cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doing more harm than good: negative health effects of intimate-partner violence campaigns

This study investigates unintended negative effects of health communication campaigns surrounding intimate-partner violence. Major health organizations have identified this issue as an urgent health problem for women, but the effects of these campaigns have rarely been tested with the target audience most affected by the issue. Using qualitative methodology, 10 focus groups were conducted with female survivors of intimate-partner violence. It was found that this group viewed the campaigns as emotionally harmful, inaccurate, and misleading. The results of this research suggest these campaigns may do more harm than good for the audience most severely affected by this issue.
Characterization of the Morphology of Particulate Matter inside Farm Houses Located near Biosolids-Applied Agricultural Fields

AbstractLand application of biosolids to improve the fertility of agricultural land is very common in the United States. Bioaerosols are airborne particulate matter (PM) aerosolized during various agricultural processes such as preapplication preparation, disking, application, and postapplication management. In recent years, there has been concern about the health of people living near the application sites even though these processes have been going on for decades. The focus of this study is to characterize PM inside households located near fields where biosolids have been applied. The PM was collected inside five houses on eight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter papers using the GRIMM 1.108 dust monitor. Physical characteristics of PM were analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphological properties of particles such as diameter, area, perimeter, aspect ratio, and shape factor of particles were determined using Image J software for the images captured using SEM. It was observe...
Animal Source Foods and Human Health during Evolution

Animal source foods (ASF) have always been a constituent of human diets. Their pattern of use, however, changed in dramatic ways over the course of human evolution. Before 2 million years ago (mya), meat in particular was acquired opportunistically via hunting of small or young animals and scavenging of animals killed by other species. At some point after that time, humans began to hunt cooperatively, making possible the acquisition of meat from large game. The marked increase in human heights between 2.0 and 1.7 mya may be linked to more efficient means of acquiring meat, namely through hunting. The final pattern of meat (and other ASF) use before the modern era is associated with the shift from hunting and gathering beginning ∼10,000 y ago. This fundamental dietary change resulted in a narrowing of diet, reduced consumption of meat and increased focus on domesticated grains. The study of archaeological human remains from around the world reveals that this period in human dietary history saw a decline in health, including increased evidence of morbidity (poorer dental health, increased occlusal abnormalities, increased iron deficiency anemia, increased infection and bone loss). Human populations living in developing and developed settings today rely on meats with lipid compositions that when eaten in excess promote cardiovascular disease. As humans become more sedentary and eat more high fat foods, we can expect to see increases in heart disease, osteoporosis and other diseases of civilization. J. Nutr. 133: 3893S-3897S, 2003.
Science Standards, Science Achievement, and Attitudes About Evolution

This article explores the relationships between (a) the quality of state science standards and student science achievement, (b) the public’s belief in teaching evolution and the quality of state standards, and (c) the public’s belief in teaching evolution and student science achievement. Using multiple measures, we find no evidence of a relationship between the quality of a state’s science standards and student science achievement. We also examine the relationship between state-level beliefs about evolution and student achievement. Here, we find a positive and consistent relationship between a state’s acceptance of evolution and student science achievement. Our results suggest that the attitudes that the public has toward evolutionary science are strongly related to student science achievement—more so than the quality of state science standards.
Obtained versus programmed reinforcement: Practical considerations in the treatment of escape-reinforced aggression

This investigation provides a preliminary examination of the difference between programmed and obtained reinforcement rates and its potential influence during treatment of aggression in a natural setting. Following a functional analysis that suggested that the aggression of a boy with autism was negatively reinforced, intervention was implemented by the boy's mother. Concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 1 FR 1 schedules of escape were arranged for manding and aggression. When mands failed to compete effectively with aggression, obtained reinforcement ratios were calculated; these indicated that obtained reinforcement varied from the programmed schedule for aggression but not for mands. Increasing the rate of prompts for mands resulted in an increase in mands and a decrease in aggression to near-zero levels.
Determination of ciprofloxacin concentrations in human serum and urine by HPLC with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection.

Summary Objective: To develop a simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of ciprofloxacin concentrations in human serum and urine. Method: Serum proteins were removed by ultrafiltration through a filtering device after the addition of a displacing reagent. Urine samples were diluted with mobile phase prior to injection. Separation was achieved with a C18 reverse-phase column and using ultraviolet (UVD) and fluorescence detection (FD) for serum samples and UVD for urine samples. Results: The quantitation limits of the assay were 20 ng/ml (FD) and 100 ng/ml (UVD) in serum and 1 μg/ml in urine. The assay was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Conclusion: The method presented for ciprofloxacin assay in human serum and urine requires less sample clean up and is more sensitive than those reported in the literature.
Using Alert Verification to Identify Successful Intrusion Attempts

Intrusion detection systems monitor protected networks and attempt to identify evidence of malicious activity. When an attack is detected, an alert is produced, and, possibly, a countermeasure is executed. A perfect intrusion detection system would be able to identify all the attacks without raising any false alarms. In addition, a countermeasure would be executed only when an attack is actually successful. Unfortunately false alarms are commonplace in intrusion detection systems, and perfectly benign events are interpreted as malicious. In addition, non-relevant alerts are also common. These are alerts associated with attacks that were not successful. Such alerts should be tagged appropriately so that their priority can be lowered. The process of identifying alerts associated with successful attacks is called alert verification. This paper describes the different issues involved in alert verification and presents a tool that performs real-time verification of attacks detected by an intrusion detection system. The experimental evaluation of the tool shows that verification can dramatically reduce both false and non-relevant alerts.
A balance of signaling by Rho family small GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 coordinates cytoskeletal morphology but not cell survival

Rho family GTPases are known to be involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. We examined the possibility that these functions may be dictated by a balance of Rho family GTPase signaling. Using transient viral expression of RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 and their mutants, as well as C3 exoenzyme, we altered cytoskeletal organization under normal growth conditions. Overexpression of wild-type or constitutively active forms of the Rho family GTPases led to their respective activation phenotypes. Overexpression of dominant negative forms of given Rho family GTPases led to a phenotype consistent with activation of the other Rho family GTPase. Treatment with C. difficile toxin A, that inactivates all Rho family GTPases, led to the transient appearance of a variety of activation phenotypes. Previously, we reported that inactivation of Rho led to induction of apoptosis, implying that Rho may play an important role in cell survival signaling. This signaling, however, is not affected by expression of any forms of Rac1 or Cdc42, and only inactivation of Rho led to induction of apoptosis. Rho family GTPases appear to coordinate cytoskeletal organization by a balance of signaling, while cell survival is regulated by a distinct Rho-mediated signaling pathway.
Decision‐making Italian style: The new code of criminal procedure

Government action in Italy is notoriously slow in most policy areas, but, when necessary, the government can act both decisively and effectively. This article is a case‐study of the decisional process surrounding such an issue, the new code of criminal procedure that was implemented in late 1989. Factors other than the alluring explanations of government longevity and coalition stability account for the success of this institutional reform. In the case of the new code, a sense of urgency was created and a champion for the cause was found in government; these two factors and public demand for changes generated a momentum towards implementation of major institutional reform that survived onslaught by interest groups and even the fall of two governments.
REMAINS: TO BE SEEN. Third Encounter between State and “Customary” in Northern Mozambique

This essay presents a history of articulations between the state apparatus and the realm of the “customary” in northern Mozambique, throughout periods of colonial rule, Socialism, civil war, and postcolonial democratic regimes. The analysis pivots around the ethnographic study of magico-religious rituals combined with postsocialist political rallies. In Mozambique, current recognition of chieftaincy and the “customary” by the state, supported by international donors, reverses decades of postcolonial ban on indigenous authority and practice. This peculiar case presents a paradigmatic perspective on the complex trajectory of indigeneity in postcolonial Africa, where local autochthonous structures and identities are entangled within a history of colonial violence, political oppression, and recent harsh conflict.
Velocity overshoot effects and transit times in III-V nitride HFETs : a Monte Carlo study

Monte Carlo simulation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs were carried out and compared with GaAs based devices. The following outcomes of our simulations are noteworthy: i) partially due to the relatively heavy electron effective mass in GaN, the velocities of the electrons are mostly below the steady state values through most of the channel; ii) unlike what is observed in GaAs based short channel devices, there is no pronounced overshoot effect, even at high drain source biases, due to increased scattering; iii) our simulations show that the suppression of overshoot is directly related to the length of the high field region. This length is quite small for usual bias conditions. We suggest that a non-uniform composition of the barrier region could conceivably help in spreading out the high field region, which is present at the drain end of the device. Other results of the Monte Carlo simulation include transconductance, noise information and unity current gain frequency.
Cytomegalovirus Infection After Intestinal Transplantation in Children

Although the intestine was one of the first organs to be transplanted experimentally, the clinical evolution of intestinal transplantation has remained hindered by technical, immunologic, and infectious complications [1–3]. Recently, with advances in surgical and clinical management and the use of tacrolimus (FK-506) as the principal immunosuppressive drug, actuarial patient and graft survivals at 24 months post-transplantation have exceeded 74% and 63%, respectively [4]. Infections, however, continue to be a significant cause of morbidity. We have previously reported high rates of late mortality and graft loss due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in our overall experience with adult and pediatric intestinal transplant recipients [5]. The occurrence of CMV infection following intestinal transplantation in children, however, may have differing epidemiological and behavioral characteristics, as has been seen with other organ recipients. A retrospective analysis of our experience with CMV after intestinal transplantation in children is the basis of this report.
Demand-driven context-sensitive alias analysis for Java

Software tools for program understanding, transformation, verification, and testing often require an efficient yet highly-precise alias analysis. Typically this is done by computing points-to information, from which alias queries can be answered. This paper presents a novel context-sensitive, demand-driven alias analysis for Java that achieves efficiency by answering alias queries directly, instead of relying on an underlying points-to analysis. The analysis is formulated as a context-free-language (CFL) reachability problem over a language that models calling context sensitivity, and over another language that models field sensitivity (i.e., flow of reference values through fields of heap objects).To improve analysis scalability, we propose to compute procedural reachability summaries online, during the CFL-reachability computation. This cannot be done indiscriminately, as the benefits of using the summary information do not necessarily outweigh the cost of computing it. Our approach selects for summarization only a subset of heavily-used methods (i.e., methods having a large number of incoming edges in the static call graph). We have performed a variety of studies on the proposed analysis. The experimental results show that, within the same time budget, the precision of the analysis is higher than that of a state-of-the-art highly-precise points-to analysis. In addition, the use of method summaries can lead to significant improvements in analysis performance.
Kinetic Blocks: Actuated Constructive Assembly for Interaction and Display

Pin-based shape displays not only give physical form to digital information, they have the inherent ability to accurately move and manipulate objects placed on top of them. In this paper we focus on such object manipulation: we present ideas and techniques that use the underlying shape change to give kinetic ability to otherwise inanimate objects. First, we describe the shape display's ability to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble structures from simple passive building blocks through stacking, scaffolding, and catapulting. A technical evaluation demonstrates the reliability of the presented techniques. Second, we introduce special kinematic blocks that are actuated and sensed through the underlying pins. These blocks translate vertical pin movements into other degrees of freedom like rotation or horizontal movement. This interplay of the shape display with objects on its surface allows us to render otherwise inaccessible forms, like overhangs, and enables richer input and output.
Cytochemical studies of hydrogen peroxide generation in postischemic hepatocytes.

Reoxygenation injury that occurs when blood circulation is restored to previously ischemic tissues is currently discussed as a pathophysiological entity distinct from the primary anoxic injury that develops during ischemia per se. To test the hypothesis that reoxygenation injury in hepatocytes is caused by a postischemic burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radicals, O2-., and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, we performed a cytochemical study exploiting the peroxidase activity within peroxisomes as a sensitive ultrastructural detector of intracellular H2O2 generation. The osmiophilic polymer formed when tissue peroxidase is incubated with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and H2O2 was used as a marker for endogenous H2O2 in rat liver slices in short-term organ culture subjected to a cycle of 60-min ischemic anoxia and 30-min reoxygenation in the presence of DAB without exogenous H2O2. Peroxisomal reaction product was quantitatively evaluated in transmission electron micrographs of systematically...
Long Duration Stability of Distant Retrograde Orbits

This paper studies the stability of distant retrograde orbits (DROs) in the Earth-Moon system over periods of 100 years or greater. This is relevant to NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM), which requires a stable quarantine orbit around the Moon to deposit a captured asteroid into. This research shows which perturbing forces affect the stability of a DRO, how they do so, and the DRO sizes that are resistant to instability caused by these perturbations. Results show that solar gravity is the only perturbing force that significantly impacts the stability, and that DROs with an x-amplitude between 60,000 and 68,000 km are most stable. This paper also identifies stable manifolds of a stable DRO that could be used to capture the asteroid without the need of thrusting once it approaches the Earth-Moon system.
Bonding in Sulfur-Oxygen Compounds-HSO/SOH and SOO/OSO: An Example of Recoupled Pair π Bonding.

The ground states (X(2)A″) of HSO and SOH are extremely close in energy, yet their molecular structures differ dramatically, e.g., re(SO) is 1.485 A in HSO and 1.632 A in SOH. The SO bond is also much stronger in HSO than in SOH: 100.3 kcal/mol versus 78.8 kcal/mol [RCCSD(T)-F12/AVTZ]. Similar differences are found in the SO2 isomers, SOO and OSO, depending on whether the second oxygen atom binds to oxygen or sulfur. We report generalized valence bond and RCCSD(T)-F12 calculations on HSO/SOH and OSO/SOO and analyze the bonding in all four species. We find that HSO has a shorter and stronger SO bond than SOH due to the presence of a recoupled pair bond in the π(a″) system of HSO. Similarly, the bonding in SOO and OSO differs greatly. SOO is like ozone and has substantial diradical character, while OSO has two recoupled pair π bonds and negligible diradical character. The ability of the sulfur atom to form recoupled pair bonds provides a natural explanation for the dramatic variation in the bonding in these and many other sulfur-oxygen compounds.
Bovine submaxillary mucin contains multiple domains and tandemly repeated non-identical sequences

A number of cDNA fragments coding for bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) were cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of the largest clone, BSM421, was determined. Two peptide sequences determined from the purified apoBSM were found near the N-terminus of the mucin-coding region of BSM421. This clone does not contain a start or stop codon, but its 3´ end overlaps with the 5´ end of a previously isolated clone, λBSM10. The composite sequence of 1589 amino acid residues consists of five distinct protein domains, which are numbered from the C-terminus. The cysteine-rich domain I can be further divided into a von Willebrand factor type C repeat and a cystine knot. Domains III and V consist of similar repeated peptide sequences with an average of 47 residues. Domains II and IV do not contain such sequences but are similar to domains III and V in being rich in serine and threonine, many of which are predicted to be potential O-glycosylation sites. Domain III also contains two sequences that match the ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop). Only β-strands and no α-helices are predicted for the partial deduced amino acid sequence. Northern analysis of submaxillary gland RNA with the BSM421 probe detected multiple messages of BSM with sizes from 1.1 to over 10 kb. The tandemly repeated, non-identical peptide sequences of approx. 47 residues in domains III and V of BSM differ from the tandemly repeated, identical 81-residue sequences of pig submaxillary mucin (PSM), although both BSM and PSM contain similar C-terminal domains. In contrast, two peptide sequences of ovine submaxillary mucin are highly similar (86% and 65% identical respectively) to the corresponding sequences in domain V of BSM.
The ototoxicity of amikacin with therapeutic doses on premature guinea-pigs

Objective: To investigate the ototoxicity of aminoglycosides with therapeutic doses on premature guinea pig Methods: Amikacin was injected intramuscularly with a dose of 65 mg/kg once a day for 14 days in neonatal and adult group with 36 guinea pigs each, and 22 in premature group Five to eight guinea pigs were sacrificed for histological examination of cochlea with microscopy and scanning electron microscopy on 7th, 10th and 14th day, and the 28th and 60th day There were 6 animals in each group for control Results: Observation with electron microscopy, showed many stereocilia were lain down or disappeared as early as the 3rd day after the medicine given and absent of outer hair cells in 5th day in premature groups The damage was more severe in premature group than in neonatal and adult group The observation also slowed the number of missed outer hair cells was more in the order premature, neonatal and adult group Continuous loss of hair cells was observed on the 28th day Conclusions: Significant ototoxicity of amikacin with therapeutic doses was found in premature group
The toxic effect of short exposures to the atmospheric oxygen concentration on early mouse embryonic development

When culture conditions of mouse preembryos include an O2 concentration of 20%, preembryos that initiate in vitro culture at the 1-cell stage have a lower survival rate than preembryos that are harvested for culture at the 2-cell stage. This "toxic" effect of O2 is not seen at 5% O2 concentrations, suggesting that atmospheric O2 concentrations are toxic to preembryos. The present study examined the effect of short-term exposures to 20% O2, as may occur during in vitro fertilization procedures. The results demonstrated that when 1-cell preembryos were exposed to the atmospheric oxygen concentration for as little as 1 hour, their development was inhibited. Furthermore, such toxic effects did not become apparent until after four to five divisions. The authors conclude that it is critical to minimize exposure of zygotes to the atmospheric O2 concentration for optimal development to continue past the 8- to 16-cell stage, at least in the mouse.
Influence of electrostatic interactions on the properties of cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals predicted from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

ABSTRACTThe influence of force field details in all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the predicted thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of bulk 4-cyano-4ʹ-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) systems have been investigated in the 292–368 K temperature range. The effect of the molecular dipole moment and the details of dihedral potential for biphenyl unit were investigated using both polarisable (POL) and non-polarisable (NP) versions of the quantum chemistry-based force field. The predicted densities for the nematic and isotropic phases of bulk 5CB were found to be in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The nematic-isotropic transition temperature (TNI) showed strong sensitivity to the force field details, MD simulations with partial atomic charge distributions and molecular dipole moment corresponding to high-level quantum chemistry calculations predicted an overestimation of the TNI by about 30 K. Rescaling the charges to allow the molecular dipole to be closer to experimentall...
Isavuconazole Is Effective for the Treatment of Experimental Cryptococcal Meningitis

We evaluated the efficacy of isavuconazole against cryptococcal meningitis. Treatment with either oral isavuconazole (120 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg twice a day [BID]) or fluconazole as the positive control significantly improved survival in mice infected intracranially with either Cryptococcus neoformans USC1597 or H99 and significantly reduced brain fungal burdens for both isolates. Concentrations of isavuconazole in plasma and brain tissue also demonstrated that the greatest improvements in survival and fungal burden were associated with elevated exposures.
The Placement Framework

PI begins the layout process by placing the modules on the chip. This chapter describes the framework in which the placement heuristics operate. In particular, this chapter describes the broad structure of the placement heuristics, PI’s placement problem, and a data structure known as the placement tree which supports the placement heuristics.
Five Maritime Security Developments That Will Resonate For A Generation

In the past decade, collaborative efforts around the world have led to five key, and intersecting, developments that have changed the way governments respond to maritime security challenges: expanded laws; interagency, or whole-of-government coordination within a country; cooperation among nations; maritime situational awareness (MSA); and the establishment of multinational training centers. Collectively, these new approaches form a single unifying thread for action and support a networked response to countering violence and illicit activity at sea. The developments examined in this Article provide key insights to collaboratively confront, with less traditional diplomatic actors, transnational criminal organizations and other security challenges in the future.
A data mining approach to rapidly learning traveler activity patterns for mobile applications

The swift growth in the number of GPS devices has led to a boom in the number of mobile applications attempting to exploit this rapidly growing market. As a result, understanding travelers and their information needs has become a major topic of interest. While many studies have examined learning traveler behavior, they have primarily concentrated on the destination and route information. There are two key weaknesses of these studies. First, they require a lengthy history of the person be collected before a reasonable model can be built. Second, they focus on the travel itself rather than the reason for the travel. While trip information is useful, the reason for the travel likely is more useful to mobile applications aimed at influencing the user's plans. The purpose of this study is to address both of these points: reducing learning time and examining the reason for the travel rather than just the trip itself. To accomplish these goals, this work examines using an interdisciplinary approach to combine transportation planning activity-based modeling methods with data mining techniques to learn individual patterns. This work demonstrates that such a model can be tailored to the patterns of an individual traveler, allowing projections of their future trips, activities, and planning flexibility to be made. Second, due to the abstraction of the model, an extensive history of the user is not necessary to build a reasonable model of the traveler. Traditionally, however, this type of model has required collecting a detailed activity history that is likely more burdensome than most mobile application users would accept. This research addresses this challenge by creating an activity model of a traveler while greatly reducing the data entry required by the user. The primary contribution of this work is a set of techniques for quickly learning the travel activity patterns of individuals with limited user interaction. This is achieved through three main areas: (1) leveraging passive data to augment user entered data; (2) introducing techniques to reduce the impact of missing data on prediction quality; and (3) supplementing user patterns with general patterns from other sources.
Seizures and Cerebral Cysticercosis

The results of a long-term retrospective study of 240 patients with seizures and cysticercosis of the brain parenchyma are reported from the Instituto Nacional de Neurologio y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez de Mexico, Mexico City.
Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Analysis of the Posterior and Anterior Mandibular Lingual Concavity for Dental Implant Patients.

This study was conducted to evaluate variations in and the prevalence of the lingual concavity. Images were taken between January 1, 2011, and August 31, 2015, from a total of 104 patient charts randomly selected from a private practice. These images were acquired from a single cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) machine. The CBCTs were reviewed in cross-sectional images in both the left and right anterior incisor and posterior molar regions. These scans were classified into 1 of 3 categories—parallel, concave, or convex—based on the measurements of the level of concavity degree as well as the mandibular morphology observed. Lingual concavity characteristics including depth, angulation, and vertical location were also measured. Most of the posterior mandibular CBCT scans were classified as concave. Although there was no significant difference detected for race or gender, statistical significance was noted with regard to age, with an increase in prevalence observed at age 63 years and older. Of the 3 ...
The role of fishing material culture in communities’ sense of place as an added-value in management of coastal areas

Abstract Fishing communities in many places around the world are facing significant challenges due to new policies and environmental developments. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of natural resources, many policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the sociocultural well-being of coastal communities. Authors address the problem of valuing the sociocultural benefits of fishing by exploring the role of fishing landscapes and traditional working waterfronts in maintaining sense of place in fishing communities. The paper explores how sense of place contributes to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural-ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from four U.S. fishing communities in Brunswick County, North Carolina. Through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with fishing communities members, resident photography and sites visits, this paper outlines how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of place-attachment and cultural-social memory. By understanding the relationship between fishers’ sense of place, and the physical environment in fishing communities in Brunswick County, the authors identify the complexity and interrelated elements that shape the relationship between fishermen and their cultural landscape. The paper suggests that realizing the value of fishing cultural landscape can encourage policies that promote preservation of fishing cultural heritage for the sociocultural benefit of communities.
Some Physiological Aspects of Physical Fitness

(1943). Some Physiological Aspects of Physical Fitness. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 106-111.
A Cluster of Basic Residues in the Factor VIIIa A2 Subunit Function in Substrate Binding and Product Release during the Activation of Factor X by Factor Xase.

Factor VIIIa serves as a cofactor for factor IXa in the membrane-dependent conversion of factor X to Xa. Factor VIIIa is a non-covalent trimer of subunits designated A1, A2 and A3-C1-C2. The A2 subunit of factor VIIIa is essential for cofactor activity and extensive evidence suggests it forms an extended interface with the protease domain of factor IXa. A2 residues 484–510 appear important to factor Xase activity inasmuch as this region is a hotspot for inhibitor antibodies that block cofactor function. In an earlier study we showed that individual substitutions of the basic residues Arg489, Arg490, and Lys493 within this segment with alanine yielded little if any effect on activity whereas a mutant where all three residues were replaced showed a significant reduction in the rate for cofactor-dependent conversion of factor X (Jenkins et al., J Thromb Haemost. 2004), suggesting a role for this positive charge density in catalysis. To gain further insights into mechanisms responsible for this effect, we expressed and purified the wild type and the triple mutant (489-3A) as isolated A2 domains in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. Factor VIIIa reconstituted from purified A1/A3-C1-C2 dimer and the wild type baculovirus (b) A2 yielded cofactor activity that was indistinguishable from that of factor VIIIa reconstituted from BHK cell-derived recombinant factor VIIIa subunits, as judged by factor Xa generation assays. Both wild type and mutant bA2 forms showed similar affinities in forming factor Xase in the presence of A1/A3-C1-C2 dimer, factor IXa and phospholipid vesicles. On the other hand, factor Xase reconstituted from the 489-3A bA2 exhibited an ~25-fold reduced kcat compared with the wild type control. Interestingly, the mutation reduced the Km for substrate factor X by ~10-fold, suggesting that the elimination of the positive charge density enhanced the association of the substrate with factor Xase. However, this enhancement in substrate association was offset by a slow catalytic mechanism that may include turnover and/or release of product. To examine the latter parameter, an active site-modified factor Xa, EGR-factor Xa, was evaluated for its interactions with factor Xase. EGR-factor Xa competitively inhibited substrate factor X binding to factor Xase with a Ki value that was ~100-fold greater for Xase containing the wild type A2 compared with the value for Xase with the mutant A2. This result suggested the mutant A2-containing factor Xase was defective in release of the macromolecular product. In contrast, this mutation in A2 showed little if any effect on the amidolytic activity of factor Xase as judged using a small chromogenic substrate. Overall, these results suggest that this basic cluster within the A2 subunit functions in both macromolecular substrate binding and product release. We speculate that the latter mechanism derives from repulsive forces that are decreased in the 489-3A A2 mutant.
Manganites at low temperatures and light doping: band approach and percolation

A tight-band model is employed for thee 2g orbitals in manganites. It is shown that a large intra-atomic Hund couplingJ H and the resulting double-exchange mechanism lead to antiferromagnetic ordering along one of the cubic axes, stabilized by the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect, which further decreases the band energy, of the electrons. As a result, LaMnO3 is a band insulator built of 2D ferromagnetic layers. The critical concentration (x c ≃0.16) for the onset of ferromagnetic and metallic behavior at low temperatures in La1−x Sr x MnO3 and the phase transition are treated in a percolation approach.
Cost-effectiveness of lovastatin varied by age, sex, and nonlipid CHD risk factors

Source Citation Hamilton VH, Racicot FE, Zowall H, Coupal L, Grover SA. The cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to prevent coronary heart disease. Estimating the benefits of increasi...
Digital Rights Management: The Librarian’S Guide, Edited by Catherine A. Lemmer and Carla P. Wale

Let me say up front that this is a book every librarian should read—yes, even children’s librarians unless they deal only with print collections. I cannot think of any area of librarianship that is...
Enterococci and Their Interactions with the Intestinal Microbiome.

The Enterococcus genus comprises over 50 species that live as commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of insects, birds, reptiles, and mammals. Named “entero” to emphasize their intestinal habitat, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were first isolated in the early 1900s and are the most abundant species of this genus found in the human fecal microbiota. In the past 3 decades, enterococci have developed increased resistance to several classes of antibiotics and emerged as a prevalent causative agent of health care-related infections. In U.S. hospitals, antibiotic use has increased the transmission of multidrug-resistant enterococci. Antibiotic treatment depletes broad communities of commensal microbes from the GI tract, allowing resistant enterococci to densely colonize the gut. The reestablishment of a diverse intestinal microbiota is an emerging approach to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the GI tract. Because enterococci exist as commensals, modifying the intestinal microbiome to eliminate enterococcal clinical pathogens poses a challenge. To better understand how enterococci exist as both commensals and pathogens, in this article we discuss their clinical importance, antibiotic resistance, diversity in genomic composition and habitats, and interaction with the intestinal microbiome that may be used to prevent clinical infection.
Implications of Strict Conceptual Role Theory

SCRT’s radical alteration of our understanding of meaning brings with it consequences far beyond the theory of meaning. The rejection of misrepresentation affects metaphysics, epistemology, the theory of truth, philosophy of science, and even philosophy of religion. It also has implications outside of philosophy, for linguistics, psychology, and artificial intelligence. In this chapter we will briefly examine how SCRT might dictate changes in each of these areas, both within and outside philosophy.
Studies on the Conformation and Proteolytic Susceptibility of Rat and Bovine Pancreatic Ribonucleases

Abstract The amino acid sequence of rat pancreatic ribonuclease has been found by Beintema and Gruber to differ from that of the bovine enzyme in approximately one-third of the residues. We have found that, in spite of this large number of amino acid replacements, the two proteins are very similar in their over-all conformation as attested by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Some local differences in conformation have been detected by the use of proteases which show that the subtilisin- and elastase-sensitive region of the bovine enzyme is altered in the rat enzyme. Circular dichroism studies in the far ultraviolet region indicate that the exposed tyrosine residues of the bovine enzyme contribute significantly to the optical activity of the protein in the near ultraviolet spectral region.
Femoral shaft fracture after hip arthroplasty: a system for classification and treatment.

Abstract Twenty-one consecutive cases of femoral shaft fracture after hip arthroplasty treated at the University of Illinois affiliated hospitals were reviewed. Adequate follow-up and radiographs were available for 19 patients. The length of follow-up after fracture ranged from 2 to 13 years, with a mean of 3.1 years. The time from index procedure to fracture averaged 2.6 years, with a range of 10 days to 11 years. The primary femoral stem was cemented in 11 hips and cementless in 8 hips. Six patients were treated nonoperatively and 13 operatively. Three had fracture fixation with retention of a well-fixed prosthesis and 10 had prosthetic revision. Cortical allograft was used in 5 cases. Sixteen of the 19 patients returned to their prefracture level of function and ambulation. The factors important to treatment are fracture stability, implant stability, and adequacy of bone stock. A classification system based on these factors and recommendations for treatment are proposed.
Sensory Ecology of Hearing

All five classes of vertebrates have hearing mechanisms based on hair cells. These mechanisms vary at several levels. Categorical differences in anatomy and function are found among classes of vertebrates. The same applies within classes, but more variation has been found among fishes, for example, than among birds. Such variation is reflected in hearing performance. In general, mammals tend to have the widest frequency ranges and the lowest thresholds, and fishes have the most limited hearing. However, this generalization is heavily undermined by several factors. Hearing performance varies widely within some classes of vertebrates and species can be found with high performance, low performance, or high performance over a narrow frequency range. Some fishes, for example, can hear ultrasound up to 180 kHz. In spite of the variation in mechanisms, most vertebrate groups have been shown to be capable of resolving direction and elevation of sound sources. Hearing mechanisms and performance evolve in accordance to the medium (air, water, or soil), environmental acoustics, background noise, and the range of detectable sounds that are biologically relevant. Besides adaptations of the hearing mechanism, vertebrates also respond to the variables above with plastic behavior. Hearing performance and associated behaviors are further modulated by endogenous factors such as growth and exogenous factors such as temperature. Background noise, anthropogenic or not, can alter hearing in several ways and produce behavioral and evolutionary adjustment in vertebrates.
Malpractice Issues Arising during Initial Contacts with the Psychiatric Patient

The psychiatrist who meets the patient for the first time in the office, the hospital, the emergency room, or some other setting is immediately subject to the regulation of both statutory and malpractice law. Statutes may require the psychiatrist to report gunshot wounds and child abuse, or they may prevent the physician from giving narcotic drugs to a person who is suspected of being an addict. Statutory law also governs the process of voluntary and involuntary commitment to a mental hospital. The psychiatrist who decides to hospitalize an adult or child must be aware of the procedural requirements of the law and follow them assiduously. Frequently, statutory and malpractice regulatory factors are intertwined. Failure to follow statutory regulations with regard to civil commitment, for example, may subject the psychiatrist to a malpractice action. The main emphasis in this chapter is on malpractice risks which arise when the psychiatrist-patient relationship is initiated and the psychiatrist assumes a duty to the patient. Statutory law will be noted only as far as it has implications for malpractice. Discussion of statutory regulation of psychiatry with particular emphasis on civil commitment will be discussed in detail in Part II.
Complete traumatic aortic transection

Abstract Complete aortic transection is typically fatal and extremely rare in pediatric patients. High clinical suspicion, even in hemodynamically stable patients, is essential for timely recognition and intervention. There is scant literature on the management of complete aortic transection in pediatric patients. Retrospective chart review of an adolescent who survived a large complete thoracic aortic rupture along with systematic pediatric literature review. A 16-year old female presented with a complete thoracic aortic transection with a 5–6 cm gap after an auto-pedestrian collision. Mediastinal vascular injury was suspected based on presentation, confirmed by chest radiograph, and further delineated by computed tomography. CT angiography was critical in determining the anatomy of injury and planning repair. Repair was achieved by left heart bypass and Dacron interposition grafting. The patient survived without vascular-related complications and remains well at 3-year follow up. Literature review revealed scant data on the diagnosis and management of complete aortic transection in children. The role of selective imaging for diagnosis is warranted. The applicability of endovascular stent-grafting in pediatric patients remains uncertain.
A novel rat model of comorbid PTSD and addiction reveals intersections between stress susceptibility and enhanced cocaine seeking with a role for mGlu5 receptors

PTSD is highly comorbid with cocaine use disorder (CUD), and cocaine users with PTSD + CUD are more resistant to treatment. Here we sought to develop a rat model of PTSD + CUD in order to identify the neurobiological changes underlying such comorbidity and screen potential medications for reducing cocaine seeking in the PTSD population. We utilized a predator scent stress model of PTSD, wherein rats received a single exposure to the fox pheromone 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT). One week after TMT exposure, stress-susceptible (susceptible), intermediate, and resilient phenotypes were detected and were consistent with behavioral, corticosterone, and gene expression profiles 3 weeks post TMT. We assessed phenotypic differences in cocaine self-administration, extinction, and cue-primed reinstatement. Susceptible rats exhibited deficits in extinction learning and increased cue-primed reinstatement that was not prevented by Ceftriaxone, an antibiotic that consistently attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. TMT-exposed resilient rats displayed increased mGlu5 gene expression in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex and did not display the enhanced cocaine seeking observed in susceptible rats. Combined treatment with the mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB), fear extinction, and ceftriaxone prevented the reinstatement of cocaine seeking in susceptible rats with fear extinction an important mediating condition. These results highlight the need for animal models of PTSD to consider stress-responsivity, as only a subset of trauma-exposed individuals develop PTSD and these individuals likely exhibit distinct neurobiological changes compared with trauma-exposed populations who are resilient to stress. This work further identifies glutamate homeostasis and mGlu5 as a target for treating relapse in comorbid PTSD-cocaine addiction.
VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE OF FARM BULK TANK MILK AT TIME OF PICK UP1

Summary A study was made of the temperature of bulk tank milk at the time of pick up. The study included 534 Grade A producers from routes of 29 bulk tank haulers, with 22 brands of tanks ranging i...
High-dimensional data monitoring using support machines

Dealing with high-dimensional data is a major challenge primary in statistics and consequently in statistical process control (SPC). “Shewhart-type” charts are control charts using rational subgrou...
Local and organic preference: logo versus text.

A choice experiment was conducted concurrently with eye-tracking technology to examine consumer preferences for local and organic produce, notably effects of logo- versus text-labeling formats. We find consumers prefer local to nonlocal, but some consumers will pay a higher premium for logo-labeled produce compared with text-labeled produce. Additionally, we find evidence that a local logo tends to attract attention quicker and hold attention longer compared with a text label. The organic text label was preferred by some consumers compared with the USDA certified organic logo, even with though consumers looked at the logo longer and more often.
Extension of a Conservative Cascade Scheme on the Sphere to Large Courant Numbers

Abstract The conservative cascade scheme (CCS) combines a one-dimensional mass-conserving finite-volume method with an efficient semi-Lagrangian scheme over the sphere. Major limitations of this scheme are a breakdown in the polar region due to the coordinate singularity and a restriction to polar meridional Courant number Cθ ≤ 1. The proposed scheme is an extension of the CCS over the sphere for Cθ > 1. This is achieved by isolating a region near the pole where the CCS fails and applying a two-dimensional remapping based on the cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian (CISL) scheme. The interface between these two schemes is the singular polar region where the total mass is computed and redistributed in a conservative manner. The resulting scheme is applicable to large polar Courant number and is tested using solid-body rotation and a deformational flow.
Little Science to Big Science Big Scientists to Little Scientists

(2010). Little Science to Big Science Big Scientists to Little Scientists? Gifted and Talented International: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27-29.