cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-cell hematolymphoid neoplasms of uncertain lineage

In almost every large study attempting to characterize non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, there is a small subset of tumors for which the lineage remains poorly defined. The investigators studied a series of 20 hematolymphoid neoplasms that could not be clearly assigned to the B or T cell lineage by phenotypic criteria. Histologically, 12 cases had an appearance suggesting a histiocytic origin, seven cases resembled a pleomorphic immunoblastic lymphoma, and one had a sarcomatoid appearance. By immunologic studies, a variety of B cell, T cell, and monocyte/ macrophage markers were expressed on the neoplasms, often with coexpression of markers for different lineages. Twelve cases expressed the Ki-1 antigen. In immunogenotyping studies of T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin genes, 13 cases showed clonal rearrangements of the β or γ TCR gene; one of these cases also had clonal rearrangements of a light chain immunoglobulin gene. Seven cases showed a germline configuration with all combinations of probes and enzymes used. We conclude that a small subset of hematolymphoid neoplasms shows a pattern of diverse immunologic marker expression that does not appear to reflect normal differentiation. However, a majority of these cases contain clonal TCR gene rearrangements, suggesting a frequent relationship to the T lineage.
The ligaments of the human wrist and their functional significance

The ligamentous anatomy of the wrist was analyzed by studying (1) 28 dissected human wrists, (2) and by examination of 19 wrist injuries created mechanically. Six volar intracapsular ligaments are described, two stabilizing the distal carpal row, three stabilizing the proximal carpal row and one stabilizing the proximal scaphoid pole. More specific terminology for these ligaments is proposed. An explanation of how these ligaments participate in the mechanical functioning of the carpus is advanced. Mechanically created wrist injuries had ruptures of specific ligaments as described augmenting a need for a more specific terminology. Suspected mechanisms of injury in perilunate and lunate dislocations are mentioned based upon the functional understanding of the intracapsular ligaments.
Effects of receiving additional off-site services on abstinence from illicit drug use among men on methadone: a longitudinal study.

Abstract Health and psychosocial service needs that may be co-morbid with opioid addiction may impede the success of drug treatment among patients attending methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs). This longitudinal panel study investigates whether receipt of services from one or more helping professionals outside of the MMTP confers a benefit for drug treatment outcomes among a random sample of male MMTP patients ( N = 356). Each participant was interviewed 3 times, with 6 months between each interview. Since this observational study did not employ random assignment, propensity score matching was employed to strengthen causal validity of effect estimates. Results support hypotheses that receiving additional off-site services has significant beneficial effects in increasing the likelihood of abstaining from cocaine, heroin, and any illicit drug use over both the ensuing 6- and 12-month time periods. These findings indicate that receipt of additional medical and/or psychosocial services enhances the efficacy of methadone treatment in increasing abstinence from illicit drug use.
The reification of clustering

Recent attempts to measure category clustering were examined and three conclusions were reached. ( a ) The atheoretical approaches which have been taken are responsible for the confusion about the proper measure for describing clustering. The problem demands a theoretical solution; clustering only becomes well defined by reference to a theory. ( b ) Measures of clustering are not model-free; conclusions relating clustering to other variables must be restricted to the appropriate class of theories. ( c ) The existence of a clustering effect is not a sufficient reason for constructing a scale of clustering.
A 31-mutation assay for cystic fibrosis testing in the clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory

We devised a set of allele-specific probes to detect simultaneously 31 known cystic fibrosis mutations using PCR and the reverse dot blot detection format. The assay has been implemented in a clinical setting to the screening of over 750 individuals. Of these 102 Caucasians, 20 Hispanics and 1 Indian patient were affected with cystic fibrosis. The mutation detection rate in the 204 Caucasian and 40 Hispanic CF chromosomes was respectively, 88% and 85%. The availability of the probe sequences to CF screening laboratories should allow implementation of this assay in a clinical setting and comparison of its mutation typing rate among different centers.
RNA dependent DNA synthesis in cell free preparations of human leukemia cells

Abstract A cell free preparation of human leukemic cells, grown in tissue culture, incorporated H 3 -thymidine phosphate into an acid insoluble product which was rendered acid soluble by the action of DNAase but not KOH or RNAase. RNAase, if added before incubation of the reaction mixture, prevented incorporation of the isotope into the product. For maximum incorporation Mg and all four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates must be present. The enzyme has the properties of an RNA dependent DNA polymerase.
Synthesis and rapid purification of 32P-labeled photoactive analogs of farnesyl pyrophosphate

To study the binding sites of protein prenyltransferases, we have synthesized photoaffinity labeling analogs that contain photoactive benzophenone units. Here we describe the syntheses and a method for the rapid purification of two 32P-labeled analogs; phosphorylation was accomplished by reacting the corresponding alcohols with CCl3CN and [32P]-H3PO4 in CH3CN and the purification was performed using C18 reversed-phase cartridges. Analog [32P]-3a was prepared from 2.4 mg of starting alcohol 4a and was obtained in 3.3% yield, 50% radiochemical purity and 480 Ci/mol specific activity. Further purification by preparative thin layer chromatography yielded material with a radiochemical purity of 90%. A second analog, [32P]-3b, was prepared from 1.2 mg of alcohol 4b and was obtained in 1.0% yield, 54% radiochemical purity and 700 Ci/mol specific activity. Further purification by preparative thin layer chromatography yielded material with a radiochemical purity of 91%. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Studying Economics Discourage Cooperation? Watch What We Do, Not What We Say or How We Play

Based on what economics students say and how they play games, economics students appear less cooperative than other students. But appearances can be deceiving: the evidence in this paper indicates that the actual behavior of economics students is more cooperative than that of other students. The authors carried out a 'lost letter' experiment, in which envelopes containing currency were dropped in classrooms and the return rate measured. In this test of actual behavior, the economics students returned a significantly larger percentage of lost letters, exhibiting more cooperative behavior than other students.
Novel solvent stable micro-porous membrane made of whey protein isolate gel

Abstract Novel micro-porous membranes made of whey protein isolate (WPI) were developed. Aggregates of WPI comprised the bulk of the membrane, the size and packing density of which were varied by changing CaCl2 concentration (0.3–0.05 M) and WPI concentration (30–40 wt.%), respectively. Aggregate sizes of the membranes made with 0.3, 0.1, 0.05 M CaCl2 were roughly 1.5, 1, and 0.8 μm, respectively. Skin layer of thickness about 0.5 μm was found on either side of the membrane, but the thickness could reach 5 μm at 0.3 M CaC12. Additionally, the porosity of the skin layer was shown to be modifiable with the addition of surfactant. Membranes were stable in hexane with flux values on the order of 1–1000 gal/ft2 d depending on the morphology of the membrane. A discussion concerning the formation and use of protein gel as a membrane is included.
Quantum dot lasers on silicon

We describe recent developments on 1.3 μm InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers epitaxially grown on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy. Record high output powers, lasing temperatures, and operating lifetimes among GaAs based lasers epitaxially grown on silicon have been achieved.
The effect of penultimate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate on Chondroitin chain elongation

Previous work has shown that odd-numbered oligosaccharides containing nonreducing terminal, non-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) or 6-sulfated GalNAc are excellent acceptors for enzymic addition of glucuronic acid (GlcA). However, the presence of a 4-sulfated GalNAc group blocks further addition. We have now used even-numbered oligosaccharides (a mixture of 4-sulfated, 6-sulfated, and non-sulfated) as acceptors of [3H]GalNAc to investigate the effect of sulfate residues on the GalNAc in the penultimate position. 3H-Labeled oligosaccharides were partially degraded with chondroitin AC lyase. The labeled trisaccharides, consisting of the added [3H]GalNAc and the nonreducing terminal disaccharides of the oligosaccharide acceptors, were then characterized. Both non-sulfated and mono-sulfated 3H-trisaccharides were observed. However, the 3H-trisaccharides were shown by chromatography with prepared standards to be non-sulfated or to be sulfated only at the 6-position. Thus the oligosaccharides containing a 4-sulfated, penultimate GalNAc at the nonreducing end did not serve as acceptors for [3H]GalNAc. Microsomes from mastocytoma cells, which make only chondroitin 4-sulfate, exhibited the same substrate specificity for exogenous oligosaccharide acceptors as did microsomes from chick cartilage which makes chondroitin 6-sulfate.
Occurrence of malignancy in immunodeficiency diseases. A literature review.

The incidence of malignancy in patients with primary immunodeficiencies is roughly 10,000 times that of the general age-matched population. It is apparent from this review of the literature that each type of immunodeficiency has a distinctive constellation of malignancies associated with it. In light of recent studies demonstrating both immunologically aggressive lymphocytes and the presence of blocking antibodies in the blood of neuroblastoma patients, a major role for immunity in ontogenesis seems almost certain. The role of such antibodies in the formation of lymphoid malignancies, such as occur so frequently in patients with immunologic deficiencies who often do not produce antibodies of any type well, remains unclear.
Relative Contributions to the Net Joint Moment for a Planar Multijoint Throwing Skill: Early and Late in Practice

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine, for a planar, multijoint throwing skill, if the relative contributions of the components of the net joint moment (NJM) at the elbow and shoulder change after practice. Each participant (N = 7) performed 200 throwing trials equally distributed across 5 consecutive days. Each participant threw a 0.15-kg ball as far as possible using the nondominant arm while the motion of the throwing arm was restrained to a horizontal plane. From video data and body segment inertial estimations, NJMs and NJM components (i.e., generalized muscle moments and motion-dependent moments) were calculated for selected early and late practice trials. Performance (throwing distance) showed an expected improvement from early to late practice. The dynamics analysis indicated that participants increased average NJMs and NJM components at both joints. However, the relative contribution of NJM components, expressed as ratios of those components to the NJM at each joint, did not...
Characterization of the lignin signature in Lake Mead, NV, sediment: comparison of on-line flash chemopyrolysis (600°C) and off-line chemolysis (250°C)

The distribution of lignin in sediment is a useful tool for tracing the transport of land-derived organic matter in an aquatic environment. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) flash chemopyrolysis, or chemolysis followed by GC-MS analysis can be used for evaluating the origin of organic carbon in sediments. TMAH chemopyrolysis or chemolysis of organic matter produces a myriad of semi-volatile products. Among these products are methylated phenols which are an indirect measure of lignin in sediment. In this study, total organic carbon, elemental carbon, and lignin were measured in Lake Mead sediments. This study indicates that terrestrial runoff makes a contribution to Lake Mead sediments, and that this contribution is most apparent in sediment that is close to the Las Vegas Wash. Two chemolysis methods (on-line and off-line) were examined and compared for detection of lignin phenols. The results from these sediment cores indicate that comparable results can be obtained from the two approaches, although detection levels are significantly lower for the off-line approach.
Effect of two microbial insecticides on aquatic predators of mosquitoes

Aquatic mosquito predators were fed with Culex quinquefasciatus Say fourth-instar larvae intoxicated with either Bacillus sphaericus or B. thuringiensis var. israelensis preparations. Although the mosquito larvae contained large amounts of the bacterial preparations in their gut, no effect upon longevity or ability to molt was observed in the backswimmer Notonecta undulata Say (Heter., Notonectidae), in naiads of the dragonfly Tarnetrum corruptum Hagen (Odon., Libellulidae), or in naiads of the damselfly Enallagma civile (Hagen) (Odon., Coenagrionidae). Equally, the reproduction of N. undulata and the predation rate and ability to emerge normally in T. corruptum and E. civile were not affected by ingestion of large amounts of bacterial toxins. Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung zweier mikrobieller Insektizide auf aquatische Pradatoren von Stechmucken Viertlarven der Stechmucke Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae) wurden mit hohen Dosen der bakteriellen Larvizide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis oder B. sphaericus behandelt und an aquatische Pradatoren verfuttert. Die auf diese Weise applizierten Dosen der Frasgifte wurden als Trockengewicht Bakterienmaterial/Stechmuckenlarve bestimmt. Adulte und neonate Ruckenschwimmer (Notonecta undulata Say; Heter., Notonectidae) und Larven von Gros- und Kleinlibellen (Tarnetrum corruptum Hagen und Enallagma civile [Hagen]; Odon., Libellulidae und Coenagrionidae) wurden an 4 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen mit bis zu 10 vergifteten Larven/Indiv./Tag gefuttert. In der anschliesenden Beobachtungszeit wurde in den Versuchsgruppen keine Mortalitat oder Beeintrachtigung der Schlupffahigkeit beobachtet. Weder die Fresrate von E. civile und T. corruptum, noch die Reproduktionsfahigkeit von N. undulata waren nach Ingestion groser Mengen der bakteriellen Larvizide beeintrachtigt.
Automated capillary electrochromatography: reliability and reproducibility studies.

The routine application of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is demonstrated by incorporating 75 μm I.D. capillaries packed with 3 μm octadecylsilica (ODS) particles into a commercial CZE instrument. A mixture of several neutral compounds is separated into its components with an average efficiency up to 181 000 plates/m in less than 8 min. Hundreds of consecutive runs are performed over a period of weeks from which it is concluded that the reproducibility of the capacity factors is better than 2% and that CEC separations can be achieved in a reliable and routine manner.
Modifying influence of light on chick's comb response to androsterone.

SummaryExposure to varying degrees of light influenced the weight response of male chicks' combs to which androsterone had been applied by inunction. The weight response of the combs to androgenic stimulation is considerably greater in birds receiving normal daylight than in those kept in the dark or in inadequate light. Body weights of the various groups indicate a lack of growth which is in direct correlation to the lack of light. The importance of exposing the test birds to an adequate and a constant source of light is emphasized if this method is to be used for the assay of unknown androgens.
Students’ Risk Perceptions of Nanotechnology Applications: Implications for science education

Scientific literacy as a goal of a science education reform remains an important discourse in the research literature and is a key component of students’ understanding and acceptance of emergent technologies like nanotechnology. This manuscript focuses on undergraduate engineering students’ perceptions of the risks and benefits posed by nanotechnology as an important component of scientific literacy. Specifically, this study examined the perceived risk of nanotechnology of a group of American students (N = 102) in three material science engineering courses focusing on nanotechnology. Students completed a survey of risk perception and a sub‐sample were interviewed (n = 21). It was found that perceptions of risks and benefits of nanotechnology tended to be closely tied to specific groups of applications including common consumer products, health‐related products, and advanced technological applications. The intersection of scientific application and perception is discussed in the context of science educatio...
Gauged fermions from tensor fields

Abstract A theory of tensor fields is shown to be equivalent to a standard gauge theory of fermions plus gravity. The construction is based on a modified Kahler equation. The particle content is determined by the number of dimensions and by possible Majorana and/or Weyl conditions, the latter being required for chiral fermions. Two options for more dimensions are explored: the Kaluza-Klein picture and an embedding picture. The latter yields a gauged family structure with gauge group SO(6) × SO(10).
A mechanical device for duplicating a mirror image of a cast or moulage in three dimensions

Abstract 1. The third dimensional pantograph will give accurate measurements which will be applied in reverse. 2. It can be made to give measurements in any given ratio. 3. It will give vertical as well as horizontal measurements. 4. It will give angular measurements into undercut areas. It was intended that this instrument would be used as a guide only, but it is so arranged that the hand piece can be connected to the engine arm and used as a router.
Testicular and epididymal appendages in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Background Vestigial remnants of the mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct are well-known developmental abnormalities of the human testis and epididymis. Methods and results During routine macroscopic and histological examination of four cynomolgus macaques, three different forms of testicular and epididymal appendages were observed, namely a unilateral appendix testis, a bilateral appendix epididymidis, and several vasa aberrantia. By histological and immunohistochemical examinations it could be demonstrated that both the appendix testis and the appendix epididymidis consisted of a central fibromuscular core and a pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the outer surface. The vasa aberrantia were attached to the connective tissue sheaths of the epididymis/testis and were represented by small duct-like or cystic structures internally lined with a simple cuboidal to columnar, partly ciliated epithelium. Conclusion Awareness of these rudimental tissues in non-human primates is necessary to determine actual incidence rates in non-human primate species used in toxicological research and avoids misdiagnosing during routine necropsy and histological examinations.
Epidermal growth factor receptors in fetal and maternal rabbit lung.

The pattern of morphologic and functional development of lung during intrauterine period is influenced by several endogenous compounds. Recently Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), when administered in vivo, has been shown to accelerate pulmonary maturation in fetal rabbit and sheep. We sought evidence for EGF receptor occurrence in fetal and maternal rabbit lung plasma membranes. The percent specific binding (mean ± S.E.M.) (125-I) EGF to LPM in the mother (n=5) and the fetus at term (n=7) was 1.08 ± 0.08 and 2.25 ± 0.12 per 175 μg of LPM protein respectively. The number of receptor sites per mg of LPM protein in the mother were significantly less than that in the fetus (44 ± 11 and 250 ± 24 × 10−10, p < 0.001) with no apparent differences in Kd (2.10 ± 0.39 and 2.47 ± 0.24 × 109). Presence of high affinity receptors for EGF in fetal and maternal lung plasma membranes suggests a direct role of EGF in fetal lung maturation.
Single prediction equation for bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults aged 20–94 years

Existing equations for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are of limited use when subjects age or become overweight because these equations were developed in young, normal-weight subjects and are not valid in elderly or overweight people. The purpose of this study was to validate a single BIA equation in healthy white subjects aged 22–94 y with a body mass index between 17.0 and 33.8 kg/m2. Healthy subjects (202 men and 141 women) aged 20–94 y were measured by two methods: fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-4500) and by a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (Xitron 4000B). Validity of BIA was assessed by double cross validation. Because correlations were high (r = 0.986–0.987) and prediction errors low, a single equation was developed using all subjects, as follows: FFM = −4.104 + (0.518 × height2/resistance) + (0.231 × weight) + (0.130 × reactance) + (4.229 × sex: men = 1, women = 0). FFM predicted with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was 54.0 ± 10.7 kg. BIA-predicted FFM was 54.0 ± 10.5 kg (r = 0.986, standard error of the estimate = 1.72 kg, technical error = 1.74 kg). In conclusion, the new Geneva BIA equation was valid for prediction of FFM in healthy adults aged 22–94 y with body mass indexes between 17.0 and 33.8 kg/m2. Inclusion of reactance in the single prediction equation appeared to be essential for use of BIA equations in populations with large variations in age or body mass.
Helping Health Service Researchers and Policy Makers Speak the Same Language

For decades, health services researchers have grappled with fundamental questions of how research can best inform policy and practice (Roper 1997; Hadley 2000; Epstein 2001; Fielding, Marks et al. 2002; Feder 2003; Bowen, Erickson et al. 2009; Grimshaw, Eccles et al. 2012). Yet researchers and policy makers largely remain “travelers in parallel universes” (Brownson, Royer et al. 2006) or in an “unrequited love affair” (Clancy, Glied et al. 2012). Policy makers may view research as something that is “off the shelf” and immediately ready for use. Researchers may perceive policy making as a singular event (Lomas 1997, 2000a,b, 2007). Educating each about the constraints and benefits of working together can help begin to address these misperceptions and missed opportunities (Coburn 1998; McBride, Coburn et al. 2008). While work coming out of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Eisenberg 2000; Clancy 2003; Clancy, Slutsky et al. 2004) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program (Clancy, Glied et al. 2012; Davis, Gross et al. 2012) provide examples of success, much remains to be done. Understanding and addressing barriers to productive collaboration is key for ensuring that health services research has a wide and enduring impact on how health care is actually delivered, a goal that funders are focused on as well. On April 13, 2012, the Center for Healthcare Research and Transformation (CHRT), the Ann Arbor Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (IHPI) at the University of Michigan (U-M) cosponsored a symposium to understand the barriers and consider solutions to increasing the impact of health services research on policy and practice (Center for Healthcare Research and Transformation 2012). For our symposium, we defined a “policy maker” in the broadest way; including local, state or federally elected officials, as well as payers, purchasers, practice, and health system leaders. The symposium included panels of policy makers, funders, and researchers. Each panel addressed how academic researchers can more effectively work with policy makers, that is, how they can learn to “speak the same language.” While the literature has shown that there is a variety of pathways that researchers can take to impact policy and that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach or magic bullet that guarantees success (Gold 2009), our symposium focused on providing concrete strategies that academic researchers could apply directly with policy makers. The dialog was robust; participants were candid and engaged. To develop the lessons and recommendations presented here, the symposium was recorded and transcribed. Authors independently identified major themes by reviewing the transcript and then came to a consensus on the final set of recommendations emerging from the symposium. Specific quotes were chosen for their illustrative nature. Key recommendations are presented as four main lessons, with possible solutions.
A cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor attenuates spontaneous and TNF-α-induced non-rapid eye movement sleep in rabbits

Sleep is regulated in part by the brain cytokine network, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). TNF-α activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, which in turn promotes transcription...
Teacher self-disclosure and student classroom participation revisited

Objective observations of22 classes across a variety of disciplines call into question Goldstein and Benassi's (1994) self-report data suggesting that teacher self-disclosure may increase student participation. We found no relation between teacher self-disclosure and several measures of student participation, but self-disclosure did relate to other teacher behaviors. Class structure was a much more important determinant of student participation.
Entropy Production and Thermoelectric Device Performance

Etablissement d'equations integrales pour le rendement thermique de convertisseurs thermoelectriques, le coefficient de performance de refrigerateurs thermoelectriques et le coefficient de performance de pompes a chaleur thermoelectriques
A phase cell cluster expansion for Φ34

We complete the work begun by Battle and Federbush in their approach to the φ34 Euclidean field theory. In their papers, they applied a cluster expansion to a φ34 interaction using a diagonal covariance Cij = δij. In our model we take the usual covariance C = (−Δ + M2) 1. Since this is no longer diagonal we must interpolate this covariance to decouple terms. Complications in our model come from an extra term that arises during this interpolation and also from the couplings in integration-by-parts formulas between variables at different scales. The extra term that arises in interpolating the covariance leads to a chain that must sometimes be attached to different places in the tree structure of the expansion. We find more factorials from the additional attachments created doing this and use some of these to cancel a part of the number divergence that arises from the nondiagonal covariance terms in our integration-by-parts formulas.
Ent-kauranes and other constituents of three Helianthus species

Abstract Aerial parts of Helianthus debilis subsp. cucumerifolius, H. occidentalis and H. simulans afforded a variety of known and some unknown ent-kauranoic acids. H. occidentalis gave, in addition, ciliaric acid and a new biogenetically related atisane derivative occidentalic acid. H. simulans gave the heliangolide leptocarpin and the flavone hymenoxin in addition to ent-kauranes. Several of the diterpenoids from these species inhibited larval growth of the sunflower moth.
Benign cartilage tumors

Abstract Benign cartilage lesions can be divided into those that differentiate towards fetal type cartilage (chondroblastoma and chondromyxoid fibroma) and those that differentiate towards mature hyaline type cartilage (osteochondroma, chondroma). Nora lesion is a reactive periostitis that mimics osteochondroma and is discussed with this group of lesions. This article reviews their clinical, radiological and pathological features along with the main differential diagnoses. It also briefly reviews multiple osteochondromas, multiple enchondromas and Maffucci syndrome.
Impairment of primary in vitro response of New Zealand mouse spleen cells to a thymic-dependent antigen

Abstract New Zealand Black (NZB) and NZB by New Zealand White (NZW) F 1 hybrid ( B W ) mice develop clinical signs of autoimmune disease between 6 and 10 months of age but spleen cells from these strains have a greatly reduced in vitro response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as early as 5–6 weeks of age. This hyporesponsiveness can be only partially restored with 2-mercaptoethanol, allogeneic macrophages or spleen cells, or allogeneic factor. The response of NZB and B W spleen cells to the thymic independent antigen DNP-Ficoll is nearly normal. The reduced in vitro SRBC response was found to be attributable to splenic T and B cells rather than macrophages. Macrophages from NZB mice were found to function normally. The in vitro behavior of NZB lymphocytes is very similar to non-autoimmune mice infected with common murine viral pathogens. NZB and B W mice may be making an active immune response as early as 5 weeks of age.
Insights on influenza pathogenesis from the grave.

The 1918–1919 ‘Spanish’ influenza virus caused the worst pandemic in recorded history and resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. Efforts to understand what happened and to use these insights to prevent a future similar pandemic have been ongoing since 1918. In 2005 the genome of the 1918 influenza virus was completely determined by sequencing fragments of viral RNA preserved in autopsy tissues of 1918 victims, and using reverse genetics, infectious viruses bearing some or all the 1918 virus gene segments were reconstructed. These studies have yielded much information about the origin and pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, but many questions still remain.
Distributed compression and estimation for wireless sensor networks with noisy channels

The problem of distributed estimation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has attracted much attention. As bandwidth and power are severely limited in WSNs, one of the main objectives in current WSN research is to design bandwidth and power efficient algorithms. A multitude of studies along this line have appeared. Among them, some previous works (e.g., (A. Ribeiro and G.B. Giannakis, 2006), (Z. Luo, 2005), (J.-J. Xiao, 2006), (J. Li and G. AlRegib, 2007), (H. Li and J. Fang, 2007)) consider distributed estimation using aggressively quantized versions of the original observations. In this setup, quantization becomes an integral part of the estimation process and is critical to the estimation performance. Another category of methods (e.g., (K. Zhang et al., 2003), (Z-Q Luo et al., 2005), (Y. Zhu et al., 2005), (E. Song et al., 2005), (I.D. Schizas et al., 2007), (J. Fang and H. Li)), not relying on the above low-rate quantization strategy, follow an optimal decentralized compression-estimation approach to reduce the transmission requirement. In these methods, the data dimensionality is reduced before each sensor sends its data to a fusion center (FC). Upon receiving the compressed data, the FC combines them according to some fusion criterion to obtain a final estimate. The crux of these techniques is to design the compression matrix so as to minimize the estimation mean-square error (MSE), which has been extensively investigated by (K. Zhang et al., 2003), (Z-Q Luo et al., 2005), (Y. Zhu et al., 2005), (E. Song et al., 2005), (I.D. Schizas et al., 2007), (J. Fang and H. Li) under different fusion criterions and observation correlation scenarios. These works (K. Zhang et al., 2003), (Z-Q Luo et al., 2005), (Y. Zhu et al., 2005), (E. Song et al., 2005), (I.D. Schizas et al., 2007), (J. Fang and H. Li), however, mostly assume perfect wireless channels through which the signals can be sent from the sensors to the fusion center (FC) without any distortion. This assumption, clearly, is unrealistic in practice because the wireless links inevitably suffer from the channel noise and adverse channel effects such as fading and attenuation. In this paper, we study the problem of decentralized compression-estimation in the presence of channel noise and fading. By utilizing a series of matrix transformations and established properties, we present a scheme to design the compression matrices. Specifically, for the single sensor case, an analytic solution of the optimal compression is derived.
Therapeutic trends in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (1975-1984): the Worcester Heart Attack Study.

As part of an ongoing community-wide study of time trends in the incidence and case-fatality rates of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in all 16 Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan hospitals during the years 1975, 1978, 1981, and 1984, changes over time in the therapeutic management of 3263 patients with validated acute myocardial infarction were examined. Beta-blocker (21%, 1975; 52%, 1984) and nitrate (56%, 1975; 93%, 1984) therapy use increased dramatically over time. Use of antiplatelet agents was inconsistent over time, while use of digoxin remained stable, being used in approximately 40% of all patients over the four periods studied. Use of antiarrhythmic medications other than lidocaine decreased consistently over time (31%, 1975; 22%, 1984). Lidocaine use increased between 1975 (31%) and 1978 (52%) and then leveled off to being used in approximately 45% of hospitalized patients with acute MI in 1981 and 1984. A variety of demographic (e.g., age, sex, teaching hospital) and clinical characteristics (e.g., MI order, MI type, MI location, peak CPK findings, occurrence of acute clinical complications) were also associated with the use of these therapies for the combined study periods. The results of this population-based study suggest considerable changes over time in the therapeutic management of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and of numerous patient demographic and clinical factors associated with their use.
“Artificial vacuum” for T-violation experiment

Abstract We point out the possible use of matrix isolation spectroscopy in experimental tests of fundamental physics. As a concrete example we show how this technique might be applied to measuring the T -violation electron electric dipole moment d e . We estimate that a dipole moment could be detected down to d e ∼ 6 × 10 −28 e cm, in comparison to the current limit of d e −24 e cm.
Fisher information in transported generator clutter models

Our work focuses on automated recognition of target obscured by clutter. Considering clutter as a filtered marked point Poisson process, a MMSE pose estimator of rigid objects in obscuring clutter is introduced. We also build asymptotic approximations for Bayesian posterior distributions based on the Fisher information. We relate the Fisher information to the Hilber-Schmidt pose estimator, the expected error of which is shown to be a lower bound on the error incurred by any other pose estimator.
Establishing Prognosis in Heart Failure: A Multimarker Approach

As a leading cause of death worldwide, predicting the progression of heart failure is important from the perspectives of facilitating patient and physician understanding of disease course and of determining the appropriate timing of the increasing number of medications and invasive interventions available to the advanced heart failure patient. Many features of a patient's history, laboratory findings, and imaging evaluation correlate with prognosis. This article begins with a review of individual markers that contribute to the risk of adverse events. These individual variables can be combined into multivariate models of outcome, most commonly expressed as life expectancy or probability of death within a certain time period. A representative sample of the better-validated models in the heart failure patient is then summarized and compared. The value in applying these predictors to several specific points in medical decision making is highlighted.
The Hormone Receptor GUCY2C Suppresses Intestinal Tumor Formation by Inhibiting AKT Signaling

Background & Aims GUCY2C is the intestinal receptor for the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin that converts guanosine-5′-triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It functions as a tumor suppressor; its loss disrupts intestinal homeostasis and promotes tumorigenesis. We investigated the effects of GUCY2C loss on intestinal cell proliferation, metabolism, signaling, and tumorigenesis in mice. Methods Intestinal cell proliferation and metabolism were examined in Gucy2c −/− and colon cancer cells by microscopy, immunoblot, and functional analyses. Microarray analyses compared gene expression profiles of intestine cell from Gucy2c −/− and wild-type mice. v akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) regulation and signaling were examined, and the role of AKT in GUCY2C-dependent tumorigenesis was defined in Gucy2c −/− Akt1 −/− mice. Results The size and number of intestinal crypts increased in Gucy2c −/− mice; the associated epithelial cells showed accelerated proliferation, increased glycolysis, and reduced oxidative phosphorylation, which was reversed by oral administration of cGMP. Conversely, activating guanylyl cyclase C in human colon cancer cells delayed cell-cycle progression, decreased DNA synthesis and colony formation, reduced glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. AKT signaling pathways were activated in intestines of Gucy2c −/− mice, associated with increased AKT phosphorylation. Disruption of AKT activity, pharmacologically or genetically, reduced DNA synthesis, proliferation, and glycolysis, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Intestinal tumorigenesis increased after administration of azoxymethane to Gucy2c −/− mice, compared with wild-type mice, but was eliminated in Gucy2c −/− Akt1 −/− mice. Conclusions GUCY2C is a tumor suppressor that controls proliferation and metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells by inactivating AKT signaling. This receptor and its ligands, which are paracrine hormones, might be novel candidates for anticolorectal cancer therapy.
Effects of toxic chemicals on the release of pyrimidine compounds in cell culture.

Exposure of hamster embryo cells and BF lymphoblastoid cells to 18 known toxic substances and four nominally nontoxic substances results in the release of pyrimidines (and their nucleosides) into the culture medium. The extent of release is dependent on the specific chemical and the specific cells present in the assay. BF cells are not affected by exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, while the hamster embryo cells exhibit enhanced excretion on exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. This difference in response may be due to the difference in endogenous aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (BaP) activity. In contrast, diethylstilbestrol, which is metabolized by a peroxidase-mediated enzyme system, causes enhanced excretion in both cell types. Direct alkylating agents and Ni(+2) salts also cause enhanced excretion in both cell types. We have used concentrations of chemicals that give a 5% enhanced excretion as the criterion of low-dose response. Within the range of concentrations tested, chromate induces enhanced excretion in BF cells but not the HEC cells, and Pb(+2) induces enhanced excretion in HEC cells but not the BF cells. Benzene, dimethylnitrosamine, and Mg(+2) did not affect either cell type. 7,12-Dimethylbenzo(a)anthracene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, phenylazoaniline, N-methyl, N-nitroso, N′-nitroguanidine, dioxane, and pyrene cause enhanced excretion in the hamster embryo cells while benzo(e)pyrene, ZnSO4 and cholesterol do not cause enhanced excretion in the hamster embryo cells. Of those chemicals causing enhanced excretion, the concentration range bracketing 5% enhanced excretion approximated low-dose exposures reported to result in toxic responses like cancer, teratogenesis or pulmonary disease.
Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study

Suicidal violence involves three levels of analysis: individual motivations, organizational strategies, and societal conflicts. Using rationalist, culturalist, and structuralist approaches to contentious politics, this article explores the intersection of rationality, norms, and conflict in the making of extreme violence. The case of Palestinian suicide bombers demonstrates the interdependence of the three approaches to explaining suicidal violence. For individuals, self-sacrifice is conceived as an act of personal redemption rooted in religious morality and national salvation. For organizations, human bombs provide strategic advantages in the context of asymmetrical warfare. For collectivities, martyrs are venerated when three conditions converge: (1) cultural norms encompass symbolic narratives that honor martyrdom; (2) legitimate authorities acquiesce to extreme violence; and (3) conflicts generate feelings of victimization and threat by external enemies.
Restoring with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Entropy

Given M sampled image values of an incoherent object, what can be deduced as the most likely object? Using a communication-theory model for the process of image formation, we find that the most likely object has a maximum entropy and is represented by a restoring formula that is positive and not band limited. The derivation is an adaptation to optics of a formulation by Jaynes for unbiased estimates of positive probability functions. The restoring formula is tested, via computer simulation, upon noisy images of objects consisting of random impulses. These are found to be well restored, with resolution often exceeding the Rayleigh limit and with a complete absence of spurious detail. The proviso is that the noise in each image input must not exceed about 40% of the signal image. The restoring method is applied to experimental data consisting of line spectra. Results are consistent with those of the computer simulations.
Influence of attention and judgment on perception of breathlessness in healthy individuals and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND Cognitive processes mediate judgments of sensation intensity and the perception of breathlessness. These processes depend on focused attention to make a determination, which has not been systematically investigated. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of attention on the perception of breathlessness given alterations in attentional focus based on the subject's experience with the perception. METHODS Magnitude estimation techniques with inspiratory airflow resistance were used to examine the influence of variations in attentional focus on the judgments associated with the perception of breathlessness. Two experimental magnitude estimation conditions were used to alter the focus of attention and compare it with traditional techniques as a control condition (CC). The subject's typical breathing pattern (EXP-T) and clearest memory of breathlessness (EXP-M) were used as references in the experimental conditions. RESULTS Findings revealed a significant main effect for condition (CC vs. EXP-T: F= 4.82, p < .01; CC vs. EXP-M: F= 14.82, p < .01) and an interaction effect for group by condition (CC vs. EXP-T: F = 4.82, p < .03; CC vs. EXP-M: F = 5.15, p < .03). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences only for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group in both comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that different focuses of attention based on previous exposure to sensations have an impact on judgments used to determine the intensity of a sensation given similar presentation of stimuli, and thus contribute to alterations in the perception of breathlessness.
Identification of three new pterocarpans (6a,11a-dihydro-6H-benzofuro[3,2-c][1]benzopyrans) from Pisum sativum infected with Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi

The isolation of three antifungal pterocarpans from Pisum sativum epicotyls infected with Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi is described. By a combination of spectroscopic and degradative techniques the compounds were identified as 4-hydroxy-2,3,9-trimethoxy-(1), 3-hydroxy-2,9-dimethoxy-(2), and 2,3,9-trimethoxy-pterocarpan (3).
The AISP model: Assessment-Intervention of Student Problems

The Assessment-Intervention of Student Problems model provides a comprehensive process for understanding and helping students who are either having problems themselves or are causing problems for others on campus.
Narratives of Appeal and the Appeal of Narratives: Labor Discipline and Its Contestation in the Early Soviet Period1

"The verdict of the court [of the Union of Soviet Employees of 8.6.21] that I left service as a cleaner at the Lomonosov Technical Institute without receiving the permission of the administration and that I should again work there for eight hours a day is unjust." So begins Anna Matveevna Malomakhova's brief appeal to the Moscow Provincial Council of Trade Unions. Malomakhova, a forty-three-year old "sick woman"-with a medical certificate testifying to her condition-complained that she and other cleaners had been ordered by Shkil2; the building superintendent, to work not eight but twelve hours, engaging in "back-breaking (neposil'nyi), unjust work, or more accurately, illegal exploitation ... evidently because his wife is employed as a cleaner receiving wages and benefits but has never worked even one hour." Her repeated appeals to the rector of the Institute produced no results except that the matter was turned over to Shkil'.2 Having blamed her boss, Malomakhova felt compelled to add that her request to leave service in February had been approved (by Shkil'?), but only on condition that she vacate her apartment and give up her food rations. Then, on 15 March, she stayed away from work "to do laundry at home," whereupon she was given notice of her dismissal as of 1 April. Twice thereafter, the trade union committee ordered her to vacate her apartment but "this I cannot do as it is not easy to find apartments." At this point, she returns to the denunciatory mode, asserting that "[T]his is all the result of Shkil' having it in for me because unlike others, I will not keep quiet about his wife receiving maintenance even though she does not work."
Life Cycle of a Mayfly Hexagenia Limbata in the St. Marys River Between Lakes Superior and Huron

Abstract Length-frequency distribution curves of Hexagenia limbata nymphs collected in May, August, and October 1974 and May 1975 in the St. Marys River between Lakes Superior and Huron were bimodal for each sampling period. These curves, combined with interpretation of nymphal emergence period and mean surface water temperatures, indicate that the population of Hexagenia nymphs in the St. Marys River is composed of two year classes or cohorts. One cohort emerges per season, 2 years after egg deposition.
Intrinsic optical bistability for coated spheroidal particles.

We present results on the nonlinear-optical response for a series of dielectric particles having nanometer sizes that are coated with a metallic shell. Using the freedom of changing particle shapes and coating thicknesses, we optimize the threshold intensity for intrinsic optical bistability. The metallic shell creates an enhanced local field in the nonlinear core. We report threshold intensities for silver-coated CdS as low as 12 W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.