cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Penalty Aware Memory Allocation Scheme for Key-Value Cache

Key-value caches, represented by Mem cached, play a critical role in data centers. Its efficacy can significantly impact users' perceived service time and back-end systems' workloads. A central issue in the in-memory cache's management is memory allocation, or how the limited space is distributed for storing key-value items of various sizes. When a cache is full, the allocation issue is how to conduct replacement operations on items of different sizes. To effectively address the issue, a practitioner must simultaneously consider three factors, which are access locality, item size, and miss penalty. Existing designs consider only one or two of the first two factors, and pay little attention on miss penalty. This inadequacy can substantially compromise utilization of cache space and request service time. In this paper we propose a Penalty Aware Memory Allocation scheme (PAMA) that takes all three factors into account. While the three different factors cannot be directly compared to each other in a quantitative manner, PAMA uses their impacts on service time to determine where a unit of memory space should be (de)allocated. The impacts are quantified as the decrease (or increase) of service time if a unit of space is allocated (or deal located). PAMA efficiently tracks access pattern and use of memory, and speculatively evaluates the impacts to enable penalty-aware memory allocation for KV caches. Our evaluation with real-world Mem cached workload traces demonstrates that PAMA can significantly reduce request service time compared to other representative KV cache management schemes.
Offering process-centric education by way of an SAP simulator

As businesses world-wide adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, it is becoming even more important for business schools to offer ERP-based process-centric education to better prepare students as prospective employees. Some universities have chosen to include full-scale SAP R/3 software in their curricula and are successful while others fail. As an alternative to SAP R/3 software, an SAP simulator may be the right tool to include in business schools' curricula, especially if the overall goal is to teach ERP processes as opposed to learning how to use SAP R/3 software. This paper focuses on an SAP simulator created by Simha R. Magal and Jeffrey Word [4] in partnership with SAP. Topics covered in this paper include the WileyPLUS Website where the simulator is housed, setting up courses and assignments, course administration, automatically grading assignments, and an overall discussion of the pros and cons of using an SAP SAP simulator versus SAP R/3 software.
Platelets: VII. Shortened platelet survival time and development of platelet agglutinins following multiple platelet transfusions.

Summary1. The rate of platelet disappearance or platelet survival time was followed at regular intervals in 4 patients with hypoplastic or aplastic anemia receiving repeated transfusions of platelet-rich polycythemic blood or of isolated platelets as supportive therapy. As transfusions were repeated, in 3 of these patients, a) survival time of platelets became progressively shorter, b) administration of platelets was less and less effective in the control of the bleeding manifestations. In one patient a platelet agglutinin was detected in the serum. 2. Search for platelet agglutinins was conducted in the serum of 11 patients who had Received multiple blood transfusions over a period of months. A low titer platelet agglutinin was detected in one case. This patient developed mild thrombocytopenia and exhibited shortened platelet survival time. 3. These findings suggest that “refractoriness” to the therapeutic effect of the administration of platelets may develop in patients receiving multiple platelet or bl...
The characterization of soluble matrix proteins in selected human renal calculi using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

AbstractIn the current study a novel method of matrix extraction was utilized to permit the analysis of soluble matrix proteins of different types of kidney stones by two-dimensional electrophoresi...
Infertility with Endometriosis

Endometriosis is the proliferative growth and functioning of endometrial tissues in areas other than the uterus. Adjacent tissues are most commonly involved. Symptoms are associated with local irritation and subsequent fibrosis. Areas of miniature menstruation occur in endometriotic foci. Infertility may result in 30-40% of patients. The median age is 37. Endometriosis has been found in about 18% of laparotomies performed for gynecologic disease and in about 1/3 of those done for infertility. Conservative surgery has been considered indicated for most patients. Since symptoms and signs regress during gestation the optimum treatment is pregnancy. A pseudopregnancy produced by a combination of estrogen and a progestogenic substance given continuously is recommended. Since 1956 more than 200 patients have been so treated. Although larger doses were used at first Enovid beginning at 2.5 mg daily and increased gradually to 20 mg daily was found adequate. Norlutin Deluteval and Depo-Provera have also been used. Estrogen was added for breakthrough bleeding. Treatment varied from 3 to 12 months. A satisfactory result was obtained in 42 of 53 patients who had no previous surgical treatment. Recurrences occurred in 7. Of 38 patients trying to conceive 18 became pregnant. Average time to onset of first menstration after cessation of therapy was 46 days. Cases of recurrent endometriosis after surgery or drug therapy should be treated 10-12 months. Of 35 patients with recurrences treated 4-12 months 32 had improvement and 26 had a satisfactory result. Of these 28 attempted pregnancy and 9 conceived. Subsequent surgery was required for 4. Of 22 patients treated immediately after surgery and continued 3-6 months. Pregnancy has occurred in 7 of 15 of this group who desired conception. Histologically areas of endometriosis in treated patients show an atypical decidual reaction with necrosis vacuolization of cytoplasm and nuclear disintegration. Endometrial ovarian and pituitary functions remain normal after treatment is discontinued.
Combined Electromyographic and Gas Urethral Pressure Profilometry

AbstractCombined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry provide for rapid assessment of urethral function in neurological dysfunction of the detrusor muscle and urethra.
SAFT modeling of multiphase equilibria of methane-CO2-water-hydrate

Abstract The vapor-liquid water-hydrate (V-Lw-H) phase equilibria are essential for multiple processes involving methane substitution by carbon dioxide. This work developed a model to predict the multiphase equilibria of CH4 CO2 H2O systems using molecule-based statistical association fluid theory (SAFT2) equation of states for the vapor and liquid phases and the statistical model by van der Waals-Platteeuw for the hydrate phase. The multiphase equilibria for CO2 H2O and CH4 H2O system were modeled for the temperature ranging from 273.15 to 288.15 K (13–700 bar) and 273.15 K to 299.15 K (26–500 bar), respectively. The CH4 CO2 H2O system were modeled at various temperatures ranging from 273.15 to 286.15 K (12–101 bar) with various CO2 concentrations. In addition, the solubility of CH4 and CO2 under hydrate phase equilibria was computed in the temperatures of 273.15–286.15 K. The occupancy of CH4 and CO2 molecules in hydrate cavities was analyzed based on the calculation of Langmuir constants. The predicted multiphase equilibria and gas solubility are in good agreements with the experimental data with high accuracy.
Design of scalable shared-memory multiprocessors: the DASH approach

The DASH (directory architecture for shared-memory) multiprocessor, which combines the programmability of shared-memory machines with the scalability of message-passing machines, is described. Hardware-supported coherent caches provide for low-latency access of shared data and ease of programming. Caches are kept coherent by means of a distributed directory-based protocol. Shared memory in the machine is distributed among the processing nodes, and scalable memory bandwidth is provided by connecting the nodes through a general interconnection network. The prototype DASH machine will consists of 64 high-performance microprocessors, with an aggregate performance of over 1200 MIPS and 250 scalar MFLOPS. The fundamental premise in DASH is that it is possible to build a scalable shared-memory machine with hardware-supported coherent caches by using a distributed directory-based cache coherence protocol. The mechanisms for providing scalable memory bandwidth, reducing and tolerating memory latency, and supporting efficient synchronization are described. A brief description of the machine's implementation is given. >
Valley-selective Landau-Zener oscillations in semi-Dirac p-n junctions

We study transport across $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions of gapped two-dimensional semi-Dirac materials: nodal semimetals whose energy bands disperse quadratically and linearly along distinct crystal axes. The resulting electronic properties---relevant to materials such as ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}/{\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ multilayers and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-(BEDT-TTF)${}_{2}{\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ salts---continuously interpolate between those of mono- and bilayer graphene as a function of propagation angle. We demonstrate that tunneling across the junction depends on the orientation of the tunnel barrier relative to the crystalline axes, leading to strongly nonmonotonic current-voltage characteristics, including negative differential conductance in some regimes. In multivalley systems, these features provide a natural route to engineering valley-selective transport.
A Postmodern Puzzle: Rewriting the Place of the Visitor in Art Museum Education

At the same time as the postmodern call to reexamine traditional notions of scholarship blazed new paths through many disciplines, art museum education was a field in transition. From the 1970s through the mid 1990s, die writings of art museum educators revealed changing and contested beliefs regarding their pedagogical purposes. This study focuses on how art museum educators wrote and rewrote theory and practice regarding the role of the museum visitor in meaning making. Theorists of visual literacy, museum literacy, and interactivity will serve as the guides to this intertextual historical examination.
Introduction: The African Diaspora and Disease-Specific Disparities

This introductory chapter looks at the disparities that are associated with the incidence and mortality rates for specific diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unintentional injuries, pneumonia and influenza, diabetes, suicide, kidney diseases, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and HIV/AIDS, which are major public/health concerns in the USA. This chapter then discusses the major causes and the risk factors associated with these diseases that disproportionally affect African Americans as compared to other ethnic/racial groups in the USA.
Theory of quasi-steady one-dimensional diffusional combustion with variable properties including distinct binary diffusion coefficients

Abstract A previously formulated variable-property theory for a class of heat and mass transfer problems, exemplified by droplet vaporization and combustion, is generalized herein such that in addition to the previous features that the specific heats C , the thermal conductivity k , and the binary diffusion coefficient D ij are temperature dependent whereas C and k are further concentration-weighted, in the present formulation the D ij 's are also distinct for all species pairs. Explicit expressions are derived for the temperature and species profiles, the mass vaporization rate, and the flame-front standoff ratio. It is shown that oxidizer mass diffusion in the outer region and heat transport in the inner region are the dominant transport processes. A simplified model is recommended to obtain estimates of the various vaporization characteristics.
MELVILLE'S CARNIVAL NEIGHBORHOOD

Treatments of the relationship between Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have tended to focus on it as a failed friendship or aborted romance —as inspiring in Melville hopes and longings that Hawthorne could never fulfill. Viewed as a relationship between neighbors, not only friends or lovers, and seen through the prism of unconsidered works like Melville’s Israel Potter (1854­5, 1855) and “The Encantadas” (1854, 1856), the connection might look slightly different. For as neighbors Hawthorne and Melville may have found opportunities for greater freedom, fluidity, and festivity than friendship or love could always offer. Taking place in the carnival neighborhood of their redoubtable friend, Sarah Huyler Morewood, Hawthorne’s and Melville’s relationship may have explored some of her subversive energies as well.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for mood and behavior dysregulation: Pilot randomized trial.

Background Youth with chronic irritability and excessive reactivity, diagnosed as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), have social impairment in multiple settings (i.e., peers, school, and home). This paper presents a pilot randomized trial assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for mood and behavior dysregulation (IPT-MBD), an adapted version of IPT for depressed adolescents. IPT-MBD focuses on decreasing outbursts and irritability and improving interpersonal interactions. Methods Nineteen adolescents (aged 12-17) with DMDD or its research precursor, severe mood dysregulation, were randomly assigned to IPT-MBD (n = 10) or treatment-as-usual (TAU, n = 9) in a 24-week psychosocial intervention study. Assessments of mood symptoms and overall functioning were conducted by an independent evaluator, blinded to treatment, every 4 weeks. Parent and self-report irritability measures were collected every 4 weeks. Results Eighty percent of participants randomized to the IPT-MBD arm completed the study. Also, participants enrolled in the IPT-MBD arm attended >80% of therapy sessions. Parents and teens agreed that the frequency and duration of therapy were appropriate and were satisfied with IPT-MBD treatment. Clinical global impression scales for severity and improvement showed statistically greater improvement in the IPT-MBD group compared to TAU. Conclusions In this small pilot randomized trial, IPT-MBD was feasible and acceptable to parents and teens. There was significantly more improvement in the IPT-MBD group compared to TAU. IPT-MBD holds promise as a potentially effective psychosocial intervention for clinically impaired youth with DMDD and warrants further investigation in a larger randomized trial.
Rheologic Impairment of Sickle RBCs Induced by Repetitive Cycles of Deoxygenation-Reoxygenation

The transformation of less-dense, discoidal homozygous sickle cells (HbSS) RBCs into dehydrated, rheologically impaired cells is believed to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. We investigated this process by subjecting the less-dense fraction of HbSS RBCs, which contains a low percentage of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs), to cyclic deoxygenation-reoxygenation for 15 hours at 37 degrees C. This incubation procedure caused cell shrinkage, shifts in intracellular Na and K content, and formation of ISCs that closely resembled endogenous ISCs found in sickle blood. The viscoelasticity of the treated cells was tested using micropipette techniques to measure the membrane shear elastic modulus (mu) and the time constant for extensional shape recovery (tc); mu represents the "static rigidity" of the cells, and the product mu.tc was taken as a measure of their "dynamic rigidity". Density separation of the incubated cells showed that their rheologic impairment (ie, elevation of both static and dynamic rigidities) paralleled cellular dehydration and that the newly formed dense cells had viscoelastic characteristics very similar to those of endogenous dense cells. Rehydration by osmotic swelling tended to normalize the dynamic rigidities of dense cells but had no significant effect on their static rigidities. Thus, cellular dehydration contributes to the observed changes of viscoelasticity, although an irreversible alteration of membrane structure also appears to be involved. Dense ISCs could be formed without added calcium, implying that entry of external calcium is not an essential requirement for cellular dehydration; ISCs formed without calcium tended to be less rigid (ie, to have lower static and dynamic rigidities) than those formed with calcium. Our results indicate that the cyclic incubation procedure closely mimics RBC rheologic deterioration in vivo and thus suggest its usefulness as a model for investigating this phenomenon.
NEW WINDOWS ON THE WORLD: SENSORY MODALITIES BEYOND HUMAN PERCEPTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sensory modalities beyond human perception. Sensory information can be either chemical or physical in nature. Chemical stimuli are familiar to humans through olfaction and taste, but many physical stimuli are beyond human perception. Sound frequencies beyond the range of hearing are important to many animals, both at very high frequencies and, more unexpectedly, at very low frequencies. For many animals, the ability to perceive light extends into the ultraviolet part of the spectrum to which humans are blind. The polarization of the light is perceived and provides essential information for the orientation of many animals, not only insects but also many vertebrates. Sensitivity to infrasound may be very important to the birds for natural infrasounds originate from many sources, including thunderstorms, earthquakes, jet streams, and wind over mountain ranges. The attenuation of sound is inversely related to the square of the wavelength and infrasounds can, therefore, travel over long distances and can be detected at hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from their source.
Perforated Demineralized Bone — A Highly Osteoinductive Allograft

This communication reports the development of a new material with a high osteoinductive capacity that can be used as a research model for osteoinduction as well as for practical purposes in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery.
Influence of dietary Soy Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein on Genotoxicity and Mammary Carcinogenicity in Rats Exposed to the Model Carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA)

Epidemiological studies provide evidence for the possibility of preventing cancer and/or forestalling the complications of menopause through the consumption of foods containing phytoestrogens such as soy isoflavones. Lifestyle changes in technologically advanced societies, however, limit the consumption of adequate foods to meet health needs; thus supplements of phytoestrogen including soy isoflavones daidzein (DZ) and genistein (GE), considered to be compounds in soy that impart beneficial effects, are ingested in large quantities on a regular basis. This raises health concern since isoflavones are structurally similar to steroidal hormones, and it is possible that they may alter endogenous hormone metabolism and influence the pathogenesis of steroid-dependent diseases such as breast and prostate cancer. Equally important, humans are consistently exposed to mutagenic carcinogens whose toxicities could be enhanced by interaction with ingested isoflavones. Recent report indicates that DZ and GE are not only mutagenic, but also they enhance chemical carcinogenesis in animal models. Here, we report the results of feeding rats with DZ and GE to determine whether the genotoxicity and mammary carcinogenesis induced by the potent rodent mammary carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) could be altered. The data obtained suggest that DZ and GE diets given separately did not significantly alter DMBA-induced mutagenicity in lymphocytes, liver, mammary and heart, and carcinogenicity in the mammary. The mixture of DZ and GE was effective in reducing DMBA effects, suggesting that consuming diets containing more than one soy isoflavones as opposed to taking supplements in isolation, could impart some benefits; these results are discussed together with other animal studies reported on soy isoflavones.
Performance and resilience of hydrokinetic turbine arrays under large migrating fluvial bedforms

The deployment of in-stream flow-energy converters in rivers is an opportunity to expand the renewable energy portfolio and limit carbon emissions. Device performance and lifetime, environmental conservation, and the safety of fluvial communities against flood events, however, present unresolved challenges. In particular, we need to understand how multiple submerged hydrokinetic turbines interact with the sediment bed and whether existing technologies can be deployed in morphodynamically active natural rivers. Here, we present a scaled demonstration of a hydrokinetic turbine power plant deployed in a quasi-field-scale channel with sediment transport and migrating bedforms. We measure high-frequency sediment flux, the spatiotemporally resolved bathymetry and the turbine model performance. We find that with opportune siting, kinetic energy can be extracted efficiently without compromising the geomorphic equilibrium of the river and the structural safety of the turbine foundation, even in the presence of large migrating dunes, thus paving the way for harnessing sustainable and renewable energy in rivers. In-stream flow-energy converters can produce clean power from rivers, but how their design may affect the riverbed environment is unclear. Musa et al. test a scaled demonstration system, monitoring the bed response and sediment transport, to evaluate likely real-world behaviour.
The role of TERT promoter mutations in differentiating recurrent nevi from recurrent melanomas: A retrospective, case-control study

Background Repigmentation at previous biopsy sites pose a significant diagnostic dilemma given clinical and histologic similarities between recurrent nevi and locally recurrent melanoma. Though common in melanoma, the role of TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) in recurrent nevi is unknown. Objective We investigated the role of TPMs in recurrent nevi and whether the presence of hotspot TPM distinguishes recurrent nevi from locally recurrent melanoma. We also characterized clinical and histologic features differentiating these lesions. Methods We analyzed 11 locally recurrent melanomas, 17 recurrent nevi, and melanoma and nevus controls to determine TPM status. We also assessed clinical and histologic features of the recurrent groups. Results Hotspot TPMs were more common in recurrent melanomas than recurrent nevi (P = .008). Recurrent melanomas were more likely to have solar elastosis (P = .0047), multilayering of melanocytes in the epidermis (P = .0221), adnexal involvement (P = .0069), and epidermal consumption (P = .0204). Recurrent nevi had intra-epidermal atypia limited to the area above the scar (P Limitations This was a retrospective study. Conclusion Hotspot TPMs are significantly more frequent in recurrent melanomas and could serve as a diagnostic clue in histologically ambiguous cases.
Energies and Lifetimes of the Metastable Autoionizing ( 1 s 2 s 2 p ) P J 4 States of Li 6 and Li 7 ; Assignment of Li- I b Quartet Lines

A Zeeman-quenching atomic-beam method has been developed and used for the determinations of the energies and lifetimes of the metastable autoionizing $(1s2s2p)^{4}P$ states of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$. The values obtained for certain of these parameters are in serious disagreement with existing theoretical estimates. The energy values have been used for the definitive identification of previously unassigned lines in the Li spectrum.
Inadvertent Intravascular Bupivacaine Injection Following Retrobulbar Block: Report of Three Cases

Three case reports are presented which describe possible complications of retrobulbar blocks and their emergency medical management. Prompt recognition of systemic toxicity following regional anesthesia permits proper treatment and satisfactory outcome.
Mitochondrial cristae as insulated transformers of metabolic energy.

The mitochondrial inner membrane consists of the inner boundary membrane and invaginations called cristae, which differ in protein composition and likely have distinct functions. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Wolf et al (2019) report that the cristae carry a higher membrane potential than the intervening boundary membranes. Their data suggest electro-chemical discontinuity among segments of the inner membrane, implying that individual cristae may operate with some degree of independence.
(70) Association of cerebral regional oxygen saturations with short-term neurologic outcomes and survival in neonatal and pediatric patients supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Objective: Neurologic injury is an important complication in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Our goal was to determine if, in children on ECMO, cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) is associated with neuroimaging abnormalities, neurologic outcomes and survival to hospital discharge. Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based cerebral oximetry monitoring using bifrontal skin probes was done during ECMO based on Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)-wide clinical protocols at a single institution. A significant drop in rSO2 was defined as: (1) any rSO2 < 50%, (2) a reduction ≥30% from baseline, or (3) a …
Cerebral computed tomographic angiography using third-generation reconstruction algorithm provides improved image quality with lower contrast and radiation dose

We hypothesized that cerebral CT angiogram performed using third-generation reconstruction algorithm and lower contrast dose-low-kVp technique (LD-CTA) will provide better image quality when compared with regular contrast dose CTA at 120 kVp using a sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction algorithm (ND-CTA). Retrospective imaging review of 100 consecutive patients (50 each in LD- and ND-CTA groups). Two readers independently assessed the subjective image quality across multiple vascular segments on a Likert-like scale. Differences in contrast dose, CT dose index (CTDI), and dose length product (DLP) were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare subjective image quality. Similarly, contrast- and signal-to-noise ratios (CNR and SNR) were compared in the mid-M1 MCA vessels bilaterally and the mid-basilar artery using Mann-Whitney U test. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for the SNR/CNR values. Both observers showed excellent correlation in subjective image quality (mean percentage agreement of 95.2% for group 1 versus 89.2% for group 2). LD-CTA group showed better SNR and CNR (p < 0.0001) for both MCA vessels and the mid-basilar artery. Interclass correlation coefficient showed moderate correlation (0.51–0.63) between readers. LD-CTA group also used lower contrast (49 cc versus 97 cc in ND-CTA) and had lower radiation exposure (DLP/CTDI for both groups 268.3/80.7 vs 519.5/36.08, both < 0.0001). Next-generation reconstruction algorithm and low-kV scanning significantly improved image quality on cerebral CTA images despite lower contrast dose and, in addition, have lower radiation exposure.
Temperature sensitivities of metazoan and pre-metazoan Src kinases.

Abstract Homologous enzymes from different species display functional characteristics that correlate with the physiological and environmental temperatures encountered by the organisms. In this study, we have investigated the temperature sensitivity of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src. We compared the temperature dependencies of c-Src and two Src kinases from single-celled eukaryotes, the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki. Metazoan c-Src exhibits temperature sensitivity, with high activity at 30 °C and 37 °C. This sensitivity is driven by changes in substrate binding as well as maximal velocity, and it is dependent on the amino acid sequence surrounding tyrosine in the substrate. When tested with a peptide that displays temperature-dependent phosphorylation by c-Src, the enzymatic rates for the unicellular Src kinases show much less variation over the temperatures tested. The data demonstrate that unicellular Src kinases are temperature compensated relative to metazoan c-Src, consistent with an evolutionary adaptation to their environments.
Significant stream chemistry response to temperature variations in a high-elevation mountain watershed

High-elevation mountain regions, central to global freshwater supply, are experiencing more rapid warming than low-elevation locations. High-elevation streams are therefore potentially critical indicators for earth system and water chemistry response to warming. Here we present concerted hydroclimatic and biogeochemical data from Coal Creek, Colorado in the central Rocky Mountains at elevations of 2700 to 3700 m, where air temperatures have increased by about 2 °C since 1980. We analyzed water chemistry every other day from 2016 to 2019. Water chemistry data indicate distinct responses of different solutes to inter-annual hydroclimatic variations. Specifically, the concentrations of solutes from rock weathering are stable inter-annually. Solutes that are active in soils, including dissolved organic carbon, vary dramatically, with double to triple peak concentrations occurring during snowmelt and in warm years. We advocate for consistent and persistent monitoring of high elevation streams to record early glimpse of earth surface response to warming. Dissolved organic carbon in high-mountain streams respond strongly to temperature variability, peaking at snowmelt and increasing by up to three times in warm years, according to hydrological, meteorological and geochemical data from Coal Creek, Colorado.
Speaking Spanish in the US: The Sociopolitics of Language

This volume is an important addition to the growing body of linguistic research on the oldest European language spoken in what is now the United States. Its focus on the social and political realit...
Use of cuffed endotracheal tubes in infants less than 5 Kilograms: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Improved understanding of airway anatomy and refinement of equipment have led to the increased use of cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in infants and children. Despite expanded evidence on the potential advantages of cuffed ETTs in pediatric patients, there remains limited data on their use in infants less than 5 kilograms (kg). The current study retrospectively evaluates the perioperative use of cuffed ETTs in infants weighing 2–5 kg. Methods This is a retrospective study from a tertiary care children's hospital involving a 3-year period. Data regarding anesthetic care, airway management, and postoperative course were retrospectively retrieved from the electronic medical record. Results The study cohort included 1162 patients, 1086 of whom had their tracheas intubated with a cuffed ETT and 76 with an uncuffed ETT. Patients were divided into two groups for analysis: 2 to Conclusions These data provide additional information regarding the efficacy and safety of cuffed ETTs in neonates and infants.
Technique of Intraoperative Consultation

Intraoperative consultation is a real-time pathologic diagnosis. Specific equipment is required, and careful maintenance needed to assure readiness. This is especially important to support the time sensitive nature of the output. While informative and accurate, intraoperative interpretations are subject to significant and specific diagnostic limitations. Understanding clinical questions and directed sampling of lesional tissue are important considerations. Small biopsies, fatty tissue, and bone fragments are all specimens that require special attention. Digital pathology represents a technologic advance that allows remote viewing of slides and can assist in reviewing prior material. Frozen section is often performed by general surgical pathologists; broad surgical pathology expertise is often needed, and it is important for both the general and subspecialty pathologists to understand pitfalls associated with different specimen types. With these considerations in mind, and with situation specific pitfalls, frozen section is a highly accurate and informative technique.
AMCilk: A Framework for Multiprogrammed Parallel Workloads

Modern parallel platforms, such as clouds or servers, are often shared among many different jobs. However, existing parallel programming runtime systems are designed and optimized for running a single parallel job, so it is generally hard to directly use them to schedule multiple parallel jobs without incurring high overhead and inefficiency. In this work, we develop AMCilk (Adaptive Multiprogrammed Cilk), a novel runtime system framework, designed to support multiprogrammed parallel workloads. AMCilk has client-server architecture where users can dynamically submit parallel jobs to the system. AMCilk has a single runtime system that runs these jobs while dynamically reallocating cores, last-level cache, and memory bandwidth among these jobs according to the scheduling policy. AMCilk exposes the interface to the system designer, which allows the designer to easily build different scheduling policies meeting the requirements of various application scenarios and performance metrics, while AMCilk transparently (to designers) enforces the scheduling policy. The primary feature of AMCilk is the low-overhead and responsive preemption mechanism that allows fast reallocation of cores between jobs. Our empirical evaluation indicates that AMCilk incurs small overheads and provides significant benefits on application-specific criteria for a set of 4 practical applications due to its fast and low-overhead core reallocation mechanism.
MODEL EXPERIMENTS FOR SPAN-VEHICLE DYNAMICS

The transient dynamics of multiple-span beam-type bridges responding to constant speed, sprung and unsprung vehicle loads are investigated experimentally. Both instrumentation and the severe problems of dynamic modeling of realistic prototypes are considered. Scaling parameters such as vehicle mass to span mass ratio, passage frequency to bridge frequency ratio, vehicle suspension frequency ratios, and loading length to span length ratio are defined and applied to the design of a laboratory test facility. Considered are problems of data retrieval for the bridge dynamics and for the vehicle heave acceleration. The latter data, needed to design safe and comfortable vehicle suspension systems, are essential in future urban and interurban transportation systems. Span data are presented in nondimensional form, suitable for design purposes. Typical data for a six-span bridge show that the peak bending moments may exceed four times their respective static moments for a vehicle at its crawl speed.
Refining the scope in computer self-efficacy relationships: an empirical comparison of three instruments in predicting competence and attitudes

Computer self-efficacy (CSE) has been successfully used in many studies as a significant predictor of individual performance and attitudes. However there have been ongoing criticisms concerning selfefficacy’s conceptual foundations as well as its measurement. In the IS field, there have been a number of studies in which the relationship between CSE and consequent behaviors or attitudes was weak or nonexistent. Reasons given for such results include problems associated with the construct of general selfefficacy, and more recently the mismatching of scope (general or specific) between self-efficacy and its predicted outcomes. Little research exists in the IS field to ascertain which instrument is appropriate given the circumstances of the study or to determine if scope plays a significant role in predictability. This study examines three CSE instruments, one general, one global, and one specific (in six domains) in their ability to predict specific and general outcomes (competence and attitudes). The CSE instruments are empirically compared using a sample of 310 ROTC Midshipmen from fourteen universities, using six common computing domains. Results suggest that instrument choice makes a significant difference in predictability and that the alignment in scope of CSE with outcomes is moderated by task mastery in that domain.
The Default Provisions of Revised Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code: Part Ii

The two sponsors of the Uniform Commercial Code (the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Institute) recently approved revised Article 9, which governs security interests in personal property and fixtures. The most extensive changes have been made to the default provisions, which are examined in detail in this article (the second of two parts). The article provides comparative analysis of current and revised default provisions, offers drafting advice where appropriate, discusses perceived statutory weaknesses, and raises issues that may survive enactment.
A family of linear complexity likelihood ascent search multiuser detectors for CDMA communications

We propose a family of likelihood ascent search (LAS) detectors that achieve maximum likelihood detection in a subset of hypotheses whereas their expected per-bit computational complexity is linear in the number of users. The LAS detectors monotonically increase likelihood at every search step, and thus monotonically decrease the error probability and converge to a fixed point in a finite number of steps with probability one. It is proved that the thresholds set up in the LAS detectors are necessary and sufficient for monotonic likelihood ascent for an arbitrary signature crosscorrelation matrix with probability one. Among the LAS detectors, the set of wide-sense sequential LAS (WSLAS) detectors is shown to be a set of local maximum likelihood (LML) detectors defined with neighborhood size one. The properties of the fixed points and their observation regions are studied. Simulations are carried out and verify analytical results.
CP asymmetry in charged Higgs decays to chargino-neutralino pairs

We analyze the charge-parity ($CP$) asymmetry in the charged Higgs boson decays to chargino-neutralino pairs, ${H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{i}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{j}^{0}$, $i=1$, 2, $j=1,\dots{},4$. We show first that these modes have a large branching ratio for ${m}_{{H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. We use Cutkosky rules to obtain the analytical formulas needed for the evaluation of the asymmetry under consideration. We then calculate the $CP$ asymmetry in chargino-neutralino decays by including supersymmetric mass bounds, as well as constraints from $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $(g\ensuremath{-}2{)}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$ and electric dipole moments. Finally, we discuss observability of the asymmetry at the LHC by calculating the number of required charged Higgs events to observe the asymmetry for each decay channel. We show that the inclusion of constraints considerably reduces the projected $CP$ asymmetry, and that the optimal channel for observing the asymmetry is ${H}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{2}^{0}$.
Regulation of early reactions in the biosynthesis of tryptophan in Neurospora crassa.

Lester, Gabriel (Reed College, Portland, Ore.). Regulation of early reactions in the biosynthesis of tryptophan in Neurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol. 85:468-475. 1963.-The regulation of the biosynthesis of tryptophan was examined in Neurospora crassa, strain ylo-tryp-la, which accumulates anthranil compounds. The block in this strain appeared to be in the conversion of 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate to indole-3-glycerol phosphate, since the dephosphorylated form of the former compound, the anthranilic ribonucleoside, and the anthranilic acid were found. Cells cultured on levels of l-tryptophan greater than 0.1 mumole per ml were almost devoid of anthranilate-synthesizing activity, whereas cells cultured on low levels of tryptophan (e.g., 0.025 mumole/ml) could produce anthranilate at a rate of 125 mmumoles per mg (dry wt) per hr. A repressive effect was also caused by d-, 5-methyl-dl-, and 6-methyl-dl-tryptophan, but none of these compounds was as effective a repressor as l-tryptophan. Neither 4-methyl-dl-tryptophan, tryptamine, nor indole-3-acetic acid repressed the formation of anthranilate-synthesizing activity. Preformed activity was strongly inhibited by l-tryptophan, and to a lesser extent by 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl-dl-tryptophan; d-tryptophan, tryptamine, or indole-3-acetic acid did not inhibit preformed anthranilate-synthesizing activity. These results are indicative of the operation of repression and feedback-inhibition mechanisms early in the biosynthetic sequence leading to tryptophan. The relation of these results to those concerned with other aspects of tryptophan biosynthesis is discussed.
System theory applications in biology: From stochastic chemical kinetics to deterministic model invalidation

Ideas from System Theory lie behind many of the new powerful methods being developed in the burgeoning field of Systems Biology. In this paper, we show two examples of this: one in the area of stochastic chemical kinetics, and the other in biological model invalidation. Stochastic chemical kinetics has gained a lot of attention in the last few years. In order to capture certain important dynamics in the subcellular environment, it is necessary to model molecular interactions at the gene level as discrete stochastic events. The dynamics of such processes is typically described by probability distributions, which evolve according to the set of linear ordinary differential equations known as the chemical master equation (CME). Until recently, it has been believed that the CME could not be solved analytically except in the most trivial of problems, and the CME has been analyzed almost exclusively with Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms. However, concepts from linear systems theory have enabled the Finite State Projection (FSP) approach and have significantly enhanced our ability to solve the CME without resorting to MC simulations. In this paper we review the FSP approach as well as a variety of systems theory based modifications to the FSP algorithm that dramatically improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm and expand the class of solvable problems. Notions such as observability, controllability and minimal realizations enable large reductions in the order of models and increase efficiency with little to no loss in accuracy. Model reduction techniques based upon linear perturbation theory allow for the systematic projection of multiple time scale dynamics onto a slowly varying manifold. Our second example shows the application of systems ideas in the area of biological model invalidation. As a specific case study, we use a dynamic model of the bacterial heat-shock response to demonstrate the approach. Using recent sum-of-squares techniques we show that the heat-shock model, when stripped from a certain protein-protein interaction that implements a certain feedback loop, cannot account for the input-output data regardless of the parameter choice for the model. In essence, such a deficient model is invalidated. Such conclusions are essential for pointing out the likelihood of missing components or interactions, thereby guiding new biological experiments.
Comparison of efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity between infliximab mono- versus combination therapy in ulcerative colitis.

Background The association of concomitant immunosuppressant use with infliximab (IFX) and therapeutic outcomes in correlation with pharmacokinetic properties in ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. Aims To assess the effect of concomitant immunosuppressant use on the duration of IFX therapy, and the pharmacokinetic properties of IFX in patients with UC. Methods A retrospective analysis of UC patients treated with IFX. Duration of efficacious IFX therapy, and serum IFX and antibody-to-IFX (ATI) levels were compared between those receiving IFX as monotherapy and in combination with an immunosuppressant. Results Among the 85 UC patients who received IFX, 46 (54.1%) received concomitant immunosuppressants, and 38 (45.9%) received IFX monotherapy. Concomitant immunosuppressant use was associated with increased duration of IFX therapy as 90% of patients receiving immunosuppressants remained on therapy at 1 year versus 61% of patients on monotherapy (Log-rank, P = 0.016). Concomitant immunosuppressant use, as compared with monotherapy, was associated with greater IFX levels (20.4 mg/L vs 10.5 mg/L, P = 0.025) and less frequent ATI formation (4.5% vs 33.3%, P = 0.031). Patients receiving greater than 2.0 mg/kg of azathioprine had greater IFX levels than those receiving less than 2.0 mg/kg (26.0 vs 10.6 mcg/mL, P = 0.03) and those receiving IFX monotherapy (26.0 vs 11.2 mcg/mL, P = 0.03). The duration of IFX therapy among patients receiving less than 2.0 mg/kg azathioprine was indistinguishable from patients on IFX monotherapy (Log-rank, P = 0.95). Conclusion Concomitant immunosuppressant therapy with IFX improves outcomes in UC as shown by increased duration of therapy, decreased immunogenicity against IFX, and increased blood levels of IFX. Our data suggest that this benefit may be dependent on the dose of concomitant immunosuppression.
Distortions of perceived length in the frontoparallel plane: Tests of perspective theories

The perceived length of a line segment in a frontoparallel plane is sometimes affected by the presence of other line segments in the visual field. Perspective theories attribute such interactions to sizeconstancy scaling: The configuration of line segments present in the visual field includes depth cues that trigger size scaling of each line segment. In three experiments, we test this claim for a range of simple configurations composed of two line segments joined at a point. These configurations include the inverted T configuration of the bisection illusion, as well as the L configuration of the horizontal— vertical illusion. We conclude that the available depth cues, even when supplemented by known biases in perspective interpretations, do not account for observed distortions in judgments of relative length.
Proteins that bind to IKKγ (NEMO) and down-regulate the activation of NF-κB

Inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) gamma (IKKγ), also referred to as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), is an important component of the IKK complex. Following the exposure of cells to NF-κB-inducing stimuli, the IKK complex catalyzes the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB (IκB) proteins, which is a critical step that leads to the activation of NF-κB via the canonical pathway. The exact functions of IKKγ as part of the IKK complex have not been fully elucidated. A number of proteins have been identified as directly interacting with IKKγ and modulating the activity of the IKK complex. This mini review covers eight proteins that have been reported to bind to IKKγ and lead to the suppression of the activities of the IKK complex and hence result in the down-regulation of the activation of NF-κB. The reported mechanisms by which these interactions suppress the activation of the IKK complex include the deubiquitination of IKKγ and competition with upstream activators for binding to IKKγ.