cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefit of transferred mutations is better predicted by the fitness of recipients than by their ecological or genetic relatedness

The effect of a mutation depends on its interaction with the genetic background in which it is assessed. Studies in experimental systems have demonstrated that such interactions are common among beneficial mutations and often follow a pattern consistent with declining evolvability of more fit genotypes. However, these studies generally examine the consequences of interactions between a small number of focal mutations. It is not clear, therefore, that findings can be extrapolated to natural populations, where new mutations may be transferred between genetically divergent backgrounds. We build on work that examined interactions between four beneficial mutations selected in a laboratory-evolved population of Escherichia coli to test how they interact with the genomes of diverse natural isolates of the same species. We find that the fitness effect of transferred mutations depends weakly on the genetic and ecological similarity of recipient strains relative to the donor strain in which the mutations were selected. By contrast, mutation effects were strongly inversely correlated to the initial fitness of the recipient strain. That is, there was a pattern of diminishing returns whereby fit strains benefited proportionally less from an added mutation. Our results strengthen the view that the fitness of a strain can be a major determinant of its ability to adapt. They also support a role for barriers of transmission, rather than differential selection of transferred DNA, as an explanation of observed phylogenetically determined patterns of restricted recombination among E. coli strains.
The Asymmetric Volatility of Platinum and Palladium Futures

I test for the presence of asymmetric volatility in the Platinum and Palladium futures markets. My investigation is based on a variant of the heterogeneous autoregressive volatility model, using daily realized variance and return series from 2004 through 2009. I find that a decline in oil futures leads to significantly lower volatility for Palladium futures.. Relative to volatility on days following a positive one-standard-deviation return, volatility on days following a negative one-standard-deviation return is lower by 20% for Palladium futures. These results are robust to the removal of the jump component from realized volatility. The asymmetry in Palladium crude futures appears to be embedded in the continuous component of realized volatility. Platinum futures volatility exhibits no asymmetry.
The Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient

(1957). The Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient. Psychiatry: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 329-350.
Chapter 1 Speaking of Experts: An Introduction to the Volume

This volume contains papers given at the third biennial Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies Conference on Austrian Economics. The conference was held at a beautiful waterfront facility of Simon Fraser University on October 15 and 16, 2010. In spite of all warnings to expect fog and rain in the Pacific Northwest, the weather was sunny and mild, as were the spirits of the conferees. Our topic title, “Austrian Views on Experts and Epistemic Monopolies,” was perhaps a bit misleading because some of the views represented were not “Austrian.” Indeed, the editorial mission of Advances in Austrian Economics has been to promote dialogue between the “Austrian” tradition of economics and other traditions both within in economics and beyond. Participants discussed the problem of experts from several Austrian and non-Austrian perspectives. While representing different points of view, the participants did tend toward the view that experts may pose a problem in one way or another, especially when they enjoy an epistemic monopoly.
Radiation Therapy In Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Of The Head and Neck

Introduction The role of radiation therapy in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is not well established. While the NCCN guidelines recommend combined modality treatment with consolidative radiation therapy after chemotherapy for localized (stage I and II) disease, the data supporting this recommendation is lacking and is extrapolated from B-cell lymphoma. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of outcome in patients with non-cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the head and neck from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database diagnosed between 1981-2010. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier estimates using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed using Cox regression analysis. Results Of the 307 patients analyzed, 130 (43%) underwent radiation therapy. The median age was 59 years old, 60.3% were male, 73.9% were Caucasian and the median year of diagnosis was 2004. The majority of patients had PTCL, Not Otherwise Specified (74.3%), followed by anaplastic large cell histology (22.2%). Patients were grouped as stage I (47.2%), stage II (29.9%) and stage III/IV (22.8%). Head and neck sites included the nasal cavity (28.3%), oropharynx (25.7%), oral cavity (21.2%), salivary gland (11.7%), nasopharynx (7.8%) and larynx/hypopharynx (5.2%). The median follow-up was 54 months for survivors. Radiation therapy was associated with a higher 5-year overall survival in all patients (56.7% vs. 38.4%, p=0.001), patients with stage I disease (63.4% vs. 53.4%, p=0.036) and patients with stage II disease (60.8% vs. 36.3%, p=0.034), see [Figure 1][1]. Radiation therapy was not associated with a difference in overall survival in patients with stage III/IV disease (p=0.91). ![FIGURE 1][2] FIGURE 1 Overall survival for all patients and by stage Univariate analysis demonstrated that age, stage, radiation therapy and marital status were predictive of overall survival, but sex, and race were not. The year (p=0.93) or decade of treatment (p=0.67) did not impact overall survival. On multivariable analysis, increasing age (HR: 1.02, p<0.001), increasing stage (HR: 1.42, p=0.004), radiation therapy (HR: 0.60, p=0.011) and marital status of not married (HR: 1.49, p=0.035) remained statistically significant predictors of overall survival. An additional analysis was performed excluding patients who survived less than 3 months to account for mortality related to disease progression or chemotherapy toxicity. After excluding these 45 patients, radiation therapy was still associated with increased overall survival in all patients (p<0.001) and in patient with limited stage disease (p=0.021). Conclusions The integration of local radiation therapy to the treatment of PTCL of the head and neck may improve overall survival in patients with limited stage disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
Experimental and numerical investigation of core cooling of Li-ion cells using heat pipes

Abstract While Li-ion cells offer excellent energy conversion and storage capabilities for multiple applications, including electric vehicles, heat removal from a Li-ion cell remains a serious technological challenge that directly limits performance, and poses serious safety concerns. Due to poor thermal conductivity of Li-ion cells, traditional cooling methods like air cooling on the cell surface do not effectively access and cool the core. This may lead to overheating of the cell core. This paper investigates the cooling of Li-ion cells using an annular channel through the axis of the cell. Air flow through this channel and heat pipe insertion are both shown to result in effective cooling. A temperature reduction of 18–20 °C in the cell core is observed in heat pipe experiments, depending on heat pipe size, for 1.62 W heat dissipation. Similar effect is observed when a thin metal rod is used instead of a heat pipe. Experimental measurements are close to finite-element simulation results. Experiments demonstrate that a heat pipe successfully prevents overheating in case of sudden increase in heat generation due to malfunction such as cell shorting. This paper illustrates fundamental thermal-electrochemical trade-offs, and facilitates the development of novel and effective cooling techniques for Li-ion cells.
Visualizing Social Media Content with SentenTree

We introduce SentenTree, a novel technique for visualizing the content of unstructured social media text. SentenTree displays frequent sentence patterns abstracted from a corpus of social media posts. The technique employs design ideas from word clouds and the Word Tree, but overcomes a number of limitations of both those visualizations. SentenTree displays a node-link diagram where nodes are words and links indicate word co-occurrence within the same sentence. The spatial arrangement of nodes gives cues to the syntactic ordering of words while the size of nodes gives cues to their frequency of occurrence. SentenTree can help people gain a rapid understanding of key concepts and opinions in a large social media text collection. It is implemented as a lightweight application that runs in the browser.
Surgery in West Syndrome

The results of surgical removal of a porencephalic cyst in an 18-month old child with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia are reported from the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, VA Medical Center and University of Florida; the State University of Stony Brook, NY; and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
The effectiveness of exercise therapy for temporomandibular dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of exercise therapy on pain, function, and mobility outcomes in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction.Study design:Systematic review with meta...
Prime Difference Champions

A Prime Difference Champion (PDC) for primes up to x is defined to be any element of the set of one or more differences that occur most frequently among all positive differences between primes ≤ x. Assuming an appropriate form of the Hardy–Littlewood Prime Pair Conjecture we can prove that for sufficiently large x the PDCs run through the primorials. Numerical results also provide evidence for this conjecture as well as other interesting phenomena associated with prime differences. Unconditionally we prove that the PDCs go to infinity and further have asymptotically the same number of prime factors when counted logarithmically as the primorials.
Stepwise dynamics of an anionic micellar film – Formation of crown lenses

We studied the stepwise thinning of a microscopic circular foam film formed from an anionic micellar solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The foam film formed from the SDS micellar solution thins in a stepwise manner by the formation and expansion of a dark spot(s) of one layer less than the film thickness. During the last stages of film thinning (e.g., a film with one micellar layer), the dark spot expansion occurs via two steps. Initially, a small dark circular spot inside a film of several microns in size is formed, which expands at a constant rate. Then, a ridge along the expanding spot is formed. As the ridge grows, it becomes unstable and breaks into regular crown lenses, which are seen as white spots in the reflected light at the border of the dark spot with the surrounding thicker film. The Rayleigh type of instability contributes to the formation of the lenses, which results in the increase of the dark spot expansion rate with time. We applied the two-dimensional micellar-vacancy diffusion model and took into consideration the effects of the micellar layering and film volume on the rate of the dark spot expansion [Lee et al., 2016] to predict the rate of the dark spot expansion for a 0.06M SDS film in the presence of lenses. We briefly discuss the Rayleigh type of instability in the case of a 0.06M SDS foam film. The goals of this study are to reveal why the crown lenses are formed during the foam film stratification and to elucidate their effect on the rate of spot expansion.
Quantitative Research Methods

This chapter discusses a number of issues related to designs and analyses in quantitative instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) research. Most phenomena addressed by ISLA research-explicit instruction, task complexity, linguistic knowledge, for example-are qualitative in nature; that is, most of the constructs we study are not inherently numeric. Designs in quantitative ISLA will be stronger and more likely to contribute in meaningful ways to L2 theory and practice with: larger samples; samples consisting of under-researched demographics; more pretesting; and more delayed post-testing. The chapter describes several methodological concerns that remain and that pose threats to our understanding of instructed L2 development. The chapter concludes with two brief sets of recommendations for future research. The first set concerns methodologically oriented studies, and the second set of recommendations is directed toward the work of primary researchers and is based on many of the principles of sound research practice.
Evaluation of Risk Versus Benefit Information in Direct-To-Consumer (DTC) Prescription Drug Television Advertisements.

Background:The FDA’s Presenting Risk Information draft guidance from May 2009 states that the time of risk versus benefit is a factor taken into consideration when evaluating audio and video direct-to-consumer (DTC) broadcasts. The objective of the study is to evaluate the proportion of risk narration on television (TV) advertisements in comparison to the actual proportion of serious adverse effects findings across select therapeutic areas.Methods:The study reviews prescription drug TV advertisements between the years 2010 and 2015 separated by therapeutic class. Indicators to assess risk versus benefit are as follows: total benefit time, total risk time, total ad time, percentage proportion of risk, and number of serious adverse effects (SAEs) listed in the package insert. The objective is establishing proportion of risk-to-benefit narration across therapeutic areas and the proportion of risk narration compared to the number of SAEs in the package insert. These outcomes will reflect whether TV advertisem...
Mitogen-activated protein kinase plays an important role in hemolysate-induced contraction in rabbit basilar artery.

Object. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important signaling factor in the vascular proliferation and contraction, the two features of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. We studied the possible involvement of MAPK in hemolysate-induced signal transduction and contraction in rabbit basilar artery.
A quantitative measure of temper embrittlement

From the theories of flow and fracture it is shown that the difference in reciprocals of the transition temperatures (°K) is a quantitative measure of temper embrittlement. Experimental data are given which support this conclusion.
FACS isolation of live mouse eosinophils at high purity via a protocol that does not target Siglec F

Flow cytometry protocols designed to identify mouse eosinophils typically target Siglec F, an α-2,3-sialic acid binding transmembrane protein expressed universally on cells of this lineage. While a convenient target, antibody-mediated ligation of Siglec F induces eosinophil apoptosis, which limits its usefulness for isolations that are to be followed by functional and/or gene expression studies. We present here a method for FACS isolation which does not target Siglec F and likewise utilizes no antibodies targeting IL5Rα (CD125) or CCR3. Single cell suspensions are prepared from lungs of mice that were sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus antigens; eosinophils were identified and isolated by FACS as live SSChi/FSChi CD11c-Gr1-/loMHCII- cells. This strategy was also effective for eosinophil isolation from the lungs of IL5tg mice. Purity by visual inspection of stained cytospin preparations and by Siglec F-diagnostic flow cytometry was 98-99% and 97-99%, respectively. Eosinophils isolated by this method (yield, ~4×106/mouse) generated high-quality RNA suitable for gene expression analysis.
Health-Related Quality of Life of Specialized Versus Multi-Sport Young Athletes: A Qualitative Evaluation

Single sport specialization has been associated with injury risk and burnout. However, there is no known previous qualitative research regarding health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of single sport and multi-sport young athletes and their parents. In order to better understand the perceptions of these potential risks of youth sports specialization, a qualitative parent-child study of specialized young athletes was performed. Thirty-six families (50 young athletes and 42 parents) participated in this study by completing an interview about their sports participation. Twenty-seven of these families completed the PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) questionnaire, assessing quality of life. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores were high in all young athlete and parent categories with no significant differences (p = .96) in quality of life between single (specialized) and multi-sport young athletes and their respective parents (p = .17). Qualitative analysis of interview...
Combined Outcomes of Endovascular or Surgical Treatment of Unruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: Is a More Aggressive Management Strategy Warranted?

Background Updated natural history studies that suggest anterior communicating artery aneurysms have a higher risk of rupture than formerly appreciated. As endovascular and open techniques advance, morbidity may fall to levels that suggest the feasibility of intervention even for small aneurysms. This study was conducted to assess the risk associated with treating smaller, unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. Methods A cross-sectional study of 149 patients with unruptured anterior communicating aneurysms treated over a 6-year period was performed. Treatment was based on an estimate of the highest efficacy/lowest risk for each patient. Outcomes were recorded at 3 months and 1 year after treatment. The primary outcome measure was a modified Rankin scale score of >2 at 1 year, or persistent cognitive impairment confirmed by a neurologist. Results The average patient age was 61 years (range, 34–84 years), and the median aneurysm size was 5.5 mm (interquartile range, 4–7 mm). Clipping was performed in 98 patients (65.8%). Poor outcome was observed in 12 patients (8%). Neither aneurysm size nor treatment method was predictive of poor outcome. Both a history of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction and age were most significantly associated with poor outcome (coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction: odds ratio [OR], 8.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–29.86; P = 0.002; age: OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.019–1.17; P = 0.013). Dichotomized for age >65 years, the odds of poor outcome increased nearly 11-fold (OR, 10.93; 95% CI, 2.29–52.03; P = 0.003). Conclusions The risk associated with treating unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms in patients age
Pim-1 protein kinase is nuclear in Burkitt's lymphoma: nuclear localization is necessary for its biologic effects.

Background: The Pim-1 33-kDa protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is capable of enhancing the rate of occurrence of c-Myc-induced lymphomas, and functions to block factor-withdrawal and genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis. Materials and Methods: We used human lymphoma samples and tissue culture cells to examine the cellular location of this protein and its mechanism of action. Results: We found that Pim-1 can be located in the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm and nucleus, or the nucleus of cells of normal lymph nodes, but is only located in the nucleus in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. On transfection of Pim-1 into HeLa cells, a nuclear localization is observed that is not dependent upon kinase activity, but appears to be regulated by the carboxy terminal half of the protein. Because Pim-1 is known to regulate apoptosis and human Mdm2 (HDM2) contains a consensus Pim-1 phosphorylation site, the possible role of Pim-1 in modulating HDM2 was examined. When Pim-1 and HDM2 are transfected transiently into 293 cells, the presence of Pim-1 results in an increase in the levels of the HDM2 protein. This effect requires the presence of the entire HDM2 protein. Export of Pim-1 out of the nucleus by attachment of a nuclear export signal decreased its ability to regulate the levels of HDM2 protein. Conclusion: The nuclear location of Pim-1 is essential for its regulation of the levels of HDM2 protein, and possibly for additional biological activities of this protein kinase.
Aspects of anaerobic infections in animals.

The recent literature on clostridial infections of animals and infections due to gram-negative anaerobic rods is reviewed. It is stressed that quite recently the literature is concerned with animal models for the evaluation and study of the chemotherapy, immunity mechanisms and pathogenesis ofFusobacterium andBacteroides infections in animals came into being.
Amsterdam’s Dutch and Sephardic Merchants in the Atlantic Supply Trade and the Sugar Trade in the Seventeenth Century

In this chapter, the author presents evidence from freight records researched at the City Archives of Amsterdam which illustrate that after trade and navigation restrictions were imposed, Dutch and Sephardic merchant trade diverged. Whereas Dutch merchants from Amsterdam held business interest in Barbados in the mid-seventeenth century through the supply trade, it was Amsterdam’s Sephardic merchants who engaged primarily in the sugar trade. As the navigation acts required all trade to be conducted by English merchants and be directed to the English market, Sephardic merchants requested and were granted “denizenship.” Meanwhile, Amsterdam remained the primary sugar refining center for the European market and Sephardic merchants played a significant role in sustaining the Amsterdam sugar market through most of the seventeenth century.
The proposer’s behavior in the ultimatum game in 11 Mexican villages

Abstract Previous research suggests several motivations behind the proposer’s behavior in the Ultimatum Game, deviating from an income maximizing strategy. Proposers who deviate from this strategy are more altruistic, more risk averse, have false beliefs about the norm of fairness in their society, and therefore, offer more than what is acceptable for the responder in this game. We test these hypotheses with a large representative sample of 1009 subjects from 11 villages across Mexico. Participants make decisions in an ultimatum game and a dictator game. Our results vary systematically across villages, and support that proposers’ decisions are motivated by altruistic motives and their own hypothetical Minimum Acceptable Offer (i.e., false consensus: their beliefs), more than their risk preferences.
Unbiased Screening of Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) in Tumor Extracts Using a Mouse Phospho-RTK Array Kit

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) herpesvirus (KSHV) is a virus that causes KS, an angiogenic AIDS-associated spindle-cell neoplasm, by activating host oncogenic signaling cascades through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Many host signaling cascades co-opted by KSHV including PI3K/AKT/mTORC, NFkB and Notch are critical for cell-specific mechanisms of transformation and their identification is paving the way to therapeutic target discovery. Analysis of the molecular KS signature common to human KS tumors and our mouse KS-like tumors showed consistent expression of KS markers VEGF and PDGF receptors with upregulation of other angiogenesis ligands and their receptors in vivo. This points to the autocrine and paracrine activation of various receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling axes. Hereby we describe a protocol to screen for activated receptor tyrosine kinase of KSHV-induced KS-like mouse tumors using a Mouse Phospho-RTK Array Kit and its validation by RTK western blots. We showed that this method can be successfully used to rank the tyrosine kinase receptors most activated in tumors in an unbiased manner. This allowed us to identify PDGFRA as an oncogenic driver and therapeutic target in AIDS-KS.
XIX.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—CLXXI

(1939). XIX.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—CLXXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 177-185.
Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopic characterization of equine immune-mediated keratitis.

Objective To describe the corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in horses with putative immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK). Animals Sixty five horses with IMMK. Procedures Horses diagnosed with IMMK were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. The findings from the IVCM examinations were correlated with clinical details from ophthalmic examination and diagnostic test results. Results Eighty eyes from 65 horses were examined. Clinical IMMK lesions were categorized as epithelial (n = 17 eyes), superficial stromal (n = 38), midstromal (n = 18), and endothelial (n = 7). Epithelial, superficial stromal, and midstromal lesions were characterized with IVCM by variable corneal leukocyte infiltrates and vascularization of the approximate corneal anatomic region that was clinically affected as determined by biomicroscopy. In addition, all horses displayed a dense network of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Less consistent IVCM findings included epithelial disorganization, corneal edema, mineral deposition, stromal fibrosis, and epithelial pigment granules. Endothelial IMMK was distinct from the other forms of IMMK and characterized with IVCM by stromal edema, endothelium disorganization, endothelial cell loss, and multifocal accumulations of highly reflective material within the endothelium. Conclusions and clinical relevance The distinguishing feature of epithelial and stromal forms of IMMK is a dense accumulation of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Cellular changes in endothelial IMMK were largely confined to the endothelium and distinct from the other forms of IMMK evaluated.
Malnourished children acquire nosocomial infections more often and have significantly increased length of hospital stay

Summary Background and aims A positive correlation between malnutrition and length of hospital stay has been shown previously. However, the impact of malnutrition on an incidence of nosocomial infections and their effect on the duration of hospitalization has not been established among paediatric patients in developed countries. We investigated the correlation between malnutrition, nosocomial infections and LOS in hospitalized children in our University Children's Hospital. Methods We conducted prospective longitudinal cohort study during the period of 1 year. Nutritional status (body weight and length/height, body mass index) was measured on hospital admission and the existence and type of nosocomial infections were monitored and evaluated during hospital stay of all recruited children. Results 367 paediatric patients were included into the study (girls 184, 50.1%; mean age 7.3 years (IQR: 1 month - 18 years). On hospital admission overall 47 patients (12.8%) were malnourished; moderate malnutrition (BMI −2 to −3 SDS) was present in 8.7% patients, severe malnutrition (BMI Conclusion Malnutrition is an important risk factor for developing nosocomial infection, and they both independently increase LOS. However, what is the cause and what is the consequence in the vicious circle of malnutrition, nosocomial infection and LOS remains questionable. Nevertheless, the timely addressed malnutrition could prevent longer hospital stay and higher incidence of nosocomial infection.
Hierarchical Management of Distributed Energy Resources Using Chance-Constrained OPF and Extremum Seeking Control

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are becoming an important part of distribution systems, because of their economic and environmental benefits. Although their inherent intermittency and volatility introduce uncertainties into the electric power system, they have the potential to provide controllability to the system under proper coordination. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical control algorithm for distribution systems with DERs so that they have controllability similar to a generator bus. The upper level scheduler solves a chance-constrained optimal power flow (OPF) problem to plan the operation of the DERs based on forecasts, and the lower level distributed DER controllers leverage the extremum seeking approach to deliver the planned power at the feeder head. The proposed algorithm is tested on a modified IEEE 13-node feeder, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Probing the regoliths of the classical Uranian satellites: Are their surfaces mantled by a layer of tiny H2O ice grains?

Abstract We investigate whether the surfaces of the classical moons of Uranus are compositionally stratified, with a thin veneer of mostly tiny H2O ice grains (≤2 μm diameters) mantling a lower layer composed of larger grains of H2O ice, dark material, and CO2 ice (~10–50 μm diameters). Near-infrared observations (~1–2.5 μm) have determined that the H2O ice-rich surfaces of these moons are overprinted by concentrated deposits of CO2 ice, found almost exclusively on their trailing hemispheres. However, best fit spectral models of longer wavelength datasets (~3–5 μm) indicate that the spectral signature of CO2 ice is largely absent, and instead, the exposed surfaces of these moons are composed primarily of tiny H2O ice grains. To investigate possible compositional layering of these moons, we have collected new data using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope (~3–5 μm). Spectral modeling of these new data is consistent with prior analyses, suggesting that the exposed surfaces of the Uranian moons are primarily composed of tiny H2O ice grains. Furthermore, analysis of these new data reveal that the trailing hemispheres of these moons are brighter than their leading hemispheres over the 3 to 5 μm wavelength range, except for Miranda, which displays no hemispherical asymmetries in its IRAC albedos. Our analyses also reveal that the surface of Ariel displays five distinct, regional-scale albedo zones, possibly consistent with the spatial distribution of CO2 ice on this moon. We discuss possible processes that could be enhancing the observed leading/trailing albedo asymmetries exhibited by these moons, as well as processes that could be driving the apparent compositional stratification of their near surfaces.
How moles walk; it's all thumbs

A recurring theme in the evolution of tetrapods is the shift from sprawling posture with laterally orientated limbs to erect posture with the limbs extending below the body. However, in order to invade particular locomotor niches, some tetrapods secondarily evolved a sprawled posture. This includes moles, some of the most specialized digging tetrapods. Although their forelimb anatomy and posture facilitates burrowing, moles also walk long distances to forage for and transport food. Here, we use X-ray Reconstruction Of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to determine if the mole humerus rotates around its long axis during walking, as it does when moles burrow and echidnas walk, or alternatively protracts and retracts at the shoulder in the horizontal plane as seen in sprawling reptiles. Our results reject both hypotheses and demonstrate that forelimb kinematics during mole walking are unusual among those described for tetrapods. The humerus is retracted and protracted in the parasagittal plane above, rather than below the shoulder joint and the 'false thumb', a sesamoid bone (os falciforme), supports body weight during the stance phase, which is relatively short. Our findings broaden our understanding of the diversity of tetrapod limb posture and locomotor evolution, demonstrate the importance of X-ray-based techniques for revealing hidden kinematics and highlight the importance of examining locomotor function at the level of individual joint mobility.
Effects of diets containing different concentrations of pollen and pollen substitutes on physiology, Nosema burden, and virus titers in the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.)

Colonies of Apis mellifera provided with natural forage show decreased pathogen loads and increased overwintering success when compared with colonies provisioned with supplemental protein diets. Despite the potential benefits of a pollen-based diet, protein supplements are commonly used in colonies throughout the spring and increasingly through the fall and winter as the cost of pollen is greater than that of supplements and concerns exist over the potential for pollen to vector viruses to bee colonies. In this study, we compare virus and Nosema burden, consumption and digestion, hemolymph protein and hypopharyngeal gland size in bees fed on pure pollen diets, purely supplemental protein diets, and diets containing 90% supplement and 10% pollen to examine whether the inclusion of small amounts of pollen mitigates the negative impacts of consuming protein supplements seen in preceding studies. We found that the diets had similar concentrations of total soluble protein; however, bees consumed and digested significantly more of the pollen diet than either PS alone or mixed with pollen. In colonies, honeybees consuming pollen had lower deformed wing virus (DWV) and Nosema titers than bees fed protein supplements. The addition of 10% pollen to the supplement significantly increased digestion and hypopharyngeal gland size and decreased levels of Nosema infection over colonies fed supplement alone. These results indicate that the addition of small amounts of pollen into protein supplements may help to mitigate the differences observed between protein supplement and pollen fed bees.
Link between Inattentive, Hyperactive/Impulsive, and Disorganized Behaviors and Peer Disliking Analyzed with Quadratic Assignment Procedure

Research has demonstrated that inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors are associated with peer rejection. Adding to prior research, which has relied on third-party raters or used aggregated peer nominations, we used Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) correlations and logistic regressions (LRQAP) to examine concordance in peer nomination patterns, controlling for gender homophily between nominator/nominee. We also explored if classroom behavioral norms helped explain in which classrooms LRQAP models were significant. Participants (387 fourth and fifth graders from 21 general education classrooms) nominated classmates for three problem behaviors (i.e., inattention, disorganization, and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and as liked-most and liked-least. Teachers also rated each participating student on two scales—distractible and organized; classroom means were used to characterize the behavioral norms in each classroom. In QAP correlations, nominations for at least one problem behavior were significantly tied with dislike in 81% of classrooms (e.g., child nominated the peer as both inattentive and as liked-least), with inattention the most consistent predictor. Gender homophily had a significant, positive relation to dislike in LRQAP models for 43% of classrooms, but results were largely unchanged. Chi-square analyses of teacher ratings indicated that perceived inattention was more often tied to disliking in classrooms with low and moderate levels of distractibility than high distractibility. Variability of the LRQAP results was otherwise unrelated to classroom norms and grade level. Children who perceived peers as inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive also reported disliking those same peers in the majority of classrooms suggesting a targeted dislike in response to these behaviors.
Visual Embodied Actions in Interview-Based Writing Research: A Methodological Argument for Video:

People communicate through language as well as visual embodied actions like gestures, yet audio remains the default recording technology in interview-based writing research. Given that texts and wr...
Nanoparticle synthesis via femtosecond laser reduction in liquid

Uncapped “naked” Au, Ag, and Pd nanoparticles were synthesized using femtosecond laser-induced reduction of salt precursors in aqueous solution. Focusing femtosecond laser pulses into water induces optical breakdown of the medium, producing a dense plasma containing reactive electrons and radicals that can reduce metal ions to neutral metal atoms, which coalesce into nanoparticles. Manipulating the plasma composition by changing the solution pH and adding radical scavengers was found to enable improved control over the nanoparticle size distributions. The synthesized Au and Pd nanoparticles are catalytically active towards the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and could potentially be used in further catalysis applications.
Lessons from the Dawn mission to Ceres and Vesta

Abstract The Dawn mission orbited and explored Ceres and Vesta, the two largest objects in the main asteroid belt. One of the key enabling technologies was solar electric propulsion. After more than 11 years in flight, Dawn completed operations in October 2018. I describe some lessons from the perspective of chief engineer and mission manager/mission director.
The rapid transformation of cardiac surgery practice in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: insights and clinical strategies from a centre at the epicentre

Objectives The onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced our cardiac surgery programme and hospital to enact drastic measures that has forced us to change how we care for cardiac surgery patients, assist with COVID-19 care and enable support for the hospital in terms of physical resources, providers and resident training. Methods In this review, we review the cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 and describe our system-wide adaptations to the pandemic, including the use of telemedicine, how a severe reduction in operative volume affected our programme, the process of redeployment of staff, repurposing of residents into specific task teams, the creation of operation room intensive care units, and the challenges that we faced in this process. Results We offer a revised set of definitions of surgical priority during this pandemic and how this was applied to our system, followed by specific considerations in coronary/valve, aortic, heart failure and transplant surgery. Finally, we outline a path forward for cardiac surgery for the near future. Conclusions We recognize that individual programmes around the world will eventually face COVID-19 with varying levels of infection burden and different resources, and we hope this document can assist programmes to plan for the future.
Restoration applications of resource objective wildfires in western US forests: a status of knowledge review

Frequent-fire forests of the western United States have undergone remarkable changes in structure, composition, and function due to historical exclusion of naturally occurring fire. Mechanized tree thinning to reduce forest density and fuel loads tends to be expensive and cannot be effectively implemented across all lands, and there is increasing interest in managing naturally ignited wildfires for meeting forest restoration objectives. To investigate general effectiveness of resource objective (RO) wildfires for restoring frequent-fire and associated forests of the western United States, we conducted a review of the related peer-reviewed literature. Formal analysis of ecological responses to RO fires is relatively recent, and 21 of the 37 papers (57%) we reviewed were published between the years 2010 and 2018. We found 17 studies that investigated RO fire outcomes in Sierra Nevada forests, while other ecoregions that were represented in the literature included Arizona–New Mexico Mountains, Middle Rockies–Blue Mountains, and the Colorado Plateau. Yosemite National Park was utilized in 14 of the studies we reviewed. We noted several ecoregions where frequent-fire forests occur, but for which published studies on RO fires are lacking. The main focus of research (14 studies) was related to RO fire effects on forest structure, and next in importance was research (12 studies) related to fire severity, extent, and type, with studies of understory vegetation responses and landscape-scale patterns or dynamics also prevalent. Research findings indicated that RO fires were effective for reducing tree density and fire behavior; however, densities often remained above known historical ranges of variation in several studies. Understory responses reported in the literature were mixed with respect to effects on abundance and species richness. Increases in invasive species abundance in areas of high burn severity were consistently reported. Research on landscape patterns indicated that RO fires can increase heterogeneity with respect to vegetation distribution. RO fires can be generally effective for restoration of frequent-fire forests, particularly on landscapes with long histories of fire use and in areas of moderate burn severity. More research is needed to test fire outcomes against specific restoration targets, and additional studies are needed concerning important ecological processes and functions.
Deep learning for plasticity and thermo-viscoplasticity

Abstract Predicting history-dependent materials’ responses is crucial, as path-dependent behavior appears while characterizing or geometrically designing many materials (e.g., metallic and polymeric cellular materials), and it takes place in manufacturing and processing of many materials (e.g., metal solidification). Such phenomena can be computationally intensive and challenging when numerical schemes such as the finite element method are used. Here, we have applied a variety of sequence learning models to almost instantly predict the history-dependent responses (stresses and energy) of a class of cellular materials as well as the multiphysics problem of steel solidification with multiple thermo-viscoplasticity constitutive models accounting for substantial temperature, time, and path dependencies, and phase transformation. We have shown the gated recurrent unit (GRU) as well as the temporal convolutional network (TCN), can both accurately learn and almost instantly predict these irreversible, and history- and time-dependent phenomena, while TCN is more computationally efficient during the training process. This work may open the door for the broader adoption of data-driven models in similar computationally challenging constitutive models in plasticity and inelasticity.
Young children with psychiatric complaints in the pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Introduction Children are increasingly diagnosed with mental illnesses and self-harm behaviors. They present frequently to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation. The aim of this study is to describe the youngest children in the ED with psychiatric issues. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of all consecutive children less than 10 years of age with a psychiatric complaint who received a psychiatric consultation in the pediatric emergency department in the last four years. Results The number of children with psychiatric issues increased over the study period. The ED length of stay also increased. Violent behavior and aggression were the most common chief complaints, and some children required chemical or physical restraint in the ED. Many children had pre-existing psychiatric issues and a history of adverse childhood experiences. Half of patients were deemed safe for discharge home by psychiatric consultation. Conclusion The number of young children with psychiatric complaints presenting to the ED has increased. However, a large number are found to be stable for discharge home. Increase in urgent outpatient psychiatric resources could help decrease ED utilization.
Can Standardized Dates for Interview Offers Mitigate Excessive Interviewing

Objective To determine the impact of specialty-specific guidelines for standardized interview offers on residency applicant behavior towards excessive interviewing. Design In 2019 to 2020, the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics and the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) outlined standard dates for residency interview offers. A cross-sectional survey of applicants queried adherence to standardized interview offers, the number of interviews offers received, interviews completed, and application characteristics. Based on data that applicants in OBGYN with a mean number of 12 contiguous ranks are highly likely to match, factors associated with accepting an excessive percentage of interview offers were investigated in applicants with at least 12 interviews, using multiple logistic regression. Setting All OBGYN applicants were sent an anonymous electronic survey distributed through the Electronic Residency Application Service in February 2020, with the subset of US MD senior respondents selected for this analysis. Participants There were a total of 1292 US MD senior applicants into OBGYN in 2020, with 505 (39%) providing their interview information through the survey. Three hundred and sixty (71%) of US MD senior respondents received at least 12 interviews. Results Applicants receiving at least 12 interview offers completed a median of 83% of their interviews, and excessive interviewing was defined as completing greater than this median percentage. Receiving most interview offers on standardized interview offer dates resulted in less excessive interviewing despite controlling for number of programs applied to, applying as a couple, and United States Medical Licensing Exams Step 1 score. Conclusions The standardization of interview offer dates may mitigate interview inflation by altering applicant behavior. This promising pilot data suggests that applicants may be able to make more informed decisions about which interview offers to accept when all offers are received on predetermined dates.
Molecular mechanisms of voiding dysfunction in a novel mouse model of acute urinary retention

Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a common urological emergency and affects a significant patient population. The inability to eliminate urine may lead to permanent damage to the bladder's structure and functioning. However, we know little about the underlying molecular sequelae to the urine retention. To closely mirror the potential high pressures that patients with AUR could experience, we catheterized anesthetized female mice via the urethra and filled the bladder by pumping saline (25 µL/min) into the bladder lumen to 50 cm or 80 cm water pressure. A water column with designated height (50 or 80 cm) was then adjusted to maintain constant pressure in the bladder lumen for 30 minutes. Functional and morphological evaluations were performed from 0 to 24 hours after AUR treatment. Mice exhibited incontinence and overactivity with diminished voiding pressure. Significant injury was confirmed which revealed bladders with disrupted urothelial barrier, edematous lamina propria, and distorted muscle bundles. Bladder smooth muscle (BSM) from pressure-treated mice have significantly diminished contraction force, suggesting that bladder voiding dysfunction can be attributed to impaired BSM contractility. Indeed, dysregulation of acetylcholine and purinergic signaling pathways were demonstrated, indicating that reduced efficacy of these pathways contributes to impaired BSM contractility. Finally, altered expression of β1-integrin and extracellular matrix mediated mechanotransduction pathways were detected, suggesting a profound remodeling process. These data demonstrated an easy to perform, quantifiable, and reproducible AUR mouse model, which mimics well the characteristics of human AUR patients, and our data generate new insights into the molecular mechanisms that occur following AUR.
Impact of adherence to disease-modifying therapies on employment among veterans with multiple sclerosis.

Patients who adhere to their disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have a lower rate of MS-related relapses and disability. We sought to determine the adherence rate to DMTs and the association betwee...