bounded system inputs, the Volterra series representation converges uniformly on a finite time interval [lo T]. If. in addition, the system's zero-input response is uniformly asymptotically stable, we obtain the class of bounded system inputs for which the Volterra series representation converges uniformly on the infinite lime interval [0, ∞). The results are then used to obtain sufficient conditions for the BIBO stability of bilinear systems.
Intercostal muscle flap reduces the pain of thoracotomy: A prospective randomized trial

Background Thoracotomy is associated with significant pain and morbidity. Methods We performed a prospective randomized trial over 4 months. Patients were randomized to a standard posterior-lateral thoracotomy or an identical procedure, except an intercostal muscle was harvested from the lower rib (to protect the intercostal nerve) before chest retraction. To ensure an equal distribution among both groups, patients were stratified by race, sex, and type of pulmonary resection. All patients received similar pain management. Pain was assessed by using multiple pain scores during hospitalization and after discharge. Outcomes assessed were pain scores, spirometric values, analgesic use, and activity level. Results There were 114 patients. The median time for intercostal muscle harvesting was 3.7 minutes. The numeric pain scores were lower for the intercostal muscle group on postoperative days 1 and 2 and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 ( P Conclusions The harvesting of an intercostal muscle flap before chest retraction decreases the pain of thoracotomy and leads to a lower decrease in spirometry. In addition, patients have less pain at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively and are less likely to be using narcotics. Finally, it offers a pedicled muscle flap that takes little time to harvest and is able to buttress all bronchi after lobectomy.
Use of the SPASM software monitor to evaluate the performance of the Burroughs B6700

The benefit to be derived from a large multi-purpose system, such as the B6700, is that many jobs of very diverse characteristics can (or should) be processed concurrently in a reasonable period of time. Recognizing that certain inefficiencies may result from improper or uncontrolled use, it is necessary to evaluate the computer system carefully to assure satisfactory performance.
Thermally distinct craters near Hrad Vallis, Elysium Planitia, Mars

Abstract Evidence of volcano–ground ice interactions on Mars can provide important constraints on the timing and distribution of martian volcanic processes and climate characteristics. Northwest of the Elysium Rise is Hrad Vallis, a ∼ 370 m deep, 800 km long sinuous valley that begins in a source region at 34° N, 218° W. Flanking both sides of the source region is a lobate deposit that extends ∼ 50 km perpendicular from the source and is an average of ∼ 40 m thick. Previous studies have suggested the formation of the Hrad Vallis source region was the result of explosive magma–ice interaction and that the lobate deposit is a mudflow; here we use newly available MOLA, MOC, and THEMIS data to investigate the evidence supporting this hypothesis. Within the lobate deposit we have identified 12 craters with thermal infrared signatures and morphologies that are distinct from any other craters or depressions in the region. The thermally distinct craters are distinguished by their cool interiors surrounded by warm ejecta in the nighttime THEMIS IR data and warm interiors surrounded by cool ejecta in the daytime THEMIS IR data. The craters are typically 1100–1800 m in diameter (one crater is ∼ 2300 m across) and 30–40 m deep, but may be up to 70 m. The craters are typically circular and have central depressions (several with interior dune fill) surrounded by ∼1 to >6 concentric fracture sets. The distribution of the craters and their morphology suggests that they are likely the result of the interaction between a hot mudflow and ground ice.
Serum Organochlorines and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study among African-American Women

This population-based case–control study of African-American women (355 breast cancer case patients, 327 controls) examined the association between breast cancer and circulating levels of PCBs and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), a metabolite of DDT. Case patients were diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma and interviewed between June 1995 and July 1998, and control subjects were identified by random digit dialing methods. Serum levels of DDE and total PCBs were adjusted for total lipid content. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable unconditional logistic regression methods. Effect modification by tumor receptor status and cancer treatment was investigated. Breast cancer risk was not associated with increasing quintiles of lipid-adjusted PCBs or DDE (highest versus lowest quintile adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI) and breastfeeding for DDE: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = (0.61, 1.72), p-trend = 0.74; for PCBs: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = (0.63, 1.63), p-trend = 0.56). Risk did not differ by strata of BMI, breastfeeding, parity, menopausal status or tumor receptor status. This study, the largest study of African-American women to date, does not support a role of DDE and total PCBs in breast cancer risk at the levels measured.
Peritubular dentin, a highly mineralized, non-collagenous, component of dentin: isolation and capture by laser microdissection

We demonstrate the capability and technique to perform microdissection and isolation of select regions of untreated, mineralized dentin using laser capture. Dentin is a complex, non-homogeneous tissue comprised of a mineralized collagenous matrix (intertubular dentin [ITD]), odontoblastic processes (ODPs), a void space (tubules) that forms within the ITD left behind by the retraction of ODPs during dentin maturation, and a highly mineralized non-collagenous component that exists at the interface between the tubules and ITD known as peritubular dentin (PTD). PTD forms as the dentin matures. The ODPs retract toward the direction of the pulp; leaving very little PTD at either the DEJ or near the pulp. Statistical analysis of thin cross-sections of coronal bovine dentin imaged by light microscopy reveal that the area occupied by PTD >50%. To examine the nature of PTD and its relation to both the tubules and ITD, we devised a series of steps to carefully prepare sections of coronal bovine dentin so that areas of the dentin tissue could be cut and isolated for further analysis. We demonstrate that it is possible to selectively isolate targeted regions of dentin for analysis and that high resolution analysis of such sections can be performed using electron microscopy. Results show that the mineralized PTD has a different texture than mineralized ITD and that there is a distinct boundary between the PTD and the ITD. Selective isolation of mineralized tissue components for further analytical study opens the door for the investigation of similar enigmatic mineralized structures.
Overview by an oncologist: What are the imaging needs of the oncologist and oncological surgeon?

Imaging techniques play an important role in the management of the care of the patient who has suspected or known malignancy. Currently available tests have high sensitivity, but low specificity and high false-positive rates. For example, computed tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging provide sensitive cross sectional imaging and have improved the detection of small lesions without increasing etiologic specificity. Many masses cannot be further characterized with current imaging studies which may be a particular problem in the assessment of residual disease versus fibrosis. Often, results of these imaging studies create new problems and confusion that require additional tests and sometimes invasive approaches in order to obtain definite answers. Clearly, the oncologist and oncological surgeon need new screening tests with increased specificity without losing sensitivity for most common cancers, and new imaging techniques for staging and follow-up of very small volume tumors without sacrificing specificity. New nuclear medicine techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) scan or immunoscintigraphy may provide a functional evaluation of a tumor for screening, staging, and follow-up. Initial results of immunoscintigraphy and PET imaging are very encouraging. They may in the future provide prognostic evaluation addition to anatomical assessment of tumor. Additionally, these new imaging studies survey the entire body and detect metastases at multiple sites (regional and distal) simultaneously. Therefore, we should determine the role of these imaging techniques in carefully controlled prospective trials.
Moving towards a real-time system for automatically recognizing stereotypical motor movements in individuals on the autism spectrum using wireless accelerometry

This paper extends previous work automatically detecting stereotypical motor movements (SMM) in individuals on the autism spectrum. Using three-axis accelerometer data obtained through wearable wireless sensors, we compare recognition results for two different classifiers -- Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree -- in combination with different feature sets based on time-frequency characteristics of accelerometer data. We use data collected from six individuals on the autism spectrum who participated in two different studies conducted three years apart in classroom settings, and observe an average accuracy across all participants over time ranging from 81.2% (TPR: 0.91; FPR: 0.21) to 99.1% (TPR: 0.99; FPR: 0.01) for all combinations of classifiers and feature sets. We also provide analyses of kinematic parameters associated with observed movements in an attempt to explain classifier-feature specific performance. Based on our results, we conclude that real-time, person-dependent, adaptive algorithms are needed in order to accurately and consistently measure SMM automatically in individuals on the autism spectrum over time in real-word settings.
Phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in parotid acinar cells. A mechanism for the synergistic effects of cAMP on Ca2+ signaling.

Acetylcholine-evoked secretion from the parotid gland is substantially potentiated by cAMP-raising agonists. A potential locus for the action of cAMP is the intracellular signaling pathway resulting in elevated cytosolic calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). This hypothesis was tested in mouse parotid acinar cells. Forskolin dramatically potentiated the carbachol-evoked increase in [Ca2+]i, converted oscillatory [Ca2+]i changes into a sustained [Ca2+]i increase, and caused subthreshold concentrations of carbachol to increase [Ca2+]i measurably. This potentiation was found to be independent of Ca2+ entry and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) production, suggesting that cAMP-mediated effects on Ca2+ release was the major underlying mechanism. Consistent with this hypothesis, dibutyryl cAMP dramatically potentiated InsP3-evoked Ca2+release from streptolysin-O-permeabilized cells. Furthermore, type II InsP3 receptors (InsP3R) were shown to be directly phosphorylated by a protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated mechanism after treatment with forskolin. In contrast, no evidence was obtained to support direct PKA-mediated activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs). However, inhibition of RyRs in intact cells, demonstrated a role for RyRs in propagating Ca2+ oscillations and amplifying potentiated Ca2+ release from InsP3Rs. These data indicate that potentiation of Ca2+ release is primarily the result of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of InsP3Rs, and may largely explain the synergistic relationship between cAMP-raising agonists and acetylcholine-evoked secretion in the parotid. In addition, this report supports the emerging consensus that phosphorylation at the level of the Ca2+ release machinery is a broadly important mechanism by which cells can regulate Ca2+-mediated processes.
AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PRCA FOR MEASURING ORAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION

Since 1970 about 80% of the research on oral communication apprehension has used one of two versions of McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension. The original 20-item PRCA was introduced for the purpose of measuring apprehension beyond the traditional public speaking context. Although the PRCA-20 is reliable, some serious criticism of it has centered on its ability to tap interpersonal behavior outcomes. In an attempt to bolster its interpersonal applicability, five “interpersonally-oriented” items were added to form the PRCA-25. The studies reported herein demonstrate that both versions fail to possess sufficient reliable variance to be applicable to contexts other than public settings. In addition, it was found that the interpersonal items are a separate component of the PRCA, and as such, do not justify being treated equal in terms of additivity and, therefore, reduce the construct integrity of the PRCA.
Use and Abuse of Flunitrazepam

Flunitrazepam is not available in the US, and it is presently illegal to import it. Flunitrazepam has no therapeutic advantage over benzodiazepines presently marketed in the US. Its quick onset of sedation, amnesic properties, and additive effects with alcohol have led to its reputation as a party drug, club drug, or date rape drug. Several measures have been undertaken to curb its illicit use. It is unclear whether flunitrazepam poses a greater public health risk than other benzodiazepines.
Electromagnetic image guidance in gynecology: prospective study of a new laparoscopic imaging and targeting technique for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids

Background Uterine fibroids occur singly or as multiple benign tumors originating in the myometrium. Because they vary in size and location, the approach and technique for their identification and surgical management vary. Reference images, such as ultrasound images, magnetic resonance images, and sonohystograms, do not provide real-time intraoperative findings.
Correlation Between Rapid Strip Test and the Quality of Sputum

Study objectives: To evaluate the use of a rapid strip test for the quick evaluation of sputum quality. Design: Prospective, double-blind study. Sputum and saliva samples were collected. Sputum quality was assessed by the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and squamous epithelial cells (SECs) per low-power (microscopic) field (LPF) [10 objective]. Sputum was defined as follows: (1) informative (ie, > 25 PMNs and 25 PMNs or 10 SECs per LPF). The first two levels were considered to be “sputum” and the third one was considered to be “nonsputum.” The quality of the sputum was compared to results obtained using a rapid strip test (Combur-Test; Roche Diagnostics; Basel, Switzerland) for specific gravity (SG), pH, leukocyte esterase (LE) activity, and levels of nitrites, protein, glucose, and erythrocytes. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the three levels of sputum quality and the rapid strip test. A Mann-Whitney test compared sputum and nonsputum to the rapid strip reagents. Pearson correlation and tests were used to assess correlation. Receiver operating characteristic was used to calculate the best cut-point values, and the sensitivity and specificity of these values were calculated. Results: Eighty-two samples were included, with 61 samples from hospitalized patients and 21 samples from healthy volunteers. The best predicator of sputum quality was the SG of the reagent. Using an SG threshold definition of > 1.01, the sensitivity was 86.8% and the specificity was 75.9%. The specificity of protein, glucose > 1, and LE levels were relatively low. No relationship was found between the results of the reagent strip test for pH, nitrites, and erythrocytes, and the sputum quality. Conclusion: Using an SG threshold definition of > 1.01, the rapid reagent strip test has been shown to be a sensitive test for the evaluation of sputum quality, which can be useful when facilities for sputum cytology are not available. (CHEST 2004; 126:1667–1671)
Exploratory phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses within three land-snail families in southeastern-most Madagascar

Abstract For Madagascan vicariance biogeography and phylogeny-based conservation, four land snail groups have been predicted as most readily informative: Acavidae, Boucardicus (Cyclophoridae), Reticulapex (Charopidae), and Streptaxidae. Acavids have been evaluated in a previous paper; this paper uses recently described taxa from three mountains in southeastern Madagascar to evaluate the other three groups, based on shell and reproductive characters. Phylogenetic analyses, using appropriate outgroups, were performed on all 17 Boucardicus (31 characters, 120 states), all nine Reticulapex (21 characters, 53 states), and all 15 streptaxids (19 characters, 68 states) known from the three mountains. The Boucardicus cladogram was marginally robust; it supported monophyly of the genus, and it implied evolutionary trends toward larger, more colour-patterned, more globose shells hatched from larger eggs; toward a dorsally and more weakly papillate penis with a large, external gland; and toward a broad-based, tightly convoluted fertilization pouch-seminal receptacle complex with an internal, muscular funnel. A convergence in high-spired shells supported the recent synonymization of Madecataulus under Boucardicus . According to the cladogram, a three-lobed apertural peristome was plesiomorphic, was lost, then reappeared convergently. Among the 12 dissected species of Boucardicus , morphology of the female reproductive system was extremely variable (11 of 14 character states autapomorphic). The Reticulapex cladogram supported monophyly of the genus but gave no robust resolution among species. Recent surveys also indicate that Reticulapex is rare to absent in northern Madagascar. The streptaxid cladogram suggested a sister-group relationship between the endemic clades Parvedentulina and Streptostele (Makroconche) , but provided no robust resolution among species within either clade or within Gulella . Anatomical material is relatively scarce for Madagascan streptaxids. Vicariance-biogeographic analysis resulted in the area cladogram (northern Vohimena mountain chain (southern Vohimena chain (southern Anosy chain))). The Vohimena chain, already known for its significantly greater diversity and endemism than the Anosy chain, thus also seems to harbour the older, more plesiomorphic species; this heightens the urgency for conservation and further survey within the Vohimena chain. Acavids (115 species known) remain the most accessible of Madagascar's major, widespread land-snail groups for island-wide phylogenetics and biogeography, mainly because of existing frozen-tissue collections, which have a limited shelf life. Boucardicus (177 species and 6 subspecies known) is clearly the second most accessible.
Extending the technology envelope of equipment fungibility with single minute exchange die (SMED) novel solution

Semiconductor manufacturing is trending to become more competitive and fast-paced in achieving efficient productivity. While striving to meet the goal of minimizing complexity and cost reduction, the challenges for equipment end user are maximizing its functionality and flexibility. With higher product volumes and increasing number of products requiring unique equipment configurations, it is sound to explore the opportunity on enhancing the features of the equipment to be fungible upon capacity requirement changes, and enable a reduction in dedicated buffer capacity. This paper describes how SMED approach is implemented into the rapid changeover process of an equipment in which the fungibility constraint of equipment features were identified and analyzed. The techniques of SMED approach has not only benefit in equipment flexibility but also the process improvement.
Weak‐Acid Sites Catalyze the Hydrolysis of Crystalline Cellulose to Glucose in Water: Importance of Post‐Synthetic Functionalization of the Carbon Surface

The direct hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose to glucose in water without prior pretreatment enables the transformation of biomass into fuels and chemicals. To understand which features of a solid catalyst are most important for this transformation, the nanoporous carbon material MSC-30 was post-synthetically functionalized by oxidation. The most active catalyst depolymerized crystalline cellulose without prior pretreatment in water, providing glucose in an unprecedented 70 % yield. In comparison, virtually no reaction was observed with MSC-30, even when the reaction was conducted in aqueous solution at pH 2. As no direct correlations between the activity of this solid–solid reaction and internal-site characteristics, such as the β-glu adsorption capacity and the rate of catalytic hydrolysis of adsorbed β-glu strands, were observed, contacts of the external surface with the cellulose crystal are thought to be key for the overall efficiency.
Phenomenological theory of a single domain wall in uniaxial trigonal ferroelectrics: Lithium niobate and lithium tantalate

A phenomenological treatment of domain walls based on the Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire theory is developed for uniaxial trigonal ferroelectrics, lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. The contributions to the domain-wall energy from polarization and strain as a function of orientation are considered. Analytical expressions are developed that are analyzed numerically to determine the minimum polarization, strain, and energy configurations of domain walls. It is found that hexagonal $y$ walls are preferred over $x$ walls in both materials. This agrees well with experimental observation of domain geometries in stoichiometric composition crystals.
Canopy gaps decrease microbial densities and disease risk for a shade-intolerant tree species

Canopy disturbances such as windthrow events have obvious impacts on forest structure and composition aboveground, but changes in soil microbial communities and the consequences of these changes are less understood. We characterized the densities of a soil-borne pathogenic oomycete (Pythium) and a common saprotrophic zygomycete (Mortierella) in nine pairs of forest gaps created by windthrows and adjacent forest understories. We determined the levels of Pythium necessary to cause disease by performing pathogenicity experiments using two Pythium species, a range of Pythium densities, and two common tree species (Acer rubrum and Prunus serotina) from the study sites. Three years post-disturbance, densities of Mortierella remained suppressed in soil from forest gaps compared to levels in intact forest understories while varying across sites and sampling dates. Pythium were infrequently detected likely because of soil handling effects. Expression of disease symptoms increased with increasing inoculum density for seedlings of P. serotina with each Pythium spp. having a similar effect on this species. Conversely, A. rubrum appeared resistant to the two species of Pythium. These results suggest that Pythium densities at sites where they were detected are sufficient to cause disease and possibly affect establishment of susceptible species like P. serotina. Because early seral environments have lower loads of the saprotrophic Mortierella, pathogen loads may follow a similar pattern, causing susceptible species to establish more frequently in those habitats than in late-seral forests. Forest disturbances that alter the disease landscape may provide an additional mechanism for explaining succession of temperate forests in addition to the shade-tolerance paradigm.
Nonconformal Al Via-Hole Filling by Electron Beam Evaporation

Using electron beam evaporation, we have deposited Al on patterned SiO2 films grown on various Si(100)-based substrates and characterized the Al films by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The growth mode of Al in the via holes of the SiO2 films is found to depend on the base materials of the holes. For via holes based on Si(100) and TiSi2, Al fills the holes nonconformally, showing little Al on the side walls. The nonconformal growth of Al is useful for submicron via-hole filling because it prevents void formation caused by shadowing effect. In contrast, for holes of AlCu bases, Al grows conformally. For the Al grown in the via holes of Si(100) bases, single crystal Al with Al(110)//Si(100) epitaxial relation can be grown in the holes at a substrate temperature of 300°C.
Antihypertensive Mechanisms Underlying a Novel Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Model Induced by Sensory Denervation

Abstract —A novel model of hypertension recently developed in our laboratory shows that neonatal degeneration of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves renders a rat responsive to a salt load with a significant rise in blood pressure. To determine the role of the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system in the development of hypertension in this model, newborn Wistar rats were given capsaicin 50 mg/kg SC on the first and second days of life. Control rats were treated with vehicle. After they were weaned, male rats were divided into 6 groups and subjected to the following treatments for 2 weeks: control+high sodium diet (4%) (CON-HS), capsaicin+normal sodium diet (0.5%) (CAP-NS), capsaicin+high sodium diet (CAP-HS), capsaicin+high sodium diet+losartan (10 mg/kg per day) (CAP-HS-LO), capsaicin+high sodium diet+prazosin (3 mg/kg per day) (CAP-HS-PR), and capsaicin+high sodium diet+hydralazine (10 mg/kg per day) (CAP-HS-HY). Levels of calcitonin gene–related peptide in dorsal root ganglia were decreased by capsaicin treatment ( P <0.05). Both tail-cuff systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were higher in CAP-HS and CAP-HS-PR than in CON-HS, CAP-NS, CAP-HS-LO, and CAP-HS-HY ( P <0.05). The 24-hour urinary volume and sodium excretion were increased when a high sodium diet was given ( P <0.05), but they were lower in CAP-HS, CAP-HS-LO, CAP-HS-PR, and CAP-HS-HY than in CON-HS ( P <0.05). Urinary potassium excretion was not different among all 6 groups. We conclude that blockade of the angiotensin type 1 receptor with losartan but not antagonism of the α1-adrenoreceptor with prazosin prevents the development of salt-sensitive hypertension induced by sensory denervation. Sensory denervation impairs urinary sodium and water excretion in response to a high sodium intake, regardless of blood pressure, suggesting that sensory innervation plays a direct role in regulating the natriuretic response to sodium loading.