cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relative importance of antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a global workforce

Abstract This study extends previous research on cross-cultural adjustment through a field study of 196 American business executives on assignment in Japan, Netherlands, and South Korea. The results demonstrate the relative importance of learning orientation, self-efficacy, parent and host company socialization, work, and non-work variables, on three facets of cross-cultural adjustment (work, interaction, and general). While past research has consistently shown that family adjustment is by far the strongest predictor of cross-cultural adjustment, this study reveals that socialization at the host company, previously proposed yet unmeasured, may be as strong as a predictor. Implications for practice and directions for future research are offered.
Adoptive transfer of syngeneic T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor that recognizes murine CD19 can eradicate lymphoma and normal B cells.

Adoptive T-cell therapy with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–expressing T cells is a new approach for treating advanced B-cell malignancies. To evaluate anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells in a murine model of adoptive T-cell therapy, we developed a CAR that specifically recognized murine CD19. We used T cells that were retrovirally transduced with this CAR to treat mice bearing a syngeneic lymphoma that naturally expressed the self-antigen murine CD19. One infusion of anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells completely eliminated normal B cells from mice for at least 143 days. Anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells eradicated intraperitoneally injected lymphoma cells and large subcutaneous lymphoma masses. The antilymphoma efficacy of anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells was critically dependent on irradiation of mice before anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T-cell infusion. Anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells had superior antilymphoma efficacy compared with the anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody from which the anti-CD19 CAR was derived. Our results demonstrated impressive antilymphoma activity and profound destruction of normal B cells caused by anti-CD19–CAR-transduced T cells in a clinically relevant murine model.
Utram Bibis? Aquam an Undam? El “Encomio a Melecio” de Juan Crisóstomo

Abstract The explosion in the study of late antiquity during the last generation has generated an important number of works devoted to Greek rhetoric; on the other hand, the influence of confessionalism in patristic studies has decreased. With that in mind, this paper aims to underline the importance of John Chrysostom9s Encomium to Meletius and to highlight the impact of rhetoric on the internal struggles of Nicenism during the last years of the fourth century ce in Antioch.
Host Properties of α-Cyclodextrin and a Water-Soluble Calix[6]arene Probed with Dimeric Bipyridinium Guests

The complexation properties of two complementary hosts, α-cyclodextrin and a water-soluble sulfonated calixarene, with dimeric viologen guests, in which the viologen units are linked by an undecyl chain, have been investigated. While the complexation behavior of the cyclodextrin host is driven by hydrophobic interactions, that of the calixarene is largely electrostatic in nature. Both hosts show high affinity for the viologen guests, but for completely different reasons. 1H NMR spectroscopic evidence demonstrates the inclusion complexation of the alkyl chain connecting the two viologen subunits by the hydrophobic cyclodextrin cavity. This interaction is strongly pH dependent, and the complexation can be switched by protonating the two unquaternized nitrogen atoms of the guest, thereby making it more hydrophilic and resulting in partial unthreading of the cyclodextrin host. Calorimetric data shows the association constant to be quite high and the complexation to be enthalpically driven, in accord with nonc...
Properties of receptors for epidermal growth factor in detergent solution: Evidence for heterogeneous aggregated states

Between 60% and 100% of epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding activity was recovered from membranes of the A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell line treated with solutions containing the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. Approximately half of the recovered binding activity was sedimented at low centrifugal force and hence was operationally insoluble in nonionic detergent solution. Receptors in both the detergent-soluble and -insoluble fractions displayed similar affinities for 125I-EGF, and the values were in good agreement with those obtained for receptors in untreated membranes. The receptors in both fractions also formed identical direct linkage complexes with 125I-EGF in similar yield, providing no evidence for partitioning of different molecular species of EGF receptors in the detergent-soluble membrane fraction of Sepharose 6-B revealed heterogeneity of 125I-EGF binding activity; the smallest and most monodisperse peak of activity resolved by this technique was eluted at a Strokes radius of 95 A. Operationally soluble 125I-EGF binding activity also behaved heterogeneously during velocity sedimentation; more than half the activity sedimented more rapidly than the apparently monidisperse, 7S form. An average of less than half the nonionic detergent-solubilized activity recovered from 10 independent membrane preparations behaved as an apparently monodisperse entity. Since a maximum of 60% of 125I-EGF binding activity was operationally soluble, less than 25% of the total EGF binding activity was recovered in an apparently monodisperse form. The remaining 75% of the EGF receptors displayed a marked tendency to exist as aggregates in nonionic detergent solutions.
Implementation of Congressional intent: a study of amnesty policy and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Despite the passage of the Immigration and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) the United States Border Patrol arrested about 1 million illegal aliens crossing the border in 1990. This phenomenon suggests that the IRCA has failed to control illegal immigration to the United States. Structural analysis of its implementation by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was analyzed. Under an agreement with the INS to process illegal workers community-based organizations in Arizona and New York became certified Qualified Designated Entities (QDEs). In 1988 the INS carried out a study to measure the impact of IRCA and solicited data from 9 QDEs. Data were obtained from 308 illegal aliens who failed to apply for amnesty and another 286 temporary legal residents. In the New York study information was collected from the QDEs between 1987 and 1989 and also in the summer of 1989 a group of 171 amnesty applicants were surveyed. All QDEs stated that implementation was hampered by excessive documentation lack of strong family unification provisions the financial cost of seeking legalization and a fear of the INS. The Arizona and New York studies indicated that excessive documentation fear of the INS (46% in New York) and fear of family separation (47% in New York) were the major factors why the targeted people did not come forward. Instead of seeking a proper balance between the written words of IRCA and the intent of Congress INS developed guidelines that ignored the relevant facts presented by respected QDEs and Latino groups. In reality INS sought to prevent illegal entry through amnesty offices throughout the United States. The eligibility requirements issued by the INS for amnesty served to limit and constrain participation in that program.
Safety and efficacy of pentoxifylline in stable angina pectoris

Abstract Despite currently available therapy, many patients with stable angina remain symptomatic. Pentoxifylline (Trental) is a substituted methylxanthine derivative that appears to work by improving blood viscosity. In areas of severe vascular stenosis, blood viscosity may have an important influence on blood flow. Furthermore, patients with coronary artery disease, perhaps because of increased fibrinogen levels, may have increased blood viscosity that further contributes to impaired coronary flow. Therefore, we evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the efficacy of pentoxifylline when added to the regimen of patients with stable angina on execution.
Conductivity peaks broadening in the quantum Hall regime

Abstract We argue that it is the hopping transport that is responsible for broadening of the σxx peaks. Explicit expressions for the width Δν of a peak as a function of the temperature T, current J and frequency ω are found. It is shown that Δν grows with T as (T/T1)κ, where κ is the inverse localization-length exponent. The current J is shown to act like the effective temperature T eff (J) ∝ J 1 2 if T eff (J) T . Broadening of the ohmic ac-conductivity peaks with frequency ω is found to be determined by the effective temperature T eff (ω)∼ h ω.
Dissolved Fe(II) in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and western tropical Indian Ocean during the inter-monsoon period

Abstract The concentration of iron(II) (Fe(II)) in seawater was investigated throughout the water column in the Arabian Sea and western tropical Indian Ocean including the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) as part of the 2009 Japanese GEOTRACES cruise using a luminol-chemiluminescence detection based flow injection analysis technique. A novel modification was the adjustment of the sample pH to 7.2 with a 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer to minimize Fe(II) oxidation during sampling. At stations in the Arabian Sea OMZ, Fe(II) had subsurface maxima in the oxygen-deficient and high nitrite layers; fully 7–29% of total dissolved Fe existed as Fe(II) in these samples. Subsurface Fe(II) maxima were not observed in stations south of the oxygen minimum zone. Within the OMZ, the distribution of Fe(II) resembled previous data obtained during the 2004 southwest monsoon, indicating that the Fe(II) maxima are seasonally and interannually persistent feature. These results confirm the close relationship between Fe(II) and the secondary nitrite maxima and suggest that the rich microbial community within this feature is closely involved with Fe redox cycling. Fe(II) concentrations near the seafloor were elevated in locations underlying the OMZ but nowhere else, possibly reflecting inputs from reducing sediments. To the south, a clear maximum in dissolved Fe from the Rodriguez Triple Junction hydrothermal system showed no evidence of Fe(II). The center location of the Rodriguez Triple Junction is 25° 35′S, 70° 00′E ( Gamo et al., 2001 ), more than 800 km southwest of station ER10 (the closest station), so hydrothermally-derived Fe(II) was probably oxidized.
Increased amphetamine stereotypy and longer haloperidol catalepsy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of both sexes and from two sources exhibited enhanced stereotyped behavior following amphetamine (AM) administration. Both the intensity and the duration of sniffing and licking were higher in SHR than in Wistar or Sprague Dawley controls. SHR exhibited longer catalepsy after haloperidol (HALO) than did controls. Rats made hypertensive by the Goldblatt one kidney method showed neither increased AM stereotypy nor longer HALO catalepsy. The increased effect of AM in SHR was not due to greater drug accumulation in the brain. These findings are discussed in terms of altered brain catecholamine metabolism in SHR, and are related to experiments of chronic stress and the sensitization of AM's effects.
New NASA Transport Research Facilities to Support Research Flight Operations in Present and Future ATC Environments

The NASA Langley Research Center is developing a set of Transport Research Facilities which will support a simulation-to-flight process that will improve the efficiency of conducting experiments from concept development, to ground-based simulation testing, to flight testing. A key facility is a modified B-757-200 airplane containing an onboard research system. This aircraft is replacing the existing NASA B-737-100 Transport Systems Research Vehicle. The other Transport Research Facilities include two simulator cabs, a Research System Integration Laboratory, and the associated software. These facilities will support research flight operations associated with the present and future air traffic control environments.
Superficially porous silica particles with wide pores for biomacromolecular separations.

Since 2006, columns of superficially porous particles (SPPs), often called Fused-core(®), porous-shell or core-shell particles, have had serious impact on HPLC separations. These particles have pore diameters of about 100A designed for separating small molecules. More recently, SPPs with 160-200A pore diameter have been made available for separating peptides and small proteins. This report describes the effects of fused-core particle size, pore size, shell thickness and ligand type for the rapid, efficient separation of larger molecules such as intact proteins and other biomacromolecules up to at least 400 kDa. Optimization of these parameters resulted in particles that show no restricted diffusion that would compromise separating efficiency for large biomolecules. The thin porous shell provides excellent mass transfer (kinetics) for these large molecules, resulting in superior separations compared to conventional totally porous particles. Sample loading capacity can be adjusted to allow good detection sensitivity for minor components in a complex mixture. Strong particle strength ensures the loading of stable, high-efficiency columns. Stationary phases with different alkyl ligands were tested to provide data on retention, column efficiency and peak shapes for proteins. The development of these new wide-pore fused-core particles now allows the HPLC separation of a wide range of molecules of different sizes with advantages of the SPP configuration.
Abstract 3220: Application of GastroPlus™ modeling and simulation for predicting mouse and human pharmacokinetic profiles in oncology research and development

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Pharmacokinetic modeling plays an integral role in the drug discovery and development process. In particular, modeling and simulation has broad application to predict pharmacokinetics for human and non-clinical species, and as such drug concentration at the site of action, optimal dosing regimen with respect to safety and efficacy, food effects, inter-individual variability, drug-drug interaction potential and other scenarios, all with the aim of increasing understanding of a molecule and enabling informed decisions during the drug discovery and development process. GastroPlus™ is an “off the shelf” application that has been reported to accurately predict the absorption and pharmacokinetic profile of small drug-like molecules. Herein, three case studies are described where GastroPlus™ modeling and simulation was employed to predict the absorption and pharmacokinetic profile. In the first case study, GastroPlus™ was employed to predict the pharmacokinetic profile in mouse following oral administration to facilitate dose selection for in vivo pharmacological testing in tumor bearing mice. The second case study employed the parameter sensitivity analysis mode within GastroPlus™ to determine the critical parameters limiting oral exposure of the compound in mouse. The third case study employed GastroPlus™ to predict the implication of food on the human oral exposure of a compound in exploratory development in oncology patients. In all 3 case studies, the results obtained from the modeling and simulation provided key information that led to decisions on either dose selection, chemistry strategy to improve lead matter or clinical protocol design, thus demonstrating the value of modeling and simulation in both early discovery and exploratory development for predicting absorption and pharmacokinetic profiles in the area of oncology research and development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3220. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3220
A real-time medium access control protocol for ad hoc wireless local area networks

We develop and analyze a simple, elegant medium access control (MAC) protocol for use in transmitting real-time data in point to point ad hoc wireless local area networks (WLANs). Our enhancement of IEEE 802.11, real-time MAC (RT-MAC), achieves dramatic reductions in mean delay, missed deadlines, and packet collisions by selectively discarding packets and sharing station state information. For example, in a 50 station network with a normalized offered load of 0.7, mean delay is reduced from more than 14 seconds to less than 45 ms, late packets are reduced from 76% to less than 1%, and packet collisions are reduced from 36% to less than 1%. Regression models are developed from simulation data to describe network behavior in terms of throughput, mean delay, ratio of late packets, and ratio of collisions. Stations using RT-MAC are interoperable with stations using IEEE 802.11.
Speculative separation for privatization and reductions

Automatic parallelization is a promising strategy to improve application performance in the multicore era. However, common programming practices such as the reuse of data structures introduce artificial constraints that obstruct automatic parallelization. Privatization relieves these constraints by replicating data structures, thus enabling scalable parallelization. Prior privatization schemes are limited to arrays and scalar variables because they are sensitive to the layout of dynamic data structures. This work presents Privateer, the first fully automatic privatization system to handle dynamic and recursive data structures, even in languages with unrestricted pointers. To reduce sensitivity to memory layout, Privateer speculatively separates memory objects. Privateer's lightweight runtime system validates speculative separation and speculative privatization to ensure correct parallel execution. Privateer enables automatic parallelization of general-purpose C/C++ applications, yielding a geomean whole-program speedup of 11.4x over best sequential execution on 24 cores, while non-speculative parallelization yields only 0.93x.
Particle size dependence of exchange-bias and coercivity in CuO nanoparticles

Abstract For CuO nanocrystals of size 6.6–37 nm, the exchange bias H eb and coercivity H c are measured at 5 K in zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC at 50 kOe) samples and their variations investigated as a function of particle size D . The similar 1/ D variations observed for the difference coercivity Δ H c = H c (FC)− H c (ZFC) and the interfacial exchange energy Δ σ = H eb M f D are discussed in terms of the ferromagnetic magnetization M f being produced by the uncompensated surface Cu 2+ spins in the otherwise antiferromagnetically ordered CuO nanoparticles. This leads to the observation that the experimentally measured Δ H c provides a good measure of Δ σ in nanoparticle systems, with H eb /Δ H c varying as 1/ M f D .
Comparison of modified transition metal-exchanged zeolite catalysts for oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Complete catalytic oxidation of low-molecular-weight chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride, was studied in air over several cation-exchanged Y zeolite catalysts. The reactions were carried out under atmospheric pressure with temperatures varying from 150 to 400°C and in presence of ≌13000 ppm of water. Primarily, three different cordierite-supported (washcoated) zeolite catalysts (CoY, CrY, and MnY) were prepared and their activities and selectivities were investigated for the above reactions, with CoY appearing to be superior. Although complete conversions of methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride could be obtained at temperatures of 350 and 200°C, respectively, no significant conversion of trichloroethylene was noted at temperatures below 400°C. Incorporation of a transition metal oxide within the zeolite matrix by Cr2O3 impregnation of the cation-exchanged zeolites produced a substantial improvement in trichloroethylene conversion with over 90% destruction obtained at only 325°C. An unsupported chromia-impregnated 116-in. pelletized CoY catalyst showed even better activity results for chlorocarbon oxidation than the supported catalysts. No detectable partial oxidation products were noted in the product spectra, with HCl, CO, and CO2 being the only major products. Catalytic behavior was explained in the view of catalyst composition and properties such as acidity and oxygen adsorption capacity. Probable mechanistic details based on the activity and selectivity data were suggested.
Customer orientation and performance outcomes in supply chain management

Purpose – Despite an extensive body of knowledge on the importance of customer orientation in the marketing and management literature, the impact of customer orientation and interactive system infrastructure throughout enterprise networks is not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to present a model linking customer orientation, interactive system infrastructure, value chain practices, and network performance outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – The prior literature on customer orientation and supply chains is reviewed and a framework is presented which shows the relationship between customer orientation and network performance outcomes, along with other variables.Findings – The conclusion supports the importance of customer orientation in the context of the proposed value chain framework.Research limitations/implications – The framework introduced in this paper provides a review of customer orientation in the enterprise network and a basis for further empirical validation.Practical implicati...
Nonhemolytic streptococcus meningitis

Summary This case of acute purulent meningitis was unusual in that the infecting organism was a minute, nonhemolytic streptococcus. It is at once suggested that the meningitis might have originated from a septic embolus thrown off from a thrombus superimposed on the congenital heart disease. Careful microscopic and macroscopic search of the endocardium failed to show thrombus, vegetation, or scar. Spread of infection from the left middle ear is another possible explanation. Otitis media was not noted before death, and at postmortem the process was acute and apparently recent. The left mastoid cells were not actively involved. There was no evidence of spread through the dura. There remains the possibility of a blood stream invasion from some other source. The febrile attack with sore throat, back pain, and rash, and occurring eleven days before the onset of the acute symptoms would fit with this last conception.
Rad50 depletion impacts upon ATR-dependent DNA damage responses

The Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (MRN) complex is mutated in inherited genomic instability syndromes featuring cancer predisposition, mental retardation and immunodeficiency. It functions both in DNA double-strand break repair and in controlling the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase during the response to these lesions. Patients inheriting homozygosity for an NBS1 hypomorphic allele display reduced phosphorylation of signaling factors such as Chk1, but not of chromatin-associated factor H2AX, after stresses that activate the ATM-related kinase, ATR. Therefore, we tested whether MRN has a global controlling role over the ATR kinase through the study of MRN deficiencies generated via RNA interference. We show for the first time that MRN is required for ATR-dependent phosphorylation of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (Smc1), which acts within chromatin to ensure sister chromatid cohesion and to effect several DNA damage responses. We have uncovered novel phenotypes caused by MRN deficiency that support a functional link between this complex, ATR and Smc1, including hypersensitivity to UV exposure, a defective UV responsive intra-S phase checkpoint and a specific pattern of genomic instability. In addition, certain ATR-dependent responses do not require MRN. These studies demonstrate that there is indeed a controlling role for MRN over the ATR kinase and have established that the downstream events under this control are broad, including both chromatin-associated and diffuse signaling factors, but may not be universal. These studies contribute to our understanding of the central role that MRN plays in damage detection and signaling, which serve to maintain genomic stability and resist neoplastic transformation.
Does dieting during lactation put infant growth at risk

For some women, postpartum retention of weight gained during pregnancy may contribute to obesity. A recent 10-week randomized intervention showed that infants of initially overweight, lactat-ing mothers who exercised and dieted to lose an average of 0.5 kgI week grew normally. The findings of this study support the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight loss in overweight women who are exclusively breast-feeding their child.
Hypercontractile Female Hearts Exhibit Increased S-Nitrosylation of the L-Type Ca2+ Channel α1 Subunit and Reduced Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Mechanisms underlying gender differences in cardiovascular disease are poorly understood. We found previously that, under hypercontractile conditions, female hearts exhibit significantly less ischemia/reperfusion injury than males. Here we show that male wild-type (WT) mouse hearts pretreated with 10 nmol/L isoproterenol before ischemia exhibited increased injury versus female hearts, but this relative protection in females was absent in eNOS −/− and nNOS −/− hearts. In isoproterenol-treated female versus male hearts, there was also more endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) associated with cardiomyocyte caveolin-3, and more neuronal NOS (nNOS) translocation to caveolin-3 during ischemia/reperfusion. S -nitrosothiol (SNO) formation was increased in isoproterenol-treated ischemic/reperfused hearts in all mouse genotypes, but only in WT mice was SNO content significantly higher in females than males. Using the biotin switch method, we identified the L-type Ca 2+ channel α1 subunit as the predominant S -nitrosylated protein in membrane fractions, and following isoproterenol and ischemia/reperfusion male/female differences in SNO were seen only in WT hearts, but not in constitutive NOS −/− genotypes. The isoproterenol-induced increase in L-type Ca 2+ current ( I Ca ) was smaller in females versus in males, but NOS blockade increased I Ca in females. This gender difference in I Ca in isoproterenol-treated myocytes (and abolition on NOS inhibition) was mirrored exactly in Ca 2+ transients and SR Ca 2+ contents. In conclusion, these data suggest that eNOS and nNOS both play roles in the gender differences observed in ischemia/reperfusion injury under adrenergic stimulation, and also demonstrate increased S -nitrosylation of the L-type Ca 2+ channels in female cardiomyocytes.
Uncatalyzed oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfite and its ability to simulate bacterial respiration

Kinetics of the uncatalyzed oxidation of sodium sulfite in dilute, aqueous solution is investigated by measuring oxygen transfer rates to both well-stirred and quiescent pools of solution under pseudo-steady-state conditions with respect to dissolved oxygen. Oxygen partial pressures ranging from 0.08 to 0.42 atm and sulfite concentrations varying between 0.002 and 0.04M are studied with well-stirred experiments.
Case Studies Of Orthopedic Surgery In California: The Virtues Of Care Coordination Versus Specialization

Two overarching frameworks compete to address the organizational ills of the health care system. One framework diagnoses lack of coordination and prescribes integration and global payment. The other diagnoses loss of focus and prescribes specialization and episode payment. This article, based on research and interviews, assesses how the two frameworks manifest themselves at two high-volume orthopedic hospitals in Irvine, California. The Kaiser Permanente Irvine Medical Center is part of a large and diversified health system. The Hoag Orthopedic Institute is a single-specialty facility jointly owned by the physicians and the hospital. Market outcomes, such as the merger of the Hoag specialty hospital into a larger diversified health system, suggest that Kaiser’s focus on coordination of patient care from preadmission to postdischarge is a key factor in its success. But Hoag’s specialization also leads to improved efficiencies. The integrated approach appears to be prevailing. At the same time, large divers...
Accuracy for Sale: Aggregating Data with a Variance Constraint

We consider the problem of a data analyst who may purchase an unbiased estimate of some statistic from multiple data providers. From each provider i, the analyst has a choice: she may purchase an estimate from that provider that has variance chosen from a finite menu of options. Each level of variance has a cost associated with it, reported (possibly strategically) by the data provider. The analyst wants to choose the minimum cost set of variance levels, one from each provider, that will let her combine her purchased estimators into an aggregate estimator that has variance at most some fixed desired level. Moreover, she wants to do so in such a way that incentivizes the data providers to truthfully report their costs to the mechanism. We give a dominant strategy truthful solution to this problem that yields an estimator that has optimal expected cost, and violates the variance constraint by at most an additive term that tends to zero as the number of data providers grows large.
The Social Determinants of Infant Mortality and Birth Outcomes in Western Developed Nations: A Cross-Country Systematic Review

Infant mortality (IM) and birth outcomes, key population health indicators, have lifelong implications for individuals, and are unequally distributed globally. Even among western industrialized nations, striking cross-country and within-country patterns are evident. We sought to better understand these variations across and within the United States of America (USA) and Western Europe (WE), by conceptualizing a social determinants of IM/birth outcomes framework, and systematically reviewing the empirical literature on hypothesized social determinants (e.g., social policies, neighbourhood deprivation, individual socioeconomic status (SES)) and intermediary determinants (e.g., health behaviours). To date, the evidence suggests that income inequality and social policies (e.g., maternal leave policies) may help to explain cross-country variations in IM/birth outcomes. Within countries, the evidence also supports neighbourhood SES (USA, WE) and income inequality (USA) as social determinants. By contrast, within-country social cohesion/social capital has been underexplored. At the individual level, mixed associations have been found between individual SES, race/ethnicity, and selected intermediary factors (e.g., psychosocial factors) with IM/birth outcomes. Meanwhile, this review identifies several methodological gaps, including the underuse of prospective designs and the presence of residual confounding in a number of studies. Ultimately, addressing such gaps including through novel approaches to strengthen causal inference and implementing both health and non-health policies may reduce inequities in IM/birth outcomes across the western developed world.
An abbreviated route to difluoromaleic anhydride [1]

Abstract Difluoromaleic anhydride is obtained in good yield by reaction of either hexafluoro-2, 5-dihydrofuran or hexafluoro-2, 5-dihydrothiophene with sulfur trioxide. Hexafluoro-2, 5-dihydrothiophene is prepared from sulfur and commercially available hexafluorocyclobutene, so its conversion to difluoromaleic anhydride in one step makes the latter readily available as well.
Never Call Retreat: Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War. By J. Lee Thompson. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 362 pp.

Never Call Retreat: Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War. By J. Lee Thompson. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 362 pp. While at the George C. Marshall Foundation's archives researching General Marshall's involvement in the First World War, this reviewer had the pleasure of opening the first folder of the first box and seeing that the very first document was a 1917 letter from former President Theodore Roosevelt to a then-Captain Marshall, releasing him of his commitment to join a new volunteer unit that the former had hoped would be among the first American divisions sent to France. Roosevelt noted that despite the clear provisions in the recent draft legislation allowing for such units (up to four of them, in fact), and in spite of his own strenuous efforts to convince the administration that he was ready for the challenge, President Wilson simply would not authorize any at that time. Although Marshall's goal of being one of the first American officers sent to France was soon realized, Roosevelt's dreams for additional heroic military service were never personally fulfilled, and he had to settle for pushing the war effort at home and the pride of knowing that all four of his sons were doing their bit abroad. This unexpected letter was a reminder of the ways that Roosevelt, years after his departure from the White House and even after his failed run as a third-party candidate in 1912, was still very much near the center of American political and cultural life during the years of World War I. In Never Call Retreat, historian and professor J. Lee Thompson has produced an engaging, well-researched, and thoroughly documented narrative history of Roosevelt's Great War years that provides greater detail than any previous historical account. After a brief account of Roosevelt's 1910 visit to Europe to deliver a belated address for the Nobel Peace Prize (and, ironically, to meet with the German Kaiser), Thompson jumps to the summer of 1914 and covers the months and years until Roosevelt's death in January 1919- Thompson systematically covers three- to six-month periods per chapter, describing, or more accurately, usually just presenting Roosevelt's uniformly entertaining and strident views on the significant issues of the day, while also chronicling his activities and travels. As Thompson clearly shows, Roosevelt was as vocal and active as ever, and while his views were not as synchronized with those of the national electorate as they had been in 1904, his preaching and writing often proved prescient. The former president was at the vanguard of movements for national military preparedness, for undivided patriotic Americanism, and even for some sort of consortium of nations, such as a League of Peace, with the will and power to enforce justice and peace in the international arena. …
Relationships between Odorant Concentration and Aroma Intensity

Aroma intensity of 5 concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 12.5, 62.5, and 312.5 ppm) of dimethyl trisulfide, methional [3-(methylthio) propionaldehyde], linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1, 6-octadien-3-ol), and vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) were evaluated by using sensory panels (n= 15) and gas chromatography olfactometry (GCO, n= 3) coupled with the Osme technique. The exponent (n) from Steven's Power Law was calculated as the slope of the logarithmic scale of perceived intensity versus compound concentration. Both sensory analysis and GCO data demonstrated that all odorants of interest followed Steven's Power Law (R2= 0.92 to 0.99). The relationship between concentration and aroma intensity was more completely explained by Steven's Law than by dilution methods. Results also revealed that GCO-Osme is a time-saving method that provides valuable information about odorants in foods. This method may also be used with other GCO techniques such as combined hedonic aroma response measurement (CHARM) and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) to more completely explain the contribution of compounds to the flavor of food products.
Some recent developments in numerical modelling of fracture toughness in brittle matrix composites

Finite element analysis was used to study the fracture toughening of a ceramic by a stress induced dilatant transformation of second phase particles. The finite element method was based on a continuum theory which modelled the composite as subcritical material. Transient crack growth was simulated in the finite element mesh by a nodal release technique. The crack's remote tensile opening load was adjusted to maintain the near-tip energy release rate at the level necessary for crack advance. The transformation zone surrounding the crack developed as the crack propagated through the composite. Resistance curves were computed from the analysis; and the results show that during crack advance maximum toughness is achieved before a steady state is reached. The toughening effect of a crack-bridging ductile phase in a brittle material may be predicted if ligament deformation is characterized. A plastically deforming ligament constrained by surrounding elastic matrix material is modelled using finite elements and the relevant toughness enhancement information extracted. Comparison is made to model experiments as well as to toughness measured for technologically important materials. The results suggest that debonding along the interface between the ligament and the matrix may enhance the toughening effect of a ductile phase.
Advanced practice psychiatric nurses' outcomes of care: a pilot study.

This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse (APPN) in improving clinical outcomes of depressed clients and measured their clients’ level of satisfaction with APPN care. A longitudinal study design using repeated measures was conducted to evaluate clinical outcomes and satisfaction with care of depressed clients treated by APPNs. The findings suggest that APPNs are highly effective in treating clients with depression and that clients are very satisfied with the care they receive from APPNs.
High-Throughput Secretomic Analysis of Single Cells to Assess Functional Cellular Heterogeneity

Secreted proteins dictate a range of cellular functions in human health and disease. Because of the high degree of cellular heterogeneity and, more importantly, polyfunctionality of individual cells, there is an unmet need to simultaneously measure an array of proteins from single cells and to rapidly assay a large number of single cells (more than 1000) in parallel. We describe a simple bioanalytical assay platform consisting of a large array of subnanoliter microchambers integrated with high-density antibody barcode microarrays for highly multiplexed protein detection from over a thousand single cells in parallel. This platform has been tested for both cell lines and complex biological samples such as primary cells from patients. We observed distinct heterogeneity among the single cell secretomic signatures that, for the first time, can be directly correlated to the cells’ physical behavior such as migration. Compared to the state-of-the-art protein secretion assay such as ELISpot and emerging microtech...
Automating the Delivery of Governmental Business Services Through Workflow Technology

Governments provide a wide range of services to individual citizens, businesses and to other agencies within the same government. Information required to obtain government services is available, but is scattered across many web pages, documents, forms, news, rules and regulations, maps, and other sources, maintained by different government agencies. As a result, it is often quite challenging to extract the relevant information from these abundant and/or hidden sources, to determine which agencies need to be contacted, what exact steps are needed, and in which order they must be taken. Although many government agencies have their own web sites that can process citizens’ requests, entrepreneurs must independently contact each agency and submit business information to each one redundantly as user information is rarely shared across agencies. In this chapter, we describe an approach based on workflow technology that guides entrepreneurs through the process of obtaining a government service, in particular, establishing a new business. This approach has many desirable characteristics: customized workflow generation, decentralized workflow management and automatic execution of the workflow, which are essential for an effective eGovernment environment.
An Archival Retread in Electronic Records: Acquiring Computer Literacy

Archivists may find acquiring computer literacy the most difficult aspect of becoming an electronic records archivist. To reassure archivists and urge them to become involved with the new media, the author explores five aspects related to learning about computers—gender, age, computer anxiety, ways of thinking, and extrinsic knowledge.
R.b.e. and o.e.r. of extended-Bragg-peak helium ions: survival and development of rat embryos.

Rats were exposed under aerobic or hypoxic conditions to 200-1200 rads of 60Co gamma-rays or extended-Bragg-peak helium ions on the eighth day of gestation. Uterine contents were examined on the twentieth day of gestation. At the 50 per cent embryonic survival level, helium ion r.b.e. was 1(.0) (aerobic) and 1(.2) (hypoxic). Maximum attainable gamma-ray and helium-ion o.e.r.s. were 2(.2) and 1(.7) respectively, indicating an oxygen-effect gain (o.e.g.) of 1(.2). At the 10 per cent survival level helium ion r.b.e. was 1(.1) (aerobic) and 1(.4) (hypoxic). Gamma-ray and helium-ion 0.e.r.s. were 2(.0) and 1(.5) respectively, indicating a helium ion o.e.g. of 1(.3). These data demonstrate that the small fraction of high-LET radiation present in this helium ion beam has a neglible effect on the aerobic r.b.e., but lowers the effective o.e.r. of the beam approximately 25 per cent relative to that of gamma-rays. Helium ions were significantly more effective than gamma-rays in killing embryos under hypoxic conditions, in producing congenital abnormalities under aerobic conditions, and in stunting foetal growth under both conditions.
Musings on the puzzle piece

Following is a brief musing on Roy Grinker's discussion of what the puzzle piece symbolizes for autism during his presentation at the 2015 International Meeting for Autism Research. In his words, "The puzzle piece is ubiquitous." It likely holds a different meaning for each of us, and this is how one autism researcher sees it.
Affirming the interdependent self: Implications for Latino student performance.

ABSTRACTWe examined whether culture-relevant affirmations that focus on family (i.e., family affirmation) would enhance performance for Latino students compared to affirmations that focus on the individual (i.e., self-affirmation). In Study 1 (N = 82), Latino middle school students exposed to a family affirmation outperformed Latino students exposed to a self-affirmation. In Study 2 (N = 269), Latino college students exposed to a family affirmation outperformed Latino students exposed to a self-affirmation and outperformed European American students across conditions. European American students performed equally well across conditions. The findings suggest that culture provides a meaningful framework for developing effective classroom strategies.
Regulation of Pinocytosis in Amoeba Proteus by the Calcium Ion

Pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus involves the uptake of surface bound solute and a portion of the bulk-phase medium by surface membrane infolding and vesiculation. The complex process of pinocytosis in the cell is initiated by the binding of a cationic inducer (Chapman-Andresen, 1962) to the cell surface and is terminated by the internalization of the membrane bound inducer into the cytoplasm. The calcium ion plays a major role in pinocytosis, as it does in a number of other physiological processes, participating in several distinct phases of the pinocytotic cycle. It was observed some time ago (Brandt and Freeman, 1967) that the induction of pinocytosis in the amoeba was correlated with a decrease in membrane resistance and an increase in membrane permeability. This change in membrane resistance associated with the initiation of pinocytosis in the amoeba could be reversed by increasing the level of Ca++ in the external medium. It has now been established that external Ca++ controls the overall solute permeability of the amoeba surface (Prusch and Dunham, 1972). Consequently, it has been suggested by a number of investigators (Cooper, 1968, Josefsson, 1976) that pinocytosis in the amoeba is initiated by the displacement of surface associated calcium upon the addition of inducer to the external medium. More recently, it has been demonstrated that pinocytotic intensity is dependent upon the level of Ca in the external medium (Josefsson, 1976; Prusch and Hannafin, 1979b).
Volatile Hexavalent Oxo-amidinate Complexes: Molybdenum and Tungsten Precursors for Atomic Layer Deposition

New complexes MoO2(tBuAMD)2 (1) and WO2(tBuAMD)2 (2) (AMD = acetamidinato) are synthesized and fully characterized as precursors for atomic layer deposition (ALD). They contain metal-oxo functionalities not previously utilized in ALD-type growth processes and are fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, single-crystal XRD, and elemental analysis. Guided by quartz-crystal microbalance studies, ALD growth methodologies for both complexes have been developed. Remarkably, these isostructural compounds exhibit dramatic differences in ALD properties. Using 1 and O3, amorphous, ultrathin molybdenum oxynitride (MoON) films are grown on Si(100) wafers. Using 2 and H2O yields amorphous WO3 films on Si(100) wafers that crystallize as WO3 nanowires upon annealing. Although 1/H2O and 2/O3 growth was attempted, effective ALD growth could only be obtained with 1/O3 and 2/H2O, underscoring reactivity differences in these precursors. Film thick...
The Homogeneous Reduction of CO2 by [Ni(cyclam)]+: Increased Catalytic Rates with the Addition of a CO Scavenger

The homogeneous electrochemical reduction of CO2 by the molecular catalyst [Ni(cyclam)]2+ is studied by electrochemistry and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The electrochemical kinetics are probed by varying CO2 substrate and proton concentrations. Products of CO2 reduction are observed in infrared spectra obtained from spectroelectrochemical experiments. The two major species observed are a Ni(I) carbonyl, [Ni(cyclam)(CO)]+, and a Ni(II) coordinated bicarbonate, [Ni(cyclam)(CO2OH)]+. The rate-limiting step during electrocatalysis is determined to be CO loss from the deactivated species, [Ni(cyclam)(CO)]+, to produce the active catalyst, [Ni(cyclam)]+. Another macrocyclic complex, [Ni(TMC)]+, is deployed as a CO scavenger in order to inhibit the deactivation of [Ni(cyclam)]+ by CO. Addition of the CO scavenger is shown to dramatically increase the catalytic current observed for CO2 reduction. Evidence for the [Ni(TMC)]+ acting as a CO scavenger includes the observation of [Ni(TMC)(CO)]+ by IR. Density f...
Aggressive Behavior of the Meadow and Prairie Voles

A comparison was made of the intra- and interspecific aggressive behavior of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster , and the meadow vole, M. pennsylvanicus . M. ochrogaster was found to display little aggressive behavior towards others of its own species; when confined together, individuals almost always huddled and groomed each other within a few minutes' time. M. pennsylvanicus was intolerant of other individuals of its own species; individuals attempted to avoid each other whenever possible and fought when forced into an encounter. M. ochrogaster , although it displayed less aggressive behavior in general, appeared to be dominant over M. pennsylvanicus . There was less interspecific aggressive behavior between M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus than intra-specific aggressive behavior in M. pennsylvanicus .