cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO2 capture (including direct air capture) and natural gas desulfurization of amine-grafted hierarchical bimodal silica

Abstract Amine grafting under hydrous conditions is emerging as a promising solution to developing amine grafted adsorbents with high amine loading and superior capture performance. In this study, a hierarchical bimodal mesoporous silica (HBS) that can be easily and cost-effectively synthesized was identified. Subsequently, HBS was amine grafted in anhydrous and hydrous conditions. The resulting material and its adsorptive performance were investigated. Hierarchical bimodal silica supports allow aminosilanes to more easily access the deep channels of the pores resulting in greater amine dispersion than SBA-15 type supports. The CO2 adsorption capacity of amine grafted hierarchical bimodal silica adsorbents and SBA-15 type adsorbents were measured at 25, 75, 90, 100 °C. The CO2 adsorption capacity and amine efficiency (reached 0.41 mol CO2/mol N) were significantly higher than that of SBA-15 type adsorbents. This is because HBS possesses two series of mesopores as opposed to one which promotes the diffusion of CO2 and allows for greater amine dispersion and consequently greater amine utilization. Wet grafted HBS displayed excellent cyclic stability after approximately 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. Under dry conditions and using ambient air containing 415 ppm of CO2 at 25 °C, the fixed bed breakthrough capacity of WG-HBS-0.6 was 1.04 mmol/g. To the best of our knowledge, the CO2 adsorption capacity and the direct air capture capacity exceed reported literature values for amine-grafted silica adsorbents. At similar amine loadings the H2S adsorption capacity of wet grafted hierarchical bimodal silica was similar to SBA-15 type adsorbents suggesting thermodynamics as opposed to pore structure plays a greater role during the H2S adsorption process. From the obtained results, hierarchical bimodal silicas are promising adsorbents for the capture of CO2 from ambient air and industrial gas streams and are also suitable for the removal of H2S.
Biosynthesis of Gramicidin S and Tyrocidine: Polypeptide Synthesis without Nucleic Acids

You have already heard that I worked with Meyerhof for three years, first in Berlin and then here in Heidelberg, and I must say that the older I grow the more I realize that pretty much all that I have done since formed itself in some way during those three years. Meyerhof’s laboratory was a great place, not only for his presence but also for the people around: Severo Ochoa, David Nachmansohn, Ralph Gerard, Ken Iwasaki, F.O. Schmitt, Dean Burk, Karl Meyer were all there with me, and not the least, Karl Lohmann. The genius of Meyerhof was much complemented by the experimental ingenuity of Karl Lohmann. He introduced me and all of us to the chemistry of phosphate compounds, and taught us how, by very simple means, one could distinguish them. He developed differential acid hydrolysis into a powerful method for the analysis of mixtures, which often lead to the discovery of unknown.
The Binding of Nucleotides and Calcium to the Extracellular Nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus STUDIES BY GEL FILTRATION

Abstract Staphylococcal nuclease binds various nucleotides in a 1:1 molar ratio. This binding is completely dependent on the presence of Ca++ and is prevented by high urea concentrations and by various chemical modifications of the protein. Dissociation constants have been determined for a number of nucleotide-enzyme complexes. There are good correlations between the affinities of binding and the strengths of inhibition of polynucleotide hydrolysis by the various nucleotides. The dissociation constants vary, just as enzyme activity varies, with pH and Ca++ concentration. The nucleotides studied all bind to the same region of the enzyme, which appears to be the same as the catalytically active site and is probably responsible for hydrolysis of deoxyribo- and ribonucleic acid. It is suggested that the structural unit of the substrate responsible for specific enzyme recognition and binding is a 3',5'-diphosphonucleoside region. Ca++ is bound weakly to the enzyme in a 1:1 molar ratio if monophosphonucleoside derivatives are present, and in a 2:1 ratio if deoxythymidine 3',5'-diphosphate is present. No Ca++ binding occurs in the absence of nucleotide or substrate. Nucleotides (or substrates) and Ca++ are bound to nuclease in a unique complex which forms only when all three components are present concurrently.
A Model of Academic Enablers and Elementary Reading/Language Arts Achievement

This article includes a review of theoretical and empirical models of educational outcomes to identify student attitudes and behaviors that researchers have hypothesized to influence academic achie...
Pediatric Applications of fMRI

Functional MRI has become an important pillar in the evaluation of children’s brain function. Its relevance in pediatric clinical and research is evident by the hundreds of articles published in peer-reviewed journals. We review the differences between fMRI in adults and children, with an emphasis on the technical challenges that the technique poses in noncooperative children. We also review the state of the art of fMR clinical applications with special attention to its role in surgical planning, and relevant cognitive pediatric conditions. A review of pharmacology-fMR and rest-state fMRI in children is presented as the authors stress the importance of these two new branches of fMRI. We share as well our experience based on more than 300 cases and 1,000 procedures of pediatric fMRI.
What does it take to have a successful noninvasive ventilation program

The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has dramatically increased over the last decade. This increase is multifaceted with regard to the number of patients receiving NIV and in the increasingly varied disease conditions for which NIV is being used. Successful development of an NIV program depends on many variables, but perhaps most important is a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates experience and education. Many aspects of an NIV program must come together to make it successful for both patients and clinicians. Among these are needs assessment, institutional buy-in, use of proper equipment, staff and patient training, protocols/guidelines, and outcomes. We analyze these issues and identify characteristics that produce a successful NIV program.
Mechanism of Action of Nalidixic Acid on Escherichia coli IV. Effects on the Stability of Cellular Constituents

Cook, Thomas M. (Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.), William H. Deitz, and William A. Goss. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid on Escherichia coli. IV. Effects on the stability of cellular constituents. J. Bacteriol. 91:774-779. 1996.-Treatment of Escherichia coli 15TAU with nalidixic acid resulted in degradation of the nucleic acids of the cells, whereas protein was unaffected. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) degradation appeared to be more extensive than ribonucleic acid degradation during periods of comparable bactericidal action. The onset of DNA degradation was evident prior to a measurable bactericidal effect. However, within the range of 2 to 20%, DNA degradation was accompanied by a decrease in viable cell numbers. Degradation of DNA to acid-soluble material occurred only under conditions permitting the bactericidal action of nalidixic acid. Arrest of the bactericidal action of nalidixic acid by the addition of dinitrophenol or chloramphenicol also inhibited DNA degradation. The acid-soluble products, which were excreted into the medium, have not been characterized completely, but probably were not phosphorylated.
Commitment to health: a predictor of dietary change

Aims and objectives. To determine the predictive validity of three behavioural variables on changes in diet: commitment to health (commitment), confidence in ability to change dietary behaviours (confidence) and belief about the importance of changing dietary behaviours (importance). Background. Literature supports the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change as a framework for understanding dietary behaviour change. Less certain are behavioural variables associated with stage movement for action to maintenance stage for dietary behaviour change. This research considered three variables: self-efficacy (‘confidence’), decisional balance scale (‘importance’) and ‘commitment’. Published literature supports the importance of each of these behavioural variables, but not their predictive abilities. Design. A cross-sectional survey was used for 499 manufacturing workers from multiple work-sites. Methods. Subjects’ dietary health behaviours were measured by determining how long they consistently ate a low-fat diet, with analysis of variance addressing the stages-of-change model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance. Results. Commitment best predicted change from action to maintenance stage (p 0·05) was not. Conclusions. Commitment was the best predictor of dietary change, from the action to the maintenance stage of change. Relevance to clinical practice. Clinicians working with patients in the action stage of dietary change can use a stage-based approach and should evaluate commitment to health as part of an overall assessment. Those with high-level commitment will successfully change from action to maintenance with minimal professional assistance. Those with middle-level commitment risk relapse to a pre-action stage will benefit most from professional intervention. Those in the lower level of commitment are most likely to revert to a pre-action stage of change and may be not be ready for dietary change.
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces: Implications for Antarctic ozone depletion

This paper reports on the measurements of reaction probabilities for heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces at 195 K, using a fast-flow reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The reaction probability for N2O5 on pure-water ice was found to be 0.028 + or - 0.011, with nitric acid in the solid phase as the sole product. In the presence of HCl in ice, the probability of N2O5 reaction was enhanced (to 0.037); the reaction produced, besides solid-phase nitric acid, ClNO2 and ClONO which were released into the gas phase within a few milliseconds. The latter two compounds can be readily photolyzed in the austral spring to form active chlorine which would remove stratospheric ozone. It is suggested that, since the polar stratospheric clouds are believed to contain HCl-ice mixture on the surface, the reactions of N2O5 on H2O/HCl particles is a major factor in the Antarctic springtime ozone depletion.
Effects of the nonsymmetric gravitation theory and radial perturbations of the lunar orbit.

The predictions of the nonsymmetric gravitation theory of Moffat for the radial perturbations of the lunar orbit are computed. An effect is found but, given the accuracy of Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment data, it is not likely to be detected, even if the accuracy of the data is improved by a factor of 100. The calculation is done in a post-Newtonian coordinate frame. The transformation to an Earth-based normal coordinate frame is shown not to affect the results.
Structure of hydronium (H3O+)/chloride (Cl-) contact ion pairs in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution: a Zundel-like local configuration

A comprehensive analysis of the H3O+ and H2O structure in the first solvation shell about Cl− in aqueous HCl solutions is reported from X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. Results show increasing degree of contact ion pairing between Cl− and H3O+ as the HCl concentration increases from 6.0 m, 10.0 m, and finally 16.1 m HCl (acid concentrations are expressed as molality or mole HCl/1000 g water). At the highest acid concentration there are on average, approximately 1.6 H3O+ ions and 4.2 H2O’s in the first shell about Cl−. The structure of the Cl−/H3O+ contact ion pair is distinctly different from that of the H2O structure about Cl−. The Cl−O bond length (2.98 A) for Cl−/H3O+ is approximately 0.16 A shorter than the Cl−/H2O bond. The bridging proton resides at an intermediate position between Cl and O at 1.60 A from the Cl− and approximately 1.37 A from the O of the H3O+. The bridging-proton structure of this contact ion pair, (Cl−H−OH2), is similar to the structure of the water Zundel ion,...
Ergodic theory and its significance for statistical mechanics and probability theory

Ergodic theory is a relatively new branch of mathematics which from a mathematical point of view may be regarded as generated by the interaction of measure theory and the theory of transformation groups. Its basic concept of "metric transitivity" or "ergodicity" was introduced in 1928 in a paper of Paul Smith and G. D. Birkhoff on dynamical systems. However, the significance of this concept was not appreciated until late 1931 when J. yon Neumann and G. D. Birkhoff proved the celebrated mean and pointwise ergodic theorems, and one may regard the nearly simultaneous appearance of these papers as marking the birth of the subject. Birkhoff's proof of the much more difficult pointwise ergodic theorem was stimulated by yon Neumann's theorem and yon Neumann, in turn, was stimulated by a key observation of B. O. Koopman. Let De be a surface of constant energy E in the phase space D of some Hamiltonian dynamical system. Let V,(~o) denote the point of phase space representing the "state" of the system t time units after it was represented by ~o. Then, for each t, oJ -. Vt(oJ ) is a one-to-one transformation of f2 e onto itself which conserves the natural volume element ~e in f2e induced in £2 e by the Liouville measure dql .." dqn dpl "'" d p n . Moreover, Vq+t~ = VqVt~ for all real numbers t 1 and tz. Koopman's observation (not so obvious 40 years ago as now) was that we may obtain a unitary representation't --+ Ut of the additive group of the real line in the Hilbert space 5°2(f2e, ~e) by defining Ut( f ) (co ) = f (V, ( , -o) ) .
Modeling individual tree growth using temporary plot records: evaluation of a non-parametric diameter distribution based method

Abstract We hypothesize that the change, over time, in deciles of a diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution represents a suitable proxy for repeated measurements of individual tree DBH. Based on that hypothesis a method is developed for modeling individual tree DBH growth from temporary plot data. The method assumes evenly distributed or no mortality and no reproduction that would be measured as ingrowth. The temporary plot based DBH projection results generally indicated reduced accuracy and greater bias than permanent plot based DBH projection results. However, some temporary plot based projection results were comparable to the permanent plot based results in terms of accuracy and bias measures. Based on the assumptions and results, the methodology is likely useful only for uniform, single-species plantations.
The Nature and Context of Black Nationalism at Northwestern in 1971

Sociological research on contemporary black nationalism has done little to portray the complexity of contemporary black nationalist orientations (Smith, 1971; Vander Zaden, 1973). Indeed a disproportionate amount of the existing research (Bracey et al., 1970; Meier, 1951-1952) concerns the nationalistic activities of several decades ago. But what of more recent examples of black nationalism? The image of black nationalists as "extremists" who are only interested in "returning to Africa" serves as a convenient label for many outsiders to the movement, but is it really an adequate representation of contemporary black nationalist behavior?' The research reported here is predicated on the assumption that such labels often understate and distort the diversity of values and behaviors involved in the most recent flowering of black nationalism among Afro-Americans. My research addresses two questions: (1) is contemporary black nationalism among students a set of beliefs and practices reflecting a single norm or several; and (2) what are the life experiences which seem to correlate with these black nationalist orientations? The data reported here are derived
Double-buffering technique for binocular imaging in a window

Binocular digital imaging is a rapidly developing branch of digital imaging. Any such system must have some means that allows each eye to see only the image intended for it. We describe a time-division multiplexing technique that we have developed for Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGITM) workstations. We utilize the `double buffering' hardware feature of the SGITM graphics system for binocular image rendering. Our technique allows for multiple, re-sizable, full-resolution stereoscopic and monoscopic windows to be displayed simultaneously. We describe corresponding software developed to exploit this hardware. This software contains user-controllable options for specifying the most comfortable zero-disparity plane and effective interocular separation. Several perceptual experiments indicate that most viewers perceive 3D comfortably with this system. We also discuss speed and architecture requirements of the graphics and processor hardware to provide flickerless stereoscopic animation and video with our technique.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
C-2 stereochemistry of naringin and its relation to taste and biosynthesis in maturing grapefruit

Abstract Circular dichroism and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to determine the C-2 chirality of naringin, the main bitter principle of grapefruit. Thus, the aglycone chirality of naringin has been studied as a function of grapefruit maturity. The amount of (2 S ) isomer is 85–92% in immature grapefruit but only 55–60% in mature grapefruit. These results are discussed in relation to the current postulates relating to flavanone biosynthesis. A naringin sample predominant in the (2 R ) isomer has been prepared and found by some tasters to be more bitter than the (2 S ) naringin. It is concluded that the naringin isomerization in ripening grapefruit is not responsible for debittering.
Bounds on the volume and height distributions of the ambiguity function

Augmenting Woodward's total-volume invariance, new information on ambiguity-function behavior is obtained and illustrated by example. The results are of two types, the first dealing with the time4requency volume distribution and providing lower bounds to local volume, and upper bounds to attainable "clear area"; these follow from Parseval's theorem as applied to Siebert's self-transform property. The second category of necessary conditions consists of a set of upper bounds on the norms of the ambiguity function, which places restrictions on the height distribution of the ambiguity surface. As a corollary, it is demonstrated that not all nonnegative functions that are serf-transformable can be ambiguity functions.
Relationship-level analysis of drug users’ anticipated changes in risk behavior following HIV vaccination

Formative research into the behavioral factors surrounding HIV vaccine uptake is becoming increasingly important as progress is made in HIV vaccine development. Given that the first vaccines on the market are likely to be partially effective, risk compensation (i.e., increased risk behavior following vaccination) may present a concern. This study characterized the relationships in which HIV vaccine-related risk compensation is most likely to occur using dyadic data collected from people who use drugs, a high-risk group markedly underrepresented in extant literature. Data were collected from 433 drug users enrolled in a longitudinal study in the USA. Respondents were asked to provide the first name and last initial of individuals with whom they had injected drugs and/or had sex during the past six months. For each partner, respondents reported their likelihood of increasing risk behavior if they and/or their partner received an HIV vaccine. Using generalized linear mixed models, relationship-level correlates to risk compensation were examined. In bivariate analysis, risk compensation was more likely to occur between partners who have known each other for a shorter time (odds ratio [OR]=0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-0.99, p=0.028) and between those who inject drugs and have sex together (OR=2.52, CI: 1.05-6.04, p=0.039). In relationships involving risk compensation, 37% involved partners who had known each other for a year or less compared to only 13% of relationships not involving risk compensation. Adjusting for other variables, duration (OR: 0.95, CI: 0.90-1.00, p=0.033) was associated with risk compensation intent. These analyses suggest that risk compensation may be more likely to occur in less established relationships and between partners engaging in more than one type of risk behavior. These data provide further support for the need to expand measures of risk compensation in HIV vaccine preparedness studies to assess not only if people will change their behavior, but also with whom.
On concentration of positive bound states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations

We study the concentration behavior of positive bound states of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation $$ih\frac{{\partial \psi }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{{ - h^2 }}{{2m}}\Delta \psi + V\left( x \right)\psi - \gamma \left| \psi \right|^{p - 1} \psi .$$ Under certain condition ofV, we show that positive ground state solutions must concentrate at global minimum points ofV ash→0+; moreover, a point at which a sequence of positive bound states concentrates must be a critical point ofV. In cases thatV is radial, we prove that the positive radial solutions with least energy among all nontrivial radial solutions must concentrate at the origin ash→0+.
Production of antisera against contraceptive steroids.

Abstract A four step synthesis of 6-(O-carboxymethyl)oximinoethynylestradiol is reported. This compound, 6-(O-carboxymethyl)oximinomestranol, the 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oximes of norethindrone and norgestrel and the 3-hemisuccinate of ethynylestradiol were synthesized and conjugated with bovine serum albumin. Rabbits were immunized at 3 dose levels of haptene (20, 66 and 200 nmoles) and eight weeks later with a booster containing 66 nmoles of haptene. The antibody titer and association constant of responding rabbits was nearly independent of dose although most antibody production occurred after the booster injection. Antibodies to mestranol crossreacted more than 100% with ethynylestradiol and to a small extent with norethindrone and norgestrel.
Molecular-orbital X-rays and their anisotropies in heavy-ion collisions in solids and gases

Molecular-orbital spectra and anisotropies were measured in Cl+NaCl, Cl+KCl, Cl +Ti, and Cl+Ar collisions at bombarding energies between 0.5 and 2.6MeV/a.m.u. The results suggest that at low bombarding energies MO x-rays in the KCl and NaCl targets are partly produced by a two-collision process. Qualitative differences between the anisotropies of gas- and solid-target induced MO x-ray spectra underline this result. Also, new information on the bombarding-energy dependency of anisotropies at higher projectile velocities has been obtained, confirming previous observations in low-Z systems.
A neural network based distributed intrusion detection system on cloud platform

Intrusion detection system (IDS) is an important component to maintain network security. Also, as the cloud platform is quickly evolving and becoming more popular in our everyday life, it is useful and necessary to build an effective IDS for the cloud. However, existing intrusion detection techniques will be likely to face challenges when deployed on the cloud platform. The pre-determined IDS architecture may lead to overloading of a part of the cloud due to the extra detection overhead. This paper proposes a neural network based IDS which is a distributed system with an adaptive architecture so as to make full use of the available resources without overloading any single machine in the cloud. Moreover, with the machine learning ability from the neural network, the proposed IDS can detect new types of attacks with fairly accurate results. Evaluation of the proposed IDS with the KDD dataset on a physical cloud testbed shows that it is a promising approach to detecting attacks in the cloud infrastructure.
Visibly Transparent Polymer Solar Cells Produced by Solution Processing

Visibly transparent photovoltaic devices can open photovoltaic applications in many areas, such as building-integrated photovoltaics or integrated photovoltaic chargers for portable electronics. We demonstrate high-performance, visibly transparent polymer solar cells fabricated via solution processing. The photoactive layer of these visibly transparent polymer solar cells harvests solar energy from the near-infrared region while being less sensitive to visible photons. The top transparent electrode employs a highly transparent silver nanowire–metal oxide composite conducting film, which is coated through mild solution processes. With this combination, we have achieved 4% power-conversion efficiency for solution-processed and visibly transparent polymer solar cells. The optimized devices have a maximum transparency of 66% at 550 nm.
Biogas potential and microbial population distributions in flushed dairy manure and implications on anaerobic digestion technology

BACKGROUND: There remain technological deficiencies in the economical anaerobic digestion of the entire flow of flushed dairy manure on farms within cold climates. In order to develop an anaerobic digester tailored for this purpose, this study investigated the distributions of biomass and biogas generated in three particle-size-characterized zones of flushed dairy manure. RESULTS: Results demonstrate that comparable biogas generations are equally distributed between the solids and liquid phases of flushed dairy manure, implying that at least 50% of methane generation might be lost when utilizing existing processes that only selectively handle the liquid or solids phases. Microscopic and kinetic studies show that the majority of microorganisms in the manure are attached to the surface of undigested dairy manure fibrous solids. In particular, greater than 70% of acetate-utilizing methanogens were found closely associated with the indigestible solids. This high microbial affinity to the dairy manure solids phase can be traced back to the selection pressure driven bacterial immobilization mechanism in cattle rumen. CONCLUSION: This study shows that dairy manure fibrous solids have the potential to act as effective natural biomass carriers for high rate and simultaneous methanation of both solids and liquid phases of flushed dairy manure in one digester. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Illuminating insights into firefly luciferase and other bioluminescent reporters used in chemical biology

Understanding luciferase enzymology and the structure of compounds that modulate luciferase activity can be used to improve the design of luminescence-based assays. This review provides an overview of these popular reporters with an emphasis on the commonly used firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis (FLuc). Large-scale chemical profile studies have identified a variety of scaffolds that inhibit FLuc. In some cell-based assays, these inhibitors can act in a counterintuitive way, leading to a gain in luminescent signal. Although formerly attributed to transcriptional activation, intracellular stabilization of FLuc is the primary mechanism underlying this observation. FLuc inhibition and stabilization can be complex, as illustrated by the compound PTC124, which is converted by FLuc in the presence of ATP to a high affinity multisubstrate adduct inhibitor, PTC124-AMP. The potential influence these findings can have on drug discovery efforts is provided here.
Murine complement deficiency ameliorates acute cigarette smoke-induced nasal damage.

Abstract Objective Exposure to cigarette smoke is a risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis. Current literature confirms complement fragments are activated in human nasal mucosa. The mechanism(s) responsible for this activation is unclear. We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke on nasal mucosa in vitro and via a model of cigarette smoke exposure by using animals deficient in complement components. Study Design Prospective, controlled animal and in vitro human cell line study. Setting University laboratory. Subjects and Methods Human respiratory epithelial cells were exposed to five, 10, and 20 percent cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in vitro in the presence or absence of human serum. Complement activation was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescent techniques. Complement-deficient (C3 –/– , n = 6; factor B –/– , n = 50) and sufficient mice (wild type, n = 10) were exposed to the smoke of four cigarettes per exposure for two exposures per day for three days. Mice were sacrificed 12 hours after the last exposure, and the nasal cavity was surgically removed. Histological characteristics were analyzed by the use of a subjective scale and quantitative image analysis scoring systems. Results In vitro analysis of respiratory cell cultures demonstrated that exposure of serum to CSE resulted in complement activation. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining for C3d could only be demonstrated in CSE-exposed cultures. In vivo analysis demonstrated that complement deficiency, either C3 or factor B deficiency, resulted in a significant reduction in histological evidence of damage as compared with wild-type control mice (wild type vs C3 –/– , P = 0.02; wild type vs factor B –/– , P = 0.07; no significant difference between C3 –/– vs factor B –/– ). Conclusion These data demonstrate that cigarette smoke activates the complement system. Furthermore, complement deficiency protected against smoke-induced mucosal damage in this small series.
Polishing high heat load mirrors

The need for high heat load optics has its origin in high-energy laser systems designed in the 1970s and 1980s. The advancement of these systems to shorter wavelengths and higher flux levels and the inclusion of aspheric surfaces provided the early impetus for developing optics with advanced internal heat exchanger designs and for improved processes for polishing and testing associated optical surfaces. Today this technology continues to evolve for use in third-generation synchrotron beamlines, an emerging scientific application offering far-reaching implications for materials research , pharmaceutical development, micro-machining, and integrated circuits. Components for these applications require grazing incidence optical prescriptions and special polishing techniques, often leading to the construction of new equipment and the development of suitable polishing processes and optical test procedures. An overview is provided of the advancing state of polishing and testing techniques supporting a developing class of high heat load optical components characterized by rigorous slope error tolerances and demanding surface roughness specifications.
Component mode synthesis-based design optimization method for local structural modification

This research integrates component mode synthesis with a multilevel design optimization strategy to develop a design methodology for making the dynamical modification of complex structures simpler and tractable. The component mode synthesis formulates the eigenvalue equation of the entire structure in terms of vibration characteristics of local structure components. With this particular feature, the component mode synthesis helps to facilitate a two-stage procedure for the dynamic modification of a complex structure; the lower-level design optimization modifies the local structure components whose performances are prescribed by the optimal solution of the upper-level design optimization. The paper first discusses the formulation and the derivation of the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for the proposed design optimization procedure and then presents numerical examples to demonstrate its numerical implementation and applicability.
Preparation and structure of the face-sharing bioctachedral ion [Mo2Cl8(PEt3)]2−

The reaction of [PPh4][MoCl4(THF)2] with PEt3 affords [PPh4]2[Mo2Cl8(PEt3)] as a dark red solid with two molecules of Ch2Cl2 of crystallization. The crystals are triclinic (P1) with Z = 2 for a unit cell of the following dimensions: a = 13.168(5), b = 21.436(6), c = 11.852(4) A, α = 91.16(3), β = 100.07(3), γ = 107.22(3)°, V = 3337 A3. In the face-sharing bioctahedral (FSBO) anion, the MoMo distance is 2.767(2) A. The structure is compared to a number of other FSBO structures of general formula Mo2Cl9−n(PR3)n.
365 AN APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF NEONATAL MORTALITY RATES (NMR)

The role of improved neonatal care in the recent reduction in the U.S. NMR remains unclear. Although many socio-demographic factors affect the NMR, these appear to have little effect once birth weight (BW) is held constant, thus making BW-specific NMR's legitimate indicators of medical care and ideal for comparison. Most states, however, at present do not link infant birth and death records and thus cannot generate BW-specific NMR's. We have found that a simple risk-adjusting index, the relationship between the NMR and the incidence of very-low-birth-weight infants (≤1500 grams, VLBW) has enabled us to assess the effectiveness of care at our institution during a period of fluctuating NMR's (AJDC 130:842, 1976). Annual changes in the NMR at our institution correlate strongly with annual variations in the incidence of VLBW newborns. Analysis of the relationship between these two variables, however, showed a decline over the past ten years toward a lower NMR for a given VLBW rate, indicating improving neonatal care. This index has been applied to 1974 NMR and VLBW rate data from each of the 50 states and Washington, D.C.. Significant deviation of some states from the regression line linking the two variables is likely to be a better indicator of statewide neonatal care than the crude NMR.
Control of a skeletal joint by electrical stimulation of antagonists

The possibility of restoring controlled movements to a paralysed arm, by means of electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle, is investigated. The concept is applied to the elbow joint of the human arm, by surface stimulation of the biceps and triceps muscles, in a closedloop position-control system. The results indicate that the method is feasible, but that more basic data is needed before an optimal control is attained.
On the Comparison of Psychological Theories: A Reply to Professor Bogartz.

Abstract In response to Professor Bogartz's note (1972) , which describes the application of three alternative models to data from the writers' experiment (Spiker, Croll, & Miller; 1972) , the writers discuss some general considerations involved in the comparison of alternative theories. Specifically, they reject the implication that theoretically significant contributions require the comparison of alternative theories and argue that such comparisons often result in trivial or misleading conclusions. They interpret the Bogartz paper as a demonstration that his models successfully reconstitute the data from at least one type of experimental situation—the multidimensional stimulus classification task.
Superconcentrators of depth 2

It is shown that every n-superconcentrator of depth 2 has size μ(n log n); that there exist n-superconcentrators of depth 2 and size O(n(log n)2); and that there exist n-superconcentrators on which the pebble game can be played in space S and time O((n log n)2S), for a wide range of values of S.
On plasticity with hardening

In a previous paper [6] we considered the problem of finding the stresses and displacements in a body made up by an elastic-perfectly plastic material under a given time-dependent load. Following Duvaut-Lions [3] this problem was formulated as a variational inequality, and we proved existence of a (strong) solution of the variational inequality. In this note we shall carry out the same program in a more general case of a hardening elastic-plastic material. The properties defining an elastic-plastic material in mechanics are usually taken to be (i) the yield condition, (ii) the flow rule and (iii) the hardening rule. One of the most well-known models in mechanics for plasticity is based on the von Mises yield condition, the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and isotropic or kinematic hardening. The main assumption in this note concerning the elastic-plastic material is that the yield condition can be written
Hospital-Based Active Shooter Incidents: Sanctuary Under Fire

On January 20, 2015, Michael J. Davidson, MD, a cardiothoracic surgeon, was fatally shot on the premises of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. In the year leading up to this tragic day, a total of 14 active shooter incidents occurred in hospitals throughout the United States, leaving 15 fatalities in their wake. This reality and its potential amplification by copycats has reignited the debate over the adequacy of current and future hospital security arrangements. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the evolving frequency of hospital-based active shooter incidents, the relevant legal framework, and the role of hospitals and physicians in countering this threat. As defined by the US Department of Homeland Security, an active shooter incident is one wherein “an individual is actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area.” By several accounts, the overall prevalence of this otherwise rare occurrence is increasing. A study by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reveals the overall number of active shooter incidents to have increased from 6.4 per year (2000-2006) to 16.4 per year (2007-2013). Similar rates have been reported for the hospital setting wherein the average number of active shooter incidents has increased from 9 per year (2000-2005) to 16.7 per year (2006-2011), claiming 161 lives in the process. It would thus appear that the frequency of hospital-based active shooter incidents has evolved to constitute at least a monthly occurrence. Rare as these events might be when considered in light of the enormity of the health care universe, they threaten the all-important sanctity of this benevolent and altruistic enterprise. The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has long recognized active shooter incidents as an extant threat to health care facilities. On December 1, 2014, the office of the assistant secretary for preparedness and response of the DHHS issued a planning guide encouraging health care facilities to incorporate active shooter incident planning into their emergency operation plans. Joint signatories to the guide included the Department of Homeland Security, the FBI, the US Department of Justice, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Focused on prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery, the DHHS guide makes special mention of the practical application of the 3-part run, hide, fight protocol.... Language: en
Pressure- versus volume-cycled ventilation in liquid-ventilated neonatal piglet lungs

Abstract Background/Purpose: If the goal of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbons in the management of respiratory failure is to improve dynamic lung compliance (C dyn ) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) while sustaing O 2 delivery, the optimal ventilatory management is unclear. The authors asked if volume-cycled or pressure-limited ventilation had different effects on PVR, cardiac index (CI), and C dyn in uninjured and injured neonatal piglet lungs. Methods: Anesthetized piglets (6 to 8 kg) were ventilated after tracheostomy. C dyn was measured by in-line Fleisch pneumotach/PC data acquisition terminal. Thermodilution instrumentation allowed determination of both Cl and PVR. Volume-control or pressure-limited ventilation was established in uninjured or injured (surfactant deficiency induced by saline lavage at 18 mL/kg) animals. After a stable 30-minute baseline, animals were assigned randomly to one of four groups: group I (n = 9), uninjured animals plus volume-cycled ventilation (intermittent mandatory ventilation [IMV], 10 bpm; tidal volume [TV], 15 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP], 5 cm H 2 O; Fio 2 , 1.0; and PLV for 150 minutes); group II (n = 9), uninjured animals plus pressure-limited ventilation (IMV, 10 bpm; peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), 25 cm H 2 O, PEEP, 5 cm H 2 O, Fio 2 , 1.0; and PLV for 150 minutes); group III (n = 7), injured animals plus volume-cycled ventilation (IMV, 10 bpm; TV, 15 mL/kg; PEEP, 5 cm H 2 O; Fio 2 , 1.0 for 30 minutes, followed by saline injury for 30 minutes, followed by PLV rescue for 120 minutes); group IV (n = 7), injured animals plus pressure-limited ventilation (IMV, 10 bpm; PIP, 25 cm H 2 O; PEEP, 5 cm H 2 O; Fio 2 , 1.0 for 30 minutes, followed by saline injury, and PLV rescue). Comparison within and between groups was accomplished by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey correction. Results: There was no significant difference between volumecycled or pressure-limited ventilation in healthy lungs; however, in the setting of lung injury, dynamic compliance was 1.44 ± 0.15 after 180 minutes in the volume-cycled group and 0.91 ± 0.10 in the pressure-limited group after the same interval (mL/cm H 2 O · kg ± SEM). Similarly, PVR was 100 ± 6 in the volume-cycled group and 145 ± 12 in the pressurelimited group after 180 minutes of lung injury (mm Hg/L/kg · min ± SEM). Cardiac index declined significantly in all groups independent of ventilatory mode. Conclusions: These results suggest that in the setting of lung injury, C dyn and PVR improved significantly when volume-cycled, compared with pressure-limited ventilation was used. Although no difference existed between ventilatory modes in healthy lungs, pressure-limited ventilation, when combined with PLV in injured lungs, had adverse effects on lung compliance and pulmonary vascular resistance. Volume-cycled ventilation may optimize the ability of perfluorocarbon to recruit collapsed or atelectatic lung regions.
Mapping thymidine kinase-deficient mutants of vaccinia virus by marker rescue with hybrid plasmid DNAs containing portions of the HindIII-J fragment of virus DNA

Abstract Five hybrid plasmids were constructed, each containing a portion of the vaccinia virus DNA Hind III-J fragment. These plasmid DNAs were used in marker rescue experiments to map the mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of three TK − vaccinia virus mutants. The TK gene of each of the three mutants was rescued by DNA from plasmid pPJ701, which contained about one-half of the Hind III-J fragment. Two mutants, 1004B and 1017-1, but not the third, 1016-1, were rescued by DNA of two plasmids, pPJ702 and pPJ703, which contained 16 and 18%, respectively, of one end of the J fragment. Mutant 1016-1 could be rescued by plasmid pPJ705 containing a 1.69-kb fragment of the Hin dIII-J fragment. The J fragment DNA in plasmid pPJ705 is located adjacent to that and separated by an Eco RI site from pPJ703 in the vaccinia virus genome. These results indicate that the mutation site in the TK gene of 1016-1 differs from that in 1004B or 1017-1 and suggests that the structural gene for the vaccinia virus TK lies near one end of the Hin dIII-J fragment and spans the Eco RI site.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist

Abstract MR imaging of the wrist has the unique capability of simultaneously demonstrating bone and soft tissue structures. Its exquisite sensitivity for detecting bone marrow edema makes it an ideal screening tool for diagnosing radiographically occult osseous injuries and areas of AVN. This, together with its ability to provide a comprehensive, non-ivasive assessment of the ligaments, tendons, nerves, and components of the TFC make MRI a very powerful tool for evaluating patients with wrist pain of uncertain etiology. Its exact role in the work-up of these patients has not been entirely established, but with further advances in technology and the radiologist's understanding of wrist anatomy and pathology, MRI is assuming a more central role in this clinical setting.
Compartments and appendage development in Drosophila.

The appendages of Drosophila develop from the imaginal discs. During the extensive growth of these discs cell lineages are for the most part unfixed, suggesting a strong role for cell-cell interactions in controlling the final pattern of differentiation. However, during early and middle stages of development, discs are subdivided by strict lineage restrictions into a small number of spatially distinct compartments. These compartments appear to be maintained by stably inheriting states of gene expression; the compartmentspecific expression of two such ‘selector’ - like genes, engrailed and apterous, are critical for anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral compartmentalization, respectively. Recent work suggests that one purpose of compartmentalization is to establish regions of specialized cells near compartment boundaries via intercompartmental induction, using molecules like the hedgehog protein. Thus, compartments can act as organizing centers for patterning within compartments. Evidence for non-compartmental patterning mechanisms will also be discussed.
Binding of phenylphosphocholine-carrier conjugates to the combining site of antibodies maintains a conformation of the hapten

The structural basis of the binding of phenylphosphocholine haptens to antibodies was studied. This was done by preparing antibodies and testing binding to conjugates of phenylphosphocholine. The choice of haptens was made in order to evaluate the contribution of the carrier to binding, and its effect on hapten conformation in the active site. Thus, phosphocholine (PC) was diazophenyl-linked to tyrosine or histidine as single amino acid carriers and to tripeptides or octapeptides containing tyrosine or histidine as central amino acids to which PC was attached. Relative affinity was assessed by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and binding constants were determined by fluorescence quenching. Fluorinated haptens were used to determine the kinetics of binding using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance. The transferred nuclear Overhauser effect was used to characterize conformation of the bound hapten. We had previously shown that nitrophenylphosphocholine unlinked to carrier is bound in the acti...
Pulsed 81Br Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy of Brominated Flame Retardants and Associated Polymer Blends

The dispersion of brominated flame retardants in polymers is monitored with 81Br nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) using a pulse NQR spectrometer. The NQR spectrometer consists of a homemade 10−300 MHz single-channel NMR console coupled to a broadly tunable probe. The probe is a loop−gap resonator usable from 220 to 300 MHz and is automatically tuned over any 5 MHz region with a stepping motor and a radio frequency bidirectional coupler. 81Br NQR spectra of several brominated aromatic flame retardants, as pure materials and in polymers, were recorded in the range of 227 to 256 MHz in zero applied magnetic field. Two factors affect the 79/81Br NQR transition frequencies in brominated aromatics: electron-withdrawing substituents on the ring and intermolecular contacts with other bromine atoms in the crystal structure. An existing model for substituents is updated, and a point charge model for the intermolecular contacts is developed. In this study, we exploit the 81Br NQR transition frequency dependence o...