cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of subunit-subunit interaction sites in αA-WT crystallin and mutant αA-G98R crystallin using isotope-labeled cross-linker and mass spectrometry.

Cataract is characterized by progressive protein aggregation and loss of vision. α-Crystallins are the major proteins in the lens responsible for maintaining transparency. They exist in the lens as highly polydisperse oligomers with variable numbers of subunits, and mutations in α-crystallin are associated with some forms of cataract in humans. Because the stability of proteins is dependent on optimal subunit interactions, the structural transformations and aggregation of mutant proteins that underlie cataract formation can be understood best by identifying the residue-specific inter- and intra-subunit interactions. Chemical crosslinking combined with mass spectrometry is increasingly used to provide structural insights into intra- and inter-protein interactions. We used isotope-labeled cross-linker in combination with LC-MS/MS to determine the subunit–subunit interaction sites in cataract-causing mutant αA-G98R crystallin. Peptides cross-linked by isotope-labeled (heavy and light forms) cross-linkers appear as doublets in mass spectra, thus facilitating the identification of cross-linker–containing peptides. In this study, we cross-linked wild-type (αA-WT) and mutant (αA-G98R) crystallins using the homobifunctional amine-reactive, isotope-labeled (d0 and d4) cross-linker–BS2G (bis[sulfosuccinimidyl]glutarate). Tryptic in-solution digest of cross-linked complexes generates a wide array of peptide mixtures. Cross-linked peptides were enriched using strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography followed by both MS and MS/MS to identify the cross-linked sites. We identified a distinct intermolecular interaction site between K88 — K99 in the β5 strand of the mutant αA-G98R crystallin that is not found in wild-type αA-crystallin. This interaction could explain the conformational instability and aggregation nature of the mutant protein that results from incorrect folding and assembly.
Finite-moments approaches to the time-dependent boltzmann equation

Abstract Two finite-moments techniques to solve the time-dependent discrete ordinates transport equation are discussed. One of the techniques is implicit in time with a finite-moments expansion of the flux in space, and the other uses finite-moments expansions in both time and space. The performance of these algorithms is compared to that of conventional time-dependent discrete ordinates methods. The accuracy of the basic implicit time differencing and the effect of angular discretization are briefly discussed. Finite-moments techniques can offer a significant advantage over conventional methods in certain time-dependent transport problems, especially in multidimensional geometry.
Locking devices on cigarette vending machines: evaluation of a city ordinance.

OBJECTIVES. Policymakers, researchers, and citizens are beginning to recognize the need to limit minors' access to tobacco by restricting the sale of cigarettes through vending machines. One policy alternative that has been proposed by the tobacco industry is a requirement that vending machines be fitted with electronic locking devices. This study evaluates such a policy as enacted in St. Paul, Minn. METHODS. A random sample of vending machine locations was selected for cigarette purchase attempts conducted before implementation and at 3 and 12 months postimplementation. RESULTS. The rate of noncompliance by merchants was 34% after 3 months and 30% after 1 year. The effect of the law was to reduce the ability of a minor to purchase cigarettes from locations originally selling cigarettes through vending machines from 86% at baseline to 36% at 3 months. The purchase rate at these locations rose to 48% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that cigarette vending machine locking devices may not be as ef...
Clinical, Enzymatic and Histological Study of Synovium in Coxarthrosis

A comparison was made between the specific activity of cathepsin D and a histologic score for inflammation on synovial tissue obtained from 36 patients undergoing total hip replacement and an excellent correlation was found between these parameters (correlation coefficient 0.82). In addition it was found that 5 patients with the clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis had high cathepsin-specific activity (0.92±0.07) and high histologic scores (27.0±7.0). Patients with other diagnoses (failed prosthesis, idiopathic avascular necrosis, former resected hip) had low enzyme levels (0.44±0.23) as well as low histologic scores for inflammation (11.4±5.5). In cases with degenerative hip disease two groups could be definitively separated. Group 1 (20%) was characterized by high enzyme levels (0.89±0.19) and high histological scores (20.6±5.4). Group II (80%) was characterized by low enzyme levels (0.31±0.15) and low histologic scores (8.6±4.7) (Table 1).
Automated analysis of repetitive joint motion

Automated measurement, analysis, and comparison of human motion during performance of workplace tasks or exercise therapy are core competencies required to realize many telemedicine applications. Ergonomic studies and telemonitoring of patients performing rehabilitation exercises are examples of applications that would benefit from a representation of complex human motion in a form amenable to comparison. We present a representation of joint motion suitable for the analysis of multidimensional angular joint motion time series data. Complex motion is reduced to a concatenation motion segments, where simple dynamic models approximate the observed motion on each segment. This compact representation still enables measurement of statistics familiar to ergonomics practitioners such as cycle length and task duration. An algorithm to obtain this representation from observed motion data (time series) is given. We introduce a metric, based on a kinetic energy-like measure, to compare motions. Experiments are presented to demonstrate the representation, its relationship to previous measures and the applicability of the kinetic energy metric for motion comparison.
Malignant hyperthermia and myotonic disorders.

Advances in physiology and molecular genetics have promoted greater understanding of the various clinical manifestations of muscle disorders. For example, myotonia or profound weakness may be observed in sodium channel disease (e.g., paramyotonia congenita or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis), depending on the specific channel defect or with slight changes in membrane potential. Observed effects of anesthetic techniques have been essential to elucidating the primary muscular nature of myotonia. Commonly used anesthetic medications have potentially lethal (e.g., MH) or serious (e.g., myotonic dystrophy) adverse effects. Conversely, lidocaine or propofol may have therapeutic benefit for patients with skeletal muscle sodium channel disorders. Additional investigation is required to improve our understanding of how age, gender, or other factors determine the phenotypic expression of malignant hyperthermia. Future research holds the promise for more accurate pre-anesthetic identification of persons with heritable myopathies, especially those who are asymptomatic. Enhanced awareness of multiple organ system involvement in myotonic dystrophy is essential for planning perioperative care. Patients with periodic paralysis require that we know factors that incite or inhibit the development of their attacks. Advances in bench research and detailed clinical studies will further improve our ability to provide optimal care for patients with muscle disorders.
Chromatography of α-∊-Diaminopimelic Acid on Starch Columns.

SummaryThe new amino acid, discovered by Work, α-∊-diaminopimelic acid, is absorbed on and eluted from starch similarly to lysine by the solvents 1:2:1 n-butyl-n-propyl-0.1 N-HCl and 2:1 n-propyl-0.5 N-HCl. It migrates in electrophoresis in barbiturate buffer pH 8.6 between glutamic acid and lysine but close to proline, whose isoelectric point is near to that of the diaminopimelic acid.
P09-03. HLA class I alleles impact on HIV-1 disease progression by interacting with immunoregulatory HLA receptors on dendritic cells

Background HLA-B*35-Px subtypes are associated with accelerated HIV-1 disease courses, in contrast to HLA-B*35-PY subtypes which do not have any detectable impact on HIV-1 disease, although they differ in as few as one amino acid. The mechanisms accounting for the differential influence of HLA-B*35 subtypes on HIV-1 disease progression remain unclear. ILT4 is an inhibitory HLA class I receptor that is upregulated during HIV-1 infection and can critically regulate the functional profile of DCs.
Temporal and spatial patterns of specific leaf weight in successional northern hardwood tree species

Temporal and spatial patterns of specific leaf weight (SLW, g/m2) were determined for deciduous hardwood tree species in natural habitats in northern lower Michigan to evaluate the utility of SLW as an index of leaf photosynthetic capacity. No significant diurnal changes in SLW were found. Specific leaf weight decreased and then increased during leaf expansion in the spring. Most species, especially those located in the understory, then had relatively constant SLW for most of the growing season, followed by a decline in SLW during autumn. Specific leaf weight decreased exponentially down through the canopy with increasing cumulative leaf area index. Red oak (Quercus rubra), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), and beech (Fagus grandifolia) generally had successively lower SLW, for leaves at any one level in the canopy. On a given site, comparisons between years and comparisons of leaves growing within 35 cm of each other showed that differences in SLW among species were not due solely to microenvironmental effects on SLW. Bigtooth aspen, red oak, and red maple on lower-fertility sites had lower SLW than the same species on higher-fertility sites. Maximum CO2 exchange rate, measured at lightsaturation in ambient CO2 and leaf temperatures of 20 to 25 C, increased with SLW. Photosynthetic capacities of species ranked by SLW in a shaded habitat suggest that red oak, red maple, sugar maple, and beech are successively better adapted to shady conditions.
Recent Developments at the Securities and Exchange Commission: Academic Contributions and Opportunities

In recent years, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has grown in size and scope. The implementation of Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) and the globalization of accounting standards have increased the SEC's workload and brought forth important questions regarding the development and application of accounting and auditing standard setting and regulation. This paper identifies key issues of importance to the SEC including record levels of restatements, SOX implementation, the backdating of stock options, increased use of fair‐values in financial reporting, adoption of IFRS by numerous non‐U.S. registrants, and foreign deregistration. The article highlights the contribution of academic research as it relates to SEC speeches and rulemaking, drawing upon experience of 2005–2006 SEC academic fellows.
Bioeffects and Safety of 2D and 3D/4D Ultrasound in Obstetrics—Is there a Place for "Parental Bonding" Scans?

Ultrasound is widely used in daily clinical obstetrical practice. Many medical indications exist for performing a sonographic examination but, in addition, several researchers have published information on the importance of patients watching the ultrasound monitor during the examination, particularly during three- and four- dimensional (3D/4D) scanning, for maternal-fetal bonding. Furthermore, a certain form of ultrasound, called "entertainment" or "keepsake" ultrasound has flourished, particularly in the United States. While ultrasound is assumed to be completely safe, it is a form of energy and, as such, has effects in tissues it traverses (= bioeffects). The two most important mechanisms for effects are thermal and non-thermal. Non- thermal mechanisms include cavitation, streaming, and even release of free radicals. These two major mechanisms are indicated on-screen by two indices: The thermal index (TI) and the mechanical index (MI). It is important to be aware of these effects to be able to prevent potential harm. Ultrasound machine controls can alter the instrument acoustic energy and hence the exposure but different machines behave differently. Therefore each clinician should know how this occurs in his/her own machine. Unfortunately, it appears the general knowledge in this area is poor and an effort should be made to educate the end- users. Whether 3D/4D enhances parental-fetal bonding is still a matter of discussion.
Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor–α and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor–γ Agonists

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or the metabolic syndrome have considerable cardiovascular risk. Treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and with antihypertensive and some antihyperglycemic agents reduces this risk, but residual macrovascular morbidity and mortality persist, even in patients assigned to intensive multifactorial intervention programs. Therapeutic strategies that target inflammation and lipid abnormalities not well addressed by statins may offer additional opportunities for improving the prognosis of these patients. Inflammation, a key mechanism of atherogenesis, appears to have particular relevance to diabetic vascular complications, as well as in the development of diabetes itself. Oxidative stress and hyperglycemia also figure among the pathogenic factors that promote cardiovascular complications in patients with the metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes and may augment the ongoing inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)–α and PPAR-γ, members of the nuclear receptor family, form ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate key important metabolic pathways. PPARs have become therapeutic targets through the use of the fibrate class of antidyslipidemic drugs (PPAR-α) and the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (PPAR-γ). The activation of these PPARs may also suppress inflammation and atherosclerosis. Recent clinical trials (Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes [FIELD], Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events [PROactive]) have considered the impact of these PPAR agonists on cardiovascular disease, with mixed effects that require careful analysis, especially given ongoing trials and additional PPAR agonists in development.
Recirculating, passive micromixer with a novel sawtooth structure

A microfluidic device capable of recirculating nano to microlitre volumes in order to efficiently mix solutions is described. The device consists of molded polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) channels with pressure inlet and outlet holes sealed by a glass lid. Recirculation is accomplished by a repeatedly reciprocated flow over an iterated sawtooth structure. The sawtooth structure serves to change the fluid velocity of individual streamlines differently depending on whether the fluid is flowing backwards or forward over the structure. Thus, individual streamlines can be accelerated or decelerated relative to the other streamlines to allow sections of the fluid to interact that would normally be linearly separated. Low Reynolds numbers imply that the process is reversible, neglecting diffusion. Computer simulations were carried out using FLUENT. Subsequently, fluorescent indicators were employed to experimentally verify these numerical simulations of the recirculation principal. Finally, mixing of a carboxyfluorescein labeled DMSO plug with an unlabeled DMSO plug across an immiscible hydrocarbon plug was investigated. At cycling rates of 1 Hz across five sawtooth units, the time was recorded to reach steady state in the channels, i.e. until both DMSO plugs had the same fluorescence intensity. In the case of the sawtooth structures, steady state was reached five times faster than in channels without sawtooth structures, which verified what would be expected based on numerical simulations. The microfluidic mixer is unique due to its versatility with respect to scaling, its potential to also mix solutions containing small particles such as beads and cells, and its ease of fabrication and use.
Implementation of a protocol for cooperative packet recovery over hybrid networks

In this work, we consider the challenge of delivering high-quality multimedia content to users concentrated in a small physical location, e.g., a sports stadium in which fans may view extra video content on their mobile devices. Because each user experiences a different wireless channel condition, it is difficult to deliver this content efficiently to all users. A hybrid network architecture has been proposed that uses a peer to peer exchange of packets over an assistant network to supplement the primary infrastructure network in this scenario. We describe an implementation of this popular technique which may be used in a variety of network environments and applications. In trials on a wireless networking testbed, using WiMAX as the primary network and WiFi as an assistant network, we find that our implementation can recover up to 92% of packets lost over the primary network.
HnRNP proteins controlled by c-Myc deregulate pyruvate kinase mRNA splicing in cancer

When oxygen is abundant, quiescent cells efficiently extract energy from glucose primarily by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas under the same conditions tumour cells consume glucose more avidly, converting it to lactate. This long-observed phenomenon is known as aerobic glycolysis, and is important for cell growth. Because aerobic glycolysis is only useful to growing cells, it is tightly regulated in a proliferation-linked manner. In mammals, this is partly achieved through control of pyruvate kinase isoform expression. The embryonic pyruvate kinase isoform, PKM2, is almost universally re-expressed in cancer, and promotes aerobic glycolysis, whereas the adult isoform, PKM1, promotes oxidative phosphorylation. These two isoforms result from mutually exclusive alternative splicing of the PKM pre-mRNA, reflecting inclusion of either exon 9 (PKM1) or exon 10 (PKM2). Here we show that three heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) proteins, polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB, also known as hnRNPI), hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2, bind repressively to sequences flanking exon 9, resulting in exon 10 inclusion. We also demonstrate that the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc upregulates transcription of PTB, hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2, ensuring a high PKM2/PKM1 ratio. Establishing a relevance to cancer, we show that human gliomas overexpress c-Myc, PTB, hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2 in a manner that correlates with PKM2 expression. Our results thus define a pathway that regulates an alternative splicing event required for tumour cell proliferation.
Metal carbonyl complexes of bis(diisopropylamino)-phosphine and diisopropylaminochlorophosphine

Abstract Reactions of (i-Pr 2 N) 2 PH with the tetrahydrofuran (THF) metal carbonyl complexes (THF)M(CO) 5 (M = Cr, Mo, and W), (THF)Fe(CO) 4 , and (THF)Mn(CO) 2 -C 5 H 5 give (i-Pr 2 N) 2 PHM(CO) 5 (M = Cr, Mo, and W), (i-Pr 2 N) 2 PHFe(CO) 4 , and (i-Pr 2 N) 2 PHMn(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 , respectively. One of the diisopropylamino groups in these complexes can be selectively cleaved with hydrogen chloride to give the complexes i-Pr 2 NP(H)ClM(CO) 5 (M = Cr, Mo, and W) and i-Pr 2 NP(H)ClFe(CO) 4 containing the unknown phosphorus compound i-Pr 2 NP(H)Cl as a ligand.
Analysis of spectral response in P-type GaAs/GaInP QWIPs

Abstract Acceptor-doped GaAs/GaInP quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have been grown and tested. The spectral response occurs at shorter wavelength than originally expected. Detailed experimental analysis has determined that the valence band well is quite deep. This has been confirmed by theoretical analysis using an 8 band envelope function analysis (EFA). The spin splitoff is small in the barrier material compared with the depth of the valence band well. The combined effect of a deep well and a small splitoff results in the observed spectral shape. The influence of the splitoff band on photoresponse is insignificant for GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs systems with x ≈ 0.03
373 CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION OF SPERMATOZOAN DNA

The development of laser-based instrumentation has made possible the determination of individual cell DNA content at rates of 20,000/min and above. Forward light scatter, an index of cell shape and refractive index, can be concurrently measured. Moreover, subpopulations of cells can be sorted based on either of these parameters and collected for additional biochemical or morphological analysis. In order to determine changes occuring during epididymal maturation individual caput and cauda epididyma were obtained from C57BL/6N and AKR mice. Sperm were rinsed free in saline-EDTA, washed, fixed in ethanol and stained with propidiam iodide. A Coulter TPS-1 cell sorter was employed. In some studies freeze-thawing and sonication were employed to obtain a high yield of isolated sperm heads. A discrete homogeneous peak of fluorescent intensity corresponding to the haploid chromosome DNA content was defined and the purity confirmed by collection and examination by flourescent microscopy. Caput sperm heads had lesser Elourescence than those from the cauda. Heating at 100 C for 10 min resulted in a shift toward greater flourescence. These changes indicate altered organization of DNA. Conclusions: The flourescent activated cell sorter can be used to measure DNA content and morphology of individual sperm with a precision and speed not previously possible. Condensation of DNA occurs during epididymal maturation. This new technology is immediately applicable to a number of new areas of developmental, pharmacologic and clinical studies of reproduction in the male.
Recognizing Manipulated Electronic Control Units

Combatting the modification of automotive control systems is a current and future challenge for OEMs and suppliers. ‘Chiptuning’ is a manifestation of manipulation of a vehicle’s original setup and calibration. With the increase in automotive functions implemented in software and corresponding business models, chip tuning will become a major concern. Recognizing tuned control units in a vehicle is required to report that circumstance for technical as well as legal reasons. This work approaches the problem by capturing the behavior of relevant control units within a machine learning system called a recognition module. The recognition module continuously monitors vehicle’s sensor data. It comprises a set of classifiers that have been trained on the intended behavior of a control unit before the vehicle is delivered. When the vehicle is on the road, the recognition module uses the classifier together with current data to ascertain that the behavior of the vehicle is as intended. A proof-of-concept implementation uses the TORCS racing simulator to generate traces of the engine’s behavior. The recognition module extracts features from these traces and feeds them to an artificial neural network (ANN). After training on different tracks, the ANN successfully distinguishes traces originating from the original racing car as well as traces taken from modified racing cars. The results show that assessing a vehicle’s behavior is feasible and contributes to protect its integrity against modifications. Additionally, the availability of a vehicle’s behavioral model can trigger even more interesting applications.
Carpentier edwards porcine valved conduit for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

Background: The optimal conduit for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction is uncertain, with varying degrees of longevity reported for pericardial, homograft, and xenograft valves utilized in this position. Methods: A retrospective review of children and adults with congenital heart disease who underwent RVOT reconstruction with the Carpentier Edwards™ (CE) porcine valved conduit was conducted from 2001 to 2009 at the University of Rochester and SUNY Upstate Medical Centers. Clinical data were analyzed for each subject according to conduit size, and all of the Doppler derived transconduit gradients from postoperative echocardiograms were analyzed. Results: Two hundred and eighteen patients received a single CE conduit for RVOT reconstruction with conduit size ranging from 12 to 30 mm. Perioperative mortality was 1.8% (4/218). Follow-up data were available for 95% of subjects with duration of follow-up ranging from 1 to 9 years. The increase in transconduit gradient over time was inversely proportional to conduit size. For the entire series, freedom from reoperation was 70.3% at 8.2 years. Patients receiving 25 and 30 mm conduits demonstrated no gradient development over this period of follow-up. Conclusions: In this series, the CE conduit showed excellent longevity at intermediate term follow-up, with slower progression of conduit stenosis as measured by RVOT gradient change compared with previous reports. (J Card Surg 2011;26:643-649)
A mechanism for radiation damage in silicate glasses

Abstract The major microstructural effects of electron irradiation on silicate glass can be accounted for by a mechanism involving local cation diffusion.
DNA repair: models for damage and mismatch recognition

Maintaining the integrity of the genome is critical for the survival of any organism. To achieve this, many families of enzymatic repair systems which recognize and repair DNA damage have evolved. Perhaps most intriguing about the workings of these repair systems is the actual damage recognition process. What are the chemical characteristics which are common to sites of nucleic acid damage that DNA repair proteins may exploit in targeting sites? Importantly, thermodynamic and kinetic principles, as much as structural factors, make damage sites distinct from the native DNA bases, and indeed, in many cases, these are the features which are believed to be exploited by repair enzymes. Current proposals for damage recognition may not fulfill all of the demands required of enzymatic repair systems given the sheer size of many genomes, and the efficiency with which the genome is screened for damage. Here we discuss current models for how DNA damage recognition may occur and the chemical characteristics, shared by damaged DNA sites, of which repair proteins may take advantage. These include recognition based upon the thermodynamic and kinetic instabilities associated with aberrant sites. Additionally, we describe how small changes in base pair structure can alter also the unique electronic properties of the DNA base pair π-stack. Further, we describe photophysical, electrochemical, and biochemical experiments in which mismatches and other local perturbations in structure are detected using DNA-mediated charge transport. Finally, we speculate as to how this DNA electron transfer chemistry might be exploited by repair enzymes in order to scan the genome for sites of damage.
Going Beyond Lecturing by Using Student Web Site Presentations in a Human Sexuality Course

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the use of Web site presentations in human sexuality courses. Web site presentations are a good way to incorporate additional information about human sexuality into a course, and they provide a way to learn to critique human sexuality material on the Internet. In addition, they help students to practice presentation skills. A discussion of how to use Web site presentations is included. Considerations for this type of assignment, student reactions, and the benefits of this assignment also are included.
Would a Titanium Dioxide Air Cleaner Reduce the Colony-Forming Unit Counts in Laminar Air Flow ORs?

Abstract INTRODUCTION: A previous study determined that titanium oxide filters added to standard air ventilation reduced the colony-forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m3) in the operating room. Laminar Air Flow has been shown to dramatically reduce CFU/m3 in various studies, however, its use depends on room size, configuration, and ventilation requirements to allow for maximum efficiency. From March through May 2003, air sampling was done to determine the performance of titanium dioxide filters as compared to Laminar Air Flow during orthopedic surgery in a 360-bed medical center in northwestern Pennsylvania. METHODS: In one operating suite, the Laminar Air Flow, titanium dioxide filters, and standard air flow were tested on separate days using microbiological air tests to determine viable airborne bacterial counts. Samples were obtained using an N-6 single stage air sampler with an Andersen high-volume air pump calibrated at 28.3 liters per minute and bacterial growth was expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per cubic meter of air (CFU/m3). The air samples collected at eight specific locations were allowed to run for 3-minute cycles and the potential contaminants deposited on Remel Sheep Blood Agar (SBA) culture plates. RESULTS: Using a Friedman Test, the Laminar Air Flow results showed a significant bacterial reduction (p CONCLUSION: Laminar Air Flow significantly reduced CFUs per cubic meter compared to titanium dioxide filters.
Effects of Cultural Tightness and Collectivism on Self-Concept and Causal Attributions:

Previous research investigating the influence of cultural variables on the psychological constructs of self-concept and causal attributions has employed responses of individuals within cultures. In the present research, ethnographies of 16 cultures were examined using the CD-ROM version of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF). As predicted, self-concept was related to both cultural tightness and collectivism. Specifically, interdependent self-concepts were more likely to occur in tight and collective cultures, whereas independent self-concepts occurred in individualistic and loose cultures. Causal attributions for failure were found to be more external for more collective cultures, but no relation between failure attributions and cultural tightness was obtained. Causal attributions for success were not systematically related to either cultural tightness or collectivism. Additional variables that are speculated to influence attributions, in conjunction with culture, are proposed for future research. The u...
The behavioral and toxicological effects of testosterone pellet implantation.

Abstract Forty gonadally intact male Wistar rats, 200–225 g, were utilized to study the behavioral and physiological effects of testosterone (T) pellet administration. T was administered via pellets (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg) implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the neck. Fifty mg lactate pellets were utilized as the control. T plasma levels were determined using RIA procedures on days 30, 60, and 90 after pellet implantation. T (50 and 100 mg) resulted in plasma concentrations significantly greater than controls. T (100 mg) and lactate control groups were subjected to a competition situation utilizing an estrogen-primed female as the goal object. Subjects were exposed to the test procedure prior to the implantation of the pellets. T resulted in previously defined losers becoming winners in the competition situation on days 30, 60, and 90 post-implantation. T implantation did not significantly affect muricidal behavior as compared to lactate controls. On day 90, the subjects were sacrificed, and the organ/body-weight ratios determined for the heart, liver, testes, and skeletal muscles of the left shoulder girdle. T (100 mg) resulted in a decrease in the testes/body-weight ratio as compared to controls, while the liver/body-weight ratio was increased in this group T (100 mg) also resulted in an increase in the activity of serum enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) on day 90 post-implantation. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the course of the study. However, no significant differences from controls were noted.
Common Dermatophyte Infections. A Simple Diagnostic Test and Current Management

Tinea pedis, onychomycosis, tinea cruris, and tinea capitis are among the most common dermatophyte infections and are seen in all socioeconomic groups. Successful treatment of these conditions depends first on accurate diagnosis, which is often quickly accomplished with a KOH examination. Culture may be needed in some cases, but results may not be available for 2 weeks or more. Immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to dermatophyte infection, and any deviations in presentation or failure to respond to treatment should prompt investigation for an underlying problem.
The Emerging Paradigm in Probation and Parole in the United States

ABSTRACT There is an emerging paradigm in probation and parole in the United States. That new outlook encompasses a realization that these forms of supervision of offenders must meet the challenges of an increasing number of parolees and probationers. Recidivism continues to be the primary outcome measure for probation, as it is for all corrections programs. To implement effective probation programs, several steps appear necessary. State lawmakers can enact policies that can institute evidence-based criminal justice policy changes that can better meet the goals of sentencing. There is a need for the redefinition of the purposes of parole revocations.
Heterogeneous nucleation and epitaxial crystal growth of magmatic minerals

Electron backscatter diffraction analysis of dendritic clinopyroxene (cpx) forming in rapidly cooled basalt reveals two features that are unexpected for phases growing from a liquid: (1) helical growth about {010} cpx , the crystallographic b-axis, with incremental rotation (up to 0.4° μm −1 ) within branch segments and large rotational jumps (10°–46°) between closely spaced branch segments, and (2) strong crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) between cpx and titanomagnetite (timt) decorating branch tips, such that {010} cpx aligns with one of the six symmetrically equivalent {110} timt face poles. More than 80% of timt crystals occur within 5° of the CPO with cpx substrate, as do 22% of timt crystals in contact with euhedral cpx in natural Etna basalt. The probability distribution of distances between an arbitrary unit vector and the nearest {110} timt normal unit vector was found by numerical simulation and indicates that the observed alignment to within 5° occurs with frequency 0.024; thus the CPO occurs 9–33 times more commonly than expected from randomly distributed crystals. The CPO matches previous observations of epitaxial relationship between spinel and host pyroxene during subsolidus exsolution, but has not previously been reported among magmatic cpx and timt. Conspicuous contiguity among phenocryst phases is inferred to result from heterogeneous nucleation facilitated by epitaxy associated with CPO, an inference supported by high-resolution electron microscopy observations of 150 nm timt crystals adhering preferentially to silicate substrates. Epitaxial relationships among phases nucleating from a melt may contribute to fabrics in magnetic properties, dictate the textures of igneous rocks by promoting development of crystal clusters, and even influence magma transport and eruption styles through a control over magma rheology.
Simulation of GaAs p-i-n diodes

GaAs p-i-n diodes have been modeled using numerical simulation, and the theoretical results have been compared to those of experiment. The simulations predict that with a lifetime of the carriers of 10/sup -7/ s, devices that have good i-layer modulation may be built. This is in agreement with currently available commercial devices. >
Some observations on the numerical computation of the cylindrical-exponential integral Dn(x)

Abstract The purpose of this note is to show that the cylindrical-exponential integral Dn(x) can be accurately computed using known approximations to the Bickley function Kin(x).
Responses to propofol in the pulmonary vascular bed of the rat

Background: Although a great deal is known about responses to propofol, controversy remains about its mechanism of action. The present study was undertaken to investigate the direct effects of 2,6-diisopropyl phenol, disodium edetate, and its intralipid emulsion in the rat pulmonary vascular bed and to better understand the mechanisms involved in propofol-mediated responses. Methods: The effects of Nω-l-nitro-l-arginine benzyl ester (L-NABE), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, of the cyclooxygenase blocker, meclofenamate, and the K+ATP channel antagonist, U-37883A, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist, on responses to propofol, acetylcholine, nitroglycerin, and isoproterenol were investigated in the isolated blood-perfused rat lung under low tone and high steady-state tone. Results: Propofol produced a dose-dependent decrease in pulmonary arterial perfusion pressure. L-NABE significantly reduced vasodilator responses to acetylcholine, whereas the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor had no significant effect on responses to propofol. Meclofenamate significantly reduced vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid without effecting responses to propofol. Responses to propofol were not significantly changed in the presence of U-37883A, whereas U-37883A reduced vasodilator responses to levcromakalim. Additionally, 2,6-diisopropylphenol in a pure preparation as well as an intralipid preparation similar to propofol emulsion had no significant effect while disodium edetate had a dose-dependent depressor effect under high steady-state tone. Conclusion: Propofol has significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the rat but responses to propofol are not mediated or modulated by the release of nitric oxide, opening of K+ATP channels, or the release of vasodilator cyclooxygenase products.
The optimality of the net single premium in life insurance

Vadiveloo et al (1982) introduced a criterion for choosing, among the various net risk premium payment plans, the so-called optimum one. They considered a life insurance situation where benefits were payable at the end of the year of death. Of course, premiums cease after death! This optimum criterion was the minimization of the discounted net profit variance. Their model can be mathematically described as follows. Consider an insured life aged exactly x having a death benefit with present value, if death occurs at time t, denoted by B(t). If the present value of the total premiums paid up to time t is R(t) and the random variable T denotes the time of the death of x, then the profit at death has present value Z(T) where Z(T)=R(T)−B(T).The optimum net premium payment plan, R*(t), is the one that minimizes Var[Z(T)] subject to E[Z(T)] = 0.
Isomorhism of Hypergraphs of Low Rank in Moderately Exponential Time

We give an algorithm to decide isomorphism of hypergraphs of rank k in time exp (Otilde(k2radicn)), where n is the number of vertices. (The rank is the maximum size of edges; the tilde refers to a polylogarithmic factor.) The case of bounded k answers a 24-year-old question and removes an obstacle to improving the worst case-bound for Graph Isomorphism testing. The best previously known bound, even for k = 3, was Cn (Luks 1999).
High frequency inductor design and comparison for high efficiency high density POLs with GaN device

High operating frequency and integration technique are two main approaches to achieve high power density for the switching mode power supply. With the emerging Gallium-Nitride (GaN) based power transistors, the switching frequency of a Point-of-Load (POL) converter can be pushed to several Mega-hertz, while the efficiency is still maintained more than 85%. In this paper, the low profile LTCC magnetic substrate are designed for a 5 MHz, 12 V to 1.2 V, 15 A, 3-D integrated POL module with GaN device. Different LTCC ferrite materials and inductor structures with different number of turns are considered and compared for this high frequency and high current POL application. With the LTCC inductor substrate and GaN device, the 3-D integrated POL module can achieve as high as 1kW/in3 power density and 84% efficiency at 15 A output current. As a benchmark, a SMT discrete inductor is designed and customized utilizing the commercial Ni-Zn bulk ferrite material. The comprehensive comparison demonstrates several benefit of the LTCC inductor substrate, such as ultra-low profile, capability of integration and the light load efficiency improvement.
Hawaii's first fossil bird: history, geological age, and taxonomic status of the extinct goose Geochen rhuax Wetmore (Aves: Anatidae)

Abstract The history of discovery of the fossil goose Geochen rhuax Wetmore on the island of Hawaii is reviewed through archival records and the literature. Although the age of the fossil was previously undetermined, recent radiocarbon dates establish that the age of the lava flow immediately overlying the bones was 9170 ± 100 yrs b.p. A very large extinct, flightless goose that is abundant in latest Holocene lava tubes on the western versant of the island of Hawaii was previously determined by mtDNA to be part of the Hawaiian radiation of Branta. This goose is now also known from the southeastern versant of the island. Although the holotype of Geochen rhuax is somewhat smaller in size, it is considered to belong to the same species lineage as the more recent fossils, and all giant goose fossils from Hawaiian Island are here referred to as Branta rhuax, new combination.
Sexual Orientation Differences in Spirituality in a Sample of Alcoholics Anonymous Members: Implications for Practitioners

Although research interest on the relationship between spirituality and substance misuse has grown in breadth and depth since the latter part of the twentieth century, very little research examines sexual orientation differences in this relationship. The purpose of this study is to begin to address this omission by examining sexual orientation differences (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) in spirituality among a sample of 100 members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Spirituality was measured using the five-dimension Expressions of Spirituality Inventory–Revised. Persons who identified as homosexuals had significantly lower cognitive orientation toward spirituality compared to heterosexuals. Bisexuals had significantly higher paranormal beliefs scores compared to heterosexuals. The role of internalized homophobia due to the confounding of judgmental, disaffirming religious dogma with spirituality in interpreting study findings is explored. Practice implications for addressing spirituality in sexual minorities w...
Local illumination environments for direct lighting acceleration

Computing high-quality direct illumination in scenes with many lights is an open area of research. This paper presents a world-space caching mechanism called local illumination environments that enables interactive direct illumination in complex scenes on a cluster of off-the-shelf PCs.A local illumination environment (LIE) caches geometric and radiometric information related to direct illumination. A LIE is associated with every octree cell constructed over the scene. Each LIE stores a set of visible lights, with associated occluders (if they exist). LIEs are effective at accelerating direct illumination because they both eliminate shadow rays for fully visible and fully occluded regions of the scene, and decrease the cost of shadow rays in other regions. Shadow ray computation for the partially occluded regions is accelerated using the cached potential occluders. One important implication of storing occluders is that rendering is accelerated while producing accurate hard and soft shadows. This paper also describes a simple perceptual metric based on Weber's law that further improves the effectiveness of LIEs in the fully visible and partially occluded regions.LIE construction is view-driven, continuously refined, and asynchronous with the shading process. In complex scenes of hundreds of thousands of polygons with up to a hundred lights, the LIEs improve rendering performance by 10× to 30× over a traditional ray tracer.
Practice (Rather Than Graded) Quizzes, With Answers, May Increase Introductory Psychology Exam Performance

The authors investigated whether practice (or graded) quizzes, with or without provision of correct answers, would be more beneficial for introductory psychology exam performance. In six sections (...
SOLUTION OF THE NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER BFKL EQUATION

The solution of the next-to-leading order BFKL equation is obtained by constructing the eigenfunctions as a perturbative expansion of the conforma leading order conformal eigenfunctions.
Neuroeconomics for the Study of Social Cognition in Adolescent Depression

Traditional social-cognitive approaches for investigating interpersonal problems in adolescent depression are limited. An important functional domain studied in adolescent depression is reward, but experimental paradigms have largely been non-social. In this paper, we propose the methods and concepts of neuroeconomics may address this gap. We begin by discussing a well-established social reward model for vulnerability to adolescent depression. We then show how neuroeconomics may extend this model by offering the tools to examine the mechanics of social exchanges, in behavioral and neural terms, that maintain (or pose vulnerability to) depression. In doing so, we propose a neureoconomic model of adolescent depression in which depression is defined as a perturbation of interpersonal motivational/reward exchange. This model serves to guide future research.
Focus on diagnosis: the alkaline phosphatase level: nuances of a familiar test.

1. Sarah D. Corathers, MD* 1. *Chief Resident for Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr Corathers wrote this article while a resident in internal medicine and pediatrics at the Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center Alkaline phosphatase is a commonly encountered laboratory value that is included in the panel of liver function tests. Although elevated concentrations generally are attributed to either liver or bone sources, the enzyme has been identified as a biomarker for a diverse range of diseases and physiologic processes. Elevated alkaline phosphatase may have implications ranging from indicating periodontal disease to predicting preterm labor. Functionally, alkaline phosphatase removes a phosphate group from nucleotides and proteins. As the name suggests, the enzyme works optimally at basic pH levels. It is found throughout the body in a variety of isoenzymes unique to the tissue of origin. Highest concentrations are in liver and bone, but the enzyme is present in lesser amounts in placenta, kidney, intestines, and leukocytes. Increased concentrations of alkaline phosphatase are derived from tissues that are either functionally disturbed (obstructed liver) or greatly stimulated (growing bone). Abnormally low concentrations are far less common and more likely are related to a genetic condition or nutritional deficiency. Normal levels can vary with age, sex, hormonal status, and blood type. In children, serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations are considerably higher than in adults and correlate with the rate of bone growth. In adults, values are slightly higher in men than in women, but after age 60 years, the enzyme value is equal or higher in women. Concentrations are increased during puberty and pregnancy and after menopause. Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in the laboratory involves the release of 1 mmol/min of phosphate from a standard compound (p-nitrophenylphosphate). The total amount of enzyme from all …