cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Electron Energy‐Loss Measurements on the System ZrO2‐CaO

The accuracy of present EELS quantification procedures has been assessed using a directionally solidified eutectic in the system ZrO2-CaO. In the present study, Ca/O ratios were determined under various operating and analysis conditions and showed good agreement with values calculated from the stoichiometry. Systematic errors in the EELS data were attributed to difficulties in fitting the Ca edge, due to the proximity of other edges in the spectrum, highlighting one of the major problems associated with analysis of multicomponent systems. In addition, sharp discontinuities in the Ca/O ratio were observed when profiling across lamellar interfaces, indicating that EELS shows good sensitivity to abrupt changes in composition and has potential for quantitative light element analysis.
The status of metal-matrix composite research and development in Japan

Although a relatively late entrant to the field of metal matrix composites research and development, Japan has aggressively pursued a campaign of investigation and application of this technology, enabling attainment of a position of prominence in several areas. Achievements both scientific and technical have resulted from coordinating the efforts of government, industries, and universities, focusing on economically viable materials, and seeking a position of leadership in the commercial application of metal-matrix composites.
Rapid Fabrication and Chemical Patterning of Polymer Microstructures and their Applications as a Platform for Cell Cultures

Much of the current knowledge regarding biological processes has been obtained through in-vitro studies in bulk aqueous solutions or in conventional Petri-dishes, with neither methodology accurately duplicating the actual in-vivo biological processes. Recently, a number of innovative approaches have attempted to address these shortcomings by providing substrates with controlled features. In particular, tunable surface chemistries and topographical micro and nanostructures have been used as model systems to study the complex biological processes. We herein report a versatile and rapid fabrication method to produce a variety of microstructured polymer substrates with precise control and tailoring of their surface chemistries. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate, produced by replication over a master mold with specific microstructures, is modified by a fluoro siloxane derivative to enhance its anti-adhesion characteristics and used as a secondary replication mold. A curable material, deposited by spin coating on various substrates, is stamped with the secondary mold and crosslinked. The removal of the secondary mold produces a microstructured surface with the same topographical features as the initial master mold. The facile chemical patterning of the microstructured substrates is demonstrated through the use of microcontact printing methods and these materials are tested as a platform to guide cell attachment, growth and proliferation. The master mold and flexible fluorinated PDMS stamps can be used in a repeated manner without any degradation of the anti-adhesion characteristics opening the way to the development of high-throughput fabrication methods that can yield reliable and inexpensive microstructured and chemically patterned substrates.
d-Glucose-1-phosphate: d-glucose-6-phosphotransferase☆

Abstract An enzyme has been demonstrated which catalyzes the formation of glucose 6-phosphate from glucose and glucose 1-phosphate. Several other hexoses, but not pentoses or a variety of other hydroxylic compounds, can act as acceptors. Fructose I -phosphate also functions as a phosphoryl donor. The new enzyme, glucose- I -phosphate phosphotransferase differs from phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7·5.I) by its substrate specificity and its lack of cofactor requirements. Glucose- I -phosphate phosphotransferase was purified about 100-fold from extracts of Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Mycobacterium smegmatis.
Correlating equations for laminar and turbulent free convection from a vertical plate

Abstract A simple expression is developed for the space-mean Nu (or Sh ) for all Ra and Pr (or Sc) in terms of the model of Churchill and Usagi. The development utilizes experimental values for Ra approaching zero and infinity, and the theoretical solutions obtained from laminar boundary-layer theory. The expression is applicable to uniform heating as well as to uniform wall temperature and for mass transfer and simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The correlation provides a basis for estimating transfer rates for non-Newtonian fluids and for inclined plates. Even simpler expressions are developed for restricted ranges of conditions. The general and restricted expressions are compared with representative experimental data. The structure of the correlating equation shows why the common power-law-type equations cannot be successful over an extended range of Ra and Pr .
Cycling Zone Separations

Abstract This article discusses cycling zone separations for the reader not already familiar with cyclic separations. Two models, the counter-current distribution model and the local equilibrium model, are developed in depth and used to explain and predict both single component and multi-component separations. Both the direct mode and traveling wave mode of operation are treated. Experimental results utilizing both temperature and concentration as thermodynamic variables are presented and compared with theoretical predictions for single component separations. Conditions for good separations in both single component and multi-component systems are outlined. Some of the experimental results have not been previously presented.
Mediation as a function of association value in the AB, BC, AC paradigm

Four experimental manipulations of association value (LLL, HLL, LHL, and LLH) were applied to the AB, BC, AC paradigm. High association value word pairs (H) facilitated list learning as well as mediation. It appeared that the mediation facilitation was greatest when the high associates were in Stages 1 and 3 of the paradigm, being minimally effective in Stage 2.
Thermomechanical behavior of a graphite foam

Abstract The thermomechanical behavior of a graphite foam derived from pitch for use in thermal management was studied in air up to 150 °C. The damping capacity or loss tangent under flexure was 0.17 at 30 °C for the graphite foam, compared to 0.02 for conventional graphite (not a foam), 0.15 for flexible graphite and 0.22 for PTFE. The loss tangent of the graphite foam decreased with increasing temperature, whereas that of conventional graphite did not. The compressive strain of the graphite foam strongly depended on time, compressive stress and temperature. Due to creep at 30 °C, it reached 3% at 200 kPa, in contrast to 0.7% for conventional graphite. Thermal softening increased the compressive strain in the graphite foam upon heating and subsequent cooling, such that the thermal expansion phenomenon was overshadowed. In contrast, thermal softening was less in conventional graphite. The storage modulus of the graphite foam under flexure was lower than that of conventional graphite. Its fractional decrease with increasing temperature was more than that of conventional graphite.
Maximizing the product distribution in batch reactors: reactions in parallel

Abstract The problem of achieving optimal product distribution from batch reactors when operated with the choice of a single initial charge (simple batch), several discrete charges (discrete semibatch) or a continuous feed rate (continuous semibatch) is solved for a general set of parallel reactions where only a single reactant concentration influences the reaction rate expressions. Because the ideal plug flow reactor with side entry streams is analogous to the semibatch reactor, the solution methods presented here are also directly applicable to the design of such plug flow reactors.
Effect of the nerve fiber path eccentricity on the single fiber action potential

The relative position of an indwelling electrode to the nerve fiber plays a critical role in the shape of the single fiber action potential (SFAP) detected by the electrode. Parameters such as electrode to fiber distance, fiber path, and position of the nodes of Ranvier can have a substantial influence on the shape and frequency content of the SFAP. This study explores the effects of these parameters on the shape of simulated SFAPs within a nerve bundle with a thin-film Longitudinal Intrafascicular Electrode (tfLIFE) longitudinally implanted at the midline of a 2.4 mm diameter nerve fascicle. The SFAPs were calculated for various distances, fiber paths and nodal offsets for a 10 μm caliber myelinated fibers. The correlation coefficient was used to quantify the changes in the SFAP shape. It was found that all parameters play a role in changing the SFAP shape. The nodal offset was found to have the greatest effect, altering the correlation coefficient nearly 0.2 from the reference SFAP. Knowing that the parameters have such an effect on the SFAP shape has lead to the conclusion that fiber distance, path and nodal offset has the potential of allowing the extraction of nerve fiber locations relative to the electrode structure.
Plant Virology. M. K. Corbett and H. D. Sisler, Eds. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 1964. xviii + 527 pp. Illus. $12.50

In Barry Commoner9s review of Plant Virology (9 April 1965, p. 209), column 3, lines 23 and 24, should read ". . . [if they are not, we shall eventually find out]. . . ." Owing to a printing error the word not was omitted from the review.
A Colorimetric Ligand for Mercuric Ion

Practical materials are needed to expedite the detection and screening of heavy metals. This Letter describes the synthesis of a new phosphorodithioate-based ligand 1 that specifically communicates a color change when exposed to mercuric ion. The origin of this recognition arises through a charge transfer and solubility change. This ligand now extends a new means to visually screen and spectroscopically quantify mercuric ion.
Trends in snow and ice research

Snow and ice phenomena, commonly referred to under the generic heading of the cryosphere, include snow cover and avalanches, sea and freshwater ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and ground ice. Seasonally, snow and ice are prominent features of the terrestrial environment. Together they occupy 15% of the earth's surface in January, at a time when Antarctic sea ice is near its minimum extent. In July, when northern hemisphere snow cover is largely absent, the total area is just under 9%. In contrast, permanent ice is relatively insignificant in extent. Table 1 shows that the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets plus smaller ice caps and glaciers account for just under 10% of the land surface. In volumetric terms, however, these ice masses contain the equivalent of a 77-m rise in world sea level. During the Last Glacial Maximum, about 18,000 years ago, when ice covered nearly all of Canada and much of northwestern Europe, world sea level was lowered by at least 120 m, and perhaps as much as 180 m, because of the increased volume of water locked up in the augmented ice masses.
Expanding applications for the microdebrider in pediatric endoscopic airway surgery

Abstract Objectives: The microdebrider has been described as a useful tool in treating laryngeal papillomas, but there are no reports in the literature of other uses for this instrument in the pediatric airway. The objective of this paper is to describe expanding applications for the microdebrider in pediatric airway surgery. Methods: All pediatric airway cases in which the microdebrider was used over a 16-month period were reviewed. The cases of laryngeal papillomas were noted, and additional previously unreported uses of the microdebrider were described. The specific utility and advantages of the microdebrider in each surgical setting were identified. Results: The microdebrider was used in 51 pediatric airway procedures. Twenty-three of these cases involved novel previously unreported applications of the microdebrider. These include distal tracheal papillomas, tracheal and subglottic stenosis, suprastomal and distal tracheal granulations, and a variety of other lesions. Specific scenarios in which the microdebrider was felt to be indispensable to the procedure are described. Conclusions: The microdebrider is an exciting and promising instrument that has previously only been described for treatment of laryngeal papillomas in pediatric patients. However, we have found that correct utilization of the various tip configurations available on this instrument have made management of many airway lesions commonly encountered by pediatric otolaryngologists safer, more expedient, cheaper, and simpler than previously described methods. In our practice, this instrument has largely supplanted the use of the CO2 laser and some open approaches for management of many pediatric tracheal problems.
New Mexico State University: Computing Research Laboratory

CRL's contribution to DARPA's program is to bring to bear on natural language understanding two closely-related belief and context mechanisms: dynamic generation of nested belief structures (ViewGen) and hypotheses for reasoning and problem-solving (MGR).
Pressure and Temperature Dependences of the Raman-Active Phonons in Sn O 2

The temperature (10-500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and pressure (0-4 kbar) dependences of the four Raman-active phonons ${B}_{1g}$, ${E}_{g}$, ${A}_{1g}$, and ${B}_{2g}$ as well as thermal expansion (93-700 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and isothermal compressibility (0-3 kbar) in Sn${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ were measured. These measurements allowed us to determine the mode Gr\"uneisen parameters for the Raman-active phonons and to separate the isobaric temperature dependence of each frequency into pure-volume and pure-temperature contributions. By this procedure the cubic and quartic anharmonicities responsible for the pure-temperature contributions to the mode frequencies were determined. The ${B}_{1g}$ mode in Sn${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibited anomalous temperature and pressure dependences in that $\ensuremath{\omega}({B}_{1g})$ increased with temperature and decreased with pressure. The remaining modes exhibited decreases in frequency with increasing temperature and increases in frequency with increasing pressure, characteristic of ionic crystals. The results are compared with the recent results on the isomorphic compound tetragonal Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Structure of the Curzon metric

Abstract It is shown that the Curzon metric for positive mass contains a singular event horizon of infinite area; and that consequently the three-dimensional spatial hypersurfaces orthogonal to the Killing vector field are multiply connected.
NOVEL APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE

Abstract Graft versus host disease (GVHD remains the major obstacle to the application of bone marrow transplantation across HLA barriers. Recent advances in our understanding of GVHD pathophysiology have resulted in the evaluation in animal models and in clinical trials of some novel approaches to avoiding and treating GVHD. Continued advances in our knowledge are likely to result in the clinical application of biological therapies to maximize graft versus leukemia effects and alloengraftment, while avoiding GVHD.
Theoretical Implications and Practical Applications of the a-b Signal Detection Theory Model for Human-Automation Interaction:

The purpose of this research was threefold: 1) Present the a-b Signal Detection Theory (SDT) model as an alternative theoretical framework to overcome the limitations of traditional SDT, 2) Provide basic empirical support to validate the adequacy of the model, and 3) Show the potential generalizability of the model to different domain-specific areas within applied settings. The results from the basic empirical study suggest that the a-b SDT model provides a more accurate theoretical framework for examining the underlying processes involved in signal detection and decision making. Furthermore, the findings from the domain-specific study show the potential applicability and generalizability of the a-b SDT model for examining human-automation interaction. The end product of this work is particularly important for researchers and practitioners who are interested in applying a basic fundamental framework for examining how sensory, perceptual, and cognitive factors may affect humans' decision-making accuracy an...
The spacetime supersymmetric formulation of the string

Abstract The Green-Schwarz formulation of the ten-dimensional superstring is one of the more intriguing approaches to string theory. Together with the Brink-Schwarz superparticle and the super-p-branes, the Green-Schwarz superstring has both a manifest spacetime supersymmetry and an obscure local worldsheet (worldline, world volume) fermionic symmetry. Preservation of this latter symmetry of the string in the presence of background massless fields implies constraints on these background fields which are equivalent to their classical equations of motion. This correspondence underlies a twistor-like transform in ten dimensions. When formulated in a curved background superspace, the superstring defines an equivalence relation on superspace geometries which explains the equivalence of differing formulations of supergravity in superspace. These developments in classical superobjects are reviewed in this report, and we make some comments on recent progress in their quantization.
Recall of familiar objects and projected color photographys of objects by mentally retarded individuals of comparable mental age.

Summary.-The effects of cue-availability on short-term and long-term recall of 40 mentally retarded children were investigated. Subjects were chosen on the basis of comparable mental age (approximately 90 mo.) and randomly assigned to either an objects (high cues) group or slides (low cues) group. 52 familiar objects served as stimuli for the objects group and projected color photographs of the objects were presented to the slides group. In the shortterm recall session the subjects were shown stimuli grouped into eight trials and asked to recall the names of the stimuli in each trial ten seconds after presentation. Delayed recall was obtained 48 hr. later in a free recall session. The objects group scored significantly higher than the slides group on memory span (p < .01), short-term recall (p < .OOl), and delayed recall (p < ,025). The facilitation of recall achieved by using three-dimensional stimuli was clearly demonstrated, and the relative degree of facilitation was comparable for both short- and long-term recall. The differential effects of stereometric objects and patterns on discriminative learning tasks have been considered by several investigators. Harlow (1945) concluded that non-human primates learned to discriminate stereometric object stimuli more efficiently than patterned stimuli. Stephenson and McBee (1958) found that with intellectually normal children (CAs 4 and 6 yr.), "stereometric objects are less difficult to discriminate than are patterns." House, Zeaman, Orlando, and Fischer in 1957 (cited by House & Zeaman, 1960) reported similar findings with mentally retarded subjects, even when the relevant cues were kept constant In a transfer discrimination study by House and Zeaman (1960) it was assumed that a difficult task for retardates would be pattern discrimination and that an easier problem would be a discrimination using three-dimensional objects. The results confirmed their assumption. Using normal and retarded subjects, Iscoe and Semler (1964) used photographs of the object stimuli rather than patterns in a paired-associate task. They proposed that the inferior performance observed when using patterns (or pictures) rather than object stimuli was due to a reduction of cues. Iscoe and Semler further state ". . . that reducing cues by using pictures instead of objects has a differential effect favoring normal subjects over [mentally retarded] subjects when the pairs to be learned have high associative value in terms of categorical similarity" (p. 390).
Insights into the measurement of the octanol–water partition coefficient from experiments with acrylate esters

A new apparatus is described for the measurement of the octanol–water partition coefficient, Kow; it incorporates features of the slow-stir, filter-probe and generator column methods. Drops of the aqueous phase are passed through a column of octanol solution and the approach to equilibrium is monitored by following the absorbance of the aqueous phase. Experiments were run with 13 acrylate esters; the group includes mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-acrylate esters and spans a large range of hydrophobicity. At equilibrium, the octanol phase was analysed for the ester and water, and the aqueous phase was analysed for the ester and octanol. For 12 compounds, the experiments were run at various concentrations and in all cases the concentration of ester in octanol is a non-linear function of the concentration of ester in water. The non-linearity can be explained by dimerisation of the ester in the octanol phase for 10 of the 12 compounds (group 1); the range of log Kow is −0.2 to 3.1. For two hydrophobic compounds (group 2), the non-linearity can be explained, in part, by tetramerisation of the ester in the octanol phase; the log Kow of these is 5.5 and 6.1. At the end of partitioning experiments, the molar absorption coefficients of group 1 correspond well with molar absorption coefficients of aqueous solutions that were prepared separately. In contrast, the molar absorption coefficients of group 2 are much higher than expected and are interpreted as measures of turbidence; this is evidence for the existence of micelles in the aqueous phase. Experiments with stearyl acrylate, the most hydrophobic ester of the thirteen, at a single concentration in the octanol phase show a strong dependence of the partition coefficient on the concentration of octanol in water. This may be interpreted by a micelle mechanism involving both octanol and the ester. Three esters form a series of the general structural form R1-(CH2CH2O)m-R2 with m=1, 2 and 3. The partition coefficient decreases with the increasing number of ethyleneoxy moieties, m; the inclusion of one moiety decreases log Kow by 0.1–0.2, in agreement with other work.
Connecting Home and School Literacy Practices in Classrooms with Diverse Populations

I present the cases of 5 students from diverse backgrounds and conclude that home and school are more connected for some students than for others. Home and school were tightly connected for middle-...
Steady-state movement-related cortical potentials: a new approach to assessing cortical activity associated with fast repetitive finger movements

Traditionally, studies of movement-related cortical potentials have focused on the preparation of single self-paced movements performed slowly. We studied MRCPs elicited by metronome-paced, fast repetitive finger movements (2/s) with 28-channel (10 normal subjects) and 122-channel (two subjects) EEG. EMG-locked averaging of 500 ms time windows (300 ms before to 200 ms after each EMG onset) produced a distinct pattern of phasic MRCPs (steady-state MRCPs). The main components were a pre-movement peak (pre-MP), 57 ms before EMG onset, and a post-movement peak (post-MP), 93 ms after EMG onset. From timing information and topographic mapping results, we propose that the pre-MP is largely generated by a tangential source in the anterior bank of the central sulcus and reflects precentral motor processing, whereas the post-MP is generated in the posterior bank of the central sulcus and represents post-central feedback processing. Steady-state MRCPs require actual recording times of less than 10 min, and show excellent inter-session reproducibility. These characteristics may make them convenient for studying sensorimotor cortex activity experimentally and clinically.
Measurement of TSH in plasma and pituitary of the rat by a radioimmunoassay utilizing bovine TSH: effect of thyroidectomy or thyroxine administration on plasma TSH levels.

A method for radioimmunoassay of bovine TSH has been developed which can be used to measure plasma TSH concentration in the rat and mouse and pituitary TSH concentration in the rat, beef, pig, mouse, sheep, rabbit and monkey. Hormonal specificity has been demonstrated by lack of interference in the assay by rat growth hormone and bovine LH. Preparations of rat FSH cross-react slightly in the assay system, an effect attributable to TSH contamination. Rat LH cross-reacts to a greater degree. The effect is due in part to TSH contamination but may also be due to true antigenic similarity between TSH and LH. The extent of cross-reactivity between LH and TSH is slight and does not interfere with the TSH specificity of the assay since plasma levels are not elevated in gonadectomized animals, and are not detectable in T4-treated animals. Using bioassayed rat pituitary extract as standard, normal (decapitate) plasma TSH in the male rat, 200–250 g body wt, was 47.3 ±7.2, 42.6 ±5.0 and 29.0 ±4.8 mU/100 ml in separat...
Photochemical synthesis and cationic photopolyermization of α,ω‐diepoxyalkanes

α,ω-Diepoxyalkanes monomers (C 2 H 3 O)(CH 2 CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 ) m (C 2 H 3 O) (m= 1,2) and (C 2 H 3 O)(CH 2 ) 4 (C 2 H 3 O) were prepared by mercury-sensitized hydrodimerization od α,ω-epoxyalkenes. These monomers are low viscosity liquids with excellent reactivity in photoinitiated cationic polymerization
Watershed boundaries and geographic isolation: patterns of diversification in cutthroat trout from western North America

For wide-ranging species, intraspecific variation can occur as a result of reproductive isolation from local adaptive differences or from physical barriers to movement. Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), a widely distributed fish species from North America, has been divided into numerous putative subspecies largely based on its isolation in different watersheds. In this study, we examined mtDNA sequence variation of cutthroat trout to determine the major phylogenetic lineages of this polytypic species. We use these data as a means of testing whether geographic isolation by watershed boundaries can be a primary factor organizing intraspecific diversification. We collected cutthroat trout from locations spanning almost the entire geographic range of this species and included samples from all major subspecies of cutthroat trout. Based on our analyses, we reveal eight major lineages of cutthroat trout, six of which correspond to subspecific taxonomy commonly used to describe intraspecific variation in this species. The Bonneville cutthroat trout (O. c. utah) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvieri) did not form separate monophyletic lineages, but instead formed an intermixed clade. We also document the geographic distribution of a Great Basin lineage of cutthroat trout; a group typically defined as Bonneville cutthroat trout, but it appears more closely related to the Colorado River lineage of cutthroat trout. Our study indicates that watershed boundaries can be an organizing factor isolating genetic diversity in fishes; however, historical connections between watersheds can also influence the template of isolation. Widely distributed species, like cutthroat trout, offer an opportunity to assess where historic watershed connections may have existed, and help explain the current distribution of biological diversity across a landscape.
Orthogonal Surface Lead Recordings of His-Purkinje Activity: Comparison of Actual and Simulated Waveforms

Noninvasive His-Purkinje system (HPS) recordings can be obtained using high amplification and signal averaging. However, this technique lacks the firm underpinnings necessary for its establishment as a useful clinical tool for the study of the electrical activity of the heart. Previous work has been incomplete resulting in fragmented knowledge of the body surface HPS activity and the nature of the HPS as an electrical source.
Spatiotemporal sensor network and mobile robot coordination in constrained environments

This paper presents a multi-robot coordination architecture for a robot-sensor network to track and intercept targets. For a target tracking and interception task, the sensor network continuously tracks the targets and dynamically selects robots to intercept the target. The robots are navigated through the sensor network. The main contribution of this paper lies on providing a scalable, power saving robot selection algorithm for the sensor networks. The robot selection algorithm is addressed based on partitioning among sensor nodes. Through partitioning, the sensor nodes are grouped so that they know which robot to choose if it is the closest to the target. The partitioning is updated with respect to the movement of robots. The proposed algorithms are proven to be effective and verified by simulations.
Novel ABS-based binary and ternary polymer blends for material extrusion 3D printing

Material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP) based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is currently the most commonly used additive manufacturing method. However, ME3DP suffers from a limitation of compatible materials and typically relies upon amorphous thermoplastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The work presented here demonstrates the development and implementation of binary and ternary polymeric blends for ME3DP. Multiple blends of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS), and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were created through a twin screw compounding process to produce novel polymer blends compatible with ME3DP platforms. Mechanical testing and fractography were used to characterize the different physical properties of these new blends. Though the new blends possessed different physical properties, compatibility with ME3DP platforms was maintained. Also, a decrease in surface roughness of a standard test piece was observed for some blends as compared with ABS.
Transparent Thin Films of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Self-Assembled on Polyamide 11 Nanofibers†

Electrospun polyamide 11 (PA11) nanofiber films are used as a guide for the deposition of two-dimensional networks of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This method allows for the manufacturing of transparent and electrically conductive thin films. It is demonstrated that the sheet resistance (Rs) and transmittance (T) decrease, as the films become thicker due to longer electrospinning times or larger fibers. The transmittance could be improved by fusing (melting) the fibers at moderate temperatures or impregnating the film with a resin, showing that light scattering rather than absorption by the MWNTs or the polymer was responsible for a low transmittance. As the number of MWNT deposition cycles increases, the Rs decreases with a constant transmittance. A fused 100 nm film obtained after 10 min of electrospinning of the 2 wt % PA11 solution shows Rs = 154 kΩ sq−1 and T = 83% after ten MWNT deposition cycles. A 95% transmittance was achieved after removing the polymer fibers by heating the glass plate in air (Rs = 440 kΩ sq−1 after five MWNT deposition cycles).
Generation of Alternative Ultrabithorax Isoforms and Stepwise Removal of a Large Intron by Resplicing at Exon–Exon Junctions

Little is known about mechanisms that regulate and ensure accurate processing of complex transcription units with long introns. We investigate this in the Ultrabithorax gene of Drosophila. A consensus 5' splice site is regenerated at the junction between the first exon and a small internal exon (mI); this splice site is used in a developmentally regulated manner to remove mI during subsequent processing of the downstream intron. Conserved elements within mI and an interaction with exon mII modulate use of the regenerated splice site. Structural similarities predict the same process for mII. This resplicing mechanism avoids competition between distant splice sites for control of exon inclusion and allows removal of a 74 kb intron as a series of smaller fragments.
Demonstration of near-field waveguide mode conversion with an irregular waveguide

A 1.55 mum scanning microscope experiment shows that wavelength-dependent mode conversion in micrometer-scale metallic waveguide structures is feasible, thereby paving the way for compact signal processing elements. The design, fabrication and optical measurement are described.
Long-term results of radiation therapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze 15 patients treated with radiation therapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) between June 1975 and March 1996. Materials and Methods: All patients had a 2.5-year minimum follow-up. All patients had advanced disease (Chandler stage III or stage IV); two thirds of the patients had intracranial extension. Results: Local control after radiotherapy was obtained in 13 of 15 patients (85%). Two patients had local recurrences, and both were salvaged with surgery for an ultimate local control rate of 100%. Late complications included cataracts in 3 patients, delayed transient central nervous system (CNS) syndrome in 1 patient, and a basal cell carcinoma of the skin in 1 patient. Of 15 patients, 13 (85%) had a complete response (CR) on physical examination following radiation therapy. The median time to CR was 13 months (range, 1 to 39 months). Of 6 patients with residual disease in more than 24 months, 2 (33%) had a recurrence, whereas no patient achieving CR in less than 24 months experienced a recurrence. Conclusions: Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for advanced JNA. Tumor regression usually occurs slowly over several months. JNAs that are slow to regress (greater than 2 years) may have an increased risk of recurrence. (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:172-175. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
The capacity of orthogonal and bi-orthogonal codes on the Gaussian channel

This correspondence analyzes the performance of concatenated coding systems and modulation schemes operating over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by examining the loss of capacity resulting from each of the processing steps. The techniques described in this correspondence allow the separate evaluation of codes and decoders and thus the identification of where loss of capacity occurs. Knowledge of this capacity loss is very useful for the overall design of a communications system, e.g., for evaluating the benefits of inner decoders that produce information beyond the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate. The first two sections of this correspondence provide a general technique for calculating the composite capacity of an orthogonal or a bi-orthogonal code and the AWGN channel in isolation. The later sections examine the composite capacities of an orthogonal or a bi-orthogonal code, the AWGN channel, and various inner decoders including the decoder estimating the bit-by-bit probability of a one, as is used in turbo codes. The calculations in these examples show that the ML decoder introduces a large loss in capacity. Much of this capacity loss can be regained by using only slightly more complex inner decoders, e.g., a detector for M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) that puts out the two most likely frequencies and the probability the ML estimate is correct produces significantly less degradation than one that puts out only the most likely frequency.
Is "Cootie" in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Attempt to Modify Implicit Associations Tied to Contamination Fears.

To examine the causal link between implicit associations and fear reduction, a conditioning paradigm was used in an attempt to modify contamination-related implicit associations for individuals hig...
Accurate frequency estimation using phase information

Accurate frequency estimation of a complex sinusoid corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise is discussed. At a high signal to noise ratio (SNR) the additive noise transforms into an equivalent noise in the phase information. The estimator based on this phase information is computationally simpler than the maximum likelihood estimator and also attains the Cramer-Rao bound. >
Greedy Distance Vector Routing

Greedy Distance Vector (GDV) is the first geographic routing protocol designed to optimize end-to-end path costs using any additive routing metric, such as: hop count, latency, ETX, ETT, etc. GDV requires no node location information. Instead, GDV uses estimated routing costs to destinations which are locally computed from node positions in a virtual space. GDV makes use of VPoD, a new virtual positioning protocol for wireless networks. Prior virtual positioning systems (e.g., Vivaldi and GNP) were designed for Internet hosts and require that each host measures latencies (routing costs) to distant hosts or landmarks. VPoD does not have this requirement and uses only routing costs between directly connected nodes. Experimental results show that the routing performance of GDV is better than prior geographic routing protocols when hop count is used as metric and much better when ETX is used as metric. As a geographic protocol, the storage cost of GDV per node remains low as network size increases. GDV provides guaranteed delivery for nodes placed in 2D, 3D, and higher dimensions. We also show that GDV and VPoD are highly resilient to dynamic topology changes.
Ribonuclease S‐peptide as a carrier in fusion proteins

S-peptide (residues 1-20) and S-protein (residues 21-124) are the enzymatically inactive products of the limited digestion of ribonuclease A by subtilisin. S-peptide binds S-protein with high affinity to form ribonuclease S, which has full enzymatic activity. Recombinant DNA technology was used to produce a fusion protein having three parts: carrier, spacer, and target. The two carriers used were the first 15 residues of S-peptide (S15) and a mutant S15 in which Asp 14 had been changed to Asn (D14N S15). The spacer consisted of three proline residues and a four-residue sequence recognized by factor Xa protease. The target was beta-galactosidase. The interaction between the S-peptide portion of the fusion protein and immobilized S-protein allowed for affinity purification of the fusion protein under denaturing (S15 as carrier) or nondenaturing (D14N S15 as carrier) conditions. A sensitive method was developed to detect the fusion protein after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by its ribonuclease activity following activation with S-protein. S-peptide has distinct advantages over existing carriers in fusion proteins in that it combines a small size (> or = 15 residues), a tunable affinity for ligand (Kd > or = 10(-9) M), and a high sensitivity of detection (> or = 10(-16) mol in a gel).
Platelet derived growth factor-BB is a potent mitogen for rat ureteral and human bladder smooth muscle cells: dependence on lipid rafts for cell signaling.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Fibromuscular tissues of the detrusor/bladder body (B), trigone (T) and ureter (U) display distinct patterns of tissue remodeling in pathologic contexts, however the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. In this study we asked whether B, T and U smooth muscle cells (SMC) respond to several SMC growth factors and explored the role of caveolae/lipid raft membrane microdomains in signaling by one of these factors, PDGF-BB.Materials and Methods: SMC were isolated and cultured from B, T and U from newborn rats and from human bladder detrusor. Responses to growth factors were assessed by cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and immunoblot methods. Cholesterol was depleted from cell membranes in select experiments using cyclodextrin and the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor lovastatin. High-affinity PDGF receptor (PDGFR) sites were measured by 125I-PDGF-BB binding assay.Results: PDGF-BB increased DNA synthesis rate in U and T SMC, with U SMC being highly responsive; in contrast, B SM...
Nickel(II) and cobalt(II) perchlorate complexes of 4-substituted benzamides

Abstract Nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of 4-substituted benzamides with the general formula [M(ZC 7 H 6 NO) 6 ](ClO 4 ) 2 where Z = OCH 3 , CH 3 , H, Cl, NO 2 were investigated. The magnetic and spectral data are consistent with high spin octahedral complexes. The infrared shifts of the amine I and CN absorption bands upon complexation indicate that coordination is occuring through the carbonyl oxygen. Evidence for π-back-bonding (metal to ligand) from ligand field parameter considerations is also discussed.
5F-3 Finite Element Analysis of CMUTS: Conventional vs. Collapse Operation Modes

Collapse mode has been proposed to improve capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) performance in terms of output pressure and receive sensitivity. The focus of this study is to compare the performance of optimized designs for conventional and collapse mode operations using finite element analysis (FEA). For this purpose, we have developed a 2D finite element model for output pressure calculation of CMUTs using commercially available FEA software (ANSYS 10.0). The model is composed of a membrane, a fluid waveguide and an electrical port. The membrane and the fluid part are constructed using axisymmetric plane elements. The electrical port is added to the model by using transducer elements that are already available in ANSYS. Through transient analysis non-linear calculations are performed and average output pressure over the membrane surface is calculated for a given electrical excitation that is applied to the electrical port. First, the effect of various transducer parameters such as radius, thickness, bias voltage, are investigated for conventional mode. Then, the performance of membranes operating in different modes are compared. The parameters of the membranes are selected such that their center frequencies and the collapse voltages match for a fair comparison of transducer performance. Our calculations show that the membrane operating in conventional mode required 100 Vpp AC amplitude for 2 MPa peak-to-peak output pressure whereas 38 Vpp AC excitation generated the same output pressure for collapse mode membrane. In addition, we have compared the second harmonic levels generated by the both designs. For 2 MPa peak-to-peak output, the second harmonic amplitude is found to be 13.5 dB below the fundamental for conventional mode design. However, the second harmonic amplitude is -12.0 dB for the collapse mode design
Cosmetic dehorning in goats.

Objective— This article describes a technique using primary closure when dehorning goats, and report the results of 22 cases. Study Design— Medical records of goats that had cosmetic dehorning were reviewed. Animals or Sample Population— Twenty-two goats. Methods— The medical records of 22 goats, not previously dehorned by other methods, that were cosmetically dehorned between January 1988 and September 1995 were reviewed. Data retrieved from the medical record included age, breed, sex, surgical technique used for dehorning, and any complications that occurred after surgery. All clients were contacted by telephone to determine the course of postoperative healing for each goat. A surgical technique to remove the horns and close the defect primarily was described. Results— The mean age of the goats, all male Nubian or Nubian-Spanish cross, was 6.9 months (range, 2 to 24 months). Horn base diameter ranged from approximately 2 to 4 cm. Mean time from surgery until follow-up was 12.9 months (range, 3 to 57 months). All incisions healed by first intention in 10 to 14 days. Clinical signs of sinusitis were not noted, and owners were pleased with the healing time and cosmetic result obtained. Conclusions— Primary closure of skin defects after dehorning of goats can be achieved with minimal postoperative care and excellent cosmetic appearance. Clinical Relevance— Primary closure after dehorning in mature goats reduces aftercare.
Molecular dynamics calculations of defect energetics in β-SiC

Abstract The molecular dynamics (MD) method is used to calculate defect energetics in β-silicon carbide. Many-body interaction effects in this covalent material are accounted for by using a hybrid of two-body and three-body potentials. Pearson's potential is modified to accurately fit the sublimation energy of β-SiC, and interatomic potentials among silicon, carbon, and helium atoms are also developed. A microcrystal is constructed to represent the computational cell, and external forces are applied to its boundaries so that it behaves as a part of an infinite medium. The potential energy for the unperturbed computational cell is first calculated. The cell is then set at a chosen defect configuration and relaxed, and the potential energy of the relaxed cell is computed. The difference between the potential energies of the unperturbed cell and that of the defect-containing cell is used to calculate the formation energies of point defects and defect clusters in SiC. Binding energies, and migration energies of point defects are then deduced. Preexponential factors of point defect diffusion coefficients are derived from the calculated potential energy profile. Activation energies and preexponential factors of thermal diffusion through the vacancy mechanism are compared to corresponding experimental data.
Crescendo Model of Career Motivation and Commitment: Identity, Insight, and Resilience

This paper provides an experiential exercise to increase understanding of employees' career motivation and commitment and its relation to employees' perception of identity, insight, and resilience. Three separate conditions influencing employee attraction to career orientation are self-identity, insight, and resilience. These three component dimensions of employee career motivation are outlined and used to define an eight-phase crescendo model through which individuals tend to pass in their decision to form an affective career commitment. The analysis supports the notion of a stepwise movement from identity to insight to resilience in strengthening employees' career motivation and demonstrates how progressive phases are associated with career commitment. Although the levels and phases are progressively prepotent and valenced in predicting employee propensity to form an enduring career commitment, different patterns and paths through the phases for individuals are indicated.
Territorial Behavior and Nesting Dispersion in Red-necked Grebes

Abstract The Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) is a species in which breeding pairs use both overt aggression and ritualistic behavior to defend territories for breeding and feeding. However in some areas, they also breed in colonial groups. The behavior of grebes breeding on a single large lake (2,537 ha), where some breed solitarily and others breed in colonies, was examined. Specifically, I compared the frequency and spatial distribution of behavioral interactions between pairs that had dispersed nests with those breeding in close proximity. Grebes breeding in a colony engaged in more overt behavioral interactions and spent more time conducting platform behavior during pre-nesting than their solitary counterparts. In addition, the locations of ritualized and overt interactions from the nest were greater for solitary breeders. However, grebes breeding in the colony tolerated conspecifics at closer distances which, suggests that those breeding in higher aggregations may expend more energy when dealin...
Aedes triseriatus Females Transovarially Infected with La Crosse Virus Mate More Efficiently Than Uninfected Mosquitoes

The mating efficiencies (the percentage of females inseminated by males) of field-collected and laboratory-colonized Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) female mosquitoes transovarially infected or uninfected with La Crosse virus (LACV) were compared. The females were placed in cages with age-matched males, and the insemination rates (number of inseminated females of the total number of females examined) were determined daily by detection of sperm in the spermathecae. LACV-infected mosquitoes typically mated earlier than uninfected mosquitoes, i.e., insemination occurred earlier after the mixing of males and females. LACV load was not correlated with increased insemination.