cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hair testing and self-report of cocaine use by heroin users.

Aim Failure to disclose cocaine use can have a negative impact on medical care and research validity. This study was performed to identify predictors of cocaine non-disclosure among individuals who self-reported heroin use during a medical care encounter. Design A prospective comparison of self-report of cocaine use among heroin users and hair analysis for cocaine. Setting Four health-care clinics at an academic, inner-city hospital. Participants Patients presenting for a health-care visit who were willing to self-report use of heroin and were not engaged in any form of drug treatment. Measurements (1) Self-report using standardized instruments: the Drug Addiction Severity Test (DAST), the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and quantity/frequency questions for heroin and cocaine use. (2) Biochemical evidence: analysis of hair by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cocaine and opiate levels. Findings Among 336 heroin users who tested positive for cocaine in hair, 34.2% did not report their recent cocaine use. The mean cocaine level for discordant individuals was significantly lower than for concordant individuals (109.6 ng/10 mg versus 470.57 ng/10 mg; P < 0.0001). Multivariate predictors of disclosure included opiate and cocaine levels in hair and the ASI drug severity subscore. Conclusions Although self-report has been validated for treatment system patients, almost a third of the out-of-treatment heroin users in this medical clinic study failed to disclose concomitant cocaine use. The likelihood of non-disclosure was greatest for heavy users of heroin and light users of cocaine. Confirmation of self-report with biochemical analysis in the medical setting may be necessary to improve both clinical care and research validity.
Showing Clients What Their Profiles Mean.

This article suggests that counselors might profitably investigate new graphic approaches to showing clients what their multivariate profiles mean. An illustration is given in terms of Holland's RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional; 1985) model of vocational interests.
Transmitter-in-the-loop optimization of physical radar emissions

Ongoing work is exploring the optimization of physical radar emissions based on the continuous phase modulation (CPM) implementation of polyphase codes. Here a modification to the code search strategy known as Marginal Fisher's Information (MFI) is presented that enables this greedy approach to further improve upon the performance of the resulting CPM-implemented continuous waveform in terms of range sidelobes. The optimization process is also expanded to include the effects of the transmitter (from both modeled and physical hardware perspectives) to facilitate the optimization of physical emissions that are specifically tuned to the transmitter. This approach is particularly useful for high-power transmitters in which the actual physical emission is a spectrally modified and non-linearly distorted version of the intended radar waveform.
Tetrodotoxin resistant propagation and extracellular sodium changes during spreading depression in rat cerebellum

Abstract Spreading depression (SD) was elicited in the benzoate-conditioned rat cerebellum by microinjection of KCl. Median SD propagation velocity was 9.2 mm·min−1. [Na+]0 decreases, median value 77.5 mM, were measured with ion-selective micropipettes. Superfusion of the cerebellum with 10−5 M tetrodotoxin did not modify the propagation velocity or decrease the [Na+]0 change. This confirms that classical voltage-mediated Na+ conductances are not involved in SD.
Nuclear scaffold-associated protease: In situ nuclear localization and effects of a protease inhibitor on growth and morphology of a ras-transformed hepatocyte cell line

Abstract We have previously identified a multicatalytic protease (MCP) activity associated with the nuclear scaffold (NS) in hepatocytes and fibroblasts. When we used the chloromethylketone protease inhibitor AAPF cmk , which is targeted to chymotrypsinlike protease activity, we observed a dramatic inhibition of transformation of fibroblasts, with effects that were relatively selective for the NS fraction. Here, we undertook experiments to determine the effects of AAPF cmk , on Simian Virus 40-immortalized CWSV1 cells compared with a ras -transformed hepatocyte cell line (NR4) derived from CWSV1. We used biotin AAPF cmk and fluorescent reagents to demonstrate a nuclear chymotrypsinlike protease activity, which is most prominent at the nuclear envelope. The ras -transformed NR4 cells were highly susceptible to growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner, showing 85% growth inhibition at 50 μmol/L AAPF cmk . In contrast, the immortalized CWSV1 cells were not sensitive at the concentrations (10 to 50 μmol/L) of AAPF cmk tested. In subcellular fractionation studies, the inhibitory effects of AAPF cmk were confined to the NS fraction. The AAPF cmk -induced growth inhibition was accompanied by marked morphological changes in ras -transformed cells, without evidence of overt toxicity. No change in DNA content was observed, but a marked increase in organization of actin cytoskeletal elements was seen. These results suggest that a protease activity associated with the nuclear scaffold has important functions in controlling cytoskeletal filament organization and cell replication.
THE TRANSFORMATION PROBLEM: AN OBITUARY

This article attempts to analyze the assumptions which must be made in the transformation of values into prices. The author s argue that many of the "problems" discussed in the transformation literature are due to incorrect formulations of these assumptions. I f properly formulated, a transformation as postulated by Karl Marx ca n easily be performed (following the "new solution" by G. Dumenil a nd D. Foley). The alternative approaches of L. Bortkiewicz-P. Sweezy, A. Shaikh, and A. Medio are then reviewed in the light of the new so lution, and an explanation of partial results is given. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
Airport noise and self-reported sleep insufficiency, United States, 2008 and 2009.

INTRODUCTION Sleep insufficiency is a major health risk factor. Exposure to environmental noise may affect sleep duration and quality. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between airport noise exposure and insufficient sleep in the United States by using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). METHODS Data on the number of days without enough rest or sleep for approximately 750,000 respondents to the 2008 and 2009 BRFSS were linked with data on noise exposure modeled using the US Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Integrated Noise Model for 95 major US airports for corresponding years. Noise exposure data were stratified into 3 groups depending on noise levels. People living outside airport noise exposure zones were included as a reference category. RESULTS We found 8.6 mean days of insufficient sleep in the previous 30 days among 745,868 adults; 10.8% reported insufficient sleep for all 30 days; and 30.1% reported no days of insufficient sleep. After controlling for individual sociodemographics and ZIP Code-level socioeconomic status, we found no significant differences in sleep insufficiency between the 3 noise exposure zones and the zone outside. CONCLUSION This research demonstrates the feasibility of conducting a national study of airport noise and sleep using an existing public health surveillance dataset and recommends methods for improving the accuracy of such studies; some of these recommendations were implemented in recent FAA-sponsored studies. Validation of BRFSS sleep measures and refined ways of collecting data are needed to determine the optimal measures of sleep for such a large-scale survey and to establish the relationship between airport noise and sleep.
Charge Flow and Solvent Dynamics in the Photodissociation of Solvated Molecular Ions

We survey recent experimental and theoretical studies of photodissociation and recombination of dihalide ions in gas-phase clusters and liquid solution. A crucial property of these systems is the flow of excess charge within the solute, which is strongly coupled to the motion of the surrounding molecules. Using a model inspired by the theory of electron-transfer reactions, we have constructed a comprehensive physical picture of the interplay of charge flow and solvent dynamics on multiple, coupled electronic states. The consequences are sometimes surprising: for example, in excited states having antibonding character, the charge moves to the less solvated atom as the solute dissociates, leading to more efficient recombination than in neutral systems. Our analysis also predicts extremely efficient spin−orbit quenching (associated with solvent-induced curve crossings) following UV excitation of I2- clustered with CO2, which has been confirmed by experiment and suggests a revised interpretation of the trans...
Direct iterative methods for least-squares solutions to singular operator equations

Abstract Least-squares consistency and convergence of iterative schemes are investigated for singular operator equations (1) Tx = f , where T is a bounded linear operator from a Banach space to a Hilbert space. A direct splitting of T into T = M − N is then used to obtain the iterative formula (2) x ( k +1) = M − Nx ( k ) + M − f , where M − is a least-squares generalized inverse of M . Cone monotonicity is used to investigate convergence of (2) to a least-squares solutions to (1), extending results given for the matrix case given by Berman and Plemmons.
68Ga-DOTA-affibody molecule for in vivo assessment of HER2/neu expression with PET.

Purpose Overexpression of HER2/neu in breast cancer is correlated with a poor prognosis. It may vary between primary tumors and metastatic lesions and change during the treatment. Therefore, there is a need for a new means to assess HER2/neu expression in vivo. In this work, we used 68Ga-labeled DOTA-ZHER2:2891-Affibody to monitor HER2/neu expression in a panel of breast cancer xenografts.
Utilizing desktop virtual reality to enhance visualization: applied projects from the Department of Computer Graphics

Virtual reality technologies provide a unique method for enhancing user visualization of complex three-dimensional objects and environments. By experience and environmental interaction, users can more readily perceive the dimensional relationships of objects typically portrayed via static multiview or pictorial representations. Until recently, many of the VR technologies required significant computing power for adequate delivery and provided realism that is often less than actual. Alternatively video-based VR technologies overcome the two major limitations of true three-dimensional VR technologies-computing horsepower and realism. The focus of this contribution is to provide background information on VR technology for the improvement of spatial abilities, describe the advantages of video-based VR technologies, and provide examples showing how video-based VR can be used to enhance visualization in education and training.
The relevance of non-excitable cells for cardiac pacemaker function.

Age-dependent changes in the architecture of the sinus node comprise an increasing ratio between fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. This change is discussed as a potential mechanism for sinus node disease. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism through which non-excitable cells influence the spontaneous activity of multicellular cardiomyocyte preparations. Cardiomyocyte monolayers (HL-1 cells) or embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were used as two- and three-dimensional cardiac pacemaker models. Spontaneous activity and conduction velocity (θ) were monitored by field potential measurements with microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The influence of fibroblasts (WT-fibs) was determined in heterocellular cultures of different cardiomyocyte and fibroblast ratios. The relevance of heterocellular gap junctional coupling was evaluated by the use of fibroblasts deficient for the expression of Cx43 (Cx43−/−-fibs). The beating frequency and θ of heterocellular cultures depended negatively on the fibroblast concentration. Interspersion of fibroblasts in cardiomyocyte monolayers increased the coefficient of the interbeat interval variability. Whereas Cx43−/−-fibs decreased θ significantly less than WT-fibs, their effect on the beating frequency and the beat-to-beat variability seemed largely independent of their ability to establish intercellular coupling. These results suggest that electrically integrated, non-excitable cells modulate the excitability of cardiac pacemaker preparations by two distinct mechanisms, one dependent and the other independent of the heterocellular coupling established. Whereas heterocellular coupling enables the fibroblast to depolarize the cardiomyocytes or to act as a current sink, the mere physical separation of the cardiomyocytes by fibroblasts induces bradycardia through a reduction in frequency entrainment.
Coordinated Control of a 12-TET Robot

The tetrahedral robot architecture produces robots with variable length "struts" that connect "nodes". Each node is connected to at least 4 struts resulting in the relative position of each node being determined by at least 4 distances. This is clearly an over constrained situation. This paper considers the control engineering implications of the additional constraint(s) and suggests one solution. That is, consider three struts as "master struts," the rest as "slave struts," and implement, for each strut a decentralized adaptive controller. The input to the master struts can be nearly arbitrary, whereas the input to the slave struts must be coordinated with that of the master struts. The adaptive control algorithm allows for small errors between the desired positions of the slave struts relative to the master struts and the actual relative positions.
Book Review: Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere

The recently published book, Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere, by M. H. Rees, is now available through Cambridge University Press, London. Sushil K. Atreya, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, provides this review. The Earth's upper atmosphere is a region of immense complexity. The behavior of this region is governed primarily by the energy deposited by solar ultraviolet photons and the energetic charged particles. This book is an excellent attempt at unraveling the mysteries of the upper atmosphere of the Earth. The upper atmosphere in this book refers loosely to the region of the thermosphere and ionosphere, although it is not uncommon to find, throughout the book, occasional references to the mesospheric processes.
A comparison of children and adolescents with ASD, atypical development, and typical development on the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2)

Abstract The present study examined the use of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition ( BASC-2 ) in discerning 151 children and adolescents 12–16 years of age with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from atypically and typically developing children and adolescents. Scores on the BASC-2 composites (i.e., externalizing behaviors, internalizing behaviors, behavior symptom index [BSI], adaptive behaviors) and subscales (i.e., hyperactivity, aggression, conduct problems, anxiety, depression, somatization, atypicality, withdrawal, attention, adaptability, social skills, leadership, activities of daily living, functional communication) were compared between children and adolescents with ASD, atypical development, and typical development. With the exception of aggression, somatization, and internalizing behaviors, participants with ASD were significantly more impaired than typically developing participants in all other composites and subscales. In comparison to atypically developing participants, the scores of participants with ASD evinced more impairment for BSI and its subscales, with the exception of attention, and the adaptive behavior composite and its subscales, with the exception of adaptability. Scores on the externalizing behaviors and internalizing behaviors composites and their subscales, with the exception of anxiety, were not significantly different. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Eigendecomposition of the two-point correlation tensor for optimal characterization of mantle convection

SUMMARY The two-point correlation tensor provides complete information on mantle convection accurate up to second-order statistics. Unfortunately, the two-point spatial correlation tensor is in general a data-intensive quantity. In the case of mantle convection, a simplified representation of the two-point spatial correlation tensor can be obtained by using spherical symmetry. The two-point correlation can be expressed in terms of a planar correlation tensor, which reduces the correlation’s dependence to only three independent variables: the radial locations of the two points and their angular separation. The eigendecomposition of the planar correlation tensor provides a rational methodology for further representing the second-order statistics contained within the two-point correlation in a compact manner. As an illustration, results on the planar correlation are presented for the thermal anomaly obtained from the tomographic model of Su, Woodward & Dziewonski (1994) and the corresponding velocity field obtained from a simple constant-viscosity convection model (Zhang & Christensen 1993). The first 10 most energetic eigensolutions of the planar correlation, which constitute an almost three orders of magnitude reduction in the data, capture the two-point correlation to 97 per cent accuracy. Furthermore, the energetic eigenfunctions eYciently characterize the thermal and flow structures of the mantle. The signature of the transition zone is clearly evident in the most energetic temperature eigenfunction, which clearly shows a reversal of thermal fluctuations at a depth of around 830 km. In addition, a local peak in the thermal fluctuations can be observed around a depth of 600 km. In contrast, due to the simplicity of the convection model employed, the velocity eigenfunctions exhibit a simple cellular structure that extends over the entire depth of the mantle and do not exhibit transition-zone signatures.
Characterization of Laws of Friction in the Context of Engine Blade Dynamics

Experience has shown that energy dissipation due to rubbing at interfaces of engine blade shrouds provides damping of bladed disk assemblies. An accurate estimate of such damping has been a subject of study for more than a decade. The most difficult parameter that influences its accurate calculation pertains to an appropriate definition of the laws of friction that relate the rubbing motion with the forces induced. This paper develops an analysis that leads to a mathematical relationship between the forces of friction damping at a vibrating interface and the corresponding relative motion. The analysis permits calculation of forces at the interface if the displacements are known or vice versa. The equations are cast in terms of relative motion between mating shrouds so that degenerate cases of fully locked and freely slipping can be calculated. Examples are given showing simulation results obtained using discrete structural models. Extension of the analysis to the case of a full assembly is discussed.
The synthesis and structure of visna virus DNA

Abstract The synthesis of proviral DNA of visna virus was measured at various intervals after inoculation of sheep cell cultures at multiplicities of 0.3, 1, and 10 PFU/cell. The DNA from the infected cells was fractionated by the Hirt procedure into low (Hirt supernatant) and high (Hirt precipitate) molecular weight DNAs, and each fraction was quantitated for infectivity by plaque assay using the calcium phosphate transfection technique of Graham and Van Der Eb (1973) . The appearance of infectious DNA in the Hirt supernatant (low molecular weight viral DNA) was biphasic at all multiplicities, apparently reflecting two rounds of synthesis of this DNA. The amount of infectious DNA in the Hirt precipitate fraction increased with time, reaching maximum levels in all cultures at the time of peak virus production. Hirt supernatant DNA consisted predominantly of molecules of molecular weight 6 × 10 6 , which appeared to be present as double-stranded linear molecules. Infectious DNA in the Hirt precipitate, in contrast, had a molecular weight of 166 x 106, suggesting its association with cellular sequences. The network test strongly suggested that the viral sequences were covalently linked with or integrated into the cellular DNA.
Current–Voltage Characteristics of Long-Channel Nanobundle Thin-Film Transistors: A “Bottom-Up” Perspective

By generalizing the classical linear response theory of "stick" percolation to nonlinear regime, we find that the drain-current of a nanobundle thin-film transistor (NB-TFT) is described under a rather general set of conditions by a universal scaling formula ID=A/LSxi(LS/LC,rho SLS 2)timesf(VG,VD ), where A is a technology-specific constant, xi is a function of geometrical factors such as stick length LS, channel length LC, and stick density rhoS, and f is a function of drain VD and gate VG biasing conditions. This scaling formula implies that the measurement of the full current-voltage characteristics of a "single" NB-TFT is sufficient to predict the performance characteristics of any other transistor with arbitrary geometrical parameters and biasing conditions
TRIMER-DIMER EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES OF ALKYLALUMINUM ALKOXIDES

Abstract The aluminum alkoxides [MeClAlOEt] 3 ( 1 ), [Et 2 AlOMe] 3 ( 2 ), [Me 2 AlOEt] 3 ( 3 ), and [EtClAlOEt] 3 ( 4 ) were investigated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy to study the o -dichlorobenzene solution equilibrium: 2 [R 2 AlOR′] 3 ⇌3 [R 2 AlOR′] 2 . The complexes are shown to exist primarily as trimers at room temperature, but increasing concentrations of the dimeric form are observed at higher temperatures. Equilibrium constants, Δ H , and Δ S were determined for the trimer–dimer equilibrium. Values of Δ H for the conversion of 2 moles of trimer are 63(4), 78(1), 85.0(8), and 99(6) kJ for 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , respectively. The corresponding values of Δ S are 142(7), 184(3), 218(2), and 265(17) J/K, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters are compared with those reported for [Me 2 AlOPr n ] 3 and [Me 2 AlOPh] 3 . The characterization of [EtClAlOMe] 3 is also reported.
The Harris-Todaro hypothesis and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade model: A synthesis

Abstract We report a model of the Harris-Todaro variety in which capital is mobile and the urban wage is endogenous. Our model subsumes several other models presented in the literature. We extend the central theorems of trade to our model and also present formulae for the shadow wage and shadow rental. Our principal findings include (a) nonexistence of equilibrium in an important specialization of the model; (b) a factor-price and unemployment rate equalization theorem: and (c) an identical subsidy to labor but a differential subsidy to capital for obtaining a second-best optimum.
Remodeling British Economic History: A Review Article

Writers of survey textbooks have to serve thousands of masters. Offending major ideological camps can prove costly. To sell their books on many campuses, they must often cite and use some body of literature deserving oblivion because some instructors will hold it sacred. To win reorders year after year, moreover, authors must meet a variety of student needs. Chapter outlines and explanations should be crystal-clear-at least for less capable students. But too clear and simple a book overtaxes the patience of abler students seeking nuances, complexity, and a look at the frontiers of knowledge. Wit, humor, and drama are vital to keep all student readers awake. And everybody demands a broad, up-to-date survey of the whole field of study. When an author or group of authors can face and meet this daunting challenge, readers are treated to a fine overview of what scholars tend to believe and what makes them believe it. Such is the two-volume Economic History of Britain since 1700, assembled under the careful editorship of Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey. 1 This work is likely to enjoy heavy use in the years ahead. The quality of the contributed chapters is generally high. Editors Floud and McCloskey have given the whole work more unity of style and better cross-references than one usually expects from 28 different authors or pairs of authors. Its appearance provides an occasion to pause and reflect on how we present modern British economic history.
Troglitazone induces a cellular acidosis by inhibiting acid extrusion in cultured rat mesangial cells

We studied the effect of troglitazone on cellular acid-base balance and alanine formation in isolated rat mesangial cells. Mesangial cells were grown to confluency in RPMI 1640 media on 30-mm chamb...
Cyclooxygenase 2 induction: Molecular mechanism and pathophysiologic roles

C yclooxygenase, also known as prostaglandin H synthase, is a membrane-bound, bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 by its cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H 2 by peroxidase activity. It is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the biologically active and physiologically important prostaglandins thromboxane A 2 and prostacyclin. Two isoforms of COX have been cloned and characterized. Human COX-1 cDNA encodes a 599 amino acid protein, whereas COX-2 cDNA encodes a 604 amino acid protein. Sequence comparison reveals about 60% identity between these two isozymes. Active site and aspirin acetylation residues are conserved in these two isozymes. The catalytic kinetics of these two isozymes are also similar. However, their cellular distributions and expressions are different. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most human tissues, whereas COX-2 is expressed only after induction by cytokines and mitogenic factors. Induction of COX-2 is accompanied by a rapid and transient synthesis of active prostanoids, which are considered to play important roles in several patho-
Coding for reliable on-chip buses: fundamental limits and practical codes

A reliable high-speed bus employing low-swing signaling can be designed by encoding the bus to prevent crosstalk and provide error correction. In this paper, we present fundamental limits on the number of wires required to achieve joint crosstalk avoidance and error correction in on-chip buses. We propose a code construction that results in practical encoding and decoding schemes with the number of wires being within 35% of the fundamental limits. The proposed codes, when applied to a 10-mm 32-bit bus in a 0.13-/spl mu/ CMOS technology with low-swing signaling, provide 2.14/spl times/ speed-up and 27.5% energy savings without any loss in reliability.
The Promise of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research for the Treatment of

The Promise of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research for the Treatment of Autism Finding a cure for previously untreatable injuries and diseases is the main aim for the regenerative medicine. This promising medical field tries to restore or establish normal structure and function of damaged tissues and organs. To achieve this goal, a great opportunity is offered by stem cell therapy. Indeed, stem cells could represent the future of molecular and regenerative medicine. Using several types of stem cells is a real way to provide a valid approach to curing some untreatable human diseases. In addition, stem cell therapy is suitable for developing new cell-based drugs for the future molecular and regenerative medicine.
Mode orthogonality in reciprocal and nonreciprocal waveguides

Using a general reciprocity theorem as a basis, the orthogonality relations for lossy reciprocal and nonreciprocal waveguides are discussed. To obtain a useful orthogonality relation which can extract a particular mode from a general mode expansion, a reciprocal waveguide must be bidirectional. A nonreciprocal waveguide, however, must be mutually bidirectional with its complementary waveguide (obtained by reversing the DC magnetic field applied to the gyrotropic media). For these bidirectionally conditions to be met, a waveguide must possess at least one of three symmetries: reflection, 180 degrees rotation, or rotary reflection symmetry. In those cases warranted by the structure symmetry, simplified forms for the orthogonality relations are presented. The orthogonality relations for the special case of lossless reciprocal or nonreciprocal waveguides are discussed. >
Phase Change Memory

This paper will give an introduction to the emerging technology of Phase Change Memory (PCM) and review the state of the art, focusing on basic phase change material properties, critical PCM device characteristics, PCM device scaling, reliability issues, and processing challenges.
INJECTION OF MAGNETIC ENERGY AND MAGNETIC HELICITY INTO THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE BY AN EMERGING MAGNETIC FLUX TUBE

We present a detailed investigation of the dynamical behavior of emerging magnetic flux using three-dimensional MHD numerical simulation. A magnetic flux tube with a left-handed twist, initially placed below the photosphere, emerges into the solar atmosphere. This leads to a dynamical expansion of emerging field lines as well as an injection of magnetic energy and magnetic helicity into the atmosphere. The field-aligned distributions of forces and plasma flows show that emerging field lines can be classified as either expanding field lines or undulating field lines. A key parameter determining the type of emerging field line is the aspect ratio of its shape (the ratio of height to footpoint distance). The emergence generates not only vertical but also horizontal flows in the photosphere, both of which contribute to injecting magnetic energy and magnetic helicity. The contributions of vertical flows are dominant at the early phase of flux emergence, while horizontal flows become a dominant contributor later. The emergence starts with a simple dipole structure formed in the photosphere, which is subsequently deformed and fragmented, leading to a quadrupolar magnetic structure.
Evaluating Schwartz Center Rounds® in an urban hospital center

Purpose – Schwartz Center Rounds® (SCRs) bring multidisciplinary caregivers together to discuss authentic patient cases from the social and emotional perspective. The monthly sessions provide a forum to share personal thoughts and feelings. The purpose of this paper is to learn why people attend SCR, understand what is gained from the experience, and identify key elements to use in measuring the program’s effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative descriptive study used four focus groups and three telephone interviews for data collection. Purposive sampling resulted in a multidisciplinary sample of 30 participants. Thematic analysis was conducted with complete transcripts by all researchers. Findings – All parties viewed SCR as beneficial. Six themes emerged during data analysis: culture change, exposing emotions, walking in another’s shoes, inequality of topics, influence of rules and boundaries, and personal impact. Institutional culture was positively influenced through SCR. Research...
Cloning and Analysis of the Gene for a Major Surface Antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

SUMMARY. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infects a wide variety of gallineaceous birds including chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. Infection occurs both horizontally and vertically. Thus, control of the spread of M. gallisepticum to noninfected flocks is difficult. Continual monitoring is necessary to identify infected flocks even under the most stringent infectious control practices. Monitoring, however, is usually performed by measuring hemagglutination activity (HA) in serum, an insensitive and variable test. Variability in the HA test arises from differences in agglutination antigen, changes in antigenic profiles of the M. gallisepticum strain, and variability in reading the agglutination reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are the preferred method of testing because of the ease in obtaining sera and the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assays, but the ELISA suffers from a lack of standardization in the test antigen. The ELISA test will be more easily accepted once the test antigen ha...
Cleaning Up Jurisdiction: Divining Congressional Intent of Clean Air Act Section 307(b)

In a span of five days in 2014, panels of the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Tenth and Seventh Circuits reached opposite conclusions on whether certain limitations on judicial review found in section 307(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act were jurisdictional. Specifically, the courts disagreed as to whether the filing deadline and the venue rules implicated the courts’ subject-matter jurisdiction. The characterization of a rule as jurisdictional is far from semantic or academic. Whether a requirement is jurisdictional raises significant practical, doctrinal, and constitutional concerns. These issues include fairness, uniformity, and judicial efficiency, as well as fidelity to Article III of the U.S. Constitution and the sovereign immunity doctrine. Accordingly, this Article analyzes whether the filing deadline and the venue rules in section 307(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act are jurisdictional. First, this Article distinguishes jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional rules. Next, it gives a background of the Clean Air Act and section 307(b), and discusses the various decisions by the U.S. Courts of Appeals to explain the key views on whether the limitations are jurisdictional. Finally, it applies recent Supreme Court guidance to assess whether the filing deadline and the venue rules in section 307(b)(1) are jurisdictional. By examining the text of the provision, its context, and its historical treatment, the Article concludes that: (1) the filing deadline requirement for judicial review is jurisdictional, (2) the venue rule that authorizes only the courts of appeals to entertain petitions is jurisdictional, and (3) the venue rule that directs some petitions for review to the D.C. Circuit and others to the local circuit court is not jurisdictional. These conclusions are buttressed by the goals and policies of the Clean Air Act, canons of statutory construction, bedrock civil procedure and administrative law principles, as well as sovereign immunity and core Article III concerns.
Improvement of Back-Side Cosmetic Defects And Wafer Strength

The continued challenge to keep up with Moore's law with aggressive device scaling, and shrinking wiring dimensions established perpetual need for novel materials and dictates ever tighter semiconductor process fidelity. Despite large progress with reducing defect densities on the device side of Si wafers, considerably less attention is being paid to the wafer back-side. Back-side wafer defects have been shown to reduce yield by leading to die breakage during packaging processes. Scratches and voids formed on the back-side of the wafer during various manufacturing processes have been shown to create weak spots on the wafer, which can act as initiation points for die crack formation and propagation. In this paper, we present the technical details of a back-side wet etch clean process which helps reducing back-side defect densities significantly. The process is set up on a single wafer wet etch tool at IBM's East Fishkill 300 mm wafer fabrication facility. The process removes the outer back-side layer of th...
Hematoxylin Substitutes: A Survey of Mordant Dyes Tested and Consideration of the Relation of Their Structure to Performance as Nuclear Stains

In the search for hematoxylin substitutes 26 dyes were more or less extensively tested for performance as nuclear stains, usually in combination with aluminum, chronic, ferrous and ferric salts. Reports from the literature on hematoxylin substitutes were also considered, and efforts were made to obtain samples of favorably reported dyes and test them. The reports on anthocyanins include isolated reports on several berry juices and a considerable number of studies on Sambucus niger and Vaccinium myrtillus. None of these have so far been tested by us. Otherwise favorable reports have appeared on eleven synthetic dyes and on carmine, brazilin, and hematin. Except for one of the synthetics, naphthazarin, which is no longer fractured, we had samples of all of these. In addition, more or less unsuccessful trials were made on twelve dyestuffs, some of which were new syntheses designed to combine chelating capacity with nucleophilia. Following Fyg's report of blue nuclear staining with chrome alum carmine, trial was made to change the red nuclear stain of kernechtrot by altering the metal mordant. The most successful dyes were phenocyanin TC, gallein, fluorone black, alizarin cyanin BB and alizarin blue S. Celestin blue B with an iron mordant is quite successful if properly handled to prevent gelling of solutions.
Quantitative analysis of imitation precision of outline size for decoy

In order to determine the imitation precision of the outline size of decoy,some factors are analyzed which affect the utmost resolving power of the optical camera of the secondary satellite.The influences on the actual ground resolving power of the photograph system of the secondary satellite,which are acted by atmosphere and luminance contrast between decoy and background,are analyzed. The active resolving power under the optical photograph of the secondary satellite is obtained by calculation.The imitation precision request of the outline size of decoy under the optical photograph of the secondary satellitel is determined.The conclusion that the outline size of decoy can be controlled under 0.2 m is reached.
Cigarette sales to minors via the internet: how the story has changed in the wake of federal regulation.

Objective To assess how easily minors can purchase cigarettes online and online cigarette vendors’ compliance with federal age/ID verification and shipping regulations, North Carolina9s 2013 tobacco age verification law, and federal prohibitions on the sale of non-menthol flavoured cigarettes or those labelled or advertised as ‘light’. Methods In early 2014, 10 minors aged 14–17 attempted to purchase cigarettes by credit card and electronic check from 68 popular internet vendors. Results Minors received cigarettes from 32.4% of purchase attempts, all delivered by the US Postal Service (USPS) from overseas sellers. None failed due to age/ID verification. All failures were due to payment processing problems. USPS left 63.6% of delivered orders at the door with the remainder handed to minors with no age verification. 70.6% of vendors advertised light cigarettes and 60.3% flavoured, with 23.5% and 11.8%, respectively, delivered to the teens. Study credit cards were exposed to an estimated $7000 of fraudulent charges. Conclusions Despite years of regulations restricting internet cigarette sales, poor vendor compliance and lack of shipper and federal enforcement leaves minors still able to obtain cigarettes (including ‘light’ and flavoured) online. The internet cigarette marketplace has shifted overseas, exposing buyers to widespread credit card fraud. Federal agencies should rigorously enforce existing internet cigarette sales laws to prevent illegal shipments from reaching US consumers, shut down non-compliant and fraudulent websites, and stop the theft and fraudulent use of credit card information provided online. Future studies should assess whether these agencies begin adequately enforcing the existing laws.
Advanced small modular reactors

Abstract Small modular reactors (SMRs) are different than other reactors based on several reasons: (1) reduced power level; (2) reduced physical size and spatial foot prints; (3) increased modularity of reactor architecture; (4) increased safety margin; (5) increased security feature; (6) reduced financial risk of a reactor unit; and (7) increased flexibility of using the reactor unit for various energy needs. Among the new SMRs, US Department of Energy (DOE) has begun to support SMR activities in the US in the recent years by issuing solicitations, such as “Financial Assistance Funding Opportunity Announcement – Cost-Shared Development of Innovative Small Modular Reactor Designs.” US-DOE supports SMRs because of all these benefits. This chapter compares the advanced SMRs in different technical aspects.
Impact of Compressibility on the Control of Bubble-Pressure Tensiometers.

An experimental and theoretical investigation is conducted to understand the role of compressibility on the quasi-static expansion and contraction of a bubble that is pinned at the opening of a small capillary. The results show that there are two regimes of expansion and contraction depending on the values of two dimensionless parameters which correspond to a dimensionless volume and maximum capillary pressure. In one regime, not all bubble sizes are accessible during expansion and contraction, and the bubbles exhibit a hysteretic behavior when cycling through expansion and contraction. We call this the bubble shape hysteresis. The magnitude of the bubble shape hysteresis is computed for a realistic range of the nondimensional parameters. In the other regime, the bubble size can be varied continuously, but compressibility can still make it difficult to smoothly control the size of the bubble. The theoretical analysis shows that compressibility affects the evolution of the bubbles, even when the bubble is ...
Evaluation of WMA Healing Properties Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology has received considerable attention in past few years due to its benefits in reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions during production and placement of asphalt mixtures, widening the paving season, and increasing the pace of the construction process. However, many concerns and questions are still unanswered regarding its long-term performance. One of those questions is the effect of using WMA technology on the healing characteristics of asphalt materials, which has significant impact on their performance.
Scaling the Pyramid Model Across Complex Systems Providing Early Care for Preschoolers: Exploring How Models for Decision Making May Enhance Implementation Science

ABSTRACTBringing effective practices to scale across large systems requires attending to how information and belief systems come together in decisions to adopt, implement, and sustain those practices. Statewide scaling of the Pyramid Model, a framework for positive behavior intervention and support, across different types of early childhood programs (i.e., Head Start, early childhood special education, and school readiness) is used to describe how decision-making models may enhance professional development efforts. Research Findings: A theoretical model is presented based on implementation science, empirical knowledge, and practice evidence from one state’s experience trying to bring the Pyramid Model to scale across different types of early childhood programs. In this model, attention is given to how professional development systems may need to extend beyond the current focus on enhancing knowledge and skills to also address the belief systems of practitioners, administrators, and policymakers that influ...
Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes

A most intriguing aspect of social behavior is that eventually the topic of communication must be addressed. This is understandable because specific acts performed by one individual often alter the likelihood that specific acts will be performed by another. An appropriate question then arises: Did such a performance involve communication? Here, the thoughtful worker often encounters a most elusive concept since “communication” means quite different things to different people.
Revisiting Grade 3 Diffuse Axonal Injury: Not All Brainstem Microbleeds are Prognostically Equal

Background Recovery of functional independence is possible in patients with brainstem traumatic axonal injury (TAI), also referred to as “grade 3 diffuse axonal injury,” but acute prognostic biomarkers are lacking. We hypothesized that the extent of dorsal brainstem TAI measured by burden of traumatic microbleeds (TMBs) correlates with 1-year functional outcome more strongly than does ventral brainstem, corpus callosal, or global brain TMB burden. Further, we hypothesized that TMBs within brainstem nuclei of the ascending arousal network (AAN) correlate with 1-year outcome.
Extramedullary relapse of KMT2A(MLL)-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia with lineage switch following blinatumomab

![Figure][1] A 77-year-old man was diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Peripheral blood (panel A; original magnification ×100, Wright-Giemsa stain) showed medium-sized lymphoblasts with fine chromatin and multiple small nucleoli. By flow cytometry, the blasts expressed
Nanoengineering and Tribophysics for Microelectromechanical Systems

The rapidly emerging field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is expected to lead to new technologies with impacting effects on science and engineering. The interdisciplinary nature of MEMS devices has generated a high demand for integrating basic knowledge of mechanical, electrical, chemical, and thermal phenomena encountered at the microscale and the identification of novel methods for the development of versatile micromachines. As the growth of MEMS continues to increase at a high rate, micromachine reliability and long-term durability are expected to assume even greater importance. Due to the low stiffness of most micromachine devices, the development of high attractive forces at MEMS interfaces often leads to permanent surface adhesion, a phenomenon known as stiction. The efficacy of various surface modification methods to reduce the magnitude of adhesion forces at MEMS interfaces is addressed, and simulation results for the micromachine stiffness required to overcome stiction are presented for different material systems with varying surface roughness. Surface texturing, fabrication of microbumps, surface passivation with hydrophobic thin solid films, and alteration of the surface chemical state by the adsorption of low surface energy substances are shown to be effective surface modification methods for controlling adhesion at MEMS interfaces. In addition, an appraisal of important research issues and nanotechnology developments in MEMS is presented in the context of fundamental understanding of nanoscale material behavior and instrumentation for testing at micromachine levels.
Remote sensing in biological oceanography

The main attribute of remote sensing is seen as its ability to measure distributions over large areas on a synoptic basis and to repeat this coverage at required time periods. The way in which the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, by showing the distribution of chlorophyll a, can locate areas productive in both phytoplankton and fishes is described. Lidar techniques are discussed, and it is pointed out that lidar will increase the depth range for observations.