cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BiologicalNetworks - tools enabling the integration of multi-scale data for the host-pathogen studies

Understanding of immune response mechanisms of pathogen-infected host requires multi-scale analysis of genome-wide data. Data integration methods have proved useful to the study of biological processes in model organisms, but their systematic application to the study of host immune system response to a pathogen and human disease is still in the initial stage. To study host-pathogen interaction on the systems biology level, an extension to the previously described BiologicalNetworks system is proposed. The developed methods and data integration and querying tools allow simplifying and streamlining the process of integration of diverse experimental data types, including molecular interactions and phylogenetic classifications, genomic sequences and protein structure information, gene expression and virulence data for pathogen-related studies. The data can be integrated from the databases and user's files for both public and private use. The developed system can be used for the systems-level analysis of host-pathogen interactions, including host molecular pathways that are induced/repressed during the infections, co-expressed genes, and conserved transcription factor binding sites. Previously unknown to be associated with the influenza infection genes were identified and suggested for further investigation as potential drug targets. Developed methods and data are available through the Java application (from BiologicalNetworks program at http://www.biologicalnetworks.org ) and web interface (at http://flu.sdsc.edu ).
Mutation of a Conserved Glycine in the SH1-SH2 Helix Affects the Load-Dependent Kinetics of Myosin

The ATP hydrolysis rate and shortening velocity of muscle are load-dependent. At the molecular level, myosin generates force and motion by coupling ATP hydrolysis to lever arm rotation. When a laser trap was used to apply load to single heads of expressed smooth muscle myosin (S1), the ADP release kinetics accelerated with an assistive load and slowed with a resistive load; however, ATP binding was mostly unaffected. To investigate how load is communicated within the motor, a glycine located at the putative fulcrum of the lever arm was mutated to valine (G709V). In the absence of load, stopped-flow and laser trap studies showed that the mutation significantly slowed the rates of ADP release and ATP binding, accounting for the approximately 270-fold decrease in actin sliding velocity. The load dependence of the mutant's ADP release rate was the same as that of wild-type S1 (WT) despite the slower rate. In contrast, load accelerated ATP binding by approximately 20-fold, irrespective of loading direction. Imparting mechanical energy to the mutant motor partially reversed the slowed ATP binding by overcoming the elevated activation energy barrier. These results imply that conformational changes near the conserved G709 are critical for the transmission of mechanochemical information between myosin's active site and lever arm.
SU-E-T-518: Dosiemtric Impact of Patient Positioning Uncertainty in SBRT Treatments.

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric impact of patient positioning uncertainties on conventionally fractionated IMRT, hypofractionated and single-fraction SBRT in light of the recently published AAPM practice guideline on IGRT quality assurance (MPPG2a) . Methods: Treatment plans of three prostate IMRT, three lungs SBRT and three spine SBRT patients were selected for this study. For each patient, uncertainties in isocenter positioning were simulated by displacing the planned isocenter with variable amount in three cardinal directions. The resulting dose distribution was obtained by recalculating the original treatment plan for each displaced isocenter position with the same planned monitor units. Dosimetric impact was assessed by comparing the isocenter-shifted plan with the original plan with respect to the image-treatment isocenter coincidence tolerance recommended in MPPG2a (1 mm for SRS and 2 mm for SBRT) . Results: For prostate IMRT, a 2-mm uncertainty in lateral and superior-inferior direction had minimal dosimetric impact on either PTV or rectum. However, a 2-mm deviation in the anterior-posterior position could Result in up to 8% change in PTV minimum dose (PTVDmin) and up to 7% increase in rectum D25. For lung SBRT, uncertainties of ≤ 2mm had minimal impact on PTV mean dose and mean lung dose. However, up to 21% reduction in PTVDmin was observed with a 2-mm uncertainty in superior-inferior direction. For single-fraction spine SBRT, a 1-mm uncertainty could cause up to 10% change in PTVDmin and cord maximum dose. Formal statistical analysis for patient-specific impact over a given course of treatment is being performed . Conclusion: In addition to SRS, single-fraction SBRT should require isocenter alignment tolerance to be ≤ 1 mm. The 2-mm positioning tolerance for SBRT may not be sufficient for certain patients. Our analysis can be integrated into the treatment planning system for prospective prediction of the susceptibility of individual plans to setup uncertainties.
Structure and function of DNA photolyases

Abstract DNA photolyases (photoreactivating enzymes) convert the energy of light near UV to visible wavelengths into chemical energy to break the cyclobutane ring of pyrimidine dimers in DNA and thus prevent the lethal and mutagenic effects of far UV (200–300 nm). Photolyases from various sources have been found to contain two photosensitizing cofactors: a reduced flavin and a second chromophore which, depending upon the source of the enzyme, is either a pterin or a deazaflavin. Studies with the E. coli photolyase suggest that the photoexcited flavin donates an electron to the pyrimidine dimer and therefore has a function similar to the photochemical reaction centers of photosynthetic systems.
Religion as Anthropomorphism: A New Theory that Invites Definitional and Epistemic Scrutiny

Abstract This essay will focus briefly on (1) a definitional and (2) an epistemic analysis of Stewart Guthrie's cultural-anthropological theory of anthropomorphism in his bookFaces in the Clouds. In Part I of the essay, I will examine specific definitional claims about religion that Guthrie advances in chapter 1 (‘The Need for a Theory’) and chapter 3 (‘The Origin of Anthropomorphism’). In Part II, crucial statements in chapter 6 (‘Anthropomorphism in Philosophy and Science’) and chapter 7 (‘Religion as Anthropomorphism’) raise questions about Guthrie's epistemic assumptions that in philosophy and science the objects referred to as anthropomorphic have critically been known to be errors and have been wisely set aside in the margins of those enterprises, whereas the objects referred to as anthropomorphic in religion have always been at the centre of religion. Guthrie employs five theoretical criteria (of observability, simplicity, generality, fallibility, and probability) to explain why religion always anthropomorphizes. The essay concludes with a formal question about the epistemic status of Guthrie's observability and universality criteria.
High Performance Healthcare: Using the power of relationships to achieve quality, efficiency, and resilience

Jody Hoffer GittellNew York: McGraw Hill, 2009335 pp., $34.95/£24.99ISBN 978-0-07-162176-8In an earlier book, The Southwest Airlines Way: Using the Power of Relationships to Achieve High Performanc...
Sex Attractant of Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

When virgin male cabbage loopers were exposed to filter-paper strips containing an extract from female abdomens, they exhibited a response lasting from 2 to 5 minutes. Gases of a component (or components) of these extracts emanating from a chromatography column attracted the males and then evoked the same response. The attractant is fairly volatile and has relatively low molecular weight.
Subclinical Dissemination of Coccidioidomycosis in a Liver Transplant Recipient

Coccidioidomycosis is common in the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and areas of South America. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioidesposadasii form arthroconidia that, if inhaled, can cause respiratory infection. Rarely, the organism disseminates throughout the body, causing disease in bones, lymph nodes, skin, joints, and brain in most severe cases. Certain populations are at higher risk for dissemination, including persons with compromised cellular immunity. This group includes patients with human immunodeficiency virus, patients undergoing immunosuppression for rheumatologic disorders, and patients receiving antirejection therapy after organ transplant. For patients undergoing a solid organ transplant in endemic areas, screening for past or present coccidioidal disease is completed pretransplantation. Those with known disease are given triazole therapy to prevent reactivation of disease posttransplantation. Usually, transplantation is postponed if the disease is active. We present a patient with known, active coccidioidomycosis who underwent successful liver transplant and later had subclinical posttransplantation peritoneal dissemination.
Magnetic resonance imaging: a cost-effective alternative to bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with suspected hip fractures.

Objective. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with radionuclide bone scan in the evaluation of patients with clinically suspected hip fractures. Design. The medical records of all patients who had been seen in the emergency room over a 4 -year period with a clinically suspected hip fracture, negative or equivocal plain films, and either a subsequent bone scan or MRI examination were retrospectively reviewed. The time to diagnosis, admission rate, and time to surgery were determined. A two-sample t-test was used to assess the statistical significance of the results. A theoretical cost analysis was performed using current charges to estimate all expenses. Patients. Forty patients (11 male, 29 female; age 28–99 years) satisfied our inclusion criteria. Results and conclusions. Twenty-one patients had bone scans (six with fractures), and 19 had MRI (four with fractures). The time to diagnosis was 2.24±1.30 days for bone scanning and 0.368±0.597 days for MRI (P<0.0001). Twenty patients in the bone scan group were admitted compared with 13 in the MRI group. The time to surgery was at least 1 day longer in patients undergoing bone scanning. Bone scanning resulted in higher patient costs compared with MRI because of the delay in diagnosis. In the evaluation of patients with suspected hip fractures, early MRI is more cost-effective than delayed bone scanning. Further prospective studies comparing the cost-effectiveness of early MRI with early bone scanning are needed.
Dynamic scaling in a simple one-dimensional model of dislocation activity

We examine a simple one-dimensional (1D) model of dislocation activity, including a stress-activated source and mutually interacting dislocations. We demonstrate, through numerical and analytical steps, that the dislocations emitted from a 1D stress-activated source evolve towards a distribution which is self-similar in time, and we derive the power-law forms and distribution function. We show that the asymptotic distribution is a step function, and the dislocation front moves out linearly in time. The spacing between dislocations in the asymptotic distribution is uniform and increases logarithmically in time. The number of dislocations increases as t/ln(t), and the strain increases as t 2/ln(t).
Biographical Feature: Silas G. Farmer, Ph.D.

In 1969, Silas G. Farmer, then the director of clinical microbiology at the Milwaukee County Medical Complex (MCMC) and an assistant professor in the Department of Pathology at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), petitioned the American Board of Medical Microbiology (ABMM) for certification via
Hutchinson's duality: The once and future niche

The duality between "niche" and "biotope" proposed by G. Evelyn Hutchinson provides a powerful way to conceptualize and analyze biogeographical distributions in relation to spatial environmental patterns. Both Joseph Grinnell and Charles Elton had attributed niches to environments. Attributing niches, instead, to species, allowed Hutchinson's key innovation: the formal severing of physical place from environment that is expressed by the duality. In biogeography, the physical world (a spatial extension of what Hutchinson called the biotope) is conceived as a map, each point (or cell) of which is characterized by its geographical coordinates and the local values of n environmental attributes at a given time. Exactly the same n environmental attributes define the corresponding niche space, as niche axes, allowing reciprocal projections between the geographic distribution of a species, actual or potential, past or future, and its niche. In biogeographical terms, the realized niche has come to express not only the effects of species interactions (as Hutchinson intended), but also constraints of dispersal limitation and the lack of contemporary environments corresponding to parts of the fundamental niche. Hutchinson's duality has been used to classify and map environments; model potential species distributions under past, present, and future climates; study the distributions of invasive species; discover new species; and simulate increasingly more realistic worlds, leading to spatially explicit, stochastic models that encompass speciation, extinction, range expansion, and evolutionary adaptation to changing environments.
Linguistics and Modern Language Teaching in Colombia

W [HEN speakers and writers tell us that language teaching should be oriented around the findings of the linguistic scientists, it is usually the structural linguists to whom they refer. But structural linguistics, although it has much to offer us language teachers, is not the only linguistic discipline from which we may learn. If language study involved no more than the analysis of the three grammatical devices of function words, word order, and forms of words plus a study of the segmental and suprasegmental phonemes, it would be a subject more of intei est to the mathematician than to
Bilateral combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion in systemic lupus erythematosus resulting in complete blindness

Bilateral combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion in systemic lupus erythematosus resulting in complete blindness
PTP1B inhibitors as potential therapeutics in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Coordinated tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for signalling pathways regulated by insulin and leptin. Type 2 diabetes and obesity are characterised by resistance to hormones insulin and leptin, possibly due to attenuated or diminished signalling from the receptors. Pharmacological agents capable of inhibiting the negative regulator(s) of the signalling pathways are expected to potentiate the action of insulin and leptin and therefore be beneficial for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. A large body of data from cellular, biochemical, mouse and human genetic and chemical inhibitor studies have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a major negative regulator of both insulin and leptin signalling. In addition, evidence suggests that insulin and leptin action can be enhanced by the inhibition of PTP1B. Consequently, PTP1B has emerged as an attractive novel target for the treatment of both Type 2 diabetes and obesity. The link between PTP1B and diabetes and obesity has led to an...
Functional analysis of the CpsA protein of Streptococcus agalactiae.

ABSTRACT Streptococcal pathogens, such as the group B streptococcus (GBS) Streptococcus agalactiae, are an important cause of systemic disease, which is facilitated in part by the presence of a polysaccharide capsule. The CpsA protein is a putative transcriptional regulator of the capsule locus, but its exact contribution to regulation is unknown. To address the role of CpsA in regulation, full-length GBS CpsA and two truncated forms of the protein were purified and analyzed for DNA-binding ability. Assays demonstrated that CpsA is able to bind specifically to two putative promoters within the capsule operon with similar affinity, and full-length protein is required for specificity. Functional characterization of CpsA confirmed that the Δ cpsA strain produced less capsule than did the wild type and demonstrated that the production of full-length CpsA or the DNA-binding region of CpsA resulted in increased capsule levels. In contrast, the production of a truncated form of CpsA lacking the extracellular LytR domain (CpsA-245) in the wild-type background resulted in a dominant-negative decrease in capsule production. GBS expressing CpsA-245, but not the Δ cpsA strain, was attenuated in human whole blood. However, the Δ cpsA strain showed significant attenuation in a zebrafish infection model. Furthermore, chain length was observed to be variable in a CpsA-dependent manner, but could be restored to wild-type levels when grown with lysozyme. Taken together, these results suggest that CpsA is a modular protein influencing multiple regulatory functions that may include not only capsule synthesis but also cell wall associated factors.
Circulating luteinizing hormone and prolactin concentrations in intact or castrated male rats treated with 5-hydroxytryptamine.

The effects of sc administered 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) on LH and PRL release, as reflected by circulating concentrations of these hormones, were investigated in intact and castrated male rats. In the initial experiment, the animals were given serotonin or its solvent vehicle and were decapitated 30 min later. In all serotonin-treated animals (intact or castrated 2 or 30 days before use), the serum PRL concentration was increased markedly (at least 5 times) over that of the vehicle-treated animals, but the serum LH concentration was affected significantly only in rats that had been castrated for 2 days. In these animals, the serum LH concentration was 230 ± 21 ng/ml (mean ± SE) compared to 395 ± 39 ng/ml in thecontrols. However, in intact male rats or male rats that had been castrated for 30 days, the serum LH concentration was not significantly depressed in serotonin-treated animals. In subsequent experiments, an indwelling cannula was inserted into the right atrium by way of the right jugular vei...
Severe cardiomyopathy due to chronic rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation: complete recovery after restoration of sinus rhythm.

T he effect of chronic tachycardia on cardiac function is controversial. However, previous reports suggest that chronic atrial tachyarrhythmias can produce or facilitate development of reversible congestive heart failure in the absence of significant underlying myocardial disease [1,2]. The majority of the patients previously described have had automatic or reentrant supraventricular tachycardia that was present at birth Qr developed later in childhood. We report the case of an adult patient with chronic rapidly conducting atrial fibrillation and severe congestive cardiomyopathy that was completely reversed after antiarrhythmic therapy restored normal sinus rhythm.
Optimal input design for indentation-based rapid broadband nanomechanical spectroscopy: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) example

This article presents an optimal input design approach to achieve rapid broadband nanomechanical measurements of soft materials using the indentation-based method. The indentation-based nanomechanical measurement provides unique quantifications of material properties at specified locations. The measurements, however, are currently too slow in time and too narrow in frequency (range) to characterize time-elapsing material properties during dynamic evolutions (e.g., the rapid-stage of the crystallization process of polymers). Such limits exist because the input force profiles used in current approaches cannot rapidly excite broadband nanomechanical properties of materials. In this article, we develop an optimal-input design approach to tackle these challenges. Particularly, an input force profile with discrete spectrum is optimized to maximize the Fisher information matrix of the linear compliance model of the soft material. Both simulation and experimental results on a PDMS sample are presented to illustrate the need for optimal input design, and its efficacy in probe-based nanomechanical property measurements.
Density Functional Theory and Reaction Kinetics Studies of the Water–Gas Shift Reaction on Pt–Re Catalysts

Periodic, self-consistent density functional theory calculations (DFT-GGA-PW91) on Pt(111) and Pt3Re(111) surfaces, reaction kinetics measurements, and microkinetic modeling are employed to study the mechanism of the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction over Pt and Pt–Re catalysts. The values of the reaction rates and reaction orders predicted by the model are in agreement with the ones experimentally determined; the calculated apparent activation energies are matched to within 6% of the experimental values. The primary reaction pathway is predicted to take place through adsorbed carboxyl (COOH) species, whereas formate (HCOO) is predicted to be a spectator species. We conclude that the clean Pt(111) is a good representation of the active site for the WGS reaction on Pt catalysts, whereas the active sites on the Pt–Re alloy catalyst likely contain partially oxidized metal ensembles.
Communication aspects of ProSkills: a non-technical skill development and enhancement program for engineers

Engineers face a major decision relating to their careers. They can enter their profession, or they can become a successful professional. In both cases, a strong technical foundation is required. But, to be a truly successful professional, engineers must also develop and use many nontechnical skills. Professional engineers use a balance of technical and non-technical skills to achieve their highest level of success. Of the many non-technical skills needed to be successful, the most important is communication. In addition to documenting important information for their own reference, engineers need to effectively communicate with technical peers and with the non-technical community. This involves four types of communication: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This paper is a discussion of the communication aspects of ProSkills. ProSkills is a successful process developed by Fenn College of Engineering at Cleveland State University to enhance and expand a wide range of the non-technical skills engineering students must have to be successful. Unlike the classical approach used to teach written and oral communication in liberal arts courses or across the engineering curricula, ProSkills integrates communication skill enhancement within the existing technical curricula.
A framework for data mining on combinatorial game theory

Combinatorics is the study of discrete, finite spaces. Combinatorial games are games that can be studied through the use of combinatorics. They are typically, but not necessarily, two-player games with a finite set of possible states and a well-defined winning condition. The search space in combinatorial games is typically very large. In this paper, we proposed a framework to apply data mining techniques such as Bayesian classification to the combinatorial game theory, in particular, a game called "Audacity". Our experimental results show that the Bayesian classification is effective for discovering classification rules in combinatorial games, such as the "Audacity" game.
Comment on “The existence of an inner core super-rotation questioned by teleseismic doublets” by Georges Poupinet, Annie Souriau, and Olivier Coutant

Abstract Poupinet et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 89 (1984) 5719] presented a new methodology for testing whether the PKP travel times observed at College, Alaska station from South Sandwich Islands earthquakes indicate inner core rotation. They applied the method to seven events and concluded that there is no evidence for PKP(DF) times increasing systematically with event dates, and therefore no reason to postulate that the inner core rotates at a different rate than the mantle. In a reanalysis of the same seven events, I find that their results are systematically biased by the choice of radial Earth models and by incorrectly assuming that one of the phases had reversed polarity. I also question their choice of events, but upon correcting for these biases, conclude that these seven events are consistent with the previous model of inner core rotation.
Broadcast Reform Revisited: Reverend Everett C. Parker and the "Standing" Case (Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ v. Federal Communications Commission)

Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ v. Federal Communications Commission (1966), sometimes known as the “WLBT” case, was an instance where local citizens successfully challenged the broadcast license of a racist Mississippi broadcaster. The challenge worked in large part because it was tied to a larger social movement, that of Civil Rights. The effort resulted in the expansion of the legal doctrine of standing (that is, who could bring an action before regulatory agencies and courts) to normal citizens, and thus sparked the growth of citizen activism and participatory politics in various spheres, including consumer rights, environmental protection, and, of course, broadcast reform. The article tells the story of the case and its chief protagonist, Reverend Everett C. Parker.
Anatomical predictions of hearing in the North Atlantic right whale

Some knowledge of the hearing abilities of right whales is important for understanding their acoustic communication system and possible impacts of anthropogenic noise. Traditional behavioral or physiological techniques to test hearing are not feasible with right whales. Previous research on the hearing of marine mammals has shown that functional models are reliable estimators of hearing sensitivity in marine species. Fundamental to these models is a comprehensive analysis of inner ear anatomy. Morphometric analyses of 18 inner ears from 13 stranded North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were used for development of a preliminary model of the frequency range of hearing. Computerized tomography was used to create two-dimensional (2D) and 3D images of the cochlea. Four ears were decalcified and sectioned for histologic measurements of the basilar membrane. Basilar membrane length averaged 55.7 mm (range, 50.5 mm-61.7 mm). The ganglion cell density/mm averaged 1,842 ganglion cells/mm. The thickness/width measurements of the basilar membrane from slides resulted in an estimated hearing range of 10 Hz-22 kHz based on established marine mammal models. Additional measurements from more specimens will be necessary to develop a more robust model of the right whale hearing range.
Pendent Polyimides using Mellitic Acid Dianhydride. I. An Atomic Oxygen-resistant, Pendent 4,4′-ODA/PMDA/MADA Co-polyimide Containing Zirconium

The goal of this research is to increase the metal-organic concentration in Kapton-like polyimides (PIs) to achieve increased atomic oxygen (AO) resistance while retaining desirable film properties. Co-polyamic acid (PAA) precursors were prepared using a novel polymer building block, mellitic acid dianhydride (MADA), to provide sites for pendent group attachment. Attachment of an amino group-functionalized zirconium complex to the co-PAA precursors was facilitated by a stoichiometric amount of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The viscous solutions which resulted were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), viscosity, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), or treated with excess poor solvent to precipitate powder samples, or cast onto glass slides and heated to produce imidized films. Powder samples were dissolved in deuterated solvent for proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, or characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Film samples were characterized by...
Indium-Copper Multilayer Composite Solder for Fluxless Bonding

A 200°C fluxless process is developed to produce In-Cu joints. The fluxless feature is achieved by the prevention of indium oxidation during the solder fabrication and the bonding process. Indium and copper are deposited on an object in high vacuum to inhibit indium oxidation. Copper interacts with indium to form CuIn compound that further protects the inner indium from oxidation. For a specific design, the resulting joints consist of mainly CuIn intermetallic grains surrounded by a small amount of pure indium as revealed by SEM with EDX. Scanning acoustic microscope examination indicates that the joints are nearly void-free. This technology enables versatile control of the alloy composition, thus leading to several remelting temperatures and various physical properties.
Ring expansion-annulation strategy for the synthesis of substituted azulenes and oligoazulenes. 2. Synthesis of azulenyl halides, sulfonates, and azulenylmetal compounds and their application in transition-metal-mediated coupling reactions.

A “ring expansion-annulation strategy” for the synthesis of substituted azulenes is described based on the reaction of β‘-bromo-α-diazo ketones with rhodium carboxylates. The key transformation involves an intramolecular Buchner reaction followed by β-elimination of bromide, tautomerization, and in situ trapping of the resulting 1-hydroxyazulene as a carboxylate or triflate ester. Further synthetic elaboration of the azulenyl halide and sulfonate annulation products can be achieved by employing Heck, Negishi, Stille, and Suzuki coupling reactions. Reaction of the azulenyl triflate 84 with pinacolborane provides access to the azulenylboronate 91, which participates in Suzuki coupling reactions with alkenyl and aryl iodides. The application of these coupling reactions to the synthesis of biazulenes, terazulene 101, and related oligoazulenes is described, as well as the preparation of the azulenyl amino acid derivative 110.
Flexible and ultra-thin embedded chip package

An ultra-thin, flexible package was successfully demonstrated in this paper. The integration of semiconductor chip and flexible substrate, development of ultra-thin chip technology, and embedded chip technology are the key topics. For the purpose of bendable, the embedded chip should be thin enough. The chips were thinned to less than 20µm by mechanical grinding and plasma treatment process. Besides, the dicing before grinding (DBG) method was applied for segment of ultra-thin chips. The ultra-thin chip can be embedded into a thin polyimide material by lamination process and build-up layer coating without die attached film (DAF). Following, micro-via drilling process, metallization and patterning process realize electrical interconnections. A temporary rigid carrier substrate was used for handling ultrathin substrate during process. Finally, an ultra-thin, flexible package was accomplished by releasing from the carrier substrate. Using this novel process, the total thickness of flexible package is only 59µm. It can be easily bended, and the curvature radius of flexible package can reach 10mm without any cracks occurred. The static and dynamic bending tests were also done. The results show this ultra-thin and flexible package has good mechanical properties. Technologies and bending test results will be represented in this paper.
Stagnation-point Flow in Magnetohydrodynamics

The inviscid three-dimensional stagnation-point in magnetohydrodynamics is investigated in full generality. The analytic character of the flow depends on just two parameters, one of which characterizes the streamline pattern on the body and the other the effective interaction of the electromagnetic field. The pattern, according to linear terms, must be either nodal or contain a stagnation line; the spiral and saddle-point patterns are ruled out. A method of obtaining the flow to arbitrary accuracy is presented; improvement is regressive, i.e. from higher to lower degree terms. With higher-degree terms the stagnation line in general gives way to a combination saddle-nodal point which has not been noticed before. Die reibungsfreie, dreidimensionale magnetohydrodynamische Staupunktstromung wird in voller Allgemeinheit untersucht. Der Analytische Charakter der Stromung hangt nur von zwei Parametern ab, wovon der eine den Stromlinienverlauf um den Korper und der anderer den Einflus des elektromagnetischen Feldes charakterisiert. Die linearen Glieder ergeben, das das Stromlinienbild entweder einen. Knotenpunkt oder eine Staulinie enthalten mus; Spiral- und Sattelpunkte sind ausgeschlossen. Es wird eine Methode zur Gewinnung beliebig genauer Naherungslosungen aufgezeigt, wobei Glieder hoherer Ordnung die Genauigkeit der Glieder niedrigerer Ordnung verbessern. Glieder hoherer Ordnung ergeben im allgemeinen anstatt der Staulinie eine bis jetzt noch nie festgestellte Kombination von Sattel- und Knotenpunkten.
Stochastic optimal control of systems with soft constraints and opportunities for automotive applications

In this paper we illustrate the construction of a stochastic optimal control law that maximizes the expected time for a nonlinear discrete-time system to violate specified constraints. After reviewing the theory, two examples, of a stochastic adaptive cruise control and of hybrid electric vehicle energy management, are considered. Approaches to reconfiguring the control law on-board of the vehicle if statistics of the disturbance change are discussed.
Capacitive coupling based transient negative bit-line voltage (Tran-NBL) scheme for improving write-ability of SRAM design in nanometer technologies

Increasing process variation can significantly degrade the write-ability of an SRAM. In this paper, we propose negative bit- line voltage technique to improve cell write-ability without using any on-chip or off-chip negative voltage source. Capacitive coupling is used to generate a transient negative voltage at the low bit-line during write operation. Simulations in 45 nm PD/SOI technology show a 103times reduction in the write-failure probability with the proposed technique.
The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence

The Constitution Besieged offers a compelling reinterpretation of one of the most notorious periods in American constitutional history. In the decades following the Civil War, federal and state judges struck down as unconstitutional a great deal of innovative social and economic legislation. Scholars have traditionally viewed this as the work of a conservative judiciary more interested in promoting laissez-faire economics than in interpreting the Constitution. Gillman challenges this scholarly orthodoxy by showing how these judges were in fact observing a long-standing constitutional prohibition against "class legislation." Originally published in cloth by Duke University Press, this book received the 1994 C. Herman Pritchett Award for the "Best Book in the Field of Law and Courts," awarded by the Law and Courts Section of the American Political Science Association.
Biogeochemical time lags may delay responses of streams to ecological restoration

Summary 1. Mounting interest in ecological restoration of streams and rivers, including that motivated by the Water Framework Directive, has stimulated examination of whether management and restoration measures in streams and their catchments have yielded measurable improvements in ecological status (‘health’). Evidence for the efficacy of diffuse-source pollution reduction (including best management practices on land) has proven elusive. 2. Several hydrological and biogeochemical processes delay the responses of streams and rivers to a decrease in nutrient and sediment inputs, potentially for decades. The implications of such time lags in response to restoration may not be well appreciated by restoration ecologists, regulators, sponsors of restoration work or the broader community. 3. The groundwater time lag results from the long residence time of ground water. This is particularly important with respect to nitrate, but is increasingly important for phosphorus (P) as well. Isotopic tracers and groundwater age dating suggest that stream water often is more than a decade old, and that several decades are required to flush most soluble contaminants from groundwater reservoirs. 4. Sediment movement through river networks can be protracted because of storage and remobilisation processes involving stream beds, impounded reaches and fringing bars and floodplains. In lowland streams and rivers, sediment accretion can be rapid, but its removal is often far slower and can take decades to centuries. 5. Phosphorus availability is subject to time lags because P tends to associate with minerals, resulting in a potentially large yet exchangeable P reserve in upland soils and alluvial and stream-bed sediments. Thus, soils and sediments can remain rich in P for decades after new inputs are reduced, potentially acting as a source of P to surface waters. Phosphorus saturation of soils along groundwater percolation pathways can lead to even longer time lags. Restoration measures that inundate previously dry soils or desiccate previously inundated sediments can induce high rates of P release. 6. These hydrological and biogeochemical time lags can obscure the short-term responses of streams and rivers to restoration measures. In many eutrophic waters, large decreases in nutrient availability would be required to return the ecosystem to a natural nutrient-limited state, and this could take decades.
Face recognition using landmark-based bidimensional regression

This paper studies how biologically meaningful landmarks extracted from face images can be exploited for face recognition using the bidimensional regression. Incorporating the correlation statistics of landmarks, this paper also proposes a new approach called eigenvalue weighted bidimensional regression. Complex principal component analysis is used for computing eigenvalues and removing correlation among landmarks. We evaluate our approach using two standard face databases: the Purdue AR and the NIST FERET. Experimental results show that the bidimensional regression is an efficient method to exploit geometry information of face images.
A New Channel Routing Problem

In this paper, we present a new model for channel routing. This model generalizes of the model previously studied in the literature. Informally, our model allow the possibility of connecting, for any given net, only some but not all of the pins that belongs to that net. An algorithm for this model was designed and implemented. Experimental results showed that our algorithm is quite effective.
The Responding Site of the Rex Locus of Drosophila melanogaster

Rex is a dominant, maternal-effect locus in the heterochromatin of the X chromosome Drosophila melanogaster. It causes an early mitotic exchange-like event between heterochromatic elements of an attached- XY in X/attached-XY embryos of Rex mothers. Evidence is presented here that the site of Rex action is the ribosomal RNA gene cluster (the bb locus) only; no other heterochromatin is affected. The Rex locus may be useful in studying regulation of rRNA-gene copy number, mitotic chromosome behavior and heterochromatic function.
Deep feature synthesis: Towards automating data science endeavors

In this paper, we develop the Data Science Machine, which is able to derive predictive models from raw data automatically. To achieve this automation, we first propose and develop the Deep Feature Synthesis algorithm for automatically generating features for relational datasets. The algorithm follows relationships in the data to a base field, and then sequentially applies mathematical functions along that path to create the final feature. Second, we implement a generalizable machine learning pipeline and tune it using a novel Gaussian Copula process based approach. We entered the Data Science Machine in 3 data science competitions that featured 906 other data science teams. Our approach beats 615 teams in these data science competitions. In 2 of the 3 competitions we beat a majority of competitors, and in the third, we achieved 94% of the best competitor's score. In the best case, with an ongoing competition, we beat 85.6% of the teams and achieved 95.7% of the top submissions score.
Effect of carotid body denervation on breathing in neonatal goats

The objective of the present study was to determine in goats whether carotid body denervation (CBD) at 1–3 days of age causes permanent changes in breathing greater than those that occur after CBD ...
FDA Perspective on the Use of Transgenic Animals in the Manufacture of Therapeutic Products Intended for Human Use: Safety Concerns

Many novel therapeutic products have been successfully introduced into clinical trials over the past five years. Transgenic animal technology has often complimented both the discovery and testing of many of these new products. Transgenic technology is now being exploited to develop genetically modified animals as “factories” (“pharm” animals) to produce therapeutic products for human use. FDA’s challenge is to ensure public safety while at the same time not inhibit the development of a new field. Throughout the history of biologies the development and implementation of regulations has been a dynamic process, demanded by scientific and technological developments. While general regulatory principles apply, optimal safety evaluation programs for new areas of research must also invoke a consideration of the fundamental biology of the product, the intended population and the proposed clinical application. The regulatoru concerns common to the characterization of all biologies include: demonstration of safety, efficacy, identity, purity, and potency; quality control of the product and intermediates; and reproducibility or consistency of lots.
Modeling Microfluidic Microbubble Generators

In this paper, two microfluidic bubble generators are proposed and modeled using COMSOL® . The first device consists of two microchannels perpendicular to each other. This arrangement of channels has been successfully used for generating bubbles with diameters in the millimeter range previously. The feasibility of miniaturizing this structure has been investigated in this paper. The bubble diameter generated using this method is found to vary inversly with the liquid flow rate (i.e. flow velocity). This is disadvantageous in terms of pressure drop while trying to generate microbubbles in microchannels. Therefore a second device, an extension of the first, has been proposed for eliminating this drawback by introducing a solid structure in the liquid channel right in front of the gas channel. The suitability of this device as a microbubble generator is checked through COMSOL® simulation model. At low flow rates, the bubble diameter is not significantly affected by the presence of the solid structure in the microchannel. In both devices the bubble attached itself to the walls at low Reynolds number but this did not happen at high Reynolds number. Further investigations are done in this study for understanding the effect of different shaped structures on the diameter of the microbubble.© 2009 ASME
Oscar Wilde and the Brain Cell

Abstract This chapter considers Oscar Wilde’s interest in the brain cell as an aesthetic object. Offering an account of Wilde’s career that analyzes his early interest in physiology and philosophy, this chapter argues that Wilde’s uniquely aesthetic take on the brain suggests that he rejects an account of the self as autonomous or self-determining. For many late Victorians brain science threatened both the freedom of human action and the legitimacy of beauty because it had the potential to invalidate conscious experience. But writers whose work Wilde knew, like John Ruskin, W. K. Clifford, and John Tyndall, avoided the despair of materialism by using aesthetic terms in their own discussions of life’s invisible materials. Wilde’s art collaborates with the contemporary sciences. His depictions of the cell direct the senses to a new field of being that emphasizes the molecular life all humans have in common, in which individual responsibility and activity matter less than the necessity of beauty.
What is Substance Abuse Treatment in Indiana Problem Solving Courts? An Empirical Study of 20 Drug and Veterans Courts

Little is known about substance abuse treatment within problem-solving courts, including treatment-related policies and the treatment decision-making processes. In order to examine opiate dependence treatment in the context of problem-solving courts, I interviewed judges of 20 problem-solving courts (drug and veterans courts) and one prison-based treatment program.Results included the following policies and practices. Counseling and self-help groups are almost always required for participants, but counseling is considered more central to treatment. Non-spiritual self-help groups are limited and largely inaccessible. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opiate addiction is commonly discouraged in problem-solving courts, contrary to recommendations from professional health organizations. Treatment decisions are made by treatment teams that consist of counselors, judges, law enforcement, probation officers, prosecutors, and attorneys, but rarely include physicians. Finally, treatment through veterans’ courts tends to be more accessible, less costly, and more inclusive of MAT than treatment through drug courts.
Geometric Modeling and Mesh Generation from Scanned Images

Cutting-Edge Techniques to Better Analyze and Predict Complex Physical Phenomena Geometric Modeling and Mesh Generation from Scanned Images shows how to integrate image processing, geometric modeling, and mesh generation with the finite element method (FEM) to solve problems in computational biology, medicine, materials science, and engineering. Based on the authors recent research and course at Carnegie Mellon University, the text explains the fundamentals of medical imaging, image processing, computational geometry, mesh generation, visualization, and finite element analysis. It also explores novel and advanced applications in computational biology, medicine, materials science, and other engineering areas. One of the first to cover this emerging interdisciplinary field, the book addresses biomedical/material imaging, image processing, geometric modeling and visualization, FEM, and biomedical and engineering applications. It introduces image-mesh-simulation pipelines, reviews numerical methods used in various modules of the pipelines, and discusses several scanning techniques, including ones to probe polycrystalline materials. The book next presents the fundamentals of geometric modeling and computer graphics, geometric objects and transformations, and curves and surfaces as well as two isocontouring methods: marching cubes and dual contouring. It then describes various triangular/tetrahedral and quadrilateral/hexahedral mesh generation techniques. The book also discusses volumetric T-spline modeling for isogeometric analysis (IGA) and introduces some new developments of FEM in recent years with applications.
Serge Daney, Zapper: Cinema, Television, and the Persistence of Media

The essay considers Serge Daney's transition from a film critic schooled in New Wave cinephilia to a television critic fascinated by the possibilities of the small screen and the status of cinema as an old medium. Looking in the “rear-view mirror,” Daney challenges foundational film theory that situates cinema at the forefront of technological and cultural modernity, and he introduces the language of belatedness, aging, and delay into his writing on the “adult art” of film. In the 1980s, Daney began to chronicle the experience of watching cinema on television, with old and new media spiraling into each other and the critic engaged in a process of archaeology focused as much on absent or damaged images as the imaginary plenitude of the screen. Tweedie's essay frames the critic's work as a key reference point for film studies in the late twentieth century because it counters both the modernist euphoria of theory produced decades before and the enthusiasm surrounding the digital revolution in the years just ...